jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preventing chloride ingress in concrete with water repellent treatments

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the results of a water repellent treatment on concrete conducted in a heavily trafficked tunnel in the Swedish capital Stockholm (Eugenia tunnel), which is exposed to de-icing salts for at least four months every year. The field exposure site is located some 50 meters from the entrance of the tunnel. The samples were placed in the tunnel in November 2004 and this paper presents the results after five years of exposure. Chloride profiles will be evaluated continuously during at least 10 years. The main purpose of the experiment is the evaluation of the long term performance of water repellent treatments. From the measuring results, it is clear that the chloride penetration is reduced by the water repellent treatment but longer exposure than five years is needed before a final conclusion can be drawn about the service life of the water repellent treatment.
Trophic ecology of the whitemouth croaker, Micropogonias furnieri (Pisces: Sciaenidae), in south-western Atlantic waters

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ontogenetic and seasonal diet changes of the juveniles of the marine fish Micropogonias furnieri , a species inhabiting Bahía Blanca estuary (Argentina), were investigated. Two size-related dietary shifts, at 4·00 cm and 7·00 cm total length (L T ), respectively, were found. Small juveniles (1·00–3·99 cm L T ) ate mostly chaetognaths ( Sagitta friderici ); medium-sized juveniles (4·00–6·99 cm L T ) fed intensively on mysid shrimps (mainly Neomysis americana ) and polychaetes, whereas large juveniles (7·00–15·99 cm L T ) fed almost exclusively on epibenthic crustaceans (primarily Peisos petrunkevitchi ). Increased mouth gape was related to increased size spectrum and mean size of the most important prey items consumed by M. furnieri . Juveniles <510 cm L T ate prey items almost as large as their mouth opening, whereas juveniles >410 cm L T were capable of consuming larger prey items than those found in their stomachs, indicating that the maximum size of prey eaten was not constrained by mouth gape. Seasonal and selectivity dietary analyses showed that M. furnieri can be a highly opportunistic selective feeder. Juveniles relied on S. friderici and P. petrunkevitchi throughout the year, except in summer, when mysids abundance increased in the estuary. Electivity values also showed that prey size and prey relative abundance are important factors in prey selection mechanisms.
Deep Convolutional Inverse Graphics Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the Deep Convolution Inverse Graphics Network (DC-IGN), a model that learns an interpretable representation of images. This representation is disentangled with respect to transformations such as out-of-plane rotations and lighting variations. The DC-IGN model is composed of multiple layers of convolution and de-convolution operators and is trained using the Stochastic Gradient Variational Bayes (SGVB) algorithm. We propose a training procedure to encourage neurons in the graphics code layer to represent a specific transformation (e.g. pose or light). Given a single input image, our model can generate new images of the same object with variations in pose and lighting. We present qualitative and quantitative results of the model's efficacy at learning a 3D rendering engine.
Distribution of local axon collaterals of mitral, displaced mitral, and tufted cells in the rabbit olfactory bulb

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract To determine the projection fields of intrabulbar axon collaterals, mitral, displaced mitral, and middle tufted cells in the rabbit olfactory bulb were stained by intracellular injection of HRP. The axon collaterals of mitral cells and displaced mitral cells were distributed exclusively within the granule cell layer (GrL). Those of middle tufted cells were distributed mostly in the GrL and on rare occasions in the mitral cell layer. None of these collaterals entered the external plexiform layer. Axon collaterals of mitral cells, emitted at the depths of the GrL, were distributed widely from the deep portion to the most superficial portion of the GrL. Collaterals of displaced mitral cells were also emitted in the deep part, but they tended to be distributed more superficially in the GrL than mitral cells. Collaterals of middle tufted cells were released and distributed superficially in the GrL. The axon collaterals of these principal cells typically extended for a longer distance than the secondary dendrites, and they sometimes formed bushlike terminal arborizations. The results indicate that the projection fields of the axon collaterals of principal cells are spatially separated from the dendritic projection fields. This suggests that the output of these principal cells through the collaterals has a functionally different role from the output through the dendrites. The observation that the three types of principal cells differ in the distribution pattern of their axon collaterals in the GrL suggests that there is a functional separation of the sublayers in the GrL.
The improvement of root canal impression technique for core- post facture

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the application and clinical significance of taking dental impression with an improved method. Methods: We took dental impression with this method for 87 residual roots or crowns, Clinical effect was analyzed and summarized. Results: The clinical effect of this method in taking tooth impression was good with success rate of 94.25%. Conclusion: This method was simple and accurate in taking dental impression. The success rate was high.
An easily integrable NiSi TOSI-gate/SiON-module for LP SRAM applications based on a single step silicidation of gate and junction

