jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Wavelet representation and total variation regularization in emission tomography

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A classical technique for reconstruction of emission tomography (ET) images from measured projections is based on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimation, achieved with the expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. We incorporate the wavelet transform (WT) and total variation (TV) based penalties into the ML framework, and compare performance of the EM algorithm and the previously proposed conjugate barrier (CB) algorithm. Using the WT- and TV-based penalties allows one to embed regularization procedures into the iterative process. In the case of the WT-based penalty, we impose a subset of wavelet coefficients with a desired resolution on the objective function. It appears that the CB algorithm outperforms substantially the EM algorithm in penalized reconstruction. The properties of the optimization algorithms along with WTand TV-based regularization are demonstrated on image reconstructions of a synthetic brain phantom, and the quality of reconstruction is compared with standard methods.
Relationship between left atrial volume by transthoracic echocardiography and cerebrovascular stroke in patients with sinus rhythm and preserved systolic function

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background The left atrial volume is a marker of atrial myopathy and has been associated with ischemic stroke in atrial fibrillation. Although left atrial volume-stroke association in sinus rhythm (SR) has been studied, evidence remains limited as current stroke prevention protocols predominantly rely on atrial fibrillation-specific risk scores, such as CHA₂DS₂-VA, leaving a gap in stroke risk stratification for patients in SR. Aim This study aims to highlight the potential utility of the left atrial volume index (LAVi) in stroke risk stratification for SR patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function (LVSF), a population that is typically underrepresented in current stroke prevention protocols. Patients and methods This observational study included 50 individuals with acute ischemic stroke referred for transthoracic echocardiography. Results LAVi was significantly associated with ischemic stroke risk, with hypertension, prior stroke, and obesity identified as key risk factors. Among women with acute ischemic stroke, 75% had hypertension and 54.2% had a previous stroke, with a mean weight of 84.50±15.31 kg. The mean LAVi increased with the severity of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction ( P =0.040). Univariate analysis showed that sex and weight were significant and retained their significance in multivariate analysis, while hypertension and prior stroke lost significance in multivariate analysis, potentially due to confounding variables. Conclusion LAVi may be a key stroke risk marker in SR patients with preserved left ventricular systolic function especially women and obese individuals. Larger studies and longitudinal follow-ups are needed to confirm its role in stroke prevention.
Activation of Pentafluorophenylsilanes by Weak Lewis Bases in Reaction with Iminium Cations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The Lewis base mediated carbon-carbon bond forming reactions between pentafluorophenylsilanes and iminium cations were studied theoretically and experimentally. The complexation of silanes with anionic Lewis bases was analyzed computationally using DFT methods at the B3LYP/6-31+G(d) level. The pentafluorophenyl group was found to exhibit a significant stabilizing effect on the formation of pentacoordinate silicon species, with (C6F5)3SiF and C6F5SiF3 being the strongest Lewis acids. Comparison of geometrical isomers of trigonal bipyramidal siliconates R2(C6F5)SiXY- (R = Me, F, Cl; X, Y = F, Cl, ClO4) revealed that the heteroatoms and the C6F5 group prefer to occupy apical and equatorial positions, respectively. Calculations of C6F5 group transfer processes from silanes to N,N-dimethyliminium cation lead to the following conclusions: (1) when employing weak Lewis bases X- = Cl-, ClO4- as activators, R2(C6F5)SiF are more reactive than R2(C6F5)SiX (X = Cl, ClO4); (2) the C6F5 group is much more reactive in an apical position than in an equatorial position of the siliconate; (3) a solvent greatly increases the reaction barrier by stabilizing the reactants; and (4) the efficiency of C-C bond formation can be improved by rendering the process intramolecular. It was shown experimentally that reactions of (C6F5)3SiF with PhCH=NMe2+TfO- can be promoted by a series of weak Lewis bases, from which the chloride anion was the most effective. Even more facile was the reaction of N-(silyloxyethyl)iminium ion (C6F5)3SiOCH2CH2N(Me)=CHPh+TfO-, likely proceeding via intramolecular transfer of a C6F5 group. The optimal conditions for pentafluorophenylation of iminium ions involved the use of benzyltriethylammonium chloride in refluxing dichloroethane.
Decomposing and Recomposing Ghost Trio

