jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Fatty Acid and Polar Lipid Contents of Tubers from Two Potato Species, Solanum tuberosum and Solanum phureja

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Total and individual fatty acid contents were determined in raw tubers of four genotypes from each of the two species Solanum phureja and S. tuberosum. The four S. phureja genotypes contained statistically significantly higher concentrations of total fatty acids, with their average value being 37% greater than that for the mean of the four S. tuberosum cultivars. In both species, a total of 17 fatty acids were detected in quantifiable amounts, and in all genotypes the predominant fatty acid was linoleic followed by alpha-linolenic and palmitic acids. Unusually, 15-methyl hexadecanoate was present as a minor acid in both species. Although a number of statistically significant differences in the fatty acid percentage compositions were found between and within the two species, these were generally small. Averaged over all species and genotypes, tuber storage resulted in an initial small but statistically significant increase in total fatty acid content, but prolonged storage resulted in a fall to the initial values detected close to harvest. The same trend was evident for S. phureja alone (for mean values of all genotypes), but for S. tuberosum the total fatty acid content remained constant over the whole storage period. For both species, the contents (both as absolute levels and as percent compositions) of linoleic acid decreased and alpha-linolenic acid increased in tubers over the whole storage period, and possible mechanisms are discussed. Also, the absolute levels of these two acids were greater in S. phureja than in S. tuberosum, and this is discussed in relation to the development of flavor-related compounds during cooking. The polar lipids of one representative of S. tuberosum and of S. phureja were qualitatively similar. There were only minor differences in the polar lipid percentage compositions and in the corresponding fatty acid compositions of the individual polar lipids between the two species, although the absolute levels of the total, and of some individual, polar lipids were higher in S. phureja.
Plant Secondary Metabolites: An Opportunity for Circular Economy

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Moving toward a more sustainable development, a pivotal role is played by circular economy and a smarter waste management. Industrial wastes from plants offer a wide spectrum of possibilities for their valorization, still being enriched in high added-value molecules, such as secondary metabolites (SMs). The current review provides an overview of the most common SM classes (chemical structures, classification, biological activities) present in different plant waste/by-products and their potential use in various fields. A bibliographic survey was carried out, taking into account 99 research articles (from 2006 to 2020), summarizing all the information about waste type, its plant source, industrial sector of provenience, contained SMs, reported bioactivities, and proposals for its valorization. This survey highlighted that a great deal of the current publications are focused on the exploitation of plant wastes in human healthcare and food (including cosmetic, pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and food additives). However, as summarized in this review, plant SMs also possess an enormous potential for further uses. Accordingly, an increasing number of investigations on neglected plant matrices and their use in areas such as veterinary science or agriculture are expected, considering also the need to implement “greener” practices in the latter sector.
Effect of cochlear implants in children on parental mental health in Mosul city

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Cochlear implant is one of the treatments for deafness. child cochlear, purpsive sample their children have (CI) from hearing and speech rehabilitation centers in Mousl city. During a peroid 10 january 2018 to 28 february 2019. The instrument depended in the study was 28-GHQ self- administered technique . The GHQ-28 is divided into four categories: somatic symptoms, anxiety/insomnia, social dysfunction and depression. This questionnaire includes information about the operated child such as gender, age, date of birth, and also information about the parents, such as their age, job and family background .Data were analyzed in several steps. First descriptive statistics, which include frequency and percentages. The second step, which include inferential statistics Chi-Square test) ,the probability level depend in the present study was p<0.05 the study concluded Mother and father were affected by psychological symptoms. the study recommended Preparing a comprehensive extension program that is suitable for the size of the problem experienced by parents and families through psychological, social and financial support programs, participation of specialists and professionals, families of children with hearing. disabilities, and the development of suitable solutions for themdeveloping a child's language helps parents get rid of their anxiety, Provide advanced rehabilitation centers within the governorate and be more than a center rehabilitation and training of staff working in the centers of rehabilitation, Make the parents communicate fully with the manufacturers of the cochlear and make the center of the company in each province, providing the spare tools for planting Working on the opening of specialized centers for cochlear implantation to reduce cost.
PMU-based informational support of power system control tasks

