jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Surgical Technique: Treatment of Distal Humerus Nonunions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Open reduction and internal fixation of distal humerus fractures is standard of care with good to excellent outcome for most patients. However, nonunions of the distal humerus still occur. These are severely disabling problems for the patient and a challenge for the treating physician. Fortunately, a combination of standard nonunion techniques with new plate designs and fixation methods allow even the most challenging distal humeral nonunion to be treated successfully. Questions/Purposes The purpose of this manuscript is to describe our current technique in treating distal humeral nonunion as it has evolved over the last four decades. We have now follow-up on 62 treated patients. Methods A few key steps are essential to obtain bone healing while regaining or preserving elbow motion. These include careful planning, extensile exposure, release of the ulnar nerve, capsular release and mobilization of the distal fragment, debridement, and finally stable fixation after alignment with application of bone graft. Results The vast majority of distal humeral nonunions can be treated successfully with open reduction and internal fixation. Conclusion Important components of the treatment plan are careful preoperative planning, extensile approach, debridement, and solid fixation with—locking—plates and liberal use of bone graft.
Carminic acid‐promoted oxygen radical damage to lipid and carbohydrate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The food colouring carminic acid redox cycles to produce free radicals. These radicals, in the presence of trace amounts of iron salts, readily damage membrane lipid and degrade the carbohydrate deoxyribose. Damage to membrane lipid appears to involve mainly organic oxygen radicals such as alkoxy and peroxy radicals, whereas that to deoxyribose implicates the hydroxyl radical formed in a Fenton-type reaction. Antioxidants and iron chelators prevent such damage.
Thermal stress of W/316L stainless steel first wall system based on rough substrate

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Background The magnitude of the thermal stress in the first wall system is one of the key factors affecting the safe operation of the fusion reactor. Purpose This study aims to investigate the effect of a rough substrate on the thermal stress in the W/316L stainless steel first wall system. Method The finite-element analysis software Ansys Workbench was employ to analyze the distribution of thermal stree in a W/316L stainless steel first wall system with a rough substrate. Depth analysis was conducted on factors such as the temperature, coating thickness, and substrate thickness that affect the magnitude of thermal stress. Meanwhile, starting from the interface shear stress in the system, the influence of rough substrate on the bonding strength of coatings was simultaneously investigated. Results The simulation results indicate that the thermal stress in the rough substrate system increases with the the increase of temperature and substrate thickness, but decreases with the increase of coating thickness. The maximum thermal stress and the adhesive strength between the coating and the substrate are raised by the introduction of the rough substrate. Conclusions Results of this study can provide reference for the development of high-adhesive strength first wall coating systems.
On the Use of Pharmacies to Establish a Defibrillator Network: A Data Driven Case Study for the Area of the Peloponnese

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Sudden cardiac arrest (SAC) is a leading cause of mortality. In recent years, though, many lives have been saved through the use of defibrillators by random bystanders. As a result, defibrillators have been popping up in various locations. In this work we propose a state mandate demanding the presence of a defibrillator at every pharmacy store and argue that it could greatly enhance and augment the impact of the defibrillator network. We support our claim via detailed calculations of the immediate (a defibrillator readily available) and partial (a defibrillator available at a reasonable distance) population coverage achievable by the implementation of our proposal, taking the Argolis area in Peloponnese Greece as a case study. Our findings indicate that, in addition to other benefits, the use of pharmacies to establish a defibrillator network could bring an eight-fold increase in the immediate population coverage of defibrillators and would provide immediate / partial access to a defibrillator to 18 / 24 incidents of SCA per year that would otherwise lead to death, potentially leading to the saving of numerous lives. Alternative scenaria are also discussed.
Displacement of the Tyrosyl Radical in RNR Enzyme: A Sophisticated Computational Approach to Analyze Experimental Data

