jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Crowdsourcing Rural Data Collection

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The rise of geospatial information on popular websites and its comparative lack in rural areas prompted the pilot project described here to apply crowdsourcing techniques to community mapping. The 3-month project yielded many valuable lessons to apply to future endeavors, but did not yield enough point-of-interest (POI) data to merit an analysis of its accuracy. Results were disappointing in that few POIs were collected, despite participants' initial enthusiasm and hours of training. Key questions for the future are the following. Is it feasible to sustain volunteer-based community mapping efforts in rural areas? And, if so, what kind of incentives should be offered?
An Analysis of Predictors of Mental Health Stigma in Ontario Municipal Police Service Members

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Mental health stigma refers to negative attitudes held by society and individuals about mental illness. The adverse effects of both public and self-stigma affect an individual's quality of life and can be a barrier to care. Police service members are at particular risk of mental illness and especially likely to have negative attitudes of mental illness. Our research team has emailed a questionnaire assessing mental health in Ontario Municipal Police. In this study we will analyze the data in order to answer several research questions regarding stigma and mental health in police populations. What are the predictors of mental health stigma? We hypothesize age, gender, years on the force, and size of the department are predictors. Do individuals with a known clinical diagnosis, with a mental illness they are unaware of, or with no diagnosis at all, show the highest levels of stigma? We hypothesize individuals aware of their diagnosis will show significantly higher levels of stigma, followed by individuals with a mental illness they are unaware of. We will also assess reasons behind unwillingness to seek help; we predict stigma will be a significant reason. Finally, we will answer whether police show more stigma around a physical injury or a mental illness. We believe they will show more stigma toward a mental illness. By identifying predictors of stigma in police our research can help identify groups of people for whom education based interventions will be most effective, and increase the chances of these individuals seeking help.
Differentiation of Hepatic Focal Nodular Hyperplasia and Hepatic Hemangioma by Ultrasound

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose:The purpose of the study was to investigate the value of two- and three-dimensional ultrasound in differential diagnosis of hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia(FNH) and hepatic hemangioma (HCH).Methods: Fifty-seven patients with 72 lesions were selected in the study. All the lesions were confirmed by either pathology after operation, biopsy or enhanced CT/MRI. The lesions included 13 FNH lesions in 13 patients and 59 HCH lesions in 44 patients. All patients were examined by two- and three-dimensional ultrasound. The values of PSV, RI and VI were recorded.Results: Hepatic FNH and HCH had characteristic findings on gray scale images respectively. The flow velocity of FNH was higher than that of HCH. The value of VI of FNH group measured by three-dimensional ultrasound was higher than that of HCH group. Conclusion: The VI of lesions can be investigated by three-dimensional ultrasound. The characteristic of VI of FNH and HHE can be used to differentiate between them.The FNH and HCH can be diagnosed by both the features of two- and three-dimensional ultrasound.
Effects of short hairpin RNA targeting FOXP3 gene on proliferation and apoptosis of glioma cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective
To investigate the effects of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) gene on the proliferation and apoptosis of human glioma cells U87 and LN229.

Methods
4 plasmids containing different sequences of shRNA targeting FOXP3 gene and 1 plasmids containing random sequences were transfected into human glioma U87 cells and LN229 cells mediated by Lipofectamine 2000. The expression of FOXP3 protein was detected by Western blot to screen the most effective shRNA plasmid. The cell proliferation and apoptosis were detected by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively.

Results
At 72 h after transfection, the expression of FOXP3 protein was most obviously suppressed by shRNA-1 sequence compared with other shRNA sequences. The CCK-8 assay results showed that the proliferation rates of U87 cell and LN229 cell tranfected with shRNA-1 plasmid were (122.00±4.32)% and (118.36±2.49)% at 72 h, respectively, which were significantly higher than that transfected with neg-shRNA plasmid (neg-shRNA group) and the non-transfection group (control group) (P<0.05). At 72 h after transfection, the apoptosis rates of U87 cell and LN229 cell in shRNA-1 group were (7.03±3.36)% and (9.40±2.51)%, respectively, which were decreased significantly compared with those of the neg-shRNA group(17.70±4.39)% and (22.63±1.86)%, and the control group (16.57±2.30)% and(21.67±1.93)% (P<0.05).

Conclusions
The shRNA targeting FOXP3 gene could efficiently inhibit the gene expression and hence it could significantly inhibit the apoptosis of glioma cells and promote cell proliferation.

Key words:
Glioma; Forkhead box P3; Apoptosis; Proliferation
TWO STONE CROSSES FROM THE COLLECTION OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF THE REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Research into the hybrid and syncretic cults of the Black Sea Adyghe-Shapsugs inevitably faces the issue of interpretation of the prayer crosses-jors as ritual elements of a bygone tradition. These crosses come in three forms: T-shaped, Y-shaped, and Byzantine-Caucasian Christian. The first and last types have been documented since at least the 18th century through travelers’ descriptions. The T-shaped variant, however, is only mentioned in texts, while almost all drawings depict Byzantine-Caucasian Christian crosses. Y-shaped crosses were identified by researchers in the 1930s during ethnographic expeditions. Initially, they were simplistically categorized as “pagan fetishes” due to the political context, leading to their neglect in museum storage and academic study for many years. A revised interpretation provides a fresh perspective on the prayer crosses-jors. This article explores various interpretations of their symbolism within the sacred narratives of folk Christianity, which have been preserved in the culture of the Black Sea Adyghe-Shapsugs. Additionally, the article offers a new interpretation of the well-known tapshi staff among the Circassians (Adyghe), which had been erroneously identified as a cross-jor. The author draws on samples of crosses-jors stored in the MAE RAS and photographs taken in 1939 by Evgeny Shilling and Sergey Tokarev in the Black Sea Shapsugia. These photographs are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time with the permission of the MAE RAS.
Prediction of maize yield under future water availability scenarios using the AquaCrop model

