jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Impact of Changing Greenhouse Gas Concentrations on Ontario's Climate

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of changing greenhouse gas concentrations on climate was examined. Calculations of the climate sensitivity, the warming of the Earth due to a doubling of atmospheric CO2, are discussed. Ontario was responsible for 0.35% of the world's CO2 emissions in 2019 and this amount was 20% lower than in 2005. The predictions of Global Climate Models (GCM) were compared to observations. Records since 1880 show an overall warming of about 1 C. The GCMs do not account for observed decadal temperature fluctuations and consistently overestimate the warming. Ontario's contribution to global warming is only 9.2 x 10^{-5} C/year using the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommended climate sensitivity value. Measurements of the polar ice caps reveal a decrease in the minimum September Arctic sea ice extent during 1979-2022 but the trend levelled off after 2007; while the average Antarctic sea ice extent slightly increased. Sea level increased slightly throughout the 20th century. Ontario's contribution to anthropogenic sea level rise is about 0.005 mm/year. Sea level along Ontario's Hudson Bay coast is decreasing due to isostatic rebound of the land following the last Ice Age. The change to ocean acidity due to CO2 absorption from the atmosphere is negligible compared to that due to tides, ocean depth and seasonal effects. Ontario's contribution to ocean acidification is estimated to be 6 x 10^{-6} pH/year. No changes in precipitation in North America over the 19th and 20th centuries, nor at Toronto since 1843, were found. The Great Lake levels are remarkably constant over the past century showing no evidence of a change in the incidence of flooding. No evidence was found that the frequency of extreme events such as hurricanes or tornadoes increased during recent decades. The number of forest fires in Canada and Ontario decreased during 1990 to 2020.
Structural Elucidation of an Atropisomeric Entcassiflavan-(4β→8)-Epicatechin Isolated from Dalbergia monetaria L.f. Based on NMR and ECD Calculations in Comparison to Experimental Data

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A rare dihydoxyflavan-epicatechin proanthocyanidin, entcassiflavan-(4β→8)-epicatechin, was isolated from Dalbergia monetaria, a plant widely used by traditional people from the Amazon to treat urinary tract infections. The constitution and relative configuration of the compound were elucidated by HR-MS and detailed 1D- and 2D-NMR measurements. By comparing the experimental electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectrum with the calculated ECD spectra of all 16 possible isomers, the absolute configuration, the interflavan linkage, and the atropisomers could be determined.
Active Magnetic Ranging from Bottom Hole Assembly: Tool Performance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A well intercept operation has the scope to drill into an existing well. Similarly, some infill drilling operations are conducted with the scope of avoiding interception with other wells. A prototype of a tool for Active Magnetic Ranging While Drilling (AMR) without the use of a wireline operation has been developed for use in petroleum and geothermal wells. The main scope of the current article is presenting the results of application of this new tool in a test well. The ranging tool emits a low frequency alternating current into the formation to reach the target well and then run through that's casing and returning back to the well being drilled. This current set up a variable magnetic field that is measured by the AMR tool determining the direction towards the target well as well as the distance. If drilling a relief well, 10 - 25 wireline runs are needed before the target well is intercepted. The present tool perform similar operations with an integrated tool systems in the drill pipe and, thus, avoid all the tripping operations. A prototype of an active magnetic ranging tool on the drill pipe has been developed. This tool is outlined in detail in the paper. Focus will be given to performance of the tool. The tool and the progress have been described in earlier SPE papers. The current article describes the most recent results of the test well performances. The set-up and the results of the logging operation conducted on a drill pipe is described in detail. It is shown how the direction and distance between the two wells are measured using the tool. It is shown by computer simulations how these measurement results can be improved. Most intercept operations are not relief well drilling, but cases where a well needs to be intercepted because a well section shall be connected to another well, or during plug and abandonment operation. The tool can also be used for avoiding collision with other wells, which is a relevant scope for drilling infill wells in older fields or radiator wells in geothermal drilling. The tool and its potential are outlined in the paper
LONG-TERM CORRELATED RESPONSE, INTERPOPULATION COVARIATION, AND INTERSPECIFIC ALLOMETRY

