jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Matching populations of amacrine cells in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers of the rabbit retina

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract In rabbit retina, neurofibrillar methods stain two populations of amacrines whose cell bodies are located on either side of the inner plexiform layer: on in the ganglion cell layer and the other at the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer. The stained amacrines in the ganglion cell layer have the distinctive cytology of ‘coronate’ amacrines described from Nissl‐stained retina (Vaney, 1980a) and account for about 85% of the displaced amacrines in the rabbit retina. The coronate amacrines have a streak topography similar to that of the ganglion cells; they comprise about 32% of the neurons in the ganglion cell layer although their proportion increases with eccentricity from the visual streak. The cytology of the neurofibrillar stained amacrines in the inner nuclear layer resembles that of the displaced amacrines and their densities are almost equal. The cell bodies of the stained amacrines are smaller than those of the displaced amacrines but larger than most others in the inner nuclear layer; they account for some 2% of the neurons in the amacrine sublayer. Although the cell bodies of both populations are distributed rather evenly, the mosaic of the inner nuclear layer cells is more regular than that of the ganglion layer cells. We propose that the two populations of amacrines stained by neurofibrillar methods correspond to the acetylcholine synthesizing cells labelled by Masland and Mills (1979).
Knockdown of apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 affects ischaemia‐induced astrocyte activation and glial scar formation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Reactive astrocytes play an essential role in determining the tissue response to ischaemia. Formation of a glial scar can block the neuronal outgrowth that is required for restoration of damaged tissue. Therefore, regulation of astrocyte activation is important; however, the mediator of this process has not been fully elucidated. Apoptosis signal‐regulating kinase 1 ( ASK 1) is an early responder to oxidative stress, and plays a pivotal role in the intracellular signalling pathway of apoptosis, inflammation, and differentiation. To confirm whether ASK 1 mediates astrocyte activation and leads to glial scar formation after cerebral ischaemia, we conducted in vivo and in vitro experiments. C57 BL /6 mice were subjected to occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, and astrocyte cultures were exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation. After silencing of ASK 1 , astrocyte‐associated genes were downregulated, as seen with the use of microarrays. The glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) level was decreased, and correlated with the reduction in the ASK 1 level. In astrocytes, reduction in the ASK 1 level decreased the activity of the p38 pathway, and the levels of transcription factors for GFAP and GFAP transcripts after hypoxia. In the chronic phase, ASK 1 depletion reduced glial scar formation and conserved neuronal structure, which may lead to better functional recovery. These data suggest that ASK 1 may be an important mediator of ischaemia‐induced astrocyte activation and scar formation, and could provide a potential therapeutic target for treatment after ischaemic stroke.
Effectiveness of Client-centered Play Therapy on Fear and Anxiety in Preschool Children

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background and Objective: Preschool period is playing main role in development and adjustment of children. Fear and anxiety are of externalizing disorders, providing untreated it leads to negative effects on individual and social relationship specially in adulthood therefore, this research investigates the influence of client-centered play therapy on fear and anxiety among preschool children (5-6 aged). Materials and Methods: This study is a quasi-experimental study with pre and post- tests. 14 male and female preschool children (5-6 aged) who were obtaining scores higher than cut-off in Spence anxiety scale (SAS) and fear survey schedule for children-revised (FSSC-R) parents’ form questionnaires were selected, and then they were assigned randomly to the control and experimental groups. The experimental group received techniques of client-centered play therapy for six treatment sessions (45minutes for each session). The fear and anxiety were measured at the beginning and at end of therapeutic session, utilizing the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale and fear survey schedule for children-revised (FSSC-R) parents’ form. Statistical analysis conducted by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: There is significantly difference in Mean (SD) scores of pretest 130.4 (3.3) and posttest 127.1 (4.6) fear (P<0.001, F= 24.6) and in scores of pretest 58.6 (2.6) and post-test 48.28 (3.6) anxiety (P<0.001, F=19.5) between preschool children in pre and post-test. Conclusion: Findings indicated that client-centered play therapy has effective in reducing behavioral problem such as fear and anxiety disorders in preschool children. Therefore, it can be useful and applicable as the psychological therapeutic interventions for decreasing behavioral distress in children.
Autophagic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease: Cellular and molecular mechanistic approaches to halt Alzheimer’s pathogenesis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Autophagy is a preserved cytoplasmic self‐degradation process and endorses recycling of intracellular constituents into bioenergetics for the controlling of cellular homeostasis. Functional autophagy process is essential in eliminating cytoplasmic waste components and helps in the recycling of some of its constituents. Studies have revealed that neurodegenerative disorders may be caused by mutations in autophagy‐related genes and alterations of autophagic flux. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irrevocable deleterious neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the hippocampus and cortex. In the central nervous system of healthy people, there is no accretion of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides due to the balance between generation and degradation of Aβ. However, for AD patients, the generation of Aβ peptides is higher than lysis that causes accretion of Aβ. Likewise, the maturation of autophagolysosomes and inhibition of their retrograde transport creates favorable conditions for Aβ accumulation. Furthermore, increasing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling raises tau levels as well as phosphorylation. Alteration of mTOR activity occurs in the early stage of AD. In addition, copious evidence links autophagic/lysosomal dysfunction in AD. Compromised mitophagy is also accountable for dysfunctional mitochondria that raises Alzheimer’s pathology. Therefore, autophagic dysfunction might lead to the deposit of atypical proteins in the AD brain and manipulation of autophagy could be considered as an emerging therapeutic target. This review highlights the critical linkage of autophagy in the pathogenesis of AD, and avows a new insight to search for therapeutic target for blocking Alzheimer’s pathogenesis.
Community evolution and engagement through assortative mixing in online social networks

