jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Decades-Scale\nDegradation of Commercial, Side-Chain,\nFluorotelomer-Based Polymers in Soils and Water

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Fluorotelomer-based\npolymers (FTPs) are the primary product of\nthe fluorotelomer industry. Here we report on a 376-day study of the\ndegradability of two commercial acrylate-linked FTPs in four saturated\nsoils and in water. Using an exhaustive serial extraction, we report\nGC/MS and LC/MS/MS results for 50 species including fluorotelomer\nalcohols and acids, and perfluorocarboxylates. Modeling of seven sampling\nrounds, each consisting of ≥5 replicate microcosm treatments,\nfor one commercial FTP in one soil yielded half-life estimates of\n65–112 years and, when the other commercial FTP and soils were\nevaluated, the estimated half-lives ranged from 33 to 112 years. Experimental\ncontrols, consisting of commercial FTP in water, degraded roughly\nat the same rate as in soil. A follow-up experiment, with commercial\nFTP in pH 10 water, degraded roughly 10-fold faster than the circum-neutral\ncontrol suggesting that commercial FTPs can undergo OH<sup>–</sup>-mediated hydrolysis. 8:2Fluorotelomer alcohol generated from FTP\ndegradation in soil was more stable than without FTP present suggesting\na clathrate guest–host association with the FTP. To our knowledge,\nthese are the only degradability-test results for commercial FTPs\nthat have been generated using exhaustive extraction procedures. They\nunambiguously show that commercial FTPs, the primary product of the\nfluorotelomer industry, are a source of fluorotelomer and perfluorinated\ncompounds to the environment.
Dominant frequency bandwidth: an ECG indicator to predict defibrillation success

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Some unidentified factors still affect the defibrillation. In the study, Domain frequency bandwidth (DomB) which reflects the spread of frequency content of the surface electrocardiographic (ECG) waveforms was investigated. Lead I, aVF and V/sub 1/ of the ECG from patients who underwent implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) implantation were analyzed independently. VF waveforms of a total of 83 defibrillation trials were analyzed with steps consisting of application of downsampling, linear phase highpass filtering, and power spectral analysis. 3 seconds of VF waveform prior to the defibrillation shock was used. Statistical analysis was done to detect significant difference between successful and unsuccessful groups. The results showed that all DomBs were significantly smaller for the successful group, and the total power have not significantly difference. DomB values are associated with defibrillation outcome. DomB reflects frequency content spread and is associated with the number and size of wavefronts, thus the organization level of the heart.
Evaluation of various adaptive voltage positioning (AVP) schemes for computer power sources

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The latest computer CPUs require the use of DC power converters with AVP. Three commonly‐used AVP control schemes were compared using small‐signal loop gain analysis. From the comparison results emerges the fourth scheme proposed recently: the Native current‐mode AVP scheme (NAVP). NAVP provides inherent phase current balancing, cycle‐to‐cycle protection, large stability margin, good line regulation, and constant output impedance. It compares favorably against the other three schemes.
Compressing Phasor Measurement data

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Phasor Measurement units (PMU's) are becoming standard equipment in electrical grids around the world. They are capable of generating a significant amount of data on a continuous basis from distribution and transmission networks. Several months of data from 2 PMU's situated on a distribution network were captured in raw format. This data was separated by measurement type and compressed using a number of standard compression algorithms. The results show the compressibility of PMU data for these algorithms and are used to estimate the space requirements for storing a day of data from a single PMU.
PACS photometry of the Herschel Reference Survey – far-infrared/submillimetre colours as tracers of dust properties in nearby galaxies★

