jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bacteria Community Analysis by Quantitative Real-Time PCR of Fermenting Wax Gourd and its Changes of Organic Acids

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The bacterial communities and predominating species during the fermentation of wax gourd were investigated by using 16S rDNA clone library technology combined with a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. At the beginning of wax gourd pickling, Acinetobacter spp. were the predominant bacteria (∼107 cells/mL). During the next 5–20 days of fermentation, the predominating bacteria were Weissella spp. (∼107–108 cells/mL). Lactobacillus spp. were a significant portion (∼106 cells/mL) of the bacterial flora only at day 10 of the fermentation. At days 15 and 20 of fermentation, W. paramesenteroides was the main species (∼107 cells/mL), identified by using qRT-PCR. Lactic, citric and acetic acids levels were low at the beginning of fermentation and increased significantly (P < 0.05). The increase in lactic acid to 0.33 g/L at day 20 was likely to have occurred because of the sudden increase in W. paramesenteroides and Weissella spp. 5 days earlier. Practical Applications The microorganisms play an important role in the processing and preservation of pickled vegetable foods. The predominant species and its organic acids concentration in the fermentation process of pickled wax gourd were investigated using the 16S rDNA clone library technology combined with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. This method can provide quicker information about the bacterial communities involved in traditional wax gourd fermentation and data regarding flavor formation of pickled vegetables. The formation of organic acids and antimicrobial activity by specific types of lactic acid bacteria may facilitate linking the microbial ecosystem of pickled wax gourd to quality control. It can also provide the microbial and theory identification for quality control of pickled wax gourd processing.
Reverberant speech recognition combining deep neural networks and deep autoencoders augmented with a phone-class feature

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose an approach to reverberant speech recognition adopting deep learning in the front-end as well as b a c k-e n d o f a r e v e r b e r a n t s p e e c h r e c o g n i t i o n s y s t e m, a n d a n o v e l m e t h o d t o i m p r o v e t h e d e r e v e r b e r a t i o n p e r f o r m a n c e of the front-end network using phone-class information. At the front-end, we adopt a deep autoencoder (DAE) for enhancing the speech feature parameters, and speech recognition is performed in the back-end using DNN-HMM acoustic models trained on multi-condition data. The system was evaluated through the ASR task in the Reverb Challenge 2014. The DNN-HMM system trained on the multi-condition training set achieved a conspicuously higher word accuracy compared to the MLLR-adapted GMM-HMM system trained on the same data. Furthermore, feature enhancement with the deep autoencoder contributed to the improvement of recognition accuracy especially in the more adverse conditions. While the mapping between reverberant and clean speech in DAE-based dereverberation is conventionally conducted only with the acoustic information, we presume the mapping is also dependent on the phone information. Therefore, we propose a new scheme (pDAE), which augments a phone-class feature to the standard acoustic features as input. Two types of the phone-class feature are investigated. One is the hard recognition result of monophones, and the other is a soft representation derived from the posterior outputs of monophone DNN. The augmented feature in either type results in a significant improvement (7–8 % relative) from the standard DAE.
Inducing Homeostatic-Like Plasticity in Human Motor Cortex Through Converging Corticocortical Inputs

