jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The business of schools: the application of strategic management theories to risk taking in decision making in public schools

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Reasoned risk-taking has long been associated with governance mechanisms for organisations within business contexts. Research has been conducted in business contexts to develop theories of risk-taking that incorporate governance mechanisms and stakeholder mechanisms, including the experience of management. This chapter applies two of these theories, agency and stewardship theory, in the context of the public sector. In particular the environment of public schools is used to explore the problem of risk-taking in decision-making by school principals. Here, risk-taking is defined as when decisions are made that are not compliant with the regulatory framework, the primary governance mechanism for public schools in Western Australia. Such decisions involve risk as principals may be exposed to criticism for non-compliance with established policy when negative outcomes arise from decision-making. This creates a dilemma for principals who need to be able to respond to the locally identified needs within a school, and simultaneously comply with all State and Commonwealth departmental requirements.
The role of the mTOR pathway in models of drug-induced reward and the behavioural constituents of addiction

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background: Exposure to drugs of abuse induces neuroadaptations in critical nodes of the so-called reward systems that are thought to mediate the transition from controlled drug use to the compulsive drug-seeking that characterizes addictive disorders. These neural adaptations are likely to require protein synthesis, which is regulated, among others, by the mechanistic target of the rapamycin kinase (mTOR) signalling cascade. Methods: We have performed a narrative review of the literature available in PubMed about the involvement of the mTOR pathway in drug-reward and addiction-related phenomena. Aims: The aim of this study was to review the underlying architecture of this complex intracellular network and to discuss the alterations of its components that are evident after exposure to drugs of abuse. The aim was also to delineate the effects that manipulations of the mTOR network have on models of drug reward and on paradigms that recapitulate some of the psychological components of addiction. Results: There is evidence for the involvement of the mTOR pathway in the acute and rewarding effects of drugs of abuse, especially psychostimulants. However, the data regarding opiates are scarce. There is a need to use sophisticated animal models of addiction to ascertain the real role of the mTOR pathway in this pathology and not just in drug-mediated reward. The involvement of this pathway in behavioural addictions and impulsivity should also be studied in detail in the future. Conclusions: Although there is a plethora of data about the modulation of mTOR by drugs of abuse, the involvement of this signalling pathway in addictive disorders requires further research.
Insights into the Molecular Determinants of Proton Inhibition in an Acid-Inactivated Degenerins and Mammalian Epithelial Na+ Channel

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mammalian ASIC channels of the DEG/ENaC superfamily are gated by extracellular protons and function to mediate touch and pain sensitivity, learning and memory, and fear conditioning. The recently solved crystal structure of chicken ASIC1a and preliminary functional studies suggested that a highly negatively charged pocket in the extracellular domain of the channel might be the primary proton binding domain. However, more recent extensive mutagenesis analysis paints a more complex mechanism of channel gating, involving binding of protons at sites immediately after the first transmembrane domain (TM1) and displacement of inhibitory Ca(2+) ions from the acidic pocket in the extracellular domain and from another Ca(2+) binding site at the mouth of the pore. We recently identified and functionally characterized Caenorhabditis elegans ACD-1, the first acid-inactivated DEG/ENaC channel. ACD-1 is expressed in C. elegans amphid glia and functions with neuronal DEG/ENaC channel DEG-1 to mediate acid avoidance and chemotaxis to the amino acid lysine. The post-TM1 residues that were proposed to bind protons in ASIC1a are not conserved in ACD-1, but some of the amino acids constituting the acidic pocket are. However, ACD-1 proton sensitivity is completely independent from extracellular Ca(2+), and protons appear to bind the channel in a less cooperative manner. We thus wondered if residues in the acidic pocket might contribute to ACD-1 acid sensitivity. We show here that while ACD-1 sensitivity to extracellular protons is influenced by mutations in the acidic pocket, other sites are likely to participate. We also report that one histidine at the base of the thumb and residues in the channel pore influence proton inhibition in a voltage-independent manner, suggesting that they affect the coupling of proton binding with the gating rather than proton binding itself. We conclude that ACD-1 inhibition by protons is likely mediated by binding of proton ions to multiple sites throughout the extracellular domain of the channel. Our data also support a model in which residues in the acidic pocket contribute to determining the channel state perhaps by changing the strength of the interaction between adjacent thumb and finger domains.
Exploring Multilingual Pedagogies: Forced Migrants’ Learning Experiences in Luxembourg

