jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The crystal structure and stereochemistry of 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trihydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-2-cyclohexenones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The stereochemistry of 3a, one of the 2-acetyl-3,5,6-trihydroxy-5,6-dimethylcyclohexenones, obtained by rearrangement of 2,3-diacetyl-4-hydroxy-4-methylcyclopentenone, 2a, under basic conditions, was determined by an X-ray crystal structure analysis. An ORTEP plot shows the configuration of (5RS,6RS)-2-acetyl-3,5,6-trihydroxy-5,6-dimethylcyclohexenone and the presence of a conjugated chelated system involving the H-bonding between O(3)… H(31) and H(31)… O(2).Crystals of 3a are triclinic, a = 10.979(4), b = 7.766(3), c = 6.382(3) Å, α = 86.23(2), β = 72.86(1), γ = 88.23(2)°, Z = 2, space group [Formula: see text]. The structure was solved by direct methods and was refined by full-matrix least-squares procedures to R = 0.036 and R w = 0.039 for 1324 reflections with I > 3σ(I).The structure of 3a consists of centrosymmetric dimers which contain a nearly planar bicyclic system of a cyclohexenone moiety and a chelated system (Scheme 2).The pathway of the reaction allows one to put forward some hypothesis on the stereochemistry of some analogues of the cyclohexenones 3a and 3b.Faisant appel à la diffraction des rayons-X, on a déterminé la stéréochimie du composé 3a, une des acétyl-2 trihydroxy-3,5,6 diméthyl-5,6 cyclohexénones obtenues par une transposition de la diacétyl-2,3 hydroxy-4 méthyl-4 cyclopenténone, 2a, en milieu alcalin. Une courbe ORTEP démontre que la configuration est (5RS,6RS) pour l'acétyl-2 trihydroxy-3,5,6 diméthyl-5,6 cyclohexénone et qu'il existe un système de chélation conjugué impliquant des liaisons hydrogènes entre O(3)… H(31) et H(31)… O(2).
Educational Relevance as a Motivating Operation for Equivalence Class Formation: Implications for Application

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Equivalence-Based Instruction (EBI) is a method of teaching sets of physically disparate stimuli that uses stimulus equivalence principles (Critchfield & Fienup, 2008). The basic stimulus equivalence literature informs which procedural variants are used in research and clinical practice, but application of these findings requires determining the effect of educational relevance on equivalence class formation. In the current study, Experiment 1 compared the relative difficulty of the stimulus sets to be used in the educationally relevant conditions of Experiment 2, while Experiment 2 examined the effects of stimulus meaningfulness and educational relevance. The Arbitrary group learned nonsense symbols from Steele and Hayes (1991). The meaningful/ non-educationally relevant group (Chem) learned stimuli adapted from two Chemistry textbooks. The meaningful/ educationally relevant group (DevPsych) learned stimuli adapted from a Psychology textbook. Experiment 2 compared equivalence class formation in Arbitrary, Chem, and DevPsych groups, demonstrating that meaningfulness facilitates equivalence class formation relative to arbitrariness, and that educationally relevant stimuli facilitate equivalence class formation relative to non–educationally relevant stimuli. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the effect of educational relevance found in Experiment 2 was not due to stimulus difficulty alone. Together, findings from the current study show that the effect of educational relevance as a motivating operation may improve learning outcomes in EBI, explaining why procedural variants of EBI shown in the literature to be less effective may still produce high yields (i.e., percentage of participants passing the first administration of the final test of equivalence) when used in applied contexts. This finding calls for a re-investigation of basic stimulus equivalence findings in the applied setting.
Mister Hobbes’s Oakeshott

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"It may be said, then, that Hobbes is not an absolutist precisely because he is an authoritarian. His skepticism about the power of reasoning, which applied no less to the 'artificial reason' of the Sovereign than to the reason of the natural man, together with the rest of his individualism, separate him from the rationalist dictators of his or any age."1 In this interestingly paradoxical passage, Oakeshott connects his emphasis upon Hobbes's skepticism with his interpretation of Hobbes's political thought. For Oakeshott, Hobbes was not an absolutist, because his skepticism served to undermine the certainty on which absolute claims— whether philosophical or political—could rest. In labeling Hobbes an "authoritarian," Oakeshott meant no pejorative; instead, he reveals authority as a central concept of his interpretation of Hobbes's political philosophy and, I will argue, of his own.KeywordsCivil SocietyPolitical PhilosophyCommon GoodMoral LifePolitical ThoughtThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
BURUH TANI DALAM HUKUM POSITIF INDONESIA:

