jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
PDE5 Inhibitors Do Not Cause NAION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

NAION is the acronym for Non‐arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. NAION is a sudden painless decrease in vision, usually in one eye. It is thought to result from circulatory insufficiency to the optic nervehead. When NAION occurs bilaterally, it is rarely synchronous. NAION is the most common cause of acute optic neuropathy in adults over 50 years of age.
Relationship of the method of obtaining the original billet with the accuracy of manufacturing of the extended axisymmetric bodies

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A comparative description of the technology for producing blanks for the artillery shell cases or the rocket shell bodies using flat rolled stock or rolled tubular products is given. It is noted that the lower cost of flat rolled stock leads to its wider application for stamping blanks of cartridge caps or bodies, including cutting a circle from flat rolled stock, convolution and several transitions of drawing, alternating with heat treatment. It is noted that the disadvantage of this technology are the errors in the shape of the blanks, amounting to 0.75÷1.5 of the tolerance for diametrical dimensions. When machining, these errors decrease according to the laws of copying the errors, however, the anisotropy of the material of the part blank leads to the appearance of errors in the shape-ovality and curvature of the pipe, which lead to the formation of a large radial runout of the prefabricated rocket body. It has been found that the scattering fields of all output quality parameters exceed the existing tolerances: radial runout of the assembled body by 1.3 times; ovality of the middle centering bulge by 2.15 times. It is shown that the technological process of manufacturing prefabricated housings using initial blanks from flat rolled stock does not provide the required precision technology reliability. For the manufacture of monolithic extended axisymmetric bodies, hot-rolled thickwalled pipes are used as an initial billet. The operations are performed in the following sequence: cutting pipes into dimensional workpieces; machining (turning, boring); heat treatment (quenching, tempering); machining (fine turning, boring); rotary drawing (first and second transitions); crimping the thickening; low temperature annealing. Statistical studies have found a regression equation showing at a confidence level β = 0.95, dependence of the diameter of the base hole of the workpiece after drawing in from the current value of the diameter before drawing.
Evaluation of the gas turbine unit in the Kirkuk gas power plant to analyse the energy and exergy using ChemCad simulation

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of the study is to evaluate the thermal performance of the gas turbine unit represented by (K3) under actual weather conditions by applying the first and second laws of thermodynamics, the design production of the unit (283.6 MW) at standard conditions (1 bar) and temperature (15) Celsius, which included the analysis of the unit energy and available energy. Hence, to find out the weaknesses and losses in the system ChemCad simulation has been used to estimate the effects of external factors (ambient temperature, compression ratio and relative humidity) for a whole year on the performance of the turbine unit. Overall results showed that the maximum exergy efficiency was obtained in November; it was ~37% when Ta was 19.39°C. The maximum efficiency obtained at Ta equal to 19.39°C, which was ~37.67%. Higher ambient temperature increases specific fuel consumption (SFC). The results show that the SFC for the practical and program calculations increases with the increase in the temperature of the external environment and reached the maximum rate in the practical calculations in September (0.224) at 33.27°C. Thus, it economically affects the price of power production. Moreover, the results showed that the combustion chamber occupied the first place for the destruction of available energy, and the results of energy efficiency and available energy were 39.20% and 30.83%, respectively.
CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS WITH PROLONGED CONTINUOUS ADMINSTRATION OF NORETHISTERONE ACETATE.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

48 women submitted to uninterrupted treatment with norethisterone ac etate (2.5 mg daily) for 2-24 months. The effects of this therapy on the endometrium and on the vagina is reported. 15 women had atrophic en dometrium and 11 had atypical endometrium. 5 vaginal biopsies showed n ormal stratified epithelium and 7 showed normal stratified epithelium w ith absence of the superficial karyopyknotic layer; the absence of the karyopyknotic layer occurred after 6 months of therapy. No pregnancies occurred; all women had breakthrough bleeding varying from 1 to 8 months followed by amenorrhea. 20 of 22 women with chronic pelvic pain prior to therapy showed complete relief of their pain. Defeminization occurred in 1 woman decrease in libido in 5 hot flushes in 5 introital dyspareunia in 2 and weight gain in 54%. Recovery of normal ovulation occurred in 15-50 days after cessation of treatment in most women.
Sustainable development: an evolutionary economic approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, it is argued that the view of the economic sphere as a closed system cannot appropriately deal with the issue of sustainable development. Evolutionary economics is then presented as a fruitful alternative to apprehend the interactions between the economic, the human and the natural spheres. This emerging field offers both a firm theoretical basis (based upon recent developments in physics, biology, dynamic systems theory and the sciences of complexity) and practical, pragmatic answers to the implementation of a sustainable path of development. This is further illustrated with the presentation of the evolutionary logic of a multi‐level common regime. Such a regime could be an institutional counterpart of social and environmental dynamics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of 2,3,4‐Substituted Quinolines with Sodium Borohydride.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Destination image in dark tourism : Tour operators and visitors perception of Chernobyl

