jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
HEMANGIO-ENDOTHELIOMA OF THE ORBIT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tumors caused by augmentation in volume of normal vessels or by formation of new vessels occur in the orbit as angiomas of various types, or varicosities, with or without direct arterial communication. Should such tumors become pulsatile because of copious arterial supply or because of juxtaposition to a large artery, they tend to become larger through expansion of existing blood spaces and involvement of contiguous tissue. The bony walls of the orbit may be eroded by the pulsating soft tissue, and bony foramina may become greatly enlarged by pulsating, dilated vessels. Exophthalmos is the most frequently observed sign of the presence of any orbital tumor, but in the group of vascular tumors it takes on particular significance. Pulsating exophthalmos is usually rapidly progressive and may require ligation of one or more of the carotid arteries. Not all pulsating exophthalmos is due to aneurysm of the cavernous sinus or to
Multiple male morphs in the leaf‐footed bugMictis longicornis(Hemiptera: Coreidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Species within the coreid clade (Hemiptera: Coreidae) can often be observed competing in intrasexual competitions over access to mates and territories. Coreids that partake in these competitions typically possess sexually dimorphic hind legs that are used to strike and squeeze their rivals. In addition to their weaponized legs, some coreid species also possess sexually dimorphic abdominal tubercles, which are assumed to be sexually selected weapons. Still, much remains unknown about the morphology of these structures. Here, using the species Mictis longicornis Westwood, we investigate the frequency distribution and static allometry of abdominal thickness, a measure that includes tubercle length. Furthermore, we also investigate the morphological relationship between abdominal tubercles and weaponized hind legs. We find that male abdominal thickness is best explained by a bimodal distribution, thereby describing the first observed male polymorphism in the coreid clade; a phenomenon typically associated with alternative reproductive tactics. Additionally, we find that major males are characterized primarily by having large weaponized legs and abdominal tubercles, which further suggests that abdominal tubercles are used in male–male competition.
Probing Spatial Proximity of Supported Lipid Bilayers\nto Silica Surfaces by Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensing

