jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Uniformisation of a once-punctured annulus

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The universal cover or the covering group of a hyperbolic Riemann surface $X$ is important but hard to express explicitly. It can be, however, detected by the uniformisation and a suitable description of $X$. Beardon proposed five different ways to describe twice-punctured disks using fundamental domain, hyperbolic length, collar and extremal length in 2012. We parameterize a once-punctured annulus $A$ in terms of five parameter pairs and give explicit formulas about the hyperbolic structure and the complex structure of $A$. Several degenerating cases are also treated.
The quality of traditionally smoked tenderloins obtained from meat of native pig breeds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The domestic (homeland, native) populations - breeds of pigs are grown in certain region and/or country as local, primitive breeds. In Poland following 3 pig breeds are considered as native: Pulawska, Zlotnicka White and Zlotnicka Spotted. The aim of this study was the assessment of the quality of meat and traditionally smoked tenderloins obtained from meat of native pigs breeds bred in a traditional way. Meat analysis showed that the highest fat content values were present in Zlotnicka Spotted (4.60 ? 0.33) and White (3.63 ? 0.41) while the lowest in Pulawska (2.78 ? 0.29). Smoked tenderloins shear force differed statistically. The hardness values were the highest for Zlotnicka White (65.66 ? 6.46) and the lowest for Zlotnicka Spotted (33.27 ? 4.12). Similar shear force values were recorded: the highest in Zlotnicka White (51.90 ? 7.11) and the lowest in Zlotnicka Spotted (30.43 ? 5.54). Regardless of the results obtained, meat products have good acceptance of sensory assessment test and low level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We conclude that the meat of Pulawska, Zlotnicka White and Spotted breeds of pigs is a good quality raw material used for production of traditional and regional meat products gaining high sensory scores and good recognition among consumers. The traditionally smoked tenderloins produced from meats of above breeds, were characterized by very good quality parameters.
Posthumous Titles of Kings and their implications in Goryeo Dynasty

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

국왕의 시호는 諡法에 의거하여 嗣王이 군신과 협의하여 올린 왕호를 의미한다. 사실 국왕 시호제는 대행왕의 업적을 평가함으로써 덕업의 성취를 권면하는 목적에서 마련된 제도였다. 고려는 시법에 의거하여 선왕들에게 시호를 追諡했다. 즉, 국초부터 시법을 근거로 시호의 문자를 선정하였고, 諡冊을 읽는 의례절차를 거쳐 선왕에게 시호를 올렸다. 그런데, 추시는 親親이라는 인간 본연의 마음에서 비롯된 단순한 도덕 행위는 아니다. 정치적 상황과 입장에 따라 嗣王이 시호의 내용과 의미를 선택함으로써, 자신의 목적과 의사를 관철하려는 적극적인 정치 행위의 하나였다. 그런 점에서 고려의 임금들은 추시를 적극 활용하여, 선왕들과 자신의 관계를 설정하고, 또 그렇게 규정된 관계를 통해 자신의 왕권을 강화하고자 하였다.
Brain-computer interfaces: signals, methods, and goals

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A brain-computer interface (BCI) changes signals from the brain, which normally merely reflect brain activity into the end product of that activity, outputs that communicate the user's intent to the outside world (Wolpaw et al., 2002). BCI operation requires the effective interaction of two adaptive controllers: user and system. The user generates signals that encode intent; and the system translates these signals into commands that control a neuroprosthesis, an environmental control system, a word processor, or another external device. Thus, BCI use is essentially a new motor skill that user and system master and maintain. A variety of different brain signals could conceivably be used for BCI communication and control. These signals fall into two classes: spikes that reflect the action potentials of individual neurons, and field potentials that reflect the combined synaptic, neuronal, and axonal activity of groups of neurons (Niedermeyer and Lopes da Silva, 1999).
In vitro Release Kinetics Study of Diltiazem Hydrochloride from Wax and Kollidon SR Based Matrix Tablets

