jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A model of exceptions in sales-order-processing workflows

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

A review of sales-order-processing (SOP) characteristics in assemble-to-order and make-to-stock companies is described. A logical model of three types of exception and their impacts is developed. This model is used to identify SOP requirements that need to be satisfied by next-generation workflow systems. With reference to these requirements deficiencies in current based workflow system provision based on enterprise resource planning are discussed.
Myelopathy Due to Calcification of Yellow Ligament. Report of Two Cases.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two cases of cervical myelopathy caused by the calcification of yellow ligament are presented.Case 1 was a 64-year-old man who complained of numbness of the extremities and gate disturbance. Radiographs showed round shaped calcification in the spinal canal between the C4/5 and the C6/7. En-block laminectomy was performed.The results of X-ray diffractions revealed mainly hydroxyapatite.Case 2 was an 80-year-old woman who complained of hypesthesia of the extremities. A myelogram showed an incomplete block at the C5/6 level and en-block laminectomy was performed. Microanalysis of the calcification consisted of hydroxyapatite and Ca-pyrophosphate mixed.
Experiments for students with built-in theory: ‘PUMA: Spannungslabor’ – an augmented reality app for studying electricity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract With the help of augmented reality apps objects and text can be added virtually to the physical world (e.g. physical experiments) in real time. The augmented reality (AR) app ‘PUMA: Spannungslabor ’ enhances simple electric circuits experiments for students with virtual representations based on the electron gas analogy including visualisations of interior processes in various components such as lamps and resistors. This opens up new possibilities for connecting theory and experiment in secondary school physics teaching. While using the AR app students are enabled to acquire qualitative and semi-quantitative knowledge about the basic concepts of current, voltage, potential, and resistance as well as the laws of series and parallel circuits easier and more directly. This holistic approach of learning through experiments can facilitate a deeper and more interconnected understanding of the topics covered in physics lessons.
The Temporal Variability of Respiration of a Soddy-Podzolic Soil in Forest and Meadow Coenoses of the South-Taiga Zone

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Soil respiration is one of the main fluxes in the global carbon cycle and has high temporal and spatial variability. Respiration of a soddy-weakly-podzolic soil (Entic Podzol Arenic) in forest and meadow coenoses of the south-taiga zone was continuously monitored on a year-round basis for 21 years; the collected data allows us to assess the temporal variability of CO2 fluxes from soils at different temporal levels: monthly, seasonal, and annual. The total respiration of the soddy-weakly-podzolic soil varies most significantly at the monthly averaging level (coefficient of variation, CV = 25–56%); while the annual respiration variability is 20–22%. At the seasonal averaging level, winter CO2 fluxes from soils have the highest variability (CV = 39–44%); in contrast, during other calendar seasons, soil respiration variability remains roughly at the same level: 26–29%. The effect of the coenosis type on total CO2 fluxes from the soddy-weakly-podzolic soil is statistically significant both at the annual averaging level and in all calendar seasons of the year, except for winter. The most stable parameter that characterizes the seasonal distribution of CO2 fluxes throughout the year is the contribution of the warm period (May–October) to the total annual CO2 flux from soils (73–77% on average). In both studied coenoses, its variability over the 21-year observation period was 8%. This parameter can be used to estimate annual CO2 fluxes from soils based on field measurements performed during the growing season. Results of numerical experiments show that continuous measurements of CO2 emissions from soils for 5 consecutive years reduce the variability of annual and seasonal CO2 fluxes from soils by more than half compared with 1‑ or 2-year measurement periods. Accordingly, a 5-year observation period can be recommended as the optimal one: its duration is sufficient to obtain adequate values of annual and seasonal CO2 fluxes from soils in the south-taiga zone.
Loss of mTORC2 Activity in Neutrophils Impairs Fusion of Granules and Affects Cellular Metabolism Favoring Increased Bacterial Burden in Sepsis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Sepsis is a complex infectious syndrome in which neutrophil participation is crucial for patient survival. Neutrophils quickly sense and eliminate the pathogen by using different effector mechanisms controlled by metabolic processes. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is an important route for metabolic regulation, and its role in neutrophil metabolism has not been fully understood yet, especially the importance of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) in the neutrophil effector functions. In this study, we observed that the loss of Rictor (mTORC2 scaffold protein) in primary mouse-derived neutrophils affects their chemotaxis by fMLF and their microbial killing capacity, but not the phagocytic capacity. We found that the microbicidal capacity was impaired in Rictor-deleted neutrophils because of an improper fusion of granules, reducing the hypochlorous acid production. The loss of Rictor also led to metabolic alterations in isolated neutrophils, increasing aerobic glycolysis. Finally, myeloid-Rictor–deleted mice (LysMRic Δ/Δ) also showed an impairment of the microbicidal capacity, increasing the bacterial burden in the Escherichia coli sepsis model. Overall, our results highlight the importance of proper mTORC2 activation for neutrophil effector functions and metabolism during sepsis.
The significance of the gabbroic xenoliths from

