jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Law and Poor People's Access to Health Care

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Studies of the health care delivery system and patterns of utilization ineluctably point to the same basic conclusions-that "the poor are sicker than the nonpoor, and yet they use fewer health services." 1 The statistics on sickness and need for services among poverty populations are staggering.Comparing families with annual incomes of less than $2,ooo to those with incomes of $7,ooo or more, the former suffer from heart conditions at a rate four times as high as the latter, they incur rheumatism and arthritis six times as often, and they suffer eight times as many visual impairments. 2And while such figures on chronic illness are partially attributable to the large numbers of elderly poor, extraordinary amounts of illness plague all segments of the poverty population.The data on usage of health services is no less conclusive in supporting the proposition that poor persons receive health care far less frequently than more affluent persons.For example, one study has indicated that children in families with incomes under $2,ooo average 1.6 physician visits per year compared with 5.7 visits for children in families with incomes over $7,oo. 4Thus, illness is not adequately treated and preventive services are seldom provided among the poor.Although the facts on usage of services may be clear, the explanation is more difficult to pinpoint, for a multitude of factors probably account for the ultimate fact that poor persons do not receive sufficient services.There may be inadequate information or knowledge about the need for and availability of services, cultural attitudes influencing utilization, problems of alienation, language barriers, or simply physical distance barring usage of facilities.All of these elements may contribute to some degree, or in some instances.
Applying Model-Based Reasoning to the FDIR of the Command and Data Handling Subsystem of the International Space Station

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

All of the International Space Station (ISS) systems which require computer control depend upon the hardware and software of the Command and Data Handling System (C&DH) system, currently a network of over 30 386-class computers called Multiplexor/Dimultiplexors (MDMs)[18]. The Caution and Warning System (C&W)[7], a set of software tasks that runs on the MDMs, is responsible for detecting, classifying, and reporting errors in all ISS subsystems including the C&DH. Fault Detection, Isolation and Recovery (FDIR) of these errors is typically handled with a combination of automatic and human effort. We are developing an Advanced Diagnostic System (ADS) to augment the C&W system with decision support tools to aid in root cause analysis as well as resolve differing human and machine C&DH state estimates. These tools which draw from sources in model-based reasoning[ 16,291, will improve the speed and accuracy of flight controllers by reducing the uncertainty in C&DH state estimation, allowing for a more complete assessment of risk. We have run tests with ISS telemetry and focus on those C&W events which relate to the C&DH system itself. This paper describes our initial results and subsequent plans.
NOTE ON THE RADULA OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article NOTE ON THE RADULA OF FRESHWATER MOLLUSCS Get access F. G. CAWSTON F. G. CAWSTON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Molluscan Studies, Volume 22, Issue 6, 15 November 1937, Page 370, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a064322 Published: 15 November 1937
Ten-Eleven Translocation Ablation Impairs Cardiac Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Ten-eleven Translocation (TET) dioxygenases mediated DNA methylation oxidation plays an important role in regulating the embryonic stem cells (ESCs) differentiation. Herein, we utilized a CRISPR/Cas9 based genome editing method to generate single, double, and triple Tet-deficient mouse ESCs (mESCs) and differentiated these cells toward cardiac progenitors. By using emerald green fluorescent protein (GFP; emGFP) expression under the control of Nkx2.5 promoter as marker for cardiac progenitor cells, we discovered that Tet1 and Tet2 depletion significantly impaired mESC-to-cardiac progenitor differentiation. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis further revealed that Tet deletion resulted in the accumulation of mesoderm progenitors to hamper cardiac differentiation. Re-expression of the Tet1 catalytic domain (Tet1CD) rescued the differentiation defect in Tet-triple knockout mESCs. Dead Cas9 (dCas9)-Tet1CD mediated loci-specific epigenome editing at the Hand1 loci validated the direct involvement of Tet-mediated epigenetic modifications in transcriptional regulation during cardiac differentiation. Our study establishes that Tet-mediated epigenetic remodeling is essential for maintaining proper transcriptional outputs to safeguard mESC-to-cardiac progenitor differentiation.
Data from PI3K/mTOR Inhibitor PF-04691502 Antitumor Activity Is Enhanced with Induction of Wild-Type TP53 in Human Xenograft and Murine Knockout Models of Head and Neck Cancer

