jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Implementation of Semi-Active Hydraulic Engine Mounts

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In an effort to improve passenger comfort, the automotive industry is evaluating more sophisticated techniques to reduce engine excited frame vibrations. A new approach is to implement hydraulic mounts in a semi-active mode. In this mode, low power actuators are used to change the impedance characteristics of the mount. This paper presents a dynamic model and analysis of the semi-active hydraulic mount. Experimental data confirming the mount model are presented. Finally, results of an experimental study on the implementation of the semi-active mounts on a production automotive vehicle are presented. The study focuses on frame vibration reduction during engine idle. The semi-active hydraulic mounts show improved vibration levels over passive hydraulic mounts in the vehicle application.
The rapid response of 2/1 tearing mode to electrode biasing in J-TEXT experiments

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The electrode biasing (EB) has been applied to modulate the m/n = 2/1 tearing modes (TM) in J-TEXT tokamak, where m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers.According to the response time, the response of 2/1 tearing mode frequency to EB can be divided into two processes, the rapid response and the slow response.In the rapid response, experimental results show that the variation of mode frequency is ahead of the variation of plasma rotation, which is analogous to the result mentioned in paper [1].Statistic results indicate that the rapid response coefficient of TM frequency to EB current is a constant.The detailed analysis of rapid response obtained by auto-conditional average shows that the mode frequency varying lags about 13 μs behind of the variation of current.What's more is that the mode frequency derivative increases in proportion with the increase of the EB current value.A heuristic mechanism of the rapid response of 2/1 tearing mode to electrode biasing is presented, which is relevant to the rotation difference between magnetic island and edge plasma layer rather than the flow shear around the magnetic island.The experimental results suggest that the application of electrode biasing can modulate the TM frequency in a small amount of time, which is a possible method for the avoidance of mode locking and disruption.
Distribution of Chloramphenicol in Some Tissues and Extravascular Fluids of Dogs After Oral Administration

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Chloramphenicol concentrations were assayed chemically in tissue homogenates, blood, and certain extravascular fluids of Greyhounds killed 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 hours after they were orally given the drug (50 mg/kg). The concentrations of hemoglobin in blood and tissue homogenates were used to estimate “corrected values” to allow for differences in vascularity of the tissues sampled. The distribution of chloramphenicol in the body was not uniform. In all sampled tissues except brain, the initial corrected values were higher than the concentrations in blood. The tissues sampled, in diminishing order of initial corrected value, were lymph node, spleen, pancreas, liver, kidney, lung, muscle, and brain. The persistence of antibiotic in different tissues varied, and in some tissues it was detectable when blood concentrations reached zero. Penetration of chloramphenicol into brain and cerebrospinal fluid was slower than in other tissues and fluids. In aqueous humor and cerebrospinal fluid, concentrations were lower than those in blood, but high concentrations were present in urine. The findings indicated that during chloramphenicol therapy it may be advantageous to select dosage frequencies according to the site of infection.
RECONCILIATION OF PACKED COLUMN PERMEABILITY DATAPART 1. THE TEACHING OF GIDDINGS REVISITED

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In his classic text, Giddings (1965) put in writing a "Rosetta Stone" for packed column permeability research, which has gained little recognition since then. This lack of recognition is due partly to the complex nature of the subject matter and partly to the context, which was purely chromatographic. In it, he established experimentally that the value of his parameter φ0 pertaining to packed chromatographic columns was 300 for well-packed columns containing narrow distributions of spherical nonporous glass beads. Unfortunately, however, even though engineers and chromatographers spend much of their energy dealing with the same subject matterthe flow of liquids through conduits and packed bedsneither of these scientific disciplines recognized the relative importance of this contribution to the understanding of the pressure-flow relationship in general, and packed beds in particular. In this paper, we explore Giddings' unique concept of mean fluid velocity through a cross section. As a result, when taken in conjunction with his measured values for φ0, the inescapable conclusion is that the true value of the permeability coefficient in the Kozeny-Blake equation is not Carman's celebrated value of 180, but rather the much greater value of 267. Moreover, we also demonstrate that although Giddings applied his conclusion concerning its value (which he expressed in 1991) to all particle types, his bona fides was rooted in his measurements on the nonporous smooth spherical glass beads reported in his 1965 textbook. Finally, in an elaboration of Giddings' Table 5.3-1, we show that all his experimental results, both for columns packed with porous particles and for columns packed with nonporous particles, support this value.
Pandemics in the past Eight Centuries: A Sociological Appraisal

