jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Expanding the Antimalarial Drug Arsenal—Now, But How?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The number of available and effective antimalarial drugs is quickly dwindling. This is mainly because a number of drug resistance-associated mutations in malaria parasite genes, such as crt, mdr1, dhfr/dhps, and others, have led to widespread resistance to all known classes of antimalarial compounds. Unfortunately, malaria parasites have started to exhibit some level of resistance in Southeast Asia even to the most recently introduced class of drugs, artemisinins. While there is much need, the antimalarial drug development pipeline remains woefully thin, with little chemical diversity, and there is currently no alternative to the precious artemisinins. It is difficult to predict where the next generation of antimalarial drugs will come from; however, there are six major approaches: (i) re-optimizing the use of existing antimalarials by either replacement/rotation or combination approach; (ii) repurposing drugs that are currently used to treat other infections or diseases; (iii) chemically modifying existing antimalarial compounds; (iv) exploring natural sources; (v) large-scale screening of diverse chemical libraries; and (vi) through parasite genome-based (“targeted”) discoveries. When any newly discovered effective antimalarial treatment is used by the populus, we must maintain constant vigilance for both parasite-specific and human-related factors that are likely to hamper its success. This article is neither comprehensive nor conclusive. Our purpose is to provide an overview of antimalarial drug resistance, associated parasite genetic factors (1. Introduction; 2. Emergence of artemisinin resistance in P. falciparum), and the antimalarial drug development pipeline (3. Overview of the global pipeline of antimalarial drugs), and highlight some examples of the aforementioned approaches to future antimalarial treatment. These approaches can be categorized into “short term” (4. Feasible options for now) and “long term” (5. Next generation of antimalarial treatment—Approaches and candidates). However, these two categories are interrelated, and the approaches in both should be implemented in parallel with focus on developing a successful, long-lasting antimalarial chemotherapy.
How does cognitive behaviour therapy reduce fatigue in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome? The role of physical activity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is known to reduce fatigue severity in chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). How this change in symptomatology is accomplished is not yet understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether the effect of CBT on fatigue is mediated by an increase in physical activity. Method Three randomized controlled trials were reanalysed, previously conducted to evaluate the efficacy of CBT for CFS. In all samples, actigraphy was used to assess the level of physical activity prior and subsequent to treatment or a control group period. The mediation hypothesis was analysed according to guidelines of Baron & Kenny [Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1986) 51 , 1173–1182]. A non-parametric bootstrap approach was used to test statistical significance of the mediation effect. Results Although CBT effectively reduced fatigue, it did not change the level of physical activity. Furthermore, changes in physical activity were not related to changes in fatigue. Across the samples, the mean mediation effect of physical activity averaged about 1% of the total treatment effect. This effect did not yield significance in any of the samples. Conclusions The effect of CBT on fatigue in CFS is not mediated by a persistent increase in physical activity.
Efficiency and Equity in Learning Communities and schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Traditionally, school efficiency has been measured as a function of educational production. In the last two decades, however, studies in the economics of education have indicated that more is required to improve school efficiency: researchers must explore how significant changes in school organization affect the performance of at-risk students. In this paper we introduce Henry Levin’s adoption of the X-efficiency approach to education and we describe the efficient and cost-effective characteristics of one Learning Communities Project School that significantly improved its student outcomes and enrollment numbers and reduced its absenteeism rate to zero. The organizational change that facilitated these improvements defined specific issues to address. Students’ school success became the focus of the school project, which also offered specific incentives, selected teachers, involved parents and community members in decisions, and used the most efficient technologies and methods. This case analysis reveals new two elements—family training and community involvement—that were not explicit parts of Levin’s adaptation. The case of the Antonio Machado Public School should attract the attention of both social scientists and policy makers
The minimum number of discriminant equations for a symmetric game

