jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On Combinations of Random Loads

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Structures are subject to changing loads from various sources. In many instances these loads fluctuate in time in an apparently random fashion. Certain loads vary rather slowly (called constant loads); other loads occur more nearly as impulses (shock loads). Suppose that the stress put on the structure by various loads acting simultaneously can be expressed as a linear combination of the load magnitudes. In this paper certain simple but somewhat realistic probabilistic load models are given and the resulting probabilistic model of the total stress on the structure caused by the loads is considered. The distribution of the first time until the stress on the structure exceeds a given level x, and the distribution of the maximum stress put on the structure during the time interval $( 0,t]$ are studied. Asymptotic properties are also given. It is shown that the asymptotic properties of the maximum stress are related to those of the maxima of a sequence of dependent random variables. Classical extreme value type results are derived under proper normalization.
Robust model predictive bipartite consensus control for cooperation-competition MASs under DoS attacks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper addresses the bipartite consensus control problem for a class of discrete-time cooperation-competition multi-agent systems (MASs) subject to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks under the robust model predictive control (RMPC) framework. A signed graph is characterized to describe the cooperation-competition relationship, and the edges of the graph have either positive or negative connection weights. A DoS attacker accomplishes their objectives by obstructing the communication channel between the controller and the actuator. Meanwhile, with the goal of achieving accurate bipartite consensus, an observer-based RMPC algorithm is aimed to be designed in the context of the DoS attacks, which ensures the recursive feasibility and input-to-state stability (ISS) in the mean square sense. The effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by an example in the end.
Editors' Notes: Notai na nEagarthoiri

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

If, in the early nineteenth century, a few Americans like Frederick Douglass, traveled through Ireland and altered its social discourse, many more Irish and Scots-Irish came to Antebellum America and altered not only its cities but also the small-town life of its backcountry. Here, Greg Koos, executive director of the McLean County Museum of History in Bloomington, Illinois, traces vernacular education in the frontier states back to the Irish hedge schoolmaster. Drawing on the fiction of William Carleton as well as immigration records, nineteenth-century memoirs, and the historiography of Irish and American education, Koos reveals that schoolmasters of Irish Catholic and Presbyterian origin were often "runaways" from indentured servitude into the backcountry. These itinerant teachers brought with them eighteenth-century educational practices and modeled both Irish folk culture and the sesquipedalianism of the polymath. Indeed, Abraham Lincoln's first schoolmaster was an Irishman by the name of Zachariah Riney. Greg Koos has published articles in Historic Illinois and Material Culture and has edited Irish Immigrants in McLean County Illinois (2000).
To Be Perfect Is to Have Changed Often: The Development of John Henry Newman's Ecclesiological Outlook, 1845–1877. By Ryan J. Marr. New York: Lexington Books, 2018. xxxviii + 195 pages. $100.00.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

To Be Perfect Is to Have Changed Often: The Development of John Henry Newman's Ecclesiological Outlook, 1845–1877. By Ryan J. Marr. New York: Lexington Books, 2018. xxxviii + 195 pages. $100.00. - Volume 47 Issue 2
MAKING OF UV SHADE CHART USING RADIANCE DISTRIBUTION OF SKY ERYTHEMA ULTRAVIOLET ^|^amp; ARCHITECTURAL SUN PROTECTION FACTOR FOR BEACH SHADE

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Shades are very effective architectural method for protection from ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation has short wavelength and is poured much from the sky. Therefore even if people are under shade of solar radiation, they are exposed to ultraviolet radiation from the sky and get erythema on their skin. We made the UV shade chart to show ultraviolet radiation in the sky and reported it before. In this study, Sky erythema ultraviolet radiance was calculated by the method of regression equation of radiance distribution of sky erythema UV. Points were distributed on the sky elements based on magnitude of radiance. Point distribution of the UV shade chart was done adopting this paper and using various image type. Moreover, Architectural sun protection factor ASPF was proposed as a performance evaluation method of shades using this chart in this study. ASPF is an index to show how much slowly people in shades get erythema as compared with in the open air.
Ultra High-Resolution FDTD Modeling of a High-Performance VLSI Package for Identifying Resonances and Coupling