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Amino-acid radicals are involved in the catalytic cycles of a number of enzymes. Advanced spectroscopic and structural studies have been performed since several years to investigate the origin of these protein based radicals. TYR122* is a stable radical that is generated in the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of deoxyribo- nucleotides. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopic experiments performed by Lendzian et al . have shown the orientation of the tyrosyl radical in the active state of E.coli RNR. The different g-tensor values obtained indicate the displacement of the tyrosine radical in the vicinity of the di-iron center, however failed to identify the exact location and orientation of the tyrosyl radical. We applied Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and further mathematical calculations in-silico in order to analyze and interpret the experimental data. The results obtained helped identifying the location and orientation of the tyrosyl radical clarifying the experimental results. For the first time such a comparison was made for the g-factor based orientations obtained from the EPR spectroscopy experiments directly with those of in silico MDsimulations results. This kind of methodology offers a comprehensive knowledge on the structural dynamics of bio molecules and can be easily extended to study other model systems as well.
Numerical Analysis of the Heat and Mass Transfer in a Ventilated Cavity for Turbulent Convective Flow With Extreme Hot and Humid Climate Conditions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT To analyze the temperature and relative humidity ( RH ) in a room located in the Lacandona jungle in Chiapas, Mexico, a numerical heat and mass transfer study was performed. The study was carried out in a ventilated cavity, by introducing air flow into user‐occupied spaces. The study analyzed the combination of temperature and humidity percentage to create thermal comfort conditions. The finite volume method was used to solve the governing equations, while pressure–velocity coupling was done with the SIMPLEC algorithm. Turbulent airflow was considered, and modeled using the k–ε turbulence model, with Reynolds numbers ( Re ) in the range from 100 to 5000. Seven sets of weather conditions were considered for a warm April day with solar radiation values that ranged from 0 to 981 W/m², outdoor temperatures between 19.9°C and 35.3°C, as well as RH from 42% up to 100%. The study analyzed temperature, RH , distribution efficiencies, and heat fluxes. It was found that the average temperature closest to thermal comfort was 25.8°C. This corresponds to an Re = 5000, being the best hygrothermal conditions with an average RH of 50%. However, this level of RH is unattainable by many air conditioning systems.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC DEMONSTRATION OF INDOXYL ACETATE ESTERASE IN RAT LIVER

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Indoxyl acetate esterase was demonstrated in rat liver by an azo-indoxyl method at the fine structural level. The present study on the intracellular localization of esterase activity suggests that the esterase activity in centrifugal fractions might not be the contamination of the microsomal fraction. 10-3 M sodium fluoride completely suppressed the staining of the cytoplasmic membranous structure, but did not suppress the stain of the droplets, exhibiting the so-called peribiliary activity of type A esterase.
Solubility of carbon in 18-percent-chromium 10-percent-nickel austenite

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A series of high-puri ty iron-chromium-nickel alloys, made to a base analysis of 18 percent of chromium and 10 percen t of nickel, and wi t h carbon rangin g from 0.007 to 0.30 percen t, was m elted and sol idified in vacuum .The presence or absence of carbides in t hese alloys after various m echani cal and t hermal t rea tm ents was determined by m etallographi c examinat ion .The practical limit of solubili ty varied from less t han 0.007 per cent of carbon at 1,300° F to sli ghtly m ore than 0.077 p ercent at 1,9 75 ° F , t he hi ghest temperat ure studied.The presence of ferri te and/or sigma a s stable phases in man y of t he alloys \"as est ablished .
Characterization of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine/Cholesterol Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayers Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The addition effects of cholesterol on the dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) monolayer have been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). The phase transformation from pure DPPC to the DPPC/cholesterol phase proceeds through two stages: initial drastic changes in the surface morphology and the conformation of the DPPC acyl chains below 10% cholesterol, and the gradual homogenization of the morphology towards the liquid-order phase up to 35% cholesterol. The IRRAS peak position indicates that the conformational disorder of the acyl chain becomes almost that of the liquid level at 10% cholesterol addition. In the homogeneous liquid-order phase at 35% cholesterol, the terminal methyl groups of the DPPC are aligned in good order similarly to the solidlike gel phase, whereas the acyl chains have a liquid-level disordered conformation.
Study of light scalar mesons from heavy quark decays

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In the SU(3) symmetry limit, the ratio R ≡ B(D + → f 0 l + ν)+B(D + →σ l + ν)is equal to 1 if the scalar mesons are qq states, while it is 3 if these mesons are tetra-quark states.This ratio provides a model-independent way to distinguish the descriptions for light scalar mesons .It also applies to the B -→ Sl -ν and B0 → J/ψ(η c )S decays.The SU(3) symmetry breaking effect is found to be under control, which will not spoil our method.The branching fractions of the D + → Sl + ν, B -→ Sl -ν and B0 → J/ψ(η c )S decays roughly have the order 10 -4 , 10 -5 and 10 -6 , respectively.The B factory experiments and ongoing BEPC-II experiments are able to measure these channels and accordingly to provide the detailed information of the scalar meson inner structure.
A survey of an ectotrophic sand dune forest in the northeast Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) species are poorly known from tropical lowlands of South America.Recent systematic surveys in the reserve Parque Estadual das Dunas do Natal, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, using a purposive sampling approach revealed new and yet undocumented community of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the reserve.Collections made in areas with a ectotrophic tree genera present next to the established walking paths revealed six genera of putative ECM fungi.These fungi belong to the Basidiomycota family Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Hymenochaetaceae, Russulaceae and Sclerodermataceae, all of which are poorly documented from Brazil.The study contributed to the fungal diversity in an ectotrophic sand dune forest in the northeast Brazil, necessary for better understanding of the role of these organisms and their impact in the ecosystem.Discoveries opened additional questionings about the distribution, ecology and taxonomy of the ectomycorrhizal genera in tropical moist broadleaf forests.
Group B streptococci colonization among Saudi women in labor and neonatal acquisition

