jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Indicator taxa revisited: useful for conservation planning?

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Aim Indicators for biodiversity are needed to facilitate the identification of complementary reserve networks for biodiversity conservation. One widely adopted approach is to use indicator taxa, i.e. a single taxon such as birds or butterflies, despite the ongoing debate regarding their usefulness as indicators of broader biodiversity. Here we assess several aspects, such as influence of species number, of indicator taxa for three extensive data sets to improve our insight into the effectiveness of indicator taxa. Location Denmark, sub‐Saharan Africa and Uganda. Methods First, we investigate to what extent variation in species number between indicator taxa (e.g. 488 mammal spp. vs. 210 snake spp.) is causing the differences in effectiveness between indicator taxa. Second, we investigate whether indicator taxa are capable of outperforming indicator groups composed of random sets of species chosen among all taxa. Finally, we assess the correlation of specific properties such as mean range size of the indicator taxa to their effectiveness. We investigate these aspects of the effectiveness of indicator taxa through the separate analysis of three distinct distributional species data sets: sub‐Saharan Africa (4,039 spp.), Denmark (847 spp.) and Uganda (2,822 spp.). Results We overall found that indicator taxa comprising a greater number of species tend to perform better than indicator taxa with fewer species (e.g. 488 mammal spp. outperform 210 snake spp.), although there are some exceptions. Second, we found most indicator taxa to perform worse than indicator groups consisting of a comparable number of species selected among all taxa. Finally, the effectiveness of indicator taxa was seen to correlate poorly with selected distributional properties such as mean range size of the indicator taxa, suggesting that it is difficult to predict which taxa are efficient biodiversity indicators. Main conclusions Overall, these findings might suggest that focus should simply be on increasing the number of species among all taxa as basis for priority setting, rather than striving to obtain the ‘perfect’ indicator taxa.
Inherited Sterility by Substerilizing Radiation in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Bioefficacy and Potential for Pest Suppression

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Spodoptera litura reared on host plants and on synthetic diet were irradiated with two substerilizing doses of gamma radiation, 100 Gy and 130 Gy, and examined for inherited sterility. Irradiation affected mating success in the parental (P) and F1 generations. F1 sterility was higher than P sterility, and F1 males inherited more sterility than did F1 females. F1 progeny developed at a slower rate compared with controls. F1 survival to adulthood decreased with increasing dose of radiation. Sex ratio in F1 moths was skewed towards male. Life tables were constructed for S. litura reared on host plant and synthetic diets, and the impact of radiation on population characteristics was ascertained. Reproductive rate (R0) was significantly decreased as a consequence of irradiation, and the effect was more severe in F1 crosses than in P crosses. There was a negative correlation between the dose of radiation and the percent embryo formation in P crosses. Whereas in F1 crosses, radiation dose (given to male parents) was positively correlated with the percent unhatched embryonated eggs. Early mortality of eggs prevailed in unhatched eggs derived from P crosses, and late embryonic lethality was the major cause of F1 sterility. Effects of irradiation are discussed with an emphasis on assessing the potential of the inherited sterility principle for pest control.
Towards Understanding of Charging Effects of Conductive Thin-Film Based Phase Plates

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In the past few years, physical phase plates (PP) have become a viable tool to enhance the contrast of weakphase objects in transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Among the most promising phase-shifting devices are thin-film based PPs.Classical approaches, such as the Zernike and Hilbert PPs, are based on the mean inner potential of microstructured thin films [1].Typically, a thin amorphous carbon (aC)-film is applied with a thickness that is carefully adjusted to induce a well-defined phase shift between the unscattered and the scattered electrons.Unfortunately the illumination causes charging as well as reversible and irreversible changes of the PP material resulting in deviations of the phase shift from its desired distribution.Whereas a novel group of hole-free PPs manages to take advantage of charging [2, 3] by a preconditioning procedure before application, conventional thin-film based PPs suffer from those effects.
Evidence that the partial resistance of theArabidopsis 5‐2mutant to fusicoccin depends on a decreased capacity of the H+pump to respond to activating factors

