jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Quantitative SERS by hot spot normalization – surface enhanced Rayleigh band intensity as an alternative evaluation parameter for SERS substrate performance

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The performance of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates is typically evaluated by calculating an enhancement factor (EF). However, it is challenging to accurately calculate EF values since the calculation often requires the use of model analytes and requires assumptions about the number of analyte molecules within the laser excitation volume. Furthermore, the measured EF values are target analyte dependent and thus it is challenging to compare substrates with EF values obtained using different analytes. In this study, we propose an alternative evaluation parameter for SERS substrate performance that is based on the intensity of the surface plasmon enhanced Rayleigh band (IRayleigh) that originates from the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) of the laser. Compared to the EF, IRayleigh reflects the enhancing capability of the substrate itself, is easy to measure without the use of any analytes, and is universally applicable for the comparison of SERS substrates. Six SERS substrates with different states (solid, suspended in liquid, and hydrogel), different plasmonic nanoparticle identities (silver and gold), as well as different nanoparticle sizes and shapes were used to support our hypothesis. The results show that there are excellent correlations between the measured SERS intensities and IRayleigh as well as between the SERS homogeneity and the variation of IRayleigh acquired with the six SERS substrates. These results suggest that IRayleigh can be used as an evaluation parameter for both SERS substrate efficiency and reproducibility.
Comparative MLVA-Analysis of Vibrio cholerae Strains of Classical Biovar, Isolated in the Russian Federation and Abroad

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Objective of the study is to determine phylogenetic affinity of the Vibrio cholerae strains of classical biovar, isolated between 1937 and 1969 in Russia, to the strains from near and far abroad countries. Materials and methods. Utilized were 27 Vibrio cholerae strains of classical biovar. PCR was carried out applying “BIS M112” amplifier. Genetic analyzer ABI 3500xl was used for sequencing of the strains. MLVA-analysis was performed by reference to 5 MLVA-loci: VC0147, VC0436-0437, VC1650, VCA0171, and VCA0238. Nutrient requirement and soluble hemagglutinin/protease production was established using plate method. Results and conclusions. Identified have been 8 MLVA-clusters and 21 MLVA-types. It is determined that the strains, isolated during atypical cholera outbreak 1942–1943 in Russia, are inhomogeneous as regards phenotype and genotype and fall into two separate groups, one of which is related to the strain, isolated during cholera outbreak 1938 in Khabarovsk, and another group – to the strains from India and China, isolated in 1946 and 1949, respectively.
SPATIAL SOUND RECORDING WITH DENSE MICROPHONE ARRAYS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Multichannel recordings are usually performed by means of microphone arrays. In many cases and discrete microphone arrays are used, where each microphone is employed for capturing one of the channels, which in turn is routed to one loudspeaker. However, also the usage of microphone arrays has a long history, dating back to the first MS-matrixed microphones setups and passing through the whole Ambisonics saga. A dense microphone array is employed differently from a sparse array: each channel is obtained by a combination of the signals coming from all the capsules, by means of different matrixing and filtering approaches. And similarly, each loudspeaker feed results from a re-matrixing of all the transmitted channels. This paper is the third of a series: in the previous two [1,2] a numerical method for computing a matrix of FIR filter was employed for processing the microphone signals (encoding, [1]) and for computing the speaker feeds (decoding, [2]). In this third paper, the same numerical approach is extended to intermediate processing (rotation, zooming, stretching, spatial equalization, etc.): hence we have now a general meta-theory, providing a unique framework capable of processing the signals for any kind of dense microphone array, providing any kind of intermediate manipulation, and finally projecting the signal to every kind of loudspeaker arrays. The same framework can operate according to different standards and formats, including A-format (raw signals), B-format (High Order Ambisonics signals), G-format (speaker feeds) and P-format (Spatial PCM Sampling signals), and can be used for converting freely among them. Experimental results are presented, including traditional tetrahedral probes, a commercial spherical microphone array, and two newly-developed massive microphone arrays developed by the authors, a cylindrical and a planar array, both incorporating 32 high-quality condenser microphones and a panoramic video camera.
