jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
<title>Comparative study of continuous wave and pulsed Nd:YAG laser using different fiber optic delivery systems on the lung</title>

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cutting abilities and thermal effects of different fiber optic delivery systems on the lung, after varying the power levels and system modes. The Nd:YAG (1.064 micrometers ) laser was tested using 600 micrometers bare, and sculptured (600/300 micrometers cone and 1000 micrometers chamfer) fiber tips in the continuous wave (cw) and pulsed (P) modes. A standard porcine model (n equals 18) was used for this study. We did not observe any ablation in the noncontact mode with the 1000 micrometers chamfer (P and cw) and the 600 micrometers bare fiber, in pulsed mode. We observed tissue ablation in the contact mode for all fibers. In contact mode, there was no significant difference in the cutting width between the 600/300 micrometers cone, and 1000 micrometers chamfer. In the range of the parameters tested we observed no carbonization. There is an advantage using Nd:YAG laser and flexible fibers in minimal invasive thoracic surgery.
Ulpian, Natural law and Stoic influence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Ulpian's statement in the first text of the Digest that natural law is part of private law is genuine and his view that humans share natural law with animals is influenced by Stoic philosophy, as is his cosmopolitan outlook. The recognition of natural law as a source of law in the Severan age formalised what had long been the case.
An expert elicitation of climate, energy and economic uncertainties

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Critical energy policy decisions rely on expert assessments of key future uncertainties. But existing modelling techniques that help form these expert assessments often ignore the existence of uncertainty. Consequently, techniques to measure these uncertainties are of increasing importance. We use one technique, expert elicitation, to assess six key uncertain parameters with 25 UK energy experts across academia, government and industry. We obtain qualitative descriptions of the uncertain parameters and a novel data set of probability distributions describing individual expert beliefs. We conduct a sensitivity analysis on weights for a linear opinion pool and show that aggregated median beliefs in 2030 are: for oil price $120/barrel (90% CI: 51, 272); for greenhouse gas price $34/tCO2e (90% CI: 5, 256) and for levelised cost of low-carbon electricity 17.1 US cents/kWh (90% CI: 8.3, 31.0). The quantitative results could inform model validation, help benchmark policy makers' beliefs or provide probabilistic inputs to models.
Capping dietary starch: Protein ratios enhances performance of broiler chickens offered reduced-crude protein, maize-based diets

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to determine if capping dietary starch:protein ratios in reduced-crude protein diets enhances growth performance of broiler chickens offered maize-based diets. A total of 288 off-sex, male Ross 308 chickens were offered a 2 × 3 factorial array of dietary treatments from 7 to 35 days post-hatch. Dietary starch:protein ratios were either standard (mean: 2.47) or capped (mean: 2.12) with three dietary crude protein concentrations of 195, 185 and 175 g/kg. Dietary starch:protein ratios were capped by substituting soybean meal with full-fat soy; sourced from the same supplier. The parameters assessed included growth performance, relative abdominal fat-pad weights, nutrient utilisation, excreta nitrogen concentrations, distal jejunal and distal ileal digestibility coefficients and disappearance rates of starch and protein, jejunal and ileal starch:protein disappearance rate ratios, distal jejunal and distal ileal apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients, distal ileal amino acid disappearance rates and free amino acid concentrations in systemic plasma. Capping dietary starch:protein ratios significantly reduced ileal starch:protein disappearance rate ratios in birds offered 195, 185 and 175 g/kg crude protein by 14.6% (2.40–2.05), 13.8% (2.61–2.25) and 29.3% (3.75–2.65), respectively. Capping starch:protein ratios in 175 g/kg crude protein diets significantly improved weight gain by 3.45% (2398 versus 2318 g/bird) and feed conversion ratio by 3.75% (1.360 versus 1.413) and relative abdominal fat-pad weights were numerically lighter by 10.3% (11.47 versus 12.78 g/kg). Condensing ileal starch:protein disappearance rate ratios were quadratically related (P < 0.001) to improvements in weight gain (r = 0.740), feed conversion ratio (r = 0.786) and lighter fat-pad weights (r = 0.650). Reducing dietary crude protein concentrations depressed apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of 15 of the 16 amino acids assessed (P = 0.021 to < 0.001); average coefficients were reduced by 6.74% (0.803 versus 0.861). These compromised amino acid digestibilities probably contributed to the 6.43% inferior weight gains (2358 versus 2520 g/bird; P < 0.001) and 3.05% inferior feed conversion ratio (1.387 versus 1.346; P < 0.001) following the dietary crude protein reduction from 195 to 175 g/kg. A better comprehension of the impacts of reduced crude protein diets on endogenous amino acid flows and accumulations of microbial amino acids in distal ileal digesta needs to be achieved as both factors will influence apparent amino acid digestibility coefficients. Finally, capping dietary starch:protein ratios in 175 g/kg crude protein diets showed distinct promise in this study as both weight gain and FCR were significantly enhanced.
Special Education a Provision and an Adjacent System – Exemplified Through Test Anxiety

