jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of gravitation vector orientation relative to the solidification front on the micro- and macrohomogeneity of semiconductor crystals grown under terrestrial and space conditions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The influence of gravitation vector orientation relative to the solidification front on the dopant distribution micro- and macrohomogeneity in vertical oriented crystallization of highly Ga-doped Ge crystals has been investigated using computer simulation. The deviation of the axis for crystal growth relative to the g 0 vector, when a free surface of the melt is present, has been found to provide the formation of striations with a reduced dopant concentration. The influence of the solidification rate, convective and diffusion mass flows on the dopant distribution macrohomogeneity has been investigated.
High-resolution characterization of the coagulation and drying processes of whole blood based on optical coherence tomography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Escaping whole blood exhibits biochemical and physical coupled mechanisms such as coagulation and drying. However, there is no method for simultaneously monitoring the coagulation and drying procedure. Methods: In this study, a new method based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) combined with speckle variance and thickness is presented for simultaneously capturing spatially high-resolved characteristics of coagulation and drying of whole blood during the procedure. Deep learning based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) is employed for collecting OCT images with a resolution of micron order and quantitatively obtaining pixel-wise information of whole blood. Results and discussion: Then, the pixel-wise thickness map provides high-resolved temporal–spatial dynamics of whole blood during the drying procedure, and the corresponding speckle variance can uncover information of whole blood coagulation. The results demonstrate that coagulation and drying of whole blood have spatially inhomogeneous features. This method could provide the potential for revealing the coupling mechanism between coagulation and drying.
Role of Management Accounting in Accounting in General

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The article elucidates main scientific approaches to understanding of essence of management accounting. From scientific studies of domestic scientists it is concluded that most of them classify management accounting under competence of accounting in general. It is shown that the first institutional factors concomitant with division of general theory of accounting into financial and management components were development of forms of business and implementation of accounting standards and manuals. Additional institutional factors leading to present-day frequent interpretation of management accounting as 'shadow book-keeping' are economic and fiscal opportunism of businessmen and managers. The statement is grounded that the management accounting as integral component of accounting in general is embodiment of the best accounting practice not regulated by accounting standards and manuals. It is demonstrated that the data of official financial accounting are used in managing of the companies. It is due to the fact that most of the financial accounting rules were set up by institutionalization of the key non-formal accounting rules. On the basis of this conclusion the necessity is proved for transformation of financial and management accounting into unified system of accounting which would be primarily directed towards management purposes but would provide at the same time, in accordance with the frame rules of accounting standards, financial reporting for needs of external users.
Biological function derived from predicted structures in CASP11

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT In CASP11, the organizers sought to bring the biological inferences from predicted structures to the fore. To accomplish this, we assessed the models for their ability to perform quantifiable tasks related to biological function. First, for 10 targets that were probable homodimers, we measured the accuracy of docking the models into homodimers as a function of GDT‐TS of the monomers, which produced characteristic L‐shaped plots. At low GDT‐TS, none of the models could be docked correctly as homodimers. Above GDT‐TS of ∼60%, some models formed correct homodimers in one of the largest docked clusters, while many other models at the same values of GDT‐TS did not. Docking was more successful when many of the templates shared the same homodimer. Second, we docked a ligand from an experimental structure into each of the models of one of the targets. Docking to the models with two different programs produced poor ligand RMSDs with the experimental structure. Measures that evaluated similarity of contacts were reasonable for some of the models, although there was not a significant correlation with model accuracy. Finally, we assessed whether models would be useful in predicting the phenotypes of missense mutations in three human targets by comparing features calculated from the models with those calculated from the experimental structures. The models were successful in reproducing accessible surface areas but there was little correlation of model accuracy with calculation of FoldX evaluation of the change in free energy between the wild‐type and the mutant. Proteins 2016; 84(Suppl 1):370–391. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
BRITISH LIBRARIES SUFFER LOSSES

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

To the Editor:— A new Aid to Britain has been established by the Medical Library Association. Letters were sent a few months ago to the medical libraries of England and Scotland asking how much damage had been suffered to their books. The Medical Library Association has offered to restore these losses as far as possible from duplicate books and journals in the American medical libraries. The British librarians are responding enthusiastically, saying that such an understanding of their difficulties and the desire to cooperate in rehabilitating libraries that have suffered damage through enemy action make the burden easier to bear. Most of the libraries succeeded in moving their books to safer areas before the bombing reached their buildings. However, they have suffered considerable loss of recent journals through sinking of vessels enroute to England. Shipments of November issues of American journals seem to have been particularly unfortunate. The medical library
Acestrorhynchus grandoculis Menezes, Gery 1983