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b> Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activation is often associated with altered expression or mutations of PIK3CA, TP53/p73, PTEN, and TGF-β receptors (TGFBR) in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). However, little is known about how these alterations affect response to PI3K/mTOR–targeted agents.</p><p><b>Experimental Design:</b> In this preclinical study, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling was characterized in nine HNSCC (UM-SCC) cell lines and human oral keratinocytes. We investigated the molecular and anticancer effects of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor PF-04691502(PF-502) in UM-SCC expressing PIK3CA with decreased wild-type TP53, mutant TP53−/+ mutantTGFBR2, and in HNSCC of a conditional <i>Pten/Tgfbr1</i> double knockout mouse model displaying PI3K/Akt/mTOR activation.</p><p><b>Results:</b> UM-SCC showed increased PIK3CA expression and Akt/mTOR activation, and PF-502 inhibited PI3K/mTORC1/2 targets. In human HNSCC expressing PIK3CA and decreased wtTP53 and p73, PF-502 reciprocally enhanced TP53/p73 expression and growth inhibition, which was partially reversible by p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α. Most UM-SCC with wtTP53 exhibited a lower IC<sub>50</sub> than those with mtTP53 status. PF-502 blocked growth in G<sub>0</sub>–G<sub>1</sub> and increased apoptotic sub-G<sub>0</sub> DNA. PF-502 suppressed tumorigenesis and showed combinatorial activity with radiation in a wild-type TP53 UM-SCC xenograft model. PF-502 also significantly delayed HNSCC tumorigenesis and prolonged survival of <i>Pten/Tgfbr1</i>-deficient mice. Significant inhibition of p-Akt, p-4EBP1, p-S6, and Ki67, as well as increased p53 and TUNEL were observed in tumor specimens.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> PI3K-mTOR inhibition can enhance TP53/p73 expression and significantly inhibit tumor growth alone or when combined with radiation in HNSCC with wild-type TP53. PIK3CA, TP53/p73, PTEN, and TGF-β alterations are potential modifiers of response and merit investigation in future clinical trials with PI3K-mTOR inhibitors. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 19(14); 3808–19. ©2013 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Immunomodulatory and antibacterial activities of extracts from Rutaceae species

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Rutaceae is a taxon with species very well distributed in Brazilian semi-arid area, commonly used in folk medicine. Species from this genus have diverse biological activity described in literature. In this work, immunomodulatory and bactericidal activity are described for chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of three of them (Esenbeckia grandiflora Mart., Pilocarpus spicatus A.St.-Hil. and Galipea simplicifolia Schult.). Initially all the samples had their cytotoxicity evaluated, aiming to determine the LC50. The immunomodulatory potential was evaluated in cultures of murine splenocytes stimulated or not with concanavalin A and in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) using splenocytes from BALB/c (H-2d) mice immunized with splenocytes from C57Bl/6 (H-2b) mice. Four samples had higher values of lymphoproliferation inhibition in concanavalin A-stimulated cultures and were evaluated in MLR. The antibacterial activity of extracts was also evaluated and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for two active samples were 1.0 and 5.0 mg/ml for extracts from Esenbeckia grandiflora Mart. and Galipea simplicifolia Schult., respectively. Thus, our results reinforce data of literature relating biological activity for many species of the Rutaceae family and encourage studies with these species aiming to discover active compounds, candidates to new medicines.
[New caretakers for the elderly, how to prepare them?].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The appearance at the homes of our elderly of a new caretaker who is foreign to the family unit and in need of preparation justifies the creation of a multidisciplinary Formative Course at the local level. Groups were captured at civic and social centers in the town. A theoretical-practical methodology was used, dealing with diverse themes ranging from the elderly's general hygiene needs to social resources of interest to the groups. The participants' cultural diversity permitted a continuous flow of information among the participants, enriching the contents with personal anecdotes which will prove to be of great use for the application of treatment. Although 50% of the participants were non-Spanish speakers, the practical nature of the workshops proved of great usefulness since it facilitated the participation and integration of the group.
Characterization of dislocations in GaN layer grown on 4-inch Si(111) with AlGaN/AlN strained layer superlattices

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Dislocations in a GaN layer grown on 4-in. Si(111) with AlGaN/AlN strained layer superlattices using a horizontal metal–organic chemical vapor deposition system were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Pure screw dislocations were not found in the observed area but mixed and edge dislocations were found. The dislocation density in the GaN layer decreased from the bottom (∼2 × 10 10 cm −2 ) to the top (∼6 × 10 9 cm −2 ). Some dislocations were inclined from the c -axis, and half-loop dislocations were observed in the GaN layer. Plan-view weak-beam dark-field analysis indicated that the dislocation inclination was caused by climb and glide motions.
Oxidative Deamination of α-Aminophosphonates and Amines by Zinc Dichromate Trihydrate (ZnCr2O7˙3H2O) under Solvent-Free Conditions at Room Temperature

