jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of Bio-Artificial Micro-Vessels with Immunosuppressive Capacities: A Hope for Future Transplantations and Organoids

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: From creating artificial organs to transplantation and cancer, newly formed vessels are playing a critical role. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are non-differentiated endothelial cells which are present in circulation and are applied in neovascularization and correction of damaged endothelial sites. In culture, EPCs generate endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) that have endothelial features but still retain properties of stem/progenitor cells. However, these cells which are recognized as CD31+CD144+KDR+ are very rare in blood stream. Therefore, it is necessary to be ex-vivo expanded for further applications. Since EPCs from patients are proved to be impaired and inefficient, allogenic sources either from adult or cord blood are considered as good alternatives. Due to the reaction of immune response to allogenic cells which usually leads to increased immune response and inflammation and finally elimination of injected cells, we have focused on the exact role of EPCs on immune cells, particularly, T cells which are the most important cells applied in immune rejection. Aims: First we sought to design and produce a biomimetic micro-vessel device and to endothelialize it in static and under flow conditions. Second, we wanted to investigate the interaction between EPCs and T cells to further understand their potential immunogenicity. Results: For the first part of the study we have been able to produce a biomimetic micro-vessel device that is porous, biocompatible, soft and transparent for high-resolution microscopy techniques. We have developed a multi-scale microfluidic chips with a conventional design of successive branching for fluid injection into the capillaries following Murray's laws (Figure 1A). Furthermore, we have successfully endothelialized this artificial micro-vessel using cord blood derived EPCs both in static and under flow condition and kept them in an acceptable situation up to 2 weeks after the first seeding (Figure 1B and C). For the second part of our study, we have shown for the first time that in contrary to already differentiated endothelial cells, EPCs while co-cultured with T cells, not only do not increase T cell proliferation but also are extremely immunosuppressant (Figure 1D). Moreover, we have shown that EPCs could also reduce the activation markers expressed by both CD4+ and CD8+ conventional T cells. Conclusion: We have demonstrated for the first time the possibility of producing an endothelialized vessel-like micro chamber with remarkable immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties. This proves the importance of using EPCs for future bio-artificial organs since these cells not only do not increase allo-response but also can regulate it. In case of transplantation, our findings could open a door for ameliorating the transplant acceptance through faster endothelialization and suppression of alloreactive T cells aiming to reject the transplant. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Biomechanics of large femoral heads: what they do and don't do.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The stability and durability of total hip reconstruction is dependent on many factors that include the design and anatomic orientation of prosthetic components. An analysis of femoral component head size and acetabular component orientation shows an interdependency of these variables and joint stability. Increased femoral component head size can increase hip stability by increasing the prosthetic impingement-free range of hip motion and by increasing the inferior head displacement required before hip dislocation. Increasing the femoral head size from 22 mm to 40 mm increases the required displacement for dislocation by about 5 mm with the acetabular component at 45 degrees of abduction; however, increasing acetabular component abduction greatly diminishes this stability advantage of larger femoral heads. Vertical acetabular component orientation and femoral component head subluxation are each predicted to more than double the tensile stress with acetabular component polyethylene compared with components at 45 degrees of abduction. With a desirable acetabular component orientation, the use of larger femoral heads may result in improved joint stability and durable use of polyethylene. With high abduction acetabular component orientation, the use of larger femoral heads contributes little to joint stability and contributes to elevated stress within the polyethylene that may result in implant failure.
Seismic near-surface investigations at the InSight landing site

