jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Trachea Relaxing Effects and .BETA.2-Selectivity of SPFF, a Newly Developed Bronchodilating Agent, in Guinea Pigs and Rabbits.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In this paper we evaluated the bronchodilator effects of SPFF [2-(4-amino-3-chloro-5-trifluomethyl-phenyl)-2-tert-butylamino-ethanol chloride], a newly synthesized beta(2) adrenergic agonist in guinea pigs and rabbits, in comparison with other beta(2) adrenergic agonists, isoprenaline or salbutamol. We studied in vitro the bronchodilator effects of SPFF and isoprenaline on isolated guinea pig trachea strips with or without the precontraction of bronchocontractors (acetylcholine and histamie). The positive chronotropic effects of SPFF and isoprenaline on isolated guinea pig left atria were also tested in vitro. Potency values (pD(2), pA(2) or ED(50)) were determined from the cumulative concentration-response curves. The results showed that SPFF and isoprenaline dose-dependently relaxed the isolated guinea pig trachea strips and the pD(2) values of both drugs were 7.66+/-0.68 and 8.79+/-0.19, respectively. Moreover, we confirmed that the bronchodilator effect of SPFF was due to the activation of beta(2) adrenoceptor because this effect was easily antagonized by ICI-118551 (pA(2) 8.90+/-0.01), a specific beta(2) adrenoceptor antagonist. SPFF also dose-dependently relaxed the isolated guinea pig trachea strip precontraction with acetylcholine or histamine with ED(50) values of 10.2+/-0.7 microM and 550+/-38.2 nM, respectively. Furthermore, the positive chronotropic effect of SPFF on isolated guinea pig left atria (pD(2) 5.41+/-0.38) was much weaker than that of isoprenaline (pD(2) 8.75+/-0.24), which implied that SPFF was more selective to airway beta(2) adrenoceptor than isoprenaline; the beta(1)/beta(2) selectivity assay also showed that SPFF was about 162 times more selective to beta(2) adrenoceptor than isoprenaline. A radioligand binding experiment using guinea pig lung and cardiac ventricle as beta(2) and beta(1) adrenoceptor sources, respectively, also demonstrated that SPFF possesses high affinity (27.3 nM) and selectivity (4.6 fold) to beta(2) adrenoceptors. The protective effects of SPFF and salbutamol on bronchospasm induced by bronchoconstrictor aerosol in guinea pigs in vivo were investigated, and the Konzett and Rössler experiment in rabbits in vivo was also carried out. SPFF significantly prolonged the latency time of histamine and acetylcholine induced asphyxiation collapse in guinea pigs: the ED(50) value of SPFF i.g. was 0.32+/-0.05 mg.kg(-1) in this experiment. Meanwhile, the ED(50) values of salbutamol was 2.37+/-0.22, which meant that the bronchorelaxation effect of salbutamol was about 6 times less potent than that of SPFF. The Konzett and Rössler experiment performed in anesthetized rabbit showed that intraduodenal administration of SPFF exerted action of longer duration than salbutamol. From the results above we suggested that SPFF was a potent, long-acting bronchodilator with relatively higher beta(2) adrenoceptor selectivity.
Assessment of genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance for yield and physiological traits under late sown condition in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present investigation was carried out with 32 diverse genotypes of bread wheat in completely randomized block design with 3 replications at GBPUAT, Pantnagar under late sown condition. The observations were recorded on 15 agronomic traits and 3 physiological traits. The statistical analysis for genetic variability was done using ANOVA, h2, GCV, PCV and GA. The analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the genotypes. The results of the present study indicated that high heritability values were observed in most of the yield contributing and physiological traits except grain filling duration and number of tillers per plant. High GCV and PCV were observed for the characters plot yield, canopy temperature depression-I, -II, -III, and biological yield etc. Moderate GCV and PCV were found for the characters relative water content, plant height, harvest index and 1000 grain weight etc. whereas low GCV and PCV were observed for the characters days to 75% heading, days to 75% anthesis, days to 75% maturity and SPAD. The genetic advance was observed high for the character such as plant height and relative water content while moderate for number of grains per spike and low for days to 75% heading, days to 75% anthesis, days to 75% maturity and SPAD.
Global Security and Neurophilosophy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter evaluates the fundamental starting point in political theory: human nature. In doing so, it goes beyond conventional wisdom in International Relations. To understand conflict and to chart a way forward, we must re-examine our understanding of human nature. The two dominant theories of International Relations, Realism and Idealism/Internationalism, derived their intellectual origins from such contrasting and dichotomous views of human nature. One, exemplified by Thomas Hobbes, was pessimistic both about human nature and States. The other, exemplified by Immanuel Kant and to some extent Jean-Jacques Rousseau, believed in an innate perfectibility of humans, of States and the international society, which would evolve towards peace. Today, a growing body of evidence from neuroscience permits the re-examination of long-held claims about human nature and what it is that truly drives and motivates human behaviour. Neurophilosophy, the interdisciplinary field connecting findings from neuroscience and philosophy, is relevant for global security and for understanding what can propel good governance, peace, and security.
Fostering IT human resources in Asia-Taiwan: the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI)’s business promotion assistance in cooperation with the manufacturing sector

