jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stability of Slow-Rusting Resistance toPuccinia asparagiand Managing Rust in Asparagus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The stability of slow-rusting resistance to Puccinia asparagi in several asparagus cultivars was evaluated in two replicated field trials. Rust epidemics were monitored in each trial for 8 years spanning a period of 13 years (1983–1990 and 1987–1995). Inoculum of P. asparagi, an autoecious macrocyclic rust, originated each year as teliospores. In the first trial, the cultivars Jersey Titan, Jersey Centennial, Jersey Giant, Delmonte-361, and UC-157 had consistently lower area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values than Wash T2 and WSU-1. Cultivar Mary Washington was intermediate between the two groups of resistant and susceptible cultivars in 6 of 8 years. Jersey Titan consistently ranked number 1 for resistance with the lowest AUDPC values all 8 years. In the second trial, Jersey Giant, Delmonte-361, and UC-157 had consistently lower AUDPC values than Larac, Gynlim, Cito, Largo 17-3, and Franklim in each of 8 years. Jersey Giant, Delmonte-361, and UC-157 always ranked low (1, 2, or 3) for AUDPC. A shift from rust-susceptible to rust-resistant asparagus cultivars began in central Washington around 1996. In 2011, resistant cultivars made up nearly 96% of the asparagus plantings. From 1996 to 2011, rust was not considered a problem in commercial fields with slow-rusting resistant cultivars. Use of durable, slow-rusting cultivars, along with sanitation practices that reduced levels of aecia in nonharvested nurseries and on volunteer asparagus plants and judicious irrigation management, has effectively managed asparagus rust in commercial fields for at least 29 years in south-central Washington.
Strategies for Agricultural Cooperation in Contemporary China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A movement is emerging in rural China for a new type of cooperation that is more oriented toward democratic participation. Analytically distinguishing these cooperatives is important for the evluation of their success as economic enterprises and their role in building a more democratic China. We identify them as community-based cooperatives, as opposed to other types of cooperatives that tend to be grounded in private (“dragon head”) enterprises or Party/State programs. The absence of reliable, consistent data at the national level makes comparative analysis difficult across this diverse nation. Hence, most of the work on Chinese cooperatives tends to be provincial-level case studies. We propose a set of criteria to guide these case studies toward comparative analysis in several dimensions: specialization, organizational structure, substance, geographic scope, the role of elites, and farmer/member differentiation. We briefly examine data in a case study of Shaanxi Province in terms of these variables.
The comparative inclusion and acceptance of LGBT+ people in the UK construction industry

