jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Food-borne Viruses Common Areview of the

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Food is fundamental for the survival of all living forms. Sometimes, food gets contaminated by different types of microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminthes, at any stage of food chain. Foodborne pathogens can cause life threatening infections especially in children, elderly immune compromised individuals, and pregnant women. In current years, many viruses have been defined known as main sources of foodborne diseases. Among these, Hepatitis A, HepatitisE, Rotaviruses etc.The aim of the study was to investigate on common food borne viruses, foods that transmitted them, symptoms that appear on infected people & protection methods. Viruses are transmitted via food, water, inanimate objects and person-to-person contact.The significance of foodborne viruses is progressively more documented as causes of infection in humans. People usually acquire infection orally, after swallowing of polluted foods throughout processing, handling or preparation. Each type of foodborne viruses initiated from the personal gut, and pollution of food happens either by an infected food handler throughout preparation or by contact with sewage or contaminated water. Numerous outbreakes of foodborne viral disease are related with the pollution of ready for consumption foods via the infection of food handlers.
Global targets, local epidemics: the ultimate challenge for AIDS in Brazil?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

IFaculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – Porto Alegre (RS), Brasil. IIDepartamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo – Sao Paulo (SP), Brasil. IIIDepartamento de Medicina Social, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas da Santa Casa de Sao Paulo – Sao Paulo (SP), Brasil. Autor correspondente: Ricardo Kuchenbecker. Faculdade de Medicina. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Predio do Centro de Pesquisa Clinica, 5o Andar, Sala 21.507, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2.350, CEP: 90035-903, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. E-mail: rkuchen@gmail.com DOI: 10.1590/1809-4503201500050002
Torn Apart: The Nigerian Civil War and Its Impact

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Nigerian Civil War, 1967-1970 (also known as the Biafran War) has been described as a ‘forgotten war’. Yet it led to the birth of the NGO Doctors without Borders / Médecins sans frontières and equipped journalists with the intercultural skills they later used in their coverage of other African conflicts. The Biafran conflict equally ended up strengthening the special relationship between France and Nigeria. From 1970 in particular, the Nigerian education sector was taken up with a wave of francophilia, which boosted the teaching of French in Language programmes at the secondary school level. The Civil War, which ravaged the South-Eastern part of the federation, was, above all, a collective experience which inspired poets, novelists and playwrights – Achebe, Soyinka, Okigbo, Saro-Wiwa, Okpewho, Adichie and others, while bringing about a massive religious revival which affected the whole region. The war mobilised politicians and NGOs, it changed the country and brought it into the limelight. This book reveals, through the study of oral genres, radio bulletins and the impact of the conflict on literature and the Web, the human history of the war, the role played by the media and the deep scar the conflict left on the bodies and minds of survivors.
Risk Factors Associated With the Transition From Acute to Chronic Occupational Back Pain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Study Design. A prospective cohort study was con-ducted on workers claiming earnings-related compensa-tion for low back pain. Information obtained at the time of the initial claim was linked to compensation status (still claiming or not claiming) 3 months later. Objective. To identify individual, psychosocial, and workplace risk factors associated with the transition from acute to chronic occupational back pain. Summary of Background Data. Despite the magnitude of the economic and social costs associated with chronic occupational back pain, few prospective studies have in-vestigated risk factors identifiable in the acute stage. Methods. At the time of the initial compensation claim, a self-administered questionnaire was used to gather information on a wide range of risk factors. Then 3
Expected-Frequency Interpolation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Expected-frequency interpolation is a technique for improving the performance of deleted interpolation smoothing. It allows a system to make finer-grained estimates of how often one would expect to see a particular combination of events than is possible with traditional frequency interpolation. This allows the system to better weigh the emphasis given to the various probablity distributions being mixed. We show that more traditional frequency interpolation, based solely on the frequency of conditioning events, can lead to some anomalous results. We then show that while the equations for expected-frequency interpolation are not exact, they are close, depending on how well some seemingly reasonable assumptions hold. We then present an experiment in which the introduction of expected-frequence interpolation to a statistical parsing system improved performance by .4% with essentially no extra work, and essentially no change in the workings of the system. We also note that even before the c...
Preterm premature rupture of membranes: management between 28 and 34 weeks of pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Premature rupture of membranes remains a challenge for professionals due to the high rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, mainly related to complications resulting from prematurity. Objective: To analyze the scientific production about premature rupture of membranes in pregnancies above 28 weeks and below 34 weeks. Methods: Integrative literature review carried out in the Lilacs, SciELO, Medline and Cochrane Library databases, between 2014 and 2018, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, including original articles, available in full online, with free access, that addressed the study theme, using the keywords "premature rupture of ovular membranes", "premature labor" and "pregnancy complications" combined using the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". Results: Fourteen studies were included. It was possible to highlight the main recommendations regarding preterm premature rupture of membranes, divided into six categories for discussion, namely: indications for expectant management and delivery induction, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, prenatal corticosteroids, use of tocolytics, recommendations regarding the use of magnesium sulfate and amniocentesis. Conclusion: It was identified that expectant management is the ideal approach, with constant monitoring of the pregnant woman and the fetus, in addition to the administration of prophylactic antibiotics and prenatal corticosteroids, in the face of premature rupture of membranes in pregnancies between 28 and 34 weeks in order to provide the best maternal and perinatal results, guiding health professionals to evidence-based practice.
Doctors need to establish general skills before specialist training, says report