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study on destination image is highly important for the destination developmentand increase of the overall tourism flows. It is formed by several actors, such astourists and Tour Operators. There is a scant research conducted on the investigationof destination image specifically within dark tourism. This concept is relatively newand undiscovered. The authors attempt to fulfill the existing gap in the investigationon the present phenomena by studying destination image of Chernobyl ExclusionZone as a new dark tourism site from two different perspectives and try to place itin the overall tourism development strategy for Ukraine.The qualitative research method was chosen for this study. The empirical datawas gathered through conduction of in-depth interviews with the major TourOperators and the content analysis of visitors’ blogs was performed. The resultsshow that both parties see Chernobyl as a dark tourism destination includingattractions of such kind as toxic and Post-Soviet. However, during the discussion ofthe results and relevant destination formation literature some inconsistency wasdetermined in the Tour Operators image projection. The further researched showedthat the connection of destination Chernobyl to the tourism branch of Ukraine is notfound sufficient and even negatively impacting the development of specified site.
108 Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Blastomere Heterogeneity and Early Lineage Specification Events in Bovine Embryos During Major Embryonic Genome Activation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

During early embryonic stages, gene products generated by the embryo acquire control over embryonic development. At the 8- to 16-cell stage, major embryonic genome activation (EGA) occurs in bovine embryos. Morphological observations, such as size of blastomeres and distribution of microvilli, suggest heterogeneity of individual cells already at this developmental stage. To study this heterogeneity on the transcriptome level, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of 161 blastomeres from 14 in vitro-produced bovine embryos at Day 2 and Day 3 post-fertilization. After removing the zona pellucida, blastomeres were mechanically separated in Ca2+- and Mg2+-free PBS, individually collected, and lysed. Complementary DNA libraries were prepared by the single cell RNA-barcoding and sequencing (SCRB-Seq) protocol. Exogenous RNA was added for quality control and cell specific barcodes and unique molecular identifiers (UMI) were used to enable pooling of libraries and to exclude PCR duplicates, respectively. After sequencing (Illumina HiSEqn 1500; 50 nt reads; Illumina Inc., San Diego, CA, USA), UMI were counted with the published Drop-seq pipeline (45,000 UMI on average per library) and cells with UMI count &lt;2.000 were removed. Data were normalized based on UMI and non-supervised clustering analyses of single-cell data were performed (SC3 and M3Drop R packages). The transcriptome profiles of all individual cells were assigned to 6 clusters with specific sets of genes. Sorting cells according to their transcriptome profiles by the CellTree R package (Bioconductor; https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/cellTree.html) resulted in a linear pseudo-timeline. Furthermore, this tool identified 6 groups of genes (topics). Each of them showed an over-representation of distinct Gene Ontology (GO) terms; topic 1, “translation” and “cell division”; topic 2, GO terms involved in translation, RNA splicing and cell division; topic 3, “translation”; topic 4, “ATP synthesis coupled proton transport”; topic 5, “mitochondrial translational elongation”; topic 6, “organic hydroxyl compound transport”. Moreover, increased expression of PCDH10 (protocadherin 10) was observed in the biologically pseudo-ordered more advanced blastomeres. This gene is known to be predominantly expressed in the inner cell mass (ICM) at the blastocyst stage, suggesting that these cells might become ICM. In summary, our study reveals developmental heterogeneity and hints to early lineage specification events in bovine embryos at the time of major EGA.
Additional file 2: of Accelerated aortic 4D flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance using compressed sensing: applicability, validation and clinical integration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bland-Altman analysis of scan-rescan agreement. Bland-Altman plots comparing (a) net flows, (b) peak flows and (c) peak velocities of in each case two repeated measurements of S2, CS6 and CS8 accelerated scans. The mean differences, standard deviations and their confidence intervals (red shaded areas) were calculated from the data points of all contours. (PDF 414 kb)
Western forbs: Biology, ecology, and use in restoration

