jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Net Photosynthesis to Carbon Dioxide Concentration and Leaf Characteristics in Selected Peanut (Arachis) Genotypes1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Five genotypes, including two cultivars of Arachis hypogaea L. and three wild species of Arachis, were tested for their photosynthetic capacity at atmospheric CO2 concentrations and for photorespiration in CO2-free air. Photosynthetic response to CO2 concentrations in the range of 50 to 600 ppm was also tested. Diffusive resistance (DRH2O) of the adaxial surface of the five genotypes was measured with a diffusive resistance porometer. Several other leaf characteristics related to CO2 exchange were measured. There was a linear increase in net photosynthesis (Pn) for four of the five genotypes as CO2 concentration was increased from 50 to 600 ppm. The increase in Pn of an A. hypogaea genotype from Tanganyika appeared to be progressively less at CO2 concentrations near 600 ppm. The florunner cultivar of A. hppogaea had the highest Pn at CO2 concentrations of 300 ppm and above; A. pintoi had the lowest. Photorespiration as measured by CO2 evolution into CO2-free air averaged about 4 mg CO2 dm -2 hr -1 and did not differ among genotypes. Dark respiration was higher in leaves of wild species than in the two genotypes of A. hypogaea. Diffusive resistance of A. hypogaea, A. pintoi and A. sp. (glabrata?) leaves remained constant from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. EST and then increased up to the last measurement at 10 p.m. The DRH2O of A. hypogaea and A. pintoi were similar during the daytime and ranged from 1.5 to 5.0 sec cm -1 between 9 a.m. and 3 p.m. A. villosulicarpa and A. sp. (glabrata?) had higher DRH2O values during the same time period, ranging from 5 to 12 sec cm-1. At 10 p.m. DRH2O of A. hypogaea was 84 sec cm-1 compared to only about 20 sec cm-1 for A. pintoi. Net photosynthesis of leaves of the five Arachis genotypes was not closely related to DRH2O nor leaf characteristics including chlorophyll content, stomatal frequency, leaf nitrogen content or specific leaf weight.
Study of the prevalence of defecatory disorders in patients with quiescent ulcerative colitis using high-resolution anorectal manometry

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by recurring episodes of inflammation limited to the mucosal layer of the colon. This work aimed to assess the prevalence of defecatory disorders in patients with quiescent UC using high-resolution anorectal manometry. Methods This study included 50 UC patients who have documented UC remission or in mild activity (clinically and endoscopically using Mayo score) for the last 6 months, and had persistent symptoms of defecatory disorder (Constipation, faecal incontinence, urgency, rectal pain, and/or sense of incomplete evacuation). All patients were subjected to detailed history taking, systemic physical examination, laboratory investigations, colonoscopy, and high-resolution anorectal manometry. The patient or their relatives provided written consent that was informed. The study was conducted with the approval of the Ethical Committee. Results There were statistically significant differences regarding the relation between fecal incontinence and with duration of the disease (P= 0.008), while no significant differences were observed with the UC extension or the treatment used. Regarding constipation, urgency, incomplete evacuation, and proctalgia defecatory disorders; it had no statistical significance with the duration of the disease, the UC extension, and the treatment used. Conclusion UC patients still experience defecatory disorders even at the quiescent stage, and we recommend their evaluation by anorectal manometry.
Teaching old drugs new tricks: reincarnating immunosuppressants as antifungal drugs.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Invasive fungal infections are rising worldwide as the number of immunocompromised patients increases. Unfortunately, our armamentarium of antifungal drugs is limited. Although current therapies are effective in treating some of the most prevalent infections, the development of novel treatments is vital because of emerging drug-resistant strains and species and because of the toxicity of certain current therapies. The immunosuppressive drugs CsA (cyclosporin A), FK-506 (tacrolimus) and rapamycin (sirolimus) exert potent antifungal effects against a variety of pathogenic fungi. These compounds are all currently in clinical use as immunosuppressive therapy to treat and prevent rejection of transplanted organs. Rapamycin is also in clinical trials as an antiproliferative agent for chemotherapy and invasive cardiology. Recent studies reveal a potent fungicidal synergism between azoles and the calcineurin inhibitors CsA and FK-506, and animal studies demonstrate that the CsA-fluconazole synergistic combination has therapeutic benefit. Less immunosuppressive analogs have been identified with potential to enhance current therapies, or as monotherapy without deleterious effects on the immune system. In summary, these highly successful pharmaceutical agents may find an even broader clinical application in combating infectious diseases.
Interleukin-1 stimulates aldosterone secretion: involvement of renin, ACTH, and prostaglandins

