jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Origin and Evolution of Entrepreneurship Policy: Case of China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

I investigate the origin of entrepreneurship policy and the way they are produced in the context of China. I seek to answer the following questions: Where does entrepreneurship policy come from? How does a country’s entrepreneurship policy evolves and effects the entrepreneurial activities? Drawing upon comparative political economy literature and the institutional perspective, this study proposes a theoretical model of the origin of entrepreneurship policy and argues that entrepreneurship policy is a function of the interplay among the three regimes: policymaking, production and knowledge. Empirically, I use China as a case to apply the theoretical model and demonstrate both domestic and international factors that influence the entrepreneurship policy and activities in China. It is found that the policy development can be divided into three stages: firstly legitimization of private entrepreneurship when three regimes could not reach the consensus on the role of the private sector in the economy; then accelerating growth of private firms as the three regimes became more tolerant of the development of the private sector; lately the advocate for private entrepreneurship and the rise of technology- based start-ups when the three regimes were in line with each other to keep pace with the global technological innovation and stimulate economic growth particularly after the 2008 financial crisis.
Teaching Police Officers Human Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Many countries have been seeking assistance from the United Nations to improve the human rights training of their police officers. It is believed that information about human rights practices around the world, knowledge of UN guidelines, and instruction about humane police practices will help the police officers improve their treatment of suspects and arrestees. This article presents observations from teaching about human rights to a group of police officers in a North African Muslim country. In discussion, the police officers denied any violations of human rights in their country and suggested that there was no need for external advice. The examination reveals a deeper malaise; one which is prevalent in most police organisations. This study suggests that the mere provision and exposure to information is unlikely to bring about major changes in any police organisation. Despite overwhelming evidence and public knowledge of rights violations and police mal-practice, the officers maintain a spirit of self-denial. Their attitudes and actions cannot be changed by forcing them to undergo short-duration courses. What is required is an extensive change in organisational practice and police culture.
Stress induced Curie temperature shift in high-aspect ratio PbTiO3 nanotube arrays

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

High-aspect ratio PbTiO3 nanotube arrays with a length of 20 μm were synthesized by hydrothermal method. Curie temperature of the specimen (at about 620 °C) was found to be dispersive and much higher than PbTiO3 bulks. Ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition in the high-aspect ratio PbTiO3 nanotube arrays was studied by Raman scattering and XRD. The nanotubular structure plays an important role in optimizing the stress distribution in the nanotube arrays. It was found that optimized two-dimensional compressive stress was responsible for the shift of Curie temperature in PbTiO3 nanotube arrays.
Nutritional management of acute pancreatitis in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 37-year-old male patient was referred from a local clinic with a one-day history of severe abdominal pain and difficulty breathing. In casualty, the patient reported pain in the right and left upper quadrant and the epigastrium, radiating to the back, accompanied by a retrosternal burning sensation. No nausea or vomiting was reported, but he had been constipated for the past three days. He was also known to have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and had been on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) since 2008. On examination, the abdomen was distended, rigid and tender.
What older people want: evidence from a study of remote Scottish communities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The findings compare with results of other studies of older rural people internationally, and generic 'principles' of service derived could guide restructuring. There may be systemic challenges to empowering older people's 'voice' in designing sustainable rural services that stem from society's views of older people, attitudes of communities to collective roles and responsibilities, and the fragmented ways that services are sometimes provided.
Expressions of inhibitory checkpoint molecules in acute and chronic HBV and HCV infections: Implications for therapeutic monitoring and personalized therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary The function of T cells is tightly controlled by positive and negative regulations to ensure both successful pathogen elimination and limitation of immune‐mediated pathology. One of the mechanisms to negatively regulate the magnitude and duration of effector T cells is the expression of inhibitory checkpoint molecules (ICs) on the surface membrane of T cells. During acute viral infections, expression of these molecules is upregulated to limit the effector functions following T‐cell activation. The expression is subsequently downregulated following viral clearance. In contrast, these molecules are continuously expressed in virus‐specific T cells found in persistently infected patients, including cases of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). The continuously high expression of ICs is responsible for the dysfunctional states of HBV‐ and HCV‐specific T cells in chronic phases, known as T‐cell exhaustion. Hence, understanding the regulation of their expression is essential to give insight into pathogenesis as well as the development of effective immune‐based antiviral therapies. This review discusses recent updated research on expression of ICs during acute and chronic phases of HBV and HCV infections as well as during the clinical course of antiviral therapy.
A new approach to auditory depth perception