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

On account of high\nsurface sensitivity, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors\nhave proven widely useful for studying lipid membrane configurations\nat solid–liquid interfaces. Key measurement capabilities include\ndistinguishing adsorbed vesicles from supported lipid bilayers (SLBs)\nas well as profiling the extent of deformation among adsorbed vesicles.\nSuch capabilities rely on detecting geometrical changes in lipid membrane\nconfiguration on a length scale that is comparable to the decay length\nof the LSPR-induced electromagnetic field enhancement (∼5–20\nnm). Herein, we report that LSPR sensors are also capable of probing\nnanoscale (∼1 nm) variations in the distance between SLBs and\nunderlying silica-coated surfaces. By tuning the electrostatic properties\nof lipid membranes, we could modulate the bilayer–substrate\ninteraction and corresponding separation distance, as verified by\nsimultaneous LSPR and quartz crystal microbalance-dissipation (QCM-D)\nmeasurements. Theoretical calculations of the expected variation in\nthe LSPR measurement response agree well with experimental results\nand support that the LSPR measurement response is sensitive to subtle\nvariations in the bilayer–substrate separation distance.
European Research Council (ERC) demographics and initiatives to promote diversity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The European Research Council (ERC), Europe&#8217;s premiere funding agency for frontier research, views equality of opportunities as an essential priority. The ERC closely monitors various demographic data yearly on every call and has taken actions to tackle imbalances and potential implicit and explicit biases.In this presentation, we will focus on demographic data of the three main funding schemes: Starting Grant, Consolidator Grant and Advanced Grant. The data of the ERC population, collected over the two past European Framework Programmes (FP7 2007-2013 and H2020 2014-2020) and the first years of the current one (Horizon Europe 2021-2027), will focus on gender and geographic location within the area of Universe Sciences and more particularly Planetary Sciences.The ERC is aware that promoting diversity is a continuous effort. We will present the various initiatives put in place since the beginning of the ERC, with a focus on the most recent actions taken to ensure inclusiveness and equality of opportunities.
Managing the solitary thyroid nodule.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Solitary thyroid nodules are commonly seen in surgical outpatient clinics. A detailed history and a careful physical examination are essential. In the management of the solitary thyroid nodule, fine needle aspiration cytology has become the cornerstone investigation. Ultrasound cannot differentiate between benign and malignant nodules, however is useful in the follow-up period to identify any further nodular growth. As thyroid malignancy occurs in both hot and cold nodules, radionuclide scans are not useful in the management of solitary thyroid nodules. We have attempted to outline the process of managing the solitary thyroid nodule and discuss the options available.
The Roles of Coenzyme Q in Disease: Direct and Indirect Involvement in Cellular Functions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Coenzyme Q (CoQ) is a key component of the respiratory chain of all eukaryotic cells. Its function is closely related to mitochondrial respiration, where it acts as an electron transporter. However, the cellular functions of coenzyme Q are multiple: it is present in all cell membranes, limiting the toxic effect of free radicals, it is a component of LDL, it is involved in the aging process, and its deficiency is linked to several diseases. Recently, it has been proposed that coenzyme Q contributes to suppressing ferroptosis, a type of iron-dependent programmed cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation. In this review, we report the latest hypotheses and theories analyzing the multiple functions of coenzyme Q. The complete knowledge of the various cellular CoQ functions is essential to provide a rational basis for its possible therapeutic use, not only in diseases characterized by primary CoQ deficiency, but also in large number of diseases in which its secondary deficiency has been found.
Peer Review #1 of "Limited initial impacts of biomass harvesting on composition of wood-inhabiting fungi within residual stumps (v0.1)"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Growing pressures linked to global warming are prompting governments to put policies in place to find alternatives to fossil fuels.In this study, we compared the impact of treelength harvesting to more intensive full-tree harvesting on the composition of fungi residing in residual stumps 5 years after harvest.In the tree-length treatment, a larger amount of residual material was left around the residual stumps in contrast to the full-tree treatment where a large amount of woody debris was removed.We collected sawdust from five randomly selected residual stumps in five blocks in each of the tree-length and full-tree treatments, yielding a total of 50 samples (25 in each treatment).We characterized the fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) present in each stump using high-throughput DNA sequencing of the fungal ITS region.We observed no differences in Shannon diversity between tree-length and full-tree harvesting.Likewise, we observed few differences in the composition of fungal OTUs among tree-length and full-tree samples using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS).Using the differential abundance analysis implemented with DESeq2, we did, however, detect several associations between specific fungal taxa and the intensity of residual biomass harvest.For example, Peniophorella pallida (Bres.)KH Larss.and Tephromela sp. were found mainly in the fulltree treatment, while Phlebia livida (Pers.)Bres.and Cladophialophora chaetospira (Grove)Crous & Arzanlou were found mainly in the tree-length treatment.While none of the 20 most abundant species in our study were identified as pathogens we did identify one conifer pathogen species Serpula himantioides (Fr.)P.Karst found mainly in the full-tree treatment.
The Black Death (c.1307–1485)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There are some stories that need to be told anew to every generation. This book tells one such story. It explores the historical origins of the common law and explains why that story needs to be understood by all who study or come into contact with English law. The book functions as the prequel to what students learn during their law degrees or for the SQE. It can be read in preparation for, or as part of, modules introducing the study of English law or as a starting point for specialist modules on legal history or aspects of legal history. This book will not only help students understand and contextualise their study of the current law but it will also show them that the options they have to change the law are greater than they might assume from just studying the current law.
Resolution Enhancement for Forwarding Looking Multi-Channel SAR Imagery With Exploiting Space–Time Sparsity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Forward-looking multi-channel synthetic aperture radar (FLMC-SAR) is of the capability to achieve unambiguous 2-D images in the forward-looking slight direction. FLMC-SAR imagery usually suffers from relatively low spatial resolution as only limited Doppler diversity can be generated from the synthetic aperture. In this article, a sparsity-driven resolution enhancement algorithm is proposed to improve the resolution FLMC-SAR image of the forward-looking area. Different from conventional beamforming processing to resolve the FLMC-SAR left–right ambiguity, a Bayesian sparsity reconstruction optimization is developed for jointly ambiguity resolving and resolution enhancement in the azimuth angle image domain. The spatial structure of the target in the preliminary image domain is used as the signal sparsity with prior information to solve the constrained optimization problem for FLMC-SAR image resolution enhancement. A local least square estimator of the prior noise and signal statistics in the FLMC-SAR nonisotropic image is established in terms of determining the sparsity weight parameter. Extensive simulation and real FLMC-SAR data experiments confirm that the proposed algorithm is capable of achieving the unambiguous and resolution-enhanced FLMC-SAR image.
Notes on African Haemaphysalis Ticks. XII. H. (Rhipistoma) zumpti sp. n., a Parasite of Small Carnivores and Squirrels in Southern Africa (Ixodoidea: Ixodidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Haeniaphysalis (Rhipistoma) zumpti sp. n., a small, distinctive member of the H. (R.) leachi group, is described from numerous adult and immature samples from a variety of ecological conditions up to 5,000 ft altitude between 33 and 13? S in eastern regions of the Republic of South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Malawi. Host records include 10 species in 9 genera: a ground squirrel (Xerus), a bush squirrel (Paraxerus), 4 viverrids (Cynictis, Suricata, Genetta, Herpestes), a mustelid (Ictonyx), a protelid (Proteles), and a felid (Felis). In certain areas, this species appears to be specially adapted to life in burrow systems excavated by ground squirrels and inhabited also by the yellow mongoose and other small carnivores. Here H. (R.) zumpti has optimal opportunities to acquire and transmit pathogens among 2 or more kinds of mammals. Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) zumpti sp. n., a distinctive member of the H. (R.) leachi group, is described from adults and immatures from the Republic of South Africa, Botswana, Zambia, and Malawi. In some areas, this species appears to be specially adapted to life in burrow systems excavated by ground squirrels and inhabited also by the yellow mongoose and other small carnivores. From the nature and variety of recorded hosts, more detailed biological and epidemiological investigations of H. (R.) zumpti should be especially rewarding. Haemaphysalis (Rhipistoma) zumpti sp. n. Zumpt's southern Africa haemaphysalid (Figs. 1-35)
Fermi Surfaces of Surface States on Si(111) + Ag, Au

