jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A study of chain length distribution in amylopectins from tropical starches.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The distribution of a-1, 4 chains in amylopectins from 4 kinds of tropical starches, i. e., from edible canna, arrowroot, cassava and sago, were examined. Potato and corn starches were used as controls. Each starch was debranched with isoamylase and then chromatographed on a Sephadex G-75 column. The eluates were fractionated into 3 peaks by measuring the reducing and total sugars and the iodine color reaction. Fraction I is thought to have been derived from amylose, and the content of fraction I agreed with the content of amylose by the amperometric iodine titration method except edible canna and corn starches. Fractions U and IQ are thought to have been derived from the long and short chains of amylopectin, and the average chain lengths of the combined II and Ilt fraction of potato and edible canna starches were approximately 18, while the values for the other four starches were approximately 16. The weight% values of fraction II of the potato and edible canna starches were 38.1 and 35.1%, respectively, and the mol% values were 16.2 and 14.8%. The weight% values of fraction II of the other four starches were 23.6-27.9% and the mol% values were 9.1-11.1% (refer to Table 2). These results show that potato and edible canna starches have more long chain branches than the other four starches. It is also shown that the edible canna, sago and corn starches were rich in branches, the chain length of which was longer than 10 and shorter than 20. In contrast, the potato and arrowroot starches were rich in short chains, with a chain length shorter than 10. The potato and edible canna starches showed X-ray diffraction patterns of the B type, while cassava, arrowroot, and corn starches were of A type, and sago starch of C type close to A. The relationship between the crystalline type and the average chain length of the amylopectins showed the tendency for the A type to have a shorter chain length than the B type.
Verbal Leases: What Happens If Someone Dies?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

At a recent farmland leasing workshop, the question was raised, “I am a landlord with a handshake lease agreement. What happens if I die?” At the time, I gave the simple answer of “the new owners of the land will be subject to the lease.” Although this is technically correct, the situation is more nuanced than it appears. Depending on how the land is owned and passed on, there may be a period of uncertainty regarding who is responsible for the lease after the landowner’s death. Handshake, oral, or verbal lease agreements remain common for leasing agricultural land in Nebraska. When the terms of the lease are not negotiated or written, Nebraska State Statute provides provisions for various scenarios. In the case that the landlord dies during the term of a verbal lease agreement – and no additional verbal provisions related to this scenario were discussed and agreed to – the answer will depend on how the land is owned and passed on.
Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Reduces Hyperglycemia and Enhances Glucose Control Over a 24-Hour Period in Women With Type 2 Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Cruz, LC, Teixeira-Araujo, AA, Andrade, KTP, Rocha, TCOG, Puga, GM, and Moreira, SR. Low intensity resistance exercise reduces hyperglycemia and enhances glucose control over a 24-hour period in women with type 2 diabetes. J Strength Cond Res 33(10): 2826–2835, 2019—The study herein aimed to compare glucose concentration and hyperglycemic responses of 24 hours after resistance exercise (RE) performed in different intensities in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Twelve women with T2D (55.2 ± 4.0 years; 70.1 ± 11.4 kg; and 155.7 ± 3.3 cm) performed 4 experimental sessions divided into 2 blocks separated by 7 days and in randomized order: block-A (session-1: control-CONT40% and session-2: RE40% of one repetition maximum [1RM] test) and block-B (session-3: CONT80% and session-4: RE80%1RM). The RE sessions were performed over 40 minutes with 3 circuits of 7 exercises each, with 40%1RM and 80%1RM with 16 and 8 repetitions for each set, respectively. Glucose was monitored over 24 hours after each experimental session through continuous glucose-monitoring system. One-way ANOVA for repeated measures showed that area under the curve of glucose concentration was reduced ( p ≤ 0.05) after RE40%1RM (193.738 ± 33.186 mg·dl −1 × 1.380 min −1 ) when compared with CONT40% (263.937 ± 26.665 mg·dl −1 × 1.380 min −1 ), CONT80% (254.721 ± 35.836 mg·dl −1 × 1.380 min −1 ), and RE80%1RM (263.966 ± 62.795 mg·dl −1 × 1.380 min −1 ). Hyperglycemia (>160 mg·dl −1 ) was less prevalent ( p ≤ 0.05) during the total period after RE40%1RM (20.8 ± 21.2%) when compared with CONT40% (77.4 ± 18.3%), CONT80% (69.4 ± 24.6%), and RE80%1RM (66.0 ± 33.7%). There was a lower hyperglycemic state in RE40%1RM ( p ≤ 0.05) vs. CONT40%, CONT80%, and RE80%1RM after breakfast (1:25 ± 0:54 vs. 4:00 ± 0:00, 3:40 ± 0:53, and 3:25 ± 1:09 hours, respectively), lunch (1:25 ± 2:03 vs. 4:55 ± 0:17, 4:25 ± 1:26, and 3:40 ± 2:06 hours, respectively), and dinner (0:15 ± 0:27 vs. 3:15 ± 0:45, 3:25 ± 0:47, and 2:50 ± 1:31 hours, respectively). During the sleeping period, there was a lower hyperglycemic state ( p ≤ 0.05) in RE40%1RM (0:20 ± 0:39 hours) vs. RE80%1RM (4:05 ± 3:08 hours). A single low-intensity RE40%1RM decreases hyperglycemic prevalence over a 24-hour period and ameliorates glucose control after meals and in sleeping periods in women with T2D.
Impact Evaluation of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Policy: A Guide to Common Design Issues

