jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Citric Acid in the Passivation of Titanium Dental Implants: Corrosion Resistance and Bactericide Behavior

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The passivation of titanium dental implants is performed in order to clean the surface and obtain a thin layer of protective oxide (TiO2) on the surface of the material in order to improve its behavior against corrosion and prevent the release of ions into the physiological environment. The most common chemical agent for the passivation process is hydrochloric acid (HCl), and in this work we intend to determine the capacity of citric acid as a passivating and bactericidal agent. Discs of commercially pure titanium (c.p.Ti) grade 4 were used with different treatments: control (Ctr), passivated by HCl, passivated by citric acid at 20% at different immersion times (20, 30, and 40 min) and a higher concentration of citric acid (40%) for 20 min. Physical-chemical characterization of all of the treated surfaces has been carried out by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy, and the ‘Sessile Drop’ technique in order to obtain information about different parameters (topography, elemental composition, roughness, wettability, and surface energy) that are relevant to understand the biological response of the material. In order to evaluate the corrosion behavior of the different treatments under physiological conditions, open circuit potential and potentiodynamic tests have been carried out. Additionally, ion release tests were realized by means of ICP-MS. The antibacterial behavior has been evaluated by performing bacterial adhesion tests, in which two strains have been used: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram–) and Streptococcus sanguinis (Gram+). After the adhesion test, a bacterial viability study has been carried out (‘Life and Death’) and the number of colony-forming units has been calculated with SEM images. The results obtained show that the passivation with citric acid improves the hydrophilic character, corrosion resistance, and presents a bactericide character in comparison with the HCl treatment. The increasing of citric acid concentration improves the bactericide effect but decreases the corrosion resistance parameters. Ion release levels at high citric acid concentrations increase very significantly. The effect of the immersion times studied do not present an effect on the properties.
Autonomous Robots as a Generic Teaching Tool

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An undergraduate bioengineering laboratory course using small autonomous robots has been developed to demonstrate control theory, learning, and behavior. The lab consists of several modules that demonstrate concepts in classical control theory, fuzzy logic, neural network control, and genetic algorithms. The autonomous agents are easy-to-build, inexpensive kit robots. Each robot functions independently in a real-world environment. Students program and retrieve data wirelessly using handheld computers. The hands-on nature of the lab modules engages students in ways that lectures, readings and software simulations cannot. By interacting with these robots, students directly experience the effects of unexpected environmental factors on designs and deviations from software simulations. The robots are easily adapted for use in many different aspects of two-year college and K-12 STEM education. Students are motivated to understand engineering, math and science principles in order to control the robots. Examples of use of the robots and modules by a local community college are presented
Tephra fall impacts to buildings: the 2017–2018 Manaro Voui eruption, Vanuatu

