jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Microscopic description of total muon capture rates for even isotopes of Ti, Cr and Fe

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Presents results of microscopic calculations of total muon capture rates ( Lambda mu c) for even isotopes of Ti, Cr and Fe. The ground-state wavefunctions for these nuclei required in the calculation of Lambda mu c are generated from the respective prolate and oblate Hartree-Fock (HF) solutions. The HF calculations in the 2p-1f space are performed with a 40Ca inert core and using the Tabakin (1964) interaction matrix elements (ME) with appropriate core polarisation corrections. The calculated Lambda mu c are found to be similar for all four interactions. The dependence of Lambda mu c with respect to the variation of the oscillator size parameter and the average neutrino momentum is studied. The calculated Lambda mu c for 48Ti, 50,52,54,56Cr and 56Fe compare well with the corresponding experimental results and are consistently better compared with earlier theoretical results.
An Evaluation of Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Leaf Extract of Madhuca longifolia Utilizing Quantitative and Qualitative Methods

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In the current decade, nanoparticles are synthesized using solvents that are environmentally friendly. A number of nanoparticles have been synthesized at room temperature using water as a solvent, such as gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles. As part of nanotechnology, nanoparticles are synthesized through biological processes. Biological methods are the preferred method for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a result of their simple and non-hazardous nature. Nanoparticles of silver are used in a variety of applications, including catalysts, spectrally selective coatings for solar absorption, optical objectives, pharmaceutical constituents, and chemical and biological sensing. Antimicrobial agents are among the top uses of silver nanoparticles. In the current study, silver nanoparticles were biologically manufactured through Madhuca longifolia, and their antibacterial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities were assessed. UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD (X-ray diffraction), transmission electron microscopy, Zeta Potential, and FTIR were used to characterize silver nanoparticles. The current work describes a cheap and environmentally friendly method to synthesize silver nanoparticles from silver nitrate solution by using plant crude extract as a reducing agent.
Correlated geographic variation in predation risk and antipredator behaviour within a wide‐ranging snake species (Notechis scutatus, Elapidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Geographic variation in antipredator behaviour within wide‐ranging species may be driven by both genetic and environmental influences. We quantified antipredator responses in neonatal (laboratory born, n = 555) and adult (field caught, n = 346) tiger snakes ( Notechis scutatus ) from 11 mainland and island sites in southern Australia. We used these data to test predictions from Bonnet et al .'s hypothesis that the vigour of antipredator responses in this species reflects behavioural plasticity (in turn, driven by an individual snake's exposure to predators during its lifetime) rather than by genetic variation in this trait. We used the number of predator taxa in each area as an index of predator risk. As predicted, adult snakes from predator‐rich areas had more vigorous defensive responses when handled, whereas neonatal behaviour (although also variable among populations) was unrelated to predator species richness. Adult males bit more readily than adult females (as expected from the greater predation exposure of males during mate searching) but no such sex difference was evident in neonates. Although alternative models remain possible, our data are most consistent with the hypothesis that geographic divergence in antipredator tactics within this species primarily reflects developmentally plastic responses to local predation risk.
Genetic Diversity of Foodborne Pathogen Detected in Commercial Shellfish in Metropolitan Area

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

This study was performed to investigate the contamination status of microorganisms that cause food poisoning in shellfish distributed in the metropolitan area of South Korea.The analyses were conducted according to the sample type, season, and region.In particular, the genotype of food poisoning viruses that explosively cause collective food poisoning was analyzed.Total 483 each of four types of shellfish (Crassostrea gigas, Mytilus coruscus, Pectea albicans albicans, and Scapharca subcrenata) were collected from four distribution sites located in the metropolitan area.We investigated foodborne pathogen by multiplex PCR and RT/Nested PCR from shellfish.As a result, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Bacillus cereus were detected in 13 and 21 samples and Norovirus (NoV) GI and GII were detected in 7 and 12 samples, respectively.V. parahaemolyticus and NoV GI and GII showed differences in types of shellfish and seasons, and no correlation was confirmed with regional differences.Also, as a result of genotyping for the detected NoV GI and GII, they were confirmed as NoV GI.7, GI.5 and GII.3, which are causes of collective food poisoning.Therefore, cross-infection with shellfish can cause food poisoning.In particular, attention must be paid to the handling and cooking of shellfish in organizations that implement group feeding, and it is necessary to establish a management system for microorganisms that cause food poisoning in the process of shellfish farming and distribution.
Accessibility Nuggets, Video Vignettes, and Other Instructor Development Approaches to Foster UDL Adoption and Inclusive Engineering Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Students with disabilities need accessible courses. Universal Design for Learning (UDL) has become a well-known approach to creating inclusive and accessible education. However, despite general interest around UDL among instructors, previous studies have revealed the lack of resources to adequately educate instructors on UDL, accessibility principles, and best practices. This study details multiple methodologies at the University of Illinois Urbana Champaign used to educate and inspire instructors about UDL with the goal of creating more accessible engineering courses. We implemented multiple approaches to increase interest in, and utilization of, UDL by instructors: 1) Developed a Learning Management System (LMS) based training course which gave instructors "plug-and-play" practical examples of UDL design practices; 2) Created short tips ("Accessibility Nuggets") to inspire interest and show the starting points; 3) Provided hands-on help for non-UDL based engineering courses to make them more accessible; 4) Surveyed students and instructors about UDL practices. We report the results of several methods of instructor engagement practices including: 1) Canvas training modules about implementing UDL at beginner, intermediate, and expert levels of difficulty; 2) Newsletters about UDL sent to instructors along with statistics including: number of subscribers, number of views per week, visits to linked resources and the feedback from subscribers; 3) Prerecorded video tutorials about utilizing various UDL tools at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and motivational videos (vignettes) about why UDL is important. Our study provides insight into how best to foster interest and provide education around UDL. Our end goal is to increase utilization of UDL in the classroom at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. We will provide open training materials for use in other universities.
Sacral preauricular extensions, notches, and corresponding iliac changes: New terms and the proposal of a recording system

