jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The effects of types, quantity, and quality of questioning in improving students' understanding

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research is based on the Middle School Mathematics Project (MSMP) funded\nby the Interagency Educational Research Initiative (IERI) through a grant to the American\nAssociation for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Both teachers’ video lessons and\nstudents’ pre-and-post test scores were used to investigate the effects of teachers’ types,\nquality, and quantity of questioning students’ knowledge of algebra concepts and skills in\nvariables, change, equality, and equations in middle school students in seventh and eighth\ngrades. The study further explored the relationship between types of questioning, quality of\nquestioning, and quantity of questioning. Later, teachers’ intention of asking two types of\nquestions, probing and guiding, and teachers’ questioning acquisition methods were\nstudied through face-to-face teacher interviews.\nThis dissertation used a mixed approach utilizing both quantitative and qualitative\nmethods. The data were collected from 33 teachers in two different states, Texas and\nDelaware, who participated in the IERI project either during the 2002-2003, the 2003-\n2004, or the 2004-2005 school years. A total of 103 videotapes were obtained consisting of\none to five lessons for each teacher. The teachers used one of four different textbooks:\nMathThematics (Billstein, et al., 1999), Connected Mathematics (Lappan, et al., 1998),\nMathematics: Applications and Connections Glencoe Algebra (Collins, et al., 1998), or\nMathematics in Context (MiC) (Romberg, et al., 1998). The results showed that teachers’ quality of probing questions affected students’\nachievements when other variables--teachers’ teaching experience, textbook, and teachers’\nmath preparation--were controlled. It was also found that AAAS’ two highest rated two\ntextbooks, CMP and MiC, affected students’ understanding. Moreover, teachers’ math\npreparation predicted student performance. Furthermore, quality and quantity of guiding\nquestions and probing questions were significantly correlated with each other (p < 0.01).\nFor the qualitative part, it was found that teachers’ were asking what they intended\nto ask. In other words, they were aware of the role of questioning they were using. Also,\nthere were several methods that seemed to be more used when acquiring questioning skills-\n-watching and observing teachers, being in the field or from student-teacher experience,\nand workshops.
Prediction of volcanic ash concentrations in ash clouds based on an atmospheric transport model and the Japanese meteorological satellite Himawari-8; a case study for the Kirishima-Shinmoedake eruption on April 4th 2018

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Prediction of ash concentrations in volcanic ash clouds for the Kirishima-Shinmoedake eruption on April 4th, 2018 is performed on the basis of an atmospheric transport model and the Japanese meteorological satellite Himawari-8. The retrieval algorithm for Himawari-8 (referred to as the "Optimal Volcanic Ash Algorithm", OVAA) provides two-dimensional properties of volcanic ash clouds such as cloud heights and total column mass loading, whereas it does not provide ash cloud thickness which is required to make an initial condition for the atmospheric transport model. In order to estimate ash cloud thickness, here, a wind shear index is introduced. The wind shear index includes an empirical constant parameter T c ; a small value of Tc leads to thick ash clouds, whereas a large value of T c leads to thin ash clouds. In this study, the value of T c is optimized empirically in the following two ways; (1) a comparison between the total column mass loadings in the prediction and that in the OVAA estimation, and (2) a comparison between the estimated ash cloud thickness and the observed ash cloud thickness by lidar measurements. These two comparisons suggest the optimal value of T c is 0.5-0.6, and then, the uncertainty of the ash clouds thickness estimation to be ~600 [m]. The ash concentrations prediction for T c =0.6 provides areas of high contamination (>4 [mg/m 3 ]) and low contamination (<2 [mg/m 3 ]). This classification of ash concentration in ash clouds has been required by the aviation industry, and is helpful information to assess safe areas and routes for airline operations.
Leaching of fenamiphos, fenamiphos sulfoxide and fenamiphos sulfone in soil columns

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Leaching of fenamiphos and its thiooxidation products, sulfoxide and sulfone, has been studied in two different soils in laboratory conditions. Fenamiphos was much less mobile than its derivatives. A large volume of water was necessary to leach completely the three chemicals. Fenamiphos required an amount of water twice as large as that required by either sulfoxide or sulfone. Mobility and leaching efficiency of the chemicals examined were highly dependent on the properties of the two soils considered.
Understanding low radiation background biology through controlled evolution experiments

