jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Quest for Consistency: The Meaning of 'Direct' in the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This note argues that the United States courts need to apply a more consistent interpretation of the meaning of "direct" within the context of the Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act (FTAIA). The FTAIA serves to apply U.S. antitrust law, specifically the Sherman Act, to trade or commerce with foreign nations. One scenario in which this law may be applied is when trade or commerce with a foreign nation has a "direct, substantial, and reasonably foreseeable" effect on domestic commerce. However, courts purport to apply different standards to determine whether an effect is direct, leading to confusion and inconsistency. Contributing to this is an apparent lack of substantive difference between the two leading "tests" of directness. In order to provide for consistent application of the FTAIA, and thus facilitate U.S. business interests in an increasingly globalized economy, courts need to adopt a consistent, practical approach to directness in the context of the FTAIA.
Natural History of Atrial Septal Defect of Secundum Type in the Middle-Aged

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

10 middle-aged patients with atrial septal defect of the secundum type (ASD II) were referred to surgery, but for several noncardiological reasons the operation was not performed. 5 patients were reexamined after an interval from 6 1/2 to 15 years. During the follow-up period only relatively minor changes in pulmonary arteriolar resistance had occurred and all patients were still acceptable candidates for surgical treatment. The other 5 patients died after a period of time ranging from 2 weeks to 16 1/2 years from conditions directly or indirectly related to the cardiac malformation. During the same period of time, 84 ASD II patients underwent surgery with a mortality rate of 8.3% after 74 months, including 2 hospital deaths. These results suggest that middle-aged patients with ASD II without obstructive pulmonary hypertension should be operated on without delay, but that in a significant number of cases, long-term conservative treatment is not associated with an increase in pulmonary arteriolar resistance.
Autonomous Navigation of 3 Wheel Robots Using Rotary Encoders and Gyroscope

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Holonomic Robots are advantageous over non holonomic robots as they provide control to all of its degrees of freedom. Autonomous navigation of holonomic robots is expensive as it requires many costly odometry sensors. In this paper, a novel approach is proposed for the application of PID algorithm for autonomous navigation by reducing the complexity of 3 wheel drive to 2 wheel drive. A comparison with algorithms involving three encoders is discussed. Our system employs two rotary encoders instead of three and a yaw-rate gyroscope. Equations for generation of coordinates in free space are derived and trajectory following is performed. The algorithm has been successfully tested using various paths and speeds and the implementation results are described here.
Experimental evaluation of surface roughness for end milling of Al 6063: response surface and neural network model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a study on the effect of process parameter on surface roughness in end milling process. Response surface methodology was employed to create a model to predict surface roughness in terms of machining parameters such as helix angle of cutting tool, spindle speed, feed rate, axial and radial depth of cut. The experiments were conducted on Al 6063 by HSS end mill cutter and surface roughness value was measured using Surftest SJ201. The adequacy of the model was verified using analysis of variance. The direct and interaction effect of the machining parameter with surface roughness were analysed. Neural network model was developed to predict surface roughness. Error percentages of both predicted response of response surface and neural model are found to be less than 5%.
Enhancing Skin Disease Classification and Privacy Preservation through Federated Learning-Based Deep Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Human skin is a very sensitive part and is infected with various types of issues. Skin disease is one of them and 70% to 80% of the population is infected with one of the skin diseases. Expensive clinical screening and dermatological analysis are the only solutions to detect skin disease. Legacy classification methods are not appropriate to tackle the issues related to the color, texture, and privacy of the skin disease dataset. Both deep learning(DL) techniques and federated learning(FL)can be better solutions for classification and privacy issues related to skin datasets. The collaboration of both in the medical field can be a significant contribution. In this paper, federated learning-based deep learning was applied to a publicly available dataset consisting of 10 different skin diseases. Various deep learning models were applied, and privacy concerns were preserved with a federated learning approach. Here, the dataset was enhanced with several image augmentation strategies. In this research, several models were used and after observation, it was found that the InceptionNet outperformed and produced a better accuracy rate of 98.89%. In this research, complete experiments were set with varying client values and communication rounds.
Visual Agnosia After Treatment of a Posterior Fossa Ependymoma in a 16-Month-Old Girl

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We present the clinical observation of a 16-month-old girl treated for a posterior fossa ependymoma who experienced severe and delayed visual dysfunction. She was initially treated by surgery and conventional chemotherapy. When she relapsed at age 3 years, the salvage treatment combined high-dose chemotherapy, second surgery, and local irradiation. At age 4 years, disturbed gait and dysarthric speech appeared rapidly, and she became unable to recognize objects and people. Computed tomography revealed bilateral calcifications in the cerebellum and temporal and occipital lobes but no relapse. The neuropsychologic evaluations revealed signs of visual agnosia and marked intellectual impairment. The role of the different treatment modalities in the pathogenesis of this unusual syndrome is discussed. ( J Child Neurol 2001;16:698-704).
Comparative Effect of Tetracycline and Doxycycline on the Occurrence of Resistant Escherichia coli in the Fecal Flora

