jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Anecdote, Example, Method: Renaissance Accounts of the Death of Pliny the Elder

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Pliny the Elder's Natural History had many lives in the Renaissance. But so too did the Roman compiler's death. In the field of pedagogy, meanwhile, the anecdote could offer a cautionary culmination to biographical introductions to commentaries on Pliny that formed part of certain university arts curricula. The much briefer pseudo-Suetonius life of Pliny rehearses his nephew's image of Pliny as incorrigible scholar and courageous enquirer. The panegyric purpose of both the Younger Pliny's letter and the Vita Plinii means that in these texts the emphasis is firmly on celebration rather than on judgement of the actions that led to Pliny's death. The portrait of Pliny as empiricist, meanwhile, runs counter to the critique of the classical author as armchair scholar that was voiced in debates over Pliny's errors at the end of the fifteenth century.
Topological complexity, asphericity and connected sums

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We show that if a closed oriented $n$-manifold $M$ has a non-trivial cohomology class of even degree $k$, whose all pullbacks to products of type $S^1\times N$ vanish, then the topological complexity $\mathrm{TC}(M)$ is at least $6$, if $n$ is odd, and at least $7$ or $9$, if $n$ is even. These bounds extend and improve a result of Mescher and apply for instance to negatively curved manifolds and to connected sums with at least one such summand. In fact, better bounds are obtained due to the non-vanishing of the Gromov norm. As a consequence, in dimension four, we completely determine the topological complexity of these connected sums, namely we show that it is equal to its maximum value nine. Furthermore, we discuss realisation of degree two homology classes by tori, and show how to construct non-realisable classes out of realisable classes in connected sums. The examples of this paper will quite often be aspherical manifolds whose fundamental groups have trivial center and connected sums. We thus discuss the possible relation between the maximum topological complexity $2n+1$ and the triviality of the center for aspherical $n$-manifolds and their connected sums.
Three-year outcomes after acute kidney injury: results of a prospective parallel group cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives Using a prospective study design, we aimed to characterise the effect of acute kidney injury (AKI) on long-term changes in renal function in a general hospital population. Participants Hospitalised patients with AKI (exposed) and hospitalised patients without AKI (non-exposed), recruited at 3 months after hospital admission. Design Prospective, matched parallel group cohort study, in which renal function and proteinuria were measured at 3 months, 1 year and 3 years. Setting Single UK centre. Clinical end points Clinical end points at 3 years were comparison of the following variables between exposed and non-exposed groups: renal function, prevalence of proteinuria and albuminuria and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression/development at each time point. CKD progression was defined as a decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥25% associated with a decline in eGFR stage. Results 300 exposed and non-exposed patients were successfully matched 1:1 for age and baseline renal function; 70% of the exposed group had AKI stage 1. During follow-up, the AKI group had lower eGFR than non-exposed patients at each time point. At 3 years, the mean eGFR was 60.7±21 mL/min/1.73 m 2 in the AKI group compared with 68.4±21 mL/min/1.73 m 2 in the non-exposed group, p=0.003. CKD development or progression at 3 years occurred in 30 (24.6%) of the AKI group compared with 10 (7.5%) of the non-exposed group, p<0.001. Albuminuria was more common in the AKI group, and increased with AKI severity. Factors independently associated with CKD development/progression after AKI were non-recovery at 90 days, male gender, diabetes and recurrent AKI. Conclusions AKI is associated with deterioration in renal function to 3 years, even in an unselected population with predominantly AKI stage 1. Non-recovery from AKI is an important factor determining long-term outcome.
Semi-Closed Gas Turbine/Combined Cycle with Water Recovery

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This innovative gas turbine cycle can offer several advantages over conventional cycles from the point of view of environmental friendship. The basic idea of SCGT/CC (Semi-Closed Gas Turbine/Combined Cycle with water recovery) is to cool down the exhaust temperatures to allow full condensation of the water vapor, and recirculate a large part of the exhaust gases to the compressor. The condensed water can then be reinjected by means of a pump at compressor delivery. The working gas composition is thus close to that corresponding to stoichiometric combustion, which opens the possibility of applying techniques for CO2 recycling and general exhaust gas treatment. An increase in work output is connected to water injection, while a high level of efficiency is maintained as the compressor work is reduced and the cycle parameters are tuned for the exhaust of this turbine.
Work–Life Balance Measures of Working Carers and Well-Being Satisfaction within Couple Relationships: The Result of an Italian Policy Looking through the Gender Lens