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Specific changes at the ventrosuperior margin (apex) of the ala ossis sacri —an extension or a notch and respective corresponding structures at the iliac auricular facet—were noted in female skeletons. We suggest terming them sacral preauricular extension (SPE) and sacral preauricular notch (SPN) and propose a recording system. We analysed pelvic remains from Bronze Age female and male individuals for comparison from three different sites in Austria in the course of the ongoing European Research Council‐funded project The Value of Mothers to Society. In total, 52 sacral remains from the right side and 34 from the left of female individuals, as well as 30 sacral remains from the right and 24 from the left side of male individuals, were recorded. Commonly addressed pelvic features and the newly described changes were systematically analysed. The sacral preauricular extension occurred uni‐ and, in some cases, bilaterally in females of all ages, always at the level of the terminal line, the sacral preauricular notch only unilaterally. Corresponding structures at the ilium occurred in 66.7% and 80% of the affected individuals (right/left side, respectively). In total, a sacral preauricular extension was found on the right side in 13.5% and on the left side in 14.7% of the Bronze Age females, and 9.6% was affected by a notch. The observed changes were not found in males. We argue that the observed changes stand in a causal relationship with pregnancy and birth events. The hormonally induced ligament laxening during pregnancies causes an increased movement in the sacroiliac joint. Postural changes encouraged by weight gain can cause balance shifts that may lead to the observed bony extensions at the sacroiliac apex. The sacral preauricular notch may be related to birthing events at an early age. We present a nomenclature, a detailed description of the morphological modifications, and propose a recording system.
Effects of Low Level Carbon Monoxide (CO) on Tracking and Monitoring. An Attempt to Replicate the Findings of Putz et al. (1976) Protocol 2.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The present study was an attempt to replicate the experiment and findings of Putz et al. (1976). In the Putz et al. study it was shown that 5 percent COHb resulting from four hours of exposure to 70 ppm CO produced decrements in tracking and monitoring behavior in healthy young men. Intensive effort was made to assure that the Putz et al. procedural and equipment were duplicated. Certain procedural changes were introduced out of necessity or due to lack of exact information. The results of the present study using 22 healthy men did not show a statistically significant effect of CO exposure to 100 ppm for four hours on either tracking or monitoring. In the present study (a) observed trends were in the same direction as those of Putz et al. (b) results approached statistical significance criterion and (c) several inadvertent methodological changes from Putz et al. apparently occurred. Due to these considerations and the findings of Putz et al. (1976) and Putx (1979), it may be tentatively concluded that (a) tracking may be sensitive to impairment by CO exposure (b) monitoring does not appear to be affected by CO exposure and (c) important variables in research on the effects of CO exposure on tracking appear to be the level of subject training and the task difficulty. Originator supplied keywords include: Carbon monoxide, CO Tracking, Vigilance, Flash Detection, Human Carboxyhemoglobin.
A spectroscopic study of the X-ray binary V1727 Cygni

