jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bury St Edmunds and the Norman Conquest

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Bury St Edmunds is noteworthy in so many ways: in preserving the cult and memory of the last East Anglian king, in the richness of its archives, and not least in its role as a mediator of medical texts and studies. All these aspects, and more, are amply illustrated in this collection, by specialists in their fields. The balance of the whole work, and the care taken to place the individual topics in context, has resulted in a satisfying whole, which places Abbot Baldwin and his abbey squarely in the forefront of eleventh-century politics and society. Professor Ann Williams. The abbey of Bury St Edmunds, by 1100, was an international centre of learning, outstanding for its culting of St Edmund, England's patron saint, who was known through France and Italy as a miracle worker principally, but also as a survivor, who had resisted the Vikings and the invading king Swein and gained strength after 1066. Here we journey into the concerns of his community as it negotiated survival in the Anglo-Norman empire, examining, on the one hand, the roles of leading monks, such as the French physician-abbot Baldwin, and, on the other, the part played by ordinary women of the vill. The abbey of Bury provides an exceptionally rich archive, including annals, historical texts, wills, charters, and medical recipes. The chapters in this volume, written by leading experts, present differing perspectives on Bury's responses to conquest; reflecting the interests of the monks, they cover literature, music, medicine, palaeography, and the history of the region itself. Dr Tom Licence is Senior Lecturer in Medieval History and Director of the Centre of East Anglian Studies at the University of East Anglia. Contributors: Debbie Banham, David Bates, Eric Fernie, Sarah Foot, Michael Gullick, Tom Licence, Henry Parkes, Veronique Thouroude, Elizabeth van Houts, Thomas Waldman, Teresa Webber
Fáze lidského života v představách dětí a školním vyučování

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present thesis, entitled Stages of human life in children's conceptions and in teaching, deals with children's preconceptions about the stages of human life, as well as their treatment in teaching materials. The thesis comprises a theroetical and an empirical part. The former is divided into five chapters, with the first of them focused on key notions, the second describing the development of cognitive processes, the third and fourth chapters examine the framework educational programme for primary schools and textbooks of the subject "basics of humanities and natural science", and the final chapter is dedicated to the children's conceptions themselves. The empirical part also consists of five chapters. Its objective is to find out as much as possible about the conceptions of children within the stages of human life. The research of qualitative nature uses in-depth semi-structured interviews with sixteen children. The acquired data are analyzed by the open coding method and the subsequent method of exposing cards. The penultimate chapter features practical recommendations concerning school instruction related to this topic. The conclusion of the thesis summarizes the ndings acquired during the research.
Physician Charges and Medicare Payments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