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Equality Act 2010 forbids discrimination based on gender and sexual identity. However, many lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender people, non-binary people and people with gender expressions outside traditional norms (LGBT+) working in the UK construction industry experience hostility in the workplace. There has been a lack of research that focuses on LGBT+ professionals in construction, so this study investigates the topic and looks at how acceptance varies across different groups under the LGBT+ umbrella. The research uses thematic analysis to probe in depth the experience of 11 LGBT+ interviewees working in the UK construction sector. The study finds that the majority of the LGBT+ employees have experienced some prejudice, each group in a unique way. Bisexual, trans and non-binary people experience more discrimination than lesbian and gay people. Acceptance depends on the workplace context. The respondents perceive construction sites to be more linked to harassment, discrimination and inappropriate comments towards the LGBT+ community than office environments. The visibility of senior LGBT+ employees and the leadership of both LGBT+ and non-LGBT+ senior management are important for inclusion in organisations and for supporting junior LGBT+ employees. This study contributes to understanding of LGBT+ acceptance and raises issues that need to be addressed in the industry, challenging heteronormative culture.
Climate change and range shift of Igutettix oculatus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The leafhopper Igutettix oculatus (Lindberg) is a new arrival in Finnish fauna. I. oculatus has adapted to live on lilacs Syringa sp. The nymphs and adults feed sap on the underside of the lilac leaves and can cause substantial discoloration. Although yellowing of leaves seems to cause no harm to the growth of the lilacs, cosmetic damage and reduction of market value are obvious. \n
Measurement of gene expression in human retinal microvessels by solution hybridization.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Changes in gene expression could play a central role in the phenotypic abnormalities of the retinal vascular cells observed in diabetic retinopathy and other retinal diseases. To measure gene expression in human retinal microvessels, a RNA-probe excess solution hybridization assay was used. Retinal microvessels were isolated from eyes obtained within 36 hr of death, and intact RNA was extracted by the guanidine method. Hybridization of poly(A)+ RNA northern blots revealed only the cytoskeletal beta-actin message; by using the more sensitive solution hybridization assay, the plasminogen activator-inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) mRNAs were quantified. The prevalence of these transcripts in the retinal microvessels was 0.04 x 10(6) copies/ng RNA for PAI-1 and 0.14 x 10(6) copies/ng RNA for vWF, much less than the prevalence in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (1.93 x 10(6) and 3.90 x 10(6), respectively). The PAI-1 mRNA levels in retinal microvessels isolated from five type II diabetic patients were significantly higher than those in vessels isolated from ten age-matched controls (0.06 x 10(6) versus 0.04 x 10(6) copies/ng RNA, P less than 0.05). The solution hybridization assay accurately measured low-abundance mRNAs in human retinal microvessels; determination of gene expression in these cells could aid in understanding the pathogenesis of important ophthalmologic diseases such as diabetic retinopathy.
On Reduction in English: What the English Don’t Say

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The aim of this article is to examine which sounds are most often omitted in official oral public performances by native speakers of British English. Such terms as reduction, elision (and its types), and connected speech are explained; the literature cited is concerned with elision of vowels (triphthong smoothing being treated separately), of consonants, and of whole syllables. The study presents the results of an analysis conducted on selected material available on the Internet – this comprises three British English oral performances of the total length of approximately 20 minutes. With regard to the nature of the data, they were divided into scripted, semi-scripted, and unscripted samples. The research has shown that earlier preparation significantly lowers the number of phonetic reduction phenomena. Furthermore, if the speech is given in front of an audience rather than being pre-recorded, the number of reduction phenomena is higher. Besides, the analysis has shown a few important tendencies in modern British pronunciation, such as omission of /t/, realisation of final /t/ as [ʔ], omission of final /t/ in contractions, which therefore are realised as [n] instead of [nt].
Practice of European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in the enforcement of courtsï¿½ final decisions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper aims at highlighting the importance of enforcement of judicial decisions as a key factor in building Rule of Law. As courts do not have the opportunity to lead themselves the process of decisionsï¿½s execution and the respective institutions have performed poor results, many cases are presented in front of European Court of Human Rights due to the lack of efficiency in executing judicial decisions. Obtaining a favorable judicial decision does not imply necessarily the fulfillment of the general purpose, and ECHR through itï¿½s judgements has argued that the right to proper administration of justice implies that the enforcement of court decisions should itself be effective and efficient. Being considered as a compulsory provision for the successful conclusion of a legal process, the enforcment of courtsï¿½ final decisions within a reasonable time is an essential element of a fair trial. Also, this paper analyses the circumstances when excuses such as case complexity or lack of funds are considered objective and what is the responsibility of the states toward organizing their judicial system so that the justice is awarded.
How leaders create and use networks.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Most people acknowledge that networking-creating a fabric of personal contacts to provide support, feedback, insight, and resources--is an essential activity for an ambitious manager. Indeed, it's a requirement even for those focused simply on doing their current jobs well. For some, this is a distasteful reality. Working through networks, they believe,means relying on "who you know" rather than "what you know"--a hypocritical, possibly unethical, way to get things done. But even people who understand that networking is a legitimate and necessary part of their jobs can be discouraged by the payoff--because they are doing it in too limited a fashion. On the basis of a close study of 30 emerging leaders, the authors outline three distinct forms of networking. Operational networking is geared toward doing one's assigned tasks more effectively. It involves cultivating stronger relationships with colleagues whose membership in the network is clear; their roles define them as stakeholders. Personal networking engages kindred spirits from outside an organization in an individual's efforts to learn and find opportunities for personal advancement. Strategic networking puts the tools of networking in the service of business goals. At this level, a manager creates the kind of network that will help uncover and capitalize on new opportunities for the company. The ability to move to this level of networking turns out to be a key test of leadership. Companies often recognize that networks are valuable, andthey create explicit programs to support them. But typically these programs facilitate only operational networking. Likewise, industry associations provide formal contexts for personal networking. The unfortunate effect is to give managers the impression that they know how to network and are doing so sufficiently. A sidebar notes the implication for companies' leadership development initiatives: that teaching strategic networking skills will serve their aspiring leaders and their business goals well.
Analysis and Design of Ultra Thin Electromagnetic Absorbers Comprising Resistively Loaded High Impedance Surfaces