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ─ It is becoming increasingly important to computationally predict, study, and prevent electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) issues arising within and between ICs and other components comprising portable electronic devices. Here, we conduct a phenomenological study involving an ultra high-resolution, three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) model of a sample IC package having over one billion grid cells. Specifically, we determine the resonances and coupling patterns arising within the highly complex IC package. The frequency range of interest extends from 100 MHz to 7 GHz. Results indicate that the arrangement and geometry of the separate power, ground, and signaling networks comprising the IC package greatly influences the electromagnetic behavior within different regions of the package. Index Terms ─ Digital electronics, EM
Agent-Based Intelligent Fuzzy Traffic Signal Control System for Multiple Road Intersection Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Traffic congestion at a single intersection can propagate and thus affect adjacent intersections as well, potentially resulting in prolonged gridlock across an entire urban area. Despite numerous research efforts aimed at developing intelligent traffic signal control systems, urban areas continue to experience traffic congestion. This paper presents a novel agent-based fuzzy traffic control system for multiple road intersections. The proposed system is designed to operate in a decentralized manner, with each intersection having its own agent (fuzzy controller) functioning concurrently. The intelligent fuzzy controller of the system can recognize emergency vehicles, assess the queue length and waiting time of vehicles, measure the distance of vehicles from intersections, and consider the cumulated waiting times of short vehicle queues. Two distinct types of agent-based intelligent fuzzy traffic control systems were implemented for comparison: one involving collaboration between an agent and its immediate neighboring agent(s) (where one intersection exchanges traffic data with its immediate neighboring intersection(s)), and the other implementing a non-collaborative agent-based intelligent fuzzy traffic control system (where the individual intersection has no direct communication). Following the experimental simulations, the results were compared with those of existing intelligent fuzzy traffic control systems that lack any module to calculate the distance of the vehicles from the intersection. The results demonstrated that the proposed agent-based system of controllers exhibited superior performance compared with the existing fuzzy controllers in terms of indicators such as average waiting time, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions. For instance, the proposed system reduced the average waiting time of vehicles at an intersection by 48.65% compared with the existing three-stage intelligent fuzzy traffic control system. In addition, a comparison was conducted between non-collaborating and collaborating agent-based intelligent fuzzy traffic control systems, where collaboration achieved better results than the non-collaborating system. In the simulation experiments, an interesting new feature emerged: despite any direct communication missing at multiple intersections, green waves evolved with time. This emergent feature suggests that fuzzy controllers have the potential to evolve and adapt to traffic complexity issues in urban environments when operating in an autonomous agent-based mode. This study demonstrates that agent-based fuzzy controllers can effectively communicate with one another to share traffic data and improve the overall system performance.
Misguided medical insurance and government policies in the opioid epidemic: A chart review and NARX score analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Despite the investment of significant effort and resources, our country remains exposed to an alarming risk of opioid overdoses due to opioid addiction. Objective This study demonstrates the impact of misguided medical insurance and government policies on the opioid epidemic. Methods This is a retrospective chart review study of 142 patients who were denied access to care by insurance companies (CareSource, Molina, Aetna, government regulators, and contractors). The study provides a systematic analysis of the risk stratification of these patients based on the NARX score, prescribed medications, and OARRS report analysis. Results Patients who were denied access to care by the major insurance carriers in Ohio, CareSource, Aetna, and Molina had an average high NARX score of 309.8–310.5 range. The review of the prescribing provider lists on Ohio Automated RX Reporting System reports showed that, in most occasions, patients had significant difficulty in finding a qualified pain provider for 3 months or more. Conclusion Review of denied-care patient NARX scores shows, conclusively, that very high-risk patients were affected the most. These misguided medical insurance and government policies have exposed the most vulnerable and high-risk patients to significant risk of mortality and morbidity.
Poloidal asymmetries in the scrape-off layer plasma of the Alcator C tokamak

