jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of collocation tools for second language writers

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Collocations, two or more words that co-occur (e.g., extensive research, conduct a study), are linked with native-like lexical accuracy and fluency. Yet even advanced-level second language (L2) learners frequently have difficulty producing appropriate collocations. To help them achieve accurate and fluent collocation production, researchers believe that L2 writers should take advantage of learner friendly collocation tools. To explore whether L2 writers benefit from collocation tools, the current study examined the effect of three collocation tools (two online and one paper) on accurate production of collocations in L2 writing. The collocation tools included (a) the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE) (online), (b) Macmillan Collocation Dictionary (MCD) (online), and (c) wordandphrase.info (WPI) (paper). L2 writers of English (N = 45) in an intensive English program (IEP) in the southwestern part of the USA were divided into three groups. Each group was provided with collocation training for a different collocation tool. After training, each group used the collocation tool to correct 16 miscollocations (8 verb + noun; 8 adjective + noun) embedded in an essay-format collocation test. After each test, the participants completed a quality review checklist. The procedure was repeated three times so that each group used each tool but in a different order; thus, the study employed a Latin Square Design. This study used quantitative data to examine the effect of these three collocation tools on L2 learners’ ability to self-correct collocations in their own writing. Qualitative data were used to further understand L2 writers’ use of and perception of the collocation tools. The results indicated that online collocation tools (LDOCE and WPI) contributed more than a book collocation dictionary (MCD) to accurate collocation production in L2 writers’ essays. L2 writers favored WPI because it was easier to navigate and it helped them locate the correct collocations. Furthermore, both online tools, namely, LDOCE and WPI, helped the participants correct more collocations than MCD. Focusing on the type of collocations, the participants made more accurate collocation corrections to adjective + noun collocations than to verb + noun collocations. The study has several implications. First, English language teachers need to introduce collocation tools to L2 writers because without such introductions, L2 writers will remain unaware of the availability of useful collocation tools. Second, L2 writers will benefit from explicit collocation introduction to and practice with strategies for using collocation tools effectively. Such training will help L2 writers improve their collocation accuracy and fluency. Third, learners should be able to differentiate verbs, adjectives, and nouns. These parts of speech are important to assist learners in producing appropriate verb + noun and adjective + noun collocations.
Technology gap, competition and spillovers from direct foreign investment: Evidence from establishment data

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Direct foreign investment (DFI) has been argued to be an important channel for international technology diffusion. This has led to extensive liberalisation of DFI regimes in many developing countries, including in Indonesia. Using detailed micro-data from the Indonesian manufacturing sector; we examine the effect on productivity from DFI. The results show DFI to benefit locally-owned establishments, but the effect differs between groups of industries. Spillovers from DFI are found in sectors with a high degree of competition. Moreover it seems that the larger the technology gap between domestic and foreign establishments, the larger the spillovers.
A Knowledge-Based Framework for Service Management

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how information and communication technologies are used for service standardisation, customisation, and modularisation by knowledge-intensive service firms through the development and empirical validation of a knowledge-based framework. This paper uses 59 in-depth interviews, observational data, and document analysis from case studies of three service-related departments in high-technology, multinational knowledge-intensive business services (KIBSs). Prior research does not conceptualise the relationships between service customisation, standardisation and modularisation. This paper seeks to overcome this gap by integrating insights from research on the role played by both knowledge and information and communication technologies (ICTs) to construct and validate a framework to deal with this gap. It outlines the implications for service firms’ use of ICT to deal with increasing knowledge intensity as well as indicating the circumstances under which service knowledge is best customised, standardised and modularised. Further testing in other industries would prove useful in extending the usefulness and applicability of the findings. The originality of the paper lies in developing and validating the first framework to outline the relationship between how service knowledge is customised, standardised or modularised and indicating the associated issues and challenges. It emphasises the role of knowledge and technology. The value of this framework increases as more firms deal with increasing knowledge intensity in the services they provide and in their use of ICTs to reap the benefits of appropriate knowledge reuse.
Extending West's analogy royce, mead, and american philosophy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In The American Evasion of Philosophy Cornell West makes a comparison between the developments of European and classical American philosophies. Within West’s analogy, however, two important American figures are missing: Josiah Royce and George H. Mead. In the context of this framework, this article attempts to extend West’s analogy, speculating on the possible roles of Royce and Mead within it. The argumentation is developed in two parts: on the one hand, I show how secondary literature that considers Royce-Mead ties reproduces Meadean statements on Royce –mainly presented in “The Philosophies of Royce, James and Dewey in their American Setting” (1930); on the other hand, I show a schematic analysis of Meadean statements on Royce from a historic as well as a systematic pragmatist perspective.
Forearm vs Whole-Body Sensations of Self-Motion: Some Results on the Role of the Sensorimotor Context

