jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and properties of transparent Nd:YAG ceramics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Transparent ceramics have been known to be one of the best material for solid state lasers application. Researchers all over the worldhave shown huge interest in researching Solid state laser ceramics. This is because it is known for its flexibility to be doped with different type of elements and has excellent transmittance. It has been widely used as an application for solid state lasers. This project is to evaluate how sintering temperature affect the transparency of YAG ceramics as well as the morphology of co-precipitated powders. Both factors are studied to reduce the porosity in order to attain transparent ceramic for solid-state laser application. This work consists of the fabrication of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet; Nd:Y3Al5O12 (Nd:YAG) transparent ceramics via Soild state reaction method. Followed by sintering to produce the final transparency samples, the samples then undergo thermal etching and polishing. Lastly, the transparency ceramics samples are then characterized using tools such as UV-VIS spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). Porosity and optical transmittance of the samples were determined based on the microstructure of the samples. These are the factors needed to be considered when producing high quality transparent ceramic product.
Urography in children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Radiologic evaluation of urinary tract infection in children should include both excretory urography and voiding cystourethrography. Excretory urography is done to search for anomalies predisposing to infection and for signs of previous episodes of pyelonephritis or reflux and to serve as a baseline for future studies. Voiding cystourethrography is done to search for abnormalities in the natural barriers that protect the renal medulla from infection. If reflux is found to be present and sequential reflux studies are done, they should be performed by the radionuclide method to observe changes in degree or cessation.
SUSTAINABLE TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA: THE IMPERATIVE FOR TOURISTS/HOST COMMUNITIES SECURITY

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the obvious developmental challenges in African countries is poverty, made worse by the enormity of human and natural resources that should ordinarily be antithetical to poverty. One way of addressing this challenge is economic diversification from the traditional agricultural or oil mono-economy to such new areas as tourism. In this paper, we examine the benefits of tourism to local economy and conclude on its potentials in transforming the rural poor’s life. Arising from this benefit is the security challenge which is often least discussed even among researchers on tourism. This paper identifies the physical security of the tourists and the psychological security of the host communities crucial for sustainable tourism development in Africa. It is concluded that sustainable tourism development is visible and possible if a mechanism exists that guarantees the security either way.
Metal, Sex, Comics, and Poetry: A Look at Contemporary Sublime Terror

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

“Whatever is fitted in any sort to excite the ideas of pain, and danger, that is to say, whatever is in any sort of terrible, or is conversant about terrible objects, or operates in a manner analogous to terror, is a source of the sublime; that is, it is productive of the strongest emotion which the mind is capable of feeling. I say the strongest emotion; because I am satisfied the ideas of pain are much more powerful than those which enter on the part of pleasure.” (Burke, 36, “Of the Sublime”) Intro: Sublime Terror and Poetry My main experience with the sublime has been to see it as something that exists before reasoning, understanding, or an application of cohesive language can be exercised. It exists in the space of experience without comprehension, without being able to consciously compare something to another based on previously existing context, and does not necessarily have anything to do with beauty or pleasure, as I had originally imagined. Within my recent understanding of the sublime, the key facet I have latched onto the most in terms of my own personal revelations about its significance to my work as a poet, have been its aspects surrounding terror. Poetry exists in a space of uncertainty, untethered to comprehension, and rooted in the exchange of energy between the poem and everything outside of the poem (most often through the reader). The poem speaks on levels in which it does not initially appear to speak. It is always suggesting something beyond itself and yet contains itself as a monadic object. To me, there is something inherently terrifying in a strong poem, whether or not the subject matter of the poem has any typically fear-inducing elements. A proficiently crafted poem both suggests and leads to something outside of it - without necessitating any sleight, trickery, or glib obscurity - while still leading back to the poem, as it exists. It remains unraveled and still raveled tightly as it was before the energy was exchanged. There is something sublime, and within it terrifying, about this unseen, largely unknowable, often ineffable, and unarticulable realm that poetry attempts to bring us toward through the use of an inescapably systematic and comprehension-dependent device: language. Sublime and the Terror of the Incomprehensible In this paper, I am going to discuss the ways in which even the most systematic aspects of our living experience are used to access the terror of the system-less, the incomprehensible, the larger, grander space outside of our existence, with a nod in the direction toward the possibility mixed with the incomprehensibility that this space is actually nothingness. Nothingness becomes potentially the most terrifying possibility, as it is one thing we cannot truly fathom.
Measuring Food Safety Control in U.S. Hog Farms Using a Composite Indicator

