jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ENEG and ENEPIG surface finish for long term solderability

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The long-term reliability of flip chip and boardlevel solder joint is significantly affected by the properties of the surface finish. Various surface finishes such as Immersion Sn, Immersion Ag, Organic solderability preservatives (OSP), Electrolytic Ni/Au (ENEG), and electroless Ni/immersion Au (ENIG) surface finish have been widely used on based Cu pads and can be compliant with lead free SAC solder alloys. Recently Electroless Ni/Electroless Pd/Immersion Au (ENEPIG) is being offered as an alternative surface finish with high solder joint quality and wire bondability. It is claimed to be more cost effective as an Au layer of lower thickness can be used. To evaluate the performance of solder joints upon ENEG and ENEPIG surface finishes, extended reflow tests at 245°C were conducted. In the case of ENEPIG surface finish, micro-porosities are found to be present on the Au plating surface. PdO oxide forms as a result of Pd exposure, which causes deterioration of solderability as compared with ENEG plating. Following extended reflow, it is found that columnar Cu-Ni-Sn IMCs with small amount of Pd and P-rich Ni layer have formed at the interface of ENEPIG /solder system. In contrast, layer-type Cu-Ni-Sn IMCs formed at the interface of ENEG/solder system in the absence of Pd. While Ni and Ni(P) layers act as barrier to diffusion, in some pad of the ENEPIG samples, the Ni(P) layer is found to be less than 1um after 120 minutes reflow, which is ineffective as a diffusion barrier. By comparison, ENEG surface finish remains effective with 3.5um of Ni barrier layer remaining on Cu after 120minutes reflow. This serves as a good barrier to prevent the diffusion of Cu atoms from the base Cu underneath. Therefore, it has been demonstrated that solder joint on ENEG surface finish is more reliable and suitable to be used for long-term reliability of electronic products.
PerR-Mediated Oxidative Stress Response in Staphylococcus aureus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

: Staphylococcus aureus is a human bacterial pathogen, known to cause a variety of illnesses and infections in the hospital and community settings. It produces a large number of virulence factors used for host invasion, tissue colonization and destruction, leading to severe infections in both healthy and immunodeficient people around the world. In this paper, we studied the potential mechanisms related to methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection, analyzed the significance of oxidative stress for survival of S. aureus, and re-identified the molecular structure, regulatory boxes, and regulons of PerR (peroxide responsive repressor) gene, a key modulator responsible for MRSA. Then, we further investigated how PerR functions in response to oxidative stress and how the PerR regulon affects S. aureus virulence. As a conclusion, we postulate that the regulation of PerR and its regulon indirectly influences the expression of virulence factors by prolonging the pathogen's survival under harsh conditions that may lead to the increased risk of S. aureus transmission, infection, and spread of the disease. Implication for health policy/practice/research/medical education:Infections caused by methicillin resistant Staphylocococcus aureus (MRSA) in medical settings are common. In the 1990's, there has been an increase in skin and soft tissue infections due to MRSA strains originating from outside of the medical environment. These infections have been shown to occur mostly in healthy, young individuals. Due to the rise of MRSA, it is necessary to identify new therapeutic solutions to eradicate the pathogen and investigating unique metabolic pathways in the pathogen shows promise in potentially identifying new drug targets. Please cite this paper as:Ikawa Wakabayashi JY, Cheng DW. PerR-Mediated Oxidative Stress Response in Staphylococcus aureus. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2012;5(3):443-9. DOI: 10.5812/jjm.2460 Copyright © 2012 Kowsar Corp. All rights reserved.
Education for cultural diversity in yet-to-be-imagined times: Local contexts, global concepts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Preparing teachers to work in culturally diverse schools in ways that are inclusive and equitable has been a growing feature of many teacher education programs in the late 20th century. However, increasing globalisation is contributing to increasing diversity, complexity and inequality within classrooms and schools and the communities they serve. The changing and complex nature of this cultural diversity provides particular pedagogical challenges for those of us working in this area of teacher education. In this paper I argue that preparing to teach in these yet-to-be-imagined times requires the development of sophisticated understanding of concepts such as culture, identity and ‘race’, concepts which can also challenge pre-service teachers’ understandings of their own identities and social positions. \nThis paper goes to on to describe the specific strategies being developed within one teacher education program to prepare pre-service teachers for yet-to-be-imagined cultural diversity. However, I also argue that this pedagogy must recognise the immediacy of the local context in which pre-service teachers have developed their understandings of both diversity and equity and also help them position themselves as professional decision makers who can act to increase inclusion and equity in their future classrooms, schools and communities.
VEGETATIONAL HISTORY OF THE IPSWICHIAN/EEMIAN INTERGLACIAL IN BRITAIN AND CONTINENTAL EUROPE

