jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mining Cryptocurrency di Blockchain

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Mining cryptocurrencies on the blockchain is a method for collecting crypto by breaking secret codes compiled with mathematical algorithm equations. Miners will receive rewards in the form of digital coins according to the amount of crypto mined and the type of crypto, this is because each crypto has its own level of difficulty. Crypto includes electronic money (e-money), where the use of e-money as a medium of exchange in modern transactions is still being debated among contemporary scholars about its legitimacy. Two things that become the problem are (1) what is the mechanism for mining cryptocurrency on the blockchain, (2) how is the review of Islamic Economic Law on cryptocurrency mining on the blockchain. The purpose of this study is to describe and explain cryptocurrency mining practices on the blockchain and to find out the review of Islamic Economic Law on cryptocurrency mining. This research is a qualitative research by collecting data and information through interviews. The data sources include primary data sources, namely interviews with crypto miners, secondary data sources, namely books, journals, theses, scientific papers and other written works. While the tertiary data comes from dictionaries, encyclopedias, and related articles. This research data collection method obtained from interviews, observation, and documentation. While the method used to analyze the data is a qualitative analysis method using the theory of mining, al-mal, and ju'alah. From the research results it is known: (1) The cryptocurrency mining mechanism on the blockchain is carried out with a supercomputer facilitated by a GPU, FPGA or ASIC by using certain scripts on the BTC/ETH network to find new blocks containing crypto to get rewards (sell). (2) According to the Sharia Economic Law review of mining cryptocurrency on the blockchain, crypto reward (ju'al) results can be accepted as assets according to the definition of the Hanafiyyah scholars, Ibn Abidin, Imam az-Zaila'i, Imam al-Syatibi, Ibn Arabi and Syafii scholars. However, it is not accepted as a means of payment like conventional money (gharar, dharar, qimar), but both must comply with the conditions and limits set by the Shari'a, this is stated in the Fatwa of the National Sharia Council-Indonesian Ulema Council No: 116/DSN-MUI/ IX/2017 concerning Sharia Electronic Money.
One case of analytic integrability of a nonstationary matrix ordinary differential equation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We find the general solution of the equation for the error in the matrix of direction cosines of the form $$ \dot x $$ = αx + β, where α(t) is a skew-symmetric matrix with zero main diagonal, β(t) is the product of a skew-symmetric matrix by a matrix exponential, and α(t) and β(t) are functions of direction cosines, the angular velocity of the moving trihedral, and the error in the determination of the angular velocity. We point out the possibility of using the general solution to construct approximate formulas for the analysis of the orientation error.
Neosquamous Epithelium Does Not Typically Arise from Barrett's Epithelium