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Extended-release matrix tablets of diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ) were prepared using waxy materials alone or in combination with Kollidon SR. Matrix waxy materials were carnauba wax (CW), bees wax (BW), cetyl alcohol (CA) and glyceryl monostearate (GMS). Dissolution studies were carried out by using a six stations USP XXII type 1 apparatus. The in vitro drug release study was done in 1000 ml phosphate buffer of pH 6.8 for 12 h. Initial burst release was observed in case of waxy granules. Tablets prepared in combination of waxy granules and Kollidon SR sustained the drug release for more than 12 h. Addition of ludipress instead of Kollidon SR caused the drug release faster (for less than 12 h). Fitting the in vitro drug release data to Korsmeyer equation indicates that diffusion along with erosion could be the mechanism of drug release. Significant differences were found among the drug release profile from different polymeric matrices.
E-cigarette Dependence Measures in Dual Users: Reliability and Relations With Dependence Criteria and E-cigarette Cessation

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have drastically changed the nicotine and tobacco product landscape. However, their potential public health impact is still unclear. A reliable and valid measure of e-cigarette dependence would likely advance assessment and prognostication of the public health impact of e-cigarettes. The aim of this research was to examine the internal consistency, structure, and validity of three e-cigarette dependence scales. Methods Adult dual users (smokers who also vape, N = 256) enrolled in an observational cohort study (45.1% women, 70.7% white). At baseline, participants completed the e-cigarette Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence (e-FTCD), the e-cigarette Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (e-WISDM), and the Penn State Electronic Cigarette Dependence Index (PS-ECDI). All participants provided a urine sample for cotinine analysis and reported e-cigarette use at 1 year. Results The e-WISDM subscales had the highest internal consistency (α = .81–.96), then the PS-ECDI (α = .74) and e-FTCD (α = .51). A single-factor structure for the e-FTCD and an 11-factor structure for the e-WISDM were supported, but the PS-ECDI did not have a single-factor structure. All three e-cigarette dependence scales were highly correlated with validation criteria including continued e-cigarette use at 1 year, but not with e-liquid nicotine concentration or cotinine. Conclusions The e-WISDM and PS-ECDI had stronger internal consistency than did the e-FTCD, despite the e-FTCD’s single-factor structure, but all 3 measures appear to be valid measures of e-cigarette dependence as suggested by their significant relations with self-perceived addiction, heavy use, early use after overnight deprivation, and continued use over time. Implications This research provides empirical support for three e-cigarette dependence measures: the e-FTCD, the PS-ECDI, and the e-WISDM among dual users of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. The PS-ECDI and e-WISDM are more reliable, but all three measures were strongly correlated with key dependence constructs such as heavy use and continued use over time.
Permeability studies on horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HLAD) in polyacrylamide gel beads

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Polyacrylamide gel beads with monomer concentrations ranging from 5 to 30% and with constant degree of cross‐linking (5%) were prepared. Dried beads were swollen in buffered HLAD/NAD + solutions and placed in a water‐immiscible organic solution of substrates. Increased enzymatic activity was observed in beads with higher polymer density. Evidence is given that catalyst in the high‐density polymer is concentrated in the outer part of the beads, but is homogeneously distributed in low‐density polymers. This was clearly visualised by high‐resolution NMR imaging on gel beads impregnated with Gd‐DTPA‐labeled HLAD. Furthermore, reaction rates were higher for larger beads.
Shadowing as a Data Collection Strategy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Shadowing entails a researcher closely following a subject over a period of time to investigate what people actually do in the course of their everyday lives, not what their roles dictate of them. Behaviors, opinions, actions, and explanations for those actions are reflected in the resulting thick, descriptive data. There is little written that describes the uses of shadowing as a data collection strategy; this article sets out to respond to this deficit. Based on shadowing experiences, the article explores the dimensions of conspicuous invisibility: being there but not being there, negotiating distance within the proximity to subjects, and maintaining an identity as a researcher while forming enduring friendships. It argues that shadowing is useful as a data collection technique for institutional ethnography.
Isolation, Cloning, DNA Sequencing and Bioinformatics Analysis of the Parasporin–1 Gene of Bacillus thuringiensis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Native strains of Bacillus thuringiensis were isolated and screened for the presence of parasporin–1 gene. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based DNA amplification using the gene-specific primers was used for the purpose. Of all the isolated strains, only four exhibited amplicons of a size analogous to that of the known parasporin–1 gene. The amplified fragments were cloned into the pGEM-vector and then were sequenced and analyzed. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the nucleotide sequences obtained from the isolates were 99% homologous to the known DNA sequence of the parasporin gene (Blast software) and 98% homologous to the known amino acid sequence. The parasporin gene sequence obtained from this study was submitted to GenBank (Accession no. KJ576792). The 2371 nucleotides long gene was found to encode for a protein composed of 789 amino acids that had an estimated molecular weight of 84 kDa and a calculated isoelectric point (pI) of 6.7.
Shiels in the Brecon Beacons

