jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The landscape identity of rural settlements: Turkey’s Aegean Region

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research presents a methodology for assessing the landscape identity of rural settlements. The methodology evaluates landscape identity parameters as descriptive units and analyses landscape identity according to natural, built, socioeconomic, and sociocultural parameters at various scales. Turkey’s Aegean Region was selected as a case study for the research because of its rich rural pattern created by the combination of diverse geomorphology, a unique rural architectural character, climatic conditions, the rural economy, and sociocultural structures. The research presents several findings related to physical landscape identity. In addition, it shows important aspects of rural settlements through the lens of landscape identity and highlights the importance of identity-based approaches for sustainable rural development.
Real-time algorithms for active power measurements on PWM-based electric drives

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Two real-time algorithms for active power measurements on Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) electric drives are proposed. The former is an off-line algorithm reducing truncation error through an accurate signal period estimation and a proper window. The second is an on-line algorithm based on a low-pass IIR digital filter with an optimized transient phase. Numerical results of the metrological characterization of such algorithms, aimed to suggest criteria for their use, are presented. The experimental results of tests carried out on an actual drive confirm numerical simulations and are in perfect agreement with those of a well-acclaimed algorithm.
Boosting the Immune System by Sport Activity and Nutrition Against Coronavirus (COVID)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This has become a public health issue with the introduction and epidemic of the coronavirus COVID-19 in Wuhan, China because of the severe respiratory infections that it induces in humans.Like most coronaviruses invade animals through their development through strains that pass the boundary and then infect the humans.Nevertheless, there is currently no one reliable vaccine for the treatment of the Coronavirus that has led to a variety of people to find safe and successful solutions to cope with COVID-19.It is also seen that the coronavirus infects the most of the people that lack in immunity and thereby it is found out the immune system in the human plays a crucial role in dealing with such infected virus.Further, it has been also found out that exercise, physical activities, healthy diets are a few of the variables that help in boosting the immune system.This led to a decrease in the chances of the occurrence of viruses in humans.Besides, meditation is also another tool that is very effective in managing the functioning of the immune system in a better manner, which in turn reduces the severity of the infected virus.The effective immune system facilitates in increasing the immunity and thereby declines the chances of getting affected with the infected disease.In a similar context, the objectives of the research are to evaluate the impact of COVID-19, identify the SARS-CoV-2 effect on the immune system, evaluate the relation of nutrition and immune system, and impact of sports activities on the immune system.The question of the research is whether physical activities and the immune system are of crucial significance in reducing the chances of occurrence of infected disease coronavirus?Further, it is identified from the findings that COVID-19 emerged due to coronavirus and is spreading frequently in-person to persons.The effective way to remain protected from such a virus is to develop a strong immune system with the help of various methods such as exercise, nutrition, meditation, and various other means.
Clinician mental health, nursing shortages and the COVID‐19 pandemic: Crises within crises

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Around the world, nurses are working under enormous pressure providing care to sick and dying patients during the pandemic. Many are faced with increased stress, and other negative effects on their mental health. They are also faced with the possibility of infection and death from COVID‐19. Before the pandemic there was a global shortage of nurses, but this is likely to be exacerbated by the increased demands of caring during COVID‐19 as well as the usual care of non‐COVID patients. One serious concern is that the pandemic and multitudinous effects on the nursing profession will exacerbate nursing attrition and their poor mental health into the future. Another serious concern is whether the profession will be able to attract sufficient numbers of nurses to care for populations into the future. Governments and health policymakers everywhere need to invest in nursing and health care and pay attention to the needs of health systems to ensure a healthy population. It is argued that without this, economies will not recover and prosper, and health systems will not be able to provide quality care.
Anthrax candidapex Austen 1937

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Anthrax candidapex (Austen, 1937) Material: Four specimens: Al Wala 8.IV.2002 (1ɗ); Al Mujib 13.III.2002 (1ɗ); Hummrit As Sahin 22.IV.2002 (2ɗ). Distribution: Palaearctic: Palestine.
Breast Implant Illness and Cutibacterium acnes: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: Breast implant illness (BII) is a term to describe a wide range of nonspecific symptoms after breast implant placement. At present, no specific diagnostic criteria for BII exist, and there is limited solid understanding of what causes BII. There is some evidence that biofilm infections such as those caused by Cutibacterium acnes may play a role in the development of BII. We present a case of a 38-year-old White woman who developed BII symptoms (psychological and integumentary). After en bloc explantation, her tissue cultures resulted in C. acnes growth. Plastic surgeons should be aware of this potential complication and discuss it thoroughly with patients before breast implantation. Evidence suggests that biofilm infection with C. acnes may play a role in BII development. En bloc explantation is the typical treatment of choice. Plastic surgeons should be aware of C. acnes as a potential cause of BII and should counsel patients on the potential risks and remedies for BII.
From genetics and genomics to drug discovery: yeast rises to the challenge

