jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Underground station environment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An audio-visual model for virtual reality of the Munich underground station Theresienstraße. The model has been created for a highly accurate acoustic rendering over loudspeaker arrays and headphones and for visual representation in virtual reality. The package encompasses a highly accurate spatial geometric model of the underground station, which can be used for acoustic simulations, and a visual model for virtual reality. Both models has been calibrated to a 3D laser scan of the environment. It further includes a definition of two acoustic scenes for the purpose of audiology and hearing research together with the associated measurements of the acoustic impulse responses using a binaural recording system (binaural room impulse responses), a spherical microphone array, and omnidirectional microphones. Further measurements include HRTF measurements and anechoic measurements of the directivity of the sound source.
Methyl Ester Functionalized Phenalenyl Arene- and Bipyridine–Ruthenium-Based Complexes for Electroactive Langmuir–Blodgett Films

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We report the synthesis of a new phenalenyl ligand, functionalized with a methyl ester electron withdrawing group, named 9-hydroxy-1-oxo-1 H-phenalen-5-methyl carboxylate (L), and the generated complexes [Ru(bpy)2L]PF6 and [(η6-C6H6)Ru(L)Cl]. Compounds were characterized by spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction methods, and their electrochemical behavior was investigated via cyclic voltammetry and UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry. The one-electron oxidized compounds have an unpaired electron located in the phenalenyl ring, as supported by theoretical calculations (DFT) and EPR results. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films deposited by [Ru(bpy)2L]2+/3+ species mixed with stearic acid are electroactive, showing a quasi-reversible wave with E1/2Film1 = 0.74 V and E1/2Film2 = 0.81, which are promising systems that allow access to immobilized open-shell species in the film.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Growth and Parthenocarpy in the Dwarf Telephone Pea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Growth in height and production of seedless pods wore studied in Dwarf Telephone pea seedlings treated with relatively large amounts of the potassium salt of gibberellic acid applied in solution to leaflets. Such treatment produced a saturation in growth in height with 2 mg or more per plant when the plants were allowed to grow to maturity. Larger amounts caused no inhibitory effects on growth. Maximum growth with 1 mg per plant was attained only if the treated leaflets were left on the plant for about 14 days, at least, but increasing numbers of weekly 10‐mg applications produced no additional growth affects beyond two applications. Increasing age of plants from 10 to 59 days of age at the time of single 10‐mg applications per plant resulted in decreasing final heights. Gibberellic acid caused the formation of seedless pods a number of weeks after application, and deformed flower petals, elongated peduncles, and conspicuously inflated pods were associated with seedlessness. GA was most effective in inducing parthenocarpy when applied to the first true leaves of young seedlings and became progressively less effective with age. A complete absence of seeds in pods formed on the main plant axis was produced by one application of 10 mg GA per plant, while six applications were required for the suppression of seed formation on side branches.
Apocalyptic Traditions in the Catholic Epistles

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This essay examines the influence of apocalyptic literature and the significance of apocalyptic themes in the Catholic Epistles. While none of the Catholic Epistles is an apocalypse by genre, they all manifest various apocalyptic themes. James reflects a synthesis of apocalyptic and wisdom traditions. The letter of 1 Peter is saturated with apocalyptic themes. This essay therefore selectively investigates the apocalyptic influence in three specific passages: 1 Pet 1:10–12, 3:18–22, and 4:1–6. Jude and 2 Peter, treated together, are deeply saturated in the world of Jewish apocalyptic literature, with Jude directly quoting from 1 Enoch. The essay briefly examines these connections, with particular attention to epistemology, otherworldly places and beings, and eschatology. Apocalyptic themes in the Johannine Epistles are investigated, with particular attention to how the themes of epistemology, cosmology, and eschatology are transmitted through the dualism of the letters.
Dysfunction in the Larynx and Its Surrounding Region Caused by Neuromuscular Diseases.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Respiration, phonation and deglutition are very important functions. Preserving these functions in good condition is necessary for a comfortable life. Therefore, we actively try to treat functional disorders caused by neuromuscular diseases and should join forces with neurologists to obtain adequate results. Respiration, phonation and deglutition are very intimately related. Furthermore, pharyngo-laryngeal and respiratory muscles participate in all functions. Consequently, disorders of these muscles simultaneously induce functional abnormality in respiration, phonation and deglutition and treatment must be planned to correct these three functions. The neuromuscular mechanism in respiration, phonation and deglutition is extremely complicated. The activities of the muscles in respiration, phonation and deglutition are each controlled by a specific pattern generator in the medulla oblongata. These pattern generators are modulated by suprabulbar structures and peripheral information carried through the sensory pathways. Very many neurotransmitters and neuropeptides participate in these neuronal circuits. Numerous diseases cause disturbances in respiration, phonation and deglutition. Diseases of the pyramidal tract, motor nucleuses, and motor nerves induce dysfunction caused by paralysis or weakness of muscles, while diseases of the extra-myramidal tract disturb the pattern of muscle activities. Appropriate movements are not carried out in dysfunction of the sensory pathways. The conditions of disorders are markedly complicated and differ from case to case. Precisely discerning the cause, detailed analysis of the condition and careful planning of treatment produce satisfactory results. Surgical rehabilitation is mainly recommended in paralysis or weakness of muscles, and surgery is occasionally adopted in extra-myramidal tract lesions.
Heavy Quarkonium Production at Threshold: from JLab to EIC

