jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Histopathological Defects in Intestine in Severe Spinal Muscular Atrophy Mice Are Improved by Systemic Antisense Oligonucleotide Treatment

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Gastrointestinal (GI) defects, including gastroesophageal reflux, constipation and delayed gastric emptying, are common in patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Similar GI dysmotility has been identified in mouse models with survival of motor neuron (SMN) protein deficiency. We previously described vascular defects in skeletal muscle and spinal cord of SMA mice and we hypothesized that similar defects could be involved in the GI pathology observed in these mice. We therefore investigated the gross anatomical structure, enteric vasculature and neurons in the small intestine in a severe mouse model of SMA. We also assessed the therapeutic response of GI histopathology to systemic administration of morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (AON) designed to increase SMN protein expression. Significant anatomical and histopathological abnormalities, with striking reduction of vascular density, overabundance of enteric neurons and increased macrophage infiltration, were detected in the small intestine in SMA mice. After systemic AON treatment in neonatal mice, all the abnormalities observed were significantly restored to near-normal levels. We conclude that the observed GI histopathological phenotypes and functional defects observed in these SMA mice are strongly linked to SMN deficiency which can be rescued by systemic administration of AON. This study on the histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal system in severe SMA mice provides further indication of the complex role that SMN plays in multiple tissues and suggests that at least in SMA mice restoration of SMN production in peripheral tissues is essential for optimal outcome.
Reproduction of the deep-water shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Decapoda: Dendrobranchiata)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Morphology, structure, and function of t h e reproductive system of the shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.Monthly samples were taken by trawling on the continental slope (400 to 800 m) of the northwestern Mediterranean during 1984Mediterranean during , 1985Mediterranean during , l986 and 1989.Sexual characteristics, thelycum, petasma, genital apertures, appendix masculina, and rostrum were considered and possible functions in reproductive behaviour are suggested.The roles of testis, proximal and medial vas deferens regions, and terminal ampulla in hemispermatophore formation were assessed.During mating hemispermatophores join and form a compound spermatophore.The sperm mass in the compound spermatophore was surrounded by 5 layers secreted along the vas deferens duct.Open-type thelycum species with external mating and fertilization such as A .antennatus need to develop a complex spermatophore to protect the sperm mass.The structure of sperm was examined for the first time in A. antennatus.The peculiar morphological features of this immobile sperm differ considerably from sperm cells of other decapod groups.lt is suggested that this spermatophore formation and spcrm structure have taxonomic and phylogenetic value.Spermatogenesis and spermatophore formation divided male gonad development and functionality into 3 stages.Oogenesis can be divided into 6 stages t a k ~n g ~n t o consideration cytological changes in the oocytes.A key to macroscopically identify sexual stages oi gonad dcvelopn~ent which can be used externally on fresh or llve specimens is proposed based on the study of gametogenesis and gonad and sexual characteristic development and function.
Public Doublespeak: The Dictionary