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Antibiotic-induced changes in the fecal microflora after oral administration of tetracycline hydrochloride and doxycycline for 8 to 10 days were compared. A significant difference was noted in the concentrations of Escherichia coli resistant to tetracyclines. With tetracycline hydrochloride, there was a mean increase of approximately 10 4 resistant strains per g compared to only 10 1 /g for doxycycline. This difference is ascribed to reduced intestinal concentrations of bioactive drug with recommended oral dosage for doxycycline.
Prevalence Of Cardiovascular Risk Amongst College Athletes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in athletes is a rare phenomenon attributed to an undetected, abnormal heart condition with a reported rate of incidents varying from 1:917000 to 1:3000 athletes. Deaths, of a seemingly healthy population, present a need to properly diagnosis athletes that are at risk of experiencing a sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) during sport. Currently, little is known about the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors based on current methodology, health history and physical, due to limited sensitivity to underlying cardiac conditions. PURPOSE: To screen collegiate athletes (17 to 23 yo) for underlying cardiovascular conditions that are risk factors for SCA/SCD prior to sport participation. METHODS: Prior to sport participation, Division III college athletes (N = 931; 486 males and 445 females) were required to receive a resting 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG). Athletes were appointed individual days in the school year based on sport season and prior to preseason schedules for testing. ECGs were administered on campus by a trained exercise physiologist under resting, supine conditions. Results were sent to local cardiologist, specializing in congenital cardiology, for examination, using the Seattle Criteria. Tests that were deemed positive for SCA risk resulted in restriction from participation until after a cardiologist consultation and/or stress test in order to gain medical clearance. RESULTS: SCA risk factors were reported as an incidence rate of 10.72:1000, 95% CI [4.83, 18.80]. Specific conditions, Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, reported rates of 3.22:1000, 95% CI [-0.42, 6.87] and 2.15:1000, 95% CI [-0.83, 5.13], respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Incidents of SCD may be reduced through accurate detection and diagnosis of underlying heart conditions. Addition of a resting ECG test to the preparticipation screening increased the detection of SCA risk factors that were previously undetected by traditional methods. Diagnosis of underlying conditions can be vital information for athletes, coaches, and health care professionals providing information to guide appropriate sport participation, training, and care of athletes.
Ring expansion of prophins with ethoxycarbonylnitrene

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The reactions of ethoxycarbonylnitrene with aetioporphyrin I and octaethylporphyrin give ring-expanded meso-homoazaporphins resulting from attack at a meso-double bond. Heating the meso-homoazaporphins in the solid state or in solution causes ring contraction to the meso-ethoxycarbonylaminoporphins. Ring contraction of the meso-homoazaporphins to the metal meso-ethoxycarbonylaminoporphins occurs rapidly, at room temperature in the presence of copper or zinc acetate. Reaction of copper or zinc porphins with ethoxycarbonylnitrene gives the corresponding metal meso-ethoxycarbonylaminoporphins directly.
From unicuspid to quadricuspid: Influence of aortic valve morphology on aortic three‐dimensional hemodynamics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose To assess the impact of aortic valve morphology on aortic hemodynamics between normal tricuspid and congenitally anomalous aortic valves ranging from unicuspid to quadricuspid morphology. Materials and Methods Aortic three‐dimensional (3D) blood flow was evaluated by 4D flow MRI in 14 healthy volunteers with normal trileaflet valves and 14 patients with unicuspid (n = 3), bicuspid (n = 9, 3 “true” bicuspid, 3 right–left (RL), 3 right‐noncoronary (RN) leaflet fusion, and quadricuspid aortic valves (n = 2). Data analysis included the co‐registered visualization of aortic valve morphology with systolic 3D blood flow. The influence of valve morphology on aortic hemodynamics was quantified by valve flow angle. Results All RL‐bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) were associated with flow jets directed toward the right anterior aortic wall while RN‐fusion and unicuspid valves resulted in flow jet patterns toward the right‐posterior or posterior wall. Flow angles were clearly influenced by valve morphology (47° ± 10, 28° ± 2, 29° ± 18, 18° ± 12, 15° ± 2 for unicuspid, true BAV, RN‐BAV, RL‐BAV, quadricuspid valves) and increased compared with controls (7.2° ± 1.1, P = 0.001). Conclusion Altered 3D aortic hemodynamics are impacted by the morphology of congenitally malformed aortic valves. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;40:1342–1346 . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc .
Neumann′s tumor in new born

