jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Shear behavior of concrete beams pre-stressed with carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article presents experimental and numerical studies on the shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams pre-stressed with carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons. A total of 23 beams were tested to analyze the failure mode and shear performance of pre-stressed concrete beams. Experimental results revealed that there were two typical shear failure modes, that is, shear compression failure and inclined compression failure. Next, the experimental and numerical results were used to explore factors influencing the failure mode and the shear behavior of the concrete beams, including the type of pre-stressing tendons, stirrup ratio, shear span–depth ratio, number of pre-stressing tendons, and their initial pretension levels. It is demonstrated that shear span–depth ratio and stirrup ratio are the two main determinants of the failure mode and shear capacity of the concrete beams pre-stressed with carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons. However, the bonding conditions of the pre-stressing carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons have no significant effect on the shear capacity of the pre-stressed concrete beam.
Personal Transformation

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This article connects two rich but distinct literatures on personal transformation and well-being that can benefit from cross-fertilization. It explores the intersection of posttraumatic growth (PTG), a model of positive changes following traumatic events, and gerotranscendence, a theory of positive changes related to aging. The two conceptualizations of positive change are compared on multiple dimensions. These include the philosophical base, domains, trigger, mechanism, and correlates of change, as well as the connection of change with wisdom and life satisfaction. The analysis reveals many similarities between the two paths to personal transformation with the key difference being the trigger for growth. Whereas PTG connects growth to traumatic events, gerotranscendence connects the growth to normative later life experiences. The similarities identified imply that PTG could be viewed as part of normative adult development and as an accelerator of gerotranscendence. The analysis also indicates that transformation in normative development is likely fueled in part by stressful losses and existential suffering. The article suggests that PTG and gerotranscendence may be viewed as two facets of the universal human striving toward self-transcendence or emancipatory knowledge. The critical role of the sociocultural context in personal transformation is also highlighted. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Watt level laser source for a polychromatic laser guide stars: double resonant fluorescence from 3S1/2-3P3/2-3D5/2 transition of sodium atoms

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The polychromatic laser guide star (PLGS) is one of the solutions proposed to measure the differential atmospheric tip-tilt. A watts-level microsecond pulse all solid state laser source with two wavelengths at 589 and 819.7 nm are developed to perform a proof-of-concept on-sky test for what is believed to be the first time. By sum-frequency of 1319 and 1064 nm, a 44 W maximum average output power at 589.159 nm is generated with the pulse width of ~90 μs at 500 Hz, the linewidth of 0.46 pm, and the beam quality of M2 = 1.50. Meanwhile, a 2.4 W average output power is achieved operating at 819.710 nm with the pulse width of ~25 μs at 500 Hz, the linewidth of 0.8 pm, and beam quality factor of M2 = 1.20, which is end-pumped by a frequency-doubled 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser. Moreover, double resonant fluorescence in sodium cell with two step excitation of sodium atom from 3S1/2 to 3D5/2 via 3P3/2 level is observed clearly by tuning the wavelength of 589 and 819.7 nm beams. In the proof-of-principle experiment, it is preliminarily verified that this laser system is expected to be applied to the sky experiment.
Reaching for the ring: the study of mitochondrial

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The linear molecules that comprise most of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) isolated from most or- ganisms result fi'om the artifactual degradation of circu- lar genomes that exist within mitochondria. This view has been adopted by most investigators and is based on DNA fragment mapping data as well as analogy to the genome- sized circular mtDNA molecules obtained in high yield from animals. The alternative view that linear molecules actually represent the major form of DNA within mito- chondria is supported by two observations: (1) over a 1000-fold range of genome size among fungi and plants we find the same size distribution of linear mtDNA molecules, and (2) linear mtDNA molecules much larger than genome size can be found for some fungi and plants. The circles that represent only a small fraction of the mtDNA obtained from most eukaryotes could be option- al sequence forms unimportant for mitochondrial func- tion; they may also participate in mtDNA replication. The circles might result from incidental recombination events between directly repeated sequences within or be- tween tandemly arrayed genome units on linear mtDNA molecules.
Biocybernetic approach for studying holography as an artistic medium