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Special Education a Provision and an Adjacent System – Exemplified Through Test Anxiety Mikaela Nyroos Abstract In the context of the recently released DSM-5, here is discussed a common emotional experience among pupils and students, test anxiety, and demonstrated its multifaceted character, which terminates eligibility for both special educational and medical services. Severe test anxiety is associated with a huge range of deleterious life trajectories. However, it is also a biological reality; normative in its origin and in essence benign. Present paper merges the latest knowledge from different disciplines, and presents measures for theory and practice. Because intense and excessive test anxiety seems to be highly prevalent and the pathological symptoms are similar to those of other childhood anxiety disorders childhood test anxiety warrants attention. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jpbs.v3n2a2
Exercise training prevents obesity/diabetes‐induced activation of inflammatory signaling in rat brown adipose tissue

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a crucial role in energy expenditure and is recognized as a therapeutic target in metabolic diseases. Chronic inflammation is a common etiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes. A previous study reported increased inflammation in BAT from obese animals. Regular exercise is an effective tool for improving obesity; however, it remains unclear whether exercise training affects the inflammation in BAT from obese animals. Purpose To examine the effects of exercise training on the activation of inflammation‐related signaling in BAT from obese/diabetic rats. Methods Male Otsuka Long‐Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats, a rodent model for obesity/diabetes, were randomly assigned to either sedentary (n = 11) or exercise training (n = 8) groups. Long‐Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO; n = 9) rats were used as the non‐diabetic sedentary control. Exercise training on the treadmill was conducted 4 days/week for 20 weeks from 5 weeks of age. An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed and interscapular BAT was dissected, and phosphorylation levels of inflammatory‐related proteins, as well as the expression levels of mitochondrial proteins, were determined by western blot analysis. Results The phosphorylation levels of p65 (a subunit of NF‐κB) and mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK; p38, ERK1/2, and SAPK/JNK) in the BAT were significantly higher in the sedentary OLETF rats when compared to those in the LETO rats. Exercise training attenuated the increase in the phosphorylation levels of NF‐κB and MAPKs in the BAT from the OLETF rats. Moreover, the expression levels of UCP‐1 and ‐3 and oxidative phosphorylation‐related proteins (NDUFB8, SDHB, UQCRC2, MTCO1 and ATP5A) in the BAT were significantly lower in the sedentary OLETF rats than the LETO rats, but exercise training did not alter this. Conclusion Exercise training prevents obesity‐induced activation of NF‐κB and MAPK signaling in BAT from obese/diabetic rats. Support or Funding Information This work was supported by grants from the MEXT‐Supported Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities (S1101008) and a Grant‐in‐Aid for JSPS Fellows (13J10819).
Neoarchaean crustal growth by combined arc–plume action: evidence from the Kadiri Greenstone Belt, eastern Dharwar craton, India

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Field and geochemical studies combined with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb dating set important constraints on the timing and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks of the Neoarchaean Kadiri greenstone belt and the mechanism of crust formation in the eastern Dharwar craton (EDC). The volcanic rocks are divided into three suites: tholeiitic basalts, calc-alkaline high-Mg# andesites and dominant dacites–rhyolites. The basalts (pillowed in places) show flat rare earth element (REE) and primordial mantle-normalized trace element patterns, but have minor negative Nb and Ta anomalies. They are interpreted as mantle plume-related oceanic plateau basalts whose source contained minor continental crustal input. The andesites are characterized by high Mg# (0.66–0.52), Cr and Ni, with depletion of high-field strength elements (HFSE) and enrichment of light REE (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE). They were probably derived from a metasomatized mantle wedge overlying a subducted slab in a continental margin subduction zone. The dacites–rhyolites are silicic rocks (SiO2=61–72 wt%) with low Cr and Ni, K2O/Na2O mostly 0.5–1.1, highly fractionated REE patterns, enrichments of LILE and distinctly negative HFSE anomalies. One rhyolite sample yielded a zircon U–Pb age of 2353±32 Ma. This suite is similar to potassic adakites and is explained as the product of deep melting of thickened crust in the arc with a significant older crustal component. Collision between a continental margin arc with an oceanic plateau followed by slab break-off, upwelling of hot asthenosphere and extensive crustal reworking in a sustained compressional regime is proposed for the geodynamic evolution of the area. This is in corroboration with the scenario of EDC as a Neoarchaean hot orogen as suggested recently by some workers.
Encyclopedia manuscripts in the Gazi Husrev-bey's Llibrary

