jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Release of endogenous 5‐hydroxytryptamine from the myenteric plexus of the guinea‐pig isolated small intestine

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The presence of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and its metabolite 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5‐HIAA) in, and the release of these substances from, the myenteric plexus‐longitudinal muscle (MPLM) layer of the guinea‐pig isolated small intestine were investigated. 5‐HT and 5‐HIAA were measured by high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. Freshly prepared MPLM contained measurable amounts of 5‐HT and 5‐HIAA. For the release experiments, the MPLM was incubated in a medium containing the 5‐HT uptake inhibitor fluoxetine and the monoamine oxidase inhibitor nialamide; this led to a decrease in the 5‐HIAA content of the MPLM whereas the 5‐HT content remained unchanged. There was a spontaneous release of 5‐HT and 5‐HIAA from the MPLM. The release of 5‐HT was so small that it was just detectable; it seemed equivalent to about 0.8% of the tissue stores released per min. Depolarization of the tissue by increasing the [K + ] or by exposing it to veratridine enhanced the release of 5‐HT in a Ca 2+ ‐dependent manner whereas the release of 5‐HIAA was not increased. Tetrodotoxin inhibited the veratridine‐evoked release of 5‐HT but did not affect the K + ‐evoked release of 5‐HT. The presence of 5‐HT in myenteric neurones and the characteristics of the release of 5‐HT from these neurones strongly support the hypothesis that 5‐HT is an enteric neurotransmitter.
Electron beam lithography patterned hydrogen silsesquioxane resist as a mandrel for self-aligned double patterning application

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The semiconductor industry has developed various alternative approaches for obtaining high resolution patterns (sub-30 nm) using existing lithography techniques. Of the alternative approaches, self-aligned double patterning (SADP) is the approach which involves the fewest lithography steps. In SADP, a dummy pattern, also known as a mandrel, is first formed, followed by a conformal spacer material deposited on the patterned mandrel. Using dry reactive ion etching, spacer sidewalls are then formed. In the final step, the mandrel is removed by an etch process. The result is the double pattern of the spacer material. The advantage of this approach is that only one lithography step with the critical dimension of the double patterns is defined by the deposited spacer thickness. The disadvantage is the requirement of multiple, successive deposition and etch processes. In the present research, the authors demonstrate a reduction in required processing steps by using a novel mandrel/spacer approach for the SADP scheme. Using electron beam lithographically patterned hydrogen silsesquioxane resist and plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition deposited low stress silicon nitride, the authors demonstrate a proof of concept of the SADP patterning scheme with reduced process steps.
The Neurological and Hemodynamics Safety of an Airway Clearance Technique in Patients with Acute Brain Injury: An Analysis of Intracranial Pressure Pulse Morphology Using a Non-Invasive Sensor

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients with acute brain injury (ACI) often require mechanical ventilation (MV) and are subject to pulmonary complications, thus justifying the use of Airway Clearance Techniques (ACTs), but their effects on intracranial pressure (ICP) are unknown. This study investigates the neurological and hemodynamics safety of an ACT called ventilator hyperinflation (VHI) in patients with ACI. This was a randomized clinical equivalence trial, which included patients aged ≥ 18 years with a clinical diagnosis of hemorrhagic stroke, with symptom onset within 48 h. The participants were randomly allocated to the Experimental Group (EG, n = 15), which underwent VHI followed by tracheal aspiration (TA), and the Control Group (CG, n = 15), which underwent TA only. Neurological safety was verified by analyzing the morphology of the ICP wave through the non-invasive B4C sensor, which detects bone deformation of the skull, resulting in a P2/P1 ratio and TTP, and hemodynamics through a multi-parameter monitor. Evaluations were recorded during five instances: T1 (baseline/pre-VHI), T2 (post-VHI and before TA), T3 (post-TA), T4 and T5 (monitoring 10 and 20 min after T3). The comparison between groups showed that there was no effect of the technique on the neurological variables with a mean P2/P1 ratio [F (4,112) = 1.871; p = 0.120; np2 = 0.063] and TTP [F (4,112) = 2.252; p = 0.068; np2 = 0.074], and for hemodynamics, heart rate [F (4,112) = 1.920; p = 0.112; np2 = 0.064] and mean arterial pressure [F(2.73, 76.57) = 0.799; p = 0.488; np2 = 0.028]. Our results showed that VHI did not pose a neurological or hemodynamics risk in neurocritical patients after ACI.
Radiopharmaceuticals Targeting Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor for Diagnosis and Therapy of Prostate Cancer