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Consumer demand for reliable food product quality and safety is growing. This trend, together with increased public regulation and attention to the legal liability of food processors and retailers creates derived demand for food safety assurance in farm production. In consequence, farms have adopted different measures, voluntarily or compulsorily, in their production practice to ensure reduced food safety risks from the farm product. Multiple individual indicators exist which reflect different facets of food safety practice. In fact, it is likely that production of a safer product is a result of several factors. However, little is known about what practices effect greater food safety control at the farm level, or how farms that take greater food safety control fare in comparison to other farms. This study develops a composite food safety control indicator by aggregating data from a set of individual indicators of food safety control and investigates the variation in food safety practices across farms. Moreover, we show how some relevant variables may influence farm food safety control, thus provide empirical evidence for the design of food safety-enhancing agricultural policy measures.
Tracing developments in regional electoral democracy: the impact of regional authority, regional identity and regional electoral systems on the regional vote

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Chapter 12: Decentralization processes over the past four decades have increased the depth and scope of regional electoral democracy. More than 80 percent of the electorate in 15 Western European countries can vote in regional elections and in regional authority has increased in close to half of the regions (130 out of a total of 289 regions). In this chapter we trace the developments in regional electoral democracy and we review the literature that sets out to explain the regional vote. Regional authority, regional identity, and regional electoral systems are found to be important factors that drive the regional vote. However, regional electoral systems have received scant theoretical and empirical attention. Our explorative analysis on cross-regional and over time variance in incongruence between regional and national party systems, elections, and electorates clearly reveals that the impact of regional electoral systems is at least as important as the effects of regional authority and regional identity. We conclude by discussing three important avenues for further research.
Customer Development and Effectuation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Effectuation and customer development are two contemporary theories to guide nascent entrepreneurs through the conceptualization and refinement of a business model. They operate on different levels: the former offers a worldview on how successful entrepreneurs think, whereas the latter provides step-by-step tactical instructions for generating and testing hypotheses. This article summarizes these two approaches, along with recent textbooks within each approach, to provide an integrated syllabus for an undergraduate course as an introduction to entrepreneurship.
Strut fracture mechanisms of the Björk-Shiley convexo-concave heart valve.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Investigations of convexo-concave (C/C) valve outlet strut fractures (OSFs) were initially confounded by knowledge that the strut was subject to bending forces in arresting the opening disc. Pulse duplicator studies subsequently showed that closing loads were all born by the inlet strut, along with an understandable focus on the nature of the welds, where most fractures occurred. As observations of explanted valves accumulated, certain features pointed to unusual closing loads that might be contributory factors, but these hypothetical forces could not be verified. Epidemiological extrapolations and case-matched control studies have shown that certain valve and patient characteristics were each associated independently with increased OSF risk, leading to clinically valuable risk stratification, but little additional understanding of why OSFs continued to occur. Detection of the causative, highly transient (< 0.5 ms), outlet-strut-tip impacts due to closing disc over-rotation that have almost ten times the force of disc opening, and the capability of inducing leg-base bending stresses beyond the strut wire's fatigue endurance limit had to await the development of computer-controlled pulse duplicators and strut-leg strain gaging. Exercised young animals easily achieved such strut loading, but most human patients would probably have more difficulty. The actual OSF mechanism is a long-term, valve-patient interaction that requires the concurrence of susceptible valve geometry and sufficient ventricular contractility potential to develop the isovolumic, high dP/dt needed for forceful disc over-rotation. Critical strut tip loading must then occur often enough to fatigue fracture both strut legs within the patient's lifetime with the valve.
Influence of interfering lysyl oxidase gene on biological features of MDA-MB-231 cells |