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Farm labor or peasant is an urgent component in agriculture, farm and animal husbandry or aquaculture. Farm workers or peasants also have unique and different characteristics compared to industrial workers, especially in terms of form and rhythm of work. However, farm workers do not get specific protection in positive law in Indonesia. This article explores the legislation in Indonesia to see the position of farm workers in positive law. The search results, supported by the elaboration of historical facts, show that agricultural laborers in Indonesia do not have a specific legal protection. Meanwhile, the facts of current agricultural developments show that farm workers increasingly need this protection in line with the tendency of agricultural globalization.
Substation automation. IED integration and availability of information

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The advent of power industry deregulation has placed greater emphasis on the availability of information, the analysis of this information, and the subsequent decision-making to optimize system operation in a competitive environment. Intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) being implemented in substations contain valuable information, both operational and nonoperational, needed by many user groups within the utility. The challenge facing utilities is determining a standard integration architecture that meets the utility's specific needs, can extract the desired operational and nonoperational information, and deliver this information to the users who have applications to analyze the information. This article provides an overview of substation integration and automation fundamentals and focuses on best practices.
The Comparative Advantage of Cities

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

What determines the distributions of skills, occupations, and industries across cities? We develop a theory to jointly address these fundamental questions about the spatial organization of economies. Our model incorporates a system of cities, their internal urban structures, and a high-dimensional theory of factor-driven comparative advantage. It predicts that larger cities will be skill-abundant and specialize in skill-intensive activities according to the monotone likelihood ratio property. We test the model using data on 270 US metropolitan areas, 3 to 9 educational categories, 22 oc-cupations, and 19 industries. The results provide support for our theory’s predictions.
dbxmediates neuronal specification and differentiation through cross-repressive, lineage-specific interactions witheveandhb9

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Individual neurons adopt and maintain defined morphological and physiological phenotypes as a result of the expression of specific combinations of transcription factors. In particular, homeodomain-containing transcription factors play key roles in determining neuronal subtype identity in flies and vertebrates. dbx belongs to the highly divergent H2.0 family of homeobox genes. In vertebrates, Dbx1 and Dbx2promote the development of a subset of interneurons, some of which help mediate left-right coordination of locomotor activity. Here, we identify and show that the single Drosophila ortholog of Dbx1/2contributes to the development of specific subsets of interneurons via cross-repressive, lineage-specific interactions with the motoneuron-promoting factors eve and hb9 (exex). dbx is expressed primarily in interneurons of the embryonic, larval and adult central nervous system, and these interneurons tend to extend short axons and be GABAergic. Interestingly, many Dbx+ interneurons share a sibling relationship with Eve+ or Hb9+ motoneurons. The non-overlapping expression of dbx and eve, or dbxand hb9, within pairs of sibling neurons is initially established as a result of Notch/Numb-mediated asymmetric divisions. Cross-repressive interactions between dbx and eve, and dbx and hb9, then help maintain the distinct expression profiles of these genes in their respective pairs of sibling neurons. Strict maintenance of the mutually exclusive expression of dbx relative to that of eveand hb9 in sibling neurons is crucial for proper neuronal specification, as misexpression of dbx in motoneurons dramatically hinders motor axon outgrowth.
Plastic Bottle Cap Recycling—Characterization of Recyclate Composition and Opportunities for Design for Circularity

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In line with efforts to create a circular economy of plastics, recent EU legislation is strengthening plastic bottle recycling by ambitious separate collection targets and mandatory recycled content obligations. Furthermore, explicit design requirements on the caps of bottles and composite beverage packaging have been introduced. These caps are typically made of polyethylene or polypropylene and often contain additives such as slip agents and anti-statics. Commercially available bottle cap recyclates (BCRs) as well as specifically formulated model compounds were analyzed in terms of composition by means of infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Their composition was found to be heterogeneous due to polyolefin cross-contamination, directly reflecting the diversity of cap materials present in the market. Slip agent legacy additives originating from the initial use phase were found and quantified in both commercial and model cap recyclates. This highlights the opportunity for redesigning plastic bottle caps not only in response to regulatory requirements, but to pursue a more comprehensive strategy of product design for circularity. By including considerations of polymer resin and additive choice in cap manufacturing, more homogeneous waste streams could be derived from plastic bottle cap recycling, enabling recycling into more demanding and valuable applications.
Effect of drought stress and mycorrhizal inoculation on the growth, photosynthetic activity and water use efficiency of leek (Allium porrum L. 'Gigante Suizo')

