jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Presence or absence of drones in ‘drone’ dusk mass flights performed by Apis dorsata forager bees

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SummaryApis dorsata drones perform dusk mass flights (DMF's) shortly after sunset. Bees performing DMF's were caught near the nests with insect nets. Presence of drones within captured bees was determined and the colour of worker bees was examined to classify them in age-colour categories. A total of 15,160 individual bees were examined. It was found that in the spring, drones were practically absent in arriving swarms. The percentage of drones, which participated in dusk mass flights, increased to 19% after the colonies stayed at the site for six weeks. A correlation was found between the duration of time the colonies stayed at the place and the percentage of drones, which performed those flights. In autumn, when environmental conditions deteriorated and the colonies migrated, drones were absent practically in all the colonies at the site. Of 4,450 bees captured in autumn, only 2 drones were found during 30 DMF's performed by 7 colonies. Thus, worker bees performed 'drone' DMF's despite the absence of drones in the colonies. Surprisingly, 90% of bees participating in the 'drone' dusk mass flights were foragers contrary to the diurnal periodic mass flights performed by 75% of the young curtain and intermediate bees. Thus, dusk mass flights and diurnal periodic mass flights are performed by different categories of worker bees.
Dilute acid pretreatment of starch-containing rice hulls for ethanol production

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Rice hulls are potential low-cost feedstocks for fuel ethanol production in many countries. Most of the relevant publications are devoted to homogenous (high quality) hulls generated in industrial mills. On the other hand, small-scale mills give rise to hulls containing grain fragments and bran. In the present work, the dilute-acid pretreatment of such heterogeneous rice hulls was investigated based on a central composite rotatable experimental design. The variables were: temperature (140–210°C), biomass load (5–20%), and sulfuric acid concentration (0.5–1.5% based on reaction mixture). A total of 16 experimental runs were carried out, including a 2 3 -plan, two replicates at the central point and six star points. Low temperatures were found to be favorable for the hydrolysis of xylan and of the easily hydrolyzable glucan fraction. High glucose formation (up to 15.3% of the raw material dry weight), attributable to starch hydrolysis, was detected in the hydrolysates obtained under the least severe pretreatment conditions. Several models were developed for predicting the effect of the operational conditions on the yield of pretreated solids, xylan and glucan conversion upon pretreatment, and on enzymatic convertibility of cellulose. The pretreatment temperature exerted the most significant effect on the conversion of the polysaccharides. Optimum results were predicted for the conversion of easily-hydrolyzable glucan in the material pretreated at 140.7°C, and for the enzymatic saccharification of cellulose in the material pretreated at 169°C. These results are interpreted that a two-step acid hydrolysis may be the best pretreatment strategy for heterogeneous rice hulls produced in small mills.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN MIFEPRISTONE VS. PLACEBO AS AN UTERINE SENSITIZER FOR SECOND TRIMESTER ABORTIONS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Mifepristone can be used prior to prostaglandins as an uterine sensitizer in second trimester abortion. This accelerates the expulsion of fetus. This study was done to compare the efficacy and side effects of using oral mifepristone tablet vs placebo 24 hours prior to induction of second trimester abortion. Methods: This was a randomized control study conducted in the dept of obsand gynae, RIMS. Women for termination of pregnancy between 13 to 20 weeks were selected according toMTP Act. Group A: Women in this group (n=50) received 200mg of oral Tablet Mifepristone 24 hours prior to induction of abortion. Group B: Women in this group (n=50) received tablets of placebo 24 hours prior to induction of abortion. Induction was done in both groups by intracervical application of dinoprostone (PGE2)gel followed by vaginal misoprostol. Data was compared using chi square test. Result:: In group A, 36 patients and in group B, only 3 patients expelled within 12-24 hours whereas 47 patients in group B took more than 24 hours to complete the expulsion process ( p value is <0.00001). In group A, 30 patients had vaginal bleeding upto 100 ml during the entire process of MTP whereas 38 patients had bleeding >200 ml in group B ( p value is < 0.00001). In group A, 42 patients had complete abortion, whereas in group B, only 24patients had expelled completely. Conclusion: Pretreatment with mifepristone in second trimester abortionis an effective uterine sensitizer with safety and good tolerability.
248. Revealing the Role(s) of TNF-alpha in Early Alzheimer's Disease Via rAAV-Mediated Hippocampal Gene Transfer in a Triple Transgenic Mouse Model

