jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
P1‐260: Comparisons between global and focal brain atrophy measurements using multisite magnetic resonance imaging for Alzheimer's disease trials

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To evaluate the reproducibility and accuracy of whole brain atrophy (WBA), hippocampus volume (HV) and entorhinal cortex volume (ERCV) using multiple-site MRI and compare estimated sample sizes to detect treatment effects in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Twelve healthy-subjects (mean±SD age 44±16 years) underwent test-retest scans (10-site/3-platform). Whole brain volume (WBV) was segmented automatically with minimal operator-input and WBA was calculated by fully-automated method, HV using semi-automated atlas-based warping method, and ERCV using manual-tracing [1]-[3]. Coefficients of variation (COVs) were calculated as a metric of measurement reproducibility. Ten AD subjects (73±9 years) were scanned using the same sequences (8-site/3-platform) and processed using the same methods (four-operators). The most experienced operator's output was considered as the gold-standard and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated for accuracy. Estimated sample-size was calculated to detect 20% treatment effects with consideration of normal-aging and measurement reproducibility (90%-power/5%-level, rate (%) in placebo group as 2.4±1.1 (WBA), 4.5±2.9 (HV) and 7.1±3.2 (ERCV) [4]-[6]). COVs (%) from single-/multiple-operator for WBA, HV and ERCV were 0.3/0.3, 0.1/1.9 and 1.7/10.6, respectively. ICC between gold standard and each operator was 0.96 for both WBA and HV, and 0.89 – 0.94 for ERCV. The estimated sample-size using WBA and HV was 225/225, 270/2157 in each treatment arm for single-/multiple-operator set up, respectively, and 2000 for ERCV. It was shown that highly reproducible and accurate methods were implemented using multiple-site/platform MRI which can be applied to detect subtle changes in large scale clinical trials. Single-operator analysis per subject is recommended for HV to minimize required sample-size due to higher inter-operator variability and subject anatomical heterogeneity. Despite previously reported high sensitivity for early changes using ERCV, larger number of samples is required due to high operator variability based on manual-tracing methods.
Evaluation of business survival strategies among community pharmacists in Malaysia: a Preliminary finding

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: This preliminary study aimed to determine the challenges faced by community pharmacists in Malaysia and identify the scope of their survival and future in their business environment. Methodology: The study populations were the community pharmacists in Penang and Kedah, two northern states in Malaysia. A survey was carried out to collect the data on respondent’s demography, business profile, challenges and obstacles faced by community pharmacists in business and the future role of community pharmacists in the next five years. Respondents were selected based on convenience. Chi Square test was used to measure the association of categorical variables; independent t-test was carried out for continuous variables; alpha level=0.05. Findings: A total of 103 pharmacists participated in the study. Less than half of the respondents (n=40, 38.8%) felt that franchise pharmacy such as ‘Watson Pharmacy’ and ‘Guardian Pharmacy’ do affect their business. More than three-forth (n=81, 78.6%) felt that pharmacists will have their dispensing rights in the near future. From the total number of respondents in town, 44.3% (n=27) agreed that franchise pharmacy had significantly influenced their business while 55.7% (n=34) disagreed with the statement. Both town and suburb pharmacies felt that ‘management skill’ is the most needed skill in the future for a pharmacist. Half of the chain pharmacy respondents felt that ‘counseling’ is the most needed skill in the future while 38.8% (n=37) of the independent pharmacy respondents think that management is the most important skill required. Conclusion: The community pharmacists perceived several threats to their future business survival. Among the threats, the major one being the ‘dispensing doctors’ which are a widely accepted practice in the country.

Key words: Business Survival, Community Pharmacists, Malaysia, Business Strategies, pharmacy owner, Pharmacy practice.
Diplocephalus caucasicus Tanasevitch 1987

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Diplocephalus caucasicus Tanasevitch, 1987 MATERIAL: 1 Ƌ, Turkey, between Hopa and Kemalpasa, 11 km from Hopa, sifting litter under ferns and blackberry, 10. VI.1986, leg. C. Besuchet, I. Löbl & D. Burckhardt [12a]. REMARKS: This species was hitherto known from the Caucasus only (Tanasevitch, 1987, 1990). D. caucasicus is here reported for the first time for the Turkish fauna. RANGE: Anatolian-Caucasian.
Evaluation of the effects of hypodontia on the morphology of craniofacial structures

