jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Supplementation of Sapindus rarak and Garlic Extract in Feed Containing Adequate Cr, Se, and Zn on Rumen Fermentation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of Sapindus rarak extract (SRE) with or without garlic extract (GE) on in vitro ruminal fementation. This research was conducted experimentally with a randomized block design, with 7 treatments and 5 blocks. The treatments were: R0: dairy cow feed; R1: R0 + 1.5 ppm Cr + 0.3 ppm Se + 40 ppm Zn; R2: R1 + 1.8 g/kg methanol extract of lerak fruit meal (SRE); R3: R2 + 0.25 ppm of garlic extract (GE); R4: R2 + 0.50 ppm of GE; R5: R2 + 0.75 ppm of GE; R6: R2 +1.0 ppm of GE. The results showed that the supplementation of SRE alone or without GE did not affect the pH, however, it decreased crude fiber digestibility. The supplementations of SRE and GE, decreased crude fibre digestibility as much as 13.01% up to 16.6%. The supplementation of 1.8 g/kg SRE + 0.25 ppm GE in the dairy cattle diet was able to decrease ace-tate, protozoal population and increase propionate. The supplementation of 1.8 g/kg SRE and 0.25 ppm garlic represents the best combination for dairy cattle feed in improving ruminal fermentation based on feed digestibility, fermentation products, and rumen bacterial population.
Friction Properties and Surface Observation By Surface Processing on High Strength Gels

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We measured the friction forces and calculated the friction coefficients of non-processed and laser-processed High Strength gel surfaces. The results indicate that laser processing (finishing) has an ability to reduce the friction coefficients. The observation of gel surfaces suggests that the cause of friction reduction is change in roughness of gel surfaces due to laser processing. This finding is expected to lead us to further understanding of physicochemical properties of hydrogels. We showed the low-friction processing technique. We demonstrated that the laser processing has an ability to reduce the friction of hydrogel surfaces. The results of microscopic observations suggest that the cause of friction reduction is decrease in apparent contact area between hydrogel surface and glass ball. This technique may lead us to next step in the fields of physics, physical chemistry, and medical applications.
Range-Selective Imaging

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Images of our three dimensional world are two dimensional in form. They are conveniently handled and observed in this form. However, in this form, the third dimension is lost. The angular relationship of objects in a scene relative to the imaging device are recorded but not their distance. We can obtain object distance by analysis of two sets of angular relationships imaged as a stereo pair. Distance information can also be obtained directly by propagation time measurement as in radar or laser ranging. Using a single detector these ranging devices are non-image producing. However, by sequential scanning in angle they can, in time, gather data to produce an image. Thus the stereo pair and the scanning radar provide us with two means to observe and record the three dimensions of our environment.
Photodesorption of NO from Au(100) using 3D surface-velocity map imaging

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We measured the fully resolved 3-dimensional velocity distributions of nitric oxide photodesorbed from a gold single crystal. These experiments combine time-of-flight measurements and the velocity map imaging technique to yield velocity distributions resolved in three dimensions for a prototypical surface-adsorbate system. Nitric oxide adsorbed on Au(100) was photodesorbed using a 355 nm laser beam. The desorbed NO molecules were ionised in the gas-phase by resonance-enhanced multi-photon ionisation within a set of velocity map imaging optics. The NO molecules preferentially leave the surface along the surface normal with a very narrow angular distribution, indicating a non-thermal desorption process.
Research Article Immediate postpartum IUD: analysis of factors making it contraceptive of choice

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Intrauterine devices are convenient, long term, reversible means of contraceptive. They are user friendly due to one-time application, ease of removal and immediate return of fertility on its removal. The Immediate Postpartum IUD is inserted in women within 48 hours, after normal delivery. The study aims to understand factors responsible for making IUD as the contraceptive of choice. It also identifies various social, demographic factors responsible for making IUD as the contraceptive of choice. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was done using pretested questionnaire. In total 470 subjects were interviewed. The data were collected and compiled using MS-excel and analyzed by using Epi info-7. Data is presented in terms of proportions. Results: The acceptance of IUD as a contraceptive was not statistically associated with age & income of the user. Acceptance for IUD increased with literacy (P = 0.003). Almost 77.8% users were satisfied by the IUD. In total, 66.68% users, who continued using IUD did not feel any discomfort. The compliance of IUD was significantly associated with the discomfort caused (P = 0.0008) which was found to be most important reason for its removal. The commonest reason for adoption of IUD was a long duration of its use. It was seen that 23.40% previous contraceptive users and 39.41% new IUD users accepted it as contraceptive. Its acceptance is especially more in previous IUD users. Conclusions: Immediate post-partum IUCD has high acceptability and more than 75% users are satisfied and consider it as a contraceptive option.
Network pharmacology exploration to reveal molecular insights of Phyllanthus niruri in non-alcoholic fatty liver: In vitro and in silico evidence

