jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Satratoxin‐G from black mold induces rhinitis and apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons in the nasal airways of rhesus monkeys

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Satratoxin‐G (SG) is a macrocyclic trichothecene mycotoxin of Stachybotrys chartarum , a black mold suggested to contribute to adverse health effects associated with water‐damaged buildings. We recently reported that intranasal exposure to SG evokes apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and acute inflammation in the nose and brain of mice. To assess the potential human risk of nasal airway injury and neurotoxicity, we developed an in vivo model of SG exposure in monkeys, whose nasal airways more closely resemble those of humans. Male, 2–3 year‐old rhesus macaques received either a single intranasal instillation of 20μg SG (high‐dose, n=3), or daily instillation of 5μg SG for four days (repeated low‐dose, n=3) in one nasal passage. Saline vehicle alone was administered to the contralateral nasal passage. Animals were euthanized 24h post‐exposure. Nasal tissues were examined for SG‐induced injury in the olfactory epithelium (OE). In both groups, SG induced acute rhinitis in the OE, resulting in a 9‐fold increase in intraepithelial neutrophils versus controls. SG also induced olfactory epithelial atrophy and apoptosis of OSNs in both groups. OSN apoptosis was identified with immunohistochemistry for caspase‐3 and electron microscopy for ultrastructural changes. High‐dose and repeated low‐dose SG elicited a 13% and 66% reduction in OSN volume density, and a 14‐fold and 28‐fold increase in apoptotic cells of the OE, respectively. Caspase‐3 immunoreactivity was detected in the OE and the olfactory nerve bundles in the underlying nasal mucosa in both SG groups. This model provides new insight into the potential human risk of nasal airway injury and neurotoxicity caused by exposure to S. chartarum in water‐damaged buildings. Funded by: NIH P51 RR000169
Simulation Study on Flexibilities in the Material and Energy Flows of an Open-pit Mine

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The progressing introduction of renewable energy sources (RES) in the energy system creates an increasingly difficult market environment for traditional utility companies. While their fossil-fuelled power plants are important to secure the supply of electricity, the associated operations are costly and energy intensive. This paper presents a simulation study on an open-pit mine (OPM), where flexibilities are sought for increasing the operator’s overall energy efficiency. For this purpose, the OPM’s material flows and energy flows are simulated simultaneously. Drawing from discrete production systems in a “cross-learning” approach possibilities for and adjustments to the process control are investigated. Preliminary results show that some opportunities to increase efficiency exist but still require more scrutiny.
Correlation-optical method for cement particle size definition

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Optical correlation technique of cement particle size distribution determining is described. It is based on transverse coherent function measuring using a polarization transverse shearing interferometer. It is shown that set of particles with random form can be substituted with set of spherical particles. This result was obtained by simulation of different particles sets with different forms and orientations. The proposed technique of data processing decreases dependence of the result on interferometer noise, emission source intensity fluctuations and difference of refractive index magnitudes of different cement particles. Described technique allows fast and reliable determining the size distribution function of cement particles.
Differences in Intestinal Hydrolytic Activities between Cynomolgus Monkeys and Humans: Evaluation of Substrate Specificities Using Recombinant Carboxylesterase 2 Isozymes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Cynomolgus monkeys, used as an animal model to predict human pharmacokinetics, occasionally show different oral absorption patterns to humans due to differences in their intestinal metabolism. In this study, we investigated the differences between intestinal hydrolytic activities in cynomolgus monkeys and humans, in particular the catalyzing activities of their carboxylesterase 2 (CES2) isozymes. For this purpose we used both human and monkey microsomes and recombinant enzymes derived from a cell culture system. Monkey intestinal microsomes showed lower hydrolytic activity than human microsomes for several substrates. Interestingly, in contrast to human intestinal hydrolysis, which is not enantioselective, monkey intestine showed preferential R-form hydrolysis of propranolol derivatives. Recombinant CES2 isozymes from both species, mfCES2v3 from monkeys and human hCE2, showed similar metabolic properties to their intestinal microsomes when expressed in HEK293 cells. Recombinant hCE2 and mfCES2v3 showed similar Km values for both enantiomers of all propranolol derivatives tested. However, recombinant mfCES2v3 showed extreme R-enantioselective hydrolysis, and both hCE2 and mfCES2v3 showed lower activity for O-3-methyl-n-butyryl propranolol than for O-n-valeryl and O-2-methyl-n-butyryl propranolol. This lower hydrolytic activity was characterized by lower Vmax values. Docking simulations of the protein-ligand complex demonstrated that the enantioselectivity of mfCES2v3 for propranolol derivatives was possibly caused by the orientation of its active site being deformed by an amino acid change of Leu107 to Gln107 and the insertion of Met309, compared with hCE2. In addition, molecular dynamics simulation indicated the possibility that the interatomic distance between the catalytic triad and the substrate was elongated by a 3-positioned methyl in the propranolol derivatives. Overall, these findings will help us to understand the differences in intestinal hydrolytic activities between cynomolgus monkeys and humans.
Dendrites and synapses