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Working carers deserve to receive more and more attention from welfare regimes and workplaces. Using the work–family interface approach, we analyzed the effects of the Family Audit workplace measures—an Italian work–life balance policy—on couple well-being. The research was carried out through a Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing survey which was addressed to the employees of the organizations that participated in the policy program in 2015. The results showed that the measures implemented by the companies were able to improve the perception of couple well-being of working carers, but they did not trigger a cultural change that would permit the elimination of differences due to gender in work–family balance. The most effective measures were characterized by high levels of flexibility. These features allow the reduction of the negative effects produced by some socio-biographic variables, some work-related aspects, and aspects related to the Mediterranean welfare regime.
Dirk van Miert, Humanism in an Age of Science. The Amsterdam Athenaeum in the Golden Age, 1632–1704. Translated by Michiel Wielema, with Anthony Ossa-Richardson [Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History, vol. 179] (Leiden & Boston: Brill, 2009), xiv+433 p.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter explains that the Dutch model of early modern higher education was much more complex than previous traditions in university history have suggested. Dutch education focuses mainly on learning, privileging the stars of science and scholarship at Leiden University, without devoting much attention to teaching and to the students' role in the moral process, as expressed in theses, disputations, and lecture notes. This chapter also states that early modern higher education in the Northern Netherlands has much to gain from a wider view. It cannot be understood correctly without taking into account the whole range of institutions that provide higher learning.
Giant pigment granules in the retinal pigment epithelium of a fetus with X-linked ocular albinism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AbstractThe retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of a 21-week-old fetus with X-linked ocular albinism (XOA) was studied. Electron microscopy revealed giant pigment granules (macromelanosomes) with a vesiculoglobular substructure located in the equatorial and posterior regions. The giant pigment granules were similar to those found in the skin in neurofibromatosis, nevus spilus. xeroderma pigmentosum, and other conditions. Anteriorly, compound granules and melanosomes of unusual appearance that could be precursors of the macromelanosomes were present. Normal ellipsoidal melanosomes were observed in all areas, but were more common anteriorly.Key Words: melanogenesismacromelanosomesmelanosomespigment granulesalbinismocular albinismRDE developmentlysosomesautophagocytosis
Laplacian Patch-Based Image Synthesis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Patch-based image synthesis has been enriched with global optimization on the image pyramid. Successively, the gradient-based synthesis has improved structural coherence and details. However, the gradient operator is directional and inconsistent and requires computing multiple operators. It also introduces a significantly heavy computational burden to solve the Poisson equation that often accompanies artifacts in non-integrable gradient fields. In this paper, we propose a patch-based synthesis using a Laplacian pyramid to improve searching correspondence with enhanced awareness of edge structures. Contrary to the gradient operators, the Laplacian pyramid has the advantage of being isotropic in detecting changes to provide more consistent performance in decomposing the base structure and the detailed localization. Furthermore, it does not require heavy computation as it employs approximation by the differences of Gaussians. We examine the potentials of the Laplacian pyramid for enhanced edge-aware correspondence search. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the Laplacian-based approach over the state-of-the-art patchbased image synthesis methods.
Effect of ingesta on systemic availability of chloramphenicol from two oral preparations in cats

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

On five separate occasions, five adult cats were dosed orally with 100 mg chloramphenicol tablets or chloramphenicol palmitate suspension. Each preparation was given once when the cats were fasted and once when fed ad lib. In addition, fasted cats were given the tablet preparation on one occasion with 10 ml water orally immediately afterwards. Chloramphenicol concentrations were determined at intervals after dosing, and all urine passed in 24 h after dosing was collected for chloramphenicol assay. The initial plasma antibiotic concentrations were lower with chloramphenicol palmitate suspension than with chloramphenicol tablets, and the bioavailability of chloramphenicol from the palmitate ester was especially poor in starved cats. Chloramphenicol palmitate may thus be undesirable for antimicrobial therapy in inappetent cats. Food and fluid did not appear to influence the availability of chloramphenicol from the tablet preparation, although effects on plasma drug concentrations within 1.5 h of dosing would have been missed in this study. A relatively large proportion of an oral dose of chloramphenicol is excreted unchanged in feline urine. Because of the potential toxicity of the drug, chloramphenicol dose rates should be restricted in cats with renal insufficiency or another antibiotic used.
A New Species of Philogenia from Honduras (Odonata: Megapodagrionidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Philogenia strigilis n. sp. from northwestern Honduras extends the range of the genus more than 600 km to the north. The male has a remarkably simple superior appendage unlike any other species in Central America, but reminiscent of P. boliviana from Bolivia. The male inferior appendage and the female hind lobe of the prothorax both resemble these structures on P. augusti from Panama.
ELISA for Determination of Human Growth Hormone: Recognition of Helix 4 Epitopes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Human growth hormone (hGH) signal transduction initiates with a receptor dimerization in which one molecule binds to the receptor through sites 1 and 2. A sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was developed for quantifying hGH molecules that present helix 4 from binding site 1. For this, horse anti‐rhGH antibodies were eluted by an immunoaffinity column constituted by sepharose‐rhGH. These antibodies were purified through a second column with synthetic peptide correspondent to hGH helix 4 , immobilized to sepharose, and used as capture antibodies. Those that did not recognize synthetic peptide were used as a marker antibody. The working range was of 1.95 to 31.25 ng/mL of hGH. The intra‐assay coefficient of variation (CV) was between 4.53% and 6.33%, while the interassay CV was between 6.00% and 8.27%. The recovery range was between 96.0% to 103.8%. There was no cross‐reactivity with human prolactin. These features show that our assay is an efficient method for the determination of hGH.
The Court of Cyrus the Younger in Anatolia: Some Remarks