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Holography has been extensively studied and developed by physicists, chemists and engineers. The technology is constantly improving, and is now available and accepted as an artistic medium. The Biocybernetic approach for studying neurophysiological responses to presentation of artistic material such as print, audio, photography, video and computer display, can now include the response to holograms. The artist can determine the degree of emotional impact of the hologram on the viewer. The results may be quantified or expressed qualitatively.
[Applications of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to the diagnosis of central nervous system infections].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The utility of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is described for the diagnosis in three patients suffering from central nervous system infections, tuberculous meningitis, herpetic encephalitis and cerebral toxoplasmosis. PCR was performed in the cerebrospinal fluid after processing the specimen by two methods, proteinase K digestion and phenol extraction of DNA. Amplification was realized using primers previously described that amplify specific DNA fragments of each microorganisms (insertion sequence IS6110 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, B1 gene of Toxoplasma gondii, and DNA polymerase gene of Herpes simplex virus). In all three cases, PCR was positive after amplification of the specimen extracted with proteinase K, as well as when a complete DNA extraction with phenol was realized. In all cases a band of amplified products was observed in agarose gels. In conclusion, in all three patients described, PCR would had allowed the diagnosis in seven hours, and PCR should be consider a rapid sensitive and relatively simple method.
Effects of fasting and refeeding on somatostatin concentration and binding to cytosol from rabbit gastric mucosa.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Somatostatin like immunoreactivity and the density of somatostatin binding sites were measured in stomach (fundus and antrum) from either fed, 12 to 96 hours fasted, or 96 hours fasted plus 48 hours refed rabbits. The somatostatin concentration increased in fundic and antral mucosa after 24 h and reached its highest value after 96 h of fasting. The number of specific somatostatin binding sites with high and low affinity decreased with the duration of fasting. Refeeding of fasted animals resulted in a normalisation to control values of gastric mucosal somatostatin and somatostatin binding.
Influence of modern toys on psychic development of a child

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article describes the influence of a modern toy on the mental development of preschooler. The importance of toys in the child’s life has been justified. The article highlights the types and roles of toys. The pedagogical, psychological and hygienic requirements for children about toy’s features are considered. General characteristics of modern children's toys are provided. The attention on dangerous influence of anti-game toys on children has been drawn. The necessity of quality control of toys for preschool children are considered. The conclusions about valuable pedagogical and psychological qualities of toys as modern criteria of toys quality ranking were done.
Problems of north-south international trade as the main reason of world trade organization difficulties

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article tries to summarize achievements of ten years anniversary of WTO (1995-2005) and the negotiations taking place at its summits from Seattle (1999) to Hongkong (2005). These achievements could be characterized at best as mediocre ones. WTO has been muddling through numerous disputes, the most important of which have been and still are agricultural subsidies of developed countries. Due to double standards and sometimes lack of transparency at least three summits (Seattle, Cancún and Doha) almost failed and the Katar Round ended deadlocked for 2004. The last Hongkong summit (December 2005) saved WTO functionality mainly through some concessions demanded by developing countries" since 1998. Katar Round, unfortunately, is still far from any safe landing. Nevertheless, the article praises some good results, too. The whole decade of such partial and practical struggling open, hovewer, also some issues important for theory of international economics, for example such as optimality of global vers. regional-subregional options for the future international trade liberalization, etc. The article, of course, cannot pretend solving but only draws attention of academic research resp. sorting them and establishing their hierarchy.
Microfluidic Multifunctional Probe Array Dielectrophoretic Force Spectroscopy with Wide Loading Rates

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The simultaneous investigation of a large number of events with different types of intermolecular interactions, from nonequilibrium high-force pulling assays to quasi-equilibrium unbinding events in the same environment, can be very important for fully understanding intermolecular bond-rupture mechanisms. Here, we describe a novel dielectrophoretic force spectroscopy technique that utilizes microsized beads as multifunctional probes for parallel measurement of intermolecular forces with an extremely wide range of force rate (10<sup>–4</sup> to 10<sup>4</sup> pN/s) inside a microfluidic device. In our experiments, various forces, which broadly form the basis of all molecular interactions, were measured across a range of force loading rates by multifunctional probes of various diameters with a throughput of over 600 events per mm<sup>2</sup>, simultaneously and in the same environment. Furthermore, the individual bond-rupture forces, the parameters for the characterization of entire energy landscapes, and the effective stiffness of the force spectroscopy were determined on the basis of the measured results. This method of determining intermolecular forces could be very useful for the precise and simultaneous examination of various molecular interactions, as it can be easily and cost-effectively implemented within a microfluidic device for a range of applications including immunoassays, molecular mechanics, chemical and biological screening, and mechanobiology.
A Kinetic Study of the Friedel-Crafts Phenylsulfonylation and p-Tosylation of Naphthalene in Nitrobenzene

