jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Philosophy of Ambivalence: Sandra Harding on The Science Question in Feminism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the past three decades scholars in virtually every humanistic and social scientific research discipline, and in some natural sciences (especially the life sciences), have drawn attention to quite striking instances of gender bias in the modes of practice and theorizing typical of traditional fields of research. They generally begin by identifying explicit androcentric biases in definitions of the subject domains appropriate to specific scientific fields. Their primary targets, in this connection, have been research that leaves women out altogether (e.g., anthropological research that has arbitrarily and, as it turns out, falsely characterized subsistence systems and political structures exclusively in terms of male activities; [see Slocum 1975]), research that ignores women’s contributions or victimization (e.g., in the definition of literary or artistic canons and historical traditions), and research that conceptualizes its subject, male or female, human or non-human, in explicitly gender biased terms (e.g., models of animal behaviour that project onto it the gender-specific attributes of particular human societies and models of human psychological development that take exclusively male patterns of development as the norm and characterize distinctive female patterns as ‘deviant’; see Harraway 1978 and Gilligan 1982, respectively).
Communicating Critique: Toward a Conceptualization of Journalistic Criticism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explores the concept of "journalistic criticism" from theoretical and empirical perspectives. To achieve this goal the study analyzes the ways in which journalists shape representations of criticism through their coverage of events in general and especially in times of war and conflict: specifically, Israeli news media during the Second Lebanon War (July–August 2006). We present 2 models that deconstruct critical journalistic texts: The first tracks the various possible sources, contents, and objects of journalistic criticism; the second explores the different possible levels of journalistic criticism. The discussion explores the use of "reaffirming criticism" as a tool enabling journalists that cover their own national conflict to express fierce criticism as professionals, without challenging the establishment's basic assumptions.
Principles of Optimization of Structures Against an Impact

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We describe a macro- and micro-behavior of damageable structures. Damage is understood as a process of irreversible phase transition from an initial to a damaged state. An unstructured material can absorb energy until it melts. However,a tiny portion of this energy yields to a construction's disintegration due to instability of the damage that leads to energy concentration. Appearance of concentrated damage zones, such as cracks or delaminating, destroys the construction. The remains of the disintegrated construction can still absorb large amount of energy. The goal of a rational design is to maximally use the energy absorption ability of a damageable material. We propose a concept of a replaceable protective structure design. Such structure should dissipate maximum energy, be able to spread energy of damage, and the damage process should be as stable as possible. The absorption rate and rate of damage propagation are times amplified by waiting-link structures that we describe below.
Photoperiodic Regulationof Apical Growth Cessation in Northern Tree Species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Tree species adapted to the climatic conditions of the northern boreal and subarctic vegetation zones have a capacity to develop a very high level of frost hardiness, even to survive the temperature of liquid nitrogen in midwinter. Proper timing of hardening, as well as of dehardening, is crucial for winter survival of these species. In northern tree species, cessation of apical elongation growth and bud set is a prerequisite for developmental and metabolic processes leading to hardening, and this chain of events is induced by photoperiod. The northern tree species are closely adapted to the local light climate and display photoperiodic ecotypes. The critical photoperiod is under genetic control and increases with increasing latitude of origin of the eco-type. The photoperiod is probably perceived by the phytochrome system, but the role of other pigment systems, like cryptochrome, has not been studied in woody plants. Phytochrome genes have been cloned from both conifers and deciduous species, but so far we do not have any information about possible differences between photoperiodic ecotypes at the phytochrome level. Northern and southern ecotypes have different responses to red:far red ratios, which could indicate differences in composition of their phytochrome systems, for example, the proportions of phytochrome A and B. Both phytochrome A and phytochrome B can be involved in photoperiodic responses. Experiments with transgenic hybrid aspen suggest that responses to photoperiod could be affected by the amount of phytochrome A present in plants. In deciduous species, the plant hormone gibberellin A1 (GA1) can completely substitute for a long photoperiod, and short day induced cessation of growth is preceded by a significant reduction of GA1 levels, particularly in the elongation zone. Photoperiodic control of GA metabolism is supported by several studies, but very little is known about the interaction between phytochrome and GA metabolism and/or responsiveness to GA1. Although our knowledge is still very fragmentary, available results suggest that cessation of growth and initiation of hardening in trees can be controlled both through the phytochrome and the GA mediated systems. Research with tree species is a tedious and slow process, but with the emerging new methods and approaches, we may expect exciting new results in the near future.
An IoT Featureless Vulnerability Detection and Mitigation Platform