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Building damage from tephra falls can have a substantial impact on exposed communities around erupting volcanoes. There are limited empirical studies of tephra fall impacts on buildings, with none on tephra falls impacting traditional thatched timber buildings, despite their prevalence across South Pacific island nations and parts of Asia. The 2017/2018 explosive eruption of Manaro Voui, Ambae Island, Vanuatu, resulted in damage to traditional (thatched timber), non-traditional (masonry), and hybrid buildings from tephra falls in March/April and July 2018. Field and photographic surveys were conducted across three separate field studies with building characteristics and damage recorded for a total of 589 buildings. Buildings were classified using a damage state framework customised for this study. Overall, increasing tephra thicknesses were related to increasing severity of building damage, corroborating previous damage surveys and vulnerability estimates. Traditional buildings were found to be less resistant to tephra loading than non-traditional buildings, although there was variation in resistance within each building type. For example, some traditional buildings collapsed under ∼40 mm thickness while others sustained no damage when exposed to &gt;200 mm. We attribute this to differences in the pre-eruption condition of the building and the implementation of mitigation strategies. Mitigation strategies included covering thatched roofs with tarpaulins, which helped shed tephra and consequently reduced loading, and providing an internal prop to the main roof beam, which aided structural resistance. As is typical of post-event building damage surveys, we had limited time and access to the exposed communities, and we note the limitations this had for our findings. Our results contribute to the limited empirical data available for tephra fall building damage and can be used to calibrate existing fragility functions, improving our evidence base for forecasting future impacts for similar construction types globally.
Ternary Alloy Rare-Earth Scandate as Dielectric for $\beta$ -Ga2O3 MOS Structures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A ternary alloy rare-earth scandate, (Y 0.6 Sc 0.4 ) 2 O 3 , is demonstrated as a high-k dielectric insulator for β-Ga 2 O 3 MOS devices. (Y 0.6 Sc 0.4 ) 2 O 3 /β-Ga 2 O 3 (010) MOS capacitors were fabricated and characterized using capacitance-voltage (C-V) techniques and interface state density (D it ) methods. The D it distribution was extracted using photo-assisted C-V with a 265-nm lightemitting diode (LED), demonstrating a peak D it value of 4×10 12 cm -2 eV -1 near the conduction band, and dropping to below 2 × 10 11 cm -2 eV -1 at 0.9 eV below the conduction band. A total interface charge of <;1 × 10 12 cm -2 was calculated based on the experimental data. Similar Dit values were observed using the Terman method for the energy range 0.35-0.55 eV below the conduction band. Current-voltage (J-V) measurements showed rising accumulation leakage current due to bulk-limited transport of electrons through traps in the (Y 0.6 Sc 0.4 ) 2 O 3 and low depletion leakage current limited by the generation of holes from deep-level β-Ga 2 O 3 traps. High breakdown fields of 4.3-6.0 MV · cm -1 were observed. The low Dit value shows the excellent potential of (Y 0.6 Sc 0.4 ) 2 O 3 as a gate dielectric for β-Ga 2 O 3 metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs).
Growth Stimulation of Lactobacillus Species by Lactic Streptococci1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cell extracts of Streptococcus species important in cheese starters stimulated the growth of Lactobacillus species common to Cheddar cheese. All Lactobacillus strains employed, with the exception of a strain of L. casei, were significantly stimulated by a strain of S. diacetilactis. L. casei was highly stimulated by both a strain of S. lactis and a strain of S. diacetilactis. The stimulant(s) was dialyzable and was partially inactivated by heat. The stimulatory principle was active at 10 C, indicating that the stimulatory effect may be influencing the growth of lactobacilli in Cheddar cheese during curing. Viable Streptococcus cells did not inhibit the growth of Lactobacillus species.
Petitions for review of the EPO Appeal Board decisions by the EPO Enlarged Board of Appeal: part IV

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

... In three earlier articles in this journal, and a post in its blog,1 I have commented on the Petition for review procedure2 established by the 2000 revision of the European Patent Convention (EPC). My interest in the procedure arose as I hoped it might be a way of delaying a final decision against my clients in one of my cases. Reviewing the early cases decided by the Enlarged Board of Appeal (EBoA) of the European Patent Office (EPO) made it clear that I should choose an alternative strategy, which I did, ultimately successfully. Nonetheless, I remained interested in what appeared to be a pale imitation of a legitimate appeal procedure in the European (but not European Union) structure of the EPO. With the possible arrival of the Unified Patent Court (UPC)3 within the next year or so, there seems to be a possibility that the EPO Petition procedure will lose what little popularity it has, at least with patent opponents. Therefore, it is time to review what has been happening with the EPO Petitions over the last few years.
The Construal of National Identities within the Luxembourg Context

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We live in an increasingly mobile world. In line with the conference’s motto of “Nurturing Diversity for Sustainable Development” the current paper aims to make a contribution to the understanding of individual national identity construal processes within a multi-national environment. Understanding these processes may facilitate the fostering of the acceptance of culturally heterogeneous identities. Starting point for this on-going, empirical study is Luxembourg, a country with approx. ½ m inhabitants, a foreign population of 43% (increasing to over 60% in the capital) and three officially recognized languages which are spoken throughout the country. Luxembourg can be viewed as a “natural laboratory.” Given its size, population mix and closeness of borders there is ample opportunity for “second culture exposure.” How is national identity construed within such a diverse context? Is second culture exposure experienced as an enrichment or a threat? Three groups, recruited on power analytical considerations and differentiated by their length of stay in Luxembourg (native residents, Luxembourgers with migrant background and sojourners) are analyzed regarding their national identity construal process along the primordialist – situationalist spectrum. Identity Structure Analysis (ISA) is used as theoretical framework and methodological tool. Given the multi-national context, it is assumed that situationalists will be in the majority across all three groups. However, given the developmental primacy of primordialism, some persistence of the primordial orientation is expected. Bicultural orientation is also assessed. Within this context, three questions are examined: Firstly, do individuals consider it possible to have more than one national identity? Secondly, if this is the case, are these national identities kept separate or integrated (cultural distance) and thirdly is this experienced harmoniously or as a source of conflict. Research on biculturalism and ISA are linked in the assumption that those individuals who gravitate towards situationalism will also consider it possible to have a bicultural identity. In a third step, the role of dispositional factors (Big FIVE personality variables) and demographic/ biographic variables will be examined as it is anticipated that these influence how bicultural identity is expressed (separated vs. integrated) and experienced (conflicted vs. harmonious). The study explores to what extent dispositional and demographic factors determine how second culture is experienced – whether diversity is experienced as a source of enrichment and joy or threat.
PENERAPAN METODE FUZZY TSUKAMOTO PADA PERTIMBANGAN PENGANGKATAN KARYAWAN TETAP BERBASIS WEB

