jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Flickr tag segmentation and classification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the increasing usage and popularity of the social media on the Internet such as Flickr and Facebook, there is also an increase in the amount of information within the internet. An example is that some of the information is stored in tags. Tags are keywords or terms assigned to a piece of information. With the increasing amount of data, there is a need for the users to search and obtain the required information efficiently and hence, tags are important as they are widely used to filter the unwanted information and reduce the search space. The words in tags are joined together without spaces such as “thisphoto”. Hence the aim of the project is to implement a program to carry out tag segmentation and classification. During segmentation, the program will split the words (For example, “thisphoto” to “this photo”). After segmentation, the program will carry out classification which will classify the tags from the segmentation (For example, “New York” is classified as a “LOCATION”). The dataset of tags used in this project were obtained from Flickr, a photo sharing website. Hence, the tags used in this project are for photos and images only. The completed project was tested against a total of 1000 tags which were randomly extracted from the Flickr dataset. Based on the segmentation results, it was observed that the accuracy rate of the segmentation was at 96.5%. As for the classification results, it was observed that the accuracy rate was at 86.21%. Hence based on the results, the program is able to segment and classify the tags at an acceptable accuracy.
Tahfidz Al-Quran Learning as a Leading Program at MTs Al Ghozaly Siwatu Wonosobo

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this research is to analyze the learning of Al-Qur'an memorization as a leading program at MTs Al Ghozaly Siwatu Wonosobo. This field research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method, involving participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation analysis. The results of the study indicate that the Al-Qur'an memorization program at MTs Al Ghozaly Siwatu Wonosobo has been running in a structured manner for three years, with varied learning methods and a continuous evaluation system. The success of this program is supported by a religious Islamic boarding school environment, competent tahfidz teachers, an integrated curriculum, as well as student motivation and active support from parents. The existence of a tahfidz quarantine program as a continuation for outstanding students shows the institution's commitment to producing Al-Qur'an memorizers continuously. This program not only improves students' memorization abilities, but also forms positive characters of discipline, responsibility, and sincerity. As a leading program, Al-Qur'an memorization has become the identity of the madrasah and the main attraction for the community towards Islamic education based on character and spirituality. We support the sustainability of the program, madrasahs are advised to improve infrastructure and develop an evaluation system that touches on aspects of understanding and implementing the values of the Qur'an. Teachers are expected to continue to develop methods that are in accordance with the character of students and strengthen relationships with parents, students need to maintain enthusiasm in memorizing. Further research is recommended to expand the study of the long-term impact of the tahfidz program, as well as to establish collaboration with other tahfidz institutions as an effort to strengthen the quality of Islamic education based on the Qur'an.
ANATOMY, HISTOCHEMISTRY AND CYTOLOGY OF DORMANT AND STRATIFIED APPLE EMBRYOS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY The following sequence of structural changes which are related to the utilization of storage materials have been shown to occur in the apple embryo: degradation of protein bodies, degradation of lipid bodies, appearance and degradation of starch. These processes take place in the embryonic axis during stratification and in the cotyledons during the germination of stratified embryos. Important differences were observed in the localization of these processes during the early post‐embryonic (up to 12 days) growth of dormant and stratified embryos. It is concluded that during the germination of dormant embryos the embryonic axis influences certain hydrolytic processes in cotyledons by delaying and inhibiting their progress, whereas in non‐dormant embryos these are stimulated by the embryonic axis.
New Validated Method for Measuring Fat Graft Retention in the Breast with MRI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: In this study, we present a new method for measuring fat graft volume retention in the breast based on magnetic resonance imaging scans and a validation study to assess its accuracy and precision. The method was validated by 4 observers using the magnetic resonance imaging scans of 14 patients undergoing breast augmentation with fat grafting. The method was translated into software and was used to measure the change in breast volume from a preoperative scan to a postoperative scan recorded within 3 hours after the surgery, which was compared with the injected fat graft volume. The new method measured the injected fat graft volumes with an average systematic overestimation of 6.3% (SD, 10.5). The median interobserver variation was <7%. We propose that this new method can be a good alternative to previous techniques for clinical research purposes. The software can be made available upon request free of charge for use on the MeVisLab platform.
General Aviation Airplane Accidents Involving Spatial Disorientation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