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The discriminant equations with the minimum number for a symmetric game are derived. By using a new version of the semi‐tensor product method based on adjacent transpositions, the analysis of symmetric games is greatly simplified. Some new necessary and sufficient conditions for symmetric games are proposed, a basis of the symmetric game space is easily calculated, and the computing complexity is achieved. Finally, two examples are displayed to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
BEDEN EĞİTİMİ VE SPOR YÜKSEKOKULU ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN KARANTİNA DÖNEMİNDEKİ UZAKTAN EĞİTİM İLE İLGİLİ GÖRÜŞLERİ (NİTEL BİR ARAŞTIRMA)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Amaç: Bu çalışmada Koronavirüsün öğrencileri yüz yüze eğitim öğretim hayatından uzaklaştırması sebebiyle karantina döneminde verilmeye başlanan uzaktan eğitime yönelik öğrencilerin görüşleri incelenmiştir. Yöntem: Araştırmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden Durum Çalışması Deseni kullanılmıştır. Veriler sanal olarak görüşme yöntemiyle toplanmıştır. Araştırmanın grubunu Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulunda öğrenim gören amaçlı örneklem yöntemiyle seçilen 13’ü kadın ve 19’u erkek olmak üzere toplam 32 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Verilerin analizinde betimsel ve içerik analiz çözümleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Betimsel analiz ile özetlenen ve yorumlanan veriler, kodlanmış temalar ve alt temalar oluşturulmuştur. Bulgular: Yapılan analizler sonucunda, öğrenciler uzaktan eğitime yönelik farklı tanımlamalar ve benzetmeler yapmışlardır. Öğrencilerin çoğu için uzaktan eğitim bilgisayar ve internet ortamında rahat ve kolaylık sağlayan bir sistemdir. Katılımcılar uzaktan eğitim ile ilgili süreç ve çıktıları üzerinde görüşlerinin çoğunluğu verimsiz olduğu kanısında. Zaman ve mekandan bağımsız tekrar izlenilebilir olması olumlu tepkilerdendir. Çeşitli aksaklıklardan dolayı ise düzenli devam edemeyen öğrenciler de bulunmaktadır. Katılımcılar uygulama dersleri için verimsiz, teorik dersler için verimli olduğunu ve karşılıklı iletişimin olmaması açısından da bu durumdan pek menün olmadıklarını belirtmişleridir. Sonuç: Uzaktan eğitimde soru-cevap imkanının olmayışı, sisteme girmekte problemlerin yaşanması gibi faktörlerin olumsuz tepkilere neden olduğu fark edilmiştir. Uzaktan eğitime yönelik olumlu tepki geliştirilebilmesi için; derslerin online (canlı) ortamda olması, öğretmen ve öğrencinin iletişim kurabildiği ve teknik problemlerin en aza indirildiği uzaktan eğitim ortamlarının tasarlanması önerilmektedir.Anahtar Kelimeler: Koronavirüs, Karantina, Uzaktan Eğitim, Durum Çalışması, Üniversite Öğrencileri
Casualties in a highland practice.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A three-year survey of all casualties treated by the general practitioners in a holiday resort in the Highlands of Scotland showed that 2,805 (67 per cent) out of a total of 4,194 accidents involved either temporary residents or patients receiving emergency treatment. Over a quarter of the injuries were the result of skiing accidents. The distribution of injuries and the outcome are described. More than half the casualties were dealt with entirely by the practice. The practice continues to provide an accident service, and the recording system set up for the survey provides details of injuries and treatment for subsequent inquiries.
Linezolid Pharmacokinetics in Adult Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The pharmacokinetics of many drugs are altered in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), often necessitating different dosage requirements than those used in non-CF patients. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of linezolid, an antibiotic with good activity against gram-positive organisms such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , in patients with CF so that dosage requirements could be established. Twelve adult patients (6 male) ranging in age from 22 to 39 years were studied. A single 600-mg dose was administered intravenously over 0.5 h, and plasma samples were collected at 0 (predose), 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. Linezolid concentrations were determined with a validated high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using standard noncompartmental methods. Blood chemistry and hematologic indices were determined before and after the study for safety purposes. All patients completed the study without encountering any adverse reactions. The pharmacokinetic parameters, while variable, with half-lives varying from 1.76 to 8.36 h, were similar to those previously described in other populations. Mean (± standard deviation) values for pharmacokinetic parameters of interest were as follows: elimination rate constant, 0.21 (0.11) h −1 ; half-life, 4.41 (2.43); volume of distribution at steady state, 0.87 (0.19) liters/kg of body weight; and total body clearance, 0.12 (0.06) liters/h/kg. No patient would have achieved the pharmacodynamic target of an area under the concentration-time curve/MIC ratio of 83 h for pathogens for which the MIC was 4 μg/ml. Patients with inadequate clinical responses to linezolid may require more frequent dosing.
Spatial analysis of tobacco soil nutrients in Baise based on GIS and geostatistics

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

【Objective】Spatial characteristics of tobacco soil nutrients in Baise were studied to provide references for the layout of high quality tobacco production. 【Method 】Kriging was used to analyze soil pH,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,available nitrogen,available phosphorus,available potassium,cation exchange capacity(CEC),organic matter and chlorine content. 【Result】The results showed that effective phosphorus spatial correlation of soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and chlorine was higher. The effective nitrogen and potassium were strongly influenced by random factors. Soil nutrient suitability classification standard was given and the soil was classified according to the classification standard and characteristics of spatial distribution of soil nutrients. The classification results showed that soil physical and chemical properties in Baise were suitable for flue-cured tobacco planting, but there were deficient chloride and potassium. 【Conclusion 】The majority soil of Baise is suitable for planting flue-cured tobacco. The region with low pH, potassium and chlorine content or high nitrogen should be paid special attention to.
The Lexic of the Slavonian Dialect in the Reception of the Students of Croatian Language and Literature on the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Zagreb

