jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Impact of Carpooling on Fuel Saving in Urban Transportation: Case Study of Tehran

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Approximately 40 percent of fuel consumption in large cities is related to transportation. A noticeable amount of fuel is wasted due to traffic congestion in peak hours. Transportation planners look for policies to reduce congestion to save fuel and increase energy efficiency. One of the policies is carpooling that emphasizes on a shared use of private cars. In this paper, the factors which persuade travellers to choose carpooling are investigated for Tehran city, capital of Iran. A stated preferences (SP) survey has been used to observe travellers' tendency of carpooling. SP is a survey technique which mathematically shows the preferences, based on people's stated choices and their responses to hypothetical situations. The survey questionnaires filled out by 470 travellers used their own automobiles. Considering the data, carpooling impacts are analyzed in different situations. In this approach a demand function is calibrated and utilized to predict percent of travellers choose carpooling. When all interested travellers, independence of knowing appropriate rideshare or not, choose carpooling then vehicle trips per day would decrease about 780000 vehicle trips per day and reduce annual fuel consumption by 336.53 million litres. The results show that if appropriate strategies like carpooling websites are designed to help travellers for identifying appropriate rideshares, carpooling would increase by 30 percent and this increase will reduce annual fuel consumption about 240 million litres. Results also show that high occupancy vehicle lanes (HOV) that reduce travel time for ridesharing may not highly influence on carpooling tendency of travellers.
Methods for sampling and detection of microplastics in water and sediment: A critical review

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Microplastics are widespread contaminants, virtually present in all environmental compartments. However, knowledge on sources, fate and environmental concentration over time and space still is limited due to the laborious and varied analytical procedures currently used. In this work we critically review the methods currently used for sampling and detection of microplastics, identifying flaws in study design and suggesting promising alternatives. This work provides insights on bulk sample collection, separation, digestion, identification and quantification, and mitigation of cross-contamination. The sampling of microplastics will improve in representativeness and reproducibility through the determination of bulk sample volume, filter's pore size, density separation and digestion solutions, but also through use of novel methods, such as the enhancement of visual identification by staining dyes, and the generalized use of chemical characterization.
What's the Use of Susceptibility Testing?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The need for routine antibiotic susceptibility testing is not self-evident. Much infection, particularly that seen in domiciliary practice can be (and is) adequately treated on an empirical basis. Although the collection of susceptibility data for the purposes of monitoring antibiotic resistance trends is a useful by-product of routine testing, this could be effectively carried out by periodic surveys designed for the purpose. Nonetheless, there remain many circumstances in which laboratory testing of antibiotic susceptibility contributes directly to patient care, and some in which it is indispensable. An important additional consideration is that the activities and expertise of the microbiology laboratory can have a powerful influence on antibiotic usage, and hence on the pressures that facilitate the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance.
Investigating the Impact of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers on Poverty Reduction and Economic Empowerment: The Case of Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the year 2000, achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has become the central focus of the international community. Using an empowerment framework, this study assessed the impacts of the four projects associated with Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) or its Nigerian blueprint, National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy (NEEDS). It gathered data with semi-structured interviews/focus group and interpretation based on qualitative content analysis. Findings suggest that PRSPs present opportunity for Nigeria to achieve the MDGs, especially one and five, but that opportunity is being overshadowed by the desire to see economic growth rather than human development. Hence, the projects associated with NEEDS tend to reinforce the existing problems, participants were exposed to exploitation and its attendant consequences such as deprivation, destitution and homelessness. However, it is hard to imagine what could have happened to poverty in Nigeria without PRSPs and not within the scope of this study to draw conclusion about the degree of poverty, but the views of the forty-two participants suggest that they have lost hope in the MDGs. Hence, without a drastic modification of the Nigerian government's modus operandi, reduction in absolute poverty in Nigeria by half in 2015 or even 2030 will remain a dream.
A rare case report of idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia in an Indian male with nasal Rhizopus fungal polyp with drug-induced acute kidney injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia (ICL) is a rare entity of immune deficit of CD4+ T cells (below 300/mm3) which was first defined in 1992, unrelated to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) syndrome without predefined clinical presentation and natural history. The etiology, pathogenesis, and management of ICL remains poorly understood and inadequately defined. The clinical presentation can range from serious opportunistic infections to incidentally diagnosed asymptomatic individuals. Cryptococcal and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy are the most significant presenting infections, although the spectrum of opportunistic diseases can be similar to that in patients with lymphopenia and HIV infection. The prognosis is influenced by the accompanying opportunistic infections and response to the treatment. This rare disease invites uncountable opportunistic infections sometimes leading to lethal outcome. We report a case of ICL in an immunocompetent 18-year-old male with a history of intermittent epistaxis, fungal nasal polyp diagnosed to have Rhizopus with drug-induced acute kidney injury during the course of treatment, a rarest diagnosis as underlying main disease entity. To the best of our knowledge, ICL presenting with opportunistic infection of Rhizopus is the first case to be reported here from a tertiary care center of India, a developing country where a major population lives with poor hygiene and low socioeconomic status.
Drag coefficient, <i>C</i><sub><i>d</i></sub>, estimated by Oliver and Chung [11] for various viscosity ratios (<i>X</i>) over a range of Reynolds numbers (<i>R</i><sub>0</sub>) compared with predictions of Eqs (1) and (10).