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Doctors should establish more generalist skills before specialist training to cope with increasing rates of chronic disease, says a report by the Centre for Workforce Intelligence (CfWI).

The report, Informing medical and dental student intakes, is part of an ongoing project to review the future healthcare workforce, and it outlines the long term factors that are anticipated to affect future medical and dental school intakes. One of the factors cited most often was that of rising rates of …
BINDING OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN TO OVARIAN CELLS AND ACTIVATION OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY The binding of 125 I-labelled ovine luteinizing hormone (OLH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) to unbroken cells or homogenates from rat and bovine ovaries was studied in relation to the hormonal activation of adenylate cyclase. Both hormones are preferentially bound to ovarian tissue (luteal as well as follicular), while adrenal, kidney and liver showed no specific binding. The bound HCG was associated chiefly with the fraction of the homogenate sedimenting at 1000 g . Addition of excess unlabelled hormone (HCG, OLH) together with the corresponding or heterologous 125 I-labelled hormone reduced the radioactivity bound to the tissue by 70–90%; rat LH also competed with OLH and HCG for binding sites, but follicle-stimulating hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotrophin or glucagon were without effect. Binding could be dissociated from activation of adenylate cyclase by a two-stage incubation: at 4 °C rat ovarian slices bound the labelled hormones, though binding efficiency was reduced to about 20%, but no stimulation of the enzyme was observed. Reincubation of these slices, after washing, at 37 °C in hormone-free medium resulted in maximal activation of adenylate cyclase. Addition of homologous antibodies before the second incubation step abolished the effect of OLH but not that of HCG on the activation of the enzyme. Similarly, addition of homologous antibodies or of excess unlabelled hormone caused dissociation of bound 125 I-labelled OLH but not of 125 I-labelled HCG from receptor sites. It is concluded that ( i ) HCG, OLH and rat LH are bound to the same receptor on ovarian cells, but binding of OLH to the receptor is more labile than that of HCG; ( ii ) the receptor appears to be located on the plasma membrane, since it was largely associated with the 1000 g pellet and since bound OLH remained accessible to antibody; ( iii ) activation of adenylate cyclase requires the continued occupation of the binding site by the hormone, but occupation of only a fraction of the receptor sites by hormone is adequate to induce maximal production of cyclic AMP by the target tissue.
Vliv prostředí na vývoj řeči dětí

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The bachelor's thesis deals with influence of home environment on development of children's speech. It aims to describe present conditions of home environment, which completely influences the development of children?s language in the preschool age, and to identify whether children have higher level of speech when their parents read to them. The theory part deals with basic opinions on development of children's personality, and describes some present influences of environment on children, especially the influence of family and media (TV, computer). The next chapter explains the development of children's speech from birth to the end of preschool age. To the development are added possibilities of speech stimulation according to age of the child, includes using of a book as a device for development. The practical part deals with the research, which is focused on reading to children in the family, and the level of speech in the age group 3 - 4. It explains whether the reading has positive influence on quality of language. From the conclusion of research is obvious that parents read to their children relative regularly and children have average level of speech when their parents daily read to them.
Study of dust-pollution-induced laser damage on fused silica surface

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report the experiment results of the study on dust pollution initiated damage in optical
component of the ICF facility and evaluate the influence of this kind damage on other optical component. Dust caused by laser-induced damage in optical component in vacuum environment at the high power laser facility was collected with fused silica flat optics. The transmission change of the dust polluted optics was observed and analyzed. The damage probability of the dust polluted optics was tested by s-on-1 method using pulsed Nd-YAG solid laser. Results showed that dust polluted sol-gel anti-reflection film coated fused silica optics exhibited lower transmission and higher damage probability than the naked fused silica flat optics. Besides, the dust particle on the input surface will cause severer damage than on the output surface.
Recent Advances in Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Among the non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular disorders are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and the developing countries. The spectrum of risk factors is wide and their understanding is imperative to prevent the first and recurrent episodes of myocardial infarction, stroke or peripheral vascular disease which may prove fatal or disabling. This book has tried to present an update on risk factors incorporating new research which has thrown more light on the existing knowledge. It has also tried to highlight regional diversity addressing such issues. It will hopefully be resourceful to the cardiologists, general practitioners, family physicians, researchers, graduate students committed to cardiovascular risk prevention.
Measuring Total Peripheral Resistance with Reconstructed Impedance Cardiogram