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The high incidence and heavy disease burden of prostate cancer (PC) require accurate and comprehensive assessment for appropriate disease management. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) positron emission tomography (PET) cannot detect PSMA-negative lesions, despite its key role in PC disease management. The overexpression of gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) in PC lesions reportedly performs as a complementary target for the diagnosis and therapy of PC. Radiopharmaceuticals derived from the natural ligands of GRPR have been developed. These radiopharmaceuticals enable the visualization and quantification of GRPR within the body, which can be used for disease assessment and therapeutic guidance. Recently developed radiopharmaceuticals exhibit improved pharmacokinetic parameters without deterioration in affinity. Several heterodimers targeting GRPR have been constructed as alternatives because of their potential to detect tumor lesions with a low diagnostic efficiency of single target detection. Moreover, some GRPR-targeted radiopharmaceuticals have entered clinical trials for the initial staging or biochemical recurrence detection of PC to guide disease stratification and therapy, indicating considerable potential in PC disease management. Herein, we comprehensively summarize the progress of radiopharmaceuticals targeting GRPR. In particular, we discuss the impact of ligands, chelators, and linkers on the distribution of radiopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, we summarize a potential design scheme to facilitate the advancement of radiopharmaceuticals and, thus, prompt clinical translation.
Thai-English Dictionary. By George Bradley McFarland, M.D. 9¼ × 6¾, pp. 1,019. Stanford University Press, California, and Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press. 53s. 6d.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Temporal Dynamics of a Neotropical Plant‐Hummingbird Interaction Network

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Species interaction networks are expected to vary following temporal changes in the environment and the composition of the local community. However, there are still gaps in our knowledge about temporal variation in networks in tropical areas, where less variable climates are expected to produce more stable community structures over time. Here we describe a plant‐hummingbird network in the Brazilian Campo Rupestre ecosystem and investigate multiscale temporal variation of interactions in this community as well as the possible mechanisms underlying the frequencies of species interactions. Plants visited by hummingbirds were observed monthly for a year and each species had morphology, phenology and nectar traits measured. During 624 h of observation we recorded nine hummingbird species visiting 47 plant species, amounting to 9015 visits to flowers. Most plants (28 species) were endemic to the Campo Rupestre and mostly visited by the also endemic hummingbird Augastes scutatus (the Hyacinth Visorbearer). The annual network was not nested but presented high modularity and intermediate specialisation. While the overall (annual) frequencies of interaction were primarily defined by morphological matching and phenological overlap, we found a remarkable temporal change in community structure over the year, with different processes underlying interactions among plants and hummingbirds at different seasons. The interaction pattern during the rainy season was more similar to the annual network than the dry season (when nectar sugar content and plant phenology were also important), with more links per species and lower specialisation. The higher importance of morphology to predict interactions during the rainy season suggests higher niche partitioning when more hummingbird species are present in the community. Our results exemplify the importance of considering the temporal dynamics of the community to advance the understanding of the processes defining species interactions over time in the tropics.
Transactional approach to prediction of child maltreatment

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The transactional-developmental approach was applied to a prospective longitudinal study of child maltreatment. Maternal background, infant constitutional, mother-infant interactional and maternal perception of infant temperament measures were entered into a multiple linear regression equation to predict child maltreatment. The results provide support for the transactional perspective in understanding the multiple determinants of early child maltreatment.
Kontekst en Woordherkenning in Moedertaal en Vreemde Taal

