jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
DHPA* and SHPA*: Efficient Hierarchical Pathfinding in Dynamic and Static Game Worlds

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In 2004, Botea et al. published the HPA* algorithm (Hierarchical Pathfinding A*), which is the first detailed study of hierarchical pathfinding in games. However, HPA* can be optimized. In this paper, we introduce the DHPA* and SHPA* hierarchical pathfinding algorithms, along with a metric for comparing the dynamic performance of pathfinding algorithms in games. We show that DHPA* searches up to an order of magnitude faster than HPA*, but consumes significantly more memory and produces slightly less optimal paths. The SHPA* algorithm searches up to five times faster than HPA* and consumes less memory, but it also produces slightly less optimal paths, and is only fit for static environments. When comparing the algorithms in dynamic environments, our results show that DHPA* often outperforms HPA*. Unlike many other hierarchical pathfinding algorithms, both solutions presented in this paper maintain a read-only terrain representation during search, which simplifies programming and debugging, and improves multithreaded performance.
Quality of life associated with oral health in smokers and non-smokers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Smoking can affect the quality of daily life, like distributing sense of smell and taste and decreasing the level of energy for exercise. In addition, smoking can affect the health of oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) associated with oral health in smokers and non-smokers.METHODS: The population under study included 300 patients who referred to dental school, offices, and clinics in Kerman, Iran. After obtaining consent, the questionnaire included demographic information and questions about smoking and its impact on people. During a dental visit, patients were asked to answer the questions of two questionnaires: EuroQol five-dimensional (EQ-5D) questionnaire and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14). Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, t-test, chi-square test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used and statistical analyses were performed by SPPS software. P < 0.05 was significant.RESULTS: In this study, 300 people were studied (134 men and 166 women). The mean age was estimated to be 35.20 ± 8.68 years (range from 20 to 78 years). 85 people (29%) were smokers. Among smokers, only 10 (11.4%) were women. The study found that people who had smoked in the past had higher EQ-5D questionnaire score than those who had not smoked so far. QOL related to oral health was lower in smokers than in non-smokers, and there was a significant relationship in this area.CONCLUSION: There was a significant relationship between age, sex, and EQ-5D scores in smokers. Moreover, oral health-related QOL (OHRQOL) in smokers was lower than non-smokers and there was a significant relationship.
Awareness through movement as a key educational task of students' physical education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the study was to clarify the views of the authors and to form in students a meaningful performance of physical exercises, awareness of the features of the rational use of motor activity in the process of physical education classes. The subject discussion of the work is the disclosure of the need to consciously use the knowledge of the development of various physical abilities in the directions of understanding motor actions and studying ways of mastering the skills of analyzing one's own physical culture. Performing work tasks through the analysis of pedagogical literature, physical culture literature and information from the Internet about the main features of the study of one's own motor capabilities makes it possible to direct the educational directions of familiarizing students with the characteristics and awareness of the rationality of performing motor actions, enriching the conscious experience of using physical culture tools. Such aspects should be considered the novelty of the research. The conclusions emphasize the views on the relevance of introducing aspects of the students' conscious perception of the methodological features of independent research into the educational process of practical physical education classes and improving the rationality of performing motor actions and implementing means of removing excess load.
Prediction of the haemostatic effects of bypassing therapy using comprehensive coagulation assays in emicizumab prophylaxis‐treated haemophilia A patients with inhibitors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary In emicizumab prophylaxis, the concomitant therapy using bypassing agents (BPAs) is required for breakthrough bleeding and invasive procedures with attention to thrombotic complications. To predict coagulant effects of BPAs in emicizumab‐treated patients with haemophilia A (PwHA) with inhibitor (PwHAwI), blood samples from emicizumab‐treated PwHAwI ( n = 8) and PwHA without inhibitor ( n = 2) in phase 1/2 and HAVEN 1 study, spiked with activated prothrombin complex concentrates (aPCC) or recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) ex vivo , and blood samples from emicizumab‐treated PwHAwI‐receiving BPAs were analysed by Ca 2+ ‐triggered rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) and ellagic acid/tissue factor‐triggered clot waveform analysis (CWA). Spiked aPCC, corresponded to 10–100 U/kg, markedly shortened ROTEM parameters beyond the normal range, while spiked rFVIIa, corresponded to 90–270 μg/kg, shortened them within near‐normal range. Each of the spiked BPA‐improved adjusted maximum coagulation velocity of CWA to within or near the normal range. In blood samples at post‐infusion of aPCC (44–73 U/kg) or rFVIIa (79–93 μg/kg), the parameters of both assays improved to approximately the normal range. Taken together, ex vivo results of spiking tests in ROTEM and CWA, except aPCC spiking test in ROTEM, were relatively consistent with in vivo ones, and could usefully predict the coagulant effects of concomitant bypassing therapy for emicizumab‐treated PwHAwI.
Simulation of the non‐isothermal flow in a twin‐screw extruder

