jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Study of International Relations in Japan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The development of the study of International Relations in Japan is best understood in historical perspective. Prior to 1945 the study of International Relations was conceived as an amalgamation of Law, History and Economics in the international arena.1 It is indicative of this conception of the study of international relations that one of the oldest existing journals for the study of International Relations, Kokusaiho gaiko zasshi (Journal of International Law and Diplomacy), appeared as early as 1902. At its inception, the study of International Relations in Japan was largely understood as Diplomatic History and International Law. These two fields of study were deemed essential for the appropriate handling of International Relations as practised by the Western powers. After all, the gunboat diplomacy of the Western powers in the mid-nineteenth century forced a long-secluded Japan to open its doors. Then, as Japan emerged as a military power and acquired colonial possessions, military studies and colonial studies were added to the field. From this, it is clear that the study of International Relations was shaped by the practical needs of the newly modernising state in East Asia. In other words, the study of International Relations in Japan was a reflection of raison d'état.KeywordsInternational RelationIntellectual StructureWestern PowerInternational Political EconomyPeace ResearchThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Potency of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis Peruviana) Juice in Improving Antioxidant and Adiponectin Level of High Fat Diet Streptozotocin Rat Model

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background and aims: Quercetin belonging flavonoid has a role to improve diabetic condition. Research aimed to examine and to compare Cape Gooseberry (CG) juice and quercetin supplement on Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) and adiponectin level of high fat diet-Streptozotocin (HFD-STZ) induced rat. Material and method: CG juice 5 ml/kg/d (X1) and 25 ml/kg/d (X2) groups; and quercetin supplement 2.2 mg/kg/d (X3) and 30 mg/kg/d (X4) groups were compared with both of positive (K+) and negative (K-) control. Treatments were given by orally gavage for 28 days to 36 Wistar rats which each group consisted of 6 rats. TAC and adiponectin level were measured by ABTS and ELISA method respectively. Results: There was significantly increase of TAC in treatment groups compared with K(+) (p<0.05). X2 had TAC level significantly higher than X1 (p=0.025). Moreover, adiponectin level of treatment groups were significantly higher than K(+) (p<0.05). Furthermore, X2 had adiponectin level significantly higher than X3 (p<0.001). Conclusion: CG juice 25 ml/kg/d presented better effect than CG juice 5 ml/kg/d, although quercetin 30 mg/kg/d showed the best effects toward both of TAC and adiponectin.
Stress induced cracks in carbon black filled elastomers probed by atomic force microscopy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In the current study, carbon black (CB) filled ethylene butylacrylate copolymer samples, which are submitted to a uniaxial creep, are probed with a sub-100-nm spatial resolution using atomic force microscopy in tapping mode. We demonstrate the significant effect of the long-time application of stress, at low strain amplitude well below the breaking threshold, on the crack occurrence along the interfaces between polymer and CB aggregates. The data analysis indicates a log-normal distribution of crack width whose average value follows an exponential saturation as a function of aging time. A possible model realizing this behavior is the rate dependent theory of fracture for polymers.
Flip chip interconnection using anisotropic conductive adhesives for RF and high frequency applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Anisotropic conductive adhesives have been considered and evaluated as promising interconnect materials for flip chip assembly in the applications for low cost, high-density and high speed interconnection packages. In this paper, we have evaluated and compared several flip chip interconnects using anisotropic conductive adhesives at RF and high frequency range. The performances of highspeed circuits are limited by package interconnect discontinuity doe to large inductance and resistance in the high frequency range. This discontinuity is determined by the interconnection geomehy and materials used. For bumps on the IC, Au stud, Au electroplated and electroless Ni/Au were used, and for the interconnection adhesives, two kinds of ACFs with different dielectric constant were used. The high kequency measnrements were performed on the test flip chip vehicles using different bonding materials to evaluate high frequency model parameters based upon ACF flip chip model and network analysis. We applied these ACFs flip chip technologies to the assemblies of passive device using RF IPD (Integrated Passive Device) and active device using RF active MMIC device on RF module to demonstrate real applications of ACF interconnection at RF and high frequency range, and compared the results with those of flip chip assembles using conventional methods such as solder ball interconnection. The reliability of ACF flip chip interconnects was also investigated by various environmental tests, such as thermal cycling test (-55 OC/+125 C, 1000 cycle), high temperature humidity test (85 'C/85%RH, 1000 hours) and high temperature storage test (150 OC, dry condition) to evaluate the effect of environmental attacks on the electrical stability of ACF flip chip assemblies.
Health Care Cost Sharing and Cost Containment

