jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Study of Intermolecular Interaction between Small Molecules and Carbon Nanobelt: Electrostatic, Exchange, Dispersive and Inductive Forces

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The conjugated structure of carbon is used in chemical sensing and small molecule catalysis because of its high charge transfer ability, and the interaction between carbon materials and small molecules is the main factor determining the performance of sensing and catalytic reactions. In this work, Reduced Density Gradient (RDG) and Symmetry-Adapted Perturbation Theory (SAPT) energy decomposition methods were used in combination to investigate the heterogeneity of catalytic substrates commonly used in energy chemistry with [6, 6] the carbon nanobelt ([6, 6] CNB, the interaction properties and mechanisms inside and outside the system). The results show that most of the attractive forces between dimers are provided by dispersive interactions, but electrostatic interactions cannot be ignored either. The total energy of the internal adsorption of [6, 6] CNB was significantly smaller than that of external adsorption, which led to the small molecules being more inclined to adsorb in the inner region of [6, 6] CNB. The dispersive interactions of small molecules adsorbed on [6, 6] CNB were also found to be very high. Furthermore, the dispersive interactions of the same small molecules adsorbed inside [6, 6] CNB were significantly stronger than those adsorbed outside. In [6, 6] CNB dimers, dispersion played a major role in the mutual attraction of molecules, accounting for 70% of the total attraction.
Lessons from old underground openings in rocks: The wisdom of ancient engineers

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In this lecture, four underground opening structures in rocks that require preservation are discussed.The 3000-year-old water storage system was discovered underneath the archeological site of Tel Beer Sheva in southern Israel. The system was excavated to allow water storage for the inhabitants of the city for times of war when it would not be possible to go out of the walls of the city to obtain water from the nearby stream. A water tunnel was excavated connecting the stream in the outskirts of the city to the underground system that was filled with water during the rainy seasons. The ancient engineers were very wise in their utilization of the rock mass structure for efficient excavation; the system is comprised of several small chambers, the walls of which are aligned with the direction of the principal vertical joint sets (Fig. 1). The rock mass consists of horizontally layered and vertically jointed chalks, with bedding and joint spacing in the order of tens of centimeters only. This intensely "blocky" rock mass structure therefore poses a great challenge for safe creation of underground space, and, indeed, the ancient engineers have experienced a major collapse of a roof segment at the time of construction due to an attempt to create excessively large spans. They erected a massive support pillar, made of local materials from the nearby stream, mainly rounded blocks made of limestone, which successfully arrested any further collapse. The system, even with its precarious rock mass structure, has been standing unsupported since then, until it was discovered by modern archeologists. The engineering geology aspects of this case have been discussed by Hatzor and Benary (1998).
THZ SPECTROSCOPY OF 12CH+, 13CH+, AND 12CD+

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In 1937, Dunham a detected a couple of unidentified lines in near-UV, and later Douglas and Herzberg b identified them based on their laboratory observations to be low-J electronic transitions of CH + .The electronic spectra, in particular the A 1 Π -X 1 Σ + band, have been investigated extensively.On the other hand, the pure rotational transitions have not been studied so extensively.Only the lowest rotational transition, J = 1 -0, was observed in the laboratory for the normal species, 13 CH + , and CD + .cdBased on the laboratory frequency, CH + was detected in star forming regions with the Hershel space observatory.Cernicharo et al identified pure rotational transitions from J = 2 -1 to J = 6 -5 in the far-infrared region in the ISO spectrum of the planetary nebula NGC 7027 e .The ISO spectra, however, were of low-resolution, so high-resolution spectroscopic observation is highly desirable.In this presentation, we have extended the measurements to higher-J lines up to 2 THz.For production of CH + , an extended negative glow discharge in a gas mixture of CH 4 (∼ 0.5 mTorr) diluted in He (∼ 60 mTorr) was used.The optimum discharge current was about 15 mA and the axial magnetic filed to 160 Gauss was applied up.The discharge cell was cooled down to liquid nitrogen temperature.Several frequency multiplier chains, developed at JPL and purchased from Virginia Diodes, were used as THz radiation sources.New THz measurements are not only useful for providing better characterization of spectroscopic properties but also will serve as starting point for astronomical observations.
Liver Transplantation Using Uncontrolled Donors After Circulatory Death: A 10-year Single-center Experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. One method for increasing the donor pool for orthotopic liver transplantations (OLTs) is to use uncontrolled donation after circulation death (uDCDs). Methods. From January 2006 to December 2016, we performed 75 OLTs using uDCD livers. The control group comprised a sample of 265 OLTs using livers of donations after brain death (DBDs). A comparative study was performed. Results. Of 256 potential uDCD donors cannulated, 75 (29.3%) livers were accepted for OLT. The amount of hemoderivatives transfused was significantly higher in the uDCD group. The rate of primary nonfunction was also significantly higher ( P = 0.031) in uDCD recipients (8%) than DBD recipients (1.5%). The overall rate of biliary complications was significantly higher ( P = 0.001) in uDCD recipients (23 cases, 30.6%) than DBD recipients (28 cases, 10.6%). In the uDCD group, 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival rates were 82.7%, 73%, and 71.5%, respectively; in the DBD group, they were 89%, 83.7%, and 78.8%, respectively ( P = 0.180). In the uDCD group, 1-, 3-, and 5-year graft survival rates were 73.3%, 65.1%, and 63.6%, respectively; in the DBD group, they were 87.1%, 81.9%, and 76.5%, respectively ( P = 0.013). Multivariate analysis showed that independent risk factors for patient and graft survival were intraoperative transfusion of >6 units of packed red blood cell concentrates and recipients who were older than 60 years. Conclusions. Although graft survival is significantly lower using uDCD livers, 5-year patient survival in recipients of DBD and uDCD livers is similar. After careful selection, the livers of uDCD can be selectively used for OLT.
Optimal Operation of Cogeneration Systems by Stochastic Programming