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The paper deals with the numerical simulation and experimental validation of transport phenomena in a co‐rotating twin screw extruder. We show steady state simulations of conveying elements in a relative system and compare them with transient simulations. With the transient simulation we are able to simulate the temperature development in the twin screw extruder. The results are compared with experimental results and show good agreement. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Black–white wage differentials: duration and probability unemployment effects in a multiple of sample selection bias model

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The extent to which probability and duration of unemployment affect the black--white wage differentials is examined in this paper. The paper simultaneously incorporates in the wage equation the multiple sample selection bias that occurs as a result of individuals’ propensity to be in the labor force, and the firm’s hiring decisions. The results reveal a substantial contribution of the duration of unemployment variable to the black--white wage differential, but a small portion of the differential is explained by the probability of unemployment. The results also indicate a sizeable difference between the contribution of the duration of unemployment variable to the male’s wage differentials (26%) and to the female’s (35%). The study finds that an individual’s labor force decision as well as a firm’s hiring decision are important in the wage determination process and that failure to account for the sample selectivity bias due to these two decisions will result in either underestimating or overestimating the wage differentials between black and white workers. At the macro level, the results seem to suggest that promotion of racial wage equality should be associated with policies that will minimize blacks’ incidence of unemployment and duration of unemployment spells.
Identifying the Risk of Formation of Nitrosamines and Other Potentially Mutagenic Impurities during API Manufacture Using In Silico Risk Assessment

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Synthetic routes to drug products typically introduce several potentially mutagenic impurities (PMIs) which require controlling to a safe level in the final drug substance, generally directed by the control options within the ICH M7 guideline. These impurities are most commonly introduced due to their specific synthetic utility; however, the formation of a PMI can also occur indirectly from a combination of otherwise nonmutagenic sources, as was the case for NDMA within valsartan. Identifying these formation risks currently relies on manually assessing the synthetic route, a process requiring extensive knowledge and potentially liable to oversight. Herein we report on the development of functionality within an in silico risk assessment tool to facilitate the identification of synthetic stages which introduce the risk of formation of PMIs for industrial and/or regulatory users.
Synopsis of the Colombian species ofTityusKoch (Chelicerata, Scorpiones, Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Lourenco, Wilson R. (2000): Synopsis of the Colombian species of Tityus Koch (Chelicerata, Scorpiones, Buthidae), with descriptions of three new species. Journal of Natural History 34 (3): 449-461, DOI: 10.1080/002229300299561, URL: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/002229300299561
RAISING MERET-IT-ES: EXAMINING AND CONSERVING AN EGYPTIAN ANTHROPOID COFFIN FROM 380–250 BCE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The examination and treatment of the polychromed and gilded coffin of Meret-it-es required the participation of conservators, conservation scientists, the curator, preparators, a designer, wood scientists, and a structural engineer. Consolidation of the fragile, tented paint was done using either methyl cellulose or bulked Paraloid B-72. Space restrictions made it necessary to display the coffin upright, but x-ray radiography indicated that the aged Ficus wood has areas of potential weakness. Transmission ultrasound measurements (Sylvatest Duo, 22 kHz) were collected, and mechanical properties such as specific gravity, modulus of elasticity, and compression (parallel to the grain) of the wood were estimated to evaluate the risks from potential stress of raising the coffin upright. A Leica HDS 6000 laser and AT-901 laser tracker with T-Scan were used to capture point clouds of the inner coffin laying flat and then when raised to nearly vertical. This was done to see more precisely what movement, if any, might occur in the wood, as well as to serve as a baseline to monitor potential movement over time. This evaluation of the wood was used to engineer a minimally intrusive mount to reduce long-term stress by displaying the coffin at an incline of 5° off vertical.
Inhibition of spring viraemia of carp virus replication in an Epithelioma papulosum cyprini cell line by RNAi

