jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Security and Intergenerational Equity in the Net Zero Transition

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter examines the conflicting energy security and intergenerational equity implications of net zero transition for the development of energy and natural resources. It evaluates how resource-rich countries such as Canada can balance net zero ambitions with the goal of sustainable energy development in a manner that advances intergenerational equity. It examines concerns about faux law—unenforceable political pronouncements that may arise from Canada’s net zero ambitions, especially federal system jurisdictional limitations, including federal, provincial, and indigenous jurisdiction, rights-based limitations, particularly constitutional, statutory, civil, and indigenous rights. The chapter evaluates existing and potential international and domestic law and policy tools to reconcile and address intergenerational equity concerns in Canada’s net zero ambitions and its current position among developed states as a leading global hydrocarbon producer (focused on the Alberta oil sands).
Quantum Speedup for Graph Sparsification, Cut Approximation and Laplacian Solving

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Graph sparsification underlies a large number of algorithms, ranging from approximation algorithms for cut problems to solvers for linear systems in the graph Laplacian. In its strongest form, "spectral sparsification" reduces the number of edges to near-linear in the number of nodes, while approximately preserving the cut and spectral structure of the graph. In this work we demonstrate a polynomial quantum speedup for spectral sparsification and many of its applications. In particular, we give a quantum algorithm that, given a weighted graph with $n$ nodes and $m$ edges, outputs a classical description of an $ε$-spectral sparsifier in sublinear time $\tilde{O}(\sqrt{mn}/ε)$. This contrasts with the optimal classical complexity $\tilde{O}(m)$. We also prove that our quantum algorithm is optimal up to polylog-factors. The algorithm builds on a string of existing results on sparsification, graph spanners, quantum algorithms for shortest paths, and efficient constructions for $k$-wise independent random strings. Our algorithm implies a quantum speedup for solving Laplacian systems and for approximating a range of cut problems such as min cut and sparsest cut.
Learning table access cardinalities with LEO

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

LEO is a comprehensive way to repair incorrect statistics and cardinality estimates of a query execution plan. LEO introduces a feedback loop to query optimization that enhances the available information on the database where the most queries have occurred, allowing the optimizer to actually learn from its past mistakes. We demonstrate how LEO learns outdated table access statistics on a TPC-H like database schema and show that LEO improves the estimates for table cardinalities as well as filter factors for single predicates. Thus LEO enables the query optimizer to choose a better query execution plan, resulting in more efficient query processing. We not only demonstrate learning by repetitive execution of a single query, but also illustrate how similar, but not identical queries benefit from learned knowledge. In addition, we show the effect of both learning cardinalities and adjusting related statistics.
Young adult experiences with securing employment: perceptions of and experiences with employer discrimination and expectations hinder successful labour market attachment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The increasingly precarious nature of North America's labour market has created challenges for young adults in securing and maintaining adequate employment. In a study to better understand these barriers, one-to-one interviews and focus groups were conducted with 36 young adults (between ages 18 and 29) in a neighborhood in Toronto, Canada. Findings show that varying forms of discrimination experienced and perceived by young job seekers, along with expectations of employers within current labour markets, act as key barriers to successful labour market attachment. The findings suggest that the challenges to attach to the labour market can have a lasting psychosocial impact on young people. Consequently, the negative socio-cultural perceptions of young adults and those that hold them, in conjunction with the precariousness of a labour market that supports and maintains social inequality, must be addressed through more substantive policy, regulatory and program based initiatives.
Deriving a textual notation from a metamodel: an experience on bridging Modelware and Grammarware

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we show how the OMG’s metamodelling approach to domain-specific language definition can be exploited to infer human-usable textual notations (concrete syntaxes) from the conceptualization provided by metamodels (abstract syntaxes). We give general rules to derive a context-free EBNF (Extended Backus-Naur Form) grammar from a MOF-compliant metamodel, and we show how to instruct a parser generator by these rules for generating a compiler which is able to parse the grammar and to transfer information about models into a MOF-based instance repository. The approach is exemplified for the Abstract State Machines Metamodel (AsmM), a metamodel for the Abstract State Machine (ASM) formal method, by illustrating the derivation of a textual notation to write ASM specifications conforming to the AsmM, and the process to input ASM models into a MOF repository.
Keloid pathogenesis and fibroproliferative properties are dependent on stem cells regulated by the HEDGEHOG-GLI1 pathway

