jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Do Patients Drink Enough Water? Actual Pure Water Intake Compared to the Theoretical Daily Rules of Drinking Eight 8-Ounce Glasses and Drinking Half Your Body Weight in Ounces

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Water is vital for virtually every bodily process, but many people don’t drink enough water. We assessed how much actual water, on average, was drank by 100 consecutive patients from a well-ness clinic. The average water intake was about five 8-ounce glasses of water a day. When compared to the “drink eight glasses of water a day” rule, our sample was 3 glasses short. When compared to the “drink half your body weight in ounces” rule, our sample was 6 glasses short. Chronic, unintentional dehydration is so common that it may be better to consider many “dehydration diseases” such as asthma and allergies as well as non-infectious conditions and chronic pains to be identified as “indicators of body thirst” and not the conditions that today are considered “diseases of unknown etiology”. Physiologically there are parameters of dehydration that can be measured prior to one feeling “thirsty”, and therefore, simply drinking “ad libitum” or by natural instinct may not be adequate. Patients need to be told to drink more water and to keep a mental daily tally to be sure to optimize their hydration status to better their health.
MAST CELLS AFTER BONE MARROW AUTOTRANSPLANTATION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: to study bone marrow mast cells in mice after autotransplantation. Materials and methods. Mast cells and sulphatedness degree of heparin mucopolysaccharide in the bone marrow were identified using Unna staining with polychromatic toluidine blue. Study results. Data on mast cells distribution in the bone marrow after autotransplantation in 40 minutes and in 2 hours were analyzed. Two types of mast cells’ reaction to autologous bone marrow introduction were identified: sequential degranulation and exocytosis. As a result, secretion of mast cells causes production of biologically active substances in the microenvironment of a mast cell; these substances form chains and conglomerates from granules, changes in the number of which can contribute to changing the process of mitotic division. According to morphological criteria three populations of mast cells were identified: small-sized cells, with blue-colored nuclei stained orthochromatically and located asymmetrically; metachromatic oval-shaped cells with a nucleus located in the centre; large, degranulated, gamma-metachromatic mast cells. Most part of mast cells in bone marrow smears is presented by integral forms. Heparin in mast cells takes part in regulating metabolism in the bone marrow after autotransplantation.
IDDF2020-ABS-0198 Study on fibrosis change with transient elastography in chronic hepatitis B virus treatment with tenofovir

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is one of the first optimal choices to be used in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. FibroScan is non-invasive methods to assess liver fibrosis.

Aims

To evaluate the therapeutic effect of TDF on fibrosis via FibroScan after treatment.

Methods

This study was conducted in 63 chronic hepatitis B patients who had the indication of antiviral therapy at 103 Cam Khe Clinic from March 2019 to March 2020. All patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with TDF for 6 months. Liver fibrosis stages were appreciated using transient hepatic elastography by Fibroscan before and after 6 months of treatment.

Results

The average age of patients was 46 years, with men accounted for 69% of the total. After treatment, normalization of ALT 71.26%, the viral response of 90.23%, HBV DNA below the detection level was 66.3%. Liver fibrosis evaluated by FibroScan before and after 6 months treatment were 7.15 ± 1.56 kPa, and 3.58 ± 1.19 kPa evaluated by FibroScan.

Conclusions

TDF was effective for patients after treatment on liver fibrosis assessed by FibroScan in chronic hepatitis B patients.
Impact of supplemental winter feeding on ruminal microbiota of roe deer Capreolus capreolus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

European ungulates such as the roe deer face seasonally varying climatic conditions as well as food availability and quality. In some European countries, including Austria, it is common practice to provide game animals with supplemental feeding in winter. In this study we investigated if supplemental feeding significantly affects the composition of the bacterial rumen community. The rumen microbial composition of eight adult female roe deer was analysed by Illumina MiSeq 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Animals from a study area with supplemental feeding sites were compared to individuals relying on natural feed. Furthermore, the microbial community composition of different ruminal compartments (liquid phase, solid phase and wall) was compared. Our results revealed a significant qualitative difference between the microbiota composition of the two populations studied. Easily fermentable supplemental feeding promoted the proliferation of phylotypes correlated with conditions of acidosis in domestic ruminants, suggesting a possible similar adaptation and a hypothetical negative effect on health status also in roe deer. The results furthermore confirmed that in roe deer, like in other ruminant species, the most represented phyla are Firmicutes (63.2%) and Bacteroidetes (23.5%), and that the ruminal microenvironments influence the microbial community composition, with the lowest species richness and variation in the epimural microbiota.
Effect of the CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AZD5069, an oral CXCR2 antagonist

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: AZD5069 is an oral C-X-C chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) antagonist targeting neutrophil-driven inflammation and is in clinical evaluation for the treatment of inadequately controlled asthma. AZD5069 is primarily metabolised by CYP3A isoenzymes,1 but the impact of CYP3A inhibition on systemic AZD5069 exposure in humans is not known.

