jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
LC-MS Identification of Proanthocyanidins in Bark and Fruit of six Terminalia species

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are the most important and valuable polyphenolic compounds of Terminalia species (family Combretaceae) used for the treatment of several diseases. This study aims to seek identification and characterization of PAs in the ethanolic extracts of bark and fruit of six Terminalia species viz T. arjuna, T. bellerica, T. catappa, T. chebula, T. elliptica and T. paniculata. A high performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous identification and characterization of PAs. The chromatographic separation was carried on a Thermo Betasil C8 column (250 mmx4.5 mm, 5μm) operated with 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The MS/MS fragmentation study of [M-H] - ions obtained from these PAs showed distinguishable fragment ions with high mass accuracy. Heterocyclic ring fission (HRF), retro-Diels-Alder (RDA) fragmentation, quinone methide (QM) fragmentation and benzofuran formation (BFF) have been identified as the characteristic fragments. Total of 51 PAs were tentatively identified which include 28 dimers, 15 trimers and 8 other flavan-3-ols.
A 2-dimensional Data Detrending Technique for Equatorial Plasma Bubble Studies Using GOLD Far Ultraviolet Observations

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We formulate a numerical data detrending technique that can be used to help reveal large-scale equatorial plasma bubble (EPB) structures in 2-dimensional data from the Global-scale Observations of the Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission. This GOLD data detrending technique is inspired by and is a generalization of a previous rolling-barrel data detrending method for 1-dimensional total electron content (TEC) observations on individual global positioning system (GPS) satellite passes. This 2-dimensional GOLD data detrending technique treats the observed 135.6 nm radiance as a function of longitude and latitude as an uneven terrain, where EPBs appear as deep but narrow elongated valleys. The unperturbed background radiance is inferred by rolling a ball on the 2-dimensional terrain to skip over the EPB valleys. The two degrees-of-freedom possessed by the rolling ball allow it to smoothly trace the edges of EPB depletions, without falling into the deep valleys. Surface interpolation of radiance values at the ball's contact points onto the whole domain produces the baseline radiance. Subtracting the baseline from the original radiance data yields the net detrended radiance. As a result of the detrending, sharper contrast is present between EPB depletions and the ambient surroundings. As such, this new 2-dimensional GOLD data detrending may potentially open the door to the development of other more advanced techniques for automated EPB detection and tracking, or data assimilation into low-latitude space domain awareness (SDA) information ecosystems.
Assessing the Mechanism of Fluoxetine-Mediated CYP2D6 Inhibition

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Fluoxetine is still one of the most widely used antidepressants in the world. The drug is extensively metabolized by several cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes and subjected to a myriad of CYP450-mediated drug interactions. In a multidrug regimen, preemptive mitigation of drug–drug interactions requires knowledge of fluoxetine actions on these CYP450 enzymes. The major metabolic pathway of fluoxetine leading to the formation of its active metabolite, norfluoxetine, is mediated by CYP2D6. Fluoxetine and norfluoxetine are strong affinity substrates of CYP2D6 and can inhibit, potentially through various mechanisms, the metabolism of other sensitive CYP2D6 substrates. Remarkably, fluoxetine-mediated CYP2D6 inhibition subsides long after fluoxetine first passes through the liver and even remains long after the discontinuation of the drug. Herein, we review pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic information to help us understand the mechanisms underlying the prolonged inhibition of CYP2D6 following fluoxetine administration. We propose that long-term inhibition of CYP2D6 is likely a result of competitive inhibition. This is due to strong affinity binding of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine to the enzyme and unbound fluoxetine and norfluoxetine levels circulating in the blood for a long period of time because of their long elimination half-life. Additionally, we describe that fluoxetine is a CYP2C9 substrate and a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP2C19.
Influence of protein kinases inhibitors on ARE-dependent luciferase expression induced by HCV proteins.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Histograms of relative luciferase activity in Huh7 cells expressing HCV core, E1, E2, NS4B, or NS5A proteins, treated with commercially available inhibitors of PI3K (wortmannin, Wo), CK2 (DRB), or PKC (Ro 31-8220, Ro). In a parallel experiment the cells were pre-treated with ROS scavenger PDTC. The control cells were treated with DMSO. Error bars indicate SD.</p>
Role of Hydrophilic Monomers in α‐Tocopherol‐Based Copolymers in Causing Cell Death by ROS Production

