jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The N‑Terminal Peptides of the Three Human\nIsoforms of the Mitochondrial Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel Have\nDifferent Helical Propensities

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The\nvoltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) is the main mitochondrial\nporin allowing the exchange of ions and metabolites between the cytosol\nand the mitochondrion. In addition, VDAC was found to actively interact\nwith proteins playing a fundamental role in the regulation of apoptosis\nand being of central interest in cancer research. VDAC is a large\ntransmembrane β-barrel channel, whose N-terminal helical fragment\nadheres to the channel interior, partially closing the pore. This\nfragment is considered to play a key role in protein stability and\nfunction as well as in the interaction with apoptosis-related proteins.\nThree VDAC isoforms are differently expressed in higher eukaryotes,\nfor which distinct and complementary roles are proposed. In this work,\nthe folding propensity of their N-terminal fragments has been compared.\nBy using multiple spectroscopic techniques, and complementing the\nexperimental results with theoretical computer-assisted approaches,\nwe have characterized their conformational equilibrium. Significant\ndifferences were found in the intrinsic helical propensity of the\nthree peptides, decreasing in the following order: hVDAC2 > hVDAC3\n> hVDAC1. In light of the models proposed in the literature to\nexplain\nvoltage gating, selectivity, and permeability, as well as interactions\nwith functionally related proteins, our results suggest that the different\nchemicophysical properties of the N-terminal domain are possibly correlated\nto different functions for the three isoforms. The overall emerging\npicture is that a similar transmembrane water accessible conduit has\nbeen equipped with not identical domains, whose differences can modulate\nthe functional roles of the three VDAC isoforms.
Parents’ Perceptions of Decision Making for Children

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Futile treatment. Do not resuscitate (DNR). These terms and the thoughts they evoke may be unfamiliar to families with ill children. Similarly, laws, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act or the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act, are probably unfamiliar. Yet these terms and laws, and, more important, their implications, are part of a new world of health care into which more families are thrust—the world of wrenching and complicated decisions. Although the number of these situations is increasing and even predictable, the infrastructure of support services for families dealing with these medical decisions for seriously ill children has not been adequately addressed or developed. Parents know that some children are born with or develop serious illnesses and die. Amid absorbing large amounts of new information and interpreting the parameters and implications of what they are learning about their child's condition, families are forced by circumstances to assess—and to act on—their most critical, and perhaps previously unexamined, values.
Experimental production of clinical-grade dendritic cell vaccine for acute myeloid leukemia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen presenting cells of the immune system. Through the use of DC vaccines (DC after exposure to tumour antigens), cryopreserved in single-use aliquots, an attractive and novel immunotherapeutic strategy is available as an option for treatment. In this paper we describe an in vitro attempt to scale-up production of clinical-grade DC vaccines from leukemic cells. Blast cells of two relapsed AML patients were harvested for DC generation in serum-free culture medium containing clinical-grade cytokines GM-CSF, IL-4 and TNF-alpha. Cells from patient 1 were cultured in a bag and those from patient 2 were cultured in a flask. The numbers of seeding cells were 2.24 x 10(8) and 0.8 x 10(8), respectively. DC yields were 10 x 10(6) and 29.8 x 10(6) cells, giving a conversion rate of 4.7% and 37%, respectively. These DC vaccines were then cryopreserved in approximately one million cells per vial with 20% fresh frozen group AB plasma and 10% DMSO. At 12 months and 21 months post cryopreservation, these DC vaccines were thawed, and their sterility, viability, phenotype and functionality were studied. DC vaccines remained sterile up to 21 months of storage. Viability of the cryopreserved DC in the culture bag and flask was found to be 50% and 70% at 12 months post cryopreservation respectively; and 48% and 67% at 21 months post cryopreservation respectively. These DC vaccines exhibited mature DC surface phenotypic markers of CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR, and negative for haemopoietic markers. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) study showed functional DC vaccines. These experiments demonstrated that it is possible to produce clinical-grade DC vaccines in vitro from blast cells of leukemic patients, which could be cryopreserved up to 21 months for use if repeated vaccinations are required in the course of therapy.
Evaluation of selected detector systems for products formed in the atmospheric hydrolysis of uranium hexafluoride