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose: Neosquamous epithelium (NSE) can arise within Barrett's esophagus as a consequence of medical or surgical acid reduction therapy, as well as after endoscopic ablation. Morphologic studies have suggested that NSE can develop from adjacent squamous epithelium, submucosal gland ducts, or multipotent progenitor cell(s) that can give rise to either squamous or Barrett's epithelium, depending on the luminal environment. The cells responsible for Barrett's epithelium self-renewal are frequently mutated during neoplastic progression. If NSE arises from the same cells that self-renew the Barrett's epithelium, the two tissues should be clonally related and share genetic alterations; if NSE does not originate in the self-renewing Barrett's, NSE and Barrett's esophagus should be genetically independent. Experimental Design: We isolated islands of NSE and the surrounding Barrett's epithelium from 20 patients by microdissection and evaluated each tissue for genetic alterations in exon 2 of CDKN2A or exons 5 to 9 of the TP53 gene. Nine patients had p16 mutations and 11 had TP53 mutations within the Barrett's epithelium. Results: In 1 of 20 patients, a focus of NSE had a 146 bp deletion in p16 identical to that found in surrounding Barrett's epithelium. The NSE in the remaining 19 patients was wild-type for p16 or TP53. Conclusion: Our mutational data support the hypothesis that, in most circumstances, NSE originates in cells different from those responsible for self-renewal of Barrett's epithelium. However, in one case, NSE and Barrett's epithelium seem to have arisen from a progenitor cell that was capable of differentiating into either intestinal metaplasia or NSE.
A Nationwide Comparison of Farmland Conservation Easement Valuation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Farmland loss is considered a serious problem by the public, and it is in part addressed by government initiatives to preserve farmland through the use of conservation easement programs. In order to prioritize which tracts are protected with these programs, it is important to understand and measure the non-market benefits of agricultural land. The contribution of this work is to provide national-level estimates of benefits as well as examine the possibility of geographic heterogeneity in preferences across states. This study uses choice experiment data on farmland attributes in the US, Georgia, Ohio and Maine. Sample selection was tested for and rejected. A random parameters logit model was estimated and significant preference heterogeneity was confirmed. This result indicates that although some variables may seem insignificant, they may actually be important to many individuals, but those individuals simply don’t agree on the value of those attributes. Consequently, a broad-based funding mechanism such as taxes may be less popular than more targeted mechanisms. After testing for scale and parameter equality, it was found that the US and Maine had different underlying parameters, which indicates that federal-level policy may be inappropriate, as some states may have different preferences for which farmland attributes should be prioritized.
Conservative surgery in stage I placental site trophoblastic tumor: a report of 10 cases and literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and purpose: Placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) is a rare type of malignant tumor. Because of its unique mode of invasion in the uterus and its insensitivity to chemotherapy, total hysterectomy is the primary recommendation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and safety of conservative surgical treatment in patients with stage Ⅰ PSTT. Methods: The patients with stage Ⅰ PSTT admitted to Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from January 2015 to December 2021 were included, and those published on Pubmed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) from January 1990 to December 2021 were searched with the keywords of “placental site trophoblastic tumor” and “case”, “placental trophoblastic tumor” and “case” respectively. The clinicopathological data of the patients were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Results: A total of 10 cases admitted to Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University were enrolled. The median age was 27 years. The most common symptom was irregular vaginal bleeding (70.0%). The median time of interval since antecedent pregnancy (ISAP) was 14.5 months. The median level of β-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) was 124.51 mU/mL, and the diameter of the focus was 0.8-8.0 cm. All 10 patients admitted to Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University achieved complete remission after initial treatment. The average follow-up time was 48.1 months and there was no recurrence. Three patients became pregnant naturally after treatment, including 2 cases of full-term pregnancy and delivery and 1 case of induced abortion because of unplanned pregnancy. Literature review of PSTT cases showed similar clinicopathological distribution and disease outcome. Conclusion: Conservative surgery could be an alternative choice for selected patients with stage Ⅰ PSTT, but more research is needed to provide evidence.
Preliminary Analysis of Transcriptomic Variations in Esrp1/Sox2 Double Transgenic Mouse Embryo Facial Prominences in Search of Esrp1 Targets Responsible for Cleft Lip and/or Palate Pathogenesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) is a highly prevalent craniofacial deformation worldwide, that is challenging to treat. Despite the series of reconstructive surgeries, orthodontic treatments, and functional rehabilitation therapies, patients can not fully recover from the esthetic and functional defect they were born with. A paradigm-shift in treatment approach is needed to lift the medical, psychosocial, and financial burdens from the patients and their families, one that would intercept the malformation in utero and recapitulate normal development of the lip and the palate before birth. A necessary first step towards this goal is to decipher the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying CL/P pathogenesis. We used a novel double transgenic mouse model Esrp1-/-;Sox2+/- and RNA-sequencing technology to search for target genes responsible for CL/P. The ablation of Esrp1 results in orofacial clefting in mouse embryos, but Sox2 haploinsufficiency in Esrp1-/- mouse rescues the CL/P phenotype by restoring normal development of the face. The analysis of the transcriptomic variations between Wild Type, Esrp1-/- and Esrp1-/-;Sox2+/- mice revealed that numerous genes were differentially expressed in the ectoderm and mesenchyme of the facial prominences at a critical stage for fusion. Among the genes that were either normalized or compensated by Sox2 haploinsufficiency in the Rescue model, we identified genes from known signaling pathways like Bmp4 and key epithelial-mesenchymal transition genes such as Snai1, Twist1, and Zeb1. This preliminary study lays the groundwork for promising treatment opportunities for orofacial clefting.
Unuseless Cyborgs: Spiral Posthumanism and Popular Culture in Japan’s Ushinawareta Nijūnen (1990-2010)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Unuseless Cyborgs: Spiral Posthumanism and Popular Culture in Japan’s Ushinawareta Nijūnen (1990-2010) examines contemporary American posthuman theories (theories that challenge humanist accounts of embodiment, agency, subjectivity and humans’ relation to the environment) through the lens of an emerging critical subjectivity in Japanese popular culture during the Ushinawareta Nijūnen (The “Forgotten Decades”). This dissertation creates a conversation between contemporary Japanese popular culture from 1990-2010 and American posthuman theories in order to identify a strand of Japanese subjectivity that straddles the line between liberal humanism and a transhuman post-subjectivity (that emphasizes human entanglements with the non-human). In the absence of a developed Japanese critical discourse of posthumanism, this project adapts American posthuman theory for a Japanese cultural context, exploring the nascent forms of subjectivity revealed in Japanese cultural texts during these decades. These forms, I argue, are critical of Japan’s conventionally sanctioned subjectivity in this period, which emphasizes individuality, efficiency, and autonomous thinking. In addition to analyses of Haruki Murakami’s short fiction and Junji Itō’s horror manga, Uzumaki, this dissertation introduces the Japanese product Chindōgu (quirky inventions created to be specifically “unuseless”) to American theoretical discourse and is the first to analyze the ways they contribute to a specifically Japanese posthuman discourse during the Ushinawareta Nijūnen (“Forgotten Decades”) period that I argue is best exemplified in the spiral form.
Inner ear contrast MRI for patients with definite Meniere's disease and low- and low-to-mid-tone hearing loss