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Policy responses to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), particularly those related to nonpharmaceutical interventions, are unprecedented in scale and scope. However, evaluations of policy impacts require a complex combination of circumstance, study design, data, statistics, and analysis. Beyond the issues that are faced for any policy, evaluation of COVID-19 policies is complicated by additional challenges related to infectious disease dynamics and a multiplicity of interventions. The methods needed for policy-level impact evaluation are not often used or taught in epidemiology, and they differ in important ways that may not be obvious. Methodological complications of policy evaluations can make it difficult for decision-makers and researchers to synthesize and evaluate the strength of the evidence in COVID-19 health policy papers. Here we 1) introduce the basic suite of policy-impact evaluation designs for observational data, including cross-sectional analyses, pre-/post- analyses, interrupted time-series analysis, and difference-in-differences analysis; 2) demonstrate key ways in which the requirements and assumptions underlying these designs are often violated in the context of COVID-19; and 3) provide decision-makers and reviewers with a conceptual and graphical guide to identifying these key violations. Our overall goal is to help epidemiologists, policy-makers, journal editors, journalists, researchers, and other research consumers understand and weigh the strengths and limitations of evidence.
REFLECTION SPECTRA OF SKIN IN VITILIGO

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vitiligo is a disease with unknown etiology, which is characterized by skin depigmentation areas due to melanocyte death. Lack of clear understanding of pathogenic disease processes justifies the difficulty of choosing efficient treatment methods. Repigmentation is slow and not always complete. One of the key indicators in practical dermatology is objective assessment of skin cover condition for further diagnostics, definition of therapy and dynamics of the disease.The purpose of this study is to assess skin reflection spectrum in depigmentation areas, marginal layer and visible healthy skin before and after treatment of patients with vitiligo.21 patients having vitiligo were under observation; the patients were treated in the hospital of skin and venereal diseases of the Siberian State Medical University. The authors applied noninvasive method of spectrophotometry for the first time in order to study skin reflection spectrum of patients with vitiligo. Noninvasive medical spectrophotometry is based on dependence factor of integral optical properties of biological tissues and fluids in the conditions of homeostasis and in case of pathology. In order to assess the efficiency of skin disease treatment the patients were exposed to skin spectrophotometry before the beginning of the treatment and after the treatment itself with further measurements of the reflection spectrum integral criteria. The measurements were made in depigmentation area, on the boundary with healthy skin and in remote from depigmentation area of healthy skin.Obtained results indicate the difference of skin reflection spectra in the areas under investigation. Moreover, positive dynamics of the treatment associated with the decrease in the value of reflection spectrum integral criteria in the diseased area. There were no statistically important differences of the integral criteria, calculated based on measurement results of reflection spectra on the boundary of depigmentation area before and after treatment. Most likely this is related to active processes of repigmentation in the skin in the course of the treatment.For detailed study of identified phenomena there is a need for thorough study and expansion of the list of dermatologic diseases.
Data from Depletion of Embryonic Stem Cell Signature by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor in NCCIT Cells: Involvement of Nanog Suppression

