jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Lecture notes for LLAW6022 Advanced (Legal) Research Methodology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During this course, we are going to create an entire new book tailored to your \nneeds as an RPG student. It will fill a large, 2-ring loose-leaf binder. It will, in the \nend, contain much more information than we can possibly discuss in class. Hence, it \nis both a course text and syllabus, as well as a resource for the future. \nThis book has grown out of a long-established traditional class in Advanced \n(Legal) Research Methodology (ARM) at the University of Hong Kong (HKU) \nFaculty of Law, Department of Law. It is a required class for all Research \nPostgraduate (RPG) Students in law, but it often includes undergraduates, non-law \nstudents, students from other universities, and many others who want to learn more \nabout sophisticated legal research techniques. My first encounter with the class was \nas an RPG student when I started my PhD studies in 2001. The teacher was \nProfessor Jill Cottrell, whose book, Legal Research: A Guide for Hong Kong Students, \nis still a standard work on the subject and is now being revised and updated.1 In \nfollowing semesters, I had the privilege of team-teaching the class with Jill, and these \npages reflect much of her influence and pedagogical philosophy. Her text is still one \nof the foundational sources for the ARM course, and I assign it for two reasons. \nFirst, it teaches the skills of basic legal research. Second, and just as importantly, it \nis jargon-free. Jill writes with simplicity and springboard lucidity—skills I want my \nRPGs to see and practice. I also team-taught the class with Professor Michael J. \nDilena for one semester, and his counsel on “how to get a PhD” is also reflected here. \nAs was the practice of both Jill and Michael, I invite guest lecturers to share their \npersonal experiences and wisdom (we call them “war stories”) with each class. \nAmong our regular guests have been Fu Hualing (department head) and Albert Chen \n(my own PhD supervisor)—of the HKU Faculty of Law—and they have all told us \nsome tremendous (and often harrowing) war stories. I thank all of them.
Mode characteristics of a graphene-coated cylindrical dielectric waveguide with a nested eccentric hollow elliptical cylinder

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A cylindrical dielectric nanowire waveguide embedded with an eccentric hollow elliptical cylinder is designed. The mode characteristics of the first three modes supported by the waveguide are studied by the multipole method and verified by the finite element method. Results show that the waveguide has the best transmission performance when the symmetric center of the hollow elliptical cylinder is located on the y axis of the cylindrical dielectric nanowire. The influence of the working wavelength, the Fermi energy, and the dielectric constant of region II on the transmission performance of the waveguide is great, while the influence of the semi-long axis, the semi-short axis of the elliptic cylinder, the radius of the cylinder, and the minimum distance between two rods on the transmission performance of the waveguide is less. Compared with the other waveguide structures, the waveguide introduced in this paper has a better overall transmission performance. This kind of waveguide can provide a theoretical basis for the design, fabrication, and application of graphene-coated nested nanowire waveguides.
Renal Failure and Transient Paraproteinemia Due to Leptospira pomona

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two patients developed acute renal failure withLeptospira pomonainfection. In both patients the oliguria persisted for two weeks. Renal biopsies showed a marked focal mononuclear infiltrate. One patient appears to have made an uninterrupted recovery. The other patient has developed interstitial fibrosis and impairment of renal function. In one patient an abnormal band composed of IgM appeared in the γ-globulin area. This persisted for three weeks.
Enhancing Operational Effectiveness Evaluation of Aeronautical Telecommunication System Through Quality Function Deployment and the Stage Probability Method

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In response to the challenges encountered in evaluating the operational effectiveness of aeronautical telecommunication system (ATS), including discrepancies between evaluation results and mission completion, incomplete index selection, and hierarchical index decomposition, this study aimed to address these issues comprehensively. Based on the characteristics of mission demands for ATS, primary indices such as spatial coverage, timeliness, reliability, security, and the capabilities of voice and data were determined. The signal flow of ATS and principles of radio reception guided the application of quality function deployment (QFD) and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to establish a comprehensive evaluation index system linking effectiveness to technical performance, application environment, and operational mode. Considering varying mission demands across different flight phases in aeronautical telecommunication, including the significance of phase missions within the overall mission, requirements for voice or data, and needs for transmission or reception, an enhanced stage probability method (SPD) based on weighted sum was proposed to formulate an aggregation model for system effectiveness. The paper discusses the application of the proposed method with an illustrative example. As indicated by the results, this model comprehensively describes the impact of aeronautical telecommunication demand, equipment reliability, functional disparities, operation modes, and technical characteristics on mission completion rates. In summary, this paper presents valuable insights and guidance for enhancing performance measures, refining parameter adjustments, and optimizing utilization strategies for ATS.
Measurement of white matter fiber-bundle cross-section in multiple sclerosis using diffusion-weighted imaging