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

While most societies are structured around diverse flows of people and complex linguistic repertoires, (language) education schemes are still dominated by monolingual instructional practices. This paper aims to contribute to current discussions on the affordances of multilingual pedagogies in contexts of forced migration. It draws on a range of linguistic ethnographic data (Copland & Creese, 2015) that was collected over the period of 2016-2017 in diverse settings of language learning and socialization. Our research sites in Luxembourg included language courses in French, English and German, mathematics courses, application and web development training, and diverse leisure activities. Having followed the learning trajectory of five asylum applicants, we explored how they built on their old and newly-acquired language resources. Our findings confirm that in order to make their voices heard, the learners often drew upon elements from multiple languages, including those local languages they had no extensive competence in. This multilingual orientation enabled them to see the local languages as new functional resources in their growing repertoires (Kalocsányiová, 2017). This is of special relevance in contexts of forced migration, where learners need to become users of the languages they are learning from the first day onward.
Seasonal Ultrastructural Changes of Secondary Phloem Parenchyma Cells in a Tropical Tree, Dalbergia odorifera

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The seasonal changes of the ray and phloem parenchyma cells of secondary phloem in terminal branchlets of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen (Papilionaceae), a tropical deciduous tree, were studied by using transmission electron microscopy. The changes were mainly the cyclic alternation of accumulation and exhaustion of the storage materials including proteins in the central vacuole, the starch grains, lipoid globules and phytoferritin in the plastids, and lipoids in the spherosomes. D. odorifera did not undergo some of the cytological changes which were found in the temperate trees studied and believed to be related with the hardiness. Like the stuctures found in temperate trees, in D. odorifera the highly folded plasmalemma and numerous small vesicles pinched of by the plasmalemma appeared in the actively reserve-accumulating cells during the leaf-fall period. It was suggested that the structures play a role in translocation of the materials between the cells, while in the temperat trees the structures were considered involving in frost resistance. The differences in seasonal ultrastructural changes between D. odorifera and the temperate tree can be explained by adaptation of the trees to climatic conditions in their habitats.
REGIONAL PROBLEMS AND CONTRADICTIONS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE AND LAND OWNERSHIP

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

В статье представлены некоторые особо острые региональные проблемы и противоречия сельскохозяйственного землепользования и землевладения. Автор не только их идентифицировал, но и сделал попытку предложить их решение. Представленный научный материал позволит дать ответы на ряд важных вопросов в сфере сельскохозяйственного землепользования и землевладения.
[Photograph of nine members of the Stella Maris Dance Ensemble performing on stage]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Photograph of nine dancers from the Stella Maris Dance Ensemble of Kingston, Jamaica during the performance "Baka Beyond." Four dancers dressed in yellow and orange huddle together in the middle of the stage and appear to be spinning. Two men in khaki-colored outfits and several dancers in leotards circle around them. Pink lights shine down on the stage around the dancers. A large, colorful screen hangs down at the back of the stage. Photograph taken at the 9th annual Weekend Festival of Black Dance, Rhythm and Soul of a People sponsored by The Black Academy of Arts and Letters in Dallas, Texas, held at the Naomi Burton Theater on February 22-23, 2013.
Public–private Partnerships: A Framework for National Park Gateway Community Development

