jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The origin of p-type conduction in (P, N) co-doped ZnO

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

P mono-doped and (P, N) co-doped ZnO are investigated by the first-principles calculations. It is found that substitutive P defect forms a deep acceptor level at O site (PO) and it behaves as a donor at Zn site (PZn), while interstitial P (Pi) is amphoteric. Under equilibrium conditions, these defects contribute little to the p-type conductivity of ZnO samples since the formation energy of PZn is much lower than that of Pi or PO when EF is below mid-gap (a prerequisite p-type condition). Zinc vacancies (VZn) and PZn-2VZn complex are demonstrated to be shallow acceptors with ionization energies around 100 meV, but they are easily compensated by PZn defect. Fortunately, PZn-4NO complexes may have lower formation energy than that of PZn under Zn rich condition by proper choices of P and N sources. In addition, the neutral PZn-3NO passive defects may form an impurity band right above the valence band maximum of ZnO as in earlier reported (Ga,N) or (Zr,N) doped ZnO. This significantly reduces the acceptor level of PZn-4NO complexes, and helps improving the p-type conductivity in ZnO.
Development of disease-specific growth curves from Kenyan children with sickle cell anemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: Sickle cell anemia (SCA) is a life-threatening hemoglobinopathy with worldwide distribution. Featuring multiple acute and chronic complications, SCA is also associated with growth impairment. A lack of appropriate reference data on height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) impedes assessment of the effect of therapies on growth in African children with SCA. The World Health Organization (WHO) growth curves are derived from healthy populations. We analyzed 6095 height and weight paired measurements (2875 in females, 3220 in males; median, 5 measurements/child) from 864 children with SCA, aged 6 months to 19 years, in Kilifi, Kenya. The growth percentile trajectories showed substantial delays when compared with the WHO curves. The female deficits in median height were 7 cm at age 5 years, 11 cm at 10 years, and 13 cm at age 15 years. Male height deficits were 6 cm at 5 years, 10 cm at 10 years, and 21 cm at 15 years. Median weight deficits were 3.4 kg at 5 years and 9.1 kg at 10 years for females, and 3.0 kg at 5 years and 7.7 kg at 10 years for males. The median BMI was lower by 5 kg/m2 at 15 years for both females and males. These newly developed Kilifi SCA growth curves provide useful disease-specific references for clinicians and researchers.
HEROES AND MARTYRS OF QUALITY AND SAFETY Quality improvement research: are randomised trials necessary?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ave you ever heard the criticism that a quality improve-ment project was not scientific because it was not carried out as a randomised controlled trial (RCT)? These critics have got it wrong and here is why. This answer requires a review of the scientific method. (There are lots of good references to the scientific method. See
An unusual coronoid fracture in a fragment of ulna recovered from the Prehistoric site of Buraca da Moira Rock Shelter (Boa Vista, Leiria)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 2015, several disarticulated human skeletal remains were identified in the top layers of the prehistoric site of Buraca da Moira Rock Shelter (Boa Vista, Leiria), during the archaeological excavation carried out under the scope of the EcoPLis — Human Occupations in the Pleistocene Ecotones of the River Lis project. The recovery of chert, constiquartz and quartzite blanks, a schist plate, as well as adornments in bone and shell indicates a Late Neolithic-Chalcolithic chronology. The disarticulated human assemblage, composed of a total of 129 bone and tooth fragments, allowed the estimation of a minimum number of six individuals. Among the remains recovered, an upper portion of an adult right ulna lacking the coronoid process was identified. Replacing it, a semi-oval groovewith smooth contours and exposing some trabecular bone was observed. The location, type of bone change, and the observed signs of bone healing are consistent with an uncommon trauma: a fracture of the coronoid process. In the differential diagnosis, both postmortem changes and developmental disturbances were considered but later excluded. The mechanisms that underlie the bone changes are discussed in light of the clinical and paleopathological literature.
Narcolepsy in the elderly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Circulating melatonin is metabolized primarily in the liver, and secondarily in the kidney. Melatonin has been used successfully in the treatment of insomnia and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Several studies show that melatonin levels are lower in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients compared to age-matched control subjects. If the expectation of melatonin activity in AD is to be neuroprotective, the treatment must be initiated at the earliest possible stage of the disease. There is substantial evidence that fragmented sleep, advanced sleep phase syndrome, insomnia, and impaired daytime alertness seen in advanced age are the result of brain dysfunction that is closely linked to disruptions in the regulation of circadian rhythms. The aging process is multifactorial, and no single factor seems to be of basic importance. An example of the effect melatonin has on aging is that in AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients.
Development of Adaptive Kanji Learning System for Mobile Phone