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a cytokine produced during infection and inflammation, mediates some of the endocrinological alterations that parallel these processes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether human recombinant IL-1 (hrIL-1) affects aldosterone output as well as renin and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release, two key factors in the regulation of mineralocorticoid secretion. We observed that intravenous administration of hrIL-1 into conscious unrestrained rats elicited a marked and rapid rise in aldosterone plasma levels in a dose-dependent manner. The hrIL-1-induced increase in aldosterone levels was associated with enhanced renin activity and increased ACTH levels in plasma. Furthermore, aldosterone levels of IL-1-injected rats were positively correlated with plasma renin activity (PRA), suggesting that the renin-angiotensin system contributes to the changes observed in the levels of the mineralocorticoid hormone. ACTH seems also to be implicated in the aldosterone response to hrIL-1 because the profile of the kinetic curves of changes in the levels of the pituitary hormone and aldosterone was similar. Pretreatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin markedly reduced the increase in aldosterone plasma levels and PRA induced by IL-1, indicating that prostaglandins are involved in these effects of the cytokine. These results suggest that IL-1 may play an important role in the control of homeostasis during infectious and inflammatory diseases.
Highly Convergent Total Synthesis of (+)-Acutiphycin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An enantioselective, convergent, total synthesis of (+)-acutiphycin (18 steps, longest linear sequence from commercial materials) features the first application of an alkynyl ether as a macrolactone precursor in total synthesis, as well as the first example of an intermolecular, SmI2-mediated, Reformatsky fragment coupling reaction. The high convergence, efficiency, and modular nature of this synthesis make it amenable to the synthesis of structurally related compounds.
Operationalizing the open city concept: A case study of Berlin

