jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
International Agreements and Region-building in the Mountains of South East Europe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The globalization of environmental issues is characterized by representations and initiatives at the global level, but it is also present in the processes of institutionalization of new local and regional scales of action. Over the past decade, and following the promotion of mountains as a global common good, growing attention has been paid to the mountain regions of South East Europe. A large number of international organizations with differing mandates embarked on a variety of initiatives using mountains for their cooperative region-building efforts. The process by which these actors identify scales of action and construct relevant regions has been studied by some scholars, but rarely for South East Europe. The first objective of this article is to follow the emergence of mountains as a growing reference for the regionalization of environmental initiatives and underline the major role played by international organizations. The second objective is to present the mountain initiatives and understand how, in relation to South East Europe, regions for environmental governance are being defined in a broader context (scaling), and for what kinds of issues (framing). Furthermore, this article shows the extent to which these initiatives refer to similar or different scaling and framing processes.
John Coltrane and black America's quest for freedom: spirituality and the music

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

FOREWORD BY T.J. ANDERSON PREFACE BY LEONARD BROWN 1. You Have To Be Invited - Leonard Brown 2. In His Own Words - Leonard Brown 3. John Coltrane and the Practice of Freedom - Herman Gray 4. John Coltrane As the Personification of Spirituality In Black Music - Anthony Brown 5. Freedom Is A Constant Struggle: Alice Coltrane and the Redefining of the Jazz Avante Garde - Tammy Kernodle 6. When Bar Walkers Preach: John Coltrane and The Crisis of the Black Intellectual - Tommy Lee Lott 7. Don't Let the Devil (Make You) Lose Your Joy: A Look at Late Coltrane - Salim Washington 8. The Spiritual Ethos in Black Music and its Quintessential Exemplar, John Coltrane - Emmett G. Price III 9. Somebody Please Say, Amen! - Eric Jackson 10. . Masters on A Master Introduction: Anthony Brown's and Leonard Brown's Interviews with Olly Wilson, Yusef Lateef and Billy Taylor 11. Conversation with Olly Wilson 12. . Conversation with Yusef Lateef 13. Conversation with Billy Taylor 14. Coda: George Allen Russell on John Coltrane's Legacy
Isospin-violating dark matter in the light of recent data

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In scenarios where dark matter interacts differently with protons and neutrons (isospin-violating dark matter), the interpretation of the experimental limits on the dark matter spin-independent cross section may be significantly modified. On the one hand, the direct detection constraints are shifted depending on the target nucleus, possibly changing the hierarchy among different experiments. On the other hand, the relative strength between the bounds from neutrino detectors and those from direct detection experiments is altered, allowing the former to be more competitive. In this paper, the status of isospin-violating dark matter is assessed in the light of recent data, and the prospects for its detection in the near future are analyzed. We find, for example, that there are regions in the parameter space where IceCube currently provides the most stringent limits on the spin-independent cross section, or others where the expected sensitivity of DEAP-3600 is well above the LUX exclusion limit. Our results highlight the complementarity among different targets in direct detection experiments, and between direct detection and neutrino searches in the quest for a dark matter signal.
An Assessment of Officer-Involved Shooting Data Transparency in the United States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although researchers and the public intuitively know that the lack of available data on the topic of officer-involved shootings (OIS) is a problem, the scope of the problem has not been identified. A lack of transparency regarding OIS data contributes to the legitimacy crisis facing policing in the United States. Valid and reliable OIS data would create the ability to craft and assess informed public policy. In addition, police organizations’ roles could then be evaluated allowing for accountability and additional training based on OIS incidents. Employing content analysis of websites for police agencies, their municipal/county governments, and sheriffs’ offices servicing populations of 100,000 or more according to the 2010 U.S. Census, the availability of OIS data is identified and classified. It was found that 155 (of 277) police agencies and 96 (of 548) sheriffs’ offices made some form of data available related to OIS incidents across five categories (annual reports, OIS summary reports, individualized shooting reports, press releases, and spreadsheet reports). The current assessment is the first in the literature to systematically evaluate the transparency of law enforcement organizations servicing large jurisdictions regarding OIS incidents. Those reports and data available are described and placed within the context of the recommended national database proposed by Klinger and colleagues to begin to assess the extent of OIS data transparency issues facing policing. In addition, agencies providing data were compared utilizing one-way analysis of variance on a number of structural variables drawn from the 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies to evaluate any patterns demonstrated by those organizations providing data. Findings suggest great variation in the type, classification, and quality of data presented by law enforcement organizations, which limits its utility for the purposes of research as well as policy creation and evaluation.
NATIONAL ECONOMY ATTRACTIVENESS FOR FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: EVIDENCE FROM BELARUS AND EUROPEAN REGION COUNTRIES