Aims: To evaluate the effect of the potent CYP3A4 inhibitor ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics and effect on blood neutrophil counts of AZD5069.

Methods: Fifteen healthy male volunteers received single oral doses of AZD5069 15mg, alone and after pre-treatment with ketoconazole 400 mg once daily for 4 days. In addition to standard safety and laboratory evaluations, serial blood samples for assessment of pharmacokinetics and blood neutrophil counts were drawn up to 72 hours post-dose.

Results: Compared with AZD5069 alone, co-administration of AZD5069 and ketoconazole increased the geometric mean AUC 2.11-fold (90% CI: 1.92–2.32) and Cmax 1.65-fold (90% CI: 1.45–1.87). Blood neutrophil counts decreased when AZD5069 was administered alone and were further decreased following the combination of AZD5069 and ketoconazole. This correlated with the increase in AZD5069 exposure. The neutrophil counts returned to baseline within 48 h after dosing.

Conclusions: Co-administration of AZD5069 and ketoconazole resulted in a 2-fold increase in systemic exposure of AZD5069 and a greater reduction in blood neutrophil counts than AZD5069 alone. The clinical relevance of this has yet to be determined.

1. Gardiner P, et al. The mechanisms and routes of clearance of the CXCR2 antagonist AZD5069 in human. AAPS 2013, TX, USA. W4280

Funding: AstraZeneca.
An accurate and efficient scheme for propagating the time dependent Schrödinger equation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A new propagation scheme for the time dependent Schrödinger equation is based on a Chebychev polynomial expansion of the evolution operator Û=exp(−iĤt). Combined with the Fourier method for calculating the Hamiltonian operation the scheme is not only extremely accurate but is up to six times more efficient than the presently used second order differencing propagation scheme.
Modulatory effects of Metformin on mutagenicity and epithelial tumor incidence in doxorubicin-treated Drosophila melanogaster

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Metformin (MET) is an anti-diabetic drug used to prevent hepatic glucose release and increase tissue insulin sensitivity. Diabetic cancer patients are on additional therapy with anticancer drugs. Doxorubicin (DXR) is a cancer chemotherapeutic agent that interferes with the topoisomerase II enzyme and generates free radicals. MET (2.5, 5, 10, 25 or 50 mM) alone was examined for mutagenicity, recombinogenicity and carcinogenicity, and combined with DXR (0.4 mM) for antimutagenicity, antirecombinogenicity and anticarcinogenicity, using the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test and the Test for Detecting Epithelial Tumor Clones in Drosophila melanogaster. MET alone did not induce mutation or recombination. Modulating effects of MET on DXR-induced DNA damage were observed at the highest concentrations. In the evaluation of carcinogenesis, MET alone did not induce tumors. When combined with DXR, MET also reduced the DXR-induced tumors at the highest concentrations. Therefore, in the present experimental conditions, MET alone did not present mutagenic/recombinogenic/carcinogenic effects, but it was able to modulate the effect of DXR in the induction of DNA damage and of tumors in D. melanogaster. It is believed that this modulating effect is mainly related to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and apoptotic effects of this drug, although such effects have not been directly evaluated.
Comparison of P300 in CI-only versus bimodal stimulation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Bimodal listeners combine a cochlear implant (CI) with a contralateral hearing aid (HA). Psychoacoustic research shows that bimodal listening can improve speech perception in noise, sound localization, and music appreciation. However, individual performance varies considerably. Many studies have examined bimodal benefit using behavioral measures. This study examines whether endogenous auditory evoked cortical responses can be used to assess bimodal benefit.\nMethods: Four experienced bimodal were included in the study. All subjects were implanted with either the Nucleus CI24RE(CA) or CI422 and wore a contralateral hearing aid. The cognitive P300 response was elicited using an oddball paradigm with a 500 Hz tone-burst as the standard and a 250 Hz tone-burst as the deviant stimulus. P300s were recorded in the CI-only (i.e. with the contralateral ear plugged) and bimodal condition (i.e. CI and HA).\nResults: Overall, P300 morphology was clearer in the bimodal than CI-only condition. Latencies were on average shorter in the bimodal (251 ms, SD 26.5 ms) compared to the CI-only condition (306 ms, SD 55.1 ms). Additionally, amplitudes were larger in the bimodal (21 μV, SD 1.9 μV) compared to the CI-only condition (12 μV, SD 4.3 μV). \nConclusion: Preliminary data reveal that the bimodal condition elicited better P300 responses than the CI-only condition. Bimodal listeners may have used various cues to perform the discrimination task.
Optimal Launch Manifesting for Space Freight Forwarders