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A model of long-term correlated evolution of multiple quantitative characters is analyzed, which partitions selection into two components: one stabilizing and the other directional. The model assumes that the stabilizing component is less variable than the directional component among populations. The major result is that, within a population, the responses of characters to selection in the short term differ qualitatively from those in the long term. In the short term, the responses depend on genetic correlations between characters, but in the long term they are only determined by the fitness functions of stabilizing and directional selection, independent of genetic and phenotypic correlations. Treating the stabilizing component as a constant and assuming the directional component to vary among populations, I present formulas for the interpopulation covariation and interspecific allometry, which are functions of the intensity matrix of stabilizing selection. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between intra- and interpopulation correlations.
Evaluating the AMIA-OHSU 10x10 program to train healthcare professionals in medical informatics.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The promise of health information technology (HIT) has led to calls for a larger and better trained workforce in medical informatics. University programs in applied health and biomedical informatics have been evolving in an effort to address the need for healthcare professionals to be trained in informatics. One such evolution is the American Medical Informatics Associations (AMIA) 10x10 program. To assess current delivery and content models, participant satisfaction, and how graduates have benefited from the program in career or education advancement, all students who completed the Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU) offering of the AMIA 10x10 course through the end of 2006 were surveyed. We found that the 10x10 program is approaching AMIAs goals, and that there are potential areas for content and delivery modifications. Further research in defining the optimal competencies of the medical informatics workforce and its optimal education is needed.
A Case of Verrucous Carcinoma Associated with Inverted Papilloma of the Nasal Cavity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a rare case of verrucous carcinoma associated with inverted papilloma of the nasal cavity. 64-year-old man had complained of left nasal obstruction for one month prior to visiting an otolaryngological clinic. He was treated for sinusitis; however, the symptoms did not ameliorate. He was referred to our department 2 months later. Under a tentative diagnosis of unilateral sinusitis and antrochoanal polypoid mass, an endonasal endoscopic biopsy was performed. The histopathological diagnosis of the mass was verrucous carcinoma associated with inverted papilloma. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tumor arising in the lateral wall of the left nasal cavity with extension to the maxillary and ethomoid sinuses. He underwent radiotherapy combined with super-selective intraarterial infusion chemotherapy followed by left medial maxillectomy and ethmoidectomy via a lateral rhinotomy approach. The tumor was completely removed, and his postoperative clinical course was uneventful. The patient is currently free from disease 9 months after surgery. The epidemiology, pathology, clinical characteristics and treatment of verrucous carcinoma of the head and neck are reviewed.
New PCR-RFLP Analysis for the Mouse Tnfsf6gld Gene Caused by a Point Mutation in the Tnfsf6[Tumor Necrosis Factor(Ligand) Superfamily, Member 6] Locus.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A new polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis was developed for genetic typing of the mouse Tnfsf6gld mutation. An artificial restriction site was introduced to the mouse Tnfsf6gld mutation by PCR amplification using a modified primer. The three genotypes of the Tnfsf6 locus (Tnfsf6gld/Tnfsf6gld, Tnfsf6gld/+, and +Tnfsf6-gld/+Tnfsf6-gld) could be distinguished clearly and easily. This PCR-RFLP analysis was found to be useful for the identification of the mouse Tnfsf6gld mutation.
Computational models of time perception