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective The study aimed to investigate the effects of hypodontia on the sagittal and vertical dimensions of the jaws, dentition and the related soft tissue. Materials and Methods The hypodontia group included 111 patients whose growth was completed with one or more congenitally missing teeth (CMT). Sixty additional patients with skeletal and dental class I relationship, without CMT, and who completed growth, were included as the control group. The hypodontia group was divided into three subgroups according to the intermaxillary (maxillary or mandibular) location, intramaxillary (anterior or posterior) location and the severity of hypodontia (mild: 1‐2 CMT or moderate: 3‐6 CMT). Twenty‐three measurements were performed on lateral cephalograms of the patients. The one‐way and Kruskal‐Wallis Analysis of Variance tests were used for the statistical analysis. The false discovery‐rate analysis was applied for the multiple comparison adjustment. Results No significant difference was found in the skeletal measurements between all hypodontia subgroups and the control ( P > .05). Upper incisors were found to be retroclined in the anterior hypodontia group. The upper lip was found to be protruded in the mandibulary hypodontia group compared to the control ( P < .05). Conclusion The mild‐to‐moderate hypodontia did not produce a significant skeletal effect. However, hypodontia can affect the incisors, especially when CMT is in the anterior region. Besides, the effects of severe hypodontia could not be evaluated due to the insufficient number of oligodontia patients.
Carbon Contamination Free Wafer Cleaning

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

It is difficult not only to detect a small volume of hydrocarbons on Si wafer surface but also to remove the organic impurities by conventional dipping cleaning. Therefore, new analysis method and new cleaning method are required in the semiconductor manufacturing. We have developed the advanced Dynamic-Spin Cleaning System with the ozonized ultrapure water. The experimental results demonstrate that this system is more effective than the conventional dipping cleaning. And then hydrocarbons were confirmed by FT-IR-ATR method. Generally, this method can not detect the very small volume of hydrocarbons. However, this problem is solved by using an ATR-prism made from other materials, like as germanium. Using other materials as ATR-prism can correct exact background spectrum. Therefore, a very small amount of organic impurities can be detected.
Rise and fall of the classic concept of private law: lessons from the legal consciousness of european private law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Is there such a thing as European private law, a set of rules of EU law distinguished by the binary opposition public and private law? This article aims to shed light on the debate over the rise and the fall of the classic concept of private law and how the legal consciousness of the latter enhanced the legal awareness of European private law. Philosophyand sociology of law claim reasons in the search for answers, from a metaphysical and epistemological points of view.Furthermore,the reality of private law in practice put the ancient concepts in challenge by the phenomena of transnationalization of Law. Globalization, europanization, and the privatization of private Law are factual claims against the persistence of the classic concept of private law. These categories reveal the inconsistences between the theory of will in books and law in practice, suggesting that pluralism can face the lack of sense of a universal model of private law to all the realities involved in the European Union. The belief that the harmonization (or systematization) of national Civil Codes at the European level would lead to the coherence of private law is one of the basesto a final question about the extent to which the persistence of the classic concept of private law among legal scholarship is still an obstacle to the effectiveness of EU integration through the combination of public and private enforcement.
'Balancing the books': funding provincial hospitals in eighteenth-century England

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

English hospitals were principally charitable institutions, largely financed by voluntary subscriptions and donations. Accountable to their patrons, hospitals published detailed financial reports. This paper uses hospital accounts to evaluate the income and expenditure of three English provincial hospitals between 1765 and 1815, reviews their use of capital receipts and explores the various approaches hospital governors took to fund their institutions.
Development of technical requirements for generating units of distributed energy resources in the conditions of electric power systems transformation

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The paper describes the prospects for commissioning distributed energy resources (DER) in Russia and considers the historical features, as well as the consequences of structural, qualitative, and quantitative changes in Russia’s UES. The main short and long-term transformational changes, as well as current and future challenges, are described. The main changes in the circuit and operating conditions when integrating DERs into distribution grids in the mass scale are shown. The authors justify the need for making changes in the existing technical requirements for power equipment, relay protection, and automation instruments. Technical requirements for the distributed generation plants and new types of equipment (energy storage systems, devices with power converters, etc.) should be developed. The paper proposes a new approach to the development of the DER-based power distribution schemes considering the specifics of modern generating units and loads. It is noted that solving these issues will ensure reliable DER functioning as part of power systems.
Medical students' preferences for asynchronous online or face‐to‐face learning strategies in learning gross anatomy and neuroanatomy during the COVID‐19 pandemic

