jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Crop Health Monitoring and Disease Identification in Agriculture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Agriculture is the main source of food and fodder. It demands constant hard work, attention to detail, responsibility, flexibility, and time to produce good yields. The main problems faced by the farmers are many, for example, water supply to the crops, farming equipment, dependence on traditional crops, storage facilities, etc. The foremost and important issue faced by the farmers is maintaining crop health, pest management and weed removal. The main focus is to manage crops of the same type like tomato, brinjal and green chili. The pest found in these types of plants is also similar. The input images captured from agricultural fields are subjected to image processing techniques to detect the presence of pests. Once pests are detected, the system classifies the pests into their respective types. The accuracy of the pest detection algorithm is 96.44%. The software's efficiency and accuracy is a viable tool for farmers and researchers for detection and mitigation of crop damage. The images acquired from the fields are processed to detect the presence of diseases in the leaves. Once a disease is detected, the software categorises the specific type of disease based on a diverse dataset of tomato leaf diseases. The accuracy of the disease detection algorithm is 80.67%. The system enables farmers to detect and identify plant diseases and respond to that promptly, preventing crop loss.
Ultrasonography for peritonsillar abscess diagnosis: benefits and drawbacks

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 2 clinical cases the neck soft tissues ultrasound in the young and old patients allowed to solve the main diagnostic tasks: to determine the presence of peritonsillar abscess cavities, their sizes and localization; to exclude the fit of large vessels near to abscesses and the presence of abnormal vessels; to conduct differential diagnosis of abscesses from a tumor and allergic angioedema. Ultrasound with external access did not require any special preparation, was easily tolerated by the patient, was informative, but it was difficult to determine the puncture place. Intraoral ultrasound was more difficult to conduct, because the transducer should be small in size to enter the patient’s mouth. If the patient had a pronounced trismus, intraoral ultrasound couldn’t be done. On the one hand in a case of children use the standard transducer cannot fit in the mouth as well and may be damaged by teeth. But on the other hand, the abscess puncture site can be more easily determined by intraoral examination. Compared to multi-slice computed tomography with contrast, the ultrasound method is cheaper, more accessible, faster, more informative and there is no radiation exposure associated with this method. Conclusion. Ultrasound of the peritonsillar region by external and intraoral methods is informative for detecting peritonsillar abscess, especially in difficult diagnostic cases.
The Council of Trent

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The little alpine city of Trent is not a very important place today, nor was it in the sixteenth century, apart from its position on a fairly busy line of communication connecting Italy with Germany over the Brenner Pass; and it may well be asked how it came to be the site of an important General Council of the Church. The answer lies in the circumstance that still brings Trent and the Trentino into the news today, their mixed racial character. In the sixteenth century Trent, with an Italian majority and a German minority, was ruled by its Prince-Bishop, usually a prelate of mixed German and Italian connections. It was the capital of a Prince-Bishopric (one of so many in Germany) that formed a constituent principality of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, the boundary of which curious organization with the free and sovereign Italian State of Venice lay not far to the south on the road to Verona.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclialkylation Studies. Part 2. Acylation/Cyclialkylation of Allylbenzene: A Novel Synthesis of 4‐Benzyl‐2‐tetralone.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Diet selection by cattle grazing Stylosanthes-grass pastures in the seasonally dry tropics: effect of year, season, stylo species and botanical composition