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Large poloidal asymmetries in density, electron temperature, radial density e-folding length and floating potential have been measured in the plasma existing between the limiter radius and the wall of the Alcator C tokamak. Typically, variations in density by factors of about 4–20 and variations in radial density e-folding length by factors of about 3–8 are recorded in discharges which are bounded by poloidally symmetric ring limiters. These poloidal asymmetries show that pressure is a function of poloidal angle on open magnetic flux surfaces in this region of the plasma. Observations of toroidally symmetric MARFE phenomena further imply that density and perhaps pressure are also a function of poloidal angle on closed flux surfaces existing just inside the limiter radius. The magnitude of these poloidal asymmetries and their dependence on poloidal angle persists independent of machine parameters (central plasma density, plasma current, toroidal field, MARFE versus non-MARFE discharges). Analysis of the data indicates that these asymmetries are caused by poloidal variations in perpendicular particle and heat transport in both the main plasma and the scrape-off layer. A number of possible asymmetric perpendicular transport processes in the scrape-off layer plasma are examined, including diffusion and × plasma convection.
Land‐To‐Sea Mapping of the Glacial Erosion Unconformity Reveals Evolution of the Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex East of Rügen Island (SW Baltic Sea)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Glacial movements shaped vast northern parts, offering critical insights into glacial dynamics in a changing climate. Located on the island of Rügen in NE Germany, the Jasmund Glacitectonic Complex (JGC) is a key area to study the dynamics of past glaciations. Previous reconstructions focused primarily on the onshore realm, resulting in some areas remaining unexplored. Here we use more than 140 high‐resolution marine multi‐channel seismic profiles to map the erosional unconformity surrounding the JGC for the first time. Submarine glacial features match features observed onshore, allowing a consistent land‐to‐sea reconstruction of the evolution of the JGC. Our results indicate a single SW‐directed Weichselian glacier advance, suggesting that the JGC formed through three distinct glacier lobes exerting pressure from multiple directions. The ice advance encircled the Jasmund peninsula and overthrusted Cretaceous sediments on the JGC perpendicularly and laterally.
Grain-resolved kinetics and rotation during grain growth of nanocrystalline Aluminium by molecular dynamics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Grain growth in nanocrystalline Al was studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The novelty of this study results from the utilization of an algorithm to resolve per-grain kinetics and orientation change from molecular dynamics data sets. To this aim, a highly efficient algorithm for the identification and reconstruction of crystallites from molecular dynamics data sets of FCC materials was developed. This method is capable of calculating specific attributes of grains, namely, volume, center of mass, average orientation and orientation spread. In addition, it provides a mapping method to track grains during time-row data sets. In the present contribution, we describe and validate the algorithm, which is then used to analyze grain growth in polycrystalline Al with a weak texture. For the conditions tested, the algorithm was able to find all of the input orientations and reconstruct the grains according to their crystallographic orientation. With the help of the developed algorithms, we studied grain growth kinetics and grain rotation. The results of the simulations showed slightly slowed-down kinetics in particular in the initial stages of grain growth and marginal rotation of the grains.
[Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease(sCJD)is a prion disease presenting with subacute or rapidly progressive dementia with a poor prognosis. Asymmetrical cortical lesions with thalamic involvement are found in sCJD cases, which is similar distribution to status epileptics, but the lesions are not observed in the limbic systems, and they rarely occur in the precentral gyrus. Characteristically, hyperintense abnormal findings are more prominent on DWI than on FLAIR and T2WI. 19.9% of CJD is genetic CJD(gCJD), and CJD with a mutation of codon 180 from valine to isoleucine(V180I)accounts for 40% of gCJD in Japan. Patients with this type of gCJD rarely have a family history because of the low penetration rate. The age of onset is usually later, and its clinical symptoms deteriorate more slowly than sCJD. DWI shows abnormal cortical hyperintense signals(cortical ribboning).
Michael L. Walter: Buddhism and Empire: The Political and Religious Culture of Early Tibet. (Brill's Tibetan Studies Library.) xxvii, 311 pp. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009. €125. ISBN 978 90 04 17584 6.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Michael L. Walter: Buddhism and Empire: The Political and Religious Culture of Early Tibet. (Brill's Tibetan Studies Library.) xxvii, 311 pp. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009. €125. ISBN 978 90 04 17584 6. - Volume 73 Issue 1
Accuracy of Casts Fabricated by Digital and Conventional Implant Impressions