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the extensive manuscript holdings of the Gazi Husrev-bey’s Library in Sarajevo, the encyclopedia manuscripts/seience encyclopedia, dictionaries and lexicons are of special importance. In the Catalog of the Arabic, Turkish and Persian Manuscripts - Volume I prepared by Kasim Dobraca, at the begining of the volume, as a separate section under the title Encyclopedia eight Science encycIopedia manuscripts are studied - seven in Arabic and one in Turkish, ali of them from different periods. Some of the manuscripts are independent works, while the others are codexes in which the encyclopedia are in the first place. This is not their final number, since a large number of manuscripts have not been yet catalogized, among them lexicons and dictionaries.
Detailed study of these works will, among other things, enable a better insight of the spirit of the time in which these works have been written, as well as the influence they had on the eultural and scientific life in these parts.In the period from 334 to 1213 h. in various parts of the Islamic State fifty works covering various program orientations of al-Farabi’s and Ibn en- Nedim’ s school of the development of Science of the Muslims were written. The encyclopedia manuscripts in the Gazi Husrev-bey’s Library mostly belong to the former school and were written in the mentioned period or later, after the Ottoman rule ended.
Interface Shear Stress in Overlaid Concrete Pavements

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Shear stresses at the interface between an existing concrete pavement and an overlay are calculated using the finite‐element method for different loading conditions. The effects of vertical wheel loads, temperature loading, and wheel braking forces are considered. Perfect bonding between the overlay and the pavement is assumed. The pavement‐overlay slab is modeled using thin plate elements for calculating the stresses due to the vertical wheel load and temperature gradient. In analysis for stresses due to wheel braking loads, the slab is modeled with solid elements. The results are checked against Cerrutti's closed‐form solution in the case of horizontal wheel braking. The computed shear stresses at the pavement‐overlay interface for typical values of pavement and overlay thicknesses, wheel loads, and thermal gradients are compared to reported values of shear strength of laboratory‐prepared overlaid specimens. The shear stresses at the interface are found to be small in relation to the interfacial bond strength of laboratory‐prepared overlaid specimens. The findings suggest that debonding in overlay construction in the field is likely to be caused by stress concentrations due to local defects.
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormally elevated levels of blood glucose. The hyperglycemic condition is caused by abnormalities in either insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Two-thirds of diabetes-related deaths are caused by atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of ASCVD and related factors in type 2 DM patients in Medan, North Sumatra. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional observational study. A total of 252 DM patients visiting primary health centers in Medan were recruited after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The level of risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) was determined by using ASCVD Risk Calculator. Data required to use this calculator are age, sex, race, total cholesterol, HDL-C, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, history of diabetes, history of hypertension treatment, smoking history, and use of statins for anti-hyperlipidemia. The data were then analyzed with Chi-square Test (p < 0.0%) and processed with SPSS. Results: There were 59 (23.41%), 140 (55.56%), and 53 (21.03%) participants who had high, moderate, and low risks of ASCVD, respectively. Bivariate analysis showed significant association between risk of ASCVD with age, SBP, total cholesterol level, HDL-C levels, and duration of diabetes (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, gender and familial history not related to ASCVD risks among DM patients (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The risks for atherosclerotic complications of cardiovascular disease in type 2 DM patients in Medan were predominantly high. The variables related to ASCVD risks included age, gender, HbA1C, systolic blood pressure (SBP), total cholesterol levels, HDL-C, and LDL-C levels.
Novi Sad wheat cultivars and their seed production in the period 1970-2010

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad started a large-scale seed production of its wheat cultivars in1971. This activity was done in cooperation with a large number of seed companies from the former Yugoslavia and later on from Serbia. A total volume of production of all seed categories for the period from 1971 to 2010 was 3,790,712 tons. On average for this period, the annual production of certified seed was 94,768 t. The largest amount of seed of Novi Sad wheat cultivars was placed on the market in 1982 - 168,248 t (excluding exports). In the former Yugoslavia, Novi Sad wheat cultivars took from 30 to 65% of the total wheat market share. In the new Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro, and finally in Serbia, the market share of Novi Sad cultivars ranged from 80 to 97%. The most popular and bestselling Novi Sad wheat cultivars were: Sava, Partizanka, Novi Sad Early 2 and 1, Balkan, Jugoslavija, Lasta, Evropa, Evropa 90, Pobeda, Novi Sad Early 5 and Renesansa.
Advance in Riboflavin Biosynthesis: Fermentation Techniques, Enzymatic Pathways, Utilisation and Industrial Applications