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The dietary preference of cattle grazing Stylosanthes-based pastures in the seasonally dry tropics of North Queensland was studied using faecal carbon ratios (S13C) to determine grass-legume proportions. Estimates were made at monthly intervals for several years in 1 experiment to determine the effect of year, season and botanical composition on dietary stylo proportions. In another experiment, the effect of stylo cultivars (Verano and Seca) on dietary preference was monitored for 17 months. Where pastures provided ample opportunity for selection, cattle showed a strong preference for grass in the early wet season and in the late dry season. The proportion of stylo in the diet increased during the wet season and reached peak proportions (as high as 80%) in the late wet season or early dry season. Dietary stylo proportions decreased as pastures dried off and as the stylo shed leaf or became more stemmy. The length of the wet season and the amount and distribution of rainfall had a major influence on the seasonal pattern of diet selection. Stylo rarely fell below 20% in the diet. On an annual basis, stylo accounted for about 45% of the diet which was appreciably higher than the proportion of stylo in the pasture. Dietary stylo proportions were higher on Seca-based pasture than on Verano-based pasture. The avoidance of stylo in the early wet season was less pronounced with Seca compared with Verano. Later in the season Seca was the dominant dietary component for a much longer period than Verano. The effect of botanical composition on dietary grass-legume proportions varied between and within years. Correlations between grass-legume proportions in the pasture and in the diet were highest in the late dry season and early wet season when preference for grass was strongest. At the end of the wet season when cattle preferred stylo, dietary stylo was not related to pasture stylo content except in a drought year. Averaged over the full year, dietary stylo content was significantly correlated with pasture stylo content in all years and the correlation was highest in a drought year when there was a high level of utilisation and less opportunity for selection. A simple model relating dietary stylo to pasture stylo was developed and is discussed.
Integrated Multimodality Microscopy and Confocal Raman Spectroscopy for In Vivo Skin Evaluation and Diagnosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We developed an integrated system for label-free in-vivo skin morphology and biochemical analysis. It provides simultaneous, co-registered reflectance confocal microscopy and multiphoton microscopy imaging and performs targeted Raman spectroscopy of interested microstructures under imaging guidance.
Design of a Low-Profile Receiver of 3.3 KW wireless charger

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The usage of physical space in an Electrical vehicle is a roadblock to achieving peak performance in wireless charging applications. Components like the receiver, onboard power electronics, etc. have to be arranged in such a way that challenges like bulkiness, power density, thermal management is handled to achieve maximum operating life of these devices and their performance. This becomes more prevalent in heavier vehicles. This thesis explores such possibility of solving this constraint by placing the power electronics on top of the receiver.To start with, different frequency ranges used in Wireless power transmission are discussed, fol­lowed by topologies of the coil and compensation networks. Every topology and network has its ad­vantages and disadvantages. And based on various parameters, a comparison is made.Subsequently, power losses across various components of both the primary and the secondary sides of the Wireless Power Transmission(WPT) are calculated in their worst ­case scenarios. These losses are essential for analyzing the thermal management of the system, as these losses produced by the devices generate heat.A series of thermal models were designed on COMSOL 5.6a to analyze the temperature distributions of these circuits. Starting with a simple model which involves two diodes connected in series to more complex cases like the design of the receiver and finally to the last step which is placing the rectifier on a heatsink atop the receiver. The results are experimentally verified and many conclusions are deduced from them. These results give a better understanding of how heat flows in a system. A Thermal analytical model is designed on LT­-SPICE to a thermal circuit of arrangement of the components in the system.
[Clinical studies on sulbactam/cefoperazone in the field of obstetrics and gynecology].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sulbactam/cefoperazone (SBT/CPZ), a new developed antibiotic, was clinically studied. The following results were obtained. Total of 5 cases comprising 1 with endometritis, 3 with Bartholin's abscess, 1 with pyometra (due to corpus cancer) were treated with SBT/CPZ at a dose of 1 g twice daily for 4-5 days by intravenous injection or intravenous drip infusion. The clinical response was good in all cases. A case with pyometra did not respond to the therapy in bacteriologically. Side effects and abnormal laboratory findings due to the drug were not noted.
NEUTROPHILS IN LUNG INFLAMMATION: Which Reactive Oxygen Species are Being Measured?

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The oxidative burst in circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) plays a fundamental role in pulmonary defense and injury. Flow cytometric techniques have been developed for quantitation of oxidative burst activity at the single cell level using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCFH). However, the specific reactive oxidant species being measured using this method are not clearly defined. Isolated human PMN were loaded with DCFH diacetate, stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) in the presence or absence of specific reagents, and analyzed using flow cytometry. Addition of PMA resulted in a 90-fold increase in the fluorescence intensity of DCFH-loaded neutrophils (p <.01). Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity using a calmodulin antagonist (W-13) decreased PMA-induced DCFH oxidation by 70% (p <.05). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase using N(G)-monomethyl-L-arginine (NMMA) did not significantly reduce DCFH oxidation, and did not alter the action of W-13. Addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) had no effect, but catalase, with or without SOD, suppressed DCFH oxidation by 90% (p <.01). These data suggest that hydrogen peroxide, and not NO, is primarily responsible for the PMA-induced oxidation of DCFH in human PMN under these conditions.
Bankruptcy as Implicit Health Insurance

