jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Land will tear us apart: family-farm division and real estate market in Slovenia (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article addresses the question of family and farm in the eastern Alpine area in the pre-statistical period in the case of Slovenia. In particular, it questions the prevalence of the ‘Bauer-type’ family, in which the farm is indivisible, the male farm head has a pronounced autocratic power, while his siblings and other family members are relegated to a subordinate role. Since family and kinship history research in early modern rural Slovenia doesn’t offer sufficiently solid foundations, the division of farms is investigated as a signal of the absence of the ‘Bauer’ model and instead of the presence of a partible succession system. The figures on farm division in different areas in the long run are integrated by information on inheritance and dowry practices, taken from the literature and archival sources. Furthermore, by identifying the actors on the peasant land market, who were entitled to sell and purchase farms and plots, family and gender-related aspects of land-ownership rights are disclosed.The research combines scholarly literature with archive sources to present regional overviews and case studies, on which it reconstructs a wholly original and comprehensive insight into family, farm and land market in Slovenia. The resulting picture is more complex than the simple extension of the ‘Bauer’ family-type would suggest, somehow resembling the composite situation of Tyrol, and it reverses the existing interpretation in Slovenian literature. In fact, farm divisibility seems to prevail, although indivisibility was present. Partible succession was the rule, both in the case of divisible and indivisible farms. The prevailing customary law among peasants was partible inheritance, preferably to males, combined with a dowry system and the separation of property between spouses.
Advances in malignant hyperthermia: novel insights into heat-induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> release as a thermal signaling

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thermoregulation is essential for maintaining homeostasis in mammals under various environmental conditions. Impairment of this function can result in severe conditions, such as fever, heat stroke, and malignant hyperthermia (MH). In this review, we will focus on the role of the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RYR1), a Ca2+ release channel that is crucial for excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscles. Mutations in RYR1 are associated with muscle disorders, including MH, which is characterized by dysregulated Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR). Recent advances from genetically engineered mouse models of MH have provided new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying anesthetic- and heat-induced episodes, and revealed a heat-induced Ca2+ release (HICR) mechanism mediated by RYR1. Experimental evidences demonstrate that anesthetics induce simultaneous increases in cellular temperature and cytosolic Ca2+ concentration. Therefore, this review proposes that an increase in cellular temperature triggers further Ca2+ release via HICR, establishing a positive feedback loop that sustains excessive heat production during MH crises.
Human hair tests to document drug environmental contamination: Application in a family law case involving N,N‐dimethyltryptamine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract For 40 years, hair tests have been presented as the best approach to document long‐term consumption of a drug. This unique property has found numerous applications in clinical, forensic, and occupational toxicology. However, since the beginning of its implementation in biology, external contamination, with an associated risk of false positive result, has been presented as the key in the final interpretation. Evidence of environmental contamination and subsequent health issues can be the task of any toxicologist. Because of recent progress of analytical equipment, it is now possible to quantify drugs in hair with high level of accuracy and specificity at the pg/mg range. Therefore, segmental hair tests can be used to document environmental contamination and are the objective of this publication. In a family law case, N,N ‐dimethyltryptamine (DMT), a powerful hallucinogen, has been found in the hair of the partner of a repetitive DMT smoker at 4 to 13 pg/mg in 6 × 1 cm segments, with a regular increase of concentrations from the proximal to the distal hair end. The low measured concentrations and the particular pattern of DMT distribution along the hair shaft seem to be typical of environmental contamination, the older hair (those of the distal part) being for a longer time in contact with the drug. Despite strong decontamination, drugs from the environment can remain bound to the hair matrix and therefore be able to be used to document environmental contamination.
Hydrothermal Circulation and Geochemical Flux at Mid-Ocean Ridges

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The flow rate of sea water through sub-sea-floor hydrothermal systems at mid-ocean ridges has been estimated at $$1.3-9 \times 10^{17} g/yr$$ by consideration of the rate at which circulating fluid must advect heat out of the spreading plates into the oceans. The rate of hydrothermal heat advection was obtained by computing the difference ($$40 \pm 4 \times 10^{18} cal/yr$$) between the theoretical heat production associated with sea-floor spreading and observed heat flow measurements. Effects of exothermic chemical reactions, direct heat loss from flows extruded on the ocean floor, and heat of crystallization of basalt were minor and yielded insignificant contributions to the estimate. The majority of dredged ocean-floor metamorphic rocks appear to represent the products of intensive hydrothermal reaction with hot sea water. The chemical trends (loss of Ca and K, gain of Mg, Na, and $$H_{2}O$$) and alteration mineral assemblages of these rocks closely resemble those observed in both laboratory alteration experiments and in subaerial geothermal systems where sea water circulates in hot basic rocks. Alteration of oceanic crust appears strongly dependent on the presence of permeable features, especially cracks, and may be restricted mainly within the vicinity of major fault zones. An examination of submarine weathering, volcanic effusion, and hydrothermal mass transfers between basaltic crust and sea water for silica, manganese, and iron demonstrated that the relative importance of the three processes may vary markedly from element to element. A similar examination of magnesium, calcium, oxidants-reductants, and water indicated that only about a kilometer or less of basalt actually reacts with sea water in hydrothermal systems.