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present Herschel/PACS 100 and 160 micron integrated photometry for the 323\ngalaxies in the Herschel Reference Survey (HRS), a K-band-, volume-limited\nsample of galaxies in the local Universe. Once combined with the Herschel/SPIRE\nobservations already available, these data make the HRS the largest\nrepresentative sample of nearby galaxies with homogeneous coverage across the\n100-500 micron wavelength range. In this paper, we take advantage of this\nunique dataset to investigate the properties and shape of the\nfar-infrared/sub-millimeter spectral energy distribution in nearby galaxies. We\nshow that, in the stellar mass range covered by the HRS (8<log(M*/Msun)<12),\nthe far-infrared/sub-millimeter colours are inconsistent with a single modified\nblack-body having the same dust emissivity index beta for all galaxies. In\nparticular, either beta decreases, or multiple temperature components are\nneeded, when moving from metal-rich/gas-poor to metal-poor/gas-rich galaxies.\nWe thus investigate how the dust temperature and mass obtained from a single\nmodified black-body depend on the assumptions made on beta. We show that, while\nthe correlations between dust temperature, galaxy structure and star formation\nrate are strongly model dependent, the dust mass scaling relations are much\nmore reliable, and variations of beta only change the strength of the observed\ntrends.\n
Ligand-Controlled Chemoselective One-Pot Synthesis of Dibenzothiazepinones and Dibenzoxazepinones via Twice Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A highly efficient and generally applicable protocol, starting from 2-bromobenzamides and 2-bromo(thio)phenols via twice copper-catalyzed couplings to afford dibenzothiazepines and dibenzoxazepinones has been developed. High levels of yield and chemoselectivity are achieved in a single-pot reaction by using an appropriate ligand. Moreover, this facile methodology allows rapid access to a variety of bio­active compounds and known psychotropic drug, which should broaden its application in organic synthesis.
Structured versus Semistructured versus Unstructured Interviews

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract The clinical diagnostic interview is used in the mental health field to help clinicians assign reliable and valid psychiatric diagnoses. This diagnostic process has significant applications in both clinical and research settings. Clinical interviews vary with respect to how much structure they have, ranging from completely unstructured to completely structured. This entry reviews three types of clinical diagnostic interview (unstructured, semistructured, and fully structured interviews) and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of each. The entry also includes a brief review of popular semistructured and structured diagnostic interviews for clinical and personality disorders.
Does perioperative hyperoxia alter the incidence of surgical site infection?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pryor KO, Fahey TJ III, Lien CA, Goldstein PA. Surgical site infection and the routine use of perioperative hyperoxia in a general surgical population. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2004;291:79-87. Background : Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common and serious complication following
‘My First Professional Post’: Students' Expectations of the Job Market in Archives and Records Management in the United Kingdom

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article reports on a research project which sought to investigate the expectations and preferences of postgraduate students entering the job market in archives and records management in the United Kingdom. One of the objectives of the research was to find explanations for the varying levels of response to advertised vacancies. The article offers insights into the factors and influences that can determine whether new entrants to the profession decide to apply for a particular job vacancy, and provides some recommendations for employers seeking to fill entry-level posts.
Clinopodium eplingianum (Lamiaceae), a new species from Oaxaca, Mexico

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Recent botanical exploration in grasslands in northwestern Oaxaca have revealed a Clinopodium (Lamiaceae) taxon that cannot be referred to any of the current described species. This plant is most similar to C. hintoniorum from northeastern Mexico, in Nuevo Léon, in general habit and architecture; however, it can be easily distinguished by leaf blade shape and width, calyx teeth shape and length, lack of tufts of hairs between them and a distinction in the relative proportion between calyx and corolla tube. This new species represents an addition to the flora of Oaxaca and to the biogeographic province of Sierra Madre del Sur, being endemic to these two areas. The taxon is here presented as C. eplingianum in honor to Carl Epling, the most prominent scholar in the study of American Lamiaceae. Morphological description, distribution map and illustration of the species are provided.
HIGH- n HYDROGEN RECOMBINATION LINES FROM THE FIRST GALAXIES