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Measurements of H + extrusion activity K + influx, and E s bm in 3‐d‐old seedlings of the 5‐2 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (which is partially insensitive to fusicoccin) showed the following, (i) The reduced response of 5‐2 to fusicoccin (FC) does not depend on the penetration of FC to its site of action, or on decreased affinity of the FC receptor, (ii) The reduced response of H + and K + transport to FC does not depend on an impairment of the K + absorption system, (iii) The mutation can influence the H + extrusion system independently of the presence of FC. In the presence of factors other than FC known to activate the plasma membrane H + ‐ATPase (e.g. a cytosol‐acidifying treatment), the response in 5‐2 is about 50% lower than in wt. (iv) When both genotypes grow in optimal conditions, the rate of fresh weight increase and stem elongation is higher in wt than 5‐2 . These data indicate that the 5‐2 mutation affects some intrinsic component of the H + ‐extrusion machinery, the limiting effect of which becomes considerable when either the physiological or the experimental conditions induce a high level of proton pump activity. An alteration either of the ATPase itself or of a factor controlling its activity is compatible with our observations.
Nuclear Energy Processes: Fission and Fusion

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Physics of Energy provides a comprehensive and systematic introduction to the scientific principles governing energy sources, uses, and systems. This definitive textbook traces the flow of energy from sources such as solar power, nuclear power, wind power, water power, and fossil fuels through its transformation in devices such as heat engines and electrical generators, to its uses including transportation, heating, cooling, and other applications. The flow of energy through the Earth's atmosphere and oceans, and systems issues including storage, electric grids, and efficiency and conservation are presented in a scientific context along with topics such as radiation from nuclear power and climate change from the use of fossil fuels. Students, scientists, engineers, energy industry professionals, and concerned citizens with some mathematical and scientific background who wish to understand energy systems and issues quantitatively will find this textbook of great interest.
Homing receptors on human and rodent lymphocytes--evidence for a conserved carbohydrate-binding specificity

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Lymphocyte recirculation begins with the attachment of circulating cells to the structurally distinctive postcapillary venules of lymphoid organs termed high-endothelial venules (HEVs). In both rodents and humans, the attachment of lymphocytes to the HEVs of peripheral lymph nodes (PNs) on the one hand and gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALTs) on the other appears to involve discrete adhesive structures on the surfaces of the interacting cells. In rodents, we previously showed that a carbohydrate-binding receptor at the lymphocyte surface participates in the attachment to the HEV of peripheral nodes. The studies reported herein document the involvement of a similar receptor in the selective attachment of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to the HEVs of PNs. We argue that the close functional relationship between the human and rodent receptors indicates that this component of the adhesive interaction has been conserved through evolution.
Genetic Mapping and Identification of the Gibberellin 3-Oxidase Gene GA3ox Leading to a GA-Deficient Dwarf Phenotype in Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata D.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant height is an important indicator in the ideal plant model and contributes to optimizing yield and lodging resistance. The emergence of a dwarfing phenotype provides an opportunity for plant height improvement. In a previous study, we identified a dwarf mutant Si1 in pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata D.) obtained by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis of the inbred line N87. Phenotype identification for Si1 revealed a decrease in cell size and shorter internodes than those of wild type. Genetic analysis revealed that the dwarf mutant trait was controlled by a single recessive gene, CmaSI1. By bulked segregant analysis (BSA) and subsequent fine mapping, we mapped the CmaSI1 locus to a 463 kb region on chromosome 8 that contained 28 annotated genes in the F2 population. Only one nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in CmoCh08G006170 was obtained according to whole-genome resequencing of the two parents. CmoCh08G006170, a homolog of Arabidopsis gibberellin 3-beta hydroxylase (GA3ox), is a key enzyme in the regulation of bioactive gibberellins (GAs). RNA-seq analysis and qRT-PCR showed that the expression level of CmoCh08G006170 in stems of Si1 was changed compared with that of wild type. The dwarf phenotype could be restored by exogenous GA3 treatment, suggesting that Si1 is a GA-deficient mutant. The above results demonstrated that CmoCh08G006170 may be the candidate gene controlling the dwarf phenotype. This study provides an important theoretical basis for the genetic regulation of vine length and crop breeding in pumpkin.
To deviate from the expected: a collective story of physical activity among inactive rural children

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Physically inactive children in rural areas are overlooked in research because of the dominance of urban perspectives focusing on physical activity rather than inactivity. The aim of this article is to examine an emerging collective story of how physically inactive children (aged 9-11 years) in two rural areas experience their relationships with physical activity. Based on praxis-oriented sociocultural theorising, this study focuses on how practical physical activity is understood by rural children as part of their sociocultural environment. Five focus group interviews with 21 physically inactive rural children in western Sweden were conducted. Experiences and behaviours that the children emphasised as central to their inactivity were analysed as sociocultural expressions in a collective story about physical activity. To underline the importance of narratives for behaviour in the sociocultural environment, the collective story is presented through three composite narratives told by three fictional characters: 'Robin, the shy one', 'Kim, the farm kid', and 'Angry Alex'. Characteristic of these inactive rural children is a lack of self-confidence, a lack of meaning, and difficulties in managing social physical activities. Common to the behaviours that follow from the children's experiences is that they are perceived as deviating from what is expected of them in accordance with the cultural story about a physically active child. The analysis shows that the underlying cause is the discrepancy between the children's understanding of physical activity and the understanding conveyed via institutions informed by urban perspectives such as, for example, school. For instance, children view physical activity as part of daily labour at the same time that the school teaches physical activities intended for recreational purposes in spare time. Institutions should make room for more interpretations, including rural ones, of the meaning of physical activity and, thus, contribute to reconstructing the cultural narrative about physical activity.
Factors influencing the results of a social survey