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Up-to-date wide area measurement systems (WAMS) based on phasor measurement units (PMU) appeared at the very end of the 20th century. Under present-day conditions, WAMS serve as the basis for information-measuring systems, which significantly improve power system control and operation. In practice, WAMS are mostly used for power system stability control and transient monitoring and visualization. This paper discusses the new opportunities for power system control quality improvement, resulting from PMU application for power system steady-state parameters' assessment. Firstly, better control is provided by online equivalent circuit parameters' identification using PMU measurement data and taking into account FACTS and other shunt and series compensation equipment. Secondly, the paper addresses the problems of "nodal" identification, which have taken on great importance recently due to the intensive development of small-scaled distributed generation. Based on PMU measurements of nodal voltages and incident transmission lines' electric currents, one can obtain online steady-state load characteristics, which can be used for dispatch control applications. Moreover, PMUs provide superaccelerated power flow calculations, which are of crucial importance for emergency automation, adjusted for prior operation. Such principles of emergency automation consist of the quick determination of control actions, aimed at power system stability maintenance in cases of any programmed faults' occurrence. It is known that such control is carried out by means of power flow calculations based on remote metering data. The proposed application and allocation of PMUs in the power system by means of combinatorial matrix transformation to triangle form give the possibility to perform accelerated node-voltage analysis without equivalent circuit simplification. All the calculations are verified using IEEE test networks. © 2014 WIT Press.
Sidewall slope control of chemically assisted ion-beam etched structures in InP-based materials

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Chemically assisted ion beam etching (CAIBE) of InP-based materials has been newly developed with BCl3/Ar in comparison to Cl2/Ar and IBr3/Ar. Using halogen gases and an argon ion beam at 400 V a very good surface morphology was obtained at a low substrate temperature of −5 °C in any case; with BCl3/Ar a surface roughness of 0.2 nm was observed. The etch rates were in the range of 40–75 nm/min depending on the reactive gas. Mixing the reactive gases or tilting the substrate with respect to the impinging ion beam allowed us an excellent control of the etched sidewall slope. By mixing BCl3 and IBr3 we were able to tune the sidewall slopes between 15° (measured to the surface normal) for pure BCl3 and 38° for the pure IBr3, respectively. Tilting the substrate allowed us to adjust the slope angle between 0° and 60°. In addition we have analyzed the etched surfaces by energy dispersive x-ray measurements. The low temperature processes yielded stoichiometric InP surfaces, etching at higher substrate temperatures results nonstoichiometric surfaces. These low temperature halogen CAIBE processes were successfully applied for the fabrication of gratings, ridge waveguides and facets for long wavelength (InGa)(AsP) and (AlInGa)(AsP) laser diodes. In this article we present ridge waveguide (InGa)(AsP)/InP lasers (1.55 μm) with direct CW modulation bandwidths of 9.5 GHz.
The Ventriloquist Illusion in the Blind with Retinal Prostheses: Are Auditory-Visual Interactions Restored After Decades of Blindness?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background: In most individuals, auditory and visual perception have strong interactions and influence over each other. Blindness acquired in adulthood alters these multisensory pathways. During blindness, it has been shown that the senses functionally reorganize, enabling visual cortex to be recruited for auditory processing. It is unknown whether this reorganization is permanent, or whether auditory-visual interactions can be re-established in cases of partial visual recovery. Retinal prostheses restore visual perception to the late blind and provide an opportunity to determine if those auditory-visual connections and interactions are still viable after years of plasticity and neglect. Methods: Participants were seated about 20 inches away from an iMac 27-inch computer. The computer was placed on a black felt covered table and wall. Visual stimuli presented were vertical white rectangles (2.75 inches by 13 inches) on a black background (0.5 second duration). The auditory beeps were 0.07 seconds long and delivered via headphones (auditory location conveyed via intensity differences). Results: We tested Argus II retinal prosthesis patients (N=7) for the auditory-visual illusion, the ventriloquist effect, where the perceived location of an auditory stimulus is modified by the presence of a visual stimulus. These patients showed a significant modification of the auditory perception by the restored prosthetic visual perception (N=7; t(6)=4.59, p=0.004) that was not significantly different from sighted participants (N=10; t(15)=1.62, p=0.13). Furthermore, the strength of this auditory-visual interaction in prosthesis patients was significantly partially-correlated to patient’s age and their duration of prosthesis use (Age of Argus II user: rho=−0.95, p=0.004, Duration of Argus II use: rho=0.86, p=0.03). Discussion: This result indicates that auditory-visual interactions can be restored after decades of blindness, and that auditory-visual processing pathways and regions can be re-engaged. Furthermore, it indicates the resilience of multimodal interactions to plasticity during blindness.
Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa dengan Discovery Learning Approach pada Mata Pelajaran PPKn SMA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Discovery learning is one of the many student-centred learning models. Thus, the learning model of discovery learning is necessary for development and research. This study aims to determine the effect of the application of the discovery learning model on student achievement in Gunung Sari 1 State Senior High School in the subject of Pancasila and Citizenship Education (PPKn). This research is a pre-experimental study with a static-group comparison design. The instrument used in this study was a multiple-choice test instrument consisting of 26 questions, which were declared valid out of 35 questions. The results of this study show that the count is 1.9959. Based on this, the value of tcount (1.9959)> ttable (1.6706) has a significant level of 5%. The average value of Civics learning achievement of students who apply the discovery learning model is 76, while the average value of Civics learning achievement of students who apply the ordinary learning model is 70. The results of data analysis and discussion conclude that student achievement in Civics subjects that apply the model of discovery learning is better than other learning models. This means that there is a significant difference between the learning achievement of Civics in the experimental class that applies the discovery learning model and the control class that applies the conventional learning model to Civics subjects.
Designing and implementing household targeting systems: lessons from Latin America and the United States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A recent review of international experience finds that the median targeted program provides roughly 25 percent more resources to the poor than would random allocations. Nonetheless, the study also finds significant variation in targeting outcomes both within and across types of targeting instruments. Implementation details matter tremendously to distributive outcomes. Building on these findings, this report conducts an in-depth assessment of key design and implementation factors and their potential impact on outcomes for household targeting systems in six countries.
The Coming Age of Flavonoids in the Treatment of Diabetic Complications

