jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
3. The tension between adequacy and acceptability in legal interpreting and translation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

For over a century, English was the only language in which law was practiced in Hong Kong, yet the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997 has made legal bilingualism inevitable. In translating existing laws into Chinese, the Law Drafting Division emphasises the need to establish a semantic mapping between the Chinese statutes and their English counterparts, and to strive for both adequacy and acceptability when selecting a Chinese term or expression to represent a common-law concept. This paper examines how legal translators and interpreters resolve the tension between adequacy and acceptability, and concludes that the effort to achieve adequacy at the expense of acceptability may not always pay off.
A Silver Dish

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Research Article| January 01 2010 A Silver Dish Joanne Koch Joanne Koch Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Studies in American Jewish Literature (1981-) (2010) 29: 202–236. https://doi.org/10.2307/41206145 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Joanne Koch; A Silver Dish. Studies in American Jewish Literature (1981-) 1 January 2010; 29 202–236. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/41206145 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectivePenn State University PressStudies in American Jewish Literature (1981-) Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 2010 Purdue University2010Purdue University Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
New taxa of pronophiline butterflies of the genus Lymanopoda WestWood from central Peru (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Three new subspecies of Lymanopoda are described from Ecuador, L. hazelana viridia n. ssp., L. labda bilinskii n. ssp. and L. labineta wojtusiaki n. ssp. An annotated checklist of the species of Lymanopoda in Ecuador is presented.
Effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on expression of cyp1a in salmon (Salmo salar) following experimental exposure and after the Braer oil spill

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The induction of hepatic CYP1A by selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was followed in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) by measurement of CYP1A messenger RNA (mRNA), CYP1A protein levels, and catalytically by the measurement of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity. There was clear correspondence between all three methods of measurement both in terms of the specificity of response to five- and some four-ring PAHs and in terms of the dose-response relationship to methyl-cholanthrene. The level of induction was compared with that measured in salmon confined in sea pens around Shetland and exposed to crude oil spilled from the Braer in January 1993. This oil was rapidly dispersed by the extreme weather (turbulence) at the time of the spill. The time course of the hepatic CYP1A induction was followed and related to the levels of oil measured in water and the concentration of PAHs determined in the flesh of the fish. Again there was a good correspondence between the different methods of measuring CYP1A expression, and the results show a rapid induction response in fish at the most contaminated sites and small, insignificant changes occurring at the reference stations. There was a clear concentration response between CYP1A and catalytic activity and between the exposure observed.
Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980-2005.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The extraordinary and highly consequential electoral successes of radical right parties in Western Europe in the last couple of decades are well documented. The evidence on how these parties ’ successes are associated with their anti-immigrant appeals invites the conclusion that such appeals are an easy way to electoral success for minor parties willing to exploit this issue. This paper argues that this is not so, since it is nearly impossible for minor parties to make credible appeals to voters on the immigration issue unless they have reputational shields—a legacy that can be used to fend off accusations of racism and extremism. Not many minor parties deciding to run on the anti-immigrant ticket, it turns out, have such reputational shields. This paper presents newly collected evidence to show that six out of seven anti-immigrant parties failed to achieve sustained electoral success in a period when Europe was in an immigration crisis. It furthermore shows that six out of the seven parties that did succeed had reputational shields, while none of the 34 parties that failed possessed them. It is concluded that this striking evidence consistent with the reputational shields hypothesis suggests an important avenue for future research on the politics of immigration in Western Europe.
Chemical Composition and Bioactivities of Melia azedarach (Meliaceae): A ComprehensiveReview

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Melia azedarach L., a species of the mahogany family (Meliaceae), has long been used as a folk medicine for various diseases. Recent studies on this plant revealed that this plant contains many interesting bioactivities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifeedant, antidiabetic, antifungal, and cytotoxic activities. A diverse range of organic compounds has been isolated from this species, such as triterpenoids, limonoids, degraded limonoids, steroids, lignans, flavonoids, and phenolics. This review article will give a comprehensive overview of the chemical constituents and biological activity of Melia azedarach.
Study on Collaboration Related Mobile Online Mapping

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the development of mobile technologies and the integration with the spatial information technologies, the mobile Web use including collaborative work support is expanding. This paper firstly describes the development history of cartography, designs new cartography modes based on the model for collaborative work in four communication patterns, and then discusses the implementation of mobile cartography based on collaboration. Collaboration based mobile cartography has a huge development potential, and its application market is also promising.
Estimating price gradient in Bratislava with different distance measurements