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>The embryonic stem cell-like gene expression signature has been shown to be associated with poorly differentiated aggressive human tumors and has attracted great attention as a potential target for future cancer therapies. Here, we investigate the potential of the embryonic stem cell signature as molecular target for the therapy and the strategy to suppress the embryonic stem cell signature. The core stemness gene Nanog is abnormally overexpressed in human embryonic carcinoma NCCIT cells showing gene expression profiles similar to embryonic stem cells. Down-regulation of the gene by either small interfering RNAs targeting Nanog or histone deacetylase inhibitor apicidin causes reversion of expression pattern of embryonic stem cell signature including Oct4, Sox2, and their target genes, leading to cell cycle arrest, inhibition of colony formation in soft agar, and induction of differentiation into all three germ layers. These effects are antagonized by reintroduction of Nanog. Interestingly, embryonic carcinoma cells (NCCIT, NTERA2, and P19) exhibit a higher sensitivity to apicidin in down-regulation of Nanog compared with embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, the down-regulation of Nanog expression by apicidin is mediated by a coordinated change in recruitment of epigenetic modulators and transcription factors to the promoter region. These findings indicate that overexpression of stemness gene Nanog in NCCIT cells is associated with maintaining stem cell-like phenotype and suggest that targeting Nanog might be an approach for improved therapy of poorly differentiated tumors. [Cancer Res 2009;69(14):5716–25]</p></div>
Optical detection system for MEMS-type pressure sensor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper a special optical detection system designed for a MEMS-type (micro-electro-mechanical system) silicon pressure sensor is presented. The main part of the optical system—a detection unit with a perforated membrane—is bonded to the silicon sensor, and placed in a measuring system. An external light source illuminates the membrane of the pressure sensor. Owing to the light reflected from the deflected membrane sensor, the optical pattern consisting of light points is visible, and pressure can be estimated. The optical detection unit (20 × 20 × 20.4 mm3) is fabricated using microengineering techniques. Its dimensions are adjusted to the dimensions of the pressure sensor (5 × 5 mm2 silicon membrane). Preliminary tests of the optical detection unit integrated with the silicon pressure sensor are carried out. For the membrane sensor from 15 to 60 µm thick, a repeatable detection of the differential pressure in the range of 0 to 280 kPa is achieved. The presented optical microsystem is especially suitable for the pressure measurements in a high radiation environment.
Microplasmas as vacuum ultraviolet source for Cl-atom density measurements by resonance absorption spectroscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A micro-hollow cathode discharge was used to generate radiation on the chlorine atom resonance lines. Such radiation could be used to measure, by resonance absorption spectroscopy, the density of chlorine atoms in either ground state (3p 5 2 P 3/2 ) or in the fine structure metastable state (3p 5 2 P 1/2 ), which is located at 882.35 cm −1 . Among the nine analysed lines in the 132–142 nm spectral region, only those at 137.953 and 139.653 nm, which are strong enough and are not affected by the self-absorption, can be used for the resonance absorption diagnostic of the ground state and the metastable state, respectively. The best operating conditions of the lamp source are 0.5% of Cl 2 in argon at 150 mbar and 4 mA discharge current. The measured 800 ± 30 K gas temperature of the microplasma, indicates that under these specific conditions, these two lines are dominantly Doppler broadened. So their profile is Gaussian shaped with full widths at half maximum of (4.7 ± 0.1) × 10 −4 nm.
Smoking opium, puffing cigars, and drinking gingerbeer

