jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Different fasting plasma glucose concentrations in patients with type II diabetes insulin,C-peptide release test results and clinical significance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To understand the different fasting plasma glucose(FPG) concentration of type Ⅱ diabetes mellitus(T2DM) patients with insulin,C-peptide release test results and clinical relationship.Methods 476 cases of T2DM patients according to fasting plasma glucose(FPG) was divided into three groups: FPG≥7.0mmol/L and 11.1mmol/L for the group A(357 cases);FPG≥11.1mmol/L and 14.0mmol/L for the group B(81 cases);FPG≥14.0mmol/L for the group C(38 cases);FPG6.0mmol/L,2-hour postprandial plasma glucose levels(2hPG) 7.8mmol/L with normal glucose tolerance(NGT) as the control group(104 cases).The group of oral glucose tolerance test(OGTT) and insulin release test(IRT) determination of insulin and C-peptide results were analyzed to understand diabetes and glucose metabolism in pancreatic β-cell secretion.Results T2DM patients fasting insulin and c-peptide was higher than normal(P0.05),postprandial peak value control group 1h,2h postprandial peak in the diabetic group.Conclusion Different fasting plasma glucose concentrations in patients with type Ⅱ diabetes β-cell function decreases with increasing FPG,while the determination of insulin and C-peptide can be used for clinical help diabetes type,to determine the severity of the disease and guide treatment.
Arabic Lists of the Byzantine Themes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Of the themes of the Byzantine Empire there exists in Greek only one systematic account, the confused and discursive work of Constantine Porphyrogennetos, from which little trustworthy information as to the history of the themes before the accession of the Macedonian dynasty can be gathered. The same author has also preserved a table of precedence drawn up by Philotheos the protospatharios in the year 899, which includes the generals of the various themes existing at that time; and he has himself given us a record of the salaries paid to the generals in the time of Leo VI. This lack of information may, however, be in part supplied from the Arab geographers, who provide us with five catalogues of the themes, the earliest of which, that of Ibn Khurdadhbah, is fifty years earlier than the list of Philotheos and about one hundred years earlier than Constantine's work. With this catalogue that of Al Idrisi (1154) is practically identical. The other three are that of Ibn Al Fakih Al Hamadhani ( circ. 902), preserved in the Geographical Dictionary of Yakut (1224), that of Kudama ( circ. 930), and that contained in the Khitab Al Tanbih wal Ishraf (Book of celebration and observation) of Al Mas‘udi (956). Of these descriptions those of Ibn Khurdadhbah and Kudama have been translated into French by Prof. De Goeje, and that of Al Mas‘udi by M. Carra de Vaux; of that of Ibn Al Fakih I give a translation below.
Evaluation of extended-field radiotherapy for prostatic neoplasm: 1976 progress report.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

These observations show that short-term, disease-free survival is (a) excellent (86.5%) in patients with negative lymph node biopsies, (b) greatly diminished (30%) in patients with positive para-aortic and pelvic lymph node biopsies, and (c) intermediate (71.5%) in patients with positive pelvic lymph node biopsies only in the pelvic region following extended-field radiation therapy of carcinoma of the prostate.
It Has Been the Normal Distribution All Along

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The magnitude of the standard error of a sample proportion reflects how spread out the normal distribution of sample proportions is. Using the trick formula with a sample proportion of 0.30 and a sample size of 100, the 95% confidence interval is 0.210-0.390, and the 99% confidence interval is 0.182-0.418. The 99% confidence interval casts a wider net in order to be more confident of catching the true population proportion. The 1000 surveyors determine their individual 99% confidence intervals. About 990 of them will have an interval containing the true community proportion. Biologists conducting what are called genome-wide association studies also use very strict thresholds. While flipping 100,000 separate fair coins and used an alpha-level of 0.05, there may be declaration about 5000 of the fair coins to be unfair.
European Union Law perspective on the intellectual property protection of artificial intelligence systems

