jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Headache at the emergency room: Etiologies, diagnostic usefulness of the ICHD 3 criteria, red and green flags

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Non-traumatic headaches account for 0.5 to 4.5% at the emergency department (ED). Although primary headaches represent the most common causes, the likelihood of ominous etiology has to be considered by clinicians in order to avoid diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls. Due to the absence of biological or imaging findings to diagnose primary headaches we hypothesize ICHD 3(International Headache criteria 3) criteria as a useful tool at the moment to identify and to establish a difference between those patients who are undergoing primary headaches and those who will need advanced diagnostic strategies. Objectives To determine the usefulness of ICHD 3 criteria to differentiate primary from non-primary headaches at the emergency department (ED). Methods During five weeks all the patients complaining of headache attended at the triage unit at the ED were interviewed, examined and classified as having primary or non-primary headaches by means of ICHD 3 criteria. Those patients with primary headaches were treated according to standard of care protocols and followed up by means of phone call communication after 48 hours to assure satisfactory outcome. Those patients classified as having non-primary headaches (secondary headaches and neuralgias) were admitted for additional diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Between both groups we compared the prevalence of fulfilled criteria for primary headaches and the proportion of traditional red flags such as age, sleep headache onset, associated symptoms, abnormal neurological exam, sudden onset, and nonresponse to analgesics in addition to previous consultation before this evaluation. Results Headache was responsible for 244 (2.3%) out of 10450 admissions at the ED, 77.8% were females. Primary, non-primary (secondary plus neuralgias) and unclassified headaches were 59.4%, 32% and 8.6% respectively. Migraine and cervical myofascial pain were the most frequent etiologies for primary and non-primary causes respectively. Factors associated to non-primary etiologies were immunosuppression (OR: 2.7 IC 95% 2.3–3.3) and age older than 50 (OR: 2.7 IC 95% 2.01–3.62). Abnormal neurological exam, sudden and sleep headache onset were not statistically significant. Factors found to be associated with primary headaches were: fulfilling ICHD 3 criteria (OR: 18.7, IC95% 7.1–48.6), history of migraine (OR: 2.9 IC 95% 2.1–3.9), and history of similar episodes (OR: 2.7 IC 95% 2.3–3.3). Conclusion This data suggests that fulfilling ICHD 3 criteria could be useful to differentiate primary from non-primary headaches. This observation is also valid for immunosuppression, age older than 50, history of migraine and history of similar episodes.
Sustainability Reporting by Local Councils in Coastal Regions: An Australian Study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The phrase social and environmental accounting research appears to have been superseded by the term sustainability reporting (SR). The Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) which is an internationally recognised reporting framework has developed sustainability reporting guidelines for specific industries including for the public sector. The objective of this investigation is to ascertain the type of sustainability reporting practices in six Local Councils located on the Australian coast line. A sustainability reporting disclosure index is developed and is calculated by comparing the disclosures provided by the Global Reporting Initiative with the annual reports of the six coastal councils. The findings suggest that these councils provide high disclosures for the categories of water and biodiversity and low disclosures for the categories of compliance and overall which records total environmental expenditures by type. Given that the reporting of sustainability practices by local councils is relatively new, it is expected that disclosures will increase over time. In addition, specialised sustainability reports are starting to be produced by local councils in addition to the statutory obligation of producing an annual report. Keywords : Sustainability Reporting, Local Councils, Annual Reports JEL classifications : M41, M40 and M49
[Effect of a derivative of GABA, phenibut, on behavior and the activity of visual cortex neurons of the rabbit during elaboration of a defensive reflex and internal inhibition].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In experiments on alert non-immobilized rabbits the effect of subcutaneous administration of the GABA-derivate--phenibut on behaviour, slow potentials and impulse activity of neurones of the visual cortex was studied during elaboration of a defensive reflex to light flashes and of conditioned inhibition. During the action of phenibut late negative-positive components of the evoked potentials to flashes, corresponding inhibitory pauses and postinhibitory activation gradually increased; then stable predominance of slow high-amplitude potential oscillations and corresponding neuronal group bursts appeared, separated by inhibitory pauses and in intersignal periods. Reinforcing stimulus, as before phenibut administration, lowered the amplitudes of slow potential oscillations and weakened inhibitory pauses in neuronal impulse activity. Dynamics of movements in response to the stimuli was of a phasic character. 3 hours after phenibut administration the discrimination of reinforced and inhibitory light flashes has distinctly improved. The obtained results confirm the initial concept of the significant role of the GABA-ergic inhibitory system in the process of elaboration of internal inhibition.