National Transportation Safety Board accident data for 1983-1991 were used to compare those general aviation accident cases that involved spatial disorientation (SD) with all others. About 2.1% of general aviation airplane accidents involved SD. Those accidents were associated with low ceilings, restricted visibility, precipitation, darkness and instrument flight conditions. Pilots in certain professions, particularly those in business, were more involved in SD accidents. Pilots in SD accidents were more often under pressure, fatigue, anxiety, physical impairment and alcohol or drugs. The pilots' total and night flying experience were inversely related to involvement in SD accidents. Spatial disorientation accidents accounted for a small number of crashes, but they were very severe-fatalities occurred in 92%, they accounted for 9.9% of the fatal accidents, 11% of the fatalities and in 95% the aircraft were destroyed. The results suggest that the pilots in SD accidents lacked the flight experience necessary to recognize or cope with the stimuli that induce SD, which was compounded by fatigue, alcohol/drugs or pressure and other psychological and physical impairments. Specific exposure to conditions leading to SD in training of general aviation and all pilots should be evaluated to help them to recognize it, and the techniques used by experienced pilots to combat its onset and effects should be studied and used in training. Improved human factors engineering of the cockpit instrumentation is also needed.
Polioviruses and other enteroviruses in urban sewage from Laval (Canada): presence of non-vaccinal strains of poliovirus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During a 13-month period (August 1, 1977–August 3 1, 1978) 55 samples of 2–4 L of raw sewage from an urban residential area were collected and studied for the presence of human enteroviruses. Viruses were recovered from 47 (90.5%) of the samples. Of the 201 viral isolates propagated, 180 (89.5%) were identified by the serum neutralization test as poliovirus types 1, 2, or 3; 16 (8%) were identified as coxsackie B viruses; and 5 (2.5%) could not be identified by the methods used. While all polioviruses, types 2 and 3 isolates, were vaccine-like (rct−/d−) or intermediate strains, 14 poliovires, type 1 out of 55 selected isolates, were found to be non-vaccine-like (rct+/d+), 8 were rct−/d−). and 33 were intermediate strains. Out of nine samples submitted to the serodifferentiation (McBride) test, six poliovires, type 1 rct+/d+ and three rct+/d−, were related to wild strains.
Application of Time Series Analysis in Forecasting the Incidence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore the application of ARIMA model in prediction of the incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis,and to provide scientific data for developing tuberculosis prevention and control strategies. Methods The ARIMA model was developed based on the monthly incidence of pulmonary TB in Shajing Street from January 2006 to June 2011,and then tested by the remaining data in 2011. Results The established ARIMA(1,0,0)(1,1,0)12 model forecasted better,the actual values were all within the predictive values of 95% confidence intervals.The predictive values of incidence rates from July to December in 2011 were basically in accord with the changing trend of actual incidence rates. Conclusions The ARIMA model can be well used for predicting the changing trend of short-term incidence rate of pulmonary TB.
Useful Computational Chemistry Tools for Medicinal Chemistry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Computational chemistry techniques enable chemists to design fewer, better molecules or experiments in order to achieve their goals and to use the resulting data to make better decisions. This chapter describes the theoretical basis of modern computational methods, allowing the reader to understand the approximations and assumptions that are needed in order to provide techniques which deliver the required accuracy of calculation in a timely fashion. The chapter ranges from quantum mechanics and molecular mechanics, through simulation and docking techniques, to molecular similarity, cheminformatics and chemical “big data” approaches. We finish with some favourite case studies of computational drug discovery and some practical hints and tips for chemists who wish to use these techniques.
Process Tomography:  An Option for the Enhancement of Packed Vapor−Liquid Contactor Model Development

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A multitude of packed vapor−liquid contactor mass-transfer and hydraulic models exist in the literature. With few exceptions, the development of these models has been based on a very limited understanding of the microscale hydraulic phenomena inside the contacting column. Recently, the use of X-ray tomography has been shown to be an effective technique for imaging flow patterns in multiphase contactors. This paper describes the potential benefits that X-ray tomography analysis can bring to the understanding and modeling of the vapor−liquid contacting process. The technology has significant potential for enhancing the prediction of both mass-transfer efficiency and packing pressure drop of commercial packed columns.
A Heuristic For Lot-Sizing In Multi-Stage Systems

