jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Political Campaigns: Prime Minister, 1901–4

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

if one accepts the orthodox view of the Meiji state as characterised by militarism and imperialism, and views the Sino-Japanese war as leading seamlessly into the Russo-Japanese war, then the events of 1901–4 are uncontroversial: an army general was appointed prime minister; Japan signed a security alliance with Britain; the Diet approved funds for naval expansion; and Japan subsequently declared war on Russia and began to expand militarily on the Asian continent. Such a casual linking of events may be convenient. It is, however, misleading. As will be seen, Japan's polity at this time was moving away from oligarchic control towards a system of negotiation centred on second-generation leaders; most prominent of these was General Katsura who became prime minister in 1901. He was appointed, however, less because the oligarchy or military dominated politics but precisely because the oligarchs were in decline. Second, there was at no point any clear military, political or popular decision for war with Russia virtually up to the moment that hostilities commenced. Consequently, a more detailed consideration of this period is necessary in order better to understand the position of the army, the politics of military funding, and the route by which Japan came to be at war with Russia.
Social Aspects of Institutional Rooftop Gardens

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rooftop gardens have a long history dating back many centuries. In the contemporary context, the rooftop garden reflects a concern for the natural and built environment in terms of sustainability, community and food production. The aim of this chapter is to explore the social aspects of rooftop gardens by examining mainly two Sydney inner-city rooftop gardens in Australia: University of Technology Sydney, an educational institution in Ultimo and 107 Projects, a permaculture garden that is part of a multidisciplinary creative space in Redfern, as well as eight rooftop gardens in different universities from other parts of the world. Through interviews, sensory ethnography and comparative analysis, this chapter highlights that rooftop gardens in different types of institutional settings revolve around shared interests in growing food as well as a shared ethos on creating community links in the workplace and beyond.
A Typology of Rural Areas in Danube Region

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The main objective of this paper is aimed at the quantitative analysis of vulnerability to hydro -climate changes in the eleven counties of the Danube region. The vulnerability was seen by three components: exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Twenty- five indicators were examined. The methods used were factor analysis and cluster analysis. Obtained clusters show spatial differences of vulnerability at the county level. In this context, policy makers should adapt their policies to local conditions. In addition, hydro-climatic changes should be placed in the broader context of sustainable rural development.
A Superquadratic Variant of Newton's Method

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a Q-superquadratically convergent version of Newton's method for solving operator equations in Banach spaces that requires only one operator value and one inverse of the Fréchet derivative per iteration. The R-order of convergence is at least $1+\sqrt{2}$. Both a semilocal and a local analysis of the new method are given. The semilocal analysis is done along the lines of the Newton--Kantorovich theorem and provides sufficient conditions for the existence of a solution and the convergence of the iterates. The Q-superquadratic convergence is obtained by assuming that the second Fréchet derivative is Lipschitz continuous. The local analysis assumes that a solution exists and shows that the method converges from any starting point belonging to an explicitly defined neighborhood of the solution called the ball of attraction. To our knowledge this is the first superquadratically convergent method that requires about the same work per iteration as Newton's method.
"Its Origin Is Not a Little Curious": A New Look at the American Colonization Society

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Perhaps no organization has so disputed a past as the American Colonization Society. Historians have argued both as to the goals and thrust of the society, as well as to who exactly made up its membership. Some scholars saw it primarily as a fraud, others as a well meaning, if ineffectual, attempt to deal with the problem of slavery. But all historians could agree on one thing: it was the Reverend Robert Finley of New Jersey who initiated consideration of African colonization in 1816. Because the kindly Finley harbored vague abolitionist tendencies, the society has generally been placed on the conservative, religiously motivated end of the abolitionist spectrum. This view of the society has been supported by the standard monograph on the subject, written by P. J. Staudenraus, which appeared to have once and for all settled the question of the nature of the organization. But recently uncovered evidence now undermines this formerly indisputable fact about the society's origins. Another person has a stronger claim as the man who revived the idea that led to the creation of the society. This is Charles Fenton Mercer of Virginia, a man never previously identified with the beginnings of the organization. As Mercer was no abolitionist but a man who feared the power of the lower class in a rapidly industrializing nation, his
In Remembrance of Igor Stravinsky