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Alzheimer's disease is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that drastically impairs intellectual and emotional functioning in afflicted individuals. The disease is characterized pathologically by a temporal and spatial progression of amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and synaptic degeneration. Inflammatory mediators have long been proposed as being integral for initiating and/or propagating AD-associated pathologic processes within the brain. To this end, we assessed the expression of proinflammatory molecules in the recently described triple transgenic mouse model (3xTg-AD), which exhibits Aβ deposition, neurofibrillary tangle formation, and synaptic dysfunction with regional specificity similar to human AD. We observed significant up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, specifically within one of the earliest affected brain regions in AD, the entorhinal cortex, prior to the onset of overt amyloid pathology. Moreover, the 3xTg-AD entorhinal cortex, unlike the hippocampus, harbored an increased number of microglia/macrophages as determined by quantification of F4/80-positive cells, further implicating the entorhinal cortex in inflammatory processes at early stages of the disease. A recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector expressing TNF-α to create a sustained focal inflammatory response was stereotactically delivered to 3xTg-AD mice prior to the appearance of pathological signatures. In ongoing studies, we have observed significant alterations in downstream TNF-α related signaling molecule expression in transduced brain tissues and concomitant modulation of memory/learning behaviors. This integrated biochemical, immunohistochemical, and behavioral approach will provide major insights into the involvement of TNF-α mediated inflammation in the temporal and spatial progression of early AD pathogenic events and carries the potential to reveal new therapeutic targets. Supported by NIH F31NS049995 to MCJ, NIH R01AG020204 to HJF, and NIH R01AG023593 to WJB.
A comparative study on the persistence and viability of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type and omicron variant on artificially contaminated surfaces: the role of fomites

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Indirect transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been investigated but it is still not completely understood. The present study aimed to compare the persistence and viability of the lineage B.1 and omicron BA.1 subvariant in five daily-use materials to evaluate the role of fomites as a possible source of infection. Artificial contamination was performed in the first set of materials, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), cardboard, polystyrene, aluminium, and plastic. Further surfaces using BA.1 (glass, plexiglass, cotton, polyester, and tetrapak) were conducted. The persistence, viability of Vero E6 cell cultures and the residual infectivity of the two lineages were evaluated over 5 days. The results showed different stabilities between the tested matrices. In cotton and polyester, the RNA was undetectable in 24 and 48h post-contamination (p.c.), respectively, and the virus was not viable within 30 min, while in the other surfaces, both lineages, RNA was detectable until 120h p.c. A rapid decay of the viral load was revealed on cardboard, mostly for the omicron variant. Furthermore, on all the materials, longer stability of BA.1 was demonstrated, but showing a less intense CPE than the wild-type. EVA was the material that was able to better sustain virus stability as the virus developed CPE up to 72h p.c. In conclusion, the potential spread of SARS-CoV-2 through fomites is conceivable, albeit it is difficult to establish the real capacity to infect people. Nevertheless, thise information is fundamental to adopting the appropriate measures to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants.
A prospective study of Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization and intravenous therapy-related phlebitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background.

Intravenous (IV) therapy-associated phlebitis is common, but its causes are ill defined. Some cases may be related to bacterial colonization of the skin surrounding the IV catheter, especially byStaphylococcus aureus. This prospective study examined the association of phlebitis with anterior nares5 aureuscarriage, as well as with other potential risk factors.

Methods.

Selected demographic and clinical data and a nares culture were collected from patients on designated wards by us and from the IV therapy team at the time of initial IV catheter placement. Patients were followed up for signs and symptoms of phlebitis for the duration of the initial catheter's use and for up to two additional IV placements. Potential risk factors were compared for patients who developed phlebitis and those who did not by the Cox multivariate proportional hazards model.

Results.

During 10 weeks, 273 men with a total of 416 catheter placements had fully evaluable data. Phlebitis occurred during 13.7% of the catheter placements. Nasal cultures yielded S aureus from 14.3% of the patients, but none of the IV team nurses. Surprisingly,S aureusnasal colonization was related (at borderline statistical significance) to areductionin phlebitis risk. Location of the patient on a surgical ward, the presence of infection at any site, and a larger-gauge catheter were each significant independent risk factors for phlebitis. The highest risk of phlebitis appeared to have been within 12 to 24 hours of catheter placement.

Conclusions.

