jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Treatment of trichomoniasis in the female. A comparison of metronidazole and nimorazole.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effectiveness of metronidazole (Flagyl) and nimorazole (Naxogin) has been compared by using these drugs in the recommended dosage in alternate patients in a series of 218 consecutive cases of vaginal trichomoniasis. Follow-up tests in 100 patients treated with metronidazole and 97 treated with nimorazole indicated cure-rates of 95 and 82 per cent. respectively. Male consorts were examined and given treatment on epidemiological grounds in about 70 per cent. of both treatment groups. Both drugs were free from significant side-effects. The causes of treatment failure in trichomoniasis are discussed and the desirability of relating dosage to the patient's body-weight is suggested. This factor may be especially important in deciding the dosage given on epidemiological grounds to the male consorts. It may also be an important advantage in the current trend of treating trichomoniasis in both sexes with larger doses over a much shorter time.
Psychosocial job characteristics and psychological distress / well‐being: the mediating role of personal goal facilitation

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Psychosocial job characteristics and psychological distress / well‐being: the mediating role of personal goal facilitation: Renato P isanti , et al . Niccolò Cusano University, Faculty of Psychology, Italy Objective This study examined the mediating role of personal goal facilitation through work (PGFW), defined as perceptions of the extent to which one's job facilitates the attainment of one's personal goals, in the association between psychosocial job characteristics and psychological distress and job‐related well‐being. Material and Methods Questionnaire data from 217 nurses (84% female, with a mean age of 42.7 years, SD=7.2) were analyzed. Participants completed the following measures: the Leiden Quality of Work Questionnaire for Nurses, Workplace Goal Facilitation Inventory, Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Human Services Survey, and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (short version). A cross‐sectional study design was applied. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted. Results The results indicated that unfavorable psychosocial job characteristics (high demands, low control, and low social support) were associated with lower PGFW. Furthermore, personal goal facilitation through work explained significant additional variance (from 2 to 11%) in psychological distress (somatic complaints and emotional exhaustion) and job‐related well‐being (personal accomplishment, job satisfaction, and work engagement), controlling for demographic indicators and psychosocial job characteristics. Finally, the results provided support for the mediating effects of PGFW between all psychosocial job characteristics and all outcomes, except in the case of depersonalization. Conclusions This study suggests that hindered personal goal facilitation may be a mechanism through which psychosocial job characteristics have a negative impact on employees’ wellbeing.
Sıvı sistemlerde azaltılmış toplam yansımalı fourier dönüşümlü kızılötesi spektroskopisi : biyomedikal ve gıda alanlarında tanı ve taramada uygulama örnekleri

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ATR-FTIR spectroscopy offers highly specific, sensitive, label free and non-destructive analytical examination opportunity for biological systems. Despite the many progresses in order to improve biological applications of this powerful technique, there has not yet been acquired enough end user data that were exemplified by proper case studies. Here, two case studies, from biomedical and food areas were retrieved to illustrate the influential potential of ATR-FTIR technique for diagnosis and screening of biological systems. In the first case study, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was used for the investigation of bladder tumor presence, using bladder wash sample. Current gold standard diagnosis techniques have some inadequacies. Macromolecular investigations on the ATR-FTIR spectra showed up many carcinogenesis induced differences between control and carcinoma groups. Conspicious increase in nucleic acid and protein content was revealed in carcinoma group in addition to the structural changes in carbohydrate and proteins. Discrimination sensitivity and specificity in the 1100-900 cm-1 spectral region, with the values of 92.5% and 68% respectively, were achieved by hierarchical clustering of control and carcinoma samples. Attained results demonstrated that, ATR-FTIR can be used for bladder tumor detection from bladder wash sample with higher overall sensitivity than urine cytology. In the second case study, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was coupled with multivariate analysis including Principal Component and Hierarchical Clustering analysis for the classification of Turkey honey samples based on their botanical origin. For botanical origin estimations, new analytical techniques have been looked for as an alternative to labor intensive and less sensitive classical techniques. It is the first time that the Turkish honey samples have been investigated experimentally for botanical origin estimation with ATR-FTIR. Discrimination was achieved with 100% sensitivity and specificity over the spectral range of 1800-750 cm-1 with cluster analysis. PCA results also in consisted with the hierarchical clustering analysis results.
Theoretical and practical capacity of OCDMA using spectral amplitude coding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In optical code division multiple access (OCDMA), the optical bandwidth is accessed simultaneously by multiple users, leading to intensity noise in photodetection. In this article we focus on spectral amplitude encoded CDMA for access networks. We examine efficient system architectures, practical implementations, compare the impact of different system designs on spectral efficiency and bit error rates. We draw on both experimental and simulation results. We discuss the use of two types of optical sources, a broadband incoherent source and a multi-laser source. We examine the capacity that can be achieved for these systems and the design goals we are shooting for in our laboratory.
Heat and mass transfer in multi-stage flash desalination : the flash evaporation process