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Sensitive detection of UF/sub 6/ hydrolysis products, either by discontinuous sampling or by continuous or near real-time monitoring, is an important safety consideration for DOE contractors handling large quantities of UF/sub 6/. Automated continuous or rapid intermittent remote sensing of these reaction products can provide an alarm signal when a preselected threshold value has been exceeded (absolute response) or when a significant emission excursion has occurred (rate of change of response). This report evaluates the performance of selected devices for the detection of airborne materials formed in the release of liquid UF/sub 6/ (approx. =1.3 g) into an enclosed volume of 6 m/sup 3/; these experiments were initiated on October 23, 1986. The detection principles investigated are: photometric, gas detector tubes, and electrochemical sensor.
Model Assessment of Potential and Barriers to the Development of Renewable Energy Communities at the National Level: Checklist

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

According to the recast Renewable Energy Directive (RED II), member states (MS) of the European Union (EU) are supposed to take out assessments of barriers for and potential of renewable energy communities in their countries (RED II, Art. 22 Para. 3). The European legislator has not specified this provision, i.e. the content and form of these assessments has not been clarified (yet). It is only clear from the legal text that these assessments should be the basis of the “enabling framework” (RED II, Art. 22 Para. 4) that EU MS shall provide. The project aims at developing a template for the assessments. Moreover, a model assessment (only a rapid assessment, though) will be carried out for two countries – Germany and Poland. This checklist presents a short overview of issues that potential assessors of barriers and potential of renewable energy communities should take into consideration. Moreover, it refers to project deliverables which detail those issues.
Reactions of co-ordinated ligands. Part 36. The synthesis, structure, and reactivity of the three-alkyne ‘fly-over’ complex [Mo2{µ-(σ,η3:η3,σ-C6Me6)}(η5-C9H7)2]; formation and structure of [Mo2{µ-(σ,η3:η3,σ-C6Me6)}(CO)2(η5-C9H7)2]

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

One-electron reduction of [Mo(NCMe)(η2-McC2Me)2(η5-C9H7)][BF4] with sodium or magnesium amalgam in thf affords the three-alkyne 'fly-over' complex [Mo2{µ-(ση3:η3,σ-C6Me5)}(η5-C9H7)2](1). The structure of (1) has been established by X-ray crystallography. The dinuclear complex contains two molybdenum atoms at an interatomic distance consistent with the presence of a triple bond [Mo(1)–Mo(2) 2.305(2)Å]. Each molybdenum carries an η5-bonded indenyl ligand, and is also bonded (σ and η3) to a C6Me5 fragment in a 'fly-over' mode beginning and ending with different molybdenum atoms. The mechanism of formation of (1) is discussed. It is interesting that (1) does not react with an excess of but-2-yne. However, treatment of the 30-electron species with CO at room temperature leads to the rapid formation of the 34-electron dicarbonyl species [Mo2{µ-(σ,η3:η3,σ-C6Me6)}(CO)2(η5-C9H7)2](2) whose structure was established by X-ray crystallography. The effect of the addition of two carbonyl ligands is to lengthen the Mo–Mo distance to 2.933(1)Å, a length compatible with a bond order of unity. The increase in the Mo–Mo distance spanned by the C6Me5 fragment is accompanied by an uncoiling of the 'fly-over' unit. An isomeric dicarbonyl species (3) with higher symmetry (C2 instead of C1) is formed in refluxing hexane, suggesting that (2) is the kinetically controlled product. In contrast, 2,6-xylyl isocyanide reacts at room temperature with (1) to form [Mo2{µ-(σ,η3:η3,σ-C6Me6)}(CNC6H3Me2-2,6)2(η5-C9H7)2](4), which is isostructrual with (3), i.e. the thermodynamically controlled product. The formation of these molecules is discussed in the context of related species obtained on the thermal reaction of alkynes with the dinuclear complex [Mo2(µ-alkyne)(CO)4(η-C5H5)2].
Development\nof Branched Poly(5-Amino-1-pentanol-<i>co</i>-1,4-butanediol\nDiacrylate) with High Gene Transfection\nPotency Across Diverse Cell Types

