jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SH0990335.10FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Silences and Silos: NATO's implementation of UNSCR 1325

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) is the preeminent international security institution spanning Europe and North America. This means that NATO’s engagement with UN Security Council Resolution 1325 on Women, Peace and Security (WPS) is of particular salience to examine. NATO’s role as a ‘teaching machine’ sharing lessons on gender and UNSCR 1325, means the organisation represents a key site for the transfer of learning on the value of the WPS agenda. Despite this, and the wide range of literature examining the implementation of UNSCR 1325, NATO’s implementation of the women, peace and security agenda remains under examined. This thesis contributes a feminist approach to theorising international security institutions, drawing upon an institutional approach to understand how NATO’s gendered organisational structure has contributed to shaping a particular understanding of UNSCR 1325. Notably, the WPS agenda has mapped onto NATO’s long existing concern with the status of women in the military, and UNSCR 1325 has come to be supported, in the military structure, by the existing gender machinery established to support this agenda. The thesis identifies the key actors and drivers involved in NATO’s adoption and implementation of UNSCR 1325. In particular, the central role of partner states has contributed to the framing of the WPS agenda as external to the Alliance, or within a silo, both practically and symbolically. This supports the argument that member and partner states have come to learn the value of UNSCR 1325 as a diplomatic tool and a means of providing influence incommensurate with status. It also challenges notions that NATO is an organisation whose agenda is dictated (solely) by the US. In addition to identifying femocrats operating within NATO, the thesis draws attention to the importance of leadership for driving the agenda, most significantly through the appointment of the NATO Secretary General’s Special Representative on Women, Peace and Security in 2012. The thesis exposes the ‘added value’ of UNSCR 1325 not only for member states, but for NATO. This finds the Resolution valued as a tool to increase operational effectiveness, in part because its adoption was shaped by NATO’s involvement in Afghanistan. NATO’s implementation of UNSCR 1325 has also been utilised by as a public diplomacy tool by NATO, for example, utilising stories of Afghan military women as a ‘good news story’ about NATO’s involvement in Afghanistan.
Recurrent Loss of SMARCA4 in Sinonasal Teratocarcinosarcoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Molecular analysis has reshaped the landscape of high grade sinonasal tumors by defining novel entities and identifying recurrent mutations in established tumor types. However, sinonasal teratocarcinosarcoma (TCS), a rare and aggressive tumor with intermixed teratomatous, carcinomatous, and sarcomatous elements, remains poorly understood. The multiphenotypic differentiation of TCS has engendered persistent controversy about its histogenesis and leads to diagnostic overlap with several other malignancies. In this study, we evaluated the molecular underpinnings of TCS to clarify its pathogenesis and diagnosis. We performed SMARCA4 immunohistochemistry (IHC) on 22 TCS and 153 other sinonasal tumors. We identified loss of SMARCA4 expression in 18 TCS (82%), including 15 (68%) with complete loss and 3 (14%) with partial loss. Although we also identified partial SMARCA4 loss in 1 of 8 SMARCB1-deficient sinonasal carcinomas (13%), SMARCA4 was intact in all other sinonasal carcinomas and neuroendocrine tumors. We then selected 3 TCS with complete SMARCA4 loss by IHC for a targeted next-generation sequencing panel that included 1425 cancer-related genes. We confirmed biallelic somatic inactivation of SMARCA4 without other known oncogenic mutations in these 3 cases. Overall, these findings suggest that SMARCA4 inactivation may be the dominant genetic event in TCS, expanding understanding of this gene’s role in sinonasal tumorigenesis. They also raise the possibility that TCS is on a diagnostic spectrum with the newly described SMARCA4-deficient sinonasal carcinoma, blurring the lines between established and emerging sinonasal entities. In addition, SMARCA4 IHC may provide a useful adjunct for confirming a diagnosis of TCS in limited material.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical‐Microbiological Synthesis of 6β‐Eudesmanolides from 11‐ Hydroxyl Derivatives Obtained by Rhizopus nigricans Cultures: Synthesis of 6β‐Dendroserins.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fast-Track Surgery principle simplementation in the minimally invasive surgery depatment state directorate for affairs, state research institution "Research and Practical Centre of Preventive and Clinical Medicine"

