jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Petroglyph N1 Khatm Al Melaha, Kalba, Sharjah

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Natural Version with paint, Petroglyph N1 Khatm Al Melaha, Kalba, Sharjah. Three Syrian Wild Ass and loop symbol. Likely Neolithic or earlier. [Fossati 2019 Messages from the Past: Rock Art of the Al-Hajar Mountains (Oman)]. Khatm Al Melaha is an archaeological site on the coast of the Oman Sea near Kalba in Sharjah, UAE. It is one of the largest rock art sites in the UAE. Over 175 stones with petroglyphs were documented and close to 400 motifs were identified. Every rock with a glyph was given an ID number and a GPS coordinate. In total 25455 terrestrial photographs, 5244 drone photographs, 44 drone videos, and 182 GPS points (+/- 1cm) were done in a single day. Petroglyphs were identified using Radiance Scaling in Meshlab, materials lighting in Substance Painter, and by changing conditions in Sketchfab. Some carvings were completely invisible when viewing. Drawings were done only when a line could be identified using one of these techniques. Reality Capture and Substance Painter Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
The flashing Brownian ratchet and Parrondo’s paradox

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A Brownian ratchet is a one-dimensional diffusion process that drifts towards a minimum of a periodic asymmetric sawtooth potential. A flashing Brownian ratchet is a process that alternates between two regimes, a one-dimensional Brownian motion and a Brownian ratchet, producing directed motion. These processes have been of interest to physicists and biologists for nearly 25 years. The flashing Brownian ratchet is the process that motivated Parrondo’s paradox, in which two fair games of chance, when alternated, produce a winning game. Parrondo’s games are relatively simple, being discrete in time and space. The flashing Brownian ratchet is rather more complicated. We show how one can study the latter process numerically using a random walk approximation.
Approach to the Patient with a Positive Serum Thyroglobulin and a Negative Radioiodine Scan after Initial Therapy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The 10-yr survival of differentiated thyroid cancer is about 76-93%, and at least 10% of patients manifest tumor persistence or recurrence, depending on their disease stage, after initial therapy, which typically includes total thyroidectomy and (131)I ablation. Previously the realization of their residual/recurrent cancer often presented simultaneously with the additional surprise that they lacked pathological uptake on their diagnostic whole-body radioiodine image despite their elevated stimulated serum thyroglobulin (Tg) level, a scenario referred to as the scan-negative, Tg-positive patient. Now that serum Tg and neck ultrasonography have supplanted the diagnostic whole-body scan because of its inferior sensitivity, patients are often recognized to harbor residual disease without radioiodine imaging, and a new challenging scenario has emerged: the ultrasonography-negative, Tg-positive patient. Similarities and differences of these two patient populations aside, these Tg-positive patients are frequently encountered, and some are considered for additional (131)I therapy, although now typically after negative anatomic +/- (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging or in the setting of known or suspected distant metastases already localized by anatomic imaging. Thus, the scan-negative, Tg-positive patient of today differs from those of the past, but the term still has relevance to current practice. The optimal evaluation and treatment of these patients remain controversial, partly because many of these patients will not die from thyroid cancer, and there are no randomized trials to demonstrate that intervention could have prevented the deaths that do occur. Here a case is presented that adds the complexity of advanced age, and one approach to these challenging patients is offered.
Extreme Conditions for Plasma-Facing Components in Tokamak Fusion Devices

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Safe and reliable operation is still one of the major challenges in the development of fusion energy. In magnetic fusion devices, perfect plasma confinement is difficult to achieve. During transient loss of plasma confinement, high plasma power and particle beams (power densities up to hundreds of gigawatts per square meter in time duration on the order of milliseconds) strike the reactor walls, particularly the divertor plate, and can significantly damage the exposed surfaces and also indirectly damage nearby components. To predict the resulting damage of the direct plasma impact on the divertor plate, comprehensive multiphysics multiphase models are developed, integrated, and implemented in the High Energy Interaction with General Heterogeneous Target Systems computer simulation package. The evolution of the divertor material, resulting vaporization, heating and ionization of vapor plasma to higher temperatures, and, consequently, the resulting photon radiation, transport, and deposition around the divertor area are calculated for typical instability parameters of the edge-localized modes and disruption for an ITER-like geometry.
Divine Causation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Quentin Smith has argued that it is logically impossible for there to be a divine cause of the universe.His argument is based on a Humean analysis of causation (confined to event causation, specifically excluding any consideration of agency) and a principle drawn from that analysis that he takes to be a logical requirement for every possibly valid theory of causation.He also thinks that all divine volitions are efficacious of logical necessity.We argue that all of these claims are faulty, and that theists can resist Smith's arguments without merely begging the question in favor of a divine cause.
Habitat specificity modulates the bacterial biogeographic patterns in the Southern Ocean

