jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Abacterial Cystitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ACROSCLEROSISMEDICBAONA 879thick necrotic tissue from the edges of which pus constantly oozed.There was an odour of gangrene, and the nails were extremely painful to touch.Circular scars covered the ends of the fingers.The body skin was slightly pigmented, the abdomen flabby and prominent; axillary hair was absent, and pubic hair scanty.Mitral stenosis with regurgitation was present.Discussion Others (Harbinson, 1904; Johnson and Hedges, 1935) have'reported cases in which rheumatoid arthritis pre- ceded the onset of acrosclerosis, but few cases in the literature are described fully enough to show whether or not arthritis is a frequent forerunner of the disease.As the arthritis has involved many joints other than the hands it is unlikely that the pains and stiffness are actually the onset of acrosclerosis.Hunt (1936) described a "rheumatic " arteritis in which sore throats, arthritis, carditis, or chorea may rapidly be followed by a typical Raynaud's phenomenon, and in severe cases " nutritional changes such as super- ficial sores at the finger-tips and whitlows may appear," but such cases usually improve rapidly.Hunt also thought that " the vascular symptoms and the rheumatic manifestations suggest a common aetiological factor."Littler and Canter (1951) are of the opinion that dys- function of the suprarenal glands is the chief aetiological factor in the pathogenesis of acrosclerosis.They quote Winfield (1904) as obtaining much improvement in a case given suprarenal extract and Schwartz (1917) as improving six cases with pituitary extract.Two of my cases have had rheumatoid arthritis and two had rheumatic endocarditis.It is suggested that acrosclerosis is a disease of adaptation and would pro- bably respond to cortisone treatment. SummaryThe clinical picture of acrosclerosis is reviewed and three cases are described in detail.It is suggested that it is a disease of adaptation and would respond to cortisone therapy.
1171: TRANSLATIONAL WORK INTEGRATING SIMULATION AND SYSTEMS TESTING

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The pediatric intensive care unit, where the majority of in-hospital cardiac arrests occur, in an inherently chaotic environment. Resuscitation ergonomics improves patient outcomes by optimizing the interaction of the environment with human factor driven behaviors. “Room Diagramming” is a risk mitigation strategy that provides strategic mapping for personnel and equipment to optimize CPR quality and improve resuscitation efforts. Translational Work Integrating Simulation and Systems Testing (TWISST) was implemented to identify barriers to optimal resuscitation ergonomics and create a room diagram that effectively integrated into workflow. Methods: In 2021, TWISST was conducted. This approach included Simulation-based Clinical Systems Testing, simulated scenarios of cardiac arrest events, SAFEE debriefing, and Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA). System improvements were then embedded in a simulation-based education initiative. Results: In iterative cycles of process improvement, strategic mapping of personnel and equipment to improve resuscitation ergonomics was developed. Inefficient supply allocation and team member positioning were identified as key areas that impacted team member communication, CPR orchestration and quality. Room diagraming defined BLS team member positioning (Chest compressor, RN, RT), location of defibrillator, “Doc Squad” positioning (Physician Team Lead, RN Documenter, Defibrillator provider/CPR coach), and a medication preparation area. Addition of a pharmacy cart, defibrillator cart, and medication tray were identified as resources to optimize ergonomics and workflow. These elements were then embedded into a simulation-based team training education initiative. Conclusions: TWISST applied to cardiac arrest events explored work system and process inefficiencies in resuscitation ergonomics and room diagraming. In iterative PDSA cycles, teams identified latent conditions, tested potential solutions, and devised a room diagram that integrated into workflow and culture and considered our ICU room layout. Evaluating systems of care during resuscitation, embedding and testing solutions into bedside practice ensured optimal integration into clinical workflow prior to widespread implementation.
Dispensing with NAFTA Rules of Origin? Some Policy Options for Canada

