jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
REOPERATIONS FOR GLAUCOMA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The return of hypertension after an apparently faultless operation for glaucoma is a bête noire of the ophthalmic surgeon. It cannot be predicted or forestalled. It must simply be accepted as one of the hazards of glaucoma to be dealt with as well as possible. The literature is replete with indications and contraindications for primary operations, but there is little general agreement as to the relative efficacy and value of the operations themselves. This is undoubtedly due to a lack of understanding of the etiology and pathology of glaucoma. Each operation is designed to relieve only the hypertension, by removing the obvious barriers to filtration or by providing a vicarious pathway. The underlying disease is not cured by the removal of one of its symptoms. In spite of innovations and modifications of operations for glaucoma, little factual or practical progress has been made within the past twenty-five years. Statistical reports
Influence of Utilizing Breast Meat Afflicted with Woody Breast Myopathy on Sausage Textural Properties

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ObjectivesWoody breast (WB) myopathy reduces the utility and value of breast meat for the broiler industry. It is hypothesized that WB meat may be included in comminuted products to increase utility and ultimately add value to the broiler industry. Information on the textural and quality characteristics that WB inclusion has on further processed products is limited in the literature. The objective of this research was to evaluate the quality of sausage made with WB meat of varying degrees of severity.Materials and MethodsFor each of three replications, broiler breast meat (normal, moderate WB, and severe WB) and chicken abdominal fat were obtained from a commercial poultry processor. Breast meat was coarse ground (19-mm) and combined with fat (targeting 15%) to produce 10-kg batches representing 25, 50, and 100% moderate WB meat, 25, 50, 100% severe WB meat, and a 100% normal control. The batches were then re-ground (4.8-mm), mixed for 1 min with 1.5% salt, and stuffed into 35-mm natural casings. Links were placed in individual bags, cooked to 70°C in a water-bath, and allowed to cool to room temperature before hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness were evaluated using texture profile analysis. Individual sausage links were weighed before and after cooking and cook loss was calculated. Data were analyzed using SAS version 9.3 with a fixed effects design with replication as a random effect.ResultsSausage hardness tended to be softer (P = 0.06) as WB inclusion rate and severity increased. Cohesiveness and springiness values were similar between treatments (P = 0.53, P = 0.95, respectively). Gumminess decreased (P < 0.05) as severity and inclusion of WB increased indicating a lack of bind, which was further supported by the decline in chewiness (P < 0.05). The raw 25% moderate WB and 50% severe WB sausage links were similar in lightness values (L*) to the normal sausage links. In cooked sausage, 25% and 50% inclusion of WB meat regardless of severity were similar in lightness values (L*) compared to the 100% normal formulations.ConclusionWith no difference in cook loss (P = 0.08), the data presented indicates that moderate and severe WB meat can be included in the formulation of linked sausages to increase utility and value of broiler WB meat.
Sigmoid Colon Perforation Occurred in 12 years after Renal Transplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は45歳の男性で, 生体腎移植後12年経過していた. 腹痛で発症し, 白血球増多の進行のため腹部CTを行ったところ, 後腹膜気腫と腹腔内遊離ガスを認めた. 穿孔部位はS状結腸であり, ハルトマン手術を行った. 病理学的検査では憩室穿孔の疑いであった. 術前, シクロスポリン, ミゾリビン, メチルプレドニゾロンによる3剤併用免疫抑制療法を受けており, 術後早期も調節し続行した. 重篤な合併症は起こさず救命し, また移植腎機能も温存された. 腎移植後は拒絶反応抑制のため, 免疫抑制剤を使用しており免疫不全状態となっていることや, 副腎皮質ステロイドによる組織の脆弱性, 低腎機能による組織治癒能の低下など, 治療を行ううえで, 通常とは異なる病態がみられる. 本邦での腎移植後の大腸穿孔の報告は, 本例を含め12例あり, 生存9例 (うち移植腎機能喪失1例), 死亡2例であった. 男性・献腎移植例・S状結腸に多い傾向があった.
Presence of Fusion in Albinism after Strabismus Surgery Augmented with Botulinum Toxin (Type A) Injection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It is commonly accepted that albino patients with strabismus rarely achieve binocularity and depth perception after strabismus surgery. The presence of retino-geniculo-cortical misrouting, a hallmark of the visual system in albinism, does not necessarily cause total loss of binocular vision, however, not even in albino patients with strabismus. Recently some degrees of stereopsis were reported in albinism patients with minimal clinical nystagmus, if any, in the absence of strabismus. It is possible that patients with albinism and strabismus have binocular visual potential which appears after strabismus correction and provides appropriate postoperative alignment in the long term. Here we present two cases of clinically diagnosed oculocutaneous albinism, an 18-year-old girl and a 16-year-old boy, both with exotropia ≥40 prism diopter, who gained acceptable alignment and fusion after surgical correction of their strabismus as demonstrated on Bagolini testing. In cases of albinism accompanied by visual pathway abnormalities and strabismus, binocular visual potential is not impossible, and some levels can be expected. Thus, these patients, like other cases of strabismus, may benefit from treatment of strabismus at an earlier age to achieve appropriate alignment, cosmetic satisfaction, and a possibly increased chance of fusion.
Tensions and Intersections of Self and Subject