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Spring viraemia of carp virus ( SVCV ) is an aetiological agent of a serious disease affecting carp farms in E urope and is a member of the R habdoviridae family of viruses. The genome of SVCV codes for five proteins: nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and RNA ‐dependent RNA polymerase (L). RNA ‐mediated interference ( RNA i) by small interfering RNA s (si RNA s) is a powerful tool to inhibit gene transcription and is used to study genes important for viral replication. In previous studies regarding another member of R habdoviridae , si RNA inhibition of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene provided in vitro and in vivo protection against rabies. In this study, synthetic si RNA molecules were designed to target SVCV ‐N and SVCV ‐P transcripts to inhibit SVCV replication and were tested in an epithelioma papulosum cyprini ( EPC ) cell line. Inhibition of gene transcription was measured by real‐time quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR ( RT ‐ qPCR ). The efficacy of using si RNA for inhibition of viral replication was analysed by RT ‐ qPCR measurement of a reporter gene (glycoprotein) expression and by virus endpoint titration. Inhibition of nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein gene expression by si RNA reduced SVCV replication. However, use of tandem si RNA s that target phosphoprotein and nucleoprotein worked best at reducing SVCV replication.
A Comparison of Machine Learning Methods and Conventional Logistic Regression for the Prediction of In-Hospital Mortality in Acute Biliary Pancreatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives For population databases, multivariable regressions are established analytical standards. The utilization of machine learning (ML) in population databases is novel. We compared conventional statistical methods and ML for predicting mortality in biliary acute pancreatitis (biliary AP). Methods Using the Nationwide Readmission Database (2010–2014), we identified patients (age ≥18 years) with admissions for biliary AP. These data were randomly divided into a training (70%) and test set (30%), stratified by the outcome of mortality. The accuracy of ML and logistic regression models in predicting mortality was compared using 3 different assessments. Results Among 97,027 hospitalizations for biliary AP, mortality rate was 0.97% (n = 944). Predictors of mortality included severe AP, sepsis, increasing age, and nonperformance of cholecystectomy. Assessment metrics for predicting the outcome of mortality, the scaled Brier score (odds ratio [OR], 0.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16–0.33 vs 0.18; 95% CI, 0.09–0.27), F-measure (OR, 43.4; 95% CI, 38.3–48.6 vs 40.6; 95% CI, 35.7–45.5), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94–0.97 vs 0.95; 95% CI, 0.94–0.96) were comparable between the ML and logistic regression models, respectively. Conclusions For population databases, traditional multivariable analysis is noninferior to ML-based algorithms in predictive modeling of hospital outcomes for biliary AP.
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum CWI 55248

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum
Common name(s): Wheat
Other names: IWA 8602312
Conserved by: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico
Local sample unique identifier: CWI 55248
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1995
Other identifiers: n/a,CWI55248, n/a,CID 177501 SID 0, n/a,PI 627405, n/a,UT277-3, n/a,GID 188252, n/a,IWA8602312
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
Optimization of Logistics Costs - the basic factor for strategic alliance with supliers in time of recession

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Temeljni cilj ove znanstvene rasprave jest istražiti mogucnosti optimizacije troskova trgovinske logistike kao jednog od temeljnih cimbenika u funkciji strateskog povezivanja s dobavljacima u uvjetima recesije. Optimizaciji troskova nabave i troskova trgovinske logistike (transportnih troskova i troskova držanja zaliha), pristupa se sustavno iz razloga sto pokusaj da se u jednom dijelu sustava postignu optimalni ucinci obicno rezultira slabijim ucincima sustava kao cjeline. Da bi se dokazala postavljena hipoteza o troskovima trgovinske logistike kao opredjeljujucem cimbeniku strateskog povezivanja s dobavljacima u uvjetima recesije primjenjene su znanstvene metode analize i sinteze, indukcije i dedukcije, metoda komparacije i metoda informatickog modeliranja. Dobivene spoznaje temelje se na analizi prakticnih poslovnih primjera i predstavljaju temeljne postavke za optimizaciju troskova trgovinske logistike i optimalan izbor dobavljaca.
Combined effects of light and temperature on growth, photosynthesis, and pigment content in the mat-forming cyanobacterium Geitlerinema amphibium

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Geitlerinema amphibium (BA-13), mat-forming cyanobacterium from the southern Baltic Sea, was grown at three irradiances [5, 65, and 125 μmol(photon) m-2 s-1] and three temperatures (15, 22.5, and 30°C). To determine the effect of the investigated factors and their interaction on culture concentration, pigment content, and photosynthetic parameters of cyanobacterium, factorial experiments and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were carried out. Both chlorophyll (Chl) a and phycobilins (PB) were influenced by the irradiance and temperature, but stronger effect was noted in the case of the former one. Chl a and PB concentration per 100 μm of filament dropped above 4-fold with the increasing irradiance. The ratios between individual carotenoids [β-carotene, zeaxanthin, and myxoxanthophyll (Myx)] and Chl a increased significantly with an increase in the irradiance. The greatest fluctuations were observed in the ratio of Myx to Chl a (above 10-fold). Thus, Myx was suggested as the main photoprotective carotenoid in G. amphibium. Based on photosynthetic light response (PI) curves, two mechanisms of photoacclimation in G. amphibium were recognized: a change of photosynthetic units (PSU) number and a change of PSU size. These two mechanisms constituted the base of significant changes in photosynthetic rate and its parameters, such as the compensation point (P C), the initial slope of photosynthetic curve (α), saturation irradiance (E K), maximal photosynthetic rate (P max), and dark respiration rate (R D). The greatest changes were observed in P C values (about 15-fold within the range of the factors tested). Studied parameters showed a wide range of changes, which might indicate G. amphibium ability to acclimatize well to irradiance and temperature, and indirectly might explain the successful growth of cyanobacterium in dynamically changing environmental conditions.
Standardization and validation of traditional siddha purification process for detoxifying Croton tiglium seeds by modern analytical methods

