jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Clonus in spastic subjects: a stable limit cycle?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Clonus properties at the ankle were examined in 4 spastic subjects to determine whether this oscillatory behavior has the properties of a limit cycle, and whether it is driven by peripheral sensory input or by a spinal generator of some type. Floquet Theory and Poincare sections were used to assess the presence of limit cycle behavior and the kinematic stability of clonus, while external perturbations were used to determine whether clonus kinematic, dynamic, and muscle activation characteristics were dependent on external conditions, a property of a system driven from the periphery. The authors found that during clonus, cycle-to-cycle variability in the Poincare sections was quite small, such that the Floquet multipliers were always less than unity. In addition, the steady-state periodic orbit was not dependent on the initial position of the ankle. Furthermore, by applying dorsiflexion torques of various magnitudes to the subject's ankle, the authors observed a direct correlation between the size of the applied load and the frequency of both ankle movement and EMG burst frequency in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles. The frequency band for the various loads tested ranged from 3.8 Hz. To as much as 5.8 Hz. The timing of the EMG responses with respect to the onset of muscle lengthening in each clonus cycle was consistent with that of a delayed afferent response coming from the muscle spindles. The experimental findings in this study suggest that clonus, an involuntary reflex oscillation commonly exhibited in spastic patients, is a stable limit cycle that is mediated by peripheral reflex pathways.
Transcription–translation coupling: Recent advances and future perspectives

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The flow of genetic information from the chromosome to protein in all living organisms consists of two steps: (1) copying information coded in DNA into an mRNA intermediate via transcription by RNA polymerase, followed by (2) translation of this mRNA into a polypeptide by the ribosome. Unlike eukaryotes, where transcription and translation are separated by a nuclear envelope, in bacterial cells, these two processes occur within the same compartment. This means that a pioneering ribosome starts translation on nascent mRNA that is still being actively transcribed by RNA polymerase. This tethering via mRNA is referred to as ‘coupling’ of transcription and translation (CTT). CTT raises many questions regarding physical interactions and potential mutual regulation between these large (ribosome is ~2.5 MDa and RNA polymerase is 0.5 MDa) and powerful molecular machines. Accordingly, we will discuss some recently discovered structural and functional aspects of CTT.
COmplete GENome Tracking (COGENT): a flexible data environment for computational genomics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Summary: We present a database of fully sequenced and published genomes to facilitate the re-distribution of data and ensure reproducibility of results in the field of computational genomics. For its design we have implemented an extremely simple yet powerful schema to allow linking of genome sequence data to other resources. Availability: http://maine.ebi.ac.uk:8000/services/cogent/ Contact: genomes@ebi.ac.uk * To whom correspondence should be addressed. † The authors wish it to be known that, in their opinion, the first two authors should be regarded as joint First Authors. ‡ Present Address: External Services Group, EMBL-EBI.
Forecasting with a Global VAR model

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The Bank assesses the impact of international conditions on the New Zealand economy using a range of models. Among them, is the Global Vector Autoregressive model (GVAR), which is designed to analyse economic and financial interdependencies between countries. The GVAR is primarily used by the Bank to examine the transmission of global shocks or disturbances to the New Zealand economy. This Analytical Note examines to what extent the GVAR can also forecast macroeconomic conditions in New Zealand and its main trading partners. We test several specifications of the GVAR and calculate out-of-sample forecasts for GDP, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates and equity prices for New Zealand, U.S., China, Australia, Canada and the euro area. We then evaluate whether GVAR forecasts are more accurate than other statistical models and whether the model’s GDP forecasts can outperform economists’ forecasts published by Consensus Economics. We find that forecasts obtained from simple specifications of the GVAR tend to outperform other simple statistical models of inflation and GDP. The GVAR also outperforms economists’ GDP growth forecasts from Consensus Economics. These results emphasise the benefits of incorporating international linkages to improve forecast accuracy and suggest that the GVAR is a useful addition to the range of models used by the Reserve Bank to forecast the international economy.
Feedforward and Recurrent Neural Networks and Genetic Programs for Stock and Time Series Forecasting

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Adding recurrence to neural networks improves their time series forecasts. Well chosen inputs such as a window of time-delayed inputs, or intelligently preprocessed inputs, are more important than recurrence. Neural networks do well on moderately noisy and chaotic time series, such as sunspot data. A single neural network or genetic program generalizes poorly on weekly stock market indices due to the low signal-to-noise ratio. When the responses of a number of networks are averaged, the resulting forecast shows substantial profits on historical data.
Libros y mediatización en redes sociales: estrategias de comunicación editorial durante la pandemia en la Argentina