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

If cost sharing is not included in a national health insurance plan, little additional demand is likely to be generated for hospital services. By contrast, substantial demand will be generated for other services, such as physician office visits. This demand increase will probably be spread across all income classes, not concentrated among the poor. Large demand increases will cause services to be rationed. Exactly what the mechanisms for rationing will be is uncertain, but at least some of them would be considered undesirable. Therefore, if it is desired to eliminate cost sharing, a planned gradual phasing out of an initial deductible for the nonpoor appears attractive.
Paul the Apostle: his personality and achievement

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Judging from repetitious appearances of her marital arms in the painted line-endings, the Psalter-Hours John Rylands Library Latin MS 117 probably belonged to Jeanne of Flanders (c.1272–1333), daughter of Count Robert III of Flanders and in 1288 second wife to Enguerrand IV of Coucy. Yet the line-endings also contain some 1,800 diminutive painted escutcheons, many of which refer to other members of the local nobility active during the 1280s. This study, based on an exhaustive survey of the total heraldic and codicological evidence, suggests that the majority of the extant Psalter predated the Hours and that the two parts were combined after the 1288 marriage. The ‘completed’ manuscript bears witness to major events that unfolded in and around the Coucy barony over the course of the decade. It suggests a complex relationship between Jeanne of Flanders and a lesser member of the local nobility, a certain Marien of Moÿ, who may have served as her attendant.
Toll-like receptors in hematological malignancies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Toll-like receptors are a kind of pattern recognition receptors, which are expressed in a variety of cells, playing an important role in innate immunity and subsequent acquired immunity. At the same time, they are also involved in the immunity, proliferation, apoptosis and other physiological processes of the cells. Toll-like receptors are also expressed in hematological malignancies and involved in the progress of tumor development, immune escape, resistance, which play a double-edged sword role. In this paper, basic knowledge of TLR molecule and study on hematological tumor were mainly reviewed, aiming to provide a train of thoughts for the treatment of hematologic malignancies.

Key words:
Toll-like receptors; Lymphoma; Leukemia; Tumor immunology
Characterization of the Phytochemical Profile of Petroselinum Crispum Leaves in Central Kalimantan Habitat as a Basis for Pharmacological Potential Exploration

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study aimed to characterize the phytochemical profile of Petroselinum crispum leaves cultivated in Central Kalimantan as a basis for exploring their pharmacological potential. P. crispum is a horticultural commodity of high economic value, widely used both as a culinary spice and in traditional medicine, making it a promising candidate for further development. The analysis focused on flavonoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, and estrogen content, using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Results showed that flavonoid concentrations increased with higher quercetin standards, reaching a maximum of 0.92 mgQE/g at 100 µg/mL. In contrast, tocopherol and ascorbic acid levels declined as quercetin concentrations increased, suggesting that the compounds may have undergone degradation or interaction. Estrogen levels were recorded at 28.40 ng/mL with an absorbance of 0.498 and a regression equation of y = 0.0173x + 0.007 (R² = 0.998). The substantial flavonoid content and detectable estrogenic activity highlight P. crispum as a potential source of natural active compounds for antioxidant and hormonal therapy. These findings support the recommendation of P. crispum as a raw material for developing safe, affordable, and effective herbal supplements and phytopharmaceuticals to promote public health.
A New Virus Disease of Papaya (Carica papaya) in Puerto Rico

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1. A mosaic virus disease of papaya (Carica papaya) causing yellow mottling, slight wrinkleness of the leaves, and oily spots on the stem but no extreme distortion and deformation of the leaves has been observed in the northwestern part of Puerto Rico near the town of Isabela. 2. The physical properties of the virus are: Thermal inactivation point, 60° C; dilution end-point, 1-100; and it is inactivated in about 72 hours at laboratory temperature (around 74° F.). The virus is not seed- nor soil-transmitted. 3. The virus has been transmitted mechanically thus far only to members of the family Cucurbitaceae belonging to the following genera: Cucumis, Luffa, Citrullus, Lagenaria and Melothria. It has not been possible to transmit mit the virus to plants of the following families: Solanaceae, Amaranthaceae, Phytolacaceae, Malvaceae, Balsaminaceae, Leguminoseae, Scrophulariaceae, Mimosaceae, and Cesalpinaceae. 4 Cross-protection tests have demonstrated that the Isabela mosaic and the Puerto Rican southern coast papaya mosaic viruses are related. 5. Preliminary experiments indicate that the Isabela mosaic virus may be transmitted by the nematode Trichodorus christiei. 6. The results of extensive inoculation trials have shown that Carica candamarcensis Hook, is resistant to the Isabela mosaic virus.
Aging and efficacy of disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis of clinical trials

