jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Moonscape of Tax Equality: Windsor and Beyond

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

108 Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy 110 (2013)This essay takes a critical look at the tax fallout from the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Windsor, which declared section three of the federal Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) unconstitutional. The essay is important because, while other federal laws will apply to some same-sex couples some of the time, the federal tax laws are a concern for all same-sex couples all of the time. The essay is timely because it addresses the recently issued IRS guidance regarding the tax treatment of same-sex couples. In this essay, I first describe the path that led to the decision in Windsor. Then, I turn to describing the ways in which the post-Windsor tax terrain may actually be worse for same-sex couples than the bleak tax landscape that they faced before that decision. Under DOMA, same-sex couples already faced a debilitating level of uncertainty in determining how the federal tax laws applied to their relationships. Post-Windsor, same-sex couples will see this uncertainty multiply -- even after receiving guidance from the IRS on the implementation of the Windsor decision in the federal tax context. They will have to grapple not only with lingering questions surrounding the federal tax treatment of relationships that are not recognized, but also with new questions regarding whether and how their relationships will be recognized for federal tax purposes. Moreover, it seems that dispatching discrimination designed to erode the progress of same-sex couples toward formal equality has served only to entrench the privileged status of marriage in our federal tax laws rather than fostering the recognition of a broader array of human relationships.
Unveiling Perspectives: Exploring Student Perception on Artificial Intelligence in Academics in Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Artificial intelligence characterized as computing systems that perform tasks that humans do, such as learning, adapting, and synthesizing, as well as self-correcting and utilizing data for complex processing jobs. Integration of artificial intelligence into education has received much attention because it has the potential to revolutionize current approaches to teaching and learning this study has to explore student’s perception toward integration of Artificial intelligence tools in their academic experiences and also to explore the impact on their learning outcomes. For this study quantitative research approach has been used. A sample of 200 students selected from all the departments in the faculty of social sciences of Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. Systematic sampling technique was used for data collection. In order to collect the data questionnaire was used. This research has been extracted from the M.Phil Dissertation. The study revealed that students who use artificial intelligence tools perform better on research work, examinations, assignments, presentations and overall coursework. As a result, artificial intelligence tools assist students in their learning processes and critical thinking. It develops their academic abilities, research work skills, academic grades, and self-efficacy. This study demonstrates that integrating artificial intelligence tools enhances students' academic performance, and self-efficacy. The results indicated that AI tools changed the way students learned and behaved academically.
[Medical problems among airline passengers].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Worldwide, there are more than one billion air travelers each year. Flying in a modern jet airliner is a safe, efficient and relatively comfortable mode of transport, although a few susceptible passengers may be adversely affected by environmental and physiological stresses like pressure change, reduced level of oxygen, dry air, immobility due to cramped seating, noise, vibration and turbulence, in addition to stressful airports. This article describes these factors and their medical implications and includes some practical medical advice to travellers. Reported inflight illness and injuries in two major Scandinavian airlines 1993-97 are presented.
Recycling Lanolin from Tannery Wastewater by Mixed Flocculation and Extraction Processing

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Using mixed flocculation and extraction method to recover the lanolin from Tannery Wastewater, and studied the process research. The result indicated that the recovery rate of lanolin can reached 92% by using aluminium sulfate (AS) and the polyacrylamide (PAM) mixed flocculation, hexane and cyclohexane mixed extraction. Comparing the main indexes and the infrared spectra of recycling lanolin with the industry level lanolin, the results indicated the main indexes of the recycling lanolin achieved the industry level standard, and both similar spectrogram showed the component and the structure of recycling lanolin are almost similar with industry level lanolin. Therefore the method used to deal with tannery wastewater recycling lanolin is practicable and effective.
A Hybrid Topology for Dash Charging of Electric Vehicles

