jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Association of Involuntary Psychiatric Examination With Probability of Arrest of People With Serious Mental Illness

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study examined the association between the occurrence of an involuntary psychiatric examination under Florida civil commitment law and the probability of arrest during the next quarter. Methods: County criminal justice records and several statewide and local health and social service data sets were used to identify inmates with a serious mental illness who spent at least one day in the Pinellas County jail between July 1, 2003, and June 30, 2004. These same data sets were combined with statewide arrest and prison records to identify the criminal justice and health and social services histories of these individuals from July 1, 2002, to June 10, 2006, with the four-year period divided into 16 periods of 90 days. The main analysis used individual fixed-effects models to examine the relationship between involuntary examinations and subsequent probability of arrest. Results: There were 3,728 inmates with serious mental illness in the sample, with 40% (N=1,485) having at least one involuntary examination during the four-year period. Individuals who experienced an involuntary examination during the four years were arrested in 34% (N=1,038) of the quarters after an examination and in 27% (N=3,786) of the quarters not preceded by an involuntary examination. Individual fixed-effects models found a significant positive relationship between the receipt of an involuntary examination in one period and the likelihood of arrests, felony arrests, and misdemeanor arrests in the next period. Conclusions: Involuntary psychiatric examinations were associated with increased risk of arrest. Thus an involuntary examination was a significant signal that individuals with serious mental illness were at risk for criminal behavior and arrest. (Psychiatric Services 62:1060–1065, 2011)
Rapid detection of SNPs in candidate genes regulating the growth of orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton, 1822), using semiconductor sequencing

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) is one of the most important marine food species in Southeast Asia and China and has been cultured for decades. In this study, we fully utilized the limited capacity of semiconductor sequencing, the high efficiency of long-range PCR for target enrichment and a non-indexed pooling strategy to screen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a breeding population of orange-spotted grouper. Forty-one genomic DNA fragments, with a total length of approximately 180 kb, including 22 candidate genes that control growth, and from a DNA pool of 20 heaviest and 22 lightest individuals of the sampled population were successfully sequenced using an Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine. 3 503 466 clear reads were produced with a length of 192 ± 56 bp, 86.8% of which were mapped to the reference with an average coverage depth of 2567-fold and physical coverage of 98.8%. Finally, 1623 high-quality SNPs were adopted. Compared with Sanger sequencing of three random common regions, the sensitivity and specificity of our approach were 39.4% and 100.0% respectively. A mutation located at the third position of the previously labelled start codon of growth hormone receptor type 1 invalidated the start codon. Furthermore, comparison of the frequencies of genotypes and alleles of this site between the two extreme groups, prediction of signal peptide and identification of conservative mRNA sequences suggested that the functional start codon is likely located at the position of another downstream in-frame ATG in the mutant. These detected SNP markers will provide important tools for the selective breeding of orange-spotted grouper.
Local adjuvants for benign aggressive bone tumors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Benign aggressive bone tumors include giant cell tumors, chondroblastomas, unicameral bone cysts, and aneurysmal bone cysts. They are neoplasms that rarely metastasize but may be locally aggressive and frequently recur. Treatment formerly included wide resection but now increasingly involves curettage to preserve the involved limb and prevent surgical complications. Local adjuvants are used to expand the zone of tumor death and lower recurrence rates. Here, local adjuvants are discussed, including their mechanism, use in studies, and related complications.
Do patients with moderately impaired gastrointestinal function requiring enteral nutrition need a predigested nitrogen source? A prospective crossover controlled clinical trial.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This prospective double blind randomised seven day crossover controlled clinical trial was carried out to determine whether enterally fed patients with moderately impaired gastrointestinal function require a predigested nitrogen (N) source compared with whole protein. Twelve malnourished patients with varying gastrointestinal abnormalities, who required enteral feeding, received 2.25 l of one of two isocaloric isonitrogenous enteral diets (1 kcal/ml, 4.8 g nitrogen/l) containing either predominantly medium chain peptides (tetra or higher peptides) or whole protein as the nitrogen source. Nitrogen absorption and balance were calculated from dietary intake and analysis of 24 hour total urinary and faecal nitrogen for the last five days of each study period. There was no significant difference in either stool weight (110 (SEM) (49) v 111 (32) g/d), nitrogen absorption (91 (2) v 89 (2)%) or nitrogen balance (+1.0 (1.3) v +0.6 (1.4) g nitrogen/d) between the peptide and whole protein nitrogen sources when all patients are considered. There was, however, evidence to suggest a nutritional advantage from administering an enteral diet whose nitrogen source comprises oligopeptides, rather than whole protein, to a subgroup of patients with small bowel disease.
Can a Novel Light Weight Minimal Support Lifting Exoskeleton Modify Lifting Movement in People without Low Back Pain?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Low back pain (LBP) is a major contributor to lifting-related disabilities. To minimize the risk of back pain, emerging technologies known as lifting exoskeletons were designed to optimize lifting movements. However, it is currently unknown whether a minimally supportive exoskeleton can alter the lifting movement in people without LBP. This study aims to investigate if wearing a novel lightweight exoskeleton that minimally supports the back, hip, and knee can alter the lifting range of motion and movement variations in people without LBP. This study also aims to investigate if wearing this novel exoskeleton can result in a reliable between-day lifting movement. In two separate sessions (each one week apart), fourteen participants lifted a box (that weighed 10% of their body weight) ten times, once while wearing an exoskeleton and once while not wearing an exoskeleton. Wearing the novel exoskeleton during lifting produced moderate-high, test-retest reliability (Trunk: ICC3,1 = 0.89, 95% CI [0.67, 0.96], SEM = 9.34°; Hip: ICC3,1 = 0.63, 95% CI [0.22, 0.88], SEM = 2.57°; Knee: ICC3,1 = 0.61, 95% CI [0.23, 0.87], SEM = 2.50°). Wearing an exoskeleton significantly decreased the range of motion of the knee (F1,4 = 4.83, p = 0.031, ηp2 = 0.06). Additionally, wearing an exoskeleton significantly decreased hip (diff = 8.38, p = 0.045) and knee (diff = −8.57, p = 0.038) movement variability; however, wearing an exoskeleton did not decrease the movement variability of the body’s trunk (diff = 0.60, p = 1.00). Therefore, minimally supported lifting through the use of exoskeletons can modify movement in people without LBP and produce reliable lifting movements. Wearing the novel exoskeleton is also desirable for monitoring lifting movements. Future studies should investigate the use of sensors and IMU to monitor lifting movement at work with the least amount of intrusion on an individual’s movement.
IDDF2024-ABS-0138 Global epidemiology, natural history, maternal-to-child transmission, and treatment of pregnant women with HCV: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 311,905,738 women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background