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

NASA’s InSight mission was the first mission to install a geophysical observatory on Mars, including a seismometer that allowed us to investigate the shallow subsurface with seismic techniques. To date, the seismic investigations of the subsurface at the InSight landing site included the analysis of the traveltimes of seismic waves emitted during the hammering of the heat probe, the compliance inversion of atmospheric pressure signals, and the inversion of frequency-dependent Rayleigh wave ellipticity from ambient vibrations. \n \nThese results allowed us to establish a near-surface model consisting of a very low-velocity (vp » 120 m/s; vs » 60 m/s) layer at the top interpreted as low-density, high-porosity impact-fragmented regolith of sand-sized particles. Seismic velocities increase in the topmost metres with a boundary at a few meters depth, where the regolith transitions into fragmented basaltic lava. Seismic S-wave velocities >700 m/s below around 20 m depth are interpreted as shallow high-velocity Amazonian age basalt flows. A low-velocity (vs <500 m/s) zone at 30–75 m depth was associated with a sedimentary layer laying above older Amazonian or Hesperian age basalt flows with vs >1’500 m/s. A deep sedimentary layer has been proposed at around 175 m depth.
Dietary factors and risk for adverse pregnancy outcome: A Mendelian randomization analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract This study aims to explore the link between dietary habits and adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs), including preterm birth (PB), preeclampsia (PE), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), fetal growth restriction (FGR), and spontaneous abortion (SA) through two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR). We accessed publicly available genome‐wide association studies' (GWAS) summary statistics for dietary habits and APOs, respectively. We used five MR methods to synthesize MR estimates across genetic instruments. To ensure the robustness of our results, we assessed heterogeneity, and horizontal pleiotropy, and conducted sensitivity analyses. The primary analysis showed that intake of dried fruit (odds ratio (OR), 0.522; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.291–0.935) and fresh fruit (OR, 0.487; 95% CI: 0.247–0.960) was related to a decreased risk of PB. While intake of tea (OR, 1.602; 95% CI: 1.069–2.403) and poultry (OR, 6.314; 95% CI: 1.266–31.488) was linked to a heightened risk of PB. Cheese intake was a protective factor against PE (OR, 0.557; 95% CI: 0.337–0.920) and GDM (OR, 0.391; 95% CI: 0.270–0.565). Intake of lamb/mutton had a negative relationship with PE (OR, 0.372; 95%CI: 0.145–0.954), whereas oily fish consumption showed a positive relationship with FGR (OR, 2.005; 95% CI: 1.205–3.339). However, after correction using the false discovery rate (FDR) analysis, only the intake of cheese showed a significant causal relationship with GDM ( p < .001). Our study preliminarily found that cheese intake was significantly associated with the lower risk of GDM, while others were suggestively associated with the risk of APOs. Well‐designed prospective studies are still needed to confirm our findings in the future.
Japanese Contract and Anti-Trust Law

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Little has been written on Japanese contract law and anti-trust law in Western languages. This book describes the role of this law in protecting the distributor against unilateral terminations of distribution agreements. There have been significant pressures both to lower prices and restructure distribution channels in Japan which have strained many distribution agreements. This volume, based primarily on Japanese language legal material, not only involves a study of applicable black-letter law, but also a sociological study of its application in practice. Detailed analysis has been made in particular of famous legal termination cases during the 1990s in the Japanese luxury cosmetics distribution system which generated influential decisions by the higher courts and the Fair Trade Commission, providing new insights into whether or not there are distinct Japanese attitudes towards contracts.
Target area treatment ratio of varied lesions in the cultured pure melanocyte transplantation repigmentation of vitiligo: A retrospective study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Autologous cultured pure melanocyte transplantation (CMT) can be utilized to treat stable vitiligo cases, but clinical data are insufficient to improve its efficacy. To evaluate the influence of various factors on the therapeutic effect of CMT, this single‐center retrospective study enrolled stable vitiligo patients who underwent CMT between 2009 and 2020. Univariate and multivariable analysis were used to determine the factors affecting the outcome of repigmentation. The study included 491 patients with long‐term follow‐up data (6–120 months). It was found that 69.7% of patients achieved an excellent re‐color effect and 18.4% achieved a good re‐color effect. There were statistically significant differences in pigmentation between patients with stable disease course, vitiligo type, and lesion site. Overall, a significant positive correlation between the target area treatment ratio of varied lesions and the percentage of repigmentation was found. CMT is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of stable vitiligo. Various factors, especially the target area treatment ratio of varied lesions, should be carefully assessed before using CMT. As the target area treatment ratio of varied lesions could further improve the post‐operative repigmentation other than type of vitiligo. This clinic trial was approved by Hangzhou Third People's Hospital (number 2023KA015, national clinical record number MR‐33‐23‐034502).
WFC3 Instrument Science Report 2011-09 IR Detector Timing and Persistence

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The IR detector on WFC3 exhibits after images, known as persistence, following exposure to light that exceeds half saturation of individual pixels of the detector. The IR channel of WFC3 has no shutter and therefore light from bright objects reaches the detector between science exposures. For estimating persistence, the time that is important is the time between pixel resets. In intervals between science exposures, all pixels are discharged or reset every 2.91 s. For full-frame exposures, the time between resets is the science exposure time (EXPTIME) plus 5.82 s. Since fullframe exposures are usually much longer than 5.82 s, the difference between the time between resets and the science exposure time is usually not a significant problem for estimating persistence in full-frame exposures. However, the science exposure time for certain sub-array sequences can be considerably shorter than the time between resets, and in these cases, the persistence can be much greater than one expects if the time between resets is not correctly calculated. Here we discusses details of detector timing in order to allow a more accurate estimate of the effective persistence exposure time during an observation.
The Isotopic Oxygen Nightglow as Viewed from Mauna Kea