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

With increasing demands for automotive solutions and thereby environment impacting elements, a sustainable alternative is a must. Conventional automobiles lack sustainability perspectives and require depleting fossil fuels for operation. On the other hand, a centralized power grid requires large ancillary services (ASs) to provide unbalanced demand-supply ratios. One of the important AS can be provided by electric vehicles (EVs), which can prove as a sustainable solution too. With the increasing popularity of EVs to provide sustainable AS, we propose a novel topology of ultracapacitor-Lithium ion battery hybrid to achieve dash charging for EVs. It can thereby avoid large congestions at the charging station and a meaningful AS when required. Computer simulations provide validity to the proposed idea as compared to some standard results in the literature.
Umbilical cord blood banks. Ethical aspects. Public versus private banks.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The creation of umbilical cord blood (UCB) banks raises interesting medical, social, economic and ethical issues. This paper reviews the ethical problems specifically. In this respect, it evaluates: a) whether there are advantages to the use of UCB compared to bone marrow, b) whether or not it is ethical to create UCB banks, c) whether their creation is ethically acceptable in terms of their clinical usefulness or d) the use made of them for therapeutic purposes, and finally e) whether their creation is ethically justified from a cost/profitability point of view. We focus primarily on evaluating the ethical controversy between public and private banks, particularly on whether it is ethical to bank autologous blood in private UCB banks, on the basis of its limited possibilities for use by the cord blood donor. We can conclude that, from an ethical point of view, autologous blood banks have limited acceptance among specialised researchers, scientific societies and other public institutions. Therefore, we believe that it is ethically more acceptable to support the creation of public UCB banks for medical and social reasons and, above all, based on the principle of justice and human solidarity. Nevertheless, there is no definitive ethical argument why a couple, according to their autonomy and freedom, cannot bank their child's UCB in a private bank. An equally acceptable solution could be the creation of mixed banks, such as that proposed by the Virgin Health Bank or like the Spanish system where autologous samples can be stored in public banks but with the proviso that if at any time the stored sample is required by any person other than the donor, it would have to be given to them.
Facilitation strategies used in e-learning by nurse educators in Rwanda

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Knowledge and skills for teachers to deliver course contents in an e-learning environment is essential. Information Communication Technology (ICT) is being increasingly used in tertiary education as it is flexible and offers many possibilities to meet the needs of a large number of learners. The implementation of e-learning platforms in Rwanda in 2012 for nursing and midwifery instruction has had a positive impact on the quality of nursing education. Educators' facilitation skills play an important role in motivating students in the computer-mediated learning environment. The aim of this paper is to explore the facilitation strategies used in e-learning by nurse educators in Rwanda. A non-experimental quantitative design was used, with 44 nurse educators from three campuses completing the research instruments. The results from this study indicated that the majority of the participants (84.1%) had the same vision of integrating ICT in teaching and learning as their colleagues, the institutional administration, and other staff. 97.7% used computers and/or the internet to prepare lesson and deliver instructions 95.5% reported using facilitation strategies of self-directed learning, 93.2% case studies, 88.6% group discussions, 81.8% small group activities, 72.7% formal lectures, 70.5% role play, 68.2% brainstorming, 63.6% situations of integration, and 63.6% videos. An average of 50% reported using research, and 43.2% workbooks. 27.3% used projects, 25% core lectures, and 11.4% Portfolio. E-learning requires a comprehensive approach of incorporating ICT in teaching and learning. The success of e-learning does not only depend on technological tools available, but also on the pedagogical design, with teachers being required to use innovative teaching approaches to deliver their course contents.
The Expansion of Prostitution and the Rise of the Brothel

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter traces the expansion of Baltimore's sex trade and the rise of brothel prostitution over the course of the antebellum period. Although prostitution is often called "the world's oldest profession," it resembled a "profession" in urban America only after the 1820s, when rapid changes to the structures of labor and increased mobility created both a supply and a demand for sexual labor beyond the structures of maritime neighborhoods. The sex trade's geographies shifted toward new centers of business and trade, and labor patterns in the trade changed. In keeping with a broader trend of business specialization and capitalist labor practices, Baltimore's sex trade came increasingly to revolve around brothels where madams dictated aspects of sex workers' behavior, extracted surplus value from their labor, and commercialized both sex and intimacy to a much greater degree than before. Women involved in the sex trade adapted their ventures to cater to dominant cultural preferences, from the domestication of courting to the embrace of racially exclusionary labor practices.
Problems of an Industrial Economy with Intensive Agricultural Production: the German Democratic Republic

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The socialist planned economy is faced with the task of determining the appropriate balance between industry and agriculture in line with the changing internal and external conditions of production. These two substantial sectors of the national economy have to be developed, taking into consideration the role of state socialist ownership for industry, and co-operative socialist ownership for agriculture, so that the driving forces of development will be given the best opportunity to secure a dynamic economic growth and to satisfy the needs of the population. The political dimension of this task is to establish a closer alliance between workers and co-operative farmers by gradually overcoming the essential differences in the working and living conditions in towns and in the countryside.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Arylsulfonyl‐benzimidazolones as Potential Hypoglycemic Agents.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Effects of early rehabilitation nursing on prognosis of patients with cerebral infarction