Pregnant women with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represent a key population in HCV elimination. While the global prevalence of HCV has declined with the introduction of DAA, both pregnant women and children aged 3 and below are being left behind in HCV elimination. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, maternal-to-child transmission (MTCT), maternal and fetal complication rates, and direct-acting antivirals (DAA) treatment outcomes of chronic HCV in pregnant women.

Methods

A systematic review was performed to identify studies reporting the prevalence, MTCT, and complications of HCV infection in pregnant women. We searched five electronic databases from inception until 1st March 2024 according to our pre-specified protocol (PROSPERO: CRD42024500023). Meta-analysis was performed using random-effect models using RevMan and R.

Results

We included a total of 311,905,738 pregnant women from 333 studies, the pooled global seroprevalence and viremia prevalence of HCV in pregnant women was 2.6% (95%CI: 2.0-3.2), and 1.3% (95%CI: 0.7-2.2), respectively (IDDF2024-ABS-0138 Figure 1. Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence among pregnant women by WHO region); which increased in patients with intravenous drug abuse. Most patients were diagnosed through universal screening (75%). The pooled MTCT rate among viremia HCV mothers was 9.0% (95%CI: 6.6-11.7), which was higher with HIV co-infection (OR: 3.1, 95%CI: 2.1-4.6) but not influenced by the mode of delivery or breastfeeding. Pregnant women with HCV infection had more maternal complications, including intrahepatic cholestasis, preterm delivery, and antepartum hemorrhage. Neonates from HCV mothers had higher odds of being small for the gestational age (IDDF2024-ABS-0138 Figure 2. Maternal and neonatal complications in pregnant women with HCV infection). The pooled rate of sustained virologic response (SVR12) among the 74 women treated with DAA during pregnancy was 100%, with no serious adverse events reported.