Direct current breakdown in gases for complex geometries from high vacuum to atmospheric pressure

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The demand for improved performances of power transmission devices requires ever smaller dimensions and higher working voltages which lead to increased risk of breakdown, for example, in satellite slip rings. Previous works are mostly limited to breakdown in simple geometries such as parallel plates or pin to plate. Here we discuss the effect of more complex geometries for dc breakdown in gases over a large pressure range (2 x 10(-5) to 10(3) mbar). Experimental measurements of dc gas discharge breakdown in a ring assembly geometry are compared with a numerical simulation model for gas breakdown using a fluid model. Starting with parallel plates (1 and 100 mm gap width representing approximately the shortest and longest electric field path lengths in the ring assembly geometry) and extending to double gap and multi-gap geometries, an understanding of the overall shape of the breakdown voltage versus pressure curve is established. The high (low) pressure thresholds of gas discharge are determined by the shortest (longest) electric field path length in a complex geometry. Moreover, the availability of multiple path lengths leads to a breakdown voltage minimum over a wide range of intermediate pressure because breakdown can occur in the most favourable gap. Finally, the numerical simulation in the ring assembly shows the importance of parameters such as the secondary electron emission coefficient which play a major role in determining the breakdown voltage value.
Antigenicity and protective effects of type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide in rats

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The response to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination, the protective effect of type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccination, and the ability of hemagglutinating antibody to type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide to cross the blood-brain barrier were studied in rats. Hemagglutinating antibody response to vaccination with type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide was found to be dependent on the dose and route of inoculation. Intraperitoneal vaccination with type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide protected the rats from subsequent intraperitoneal challenge with type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae but had no effect after intracisternal challenge with type 3 S. pneumoniae. In the presence or absence of sterile meningeal inflammation, hemagglutinating antibody could not be found in cerebrospinal fluid of animals vaccinated intraperitoneally with type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide. These results suggest that type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide is antigenic in rats and intraperitoneal vaccination with type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide does not protect against experimental meningitis because antibodies do not cross the blood-brain barrier.
The Visible Human Project: a resource for anatomical visualization.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The National Library of Medicine (NLM) has long been a world leader in the archiving and distribution of the print-based images of biology and medicine. NLM has also been a pioneer in the use of computer systems to encode and distribute textual knowledge of the life sciences. NLM's Long Range Planning effort of 1985-86 foresaw a coming era where NLM's Bibliographic and factual database services would be complemented by libraries of digital images, distributed over high speed computer networks and by high capacity physical media. The NLM Planning Panel on Electronic Imaging recommended that NLM should undertake the building a digital image library consisting of computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images, and cryosection images of a representative, carefully selected and prepared male and female cadaver--the "Visible Human ProjectJ." The male and female Visible Human data sets are now being made available through a license agreement with the NLM. The data sets are supporting a wide range of educational, diagnostic, treatment planning, and commercial uses. The value of this international resource in the public domain increases through its application. Its utility will continue to grow as related databases are attached to it, and as more attributes are given to its image elements.
Why conversation is not the soul of democracy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Inspired by the writings of John Dewey, among others, thinking in communication studies has often taken face‐to‐face conversation to be the heart of democratic life. But face‐to‐face conversation has been as much honored in aristocracies as in democracies and there are, in fact, two distinctive and contrasting ideals of conversation—the sociable conversation and the problem‐solving conversation. Conversation that serves democracy is distinguished not by egalitarianism but by norm‐governedness and public‐ness, not by spontaneity but by civility, and not by its priority or superiority to print and broadcast media but by its necessary dependence on them. An argument is offered that institutions and norms of democracy give rise to democratic conversations rather than that the inherent democracy of conversation gives rise to politically democratic norms and institutions.