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Conceptual biogeographic frameworks have proposed that the relative contribution of environmental and geographical factors on microbial distribution depends on several characteristics of the habitat (e.g. environmental heterogeneity, species diversity, and proportion of specialist/generalist taxa), all of them defining the degree of habitat specificity, but few experimental demonstrations exist. Here, we aimed to determine the effect of habitat specificity on bacterial biogeographic patterns and assembly processes in benthic coastal ecosystems of the Southern Ocean (Patagonia, Falkland/Malvinas, Kerguelen, South Georgia, and King George Islands), using 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. The gradient of habitat specificity resulted from a ‘natural experimental design’ provided by the Abatus sea urchin model, from the sediment (least specific habitat) to the intestinal tissue (most specific habitat). The phylogenetic composition of the bacterial communities showed a clear differentiation by site, driven by a similar contribution of geographic and environmental distances. However, the strength of this biogeographic pattern decreased with increasing habitat specificity: sediment communities showed stronger geographic and environmental divergence compared to gut tissue. The proportion of stochastic and deterministic processes contributing to bacterial assembly varied according to the geographic scale and the habitat specificity level. For instance, an increased contribution of dispersal limitation was observed in gut tissue habitat. Our results underscore the importance of considering different habitats with contrasting levels of specificity to better understand bacterial biogeography and assembly processes over oceanographic scales.
Perception of Medical Students Regarding Teaching Health Policy and their Participation in Health Policy Roles: A Survey at a Public University in Malaysia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Health policy is a set of comprehensive principles and legislations that guide how healthcare should be effectively delivered in the community. Medical schools should prepare students to undertake managerial responsibilities by incorporating health policy in the curriculum to deal with the intricacies of healthcare systems and their clinical roles in their future professional careers. Objective: To examine medical students' perception at a Public University in Malaysia regarding teaching health policy and their participation in health policy roles. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study using universal sampling was carried out among the medical students using a paper-based questionnaire to collect the data. Results: Most respondents opined their willingness to learn health policy (80.9%) and that teaching health policy (83.6%) should be compulsory for medical students. The respondents thought health policy should be introduced earlier in Year 1 or 2. The student scores on their knowledge regarding health policy and year of study were significantly associated with their involvement in the health policy roles in both the simple and multiple logistic regression. Both statistical tests reported higher participation in health policy roles with the higher year of study, though only Year 4 and 5 were significant in the simple logistic regression and only Year 5 in the multiple logistic regression compared to Year 1. On the other hand, age and type of admission show significant results only in the simple logistic regression, while the race was only significant at the multivariate level. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that most respondents showed their willingness to learn health policy, participate in the health policy programs, and recommend that health policy be considered an essential topic in the medical curriculum, which should be taught right from the first year of medical school. We recommend encouraging students&rsquo; participation in health policy activities.
Oral contraceptives, reproductive factors and risk of inflammatory bowel disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Oral contraceptive use has been associated with risk of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Objective To determine whether this association is confounded or modified by other important lifestyle and reproductive factors. Design A prospective cohort study was carried out of 117 375 US women enrolled since 1976 in the Nurses Health Study I (NHS I) and 115 077 women enrolled since 1989 in the Nurses' Health Study II (NHS II) with no prior history of UC or CD. These women had provided information every 2 years, on age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, parity, menopause status and other risk factors. Diagnoses of CD and UC were confirmed by review of medical records. Cox proportional hazards models were used to calculate HRs and 95% CIs. Results Among 232 452 women with over 5 030 196 person-years of follow-up, 315 cases of CD and 392 cases of UC were recorded through 2007 in NHS II and 2008 in NHS I. Compared with never users of oral contraceptives, the multivariate-adjusted HRs for CD were 2.82 (95% CI 1.65 to 4.82) among current users and 1.39 (95% CI 1.05 to 1.85) among past users. The association between oral contraceptives and UC differed according to smoking history (p heterogeneity =0.04). Age at menarche, age at first birth and parity were not associated with risk of UC or CD. Conclusion In two large prospective cohorts of US women, oral contraceptive use was associated with risk of CD. The association between oral contraceptive use and UC was limited to women with a history of smoking.
Fast Space-Variant Elliptical Filtering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The efficient realization of linear space-variant (non-convolution) filters is a challenging computational problem in image processing. In this paper, we demonstrate that it is possible to filter an image with a Gaussian-like elliptic window of varying size, elongation and orientation using a fixed number of computations per pixel. The associated algorithm, which is based upon a family of smooth compactly supported piecewise polynomials, the radially-uniform box splines, is realized using preintegration and local finite-differences. The radially-uniform box splines are constructed through the repeated convolution of a fixed number of box distributions, which have been suitably scaled and distributed radially in an uniform fashion. The attractive features of these box splines are their asymptotic behavior, their simple covariance structure, and their quasi-separability. They converge to Gaussians with the increase of their order, and are used to approximate anisotropic Gaussians of varying covariance simply by controlling the scales of the constituent box distribu- tions. Based upon the second feature, we develop a technique for continuously controlling the size, elongation and orientation of these Gaussian-like functions. Finally, the quasi-separable struc- ture, along with a certain scaling property of box distributions, is used to efficiently realize the associated space-variant elliptical filtering, which requires computations per pixel irrespective of the shape and size of the filter.
Fuzzy Optimal Design on Transmission Shaft of Torque Converter of LHD

