jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ethanol-Related Behaviors in Mouse Lines Selectively Bred for Drinking to Intoxication

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a devastating psychiatric disorder that has significant wide-reaching effects on individuals and society. Selectively bred mouse lines are an effective means of exploring the genetic and neuronal mechanisms underlying AUD and such studies are translationally important for identifying treatment options. Here, we report on behavioral characterization of two replicate lines of mice that drink to intoxication, the High Drinking in the Dark (HDID)-1 and -2 mice, which have been selectively bred (20+ generations) for the primary phenotype of reaching high blood alcohol levels (BALs) during the drinking in the dark (DID) task, a binge-like drinking assay. Along with their genetically heterogenous progenitor line, Hs/Npt, we tested these mice on: DID and drinking in the light (DIL); temporal drinking patterns; ethanol sensitivity, through loss of righting reflex (LORR); and operant self-administration, including fixed ratio (FR1), fixed ratio 3:1 (FR3), extinction/reinstatement, and progressive ratio (PR). All mice consumed more ethanol during the dark than the light and both HDID lines consumed more ethanol than Hs/Npt during DIL and DID. In the dark, we found that the HDID lines achieved high blood alcohol levels early into a drinking session, suggesting that they exhibit front loading like drinking behavior in the absence of the chronicity usually required for such behavior. Surprisingly, HDID-1 (female and male) and HDID-2 (male) mice were more sensitive to the intoxicating effects of ethanol during the dark (as determined by LORR), while Hs/Npt (female and male) and HDID-2 (female) mice appeared less sensitive. We observed lower HDID-1 ethanol intake compared to either HDID-2 or Hs/Npt during operant ethanol self-administration. There were no genotype differences for either progressive ratio responding, or cue-induced ethanol reinstatement, though the latter is complicated by a lack of extinguished responding behavior. Taken together, these findings suggest that genes affecting one AUD-related behavior do not necessarily affect other AUD-related behaviors. Moreover, these findings highlight that alcohol-related behaviors can also differ between lines selectively bred for the same phenotype, and even between sexes within those same line.
DESIGN AND EVALUATION A HAND-HELD MACHINE FOR OLIVES HARVESTING

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The cost of harvesting olive is probably the major factor in determining whether or not there will be an economically successful season for most farmers.Manual harvesting of fruit accounts for 30 to 60% of the total production costs.The aim of the present study was to design, construct and evaluate a hand-held harvester for olive tree.With the purpose of increasing the mechanization level of the harvest operation and permitting the production of high quality oil; the design was based on the following criteria: using local raw materials in the manufacture of the equipment.Providing simple design and easy in operation.The design is made considering all the mechanical, agronomical and economical aspects involved in this issue.The first step consists in the design of the shacking device used for the separation of the olives from the plant, the next step is the design of the supporting structure, including the arms and the frame; finally there is a description of moving parts of the machine.To evaluate the machine performance, a factorial experiment with complete randomized design in five replications was conducted, the factors being shaking frequency (900, 1250 and 1600 rpm), shaking period (1,2and 3 min) and Three varieties of olives (Krotina -kornaki-Manzanalo) varieties oil, varieties of table to study the effect of the use of different speeds in (rpm) and operating period in (min) on harvesting productivity and damage percent were evaluated.The highest harvesting productivity was at 1600 (rpm) and 3 (min), Low damage percent were evaluated at 900 (rpm) and 3 (min), machine achieved highest productivity and Low damage with Kornaki.
Black-tailed prairie dog declines in northwestern Mexico: species-habitat relationships in a changing landscape