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

in virtues of an avowed descriptive objectivity and traditional authority, dictionary is potentially one of most dangerous carriers of cultural bias and prejudice. In guise of linguistic objectivity, modern dictionary then appears neutral to editorial preference, poetry, and politics. For who would expect such scholarly virtues to promote cultural prejudice? Just because of its authoritative status and influence, dictionary should be one of primary targets of investigations in public doublespeak. With this concern in mind, I systematically investigated unabridged Random House Dictionary of English Language (1966) for its use of masculine and feminine nouns and pronouns in illustrative sentences. I wanted to see whether RHD perpetuated sex-role stereotypes in illustrating neutral entry words and whether one gender was given more representation than the other. I was impressed with how a seemingly objective and politically neutral medium could so easily reinforce sex-role stereotypes and sexism. The deeprooted cultural cliches about men and women are represented in following sentences illustrating usage of neutral and innocuous entry words. The entry word is italicized in each sentence:
Possible mechanisms of intron 1 retention in the K haplotype.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Substitution of G to A in SNP rs10757668 (TTT<u>G</u>GATAA to TTT<u>A</u>GATAA) is specific to K haplotype. This SNP is in exon 2, just 18 bp downstream of intron 1. (<b>A</b>) It may account for destroying a putative TGGA exonic splicing enhancer site [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009445#pgen.1009445.ref047" target="_blank">47</a>]. (<b>B</b>) Alternatively, it may account for the formation of exonic splicing silencer site resembling the hnRNP A1 binding site (TTTAGACAA) in the <i>SMN2</i> gene [<a href="http://www.plosgenetics.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009445#pgen.1009445.ref046" target="_blank">46</a>].</p> <p>(PDF)</p>
A7235 Real-world assessment of central aortic blood pressure in Indian adult patients with essential hypertension uncontrolled on single anti-hypertensive agents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To assess the prevalence of high central aortic pressure (CAP) in Indian patients with uncontrolled essential hypertension while receiving anti-hypertensive monotherapy. In addition, correlation between brachial blood pressure (BBP) and CAP was evaluated to assess the impact by anti-hypertensive drug class and patients’ age. Methods: This real-world, observational, prospective, study enrolled patients (30–70 years) with uncontrolled BBP (systolic BBP [BSBP] ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BBP ≥90 mmHg). Treatment was adjusted at baseline (BAS), based on current guidelines. Primary endpoint was proportion of patients with uncontrolled central aortic systolic BP (CSBP, >125 mmHg) at BAS. Secondary endpoints were comparison of BBP and CAP across drugs classes and age groups at BAS and end of study (EOS), ∼8 weeks post-BAS, and proportion of patients with uncontrolled CSBP at EOS. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) was studied only for Sanofi product. Results: Of 2,030 screened patients, 1,949 reported at BAS and 1,740 completed EOS. CSBP was >125 mmHg for 84.3% (n = 1,643) patients at BAS, and 48% (n/N = 836/1740) at EOS. Interestingly, at EOS, 6.6% (n/N = 114/1740) patients still had uncontrolled BSBP and controlled CSBP, while 13.6% (n/N = 237/1740) patients had uncontrolled CSBP and controlled BSBP. At both BAS and EOS, BSBP and CSBP showed positive correlation across most drug classes and age groups. At BAS, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors showed better efficacy than other drug classes. At EOS, BP control was better with fixed-dose combinations, though free-drug combinations were more frequently prescribed. No ADR associated with Sanofi product was reported in the study. Conclusion: Measurement of CAP along with BBP can be vital in management of hypertension.
Apparent digestibility coefficients of the extruded pellet diets containing various fish meals for olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, energy, essential amino acids, and fatty acids in extruded pellets containing various fish meals were determined for olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Eight extruded pellet diets were prepared to contain different fish meals (herring fish meal, anchovy fish meal, mackerel fish meal, sardine fish meal-A, sardine fish meal-B, tuna fish meal, pollock fish meal-A, and pollock fish meal-B) designated as HM, AM, MM, SM-A, SM-B, TM, PM-A, and PM-B, respectively. Chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was used as an inert indicator at a concentration of 0.5 % in the diet. Feces were collected from triplicate groups of fish (151 ± 4.0 g) using a fecal collection column attached to the fish rearing tank for 4 weeks. Dry matter ADCs of the MM, SM-A, SM-B, and PM-A diets were higher than those of all the other dietary groups, and the lowest digestibility of dry matter was observed in the PM-B diet. Fish fed the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets showed significantly higher ADC of protein than those fed the AM, SM-B, TM, and PM-B diets. Lipid ADC of PM-B was significantly lower than that of the other diets. Energy ADCs of fish fed the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were significantly higher than those of the other diets. The availability of essential amino acids in the MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were generally higher than that of the other fish meal diets, while TM showed the lowest values among all the experimental diets. ADCs of fatty acids in the AM, MM, SM-A, and PM-A diets were generally higher than those of fatty acids in the other diets, and the lowest values were recorded for the PM-B diet. These results provide information on the bioavailability of nutrients and energy in various fish meals which can be used to properly formulate practical extruded feeds for olive flounder.
An Inquiry into the Causes of Poverty among Vadda Peoples: Special to Dambana Vadda Community

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The objective of this study is to determine the causes of poverty among Vadda peoples living in traditional Vadda villages. Dambana is selected as the study area since it is the well-known traditional Vadda hamlet. By departing from the money metric approach, in this study, poverty is identified as the deprivation of basic needs namely food security, shelter, sanitation, drinking water, health and non-discrimination. A pre-tested questionnaire was administered among randomly selected households in the study area to collect required primary data. The overall poverty index (PI) was derived using dimension-specific deprivation indices to separate poor from non-poor. In the next step, selected demographic and socioeconomic factors, which were filtered based on the literature, were tested using linear probability model (LPM) to identify the determinants of poverty. As the model specified, household size, monthly income of the household, number of livelihood means, level of education of HoH, and the extent of cultivable lands owned by households were identified as the causes of poverty among traditional Vadda peoples.
Osteoprotegerin Abrogates Chronic Alcohol Ingestion-Induced Bone Loss in Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract To investigate the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) on alcohol (ethanol)-mediated osteoporosis, we measured a variety of bone remodeling parameters in mice that were either on a control diet, an ethanol (5%) diet, or an ethanol (5%) diet plus OPG administration. OPG diminished the ethanol-induced (1) decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) as determined by dual-energy densitometry, (2) decrease in cancellous bone volume and trabecular width and the increase of osteoclast surface as determined by histomorphometry of the femur, (3) increase in urinary deoxypyridinolines (Dpd's) as determined by ELISA, and (4) increase in colony-forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM) formation and osteoclastogenesis as determined by ex vivo bone marrow cell cultures. Additionally, OPG diminished the ethanol-induced decrease of several osteoblastic parameters including osteoblast formation and osteoblast culture calcium retention. These findings were supported by histomorphometric indices in the distal femur. Taken together, these data show that OPG diminishes ethanol-induced bone loss. Furthermore, they suggest that OPG achieves this through its ability to abrogate ethanol-induced promotion of osteoclastogenesis and promote osteoblast proliferation.
Becoming a woman of letters: myths of authorship and facts of the Victorian market

