jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fenomena kehujanan di Semenanjung Malaysia berdasarkan indeks kerpasan piawai (Peninsular Malaysia rainfall phenomenon based on standard precipitation index)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Kajian ini bertujuan mengenal pasti pola taburan kehujanan di Semenanjung Malaysia menggunakan Indeks Kerpasan Piawai bagi skala masa yang berbeza iaitu sebulan, enam bulan dan dua belas bulan. Data kajian adalah data hujan harian dari 75 stesen tadahan hujan yang merangkumi empat zon iaitu Barat Laut, Barat, Barat Daya dan Timur untuk 33 tahun; 1975 – 2007. Hasil kajian mendapati nilai serakan bagi frekuensi keberlakuan keadaan basah/kering bertambah dengan peningkatan skala masa. Kajian pemboleh ubah berkaitan iaitu tempoh, keparahan dan selang ketibaan mendapati wujud peningkatan dalam nilai-nilai maksimum, purata dan sisihan piawai di setiap zon dengan bertambahnya skala masa yang digunakan. Seterusnya, zon Barat Daya secara konsisten mengalami tempoh keadaan basah yang lebih lama berbanding tempoh keadaan kering manakala zon Barat pula menghasilkan nilai sisihan piawai yang paling tinggi berbanding dengan zon lain untuk kesemua pemboleh ubah kajian kecuali intensiti.
Creación de una asociación de pequeños productores de brócoli, para el desarrollo local de la parroquia Guaytacama-provincia Cotopaxi.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present work was developed with the objective of knowing the productive system of the community and, through constructive dialogue, to propose agricultural associations for Local Development in Guaytacama. The research was carried out gathering information with interviews with neighborhood presidents, a survey of peasant partners in the sector, scientific reports, articles and web pages. The purpose of this study was to establish the associativity for linking small producers to the broccoli value chain in the Guaytacama parish, implementing a business management that seeks the standardization of its product, seeking support through the state and private companies to consolidate the organization over time and achieve its sustainability.XII For the development of the project five chapters as follows executed, in the first theoretical foundation and methodology to be used is described. In the second chapter, the proposal and development strategy were raised. In the third chapter, the results obtained were presented. The fourth and fifth chapters presented the conclusions and recommendations
Examining the Perspectives of Family Members Involved in the Delivery of Palliative Care at Home

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This ethnographic study examined the social context of home-based palliative caregiving. Data were composed of observation field notes, interviews, and textual documents, and were analyzed using constant comparative methods. Findings show that home-based palliative caregiving resulted in life-enriching experiences for many caregivers. However, assumptions about dying at home and health care reforms resulted in some caregivers feeling “pressured” to provide home care, and consequently, left them feeling their obligations to care were exploited by the health care system. Shifts toward providing care closer to home not only changed caregivers, but also changed the home setting where palliative care was provided. Findings indicate a need for interventions designed to improve support for caregivers at home, and to explore how assumptions influence and sometimes drive the provision of home health care.
Detection of Caries Around Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer and Compomer Restorations Using Four Different Modalities In Vitro

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of visual examination (International Caries Detection and Assessment System—ICDAS II), light-emitting diodes (LED) fluorescence (SPECTRA), laser fluorescence (DIAGNODent, DD), photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence (PTR-LUM, The Canary System, CS) to detect natural decay beneath resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGIC) and compomer restorations in vitro. Twenty-seven extracted human molars and premolars, consisting of 2 control teeth, 10 visually healthy/sound and 15 teeth with natural cavitated lesions, were selected. For the carious teeth, caries was removed leaving some carious tissue on one wall of the preparation. For the sound teeth, 3 mm deep cavity preparations were made. All cavities were restored with RMGIC or compomer restorative materials. Sixty-eight sites (4 sites on sound unrestored teeth, 21 sound sites and 43 carious sites with restorations) were selected. CS and DD triplicate measurements were done at 2, 1.5, 0.5, and 0 mm away from the margin of the restoration (MOR). SPECTRA images were taken, and two dentists provided ICDAS II scoring for the restored surfaces. The SPECTRA data and images were inconclusive due to signal interference from the restorations. Visual examinations of the restored tooth surfaces were able to identify 5 of the 15 teeth with caries. In these situations, the teeth were ranked as having ICDAS II 1 or 2 rankings, but they could not identify the location of the caries or depth of the lesion. CS and DD were able to differentiate between sound and carious tissue at the MOR, but larger variation in measurement, and poorer accuracy, was observed for DD. It was concluded that the CS has the potential to detect secondary caries around RMGIC and compomer restorations more accurately than the other modalities used in this study.
Identification of differentially expressed genes in human breast cancer cells induced by 4-hydroxyltamoxifen and elucidation of their pathophysiological relevance and mechanisms