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract α ‐Tocopheryl succinate (TOS) is known to induce cell death by intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, TOS is not enough for cancer target ability. This study is aimed to enhance the accumulation and cytotoxicity of TOS by designing random copolymers. Methacrylated α ‐tocopheryl succinate (MTOS) is polymerized with three types of hydrophilic monomers to find appropriate hydrophilic monomer, in terms of particle size, self‐assembled structure, cellular uptake, and cytotoxicity. N ‐Vinylpyrrolidone (VP), 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphocholine (MPC), and glycosyloxyethyl methacrylate (GEMA) are selected to prepare the copolymers, and their effect in forming polymeric assembly and cellular uptake are examined. Each hydrophilic monomer is copolymerized with MTOS to obtain random copolymers [poly(GEMA‐ ran ‐MTOS), poly(VP‐ ran ‐MTOS), and poly(MPC‐ ran ‐MTOS)]. The assembled nature is characterized in terms of particle size by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy: Size of the assembled copolymers increase with the mol% of MTOS. The cytotoxicity of the human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cells) increases significantly after incubating with poly(GEMA‐ ran ‐MTOS) and poly(VP‐ ran ‐MTOS), whereas poly(MPC‐ ran ‐MTOS) do not affect the cell viability. Both the copolymers enhance the mitochondrial ROS generation in HeLa cells. Therefore, choice of hydrophilic monomers to copolymerize with MTOS dominates to enhance the accumulation and cytotoxicity of TOS.
Violations of basic deliberative norms: The systemic turn and problems of inclusion

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

What is the appropriate way to respond to actions that break basic norms of respectfulness, sincerity, and public-mindedness? At the same time as this question has become a central concern for democratic societies, a ‘systemic’ turn has unsettled established solutions for democratic theorists. From the systemic perspective, it is more important how actions contribute to public discourse than whether they meet standards of deliberation individually. This article challenges theorists to consider three additional propositions: (1) to be inclusive and deliberative, the system and its parts must be mutually supportive; (2) well-performing systems have sufficient reflective capacity to examine their own deficiencies when violations of basic norms occur; and (3) the performance of a deliberative system needs to take into account both the frequency of violations and the reflective qualities of the system’s response. For a well-performing system, violations of basic norms are opportunities to learn and strengthen the support for spaces of deliberation.
Hydrological dynamics of the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, USA. Ground Water.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Relations between stormflow characteristics and soil-moisture content, water table elevation in wells along several transects perpendicular to the stream, and precipitation were evaluated for the Panola Mountain Research Watershed, Georgia, from water years 1986 through 2001 to refine the conceptualization of streamflow generation, including the relations between ground water dynamics and streamflow. For 759 rainstorms during 16 water years, stormflow water yield correlates best with maximum soil-moisture content and with maximum water table elevation; the relations are linear above thresholds for the entire period and vary by season. For moderate to large rainstorms, relations among wetness parameters and stormflow water yield are better (less scatter) and more consistent when the watershed is seasonally wet than when the watershed is dry. During rainstorms, soil-moisture content (minimum or maximum) is highly correlated among soil depths and with water table elevations. The soil-moisture measurements were made at one site at the base of a hillslope, and the values at any depth are likely to vary spatially and with respect to timing, other landscape positions, and soil types. Stormflow water yield is linearly related to soil-moisture content at the deepest location (70 cm) above 37% volumetric moisture content, which occurs 20% of the time. Maximum water table elevation is linearly related to maximum soil-moisture content above a threshold, and the soil-moisture threshold increases with upslope position; the soil-moisture threshold for flow to occur at a trench hillslope site is 41%, which occurs <0.5% of the time. The general relations among streamflow, soil moisture, and water table response are attributed to variable source areas, particularly the ground water contribution from a riparian zone aquifer ≤5 m thick that expands as the watershed becomes wetter.
Middle Aged, Everlasting Athletes, and Osteoarthritis: The Present and Future

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One issue was definitely not enough! We are prompted to be active, and we are told that exercise is medicine. Indeed, exercise is great medicine: it keeps at bay metabolic conditions associated with sedentarism, and exerts a favorable effect on our mental health. Some of us are born exercisers, some become so, some drift from being great athletes in youth to a life in an armchair, and some discover exercise later in life. Many of us are competitive, and we often compete against ourselves, never to win. For all of us, however, middle-age looms, and osteoarthritis (OA) may become a major issue: in the West, up to 20% of individuals close to retirement age suffer from it, and their life can be ruined. It is not surprising, therefore, that so much interest is placed on how to prevent, diagnose, manage, "cure" OA: a never-ending battle, with no end in sight. As physicians, we would like to know why some of our patients have developed OA, and others are spared. Why some present little evidence of joint degeneration, and are crippled with pain. Above all, we want to make our patients better. The first part of this series produced a great set of evidence-based systematic reviews of the literature on several epidemiological aspects of OA and middle age sports practice. In a natural evolution, this second issue of Sports Medicine and Arthroscopic Review continues along those lines, and dwells in some aspects of biology and regenerative medicine, examining, for example, how drugs can be delivered in a novel fashion, and whether allogeneic tissues can be used to regenerate our battered articular cartilage. In this field, imagination has to be married with high-level science to progress our clinical knowledge. Eventually, exercise is medicine, and, as with all medications, too much is never too good. The spectre of overdosing must be corrected by our regenerative capabilities. Hopefully, this issue will help pave the way. On the Cover: Role of cytokines in mediating the communication between immune cells. In color, the molecules upregulated in platelet-rich plasma compared with platelet-poor plasma. Sports Med Arthrosc Rev. 2022;30:141–146.
Comparing the Life Table and Population Projection of Gaeolaelaps aculeifer and Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Acari: Laelapidae) Based on the Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Table Theory