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective To observe the influence of RNAi against lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene on biological features of MDA-MB-231 cells.Methods The MDA-MB-231 cells were transfected with lentiviral interference vector (LOX-RNAi-LV),and divided into three groups:the experimental group,the blank group and the negative group.The growth and proliferation of cells were determined by using methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay,cell colony formation and flow cytometry.The migration and invasion were observed by using transwell assays.Results The cell growth rate in the experimental group,the blank group and the negative group at 24,48,72 and 96 h was (12.73 ± 3.30) ％,(33.93 ± 1.99) ％,(52.63 ±1.04)％,(63.80±0.70)％;0,0,0,0; (7.60±6.27)％,(10.30±1.49)％,(9.10±2.69)％,(6.03 ± 1.21) ％,respectively (P ＜ 0.05).Cells invading between three groups was 47 ± 2 ; 100 ± 1 ; 88 ± 2 (P ＜ 0.05).Cell migration was 63 ± 2 ; 118 ± 2 ; 96 ± 2 (P ＜ 0.05).The difference of the cell cycle was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion After the LOX gene expression restrained,the creature feature of MDA-MB-231 were effectively suppressed.

Key words:
Breast carcinoma; Lysyl oxidase gene; RNA interference; Biological characteristics
Are they really stronger? Comparing effects of semantic variables in speeded deadline and standard picture naming

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Investigations of effects of semantic variables on picture naming have often been inconclusive, with some studies reporting significant and others non-significant effects. One potential explanation may relate to the specific naming tasks used: While most previous studies have used standard picture naming, others have used speeded naming that requires participants to prioritise naming speed over accuracy. Speeded naming has been suggested to cause enhanced effects of item-inherent word characteristics due to disruptions of cognitive control and resulting modulations of responsiveness to input. Consequently, this study investigated whether effects are stronger in speeded compared to standard picture naming, focusing on six feature-based semantic variables: number of semantic features, intercorrelational density, number of near semantic neighbours, semantic similarity, typicality, and distinctiveness. The results showed few differences in the variables’ effects between the two naming tasks: In the naming latency analysis, the inhibitory effect of distinctiveness was stronger in the speeded naming task, while in the accuracy analysis the effect of number of semantic features was stronger in the standard naming task. These findings cannot, therefore, be exclusively accounted for by increased responsiveness to input in speeded naming and we discuss possible underlying mechanisms. We conclude that, while some differences in effects of semantic variables between previous studies may have been caused by the specific naming task used, differences between studies more likely depend on statistical power and control of other influential variables in the experiment.
The Remains of Ancient Action

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter explores the application of cognitive theory to ancient drama and how this approach can help us understand more about how these plays functioned in antiquity. dispel a few theatrical myths that still surround Greek drama, and inform the way in which these ancient plays are interpreted by modern practitioners. In doing so it also hope to dispel a few theatrical myths that still surround Greek drama, and inform the way in which these ancient plays are interpreted by modern practitioners. It briefly explores three areas based on recent research on cognitive approaches to the experiential elements of ancient drama: environment, masks, and movement. Athenian drama was a theatre of almost constant movement, both individual and collective, and a cognitive approach to what we know of it can help us understand just how much dance, gestures and movement contributed to the emotionality and narrative action of these works.
Phonological context and EEG RSA

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Behavioral data, Extracted EEG data and analysis script of the study of phonological facilitation and phonological interference effect (blocked cyclic naming paradigm)
EEG data in each txt file are EEG signals of each item averaged across 4 cycles for each subject.
In each EEG txt file, the first three columns are electrodes, context, and item id. In the context column, 1 and 2 indicate homogeneous blocks and heterogeneous blocks for the initial overlap condition, while 3 and 4 indicate homogeneous blocks and heterogeneous blocks for the distributed overlap condition. After the item id column, each column represent EEG signal at each 2 ms time point.
Rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women: effects of abuse on self-concept.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This research arose from clinical practice in a rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white community in Southwest Texas. The practice focused on individual and group counseling for these women in abusive relationships. Effects of type of abuse (physical, sexual, psychological) on self-concept were identified. Rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women experiencing sexual abuse versus other forms of abuse were found to have significantly lower perceptions of competency on a multi-dimensional measure of self-concept. Ethnic differences in self-concept were also found between groups of abused, rural Mexican-American and non-Hispanic white women.
Challenges of Teaching English at Primary Level