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In a previous article (Marom, 2016) I described my grappling with my changing positionality from an Israeli-Jew, indigenous to the land of Israel, to a new Canadian citizen, a settler on the unceded territory of British Columbia (BC). This journey was not without difficulties: firstly, in the reestablishing of my personal and professional life, and secondly, in understanding that I needed to move beyond the superficial and convenient discourse of Canadian multiculturalism to position myself within the complexity of Canadian settler-colonialism (Calderon, 2014).
Study on Heat Recovery Generation System for Co-generation (1st Report, Examination of Heat Recovery Cycle and Working Fluid)

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we aim to construct the heat recovery generation system for co-generation using low capacity prime mover in the range of about 500 kW or less. In the construction of a small-scale system, it is necessary to select heat recovery cycle and working fluid that can efficiently recover the exhaust heat. The purpose of this paper is to examine the best of heat recovery cycle, working fluid, and configuration devices of the cycle by cycle simulation for 12.5 kW diesel engine as the first stage of this study. As the result, it was able to be confirmed that Rankine cycle using water as working fluid was more advantageous in the point of the turbine output than Kalina cycle using ammonia/water mixture as working fluid.
Neural Mechanisms Linking Memory to Navigation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Efficient navigation through space encompasses the ability to maintain a representation of self-location relative to the external environment in real behavioral time. Beyond the here and now, recalling a past experience or imagining a future scenario can be rather rapid, but experienced as if it were occurring in real time. Interestingly, damage to the hippocampus or its interactions with the prefrontal cortex impairs navigational decisions, memory retrieval, and future planning. How could the hippocampal-prefrontal system flexibly support these distinct timescale functions? To investigate the underlying physiological mechanisms, we continuously tracked the same hippocampal and prefrontal ensembles in rats throughout learning of a spatial alternation task. We found flexible expression of neuronal sequences at multiple timescales in both regions, including slow behavioral-timescale sequences (~seconds), as well as two types of fast sequences (~100-200 ms) as theta sequences during online periods and replay sequences during offline periods. The focus of my dissertation was to characterize and assess the function roles of these sequences, and to consider how these multiple-timescale neural codes may function as neuronal substrates to link memory to navigational decisions.
Study of effects of uncertainties on comet and asteroid encounter and contact guidance requirements. Part 1: Guidance and navigation studies