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

During the experiments it was examined two irrigation levels: 1. optimal water supply – the irrigation activation by available water capacity (AWC) Glomus in leek culture. The effect of treatments on the photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), water use efficiency (WUE), biomass production (weight, dry matter content of different plant part), size of pseudostem, leaf area and specific leaf area (SLA) was observed. The drought stress had effect on all observed parameters: it decreased the photosynthetic and transpiration rate (A: from 5.04–5.37 to 3.33–3.43 µmol CO2.m−2. s−1, E: from 1.78–1.91 to 0.99–1.03 mmol H2O. m−2. s−1 in the average of 5 measuring date), the weight total fresh weight of plants: from 355–453 g to 152–255 g), and the leaf area, the length and diameter of pseudostem, too. The WUE, the dry matter content and the thickness of leaves increased under stress. In the most parameters, the water supply had stronger effect than the inoculation. The inoculation had positive effect mainly under drought stress: it improved the WUE at 3 measuring time (from 3.45 to 3.50 μmol CO2.mmol H2O−1, in the average of 5 measuring date), increased the weight (total fresh weight of plants: from 152 g to 255 g) and the leaf area (from 0.16 to 0.12 m2).
Growth of friesian calves offered three allowances of milk replacer.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Milk and milk products are a more expensive source of dietary nutrients than pasture and cereal based supplements. Therefore restricting milk intake could reduce the cost of rearing replacement cattle. Friesian calves (n=60) were allocated to three balanced treatment groups receiving a High (29.8 kg), Medium (21.8 kg) or Low (16.6 kg) allowance of milk replacer (MR). Calves offered the Low allowance were weaned from MR at day 42, while the other two groups were weaned from MR at day 49 of the trial. Calves were weighed at days 0, 49, 70 and 119 following a 12 hour fast. The liveweight gain of the High group was greater (P<0.05) during days 0-49 and 49-119 than the Medium and Low groups. The calves on the Medium and Low MR allowance were 3 kg lighter on day 49 and 7 kg lighter on day 119 than those of the High MR allowance. Differences in growth rates between treatment groups prior to day 49 were smaller than would be expected from the large difference in metabolisable energy intake from MR. Furthermore, reducing MR allowance did not increase meal intake as was expected. It is likely that the calves partially compensated for a lower MR intake by increasing pasture dry matter intake. When choosing to restrict the level of nutrition offered to the young calf, the effect on animal performance both before and after weaning must be recognised.
Body And Soul On Broadway

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

MOST ATTEMPTS TO ACCOUNT FOR THE POPULARITY of American psychological drama include a claim that audiences look to it for a comforting release from the deep troubles of the age. This observation, though now almost too familiar to command attention, is reasonably accurate. The age is troubled. It carries a weight of worry over international unrest at least as great as burdened the decade immediately preceding World War II, and the affluence amid which the American population worries has created other anxieties no less keen than those born of poverty in that not-so-distant decade. It is also true that most of the new plays give comfort, and that audiences are grateful for it. But on this point we must pause for speculation, if ever we are to make a sensible appraisal of the notions our popular playwrights bring to us. It is time to give thought to what lies under the skillful plot construction, character development, and turns of phrase in the work of a Tennessee Williams, a William Inge, a Paddy Chaye£sky—to look at the heart of their mystery. Much too seldom does the public for new plays or the corps of critics who speak for it question these playwrights' casual procedure for offering encouragement, or recognize that the comfort they offer is only temporary. No "healing" process undergone by any of the disturbed protagonists of Broadway could take effect outside the theater, and it is both dangerous and unintelligent to think otherwise, as unfortunately many persons who observe them do think. Our new playwrights, like the most popular playwrights before the war, are propagandists of a sort who would have us believe that we can allay our most serious troubles by not much more than will power alone. Though we may admire qualities of their work to the same degree that we admire certain qualities of such propaganda plays as, say, Shakespeare's Henry V or Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession, we should be wary of their propensity for evasiveness, question-begging, and special pleading.
Effects of Economic Stress on High School Students' Views of Work and the Future

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Effects of Economic Stress on High School Students' Views of Work and the Future Get access Loring Jones, Loring Jones Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Pauline Agbayani-Siewert, Pauline Agbayani-Siewert Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Guadalupe Friaz Guadalupe Friaz Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Children & Schools, Volume 20, Issue 1, January 1998, Pages 11–24, https://doi.org/10.1093/cs/20.1.11 Published: 01 January 1998 Article history Accepted: 14 January 1997 Published: 01 January 1998
Early withdrawal immunosuppression improved mixed chimerism in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pediatric aplastic anemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Mixed chimerism (MC) occurs frequently with the risk of graft reject (GR) for aplastic anemia (AA) patients undergoing matched sibling donor (MSD) hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). So far, no one knows how to adjust immunosuppression (IS) during MC. We retrospectively analyzed 87 consecutive pediatric patients. Early withdrawal (EW) IS and donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) were attempted to reverse MC. The rate of MC was 26% (n = 23). Low dose cyclophosphamide (CY) (120–150 mg/kg) is an independent risk factor for MC (P = 0.0002) and increase dosage of Fludarabine (FLU) cannot eliminated it. Patients receiving 200 mg/kg CY had the lowest MC rate (8%) and best 3-year graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)/failure free survival (GFFS; 95%). Chimerism in T cells is more sensitive than that in whole blood (P = 0.001). In 17 patients with early-onset MC (ratio of DLI: 83% versus 82%), EW IS strategy is helpful to improving complete chimerism (CC) (63 vs. 295 days, P = 0.008). Our study shows that FLU is necessary to intensify CY + ATG conditioning to maintain the engraftment and 200 mg/kg CY + 150 mg/m2 FLU is recommended as a basic conditioning regimen. EW IS strategy should be considered as an important option to improve donor chimerism in early-onset MC.
Interfacial Engineering for Oriented Crystal Growth toward Dendrite‐Free Zn Anode for Aqueous Zinc Metal Battery