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

List of Illustrations ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Nineteenth-Century Profession of Letters and the Woman Author 13 Chapter 2: Inventing the Woman of Letters: Harriet Martineau in the Literary Marketplace of the 1820s and 1830s 61 Chapter 3: Working Collaboratively: Mary Howitt and Anna Mary Howitt as Women of Letters 96 Chapter 4: Parallel Currents: The Life of Charlotte Bronte as Mid-Victorian Myth of Women's Authorship 131 Chapter 5: Challenging Brontean Myths of Authorship: Charlotte Riddell and A Struggle for Fame (1883) 151 Chapter 6: Transforming the Poet: Alice Meynell as Fin-de-Sie'cle Englishwoman of Letters 171 Chapter 7: The Woman of Letters and the New Woman: Reinventing Mary Cholmondeley 207 Notes 225 Index 281
Evaluation of Cardiac Risk Score and Quality of Life Survey in Taiwan Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to analyze the independent clinical, laboratory, dialysis factors between a disease-specific score for cardiac risk stratification and the Quality of life (QOL) application in hemodialysis (HD) patients. A total of 43 end-stage renal disease patients (female 17 and male 26) on regular HD were included. They were clinically stable with a mean Kt/V (Daugirdas) 1.76±0.41 and mean dialysis 7.4±0.94 years. Patients answered the Kidney Disease Quality of Life questionnaire short form (KDQOL-SF) which includes the physical and mental health component (PHC, MHC). Application of a previously validated cardiac risk score (CRS) using cardiac history (A), dialysis duration (B), body mass index (C) and serum phosphate (D) multiplied by various hazards ratio (HR) was also investigated retrospectively. CRS (A+B+C+D)< 50 allocated low risk, and CRS≥50 stands for high risk of future cardiac events. The impact of various factors on CRS and KDQOL-SF was estimated by multivariate analysis using SPSS 10.0 depending on variables characteristics.
Studies on the behaviour of Reticulitermes santonensis (Feytaud) in laboratory colonies and its implications for some methods of termite control

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An investigation of behavioural patterns that form a basis for termite control in the Australasian region was undertaken using laboratory colonies of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes santonensis (Feytaud). The study attempted to build a picture of the behavioural elements of individuals in a colony and based on this, trophallaxis, aggression and cannibalism were investigated in detail. Preliminary study of food transmission showed that 'workers' played a major role in the distribution of food. It was found, that among factors responsible for release of trophallactic behaviour the presence of 'right odour' between participants was important. It also appeared that the role taken by individuals depended on whether they were hungry or fully fed. Antennal palpation was shown by donors and acceptors alike and this seemed to be excitatory in function. Introduction of aliens into nests elicited aggression and these aliens were often killed. Factors eliciting aggression were investigated and colony odour was found to be important. Further investigations revealed that development of colony odour was governed by genetical and environmental mechanisms. Termite response to injury and death was also governed by odour. In the case of injury either the fresh haemolymph from the wound or some component of the haemolymph evoked cannibalism. Necrophagic behaviour was found to be released by fatty acids found in the corpses. Finally, the response of colonies to nestmates carrying arsenic trioxide was investigated. It was found that living and freshly dead arsenic-carrying nestmates were treated like normal nestmates, resulting in high initial mortality. However, poisoned cadavers soon became repellant and were buried thus preventing further spread of the poison to the rest of the colony. This suggested that complete control of subterranean termites by arsenic trioxide is unlikely to be fully effective, especially in those species which are capable of developing secondary reproductives from survivors and thus rebuilding the community.
A Short View On Ottoman Political Economy (XVIII-XIX. Centuries)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Ottoman Empire, due to its geographic condition has a animated and lively economic life and environment. Especially, while Ottoman Empire was relating to world’s economy, there were great changes in agriculture, trade, industry, economical companies, communication and service areas. In this work, are examined, political economy from XVIII. century to the establihsment of Turkish Republic.
Overexpression of p62 is associated with poor prognosis and aggressive phenotypes in osteosarcoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

