jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reconfigurable Logic Controller—Direct FPGA Synthesis Approach

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Programmable logic controllers are commonly used in automation systems. Continuously growing demands result in the growth of control program complexity. The classic approach, based on programmatic serial-cyclic execution, results in an unacceptable extension of response time. To overcome long response time massive parallel program execution is proposed. It utilize direct in hardware program implementation in field programmable devices. The paper brings a formal method of representing control programs using flow graphs and enabling single cycle computations. The developed method accepts ladder diagrams (LD) and sequential function charts (SFC), according to IEC61131-3 standard requirements. It is capable of handling logic and arithmetic computations, enabling its hardware mapping. The intermediate form is optimized using flow graph representation and BDDs for analyzing logic dependencies. The BDD representation of logic dependencies enables direct mapping to lookup tables of a selected FPGA family. All the above steps deliver high-performance and direct hardware implementation of the control program given by standard languages. The controller response time is short, predictable, and independent from logic conditions during program execution.
Attention Weights in Transformer NMT Fail Aligning Words Between Sequences but Largely Explain Model Predictions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This work proposes an extensive analysis of the Transformer architecture in the Neural Machine Translation (NMT) setting. Focusing on the encoder-decoder attention mechanism, we prove that attention weights systematically make alignment errors by relying mainly on uninformative tokens from the source sequence. However, we observe that NMT models assign attention to these tokens to regulate the contribution in the prediction of the two contexts, the source and the prefix of the target sequence. We provide evidence about the influence of wrong alignments on the model behavior, demonstrating that the encoder-decoder attention mechanism is well suited as an interpretability method for NMT. Finally, based on our analysis, we propose methods that largely reduce the word alignment error rate compared to standard induced alignments from attention weights.
Morality in the labour world of the 21st century

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter summarizes three case studies on different work experiences in Argentina: call centres, social program beneficiaries and urban waste collectors. A particular dimension of processes related to transformations in labour so as to understand the role of emotions is discussed. In this regard, it is demonstrated how: a) socially constructed fear organizes perceptions and structures “correct ways of feeling” to guarantee not only the inexistence of conflict, but enormous profit rates for call centres; b) the “embodiment” of workers’ faces is located at the core of a business’s presentation, as a human ability to be valued and regulated for social program beneficiaries; c) the “sensibility of disposable people” displays the way a particular reality becomes unquestionable, favouring a state of occupational disposability. Finally, these changes in the labour world show particular ways of managing emotions, becoming an axis of the “morality” at the current stage in expansion of capitalism.
Numerical Study on the Deformation Behavior of Longitudinal Plate-to-High-Strength Circular Hollow-Section X-Joints under Axial Load

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study aims to investigate the joint strength of longitudinal plate-to-high-strength steel circular hollow-section X-type joints under plate axial load. The material properties of high-strength steel with nominal yield strengths of 460, 650, 900, and 1100 MPa were used for parametric analysis. The variables for analysis were ratios of chord diameter to thickness, plate width to chord diameter, and utilization. To determine the capacity of connections, the joint strengths using a deformation limit and a strength limit were considered and compared with American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Eurocode 3, and ISO 14346. The joint strength determined by the ultimate deformation limit is approximately equal to the joint strength determined by the strength limit state at the yield strength of 460 MPa. The difference between both the joint strengths, however, becomes higher with increasing yield strength. The design equations estimate the joint strength based on the ultimate deformation limit approximately until the limitation of the nominal yield strength in each design code. As the nominal yield strength increases, the joint strengths are overestimated. In using high-strength steel in circular hollow-section X-type joints, the reduction factors of 0.75 and 0.62 for AISC and ISO 14346 are suggested for the nominal yield strengths of 900 and 1100 MPa, respectively. In Eurocode 3, the reduction factor of 0.67 is also suggested for a yield strength of 1100 MPa.
Cosmological N-Body Simulations with Grape-4

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We compared the calculation performance of cosmological N -body simulations with and without GRAPE-4. A modified Barnes-Hut treecode was used for these simulations. GRAPE(GRAvity piPE) is a special-purpose computer for gravitational N -body simulations. The newest hardware GRAPE-4 achieved a quite high peak performance (1.08 Tflops). In cosmological N -body simulations, a large number of particles is required and fast algorithms such as Barnes-Hut treecode or P 3 M/PM are usually used. GRAPE-4 can accelearte such algorithms. In paticular, the PCI interface recently completed allows us to use fast host computer, thus it improved the performance of these fast algorithms. Figure 1 shows the CPU time per one timestep as functions of force calculation error for both systems with and without GRAPE-4.
Landslide susceptibility mapping using a logistic regression approach: a case study in Colorado Springs, El Paso County, Colorado

