jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Does De Jure Judicial Independence Really Matter?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The relationship between de jure and de facto judicial independence is much debated in the literature on judicial politics. Some studies find no relationship between the formal rules governing the structure of the judiciary and de facto judicial independence, while others find a tight correlation. This article sets out to reassess the relationship between de jure and de facto judicial independence using a new theory and an expanded data set. De jure institutional protections, we argue, do not work in isolation but work conjunctively, so that particular combinations of protections are more likely to be effective than others. We find that rules governing the selection and removal of judges are the only de jure protections that actually enhance judicial independence in practice and that they work conjunctively. This effect is strongest in authoritarian regimes and in contexts with checks on executive authority.
Towards a Dynamic Model of Interpersonal Trust: The Role of Communicative Action in Workflow Negotiation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This article focuses on the process affecting interpersonal trust in the workflow of organizations. We propose a dynamic model which highlights the impact of interpersonal communicative action in ongoing task negotiations in trust formation among organization members. According to our model, individuals approach initial negotiations with a baseline of trust in their organization which influences their initial level of cooperativeness and assertiveness when engaging in interpersonal task negotiations. Individuals' levels of cooperativeness and assertiveness then influences their communicative action (i.e., information acquisition, selection, and transmission), which, in turn, impacts the amount of trust these individuals perceive toward their counterpart (i.e., interpersonal trust). Finally, interpersonal trust impacts trust in the organization as a whole, at which point new tasks build on the previous cycle of negotiation and trust formation. We conclude by highlighting the conceptual contribution of the paper and its implications for both future research and organizational practices related to trust formation and workflow coordination.
Food Preferences, Food Intake, and Food Prestige of Some Selected Black Women in Knoxville, Tennessee

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The food preferences, meanings of foods and food intake patterns, of black women with incomes ranging from $6,000 to more than $15,000 and educational levels ranging from the 10th grade through the Doctor of Philosophy degree were studied through a hand-out questionnaire. Results indicated that as the preference for a food was related positively to the perceived food intake. Milk was the most highly preferred food for the women (78%) and the perceived intake was high. However, the 24-hour recall revealed that the women used milk only with cereal and coffee. A positive correlation (p < 0.05) was found between preference and perceived intake for most foods. Some foods were more highly preferred by older women, others by younger women. There were positive relationships between prestige and preference, prestige and age, and prestige and intake for some foods. For a few foods, there were negative correlations between the variables. The women did assign prestige to some of the foods. Roast beef, macaroni and cheese, biscuits, and cottage cheese had high prestige value. Sixty percent of the women reported eating a breakfast meal which agreed with those they reported usually having. For the noon meal, only 40% ate what they said they usually had. Eighty-eight percent had 24-hour recalls that agreed with their usual evening meal. The t~rms breakfast, lunch, and dinner were used by over one-half of the ~omen. Dinner was sometimes used for the noon meal and Stq),er
Collective Nouns and Reciprocal Anaphors: A Study on Tunisian Arabic

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper aims to investigate the compatibility of singular collective nouns and reciprocal anaphors in Tunisian Arabic. I hypothesize that while singular collective nouns in this Arabic variety are compatible with both singular and plural reciprocal anaphors, agreement in number between the anaphor and the verb is imperative, disallowing instances of mismatch in agreement patterns. These hypotheses were tested through a language questionnaire designed for Tunisian Arabic native speakers to investigate the compatibility of reciprocal anaphors with singular collective nouns in different agreement patterns. Analysis of the questionnaire responses supports the conclusion that a singular collective noun can be the antecedent of both singular and plural reciprocal anaphors, contingent upon the reciprocal anaphor agreeing in number with the verb preceding it.
Using morphological and microsatellite analysis to investigate postglacial diversity in an isolated population of threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, in Nueltin Lake, Manitoba.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Gasterosteus aculeatus (threespine stickleback) is a well-known model for behavioral and evolutionary studies. Rapid evolutionary radiations in postglacial timeframes have promoted distinct local populations with remarkable variation in biological characteristics. This study examines genetic and morphological variation among populations from the Thlewiaza watershed, specifically an isolated freshwater population in Nueltin Lake. Statistically significant genetic differences were observed using 11 microsatellite loci; FST values ranged from 0.29 (within watershed) to 0.48 (between watersheds) in comparison with the Nueltin Lake population. Gene flow between populations was likely inhibited due to isostatic rebound following the recent deglaciation of North America, 8.5 kya. In comparison with similar freshwater populations, the retention of defensive structures in G. aculeatus from Nueltin Lake was unexpected, and may reflect strong piscivorous predation pressures. Levels of differentiation, both genetic and morphological, observed in the Nueltin Lake population are highly significant, and should be recognised as a Designatable Unit (DU).
American Religious History