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of stereolithographic casts (SCs) with those obtained using conventional implant impressions. An epoxy resin model containing dental implants was used as master model. Dental casts (n = 10) were fabricated through both conventional and digital implant impressions. The conventional casts (CCs), SCs, and the master model were digitized, and the accuracy was determined through a deviation analysis and linear measurements. Data were analyzed using paired Student t test with P < .05. The SCs showed higher deviation at the vestibular area (CC: 41 ± 28.87 μm; SC: 117 ± 36.83 μm) and lingual cusps (CC: 40.70 ± 19.79 μm; SC: 80 ± 42.95 μm) in comparison with CCs. No statistically significant difference was found for linear measurements of conventional and digital casts. The entire-arch accuracy was comparable between casts. However, SCs were less accurate at the cusp level in comparison with CCs.
The Dikili-Çandarlı Volcanics, Western Turkey: Magmatic Interactions as Recorded by Petrographic and Geochemical Features

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Located in the northwestern part of the Aegean region, Dikili-Çandarlı volcanic suite contains products \nrepresentative for the western Anatolian Miocene volcanism. They can be divided into two main groups: the Dikili \nand the Çandarlı groups. The Dikili group is Early–Middle Miocene in age and consists mainly of pyroclastic rocks, \nandesitic-dacitic lavas, lava breccia, lahar flows and associated sedimentary rocks. The lavas contain disequilibrium phenocrysts assemblages. The Çandarlı group consists of Upper Miocene–Pliocene lava and sediment associations.The volcanic rocks consist mainly of rhyolitic domes and basaltic trachyandesite-basaltic andesite lavas erupted along the NW–SE- and NE–SW-trending fault systems; the faults controlled the development of the Çandarlı \ndepression. \n \nMajor- and trace-element chemistry indicates that the lavas are dominantly high-K, calc-alkaline, intermediate \nto acidic in composition. Chemical and textural characteristics of the minerals reveal that mixing was a common process in the generation of this magma. In particular, petrography, textural evidence and crystal chemistry of the phenocrysts together with variations in rock compositions indicate that basaltic-basaltic andesitic magma intruded dacite magma and is partially hybridized with it. \n \nNew petrographic and geochemical data of Dikili-Çandarlı volcanics are closely similar to those of the active \ncontinental margin volcanism which are interpreted as mantle-derived magmas contaminated by crustal materials.
Mechanical Design, Assembly and Strain Measurement Results of a 13-T Superconducting Dipole Magnet

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Superconducting magnet group at Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP, China) has been engaging in the development of the high field dipole superconducting magnet with common-coil configuration and shell-based structure. A superconducting magnet named LPF3 was proposed to realize a bore field of 16 T with Nb 3 Sn (13 T) and HTS (3 T). Six Nb 3 Sn coils and two kinds of HTS inserted coils have been assembled in August, 2023. LTS coils (LPF3-LTS) will be firstly trained to 13 T then HTS coils will be energized afterwards. Instead of Bladder & Key technology, LPF3 used the commercial hydraulics devices to apply the pre-load force in horizontal and vertical direction for the first time. Strain gauges and Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors were applied to monitor the pre-loading effect of the magnet. The main design parameters, stress analysis results, assembly procedure and strain measurement results will be presented.
USING X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY TO MEASURE FIRE DEGRADATION OF A TIMBER CONNECTION