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Optical spectra of the terrestrial nightglow in the 520- to 900-nanometer region, as measured by the W. M. Keck telescope on Mauna Kea in Hawaii and the associated high-resolution echelle spectrograph, showed many bands belonging to the important O 2 ( b-X ) Atmospheric Band emission system. Previous ground-based measurements have shown only a single band, from the lowest vibrational level of the emitting state. Of particular interest is the fact that at the 762-nanometer position of the b-X 0-0 band, where earlier studies have shown only absorption features, these results showed both absorption at the 16 O 16 O line positions and well-resolved emission at the positions of many of the 18 O 16 O and 17 O 16 O lines. These findings show that substantial advances can be made in understanding atmospheric emission phenomena by the use of astronomical tools.
Class and Capital on the Copperbelt - Black Mineworkers in Central Africa. Industrial Strategies and the Evolution of an African Proletariat in the Copperbelt, 1911–1941. By Charles A. Perrings. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1979. Pp. xviii + 302, illus. £10.50.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Class and Capital on the Copperbelt - Black Mineworkers in Central Africa. Industrial Strategies and the Evolution of an African Proletariat in the Copperbelt, 1911–1941. By Charles A. Perrings. London: Heinemann Educational Books, 1979. Pp. xviii + 302, illus. £10.50. - Volume 22 Issue 1
Effect of beta-lactam antibiotics at subinhibitory concentrations on the phagocytosis of Staphylococcus aureus by the perfused rat liver.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We evaluated whether the exposure of Staphylococcus aureus to a subinhibitory concentration of penicillin and cefamandole could modify its susceptibility to rat serum factors and to the phagocytic activity of the isolated and perfused rat liver. Control or sub-MIC treated bacteria were added to the circulating medium which contained homologous serum, and the disappearance of bacteria from the perfusate and their recovery in the liver was determined during the 10 min experimental time. Sub-MIC treated bacteria were more susceptible to the bactericidal activity of serum present in the perfusate. However, the clearance rate of bacteria by the liver was decreased for penicillin-treated organisms and unchanged for cefamandole-treated bacteria. The data suggest that beta-lactam antibiotics at sub-MIC levels may modify S. aureus susceptibility to host defense mechanisms.
Plane of Cell Cleavage and Numb Distribution during Cell Division Relative to Cell Differentiation in the Developing Retina