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes an adaptive learning system based on mobile phone email to support the study of Japanese Kanji. In this study, the main emphasis is on using the adaptive learning to resolve one common problem of the mobile-based email or SMS language learning systems. To achieve this goal, the authors main efforts focus on three aspects: sending the contents to a learner following his or her interests, adjusting the difficulty level of the tests to suit the learner’s proficiency level, and adapting the system to his or her learning style. Additionally, this system has already been evaluated by the learners and the results show that most of them benefited from the system and would like to continue using it.
Payroll Deduction Retirement Programs Build Economic Security: South Carolina Fact Sheet

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Access to an employer-based retirement plan is critical for building financial security later in life. Yet, about 46 percent of South Carolina's private sector employees-roughly 822,000 1 -work for an employer that does not offer either a traditional pension or a retirement savings plan. That 46 percent includes workers at all levels of earnings, education, and backgrounds. All of them would benefit from the ability to use payroll deduction to save for retirement.
Tuning Mechanical Properties of the Composite Nanofibers by Changing the Composition of the Polymer Solution

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT: Composite nanofibers are suitable candidates for applications in biomedical engineering. The relationship and the balance between the structural-volumetric characteristics and the mechanical behavior of the nanofibrous composites have been proved but, in this study, we studied the pattern of such relationships between random and aligned nanofibrous composites made up of PLGA and fibrin. After evaluating the fibers' morphology and the mats' porosity, the relationship between these two features and the tensile strength of the mats was investigated. All mats exhibited relatively homogeneous fibers with higher fiber diameters for random fibers than the oriented ones (0.23 to 1.65 µm and 0.34 to 0.58 µm, respectively) and the diameter of the fibers decreased by fibrin percentage. The porosity proportions of the mats were in the range of 78.4% to 81.4% and random mats depicted higher porosity and interconnected pores. The mechanical features of the mats were compatible with natural tissues and the mechanical characteristics of the aligned mats were higher. In aligned mats, fibrin decreased the diameter of the fibers and the porosity proportion, limited the fiber’s thickness distribution, and increased the interconnectivity of the pores and all these factors led to lowering the tensile strength and the stiffness of the aligned mats. On the other hand, the porosity features of the random mats did not significantly change by fibrin, but fibrin lowered the diameter of the fibers and limited the fiber’s thickness distribution, and these two factors decreased the tensile strength and stiffness of the random mats.
Aesthetic Modes of the Infinite: Horror, Sublimity, and Relationality

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

What is the relationship between philosophical understandings of the infinite and their narrative expressions? This article explores the infinite in two aesthetic paradigms: the horror of the infinite in classical Greece, and Romanticism's glorification of the unlimited. It argues that these two approaches paved the way for a third, a "relational infinite" that emerged in the second half of the twentieth century. To illustrate this third paradigm, I draw on the works of Argentine author Jorge Luis Borges and on other fictions of the fantastic genre that make the boundless and endless a key element of the plot.
Mean-Variance Investment and Risk Control Strategies -- A Time-Consistent Approach via A Forward Auxiliary Process

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

We consider an optimal investment and risk control problem for an insurer under the mean-variance (MV) criterion. By introducing a deterministic auxiliary process defined forward in time, we formulate an alternative time-consistent problem related to the original MV problem, and obtain the optimal strategy and the value function to the new problem in closed-form. We compare our formulation and optimal strategy to those under the precommitment and game-theoretic framework. Numerical studies show that, when the financial market is negatively correlated with the risk process, optimal investment may involve short selling the risky asset and, if that happens, a less risk averse insurer short sells more risky asset.
Risk and Self-Respect

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

What is the nature of the experience of risk? Risk can impose distinctive burdens on individuals: making us anxious, impairing our relationships, and limiting our ability to plan our lives. On the other hand, risky situations are sometimes exciting, liberating, and even empowering. The article explores the idea that risk can result in benefits for the individuals who bear it. Specifically, we evaluate John Tomasi’s claim that the experience of economic risk is a precondition of individual self-respect. Philosophical claims about the social bases of self-respect such as Tomasi’s have not been subjected to sufficient empirical scrutiny. The article exemplifies an alternative approach, by integrating philosophical argument with the analysis of large-scale survey data. Whilst Tomasi’s claim has force in some contexts, evidence from the economic domain shows that risk tends to undermine rather than to support self-respect.
Modeling, Simulation and Implementation of Photovoltaic Panel Based on High Accuracy Two-Diode Model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A high precision two-diode photovoltaic panel is what the current work's conclusion suggests. Mathematical calculations explains the functioning of two-diode PV circuit, this model is analyzed. The photocurrent 2 diodes, a resistor which is parallel, and a resistor in series and source are all components of this circuit. Since the Proteus software has a large library of electronic models and microcontrollers, it is used to model and simulate the associated model rather than MATLAB/Simulink. Also, the more precise and nearby software is used to test the suggested model before the full hardware implementation is produced in response to successful simulation results for the same component circuit.
Initial and Transient Growth of Symmetric Instability