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Acestrorhynchus grandoculis Menezes, Géry, 1983 Acestrorhynchus grandoculis Menezes, Géry, 1983:582, fig. 8. Type locality: Mouth of Rio Urubaxi in Rio Negro, State of Amazonas, Brazil. Holotype: MZUSP 25863. Distribution: 307, 314, 316, 321 (Menezes, Gery, 1983; Toledo-Piza, Menezes, 1996; Toledo-Piza et al., 2013).
[Enkephalinase activity in the guinea pig model of asthma].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Enkephalinase exists in airway epithelial cells, smooth muscle, and submucosa near glands, and cleaves tachykinins to inactive metabolites, thereby reducing there effects. To study the role of enkephalinase in asthmatic response, we measured its activity in guinea pig model of asthma. When compared with the control values, the enkephalinase activity was reduced during in immediate asthmatic response (IAR) and late asthmatic response (LAR). Compared with the control values (100%), each value was 79.7%, 73.4% in the trachea and 74.3%, 55.7% in the lung respectively. Tracheal muscle preparation taken from the control, IAR, and LAR groups were made and mounted in oxygenated modified Krebs-Ringer solution. The response was monitored by isometric transducer. Concentration response curves to NKA with or without phosphoramidon were obtained. The contractile responses of the LAR groups were enhanced in potency and efficiency. Phosphoramidon potentiated the NKA induced contraction of control and the IAR groups but was less potent in enhancing the contractile response in the LAR group, showing less enkephalinase activity in the LAR. These results suggest that the enkephalinase plays an important role in LAR. In LAR, the enkephalinase activity may be inhibited and the responsiveness of the smooth muscle to some bronchoconstrictor, such as tachykinins, may be increased.
Emerging patterns of Korean English

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter recognises that these features are generated not only by Korean English speakers but also by English speakers worldwide through the regular and pervasive contact between the two languages. Both Englishised Korean and Korean English are the result of language contact between Korean and English. Arguably, both can be the vehicles for potential features of Korean English, although the nature of language contact is different. With regard to Korean English, the English language undergoes linguistic adaptation with features of the Korean language. This linguistic phenomenon is labelled the "nativisation" of English. In Korean, situationally or contextually predictable words are often deleted from the sentence. For this reason, a Korean English speaker would apply this convention when speaking in English, demonstrating an idiosyncratic syntactic feature of Korean English. Global fandom often reshapes the meanings and forms of these words. Korean address terms were one of the most popular Korean English words used in social media by the global fandom.
Excitons in Intact Cells of Photosynthetic Bacteria

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Live cells and regular crystals seem fundamentally incompatible. Still, effects characteristic to ideal crystals, such as coherent sharing of excitation, have been recently used in many studies to explain the behavior of several photosynthetic complexes, especially the inner workings of the light-harvesting apparatus of the oldest known photosynthetic organisms, the purple bacteria. To this date, there has been no concrete evidence that the same effects are instrumental in real living cells, leaving a possibility that this is an artifact of unnatural study conditions, not a real effect relevant to the biological operation of bacteria. Hereby, we demonstrate survival of collective coherent excitations (excitons) in intact cells of photosynthetic purple bacteria. This is done by using excitation anisotropy spectroscopy for tracking the temperature-dependent evolution of exciton bands in light-harvesting systems of increasing structural complexity. The temperature was gradually raised from 4.5 K to ambient temperature, and the complexity of the systems ranged from detergent-isolated complexes to complete bacterial cells. The results provide conclusive evidence that excitons are indeed one of the key elements contributing to the energetic and dynamic properties of photosynthetic organisms.
European company law