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

One of the three largest systems of black-tailed prairie dog (BTPD) colonies is located in northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico. During the last two decades, the area occupied by these colonies has been highly reduced and fragmented. Previous studies suggested that agriculture, poisoning, cattle overgrazing and shrub encroachment could be the factors responsible for such declines. However, the severe drought occurring in the region between 1994 and 2004 has not been considered in this equation. Because these populations occur in arid regions at the southern edge of the species range, they could be especially sensitive to changes in plant productivity. Furthermore, fragmentation of colonies may accelerate population declines due to size and isolation effects. In this study, I analyzed species-habitat relationships at different spatial and temporal scales to understand the causes of recent declines of BTPDs in northwestern Chihuahua. The most severe loss of colony area and most local extinctions occurred between 1988 and 2000, but most likely before 1997. Extinction of colonies before 2000 mostly occurred at small and isolated colonies in low-productivity areas. The coincidence of greatest area decline with the occurrence of most intense drought suggests a prominent role of drought in the population collapse. Overall, patterns of BTPD occurrence and abundance in Chihuahua are greatly influenced by spatial and temporal variation in forage cover. Although BTPDs were more likely to occur in open areas with short vegetation, increased forage cover positively predicted occurrence. High levels of forage cover during the dry season were positively related with BTPD density, juvenile production and population rate of change, but forage cover during the preceding rainy season was a negative predictor of demographic indices. High plant productivity during humid periods seems to have negative impacts on BTPD populations, presumably because the rapid plant growth reduces visibility and predator detection by BTPDs. The most influential landscape variable was the effective isolation of colonies. Although increased isolation may reduce the probability of occurrence at a given site, highly isolated locations may support high population densities. Contrary to my original predictions, I did not detect significant impacts of human-related factors on BTPD distribution and abundance.
Smallpox: clinical and epidemiologic features.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Clinical and Epidemiologic Characteristics of Smallpox Smallpox is a viral disease unique to humans. To sustain itself, the virus must pass from person to person in a continuing chain of infection and is spread by inhalation of air droplets or aerosols. Twelve to 14 days after infection, the patient typically becomes febrile and has severe aching pains and prostration. Some 2 to 3 days later, a papular rash develops over the face and spreads to the extremities (Figure 1). The rash soon becomes vesicular and later, pustular (Figure 2). The patient remains febrile throughout the evolution of the rash and customarily experiences considerable pain as the pustules grow and expand. Gradually, scabs form, which eventually separate, leaving pitted scars. Death usually occurs during the second week. The disease most commonly confused with smallpox is chickenpox, and during the first 2 to 3 days of rash, it may be all but impossible to distinguish between the two. However, all smallpox lesions develop at the same pace and, on any part of the body, appear identical. Chickenpox lesions are much more superficial and develop in crops. With chickenpox, scabs, vesicles, and pustules may be seen simultaneously on adjacent areas of skin. Moreover, the rash in chickenpox is more dense over the trunk (the reverse of smallpox), and chickenpox lesions are almost never found on the palms or soles. In 5% to 10% of smallpox patients, more rapidly progressive, malignant disease develops, which is almost always fatal within 5 to 7 days. In such patients, the lesions are so densely confluent that the skin looks like crepe rubber; Smallpox: Clinical and Epidemiologic Features
Brazilian gutta-percha points: Part I: chemical composition and X-ray diffraction analysis

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Eight nonstandardized gutta-percha points commercially available in Brazil (Konne, Tanari, Endopoint, Odous, Dentsply 0.04, Dentsply 0.06, Dentsply TP and Dentsply FM) were analysed chemically and by X-ray diffraction, and their chemical compositions were compared. The organic fraction (gutta-percha polymer and wax/resin) of the gutta-percha points was separated from the inorganic fraction (ZnO and BaSO4) by dissolving them in chloroform. The gutta-percha polymer was precipitated with acetone. The inorganic fraction was analysed by elemental microanalysis. Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction were employed to identify the chemical elements and compounds (barium sulfate and zinc oxide). The barium sulfate content was calculated based on the percentage of sulfur found in the elemental microanalysis. All analyses were repeated three times. The means and standard deviations of the percentage by weight of gutta-percha in the points were: Konne (17.6 ± 0.30), Tanari (15.2 ± 0.30), Endopoint (16.7 ± 0.23), Odous (18.8 ± 0.20), Dentsply 0.04 (15.7 ± 0.17), Dentsply 0.06 (16.6 ± 0.17), Dentsply TP (21.6 ± 0.15) and Dentsply FM (16.3 ± 0.23). The means and standard deviations of the zinc oxide content were: Konne (79.9 ± 0.10), Tanari (81.9 ± 0.07), Endopoint (81.3 ± 0.40), Odous (79.7 ± 0.26), Dentsply 0.04 (77.9 ± 0.03), Dentsply 0.06 (78.2 ± 0.07), Dentsply TP (69.8 ± 0.19) and Dentsply FM (72.6 ± 0.70). The method utilized was appropriate to quantify gutta-percha, wax/resin, zinc oxide and barium sulfate. Cone brands without barium sulfate were found. An unusual high wax/resin percentage was detected in Dentsply FM (p = 0.0003). Dentsply TP showed the highest gutta-percha percentage.
Frequency-Domain Analysis of Effects of a Diverged Interconnect Design Involved in High-Speed Front-End Electronics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Front-end electronics (FEEs) with a trigger function typically involve a diverged interconnect, which transfers signals from an amplifier block to both a magnitude acquisition block and a timing acquisition block. The FEE suffers from inherent reflection due to the impedance mismatch at the diverged interconnect, particularly in high-speed applications. In this paper, the effects of the diverged interconnect in the FEE are analyzed in the frequency domain. A transfer function of the FEE is derived, and the frequency responses are estimated under diverse characteristic impedance and termination conditions of the diverged interconnect. The estimated results are confirmed by performing experiments with test circuits. It can be observed that the frequency range where the frequency response is distorted becomes lower with the increase in the width of the diverged interconnect and its termination capacitance, which corresponded to the input capacitance of the trigger circuit.
Decoding Cortical Motor Goal Representations in a 3D Real-World Environment