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Framed by a utopian rhetoric, the Open City emerges as a potential guiding principle to the contradictory tendencies and calamities of cities. As an elusive concept with a panoply of context-bound interpretations, the Open City is an open-ended project that manifests through different situations across the city. The article aims to explore different attributes of the Open City, in the context of Berlin, based on a thorough literature review and operationalizes the concept using a systematized approach. Results revealed that openness in Berlin followed a center-periphery pattern, where areas that fostered a high degree of openness were mostly found in inner-city neighborhoods while a lower potential of openness prevailed along the edges. By analyzing the conditions of openness in relation to the built environment, we sought to contribute toward a better understanding of the Open City concept and provide an approach for analyzing openness that can be adapted to different geographic contexts.
The antioxidant activities of phenolic antioxidants in free radical peroxidation of phospholipid membranes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Autoxidation of dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) bilayers photoinitiated by benzophenone takes place by a free radical chain mechanism according to product studies of the cis, trans and trans, trans-9- and -13-linoleate hydroperoxides formed and kinetic studies of the reaction order as a function of light intensity. The absolute rate constant for hydrogen abstraction from DLPC bilayers by peroxyl radicals is found to be 36.1 M −1 s −1 at 37 °C. Preliminary measurements of activities of phenolic antioxidants, α-tocopherol (α-T), 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-hydroxychroman (PMHC), 2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-6-hydroxychroman-2-carboxylate (Trolox), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) by oxygen uptake studies during inhibition periods using photoinitiation gave uncorrected inhibition rate constants, K inh , for α-T, PMHC, and Trolox several orders of magnitude lower than observed earlier in chlorobenzene. Three series of phenolic antioxidants, (a) polyalkyl-6-hydroxychromans, (b) polyalkyl-4-methoxyphenols, and (c) trialkylphenols, were examined for their antioxidant activities in DLPC membranes during thermally initiated autoxidation by azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile (DMVN). The corrected inhibition rate constants, k inh , observed in (a), α-T (5.8 × 10 3 ), PMHC (17.8 × 10 3 ), Trolox (5.8 × 10 3 ), 2,2-dimethyl-5,7-diisopropyl-6-hydroxychroman, 4a (55 × 10 3 ), and 2,2,5-trimethyl-7-tert-butyl-6-hydroxychroman, 5a (61 × 10 3 ) M −1 s −1 , are dramatically lower, by several orders of magnitude, than those measured earlier in chlorobenzene and significantly lower (about 1/40–1/10) than those measured in solution in tert-butyl alcohol and less than k inh measurements (1/2–1/5) in aqueous SDS micelles. The k inh values for series (b) were 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-4-methoxyphenol (TTMMP) (2.1 × 10 3 ), 2,3,6-trimethyl-4-methoxyphenol (TMMP) (10.4 × 10 3 ), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol (DBHA) (27.5 × 10 3 ) M −1 s −1 and for (c) were 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) (3.7 × 10 3 ) and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol (TMP) (0.56 × 10 3 ) M −1 s −1 . The results show an overall leveling and depression of antioxidant activities in DLPC membranes in the series (a), (b), (c) compared to those reported in solution in chlorobenzene, where large differences were attributed to steroelectronic effects of the para ether oxygen stabilizing the derived phenoxyl radicals in (a) and (b) types. The results in aqueous micellar and membrane systems are interpreted in terms of polar solvation effects. Hydrogen bonding by water at both the ether and phenolic groups decreases the activity of the (a) series. Hydrogen bonding at the phenolic hydroxyl appears to be the more significant factor since steric hindrance to H-bonding at hydroxyl allows 4a and 5a to be the most active antioxidants of the α-tocopherol series (a) and DBHA to be the most active antioxidant of the (b) series. Keywords: antioxidant activities, phenols, membranes, peroxidation, kinetics.
Bifunctional Organocatalysts for Enantioselective aza-Morita−Baylis−Hillman Reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The efficient and novel bifunctional organocatalyst for the enantioselective aza-Morita-Baylis-Hillman (aza-MBH) reaction has been established with (S)-3-(N-isopropyl-N-3-pyridinylaminomethyl)BINOL for the first time. The reaction proved to be deeply influenced by the position of the Lewis base attached to BINOL. The acid-base-mediated functionalities for the activation of the substrate and the fixing of conformation of the organocatalyst are harmoniously performed to promote the reaction with high enantiocontrol.
Apolipoprotein A-I domains involved in the activation of lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase. Importance of the central domain

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The reaction of highly purified lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) with defined reconstituted discoidal apoA-I-containing lipoproteins (LpA-I) with 2, 3, or 4 apoA-I molecules/particle (Lp2, 3, or 4A-I) has been studied in the presence of a number of specific anti apoA-I antibodies. Among nine anti-apoA-I monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) reacting with epitopes distributed over 80% of the sequence, three significantly inhibit the LCAT reaction with all particles. The position of their epitopes located in the middle to COOH-terminal region between residues 96-121 (3G10), 135-148 (A03), and 149-186 (A44) is compatible with an inhibition by steric hindrance over a central domain. Antibody 4H1 binding to the NH2 terminus (residues 2-8) profoundly increases (5-fold) the LCAT reaction with Lp2A-I (7.8 nm), but not with other particles. Other mAbs, A11 and 5F6, binding to epitopes (residues 99-139 and 118-141) enhance LCAT reactivity with the small Lp2A-I (7.8 nm) and Lp3A-I (10.8 nm) but not with their larger counterparts. Most mAbs have similar effects on LCAT reaction with native high density lipoprotein3 as with LpA-I. The inhibitory or enhancing effects of these mAbs are also observed with Fab fragments and not related to their binding affinity for apoA-I containing reconstituted lipoprotein particles. The intercalation of epitopes for mAbs that inhibit or enhance LCAT reaction with small LpA-I is compatible not with steric hindrance but with conformational modifications of apoA-I and indirectly of the lipids in small particles. We propose that enhancing mAbs act by stabilization of an apoA-I conformation which is not favored in small LpA-I, i.e. by increasing binding of amphipathic helices to lipids or by interfering with the mobility of a hinged domain. The epitopes for the inhibitory mAbs can be shown to overlap on several LpA-I models, indicating that steric hindrance over a single site is a possible mechanism of inhibition.
Effect of different agents onto multidrug resistant tumor cells revealed by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has been used to analyze the plasma membrane fluidity and heterogeneity of multidrug resistant cells. At the single cell level, the effects of different membrane agents present in the extra-cellular medium have been explored. Firstly, we reveal a modification of plasma membrane heterogeneities according to the addition of a fluidity modulator, benzyl alcohol. On the other hand, revertants such as verapamil and cyclosporin-A appear to act more specifically on the slow diffusion sites, such as lipids microdomains.
A REACTION–DIFFUSION EQUATION MODELING THE INVASION OF THE ARGENTINE ANT POPULATION, LINEPITHEMA HUMILE, AT JASPER RIDGE BIOLOGICAL PRESERVE