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

SUMMARY The vegetational history of the Ipswichian (last) Interglacial in Britain is discussed in terms of the behaviour of the various trees and shrubs, the marked opening of the vegetation in the latter part of the interglacial, and climatic indications given by the plant assemblages. The vegetational history of the correlative Eemian Interglacial of the European mainland is surveyed geographically, with particular reference to the differences between the Continent and Britain, and to the variations in the flora and vegetational history between north‐west Europe, Poland and southern Europe north of the Alps. Special attention is given to the behaviour of Tilia, Taxus, Acer, Picea and Abies.
<title>Software layer for SIMCON ver. 2.1. FPGA based LLRF control system for TESLA FEL part II: application layer, networking, examples</title>

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper describes design and practical realization of low and high level software for laboratory purposes to control FPGA-based LLRF electronic equipment for TESLA. There is presented a universal solution for particular functional devices of the control system with FPGA chips. The paper describes architecture of software layers and programming solutions of hardware communication based on the proprietary Internal Interface (II) technology. Such a solution was used for the Superconducting Cavity Controller and Simulator (SIMCON) for TESLA experiment (Test Facility) in DESY. The examples of the build and tested software blocks were given in this paper. This documentation is a unity with TESLA Reports published in 2004 by the Elhep and describing the SIMCON hardware, ver.2.0. The paper was written in a form of a User's Manual.
Epistemic uncertainty challenges aging clock reliability in predicting rejuvenation effects

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Epigenetic aging clocks have been widely used to validate rejuvenation effects during cellular reprogramming. However, these predictions are unverifiable because the true biological age of reprogrammed cells remains unknown. We present an analytical framework to consider rejuvenation predictions from the uncertainty perspective. Our analysis reveals that the DNA methylation profiles across reprogramming are poorly represented in the aging data used to train clock models, thus introducing high epistemic uncertainty in age estimations. Moreover, predictions of different published clocks are inconsistent, with some even suggesting zero or negative rejuvenation. While not questioning the possibility of age reversal, we show that the high clock uncertainty challenges the reliability of rejuvenation effects observed during in vitro reprogramming before pluripotency and throughout embryogenesis. Conversely, our method reveals a significant age increase after in vivo reprogramming. We recommend including uncertainty estimation in future aging clock models to avoid the risk of misinterpreting the results of biological age prediction.
Black and Hispanic Federal Judges: 1900 to Present

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This report shows that in recent years, attention has increasingly focused upon the minority composition of the Federal judiciary, in apparent response to concerns that judges appointed to the Federal bench should more compositely reflect the U.S. population they serve. Two of the larger U.S. subpopulations served by the Federal judiciary are blacks and Hispanics. Accordingly, this mini brief lists chronologically and cumulatively the appointments of blacks and Hispanics to the Federal bench, which includes the U.S.Supreme Court, Circuit Courts of Appeals, and District courts.
Impact of strong magnetic fields on the inner crust of neutron stars

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study the impact of strong magnetic fields on the pasta phases that are expected to exist in the inner crust of neutron stars. We employ the relativistic mean field model to describe the nucleon interaction and use the self-consistent Thomas-Fermi approximation to calculate the nonuniform matter in neutron star crust. The properties of pasta phases and crust-core transition are examined. It is found that as the magnetic field strength $B$ is less than $10^{17}$ G, the effects of magnetic field are not evident comparing with the results without magnetic field. As $B$ is stronger than $10^{18}$ G, the onset densities of pasta phases and crust-core transition density decrease significantly, and the density distributions of nucleons and electrons are also changed obviously.
Two cases of ethambutol nephrotoxicity.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Severe allergic reaction to chlormethiazole Allergic reactions are not a recognised side effect of treatment with chlormethiazole.This paper describes a patient who suffered such a reaction after being treated for acute alcoholic withdrawal symptoms with chlormethiazole. Case reportThe patient was a married woman aged 48 years, Scottish by birth and unemployed.She was of medium build and weighed 57 kg.She was admitted to Hill Hospital, Hartwood, for treatment of chronic alcoholism.On admission she smelt of alcohol and was visually hallucinated with delirium tremens.On physical examination she was healthy, and all systems were normal.Treatment-She was started on oral chlormethiazole (Heminevrin), 2 capsules three times a day.No other drugs were prescribed.Adverse effect-Twelve hours later the patient developed a severe allergic reaction with profuse rash on her face, neck, and arms.The rash was blotchy in distribution with severe itching.Her face was swollen and she was in pain.The drug was withdrawn and she was started on the antihistamine chlorpheniramine maleate, one tablet three times a day, and given an antihistamine cream for local application.The rash and swelling disappeared after 24 hours, leaving behind some chaffing of the skin.
Flora of New Zealand – Lichens. By David J. Galloway. 2007. Revised 2nd edn. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln (www.landcare.co.nz/services/, mwpress@LandcareResearch.co.nz). 2 vols. Pp. cxxx + 2261, 16 colour plates. ISBN 10: 0-478-09376-4, 13: 987-0-478-09376-6. Price: NZ $79.99.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Flora of New Zealand – Lichens. By David J. Galloway. 2007. Revised 2nd edn. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln (www.landcare.co.nz/services/, mwpress@LandcareResearch.co.nz). 2 vols. Pp. cxxx + 2261, 16 colour plates. ISBN 10: 0-478-09376-4, 13: 987-0-478-09376-6. Price: NZ $79.99. - Volume 41 Issue 1
Fig. 1 in Male genitalia of Charimachilis (Insecta: Archaeognatha) and the status of archaeognathan "paleoforms"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fig. 1 SE micrographs of male genitalic structures in Charimachilis undescribed sp. a Venter of 7th abdominal segment, ventral view. b Venter of 8th abdominal segment, ventral view. c Venter of 9th abdominal segment and surrounding parts, essentially ventral view but left coxite 9 twisted to a dorsal view. d Close-up of median sclerite bridge
School Students’ Perceptions on Snakes, their Uses, and Snakebite in Nepal: Implications for Snake Conservation and Snakebite Prevention