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

stress was also investigated in the context ofescalation of drug intake by Michel LeMoal(Institut Francois Magendie, Bordeaux,France) and GeorgeKoob (The ScrippsResearch Institute, LaJolla, CA, USA). Anabnormal stress response might contributeto the development of, persistence of andrelapse to addiction, and in someindividuals might exist on a genetic orenvironmental basis before self-exposureto drugs. Addiction was conceptualized as acycle of spiraling dysregulation of brainreward systems that progressivelyincreases resulting in the compulsive use ofdrugs. Counter-adaptive processes that arepart of the normal homeostatic limitationof reward function fail to return to withinthe physiological range, thus resulting ina collapsing cycle of addiction comprising three stages: preoccupation–anticipation, binge–intoxication, andwithdrawal–negative effect.
Brain and tissue distribution of polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase in rats.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine the distribution of polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase in the brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and various organs. Distribution of iodine-125-labeled polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase was determined in three groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats: a normotensive sham control group (n = 9) and groups given 125I-labeled polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase either 30 minutes before (n = 10) or 30 minutes after (n = 7) norepinephrine-induced hypertensive injury. In the first 30 minutes after intravenous administration, polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase plasma activity declined to 70% of the initial value and then decreased negligibly between 30 and 90 minutes. Levels of 125I-labeled polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase in normotensive animals were low in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid and highest in kidney. Brain levels of polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase were elevated only in those rats that received it before hypertensive injury; however, cerebrospinal fluid levels were elevated in animals receiving the drug either before or after hypertensive injury. Our results suggest that the blood-brain barrier becomes more permeable to polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase only during the hypertensive period but that the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier sustains more permanent injury. We suggest that the therapeutic effectiveness of polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase in hypertensive brain injury is due to its action in the vascular wall or to its extracellular activity in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Abstract 4650: Mutation detection by target sequence analyses using tissue-specific panels in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Whole-exome sequencing (WES) studies on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) have revealed that only a small number of frequently mutated genes, such as TP53, NOTCH1, NRF2, and ZNF750, are present in individual tumors, whereas hundreds of others less frequently mutated genes are accumulated. The mutation detection rate by target sequence analyses is an important factor for clinical sequence in the course of ESCC treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the mutation detection rates of several target sequence analyses for ESCC. Ten pairs of surgically or endoscopically acquired tumor tissues and corresponding peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from ESCC patients. We used three types of target sequence panels for mutation screening in 10 ESCC patients as follows: 1) Cancer Hotspot Panel (CHPv2), targeting mutation hotspot regions in the most common 50 human cancer genes that are frequently mutated (panel size: 22,027 bp), for five patients; 2) TP53 Panel, covering all exons of TP53 (panel size: 2,359 bp), for five patients; and 3) ESCC Panel, originally designed to target 31 frequently mutated genes in ESCC (panel size: 210,570 bp), for seven patients. Four missense and two nonsense mutations in TP53 were detected in CHPv2 and the TP53 Panel. Furthermore, one missense mutation in FBXW7 and one intronic mutation in the vicinity of exon 8 in TP53 were also observed in CHPv2 and the TP53 Panel, respectively. In the ESCC Panel, 47 mutations in 17 genes were detected in seven patients. The mutation detection rates by the TP53 Panel, CHPv2, and ESCC Panel were 593.0/Mb, 63.5/Mb, and 30.4/Mb, respectively. These mutation detection rates were more than 20-fold higher than that of WES, which has been reported to be 3.1/Mb for ESCC. These results suggest that tissue-specific cancer-related gene panels are a highly effective approach for mutation detection in ESCC. Citation Format: Takeshi Iwaya, Fumitaka Endo, Kohei Kume, Yasushi Sasaki, Takashi Tokino, Satoshi Nishizuka. Mutation detection by target sequence analyses using tissue-specific panels in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4650. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4650
Evolution of the GC content of the histone 3 gene in seven Drosophila species.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The molecular evolution of the histone multigene family was studied by cloning and determining the nucleotide sequences of the histone 3 genes in seven Drosophila species, D. takahashii, D. lutescens, D. ficusphila, D. persimilis, D.pseudoobscura, D. americana and D. immigrans. CT repeats, a TATA box and an AGTG motif in the 5' region, and a hairpin loop and purine-rich motifs (CAA(T/G)GAGA) in the 3' region were conserved even in distantly related species. In D. hydei and D.americana, the GC content at the third codon position in the protein coding region was relatively low (49% and 45%), while in D. takahashii and D. lutescens it was relatively high (64% and 65%). The non- significant correlation between the GC contents in the 3' region and at the third codon position as well as the evidence of less constraint in the 3' region suggested that mutational bias may not be the major mechanism responsible for the biased nucleotide change at the third codon position or for codon usage bias.
A novel ambiguity resolution model of BeiDou navigation satellite system/inertial navigation system tightly coupled for kinematic-to-kinematic precise relative positioning

