jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Control of gene expression in trypanosomes.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Trypanosomes are protozoan agents of major parasitic diseases such as Chagas' disease in South America and sleeping sickness of humans and nagana disease of cattle in Africa. They are transmitted to mammalian hosts by specific insect vectors. Their life cycle consists of a succession of differentiation and growth phases requiring regulated gene expression to adapt to the changing extracellular environment. Typical of such stage-specific expression is that of the major surface antigens of Trypanosoma brucei, procyclin in the procyclic (insect) form and the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) in the bloodstream (mammalian) form. In trypanosomes, the regulation of gene expression is effected mainly at posttranscriptional levels, since primary transcription of most of the genes occurs in long polycistronic units and is constitutive. The transcripts are processed by transsplicing and polyadenylation under the influence of intergenic polypyrimidine tracts. These events show some developmental regulation. Untranslated sequences of the mRNAs seem to play a prominent role in the stage-specific control of individual gene expression, through a modulation of mRNA abundance. The VSG and procyclin transcription units exhibit particular features that are probably related to the need for a high level of expression. The promoters and RNA polymerase driving the expression of these units resemble those of the ribosomal genes. Their mutually exclusive expression is ensured by controls operating at several levels, including RNA elongation. Antigenic variation in the bloodstream is achieved through DNA rearrangements or alternative activation of the telomeric VSG gene expression sites. Recent discoveries, such as the existence of a novel nucleotide in telomeric DNA and the generation of point mutations in VSG genes, have shed new light on the mechanisms and consequences of antigenic variation.
Review of integrated neuromusculoskeletal release and the novel application of a segmental anterior/posterior approach in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Integrated neuromusculoskeletal release (INR) using a segmental anterior/posterior approach is an osteopathic manipulative treatment technique that is easily learned and applied. The segmental anterior/posterior approach to INR was developed as a practical osteopathic manipulative treatment procedure for the inpatient setting, but also has equal efficacy in the outpatient setting. It builds on the principles of INR and myofascial release techniques, as well as other techniques. This approach focuses on both the anterior and posterior connectivity of the body through the neuromusculoskeletal system and uses this connectivity to effectively treat somatic dysfunctions. The principles of INR are discussed, as well as the role of INR in the diagnosis and treatment of somatic dysfunctions in the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
Whether Present Era Demand Change in Pharmaceutical Promotional Ways to be More Eco- and Doctor-Friendly? An Observational Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A BSTRACT Aim: Pharmaceutical promotion is the principal aspect of the healthcare system. In this study, we aimed to portray the opinion of doctors and medical representatives (MRs) on conventional pharmaceutical ways (usage of promotional or educational paper materials and physician drug samples) for pharmaceutical promotion. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, data were collected from doctors and MRs across India using self-administered Google forms. Data were analyzed, and results were drawn. Results: A total of 314 doctors and 272 MRs participated in the study. As per 95.5% of doctors, continuing medical education (CME)/books/online information is the most common and convenient method to update medical knowledge, whereas 67.9% of MRs also think the same. Only 5.5% of doctors prefer paper material provided by pharmaceutical companies to update their knowledge. Most doctors say paper materials provided by pharmaceutical companies contribute less than 25% to product information, rather CME, books, and online information contribute significantly. MRs also think similarly. 66.2% of MRs agree that more than 25% of paper material gets wasted due to non-distribution. 73.2% of doctors and 75.4% of MRs agree that the use of paper materials for product promotion is not cost-effective, even if it contributes to deforestation. Only 51% of doctors use more than 50% of medical samples in patient care and only half of doctors and MRs think expired medical samples are disposed of correctly. 56.1% of doctors and 71.4% of MRs think a significant amount of medical samples are wasted and are hazardous to the environment. Conclusions: Both doctors and MRs are of the opinion that the conventional method of paper promotion, that is, paper material and drug samples, is not cost-effective and also not eco-friendly. Hence, need to rethink – is there a need to change with time?
Experience in renal transplantation. By Thomas, E. Starzl, Ph.D., M.D., Denver, Colorado. 10×7 in. Pp.383. Illustrated. 1964. London: W. B. Saunders Co. Ltd., £5 19s