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

To study the effects of early rehabilitation nuring on functional restoration,activities of daily living(ADL)and the rate of post-stroke depression of patients with acute cerebral infarction。Methods:There were 76 cases randomly selected from the acute cerebral infarction with in 24 hours.A total of 36 patients as early rehabilitation nursing group were given active rehabilitation treat and general nursing,and 40 patients as control were assessed with China stroke scale(CSS),ADL and Hamilton depression rating scales(HAMD)before nursing,I month after nursing respectively.Results:There were no significant difference on CSS 、ADL、HAMD and the rate of post-stroke depression before the nursing,respectively.Compared with the baseline,CSS scores decreased,ADL scores increased significantly in the two groups after 1 month nursing(P0.01).HAMD scores increased in the two groups,HAMD scores of control group increased significantly compared with the baseline(P0.01).CSS,ADL and HAMD scores of early rehabilitation nursing group different significantly compared with control group(P0.05,P 0.01).At the end of 1 month nursing,the rate of post-stroke depression of two groups were 13.89%,35.0%,respectively.the early rehabilitation nursing group had lower rate of Post-troke depression than that of control group.Control group.Conclusion:Early rehabilition nursing could im prove the neurological function and ADL of patients with acute cerebral infarction,and deceased the rate of post-stroke depression.
Research on the Development Strategy of China’s Domestic Beauty Brands in Transnational Markets

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This article outlines that with the development of economic globalization, domestic beauty products have emerged one after another. However, with the late start of domestic beauty makeup and a weak foundation, how should Chinese makeup brands develop in the international market? Taking the old makeup brand Mao Geping as an example, it combines case analysis and literature research methods. After examining the sales, market, and brand status of domestic makeup, it summarizes the reasons for the rise of domestic makeup and the future development trend. At the same time, problems such as the limitations of brand products, the asymmetry between price and R&D, the incompatibility between marketing strategies and the trend of the times, and the mismatch between promotion methods and the market were also found. And formulate solutions in line with the current era and brand background. This article also hopes to inspire and help the future development of domestic makeup.
[Enzymes of purine nucleotide metabolism in assessment of the functional competence of the immune system].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Blood lymphocyte activities of 5'-nucleotidases, adenosine deaminase and AMP deaminase have been investigated for evaluation of immune system state of albino rats under normal conditions, immobilization stress and effect of radiation. Stress-induced reactions were characterized by changes of activities of these enzymes. However the ratios of activities 5'- nucleotidase/AMP-deaminase (coefficient A) and adenosine-deaminase/AMP-deaminase (coefficient B) were even more informative than separate analysis of these enzymes.
Temporal trends in online searches related to COVID-19 vaccine safety: A digital infodemiology study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines may have raised public concerns about their safety and side effects in the United States (US). This study aimed to assess trends in online searches related to the safety and side effects of COVID-19 vaccines in the US from 2021-2022. Methods: Google COVID-19 Vaccination Search Insights was used to analyze searches about COVID-19 vaccine safety and side effects in the US from January 4, 2021, to November 21, 2022 (98 weeks). Data were scaled from 0 (low interest) to 100 (high interest) as a fixed scaling factor called scaled normalized interest (SNI) to indicate relative search interest over time and by location. A joinpoint regression analysis was used to determine the search trends during the study period. Results: Analysis included 709 counties across 38 US states. Searches of COVID-19 vaccine safety and side effects peaked in April 2021 in the District of Columbia (SNI: 35.8), Massachusetts (29.7), New Hampshire (27.4), Connecticut (27.3), and Maine (26.7), then decreased significantly by an average monthly percentage change (AMPC) of -16.6% (95% CI -19.9 to -13.3) until July 2022. Overall AMPC from January 2021 to November 2022 was -8.9% (95% CI -16.2 to -0.9; P<0.001). Conclusion: Online searches related to COVID-19 vaccine safety and side effects decreased dramatically over time, supporting the utility of digital surveillance to track real-time vaccine safety concerns. This study provides insights into public interest in COVID-19 vaccine risks and can help monitor potential safety issues.
Key biological parameters and commercial fishery for ocean leatherjackets 'Nelusetta ayraudi' (Monacanthidae) off the coast of New South Wales, Australia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ocean leatherjackets (Nelusetta ayraudi) are distributed along the entire coast of New South Wales (NSW) contributing significantly to the total catch of fish taken from the NSW Ocean Trap and Line Fishery (~340 tonnes in 2005/2006), in addition to other NSW fisheries, such as the Ocean Fish, Ocean Prawn and Haul-net Fisheries. In spite of their significance in commercial fisheries world-wide, only few studies have aged monacanthids. Of those, researchers have mainly used bony structures, such as vertebrae and anterior dorsal spines. In this study, commercially captured ocean leatherjackets were aged by counting growth increments in thin-sectioned otoliths. The periodicity of increment formation was validated using a vital stain oxy-tetracycline (OTC) injected into young of the year fish (0+). The von Bertalanffy growth function parameters provided good estimates of growth, k = 0.163 yr-1, t0 = -0.565 yrs and L∞ = 886 mm. The fishery was found to be dominated by two and three year old fish making up 83% of the ocean leatherjackets captured. The oldest fish (5+) and largest fish from both sexes (male – 605 mm, female – 656 mm) were found in northern NSW. All fish displayed a rapid rate of growth especially as juveniles, with no significant differences in growth between sexes and locations (southern and northern NSW). Ocean leatherjackets showed a geographical and temporal ‘preference’ for spawning. Gonado-somatic indices (GSI) revealed a peak in spawning during August in northern NSW. During this period adult fish were observed, via depth soundings, in large aggregations in depths ranging from 45 to 80 fathoms. Ocean leatherjackets are pelagic egg broadcasters with no parental egg care. Oocytes from ovulated ocean leatherjackets had a mean diameter of 0.66 mm (± S.E. 0.002). The estimated size and age at maturity (L50) for each sex was 352 mm and 2.5+ years old. Mature fish of each sex displayed clear differences in dimorphic and dichromatic features. This research has provided the biological information necessary for future stock assessments of ocean leatherjackets in NSW. In addition, it has contributed to management strategies designed to enhance the sustainability of the ocean leatherjackets fishery.
The effectiveness of photodynamic effects on the clinical and functional state of periodontal tissues in periodontitis