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A guidance algorithm that provides precise rendezvous in the deterministic case while requiring only relative state information is developed. A navigation scheme employing only onboard relative measurements is built around a Kalman filter set in measurement coordinates. The overall guidance and navigation procedure is evaluated in the face of measurement errors by a detailed numerical simulation. Results indicate that onboard guidance and navigation for the terminal phase of rendezvous is possible with reasonable limits on measurement errors.
Preliminary or Pre-Operative and Pre-Radium Irradiation in the Management of Malignant Diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BLOODGOOD (1) states: “My most recent experience convinces me that one should think of using irradiation with x-ray or radium before rather than after operation. It must be given a thorough trial. At the present time the majority of authorities, I think, take too little time in preoperative irradiation. Properly done, it does not interfere with healing. I have not had any interference with healing after operation when there has been pre-operative irradiation to the breast.” It is felt that you will agree that here is certainly food for thought. Can it be that those of us who have advised pre-operative and pre-radium irradiation in the management of malignancies, from the earliest days, are actually going to live to see it adopted by our foremost neoplasticians? Bloodgood’s unique position as a master surgeon and a surgical pathologist of international reputation, with many years of service in a great medical institution, especially qualifies him to speak with the utmost authority, because he has had an almost unlimited experience in the management of malignant neoplasms by all of the accepted procedures known today. Therefore, anyone who treats malignant diseases should, without further delay, at least acquaint himself with the data that are accumulating in medical literature favoring pre-operative and pre-radium irradiation. Ewing (2) states: “In general, radiated cancer tissue shows degeneration, necrosis, and atrophy of tumor cells, followed by cicatrization. This process is marked by peculiar swelling, liquefaction of cell cytoplasm, swelling, and hyperchromatism of cell nuclei, followed by disintegration of the cells. It is usually attended by marked hyperemia and lymphocytic or leukocytic or plasma cell exudate. The effects are produced partly by action on the tumor cells, and probably more by action on the blood vessels. The acute degenerative stage is followed by various types of cicatrization. In imperfectly radiated tissue, some tumor cells often persist in a condition known as abortive fibrosis, from which recurrences may develop. All stages of partial or complete destruction of tumor cells are commonly found at various stages of radiation reaction, and the progress of events varies greatly, depending on the strength of the dosage. The very numerous important details of the process of radiation reaction cover an extensive field, upon which there is voluminous literature.” In other words, properly irradiated malignant cells are devitalized. Such devitalized cells will not grow or produce metastatic newgrowths when transplanted by the manipulation which always accompanies any operative procedure; or when radiation doses are too small to completely destroy their cells, their vitality is so depressed that recurrence and metastatic lesions appear with lessened rapidity, i.e., they have difficulty in reproducing themselves.
Impact of smoking and alcohol intake in semen profile among infertile men

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the modern stressful lifestyle, habits such as smoking and drinking alcohol are reported to increase the likelihood of fertility issues in adults who are of reproductive age. Moreover, there has been rapid rise in male infertility and 50% of the infertility cases are related to male partners. In this context, here we investigated whether smoking and drinking alcohol have an effect on the semen profile of infertile male patients in terms of seminal oxidative stress and male accessory gland function. A total of 327 men with infertility issue were grouped into four categories according to their smoking and drinking habits viz. smokers, moderate drinkers, heavy drinkers, and abstainers. The participants were investigated for clinical, semen, oxidative stress parameters, and male accessory gland function. The mean of sperm with normal morphology and the level of NOS scavenging activity decreased in smokers compared to abstainers. Heavy drinkers were found to have the lowest normal morphological sperms in comparison to moderate drinkers and abstainers. Interestingly, moderate drinkers showed lower mean sperm concentration, progressively motile sperm, and NOS scavenging activity. The level of seminal citric acid and semen volume had a substantial positive association, according to Pearson’s correlation analysis. The above findings suggest that smoking and excessive drinking lowers sperm with normal morphology, while moderate drinking reduces sperm concentration and progressively motile sperm. Therefore, it will be a better strategy for the infertile couples to modify few life style habits to improve their fertility.
Screening and Selection of Medium Components for Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase Production by New Alkaliphile Microbacterium terrae KNR 9 Using Plackett-Burman Design