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article considers the lot-sizing problem in multi-stage production settings with capacity-constrained resources. This problem deals with the determination of a production plan for the end item and its components in order to meet the forecast demand in each period of a planning horizon. The production plan should minimize the sum of production, setup and inventory costs. A heuristic method build upon a formulation of the problem in terms of echelon stock is developed. Computational results are reported and the solutions' quality is evaluated through Lagrangean lower bounds.
Comparative Anatomy and Systematic Implications of the Turbinal Skeleton in Lagomorpha (Mammalia)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT In order to elucidate the systematic relevance of the turbinal skeleton in Lagomorpha the ethmoidal regions of 6 ochotonid, 21 leporid, and 2 outgroup species ( Sciurus vulgaris , Tupaia sp.) species were investigated by high‐resolution computed tomography (μCT). Number and shape of turbinals correspond to major clades and to several genera. All Lagomorpha under study have a deeply excavated nasoturbinal that is continuous with the lamina semicircularis; a feature likely to be an autapomorphy of lagomorphs. In particular, the olfactory turbinals (frontoturbinals, ethmoturbinals, and interturbinals) provide new systematic information. The plesiomorphic lagomorph pattern comprises two frontoturbinals, three ethmoturbinals, and one interturbinal between ethmoturbinal I and II. Ochotonidae are derived from the lagomorph goundplan by loss of ethmoturbinal III; an interturbinal between the two frontoturbinals is an autapomorphy of Leporidae. Pronolagus is apomorphic in having a very slender first ethmoturbinal, but shows a puzzling pattern in decreasing the number of turbinals. Pronolagus rupestris and Romerolagus diazi have independently reduced their turbinals to just two fronto‐ and two ethmoturbinals, which is the lowest number among the sampled lagomorphs. In contrast, the more derived leporid genera under study ( Oryctolagus , Caprolagus , Sylvilagus , and Lepus ) show a tendency to increase the number of turbinals, either by developing an ethmoturbinal IV ( Caprolagus hispidus , Lepus arcticus ) or by additional interturbinals. Intraspecific variation was investigated in Ochotona alpina, Oryctolagus cuniculus , and Lepus europaeus and is restricted to additional interturbinals in the frontoturbinal recess of the two leporids. Anat Rec, 297:2031–2046, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tiltmeter Observations From Doake Ice Rumples, Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica (Abstract)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

New tiltmeter data from Doake Ice Rumples on Ronne Ice Shelf are presented. The tiltmeters detected flexing of the ice shelf close to the grounding line, due to tidal forces. In earlier studies on Rutford Ice Stream, flow was from grounded ice into the floating ice shelf. In contrast, the area studied on Ronne Ice Shelf exhibits flow from the ice shelf on to grounded ice rumples. The data span 5 km of the up-stream ice shelf and much of the grounded ice. Approximately 30 d of continuous tilt data are available for one site on the ice shelf. Analysis of this record can determine the dominant tidal frequencies present. A number of shorter records cover periods normally of a few days. These were obtained from sites both up-stream and down-stream of the long-term site. They have been used to investigate the variation in tilt amplitude with distance from the grounding line. The approximate position of the grounding line was located from the position of strand cracks and by using surface-elevation and ice-thickness data. The tiltmeters helped to confirm this position. Over grounded ice, tidal flexing is clearly present up to about 2 km from the grounding line. Beyond this it appears to be absent. The signal recorded by tiltmeters on grounded ice farther than 2 km from the grounding line is attributed, at present, to a temperature dependency of the tiltmeters. The flexing of ice shelves at tidal frequencies has previously been treated as an elastic problem. Available models which use beam theory require the use of a time-dependent function and a reduced “effective” ice thickness in the elastic modulus. On preliminary analysis, data from the ice shelf and grounding line of Doake Ice Rumples appear to be consistent with these theories. More detailed analysis and interpretation is required in order to confirm the level of agreement and to determine possible variations due to the “reversed” nature of the flow direction.
The political economy of budget reforms: Evidence of an emerging market

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the paper was to investigate the socio-economic and political processes that influenced Kuwait’s budget reforms in the wake of declining oil prices. A qualitative study and a literature review were adopted and informed by political economy theory to generate in-depth insights into similar and different socio-economic and political processes that influenced the adoption and implementation of a range of budget reforms in Kuwait. The study revealed that the budget reforms in Kuwait, as part of the austerity measures, were influenced by the dwindling oil revenues; the entrenched welfare system; the power struggles between the state actors; and the strategic partnerships and coercive role of supranational agencies, especially in creating an enabling environment for global capitalism. The paper demonstrates how the socio-economic and political environment influences and is influenced by the strategic accounting choices and practices adopted and implemented. Budget reforms in Kuwait were proposed to address the socio-economic and political realities of the day, but also, the reforms prepared fertile grounds to support global capitalism. The paper contributes to the debate on the political economy and how it is relevant in understanding the socio-economic and political processes involved in the adoption and implementation of accounting changes, especially in developing countries.
Attentional Gating in Primary Visual Cortex: A Physiological Basis for Dyslexia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The visual magnocellular pathway is known to play a central part in visuospatial attention and in directing attention to specific parts of the visual world in serial search. It is proposed that, in the case of reading, this mechanism is trained to perform a sequential gating of visual information coming into the primary visual cortex to enable further orderly processing by the ventral stream. This scheme, taken together with the potential for plasticity between the different afferent channels in the case of a relative impairment of the magnocellular system, can provide some limited rationale for the beneficial effects that have been claimed for the use of coloured overlays and glasses.
Post-materialism as a cultural factor influencing entrepreneurial activity across nations : A cultural factor influencing total entrepreneurial activity across nations