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Meniere’s disease (MD) involves cochlear and vestibular symptoms, but the underlying cause remains unclear. Findings predominantly show a low-to-mid-tone hearing impairment, and it is not possible to predict hearing improvement after an attack. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether improvement in hearing in definite MD (DMD) patients could be predicted using inner ear contrast magnetic resonance imaging (IEC-MRI) and pure tone audiometry (PTA) at the time of an attack. METHODS: Between April 2020 and March 2022, seven DMD outpatients were enrolled based on the Bárány Society DMD criteria. Patients were divided into two groups: a low-tone hearing loss (LTL) group and a low-to-mid-tone hearing loss (LMTL) group. Hearing improvement rates were examined. We also examined whether endolymphatic hydrops and hearing improvement were related. RESULTS: Endolymphatic hydrops was found in two of four LTL cases. One of three LMTL cases had prominent lymphedema. All LTL patients showed hearing improvements. Only one LMTL patient showed hearing improvement. Endolymphatic hydrops did not correlate with hearing improvement. CONCLUSIONS: It is not possible to estimate hearing improvement using IEC-MRI. PTA showed that LTL had a better hearing prognosis than LMTL. Therefore, it is possible to estimate hearing improvement using PTA.
A Study on Changes in Human Sensibility Evoked by Imagination