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the price gradient of apartments in the city of Bratislava with different measurements of travel time and distance to the city centre. Design/methodology/approach The price gradient is analysed by means of a hedonic price model. To overcome the problem with spatial autocorrelation in the data, the authors apply a spatial error model. Findings The paper provides empirical insights into the size of the price gradient in the city of Bratislava. In addition, it suggests that even in the case of a city with complicated urban structure, Euclidean distance is the best proxy for distance to the city centre and it is not necessary to use a more demanding distance calculation in hedonic price models. Originality/value Price gradients are usually analysed in western European or American cities whose urban structure differ from the cities in central and eastern Europe. This paper is the first in which the price gradient is estimated with different measurements of time and distance to the city centre using a spatial econometric model.
In-Situ-Generated Fluoride-Assisted Rapid Dissolution of Uranium Oxides by Ionic Liquids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A quantitative, rapid, endothermic dissolution of U3O8 in C4mim·PF6 (1-alkyl-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate) has been achieved within 2 h at 65 °C by in situ generated fluoride ions by pre-equilibrating the ionic liquid with suitable concentrations of nitric acid. The efficiency of the dissolution followed the trend: UO3 > UO2 > U3O8. The fluoride generation was found to increase with the concentration of nitric acid being equilibrated, the water content of the ionic liquid, and also the time of equilibration. The rate of dissolution of U3O8 followed the trend: C4mim·PF6> C6mim·PF6 > C8mim·PF6. The maximum loading observed for the present case was 200 mg mL-1 which is considered to be quite high with an ionic liquid. The effects of different acid pre-equilibration (HClO4, HCl) on F- generation and subsequent dissolution characteristics have also been investigated. The in situ F- generation, as well as U3O8 dissolution, were found to predominantly follow a pseudo-second-order rate kinetics, while the rate constants for U3O8 dissolution were found to be higher than that of F- generation. The dissolved uranium was successfully electrodeposited on a Cu plate, as confirmed by EDXRF, while the formation of UO2 was revealed from the XRD pattern of the deposit.
Descriptions of new forms of mammals

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Unknown species and subspecies of mammals collected during an expedition to South-West Africa and the north-western districts of the Cape Province are described. The collection includes numerous diurnal species, such as Petromys, Procaviidae, Leporidae, Macroscelididae and Otomyine rats. Some mammals collected from north-eastern Swaziland and Southern Rhodesia are also described in this paper as new.
The Problem of Agricultural Taxation in West Pakistan and an Alternative Solution. fA Comment

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the Summer 1973 issue of the Pakistan Development Review, Mr. Mohammad Ghaffar Chaudhry [1] has dealt with two very important issues relating to the intersectoral tax equity and the intrasectoral tax equity within the agricultural sector in Pakistan. Using a simple criterion for vertical tax equity that implies that the tax rate rises with per capita income such that the ratio of revenue to i.ncome rises at the same percentage rate as per capita income, Mr. Chaudhry found that the agricultural sector is overtaxed in Pakistan. Mr. Chaudhry further found that the land tax is a regressive levy with respect to the farm size. Both findings, if valid, have important policy implications
Thomas Simpson and ‘Newton's method of approximation’: an enduring myth

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A resurgence of interest has occurred in ‘Newton's method of approximation’ for deriving the roots of equations, as its repetitive and mechanical character permits ready computer use. If x = α is an approximate root of the equation f(x) = 0, then the method will in most cases give a better approximation as where f′(x) is the derivative of the function into which α has been substituted. Older books sometimes called it ‘the Newton–Raphson method’, although the method was invented essentially in the above form by Thomas Simpson, who published his account of the method in 1740. However, as if through a time-warp, this invention has migrated back in time and is now matter-of-factly placed by historians in Newton's De analysi of 1669. This paper will describe the steps of this curious historical transposition, and speculate as to its cause.
Temporal changes in microbial communities attached to forages with different lignocellulosic compositions in cattle rumen