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neurons have intricate morphologies: the central part of the cell is the soma, which contains the genetic information and a large fraction of the molecular machinery. At the soma originate long wire-like extensions which come in two different flavors. First, the dendrites form a multitude of smaller or larger branches on which synapses are located. The synapses are the contact points where information from other neurons (i.e., “presynaptic” cells) arrives. Second, also originating at the soma, is the axon, which the neuron uses to send action potentials to its target neurons. Traditionally, the transition region between soma and axon is thought to be the crucial region where the decision is taken whether a spike is sent out or not.
Dissent, disruption, decolonization: South African student protests 1968 to 2016

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Fifty years after student protests shook much of the Cold War world, in the “West” and in the “East,” “Global 1968” has become the catchword to describe these profound generational revolts. We hear a lot about West Berlin, Paris, Berkeley, London, and then the Prague Spring, even occasionally the 1968 events in Mexico City may be mentioned; in contrast, none of the relevant overviews bring events to the fore that happened on the African continent in general, and in South Africa in particular. This beckons a number of questions: Was there something “1968” on the continent that matched the activism of the generation in revolt elsewhere? And as indeed there was, as we have shown in an overview article, how did students in African countries contribute to the global uprising with their own interpretations, and why have these been largely “forgotten” in the global discourse? And what \n \ndo they mean today when we talk about protests of students and youth? After all, Africa has recently become again a hotbed of significant protests of young people who share a great desire for democracy and social justice. From Senegal and Burkina Faso to Namibia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa, young Africans have hit the streets in their hundreds of thousands. South Africa for one has seen a massive revolt of university students during 2015 and 2016. \n \nThis article looks at South African student movements in the late 1960s and early 1970s, following some notes on the wider continent, specifically the May 1968 protests in Senegal, the only African 1968 event that has found marginal attention. Then the focus shifts towards the recent South African student protests of 2015–2016 to explore the ways in which the revolt of the generation that has come of age after the end of apartheid may relate to past uprisings in ideology and activist practice.
The Easiest Hard Problem: Now Even Easier

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We present an exponential decay function that characterizes the number of solutions to instances of the Number Partitioning Problem (NPP) with uniform distribution of bits across the integers. This function is fitted on the number of optimal solutions of random instances with lengths between 10 and 20 integers and may be used as a heuristic either directly by new algorithms for the NPP or as a benchmark to evaluate how well different Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) cover the search space. Despite the long history of the NPP, it seems such a characterization does not yet exist.
Effect of Pyridine on Polymorphic Crystallization of 1,3-Di(9-anthryl)propan-2-ol. Does It Affect π/π Interaction or Hydrogen Bonding?

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Effect of pyridine on polymorphic crystallization of 1,3-di(9-anthryl)propan-2-ol (1) is investigated by X-Ray analyses.1 generally crystallizes in α-form, whereas the 1:1 solvate (γ-form) was obtained from pyridine solution, in which pyridine was shown to serve largely as a hydrogen-bond acceptor preventing hydrogen bonding between molecules of 1 in crystallization process.
RECENT RESEARCH PROGRESS IN GUAR GUM AND ITS DERIVATIVE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Guar gum is a natural water-soluble polysaccharide obtained from the endosperm of the legume Cyamposis tetragonolobus, its main component is galactomannan, which is the most significant natural thickeners, emulsion stabilizers, gelling agents and flocculating agent.Guar gum and its derivatives have been widely used in food production, oil exploitation, daily chemicals and pharmaceutica manufacture .For the propose of the scientific investigation in the future, the lately research results about guar gum, including its purification, physical and chemical characteristics, modification and synergistic crosslinking with other hydrocolloids as well as newly applications in production were summarized in the present paper.
Decompositions of $E^{3}$ with a null sequence of starlike equivalent non-degenerate elements are $E^{3}$

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

recently proven [4] that f an upper semoconnuous decomposition of E has only a null sequence of non-degenerate elements and f each of these s a tame 8-ceII then the decomposition space s 3. We genera1ze ths result to nclude any null sequence of continua provided only that each s equivalent, under a space homeomorphsm, to a starlike continuum.Thus our result ncludes not on|y tame 8-cells but tame dsks, trods, whskbrooms
Histoplasmosis at a Reference Center for Infectious Diseases in Southeast Brazil: Comparison between HIV-Positive and HIV-Negative Individuals