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

High-Impedance Surfaces (HIS) comprising lossy Frequency Selective Surfaces (FSS) are employed to design thin electromagnetic absorbers. The structure, despite its typical resonant behavior, is able to perform a very wideband absorption in a reduced thickness. Losses in the frequency selective surface are introduced by printing the periodic pattern through resistive inks and hence avoiding the typical soldering of a large number of lumped resistors. The effect of the surface resistance of the FSS and dielectric substrate characteristics on the input impedance of the absorber is discussed by means of a circuital model. It is shown that the optimum value of surface resistance is affected both by substrate parameters (thickness and permittivity) and by FSS element shape. The equivalent circuit model is then used to introduce the working principles of the narrowband and the wideband absorbing structure and to derive the best-suited element for wideband absorption. Finally, the experimental validation of the presented structures is presented.
Dipole resonances in the electroexcitation of the 24Mg nucleus

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The wave functions and form factors of E1 excited states of the deformed nucleus 24Mg are obtained within the particle-core coupling version of the shell model by using spectroscopic data on direct nucleon-pickup reactions. A comparison of the calculated E1-strength distributions with experimental cross sections shows the validity of the theoretical approach used, which is based on connections between direct and resonance nuclear reactions.
Parasitized Natural Killer cells do not facilitate the spread of Toxoplasma gondii to the brain

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Summary Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of invading immune cells and co‐opting their migratory pathways to disseminate through the host. Natural Killer ( NK ) cells can be directly invaded by the parasite and this invasion alters NK cell migration, producing a hypermotile phenotype. However, the consequences of this hypermotile phenotype for the dissemination of T. gondii to the brain remain unknown. To address this, C57 BL 6/J mice were infected with freshly egressed tachyzoites (type II Prugniaud strain) or with parasitized NK cells. Under both conditions, parasite loads in the brain were comparable, indicating that parasitized NK cells were not able to facilitate spread of T. gondii to the brain. Consistent with this, we found no evidence for the recruitment of endogenous NK cells to the brain at early time points post‐infection, nor any changes in the expression of α4β1 integrin, involved in recruitment of NK cells to the brain. We therefore found no evidence for a role for hypermotile NK cells in delivery of parasites to the brain during acute infection with T. gondii .
Herzl, the Scramble, and a Meeting that Never Happened: Revisiting the Notion of an African Zion

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

E. M. Forster’s quintessential Edwardian novel, Howards End, may seem a slightly odd place to begin a consideration of the classic Herzlian text, Der Judenstaat. Yet to me its relevance is so palpable that the temptation cannot be resisted. Jews, of course — unless they are extraordinarily well camouflaged — do not figure in the Forster story. The narrative follows the fortunes of the temperamentally bohemian, certainly cosmopolitan (indeed half-German) but nevertheless very comfortable Schlegel sisters and their relationship with the much more wealthy, practical, horribly confident but decidedly roast-beef English Wilcoxes. There is in these pages a hardly hidden treatise on the conflict between a money-driven materialism and a free-thinking, literary idealism. Caught in the middle and destroyed by both is the figure of Leonard Bast, a near impoverished clerk.
Multi-wavelength converter exploiting cross-gain modulation in SFRL