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Congenital epulis (CE) also known as granular cell tumor of new born was first described by Neumann in the year 1871. Most frequent location includes maxillary alveolar ridge with a female preponderance up to 8 times more than males. These tumors are usually small and can be solitary or multiple, pedunculated or protuberant mucosa covered nodules presenting at birth. Multiple theories have been proposed for their origin. Though, it may cause panic at birth they are indolent and regress spontaneously. Rare cases require surgical intervention in the neonatal period when symptomatic, causing difficulties in respiration or deglutition. We describe a case of CE in a 2-day-old female neonate, who presented with pink protuberant mass in the anterior alveolar ridge of maxilla. The mass was symptomatic and surgery was indicated. The mass was excised and the benign nature was confirmed by histopathology.
Alpha Particle Loss by Nuclear Inelastic Interactions in CsI, NaI, BC400, BC501, Anthracene, Stilbene, Ge, Si, BaF2, CaF2, and BGO

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Using previously published experimental alpha particle total reaction cross section data, the probability of alpha particles undergoing nuclear interactions while stopping in the nuclear detectors CsI, NaI, BC400, BC501, anthracene, stilbene, Ge, Si, BaF2, CaF2, and BGO have been determined for alpha energies up to 200 MeV; these results have been determined to 5%. Our results are compared with directly measured reaction probabilities for CsI and Si (measured by another group) and our measurements for BC400. There is excellent agreement between our calculated results presented here and the direct measurements.
Book Reviews: Hanslick, Eduard. on The Musically Beautiful: A Contribution Towards The Revision of The Aesthetics of Music.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article On the Musically Beautiful: A Contribution towards the Revision of the Aesthetics of Music by Eduard Hanslick, Geoffrey Payzant Get access Gordon Epperson Gordon Epperson 1The University of Arizona Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, Volume 46, Issue 1, Autumn 1987, Pages 85–86, https://doi.org/10.2307/431312 Published: 01 September 1987
Impact of Emotional Solidarity, Place Attachment and Affective Destination image on Conative Destination Image in Pakistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The main purpose of this conceptual paper is to review the impact emotional solidarity and place attachment, on the conative destination image and the mediating role of affective destination image between emotional solidarity and place attachment on conative destination image of Pakistan tourism sector. The paper’s framework was developed based on a systematic review of past literature which has not been tested yet. The present conceptual paper suggests future researchers to test the present framework in the tourism sector in Pakistan using a quantitative approach. The present paper found the important influence of the study’s variables on conative destination image. However, a deep understanding provided of how three (3) variables affect conative destination image in Pakistan. The paper emphasizes the critical value of emotional solidarity, place attachment and affective destination image for tourism sector owner/managers consideration when acting on behalf of their company; failing which the tourism could experience poor destination image. Destination Image Theory was used to underlie the conceptual framework. In addition, implications of this conceptual model for theory and practice are discussed.
Varespladib: targeting the inflammatory face of atherosclerosis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This editorial refers to ‘Randomized trial of an inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A2 on atherogenic lipoprotein subclasses in statin-treated patients with coronary heart disease’, by R.S. Rosenson et al., doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq374

Atherosclerosis is a complex disease and in its pathogenesis depends on the interaction between lipoproteins and inflammatory mediators.1 This interaction orchestrates the progression of atherosclerosis from its earliest stage when oxidized lipoproteins and leucocytes penetrate dysfunctional endothelium and enter the subendothelial space, right until the end of the process when the plaque becomes unstable and ruptures, leading to a clinical event. Whereas our pharmacological armatorium that targets the lipid component of the risk factor spectrum has been tremendously succesful with the clinical introduction of statins in the middle of the 1990s, drugs that target the inflammatory face of atherosclerosis have thus far been scarce.

Among the wide range of chemokines, adhesion molecules, and pro-oxidative substances that affect macrophage recruitment into the arterial wall, members of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family have received considerable attention since their purification from human plasma lipoproteins in 1987.2 PLA2s are small and relatively stable ubiquitous enzymes that hydrolyse the sn -2-acyl bond of phospholipids in cell membranes as well as in lipoproteins. This enzymatic activity yields non-esterified fatty acids and lysophospholipids, which are precursors of various proinflammatory mediators including leukotrienes, eicosanoids, prostaglandins, and platelet-activating factors ( Figure 1A ).3 In addition, both circulating and lipoprotein-bound PLA2s play a role in lipoprotein remodelling by high-affinity binding to specific domains on LDLs and apolipoprotein B. Such modified or oxidized LDL particles bind with higher affinity to endothelial proteoglycans, facilitating the penetration of these atherogenic particles into the subendothelial matrix where they accumulate and trigger additional proinflammatory cascades. The recent large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for plasma lipids …
A theory of non-Noetherian Gorenstein rings