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In sensorimotor neuroscience a certain motor behavior, and its underlying neuronal mechanism, is usually studied in isolation and tightly constrained by the experimental setting to provide interpretable results. When studying goal-directed arm movements, human participants or non-human primates are seated in front of an experimental workspace and instructed to perform a behavioral task while being prevented from performing undesired behavior such as leg or body movements. Thus, previous research about spatial processing related to goal-directed primate behavior focused primarily on the immediate reachable space in front of the body. It is unclear how the primate brain encodes motor goals beyond the immediate reach to which body relocation is necessary to reach the goal. Moreover, there is no experimental environment that allows studying motor goal encoding in primates involving walking. \nThe studies described in this thesis investigated goal-directed walk-and-reach movements to far-located targets. New experimental environments were developed that allow sensorimotor neuroscience studies without using physical restraint. This approach is also used to refine the behavioral training of rhesus macaques leading to an improvement of animal welfare for non-human primates in neuroscience. This thesis contains five original manuscripts. First: Visuo-tactile integration of healthy human participants performing goal-directed walk-and-reach movements was investigated. This study shows that the peri-personal space, defined by a high level of multisensory integration, extends towards motor goals even beyond the immediate reachable space. Second: Description of the Reach Cage; An experimental environment for unrestrained rhesus macaques that allows wireless electrophysiology while the animal performs a behavioral task involving whole-body movements such as walk-and-reach movements. Third: The Reach Cage was used to study the encoding of walk-and-reach motor goals in the three cortical areas of the frontoparietal reach network (posterior parietal reach region PRR, dorsal premotor cortex PMd and primary motor cortex M1) in one rhesus macaque. Fourth: Description of the eXperimental Behavioral Instrument (XBI); A cage-based training device allowing the training of rhesus macaques to typical behavioral tasks used in sensorimotor neuroscience without the need for the animals to leave their housing environment. Fifth: The XBI was used to develop a fully automatized training regime for which the training progress was controlled only by the task performance of the individual animal rather than a human trainer. Such an automatized approach allows the comparison of animals’ training progress without the influence of subjective decisions. In conclusion, the work described in this thesis emphasizes the importance of experimental environments without physical restraint to A) study motor behavior and motor goal encoding involving whole-body movements, such as walk-and-reach movements and B) improve animal welfare for non-human primates in neuroscience.
The Circular Economy in the Agri-food system: A Performance Measurement of European Countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Agriculture and the agri-food industry are central to fostering economic growth and the Sustainable Development Goals' targets. However, to meet the world's future development, it is necessary to make the agri-food system more resource-efficient. The transition towards the circular economy (CE) paradigm is commonly seen as a promising strategy to overcome the critical issues affecting the sector. However, different theoretical and practical problems still need to be solved. Specifically, the CE performance measurement of specific sectors or national systems is crucial as it helps to identify and correct any deviation from the vision set out for achieving the sustainable development objectives. This article aims to contribute to CE research, focusing on European agriculture and the agri-food sector. Drawing on the EE-MRIO database EXIOBASE v3.7, this paper estimates the level of circularity in the European Union countries and the role of agriculture and agri-food in determining circularity. Results showed that circularity in the EU is low and significant differences between countries exist. Agriculture contributes to 80.5% of the entire amount of recycled materials in Europe. Vice versa, the contribution provided by the agri-food sector is limited to 1%. Some policy implications derive from this study.
GNSS Anomaly Detection with Complex-Valued LSTM Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) serve many critical systems. Unfortunately, the GNSS based services are threatened by interference causing anomalies to the acquired signals. To protect the critical infrastructure, navigation signal quality should be monitored, anomalies immediately detected, isolated, and back-up solutions used. Previous GNSS anomaly detectors concentrate on one interference type only. Although methods based on deep learning are emerging, most work use convolutional neural networks, which are transcendent in processing spatially correlated data, such as images. However, GNSS data has temporal correlation, which requires suitable models such as Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. Traditionally, deep learning models have been trained using supervised methods requiring laborious labelling and therefore slowing down the modelling of complicated real-world phenom-ena. This paper presents, as far as we know, the first unsupervised LSTM based autoencoder for GNSS anomaly detection. LSTM autoencoders used in other domains process data in real or semi-complex domains and we claim that processing the signal at fully complex domain will improve the detection. Thereby, we present here the first fully complex-valued detector and test it with both real and complex-valued GNSS data. Our model in the real domain provides results that are comparable with the equivalent supervised method's 95% accuracy, outperforming 92% with our complex domain model. We claim that this lower performance is due to the implementation challenges which will be carefully discussed to accelerate the future research.
Hsp90 Molecular Chaperone Inhibitors: Are We There Yet?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 is an ATP-dependent molecular chaperone that is exploited by malignant cells to support activated oncoproteins, including many cancer-associated kinases and transcription factors, and it is essential for oncogenic transformation. Originally viewed with skepticism, Hsp90 inhibitors are now being actively pursued by the pharmaceutical industry, with 17 agents having entered clinical trials. Investigators established Hsp90′s druggability using the natural products geldanamycin and radicicol, which mimic the unusual ATP structure adopted in the chaperone's N-terminal nucleotide-binding pocket and cause potent and selective blockade of ATP binding/hydrolysis, inhibit chaperone function, deplete oncogenic clients, and show antitumor activity. Preclinical data obtained with these natural products have heightened interest in Hsp90 as a drug target, and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG, tanespimycin) has shown clinical activity (as defined by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) in HER2+ breast cancer. Many optimized synthetic, small-molecule Hsp90 inhibitors from diverse chemotypes are now in clinical trials. Here, we review the discovery and development of Hsp90 inhibitors and assess their potential. There has been significant learning from studies of the basic biology of Hsp90, as well as translational drug development involving this chaperone, enhanced by the use of Hsp90 inhibitors as chemical probes. Success will likely lie in treating cancers that are addicted to particular driver oncogene products (e.g., HER2, ALK, EGFR, and BRAF) that are sensitive Hsp90 clients, as well as malignancies (especially multiple myeloma) in which buffering of proteotoxic stress is critical for survival. We discuss approaches for enhancing the effectiveness of Hsp90 inhibitors and highlight new chaperone and stress-response pathway targets, including HSF1 and Hsp70. Clin Cancer Res; 18(1); 64–76. ©2012 AACR.
Ḥorbat Qeṭina