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This survey article discusses the results of research into the influence of context on visual and especially on auditory word recognition. In auditory word recognition the main problem is the lack of phonetic invariance in the realization of words. Context helps to minimize this problem. Word recognition appears to be influenced by semantically related words occurring in prior context. There is some evidence that foreign language listeners, like very young native speakers, make more use of context than adult native speakers. Syntax seems to play a role in word recognition, too, as does the context following the word in question.
Syntheses of Synthetic Hydrocarbons Via Alpha Olefins.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This work involved (1) review of literature data, (2) acquisition of experimental data, and (3) development of a correlation diagram for relating the structure of paraffinic hydrocarbons with physical properties such as viscosity, pour point, and thermal stability. Further work involved (4) evaluation of several catalysts, (5) comparison of high and low conversion runs in the BF3-catalyzed oligomerization of 1-decene, and (6) screening synthetic procedures for preparing tetrasubstituted methanes having three equal groups and a methyl group. (Author)
Synthesis and crystal structure of [ReO(ahp)2(PPh3)]Cl (Hahp=2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine): a novel cationic monooxorhenium(v) complex

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The cationic complex [ReO(ahp)2(PPh3)]+ was isolated as the chloride salt from the reaction of trans-[ReOCl3(PPh3)2] and 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine (Hahp) in ethanol. Coordination of the chelates only occurs through the amino nitrogen and the phenolate oxygen of ahp−. The X-ray crystal structure shows a distorted octahedral geometry, in which a phenolate oxygen coordinated trans to the oxo group and the rhenium atom is displaced by 0.2520(1) Å out of the mean equatorial plane towards the oxo oxygen.
Metastatic hypernephroma from a native kidney after cadaver renal transplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Journal Article Metastatic hypernephroma from a native kidney after cadaver renal transplantation Get access S C Griffin, S C Griffin Department of Urology, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar G Williams G Williams Department of Urology, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Postgraduate Medical Journal, Volume 61, Issue 715, May 1985, Page 471, https://doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.61.715.471 Published: 01 May 1985
CeCu{sub 4}A{ell} and CeCu{sub 2}Zn{sub 2}A{ell}: Very heavy fermion systems in high magnetic fields

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

CeCu{sub 4}A{ell} and CeCu{sub 2}Zn{sub 2}A{ell} are heavy fermion systems with extremely enhanced C/T (specific heat divided by temperature) values of 2.3 and 1.8 J/K{sup 2} respectively as T {yields} 0 K. The field dependence of the low temperature specific heat is also extreme; 11 T reduces C of CeCu{sub 4}A{ell} by more than a factor of five, 12.5 T suppresses C of CeCu{sub 2}Zn{sub 2}A{ell} about seven times. Magnetic field caused changes of the specific heat of CeCu{sub 4}A{ell} are consistent with a single ion Kondo model. Magnetic correlations are at least partially responsible for the enhanced low temperature specific heat of CeCu{sub 2}Zn{sub 2}A{ell}.
Designing a Better Business School: Channelling Herbert Simon, Addressing the Critics, and Developing Actionable Knowledge for Professionalizing Managers