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, associated with various metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and high cholesterol, is called non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Despite several research efforts, no approved medicine is currently available for the treatment of this illness. Swiss Target Prediction was used to screen phytochemicals. To examine potential targets, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was developed. Cytoscape was used to create the component-target-pathway (C-T-P) network, and AutoDock was used to assess molecular docking. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities were tested in vitro . Naringenin, ellagic acid, and cyanidin were found to be the main active components. As important targets, PPARA, PPARG, and AKT1 were selected. Through enrichment analysis, a total of 20 crucial signaling pathways, including insulin resistance (IR), NAFLD, relaxin, PI3K-Akt, HIF-1, AGE-RAGE, and MAPK, were identified. The in silico computational techniques predicted the molecular pathway for the active ingredients and the disease targets, thus helping to further research.
Succession of N cycling processes in biological soil crusts on a Central European inland dune

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Biological soil crusts (BSCs) are microbial assemblages that occur worldwide and facilitate ecosystem development by nitrogen (N) and carbon accumulation. N turnover within BSC ecosystems has been intensively studied in the past; however, shifts in the N cycle during BSC development have not been previously investigated. Our aim was to characterise N cycle development first by the abundance of the corresponding functional genes (in brackets) and second by potential enzyme activities; we focussed on the four processes: N fixation (nifH), mineralisation as proteolysis and chitinolysis (chiA), nitrification (amoA) and denitrification (nosZ). We sampled from four phases of BSC development and from a reference located in the rooting zone of Corynephorus canescens, on an inland dune in Germany. BSC development was associated with increasing amounts of chlorophyll, organic carbon and N. Potential activities increased and were highest in developed BSCs. Similarly, the abundance of functional genes increased. We propose and discuss three stages of N process succession. First, the heterotrophic stage (mobile sand without BSCs) is dominated by mineralisation activity. Second, during the transition stage (initial BSCs), N accumulates, and potential nitrification and denitrification activity increases. Third, the developed stage (established BSCs and reference) is characterised by the dominance of nitrification.
Preliminary Monte Carlo calculation of the conductance of the aperture of a pressure calibration system in the UHV range

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The conductance of apertures of pressure calibration systems, based on dynamic reduction of pressure, plays a crucial role in the determination of the uncertainties of the calibrated pressure. In this contribution, we have developed a computer program to perform a Monte Carlo calculation of the conductance of a pressure calibration system installed in the Spanish Metrology Centre (CEM). Firstly, we have compared several pseudo random generators, to check if they are biased in the range of numbers we will use. Afterwards, we have calculated the conductance of simple geometrical systems such as cylinders and frustums of a cone to compare with already published data, finding very accurate results, within estimated uncertainties. Finally, we have obtained the conductance of the aperture, assuming revolution symmetry and a cosine distribution of velocity directions. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Normalization of regional cerebral blood flow in alcoholics during the first 7 weeks of abstinence

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT— Twenty‐two institutionalized alcoholics were studied after 1, 3, 5 and 7 weeks of abstinence with measurements of the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), psychometric testing and clinical ratings. Twenty‐two healthy volunteers served as age‐matched controls. Mean rCBF was significantly reduced in the alcoholics at all measurements compared to the controls. The older alcoholics (median cut) showed a 9% increase of rCBF from the 1st to the 7th week ( P < 0.01). The mean rCBF in these alcoholics also increased more in the right than in the left hemisphere (< P < 0.05) during the investigation. The differences between the alcoholics and the controls were most pronounced in the right frontal lobe. The mean flow changes were correlated to improvement in clinical state. Right hemisphere and frontal lobe flow decreases were more accentuated in older alcoholics.
Anatomical and physiological considerations in below-knee prosthetics.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