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

While tamoxifen (TAM) is used for treating estrogen receptor (ER)a-positive breast cancer patients, its anti-breast cancer mechanisms are not completely elucidated. This study aimed to examine effects of 4-hydroxyltamoxifen (4-OH-TAM) on ER-positive (ER+) breast cancer MCF-7 cell growth and gene expression profiles. MCF-7 cell growth was inhibited by 4-OH-TAM dose-dependently with IC50 of 29 Î¼M. 332 genes were up-regulated while 320 genes were down-regulated. The mRNA levels of up-regulated genes including STAT1, STAT2, EIF2AK2, TGM2, DDX58, PARP9, SASH1, RBL2 and USP18 as well as down-regulated genes including CCDN1, S100A9, S100A8, ANXA1 and PGR were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). In human breast tumor tissues, mRNA levels of EIF2Ak2, USP18, DDX58, RBL2, STAT2, PGR, S1000A9, and CCND1 were significantly higher in ER+- than in ER--breast cancer tissues. The mRNA levels of EIF2AK2, TGM2, USP18, DDX58, PARP9, STAT2, STAT1, PGR and CCND1 were all significantly higher in ER+-tumor tissues than in their corresponding tumor-adjacent tissues. These genes, except PGR and CCND1 which were down-regulated, were also up-regulated in ER+ MCF-7 cells by 4-OH-TAM. Total 14 genes mentioned above are involved in regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycles, and estrogen and interferon signal pathways. Bioinformatics analysis also revealed other novel and important regulatory factors that are associated with these genes and involved in the mentioned functional processes. This study has paved a foundation for elucidating TAM anti-breast cancer mechanisms in E2/ER-dependent and independent pathways.
Pandora box of Lymphomas in Spleen

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Spleen, a reticuloendothelial organ serves as a clearance site for abnormal cells and plays role in extramedullary hematopoiesis. It can serve as culture medium for the proliferation of hematopoietic cells, leading to development of hematological malignancy. Primary splenic lymphomas are rare. Most of the lymphomas in spleen tend to be infiltration arising elsewhere. Materials and methods: This was a retrospective study. The database of Department of Pathology, AIIMS, New Delhi was searched for splenectomy cases from 2014 to 2019. Cases with incomplete diagnosis were reviewed and detailed evaluation was done. All the lymphoma cases were considered for the study. The demographic data including age, sex and subtype of lymphoma were noted. The cases were divided into pediatric (<18 year), adult (19-50 years) and older (>50 years) groups. Results: A total of 661 splenectomies were performed for benign causes, as part of tumor resections and for the diagnosis of lymphoma. A minor proportion was formed by core biopsies. A total of 27 lymphomas were diagnosed in spleen with 11 considered as infiltration from the lymphoma arising from nodal or other sites such as stomach or colon. Most of the cases were middle age adult population (59.28%) with <18years (14.8%) and elderly >60 years (25.92%). There was male predominance with male to female ratio of 1.25:1.The lymphoma subtypes are DLBCL (n=5, 18.5%), small B-cell lymphoma (n=2, 7.4%), mantle cell lymphoma (n=1, 3.7%), Gray zone lymphoma (n=1, 3.7%), Hodgkin lymphoma (n=1, 3.7%) and ALCL (n=1, 3.7%). Rest of the 15 cases had their origin in spleen with major proportion of splenic marginal zone lymphoma (n=11, 40.74%), hepatosplenic gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma (n=1, 3.7%), PTCL (n=2, 7.4%) and villous lymphoma (n=1, 3.7%). Conclusion: Lymphomas in spleen can be infiltrative or a primary, hence proper clinic radiological and pathological evaluation is required. Primary splenic lymphomas are rare and cause various complications. Detailed histomorphology, radiology and immunohistochemical evaluation is required for proper diagnosis and management of the cases.
Logic and Normativity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

