jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dry-plasma-free chemical etch technique for variability reduction in multi-patterning (Conference Presentation)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Scaling beyond the 7nm technology node demands significant control over the variability down to a few angstroms, in order to achieve reasonable yield. For example, to meet the current scaling targets it is highly desirable to achieve sub 30nm pitch line/space features at back-end of the line (BEOL) or front end of line (FEOL); uniform and precise contact/hole patterning at middle of line (MOL). One of the quintessential requirements for such precise and possibly self-aligned patterning strategies is superior etch selectivity between the target films while other masks/films are exposed. The need to achieve high etch selectivity becomes more evident for unit process development at MOL and BEOL, as a result of low density films choices (compared to FEOL film choices) due to lower temperature budget. Low etch selectivity with conventional plasma and wet chemical etch techniques, causes significant gouging (un-intended etching of etch stop layer, as shown in Fig 1), high line edge roughness (LER)/line width roughness (LWR), non-uniformity, etc. In certain circumstances this may lead to added downstream process stochastics. Furthermore, conventional plasma etches may also have the added disadvantage of plasma VUV damage and corner rounding (Fig. 1). Finally, the above mentioned factors can potentially compromise edge placement error (EPE) and/or yield. Therefore a process flow enabled with extremely high selective etches inherent to film properties and/or etch chemistries is a significant advantage. To improve this etch selectivity for certain etch steps during a process flow, we have to implement alternate highly selective, plasma free techniques in conjunction with conventional plasma etches (Fig 2.). In this article, we will present our plasma free, chemical gas phase etch technique using chemistries that have high selectivity towards a spectrum of films owing to the reaction mechanism ( as shown Fig 1). Gas phase etches also help eliminate plasma damage to the features during the etch process. Herein we will also demonstrate a test case on how a combination or plasma assisted and plasma free etch techniques has the potential to improve process performance of a 193nm immersion based self aligned quandruple patterning (SAQP) for BEOL compliant films (an example shown in Fig 2). In addition, we will also present on the application of gas etches for (1) profile improvement, (2) selective mandrel pull (3) critical dimension trim of mandrels, with an analysis of advantages over conventional techniques in terms of LER and EPE.
USE OF FORCED DRAFT FOR TERRA COTTA KILNS 1

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Application of forced draft system to terra cotta kilns is described. Special features are (1) type of grate used, (2) overhead air flues, and (3) use o cheap slack coal. Advantages over natural draft system formerly used are (1) a net saving of about 20% in burning costs, (2) better control of combustion gases and kiln temperatures, and (3) uses less skilled labor for firing.
Studies of blood group substances. I. Caprine precipitating antisera to human Le-a and Le-b blood group substances.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary 1 )Precipitating antisera to unmodified human Le a and Le b blood group substance were obtained by immunization of goats. 2 )The specificities of these antisera, as defined by inhibition with oligosaccharides of known structure and activity, are very similar to human isoantibodies.
Applicant Reactions to Digital Selection Methods: A Signaling Perspective on Innovativeness and Procedural Justice

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract Research has shown that the use of digital technologies in the personnel selection process can have both positive and negative effects on applicants’ attraction to an organization. We explain this contradiction by specifying its underlying mechanisms. Drawing on signaling theory, we build a conceptual model that applies two different theoretical lenses (instrumental-symbolic framework and justice theory) to suggest that perceptions of innovativeness and procedural justice explain the relationship between an organization’s use of digital selection methods and employer attractiveness perceptions. We test our model by utilizing two studies, namely one experimental vignette study among potential applicants ( N = 475) and one retrospective field study among actual job applicants ( N = 335). With the exception of the assessment stage in Study 1, the positive indirect effects found in both studies indicated that applicants perceive digital selection methods to be more innovative. While Study 1 also revealed a negative indirect effect, with potential applicants further perceiving digital selection methods as less fair than less digitalized methods in the interview stage, this effect was not significant for actual job applicants in Study 2. We discuss theoretical implications for the applicant reactions literature and offer recommendations for human resource managers to make use of positive signaling effects while reducing potential negative signaling effects linked to the use of digital selection methods.
Large-Scale Proteomics Improve Prediction of Chronic Kidney Disease in People with Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p dir="ltr">Objective</p><p dir="ltr">To develop and validate a protein risk score for predicting chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with diabetes and compare its predictive performance with a validated clinical risk model (CKD Prediction Consortium [CKD-PC]) and CKD polygenic risk score.</p><p dir="ltr">Research Design and Methods</p><p dir="ltr">This cohort study included 2,094 patients with diabetes who had proteomics and genetic information and no history of CKD at baseline from the UK Biobank Pharma Proteomics Project. Based on nearly 3000 plasma proteins, a CKD protein risk score including 11 proteins was constructed in the training set (including 1,047 participants; 117 CKD events). </p><p dir="ltr">Results</p><p dir="ltr">The median follow-up duration was 12.1 years. In the test set (including 1,047 participants; 112 CKD events), CKD protein risk score was positively associated with incident CKD (per SD increment, HR, 1.78; 95%CI: 1.44,2.20). Compared with the basic model (age+ sex+ race, C-index,0.627; 95%CI: 0.578,0.675), CKD protein risk score(C-index increase, 0.122, 95%CI: 0.071, 0.177) and CKD-PC risk factors(C-index increase, 0.175, 95%CI: 0.126, 0.217) significantly improved the prediction performance of incident CKD, but CKD polygenic risk score(C-index increase,0.007, 95%CI: -0.016,0.025) had no significant improvement. Adding CKD protein risk score into CKD-PC risk factors had the largest C-index of 0.825 (C-index from 0.802 to 0.825; difference, 0.023; 95%CI: 0.006,0.044), and significantly improved the continuous 10-year net reclassification (0.199; 95%CI: 0.059,0.299) and 10-year integrated discrimination index (0.041; 95%CI: 0.007,0.083).</p><p dir="ltr">Conclusions</p><p dir="ltr">Adding the CKD protein risk score to a validated clinical risk model significantly improved the discrimination and reclassification of CKD risk in patients with diabetes.</p>
Facilitated Extinction Training to Improve Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation: A Pilot Feasibility Trial