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The attachment of rumen microbes to feed particles is critical to feed fermentation, degradation and digestion. However, the extent to which the physicochemical properties of feeds influence the colonization by rumen microbes is still unclear. We hypothesized that rumen microbial communities may have differential preferences for attachments to feeds with varying lignocellulose properties. To this end, the structure and composition of microbial communities attached to six common forages with different lignocellulosic compositions were analyzed following in situ rumen incubation in male Taleshi cattle. The results showed that differences in lignocellulosic compositions significantly affected the inter-sample diversity of forage-attached microbial communities in the first 24 h of rumen incubation, during which the highest dry matter degradation was achieved. However, extension of the incubation to 96 h resulted in the development of more uniform microbial communities across the forages. Fibrobacteres were significantly overrepresented in the bacterial communities attached to the forages with the highest neutral detergent fiber contents. Ruminococcus tended to attach to the forages with low acid detergent lignin contents. The extent of dry matter fermentation was significantly correlated with the populations of Fibrobacteraceae, unclassified Bacteroidales, Ruminococcaceae and Spirochaetacea. Our findings suggested that lignocellulosic compositions, and more specifically the cellulose components, significantly affected the microbial attachment to and thus the final digestion of the forages.
OpticGAI: Generative AI-aided Deep Reinforcement Learning for Optical Networks Optimization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) is regarded as a promising tool for optical network optimization. However, the flexibility and efficiency of current DRL-based solutions for optical network optimization require further improvement. Currently, generative models have showcased their significant performance advantages across various domains. In this paper, we introduce OpticGAI, the AI-generated policy design paradigm for optical networks. In detail, it is implemented as a novel DRL framework that utilizes generative models to learn the optimal policy network. Furthermore, we assess the performance of OpticGAI on two NP-hard optical network problems, Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) and dynamic Routing, Modulation, and Spectrum Allocation (RMSA), to show the feasibility of the AI-generated policy paradigm. Simulation results have shown that OpticGAI achieves the highest reward and the lowest blocking rate of both RWA and RMSA problems. OpticGAI poses a promising direction for future research on generative AI-enhanced flexible optical network optimization.
SAT: a Late NS Protein of Porcine Parvovirus

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The genomes of all members of the Parvovirus genus were found to contain a small open reading frame (ORF), designated SAT, with a start codon four or seven nucleotides downstream of the VP2 initiation codon. Green fluorescent protein or FLAG fusion constructs of SAT demonstrated that these ORFs were expressed. Although the SAT proteins of the different parvoviruses are not particularly conserved, they were all predicted to contain a membrane-spanning helix, and mutations in this hydrophobic stretch affected the localization of the SAT protein. SAT colocalized with calreticulin in the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and the nucleus. A knockout mutant (SAT − ), with an unmodified VP sequence, showed a “slow-spreading” phenotype. These knockout mutants could be complemented with VP2 − SAT + mutant. The SAT protein is a late nonstructural (NS) protein, in contrast to previously identified NS proteins, since it is expressed from the same mRNA as VP2.
Length-fecundity relationships of Nigerian fish populations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Parameters of the exponential body length (L)-fecundity (F) relationship of the form F=a.L super(b) are presented for 47 populations and 26 species of Nigerian fishes. Estimates of b varied between 1.563 (Ilisha africana) and 5.771 (Barbus callipterus) with a mean of 3.054 (s.d. = 1.024). The maximum sizes of fish populations examined did not significantly influence the relative magnitudes of b. The parameters Alpha and Beta of the linear length-fecundity relationships of the form F = Alpha + BetaL are also presented for five fish populations. Estimates of Beta ranged from 243.5 (Chrysichthys walkeri) to 1,334,895 (Tilapia mariae).
Treating thyrotoxicosis in pregnant or potentially pregnant women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thyrotoxicosis affects up to 0.2% of pregnant women.1 If left untreated it is associated with increased fetal mortality and morbidity.2 Treatment is with antithyroid drugs such as propylthiouracil or carbimazole, with β blockers reserved for presurgical treatment and immediate control of severe thyrotoxic symptoms. Considerable concern exists, however, about the potential adverse fetal consequences of maternal antithyroid treatment, and sometimes conflicting or inappropriate advice is given. Women exposed to antithyroid drugs or radioiodine immediately before or in early pregnancy need accurate and timely information when deciding whether to proceed with the pregnancy.

There are two concerns about antithyroid drugs for thyrotoxicosis: that the drugs cause hypothyroidism in the fetus and that they have teratogenic effects. These drugs cross the placenta and can sometimes cause fetal hypothyroidism and goitre.3 The fetal thyroid begins to develop at 5-6 weeks' gestation, with follicles and colloid production at 10-12 weeks. Adverse effects on fetal thyroid function are thus unlikely unless treatment begins after 10 weeks' gestation.4 In two studies in which antithyroid therapy was used in moderate doses maternal and fetal outcomes were satisfactory, regardless of which antithyroid drug …
Cult Objects of Oroqen People in China

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The paper aims to identify meaningful characteristics and specific features of cult objects of Oroqen people in Northeast China. The authors consider a poorly investigated problem, analyze worldview conceptions and religious cults of China’s Oroqen people, and herein lies scientific originality of the study. The findings are as follows: Oroqen people of trans-border northern Manchuria region worshipped numerous deities; naturalistic and animal cults influenced considerably the formation of Oroqen religious and mythological worldview. The conclusion is made that Oroqen people’s cults represent the conceptions of Tungusic peoples on interrelation between humans and spirits of the elements.
Hook-Lengths, Symplectic/Orthogonal Contents and Amdeberhan's Conjectures