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Summary. The petrography and mineralogy of a series of gabbroic xenol~ths, consisting essentially of varying proportions of olivine, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, and plagioclase, are described from Gough Island. These are compared with xenoliths from other oceanic localities. Four new analyses of xenoliths and six of pyroxenes are presented, together with some partial analyses of plagioclases. It is concluded that the xenoliths are derived from the mantle above the magma source area. The composition of the mantle in this region is thought to be that of an olivine-tholeiite. T HE specimens described in this paper were collected by the author during the southern summer of 1955 56 while undertaking a general geological study of Gough Island. Although abundant xenoliths had been collected from both Tristan da Cunha and Ascension none had been recorded from Gough prior to this visit. The petrology of the volcanic rocks in which they occur has been described elsewhere (Le Maitre, 1962). The xenoliths occur abundantly in many of the basalt and trachybasalt flows and dykes and also in tuff horizons, but do not appear to occur associated with any of the trachytic late differentiates. In shape they vary from rounded to angular and can be up to 20 cm across. The term gabbroic is here used in its loose sense to imply a coarse grained rock containing, as its only feldspar, plagioclase more calcic than An59. The major ferromagnesian minerals are olivine, clinopyroxene, and orthopyroxene. Although there is a considerable variation in the relative abundance of the constituent minerals from xenolith to xenolith little attempt has been made to use any of the more specific names of the clan e.g. norite or troctolite, as this would distract from some of the essential similarities between them. An exception, however, has been made in the case of the relatively rare peridotitic xenoliths in which plagioclase is virtually absent and the mafic minerals are more magnesian than in the gabbroic types.
Supplemental Material, 4._Model_Predicting_Negative_Evening_Mood_JSPR_supplemental_material - Exploring how exchange orientation affects conflict and intimacy in the daily life of romantic couples

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Supplemental Material, 4._Model_Predicting_Negative_Evening_Mood_JSPR_supplemental_material for Exploring how exchange orientation affects conflict and intimacy in the daily life of romantic couples by Shoshana N. Jarvis, M. Joy McClure and Niall Bolger in Journal of Social and Personal Relationships
<b>An Evaluation of the Baan Eua Arthon Housing Program in Thailand</b>