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Transmission shaft of torque converter having a shaft body,such as the characteristics of high speed long,order to reduce the drive shaft caused by fluctuations in quality due to their own,should be designed to minimize the shaft of the quality,the torque converter shaft practical application to reduce the hollow shaft cross-section of the objective function,fuzzy optimum design was carried out,reducing the weight of its own.
Use of Antiplatelet Agents for Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Amongst Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. A retrospective observational study was conducted to study the use of antiplatelet agents for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease among hospitalized type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Method. A total of 355 patients were included in the study. The compliance with the American Diabetes Association recommendation on the use of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of cardiovascular disease was studied. Results. For the primary prevention group, type 2 diabetes mellitus, patients with known dyslipidemia were more likely to receive antiplatelet therapy than those without dyslipidemia (P = 0.023). The rate of adherence to the American Diabetes Association recommendations on the use of antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease was higher than for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (P = 0.001). Conclusion. In conclusion, many of the eligible patients still do not receive antiplatelet therapy, particularly in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Measures should be taken to ensure that type 2 diabetes mellitus patients receive the antiplatelet therapy and hence prevent macrovascular complications.
30-Day Emergency Department Visits After Primary Lumbar Fusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our objective was to describe the incidence, causes, risk factors, and costs associated with 30-day emergency department (ED) visits after primary lumbar fusion. A national insurance database was retrospectively analyzed to study patients with primary lumbar fusions performed for degenerative pathology of the spine between 2007 and Q3-2015. Risk factors for ED visits, and ED to hospital transfer were studied using multiple-variable logistic regression analysis. Our cohort included 37,559 patients with a mean age of 66.0±10.0 years. A total of 4806 (12.8%) patients had 10,281 ED visits within 30 days after surgery. Of these, 945 (19.9%) had multiple (≥3) visits, and 1466 (30.5%) were admitted to the hospital for management. Common causes for presentation in the ED were cardiorespiratory complaints (49.4%, n=2377), and back and/or leg pain (47.7%, n=2294). Risk factors for all ED visits, multiple ED visits, and hospital admission from the ED have been identified. The overall ED cost burden was nearly two-thirds as much as hospital readmissions within 30 days ($6,994,260 vs. $10,880,999). There is a sizable subset of patients that present to the ED for acute care but do not require hospitalization. Causes and risk factors for presentation in patients with multiple ED visits are somewhat different than patients requiring hospital readmission.
Effects of follow-on therapy after denosumab discontinuation in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To clarify the effects of follow-on therapy after denosumab (DMAb) discontinuation. In this retrospective, multicenter study, postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis who were previously treated by oral bisphosphonates (BP) (n = 26) or teriparatide (TPTD) (n = 27) were switched to DMAb (administered 2.6 times), and then discontinued. Patients (73.1 years, T-scores of the lumbar spine [LS] − 2.7 and femoral neck [FN] − 2.2) were switched to either (1) raloxifene (RAL) (n = 13) or BP [(2) weekly or monthly BP (wmBP) (n = 29) or (3) zoledronate (ZOL) (n = 11)], based on each physician’s decision (mean interval after final DMAb administration was 7.2 months). Bone mineral density (BMD) at final DMAb administration were set as baseline. Changes in LS BMD at 1.5 years after final DMAb administration were −2.7% in the RAL, 0.7% in the wmBP, and 1.9% in the ZOL (p = .31 between groups), and in FN BMD were −3.8%, −0.8%, and 1.8%, respectively (p = .02 between the RAL and ZOL; p = .048 between the RAL and BP). Clinical vertebral fracture incidence during 1.5 years after final DMAb administration was 23.1% in the RAL, 3.4% in the wmBP, and 0.0% in the ZOL (p = .048 between the RAL and ZOL; p = .015 between the RAL and BP). No significant differences were observed in these parameters between the wmBP and ZOL. These results may contribute to the selection of adequate follow-on therapy after DMAb discontinuation, although further investigations are required.
Quantitative Determination of Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) Using UHPLC-Ltq-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry: A Missing Sulfur Source during Haze Episodes in Beijing