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The carrier-based kinematic-to-kinematic relative positioning can obtain the precise baseline between two moving stations, which greatly expands the application field of dynamic relative positioning. However, the relative positioning performance is degraded greatly with low fixation rate of ambiguity with low-cost receivers. Especially, in the complex dynamic environment, ambiguity resolution effect is influenced by the satellite signal blocked, multipath outlier, and abnormal state prediction. Aiming at the problems, a novel inertial navigation system–aided robust adaptive filtering ambiguity resolution model is proposed. In addition, a hierarchical filtering strategy is developed to eliminate ambiguity parameters in BeiDou navigation satellite system/inertial navigation system tightly coupled integrated system. Finally, the precise relative position can be calculated with the “best” ambiguity solution. Both experiments with static data and field vehicle test were carried out to evaluate the algorithm efficiency in different data configurations. The results indicate that IRAFAR-TCRP method can effectively suppress the influence of observation outliers and model prediction abnormalities, which improves the success rate of ambiguity resolution, raises the accuracy as well as the continuity of relative positioning. The success rate of ambiguity resolution with single-frequency BeiDou navigation satellite system can reach 90% in the gross error and abnormal disturbance environments and centimeter-level accuracy can be achieved.
Apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Assistant Professor, Department of Anatomy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases cause a range of neurological disorders in the central nervous system. Todays researchers emphasize the pivotal role of apoptosis in neurodegenerative diseases. Given that injured central nervous system has limited regenerative capacity, it is of extreme importance to limit the damage by inhibition of neuronal death. During the past decade, considerable progress has been made in understanding the process of apoptosis at molecular level. Also, according to the understanding of the mechanisms of apoptosis, several studies have examined the possible effects of neuroprotective compounds for reducing or inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. In this review article, it has been attempt to review the role of apoptosis in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Also, an overview has been made in the field of neuronal apoptosis inhibitor with neuroprotective compounds in human and experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases.
INTEGRATING GIS AND REMOTE SENSING FOR EVALUATION AND MONITORING OF OMERLI REGION, ISTANBUL

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to determine land use changes in an area using remotely sensing and GIS data. The analysis of the remotely sensed imagery and its integration with digital spatial data consisted of four major steps: 1) Landsat TM and SPOT P data were referenced to UTM projection System; 2) SPOT P and Landsat TM images were merged to provide high resolution land use/land cover information; 3) Unsupervised and supervised classification techniques were applied to the images to establish a land use and land cover GIS database, which was subsequently used for change detection analysis, and 4) An accuracy assessment was applied to the classification results to determine the overall accuracy of the study. For classified images of 1992, overall classification was 83.3 percent and for the classified images of 1997 was 80.3 percent. Finally the raster data were converted to vector data and were used in a GIS
Comparative analysis of solubility, pH, and composition of white and grey mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland cement

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Aim: the purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the chemical composition, pH and solubility of whi- te and gray mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Portland cement. Methodology: materials underwent atomic absorption spectroscopy to quantify their components. pH values were assessed with a pH-meter using a temperature-compensated electrode. Six samples of each material were used for the analysis of solubility. Samples were weighed and stored in distilled wa- ter at 37°C for 7 days and then weighed again. Results: the three materials showed the same chemical components, except bi- smuth oxide, which is not found in Por- tland cement. Statistical analysis of re- sults revealed significant differences in the relative proportion of components in each material. All samples had pH va- lues close to 12.0, and Portland cement had a pH result significantly less alka- line than the ones found for white and grey MTA samples. None of the mate- rials tested had significant solubility. Conclusions: - The materials studied had similar che- mical compositions, except for the pre- sence of bismuth oxide in white and grey MTA. - There were significant differences in the amount of components in the dif- ferent samples. - All samples had pH values close to 12 immediately after mixing; Portland ce- ment had significantly lower alkalinity than white or grey MTA. - There were no significant signs of so- lubility in the three materials tested.
Extension and rural development : converging views on institutional approaches?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Against a backdrop of changing public policies and other pressures forcing fundamental change in public extension services, the World Bank, USAID, and the Neuchatel Group convened a workshop of about 70 extension experts to review recent approaches to revitalizing extension services.1 The objective of the workshop was to provide donors, practitioners, and policymakers an opportunity to discuss and identify commonalities in their approaches to agricultural extension.
Sexuality Under the Influence: The Queer Pleasure of Illicit Drugs in Transatlantic Gay and Lesbian Culture