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the implicit health insurance that households receive from the ability to declare bankruptcy. Exploiting multiple sources of variation in asset exemption law, I show that uninsured households with a greater financial cost of bankruptcy make higher out-of-pocket medical payments, conditional on the amount of care received. In turn, I find that households with greater wealth at risk are more likely to hold health insurance. The implicit insurance from bankruptcy distorts the insurance coverage decision. Using a microsimulation model, I calculate that the optimal Pigovian penalties are three-quarters as large as the average penalties under the Affordable Care Act. (JEL D14, H51, I13, K35)
Integrating Substance Abuse Treatment and Criminal Justice Supervision

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Proponents of a pure public safety perspective on the drug problem hold that drug-involved offenders require consistent and intensive supervision by criminal justice authorities in order to stay off drugs and out of trouble. In contrast, proponents of a thoroughgoing public health perspective commonly argue that clients perform better if they are left alone to develop an effective therapeutic alliance with counselors. Both may be correct, but with respect to different groups of offenders. One approach has shown consistent promise for reducing drug use and criminal recidivism: an integrated public health-public safety strategy that combines community-based drug abuse treatment with ongoing criminal justice supervision. This article presents promising findings from programs implementing this strategy and discusses best treatment practices to meet the needs of both low-risk and high-risk clients.
Effects of processing on mycotoxins

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Purpose of the review: This review summarises the effects of common food processes on several important mycotoxins. Findings: Aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone are commonly occurring secondary fungal metabolites known to be toxic to animals and humans. These mycotoxins are fairly heat stable and some level tends to remain in processed food products. While varying degrees of reduction have been documented during some food processes, including sorting, cleaning, milling, baking, canning, frying, roasting, brewing, nixtamalisation and extrusion, removal or destruction is not complete. The reduction of mycotoxins is generally correlated with the degree of heat employed in the process; however, heat energy alone may not cause complete elimination of mycotoxins during food processing. Extrusion cooking as a process has been shown to be effective in reducing most mycotoxins at temperatures above 150°C. Fumonisins, in particular, may be reduced significantly in the presence of a reducing sugar such as glucose, but the degradation or reaction mechanism is not fully understood. Directions for future research: Additional future research is needed to delineate the chemical and toxicological fate of mycotoxins and their degradation products during food processing to ensure the safety of processed foods.
Artificial Intelligence Based System on Enhancing the Capabilities of Transport System: A Systemic Literature Review

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent years have seen a considerable increase in the difficulty for our society in ensuring deep-rooted sustainability of traditional technology involve in critical structure. The role of Artificial intelligence (AI) is gaining importance significantly. By delivering ubiquitous real-time applications, It has aided in improving smart environments in many different industries, including smart cities, manufacturing, transportation, health, and the Internet of Things (IoT) by delivering ubiquitous real-time applications. As the technologies like natural language processing, deep learning, machine learning (ML), and others dramatically improve the functionality of communications, digital commerce, content, and apps, AI is poised to fundamentally change the information and communications technology (ICT) industry. Technological advancements brought changes that affect how we live nationally and internationally. The expansion of the economy has been significantly influenced by transportation. It has recently faced several challenges, including the competitiveness of public transportation and an inability to improve its services. Transport systems continue to have operational issues that deter people from using them. These include the fact that drivers frequently travel either deliberately, slowly, or dangerously quickly, making the schedules posted at bus stops untrustworthy. The most effective remedies to these cyber threats are developed using AI, which also offers the best answer. Security hazards are another unexpected effect of these technological improvements. In order to increase the effectiveness of transportation operations and improve public service, this study makes use of cutting-edge artificial intelligence technology. It also clarifies the capabilities of an AI-based transport system to guarantee high dependability and security in the future. The paper also discusses how AI-based systems can play a part in the intelligent transport system.
Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis of Drill String System for Horizontal Oil Well with Different Positions of Stabilizers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For the horizontal well of petroleum drilling engineering, the horizontal section of drill string was selected as a research object. Collision and friction between drill string and well wall, displacement response on the drill bit and other boundary conditions were considered in this simulated modeling. By using finite element analysis software ANSYS, the dynamic characteristics of horizontal section of drill string were calculated and discussed. The effect of different positions of stabilizers on the vibration characteristics of drill string were studied specially. The calculated results show that the installation positions of stabilizers have remarkable effects on the dynamic characteristics of drill string. It will change the lateral vibration and whirling motion of drill string remarkably. Furthermore, the reasonably installation of the stabilizers can decrease the amplitudes of lateral vibration and transient torque. Those results may provide some guidance for the vibration analysis of drill string system.
Lockdown Verses and Anxieties of Presence: How Polish Theatre Rhymed a Case for Its Purpose on the Pandemic Stage