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Heat and mass transfer of the flash evaporation process in multi-stage flash (MSF) desalination is very complicated. It involves many fundamental research areas such as open channel two-phase turbulent flow, microbubble distribution in water, and bubble dynamics. Although some research work on the investigation of flash evaporation have been reported, a complete understanding of the whole process is still lacking.
Mutation Patterns and Structural Correlates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease following Different Protease Inhibitor Treatments

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Although many human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons are treated with multiple protease inhibitors in combination or in succession, mutation patterns of protease isolates from these persons have not been characterized. We collected and analyzed 2,244 subtype B HIV-1 isolates from 1,919 persons with different protease inhibitor experiences: 1,004 isolates from untreated persons, 637 isolates from persons who received one protease inhibitor, and 603 isolates from persons receiving two or more protease inhibitors. The median number of protease mutations per isolate increased from 4 in untreated persons to 12 in persons who had received four or more protease inhibitors. Mutations at 45 of the 99 amino acid positions in the protease—including 22 not previously associated with drug resistance—were significantly associated with protease inhibitor treatment. Mutations at 17 of the remaining 99 positions were polymorphic but not associated with drug treatment. Pairs and clusters of correlated (covarying) mutations were significantly more likely to occur in treated than in untreated persons: 115 versus 23 pairs and 30 versus 2 clusters, respectively. Of the 115 statistically significant pairs of covarying residues in the treated isolates, 59 were within 8 Å of each other—many more than would be expected by chance. In summary, nearly one-half of HIV-1 protease positions are under selective drug pressure, including many residues not previously associated with drug resistance. Structural factors appear to be responsible for the high frequency of covariation among many of the protease residues. The presence of mutational clusters provides insight into the complex mutational patterns required for HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistance.
Brownian motion and Topological Field theories

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This thesis consists of two parts. In Part 1 we give an introduction to some of the mathematical aspects of gauge theory. In particular we will introduce the concept of a connection, which allows one to define a notion of curvature and a notion of parallel transport in an arbitrary vector bundle. In this context we will treat Yang-Mills theory and Chern-Simons theory, where the notion of a connection is a fundamental one. We will introduce the notion of a principal fiber bundle, which is the right tool to formalize the notion of local symmetries, which is central in gauge theory in physics. After this, we will consider 4-dimensional BF-theory. First from the point of view of canonical quantization and Feynman path-integral quantization, and then from a categorical perspective. From the categorical perspective we will find a simple criterion that characterizes 4-dimensional BF-theory up to isomorphism. In Part 2 we start with a description and an explanation of the integer quantum Hall effect. The explanation we give starts from a description of a single electron in a magnetic field. If the magnetic field is extremely strong, then (in a quantum mechanical description) the coordinates of the electron cease to commute. After this we introduce the independent oscillator model for Brownian motion and quantize it. It turns out that there is an interesting way to combine this quantum mechanical version of Brownian motion, with the theory of an electron in a strong magnetic field. We compute the mean squared displacement of the particle as a function of time for this system. Consequently, we analyse the result in two different regimes for the friction constant, associated with the Brownian motion. If the friction constant is very large, then the result is very similar to classical Brownian motion. If, however, the friction constant is small, then the movement of the particle is suppressed. In particular, the mean squared displacement grows linearly with time, and the coefficient is proportional to the friction constant. We conclude with a final consideration of the integer quantum Hall effect, and in particular we point out a connection between the integer quantum Hall effect and the Chern class of a vector bundle.
World Society, World-Polity Theory, and International Relations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