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A mix of thematic essays, reference entries, and primary source documents covering the role of religion in American history and life from the colonial era to the present. Often controversial, religion has been an important force in shaping American culture. Religious convictions strongly influenced colonial and state governments as well as the United States as a new republic. Religious teachings, values, and practices deeply affected political structures and policies, economic ideology and practice, educational institutions and instruction, social norms and customs, marriage, and family life. By analyzing religion's interaction with American culture and prominent religious leaders and ideologies, this reference helps readers to better understand many fascinating, often controversial, religious leaders, ideas, events, and topics. The work is organized in three volumes devoted to particular periods. Volume one includes a chronology highlighting key events related to religion in American history and an introduction that overviews religion in America during the period covered by the volume, and roughly 10 essays that explore significant themes. These essays are followed by approximately 120 alphabetically arranged reference entries providing objective, fundamental information about topics related to religion in America. Each volume presents nearly 50 primary source documents, each introduced by a contextualizing headnote. A selected, general bibliography closes volume three.
Teenage birth rates in England and Wales are highest in Europe

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Alcohol misusers reduce risks of surgery if they stop drinkingDuring recent years several studies have shown that alcohol misusers who drink at least five drinks a day have increased postoperative morbidity.On p 1311 Tønnesen et al report the results of the first randomised study of an intervention to reduce this morbidity-that is, one month of abstinence from alcohol (controlled with disulfiram) before surgery for colorectal resection.They found that the intervention group experienced a reduced rate of complications after the operation, possible because of improved organ function and reduced responses to surgical stress.The authors recommend preoperative assessment of alcohol misuse and withdrawal for one month before operation.
Differences in Molecular Genetics Between Pediatric and Adult Malignant Astrocytomas: Age Matters

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The microscope - the classical tool for the investigation of cells and tissues - remains the basis for the classification of tumors throughout the body. Nowhere has this been more true than in the grading of astrocytomas. In spite of the fact that our parents warned us not to judge a book by its cover, we have continued to assume that adult and pediatric malignant gliomas that look the same, will have the same mutations, and thus respond to the same therapy. Rapid advances in molecular biology have permitted us the opportunity to go inside the cell and characterize the genetic events that underlie the true molecular heterogeneity of adult and pediatric brain tumors. In this paper, we will discuss some of the important clinical differences between pediatric and adult gliomas, with a focus on the molecular analysis of these different age groups.
The exposure of farm workers to pesticides used in potato cultivation in Brazil

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Brazil is one of the world leaders in pesticide consumption and exposed workers are numerous and diversified. The indiscriminate application of pesticides affects both human health and natural ecosystems. Objective Identify the level of knowledge of rural workers as to the use of Individual Protection Equipment (IPE) and the risk of direct handling of agro-toxics and making them aware of the importance of such knowledge. Methods This is a descriptive study with quantitative approach of an epidemic. With the aid of a semi-structured instrument was possible to identify the biopsychosocial characteristics of the subjects, data on working conditions and illness. Results 72 rural workers were interviewed (surveyed), mostly men. As to their knowledge of IPE, 66(92%) reported having it, but despite having such knowledge, 44 (61%) reported nor using any of such required equipment. As to the knowledge of the harm that agro-toxics can cause to their health, 65 (90%) of the rural workers said they have it, while 7(10%) said they know of none. Collected data show that 65(67%) of the interviewed workers never had been intoxicated, while 7(33%) have already been intoxicated at least once. Contribution to the Field The result of this research shows the need for an intervention in this area, they provide instruments for nurses to promote actions as to the reduction of intoxication and greater awareness of what intoxication.
Robert Bellah’s Legacy in Time of Trial

