jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Simulation of Phase Changes in Snowpacks and Soils

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Phase changes of water in snowpacks and soils are controlled mainly by the short‐term dynamics of energy exchange with the atmosphere. The accurate reproduction of the exchange processes is thus necessary to the reproduction of freezing and thawing, and of consequent water movement, in ecosystem simulation models. In the model used for this study, energy exchange between the atmosphere and the surfaces of single‐layered snowpacks and multiple‐layered soils were calculated from recorded meteorological data and from measured physical properties of snowpacks and soils. The consequent absorption and transmission of energy through the snowpack and soil media were used to estimate the dynamics of phase changes in the snowpack and soil water. The hourly behavior of the model allowed it to reproduce, to within 50 W m −2 , the diurnal patterns of energy exchange recorded over a melting snowpack and, to within 1 °C, the diurnal soil temperatures recorded at depths of 0.05 and 0.15 m in a thawing soil profile. The seasonal behavior of the model allowed it to reproduce overwinter patterns of accumulation and disappearance of a snowpack to within 50 mm, and those of maximum and minimum daily soil temperatures at depths of 0.05 and 0.15 m to within 1 °C. Models that function at this level of detail are useful in estimating the effects of slope, aspect, residue cover, and other surface characteristics on snowmelt and soil warming. With higher spatial resolution in parameterizing snowpack functions for hydraulic and thermal conductivity, these models may be used to represent multilayered snowpacks.
Parental Relationships and Behavioral Approach System Dysregulation in Young Adults With Bipolar Disorder

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objectives Expressed emotion (EE), or the presence of criticism/hostility/emotional overinvolvement in a family relationship, predicts poorer outcomes in bipolar disorder; however, the mechanism of this is unclear. The present study investigated whether, in a sample of young adults (aged 18–40 years) with bipolar disorder, parental criticism was associated with Behavioral Approach System (BAS) dysregulation, including emotional reactivity to negative feedback and cognitive schemas of self‐criticism/perfectionism. Method Twenty‐two young adults with bipolar I disorder and 22 matched control participants completed an interview, questionnaires, and a computer‐based task with false negative feedback; emotional reactivity to this feedback was assessed. Results Compared to control participants, clinical participants exhibited higher levels ( p = 0.001) of self‐criticism, and a trend towards a greater decrease in positive affect after negative feedback ( p = 0.053), even when controlling for mood symptoms. Among clinical participants, perceived criticism from paternal caregivers was associated with self‐criticism and perfectionism, and low perceived paternal care was associated with decrease in positive affect. Conclusion Strain in parental relationships may be associated with BAS dysregulation for individuals with bipolar disorder.
Highly Efficient Aggregation-Induced Electrochemiluminescence of Al(III)-Cbatpy Metal–Organic Gels Obtained by Ultrarapid Self-Assembly for a Biosensing Application

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) has attracted extensive interest due to the significant increase in ECL response by restricting free intramolecular rotation and torsion, but traditional AIECL emitters suffer from limited ECL efficiency, high cost, and complex synthetic steps, dramatically limiting their applications. Herein, novel Al(III)-Cbatpy metal-organic gels (Al(III)-Cbatpy-MOGs) with nanofiber morphology and ultrarapid coordination of Al3+ and 4'-carboxylic acid-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (Cbatpy) are developed, which demonstrates an excellent AIECL enhancement behavior far beyond that reported in ECL supramolecular gels. In view of the strong affinity of N and O atoms in Cbatpy toward Al3+, Al(III)-Cbatpy-MOGs with high viscosity and stability can be assembled in one step within about 15 s, easily conquering the main predicaments of current AIECL emitters: complicated synthesis steps and poor film formation. Impressively, the ECL efficiency of Al(III)-Cbatpy-MOGs with superemission is about 20 times higher than that of individual Cbatpy molecules, which is attributed to the aggregation of the organic ligand Cbatpy restricting intramolecular rotation and torsion to reduce nonradiative relaxation. Furthermore, compared with traditional metal complexes, Al(III)-Cbatpy-MOGs show the benefits of remarkable biocompatibility and low cost without the involvement of any organic solvents, noble metals, and rare metals. As proof, a "signal-off" sensing platform based on an Al(III)-Cbatpy-MOGs/S2O82- system was constructed for the sensitive detection of dopamine (DA) with a low detection limit of 0.34 nM. This strategy provides a novel method to prepare cheap metal-organic gels as a highly efficient AIECL emitter, which is promising as a luminescent molecular device and biosensor for clinical diagnostic applications.