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A landslide is defined as a mass-wasting process of soil, rock or debris that moves downslope (U.S. Geological Survey, 2004). Landslides can occur on any terrain if the geomorphic, geological, and hydrological conditions are right. Landslides can cause significant property damage and even fatalities. Located in the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, Colorado Springs has proved to be highly susceptible to landslides. In summer 2015, approximately 200 homes were destroyed due to natural hazards including landslides in the area (FEMA, 2015). Efforts to quantify accuracy of landslide susceptibility maps by failure mechanism in Colorado Springs have been limited, thus warranting this study. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a geology-slope logistic regression (logit) model used to create landslide susceptibility maps. The inputs of the geology-slope logit model include only more readily available geology and topography data. To assess the effectiveness of this geology-slope logit model, a borehole-slope logit model that includes cohesion, friction angle, unit weight, groundwater depths, and topography was also developed. The two models were applied to study landslide susceptibility in a six square mile area of southwestern Colorado Springs. The results of both models were compared and evaluated for their accuracy by using a Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve method. The landslide susceptibility maps are specific to failure mechanisms present in the study area including circular failures within the colluvium deposits, circular failures within the weathered shale and planar failures within the weathered shale. The landslide susceptibility maps were produced for each failure mechanism present in the study area. The results show that the geology-slope model yields an ROC ranging from 53% to 62%, and the borehole-slope model yields an ROC ranging from 52% to 79%. The borehole-slope model outperformed the geology-slope model for circular failures in the colluvium deposits and planar failures within the weathered shale. The geology-slope model had a more successful ROC curve accuracy than the borehole-slope model for circular failures within the weathered shale. In addition, the results indicate that geology was the significant input in the geology-slope model, while soil strength parameters were the significant input for the borehole-slope model. In summary, the logit models developed in this study were used to create failure-mechanism-specific landslide susceptibility maps, which have not been done in previous studies for the Colorado Springs area. The landslide susceptibility maps produced in this study provide insights for prioritizing areas of additional field investigation. The geology-slope model can be easily and rapidly applied to other study areas since both geologic and topographic information are readily available.
Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Colistin Resistance in Gram-negative Bacteria from Nigeria Hospitals: A Scoping Review

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Antibiotic resistance over the years, has emerged as a significant global public health problem, driven by the speedy adaptation of microorganisms to commonly prescribed antibiotics. Colistin, previously regarded as a last-resort antibiotic for treating infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria, is increasingly becoming resistant due to chromosomal alterations and the acquisition of resistance genes carried by plasmids, particularly the mcr genes. The mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) was first discovered in E. coli from China in 2016. Since that time, studies have revealed that different variants of mcr genes ranging from mcr-1 to mcr-10, mainly in Enterobacteriaceae from various parts of the world, which is a focal concern for public health. The co-presence of colistin-resistant genes with other antibiotic resistance determinants further conspire to frustrate treatment strategies and underscores the urgent need for enhanced surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Therefore, a good grasp of the mechanisms driving colistin resistance and monitoring its global prevalence are essential steps in addressing the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and preserving the efficacy of existing antibiotics. This review emphasizes the critical role of colistin as a last-choice antibiotic, elucidates the mechanisms of colistin resistance and the dissemination of resistant genes. It also explores the global prevalence of mcr genes, and evaluates the current detection methods for colistin-resistant bacteria. The objective is to shed light on these key aspects with strategies for combating the growing threat of resistance to antibiotics.
A Hydrogen Sensor for Liquid-Metal Breeding Blankets

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In HCLL (Helium Cooled Lithium Lead) blanket for ITER fusion reactor, an efficient management operation of tritium is necessary, in order to minimize the release of tritium to the environment and to improve the economy of the overall balance of the reactor tritium inventory. In this context, optimization techniques for the measurement of tritium in the various stages of the fuel cycle of the reactor must be carried out in parallel with the research and development of processing systems for tritium. For example, the TES, Tritium Extraction System, is a critical system and the determination of the concentration of hydrogen isotopes is required for its correct design [1]. Therefore, the need of a fast and reliable sensor for the measurement of the tritium concentration in the liquid breeder is well established. For this application, a sensor based on the principle of tritium permeation in a capsule of suitable material seems to be, at least in principle, the easiest and most reliable one. Furthermore, many data on tritium permeability through different materials and their compatibility in an environment of liquid metal are available, thanks to the experimental studies performed for the selection of structural materials for blanket modules
Novel method of improving performance of coaxial gyrotron resonators

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A new method of improving performance of coaxial gyrotron resonators is presented. It is based on the use of a corrugated insert with variable depth of longitudinal corrugations. Such an insert mitigates the mode competition problem in oversized cavities and redistributes heat losses along the axial direction. The method is illustrated in the case of the resonator used in the coaxial cavity gyrotron operating at Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe.
Deterioration in Heat Transfer to Fluids at Supercritical Pressure and High Heat Fluxes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