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Federal directives including the National Seed Strategy, the President’s Memorandum on pollinators, and greater sage-grouse conservation plans emphasize the use of native species to recover ecosystems damaged by fire, mineral extraction, energy development, recreation, road construction, or other disturbances. Forbs or wildflowers are essential components of resilient, biologically and functionally diverse communities. However, restoration and rehabilitation use of native forbs in the Intermountain West remains limited. Because of this, Western Forbs: Biology, Ecology, and Use in Restoration is being developed to synthesize native forb research, particularly the many studies conducted over the last two decades, and knowledge gained from practical experience. This document will aid seed collectors, seed growers, nurserymen, landowners, restoration contractors, and public land managers as they increase the supply and use of native forbs in the Intermountain West. Each chapter focuses on an individual forb species and reviews current knowledge of its biology, ecology, seed technology, and use in restoration. Chapters are being developed from a prioritized list of 98 species prepared by USDI BLM, based on the projected importance of each species for Great Basin sites in the greatest need of restoration.
Comparison of 15–20 mmHg versus 20–30 mmHg Compression Stockings in Reducing Occupational Oedema in Standing and Seated Healthy Individuals

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background. Elastic compression stockings (ECS) are effective in preventing and reducing occupational edema (OE), but the optimal pressure according to the prevalent working position during the day is still controversial. Objective. To compare the effectiveness of ECS with different pressures (15–20 mmHg or 20–30 mmHg) for reducing OE in individuals working in different prolonged postures. Methods. This cross-sectional study comprised 116 lower limbs of 58 individuals divided into three groups according to their prevalent postures over the day (sitting, standing, or combination). Volumetric measurements were taken at the beginning and at the end of three consecutive days. On the first day, individuals did not use compression stockings; on the second and third days, they used, respectively, 15–20 mmHg and 20–30 mmHg knee-length stockings. Differences between morning and evening volumes (measured edema) were calculated, compared, and correlated. Results. Volumetric variations were significantly lower on the second compared to the first day when individuals in all three groups used 15–20 mmHg compression stockings (p-value < 0.001). Measurements were even lower when they used 20–30 mmHg stockings: this decrease was more significant for the sitting (p-value < 0.001) than the standing (p-value < 0.05) and combined groups (p-value < 0.05). Reduction of measured edema was more significant in individuals working in a prolonged seated position. No significant difference was found only on comparing sitting and standing groups after the use of the 15–20 mmHg compression stockings. Conclusions. The use of ECS over a working day reduces OE in prolonged sitting, standing, and combined positions, with the reductions being greater with the higher pressure.
English Musical Life—A Symposium (IV)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In most parts of the world a foreigner's comments, even when invited, are apt to stir up resentment. This is not so in Britain where, as a friend recently remarked, the people pay foreigners for being rude, and, citing the case of George Bernard Shaw, make national heroes of them. Not that one could possibly aspire to the heroic heights of Shavian rudeness, nor, indeed, could present circumstances occasion it; for even the most hardened foreign observer cannot but be impressed by the extent and vitality of British Public music making.
The Yemen security complex in the Middle East: continuity and change since 2004

