jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The late spliced 19S and 16S RNAs of simian virus 40 can be synthesized from a common pool of transcripts

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The late transcripts from the simian virus 40 (SV40) are alternatively spliced into two classes of spliced RNAs, 19S and 16S in size. We are interested in understanding the precursor-product relationships that result in the excision of different intervening sequences (introns) from the late transcripts. SV40 mutants containing precise deletions of the introns for each of the spliced 19S and 16S RNA species, including a previously undetected doubly spliced 19S RNA species, were isolated. Analysis by S1 mapping and a modified primer extension technique of the viral RNAs made in monkey cells transfected with each of these mutants led to the following conclusions. (i) Spliced late 19S RNA is not an intermediate in the synthesis of the late 16S RNAs. (ii) The 3' splice site used in the synthesis of the late 16S RNAs can join, albeit inefficiently, with alternative 5' splice sites in the absence of the 5' splice site normally used to synthesize 16S RNA. (iii) There is no obligatory order of excision of introns in the formation of the doubly spliced SV40 late 19S and 16S RNA species. A mutant was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in which the 5'-proximal 3' splice site used in the synthesis of the doubly spliced RNAs is inactive. Cells transfected with this mutant processed transcripts into 19S RNA which, in wild-type-transfected cells, would have become doubly spliced 16S RNA. Therefore, we conclude that some of the spliced late 19S and 16S RNA can be synthesized from a common pool of transcripts.
Navigating the Privacy and Cybersecurity Risks of Smart Homes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The increasing popularity of smart home devices has led to a growing concern over cyberthreats to these devices. This study aims to investigate the perceived cyberthreats to smart home devices and identify ways to protect privacy and countermeasure against these threats. Five experts in the field of smart home technology were selected for this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with the selected experts over the telephone. The transcripts of the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. The main findings of the study indicate that the most significant cyberthreats to smart home devices are: Voice recordings (35.5 % ), Camera and microphone access (30.1 %), Location tracking (24.9 % ). Personal information (20.1%), Data breaches (15.1 %), Third-party access (7.4 %), Privacy invasion (7.4%), Lack of control over personal information (5.0 % ), Cyber-attacks (4.8%), Security vulnerabilities in smart devices (4.8 % ) were also identified as potential threats. The study suggests that protecting personal data and ensuring device security are key considerations for safeguarding smart home devices and that it is important to take the necessary precautions to protect smart home devices from cyber threats, and to be aware of the potential risks that these devices pose to personal privacy and security.
The Plant Cytoskeleton and Crosslinking Factors

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cytoskeleton exists in all eukaryotes and is involved in many significant cytobiological processes, especially the movements and developmental changes of plant cells. The cytoskeleton consists of microtubule (MT), microfilament (MF), and intermediate filament (IF). MT and MF are vital components of plant cytoskeleton. Crosslinking factor acts as a bridge between MF and MT. They play an important role in cellular life process and have always been a hot topic and key point in plant cytobiology, and the IF is a difficult point in this field. In this paper, the latest research on the cytoskeleton of plants is introduced, which focuses on the structure and dynamics of MT, MF, and IF, and summarizes the crosslinking factors between MT and MF. Also, the paper prospects the future research direction of plant cytoskeleton and the possible research hotspot, which provides a certain reference for people to continue to explore the function of plant cytoskeleton in the future.
DataSet: Framing side effects positively: a way to enhance analgesia?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Side effects are frequent in pharmacological pain management, potentially preceding analgesia and limiting drug tolerability. Discussing side effects is part of informed consent, yet can favor nocebo effects. This study aimed to test whether a positive suggestion regarding side effects, which could act as reminders of the medication having been absorbed, might favor analgesia in a clinical interaction model. Sixty-six healthy males participated in a study “to validate pupillometry as an objective measure of analgesia”. Participants were unknowingly randomized double-blind to positive vs control information about side effects embedded in a video regarding the study drugs. Sequences of moderately painful heat stimuli applied before and after treatment with diclofenac and atropine served to evaluate analgesia. Atropine was deceptively presented as a co-analgesic, but used to induce side effects. Adverse events (AE) were collected with the General Assessment of Side Effects (GASE) questionnaire prior to the second induced pain sequence. Debriefing fully informed participants regarding the purpose of the study and showed them the two videos. The combination of medication led to significant analgesia, without a between-group difference. Positive information about side effects increased the attribution of AE to the treatment compared to the control information. The total GASE score was correlated with analgesia, i.e., the more AEs reported, the stronger the analgesia. Interestingly, there was a significant between-groups difference on this correlation: the GASE score and analgesia correlated only in the positive information group. This provides evidence for a selective link between AEs and pain relief in the group who received the suggestion that AEs could be taken as a sign “that help was on the way”. During debriefing, 65% of participants said they would prefer to receive the positive message in a clinical context. These results suggest feasibility and validity to investigate such a framing of side effects in a clinical context, for example in patients with chronic pain.
〈The Girl Statue of Peace〉 in South Korea and Post-Truth Politics : Reviewing Colonialism / Male-centered Nationalism and Gender in Japan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