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper proposes a novel framework to optimize a launch vehicle manifesting plan for small satellites from the perspective of a space freight forwarder. The forwarder in space logistics coordinates individual shipment orders from the launch customers and launch service providers like a freight forwarder in ground logistics does. An optimal launch manifesting problem is formulated as a variant of the vehicle routing problem involving the decisions on carriers, launch strategies (dedicated or multi-payload), launch dates, and satellite deployment sequences. A solution procedure based on the column generation method is proposed to address the challenges associated with the large-scale combinatorial optimization problem. A case study demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed framework and solution procedure.
A Simulation of Near-Field Optics: Optical Waves Through an Aperture in 3D Thick Metallic Screen by Volume Integral Equation Method.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Optical near-field in the aperture in the thick metallic screen is analyzed numerically by the three-dimensional volume integral equation with Generalized Minimum Residual Method. Numerical results have been confirmed by the invariance of the results of the discretized size and reciprocity. The dependence of the scattering cross section on the thickness of the screen have been calculated. It is found that near-field distribution around the small aperture is a slightly different from Bethe's results.
Do US exporters take advantage of free trade agreements? Evidence from the US‐Colombia free trade agreement

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Using novel transaction‐level data, the author has studied the determinants of the utilization among US exporters of preferential treatment under the US‐Colombia free trade agreement (FTA). This study finds FTA's use is incomplete and increases based on the magnitude of duty savings, which suggests the existence of a fixed cost to taking advantage of these preferences. To shed light on the nature of this fixed cost, the author shows that after controlling for duty savings FTA use increases over time, is higher among larger exporters, and is positively associated to an exporter's past experience in using the FTA. This suggests the fixed cost of using the FTA falls over time and with exporter size and experience. Finally, the author constructs a measure of the restrictiveness of rules of origin specific to this FTA and find that more restrictive rules of origin lead to a lower use of the FTA, especially among producers of differentiated goods.
Data from Blocking the CCL2–CCR2 Axis Using CCL2-Neutralizing Antibody Is an Effective Therapy for Hepatocellular Cancer in a Mouse Model

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Hepatocellular carcinoma, a deadly disease, commonly arises in the setting of chronic inflammation. C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2/MCP1), a chemokine that recruits CCR2-positive immune cells to promote inflammation, is highly upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Here, we examined the therapeutic efficacy of CCL2–CCR2 axis inhibitors against hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma in the miR-122 knockout (a.k.a. KO) mouse model. This mouse model displays upregulation of hepatic CCL2 expression, which correlates with hepatitis that progress to hepatocellular carcinoma with age. Therapeutic potential of CCL2–CCR2 axis blockade was determined by treating KO mice with a CCL2-neutralizing antibody (nAb). This immunotherapy suppressed chronic liver inflammation in these mice by reducing the population of CD11<sup>high</sup>Gr1<sup>+</sup> inflammatory myeloid cells and inhibiting expression of IL6 and TNFα in KO livers. Furthermore, treatment of tumor-bearing KO mice with CCL2 nAb for 8 weeks significantly reduced liver damage, hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, and tumor burden. Phospho-STAT3 (Y705) and c-MYC, the downstream targets of IL6, as well as NF-κB, the downstream target of TNFα, were downregulated upon CCL2 inhibition, which correlated with suppression of tumor growth. In addition, CCL2 nAb enhanced hepatic NK-cell cytotoxicity and IFNγ production, which is likely to contribute to the inhibition of tumorigenesis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that CCL2 immunotherapy could be an effective therapeutic approach against inflammatory liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 16(2); 312–22. ©2016 AACR</i>.</p></div>
Polymeric Nitrogen: The Ultimate, Green High Performing Energetic Material

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

High-energy-high-density materials that offer increased stability, vulnerability, and are environmentally safe are being aggressively pursued to meet the requirements of the DoD Joint Visions and Future Force. It was proposed nearly two decades ago, polymeric nitrogen would exceed all of these requirements, with energy release nearly five times that any conventional energetic material in use today, In this paper, we describe an experiment in which a meta-stable polymeric form of nitrogen has been synthesized under high-pressure using sodium azide as the starting material. Recent characterization and ideas for future work are discussed.
[Cognitive impairments in early restorative period of ischemic stroke].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim was to study prevalence and peculiarity of cognitive impairments in patients with ischemic stroke. 76 patients with stroke were examined in early restorative period of disease. Neurologic status of the patients was examined with NIHSS scale, Renkin scale was employed for measuring the degree of disability, MMSE and FAB was used to estimate cognitive functions. 24-hour, non-invasive ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring was used to reveal arterial hypertension and impairment of circadian rhythm of ABP. Considerable prevalence of cognitive impairments was shown. 34.2% patients suffered from dementia. The most impaired cognitive functions were memory, calculation, repetition and writing. Risk factors of cognitive impairments in patients with ischemic stroke were advanced age, severe neurological impairments, increasing SBP, minimal DBP. Examination cognitive function after stroke is necessary to plan treatment, prevention and reablement.
On evaluating the impact of tile partitioning in AV1