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the increase in ownership of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, there is a bigger demand for stronger implementation of security mechanisms and addressing zero-day vulnerabilities. This work is the first to provide a platform that combines featureless approaches with artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms, which are deep learning and large language models, to uncover IoT security vulnerabilities based on network traffic data directly without manual feature selection. The platform correctly identifies vulnerable and secure IoT devices just by raw network traffic! Experimental results show that the proposed study detects vulnerability with great accuracy by using pre-trained deep learning and LLM models, which facilitates direct extraction of vulnerability features from the dataset and therefore helps speed up the identification process. In addition, the design of the platform ensures that the models are accessible and can be easily applied by users with a user-friendly interface. Furthermore, the models with small sizes, 277.5 MB and 334 MB for the deep learning model and the LLM model, respectively, illustrated the potential use of the detection tool in practical settings. The ability to defend large-scale, diversified IoT ecosystems efficiently and in a scalable way by installing thousands of software manifestations quickly while exposing new applications to growing cyber threats is made possible by this significant advancement in the field of IoT security.
The regulating effect of cholesterol derivatives isolated from human sera on lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cholesterol derivatives, including 7 alpha-hydroxycholesterol (7 alpha-HC), 7 beta-hydroxycholesterol (7 beta-HC), and 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), were isolated from the Cohn fraction IV-I of normal human sera and were shown to be the moieties responsible for the suppression of lymphocyte proliferation. When 5-10 micrograms/ml of 7 alpha-HC, 7 beta-HC or 7-KC were added in vitro to lymphocyte cultures, incorporation of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) into the lymphocyte DNA was suppressed by about 50% when compared with the control. When 10-50 mg/kg/day of 7 alpha-HC, 7 beta-HC and 7 KC were administered in vivo to skin grafts on rats, the prolongation of skin grafts was observed. The concentration of 7-KC in cancer patient sera was 2 to 3 times the amount in normal pooled human sera.
Algebraic Compactness OF $\prod M_α/ \oplus M_α$

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this note, we are working within the category $\rmod$ of (unitary, left) $R$-modules, where $R$ is a {\bf countable} ring. It is well known (see e.g. Kiełpiński & Simson [5], Theorem 2.2) that the latter condition implies that the (left) pure global dimension of $R$ is at most 1. Given an infinite index set $A$, and a family $M_\al\in\rmod$, $\al\in A$ we are concerned with the conditions as to when the $R$-module $$\prod/\coprod=\prod_{\al\in A}M_\al/\bigoplus_{\al\in A}M_\al$$ is or is not algebraically compact. There are a number of special results regarding this question and this note is meant to be an addition to and a generalization of the set of these results. Whether the module in the title is algebraically compact or not depends on the numbers of algebraically compact and non-compact modules among the components $M_\al$.
Level of Confidence among Nursing Students in the Clinical Setting

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Confidence level among nursing student is an important factor to enable them to carry out their duties competently in the clinical area. Most of the time nursing students lacked confidence in clinical skills. Data was collected from the month of February to April 2008 using a tool adopted from Beech, 2003 on 189 nursing students in a nursing college. The results revealed that 90.5% (n=171) were not confident in providing and managing care for patients. Changes in the nursing curriculum that encourages more of student centered study activities can cause a change in the students' confidence level in the clinical setting.
ASHP Strategic-Planning Activities for 1988-89: Environmental Assessment Priorities

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Journal Article ASHP Strategic-Planning Activities for 1988-89: Environmental Assessment Priorities Get access American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy, Volume 45, Issue 8, 1 August 1988, Pages 1760–1765, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/45.8.1760 Published: 01 August 1988
Amplitude modulation following response in children as a clinical audiometric tool.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The current study was designed to investigate the clinical application of amplitude modulation following response (AMFR) in cochlear implant candidates. A new digital signal processor (DSP)-assisted PC-based hardware and software was developed to perform both simultaneous generation of amplitude-modulated stimuli and the recording, and synchronized signal processing of the electrode signals. Our first results show that AMFR can be recorded in adults as well as in children without any contamination by response-like stimulus artifacts. Very high sound pressure levels can be applied, allowing frequency-specific assessment of residual hearing. Response threshold detection, using spectral analysis, proved to be superior compared to visual evaluation of average time waveforms.
Additional file 2 of The WUR0000125 PRRS resilience SNP had no apparent effect on pigs’ infectivity and susceptibility in a novel transmission trial

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Additional file 2: Text S2.. Results from Pilot Study for viruses selected for the main study. Figure S1. Body temperature of piglets challenged with PRRSV-2. Figure S2. Viremia of piglets challenged with PRRS virus by cell culture. Figure S3. Viral titres in nasal swabs. Figure S4. Viral load (log10TCID50) in lung tissues at day 29.
Exploring Mycelium as a Sustainable Building Material: Minimizing Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Managing Waste in Hawaiʻi