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present a CMOS NiSi totally silicided (TOSI)-gate on SiON module, based on a single step silicidation of the junctions and the total gate, and demonstrate its industrial feasibility on SRAM demonstrators. The single step silicidation is achieved by the use of an ultra-low initial Si gate electrode and selective S/D epitaxy, which allows us to avoid any additional CMP step. We show excellent transistor morphology, good device results and first functional NiSi TOSI-gate SRAMs in a state-of-the-art industrial cell size indicating the potential of our TOSI integration module for LP applications
Regularized Adversarial Training (RAT) for Robust Cellular Electron Cryo Tomograms Classification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cellular Electron Cryo Tomography (CECT) 3D imaging has permitted biomedical community to study macromolecule structures inside single cells with deep learning approaches. Many deep learning-based methods have since been developed to classify macromolecule structures from tomograms with high accuracy. However, several recent studies have demonstrated the lack of robustness in these models against often-imperceptible, designed changes of input. Therefore, making existing subtomogram-classification models robust remains a serious challenge. In this paper, we study the robustness of the state-of-the-art subtomogram classifier on CECT images and propose a method called Regularized Adversarial Training (RAT) to defend the classifier against a wide range of designed threats. Our results show that RAT improves robustness for CECT image classification over the previous methods.
Quantitative Estimate of Weeds of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum L.) Crop in Ilorin, Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A survey was conducted in the sugarcane fields of Unilorin Sugar Research Institute, Ilorin in the southern Guinea savanna agro-ecological zone of Nigeria during 2011 and 2012 cropping seasons with an objective to identify the current status of prevalent weeds in rainfed and irrigated sugarcane fields. A quantitative method was employed for the enumeration of weeds. Quadrats were laid along transects and individual weed species in each quadrat was identified and counted. Simpson's diversity index, Sorensen similarity index and relative abundance were used to determine the weed community structure. A total of 51 weed species belonging to 40 genera within 16 families were identified across the sugarcane fields. Rainfed sugarcane field was higher in weed species (41) than irrigated fields (35 weed species). Rainfed fields also had the diversity index of 28.84 % compared to 21.66% species diversity computed for irrigated fields. The result generally shows that the similarities index of weed species between rainfed and irrigated fields is about 50 %. Among the 10 abundant weed species, two grasses viz. Panicum repens L. and Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeschel were the most abundant weeds in sugarcane fields followed by Rottboellia cochinchinensis Lour and two sedge weeds Cyperus rotundus L. and Mariscus longibracteatus Cherm. Results obtained from this study would be useful in creating a weed management programme and making informed decision on choice of herbicides. Regular weed survey to identify possible problematic weeds and weed population shifts and direct research toward new or improved weed control measures is thereby recommended.Key words: Sugarcane fields, rainfed, irrigation, survey, weed species
Pengaruh Terpaan Promosi Penjualan dan Terpaan E-Word of Mouth #ShopeeHaul di TikTok terhadap Perilaku Impulse Buying

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to see the effect of exposure to sales promotions (X1) and exposure to e-Word of Mouth #ShopeeHaul on TikTok (X2) on impulsive buying behavior (Y). With the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, 61% claimed to have experienced a decrease in income, but on the other hand, online shopping and e-commerce sales increased by 91%, the majority is dominated by Shopee. The success of e-commerce in the Indonesian online store requires a strategy, one of which is to spread product information on social media in the form of sales promotion and electronic word of mouth, one of which is TikTok. However, it turns out that these two things can affect consumer behavior in shopping and even trigger impulsive buying behavior. This study uses previous research as the basis for deriving hypotheses and uses simple linear regression analysis with non-probability sampling technique with the convenience sampling method. The sample is 100 people with the characteristics of social media users aged 18-40 years in Indonesia. The hypothesis test results of sales promotion exposure (X1) on impulsive buying behavior (Y) show a significance value of 0.007 which means there is a significant effect, and the hypothesis is accepted. The significance value of the e-WOM #ShopeeHaul TikTok exposure test (X2) on impulsive buying behavior (Y) is 0.031, which means there is a significant effect, and the hypothesis is accepted. This study hopes that related parties, especially Shopee consumers and sellers, can better understand impulse buying due to sales promotions exposure and e-WOM #ShopeeHaul exposure which has a negative impact. Therefore, consumers must be more careful in using their money, so they are not used to living extravagantly, especially during this pandemic. However, impulse buying behavior can benefit the seller and Shopee, so this research is also expected to create new ideas for Shopee sellers to increase their sales
Pleurotus species relationship and round the year cultivation in India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Genus Pleurotus mushroom is world second largest cultivated mushroom. It requires lesser infrastructural requirement as compared to button and shiitake mushroom. Itscultivation is also comparatively simpler than other mushrooms. This mushroom is gifted with enormous species diversity that enables its wider adaptability to different agro climate. For round the year cultivation,oyster is found to be perfect hence providing the continuous supply to the market ensuring a regular price. The oyster mushroom has 6-7 species that can be utilized in growing the mushroom round the year excluding extreme winters and summers. The winter species such Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii and Pleurotus citrinopileatus can be grown in winter months. Similarly the species like Pleurotus sajorcaju/P.pulmonarius and Pleurotus djamor suitable as summer species for various part of India. Our article indicates the utilization of these speciesaround the year in various parts of country.
Model‐free predictive rotor current control of DFIGs based on an adaptive ultra‐local model under nonideal power grids

