jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Multivariate analysis of CO2 emissions by energy generation in IEA member countries

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), the main catalyst for global warming, reached an average of 414.7 parts per million in 2021 and 2.3 ppm more than in 2020. This theme is significant and has gained space in global discussions. This research aimed to deal with and analyze essential points in this discussion. With the study, it was possible to point out evidence that Brazil is a country that has been significantly reducing its CO2 emissions, being in the cluster along with IEA member countries that least issue CO2 . With this article, it was possible to point out similar characteristics between the CO2 emissions of the countries, making it possible to highlight three latent variables: countries that have a constant tall or low trend in CO2 emissions, Grouping of countries that showed an upward trend at the beginning of the analyzed period, but with a significant reduction CO2 over time, and countries that have had more discrepant behavior from the others, these being the countries that have a structural breakdown in their time series of CO2 emissions by power generation.
Clinicopathological Outcome of Patients Undergoing Whipple’s Operation- A Retrospective Study over a Decade in a Tertiary Care Centre

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The surgical procedure pancreaticoduodenectomy is popularly known as Whipple’s operation. Whipple procedure is one of the major surgeries performed in tertiary care centres. Aim: The present research was undertaken to study indications of Whipple’s operation and also to evaluate pathological findings of periampullary tumours with biochemical investigations. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted in total 155 patients who had undergone Whipple’s operation over a period of ten years from January 2009 to December 2019 at a tertiary care hospital in a central India. The hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stained slides were reviewed and various parameters were studied like presence or absence of the tumour, site of origin of tumour (ampulla/ head of pancreas/distal common bile duct/ duodenum), histological type (adenocarcinoma/neuroendocrine/ lymphoma), differentiation (well/moderate/poor), depth of invasion, Lymphovascular Invasion (LVI), perineural infiltration, lymph node status (metastasis), resection margin status (involved/not involved) and {Tumour (T), Nodes (N), Metastasis (M)} staging. Perioperative complications and postoperative follow-up of minimum 30 days for all patients were studied. Results: The most common indication for Whipple’s operation was periampullary carcinoma irrespective of its site of origin and was most commonly seen in males in age group of 51-60 years. Out of total 155 cases, four cases were excluded as no tumours were found in those cases. Tumours from ampulla were most common (101) followed by those from Common Bile Duct (CBD) (22) and pancreas (22) and duodenum (6). The median size of the tumour in Whipple's specimen was 1.44 cm2. Most frequent histological type was adenocarcinoma (145, 96.02%). Moderate differentiation was most commonly observed histological grade in periampullary carcinomas 116 (76.8%). Perineural and lymphovascular infiltration was seen more commonly in pancreatic cancers 90.9% (20/22). Lymph node metastasis was significantly high in pancreatic cancers. Perioperative complications were seen in 32 patients with common complications were biliary leak. The perioperative mortality was 7.9%. Distal cholangiocarcinoma was found to be more aggressive followed by pancreatic and ampullary cancers. Conclusion: Whipple procedure is associated with a unique set of common complications and continues to be associated with considerable morbidity. With careful patient selection, Whipple procedure can be performed safely.
Structure and regulation of the human interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 genes: implications for a gene network in the interferon system.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 are structurally similar DNA-binding factors which were originally identified as regulators of the type I interferon (IFN) system; the former functions as a transcriptional activator, and the latter represses IRF-1 function by competing for the same cis elements. More recent studies have revealed new roles of the two factors in the regulation of cell growth; IRF-1 and IRF-2 manifest antioncogenic and oncogenic activities, respectively. In this study, we determined the structures and chromosomal locations of the human IRF-1 and IRF-2 genes and further characterized the promoters of the respective genes. Comparison of exon-intron organization of the two genes revealed a common evolutionary structure, notably within the exons encoding the N-terminal portions of the two factors. We confirmed the chromosomal mapping of the human IRF-1 gene to 5q31.1 and newly assigned the IRF-2 gene to 4q35.1, using fluorescence in situ hybridization. The 5' regulatory regions of both genes contain highly GC-rich sequences and consensus binding sequences for several known transcription factors, including NF-kappa B. Interestingly, one IRF binding site was found within the IRF-2 promoter, and expression of the IRF-2 gene was affected by both transient and stable IRF-1 expression. In addition, one potential IFN-gamma-activated sequence was found within the IRF-1 promoter. Thus, these results may shed light on the complex gene network involved in regulation of the IFN system.
Effects of symmetrical potential on particle transport in the presence of a periodic channel

