jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Isorhamnetin prevents H2O2‑induced oxidative stress in human retinal pigment epithelial cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Isorhamnetin, a 3‑O‑methylated metabolite of quercetin, exhibits antioxidant effects. However, to the best of our knowledge, no study to date has focused on the effects of isorhamnetin on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the potential protective effect of isorhamnetin against oxidative stress in human RPE cells. The results demonstrated that pretreatment of RPE cells with isorhamnetin significantly protected cell viability against oxidative stress. In addition, isorhamnetin pretreatment inhibited hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)‑induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and caspase‑3 activation in RPE cells. Furthermore, isorhamnetin pretreatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K) and AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 (Akt) in RPE cells exposed to H2O2, compared with cells treated with H2O2 alone. Taken together, the present results demonstrated that isorhamnetin protected human RPE cells from oxidative stress‑induced cell death, and this effect was associated with activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, isorhamnetin may be considered as a potential antioxidant useful for the prevention of age‑related macular degeneration.
Prefabs, patterns and rules in interaction? Formulaic speech in adult learners' L2 Swedish

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Studies on learner language have shown formulaic speech to be a common phenomenon, especially in early phases of development. In this paper the occurrence of formulaic speech will be further evidenced by the results from studies on tutored adult learners' acquisition of word order rules in Swedish as a second language. The investigation of favorable/unfavorable contexts for the application of these rules in spontaneous speech showed that the rule application is often related to the actual words involved. The results thus indicate not only that memorization of strings and formulaic speech are important in language learning as a means of facilitating conversation in early learner language, but also that they affect the application of syntactic rules in several respects.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EFFECTS OF INTRAVITREAL TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE INJECTIONS OF DIFFERENT DOSES IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a signicant cause of visual impairment in individuals with diabetes. This prospective, randomized, comparative study aimed to assess the visual outcomes and complications associated with different doses (1mg, 2mg, and 4mg) of Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide (IVTA) injection in patients with DME. A total of 75 patients were enrolled, and following clinical diagnosis, they were randomly assigned to receive one of the three IVTA doses. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), cataract progression, and macular edema reduction were evaluated at various time points post-injection. The study found that visual acuity improvement was comparable between the 1mg and 2mg groups, showing 52% and 56% improvement, respectively. The 4mg group exhibited a slightly lower improvement rate of 40%. Fluorescein angiogram (FFA) results indicated that 68% of patients in the 2mg group showed improvement, while it was 60% in the 1mg group and 64% in the 4mg group. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed a mean reduction in macular thickness of 59.28 micrometers in the 1mg group, 97.08 micrometers in the 2mg group, and 91.68 micrometers in the 4mg group. However, the study also observed signicant complications associated with the higher 4mg dose. Patients in the 4mg group experienced a more pronounced rise in IOP, which peaked at the end of the rst month post IVTA. Fortunately, IOP levels returned to normal by the end of three months with the help of topical antiglaucoma medications. Additionally, cataract progression was more prominent in the 4mg group compared to the 1mg and 2mg groups. In conclusion, this study suggests that administering a 4mg dose of IVTA does not yield signicantly better outcomes than a 2mg dose in terms of DME improvement. On the contrary, the higher dose is associated with a higher risk of complications, including elevated IOP and accelerated cataract formation in phakic patients. Thus, a careful consideration of the dose is crucial when using IVTA to treat diabetic macular edema.
Convection Speeds in Lower Main-sequence Stars: Why is There a Plateau in Mid-K Dwarfs?

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Convection in cool stars ( T eff < 6500 K) occurs when hotter, rarefied gas is accelerated up by buoyancy, and cooler, denser gas accelerated down. Observers have reported how convective speed v c varies with height and with T eff . Cool-star convection typically starts in the photosphere ( τ c ≈ 1), with overlying layers mainly radiative: this convection originates in atomic hydrogen ionization, and v c is predicted to decrease monotonically as T eff decreases. Studies of v c in K and M stars have revealed unexpected results: as T eff decreases, v c in late-K dwarfs exhibits a plateau , while in late-K giants, there is no plateau . Independent evidence from broad-band photometry of late-K dwarfs has suggested that a distinct convection zone operates high in the atmosphere of such stars, driven by molecular hydrogen H 2 . I suggest that the behavior of v c in late-K dwarfs may be associated with onset of H 2 - driven convection in the upper atmosphere.
Development of fluorophore-tagged DNA probes for cellular imaging applications