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A novel method for the rapid and efficient conversion of a variety of α-aminophosphonates to α-ketophosphonates using ZnCr2O7˙3H2O via oxidative deamination under solvent-free conditions at room temperature is described. This method is also applicable to the rapid and highly selective oxidation of various types of ordinary amines (primary and secondary) to aldehydes and ketones in good to high yields.
Production of anisotropic SmFe3 magnets by hot deformation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we investigated the production of anisotropic SmFe3 magnets by the hot deformation of hot-pressed SmFe3 magnets. Hot-pressed SmFe3 magnets were able to be hot-deformed at 973–1073 K into hot-deformed SmFe3 magnets. Although the hot-deformed SmFe3 magnet produced at 973 K was magnetically isotropic, the specimen produced at 1023 K was magnetically anisotropic. The specimen produced at 1073 K was also slightly anisotropic. This indicates that anisotropic SmFe3 magnets were successfully produced by the hot deformation of hot-pressed magnets, as has been reported in the case of hot-deformed Nd-Fe-B magnets. However, the highest coercivity obtained by these anisotropic SmFe3 magnets was only 1.5 kOe, which is insufficient in comparison with rare-earth permanent magnets. Further work is therefore necessary to increase the coercivity of these magnets.
”If you do not write your history, history will write you off!” Raising Black histories in Britain

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article delves into the author's journey learning history through the British educational system. It sheds light on the skewed representation of the Black presence in school curricula and tertiary study programs. The author spotlights the criticism from thought-leaders and scholars challenging the traditional norms that hinder a comprehensive understanding of Africa and its diaspora's contribution to Britain and beyond. The knowledge and increasing body of work exists but there remains invisibility and gap in the translation into educational pathways. Moreover, scholars of colour as well as the rare programmes of study that centre the Black experience are being retrenched (rationalized by budgetary concerns) even after the reverberation of "Why Isns't My Professor Black" "Rhodes Must Fall" and other calls challenging the status quo. The author reflects on their historical growth and realization of the interconnectedness between the Caribbean, Black Britain, South Africa, and more. Despite progress, many African and Caribbean narratives remain obscure due to gatekeeping bias, and a lack of a comprehensive presence of diversified perspectives in the academy. This has prompted the birth of the journal Black Histories: Dialogues.
Mathematical modelling of MHD hybrid nanofluid flow in a convergent and divergent channel under variable thermal conductivity effect

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The aim of this research is to analyse the combined effect of variable thermal conductivity and nonlinear thermal radiation on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent-divergent channels. The effects of two nanoparticles (i.e. ZrO 2 {\text{ZrO}}_{\text{2}} and SiO 2 {\text{SiO}}_{\text{2}} ) in base fluid (i.e. H 2 O {\text{H}}_{\text{2}}\text{O} ) are considered in this work. The partial differential equations modelling the problem are reduced to ordinary differential equations following the application of the similarity transformations. The system has been solved analytically with the differential transform method and numerically with the Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg 4th–5th order method with the assistance of the shooting technique. Comprehensive analysis and discussion have been conducted regarding the impact of multiple governing parameters on the dimensionless velocity and temperature distributions. These parameters include variable thermal conductivity, nonlinear thermal radiation, Hartman number, and hybrid nanoparticle volume fraction. Finally, this method will provide some insights into the usefulness of MHD hybrid nanofluid flow in convergent-divergent channels, and the results produced by the analytical data have also been strengthened and verified by the use of numerical data as well as data from the literature.
Continuum of Violence Against Latinas and Latinos

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the United States, Latinas and Latinos experience violence along a continuum, which is not linear and includes violence perpetrated by private individuals and public officials. While forms of violence by public officials stand apart from violence by private individuals, both are intricately connected and arguably codependent. Recently, officials and private individuals have turned their anger towards Latino workers who are undocumented, and may be recent arrivals in the United States. This recent trend continues the historic use of stereotypes to demonize Latinos and characterize Latinos as not fully American. This trend has escalated violence against Latinos and anyone perceived as Latino, regardless of immigrant status. This article provides an introduction to two New York City Law Review articles addressing the recent anti-Latino immigrant hate violence spreading across the United States.
Striction BP Reviews- Natural Blood Sugar Control Formula