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Acoustic depth judgment studies have generally used static position sources, and asked subjects to estimate the distance of one source only, or one source relative to a second. Here, blindfolded subjects were asked to “align” a moveable medial sagittal plane comparison source with a static 1.O-kHz standard, 3 m away from them. The comparison source's starting position could be at 0 (position of standard), ± 100 or ± 200 cm away and was either a 0.7- or 1.3-kHz narrow-banded tone. The two sources alternated in 3-s bursts till the Sindicated “alignment” was achieved. Half the subjects received the 1.0 and 0.7 kHz pairing first then the 1.0 and 1.3 kHz pairing and vice versa. Three trials were given for each pairing from each starting position. The mean error scores (i.e., mean differences between “true” and estimated source position) were analyzed. The results indicate that observers overestimate the distance of the standard when initial position of the comparison is close to them, and underestimate it when the comparison starts from beyond the “0.” Comparison frequencies performances did not differ. The results partially confirm Mershon and Bowers [Percept. 8, 311–322 (1975)] using a more standard depth perception paradigm.
Pregnant Women’s Knowledge about Children Oral Health

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Bottle tooth decay is a common problem in dental medicine.Studies point to the relationship between mother's knowledge and motivation to maintain oral hygiene and child's oral health.The reason behind it is that mothers are usually the ones spending most of the time with the child during first years of life.The purpose of this study is to examine the level of pregnant women's knowledge of the importance of primary teeth, caries and its causes, best time to begin tooth brushing and best time for first dental visit.In infant oral health lectures within the pregnancy class, 49 pregnant women were examined.The average age was 31, most of them were educated and employed.Before and after the lecture pregnant women got the same questionnaire and the results of the second questionnaire provides information on the importance of the lecture given within the course of pregnancy.Research results show that pregnant women consider primary teeth very important to childʹs development and general health.Most of them were aware that cleaning childʹs mouth starts even before the first primary tooth appearance and that primary teeth should be restored if necessary.Significant number of respondents knew the exact time of first tooth appearance.Knowledge of the recommended time for first dental visit and the caries risk factors was shown poor.The conclusion is that most pregnant women are unaware that breastfeeding, bottle feeding, using bedtime bottle and frequent feeding cause caries.Lecture on childʹs oral hygiene proved to be extremely useful because for most pregnant women that was the first time, they got that information.
Dual Starch Modifications to Expand Its End‐Uses: A Review

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Starch is a polysaccharide with diverse functionalities as a thickener and a gelling and water retention agent. These activities impact in the sensory, functional, and digestibility characteristics of the products where it is used as an ingredient. Native starch has diverse drawbacks, such as low resistance to acid conditions, syneresis, and sensitivity to high shear rates, among others. Those disadvantages are overcome by chemical, physical, and enzymatic modifications. In the last decade, the use of dual‐modified starch has been suggested to expand its applications, and eco‐friendly modifications are recommended. This review is designed to identify the effect of double modifications on starch structure, functionality, and digestibility characteristics considered by food manufacturers to develop new or improved products. The increase in the starch degree of substitution by dual modification is key to incipient applications, such as 3D printing, biodegradable packing materials with high mechanical resistance, and foods with slow resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis.
Patterns of disparity in avoidable deaths - an analysis of the German burden of disease study 2017

