jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of surface protection, staining beverages and aging on the color stability and hardness of recently introduced uncoated glass ionomer restorative material

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Aim: Evaluation of the effect of coating, staining beverages and aging on the color stability and hardness of recently introduced glass ionomer (GI) restorative material and to determine whether there was a correlation between these two variables. Materials and methods: Two commercially available conventional GI restorative materials were used; Ketac™ Universal Aplicap™ and Ketac™ Fil Plus Aplicap™ GI restoratives. A total of 84 disc-shaped specimens (5 × 2 mm) were prepared and divided into 3 main groups (n = 28). Fifty six specimens were prepared from Ketac Universal Aplicap where half of them was coated (CU) and the other half was uncoated (U) and 28 coated specimens from Fil Plus Aplicap™ (CF) that act as a control group. Coating was performed with Ketac Glaze. Each group was further subdivided into 4 subgroups (n = 7) according to the beverages (tea, coffee, coke and distilled water). Color changes (ΔE) and hardness (MPa) were measured by scanning spectrophotometer and Vickers's hardness (VH) test respectively. Measurements were recorded at the baseline, after 7 and 30 days of aging in each beverage. Chemical analysis of the glass powders was performed by EDXA. Additionally, the filler size was examined by the SEM. The data were statistically analyzed (P ≤ 0.05). Results: The CU subgroups possessed lower ΔE than U subgroups in tea and coffee. The impact of staining beverages and aging on the ΔE was material's dependent. The CU subgroups recorded higher VH than the U and CF subgroups after aging in coke (30 days). Aging of the U subgroups in tea and coke significantly decreased its VH. The SEM revealed smaller average filler size in Ketac Universal Aplicap (7.2 μm) than Ketac Fil Plus Aplicap (17.9 μm). Clinical significance: It is advisable to use the recently introduced uncoated GI restorative material for patients who are not consuming tea and/or coffee but with surface protection to maintain its color acceptability up to 3 year clinically. Not all color changes could be associated with surface degradation. Keywords: Protective coating, Glass ionomer, Color stability, Hardness
FROM ARTIFICIAL LIFE TO REAL LIFE: COMPUTER SIMULATION OF PLANT GROWTH∗

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Artificial life is by itself an important area of scientific investigation. However, this scientific discipline will be more effective if it can also help one to understand how natural living systems really work. It is argued that plant growth is an area where the studies in artificial life lend themselves to computer modeling of what really happens in nature. An approach for such modeling is described, and the initial results of implementing this approach for a corn plant growth are presented. INDEX TERMS: Lindenmayer systemsL-systemsartificial lifesimulationplant growthradiosity. Notes Presented at the Second Workshop on Artificial Life, Santa Fe, New Mexico, February 5-9, 1990.
Measures of Anxiety among Tennis Players in Singles and Doubles Matches

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Male and female tennis players ( N = 100) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 about 1 hr. before playing singles and doubles matches. Multivariate analysis of variance of anxiety and self-confidence responses by match result indicated that winners of singles matches bad significantly lower scores on Cognitive Anxiety and higher ones on Self-confidence than losers. Winners of doubles matches had significantly higher Self-confidence scores than losers. Discriminant function analysis indicated that 72% of results for singles matches and 70% of results for doubles matches could be correctly classified from responses to the precompetition measures. A comparison of anxiety responses by playing condition indicated that, irrespective of the match outcome, scores on Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety were higher and scores on Self-confidence were lower before playing singles than before playing doubles. The findings suggest that precompetition scores on measures of anxiety provide significant indicators of performance in tennis but that responses vary for singles and doubles play.
Phase-Locking of a Gunn Oscillator by Electro-Optic Detection Using Mach-Zehnder-Modulator-Based Flat Comb Generator

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Phase-locking of a Gunn oscillator by electro-optic detection using a Mach-Zehnder-modulator-based flat comb generator has been demonstrated. By feeding back beat signals to the Gunn oscillator system, phase-locking of was successfully demonstrated.
ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SEMICONDUCTORS On the Nature of Charge Carrier Scattering in Ag 2 Se at Low Temperatures