A retrospective, quality improvement review of maggot debridement therapy outcomes in a foot and leg ulcer clinic.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Maggot debridement is the deliberate use of larvae known to consume only necrotic tissue. A retrospective quality improvement analysis of maggot debridement therapy (MDT) was conducted among patients with devitalized tissue or gangrene attending a Canadian foot and leg ulcer clinic who received MDT between January 2001 and June 2006. MDT was applied every 48 hours until >90% of necrotic tissue was debrided. The authors identified MDT patients in the clinic database and reviewed their medical records for age, gender, presence of diabetes or peripheral arterial disease (PAD), type of wound, number of maggot applications required, wound outcomes, and nursing visit costs (week before, during, and after MDT) and noted patient experiences. Records of 68 patients (average age 71, range 22 to 95, years) were identified and abstracted. Of those, 44% had leg ulcers and 67% had both diabetes and PAD. The majority (39, 58%) of wounds required three debridement sessions. All but one patient achieved debridement of >90% of necrotic tissue in 2 to 10 days. Most wounds (56) healed with follow-up moist wound care. Only one patient withdrew from MDT. No other patient or safety concerns were documented. Total nursing visits for all patients the week before and then after MDT were 307 and 102, respectively. These findings confirm results of previous reports about the effectiveness of MDT for wound debridement. Randomized, controlled clinical studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of MDT compared to other debridement modalities.
Acute LDL-C reduction post ACS: strike early and strike strong: from evidence to clinical practice. A clinical consensus statement of the Association for Acute CardioVascular Care (ACVC), in collaboration with the European Association of Preventive Cardiology (EAPC) and the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract After experiencing an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), patients are at a high risk of suffering from recurrent ischaemic cardiovascular events, especially in the very early phase. Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is causally involved in atherosclerosis and a clear, monotonic relationship between pharmacologic LDL-C lowering and a reduction in cardiovascular events post-ACS has been shown, a concept termed ‘the lower, the better’. Current ESC guidelines suggest an LDL-C guided, step-wise initiation and escalation of lipid-lowering therapy (LLT). Observational studies consistently show low rates of guideline-recommended LLT adaptions and concomitant low rates of LDL-C target goal achievement, leaving patients at residual risk, especially in the vulnerable post-ACS phase. In addition to the well-established ‘the lower, the better’ approach, a ‘strike early and strike strong’ approach in the early post-ACS phase with upfront initiation of a combined lipid-lowering approach using high-intensity statins and ezetimibe seems reasonable. We discuss the rationale, clinical trial evidence and experience for such an approach and highlight existing knowledge gaps. In addition, the concept of acute initiation of PCSK9 inhibition in the early phase is reviewed. Ultimately, we focus on hurdles and solutions to provide high-quality, evidence-based follow-up care in post-ACS patients.
The Military Reform

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The politics of Polish military reform should be considered in the context of the country's efforts to join NATO. This overriding national security objective has been supported both by the Solidarity and the SLD/PSL governments, becoming part of a broader national consensus about Poland's role in post—Cold War Europe. Notwithstanding the incessant political wrangling in Warsaw over defense budgets, personnel reductions, weapons systems acquisition, civil-military relations, and presidential versus parliamentary authority on national security matters, parties across the political spectrum have agreed that NATO membership is in the country's national interest.