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Modern life poses new challenges in medicine. Patients, who are going into surgery, want to be treated efficiently, safely, and quickly return to the normal life rhythm. The present level of medical progress allows us to do this. All these requirements are met by “Fast-Track Surgery” concept. This surgical treatment principle may be used in most surgical fields.«Fast-Track Surgery» includes pre-, intra- and post-operative periods. It has changed the generally accepted principles of patient preparation for surgery (excludes long period of fasting, bowel preparation, mandatory premedication), established new requirements for the surgical methods (laparo- and endoscopic techniques) and anesthetic management (the rapid post-anesthesia recovery for patient is required). In addition, early patient activation and early enteral nutrition are common standards of the «Fast-Track Surgery» nowadays.Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, based on the «Fast-Track Surgery» principles, was opened in the Research and Practical Center of Preventive and Clinical Medicine in 2007. Its structure includes a surgical hospital (36 beds), an operating unit (7 operating tables) and an intensive care unit (6 beds). More than 20 thousand patients received their surgery (16 surgical areas) in the Minimally Invasive Surgery Center since 2007. After the «Fast-Track Surgery» principles have been implementedin to the clinic routine patient’s comfort has inc reased and the time of hospital treatm ent has significantly reduced. Today, the average length of a hospital stay for in-patients is 1.9 days.
Mechanism of stimulation of aortic chemoreceptors by natural stimuli and chemical substances

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Impulses were recorded in single fibres of aortic chemoreceptors of cats anaesthetized with chloralose. There was no demonstrable difference between the responses of the endings of medullated and non‐medullated fibres respectively to any of the natural stimuli, such as hypoxia, reduction in blood pressure, or reduction in O 2 content. This indicates that the generator processes are qualitatively and quantitatively identical at the endings of both types of fibres. 2. Most of the endings were practically silent while ventilating the lungs with air. The maximum frequency of discharge averaged over 4‐10 sec while ventilating the lungs with 4% O 2 ranged from 1·5 to 24 impulses/sec; in most fibres (twenty‐one out of twenty‐six endings) it was less than 12 impulses/sec. 3. All the chemoreceptors tested were considerably stimulated following administration of 0·2 or 2% CO at a time when the O 2 content was greater than 4 ml./100 ml. 4. All the chemoreceptors were markedly and rapidly stimulated following circulatory arrest while the cat was ventilated with air. This stimulation fell considerably within 3 min of circulatory arrest. Very little or no excitation followed circulatory arrest while ventilating the cat with pure N 2 . These results suggest that excitation following circulatory arrest is not produced by a metabolite. 5. There was a remarkable difference between the sensitivities of endings of medullated and non‐medullated fibres to drugs. The former were either unaffected by relatively large doses of ACh (100‐200 μg) or phenyl diguanide, or if they were stimulated, the excitation so produced was much less than that produced in endings of non‐medullated fibres. This supports the hypothesis that drugs produce their effects by an action at the regenerative regions of the endings, i.e. regions where the nerve impulse is initiated (Paintal, 1964). It also indicates that ACh is not likely to be a transmitter in the normal processes of excitation of chemoreceptors. 6. A mechanism of stimulation of chemoreceptors not involving metabolites is presented.
Rumour Detection Based on Graph Convolutional Neural Net

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Rumor detection is an important research topic in social networks, and lots of rumor detection models are proposed in recent years. For the rumor detection task, structural information in a conversation can be used to extract effective features. However, many existing rumor detection models focus on local structural features while the global structural features between the source tweet and its replies are not effectively used. To make full use of global structural features and content information, we propose Source-Replies relation Graph (SR-graph) for each conversation, in which every node denotes a tweet, its node feature is weighted word vectors, and edges denote the interaction between tweets. Based on SR-graphs, we propose an Ensemble Graph Convolutional Neural Net with a Nodes Proportion Allocation Mechanism (EGCN) for the rumor detection task. In experiments, we first verify that the extracted structural features are effective, and then we show the effects of different word-embedding dimensions on multiple test indices. Moreover, we show that our proposed EGCN model is comparable or even better than the current state-of-art machine learning models.
