jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gist MT Users: A Snapshot of the Use and Users of One Online MT Tool

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study analyzes usage statistics and the results of an end-user survey to compile a snapshot of the current use and users of one online machine translation (MT) tool, Multilizer’s PDF Translator1. The results reveal that the tool is used predominantly for assimilation purposes and that respondents use MT often. People use the tool to translate texts from different areas of life, including work, study and leisure. Of these, the study area is currently the most prevalent. The results also reveal a tendency for users to machine translate documents that are in languages they have some understanding of, rather than texts they do not understand at all. The findings imply that gist MT is becoming a part of people’s everyday lives and that perhaps people use gist MT in a different way than they use publishing-level translations.
STUDENTS' DESIGNS SHAPED BY THE UNIVERSITY LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Considerable attention has been paid to school design and it plays a vital role in the learning environment. In literature, several theories have been proposed to explain that the learning environment is a strong component that motivates students of all ages to study and progress. Learning is defined as a relatively long-lasting change in behavior that results from interactive experience and a central part of everyone's life. Students' learning methods are necessary to develop themselves with different learning methods, have an observer's perspective and develop their ability to interpret. The physical environment not only affects the student's learning experience but also significantly increases their observation skills. Design characteristics of learning environments have a major influence on schools that adhere well to effective environmental and educational spaces can expect impressive benefits in student performance. Therefore, students can easily visualize the meaning of different areas of the building that facilitate interaction by the way of layout, between design disciplines. The spatial arrangement of the school affects the character of the learning setting that has a strong correlation to the students' performance. While spatial design and configuration play an important role in triggering the students’ movement, they also affect their interaction patterns and social behaviors. This study aims to find out if and in what ways higher education learning environments have an impact on the style of design students’. The study was carried out in the Faculty of Fine Arts and Design building in the Izmir University of Economics, Turkey. Students from Interior Architecture and Environmental Design, Architecture, Fashion, and Textile Design, Visual Communication Design and Industrial Design departments were asked about their design style through questionnaires. The head of departments was also interviewed about students’ and graduates’ design styles. Results were gathered and categorized into four categories such as; surrounding, classroom, floors and building style. With the questionnaires, the main aim is to find the possible relation of the environmental design elements with the student projects. Findings are believed to be useful for design educators and designers of learning environments, especially for higher education spaces for design. Overall, a comprehensive account of design style, design methods, and the effect of the learning environment on university design students are portrayed.
Materials Data on Cs2Zr2Mn(MoO4)6 by Materials Project

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Cs2MnZr2(MoO4)6 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cs1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Cs–O bond distances ranging from 3.31–3.34 Å. There are two inequivalent Zr4+ sites. In the first Zr4+ site, Zr4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZrO6 octahedra that share corners with six MoO4 tetrahedra. There are four shorter (2.10 Å) and two longer (2.11 Å) Zr–O bond lengths. In the second Zr4+ site, Zr4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form ZrO6 octahedra that share corners with six MoO4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.10 Å) and four longer (2.11 Å) Zr–O bond lengths. There are three inequivalent Mo6+ sites. In the first Mo6+ site, Mo6+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MoO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one MnO6 octahedra and corners with two ZrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–40°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.74–1.84 Å. In the second Mo6+ site, Mo6+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MoO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one MnO6 octahedra and corners with two ZrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 15–40°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.75–1.85 Å. In the third Mo6+ site, Mo6+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form MoO4 tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one MnO6 octahedra and corners with two ZrO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 14–40°. There are a spread of Mo–O bond distances ranging from 1.74–1.85 Å. Mn2+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form MnO6 octahedra that share corners with six MoO4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.15 Å) and four longer (2.17 Å) Mn–O bond lengths. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Zr4+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Zr4+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to one Mo6+ and one Mn2+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Cs1+, one Mo6+, and one Mn2+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Cs1+, one Zr4+, and one Mo6+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Cs1+, one Zr4+, and one Mo6+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs1+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs1+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Cs1+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to one Zr4+ and one Mo6+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to one Mo6+ and one Mn2+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a linear geometry to one Zr4+ and one Mo6+ atom.
Revalorisation of Posidonia Oceanica as Reinforcement in Polyethylene/Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polyethylene Composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Posidonia Oceanica waste was used as reinforcement in a polyethylene matrix and the obtained composites \nwere characterised by a tensile test and morphological analysis. The fi brous material derived from P. Oceanica \nwastes was characterised by morphological, thermal and chemical analysis, and a subsequent treatment with \nsodium hydroxide (NaOH) at different weight content (2, 5 and 10 wt%) was considered as an optimised \nmethod for surface modifi cation of pristine fi bres (PO). The TGA analysis and morphological investigation \nof the treated fi bres selected the 5 wt% of NaOH as the best treatment. Matrix compatibilisation with maleic \nanhydride grafted polyethylene was also considered and the effect on both grafting procedure and alkali \ntreatment was studied for composites containing 20 wt% of fi bres. The results confi rmed that it is possible to \naim for a revalorisation of coastal algae and seaweed wastes as raw material for polyolefi n matrix composites, \neven without applying a strong chemical treatment to the waste
Development of a New-type Wave Absorbing Works to Recreate a Sandy Beach