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Biological experiments conducted in underground laboratories over the last decade have shown that life can respond to relatively small changes in the radiation background in unconventional ways. Rapid changes in cell growth, indicative of hormetic behaviour and long‐term inheritable changes in antioxidant regulation have been observed in response to changes in the radiation background that should be almost undetectable to cells. Here, we summarize the recent body of underground experiments conducted to date, and outline potential mechanisms (such as cell signalling, DNA repair and antioxidant regulation) that could mediate the response of cells to low radiation backgrounds. We highlight how multigenerational studies drawing on methods well established in studying evolutionary biology are well suited for elucidating these mechanisms, especially given these changes may be mediated by epigenetic pathways. Controlled evolution experiments with model organisms, conducted in underground laboratories, can highlight the short‐ and long‐term differences in how extremely low‐dose radiation environments affect living systems, shining light on the extent to which epimutations caused by the radiation background propagate through the population. Such studies can provide a baseline for understanding the evolutionary responses of microorganisms to ionizing radiation, and provide clues for understanding the higher radiation environments around uranium mines and nuclear disaster zones, as well as those inside nuclear reactors.
Privacy-Preserving Gradient Boosting Decision Trees

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) is a popular machine learning model for various tasks in recent years. In this paper, we study how to improve model accuracy of GBDT while preserving the strong guarantee of differential privacy. Sensitivity and privacy budget are two key design aspects for the effectiveness of differential private models. Existing solutions for GBDT with differential privacy suffer from the significant accuracy loss due to too loose sensitivity bounds and ineffective privacy budget allocations (especially across different trees in the GBDT model). Loose sensitivity bounds lead to more noise to obtain a fixed privacy level. Ineffective privacy budget allocations worsen the accuracy loss especially when the number of trees is large. Therefore, we propose a new GBDT training algorithm that achieves tighter sensitivity bounds and more effective noise allocations. Specifically, by investigating the property of gradient and the contribution of each tree in GBDTs, we propose to adaptively control the gradients of training data for each iteration and leaf node clipping in order to tighten the sensitivity bounds. Furthermore, we design a novel boosting framework to allocate the privacy budget between trees so that the accuracy loss can be further reduced. Our experiments show that our approach can achieve much better model accuracy than other baselines.
ANALISIS PENERAPAN SISTEM REMUNERASI DI UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Employee motivation in an agency is a big challenge for every leader, one example is the salary allowance which is regulated in the remuneration system. The Rectorate of Universitas Brawijaya is the center for high leadership ranks at the university level who are authorized throughout the university environment. Brawijaya University is one of the universities that implements the Remuneration System for State Civil Apparatus under its auspices. This study aims to find out how the remuneration system is implemented in all academicians of Universitas Brawijaya and the obstacles they face. This research was conducted by using interview techniques for employees of the Remuneration System Team, Chief Administrative Officer / Deputy Dean II in the faculty environment and in-depth data collection with the Remuneration System Team of Universitas Brawijaya. Data was collected through observation, interviews and documentation, then the data was processed using Miles Hubermann's data analysis technique which consisted of three stages, including: Data Reduction, Data Presentation and Conclusion Drawing. The results of the analysis show that the remuneration system is an inseparable part of Brawijaya University, especially for Brawijaya University employees in managing human resources, the remuneration system is the performance of employees for their contribution to Brawijaya University.
Bangla Speech Recognition System Using LPC and ANN

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the Bangla speech recognition system. Bangla speech recognition system is divided mainly into two major parts. The first part is speech signal processing and the second part is speech pattern recognition technique. The speech processing stage consists of speech starting and end point detection, windowing, filtering, calculating the Linear Predictive Coding(LPC) and Cepstral Coefficients and finally constructing the codebook by vector quantization. The second part consists of pattern recognition system using Artificial Neural Network(ANN). Speech signals are recorded using an audio wave recorder in the normal room environment. The recorded speech signal is passed through the speech starting and end-point detection algorithm to detect the presence of the speech signal and remove the silence and pauses portions of the signals. The resulting signal is then filtered for the removal of unwanted background noise from the speech signals. The filtered signal is then windowed ensuring half frame overlap. After windowing, the speech signal is then subjected to calculate the LPC coefficient and Cepstral coefficient. The feature extractor uses a standard LPC Cepstrum coder, which converts the incoming speech signal into LPC Cepstrum feature space. The Self Organizing Map(SOM) Neural Network makes each variable length LPC trajectory of an isolated word into a fixed length LPC trajectory and thereby making the fixed length feature vector, to be fed into to the recognizer. The structures of the neural network is designed with Multi Layer Perceptron approach and tested with 3, 4, 5 hidden layers using the Transfer functions of Tanh Sigmoid for the Bangla speech recognition system. Comparison among different structures of Neural Networks conducted here for a better understanding of the problem and its possible solutions.
Distribution of the 5αreductase isozyme activities in different segments of rat and human epididymis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