The breathing hand: obstetric brachial plexopathy reinnervation from thoracic roots?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It has been found that in cases of obstetric brachial plexopathy, injured phrenic nerve or C3/4/5 roots may sprout into the adjacent injured upper and middle trunks of the brachial plexus. This aberrant regeneration produces co-contraction of the diaphragm and proximal upper limb muscles. This phenomenon, referred to as respiratory synkinesis or "the breathing arm", may not be limited to the upper cervical roots. We present two cases, identified through electromyographic investigations, of respiratory synkinesis selectively affecting intrinsic hand muscles, and propose that upper thoracic roots and their intercostal nerves may also produce respiratory synkinesis, resulting in a "breathing hand." This novel brand of synkinesis indicates that obstetric brachial plexus neuropathies can have quite proximal nerve injury in all trunks. The findings in our patients may not be entirely unique. The time required to develop distal muscle synkinesis and the subtle nature of our findings may suggest that with time and the assistance of EMG the breathing hand may be more common. When considering brachial plexus surgery, the significance of respiratory synkinesis should not be overlooked as its presence indicates injury at a root or proximal trunk level and may come from either nerves destined for the diaphragm or for the intercostal muscles.
Thermal, Optical, and Emission Traits of SM3+-Ion-Doped Fluoride/Chloride/Oxide Glass for Red/Orange Laser Fiber Applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This study examined spectroscopic, thermal, and other qualities, such as the lasing parameters, of Sm3+-doped glass with the composition 40P2O5–30ZnO–20LiCl–10BaF2. The ellipsometric data were used in a Sellmeier dispersion relation to estimate the refractive index values of the glasses investigated. The measured absorption spectra of the doped glass reveal the presence of various absorption bands assigned to transitions from the 6H5/2 ground state attributed to Sm3+-ion-excited states. We studied the decay of the 4G5/2 level of the Sm3+ ions in the doped glass by analyzing its absorption and emission fluorescence spectra. The Judd–Ofelt hypothesis allowed us to determine that the quantum efficiency of the 4G5/2–6H7/2 transition is high: 96% and 97% for glass doped with 4.05 × 1019 ions/cm−3 and 11 × 1019 ions/cm−3, respectively. Furthermore, this glass exhibits efficient red/orange enhanced spontaneous emission that matches the excitation band of the photosensitizer material used in medical applications.
Comment on "Quantum Confinement and Optical Gaps in Si Nanocrystals"

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We show that the method used by Ogut, Chelikowsky and Louie (Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 1770 (1997)) to calculate the optical gap of Si nanocrystals omits an electron-hole polarization energy. When this contribution is taken into account, the corrected optical gap is in excellent agreement with semi-empirical pseudopotential calculations.
