jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ARTIFICIAL IMMUNE SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF MISBEHAVIOR DETECTION

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Artificial immune systems (AIS) are one of the most recent approaches in computational intelligence. This emerging field is sometimes referred to as immunological computation. The development of AIS is fostered by the advances made in understanding the complex mechanisms of the biological immune system. They provide efficient and robust information processing capabilities for solving complex problems. They can learn, adapt previously learned information, and perform pattern recognition/classification in a distributed way. This article discusses AIS especially in the context of misbehavior detection in wireless ad hoc (sensor) networks.
Preparation and swelling behavior of end-linked hydrogels prepared from linear poly(ethylene glycol) and dendrimer-star polymers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Linear diepoxide-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) of molar mass 600, 1000 and 2000 g mol −1 was end-linked with dendrimer-star polymer (PAMAM) of generations 1.0 in water to prepare architecturally well-defined copolymer hydrogels. The structures and properties of the products were characterized using infrared, 1 H NMR, DSC measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and swelling behavior tests. The swelling behavior of these hydrogels was tested in distilled water at constant temperature and the equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR) was determined for structurally different hydrogels and various environmental conditions, which showed that ESR was influenced by the molecular weight of PEG, the molar ratio of H amine groups/epoxy groups, temperature and pH. Higher ESR was obtained for either longer-chain PEG, non-stoichiometric H amine/epoxy groups ratio, acidic pH or lower temperatures. When the hydrogel was switched from 10 °C to 65 °C and pH 3.5 to 11.5, the swelling behavior of the hydrogels showed good reversibility for swelling–deswelling. When the molecular weight of PEG was changed in the range of 600–2000, the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of hydrogel increased from 30 to 40 °C. When the molar ratio of H amine/epoxy groups was changed, the LCST was not significantly changed.
Protein Dynamics in Young Maize Root Hairs in Response to Macro- and Micronutrient Deprivation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plants increase their root surface with root hairs to improve the acquisition of nutrients from the soil. The unicellular character of root hairs and their position at the root surface make them an attractive system to investigate adaptive processes of rhizodermal cells that are in direct contact with the soil solution. In young maize seedlings, roots are densely covered with root hairs, although nutrient reserves in the seed are sufficient to support seedling growth rates for a few days. We used a label-free quantitative proteomics approach to study protein abundance adjustments in 4 day old root hairs grown in aeroponic culture in the presence and absence of several macro- and micronutrients. Compared to the proteome of root hairs developed under full nutrition, protein abundance changes were observed in pathways related to macronutrient (N, P, K, and Mg) deficiencies. For example, lack of N in the medium repressed the primary N metabolism pathway, increased amino acid synthesis, but repressed their degradation, and affected the primary carbon metabolism, such as glycolysis. Glycolysis was similarly affected by K and P deprivation, but the glycolytic pathway was negatively regulated by the absence of the micronutrients Fe and Zn. In contrast, the deprivation of Mn had almost no affect on the root hair proteome. Our results indicate either that the metabolism of very young root hairs adjusts to cellular nutrient deficiencies that have been already experienced or that root hairs sense the external lack of specific nutrients in the nutrient solution and adjust their metabolism accordingly.
Investment under price uncertainty : an empirical study of the Norwegian petroleum industry

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Investments are based on expectations of future profits. The common perception of the investment and uncertainty relationship is that increased uncertainty reduces willingness to invest. Uncertainty is here defined as deviation from the expected outcome. In uncertain conditions, it may be difficult to establish a clear profit expectation. However, from the early development of investment theory the sign has been debated. Uncertainty can also be exploited for profit seeking and the sign may therefore be positive. Petroleum extraction is a complicated, slow and expensive process. Historically petroleum prices have been quite volatile, and it is a major uncertainty factor for petroleum producers. The forward looking nature of investment behavior creates several issues for investment theories and empirical modeling. Expectations of return and uncertainty are unobserved and challenging to quantify. When controlling for dynamic panel bias I find a negative relationship between investment and price uncertainty. If price uncertainty increases, investors on the Norwegian continental shelf are more likely to postpone or drop new investments.
Updates in Volcanology - Linking Active Volcanism and the Geological Record