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Making a subject's visual surroundings move can give rise to sensations of self-motion, which can either be restricted to the arm or involve the whole body. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role played by the sensorimotor context in eliciting one or the other of these two types of illusory movement. Whether the type of sensation experienced by the subjects depended on their adoption of an actively maintained or relaxed posture was examined. Analysis showed subjects' posture was certainly one of the factors involved: a rigidly held position favoured the occurrence of whole body sensations of movement, whereas a relaxed attitude favoured occurrence of arm-restricted sensations. This postural factor alone does not, however, account for the variations recorded in our experiment which seem to be related to the stimulus parameters as well as to individual factors.
Malignant Mesothelioma In Situ: A Controversial Diagnostic Entity – A Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Malignant mesothelioma is a rare aggressive malignancy of serosal surfaces that is strongly associated with exposure to asbestos. The pathological diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma can be difficult to distinguish from reactive benign hyperplasia. Mutations in BAP-1 and CDKN2a distinguish mesothelioma from reactive hyperplasia. An in situ growth phase of mesothelioma until recently was difficult to ascertain due to limits of histological assessment and because mesothelioma tends to spread diffusely along serosal surfaces making sampling for invasion impossible without extensive resection. The current WHO classification of thoracic tumors recognizes mesothelioma in situ as a distinct entity based on histological, genetic, and clinical features. This chapter reviews the topic and concludes that the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma in situ should be limited to patients eligible for radical resection to confirm the putative diagnosis.
PERANCANGAN APLIKASI PREDIKSI LAMA STUDI MAHASISWA BERDASARKAN MODEL KLASIFIKASI DATA LAMA STUDI MAHASISWA STMIK INDONESIA YANG TERBENTUK MENGGUNAKAN DECISION TREE

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One way to improve quality in universities is through accreditation. One of the accreditation criteria is the student. Student’s performance must be monitored and evaluated. Regarding the study duration, the undergraduate bachelor’s degree programs typically takes four years to complete. It is important for the university staff to quickly identify which students are less likely to finish the degree on time. Therefore, it is necessary to predict the length of study for each student. The goal of this research is to predict study duration by building Decision Tree-based classifier model using NBTree algorithm. Then, an application is built by applying the classification model. Data used in this research are the grades and academic leave. Result shows that the Naïve Bayes Decision Tree classification model could predict study duration with the accuracy of 73.45%.
Antiinvasive activity of hexadecylphosphocholine in vitro.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The antiinvasive and related effects of hexadecylphosphocholine (HePC), a newly synthesized antitumor phospholipid, were studied on malignant murine MO4 cells in vitro and compared to the effects produced by racemic - 1 - 0 - octadecyl - 2 - 0 - methylglycero - 3 - phosphocholine (ET-18-OCH3), the prototype of ether lipids. The effects on cell survival produced by both drugs, determined through the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide test, was moderate at the antiinvasive concentration of 30 micrograms for HePC and 10 micrograms for ET-18-OCH3 per ml. Growth in suspension culture and directional migration from MO4 spheroids explanted on solid substrate was reduced in the presence of 30 micrograms HePC per ml. Invasion of MO4 cells into precultured heart fragments (PHF) was variably inhibited in the presence of 30 micrograms HePC per ml, while the antiinvasive effect on two epithelial lines was more complete. Invasion was also inhibited in PHF pretreated with 30 micrograms HePC and 10 micrograms ET-18-OCH3 per ml for 48 hours followed by confrontation with MO4 spheroids in drug-free medium. This inhibition of invasion was maintained when PHF was pretreated and kept in drug-free medium for 7 days before confrontation with MO4 spheroids. It was our impression that this phenomenon was more obvious with ET-18-OCH3 than with HePC. After pretreatment of PHF followed by 7-day incubation in drug free-medium, a larger shift towards higher molecular weight of the N-linked cell surface glycosylpeptides (N-GP) was observed with ET-18-OCH3 than with HePC. Removal of terminal sialic acid moieties abolished the shift in PHF pretreated with HePC or ET-18-OCH3 followed or not by further incubation in drug-free medium. The antiinvasive effect on the malignant epithelial cells was complete at 30 micrograms HePC per ml. Areas of differentiation in close contact with the PHF were obvious. We concluded that both ET-18-OCH3 and HePC had antiinvasive activity in vitro. For MO4 cells, this antiinvasive activity was less variable with ET-18-OCH3 than with HePC.
TOR complex 2 is a master regulator of plasma membrane homeostasis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