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the prospects of blind and targeted searches in the radio\ndomain (10 MHz to 1 THz) for high-n hydrogen recombination lines from the first\ngeneration of galaxies, at z < 10. The expected optically thin spontaneous\nalpha-line luminosities are calculated as a function of the absolute AB\nmagnitude of a galaxy at 1500 angstrom. For a blind search, semi-empirical\nluminosity functions are used to calculate the number of galaxies whose\nexpected flux densities exceed an assumed detectability threshold. Plots of the\nminimum sky area, within which at least one detectable galaxy is expected at a\ngiven observing frequency, in the fiducial instantaneous passband of 10^4 km/s,\nallow to assess the blind search time necessary for detection by a given\nfacility. We show that the chances for detection are the highest in the mm and\nsubmm domains, but finding spontaneous emission in a blind search, especially\nfrom redshifts z >> 1, is a challenge even with powerful facilities, such as\nALMA and SKA. The probability of success is higher for a targeted search of\nlines with principal quantum number n ~ 10 in Lyman-break galaxies amplified by\ngravitational lensing. Detection of more than one hydrogen line in such a\ngalaxy will allow for line identification and a precise determination of the\ngalaxy's redshift.\n
Seed coat regulation of water uptake during imbibition in soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Seed coat characteristics of accessions with contrasting imbibition behavior were studied. Seed coat structure was studied by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. The effects of different methanol and chloroform pre-treatments on seed coat permeability to water were also assessed. Deposits were possibly hydrophilic material. Deep-circular, deep-elongated and shallow pores on the surface of seeds were observed. In seeds of line VLS-1, that possessed a delayed-permeability seed coat characteristic, there was a lack of pores in the abaxial region of the seed coat. In seeds of lines GC 88037-38-2-2 and SS 87040-2-1, that possessed a rapid-permeability seed coat characteristic, a high density of deep and wide open pores were observed. The water-impermeability barrier was most likely in the subcuticular layer. No callose or suberin was detected in the impermeable soybean seed coat. There were no detected differences in the presence of phenolic material between impermeable and permeable seeds. Prolonged methanol pre-treatments were highly effective in increasing the permeability to water by a reversible way that could not be attributed to either the removal of cuticular waxes or extraction of phenolic material from the seed coat.
Heritability of Heart Rate Variability