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Recently, popular culture has been riveted by depictions of addiction, overdose, and recovery in multiple media formats. These representations obsess over a before-and-after concept aligning drug use strictly with death and destruction and recovery with health and happiness. This mimics traditional examples of drug users as anti-social found in stories rooted in moral panic ubiquitous in mainstream media. Most examples connect both sexual exploration and drug use, arguing they are inherently dangerous and follow a trajectory ultimately ending in death. My work examines transgressive sexual exploration and drug use while questioning issues of culpability and castigation. Although there has been a surge of interest within academia around drug use, most critics focus on abuse and addiction, which is sometimes divorced from drugs completely. Even so, this decision limits the narrative of drug use to the harm it creates in bodies, among people, and within communities. While this work is useful, it also creates a rhetoric that obfuscates the ways in which drug use does not always fit within the narrative of addiction. In the first chapter, I situate my project within the historical and cultural context of drugs, homosexual identity, illicit pleasures, and queer theory. Next, I trace how the medical discourse's reconfiguration of the drug user as contagious and pathologizing the homosexual identity during the late Victorian period are intricately connected. I argue the 1980s panic of AIDS as the gay disease is deeply rooted in these disease-like narrative precursors. Chapter three analyzes the crisis of representation in gay male circuit party culture while questioning the sensationalization of drug use and promiscuous sex. By turning to recent gay and lesbian fiction, I analyze representations of safe drug use and sexual exploration with guidance. In the final chapter, I argue that many prominent theorists have both ingested and digested illicit drugs out of curiosity and a quest for knowledge. Their work provides a strong cultural lens, based on Western ideology, through which to study accounts of drug use; however, their preoccupation with forcing the experience into empirical product-centric normative values of stable identity, time, and space will always fail.
Studies in Sigmatropic Rearrangement: Synthesis of a [6,6]Pyranothiopyran Ring System by Sequential Claisen Rearrangement and Pyridine Hydrotribromide Mediated Regioselective “6‐Endo” Cyclization.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

4-(4‘-Aryloxybut-2‘-ynylthio)[1]benzopyran-2-ones are refluxed in chlorobenzene to afford 4-aryloxymethylthiopyrano[3,2-<i>c</i>][1]benzopyran-5(2<i>H</i>)-ones which are subsequently subjected to heating in <i>o</i>-dichlorobenzene in the presence of <i>N,N</i>-diethylaniline and then treated with pyridine\nhydrotribromide to give [6,6]pyranothiopyrans in almost quantitative yield.
Transliteration, Naming, and Place Names

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Extract Transliteration The transliteration of Mongolian words follows the Tibetan and Himalayan Library Mongolian-Cyrillic Transliteration system (THL system) with a few exceptions: в, е, ё, ь, ы, ъ, and ю are romanized to v, ye, yö’, y,”, and yu, respectively. While this system is consistently used here, there are a few words that elicit varying opinions due to their popular use. For example, we use khöömii, although khöömei is also widely used in Mongolia, Inner Mongolia, and other regions where throat singing is practiced. We also use Gov’, a place name often written as Gobi. Similarly, names of ethnic groups used in scholarly and popular literature spelled in various ways follow the THL system. For example, we use Buriad (for Buryat), Tuva (for Tyva), and Oirad (for Oirat). Readers may note that we make exceptions to the system and adopt earlier transliterated names of toponyms and individuals. Mongolian terms and place names in Inner Mongolia (Chapter 2) follow a modified THL system with conventions adopted by the author. Kazakh terms (Interlude, Chapters 1 and 7) follow a slightly modified BGN/PCGN transliteration system; и and у are Romanized to i and u, respectively. Chinese terms (Chapter 2) follow the Hanyu pinyin system.