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we report the results of studying the temperature dependences of the electric conductivity σ(T), Hall coefficient R(T), and thermopower α 0 (T) of Ag2Se in the concentration range (7.8–62.5) × 10 18 cm –3 at temperatures from 4.2 to 300 K. Ag2 Se samples were prepared using the unified technology for stoichiometric Ag2Se [4] with excess of Se and Ag up to ~0.2 at %. The analytical technique was described in [5]. Figures 1–3 show the depen� dences σ(T), R(T), and α0(T). In all samples R(T) remains constant, whereas α 0 (T) linearly increases, which is characteristic of highly degenerate electron gas. It can be seen that, at n ≈ (12–20) × 10 18 cm –3 σ is almost independent of T up to 30 K. At T > 20 K σ decreases with an increase in temperature. At lower electron concentrations, σ only slightly changes with T up to 150 K. The weak dependence σ(T) is related to the weak temperature dependence of the electron mobility (the concentration remains constant in the temperature range under study).
EFFECTS OF PLATELET-RICH PLASMA AND OZONE THERAPY ON PAIN AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS: A RETROSPECTIVE TRIAL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: There are many methods for treating knee osteoarthritis (KOA). However, especially among conservative treatments, intra articular injection methods have not been shown to be superior to each other. In our study, we compared the effects of ozone therapy and platelet-rich plasma on pain and functionality. Material and Methods: This retrospective clinical study included patients aged 30-70 years who received ozone and Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Both groups received 3 sessions of ultrasound-guided intra-articular injection. The demographic characteristics of the patients, such as age and gender, were recorded. Pain was assessed with a numerical rating scale (NRS) before and 3 months after treatment, functionality with the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), and quality of life with the Short Form-12 (SF-12). Results: The mean age of the 54 patients included in the study was 58.53±8.25 years. No significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of age, gender, pre-treatment NRS, WOMAC, and SF-12 values. There were significant differences in the NRS, WOMAC, and SF-12 values in both ozone and PRP groups after treatment compared to before treatment. However, this difference was not found to be significant between the groups. Conclusion: Both PRP and ozone therapy are effective short term treatments for KOA. There is no evidence that one is more effective than the other.
Subthalamic deep brain stimulation for advanced Parkinson’s disease: Optimizing localization and stimulation of the target area

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective surgical treatment for advanced Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Continuous electrical stimulation within the subthalamic nucleus (STN), one of the basal ganglia, can successfully alleviate PD motor symptoms. However, the success of STN-DBS can be limited by side effects which can occur when unwanted neuronal areas or connections are stimulated. Therefore, it is important that the stimulation is targeted at the right location as specifically as possible. In this thesis we have studied several aspects of STN-DBS and how they contribute to optimal localization and stimulation of the preferred target area. We have used conventional imaging and electrode technology to study how the target area can be optimally located. Additionally, we have studied developments in imaging techniques and electrode design, i.e., the steering DBS electrode, to investigate how future technology can be used to further optimize both localization and stimulation of the most effective target area. We conclude that a continuous effort should be made to critically review DBS targeting considering the evolving clinical and technological possibilities. We argue that targeting and steering stimulation are inseparable in optimizing DBS results. When targeting is inaccurate, steering stimulation might compensate for some of the lost potential benefit. However, the current preoperative planning with high field MRI and verification by intraoperative measurements and imaging make the targeting so accurate that it could perhaps be adapted specifically to the steering electrode. This thesis suggests that the full potential of steering electrodes could possibly be unleashed by targeting more specifically aimed at the dorsolateral motor segment of the STN.
Interference of GTP hydrolysis in the mechanism of microtubule assembly: an experimental study.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This paper reports an experimental study of the interference of GTP hydrolysis in the mechanism of microtubule assembly, following the model and theory previously published [Hill, T. L. & Carlier, M.-F. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 7234-7238]. Results from dilution experiments show that microtubules depolymerize faster below the critical concentration than expected with a reversible polymerization model. The experimental plot of flux versus tubulin concentration exhibits a slope discontinuity at the critical concentration, in agreement with the theory. Theoretical points calculated by the Monte Carlo method can be fitted qualitatively to the data. A consequence of this peculiar dynamic behavior of microtubules is that the ratio of tubulin dissociation and association rate constants measured, respectively, below and above the critical concentration does not yield the true value of the critical concentration. It is emphasized that the presence of GTP at microtubule ends is necessary to maintain the stability of the polymer.
A case of candida parapsilosis periprosthetic joint infection: Case report and literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 76 year old female, with a background history of eczema and iatrogenic Cushing syndrome, received a right total knee replacement for her knee osteoarthritis. In the early post-operative period, a small amount of discharge was noted from the surgical wound. The wound swab culture of the discharge yielded candida species. It was regarded as contamination initially. Half year later, she presented with a subcutaneous abscess around the right knee. Aspiration and culture confirmed infection of Candida parapsilosis. The patient was treated conservatively with fluconazole because she had initially refused operative treatment. The infection progressed to abscess formation afterward. A two-stage revision arthroplasty with cement spacer was performed subsequently. In addition, we have reviewed the literature regarding fungal periprosthetic joint infection.
Mine Warfare History and Technology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

