jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pop Culture, Politics, and the News

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract From controversies over Hollywood’s on-screen portrayals and behind-the-scenes diversity to the latest outrage over a celebrity’s public statements or private behavior, the world of pop culture now serves as the basis for political news and commentary across a wide range of outlets and from both left and right perspectives. Drawing on dozens of interviews with entertainment journalists who produce politically minded coverage as well as testimonials from audiences who share it on social media, this book argues for the importance of reframing our understanding of impactful journalism and persuasive political communication at a time when issues of identity and “culture war” have moved to the center of US public discourse. Yet although entertainment journalism must be taken seriously as a form of political communication even though it may sometimes appear frivolous on the surface, the day-to-day economic pressures of the digital news landscape can also complicate its public value. By squaring journalists’ accounts of industrial practice with critiques of hyper-commercialism, “clickbait,” and the lure of social media virality, the book highlights both the potential dangers and the potential benefits of channeling political discourse through the attention-grabbing lens of pop culture and celebrity news. In addition, it examines how audiences engage with this highly accessible and emotionally resonant form of journalism on social media and use it as a resource for political expression and discussion, raising important questions about how it may serve as a bridge to public issue engagement as well as a potential distraction from on-the-ground political concerns.
Thyroid Function Abnormalities in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The function of the thyroid gland is one of the most important in the human body as it regulates the majority of the body's physiological actions. The thyroid produces hormones (T3 and T4) that have many actions including metabolism, development, protein synthesis, and the regulation of many other important hormones. There is a lot of interaction between the kidney and thyroid gland during the disease States thyroid hormones have a major role in regulating the glomerular filtration rate through its hormonal actions in normal physiology. But these things are altered in the disease States such as chronic kidney disease. It is a well-known fact that hypothyroidism causes decreased Glomerular filtration rate whereas hyperthyroidism causes increased Glomerular filtration rate leading to renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation. In our study we aim to see the prevalence of low T3 syndrome in different stages of CKD which is a state of physiological benefit in preserving the proteins lost through the Kidneys in CKD patients and since CKD is progressed in hyperthyroidism state it is a protective mechanism in restoring the CKD status. Other subclinical hypothyroidism hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune hypothyroidism. Glomerulonephritis are all part of a dynamic endocrine and nephrology sequence. Thorough knowledge of these is required for optimum treatment of thyroid in CKD patients.
A Novel Zero Sequence Current Suppression Scheme for Open-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Model-Free Control

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In open-winding permanent magnet synchronous motors (OW-PMSMs) with a single dc bus, zero sequence current (ZSC) would cause unwanted power loss and negatively affect stability of the system, so it should be addressed. In this article, an improved control scheme is proposed, which can maintain good ZSC performance under varying conditions and reduce the switching action times synchronously. First, an extended state observer that can predict the next instant ZSC and calculate the next instant desired zero sequence voltage (ZSV) is established. In this process, the model-free control principle is applied, which overcomes the problem of dependence on the zero-sequence loop parameters. Second, to reduce the switching frequency in traditional equal distribution modulation strategy, a novel modulation method is illustrated. Zero voltage vector is avoided, and the dwell time of active voltage vectors is redistributed to generate the desired ZSV. As a result, the times of switching actions has reduced from 12 to 8, and this reduction in switching actions is accompanied by effective suppression of ZSC. Finally, to test the effectiveness of the proposed method, several experimental results obtained using existing methods and the proposed method are presented.
Philippines – Taxes on Distilled Spirits:Like Products and Market Definition

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper provides a legal–economic analysis of the Appellate Body decision in Philippines – Taxes on Distilled Spirits ( Philippines–Spirits ). In Philippines–Spirits , the Panel and the Appellate Body had an opportunity to consider again the scope of ‘like products’ and of ‘directly competitive or substitutable products’ under Article III:2 of GATT. The Panel and Appellate Body followed the Border Tax Adjustments factors in order to determine whether the products were sufficiently similar. The Appellate Body explicitly extended its jurisprudence from other areas of Article III to a like-products determination under the first sentence of Article III:2: this analysis is to be focused on the degree of competition between the imported and domestic products. We observe that the effect of different taxation on domestic products is affected by the degree of substitution between products as well as competitive conditions, whereas the Appellate Body seems to focus on the former and ignore the latter. We also question some of the Panel and Appellate Body interpretations of the evidence regarding the degree of substitution between products. Overall, we find that even if there may be a segment in which foreign and domestic products compete, the reported evidence in this case would seem to be consistent with the view that for the bulk of the market, foreign and domestic items are distant substitutes. Putting aside the jurisprudence, a methodologically sound finding regarding substitution (and competition) seems necessary, but not sufficient, for a finding of inefficient discrimination. In order to find inefficient discrimination, there must also be a finding that the nonprotectionist benefits that may arise from the national regulation are not sufficient to justify the discriminatory action, otherwise, rational regulation that is globally efficient might be invalidated, inappropriately restricting the national right to regulate. In the present case, the Philippines articulated no nonprotectionist rationale for its distinctions. Existing WTO jurisprudence in this area prior to the Appellate Body decision in US–Clove Cigarettes (in the context of Article 2.1 of the technical barriers to trade agreement) has only hinted at the additional focus on the justificatory role of nonprotectionist regulatory benefits, yet an explicit and appropriately contextualized reference to the nonprotectionist rationale, if any, of regulation seems to be a necessary part of decision-making.
Alfred Tarski