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In this paper, we review extant computational models of time perception to elucidate the need for developing connectionist/neural networks models of time perception based on emergent systems approach. The widespread differences between production or symbolic processing systems that are based on cognitivist approach (e.g., ACT-R, and Soar) and connectionist systems that are based on emergent systems approaches are reviewed critically to emphasize the feasibility of developing connectionist models of time perception. Finally, we discuss the implications for developing connectionist models for studying the notion of time.
The Relationship Between Residency and Socio-Demographics to Academic Performance in NCAA Division I Freshman Athletes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Numerous studies have been completed on the academic ability of student athletes. Since the mid 1980s, the NCAA has emphasized the importance of academics and mandated more stringent requirements to be able to participate in intercollegiate athletics. These initial-eligibility standards have been successful in increasing overall graduation rates of student-athletes, but there remain a number of concerns. The purpose of the study was to determine if an NCAA D-I freshman student athlete's place of residency on campus, as opposed to off campus, while attending college during his/her freshman year had a statistically significant relationship to achievement as it relates to academic performance. The continued purpose of the study examined the relationship between selected socio-demographic components to academic performance in NCAA D-I freshman student athletes and how this relationship may have directly related to their academic performance during their freshman year. Participants completed the informed consent along with a questionnaire to aid in determining what academic and socio-demographic variables were related to academic performance (N = 205). Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that living on or off campus had no relationship with how the freshman student athletes performed academically. The best individual correlations with academic performance were high school GPA, gender, and ACT scores. These relationships proved to be a moderate relationship because an r value of .75 or greater was not reached. High school GPA, ethnicity, gender, absences unexcused, and ACT scores did enter a stepwise multiple regression equation, but could only explain 55% of the variance for that equation. Statistically 60% is an acceptable level for predicting academic performance in the study. However, it should be noted that 55% of the variance is relevant for those individuals who deal with the academic performance (i.e., athletic administrators, academic advisors, university faculty, parents, etc.) of student athletes to encourage the use of these variables to predict a student athlete's academic success. The other remaining variables showed only a low or very low relationship to a freshman student athlete's academic performance.
A Novel Approach for Classifying Transient Phenomena in Power Transformers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The role of a power transformer protective relay is to rapidly operate the tripping during internal faults and block the tripping during magnetizing inrush. This paper presents a new approach for classifying transient phenomena in power transformer, which may be implemented in digital relaying for transformer differential protection. Discrimination between internal faults, external faults with current transformer saturation and magnetizing inrush currents is achieved by combining wavelet transforms and fuzzy logic. The wavelet transform is applied for the analysis of the power transformer transient phenomena because of its ability to extract information from the transient signals in both time and frequency domain. Fuzzy logic is used because of the uncertainty in the differential current signals and relay settings. MATLAB power system toolbox is used to generate current signals at both sides of a power transformer in a typical system with various conditions. The simulation results obtained show that the new algorithm provides a high operating sensitivity for internal faults and remains stable for external faults and inrush currents.
8 The Belgian Court of Cassation in the Turmoil of the Second Occupation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter looks back at the policy of the lesser evil adopted by the Belgian authorities during the Second World War, namely the fact that they remained in place under the supervision of the Occupier.This policy allowed the national institutions, including justice, to be safeguarded.But this preservation had a price: the institutions were required, in accordance with international law, to compromise with the occupier and adopt a loyal attitude towards him.The Court of Cassation thus continued its role as guardian of the law.But the German ordinance of 14 May 1942, which prohibited the judges from examining the legality of the orders of the secretaries general, placed the Belgian high court before the most difficult decision in its history.
Endoplasmic reticulum‐associated, aggregation‐prone protein substrates inform protein disaggregation in mammalian cell systems

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Neurodegenerative diseases afflict over 5 million Americans and are caused primarily by proteins and protein aggregates that disrupt proteostasis; the process which maintains protein function and quality control in the cell. Healthy cells can process small aggregates through the action of molecular chaperone assemblies and protein degradation pathways. However, highly stable aggregates irreversibly disrupt proteostasis and trigger disease onset. In contrast to human cells, the chaperone Hsp104 can resolve highly stable aggregates in yeast. Problematically, humans lack Hsp104. Therefore, we hypothesize that metazoan cells have developed alternative machinery to resolve stable protein aggregates. To address this hypothesis, we developed multiple endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized substrates that have aggregation‐prone cytosolic motifs. Substrates were comprised of either yeast or mammalian protein‐derived membrane anchors and aggregation‐prone and amyloid‐like motifs. Because of their structure, we hypothesized that these substrates were dependent on ER associated degradation (ERAD) and became insoluble under stress conditions. We evaluated these substrates in HEK293H cells with cycloheximide chase and detergent fractionation assays and discovered each substrate largely depended on the proteasome for degradation while only some were insoluble at elevated temperatures. We then used biotin proximity labeling to identify potential protein chaperones associated with our substrates.
Implementation of Radon Transformation for Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Radon Transformation is generally used to construct optical image (like CT image) from the projection data in biomedical imaging. In this paper, the concept of Radon Transformation is implemented to reconstruct Electrical Impedance Topographic Image (conductivity or resistivity distribution) of a circular subject. A parallel resistance model of a subject is proposed for Electrical Impedance Topography(EIT) or Magnetic Induction Tomography(MIT). A circular subject with embedded circular objects is segmented into equal width slices from different angles. For each angle, Conductance and Conductivity of each slice is calculated and stored in an array. A back projection method is used to generate a two-dimensional image from one-dimensional projections. As a back projection method, Inverse Radon Transformation is applied on the calculated conductance and conductivity to reconstruct two dimensional images. These images are compared to the target image. In the time of image reconstruction, different filters are used and these images are compared with each other and target image.
Evaluation of the construction effect of the Three-North Shelterbelt in Chaoyang City, China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Three-North Shelterbelt Program represents a large-scale ecological program of planted forests constructed in the northeast, north, and northwest of China, which purpose is to alleviate environmental problems such as drought and Wind-sand Hazards, improve the ecological environment fundamentally, and free 100 million people from long-term poverty. This paper evaluates the construction results of the Three-North Shelterbelt Program in Chaoyang City. With Landsat series, remote sensing data, NDVI, and linear regression were used for the vegetation evolution process analysis of the Three-North Shelterbelt Program from 1985 to 2020. After that, the construction effect was evaluated. Results show that: (1) the NDVI in Chaoyang City generally shows an overall increasing trend, and the vegetation in southwestern Chaoyang City is generally better than in northeastern. (2) The forest land area showed an apparent increasing trend from 1985 to 2020. Their abnormally low values appeared in 2000 and 2010. (3) Regional differences exist for the vegetation coverage in Chaoyang City, with the distribution characteristics of high in the southwest and low in the northeast. The poor forest-covered areas are mainly concentrated in Longcheng District and Shuangta District. (4) There was a decline in vegetation during 1990–2000 and a significant increase after 2000.
Public Perception of a Criminal DNA Database in Korea