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase, EC 2.4.1.19) production using new alkaliphile Microbacterium terrae KNR 9 was investigated by submerged fermentation. Statistical screening for components belonging to different categories, namely, soluble and raw starches as carbon sources, complex organic and inorganic nitrogen sources, minerals, a buffering agent, and a surfactant, has been carried out for CGTase production using Plackett-Burman factorial design. To screen out k (19), number of variables, k+1 (20), number of experiments, were performed. Among the fourteen components screened, four components, namely, soluble starch, corn flour, yeast extract, and K 2 HPO 4 , were identified as significant with reference to their concentration effect and corresponding p value. Although soluble starch showed highest significance, comparable significance was also observed with corn flour and hence it was selected as a sole carbon source along with yeast extract and K 2 HPO 4 for further media optimization studies. Using screened components, CGTase production was increased to 45% and 87% at shake flask level and laboratory scale fermenter, respectively, as compared to basal media.
Comment on se-2021-36

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. The 4th order differential equation describing elastic flexure of the lithosphere is one of the cornerstones of geodynamics, key to understanding topography, gravity, glacial isostatic rebound, foreland basin evolution and a host of other phenomena. Despite being fully formulated in the 1940’s, a number of significant issues concerning the basic equation have remained overlooked to this day. We first explain the different fundamental forms the equation can take and their difference in meaning and solution procedures. We then show how numerical solutions to flexure problems in general as they are currently formulated, are potentially unreliable in an unpredictable manner for cases where the coefficient of rigidity varies in space due to variations of the elastic thickness parameter. This is due to fundamental issues related to the numerical discretisation scheme employed. We demonstrate an alternative discretisation that is stable and accurate across the broadest conceivable range of conditions and variations of elastic thickness, and show how such a scheme can simulate conditions up to and including a completely broken lithosphere more usually modelled as an end loaded, single, continuous plate. Importantly, our scheme will allow breaks in plate interiors, allowing for instance, the creation of separate blocks of lithosphere which can also share the support of loads. The scheme we use has been known for many years, but remains rarely applied or discussed. We show that it is generally the most suitable finite difference discretisation of fourth order, elliptic equations of the kind describing many phenomena in elasticity, including the problem of bending of elastic beams. We compare the earlier discretisation scheme to the new one in 1 dimensional form, and also give the 2 dimensional discretisation based on the new scheme.We also describe a general issue concerning the numerical stability of any second order finite difference discretisation of a fourth order differential equation like that describing flexure where contrasting magnitudes of coefficients of different summed terms lead to round off problems which in turn destroy matrix positivity. We explain the use of 128 bit, floating point storage for variables to mitigate this issue.
A case of famotidine-induced anaphylaxis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Famotidine is considered to be safe, causing very few adverse events. We describe a case of famotidine-induced anaphylaxis in a 23-year-old man who presented with dyspnea, seizure-like activity, and comatose mental state immediately after an intravenous injection of cefazedone and famotidine for the preoperative preparation of left varicocele. He completely recovered with epinephrine, fluid replacement, and corticosteroids. Skin tests with cefazedone and other beta-lactam antibiotics were all negative but skin tests with famotidine showed a clear positive immediate reaction. Interestingly, we also observed clear positive skin reactions to other H2-receptor antagonists such as nizatidine and ranitidine, which have similar side chains to the ring structures. Our case suggests that famotidine may induce immunoglobulin E-mediated anaphylaxis and have cross-reactivity with nizatidine and ranitidine. Clinicians should therefore be aware of possible life-threatening adverse reactions to commonly used H2-receptor antagonists such as famotidine.
Connectionist-genetic based algorithm for positioning industrial manipulator