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<p>Drag coefficient, <i>C</i><sub><i>d</i></sub>, estimated by Oliver and Chung [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0194907#pone.0194907.ref011" target="_blank">11</a>] for various viscosity ratios (<i>X</i>) over a range of Reynolds numbers (<i>R</i><sub>0</sub>) compared with predictions of Eqs (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0194907#pone.0194907.e001" target="_blank">1</a>) and (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0194907#pone.0194907.e011" target="_blank">10</a>).</p>
A Study on the Fault Location of Secondary Equipment in Smart Substation Based on the Graph Attention Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The inability to locate device faults quickly and accurately has become prominent due to the large number of communication devices and the complex structure of secondary circuit networks in smart substations. Traditional methods are less efficient when diagnosing secondary equipment faults in smart substations, and deep learning methods have poor portability, high learning sample costs, and often require retraining a model. Therefore, a secondary equipment fault diagnosis method based on a graph attention network is proposed in this paper. All fault events are automatically represented as graph-structured data based on the K-nearest neighbors (KNNs) algorithm in terms of the feature information exhibited by the corresponding detection nodes when equipment faults occur. Then, a fault diagnosis model is established based on the graph attention network. Finally, partial intervals of a 220 kV intelligent substation are taken as an example to compare the fault localization effect of different methods. The results show that the method proposed in this paper has the advantages of higher localization accuracy, lower learning cost, and better robustness than the traditional machine learning and deep learning methods.
Dietary level of cull pinto beans on animal performance, digestibility, and energy balance of pregnant-lactating hair ewes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three levels of cull pinto beans (CPB) on animal performance, energy balance, and digestibility of hair ewes during pregnancy-lactation. One hundred and sixty-eight Pelibuey ewes were used (105 multiparous and 63 primiparous). Seven ewes of each type were randomly assigned to each of the 24 pens. Then, the twenty-four pens were randomly assigned to one of three treatments. Treatments were assigned on DM basis at: 0 g kg−1 of CPB in the supplement; 250 g kg−1 of CPB in the supplement; and 500 g kg−1 of CPB in the supplement. Data was analyzed by using the PROC MIXED of SAS. Lamb birth and weaning weight were also evaluated with the GLM procedure of SAS. All variables were analyzed as a completely randomized design. No differences among treatments were observed for body weight, body condition score, non-esterified fatty acids, and body weaning weight. During late pregnancy, dry matter intake was different among treatments, but it was similar during lactation. Body birth weight was different among treatments and showed a quadratic effect. At day 30 of lactation, a treatment effect was found for digestibility of dry matter (DM). At the end of lactation, digestibility of crude protein was different among treatments. In day 60 of lactation, differences among treatments were found for digestibility of neutral detergent fiber. Due to equal ewe performance among treatments of CPB and its low cost, its use is recommended in hair ewe feeding for these productive stages: 500 g kg−1 DM of the supplement during pregnancy and 400 g kg−1 DM during lactation.
[Comparative studies of the postoperative phase following opioid analgesia using fentanyl and alfentanil within the scope of extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

30 patients (ASA Class I-III) received opioid analgesia with fentanyl and alfentanil for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. Average doses were 0.41 mg for fentanyl and 4.14 mg for alfentanil. Blood pressure, respiratory frequency, and blood gases were investigated postoperatively until the 240th min under spontaneous breathing of room air. Blood pressure varied less than 10% from initial values in both groups. The respiratory rate decreased by 13% in the alfentanil group and by 20% in the fentanyl group until the 120th min. The blood gases (paCO2, paO2) showed a slow increase of about 10% in the paCO2 in both groups. The paO2 lay at 5.8% below the baseline after 240 min in the fentanyl group and there was roughly 3% below the baseline after 60 min in the alfentanil group.
Introducing the Concept of Performance Support Using the Performance Pyramid