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Postfreeze viability of erythrocytes from Dryophytes chrysoscelis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Dryophytes chrysoscelis (formerly Hyla chrysoscelis , Cope’s gray treefrog) is a freeze‐tolerant anuran that accumulates glycerol and urea during cold acclimation and freezing. It is hypothesized that glycerol and urea function as cryoprotectants by minimizing osmotically induced cell damage during freezing and thawing, thereby improving the postfreeze viability of red blood cells (RBCs) when frozen in medium containing those solutes. To test this, erythrocytes were obtained from warm (22°C) and cold‐acclimated (4°C) frogs and suspended in 280 mOsM phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). RBCs were frozen in 280 mOsM, isosmotic/isotonic, PBS, or in PBS made hyperosmotic by addition of 150 mM solutes. Postfreeze viability was determined with a hemolysis assay. Postfreeze viability of cells from warm‐acclimated frogs improved from 18.9 ± 1.3% in PBS to 47.4 ± 5.2% in PBS with urea ( p < 0.01). The addition of other solutes (glycerol, glucose, NaCl, or sorbitol) had no effect. RBCs from cold‐acclimated frogs had 45.8 ± 3.4% viability when frozen in 280 mOsM PBS, and this improved to 71.6 ± 8.9% or 71.9 ± 1.6%, respectively, when frozen with glycerol ( p < 0.01) or urea ( p < 0.001). The viability of RBCs from cold‐acclimated frogs was not different between unfrozen cells 86.7–88.4%) and those frozen with glycerol (71.6 ± 8.9%, p > 0.05) or with urea (71.9 ± 1.6%, p > 0.05). These data suggest that (a) cold acclimation induces cellular changes in RBCs that result in improved postfreeze viability, and (b) glycerol and urea are part of a complex cryoprotectant system in D. chrysoscelis.
Analytical view of magnetic hydrodynamics rotating flow of Barium Ferrite nanofluid with viscous dissipation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study is involved for an MHD rotating nanofluid flow over a stretching surface. The base fluid via water and kerosene liquids are employed with Barium Ferrite BaO.6〖Fe〗_2 O_(3 ) nanosize particles in our investigation and normally say to ferrofluid. Governing equations involving partial derivatives of the problem are established and converted into dimensionless forms of ordinary derivatives by means of suitable and compatible similarity transformations. Transformed system of equations is tackled by a reliable numerical scheme as midpoint integration pattern together with an extrapolation scheme of Richardson. This numerical pattern is launched in maple software. Variations in flow, velocity and temperature due to involving parameters are recorded via graphs and tables. Our targeted quantities like local tangential stress and heat transfer rate at the wall are calculated for nanofluid. Heat transfer rate at surface level z=0 rises with rise in solid nanoparticle φ but it falls with a rise in magnetic factor M, spin factor λ, and Eckert number Ec. The higher heat transfer rate is recorded in case of kerosene grounded Ferro fluid. Base fluid owns a vital role for determinations. We prefer water as a base fluid for significant outcomes.
Homophobia AIDS and the health care professional.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Homophobia the fear and loathing of homosexuality or homosexual behavior has marked both institutional and personal responses to the AIDS epidemic. Studies conducted during the 1970s and 1980s in the US have consistently shown significant amounts of negativity among health care professionals towards homosexuality ranging from indifference to outright hostility. That AIDS was 1st linked to homosexuals and later to other minority groups contributed to the slow response to the epidemic by governments scientists health care workers and others. Ricky Sherover-Marcuse has developed a model called unlearning which can be used to temper personal biases including racism sexism anti-Semitism and homophobia. She believes that no one is born with these attitudes and that we become responsible for them only when we become aware of them and persist in the behavior. Low self-esteem is often seen in homosexuals who have internalized societys attitudes. In addition they may feel guilt or blame themselves for contracting AIDS. Families and friends of HIV infected individuals may also suffer as a result of societys tendency to link AIDS with morality and to blame the victim for contracting the disease. Health practitioners can be aware of both internalized homophobia and the blame the victim stance and by confronting these attitudes help the patient clarify information and better understand their own feelings. In addition by being aware of their own attitudes the practitioners can make sure the quality and compassion of their services is not affected. If an AIDS patient is being treated by a health care professional unwilling or unable to change homophobic attitudes a referral to a new practitioner must be made. Otherwise there is the risk of mistreatment of the client and inappropriate behavior on the part of the provider. Although the AIDS epidemic has at times diluted stereotypes and encouraged understanding of homosexuals homophobia has contributed to the slow response to the epidemic and the spread of HIV infection. Homophobia as a learned behavior can be unlearned thus freeing patients and practitioners from its impact.
Modeling of cracks in a brittle medium under a viscous fluid load : Analysis of the pressure singularity and fluid lag near the crack tip

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

La propagation d'une fissure chargée par un écoulement de fluide visqueux est un phénomène complexe où la compréhension des phénomènes mécaniques mis en jeu en pointe de fissures reste encore partielle. C'est le cas de la zone de décollement entre le solide et le fluide qui apparaît pour un certain choix de débit d'injection, de viscosité du fluide et de ténacité du matériau. Cette thèse propose une modélisation simplifiée de ce problème d'interaction fortement couplé. Dans un premier chapitre, on étudie un modèle simplifié unidimensionnel de film élastique collé sur un substrat rigide et on considère une injection de fluide visqueux entre le film et le substrat. On suppose que la propagation de la fissure est régie par la loi de Griffith. On néglige l'existence du retard possible entre le fluide et le solide et on choisit une loi de comportement non-linéaire pour le fluide visqueux. A partir d'une analyse asymptotique pour une faible viscosité, on établit une solution approchée du problème. On montre que le champ pression est singulier en pointe de fissure et on montre l'influence du débit d'injection sur la cinétique du trajet de fissuration. Dans le deuxième chapitre on propose de prendre en compte l'existence de la zone de décollement en modifiant la formulation du modèle et en le réécrivant sous la forme d'un problème d'optimisation en temps discret où les zones de décollement font partie des inconnues du problème. On valide la formulation proposée sur l'exemple analytique de l'écrasement d'une goutte par une barre rigide. On montre ensuite que cette formulation et l'algorithme lié à son implémentation sont capables de gérer l'évolution de l'écrasement de plusieurs gouttes de forme quelconque en capturant correctement les phase d'étalement des gouttes ainsi que de leur coalescence. On étend ensuite cette formulation au cas de l'écrasement d'une goutte par un film élastique. Dans le dernier chapitre, on examine la validité de l'hypothèse de lubrification utilisée en fracturation hydraulique. A l'aide de la méthode de développement asymptotique, on construit une équation de Reynolds régularisée avec des termes de gradient supérieur tenant compte de la variation spatiale de la hauteur des parois. On compare alors le comportement des champs de pression donnés par les équations de Reynolds classique et régularisée sur des exemples d'écoulement entre des conduits de formes multiples.
Comprehensive Analysis of Macroscopic and Microscopic Features ofSolanum Xanthocarpum Schrad. and J.C. Wendl. (Kantakari): Root,Leaf, Flower, Stem, and Fruit