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

abstract Herbert Simon's 1967 article ‘The business school: a problem in organizational design’ anticipated many of the challenges business schools face today. Critics charge business schools with failing to realize their primary purpose, that is, to produce professional managers. This article revisits what Simon advocated with regard to a core feature of this professionalism, the production of essential management knowledge, and the process of educating people in applying it. With Simon as a guide, this article outlines educational and research interventions to help business schools realize their founding purpose. In doing so, it addresses the distinctive knowledge products that business school research can contribute to the management profession. This article also highlights the key role that evidence‐based management and the related practices of design science play in providing a more complete solution to the design problem Simon identified.
Biochemical Features and Virulence Gene Profiles of Non-O157/O26 Enterohemorrhagic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strains from Humans in the Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The biochemical features and virulence gene profiles of 37 enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains belonging to serogroups other than O157 and O26 (non-O157/O26 EHEC) were investigated. All strains were isolated from humans between 2002 and 2013 in the Yamaguchi Prefecture. Serogroup O111 strains were the most common, followed by O103, O121, and O145. Most strains (84%) were negative for sorbose fermentation, whereas only 1 and 2 were negative for sorbitol and rhamnose fermentation, respectively. Two strains lacked β-D-glucuronidase activity. Shiga toxin (stx) subtyping revealed 6 genotypes:stx1a (n = 20), stx1a + stx2a (n = 8), stx2a (n = 4), stx2b (n = 3), stx2a + stx2c (n = 1), and stx2a + stx2d (n = 1). Polymerase chain reaction screening of other toxin and adherence genes showed that astA, subA, and cdtB were present in 5, 2, and 2 strains, respectively. The intimin gene eae was present in 30 strains (81%). Of the 7 eae-negative strains, saa and eibG were found in 3 and 2 strains, respectively; no adherence factors were detected in the remaining 2 strains. The antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the strains to 12 drugs were examined and 11 strains (30%) showed resistance to 1 or more drugs. Our results revealed that non-O157/O26 EHEC strains exhibit various biochemical phenotypes and carry several toxins and adherence factor genes.
Polythelia and associated conditions.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Polythelia (congenital supernumerary nipples) is a marker for more serious anomalies of the urinary and cardiovascular systems. It is associated with obstructive abnormalities of the kidney or the renal collecting system, renal agenesis, renal cell carcinoma, supernumerary kidneys, cardiac conduction disturbances and congenital heart disease.
Fixation Suppression of the Vestibulo-ocular Reflex (VO during Sinusoidal Stimulation in Humans as Related to Performance of the Pursuit System

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Fixation suppression (FS) of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) was tested during passive sinusoidal body rotation with a frequency of 0.1 to 1.0 Hz and stimulus amplitudes ranging from 10 degrees to 240 degrees. To test whether FS can be explained by an internal pursuit signal opposite to the VOR, pursuit and the VOR under different instructional sets were studied. Both pursuit and FS decrease with increasing frequency and stimulus amplitude and seem to be limited by stimulus acceleration. Gains in FS calculated on the basis of the VOR during mental arithmetic correspond closely to the frequency and amplitude dependent pursuit gain, suggesting that an internal pursuit signal plays a major role in VOR suppression.
A chamber for studying planetary environments and its applications to astrobiology