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The writer has for some time taken an interest in the many shielings of the Scottish Highlands and has compared these with similar summer pastures and their huts in various other parts of Europe. Apart from one well-preserved but roofless hut in the Berwyns, close to the B4391 road and just north of the county boundary, and two or three doubtful sites in the valley north-west of Llangynog, no field observations had been made in Wales. Last summer, however, an opportunity offered to examine the Brecon Beacon and several shiels (Lluestau or Hafodau) were found.
Plasticity for Recovery, Plasticity for Development: Cognitive Outcome in Twins Discordant for Mid-Childhood Ischemic Stroke

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Cognitive and language profiles in a set of likely monozygotic 13-year-old twins raised together and discordant for an extensive left hemisphere stroke are described 6 years post-stroke. Recovery differed across four skill profiles, created based on a model of plasticity. Full recovery of lost skills and full or partial development of new skills typically involved either semantic memory or right hemisphere lateralized functions such as visual perception skills. Limited development of new skills and full or partial recovery of lost skills took place in either active verbal memory or oral language skills that are left hemisphere lateralized. Language skills concerned with real-time lexical retrieval, or the use and understanding of morphology and grammar, phonological processing skills, and auditory working memory were least likely to recover and continue to develop.
Analysis of polyethylene glycol precipitates from SLE sera: antibody enrichment in association with disease activity.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Twenty two systemic lupus erythematosus patients were assessed clinically for periods of up to six years. Polyethylene glycol precipitates of serial serum samples were analysed for the presence of autoantibodies by specific enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays. Increased enrichment of anti-Ro(SSA) was found to correlate with disease activity. Longitudinal studies of individual patients showed an association between disease exacerbation and enrichment of anti-Ro(SSA), anti-La(SSB) and anti-ssDNA. Circulating immune complexes isolated by anti-C3 affinity chromatography were also found to contain anti-Ro(SSA), anti-La(SSB) and anti-ss DNA and fixation of complement by complexes could be demonstrated. Enrichment of these autoantibodies in renal eluates of two patients with diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis provided further evidence for a pathogenic role of these immune complexes.
In vitrodevelopment of vegetative propagules inSplachnum ampullaceum: brood cells and chloronematal bulbils

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The formation of specialized vegetative propagules like brood cells, gemmae and bulbils often occurs in bryophytes, and the propagule's capacity to remain viable, even when desiccated, contribute to form soil propagule banks. With the aim to prove the presence of vegetative propagules in Splachnum ampullaceum Hedw., never found in European Splachnaceae, we studied their formation and further development in vitro. The effect of different concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA)—an endogenous growth regulator in mosses—on brood cell germination was also examined. Vegetative forms were induced on protonematal explants of S. ampullaceum cultured in vitro with two different mineral media. Brood cells and chloronematal bulbils occurred on protonematal cultures maintained on the same culture medium for long periods of time. Brood cells developed new chloronematal filaments when they were transferred to a new medium. We found that S. ampullaceum is able to form in vitro brood cells, characterized by spherical thick-walled cells with lipid droplets in their cytoplasm, and chloronematal bulbils that consist of a multicellular propagule with a verrucose surface. The effects of ABA on S. ampullaceum cultured in vitro indicate a direct relationship between its concentration on media and brood cell formation, which may presumably indicate that desiccation tolerance in S. ampullaceum is induced by ABA. Growth retardant effects were also shown on explants cultured in the presence of the aforementioned regulator. Vegetative propagules, brood cells and chloronematal bulbils, are present in S. ampullaceum and they are probably developed as a desiccation tolerance strategy and as a faster way to spread the colonization on the substratum. Such structures constitute an inconspicuous phase of the life cycle.
Characterizing the genetic risk for Type 2 diabetes in a Malaysian multi‐ethnic cohort