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Varenicline reduces smoking satisfaction during the pre-cessation run-in period, which may contribute to extinction of cravings and smoking behavior. Research indicates that efficacy is enhanced when the run-in period is increased from 1 to 4 weeks, providing a longer extinction opportunity. We hypothesized that efficacy could be further enhanced by harnessing basic and applied research on extinction. We developed a pre-cessation extinction-facilitating intervention and tested its feasibility in a pilot trial. Methods The facilitated extinction (FE) intervention comprised brief counseling and workbook-recommending strategies to maximize extinction processes during the run-in, including instructions to smoke at a normal rate across contexts and cues, and use of an extinction cue to enhance generalization. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three varenicline interventions: standard (1-week run-in), extended (4-week run-in), and extended + FE. Interventions were delivered prior to the target quit date (TQD). Assessments were conducted in weeks 1 and 4 pre-TQD and 1 and 3 months post-TQD, with focus on feasibility indices. Results Recruitment and retention goals were met (N = 58). Treatment satisfaction was high across groups. The majority of FE participants adhered to instructions and maintained their usual smoking rate during the run-in period. Greater decreases in craving and smoking satisfaction were observed among participants in both extended groups versus the standard group (p &lt; .005). Conclusions Feasibility was demonstrated. Participants adhered to the FE intervention, thereby optimizing the number and variety of extinction trials. Findings support testing the novel FE smoking cessation intervention in a fully powered trial. Implications This study expands the research on the clinical benefits of extending the pre-cessation run-in period of varenicline. It introduces the hypothesis that further benefit might be achieved by translating basic behavioral research, as well as cue-exposure research and therapy for other disorders, to improve the extinction and generalization processes thought to underlie much of varenicline’s effect. A FE intervention was developed and found acceptable to smokers and feasible to implement in a research setting. The study sets the stage for a subsequent randomized controlled trial.
DNA topoisomerase I drugs and radiotherapy for lung cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lung cancer represents the most common cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States and around the world. DNA topoisomerase I (TOP1) drugs such as irinotecan and topotecan represent a unique class of chemotherapeutic agents that exhibit not only potent cytotoxic effect, but also tumor-selective radiation-sensitizing effect. The mechanism of cytotoxicity and radiation sensitization by TOP1 drugs has been intensely investigated. Modern radiotherapy, aided by improved imaging and treatment delivery technology, is capable of targeting tumors more precisely, while sparing surrounding critical structures. Clinical trials with camptothecin derivatives and radiotherapy have been conducted in lung cancers. Combined modality therapy with TOP1 drugs and radiotherapy offers a new frontier for lung cancer therapy. We review the present state of TOP1-targeted chemotherapy and modern radiotherapy for lung cancer.
Imaginary Speech Recognition Using a Convolutional Network with Long-Short Memory