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

One of the most significant challenges\nin the development of polymer\nmaterials for gene delivery is to understand how topological structure\ninfluences their transfection properties. Poly­(5-amino-1-pentanol-<i>co</i>-1,4-butanediol diacrylate) (C32) has proven to be the\ntop-performing gene delivery vector developed to date. Here, we report\nthe development of branched poly­(5-amino-1-pentanol-<i>co</i>-1,4-butanediol diacrylate) (HC32) as a novel gene vector and elucidate\nhow the topological structure affects gene delivery properties. We\nfound that the branched structure has a big impact on gene transfection\nefficiency resulting in a superior transfection efficiency of HC32\nin comparison to C32 with a linear structure. Mechanistic investigations\nillustrated that the branched structure enhanced DNA binding, leading\nto the formation of toroidal polyplexes with smaller size and higher\ncationic charge. Importantly, the branched structure offers HC32 a\nlarger chemical space for terminal functionalization (e.g., guanidinylation)\nto further enhance the transfection. Moreover, the optimized HC32\nis capable of transfecting a diverse range of cell types including\ncells that are known to be difficult to transfect such as stem cells\nand astrocytes with high efficiency. Our study provides a new insight\ninto the rational design of poly­(β-amino ester) (PAE) based\npolymers for gene delivery.
INFLUENCE OF MULTILINGUALISM AND BILINGUALISM ON YOUTH LANGUAGE IN KAZAKHSTAN: DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF INTERNET RESOURSES