The primary finding of this study was that nasal colonization with 5 aureus did not increase the risk of developing IV catheter-associated phlebitis. Our rate of IV catheter-associated phlebitis was similar to that in other studies, but the factors predisposing to phlebitis differed somewhat from those in previous studies. (Arch Intern Med. 1992;152:2109-2112)
Pretreatment of Chromobacterium viscosum lipase with acetone increases its activity in sodium bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The activity of Chromobacterium viscosum lipase for hydrolysis of olive oil in sodium bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) reverse micelles was increased by pretreatment with acetone. In contrast to the untreated lipase, no sharp fall in the activity of the treated lipase at higher W 0 (water to AOT molar ratio) values was observed. The fluorescence emission intensity of the treated lipase in reverse micelles was higher than that of the untreated lipase but the maximal emission wavelength (λ max ) was the same for both lipases. A kinetic model that considers the free substrate in equilibrium with the substrate adsorbed on the micellar surface was successfully used to better understand the activity enhancement. The Michaelis constant ( K m ) and substrate adsorption equilibrium constant ( K ad ) were reduced by lipase pretreatment with acetone whereas the maximum reaction rate ( v max ) remained unaltered. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Study of onychomycosis.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

We undertook this microbiological study of onychomycosis with the aim of determining the prevalence of the various causative agents of onychomycosis in our population. From Jan 1999 to Dec 2001, nail clippings or scrapings were collected from 100 patients clinically suspected of having onychomycosis. They were processed in the Department of Microbiology, Bowring and L. C. Hospital, Bangalore and were studied for the presence of fungi. The nail clippings or scrapings were incubated in 40% potassium hydroxide for 30 minutes and microscopic examination was done for the presence of fungal elements. Culture was done on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar. The isolates were identified by standard techniques. The criteria used to report the moulds as pathogens were direct microscopy positive and isolation of the same fungi in three consecutive samples at intervals of 7 days. Among the 100 patients, 51 were males and 49 were females. The mean age of the study group was 32.22 (±17.64 SD) years. Table 1 shows the sex distribution and the nails involved. Toe nail infection (78.43%) was commoner in males, while finger nail infection was commoner in females (85.71%) as most affected females were housewives who immersed their hands frequently in water. Two of the male patients with toe nail onychomycosis had HIV infection and three had diabetes mellitus.
Developing a service taxonomy for suicide prevention in Australia: the Australian Suicide Prevention Planning Model (AuSPPM)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction The human and economic impact of suicide is significant. Services to prevent suicide, support persons experiencing suicidal distress, and their family and friends, are critical to reducing suicide rates. However, in Australia, guidance on the amount and mix of suicide prevention specific services required to meet population needs is lacking. The aim of this study was to develop a service taxonomy for suicide prevention as the first step in the development of an Australian suicide prevention needs-based planning model (i.e., the Australian Suicide Prevention Planning Model (AuSPPM)).MethodsA desktop review was undertaken to identify potential service types for inclusion in the taxonomy. The scope of the search was restricted to services, programs, initiatives, or campaigns that specifically aim to address or prevent suicidal distress and target whole populations, sub-populations, groups, families, and/or individuals. An initial draft taxonomy was developed based on search findings. Feedback on the draft taxonomy was provided by persons working within service planning, government and policy related roles, academics, clinicians, and persons with lived experience. A final search was conducted to locate further information to accurately describe all service types for inclusion and their evidence base.ResultsThe final taxonomy included: (1) a set of nine ‘critical enablers’ for an effective suicide prevention system that should underpin all other service types represented in the taxonomy, and (2) five service streams comprising 32 nested service categories, and 36 service elements. Some key feedback from the sector in terms of development of the taxonomy included the need for significant emphasis on upstream supports, the inclusion of services related to other areas of wellbeing, the early identification of distress, and the provision of brief supports and service navigation. ConclusionThe service taxonomy may be used to inform planning and policy related decisions and is an important component of the overarching needs-based planning model. In the future, it may be refined to include services specific to populations disproportionately impacted by suicide. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of service types included in the taxonomy.
Blast in quarry, No. 2, Southern California, 1936

