jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Livestock Enteric Viruses: Latest Diagnostic Techniques for their Easy and Rapid Identification

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Enteric viruses are the most diverse group of viruses. The important enteric viruses affecting animals are picornaviruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses and noroviruses. One of the most significant features of enteric viruses is their effortless and speedy spread. These viruses are able to cause infection even at low infectious dose (< 20 particles). Though the enteric viruses primarily cause diarrhoea and gastroenteritis, they are also responsible for causing respiratory infections, redness and inflammation of the eye, hepatitis, aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, paralysis and high death rates in those patients with compromised immunity. This chapter describes some of the latest molecular diagnostic techniques used to diagnose different enteric viruses of livestock.
Characterization of internal fracture process of double network hydrogels under uniaxial elongation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Previously we revealed that the high toughness of double network hydrogels (DN gels) derives from the internal fracture of the brittle network during deformation, which dissipates energy as sacrificial bonds. In this study, we intend to elucidate the detailed internal fracture process of DN gels. We quantitatively analysed the tensile hysteresis and re-swelling behaviour of a DN gel that shows a well-defined necking and strain hardening, and obtained the following new findings: 1) Fracture of the 1st network PAMPS starts far below the yielding strain, and 90% of the initially load-bearing PAMPS chains already break at the necking point. 2) The dominant internal fracture process occurs in the necking and hardening region, although the softening mainly occurs before necking. 3) The internal fracture efficiency is very high, 85% of the work is used for the internal fracture and 9% of all PAMPS chains break at sample failure. 4) The internal fracture is anisotropic, fracture occurs preferentially perpendicular to the tensile direction than other two directions, but the fracture anisotropy decreases in the hardening region. Results 1) and 2) is in agreement with a hierarchical structural model of the PAMPS network. Based on these findings, we present a revised description of the fracture process of DN gels.
Drug level monitoring in psychopharmacology: usefulness and clinical problems, with special reference to tricyclic antidepressants.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The gradual onset of action and pronounced pharmacokinetic variability provide a solid rationale for drug plasma level monitoring in psychopharmacology. For tricyclic antidepressants a well-established drug level therapeutic effect relationship is available for a few compounds (imipramine, nortiptyline, amitriptyline); and for these, plasma level monitoring can ensure more efficient and safe treatment. The relationship has been demonstrated only in endogenously depressed patients. Various pharmacokinetic problems such as dose-dependent kinetics (imipramine in elderly patients), autoinduction (chlorpromazine), drug interaction (inhibitory effect of neuroleptics on metabolism of tricyclic antidepressants), and changes in protein binding may be better controlled by monitoring the drug levels. In amitriptyline intoxications, a possible change in the elimination kinetics results in a very slow decline in plasma levels for several days; and plasma level measurements might help to identify those patients at prolonged risk of adverse reactions. Some side effects--in particular, orthostatic hypotension--occur at subtherapeutic drug levels and therefore cannot be prevented by drug level monitoring, and monitoring of other (physiological) variables is more important. Drug level monitoring of tricyclic antidepressants thus can be considered a valuable addition to the treatment program, but it cannot replace proper clinical practice in terms of diagnostic evaluation and control of patients.
Scalable live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate demonstrates preclinical safety and efficacy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Significance This work demonstrates the feasibility of rationally designing and synthesizing vaccine candidates for testing in response to an emerging disease in real world conditions. Furthermore, using a live attenuated codon-pair–deoptimized virus approach ensures that all components of the host immune system will be engaged, and potential effects from the vector sequences from hybrid live viruses are avoided. Evidence from other codon-deoptimized viruses suggests that COVI-VAC will be resistant to reversion and loss of potency due to antigenic drift. The ease of large-scale virus growth under permissive conditions coupled with the potential for single-dose intranasal administration make COVI-VAC an appealing candidate for clinical testing for possible use in mass immunization programs.
Reactivity‐Tunable Fluorescent Platform for Selective and Biocompatible Modification of Cysteine or Lysine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Chemoselective modification of specific residues within a given protein poses a significant challenge, as the microenvironment of amino acid residues in proteins is variable. Developing a universal molecular platform with tunable chemical warheads can provide powerful tools for precisely labeling specific amino acids in proteins. Cysteine and lysine are hot targets for chemoselective modification, but current cysteine/lysine‐selective warheads face challenges due to cross‐reactivity and unstable reaction products. In this study, a versatile fluorescent platform is developed for highly selective modification of cysteine/lysine under biocompatible conditions. Chloro‐ or phenoxy‐substituted NBSe derivatives effectively labeled cysteine residues in the cellular proteome with high specificity. This finding also led to the development of phenoxy‐NBSe phototheragnostic for the diagnosis and activatable photodynamic therapy of GSH‐overexpressed cancer cells. Conversely, alkoxy‐NBSe derivatives are engineered to selectively react with lysine residues in the cellular environment, exhibiting excellent anti‐interfering ability against thiols. Leveraging a proximity‐driven approach, alkoxy‐NBSe probes are successfully designed to demonstrate their utility in bioimaging of lysine deacetylase activity. This study also achieves integrating a small photosensitizer into lysine residues of proteins in a regioselective manner, achieving photoablation of cancer cells activated by overexpressed proteins.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Incontinence Among Emirati Women With Diabetes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence and risk factors for urinary incontinence among a sample of Emirati women with diabetes. Design: A cross-sectional survey design using probability sampling was employed to evaluate incontinence among 350 Emirati diabetic women. Age, body mass index, history of urinary tract infections, parity, diabetes duration, and type of diabetes management were evaluated as potential risk factors for incontinence. To assess type and frequency of incontinence, items from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey–Kidney Condition–Urology were used. Findings: A total of 225 (64.3%) participants reported incontinence, with 110 (31.4%) expressed having an episode once a week or more. Both stress ( n = 197, 56.3%) and urge incontinence ( n = 208, 59.4%) were seen; 96 (48.7%) reported at least weekly stress incontinence episodes, and 109 (52.4%) reported weekly or more urge episodes. Results of logistic regression indicated that diabetes duration was the most significant risk factor for incontinence. Conclusion: Prevalence of incontinence in Emirati women was higher than that reported by diabetic women in other cultures. Practice Implications: Clinicians working with Emirati diabetic women should endeavor to enhance screening for incontinence and design culturally appropriate strategies for teaching and treating this complication of diabetes.
The URW-KG: a Resource for Tackling the Under-Representation of non-Western Writers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Digital media have enabled the access to an unprecedented literary knowledge. Authors, readers, and scholars are now able to discover and share an increasing amount of information about books and their authors. Notwithstanding, digital archives are still unbalanced: writers from non-Western countries are less represented, and such a condition leads to the perpetration of old forms of discrimination. In this paper, we present the Under-Represented Writers Knowledge Graph (URW-KG), a resource designed to explore and possibly amend this lack of representation by gathering and mapping information about works and authors from Wikidata and three other sources: Open Library, Goodreads, and Google Books. The experiments based on KG embeddings showed that the integrated information encoded in the graph allows scholars and users to be more easily exposed to non-Western literary works and authors with respect to Wikidata alone. This opens to the development of fairer and effective tools for author discovery and exploration.
Three phases in the development of computer simulation of chemical engineering systems