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A continuous reaction–diffusion model is developed for the invasive Argentine ant population within a preserve in northern California. The model is a second‐order partial differential equation incorporating a logistic growth term. The dispersal distance traveled during the reproductive process of budding is used to estimate the diffusion coefficient. The model has two homogeneous steady states, one occurring at the propagation front where the Argentine ant population does not yet exist and one occurring where the population has reached carrying capacity. The traveling wave solutions of the model depict the population density for a given time and location. Using current research, parameter values for the model are estimated and a traveling wave solution for the average parameter values is numerically demonstrated.
Tourism Resilience to the Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic in the Tourist Attraction of the Malino Pine Forest

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Tourism is an activity of traveling with the aim of getting pleasure, seeking satisfaction, knowing something, improving health, enjoying sports or rest, fulfilling tasks, making pilgrimages and others. Indonesian tourism has also experienced significant development. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, tourist visits in South Sulawesi, including the Malino Pine Forest, have decreased. This research was conducted to find out more about the resilience of tourism in the Malino Pine Forest during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study uses 3 methods, namely semi-structured interviews, literature study and documentation. The sources of primary and secondary data are interviews with informants along with data on the number of tourist visits and also the income earned. And also using the basic concepts and theories of analysis, namely tourism, socio-economic and environmental impacts, pandemics, resilience, and resilience and tourism. The data will be analyzed using the SWOT analysis technique. Based on the data analysis carried out, there is a conclusion that tourism resilience in the Pinus Malino Forest is based on 2 factors, namely the health protocol carried out in the Malino Pine Forest to prevent the spread of COVID-19 and also their strategy to attract tourists' attention. The manager's strategy in dealing with this pandemic is to use social media such as Facebook and Instagram and also use the Word to Mouth method to promote the Malino Pine Forest to the wider community and in the SWOT analysis, the Malino Pine Forest has an internal and external environment that can strengthen resilience in the area. The Tourism Destinations. This resilience work pattern also protects the Malino Pine forest from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Successful Design and Management of Asynchronous Discussion Forums in Online Higher Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on asynchronous discussion forums in online higher education. Drawing on recent research and her experience as the program coordinator of an online Master of Education and developer and instructor of online courses, the author of this chapter identifies and explains some principles for the successful design and management of asynchronous discussion forums, such as the relevance of the course topics, flexible, accountable, active, collaborative, and focused learning and the ideal role of the online instructor. The author also proposes a framework for the effective organization of learning modules in asynchronous online courses.
Ethical Theories in the Reconstructionist Movement

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The Reconstructionist movement perceives Judaism as the evolving religious civilization of the Jewish people. This chapter demonstrates Reconstructionism's concern for ethics by identifying the movement's assumptions about how and why Jews should act in the world. As shaping actual Jewish living has continually been its major goal, the movement eventually developed what is now called values-based decision-making that would guide collective as well as personal ethical deliberation and concrete action.
Cholecystokinin Tunes Firing of an Electrically Distinct Subset of Arcuate Nucleus Neurons by Activating A-Type Potassium Channels