World-polity theory is a widely used sociological perspective for the analysis of world culture, organization, and change. Also known as world-society theory, global neo-institutionalism, and the “Stanford school” of global analysis, world-polity theory is largely compatible with the globalization perspective associated with Roland Robertson and the cultural analysis approach of anthropologists Ulf Hannerz and Arjun Appadurai. Proponents of world-polity theory argue that rationality, purposes, and interests are profoundly cultural constructs bound up in an over-arching canopy (or underlying foundation) that endows actors with properties, identity, meaning, interests, and guides to action. The theory also recognizes the key role played by international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) in the formation, codification, and propagation of world culture. The intellectual foundations of world-polity theory can be traced to the work of its founder, John W. Meyer, as well as Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, and Erving Goffman. Two institutional domains of world society that have generated the most attention in world-polity theory are the responsible and responsive state, and the sacred and empowered individual. A variety of criticisms have emerged regarding world-polity theory, such as the alleged failure of world-polity research to address issues of inequality and stratification more directly. Among other issues, future research should focus on elucidating the ontological structure and normative order of global culture, as well as the historical origins, growth, and development of world culture, transnational organization, and global actor models over the longue durée (the past millennium or so).
Barriers to Sea Turtle Nesting on Florida (United States) Beaches: Linear Extent and Changes Following Storms

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Florida (United States) beaches serve as globally important nesting habitat for protected species of sea turtles. Following coastal development, portions of this habitat have become inaccessible to nesting sea turtles due to coastal armoring and other barriers. To assess nesting habitat quality, we randomly selected beaches totaling 80.45 km in each of four regions of Florida (northeast, southeast, northwest, and southwest) and surveyed them for potential barriers to nesting during the period of April 2001 to May 2002 (total surveyed coastline = 321.8 km). Potential barriers to nesting were found in 78 forms on sampled beaches, including seawalls, revetments, sand bags or tubes, sand fences, access structures, recreational equipment, and buildings. We determined the position and extent of structures using a differential global positioning system. Surveyed beaches made up 24.5% of Florida's sandy coastline and were sampled to be regionally representative. In an assessment summed for all regions, potential barriers to nesting occupied 18.0% of the total surveyed beach length. The region with the greatest extent of potential barriers was southeast (23.8%), followed by southwest (21.7%), northwest (14.1%), and northeast (12.3%). Seawalls were the most common potential barriers in all but the northwest region, where sand fences were most common. Our measurements did not include structures that were hidden from view by sand or other structures. Following coastal effects from four major hurricanes that made landfall in 2004, we resurveyed 16 km of beach in each region (total = 64 km). We recorded a net reduction of sand fencing in northeast and northwest Florida and a net reduction of revetment rocks in the southwest region due to covering by sand. However, the linear extent of barriers increased in northeast and southwest due to seawall construction and additional sand fencing.
Pulmonary Impairment Does Not Limit Exercise Capacity in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis with Low Disease Activity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate aerobic capacity and pulmonary function in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and compare these to the healthy controls and to investigate the possible relationship between aerobic capacity, pulmonary function and disease-specific measures. Material and Methods: Fourteen AS patients and 14 healthy controls were included in this prospective study. Clinical disease indices (BASDAI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Assessment Index, BASFI: Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index, BASMI: The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index) were assessed. Participants completed questionnaires assessing physical activity level and quality of life. Aerobic capacity was assessed by submaximal treadmill test with breath-bybreath gas analysis. Aerobic capacity and pulmonary function tests were performed by an ergospirometry system. Results: The results of exercise tolerance test were similar in both groups (VO2max for AS and control group; 40.03±6.11 and 40.28±4.54). AS patients had significantly lower vital capacity (VC) (4.42±0.72 and 5.37±0.72), and forced vital capacity (FVC) (4.36±0.82 and 5.32±0.71) and forced expiratory volume at first second (FEV1) (3.57±0.74 and 4.20±0.58) than healthy controls. Pulmonary function test results were not correlated with the disease duration, chest expansion and other clinical variables. In AS patients, only BASMI score showed significant association with FVC, FEV1, VC and chest expansion. No association between aerobic capacity and pulmonary function test variables, chest expansion, BASDAI, BASMI, BASFI was observed. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of physical activity level. Physical function, physical role limitations and bodily pain scores were significantly lower in AS group (p<0.05). Conclusion: These results indicated that aerobic capacity in AS patients is not influenced by the reduced pulmonary function, probably due to the maintenance of an active life style.
A study of algorithms for traveling segment sequences based on convex chain

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the problem of traveling disjoint segment sequences in the plane will be studied. The goal is to find the shortest path from the start point, then visiting each segment in the given order, and finally to the target point. By adopting the techniques of division of convex chain, combination optimization and binary search tree, we design a fast algorithm with the O(nlog 2 n) time complexity to solve it, denoted by BST algorithm, where n is the total number of all segments, and we introduce the main techniques used in this paper in detail. Furthermore, we generate a large amount of test data to test BST algorithm, and compare the efficiency of BST algorithm and Rubber-band algorithm, which is the better solution to this problem. The results show that BST algorithm is superior to Rubber-band algorithm, and it is the optimal algorithm for visiting the disjoint segment sequences so far.
Integration of transcriptomic and metabolomic data reveals key regulatory defense pathways associated with high temperature stress in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract