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Planning and development in national parks and their gateway communities often transcend jurisdictional boundaries. Due to their interrelated nature, addressing development needs requires increased levels of coordination between public land management agencies, private landowners and community stakeholders. This chapter describes how a public–private partnership (PPP) was leveraged to provide design solutions (structures, infrastructure and open spaces) for a proposed visitor centre and amenities at Zion National Park's eastern gateway. Proposed infrastructure and visitor experiences reflect the culture and traditional industries of the area, incorporating agricultural and food elements. The public–private partnership facilitated the needed development at Zion's eastern gateway while, simultaneously, preserving cultural and historical aspects of the space. Considerations on the effectiveness of public–private-partnerships in gateway community contexts are also discussed.
A Daytime Nap Enhances Visual Working Memory Performance and Alters Event-Related Delay Activity

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Working memory (WM) is impaired following sleep loss and may be improved after a nap. The goal of the current study was to better understand sleep-related WM enhancement by: 1) employing a WM task that assesses the ability to hold and report visual representations as well as the fidelity of the reports on a fine scale, 2) investigating neurophysiological properties of sleep and WM capacity as potential predictors or moderators of sleep-related enhancement, and 3) exploring frontal and occipital event-related delay activity to index the neural processing of stimuli in WM. In a within-subjects design, thirty-six young adults (Mage = 20, 20 men, 16 women) completed a 300-trial, continuous-report task of visual WM following a 90-min nap opportunity and an equivalent period of wakefulness. Mixed-effect models were used to estimate the odds of successful WM reports and the fidelity of those reports. The odds of a successful report were approximately equal between nap and wake conditions at the start of the task, but by the end, the odds of success were 1.26 times greater in the nap condition. Successful WM reports were more accurate after a nap, independent of time on task. Neither WM capacity nor any of the sleep variables measured were found to significantly moderate the nap effect on WM. Lastly, amplitude of frontal and occipital delay activity was altered in the nap relative to the wake condition. The findings are discussed in relation to the role of sleep in sustained attention and contemporary models of visual WM.
Morphological changes in the kidney tissue of rats with experimental diabetes mellitus and during correction with metformin and modulators of hydrogen sulfide metabolism

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Annotation. Metformin is widely used for pharmacocorrection of diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanisms of the protective effect of metformin on the kidneys remain unclear, in particular, the contribution of the hydrogen sulfide system to metformin’s nephroprotective effect is unknown. Therefore, the aim of our study was to assess the role of metformin and its combination with modulators of hydrogen sulfide metabolism in the correction of histological changes in the kidneys of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The studies were performed on 30 white non-linear male rats, which were divided into five groups: 1 group - control; group 2 – animals with experimental diabetes, which was initiated by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg of weight) in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH 4.5); Group 3 - animals with experimental diabetes, which were treated with metformin (500 mg/kg/day, intragastrically) from the 3rd to the 28th day; Group 4 - animals with diabetes mellitus, which, along with metformin, were administered NaHS (56 μmol/kg/day, intragastrically); Group 5 - animals with diabetes mellitus, which, along with metformin, were administered propargylglycine (442 μmol/kg/day, intragastrically). Histological examinations were performed according to generally accepted methods using an Olympus BX-41 light microscope (Olympus Europe GmbH, Japan). It was found that animals with experimental diabetes develop nephrosclerosis and glomerular hypertrophy, damage to the endothelium of kidney vessels, interstitial inflammation, and edema, and dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in the glomeruli. The administration of metformin to diabetic animals reduced the severity of nephrosclerosis, glomerular hypertrophy, destruction of vascular endotheliocytes, inflammation, and damage to the glomerular apparatus. The use of the hydrogen sulfide donor NaHS increased the nephroprotective activity of metformin, while the introduction of the hydrogen sulfide synthesis inhibitor- propargylglycine, significantly reduced the protective effect of metformin on the kidneys. The obtained results of the histological examination justify the feasibility of implementation of a hydrogen sulfide donor in order to potentiate the renoprotective effect of metformin.
TNF-α stimulates increased plasma membrane guanine nucleotide binding protein activity in polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract TNF-α enhances the response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to chemoattractants: however, the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. We addressed the hypothesis that TNF-α enhances the PMN response to chemoattractants by increasing chemoattractant receptor transmembrane signaling, using fMLP as the model chemoattractant. fMLP-stimulated guanine nucleotide binding (G) protein activation was significantly increased in plasma membranes isolated from PMNs exposed to TNF-α 100 U/ml for 10 minutes (TNF-M), compared to membranes from control cells (CM). Formyl peptide receptor number and affinity were not significantly different in CM and TNF-M. Gi and G3 content were increased in TNF-M as measured by pertussis toxin and cholera toxin (CT) catalyzed ADP-ribosylation, respectively. The increased Gi was coupled to the formyl peptide receptor as shown by receptor-specific CT labeling of Gi. Immunoblot analysis showed that both Gαi2 and Gα3 were increased in TNF-M. The functional activity of the increased G protein content was demonstrated by increased NaF-stimulated phospholipase D activity in TNF-α-treated PMNs. We conclude that TNF-α rapidly stimulates increased PMN plasma membrane expression of G proteins that couple formyl peptide receptors to effector enzymes. Regulation of G protein expression may be a significant mechanism by which TNF regulates PMN function. J. Leukoc. Biol. 57: 500–506; 1995.
Vacuolar myopathy with sarcoplasmic reticulum protein aggregates