A novel route to trans-THFs and the synthesis of sylvaticin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

trans-2,5-Disubstituted-tetrahydrofurans (THFs) are a common structural motif in many biologically active natural products, particularly in the Annonaceous acetogenins. This thesis develops a new route for their synthesis and applies it to the total synthesis of the Annonaceous acetogenin sylvaticin. Chapter 1: Introduction – Synthetic routes to trans-2,5-substituted tetrahydrofurans This chapter reviews methods for the synthesis of trans-2,5-THFs that have been applied to natural products synthesis. Chapter 2: Results & Discussion – A Novel Route to trans-THFs The rearrangement of activated 2,5-disubstituted cis-THFs is reviewed and is developed into a new synthetic method for the synthesis of trans-THFs. The reaction proceeds via a hydride shift mechanism to form an oxonium ion. Intramolecular reduction by a tethered hydrosilane stereoselectively forms the trans-THF. The mechanism of the rearrangement is investigated with the use of different stereoisomers and a deuterium labelling study. A cross-over study is carried out which confirms the reaction occurs via the proposed hydride shift mechanism. Chapter 3: Introduction – The Annonaceous Acetogenins This chapter introduces the Annonaceous acetogenins, a biologically active class of natural products often found with THF rings in their structure. The three key areas for their synthesis are explored- the synthesis of the THF core, the synthesis of the butenolide ring, and their coupling. Chapter 4: Results & Discussion – The Synthesis of Sylvaticin The Annonaceous acetogenin sylvaticin is introduced, and its isolation in nature and biological activity reviewed. With the aid of a model system study to extend the scope of the reaction, the methodology developed in Chapter 2 is then applied to the synthesis of sylvaticin. The synthesis, the first to be reported, is completed in a total of 19 linear steps starting from commercially available tetradecatetraene. In order to prove the obtained structure is that found in nature, a comprehensive investigation is undertaken using Mosher ester derivatives and the synthesis of its bis-epimer, 4,36-epi,epi sylvaticin. Chapter 5: Experimental Full experimental procedures and characterisation of compounds are reported.
Biatrial Cardiac Metastases in a Patient with Uterine Cervix Malignant Melanoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary malignant melanomas of uterine cervix are quite rarely seen neoplasms, and long-life prognosis of patients with this disease is poor. Immunohistochemical methods and exclusion of other primary melanoma sites are used to confirm the diagnosis. As with other melanomas, cervix malignant melanomas may also cause cardiac metastases. Cardiac metastases are among rarely seen but more commonly encountered cases, compared to primary cardiac tumors. Here, we present a case of biatrial cardiac metastases in a 73-year-old patient with uterine cervix malignant melanomas. The patient underwent echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and computed tomography. Our report shows the importance of advanced diagnostic techniques, such as cardiac magnetic resonance, not only for the detection of cardiac masses, but for a better anatomic definition and tissue characterization. Although the cases of malignant melanomas leading to multiple cardiac metastasis were reported in literature, the metastatic concurrence of malignant melanomas in both right and left atriums is quite rarely encountered as metastatic malignant melanomas. Also, another intriguing point in our case is that the primary lesion of our case was stemmed from uterine cervix, but not skin.
TRAVEL ACTIVITY BEHAVIOUR: AN ANALYSIS ON THE BASIS OF ACTIVITY PATTERNS AND SOCIO ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Transport planners use traffic and transport models for planning transport infrastructure. These mathematical models have been modified many times during the last decades, the seventies being the most important era. Because of environmental pollution problems, traffic congestion in town centres, and the energy crisis, an attempt to change the traffic and transport policy, was made. Models were developed as well, the disaggregate models being the most important. These disaggregate models were improved, but can be improved still further. At this moment these models are mostly estimated, segmented into three or four destination motives. In this study an attempt is made to make another market segmentation of these disaggregate models as well as the destination motive. Firstly a classification of groups with specific activity patterns is identified. Thereafter a study was undertaken to ascertain whether the transport behaviour of these groups was different. A number of characterized activity patterns have been found by cluster analyses. Research was then undertaken to see if the respondents in those clusters had any significant social-economic characteristics. Three such characteristics were found by which the clusters could be identified: age, position in the household and social status. With these three characteristics a new market-segmentation was made of eight groups and from these eight groups the transport behaviour was studied for vehicle ownership, model split, occupation and driving licence. (TRRL)
A Casino Gambling Model Under Cumulative Prospect Theory: Analysis and Algorithm

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We develop an approach to solve the Barberis casino gambling model [Barberis N (2012) A model of casino gambling. Management Sci. 58(1):35–51] in which a gambler whose preferences are specified by the cumulative prospect theory (CPT) must decide when to stop gambling by a prescribed deadline. We assume that the gambler can assist their decision using independent randomization. The problem is inherently time inconsistent because of the probability weighting in CPT, and we study both precommitted and naïve stopping strategies. We turn the original problem into a computationally tractable mathematical program from which we devise an algorithm to compute optimal precommitted rules that are randomized and Markovian. The analytical treatment enables us to confirm the economic insights of Barberis for much longer time horizons and to make additional predictions regarding a gambler’s behavior, including that, with randomization, a gambler may enter the casino even when allowed to play only once and that it is prevalent that a naïf never stops loss. This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance. Funding: The first author acknowledges support from National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 11901494] and Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province [Grant 2019A1515011396]. The second author gratefully acknowledges support from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme/European Research Council [ERC Starting Grant RobustFinMath 335421]. The third author gratefully acknowledges financial support through start-up grants at both the University of Oxford and Columbia University, as well as through the Oxford–Nie Laboratory for Financial Big Data and the Nie Center for Intelligent Asset Management. Supplemental Material: Data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4414 .
Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Enigmatic Ghost Lineage Cylindrotomidae (Diptera: Nematocera)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Ghost lineages have always challenged the understanding of organism evolution. They participate in misinterpretations in phylogenetic, clade dating, biogeographic, and paleoecologic studies. They directly result from fossilization biases and organism biology. The Cylindrotomidae are a perfect example of an unexplained ghost lineage during the Mesozoic, as its sister family Tipulidae is already well diversified during the Cretaceous, while the oldest Cylindrotomidae are Paleogene representatives of the extant genus Cylindrotoma and of the enigmatic fossil genus Cyttaromyia. Here We clarify the phylogenetic position of Cyttaromyia in the stem group of the whole family, suggesting that the crown group of the Cylindrotomidae began to diversify during the Cenozoic, unlike their sister group Tipulidae. We make a comparative analysis of all species in Cyttaromyia, together with the descriptions of the two new species, C. gelhausi sp. nov. and C. freiwaldi sp. nov., and the revision of C. obdurescens. The cylindrotomid biogeography seems to be incongruent with the phylogenetic analysis, the apparently most derived subfamily Stibadocerinae having apparently a ‘Gondwanan’ distribution, with some genera only known from Australia or Chile, while the most inclusive Cylindrotominae are Holarctic.
Three Dimensional Characterization of Deformation Twins Using Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Hexagonal closed-packed (HCP) metals have been extensively used in various industrial sectors, eg, zirconium in nuclear industry, magnesium in transportation industry, and titanium in aerospace industry. Understanding deformation mechanisms of HCP metals is crucial for developing predictive models that can be used for performance and failures analysis of engineering components. The two main deformation modes in HCP polycrystals are slip and twinning. While deformation by slip is well understood, many fundamental questions about twinning are still remained unanswered. The aim of this research is to employ a novel experimental technique, three-dimensional synchrotron X-ray diffraction, on two different HCP metals and acquire a statistical data that can help us understand fundamentals of deformation twinning. After a literature review in chapter two, the steps used for preparing samples, conducting the experiment, and post-processing the collected diffraction patterns are explained in chapter 3. The results of the experiments on zirconium and magnesium samples are provided and discussed in chapters 4, and 5, respectively. This is followed by conclusions and future work. By updating and developing new procedures for grain matching, more than 19000 grains are investigated individually. It is shown for the first time that twin variant selection is preferential in the plastic zone, yet not at the early stages of plasticity. It is shown that due to local and macroscopic stress configurations, twins in zirconium are generally relaxed along the loading direction, but not in magnesium. In this thesis, the very first in-situ cyclic compress-tension experiment on magnesium was conducted where twinning and de-twinning were fully observed in 3D. Understanding the mechanism of twin nucleation and propagation can help us update our existing numerical models and improve our predictions.
