jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Orange balsam (Impatiens capensis Meerb., Balsaminaceae): a re-evaluation by chromosome number and genome size1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Impatiens capensis Meerb. (1775) has been naturalized in the British Isles since the early 19th century. Though native to North America, the species is now established along waterways of lowland Britain and continues to increase its distribution across northern and central Europe. There have been two homonyms of I. capensis for a further two plant species with different sporophytic chromosome number. Impatiens capensis Thunb. (1794) is native to southern Africa, has a sporophytic chromosome number of 2n = 14, and now carries the accepted scientific species name I. duthieae L.Bolus (1921). Impatiens capensis Boj. ex Baker (1883) is native to Madagascar, has a sporophytic chromosome number of 2n = 14, and now carries the accepted scientific species name I. firmula Baker (1883). Karyological analyses of plants from three geographically separated I. capensis Meerb. populations from the River Thames Valley proved the sporophytic chromosome number of 2n = 20 and estimated the mean sporophytic unreplicated nuclear DNA amount of 2C ≌ 1.55 pg, which corresponds to a genome size of approximately 1.51264 Gbp per nucleus.
Retailer's role in reducing food waste: Case study of Finnish retailers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

RELEVANCE AND MOTIVATION Food waste is increasingly becoming a "hot" topic in both public discussion and scientific research. It is brought about by cultural shifts related to the global rise of middle class, transition to more perishable types of food, urbanization and growth in single-person households. Numerous international organizations such as UN and OECD have acknowledged the problem, and in 2012 EU called for urgent actions to halve the union's food waste by year 2025. Retailers are chosen as the object of research in this thesis because they are central players in the food industry that can reach out to and influence suppliers and consumers alike. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this thesis are to obtain a general understanding of the food waste phenomenon at different stages of the supply chain, identify concrete practices that retailers could adopt in order to reduce waste and explore how many of the identified practices Finnish retailers have implemented. Additionally, the thesis aims to find out what practices are key to reducing food waste in Finnish retailers' opinion. An evaluation model is developed based on the chosen practices and later used for evaluating Finnish retailers' efforts. METHODS The main research method utilized in this thesis is case study. Two Finnish retailers, S-group and Kesko, which together serve over 90% of market share were studied. First, data was collected from the official web pages of Finnish retailers to get a general view of what practices they had adopted and what challenges related to reducing food waste they face. Second, two structured interviews were conducted with S-group and Kesko representatives to obtain more detailed information regarding whether or not and how the practices were being implemented. FINDINGS The results show that the two Finnish retailers have adopted all of the identified practices to some extent and the issue of food waste is taken extremely seriously. The majority of the practices were rated at the highest level, and potential improvements were identified related to the usage of cosmetically substandard produce and consumer education regarding food waste. Both retailers claimed the careful planning of demands and orders to be the key to reduced food waste. While the retailers have demonstrated substantial efforts to decrease food waste in their supply chain and stores, it was recommended that additional measures are taken in order to educate consumers and influence their behavior.
Effect of different phosphorus levels on growth and productivity of field pea (<em>Pisum sativum </em>var. Arvense) cultivars in Agra region