What is the relationship between logic and thought? One view is that logic merely describes how people think. But this view – called 'psychologism' – cannot be quite right. Logic cannot describe how people reason, because although people can reason well, they can also reason badly. The obvious response is to say that logic does not describe how people do think, but rather prescribes how they ought to think. If logic describes how people ought to reason, then if the premises of a logical argument imply the conclusion of that argument and you believe the premises, then you ought to believe the conclusion. According to classical logic the premise, 'grass is green' \nimplies the conclusion, 'the sky is blue or the sky is not blue', but it seems absurd to say that because I believe that grass is green, I ought to believe that the sky is blue or the sky is not blue. What has gone wrong here? Should the principle, 'if the premises imply the conclusion and you believe the premises, then you ought to believe the conclusion' be changed? If so, perhaps it would be more correct to say, 'if the premises imply the conclusion and you believe the premises, then you have reason to believe the conclusion'. Or is classical logic to blame? Are we mistaken in thinking that 'grass is green' implies 'the sky is blue or the sky is not blue'? I examine a number of arguments that relate to this question. I argue that classical logic deserves a philosophy of logic that does not imply that classical logic is not proper logic.
Peer Review #2 of "Genome sequencing and analysis of the first complete genome of Lactobacillus kunkeei strain MP2, an Apis mellifera gut isolate (v0.1)"

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background.Honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most important pollinator in agriculture worldwide.However, the number of honey bees has fallen significantly since 2006, becoming a huge ecological problem nowadays.The principal cause is CCD or Colony Collapsed Disorder, characterized by the seemingly spontaneous abandonment of hives by their workers.One of the characteristics of CCD in honey bees is the alteration of the bacterial communities in their gastrointestinal tract, mainly due to the decrease of Firmicutes populations, such as the Lactobacilli.At this time, the causes of these alterations remain unknown.We recently isolated a strain of Lactobacillus kunkeei (L.kunkeei strain MP2) from the gut of Chilean honey bees.L. kunkeei, is one of the most commonly isolated bacterium from the honey bee gut and is highly versatile in different ecological niches.In this study, we aimed to elucidate in detail, the L. kunkeei genetic background and perform a comparative genome analysis with other Lactobacillus species.Methods.L. kunkeei MP2 was originally isolated from the guts of Chilean A. mellifera individuals.Genome sequencing was done using Pacific Biosciences single-molecule realtime sequencing technology.De novo assembly was performed using Celera assembler.The genome was annotated using Prokka, and functional information was added using the EggNOG 3.1 database.In addition, genomic islands were predicted using IslandViewer, and pro-phage sequences using PHAST.Comparisons between L. kunkeei MP2 with other L. kunkeei, and Lactobacillus strains were done using Roary.Results.The complete genome of L. kunkeei MP2 comprises one circular chromosome of 1,614,522 nt. with a GC content of 36,9%.Pangenome analysis with 16 L. kunkeei strains, identified 113 unique genes, most of them related to phage insertions.A large and unique region of L. kunkeei MP2 genome contains several genes that encode for phage structural protein and replication components.Comparative analysis of MP2 with other Lactobacillus species, identified several unique genes of L. kunkeei MP2 related with metabolism, biofilm generation, survival under stress conditions, and mobile genetic elements (MGEs).Discussion.The presence of multiple mobile genetic elements, including phage sequences, suggest a high degree of genetic variability in L. kunkeei.Its versatility and ability to survive in different
One‐Pot Green Process to Synthesize MXene with Controllable Surface Terminations using Molten Salts