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background —There is evolving evidence that heart rate (HR) is genetically determined. Heart rate variability (HRV) measured by power spectral analysis provides quantitative phenotypic markers of autonomic nervous system activity. Reported determinants of HR and HRV only partially explain their variability in the population. The purpose of this study was to assess the heritability of HR and HRV and estimate the contribution of genetic factors to their variance. Methods and Results —Subjects who underwent ambulatory recordings at a routine examination were eligible; subjects with congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus, and those taking cardioactive medications were excluded. We analyzed high-frequency power, low-frequency power, very low-frequency power, total power, low-frequency/high-frequency ratio, and the standard deviation of normal R-R intervals from 2-hour continuous ECG recordings. Heritability analysis was done by studying correlations between siblings (n=682, in 291 sibships, 517 pairs) and between spouse pairs (n=206 pairs) after adjusting for important covariates. Results from separate models were combined to estimate the components of variance attributable to measured covariates, additive genetic effects (heritability), and household effects. After adjusting for covariates, the correlations were consistently higher among siblings (0.21 to 0.26) compared with spouses (0.01 to 0.19). The measured covariates in general accounted for 13% to 40% of the total phenotypic variance, whereas genetic factors accounted for 13% to 23% of the variation among HR and HRV measures. Conclusions —Heritable factors may explain a substantial proportion of the variance in HR and HRV. These results highlight the contribution of genetic versus environmental factors to autonomic nervous system activity.
Plaque histology and myocardial disease in sudden coronary death: the Fingesture study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims At least 50% of deaths due to coronary artery disease (CAD) are sudden cardiac deaths (SCDs), but the role of acute plaque complications on the incidence of sudden death in CAD is somewhat unclear. The present study aimed to investigate plaque histology and concomitant myocardial disease in sudden coronary death. Methods and results The study population is derived from the Fingesture study, which has collected data from 5869 consecutive autopsy-verified SCD victims in Northern Finland (population ≈600 000) between 1998 and 2017. In this substudy, histological examination of culprit lesions was performed in 600 SCD victims whose death was due to CAD. Determination of the cause of death was based on the combination of medical records, police reports, and autopsy data. Plaque histology was classified as either (i) plaque rupture or erosion, (ii) intraplaque haemorrhage, or (iii) stable plaque. The mean age of the study subjects was 64.9 ± 11.2 years, and 82% were male. Twenty-four per cent had plaque rupture or plaque erosion, 24% had an intraplaque haemorrhage, and 52% had a stable plaque. Myocardial hypertrophy was present in 78% and myocardial fibrosis in 93% of victims. The presence of myocardial hypertrophy or fibrosis was not associated with specific plaque histology. Conclusion Less than half of sudden deaths due to CAD had evidence of acute plaque complication, an observation which is contrary to historical perceptions. The prevalence of concomitant myocardial disease was high and independent of associated plaque morphology.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of The key nickel enzyme of methanogenesis catalyses the anaerobic oxidation of methane.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Large amounts (estimates range from 70 Tg per year to 300 Tg per year) of the potent greenhouse gas methane are oxidized to carbon dioxide in marine sediments by communities of methanotrophic archaea and sulphate-reducing bacteria, and thus are prevented from escaping into the atmosphere. Indirect evidence indicates that the anaerobic oxidation of methane might proceed as the reverse of archaeal methanogenesis from carbon dioxide with the nickel-containing methyl-coenzyme M reductase (MCR) as the methane-activating enzyme. However, experiments showing that MCR can catalyse the endergonic back reaction have been lacking. Here we report that purified MCR from Methanothermobacter marburgensis converts methane into methyl-coenzyme M under equilibrium conditions with apparent V(max) (maximum rate) and K(m) (Michaelis constant) values consistent with the observed in vivo kinetics of the anaerobic oxidation of methane with sulphate. This result supports the hypothesis of 'reverse methanogenesis' and is paramount to understanding the still-unknown mechanism of the last step of methanogenesis. The ability of MCR to cleave the particularly strong C-H bond of methane without the involvement of highly reactive oxygen-derived intermediates is directly relevant to catalytic C-H activation, currently an area of great interest in chemistry. PMID: 20520712
Polymorphism of proteins in the pretransferrin(Ptf) subregion of blood serum and reproductiveperformance of turkeys