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Striction BP formula has too many natural ingredients that are put together to detoxify the harmful toxins and chemicals that prevent your body from producing insulin and regulating sugar. Striction BP removes the harmful bacteria and alien toxins that were harming your health, slowing down sugar metabolism and destroying your immune system. Striction BP is an advanced blood sugar support formula that eliminates the root cause of type 2 diabetes. In so doing, individuals can possibly live a healthy life that constitutes blood sugar levels within normal ranges and improved glucose metabolism. In addition, excess fat that is usually at the neck of many of our vital organs will have dissipated, allowing individuals to free themselves from health implications. Striction BP is founded on one man&rsquo;s story that led to a community filled with wellness. 50-year-old Andrew Freeman is a practicing psychologist with 20 years of experience. When he was informed of his type 2 diabetes diagnosis, he couldn&rsquo;t believe what he heard, especially knowing how careful he has been regarding his health.Did you know that one in ten Americans are likely to be diagnosed with type 2 diabetes? What was once thought of as a condition that only develops in adults over 40 years of age has quickly become a common diagnosis for teens, young adults, and even children. For those of you wondering, &ldquo;so what?&rdquo; it isn&rsquo;t easy to live with such a condition as it has since been linked to increased thirst and hunger, exhaustion, and blurred vision, just to name a few. Sure, there are prescription drugs for it, but there has to be other ways to accelerate desirable results, right? As per our research, one extra measure (aside from making changes to one&rsquo;s diet and exercise regime) worth considering is all-natural supplements. Generally speaking, such solutions have long existed in society and are only making waves in recent times. Will historical use prevail over scientific evidence? The purpose of this review is to introduce an all-natural supplement called Striction BP. Official Web: https://www.outlookindia.com/outlook-spotlight/striction-bp-reviews-scam-alert-striction-blood-pressure-hidden-revealed-news-218240
Fertility change in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of the evidence.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This literature review of fertility decline in sub-Saharan Africa suggests that regional analysis of fertility in Africa is possible and that fertility change in one country is likely to affect changes in neighboring countries. African fertility decline as with other regions undergoing a demographic transition was understood to be part of a sustained transition rather than a response to the 1980s economic upheavals. Data from fertility surveys was used to analyze country-specific fertility trends based on changes in median ages at first birth. The Brass P/F ratio method and cohort parity progression ratios were used to describe fertility patterns. Seventeen African countries had data available during 1985-90 from censuses or major sample surveys. Results of World Fertility Surveys suggested constant fertility while all but one of the 14 countries conducting a Demographic and Health Survey showed fertility decline. The conclusion was that the Demographic and Health Surveys were more subject to underreporting. Several methods of analysis were used to determine fertility levels for all 17 countries with the exception of Tanzania and South Africa during 1985-90. P/F ratios were used to derive adjusted fertility rates for those countries with data deficiencies. The broad impression from this analysis and use of Althea Hills comprehensive review of African demography for estimates prior to 1980 and some estimates during 1980-84 was that about 50% of all large African countries had insufficient data for determining fertility. Data for Zambia Malawi and Cote dIvoire from Demographic and Health Surveys will be available soon to fill in these gaps but civil unrest will continue to prevent data collection in some countries. Findings indicated that period fertility declined in about half of the 17 countries. Contraceptive use clearly influenced the declines in Kenya Zimbabwe and Botswana. South African decline was also found to be related to rising contraceptive use but the extent of decline was less certain. North Sudan experienced declines due to rising age at marriage. Modest decline was evident in Tanzania Swaziland Senegal and Nigeria. There was a lack of any clear evidence of decline in Ethiopia Uganda Burundi Mali Liberia Ghana Togo and Cameroon.
Biotechnology Processes for Scalable, Selective Rare Earth Element Recovery

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Biorecovery of rare earth elements (REE) from wastes and ores is achieved by bacteria using biogenic phosphates. One approach uses an enzyme that biomineralises REE phosphate crystals into the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPM). The enzyme, co-localised in the EPM, provides a continuous phosphate feed into biomineralisation. The bacteria can be immobilised in a column, allowing continuous metal removal. Metals biocrystallise at different rates. By choosing suitable conditions and column flow rates selective recovery of REE against uranium and thorium can potentially overcome a bottleneck in recovery of REE from mine tailings and ore leachates co-contaminated with these radionuclides. Another approach to REE recovery first lays down calcium phosphate as hydroxyapatite (Bio-HA) using the enzymatic process. Bio-HA then captures REE, loading REE of up to 84% of the HA-mass. REE3+ first localises at the grain boundaries of the small bio-crystallites and then substitutes for Ca2+ stoichiometrically within the HA. After REE capture the bio-HA/REE hybrid can be separated magnetically. A wider concept: using a ‘priming’ deposit of one mineral to facilitate the capture of REEs, has been shown, potentially providing a basis for selective REE recovery which would provide advantages over the > 100 steps currently used in commercial REE refining.
Albertino Mussato and Humanist Prophecy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The work of the Paduan humanist Albertino Mussato is the focus of this chapter. Mussato shared many of Nicholas Trevet’s views on the nature and purview of prophetic inspiration: he turned away from a predictive, apocalyptic understanding of prophecy and saw the workings of the Spirit in philosophical poetry, which combined harmonious expression with ethical import. Yet unlike Trevet, Mussato was a layman, and he staked his claim to prophetic status as a poet in opposition to much of scholastic and clerical tradition. Mussato thus became involved in a polemical exchange with a local Dominican more concerned with articulating limits than with furthering the implications of work such as Trevet’s. By insisting that the prophetic office could not be restricted to the professional theologian, Mussato encapsulated the complicated manner in which multiple strands of the medieval prophetic tradition intertwined.