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper the solution of inverse kinematics problem and positioning of the industrial manipulator (ROBED03) with five degrees of freedom are presented. The algorithm is based on combination of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA).ANN was used for rough positioning providing the inputs for GA which performs precise adjustment. The algorithm was successfully tested in robot's working space.
Stimulation of P2 receptors causes release of IL-1β–loaded microvesicles from human dendritic cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that initiate the immune response by activating T lymphocytes. DCs express plasma membrane receptors for extracellular nucleotides named P2 receptors (P2Rs). Stimulation of P2Rs in these cells is known to cause chemotaxis, cytokine release, and cell death and to modulate LPS-dependent differentiation. Here we show that stimulation of the P2X7 receptor subtype (P2X7R) causes fast microvesicle shedding from DC plasma membrane. Vesicle release occurs from both immature and mature DCs; however, only vesicles from mature DCs, due to their previous exposure to LPS, contain IL-1β. Microvesicles, whether from immature or mature DCs, also contain caspase-1 and -3 and cathepsin D. They also express the P2X7R in addition to other P2Rs and known markers of immune cells such as major histocompatibility complex II (MHC II) and CD39. Activation of the P2X7R by extracellular ATP causes IL-1β release from the vesicle lumen. Previous studies demonstrated that high extracellular K+ inhibits IL-1β processing and release; here we show that high ionic strength reduces microvesicle shedding when compared with a low ionic strength medium but strongly increases microvesicle IL-1β loading.
Audit of bloodborne virus infections in injecting drug users in general practice.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two hundred and ninety patients attending a single general practice in Edinburgh were known to have used illegal drugs, 145 of whom were identified as past or present injectors. Data on bloodborne virus infections and immunisation against hepatitis B virus (HBV) were gathered during 1998, attempts were made to improve the level of testing for bloodborne viruses and immunisation against HBV, and follow up was carried out between October 1999 and February 2000. One hundred and fifteen patients were studied in detail. Evidence of previous HBV infection was found in 31 of 71 tested in 1998 (44%) and 40 of 99 tested at follow up (40%). In 1998 54 out of the 75 tested for hepatitis C antibodies (72%) were positive compared with 73 out of 108 (68%) at follow up. Twenty-six of the 80 tested for HIV antibodies were positive in 1998 (33%) and 26 of 105 at follow up (25%). Large numbers of injecting drug users in our study were found to be not immune to hepatitis B and required immunisation. An abbreviated protocol for immunisation was devised, including post vaccination checks and boosting as necessary. Hepatitis C testing was requested after counselling in most cases, resulting in important and positive interventions. Prevention opportunities for all three bloodborne viruses were identified.
ABD ekonomisinin kararsız yapısı: Gelirin fonksiyonel dağılımı, kapasite kullanımı, sermaye birikimi ve üretkenlik artışının Post-kaleckigil ekonometrik bir analizi

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article analyzes demand and “overall” regimes in the US economy from a post-Kaleckian theoretical framework. To that end, we employed a model that takes into account the interactions between functional income distribution, capacity utilization, capital accumulation and productivity growth. This model by Hein and Tarassow posits that the demand regime of an economy might be wage-led, profit-led and “intermediate”; while the overall regime, which endogenizes the productivity growth, might be contractive, expansive or “intermediate”. The model also allows unstable demand and overall regimes, which were also the findings of our econometric investigation of the full (1970-2017) and sub- (1979-2017) sample periods of the US economy. This article contributes to the literature by being the first empirical study on the US economy through a model that simultaneously characterizes demand and overall regimes.
THE INTRAVENOUS DRIP

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor:—

There appears to be some controversy as to priority in the use of the intravenous drip. I have been intensely interested in intravenous therapy during the past thirty years. Dr. Rudolph Matas read a paper on "Continued Intravenous Drip" at a meeting of the American Surgical Association held at Rochester, Minn., in 1923, which was published in the transactions of the association for that year and in theAnnals of Surgery(79:643 [May] 1924). In that paper he reported cases in which he applied the method as far back as April 1913 and even before that date. It was my pleasure to observe the use of the continuous intravenous drip under Dr. Matas's service while visiting the Touro Infirmary and Charity Hospitals, New Orleans, in January 1914. It has been in current use in these institutions since 1923, where it is usually designated as the "Matas