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Volcanic geology is a rapidly growing research field within earth sciences. It is a research field that provides the fundamental basic data to be able to reconstruct volcanism that generated eruptive products and the sedimentary processes acted upon to redeposit and rework volcanic pyroclasts. Due to the broad time and spatial scales over which volcanism takes place, it is difficult to determine the correct link between the preserved rocks and the type of volcanism responsible for their formation. Volcanic rocks represent geological processes that occur in a distinct and rapid pattern compared to other geological processes. This book provides insight into the problem of determining the scale of volcanism and linking it to the volcanic rock record. It includes comprehensive reviews and case studies representative of volcanism in diverse geological environments. This book provides a broad overview of the problems, complexity, and usefulness of the active volcanism-based volcanic geology approach to interpreting volcanic rocks in the geological record.
Learning Mathematics in Groups with Computers: reflections on a research study

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper traces a methodology for analysing groupwork with computers, together with some of the findings. The theoretical underpinning of the research is outlined along with how this theory informed the design of the study. In order to make explicit the research process, reflections on the project revolve around a detailed description of how the data were analysed and the phases through which the analysis progressed. This includes how decisions were made in order to cope with large qualitative data sets, the choice of appropriate quantitative techniques, and how qualitative and quantitative methods were combined. Advantages and limitations of this analysis are considered, and finally generalisations on the role of groupwork with computers in mathematics education are explored.
Literature, Pedagogy, and Curriculum in Secondary Education: Examples from France

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book argues for the importance of literature studies using the historical debate between the disinterested disciplines (“art for art’s sake”) and utilitarian or productive disciplines. Foregoing the traditional argument that literature is a unique spiritual resource, as well as the utilitarian thought that literary pedagogy promotes skills that are relevant to a post-industrial economy, Guiney suggests that literary pedagogy must enable mutual access between the classroom and the outside world. It must recognize the need for every human being to become a conscious producer of culture rather than a consumer, through an active process of literary reading and writing. Using the history of French curricular reforms as a case study for his analysis, Guiney provides a contextualized redefinition of literature’s social value.
DAIRY '96, PART I: REFERENCE OF 1996 DAIRY MANAGEMENT PRACTICES

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The NAHMS Dairy '96 Study was designed to provide both participants and the industry with information on the nation's dairy animal population for education and research. The USDA's National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) collaborated with NAHMS to select a statistically valid sample yielding 2,542 producers. Included in the study were 20 states that represented 83.1 percent of the U.S. milk cows as of January 1, 1996. NASS interviewers collected data for Part I via a questionnaire administered on-farm from January 1 through 26, 1996. Contact for this paper: Steven Ott
SHE'S A LATIN FROM MANHATTAN

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Performer: OZZIE NELSON; Ozzie Nelson Writer: Dubin; Warren Fox Trot; Vocal Chorus; From "Go Into Yonr Dance"; and his ORCHESTRA. Digitized at 78 revolutions per minute. Four stylii were used to transfer this record. They are 3.8mil truncated conical, 2.3mil truncated conical, 2.8mil truncated conical, 3.3mil truncated conical. These were recorded flat and then also equalized with Turnover: 500.0, Rolloff: -7.0. The preferred versions suggested by an audio engineer at George Blood, L.P. have been copied to have the more friendly filenames. Matrix number: (B 17318) Catalog number: 7425 Other IDs from the record include: B17318
Deaf space concept in designing classroom interior for learning motivation of deaf students in special schools

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Deaf children, individuals with hearing limitations, require a supportive environment for effective communication. Regular classrooms, designed for typically hearing children, present communication challenges for deaf students. Deaf classrooms follow specific principles and approaches known as “deaf space,” including furniture arrangement, larger spaces, sensory accessibility, lighting, and color choices. This research aims to design a classroom that creates a comfortable atmosphere for deaf students to enhance their oral communication and learning. The study utilizes a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Classroom simulations were conducted to observe and compare the responses of deaf students in both regular classrooms and those designed with a “deaf space” approach. Simulation results revealed changes in learning activities and oral communication among deaf students. Deaf students responded positively and expressed satisfaction with the layout of the learning space and furniture aligned with the “deaf space” concept. The choice of a calming green color enhanced the comfort of deaf students during learning, allowing for better focus. The final classroom design provides a solution to address existing classroom challenges, accommodating the needs and activities of users. This design is expected to motivate the learning interests of deaf children while serving as a guide for planning and implementation.
Development of a Lexicon for Manets to Enhance Performance and Security