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Chinese Opera was a prominent feature of colonial Australia, initially in the Victorian goldfields, but later in New South Wales, Queensland, and north-eastern Tasmania. Tracing its performance history and key locations, this chapter constitutes a first study of Chinese Opera in Australia in the long nineteenth century and opens the field for further investigation. In describing how it was staged and received, as well as the efforts to attract a non-Chinese audience and the emerging practise of charitable benefit performances, the study demonstrates the cultural importance of Chinese Opera, both to the Chinese living in Australia and as an exotic form of entertainment for their European and other co-colonials. The reasons for the absence of this form of entertainment from the historical memory are also reflected upon within the context of the psychology of a White Australia and the persistence of orientalist stereotypes in which ‘operagoer’ has no place.
Promotion of flowering in tannia (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) by gibberellic acid

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the tannia , as in other tropical root crops which are vegetatively propagaged, improvement of the crop has depended mainly on the natural genetic variability among a small number of cultivars (Warid, 1970) and has, therefore, been severely limited. Any factor which leads to increased flowering, fruit set, seed germination and ultimately hybridization could therefore be of great significance in the improvement of these crops (Sadik
and Okereke, 1975a,b). For this reason it was decided to report the promoting effect of gibberellic acid (GA) on the flowering in tannia which was observed in an experiment set up to test the effects of growth substances on corm and cormel development
Endovascular Treatment of a Lumbar Spinal Epidural Arteriovenous Fistula with Radiculopathy: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas (SEDAVFs) are rare spinal vascular malformations that are difficult to diagnose and treat. SEDAVFs can be asymptomatic; however, symptoms can arise from the compression of adjacent nerve roots by dilated vein and perimedullary venous reflux, caused by shunting into the epidural venous plexus. A 31-year-old male presented to our institution with a 2-year history of progressively worsening low-back pain, radiating thigh pain, and sensory changes in his lower extremities. MRI and CT angiography demonstrated dilated epidural vascular lesion compressing the nerve root. The SEDAVF was embolized with multiple coils, which alleviated the nerve root compression from the engorged venous varix and improved the patient's radiculopathy. Our experience from this case shows that endovascular coil embolization using the transarterial approach can be an effective treatment for SEDAVF and an alternative to surgical ligations.
Multi-period optimization of water planning for a sustainable agriculture: carbon footprint and water footprint assessment

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The State of Qatar has undergone significant changes impacting water resources in recent years, with rapid population growth being a significant factor. The government has implemented several policies and initiatives to manage water resources effectively, including introducing a water conservation strategy investing in desalination plants and wastewater treatment facilities. However, the expansion of the agricultural sector has driven up demand for water resources, placing additional pressure on limited supplies. Effective decision-making processes are crucial to sustainable water resource management, particularly in water-scarce countries, and multi-period optimization is an important tool for such decision-making. This study presents a five-year period for multi-period optimization of water planning in the agricultural sector to consider short-term and medium-term dynamics. The aim is to minimize the carbon footprint associated with agricultural water allocation, and assess water pollution using the Water Quality Index grey water footprint indicator. The water budget considered includes desalinated water, brackish groundwater, and treated sewage effluent, while the agricultural sector comprises dairy, egg and poultry, red meat production, outdoor farming, and indoor farming. Considering the water conservation importance in the State of Qatar, the three levels of water stress that were considered are 0%, 25% and a base scenario carbon footprint-based water stress. The latter is calculated such that the improved scenario’s carbon footprint is lower than that of the base scenario while keeping a safe annual water stress. Results show that it possible to reduce the water stress from an unsafe average to as little as 13.7%. Similarly, the water pollution estimated using the grey water footprint method is significantly lower compared to the base scenario.
Young emergent multilingual children's agency in learning new language in trilingual Luxembourg