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A full decade passed between Eh Joe and Beckett's next original project for television, Ghost Trio.1 The interim period was one of the most productive and frenetic of his career. He resisted the potentially fossilizing effect of winning the 1969 Nobel Prize for Literature, continuing to produce original fiction, resurrecting and translating previous works, and conceiving new innovations for the stage. Perhaps his most pioneering accomplishments during this period were as a director. Between his first credited production on 1966's He Joe for SDR and his next TV credits on 1977's Shades program for the BBC 2 series "The Lively Arts," Beckett directed, codirected, or supervised no fewer than a dozen productions of his work.2 His post-Nobel celebrity, though unwelcome, did insure that his plays (and their playwright) were in constant demand.KeywordsFamiliar ObjectFemale VoiceMale FigureLove ObjectDirectorial StyleThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Swiss recommendations of the Society for Endocrinology and Diabetes (SGED/SSED) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (2023)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

As a first step, the authors emphasise lifestyle changes (increased physical activity, stopping smoking), blood pressure control, and lowering cholesterol). The initial medical treatment should always be a combination treatment with metformin and a sodium-glucose transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor or a glucagon-like 1 peptide (GLP-1) receptor agonist. Metformin is given first and up-titrated, followed by SGLT-2 inhibitors or GLP-1 receptor agonists. In persons with type 2 diabetes, if the initial double combination is not sufficient, a triple combination (SGLT-2 inhibitor, GLP-1 receptor agonist, and metformin) is recommended. This triple combination has not been officially tested in cardiovascular outcome trials, but there is more and more real-world experience in Europe and in the USA that proves that the triple combination with metformin, SGLT-2 inhibitor, and GLP-1 receptor agonist is the best treatment to reduce 3-point MACE, total mortality, and heart failure as compared to other combinations. The treatment with sulfonylurea is no longer recommended because of its side effects and higher mortality compared to the modern treatment with SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists. If the triple combination is not sufficient to reduce the HbA1c to the desired target, insulin treatment is necessary. A quarter of all patients with type 2 diabetes (sometimes misdiagnosed) require insulin treatment. If insulin deficiency is the predominant factor at the outset of type 2 diabetes, the order of medications has to be reversed: insulin first and then cardio-renal protective medications (SGLT-2 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists).
Designing healthy foods – A dietetic marketing perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Research in natural sciences often demonstrates health potential of specific foods. However, for these foods to have a beneficial effect in reality, they also need to be available, chosen, liked and eaten by consumers. To find strategies to enable an increased consumption of foods with potential health benefits, a perspective described as dietetic marketing will be elaborated upon. This is done by using the example of rye bread as a potential health beneficial component in the Swedish diet. Several potential health benefits have been shown for rye, but less research has been focused on bread from a consumer perspective. Dietetic marketing draws upon ideas from social marketing but focuses specifically on a food with potential health benefits. Here, consumers are thought to more easily adopt a behaviour if they receive benefits they consider valuable or if relevant barriers are removed. Food quality is a useful concept in identifying barriers to and opportunities for consumption. Objective quality represents, e.g., what is described as healthy and recommended by authorities as well as what is made available to consumers by food industry. Subjective quality is related to consumer perceptions of these qualities. Taste is a crucial quality criterion for consumers’ evaluation of food products. Sensory analysis is therefore used as a key methodology to bridge the gap between the product and the person. In the case of healthier rye breads, the taste was shown to be a major barrier for consumption among Swedish consumers. With the aim to increase consumption of foods with potential health benefits, a dietetic marketing perspective gives interdisciplinary insights into how industry may design products and communication in line with consumer perceptions and preferences as well as how authorities may design recommendations and guidelines to aid consumers in their food choice and guide industry in product development.
Quantitative Scanning Laue Diffraction Microscopy: Application to the Study of 3D Printed Nickel-Based Superalloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Progress in computing speed and algorithm efficiency together with advances in area detector and X-ray optics technologies have transformed the technique of synchrotron radiation-based scanning Laue X-ray microdiffraction. It has now evolved into a near real-time quantitative imaging tool for material structure and deformation at the micrometer and nanometer scales. We will review the achievements of this technique at the Advanced Light Source (Berkeley, CA, USA), and demonstrate its application in the thorough microstructural investigations of laser-assisted 3D printed nickel-based superalloys.
Insulin analogs with B24 or B25 phenylalanine replaced by biphenylalanine