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Cyrus the Younger (born in 424/423 BC, died in 401 BC), son of the Great King Darius II (424/423-404 BC) and Queen Parysatis, is well known from his activity in Anatolia. In 408 BC he took power there as a karanos (Old Persian *kārana-, Greek κάρανος), a governor of high rank with extensive military and political competence reporting directly to the Great King. Holding his power in Anatolia, Cyrus had his own court there, in many respects modeled after the Great King’s court. The aim of this article is to show some aspects of functioning and organization of Cyrus the Younger’s court in Anatolia.
Absenteeism Control Programs

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

An absenteeism control program can reduce employee absenteeism, thereby reducing company expenses, improving productivity, and bringing workers back to work sooner. A survey of Cohn's suggests that many companies in the United States lack absenteeism control programs, and those firms that have such programs are unlikely to have all the elements of a good program in place. Placing the occupational health nurse in charge of a comprehensive program will provide needed leadership, responsibility, expertise, and control.
Bayesian Estimation of Past Population Dynamics in BEAST 1.10 Using the Skygrid Coalescent Model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Inferring past population dynamics over time from heterochronous molecular sequence data is often achieved using the Bayesian Skygrid model, a nonparametric coalescent model that estimates the effective population size over time. Available in BEAST, a cross-platform program for Bayesian analysis of molecular sequences using Markov chain Monte Carlo, this coalescent model is often estimated in conjunction with a molecular clock model to produce time-stamped phylogenetic trees. We here provide a practical guide to using BEAST and its accompanying applications for the purpose of drawing inference under these models. We focus on best practices, potential pitfalls, and recommendations that can be generalized to other software packages for Bayesian inference. This protocol shows how to use TempEst, BEAUti, and BEAST 1.10 (http://beast.community/; last accessed July 29, 2019), LogCombiner as well as Tracer in a complete workflow.
Police Stress: A Literature Study on Police Occupational Stressors and the Responses in Police Officers to Stressful Job Events

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The present paper is a literature study of stressors and the responses in police officers to occupational stressors. It endeavors to identify and assess common stressors in policing. It further aims to provide an answer to the question of whether police administrative tasks and situations, or the dangerous and traumatic events and situations inherent in policing, are perceived as equally or more stressful by surveyed police officers. The question is relevant as there seems to be disagreement among researchers on police stress about which elements (administrative or dangerous and/or traumatic) of the police occupation is more stressful. Much attention has been given to the treatment of post-traumatic stress in police officers while efforts to prevent administrative or organizational stressors have been largerly ignored. If administrative stressors in policing are equally important as dangerous and traumatic situations and events, more attention should be given to the prevention of such largerly preventable stressful events. The theoretical framework used in the study is that of the transactional concept of stress. In trying to assess what parts of policing are more stressful, a number of empirical studies were examined and compared. Most studies applied a "checklist" approach to identify and rank the heaviest stressors in police work. The methodological quality of available studies was varied, influencing their comparability and generalizability. In spite of these inequalities, the results from the assessment indicates that dangerous and traumatic situations are somewhat more often perceived as the largest stressors than administrative stressors in police work.
Propagating the Ideal