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Liveness and co-presence are romanticized in Polish theatre as linked to its status as a platform for performances of Polish freedoms. Therefore, the outbreak of COVID-19 and the subsequent decision to close all theatres from March 12, 2020, have created very particular challenges not only to the economic safety and artistic expression of theatre and its artists, but also to its core traditions. Polish government’s attempts to rewrite the constitution, organize fraud elections and limit women rights during the lockdown have made the situation even more challenging. This essay discusses how Polish theatre artists used verse form—including Hip-Hop-derived performances—to claim their agency over the new ecologies of theatre-making and engage with socio-political discourses.
Urban Creative Sustainability: The Case of Lublin

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The proposed research aims to investigate the concept of creative urban sustainability. We asked, what are the factors conditioning creativity in spaces where cultures meet in cities and how do they stimulate urban sustainable development. The empirical material analysed are the results of interviews conducted with cultural managers. We introduce philosophical and sociological approaches based mainly on criticism of writing and the analytical and synthetic method. In the framework of the creative city we illustrate Lublin’s model of spatial innovations, in which culture and creativity have convergence with economic development. We conclude with a conceptual discussion of the creative urban sustainability problems. In particular, we reveal how these issues could help in shaping a theoretic consensus about the function of spaces planning in sustainable development strategies emphasising the importance of creativity as a social resource and also as an agent of social and economic change.
Roles, Functions and Challenges of Hospital Management Committees in Busia County, Kenya

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In 2009, Kenya's Ministry of Health reformed the health sector with the purpose of promoting and improving citizens' health. It founded the Hospital Management Services Fund, which will be managed at the facility level by the Hospital Management Committees (HMCs). Since the HMCs were established at the county level following the devolution of health care in 2016, no review of their performance has been conducted in Busia County. The main goals of devolution include among others to promote social and economic development as well as the provision of proximate, easily accessible services throughout Kenya. We evaluated the HMCs' selection criteria, orientation, induction, and performance in Busia, as well as their implications for Kenya and other African contexts. Through Focus Group Discussions and key informant interviews, data was obtained from all HMC members in six level 4 and one level 5 hospitals. Documents collected both at the facility and county levels were analysed and used appropriately. The National Guidelines were not fully followed by all seven hospitals examined. Three hospitals (43%) nominated individuals with educational levels below the needed O level certification. Another 33% (43%) violated Kenya's 2010 Constitution by discriminating against people with disabilities and minorities. The study reveals widespread commissions and omissions in the recruitment process, which caused anxiety and frustration among HMC members, staff, and the hospitals' catchment populations. Finally, because the nominated HMC members have not been gazetted, appointed, orientated, and facilitated, they lack the legal authority to assume their tasks and obligations.
Comparative analysis of proteins with a mucus-binding domain found exclusively in lactic acid bacteria

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are frequently encountered inhabitants of the human intestinal tract. A protective layer of mucus covers the epithelial cells of the intestine, offering an attachment site for these bacteria. In this study bioinformatics tools were used to identify and characterize proteins containing one type of mucus-binding domain, called MUB, that is postulated to play an important role in the adherence of LAB to this mucus layer. By searching in all protein databases 48 proteins containing at least one of these MUB domains in nine LAB species were identified. These MUB domains varied in size, ranging from approximately 100 to more than 200 residues per domain. Complete MUB domains were found exclusively in LAB. The number of MUB domains present in a single protein varied from 1 to 15. In some cases, orthologous proteins in closely related species contained a different number of domains, indicating that repeats of the domain undergo rapid duplication and deletion. Proteins containing the MUB domain were often encoded by gene clusters that encode multiple extracellular proteins. In addition to one or more copies of the MUB domain, many of these proteins contained other domains that are predicted to be involved in binding to and degradation of extracellular components. These findings strongly suggest that the MUB domain is an LAB-specific functional unit that performs its task in various domain contexts and could fulfil an important role in host–microbe interactions in the gastrointestinal tract.