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are single base variations in DNA which give genetic variation. However, SNPs can also be linked to the development of certain diseases. Modified oligonucleotides used to probe biological changes and processes have become an important focus of scientific research. Fluorescent tagging of DNA can be used to sense SNPs in DNA targets through differences in emission intensity on the formation of a duplex. \nAn anthracene-tagged DNA probe developed by Tucker \\(et\\) \\(al\\). is able to discriminate between a fully complementary DNA target sequence and one with a single base difference. This thesis describes how SNP sensing with anthracene-tagged DNA has been extended to SNPs in RNA targets and sequences associated with Alzheimer's disease. Finally, a new dual fluorophore DNA probe was designed for SNP sensing via FRET.
Hidden $U(1)_Y$ Ward-Takahashi identities in the spontaneously brokenAbelian Higgs model and the decoupling of certain heavy particles in its simple extensions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This work is dedicated to the memory of R. Stora. The spontaneously broken (SSB) $U(1)_Y$ Abelian Higgs model (AHM) (the gauge theory of a scalar $ϕ\propto (H+iπ)= {\tilde H}e^{i{\tilde π}/}$ and a transverse vector A) has a massless pseudo-scalar $π$ in Lorenz gauge. Physical states have a conserved global current and Goldstone theorem (GT). $\tilde π$ becomes a Nambu-Goldstone boson (NGB). Slavnov-Taylor identities keep on-shell T-matrix elements of physical states independent of anomaly-free gauge, and global, transformations, yielding towers of $ϕ$-sector Ward-Takahashi Identities (WTI), and constraining external $ϕ$ dynamics. Ultraviolet quadratic divergences (UVQD) contribute only to $m_π^2$, forced by the GT to 0, so all UVQD vanish. Weak-scale renormalized gauge-independent Higgs pole-mass and VEV are therefore not fine-tuned. The NGB is "eaten" and decouples, hiding the $U(1)_Y$ WTI from observable particle physics. Our regularization-scheme-independent results are unchanged by the addition of certain heavy fields as the extended WTI and GT cause all relevant operators to vanish. We prove 5 SSB decoupling theorems, illustrating them with two examples: a heavy $>>m_{Weak}$ $Z_2$-symmetric singlet real scalar field with 0 VEV; and a heavy singlet right-handed type 1 see-saw Majorana neutrino. Including all loops we prove that certain heavy degrees of freedom decouple from the low-energy effective Lagrangian, contributing only irrelevant operators after renormalization. The $ν_R^{M}$ cannot completely decouple, but becomes invisible in practice. The NGB decouples, but our hidden SSB $U(1)_Y$ WTI, and a ${\tilde π}$ shift symmetry, protect the low-energy SSB AHM physics from loop contributions of heavy particles! Gauge-independent observable weak-scale $m_{H;Pole}$ and $$ are Goldstone Exceptionally Natural, not fine-tuned.
Macrocell Corrosion of Steel in Concrete under Carbonation, Internal Chloride Admixing and Accelerated Chloride Penetration Conditions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Steel corrosion has become the main reason for the deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. Due to the heterogeneity of concrete and the spatial variation of environmental conditions, macrocell corrosion is often formed by localized corrosion, which is more detrimental if the anode is supported by large numbers of cathodes. The macrocell corrosion caused by concrete carbonation has been seldom studied. Furthermore, the influence of geometrical conditions on cathode-controlled corrosion in the chloride environment needs to be further clarified. In this work, the macrocell corrosion of steel embedded in concrete specimens exposed to accelerated carbonation, chloride contamination, and chloride penetration is studied using a modified ASTM G109 method. Concrete specimens with various binder types, geometrical parameters (i.e., concrete cover thickness and the diameter of embedded steel), and boundary conditions were tested. A simplified mathematical model for the prediction of the steel corrosion rate was developed considering two-dimensional oxygen diffusion. The results showed that, at the same level of anodic potential drops, the corrosion current rate in chloride-induced corrosion is higher than that of carbonation-induced corrosion. Chloride contamination is less detrimental to concrete incorporated with slag and pulverized fly ash than it is to pure ordinary Portland cement (OPC), likely due to enhanced chloride binding capacity. The results also indicated that the model considering two-dimensional diffusion can accurately predict the cathodic reaction process on corroded steel bars, which provides a theoretical basis for considering the correction coefficient of steel bar position in the establishment of a steel bar corrosion rate model.
The Making and Testing of Geographic Gene-Frequency Maps