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Although the European Community's attempts to harmonize company law and structures began in the 1970s, so far there has been little practical effect. This is an accurate, accessible summary of company laws in all 12 European Community member states, presented in a standardized format using common legal terms. It provides information on: how to form a private or public company or branch office; voting restrictions; forms of companies; shareholder meetings and rights; management and control; works councils; employee participation; associated companies and mergers.
Some topological properties of arthropod food webs in paddy fields of South China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To explore the topological properties of paddy arthropod food webs is of significance for understanding natural equilibrium of rice pests. In present study, we used Pajek software to analyze the topological properties of four full arthropod food webs in South China. The results showed that predators were significantly abundant than preys, and the proportion of predators to preys (3.07) was significantly higher than previously reported by Cohen in 1977 (1.33). In the food webs, the number of top species was the largest, accounted for about 50% of the total. The number of intermediate-intermediate links was far greater than the other three links. The average degree of paddy arthropod food webs is 6.0, 6.04, 5.74 and 7.75, respectively. Average degree and link density did not change significantly with the change of the number of species, but the connectance reduced significantly. In the paddy ecosystems, the increase of species diversity does not lead to an increase proportionally to the links among species. The link density and connectance of food webs of early season rice field were less than that from late season rice field. Cycles of all food webs cycles were 0. The maximum chain length of the basal species was 3, and the largest chain length of the top species was typically 2 or 3. Neutral insects were found to play a very important role in the paddy ecosystem. Nilaparvata lugens and Sogatella furcifera were found to be the dominant species of rice pests. Pardosa pseudoannulata, Tetragnatha maxillosa, Pirata subparaticus, Arctosa stigmosa and Clubiona corrugate were identified as the important predatory species that may effectively control the pest population. The keystone species calculated from keystone index and network analysis are analogous, indicating either keystone index or network analysis can be used in the analysis of keystone species.
Fuzzy time-dependent reliability modeling and analysis method for mechanisms based on strength degradation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Mechanism reliability includes structural reliability of mechanism components and kinematic reliability of the mechanism. In fact, in practice mechanism reliability usually considers only kinematic reliability of the mechanism. Strength degradation including fatigue, wear, corrosion, and motion error, etc., are major failure mechanism of systems, sub-systems or components. In this paper, it is based on mechanism synthesis. In addition, the paper considers time dependence of strength degradation and fuzziness of the state in mechanism reliability analysis. Strength degradation mainly includes motion error and wear. Fuzzy time-dependent mathematical model of reliability is established based on fuzzy time-dependent methods, such as PHI2\MCS, and combined with traditional mechanical reliability analysis methods, such as FORM\SORM. The paper considers fuzziness of the state at the same time. Thus, fuzzy time-dependent failure probability is able to compute. Two examples demonstrate the practicality and feasibility of the method.
Catholic Social Thought and Labouring Ideals in Australia's New Industrial Context

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article sets out the principles of Catholic social doctrine as they pertain to the rights of employees, the duties of the employers and the obligations of the state. It relates these to the historical development of industrial work and employment in Australia, noting the close proximity of the principles to the social and political arrangements that emerged over the period of the Australian Settlement. It goes on to identify the more recent demise of Catholic activism, which, in combination with the pursuit of neo-liberal policy solutions and market reforms, has purged previous arrangements of their former notions of `fairness' and equity. It concludes that those opposing such solutions and reforms should think beyond simply framing arguments in terms of the economic or the instrumental, and might usefully draw on the labouring ideals set out in Catholic social doctrine to develop a more thorough set of moral and ethical principles to support their cause.
OC15.03: Pelvic vein thrombosis and associated pelvic abnormalities

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Venous thrombosis (VT) commonly arises from the deep veins of the lower limbs. Studies have also shown that VT can originate from “unusual sites” such as the pelvis but there is an overall paucity of data on how to diagnose and manage pelvic vein thrombosis (PVT). The aim of this study was to identify pelvic abnormalities that may be associated with increased risk of developing PVT. This was a prospective cross-sectional study of women who were referred to our clinic over a 16-month period. All women had a pelvic ultrasound scan which included a detailed examination of the uterus, ovaries and adnexa. In addition, pelvic blood vessels were examined using B-mode and Doppler ultrasound to search for signs of PVT. We compared the prevalence of pelvic abnormalities in women diagnosed with PVT with findings in a large group of women who were attending our general gynecology outpatient clinic. A total of 50 women were diagnosed with PVT during the study period. Of these, 29 women (58%) had evidence of other single or multiple pelvic abnormalities on ultrasound which have been summarised in table 1. Adenomyosis was significantly more common in women diagnosed with PVT compared to controls (Z=3.187, p<0.01), whilst there was no difference in the proportions of fibroids, adnexal tumours and endometriosis (p>0.05). These findings show that most women diagnosed with PVT had evidence of concomitant pelvic pathology on ultrasound scan. The presence of adenomyosis was associated with an increased risk of developing PVT. The mechanism by which adenomyosis causes thrombosis is unclear and it will need to be addressed in further studies.
Preparation and in vitro antioxidative activity of acetylated fucoidan extracted from Laminaria japonica