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Transcranial stimulation techniques have revealed homeostatic-like metaplasticity in the hand area of the human primary motor cortex (M1 HAND ) that controls stimulation-induced changes in corticospinal excitability. Here we combined two interventional protocols that induce long-term depression (LTD)–like or long-term potentiation (LTP)–like plasticity in left M1 HAND through different afferents. We hypothesized that the left M1 HAND would integrate LTP- and LTD-like plasticity in a homeostatic fashion. In ten healthy volunteers, low-intensity repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsal premotor cortex (PMD) was first applied to produce an LTP-like increase (5 Hz rTMS) or LTD-like decrease (1 Hz rTMS) in corticospinal excitability in left M1 HAND via premotor-to-motor inputs. Following PMD rTMS, paired-associative stimulation (PAS) was applied to the right median nerve and left M1 HAND to induce spike-time–dependent plasticity in sensory-to-motor inputs to left M1 HAND . We adjusted the interstimulus interval to the N20 latency of the median nerve somatosensory-evoked cortical potential to produce an LTP-like increase (PAS N20+2ms ) or an LTD-like decrease (PAS N20−5ms ) in corticospinal excitability. The amplitude of motor-evoked potentials was recorded from intrinsic hand muscles to assess stimulation-induced changes in corticospinal excitability. Premotor-to-motor preconditioning triggered a homeostatic response to subsequent sensory-to-motor PAS. After facilitatory 5 Hz rTMS, “facilitatory” PAS N20+2ms suppressed corticospinal excitability. Likewise, “inhibitory” PAS N20−5ms facilitated corticospinal excitability after “inhibitory” 1 Hz rTMS. There was a negative linear relationship between the excitability changes induced by PMD rTMS and those elicited by subsequent PAS. Excitability changes were not paralleled by changes in performance during a finger-tapping task. These results provide evidence for a homeostatic response pattern in the human M1 HAND that integrates acute plastic changes evoked through different “input channels.”
A resilient NHS for London 2012

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

London will host the Olympic and Paralympic Games in 2012. Hosting the Games brings with it both opportunities and challenges for the capital and country. The National Health Service (NHS) in London has a crucial role to play in the delivery of a safe and secure Games. It must also protect its business as usual services and be prepared to respond to any enhanced or additional threats and hazards that may be created by the presence of the Games. NHS London leads a programme of work to ensure that the NHS fulfils its responsibilities during the Games. The programme’s Health Resilience workstream has adopted a structured planning process to assess risks, identify gaps in the capability of the NHS, and ensure those gaps are addressed prior to the Games. It acknowledges that training, exercising and testing play vital roles in capability. This work aims to ensure that London’s health services will respond in a timely, proportionate and appropriate manner to any incident during the Games. This paper gives an overview of the Olympic context within which this resilience work is taking place, and details the planning processes and relationships employed in planning for such a major event.
Anticoagulant therapy in the elderly: the importance of health literacy

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Mrs SK is a 78-year-old lady with end stage renal disease who developed a thrombosed fistula and was commenced on warfarin in hospital. Her INR on discharge was 2.3 with a daily dose of 3 mg. The hospital provided her with a supply of 1 mg, 3 mg and 5 mg warfarin tablets. Mrs SK was readmitted eight days later with significant bruising on her lower extremities and an INR of 8.7. Upon questioning, it became evident that she had been taking 1 tablet of each strength daily (9 mg/day) rather than the 3 mg daily she was prescribed.
Professional accounting bodies&#039; perceptions of ethical issues, causes of ethical failure and ethics education

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

PURPOSE - Given the calls for increased ethics education following recent corporate collapses, this paper aims to examine the significance of ethical issues that challenge the profession and, more specifically, professional accounting bodies. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH - The study assesses the perceptions via an online survey of 66 professional accounting bodies worldwide in respect of ethical issues, potential causes of ethical failure and the need for ethics education. FINDINGS - Respondents identified a number of important challenges including conflicts of interest, earnings management and whistle-blowing. The findings also demonstrate strong support for participation in prescribing the nature of ethics education by members of professional accounting bodies. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS - The results of this study are based on feedback from 41 per cent of member bodies of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). Despite a number of follow-up reminder notices, some regions are under-represented in the responses to the survey distributed to the (then) 160 member bodies of IFAC. Geographic isolation and language limitations contributed to the failure to gain a higher response rate. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS - The findings demonstrate that professional bodies support ethics education at the pre- and post-qualifying levels of education and a willingness to take an active role in promoting ethics education to their members. ORIGINALITY/VALUE - By addressing member bodies&#039; attitudes to ethics education, this paper fills a gap in prior literature that has been restricted to addressing the attitudes of academics, students and business organisations.
Feasibility of combined screening for upper gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma risk by serology and Cytosponge testing: the SUGAR study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims Aim was to assess the feasibility of serum markers to identify individuals at risk for gastro-oesophageal adenocarcinoma to reduce the number of individuals requiring invasive assessment by endoscopy. Methods Blood samples from 56 patients with Barrett’s oesophagus and 202 non-Barrett controls who previously took part in a trial assessing the accuracy of the Cytosponge for Barrett’s oesophagus were assessed for serum pepsinogen (PG) 1 and 2, gastrin-17, trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) and Helicobacter pylori infection. Results PG1 was pathological (<50 ng/mL) in 26 patients (10.1%), none of whom had Barrett’s oesophagus (p<0.001). Smoking and drinking had no influence on these results. Pathological PG1 was associated with stomach pain (p=0.029), disruption of sleep (p=0.027) and disruption of diet by symptoms (p=0.019). Serum TFF3 was not associated with any clinical parameter. Conclusions Assessment of serum PG1 could be combined with a test for Barrett’s oesophagus to identify additional patients requiring endoscopy.
GENETICS AND BREEDING Genetic Evaluation of Length of Productive Life Including Predicted Longevity of Live Cows