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of phosphorus levels on growth and yield of field Pea (Pisum sativum var. Arvense) varieties at the research farm of Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri, Agra. The soil of experimental field was alluvial with calcareous layer at the depth of about 1.5-2 m, well drained and deficient in available nitrogen, low in organic carbon, medium in available phosphorus and fairly rich in potash content and was slightly alkaline in reaction. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with four replication of three pea cultivars i.e. KPMR-400 (V1), Rachna (V2) and KPMR-522 (V3) and four levels of phosphorus viz. 0, 30, 60 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1. Thus there were twelve treatment combinations in the study. The crop stand per running meter, plant height, number of primary branches per plant was obtained significantly higher with the variety KPMR-522 (V3) as compared to other varieties at most of stages of crop growth. Variety ‘Rachna’ (V2) gave higher dry matter accumulation. ‘Rachna’ (V2) variety produced significantly higher length of primary roots and number of nodules as compared to all other varieties. Variety ‘KPMR-522’ (V3) resulted in highest biological and grain yield and prove its superiority over all other varieties except (V1) Variety. Variety affected harvest index significantly and higher harvest index was obtained with ‘KPMR-400’ (V1) as compared to all other varieties. Application of 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 Produced maximum number of branches per plant and dry matter accumulation. Primary root length was found significantly superior with the application of phosphorus @ 60 kg P2O5 ha-1. Effective nodules per plant was recorded superior with the application of phosphorus @ 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 and most similar result with 60 kg P2O5 ha-1. Exactly same order of significance i.e. P3 (90 kg), P2 (60 kg), P1 (30 kg) and P0 (no phosphorus) P2O5 was noticed for grain yield (q ha-1), Stover yield (q ha-1), Biological yield (q ha-1), shelling percent and harvest index. Maximum grain yield (18.69 q ha-1) application of P 90 kg P2O5 ha-1, biological yield (68.02 q ha-1) recorded with the application of P2 (60 kg P2O5 ha-1) and Stover yield (52.05 q ha-1) with P1 (30kg P2O5 ha-1), non-significant shelling percent (74.14%) and significant harvest index (28.97%) was associated with the application of P3 (90 kg P2O5 ha-1).
Icosahedral Polysilane Nanostructures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The existence of a family of stable Ih-symmetric polysilane nanostructures is predicted. The smallest member of the family is the dodecahedral Si20H20 cage, followed by Si80H80, Si180H180, and larger structures. The structures and stabilities of the polysilane nanostructures were determined on the basis of B3LYP and MP2 calculations. The larger cages become increasingly stable, consisting of polysilane monolayers sewed up to icosahedral shape. The structures and electronic properties of the polysilane nanostructures resemble those of the experimentally known layered polysilane, suggesting possible applications in optoelectronics.
Genetic metamorphosis of herpes simplex virus-1 into a biological therapeutic for human cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AbstractOver the past decade, rapid progress has been made in engineering safe, replicating herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) mutants for use as biological oncolytic agents in the treatment of human cancer. While initial efforts demonstrated the potential of HSV-1 mutants as antitumour agents, they relied on viruses that were not sufficiently attenuated. Following its identification as the major viral neurovirulence determinant, mutations in the γ34.5 gene were subsequently incorporated into oncolytic strains. Despite the fact that γ34.5 mutant derivatives can be safely administered to mice, non-human primates and humans, their efficacy is limited because, like many weakened viral strains, they replicate poorly in a number of cell types, including cancer cells. Strategies to improve the oncolytic properties of γ34.5 mutant derivatives through further genetic manipulation are reviewed. In addition, traditional treatment modalities that incorporate viral inoculation, along with efforts to elicit an antitumour immune response following treatment with γ34.5 derivatives, are discussed.Keywordsoncolyticreplication-competent virusherpes simplex virus-1 γ34.5 mutants
Adult-Onset Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation in Combination with Intralobar Bronchopulmonary Sequestration: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) and bronchopulmonary sequestration are congenital lung lesions. They are classified as separate entities. Each of them has distinct embryology, pathology, and natural history. However there are some commonalities between them. CCAM may have a pulmonary artery supply, or be supplied like a sequestration from the aorta, and histological features of both lesions may coexist [1]. CCAM is usually diagnosed before the age of 2. It is rarely encountered in adult [2]. We present an adult case of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation in combination with intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration.
Using statistical control charts to monitor duration-based performance of project

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Monitoring of project performance is a crucial task of project managers that significantly affect the project success or failure. Earned Value Management (EVM) is a well-known tool to evaluate project performance and effective technique for identifying delays and proposing appropriate corrective actions. The original EVM analysis is a monetary-based method and it can be misleading in the evaluation of the project schedule performance and estimation of the project duration. Earned Duration Management (EDM) is a more recent method which introduces metrics for the project schedule performance evaluation and improves EVM analysis. In this paper, we apply statistical control charts on EDM indices to better investigate the variations of project schedule performance. Control charts are decision support tools to detect the out of control performance. Usually project performance measurements are auto-correlated and not following the normal distribution. Hence, in this paper, a two-step adjustment framework is proposed to make the control charts applicable to non-normal and auto-correlated measurements. The case study project illustrates how the new method can be implemented in practice. The numerical results conclude that that employing control chart method along with analyzing the actual values of EDM indices increase the capability of project management teams to detect cost and schedule problems on time
The phases of auditory-nerve fiber responses to tones: Dependence on stimulus frequency and intensity