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study is to develop a new-type wave absorbing work which is possible to absorb enough incident wave energy. The new-type wave absorbing work is flexibility, well absorbing of wave energy, and high-responsibility for local scour due to wave action. In a two dimensional laboratory test, then, we examined on the change of sand movement from offshore to shore by setting the new-type wave absorbing works. We used a nylon-thread mat that is able to absorb enough wave energy in the laboratory test, as the new-type wave absorbing work. In the test, regular and irregular waves were used to examine the effects of form of the nylon-thread mat and its wave reflection on the direction of sand movement. As a result, it was becomes clear that the nylon-thread mat brought buck the offshore sand to the front of seawall, by setting it in front of the vertical seawall.
Effects of Envelope Materials and Drain Holes Spacing on Sub-Surface Drainage System in Akure, Nigeria

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Hydraulic effects of different three envelope materials (wood shavings, coconut fibre, 6.5 mm diameter of crushed stones) and drain spacing on sub-surface drainage systems in Akure Nigeria were determined. Nine (9) Polyvinchloride (PVC) drain pipes of uniform lengths 3m and diameters 10 cm each were used while three lines of drain holes with spacing of 15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm respectively were drilled on the pipes and were installed across 2% slope at 60 cm depth. Each of the three selected envelope materials were used on the three drain pipes with different drain holes spacing. After each irrigation session, volume of drained water and duration were measured. Results showed that crushed stone, coconut fibre and wood shaving had maximum average drain outflows of 3.64 liters, 2.88 liters and 2.44 liters respectively at drain spacing of 15 cm. Similarly, maximum drain outflow rates of 0.10 liters/min (crushed stone), 0.06 liters/min (coconut fibre) and 0.04 liters/min (wood shavings) at drain spacing of 45 cm each. Drainage duration was longest with wood shavings as envelope material at drain spacing of 15 cm in all the materials and drain spacing considered. Positive correlation (P>0.01) existed between the envelope materials and drain holes spacing considered. Soil classification was sandy clay loam, 57.55% sand, 18.85% silt and 23.60% clay while moisture content, bulk density and specific gravity were 17% (dry basis), 1.43g/cm3 and 2.57. Using crushed stone as envelope material at drain spacing of 15 cm was the most effective in field drainage systems.
Methods for the Determination of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Homologies in Streptomyces

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Variations of the membrane filter technique for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridizations were studied with respect to Streptomyces species. At the temperatures required for specific hybridization of DNA with the high melting temperature (T m ) characteristic of Streptomyces , large amounts (up to 97%) of filter-bound DNA became eluted, in all reaction mixtures studied, within 21 hr. In most solutions this leaching was increased by the presence of sheared denatured DNA. Incubation of DNA-loaded filters in a solution of 50% formamide containing 6× standard saline citrate, at 48 C for 40 hr, was judged to be the best set of conditions tested based on relatively good retention of immobilized DNA, very low hybridization with unrelated DNA of a similarly high T m (from Sarcina lutea ), and the formation of complexes similar in thermal stability to the native DNA. The expression of results as sheared DNA bound in relation to long-chain DNA retained is recommended when a high concentration of sheared DNA relative to immobilized DNA is used.
Fibre Mesh in Reinforced Slabs