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Regional Security Complex Theory (RSCT) recently marked its 20th anniversary since its introduction by Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver. Coincidentally, the Saada wars and broader civil strife in Yemen have persisted for two decades, rendering it one of the most overlooked yet protracted conflicts of the modern era. Historically, Yemen has played a pivotal though ambiguous role in the Middle East – emerging as the region’s first democratic republic while also serving as a hotspot for extremist activity and proxy competition. Despite its internal fragmentation and recurring wars, Yemen continues to influence regional security dynamics, reinforcing the ‘conflict formation’ character of the Middle Eastern security complex (MESC). The article introduces the concept of the ‘Yemen complex’ – defined through five interlinked factors: enduring civil strife and Houthi resistance, proxy warfare, terrorism, economic collapse, and maritime security. Using RSCT as the main analytical framework, it examines the Yemen complex’s boundaries, polarity, and amity–enmity structure. The analysis draws on qualitative examination of conflict timelines, military interventions (2015, 2023), and a visual actors–threats–referent objects mapping to track continuity and change in securitisation patterns. The findings show that earlier securitisations centred on Yemen’s homegrown and foreign terrorism have declined in prominence, replaced by heightened concerns over Houthi military empowerment and threats to Red Sea shipping lanes – both contributing to the ‘economisation’ of the Yemen complex. The conflict has also reinforced the multipolar nature of the MESC, partly as a result of the counterproductive consequences of the Saudi-led intervention. In the past two decades, the Yemen complex has evolved into a substructure within the MESC, influencing both regional alignments and global maritime security considerations. Although prospects for peaceful conflict resolution have emerged, external actors remain divided in their strategic objectives. This ongoing fragmentation continues to complicate conflict management and obstructs straightforward policy solutions
Improving Machine Learning-based Prediction of Frailty in Elderly People with Digital Wearables : Data from the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Frailty is a geriatric medical condition that is highly associated with age and age-related diseases. The multidimensional consequences of frailty are heavily impacting the quality of life, and will inevitably increase the burden on healthcare systems in the future. Most importantly, the lack of a universal standard to describe, diagnose, or let alone treat frailty, is further complicating the situation in the long-term. Nowadays, more and more frailty assessment tools are being developed on a regional and institutional basis, which is continuing to drive the heterogeneity in the characterization of frailty further apart. Gaining better insights into the underlying causes and pathophysiology of frailty, and how it is developing in patients is, therefore, required to establish strong and accurately tailored response schemes for frail patients, where currently only symptoms are treated. Thus, in this study, we deployed machine learning-based classification and optimization techniques to predict frailty in elderly people aged 65 or above from the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II, n=1512, frail=484) and revealed some of the most informative biomedical information to characterize frailty, including new potential biomarkers. Frailty in BASE-II was measured by the Fried et al. 5-item frailty index, composed of the clinical variables grip strength, weight loss, exhaustion, physical activity, and gait. The level of frailty in BASE-II was adapted for binary classification purposes by merging the pre-frail and frail levels as frail. A configurable in-house pipeline was developed for pre-processing the clinical data and predicting the target disease by deploying Support Vector Machines Classification. The most informative and essential subgroup of clinical measurements with regards to frailty was investigated by re-optimizing an initially full data-driven model by sequentially leaving out one subgroup. The best prediction power was yielded with resampling and dimensionality reduction techniques using the F-beta-2 score, and was further improved by adding one item of the Fried et al. frailty index. Furthermore, differences between the gender in the data set led to the investigation of gender-specific model configurations, followed by re-optimizations. As a result, we were able to specifically increase the predictive power in gender-specific groups, and will simultaneously emphasize on the differences between the most informative clinical biomarkers as well as the most essential subgroups for mixed and gender-specific BASE-II. The results herein suggest that a combination of the detected easy-to-obtain biomedical information on frailty risk factors together with one Fried et al. phenotype information provided by i.e., smart wearable devices (gait, grip strength, …) could significantly improve the frailty prediction power in mixed and gender-specific clinical cohort data.
Identification of Plant Homologues of Dual Specificity Yak1-Related Kinases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Currently, Dual Specificity YAK1-Related Kinases (MNB/DYRK) were found in slime molds, protista, fungi, and animals, but the existence of plant homologues is still unclear. In the present study, we have identified 14 potential plant homologues with the previously unknown functions, based on the strong sequence similarity. The results of bioinformatics analysis revealed their correspondence to DYRK1A, DYRK1B, DYRK3, and DYRK4. For two plant homologues of animal DYRK1A from Physcomitrella patens and Arabidopsis thaliana spatial structures of catalytic domains were predicted, as well as their complexes with ADP and selective inhibitor d15. Comparative analysis of 3D-structures of the human DYRK1A and plant homologues, their complexes with the specific inhibitors, and results of molecular dynamics confirm their structural and functional similarity with high probability. Preliminary data indicate the presence of potential MNB/DYRK specific phosphorylation sites in such proteins associated with plant cytoskeleton as plant microtubule-associated proteins WVD2 and WDL1, and FH5 and SCAR2 involved in the organization and polarity of the actin cytoskeleton and some kinesin-like microtubule motor proteins.
Swarming of Bats at Different Elevations in the Carpathian Mountains

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Swarming bat activity was monitored at three caves at elevations ranging from 880 m to 1,907 m above sea level in the Carpathian Mountains, using an infrared light barrier with data-logger, a video camera with a night-scope system, and subsequently by mist netting. A total of 6,175 bats of 19 species was captured, and over 70,000 passes through cave openings were registered. Caves differed in bat species richness, sex ratio, abundance of particular species and species composition. Peak species richness was observed in the mid-elevation cave. Bat activity was high in all caves, but declined with increasing altitude. Swarming activity occurred earlier at high elevation than at lower elevations. Activity of boreal-alpine species, such as Eptesicus nilssonii, peaked at the start of the swarming period, that of species typical of lower elevations, such as Myotis emarginatus, peaked in the middle of the swarming season. In a few species, males showed a significant preference for higher altitude caves, in contrast to females. A similar pattern was observed in the proportion of adults to juveniles, which increased with increasing elevation. Our results also suggest that M. brandtii and M. alcathoe were more often encountered at lower elevations, M. mystacinus (sensu stricto) at higher ones.