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The article considers theoretical and methodological aspects of host country’s attractiveness for foreign direct investment. The methodology of assessment country's attractiveness for foreign direct investment is developed. Using the methodology a comparative analysis of attractiveness of Belarus and other countries of the region for direct investors is carried out. Based on the results obtained during the assessment of attractiveness of Belarus for foreign direct investment, recommendations for improving conditions to attract foreign direct investment in domestic economy at the present stage are formulated.
Improving protein efficiency of laying hens and broilers from nutritional and breeding perspectives

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The demand for human edible protein sources will increase due to an increase in world population and wealth. This will result in an increased competition between humans and animals for high-quality protein sources. Therefore, increasing protein efficiency of livestock is an important challenge in livestock production. To improve protein efficiency of livestock, the animal prodution sector may: (1) efficiently use alternative protein sources or protein sources with a higher percentage human inedible proteins; and/or (2) use unimals that are more efficient with protein sources. The aim of the study was to investigate different future directions to improve protein efficiency of livestock. A desk study was performed but results were also obtained by workshops with stakeholders and pilot studies with available data of breeder organisations. Protein efficiency was defined as ‘the amount of protein input to produce one kg of protein output’. To take into account competition for protein sources between humans and animals, protein output is corrected for whether protein is also directly suitable as human edible protein. To improve protein efficiency, it is important to consider both the animal output (for instance producing more eggs) and the protein input (use of human inedible protein sources). The most promising solutions are: (1) alternative protein sources; (2) precision feeding, taking into account genotype × nutrition interaction and nutrigenomics; and (3) selective breeding. A challenge will be the limited availability of datasets with phenotypic observations for protein efficiency. Close collaboration between nutritionists and geneticists is recommended in order to define a phenotype that can be used for protein efficiency and to optimise selection procedures for protein efficiency.
Iterative Equalization Based on Expectation Propagation: A Frequency Domain Approach

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A novel single-carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) scheme is proposed, by extending recent developments in iterative receivers that use expectation propagation (EP), a message passing formalism for approximate Bayesian inference. Applying EP on the family of white multivariate Gaussian distributions allows deriving double-loop frequency domain receivers with single-tap equalizers. This structure enables low computational complexity implementation via Fast-Fourier transforms (FFT). Self-iterations between the equalizer and the demapper and global turbo iterations with the channel decoder provide numerous combinations for the performance and complexity trade-off. Numerical results show that the proposed structure outperforms alternative single-tap FDEs and that its achievable rates reach the channel symmetric information rate.
<title>LDA measurements of merging flows in a symmetric curved junction model</title>