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The charring behaviour of timber elements under fire is well understood, however, the effects of fire and heat on connections are not equally well known. Timber connections often use steel fasteners, like screws or angle brackets, which conduct heat much better than wood. Moreover, these fasteners lose their mechanical resistance and capacity under elevated temperatures. X-ray computed tomography (CT) can be used to reconstruct the internal structure of wood non-destructively. It should therefore be possible to use this technology to also study the progressive degradation due to fire of a timber connection. The goal of the present study is to investigate how CT can be used to analyse the degradation of a timber connection due to fire. Samples of Norway spruce with self-tapping screws were scanned before and after a fire exposure, and mechanical tests were performed. The results indicate that the degradation due to fire in a timber connection can be observed in CT scans, but that certain measures need to be taken to minimise the effects of image artefacts due to X-ray scattering and photon starvation.
Three‐dimensional photography for the evaluation of facial profiles in obstructive sleep apnoea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background and objective Craniofacial structure is an important determinant of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) syndrome risk. Three‐dimensional stereo‐photogrammetry (3dMD) is a novel technique which allows quantification of the craniofacial profile. This study compares the facial images of OSA patients captured by 3dMD to three‐dimensional computed tomography (3‐D CT) and two‐dimensional (2‐D) digital photogrammetry. Measurements were correlated with indices of OSA severity. Methods Thirty‐eight patients diagnosed with OSA were included, and digital photogrammetry, 3dMD and 3‐D CT were performed. Distances, areas, angles and volumes from the images captured by three methods were analysed. Results Almost all measurements captured by 3dMD showed strong agreement with 3‐D CT measurements. Results from 2‐D digital photogrammetry showed poor agreement with 3‐D CT. Mandibular width, neck perimeter size and maxillary volume measurements correlated well with the severity of OSA using all three imaging methods. Mandibular length, facial width, binocular width, neck width, cranial base triangle area, cranial base area 1 and middle cranial fossa volume correlated well with OSA severity using 3dMD and 3‐D CT, but not with 2‐D digital photogrammetry. Conclusion 3dMD provided accurate craniofacial measurements of OSA patients, which were highly concordant with those obtained by CT, while avoiding the radiation associated with CT.
Commentary on "Exploring the Association Between Household Food Insecurity, Parental Self-Efficacy and Fruit and Vegetable Parenting Practices Among Parents of 5- to 8-Year-Old Overweight Children"

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Invited commentary of an article that discusses the association between parental factors and food insecurity by Angela Hilmers, Karen Cullen, Carolyn Moore and Teresia O’Connor.
The conditions of formation of Au–Ag epithermal mineralization of the Amguemo-Kanchalan volcanic field (Eastern Chukotka)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The article considers the conditions of formation of Au–Ag epithermal mineralization of the Amguemo-Kanchalan volcanic field (AKVP), located on the Western closure of the East Chukchi flank zone of the Okhotsk-Chukchi volcanic belt (OCHVB). In the AKVP potentially large Au–Ag Valunisty mine and several perspective deposits and ore occurrences (Zhilnoye, Shah, Gornoye, Ognennoye and Osennee) are localized. The results of thermo- and cryometric studies of fluid inclusions in quartz and calcite of epithermal veins showed that the solutions was dominated by chlorides Na and K. Epithermal mineralization was deposited by heterogeneous hydrothermal fluids with low salt concentrations (0.2–3.6 wt. % equiv. NaCl, in medium-temperature conditions – 174–354°C). The fluid pressure reached 30–160 bar, which corresponds to the formation depth of 0.1–0.6 km, under hydrostatic conditions. The obtained results allow us to attribute the studied epithermal mineralization to the low sulfidation class. The magmatic hearth of andesitic magmas and meteoric waters are the most probable sources of ore-forming fluids. The information given in the article is of practical importance for regional forecast-metallogenic constructions, prospecting and evaluation of epithermal Au–Ag deposits.