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The paper analyzes possible ways of protecting artificial intelligence systems and their elements with the help of intellectual property law from the perspective of European Union law. This paper deals with copyright law, patent law and sui generis database protection in relation to artificial intelligence systems. The paper begins with an analysis of whether and how an artificial intelligence can be protected by means of copyright. The author analyzes the European Union’s copyright acquis and concludes that the elements of the AI system, as well as the entire artificial intelligence system, that are implemented in software, can be protected by copyright as a computer program if the originality requirements are met. However, the originality requirement is unlikely to be met in all cases in this context. The same issue with the originality requirement applies to potentially possible copyright protection of artificial intelligence systems as databases. Therefore, it is concluded that the fulfillment of copyright requirements for protection of an artificial intelligence system must be established in each particular case. The author also considers whether patent law is applicable to protect artificial intelligence systems. For this purpose, the provisions of the patent law of the European Union, in particular, of the European Patent Convention, are analyzed. The author concludes that the artificial intelligence system may be patentable as a “computer-implemented invention” in case all the requirements for patent protection are met. Sui generis database protection is also considered as an additional possibility for legal protection of artificial intelligence systems, taking into account that its applicability is limited to the European Union. Whether sui generis database protection is applicable to the artificial intelligence system should be decided on a case-by-case basis.
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Antioxidant & Anticancer Activities of Copper Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The present work reveals the influence of copper (Cu) doping in band gap energy level as well as selective cytotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles against human breast cancer cells (MCF7), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), and one normal (Vero) cell line. Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles (Cu-ZnO NPs) were synthesized and validated by UV-Vis, FT-IR, XRD, SEM and EDX. Cu-doping diminished the band gap energy of ZnO NPs from 3.54 eV to 3.29 eV. Antimicrobial activity has been evaluated against three bacterial and fungal strains. Antioxidant activity was examined using a DPPH free radical, ABTS+ radicals, hydroxyl radicals and nitric oxide scavenging assay. Cu-ZnO NPs showed anticancer activity with IC50 value of 219.56 µg/mL against MCF7 and 137.27 µg/mL against HeLa cell lines. The doping of Cu with ZnO improved the selective cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs towards MCF7 and HeLa cells without affecting the normal cells.
Indulgence and Abundance as Asian Peasant Values: A Bengali Case in Point

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The author questions the assumptions of an “Asian school of scarcity and risk,” of which James C. Scott is the principal exponent, using Bengali peasant history as a case in point. He argues that it is more likely that the subsistence traditions of Bengal derive from locally generated values of abundance and indulgence than from a universal “moral economy” and suggests that detailed accounts of subsistence traditions in other parts of Asia will confound attempts to prove that European experience is a reliable guide to Asian practices.
Interactive webbased system for event management

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As the scale of production and complexity of manufacturing equipment increase, it becomes increasingly difficult for engineers to manage equipment and monitor their performances. The limitation of knowledge exchange between skilled engineers and entry-level technician poses further challenges to effective troubleshooting. An effective rule-based event management system is on high demand. Moreover, the increasing demand for web applications urges such event system to be migrated to the web for central data management, little individual installation and configuration and wide accesibility.
Readily accessible heteroaromatic silanes as fluoride acceptors in a mild ^(18)F-^(19)F isotopic exchange

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Silicon fluoride acceptors (SiFAs) are under study as new imaging agents useful for positron emission tomography (PET).[1] They are readily labeled with the radioisotope flourine-18 via a fast and mild ^(18)F–^(19)F isotopic exchange reaction (IEX).[2] The application of SiFA-based PET probes has been hampered by their high intrinsic lipophilicity, originating from bulky tert-butyl groups required for in vivo stabilization of the Si–^(18)F bond. Herein, we present the first example of ^(18)F–labeled N- and S-heteroaromatic SiFAs with improved lipophilicity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that simple cartridge-based purification is sufficient, which avoids the usual time-consuming HPLC step.
Factors Affecting Species Richness in Grassland and Woodlots at York University

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Data was collected on October 1, October 8, and October 15, 2015 at York University, Keele Campus. Three grasslands (Boynton, Danby, Stong) and three woodlots (Boyer, Boynton, Danby) were sampled each day. Grasslands and woodlots chosen were required to be physically separated from other samples of their own type by either a road or a building. An uninterrupted area of 50m² was chosen from each grassland and woodlot, and divided into 100 quadrats of 5m² which were numbered from 1 to 100. Three quadrats per habitat were chosen for sampling using a random number table. To sample a quadrat, transect tapes were laid at its perimeter and every plant within the quadrat and touching the transect tapes was identified to species and classified into a functional group using flower and tree guides. Total number of plants of each species was also recorded. Grasses (graminoids) were an exception as they were not identified to species but total number of species was counted.
Requirements on LEDs in etendue limited light engines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Light engines used in projection systems often set constraints on the design and system application of the LED light source. In these advanced optical systems the optical extend of the LED light source is limited due the etendue of the imager. The etendue is defined as the product of emitting area and viewing angle. This paper shows how the LED light source is constrained by the laws of optics and how these limits influence the light source design. To achieve an efficient system design, the variables that must be optimized include the primary optics, LED package design and chip technology. The LED light sources which are best suited for these applications and requirements will also be demonstrated and discussed.
AN IMPERATIVE NEED FOR A NEW SOCIAL ORDER IN MICROFINANCE COMMUNITY - TOWARDS USHERING IN A RESILIENT ECO-SYSTEM IN THE BATTLE AGAINST CORONA PANDEMIC