 Objectives: To study the distribution of the 5αreductase (5αR.)isozyme activities in subcellular fractions of different segments of the epididymis.Design: Experimental study on rat and human epididymis.Settings: The Endocrinology Laboratory of National Research Institute for Family Planning.Methods: Measurement of the 5αreductase isozyme activities in cytoplasm,microsome and nucleoplasm of different segments of rat and human epididymis.Results: (1)The 5αR.isozyme activities were similar in the rat and human epididymal nucleoplasm showing a gradient decrease from caput to cauda of the epididymis( P0.01).The activities in microsome and cytoplasm were unidentical.The isozyme activities were highest in the corpus and lowest in the cauda (P0.05)of human epididymis.(2)The activities of 5αR.isozymes in the nucleoplasm and microsome fractions of human and rat epididymis were more than those in the cytoplasm.There is a relationship between the microsome and the cytoplasm.(r=0.8759).(3)While no significant differences in I and II isozyme activities were observed in the rat epididymis,isozyme II activity seemed to be dominated in microsomal fractions of the corresponding segments of human epididymis.Conclusion: The distribution characteristics of the isozyme activities appear to be accordant with the progression of sperm maturation in the epididymis suggesting that 5αR.isozyme may be one of the essential nuclear factors regulating sperm maturation in the epididymis.The mechanism by which 5αR.isozymes regulate sperm maturation remains further study.
Surgical intervention for tbc p

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstracts. Tuberculosis. Surgical intervention for tbc p. Morr Davies (British med Journ. No. 3614), dwelling briefly on the claim. pneumothorax, examines other methods. A. prefers phrenicoexeresis to phrenicotomy, since the first is possible to destroy the connections of the additional branches of n. phrenic with the intra'thoracic part of the nerve. As a result of paralysis of the dome of the diaphragm and atrophy of muscle fibers, muscle spasm disappears, respiratory movements decrease; the rise of the dome of the diaphragm upward continues for 2-3 months. after muscle fiber atrophy. The collapse is not limited only to the base of the lungs, but also leads to a decrease in the volume of the cavities in the upper section. Indications for f. BC: 1. Cases of basal tbc. 2. In cases of chronic basal effusions.
Quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence to identify candidate biomarkers of response to anti-PD1 in metastatic melanoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e21600 Background: Predictive biomarkers for stratification of treatment with immunotherapy are urgently needed. Quantitative multiplex immunofluorescence (qmIF) allows for staining of multiple markers and quantitative analysis of a single formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) slide. The study aim is to identify biomarkers of response to anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) immunotherapy using (qmIF) in patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. Methods: We identified 15 patients with stage IV cutaneous melanoma treated with an anti-PD-1. Pre-treatment tumor tissue was stained using qmIF for DAPI (nuclei), CD3 (T cell), CD8 (cytotoxic T cell (CTL)), CD68 (macrophage), HLA-DR (activation), SOX10 (tumor), and Ki67 (proliferation). Mutispectral images were acquired with Vectraand analyzed using inForm software and RStudio. Results: Preliminary data for 8 patients (5 responders and 3 non-responders) was analyzed. We find that the ratio of SOX10+HLADR+/Total Tumor correlates with progression free survival (PFS) (p = 0.0185) and trends towards significance in predicting response to anti-PD-1 (p = 0.07). Nearest neighbor analysis finds that CTLs tend to be farther from SOX10+HLA-DR+ tumor cells in non-responders. QmIF and mRNA expression analysis (nanoString) of the complete cohort is ongoing. Conclusions: Consistent with the literature, we find that HLA-DR expression on tumor cells correlates with progression free survival (PFS) and response to anti-PD-1. Furthermore, CTLs tended to be closer to SOX10+HLA-DR+ tumor cells in responders. Previous reports show that HLA-DR is a potentially useful predictive biomarker and its expression in melanoma is important for anti-PD-1 activity, possibly through the promotion of a more inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Our preliminary results support this finding using qmIF, and the use of HLA-DR as a predictive biomarker of response to anti-PD-1 inhibition in metastatic melanoma merits further investigation.
Efficient sampling for decision making in materials discovery*