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The aim the study. Increasing the effectiveness of treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity according to microhemodynamics and oxygenation in periodontal tissues. Materials and methods. A clinical and functional study and treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate degree were conducted in 56 people (22 men and 34 women) aged 37 to 55 years. The patients were divided into 2 groups depending on the type of treatment: group 1 (main) — 28 people (11 men and 17 women, the average age of the group was 43.5±2.8 years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 1% dimegin gel using an AFS Spectrum LED emitter with a wavelength of 660 nm and an energy density of 95 J/cm2), in group 2 (control) — 28 people. (9 men and 19 women, the average age of the group was 45.0±3.1 years) standard treatment was performed without PDT. The level of tissue blood flow, its activity and vasomotor activity of microvessels, as well as the blood flow bypass index were determined by laser Doppler flowmetry. The study of oxygenation was carried out by optical tissue oximetry with determination of the index of oxygenation, specific oxygen consumption and perfusion oxygen saturation. Results. After PDT, the periodontal tissues showed an increase in blood flow by 65.5% after 3 months, the level of oxygen metabolism increased by 51%, which increased after 6 months. The use of PDT in the complex treatment of chronic generalized periodontitis of moderate severity has an activating effect on the microcirculation system and the level of oxygen metabolism in periodontal tissues both in the near and long-term follow-up periods. Conclusions. The use of PDT with 1% dimegin gel has an effective effect on the state of microhemodynamics and oxygenation in periodontal tissues.
Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activities and Determination of the Total Tannin Content of Bark Extracts Endopleura uchi

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Endopleura uchi is a typical Amazonian tree and its bark is popularly employed in the preparation of teas against myomas, arthritis, influenza, diarrhea and cancer. In this study, the antioxidant activity, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of five different extracts of the bark, selected by their total tannin content, were assessed. The potential antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay and the values found were very similar among the extracts and to the standards antioxidants used in the tests. Cytotoxicity analysis in mammalian cells indicated that all the tested extracts exhibited IC50 values higher than the highest concentration used, showing that they do not present a risk when consumed under these conditions. Extract tested against five bacterial strains and one yeast strain did not show satisfactory growth inhibitory activity, and even the extracts that showed some antimicrobial activity were not effective at any dilution to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration. The results may serve as a reference for subsequent works, since such reference values described in the literature for the bark of E. uchi.