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The paper deals with a specific multilingual situation in Kazakhstan and its influence on youth communication. Youth discourse vividly illustrates current cultural and linguistic degree of modern society, and it helps to predict its future development and direction. A lot of modern new slang, jargons, hybrid words and other youngsters’ linguistic inventions in speech have become a usual tendency of standard language as well, as they have been steadily fixed as normal. The same principle is obvious about language interference and code switching which takes place in a bilingual communication environment. The current work presents a part of the overall research of youth interaction in a multicultural language situation. And in the framework of this paper we argue that Internet language can be a serious illustration of the way the youth language penetrate into the standard one including media, politics, everyday adults’ speech. In order to demonstrate the issue, we present a thorough discourse analysis of the language materials of YouTube channel as a resource of youth code-switching and interference. The investigation involves popular youth channels including video clips, comedy shows and movie trailers. The analysis has shown a strong mixture of Kazakh, Russian and active inclusion of English as a language of prestige and high social status. We also display language inclusions which were historically borrowed from Russian by youth, and have become an inseparable part of modern national language. The matter of Russian influenced by Kazakh is an interesting object of scrutiny as well, as current state of everyday Russian in Kazakhstan differs significantly from that of Russia. Keywords: Youth language, standard language, Internet discourse, multilingualism, bilingualism.
The Paradox of Redistribution: A System Dynamics Translation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Inequality has received renewed attention in the public as well as in the academic debate. According to one theory, the development of redistribution and inequality reflects the institutional design of the social insurances. Countries with social insurance institutions that target the poor and low-income earners arrive, over time, in smaller redistributive budgets and higher levels of poverty than countries with social insurance institutions with lower levels of low-income-targeting. This result has been explained by the fact that inequality, and poverty rates, are more dependent on the total size of the redistributive budget than to the extent that the institutions target the poor. There is a paradox of redistribution. In this paper, the paradox of redistribution is translated to system dynamics and the coherence of the theory is analyzed by a system dynamics model. The system dynamics translation results in a model that reproduces the reference modes. The result suggests that system dynamics ought to have a profound role in the discussions on inequality, both as a tool that may be used to explain and discuss concepts and in suggesting structural explanations with an endogenous point of view.
Study of silicon-hydrogen bonds at an amorphous silicon/silicon nitride interface using infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Silicon-hydrogen bonding structures at a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H)/silicon nitride (SiN) interface have been investigated using Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR). Depositing a SiN overlayer markedly decreased the higher hydrides, which consist of SiHn (n=2,3) bonds, on the a-Si:H surface. The low density of higher hydrides at the resulting SiN-on-a-Si:H interface may be due to plasma-enhanced extraction or a transfer of the growing surface. By contrast, at an a-Si:H-on-SiN interface, the higher hydrides density is about 8.1×1014 cm−2. We believe this large amount of hydrogen at the a-Si:H-on-SiN interface relaxes strained bonds at the interface. In both the SiN-on-a-Si:H interface and the a-Si:H-on-SiN interface, hydrogen is implanted in the underlayer during the deposition of the overlayer. Our results indicate the structure of underlayer near the interface is strongly affected by the deposition of the overlayer.
Novel Insights into Extracellular Polymeric Substance\nDegradation, Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Characteristics, and Dewaterability\nof Waste Activated Sludge Pretreated by Hydroxylamine Enhanced Fenton\nOxidation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Extracellular\npolymeric substance (EPS) is recognized as a critical\ncomponent that determines sludge dewaterability. In this study, a\nlayer by layer degradation of EPS was confirmed for the first time\nby fluorescent staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy in\nsludge conditioned by hydroxylamine enhanced Fenton oxidation (Fenton-HA).\nThe oxidation capability was elevated by increasing the molar ratio\nof H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>:Fe<sup>2+</sup> from 2 to 20 which significantly\nreduced the bound EPS content from 4.9 mg TOC/g dry solid (DS) to\n2.9 mg TOC/g DS but deteriorated sludge dewaterability, i.e. increased\nthe capillary suction time from 48.3 to 73.8 s and specific resistance\nfiltration from 4.8 × 10<sup>12</sup> to 6.0 × 10<sup>12</sup> m/kg in Fenton-HA conditioning. Based on the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek\ntheory, the degradation of surface EPS increased the hydrophilicity\nof sludge flocs and induced a higher hydration interaction energy\nand energy barrier, thus resulting in an increased repulsive force\namong sludge flocs and higher bound water content (<i>r</i> = 0.93, <i>p</i> < 0.05). The increase of hydrophilicity\nwas likely due to the exposure of inner EPS which had higher ratios\nof hydrophilic functional groups (COH and CO) and\nhydrophilic amino acids compared with surface EPS. The existence of\nthe relatively higher hydrophobicity of the surface EPS layer would\nfavor the separation of sludge flocs from water, while the degradation\nof the outer layer of the EPS would result in the exposure of the\ninner hydrophilic EPS and deteriorate the sludge dewaterability. Hence,\nthis study provided a novel insight into the relationship between\nthe surface EPS degradation and the improvement of dewaterability.
Prone Position Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Preparedness: Tool Development

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Patients in specialized units are purposely maintained in a prone position to surgically access internal organs or to improve patients' oxygenation. Cardiac arrest unpredictably might occur while patients are in a prone position. The preparedness of health care providers (HCPs) to respond to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) while patients are in a prone position (PPCPR) cannot be underestimated. Purpose This study aims to develop a tool to measure health care providers' preparedness to perform prone position CPR, and to undertake an exploratory factor analysis. Methods A mixed-methods approach incorporating both qualitative and quantitative design is used. The PPCPR preparedness English language tool was constructed and tested for its validity and reliability, and an exploratory factor analysis was undertaken, among a convenience sample of 305 HCPs in different health care sectors in Jordan. Results The exploratory factor analysis resulted in a three-factor solution that explained 69.51% of the variance. These factors are competency and confidence, planning and training, and support and resource availability. The overall Cronbach's alpha is 0.959 that indicates very good internal consistency. The final version of the tool consisted of 26 items that measure HCPs' preparedness to perform PPCPR. Conclusion The final constructed PPCPR tool was found to be a valid and reliable tool. Moreover, the development of that tool represents a significant step towards improving HCPs' preparedness to perform prone position CPR. By providing a standardized and comprehensive assessment tool, health care facilities can identify gaps in their readiness and implement targeted interventions to enhance their capabilities.
Host government digitalization and Chinese OFDI entry mode choice: green-field investment vs cross-border M&A