본 연구는 조선인 ‘위안부’를 표상한 〈평화의 소녀상〉과 소녀 이미지를 둘러싸고 전개된 한 일 여성연구자들의 ‘탈진실(post-truth)’ 아카데미즘과 일본인 남성 중심의 ‘탈진실(post-truth)’의 정치를 고찰하였다. 〈소녀상〉 및 소녀 이미지에 전제된 대부분의 조선인 ‘위안부’가 미성년자였던 사실과 관련하여, 이를 부정하거나 순결주의 혹은 ‘반일’내셔널리즘과 연결해 해석하는 박유하, 우에노 치즈코 등의 여성연구자들이 있다. 이에 대해 본 연구는 증언과 자료를 통해 조선인 ‘위안부’에 미성년자가 많았다는 사실을 재확인하였다. 다음으로 2015년 12월 ‘위안부’에 관한 한일 ‘합의’ 이후 외교 문제가 된 〈소녀상〉에 대한 한국정부 및 사회의 움직임과 함께 일본정부와 언론이 〈소녀상〉을 반대하는 이유를 첫째, ‘위안부’ 표상의 공공성, 둘째, ‘위안부’가 〈소녀상〉이라는 신체감각, 셋째, 치욕 의식, 피해자 의식, 자기방어 반응과 같이 세차원에서 나타나는 ‘위안부’ 문제에 대한 감정을 검토하였다.BR 이를 통해 본 연구는 남성 중심적 일본사회의 맥락 속에서 ‘위안부’ 문제의 사실 및 가해 책임을 부인하려는 억압된 욕망이 ‘위안부’ 문제가 “일본을 더럽힌다”는 감정적 내셔널리즘뿐 아니라 “일본남성을 더럽힌다”는 젠더감정과 연결되면서 〈소녀상〉에 분출되었음을 밝혀냈다. 이는 계속되는 식민주의와 함께 역사적 사회적으로 구성된 일본의 남성성과 깊게 연관되어 있다.
Mixture Models for Fitting Freeway Travel Time Distributions and Measuring Travel Time Reliability