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the normal value of the total peripheral resistance(TPR)and total peripheral resistance index(TPRI)measured with reconstructed impedance cardiogram(RICG).Methods The cardiac output of 180 normal adults were measured with reconstructed impedance cardiogram,and the corresponding TPR and TPRI were calculated.The TPR and TPRI data were statistically processed according to sex and age.Results TPR and TPRI increases were proportionate to the increases in age;TPR in women was higher than that in men(P0.05),however,there was no differences between men and women in TPRI(P0.05);normal value of TPR is lower than 1650 dyn·s/cm5,and that of TPRI is lower than 2650(dyn·s/cm5)·m2.Conclusion TPR measured with RICG can reflect either normal or abnormal change of hemodynamics in human body.
Tissue-specific and transcription-dependent mechanisms regulate primary microRNA processing efficiency of the human chromosome 19 MicroRNA cluster

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

One of the longest human microRNA (miRNA) clusters is located on chromosome 19 (C19MC), containing 46 miRNA genes, which were considered to be expressed simultaneously and at similar levels from a common long noncoding transcript. Investigating the two tissue types where C19MC is exclusively expressed, we could show that there is a tissue-specific and chromosomal position-dependent decrease in mature miRNA levels towards the 3ʹ end of the cluster in embryonic stem cells but not in placenta. Although C19MC transcription level is significantly lower in stem cells, this gradual decrease is not present at the primary miRNA levels, indicating that a difference in posttranscriptional processing could explain this observation. By depleting Drosha, the nuclease component of the Microprocessor complex, we could further enhance the positional decrease in stem cells, demonstrating that a tissue-specific, local availability of the Microprocessor complex could lie behind the phenomenon. Moreover, we could describe a tissue-specific promoter being exclusively active in placenta, and the epigenetic mark analysis suggested the presence of several putative enhancer sequences in this region. Performing specific chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by quantitative real-time PCR experiments we could show a strong association of Drosha with selected enhancer regions in placenta, but not in embryonic stem cells. These enhancers could provide explanation for a more efficient co-transcriptional recruitment of the Microprocessor, and therefore a more efficient processing of pri-miRNAs throughout the cluster in placenta. Our results point towards a new model where tissue-specific, posttranscriptional ‘fine-tuning’ can differentiate among miRNAs that are expressed simultaneously from a common precursor.
Free Radicals Scavenging Activity of Stropharia rugoso-annulata Polysaccharides and Their Protective Effects on D-galactose-induced Oxidative Damage of Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To investigated antioxidant activities of Stropharia rugoso-annulata polysaccharides (SRP) in vivo and in vitro, respectively. Methods: The antioxidant activities of SRP in vitro were evaluated by determining its ability to scavenge free radicals and inhibit erythrocyte hemolysis, MDA generation and mitochondria swelling. In animal test, the oxidant damage model was produced by consecutively injecting D-galactose into the hypoderm of mice for 60 days. At the same time the mice were administered orally with three dosages of SRP (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg·b, respectively), and the levels of SOD and MDA in blood were regularly measured. After mice were sacrificed, their blood and liver samples were collected for assaying the antioxidant indexes. Results: in vitro SRP shows excellent antioxidant activities. The IC50 values of SRP to scavenge superoxide radicals is 132.5 μg/ml, the scavenging rate of 583.1 μg/ml SRP to hydroxyl radicals is 47.44%, the inhibitory rate of 832 μg/ml SRP to erythrocyte homolysis induced by H2O2 is 23.8%, the inhibitory rate of 500 μg/ml SRP to mitochondria swelling induced by Fe2++VC is as good as the control group, and the inhibitory rates of 537 μg/ml SRP to liver MDA generation under autoxidation and induced oxidation conditions are 38% and 40.8% respectively. In the animal test, SRP treatment has no effect on the body weight of model mice, but makes the decreased hemoglobin (Hb) content and liver index in model mice recover to the normal range. Compare with the model group, SRP (200 mg/kg) treatment significantly promotes blood SOD activity on the 20th, 40th, 60th day and reduces blood MDA content on the 40th and 60th day after administering. Moreover, SRP treatment significantly reduces serum and liver MDA contents and promotes activities of serum GPx and TAOC and liver endogenous antioxidant enzymes (total SOD, Cu,Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, GPx and TAOC) of model mice. Conclusion: SRP possesses excellent antioxidant activities of scavenging free radicals in vitro and D-galactose induced oxidative damage in vivo.
Cost optimal investment in energy efficiency measures and energy supply system in a neighbourhood in Norway