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this exploratory paper, we examine the evolution and engagement of an online community through a ten-year period. Data is collected from an online public discussion forum provided by a government-sponsored website specifically developed for community capacity building. We postulate that there are clear patterns of assortativity where similar actors engage in communication with each other over time. Results show that there is a clear pattern of networks losing their disassortative character in the early years followed by disassortative networks in the later years. The network-level results challenges government-level metrics of community-building success and suggests network analysis as an empirical avenue for understanding social processes involved in the very nature of community building.
Nonlinear quantum optics in the (ultra)strong light–matter coupling

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The propagation of N photons in one dimensional waveguides coupled to M qubits is discussed, both in the strong and ultrastrong qubit–waveguide coupling. Special emphasis is placed on the characterisation of the nonlinear response and its linear limit for the scattered photons as a function of N, M, qubit inter distance and light–matter coupling. The quantum evolution is numerically solved via the matrix product states technique. The time evolutions for both the field and qubits are computed. The nonlinear character (as a function of N/M) depends on the computed observable. While perfect reflection is obtained for N/M ≅ 1, photon–photon correlations are still resolved for ratios N/M = non-zero. Inter-qubit distance enhances the nonlinear response. Moving to the ultrastrong coupling regime, we observe that inelastic processes are robust against the number of qubits and that the qubit–qubit interaction mediated by the photons is qualitatively modified. The theory developed in this work models experiments in circuit QED, photonic crystals and dielectric waveguides.
A new U2 RNA secondary structure provided by phylogenetic analysis of trypanosomatid U2 RNAs.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A new model of U2 RNA secondary structure has been developed by comparing U2 RNA sequences from distantly related trypanosomatids, which process their RNAs by trans-splicing, and U2 RNAs from cis-splicing organisms. The trypanosomatid U2 RNA retains structural similarity in important functional domains of cis-splicing U2 RNAs yet differs from previous consensus models in that only two helices, rather than three, can form in the stem-loop II region. This alteration eliminates the capacity for pseudoknot formation and produces a single-stranded region 3' to stem-loop II, which may be accessible for snRNP protein binding. Trypanosomatid U2 RNAs differ in the putative branchpoint recognition sequences, which completely diverge from the conserved GUAGUA consensus of cis-splicing organisms.
Makers Marks: Capturing, Preserving, and Sharing the Sounds of Glassmaking

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Makers Marks Collaborative, an international team of glass artists, visual designers, composers, and engineers, embarked on a project together from 2015–2016 to use the glassmaking studio as a staging ground for interdisciplinary, collaborative making. The team aimed to capture and preserve the sounds of traditional studio glassmaking, and then to share them outside the workshop domain through digital technologies and glass art objects. The goal was also to fulfill a public engagement grant from the Royal Academy of Engineering to highlight the engineering through the art and the engineers’ vision within the art making. The team recorded and isolated the unique sounds of the glassblowing process and its studio environment, and then used the resulting digital sound collection as the foundation for developing artistic outputs: a virtual instrument library, a glass object-instrument of performance, a series of glass objects translating selected virtual instruments, and a music composition. They questioned the nature and materiality of glass through dialogue between media and conversation among team members, while exploring the practice-based research question: “How can we embed our recorded sounds of the glassmaking process back into the glass itself?” This paper focuses on the collaborative, interdisciplinary making process of the team, the project outputs, and the metaphorical language that was a key process facilitation tool.
P‐1: Generic Design of Silicon Backplane for LCoS Microdisplays