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Increased market access from Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) promised by policy makers is often diluted by preferential rules of origin (ROO). This paper discusses two policy options -- one direct, and one indirect -- with regard to limiting the impact of NAFTA ROO on trade, and illustrates the impact on GDP and welfare of these options using a computable general equilibrium methodology. The first (direct) option, moving toward a North American Customs Union (CU) instead of the current NAFTA, would basically eliminate the need for preferential ROO among members of the CU. The second (indirect) policy option is to pursue multilateral trade negotiations and reduce MFN tariffs towards zero. In this context, NAFTA ROO would lack both relevance and impact, even if they remained “on the books”, because tariff preference utilization among NAFTA members would virtually disappear. The current stalemate at the WTO Doha round suggests that a North American CU remains a serious policy option. However, the erosion of NAFTA tariff preferences since the phase-in of the Uruguay round has also reduced the distortionary impacts of NAFTA ROO, somewhat limiting the gains that a CU could bring. / L’accès accru des marchés, résultant des accords de libre-échange (ALE), et promit par les politiciens, est souvent dilué par les règles d’origine préférentielles (RO). Ce papier envisage deux options politiques – une directe, et une indirecte – qui pourraient diminuer l’impact négatifs des RO sur le commerce, et illustre les impacts économiques de ces deux options sur le PIB et le bien-être économique en utilisant une méthodologie d’équilibre général calculable. La première option, adopter une union douanière nord américaine (UD) plutôt que l’ALENA actuel, éliminerait les RO préférentielles entre pays membres de l’UD. La seconde option est de poursuivre les négociations multilatérales et réduire les tarifs « MFN » à zéro. Dans ce contexte, les RO de l’ALENA perdraient de facto leur pertinence même si elles restaient « inscrites dans les annexes de l’ALENA », puisque l’utilisation des préférences tarifaires entre pays membres de l’ALENA disparaîtrait. L’impasse actuelle de la ronde de Doha suggère qu’une UD nord américaine reste une option sérieuse de politique. Cependant l’érosion des préférences tarifaires depuis la fin de la ronde de l’Uruguay a également réduit les effets distortionaires des RO de l’ALENA, limitant quelque peu les gains qu’une UD puisse apporter.
Simulation of young neocortical networks by spatially coupled oscillators

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

During early development neocortical neurons develop synchronous oscillatory network activity with the beginning of the second week in culture. This spontaneous synchronous activity is considered to be a requisite for the maturation of the synaptic networks. To simulate this activity it is common to use networks of neurons and analyze different connection strategies. On the other hand global population models (complex oscillators) are able to simulate the average activity of a large number of neurons. In the present work we combine both approaches to extend a population model to a set of distributed oscillators. In this way we get a spatial distribution of parameters and activity and are able to study effects of local external stimulation and propagation of excitation waves in large network areas. Small world connection strategy allows to investigate different behaviors by adjusting only one parameter.
Mechanisms of Linezolid Resistance in Mycobacteria

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Mycobacteria form some of the most notorious and difficult-to-treat bacterial pathogens. As a group, they are intrinsically resistant to many commonly used antibiotics, such as tetracyclines and beta-lactams. In addition to intrinsic resistances, acquired multidrug resistance has also been observed and documented in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), Mycobacterium leprae and non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). To combat multidrug resistant infections by these pathogens, innovative antimicrobials and treatment regimens are required. In this regard, linezolid, an oxazolidinone introduced for clinical use just two decades ago, was added to the therapeutic armamentarium for drug-resistant mycobacteria. It exhibits antibacterial activity by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibiting protein synthesis. Unfortunately, linezolid resistance has now been documented in MTB and NTM, in many parts of the world. Most linezolid-resistant mycobacterial strains show mutations in the ribosome or related genes, such as in the rplC, rrl and tsnR genes. Non-ribosomal mechanisms appear to be rare. One such mechanism was associated with a mutation in fadD32, which encodes a protein that plays an important role in mycolic acid synthesis. Mycobacterial efflux proteins have also been implicated in linezolid resistance. This review summarises current knowledge of genetic determinants of linezolid resistance in mycobacteria, with the aim of contributing information that could facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic approaches to overcome, delay or avoid further developments of drug resistance among these important pathogens.
[Darryl M. Wharton hugging Caroline Walker]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Photograph of Darryl M. Wharton (right) side hugging Caroline Walker (left) as they stand near the refreshment table during a cocktail reception. Wharton and Walker are there attending the 2006 Texas Daily News Association annual conference held at the Renaissance Worthington Hotel, in Fort Worth, Texas.
Methods and Results in the Study of Anxiety and Language Learning: A Review of the Literature*

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Since Scovel's review of the literature in 1978, several studies have been conducted that consider the role of anxiety in language learning. This paper examines the perspectives from which foreign language anxiety research has been conducted, the instruments that have been used, and the results that have been reported. Three approaches to the study of anxiety are identified as the trait, state, and situation specific perspectives. The instruments chosen to measure anxiety have been quite varied, with several scales specifically intended to assess foreign language anxiety. The literature to be reviewed comes from studies of children, studies that have included anxiety in models of language learning, and finally, studies that are focused directly on the role of anxiety in language learning. With the advances in theory and measurement that have been made in the past decade or so, it is anticipated that foreign language anxiety will receive much more research consideration.
Experimental study of vascular reactivity in the fingertip: An infrared thermography method