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Modern analytical equipment’s offers a tremendous advantage among validation of drugs from herbal origin. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is one such instrumental method that can be utilized for quantitative and qualitative identification of biologically active phytocomponents present in various herbs and its extracts. Croton tiglium (CT) seeds are widely used in the traditional system of Indian medicine like Siddha, Ayurveda and Chinese medicine as a Purgative. Seeds of CT possess certain toxic principles which have to be detoxified and purified before inclusion of the same for therapeutic ailments. Siddha system of medicine has unique method of purification without compromising the biologically active components present in the drugs. To evaluate the chemical changes being which occur due to the detoxification process to elucidate the changes which would help us to understand the difference and the scientific rationale involved in such traditional practice. Hence the main aim of the present investigation is to carry out the detailed phytochemical and sophisticated instrumental analysis of the croton seeds with HPLC and GC-MS incorporating all the stages of purification procedures as listed in the Vedic literature. The results of the study has revealed that there was a significant reduction of Phorbol, a toxic organic compound from 5.18 to 3.86% and also the saturated fatty acids like, Arachidic acid, Behenic acid, Stearic acid and Palmitic acid whereas all the un saturated fatty acids like Oleic acid, Linoleic acid seems unaltered. In conclusion the present research finding would be highly beneficial for the researchers to understand the compositional verification that happens in the process of purification and its impact on biological activity.
Effects Of Prior Warm-up Regime On Severe Intensity Cycling Performance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that prior heavy exercise would improve performance during subsequent severe intensity cycling performance, whereas prior moderate exercise would have no effect and prior sprint exercise would negatively affect performance. METHODS Following habituation to the experimental methods, 12 well-trained cyclists completed a series of 7 min performance trials, involving 2 min of constant work rate exercise at ∼90% VO2max and a further 5 min in which subjects attempted to maximise power output, both without prior intervention and 10 min following bouts of moderate, heavy or sprint exercise in a random order. Pulmonary gas exchange was measured breath-by-breath during all performance trials. RESULTS At the onset of the performance trial, baseline blood [lactate] was significantly elevated after heavy and sprint, but not moderate exercise (mean (SD): control, 1.0 (0.3) mM; moderate, 1.0 (0.2) mM; heavy, 3.0 (1.1) mM; sprint, 5.9 (1.5) mM). All three interventions significantly increased the amplitude of the primary VO2 response (control, 2.59 (0.28) L·min−1; moderate, 2.69 (0.27) L·min−1; heavy, 2.78 (0.26) L·min−1; sprint 2.78 (0.30) L·min−1). Mean power output was significantly increased by prior moderate and heavy exercise, but slightly reduced after sprint exercise (control, 330 (42) W; moderate, 338 (39) W; heavy, 339 (42) W; sprint, 324 (45) W). CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that priming exercise performed in the moderate and heavy intensity domains can improve severe intensity cycling performance by ∼2–3%, the latter condition doing so despite a mild lactacidosis being present at exercise onset.
Learning together and apart: A model of reciprocal interfirm learning

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This article reviews the processes involved in interfirm learning and identifies an alternative form of alliance in which the objective is knowledge creation, not knowledge acquisition or transfer. Grounded on theories from sociology (relational governance) and educational psychology (jigsaw), the article develops an evolutionary model in which successive learning cycles of convergence, divergence, and reorientation facilitate knowledge creation and innovation.
The contribution of Alois Alzheimer and Oskar Fischer to the understanding of Pick’s complex

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Arnold Pick described a series of cases with progressive aphasia, behavioural disorders, and dementia. The post-mortem examination revealed on macroscopy, beside diffuse brain atrophy, also circumscribed (lobar) atrophy of the temporal and/or frontal lobes. The histopathology was not provided. Such kind of cases were soon named after the author, being known for a time as ‘Pick’s disease’, coming to constitute a new nosological group. A time later after the original description, Alois Alzheimer and Oskar Fischer completed microscopic examination of similar cases, where the first author found, on silver impregnation, spheric neuronal inclusions, he named ‘argentophilic ball’ inclusions, while the second one identified complex cortical changes he named ‘spongiform cortical wasting’, and additionally a type of swollen cell that was named ‘ballooned neuron’. Such microscopic changes became the first histopathological markers of this group of diseases.
Standard Reference Materials ® Certification of the Rheological Behavior of SRM 2490, Polyisobutylene Dissolved

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Issued February 2002Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper in order to specify the experimental procedure adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the materials or equipment identified are