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) are approved for the treatment of disease activity and are effective in reducing relapses and new magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions. However, disease activity generally subsides with time, and age-dependent changes in DMT efficacy are not well-established. We aimed to investigate whether age impacts the efficacy of DMTs in treating disease activity in patients with relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS). Methods: DMT efficacy related to age was assessed through a meta-analysis of clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of DMTs in RRMS patients as measured by reductions in the annualized relapse rate (ARR), new T2 lesions, and gadolinium-enhanced lesions on MRI. Using the mean baseline patient age from each trial, a weighted linear regression was fitted to determine whether age was associated with treatment efficacy on a group level. Results: Group-level data from a total of 28,082 patients from 26 trials of 14 different DMTs were included in the meta-analysis. There were no statistically significant associations between age and reductions in ARR, new T2 lesions, and gadolinium-enhanced lesions of the treatment group compared with placebo. Conclusion: DMTs for RRMS show efficacy in treating disease activity independent of age as demonstrated by group-level data from DMT clinical trials. Nevertheless, clinical trials select for patients with baseline disease activity regardless of age, thereby not representing real-world patients with RRMS, where disease activity declines with age.
DNA-Bending on Ligand Binding; Change of DNA Persistence Length

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This paper simulates the helix-characteristic changes of apparent DNA persistence length caused by randomly distributed helix bends as induced, e.g., by DNA-bound ligand molecules. The parameters varied are the constant angle gamma of helix bending and the size alpha of the DNA drug binding site, but also the degree of DNA-ligand binding cooperativity and the helix-unwinding angle. If the size of the binding site is comparable with the helix pitch, the influence of phasing between helix bends and helix screw upon the apparent persistence length is obvious. In the accompanying paper experimental data are analyzed in terms of this theoretical background.
EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENTS IN GÖCEK BAY USING CHOICE EXPERIMENT METHOD

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Being one of the specially protected areas declared by General Directorate of Natural Assets Protection, Göcek Bay is threatened by increasing boat tourism and insufficient legal practices. Large scale measures are being planned for decreasing the pollution and protecting the region. For a sustainable coastal management, technical, social, political and economic tools are needed to be used. For environmental investments, it is necessary that they should be identified in monetary terms. The aim of this study is to determine the benefits and costs of the management alternatives to improve environmental quality in Göcek Bay to aid decision makers. In the study, the environmental benefits that can be obtained with improved water quality and restated marine ecosystem was calculated using the Choice Experiment Method. Data analyses are made using Multinomial Logit analysis. The results showed that, for improvements in water quality local residents are willing to pay 18 TL/month and tourists are willing to pay 16.6 TL/tour. For improvements in marine life local residents are willing to pay 14.8 TL/month and tourists are willing to pay 11.2 TL/tour. The total value that can be obtained from these stakeholders is calculated as 751,140 TL/year. This amount enables the investments to amortize themselves in 21 years. With this study, it has been seen that the obtained results will pave the way for new policies and measures against the deterioration of the marine environment of Göcek.
ActiveMotif: Interactive motif discovery with human feedback

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Motif detection, which is to discover short patterns involved in many important biological processes, has been recently raised as an important task in bioinformatics. The traditional algorithms to find a sequence motif have been developed using machine learning only without involving the experience and domain knowledge of human experts effectively. In this paper, we propose an interactive motif discovery system by introducing a new learning algorithm, by generalizing a well-known statistical motif model, whose inference can be shepherded by human feedback.
Church History in the Age of Science: Historiographical Patterns in the United States, 1876–1918. By Henry Warner Bowden. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1971. xvi + 269 pp. $10.00.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Church History in the Age of Science: Historiographical Patterns in the United States, 1876–1918. By Henry Warner Bowden. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1971. xvi + 269 pp. $10.00. - Volume 42 Issue 3
Discrete approximations to optimal control of infinite dimensional delay-differential inclusions with continuous initial conditions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with the convergence of discrete approximations to the optimization problem (P) described by delay-differential inclusions in infinite dimensional spaces subject to general endpoints constraints. In the first part of the paper, discrete approximations to delay-differential inclusions are constructed using Euler finite difference method and the convergence of discrete approximations is proved. In the second part of the paper, a family of discrete optimization problems (P N ) to (P) is constructed and the strong convergence of optimal solutions for (P N ) to optimal solutions of (P) is discussed.
A SingleLayerGlucoseFuel Cell Intended asPowerSupplying Coating forMedical Implants