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Building renovation is a key measure to reduce energy consumption and Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and ease the transition to a fully renewable energy system. This paper applies the IEA EBC Annex 75 methodology for investigating the cost optimal and environmental trade-off between investment in energy efficiency measures on the building envelope and energy supply, on a residential neighbourhood in Norway. Combination of different energy efficiency measures and energy supply systems are investigated with an optimal investment model. The cost and environmental impact of the combinations are evaluated. An important outcome is that within the evaluated combinations, the choice of energy supply system has little impact on the cost effectiveness of the energy efficiency measures. However, it has a significant impact on the GHG emissions. The results also highlight the importance of performing energy efficiency measures in coordination with other renovating measures, both regarding cost effectiveness and environmental impact. The results will not give a finite answer to what is the best solution but serves at a useful set of inputs for overall evaluations.
Atomic Orientation in Chromospheric Lines

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Observations of the Stokes I and V profiles of the Ca II H and K lines in solar magnetic regions are presented. Least-squares fits of dI/dλ to V are obtained and the wavelength variation of the residuals, i. e. V-kdI/dλ, calculated. We find significant symmetric residuals in umbrae, which are in agreement with the effect on the V profiles due to atomic orientation , i.e. with the existence of an unequal population of the Zeeman sublevels with M>0 with respect to those with M<0.
The Lure of Authority: Motivation and Incentive E ects of Power

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Authority and power permeate political, social, and economic life but there is limited empirical knowledge about the motivational origins and consequences of authority. We experimentally study the motivation and incentive eff ects of authority in an authority-delegation game. Individuals exhibit a strong tendency to retain authority even when its delegation is in their material interest | suggesting that they value authority per se. Moreover, this tendency to hold on to authority strongly increases with individuals' degree of loss aversion, suggesting an endowment e ect with regard to au- thority. Authority also leads to a substantial over provision of e ort by the controlling party, while a large percentage of subordinates under provide e ort despite pecuniary incentives to the contrary. Thus, authority has important motivational consequences that exacerbate the inefeciencies arising from suboptimal delegation choices.
Pulmonary Resistance during Halothane Anesthesia is not Determined only by Airway Caliber

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Studies of the effect of halothane on airway smooth muscle have used pulmonary resistance as an index of airway caliber. However, pulmonary resistance (RL) is the sum of airway resistance (Raw), which changes with airway caliber, and of tissue resistance (Rti), which depends on the pressure-volume hysteresis of the lung. To separate the effects of halothane on airway caliber from its possible effects on tissue pressure-volume hysteresis in the unstimulated lung and during bronchoconstriction, the authors measured both components of RL before and during vagus nerve stimulation in 12 dogs before and during halothane administration. Rti was always the major component of RL, constituting 77 +/- 14% (mean +/- SD) of RL before vagus nerve stimulation and 64 +/- 21% of RL during stimulation in the absence of halothane. Vagus nerve stimulation caused approximately equal increases in both Rti and Raw. Halothane attenuated the response of both Rti and Raw to vagus nerve stimulation in a dose-dependent fashion. At 1 MAC, the Rti response was 44 +/- 13% of its value before halothane administration and the Raw response was 32 +/- 12% of its value before halothane administration; these responses were not significantly different. The authors conclude that changes in RL during halothane administration are caused not only by changes in airway caliber, as previously assumed, but also reflect a significant effect of halothane on lung tissue pressure-volume hysteresis.
Evaluation of the Infertile Couple

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Infertility is defined as the inability to achieve a successful pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected intercourse, or after 6 months among women over 35 years of age. This chapter provides the background and causes of infertility in the infertile couple. Fecundability for healthy young couples is estimated to be 0.25, meaning there is a 75% chance of failure to conceive in one cycle. However, this rate declines with each consecutive unsuccessful cycle and can reach 0.03 by 12 months. The first step in determining the cause of infertility is to obtain a thorough history and physical exam. Diagnostic testing should focus on confirming tubal patency and evaluating the female reproductive tract, including the uterine cavity. Ovarian reserve testing should be considered particularly in women >35 years of age. The differential diagnosis and clinical diagnosis of the condition is also presented.