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Avoidable mortality captures deaths that need not have occurred. Combined with Years of Life Lost (YLL), it offers a thorough view of a population's amenable mortality burden. We aim to estimate avoidable YLL in Germany across sociodemographic and regional groups to inform prevention and healthcare strategies. Methods We merged 2017 German cause of death (COD) statistics, including previously estimated YLL, with the OECD/Eurostat reference list that defines CODs which respond to prevention (preventable) or healthcare (treatable). We calculated YLL caused by avoidable (preventable/treatable) CODs nationwide and by sex, age and spatial planning regions (SPR). We assessed avoidable YLL across SPR quintiles, categorised by the German Index of Socioeconomic Deprivation (GISD), and correlations between avoidable YLL and GISD on SPR level. Results In 2017 46% (5.3/11.6 million) of all YLL were avoidable. Two thirds (68%) of avoidable YLL were preventable, 32% were treatable. Of all YLL, 80% of those caused by injuries, 55% from communicable diseases, and 42% from non-communicable diseases were avoidable. Top three avoidable CODs were lung cancer and ischemic heart disease (both sexes), breast cancer (women), and self-harm (men). Among men, 73% of all avoidable YLL were preventable, in women 58% (p&lt;.01). The avoidable YLL proportion in the most deprived SPR quintile was higher (52%) than in the lowest quintile (48%, p&gt;.07). SPR with higher GISD scores correlated with increased avoidable YLL (r = .83, p&lt;.001). Conclusions As nearly half of all YLL in 2017 in Germany were avoidable, we observed a substantial potential to reduce lifetime loss, particularly for men and socially deprived groups. Sociodemographic disparities in avoidable mortality underline the need for targeted public health interventions and tailored prevention approaches for vulnerable populations. The pre-COVID-19 estimates provide a baseline for future analyses of potential changes during the pandemic. Key messages • A notable potential to reduce lifetime loss due to avoidable causes of death was found in Germany with particularly more preventable mortality in men and socially vulnerable deprived populations. • The 2017 estimates reveal sociodemographic disparities, stressing the need for tailored public health interventions and offer a basis for future assessments of COVD-19’s impact on avoidable mortality.
A Preliminary Study on the Sustainability of Metallization of Polymer Matrix Composites through Cold Spray

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The cold spray (CS) process is the latest solid-state deposition method that has gained significant awareness for the metallization of polymer matrix composites (PMCs) materials to modify their surface properties, including electrical or thermal conductivity and electromagnetic shielding. In comparison with other coating processes, CS allows for the production of metallic coatings without the necessity to reach the melting temperature of the sprayed particles and provides a way to deposit resistant materials with improved properties onto various components to minimize wear, erosion and corrosion. For the first time in the literature, this work has the innovative goal of applying the life cycle assessment methodology to the case study of the CS production process in order to ascertain whether CS could be framed in the realm of green technologies offering interesting opportunities to improve manufacturing sustainability. In particular, the environmental impact of CS associated with the metallization process of PMCs was considered in terms of energy consumption and CO 2 , NO x and SO 2 emissions, which are used as indicators in the life cycle assessment. When compared to different coating processes, the results suggest that CS has a large potential to reduce the environmental effects connected with the products in terms of the amount of CO 2 and hazardous emissions created throughout the process.
Gastric slow wave abnormalities in patients with gastroparesis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to determine whether cutaneous electrogastrograms (EGGs) could be used to differentiate gastroparetic patients from asymptomatic healthy controls. Pre- and postprandial cutaneous EGGs were obtained from 24 asymptomatic healthy volunteers and 27 patients with gastroparesis documented by a delayed gastric emptying of a solid test meal. A definition of slow wave abnormality was introduced. For the fasted condition, all 24 controls showed highly regular, predominant peaks in the 2-4 cycles/min (cpm) range, in contrast to the patient group in which 11 subjects showed an absence of normal slow wave activity (p less than 0.001). For the postprandial condition, again, all 24 controls showed slow wave normality consisting of increased amplitude and regularity of the 2-4 cpm frequency component. This was in sharp contrast to the patient group in which 13 subjects showed abnormalities (p less than 0.0001). Approximately 75% of the patients had an abnormal pre- or postprandial EGG: four patients had abnormal EGGs both during fasting and after eating, seven patients had abnormal EGGs during fasting but normal EGGs after eating, and nine patients had normal EGGs during fasting but abnormal EGGs after eating. We conclude that the cutaneous EGG may be used to differentiate gastroparetic patients from asymptomatic normals.
Diffraction pattern study of gratings with radial symmetry and local modified periods