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Mobile ad hoc networks is a challenging area of engagement since these networks are dynamic and completely without a definite structure. The lexicon, as a MANETs notion, plays an indispensable role in establishing smooth communication and coordination among the network nodes. The abstract's intention is to give an in-depth outlook for the role of lexicon in MANETs, and then it gives the central points of its importance in the connection of not only different communication protocols but also routing algorithms and security mechanisms. The abstract is mainly about the very basics of lexicon in relation to MANETs, with a more particular accent on how it enables strong communication if there is no fixed structure behind it. Suppose you also deal with the problems and possibilities of the so-called lexicon, which is the integration of lexicon technologies, such as unpredictable mobility and resource limitations. We'll also see the application of the lexicon in MANETs in the future. This is an approach based on the nominal size of the items focused on lexicon technology. For example, smarter routing protocols, QoE/QoS adaptation, and a defence guarantee for the protected message are among the key features that should be addressed through the application of lexicon technology in MANETs. The paper will review the current research work being conducted and present future directions for lexicon-driven approaches to optimize the performance of MANETs and make them more resilient to the variation of their operational environment.
Hallucination Reduction and Optimization for Large Language Model-Based Autonomous Driving

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Large language models (LLMs) are widely integrated into autonomous driving systems to enhance their operational intelligence and responsiveness and improve self-driving vehicles’ overall performance. Despite these advances, LLMs still struggle between hallucinations—when models either misinterpret the environment or generate imaginary parts for downstream use cases—and taxing computational overhead that relegates their performance to strictly non-real-time operations. These are essential problems to solve to make autonomous driving as safe and efficient as possible. This work is thus focused on symmetrical trade-offs between the reduction of hallucination and optimization, leading to a framework for these two combined and at least specifically motivated by these limitations. This framework intends to generate a symmetry of mapping between real and virtual worlds. It helps in minimizing hallucinations and optimizing computational resource consumption reasonably. In autonomous driving tasks, we use multimodal LLMs that combine an image-encoding Visual Transformer (ViT) and a decoding GPT-2 with responses generated by the powerful new sequence generator from OpenAI known as GPT4. Our hallucination reduction and optimization framework leverages iterative refinement loops, RLHF—reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF)—along with symmetric performance metrics, e.g., BLEU, ROUGE, and CIDEr similarity scores between machine-generated answers specific to other human reference answers. This ensures that improvements in model accuracy are not overused to the detriment of increased computational overhead. Experimental results show a twofold improvement in decision-maker error rate and processing efficiency, resulting in an overall decrease of 30% for the model and a 25% improvement in processing efficiency across diverse driving scenarios. Not only does this symmetrical approach reduce hallucination, but it also better aligns the virtual and real-world representations.
Research on Inoculation Against Molten Iron (2nd Report). On the Behaviour of Inoculants in Mg-Treated Molten Iron

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of inoculants in Mg-treated iron was clarified by means of microstructure-test on the boundary zone between inoculants and molten iron. The action of inoculants only or that of inoculants plus Mg alloy, each of them being set at the bottom of shell-mould, was also investigated in both conditions of bottom-pour and lip-pour. The results obtained were as follows: (1) The local concentration gradient of Si is set up due to the incomplete solution and diffusion in process of the reaction of Si with molten iron, thereby producing nuclei of graphite and SiC from super-saturated molten iron. The nuclei of SiC decompose easily as the decrease of the concentration gradient of Si in iron proceeds. (2) The effect of inoculants or inoculants plus Mg alloy in lip-pour of molten iron is superior to that in bottom-pour. The effect of the size is found to be best in moderate size of both the inoculants and the Mg alloy. (3) The inoculating effect of Si in Mg alloy containing Si is inferior to that of Si mechanically placed together with Mg-alloy. In the former case of the addition of Mg alloy containing Si, the rate of local concentration gradient of Si in molten iron decreases, and the inoculation becomes less effective.
Comparative study between intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid with platelet-rich plasma versus genicular nerve thermal radiation in management of pain in knee osteoarthritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background There are many factors affecting knee osteoarthritis (OA) as genetic and metabolic factors, obesity, mechanical trauma, osteoporosis, inflammatory joint disorders, previous joint infection, and laxity of ligaments.Objectives The aim of this study was to detect the influence of intra-articular injection (IAI) of both hyaluronic acid (HA) with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and radiofrequency (RF) of genicular nerve and to compare their effects in the treatment of knee OA pain.Subjects and methods After approval of local research committee of anesthesia, Tanta University (committee protocol code 32049/01/18) and written informed consent, this prospective randomized study was done at Tanta University Hospital on 100 patients complaining of knees OA with mild-to-moderate degrees. IAI was performed in a pain clinic and RF was performed in an operating room during the period from April 2018 to January 2019.Results In intra-articular knee injection group, results show decreased visual analog scale (VAS) score from (3–10) at 1-week follow-up session to (0–8) in 6-month follow-up session. It also shows reduction of analgesia requirements (etoricoxib 60 and 90 mg) from (60–270) to (0–180) mg/day. In RF group patients, results show decreased VAS score from (0–9) at 1-week follow-up session to (0–5) in 6-month follow-up session. It also shows reduction of analgesia requirements (etoricoxib 60 and 90 mg) from (0–270) to (0–90) mg/day.Conclusion Both IAI of PRP with HA and RF of genicular nerves reduced pain of knee OA and reduced analgesic requirements with rapid onset in RF group.
Olive Pink Collection. Pencil on paper sketched by Olive Pink, Jay Creek, Northern Territory (no date). Identified by Olive Pink as Loranthus migulii

