jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Information Warfare as Noise

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Information at rest can be destroyed if its owners have failed to back it up. Information in motion can also be halted by attacks on communications system. There is yet one more way to destroy information, and that is by doing so indirectly. The bits, as it were, are untouched. But the credibility of the information is ruined by adding false information to it to the point where the victim must choose between misinformation (believing what is not true) or disinformation (being unable to believe what is true). Here, we argue, is the essential character of information warfare, something entirely consistent with the theory of information.
Migrating Successful Student Engagement Strategies Online: Opportunities and Challenges Using Jigsaw Groups and Problem-Based Learning

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Online courses may be criticized for failing to engage students. Faculty members teaching in the classroom often employ a number of strategies that capture the interest of students, but may find the migration to the online environment a daunting prospect. This paper describes the transitioning of two common strategies to engage students in the classroom – jigsaw groups and problem-based learning – from face-to-face to online courses in sociology and soil science, respectively. The paper discusses the challenges and opportunities that were found to be common to the implementation of both these strategies online, and provides suggestions for faculty considering this transition.
Perspectives on Research in Computational Plasma Physics With Applications to Experiments

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Computational plasma physics was born some 50 years ago with the development of high-speed computers. Computer simulation is well suited to the challenging nature of fundamental and applied plasma science, which exhibits enormous ranges of time and space scales, and whose underlying mathematical framework is comprised of nonlinear partial differential equations and nonlinear kinetic equations. Computational plasma physics has advanced from relatively simple calculations with limited dimensionality and scope to sophisticated and comprehensive simulation models. Moreover, computational plasma physics has matured as a significant scientific discipline with a rigorous mathematical foundation and voluminous literature. While computational plasma physics has greatly benefitted from the growth in computing capability by many orders of magnitude, the contributions from innovation in methods and algorithms have been no less important. This talk presents a personal perspective on the development and application of computational plasma physics to plasmas in nature and in the laboratory. The examples described will be based on experience over the course of a career in computational plasma physics and illustrate both the fundamental plasma phenomena and the behavior of laboratory plasmas. Some of the specific examples include simulations of microinstabilities in the magnetic mirror, tokamak and spheromak plasmas, laser-plasma interactions, and the Knudsen-layer phenomena, as it affects fusion performance. The examples also illustrate the development of appropriate models and algorithms that are well suited to simulating the phenomena of interest efficiently. Finally, a particular interest of the author has been the development of multiple time-scale algorithms.
Insider attack detection in database with deep metric neural network with Monte Carlo sampling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Role-based database management systems are most widely used for information storage and analysis but are known as vulnerable to insider attacks. The core of intrusion detection lies in an adaptive system, where an insider attack can be judged if it is different from the predicted role by performing classification on the user’s queries accessing the database and comparing it with the authorized role. In order to handle the high similarity of user queries for misclassified roles, this paper proposes a deep metric neural network with strategic sampling algorithm that properly extracts salient features and directly learns a quantitative measure of similarity. A strategic sampling method of heuristically generating and learning training pairs through Monte Carlo search is proposed to select a training pair that can represent the entire dataset. With the TPC-E–based benchmark data trained with 11,000 queries for 11 roles, the proposed model produces the classification accuracy of 95.41%, which is the highest compared with the previous models. The results are verified through comparison of quantitative and qualitative evaluations, and the feature space modelled in the neural network is analysed by t-SNE algorithm.
Modal similarity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Just as Boolean rules define Boolean categories, the Boolean operators define higher-order Boolean categories referred to as modal categories. We examine the similarity order between these categories and the standard category of logical identity (i.e. the modal category defined by the biconditional or equivalence operator). Our goal is 4-fold: first, to introduce a similarity measure for determining this similarity order; second, to show that such a measure is a good predictor of the similarity assessment behaviour observed in our experiment involving key modal categories; third, to argue that as far as the modal categories are concerned, configural similarity assessment may be componential or analytical in nature; and lastly, to draw attention to the intimate interplay that may exist between deductive judgments, similarity assessment and categorisation.
Children's Human Capabilities and Child Maltreatment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There are no known studies that have explored a conceptual basis for valorizing child maltreatment as a human development impediment using the Human Capability Approach. The pilot study assessed the prevalence of child maltreatment amongst 68 (N=219) school-aged children 12 – 17 years in one secondary school in Aruba using Nussbaum’s list of 10 central human capabilities. Among this sample, the prevalence of child maltreatment was at 100%. The most prevalent types of child maltreatment were emotional abuse (94.2%), physical abuse (88.4%), severe physical abuse (66.7%) and neglect (42%). Sexual abuse had the lowest prevalence rate at 18.8%. The levels of functionings achieved varied according to types of child maltreatment and their prevalence. Neglect, witnessing inter-parental violence and sexual abuse were associated with lower achievements on the combined 10 central human capabilities except for emotional abuse, physical abuse and severe physical abuse which reported highest prevalence. These types of child maltreatment were too common and left little to no variability to calculate statistical relationships with the 10 human capabilities. These findings are disturbing and raise concerns about the normalization of abuse. Further research is recommended to determine the contributing factors to widespread use of emotional and physical abuse and the potential for intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment. Future research is also recommended with a larger sample that may provide more meaningful analysis of the capability space of children affected by child maltreatment.
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs associated acute kidney injury in hospitalized children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are regarded as nephrotoxins. Children commonly use NSAIDs and are susceptible to nephropathy, but the relationship between acute kidney injury (AKI) and use of NSAIDs is not well examined yet. Objective To evaluate the relationship between AKI and use of NSAIDs in hospitalized pediatric patients who are susceptible to nephropathy. Methods We conducted this systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies by searching PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Database for articles published up to June 1, 2020. Reports included involved children (age < 18 years) who used NSAIDs for various reasons and were admitted in the hospital. The main outcome measure was whether AKI occurred, and pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using generic inverse variance methods. Results Seven studies reporting risk of AKI in the hospitalized pediatric patients receiving NSAIDs were included applying a random‐effects model. In the hospitalized pediatric population, the pooled OR of AKI for present NSAID exposure was 1.55 (95%CI 1.26–1.92). Conclusions NSAID exposure was associated with an approximate 1.6‐fold rise in the odds of developing AKI in hospitalized pediatric patients. Avoidance, cautious use of NSAIDs and further evidence are needed. This study was registered with PROSPERO (identifier: CRD42021219779).
Effect of Native Mexican Isolates ofIsaria fumosorosea(Wize) Brown & Smith1onSpodoptera exigua(Hübner) andHelicoverpa zea(Boddie)2