Trends in breast cancer death by stage at diagnoses in 2000-2018.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e18855 Background: Approximately 40-45,000, women die from breast cancer each year, most of which are due to metastatic recurrence of stage I-III cancers. Stage I and II cancers are considered highly curable, but they also include most patients. The goal of this analysis is to examine the contribution of stage I, II, III, and IV disease to annual breast cancer-specific death and assess time trends. Methods: Data from patients diagnosed with stage I-IV breast cancer between 1975-2018 (N = 1,545,502) were obtained from The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. After filtering for the female sex, one primary site only, surgery performed, known AJCC stage > 0, and survival data available we included N = 1,018,331 patients. We estimated the year of breast cancer-specific death (BCSD) by adding time to BCSD to a year of diagnosis for each patient. We summarized the proportion of BCSD by stage at diagnosis in each year between 2000 and 2017. All temporal trends were assessed by fitting the linear model with interactions between stage and year, then running the ANOVA to test model coefficient significance. For each year of diagnosis, Kaplan-Meier curves were fitted to patient data grouped by stage, and 5-year survival was estimated. Results: The study population included 24% ER-, 73% ER+ (the rest unknown) cancers; 35% HER2-, 6% HER2+ (the rest unknown); 24% were < 50 and 76% > 50 years of age; 60% received adjuvant chemotherapy. Over time, the frequency of stage I cancers increased from 49% in 2000 to 54% by 2017 (slope = 0.37 [95% CI: 0.32; 0.42]), and stage II and III decreased from 35.2% to 34.9% (slope = - 0.09 [-0.15; -0.04]) and from 14% to 10% (slope = -0.23 [-0.29; -0.18]), respectively. Five-year breast cancer-specific survivals remained stable for stage I cancers and increased significantly for stage II (slope = 0.002 [0.001;0.003]), stage III (slope = 0.006 [0.005;0.007]) and IV cancers (slope = 0.011 [0.010; 0.012]). The contribution of stage I cancers to annual breast cancer death increased and reached 23% in 2017, while death from stage III disease decreased to 30%. Since 2003, > 50% of breast cancer deaths are from stage I-II cancers. Conclusions: The prevalence of stage I breast cancers increased in the past 20 years, and despite excellent overall prognosis, stage I-II cancers account for over 60% of all BCSD. To substantially reduce breast cancer death, we need to better identify the minority of Stage I-II patients who remain at risk for recurrence and death. [Table: see text]
Ambra1 deficiency impairs mitophagy in skeletal muscle

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background Maintaining healthy mitochondria is mandatory for muscle viability and function. An essential surveillance mechanism targeting defective and harmful mitochondria to degradation is the selective form of autophagy called mitophagy. Ambra1 is a multifaceted protein with well-known autophagic and mitophagic functions. However, the study of its role in adult tissues has been extremely limited due to the embryonic lethality caused by full-body Ambra1 deficiency. Methods To establish the role of Ambra1 as a positive regulator of mitophagy, we exploited in vivo overexpression of a mitochondria-targeted form of Ambra1 in skeletal muscle. To dissect the consequence of Ambra1 inactivation in skeletal muscle, we generated muscle-specific Ambra1 knockout (Ambra1fl/fl:Mlc1f-Cre) mice. Mitochondria-enriched fractions were obtained from muscles of fed and starved animals to investigate the dynamics of the mitophagic flux. Results Our data show that Ambra1 has a critical role in the mitophagic flux of adult murine skeletal muscle and that its genetic inactivation leads to mitochondria alterations and myofibre remodelling. Ambra1 overexpression in wild-type muscles is sufficient to enhance mitochondria clearance through the autophagy-lysosome system. Consistently with this, Ambra1-deficient muscles display an abnormal accumulation of the mitochondrial marker TOMM20 by +76% (n = 6–7; P < 0.05), a higher presence of myofibres with swollen mitochondria by +173% (n = 4; P < 0.05), and an alteration in the maintenance of the mitochondrial membrane potential and a 34% reduction in the mitochondrial respiratory complex I activity (n = 4; P < 0.05). Lack of Ambra1 in skeletal muscle leads to impaired mitophagic flux, without affecting the bulk autophagic process. This is due to a significantly decreased recruitment of DRP1 (n = 6–7 mice; P < 0.01) and Parkin (n = 6–7 mice; P < 0.05) to the mitochondrial compartment, when compared with controls. Ambra1-deficient muscles also show a marked dysregulation of the endolysosome compartment, as the incidence of myofibres with lysosomal accumulation is 20 times higher than wild-type muscles (n = 4; P < 0.05). Histologically, Ambra1-deficient muscles of both 3- and 6-month-old animals display a significant decrease of myofibre cross-sectional area and a 52% reduction in oxidative fibres (n=6–7; P < 0.05), thus highlighting a role for Ambra1 in the proper structure and activity of skeletal muscle. Conclusions Our study indicates that Ambra1 is critical for skeletal muscle mitophagy and for the proper maintenance of functional mitochondria.