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social surveys are conducted to determine how annoyed people are in a certain noise situation. The results are typically presented as exposure-response curves showing the percentage highly annoyed as a function of the noise exposure level. A re-analysis of previously conducted surveys reveal that the result is highly dependent not only on the noise level itself but also on a number of other factors like how the survey was conducted, how the annoyance questions were phrased, what kind of response scales were used, how was high annoyance defined etc. The influence of different factors will be discussed and quantified.
The molecular basis of zinc homeostasis in cereals

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Plants require zinc (Zn) as an essential cofactor for diverse molecular, cellular and physiological functions. Zn is crucial for crop yield, but is one of the most limiting micronutrients in soils. Grasses like rice, wheat, maize and barley are crucial sources of food and nutrients for humans. Zn deficiency in these species therefore not only reduces annual yield but also directly results in Zn malnutrition of more than two billion people in the world. There has been good progress in understanding Zn homeostasis and Zn deficiency mechanisms in plants. However, our current knowledge of monocots, including grasses, remains insufficient. In this review, we provide a summary of our knowledge of molecular Zn homeostasis mechanisms in monocots, with a focus on important cereal crops. We additionally highlight divergences in Zn homeostasis of monocots and the dicot model Arabidopsis thaliana , as well as important gaps in our knowledge that need to be addressed in future research on Zn homeostasis in cereal monocots.
Off‐label use of the amplatzer ductal occluder II additional size for percutaneous treatment of acute aortic occlusion in a baby

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We describe the case of a 5‐month‐old baby with a pro‐coagulative condition, referred for rapid atrial tachycardia. At echocardiography we found a large free‐floating atrial thrombus that spontaneously embolized into the descending aorta and produced acute sub‐renal occlusion. Aorta and iliac vessels were cleared using the ADO II additional sizes device. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Family farming workers mental health in a microrregion in southern Brazil

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This research aims at investigating family farming workers' of Ituporanga microregion mental health problems and sociodemographical feature and work process association. The sample corresponded to 447 family farming workers in Ituporanga, i. e., part of the overall population lives in the 1.578 rural properties of the city (IBGE, 2007). A questionnaire with socio-demographic and work process variables was used for data collection concerning mental health problems along with the Self Report Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Inference descriptive statistics with central trend measures and variability was used for data analysis. By means of binary logistic regression the probability of an event, i.e. the presence of mental health problems occur as a result of predicting variables. Level of significance 5% was adopted in all statistical procedures. The investigation revealed the prevalence of 33,8% of mental health problems. It was observed that women prevailed with 39,7% (n = 91), in contrast with men with 26,1% (n = 46), being such association statistically significant (X 2 = 8,225, df = 1, p = 0,004, phi= -0,143). Socio-demographical and work process variables showed predictors of mental health problems, such as: (sex, age, use of agrochemicals, working hours outside and during harvest time, being family intoxication the most important. Mental health problems showed mostly associated to the use of agro-chemicals and farmers being intoxicated.
Factors Associated with the Completion of Antenatal Care in Podor Health District in 2020 (Senegal)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The Ministry of Health and Social Action recommends at least four antenatal care (ANC). This indicator is not sufficiently documented in Podor health district. This study aimed to identify factors associated with the completion of ANC in this district. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 19 to 22 June 2020 in Podor health district, located 490 km away from Dakar in northern Senegal. The study population included women who had given birth in the 24 months preceding the survey. A two-stage cluster sampling was carried out. Data were collected during a face-to-face interview using an electronic questionnaire created with Open Data Kit Collect (ODK Collect) software. The adjusted Odds ratio (aOR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI95%) were calculated. Results: A total of 832 women were interviewed. Their average age was 26.5 ± 6.6 years, and they were mainly uneducated (54.1%), married (96.2%), and from rural areas (72.8%). The study showed that 51.20% of women surveyed underwent at least four ANC. Married women (aOR= 4.14), those who walked to reach health facilities (aOR=1.69), and those who watched television at least once a week (aOR=1.66) were significantly more likely to undergo at least four ANC. Conclusion: We need to raise awareness among women of reproductive age and resource persons through the mass media, and improve the geographical accessibility of health facilities to increase ANC coverage.
The effect of top-down attention on empathy fatigue