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Three phases in the development of computer simulation of chemical engineering systems are considered. In the first phase, the mass and heat balances are calculated using detailed mathematical models of apparatuses. In the second phase, the chemical engineering system is optimized in a (strictly) deterministic formulation. In the third phase, the optimal parameters of the chemical engineering system are chosen provided that the system is serviceable throughout the possible range of internal and external factors. The method used in the third phase is the flexibility analysis of chemical engineering systems.
Study of the operational region with new graphite limiters in the Hefei tokamak-7

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A new set of actively cooled toroidal double-ring graphite limiters has been developed in the Hefei tokamak-7 for long pulse operation. The extension of the operational region and the density behaviour with graphite limiters have been studied in this paper. An extended high-density region at high plasma currents and low q a was obtained. The density profile with graphite limiters was studied in order to compare the results with those of the previous molybdenum limiters.
Bubbles in the Wine

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Performer: Lawrence Welk And His Champagne Music Writer: Frank Loesser; Bob Calame; Lawrence Welk Instrumental Fox Trot. Digitized at 78 revolutions per minute. Four stylii were used to transfer this record. They are 3.5mil truncated eliptical, 2.3mil truncated conical, 2.8mil truncated conical, 3.3mil truncated conical. These were recorded flat and then also equalized with Turnover: 400.0, Rolloff: -12.0. The preferred versions suggested by an audio engineer at George Blood, L.P. have been copied to have the more friendly filenames. Matrix number: WL6671A7 Catalog number: 60689 Other IDs from the record include: (L 6671)
Patrick Brantlinger. Rule of Darkness: British Literature and Imperialism, 1830–1914. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press1988. Pp. xi, 309. $29.95. - D. C. R. A. Goonetilleke. Images of the Raj: South Asia in the Literature of Empire. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1988. Pp. x, 181. $29.95.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