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present article intends to reflect the appearance of different pandemics in different periods from sociological point of view. Earlier pandemics used to appear without being able to control them; at the historical times without medications, hospitals, motor vehicles, without communications etc. Millions of people died because of spreading unknown diseases such as flu, cholera, black death, plague and the like. Estimates show that the first 15 events killed over 85 million people. Plague in Italy during some years in the 17th century perished many people vs the least of facilities within reach. Similarly, great plague in Spain in mid 17th century took the lives of a large number of people. Great plague of London also in the second half of the 17th century killed more than 100,000 of citizens. Such events not only directly killed older household members, but created bad lives and deprivation for the younger remaining members in such households. Many of such children had to resort to orphanages. Cholera outbreak also appeared in early 19th century in India, Russia and Africa leaving behind a great number of deaths. The flu pandemic at the end of 19th century killed many people. Many countries came to know more on influenza since then. The outbreak of Coronavirus in 2020 is the worst very widespread and global affecting and infecting many people in all corners of the world. Coronavirus pandemic is wide spreading without being prevented. Despite all the existing facilities, it is killing more than the earlier pandemics in terms of time and space. As education and understanding of people are currently higher than before, they highly feel distressed and disordered.
Caird's Philosophy of Religion

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the view of Spencer, Hamilton, Mansel and others, while the province of science is the known, the province of religion is the unknown and the unknowable. Ever addition to the gradually increasing sphere of science reveals a wider sphere of nescience, the unknown and unknowable background of the infinite and the absolute. Since to think is to condition and since the infinite and the absolute is unconditioned, to think or know the infinite or the absolute is to think the unthinkable or know the unknowable though we are compelled to accept the existence of the infinite and the absolute. But this viewpoint is contradictory. It is self-contradictory to hold simultaneously that human knowledge is confined to the finite and that we can know of an existence beyond the finite and that all human knowledge is relative and yet that we can know of the existence of the absolute. Objections to the scientific study of religion based on arguments from intuitive character of religious knowledge and arguments from authoritative nature of religious knowledge are also addressed.
Applications Laguerre Polynomials for Families of Bi-Univalent Functions Defined with (p,q)-Wanas Operator

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In current manuscript, using Laguerre polynomials and (p−q)-Wanas operator, we identify upper bounds a2 and a3 which are first two Taylor-Maclaurin coefficients for a specific bi-univalent functions classes W∑(η,δ,λ,σ,θ,α,β,p,q;h) and K∑(ξ,ρ,σ,θ,α,β,p,q;h) which cover the convex and starlike functions. Also, we discuss Fekete-Szegö type inequality for defined class.
[Flaccidity and erection of the human penis: morphological data].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Erection of the human penis, a simple and at the same time complex phenomenon, requires the involvement of numerous sustaining mechanisms. This paper presents a summary of the morphological research work done by the author, mainly concerning the mechanisms regulating the blood flow distribution in the arteries and veins, the arteriovenous anastomoses, the two corpora cavernosa of the penis with their tunica albuginea, the urethral corpus spongiosum, the capsular membrane which envelopes the latter, and finally the paraurethral glands. Although it is true that the primary mechanism of penile erection is represented by the central and peripheral nervous system, it must not be forgotten that the basis for this phenomenon consists of the structures of the corpora cavernosa of the penis as well as all of the other penile morphological structures.
A detailed science and operations analysis of the first flyby of Europa by the Juice spacecraft

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Juice is the first large mission chosen in the framework of ESA&#8217;s Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 program.The focus of Juice is to characterize the conditions that might have led to the emergence of habitable environments among the Jovian icy satellites, in particular Ganymede, Europa and Callisto. Juice will also perform a multidisciplinary investigation of the Jupiter system as an archetype for gas giants.The spacecraft payload consists of 10 state-of-the-art instruments (and one experiment that use the spacecraft telecommunication system with ground-based instruments) that will perform remote and in-situ measurements of Jupiter, its moons and their environment.&#160;From a trajectory&#8217;s point of view, the mission calls for a three-year orbital survey of the Jupiter system followed by an additional 9 months in orbit around Ganymede for an in-depth characterization of Ganymede as a planetary object and possible habitat. During the Jupiter orbital phase, Juice will perform a sequence of 67 orbits of different periods and inclinations around the planet including several flybys of the Galilean moons, 2 of which as close as 400km altitude from Europa in July 2032.The Juice top level Europa science goals are the determination of the composition of the non-ice materials and understanding their origin (deep interior vs exogenic), the search for liquid water under active sites and the study of the activity processes at play on the moon.A representative detailed science operations plan has been developed by the science team covering a 24 hour-period around the first flyby of Europa in July 2032. The plan considers the latest knowledge on instrument and spacecraft resources and performances available at the time of the study.This work presents the geometry and mission constraints associated to the flyby as well as the observation strategy chosen by the different payload; the remote sensing package&#8217;s strategy includes exosphere characterization (including potential plume detection) through limb observations and surface characterization at different scales and wavelengths, both on the inbound (dayside) and outbound (nightside) part of the flyby. At low altitude and centered around closest approach, the geophysics package will perform topography and surface roughness measurement using the laser altimeter as well as surface sounding down to a depth of up to ~ 9 km with the ice penetrating radar. Radio science range rate measurement will support the estimate of the main quadrupole coefficients and the testing of the hydrostatic hypothesis. The in-situ package will operate continuously to monitor the Europa plasma, neutral and electromagnetic wave environment. The resulting harmonized operations timeline, together with resources limitations and the assessment on the expected science return is discussed.
The effects of Primary Care Plus on referral patterns and experiences