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: Fiber Reinforced Concrete is gaining attention as an effective way to improve the performance of concrete. Fibers are currently being specified in tunneling, bridge decks, pavements, loading docks, thin unbonded overlays, concrete pads, and concretes slabs. These applications of fiber reinforced concrete are becoming increasingly popular and are exhibiting excellent performance The usefulness of fiber reinforced concrete in various civil engineering applications is indisputable. Fiber reinforced concrete has so far been successfully used in slabs on grade, architectural panels, precast products, offshore structures, structures in seismic regions, thin and thick repairs, crash barriers, footings, hydraulic structures and many other applications. This study presents understanding srength of fibre reinforced conceret. Mechanical properties and durability of fiber reinforced concrete.
PHASE II CALDERON PROCESS TO PRODUCE DIRECT REDUCED IRON RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The commercialization path of the Calderon technology for making a feedstock for steelmaking with assistance from DOE initially focused on making coke and work was done which proved that the Calderon technology is capable of making good coke for hard driving blast furnaces. U.S. Steel which participated in such demonstration felt that the Calderon technology would be more meaningful in lowering the costs of making steel by adapting it to the making of iron--thus obviating the need for coke. U.S. Steel and Calderon teamed up to jointly work together to demonstrate that the Calderon technology will produce in a closed system iron units from iron concentrate (ore) and coal competitively by eliminating pelletizing, sintering, coking and blast furnace operation. If such process steps could be eliminated, a huge reduction in polluting emissions and greenhouse gases (including CO{sub 2}) relating to steelmaking would ensue. Such reduction will restructure the steel industry away from the very energy-intensive steelmaking steps currently practiced and drastically reduce costs of making steel. The development of a technology to lower U.S. steelmaking costs and become globally competitive is a priority of major importance. Therefore, the development work which Calderon is conducting presently under this Agreement with the U.S. Department of Energy becomes more crucial than ever. During the 3rd quarter of 2005 which the present report covers, virtually all the effort to advance the Calderon technology to make iron units was concentrated towards forming a team with a steelmaker who needs both iron units in the form of hot metal and a substitute for natural gas (SNG), both being major contributors to higher costs in steelmaking. Calderon felt that a very good candidate would be Steel Dynamics (SDI) by virtue that it operates a rotary hearth facility in Butler, Indiana that uses large amounts of natural gas to reduce briquettes made from ore and coal that they subsequently melt in a submerged arc furnace that is a large consumer of electric power. This facility is operated as a division of SDI under the name of Iron Dynamics (IDI). It is no secret that IDI has had and still has a great number of operational problems, including high cost for natural gas.
Recalled engagement with legal UK youth gambling products and adult disordered gambling

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background and aims: The UK allows a number of gambling products to be legally used by people under the age of 18. The aim of this study was to explore associations between recalled legal usage of five youth gambling products and adult disordered gambling.Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of 1,057 adult UK gamblers, aged 18 – 40. Recalled legal use of five youth gambling products (category D fruit machines, coin push machines, crane grab machines, the National Lottery, and National Lottery scratchcards) was correlated with adult disordered gambling symptoms as measured by the Problem Gambling Severity Index.Results: Recalled rates of legal engagement with each product ranged from 50.9% for Category D fruit machines to 96.6% for coin push machines. For category D fruit machines, the National Lottery, and National Lottery scratchcards, merely having legally engaged with these products as a child was associated with adult disordered gambling. Furthermore, higher levels of recalled legal youth usage with each of the five products was also associated with adult disordered gambling.Discussion and conclusions: These results relate to recent government proposals to increase the National Lottery scratchcard legal age to 18, and add to a wider literature on youth gambling and subsequent gambling-related harm.
Fiber‐optic displacement sensor using a multimode bundle fiber

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A simple fiber optic displacement sensor based on intensity modulation technique is demonstrated using a bundle multimode plastic fiber as a probe. The sensor consists of a light source, a probe, and photodiode detector. The sensor is capable of measuring displacements of mirror ranging from 0.05 to 2.2 mm using a red light source of wavelength 632.8 nm with maximum output power of 1 mW. The sensitivity of the device is found to be 168.8 mV/mm over 0.05–0.35 mm range and −29.8 mV/mm over 1.05–2.2 mm range. The sensor is highly sensitive at the front slope and very useful for close distance target. The simplicity of the design, high degree of sensitivity, dynamic range and the low cost of the fabrication make it suitable for applications in industries as position control and micro displacement measurement in the hazardous region. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 661–663, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23147
A case report of possible eosinophilic granuloma of infantile proximal tibial end.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case suspected of eosinophilic granuloma of the left proximal tibial end was repoted. Eosinophilic granuloma is the most benign variant of histiocytosis X and may have spontaneous regression during course. When it occurs in infancy, it is important to differentiate from Letterer-Siwe syndrome, congenital generalized fibromatosis and metastatic neuroblastoma. Our case was a one-month-old girl whose left lower limb was noticed to be less active than the right one at ten days after birth. The roentgenographic appearance of the left proximal tibial end showed cystic osteolysis of spongiosa, periosteal new bone formation and partial cortical defect. About two months later, these findings disappeared without therapy and then there are no sing of reccurence or new focus.
Uhlenhuth, R. and Remv, E. On antibodies to carbohydrates. IV message. Experiments with colloid adsorbates of glycogen, rice starch and Pulkovsky starch (Ztschr. F Immunitätsf, Bd 89, 1937)