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Two molecules of ribulose 5-phosphate and one molecule of GTP are needed as substrates for the production of one riboflavin molecule. GTP's imidazole ring is hydrolytically opened to produce a 4,5-diaminopyrimidine, which is then followed by deamination, side chain reduction, and dephosphorylation to produce 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine is produced by condensing 5-amino-6-ribitylamino2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione with 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate, which is derived from ribulose 5-phosphate. Riboflavin and 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione are produced upon dismutation of the lumazine derivative and are then recycled throughout the biosynthetic process. Many studies have been conducted on the structure of the biosynthetic enzyme 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase. Under the direction of the inducible Pxyl promoter in B. subtilis PY, overexpression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) altered carbon flow in Bacillus subtilis through the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway. The yield of riboflavin and the availability of ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P) will change if the carbon input into the PP pathway is altered. The specific growth rate remained constant, but the glucose consumption rate significantly increased as a result of overexpres¬sion of G6PDH. A 25%±2 increase in riboflavin synthesis was achieved. Lower acid production (acetate andpyruvate) and higher acetoin formation were noted in comparison to by-product formation in flask culture. The results of metabolic studies and carbon flux redistribution showed that overexpression of G6PDH increases the fluxes in the PP pathway.
Entrainment and mixing layer oscillations induced by a flow beneath a rectangular compartment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The present study investigates the entrainment characteristics and feedback mechanisms causing periodic mixing layer oscillations associated with a flow stream beneath a rectangular compartment. The entrainment studies were based on mixing rate measurements in rectangular and circular storage tanks from two previous studies. An approximate unified equation for predicting the entrainment rate across a density interface, in both rectangular and circular storage tanks, induced by a flow stream below the tank, was derived. The results show that under equivalent conditions, the mixing rates in a circular tank is higher than in a rectangular tank, probably an indication of more complex 3-D flow patterns inside a circular tank as compared to the 2-D flow patterns inside a rectangular tank.
Cognitive ability and returns to schooling in South Korea.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The objective of this paper is to exploit the unique information on cognitive ability contained in the International Adult Literacy Survey (IALS) data for South Korea, for an in depth examination of the importance of cognitive skills for male employees in South Korea using a quantile regression methodology which allows for an interaction between schooling and cognitive skills. South Korea’s results is the pioneer of IALS survey executed in Asia, and its education system is reputed to be one of the most competitive worldwide having stringent entry requirements into university admissions. Inclusion of the direct measure of cognitive ability reduces returns to schooling by about 8 percent, while one standard deviation in the achievement score only increases earning by about 7 percent. Education remains a robust signal in the labour market across the quantiles. However, for those with the lowest earnings/ability quantile, both education qualifications and cognitive ability contribute to earnings; while those at the high quantiles (higher unobserved ability) benefit much more from acquiring more schooling, and from the interaction of schooling and cognitive ability. The results from this paper have many implications for further research to be discussed.
Articulatory reflexes of the three-way contrast in labial stops and kinematic evidence for domain-initial strengthening in Korean

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study examines articulatory characteristics of the three-way contrast in labial stops / p p h p */ (lenis, aspirated, fortis, respectively) in Korean in phrase-initial and phrase-medial prosodic positions with a two-fold goal. First, it investigates supralaryngeal articulatory reflexes of the stops and explores articulatory invariance of these stops across prosodic positions. Second, it investigates Korean stops in kinematic terms from the perspective of domain-initial strengthening, and explores the nature of prosodically-conditioned speech production from a dynamical perspective. Results showed that the articulatory reflex of the three-way contrast was invariantly observed across prosodic positions with lip constriction degree (/ p /</ p h /</ p */), while lip constriction duration showed a binary distinction (/ p /</ p h p */). Kinematically, there was only very weak articulatory evidence for the contrast across prosodic positions: The V-to-C lip closing movement tended to be faster for / p h / than for / p /, and the C-to-V lip opening movement tended to be larger for / p h p */ than for / p /. As for domain-initial strengthening, the consonantal lip closing gesture was characterized by a larger, longer and slower articulation, whereas the vocalic lip opening gesture (after the release) was larger and faster, but not longer. Kinematic relations indicated that the lip closing movement is most likely controlled by a rate of the clock (possibly modulated by a temporal modulation gesture, or π-gesture) comparable to boundary effects in English, but the boundary-induced lip opening movement was better accounted for by a change in target (possibly modulated by a spatial modulation gesture, or μ-gesture) which was comparable to prominence rather than boundary effects in English. The cross-linguistic difference was interpreted as coming from different prosodic systems between Korean and English, presumably instantiated in dynamical terms of how the temporal and the spatial modulation gestures are phased with constriction gestures in relation to boundary marking versus prominence marking.
Architectural factors affecting the internal environment of historic buildings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The factors which affect the internal climate of old buildings include 1) natural ventilation (the stack effect occurs when a large change in temperature causes air circulation varying with wind, external climate, and the effect of height and volume on natural ventilation), 2) heating and the resulting condensation, 3) relative humidity and vapor pressure, 4) air conditioning, and 5) insulation, which is a buffer against a significant change in relative humidity but which can cause interstitial condensation.