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Aims To characterize the association with Type 2 diabetes of known Type 2 diabetes risk variants in people in Malaysia of Malay, Chinese and Indian ancestry who participated in the Malaysian Cohort project. Methods We genotyped 1604 people of Malay ancestry (722 cases, 882 controls), 1654 of Chinese ancestry (819 cases, 835 controls) and 1728 of Indian ancestry (851 cases, 877 controls). First, 62 candidate single‐nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with Type 2 diabetes were assessed for association via logistic regression within ancestral groups and then across ancestral groups using a meta‐analysis. Second, estimated odds ratios were assessed for excess directional concordance with previously studied populations. Third, a genetic risk score aggregating allele dosage across the candidate single‐nucleotide polymorphisms was tested for association within and across ancestral groups. Results After Bonferroni correction, seven individual single‐nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with Type 2 diabetes in the combined Malaysian sample. We observed a highly significant excess in concordance of effect directions between Malaysian and previously studied populations. The genetic risk score was strongly associated with Type 2 diabetes in all Malaysian groups, explaining from 1.0 to 1.7% of total Type 2 diabetes risk variance. Conclusion This study suggests there is substantial overlap of the genetic risk alleles underlying Type 2 diabetes in Malaysian and other populations.
Application of liquid biopsy technology in the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

With the development of molecular biology, liquid biopsy has been the hot spot in the research of tumor precision therapy. Liquid biopsy technology has been found having high value in areas such as diagnosis, treatment and evaluation of tumor. Compared with traditional tissue biopsy, liquid biopsy technology is not only less invasive and can be performed repea-tedly at various times to monitor tumor in real time, but it also has a distinct advantage in reflecting the heterogeneity of tumor. This review introduced circulating tumor cell (CTC) and circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) which was the most studied in liquid biopsy, mainly focusing on the detection technology and application in esophageal cancer.

Key words:
Esophageal neoplasms; Translational medicine; Liquid biopsy technology; Circulating tumor cell; Circulating tumor DNA; Diagnosis; Therapy
Effective Review in the Age of Information: The Case-study of Semi-automated Decision-making based on Schengen Information System

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The speed with which the EU employs automation in large-scale informational cooperation is unparalleled by the attention devoted to the adjustment of the corresponding system of legal protection. Illustrated with the case study of the Schengen Information System, yet as manifested across broader policy areas, the EU's determination to exploit the benefits of information technologies by rendering them ever smarter, fast and efficient, eventually puts to a test the Union’s fundamental values and principles. The technological progress affects not only the European constitutional promise of effective judicial protection but also of good administration. The drive to revolutionise decision-making takes a sway on the very act of deciding, rendering it an ever-more ‘automatised’ behaviour. Against this backdrop, the thesis addresses the research question: to what extent are supervisory authorities able to ensure effective protection to individuals against decisions taken based on large-scale informational cooperation, in light of the challenges arising from technological innovation, namely automation, for the exercise of effective review. The thesis offers a holistic assessment of the existing and novel challenges to effective account-giving and enforcement of individual rights in the EU multilevel system in view of contributing to the debate on the impacts of technological progress on the legal position of private persons. The assessment shows that ex post enforcement of rights is fundamentally weakened where established jurisdictional limits prevent addressing the multijurisdictional and cross-border conduct underpinning data-driven decision-making. Legal protection instead increasingly depends on the array of additional safeguards, including ex ante legal protection through the judicial authorisation or regular monitoring of the automated support systems. Their existence alone, however, does not uphold the constitutional promise of effective judicial protection. The quest to strengthen the available ex post review mechanisms needs to be addressed as the absolute priority in order to balance the magnitude of power exerted by means of automation on both public conduct and private lives.
Shareholder Coordination Costs, Shark Repellents, and Takeout Mergers: The Case Against Fiduciary Duties