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Predatory soil-dwelling mites, Gaeolaelaps aculeifer (Canestrini) and Stratiolaelaps scimitus (Womersley) (Mesostigmata: Laelapidae), are essential biocontrol agents of small soil arthropod pests. To understand the population characteristics of these two predatory mites, we investigated their development, survival, and fecundity under laboratory conditions. We used Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) as a food source and analyzed the data using the age-stage, two-sex life table. The duration from egg to adult for G. aculeifer was longer than that for S. scimitus, but larval duration was similar between the two species. Notably, G. aculeifer laid 74.88 eggs/female in 24.50 days, but S. scimitus laid 28.46 eggs/female in 19.1 days. Several population parameters, such as the intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, net reproductive rate, and gross reproductive rate of G. aculeifer, were significantly higher than those of S. scimitus. Using the bootstrap technique with 100,000 samples, we demonstrated that the life tables constructed based on the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of finite rate of increase (λ) net reproductive rate (R0) may characterize the variability in the survival and fecundity curves, as well as predict population growth uncertainty. These data provide important information for the practical application of predatory soil mites to manage agricultural pests.
United Nations Forces in the Law of Peace and War

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article United Nations Forces in the Law of Peace and War Get access United Nations Forces in the Law of Peace and War. By Finn Seyersted. Leyden: Sijthoff. 1966. 447 pp. Fl. 44. Ian Brownlie Ian Brownlie Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 43, Issue 4, October 1967, Pages 722–723, https://doi.org/10.2307/2612820 Published: 01 October 1967
Projecting GaN HEMTs lifetimes under typical stresses commonly observed in DC-DC converters

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

DC-DC converters exist in virtually every application of modern power electronics. Due to small die size, low on-resistance, and low parasitic capacitance, GaN power devices offer superior conversion efficiency and record-setting power density. In this paper, test-to-fail methodology is adopted to investigate the intrinsic wear-out mechanisms such as would be experienced in common DC-DC converters. Devices are stressed under gate bias, drain bias, and temperature cycling individually. The lifetime of each stressor is therefore projected based on the physics-based model developed from test-to-fail and an understanding of the unique stress conditions in DC-DC converters.
Clinical Analysis of Dangerous Factors of type II Diabetes Amalgamated C oronary Heart Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To study dangerous factors of type Ⅱ diabetes amal gamated coronary heart disease. Methods: 216 cases of type Ⅱ diabetes were divided into two groups(102 cases and 114 cases)by amalgamated coronary heart disease or not. Body weight index (BMI), Blood pressure (SBp,DBp), Blood sugar (FBG,2hBG), Insulin( FINS), GHb1c,UA, Total cholesterol(TC), HDL-C, LDL-C and UAE of all cases were detected. Result: There were no remarkable difference of age, sex, BMI, DBP, FBG, TC, GHb1c between the two groups (P0.05); There were remarkable difference of course, SBP ,FINS ,TG, LDL-c, UAE, UA, HOMA-IR between the two groups (P0.05). Conclusion: Course of disease, high blood sugar, high blood fat, hypertension, UAE and blood UA are dangerous factors of type Ⅱ diabetes amalga mated coronary heart disease. Blood sugar, blood fat and blood pressure should be controlled, so coronary heart disease can be prevented.
Attitude, Perceived Behavioral Control and Subjective Norms in Waste Segregation-at-Source Behavior: An Empirical Study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to assess the level and relationship between attitude, perceived behavioral control and subjective norms with waste segregation-at-source behavior among households in Putrajaya, Malaysia. Design/Methodology/Approach: A multi-stage sampling method used to obtain four hundred households in Putrajaya for the purpose of responding to the bilingual questionnaire. The quantitative data collected were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Version 26.0 software. Specifically, the descriptive and Pearson correlation analysis used to describe and summarize the levels and interrelationships of the variables studied with waste segregation-at-source behavior. Findings: The assessment of the overall factors affecting households with waste segregation-at-source behavior has shown that 92.5 per cent of respondents are considered to have a favorable attitude. Households surveyed are also found to be highly influenced by perceived behavioral control but moderately influenced by the subjective norm. In addition, the results show that attitudes, perceived behavioral control and subjective norm have a positive relationship with waste segregation-at-source behavior. Implications/Originality/Value: The findings provide insight, in particular, to individual, governmental, educational and non-governmental organizations in Malaysia on important criteria that should be considered in the promotion of environmental policies.
Terrestrial Mission Extender for Weather Balloon Radiosonde