Saint Andrew’s way: an authentic, emotional and integral touristic experience

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There is a trend in the travel and tourism sectors that is giving a name to every activity or type of tourism. This is not a bad idea if we think it is useful to write about the phenomenon or to use it in its promotion. But are all those names accurate and realistic to define the activities we try to talk about? The example of Saint Andrew’s Way is a very good one in order to explain the mistake of framing it in one of these typologies. It would not be right to include it in Cultural, Environmental, Active, Religious, Emotional, Experiential or Experimental Tourism, or even Rural Tourism or Ecotourism, but to talk about an integral kind of tourism which would cover all of them. The richness of the experience could be so wide that it results too rigid and confusing to give it a simple name, even to try to sell it in a closed package. This paper will try to explain Saint Andrew’s Way, in North-western Galicia as a wide and complete touristic course that needs to be understood in a different way than Saint James’ Way. This could be offered to the visitors through the discipline of Heritage Interpretation
Joining Techniques for Novel Metal Polymer Hybrid Heat Exchangers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the United States, over 50% of the unrecovered energy from industrial processes is in the form of low-grade heat (&lt; 220°C). Materials and maintenance costs of common heat exchangers are typically too high to justify their usage. Polymers, though more affordable, are usually unsuitable for HX applications due to their low thermal conductivity (∼0.2 W/mK). Here, we show that metal-polymer hybrids may be attractive from both performance and cost perspectives. The use of polymers further increases the resistance to corrosion by sulfuric and carbonic acids often present in flue gases. An ongoing work explores different configurations of layered polyimide-copper macroscale hybrids for heat exchanger applications using numerical simulations. This paper explores a manufacturing pathway for producing such layered hybrid tubes that involves directly rolling and bonding tapes made of polymer and copper foil into tubes. A critical problem in the fabrication process is the bonding of metal and polymers. We explore approaches involving adhesives (epoxy, acrylic and silicone) for metal/polymer interfaces and direct welding (ultrasonic) for metal/metal interfaces that can be integrated into the manufacturing process. We report characterizations of the thermomechanical properties of these joining processes. This work paves the way for realizing cost-effective manufacturing of heat exchangers for low grade waste heat recovery.
Increasing radiosensitivity in the course of fractionated X irradiation: the effect of contact with dead and dying cells.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We have measured survival after successive 2-Gy doses of X rays in HeLa cells and 1-Gy doses in cells of the nonimmortalized human fibroblast cell line AG15-22 under conditions where any effect of cell proliferation during multifraction X irradiation has been factored out. When HeLa cells in parallel series of (pseudo)hybrid spheroids (i.e. in agglomerates consisting of a mixture of supralethally irradiated HeLa feeder and viable HeLa cells) were exposed to n daily radiation doses and then trypsinized and exposed to the last dose, the surviving fraction at 2 Gy (SF2) declined exponentially from 0.55 +/- 0.01 to 0.31 +/- 0.01 after the fifth fraction. In monolayer HeLa cell cultures, the decline in SF2 was smaller but significant and was not influenced by the presence of feeder cells. Pure spheroids, composed entirely of viable HeLa cells, showed the same decline in SF2 as did monolayer cells. The cumulative-effect curve (i.e. the product of SF2 values) was linear-quadratic with the quadratic term increasing in the order monolayer, pure spheroids, pseudohybrid spheroids. SF2n and D0Eff (deduced from the initial SF2) severely underestimated cumulative radiosensitivity. This cumulative effect is clearly associated with the proximity of lethally irradiated cells and might be explained by differential population shifts in the course of the multifraction regimen. Similarly, AG15-22 cells irradiated with daily 1-Gy doses of X rays showed a larger increase in radiosensitivity when in hybrid spheroids than when in pure spheroids. However, for the AG15-22 cells, SF1 was twofold lower for the former than for the latter condition and remained constant for both conditions rather than decreasing with increasing fraction number. This large radiosensitizing effect remains unexplained.
Pilot Scale Studies of the Fireside Corrosion Effects of Biomass Co-Firing and / or Oxy-fuel Coal Firing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Fireside corrosion testing is a complex process with many variables. Testing at laboratory, pilot or full scale presents many difficulties. Pilot scale testing has been found to offer advantages over laboratory or full scale plant based testing, although limitations still remain. Pilot scale testing enables a wide range of test parameters to be examined with relatively good control of test parameters relative to full scale plant, whilst ensuring all combustion related parameters are examined, something that is often missing from simulated, laboratory scale work. E.ON’s 1MWth Combustion Test Facility has been used to conduct fireside corrosion test work whilst firing a variety of coal and coal-biomass blends in air-fuel fired mode and coals with various sulphur and chlorine contents in oxy-fuel fired mode. Metallographic examination has been used to accurately determine metal losses while scanning electron microscopy and x-ray elemental analysis has been used to characterise the corrosion damage. The rates and types of corrosion produced are described for both the furnace wall and superheater / reheater areas of pulverised fuel fired boilers. Both co-firing and oxy-fuel firing have the potential to increase, sometimes dramatically, fireside corrosion rates.