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ope n Pe e r Re v ie w on Qe ios Ope n Pe e r Re v ie w on Qe ios Vacuolar myopathy with sarcoplasmic reticulum protein aggregates INSERM Source INSERM.(1999).Orphanet: an online rare disease and orphan drug data base.Vacuolar myopathy with sarcoplasmic reticulum protein aggregates.ORPHA:88635 Myopathy due to calsequestrin and SERCA1 protein overload is characterised by mild myopathy or elevated levels of creatine kinase in the blood without associated symptoms.
Integrating social conflict into economic theory

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The generalisation of Coasian theorem to the power relationship amounts to depicting conflict as a bargaining process between conflictual parties that are, simultaneously, both partners and adversaries. This perspective leads to different models of 'rational conflicts' i.e. a threat of conflict without any real clash. An alternative approach is developed by different models inspired by the Public Choice School, which build upon the logic of coercive power within the framework of a self-interested behaviour. The integration of 'social conflicts' in a narrowly defined individual cost/benefit theoretical framework has resulted in reducing 'social conflict' to real private (but not social) conflict. In other words, economic theory has considered social protesters either as potential or actual looters but rarely as a group of people struggling for a common cause. Integration of social conflict into economic theory will require: (i) abandoning the ubiquitous market model when describing conflictual relationships; (ii) accepting the logic of force or coercive power as a starting point; and (iii) expanding the idea of interest to include encompassing (including class) interest. Copyright The Author 2009. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.
Original Research: Effect of sprint and strength training on glucoregulatory hormones: Effect of advanced age