Investigating the Impact of Glycogen-Depleting Exercise Combined with Prolonged Fasting on Autophagy and Cellular Health in Humans: A Randomised Controlled Crossover Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Importance: Although prolonged fasting has become increasingly popular, the favourable biological adaptations and possible adverse effects in humans have yet to be fully elucidated. Objective: To investigate the effects of a three-day water-only fasting, with or without exercise-induced glycogen depletion, on autophagy activation and the molecular pathways involved in cellular damage accumulation and repair in healthy humans. Design: A randomised, single-centre, two-period, two-sequence crossover trial. The primary outcome is autophagic activity, assessed as flux in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) measured in the context of whole blood. Secondary outcomes include changes in body composition, heart rate variability, endothelial function, and genomic, epigenomic, metabolomic, proteomic, and metagenomic adaptations to fasting in plasma, platelets, urine, stools, and PBMCs. Detailed profiling of circulating immune cell populations and their functional states will be assessed by flow cytometry. Setting: All clinical investigations will be undertaken at the Charles Perkins Centre Royal Prince Alfred Hospital clinic, University of Sydney, Australia. Participants: Twenty-four individuals aged 18 to 70 years, with a BMI of 20–40 kg/m2, free of major health conditions other than obesity. Discussion: While autophagic flux induction through fasting has garnered interest, there is a notable lack of human studies on this topic. This trial aims to provide the most detailed and integrated analysis of how three days of prolonged water-only fasting, combined with glycogen-depleting exercise, affects autophagy activation and other crucial metabolic and molecular pathways linked to cellular, metabolic, and immune health. Insights from this study may pave the way for safe and effective strategies to induce autophagy, offering potential preventive interventions for a range of chronic conditions.
Productivity, niche availability, species richness and extinction risk: Untangling relationships using individual-based simulations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

It has been widely hypothesised that the productivity of an ecosystem affects the number of species that it can support. Despite decades of study, the nature, extent, and underlying mechanisms of this relationship are unclear. One suggested mechanism is the “more individuals” hypothesis (MIH). This proposes that productivity controls the number of individuals in the ecosystem, and that more individuals can be divided into a greater number of species before their population size is sufficiently small for each to be at substantial risk of extinction. Here, we test this hypothesis using REvoSim: an individual-based eco-evolutionary system that simulates the evolution and speciation of populations over geological time, allowing phenomena occurring over timescales that cannot be easily observed in the real world to be evaluated. The individual-based nature of this system allows us to remove assumptions about the nature of speciation and extinction that previous models have had to make. Many of the predictions of the MIH are supported in our simulations: rare species are more likely to undergo extinction than common species, and species richness scales with productivity. However, we also find support for relationships that contradict the predictions of the strict MIH: species population size scales with productivity, and species extinction risk is better predicted by relative than absolute species size. Furthermore, we show that the scaling of species richness with productivity depends upon the ability of species to partition niche space. Consequently, we suggest that the MIH is applicable only to ecosystems where niches are not already saturated with species, and where partitioning is therefore still possible. Some hypotheses regarding patterns of biodiversity implicitly or explicitly overlook niche theory in favour of neutral explanations, as has historically been the case with the MIH. Our simulations demonstrate that niche theory exerts a control on the applicability of the MIH. --
Defining the Multiscalar Index Timescale—Soil Water Depth Continuum for the Southwestern United States

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The lack of long‐term reliable in‐situ soil moisture data sets creates unique drought monitoring challenges for the semi‐arid Southwestern United States (“Southwest”). Land managers use multiscalar meteorological drought indices, like the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), as proxies for soil water availability; however, objectively identifying the index and timescale that best represents soil water availability in semi‐arid environments remains a significant gap for applying available climate information to land management action. Here, we couple site‐specific soil modeling with high resolution, spatially continuous meteorological data sets to define the relationship between index timescale length and soil water availability of different depths. By creating new matric potential indices (MPI) from 0 to 200 cm, we correlate MPI time series with the SPI and SPEI at different timescale lengths to identify the best index‐timescale combination for each depth. Results indicate the general relationship between highest correlating index‐timescale and MPI‐depth operates roughly on a 1‐month:5 cm step progression at shallow depths (<80 cm). Analysis by soil texture class shows that soils with higher clay content produce shallower sloped relationships (>1‐month:5 cm) than sandy soils (<1‐month:5 cm). Overall, the SPI produced higher correlations and less error with the MPI compared to the SPEI across all texture classes and depths. Thus, the SPI is a good indicator of soil water availability at shallow depths (<80 cm) and should be considered for soil drought monitoring on Southwestern drylands. However, land managers should consult local soils information, if available, given the impacts of texture class on timescale‐depth relationships.
Regulation of expression of hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Alpha in renal tissue from rats injured by body surface

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ATM: To investigate the expression of hypoxia-inducible Factor 1 Alpha in renal tissue posttrauma and to analyze its potential roles in the mechanism of renal injury. METHODS: The model used in the study was established by having the rats stricken by falling object from the height of 40 cm. Expressions of HIF-1α and TGF-β1 were measured with immunohistochemical staining and HIF-1α mRNA was measured with in situ hybridization. RESULTS: At 1 h and 24 h after renal injury, the number of HIF-1α and TGF-β1 positive cells was higher than those at 6 h and 12 h after renal injury. HIF-1α mRNA was positive in all the groups and no significant difference was found between the groups. CONCLUSION: HIF-1α may participate in the secondary hypoxic procedures after renal injury and be regulated by many factors. Further study of HIF-1α may provide some new therapeutic regimens for renal injury.