High temperature stress seriously affects the quality and yield of vegetable crops, especially cucumber. However, the metabolic dynamics and underlying regulatory network of cucumber response to high temperature stress remain poorly studied. In this study, we identified a heat-tolerant cucumber Gy14 and a heat-sensitive cucumber 32X. RNA-seq analysis of Gy14 and 32X under high temperature stress showed that some differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were related to the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Metabolomic analysis revealed that there were more phenylpropanoids and their downstream derivatives in Gy14 compared to 32X under HS_R2 condition (2 normal days recovery after heat). Integrated analysis of transcriptome and metabolome revealed that the upregulation of genes plays a pivotal role in flavonoid biosynthesis. Moreover, high temperature stress significantly induced the expression of the gibberellin biosynthesis genes and exogenous application of GA3 alleviated the damage high temperature to cucumber seedlings. Together, these findings provided new insights into the transcriptome response and metabolomic reprogramming of cucumber against high temperature stress.
Protective action of glutamine in rats with severe acute liver failure

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Severe acute liver failure (SALF) is a rare, but high-mortality, rapidly evolving syndrome that leads to hepatocyte degeneration with impaired liver function. Thioacetamide (TAA) is a known xenobiotic, which promotes the increase of the formation of reactive oxygen species. Erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activates the antioxidant protection of cells. Studies have evidenced the involvement of inflammatory mediators in conditions of oxidative stress. AIM: To evaluate the antioxidant effects of glutamine on Nrf2 activation and NFκB-mediated inflammation in rats with TAA-induced IHAG. METHODS: Male Wistar rats (n = 28) were divided into four groups: control, control+glutamine, TAA, and TAA + glutamine. Two TAA doses (400 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally, 8 h apart. Glutamine (25 mg/kg) was administered at 30 min, 24 h, and 36 h. At 48 h, blood was collected for liver integrity analysis [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)]. The liver was harvested for histology and assessment of oxidative stress [thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione (GSH), Nrf2, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), NADPH quinone oxidoreductase1 (NQO1), superoxide dismutase (SOD)] and inflammatory process. RESULTS: TAA caused disruption of the hepatic parenchyma, with inflammatory infiltration, massive necrosis, and ballooning degeneration. Glutamine mitigated this tissue damage, with visible regeneration of hepatic parenchyma; decreased TBARS (P < 0.001), GSH (P < 0.01), IL-1β, IL6, and TNFα levels (P <0.01) in hepatic tissue; and decreased blood levels of AST, ALT, and ALP (P <0.05). In addition, CAT, GPx, and GST activities were restored in the glutamine group (P <0.01, P <0.01, and P <0.001, respectively vs TAA alone). Glutamine increased expression of Nrf2 (P < 0.05), NQO1, and SOD (P < 0.01), as well as levels of IL-10 (P <0.001), while decreasing expression of Keap1, TLR4, NFκB (P < 0.001), COX-2 and iNOS, (P < 0.01), and reducing NO(2) and NO(3) levels (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In the TAA experimental model of IHAG, glutamine activated the Nrf2 pathway, thus promoting antioxidant protection, and blunted the NFκB-mediated pathway, reducing inflammation.
A Hall sensor array for internal current profile constraint

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Measurements of the internal distribution of B in magnetically confined plasmas are required to obtain current profiles via equilibrium reconstruction with sufficient accuracy to challenge stability theory. A 16-channel linear array of InSb Hall effect sensors with 7.5 mm spatial resolution has been constructed to directly measure internal Bz(R,t) for determination of J(ψ,t) associated with edge-localized peeling mode instabilities in the Pegasus Toroidal Experiment. The diagnostic is mounted in an electrically isolated vacuum assembly which presents a slim, cylindrical profile (∼1 cm outside diameter) to the plasma using graphite as a low-Z plasma facing component. Absolute calibration of the sensors is determined via in situ cross-calibration against existing magnetic pickup coils. Present channel sensitivities are of order of 0.25 mT. Internal measurements with bandwidth of ≤25 kHz have been obtained without measurable plasma perturbation. They resolve n=1 internal magnetohydrodynamics and indicate systematic variation in J(ψ) under different stability conditions.