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Alfred Tarski first met Kurt Gödel on the occasion of his visit to Vienna early in 1930, at the invitation of Karl Menger. Their subsequent contact, both personal and by mail, which begins with a letter to Tarski from Gödel in 1931, extended at least to 1970; the relationship between them over this entire period is traced in S. Feferman 1999. The entire collection, whose sole source is the Gödel Nachlaß, consists of 22 items, of which five are from Gödel to Tarski (not all of which were sent). Following the first letter, there is nothing more until 1942; from then until 1944, all but one of the letters and cards from Tarski are of a personal nature, and so are not included here. Moreover, up until that date all the correspondence is in German; from 1945 it is all in English. The complete correspondence from Tarski to Gödel from 1942 to 1947 has been translated and edited by Jan Tarski, and has been published as Tarski 1999. After 1947, there were only three letters between them. The first, from Gödel to Tarski in 1961, is reproduced below. The second and third, from May 1970, concern the manuscript *1970a that
Infrastructure Constraints and Investment Needs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Identifies infrastructure constraints in various sectors and proposes strategies for addressing gaps in investment. For Sri Lanka's economy to grow, the impact of infrastructure constraints must be addressed. But solutions cannot be piecemeal and product-specific; rather, a sector-wide approach is needed to improve competitiveness and create more livable cities and productive employment. In the transportation sector, for example, Sri Lanka has one of the densest road networks in the world, but these roads are poorly maintained and often poorly designed. Airports are not well-integrated with other modes of transportation such as roads, railways, and buses. Ports are heavily unionized and costly to use. Suggestions for addressing such challenges include: using a benchmarking model to determine the percentage of GDP that should be invested in the transport sector; adopting a "principle of inclusion" to guide expansion of infrastructure services in post-conflict areas; and adopting a "principle of connectivity" to assist in fostering economic growth in the country as a whole.
A Lattice Chiral Gauge Theory with Multifermion Couplings

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Analyzing an $SU_L(2)$-chiral gauge theory with external multifermion couplings, we find a possible scaling region where doublers decouple by acquiring chiral-invariant masses and $ψ_R$ is free mode owing to the $ψ_R$-shift-symmetry, the chiral continuum theory of $ψ^i_L$ can be defined. This is not in agreement with the general belief of the failure of theories so constructed .
Evaluating Catalytic Fixed‐Bed Reactors for Dry Reforming of Methane with Detailed CFD

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A rigorous modeling of catalytic fixed‐bed reactors with spherical and non‐spherical particles is presented. The spatially resolved randomly distributed particles allow a comprehensive description of the interstitial flow. The detailed fluid dynamics are coupled with a detailed reaction mechanism of the heterogeneous dry reforming of methane (DRM). Three different kinds of particles of typical industrial dimensions are evaluated under characteristic reaction conditions toward conversions and yields of the DRM. It was found that the fixed bed consisting of cylindrical particles shows the highest conversions and yields. On the contrary, the one‐hole cylinder packing exhibits a low performance. With this modeling transport phenomena inside fixed beds can be fully addressed and finally, a substantial quantitative comparison between different packings is possible.
Discovery of a novel neurophysin-associated neuropeptide that triggers cardiac stomach contraction and retraction in starfish