Effects of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes Mellitus on Coagulation and Hemostasis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In patients with diabetes, metabolic disorders disturb the physiological balance of coagulation and fibrinolysis, leading to a prothrombotic state characterized by platelet hypersensitivity, coagulation disorders and hypofibrinolysis. Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance cause changes in platelet number and activation, as well as qualitative and/or quantitative modifications of coagulatory and fibrinolytic factors, resulting in the formation of fibrinolysis-resistant clots in patients with diabetes. Other coexisting factors like hypoglycemia, obesity and dyslipidemia also contribute to coagulation disorders in patients with diabetes. Management of the prothrombotic state includes antiplatelet and anticoagulation therapies for diabetes patients with either a history of cardiovascular disease or prone to a higher risk of thrombus generation, but current guidelines lack recommendations on the optimal antithrombotic treatment for these patients. Metabolic optimizations like glucose control, lipid-lowering, and weight loss also improve coagulation disorders of diabetes patients. Intriguing, glucose-lowering drugs, especially cardiovascular beneficial agents, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and sodium glucose co-transporter inhibitors, have been shown to exert direct anticoagulation effects in patients with diabetes. This review focuses on the most recent progress in the development and management of diabetes related prothrombotic state.
Research into changes in ship resistance in the shallow water by numerical method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Vietnam has a long coastline and dense network of rivers and canal systems with various and complicated water depths of a waterway. According to data from the Department of Inland Waterways in 2019, Vietnam's waterways transport industry reached 250 million tons/year. In which coastal transport accounted for over 60 million tons/year, promoting the shipping industry and economic integration between regions, making the most of Vietnam's natural coastal conditions. In most general cases, the vessels working in the different water depths of the operational area will significantly affect the ship and wave field resistance. For the transport vessels with low speed, the research of the effect of resistance and wave field has an essential role in ensuring the primary maritime aim of energy saving and energy efficiency. Nowadays, computation fluid dynamics is a practical approach for predicting the ship's hydrodynamic features. However, many computation fluid dynamics types of research have investigated the ship resistance in deep water, which can not consider the effect of changing ship resistance with different water depths. In shallow water, the increasing pressure gradient field leads to an increase in the overall resistance. Therefore, in this study, the volume of fluid (VOF) multiphase model can show the free surface effect and wave elevation in shallow waters. The results clearly showed the success of the computational modeling of multiphase flows around the vessel (air and water). The wavefield in the computation fluid dynamics results is also suitable for related published research experiments. Besides, the resistance and wave elevation around the hull is significantly changing at different depths. In the preliminary design stage, it can apply this work to propose a suitable hull form of transport vessels for Vietnam's waterways.
The Effects of High Glucose Exposure on Endothelial Microparticles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Individuals with diabetes have an increased mortality due to the macro- and microvascular complications, which are commonly preceded by endothelial dysfunction. We have shown that endothelial microparticles (eMPs) are markers and mediators of vascular injury and pathology. However, their utility as a biomarker of hyperglycemia-induced endothelial damage and their influence on the vasculature remains unclear. We hypothesized that high glucose (HG) exposure alters eMPs protein composition, making them reflective of active signalling processes characteristic of a hyperglycemic environment. In addition, HG alters eMPs bioactivity, making them more potent inducers of oxidative stress, thrombosis and endothelial damage. Therefore, we assessed the exclusive effects of HG on eMPs formation, composition, and signalling. Results: Exposure of endothelial cells to high glucose for 24 hours caused a 3-fold increase in eMPs formation, increased mean vesicle size and their absolute electronegativity. Proteomic analysis of eMPs identified 1,212 independent proteins, with 68 exclusive to HG and associated with signalling processes related to metabolic processes, oxidation-reduction reactions, hemostasis and thrombosis and cellular interactions at the vascular wall. Compared to eMPs formed under normal conditions, eMPs formed in response to HG possess a ~3-fold greater procoagulant activity, induced a greater production of cellular ROS and were more potent inhibitors of endothelial-dependent relaxation. Conclusions/Interpretation: Taken together our results indicate HG alters the composition of eMPs, making them more potent mediators of endothelial damage. With similar changes in bioactivity being evident in the protein composition and the associated enriched biological processes, eMPs protein content may provide insight into the pathophysiological status of the cells in a hyperglycemic environment and provide use clinically, to identify dysregulated pathways for therapeutic targeting.