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We proposed a simultaneous three-wavelength conversion based on the cross-gain modulation (XGM) in the multi-wavelength semiconductor fiber ring laser (SFRL). It is easily implemented owing to the simple structure. Furthermore, it has realized multi-channel wavelength conversion, which reduces the cost of network expansion. A comprehensive broadband dynamic model is presented. By numerical simulation, the proposed multi-wavelength conversion is theoretically realized using the broadband dynamic model. Moreover, the dependences of conversion efficiency and extinction ratio on the input signal power, signal wavelength and injection current are investigated in detail.
Microbiological studies on the in vitro inhibitory effect of Streptomyces collinus albescens against some phytopathogenic fungi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was carried out with the isolation of Streptomyces bacteria from soil samples of Dilam city. Seventy two (72) Streptomyces isolates were isolated and purified using starch nitrate agar medium. On the other hand, nine (9) phytopathogenic fungi were isolated from rotted roots of six different plants, namely Triticum aestivum (wheat),Trifolium trifolium (clover), Coriandrum sativum (coriander), Cucurbita pepo (zucchini),Cucumis sativus (cucumber) and Avena sativa (oat). These fungi were primarily identified as Fusarium spw (from diseased wheat), Fusarium spc and Macrophamina spc (from diseased clover), Fusarium spco, Macrophamina spco and Rhizoctonia spco (from diseased coriander), Fusarium spz (from diseased zucchini), Fusarium spcu (from diseased cucumber) and Fusarium spo (from diseased oat). Screening test was done for all Streptomyces isolates against phytopathogenic fungi to determine the antifungal activity. The antifungal activity was shown at 24 Streptomyces isolates by various efficacies. However, Streptomyces isolate number 13 (S-13) has the highest antifungal activity especially against 6 fungi, Fusarium spw, Fusarium spc, Macrophamina spc,Macrophamina spco, Rhizoctonia spco and Fusarium spcu. The isolate S-13 was identified as Streptomyces collinus albescens by using gene for 16S rRNA which was firstly recorded in gene bank with accession number AB184101.2. Optimum factors were studied to obtain the maximum yield of antifungal compound. The 5th day has the best incubation period, 30°C is a best incubation temperature, 7.5 is a best pH value, with glucose and ammonium nitrate as the best carbon and nitrogen source, respectively.

Key words: Antifungal activity, Fusarium sp, Macrophamina sp, Rhizoctonia sp, 16S rRNA
Phytochemical study and anti-inflammatory effect of Psychotria stenocalyx (Rubiaceae)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Anti-inflammatory activity of fractionated extracts of Salvia officinalisValeria Dal Pra, Lais B. Bisol, Suelen Detoni, Marjorie Denti, Jaine Grando, Camila Pollo, Tiago R. Pasquali, Arno Ernesto Hoffmann, Marcio A. Mazutti, Sandra M. D. Macedo
The Philosophy and Practice of Indian Classical Dance-Changes and Challenges with Digital Humanities