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Surface terminations of two‐dimensional MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x ) considerably impact its physicochemical properties. Commonly used etching methods usually introduce ‐F surface terminations or metallic impurities in MXene. We present a new molten‐salt‐assisted electrochemical etching method to synthesize fluorine‐free Ti 3 C 2 Cl 2 . Using electrons as reaction agents, cathode reduction and anode etching can be spatially isolated; thus, no metallics are present in the Ti 3 C 2 Cl 2 product. The surface terminations can be in situ modified from −Cl to −O and/or −S, which considerably shortens the modification steps and enriches the variety of surface terminations. The obtained −O‐terminated Ti 3 C 2 T x are excellent electrode materials for supercapacitors, exhibiting capacitances of 225 F g −1 at 1.0 Ag −1 , good rate performance (91.1 % at 10 Ag −1 ), and excellent capacitance retention (100 % after 10000 charge/discharge cycles at 10 Ag −1 ), which is superior to multi‐layered Ti 3 C 2 T x prepared by other etching methods.
Building Legitimacy in the Global Political Economic Order: China’s Efforts and Its Legitimacy Challenges

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article conducts a discussion on the questions: how does global political economic order generate legitimacy? Of which, this article wishes to shed some lights on the mechanism of legitimacy construction at the international level and provides theoretical explanation of how newly growing powers participate in the current construction of the global political economic order and establish legitimacy of the global order they advocate. This article uses "legitimacy" and "global order" or "world order" or "international order" as the keywords and conducts search on datasets of Google Scholar, Jstor, Tylor & Francis, Elsevier to researches since 2000 onward to gain as wide scope as possible. After screening, 17 articles are included to review the source of legitimacy. This literature review thus concludes that compellence, substantial interests, and value as three sources of legitimacy. Then this article investigates "Belt and Road Initiative" as the case and the English School of International Relations theory to provide a path of building legitimacy of the global political economic order via common interests and value shared. Furthermore, by utilising the English school's perspective, common interests and common values generate legitimacy of the order, this article also finds that China's participation in constructing and shaping global order through the "Belt and Road" Initiative encounters two major legitimacy challenges: performance challenge and value challenge. This article then argues that China needs to consider the interest convergence path and value convergence path of generating legitimacy for global order China advocates.
Respiratory signal Classification by cGAN augmented EMD-Scalograms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Respiratory infections are globally accepted as a major threatening factor for death rate in recent years. Even though several technological breakthroughs have progressed, medical experts face the challenges in precise diagnosis of such disorders. Auscultation is one approach used for listening to breathe sounds in order to detect lung disorders. As the publicly available repository for respiratory sounds is limited, the novel method of augmenting the data base is explored using Conditional GAN. In the proposed work, the lung sound signals are decomposed into several IMFs using EMD. It is found that for respiratory signals, IMF 3 is more informative and contributes significantly for classification and therefore only IMF 3 signals are transformed to scalograms using Continuous wavelet transform. The transformed images are augmented using cGAN. Evaluation metrics are used for finding the similarity between original and generated signals. To demonstrate the effect of augmentation in classification, experimentation is carried out with three different classifiers with scalograms as input. The experimental results shows an improvement in accuracy of 98.87% for the augmented data set.
Outcome of surgical treatment of hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a special reference to postoperative morbidity and mortality