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Pencil on paper sketched by Olive Pink, Jay Creek, Northern Territory (no date). Identified by Olive Pink as Loranthus migulii (Dimensions 18.2x25cm) (File No. p6-10-4)
Acetazolamide affects Aquaporin 1 expression of cultured choroid plexus cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background Acetazolamide (AZA), the only drug generally approved for hydrocephalus, is effective in only 25-30% of patients, and its effect on basal fluid flow in choroid plexus (CP) is unknown. The drug reversibly inhibits Aquaporin 4 (AQP4), the most highly expressed ‘water pore’ in the brain, and it is postulated that it reduces CSF production by modulating the expression and/or function of AQP1 (mostly found in the apical membrane of CP). In this study, we sought to elucidate the direct effect of AZA on basal fluid flow in CP.
Ciliastatic Action of Cigarette Smoke: Varying Exposure Times

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

THE CILIASTATIC action of tobacco smoke has been described by several workers. Mendenhall and Shreeve (1937 and 1940) studied the effect of tobacco smoke on the cilia of calves' trachea in vitro. Hilding (1956) studied scrapings from ciliated epithelium in Ringer's solution. A tissue culture technique was used by Ballenger (1960). Dalhamn (1959) used living rats, and the ciliary beat frequency was measured by means of a high speed motion picture camera. In vivo studies were also performed by Guillerm et al (1961) who studied the epithelium of dog tracheas through a Plexiglas window. All the workers mentioned, together with several others, have reported a powerful ciliastatic effect of tobacco smoke. In recent years increasing attention has been devoted to studies of the difference in ciliastatic effect between various components of tobacco smoke and smoke from different types of cigarettes. Rakieten et al (1952) studied the effect of smoke of
Efficient maintenance of binary search trees

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This thesis is concerned with the efficient maintenance of binary search trees. Two techniques are used to improve the performance of binary search trees: balance and adaptation.
In the area of balance techniques, we introduce the class of k-stratum trees, which have the property that any two external nodes are no more than k levels apart. This implies that the height of a k-stratum tree of n internal nodes is at most $\lceil \log(n + 1)\rceil + k - 1.$ We prove that 2-stratum trees of height at most$$\left\lceil \log(n + 1) + {1\over\sqrt{\log(n + 1)}}\right\rceil$$can be updated in $O(\log n)$ amortized time. We also prove that trees with at most log* $n-3$ incomplete levels can be updated in $O(\log n)$ amortized time with amortized constant linkage cost (CLC); that is, with a constant amortized number of pointer changes per operation.
In the area of adaptation techniques, we investigate constant linkage cost adaptive heuristics. We prove that no heuristic with an amortized linkage cost of $o(\log n)$ can be dynamically optimal. We also propose a new method for analyzing the expected time based on measuring what we call the expected amortized time, and we present four randomized heuristics. These include a worst-case-CLC heuristic that supports only accesses and has an expected search time within a constant factor of the search time of an optimal static tree if accesses are chosen by a user that cannot inspect the accessed tree; and an expected-CLC heuristic that supports both accesses and updates and has an expected operation time of $O(\log n).$ Our heuristics require only constant extra space and have logarithmic expected performance even if operations are performed by an adversary capable of inspecting the tree.
Hyaline cell‐rich chondroid syringoma: A potential pitfall on cytology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Chondroid syringoma is a rare adnexal tumor of skin, with few cases diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Hyaline cell‐rich chondroid syringoma (HCRCS) is a very uncommon variant of chondroid syringoma described in histopathologic studies. This variant differs from the usual chondroid syringoma in its site of presentation, cytohistologic features, and morphologically mimics malignant neoplasms. To the best of our knowledge, cytologic features of this entity have never been described. This case report highlights some unusual features of this tumor and discusses the cytologic features of HCRCS along with neoplastic mimics.