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Studies on translanguaging suggest that opportunities to use languages flexibly in the classroom may give children some agency over their language use and facilitate their language learning (García & Kleifgen, 2010). In the emerging field of preschool bilingual education, scholars investigate the concept of child agency in relation to the learning of multiple languages (Schwartz, 2018). Children were shown to actively and creatively contribute to their language learning through choosing to interact in a particular language. Studies on young children’s translanguaging and agency nevertheless remain scarce, especially in multilingual contexts involving more than two languages (Schwartz et al., forthcoming). The present study focuses on eight children’s agentive behaviour in multilingual practices in two formal and two non-formal early childhood education institutions participating in a larger longitudinal research project on the development of multilingual pedagogies in trilingual Luxembourg. I drew on multidimensional qualitative research methods, including 65 days of participant observations, fieldnotes, video-recordings and semi-structured interviews with the practitioners. The findings show that all the children made use of various non-linguistic strategies and at least four named languages and translanguaged for various purposes (e.g. demonstrating knowledge, meaning making). Moreover, they showed two types of agentive behaviour: ‘participatory agency’ (e.g. adapting learning to practitioners’ requirements) and ‘controlling agency’ (e.g. influencing or changing peers’ or practitioners’ language use). The findings should deepen our understanding of the interplay between agency and translanguaging. García, O., & Kleifgen, J. (2010). Educating Emergent Bilinguals. Policies, Programs and Practices for English Language Learners. New York: Teachers College Press. Schwartz, M. (2018). Preschool Bilingual Education: Agency in Interactions between Children, Teachers, and Parents. Dordrecht: Springer. Schwartz, M., Kirsch, C., & Mortini, S. (forthcoming). Young children’s language-based agency in multilingual contexts in Luxembourg and Israel. (Applied Linguistic Review). Manuscript accepted for publication.
Rules Regarding Special Medical Equipment and Exclusively Affiliated Radiologists in Korea

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Specialized medical equipment plays a crucial role in disease diagnosis and treatment in Korea. However, improper management can lead to unnecessary examinations, increased medical costs, and patient safety concerns. This review discusses the significance of exclusively and non-exclusively affiliated radiologists, focusing on changes in regulations governing the management of specialized medical equipment and the recent issue of MRI staffing standards. In addition, regulatory changes in the past and present, problems regarding the shared hospital bed system, and operational challenges with mammography and MRI are addressed. Lastly, the importance of exclusively affiliated radiologists in ensuring imaging quality control and patient safety is emphasized.
Inﬂuence of Gas Mixture Fumigation of Ethyl Formate and Carbon Dioxide on Several Characteristics of Fresh Fruits and Vegetables (Bananas Pineapples Strawberries Grapefruits Satsuma mandarins Squashes and Other Vegetables

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Several characteristics of bananas pineapples strawberries grapefruits Satsuma mandarins squashes string beans parsley and broccoli were investigated with the aim of determining whether gas mix‑ ture fumigation with ethyl formate (EF C3H6O2 75.2 mg/l and carbon dioxide (CO2 374.9 mg/l for 3 h at 15℃ causes phytotoxicity. EF sorption into a commodity was concluded to depend on the commodity' s surface area. Fumigated bananas pineapples strawberries and squashes showed no diﬀerence in weight hardness color soluble solid content or ﬂavor compared with untreated controls except for the banana sur‑ face color and squash ﬂavor. Some color change was observed on the surface of bananas because of insuﬃ‑ cient evaporation of liqueﬁed EF; fumigated squashes were considered preferable in a ﬂavor test. EF and CO2 gas mixture did not appreciably interfere with banana ripening. Characteristics including color (L*a*b* color space of fumigated grapefruits and Satsuma mandarins were not diﬀerent from those of untreated fruits but Satsuma mandarins were softer 7 days after fumigation. EF gas concentrations for parsley and broccoli were substantially lower than that for string beans from beginning just after treatment. Parsley and broccoli mostly lost weight after 7 days of storage. The color of fumigated parsley changed markedly accom‑ panied by severe wilting while broccoli showed no change. No negative eﬀects were observed on the ﬂavor of fumigated string beans and broccoli whereas fumigated parsley showed its smell turned stronger and its leaves were coated with a viscous liquid.