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Keloids are benign fibroproliferative skin tumors caused by aberrant wound healing that can negatively impact patient quality of life. The lack of animal models has limited research on pathogenesis or developing effective treatments, and the etiology of keloids remains unknown. Here, we found that the characteristics of stem cells from keloid lesions and the surrounding dermis differ from those of normal skin. Furthermore, the HEDGEHOG (HH) signal and its downstream transcription factor GLI1 were upregulated in keloid patient–derived stem cells. Inhibition of the HH-GLI1 pathway reduced the expression of genes involved in keloids and fibrosis-inducing cytokines, including osteopontin. Moreover, the HH signal inhibitor vismodegib reduced keloid reconstituted tumor size and keloid-related gene expression in nude mice and the collagen bundle and expression of cytokines characteristic for keloids in ex vivo culture of keloid tissues. These results implicate the HH-GLI1 pathway in keloid pathogenesis and suggest therapeutic targets of keloids.
Superresolution through regular sampling: Theory and applications

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Estimating fine-scale spectral information from coarse-scale measurements is an important issue in many signal processing applications. The problem of superresolution is therefore receiving considerable attention. We offer a technique that allows to overcome the Shannon-Nyquist sampling rate limitation and at the same time may improve the conditioning of the numerical linear algebra problems involved. The technique is exploiting aliasing rather than avoiding it and maintains a regular sampling scheme [3]. It relies on the concept of what we call an identification shift [1, 2], which is the additional sampling at locations shifted with respect to the original locations in order to overcome any ambiguity in the analysis. Neither the original sampling nor the identification shift need to respect the Shannon-Nyquist sampling theorem. So far the technique shows great potential in magnetic resonance spectroscopy, vibration analysis, echolocation, music signal processing, ISAR radar problems, and DOA or direction of arrival. [1] Annie Cuyt and Wen-shin Lee, “Smart data sampling and data reconstruction,” US patent 9,690,749. [2] Annie Cuyt and Wen-shin Lee, “Smart data sampling and data reconstruction,” EP2745404B1. [3] Annie Cuyt and Wen-shin Lee, “How to get high resolution results from sparse and coarsely sampled data,” ArXiv e-print 1710.09694 [math.NA].
Cefepime Intravenous Push Versus Intravenous Piggyback on Time to Administration of First-Dose Vancomycin in the Emergency Department

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Study Objective: The combination of cefepime and vancomycin is commonly used as an empiric antimicrobial regimen. Time to first-dose antibiotics is associated with survival benefit. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether cefepime intravenous push (IVP) is associated with a shorter time to vancomycin administration in the emergency department (ED) compared with cefepime intravenous piggyback (IVPB) infusion. Methods: This was a retrospective chart review of records of patients who were treated with the vancomycin–cefepime combination in the ED. Results: A total of 1071 charts from April 2013 to January 2015 were reviewed. Included in the pre-(IVBP) group was 536 subjects and 535 subjects in the post-(IVP) group. The indications for antibiotic therapy were sepsis alone (28.3%), pneumonia alone (30.7%), sepsis with pneumonia (36.5%), and other (4.6%). The median time from administration of cefepime to vancomycin were 63.5 minutes and 2.0 minutes in the IVPB and IVP cohorts, respectively ( P < .001). Conclusion: The use of first-dose cefepime IVP in the ED resulted in a statistically significant decrease in time to vancomycin administration of over 1 hour.
The Cistercian Monasteries of Ireland: An Account of the History, Art, and Architecture of the White Monks in Ireland from 1142 to 1540