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We have built a versatile environmental simulation chamber capable of reproducing atmospheric compositions and surface temperatures for most of the planetary objects. It has been especially developed to make feasible in situ irradiation and characterization of the sample under study. The total pressure in the chamber can range from 5 to 5 × 10−9 mbar. The required atmospheric composition is regulated via a residual gas analyser with ca ppm precision. Temperatures can be set from 4 K to 325 K. The sample under study can be irradiated with ion and electron sources, a deuterium ultraviolet (UV) lamp and a noble-gas discharge UV lamp. One of the main technological challenges of this device is to provide the user the possibility of performing ion and electron irradiation at a total pressure of 0.5 mbar. This is attained by means of an efficient differential pumping system. The in situ analysis techniques implemented are UV spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy (IR). This machine is especially suitable for following the chemical changes induced in a particular sample by irradiation in a controlled environment. Therefore, it can be used in different disciplines such as planetary geology, astrobiology, environmental chemistry, materials science and for instrumentation testing.
Response of Sorghum Enhanced in Monolignol Biosynthesis to Stalk Rot Pathogens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To increase phenylpropanoid constituents and energy content in the versatile C 4 grass sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench), sorghum genes for proteins related to monolignol biosynthesis were overexpressed: SbMyb60 (transcriptional activator), SbPAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), SbCCoAOMT (caffeoyl coenzyme A [CoA] 3-O-methyltransferase), Bmr2 (4-coumarate:CoA ligase), and SbC3H (coumaroyl shikimate 3-hydroxylase). Overexpression lines were evaluated for responses to stalk pathogens under greenhouse and field conditions. Greenhouse-grown plants were inoculated with Fusarium thapsinum (Fusarium stalk rot) and Macrophomina phaseolina (charcoal rot), which cause yield-reducing diseases. F. thapsinum-inoculated overexpression plants had mean lesion lengths not significantly different than wild-type, except for significantly smaller lesions on two of three SbMyb60 and one of two SbCCoAOMT lines. M. phaseolina-inoculated overexpression lines had lesions not significantly different from wild-type except one SbPAL line (of two lines studied) with mean lesion lengths significantly larger. Field-grown SbMyb60 and SbCCoAOMT overexpression plants were inoculated with F. thapsinum. Mean lesions of SbMyb60 lines were similar to wild-type, but one SbCCoAOMT had larger lesions, whereas the other line was not significantly different than wild-type. Because overexpression of SbMyb60, Bmr2, or SbC3H may not render sorghum more susceptible to stalk rots, these lines may provide sources for development of sorghum with increased phenylpropanoid concentrations.
Copyright iy%bythe American Psychological Association, inc 0278-7343,&apos;%/$3 (X) OBSERVATIONS The Postinformation Effect and Reductions in Retroactive Interference

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

learned List 2 that all of the List 2 items shared a feature that was not shared with List 1 items. Although the reliability of this postinformation effect has been challenged (e.g., G. H. Bower, A. D. Wagner, S. E. Newman, J. D. Randle, &amp; M. J. Hodges, 1996), the authors of the present study obtained the effect in 3 experiments and also showed that the speed of recall was enhanced by providing such a postinformation cue to learners. Boundary conditions for the occurrence of the postinformation effect are discussed, as well as the role of source monitoring in producing it. Bower and Mann (1992) reported four experiments that used a two-list interference paradigm in which List 2 items shared a nonobvious feature that was not shared with List 1. When people were informed of this fact after learning List 2, List 1 recall was enhanced relative to a control condition that was not informed. Thus, a postinformation cue about List 2 reduced its retroactive interference (RI) in recalling List 1. Bower and Mann&apos;s first two experiments were based on a
Design and Control of Advanced Robotic Systems for Manufacturing and Assembly

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Modern industrial processes must now be designed and controlled with advanced robotic systems for manufacture and assembly to increase productivity, accuracy, and flexibility. The main factors involved in creating and overseeing these robotic systems are presented in detail in this work.In the design stage, manipulators, sensors, and end-effectors that are customised for the particular manufacturing or assembly task are chosen and integrated. To ensure accurate and efficient task execution, additional control algorithms and programming techniques are also developed. This covers adaptive control techniques, path optimisation, trajectory planning, and collision avoidance.The real-time monitoring, coordinating, and synchronisation of several robots and their interactions with the environment are the main goals of the control component. The integration of human operators with robotic systems is made possible by centralised or decentralised control frameworks, which promote secure and effective production and assembly procedures.The study also discusses how to improve robotic systems' abilities to handle complicated jobs and adapt to shifting production settings by integrating cutting-edge technologies like machine learning, computer vision, and augmented reality.The difficulties and possibilities posed by the application of sophisticated robotic systems for manufacturing and assembly are also covered. These include the dependability of the system, the ethical effects of automation in the workplace, the detection and recovery of faults, and human-robot collaboration.The ultimate goal of this work is to give readers a thorough grasp of the design and control principles required for creating advanced robotic systems for manufacturing and assembly, hence promoting higher levels of productivity, quality, and adaptability in industrial settings.