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we aim to investigate influences of an asymmetrical potential on particle transport in the presence of a periodic channel by calculating particle current and effective diffusion coefficient. First, influences of external force on transport behaviors are researched. Results reveal that with the increase of the external force, particle current increases, and the effective diffusion coefficient decreases first and then increases. That is, large external forces can promote the movement of particles. Second, influences of potential asymmetry and amplitude on particle transport are studied. These two factors have a more complex mechanism of influence on particle transport. For example, an increase of positive amplitude value leads to a decrease of particle current, while a negative value makes particle current increase first and then decreases. In other words, the effect of amplitude depends on its sign and value. For positive amplitude, the larger its value is, the greater the suppression effect on particle transport. While for negative amplitude, as its value increases, it promotes particle transport. When its value increased to a certain extent, the effect of the amplitude on the particle motion changes from promotion to suppression. For asymmetry, it can promote particle transport for positive amplitude while suppress the transport for negative amplitude. These results can provide some bases for understanding biological systems and controlling particle transport.
Incorporation of Aloe Vera Gel Into Kefir: Impact on Volatile Composition, Rheological, Techno‐Functional, and Microbiological Properties

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT This study aimed to produce a unique kefir enriched with Aloe vera gel ( Aloe barbadensis Miller). Kefir samples contain 5%–15% of Aloe vera gel, except for the control sample. Physical, chemical, rheological, microbiological, and sensory properties were determined over a storage period of 21 days. The values for total solids, protein, ash, titratable acidity, pH, and syneresis were between 8.58% and 10.71%, 2.81% and 3.87%, 0.51% and 0.65%, 0.63% and 0.76%, 4.25 and 4.35, and 57.15% and 67.29%, respectively. Rheological and viscosity tests showed that the samples exhibited pseudoplastic behavior, which is typical for non‐Newtonian fluids. The addition of Aloe vera gel led to a decrease in viscosity and flow properties. The values included variations in total phenolic content (101.31–333.61 mg gallic acid equivalent/L [GAE/L]), 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) (83.85–99.47 mg Trolox equivalent/L [TE/L]), and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryhyldrazyl (DPPH) (473.51–615.54 mg TE/L) for the samples containing Aloe vera gel. The addition of Aloe vera gel increased the antioxidant activity (ABTS); however, the total phenolic content decreased. A total of 44 volatile compounds were identified, and the addition of Aloe vera gel resulted in higher levels of 1‐hexanol, benzyl alcohol, and 2‐methylpentanoic acid. The microbiological analysis results were within the prescribed limits for total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts and molds, lactobacilli, lactococci, and total coliforms. After the completion of the sensory analysis, the samples showed respectable results. Compared with single prebiotics and probiotics, a synbiotic fermented beverage made with Aloe vera gel as a substrate for lactic acid fermentation could have greater health benefits. It is therefore proposed to industrially produce this unique fermented milk product. Practical Application Aloe vera ( Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel‐added kefir is produced in this study as a novel fermented beverage. The physical, chemical, rheological, microbiological, and sensory properties of the samples were determined during storage. The industrial production of this synbiotic fermented milk product is recommended due to its potential impact on health as a stronger probiotic.
On the Derivative of Local Time for the Brownian Sheet with Respect to a Space Variable

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Previous article Next article On the Derivative of Local Time for the Brownian Sheet with Respect to a Space VariableF. S. NasyrovF. S. Nasyrovhttps://doi.org/10.1137/1132097PDFBibTexSections ToolsAdd to favoritesExport CitationTrack CitationsEmail SectionsAbout[1] Yu. A. Davydov, Local times for multiparameter random processes, Theory Probab. Appl., 23 (1978), 573–583 10.1137/1123065 0421.60070 LinkGoogle Scholar[2] Yu. A. Davydov and , A. A. Rozin, On sojourn times for functions and random processes, Theory Probab. Appl., 23 (1978), 633–637 10.1137/1123074 0422.60056 LinkGoogle Scholar[3] J. B. Walsh, The local times of the Brownian sheet, Asterisque, 52–54 (1978), 47–61 Google Scholar[4] Robert J. Adler, A Hölder condition for the local time of the Brownian sheet, Indiana Univ. Math. J., 29 (1980), 793–798 82b:60056 0414.60076 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[5] Donald Geman and , Joseph Horowitz, Occupation densities, Ann. Probab., 8 (1980), 1–67 81b:60076 0499.60081 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[6] R. Cairoly and , John B. Walsh, Stochastic integrals in the plane, Acta Math., 134 (1975), 111–183 54:8857 0334.60026 CrossrefGoogle Scholar[7] I. I. Gikhman, Two-parameter martingales, Uspekhi Mat. Nauk, 37 (1982), 3–28, (In Russian.) 84e:60071 0509.60043 Google Scholar Previous article Next article FiguresRelatedReferencesCited ByDetails Local time for processes indexed by a partially ordered setStatistics & Probability Letters, Vol. 61, No. 1 | 1 Jan 2003 Cross Ref Volume 32, Issue 4| 1988Theory of Probability & Its Applications573-758 History Submitted:20 May 1986Published online:17 July 2006 InformationCopyright © 1987 Society for Industrial and Applied MathematicsPDF Download Article & Publication DataArticle DOI:10.1137/1132097Article page range:pp. 649-658ISSN (print):0040-585XISSN (online):1095-7219Publisher:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Linux TCP network stack analysis and partitioning for network processors