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this contribution we present opportunities to address questions about the origin of mass and spin, probe the existence and nature of the LHCb pentaquark state, and probe the color Van der Waal forces among two color neutral hadrons. The key reaction is elastic production of heavy quarkonia (J/psi and Upsilon) on the nucleon from threshold to large nucleon-quarkonium invariant masses. This is possible when combining the energy range of two high luminosity facilities, Jefferson Lab 12 GeV and an electron ion collider (EIC).
Expert curation of the human and mouse olfactory receptor gene repertoires identifies conserved coding regions split across two exons.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND:Olfactory receptor (OR) genes are the largest multi-gene family in the mammalian genome, with 874 in human and 1483 loci in mouse (including pseudogenes). The expansion of the OR gene repertoire has occurred through numerous duplication events followed by diversification, resulting in a large number of highly similar paralogous genes. These characteristics have made the annotation of the complete OR gene repertoire a complex task. Most OR genes have been predicted in silico and are typically annotated as intronless coding sequences. RESULTS:Here we have developed an expert curation pipeline to analyse and annotate every OR gene in the human and mouse reference genomes. By combining evidence from structural features, evolutionary conservation and experimental data, we have unified the annotation of these gene families, and have systematically determined the protein-coding potential of each locus. We have defined the non-coding regions of many OR genes, enabling us to generate full-length transcript models. We found that 13 human and 41 mouse OR loci have coding sequences that are split across two exons. These split OR genes are conserved across mammals, and are expressed at the same level as protein-coding OR genes with an intronless coding region. Our findings challenge the long-standing and widespread notion that the coding region of a vertebrate OR gene is contained within a single exon. CONCLUSIONS:This work provides the most comprehensive curation effort of the human and mouse OR gene repertoires to date. The complete annotation has been integrated into the GENCODE reference gene set, for immediate availability to the research community.
Finite Kinematic Synthesis of a Cycloidal-Crank Mechanism for Function Generation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The method of complex numbers is applied towards the kinematic synthesis of a planar geared five-bar cycloidal-crank mechanism for approximate function generation with finitely separated precision points. It is shown that up to 10 precision points can be obtained, and a closed-form solution is presented which yields up to 6 different mechanisms with a 6-point approximation. In this method, the designer has control over the design of the cycloidal crank regarding gear ratio and configuration. The method has been programmed for automatic digital computation on the IBM-360 system, and the program is made available to interested readers. An optimization method utilizing iterative application of the closed-form solution is outlined.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Think Pair Share terhadap Hasil Belajar Geografi Siswa Kelas X SMAS Adabiah Padang

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Geography is a subject that contains memorized material, so it seems boring. Therefore, the presence of an interesting learning model is very necessary. To overcome this learning process, teachers are required to use creative learning models. One of the creative learning models is the think pair share cooperative learning model. This research aims to 1) analyze learning outcomes in the control class, 2) analyze learning outcomes in the experimental class, 3) analyze the influence of the Think Pair Share Type Cooperative learning model on students' geography learning outcomes. The research method used is quantitative correlational with experimental research type. In this research, the approach used was a quasi-experiment with a pretest-posttest nonequivalent control design research design. The samples taken in this research were 72 students in two classes, namely classes X E1 and X E2. Data collection techniques include observation, pretest and posttest, questionnaires and documentation, and analyzed using statistical tests such as normality test, homogeneity test, linearity test, partial correlation analysis, simple linear regression analysis, hypothesis and N-Gain. The results of the research showed that the posttest score for the experimental class had an average learning outcome of 85 compared to the control class which obtained an average result of 63. This shows that the experimental class experienced a significant increase in learning outcomes compared to the control class which used the conventional model. The N-Gain test results of students in the experimental class got a percentage of 62% (quite effective), while those in the control class got a percentage of 40% (less effective). Simple linear regression analysis also shows that there is an influence of 51% between the use of the Think Pair Share Type Cooperative learning model and student learning outcomes. Thus, it can be concluded that the Think Pair Share Cooperative learning model has a positive influence on students in learning geography at SMAS Adabiah Padang.
Constraint Embedding for Multibody System Dynamics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes a constraint embedding approach for the handling of local closure constraints in multibody system dynamics. The approach uses spatial operator techniques to eliminate local-loop constraints from the system and effectively convert the system into tree-topology systems. This approach allows the direct derivation of recursive O(N) techniques for solving the system dynamics and avoiding the expensive steps that would otherwise be required for handling the closedchain dynamics. The approach is very effective for systems where the constraints are confined to small-subgraphs within the system topology. The paper provides background on the spatial operator O(N) algorithms, the extensions for handling embedded constraints, and concludes with some examples of such constraints.
Estudio en 21 cm de los brazos interiores de la Via Láctea mediante la aplicación de un modelo observacional de distancias