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A model symmetric junction is used to simulate steady expiratory flow in the upper part of human central airways. Velocity profiles were measured with a two color, two component laser Doppler anemometer at three Reynolds number levels of 518, 1036 and 2089. The test section is a symmetric junction of constant cross-sectional area with a branching angle of 70 degrees. The inlet flow rate into the two bronchi was the same for all Reynolds numbers studied. Results show that in the junction plane, velocity profiles in the bronchi are skewed towards the inner walls. In the trachea, the biconcave shape of the profile (i.e., a dip at the center of the profile) just downstream of the carina is rapidly transformed into a velocity spike. In a plane transverse to the junction plane, parabolic velocity distribution was conserved through the daughter branches. In the parent tube, following merging, the transverse profiles become flat as the flow proceeds downstream of the junction point. Further downstream towards the termination of the trunk of the junction the velocity profile develops a defect at the center. The velocity defect, nonetheless, is confined to a small region only in the vicinity of the centerline. Strong secondary helical motion is chiefly responsible for this type of velocity field in the junction.
Survey of Emergency Medical Technicians' Ability to Cope with the Deaths of Patients During Prehospital Care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Hypothesis: Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) find that the death of patients in their care is stressful. Population: Random sample of certified EMTs in one state (Levels I–IV). Methods: A blinded, self-administered survey was sent to a random sample of 2,500 EMTs. Demographic data obtained were: level of training; hours worked each month; population of area served; age; gender; number of deaths per year; training for coping prehospital deaths; and availability of protocols and on-line medical advice for out-of-hospital deaths. A five-point, Likert scale was used to rate the frequency of perceived stress experienced by EMTs in specific situations and the routine practice for notification of survivors. Univariable analysis was performed using Spearman's Rank correlation, Kruskal-Wallis test, and Mann-Whitney U-test. Multivariable correlations were performed using forward and backward step-wise logistic regression analysis. A significance level of 0.05 was used throughout. Results: There were 654 respondents with a mean age of 35.5±8.3 yr; 83% were men. Their highest level of training was: 4% EMT-I, 43% EMT-II, 18% EMT-III, 33% EMT-IV. They saw an average of 9.6 deaths/year and spent an average of 20±17 minutes with survivors. 62 % found treatment of a patient that was dying or died in their care was commonly a stressful experience. Factors that made notification of the family about the prehospital death emotionally difficult included: fewer hours worked/month; working in a smaller community; lower level of EMT training; female gender; and fewer deaths seen during the previous year. The same factors were associated with general emotional difficulty in treatment of a patient who died during prehospital care. Online [direct] medical direction by physicians was common (73%), but did not lessen the difficulty of notification. It did reduce the emotional difficulty for specific clinical situations. Written protocols for not attempting resuscitation were common (66%), but only 44% had protocols for termination of resuscitation. Resuscitation of the clearly dead for the benefit of the family (10%) or for the EMT (5%) was practiced infrequently. Most (67%) respondents had some formal training in dealing with death and the dying patient. Such training did not correlate with less difficulty in notification of survivors or in coping with the deaths of patients in their care. Conclusion: EMTs perceive they have emotional difficulty when prehospital deaths occur and survivors must be notified. Less experience and a lower level of EMT training correlate with more difficulty in coping with patient death. Protocols and on-line [direct] medical control can provide support for the EMT in coping with out-of-hospital deaths. Most notification of survivors is handled by EMTs with formal training to cope with patients that are dying or who die during prehospital care.
Searching for an Optimal Model for the Renewal of the Constitutional Court to Avoid a Constitutional Crisis: Dream or Reality?*

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The failed renewal of the Constitutional Court in Lithuania was not the first in Europe, and will not be the last. The appointment of constitutional judges, usually undertaken with the involvement of the political institutions, became a very sensitive issue closely linked to their independence. After a sequence of unsuccessful attempts to renew the composition of constitutional courts, some states fall into a deep democratic backsliding, while some take the initiative to reform the existing appointment procedure, seeking to prevent the politicisation of constitutional control institutions. A universal and standardised one-size-fits-all model does not exist, as each particular national context must be considered. However, certain lessons are to be learned and certain pitfalls to be avoided. Constitutional courts must correspond to the criteria of the tribunal established by law, as disclosed in international jurisprudence. For this purpose, the proper law is needed. This article analyses the advantages and shortcomings of some elements of the proposed and partly realised Slovak reform on the appointment of constitutional judges that Lithuania and other states could benefit from. This allows for the conclusion that the explicit criterion of professional reputation might prevent arbitrary nominations and ensure that the best judge for the court and the society would be appointed. Contrary to most convictions, a larger majority in the Parliament is not necessary to keep this procedure in line with the principle of the rule of law. The only requirement is that the law must be clear, unambiguous and provide for the steps to be taken if the rotation fails.
Using Open-Source Automatic Speech Recognition Tools for the Annotation of Dutch Infant-Directed Speech

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

There is a large interest in the annotation of speech addressed to infants. Infant-directed speech (IDS) has acoustic properties that might pose a challenge to automatic speech recognition (ASR) tools developed for adult-directed speech (ADS). While ASR tools could potentially speed up the annotation process, their effectiveness on this speech register is currently unknown. In this study, we assessed to what extent open-source ASR tools can successfully transcribe IDS. We used speech data from 21 Dutch mothers reading picture books containing target words to their 18- and 24-month-old children (IDS) and the experimenter (ADS). In Experiment 1, we examined how the ASR tool Kaldi-NL performs at annotating target words in IDS vs. ADS. We found that Kaldi-NL only found 55.8% of target words in IDS, while it annotated 66.8% correctly in ADS. In Experiment 2, we aimed to assess the difficulties in annotating IDS more broadly by transcribing all IDS utterances manually and comparing the word error rates (WERs) of two different ASR systems: Kaldi-NL and WhisperX. We found that WhisperX performs significantly better than Kaldi-NL. While there is much room for improvement, the results show that automatic transcriptions provide a promising starting point for researchers who have to transcribe a large amount of speech directed at infants.
Investigation and diagnostics of plasma flows in a pulsed plasma accelerator for experimental modelling of processes in tokamaks