KEY WORDS (Continue on reverae aide It naeaaaary and Identity by block number) Mine warfare Magnetic influence mine Minesweeping ABSTRACT (Continue on reveree aide It neceeeary and Identity by block number)The history of mine warfare is traced.Technological advances applied to mine development and use have demonstrated an increasing effectiveness at modest cost.The efficacy of mines, if fully exploited, should have an important deterrent effect on conventional wars.
A COMPARISON OF pi/4-DQPSK MODEMS FOR USE IN A RURAL WIRELESS INTERNET ACCESS SYSTEM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Currently, rural residents are not well served by existing Internet access options. Their primary option is the standard telephone modem, which does not allow for high speed access. \nA wireless Internet access solution has advantages over its wired counterpart, since it is cost-effective to deploy the system in sparsely populated areas. Telecommunications Research Laboratories has proposed a multipoint communication system (MCS) as a solution for rural network access. This thesis discusses radio modem solutions that are suitable for such a system. \nThe pi/4-differential quadrature phase shift keying (pi/ 4-DQPSK) modulation scheme is used in the radio link of the system. This type of modulation allows three different types of detection: the baseband differential detector, the IF differential detector, and the frequency discriminator detector. These types of detectors have been assumed to have identical theoretical performance under ideal conditions in the existing literature. Little comparison has been performed that considers the effects of practical implementation issues on modem performance and implementation complexity. \nPractical impairments present in systems of this type are presented. These impairments include frequency offset, symbol timing offset, DC offset, phase imbalance, sub-optimal receiver filtering, hard-limiting effects, and frequency converter phase noise. Various detector implementations are simulated and the effect of the impairments on bit error rate (BER) performance for the different types of detectors is compared. Most impairments produce similar results in the detectors, but some discrepancies are noted. \nThe detectors lend themselves to digital hardware implementation. Digital hardware realizations and their simulated BER performance are discussed for each detector type. The relative implementation complexity and the trade-offs between performance and complexity are discussed in terms of implementation in Altera Flex10K Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLD). The sensitivity of the BER performance to impairments is also discussed. \nFor the proposed system, the baseband differential detector is the best solution since it results in the smallest hardware realization, while also achieving the best BER performance. The IF differential detector is similar in implementation size to the baseband differential detector, but has poorer BER performance. The frequency discriminator detector is not well suited to a digital realization, which results in poor BER performance and a greater implementation complexity. \nThe most hardware intensive component of the detectors is the root raised cosine (RRC) filter. Replacing the RRC filters with analog Butterworth filters simplifies the detector realizations, but introduces BER performance degradation. A transmitter phase compensation technique is presented that improves the BER performance of a modem that uses sub-optimal detector filtering, while significantly reducing the detector complexity.
ARTHROSCOPY OPERATION OF THE HAGLUND HEEL

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Since 2004 we chose the arthroscopic method of therapy by the retrocalcaneal bursitis and problems caused by prominence of heel Haglund type. Materials and Method: We operated 48 patients (52 heel bones) by arthroscopic method. We do this operation on ventral position with using 2 or 3 paraachilear incisions, we commonly check the progress of the operation using X-rays sciascopy. After operation we recommend light exercises of the movement of the ankle and 3 week walking on crutches with limited weight. Antitrombotic prophylaxis is standard. Results: We checked the results after 2–48 months after operating procedure. The patients were examined clinically and with the help of VAS (Visual Analogue Scale). The condition of all patients has improved, most of them were very satisfied with the operation. We have not noticed any disorders in healing operation wounds, 1 deep trombosis has been diagnosed by the sonography. We compared this arthroscopy method with open operating method. We have been using since the year 2004 both operating methods, but we have been trying to separate the indications for the arthroscopy and for the open approach, because we are the meaning, that the arthroscopy technique is not the best choice in all cases. We have recently set clear indications for both methods in our orthopaedic department. The progress of rehabilitation was noticeably faster than by the open method, postoperative swelling and pain were markedly less as well.
Tinospora Cordifolia: Formulation And Evaluation Of Herbal Tea