At slightly supercritical pressure and in the neighborhood of the pseudocritical temperature (which corresponds to the peak in the specific heat at the operating pressure), the heat transfer coefficient between fluid and tube wall is strongly dependent on the heat flux. For large heat fluxes, a marked deterioration takes place in the heat transfer coefficient in the region where the bulk temperature is below the pseudocritical temperature and the wall temperature above the pseudocritical temperature. Equations have been developed to predict the deterioration in heat transfer at high heat fluxes and the results compared with previously available results for steam. Experiments have been performed with carbon dioxide for additional comparison. Limits of safe operation for a supercritical pressure heat exchanger in terms of the allowable heat flux for a particular flow rate have been determined theoretically and experimentally.
Topographic and hydrogeologic controls of groundwater dynamics in generalized hydrologic landscapes with a humid climate

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;The study investigates how topographic and hydrogeological properties influence groundwater dynamics. Using the concept of the fundamental hydrologic landscape (FHL; Winter, 2001), the impact of slope angle, wavelength and amplitude, as well as boundary conditions and hydraulic conductivity on groundwater dynamics is systematically assessed. This type of global sensitivity study has been done for stream flow (e.g. Carlier et al., 2019) or within groundwater focusing solely on groundwater flow and fractions of regional versus local recharge at steady state (e.g. Gleeson and Manning, 2008). In contrast, we study the influence of controls on groundwater level dynamics by using transient models. The coupled, physically based Groundwater and Surface-Water Flow simulator GSFLOW (Markstrom et al., 2008) is employed, to run a set of simulations for a FHL, where topographic and hydrogeological properties are varied across a range of possible value. The model is run at a daily time-step with climate data obtained from a measuring station in Southern Germany. Subsequently, groundwater level time series are read from the model domain across the set of simulations. These time series are decomposed into amplitude, magnitude, timing, flashiness and inter-annual variability by using dynamics indices (Heudorfer et al., 2019). Sensitivity of groundwater dynamics to the different topographic and hydrogeological controls is discussed and contrasted with the results from a prior empirical study (Haaf et al., under review). This type of global sensitivity study may aid understanding hypothesis testing of climate change impacts on groundwater level dynamics.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Carlier C, Wirth SB, Cochand F, Hunkeler D, Brunner P. 2019. Exploring Geological and Topographical Controls on Low Flows with Hydrogeological Models. Groundwater, 57: 48-62. DOI: 10.1111/gwat.12845.&lt;br&gt;Gleeson T, Manning AH. 2008. Regional groundwater flow in mountainous terrain: Three-dimensional simulations of topographic and hydrogeologic controls. Water Resources Research, 44. DOI:10.1029/2008wr006848.&lt;br&gt;Haaf E, Giese M, Heudorfer B, Stahl K, Barthel R. Physiographic and climatic controls on groundwater dynamics on the regional scale. (under review).&lt;br&gt;Heudorfer B, Haaf E, Stahl K, Barthel R. 2019. Index-Based Characterization and Quantification of Groundwater Dynamics. Water Resources Research, 55: 5575-5592. DOI: 10.1029/2018wr024418.&lt;br&gt;Markstrom SL, Niswonger RG, Regan RS, Prudic DE, Barlow, PM. 2008. GSFLOW-Coupled Ground-water and Surface-water FLOW model based on the integration of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) and the Modular Ground-Water Flow Model (MODFLOW-2005): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-D1, 240 p.&lt;br&gt;Winter TC. 2001. The concept of hydrologic landscapes. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 37: 335-349. DOI: DOI 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb00973.x.&lt;/p&gt;
Quality assessment in Belgian ST elevation myocardial infarction patients: results from the Belgian STEMI database