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Metallic surface states on semiconducting substrates provide an opportunity to study low-dimensional electrons decoupled from the bulk. Angle resolved photoemission is used to determine the Fermi surface, group velocity, and effective mass for surface states on Si(111)sqrt3xsqrt3-Ag, Si(111)sqrt3x sqrt3-Au, and Si(111)sqrt21xsqrt21-(Ag+Au). For Si(111)sqrt3xsqrt3-Ag the Fermi surface consists of small electron pockets populated by electrons from a few percent excess Ag. For Si(111)sqrt21xsqrt21-(Ag+Au) the added Au forms a new, metallic band. The sqrt21xsqrt21 superlattice leads to an intricate surface umklapp pattern and to minigaps of 110 meV, giving an interaction potential of 55 meV for the sqrt21xsqrt21 superlattice.
Territories of life: Exploring vitality of governance for conserved and protected areas

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

‘Territories of life’ sustain human communities that, in turn, bond with them through relations of heritage-- livelihoods, local knowledge, identity, affective care... naturally merging towards a desire for collective self-determination. Exploring a wealth of examples and the recent evolution of policies, narratives and support for ‘community conservation,’ this work elevates concepts and insights that may help communities to resist the unbridled commercialization of nature and restore the vitality of their territories. Facing planetary crises, self-strengthened custodians of territories of life supported by policies that secure their long-term governance may help navigate change and nurture meaning. Specific content: Examples of custodianship of conserved areas and protected areas; definition of governance vitality; characteristics supporting vitality in governance institutions; vitality self-assessment tools and indicators; conservation policies for vital governance and tenure security.
Genetic Risk and Cancer Susceptibility

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This chapter describes the principles of cancer genetic risk assessment, genetic counseling, and testing of cancer survivors and their relatives. Basic family history should be solicited for close family members. A genetic specialist such as a genetic counselor will collect a more detailed three-generation family history at the time of intake. There are some indications for cancer genetics evaluation that are satisfied by personal history alone and some which require a combination of personal and family history. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network and other groups deliver guidelines or statements periodically regarding which individuals should be offered genetic testing for hereditary cancers. Genetic counseling is a relatively new profession, with just over 5,000 genetic counselors practicing in the United States and Canada and increasingly more globally. The traditional genetic counseling model includes pre- and post-test counseling.
11-Beta-Hydroxylase Deficient Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia in a Toddler: Clinical Presentation and Management Challenges in a Developing Country

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This paper reported a case of an eighteen-month old Nigerian girl with 11-beta-hydroxylase-deficient congenital adrenal hyperplasia who presented with hypertension and heart failure. The hypertension resolved with steroid therapy. Her blood pressure has remained normal on maintenance prednisolone. The abnormal external genitalia was probably missed at the private hospital where the child was born as it was not mentioned to the parents before discharge on the second day of life. When the child presented at about the age of two months with an enlarged clitoris, she was referred to a paediatric surgeon in another private hospital. It would have been more appropriate to refer her to a paediatric endocrinologist in the nearest tertiary healthcare institution. This case highlights the importance of thorough physical examination of the external genitalia at birth and appropriate referral. The management challenges encountered in the care of this patient included lack of laboratory facilities for diagnosis and monitoring of therapy, non-availability of necessary drugs (oral hydrocortisone) and late presentation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v33i1.6181 J Nepal Paediatr Soc. 2013;33(1):48-51
Physiological performance of rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes under submergence stress in Odisha