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Baan Eua Arthon (BEA) housing program is a large-scale government housing program under a million house program which implemented by the National Housing Authority (NHA). It responses to a housing backlog for Thailand’s low-income population and one of populist policies of Thaksin Shinawatra, the Former Prime Minister of Thailand. This paper aims to evaluate the program impact of housing condition on the low-income group in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR), and examine the risks of a populist housing policy. As the original objective of BEA project is to assist the low income group to have security of tenure by ownership. Due to the weakness of one price and design in the different locations which made the huge loss of the NHA because many units remained unsold. The NHA tried to solve the problems by changing an eligible income and price several times to open up an opportunity for higher income to access to BEA housing units. Furthermore, the populist nature of the housing policy, characterized by setting too large a supply target for BEA housing that was beyond the management capacity of the NHA, the low affordability of the originally targeted group, the inappropriate program scheme and procedure involving private developers, the NHA faced severe management crises, such as the surplus of unsold units that forced the deregulation of the income ceiling for eligible applicants. The BEA program thus changed from its original mission as a home-ownership program for low-income people to something that improved housing for the lower- to middle-income groups.
Uncertainty Economic Policy, Corporate Social Responsibility and Share Volatility During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article aims to explain the effect of the Index of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on stock volatility, using control variables: Debt to Equity Ratio, Debt To Asset Ratio, and Earnings per share. The expected findings are a positive relationship between EPU and CSR on Stock Volatility, also profitable ratios and leverage ratios that mediate a positive relationship of EPU and stock volatility, using panel data regression analysis. This study explains whether the increase or decrease in sales and profits of cigarette and liquor products, before and after the pandemic, has a correlation with consumer spending on cigarettes and liquor, in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. Researchers hope that this research can provide investors and practitioners with an understanding to better understand individual investor interest and consumer behavior towards cigarette and liquor companies in the midst of the Covid 19 pandemic. Keywords: economic policy uncertainty; corporate social responsibility; stock volatility; covid 19; cigarette and liquor companies
Centralized Breast Cancer Biomarker Testing: A Value-Added Role in Guiding Patient Management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A characteristic of breast biomarker testing in British Columbia is its extensive centralization at the British Columbia Cancer Agency (BCCA).For each block submitted to BCCA for biomarker testing, a hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slide is reviewed, and if deemed appropriate, assays for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) are performed.Since biomarker testing centralization a number of discrepant results were encountered, this study was conducted to determine reasons for discrepancies.Prospectively (over 1-year period), biomarker testing was performed on 2,439 patients.Two hundred fifty-three cases involved solely testing for HER2 gene expression with fluorescence in situ hybridization, so the total number of cases examined was 2,186.Discrepant diagnoses and reasons for disagreements were recorded.The discrepancy rate from the 2186 cases was approximately 0.9% (19 cases): 11 cases were initially reported as invasive breast carcinoma, 7 cases as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 1 case as benign.Twelve (63%) of 19 discrepant diagnoses arose from core biopsies.Eight invasive cases were changed to a noninvasive lesion (DCIS, atypical apocrine adenosis, sclerosing papillary lesion, sclerosing adenosis and complex sclerosing lesion) and three invasive cases were changed to another malignancy (pleomorphic lobular carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and plasma cell myeloma).Of seven discrepant cases involving DCIS, three showed evidence of invasion, whereas the remaining fourcases did not show evidence of DCIS (instead showed flat epithelial atypia, atypical ductal hyperplasia, atypical papillary lesion and benign breast parenchyma).One case which was initially reported as benign showed invasive carcinoma.Centralization of biomarker assays offers many benefits, including accredited standardized staining protocols and consistency with interpretation.It is an invaluable practice that may drastically affect patient care, ensuring patients are managed appropriately.
The appropriateness of ignorance in the inverse kinetic Ising model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We develop efficient ways to consider and correct for the effects of hidden\nunits for the paradigmatic case of the inverse kinetic Ising model with fully\nasymmetric couplings. We identify two sources of error in reconstructing the\nconnectivity among the observed units while ignoring part of the network. One\nleads to a systematic bias in the inferred parameters, whereas the other\ninvolves correlations between the visible and hidden populations and has a\nmagnitude that depends on the coupling strength. We estimate these two terms\nusing a mean field approach and derive self-consistent equations for the\ncouplings accounting for the systematic bias. Through application of these\nmethods on simple networks of varying relative population size and connectivity\nstrength, we assess how and under what conditions the hidden portion can\ninfluence inference and to what degree it can be crudely estimated. We find\nthat for weak to moderately coupled systems, the effects of the hidden units is\na simple rotation that can be easily corrected for. For strongly coupled\nsystems, the non-systematic term becomes large and can no longer be safely\nignored, further highlighting the importance of understanding the average\nstrength of couplings for a given system of interest.\n
Wavelet-Based Prototype Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We develop a novel self-explainable neural network model by combining the prototype-based network architectures with wavelet representation of the inputs. The wavelet decomposition provides an invertible representation, and this representation is sent via the computation pipeline to localized prototype network. Due to the invertibility of the wavelet-representation, there is a possibility to "understand" the actual output, making the decisions interpretable. We provide experimental evidence to support that the wavelet-representation improves network interpretability, whilst keeping performance metrics.
Interictal activity is an important contributor to abnormal intrinsic network connectivity in paediatric focal epilepsy

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Patients with focal epilepsy have been shown to have reduced functional connectivity in intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs), which has been related to neurocognitive development and outcome. However, the relationship between interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and changes in ICNs remains unclear, with evidence both for and against their influence. EEG-fMRI data was obtained in 27 children with focal epilepsy (mixed localization and aetiologies) and 17 controls. A natural stimulus task (cartoon blocks verses blocks where the subject was told ‘please wait’) was used to enhance the connectivity within networks corresponding to ICNs while reducing potential confounds of vigilance and motion. Our primary hypothesis was that the functional connectivity within visual and attention networks would be reduced in patients with epilepsy. We further hypothesized that controlling for the effects of IEDs would increase the connectivity in the patient group. The key findings were: 1) Patients with mixed epileptic foci showed a common connectivity reduction in lateral visual and attentional networks compared to controls. 2) Having controlled for the effects of IEDs there were no connectivity differences between patients and controls. 3) A comparison within patients revealed reduced connectivity between the attentional network and basal ganglia associated with interictal epileptiform discharges. We also found that the task activations were reduced in epilepsy patients but that this was unrelated to IED occurrence. Unexpectedly, connectivity changes in ICNs were strongly associated with the transient effects of interictal epileptiform discharges. Interictal epileptiform discharges were shown to have a pervasive transient influence on the brain’s functional organisation.
The Role of Higher Education in Rural Community Development