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Gross anatomy and neuroanatomy are fundamental subjects in medical education. However, learning different anatomical terms and understanding the complexity of the subjects are often challenging for medical students. At National Taiwan University, the 2020–2021 cohort adopted a face‐to‐face (F2F) learning strategy for gross anatomy and neuroanatomy lecture and laboratory courses until May 17, 2021. After the aforementioned date, the same cohort learned the rest of the gross anatomy and neuroanatomy courses via asynchronous online learning. This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of and students' preferences for F2F and asynchronous online learning strategies in learning gross anatomy and neuroanatomy. A survey with closed‐ended and open‐ended questions was used to quantitatively and qualitatively explore medical students' learning preferences for two teaching strategies in gross anatomy and neuroanatomy. The results identified different learning preferences among students in learning gross anatomy and neuroanatomy—satisfied with both learning strategies, satisfied with only F2F learning strategy, satisfied with only asynchronous online learning strategy, and satisfied with neither learning strategy. The survey results with closed‐ended and open‐ended questions showed that medical students preferred F2F learning for anatomical laboratory courses but favored asynchronous online learning for neuroanatomical laboratory courses. In addition, medical students considered peer discussion more critical in learning gross anatomy than neuroanatomy. These findings provide valuable information about medical students' preference for gross anatomy and neuroanatomy courses, which anatomy teachers can consider when planning to enhance their curriculum in the future.
Microstructure and Superplastic Properties in an ECAE Al-4Mg-0.5Sc Alloy Processed at Elevated Temperatures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Equal-channel-angular-extrusion(ECAE was conducted to an Al-4Mg-0.5Sc alloy at two elevated temperatures of 473 and 673 K. The effect of processing temperature during heavily straining was investigated. Microstructural examinations revealed the formation of fine-grained(∼ 0.5 μm) structure at a low operating temperature of 473K, whereas a coarse-grain(∼ 25 μm) was formed at 673 K. The material processed at 473 K exhibited the lower flow stress with higher ductility and high strain rate sensitivity of 0.5 indicating the dominant deformation mechanism was grain boundary sliding. Finer grain structure exhibited the high-strain-rate superplasticity can be obtained at the lower processing temperature. The results indicate that the operating temperature has highly influenced the ECAE process.
Growth curve changes associated with long-term selection for body weight in Japanese quail.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Four quail lines were utilized to investigate growth patterns in quail. Three of these lines (P, T and S) had previously undergone long-term selection for high 4-week body weight, while line C was maintained as a nonselected control. Quail progeny from generation 37 and 38 breeders were fed diets containing 28% and 20% protein. Within each trial, the diet/line treatments were replicated 3 times with 12 quail per subclass. Body weight measurements suggested that the growth of all lines was best approximated by the logistic growth curve model. When fed a 28% protein diet the age at maximum growth (point of inflection) of selected lines was 4 to 6 days earlier than the corresponding age of controls. Similar rates of gain after 4 weeks of age between selected and control lines suggested that mechanisms influenced by selection for 4-week body weight in quail operate only during the period prior to the age at selection with little or no residual effect.
Which Factors Drive Rental Depreciation Rates for Office and Industrial Properties?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

As new buildings are constructed in response to changes in technology or user requirements, the value of the existing stock will decline in relative terms. This is termed economic depreciation and it may be influenced by the age and quality of buildings, amount and timing of expenditure, and wider market and economic conditions. In this paper, we examine why individual assets experience different depreciation rates, applying panel regression techniques to 375 office and industrial assets in the United Kingdom. The results suggest that rental value depreciation rates reduce as buildings get older, while a composite measure of age and quality provides more explanation of depreciation than age alone. Furthermore, economic and local real estate market conditions are significant in explaining how depreciation rates change over time.
Diagnosis of Prenatal-Onset Achondrogenesis Type II by a Multidisciplinary Assessment: A Retrospective Study of 2 Cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim. Achondrogenesis type II is a rare, lethal osteochondrodysplasia with considerable phenotypic heterogeneity. We describe our experience in diagnosing prenatal-onset achondrogenesis type II by a multidisciplinary assessment. Methods. Two cases of fetal achondrogenesis type II were analyzed retrospectively using prenatal ultrasound evaluation, postnatal radiographic diagnosis, and molecular genetic testing of COL2A1 . Results. A causative mutation in the COL2A1 gene was found in both patients. Combined with postnatal radiographic examination, the final diagnosis of achondrogenesis type II was made. Conclusion. Our findings emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary assessment for the definitive diagnosis of achondrogenesis type II, which is paramount for proper genetic counseling.
Frequency band-importance functions for auditory and auditory-visual speech recognition