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The authors studied the antigenic properties of carbohydrates, proceeding from the existing position that only high molecular weight substances can cause the formation of antibodies.
An Approach for Impedance Matrix Computation Considering Phase Transposition on Distribution Lines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A renewed interest in phase frame analysis of distribution systems has surfaced in recent literature due to rapid expansion of grid-integrated distributed generation and non-linear loads, whose grid imbalance-increasing effects require more detailed analysis and modeling of distribution systems for their proper assessment. In this paper, under motivation of such recent usage of phase frame components, we propose analytical equations for N-phase neutral-equipped line admittance matrix under transposition assumption. By using the proposed equations, we evaluate precision losses caused by using the transposition assumption for modeling three-phase four-wire distribution lines. Moreover, differently from previous works, we validate the transposition assumption and the admittance matrix values obtained for various combinations of cable type and line geometry. A relevant reason for analyzing transposition assumption in more detail is the fact that it may be useful in distribution system computations, due to its advantageous decoupling of symmetrical components. In this sense, the present work provides additional discussion and illustrative evaluations of the line transposition assumption, which may be useful for analyzing its applicability under different circumstances.
Transformation of Markov Models for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis into the System Dynamics Methodology

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Markov cohort models are one of the standard methodologies for conducting cost-effectiveness analyses of health care interventions of chronic diseases. The system dynamics (SD) approach, where a model consists of stocks and their interconnecting flows, is rarely used, but in principle it can be used to conduct the same type of analysis. The authors show that a simple transformation from the transition probabilities of a Markov model to relative rates always leads to an equivalent system dynamics model. Here the stocks match the Markov states, because they store the same number of patients as in the corresponding state. The authors demonstrate an approach on an exemplary cost-effectiveness analysis for a smoking cessation programme for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with a simplified Markov model based on Menn (2009). Both the Markov model and the system dynamics model lead to nearly identical results. However, the latter offers more flexibility as it can incorporate interactions between different patient groups.
A Study on National Identity of Ethnic Areas from the Perspective of "State Presence"

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper studies the influence and generation model of national identity in ethnic areas from the perspective of "state presence". Its main objectives are to understand the principles of national identity formation in the modern social life of ethnic areas, to figure out whether there is more space for the development of the national identity of ethnic areas, and to study how to give play to "state presence" to help enhance the national identity of ethnic areas. On this basis, this study briefly expounds the content of "state presence" and national identity, and analyzes the factors affecting national identity in ethnic areas from the perspective of "state presence" and the effects on national identity in ethnic areas. It then conducts an in-depth study on the practical path of enhancing the national identity in ethnic areas from the perspective of "state presence", aiming to provide valuable reference for implementing China's policy of national unity and mutual development and enhancing the national identity and sense of belonging in ethic areas.
Exactly Solvable Wormhole and Cosmological Models with a Barotropic Equation of State

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An exact solution of the Einstein field equations given the barotropic\nequation of state $p=\\omega\\rho$ yields two possible models: (1) if $\\omega\n<-1$, we obtain the most general possible anisotropic model for wormholes\nsupported by phantom energy and (2) if $\\omega >0$, we obtain a model for\ngalactic rotation curves. Here the equation of state represents a perfect fluid\nwhich may include dark matter. These results illustrate the power and\nusefulness of exact solutions.\n
The Study of the Age of Appearance of Lokanīti Text and Its Organization

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There are so many assumption to the age of appearance of Lokanīti texts and its organization. Therefore, this research paper presents the plausible opinion out of these assumptions. In doing this research, descriptive method and comparative method are used by collecting facts and data from the Replicated Lokanīti texts written by western and eastern scholars.