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A generic design for liquid‐crystal‐on‐silicon microdisplay features Vcom modulation for low voltage operation, Gamma correction and frame‐at‐a‐time refresh for high duty ratio color sequential application is presented. A sample QVGA LCoS microdisplay was designed with a 0.6μm CMOS process based on this generic design methodology.
<title>New femtosecond streak camera with temporal resolution of 180 fs</title>

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We describe a new design and measure data of a femtosecond streak camera with an electromagnetic focusing type streak tube. In order to reduce the temporal dispersion of photoelectrons in the streak tube, an acceleration electric field near the photocathode was achieved to 8.75 kV/mm applying a high voltage pulse to the dc biased-photocathode. We have developed a high speed deflection circuit and a Meander-type traveling wave deflector, and obtained high sweep speed of 8.76 X 108 m/s on the phosphor screen. A measured data of 180 fs was obtained with 100 photoelectrons using colliding-pulse passively modelocked ring dye laser for the light source. Dynamic ranges of 10 and 20 were achieved at the temporal resolutions of 200 fs and 330 fs, respectively.
DYNAMICAL STUDY OF A STOCHASTIC SICR EPIDEMIC MODEL

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a stochastic SICR epidemic model is investigated. At first, we prove that the system exists a unique global positive solution. Then by means of the method of constructing appropriate Lyapunov functions which are given in the condition that the model is affected by environment fluctua- tions, we deduce sufficient conditions for the ergodic stationary distribution of the stochastic model. In addition, sufficient conditions for the extinction and persistence of the disease are established. In the end, numerical simulations are implemented to support our analytical results.
Serotonin syndrome in a breast-fed neonate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A late preterm presented with tachypnoea, jitteriness, irritability and low grade fever. Blood gas showed a compensated metabolic acidosis. His mother was taking the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine, 60 mg/day, and he was exclusively breast-fed. The baby's serum level of fluoxetine on day 8 was within the adult therapeutic range and his symptoms were ascribed to fluoxetine toxicity. On changing to formula feeds, his symptoms resolved. SSRIs are commonly administered during pregnancy, but SSRI toxicity in infants is rarely reported. It is possible that this condition is under diagnosed or, alternatively, misdiagnosed as SSRI withdrawal in breast fed infants whose mothers are on SSRIs. There is limited research looking at serotonin excess in neonates, making case reports such as this important in our learning. Increased awareness may prompt more frequent measurements of blood levels in breast-fed infants whose mothers are on SSRIs.
A double-blind, randomised, crossover study of two doses of a single-tablet combination of ibuprofen/paracetamol and placebo for primary dysmenorrhoea

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

One or two tablets of a single-tablet combination of ibuprofen 200 mg/paracetamol 500 mg is well-tolerated and provides superior analgesic efficacy to placebo in patients with primary dysmenorrhoea.
Analysis and classification of tissue section images using directional fractal dimension features

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a novel approach to the analysis and classification of tissue section images of human resistance arteries. Real tissue images are modelled using directional fractal dimensions and a multi-layer feedforward neural network is adopted to perform the classification task. This approach has been applied to a large database of images. Simulation results show that modelling cell images with directional fractal dimensions allows the capture of differentiating features not only between normal and abnormal cells but also between the categories within such cells. Directional fractal features entail better discrimination than multi-resolution ones.
FAR-FIELD INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION FROM A DIFFRACTING APERTURE IN A TURBULENT MEDIUM

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : Given is an analysis of the effect of atmospheric turbulence in the Fraunhofer region on a near-horizontal beam of finite cross-section near the earth's surface. The far-field intensity distribution at optical frequencies of an initially plane wave from a finite, circular, source aperture is obtained as a function of range and angle for various values of the index structure constant. Describing the turbulence-induced index of refraction fluctuations by the Kolmogorov spectrum, it is found that the time average of the peak radiant intensity in the Fraunhofer region of a finite source aperture decreases with range at a much faster rate than the intensity calculated from absorption and scattering by molecules and particulate matter. Specifically, a beam from a 2- cm aperture at a wavelength of 0.6328 microns in moderate daytime turbulence will have an unscattered range of 5 km. For small values of the inner turbulence scale, the effects of turbulence are dominant over most of the ranges of interest.
Practical Research on the Application of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) in the Teaching of Economic History

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Economic history, as a core course for undergraduates in economics, contains rich educational content. Based on this, this paper proposes the use of a problem-based learning (PBL) approach in the teaching of economic history. The method involves teachers proposing topics and questions, with students completing the tasks, thereby deepening their understanding of economic history. The results of teaching practice have shown significant effectiveness and provide a reference path for the implementation of economic history teaching, broadening the approach to curriculum implementation.
SAVANNAH RIVER PLANT WHOLE BODY COUNTER CALIBRATION AND OPERATION