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

情報機器の生産で世界トップクラスの地位を占める台湾のIT産業は，旺盛（おうせい）な起業家精神を持つ地場の中堅・中小のハイテク企業に支えられている。これらの企業は，目覚ましい発展の過程で，公立研究機関である工業技術研究院（ITRI）から共同研究開発や技術移転，人材育成等，技術・人材両面における提供を受けている。中国大陸への生産拠点の移転に伴う国内の産業空洞化が懸念される中，政府は台湾を国際的な研究開発拠点にするとともに，人材育成，産業の高付加価値化等の実現を目指している。先端技術のインキュベーションセンター，人材育成センターとしてのITRIの果たす役割は，よりいっそう重要なものとなるだろう。
Characterization of plant cell wall polysaccharides with surface enhanced Raman spectroscopic imaging

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The polysaccharides in plant cell walls provide a potentially huge amount of fermentable sugars which could be the source of renewable biofuels. They are an important part of dietary fibers in cereal grains which have the potentials to reduce the risks of human disease. And the plant cell wall is the first barrier to protect the plant from pathogenic infections. A better understanding of plant cell wall polysaccharides organization, function, and interactions can provide a knowledge foundation to further improving crop yields, nutritional values, and disease resistance. Raman spectroscopy is a noninvasive optical molecular spectroscopic imaging technique that has been explored to study the plant cell wall. Raman spectroscopy provides chemical structural information at the molecular level with micrometer scale resolution.
H. Roozenbeck, H. W. Pleket, R. S. Stroud: Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Consolidated Index for Vols. xxvi–xxxv (1976–1985). Pp. vi + 591. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben, 1990. fl. 160.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

H. Roozenbeck, H. W. Pleket, R. S. Stroud: Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum. Consolidated Index for Vols. xxvi–xxxv (1976–1985). Pp. vi + 591. Amsterdam: J. C. Gieben, 1990. fl. 160. - Volume 42 Issue 1
Property and Oppression: Voices from the Margins

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Literature is produced by individuals with sufficient time and inclination to write. By comparison, huge numbers of early modern English men and women living and working in the countryside simply never had the opportunity to turn their experience of rural life into literary form. They lived rather on the margins of English society, all but excluded from the nation's dominant cultural traditions. Apart from the obvious constraints on the time and energy of a rural labourer, most people at this level of society achieved at best a crudely functional form of literacy, and only very few gained the sort of cultural literacy that underpinned the work of writers such as Ben Jonson or Alexander Pope. Yet some men and women of low social degree managed nevertheless to thrust their voices into the public domain, and research in recent decades by literary and social historians has done much to bring such work to our attention. While it would be overly simplistic to claim such texts as direct and unmediated expressions of those on the margins of society, they provide startling and rewarding instances of writers confronting elite perceptions of rural life and struggling to articulate visions for change.
Beyond Data Collection: Safeguarding User Privacy in Social Robotics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In an era marked by the advanced capabilities of social robots in personal and public spaces, the issue of pervasive data collection by these entities becomes increasingly pertinent. Social robots, deployed by government entities, hospitals, and corporations, are at the forefront of gathering sensitive personal data, necessitating careful consideration of privacy concerns. The vast amounts of data collected by these robots, while beneficial for decision-making and fostering research, also pose significant privacy risks. In particular, the challenge intensifies when robots collect and potentially share data that includes sensitive personal information. This paper presents a user-friendly Differential Privacy (DP) library that addresses this challenge. The library incorporates a risk threshold and evaluates the potential impact of data disclosure to accurately quantify privacy levels. Designed for nontechnical users, it enables the secure release of statistical data without the risk of privacy breaches. With privacy breaches and re-identification becoming increasingly common, this library offers a robust solution for safeguarding individuals' privacy while facilitating the sharing of valuable insights.
Career Guidance in Singapore Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Career guidance in Singapore schools went through 3 stages of development. The focus in the 1st stage was on information‐giving. A curriculum approach was adopted in the 2nd stage when career education became part and parcel of the school curriculum. The 3rd stage saw the integration of career guidance with information technology and the shift of the role of the career teachers from “expert” to “facilitator.” To meet the challenges of the new millennium, there is a need to train professional career counselors, develop indigenous resource materials, and promote a new concept of career development among students.
Daňové zvýhodnění při střídavé péči o dítě