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The traditional control method of doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) has poor robustness due to the excessive use of machine parameters, and does not fully consider the control conditions of nonideal power grids, resulting in serious fluctuations in current and power under grid disturbances. To solve these problems, model‐free predictive rotor current control (MFPRCC) based on an ultra‐local model is proposed in this article. The ultra‐local model is adaptive because it can accurately emulate the overall structure of the system and estimate the total disturbance of the system in real time. Under a nonideal grid, the cascaded delayed signal cancellation (CDSC) modules are connected in series behind the outer power loop to extract the fundamental component of the rotor current reference. The proposed method is compared with the traditional model predictive rotor current control (MPRCC) method, and the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified on a 1.5 kW DFIG experimental platform.
Worm burden of cattle gastro-intestinal nematodes in farmed red deer.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Due to the increase in anthelmintic resistance, new ways of controlling gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are being researched. Multispecies grazing in New Zealand could be an aid in reducing and controlling GIN,\nThe aim of this study was to investigate the establishment rate of cattle GIN in deer. \nA mixed culture of cattle infective larvae were obtained from naturally infected cattle. A challenge dose was given intra-ruminally via stomach tube to cattle (n=5) and deer (n=5) containing Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia ostertagi Trichostrongylus spp., and Cooperia spp.. The challenge dose was adjusted for the mean weight of the two hosts and was given at 0.4 ml/kg: consequently the cattle received 50 ml and the deer 15 ml. After four weeks the abomasums, small intestines and large intestines were collected. The worm burden was determined for each animal and organ.\nThe worm burden Ostertagia ostertagi was significantly lower in the deer than in the cattle (1.9 per ml of challenge dose vs. 82.0/ml; p &lt; 0.05). The worm burden Cooperia oncophora was also significantly lower in the deer than in the cattle (5.9/ml vs. 460.3/ml; p &lt; 0.05). The worm burdens of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei and Trichostrongylus colubriformis were not significantly different in the deer than in the cattle (17.7/ml vs. 41.4/ml, 65.9/ml vs. 86.9/ml, and 0.6/ml vs. 1.6/ml, respectively). \nThese findings indicate that the two most prevalent species in cattle in New Zealand O. ostertagi and C. oncophora are not a risk to establish a significant worm burden in deer after transmission from cattle. The burdens of H. contortus and T. axei in both hosts indicate they are as much a risk for deer as for cattle and may cross infect. There were too few C. punctata, T. colubriformis and C. curticei to make comparisons.
Dry particle size separation using electrostatic traveling wave methods

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Electrostatic traveling wave (ETW) methods have grown in popularity as a method to manipulate and separate fine particles. This is of interest to mineral processing and In-situ Space Resource Utilization. Here, we demonstrate that ETW can be used to separate particles by size. First, our numerical calculation and simulation results show the competing effect of DEP and Coulomb force on particle motion direction, which depends on the frequency, particle size and charge. Then we define the "crossover frequency" allowing prediction of operating parameters to separate particles. At the "crossover frequency" – a particle is equally likely to move forward or backward. The crossover frequency decreases as particle size increases, and the proportion of particles moving backward increases as frequency increases. Four size groups of ballotini particles (glass) were transported and collected at different wave field frequencies. Finally, we have demonstrated experimentally the separation of particles between 30–50 µm and 75–110 µm. Simulation and experiment results revealed the effects of frequency, particle size and charge on particle motions. And the model can be used to guide the design of separation systems.
Development of interconnection materials for Bi<inf>2</inf>Te<inf>3</inf> and PbTe thermoelectric module by using SLID technique