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Cogeneration Systems (CGSs) are high efficiency energy generation systems which are able to generate both electricity and useful heat by the power generators and heat recovery equipment near energy consumers. It is crucial not to waste both of electricity and heat produced from a CGS for the effective use of a CGS. Therefore, the optimal scheduling problem of CGSs is important. For the CGS scheduling problem, energy demand is an essential condition. In many cases, the energy demand is uncertain, but most study on the CGS scheduling problem has treated it as the definite values.In this paper, we formulate the CGS scheduling problem as a stochastic programming problem involving recourse costs for the energy supply shortage and a chance constraint for excess of electric power contract, and propose a method to optimize the CGS operation schedule under the uncertain energy demand. In our method, the objective function includes the term of the expectation of the recourse costs, and the inequality constraints that represent the probability of meeting the maximum limit of the power purchase is added to the problem. The problem can be described as a mixed integer programming problem whose objective function is convex. By the piecewise linear approximation, it is solved with general MIP solvers. Using our method, the strict optimal operation schedule with the minimum expected operation cost, and the optimal contracted electric power is sought.
Lost Property Detection by Genetic Algorithm with Local Search

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose an improved image in-painting method based on FMM algorithm. The traditional approach gives a fast processing speed but it cannot contribute an optimal edge result. First using gradient matrix to predict the edge in the in-painting region and cut it into many parts. Then by detecting the texture direction, the significant pixels are selected to in-paint at the sequence from one part to another. Furthermore, this procedure also reduced the noise pixels' influence and had an advantage in in-painting the image which had a large destroyed region. Therefore, it can yield a better edge effect for in-painting procedure than the traditional approach.
Pedestrians' perceptions of walkability and safety in relation to the built environment in Cali, Colombia, 2009–10

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objective To assess pedestrians' perceptions of the walkability of the urban environment and pedestrian safety in Cali, Colombia. Design Standardised intercept interviews were conducted of 400 pedestrians walking in 20 randomly selected urban zones to ascertain frequency of walking, and perceptions of safety, the built environment and security. Four focus group meetings were held with community members and students addressing these issues in an open-ended forum. The study analysed quantitative data collected in street interviews and qualitative information from focus groups addressing respondents' views on problems for pedestrians, how the built environment affects walking and ideal walking conditions. Results Access to public transportation was deemed the most positive characteristic of the built environment and 61% of respondents liked walking in the street. When disaggregating street conditions, the majority of pedestrians were dissatisfied with their walking experiences. Pedestrians cited lack of respect for norms, personal safety and built environment characteristics as their main concerns. Among frequent walkers, residents tended to rate their neighbourhoods more negatively compared with non-residents. Through qualitative interviews it became apparent that narrow sidewalks that are frequently obstructed by motor vehicles are a key reason for pedestrian dissatisfaction. A perception of overall insecurity further determines how pedestrians assess or modulate their walking in this city. Conclusions Overall, walking in Cali was perceived negatively by pedestrians because of built environment characteristics and perceptions of insecurity. Qualitative information used to complement intercept surveys can provide a better way to identify pedestrian-specific transport-related problems.
Creep Properties of Geopolymer Bituminous Mixtures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A study was previously conducted in Universiti Teknologi Petronas(UTP) on the uses of geopolymer in porous asphalt, and it was discovered that using adding geopolymer on porous asphalt gives the substance a higher value of stiffness and stability compared to conventional pavement being used nowadays. This finding sparks the initiative to further investigate the properties of geopolymer bituminous mixtures, with the ultimate goal to study the potential capability of the substance to commercially replace the use of conventional pavement. The project "Creep Properties of Geopolymer Bituminous Mixtures" is a continuation of the previous study, with the aim to investigate the creep properties of geopolymer bituminous mixtures, and thus predicting the rut potential of the material. This project is an important component in an effort to investigate the suitability of geopolymer bituminous mixtures for its potential commercial use in the future. Much of the drive behind research carried out in academic institutions these days is to investigate the development of geopolymer cements as a potential large-scale replacement for concrete produced from Portland cement. This is due to geopolymers' alleged lower carbon dioxide production emissions, greater chemical and thermal resistance and better mechanical properties at both ambient and extreme conditions. Addition of geopolymer to porous asphalt to produce a new type of pavement material is a new idea which seeks to exploit these valuable properties of geopolymer, which is beneficial in pavement design. In short, the use of geopolymer on bituminous mixtures therefore carries the prospect of combining these properties of geopolymer and porous asphalt to develop a material that is environmental friendly and durable at a competitive cost for use in pavement.
Critical analysis of River Linking Projects-Benefits to Gujarat State, India