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Traditionally, Indian dance forms were taught through the Guru-Shishya system, where the student stays at the abode of the Guru to develop a strong foundation in the field. This enabled the Guru to nurture the disciple and prepare them to become experts in the vocation alongside all the important values that go with any system of knowledge in ancient Indian tradition. The unique features of Gurukul were deep love, respect and mutual communion. There are significant changes in the current world, where digitization is an unavoidable trend. An objective of this paper is to identify the aspects that are ‘modified’ and sometimes, lost in the process of digitizing Indian Classical dance. It would not be of any help to fight natural evolution and dismiss growth but care has to be taken, not to cut asunder the very purpose of the creation of an art which is to restore righteousness in the world through an aesthetic medium. The spiritual role that it plays in the world, needless to add, is indeed as an agent to kindle peace and friendship between people, beyond all barriers. It would be helpful if the potential attributes that are in threat of getting submerged through digitization, are identified by researchers and artists. For example, during dance training, the pure dance technique and structure can become translated to a satisfying extent as the basic emotional stance is that of vigour. On the other hand, the intense involvement in the expressional mode, the devotional ascent and the one to one transmission during actual presence of teacher and taught in close proximity, seems amiss
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: The First Longitudinal Follow-Up of a cART-Treated Cohort of Older People in Sub-Saharan Africa

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a highly prevalent chronic complication in older people living with HIV (PLWH) in high-income countries. Although sub-Saharan Africa has a newly emergent population of older combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated PLWH, HAND have not been studied longitudinally. We assessed longitudinal prevalence of HAND and have identified possible modifiable factors in a population of PLWH aged 50 years or older, over 3 years of follow-up. Methods: Detailed neuropsychological and clinical assessment was completed annually in the period 2016–2019 in a systematic sample of cART-treated PLWH in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. A consensus panel defined HAND using American Academy of Neurology criteria for asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment, mild neurocognitive disorder, and HIV-associated dementia. HIV disease severity and other factors associated with HAND progression, improvement, and stability were evaluated in individuals fully assessed at baseline and in 2019. Results: At baseline, 47% of the cohort (n = 253, 72.3% female individuals) met HAND criteria despite good HIV disease control [Y1 59.5% (n = 185), Y2 61.7% (n = 162), and Y3 57.9% (n = 121)]. Of participants fully assessed at baseline and year 3 (n = 121), HAND remained stable in 54% (n = 57), improved in 15% (n = 16), and declined in 31% (n = 33). Older age and lower education level significantly predicted HAND progression, whereas HIV-specific factors did not. Male sex and shorter cART duration were associated with improvement. Conclusions: In this first longitudinal study characterizing clinical course of HAND in older cART-treated PLWH in sub-Saharan Africa, HAND was highly prevalent with variable progression and reversibility. Progression may be more related to cognitive reserve than HIV disease in cART-treated PLWH.
Determination of coefficient of consolidation with rowe cell

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Consolidation is one of the most important aspects in soil engineering. Since deformation is one of the important criteria for design purpose, consolidation test is important. Structures built over soft clay will create large settlement on the clay layer. The rate of settlement is an important part in design, because the time for total settlement can be estimated by the rate of settlement. It is as well important for the design of soil improvement, which is meant to reduce the time of total settlement. The rate of settlement is represented by coefficient of consolidation, both in vertical and horizontal direction. In this study, measurement of coefficient of consolidation in each direction is done by means of consolidation testing with Rowe cell with single drainage, double drainage, and radial outward drainage condition. Kaolin was used for the experiment, prepared with consolidation tank with a pre-consolidation pressure of 100 kPa. The consolidation test was done by applying a load increment of 25 kPa, 50 kPa, 100 kPa, and 200 kPa. Back pressure of 30 kPa was maintained throughout the experiments. Coefficient of consolidation in vertical direction was calculated based on three methods: Taylor‟s method, Casagrande‟s method, and rectangular hyperbola method. Coefficient of consolidation in horizontal direction was calculated based on method proposed by McKinlay. The trends and the values of both cv and ch were compared to previous researches. It was found that Rowe cell that the values of cv has a range of 8.05×10-7 to 4.33×10-6 m2/s for single drainage, and 5.09×10-7 to 1.65×10-6 m2/s for double drainage, and ch has a range of 4.29×10-7 to 7.85×10-7 m2/s. However, some improvements can be made in the method or the cell arrangement to give more accurate results.