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Journal Article Experience in renal transplantation. By Thomas, E. Starzl, Ph.D., M.D., Denver, Colorado. 10×7 in. Pp.383. Illustrated. 1964. London: W. B. Saunders Co. Ltd., £5 19s Get access Experience in renal transplantation. By Thomas E Starzl, Ph.D., M.D., Denver, Colorado. 10×7 in. Pp. 383. Illustrated. 1964. London: W. B. Saunders Co. Ltd., £5 19s British Journal of Surgery, Volume 52, Issue 5, May 1965, Page 396, https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800520535 Published: 08 December 2005
Socio-Economic Determinants of Migration in Pakistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Different migration theories represent different variables about determinants, degrees, and dynamics of migration. Some other theories discuss the economic aspects of migration at the personal and household level, such as the neo-classical and the new economics of colonial theories. This study examines the determinants of migration based on current theories of migration. We use primary (micro) data for this purpose: Pakistan Demographic Household Survey (PDHS) 2017-18. Moreover, we think that the decision to migrate is not the individual’s decision; it is the collective decision of the home, and we have included the household-level characteristics in the analysis. The study aims to analyse the socio-economic determinants of migration in Pakistan. Logistic regression is applied to assess the impact of socio-economic determinants of migration in Pakistan. Marriages (71%) play a major role in immigration decision-making in Pakistan, and migration in Pakistan is the predominant factor. Education has a positive relationship with migration. The better economic opportunities have a significant impact on migration.
Analysis of Land Information Maps Using Participatory Mapping Methods (Case Study: Mejoyolosari, Jombang)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based on the regulation of the Minister agrarian and Space of the Republic Indonesia number 12 of 2017 and presidential instruction Number 2 of 2018 for accelerating Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap (PTSL). In order to mapping the land parcels, it is necessary to have the data of the subject and the object of the land so that the Land Map information will be developed. The identification and validation parcels of land parcels are carried out using participatory mapping method. The Participatory Mapping Method used is to delineate the boundary of the land parcels on the Work Map (Pleiades, high-resolution satellite imagery) The delineation result from the participative mapping is further validated in the field by taking 48 samples of the land parcels. In this research, the land map and land information (Land Record) are available, information on the distribution of registered and unregistered land parcels. And obtained the results of extensive accuracy of Delineation with direct measurements of the field according to BPN Standarization. Delineation of Pleiades high-resolution satellite images land parcels sample that meets the wide accuracy of 19 land parcels of soil, 11 fields of rice fields and 8 residential areas.
Sub graph sampling and case citation network: a case study

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Graphs or networks very commonly are used to represent connected or linked data. With the penetration of www in every sphere of life networked relationships can be easily established through communication links over web and network and graph analysis come as obvious choices of data representation and analysis. There are processes which can be analysed as network not through web but through the knowledge links available in these domains. In both these cases network analysis is challenged by the enormous size of the network in terms of nodes and links. Sub graph sampling can effectively be employed on large network structures to reduce the size of data while preserving the original properties of the network. Through this paper authors present a case study on application of sub graph sampling approach to obtain reduced case citation network in legal domain.
The Rule of Capture - "If It Ain't Broke . . . ."

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We agree that some aspects of the English or common law rule as to underground waters are harsh and outmoded, and the rule has been severely criticized since its reaffirmation by this Court in 1955. Most of the critics, however, recognize that it has become an established rule of property law in this State, under which many citizens own land and water rights. The rule has been relied upon by thousands of farmers, industries, and municipalities in purchasing and developing vast tracts of land overlying aquifers of underground water. – Friendswood Dev. Co. v. Smith-Southwest Indus., Inc., 576 S.W.2d 21, 28-29 (Tex. 1978). To imply now that the rule of capture has not been addressed by the Legislature is inaccurate and overlooks a comprehensive water plan in which groundwater districts and regulation of groundwater pumping are an integral part. It is also a disservice to the individuals who so willingly serve on the groundwater district boards.
Supplementary Issue: Gene and Protein Expression Profiling in Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A BS tr Act: Every year numerous individuals develop the morbid condition of sepsis. Therefore, novel biomarkers that might better inform clinicians treating such patients are sorely needed. Difficulty in identifying such markers is in part due to the complex heterogeneity of sepsis, resulting from the broad and vague definition of this state/condition based on numerous possible clinical signs and symptoms as well as an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathobiology of this complex condition. This review considers some of the attempts that have been made so far, looking at both the pro- and anti-inflammatory response to sepsis, as well as genomic analysis, as sources of potential biomarkers. Irrespective, for functional biomarker(s) of sepsis to successfully translate from the laboratory to a clinical setting, the biomarker must be target specific and sensitive as well as easy to implement/interpret, and be cost effective, such that they can be utilized routinely in patient diagnosis and treatment.
Crack Detection under Coating of Flow Passage Parts based on Adaptive Second Generation Wavelet