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the macroscopic and microscopic features of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C.Wendl., focusing on the root, leaf, petiole, seed, and fruit, while also incorporating an Ayurvedic perspective on its properties and actions. Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C.Wendl., a vital plant in traditional medicine, exhibits distinct morphological and anatomical characteristics that contribute to its therapeutic properties. Macroscopic examination reveals the plant's physical attributes, including size, shape, color, and texture of various parts. Microscopic analysis, utilizing advanced techniques, highlights the cellular structure and arrangement, elucidating key identifying features such as vascular bundles, trichomes, and stomatal patterns. From an Ayurvedic viewpoint, Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C.Wendl. (commonly known as Kantakari) is renowned for its Vata and Kapha pacifying properties. It is traditionally used for its expectorant, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic actions. The plant is utilized in the management of respiratory conditions, such as asthma and bronchitis, and is also known for its beneficial effects on urinary and digestive systems. Understanding these characteristics is essential for accurate identification, quality control, and authentication of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C.Wendl. in pharmacognosy and herbal medicine. This detailed study enhances the knowledge base of medicinal plants and supports further research into the pharmacological potential of Solanum xanthocarpum Schrad. & J.C.Wendl., integrating both modern scientific insights and traditional Ayurvedic wisdom.
Where has all the aroma gone? Identification of aroma compounds in fresh and dried leaves of Melissa officinalis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Melissa officinalis is a popular aromatic plant, renowned for its lemon-like smell and pharmaceutical effects. Drying of Melissa officinalis is important for long-term storage and commercial purposes but can impact the sensory quality of the final product. Here, we aimed to characterize drying-related changes in aroma quality. In a first step, aroma profiles of fresh and dried leaves of Melissa officinalis were established by a trained sensory panel. In a second step, one- and two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O) was performed to identify odor-active substances from fresh and dried leaves. A hay-like, straw-like and algae-like/fishy off-flavor was evident in dried leaves. GC-MS/O analyses led to the identification of known odor-active substances from Melissa officinalis like neral, geranial, geraniol in both fresh and dried leaves and additionally demonstrated the generation of further odor-active compounds due to drying, amongst others (Z)-4-heptenal and (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal. Based on these results, further experiments can be designed to further investigate drying-related aroma changes, for instance with regard to quantitative determination of the aroma compounds in the leaves of Melissa officinalis.
Is the marginal otolith increment width a reliable recent growth index for larval and juvenile herring?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Marginal otolith increment width analysis was performed on field‐collected larval and juvenile spring‐spawned herring Clupea harengus that experienced variable feeding conditions and high temperatures that were above the optimum for growth. Although drastic zooplankton biomass reduction had a significant effect on increment width, a delay of a few days in the otolith response was observed. More importantly, a very clear, positive temperature effect on marginal increment width was demonstrated in fish characterized by temperature independent somatic growth. These results indicate that under natural conditions it may be impossible to distinguish increment width changes related to variation in feeding conditions from changes caused by temperature fluctuations. Therefore, it was concluded that marginal otolith increment width analysis could not be used as a recent growth index ( I G ) for herring larvae and juveniles exposed to drastic temperature fluctuations. The implication of these results is significant not only for the use of marginal increments as a recent growth index, but also if growth rate backcalculation is to be used as a research method.
Identification of novel melanoma gene expression signatures using a Bayesian approach to filter out gene expression noise from normal tissues.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