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An observational distances model has been determined based on the observations at the Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia. The results are shown in diagrams that relate the sun relative radial velocity with the heliocentric distance in the range of galactic longitudes between 297° and 342° at constant intervals of 3° ( b = 0 ). Typical examples of these are given in Figure 1. From the comparison of this model curves and the ones of the homogeneous mass distribution, it is possible to determine the number of more important structures in the fourth quadrant (v < 0 ) and its tangential points. Those galactic longitudes has been compared with those from the continuum. There is a good agreement between them ( Table I). The galactic structure in the fourth quadrant was studied applying this model. There were found 26 concentrations of neutral hydrogen that are shown in (l, b ) diagrams in Figures 4. Since, for negative velocities it is not possible to give a single value of the distance for each concentration, a comparison was made with optical objects, Weaver’s predictions for the occidental galactic hemisphere and Lin’s model. The conclusions are shown in Figures 7 and 8.
Abrasion of eroded and sound enamel by a dentifrice containing diamond abrasive particles

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Eroded enamel is more susceptible to abrasive wear than sound enamel. New toothpastes utilizing diamond particles as abrasives have been developed. The present study investigated the abrasive wear of eroded enamel by three commercially available toothpastes (one containing diamond particles) and compared it to the respective wear of sound enamel caused by these toothpastes. Seventy-two bovine enamel samples were randomly allocated to six groups (S1–S3 and E1–E3; n=12). Samples were submitted to an abrasive (S1–S3) or erosion plus abrasion (E1–E3) cycling. Per cycle, all samples were brushed (abrasion; 20 brushing stokes) with the following toothpastes: S1/E1: Signal WHITE SYSTEM, S2/E2: elmex KARIESSCHUTZ and S3-E3: Candida WHITE DIAMOND (diamond particles). Groups E1–E3 were additionally eroded with HCl (pH 3.0) for 2 min before each brushing procedure. After 30, 60 and 90 cycles enamel wear was measured by surface profilometry. Within the same toothpaste and same number of cycles, enamel wear due to erosion plus abrasion was significantly higher than due to mere abrasion. After 30, 60 and 90 cycles, no significant difference in the wear in groups S1 and S2 was observed while the wear in group E1 was significantly (p<0.05, ANOVA, Scheffecyc) lower than that in group E2. After 90 cycles, wear in group S3 was about 5 times higher than that in group S2, while wear in group E3 was about 1.3 times higher than that in group E2. As compared to the other two investigated toothpastes, the dentifrice containing diamond particles caused slightly higher abrasive wear of eroded enamel and distinctly higher wear of sound enamel compared to the conventional toothpastes under investigation.
ABO phenotype protected reproduction as it is based on specific fucosylations.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The molecular biological relationship between human fertility and the formation of the ABO(H) blood group phenotype is evident in the rare (Oh) or Bombay blood type, which, based on the history of his own family, the Darwin/Wedgewood Dynasty, Charles Darwin would have interpreted as resulting from reduced fertility in consanguinities. In its native form, the Bombay type occurs in individuals with an extremely rare genotype (h/h;se/se), in whom the fucosyltransferases FUT1 and FUT2 are not produced due to point mutations. These enzymes, which are encoded on chromosome 19, are epistatically connected with the A and B allelic glycotransferase functions encoded on chromosome 9, and the fucosyl residues provide the functional-structural basis for the formation of any ABO(H) phenotype on the cell surface or in secretions and plasma proteins. Immunoglobulins are also heavily fucosylated, and fucosyl residues appear, via developmental variations in their positions on cell surfaces and on the heavy chains of immunoglobulins, to increase or reduce antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity involving physiological anti-self-reactivity; moreover, by regulating the assembly and intracellular signalling of precursor B cell receptors, the core fucosylation of immunoglobulin heavy chains represents a key mechanism in clonal selection. In fact, the seminal plasma of leukospermic infertile men has been reported to exhibit high levels of poorly core-fucosylated IgG. Thus, when antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can be increased 50-fold simply by removing the single fucose residue from the Fc glycan, in Bombay type individuals, the non-somatic glycosylation processes of embryogenic stem cell-to-germ cell transformation are most likely exposed to metabolic competition with multiple glycosidic sites of poorly fucosylated, glycan-depleted immunoglobulins, suggesting to promote anti-self-reactive cellular cytotoxicity in male gamete performance.
Performing finance: the industry, the media and its image