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vascular reactivity (VR) test has been proved to be an effective method to predict the risk of future cardiovascular disease. A most common technique used to study VR is to analyze the hyperemic response after an ischemia through an arterial occlusion. Current techniques to monitor hyperemic response rely on monitoring blood flow parameters. As tissue temperature is directly impacted by blood flow, in this paper, an infrared thermograph method was used to investigate the variation of fingertip temperature during VR test. Subsequently, an image processing algorithm was developed to extract the temperature of special parts of the sequential thermal images. The measured results of temporal temperature variation clearly characterized the thermal state of a subject (vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and thermoneutral) as well as perfusion. Finally, a lumped parameter thermal model was employed to explain the experimental results.
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LEAF OF DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT STAGES OF LATE SUCCESSIONAL CANOPY TREE SPECIES IN A SRI LANKAN LOWLAND RAIN FOREST

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study examined the morphological characteristics of four development stages of fourcanopy species belong to two families that have been characterized as late successional.Variations in leaf morphological characters were studied among seedlings (50 cm inheight), saplings (2 - 5.5 m height), pole size (15 - 20 m height) and mature trees (>25 mheight). Two species belong to family Clusiaceae tMesua ferrea, Mesua nagassarium) andtwo species belong to the family Dipterocarpaceae (Shorea worthington ii, Shoreamegistophylla). Sample leaves were collected from Sinharaja, a forest located in thesouthwest lowland wet zone of Sri Lanka. Morphological characters measured were leafarea, leaf length, leaf width and length of drip tip. To study these characters tenindividuals were taken for each development stage of a species. Three leaves were sampledfrom an individual and leaf length, leaf area, leaf width and length of drip tip weremeasured for each leaf.Data were analysed using a one way ANOV A and Tukey's studentised range to determinedifferences among development stages at 5% significance level. Results indicate thatsaplings of all species had the highest leaf area, leaf length and leaf width. Seedlings hadthe highest length of drip tip.This study revealed that there are morphological variations within a species of latesuccessional canopy tree species
Application of the Cognitive Load Indicator of a Graphic Element to Justify the Requirements for a Long-Range Discrimination Radar Visualization System.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The article presents the results of a study on the use of an indicator of cognitive load on the operator of a long-range discrimination (LRD) radar when interacting with the graphic element of the visualization system of the LRD radar under the influence of destructive factors. An original method for substantiating the requirements for the structure of a visualization system is proposed, based on combining the principles of the theory of engineering psychology, ergonomics, cognitive graphics, taking into account the cognitive resources of the radar operator. The technique is formalized in the form of a problem of minimizing a general criterion characterizing the efficiency of operators and their capacity for information in the “man-machine” system, taking into account the cognitive load indicator. It is shown that the use of the indicator makes it possible to justify the requirements for the structure of the visualization system, namely a graphical interface that can reduce the influence of negative factors on the operator of the radar station, especially under strict time constraints. The results of a computational experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of using the cognitive load indicator when choosing a graphic element of a visualization system are presented, demonstrating an increase in the functional characteristics of the radar operator when performing tasks.
Use of Donepezil for Vascular Dementia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The investigators evaluated donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, for vascular dementia. Eight outpatients with subcortical lesions and mild to moderate cognitive impairment received donepezil for 6 months. During this period, cognitive measures remained stable and caregivers reported improved patient activity, engagement, and self-care.
Estimating Wear Rate of Guide Vanes in High-Head Francis Turbines through Flow-Through Testing and DPM Simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The development of high-head water resources poses a significant concern due to hydro-abrasive erosion caused by entrained sediment particles. This issue is particularly prevalent in the muddy rivers of the Xinjiang region, China, where Francis turbines are commonly used. With increased soil erosion and rapid sediment transport, the erosion of Francis turbines, especially the guide vanes of high-head turbines, has become increasingly severe. The paper explores key factors that influence the erosion process caused by sediment-laden water. In addition to flow velocity and mud concentration, the properties of the sediment-laden water, such as hardness and size of sand particles, and the concentration ratio of sand particles with different hardness, also play a crucial role in the erosion process. The study is focused on analyzing the erosive effects of sediment-laden water on a high-head Francis turbine’s guide vane. The efficacy of the discrete phase model (DPM) as a simulation method for assessing wear on the guide vane is validated. This model helps analyze critical wear areas on the surface of the vane, enabling the identification of regions most severely affected by erosion due to sediment-laden water. By pinpointing these critical wear areas, the study provides valuable insights into the potential damage caused to the guide vane, thus contributing to better understanding and potential mitigation of erosion in similar turbine systems.
Flow Visualizations in a Packed Bed of Twisted Tapes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A videotape presentation of the flow field in a packed bed of 48 twisted tapes which can be simulated by very thin virtual cylinders has been assembled. The indices of refraction of the oil and the Lucite twisted tapes were closely matched, and the flow was seeded with magnesium oxide particles. Planar laser light projected the flow field in two dimensions both along and transverse to the flow axis. The flow field was three dimensional and complex to describe, yet the most prominent finding was flow threads. It appeared that axial flow spiraled along either within the confines of a virtual cylindrical boundary or within the exterior region, between the tangency points, of the virtual cylinders. Random packing and bed voids created vortices and disrupted the laminar flow but minimized the entrance effects. The flow-pressure drops in the packed bed fell below the Ergun model for porous-media flows. Single-twisted-tape results of Smithberg and Landis (1964) were used to guide the analysis. In appendix A the results of several investigators are scaled to the Ergun model. Further investigations including different geometric configurations, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) gridding, and analysis are required.
Observation of a shape-dependent density maximum in random packings and glasses of colloidal silica ellipsoids