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In this study, emotion changes were induced by four imaginations - pleasantness, unpleasantness, arousal, relaxation and it was examined using subjective evaluation and analysis of the physiological signals of the central and autonomic nerve systems whether the intended emotions were appropriately achieved, and whether these emotion changes could be distinguished from the analysis of physiological signals. Each of the four imaginations was implemented on 32 subjects for 30 seconds, while that Electroencephalogram (EEG). Eelectrocardiogram (ECG). Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). Skin Temperature (SKT) and Respiration (RSP) were measured, and subjective evaluation was implemented following the completion of the measurement. The analysis of the subjective evaluation revealed that the subjects underwent the four clearly differentiated imaginations. And the pleasantness level was classified into four imaginationstages, pleasantness＞relaxiation＞arousal comfort＞unpleasantness, and arousal level was classified into four imagination stages in the order of arousal＞unpleasantness＞comfort＞relaxation. The analysis of the EEG revealed three stages of pleasantness level, pleasantness＞relaxation arousal comfort＞unpleasantness were classified from the values of α/α＋βand β/α＋β. And about four distinguishable stages of arousal level were obtained from the autonomic nervous system responses following the order of arousal＞unpleasantness pleasantness＞ comfort＞relaxation. It was found that intended emotion could be induced from the imagination, and theses induced emotion changes could be differentiated using the physiological signals of the EEG and autonomic nervous system.
Antibody Levels of Dogs Vaccinated with Japanese Inactivated Tissue Culture Rabies Vaccine and Their Antibody Responses after Re-vaccination

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Antibody responses of dogs inoculated with the inactivated rabies vaccine were investigated using the paired sera obtained from 125 dogs in Tokyo, Shizuoka, Gifu, Kyoto, Miyazaki and Kumamoto Prefectures, Japan, in 2005. Ninety of the 100 dogs that had been previously vaccinated within the past year possessed neutralizing antibodies with titers higher than 25 that are considered as being sufficient for protection. The antibody titers of dogs that were above 8 had geometric mean titers (GMT) of 251. Additional vaccination of those dogs resulted in all dogs acquiring neutralizing antibodies higher than 25, and their titers reached a GMT of 750 one month after the booster inoculation. On the other hand, 23 of 25 dogs having no history of rabies vaccination produced neutralizing antibodies with titers having a GMT of 43, ranging from below 8 to 256, one month after vaccination. Notably, no antibodies were detected in sera collected from two of those dogs even after vaccination. The results seem to suggest that the present vaccination regime in which dogs are vaccinated once a year is important in creating and maintaining consistent immunity in vaccinated dogs.
Seasonal fluctuations and crop influence on microbiota and enzyme activity in fully developed soils of central Spain

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Soil biological activity in the Mediterranean region is subject to succession of favorable and unfavorable periods as a consequence of climatic conditions. In fully developed soils (Aquic Haploxerult and Aquultic Haploxeralf) of central Spain and under natural vegetation (evergreen oak) and different degrees of human intervention on vegetal cover (brushwood and cereal crop), the seasonal dynamic of microflora systematic groups and enzyme activities was studied. Total microflora, actinomycetes, fungi, and algae tend to decrease according to the sequence: evergreen oak > brushwood > cereal, spring and autumn being the favorable seasons. Most of enzyme activities show the same sequence of variation as the soil microflora groups: from natural vegetation to cropland. The highest values appear during spring, while the lowest are given in autumn or winter. Factorial analysis establishes a clear difference between natural vegetation, brushwood, and cereal (spatial variation). There is a seasonal grouping subject to that which tends to group the spring and autumn samples on one hand and the summer and winter on the other (seasonal variation). Results show a significant reduction of soil microflora populations and catalytic capacity in cropland, since the brushwood maintains patterns that are closest to that of natural vegetation. On the other hand, the favorable seasons have a different meaning, from our point of view. Spring would correspond to a phase in which the edaphic metabolism produces a significant release of nutrients (there is a greater intensity of enzymatic processes), while autumn would correspond to a phase in which an opportunistic exploitation of resources (proliferation of r‐strategy organisms) predominates.
Tracy-Widom distribution, Airy2 process and its sample path properties