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

When a bidding corporation succeeds in obtaining voting control of a target corporation through a hostile tender offer, many commentators argue that it is unfair to allow the bidder to exercise its voting power to set the price terms of a second-step takeout merger in which the bidder purchases the shares of the remaining target shareholders. This concern is inappropriate because it treats a unitary acquisition between adversaries as if it were two separate transactions–the second of which involves abuse of power by fiduciaries–and also because it assumes that shareholders of the target corporation are incapable of protecting themselves from the power of a successful bidder. Moreover, imposition of fiduciary rules may impose either prohibitive costs or absolute barriers to some takeovers, even if such transactions would be wealth producing. While there is a risk that some takeovers may exploit the “prisoner's dilemma” facing target shareholders threatened with an unattractive takeout threat, target shareholders are capable of responding to that threat with devices to coordinate their response. So-called “shark repellent” amendments that raise the proportion of votes required to approve second-step mergers or that limit the terms of such mergers can function as coordination devices to alleviate the prisoner's dilemma. Commentators' fears that such devices may unduly burden the market for corporate control appear to depend to a large extent on unfounded assumptions that all takeovers are wealth producing and that takeovers are never motivated by potential gains flowing from exploitation of the lack of coordination among target shareholders. However, empirical studies indicate that adoption of such coordination rules can benefit target shareholders and that it is unlikely that shareholders will approve voting rules so restrictive that they would preclude wealth-creating acquisitions. The usual notions of shareholder apathy are simply inapplicable to takeout mergers.
The Design of Conceptual Framework and Platform for Collaborative Innovation and Convergence

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

전통적으로 제품이나 서비스의 가치는 생산자에 의해 고객에게 제공되었다. 그러나 현대에 와서는 제품이나 서비스의 개발에 고객들의 참여가 폭 넓게 이루어지고 있다. 공동가치창출과 같은 공동혁신을 통해 고객은 기업의 제품이나 서비스의 설계, 생산, 마케팅, 그리고 판매 등에 참여하여 새로운 가치를 창출하고 있다. 공동가치창출과 같은 공동혁신을 통해 생산자와 고객 간의 벽이 무너지고 있는 것이다. 정보기술의 발전으로 인해 고객의 경험을 공유할 수 있는 기회가 증가하고 있다. 공동혁신은 새로운 경영기법을 적용하는 것이 아니라, 기업 활동과 세부 업무 자체를 변화시키는 패러다임으로 기업 활동에 고객이 참여하여 새로운 가치를 창출하는 것은 기존 업무 프로세스로는 수행하기 어렵고, 업무 프로세스를 공동혁신 활동에 맞추어 새롭게 변화시켜야 한다. 본 연구에서는 공동혁신을 통해 새로운 비즈니스 모델을 개발하기 위한 프레임워크와 이를 위한 서비스 플랫폼의 개념적 모델을 제시한다. Traditionally, the value of a product or service was provided to customers by the manufacturer. However, in modern society, participation of consumers in the production of goods and services is widely integrated into the general activities of corporations. Collaborative innovation refers to the company and customer working together in creating value with the customers participating in the designing, production, marketing, and sales of products. Accordingly, it would be ill-fitted to conduct collaborative innovation using previous business methods. Though collaborative innovation in the business sector is expected to increase, there are limits to its implementation at present. This study proposes framework in developing collaborative innovation-purpose business models and a conceptual platform for its execution.
The nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A1 in human disease

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1), a member of the NR4A subfamily, acts as a gene regulator in a wide range of signaling pathways and responses to human diseases. Here, we provide a brief overview of the current functions of NR4A1 in human diseases and the factors involved in its function. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms can potentially improve drug development and disease therapy.