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Progenitor cells in the early developing nervous system can divide symmetrically, giving rise to two daughter cells that divide again, or asymmetrically, giving rise to one cell that differentiates and one that divides again. It has been suggested that the orientation of the cell cleavage plane during mitosis determines the type of division. A marker of early cell differentiation, the RA4 antigen, was used to identify regions of the developing chick retina with and without differentiating cells, and the orientation of the cleavage plane was characterized for mitotic figures in each region. No difference was found in the frequency of any orientation between the regions with or without differentiating cells. Furthermore, in the region of the retina with differentiating cells, the RA4 antigen was present in mitotic figures with every possible orientation. Thus, the orientation of the cleavage plane appears to be unrelated to whether or not a division produces a cell that differentiates. It has also been suggested that the intracellular protein Numb mediates neurogenesis via asymmetric localization during cell division. Numb localization was compared with expression of markers of early cell differentiation, the RA4 antigen and Delta. Differentiating and nondifferentiating cells were found both with and without Numb expression. Cells with a cleavage plane parallel to the retinal surface were polarized, such that Numb and/or the RA4 antigen, when present, were only in the daughter cell farthest from the ventricle. These findings indicate a need to reconsider current hypotheses regarding the key features underlying symmetric and asymmetric divisions in the developing nervous system.
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and its major organ complications: a narrative review on available literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex chronic autoimmune disease that is well-recognized by its dermal manifestations, like skin lesions, rash, and photosensitivity. Symptoms may vary among individuals ranging from mild to severe because of its erratic pattern of remission and flare. SLE is a systemic disease that has the tendency to influence multiple organs of the body like lungs, brain, heart, and blood, etc. which is also one of the most important reasons for SLE-mediated mortality in young and old age groups, apart from renal complications and various infections. Because SLE is an autoimmune ailment, the formation of autoantibodies is considered to be the main cause of multiple organ system effects and systemic inflammation. The presence of hyperactive B cells produces autoantibodies in combination with the removal of apoptotic cellular material, resulting in immune complex formation. This leads to an inflammatory reaction in the microvasculature – causing multi-organ complications. In this review article, the main focus is on the complications of SLE among which renal disorder is one of the most life-threatening complications. Apart from this, cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal and hepatic, muscular, osteoarticular and pregnancy complications have also been discussed. It has been concluded that timely identification and targeted therapy to manage these patients is the only solution.
Graphene oxide-loaded rapamycin coating on airway stents inhibits stent-related granulation tissue hyperplasia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract OBJECTIVES Our objective was to explore the safety and efficacy of a graphene oxide-loaded rapamycin-coated self-expandable metallic airway stent (GO@RAPA-SEMS) in a rabbit model. METHODS The dip coating method was used to develop a GO@RAPA-SEMS and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic)-acid loaded rapamycin-coated self-expandable metallic airway stent (PLGA@RAPA-SEMS). The surface structure was evaluated using a scanning electronic microscope. The in vitro drug-release profiles of the 2 stents were explored and compared. In the animal study, a total of 45 rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups and underwent 3 kinds of stent placements. Computed tomography was performed to evaluate the degree of stenosis at 1, 2 and 3 months after the stent operation. Five rabbits in each group were sacrificed after the computed tomography scan. The stented trachea and blood were collected for further pathological analysis and laboratory testing. RESULTS The in vitro drug-release study revealed that GO@RAPA-SEMS exhibited a sudden release on the first day and maintained a certain release rate on the 14th day. The PLGA@RAPA-SEMS exhibited a longer sustained release time. All 45 rabbits underwent successful stent placement. Pathological results indicated that the granulation tissue thickness in the GO@RAPA-SEMS group was less than that in the PLGA@RAPA-SEMS group. The TUNEL and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α staining results support the fact that the granulation inhibition effect in the GO@RAPA-SEMS group was greater than that in the PLGA@RAPA-SEMS group. CONCLUSIONS GO@RAPA-SEMS effectively inhibited stent-related granulation tissue hyperplasia.
Ovariectomy Activates Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation Mediated by Memory T Cells, Which Promotes Osteoporosis in Mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The loss of estrogen (E2) initiates a rapid phase of bone loss leading to osteoporosis in one-half of postmenopausal women, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show for the first time how loss of E2 activates low-grade inflammation to promote the acute phase of bone catabolic activity in ovariectomized (OVX) mice. E2 regulates the abundance of dendritic cells (DCs) that express IL-7 and IL-15 by inducing the Fas ligand (FasL) and apoptosis of the DC. In the absence of E2, DCs become long-lived, leading to increased IL-7 and IL-15. We find that IL-7 and IL-15 together, but not alone, induced antigen-independent production of IL-17A and TNFα in a subset of memory T cells (TMEM). OVX of mice with T-cell–specific ablation of IL15RA showed no IL-17A and TNFα expression, and no increase in bone resorption or bone loss, confirming the role of IL-15 in activating the TMEM and the need for inflammation. Our results provide a new mechanism by which E2 regulates the immune system, and how menopause leads to osteoporosis. The low-grade inflammation is likely to cause or contribute to other comorbidities observed postmenopause. © 2020 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
CSF and plasma levels of pro-opiomelanocortin-related peptides in reversible ischaemic attacks and strokes.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Plasma and CSF beta-endorphin (beta-EP), beta-lipotropin (beta-LPH) and ACTH levels were studied in a group of 25 patients who underwent reversible ischaemic attacks or completed strokes. CSF beta-EP and beta-LPH in ischaemic patients were higher than those of the control population, independently of both clinical reversibility of the cerebral damage, and the time lapse sampling and the acute event. The presence of a CT demonstrable lesion was related to the highest CSF beta-EP levels. These data confirm an involvement of central opioid substances in the phenomena related to brain ischaemia. ACTH levels in the CSF did not differ from the controls; this finding further supports the concept of an independent central secretion of the different pro-opiomelanocortin-related peptides. The peripheral plasma concentrations of beta-EP, beta-LPH and ACTH, were, in contrast, within the normal range, confirming that CSF and plasma contents of pro-opiomelanocortin-related peptides are differently controlled and originate from different sources.
“Scattered as Christians Are in This Part of Our Country”: Layfolk's Reading, Writing, and Religious Community in New England's Northern Frontier, 1780–1830

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A far-reaching literate culture united northern New England's laity during the early republic and gave rise to a religious public sphere in which distant believers found spiritual sustenance. In a region where religious institutions were fragile, reading and writing supplemented churchgoing and formed a cornerstone of religious life and community.