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract:Being a permanent employee are people who are still employees, that is a clear and guaranteed future, which gets more bonuses than contract employees. One of the national trading companies in Indonesia, namely PT Pinus Merah Abadi, also recruits employees both at the head office and at each branch of the company, but in the process decisions made for employees cannot be made by employees. branch of the company, even in the number of many who are disadvantaged because the manual is still carried out by the manager, which is then filtered by the head office. To use these things, in this study a system that supports decisions in branch offices will be made using the fuzzy tsukamoto method which is expected to work from employees. And after the support system takes this decision, employees have made successful decisions, because employees can immediately see the calculation process through the application that has been made. Keywords: fuzzy tsukamoto; permanent employee; decision support system Abstrak:Menjadi seorang karyawan tetap di sebuah perusahaan adalah keinginna banyak orang yang masih menjadi seorang karyawan kontrak, selain masa depan yang jelas dan terjamin, seorang karyawan tetap mendapatkan bonus yang lebih banyak dibandingkan dengan karyawan kontrak. Salah satu perusahaan dagang nasional di Indonesia yaitu PT Pinus Merah Abadi juga melakukan perekrutan untuk karyawan tetap setiap tahunnya baik di kantor pusat maupun di setiap cabang perusahaan, namun dalam prosesnya terkadang keputusan yang dibuat mengenai pengangkatan karyawan tetap oleh perusahaan tidak memuaskan para karyawan yang ada di cabang perusahaan, bahkan terkadang para karyawan merasa dirugikan karena perhitungan nya masih dilakukan manual oleh manajer, yang kemudian diproses oleh kantor pusat. Untuk menangani hal tersebut, dalam penelitian ini akan dibuat sebuah sistem pendukung keputusan di kantor cabang perusahaan khususnya kantor cabang kisaran menggunakan metode fuzzy tsukamoto yang diharapkan bisa menangani keluhan dari para karyawan. Dan setelah sistem pendukung keputusan ini digunakan, para karyawan cabang sudah bisa menerima keputusan yang telah dibuat manajer, karena karyawan bisa langsung melihat proses perhitungannya melalui apikasi yang sudah dibuat. Kata kunci: fuzzy tsukamoto; karyawan tetap; sistem pengambilan keputusan
Misfit strain induced self-rolling micro-tubes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Three-dimensional (3D) structures have attracted extensive attentions due to their high aspect ratios, smaller feature sizes, unique properties, and shown great potential in applications of optoelectronics, biomedical engineering, and microfluidics. One of the promising techniques for fabricating large-scaled 3D structures is strain engineering. By engineering the misfit strain between dissimilar materials, the curvature of the layered thin films could be altered from two-dimensional (2D) layers into 3D tubes. In this study, a literature review was done to fully understand the working mechanism of misfit strain-induced self-rolling tubular structures. Two main misfit strains caused by epitaxial and thermal expansion were looked into. Traditional photolithography process was used to pattern the photoresist (sacrificial layer) on the Silicon (Si) wafer. After that, the Chromium/Gold (Cr/Au) thin films were deposited via magnetic sputtering. The micrometre-scaled tubes were then formed by removing the sacrificed layer in the presence of acetone. The dimensions, shapes and surface finish of the microtubes were observed under the microscope. Since misfit strain within the bilayer correlates with the rolling direction as well as the final diameter of the microtubes, theoretical study was done and compared with the experimental results. It is shown that the diameters of the fabricated microtubes calculated with accordance to the Timoshenko formula were consistently smaller, compared with the experimental values. This was further discussed and can be attributed to the thermal strain, which was introduced during the sputtering process. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) values of Cr, Au and Si were compared and it was concluded that the superposition of thermal and epitaxial stress in the bilayer was able to justify the diametric differences.
Modern approaches to the use of movement methods in physical therapy