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Prolonged exposure to others’ suffering can lead to empathy fatigue, especially when individuals struggle to effectively regulate their empathic capacity. Shifting active attention away from emotional components toward cognitive components of others’ suffering is an effective strategy for mitigating empathy fatigue. This research investigated how top-down attentional manipulation modulates empathy fatigue in both auditory (Study 1) and visual (Study 2) modalities. Participants completed two tasks in both studies: (i) the attention to cognitive empathy task (A-C task) and (ii) the attention to emotional empathy task (A-E task). Each task included three blocks (Time Block 1, Time Block 2, and Time Block 3) designed to induce empathy fatigue. Study 1 revealed that the A-C task reduced empathy fatigue and N1 amplitudes than the A-E task in Time Block 3, indicating that attention to cognitive empathy might decrease auditory empathy fatigue. Study 2 indicates that the A-C task caused a longer N2 latency than the A-E task, signifying a decelerated emotional empathic response when attention was on cognitive empathy in the visual modality. Overall, prioritizing cognitive empathy seems to conserve mental resources and reduce empathy fatigue. This research documented the relationship between top-down attention and empathy fatigue and the possible neural mechanism.
Resource flow characterisation and sustainable value creation analysis for the holistic circularity assessment of wastewater systems

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The water sector is at the forefront of the circular economy transition due to the direct reliance industry and society has on clean water supply and adequate wastewater management. The circular use of wastewater has attracted significant attention in recent years, however, there is a lack of universal definitions and measurement tools required to achieve the circular economy’s full potential. The proposed methodology overcomes prominent problems for the circularity assessment of wastewater treatment processes. The resource classification framework developed facilitates robust indicator calculation for comparative assessments. Combining three indicator typologies, namely resource flow, action, and sustainability indicators, enables a normative circularity assessment, that uses value propositions to identify circular actions for the systematic investigation of the impacts to sustainable value creation. The assessment is exhibited by applying it to a case study, comparing conventional and novel photobioreactor wastewater treatment technologies. Resource flow indicator results highlighted improved outflow circularity, renewable energy usage, and economic performance of the photobioreactor system. Action indicators revealed that the photobioreactor technology was successful at achieving the defined value creating goals. Lastly, sustainability indicators enabled the direct quantification of environmental, economic, and social value creation, confirming that stakeholder benefits result from the photobioreactor wastewater treatment technology.
Ammonia- and Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacterial Communities in a Pilot-Scale Chloraminated Drinking Water Distribution System

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Nitrification in drinking water distribution systems is a common operational problem for many utilities that use chloramines for secondary disinfection. The diversity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) in the distribution systems of a pilot-scale chloraminated drinking water treatment system was characterized using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and 16S rRNA gene (ribosomal DNA [rDNA]) cloning and sequencing. For ammonia oxidizers, 16S rDNA-targeted T-RFLP indicated the presence of Nitrosomonas in each of the distribution systems, with a considerably smaller peak attributable to Nitrosospira -like AOB. Sequences of AOB amplification products aligned within the Nitrosomonas oligotropha cluster and were closely related to N. oligotropha and Nitrosomonas ureae . The nitrite-oxidizing communities were comprised primarily of Nitrospira , although Nitrobacter was detected in some samples. These results suggest a possible selection of AOB related to N. oligotropha and N. ureae in chloraminated systems and demonstrate the presence of NOB, indicating a biological mechanism for nitrite loss that contributes to a reduction in nitrite-associated chloramine decay.
MAHGIC: A Model Adapter for the Halo-Galaxy Inter-Connection

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We develop a model to establish the interconnection between galaxies and their dark matter halos. We use Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of both the mass assembly histories of halos/subhalos and the star formation histories of galaxies, and Gradient Boosted Decision Trees (GBDT) to transform halo/subhalo properties into galaxy properties. We use two sets of hydrodynamic simulations to motivate our model architecture and to train the transformation. We then apply the two sets of trained models to dark matter only (DMO) simulations to show that the transformation is reliable and statistically accurate. The model trained by a high-resolution hydrodynamic simulation, or by a set of such simulations implementing the same physics of galaxy formation, can thus be applied to large DMO simulations to make "mock" copies of the hydrodynamic simulation. The model is both flexible and interpretable, which paves the way for future applications in which we will constrain the model using observations at different redshifts simultaneously and explore how galaxies form and evolve in dark matter halos empirically.