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Complete longevity data are available too late for most sire selection. Earlier selection is possible using correlated traits, nonlinear evaluation of censored data, or predicted longevities for live cows in addition to completed longevity data. Completed longevity was defined as total months in milk by 84 mo of age. Predicted longevity was computed by multiple regression from cows alive at six different ages. Variables included age at first calving, standardized first lacta-tion milk yield (optional), lactation status (dry or milking), current months in milk, current months dry, and cumulative months in milk. Completed longevity data for dead cows were then merged with predicted longevity data for live cows. A total of 1,984,038 Holstein
Effects of u-shaped subgrade concrete panel on subgrade deformation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract California Bearing Ratio of subgrade lesser than 5% requires a treatment work either by stabilisation or strengthening method. In this study, the latter concept was chosen for the application of U-shaped Subgrade Concrete Panel as it is a method that has less disturbance to the native soil. As the name suggested, this U-shaped Subgrade Concrete Panel is a precast U-shaped concrete panel to be installed into the subgrade soil in an inverted direction. It is divided into two sections; the horizontal panel and vertical webs beneath the panel. Hence, the objective of this paper is to present the effect of applying the U-shaped Subgrade Concrete Panel into subgrade soil with a CBR value of less than 3%. There are 3 sizes of control panel used; square panel with dimension of 150 mm x 150 mm x 50 mm, 300 mm x 300 mm x 50 mm, and 600 mm x 600 mm x 70 mm, and 6 types of U-shaped Subgrade Concrete Panel; square area of 150 mm x 150 mm, 300 mm x 300 mm, and 600 mm x 600 mm. While the depth of the U-shaped Subgrade Concrete Panel varies from 100 mm, 125 mm, 150 mm, 200 mm, 270 mm, and 370 mm. The static load test was applied to centre, edge, and corner point of the panel, as to study the interlocking effect when it is subjected to a localised load. As the study was conducted in the laboratory, the condition of the subgrade soil fully controlled by monitoring the moisture content and the density of the soil in the test box. Settlement of the subgrade soil after compactions was observed and recorded as part of the initial conditions before the static load test was applied to the panel. After the compaction of the subgrade, it shows that a longer web section had caused lesser settlement compared to the control panel, indicating better resistance towards lateral movement under the U-shaped Subgrade Concrete Panel.
PROPERTIES OF HUMAN SKIN REVEALED BY FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The idea of examining the skin and its appendages and pathogenic fungi under ultraviolet rays and for their fluorescent properties is well known. Skin and epidermal appendages impart a characteristic fluorescence, as do fungous infections of the scalp, although cultures of the different fungi vary in their fluorescent properties. The microscopic examination of the skin under ultraviolet rays (fluorescence microscopy) has only rarely been employed.1Our interest in examining the skin under the fluorescence microscope was to find new diagnostic possibilities in the histologic study of the skin. Before we describe some of the new observations, it is appropriate to describe briefly the picture of the normal skin as shown by fluorescence microscopy. Not only the spontaneous fluorescence but also some staining reactions with fluorescent dyes were studied (fluorochromy).2 Our interest in these studies was also stimulated by the demonstration of vitamin A by fluorescence microscopy.3The
Involvment of Endogenous Prostaglandin in Emodin-Evoked Rat Colonic Anion Secretion