VP101 Intrauterine Surgical Interventions: A Rapid Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Adverse conditions during pregnancy, such as myelomeningocele (MMC), fetal-fetal transfusion syndrome (STFF) and congenital heart disease (CHD) not only significantly increase the risk of fetal death, but also increase the occurrence of severe postnatal sequelae. Methods We conducted a rapid review of the efficacy and safety of intrauterine interventions in MMC, STFF and DCC in comparison to traditional interventions. We searched Pubmed via Medline, Cochrane Library and Center for Reviews and Dissemination databases using the terms indexed and synonyms for each intervention. Results For STFF, the available scientific evidence indicates that laser ablation is effective and presents better outcomes when compared to other interventions, such as high overall survival rate, better perinatal outcomes and less chance of brain injury. Even though intrauterine interventions in CHD present high rates of live births, high neonatal mortality rates are also reported. Evidence on the efficacy and safety of intrauterine surgical interventions for myelomeningocele and CHD is inconclusive. Regarding myelomeningocele, no significant differences were observed for the outcomes of postnatal mortality, rate of ventriculostomy placement, reversal of posterior brain herniation, motor response and placental rupture. Conclusions There is no consensus regarding the efficacy and safety of intrauterine surgical interventions for myelomeningocele and CHD. Regarding STFF, laser ablation is accepted as an effective intervention. It is necessary to conduct prospective studies in order to evaluate the effect of these interventions, considering the specifications of each condition and the ethical aspects.
[Determination of group specificity of human hair microfragments using monoclonal antibodies].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A method is proposed for ABO grouping of human hair microfragments 1.5-2.0 cm in length. The method is a modification of the absorption-elution reaction (AER) for monoclonal antibodies (MCA). MCA manufactured by Gematolog Ltd. (Russia) as well as Bioclone anti-A and anti-B reagents (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, USA) proved suitable for hair typing. A series of procedures for sample preparation and treatment in the reaction, such as the heating of a hair stem on a boiling water bath and the addition of a non-ionic detergent (Tween 20) to the working solution, were used to prevent non-specific results of the analysis. It is emphasized that each analysis must be made in duplicate.
Adaptive mode switching in the MIMO broadcast channel

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes an adaptive mode switching between single user and multi-user multiple input multiple output (MIMO) transmissions for Gaussian MIMO broadcast channels with partial channel state information at the transmitter. With full channel state information, it is known that multi-user transmission outperforms all other policies. With alternate channel state information available at the transmitter, it is not true that one transmission strategy always dominates the other. In particular, under some practical side information assumptions, there is instead a transition point - when the number of users is below this point, single user transmission outperforms multi-user transmission, and the reverse is true when the number of users exceeds this critical value. In this paper, we determine this mode switching point both analytically and numerically for a MIMO channel with transmit side correlation.