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this chapter, visions of mobile communication are explored by focussing on idealised concepts surrounding wireless technology. By examining sources on the development, marketing, and use of wireless technology, I contextualise these visions within earlier accounts of ideal communication found in media history and isolate the regularities that are part of these accounts. On close examination, a paradox reveals itself in these regularities, one that can be described as resulting from an uneasiness in the human communication psyche: an unfulfilled desire for divine togetherness that clashes with individual communication needs. While the exact nature of this paradox—innate and hardwired into our brains, or culturally fostered—remains unknown, however, I assert that the paradox will continue to fuel idealised ideas about future communication technology. I conclude with the observation that not all use of mobile technology can immediately be interpreted as transcendental, and that built-in locational awareness balances the mobile communication act.
Node-Disjoint On-demand Multipath Routing with Route Utilization in Ad-Hoc Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a dynamic wireless network without any pre-existing infrastructure and each node therefore operate in a self-organized and decentralized manner, acting as a router.Multipath routing in MANETis a challenging problem.In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare the accomplishment of conspicuous ondemand routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks.There are many routing protocols such as ad hoc on demand distance vector routing (AODV), ad hoc on demand multipath distance vector protocol (AOMDV) that have been used.The constant change in network topology and the inherently unreliable available paths make the multipath routing difficult.The paper presents the nodedisjoint multipath routing protocol that allows the establishment of multiple paths between the unique source and destination and thus improving end-to-end delay, routing overhead and packet delivery ratio.The path selection algorithm for MANET embraces the entropy metric in order to find the stability of route and obtain an optimum path.
Diagnostic accuracy of brush biopsy–based cytology for the early detection of oral cancer and precursors in Fanconi anemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Individuals with Fanconi anemia (FA) have a 500‐fold to 700‐fold elevated risk, much earlier onset, and limited therapeutic options for oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) compared with the general population. The early detection of SCC, or preferably its precursors, is mandatory to retain curative therapeutic options. Due to frequent synchronic and metachronic oral lesions, tissue biopsies, as usually recommended by guidelines, often are not feasible. In the current study, an alternative strategy for early detection using oral brush biopsy–based cytology was validated regarding its diagnostic accuracy. Methods Over a 12‐year period, the oral cavities of a large cohort of 713 individuals with FA were inspected systematically and brush biopsy–based cytology of 1233 visible oral lesions was performed. In cases of inconclusive cytology, analysis of DNA ploidy was performed whenever possible. The results were correlated to a long‐term clinicopathological follow‐up reference standard. Results A total of 737 lesions were suitable for statistical analysis, including 86 lesions with at least high‐grade oral epithelial dysplasia in 30 patients. For cytology, the sensitivity and specificity were 97.7% and 84.5%, respectively. Additional analysis of DNA ploidy increased the sensitivity and specificity to 100% and 92.2%, respectively. Conclusions Careful inspection of the oral cavity of individuals with FA followed by brush biopsy–based cytology appears to identify visible oral, potentially malignant and malignant lesions that warrant treatment. Approximately 63% of SCC and precursor lesions are detected at a noninvasive or early stage. Negative cytology or a lack of DNA aneuploidy can exclude high‐grade oral epithelial dysplasia or SCC with high accuracy and thus reduce the need for invasive diagnostic biopsies.
Malignant endocrine carcinoma of the stomach.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Small cell carcinoma and small portions of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach sometimes differentiate into secretory cells. We experienced a pure endocrine carcinoma of the stomach. The patient, who had a giant mass in the greater curvature of the body of the stomach and regional lymph node metastasis, underwent total gastrectomy. Immunohistologic staining of the resected specimens revealed that the tumor was an endocrine carcinoma. The tumor cell shape in the present case was polygonal or oval and the cell size was relatively large. The cell nucleus was coarse chromatic and nucleoli were seen, whereas, the nucleus of small cell carcinoma often shows a fine chromatic pattern and nucleoli are not seen. On the basis of these findings, the present case was considered to be a pure endocrine carcinoma which was not classified as a small cell carcinoma.
An Efficient Teager Energy Operator-Based Automated QRS Complex Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Database . The efficiency and robustness of the proposed method has been tested on Fantasia Database (FTD), MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database (MIT-AD), and MIT-BIH Normal Sinus Rhythm Database (MIT-NSD). Aim . Because of the importance of QRS complex in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases, improvement in accuracy of its measurement has been set as a target. The present study provides an algorithm for automatic detection of QRS complex on the ECG signal, with the benefit of energy and reduced impact of noise on the ECG signal. Method . The method is basically based on the Teager energy operator (TEO), which facilitates the detection of the baseline threshold and extracts QRS complex from the ECG signal. Results . The testing of the undertaken method on the Fanatasia Database showed the following results: sensitivity (Se) = 99.971%, positive prediction (P+) = 99.973%, detection error rate (DER) = 0.056%, and accuracy (Acc) = 99.944%. On MIT-AD involvement, Se = 99.74%, P+ = 99.97%, DER = 0.291%, and Acc = 99.71%. On MIT-NSD involvement, Se = 99.878%, P+ = 99.989%, DER = 0.134%, and Acc = 99.867%. Conclusion . Despite the closeness of the recorded peaks which inflicts a constraint in detection of the two consecutive QRS complexes, the proposed method, by applying 4 simple and quick steps, has effectively and reliably detected the QRS complexes which make it suitable for practical purposes and applications.