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The present report describes the quality of care, including in hospital mortality for more than 22.000 STEMI patients admitted in 60 Belgian hospitals for the period 2008-2016. We found a strong increase in the use of primary PCI over time, particularly for patients that were admitted first in a non-PCI capable hospital, reaching a penetration rate of >95%. The transition of thrombolysis to transfer for pPCI in the setting of a STEMI network was, however, associated with an increase of the proportion of patients with prolonged (>120 min) diagnosis-to-balloon time (from 16 to 22%), suggesting still suboptimal interhospital transfer. The in-hospital mortality of the total study population was 6.5%. For non-cardiac arrest patients in-hospital mortality decreased from 5.1% to 3.7%, while it increased for cardiac arrest patients from 29 to 37%. The observation that quality indicators (QI's), such as modalities and timing of reperfusion therapy, were associated with lower levels of mortality, underscores the potential of QIs for STEMI to improve care and reduce unwarranted variation and premature death from STEMI.
Rapid Quantitation of Flecainide in Human Plasma for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Using Liquid Chromatography and Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Measurement of flecainide is useful to optimize dosage and minimize risks of toxicity. Furthermore, there is a need for urgent sample analysis when flecainide is used in transplacental therapy for fetal tachycardia. To this end, we have developed and validated a rapid assay for the measurement of flecainide in human plasma or serum, using a small sample volume (50 µL). Methods: After a simple deproteination with zinc sulfate and methanol, prepared samples were injected onto a short (30 mm) analytical column and eluted using a rapid gradient elution. Detection was performed using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Flecainide was quantified using flecainide-D 4 as internal standard, with both compounds extracted from the total ion chromatogram using a ±5 ppm extraction window based on the theoretical m/z values for the protonated ions. Results: The assay was linear over a putative therapeutic range (100–1500 mcg/L). Between- and within-assay imprecision and accuracy were <4.6% and 94.8%–110.0%, respectively. Matrix effects were minimal and were compensated for by flecainide-D 4 . There were no effects due to hemolysis or lipemia, and no carryover was apparent. Total analysis time was just 1.2 minutes (72 seconds). Conclusions: We have developed and validated a rapid method for the analysis of flecainide. The method is particularly suited for flecainide therapeutic drug monitoring, when analyzing samples from mothers receiving flecainide for the treatment of fetal tachycardia.
Applying SiC Nanoparticles to Functional Ceramics for Semiconductor Manufacturing Process

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

SiC nanoparticles are synthesized by r.f. thermal plasma chemical vapour deposition using a chemical system of SiH4-C2H4-H2-Ar. The average particle size is about 30 nm, and its shape is nearly spherical. The product is β-SiC and high pure with total metal impurity of less than 1 ppm. High pure and fully densified SiC body can be made by hot-pressing the sub-micron sized SiC powder added SiC nanoparticles without any sintering additives. They show electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity and better properties of thermal shock resistance and chemical resistance compared with conventional SiC ceramics. Furthermore, Al2O3-SiC nano-composite can be made by using SiC nanoparticles easily. These functional ceramics from nanoparticles are the most promising materials for the semiconductor manufacturing process. Up to now, various sintered parts, such as heater, susceptor, pulse heat tool, shower plate and electrical static chuck, etc. have been developed and widely used in the semiconductor industry.
Heritability and trait association in finger millet [Eleusine coracana (L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Finger millet, is a drought hardy cereal grown for both food and fodder in dry regions of Africa and Asia. Understanding the amount and nature of genetic variation is imperative for any crop improvement. Hence, the present study was aimed to assess the heritability and association of different traits in finger millet. The results revealed significant differences among the genotypes studied for all traits except number of productive tillers per plant which was more influenced by the environment. It is a known fact that grain yield is governed by many genes with small effects and selection for grain yield per se is difficult though it is of additive in nature. The same applies for the grain yield in this study which recorded high heritability along with high GAM. Hence, indirect selection via easily heritable traits like finger blast, neck blast and banded blight which are likely to be governed by one or two genes will help in solving the issue. Selection of high yielding and disease resistant genotypes like VR 1112 and VR 1118 offer better possibility to be released as a variety for cultivation in farmers fields.
History of the 185-/189-D thermal hydraulics laboratory and its effects on reactor operations at the Hanford Site

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The 185-D deaeration building and the 189-D refrigeration building were constructed at Hanford during 1943 and 1944. Both buildings were constructed as part of the influent water cooling system for D reactor. The CMS studies eliminated the need for 185-D function. Early gains in knowledge ended the original function of the 189-D building mission. In 1951, 185-D and 189-D were converted to a thermal-hydraulic laboratory. The experiments held in the thermal-hydraulic lab lead to historic changes in Hanford reactor operations. In late 1951, the exponential physics experiments were moved to the 189-D building. In 1958, new production reactor experiments were begun in 185/189-D. In 1959, Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor experiments were added to the 185/189-D facility. By 1960, the 185/189-D thermal hydraulics laboratory was one of the few full service facilities of its type in the nation. During the years 1961--1963 tests continued in the facility in support of existing reactors, new production reactors, and the Plutonium Recycle Test Reactor. In 1969, Fast Flux Test Facility developmental testings began in the facility. Simulations in 185/189-D building aided in the N Reactor repairs in the 1980`s. In 1994 the facility was nominated to the National Register of Historic Places, because of its pioneering role over many years in thermal hydraulics, flow studies, heat transfer, and other reactor coolant support work. During 1994 and 1995 it was demolished in the largest decontamination and decommissioning project thus far in Hanford Site history.