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Zn deposition with a surface‐preferred (002) crystal plane has attracted extensive attention due to its inhibited dendrite growth and side reactions. However, the nucleation and growth of the Zn(002) crystal plane are closely related to the interfacial properties. Herein, oriented growth of Zn(002) crystal plane is realized on Ag‐modified surface that is directly visualized by in situ atomic force microscopy. A solid solution HCP‐Zn (~1.10 at. % solubility of Ag, 30 °C) is formed on the Ag coated Zn foil (Zn@Ag) and possesses the same crystal structure as Zn to reduce its nucleation barrier caused by their lattice mismatch. It merits oriented Zn deposition and corrosion‐resistant surface, and presents long cycling stability in symmetric cells and full cells coupled with V 2 O 5 cathode. This work provides insights into interfacial regulation of Zn anodes for high‐performance aqueous zinc metal batteries.
The National Insurance (Increase of Benefit and Miscellaneous Provisions) Regulations 1974

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Secretary of State for Social Services, in exercise of powers conferred by sections 45, 49(l)(a) and 50(l)(a)(ii) of the National Insurance Act 1965 and paragraphs 17 and 18 of Schedule 11 to that Act, section 11(1) of the National Insurance Act 1966, as amended by section 6(1) of the National Insurance Act 1972 and paragraph 13 of Schedule 4 to the National Insurance Act 1974, paragraph 3 of Schedule 6 to the National Insurance Act 1969 and section 1 of the National Insurance Act 1970, and of all other powers enabling her in that behalf, and in conjunction with the Treasury so far as relates to matters with regard to which the Treasury have so directed, hereby makes the following regulations, which contain no provisions other than such as are made in consequence of the National Insurance Act 1974 and which accordingly, by virtue of paragraph 2(l)(a) of Schedule 5 to that Act, are exempt from the requirements of section 108 of the National Insurance Act 1965 (reference to the National Insurance Advisory Committee):—
Anesthesia for the High-Risk Patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The second edition of this successful text discusses the complete range of high risk situations likely to be encountered in anesthetic practice, providing practical advice on pre-, intra- and post-operative management for both elective and emergency surgery. The introductory section gives background information on risks and complications, enabling the reader to accurately and quickly assess patients. Emphasis is placed on cardiovascular risk, cardiac disease and cardiac management, but all key risks are assessed. The second section covers specific surgical scenarios such as managing the critically ill patient, the elderly patient and those with cardiac co-morbidities. Written in a concise, practical style by an international team of experienced practitioners, this is a user-friendly guide to the perioperative management of all high risk patients, and is an invaluable resource for all anesthetists, intensivists and hopsitalists.
Comprehensive Analysis of Optimal Thermal Management Strategies in the Atmospheric Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Integrated With Bottoming Cycle

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Atmospheric solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)-based hybrid systems are a promising solution for efficient power generation and waste heat utilization. However, their performance is highly dependent on tailored thermal management strategies. To address this issue, this study presents a hybrid system model with splitters and conducts a systematic approach including local sensitivity analysis, synergistic effect evaluation, heat exchange configuration assessment, and optimization. Sensitivity analysis identifies the splitters for anode off-gas and cathode off-gas recirculations as key factors influencing system performance. Synergistic effect evaluations reveal specific combinations of splitters enhance the net power and efficiency of the hybrid system. Additionally, system performance is evaluated under pre-combustion and post-combustion heat exchange configurations. Pre-combustion heat exchange excels at higher SOFC outlet temperatures by effectively preheating inlet streams, while post-combustion configuration performs better at lower outlet temperatures due to efficient heat utilization for bottoming cycle power generation. Optimal thermal management strategies are obtained using a neural network-based regression model and a genetic algorithm, achieving a 52.3% increase in net power and a 6.3 %p improvement in net efficiency compared to the base case. These findings provide valuable insights into designing efficient SOFC-based hybrid systems and highlight the importance of tailoring thermal management strategies.