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Interlinking of Rivers (ILR) is a vast program of country which shall provide additional irrigation potential of 35 Mha over and above conventional means of irrigation potential of 140 Mha. Undoubtedly it will have positive impact on mitigation of adverse impact of climate change. The study is a part of review of ILR program and its likely benefits to various region of country. As we are aware that eastern region of country has abundant water while States like Rajasthan, Saurashtra and Kutch region of Gujarat having nearly arid zone. Present study has been done to critically examine and visualize the ILR Projects benefitting Saurashtra and Kutch regions of Gujarat. The average availability of rainfall varies from 200 cm plus in South Gujarat to less than 10 cm in Kutch region of Gujarat. One of the priority link under ILR viz. ParTapi-Narmada envisages transfer of surplus water in water surplus region of South Gujarat to northern region of Gujarat having acute shortage or no water. The study also confirms that Par-Tapi-Narmada Link once implemented with introduction of micro irrigation and introduction of solar power to optimize cost and maximum benefits. The analysis confirms that economic impact of link in the region.
Characterizing the influence of various antimicrobials used for metaphylaxis against bovine respiratory disease on host transcriptome responses

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a multifactorial disease complex resulting from interactions among host immunologi­cal response, environmental conditions and polymicrobial components. Metaphylaxis, or the mass administration of an antimicrobial upon arrival to a stocker or feedlot facility, is the primary method of control for BRD. Our objective was to deter­mine the influence of 6 different antimicrobials used metaphy­lactically on the whole blood host transcriptome in healthy steers upon and following arrival to the feedlot.
Prediction of Blast-Induced Ground Vibration Using an Adaptive Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Efforts were made to predict and evaluate blast-induced ground vibrations and frequencies using an adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), which has a fast-learning capability and the ability to capture the non-linear response during the blasting process. For this purpose, the ground vibrations generated by the blast in a tunnel tube were monitored at a residential building located directly above the tunnel tube. To investigate the usefulness of this approach, the prediction by the ANFIS was also compared to those by three of the most commonly used vibration predictors. The efficiency criteria chosen for the comparison between the predicted and actual data were the sum of squares due to error (SSE), the root mean squared error (RMSE), and the goodness of fit (R-squared and adjusted R-squared). The results show that the ANFIS prediction model performs better than the commonly used predictors.
Theoretical and experimental investigation of the effect of heat flux to lift water in a solar bubble pump

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In remote areas, a scarcity of accessible water poses a significant predicament, and sun-powered propelling contraptions offer promising solutions. It is possible to collect solar energy with the goal of raising a fluid. Bubble pumps are used in the process of creating two-phase flows via the boiling of fluids in diffusion-absorption refrigeration cycles. In this investigation, a solar-powered bubble pump lifted the water. EES, which stands for engineering equation solver, was used in order to carry out the theoretical study of the bubble pump technology. Based on the results, it was determined that the void fraction displays a pattern that is comparable in applications using diffusion absorption refrigeration. In addition, the maximum water lift occurs at a certain heat flux value and any rise that is greater than this threshold causes the bubble pump to collapse entirely. Empirical tests were conducted utilizing bubble pumps with diameters of 8 mm and 10.21 mm to raise water across a distance of 4.53 m. The experiments examined a certain range of heat flow values at specified submergence ratios. According to the testing results, increasing the heat flux within the prescribed range significantly increased the 10.21 mm bubble pump's ability to lift water, yielding a maximum increase of 21%. According to the findings of the study, a universal set of optimal conditions and values for the bubble pump is not feasible to ascertain. This is because every system possesses distinct characteristics and operational elements that necessitate the utilization of optimized parameters for optimal performance.
The Iron Curtain: Churchill, America, and the Origins of the Cold War