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Thousands of balloon-assisted meteorological sensor packages, known as radiosondes, are launched every day from various monitoring stations across the continental United States. However, only a small fraction of these instrument payloads are ever recovered, with most ending up as hazardous electronics waste strewn across the country. By creating a terrestrial landing system that can be retrofitted to common commercially available radiosondes, the landing survivability of these instrument payloads may be able to be improved. Furthermore, such a landing platform could also support continued meteorological data acquisition and transmission, allowing the radiosonde to transition from high-altitude monitoring to surface level sensor monitoring. Not only would such a terrestrial mission extension module fitted to a radiosonde drastically increase the potential utility of an existing radiosonde, but such a device could also improve radiosonde recovery rates, and therefore reduce the electronics waste being produced by regular weather balloon launches.
Establishing Trust in Electronic Commerce Through Online Word of Mouth: An Examination Across Genders

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper focuses on the cultural effect of gender on the relationship of online word of mouth and trust in e-commerce. To encourage online commerce, many online retailers use online word-of-mouth systems, where consumers can rate products offered for sale. To date, how such ratings affect trust and adoption of e-commerce across genders has been relatively unexplored. We assess whether the effect of online trust on intention to shop online is moderated by gender. Our results show that the effect of trust on intention to shop online is stronger for women than for men. In addition, we find that men value their ability to post content online, whereas women value the responsive participation of other consumers to the content they have posted. Finally, we find that online word-of-mouth quality affects online trust differently across genders.
[Torsion of the colonic epiploic appendages].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Operations were carried out on 21 patients with torsion of epiploic appendages of the colon (sigmoid 19, ascending 1, hepatic flexure 1). This pathologic condition has no specific manifestations and occurs under the mask of other emergencies. The suggested symptom of "pain displacement" in combination with other signs allowed the correct diagnosis to be established before the operation in two thirds of patients. Patients with torsion of epiploic appendages must be subjected to an emergency operation for removal of the necrotic appendage by ligation of its vascular pedicle and its peritonization with seromuscular sutures.
Preliminary Thermal Analyses on Diesel Converter Overheating

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The use of oxidation catalytic converters (OCC) in Diesel engines has proved to be an effective method to reduce emissions of total hydrocarbons (THC), carbon monoxide (CO), and the soluble organic fractions (SOF) of particulate matter (PM). However, the exothermal reaction effected by the oxidation of THC, CO, and especially the soot accumulated in the converters impose a risk of catalytic flow bed overheating that subsequently results in catalyst failure and may cause safety concerns. This paper presents a one-dimensional transient model that uses an energy balance method to analyze the overheating scenario when considering combustible gas reaction, clogged soot burning, and active flow control for a number of Diesel aftertreatment devices. The monolith temperature profiles were simulated by varying the exhaust gas temperature, oxygen concentration, and flow rate. Simulation results indicated that the potential of overheating elevates with increases in combustible gas concentration, soot loading, oxygen concentration, and engine exhaust temperature. The impacts of active control, such as flow reversal control, on converter overheating have also been investigated therein.
A DERMATITIS DUE TO ANILINE DYE IN A FOOD PRODUCT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The recognition of the existence of allergy in patients stimulates those interested in the causation of the condition to delve into the minutest details to obtain significant leads. Hunches and suspicions should be disproved before they are discarded. The method of approach and interrogation should be systematic. The following case is a striking example of the manner in which the coloring matter of a food product in common use can ultimately act as a sensitizing agent and produce toxic manifestations. REPORT OF CASE Mrs. H. J., aged 44, in November 1933, presented an erythematous, maculopapular eruption confined to the neck, shoulders, arms and forearms on both the covered and uncovered areas. The eruption simulated erythema multiforme in certain areas, while in the areas where scratching had occurred it resembled subacute eczema with scaling. Some areas presented an evanescent, urticarial type of lesion. The eruption had been present at various intervals