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Time-resolved high-resolution spectroscopy is used to study the binary X-ray source V1727 Cyg (=4U2129+47). The He II 4686 emission line has a double-peaked line profile, a strong S-wave distortion, and distinctive eclipse behavior–features suggesting that the line is formed in an accretion disc around the compact object. Hβ absorption and a sharp emission component at N III 4640 arise on the heated face of companion star. The radial velocities of the lines, the duration of the X-ray eclipse, and the separation of the He II emission peaks constrain the masses at |$0.6\pm 0.2\,{M}_{\odot}$| for the compact star and |$0.4\pm 0.2\,{M}_{\odot}$| for the companion. If the compact component is a neutron star, as seems probable from the X-ray luminosity, its derived mass is significantly lower than previously determined neutron star masses.
Effect of long acting beta 2-agonist on gross morphology of skeletal muscles and creatine phosphokinase level in simvastatin induced myopathies in rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To study the gross morphology of skeletal muscles and plasma Creatinine phosphokinase levels of rats and find effect of long acting β2-agonists co-administration in Statin induced myopathies.
Study Design: Quasi experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anatomy, Army Medical College Rawalpindi in collaboration with National Institute of Health (NIH) Islamabad and Armed forces institute of Pathology (AFIP) Rawalpindi, from Jan 2015 to Jun 2016.
Methodology: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were procured from NIH Islamabad. Their average approximate age was 70-80 days with weight range 250 ± 50 grams. The animals were randomly selected and divided into three groups. Group A was the control. Each rat of group B received Simvastatin dissolved in distilled water, by oral gavage (60mg/kg/day) once daily, for 12 weeks. Animals of Group C received simvastatin dissolved in distilled water, (60mg/kg/day) once daily plus for dissolved in distilled water (3μg/kg/day) once daily for 12 weeks. 5ml sample of blood was taken in a plain tube directly from the heart for the quantitative measurement of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels before sacrificing of the animals. The animals were sacrificed after three months of the experimental period.
Results: Examination of plasma levels of CPK of the control group revealed the normal values. It was significantly higher in group B as compared to the control group A. The serum creatine phosphokinase levels showed a decrease in the mean levels after treatment with Formoterol in group C
Conclusion: Simvastatin induced the myopathic changes in the skeletal muscle of experimental rats which was shown by increased CPK levels. Formoterol co-administration decreased CPK levels in simvastatin induced myopathies.
Toxicity, Biocompatibility, pH-Responsiveness and Methotrexate Release from PVA/Hyaluronic Acid Cryogels for Psoriasis Therapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/hyaluronic acid cryogels loaded with methotrexate were studied. The physical–chemical characterization of cryogels was performed by FT-IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Acute toxicity and haematological parameters were determined by “in vivo” tests. The biocompatibility tests proved that the obtained cryogels showed significantly decreased toxicity and are biocompatible. The pH-responsiveness of the swelling behaviour and of the methotrexate release from the poly(vinyl alcohol)/hyaluronic acid (PVA/HA) cryogels were studied in a pH interval of 2–7.4. A significant change in properties was found at pH 5.5 specific for treatment of affected skin in psoriasis disease.
Classification of European beech forests: a Gordian Knot?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Questions What are the main floristic patterns in European beech forests? Which classification at the alliance and suballiance level is the most convincing? Location Europe and Asia Minor. Methods We applied a TWINSPAN classification to a data set of 24 605 relevés covering the whole range of Fagus sylvatica forests and the western part of Fagus orientalis forests. We identified 24 ‘operational phytosociological units’ (OPUs), which were used for further analysis. The position of each OPU along the soil pH and temperature gradient was evaluated using Ellenberg Indicator Values. Fidelity of species to OPUs was calculated using the phi coefficient and constancy ratio. We compared alternative alliance concepts, corresponding to groups of OPUs, in terms of number and frequency of diagnostic species. We also established formal definitions for the various alliance concepts based on comparison of the total cover of the diagnostic species groups, and evaluated alternative geographical subdivisions of beech forests. Results The first and second division levels of TWINSPAN followed the temperature and soil pH gradients, while lower divisions were mainly geographical. We grouped the 22 OPUs of Fagus sylvatica forests into acidophytic, meso‐basiphytic and thermo‐basiphytic beech forests, and separated two OPUs of F. orientalis forests. However, a solution with only two ecologically defined alliances of F. sylvatica forests (acidophytic vs basiphytic) was clearly superior with regard to number and frequency of diagnostic species. In contrast, when comparing groupings with three to six geographical alliances of basiphytic beech forests, respectively, we did not find a strongly superior solution. Conclusions We propose to classify F. sylvatica forests into 15 suballiances – three acidophytic and 12 basiphytic ones. Separating these two groups at alliance or order level was clearly supported by our results. Concerning the grouping of the 12 basiphytic suballiances into ecological or geographical alliances, as advocated by many authors, we failed to find an optimal solution. Therefore, we propose a multi‐dimensional classification of basiphytic beech forests, including both ecological and geographical groups as equally valid concepts which may be used alternatively depending on the purpose and context of the classification.
The effectiveness of targeted therapy for recurrence or metastasis adenoid cystic carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The findings of this study suggest that MKIs have a better therapeutic efficacy than single-target drugs in patients with R/M ACC. Future studies are warranted to verify the synergistic role of the combination strategy of MKIs plus ICIs, given the limited number of studies on this topic conducted and published to date.
The Effects of Connecticut's Probation Transition Program on Reducing Technical Violations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A dramatic increase in Connecticut's prison population and concern over the number of probation technical violators being sentenced to prison led to the piloting of a specialized probation program targeting high risk offenders. The present study used a quasi-experimental design with a one-year study period to evaluate the Probation Transition Program's (PTP) effect on probation technical violations and new arrests. Findings indicate the program significantly decreased technical violations in the participation group while the rate of new arrests remained stable. An analysis of PTP participants who received a technical violation or were arrested found that male probationers with high LSI-R risk scores were most likely to receive technical violations and younger male probationers who were African-American, unmarried, with a high number of convictions and high LSI-R risk scores were most likely to be arrested during the one-year follow-up period.
Social ostracism in school context: academic self-concept, prosocial behaviour, and adolescents’ conduct problems