J A M E S SYME (1799-1870), the last and greatest of the pre-Listerian surgeons (Fig. 1), was renowned in his day as the most eminent surgeon in the English-speaking world. Well informed and well trained by study and travel, he developed in practice the experience, courage, sagacity, and dexterity that enabled him to obtain improved results in the surgical treatment of disease at a time when anaesthesia and antisepsis were unknown. During his occupancy of the Chair of Clinical Surgery at the University of Edinburgh (1833-1869), he developed and perfected many new surgical procedures. Time has outmoded them all save one—his disarticulation amputation through the ankle joint with preservation of the heel flap to permit weight-bearing on the end of the stump. In the days before antisepsis, the surgeon's efforts to cure his patients frequently ended in disaster. Compound fractures and operation wounds were almost invariably complicated by one or other of the diseases (14): erysipelas, septicaemia, pyaemia, hospital gangrene. The patient was fortunate if he escaped death. On rare occasions his wound might heal by intention or under a scab. Otherwise the wound became inflamed. If it discharged laudable pus, it might heal by second intention, and if so the outlook was reasonably good. But if the discharge was thin, watery, sanious, acrid, the future for the patient was ominous. Death too frequently supervened. We know now that these complications were the manifestation of virulent infections. But in 1843, when Syme wrote his first paper On Amputation at the Ankle Joint (30), Pasteur's work on fermentation (41), which first revealed to us the world of microorganisms, was still more than a decade in the future (1856), and Lister, the founder of antiseptic surgery, was at age 16 finishing his preliminary education with a view toward entering University College, London. Twenty-four years were to elapse before Lister first wrote on his success in treating compound fractures with carbolic acid (1867). Till then the surgeon resigned himself, as had his predecessors from the dawn of history, to the possibility that his most skillful efforts and even the most simple of his operations would be followed too often by dangerous or even fatal reactions. Writing of this period, Volkmann (14,44) said in flowery simile:
Psychological Responses to Stress in Complex Organizations

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Appreciation for irrational individual and organizational characteristics is fundamental to the ability to "enter"and comprehend the true significance of interpersonal and organizational behavior. Efforts to better comprehend human performance in complex bureaucratic organizations must acknowledge the impact of irrational psychological defensiveness on administrative behavior. The authors construct a conceptual model of psychological responses to stress in bureaucratic organizations in which they illustrate the dynamic, interactive relationship between stress, self-esteem, and psychological defenses aimed at alleviating anxiety, and the ability to act responsibly.
Laser Interferometry for Gravitational Wave Observation: LISA and LISA Pathfinder

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is a planned NASA-ESA gravitational wave observatory in the frequency range of 0.1mHz-100mHz. This observation band is inaccessible to ground-based detectors due to the large ground motions of the Earth. Gravitational wave sources for LISA include galactic binaries, mergers of supermasive black-hole binaries, extreme-mass-ratio inspirals, and possibly from as yet unimagined sources. LISA is a constellation of three spacecraft separated by 5 million km in an equilateral triangle, whose center follows the Earth in a heliocentric orbit with an orbital phase offset oF 20 degrees. Challenging technology is required to ensure pure geodetic trajectories of the six onboard test masses, whose distance fluctuations will be measured by interspacecraft laser interferometers with picometer accuracy. LISA Pathfinder is an ESA-launched technology demonstration mission of key LISA subsystems such us spacecraft control with micro-newton thrusters, test mass drag-free control, and precision laser interferometry between free-flying test masses. Ground testing of flight hardware of the Gravitational Reference Sensor and Optical Metrology subsystems of LISA Pathfinder is currently ongoing. An introduction to laser interferometric gravitational wave detection, ground-based observatories, and a detailed description of the two missions together with an overview of current investigations conducted by the community will bc discussed. The current status in development and implementation of LISA Pathfinder pre-flight systems and latest results of the ongoing ground testing efforts will also be presented
The Status of Vacated Awards in France: the Cour de Cassation Decision in Putrabali

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ON 29 JUNE 2007, the French Cour de cassation, the highest court in France, rendered a landmark decision in the Putrabali case.1 This decision is as significant in our view as the decision rendered in 1963 in the Gosset case, where the Cour de cassation admitted for the first time the principle of the separability of the arbitration agreement.2 Quite logically, the Putrabali decision has attracted a number of commentaries that are already published or will be published soon.3

The reason for this importance may be attributed to the fact that it was the first time that the Cour de cassation had to make a decision on the enforcement in France of awards set aside in the country of origin since the famous Hilmarton decisions. In fact, the reasons for this importance are more fundamental. Rather than merely endorsing the solution reached by the Paris Court of Appeal, and subsequently by the Cour de cassation, in the Hilmarton case and the subsequent cases, the Cour de cassation provided a firm theoretical foundation for this solution.