Fabricating Ceramic Nanostructures with Ductile-like Compression Behavior via Rapid Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer and Preceramic Polymer Blends

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Here, we report a rapid and scalable process for the fabrication of nanostructured silicon carbide (SiC)-based ceramics displaying mechanical metamaterial properties. These novel mesoporous structures are achieved through patterning at the nanoscale via block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly. In this facile process, a blend of preceramic polymer (PCP) and BCP is dissolved in warm solvent, cast, and quickly solidified as an organogel composed of a 3D micelle network. Significantly, these materials rapidly self-assemble and do not necessitate the annealing steps that are typically required for block copolymer self-assembly. The PCP nanostructure of the films is thermally stable and maintained through pyrolytic soft template removal and conversion to ceramic. Exploration of PCP, BCP, and PMMA homopolymer blends resulted in the discovery of a cocontinuous wormlike micelle phase, which after pyrolysis translated into a ceramic nanocoral-like structure with a network of high-aspect-ratio ceramic struts punctuated with mesopores. In situ nanomechanical compression testing reveals ductile-like deformation, complete strain recovery up to 14% strain, and enhanced energy absorption over bulk ceramics. The confluence of rapid self-assembly, affordability, and mechanical metamaterial properties offered by this system surmounts many of the challenges associated with producing materials nanostructured over large areas. As such, these materials hold considerable promise for a variety of applications including energy storage, filtration, and catalytic materials.
Chemical Composition of FourSalviaL. Species From Turkey: A Chemotaxonomic Approach

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this study the chemical composition of four Salvia L. species (S. trichoclada Bentham., S. virgata Jacq., S. ceratophylla L., S. multicaulis Vahl.) from Turkey, were analyzed by GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry) system. Forty, forty one, forty three and thirty nine compounds were identified representing 91.9 %, 90.4 %, 89.7 %, 88.4 % of the S. trichoclada, S. virgata, S. ceratophylla and S. multicaulis oils, respectively. Caryophyllene oxide (25.1 %), spathulenol (15.4 %) and β-pinene (12.3 %) were identified to be the main constituents of S. trichoclada. 1,8-Cineole (20.3 %), α-copaene (18.6 %) and germacrene D (17.6 %) were determined the major compounds of S. virgata. Germacrene D (23.6 %), α-copaene (19.4 %) and 1,8-cineole (7.8 %) were found to be the main constituents of S. ceratophylla. Caryophyllene oxide (22.5 %), spathulenol (12.7 %) and β-pinene (7.5 %) were detected to be the main constituents of S. multicaulis. The results were discussed in view of chemotaxonomy and natural products.
Comparison of soil respiration in two grass-dominated communities in the Xilin River Basin: correlations and controls

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A comparative study of soil respiration was conducted between in a semi-arid steppe community and in a wet meadow community in the Xilin River Basin of Nei Mongol. The seasonal pattern, the climatic controls, and the correlations of soil respiration with plant biomass components, were examined for each community. The main results are reported as follows: (1) The seasonal changes in soil respiration in the two communities had similar dynamic patterns (both being of two peaks), ranging from 312.8 to 1738.9 mg C(.)m(-2).s(-1) and from 354.6 to 2235.6 Mg C.m(-2).s(-1) in the growing season for the steppe plot and the meadow plot respectively. The soil respiration rate of the meadow plot was distinctly higher than that of the steppe plot, with the daily averages being 1349.6 mg C-m(-2).s(-1) and 785.9 mg C-m(-2).s(-1) respectively. (2) The correlation between soil respiration rate and soil moisture was much more significant than with temperature for the steppe community, and being on the contrary for the meadow community, reflecting the different effects of the two climatic factors in different habitats. Based on these regressive relations, the total CO2 efflux rate in the growing season in 2001 was estimated as 142.4 g C/m(2) in the steppe plot, and 236.1 g C/m(2) in the meadow plot. (3) There was no evident relation between the total canopy biomass and CO2 evolution rate, but a significant power function relation between the live canopy biomass and CO2 evolution rate in the meadow plot was detected. In the steppe plot, there existed only a weak relation between soil respiration and either live or total canopy biomass.