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Cracks under coating of flow passage parts of hydropower station is a very serious fault, which can directly lead to fatigue fracture. This will directly affect the safety of the entire hydropower unit. The array eddy current testing method has been studied, and crack signals are found with a lot of noise. In order to improve the signal quality, adaptive second generation wavelet transform is applied to the array eddy current signal analysis to reduce the signal noise. A test block with some cracks under the coating was tested, and the tiny crack defect with size of 0.13mm × 0.5mm × 5mm was identified. The experimental results show that the array eddy current detection method based on adaptive second generation wavelet transform can effectively identify the cracks under the coating of flow passage components of hydropower station, with high detection accuracy and strong adaptability, and has good engineering application value.
COPPER TOXICITY AND ACCUMULATION IN POTTED SEEDLINGS OF THREE APPLE ROOTSTOCK SPECIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR SAFE FRUIT PRODUCTION ON COPPER-POLLUTED SOILS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A 190-d pot cultivation of three apple rootstock species, Malus hupehensis, M. prunifolia, and M. micromalus, was conducted to investigate tolerance, uptake and accumulation of copper (Cu) in different rootstock species. The calculated soil Cu concentration that reduced plant biomass by 50% decreased in M. hupehensis, M. prunifolia, and M. micromalus. This experiment showed that Cu tolerance of M. hupehensis was superior to the other rootstocks. Copper accumulation proportions in shoots or leaves of M. hupehensis were only 0.7–7.4%, which were the lowest among the three species in both control and Cu treatments, and especially were as low as only 40–50% of those of M. prunifolia. The results indicate that Cu-tolerant low-aboveground-Cu-accumulation rootstocks (i.e., excluder rootstocks) could be a good alternative to produce safe fruits with low Cu concentration on Cu-polluted soils without a complete ban on Cu fungicides.
Results of Treatment of Idiopathic Scoliosis with the Charleston Bending Orthosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors present a preliminary retrospective review of the treatment of 32 patients with idiopathic scoliosis with the Charleston bending thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO), a new, low-profile spinal orthosis. At the onset of treatment, the patients' mean age was 12.5 years and the mean Risser stage was 0.4. Females achieved menarche at an mean of 1.8 months after starting orthotic treatment. Single structural curves were treated in all patients. At this time, 2 patients have failed treatment, their curves progressing 12° and 8°, respectively. An additional 11 patients have successfully completed treatment, having reached skeletal maturity with no more than 5° of curve progression. Their mean curve change was a 2.2° decrease. The other 19 patients remain under treatment. The Charleston bending TLSO is worn only during nighttime sleeping hours. It is well tolerated, with excellent patient compliance and low psychological stress, and it may be as successful at curve control as other orthoses. Experience with more patients and longer follow-up is needed.
Methionine synthesis in Proteus mirabilis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Sixty different isolates of methionineless auxotrophs of Proteus mirabilis were arranged in nine biochemical groups according to their growth responses to methionine or its precursors. These requirements suggested that P. mirabilis possesses a route for methionine biosynthesis which is similar to the pathway operating in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. In contrast to findings with the latter organisms syntrophism was not observed between these mutants of P. mirabilis even with sonically disrupted potential feeder strains. Two methionineless auxotrophs of E. coli fed auxotrophs of P. mirabilis which had metabolic blocks earlier in this pathway. These results, which suggested an inability of methionineless auxotrophs of P. mirabilis to accumulate precursors of metabolic blocks, were confirmed by a quantitative comparison of methionine precursors in wild-type and mutant strains of P. mirabilis and E. coli. The presence of S-methylcysteine (SMC) was demonstrated in wild-type and methionineless auxotrophs of P. mirabilis and E. coli. The growth responses of methionineless auxotrophs of P. mirabilis to SMC supported a hypothesis for the participation of this amino acid in the synthesis of methionine via an alternative route.
<title>Bayesian estimation of regularization parameters for deformable surface models</title>