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The built environment contributes nearly 40 percent of annual global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions that accelerate climate change. As climate change continues to worsen, global temperatures rise, sea levels rise, and natural hazards become more frequent and intense. Due to Hawaiʻi’s isolated location, almost all materials used in the building and construction industry are imported. This necessity emits large amounts of CO2 during the process. As more materials are imported, more waste is generated during construction and demolition. While a lot can be recycled or reused, much of it still ends up in Hawaiʻi’s landfills in addition to other consumer products such as plastic bottles, disposable utensils, paper cups, and more. With limited land in Hawaiʻi, existing landfills eventually reach their capacity.This work explores the potential of using mycelium as a building material to develop a local closed-loop cycle in Hawaiʻi and integrate landfill waste. A series of experiments in this work discover that there are substrates that can be grown locally in Hawaiʻi and can be mixed with mycelium to form a variety of building materials. It was also discovered that landfill waste can be incorporated into the substrate mixtures to minimize waste generated in the landfill and prolong the life of existing landfills. The experiments include testing different substrates, testing different connections, incorporating landfill waste in substrates, and observing cultivation. The discoveries from these experiments are combined to show different ways that this material may be applied in Hawaiʻi at both large and small scales.
Francis as a Patriarchal Figure: Unpacking Power Dynamics in Buchi Emecheta’s “Second Class Citizen”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In many African societies, women face discrimination, power disparities, and significant barriers because of patriarchal systems. These circumstances restrict their agency, hinder their progress, and perpetuate gender inequalities. Thus, this study explores the role of Francis as a patriarchal figure in Buchi Emecheta’s novel, Second Class Citizen, and examines the impact of his actions on the protagonist, Adah. The study aims to deepen understanding of gender inequality and the oppressive nature of patriarchal systems by analysing Francis’s behaviour and attitudes. Findings highlight Francis as a symbol of patriarchal power, limiting Adah’s autonomy and perpetuating gender inequalities through dismissive behaviour, double standards, and reinforcement of gender stereotypes. The study identifies implications for Adah’s aspirations, self-identity, emotional well-being, and opportunities, emphasizing the far-reaching effects of Francis’s patriarchal influence. The study further highlights the implications of these findings. Overall, this analysis sheds light on the pervasive influence of patriarchy offering insights into the discrimination and power imbalances faced by African women in traditional and immigrant societies.
tailup, a LIM-HD gene, and Iro-C cooperate inDrosophiladorsal mesothorax specification

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The LIM-HD gene tailup (tup; also known as islet) has been categorised as a prepattern gene that antagonises the formation of sensory bristles on the notum of Drosophila by downregulating the expression of the proneural achaete-scutegenes. Here we show that tup has an earlier function in the development of the imaginal wing disc; namely, the specification of the notum territory. Absence of tup function causes cells of this anlage to upregulate different wing-hinge genes and to lose expression of some notum genes. Consistently, these cells differentiate hinge structures or modified notum cuticle. The LIM-HD co-factors Chip and Ssdp are also necessary for notum specification. This suggests that Tup acts in this process in a complex with Chip and Ssdp. Overexpression of tup, together with araucan, a `pronotum' gene of the iroquois complex (Iro-C),synergistically reinforces the weak capacity of either gene, when overexpressed singly, to induce ectopic notum-like development. Whereas the Iro-C genes are activated in the notum anlage by EGFR signalling, tupis positively regulated by Dpp signalling. Our data support a model in which the EGFR and Dpp signalling pathways, with their respective downstream Iro-C and tup genes, converge and cooperate to commit cells to the notum developmental fate.
Die Tabula Peutingeriana. Stand der Forschung und neue Impulse

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Contraryto previous research, the Tabula Peutingeriana (Peutinger Table, TP) is no representationof the orbis terrarum. Neither does it in any way depend on Agrippa’s Map nordid it serve the cursus publicus. The TP is no Roman Imperial product. From aterminological point of view, the term itinerarium pictum is to be rejected.The TP rather is a chorographical map, i. e. a not-to-scale image of the oikoumenevisualising physical space. The primal version of the TP dates into Hellenistictimes, which is supported by many pieces of evidence. The central argument forthis fundamental re-appraisal is the visualised landmass which approximates thecartographic state of knowledge of the 3rd century B.C. There are a number ofarguments suggesting Eratosthenes’ Map as the possible model. It was onlyduring the multi-stage copying process until Late Antiquity that the primal TPcontinued to be enriched by new information (toponyms, roads, etc.). Since itsinternal labelling was renewed neither comprehensively nor consequently, the TPhere contains numerous inconsistencies, mistakes, and anachronisms which tellof its history of development over some seven centuries. The drawn landmass,however, remained unaltered in the state of know­ledge of the 3rd century B.C.Characteristic for this is e. g. the absence of the cartographic area ofGermania and major parts of Asia. On the whole it can be stated that the TP wascartographically out-dated by the Roman Imperial period. Therefore, allapproaches towards a Roman Imperial interpretation are doomed to failure fromtheir very beginning.
Zwischen Institution und Redaktion. Gedanken zur Freiheit kirchlicher Medien