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The symplectic/orthogonal contents of partitions are related to the dimensions of irreducible representations of symplectic/orthogonal groups. In 2012, motivated by Nekrasov--Okounkov's hook-length formula and Stanley's hook-content formula, Amdeberhan proposed several conjectures about infinite product formulas for certain generating functions of hook-lengths and symplectic/orthogonal contents. Some special cases of his conjectures were recently proved by Amdeberhan, Andrews and Ballantine. In this paper, we prove the general cases of Amdeberhan's conjectures.
Epidemiology and genotypic diversity of human metapneumovirus in paediatric patients with acute respiratory infection in Beijing, China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) causes high amounts of morbidity and mortality worldwide every year. Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a major pathogen of ARTIs in children. In this study, we aimed to investigate the epidemiology and genotypic diversity of HMPV in children hospitalized with ARTIs in Beijing, China. Methods Hospitalized children aged < 14 years with ARTIs were enrolled from April 2017 to March 2018; nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected and subjected to real-time polymerase chain reaction tests for HMPV. HMPV-positive samples were genotyped based on a partial N gene. Whole genome sequences were determined for samples with high viral loads. Results 4.08% (52/1276) enrolled paediatric patients were identified as having HMPV infection. The epidemic season is winter and early spring, children aged ≤ 4 years were more susceptible to HMPV infection (47/52, 90.38%). The co-infection rate were 36.54% (19/52), the most common co-infected virus were influenza and respiratory syncytial virus. The main diagnoses of HMPV infection were pneumonia (29/52, 55.77%) and bronchitis (23/52, 44.23%), while the main clinical manifestations were cough, fever, rhinorrhoea, and sneeze. Among 48 HMPV-positive specimens, A2b (19/48, 39.58%) and B1 (26/48, 54.17%) were the main epidemic subtypes. Patients with HMPV genotype A infection had a higher viral load compared to genotype B patients (6.07 vs. 5.37 log 10 RNA copies/ml). Five complete sequences of HMPV were obtained. This is the first report of a whole genome sequence of HMPV-B1 isolated in China. Conclusions HMPV is an important respiratory pathogen in paediatric patients. Cases of HMPV infection could burden hospitals in the epidemic season. HMPV viral loads and genotypes have no correlation with co-infection or clinical characteristics.
Survey of small hospitals.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The CSHP Saskatchewan Branch created the position of Small Hospital Representative on their Executive Committee. This appointed person's major function was to improve representation on the Executive Committee for hospitals outside of Saskatoon and Regina. The representative sent a survey to these hospitals to establish the status of pharmacy practice in these hospitals and how to best serve them. There were 90 of 128 (70.3%) surveys completed. Survey results were separated into hospitals which employed pharmacists and those which did not. Elements of practice reported by hospitals with a pharmacist, which showed some degree of deficiency, included drug distribution systems, medication profiles and clinical pharmacy programs. Hospitals which did not employ a pharmacist obtained their pharmacy services from either a larger hospital or a local retail pharmacist. There were 11 hospitals which had no access to a pharmacist, depending on the Director of Nursing for medication-related activities. The Small Hospital Representative of CSHP Saskatchewan Branch, in co-operation with the professional associations used this study as a starting point in attempts to improve pharmacy practice in Saskatchewan in hospitals outside of Saskatoon and Regina.
Language attitudes of Croatian vocational school students toward the English language

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Learning English as a second language in vocational schools in Croatia is an interesting field for examining language attitudes. Since the introduction of the matura exam, many vocational school students have struggled with learning English and obtaining the desired grade and level of proficiency. Attitudes towards a language may reveal a lot about the problems students encounter. Expressing positive or negative feelings towards English can be related to their intentions of improving language skills for work-related purposes or learning the language for its own sake. In this paper, attitudes of students of three different vocational schools are examined through a questionnaire in order to relate their attitudes to their use of English. The initial hypothesis is that vocational school students, even though most of them show a strong desire to improve their knowledge, have negative attitudes towards English, due to problems encountered during the learning process. However, the results show that vocational school students have quite positive attitude toward English and perceive it as a crucial factor of their future development. On the other hand, the findings also point to some problems vocational school students encounter in class – e.g. dissatisfaction with the traditional way of teaching and lack of communication. These findings might help us understand the way these students perceive the language learning process and might offer ideas about how to improve English teaching/learning in vocational schools.