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

B24 和 B25 本氨基丙酸(Phe ) 在胰岛素结构和功能起重要作用。有联本基丙氨酸(Bip ) 代替的 B24 Phe 或 B25 Phe 的胰岛素类似物被酶的半合成准备。生物活动被受体绑定试金并且在 vivo 鼠标骚动试金决定。结果证明那 B25 Bip 胰岛素举办 139% 受体绑定活动，建议而， B24 Bip 胰岛素与本国的胰岛素相比是不活跃的，那 B24 Phe 为胰岛素活动是关键的并且 50% 在 vivo 生物活动。在答案的结构被圆形的二色性和 fluoremetry 学习，并且我们的结果建议有低活动的胰岛素类似物趋于是紧包装的更多。协会性质被尺寸排除层析学习。在 deshexapeptide 胰岛素的 B24 Phe 或在 despentapeptide 胰岛素的 B25 Phe 的 Bip 酰胺代替将引起 monomeric B24 Phe 酰胺 deshexapeptide 胰岛素或 B25 Phe 酰胺 despentapeptide 胰岛素联系并且形成暗淡 ers，而在胰岛素的 B24 Phe 的变化将使胰岛素成为暗淡 ers 分裂进胰岛素单体。
Item reduction of the patient-rated wrist evaluation using decision tree modelling

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: The aim of this study is to assess the viability of a decision tree version of an often used questionnaire to measure wrist pain and disability, the Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation.Methods: Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation scores were collected from a cohort of 10394 patients who are part of a routine outcome measurement system. A decision tree version of the Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) was created. The intraclass correlation was used to evaluate the inter-version reliability between the original PRWE and the decision tree version.Results: The decision tree reduced the number of questions from 5 to 3 for the pain subscale, and from 10 to 3 for the disability subscale. The intraclass correlation between the original PRWE and the decision tree version was 0.97. The mean difference between the Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation and the decision tree Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation total sumscore was 0.35 (95% CI -9.92-10.62).Conclusions: We found that the decision tree was successful at reducing the items of the Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation from fifteen to only six questions with very high similarity to the scores of the full questionnaire.Implications for rehabilitationThe Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation can reliably be used with 6 instead of 15 questions.Decision trees are useful statistical tools to shorten lengthy questionnaires, especially when large amounts of data are available.Having a shortened Patient Rated Wrist Evaluation saves patients and clinicians time in answering this specific questionnaire.
The 2011 Egyptian Revolution: Its effects on the Egyptian community in the UK in terms of political participation, media use, belonging, and Egyptian identity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research seeks to examine the role played by the Egyptian Diaspora living in the UK during the 2011 Egyptian revolution and the extent to which they participated in it. The aim is to detangle the factors impacting the UK Egyptian community in terms of identity and belonging, and discuss whether the 2011 uprising had increased their political involvement through mass media or not. The assumption that diasporic communities are politically apathetic is considered. Little research has been conducted in this area of Diaspora, and a qualitative approach has been used to explore this. Preliminary findings indicate that Egyptians in the UK are more involved in political activities with regard to Egypt since 2011 uprising. When the Egyptian revolution broke out, some Egyptians living in the UK engaged in the revolution by voicing their opinions over the Internet and social media, while others travelled to Egypt to participate in the uprising.
Identification and CRISPR editing of pathogen responsive genes in Lactuca Sativa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