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Summary Feeding in starfish is a remarkable process in which the cardiac stomach is everted over prey and then retracted when prey tissue has been resorbed. Previous studies have revealed that SALMFamide-type neuropeptides trigger cardiac stomach relaxation and eversion in the starfish Asterias rubens. We hypothesised, therefore, that a counteracting neuropeptide system controls cardiac stomach contraction and retraction. Members of the NG peptide family cause muscle contraction in other echinoderms (e.g. NGFFFamide in sea urchins and NGIWYamide in sea cucumbers), so we investigated NG peptides as candidate regulators of cardiac stomach retraction in starfish. Generation and analysis of neural transcriptome sequence data from Asterias rubens revealed a precursor protein comprising two copies of a novel NG peptide, NGFFYamide, which was confirmed by mass spectrometry. A noteworthy feature of the NGFFYamide precursor is a C-terminal neurophysin domain, indicative of a common ancestry with vasopressin/oxytocin-type neuropeptide precursors. Interestingly, in precursors of other NG peptides the neurophysin domain has been retained (e.g. NGFFFamide) or lost (e.g. NGIWYamide and human neuropeptide S) and its functional significance remains to be determined. Investigation of the pharmacological actions of NGFFYamide in starfish revealed that it is a potent stimulator of cardiac stomach contraction in vitro and that it triggers cardiac stomach retraction in vivo. Thus, discovery of NGFFYamide provides a novel insight on neural regulation of cardiac stomach retraction as well as a rationale for chemically based strategies to control starfish that feed on economically important shellfish (e.g. mussels) or protected marine fauna (e.g. coral).
Hemoglobinopathy as a Rare Differential Disease for Low Oxygen Saturation by Pulse Oximetry: A Case Report and Literature Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pulse oximetry is used to screen for respiratory failure in dyspnea patients. However, pulse oximetry can yield false-positive results in certain situations. Unstable hemoglobinopathy is a disease in which mutations in the globin-encoding gene result in abnormal globin chain production, causing low percutaneous oxygen saturation (SpO2) levels due to changes in hemoglobin absorbance and oxygen affinity. We identified a new family lineage of Hb Hirosaki in an adult patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, dyspnea, and low SpO2. According to our literature review, only a few cases of unstable hemoglobinopathy have been reported in adults. Most patients with unstable hemoglobinopathy are asymptomatic, and those with dyspnea often have respiratory diseases or severe anemia. To differentiate unstable hemoglobinopathy, an appropriate assessment of the discrepancy between SpO2 values and arterial blood gas analysis results is important.
Quantitative intravascular near-infrared fluorescence imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cardiac arrest caused by the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is one of the main causes of death in the western world. Intravascular near-infrared fluorescence (iNIRF) imaging can be used to detect plaques at high risk of rupture, utilizing a catheter that delivers laser light to excite fluorochromes specific to molecules produced by inflammation and other biological processes associated with plaque formation. One significant feature of iNIRF imaging is its capability to image through blood. However, because of the absorption and scattering of photons caused by red blood cells, fluorescence intensity detected through blood is dependent on the distance between the fluorescent source and the detector, thus preventing quantitative imaging. Moreover, the scattering of photons through blood causes the imaging resolution to degrade as a function of distance, in addition to the blur introduced by the imaging system's point spread function. Here we consider two hybrid approaches whereby structural information of the imaged vessel, acquired from co-registered intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), is employed to correct for variations in the distance between fiber-tip and vessel wall and to improve the imaging resolution.
[Cyclophosphamide induced amenorrhoea in pre-menopausal women with systemic lupus erythematosus].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ovarian failure developed in 15.8% of our patients. As described in the literature, the age at cyc initiation appears to be a determinant risk factor. Pregnancy may occur during cyc therapy, and thus, an effective contraception is mandatory. After cyc withdrawal, pregnancy is possible with a favourable outcome.
Numerical modeling and simulation of fibre-Bragg grating based devices for all-optical communication network

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We present a numerical model and simulated results of fibre Bragg grating based WDM system. The proposed devices posses a significant improved wavelength conversion efficiency as compared to its AWG companion. Also, we present a FBG based dispersion comparator for an optical network. The device offers significantly improved bandwidth utilization and dispersion linearity over conventional designs. In our simulation, which took into account different sets of wavelength, the response of the device and dispersion compensation levels were studied. Also, we have shown a periodically modulated dispersion profile in the process of dispersion compensation
Essence, Modality, and Identity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In an article forthcoming in MIND, Jessica Leech (2020) raises a challenge for essentialists about metaphysical modality, who claim that facts about the essences of things account for all facts about what holds with metaphysical necessity. Suppose that Plato is necessarily human. Then according to the standard version of the view (cf. Fine 1994, 1995; Hale 2002, 2013), there is some fact about the essences of things—perhaps it is the fact that being human is part of what it is to be Plato—which accounts for the fact that he must be human. But if so, Leech writes, it may be reasonably asked why one should agree that whatever is essential is also necessary: 'Why, just because […] Plato is essentially human, should it therefore be the case that Plato is necessarily human?' (p. 3, emphasis in original) The answer cannot be that part of...
Microtubules: Are They Involved in the Initiation of Lymphocyte Activation?