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The battle against corona does not confine to only economic resurgence by supplying microcredit to the poor clients in both demand and supply sides of microfinance sector but how to protect them from the offense of the corona in the health perspectives. In other words, imperatively it is warranted that the survival of human beings in the pandemic in the Microfinance sector merits attention on priority in the revival package. It is therefore surmised that in the process of ushering in a new social order with a resilient ecology in the Microfinance sector, there is a dilemma in awarding priority either for economic revival through the flow of microcredit for releasing financial stress or human survival with the resilient physical capability in the process of recovery from the pandemic. The study, based on secondary data, concludes that Microfinance actors need to consider that economic revival bundle should not confine with a fresh dose of microcredit alone and recovery of it collectively or individually in Microfinance sector without synchronizing a social-oriented bundle in the micro-financial package towards nurturing on health care awareness and for the obedience of obligatory preventive measures namely social distancing, Face mask, washing hands by the poor clients in the last mile. Any assumption on this issue is dangerous. The latter that guarantees the basic survival of the customers from the Corona pandemic, should precede the former one or get integrated simultaneously with it to generate a resilient ecosystem from interdisciplinary perspectives. Otherwise, another Microfinance crisis is forthcoming.
Deep Learning in Neuroimaging: Promises and challenges

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Deep learning (DL) has been extremely successful when applied to the analysis of natural images. By contrast, analyzing neuroimaging data presents some unique challenges, including higher dimensionality, smaller sample sizes, multiple heterogeneous modalities, and a limited ground truth. In this article, we discuss DL methods in the context of four diverse and important categories in the neuroimaging field: classification/prediction, dynamic activity/connectivity, multimodal fusion, and interpretation/visualization. We highlight recent progress in each of these categories, discuss the benefits of combining data characteristics and model architectures, and derive guidelines for the use of DL in neuroimaging data. For each category, we also assess promising applications and major challenges to overcome. Finally, we discuss future directions of neuroimaging DL for clinical applications, a topic of great interest, touching on all four categories.
A 10-Year Update of “Review and Critique of Empirical Studies of Rape Avoidance”

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Ullman’s review of empirical studies of rape avoidance is updated to illuminate what has been learned in the past 10 years and what is needed to continue to promote this important form of secondary prevention. Following a brief historical review, empirical studies of resistance strategies to sexual assaults since 1997 are reviewed. Studies of the effects of situational factors, rapist types, and victim-offender relationships on women’s resistance are included. Selected literature on self-defense training and rape prevention related specifically to women’s resistance also are reviewed, as these related areas of research have grown substantially in the past decade and can inform intervention and prevention efforts with women. Recommendations for future research and practice are offered.
Zebrafish Vascular Mural Cell Biology: Recent Advances, Development, and Functions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Recruitment of mural cells to the vascular wall is essential for forming the vasculature as well as maintaining proper vascular functions. In recent years, zebrafish genetic tools for mural cell biology have improved substantially. Fluorescently labeled zebrafish mural cell reporter lines enable us to study, with higher spatiotemporal resolution than ever, the processes of mural cell development from their progenitors. Furthermore, recent phenotypic analysis of platelet-derived growth factor beta mutant zebrafish revealed well-conserved organotypic mural cell development and functions in vertebrates with the unique features of zebrafish. However, comprehensive reviews of zebrafish mural cells are lacking. Therefore, herein, we highlight recent advances in zebrafish mural cell tools. We also summarize the fundamental features of zebrafish mural cell development, especially at early stages, and functions.
The specialist nursing workforce caring for men with prostate cancer in the UK

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the UK accounting for 25% of all new cases of cancer. It is predicted to become the most common cancer overall by 2030. A national survey of the specialist nursing workforce caring for men with prostate cancer was completed across the four countries of the UK during June and July 2014. In total 302 specialist nurses completed the survey and data from 285 was used in the analysis. This is the biggest whole population survey of this workforce in recent years. The most common job title was clinical nurse specialist (185) and the most common band was agenda for change band 7 (174). However in Scotland 50% of the respondents stated that they were paid on band 6. Over half the group (158) had worked in prostate cancer care for more than 10 years. Few (48) had come into specialist posts from a specific specialist nurse development role. There is wide geographic variation in the provision of specialist nursing for men with prostate cancer. This is reflected in available hours and caseload sizes. The respondents reported frozen and vacant posts across the UK . This equated to 58·3 full time equivalents. The work of specialist nurses caring for men with prostate cancer is clinically complex and appears to cover most key times in the cancer journey. However workload appears to be limiting the care that the nurses are able to provide with over half the respondents (163) saying that they left work undone for patients.
Phenolic Constituents of Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) Kernels