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to evaluate pathogenicity and effect of four isolated native and a strain of Isaria fumosorosea on beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), and corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Bioassays in a laboratory used neonate larvae of beet armyworm and corn earworm reared on artificial diet, which were inoculated by spraying or immersing with suspensions of 1 × 108 ml-1 conidia of I. fumosorosea, and subsequently incubated at 26°C, 65 ± 5% relative humidity, and 14:10 light: dark hours. Isolated HIB-30 killed the most immersed corn earworms, but fewest beet armyworms. HIB-30 most disrupted metamorphosis, 40%, by immersing beet armyworms, while HIB-29 and Pfr-612 least interrupted metamorphosis (8%), by spraying and immersing, respectively.
$R(D^{(*)})$ from $W'$ and right-handed neutrinos

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We provide an ultraviolet (UV) complete model for the $R(D^{(*)})$ anomalies, in which the additional contribution to semi-tauonic $b \to c$ transitions arises from decay to a right-handed sterile neutrino via exchange of a TeV-scale $SU(2)_L$ singlet $W'$. The model is based on an extension of the Standard Model (SM) hypercharge group, $U(1)_Y$, to the $SU(2)_V\times U(1)'$ gauge group, containing several pairs of heavy vector-like fermions. We present a comprehensive phenomenological survey of the model, ranging from the low-energy flavor physics, direct searches at the LHC, to neutrino physics and cosmology. We show that, while the $W'$ and $Z'$-induced constraints are important, it is possible to find parameter space naturally consistent with all the available data. The sterile neutrino sector also offers rich phenomenology, including possibilities for measurable dark radiation, gamma ray signals, and displaced decays at colliders.
Valproic acid and ivermectin increase GABA levels to improve the viability of skin flaps in rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a nonproteinogenic amino acid known as the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Ivermectin (IVM) and valproic acid (VA), both increase GABA levels. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of VA and IVM on the viability of extended random-pattern skin flaps in Wistar rats and their GABA-dependent mechanisms. Methods: This experimental study used 32 Wistar rats that underwent surgery to have caudally based extended random-pattern skin flaps divided into four distinct groups. In the first group, 0.05 mg/kg IVM was administered via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 30 minutes (min) prior to elevating the flap. The second group was administered 100 mg/kg VA by i.p. injection 60 min prior to elevating the flap. The third group was administered VA 100 mg/kg followed by IVM 0.05 mg/kg injected (i.p.) 60 min and 30 min prior to flap elevation, respectively. The fourth group was used as a control. After 7 days, the percentage of flap viability was measured, and tissue sampling was performed to examine GABA levels. Results: It was found that the highest viability rate was in the group administered VA combined with IVM (93.98%) compared to all other groups (p<0.001). The highest GABA levels in the tissue were observed in the group administered VA combined with IVM (284.91 nmol/l) compared to all other groups (p<0.001). Conclusions: IVM in combination with VA improves the viability of extended random-pattern skin flaps by increasing GABA levels.
Taking the bull by its horns: the political economic logics of new farm laws and agrarian dissent in India