The Cour de cassation, following a suggestion in French doctrine, has confirmed the existence of an arbitral legal order, distinct from national legal orders, by affirming that the award was ‘not anchored in any national legal system’. It also characterised the international arbitral award as an ‘international judicial decision’. This article will focus essentially on this second aspect by describing the Cour de cassation decision, analysing its legal foundations, and assessing its practical consequences.

Following a brief overview of the facts of the underlying dispute in Putrabali , and of the decision of the French Court of Appeal, we will summarise the arguments put forward before the Cour de cassation and the solution given by that court.

### (a) Facts of the Putrabali Dispute and Decision of the Paris Court of Appeal

The underlying dispute in the …
Life table of Synthesiomyia nudiseta (Van der Wulp) (Diptera: Muscidae) under uncontrolled laboratory environments - a preliminary study.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The life history of the male and female of the indoor forensic fly, Synthesiomyia nudiseta was studied under fluctuating temperature of indoor environments and analysed based on the age-stage and two sex life table. The life cycle of S. nudiseta was 14.0±1.0 days from the egg stage to adult emergence. The population parameters calculated were; net reproduction rate (R(o)= 108.6), mean generation time (T(o)= 12.2), intrinsic rate of increase (r(m)= 0.38), and finite rate of increase (λ= 1.46). The pre-oviposition period (APOP) was 6.0± 0.1 days. All population parameters suggested that S. nudiseta exhibits the r-strategist characteristics.
The European Union: Initiator of a New European Anti-Discrimination Regime?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The key aim of this chapter is to explore the possibilities and constraints that the complex setting of the European equality regime poses for 'institutionalizing intersectionality'. That the EU has an impact on national equality law and policies is beyond question, but a study of various EU power instruments, institutions, and political actors is needed for a better understanding of the workings and the outcomes of the process. We pay attention especially to the complexity of EU equality law and policies, which involve multiple dimensions of equality and more or less compelling means of influencing the member states. We also show how intersectionality figures in these instruments, institutions, and policies of EU influence. We claim that the mandatory EU anti-discrimination law has compelled member states to adopt a minimum regulation of combating discrimination on several 'status' grounds. However, explicit statements on combating intersectional discrimination are located in soft law instruments or in policy programmes. Such instruments do not aim at a complete harmonization of equality law and policies, but rather promote convergence by methods that rely on national and 'stakeholder' processes. The 'soft' approach, we assume, allows differentiation within the EU and at the national level. Here diversity of traditions and policies becomes important.
Selection and Tenure of IETF, IAB and IAOC Members

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This document describes the process by which the IETF selects the
membership of the Internet Engineering Steering Group(IESG), the
Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and the Internet Administrative
Oversight Committee (IAOC) as well as the Chair of the IETF. It also
describes the manners in which such members may be removed from their
positions.
Evaluation of a summer camp environmental education program in Spain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The objective of this study was to develop a nonformal environmental education program in a summer camp and to measure its effectiveness increasing environmental knowledge and attitudes of the participants. Seventy six teenagers between 14 and 17 years participated. Activities dealt with both natural and urban environment. Preactivity and postactivity surveys were used for the assessment, using Wilcoxon test for paired samples. The results showed that there were no changes in the knowledge and perception of the environment, but important attitudinal differences occurred. We conclude the target was partially reached.
Effects of a forest therapy camp on cancer survivors’ stress, mood and natural killer cells in Korea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: This study investigated changes in psychological and physiological indices in cancer survivors who participated in a forest therapy camp in Korea.Methods: A total of 37 cancer survivors (19 and 18 in the experimental and control groups, respectively) participated in this study. Over a 2-night and 3-day period, the participants in the experimental group took part in a forest therapy camp that included activities such as gymnastics, walking, five-senses experiences, and meditation. Both groups completed self-report questionnaires that measured their stress levels and profile of mood states, both before and after the forest therapy camp. Blood samples were collected to measure the levels of cortisol, serotonin, and natural killer (NK) cells.Results: After the forest therapy camp, the experimental group exhibited reduced stress levels (p = .031) and a significant improvement in total mood disturbance (p = .047) when compared with the control group. The level of serotonin also significantly increased (p < .001). However, in contrast to the prediction, a significant increase in cortisol was noted in the experimental group relative to the control group (p = .016). Moreover, no significant difference in NK cells was noted between the two groups.Conclusion: Forest therapy can be easily applied to cancer survivors. The positive psychological effects of the forest therapy camp were confirmed by improvements in stress and mood states and the increased level of serotonin in forest therapy camp participants. However, there is a need for a follow-up evaluation of cortisol and NK cells due to the absence of significant between-group differences.