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Tracy-Widom distribution was first discovered in the study of largest eigenvalues of high dimensional Gaussian unitary ensembles (GUE), and since then it has appeared in a number of apparently distinct research fields. It is believed that Tracy-Widom distribution have a universal feature like classic normal distribution. Airy 2 process is defined through finite dimensional distributions with Tracy-Widom distribution as its marginal distributions. In this introductory survey, we will briefly review some basic notions, intuitive background and fundamental properties concerning Tracy-Widom distribution and Airy 2 process. For sake of reading, the paper starts with some simple and well-known facts about normal distributions, Gaussian processes and their sample path properties.
Isolation and characterization of large transfer ribonucleic acid precursors from Escherichia coli.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Several transfer RNA precursors which accumulate in a strain of Escherichia coli temperature-sensitive for RNase P have been described. These precursors range from 135 to 690 nucleotides in length. Their tRNA content has been determined by digestion of the precursors to 4 S RNA, followed by Sanger fingerprint analysis of the purified 4 S material. Identification of some of these tRNAs, as well as an estimate of the number of copies of tRNA in each precursor has been achieved. Many of these precursor RNA molecules contain multiple copies of the same tRNA sequence, indicating a tandem arrangement of the corresponding tRNA genes in the E. coli genome.
Deconstructing the shopping experience of tourists to the Dubai Shopping Festival

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Shopping Festivals are being promoted as tourism products, thus attracting large number of tourists. Recent years have seen the growth of shopping festivals and shopping gaining greater significance in tourism, given its contribution to the retail and tourism sectors of a destination. This empirical study discusses the shopping experience of international tourists visiting the Dubai Shopping Festival (DSF). Data was collected from 603 international, English speaking tourists, using the mall intercept technique, during the XVIII edition of the DSF from January to February 2013. Exploratory factor analysis was employed to delineate seven factors which suggest that tourists do not shop independent of the shopping environment. Shopping experience involves much more than the acquisition of goods. Store Attribute, Mall Atmospherics, Safety, Mall Amenities, Product Attribute and Staff Service positively influence tourists’ shopping experience. The findings of this study will help the stakeholders in designing specific products and shopping environments.
Cellular Senescence: Many Roads, One Final Destination

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cellular senescence is a tumor-suppressor mechanism that has been shown to occur in response to multiple signals, including oncogenic stress, DNA damage, oxidative stress, telomere shortening, and other tumor-promoting insults. Over the past decade, much has been uncovered regarding the phenotype of this tumor-suppressor response and the underlying pathways necessary for its establishment. However, we have also learned that the intricate details of signaling pathways underlying senescence as a tumor-suppressor response are very much context dependent. In addition, cross-talk among pathways, and negative and positive feedback loops, all complicate our understanding of this process. This short review attempts to summarize what is known to date regarding senescence in tumor suppression, both in vitro and in vivo . Further insights into pathways necessary for senescence will hopefully identify appropriate targets for interventions to not only induce senescence as a treatment of cancerous lesions, but also to maintain this state in premalignant lesions in an effort to prevent progression to cancer.
A Weakly Nonlinear Dynamic Problem for a Model of the Thermoelastic Medium Absorbing a Part of the Acoustic Spectrum

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We consider a dynamic problem with a short laser impact on a semi-opaque insulated layer with free borders, accounting for the selective absorption of the acoustic spectrum regions by the media. The behavior of the material is modeled by the extended coupled thermoelasticity formulated in the previous work of the series. Following the experimental results, we introduce a weakly nonlinear correction to the thermal expansion coefficient. Thus, we aim to level out the inability of classical thermoelasticity (CTE) to correctly describe the deformation processes in a solid under a high-frequency impact, yet staying within the framework of linear models. The parameters of the system of novel equations can be tuned to fit the experimentally measured data, i.e., the frequency-dependent attenuation coefficient. The series solutions of the extended thermoelasticity problem are compared with those obtained within CTE. In contrast to CTE and in accordance with experiments, the model allows for the simultaneous existence of positive and negative extrema for stress over time.
MICROWAVE STUDY OF 2-METHYL-1-HEXENE-3-YNE [CH$_3$CH$_2$-CC-C(=CH$_2$)CH$_3$]: GROUND STATE AND TORSIONALLY EXCITED STATE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Author Institution: Dept. of Chemistry, Centre College, Danville, KY 40422; Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060