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explores the modalities of circulation and dissemination implemented by publishers operating in Argentina, paying particular attention to how mediatisation in social networks gained new momentum after the pandemic. It is productive to observe this phenomenon in order to reflect on publishing in this context as a field of production and reproduction of old and new inequalities, not only in terms of publication but also in terms of book circulation, as well as communication and dissemination. The corpus to be analysed comprises the results of a survey and analysis of information developed from the dissemination that the publishing houses carried out during the first months, between mid-March 2020 and the partial opening of bookshops with the directives of the national government, consisting of productions that publishers of different types carried out, as well as collectives focused on events such as book fairs. The article is based on a socio-anthropological analysis linked to digital ethnography.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Overexpression of a Novel Activator of PAK4, the CDK5 Kinase–Associated Protein CDK5RAP3, Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Supplementary Figure 2 from Overexpression of a Novel Activator of PAK4, the CDK5 Kinase–Associated Protein CDK5RAP3, Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis
Constructing speech communities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter introduces some of the language and discourse styles and social factors that help define and identify specific speech communities. As we have seen in previous chapters, there are numerous activities and interactions within and between members of speech communities that can be ongoing and involve multiple participants. There are also numerous speech events and verbal genres that are framed and sequenced and determined by role and status of participants, norms of interactions, expectation of content, etc. At issue here is not only how people form speech communities and learn how to function competently as members, but also where they form their communities.
MyWelch: building an information portal system in a medical library environment.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

MyWelch is a medical library portal system that users can use to create customized web sites that reflect their research needs and personal interests. In the MyWelch environment, faculty and students are empowered to take a greater role in identifying their needs and determining their requirements in the electronic environment. The portal system also facilitates interaction among library users and staff.
Experiments with Video Communication on ATM-networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This report presents the results of a set of performance measurements related to communication of digital video on ATM-networks. High quality video produces large amounts data which mustbecommunicated and processed in real-time. Satisfaction of this requirements require knowledge about the available system resources and the nature of the load that are put on these. We therefore benchmark our testbed consisting of a local area ATM network and a local area Ethernet to investigate the available resources and compressed video&apos;s use of bandwidth and cpu resources. We examine three protocol/network combinations with respect to. throughput, latency and jitter: AAL-5 on an ATM-network, UDP on ATM, and UDP on Ethernet. The measurements show thatAAL-5 gives the highest throughput, lowest latency, and lowest jitter. We nd that a loaded Ethernet produces very high jitter values, that require special attention in a multi-media system. We conclude that AAL-5 is the better choice of
[Study on the stability of Japanese encephalitis vaccine--development of freeze-dry dosage form].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In order to prolong shelf-life and improve the quality of the vaccine product, not only an effective stabilizer but also a more proper dosage form has been sought. The stability of a Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine produced from mouse brain along with a variety of stabilizers and lyophilization protocols was evaluated. Without any stabilizers added, almost 90% of the antigenicity would vanish after freeze-drying process. Comparative studies of various compounds, including carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides and medium 199, on both antigenicity preservation and thermostability of the vaccine were carried out. The results indicated that the best reconstituted vaccines were prepared with two stabilizer formulations, sucrose and sucrose/gelatin. They were further examined by accelerated stability test at room and higher temperatures. The sucrose-added lyophilized vaccine can retain its original antigenicity for more than 60 days both at 37 degrees C and 45 degrees C. We conclude the thermostability efficiency of each of the stabilizers tested is as that follows: sucrose > sucrose/gelatin > gelatin/medium > gelatin.
Kinetics and stability of Chitosan-immobilized laccase