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Oncogenes and Mammary Carcinogenesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in the United States, accounting for nearly 32% ofall cancers and for nearly 20% ofall cancer deaths in women (1). Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease, and several factors are thought to influence the risk of breast cancer development, including geography, radiation exposure, and reproductive and family history. A family history of breast cancer constitutes the major risk factor, although familial breast cancer accounts for only 5% of all cases (1). Although breast cancer deaths declined by 5% between 1989 and 1992 (2), the incidence of breast cancer is expected to increase by 2–3% annually (1), and efforts to decrease mortality significantly, including new therapeutic approaches and early diagnosis, have been relatively unsuccessful. One of the critical factors in determining the therapeutic approach to breast cancer, along with the presence or absence of lymph node metastasis, is the estrogen and progesterone receptor (ER and PR) status of the tumor. Indeed, ER- and/or PR-positive tumors have been found to be more likely to respond to endocrine therapy and are associated with a better prognosis (1). An understanding of the genetic changes involved in breast cancer and of its biologic behavior, including possible interactions between hormones and oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, will undoubtedly aid in the design of new therapies as well as in prevention and diagnosis of this disease.
[Empyema caused by perforation of metastatic colon cancer: a case report].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The patient was a 51-year-old female, underwent total gastrectomy for gastric cancer 6 years ago. She was admitted to a local hospital with the complaint of fever, the chest X-ray showed niveau in the left pleural cavity. Fecal material flowed out by drainage. Barium enema showed fistula of diaphragma from transverse colon. She was transferred to our hospital. Partial transverse colon resection and removal of the diaphragma fistula were performed. The colon tumor was histologically determined to be metastasis from gastric cancer with thoracic empyema.
EWRR abstracts Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(Suppl 1):A1–A93 A21 7 A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS OF PREGNANCY AS A PROTECTIVE FACTOR AGAINST RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and objectives The female preponderance of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) implies that reproductive factors may play an important role in its pathogenesis. Although sev-eral studies have shown an inverse association between previ-ous pregnancy and RA development this fi nding has not been consistently reproduced and the precise relationship remains uncertain. The authors therefore undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies examin-ing pregnancy as a risk factor for RA. Our primary aim was to establish if pregnancy is associated with the risk of RA. Our secondary aim was to evaluate if this risk varies by rheu-matoid factor (RF)/anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA) status. Materials and methods Search strategy: the authors searched Medline/EMBASE (1947 November 2011) using the search
3D-printed ellipsoid bionic porous titanium alloy scaffold for promotion of osseointegration

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

3D-printed porous bionic scaffolds are dedicated to imitating irregular bone shapes and providing a suitable growth environment for integrated bone tissue. Although many bionic structures have emerged, it needs to be determined which structure has the best osseointegration ability. This study found that the trabecular bone structure was ellipsoid-like by scanning human bone specimens. It is speculated that the bionic scaffold produced using the ellipsoid intersection model has better osseointegration properties. In this study, the computer-aided design (CAD) was used to contrive porous scaffolds with pores of three different geometric shapes, including tetrahedron (TBC), Schwarz-P (P) and ellipsoid bionic structure (EB), and the scaffolds were prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) with similar porosities (65%) and pore sizes (480 &mu;m). Mechanical tests have proven the scaffolds to have high accuracy and good mechanical properties. Subsequently, three scaffolds were implanted into the lateral condyle femur of the rabbits. The micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) quantitative analysis and hard tissue section staining performed on the samples harvested six weeks and 12 weeks after surgery showed the absolute advantage of EB structure in bone ingrowth, consistent with the results of the in vitro cell experiments. According to computer fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, the EB structure has the most appropriate internal streamline structure and the best wall shear stress (WSS) distribution for cell proliferation, demonstrating its benefits in osseointegration. The pore geometry has a significant effect on the osseointegration of the scaffold. The ellipsoid&nbsp;bionic structure proposed for the first time in this study is much superior to the regular tetrahedral structure and Schwarz-P curved surface structure in osseointegration, which provides a reference for further future research on appropriate 3D-printed bionic porous scaffolds.
A classical density functional theory model for fragility in the hard-sphere limit