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Rates of high vaginal Group B Streptococcus colonization and the perinatal transmission were determined in 260 Saudi women admitted for delivery to the Obstetrical Unit of the King Fahd Hospital of the University, Al‐Khobar. Of these women, 24 mothers in labour had vaginal colonization (9.2%). Three neonates acquired. Group B Streptococci soon after birth on more than one body site and the perinatal transmission rate was 12.5%. Implication of these findings are reviewed.
Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Eosinophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is a rare and heterogeneous disorder characterized by gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and eosinophilic infiltration of the GI tract. This chapter presents a case study of 41-year-old male presents with a 3-month history of recurring abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting. Symptoms are dependent upon the site of the GI tract involved and the depth of involvement. The diagnostic criteria include: (i) the presence of GI symptoms, (ii) histopathology demonstrating predominant eosinophilic infiltration, (iii) the absence of other conditions that cause eosinophilia, and (iv) no eosinophilic involvement of organs outside the GI tract. Diagnosis requires a clinical history, physical exam, and documentation of any history of atopic disorders, allergies, and drug allergies. Management strategies are based upon severity of symptoms and include antidiarrheals, dietary adjustments, and steroid therapy. Concurrent extraintestinal manifestations have also been reported, including eosinophilic splenitis, hepatitis, and cystitis.
Sustainable natural bioresources in crop protection: antimicrobial hydroxycoumarins induce membrane depolarization‐associated changes in the transcriptome of Ralstonia solanacearum

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most devastating pathogens affecting crop production worldwide. The hydroxycoumarins (umbelliferone, esculetin and daphnetin) represent sustainable natural bioresources on controlling plant bacterial wilt. However, the antibacterial mechanism of hydroxycoumarins against plant pathogens still remains poorly understood. RESULTS Here we characterized the effect of three hydroxycoumarins on the transcriptome of R. solanacearum . All three hydroxycoumarins were able to kill R. solanacearum , but their antibacterial activity impacted differently the bacterial transcriptome, indicating that their modes of action might be different. Treatment of R. solanacearum cultures with hydroxycoumarins resulted in a large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), involved in basic cellular functions and metabolic process, such as down‐regulation of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis, lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis, RNA modification, ribosomal submits, oxidative phosphorylation and electrontransport, as well as up‐regulation of genes involved in transcriptional regulators, drug efflux, and oxidative stress responses. Future studies based on in vitro experiments are proposed to investigate lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis pathway leading to R. solanacearum cell death caused by hydroxycoumarins. Deletion of lpxB substantially inhibited the growth of R. solanacearum , and reduced virulence of pathogen on tobacco plants. CONCULSION Our transcriptomic analyses show that specific hydroxycoumarins suppressed gene expression involved in fatty acid synthesis, RNA modification, ribosomal submits, oxidative phosphorylation and electrontransport. These findings provide evidence that hydroxycoumarins inhibit R. solanacearum growth through multi‐target effect. Hydroxycoumarins could serve as sustainable natural bioresources against plant bacterial wilt through membrane destruction targeting the lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis pathway.
Nehru’s Model of Economic Growth and Globalisation of the Indian Economy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

After almost three decades of economic reforms, the tasks Nehru outlined on the eve of India’s independence should be invoked for examining how far these reforms constitute a departure from the Nehruvian model. Putting an end to poverty, ignorance, disease and inequality of opportunities were the key goals Nehru outlined on the eve of India’s independence. Nehru valued these objectives not merely for their instrumental value to economic growth, but for their own sake. However, at the height of India’s drive for liberalisation, the welfare state came to be perceived as a hindrance to the country’s global march. With higher economic growth becoming the ultimate end, the Nehruvian logic of looking at economic development as essential for human welfare was largely abandoned. Economic reforms therefore constituted a departure from the Nehruvian model of economic development. The role of the state for regulating economies is now widely recognised at the global level. This necessitates a re-look at Nehru’s model of economic development.
Brief, recurrent, and spontaneous episodes of loss of consciousness in a healthy young male