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In Noetherian rings there is a hierarchy among regular, Gorenstein and Cohen-Macaulay rings. Regular non-Noetherian rings were originally defined by Bertin in 1971. In 2007, Hamilton and Marley used C̆ech cohomology to introduce a theory of Cohen-Macaulay for non-Noetherian rings, answering a question posed by Glaz. This dissertation provides a theory of non-Noetherian Gorenstein rings agreeing with the Noetherian definition, and for which regular rings are Gorenstein, and coherent Gorenstein rings are Cohen-Macaulay. The relationship between Gorenstein rings and FP-injective dimension as defined by Stenström is also explored. Finally, an additional characterization of Gorenstein rings involving homological dimensions is examined in the non-Noetherian case. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many who have been placed in my life to help lead the way, forge new paths, and offer support throughout my graduate career. Many thanks go to my
Thermal conductivity of silicon nitride membranes is not sensitive to stress

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We have measured the thermal properties of suspended membranes from 10 K to\n300 K for two amplitudes of internal stress (about 0.1 GPa and 1 GPa) and for\ntwo different thicknesses (50 nm and 100 nm). The use of the original 3 \\omega\n-Volklein method has allowed the extraction of both the specific heat and the\nthermal conductivity of each SiN membrane over a wide temperature range. The\nmechanical properties of the same substrates have been measured at helium\ntemperatures using nanomechanical techniques. Our measurements show that the\nthermal transport in freestanding SiN membranes is not affected by the presence\nof internal stress. Consistently, mechanical dissipation is also unaffected\neven though Qs increase with increasing tensile stress. We thus demonstrate\nthat the theory developed by Wu and Yu [Phys. Rev. B 84, 174109 (2011)] does\nnot apply to this amorphous material in this stress range. On the other hand,\nour results can be viewed as a natural consequence of the "dissipation\ndilution" argument [Y. L. Huang and P. R. Saulson, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 544\n(1998)] which has been introduced in the context of mechanical damping.\n
Drug Use among College Females: Socio-Demographic and Social Psychological Correlates

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether socio-demo-graphic and social psychological variables are related to college female drug use. A questionnaire was administered to 38 female drug users and 93 female nonusers. All the participants in this study were undergraduates at the University of Vermont. Of the 37 socio-demo-graphic and social psychological variables tested by the chi square technique, statistically significant differences between drug users and nonusers at the 0.01 level were found for 10 of the variables. Drug users and nonusers were differentiated according to attitudes toward legalization of marijuana use and marijuana use as an enhancer of creativity; present religious affiliation; similarity of own religious affiliation and that of each parent; extent and nature of religious interest; initiation into alcohol use; previous use of cigarettes; frequency of current cigarette smoking; and initiation into cigarette smoking.
Biological Properties of Latex, Aqueous Extracts and Bee Products of Euphorbia officinarum L.: A Short Review

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Euphorbia officinarum L. is a Moroccan endemic plant known as “Tikiout” and “Daghmus” that can also be found in Mauritania, Western Sahara, and Algeria. In the present review, “Euphorbia officinarum”, “metabolites” “hemisynthesis” were the keywords used for the research in the Web search engine Google Scholar and in the database Web of Science. Triterpenes, phytosterols and ingol diterpenes were isolated and identified in the latex of Moroccan E. officinarum. More than sixty triterpenes were obtained by hemisynthesis from natural triterpenes. Some of these derivatives had insecticidal and antimicrobial activity (phytopathogenic bacteria). The total phenol content and the antioxidant and anti-α-glucosidase activities were dependent on the time and temperature of extractions and also on the plant solvent ratio. The antioxidant activity of monofloral honey of E. officinarum origin was attributed to the phenol fraction (this fraction, previously isolated from honey samples, had better activity than the entire honey).
The Bioactive Potential of Functional Products and Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The expression of bioactivity depends on the assimilation of different classes of natural substances (e.g., phenolic compounds) in vivo. Six functional extracts (Aspalathus linearis, leaves; Paullinia cupana, seeds; Aristotelia chilensis, berries; Ilex paraguariensis, leaves; Syzygium aromaticum, cloves, and wild berries) were analyzed in vitro and in vivo as an alternative to alleviating pathologies associated with oxidative stress (proliferation of cancer cells). The purpose of this research was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of hydroalcoholic solutions, in addition to the assimilation capacity of bioactive components in Saccharomyces boulardii cells. In vivo antioxidant capacity (critical point value) was correlated with the assimilation ratio of functional compounds. The results of in vitro antioxidant activities were correlated with the presence of quercetin (4.67 ± 0.27 mg/100 mL) and chlorogenic acid (14.38 ± 0.29 mg/100 mL) in I. paraguariensis. Bioassimilation of the main nutraceutical components depended on the individual sample. Phenolic acid levels revealed the poor assimilation of the main components, which could be associated with cell viability to oxidative stress.