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

It has been reported that emodin is able to promote gastrointestinal motility and stimulate large intestinal water secretion; however, the mechanism is still not clear. The aim of the present study is to examine the effects of emodin on the rat colonic transepithelial ion transport and the underlying mechanism. The study was carried out by means of the short circuit current (I(SC)) recording. Basolateral application of emodin induced a concentration-dependent I(SC) increase, and the EC(50) was 76.0 micromol/l. Pretreatment with epithelial Na(+) channel blocker, amiloride (10 micromol/l), did not affect the I(SC) responses elicited by emodin, but removal of extracellular Cl(-) or apical pretreatment with Cl(-) channel blocker, glibenclamide (1 mmol/l) inhibited emodin-elicited I(SC) responses by 76.3% and 83.8% respectively. Inhibiting basolateral Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransporter (NKCC) with bumetanide (100 micromol/l) decreased emodin-induced I(SC) from 118.1+/-6.7 microA/cm(2) to 16.7+/-2.0 microA/cm(2), which was reduced by 85.9%. Basolateral pretreatment with neuronal Na(+) channel blocker tetrodotoxin (TTX) (1 micromol/l) did not affect emodin-induced I(SC) increase, but pretreatment with indomethacin (10 micromol/l) alone or with both TTX and indomethacin significantly decreased emodin-induced I(SC) increase by 88.4 and 81.2%, respectively. The present study demonstrated that emodin was able to stimulate rat colonic epithelial Cl(-) secretion, which was predominantly mediated by endogenous prostaglandin release.
Communicating uncertainty in cost-benefit analysis: A cognitive psychological perspective

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Based on a cognitive psychological theory, this paper aims to improve the communication of uncertainty in Cost-Benefit Analysis. The theory is based on different cognitive-personality and cognitive-social psychological constructs that may help explain individual differences in the processing of uncertain information used for decision making. The most important conclusion that can be derived from this paper is that negative consequences of using heuristics when processing uncertain CBA outcomes can be reduced when CBA practitioners first communicate the uncertainty surrounding welfare effect estimations – such as bandwidths, ranges and chances of outliers – and only then carefully give some indications as to what could be plausible outcomes. This is in sharp contrast to what is the common practice in the Netherlands of primarily presenting welfare impact point estimations. Moreover, this paper discusses the level of uncertainty in regard to travel time savings provided by new rush-hour lanes on the A9 highway in Amsterdam. Uncertainty surrounding the travel times for the considered project are calculated through the application of an advanced Monte Carlo traffic model, called INDY-MC. The findings of this case study unambiguously demonstrate that the uncertainty surrounding estimations of travel time benefits in CBA can be immense. Although a prominent communication of the immense uncertainties reduces the negative consequences of using heuristics in general, for some types of decision makers, new problems will arise when they are confronted with large uncertainties in CBA outcomes. In this study, we developed a cognitive psychological conceptual framework of motivation which was used to find some recommendations for decreasing these new problems. From this framework we derive that increasing personal fear of invalidity might stimulate in inviduals that process information heuristically to consider uncertain results of the CBA report in a more in-depth way. Another remedy is to enhance the presentation of the results and optimize other environmental characteristics of the message. Lastly, training that enhances the ability of individuals to process CBA reports that communicate an uncertain message might result in a more systematic way of processing the information. The results of our study may enhance insights into the question of how – and how prominently – uncertainty in welfare effect estimations should be communicated in CBA reports so that users with different personality and social psychological characteristics are able to understand the information and still evaluate the information as useful input in the decision-making process.
STRATEGIES OF CHEMICAL CONTROL OF THE SPECIES CONVULVULUS ARVENSIS L. IN GRAIN MAIZE