p62 (also known as sequestosome 1) protein, is a small regulatory protein that accumulates in autophagy-defective cells that has been demonstrated to be involved in the prognosis and survival of patients with several types of cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no such studies for osteosarcoma (OS). In the present study, the expression of p62 in 70 OS samples was determined using immunohistochemistry and its association with various clinicopathological factors was assessed. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of p62 protein was detected in 77.1% (54/70) samples, and the expression levels were significantly associated with tumor size (P=0.001), metastasis (P=0.036), clinical staging (P=0.003) and poor prognosis (P=0.0058). Furthermore, suppression of the p62 expression by short hairpin RNA interference in F5M2 and F4 cells lines led to decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. These results suggested that increased expression of p62 may be involved in OS progression, and therefore the excess expression of p62 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker for patients with OS.
GROWTH, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF COFFEE PLANTS INTOXICATED BY THE HERBICIDE GLYPHOSATE

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>Weed control is fundamental in coffee cultivation due to their high interference, competing with the crop for water, light and nutrients. Among the control methods used, chemical control is highlighted, due to its high efficiency and low cost. However, due to application failures, herbicide drift phytotoxicity is common. Aiming at the search for selective active ingredients in coffee, the objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of the active ingredient Glyphosate in young coffee plants. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with ‘Topázio MG1190’ coffee plants (<em>Coffea arabica</em> L.), cultivated in pots with an 11 L-substrate capacity. The statistical design was RBD, with four replications and four doses of the herbicide, making up 16 experimental plots. Each plot consisted of three plants. The treatments were: (i) 0%; (ii) 10%; (iii) 25% and (iv) 50% of the commercial dose of the herbicide Glyphosate. The evaluations were performed at 104 days after application of the treatments. Growth, morphological, physiological and anatomical characteristics were evaluated. The collected data were analyzed using the SISVAR software. The effect of glyphosate drift impairs plant growth. However, after 104 days of intoxication, there is no longer any effect on the physiology and leaf anatomy of coffee trees.</p>
CHARM COST-EFFECTIVE HIGH-EFFICIENCY ADVANCED REFORMING MODULE FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Background Creation of a hydrogen infrastructure is an important prerequisite of widespread fuel cell commercialization, especially for the automotive market. Hydrogen is an attractive fuel since it offers an opportunity to replace petroleum-based fuels, but hydrogen occurs naturally only in chemical compounds like water or hydrocarbons that must be chemically converted to produce it. While an ultimate goal is to produce hydrogen through renewable energy sources, steam methane reforming (SMR) of natural gas is currently the most economical solution to initiate the transition to a hydrogen economy. Centralized hydrogen generation using large industrial SMR plants is already in place to serve customers. Yet, because of the weight and size of cylinders needed to contain hydrogen gas or liquid, transportation of hydrogen may only be economical for short distances. Consequently, distributed natural gas reforming, which trades off the economies of scale of large plants for simplified delivery logistics, is an attractive alternative that could address immediate problems with the lack of hydrogen infrastructure.
Ratio Spreads

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Ratio spreads involve the purchase of one quantity of an option and the sale of a different quantity of a second option of the same type, with the same underlying and the same expiration but with a different strike price. In ratio vertical spreads, the larger number of options is sold. In ratio volatility spreads, the larger number of options is purchased. Ratio vertical spreads involve substantial or unlimited risk, because they involve an uncovered short option. The risk of ratio volatility spreads is limited, but it can be greater than the amount paid to establish the position. The short-term price behaviour of ratio spreads can be analysed by creating theoretical value tables similar to those for single options. This chapter describes various strategies that involve the sale of uncovered futures options. These strategies are suitable only for traders who are psychologically and financially capable of assuming the risks of these strate-gies and who meet the requirements of their brokerage firms.
Towards a Threat Model for Fog Computing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, the addition of billions of Internet of Thing (IoT) device spawned a massive demand for computing service near the edge of the network. Due to latency, limited mobility, and location awareness, cloud computing is not capable enough to serve these devices. As a result, the focus is shifting more towards distributed platform service to put ample computing power near the edge of the networks. Thus, paradigms such as Fog and Edge computing are gaining attention from researchers as well as business stakeholders. Fog computing is a new computing paradigm, which places computing nodes in between the Cloud and the end user to reduce latency and increase availability. As an emerging technology, Fog computing also brings newer security challenges for the stakeholders to solve. Before designing the security models for Fog computing, it is better to understand the existing threats to Fog computing. In this regard, a thorough threat model can significantly help to identify these threats. Threat modeling is a sophisticated engineering process by which a computer-based system is analyzed to discover security flaws. In this paper, we applied two popular security threat modeling processes - CIAA and STRIDE - to identify and analyze attackers, their capabilities and motivations, and a list of potential threats in the context of Fog computing. We posit that such a systematic and thorough discussion of a threat model for Fog computing will help security researchers and professionals to design secure and reliable Fog computing systems.