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Complete submergence of low land rice crops during flash floods occurs in large areas of South-East Asia, when plants may be completely under water for up to 1-2 weeks resulting in an increase mortality of plants vis-à-vis low productivity of rice crops. The present experiment was conducted in Adaptive Research Station, Sakhigopal, Puri during kharif 2017 to screen out the rice genotypes for submergence adaptation traits under agro-climatic ecosystem of Odisha. The present study indicated that among the selected genotypes, Varsadhan, Hanseswari and Champa contributed highest yield.
Subcortical Atrophy Is Associated with Cognitive Impairment inMild Parkinson Disease: A Combined Investigation of Volumetric Changes, Cortical Thickness, and Vertex-Based Shape Analysis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The involvement of subcortical deep gray matter and cortical thinning associated with mild Parkinson disease remains poorly understood. We assessed cortical thickness and subcortical volumes in patients with Parkinson disease without dementia and evaluated their associations with cognitive dysfunction. MATERIALS ANDMETHODS: The study included 90 patients withmild Parkinson diseasewithout dementia. Neuropsychological assessments classified the sample into patients withmild cognitive impairment (n 25) and patients without cognitive impairment (n 65). Volumetric data for subcortical structures were obtained by using the FMRIB Integrated Registration and Segmentation Tool while whole-brain, gray and white matter volumes were estimated by using Structural Image Evaluation, with Normalization of Atrophy. Vertex-based shape analyses were performed to investigate shape differences in subcortical structures. Vertex-wise group differences in cortical thickness were also assessed. Volumetric comparisons between Parkinson disease with mild cognitive impairment and Parkinson disease with no cognitive impairment were performed by using ANCOVA. Associations of subcortical structures with both cognitive function and disease severity were assessed by using linear regression models. RESULTS: Compared with Parkinson disease with no cognitive impairment, Parkinson disease with mild cognitive impairment demon-strated reduced volumes of the thalamus (P .03) and the nucleus accumbens (P .04). Significant associationswere found for the nucleus accumbens and putamen with performances on the attention/working memory domains (P .05) and nucleus accumbens and language
PENETAPAN BIAYA PRODUKSI TAYANGAN IKLAN DI MADU TV BIRO BLITAR

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Production costs are costs contained in a product or service, so the costs incurred must be able to be identified and calculated correctly, so that the total production costs incurred are truly accurate. The purpose of this study is to find out what costs are contained in the determination of production costs for an advertisement and how to calculate them. The method used is descriptive qualitative, where data is collected by interview and observation method and then draws a conclusion from the results of these interviews and observations. The results of this study indicate that the production costs incurred for an advertisement are determined by the bureau which consists of equipment rental costs and crew costs or salaries (excluding basic salaries) then the amount is calculated and added with transportation costs
Motion Detection in Man and other Animals

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The properties of movement detectorsin man, inferred from psychophysical tests, are remarkably similar to those found in other animals such as the frog, pigeon, rat, rabbit, cat, and monkey. The smallest fields in man are about 2° in diam., increasing to about 20° in the periphery. The fields are directionally specific, and exhibit surround inhibition. Preferred directions for centers are horizontal and vertical; the inhibitory surround is not directionally selective. Optimal sensitivity to speed for foveal objects occurs at about 3 to 6°/sec, and the contralateral pathway is about 1.4 X more sensitive to motion than the ipsilateral route. The inferred properties of motion detectors appear to represent the behavior of a subcortical system, presumably involving the superior colliculus or pretectum. Under certain conditions, this movement detection system may be shown to interact with stereoscopic mechanisms that are believed to be cortical.
IPO pricing and allocation: a survey of the views of institutional investers

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Despite the central importance of investors to all IPO theories, relatively little is known about their role in practice. In this paper we survey institutional investors about how they assess IPOs, what information they provide to the investment banking syndicate, and the factors they believe influence allocations. Although the theoretical IPO literature has tended to focus on information revelation, the survey raises doubts as to the extent of incremental information production and whether bookrunners are, in practice, able to infer investors` valuations from their bids. We find that investor characteristics, in particular broking relationships with the bookrunner, are perceived to be the most important factors influencing allocations, which supports the view that IPO allocations are part of implicit quid pro quo deals with investment banks.
Historical Aspects of Rhythm Notation and Rhythm Sequences

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

For percussionists, rhythm notation represents more than a mere temporal sequence of music; it also assists the selection and execution of the appropriate technique. This musical execution is often dependent on the percussion instrument, although it is safe to argue that the movement sequence when sounding an instrument is independent of its size and proportions. Starting from the first beats, it is as crucial to learn and master movement routines as it is to understand and feel the time between notes, since these together enable one to play out rhythm notation precisely and internalise the correct motor processes. Applying the adequate movement sequences during the learning process consciously could result in substantial self-control abilities, which can also be utilised during practice. In the past centuries, the style of percussionists’ performance has transformed substantially due to the evolution of instruments and mallets, as well as performers’ efforts towards faster tempos. In this study, a brief overview on the history of percussion instruments is followed by the presentation of the technical evolution and milestones of how snare drums and other drums are played. When practicing percussion instruments, we must bear in mind the vast contribution of percussionists from bygone centuries, who laid the foundations of modern-day techniques either in wars or for others’ entertainment. Keywords: tabor, snare drum, traditional grip, rudimental