Exploring the Implications of the Poongseok Seoyugu’s Imwon Gyeongjeji on Modern Practical Arts Education

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

이 연구는 조선 후기의 실과 관련 내용을 다룬 임원경제지라는 저서를 살펴보고 실과 교육의 뿌리 를 찾아 보기 위하여 시작하였다. 이 연구의 목적은 풍석 서유구의 임원경제지 내용의 분석을 통해 현 대 실과 교육에 주는 시사점을 탐색하는 데 있다. 연구 방법은 문헌 연구 방법에 기초하였다. 이 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 임원 경제지와 현대 실과 교육은 내용 측면에서 상당한 관련 이 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 임원경제지와 현대 실과 교육의 교육 내용 설계에서 사회 중심의 설 계를 기본으로 설정하고 저술하였다. 셋째, 내용 측면에서 임원경제지부터 현재까지 이어져 오고 있는 생활 세계는 농업을 기반으로 하는 의, 식, 주 생활 세계이며 여러 가지 생활 기술과 정보 기술을 기반 으로 하는 기술의 세계로 볼 수 있다. 이 연구의 결과에 기초하여 추후에는 더 다양한 실학 연구자들의 저서를 실과 교육 측면에서 분석 할 필요가 있을 것이다.
Adjustments in markups after a Free Trade Agreement: An analysis of Pakistani firms gaining increased access to China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Increased market access through trade liberalization can affect the markups, prices, and marginal costs of exporters. Understanding these dynamics is critical for firms and policymakers, particularly as they formulate export strategies. We examine the impact of China lowering tariffs on Pakistani products under the Pakistan–China Free Trade Agreement (FTA), which gave Pakistani exporters greater market access. Using disaggregated output and price data for textile manufacturers in Punjab, Pakistan, we estimate product-level markups and marginal costs using the methodology of De Loecker, Goldberg, Khandelwal, and Pavcnik (2016) [“Prices, Markups, and Trade Reform.” Economterica 84 (2): 445–510]. We then extend this to the firm level by using the methodology of De Loecker and Warzynsksi (2012) [“Markups and Firm-Level Export Status.” American Economic Review, 2437–2471]. We find that Pakistani firms exporting to China followed a dynamic pricing strategy by reducing prices to compete with global competitors in the Chinese market. We also find evidence of a decrease in marginal costs as a result of reductions in X-inefficiencies. But because Pakistan's exports to China are relatively homogeneous, the extent of quality differentiation and markup margins was limited. Finally, we find evidence of pro-competitive effects.
Older People Abuse in China: How Can Technologies Help?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Objectives Nanny‐induced elder abuse is a persistent issue in China. Unlike certified nurses and care workers who undergo extensive evaluation processes, elder‐care nannies or “bao mu” often have little to no professional training. Background screening procedures are also highly variable and selective, depending on the specific labour agencies involved. This paper aims to discuss technologies with the potential to detect, prevent, and reduce nanny‐induced elder abuse. Methods This study reviews existing literature and case reports to explore how digital technologies—such as surveillance cameras and smart wearables—have been used to uncover and monitor elder abuse in home care settings. It also examines policy gaps and technological interventions relevant to the Chinese context. Results Recent discoveries of elder abuse in China—including verbal, physical, psychological, financial, and sexual abuse—have primarily come to light through the use of digital surveillance. Smart technologies, from home‐care robots to network monitoring systems, have all demonstrated potential in alerting families and caregivers to abnormal and abusive behaviors by hired care professionals like nannies. However, while surveillance technologies can play an important role in detecting and documenting elder abuse by nannies, they are regarded as limited technical aids rather than comprehensive solutions. Overreliance on monitoring devices may generate a series of ethical and social concerns. Conclusions While systemic reforms like mandatory training and evaluation procedures may take time to implement, technological solutions such as surveillance and wearable monitoring offer relatively cost‐effective, immediate tools to address elder abuse. However, ethical considerations—particularly regarding privacy and data security—must be rigorously upheld to protect older people’s digital health rights.