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

As stimulus intensity increases, the phases of responses to tones of squirrel monkey auditory-nerve fibers [ANFs; Anderson et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49, 1131–1139 (1971)] and guinea pig inner hair cells [IHCs; Dallos, Hearing Res. 22, 185–198 (1986)] undergo lags and leads, respectively, at frequencies lower and higher than the characteristic frequency (CF) and remain relatively constant at frequencies near CF. A similar pattern holds for basal sites of the basilar membrane (BM) in several species. In contrast, tectorial-membrane (TM) vibrations at apical sites of the chinchilla cochlea exhibit phase shifts of opposite polarity [Rhode and Cooper, Aud. Neurosci. 3, 101–121 (1996)]. To explore this inconsistency between neural and mechanical behavior at apical cochlear regions, we investigated the phases of responses to tones of ANFs recorded in deeply anesthetized chinchillas. For stimulus intensities lower than 70 dB SPL, responses of most ANFs (regardless of CF) exhibited phase shifts similar to those observed in squirrel monkey ANFs, guinea pig IHCs, and basal BM sites in several species. Thus, the inconsistency between neural and TM mechanical data cannot be ascribed to species differences or a dependence of phase behavior on CF. [Work supported by NIH Grant DC-00419.]
High Precision Fundamental Constants using Lattice Perturbation Theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The HPQCD collaboration has a program for determining the fundamental constants of the Standard Model Lagrangian from lattice QCD.The most accurate method of doing this uses the n f = 2 + 1 improved staggered MILC ensembles with chiral fitting and multi-loop perturbative renormalisation to connect to the continuum MS scheme.This program has already been very successful with the recent strong coupling constant determination at three-loops from 28 observables at three lattice spacings, and the one-loop light quark mass calculation last year.Here a preliminary result is presented for the first-ever lattice determination of the two-loop multiplicative quark mass renormalisation.The perturbative calculation involved was automated in the generation of the Feynman rules, and the generation and coding of all of the roughly 30 Feynman diagrams.The full formal framework for lattice quark mass renormalisation is given, including the cancellation of infrared divergences in intermediate diagrams.The result was checked by evaluation in three separate gauges and by two authors independently, showing the incredible flexibility and power of this perturbative methodology.Our preliminary result for the two-loop perturbative matching factor, and of systematic errors associated with higher-orders, gives MS masses at a 2 GeV scale of m s = 87(0)(4)(4)(0) MeV, and 1 2 (m u + m d ) = 3.3(0)(2)(2)(0) MeV, where the respective uncertainties are from lattice statistical, lattice systematic, perturbative, and electromagnetic and isospin effects.The perturbative errors are a factor of two smaller than in our previous study, and we anticipate reducing this somewhat further from additional analysis of the systematics.
TOWARDS FAIR DIVISION OF BENEFITS FROM PATENT RIGHTS: REMUNERATION FOR EMPLOYEE-INVENTOR IN POLISH LEGAL SYSTEM AND IN COMPARATIVE CONTEXT

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Remuneration for the employee-inventor is the key element to stimulate the development both in business and academic units for the beneficiary of the whole society. The first element that should be taken into consideration in the given analysis is to whom right to obtain patent belong and later - in case the right to patent belong to employer - whether and how employee-inventor should be remunerated. Both of those problems are differently set in different jurisdictions. Polish law adhere to the systems which by statute prescribes right to obtain patent in case of employee inventions to employer and also by statue guarantee remuneration for employee-inventor both in business and academic environment. The conclusion of the article is that despite of the fact that the statutory provisions are reasonably and fairly constructed there in certain elements they are vague and left much space for the internal regulation of economic entities and higher educational institutions, which at the end of the day might change the overall assessment and work better for those entities than for the employees.
[Self-assessment of clinical skills among medical trainees when entering internship during the spring seasons 1998].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study is to identify medical trainees' level of self-reported clinical skills when entering internship. A questionnaire was sent to 124 trainees, who were about to enter their internship. The questionnaire included 88 questions on clinical skills, asking the trainees to rate their level of mastership on a Visual Analogue Scale from zero to ten, 0 = not mastering and 10 = mastering. In total one hundred (81%) returned the questionnaire. There is considerable variation in the self reported acquisition of clinical skills in many of the procedures. In some basic procedures most trainees showed a rather high level of mastership, above 7.5, but in other basic procedures about half of the candidates report a level of mastership below 5.0. A more thorough specification of objectives for practical skills would make it easier to plan an effective and efficient training during internship.
Symmetric and Anti-Symmetric Lamb Waves in a Two-Dimensional Phononic Crystal Plate

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

It is well known that Lamb waves in a plate with a mirror plane can be separated into two uncoupled sets: symmetric and anti-symmetric modes. Based on this property, we present a revised plane wave expansion method (PWE) to calculate the band structure of a phononic crystal (PC) plate with a mirror plane. The developed PWE method can be used to calculate the band structure of symmetric and anti-symmetric modes separately, by which the depending relationship between the partial acoustic band gap (PABG), which belongs to the symmetric and anti-symmetric modes alternatively, and the position of the scatterers can be determined. As an example of its application, the band structure of the Lamb modes in a two-dimensional PC plate with two layers of void circular inclusions is investigated. The results show that the band structure for the symmetric and anti-symmetric modes can be changed by the position of the scatterers drastically, and larger PABGs will be opened when the scatterers are inserted into the area of the plate, where the elastic potential energy is concentrated.
The Measurement of Capital