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The article examines modern approaches to the use of motor methods in physical therapy in terms of the correlation of individual and institutional dimensions of the rehabilitation cluster. The synergy of active patient participation with the scale and intensity of the physical therapy model is highlighted. The purpose of scientific research is to analyze current trends in scientific and medical discourse on the balance of traditional and innovative approaches to the motor component of physical therapy. It is noted that the dominance of the biopsychosocial model in the modern health care system leads to the actualization of various principles and mechanisms of motor therapeutic activity. The results of the study indicate that the traditional format of scientific and evidence-based medicine forms the key guidelines for motor methods in physical therapy. At the same time, the innovative segment is becoming a driver of the transformation of rehabilitation principles, which involves the active use of technological and digital resources as an improvement of motor activity. Therefore, motor methods in modern physical therapy are gradually gaining the status of an effective tool of medical and rehabilitation activities. The movement component of physical therapy is losing its linear nature of application in the medical paradigm. Instead, movement methods are positioned holistically as an integrated element of a holistic treatment and rehabilitation strategy. A promising direction of research is to highlight algorithms for using motor methods of physical therapy in the context of a modern patient- centered approach, according to which individual characteristics are taken into account and methods of health and rehabilitation influence are personalized.
Colloquium 5

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I. Introduction In Metaphysics IV 4 Aristotle embarks on the strange task of defending the Principle of Non-Contradiction (PNC) against those who claim to reject it. The project is a strange one because according to Aristotle himself PNC is a first principle and a first principle cannot be proved. Indeed, Aristotle rudely complains that anyone demanding such a proof is simply ill-educated (Met. IV 1006a5-7). Yet Aristotle then devotes the whole of Metaphysics IV 4 to establishing the principle (albeit not by a deductive proof). In this paper, I aim to suggest and sketch a line of interpretation which
Development and Evaluation of Moisturizing Cream Containing Rice Bran Wax

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Besides delivering drug to the body, a drug delivery system aims to improve patient compliance, patient acceptance. The dosage forms available for the delivery of topical agents include ointment, paste, lotion, moisturizing cream and powder. However creams are more preferable due to their properties. Present research work is attempted to develop moisturizing creams by using rice bran wax. Rice bran wax is the vegetable wax extracted from rice bran oil. The oil generally contains 2–6% wax. However it is assumed that on an average it contains 3% wax. Physicochemical tests such as globule size, evaluation of the intrinsic viscosity and homogeneity of cream products, have been traditionally used to provide reasonable evidence of consistent product performance. However, for the purposes of these studies, the final cream products were characterized by pH, particle size, spreadability, rheological measurement and in vitro occlusivity. All the results match with official specifications.
Restricted Repetitive Sampling in Designing of Control Charts

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article a criteria have been defined to classify the existing repetitive sampling into soft, moderate and strict conditions. Behind this division a ratio has been suggested i.e. c2 (constant used in repetitive limits) to c1(constant used in control limit) in slabs. A restricted criterion has been devised on the existing repetitive sampling. By embedding the proposed schematic in the control chart it becomes highly efficient in detecting the shifts quite earlier as well as it detects even smaller shifts at smaller ARLs. To facilitate the user for best choice the restricted criterion has further categorized to softly restricted, moderately restricted and strictly restricted. The restricted conditions are dependent on value of restriction parameter ’m’ varies 2 to 6. The application of proposed scheme on selected cases is given in tables which are self explanatory.
Misdiagnosis of Pediatric Concussions in the Emergency Department

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective We aimed to determine the rate and predictors of correctly diagnosed concussions in the pediatric emergency department and to describe the characteristics, presentation, and management of concussions in children presenting for minor head injury. Methods We included 186 patients aged 5 to 18 years presenting within 24 hours of minor head injuries and met our diagnostic criteria for concussion. We compared patients correctly diagnosed with a concussion with those who were not. Our main outcome was the rate and predictors of misdiagnoses. Results Of the patients, 5.4% were correctly diagnosed. Amnesia was the only variable associated with correct diagnoses (40.0% vs 10.2%, P = 0.02). The most common mechanism of injury was fall (8.4%); the most frequent symptoms were nausea/vomiting (42.5%), and 48.4% had a brain computed tomography scan done. Conclusions The high rate of concussion misdiagnosis puts into question the usability of current concussion guidelines, their accuracy, and barriers to translation into clinical practice.
Kidneys and chronic renal disease

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Kidneys and chronic renal disease in relation to dentistry is the topic of this chapter. The chapter starts with the structure and function of the kidneys. The functions of acid-base balance and electrolyte balance are described. Chronic renal disease/failure (CRD/CRF) is then considered in terms of its impact on drug metabolism and excretion, anaemia, and bone pathology. Finally, the bleeding tendency associated with chronic renal failure is discussed, together with its clinical implications.