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Teaching English at primary level is a challenging task in most European countries. The opinions vary on when the instruction should start, which approaches and techniques work best at this level, what kind of outcomes are desirable as well as what kind evaluation process should be applied. Recent findings of research studies support early beginning on one hand, however, the results show that the instruction must have clear aims, otherwise it can be even contra productive. This article describes the situation in teaching English at primary level in Slovak schools. The author considers both benefits and constraints of introducing English language as a compulsory subject to primary education. The most serious concern is the lack of qualified teachers but at the same time the author underlines the lack of tried-and-tested experience which would be available to teachers. Even though there is an effort to help teachers become qualified for teaching at primary level there are many problematic issues concerning target group of teachers, especially the level of their language command. On the other hand the author appreciates the possibility to start teaching foreign languages to early language learners since there are a lot of benefits learners can gain. The author describes a case study where young learners involved in meaningful learning experience demonstrate how far such experience can take them.
Clinical Diagnosis of Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An ante-mortem diagnosis of dissecting aneurysm of the aorta was rarely made before the publication of Shennan's excellent monograph in 1934.Although described as long ago as 1728 by Nicholls, established as a pathological entity by Peacock in 1843, and cor- rectly diagnosed during life by Swaine and Lathan (1856), the correct ante-mortem diagnosis had been recorded only seven times prior to 1934.By 1939 Rogers was able to collect from the literature 24 cases in which the diagnosis had been made during life, and
Cognitive Psychology and Tourism

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Compiled from 10 years of research, with chapters contributed by experts in the field, we demonstrate how tourism will benefit from applying a new paradigm found in mainstream psychology, termed here the 'Cognitive Wave'. Tourism professionals who apply this will benefit by identifying how they apply concepts such as attention, emotion, sensations, and memory in their work, and critically understand how to measure them. The work is arranged into five sections. Chapter 1 introduces the 'Cognitive Wave' and discusses the potential advantages and disadvantages. Chapter 2 introduces the mental processes central to cognition. Chapters 4 and 5 provide examples of disambiguation, translating tourism concepts and theories into those of cognitive psychology. Every chapter highlights relevant existing research and opportunities for further developments. Real-world examples of the application of theory and methods to tourism, hospitality, events, leisure, and service fields are provided. There are many opportunities for developing these, and other topics, further and in developing the work of the invisible college which underpins the silent shift to the 'Cognitive Wave'.
Has the efficiency and productivity of the health system in India improved during post-policy period? Application of the bootstrap data envelopment analysis and Malmquist productivity index

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The efficiency and productivity of the health system are assessed using bootstrap data envelopment analysis and the bootstrap Malmquist productivity index across 21 states of India against the backdrop of the National Health Policy (NHP-2017). We took two child outcomes and three maternal outcomes as outputs and four inputs. A technical efficiency score of 0.760 suggests that the outputs could be increased by 24% without any additional inputs in the health system. A productivity of 0.993 indicates a decline at an average rate of 0.7% per year attributable to technological regress. Deducing from the statistical tests conducted, a significant change in the efficiency of the health system over the years was observed, particularly between the pre- and post-policy periods. In contrast, no significant change in productivity was observed. Despite having relatively better outcomes, Tamil Nadu lies farther away from the frontier, which indicates the inefficient utilization of public health resources. In contrast, Bihar, which has poor health outcomes, has better efficiency and witnessed significant productivity growth, indicating the efficient utilization of limited resources.
Playing with Words at the National Library of Sweden -- Making a Swedish\n BERT

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper introduces the Swedish BERT ("KB-BERT") developed by the KBLab for\ndata-driven research at the National Library of Sweden (KB). Building on recent\nefforts to create transformer-based BERT models for languages other than\nEnglish, we explain how we used KB's collections to create and train a new\nlanguage-specific BERT model for Swedish. We also present the results of our\nmodel in comparison with existing models - chiefly that produced by the Swedish\nPublic Employment Service, Arbetsf\\"ormedlingen, and Google's multilingual\nM-BERT - where we demonstrate that KB-BERT outperforms these in a range of NLP\ntasks from named entity recognition (NER) to part-of-speech tagging (POS). Our\ndiscussion highlights the difficulties that continue to exist given the lack of\ntraining data and testbeds for smaller languages like Swedish. We release our\nmodel for further exploration and research here:\nhttps://github.com/Kungbib/swedish-bert-models .\n