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ニトベンゼン溶媒中塩化フェニルスルポニルおよび塩化Pトシルと塩化アルミニウムによるナフタレンのスルポニル化反応を速度論的に研究したeナフタレン,塩化アレーンスルポニルおよび塩化アルミニウムに関する見かけの三次速度定数はナフタレン濃度の増加とともに減少する。これらのことは下に示される機構で不安定中地体(RSO,ev,AICIP)濃度を一定とする定常状態法で求めた速度式RSO,Cl + AIC13,02NC,Hs e RSO,Cl．AICI,+ 02NC,HsRSO,Cl．AIC13 n RSO20 i AICI,OArH + RSOaSiAICIP -k3 b ArSO2R．AICi3 + HCI反応速度= K,(k2／1e-i)[ArH][AICIs,02NC6Hs][RSgL2C／](kofk-i)[ArH]+1ここでK= 1〔C6HsN 02〕でk,とk- の絶対値がほぼ等しいことによって示される。ブェニルスルホニル化およびかトシル化の活性化エネルギー,ならびに活性化エソトピーは,それぞれdH =19 kca1／mo1,45 9e,u,19：kcal／m 01,-,7e u．であった。
Brachial Plexus Schwannoma: A Case Report with Emphasis on Imaging.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Brachial plexus tumors are rare. Schwannomas are benign nerve sheath tumors and only about 5% arise from brachial plexus. Diagnosis of these tumors are challenging for radiologists as well as clinicians as they are rare and the anatomy of the neck is complex. We report a case of a middle aged woman who was admitted in Mymensingh Medical College in Neurosurgery Department on 15th December 2017 with right supraclavicular swelling; based on the clinical findings was provisionally diagnosed as supraclavicular lymphadenopathy; Ultrasonography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging suggested schwannoma. Complete excision of the mass through supraclavicular approach showed the origin of it from the brachial plexus, which subsequently was confirmed to be a schwannoma with histopathology.
Mechanisms and classification of deranged distal urinary acidification

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Distal renal tubular acidosis has been thought to be the consequence of an impaired ability to maintain a large pH gradient between distal nephron urine and blood. Recent evidence suggests that the classification of deranged distal nephron acidification requires expansion. These mechanisms whereby the urine is acidified in the distal nephron include an active component, a passive component, and a component of bicarbonate secretion. Active proton secretion is influenced by the integrity of the pump and the nature of the electrical chemical gradient against which it operates. The passive component relates either to the backleak of acid from lumen to blood or the leak of bicarbonate from blood to lumen; under ordinary circumstances this passive component is negligible. Aldosterone also influences distal acidification. A defect in most of these components can be identified experimentally. We propose a classification of deranged distal acidification that will allow identification of the mechanism responsible for the defect. This classification, which employs measurement of the urinary carbon dioxide gradient, the response of the kidney to sulfate or phosphate administration, the urinary pH during acidosis, and the state of potassium and sodium excretion, can easily be performed in human subjects.
Effect of L-dopa Medication on Postural Control in Parkinson's Disease: A Posturographic Study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate abnormalities of postural control in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients during unperturbed stances and externally perturb ed stances, and also to assess the effects of L-dopa medication on posture control. Methods: Thirty PD patients were compared with 30 normal controls. Subjects' spontaneous sway during an unperturbed stance and the postural responses to anterior-poste rior tilts of the support surface and of the visual scene were measured by posturography. Results: During the unperturbed stance, displacement, velocity and freq uency of the center of foot pressure (COP) were abnormally large in patients OFF treatment. Under L-dopa treatment, the velocity a nd frequency of COP and axial stiffness of PD patients were reduced, whereas sway amplitude increased. A frequency peak in the COP excursions at 0.7-1.1 Hz, which indicates a resonance behavior of the postural control loop, became reduced under therapy. Abnormal postural responses to tilting of the platform showed that the righting response of the upper body on the lower body was impaired in the PD patients. The postural responses of the PD patients to visual tilt was abnormally exaggerated and not dependent on the stabil ity of the platform unlike the control subjects. These abnormal tilt reactions of the PD patients were resistant to treatment with L-dopa. Conclusions: These findings suggest that postural instability in PD is more critically related to high sway velocity and frequency than sway amplitude. The patients with PD are short of the ability to use the proprioceptive and visual information for the postural righting response when perturbed. J Korean Neurol Assoc 24(4):328-336, 2006
ESTIMATING THE SHOCK ENVIRONMENT ENCOUNTERED DURING TRANSPORTATION OVER PUBLIC ROADS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The report describes an attempt to specify the distribution of shocks to packages during transportation over public roads. The method makes use of data collected in local government offices for road maintenance purposes. The main cause of discrete irregularities in the surface of an existing road were frost damage, subsidence and openings made by public utilities. The author discusses the current maintenance procedure and its effect on the road surface. An expression is derived for the incidence rate of all defects including manhole covers for trunk and secondary roads. Tables are given to show the distribution of patches by area, the period of temporary repair and the intervals between treatments. The total annual repairs per mile of road undertaken by selection of five counties in the years 1968 to 1972 is given. The damaging effect of public roads is proposed in equivalent terms to that of the well defined Belgian pave. Equivalent exposure times on the nel transportation simulator or bouncer are derived for pave, trunk and secondary roads. /TRRL/
An innovative approach using ICT to teach calculus in primary schools