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

However often during the last few years of his suffering we may have feared the worst, Stravinsky's death came as a profound shock not only to those who had the good fortune of enjoying his personal acquaintance, but also to the whole world of music and the arts. Seldom has the loss of a great man been felt more acutely. The reassuring knowledge of his presence was like a sheet-anchor in the storm that rages through the arts. Stravinsky was the last in what Ernest Newman called ‘the royal line of composers’. Yet he had never wished to be one of their number, and when at last he had to join them, it was against his will. So the enfant terrible of bygone years became a doyen no less terrible .
LAPORAN KEGIATANPRAKTIK PENGALAMAN LAPANGAN (PPL)SMP N 2 TEMPEL

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Praktik Pengalaman Lapangan adalah salah satu matakuliah wajib yang
harus ditempuh dan wajib lulus bagi mahasiswa prodi pendidikan di Universitas
Negeri Yogyakarta yang memiliki bobot 3 sks. Kegiatan Praktik Pengalaman
Lapangan (PPL) ini bertujuan mendapatkan pengalaman tentang proses
pembelajaran dan di sekolah yang nantinya akan digunakan sebagai bekal untuk
menjadi calon pendidik. Mahasiswa PPL diharapkan mampu untuk memiliki nilai,
sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang dibutuhkan sebagai seorang pendidik.
Program Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL) merupakan salah satu bentuk
pengabdian diri mahasiswa. Pada kesempatan ini, penulis melaksanakan kegiatan
Praktik Pengalaman Lapangan (PPL) di SMP N 2 Tempel yang terletak di Jalan
Balangan, Barongan, Banyurejo, Tempel, Sleman, DI Yogyakarta dimualai dari
tanggal 10 Agustus 2015 sampai 12 September 2015. Kegiatan PPL berlangsung
dalam bembemrapa tahap yaitu tahap persiapan, pelaksanaan, dan analisis hasil.
Persiapan PPL dimulai dari pembelajaran mikro, observasi, dan pembekalan.
Kemudian, pelaksanaan PPL yang terbagi menjadi beberapa tahap yaitu persiapan
mengajar, pelaksanaan mengajar, dan evaluasi hasil mengajar. Kegiatan mengajar
dilaksanakan setelah mahasiswa membuat Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran
(RPP) dan dikonsultasikan kepada guru pembimbing. Pelaksanaan PPL
dilaksanakan di 3 kelas, yaitu VIII A, VIII B, dan VIII C dengan masing-asing kelas
melakukan 5 kali pertemuan dalam seminggu. Setelah pertemuan selesai diadakan tes
untuk BAB 1 materi aljabar dengan hasil siswa memperoleh nilai tertinggi 85
terendah 15. Hasil kemudian dianalisis menggunakan program anbuso untuk
mengetahui daya beda, tingkat kesukaran, dan soal yang baik atau soal yang perlu
direvisi.
Hasil dari pelaksanaan PPL selama kurang lebih satu bulan di SMP N 2
Tempel, mahasiswa belajar berbagai hal dan banyak pengalaman yang mahasiswa
dapatkan. Pengalaman tersebut adalah bagaimana cara menjadi guru yang baik,
ketrampilan dalam mengajar dan rasa tanggung jawab. Pelaksanaan PPL berjalan
dengan lancar dengan beberapa kendala yang dapat diatasi oleh mahasiswa dengan
bimbingan guru.