Development and validation of a novel epigenetic signature for predicting prognosis in colon cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Epigenetic factors play a critical role in carcinogenesis by imparting a distinct feature to the chromatin architecture. The present study aimed to develop a novel epigenetic signature for evaluating the relapse‐free survival of colon cancer patients. Public microarray datasets were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus databases: GSE39582, GSE17538, GSE33113, and GSE37892 set. Patients from GSE39582 set were randomized 1:1 into training and internal validation series. Patients were divided into high‐risk and low‐risk groups in training series based on a set of 11 epigenetic factors ( p < .001). The good reproducibility for the prognostic value of the epigenetic signature was confirmed in the internal validation series ( p < .001), external validation series (a combination of GSE17538 set, GSE33113 set, and GSE37892 set; p = .018), and entire series ( p < .001). Furthermore, a nomogram, which integrated the epigenetic signature, pathological stage, and postoperative chemotherapy, was developed based on the GSE39582 set. The time‐dependent receiver operating characteristic curve at 1 year demonstrated that the comprehensive signature presented superior prognostic value than the pathological stage. In conclusion, an epigenetic signature, which could be utilized to divide colon cancer patients into two groups with significantly different risk of relapse, was established. This biomarker would aid in identifying patients who require an intensive follow‐up and aggressive therapeutic intervention.
Saxifraga cochlearis Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Saxifraga cochlearis Rchb., Fl. Germ. Excurs. 2(2): 559. 1832. Ind. Loc.:—“ Piemont: Col di Tenda: v. Charp.”. PIE Type:—Not designated. Compiled by:— M. Iberite
From Dual Roles to Translational Challenges: Unpacking the Complexities of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Cancer Progression and Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play critical roles in the tumor microenvironment (TME), where they are recruited by signals released by cancer cells. Although they have great potential as therapeutic targets for cancer treatment, the dual roles of TAMs in promoting or inhibiting tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis make their function in cancer progression complex. In this review, we provide an overview of the current understanding of TAMs, including their phenotypic diversity, regulatory signaling pathways, and interactions with other cells in the TME. We also discuss the challenges related to the standard isolation protocols of TAMs, inconsistent research results, and translation of TAM knowledge into clinical applications. Additionally, we review the status of clinical trials involving TAMs and potential strategies to overcome the limitations. The future direction of TAM research should focus on developing more targeted therapies that specifically regulate TAM function and non-invasive methods for monitoring TAM activity in cancer patients. A comprehensive understanding of the complex role of TAMs in cancer may lead to the development of more effective treatments and improved outcomes for cancer patients.
Effects of the electric field distribution on microchip valving performance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Valving characteristics on microfluidic devices were controlled through manipulation of the electric field strengths during both the sample loading and dispensing steps. Three sample loading profiles for the constant volume valve (pinched injection) in conjunction with four dispensing schemes were investigated to study valving performance. The sample confinement profiles for the sample loading step consisted of a weakly pinched sample, a medium pinched sample, and a strongly pinched sample. Four dispensing schemes varied the electric field strengths in the sample and sample waste channels relative to the analysis channel to control the volume of the sample dispensed from the valve. The axial extent of the sample plug decreased as the electric field strengths in the sample and sample waste channels were raised relative to the analysis channel. In addition, a trade-off existed between sample plug length and sensitivity.