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Diabetes mellitus (DM), and its micro and macrovascular complications, is one of the biggest challenges for world public health. Despite overall improvement in prevention, diagnosis and treatment, its incidence is expected to continue increasing over the next years. Nowadays, finding therapies to prevent or retard the progression of diabetic complications remains an unmet need due to the complexity of mechanisms involved, which include inflammation, oxidative stress and angiogenesis, among others. Flavonoids are natural antioxidant compounds that have been shown to possess anti-diabetic properties. Moreover, increasing scientific evidence has demonstrated their potential anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Consequently, the use of these compounds as anti-diabetic drugs has generated growing interest, as is reflected in the numerous in vitro and in vivo studies related to this field. Therefore, the aim of this review is to assess the recent pre-clinical and clinical research about the potential effect of flavonoids in the amelioration of diabetic complications. In brief, we provide updated information concerning the discrepancy between the numerous experimental studies supporting the efficacy of flavonoids on diabetic complications and the lack of appropriate and well-designed clinical trials. Due to the well-described beneficial effects on different mechanisms involved in diabetic complications, the excellent tolerability and low cost, future randomized controlled studies with compounds that have adequate bioavailability should be evaluated as add-on therapy on well-established anti-diabetic drugs.
Purification and properties of a second fructan exohydrolase from the roots of Cichorium intybus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A 1‐FEH II (1‐fructan exohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.80) was purified from forced chicory roots ( Cichorium intybus L. var. foliosum cv. Flash) by a combination of ammonium sulfate precipitation, concanavalin A (Con A) affinity chromatography and anion and cation exchange chromatography. This protocol produced a 70‐fold purification and a specific activity of 52 nkat mg −1 protein. The apparent size of the enzyme was 60 kDa as estimated by gel filtration and 64 kDa on SDS‐PAGE. Optimal activity was found between pH 5.0 and 5.5. The temperature optimum was around 35°C. No product other than fructose could be detected with inulin as the substrate. The purified enzyme exhibited hyperbolic saturation kinetics with an apparent K m of 58 m M for 1‐kestose (Kes) and 64 m M for 1,1‐nystose (Nys). The purified 1‐FEH II hydrolyzed the β (2?1) linkages in inulin, Kes and Nys at rates at least 5 times faster than the β (2?6) linkages in levan oligosaccharides and levanbiose. Fructose did not affect the 1‐FEH II activity but sucrose (Suc) was a strong inhibitor of this 1‐FEH II (K i =5.9 m M ). The enzyme was partially inhibited by Na‐EDTA and CaCl 2 (1 m M ).
Peptidoglycan monomer induces cytokine production in human mononuclear cells via CD14

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Peptidoglycan (PG) and lipopolisaccharide (LPS) are the major components of the cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively. Both are biologically active substances which can reproduce most of the clinical manifestations of bacterial infections. Because of the similarity of the biological effects of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) we decided to test the hypothesis that CD14 is the receptor not only for LPS but also for peptidoglycan monomer (PGM). PGM was isolated by enzymic cutting of soluble peptidoglycanic polymers obtained from gram-positive bacteria Brevibacterium divaricatum and has disaccharide-pentapeptide structure. The biological activity of two peptidoglycan monomers, peptidoglycan monomer (PGM) and peptidoglycan monomer linked with zinc (PGM-Zn) was tested by measuring the cytokine production of interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in human mononuclear cells (MNC) isolated from peripheral blood of a healty donors. The results have shown that similarly to LPS, PGM and PGM-Zn are able to induce the production of IL1, IL6 and TNF in human MNC only in the presence of 10% human heterologous serum (HHS). PGM and LPS were also able to induce TNF production in human MNC in the presence of 10% HHS. This activity was blocked by anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody MEM-18 and by syntetic partial structure of LPS such as compound 406 (precursor Ia). Soluble human recombinant CD14 showed very potent increasing capacity on PGM-induced and LPS-induced IL-1 production in the human MNC even in the absence of 10% HHS. These is the first evidence that PGM and PGM-Zn, as peptidoglycan monomers, are able to induce cytokine production in human MNC also like peptidoglycan polymers (B.Weidemann et al., Infect. Immun., 62:, 4709, 1994). These results also for the first time show that cytokine production in human MNC induced by PGM is CD14 dependent and that soluble human recombinant CD14 is important serum factor which can augment the PGM activity. These data are indicating that CD14 can act as a receptor not only for LPS but also for PGM.
Comparator product issues for biowaiver implementation: the case of Fluconazole