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

U radu se prikazuju rezultati istraživanja poznavanja leksickoga sloja slavonskoga dijalekta iz recentnih djela slavonskih pisaca starije i novije hrvatske književnosti. Istraživanje je bilo usmjereno pitanju koliko studenti kroatistike u hrvatskoj metropoli poznaju leksik slavonskoga dijalekta pocrpljen iz recentnih djela starije i novije književnosti koji su im u popisu obvezatne literature. U istraživanju su sudjelovali studenti trece, cetvrte i pete godine kroatistike, odnosno studenti zadnje godine preddiplomskoga studija koji su odslusali povijest jezika, dijalektologiju, stariju hrvatsku književnost i uvod u noviju hrvatsku književnost i studenti diplomskoga studija koji slusaju ili su odslusali obvezne i izborne kolegije novije hrvatske književnosti.
Opportunities and Challenges of Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Biodegradable Products Business at Vellore District of Tamil Nadu State

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Role of women in the society has been seeing a paradigm shift ever since women became self-aware.More and more women today are moving out of their comfort zone and trying their hands at things no one ever measured they were capable of many women are stepping out of their homes into workplaces."Women Entrepreneurship is the professional application of knowledge, skills and competencies and/or of monetizing a new idea, by an women or a set of Self-help group women's by launching and enterprise de novo or diversifying from an existing one (distinct from self-employment as in a profession or trade) thus to pursue growth while generating wealth, employment and social good" The problems and challenges which are faced by women have different dimensions and Extents; this is because of various social and cultural reasons.The collective effects of psychological, social, economic are educational factors to women entrepreneurs, entering to mainstream has an angle of gender discrimination as well which has been seen in many societies that affect the women in industry too.In the last few decades, the stricter rules and regulation and global pressure to mitigate and decrease the carbon emissions all over has encouraged the corporate to look into the issue of depleting natural resources and environmental diversity.Many biodegradable products are available in the market to avoid environmental pollution.Some examples are Areca plates, Bamboo Basket, Hibiscus leaves cups etc., The areca plates and cups were used in Birthday parties, family function and other events, areca leaf cups used to provide Panipuri in the street shops to avoid plastic cups.These encourage the women entrepreneur to make or sell the products based on biodegradable.The purpose of this research is to study in detail and to offer possible suggestions to overcome the problems and challenges faced by women entrepreneur those who are engaged in biodegradable products business in Vellore District, Tamilnadu state.
Study Progress of Third-Generation Aromatase inhibitors about the effect of Ovulation Induction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The third-generation aromatase inhibitors have aromatase inhibition with high efficacy and specificity,which can not only decrease estrogen level significantly,while improve the secretion of gonadotrophins and the development of follicular,but also can increase the expression of follicle stimulating hormone receptor in ovary.It can be used in ovulation induction alone or used in controlled superovulation induction combined with gonadotrophins.This drug can promote the growth and development of follicular and has better potency in treating infertilitas feminis with easily taken,better toleration and few side effect.
Mitochondrial Transplantation Promotes Remyelination and Long-Term Locomotion Recovery following Cerebral Ischemia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Cerebral ischemia usually leads to axonal degeneration and demyelination in the adjacent white matter. Promoting remyelination still remains a challenging issue in the field. Considering that ischemia deprives energy supply to neural cells and high metabolic activities are required by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) for myelin formation, we assessed the effects of transplanting exogenous healthy mitochondria on the degenerating process of oligodendrocytes following focal cerebral ischemia in the present study. Our results showed that exogenous mitochondria could efficiently restore the overall mitochondrial function and be effectively internalized by OPCs in the ischemic cortex. In comparison with control cortex, there were significantly less apoptotic and more proliferative OPCs in mitochondria-treated cortex. More importantly, higher levels of myelin basic protein (MBP) and more morphologically normal myelin-wrapped axons were observed in mitochondria-treated cortex at 21 days postinjury, as revealed by light and electron microscope. Behavior assay showed better locomotion recovery in mitochondria-treated mice. Further analysis showed that olig2 and lipid synthesis signaling were significantly increased in mitochondria-treated cortex. In together, our data illustrated an antidegenerating and myelination-promoting effect of exogenous mitochondria, indicating mitochondria transplantation as a potentially valuable treatment for ischemic stroke.
EXPERIMENTAL PYELONEPHRITIS INDUCED IN RABBITS BY IMMUNOLOGICAL MEANS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fujimoto(1963)の方法に準拠し, 病原微生物を用いることなく, 免疫学的な方法による実験的腎盂腎炎の作成を試みた.ウシ血清アルブミン(以下BSAと略す)感作ウサギの一側腎盂内に同一抗原を惹起注入し, 更に1カ月の間隔をおいて再度の惹起注入を行ない, それぞれ最終惹起注入後3日より10週の期間にわたって, 病理形態学的検索を加えた.1回惹起注入群では, 腎盂腎炎の発生の当初からそれが陳旧化するまでの基本的な病理過程を明らかにすることができた. また2回惹起注入群では, この様な病理過程の再発により腎盂腎炎のひろがり, 新旧病変の混在, 尿細管上皮等の傷害という点で, 1回惹起注入群よりは顕著な再発性のさらに長期にわたる腎盂腎炎の発生が見られた. 腎盂炎の腎組織内波及にあたってリンパ行性の経路によるそれが重要な意義をもつことを示唆する所見も得られた.
Population Digital Health: Continuous Health Monitoring and Profiling at Scale (Preprint)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