One of the greatest challenges faced by humanity today is to feed the estimated population of 10 billion people by 2050 in the face of climate change. Plant pathogens are still a major challenge for agriculture and one of the most promising ways for efficient and sustainable management of plant pathogens is the use of gene editing tools to generate new improved crop cultivars. \n\nThe plant pathogen Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum causes a disease commonly known as white mold on a wide range of host plants, including Lactuca Sativa (lettuce). This brings significant losses on lettuce yields (reportedly up to 30 %) and results in agricultural and economic challenges for the farmers. \n\nThe aim of this study is to conduct functional analysis of genes possibly involved in the S. sclerotorium pathogenesis in lettuce, by developing CRISPR-Cas9 knockout-constructs for targeted mutagenesis on candidate genes. Ultimately gene edited L. sativa lines with enhanced resistance against the plant pathogen S. Sclerotiorum would be generated. Bioinformatical analysis, literature search and RT-qPCR gene expression analysis of infected and uninfected lettuce were used to identify target genes. CRISPR-constructs with sgRNA specifically designed for three target genes were constructed to perform the study. The cloning system used in this thesis consisted of Escherichia Coli, for transformation and propagation of the CRISPR expression vectors, and Agrobacterium Tumefaciens binary vector system, which delivered the CRISPR-constructs into the L. Sativa plants. The CRISPR-constructs were tested in both stable and transient A. tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation. Unfortunately, the plant transformation experiments were not completed due to the COVID-19 outbreak which caused the Norwegian government to inflict lock-down on most public institutions, including Nibio.
Treatment of Localized Peritonitis Caused by Penetrated Diverticulum in the Terminal Ileum Using a Laparoscopic Approach

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は28歳男性．５日前から右下腹部痛を認め当院を受診，同部位に圧痛と腹膜刺激徴候を認めた．腹部CT検査では，虫垂腫大や糞石などはなく，回腸末端を中心に腸管壁および腸間膜の肥厚と脂肪織濃度の上昇を認めた．血液検査で白血球は14,100/μl，CRPは9.18 mg/dlと上昇しており，虫垂根部の炎症か大腸憩室炎の穿孔による限局性の腹膜炎を疑い緊急手術を施行した．腹腔鏡下に観察すると，腹水はなく虫垂は正常で，回腸末端から盲腸にかけて炎症性変化を認めた．回盲部付近の肥厚した腸間膜の間隙より排膿を認め，回盲部切除を行った．病理組織学的には回盲弁から約２cm口側回腸の仮性憩室が腸間膜内に穿通し膿瘍を形成していた．術後経過は良好で術11日目に退院した．回腸末端憩室炎は稀な病態で，術前診断は困難とされる．今回，われわれの症例を含め本邦報告例を集計し報告する．
A Q-factor comparator for echo boxes in the 10-cm band

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes an instrument which will compare the Q of echo boxes, or any similar high-Q cavities with two independent couplings, at any wavelengths between 9.5 and 11 cm. The accuracy of such comparisons is of the order of ± 5% unless special precautions arc taken when it may be increased to about ± 2%. Suggestions for the improvement of the overall accuracy are made.
Fabrication and characterization of cellulose nanofiber/graphene oxide blended fibers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Hybridization of organic and inorganic material opens many opportunities by taking the advantages of both materials. Cellulose is one of the most abundant material on earth which is biocompatible, cheap, lightweight, and environment friendly. Cellulose nanofibers (CNF) have high mechanical strength because of high crystallinity. Graphene Oxide (GO) is one forms of carbon which is produced from graphite flake. CNF and GO composites (CNFGO) can offer advantages in terms of mechanical strength as well as electrical properties. CNF is extracted from hardwood pulp using mild TEMPO treatment and aqueous counter collision (ACC). GO is synthesized from graphite flakes following improved synthesize of graphene oxide. CNFGO suspension is prepared using a simple blending method. CNFGO fiber is fabricated by spinning CNFGO suspension in CaCl2 coagulation solution. The composite fiber is characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Mechanical Properties of the composite fibers is also investigated.
The Prime Stems of Rooted Circuits of Closure Spaces and Minimum Implicational Bases