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Travel time reliability has attracted increasing attention in recent years and is often listed as a major roadway performance and service quality measure for traffic engineers and travelers. Measuring travel time reliability is the first step toward improving it, ensuring on-time arrivals, and reducing travel costs. Most measures of travel time reliability derive from continuous probability distributions and apply to traffic data directly. However, little previous research shows a consensus for selection of a probability distribution family for travel time reliability. Different probability distribution families could yield different values for the same measure of travel time reliability (e.g., standard deviation). The authors believe that specific selection of probability distribution families has few effects on measuring travel time reliability. Therefore, they proposed two hypotheses for accurately measuring travel time reliability and designed an experiment to prove the two hypotheses. The first hypothesis was proved by ( a) conducting the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and ( b) checking log likelihoods and the convergences of the corrected Akaike information criterion and of the Bayesian information criterion. The second hypothesis was proved by examining both moment- and percentile-based measures of travel time reliability. The results from testing the two hypotheses suggest that ( a) underfitting may cause disagreement in distribution selection, ( b) travel time can be precisely fitted by using mixture models with a higher value of K (regardless of distribution family), and ( c) measures of travel time reliability are insensitive to the selection of the distribution family. These findings allow researchers and practitioners to avoid testing of various distributions, and travel time reliability can be more accurately measured by using mixture models because of the higher values of log likelihoods.
Compressed Sensing Σ-Δ Modulators and Recovery Algorithm for Multi-Channel Bio-Signal Acquisition

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Compressed sensing (CS) is a sampling scheme that exploits signal sparsity to reduce the digitizing rate and thus improve analog-to-digital converter (ADC) power efficiency. By decoupling the analog signal frequency and digitizing rate, the ADC sampling rate is determined by the information rate rather than the maximum signal frequency. Herein we propose a compressed sensing scheme for multi-channel bio-signal recording based on sigma-delta modulation (SDM). The dot products between the signal and measuring vectors are realized by the inherent integration of the SDM with relieved saturation concern. Compared to other CS scheme, front-end based on CS SDM scales better with continuing advances in CMOS technology. A sparse sensing matrix and modified recovery algorithm that exploits similar sparse signatures across multiple channels improve both chip area efficiency and signal recovery accuracy. Detailed analyses are validated by extensive simulation results.
Implementing a Palliative Care Junior Faculty Visiting Professor Program: Pearls and Pitfalls

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Motivation Palliative Care (PC) is a small, relatively young interprofessional sub-specialty; hence mentorship for early-career research faculty is widely dispersed across schools and universities. We developed the Junior Visiting Professor Program (JVPP) to provide junior faculty in palliative care (PC) with opportunities to meet multidisciplinary PC researchers from other institutions and to advance their research through networking and presenting their work. We describe how we designed and implemented the program, and we report on the first cohort of participants. Methods We invited PC research groups from US schools of medicine and nursing to participate in this 5-year interprofessional exchange program by nominating junior faculty and serving as hosts. We matched nominees to host institutions based on nominee training experiences, nominee research interests, and host institution faculty expertise. In addition, we provided logistical guidance on visit planning. Post-visit, we surveyed both hosts and junior visiting professors (JVPs) regarding their satisfaction, perceived value, and suggestions regarding the program. Results We recruited 13 schools to participate and matched 10 nominees to host institutions in our first year. Nine JVPs completed their visit; 6 JVPs and 8 host faculty/staff responded to the post-visit survey. Overall, JVPs were highly satisfied with their matches and the visiting professor experience. Hosts were generally satisfied with their matches and believed the program to be mutually beneficial. The most frequent suggestion was for greater administrative support to plan visits. Conclusions Structured, well-supported opportunities for networking across institutions is beneficial for emerging PC researchers and for building PC research capacity.
Stress-assisted nickel-induced crystallization of silicon on glass

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of external mechanical stress on the crystallization of amorphous silicon deposited on thin, flexible glass substrates has been studied. A thin, 5–10 Å, layer of nickel deposited on the surface of the amorphous silicon layer acted as the seed of crystallization and the crystallization was observed to initiate at the top surface and proceed down towards the glass substrate. Application of a tensile stress during the annealing stage led to a uniform, partial crystallization of the amorphous silicon for annealing temperatures as low as 310 °C. In contrast, the application of compressive stress led to buckling of the silicon films during annealing under mechanical stress and crystallization was nonuniform over the surface of the sample. The crystalline quality of the films was investigated using scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. In addition, lateral polycrystalline growth of the silicon was observed for the case in which the nickel seed layer was less than 5 Å thick.
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase in the blastic phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia: An indicator of response to vincristine and prednisone therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) activity was assayed in leukemic cells of 34 patients in blastic phase of Philadelphia‐positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). The TdT levels were correlated with the response to vincristine and prednisone therapy. None of 20 TdT‐negative patients, but 10 of 14 TdT‐positive patients responded to vincristine and prednisone. There was poor correlation between blast cell morphology and response to this therapy. This study confirms that TdT levels in the majority of patients predict effectiveness of vincristine and prednisone therapy in blastic phase of CML.
Quantum Dynamics of Photodissociation: Recent Advances and Challenges