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objective: Social ostracism is a serious psychosocial pattern because of its detrimental impact on adolescents' adjustment and school functioning. The objective of present study was to examine whether academic self-concept and prosocial behaviour mediated the association of social ostracism with conduct problems among adolescents.Method: Participants of the study comprised 337 adolescents (48.2% girls), and ranged in age from 11 to 13 years (M = 11.95, SD =.799).Results: Findings from mediation analysis revealed that social ostracism had a significant effect on academic self-concept, prosocial behaviours, and conduct problems. Academic self-concept and prosocial behaviours also had significant effects on conduct problems. Further, academic self-concept and prosocial behaviour simultaneously served as mediators on the association between social ostracism and conduct problems in adolescents.Conclusions: These results suggest that academic self-concept and prosocial behaviour may help to explain the effect of social ostracism on adolescents' conduct problems and contribute to developing prevention and intervention strategies in school settings to foster healthy development and adjustment among students. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Characterization of natural killer cells expressing markers associated with maturity and cytotoxicity in children and young adults with sickle cell disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is increasingly recognized as a red blood cell disorder modulated by abnormally increased inflammation. We have previously shown that in patients with SCD not on a disease‐modifying therapy (hydroxyurea or chronic transfusions), natural killer (NK) cell numbers are increased. In the current study, we further investigated the NK cell function to determine if there was evidence of increased activation and cytotoxicity. Procedure We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 44 patients with HbSS/HbSβ 0 thalassemia at steady state (hydroxyurea = 13, chronic transfusion = 11, no disease‐modifying therapy = 20) and 23 healthy controls. Using a fresh blood sample, NK immunophenotyping was performed as follows: NK cells (CD3 − CD56 + lymphocytes) were evaluated for makers associated with activation (NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, and CD69) and maturity (CD57, killer immunoglobulin‐like receptors (KIR), and CD56dim). Degranulation and cytotoxicity assays were performed to evaluate NK cell function. Results Patients with SCD who were not on disease‐modifying therapy had a higher number of NK cells with an immunophenotype associated with increased cytotoxicity (NKG2D + , NKp30 + , CD56dim + , and KIR + NK cells) compared with healthy controls and patients on hydroxyurea. NK cells from SCD patients not on disease‐modifying therapy demonstrated significantly increased cytotoxicity (measured by assaying NK cell killing of the K562 cell line) compared with healthy controls ( P = 0.005). Notably, NK cell cytotoxicity against K562 cells in the hydroxyurea or chronic transfusion patients was not significantly different from that in healthy controls. Conclusion SCD is associated with increased NK cell function as well as increased NK cell numbers, which appears to be normalized with disease‐modifying therapy.
Emotion Regulation in a Disordered World

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This paper addresses the phenomenology of emotion dysregulation, focusing on borderline personality disorder (BPD). We emphasize how (a) emotions ordinarily arise within the context of a structured experiential world, (b) emotions play a role in maintaining, repairing, and reshaping that world, and (c) both the world's stability and the workings of emotion processes depend on our being able to relate to other people in certain ways. We go on to show how, if (a), (b), and (c) are accepted, emotion dysregulation (of the kind associated with BPD) is implied by a way of experiencing and relating to the social world as whole. Hence, it is not to be conceived of simply as a matter of disordered emotion. Rather, it involves emotions operating upon a disordered world. Furthermore, given that other people play essential roles in sustaining a structured, practically meaningful world and regulating the emotions that arise within it, emotion regulation and dysregulation turn out to be interpersonal, rather than wholly intrapersonal, in structure.