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper discusses the issue of alternating custody under Czech law both from the point of view of civil law and especially from the point of view of tax law. The author focuses especially on the gaps in law pertaining to the tax benefits available to parents having alternating custody of their children and presents some recommendations de lege ferenda. The article also focuses on the issue of single-household custody and the resulting private law and tax law consequences.
Current-voltage attractor landscape during a dendritic spike.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>(a) I-V curves including intrinsic ion channels and NMDA receptors during the generation of a dendritic NMDA spike without and with <i>E</i><sub>K</sub><sup>+</sup> shift. Solid and open points indicate stable and unstable fixed points, respectively, and arrows indicate system flow direction. (b) Simplified outline of the approximate V<sub>m</sub> during the dendritic NMDA spike with and without <i>E</i><sub>K</sub><sup>+</sup> shift, highlighting the voltage levels the V<sub>m</sub> is attracted toward in a. (c) Heat maps showing the temporal evolution of the I-V curves without and with <i>E</i><sub>K</sub><sup>+</sup> shift. The red line indicates the corresponding I-V curves shown in a, full and dotted white lines indicate stable and unstable fixed points, respectively, and the magenta and green lines being drawn indicate the instantaneous V<sub>m</sub> for the system without and with <i>E</i><sub>K</sub><sup>+</sup> shift, respectively.</p> <p>(MP4)</p>
Localization and tracking of moving objects in two-dimensional space by echolocation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Bats use frequency-modulated echolocation to identify and capture moving objects in real three-dimensional space. Experimental evidence indicates that bats are capable of locating static objects with a range accuracy of less than 1 μs. A previously introduced model estimates ranges of multiple, static objects using linear frequency modulation (LFM) sound and Gaussian chirplets with a carrier frequency compatible with bat emission sweep rates. The delay time for a single object was estimated with an accuracy of about 1.3 μs by measuring the echo at a low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The range accuracy was dependent not only on the SNR but also the Doppler shift, which was dependent on the movements. However, it was unclear whether this model could estimate the moving object range at each timepoint. In this study, echoes were measured from the rotating pole at two receiving points by intermittently emitting LFM sounds. The model was shown to localize moving objects in two-dimensional space by accurately estimating the object's range at each timepoint.
Insulin-like peptides during oogenesis and embryogenesis inLocusta migratoria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary The titre of insulin-like-peptides (ILP) in the haemolymph, developing oocytes and developing eggs was examined by a radioimmunoassay for human anti-insulin. ILP in the haemolymph increased in a two-stage pattern during oogenesis, but fell at ovulation. ILP accumulated in the oocyte during the same period but was not detectable in the ovulated oocyte. During embryogenesis three peaks of ILP concentration could be detected in extracts of embryonated eggs. The timing of these peaks was closely correlated with the timing of peaks of ecdysone titre previously reported by Lagueux et al. (1979). It is postulated that the ILP stimulate the previously observed synthesis and release of ecdysteroids during oogenesis and embryogenesis (Lagueux et al., 1979; Porcheron et al., 1982).
Warty Hammer Orchids, Adaptations, and Darwin

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This chapter describes the warty hammer orchid, a plant with an amazingly unflower-like flower that attracts a particular wasp, which is deceived into attempting to mate with the flower. Darwin’s method of studying the pollination of other orchids is described, and used to illustrate how evolutionary biologists can test hypotheses on the adaptive value of the attributes of living things.
Comrades and Christians: Religion and Political Struggle in Communist Italy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Comrades and Christians: Religion and Political Struggle in Communist Italy, by David I. Kertzer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980, xxiv + 302 pp. $24.95 (Soft cover $6.95) Get access Gianfranco Poggi Gianfranco Poggi University of Edinburgh, Scotland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sociology of Religion, Volume 42, Issue 1, Spring 1981, Pages 76–77, https://doi.org/10.2307/3709707 Published: 01 March 1981
&#147;Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding: Association with Bilateral Tubal Ligation&#148;

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is one of the most frequent gynecological problems. DUB can occur at any time between menarche and menopause in ovulatory or anovulatory cycles. An increase risk of developing menstrual abnormalities following tubal ligation has been a subject of debate for decades.
Aims: To find an association between Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) and prior Bilateral tubal ligation (BTL).
Material and Methods: Cross sectional study done at Pramukh Swami Medical College, Shree Krishna Hospital, Karamsad from December 2011 to December 2012. 150 patients between the ages of 30 to 50 with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) were studied. Exclusion criteria included intrauterine device (IUD), evidence of pregnancy, leiomyoma or ovarian pathology on sonography, uterine size of greater than 10 cm, medical disorders and hormonal therapy. All patients were worked up for underlying cause of AUB, assessed for BTL and divided in two groups. Group A of 80 patients with previous history of BTL and Group B of 70 patients had without previous history of BTL.
Statistical test used: Percentage, Chi-square test Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS (Statistical package for the Social Sciences v15.0) and Microsoft Excel 2007 software.
Results: In group A, 67 patients (83.7%) had DUB as compared to 26 (37.1%) in group B and this difference is statistically significant (p< 0.05).
Conclusion: In women undergoing diagnostic work up for AUB the likelihood of DUB being the underlying cause is greater if they have prior BTL.
Generation of Cytolytic T Lymphocytes in Vitro