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, a lot of researchers’ attentions were concentrating on imaginary speech understanding, decoding, and even recognition. Speech is a complex mechanism, which involves multiple brain areas in the process of production, planning, and precise control of a large number of muscles and articulation involved in the actual utterance. This paper proposes an intelligent imaginary speech recognition system of eleven different utterances, seven phonemes, and four words from the Kara One database. We showed, during our research, that the feature space of the cross-covariance in frequency domain offers a better perspective of the imaginary speech by computing LDA for 2D representation of the feature space, in comparison to cross-covariance in the time domain and the raw signals without any processing. In the classification stage, we used a CNNLSTM neural network and obtained a performance of 43% accuracy for all eleven different utterances. The developed system was meant to be a subject’s shared system. We also showed that, using the channels corresponding to the anatomical structures of the brain involved in speech production, i.e., Broca area, primary motor cortex, and secondary motor cortex, 93% of information is preserved, obtaining 40% accuracy by using 29 electrodes out of the initial 62.
Inhibition of Octreotide Acylation Inside PLGA Microspheres by Derivatization of the Amines of the Peptide with a Self-Immolative Protecting Group

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Acylation of biopharmaceuticals such as peptides has been identified as a major obstacle for the successful development of PLGA controlled release formulations. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to inhibit peptide acylation in poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) formulations by reversibly and temporarily blocking the amine groups of a model peptide (octreotide) with a self-immolative protecting group (SIP), O-4-nitrophenyl-O'-4-acetoxybenzyl carbonate. The octreotide with two self-immolative protecting groups (OctdiSIP) on the N-terminus and lysine side chain was synthesized by reaction of the peptide with O-4-nitrophenyl-O'-4-acetoxybenzyl carbonate, purified by preparative RP-HPLC and characterized by mass spectrometry. Degradation studies of OctdiSIP in aqueous solutions of different pH values showed that protected octreotide was stable at low pH (pH 5) whereas the protecting group was eliminated at physiological pH, especially in the presence of an esterase, to generate native octreotide. OctdiSIP encapsulated in PLGA microspheres, prepared using a double emulsion solvent evaporation method, showed substantial inhibition of acylation as compared to the unprotected octreotide: 52.5% of unprotected octreotide was acylated after 50 days incubation of microspheres in PBS pH 7.4 at 37 °C, whereas OctdiSIP showed only 5.0% acylation in the same time frame. In conclusion, the incorporation of self-immolative protection groups provides a viable approach for inhibition of acylation of peptides in PLGA delivery systems.
The Mutual Influence of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Twitter Users During COVID-19: Network Agenda-Setting Analysis (Preprint)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the role of the World Health Organization (WHO) in communicating with the public on social media during a global health emergency. More specifically, there is no study about the relationship between the agendas of the WHO and Twitter users during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE

This study utilizes the network agenda-setting model to investigate the mutual relationship between the agenda of the WHO’s official Twitter account and the agenda of 7.5 million of its Twitter followers regarding COVID-19.

METHODS

Content analysis was applied to 7090 tweets posted by the WHO on Twitter from January 1, 2020, to July 31, 2020, to identify the topics of tweets. The quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) was used to investigate the relationship between the WHO agenda network and the agenda network of the 6 Twitter user categories, including “health care professionals,” “academics,” “politicians,” “print and electronic media,” “legal professionals,” and the “private sector.” Additionally, 98 Granger causality statistical tests were performed to determine which topic in the WHO agenda had an effect on the corresponding topic in each Twitter user category and vice versa.

RESULTS

Content analysis revealed 7 topics that reflect the WHO agenda related to the COVID-19 pandemic, including “prevention,” “solidarity,” “charity,” “teamwork,” “ill-effect,” “surveillance,” and “credibility.” Results of the QAP showed significant and strong correlations between the WHO agenda network and the agenda network of each Twitter user category. These results provide evidence that WHO had an overall effect on different types of Twitter users on the identified topics. For instance, the Granger causality tests indicated that the WHO tweets influenced politicians and print and electronic media about “surveillance.” The WHO tweets also influenced academics and the private sector about “credibility” and print and electronic media about “ill-effect.” Additionally, Twitter users affected some topics in the WHO. For instance, WHO followers affected “charity” and “prevention” in the WHO.