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract Organizations today face social, competitive, and technological conditions unlike they have seen before. Within this complex environment, managers and team leaders must get the highest levels of performance from a diverse mix of individuals and groups. Achieving this goal requires a range of performance support strategies and resources that can be applied to various situations. This paper outlines a comprehensive model of performance support that integrates a set of factors leading to optimal performance and significant accomplishments. Referred to as the Performance Pyramid, the model has been an effective means of introducing the notion of performance support to individuals unaccustomed to thinking outside of a training paradigm. Using this model, continuing educators can offer a comprehensive program that focuses on enhancing worker performance to address the needs of their business and agency partners.
Education for active citizenship Implementation: a learning intervention carried out in a primary school concerning the history lesson based on Kolb’s learning cycle.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper aims at highlighting the ways with which the concept of citizenship is built in primary school. In particular, it seeks to highlight the learning processes which function as grounds of building experience and which are crucial for developing the perception of relations between the self and the community within the context of the concept of active citizen. Therefore, the essential issue of how to built the concept of active citizen in school as part of the learning process, highlights the need to develop learning environments that are supported by experiential practices that reflect essential messages and cultivate expectations for active individual public action. By adopting Kolb’s model of learning cycle we form learning bridges with History and present the application and results of the teaching intervention in the classroom.
Anisotropy in turbulent flow through random and emergent rigid vegetation on rough beds

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we present the results of an experimental campaign, based on Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter measures, varying the bed sediment size, under the same hydraulic conditions. The evolution of the stress ellipsoid formed by the Reynolds stresses is discussed, together with the analysis of the anisotropic invariant function. We demonstrate that vegetation distribution is of paramount importance in the turbulence anisotropy evolution along the water depth. While in the case of a regular pattern the bed roughness is the key parameter in determining the shape of the stress ellipsoid in the near-bed region, in a random vegetation distribution this assumption is no longer valid. By increasing the bed roughness in such kind of arrangement, its effect on the turbulence anisotropy are visible in specific areas around the vegetation stem. This is confirmed by the analysis of the anisotropic invariant function calculated for different sections close to the stem itself.
0953 Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Positive Airway Pressure to improve cognitive function in Mild Cognitive Impairment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is felt to be a risk factor for developing cognitive impairment, including Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). Limited evidence demonstrates that Positive Airway Pressure therapy (PAP) may improve cognitive function in this population. The purpose of this study was to determine if treatment of OSA with PAP in patients with MCI delays progression to dementia. This was a retrospective chart review of subjects diagnosed with MCI and OSA (with PAP recommended) who and had attended clinic between 01/2011 and 12/2017. Charts were reviewed for Clinical Dementia Rating (CERAD) scores, sleep study results and PAP compliance. Analyses were performed on 99 subjects. The mean age at MCI diagnosis was 70.5 years, more were male and Caucasian. 27% patients did not use PAP, 30% were non-complaint and 42% were compliant (used PAP for average of more than 4 hours a night). 28 patients progressed to dementia. Although the median time to dementia progression was longer for patients with no PAP use (47.3 months) and PAP non-compliant use (52.1 months) than for patients with CPAP use (77.3 months), there was no statically significant difference from progression to dementia with the use of PAP therapy. Regression models did not show a difference between the groups for Trails A and B and CDR sum of boxes. The progression to dementia in MCI subjects was significant, with patients with amnestic MCI having shorter progression time and that the subjects with amnestic MCI had higher rates of CPAP use. None of the analyses done within the amnestic and non-amnestic groups to assess the relationship between CPAP use and progression to dementia were significant. The use of PAP therapy showed a trend in slowed progression to dementia, but was not significant in improving cognitive function in this patient population. The study is limited by small number of compliant patients. none
Cement failure loads of 4 provisional luting agents used for the cementation of implant-supported fixed partial dentures.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The major disadvantage of cement-retained implant-supported fixed partial dentures (FPDs) is difficulty in retrievability. The retentive strengths of the provisional luting agents usually employed in these cases are therefore an important consideration. This study evaluated the cement failure loads of 4 provisional luting agents used for the cementation of FPDs supported by 2 implants or 4 implants. Nogenol luting agent exhibited the lowest retentive values in both types of FPD. ImProv proved to be the most retentive cement of all tested. Temp Bond NE and Temp Bond presented significantly different values (P < .05) for the 2-implant FPD, but not for the 4-implant model. On the basis of the study results, it may be concluded that Nogenol appears to be more appropriate for cementation of both 2- and 4-implant-supported FPDs when removal of the provisionally cemented superstructure is anticipated.
Antidepressant Screening Demonstrated Non-Monotonic Responses to Amitriptyline, Amoxapine and Sertraline in Locomotor Activity Assay in Larval Zebrafish