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this article the authors build on their past attempts to reconstruct a 3D, time-varying bolus of radiotracer from first-pass data obtained by the dynamic SPECT imager, FASTSPECT, built by the University of Arizona. The object imaged is a CardioWest total artificial heart. The bolus is entirely contained in one ventricle and its associated inlet and outlet tubes. The model for the radiotracer distribution at a given time is a closed surface parameterized by 482 vertices that are connected to make 960 triangles, with nonuniform intensity variations of radiotracer allowed inside the surface on a voxel-to-voxel basis. The total curvature of the surface is minimized through the use of a weighted prior in the Bayesian framework, as is the weighted norm of the gradient of the voxellated grid. MAP estimates for the vertices, interior intensity voxels and background count level are produced. The strength of the priors, or hyperparameters, are determined by maximizing the probability of the data given the hyperparameters, called the evidence. The evidence is calculated by first assuming that the posterior is approximately normal in the values of the vertices and voxels, and then by evaluating the integral of the multi-dimensional normal distribution. This integral (which requires evaluating the determinant of a covariance matrix) is computed by applying a recent algorithm from Bai et. al. that calculates the needed determinant efficiently. They demonstrate that the radiotracer is highly inhomogeneous in early time frames, as suspected in earlier reconstruction attempts that assumed a uniform intensity of radiotracer within the closed surface, and that the optimal choice of hyperparameters is substantially different for different time frames.
Issues Faced by the Transgender Community Inaccessing Public Services in Khyberpakhtunkhwa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Hijras are commonly ridiculed in most parts of the world due to certain misconceptions including the question of their sexual deformity. Pakistan is the home of a million Hijras mostly living below the poverty line and now commonly seeing begging at different traffic signals. The present study was designed to study the issue faced by the transgender community in accessing public services in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study covers four districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Swabi, Mardan, Haripur, and Mansehra) with a total sample size of 20. This qualitative study was based on interviews with transgender gurus this research covers six themes transgender population identification, public sector employment literacy, and schooling, public health, and protection. The semi-structured interview was conducted through structured questioners to gather the data from the target samples. Data were analyzed through thematic analysis by using NVIVO Software. The result show population in all four districts is mostly found uneducated presently engaged in such a profession which are not socially considered honorable. The finding also shows that they face a lot of problems while accessing public services including services in hospitals, education, less cooperation of police, totally ignored from society and also avoid by government. This research study will highlight the issues which are faced by transgender in the community.
Social Class and Habitus at the End of College: Cultural Similarity and Difference among Graduating Seniors

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Existing research offers a range of perspectives on the impact of the college experience on culture. While some scholars claim that higher education leads to cultural convergence or homogenization among students, others emphasize the durability of class-based cultural differences during college. This article seeks to understand the degree to which students from across class backgrounds leave college with a similar habitus. Drawing from interviews with 62 graduating seniors from three distinct class backgrounds, I examine cultural similarities and differences at two layers of habitus as students look toward life after college. Findings demonstrate that while students' specific aspirations for graduate study and careers are similar, their general cultural schemas—evidenced by students' perceptions of what constitutes success and failure after graduation—and sense of self diverge along class lines. In other words, these interviews provide evidence that college seniors across class backgrounds are comparable in their secondary habitus but differ at the level of their primary habitus. These findings have implications for the way we conceive of social mobility through higher education as well as our understanding of multiple layers of habitus.
USING LAGRANGIAN PERTURBATION THEORY FOR PRECISION COSMOLOGY

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We explore the Lagrangian perturbation theory (LPT) at 1-loop order with\nGaussian initial conditions. We present an expansion method to approximately\ncompute the power spectrum in LPT. Our approximate solution has good\nconvergence in the series expansion and enables us to compute the power\nspectrum in LPT accurately and quickly. Non-linear corrections in the\nLagrangian perturbation theory naturally satisfy the law of conservation of\nmass because the relation between matter density and the displacement vector of\ndark matter corresponds to the conservation of mass. By matching the 1-loop\nsolution in LPT to the 2-loop solution in standard perturbation theory, we\npresent an approximate solution of the power spectrum which has higher order\ncorrections than the 2-loop order in standard perturbation theory with the\nconservation of mass satisfied. With this approximation, we can use LPT to\ncompute a non-linear power spectrum without any free parameters, and this\nsolution agrees with numerical simulations at $k=0.2$ $h{\\rm Mpc}^{-1}$ and\n$z=0.35$ to better than 2%.\n
Odynolysis in Elder Patients with Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite of the increasing incidence rate of cancer in elder patients, the emphasis on it isn't quite enough. Almost every clinical trial for cancer rules out patients older than 75 years and many indications of drugs show only a sentence at the end: Lack of data in elder people! Same situation exists in the field of treatment of cancer pain in elder patients. Cancer pain in elder patients is very unique and complicated due to the facts of the specific physiological and emotional backgrounds of elder people, the insufficient odynolysis and lacking of correct evaluation. Considering of the complications presented clinically and etiologically, combined therapy should also be recommended in treatment of cancer pain, as well as in cancer therapy. There are two families of drugs used in the odynolysis of elder cancer patients: non-opioids and opioids. Among the first family, paracetamol should be the first choice for minor pain and nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), especially the selective COX2 inhibitors, can be considered when paracetamol is not capable of controlling the pain. Opioids are widely used for moderate to severe cancer pain. Adjuvant drugs, including tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants and benzodiazepines, are also helpful and can be used in every ladder of pain, but they are not recommended as a routine. In summary, much more effort should be assigned to the palliative treatment (mostly the odynolysis) of elder patients with cancer and it might be the most, sometimes the only, effective way to improve the quality of life for those who are seriously sick from cancer.