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We present a novel type of abiotically catalysed implantable glucose fuel cell with anode and cathode placed side by side, using a Raney-platinum glucose oxidation anode with high tolerance towards oxygen. In contrast to conventional assembly designs used for implantable glucose fuel cells, no permeable cathode mounted in front of the anode to effect oxygen depletion is required. At 2.2 ± 0.1 l Wc m –2 the single layer fuel cell exhibits only half the maximum power density of the conventional fuel cell, which solely stems from the doubled total fuel cell area demand. Nevertheless, the novel single layer design is advantageous in terms of simplified fabrication and reduced overall thickness, facilitating implementation of the fuel cell as a power supplying coating directly on the surface of medical implants. Furthermore, the single layer design offers an attractive possibility to diminish the reduction of power density by limited oxygen mass transfer to the cathode by increasing the cathode to anode area proportion. With doubled cathode area proportion a by 36% higher power density can be reached. To calculate the optimum cathode to anode area proportions, we introduced an analytical model based on the experimentally determined polarisation resistances of the individual electrodes.
Can Managerial Knowledge of Executive Compensation Encourage or Deter Real Earnings Management? An Analysis of R&D Reporting Methods

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study examines the effects of research and development (R&D) reporting method and managerial knowledge of supervisor compensation on R&D project continuation decisions. The current study employs an experiment with a 2x3 between-participants design, manipulating both R&D reporting method (expense vs. capitalize) and knowledge of supervisor compensation (control group with no knowledge vs. knowledge of non-restricted stock compensation vs. knowledge of restricted stock compensation). Using salient short-term incentives to motivate real earnings management, this study demonstrates that capitalization may result in managers foregoing economically efficient R&D investment opportunities. The results indicate that managerial knowledge of supervisor compensation structure has little influence on managers’ R&D project continuation choices. However, when managers capitalizing R&D expenditures had knowledge that their supervisors received non-restricted (short-term) stock compensation their perceived personal responsibility for the decision significantly decreased. Participants who capitalized R&D expenditures and had knowledge that their supervisor received restricted (long-term) stock compensation rated the importance of making a decision to please their supervisor significantly higher than all other participants. Additionally, participants with knowledge that their supervisors restricted stock compensation were significantly more concerned about the likelihood of negative personal repercussions regardless of R&D reporting method. These findings contribute to the management accounting literature by providing new insights on the influence of knowledge of supervisor compensation on managerial decision making as well as additional insights into the factors that contribute to and limit real earnings management. This study also extends the literature on R&D by providing evidence of the potential for real earnings management when R&D expenditures are capitalized in the absence of personal responsibility.
RESEARCH Bupropion poisoning: a case series

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

abstaining 63 from smoking. It has previously ©The been Medical marketed Journal as an of antidepres- Australia 2002 www.mja.com.au sant Research in other countries. 1 Bupropion is structurally similar to stimulants such as the amphetamines, and selectively inhibits the neuronal reuptake of dopamine and noradrenalin. 2 Previous reports of bupropion overdose almost all involve the immediaterelease (IR) formulation. 3-10 There are reports of the SR formulation in overdose, 11-14 but there is limited information on its spectrum of toxicity in overdose. Information on paediatric safety of either formulation is also limited. 15 Immediately after bupropion was introduced in Australia, we conducted a prospective study of deliberate self-poisoning in adults and accidental poisoning in chidren with SR bupropion to investigate the toxicity of this formulation. Objective: To investigate the toxicity of bupropion hydrochloride in deliberate selfpoisoning in adults and accidental ingestion by children. Design and setting: Prospective study of cases identified from calls to the New South Wales Poisons Information Centre (NSW PIC), with follow-up through hospital medical records. Participants: Patients with bupropion poisoning managed in hospital, about whom
Host selection and performance of the giant willow aphid, Tuberolachnus salignus Gmelin – implications for pest management

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract 1 The recent increase in planting of selected willow clones as energy crops for biomass production has resulted in a need to understand the relationship between commonly grown, clonally propagated genotypes and their pests. 2 For the first time, we present a study of the interactions of six willow clones and a previously unconsidered pest, the giant willow aphid Tuberolachnus salignus . 3 Tuberolachnus salignus alatae displayed no preference between the clones, but there was genetic variation in resistance between the clones; Q83 was the most resistant and led to the lowest reproductive performance in the aphid 4 Maternal effects buffered changes in aphid performance. On four tested willow clones fecundity of first generation aphids on the new host clone was intermediate to that of the second generation and that of the clone used to maintain the aphids in culture. 5 In the field, patterns of aphid infestation were highly variable between years, with the duration of attack being up to four times longer in 1999. In both years there was a significant effect of willow clone on the intensity of infestation. However, whereas Orm had the lowest intensity of infestation in the first year, Dasyclados supported a lower population level than other monitored clones in the second year.