As first demonstrated in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), all eukaryotic cells contain two, distinct multi-component protein kinase complexes that each harbor the TOR (Target Of Rapamycin) polypeptide as the catalytic subunit. These ensembles, dubbed TORC1 and TORC2, function as universal, centrally important sensors, integrators, and controllers of eukaryotic cell growth and homeostasis. TORC1, activated on the cytosolic surface of the lysosome (or, in yeast, on the cytosolic surface of the vacuole), has emerged as a primary nutrient sensor that promotes cellular biosynthesis and suppresses autophagy. TORC2, located primarily at the plasma membrane, plays a major role in maintaining the proper levels and bilayer distribution of all plasma membrane components (sphingolipids, glycerophospholipids, sterols, and integral membrane proteins). This article surveys what we have learned about signaling via the TORC2 complex, largely through studies conducted in S. cerevisiae. In this yeast, conditions that challenge plasma membrane integrity can, depending on the nature of the stress, stimulate or inhibit TORC2, resulting in, respectively, up-regulation or down-regulation of the phosphorylation and thus the activity of its essential downstream effector the AGC family protein kinase Ypk1. Through the ensuing effect on the efficiency with which Ypk1 phosphorylates multiple substrates that control diverse processes, membrane homeostasis is maintained. Thus, the major focus here is on TORC2, Ypk1, and the multifarious targets of Ypk1 and how the functions of these substrates are regulated by their Ypk1-mediated phosphorylation, with emphasis on recent advances in our understanding of these processes.
Learning from the Film “Mitorishi (Transition Doula)”—Application to Understanding the End-of-Life in a Gerontological Nursing Practice Course in Japan

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Purpose: This study aims to detail what nursing students learned from watching the film “Mitorishi”, which was used among the teaching materials in a gerontological nursing practice course in nursing education in Japan, and demonstrate the applicability of using the film as an element relevant to the teaching of end-of-life care in Japan. Methods: The participants were fourth-year nursing students at University A who had watched the film “Mitorishi” during the course, had submitted a report on what they learned, and provided informed consent to the study participation. The reports submitted by the participants were used as data and analyzed qualitatively using the content analysis approach. Results: The analysis identified the following five categories (number of codes): Characteristics of life during the final days (9), Importance of views on life and death (3), Importance of end-of-life care (3), Assistance in preparation for the final days of life (13), and Understanding the profession of transition doula (9). Discussion: The five categories show that the students have learned about the “role of nurses at the time of end-of-life care” while “visualizing end-of-life care” and learning “preparedness for end-of-life care”. These findings suggest that using the film “Mitorishi” in the teaching curriculum is effective for learning about end-of-life care for older people.
SH3230212.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Measurements of water uptake of maize roots: the key function of lateral roots

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Aims Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide. Despite several studies on maize roots, there is limited information on the function of different root types in extracting water from soils. Aim of this study was to investigate the location of water uptake in maize roots. Methods We used neutron radiography to image the spatial distribution of maize roots in soil and trace the transport of deuterated water (D2O) in soil and roots. Maize plants were grown in aluminum containers filled with a sandy soil that was kept homogeneously wet throughout the experiment. When the plants were 16 days old, we injected D2O into selected soil regions. The transport of D2O was simulated using a diffusion-convection numerical model. By fitting the observed D2O transport we quantified the diffusion coefficient and the water uptake of the different root segments. Results The root architecture of a 16 day-old maize consisted of a primary root, 4-5 seminal roots and many lateral roots. Laterals emerged from the proximal 15 cm of the primary and seminal roots. During both day and night measurements, D2O entered more quickly into lateral roots than into primary and seminal roots. The quick transport of D2O into laterals was caused by the small radius of lateral roots. The diffusion coefficient of lateral roots (4.68 x 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1)) was similar to that of the distal unbranched segments of seminal roots (4.72 x 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1)) and higher than that of the proximal branched segments (1.42 x 10(-7) cm(2) s(-1)). Water uptake of lateral roots (1.64 x 10(-5) cm s(-1)) was much higher than the uptake of seminal roots, which was 5.34 x 10(-10) cm s(-1) in the proximal branched segments and only 1.18 x 10(-12) cm s(-1) in the distal unbranched segments. Conclusions We conclude that the function of lateral roots is to absorb water from the soil, while the function of the primary and seminal roots is to axially transport water to the shoot.
Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence in Drug Repurposing—Challenges and Perspectives