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This paper shows the efficacy of the control process of the species Convolvulus arvensis L., commonly called field bindweed, in maize, using a diversified range of post-emergent herbicides. Scientific research begins with the description of the general aspects of controlling weeds, in general, and the weed species Convulvulus arvensis L., in particular - a problem weed in crops, in general, and in maize, in particular. Within the trial, we tested 7 herbicides aiming at controlling weeds, in general, and the weed species Convulvulus arvensis L., in particular, in maize. As a result of our trials, we could point out the results concerning the total number of weeds/m 2 in the control (not treated) variant in maize, the efficacy of the tested herbicides in diminishing weeding degree, their selectivity to the cultivated maize hybrid cultivar, and maize yields in q/ha in both the control and treated variants. The authors identified, in maize, 11 species of weeds totalling 282 plants/m 2 , of which 24.2 plants/m 2 were represented by field bindweed that shared 8.58% of the total weeds in maize. As for the exclusive control of the species Convolvulus arvensis L., the best results were in the variant treated with Buctril Universal (0.8-1 l/ha), the control percentage reached 85.97%, while the highest maize yield was also in the variant treated with Buctril Universal (0.8-1 l/ha), i.e. 81.48 q/ha.
Hitler's Bureaucrats: The Nazi Security Police and the Banality of Evil

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Introduction / 1. From Theory to Practice: 1933-1938 / 2. Documents in the Bureaucratic System / 3. Toward the Final Solution / 4. Executing the Final Solution in Germany / 5. Holland / 6. France / 7. Hungary / 8. Conclusion: Listening to the Screams
[The impact of complaints on clinicians].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Most clinicians will sooner or later make mistakes, and occasionally it leads to litigation. One of the rationales of complaint systems like the Danish one is to contribute to the quality improvement of healthcare provision. Still, there is unsatisfactory evidence to support this while some studies point to negative aftermaths in terms of secondary victimisation, defensive medicine, etc. Further research is required on the effects of complaint measures and on reasonable ways to promote their constructive purpose.
Finding life on explanets

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

AbstractNow we come to the heart of the matter. Imagine a time, in the not too distant future, when we can observe a dot of light that is an exoplanet. We would much prefer to see the planet as a disc, but that possibility lies further in the future. So, what could we do with a dot of light in our search for life?KeywordsLight CurveGiant PlanetInfrared WavelengthWestern Pacific OceanHabitable PlanetThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Comparison ofthevalue ofnovel rapid measurementofmyoglobin, creatine kinase, and creatine kinase-MB withtheelectrocardiogra m forthediagnosis ofacutemyocardial infarction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

determine whetherserum myoglobin, creatine kinase, andcreatine kinase-MBmeasuredatadmission by rapid,compact,andeasytouseauto- mated quantitative analysers (results within10min)helpedtheearlyidentifi- cationofacutemyocardial infarction. Theresults werecomparedwiththedata obtainedfromtheelectrocardiograms recorded atadmission. Design-Aprospective study. Setting-Coronary careunit. Patients-94 consecutive patients with suspected myocardial infarction. Myo- cardial infarction wassubsequently con- firmed in44patients andexcluded in50. Methods-All admissionserum myo- globin, creatine kinase,and creatine kinase-MBwere measuredby clinical staff usinganalysers inthecoronary care unit.An admissionelectrocardiogram wasobtained fromallpatients. Results-The sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy fordiagnosing myo- cardialinfarction were:electrocardio- gram 68%,100%,and85%;myoglobin 57%,100%,and 80%;creatine kinase (threshold of190Ufl) 34%,98%,and68%; creatine kinase-MB(threshold of25Uf1) 43%,100%,and73%.Whentheelectro- cardiographic andmyoglobin datawere combinedthesensitivity improvedto 91%,diagnostic accuracyto96%,with specificity of100%.Theresults forthe electrocardiogram andcreatine kinase- MB were80%,90%,100%respectively andthosefortheelectrocardiogram