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: International comparative analysis shows that health care costs per capita are increasing at a faster pace in the Netherlands than elsewhere in Europe [1].In 2012, the Taskforce Healthcare Expenditures formulated three recommendations to slow down this cost growth: (a) care should 'go back to basic', with the general practitioner (GP) as a gatekeeper; (b) care should be provided at the 'right place', with more task substitution to primary care, and; (c) all parties should share a mutual responsibility for controlling healthcare costs [2].Therefore the primary care organisation ZIO and the Academic Hospital Maastricht initiated the Primary Care Plus (PC+) pilot to investigate whether the Triple Aim principles [3] could be reached through substitution from hospital care to primary care.This PC+ pilot seeks to contribute to these points by introducing specialist consultations in general practice. Aims:The objective of this six months pilot study is to examine the effects of PC+ on referral patterns and experiences of stakeholders. Methods:In PC+ five medical specialties (neurology, orthopaedics, internal medicine, dermatology and cardiology) perform non-acute patient consultations within 10 General Practitioners' (GP) practices.Both qualitative (interviews, log-books and focus groups) and quantitative (electronic referral system, questionnaires for GP's, specialists and patients) data was collected in PC+ and 15 control practices.
Kualitas hidup terkait kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada anak prasekolah di Batam

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: The high number of dental and oral health problems in preschool children, such as dental caries, can indirectly interfere with children's development and daily activities. This situation will affect children's Oral-Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) up to his family. Objective: Defines the quality of life related to dental and oral health at Nabilah Kindergarten in Batam City District. Methods: This research is a descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design to describe the Oral-Health Related Quality of Life at Nabilah Kindergarten in Batam City District. The research was conducted by distributing ECOHIS questionnaire sheets consisting of 13 question items to 79 mothers of Nabilah Kindergarten students in Batam City District. Respondents filled out the informed consent and ECOHIS questionnaire sheets. The assessment of Oral-Health Related Quality of Life in the questionnaire is divided into four categories, namely good, sufficient, bad, and very bad. The score of each respondent's answer is added up and then adjusted based on the score range of the ECOHIS questionnaire. Results: The results showed that Oral-Health Related Quality of Life in the children impact section was in the good category 68.4%, sufficient 29.1%, bad 2.5%. Meanwhile, the family impact section was 58.2% good, 35.4% sufficient, and 6.3% bad. Conclusion: Oral-Health Related Quality of Life at Nabilah Kindergarten in Batam City District tends to be in the good category.
Malonaldehyde Synthesis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Pure malonaldehyde is obtained by organic synthesis. In the first step, malonaldehyde sodium salt is obtained by 1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane acidic hydrolysis and purified by recrystallization in methanol/ether. In the second step, malonaldehyde is synthesized by reaction between malonaldehyde sodium salt and gaseous hydrochloric acid dissolved in ether at − 40 °C. Finally, malonaldehyde is purified by pumping at temperatures less than 0 °C and extracted by sublimation.
A Systematic Evaluation of the Evidence for Porcine \nReproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Vaccine Efficacy on \nReproductive Performance in Sows

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) virus was estimated in 2005 to cost U.S. pork producers $560 million annually, of which $67 million was attributed to reproductive disorders in breeding herds. The objective of this report was to provide a comprehensive, systematic review and quality assessment of all available research reports evaluating the use of commercial PRRS vaccines in breeding stock. To achieve the study objective, the systematic review methodology was adopted. The objective of this review therefore was to answer the question, “What is the effect of vaccination with a commercially available PRRS vaccine on the reproductive performance of breeding age female swine?” Four components of the question for a systematic review for an intervention consist of the population of interest, intervention, comparator, and outcome of interest (PICO). All potentially relevant primary research studies were identified, screened for relevance, assessed for standard design features, and if passing both the relevance and quality criterion, were extracted. The evaluation allows us the conclusion that there is a large volume of evidence discussing the effects of PRRS vaccination on reproductive parameters, but the studies are variable in the consistency of reporting and the approach used to measure these values. Based on the evidence gathered from this systematic review a positive benefit on reproductive parameters is reported with the use of vaccination. Practitioners bear the responsibility of assessing the validity of the experimental design and analysis as part of determining the evidentiary value of the conclusions relative to the vaccination decision they are making.
Associating hoof disorders with sub-optimal mobility in dairy cows in pasture-based systems