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The study of predictors of entrepreneurial activity at the country level has been dominated by economic influences. However, the relative stability of differences in entrepreneurial activity across countries suggests that other forces such as institutional and/or cultural factors are at play. The objective of this paper is to explore more specifically how post-materialism may help to explain differences in total entrepreneurial activity across countries. Data from 28 countries, world-wide, are used to test the hypotheses, based on intersecting data available from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, World Values Survey and other published sources. Findings confirm the significance of post-materialism in predicting total entrepreneurial activity even when controlling for these other factors.\n\nAlso published as SCALES paper N200321, EIM, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands and earlier version (with R. Thurik and J. Hutjes) as ERS2002-262 STR, Erasmus Institute of Management (ERIM), Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
Factor B subtypes in Japanese patients with IgA nephropathy and with idiopathic membranous nephropathy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The present paper describes a method of subtyping of properdin factor B (BF) using polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing followed by immunoblotting, and the distribution of BF subtypes in Japanese patients with IgA nephropathy or idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) along with controls. BF*F allele was splitted into two suballeles, named BF*FA and BF*FB. There were significant differences in the BF suballele frequencies between the IMN patient group and the control group. A significant association of IMN with the BF FA subtype (p less than 0.05) and with the BF FB subtype (p less than 0.001) was also found. BF*FB may be a susceptibility suballele to IMN rather than BF*FA.
American Evangelical Gender Ideology and Intimate Partner Violence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper, I use cultural and feminist theory to examine the discourse of two evangelical Christian organizations whose missions are to promote different gender ideologies. I focus specifically on how intimate partner violence (IPV), or 'abuse,' as both of them call it, functions symbolically for each. I find that a similar underlying cultural code that reflects evangelical subcultural identity (Smith 1998) explains how both organizations substantiate their claims. However, even though they rely on the same cultural code, they perform substantively different gender ideologies, giving rise to different views on abuse. The Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood (CBMW), the conservative group, articulates a gender ideology of male 'headship' and wifely submission. CBMW's discussion of abuse draws a strong boundary against the gender ideology promoted by the rival evangelical feminist organization and reasserts the rightness of the headship doctrine, in the context of a stated concern with moral decay in American society, evidenced by changes in gender roles. Christians for Biblical Equality (CBE), the evangelical feminist group, articulates a gender ideology of mutual submission in marriage. CBE's discussion of abuse draws a boundary against perceived abusive authority in marital relationships, in the context of a stated concern with gender justice. For CBMW, a defense of the headship ideology is paramount, while for CBE, an articulated concern with the practical is paramount. I argue that such different performances of gender ideology stem from the same underlying cultural code, partly because of the socio-religious characteristics of evangelical subcultural identity (Smith 1998). But, more importantly, this creative use of a cultural code is explained by interactional dynamics that exist within the discourse of the two organizations. By applying the theoretical contributions of the culture-in-interaction perspective (Eliasoph & Lichterman 2003) to the study of discourse, as well as integrating insights from Judith Butler's (1990/1999, 1993) discussion of the performativity of gender, we can better understand the meaning made of abuse by these organizations.
Progress in experimental study of heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide pathway on vascular smooth muscle cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Heme oxygenase is the rate-limiting enzyme of heme metabolism, which catalyzes the degradation of heme to carbon monoxide (CO), iron, and biliverdin. Heme oxygenase-1,one of its isoenzymes, expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs), can be induced by a variety of stresses. CO, as the degradation product of heme oxygenase, is a very important endogenous gas messenger. Recent studies have indicated its crucial role in cardiovascular system. The proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs ,which are pathogensis of many cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and artherosclerosis, are correlated with heme oxygenase/carbon monoxide pathway. Recent researches confirmed that considerable medicines influenced proliferation and apoptosis of VSMCs through this way, which established a foundation for exploitation of new drugs.