Nonnecrotizing anterior scleritis mimicking orbital inflammatory disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Anterior scleritis is an uncommon form of ocular inflammation, often associated with coexisting autoimmune disease. With early recognition and aggressive systemic therapy, prognosis for resolution is good. The diagnosis of underlying autoimmune disease involves a multidisciplinary approach. Case report: A 42-year-old African American female presented to the Eye Clinic at the San Francisco Veteran Affairs Medical Center, with a tremendously painful left eye, worse on eye movement, with marked injection of conjunctiva. There was mild swelling of the upper eyelid. Visual acuity was unaffected, but there was a mild red cap desaturation. The posterior segment was unremarkable. The initial differential diagnoses included anterior scleritis and orbital inflammatory disease. Oral steroid treatment was initiated with rapid resolution over a few days. Orbital imaging was unremarkable, and extensive laboratory work-up was positive only for antinuclear antibodies. The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic diffuse, nonnecrotizing anterior scleritis and has been followed for over 5 years without recurrence. The rheumatology clinic monitors the patient closely, as suspicion remains for potential arthralgias including human leukocyte antigen-B27-associated arthritis, lupus-associated arthritis, seronegative rheumatoid arthritis, recurrent juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and scleroderma, based on her constitutional symptoms and clinical presentation, along with a positive anti-nuclear antibody lab result. Conclusion: Untreated anterior scleritis can progress to formation of cataracts, glaucoma, uveitis, corneal melting, and posterior segment disease with significant risk of vision loss. Patients with anterior scleritis must be aggressively treated with systemic anti-inflammatories and monitored for recurrence of sight-threatening or life-threatening complications relating to systemic disease. Keywords: anterior scleritis, nonnecrotizing scleritis, ocular inflammation, anti-inflammatory therapy, systemic steroids
Immediate and Residual Haematotoxicity in Mice Exposed to Wastewater from a Cocoa Processing Industry

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study investigated the constituents and haematotoxic potential of wastewater collected from a cocoa processing industry in mice. The mice were intraperitoneally injected for 5 consecutive days with 0.3mL of 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50% concentrations of the wastewater. Blood was collected from some mice on the last day of the injection to assess the immediate effect of the wastewater on selected haematological parameters while blood was collected from others 21 days after the last injection to assess its residual effect. Blood collected were analyzed using an Abacus Reflotron machine. Haematological parameters including packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), red blood cells (RBC), heamaglobin (HGB), lymphocytes, erythrocyte indices: Mean corpuscular heamaglobin count (MCHC), mean corpuscular heamablobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV); leucocyte differential count: Neutrophils, Monocytes, Basophils and Eosinophils were analyzed. A significant decrease in basophils, MCH, MCHC, HGB, and PCV; and a significant increase in neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, MCV, total WBC count, and lymphocytes were observed in mice exposed to the wastewater compared to the negative control after 5 days. A similar trend of the alterations of the heamatological parameters was observed in mice 21 days after exposure, even though the values were numerically lower than in the 5 days exposed mice. Results further showed the presence of Zn, Cd, As, Mg, Ni, Cu, Fe, Cr, BOD, COD, and EC at concentrations higher than allowable limit by standard organization. Cocoa industry wastewater is capable of inducing hematotoxicity, therefore, proper waste management should be followed in the disposal of such toxic waste.
THE INDIA–WORLD BANK: HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Cooperation between the World Bank and India goes back to the foundation of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) in 1944. As one of 44 countries, India prepared the agenda for the Bretton Woods Conference in June 1944. The Indian delegation led by Sir Jeremy Raisman, Finance Member of the Government of India, proposed the name "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development India managed to lift 133 million people out of poverty between 1994 and 2012. However, India with a population of 1.3 billion shows 5% of its population living in extreme poverty. In June 2018, India ran a current account deficit of USD 15.8 billion, marking the highest deficit in the last five years. India exported USD 261 billion in 2016, making it the 17th largest exporter in the world. However, India's export structure is still not really diversified and focuses primarily on commodities and primary products. Diamonds and jewelry and packaged pharmaceuticals account for about 20% of the export sector
Phosphatases as targets for cancer treatment.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Although protein kinases are the molecular targets for an increasing number of anticancer agents, there is a notable absence of drugs targeting protein phosphatases, the biochemical counterpart of the protein kinases. This absence is particularly striking because many cancer-relevant pathways are also controlled by protein phosphatases, which can function abnormally in human tumors. Several research groups are searching for drug-like inhibitors of phosphatase-based cancer targets. This review examines several protein phosphatases for which investigational anticancer agents have been identified and are being investigated.
Direct observation of a liquid film under a vapor environment in a pool boiling using a nanofluid

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The existence of a liquid film separating a vapor bubble from a heated solid surface is confirmed using a nanofluid. The existence of such a liquid film had been a theoretical premise of the critical heat flux mechanism, significantly difficult to verify through experimental observations. Here, we show that a liquid film under a massive vapor bubble adheres to a heated solid surface. The liquid film comes into being trapped in a dynamic coalescence environment of nucleate bubbles, which grow and depart continuously from the heated surface. In its dryout process, the liquid film displays vapor “holes” originating from the rupture of discrete nucleating bubbles. The dryout process of the liquid film can be understood from the vaporization of rims of the holes and of smooth film region.