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study of the origins of the Cold War in the immediate post-war period demonstrates how great was Churchill's influence in diplomatic relations between the US, Britain, and the USSR, with his 'Iron Curtain' speech at Fulton seen as a key event. The speech not only set forth the basic ideology of the East-West struggle but triggered action by the US government that moved it to confrontation with the Soviet Union, particularly over the issue of Russia's refusal to withdraw from Northern Iran. Harbutt contrasts American and British strategy towards Russia during World War II, and finally assesses the impact of these Cold War discussions.
MAST: Towards Efficient Analytical Query Processing on Point Cloud Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The proliferation of 3D scanning technology, particularly within autonomous driving, has led to an exponential increase in the volume of Point Cloud (PC) data. Given the rich semantic information contained in PC data, deep learning models are commonly employed for tasks such as object queries. However, current query systems that support PC data types do not process queries on semantic information. Consequently, there is a notable gap in research regarding the efficiency of invoking deep models for each PC data query, especially when dealing with large-scale models and datasets. To address this issue, this work aims to design an efficient approximate approach for supporting PC analysis queries, including PC retrieval and aggregate queries. In particular, we propose a novel framework that delivers approximate query results efficiently by sampling core PC frames within a constrained budget, thereby minimizing the reliance on deep learning models. This framework is underpinned by rigorous theoretical analysis, providing error-bound guarantees for the approximate results if the sampling policy is preferred. To achieve this, we incorporate a multi-agent reinforcement learning-based approach to optimize the sampling procedure, along with an innovative reward design leveraging spatio-temporal PC analysis. Furthermore, we exploit the spatio-temporal characteristics inherent in PC data to construct an index that accelerates the query process. Extensive experimental evaluations demonstrate that our proposed method, MAST, not only achieves accurate approximate query results but also maintains low query latency, ensuring high efficiency.
Localities, Coins and the Transition to the Early State in the Deccan

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Looking from the perspective of different localities while making the numismatic data central to our analysis, this article not only raises critical questions about the transition to early state, but also interrogates the nature of this state in the Deccan. Localities cannot be understood as isolated historical entities, but in the context of region-based studies they cannot be treated as mere peri-pheries either. Since this task necessarily entails a minute and an in-depth study of the sources, we shall take two illustrative examples of localities in what we call the Telangana and Andhra areas of the present-day state of Andhra Pradesh, with their nodal points and spread around the sites of Kotalingala–Dhullikatta–Peddabankur and Amaravati–Bhattiprolu–Vaddamanu respectively. The coins under discussion shall necessarily be related to the broader archaeological and material profile of these two localities. There is a general tendency among historians to first look at the history of a region from its broadest definition and then move to its smaller units. Here we prefer to first focus on the history of small entities or localities, and then move both vertically and horizontally to etch out the historical moorings of early society and state in the region as a whole—the Deccan in this case study.
Effects of calcium and magnesium on the frequency of miniature end‐plate potentials during prolonged tetanization

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. End‐plate potentials (e.p.p.s) and miniature end‐plate potentials (min.e.p.p.s) were recorded intracellularly from the cutaneous pectoris nerve‐muscle preparation of the frog during prolonged stimulation at low frequencies (5/sec—50/sec). 2. When Ca was present in the bathing solution, the quantum content of the e.p.p. and the frequency of occurrence of the min.e.p.p.s gradually increased during the period of stimulation. During the first few minutes of stimulation, the min.e.p.p. frequency increased linearly with time, and the rate of increase was dependent on the Ca concentration of the bathing solution. However, Mg had no effect on this Ca‐dependent increase in min.e.p.p. frequency. 3. A large maintained increase in min.e.p.p. frequency also occurred during prolonged stimulation in solutions that contained no added Ca and 1‐2 m M ‐EGTA. Under these conditions the increase in min.e.p.p. frequency was dependent on the Mg concentration of the bathing solution and was exponential in time. 4. It is suggested that the rise in min.e.p.p. frequency is caused by an accumulation of Ca or Mg ions in the nerve terminal, and it is suggested that these ions enter the terminal at relatively non‐specific sites distinct from the Ca‐specific sites that trigger the ‘phasic’ release of transmitter.
FIGURE 23a–f in Taxonomic review of Epeorus s. l. Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) in Sapporo City and adjacent areas, Hokkaido, Japan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURE 23a–f. Epeorus aesculus, mature nymph, habitus. a. Male, dorsal view; b. Male, ventral view; c. Male, lateral view; d. Female, dorsal view; e. Female, ventral view; f. Female, lateral view. Scales: a–f 2 mm.