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Current high speed networks cannot be fully utilized by today's high end systems. The processing requirements of applications and advanced services or security processing aggravate this situation. To overcome these shortcomings intelligent network cards with network protocol offload engines, for example based on a network processor, are necessary. To reduce development time, we reuse existing software protocol stack implementations for partitioning and implementing on the network card. Since manual partitioning is very expensive and fault-prone, we use a modified automatic debugging tool for the analysis. We outline the results of Linux TCP network stack analysis and partitioning when using an automatic debugger.
Emerging Theories of Communication in Organizations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This article reviews recent theoretical developments in four areas of organizational communication that have a common concern with information processing: communication media choice, computer-supported group decision making, communication technology and organizational design, and communication networks. For each topic the article includes a review of current theory, an assessment of the empirical evidence to date, and proposals for further theoretical and empirical development. The wealth of scholarship in these areas in the last 5 years testifies well to the substantial contribution of information processingrelated theories to a new core of organizational communication theory.
Global in Time Weak Solutions to Singular 3D Quasi-Geostrophic Systems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Geophysicists have studied 3D Quasi-Geostrophic systems extensively. These systems describe stratified flows in the atmosphere on a large time scale and are widely used for forecasting atmospheric circulation. They couple an inviscid transport equation in $\mathbb{R}_{+}\timesΩ$ with an equation on the boundary satisfied by the trace, where $Ω$ is either $2D$ torus or a bounded convex domain in $\mathbb{R}^2$. In this paper, we show the existence of global in time weak solutions to a family of singular 3D quasi-geostrophic systems with Ekman pumping, where the background density profile degenerates at the boundary. The proof is based on the construction of approximated models which combine the Galerkin method at the boundary and regularization processes in the bulk of the domain. The main difficulty is handling the degeneration of the background density profile at the boundary.
ENABLING CONTROL SYSTEM AND CLOUD-BASED SIMULATION SERVICE INTEROPERABILITY

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The latest innovations in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) will change manufacturing and simulation forever. One of those changes involves the use of simulation-based cloud services and the integration of those services with operational problems on the shop floor. In this paper, we focus on the control problems, which we represent as a multilayer process graph. The nodes in this graph are control functions, which are cognitive in nature and can be executed by different agents. The links in the graph are the information objects needed by each agent to execute its assigned functions. We also describe a generic sets of control functions and the roles that simulation can play in executing those functions. This means that simulation is now part of an integrated process and can no longer be thought of as a stand-alone technology. In this paper, we discuss issues and propose approaches to addressing that integration.
(Covers to) No. 6.] Ludgate Street, & Ludgate Hill.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Front cover of paper wrappers, in green, to No. 6.] Ludgate Street, & Ludgate Hill. Includes full title and imprint, and advertises: Any street already published may be had separately, on a sheet of letter paper for correspondence with country friends, for three half-pence each sheet.
Shaping better physicians? : the role of the visual arts in medical education

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Thesis (D.L.S.)--Georgetown University, 2010.; Includes bibliographical
references.; Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. Within the medical community, the
physical diagnosis is understood as a perishable skill that steadily
diminishes after physicians complete their medical training and enter clinical practice,
particularly as technological resources have become increasingly sophisticated and accessible.
Further, medical curricula are now perceived as too narrowly focused on the practical science
of medicine at the expense of those cultural values that inform and support ethical behavior.
It is my contention that integration of the visual arts into medical curricula not only
enhances the quality and durability of diagnostic skills but also proves essential to a
physician's approach to those ethical questions encountered daily in clinical practice.; A
survey of the literature reveals that U.S. medical schools generally place value on the
integration of the humanities into medical education. Following the introduction of the study
of literature and literary methodology into medical school curricula in the early 1970s, the
potential value of introducing other humanities-based disciplines was explored and began to
proliferate. Surveys conducted by researchers at Tulane in 2001 and 2002 found widespread
exposure to a variety of the arts in U.S. medical education. Studies at Yale in 2001, and
Harvard in 2008, provide compelling evidence to support the value of the visual arts in
particular in medical education.; In November 2009, I distributed a survey to U.S. medical
schools to gauge the extent to which they have considered the potential value of visual-arts
related instruction, the availability of such offerings, and any outcome assessments. The
survey results reveal no general consensus. While students and faculty involved in such
initiatives generally recognize value added, others remain skeptical, in part due to a lack of
data demonstrating that the exclusion of such initiatives would prove detrimental to medical
education. Obstacles cited include rigid medical curricula and lack of resources. As few
schools have formally evaluated outcomes of such initiatives, many of the observations remain
purely anecdotal.; In light of these facts, the intent of this study is to demonstrate the
value and importance of humanism in medical education, and suggest ways by which visual
arts-related educational initiatives may be implemented.
Impact of State Prioritization of Safe Infant Sleep Programs on Supine Sleep Positioning for Non-Hispanic White and Non-Hispanic Black Infants