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Indian government’s latest series of farm laws (a set of three acts) have sparked protests by farmers around the country. This viewpoint argues that the new farm laws are designed to deepen capitalism within the countryside by liberalising agricultural trade in the country. It highlights the political economic logics of the new farm laws and outlines the contradictions inherent in these laws. It also argues that the agrarian dissent is fractured around the class lines and that we need broad movements for social justice to address growing socio-economic inequalities in the country.
Does the Immunocompetent Status of Cancer Patients Have an Impact on Therapeutic DC Vaccination Strategies?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although different types of therapeutic vaccines against established cancerous lesions in various indications have been developed since the 1990s, their clinical benefit is still very limited. This observed lack of effectiveness in cancer eradication may be partially due to the often deficient immunocompetent status of cancer patients, which may facilitate tumor development by different mechanisms, including immune evasion. The most frequently used cellular vehicle in clinical trials are dendritic cells (DCs), thanks to their crucial role in initiating and directing immune responses. Viable vaccination options using DCs are available, with a positive toxicity profile. For these reasons, despite their limited therapeutic outcomes, DC vaccination is currently considered an additional immunotherapeutic option that still needs to be further explored. In this review, we propose potential actions aimed at improving DC vaccine efficacy by counteracting the detrimental mechanisms recognized to date and implicated in establishing a poor immunocompetent status in cancer patients.
The correlation of intraoperative hypotension and postoperative cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background There is no consensus on whether intraoperative hypotension is associated with postoperative cognitive impairment. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the correlation of intraoperative hypotension and the incidence of postoperative delirium (POD) or postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD).Methods We searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases to find randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which reported the relationship of intraoperative hypotension and POD or POCD. The retrieval time is up to January 2020, without language restrictions. Quality assessment of the eligible studies was conducted by two researchers independently using the Cochrane evaluation system.Results Five RCTs were included. For the incidence of POD, there are two studies with 99 participants in the low-blood pressure (LP) group and 94 participants in the high-blood pressure (HP) group. For the incidence of POCD, there are four studies with 360 participants in the LP group and 341 participants in the HP group, with a study contains both POD and POCD. No significant difference between the LP and the HP group was observed in the incidence of POD (RR = 3.30, 95% CI 0.80 to 13.54, P = 0.10), or POCD (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 0.76 to 2.08, P = 0.37). Furthermore, it also demonstrated that intraoperative hypotension prolonged the length of ICU stay, but did not increased the mortality, the length of hospital stay, and mechanical ventilation (MV) time.Conclusions There is no significant correlation between intraoperative hypotension and the incidence of POD or POCD.
Novel Heteroleptic Uranyl(VI) Complexes Incorporating Tetradentate and Bidentate Chelating Ligands: Deviation from the O yl ‐U‐O yl Linearity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Two heteroleptic uranyl(VI) complexes [UO 2 (L)(phen)] ( 1 ) and [UO 2 (L)(pypzH)] ( 2 ) [where, H 2 L=N 2 O 2 ‐benzil bis(isonicotinoyl hydrazone) ligand, phen=1,10‐phenanthroline and pypzH=3‐(2‐pyridylpyrazole)] were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry, UV‐Visible, 1 H NMR, FT‐IR and TGA techniques. The time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) calculations of both the complexes were carried out to obtain the insights into the structure and spectral properties. According to results obtained, the title complexes have highly distorted structures deviating from the expected hexagonal bipyramidal structures. The computed results show that the LUMO of the complex is mainly stabilized by uranium. Both the complexes exhibit similar UV‐Visible spectra within the region 325–600 nm with their intense bands at ∼450 nm primarily due to the HOMO→LUMO transitions. A weak absorption band which appears at ∼335 nm for each complex has been attributed to n→π* transition. In contrast to complex 2 ,the complex 1 exhibits maximum deviation from the O yl ‐U‐O yl linearity.
Insights into Transfer Learning between Image and Audio Music Transcription