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Serum proteins from 232 J-l 1 and 242 J-22 turkey hens were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The genotypes of proteins from pretransferrin subregions (Ptf) were the basis for dividing the hens into groups A, AB and B. The average level of reproductive parameters was estimated in each group: age at sexual maturity, number and weight of eggs, length of laying period (days), egg fertility, hatchability of set and fertile eggs and body weight of hens in the 30th and 56th weeks of life.Birds with Ptf B /Ptf B genotypes were characterized by a significantly lower value of reproductive traits than were turkey-hens of other genotypes.The low frequency of the Ptf^/Ptf 8 genotypes strain J-22 was found.
The Ethnobotanical Usage of Some East Anatolian (Turkey) Allium L. Species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The materials of this study comprise the plants collected from 1999-2014, from the cities: Agri, Bitlis, Hakkâri, Mus, Tunceli and Van in B10, B9, B8, B7, C10, C9 squares according to grid square system in Flora of Turkey. Most commonly used Allium species in the region are: Allium akaka S. G. Gmel. Ex Schult. & Schult. f., Allium atroviolaceum Boiss., Allium aucheri Boiss., Allium calocephalum Wendelbo, Allium kharputense Freyn & Sint., Allium noeanum Reut. ex Regel, Allium pseudoampeloprasum Miscz. ex Grossh., Allium rhetoreanum Nab., Allium schoenoprasum L., Allium shatakiense Rech. f., Allium shirnakiense L.Behcet & Rustemoglu, Allium szovitsii Regel, Allium tuncelianum (Kolman) Ozhatay, B. Mathew & Siraneci, Allium vineale L.. Local women collect these species from natural habitats for their own needs and to sell at certain public markets to make contribution to the family budget. Green leaves from fresh plants and the bulbs after the completion of the maturity stage are collected and consumed. Beside daily edible use, fresh leaves of Allium species are the main participant of the famous “herby cheese”. Dried leaves are cooked in various meals in winter time. A. tuncelianum is planted in Tunceli and marketed. A. rhetoreanum is planted in gardens in Hakkâri, its fresh leaves are daily consumed as vegetable. In this study 14 species of the genus Allium was given with images in their natural habitats, also images of the collection, drying and marketing processes were given.
Hip‐to‐calcaneus alignment differs from hip‐to‐talus alignment in patients with genu varum deformity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose To (1) compare the weight‐bearing line (WBL) ratios of the knee joints measured using the conventional (hip‐to‐talus radiographs, HTRs) and novel (hip‐to‐calcaneus radiographs, HCRs) orthoradiograms, (2) compare the hip‐knee‐ankle (HKA) angle between cases with < 5% and > 5% differences in WBL ratios between two orthoradiograms, and (3) investigate the optimal cutoff value (COV) of the HKA angle causing inconsistency in the orthoradiograms. Methods Sixty limbs of 31 patients with HTR and HCR records were retrospectively reviewed. After drawing the mechanical axis on each radiograph, the WBL ratios of the knees were calculated and compared between the conventional and novel orthoradiograms. In subgroup analysis, cases with < 5% and > 5% differences in WBL ratios between two orthoradiograms were classified as consistent and inconsistent groups, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic curve based on the HKA angles of the lower limbs was used to identify the COV causing the inconsistency between the orthoradiograms. Results Inter‐ and intra‐rater reliabilities of all radiologic measurements were > 0.75. The WBL ratios showed no significant difference between the two orthoradiograms. However, the HKA angle was significantly larger in the inconsistent group than in the consistent group (7.0° ± 1.8° vs. 4.4° ± 2.5°; P < 0.001). The COV of the HKA angle that caused inconsistency in the two orthoradiograms was 4.0° (area under the curve, 0.774). Conclusion The hip‐to‐calcaneus alignment differed significantly from the hip‐to‐talus alignment in patients with genu varum deformity. HCR measurement can be a complementary method for planning corrective osteotomy for patients with genu varum deformity. Level of evidence IV.
Protein and sulfur amino acid requirement of laying hen as influenced by dietary formulation. Poultry Sci

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

quire 15 percent protein in a diet contain-ing 2,850 kilocalories of metabolizable energy per kilogram. They have also sug-gested that the diet should contain 0.28 percent methionine and 0.25 percent cys-tine. In the past the protein requirement of the laying hen has been reported to be as high as 17 percent and as low as 11 per-cent. A review of the literature concerning protein requirement of the laying hen was made by Harms et al. (1962) in a paper in which it was reported that the energy content of the diet and season of the year would influence this requirement. In a later study (Harms et al., 1966), it was found that each decrease of 22 kilocalories of productive energy per kilogram of feed resulted in a one percent increase in the amount of feed consumed per hen per day. This change in feed intake resulted in a one percent change in the methionine or sulfur amino acid required, expressed on a per unit of feed basis. In this study it was also reported that a daily intake of ap-proximately 0.28 grams of methionine was necessary to support maximum egg pro-duction. A slightly higher level was re-quired for maximum egg weight and body weight gain. This requirement was met by a level of 0.271 percent methionine and 0.475 percent total sulfur amino acids in a diet containing 2,112 kilocalories of productive energy per kilogram. However, a subsequent study by Harms et al. (1967) Florida Agr. Exp. Sta. Journal Series No. 2999. indicated that these levels of sulfur amino acids were marginal for the laying hen and that a consistent increase in egg pro-duction, egg weight and body weight gain was obtained by feeding slightly higher levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of various total protein and sulfur amino acid levels upon the methionine requirement of the laying hen. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Hy-Line 934-H pullets, purchased from a commercial hatchery, were used in these experiments. The chicks were hatched on