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background/purpose Radical resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma is still associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze short‐term surgical outcomes and to validate our strategies, including preoperative management and selection of operative procedure. Methods We surgically treated 146 consecutive patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma with a management strategy consisting of preoperative biliary drainage, portal vein embolization, and selection of operative procedure based on tumor extension and hepatic reserve. Major hepatectomy was conducted in 126 patients, and caudate lobectomy or hilar bile duct resection in 20 patients. Results The overall 5‐year survival rate was 35.5%, with overall in‐hospital mortality and morbidity rates of 3.4 and 44%, respectively. Hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin >5 mg/dL, persisted for >7 postoperative days) and liver abscess were the most frequent complications. Five among 9 patients with liver failure (total bilirubin >10 mg/dL) encountered in‐hospital mortality. Four out of 5 mortality patients had suffered circulatory impairment of the remnant liver due to other complications. Multivariate analysis revealed that operative time is a single independent significant predictive factor (odds ratio, 1.005; 95% confidence interval, 1.000–1.010, P = 0.04) for postoperative complications. Conclusions Aggressive resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma, performed in accordance with strict management strategy, achieved acceptably low mortality. Prolonged operative time was a risk for morbidity following hepatobiliary resection.
Effect of surgical removal of the residual yolk sac on the development of the digestive system and immune response in broiler chicks during early days post-hatch.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

This study was designed to investigate the effects of the residual yolk-sac on the development of the digestive system and immune response of broiler chicks. Two experiments were conducted in this study. In the first one, 60 day-old broiler chicks (Lohmann) were allocated into three experimental groups according to the status of the residual yolk sac; deutectomized (surgically- removed residual yolk sac), sham operated and intact chicks. Five chicks from each experimental groups were randomly selected at days 2, 4, 6 and 8, weighed, euthanized and the different parts of their digestive tract and liver were weighed. The body weight of deutectomizd chicks at day 2, 4 and 6 post-hatch was significantly (P<0.05) lower compared to that of sham operated and intact chicks. At day 8, the body weights of all experimental groups did not significantly (P<0.05) differ from each other. The liver weight in deutectomizd chicks was significantly (P<0.05) lower at days 2, 4 and 6 post-hatch compared to that of the other experimental groups. At day 8 the liver weights in the different experimental groups did not show any significant difference. The weights of the different parts of the digestive tract (crop, gizzard, provenriculus, intestine), somehow, in deutectomizd chicks were significantly (P<0.05) lower at day 2, 4 and 6 compared to that of sham operated and intact ones. In the second experiment, 60 day-old broiler chicks (Lohmann) were allocated to the above mentioned experimental groups; 20 chicks per each. Thereafter, they were challenged with 10% sheep RBC suspension at day 2 and day 12 post-hatch. Ten chicks were randomly selected from each experimental group at day 12 and day 20 post-hatching, killed and their lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus and bursa of fabricius) were incised and sera were harvested from blood samples. The lymphoid organs were significantly (P<0.05) lower in deutectomized chicks compared to the two other experimental groups. The geometric mean titers (GMT) of antibodies against 10% sheep RBC suspension for primary and secondary immune responses in deutectomized chicks, were lower than that of sham operated and intact chicks. The results of this study revealed that the residual yolk sac is essential for the development of the digestive system and immune response in broiler chicks.
Decoding load or selection in visuospatial working memory?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Flexible updating of information in Visual Working Memory (VWM) is crucial to deal with its limited capacity. Previous research has shown that the removal of no longer relevant information takes some time to complete. Here, we sought to study the time course of such removal by tracking the accompanying drop in load through behavioral and neurophysiological measures. In the first experimental session, participants completed a visuospatial retro‐cue task in which the Cue‐Target Interval (CTI) was manipulated. The performance revealed that it takes about half a second to make full use of the retro‐cue. In a second session, we sought to study the dynamics of load‐related electroencephalographic (EEG) signals to track the removal of information. We applied Multivariate Pattern Analysis (MVPA) to EEG data from the same task. Right after encoding, results replicated previous research using MVPA to decode load. However, especially after the retro‐cue, results suggested that classifiers were mainly sensitive to a selection component, and not so much to load per se. Additionally, visual cue variations, as well as eye movements that accompany load manipulations can also contribute to decoding. These findings advise caution when using MVPA to decode VWM load, as classifiers may be sensitive to confounding operations.