e19053 Background: Identification of pertinent gene expression signatures may be confounded by failure to account for admixture of tumor specimens with normal tissue. We propose a novel method for filtering out gene expression “noise” from normal tissues in a set of melanoma samples derived from the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public database. Methods: Using customized software implemented in MATLAB, we performed a preliminary search of GEO using the query term “melanoma”. We manually identified 695 clinical samples within 19 different gene expression studies (median 43 samples per series). Gene expression results were merged across different platforms using rank normalization for the target gene of the respective probes. Standardized gene expression signatures for 36 normal tissues were identified in GEO (GSE2361). We performed a modified sparse Bayesian factor regression analysis that incorporated signatures of normal tissues. Additional regression allowed for discovery of latent factors characteristic of melanoma subtypes. Pathway analysis was performed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) on characteristic genes for inferred melanoma-specific latent factors. Results: Normal tissue contributed significantly to the reported gene expression profiles, explaining a median of 11.5% of specimen variability (range 1.3-55.0%). In a subset analysis of 40 primary or in situ melanoma lesions versus 16 metastatic lesions (GSE7553), primary lesions were more likely contaminated with genes characteristic of normal skin (p<0.001). The top 5 latent factors explained a median of 17.0% of residual sample variance (range 0.6-64%). On IPA analysis, latent factor 1 was strongly associated with dermatologic disease (p = 7.46 e-36), latent factor 2 was associated with inflammatory response (p = 9.71e-25), and latent factor 3 was associated with upregulation of the MITF transcription factor regulation (p = 4.16e-19). Conclusions: Appropriate methods that filter out normal tissue contamination of melanoma specimens can improve our understanding of gene expression patterns in melanoma subtypes, and potentially improve future translational studies.
Ruminal degradation rates of soya-bean meal and rapeseed meal protein subunits using densitometrical scanning

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We have reported previously (Sadeghi et al., 2005; Sadeghi and Shawrang, 2005) on the use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique (SDS-PAGE) to study subunits degradation of soya-bean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) proteins in the rumen. As far as we are aware, there is no published information concerning degradation rates of protein subunits of feedstuffs. The objective of this study was to investigate degradation rates of SBM and RSM protein subunits in the rumen.
In Troubled Times: The Port of Liverpool, 1905-1938

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Review(s) of: In Troubled Times: The Port of Liverpool, 1905-1938 by Adrian Jarvis, International Maritime Economic History Association, St. John's, Newfoundland, 2003. pp. viii + 232. US $15.00 paper. Review(s) of: Sail and Steam: Selected Maritime Writings of Yrjo Kaukiainen by Lars U. Scholl and Merja-Liisa Hinkkanen, International Maritime Economic History Association, St. John's, Newfoundland, 2004. pp. xviii + 266. US $15.00 paper.
Taxonomic revision of six Astragalus sections that native to Turkey based on non-coding trn regions of cpDNA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Astragalus, belonging to the legume family Fabaceae, is a large genus with about 3,000 species of herbs and small shrubs in Northern Hemisphere.The aim of this study is to revise Macrophyllium, Hymenostegis, Poterion, Megalocystis, Halicacabus and Hymenocoleus sections of genus Astragalus naturally found in Turkey by using three noncoding trn regions from chroloplast DNA.
Push–Pull Mechanism of Attention and Emotion in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background/Objectives: While deficits in executive attention and alerting systems in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are well-documented, findings regarding orienting attention in ADHD have been inconsistent. The current study investigated the mechanism of attentional orienting in children with ADHD by examining their attentional bias towards threatening stimuli. Furthermore, we explored the modulating role of anxiety levels in ADHD on this attentional bias. Methods: In Experiment 1, 20 children with ADHD and 26 typically developing children (TDC) performed a continuous performance task that included task-irrelevant distractions consisting of angry faces and neutral places. In Experiment 2, 21 children with ADHD and 25 TDC performed the same task, but with angry and neutral faces as distractors. To measure children’s anxiety levels, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered before each experiment. Results: In Experiment 1, results revealed no attentional bias effects in children with ADHD, whereas TDC exhibited attentional capture effects by both types of distractors. However, in Experiment 2, ADHD children demonstrated an attentional bias towards angry faces, which revealed a significant positive correlation with their trait anxiety levels (r = 0.61, p < 0.05). Further analyses combining all ADHD children showed that trait anxiety levels in Experiment 2 were significantly higher than those in Experiment 1. Finally, a significant positive correlation was found between anxiety levels and attentional bias towards angry faces in all ADHD children (r = 0.36, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Children with ADHD exhibited atypical attentional-orienting effects to threats, and their levels of trait anxiety appeared to modulate such attentional-orienting mechanisms.
Constraining gender assignment rules

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The paper deals with gender assignment, i.e., the process by which speakers are able to assign a gender feature value to a lexical item not yet bearing such a value. The need for gender assignment arises mainly in the case of headless neologisms and loanwords. The paper draws evidence mainly from loanwords into Italian, a language which has a two-gender system. The first part of the paper tests several hypotheses about the existence of dominance relations between two kinds of gender assignment criteria, formal and semantic ones, against Italian data. Italian data seem best compatible with theories that allow for the possibility that semantic rules dominate over formal rules in gender assignment. In the second part of the paper, a constraint on possible semantic gender assignment rules is proposed, the Basic Level Hyperonym Constraint, stating that to be able to assign gender to its hyponyms, a hyperonym must be a basic level term.