Peribronchial innervation of the rat lung.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Mammalian peribronchial tissue is supplied by several peptide-containing nerve fibers. Although it is well established that different neuropeptides exert significant effects on bronchial and vascular tone in the lungs, the role played by some neuromediators on the general regulation, differentiation and release of locally active substances is still controversial. We studied the innervation of rat peribronchial tissue by immunohistochemical techniques. The immunoperoxidase method with nickel amplification was applied to detect the distribution of nerve fibers using antibodies against the general neuronal marker PGP 9.5 (neuron-specific cytoplasmic protein), while the cholinacetyltransferase immunoreactivity was studied by immunohistochemistry. A slight immunoreactivity for NT receptors is observed in lung bronchial epithelium. There is increasing evidence that NTs may act with a paracrine mechanism regulating functional activity of neuronal and non-neuronal structures. A specific immunoreactivity for NTs and NT receptors was also demonstrated within different layers of large, medium and small sized intrapulmonary arteries and veins, according to a recent study of our group. Moreover our data describe the expression of NTs and NT receptors in lymphoid aggregates of the lung (BALT) in which both lymphocytes and macrophages express TrkA receptor and synthesize NTs. Our results show the presence of an extensive network of innervation in the rat peribronchial tissue, confirming a morphological basis for a possible neural modulation of the respiratory mucosa and the physiological/pathophysiological mechanisms of the lung.
WHOSE AGE SHOULD ONE USE TO CALCULATE CREATININE CLEARANCE IN STABLE RENAL TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS (RTR??s) WITH SIGNIFICANT AGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DONOR AND RECIPIENT? CORRELATION OF FORMULAS USED TO ESTIMATE GFR TO 24-HOUR NORMALIZED CrCI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective of our study was to determine whether the recipient's or donor's age in the Cocroft-Gault (CG) and MDRD formula correlated best with the normalized 24-hour creatinine clearance (24hr-Crcl). RTR's with stable weights and graft function that had an age difference of at least 10y with their donors and a creatinine excretion of at least 15 mg/kg/day. Group 1 was older patients receiving from younger donors, Group 2 were younger patients receiving from older donors. Mean recipient age was 61 ± 9 vs 26±6 (p=0.00l), mean donor age was 43±13 vs 53±8yrs (p=0.032), Serum creatinine (scre) 1.6±0.8 vs 1.9±0.5 mg/dl (p=ns) between groups 1 and 2. In group1, there was a significant correlation between the 24hr-CrCl with CG or MDRD using recipient or donor age (r 0.87, p = 0.00l). In group2, none of these formulas correlated with the 24hr-CrCI irrespective of whose age was used. Scre (r=-0.7, p=0.021) was the only predictor variable that negatively correlated with 24hr-CrCI in group2 (r2=0.43, p=0.021), yielding a regression equation of CrCI= 76-(Sr.cr ×14). Creatinine clearances in group2 using this equation correlated significantly with the 24hr-CrCI (r=0.7, p=0.021) whereas all other formulas did not. Currently used formulas to estimate CFR are inaccurate when a younger patient receives a kidney from an older donor with significant age disparity. Further studies are needed to validate our regression equation.
[Determination of psoralen and isopsoralen in tincture of fructus Psoraleae by HPLC].