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Snakes are globally threatened.Ethnoherpetological activities and perceptions of key components in communities on snakes and snakebites should be assessed for the sustainable use of herpetofauna, conservation plans, and educational interventions intending primary and secondary prevention of snakebites.Herein, we aim to evaluate the magnitude of snake use, the propensity of Nepalese school students for primary and secondary prevention of snakebite.We provided self-administered questionnaires to 72 randomly selected students from seven randomly selected schools from five cities in the lowlands (Terai) of Nepal.We displayed them images of native snakes to know whether they recognized venomous, mildly venomous or nonvenomous snakes.We documented their perceptions on snakes and treatment seeking behavior following snakebites.Based on their attitude towards killing snakes, we estimated risk-values for each snake species.Use of snakes were distinct for eight categories.The modern/ayurvedic and traditional medicines were the most mentioned use of snakes.Overall, 14 snakes were likely to be killed by each of informants (p = 0.052, 95% CI = 13.99-21.50).Collective risk-value of all snakes was 0.151 (p = 0.004, 95% CI = 0.0045-Inf).Among all species, Lycodon aulicus was at the highest risk and Amphiesma stolatum and Boiga siamensis were at the least risk of being killed by humans.We found that >46% of respondents (p = 0.030) were aware of snakes and snakebite care.They scored >53% (p = 0.035) responding to 32 awareness test questions.They recognized >12 (60%), >5 (30%), and >3 (13%) snakes correctly as venomous, mildly venomous, and non-venomous snakes, respectively.Misconceptions on snakes and secondary prevention of snakebites are prevalent and snakes are at the potential risks for human-caused mortality in the lowlands of Nepal.The risk-value assessments involving species of Nepal's lowlands provide little insight into which snake species are most likely to be killed by locals and the impact such killing have on the snake population.Therefore, there is a need of engaging school children and teachers as key individuals to disseminate actual information on native venomous snakes, ecological roles of snakes, and medical significance of some species to targeted communities.
Elevation competition between two invasive grass species (B. tectorum and B. rubens)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two species of grasses, Bromus tectorum (Cheatgrass) and Bromus madritensis rubens (Red Brome) are known for being widespread and invasive across the semiarid regions of western North America, including southern California. Both species grow quickly, have short life spans, and produce prolific amounts of seeds. Despite these similarities, these closely related grass species exhibit different, albeit overlapping, geographic distributions. In western North America, Cheatgrass tends to occur at higher elevations and more northerly latitudes whereas Red Brome lives at lower elevations and more southerly latitudes (both species are however, seen growing together at intermediate elevations.) It is assumed that these two species differ in their respective tolerances for cool and warm temperatures. It is also well known that climate change affects species distributions with different temperature tolerances and it is a possibility that with climate warming, Red Brome may begin to be more common at higher, cooler sites thereby adding to the invasive species load in these mountain ecosystems. The purpose of this research is to test the competitive abilities between the two grass species at different elevations, which involves a simple field experiment designed to test the competitive interactions between these closely related invasive grass species at a warmer low-elevation site near campus and a cooler high-elevation site in the nearby San Gabriel Mountains. Although data collection lasts from February to May, data analysis from Mid-March has suggested that plants at low elevation have overall higher canopy heights and higher germination rates than their high elevation counterparts.
EFEKTIVITAS PENERAPAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN DIGITAL ASSEMBLR EDU PADA MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI SMK NEGERI 4 DENPASAR