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of high-intensity sprint and strength training (HISST) on glucoregulatory hormones in young (20 years) and middle-aged (40 years) men. Thirty-six moderately trained men participated as volunteers in this study. After medical examination, eligible subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups according to their age: a young training group (21.3 ± 1.3 yrs, YT, n = 9), a young control group (21.4 ± 1.7 yrs, YC, n = 9), a middle-aged training group (40.7 ± 1.8 yrs, AT, n = 9), and a middle-aged control group (40.5 ± 1.8 yrs, AC, n = 9). YT and AT participated in HISST for 13 weeks. Before and after HISST, all participants performed the Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT). Blood samples were collected at rest, after warm-up (50% VO 2max ), immediately post-WAnT, and 10 min post-WAnT. Before HISST, we observed significantly higher ( P < 0.05) glucose concentrations in AT (5.86 ± 0.32 mmol.L −1 ) compared to YT (4.24 ± 0.79 mmol.L −1 ) at rest, and in response to WAnT (6.56 ± 0.63 mmol.L −1 vs. 5.33 ± 0.81 mmol.L −1 ). Cortisol levels were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in AT than in YT in response to WAnT (468 ± 99.50 ng.mL −1 vs. 382 ± 64.34 ng.mL −1 ). Catecholamine levels measured at rest and in response to WAnT rose in a similar fashion. After HISST, this “age effect” disappeared at rest and in response to exercise in the trained groups (YT and AT). Changes in hormone concentrations with intense training are due to adaptive changes in various tissues, especially in the skeletal muscle and liver in trained subjects. HISST may, at least in part, counteract the negative “age effect” on glucose metabolism.
The Astronomical System of Aristotle

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book shows that a rigorous study of Aristotle’s Metaphysics is not simply an exercise in the history of astronomy, but constitutes a broad inquiry into our germinal ideas about speed, motion, and the spherical nature of celestial entities, as well as the relation between theology and gnoseology. Many have heard of Aristotle’s First Unmoved Mover, the one that moves all things without being moved. Very few, however, have managed to capture the ultimate meaning of that entity. One of the goals of this book is to explore why the existence of such a First Unmoved Mover is necessary, but the journey to this end allows us to understand why Aristotle maintained that there are a total of 55 Unmoved Movers, not just one. The key is Aristotelian astronomy, little studied so far in comparison with other aspects of his thought. In this solid piece of research and free philosophical speculation that Botteri & Casazza offer us, the authors’ gaze raised to the sky—by means of the naked-eye analysis of celestial movements—leads to the reconstruction of Aristotle’s astronomical system, key to understanding his cosmology, his physics, and even his metaphysics. This book is a revised English translation from the original Spanish publication El sistema astronómico de Aristoteles: Una interpretación, published by Ediciones Biblioteca Nacional, Buenos Aires, 2015.
INTEGRASI METODE BALANCED SCORECARD DAN SISTEM MANAJEMEN PENGENDALIAN

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This article discusses sales force performance measurement at PT Merapi Utama Pharma and integrates performance measurement and management control system. The balanced scorecard (BSC) is a strategic planning and management system that is used extensively in business and industry, government, and nonprofit organizations worldwide to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications, and monitor organization performance against strategic goals. The balanced scorecard suggests that we view the organization from four perspectives : the learning and growth perspective, the internal business processes perspective, the customer perspective, and the financial perspective.The management control system used is levers of control framework, included beliefs control system, boundary control system, diagnostic control system, and interactive control systems.
Women, Livestock Ownership and Markets

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

1. Gender and Livestock: Key issues, Challenges and Opportunities Jemimah Njuki and Pascal Sanginga 2. Collecting and Analysing Intra-household Livestock Ownership, Management and Marketing Jemimah Njuki, Elizabeth Waithanji and Samuel Mburu 3. Gender and Ownership of Livestock Assets Jemimah Njuki and Samuel Mburu 4. Gendered Participation in Livestock Markets Elizabeth Waithanji, Jemimah Njuki and Nabintu Bagalwa 5. Livestock Markets and Intra-household Income Management Jemimah Njuki, Samuel Mburu and Paula Pimentel 6. Women's Access to Livestock Information and Financial Services Samuel Mburu, Jemimah Njuki and Juliet Kariuki 7. Women, Livestock Ownership and Food Security Juliet Kariuki, Jemimah Njuki, Samuel Mburu and Elizabeth Waithanji 8. Making Livestock Research and Development Programs and Policies More Gender Responsive Jemimah Njuki and Beth Miller 9. Conclusion: Improving the Design and Delivery of Gender Outcomes in Livestock Research for Development in Africa Pascal Sanginga and Jemimah Njuki Index