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A reversed-phase HPLC method was described for the determination of psoralen and isopsoralen in tincture of Fructus Psoraleae. After adding the internal standard and diluting the sample to a definite volume, the sample was injected and analysed. The RSDs were within 2% and the minimum working concentrations below 1 microgram/ml; the average recoveries of psoralen and isopsoralen 102.8% and 99.5% respectively and the linear ranges of psoralen and isopsoralen 12-200 micrograms/ml and 13-210 micrograms/ml (r = 0.999) respectively.
DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL NIFEDIPINE-LOADED POLYMERIC NANOCAPSULES: PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION, PHOTOSTABILITY STUDIES,IN VITROANDIN VIVOEVALUATION

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In this study, nifedipine (NFP)-loaded polymeric nanocapsules were prepared and characterised with a view to protect the drug from degradation. Nanocapsule suspensions were prepared using two different surfactants (pluronic F68 and polyvinyl alcohol). Physicochemical stability and in vivoantihypertensive effect were evaluated. The particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency remained constant during a period of 28 days of exposure under light irradiation. A smaller particle size and a higher zeta potential were obtained for the nanocapsules prepared with Pluronic F68 as surfactant. The solid drug and the nanocapsules were submitted to light exposure for 28 days. After this period of time, the percentage of drug remaining in the PF68NFP and PVANFP nanocapsules was 28.1% and 21.3%, respectively. In contrast, the solid drug was completely degraded after 4 days, suggesting that the nanocapsule suspensions promoted significant protection of the drug against light exposure. In addition, in vivo studies were carried out, which demonstrated that the formulations with polyvinyl alcohol exhibited a very rapid onset of action after oral administration in rats and led to faster drug release. The nanoparticles developed can be considered as an alternative for improving NFP stability in liquid formulations.
Russian nuclear weapons, 2023

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Nuclear Notebook is researched and written by the staff of the Federation of American Scientists' Nuclear Information Project: Director Hans M. Kristensen, Senior Research Associate and Project Manager Matt Korda, and Research Associate Eliana Reynolds. The Nuclear Notebook column has been published in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists since 1987. This issue's column examines Russia's nuclear arsenal, which includes a stockpile of approximately 4,489 warheads. Of these, some 1,674 strategic warheads are deployed on ballistic missiles and at heavy bomber bases, while an approximate additional 999 strategic warheads, along with 1,816 nonstrategic warheads, are held in reserve. The Russian arsenal continues its broad modernization intended to replace most Soviet-era weapons by the late-2020s. To see all previous Nuclear Notebook columns, go to https://thebulletin.org/nuclear-risk/nuclear-weapons/nuclear-notebook/.
Synchrotron X-ray topography of dislocations in high-pressure high-temperature-grown single-crystal diamond with low dislocation density

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Individual dislocations in high-pressure high-temperature-grown single-crystal diamond with a dislocation density of less than 47 cm−2 in the (001) growth sector were observed using synchrotron X-ray topography in the Laue geometry. By analyzing image contrasts for various g vectors using photoluminescence images, we found that dislocations in the (001) growth sector run in the [001] direction; some are pure edge dislocations having Burgers vectors (b) of a/2[110] or while others are mixed dislocations. Dislocations in the (111) growth sector have and run in the direction from [111] to [331]; they are classified as edge dislocations.
Business analytics in the case of inventory management in Industry 4.0 conditions

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this publication is to present the applications of usage of business analytics in inventory management.Design/methodology/approach: Critical literature analysis.Analysis of international literature from main databases and polish literature and legal acts connecting with researched topic.Findings: Industry 4.0 has ushered in a transformative era of technological innovation, particularly in inventory management.Business Analytics has emerged as a crucial tool for optimizing inventory control and supply chain management in this context.This integration of digital technologies, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and big data has made inventory management more complex yet highly efficient.Business Analytics, driven by machine learning and predictive analytics, empowers organizations to make data-driven decisions, improve demand forecasting, and enhance supplier relationships, resulting in cost reduction, increased customer satisfaction, and sustainability efforts.Industry 4.0 has also introduced various software solutions that streamline inventory management, albeit with challenges.Overcoming these challenges, businesses leverage the advantages to adapt to a dynamic market, reduce costs, and enhance sustainability, solidifying the critical role of Business Analytics in inventory management in an evolving landscape.
Influence of aquatic environmental factors on mineralization of cyanobacteria and green algae (Komi Republic)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This article describes crystallization formed in the exogenous mucous sheath of phototrophic microorganisms living in the surface waters of the south area of the Komi Republic. The mineralization of colonies of cyanobacteria of the Gloeotrichia sp. and green algae Chaetophora elegans was studied. The waters of rivers in the Northern Dvina basin have been studied as habitats for the microorganisms. They have a different composition: HCO3 Ca–Mg, typical for the taiga zone of a temperate continental climate; SO4–HCO3 Ca–Mg and Cl–Na (in the zone of technogenic pollution). Using the example of these neutral — weakly alkaline ultrafresh — salty (0.2—2.8 g/L) waters, it is shown that the geochemistry of the aquatic environment is one of the most important factors influencing the minerogenesis. Calcite, vaterite, quartz and halite were identified in dried colonies of microorganisms within the extracellular polymeric substance using the methods of X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy, microprobe analysis and IR spectroscopy. The morphological features of microminerals are presented depending on the type of microorganisms. Calcium carbonate crystals and aggregates are formed within the exogenous mucous sheath of algae and cyanophytes. The carbon isotope composition of carbonates (13C –7.5 and –3.8 ‰ PDB) indicates their organic nature. The formation of minerals, morphological features of crystals and the degree of biomineralisation of colonies of phototrophic microorganisms are conditioned by the physicochemical parameters of the aquatic environment. The possibilities of chemogenic precipitation of carbonates from the studied natural waters were assessed.
Variational Approach for the Variable-Order Fractional Magnetic Schrödinger Equation with Variable Growth and Steep Potential in