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Accelerating materials discovery crucially relies on strategies that efficiently sample the search space to label a pool of unlabeled data. This is important if the available labeled data sets are relatively small compared to the unlabeled data pool. Active learning with efficient sampling methods provides the means to guide the decision making to minimize the number of experiments or iterations required to find targeted properties. We review here different sampling strategies and show how they are utilized within an active learning loop in materials science.
Rethinking the fragmentation of the cyberpublic: from consensus to contestation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recently there has been some debate between deliberative democrats about whether the internet is leading to the fragmentation of communication into `like-minded' groups.This article is concerned with what is held in common by both sides of the debate: a public sphere model that aims for all-inclusive, consensus seeking rational deliberation that eliminates inter-group `polarizing' politics. It argues that this understanding of deliberative democracy fails to adequately consider the asymmetries of power through which deliberation and consensus are achieved, the inter-subjective basis of meaning, the centrality of respect for difference in democracy, and the democratic role of `like-minded' deliberative groups.The deliberative public sphere must be rethought to account more fully for these four aspects. The article draws on post-Marxist discourse theory and reconceptualizes the public sphere as a space constituted through discursive contestation.Taking this radicalized norm, it considers what research is needed to understand the democratic implications of the formation of `like-minded' groups online.
Differential double-excitation cross sections in 50–150-keV proton-helium collisions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have measured projectile-energy-loss spectra for 50-, 100-, and 150-keV p+He collisions. From the data we obtained differential double-excitation cross sections as a function of projectile scattering angle. At 150 keV a pronounced peak structure was observed at about 0.7 mrad for double excitation to the (2${\mathit{p}}^{2}$) $^{1}$D and (2s2p) $^{1}$P states. Our data provide indications for the dominance of a first-order mechanism involving the electron-electron interaction in double excitation for 150 keV at small scattering angles. At lower projectile energies and larger scattering angles a second-order mechanism appears to be of the same order of magnitude as the first-order mechanism. In these regimes, interference effects between the first- and second-order mechanisms could be important.
Monolayer graphene nanoribbon p-n junction

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Recently, one of the interesting topics in low dimensional condensed matter physics is p-n junctions. One of the applications of p-n junction is diode where this diode supply characteristics are applicable in both rectifiers and switching circuits. The discovery of p-n junction devices can ease the device design and investigation of physical events. Here we have reported the current in a single-layer graphene p-n junction in which carrier type and density in two adjacent regions are locally controlled by electrostatic gating. Graphene is one of the most suitable materials for bipolar nanoelectronics. The type of carriers and the density of electric field of graphene is controllable because of its very special band structure.
Nutritional and Nonnutritional Content of Underexploited Edible Seaweeds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Macroalgae are a valuable source of highly bioactive primary and secondary metabolites that may have useful bioapplications. To investigate the nutritional and nonnutritional contents of underexploited edible seaweeds, proximate composition, including protein, fat, ash, vitamins A, C, and E, and niacin, as well as important phytochemicals, including polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, sterols, saponins, and coumarins, were screened from algal species using spectrophotometric methods. Ash content ranged from 3.15–25.23% for green seaweeds, 5–29.78% for brown algae, and 7–31.15% for red algae. Crude protein content ranged between 5 and 9.8% in Chlorophyta, 5 and 7.4% in Rhodophyta, and between 4.6 and 6.2% in Phaeophyceae. Crude carbohydrate contents ranged from 20 to 42% for the collected seaweeds, where green algae had the highest content (22.5–42%), followed by brown algae (21–29.5%) and red algae (20–29%). Lipid content was found to be low in all the studied taxa at approximately 1–6%, except for Caulerpa prolifera (Chlorophyta), which had a noticeable higher lipid content at 12.41%. These results indicated that Phaeophyceae were enriched with a high phytochemical content, followed by that of Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta. The studied algal species contained a high amount of carbohydrate and protein, indicating that they could be considered as a healthy food source.
Synthetic Vaccines against Friend Murine Leukaemia Virus-induced Erythroleukaemia: in vivo and in vitro Studies with Synthetic Oligopeptides and Sequence-specific Antisera

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Biological activities of antisera against synthetic oligopeptides were examined. The peptide antisera were directed against amino acids 6 to 12 (pep1), 124 to 131 (pep2), 256 to 262 (pep3), 283 to 290 (pep4) and 434 to 441 (pep5) of the viral envelope glycoprotein (gp70). Peptide-specific antisera did not neutralize viral infectivity. However, antibodies to pep4 and pep5, which bound to the hydrophobic part of gp70, mediated the complement-dependent lysis of Friend murine leukaemia virus (FLV)-infected cells. STU mice were immunized against FLV-induced erythroleukaemia with synthetic oligopeptides. Vaccines containing only one of these peptides (single-peptide vaccines) as well as multi-peptide vaccines containing pep1, -4, -5 or pep1, -2, -3, -4, -5 were used. Whereas the immunizations with single-peptide vaccines did not protect the immunized mice from FLV-induced erythroleukaemia, multi-peptide vaccines enhanced the survival rate and incubation period after FLV challenge. These results revealed that immunological reactions distinct from neutralizing antibodies can be evoked by immunization with synthetic peptides and can confer limited protection against FLV-induced erythroleukaemia.