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sherly Abraham1, Sarath Reddy2, Joseph Abboud2, Krishnamurthy Jonnalagadda3, Sasi K Ghanta1, Vasantha Kondamudi11Family Medicine Department, 2Faculty Attending Cardiology Department, 3Internal Medicine Department, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY, USAIntroduction: Lyme disease is caused by bacterial spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi and is transmitted by Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus ticks, which get infected while feeding on the reservoir host of the bacteria.1 About 248,074 cases of Lyme disease were reported by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1992&amp;ndash;2006.2 Over 95% of these cases are reported from the Northeastern and upper Midwestern United States.3 Carditis is usually a clinical manifestation/complication of Lyme disease and is seen in approximately 5% of untreated cases.4Case presentation: A 32-year-old male Hispanic from Chile presented with brief episodes of loss of consciousness and awareness of irregular heart beat, and denied any history of tick bite. The patient was found to have a heart rate of 40 beats per minute and fluctuating variable atrioventricular blocks. A transvenous pacemaker was placed with good capture. The diagnosis was made with serological testing and gallium scanning. Treatment with antibiotics and continuous cardiac monitoring resulted in remarkable symptomatic improvement of the patient.Conclusion: Absence of history or evidence of tick bite must not rule out the possibility of Lyme carditis in a patient with a transient heart block. Prompt recognition of this reversible cause of heart block is essential for avoiding implantation of an unnecessary, permanent pacemaker.Keywords: Lyme carditis, transient heart block
Charge transport across single‐molecule junctions: charge reconfiguration and structural dynamics

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The charge transport across single‐molecule junctions is often considered as a pure electronic phenomenon. Analysing experiments performed with the mechanically controlled break junction technique, we show that, additionally, both polarization and dynamic motion of the geometric structure of the molecule give important contributions to the charge transport across single‐molecule junctions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sentiment Informed Sentence BERT-Ensemble Algorithm for Depression Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The World Health Organisation (WHO) revealed approximately 280 million people in the world suffer from depression. Yet, existing studies on early-stage depression detection using machine learning (ML) techniques are limited. Prior studies have applied a single stand-alone algorithm, which is unable to deal with data complexities, prone to overfitting, and limited in generalization. To this end, our paper examined the performance of several ML algorithms for early-stage depression detection using two benchmark social media datasets (D1 and D2). More specifically, we incorporated sentiment indicators to improve our model performance. Our experimental results showed that sentence bidirectional encoder representations from transformers (SBERT) numerical vectors fitted into the stacking ensemble model achieved comparable F1 scores of 69% in the dataset (D1) and 76% in the dataset (D2). Our findings suggest that utilizing sentiment indicators as an additional feature for depression detection yields an improved model performance, and thus, we recommend the development of a depressive term corpus for future work.
Pilot study of hepatitis b, c and human immunodeficiency viruses infections among patients with chronic liver diseases from north-east india attending a new tertiary care health set up at shillong

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p class="ABS"><span class="ABS_Bold-Italic" lang="en-GB">Background:</span> Chronic liver diseases (CLD) are major public health concerns in North-Eastern India. Association of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in CLD patients result in atypical presentations with increased severity and duration of illness. Understanding of agent, host, clinical profiles and their co-relationship for better management and prevention of such diseases in the community are important challenges. <span class="ABS_Bold-Italic" lang="en-GB">Aims:</span> To assess sero-prevalance of HBV, HCV, HIV and their co-infection/triple infection in CLD patients from North-East India. To determine risk factors predisposing to development of CLDs. To find out if any correlation exists between risk factors for CLDs and that of HBV/HCV/HIV infections. <span class="ABS_Bold-Italic" lang="en-GB">Materials And Methods:</span> This study was conducted from December 2009 to June 2011 in North-Eastern Indira Gandhi Regional Institute of Health and Medical Sciences. Blood samples were collected from 57 clinically diagnosed CLD patients after obtaining Institutional ethical clearance. Detail clinical profile with relevant biochemical test results were recorded. Viral markers - hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B e (HBe) antigen, anti-HBe and anti-HCV were assessed employing commercial ELISA kits. Specimens were subjected for detection and confirmation of HIV infection as per NACO Guidelines. <span class="ABS_Bold-Italic" lang="en-GB">Results:</span> Male to female ratio was 1.85:1 with most cases in range of 31-50 years. HBV markers were detected in 35 (61.40%) and anti-HCV in 2 (3.5%) patients. Anti-HIV was reactive in 7 (12.28%) patients; 4 co-infected with HBV and 2 with HCV. <span class="ABS_Bold-Italic" lang="en-GB">Conclusion:</span> HBV is still a major cause of CLD, followed by HCV in North-East India. Co-infection of HBV/HCV with HIV was low (7.14%) in comparison to rest of India. Confections of HIV with HBV/HCV in CLDs patients was observed to be major public health concern in terms of risk factors and transmission dynamics of these chronic diseases in North-East India.</p><div> </div>