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we show the existence of solutions for an indefinite fractional Schrödinger equation driven by the variable-order fractional magnetic Laplace operator involving variable exponents and steep potential. By using the decomposition of the Nehari manifold and variational method, we obtain the existence results of nontrivial solutions to the equation under suitable conditions.
Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Induced Liver Injury and Ursodeoxycholic Acid

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hepatotoxicity induced by standard anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide) can result in significant morbidity and, rarely, even mortality. This major adverse side-effect of anti-tuberculosis treatment has a negative impact on patient adherence and patient outcomes as well as on tuberculosis control. Early recognition and prompt withdrawal of the offending drugs are the most critical interventions in the management of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury. No drug or herbal extract has been shown until recently to prevent or reverse anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. Ursodeoxycholic acid is the only FDA approved drug for the treatment of primary biliary cholangitis and has also been successfully used in various cholestatic liver diseases. Although still experimental, recent controlled clinical studies suggested that oral administration of ursodeoxycholic acid may prevent the onset of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury and accelerate the recovery of liver injury. These clinical data are supported by experimental models of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity. There is an urgent need for further randomized clinical trials to document the promising hepatoprotective properties of ursodeoxycholic acid.
THE LANGUAGE OF JUSTICE IN MALAYSIAN COURTS: THE LAW AND THE REALITY

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Perhaps one of the most unique and peculiar aspects of Malaysia’s judicial and legal system is the setting up of two High Courts of co-ordinate jurisdiction and status when Malaysia was formed: one in West Malaysia, which is known as the High Court in Malaya; and one in East Malaysia, which is known as the High Court in Sabah and Sarawak. The two High Courts in Malaysia have remained in place until now. Simultaneously with the formation of Malaysia, Part XIIA was inserted into the Federal Constitution to provide for additional protection for the States of Sabah and Sarawak. These included, among others, Article 161 which provided for the continued use of English in court proceedings in East Malaysia. This is different from Article 152 of the Federal Constitution read together with the National Language Acts 1963/67 which provide that Malay is the official language in court proceedings in West Malaysia. Hence, a lasting anomaly in the Malaysian legal system: to all intents and purposes, Malay is the language of the courts in West Malaysia; whereas English is the language of the courts in East Malaysia. This has led to various legal issues in Malaysian jurisprudence. This article seeks to analyse the differences in the use of language in the courts in West and East Malaysia, with a view to answering the question as to whether there can be uniformity of the use of language throughout the courts in Malaysia, bearing in mind the special interests, protection and safeguards afforded to Sabah and Sarawak when Malaysia was formed. For the purpose of this research, a qualitative research method is adopted. The data collection method is document analysis consisting of both primary and secondary sources such as the Federal Constitution, Federal Acts of Parliament, textbooks, journal articles, published law reports, online articles, media reports, and case law. The research found that it is entirely possible for Malay to be made the official language in all courts across Malaysia. However, the liberal use of English in courts should continue to be allowed, as this is the reality that is taking place in courts across Malaysia today.