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Graphic display of a surface by isopleths is frequently useful. This technique has also been used, though not widely, to study the geographic distribution of gene frequencies. We were interested in the development of automatic procedures for this purpose. Three different approaches were tested: (i) a mixed-strategy approach alternating between polynomial surface fitting and local averaging, both weighted by distance and sample size, the choice between the alternatives being based on the local dispersion of data; (ii) the theory of regionalized variables with automatic choice of the degree of the polynomial function representing the generalized covariance distance; (iii) the use in (ii) of current genetic models of covariation of gene frequency with distance. The first method was found to be slightly superior to the second (though not significantly so) by the testing criteria adopted. The third method was definitely less satisfactory, as tested by a variety of criteria. Among them, a 'leaveout-s' technique of jackknifing provided a distribution of x2 values measuring the fit of the map to each data point. Outliers observed were justified on biological grounds. Various aspects and problems of automatic map construction are discussed. Practical results seem quite encouraging.
Spatio-temporal patterns in maturation of the chokka squid (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) off the coast of South Africa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Knowledge of the temporal and spatial characteristics of chokka squid (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii) biology in South African waters is limited, so the possibility of there being a geographically fragmented stock was examined by investigating the distribution of maturity patterns for the species, covering all known spawning areas and using both historical and recent data. Gonadosomatic indices (GSI) varied between year-round consistency and apparent seasonal peaks in both summer and winter; there was no clear spatial pattern. Monthly percentage maturity provided further evidence for two peak reproductive periods each year, although mature squid were present throughout. Sex ratios demonstrated great variability between different areas and life history stages. Male-biased sex ratios were only apparent on the inshore spawning grounds and ranged between 1.118:1 and 4.267:1. Size at sexual maturity was also seasonal, squid maturing smaller in winter/spring than in summer/autumn. Also, squid in the east matured smaller than squid in the west. Although the results from the present study do not provide conclusive evidence of distinct geographic populations, squid likely spawn over a significantly larger area of the Agulhas Bank than previously estimated, and squid on the west coast of South Africa may return to spawn on the western portion of the Agulhas Bank. It remains likely, however, that the east and west coast populations are a single stock and that migration of juveniles to the west coast and their subsequent return as sub-adults is an integral but non-essential and variable part of the life history.
Communication and Effective Interprofessional Health Care Teams

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

It is increasingly important for health care professionals and consumers to participate actively and competently in interprofessional health care teams to contribute specialized knowledge and skills toward addressing complex health care challenges. However, team members must be sensitized to the communication demands of working effectively in health care teams. Team members should be able to use strategic communication to provide important input on making complex health care decisions, contribute to the delivery of team-based care, and enhance health outcomes. Each participant in the health care team should bring specialized knowledge, information, and skills to the health care enterprise that can facilitate effective delivery of care and improve health outcomes. Health communication strategies need to be developed within health care teams to promote cooperation between team members, to share relevant information, and to promote coordination in making relevant health decisions. This article examines the need for teamwork in health care, the challenges to working effectively in teams, and the communication strategies and skills needed to promote teamwork in effective health care teams.
Data from Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Mediates Anoikis Resistance via Suppression of α5 Integrin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) α is abundantly expressed in the majority of human carcinomas and their metastases. HIF-1α controls central metastasis-associated pathways such as glycolysis, angiogenesis, and invasion. Functional inhibition of HIF-1α leads to impaired metastasis formation in murine tumor models. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the metastasis-promoting role of HIF-1α have not been fully characterized. The ability of transformed epithelial cells to initiate the metastatic cascade relies on their ability to escape anoikis, a default program of apoptosis induction following loss of integrin anchoring to the extracellular matrix. Therefore, we addressed the function of HIF-1α in anoikis resistance and anchorage-independent growth. Inhibition of HIF-1α via RNA interference resulted in up-regulation of α5 integrin on the cell surface of human gastric cancer cells, whereas other integrins remained unaffected. Integrin α5 induction occurred at the level of transcription and was dependent on elevated intracellular superoxide in HIF-1α-knockdown cells. HIF-1α–deficient cells displayed significantly increased anoikis susceptibility due to up-regulated α5 integrin. Finally, colony formation in soft agar was shown to be dependent on HIF-1α as HIF-1α–deficient cells displayed a 70% reduction in anchorage-independent proliferation. Results obtained by RNA interference could be entirely confirmed by application of the pharmacologic HIF-1α-inhibitor 2-methoxyestradiol. Hence, our data argue for a pivotal role for HIF-1α in anoikis control via suppression of α5 integrin. HIF-1α–inhibiting drugs might therefore offer an innovative strategy for antimetastatic cancer therapy. [Cancer Res 2008;68(24):10113–20]</p></div>
Radiation-Induced Graft Polymerization of Acrylonitrile onto Isotactic Polypropylene and Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-Ethylene) Copolymer Films

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Direct radiation-induced grafting of acrylonitrile (AN) onto both isotactic polypropylene (IPP) and (tetrafluoroethylene–ethylene) copolymer (ET) films has been studied. The effect of grafting conditions such as inhibitor and monomer concentrations and irradiation dose on the grafting yield was investigated. Homopolymerization of acrylonitrile was reduced to a minimum using ferric chloride (FeCl3), and the suitable optimum concentration of the inhibitor was found to be 0.1 wt%. The higher the monomer concentration, the higher the degree of grafting obtained. It was observed that the degree of grafting onto IPP was higher than onto ET, at given grafting conditions. The effect of aging on IPP was also examined. IR spectroscopy showed that IPP was susceptible to photooxidation by aging. The swelling behaviour and electrical conductivity of the graft and hydrolysed graft films were investigated. The electrical conductivity was improved by hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile in the graft chains.
A new species of Peropteryx (Chiroptera, Emballonuridae) from western Amazonia with comments on phylogenetic relationships within the genus. (American Museum novitates, no. 3686)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