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The mechanism of initial and transient perturbations of symmetric instability (SI) in a hydrostatic flow with lateral shear is analyzed by applying the generalized stability analysis. It is well known that the SI’s most rapidly growing motion is along isopycnals, and the growth rates consist of growing, neutral, and decaying modes. The eigenvectors of these three modes are not orthogonal to each other, hence the initial and transient perturbations bear little resemblance to the normal mode. Our findings indicate that the emergence of normal modes occurs within a time span of 1–3 inertial periods, which we refer to as the transient state. The overall growth of perturbation energy is divided into three components: geostrophic shear production (GSP), lateral shear production (LSP), and meridional buoyancy flux (MB). During the transient state, the perturbation energy is partly driven by MB, contrary to the normal mode which has zero MB. The relative energy contribution is evaluated through the ratio to GSP. While the MB-to-GSP ratio of the initial mode is higher than that of the normal mode, the LSP-to-GSP ratio remains constant. In the absence of the fastest-growing normal mode, MB can serve as the predominant initial energy source. The precise transition in the energy regime is contingent upon the geostrophic Richardson number and Rossby number. Significance Statement Fronts can be unstable to instabilities, which generate disturbance growth and lead to the mixing of water masses. We wanted to understand the initial and transient development of disturbance growth leading to the well-known exponentially growing state. While the exponentially growing disturbance is dominant in the long run, the disturbance growth may not have enough time to achieve the exponentially growing state. We find that the initial disturbance growth bears little resemblance to the exponentially growing state. Capturing the complete spectrum of front evolution remains challenging, and observations have thus far been limited to short-term records. The insights learned from this study can aid in better characterizing the disturbance growth captured in these short-term records.
Recordkeeping and reporting requirements for drug products containing gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). Final rule.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

DEA is amending its regulations to require additional recordkeeping and reporting requirements for drug products containing gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) for which an application has been approved under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. DEA makes these changes under section 4 of the "Hillory J. Farias and Samantha Reid Date-Rape Drug Prohibition Act of 2000." These additional requirements are necessary to protect against the diversion of GHB for illicit purposes.
Are Reasons Enough? Sen and Ricoeur on the Idea of Impartiality

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Amartya Sen argues that a conception of impartiality built upon “trans-positional objectivity” provides a potential remedy to conflicts of distributive justice by securing the most “reasonable reasons” in a debate. This article undertakes a critical analysis of Sen’s theory by contrasting it with Paul Ricoeur’s claim that impartiality is a normative concept and therefore that the demand faced within the arena of competing distributive claims is not one of providing the most reasonable reasons but of exposing and understanding the role of convictions that underwrite normative frameworks, or ethical orders.
Trematode larvae in Lymnaea rubiginosa and their definitive host in irrigated rice fields in West Java

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to identify trematodes which utilise Lymnaea rubiginosa as the fast intermediate host. This study was conducted in irrigated rice fields in Bogor regency and at Surade, West Java. A total of 3,253 L rubiginosa were collected from irrigated rice fields from Bogor regency and 2,875 from Surade. The results showed that cercariae of echinostomes, strigeid, Trichobilharzia sp. and Xiphidiocercariae were found in snails from Bogor regency, whereas Xiphidiocereariae and cereariae of Fasciola gigantica, Schistosoma sp . and echinostomes were found in snails from Surade . The larval echinostomes found in L. rubiginosa and adult echinostomes in domestic ducks and village chickens which grazed harvested rice fields in Bogor regency were both identified as Echinostoma revolution. The adult echinostomes were not found in the 24 rats, 11 lizards and 35 frogs caught in the vicinity of the Bogor regency . The possible sources of strigeids, Trichobilharzia and Xiphidiocercariae are discussed .
[The determination of microalbuminuria by immunoenzyme analysis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors have defined the optimal conditions for inhibitory type enzyme immunoassay of microalbuminuria. The range of albumin detection is 30 to 250 micrograms/ml. The optimal time of antigen binding with antibody is 45 min, the lower threshold level of albumin detection 0.6 +/- 0.02 microgram/ml. Albumin concentration is unchanged after urine storage for 8 weeks at -20 degrees C or for 1 week at 4 degrees C.
Integrated use of multispectral remote sensing and GIS for primary gold favorability mapping in Lahroud Region (NW Iran)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In this study, the reliability of the primary gold mineralization exploration using multispectral ETM imagery was investigated in Lahroud region, northwest Iran, which was conducted by integration of alteration and structural indicators. Co-occurrence of the clay minerals and iron oxides is an important criterion in gold deposit exploration; therefore, their alteration zones were mapped using Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM) data analysis by feature oriented component analysis (FPCS) and band ratio techniques considering their applicability and simplicity. The structural data layers including lithological units and faults maps were also utilized to enhance the accuracy of the results. The gold favorability map of the study area was then created by the combination of the aforementioned resultant alteration and structural data layers in ArcGIS based on the weights assigned by the analytic hierarchy process method (AHP) considering the main role of the alteration zones in gold mineralization exploration. The final primary gold favorability map was evaluated through the known Au indices and ore bodies in the study area. Quantitative assessment of the results was carried out by means of the frequency ratio coefficient (FRC) that
The Clinical Analysis on 76 Cases with Severe Alopecia Areata