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Higher education institutions commonly play a role in community development. Rural communities may be even more dependent on the university's investment. As higher education has looked to meet demands of stakeholders calling for greater accountability, it has become necessary for universities to be able to justify the effectiveness of these efforts. The purpose of this study was to determine the elements necessary for successful rural community development in Western Oklahoma. Utilizing the Delphi research method, 20 community development experts in rural Western Oklahoma participated in the three-round survey process. In the initial survey, participants collectively submitted a list of 41 elements they believed to be necessary for successful rural community development. Participants were then asked to rate each element as to their level of agreement that the element was necessary. The experts were then given the mean, median and mode along with their previous individual rating for the 13 elements with the highest mean scores. Provided with this additional information, they were then asked to rate those elements once more. At the conclusion of the final survey, the experts had shown high levels of consensus on 12 of the 13 elements. Though one of the objectives of the study was to analyze how education ranked among the list of essential elements, higher education was not among the 41 original elements. No major differences were found between the scoring in Round 2 and Round 3 surveys. No significant differences were found between the scores given by experts based on what regional Council of Government (COG) they belonged to. Using Flora and Flora's Community Capitals Framework (2008), most of the top 13 items could be found in the built or human capital categories. The implications to policymakers are that rural communities need additional policy specific to those areas the experts agreed were essential, including elements of basic infrastructure and economic/workforce development. Focusing higher education efforts on the elements identified in this study could help to better define the role of higher education in rural community development and assist in the planning and assessment of institutional community development investment.
‘Breaking the myth: Toledo Cathedral on the international stage’: Toledo Cathedral: Building Histories in Medieval Castile by Tom Nickson, University Park, Pensylvannia: The Pennsylvania University Press, 2015

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This review analyzes the contribution of Tom Nickson´s study from the position given to Spain within European Gothic by the Anglophone historiography. It argues that Nickson´s book is a radical departure from previous historiography, which had condemned Toledo Cathedral, and all Spanish gothic monuments, because they were thought to be mere copies of European models. Nickson, however, convincingly argues that Toledo Cathedral is a monument as interesting as its canonical French and English counterparts. He does so by employing a holistic, integrated, and diachronic approach, with an impressive amount of information, much of it new, which addresses some of the latest concerns in the historiography of art, the humanities, and the social sciences, such as the creation of an identity through the creation of memories.
Hazards and Precautions for the Patient and the Doctor in Diagnostic Roentgenology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sufficiently large amounts of ionizing radiation can cause death; possible non-lethal effects of large doses include cancer, atrophy of irradiated tissue, depression of immune reactions, and sterility. The authors claim that x-ray examination is justified only when diagnostic benefits outweigh the hazards. Results of a study to determine the amount of gonadal and bodily exposure during common x-ray examinations at a typical hospital are presented along with measures to be taken to reduce the gonadal dose.
Generating PBHs and small-scale GWs in two-field models of inflation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Primordial black holes (PBHs) generated by gravitational collapse of large\nprimordial overdensities can be a fraction of the observed dark matter. In this\npaper, we introduce a mechanism to produce a large peak in the primordial power\nspectrum (PPS) in two-field inflationary models characterized by two stages of\ninflation based on a large non-canonical kinetic coupling. This mechanism is\ngeneric to several two-field inflationary models, due to a temporary tachyonic\ninstability of the isocurvature perturbations at the transition between the two\nstages of inflation. We numerically compute the primordial perturbations from\nlargest scales to the small scales corresponding to that of PBHs using an\nextension of BINGO (BI-spectra and Non-Gaussianity Operator). Moreover we\nnumerically compute the stochastic background of gravitational waves (SBGW)\nproduced by second order scalar perturbations within frequencies ranging from\nnano-Hz to KHz that covers the observational scales corresponding to Pulsar\nTiming Arrays, Square Kilometer Array to that of Einstein telescope. We discuss\nthe prospect of its detection by these proposed and upcoming gravitational\nwaves experiments.\n
LHD EB-NPA #151221.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

To study fast ion confinement and transport mechanisms both in quiescent plasmas and in the presence of magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) activity, an electric field parallel to the magnetic field type neutral particle analyzer (E||B-NPA) was installed using Micro-Channel Plates (MCPs) in the Large Helical Device (LHD). The E||B-NPA is an established diagnostic used to measure the energy distribution of charge exchange neutral particles escaping from plasmas corresponding to hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium, respectively.