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

4 photographs of blast in quarry, Southern California, 1936. "Subject: Blast in quarry, No. 2; Client: Bel-Air Estates, Mr. Gilliland; Classifications: I-construction; Original Print Order: 1 ea[ch], 3 ea[ch]; Size: 8x10; Finish: gl[ossy]; Re-order: 1 ea[ch], 2 ea[ch]; Year: 1936; Job: 2-3-15" -- on envelope front. "Operator's Report Name: Dean; 6 Original Photographs-Size: 8x10 (5 ext., 1 flash); Amount: 9.00, 3.50; 50 Miles; 4 Hours: 1 h[ou]r overtime; Extra Charges: Printing titles on neg[ative]s, 3.00" -- on envelope back.
Minocycline versus vancomycin for treatment of experimental endocarditis caused by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine the penetration of minocycline and vancomycin into cardiac vegetations and to determine their efficacy in a rabbit model of endocarditis caused by oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Animals were randomized into three groups: control (no antibiotic), minocycline (6 mg/kg given intravenously every 8 h), and vancomycin (50 mg/kg given intravenously every 8 h). Penetration of the antibiotics into aortic valve vegetations was determined by using the tissue/serum area under the concentration-time curve ratio. The reductions in the bacterial density of the vegetations caused by both vancomycin (4.8 +/- 1.2 CFU/g) and minocycline (5.3 +/- 1.6 CFU/g) were significantly different from that of controls (8.7 +/- 1.8 CFU/g). Although the penetration of minocycline was twice that of vancomycin, they were equally effective in reducing the bacterial density of the vegetations, since the concentrations of both agents in tissue remained above their MICs for oxacillin-resistant S. aureus. For organisms for which the MICs are higher, however, these penetration differences may result in treatment differences.
Factors affecting MD-1 expression and role of MD-1 on rejection in mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To investigate the factors affecting MD-1 expression and the role of latter played on rejection in mice.Methods: C57BL/6 to BALB/c skin allograft model was employed in all groups,followed by non-specific immunosuppressants CsA,FK506,MMF and SRL i.p. ,as well as specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides(AS-ODNs) i.v..Recipients were sacrificed at 11 days after transplantation.MD-1 expression was determined by FACS. AlamarBlue was used to evaluate the proliferation of recipient splenocytes. Serum levels of IL-2 and IL-10 were detected by ELISA. Results:Compared with saline controls, the mean survival times(MST) of skin allografts in all of the immunosuppressants and AS-ODNs treated groups were significantly prolonged(P0.05).CsA,MMF and AS-ODNs inhibited MD-1 expression and lymphocyte proliferation,as well as decreased serum level of IL-2 and increased that of IL-10;FK506 treatment show all of the effects mentioned above but up-regulated IL-10 level;SRL had no significantly influence upon MD-1 expression,IL-2 and IL-10 level,although also supressed prolifera tion(P0.05.vs controls).The negative correlation between MD-1 expression and lymphocyte proliferation or EL-2 level,and the positive correlation between it and IL-10 level were significant(P0.01).Conclusion: CsA, FK506, MMF and AS-ODNs efficiently inhibited MD-1 expression.The effects of non-specific immunosuppressants were seemly associated with down-regulatory of serum level of IL-2. MD-1 played a really important role on rejection by affecting lymphocyte proliferation as well as IL-2 and IL-10 production.
COVID‐19 and cancer: A clear change not only in daily clinical practice but also in clinical research management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has literally engulfed the health systems of many countries around the world.Particular attention was paid to the possible relationship between cancer and coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and to the fact that cancer patients are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection than the general population 1-4 ; however, this increase ranged from 0.4% 1 to 2% 3 in cancer patients, again compared with the general population.The cause was hypothesized to be immunosuppression linked to cancer treatments, although the chemo-radiotherapy accounted for around 42% of patients with cancer. 1 However, although the data indicate that cancer patients may have a higher risk to develop SARS-CoV-2, there are several biases in the reported data (test criteria, tests used, age, gender, and comorbidities among the population with cancer and the general population).The conclusion is that it is currently not possible to ascertain whether cancer patients are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. 5,6Different authors reported a drop in the number of new diagnosis of solid tumors during COVID-19 lockdown with a range from 15% 7 to 17%. 8 What is not reported in the literature is how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has affected also clinical research management.The aim of this paper is to investigate how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has influenced the enrollment and management of new patients at the Clinical Research Unit of our Medical Oncology Unit (with reference to oncological trials) before and after the adoption of COVID-19 lockdown in our Country.A retrospective analysis of all new patients with solid tumors enrolled in oncological trials at our Medical Oncology Unit between January 13, 2020 and April 30, 2020 was performed.The case study has been divided into two cohorts: admitted from January 1, 2020 to March 8, 2020 (Group 1, before the adoption of COVID-19 lockdown in our Country) and admitted from March 9, 2020 to April 30, 2020 (Group 2) (during the adoption COVID-19 lockdown in our Country).We have decided to start at January 13, 2020 to have two groups balanced each other on concerning the number of working days.
SENSITIVITY OF ASTROPHYSICAL REACTION RATES TO NUCLEAR UNCERTAINTIES

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Sensitivities of nuclear reaction rates to a variation of nuclear properties\nare studied. Target nuclei range from proton- to neutron-dripline for\n10<=Z<=83. Reactions considered are nucleon- and alpha-induced reactions\nmediated by the strong interaction. The contribution of reactions proceeding on\nthe target ground state to the total stellar rate is also given. General\ndependences on various input quantities are discussed. Additionally,\nsensitivities of laboratory cross sections of nucleon-, alpha-, and\ngamma-induced reactions are shown, allowing to estimate the impact of cross\nsection measurements. Finally, recommended procedures to explore and improve\nreaction rate uncertainties using the present sensitivity data are outlined.\n