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We study, using the classical density functional theory (DFT), the fragility and short-time elastic constants of a soft-sphere liquid. For the amorphous state, the order parameter is the inhomogeneous density function $\rho({\bf r})$ which is described in terms of Gaussian density profiles centered on a set random lattice points $\{{\bf R}_i\}$. The latter is characterized in terms of the Bernel pair function $g_\mathrm{B}(r)$. Based on the Adam–Gibbs-type relation between the $\alpha$ relaxation time $\tau_\alpha$ and the configurational entropy $\mathcal{S}_{\rm c}$, a thermodynamic fragility $m_\mathrm{T}$ for the liquid is defined. The concentration or average density of the liquid is treated as the control parameter here instead of temperature. The configurational entropy of the liquid is calculated using the DFT model. Variations in the short-range structure of the amorphous state are made with different choices for the value of $g_\mathrm{B}(r)$ at short distances, and its implications on the correlation between fragility $m_\mathrm{T}$ and the softness index $n$ are studied. The dependence of Poisson’s ratio $\nu$ on the softness index $n$ of the interaction potential is also obtained from the density dependence of the metastable state free energy. The correlation between $m_\mathrm{T}$ and $\nu$ follows.
Data-Driven Event-Triggered Sliding Mode Secure Control for Autonomous Vehicles Under Actuator Attacks

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article investigates a comprehensive data-driven event-triggered secure lateral control of autonomous vehicles under actuator attacks. We consider stabilization issues of autonomous vehicles subject to modeling difficulties, limited communication resources, and actuator attacks. The dynamic model decomposition (DMD) from data is exploited to characterize the inherent lateral dynamics model of autonomous vehicles, the event-triggered transmission scheme is utilized to alleviate communication burden for limited bandwidth network, and the sliding mode control scheme is designed to ensure the security of autonomous vehicles under actuator attacks. The stability analysis and the stabilization method as well as its algorithm are presented. The proposed secure control scheme can actively counteract the malicious effects caused by actuator attacks and integrates the advantages of both data-driven modeling and model-based control design. Finally, several comparative case studies show the effectiveness of the proposed secure control scheme.
Evaluation of prognostic markers for oropharyngeal carcinoma using tissue microarray

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The incidence of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is increasing in many Western countries. In Finland, the incidence increased from 32 cases in 1996 to 85 cases in 2006 to 193 cases in 2016. Globally, OPSCC is the 12th most common cancer and is frequently related to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The prediction of OPSCC prognosis is one of the main dilemmas for the clinicians. Although many parameters have been used to predict the prognosis, such as clinical factors of tumor size and invasion, lymph node and distant metastases (cTNM) staging, and other prognostic models based on histopathologic parameters; in addition to the patient-related and treatment-related factors, all of these parameters are of limited value in predicting prognosis. For this reason, assessing of the immunohistochemical markers as prognostic biomarkers was a target for many recent studies. Tolllike receptors (TLRs) play important roles in the development of carcinoma of different sites including the tongue, cutaneous, cervical and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Hormone receptors play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and treatment of breast carcinoma and carcinoma of the male and female genital organs, in addition to their role in carcinomas of other organs including stomach, larynx, and salivary gland, but their role in OPSCC still poorly understood. During the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), the epithelial cells lose some of their essential epithelial characteristics and gain invasive and migratory characteristics, which are properties of the mesenchymal cells. In addition, HPV infection induces keratinocyte stem cells to behave like cancer stem cell (CSCs). Detection of more specific prognostic biomarkers would be beneficial on the clinical level. In this thesis project, we examined the prognostic value of TLR5, 7 and 9, sex hormone receptors: androgen receptors (AR), progesterone receptors (PR), and estrogen receptors (ER), EMT markers: β-catenin, E-cadherin, vimentin, and biomarkers expressed by stem cells: Bmi-1, HESC5:3, and HES77 in a cohort of 202 OPSCC patients. We also examined the correlations of these markers with HPV infection. We found that high TLR5, low TLR7, and high PR levels are associated with poor disease-specific survival (DSS) (p=0.002 and p=0.001 respectively). In addition, HPV-positive OPSCCs express higher levels of TLR7 (p<0.001), AR (p<0.001), HESC5:3 (p=0.016), vimentin (p=0.026), and cell membranous β-catenin (p=0.001), and lower levels of TLR5 (p<0.001), TLR9 (p<0.001), PR (p<0.001), and Bmi-1 (p=0.006) than the HPV-negative OPSCCs. From our findings, we conclude that high TLR5, low TLR7, and high PR expression levels may impact the prognosis of OPSCC. In addition, our results support the fact that HPV-positive and HPV-negative OPSCCs are different tumor entities.
Robbins–Monro algorithms and variance reduction in finance

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this article we present a variance-reduction technique for Monte Carlo methods. By an elementary version of the Girsanov theorem, we introduce a drift term into the computation of a security's price via Monte Carlo simulation. Subsequently, the basic idea is to use a truncated version of the Robbins–Monro algorithms to find the optimal drift that reduces the variance. We prove that, for a large class of payoff functions, this version of the Robbins–Monro algorithms converges a.s. to the optimal drift. Finally, we illustrate the method by applications to options pricing.