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A rooted circuit is firstly introduced for convex geometries (antimatroids). We generalize it for closure systems or equivalently for closure operators. A rooted circuit is a specific type of a pair $(X,e)$ of a subset $X$, called a stem, and an element $e\not\in X$, called a root. We introduce a notion called a 'prime stem', which plays the key role in this article. Every prime stem is shown to be a pseudo-closed set of an implicational system. If the sizes of stems are all the same, the stems are all pseudo-closed sets, and they give rise to a canonical minimum implicational basis. For an affine convex geometry, the prime stems determine a canonical minimum basis, and furthermore gives rise to an optimal basis. A 'critical rooted circuit' is a special case of a rooted circuit defined for an antimatroid. As a precedence structure, 'critical rooted circuits' are necessary and sufficient to fix an antimatroid whereas critical rooted circuits are not necessarily sufficient to restore the original antimatroid as an implicational system. It is shown through an example.
Flora of Wild Seed Plants in the Surrounding Mausoleum of Genghis Khan in Ordos

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Based on field survey and literature references,the features of flora,life forms and water ecotypes of wild seed plants were analyzed in the surrounding Mausoleum of Genghis.Results show that there are 529 species,260 genera and 73 families in the surrounding mausoleum of Genghis Khan,which reached23.96%,39.82%and 62.39%of total seed plants in Inner Mongolia,indicating that the levels of genera and species diversity are not abundant.The species composition is characterized by most species trend to distribution in the large families and genera,the mid-specific family,mid-specific genera,mono-specific family,and mono-specific genera are the main part of flora,the main sources of flora constitute and species diversity.Geographic elements of the flora were complex and numerous.The temperate element characteristics were the typical features of local flora,followed by pantropic.There are few Chinese endemic genera and some antiquity.In life forms of the species,the herbs had absolute superiority,which account for86.39%of the total species of the seed plant.In water ecotypes of the species,the mesophytes account for62.38%of the seed plant.
Evaluating the role of the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm in false memory research

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The methodology currently used to study false memory formation is the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, and the results obtained are often explained by theories such as the Fuzzy Trace Theory (FTT) and Activation/Monitoring Theory (AMT). However, there are aspects of the encoding process of false memories that the DRM has failed to address. This suggests the need for a possible paradigmatic change in the field of false memory research at a time where the research field is oversaturated with DRM-related studies . Hence, this literature review aims to highlight existing alternative methodology like the Discrepancy Attribution Hypothesis and Source Monitoring Framework (SMF) to address this issue. By comparing the various theories, we found that the SMF seems to be the most viable alternative to address the aforementioned research gap. The SMF’s versatility, and ability to account for several domains of memory, holds potential as a new foundation with which future paradigms can build upon to explore the relationship between components of memory and the formation of false memories.
STUDIES ON ARTIFICIAL CRYPTORCHIDISM: THE HISTOLOGICAL APPEARANCES OF UNILATERAL AND BILATERAL ABDOMINAL TESTES IN THE RAT

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Comparison of the findings in this investigation with those in naturally occurring cryptorchidism indicates that whereas under the latter circumstances degenerative changes only occur at puberty, in the experimental condition they may be seen at all ages. It is suggested that this difference is due to inherent defects of the testis in naturally occurring cryptorchidism. Comparison of the abdominal testes of unilaterally and bilaterally cryptorchid rats indicates that the testes are developmentally more mature in the latter and it is suggested that this difference is due to the circulation of greater amounts of gonadotrophins. This assumption is supported to some extent by findings in the adenohypophyses of such animals: castration cells appear to be more frequent in bilateral cryptorchids. The conclusion is drawn that although simple androgen deficiency may explain the various changes which occur in the reproductive system and adenohypophysis of cryptorchid animals, deficiency of a hormone produced by the seminiferous tubules cannot be excluded completely; the findings also indicate that this hormone is more likely to be produced by the germ cells than by the Sertoli cells.
A Brief Character of the Low-Countries under the States (1652)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Owen Felltham's A Brief Character of the Low-Countries under the States is a satiric, but also reflective, portrait of the United Provinces. It is in two parts, ostensibly structured around the vices and virtues of the Dutch people. It was written in the mid-1620s, amidst fierce debate in the English Parliament about whether the country should involve itself with the anti-Habsburg United Provinces in the early years of the thirty years war. This edition provides a readable text based on the 1652 printed edition. The introduction and notes discuss the literary, social and political context of this lively work—and suggest that is has continuing interest for those intrigued by points of cultural contact and confusion between modem Britain and the Netherlands.