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background: When investigating white matter (WM) microstructure, the axonal fiber orientation should be considered. Constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) is a diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) method that estimates distribution of fibers within each imaging voxel. Objective: To study fiber-bundle cross-section (FC) as measured by CSD in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients versus healthy controls (HCs). Methods: DWI and three-dimensional (3D) T 1 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were obtained from 45 MS patients and 45 HCs. We applied fixel-based morphometry analysis to assess differences of FC in MS against HCs and voxel-based analysis of fractional anisotropy (FA). Results: We found a significant widespread reduction of WM FC in MS compared to HCs. The decrease in FA was less extensive, mainly located in regions with high lesion occurrence such as the periventricular WM and the corpus callosum. Progressive MS patients showed a significant FC reduction in the right anterior cingulum, bilateral cerebellum, and in several mesencephalic and diencephalic regions compared to relapsing-remitting MS patients. Conclusion: The CSD method can be applied in MS for a fiber-specific study of WM microstructure and quantification of FC. Fixel-based findings offered greater anatomical specificity and biological interpretability by identifying tract-specific differences and allowed substantial abnormalities to be detected.
sj-docx-2-tia-10.1177_23312165231151468 - Supplemental material for Predicting Hearing aid Benefit Using Speech-Evoked Envelope Following Responses in Children With Hearing Loss

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-tia-10.1177_23312165231151468 for Predicting Hearing aid Benefit Using Speech-Evoked Envelope Following Responses in Children With Hearing Loss by Vijayalakshmi Easwar, David Purcell and Trevor Wright in Trends in Hearing
A reliable feature selection algorithm for determining heartbeat case using weighted principal component analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study proposes a simple and reliable feature selection algorithm for determining heartbeat case using Weighted Principal Component Analysis (WPCA) method. The proposed WPCA consists of four major processing stages. The first stage is the preprocessing stage for enlarging ECG signals' amplitude and eliminating noises. The second stage is the QRS extraction stage for detecting QRS waveform using the Difference Operation Method (DOM), which includes two processes, one is the difference operation process, and the other is the waves' detection process. The third stage is the qualitative features stage for feature selection on ECG signals. The fourth stage is the classification stage for determining patient's heartbeat cases using the WPCA, which includes three processes, one is the Procedure-FFV for determining the values of the weights according to the qualitative features of the sample heartbeats, two is the Procedure-DPC for providing eigenvectors of U principle components for heartbeat cases determination, and three is the Procedure-HCD for determining patient's heartbeat cases. When the Procedure-HCD has been completed, the patient's heartbeat is then determined. In the experiment, the sensitivities obtained are 95.29%, 93.35%, 92.29%, 79.98%, 91.55% and 90.07% for heartbeat cases NORM, LBBB, RBBB, VPC, APC and PB, respectively. The total classification accuracy is approximately 93.19%.
Directional Properties of Gray and White Brain Tissue Undergoing Large Deformation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Biomechanical analyses of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) suggest a link between brain material response (stress or strain) and white matter injury (Margulies et al., 1990; Meaney et al., 1994; Mendis et al., 1995; Lee et al., 1987; Zhou et al., 1994). Material properties of the brain tissue, including a description of their inhomogeneity, are important to predict intracranial deformations from the applied inertial loads. It is essential that these properties are defined separately for the gray and white matter, and account for the potential nonlinear viscoelasticity at finite strains.
Trifolium rubens Linnaeus 1753