Conclusions

HCV prevalence in pregnant women varies by geographic region and patient population, while MTCT occurs in almost one in ten viremic mothers. Pregnant women with HCV had a significantly higher risk of both maternal and neonatal complications. Early data suggest that DAA is safe in pregnant women with HCV infection. The majority of HCV in pregnant women were diagnosed through universal screening, suggesting that HCV screening should be offered to all pregnant women.
Review of Adam M. Auerbach and Tariq Thachil 2023: Migrants and Machine Politics: How India’s Urban Poor Seek Representation and Responsiveness. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In bringing together interdisciplinary literature from political science, anthropology, geography and urban studies, this well-researched book highlights the workings of micro-level urban politics in the global South.It provides an in-depth analysis of the formation of party machines in India, defined by the authors as 'pyramidal hierarchies of party workers that mobilize low-income voters during elections' (p.5).Auerbach and Thachil highlight the relationships between patrons, brokers and urban slum residents (or clients) as they navigate party machines.This book is particularly relevant to urban scholars of the global South, where urbanization is increasingly characterized by a growth in densely packed informal settlements inhabited by poor migrants.The authors connect the physical city and the policies that run it to the micro-politics and competition of party machines.Auerbach and Thachil argue that 'understanding how urban political networks form reveals who secures representation and accountability within city politics' (p. 6).Party machines are conditioned by competition at four stages of the 'selection framework' (p.20), and these four stages are reflected in the structure of the book, with chapters 2 to 5 discussing, respectively: how residents choose who becomes a leader; how leaders decide whose concerns are important and what to relay to patrons; how patrons choose brokers; and how patrons respond to claims and make their assessments.
Pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma previously treated with lenalidomide (OPTIMISMM): outcomes by prior treatment at first relapse

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract In the phase 3 OPTIMISMM trial, pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (PVd) demonstrated superior efficacy vs bortezomib and dexamethasone (Vd) in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma previously treated with lenalidomide, including those refractory to lenalidomide. This analysis evaluated outcomes in patients at first relapse ( N = 226) by lenalidomide-refractory status, prior bortezomib exposure, and prior stem cell transplant (SCT). Second-line PVd significantly improved PFS vs Vd in lenalidomide-refractory (17.8 vs 9.5 months; P = 0.0276) and lenalidomide-nonrefractory patients (22.0 vs 12.0 months; P = 0.0491), patients with prior bortezomib (17.8 vs 12.0 months; P = 0.0068), and patients with (22.0 vs 13.8 months; P = 0.0241) or without (16.5 vs 9.5 months; P = 0.0454) prior SCT. In patients without prior bortezomib, median PFS was 20.7 vs 9.5 months ( P = 0.1055). Significant improvement in overall response rate was also observed with PVd vs Vd in lenalidomide-refractory (85.9% vs 50.8%; P < 0.001) and lenalidomide-nonrefractory (95.7% vs 60.0%; P < 0.001) patients, with similar results regardless of prior bortezomib or SCT. No new safety signals were observed. These data demonstrate the benefit of PVd at first relapse, including immediately after upfront lenalidomide treatment failure and other common first-line treatments.
Were climatic changes a driving force in hominid evolution?

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A comparison of externalist and internalist approaches in hominid evolution shows that the externalist approach, with its claim that climate was responsible for the appearance of bipedalism and hominization, now seems to be ruled out by the biological, palaeogeographical, palaeontological and palaeoclimatic data on which it was based. Biological data support the embryonic origin of cranio-facial contraction, which determined the increase in cranial capacity and the shift in the position of the foramen magnum implying bipedalism. In the internalist approach, developmental biology appears as the driving force of hominid evolution, although climate exerts a significant influence and was involved in the following ways: (1) in the prior establishment of ecological niches that allowed the common ancestor to become differentiated into three subspecies; (2) by dividing up the area of distribution of species, resulting in the present-day subspecies of gorillas and chimpanzees; (3) by facilitating relative fluctuations of the geographical areas of distribution of the various species, particularly the spread of australopithecines across the African savanna from north (Chad, Ethiopia) to south (South Africa); (4) by determining adaptive geographical differentiations among Homo erectus and Homo sapiens (pigmentation, haemoglobin, etc.).
The implementation of a entity-relationship interface for the multi-lingual database system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Traditionally, the design and implementation of a conventional database system begins with the choice of a data model followed by the specifications of a model-based data language. Thus, the database system is restricted to a single data model and a specific data language. An alternative to this traditional approach to database-system development is the multi-lingual database system (MLDS). This alternative approach enables the user to access and manage a large collection of databases via several data models and their corresponding data languages without the aforementioned restriction. This thesis presents the implementation of a entity-relationship/Daplex languae interface for the MLDS. Specifically, it presents the implementation of an interface which translates Daplex language calls in to attribute-based data language requests. The authors describe the software engineering aspects of our implementation of an overview of the five modules which comprise our entity-relationship/Daplex language interface. (Author)
Review: Management of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS in Senegal: Acceptability, feasibility and benefits of group interpersonal therapy — R0/PR3