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristic of severe alopecia areata. Methods:76 cases with severe alopecia areata have been treated during the past 4 years were retrospectively analyzed. Results:Severe alopecia areata in female patients have longer duration than in male patients(P0.05). Nail changes were more frequently observed in the patients with alopecia totalis and alopecia universalis than alopecia areata(P0.05), and a significant difference in the onset age between the patients with a family history of alopecia areata and without family history was noticed(P0.05). The disease course of severe alopecia areata induced by mental and mental factors was shorter than those that are not induced by such factors(P0.05). Conclusion:Severe alopecia areata in female patients had a longer duration and was more repeatable. Patients with the family history of alopecia areata showed the earlier onset age than those without family history. Nail changes were not only showed in repeatable patients with a longer duration, but also done in patients with severe situation. Most frequently, they were observed in patients with alopecia toalis and alopecia universalis. For the severe alopecia areata, mental factors should be considered and comprehensive therapy should be used.
Evaluation of recombinant LipL32 and LipL41 antigens of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola by ELISA for serodiagnosis of bovine leptospirosis.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Recombinant LipL32 and LipL41 outer membrane proteins of Leptospira interrogans serovar Canicola were produced, and used as a pooled antigen in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect leptospiral antibodies in bovine sera samples. The optimum concentration of the pooled antigen was found to be 50ng of each antigen per well by using known positive and negative cattle sera. Using a total of 500 bovine sera samples the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of pooled antigen based ELISA as compared to microscopic agglutination test (MAT) were 100%, 88.1% and 91.6%, respectively. The results suggested that antigen in ELISA could be preferred for detection of all those cases, which might have remained undiagnosed by performing MAT.
Fabrication of a Thermosensitive In Situ Gel Nanoemulsion for Nose to Brain Delivery of Temozolomide

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In this study, a thermosensitive in situ gel nanoemulsion was formulated by a low energy method for intranasal delivery of temozolomide to bypass the blood-brain barrier and optimize chemotherapy for glioblastoma. Various amounts of Labrasol, Transcutol®P, and Triacetin were chosen as nanoemulsion components based on the solubility and the partial pseudoternary phase diagrams studies. Poloxamer derivatives added to the selected nanoemulsion and gelling temperature optimized. The prepared in situ gel nanoemulsion containing temozolomide showed a mean droplet size of 16.25 ± 0.44 nm , a polydispersity index value of 0.35 ± 0.01 , and desirable pH and viscosity. In vitro release studies revealed that both nanoemulsion and in situ gel preparation have sustained release pattern in comparison to the control solution. Visual evaluation and droplet size and polydispersity index measurements showed both nanoemulsion and in situ gel nanoemulsion were stable during heating-cooling and freeze-thaw cycles and also centrifugation. Mucoadhesion percentage of in situ gel nanoemulsion was 37.037 ± 2.32 regarding ex vivo studies, which had a significant rise in comparison to control solution and nanoemulsion. Permeation across the nasal mucosa was 1.43- and 1.52-fold higher than the control solution for nanoemulsion and in situ nanoemulsion, respectively. Gamma scintigraphy study showed brain accumulation of developed nanoemulsion formulations. Our studies demonstrated optimized formulation has suitable physicochemical properties, desirable release profile, enhanced permeation across the nasal mucosa, and prolonged resistance time at the nasal mucosa. Therefore, in situ gel nanoemulsion would be an effective novel nasal delivery system for the treatment of glioblastoma.