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Matteo Bortolini’s biography of Robert Bellah, A Joyfully Serious Man, is a rich and stimulating treatment of one of the greatest sociological thinkers of the twentieth century. As such, it is bound to raise questions about the interpretation of Bellah’s life, changes in his thinking over time, and the relevance of Bellah’s ideas to current concerns. Three questions are raised here. The first question concerns the role of Freudian psychoanalysis in biographical work. A second question concerns the role of individualism in American culture, which was an enduring concern for Bellah. A third and final question concerns the implications of Bellah’s ideas, nearly a decade after his death, for our current political conjuncture.
Attitudes to Teaching Ethics to Bioscience Students: an Interview-based Study Comparing British and American University Teachers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

An interview-based survey was carried out with British and American university teachers. In both countries there was widespread (but in the UK, not unanimous) support for the proposition that ethics should be taught to Bioscience students. Reasons included a need to help students engage with the ethical issues associated with their subject and the view that ethics courses would enhance graduates' transferable skills and make them better citizens. Nearly all respondents suggested that ethical theory/moral philosophy should be included in ethics/bioethics courses for Bioscience students but there differences between the USA and the UK in views about who should teach it. In the USA the majority view was that ethics teaching should be left to those with a training or qualification in ethics or related areas while in the UK there was more confidence that biologists could teach this material. Finally, despite the positive attitude in the USA to teaching ethics to Bioscience students, such courses were not a specific requirement in any of the universities represented in the survey; however, American respondents noted that ethics or bioethics courses may be available as options while some courses within Biology dealt with the ethical issues that arose in those courses. Even in the UK, where pressure to teach ethics/bioethics to Bioscience students arises from the QAA benchmark statements, provision of such teaching is still not universal and based on responses given in this survey, is not likely to become so.
Bureaucracy vs. Bioterrorism: Countering a Globalized Threat

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract : Two things are certain death and taxes! Or maybe just taxes. Scientists are attempting to cheat death with rapidly progressing technologies capable of constructing and manipulating life synthetically from basic chemical elements. While the advancing rates of capability in computing speed, genomics, synthetic biology, and nanotechnology have the potential to improve and lengthen life for all humans, they also enable biological weapons that can destroy wide swaths of humanity or attack specific groups of individuals. This confluence of technology is advancing at exponential rates and seems to have the advantage over the limited detection, protection, and treatment capabilities offered by a lumbering bureaucracy.
Mathematical Model for Wear Rate of Negative Graphite Electrode in Electrical Discharge Machining on Ti-5A1-2.5Sn

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

There are several electrical and non-electrical factors having the significant effect on tool wear in electrical discharge machining (EDM). It is very difficult to select the parameters correctly. Likewise, the tool wear rate is changed dramatically with workpiece material and electrode material. Until now no attempt is appeared that yields the tool wear characteristics in EDM on Ti-5Al-2.5Sn retaining Graphite as electrode. Thus, in this study a mathematical model is developed to predict the tool wear rate which will provide the opportunity of proper selection of the EDM parameters and make the EDM cost effective. To model both the linear and non-linear equation is applied using the experimental data which are obtained performing the experimentation as design of experiment. The developed model has been verified through analysis of variance (ANOVA). The second-order non-linear model is found as appropriate as compared with a linear model. It is evidenced that the proposed model can effectively predict the tool wear rate (TWR) and adequately explains the variation in the machining parameters on TWR.
Lipid Composition of Microbial Cells for Animal Feed

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fatty acid composition and phospholipid composition of microbial cells for animal feed were determined. Cyclopropane fatty acids were detected in the lipids of Methylomonas methanolis and comprised about 19% of total fatty acids. Lipids of Pichia aganobii and Candida ethanothermophilum contained oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids, and showed a higher degree of unsaturation than those of bacteria. A significant amount of medium chain length fatty acids was present in brewer's yeast. All of the monoenoic acids of yeast cells were Δ9 acids.
P3‐040: A rare mutation in the CTNND2 gene is associated with increased Aβ42 secretion