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, low-temperature Bi 2 Te 3 and mid-temperature PbTe thermoelectric modules are assembled by the technique of Solid Liquid Interdiffusion (SLID). Scanning electron microscope is carried out for issues relating to factors limiting the reliability, growth of intermetallic compounds, and thermal stability. For low-temperature thermoelectric module, N-type Bi 2 Te 3 is bonded to alumina substrates by using a Ni/Sn/Ag system. During bonding and subsequent aging reaction at 200 °C, Sn reacts with Ag to form Ag 3 Sn, and Ni reacts with Sn to form Ni 3 Sn 4 . This reaction process takes less than 72 h to exhaust the entire Sn layer to produce a bonding that can withstand temperature as high as 480 °C. The interfacial reaction, Ni penetration depth, and IMC kinetics between Ni and Bi 2 Te 3 at 200, 250, and 300 °C are also investigated in detail. For mid-temperature thermoelectric module, N-type PbTe is bonded to alumina substrates by using a Ag/In/Ag system. During assembly at 190 °C, all Ag/In/Ag joint are transformed into Ag 2 In, which has the melting temperature above 670 °C, in less than 2 minutes. Furthermore, this Ag-In joint has passed high temperature storage test at 400 °C for 1000 h. The success of solid liquid interdiffusion technique and related contact materials provide a cost effective way to assemble thermoelectric modules for power generating or cooling applications which require long term operations at high temperatures.
Africans to Spanish America

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book expands the Diaspora framework that has shaped much of the recent scholarship on Africans in the Americas to include Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, and Cuba, exploring the connections and disjunctures between colonial Latin America and the African Diaspora in the Spanish empires. While a majority of the research on the colonial Diaspora focuses on the Caribbean and Brazil, analysis of the regions of Mexico and the Andes opens up new questions of community formation diaspora framework that incorporated Spanish legal strategies in secular and ecclesiastical institutions as well as articulations of multiple African identities. This book is arranged around three themes: identity construction in the Americas; the struggle by enslaved and free people to present themselves as civilized, Christian, and resistant to slavery; and issues of cultural exclusion and inclusion. Across these broad themes, the chapters offer probing and detailed studies of the place and roles of people of African descent in the complex realities of colonial Spanish America.
A Comparison between Interactive and Automatic Query Expansion Applied on Arabic Language

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Much attention has been paid to the relative effectiveness of interactive query expansion (IQE) versus automatic query expansion (AQE). This research has been shown that automatic query expansion (collection dependent) strategy gives better performance than no query expansion. The percentage of queries that are improved by AQE strategy is 57% with average precision equal to 43.2. Compared against AQE (collection dependent) strategy, IQE gives better average precision than AQE strategy. The percentage of queries that are improved by best IQE decision is 86% with average precision equal to 44.1. Evaluation process reveals that the value of n in AQE strategy that gave the optimal value of average precision for the whole query set is equal to one.
[Research progress on the relation and related mechanism of night shift work and cardiovascular disease].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cardiovascular disease is a class of diseases involving the heart or blood vessels, which accounts for about one-third of all deaths worldwide each year. Unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are all risk factors for cardiovascular disease. With the increasing number of night shift workers, the number of patients with cardiovascular disease has increased, and night shift work has gradually become a risk factor of cardiovascular disease. At present, the mechanism of cardiovascular disease caused by night shift work is still unclear. This review summarizes the relationship between night shift work and cardiovascular disease and its related biochemical indicators, and discusses the research on related mechanisms.
Fear of gangs: A test of alternative theoretical models

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

On the basis of data on 800 randomly selected residents in a large south-western metropolitan city, we assess the influence of four theoretical models on fear of crime and fear of gangs. In doing so, we compare general fear of crime to specific fear of gangs to delineate whether the same factors influence each or whether different fears are the product of different factors. The results indicate that while many of the factors that influence fear of crime and fear of gangs are similar, there are significant differences in the magnitude in which these factors influence our measures of fear.
In Vitro Hydroxyurea Decreases Th1 Cell-Mediated Immunity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Hydroxyurea (HU) is used in the treatment of hematologic disorders and is sometimes added to antiretroviral combination therapy to potentiate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. However, HU has toxic effects on rapidly dividing cells, including the effectors of the immune response. To determine whether HU affects specific T-cell responses, we measured lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production in response to microbial antigen and mitogen stimulation in the presence of added HU (10 to 1,000 μM). HU treatment of peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from HIV-infected patients and uninfected controls decreased lymphocyte proliferation and gamma interferon production compared with untreated cells. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-10 production was not affected by HU. The HU-mediated decrease of lymphocyte proliferation was similar in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected patients and from uninfected controls. The inhibitory effect of HU required continuous exposure to the drug and could be reverted by washing the drug out of the culture environment. These findings suggest that HU-containing therapeutic regimens might decrease Th1-cell-mediated immune responses in vivo.