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Analysis of the phenolic constituents of shea (Vitellaria paradoxa) kernels by LC-MS revealed eight catechin compounds-gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, gallocatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate-as well as quercetin and trans-cinnamic acid. The mean kernel content of the eight catechin compounds was 4000 ppm (0.4% of kernel dry weight), with a 2100-9500 ppm range. Comparison of the profiles of the six major catechins from 40 Vitellaria provenances from 10 African countries showed that the relative proportions of these compounds varied from region to region. Gallic acid was the major phenolic compound, comprising an average of 27% of the measured total phenols and exceeding 70% in some populations. Colorimetric analysis (101 samples) of total polyphenols extracted from shea butter into hexane gave an average of 97 ppm, with the values for different provenances varying between 62 and 135 ppm of total polyphenols.
Image1_A Staphylococcus aureus clpX Mutant Used as a Unique Screening Tool to Identify Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors that Reverse β-Lactam Resistance in MRSA.JPEG

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of bacterial infections world-wide. Staphylococcal infections are preferentially treated with β-lactam antibiotics, however, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains have acquired resistance to this superior class of antibiotics. We have developed a growth-based, high-throughput screening approach that directly identifies cell wall synthesis inhibitors capable of reversing β-lactam resistance in MRSA. The screen is based on the finding that S. aureus mutants lacking the ClpX chaperone grow very poorly at 30°C unless specific steps in teichoic acid synthesis or penicillin binding protein (PBP) activity are inhibited. This property allowed us to exploit the S. aureus clpX mutant as a unique screening tool to rapidly identify biologically active compounds that target cell wall synthesis. We tested a library of ∼50,000 small chemical compounds and searched for compounds that inhibited growth of the wild type while stimulating growth of the clpX mutant. Fifty-eight compounds met these screening criteria, and preliminary tests of 10 compounds identified seven compounds that reverse β-lactam resistance of MRSA as expected for inhibitors of teichoic acid synthesis. The hit compounds are therefore promising candidates for further development as novel combination agents to restore β-lactam efficacy against MRSA.</p>
Structure aware 3D single object tracking of point cloud

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Existing 3D single object trackers (SOTs) of a point cloud all apply downscaling when extracting features from points. This operation leads to a loss of spatial and structural information, degrading tracking performance of sparsely distributed and small-scale objects. To address this problem, a structure aware SOT of a point cloud is proposed. Specifically, the backbone network is combined with the auxiliary network to learn point-wise representations. During the training stage, the subsidiary network is used to perform additional tasks and supervisions, which guides the backbone network to extract discriminative structural features. During the inference stage, this network part is detached to meet a real-time requirement as well as to ensure the tracking accuracy. In addition, the impacts of the quantity setting of the input point cloud and re-initiation strategy are discussed; these are significant to the performance but have been ignored by former works. The experimental results show that the proposed method has a distinct improvement even if the tracked object is sparse and small scale.
Graduate Faculty Perceptions of Online Teaching

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The participants for this study were 47 doctoral faculty from Nova Southeastern University Fischler School of Education and Human Services (FSEHS). The faculty taught six-credit, three-credit, and two-credit online courses to 701 students in the winter 2004 term using the WebCT platform. The data were collected using an 11-question survey that focused on faculty’s use of technology; time spent in online instructional activities; perceptions of faculty role; and assessment of student work. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses were used to interpret the data. The investigators intended to use the results for several purposes. The first purpose was to collect data on the use of WebCT tools and determine the level or faculty expertise in online teaching. The second purpose was to add to the growing body of research about online teaching and learning that currently contains very little information about graduate faculty experiences. The third purpose of the study was to provide data that corroborates the notion that online teaching needs to be defined and rewarded in new ways. Research indicates that more and more higher education institutions, particularly private universities, are expanding their online course offerings at meteoric rates (Allen & Seaman, 2003; Berg, 2002;Huber & Lowry, 2003). This trend, however, has not resulted in the appropriate changes with regard to traditional teaching and learning paradigms (Bender, 2003;Goodyear, 2002;Stephenson, 2001;Palloff & Pratt, 1999, 2001; Yoon, 2003). The online instructional trend is also resulting in the ability to deliver courses and programs to greater numbers of students at much lower costs to institutions (Berg, 2002;Palloff & Pratt, 2001). These institutional benefits are not being passed on to faculty whose teaching loads and financial rewards are still being viewed using traditional standards and criteria (Berg, 2002;DiBiase, 2004;Palloff & Pratt, 1999).