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A comprehensive account of Cistercian art and architecture from 1142 until 1536-1540, the period of the dissolution, documents the surviving materials found at the 21 remaining monasteries; originally there had been 33. The building and architectural history is discussed, as well as the craftsmanship of the stone sculpture, illumination, and metalwork, even though ateliers were not associated with the order. Chapters cover the foundation and construction of the monasteries, planning and layout, church architecture from 1142 to 1400, Holycross and the 15th-century revival, vaulting, tower building, cloisters and domestic buildings, stone sculpture, decoration and furnishings, and maintenance and preservation of facilities after the dissolution. One appendix is a note on conservation and another contains a select group of molding profiles from Irish Cistercian houses.
Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Vascular Complications in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The present work was designed to study H. pylori infection in type 2 DM, its relation to some clinical; metabolic and radiological markers of atherosclerosis and vascular complications in type 2 DM. The study included sixty type 2 diabetic patients and fifteen healthy controls matched with age and sex. Both patients and controls were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, estimation of BMI, resting ECG. laboratory tests including HbA1C, FBG, Serum creatinine; Lipid profile; fibrinogen assay, ESR; CRP; TNF α; IL-6; IL-1B; H. pylori IgG. 24 hours and urine collection for urinary albumin excretion. Radiological investigations include aabdominal ultrasound. Ultrasound on the carotid arteries used in measuring the intima-medial thickness (IMT). The present study found non significant increase in prevalence of H. pylori infection in type 2 diabetic patients in relation to controls. H. pylori infection had no relation to sex, age of the patients, duration of diabetes, BMI, type of therapy or the degree of diabetic retinopathy. H. pylori infection did not affect levels of FBG, HbA1c and microalbuminuria and caused a significant increase in the level of triglycerides, TNFα, IL-1B, CRP and fibrinogen, decrease in the level of HDL and non significant effect on WBCs count, the levels of total cholesterol, LDL, ESR and IL-6 in type 2 diabetic patients. H. pylori infection does not affect IMT of both Right and Left common carotid arteries. No significant increase of the prevalence of H. pylori infection among diabetic patients with diabetic vascular complications. There is no significant increase in prevalence of H. pylori infection among type 2 diabetic patients. H. pylori infection is not related to patient age, degree of glycaemic control, IMT or diabetic vascular complications among type 2 diabetic patients. However, H. pylori infection could affect atherosclerotic process through its effects on lipid profile (increase in TG and decrease HDL levels), increase levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha and IL-1B) and acute phase reactants (CRP and Fibrinogen).
Fear and stress regarding COVID-19 among nursing students in Universiti Sains Malaysia

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

COVID-19 has resulted in a rise in mortality cases and has created a global fear and stress \namong nursing students who are more susceptible to being infected by the virus. This \nstudy aimed to determine the fear and stress regarding COVID-19 among nursing students \nat Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 125 \nundergraduate nursing students from USM and recruited using a simple random sampling \napproach. An online survey questionnaire collected data on participants’ \nsociodemographic characteristics, fear, and stress of COVID-19. The nursing students' \nmean age (±SD) was 22.51(±3.378) years, and 88.8% were female. More than half of the \nstudents reported moderate (66.4%) and high (28.8 %) fear. Findings show that 51.2% \nhad a moderate stress level, and 12% had a high level of stress of COVID-19. Gender and \nethnicity were significantly associated with fear and stress (p<0.05). In addition, a \ncorrelation was found between fear and stress regarding COVID-19. This study concludes \nthat fear and stress are present among nursing students. Therefore, we propose mental \nhealth support is imperative to overcome the fear and stress among nursing students \ncaused by the pandemic.
Review: ACORBA: Automated workflow to measure Arabidopsis thaliana root tip angle dynamics — R0/PR2

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The ability of plants to sense and orient their root growth towards gravity is studied in many laboratories. It is known that manual analysis of image data is subjected to human bias. Several semi-automated tools are available for analysing images from flatbed scanners, but there is no solution to automatically measure root bending angle over time for vertical-stage microscopy images. To address these problems, we developed ACORBA, which is an automated software that can measure root bending angle over time from vertical-stage microscope and flatbed scanner images. ACORBA also has a semi-automated mode for camera or stereomicroscope images. It represents a flexible approach based on both traditional image processing and deep machine learning segmentation to measure root angle progression over time. As the software is automated, it limits human interactions and is reproducible. ACORBA will support the plant biologist community by reducing labour and increasing reproducibility of image analysis of root gravitropism.
An automated algorithm for cleaning and ordering the boundary points of a one-dimensional curve in a segmented image

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to variability in the assignment of gray scale values, most edge detection algorithms produce undesirable edges inside and outside the object of a gray scale image. Also, the points of the edges formed by these algorithms may not be in a linear order. In this communications, a new automated algorithm is provided which removes the undesirable edges and linearly orders the remaining boundary points.
Clinical examination, xeromammography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology in diagnosis of breast tumours.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination, xeromammography, and fine-needle aspiration cytology was compared with definitive histological findings in 255 breast lumps excised during one year. When suitable aspirates were obtained for cytological examination the diagnostic accuracy of aspiration cytology was higher than clinical examination or xeromammography. A diagnostic accuracy of 99% was achieved when all three screening tests were in agreement. As well as confirming a clinical diagnosis of malignancy, cytology is useful in identifying malignancy when clinical findings suggest that the tumour is benign. The availability of accurate cytology has affected patient management in many ways. Xeromammography did not enhance the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination and aspiration cytology in patients presenting with a breast lump and, as a procedure with potential hazard, the benefit of routine xeromammography is questionable when an efficient cytological service is available.
Development of a computerized information retrieval system for Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., production