Platelets From a Patient Heterozygous for the Defect of P2 CYC Receptors for ADP Have a Secretion Defect Despite Normal Thromboxane A 2 Production and Normal Granule Stores

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract —Two unrelated patients with a congenital bleeding diathesis associated with a severe defect of the platelet ADP receptor coupled to adenylate cyclase (P2 CYC ) have been described so far. In one of them, platelet secretion was shown to be abnormal. We recently showed that platelets with the primary secretion defect (PSD; characterized by abnormal secretion but normal granule stores, thromboxane A 2 production, and ADP-induced primary wave of aggregation) have a moderate defect of P2 CYC . Therefore, the interaction of ADP with the full complement of its receptors seems to be essential for normal platelet secretion, and PSD patients may be heterozygotes for the congenital severe defect of P2 CYC . In this study, we describe 2 new related patients with a severe defect of P2 CYC and the son of one of them, who is to be considered an obligate heterozygote for the defect. The 2 patients with the severe defect had lifelong histories of abnormal bleeding, prolonged bleeding times, abnormalities of platelet aggregation and secretion, lack of inhibition of adenylate cyclase by ADP, and a deficiency of platelet-binding sites for [ 33 P]2 MeS-ADP (240 and 225 sites per platelet; normal range, 530 to 1102). The son of one of them had a mildly prolonged bleeding time and abnormalities of platelet aggregation and secretion similar to those found in patients with PSD. In addition, his platelets showed a moderate defect of binding sites for [ 33 P]2 MeS-ADP (430 sites per platelet) and of adenylate cyclase inhibition by ADP. This study of a family with the platelet disorder characterized by a defect of the platelet P2 CYC receptor supports our hypothesis that the full complement of the platelet ADP receptors is essential for normal platelet secretion and that some patients with the common, ill-defined diagnosis of PSD are actually heterozygous for the defect.
Additional file 18 of A novel single-cell model reveals ferroptosis-associated biomarkers for individualized therapy and prognostic prediction in hepatocellular carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Additional file 18: Figure S5. Internal and external dataset validation of ROC curves for immune cells at 1, 3, and 5 Years. (A) Immature B cell, (B) Activated CD4 T cell, (C) Central memory CD4 T cell, (D) Effector memory CD4 T cell.
Cinemicrographic analysis of migration of normal and neoplastic rat cells seeded upon the grooved surface.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Time-lapse cinemicrography was employed for the study of the early behaviour of normal and neoplastic rat cells seeded upon the grooved surface. Lewis rat embryo fibroblasts and two neoplastic clonal lines, fibroblastoid LW13K2 and epithelioid RsK4, were used. Although all cells were spheroids of approximately the same size, differences in their subsequent behaviour was found. LWF cells showed minimal surface motility, produced protrusions towards the side slopes of the groove only and migrated after the reliable attachment had been established, even in the non-well-spread form, directly off the groove. Some LW13K2 cells showed increased surface motility of the zeiotic type. Attachment was attempted at the side slopes of the groove only with subsequent migration from the groove. Migration of LW13K2 in comparison with normal fibroblasts was less directional as they eventually returned to the groove bottom. RsK4 cells were seen already scattered around the bottom of the groove in the non-well-spread form with zeiotic activity. Oscillation of the whole cell was observed which is suspected to cause their displacement off the groove by elastic rebounding from each other just after seeding. They completed spreading into a polygonal form within an hour and a half after seeding, even at the bottom of the groove. Colcemid treatment did not substantially alter migration of either cells off the groove. Vacuum coating of the grooved surface with carbon strengthened cell-to-substrate adhesion. Thus the diminished adhesiveness of the surface at the bottom of the groove and its particular geometrical configuration make the substrate in the direction parallel to the groove bottom less accessible to contacts with the cell surface. These factors together with different adhesiveness and organization of contractile structures of neoplastic cells appeared to be responsible for their decreased migration from the groove.
Secure Cloud Computing Environment Against DDos and EDos Attacks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cloud computing is becoming one of the fastest growing field in the information technology. Cloud computing allows us to scale our servers in magnitude and availability in order to provide service to greater number of end users. Moreover, cloud service model are charged based on a pay-per-use basis of the cloud’s server and network resource. In cloud computing where infrastructure is shared by potentially millions of users, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have the potential to have much greater impact than against single tenanted architectures. With this model, a conventional DDoS attack on server and network resources is transformed in a cloud environment to a new breed of attack that targets the cloud user’s economic resource, namely Economic Denial of Service attacks. In this paper, we propose a novel solution, named DDoS and EDoSShield, to avoid the Denial of service and Economic Denial of Sustainability (EDoS) attack in the cloud computing systems.