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A theoretical study of gratings with radial symmetry and variable periods with sinusoidal profile, modulated for amplitude are shown. The behavior of the diffraction pattern and their symmetry degree of gratings were observed. Grating period can be modulated by external factor as spatial orientation effects per propagation, as inclination perspective of image projections that can produce local modified periods; this modulation kind causes changes in the diffracted pattern orders.
Pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) against the Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two South African Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) strains, PPRI 7598 (non-commercial) and PPRI 7861 (commercial), were compared for virulence against the Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov). Pre-selection (21 isolates) of the most virulent strain was based on >95 % mortality of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae and >90 % conidial germination. In comparison with the chemical standard, Aphox® WG (pirimicarb), which induced 100 % aphid mortality within 24 h, both B. bassiana strains were confirmed pathogenic to D. noxia over seven days post-inoculation. The B. bassiana strain PPRI 7598 caused a significantly higher cumulative mortality of 55.64 ± 2.32 % at 1 × 108 conidia/ml than the 43.1 ± 2.89 % recorded with PPRI 7861. Additionally, a significantly higher level of overt mycosis was recorded with PPRI 7598 (61.63 ± 1.66 %) in comparison with PPRI 7861 (52.06 ± 2.81 %), both at higher concentrations. The interaction between time (days) and treatment was significant, with an increase in aphid mortality over time. The results suggest that the two tested strains were significantly more pathogenic to aphids at the higher concentration (1 × 108 conidia/ml). In addition, these findings also direct our future research focus on exploration of PPRI 7598 against other cereal aphids, including oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, and as endophyte for induced systemic resistance to insects and diseases
The Lean IT Field Guide: A Roadmap for Your Transformation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

How many IT books have you read that are long on theory and short on practical application? They are interesting, but not very impactful. They provide a framework from which to think and understand, but lack a process from which to act. Addressing this urgent need for the IT community, The Lean IT Field Guide explains how to initiate, execute, and sustain a lean IT transformation.Illuminating a clear path to lean IT, the authors integrate more than two decades of combined experience to provide you with a proven method for creating and sustaining a true lean IT workplace. This field guide not only highlights the organizational techniques of more agile and lean processes, but also the leadership work required to help management adopt these new approaches.Based on proven methods from different industries, including banking, manufacturing, insurance, food and beverage, and logistics, the book details a clear model that covers all the components you need to achieve and sustain a favorable work environment and culture in support of lean IT.Filled with anecdotes and case studies from actual businesses, the book includes pictures, templates, and examples that illustrate the application of the lean methods discussed.
Numerical simulation since early ages of the RG8 beam test from concrack benchmark by means of a 3D fibre frame model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work presents the numerical analysis of the RG8 test performed by the French research program Concrack2 in 2011. It consisted in a large RC beam specimen loaded in bending after restrained shrinkage. The specimen is composed of a central thinner part and two massive heads linked by two cylindrical struts that restrained strains due to thermal effects and autogenous shrinkage occurring in the concrete central part. After 8 weeks, the beam was loaded near to its ultimate capacity. The numerical model is based on the 3D fibre beam approach, capable of reproducing the response since early ages. The cross-section is
discretized into fibres to take into account the different maturity levels within the crosssection. The analysis is divided into three phases: i) the thermal analysis determines the development of temperatures due to cement hydration and heat transfer, solar radiation and night cooling effects, ii) nonlinear mechanical analysis for early ages including creep,
autogenous shrinkage and ageing and iii) nonlinear mechanical analysis for loading phase includes the interaction of normal and shear forces. Performance is compared against experimentation and the development of early age stresses discussed.
Spatial externalities and growth in a Mankiw-Romer-Weil world: Theory and evidence

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper presents a theoretical growth model that accounts for technological interdependence among regions in a Mankiw-Romer-Weil world. The reasoning behind the theoretical work is that technological ideas cannot be fully appropriated by investors and these ideas may diffuse and increase the productivity of other firms. We link the diffusion of ideas to spatial proximity and allow for ideas to flow to nearby regional economies. Through the magic of solving for the reduced form of the theoretical model and the magic of spatial autoregressive processes, the simple dependence on a small number of neighbouring regions leads to a reduced form theoretical model and an associated empirical model where changes in a single region can potentially impact all other regions. This implies that conventional regression interpretations of the parameter estimates would be wrong. The proper way to interpret the model has to rely on matrices of partial derivatives of the dependent variable with respect to changes in the Mankiw-Romer-Weil variables, using scalar summary measures for reporting the estimates of the marginal impacts from the model. The summary impact measure estimates indicate that technological interdependence among European regions works through physical rather than human capital externalities.