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis, present globally. We aimed to describe cases of histoplasmosis (Hc) and to establish a risk profile associated with Hc in HIV-infected patients (HIV+). Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients with a clinical laboratory diagnosis of Hc. Data were fed into REDCap, and statistical analysis was performed with R. Results: We included 99 records, 65 HIV+ and 34 HIV−. Average age was 39 years. Median time from onset to diagnosis was 8 weeks in HIV− and 22 weeks in HIV+. Disseminated histoplasmosis occurred in 79.4% of HIV+, vs. 36.4% of HIV− patients. Median CD4 count was 70. Co-infection with tuberculosis was present in 20% of HIV+ patients. Blood cultures were positive in 32.3% of HIV+ vs. 11.8% of HIV− (p = 0.025) patients; bone marrow culture was positive in 36.9% vs. 8.8% (p = 0.003). Most HIV+ patients (71.4%) were hospitalized. On univariate analysis, anemia, leukopenia, intensive care, use of vasopressors and mechanical ventilation were associated with death in HIV+ patients. Conclusions: Most of our patients with histoplasmosis were HIV+, presenting advanced AIDS. Diagnosis was late in HIV+ patients, and they frequently presented disseminated Hc, required hospitalization, and died. Early screening for Hc in HIV+ and drug-induced immunosuppressed patients is crucial.
JS04.5.A HIGH RESOLUTION DRUG-RESISTANT MAPPING OF ALK FUSION VARIANTS USING PRIME EDITING

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene fusions are potent oncogenic drivers across diverse malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), breast cancer, and glioma. These fusions lead to constitutive activation of the ALK tyrosine kinase domain (TKD), rendering tumors initially responsive to ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)—primarily in NSCLC, but also in rare cases such as infant-type hemispheric glioma. However, resistance inevitably emerges, frequently due to acquired single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the TKD. A significant proportion of these SNVs are classified as variants of uncertain significance (VUSs), highlighting the need for systematic functional annotation to inform precision therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We employed prime editing to introduce all possible SNVs across the ALK TKD (exons 20-28). High-throughput drug resistance screening was conducted against three generations of ALK TKIs: alectinib (second-generation), lorlatinib (third-generation), and zotizalkib (fourth-generation, previously evaluated in clinical trials). Resistance classification data were further assessed using Kaplan-Meier survival analyses to explore potential prognostic implications. RESULTS A total of 2,953 SNVs (99.2% of all possible variants in exons 20-28) were successfully introduced and profiled. Resistance phenotypes were comprehensively mapped for each variant across the three TKIs. Canonical resistance mutations such as G1202R and L1196M were accurately recapitulated, validating our screening platform. Moreover, several previously uncharacterized VUSs were identified as conferring differential resistance profiles. Structural modeling revealed mechanistic insights into altered TKI binding. These findings aligned with existing clinical and preclinical datasets and expanded the known spectrum of clinically actionable ALK resistance mutations. CONCLUSION This study presents the most comprehensive functional landscape to date of ALK TKD variants in the context of TKI resistance. Our data provide an invaluable resource for interpreting VUSs, optimizing TKI selection, and advancing personalized treatment in ALK fusion-positive cancers. Furthermore, the approach and insights are broadly applicable to other ALK-rearranged malignancies, including glioma.
The effect of semantic relatedness on associative asymmetry in memory

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

We provide new evidence concerning two opposing views of episodic associations: The independent associations hypothesis (IAH) posits that associations are unidirectional and separately modifiable links (A→B and A←B); the associative symmetry hypothesis (ASH), to the contrary, considers the association to be a holistic conjunction of A and B representations. While existing literature focuses on tests that compare the equality and correlation of forward and backward associations and favors ASH over IAH, we provide the first direct evidence of IAH by showing that forward and backward associations are separately modifiable for semantically related pairs. In two experiments, participants studied 30 semantically unrelated and 30 semantically related pairs intermixed in a single list, and then performed a series of up to eight cued-recall test cycles. All pairs were tested in each cycle, and the testing direction (A-? or B-?) alternated between cycles. Consistent with prior research, unrelated pairs exhibited associative symmetry – accuracy and response times improved gradually on each test, suggesting that testing in both directions strengthened the same association. In contrast, semantically related pairs exhibited a stair-like pattern, where performance did not change from odd to even tests when the test direction changed; it only improved between tests of the same direction. We conclude that episodic associations can have either a holistic representation (ASH) or separate directional representations (IAH), depending on the semantic relatedness of their constituent items.
Knapsack auctions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We consider a game theoretic knapsack problem that has application to auctions for selling advertisements on Internet search engines. Consider n agents each wishing to place an object in the knapsack. Each agent has a private valuation for having their object in the knapsack and each object has a publicly known size. For this setting, we consider the design of auctions in which agents have an incentive to truthfully reveal their private valuations. Following the framework of Goldberg et al. [10], we look to design an auction that obtains a constant fraction of the profit obtainable by a natural optimal pricing algorithm that knows the agents ’ valuations and object sizes. We give an auction that obtains a constant factor approximation in the non-trivial special case where the knapsack has unlimited capacity. We then reduce the limited capacity version of the problem to the unlimited capacity version via an approximately efficient auction (i.e., one that maximizes the social welfare). This reduction follows from generalizable principles.
Pregnancy, paternity and parenting in rural communities