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Recent advances in constructing accurate potential energy surfaces and nonadiabatic couplings from high-level ab initio data have revealed detailed potential landscapes in not only the ground electronic state but also excited ones. They enabled quantitatively accurate characterization of photoexcited reactive systems using quantum mechanical methods. In this Perspective, we survey the recent progress in quantum mechanical studies of adiabatic and nonadiabatic photodissociation dynamics, focusing on initial state control and product energy disposal. These new insights helped to understand quantum effects in small prototypical systems, and the results serve as benchmarks for developing more approximate theoretical methods.
Strong and Weak Gender Quota Regimes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A study of the introduction and adoption of gender quotas that does not examine both the interpretation of the problem and the process of implementation is insufficient. A gender quota regime may be promising in its formal features, without guaranteeing the intended results in more informal practices. Six criteria form the basis for a strong gender quota regime: (1) unambiguous and concrete goals, (2) rank order of candidates, (3) evaluations and adjustments of the regime, (4) information from superior authorities, (5) satisfactory implementation by the actors involved, and (6) control and sanctions. An evaluation of these six criteria presupposes the use of a variety of methodological approaches. The development of specific criteria for strong versus weak quota regimes makes it possible to identify both the weak points of the legislation and the failures of implementation. In addition, these criteria will contribute to comparative studies on gender quota regimes and supplement the work of cumulative research. This study applies the six criteria in order to evaluate the Norwegian gender quota regime in local politics and shows that even if four criteria are fulfilled the result is still not satisfactory. The practices of implementation among politicians at the local level as well as among the supervising bodies (county governors) vary. Different discourses create various practices that force or obstruct the implementation of gender balance.
Exploring the dominant features of social media for depression detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, social media have been used by researchers to detect depressive symptoms in individuals using linguistic data from users’ posts. In this study, we propose a framework to identify social information as a significant predictor of depression. Using the proposed framework, we develop an application called the Socially Mediated Patient Portal (SMPP), which detects depression-related markers in Facebook users by applying a data-driven approach with machine learning classification techniques. We examined a data set of 4350 users who were evaluated for depression using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. From this analysis, we identified a set of features that can distinguish between individuals with and without depression. Finally, we identified the dominant features that adequately assess individuals with and without depression on social media. The model trained on these features will be helpful to physicians in diagnosing mental diseases and psychiatrists in analysing patient behaviour.
Fundamental Limit on ``Interaction Free'' Measurements

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In ``interaction free'' measurements, one typically wants to detect the presence of an object without touching it with even a single photon. One often imagines a bomb whose trigger is an extremely sensitive measuring device whose presence we would like to detect without triggering it. We point out that all such measuring devices have a maximum sensitivity set by the uncertainty principle, and thus can only determine whether a measurement is ``interaction free'' to within a finite minimum resolution. We further discuss exactly what can be achieved with the proposed ``interaction free'' measurement schemes.
A Tc-99m-Labeled Long Chain Fatty Acid Derivative for Myocardial Imaging