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Media is one component of the learning system that cannot be ignored in its development. According to Hamalik (1989), the use of media in the classroom can increase the desire, interest, motivation, and stimulation of learning activities, as well as have a psychological impact on students. This government regulation mandates that teachers and students adapt to the WFH learning method which is familiar to most Indonesian teachers and students. This is where the weakness of this learning method is seen, one of which is the most basic aspect of learning. process, namely the ability of students to understand the content offered by teachers through online media in the WFH learning process used during this outbreak. This research was conducted at SMK Negeri 4 Denpasar from January to March 2022. This research is a quantitative descriptive and developmental study that aims to the effectiveness of the application of digital assemblr edu learning media in mathematics subjects at SMK Negeri 4 Denpasar. This development model is divided into five stages, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The results of the research Overall, if the category of agreeing statements has reached 73.2%, it means that the overall effectiveness of implementing the application has been running properly as an application of learning media. Learning through the use of the Assemblr Edu learning media application can improve student learning outcomes. Students will be more enthusiastic about participating in this learning because they are bound by the use of technology they are already familiar with, such as Android, WhatsApp, and Facebook.
The 2023 MANCTRA Acute Biliary Pancreatitis Care Bundle

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To generate an up-to-date bundle to manage acute biliary pancreatitis using an evidence-based, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted GRADE method. Background: A care bundle is a set of core elements of care that are distilled from the most solid evidence-based practice guidelines and recommendations. Methods: The research questions were addressed in this bundle following the PICO criteria. The working group summarized the effects of interventions with the strength of recommendation and quality of evidence applying the GRADE methodology. ChatGPT AI system was used to independently assess the quality of evidence of each element in the bundle, together with the strength of the recommendations. Results: The 7 elements of the bundle discourage antibiotic prophylaxis in patients with acute biliary pancreatitis, support the use of a full-solid diet in patients with mild to moderately severe acute biliary pancreatitis, and recommend early enteral nutrition in patients unable to feed by mouth. The bundle states that endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography should be performed within the first 48 to 72 hours of hospital admission in patients with cholangitis. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be performed in patients with mild acute biliary pancreatitis. When operative intervention is needed for necrotizing pancreatitis, this should start with the endoscopic step-up approach. Conclusions: We have developed a new care bundle with 7 key elements for managing patients with acute biliary pancreatitis. This new bundle, whose scientific strength has been increased thanks to the alliance between human knowledge and AI from the new ChatGPT software, should be introduced to emergency departments, wards, and intensive care units.
CALCULATING THE PRICE OF COMMERCIAL REAL ESTATE IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Property prices have surged recently, mainly due to limited real estate supply amid high demand supported by a large monetary base. This has driven up rental prices, especially in major cities compared to their peripheries. This manuscript examines rental prices in Prague, Brno, Ostrava, Pilsen, and České Budějovice from March to October 2023. It uses distribution functions, correlation coefficients, contour heat maps, and parameterized regression to define a probability price interval for office properties, identify a positive correlation between area and rental prices, and develop an algorithm for setting appropriate rental prices. The findings are useful for practitioners, real estate agents, and government institutions, though they are closely linked to macroeconomic variables. Future potential options are discussed.
Nosocomial Transmission of Bacteriophage Type 7/11/12 Group B Streptococci in a Special Care Nursery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two premature infants in a special care nursery acquired late-onset group B streptococcal (GBS) sepsis within a 24-hour period. The infecting strains were serotype III organisms with bacteriophage type 7/11/12. Cultures of the mothers of the two affected infants were negative for GBS, implying nosocomial acquisition of infection. Although 32% of nursery personnel had mucosal carriage of GBS, none of the seven isolates of GBS type III was the same bacteriophage type as the two infecting strains. Of the other infants hospitalized in the nursery, five were asymptomatically colonized with GBS. These infants were in bassinets adjacent to the affected infants; all five of their isolates were identical to the two infecting strains. We conclude that infant-to-infant transmission may result in nosocomial late-onset GBS septicemia.
[Kidney transplantation and pregnancy: experience with 6 patients].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

From 1983 to 1991, six pregnant women bearing a renal transplant were admitted at the P Universidad Católica de Chile Clinic Hospital. All of them were under immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and prednisone. One patient was also receiving cyclosporine. Four had chronic hypertension; 1 presented intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; 2, premature rupture of membranes, and 3, preeclampsia (superimposed to chronic hypertension). There were no abortions. The median gestational age at delivery was 35.5 weeks. Only one of the six newborns was small for gestational age; the others were of appropriate size. There were no neonatal problems or congenital anomalies. Deterioration of the renal function was observed in two patients. One patient presented rejection to the transplanted kidney. Pregnancy following renal transplantation is not exempt of risks, but multidisciplinary management, close prenatal control and opportune interruption of gestation play a key role in the successful outcome of these pregnancies.