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

The Australian rural environment is unique, diverse and challenging for nurses who are the most significant providers of health care in this context. Rural Nursing: The Australian Context provides readers with an understanding of the knowledge and skills required to practise in rural locations and communities. This book includes chapters on pregnancy, parenting, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, ageing and mental health. It examines rurality, population and health demographics, and the different practice opportunities available in rural settings. The authors outline the importance of having well-established professional networks and encourage readers to develop practice skills in response to a particular community. Each chapter features a vignette, reflective questions and a list of websites for further reading. Written by a team of academics and practising rural nurses, Rural Nursing will equip nursing students with the confidence to provide high-quality health care in a range of practice settings.
Growing inequality and diverging paths in early childhood education and care: Educational disparities in Europe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Early childhood education and care (ECEC) is among the most important services for children and their parents as it promotes children’s development and enables mothers’ employment. Previous research has shown that there is an educational gradient as children of mothers with a low education level participate less in ECEC services, but less is known about the development of this inequality. This study, using EU-SILC survey data, focuses on the development of inequality in ECEC use of children under 3 years of age during 2004–2019, and on disparities between three categories of education levels among mothers. The results show that, together with increasing ECEC participation rates, overall inequality has increased in Europe. Inequality has increased between low- and other education levels, whereas in a few cases, a decrease has happened between medium- and high-educated mothers. It is important to pay attention to socioeconomic disparities with rising participation rates.
Conference Scene: CIRSE 2010 – helping minimally invasive therapy reach its maximum potential

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The annual Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiological Society of Europe (CIRSE) congress is Europe’s most influential interventional radiology platform, and 2010 was no exception. With over 5600 attendees traveling to the host city of Valencia, it once again set records. The high attendance is representative of the meeting’s scientific importance – CIRSE 2010 also featured a broader scientific program than ever, with record numbers of scientific submissions and educational workshops.
PointGrasp: Point Cloud-based Grasping for Tendon-driven Soft Robotic Glove Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Controlling hand exoskeletons to assist individuals with grasping tasks poses a challenge due to the difficulty in understanding user intentions. We propose that most daily grasping tasks during activities of daily living (ADL) can be deduced by analyzing object geometries (simple and complex) from 3D point clouds. The study introduces PointGrasp, a real-time system designed for identifying household scenes semantically, aiming to support and enhance assistance during ADL for tailored end-to-end grasping tasks. The system comprises an RGB-D camera with an inertial measurement unit and a microprocessor integrated into a tendon-driven soft robotic glove. The RGB-D camera processes 3D scenes at a rate exceeding 30 frames per second. The proposed pipeline demonstrates an average RMSE of 0.8 $\pm$ 0.39 cm for simple and 0.11 $\pm$ 0.06 cm for complex geometries. Within each mode, it identifies and pinpoints reachable objects. This system shows promise in end-to-end vision-driven robotic-assisted rehabilitation manual tasks.
Transformation in Jamaica, Grenada, and Haiti

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the last decades of the twentieth century, the Caribbean saw multiple and dramatic political efforts to transform state and society. New governments sought to embrace popular classes as equal members of society as almost never before and to create unprecedented forms of equality, both economically and culturally. This chapter explores three such attempts at transformation: Jamaica under Michael Manley, Maurice Bishop and the Grenada Revolution, and Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s first government in Haiti. Unlike the Cuban Revolution, these leaders excited expectations for change within still mostly capitalist economies. Manley and Aristide led democratic governments, while Grenada sustained one-party rule. The outcomes of reform efforts in these three nations varied from enduring progress to poignant tragedy. The chapter explores the powerful challenges these new Caribbean governments faced, domestic and foreign, economic and political. It shows how after the English-speaking Caribbean gained independence in the 1960s and 1970s, their trajectories began to overlap with that of the older independent Caribbean, as national sovereignty made them suddenly more vulnerable to the region’s predominant twentieth-century empire, the United States.