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

C-11- and I-123-labeled long chain fatty acid derivatives have been reported as useful radiopharmaceuticals for the estimation of myocardial fatty acid metabolism. We have reported that Tc-99m-labeled N-[[[(2-mercaptoethyl)amino]carbonyl]methyl]-N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-6-aminohexanoic acid ([(99m)Tc]MAMA-HA), a medium chain fatty acid derivative, is metabolized by beta-oxidation in the liver and that the MAMA ligand is useful for attaching to the omega-position of fatty acid derivatives as a chelating group for Tc-99m. On the basis of these findings, we focused on developing a Tc-99m-labeled long chain fatty acid derivative that reflected fatty acid metabolism in the myocardium. In this study, we synthesized a dodecanoic acid derivative, MAMA-DA, and a hexadecanoic acid derivative, MAMA-HDA, and performed radiolabeling and biodistribution studies. [(99m)Tc]MAMA-DA and [(99m)Tc]MAMA-HDA were prepared using a ligand-exchange reaction. Biodistribution studies were carried out in normal mice and rats. Then, a high initial uptake of Tc-99m was observed, followed by a rapid clearance from the heart. The maximum heart/blood ratio was 3.6 at 2 min postinjection of [(99m)Tc]MAMA-HDA. These kinetics were similar to those with postinjection of p-[(125)I]iodophenylpentadecanoic acid. Metabolite analysis showed [(99m)Tc]MAMA-HDA was metabolized by beta-oxidation in the body. In conclusion, [(99m)Tc]MAMA-HDA is a promising compound as a long chain fatty acid analogue for estimating beta-oxidation of fatty acid in the heart.
A local greedy algorithm and higher-order extensions for global numerical continuation of analytically varying subspaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We present a family of numerical implementations of Kato’s ODE propagating global bases of analytically varying invariant subspaces of which the first-order version is a surprisingly simple “greedy algorithm” that is both stable and easy to program and the second-order version a relaxation of a first-order scheme of Brin and Zumbrun. The method has application to numerical Evans function computations used to assess stability of traveling-wave solutions of time-evolutionary PDE.
Cytopathological evaluations combined RNA and protein analyses on defined cell regions using single frozen tissue block

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The co-existence of multiple cell components in tissue samples is the main obstacle for precise molecular evaluation on defined cell types. Based on morphological examination, we developed an efficient approach for paralleled RNA and protein isolations from an identical histological region in frozen tissue section.The RNA and protein samples prepared were sufficient for RT-PCR and Western blot analyses, and the results obtained were well coincident each other as well as with the corresponding parameters revealed from immunohistochemical examinations. By this way, the sampling problem caused by cell-cross contamination can be largely avoided, committing the experimental data more specific to a defined cell type. These novel methods thus allow us to use single tissue block for a comprehensive study by integration of conventional cytological evaluations with nucleic acid and protein analyses.
Barriers to digital technologies-driven circular economy in the Nigerian construction industry

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate barriers to the adoption of digital technologies (DTs) in the circular economy (CE) transition in the construction industry. The aim is to quantitatively investigate what the barriers to DTs-driven CE are in the Nigerian construction industry. Design/methodology/approach A review of existing literature identified 32 barriers to DTs-led CE. A well-structured quantitative research questionnaire was developed and administered to construction experts using a convenient sampling technique via hand delivery and Google form. The gathered data were analysed using arrays of both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Findings The study revealed that the awareness of the digitalisation of CE is high, but the adoption is low. Five themes of the leading 10 factors responsible for the low adoption of DTs in CE transition in the Nigerian construction industry are (1) finance and demand barrier, (2) data management and information vulnerability, (3) skills shortage and infrastructure challenge, (4) poor government and management support and (5) interoperability and resistance problems. Practical implications This study could be helpful to decision-makers and policy formulators, which would provide an avenue for higher adoption of DTs in CE transition in the construction industry, better performance and environmental protection. It also provides a foundation for further research efforts in Nigeria and other developing countries of Africa and beyond. Originality/value Studies on the barriers to DT adoption in CE transition are still growing, and this is even non-existent in the Nigerian construction context. This offers a unique insight and original findings by pioneering the identification and assessment of barriers to the digitalisation of CE transition in Nigeria’s construction industry.