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is recognized as a multifactorial and complex brain disease. Although mutations in presenilins cause familial AD and genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified other genetic variants associated with risk of developing AD, those only account for a small portion of the cases. Neuropathologically defined subtypes of AD with distinct clinical characteristics exist, including AD cases associated with specific cataract. In a recent GWAS, we have demonstrated the role of a gene, CTNND2, in both cortical cataract and AD development. Interestingly, CTNND2 encodes δ -catenin, a brain specific presenilin partner that is also important for synaptic and cognitive functions. Here we sought to investigate the biological relevance of a rare CTNND2 missense mutation (G810R) near the top-ranked CTNND2 SNP from our association study. A mutant human CTNND2 cDNA clone (glycine to arginine substitution at amino acid position 810) was engineered by site directed mutagenesis and transfected into HEK293 cells stably overexpressing the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Using the wild-type CTNND2 as control, we investigated the effect of the G810R mutation on δ -catenin cellular distribution using confocal microscopy. We also investigated its effect on amyloid production using ELISA to determine levels of secreted Aβ 40 and Aβ 42 peptides. Expression of the CTNND2 G810R mutant in cells resulted in altered distribution of δ -catenin, which was more predominantly located near the cell surface. The cells overexpressing this mutant also appeared to have a more elaborate network of protrusions. Moreover, the G810R mutant triggered a significant and specific increase of Aβ 42 secretion. Our results suggest that the CTNND2 G810R mutation, which is immediately upstream a nuclear localization signal, promotes both δ -catenin localization at the plasma membrane and Aβ 42 secretion. This is consistent with our previous observation of abnormal δ -catenin distribution in human AD lenses and suggests that CTNND2 variants may be associated with altered modulation of presenilin mediated γ-secretase activity.
Phenomenological Methodology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter discusses how the methodological self-understanding outlined in Husserl’s early writings changes in later stages of the Phenomenological Movement. The discussion is guided by Merleau-Ponty’s short remarks in the preface of his Phenomenology of Perception about the ambiguity of the phenomenological method. Against this background, it is shown that the critical examination of the possibility of phenomenological reflection and the explanation of the idea of intentionality lead to relevant modifications and revisions of the initial assumptions concerning the phenomenological method. Particularly, the phenomenological concepts of the a priori, transcendental subjectivity, constitution, and descriptive analysis should be modified by considering the relevance of opposing aspects binding the phenomenological reflection also to facticity, the natural attitude, our life-world, and constructive moments. In addition, it is argued that the phenomenological task of offering an investigation of originary experience as a pre-linguistic and subjective experience should also be revised.
Cabbage Sweeter than Cake? Analysing the Potential of Large Language Models for Learning Conceptual Spaces

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The theory of Conceptual Spaces is an influential cognitive-linguistic framework for representing the meaning of concepts. Conceptual spaces are constructed from a set of quality dimensions, which essentially correspond to primitive perceptual features (e.g. hue or size). These quality dimensions are usually learned from human judgements, which means that applications of conceptual spaces tend to be limited to narrow domains (e.g. modelling colour or taste). Encouraged by recent findings about the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to learn perceptually grounded representations, we explore the potential of such models for learning conceptual spaces. Our experiments show that LLMs can indeed be used for learning meaningful representations to some extent. However, we also find that fine-tuned models of the BERT family are able to match or even outperform the largest GPT-3 model, despite being 2 to 3 orders of magnitude smaller.
Experimental and theoretical examination of shock-compressed copper through the fcc to bcc to melt phase transitions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Recent studies show a face-centered cubic (fcc) to body-centered cubic (bcc) transformation along the shock Hugoniot for several metals (i.e., Cu, Au, and Ag). Here, we combine laser-shock compression of Cu foils on nanosecond timescales with in situ x-ray diffraction (XRD) to examine the microstructural changes with stress. We study the fcc phase and the phase transition from fcc to bcc (pressures greater than 180 GPa). Textural analysis of the azimuthal intensities from the XRD images is consistent with transformation into the bcc phase through the Pitsch-distortion mechanism. We use embedded atom model molecular dynamics simulations to determine the stability of the bcc phase in pressure–temperature space. Our results indicate that the bcc phase is stabilized only at high temperatures and remains stable at pressures greater than 500 GPa.
Incomplete Reflections: Addressing Potential Bias in Digital Curation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Digital scanning technology offers many benefits to archaeology and curation in its ability to preserve virtual representations of artifacts in databases without harming the object. However, various selective pressures may limit which artifacts are digitally curated. The material of an artifact or details on an object’s surface may prevent it from scanning properly. Scans which inaccurately portray the surface detail of an artifact may be ignored by those who edit and process the files in favor of a more attractive scan. Scanning efforts designed for public outreach may favor certain artifacts over others. These selective pressures may produce unintentional bias in the digital artifact databases, which could potentially limit the applicability to certain scopes of archaeological research.