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Trifolium rubens Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 2: 768. 1753. "Habitat in Italia, G. Narbonensi, Helvetia." RCN: 5656. Lectotype (Lassen inTurland & Jarvis in Taxon 46: 481. 1997): Herb. Clifford: 375, Trifolium 15, sheet 3 (BM-000646749). Current name: Trifolium rubens L. (Fabaceae: Faboideae). Note: Zohary (in Candollea 27: 127. 1972) indicated a specimen in Herb. Clifford (BM) as the lectotype, but it is unclear which of the two relevant specimens was intended. Lassen’s subsequent choice is of the collection that supports current usage.
Laser-induced high-pressure and high-temperature conditions at the titanium–water interface and their implication on TiO_2 nanoparticles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Pulsed laser-induced breakdown at the titanium–water interface leads to the formation of titanium–water plasma, which evokes high-pressure and high-temperature (HPHT) conditions at the interfacial region and under suitable condition results in the formation of TiO2 nanoparticles. Laser-induced HPHT conditions at the titanium–water interface are characterized using the beam deflection setup and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy, respectively. An estimate of HPHT at the interface is used to gain insight into the nucleation process of TiO2 nanoparticles. Assuming the existence of the thermodynamical equilibrium between the titanium and water plasma, the pressure and temperature at the interface are employed to measure the nucleation time, growth velocity, and the size of the nanoparticles for comparison with the synthesized nanoparticles.
Extraction of sludge protein enhanced by ultrasonic radiation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to extract the sludge intracellular proteins,the contrast experiment of sludge by ultrasonic radiation and thermal stir was performed with calcium oxide as reagent.The effects of the output current intensity of ultrasonic generator,process time and pH value on the protein extraction yield were investigated.The experimental conditions were optimized by orthogonal test,and the relative molecular mass of the extracted proteins was analyzed by SDS-PAGE.The results show that the optimal process conditions for the extraction of sludge proteins by ultrasonic radiation are as follows: radiation time 20 min,pH=12,and output current intensity 0.7 A.Under such conditions,the proteins extraction yield can reach about 73%,and relatively molecular mass is between 32.942×103-569.55×103.Consequently,ultrasonic radiation in stead of thermal stir is practical for the extraction of sludge intracellular proteins.
The power and perils of large language models in haematology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Large language models (LLMs) are a transformative technology poised to fundamentally change multiple fields including haematology. Here, we review the history of large language model development, describe their current capabilities and identify opportunities in haematology poised to benefit from their judicious application. We conclude by suggesting a framework for the safe and ethical development of LLM‐derived tools in a way that minimizes risk and maximizes clinical benefit for haematology physicians and patients.
A case of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A rare case of subependymal giant cell astrocytoma without tuberous sclerosis is documented. A tumor was detected in the anterior horn of the left lateral ventricle of a 12-year-old boy. Both imprint smear cytology and histology revealed the presence of large epithelioid cells with eccentric nuclei and thick eosinophilic cytoplasm. Most epithelioid cells were strongly positive for S-100, vimentin, and neuron specific enolase on immunohistochemistry, and a few cells showed weak a positivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein and neurofilament. These large epithelioid cells were considered to represent an intermediate lineage between astrocytes and neurons.
Are we Bayesian referring expression generators

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A recent paper by Frank and Goodman (2012) proposes \na Bayesian model of simple referential games. One of \nthe claims embodied in the model is that choosing which \nword or property to use to refer to an object depends on \nthe utility of the property. In this paper, we compare \nthis model to other computational models of reference \nproduction, in particular the recent pro (Probabilistic \nReferential Overspecification) model. We argue that the \nassumption of utility that guides property choice in the \nFrank and Goodman (2012) model is inadequate, insofar \nas it ignores the possibility of overspecification and the \nrole of preference rankings among properties, as a result \nof which they may be used irrespective of their utility. \nWe show that models that do take this into account, \nsuch as pro, have a better fit to experimental data in \nwhich participants have the possibility of overspecifying.
Spectrum assignment constraints for improved OSNR in optical networks with dynamic traffic

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In dynamic-traffic Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks, it is desirable to guarantee each optical circuit a minimum Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) throughout the circuit's entire lifetime. The objective of this paper is to increase such guaranteed OSNR, which in turn enables bandwidth-efficient modulation formats to be applied to the circuit signals. The guaranteed OSNR is improved by applying OSNR-driven Spectrum Assignment (OSA) constraints to each fiber link in the network, based on its forecast traffic volume (offered load). Applying OSA constraints to fiber links has two conflicting outcomes. On the one hand, circuit requests may experience higher blocking probabilities due to the lack of usable spectrum. On the other hand, the adverse effects of medium nonlinearity may be contained, thus yielding improved circuit OSNR. Two OSA constraints are described and their favorable impact on circuit OSNR (up to 2.75 dB gain) is estimated by using a Gaussian Noise (GN) model and an event-driven simulation of two WDM networks supporting dynamic circuits.
The Sedimentation of Slim Flexible Particles in Stokes Flow