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The physiological activity of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons is critical for dynamic maintenance of body energy homeostasis, and its malfunction can result in common metabolic disorders, such as obesity. It is therefore of interest to determine which set of ion channels shapes electrical activity in the ARC. Whole-cell patch clamp of ARC neurons in mouse brain slices identified three electrophysiologically distinct types of neurons. These were distinguished by their rebound "signatures" after hyperpolarizing current injection in current clamp and by the presence of transient inward (Type-B neurons) or outward (Type-A and Type-C neurons) subthreshold voltage-gated currents in voltage-clamp recordings. In turn, the transient outward current (A-current) of Type-C neurons had a lower activation threshold and different time and voltage dependence of inactivation than that of Type-A neurons. The brain-gut peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) has long been recognized to control food intake, but how endogenous CCK modulates the activity of central appetite-regulating networks remains unresolved. Here, we show that low (picomolar) concentrations of CCK rapidly and reversibly slow the firing of ARC Type-C neurons. This effect is mediated by postsynaptic CCK-B receptors and is attributable to potentiation of the A-current. Our study thus identifies several fundamental biophysical mechanisms underlying the physiological activity of ARC neurons and suggests a novel mechanism by which endogenous CCK may control appetite.
Null-Shaping for Interference Mitigation in LEO Satellites Under Location Uncertainty

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Radio frequency interference (RFI) poses a growing challenge to satellite communications, particularly in uplink channels of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) systems, due to increasing spectrum congestion and uncertainty in the location of terrestrial interferers. This paper addresses the impact of RFI source position uncertainty on beamforming-based interference mitigation. First, we analytically characterize how geographic uncertainty in RFI location translates into angular deviation as observed from the satellite. Building on this, we propose a robust null-shaping framework to increase resilience in the communication links by incorporating the probability density function (PDF) of the RFI location uncertainty into the beamforming design via stochastic optimization. This allows adaptive shaping of the antenna array's nulling pattern to enhance interference suppression under uncertainty. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations, incorporating realistic satellite orbital dynamics and various RFI scenarios, demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves significantly improved mitigation performance compared to conventional deterministic designs.
Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene strata of the Pamplona Basin and surrounding areas (Navarre, western Pyrenees)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Fossil associations from the middle and upper Eocene (Bartonian and Priabonian) sedimentary succession of the Pamplona Basin are described. \nThis succession was accumulated in the western part of the South Pyrenean peripheral foreland basin and extends from deep-marine \nturbiditic (Ezkaba Sandstone Formation) to deltaic (Pamplona Marl, Ardanatz Sandstone and Ilundain Marl formations) and marginal marine \ndeposits (Gendulain Formation). The micropalaeontological content is high. It is dominated by foraminifera, and common ostracods and \nother microfossils are also present. The fossil ichnoasssemblages include at least 23 ichnogenera and 28 ichnospecies indicative of Nereites, \nCruziana, and ?Scoyenia-Mermia ichnofacies. Body macrofossils of about 80 taxa corresponding to macroforaminifera, sponges, corals, \nbryozoans, brachiopods, annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms and vertebrates have been identified. Both the number of ichnotaxa \nand of species (e. g. bryozoans, molluscs and condrichthyans) may be considerably higher. Body fossil assemblages are comparable to \nthose from the Eocene of the Nord Pyrenean area (Basque Coast), and also to those from the Eocene of the west-central and eastern part \nof South Pyrenean area (Aragon and Catalonia). At the European scale, the molluscs assemblages seem endemic from the Pyrenean area, \nalthough several Tethyan (Italy and Alps) and Northern elements (Paris Basin and Normandy) have been recorded. Palaeontological data \nof studied sedimentary units fit well with the shallowing process that throughout the middle and late Eocene occurs in the area, according \nto the sedimentological and stratigraphical data.