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The uptake of mathematics in schools is falling, partially due to the learning techniques employed by teachers. This project investigated the possibility of introducing the concept of calculus and its capabilities to students aged 10 to 12 years using computer based algebra system software.</p> <p><strong>Methodology:</strong> Teachers from five schools were brought to the university for a day of training in the use of computer algebra software MAPLE. They returned to their classes in four Australian states to deliver a sequence of 11 lessons where students had individual computer access. At the end of the program, the students attempted a test based on first year engineering degree calculus examinations.</p> <p><strong>Important findings:</strong> The findings of this study showed that properly structured learning programmes utilising appropriate technology can impart high level knowledge and skills to students and provide them with a good understanding of the applications, thus motivating them to engage in such studies. Females also demonstrated better skills at solving real world problems contrary to published data.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Curriculum designers and school communities should consider providing access to more advanced mathematics instruction than previously available, using the affordances of new technology.</p>
Passive solar energy building in mountain residence: Strategies and design

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Mountain dwellings rely strongly on topographical conditions and are sometimes limited by terrain. A stratega is proposed for a passive solar building design in a Taihang mountainous area to utilize flexibly good sunshine and natural ventilation for the building and to organize a shady courtyard next to the mountain to form a cold source of the outdoor environment. This design has made a positive attempt for the application of passive solar building strategies to mountain dwellings.
Digital PLLs: the modern timing reference for radar and communication systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Digital PLLs are nowadays recognized as a viable approach for the design of high-performance frequency synthesizers in scaled CMOS technologies. Latest implementations allow achieving at low power both state-of-the-art rms jitter, between 50fs and 100fs, and highly linear fast frequency modulation capability, thus enabling both high-efficiency communications systems and radar applications in CMOS. This paper will briefly trace the path from the (re-)discover of this approach to the more recent solutions, discussing the main characteristics of key building blocks and their limitations, both the ones that can be removed by digital calibrations, such as the non-linearities, and the most fundamental one, the noise, that still calls for a sound knowledge of analog design techniques. Recent results are also presented and perspectives discussed.
Development and Test of a Fuel Cell Based Micro-CHP System

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Fuel cell based micro combined heat and power (micro-CHP) systems are residential scale clean energy conversion unit. It employs fuel cells in a compact system that converts natural gas, propane or other fuels into both electricity and heat, which increases efficiency by simultaneously generating power and heat for one unit, on-site within a home. A prototype system consisting of a natural gas steam reforming unit, CO cleaning unit, PEM fuel cell stack, waste heat recovery unit and auxiliary unit is integrated. Test results of the prototype show that it can start within an hour and the syngas produced can meet the fuel cell’s requirements. The prototype’s electric power and thermal power are 200W and 530W respectively, while the electric and thermal efficiency are 15.4% and 40.9% respectively.
Multi-Modal Music Mood Classification with Dynamic Classifier Selection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we investigate the suitability of different types of Dynamic Classifier Selection approaches for the task of multimodal music mood classification. The dynamic selection methods evaluated were: KNORA-UNION, KNORAELIMINATE, Dynamic Ensemble Selection Performance, Overall Local Accuracy, Local Class Accuracy, Multiple Classifier Behaviour, A Priori and A Posteriori. The experiments were performed using the Brazilian Music Mood Database, which is a multimodal database, containing the audio signal itself, beyond their visual representation (i.e. spectrogram) and the lyrics. The obtained results have shown that the use of dynamic classifier selection methods can improve the classification results for the task at hand.
Mendicants as victims: scale, scope and the idiom of violence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article establishes the scale of violence perpetrated against mendicant friars in thirteenth- and fourteenth-century Europe, and provides a list of these events in an on-line appendix. It underscores and analyses the wide variety of contexts in which such incidents took place and examines the ramifications for the history of the mendicant orders and medieval urban society generally. Violence was a subtler form of communicative action than is sometimes recognised, and the paper points to the inverse relationship between power and violence in medieval urban conflicts.
Formation Control Algorithm for Swarm Robots Using Virtual Force

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose the formation control algorithm using the leader-following robots in given space. The proposed method is as follows: First, we plan a path of the leader robot for the obstacle avoidance. After that, we propose the formation control algorithm of the following robots using the position and the orientation angle of the leader robot. Also, we propose method for adjusting the formation of the swarm robots when the following robots detect an obstacles. Finally, we show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method though some simulations.