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Tea is the most generally consumed beverage. Tea's olfactory allure is a crucial factor to take into account when developing new products. Tea in general and herbal tea in particular are gaining consumer attention due to awareness of health benefits derived from their consumption. Different boiling practices are used by consumers all over the world to prepare their tea. The two most popular techniques for making tea are with loose tea and tea bags. However, because of their ease and convenience, tea bags are growing in popularity for tea brewing all over the globe. There are several kinds of herbal teas that have been used for their medicinal properties. The aim of present study is to prepare herbal tea with new combination of medicinal plants. An important herbal medication in the Indian System of Medicine is Tinospora cordifolia (ISM). The methanol stem extract of T. cordifolia is being used for their Immunomodulatory activity which helps in preventing and healing many diseases. It has been demonstrated that T. cordifolia can stimulate and regulate the immune system.
Metabolism in hematology: Technological advances open new perspectives on disease biology and treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The term metabolism refers to the multi‐faceted biochemical reactions within a cell or an organism that occur to maintain energy homeostasis, cell growth, and oxidative balance. Cells possess a high metabolic plasticity, allowing them to adapt to the dynamic requirements of their functional state and environment. Deregulated cellular metabolism is a hallmark of many diseases, including benign and malignant hematological conditions. In the last decade, multiple technological innovations in the metabolism field have made in‐depth metabolic analysis broadly applicable. Such studies are shedding new light on normal and malignant hematopoiesis and open avenues to a better understanding of the biology of hematological diseases. In this review, we will first give a brief overview of central metabolic processes. Furthermore, we discuss the most commonly used methods to study metabolism. We begin by elaborating on the use of next‐generation sequencing to detect metabolism‐related genomic mutations and study transcriptional signatures. Furthermore, we discuss methods for measuring protein expression, such as mass spectrometry (MS), flow cytometry, and cytometry time‐of‐flight. Next, we describe the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, MS, and flow cytometry for metabolite quantification. Finally, we highlight functional assays to probe metabolic pathways in real‐time. We illustrate how these technologies and their combination have advanced our understanding of the role of metabolism. Our goal is to provide hematologists with a comprehensive guide to modern techniques in metabolism research, their benefits and disadvantages, and how they guide our understanding of disease and potentially future personalized therapy decisions.
Estimation of certainty for multiple choice tasks using features of eye-movements

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

To determine the performance of estimating the degree of "strength of belief" (SOB) of responses using eye-movements, the features of eye-movements were extracted while subjects answered questions and reviewed their own responses to multiple choice tasks. The estimation was conducted using Support Vector Machines (SVM) with features of eye-movements between two successive fixations. In the results, the overall estimation performances were significant when the prediction was calculated using certain combinations of features for answering and reviewing sessions respectively. In comparing feature combinations of eye-movements for significant estimations between answering and reviewing sessions, significant combinations components of features between the two sessions did not coincide.
Dissecting the role of Peroxiredoxins in regulating conserved ROS-activated kinases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In order to protect against oxidative damage, cells have evolved a host of ROS-detoxifying enzymes. These include peroxiredoxins, a highly conserved family of thioredoxin peroxidases. Unexpectedly, given their role in lowering H2O2levels, peroxiredoxins have been shown to be required for the activation of conserved stress-activated MAPKs in response to ROS in yeast1 and human2 cells. For example, we have previously shown that the single 2-Cys peroxiredoxin in S. pombe , Tpx1, but not its thioredoxin peroxidase activity, is required for the H2O2-induced activation of the p38/JNK-related MAPK, Sty1. Our findings revealed that Tpx1 forms H2O2-induced disulphide bonds with cysteines in Sty11, which suggested that Tpx1 may directly regulate Sty1 through these complexes. However, the mechanisms by which Tpx1-Sty1 disulphide complexes alter Sty1 function have remained unclear. Sty1, like its mammalian counterparts, has a number of important functions, including roles in coordinating cell growth, division, stress resistance and longevity in response to a variety of nutritional and stress stimuli. Our data suggests that disulphide complexes with Tpx1 are important for a subset of these roles. Intriguingly, our proteomic studies have identified multiple protein kinases that form disulphide complexes with Tpx1, these include kinases with established roles in regulating cell division and ageing. Here, we will present data suggesting that interactions with Tpx1 play important roles in regulating the activities of these kinases. 1. Veal et al. (2004) Molecular Cell , 15(1), pp. 129-139. 2. Jarvis et al. (2012) Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 53(7), pp. 1522-1530.
Why Would Anyone Do or Believe Such a Thing?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In the 1920s and 1930s, Oscar Hartzell conned untold millions of dollars from Americans mostly living in the Midwest (Rayner, 2002). His scam: Hartzell claimed to be heir to the Drake fortune – a multibillion dollar trust fund left by the famed explorer Sir Francis Drake. The catch: The British government refused to release those funds without a legal fight. Hartzell invited investors to help pay for the legal fees, and in return they would share the fortune upon victory in court. In the 1980s, Dr. John Ackah Blay-Miezah raked in over $250 million by using the same basic scheme (Jackman, 2003). Blay-Miezah claimed to be the sole beneficiary of the $27 billion Oman Ghana Trust created by Kwame Nkrumath, first president of Ghana, with money from his illicit smuggling operations. Of course, the fund was secret, the financial dealings complex, and thus Blay-Miezah needed investors to help him hire lawyers to release the funds. Blay-Miezah promised a 1,000% return on investment. Every year, Americans lose over $55 billion in telemarketing, investment, and charity scams (Pratkanis & Shadel, 2005).