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

greater, intensities were calculated from slopes of linear plots of dosimeter response versus irradiation time. Individual dose rates varied from 1.0 x 10/sup 7/ to 4.6 x 10/sup 7/ rads/hr. Each source was calibrated with at least two different dosimeters. Relative standard deviations varied from 2 to 9 percent. A conservative estimate of the uncertainty in the accuracy of these dosimeters is 10 percent. Of the three dosimeters, the nylon film is easiest to use and is therefore recommended for future calibrations.
Automatic glaucoma detection by using funduscopic images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes an automatic system to identify glaucoma disease from funduscopic images using digital image processing. Glaucoma is caused by the increased pressure of the eye and damages the optic nerve. Since glaucoma does not show early symptoms, it should be diagnosed by the doctor. Through this new detection technique, doctors can quickly and easily identify patient's condition and carryout the treatment necessary. This method also has the added advantage if being affordable. Here glaucoma is identified through cup (optical disc's inner circle) to disc (outer circle) ratio (CDR) calculation and by the orientation of the blood vessels. In this system firstly, cup and disc are extracted using average and maximum grey level pixels respectively with the use of histogram. Then contours are found, which in turn are used to draw the best fitting circle, thus finding the radius of cup and disc. After calculating CDR, the abnormal image can be recognized if CDR exceeds the threshold value. Otherwise it is a normal image. The system extracts the blood vessels and through their orientation glaucoma is identified.
Sober in Mecca, Drunk in Byzantium: Antinomian Space in the Poetry of ʿAṭṭār

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper investigates premodern conceptions of spaces of otherness, particularly within the context of Persian Sufi poetry. Abbasid-era travel literature describing monasteries, as well as real hostilities between Muslims and Christians, gave symbolic dimensions to spaces of antinomian activity in thirteenth-century eastern Iran. Making use of Edward Soja’s thirdspace, as well as Jorge Luis Borges’s the Aleph, this paper pays particular attention to the pseudo-hagiographical narrative of the “Shaykh of Ṣanʿān” in the poem Manṭiq al-Ṭayr (Speech of the Birds). In this account by the Persian poet Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār (d. 1221), Byzantium contrasts with the Kaʿba in Mecca, just as the wine-house, the Christian church, and the ruins contrast with normative spaces wherein expectations of decorum can lead to ostentatious and insincere modes of worship. By creating magical spaces of infidelity, spaces devoid of piety, ʿAṭṭār conveys themes of losing oneself to a carnal and ultimately divine Other.
Contraception

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Chapter 2 examines contraception. It argues that birth control access is one of the most essential issues facing people in Ireland today. Following the lead of activists and social media contributors, this chapter places contraception in conversation with other healthcare issues, notably abortion. It explores how and why those who have advocated for abortion rights in recent years also have prioritized access to contraception by adopting a reproductive justice framework. By dispelling harmful myths, confronting contraceptive ignorance and opposition, and sharing everyday embodied realities, activists and advocates ultimately helped convince the government to budget for free contraception, which is due to be implemented in 2022.
No Zombie Types: Liveness-Based Justification For Monotonic Gradual Types

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Gradual type systems with the monotonic dynamic semantics, such as HiggsCheck implementing SafeTypeScript, are able to achieve decent performance, making them a viable option for JavaScript programmers seeking run-time-checkable type annotations. \nHowever, the type restrictions for objects in the monotonic dynamic semantics are, as the name suggests, monotonic. \nOnce a typed reference is defined or assigned to refer to an object, the contract carrying the type obligation of the reference is part of the object for the remainder of execution. \nIn some cases, such contracts become "zombies": the reference that justifies a contract is out of scope, yet the object still retains the type obligation. \n \nIn this thesis, we propose a novel idea of contract liveness and its implementation. \nBriefly speaking, contracts must be justified by live stack references defined with associated type obligations. \nOur implementation, taking inspiration from how garbage collectors approximate object liveness by reachability of objects, approximates contract liveness by reachability of contracts. \nThen, to achieve a much closer approximation to contract liveness, we introduce a poisoning process: \nwe nullify the stack references justifying the violated contract, and associate the location that triggered the contract violation with a poisoned reference for blame. \n \nThe implementation is compared with the original implementation of HiggsCheck. The comparison shows our system is fully compatible with code that raised no errors, with a small performance penalty of 8.14% average slowdown. \nWe also discuss the performance of the contract removal process, and possible worst cases for the liveness-based system. \nAlso, the semantics of HiggsCheck SafeTypeScript is modified to formalize the liveness-based type system. \nOur work proves that relaxations of contractual obligations in a gradually typed system with the monotonic semantics are viable and realistic.