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To explore the optimum method for preparation of acetylated fucoidan extracted from Laminaria japonica,and test the antioxidative activity of acetylated fucoidans prepared under different conditions in vitro.Methods Using acetic anhydride as acetylated reagent,N-Bromosuccinimide(NBS) as catalyst,the effects of reaction time,temperature and volume of acetylated reagent were tested by the orthogonal design method.The antioxidative activity of the prepared acetylated fucoidans in vitro was determined,including scavenging activity against superoxide,hydroxyl and DPPH radical and reducing power.Results Volume of acetylated reagent and reaction temperature were the significant factors(P0.05).Different acetylated fucoidans had different antioxidative activities on scavenging superoxide,hydroxyl and DPPH radical and reducing power.Conclusion Compared with using pyridine as catalyst,NBS was found to be a suitable catalyst for acetylation of hydroxyl groups in fucoidan.The antioxidative activity of acetylated fucoidan was much stronger than that of natural fucoidan,and other activity of acetylated fucoidan needs further study.
Metabolism of L-beta-lysine by a Pseudomonas. Purification and properties of a deacetylase-thiolesterase utilizing 4-acetamidobutyryl CoA and related compounds.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A deacetylase-thiolesterase that cleaves both the amide and thiolester bonds of 4-acetamidobutyryl CoA has been highly purified from extracts of Pseudomonas B4 grown in a medium containing L-beta-lysine (3,6-diaminohexanoate) as the main energy source. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 275,000 and contains 8 apparently identical subunits of 36,500 daltons. Products of 4-acetamidobutyryl CoA degradation are stoichiometric amounts of CoASH and acetate, variable amounts of 4-aminobutyrate and its lactam, 2-pyrrolidinone, and a little 4-acetamidobutyrate. The relative yields of 4-aminobutyrate and 2-pyrrolidinone are determined by the enzyme level. At high enzyme levels the 4-aminobutyrate/pyrrolidinone ratio is about 2, whereas at low enzyme levels only pyrrolidinone is formed. Under the latter conditions, 4-aminobutyryl CoA accumulates transiently and is converted nonenzymatically to pyrrolidinone and CoASH. Since the enzyme does not form 4-aminobutyrate from synthetic or enzymatically formed 4-aminobutyryl CoA, we conclude that a 4-aminobutyryl CoA-enzyme complex is the actual precursor of 4-aminobutyrate, whereas free 4-aminobutyryl CoA is the precursor of pyrrolidinone. Several analogs of 4-acetamidobutyryl CoA containing different amino acid or amide moieties, and several simple acyl CoA compounds are utilized by the enzyme; 4-propionamidobutyryl CoA and 5-acetamidovaleryl CoA are most readily decomposed. Acetyl CoA is a very poor substrate. 3-Acetamidopropionyl CoA is first converted to acetate and beta-alanyl CoA and the latter compound is slowly hydrolyzed to beta-alanine and CoASH. Little deacetylase-thiolesterase is formed by bacteria grown in absence of beta-lysine, but another thiolesterase, lacking deacetylase activity, is produced. The deacetylase-thiolesterase catalyzes an essential step in the aerobic degradation of L-beta-lysine.
Evaluation of a CE approved ambulatory patient monitoring device in a general medical ward

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

An evaluation of a newly CE approved bedside monitoring device used in a general hospital ward is presented. This evaluation has shown that it is feasible to use the system within this environment to provide medical staff with supplementary information on patient health, at more frequent intervals than traditional monitoring methods. The physiological data recorded by the body worn device is wirelessly transmitted to a patient management system for storage and display. Good correlation between heart rate values recorded by hospital staff and those recorded by the automated Vitalsens VS100 system was observed. The system has highlighted clinical information that routine observations alone did not readily identify. This can provide clinicians with a better view of the overall health status of the patient. Such medical issues include those witnessed in this study, namely paroxysmal AF, ectopic beats, increasing heart rates recorded prior to a hypoglycaemic event, general high and low heart rate trends and various instances where clinically relevant ECG data has been captured.
M-bioscore: proposing a new statistical model for prognostic factors in metastatic breast cancer patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: The current study aims to propose and internally validate ‘M-bioscore’, which is a model to help predict the outcomes of untreated metastatic breast cancer patients. Methodology: Surveillance, epidemiology and end results (SEER) database (2010–2013) was accessed. Patients were divided into two groups: a training set and a validation set. Through a Cox proportional model, multivariate analysis for potential prognostic factors was performed. M-bioscore was calculated for all patients. Survival analyses were conducted through Kaplan–Meier analysis/log-rank testing. Results: A total of 6655 metastatic breast cancer patients were analyzed. In the training set, the following factors were linked to better cancer-specific survival in multivariate analysis: estrogen receptor positivity, isolated distant nodal metastases, progesterone receptor positivity, lower nuclear grade and HER2 neu positivity (p < 0.01). Cancer-specific survival was then assessed according to M-bioscore. Adjusted Cox regression cause-specific hazard (using breast cancer death as the event of interest) was evaluated in the validation cohort. Pairwise hazard ratio comparisons between different scores were significant (p < 0.05) except for the comparison between score 6 and 7. C-index for the validation cohort was 0.665 (Standard error (SE): 0.010; 95% CI: 0.646- 0.685). Conclusion: M-bioscore can predict the outcomes of untreated metastatic breast cancer patients. Validation of external datasets is needed.