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Supernatants (SN) from secondary (20) mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) obtained 18 to 24 hr after restimulation of C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2 long-term MLC cells with irradiated spleen cells of the original stimulating strain are shown to stimulate strong cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses when added to primary (10) long-term MLC cells. Under the conditions used, no stimulating activity was found in SN obtained from MLC containing normal C57BL/6 spleen cells and irradiated DBA/2 spleen cells, or from control cultures of C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2 long-term MLC cells and irradiated spleen cells of the responding strain. Active SN were also produced after restimulation of long-term C57BL/6 anti-DBA/2 MLC cells that had previously undergone six successive cycles of specific restimulation in vitro. Since the seventh restimulation resulted in a proliferative response without formation of CTL, this finding suggests that the cells involved in the production of active SN may be distinct from CTL or their precursors. The stimulatory activity of 20 MLC SN was particularly evident after SN addition to 10- to 15-day 10 MLC cells, whereas the response of 20-day 10 MLC cells and of alloimmune spleen cells was of a lower magnitude. No significant lytic activity was generated after addition of 20 MLC SN to normal spleen cells. Under optimal conditions, the kinetics of the CTL response induced by 20 MLC SN was similar to that obtained after restimulation with irradiated allogeneic cells. While the same SN was able to stimulate CTL responses in 10 long-term MLC prepared with unrelated strain combinations, the lytic activity thus obtained was specific for the original stimulating alloantigens used during 10 stimulation. The CTL response of long-term MLC cells was unaffected by prior removal of cellular debris followed by trypsin treatment. Taken together, these results suggest that SN produced in 20 MLC contain nonspecific factors that are able to induce 20 CTL responses without the participation of alloantigen.
New transcriptional regulatory region of human γ-glutamylcysteine synthase catalyzed subunit gene: an experimental study

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective
To determine the function and transcriptional regulatory elements of the regulatory region of-810~-769 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site of the human glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC) gene.

Methods
The human GCLC gene regulatory region fragments were cloned and the wild-type plasmids were constructed. The mutant expression plasmids of deletion mutant-770~-766 GATAAG nucleotides and the site-directed mutant-765 and-764 GC to TA, -755 and-754 GG to TA were constructed. The transcriptional regulatory was determined by plasmid transfection. EMSA+super-shift method was used to identify transcriptional regulatory elements of-810~-769 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site of GCLC gene.

Results
The-810~-769 bp upstream of the transcription initiation site of human GCLC gene is the positive regulatory region, including NF-κB and AP-2 transcriptional elements. The transcription factor AP-2 could inhibit the binding of transcription factor NF-κB to the upstream-790~-766 DNA sequence of human GCLC gene transcription initiation site.

Conclusion
The regulatory region of-810~-769 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site of the human GCLC gene is a newly discovered positive regulatory region, which contains NF-κB and AP-2 regulatory elements.

Key words:
Transcription, genetic; Transcription factors; Plasmids; γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ-GCS)
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in predicting the radiosensitivity of cervical cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study investigates the application value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in predicting cervical cancer radiosensitivity. Twenty-five patients who were newly diagnosed as cervical cancer and accepted simple radiotherapy were included in this study. Before external irradiation, 20 GY and at the end of irradiation, routine 1.5 T MRI and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scanning were carried. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of primary tumor was measured. Its correlation with tumor regression rate was analyzed. ADC values of before irradiation, 20 GY and at the end of irradiation was (0.93 ± 0.14) × 10(-3) mm(2)/s, (1.25 ± 0.17) × 10(-3) mm(2)/s and (1.55 ± 0.13) × 10(-3) mm(2)/s, respectively. There were statistical significant differences (P< 0.01). D-value of ADC values between before and 20 GY external irradiation was (0.33 ± 0.16) mm(2)/s. The tumor volume before and at the end of external irradiation were (37.48 ± 26.83) cm(3) and (4.41 ± 3.72) cm(3) respectively, with tumor regression rate of before and after external irradiation of (0.86 ± 0.11). ADC values of before irradiation, 20 GY and at the end of irradiation did not correlate with tumor regression rate. D-value of ADC values between before and 20 GY external irradiation positively correlated with tumor regression rate (r = 0.423, P = 0.035). ADC value of cervical cancer increased after radiotherapy and early changes of ADC value was positively correlated with tumor regression rate, thus, ADC value could be used as a potential prediction factor for cervical cancer radiosensitivity.