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Background/Objectives: The dynamics of elastic slim particles (filaments) surrounded by fluid flow is a noteworthy topic of study because of its application in natural sciences and industrial processes. When deformation of elastic particle is large many complications arise which needs specific consideration in order to develop an efficient method for modeling the solid-fluid interaction accurately and with acceptable computational cost. Method: In order to study the sedimentation process of filament which is immersed in a quiescent fluid flow, we constitute related governing equations based on nonlocal solid-fluid interaction coupling with slender body theory. The fluid flow governed by Stokes assumptions which allow us to use superposition principle. Also, the extracted equations rearrange by two controller parameters Elasto-gravitation, β, and Slenderness-parameter, ϵ. Findings: A Highly Flexible filament (HF-filament) and a Moderately Flexible filament (MF-filament) have examined by mentioned method. The results show that the HF-filament fall on a periodic motion during the sedimentation process. This periodic motion leads to a set of unbalance forces along the filament which causes a permanent lateral drift. In the other side the MF-filament meets an equilibrium point with a final constant U-shape. Also, in order to validation we compare the outcome data with the results obtained by local and multiple scale analysis methods. Application/Improvements: The approach have been presented by this paper can be used in different fields which there are any necessity to simulating slim particles motion more simple and with less computational cost in compare with conventional methods. Keywords: Elastic Buckling Instability, Flexible Filament, Non-Local Method, Slender Body Theory, Stokes Flow
Some Factors in the Decline of the Osprey in Connecticut

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

THE Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) is an inviting subject for ecological study, with its exposed and often gregarious nesting, and its conspicuous feeding behavior. In many parts of the world the Osprey nests in loose colonies of a few to several hundred pairs. One of the best-known colonies in the northeastern United States is at the eastern end of Long Island Sound in coastal Connecticut and New York. The birds on Gardiners Island, New York, have been studied by many people, principally by LeRoy Wilcox, who has banded nestlings for more than 20 years. Until our study started, in 1957, the Ospreys on the Connecticut shore of the Sound had never been studied ecologically. Our goal, to evaluate population-regulating factors and other aspects of breeding ecology, has been only partially attained, but our tentative conclusions may prove of use to others studying the ecology of birds of prey.
Hydrophilic Nature of Polytetrafluoroethylene through Modification with Perfluorosulfonic Acid-Based Polymers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), commercially known as Teflon, is a fluoropolymer with a structure containing (CF2–CF2)n. It has high resistance to acids, alkalis and corrosive chemicals. PTFE is hydrophobic in nature with a water contact angle of 140°. Being hydrophobic in nature is a knotty problem, particularly in electrical applications, as it may lead to short circuits and result in reducing the lifetime of electrical equipment. Herein we describe the surface modification of PTFE from hydrophobic to hydrophilic without altering its bulk property. The surface hydrophilicity is achieved by two different techniques, viz., polymer coating (aquivion and nafion) and plasma treatment. Several characterization techniques including FTIR, Raman, XPS, WCA and SEM were used to analyze the surface of PTFE. It was found that 5% of the polymer solution and N2 plasma treatment for 2 min can produce huge differences in the surface property, as evidenced by the reduction in water contact angle from 140° (neat Teflon) to 80° (surface-modified Teflon). The surface morphology of neat PTFE is completely changed and collapsed as evidenced by the SEM images. The FTIR, Raman and XPS analyses confirm the presence of additional hydrophilic functional groups after the polymer coating and plasma treatment. Hence, this method represents a unique approach to modifying the surface property of Teflon, while maintaining its bulk property.
Secondary School Students' Perception Of Teachers' Attitude Towards Learning In Mathematics In Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study was designed to investigate secondary school students’ perception of their teachers’ attitude towards them in the learning of mathematics. The study adopts a survey research design on a sample of 242 Senior Secondary School Two (SSS2) students randomly drawn from a population of 1210 SSS2 students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. The analysis of data obtained via the researcher-developed questionnaire indicates that teachers have displayed negative attitude towards their students in the learning of mathematics. The results implied that students’ mathematics learning is highly influenced by the actions and inactions of the teacher, consequently building in them wrong disposition towards the subject. Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that students’ evaluation of their teachers’ teaching should be considered as one of the main tools for evaluating teachers’ teaching and effectiveness.