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Laccase, from Coriolus versicolor, was immobilized to the biopolymers of chitosan with varying average molecular weights (Mw= 130,214,432, and 505 kDa) using the carbodiimide active esther method. The effect of the biopolymer molecular weight on the chitosan-immobilized laccase were analyzed for the activity of soluble chitosan-immobilized laccase conjugates for the oxidation of the substrate 2,2'-azino-bis3-ethylbenzthiazoleine-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS). Although the chitosan Iaccase conjugates of different molecular weights maintained from 20 - 40% residual activity compared to free laccase, the immobilized laccase was capable of being recovered and reused multiple times. During repeated cycles ofprecipitation and dissolution of conjugates prepared with laccase immobilized to chitosan of Mw 214 kDa up to 60% of residual activity was retained after 15 cycles. Activities of the chitosan-laccase conjugates retained similar responsiveness to changes in pH (1.0 to 8.0) and temperature (20-80°C) compared to free laccase. Results of kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax, and Kcat) for analysis comparing the effect of Mw and laccase density on conjugation show two different relationships. Although the affinity of the conjugates, Km, for ABTS showed no apparent trend based on Mw of chitosan, laccase conjugated to chitosan (Mw 132 kDa) resulted in Vmax and Kcat (0.37 umole mL-1 min-1 and 2.1x10+6) to be approximately half the values for free laccase (0.60 umole mL-1 min-1 and 4.4x10+6 respectively) and decreased as Mw increased from 132 to 505 kDa. Increasing the amount of chitosan conjugated to laccase (2.2 to 8.8 mg chitosan/mL) decreased Km values from 349 to 82 uM compared to 65 uM for free chitosan. However, Vmax decreased (268 to 0.63 umole mL-1 min-1)as the amount of chitosan conjugated to laccase increased compared to Vmax for free chitosan (0.46 umole mL-1 min-1). Kcat for conjugated laccase remained 100 times less than that for free laccase (2.0x10+5 and 1.3x10+7, respectively). These results are indicative that the properties of chitosan affect the laccases catalytic sites and global structure of laccase conjugated to chitosan. Keywords: Biopolymer, Chitosan, Bioconjugate, Laccase
Dynamic Biomechanical Analysis of Vocal Folds Using Pipette Aspiration Technique

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The voice producing process is a complex interplay between glottal pressure, vocal folds, their elasticity and tension. The material properties of vocal folds are still insufficiently studied, because the determination of material properties in soft tissues is often difficult and connected to extensive experimental setups. To shed light on this less researched area, in this work, a dynamic pipette aspiration technique is utilized to measure the elasticity in a frequency range of 100–1000 Hz. The complex elasticity could be assessed with the phase shift between exciting pressure and tissue movement. The dynamic pipette aspiration setup has been miniaturized with regard to a future in-vivo application. The techniques were applied on 3 different porcine larynges 4 h and 1 d postmortem, in order to investigate the deterioration of the tissue over time and analyze correlation in elasticity values between vocal fold pairs. It was found that vocal fold pairs do have different absolute elasticity values but similar trends. This leads to the assumption that those trends are more important for phonation than having same absolute values.
16-01: ArcticLine: A New Cryo Ablation Catheter for the creation of Linear Lesions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<b>Introduction:</b> Cryoablation has been shown to be safe and effective technology for the ablation of cardiac arrhythmias. This study reports for the first time the efficacy and safety of a new catheter designed to create segmental linear lesions in both atria. The ArcticLine™ catheter employs an 11F 35mm long deflectable ablation segment. The surface is cooled by the passage of liquid nitrous oxide. Electrodes on either side of the ablation zone allow for 3D navigation and electrical recording. <b>Methods:</b> Via a 12F deflectable sheath the catheter was used to ablate the left (L) and right (R) isthmus and to place LA roof linear lesions (LL) connecting the PVs. The integrity of the lesions was assessed by paced activation, 3D mapping and histopathology following 4 weeks of recovery. <b>Results:</b> In 3 canines, left and right CTI were accomplished with 2.75 ± 1.0 cryo applications. Left atria 19 ± 2.8/atria LL were placed. Bi-directional conduction block was documented across both isthmus. Trichrome staining and histology revealed contiguous transmural lesions with an average lesion segmental length of 27.7 ± 3.7mm, width 7.3 ± 1.7mm and depth 2.1 ± 0.9 mm and total contiguous length of 105.1mm (shown in the figure Panel A RA isthmus and Panel B LA LL and Left Isthmus Line). <b>Conclusion:</b> The ArcticLine™ catheter is capable of creating transmural and contiguous lesions in both the right and left atria. Ablation of the right and left isthmus lines were successfully created with the ArcticLine™. Transmural contiguous ablations in the left atria were placed connecting the PVs. <f><inline-fig> <link locator="euw15801"></inline-fig></f> <b>Conflict of interest:</b> Compensation for services related to researching catheter
DRY-HOT CLIMATE CHANGES FROM 210 TO 120 kaBP BY LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS IN YUANMOU BASIN,YUNNAN