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Much of the academic finance literature has been devoted to theoretical principles concerning portfolio design, the efficient market and strategic asset allocation. Similarly, industry organization studies have been concerned with the fundamentals of firm structure, entry and exit from the industry, and spatial and industrial concentration. But finance is also a never-ending series of daily stories, issuing from the pink pages of respectable broadsheet newspapers and other print media and increasingly dominated by the cacophony of voices, images and events broadcast by television and on-line real-time data services. Finance has become a media event, with its breathless reporters and star anchorpersons more often approximating Entertainment Tonight or even (at the limit) MTV. This fact of financial life could be treated as ephemeral and of minor significance (compared to the 'real' facts of economic principles). But financial institutions take it very seriously indeed. How and why this is the case are the topics of this paper. Drawing upon recent studies of the industry and media, as well as our own studies of the industry and its decision-making protocols, we sketch the elements of finance as entertainment. We emphasize the format and content of morning shows such as those broadcast on CNBC as well as the implications of programmes like these for the trading strategies of major financial conglomerates. The paper closes with comments on the implied research agenda.
e-beam transport properties in a focusing laser field

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper studies the focusing characteristics of the relativistic e-beam in a radially polarized axisymmetric laser field. A root mean square (rms) envelope equation, which describes the evolution of the relativistic e-beam rms envelope has been derived. Together with analytical calculations and simulations of electron trajectories, the e-beam transport properties in the laser fields are studied and the possible application of this laser configuration as a laser-based lens is analysed.
Algorithm for image-based biomarker detection for differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The necessity is greater than ever for a methodology to both diagnose at early stage and evaluate the progression of Parkinson Disease (PD). In this paper, we propose an interesting and innovative methodology for pattern recognition based automated individual-level clinical diagnosis of PD. It makes use of a unique combination of machine learning tools and statistical tools. The methodology comprises of three major steps. First, pre-processed brain Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) are modelled using Self-Organizing Map (SOM) for feature generation. Second, Fisher-Discriminant Ratio (FDR) is used to reveal distinctive feature(s). Third, Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LS-SVM) is used for Individual-level patient classification. The applicability of the proposed methodology has been demonstrated using 831 T1-weighted MRIs obtained from Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) database. We have achieved classification accuracy of up to 97% for differential diagnosis of PD with confidence interval of 99.9%. This method is particularly suited for diagnosing patients in early stages of the disease, i.e., patients in age of 31- 60 years. In the present landscape, Brain MRI is routinely performed to assist PD diagnosis in clinical settings. Thus, the induction of the proposed methodology as a decision support system could make a significant impact on treatment strategies especially by aiding early-stage disease diagnosis.
Publishing Trends in the Field of Pediatric Emergency Medicine From 2004 to 2013

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To identify publishing trends within the field of pediatric emergency medicine between 2004 and 2013. Methods We conducted a MEDLINE search of pediatric emergency medicine articles, filtered by clinical trial, published between 2004 and 2013 in ten journals from the fields of pediatrics, emergency medicine, general medicine, and pediatric emergency medicine. Each article was classified by journal type, study design, results (positive or negative/equivocal), age/type of subjects, and major topic (based on the objective of the study). Articles were stratified by publication period (2004–2008 or 2009–2013) to analyze trends. Results A total of 464 articles were analyzed. The majority of articles were described as randomized-controlled trials (47%) with negative/equivocal findings (70%). The most common major topics were pain management, asthma, sedation, bronchiolitis, resuscitation, simulation, and ultrasound. Over time, the percentage of articles published in pediatrics and pediatric emergency medicine journals increased ( P = 0.0499) and the percentage for all study designs increased except for randomized controlled trials ( P = 0.0089). There were no differences between the 2 publication periods when stratified by results, age/type of subjects, and major topic. Conclusions By identifying these trends, we hope to encourage researchers to perform studies in the field of pediatric emergency medicine where deficiencies lie and to guide pediatric health care professionals to where published, evidence-based studies can be found in the medical literature.