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Frequently occurred severe haze events in heavily populated China in recent years, especially in winter.Sulfate, as the major inorganic component of fine particles (PM2.5), has been found to form rapidly under high relative humidity conditions.Currently, a large gap exists in model-estimated sulfate concentration and field observation.The hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) chemistry in the aerosol liquid water and fog/cloud droplet had been pointed to a potential missing sulfur-containing compounds during haze episodes.HMS is known to be formed during the reaction of S(IV) (HSO3 -or SO3 2-) with formaldehyde in the aqueous phase.And it can act as a reservoir species for S(IV) in the atmosphere and may be misidentified as sulfate using Ion Chromatography (IC) method.It is therefore of interest for the understanding of atmospheric sulfur chemistry.Here we present an analytical technique for quantification of HMS components in aerosol using UHPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry.The determination was carried out by its retention time and negative ion peak at m/z -111.The HMS components in PM2.5 samples collected in wintertime 2015 in Beijing were analyzed.HMS mass concentrations in the samples were highly variable, ranging from below the detection limit to around 7.0 μg m -3 .Higher concentrations were associated with occurrence of fog events, which is the presumed source of the HMS.It suggested that HMS can be a potentially effective tracer of enhanced aqueous sulfur chemistry during the haze-fog episodes.
Sage grouse on the Yakima Training Center: A summary of studies conducted during 1991 and 1992

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Yakima Training Center (YTC) sage grouse population is one of only two remnant populations of sage grouse remaining in the state of Washington. Sage grouse are considered candidates for listing as a state threatened species. The purpose of the work was to identify sage grouse population characteristics, habitat preferences, and land areas used by sage grouse to assist YTC environmental management staff and military training personnel in both managing sage grouse and planning training activities. The ultimate objective is to protect sage grouse and sage grouse habitat without compromising military training objectives. The sage grouse population on the YTC is small but appears to have remained stable during the past few years. Two distinct subpopulations of grouse appear to exist, each occupying a distinct geographical region and using separate lek areas. Nesting and brooding hens select for long angle slopes and moderate elevations, which places the birds in preferred troop-training areas. The greatest potential impact of training activities on sage grouse seems to be related to habitat loss, although disturbance at leks during the breeding season also could have major impacts on breeding success. The creation of habitat maps for the YTC showing vegetation features most valued by sage grouse is recommended because it would provide habitat managers and military training planner`s with a means to protect grouse habitat while making training assignments. An analysis of sage grouse habitat quality, as impacted by training activity, would also assist habitat managers in making decisions regarding habitat restoration and protection.
Blockchain-based investigation of the food supply chain using the Distributed Hash Tables algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Blockchain is a developing mathematical science that enables continuous economic transactions with distributed untrusted bodies without the need for brokers, as banks do. This article examines the impact of blockchain electronics on the farming and supply chain, presents existing continuous projects and pushes, and evaluates general relationships, difficulties, and possibilities, with a pessimistic outlook on the future of these endeavors. Our judgments display that blockchain is a promising technology but many obstructions and challenges still exist that hinder allurement to more expansive recognition with labours and systems. These challenges include mechanical facets, instruction, policies, and supervisory foundations. Therefore, there is a need for a trustworthy system that guarantees traceability, trust, and confidentiality in the Agri-Food supply chain. The proposed system has a blockchain at the core of every activity, which finally transfers information to the Interplanetary File Storage System (IPFS). The depository structure proceeds a mess of the dossier, which is stocked on blockchain and guarantees an adept, secure, and trustworthy solution. Furthermore, simulations and judgments of smart contracts, in addition to the protection and vulnerability studies, are still bestowed in this piece of work.
Book Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In spite of improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of thromboembolic disease, pulmonary embolism continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Anticoagulation remains the preferred therapy for deep venous thrombosis; however, this form of treatment is either ineffective or contraindicated for some patients. For these patients, partial interruption of the inferior vena cava via percutaneous filter placement has become the procedure of choice to protect against fatal pulmonary embolism.We described in this paper results obtained with the available permanent filters and complications of these filters described in the literature. We highlighted the interest of temporary filters in patients whose thromboembolic risk is temporary, finally we insist on recognised indications for vena cava filters when anticoagulation is contraindicated or ineffective.