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Langbapu Palaeolake is located in the west of Yuanmou Basin.A complete lacustrine sediments stratum(27m-thick) was preserved and the ESR dating was accomplished in this paper.The research results showed that Langbapu Lake existed from 216±20 to 121±10 kaBP,which covered the end of the penultimate interglacial,the penultimate glaciation as well as the beginning of the last interglacial.Based on the analysis of grain size,magnetic susceptibility and pollen,the palaeoclimatic changes during 216±20 and 121±10 kaBP of Yuanmou Basin has been reconstructed.During 216~185 kaBP,the mean pollen concentration was the highest and Cycadaceae and Cyperaceae,as well as Sedge vegetation appeared,which indicated that the climate was relatively hygrothermal.During 185~150 kaBP,the pollen concentration decreased rapidly.In the 160 kaBP,the pollen concentration was only 8.67 grain/100 g,which was corresponding to the glacial maximum of penultimate glaciation.During 150~122 kaBP,several sandy gravel layers appeared.The proportion of herb increased.The palaeoclimate became warmer but drier,which was very similar to today' s climate.The Langbapu Lake shrank and disappeared at last.The mean pollen concentration of lake sediments was only 34.35 grain/100 g,so we thought that dry-hot climate was already significantly before the penultimate interglacial.The characteristics of dry-hot climate were very similar to modern status after the last interglacial.
Use of imaging prediction model for omission of axillary surgery in early-stage breast cancer patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Purpose To develop a prediction model incorporating clinicopathological information, US, and MRI to diagnose axillary lymph node (LN) metastasis with acceptable false negative rate (FNR) in patients with early stage, clinically node-negative breast cancers. Methods In this single center retrospective study, the inclusion criteria comprised women with clinical T1 or T2 and N0 breast cancers who underwent preoperative US and MRI between January 2017 and July 2018. Patients were temporally divided into the development and validation cohorts. Clinicopathological information, US, and MRI findings were collected. Two prediction models (US model and combined US and MRI model) were created using logistic regression analysis from the development cohort. FNRs of the two models were compared using the McNemar test. Results A total of 964 women comprised the development (603 women, 54 ± 11 years) and validation (361 women, 53 ± 10 years) cohorts with 107 (18%) and 77 (21%) axillary LN metastases in each cohort, respectively. The US model consisted of tumor size and morphology of LN on US. The combined US and MRI model consisted of asymmetry of LN number, long diameter of LN, tumor type, and multiplicity of breast cancers on MRI, in addition to tumor size and morphology of LN on US. The combined model showed significantly lower FNR than the US model in both development (5% vs. 32%, P < .001) and validation (9% vs. 35%, P < .001) cohorts. Conclusion Our prediction model combining US and MRI lowered FNR compared to using US alone.
Immunotoxicology

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This chapter covers the current global regulatory status and expectations regarding the nonclinical safety assessment for drugs for immunotoxic potential. The chapter also covers non-regulatory considerations and makes recommendations for follow-on testing. During the interpretation of data, two key factors should be considered. First, there can be marked differences in the immune system of different species which could result in limitations. Second, the immune system in humans and animals contains a great deal of redundancy or capacity to trigger compensatory mechanisms when one immune effector mechanism is inhibited. Regulatory requirements for the testing of pharmaceutical new molecular entities (NMEs) for potential to adversely impact the immune system are relatively new, though drug-related immunotoxic effects have been known for many years. This chapter presents the evaluation of immunotoxicity (from International Conference on Harmonization S8), evaluation of clinical pathology and considerations in determining the need for specific immunotoxicity testing.
Facial feature tracking by robust face segmentation and scalable rotational BMA

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We proposed an algorithm for the tracking of facial feature points based on the block matching algorithm (BMA) with a new shape of window considering the feature point characteristics and scale/angle changes of the face. The window used in the proposed algorithm is the set of pixels in the 8 radial lines of 0 degree(s),45 degree(s),... from the feature point, i.e. the window has the shape of cross plus 45 degree(s) rotated cross. This shape of window is shown to be more efficient than the conventional rectangular window in tracking the facial feature points, because the points and their neighbor are not usually the objects of rigid body. But since the feature points are usually on the edges of luminance or color changes, at least one of the radial line crosses the edge and it gives distinct measure for tracking the point. Also the radial line window requires less computational complexity than the rectangular window and more readily adjusted with respect to scale and angle changes. For the estimation of scale changes, the facial region is segmented at each frame using the normalized color, and the number of pixels in the facial region are compared.