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We have measured the random packing density of monodisperse colloidal silica ellipsoids with a well-defined shape, gradually deviating from a sphere shape up to prolates with aspect ratios of about 5, to find for a colloidal system the first experimental observation for the density maximum (at an aspect ratio near 1.6) previously found only in computer simulations of granular packings. Confocal microscopy of ellipsoid packings, prepared by rapidly quenching ellipsoid fluids via ultra-centrifugation, demonstrates the absence of orientational order and yields pair correlation functions very much like those for random sphere packings. The density maximum, about 12% above the Bernal random sphere packing density, also manifests itself as a maximum in the hydrodynamic friction that resists the swelling osmotic pressure of the ellipsoid packings. The existence of the density maximum is also predicted to strongly effect the dynamics of colloidal non-sphere glasses: slightly perturbing the sphere shape in a sphere glass will cause it to melt.
Psychiatric Drug Development in Japan

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A wide variety of drugs prescribed by psychiatrists in Western countries are not yet available in Japan. The manufacturers of these drugs are often reluctant to conduct the expensive clinical trials required by the Japanese government for their approval; they have already incurred such expenses in other countries, and the market for psychiatric drugs in Japan can be uncertain. Moreover, the Japanese clinical trial system has many methodological problems, which the government has only now started to address. An international agreement to make the results of drug trials reciprocal among participating countries would reduce costs for governments as well as drug manufacturers.
Knockdown Of TRIM31 Enhances Colorectal Cancer Radiosensitivity By Inducing DNA Damage And Activating Apoptosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hui Zhang,1,2,* Yun Deng,1&ndash;3,* Liping Liang,1,2 Lijun Shen,1,2 Ji Zhu,1,2 Yaqi Wang,1,2 Jing Zhang,1,2 Zhen Zhang1,2 1Department of Radiation Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People&rsquo;s Republic of China; 2Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People&rsquo;s Republic of China; 3Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, People&rsquo;s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Zhen ZhangDepartment of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dong An Road, Shanghai 200032, People&rsquo;s Republic of ChinaTel +86-21-64175590-5210Fax +86-21-64174774Email zhen_zhang@fudan.edu.cnPurpose: Biomarkers that predict radiosensitivity are essential for personalized radiotherapy. We performed microarray analysis for rectal cancer patients between those with good response and poor response to preoperative radiotherapy and found that patients with lower expression of tripartite motif-containing protein 31 (TRIM31) showed a better response. In this study, we confirmed the effects of TRIM31 on radiosensitivity by knockdown of TRIM31 in colorectal cancer cells.Methods and materials: Human colorectal cancer cell lines HT-29 and SW480, which are TRIM31 stably knocked-down, were used for analysis. We studied the level of DNA damage and the change of relative proteins after irradiation in TRIM31-knockdown cells. Flow cytometry was used to test for apoptosis, cell cycle stage, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels after irradiation. Cell survival was measured by cloning assay. Proteins related to DNA damage were evaluated by Western blotting.Results: The percentage of apoptotic cells and the levels of ROS were elevated, and the survival fraction was reduced in TRIM31-knockdown cells. The expression levels of the DNA damage proteins phosphorylated ataxia-telangiectasia mutation (P-ATM), DNA protein kinases (DNA-PKs), and &gamma;-H2AX were higher in TRIM31-knockdown cells.Conclusion: Knockdown of TRIM31 increases DNA damage and radiosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells.Keywords: colorectal cancer, radiosensitivity, TRIM31