UNSTRUCTURED

Our article provides a viewpoint on population digital health - the use of digital health information sourced from Health IoT and wearable devices for population health modeling - as an emerging research initiative for offering an integrated approach for continuous monitoring and profiling of diseases and health conditions at multiple spatial resolutions. Global healthcare systems are increasingly challenged by rising costs as life expectancy and the average age of people increases. Population digital health looks at how wearables, IoT, and AI can offer an alternative approach for understanding health issues within the population, significantly reducing cost and improving the completeness of information collection by current practices, such as electronic health records - including integration with mhealth personal health records - or survey instruments. This significantly improves our collective understanding of public health priorities, including factors affecting disease prevalence, occurrence and risk factors, ultimately helping to design targeted programmatic interventions apt at reducing the cost of healthcare provision and leading to better life quality, also reducing disparities. Realizing this vision requires overcoming several unique challenges, including data quality, availability, sparsity, and social and technical barriers in the use of health technologies. Our article highlights these challenges and offers solutions and empirical evidence to demonstrate how these challenges can be addressed. As population digital health addresses the impact large-scale sensor data collection and AI can have on improving healthcare delivery and society, we sincerely believe the topic is well within the journal's scope and would be highly interesting to its readership. Our experiments using a combination of real-world health IoT data and electronic health records also highlight the potential cross-disciplinary benefits of population digital health and challenge the research community to address the vision and challenges. Therefore, our article serves the dual purpose of challenging the research community and offering insights into the use of AI and sensor data, and how population digital health can serve as a catalyst for further research by the broader research community.
The Excavations at Stična in Slovenia by the Duchess of Mecklenburg, 1905–1914

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Museum collections of documented but unpublished archaeological material often constitute excellent sources of primary archaeological data. The Duchess of Mecklenburg excavated extensively at Iron Age cemeteries in Slovenia, in what is now part of Yugoslavia, just before the First World War. Her collection, which is now being published, provides hundreds of well-documented grave groups for study. This article considers her work at the site of Stična and is concerned particularly with the graves containing weapons excavated at that site.
Letter from the Secretary of the Interior, transmitting in compliance with a resolution of the Senate of December 8, 1879, correspondence concerning the Ute Indians in Colorado.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Ute Indians in Colorado. 7 Jan. SED 31, 46-2, v1, 274p. [1882] Correspondence on the Utes concerning such items as their hostilities towards whites, encroachments on their reservations, etc.
Andes Basin Focal Project

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The CPWF Basin Focal Project for the Andes system of basins worked with a range of local \nstakeholders to develop a better understanding of the mechanisms for improving the \nproductivity of water in the Andes. We considered productivity in broad terms as the \nproductivity of energy (HEP), food and fiber (agriculture) and livelihoods (industry, transport \nand benefit sharing such as Payments for Environmental Services schemes (PES)). \nIn addition to the compiled data bases and analyses on poverty and institutions, one of the \nkey deliverables of the project was the development and deployment of the AguAAndes \npolicy support system (PSS). This integrates analyses of water availability and productivity \nwithin the local environmental and policy context. It is a web-based policy support system \ncombining an extensive spatial database with process-based models for hydrology, crop \nproduction and socio-economic processes. It is intended to allow analysts and decision \nmakers to test the potential onsite and offsite impacts of land and water management \ndecisions in terms of their ability to sustain environmental services and human wellbeing. \nInterventions and recommendations for future actions on water and food in the region are \npresented.
The Global Evolution of Clinical Legal Education: More than a Method

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Globally, the methodologies of legal education have not changed in any fundamental way, some methods dating back hundreds of years. Law schools have relied, for too long, on passive learning methods such as lectures or cases. Clinical legal education provides an alternative that is more than just another pedagogical method. It provides a way for students to experience their emerging professional selves, while providing services or projects with poor and underrepresented clients. This book documents both the historical origins of clinical experiments in the earliest days of US university legal education, and the now-global reach of clinical pedagogy as a proven tool for effective training of legal professionals