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Based on a theoretical framework based on the perspectives of open governance, transparent governance, and smart governance, the article comprehensively explains the potential impact of host country government digitalization on Chinese enterprises’ OFDI entry mode selection. The results indicate that host government digitalization significantly promotes the probability of Chinese enterprises investing by greenfield investment mode; After using instrumental variable to eliminate endogenous interference and undergoing a series of robustness checks, this conclusion remains robust; Host government digitalization influences the OFDI mode choices of Chinese enterprises by suppressing corruption and strengthening intellectual property protection. Based on the research conclusions, we put forward policy suggestions on “how Chinese enterprises should make OFDI entry mode decision and optimize the project management after entry based on the level of host government digitalization“. First published online 02 April 2025
Successful Preventive Treatment of Oncogenic Transforming HPV Infections in Low-Grade Cytology (ASC-US/LSIL) Patients with an Adsorptive and Antioxidant Vaginal Gel

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of a vaginal gel on p16/Ki-67-positive abnormal cytological cervical findings (ASC-US, LSIL) and hr-HPV in women. Methods: The study included 134 women with p16/Ki-67-positive ASC-US or LSIL. Participants were selected from a randomized controlled trial that focused on women with histological diagnoses of p16-positive CIN1 lesions or CIN2. In the treatment group (TG), 57 patients applied the vaginal gel daily for three months, while 77 patients in the “watchful wait” control group (CG) received no treatment. The study’s endpoints were cytological development, p16/Ki-67 and hr-HPV clearances. Results: At three months, cytopathological results improved in 74% (42/57) of patients in the TG, compared with 18% (14/77) in the CG. Progression occurred in 7% (4/57) of TG patients compared with 18% (14/77) of CG patients. The p16/Ki-67 status changed statistically significantly in favor of the TG (p < 0.001), with 83% (47/57) becoming negative, compared with 18% (14/77) in the CG. The prevalence of hr-HPV decreased significantly in the TG by 51%, and by 9% in the CG (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Topical application of the gel resulted in statistically significant clearance of hr-HPV and p16/Ki-67 concomitant with amelioration of cytological findings, thus providing effective prevention and protection against oncogenic development. Trial registration: ISRCTN11009040, on 10 December 2019.
Influence of Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate on Mice Digestive System

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This experiment was about the effect of celiac injected di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on DNA damage in mice stomach cells by using single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE). In the present study, mice stomach cells were isolated as experimental materials and comet assay was applied to determine the DNA damage induced by celiac injection of DEHP (exposure concentrations were 62.5 mg/kg, 125 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 375 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg) in vivo for two weeks. The results revealed that DEHP could induce DNA damage of mice gastrointestinal tract and DNA damage was elevated along with the rising of concentration of DEHP. When the exposure concentration was 125 mg/kg, DEHP could induce DNA strand breaks significantly (p<0.05), and when the exposure concentration was 250 mg/kg and 375 mg/kg, DEHP could induce DNA strand breaks significant (p<0.01), but when the exposure concentration was 500 mg/kg, DEHP could induce DNA and protein crosslinking. The experiment suggested that DEHP can induce the breaks and crosslink of DNA in the cells of gastrointestinal tract.
[Foundation, technique and results of short continence resection in rectal cancer].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ultra-short resections of the rectum have been recommended for rectal carcinomas extending to lower than eight cm from the dentate line in order to preserve anal continence. Resection of the main lymphatic pathways together with the adjacent lamellae is important for radical removal of all tumour cells. Valves in the rectal lymph vessels allow lymph fluids to drain only in a cranial direction. There are no lymph nodes behind the dorsal adjacent lamella. Thus, a distal margin of two cm from the tumour is sufficient to minimize the risk of recurrence. We recommend a transano-abdominal approach for very low rectal carcinomas. During the past years, we have operated on 241 patients with rectal carcinomas and found five-year-survival rates of 54 percent with rectum resections with colostomies, 67 percent with low anterior resections and 75% with ultra-short sphincter preserving resections.