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Purified human blood lymphocytes were stimulated with concanavalin A or phytohemagglutinin. DNA synthesis was measured with 2-h pulses of [3H]thymidine between 48 h and 73 h after stimulation. Colchicine, at concentrations between 0.1 muM and 10 muM, suppressed consequent DNA synthesis without affecting viability of the cells when added at any time up to 18 h before incorporation of [3H]thymidine was assessed. In concanavalin-A-stimulated lymphocytes, removal of the mitogen by methyl alpha-mannoside only prevented proliferation when added initially, but was without any effect when added after 20 h of stimulation, regardless of when DNA synthesis was measured. Thus, there was a period after 20 h of concanavalin A stimulation, when DNA synthesis was still sensitive to colchicine, but no longer required the presence of the mitogen. Colchicine also suppressed incorporation of [3H]leucine into protein, in resting as well as mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes. Similarly, colchicine decreased amino acid transport, as determined by uptake of alpha-amino-isobutyrate, which appeared to be the rate-limiting step in the incorporation of amino acids into protein in colchicine-treated cells. When the rate of protein synthesis was followed by the relative distribution of ribosomal particles, especially the increase of polysomes in activated lymphocytes, colchicine was without any detectable effect. The early increase in the incorporation of [14C]oleate into phospholipids was identical in the presence or absence of the microtubule-active drug. The data strongly suggest that microtubules are not involved in the initiation of lymphocyte growth or mitogenesis.
D-dimer Level and Diabetes in the COVID-19 Infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Diabetes is the most common of comorbidity in patients with SARS-COV-2 pneumonia. Coagulation abnormalities with D-dimer levels are increased in this disease. Objectifs We aimed to compare the levels of D-dimer in diabetic and non-diabetic patients with COVID 19. A link between D-dimer and mortality has also been established. Materials A retrospective study was carried out at the University Hospital Center of Oujda (Morocco) from November 01st to December 01st, 2020. Our study population was divided into two groups: a diabetic group and a second group without diabetes to compare clinical and biological characteristics between the two groups. In addition, the receiver operator characteristic curve was used to assess the optimal D-dimer cut-off point for predicting mortality in diabetics. Results 201 confirmed-COVID-19-patients were included in the final analysis. The median age was 64 (IQR 56-73), and 56% were male. Our study found that D-dimer levels were statistically higher in diabetic patients compared to non-diabetic patients. (1745 vs 845 respectively, P = 0001). D-dimer level > 2885 ng/mL was a significant predictor of mortality in diabetic patients with a sensitivity of 71,4% and a specificity of 70,7%. Conclusion Our study found that diabetics with COVID-19 are likely to develop hypercoagulation with a poor prognosis.
Numerical Investigation of Energy Dissipation and Hydraulic Performance of Slotted Roller Buckets with a Different Teeth Configuration

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The issue of scouring downstream of dams is one of the main topics that must be considered in the hydraulic design of structures.The enormous energy carried by the flow during spillway discharge, if not controlled, can cause severe erosion in the downstream area of the dam.To reduce the amount of scouring, it is necessary to examine the flow hydraulics and reduce turbulent energy and velocity in the flow direction while increasing the velocity in perpendicular directions to the flow, which leads to increased mixing.This can be achieved by using energy dissipators to reduce scouring.This study examines the roller bucket and the displacement of its teeth.In this manner, a roller bucket with zigzag teeth is used.The bucket and spillway were constructed using AutoCAD software and tested in FLOW-3D software to determine the modified hydraulics compared to aligned teeth.The results showed that the implemented changes decreased energy and velocity in the flow direction and increased the velocity perpendicular to the flow.It is evident that these results can reduce scouring in the downstream area of the bucket. .
The Ethics of Belief: Fideism and Pragmatism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The final chapter shows that Kierkegaard discusses the ethics of belief, that is the normativity that governs the formation, maintenance, and relinquishment of beliefs. Kierkegaard is a clear nonevidentialist concerning religious belief, since he denies that justified religious belief requires sufficient evidence (indeed, such evidence is impossible). Still, the widespread fideist reading of Kierkegaard, which takes belief to involve a self-constituting leap of faith, is challenged by a pragmatist reading, which takes belief to be justified by normative practical reasons instead. By examining different interpretations and different primary sources, the chapter concludes that the ignored pragmatist reading is highly promising both textually and philosophically. Despite appearances (and long-standing interpretative traditions), Kierkegaard does offer justificatory practical reasons for religious belief. Still, an element of fideism remains, since divine revelation seems to constitute itself supernaturally at least in part, although this does not amount to a blind leap of faith.