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In April–May and December 2007 and in March 2008, trial and salvage excavations were conducted at H orbat Qe t ina (Permit Nos. A-5105, A-5317, A-5373; map ref. 203425–76/ 725476–601) prior to the installation of a gas pipeline. The excavations, undertaken on behalf of the Israel Antiquities Authority and financed by the Israel Electric Corporation, were directed by M.A. Tabar, with the assistance of A. Sa‘id and S. Mahajna (area supervision), S. Ya‘akov-Jam (administration), A. Hajian (surveying), L. Yihye (GPS), T. Sagiv (photography), M. Shuiskaya (finds drawing), P. Gendelman (consultation and pottery reading), A. Shapiro (GIS) and R. Be’eri (scientific guidance).
Synthesis of Artificial Bacterial Cell Wall Fragments as Tools to Study the Innate Immune System

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

During a bacterial infection, the body's first line of defense is provided by the innate immune system. This system is triggered by pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are recognized by different members of the body's innate immune system called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). One such PRR of interest is nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain‐containing protein 2 (Nod2). Mammalian Nod2 is a cytosolic protein that binds to and signals in response to carbohydrate containing bacterial cell wall fragments; the smallest of which is muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Mutations in Nod2 increase the likelihood of the development of Crohn's Disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases. Previously, our lab has shown that Nod2 binds directly to MDP, but currently the molecular mechanisms of activation and binding are still unknown 1 . Currently, we are addressing this issue using synthetic chemistry. This project focuses on the synthesis of an assortment of MDP dimers, which vary in the length and functionality of their connecting linkers. To avoid troublesome late‐stage de‐protection issues, the synthesis diverges in its early stages to result in two differing MDP‐like fragments. These two fragments can then be coupled together and de‐protected, resulting in the MDP dimer. Once synthesized, these dimers will be used in in vitro SPR binding assays, as well as in cell‐based assays to elucidate the binding and activation mechanisms used by Nod2. Ultimately, these synthetic tools will aid in the advancement of our understanding of how are body's sense and respond to bacteria. Support or Funding Information Howard Hughes Medical Institute