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the experimental results on electron, ion temperatures and densities in a pulsed plasma accelerator. The values of electron densities and temperatures were computed using the methods of relative intensities of H α and H β lines, H β Stark broadening, and the technique is based on Faraday cup beam current measurements. In this work, a linear optical spectrometer S-100 was used to acquire the emission spectra of hydrogen and air plasmas. In this spectrum, there are some lines due to Fe, Cu, N 2 , O 2 , and H 2 . The series of visible lines in the hydrogen atom spectrum are named the Balmer series. The spectral emissions of iron and copper occur throughout the gas breakdown and ignition of an arc discharge, during the erosion and sputtering of materials. The vacuum chamber and coaxial electrodes were made. The electron temperatures and densities in a pulsed plasma accelerator, measured via relative intensities of spectral lines and Stark broadening, at a charging voltage of a capacitor bank of 3 kV and a working gas pressure in a vacuum chamber of 40 mTorr, were 2.6 eV and 1.66 · 10 16 cm −3 for hydrogen plasma. These results were compared with the Faraday cup beam current measurements. However, no match was found. Considering and analyzing this distinction, we concluded that the spectral method of plasma diagnostics provides more accurate results than electrical measurement. The theory of probe measurements can give approximate results in a moving plasma.
Technology and second language pronunciation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This issue addresses the intersection of technology and pronunciation, discussing past, current and future uses of technology, the use of technology for researching L2 pronunciation, for training instructors, and for teaching learners. Technology is put forth as an essential and interconnected element of second language pronunciation. The topic grew out of the 8th Pronunciation in Second Language Learning and Teaching conference, held in August 2016 in Calgary, Alberta.
Effect of growth regulators onin vitro propagation ofFicus benjamina cv. Exotica

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Stem internodes with axillary buds were excised from 5-year old trees ofFicus benjamina cv. Exotica. The effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), gibberellic acid (GA3), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on shoot growth and proliferationin vitro was investigated. Multiple shoots were developed after 3-4 weeks from stem internodes with axillary buds incubated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with phloroglucinol (PG) and BAP. Optimum shoot proliferation took place in the presence of 1.0 mg l-1 BAP. Shoots obtained could be elongated in a medium with 0.5 mg l-1 GA3 prior to their rooting. The root initiation was successfully induced on MS medium either with IAA at 0.5-0.1 mg l-1 or in plant growth regulator-free medium. All rooted plantlets were subsequently transferred to a peat, humus and perlite mixture in a culture room with high humidity and covered with plastic bags. After one month the plantlets were established for growing in a greenhouse.
The role of silicon in plant defence against insect pests with special reference to sugarcane pests: challenges, opportunities and future directions in sugarcane IPM

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Silicon is one of the most common elements in the Earth's crust. The role of silicon as a plant nutrient that ameliorates the effects of a wide range of abiotic and biotic environmental stressors has received considerable attention since the beginning of the 21st century. Silicon is taken up by plants in the form of monosilicic acid (Si(OH)4) and transported from the root to the shoot where it polymerizes into biogenic opal. There is growing evidence for a role of Si in induced defense of plants attacked by fungal pathogens and in increased tolerance of abiotic factors such as water stress and heavy metals. In addition, there is clear evidence that the high levels of silica in many plants, especially sugarcane and rice, have wide ranging anti-herbivore effects on both arthropod pests and vertebrates. Silicon increases the abrasiveness of plant leaves and increases hardness of stalks and shoots, which have negative effects on pests. These effects show that silica is able to alter feeding preference of herbivores for different plant species. Silicon-based defense can also affect pest performance. Both folivores and phloem and xylem feeders have been shown to have reduced growth rates, digestive efficiency and increased mouth part wear. Also, silicon-based defense can affect tritrophic interactions by altering the secondary chemical components released by plants. There are many published references indicated that silicon can enhance resistance of sugarcane cultivars against stalk borers and plant feeding mites in both pot and field trials. These unique achievements are very important in the sugar industry because in a monoculture system like sugarcane it is mandatory to focus on non-chemical based pest control strategies. In this paper we reviewed all aspects of silicon-based defense and the role of silicon as a component of integrated pest management programs, especially in sugarcane scenario. (Texte integral)