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In many everyday listening environments, speech communication involves the integration of both acoustic and visual speech cues. This is especially true in noisy and reverberant environments where the speech signal is highly degraded, or when the listener has a hearing impairment. Understanding the mechanisms involved in auditory-visual integration is a primary interest of this work. Of particular interest is whether listeners are able to allocate their attention to various frequency regions of the speech signal differently under auditory-visual conditions and auditory-alone conditions. For auditory speech recognition, the most important frequency regions tend to be around 1500–3000 Hz, corresponding roughly to important acoustic cues for place of articulation. The purpose of this study is to determine the most important frequency region under auditory-visual speech conditions. Frequency band-importance functions for auditory and auditory-visual conditions were obtained by having subjects identify speech tokens under conditions where the speech-to-noise ratio of different parts of the speech spectrum is independently and randomly varied on every trial. Point biserial correlations were computed for each separate spectral region and the normalized correlations are interpreted as weights indicating the importance of each region. Relations among frequency-importance functions for auditory and auditory-visual conditions will be discussed.
The Rise of New Peoples and Dynasties

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter follows the first three centuries of Abbasid rule. Over the first century, the Bedouin declined in prosperity and power in the army, as the Abbasids changed trade routes and brought in a new army from Khorasan. The dynasty also imported Turkic soldiers from the steppe as mounted archers; these were known as mamluks and became a major force in the caliphate. As Abbasid power declined, independent Bedouin dynasties arose. Two major factors contributed: First, the rise of the Fatimid caliphate made the desert a boundary region, allowing tribes to play off rival powers. Second, several dynasties attempted to use nomadic tribes for their own purposes, controlling them by alternating punishment and reward. By involving them in their politics and causing strife in the steppe, they strengthened tribal leadership and military power. As a result, in the eleventh century independent Bedouin dynasties controlled significant areas. The chapter also follows cultural production – the development of a literature of ethnic rivalry and characterization of three separate populations with the Arab image modeled on the Bedouin and differentiated from Persians and Turks.
Comparative Effects of Six Intraocular Vital Dyes on Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It appears to be prudent to use the lowest possible dose of each dye, to minimize the risk of toxic effects. This precaution may be particularly important in the case of BrB, which should not be used in excess of 0.5%. In addition, abundant irrigation of the vitreous cavity after surgery to completely remove traces of dye may be of crucial importance, particularly in the case of ICG, in minimizing chronic toxicity.
Analysis of DNA methylation alterations in rice seeds induced by different doses of carbon-ion radiation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To investigate the mechanism underlying differences in biological effects induced by low- versus high-dose heavy-ion radiation (HIR) in rice plants, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphism (MSAP) analysis were used to check the expression changes in rice leaf proteome profiles and the changes in DNA methylation after exposure of seeds to ground-based carbon-ion radiation at various cumulative doses (0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2, 1, 2, 5 or 20 Gy; 12C6+; energy, 165 MeV/u; mean linear energy transfer, 30 KeV/μm). In this study, principal component analysis (PCA) and gene ontology (GO) functional analysis of differentially expressed proteins of rice at tillering stage showed that proteins expressed in rice samples exposed to 0.01, 0.02, 0.1, 0.2 or 1 Gy differed from those exposed to 2, 5 or 20 Gy. Correspondingly, the proportion of hypermethylation was higher than that of hypomethylation at CG sites following low-dose HIR (LDR; 0.01, 0.2 or 1 Gy), whereas this was reversed at high-dose HIR (HDR; 2, 5 or 20 Gy). The hypomethylation changes tended to occur at CHG sites with both low- and high-dose HIR. Furthermore, sequencing of MSAP variant bands indicated that the plants might activate more metabolic processes and biosynthetic pathways on exposure to LDR, but activate stress resistance on exposure to HDR. This study showed that radiation induced different biological effects with low- and high-dose HIR, and that this may have been caused by different patterns of hyper- and hypomethylation at the CG sites.
Volumetric ring array for uniform global coverage in satellite applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a synthesis of a volumetric ring array for satellite applications. This synthesis regards the spacing among the rings on the planes X-Y and the positions of the rings on the plane X-Z. The well-known method of the particle swarm optimization is utilized for this optimization problem. The obtained results shows the proper performance of this new geometry to provide a uniform global coverage to be applied in satellite applications with a maximum reduction of the antenna hardware as well as the side lobe level reduction. This design reduced the antenna hardware even more that the results presented previously in the literature.