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Depression is highly prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH) and has negative consequences for daily life and care. We evaluated for the first time the acceptability, feasibility and benefits of group interpersonal therapy (IPT), combined with a task-shifting approach, to treat depression in PLWH in Senegal. PLWH with depression received group IPT following the World Health Organization protocol. Acceptability and feasibility criteria were defined from the literature data. The PHQ-9, the WHODAS, and the 12-item-stigma scale were used, pre- and post-treatment, including a 3-month follow-up, to assess depressive symptom severity, functioning and stigma, respectively. General linear mixed models were used to describe changes in outcomes over time. Of 69 participants, 60 completed group IPT. Refusal to enroll and dropout rates were 6.6 and 12.7%, respectively. Ninety-seven percent of participants attended at least seven out of eight sessions. Patients and facilitators endorsed group IPT, with willingness to recommend it. Depressive symptoms and disability improved drastically and sustainably. We showed that group IPT is well accepted and feasible in Senegal as treatment for depression in PLWH. Combined with a task-shifting approach, it can narrow the gap in mental health treatment. Implementation may be enhanced by refining patient identification procedures and increasing treatment accessibility.
Towards global consensus on outcome measures for atopic eczema research: results of the HOME II meeting

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The use of nonstandardized and inadequately validated outcome measures in atopic eczema trials is a major obstacle to practising evidence‐based dermatology. The Harmonising Outcome Measures for Eczema ( HOME ) initiative is an international multiprofessional group dedicated to atopic eczema outcomes research. In June 2011, the HOME initiative conducted a consensus study involving 43 individuals from 10 countries, representing different stakeholders (patients, clinicians, methodologists, pharmaceutical industry) to determine core outcome domains for atopic eczema trials, to define quality criteria for atopic eczema outcome measures and to prioritize topics for atopic eczema outcomes research. Delegates were given evidence‐based information, followed by structured group discussion and anonymous consensus voting. Consensus was achieved to include clinical signs, symptoms, long‐term control of flares and quality of life into the core set of outcome domains for atopic eczema trials. The HOME initiative strongly recommends including and reporting these core outcome domains as primary or secondary endpoints in all future atopic eczema trials. Measures of these core outcome domains need to be valid, sensitive to change and feasible. Prioritized topics of the HOME initiative are the identification/development of the most appropriate instruments for the four core outcome domains. HOME is open to anyone with an interest in atopic eczema outcomes research.
Conserved induction of distinct antiviral signalling kinetics by primate interferon lambda 4 proteins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Interferon lambdas (IFNl) (also known as type III IFNs) are critical cytokines that combat infection predominantly at barrier tissues, such as the lung, liver, and gastrointestinal tract.Humans have four IFNls (1-4), where IFNl1-3 show ~80%-95% homology, and IFNl4 is the most divergent displaying only ~30% sequence identity.Variants in IFNl4 in humans are associated with the outcome of infection, such as with hepatitis C virus.However, how IFNl4 variants impact cytokine signalling in other tissues and how well this is conserved is largely unknown.In this study, we address whether differences in antiviral signalling exist between IFNl4 variants in human hepatocyte and intestinal cells, comparing them to IFNl3.We demonstrate that compared to IFNl3, wild-type human IFNl4 induces a signalling response with distinct magnitudes and kinetics, which is modified by naturally occurring variants P70S and K154E in both cell types.IFNl4's distinct antiviral response was more rapid yet transient compared to IFNl1 and 3. Additionally, divergent antiviral kinetics were also observed using non-human primate IFNls and cell lines.Furthermore, an IFNl4-like receptor-interacting interface failed to alter IFNl1's kinetics.Together, our data provide further evidence that major functional differences exist within the IFNl gene family.These results highlight the possible tissue specialisation of IFNls and encourage further investigation of the divergent, non-redundant activities of IFNl4 and other IFNls.
Pulse-train modulation in a picosecond self-mode-locked laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Pulse-train modulation was observed in a picosecond self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser with pump-power dependence when it was operated around the degenerate cavity configuration. By increasing the optical pumping power, the envelope of the periodic amplitude modulation splits into two or three clusters with enhanced modulation depth, and the amplitude modulation eventually becomes disordered at higher pump power. The amplitude modulation may be supported by exciting two sets of non-degenerate longitudinally mode-locked supermodes due to spatially inhomogeneous gain modulation in the Ti:sapphire crystal.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter describes how post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is diagnosed, contrasting traditional “broad” formulations with a “narrow” formulation focusing on core symptoms introduced in ICD-11. The ICD-11 distinction between PTSD and complex PTSD is also described. Next, the chapter presents the two signature changes consisting of vivid re-experiencing of the traumatic event in the present coupled with impaired voluntary recall of the event. Other aspects of memory affected in PTSD that are unrelated to the traumatic event are also described. Three prominent controversies are discussed: whether traumatic memories are “special,” whether traumatic events can be forgotten, and whether there is evidence for delayed-onset PTSD. Contemporary theories of PTSD are then described, all of which identify deficits in memory for context as central to the disorder. Finally, the chapter discusses likely mechanisms involved in psychological therapy for PTSD: habituation/extinction, updating/reconsolidation, and metacognitive change.