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The aim of this work was to assess if the commercially available Fluconazole drug products (Reference, Generic and Similar) would meet the biowaiver criteria from Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Brazilian Agency for Health Surveillance (ANVISA) agencies. All formulations were evaluated considering the dissolution profile carried out in Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) pH 1.2, Acetate Buffer (AB) pH 4.5 and Simulated Intestinal Fluid (SIF) pH 6.8. The results demonstrated that all formulations fulfilled the 85% of drug dissolved at 30 min criterion in SGF pH 1.2. However, in AB pH 4.5 and SIF pH 6.8, some formulations, including the comparator, did not achieve this dissolution percentage. The discrepant dissolution profiles also failed the ƒ2 similarity factor analysis, since none of the formulations showed values between 50 and 100 in the three dissolution media. Comparative dissolution profiles were not similar, considering that the main issues concerning the dissolution were evidenced for the comparator product. Hence, a revision in the regulatory norms in order to establish criteria to switch the comparator could result in an increased application of drugs based on biowaiver criteria.
Comparative study on antigen expression of monocyte and cytokine levels of cord blood activated by interleukine-2 and interleukin-2+Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Objective:To compare and analyse the antigen expression of monocyte and cytokine of human umbilical cord blood activated by γIL\|2 and γIL\|2+Anti\|CD3mcAb.Methods:By using indirect resette forming test,antigen expression rate of monocyte in 23 cases was detected.The levels of interleukin\|8(IL\|8)、interleukin\|6(IL\|6) and tumor necrosis factor α(TNF\|α) of 23 cases were measured by ELISA.Results:After activated by Anti\|CD3mcAb and/or γIL\|2,The antigen expression of monocyte and cytekine are obviously changed:(1) in γIL\|2 group and γIL\|2+Anti\|CD3mc Ab group,CD3\++、CD8 +、CD56 +、HLA DR\++\,CD19\++\,CD25\++↑,but γIL\|2+Anti\|CD3mcAb groupγIL\|2 group ( P 0 01),CD45RA\++↓,But there are no difference between two groups ( P 0 05).CD34\++ cells (also named hemopoietic stem cell) are no significant change.(2) The number of celluar colony is increased in Anti\|CD3mcAb+γIL\|2 group,but it is no change in γIL\|2 group.(3) The change of cytokine:Both of the levels of IL\|8、TNF α are increased in the sreum of cord blood in two groups,But γIL\|2+Anti\|CD3mcAb groupγIL\|2 group( P 0 01).The levels of IL\|6 in two groups is also higher than unactivated group.Conclusions:Anti\|CD3mcAb activated killer cells are stronger cytoxicity than lymphikine\|activated killer cells,therefore it maybe have advantage of killing tumor. [
The Arabidopsis Protein CGL20 Is Required for Plastid 50S Ribosome Biogenesis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biogenesis of plastid ribosomes is facilitated by auxiliary factors that process and modify ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) or are involved in ribosome assembly. In comparison with their bacterial and mitochondrial counterparts, the biogenesis of plastid ribosomes is less well understood, and few auxiliary factors have been described so far. In this study, we report the functional characterization of CONSERVED ONLY IN THE GREEN LINEAGE20 (CGL20) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana; AtCGL20), which is a Pro-rich, ∼10-kD protein that is targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts. In Arabidopsis, CGL20 is encoded by segmentally duplicated genes of high sequence similarity (AtCGL20A and AtCGL20B). Inactivation of these genes in the atcgl20ab mutant led to a visible virescent phenotype and growth arrest at low temperature. The chloroplast proteome, pigment composition, and photosynthetic performance were significantly affected in atcgl20ab mutants. Loss of AtCGL20 impaired plastid translation, perturbing the formation of a hidden break in the 23S rRNA and causing abnormal accumulation of 50S ribosomal subunits in the high-molecular-mass fraction of chloroplast stromal extracts. Moreover, AtCGL20A-eGFP fusion proteins comigrated with 50S ribosomal subunits in Suc density gradients, even after RNase treatment of stromal extracts. Therefore, we propose that AtCGL20 participates in the late stages of the biogenesis of 50S ribosomal subunits in plastids, a role that presumably evolved in the green lineage as a consequence of structural divergence of plastid ribosomes.