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Antidepressants are well-known drugs to treat depression and major depressive disorder for humans. However, the misuse and abuse of antidepressants keep increasing with several side effects reported. The aim of this study was to assess the potential adverse effects of 18 antidepressants by monitoring zebrafish larval locomotor activity performance based on the total distance traveled, burst movement count, and total rotation count at four dark-light intercalated phases. In general, zebrafish larvae displayed sedative effects after antidepressant exposure by showing a significant reduction in all of the locomotor activity-related endpoints. However, three antidepressants i.e., amitriptyline, amoxapine, and sertraline were able to trigger a significantly high locomotor activity in zebrafish larvae during the light cycle. These differences might be due to the pharmacologic differences among the antidepressants. In addition, since each antidepressant possesses a different dosage range from the other, overdoses of these antidepressants might also be the causes of these differences. Furthermore, based on these results, a further study was conducted to observe the effect of these three antidepressants in lower concentrations. From the results, biphasic effects in terms of zebrafish larval locomotor activity were demonstrated by these drugs. Even though further studies are still required to validate the mechanism, these findings indicate that these antidepressants might share a common mechanism responsible for their effects on zebrafish larval locomotor activity although there were some differences in potency of these effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimethoxycarbene: Direct Observation of an Archetypal Nucleophilic Carbene.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Thermolysis of the dimethoxydiazirine (I), derived in 60% yield by NaOMe treatment of the corresponding chloromethoxy compound, leads to the ground‐state singlet carbene (II), which is isolated as its dimer (III).
Feed intake and growth performance of dairy calves fed either low or high volumes of whole milk

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study evaluated the effects of low vs. high milk feeding on intake and growth of calves. At birth, 84 heifer calves (crossbred) were separated from their mothers, fed 4 L colostrum and then 4 L milk daily. Starting from 7±2 days of age, all calves were weighed (40.9±0.8 kg) divided into 14 pens (6 calves / pen; bedded with wood chip). Calves in 7 pens (n=42) were fed 4 L and the rest of the calves (n=42) received 8 L of whole milk daily for 63 days. All calves were weaned between day 64 and 73. In each pen, pelleted starter, chopped grass hay and water were offered ad libitum. Daily feed intake and weekly live body weights (BW) were recorded till 91 days. During pre-weaning period, the calves received higher amounts of milk grew heavier (85.4±1.6 vs. 91.6±1.6 kg) than those fed lower amounts of milk. At day 91, mean BW of high milk fed calves was greater (114.4±2.0 kg) than those fed low amounts of milk (110.5±1.9 kg). Low milk fed calves consumed greater amounts of solid feed than higher milk fed calves during pre-weaning. The proportion of solid feed dry matter in the daily dry matter consumed was greater in calves fed low vs. high amounts of milk indicating an early and greater reliance on solid feed in low milk fed calves. However, greater solid feed intake in low milk fed calves was not enough to support BW equal to those received higher amounts of milk.
Antibacterial Effect of the Latex and the Leaf Extracts of Jatropha curcas Linn on Streptococcus mutans

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Antimicrobial agents of plant origin have been used successfully in the treatment of infectious diseases.This promising success formed one of the bases of a continuous search for alternative therapeutic agents that could help reduce the challenges being posed by super bugs.Medicinal plants are important for pharmacological research and drug development.Plant constituents have been used directly as therapeutic agents and as starting materials for the synthesis of drugs and pharmacologically active compounds.The clinical, pharmaceutical and economic value of medicinal plants is still growing in various countries (Jayasuriya, 2013).Because of the wide-spread belief that herbal medicines are safer than synthetic drugs, demand of medicinal plants has increased many folds in the national and international markets (Singh & Krishnan Marg, 2011).Jatropha curcas Linn is known in Nigeria by various local names as butuje, lapapa and ologbo.Jatropha curcas Linn is a member of the family Euphorbiaceae.It is a drought resistant small tree or large shrub and it is widely distributed all over the world (Grace, Titilayo, Ezekiel, Faith, Sylvia, & Olalekan, 2009);(Openshaw, 2000).Different parts of the Jatropha plant have been tested, however, the latex of Jatropha curcas Linn has been found to possess a wound healing effect and has anti-cancerous properties (Shivani, Hitesh, &