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques play an increasingly crucial role in the field of drug repurposing. As the number of computational tools grows, it is essential to not only understand and carefully select the method itself, but also consider the input data used for building predictive models. This review aims to take a dive into current computational methods that leverage AI and ML to drive and accelerate compound and drug target selection, in addition to addressing the existing challenges and providing perspectives. While there is no doubt that AI- and ML-based tools are transforming traditional approaches, especially with recent advancements in graph-based methods, they present novel challenges that require the human eye and expert intervention. The growing complexity of OMICs data further emphasizes the importance of data standardization and quality.
Living with a giant, flowering parasite: metabolic differences between Tetrastigma loheri Gagnep. (Vitaceae) shoots uninfected and infected with Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) and potential applications for propagation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Metabolites in Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma were compared which may have applications in Rafflesia propagation. Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, here reported for the first time in Vitaceae, were abundant in non-infected shoots and may be a form of defense. In Rafflesia-infected shoots, oxylipins, which mediate immune response, were elevated. Endemic to the forests of Southeast Asia, Rafflesia (Rafflesiaceae) is a genus of holoparasitic plants producing the largest flowers in the world, yet completely dependent on its host, the tropical grape vine, Tetrastigma. Rafflesia species are threatened with extinction, making them an iconic symbol of plant conservation. Thus far, propagation has proved challenging, greatly decreasing efficacy of conservation efforts. This study compared the metabolites in the shoots of Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma loheri to examine how Rafflesia infection affects host metabolomics and elucidate the Rafflesia infection process. Results from LC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis showed benzylisoquinoline alkaloids were naturally more abundant in non-infected shoots and are here reported for the first time in the genus Tetrastigma, and in the grape family, Vitaceae. These metabolites have been implicated in plant defense mechanisms and may prevent a Rafflesia infection. In Rafflesia-infected shoots, oxygenated fatty acids, or oxylipins, and a flavonoid, previously shown involved in plant immune response, were significantly elevated. This study provides a preliminary assessment of metabolites that differ between Rafflesia-infected and non-infected Tetrastigma hosts and may have applications in Rafflesia propagation to meet conservation goals.
Targeting Cell Membrane Lipid Rafts by Stoichiometric Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles with a Sphingolipid‐Binding Domain Peptide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A non‐membrane protein‐based nanoparticle agent for the tracking of lipid rafts on live cells is produced by stoichiometric functionalization of gold nanoparticles with a previously characterized sphingolipid‐ and cell membrane microdomain‐binding domain peptide (SBD). The SBD peptide is inserted in a self‐assembled monolayer of peptidol and alkane thiol ethylene glycol, on gold nanoparticles surface. The stoichiometric functionalization of nanoparticles with the SBD peptide, essential for single molecule tracking, is achieved by means of non‐affinity nanoparticle purification. The SBD‐nanoparticles have remarkable long‐term resistance to electrolyte‐induced aggregation and ligand‐exchange and have no detectable non‐specific binding to live cells. Binding and diffusion of SBD‐nanoparticles bound to the membrane of live cells is measured by real‐time photothermal microscopy and shows the dynamics of sphingolipid‐enriched microdomains on cells membrane, with evidence for clustering, splitting, and diffusion over time of the SBD‐nanoparticle labeled membrane domains. The monofunctionalized SBD‐nanoparticle is a promising targeting agent for the tracking of lipid rafts independently of their protein composition and the labelling requires no prior modification of the cells. This approach has potential for further functionalization of the particles to manipulate the organization of, or targeting to microdomains that control signaling events and thereby lead to novel diagnostics and therapeutics.