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

How is real capital measured by government statistical agencies? How could this measure be improved to correspond more closely to an economist's ideal measure of capital in economic analysis and prediction? It is possible to construct a single, reliable time series for allcapital goods, regardless of differences in vintage, technological complexity, and rates of depreciation? These questions represent the common themes of this collection of papers, originally presented at a 1976 meeting of the Conference on Income and Wealth.
Patterns of nasopharyngeal cancer mortality in the united states

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract We examined the geographic pattern of nasopharyngeal cancer (NP cancer) mortality in the United States using economic sub‐regions (ESRs) as the basis for analysis. The distribution of 15,145 deaths from NP cancer over the years 1950‐1979 revealed clustering in the 119 ESRs that was not detected in analyses of distribution by the 48 states, 506 state economic areas or 3,056 counties or combinations of counties of the coterminous United States. NP cancer mortality among white males was concentrated on the south‐east Atlantic and Gulf coasts. This newly described pattern is not due to any recent changes in mortality rates and should provide leads to further epidemiologic study.
Effect of luting media on the compressive strengths of two types of all-ceramic crown.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

This study evaluated the effect of selected luting media on the compressive strength of two types of all-ceramic crown. Tooth preparation was standardized; each preparation had a shoulder width of approximately 1.2 mm, and all internal preparation angles were rounded. Hi-Ceram and Dicor all-ceramic crowns were fabricated and cemented into the preparations with zinc phosphate, glass-ionomer, or composite resin cement. Coronal compressive fracture strengths were determined, using a set of unrestored teeth as a control. There were no statistically significant differences among the mean compressive strengths of the three luting media, and there was no statistically significant difference between the mean compressive strength of Dicor and that of the natural tooth control.
FOREFEAST AND AFTERFEAST IN THE CALENDARPRACTICE OF PRE-MONGOL RUS’

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The church calendar came to Russia together with Christianity and quickly came to be something more than a guide for organizing worship services. In the first centuries after the baptism of the Old Rus’, its elite began to systematically link the most important events of political and ecclesiastical life with the festive dates of the Menologion, Menaion and weekly liturgical cycles. The reasons for this can be both spiritual and symbolic as well as practical. The topic of such linking as a part of extra-devotional calendar practice in Russia has been actively studied in recent years, including the author of this article. For the first time in historiography, this paper raises the question whether Old Rus’ princes and bishops, when planning their public ceremonies, attached importance to the fact that many of the main celebrations of the church year, in addition to the main day of celebration, had the so-called fore- and aft erfeasts. The boundaries of these liturgical periods (like multi-day fasts) were regulated by church statutes, including the pre-Mongol Rus’ Alexios’s Stoudios Typikon. And although pre-Mongol sources do not provide explicit answers to the question posed above, they contain much evidence of the coincidence of these multi-day festive periods with princely and episcopal ceremonies, i.e. laying the foundation and consecration of churches, transfer of relics, entrances of bishops to their cathedral cities after their chirotony, intronizations of princes, their congresses, starting military campaigns and marriage rituals. Among these events, special attention should be paid to those which were not scheduled on the days often chosen when planning signifi cant public events, i.e. Sundays and the eve of holidays. The author came to the conclusion that pre- and aft erfeasts were indeed in the field of vision of the organizers of ceremonies and were apparently perceived by them as sacral and semantic “fields” of holidays. And this applies to the representatives of both church and secular elites.
(Invited) Thickness-Modulated MoS2 for Electronic Applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Two dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) (e.g. MoS 2 ) are atomically thin semiconductors that have remarkable properties such as a sizable electronic bandgap, relatively high carrier mobility, and flexibility. The atomically thin profile also facilitates the tuning of the electronic structure via surface effects such as charge traps and surface states. Two dimensional TMDs having two different thicknesses also have different electronic structures, forming heterojunctions. Here, we discuss the excellent rectification behavior of fabricated thickness-modulated (few layer - many layer) MoS 2 diodes, including a large reverse breakdown voltage exceeding 10 V. The IV characteristics of the diodes can be strongly tuned by application of a gate voltage facilitating the demonstration of gate-voltage controlled tuning of simple electronic circuits including a voltage clipper and voltage regulator. The application of thickness-modulated diodes in high-frequency electronics is also discussed.