CONCLUSIONS

This paper extends theorizing on agenda setting by providing empirical evidence that agenda-setting effects vary by topic and types of Twitter users. Although prior studies showed that network agenda setting is a “one-way” model, the novel findings of this research confirm a “2-way” or “multiway” effect of agenda setting on social media due to the interactions between the content creators and audiences. The WHO can determine which topics should be promoted on social media during different phases of a pandemic and collaborate with other public health gatekeepers to collectively make them salient in the public.
Pengaruh Lama Fermentasi Menggunakan Aspergillus Niger dan Urea Terhadap Kadar Nutrisi Ampas Sagu (Metroxylon sp)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This research was carried out aiming to improve the nutritional quality of dregs sago (Metroxylon sp) through a fermentation process by utilizing the fungus Aspergillus niger. The treatment applied was the storage time of fermented dregs sago which consisted of 4 treatments and 3 replications thats is, P0 (without storage), P1 (7 days of storage), P2 (14 days of storage) and P3 (21 days of storage). The researched variables consisted of the percentage of crude fiber, crude protein and ekstract ether. Laboratory analysis data for each treatment obtained were tabulated in a table and analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the F test at the 5% level and continued with Duncan's test if parameters were found to be significantly different between treatments (Steel and Torrie, 1990). The results showed that there was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the percentage of crude fiber and ekstract ether, while the percentage of crude protein content did not show a significant difference (P>0.05). 0 days, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days affected the percentage of crude fiber and ekstract ether but did not affect the percentage of crude protein of fermented dregs sago.
Evaluation of combined assays of serum ferritin, alpha-1-antitrypsin and alpha-fetoprotein in liver cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serum ferritin (SF), alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were examined preoperatively in 66 patients with intrahepatic space-occupied lesions revealed by B-real time ultrasonography. Elevated SF levels (> 300 micrograms/L in males and > 180 micrograms/L in females), AAT levels (4.2 g/L), and AFP levels (> 20 micrograms/L) were shown in 84%, 71% and 66% respectively of 55 patients with liver cancer. Combined analysis indicates that if all the three tests are negative, liver cancer can be essentially excluded; and positive AFP can rule out hepatic hemangioma. So combined assays of SF, AAT and AFP are valuable in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of liver cancer.
West African Iron Production in Its Sub-Saharan Context

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study of ironworking in West Africa encompasses a fascinating set of research topics which inevitably draw upon theories, methods, and issues from the African continent as a whole. An underlying perspective is the notion that African iron production can best be understood within its various cultural contexts, rather than from strictly Western technological perspectives, theoretical models, and universalist generalizations that have often separated science from anthropology, and which often do not work well, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Among the many topics of interest, the most intellectually useful and rewarding for their insights include those that: (a) involve debates that have been of importance in the literature on African ironworking, such as the extent to which ironworking led to serious deforestation; (b) investigate important methodological, typological, theoretical, and ontological issues, such as understanding the role of ritual and ideology within ironworking processes; (c) involve important substantive issues, such as the rise and utility of archaeometallurgy in the study of ironworking; (d) are historically important in our changing concepts of sub-Saharan Africa, African peoples, and African societies, such as African invention and innovation within ironworking technology in the historical and racial context of the African’s supposed lack of technological inventiveness; and (e) taken together, and individually, emphasize a holistic approach to the field of African ironworking, especially the interrelationships between the technical and the social, such as the development of distinct technological styles and understanding the significant variability in African furnace designs and ironworking technologies. Indeed, the rise of ironworking in Africa had major effects upon the technical, social, cultural, political, symbolic, and ideological aspects of African societies over time. This is especially true for West Africa which became the center of several major iron-producing regions.
New Concept of Traffic Rotary Design at Road Intersections

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Traffic Rotary at road intersections is special form of grade change of lanes to channelize movement of vehicles in one direction around a central traffic island. With rapid growth of traffic it is experienced that widening of roads and providing flyovers have become imperative to overcome major conflicts at intersections such as collision between through and right- turn movements. In this way, major conflicts are converted into milder conflicts like merging and diverging. The vehicles entering the rotary are gently forced to move in a clockwise direction. They then weave out of the rotary to the desired direction. The crossing of vehicles is avoided by allowing all vehicles to merge into a stream around the rotary and then to diverge out to the desired radiating road. Thus the crossing conflicts eliminate and convert into weaving manoeuvre or a merging operation from right and a diverging operation to the left. In this paper, designing rotaries at road intersections is discussed and a software package is developed to be used in road works.
Comparison of metformin and chlorpropamide in non-obese, maturity-onset diabetics uncontrolled by diet.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The clinical effectiveness of metformin was compared with that of chlorpropamide in closely similar groups of 216 non-obese patients recently diagnosed as cases of maturity-onset diabetes that could not be controlled by diet. The incidences of primary and secondary drug failures in each group and the numbers of patients satisfactorily maintained on each of the hypoglycaemic agents throughout the first year proved remarkably similar. In 61 of the successfully treated patients who were studied by crossover to the other drug and observed for a further year the mean blood glucose concentrations at the end of the year were roughly comparable, but the mean weight response was a small loss of 1.5 +/- 3.8 kg with metformin but a gain of 4.6 +/- 3.9 kg with chlorpropamide. Thus for non-obese, maturity-onset diabetics whose disease cannot be controlled by diet and who require oral treatment sulphonylureas and biguanides are equally effective, the choice depending on whether the patient is underweight and the severity of symptoms.