20 p. : ill. (some col.) ; 26 cm. \n"June 25, 2010." \nIncludes bibliographical references (p. 18-19).
Longitudinal Remote SBRT/SRS Training in Latin America: A Prospective Cohort Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Continuing medical education in stereotactic technology are scarcely accessible in developing countries. We report the results of upscaling a longitudinal telehealth training course on stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), after successfully developing a pilot course in Latin America.Longitudinal training on SBRT and SRS was provided to radiation oncology practitioners in Peru and Colombia at no cost. The program included sixteen weekly 1-hour live conferencing sessions with interactive didactics and a cloud-based platform for case-based learning. Participant-reported confidence was measured in 16 SBRT/SRS practical domains, based on a 1-to-5 Likert scale. Pre- and post-curriculum exams were required for participation credit. Knowledge-baseline, pre- and post-curriculum surveys, overall and single professional-group confidence changes, and exam results were assessed.One hundred and seventy-three radiotherapy professionals participated. An average of 56 (SD ±18) attendees per session were registered. Fifty (29.7%) participants completed the pre- and post-curriculum surveys, of which 30% were radiation oncologists (RO), 26% radiation therapists (RTT), 20% residents, 18% medical physicists and 6% neurosurgeons. Significant improvements were found across all 16 domains with overall mean +0.55 (SD ±0.17, p<0.001) Likert-scale points. Significant improvements in individual competences were most common among medical physicists, RTT and residents. Pre- and post-curriculum exams yielded a mean 16.15/30 (53.8 ± 20.3%) and 23.6/30 (78.7 ± 19.3%) correct answers (p<0.001).Longitudinal telehealth training is an effective method for improving confidence and knowledge on SBRT/SRS amongst professionals. Remote continuing medical education should be widely adopted in lower-middle income countries.
Conditioned Place Avoidance of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) to Three Chemicals Used for Euthanasia and Anaesthesia

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Zebrafish are becoming one of the most used vertebrates in developmental and biomedical research. Fish are commonly killed at the end of an experiment with an overdose of tricaine methanesulfonate (TMS, also known as MS-222), but to date little research has assessed if exposure to this or other agents qualifies as euthanasia (i.e. a ‘‘good death’’). Alternative agents include metomidate hydrochloride and clove oil. We use a conditioned place avoidance paradigm to compare aversion to TMS, clove oil, and metomidate hydrochloride. Zebrafish (n = 51) were exposed to the different anaesthetics in the initially preferred side of a light/dark box. After exposure to TMS zebrafish spent less time in their previously preferred side; aversion was less pronounced following exposure to metomidate hydrochloride and clove oil. Nine of 17 fish exposed to TMS chose not to re-enter the previously preferred side, versus 2 of 18 and 3 of 16 refusals for metomidate hydrochloride and clove oil, respectively. We conclude that metomidate hydrochloride and clove oil are less aversive than TMS and that these agents be used as humane alternatives to TMS for killing zebrafish.
Highly Fluorescent Magnetic ATT-AuNCs@ZIF-8 for All-in-One Detection and Removal of Hg2+: An Ultrasensitive Probe to Evaluate Its Removal Efficiency

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The development of multifunctional materials for the synchronous detection and removal of mercury ions (Hg2+) is in high demand. Although a few multifunctional materials as a fluorescent indicator and adsorbent have achieved this aim, the feedback of their removal efficiency still depends on other methods. Herein, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MNPs) and 6-aza-2-thiothymine-protected gold nanoclusters (ATT-AuNCs) were rationally assembled into a zeolitic imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8) structure via a one-pot method. The coordination assembly of ATT-AuNCs and ZIF-8 not only strengthened the aurophilic interactions of adjacent ATT-AuNCs but also induced the restriction of intramolecular motion of ATT with a six-membered heterocyclic structure. As a consequence, the fluorescence (FL) quantum yield of MNPs/ATT-AuNCs@ZIF-8 was 12.5-fold higher than that of pristine ATT-AuNCs. Benefiting from the enhanced FL emission, MNPs/ATT-AuNCs@ZIF-8 showed improved sensitivity for Hg2+ detection and therefore could evaluate the removal efficiency via FL detection, without relying on another detection method. Additionally, the nanocomposite also displayed a satisfactory removal capability for Hg2+, including a short capture time (20 min), a high removal efficiency (>96.9%), and excellent reusability (10 cycles). This work provides an approach for customizing functional nanocomposites to concurrently detect and remove Hg2+ with superior performance, especially for high detection sensitivity.