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

# Background: Since 2010, Korea has maintained a DNA database of those convicted of or awaiting trial for certain crimes. There have been proposals to expand the list of crimes included in this database, or conversely, omit certain crimes if they are committed during protests. An understanding of the feelings of the public as we consider the ethical, legal, and social aspects of a DNA database and as revisions to laws are made is required. # Methodology: Questions related to the DNA database were included in the nationally representative Korean Academic Multimode Open Survey (KAMOS) panel (June-August 2016). # Results: Of 2,000 randomly selected panel members, 1,013 respondents participated in this survey, including 89.2% who supported the existence of a criminal DNA database. The current system of storing DNA profiles until a suspect's acquittal or a convict's death was supported by 79.5% of respondents. In addition, 70.8% of respondents agreed with the expansion of crime categories included in the criminal database. Many (93.4%) respondents favored genetic testing and data storage to determine the identity and cause of death for people who die of unnatural causes. Some differences in attitude related to social class were noted, with those who self-identified as members of the upper class more likely to support the database and its expansion to include additional crimes than those who self-identified as middle or lower class. # Conclusion: Our findings suggest that Koreans generally support the criminal DNA database.
Circulating prophagocytic calreticulin and anti-phagocytic CD47 in renal transplant recipients: relation to allograft function

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) is considered the leading cause of late allograft loss.Programmed cell removal is a process by which damaged or unwanted cells are recognized and phagocytosed and involves the expression of pro-phagocytic signals like calreticulin (CRT) on target cells, which is counterbalanced by anti-phagocytic signal CD47.The present study was conducted to assess circulating CRT and CD47 levels in renal transplant recipients (RTR) and their relation to allograft function.Methods: Thirty RTR for more than 6 months (15 RTR with stable renal function and 15 RTR with CAD) and 15 healthy controls were enrolled in the study.Renal function was evaluated by serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and urinary alkaline phosphatase (u.ALP; a marker for tubular function).Serum levels of CRT, CD47 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP; marker of systemic inflammation) were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Renal interstitial fibrosis (IF) was graded in renal biopsies of CAD.Results: Serum CRT, hsCRP and u.ALP levels showed significant increases and serum CD47 levels showed a significant decrease in RTR with CAD compared with RTR with stable renal function and healthy controls (P<0.01),while the differences were not statistically significant between the latter two groups (P>0.05).Serum CRT and CD47 levels were positively correlated with serum levels of creatinine and hsCRP and u.ALP in RTR and with the degree of renal IF in RTR with CAD (P<0.05).Serum CRT and CD47 showed high diagnostic accuracy in discriminating RTR with CAD from RTR with stable renal function (area under the curve, 0.842; P=0.001 and area under the curve, 0.824, P=0.002, respectively).Conclusions: Alterations in circulating CRT and CD47 levels are associated with the development of CAD after renal transplantation and could be potential biomarkers for post-transplant outcome.Modulation of phagocytosis through CRT/CD47 pathway might be a therapeutic target for allograft dysfunction.
Child care in general practice. Adoption.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The family doctor's concern with adoption may begin when he is consulted by a couple who cannot because of sterility or impotence have children of their own. As he will have tried to help them in overcoming the disability, it is to him that they will naturally turn for advice if they decide to adopt a child. He may be asked to supply a medical report either on the baby who is to be adopted or on the prospective adopting parents. Thereafter he may have the adopted child as a patient and he may be needed not only for physical illness but also for dealing with the emotional difficulties which are prone to occur in an adopted child from time to time.