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective Investigate whether safe infant sleep prioritization by states through the Title V Maternal and Child Block Grant in 2010 differentially impacted maternal report of supine sleep positioning (SSP) for Non-Hispanic White (NHW) and Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) U.S.-born infants. Study Design We analyzed retrospective cross-sectional data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS) from 2005 to 2015 from 4 states: WV and OK (Intervention) and AR and UT (Control). PRAMS is a population-based surveillance system of maternal perinatal experiences which is linked to infant birth certificates. Piece-wise survey linear regression models were used to estimate the difference in the change in slopes of SSP percents in the pre- (2005–2009) and post- (2011–2015) periods, controlling for maternal and infant characteristics. Models were also stratified by race/ethnicity. Results From 2005 to 2015, for NHW infants, SSP improved from 61.5% and 70.2% to 82.8% and 82.3% for intervention and control states, respectively. For NHB infants, SSP improved from 30.6% and 26.5% to 64.5% and 53.1% for intervention and control states, respectively. After adjustment for maternal characteristics, there was no difference in the rate of SSP change from the pre- to post- intervention periods for either NHW or NHB infants in intervention or control groups. Conclusion Compared with control states that did not prioritize safe infant sleep in their 2010 Title V Block Grant needs assessment, intervention states experienced no difference in SSP improvement rates for NHW and NHB infants. While SSP increased for all infants during the study period, there was no causal relationship between states' prioritization of safe infant sleep and SSP improvement. More targeted approaches may be needed to reduce the racial/ethnic disparity in SSP and reduce the risk for sleep-associated infant death. Key Points
Data from High-Dose Fenretinide in Oral Leukoplakia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>We previously showed that low-dose fenretinide (200 mg/d) had limited activity in retinoid-resistant oral leukoplakia (34% response rate) possibly because serum drug levels were insufficient to induce retinoid receptor–independent apoptosis. Therefore, we designed the single-arm phase II trial reported here to investigate whether higher-dose fenretinide would improve leukoplakia response over that of our previous study. Leukoplakia patients received fenretinide (900 mg/m<sup>2</sup> twice daily) in four 3-week cycles (1 week on drug followed by 2 weeks off). At week 12, clinical responses were determined and blood samples were collected for serum drug level assessments. A planned interim futility analysis led to early trial closure after the initial 15 (of 25 planned) patients because only 3 (20%) had a partial response (stopping rule: ≤4 responses in first 16 patients). Fenretinide was well tolerated—only one grade 3 adverse event (diarrhea) occurred. Serum fenretinide levels changed from 0 (baseline) to 0.122 ± 0.093 μmol/L (week 12). In correlative <i>in vitro</i> studies, high-dose fenretinide inhibited the growth of head and neck cancer cells more and oral leukoplakia cells less than did lower doses of fenretinide. This result is consistent with our clinical finding that high-dose fenretinide did not improve on the historical response rate of lower-dose fenretinide in our previous oral leukoplakia trial.</p></div>
International Investment Rulemaking at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century: Stocktaking and Options for the Way Forward

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This chapter reviews the current system of international investment rules and explores ways on how to move forward. It makes a plea for a new multilateral effort that is both reasonable and necessary. It is reasonable because a lot of common ground has already been built during the last decades. A multilateral undertaking can gradually be built on this common ground. The pavement for a future road of multilateral investment rules already partially exists. And a multilateral effort is necessary because given the systemic, capacity- and development-related challenges described in this book, the current patchwork of thousands of agreements does not seem to be sustainable in the long run, and because this patchwork looks particularly disadvantageous for developing countries.
Molecular Dynamics of Metals with Many-Atom Interactions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The thermal properties of simple metals, Al and Cu, have been studied using the molecular dynamics simulation method and the effective medium theory (EMT). The results obtained from EMT have a strongly predictive nature, because the model includes many-atom interactions and is based on ab initio-calculations within the framework of the density-functional theory. We have calculated the thermal expansion coefficient of solid and melt phase, melting point and latent heat of fusion for both metals. All the results are in good agreement with the experimental data. The long-range interactions (beyond the nearest neighbours) have been found to be important in the simulations of high-temperature processes (melting, disordered structure) and also in the case of extended crystal defects. The theory gives a good description of the vacancy formation energy and the stacking fault energy. The presence of vacancies lowers the simulated melting point of Al indicating the importance of crystal defects in the melting mechanism. No significant temperature dependence of the vacancy formation energy in Al was observed.