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Optical Music Recognition (OMR) and Automatic Music Transcription (AMT) stand for the research fields that devise methods to transcribe music sources---documents or audio signals, respectively---into a structured digital format. Historically, they have followed different approaches to achieve the same goal. However, their recent definition in terms of sequence labeling tasks gathers them under a common formulation framework. Under this premise, one may wonder if there exist any synergies between the two fields that could be exploited to improve the individual recognition rates in their respective domains. In this work, we aim to further explore this question from a Transfer Learning (TL) point of view in the context of neural end-to-end recognition models. More precisely, we consider a music transcription system, trained on either image or audio data, and adapt its performance to the unseen domain during the training phase using different TL schemes. Results show that knowledge transfer slightly boosts model performance with sufficient available data, but it is not properly leveraged when the latter condition is not met. This opens up a new promising, yet challenging, research path towards building an effective bridge between two solutions of the same problem.
Hemispheric asymmetry in stratospheric trends of HCl and ozone: Impact of chemical feedback on ozone recovery

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

We use trace gas profiles from Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment - Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) satellite measurements and the TOMCAT three-dimensional chemical transport model to diagnose stratospheric trends in O3, HCl and N2O. We find that the 2004-2021 ACE-FTS trends exhibit a clear lower stratosphere (LS) interhemispheric asymmetry with positive (negative) O3 and N2O (HCl) trends in the Southern Hemisphere (SH), and trends of opposite sign in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The trends are larger for the shorter time period of 2004-2018. TOMCAT qualitatively agrees with the ACE-FTS LS N2O and HCl trends, confirming that transport variability drives such patterns, despite some discrepancies for O3. An additional model simulation is used to quantify the sensitivity of O3 to long-term changes in chlorine and bromine and thus determine the chemical contribution of the spatially varying halogen trends to both observed and modelled O3 trends. Overall, the recent dynamically induced variation in mid-latitude LS halogen abundance has, through chemical feedback, accentuated the O3 recovery signal in the SH and delayed it in the NH, reflecting the enhanced dynamical variability of the NH. These results further indicate the complexities that exist in the search for the signal of ozone recovery in the mid-latitude lower stratosphere.
Binding of insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and IGF-II) to the IGF-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor in fetal rat myocardium.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Previous studies indicate that fetal rat heart tissue contains large amounts of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II/mannose 6-phosphate (Man 6-P) receptor messenger RNA, with receptor messenger RNA levels falling by 20 days after birth. We examined the amount of IGF receptor protein in developing rat myocardium. To establish a model in which the role of neural, hormonal, and hemodynamic controls of IGF receptor binding could be studied, we compared binding of IGF-I and IGF-II in normally growing rat atria and ventricles with embryonic day 12 (E-12) atria and ventricles maturing in the anterior eye chamber of an adult host rat. In oculo, embryonic myocardium matures without hemodynamic load or exposure to the fetal hormonal milieu. In fetal rat hearts (E-12 to E-19), both IGF-I and IGF-II intensely bound to a protein with a molecular weight corresponding to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor. Receptors were identified using sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis autoradiography and western blot analysis using Ab3637, a specific polyclonal antibody against rat IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor antigens. This antibody competed for binding of both IGF-I and IGF-II to the band with molecular radius corresponding to 260,000 (reduced). In normally growing rat atria, IGF-I binding to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor was similar to ventricular tissue; however, there was significantly greater binding of IGF-II than of IGF-I in both atrial and ventricular tissue. High levels of IGF-II binding to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor were observed in both fetal rat atrial and ventricular grafts until 6-8 weeks in oculo. As in normally growing heart tissue, there was similar IGF-I binding to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor in atrial grafts compared with ventricular grafts from 2-8 weeks after implantation. For the first 2 weeks after grafting, the ventricular grafts had relatively higher IGF-I binding to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor compared with later time points examined. The present data indicate that atrial and ventricular binding of IGFs to the IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor decreases with age, suggesting that decreased IGF binding may be independent of postnatal hemodynamic changes. The decrease is similar in in oculo embryonic rat cardiac grafts and normally growing heart tissue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)