Prevention of CTL and NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity by microencapsulation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Graft rejection represents one of the major barriers preventing successful pancreatic islet transplantation. Microencapsulation of isolated islets has been proposed as a potential method of overcoming this problem. We present here for the first time evidence that the biocompatible semi-permeable capsule membrane prevents cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The ability of the microcapsule to immunoisolate pancreatic and tumor cell (EL-4 and YAC-1) targets from these two mechanisms of the immune rejection response was assessed using a 51chromium-release assay. Significant cell lysis occurred when target cells were incubated with free effector cells, or with NK effector cells co-encapsulated with NK-sensitive target cells (via the release of NK cytotoxic factors (NKCF)). This effect was not observed with encapsulated effector cells alone. These results clearly demonstrate the efficacy of the microcapsule in protecting target cells against both specific cytotoxicity by CTL's, and nonspecific killing by NK cells. They also provide a method for the in vitro evaluation of the immunoprotective properties of the various new capsular materials, in terms of the effector limb or destructive phase of the allograft rejection response.
The Dynamics of Ethno-National Identification and Ethnic Conflict - Institutional and Societal Aspects

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Multiethnic composition of local communities is a common phenomenon in modern societies. Although cultural and political differences may make the tensions and conflicts between groups, experiences in various societies confirm the assumption that belief in bloodties does not necessarily end up in rivers of blood (Horowitz). There are numerous examples where ethnic groups live peacefully side by side, irrespective of cultural diversity, symbolic, political and economic characteristics. However, it must be recognized that cases in which the differences are converted into latent and manifest forms of tensions and conflict are easy to find.The paper consists of two parts. In the first part of the paper the theoretical and methodological dilemmas in research of ethno-national identification and ethnic conflict are discussed. The starting point in this paper is a general assumption that the conflict (or peaceful) outcomes in multiethnic areas are associated with the complex dynamics of ethno-national identification. In methodological terms, the author argues for an integrative approach in which quantitative methods (such as surveys and content analysis) in the research of ethno-national identification should be combined with qualitative research methods (interviews, discourse analysis, oral history).The necessity of an integrative approach has been argued in the second part of the paper that presents the most important results of empirical studies of ethno-national identification, which the author of the paper conducted in more than a decade in multiethnic areas of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Starting from the concept of social integration, it focuses on the interaction between the two groups of factors affecting the ethno-national identification. The first consists of structural features of communities that are primarily determined by the impact of social institutions. The second is concerning the activities of different social actors operating on national, regional and local levels. The results of quantitative research show that there are significant differences in the openness of ethnic boundaries and trust in social institutions between conflict areas and the peaceful ones. Nevertheless, quantitative analysis fails to explain the subtle interrelationships between and within areas of ethnic conflict and those of ethnic peace, especially when it comes to the complex action of social actors such as representatives and coalitions of political, cultural, religious and entrepreneurial elite groups at national and local levels. The complex dynamics of ethno-national identification at the local level necessitates the additional use of qualitative methods, which, despite their subjectivity and shortcomings, can substantially contribute to a better understanding of the social process of construction of ethnic identity and ethnic conflict.
Size- and shape-controlled synthesis and propertiesof colloidal PbSe nanocrystals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In thiswork, it has been demonstrated that the co-ordinating tri-n-octylphosphine and oleic acid mixture
plays an essential role in the control of the growth, size distribution, colloidal stability, crystallinity and
shape of the resulting PbSe nanocrystals. A systematic combination of the reaction and growth conditions
allows the possibility to produce high quality PbSe nanocrystals over a broad range of diameters with
narrow size distributions without any size selective precipitation techniques being applied. The capping
agent/ligands helps to control the grain growth of the nanocrystals during its formation and increases the
dispersibility of the nanocrystals, which can easily be manipulated and used for various applications in
optoelectronics and microscopy.
MKL-GRNI: A parallel multiple kernel learning approach for supervised inference of large-scale gene regulatory networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

High throughput multi-omics data generation coupled with heterogeneous genomic data fusion are defining new ways to build computational inference models. These models are scalable and can support very large genome sizes with the added advantage of exploiting additional biological knowledge from the integration framework. However, the limitation with such an arrangement is the huge computational cost involved when learning from very large datasets in a sequential execution environment. To overcome this issue, we present a multiple kernel learning (MKL) based gene regulatory network (GRN) inference approach wherein multiple heterogeneous datasets are fused using MKL paradigm. We formulate the GRN learning problem as a supervised classification problem, whereby genes regulated by a specific transcription factor are separated from other non-regulated genes. A parallel execution architecture is devised to learn a large scale GRN by decomposing the initial classification problem into a number of subproblems that run as multiple processes on a multi-processor machine. We evaluate the approach in terms of increased speedup and inference potential using genomic data from Escherichia coli , Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens . The results thus obtained demonstrate that the proposed method exhibits better classification accuracy and enhanced speedup compared to other state-of-the-art methods while learning large scale GRNs from multiple and heterogeneous datasets.