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The interaction between the church, church actors and church media has always been exciting and sometimes tense. Based on current developments at Cologne’s Domradio, this essay reflects on the question of the (in)dependence of church media, looking to the past and the future. One thing is clear: church media are not the same as church journalism. The latter is called upon to defend its role and its mission as a critic, observer and moderator.
Critique of successive differencing method of regression analysis

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Various regression techniques have been proposed to calculate barometric coefficients from time-varying cosmic rays recorded by neutron monitors. One of these, the successive differencing method, was carefully examined by applying the technique to simulated time-dependent and time-independent cosmic-ray data and also by investigating the mathematical foundations of the technique. When applying the successive differencing method to time-independent data, the slope and slope error values were found to be dependent on the order in which the data appeared. By ordering the data from highest to lowest pressure, the slope error increased markedly. This falsification of the slope can be shown to be due to improper weighting of the differenced data. Calculations have also been performed to show that the successive differencing method, when applied to intensities containing a linear time dependence, produces a regression slope which retains a time dependence proportional to the difference between the first and last pressure values. The falsification of the slope due to improper weighting of the differenced data can be very much larger than the maximum effect of any reasonable time variation of the nucleonic component.
Onychomatricoma in the Light of the Microanatomy of the Normal Nail Unit

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Onychomatricoma (OM) is an uncommon benign tumor of the nail thought to exhibit differentiation limited toward the nail matrix. Four recent articles from our laboratory have shown, in some respect, a morphological and immunohistochemical homology between the nail unit and the hair follicle at the level of the matrix and isthmus. The purposes of this article are as follows: to investigate whether the sequential pattern of hair keratin expression in the normal nail matrix is maintained in OM, to compare and contrast follicular tumors with matrix differentiation in OM, and to furnish morphological and immunohistochemical markers of the onychogenic capacity of OM. Formalin-fixed paraffin sections from 6 OM were examined using specific keratin (K) antibodies for the matrix, nail bed, and nail isthmus. Hair keratins were expressed in a sequential pattern similar to normal nail matrix. In 3 cases where the cavities were completely lined by the fibroepithelial projections, the morphological aspect and the pattern of expression of K5, K17, K6, K16, and K75 suggested a differentiation toward the nail bed and the nail isthmus. This study shows for the first time that OM can recapitulate the entire nail unit with differentiation toward the nail bed and the nail isthmus. We have identified new histopathological and immunohistochemical features in OM, and we have abridged the diversity of its histological presentation in 2 main patterns: a lobulated or foliated pattern, observed principally on transverse section, and a "glove-finger" mono- or multidigitate pattern, observed mainly on longitudinal section. We have also concluded that OM is not a nail variant of trichoblastoma, pilomatricoma, or other pilar tumors. The concept of epithelial onychogenic tumor with onychogenic mesenchyme could shed more light about the true nature of this peculiar mixed tumor. However, the term OM is short and sanctioned by usage, which justifies keeping it.
Carbon dioxide and the HCO3 ion as specific respiratory stimulants

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

It has been noted by Howell, Collip, Dale and Evans, the author and others that the intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate may act as either a respiratory or circulatory stimulant, eliciting hypernea or a marked rise in the blood pressure. Such injection obviously increases the hydrogen ion concentration of the blood and inasmuch as it produces a slight dilution, it decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood eliciting the stimulation. The increased respiration is, therefore contrary to the usually accepted laws of respiration. The only apparent change in the blood which might elicit stimulation is the greatly increased number of HCO3 ions. Collip, therefore, suggests that the HCO3 ion exerts a specific stimulating action on the respiratory center. We believe, however, that this anomalous result may be otherwise explained. When the carbon dioxide is dissolved in water it exists primarily in three forms—dissolved CO2 molecules, dissolved undissociated H2CO3—molecules and dissociated H2CO3—thus . Addition of sodium bicarbonate to the solution pushes the reaction to the left increasing both the dissolved CO2 and the undissociated H2CO3. If we accept the view that the dissolved CO2, and the undissociated H2CO3, diffuse freely into cells while the ions as such do not penetrate to any appreciable extent it is apparent that the injection of sodium bicarbonate increases the freely diffusable forms of carbon dioxide at the expense of the poorly diffusible ions and in that way increases the acid effects of the blood, at least on the interior of the cells (and possibly in the lymph bathing the cells as will be discussed in a later paper) even though the actual sum total of the original dissolved carbon dioxide in its various forms is not increased and the hydrogen ion concentrate of the blood is actually decreased.