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The value of computerized information retrieval systems in quantifying the effect of disease, identifying risk factors involved with specific diseases and enabling the effectiveness of disease control strategies to be accurately assessed are well recognized in agricultural production. This paper outlines the establishment of such a system for farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Ireland. The database currently holds information from 13 million fish from 11 sites over a 5-year period (34 years of production). Analysis of variance indicated that differences between sites were more significant than those between years. In relation to pancreas disease (PD), analysis of mortality data from two sites over a year in which both sites suffered an outbreak of PD supported the hypothesis that PD is primarily caused by an infectious agent.
Natural Unit Representation in Modelica

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A method is presented by which alternative systems of physical units may be represented and utilized in Modelica.The method may be useful in simulating models of physical systems where the base units of the International System of Units (Système international d'unités, SI)-the standard unit system in Modelicaare poorly scaled.It also provides a convenient means to express the values of physical quantities in fields of science and engineering where data is typically represented in other systems of units or where the rank of the system of units is less than that of SI (i.e., natural units).By explicitly expressing the value of a physical quantity as the product of a number and a unit (where the unit is an algebraic variable), the method uses variables that are unit-neutral.Unfortunately, workarounds are necessary in order to implement the method in the current version of the Modelica language.Nonetheless, it may be useful in special applications, and the related discussion may provide valuable insight.In particular, it is shown that there is an apparent conflict in the interpretation of "number" and "value" between Modelica and the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, BIPM).
Command filter‐based adaptive fixed‐time control for uncertain nonlinear systems with prescribed performance and actuator fault

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This article proposes a tracking control strategy based on fixed‐time for uncertain nonlinear systems with prescribed performance and actuator faults. Fuzzy logic systems are used to model unknown functions with uncertainties or fuzzy parameter features. The improvement of the conventional backstepping method through the introduction of command filtering technology has effectively addressed the challenge of a sharp increase in computational complexity during controller design. Additionally, a mechanism for error compensation has been established to mitigate the potential impact of errors that may arise during the filtering process on the system. Then, a new fixed‐time performance function is introduced into the adaptive backstepping method to ensure that the tracking signal with output error converges to an arbitrarily small neighborhood within a fixed time. Additionally, in order to enhance the tracking performance of the control method, the controller algorithm incorporates fault‐tolerant control based on the fixed‐time performance function. Finally, a numerical simulation of a power system with a static reactive power compensation device is presented, and demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed control algorithm.
Gender and Farmer Preferences for Varietal Traits

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Varieties with new traits or trait combinations provide farmers with options to succeed and to adapt to changing agroecological and socioeconomic conditions worldwide. The production goals, access to resources and coping strategies and the corresponding varietal traits vary, however, for different groups of farmers, with gender differences often being critical. Although molecular biology advances now enable more targeted use of genetic diversity, our capacity to assess farmer preferences for varietal traits to guide breeding efforts in responding to specific users, women and men remains an open question. This review of the "state of the art" of gender differentiation for varietal trait preferences examines what research was done where, the methods used, the patterns and underlying causes of gender differences for trait preferences, how this knowledge can be used and the support needed for gender-responsive breeding. Studies reporting gender-differentiated trait preferences are of worldwide origin, with a majority from Sub-Saharan Africa. Diverse crops are covered, with cereals most represented, followed by legume-, root, and tuber, and other vegetatively propagated crops. Women's preferences focused on production and use-related traits whereas men's trait preferences were fewer in number and more related to production and marketing. Women also more frequently valued food security traits such as early maturity, multiple harvests, and productivity even in "bad" years or soils. Trait preferences differed when women and men had contrasting roles and responsibilities for various crop production or postharvest activities. They also differed when women and men grew the same crop under different conditions or for different purposes. Diverse methods were used to elicit gender-specific trait preferences, with farmer evaluations of variety trials a frequently used approach. The extent to which the test-varieties differ and the representativeness of participants and trial conditions are issues for generalizing these findings. For all studies it was impossible to say how important any given trait preference is for women and men of a given social class, agro-ecology, or geographic region. Nevertheless, inclusion of complementary women's and men's trait preferences in a given variety will facilitate responding to the full range of household needs. The use of gender-specific trait preference information for prioritization and decision making and the need for dedicated studies of gender trait preferences with specialized socioeconomic expertise, particularly within the context of breeding programs, are discussed. The pursuit of multidisciplinary efforts, documentation of findings, transparent priority setting, and institutional leadership are all seen as keys for successful implementation of gender-responsive breeding that contributes to achieving major development goals.