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The advent of 4K and 8K resolutions in cameras and TV sets, posed a challenge to Video on Demand (VoD) and live streaming industry since the network overhead compared to FullHD was multiplied. For this reason, new video coding standards were launched as successors to the ageing H.264/AVC that dominated the DVD era. Arguably, the most prominent examples of the new generation video coding standards are the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard and the recently launched AV1. Regardless, of the related debate on the comparative performance of HEVC and AV1, both standards promise increased compression ratios, for the same quality, compared to H.264/AVC. Nevertheless, the required performance (particularly in 4K/8K) is achieved at the expense of significantly large computational time. To ameliorate the situation, parallel processing techniques can be used at various levels. Of particular interest, are coarse grained primitives that split a frame into separately codeable areas, since they are trivially parallelizable and can be used in combination with finer grained methods, e.g., at motion estimation or transformation levels. In this paper we turn our interest into tile parallelization, which was introduced by HEVC and also adopted by AV1. Most of the existing works compare the potential performance of HEVC against AV1 in coding efficiency terms assuming no parallel settings. On the contrary, our focus is to characterize the effects of tile partitioning in video coding performance, particularly for the AV1 standard, and compare the findings against HEVC. © 2018 Association for Computing Machinery.
Inferential Knowledge-Enhanced Integrated Reasoning for Video Question Answering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, video question answering has attracted growing attention. It involves answering a question based on a fine-grained understanding of video multi-modal information. Most existing methods have successfully explored the deep understanding of visual modality. We argue that a deep understanding of linguistic modality is also essential for answer reasoning, especially for videos that contain character dialogues. To this end, we propose an Inferential Knowledge-Enhanced Integrated Reasoning method. Our method consists of two main components: 1) an Inferential Knowledge Reasoner to generate inferential knowledge for linguistic modality inputs that reveals deeper semantics, including the implicit causes, effects, mental states, etc. 2) an Integrated Reasoning Mechanism to enhance video content understanding and answer reasoning by leveraging the generated inferential knowledge. Experimental results show that our method achieves significant improvement on two mainstream datasets. The ablation study further demonstrates the effectiveness of each component of our approach.
Species‐Level Impacts on Chaparral Root Zone Hydrology

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A set of four unconfined (earthen‐walled) lysimeters in the San Dimas Experimental Forest near Los Angeles, CA, provides a unique opportunity to examine the effect of species‐level vegetation on root zone hydrology under highly controlled experimental conditions. The 28.1‐m 2 by 2.1‐m deep lysimeters were specifically designed to minimize variation of all environmental conditions except vegetation. Monocultures of buckwheat ( Eriogonum fasciculatum Benth. var. foliolosum Nutt.), chamise ( Adenstomata fasciculatum Hooke & Arn.), scrub oak ( Quercus dumosa Nutt.), and Coulter pine ( Pinus coulteri D. Don.) were planted in 1946. In 1997 two sets of soil cores were sampled from each lysimeter to evaluate species level effects resulting from 50 yr of growth. The cores were analyzed for water content, soil water potential, and pore water chloride. The chloride mass balance approach was used to estimate long‐term average fluxes and residence times of water in the lysimeters. One core from each lysimeter was also analyzed for pore water stable isotope (δ 2 H) composition. Only small differences were observed between the four species in terms of the shapes of the depth profiles and the absolute values of the hydrologic characteristics and fluxes. However, some differences were statistically significant. For example, differences in some characteristics were found between the chamise and the other species. We also observed differences between the lowest aboveground biomass group (buckwheat and chamise) versus the highest aboveground biomass group (oak and pine). These results suggest that although species‐ and biomass‐level differences in root zone hydrologic behavior appear to be minor, there are detectible differences in how these vegetation types affect the water budget in chaparral ecosystems.
The runaway nature and origin of α Crucis system

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Massive stars are always the focus of astronomical research and a significant part of them (10–20%) moves in space at a high (supersonic) velocity. This paper presents the results of a study of the α Crucis system, located at ∼114 pc distance from the Sun, with an observed bow shock around it. We used data and images from the Gaia and WISE space telescopes. The coordinates, distance, and proper motion of the α Crucis system were used to determine its space velocity. We managed to find a stellar cluster to which the α Crucis system belongs, that is, it has not been ejected from its parent cluster, but is moving in space together with other members of the cluster. The α Crucis system has a velocity of ∼1.3 km/s relative to the star cluster. The geometric parameters of the bow shock are compatible with other known bow shocks. The bow shock is unaligned, i.e., most likely interstellar medium (ISM) large-scale motions are responsible for the resulting bow shock, which is further evidence that the α Crucis system is not runaway in nature.