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

This analysis confirms an association between MS and HD. The results indicate that any form of HD presence is a relevant predictor of MS. From the results, it is clear that more severe type HD, for example; ulcers and digital dermatitis have a significantly greater impact on MS. Based on HD presence, the results also indicate the thresholds wherein MS is likely to be suboptimal (MS>0) thus causing a deviation from the optimal walking pattern of a cow.
REALIZATION OF THEOREM PROVING ON A MINI-COMPUTER

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the concrete process of using BASIC to realize theorem proving on a mini-computer PDP-11-03. The only rule of inference used is a refinement algorithm-the Unit Binary Eesolution. A few of technics as follows:1. The subsumption test. This technic can be used to delete some irrelevant and redundant clauses. With the Fast-Search-Method, some unnecessary teats can be avoided. For instance, let C1, C2, …, Cn be the given old unit clauses and D1, D2, …, Dm be the new ones. If D1, D2, …, Dm. do not subsume each other, m(m-1)/2 times of search can be saved.2. The test of the ordinal number of clauses. To resolve a unit clause, say clause m, against a nonunit clause, say clause n', we first find the last unit clause, say clause m', which is used to obtain clause n'. If m is less than m', we resolve clause m and clause n'; otherwise, they are not resolved. (Using it, we can avoid repeatedly generating the same unit clause.)3. The supporting set. The supporting set can be used to avoid performing any resolution in the basic axioms.4. The programming technic. The nest structure of ALGOL is introduced into BASIC programs so that only one-dimension string array and a few simple variables are needed. Chain structure is used to realize the exchange between the Polish notation and the usual notation of clauses. The dialogue between the user and computer can be used to speed up finding proofs of theorems.
Artist's Statement

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this artist's statement, originally written for a keynote lecture given at the American Bande Dessinée Society conference held at Miami University (Oxford, Ohio) on 3 November 2012, Clément Baloup recounts his artistic trajectory through comics, moving from his experience as a comics reader to his art work as a professional cartoonist. He speaks about other cartoonists who influenced his work, ranging from Baru to Baudoin, Mazzuchelli to Miller, and Sacco to Spiegelman. He then describes three aspects of his comics about the Vietnamese and their history: the stories that he has created, his research and writing process, and the cartooning techniques involved in making each book.
Recovery of lithium, cobalt and other metals from lithium-ion batteries

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ÖzWastes with high metal content are an important secondary source.Utilisation of these wastes is important offering environmental and economic advantages as well as the conservation of natural resources.Due to the widespread use of portable electrical and electronic devices (mobile phones, laptops, video cameras, etc.) and electric cars, the consumption of lithium and cobalt, which are used as main components in lithium-ion batteries/batteries (LIB), has increased.Because LIBs contain lithium (1.5-7%), cobalt (5-20%), manganese (15-20%), copper (8-10%), aluminium (5-8%), and nickel (5-10%), they are considered as an important secondary source.Industrially, mechanical pretreatment, pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods as alone or in combination are used to recover metals from waste LIBs.After mechanical pretreatment and physical separation processes, hydrometallurgical methods, including solution purification, precipitation and solvent extraction methods, are used after leaching with inorganic such as H2SO4, HCI and HNO3 or organic acids.In this study, processes for recovery of metals from LIBs are discussed with a critical review of studies carried out on this.In addition, flowsheets of industrial applications for lithium/cobalt recovery in the world are presented.Yüksek metal içeriklerine sahip olan atıklar önemli bir ikincil kaynak konumundadırlar.Bu atıkların değerlendirilmesi, çevresel ve ekonomik avantajlarının yanı sıra doğal kaynakların korunması açısından da önemlidir.Taşınabilir elektrikli ve elektronik cihazların (cep telefonları, dizüstü bilgisayarlar,
Structure–odour relations for bitter almond odorants

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Structure–bitter almond odour relations are established for a set of 65 organic compounds (40 having the bitter almond character) belonging to benzene, pyrrole, thiophene, acyclic and cyclic compounds. Compounds are described using components of autocorrelation method, and the odour is described with a binary variable. Data were analysed using principal component analysis followed by a linear discriminant analysis. The obtained model gives satisfactory classification and prediction of the training set and the test set, respectively. In addition, obtained structure–odour relations were translated to structural elements (and rules) necessary for a stimulus to have bitter almond character.