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY The water driven crop growth model AquaCrop was evaluated for predicting the yield of kharif maize (i.e. maize sown in the monsoon season) under future water availability scenarios. Future climatic data were generated using the climate data generator ClimGen, which was parameterized using 37 years (1972–2008) of historical data relating to the study area. The climatic data generated were used first in the CROPWAT model to estimate the irrigation schedule, which was then used in the validated AquaCrop model to predict grain yield for future years. Rainfall estimates generated by ClimGen for 2012 (739 mm) and 2014 (625 mm) resulted in yields of 1600 and 5670 kg/ha, respectively, under rainfed situation during these 2 years with full fertilization levels. This variation may be attributed to the depths of rainfall events and their distribution during the entire growing season in general and sensitive growth stages in particular pertaining to the same sowing date (22 July) in both years. Nonetheless, the use of ClimGen, CROPWAT and AquaCrop models can be standardized as a model-linking protocol to estimate future maize yield and irrigation water requirements for sustainable production and as an adaptation measure to climate change.
Copper(I)-Catalyzed Dearomative (3 + 2) Cycloaddition of 3-Nitroindoles with Propargylic Nucleophiles: An Access to Cyclopenta[b]indolines

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The copper(I)-catalyzed dearomatization of 3-nitroindoles with propargylic nucleophiles is described. In mild reaction conditions, this original dearomative (3 + 2) cycloaddition process gives access to a wide variety of cyclopenta[b]indolines in good to excellent yields, with high functional group tolerance. The proof of concept that an enantioselective version of this reaction is accessible by employing chiral phosphorous ligands was obtained. A mechanism proposal is given based on kinetic studies.
Inklúzia nepočujúceho žiaka do vyučovania telesnej a športovej výchovy z pohľadu žiakov základnej školy a gymnázia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The research aimed to find out and compare the attitudes of able-bodied primary and high school students toward including deaf peers in physical and sports education classes. The research sample consisted of 443 able-bodied students, 232 of whom were students at primary school with an average age of 13.24±1.12 years and 211 were students at the high school with an average age of 16.87±1.15 years. To collect research data, we used the standardized questionnaire CAIPE-R, which was modified to include students with hearing impairment (?=0.713). We found that students at both primary and high schools hold rather positive attitudes in social interactions with a deaf pupil in physical and sports education classes (3.27±0.52 points), and rather negative attitudes towards modifications of the rules of sports games (2.39±0.65 points). In the conclusions of the research, we declare that primary school students hold significantly more positive attitudes towards the inclusion of deaf pupils in physical and sports education classes than high school students (U=21726, p=0.04*), especially in modifications of the rules of sports games for the deaf peers (U=20761; p=0.01**).
Complementary Feeding and Growth in Infants Born Preterm: A 12 Months Follow-Up Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Evidences demonstrated that timing of weaning influences long-term growth in full term infants. However, studies on preterm infants are still lacking, and the international guidelines are focused only on healthy full-term newborn, without consensus for preterms. We aimed at evaluating, in a cohort study, the consequences of different timing of weaning on auxological outcomes up to 12 months of corrected age in a population of neonates born with gestational age < 32 weeks or birth weight < 1500 g. We divided the enrolled neonates in two cohorts according to the timing of weaning: (i) Early Weaning: introduction of complementary food before 6 months of corrected age; (ii) Late Weaning: complementary food introduced after 6 months of corrected age. Growth parameters (weight, length, body mass index, and ponderal index) were measured at 12 months of life. The two groups were statistically comparable for baseline clinical characteristics, and differences on growth parameters were not reported between the two study groups. These results were confirmed in linear and binary logistic regression multivariate models. Timing of weaning is not related to growth of preterm newborns in the first 12 months of corrected age. Studies are needed to reach consensus for the appropriate nutritional approach for preterm babies after discharge.
Determination of sperm acrosin activity for evaluation of male fertility

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: To investigate a simple method for assaying acrosin activity for the evaluation of male fertility. Methods:The acrosin activity of 7.5 × 10~6 sperm without seminal plasma and acrosin activity inhibitors was assayed using N-α-benzoyl-DL-arginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) and detergent (Triton X-100) as substrate. Results: The acrosin ac-tivity of 60 normal fertile men (35 ± 10 μIU/10~6 sperm ) was higher than that of 168 infertile men ( 16 ± 8 μIU/10~6sperm) (P 0.01). It was indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between the acrosin activity andthe sperm motility ( r ≥ 0.6534, P 0.01) and a significant negative correlation between the sperm malformed rateand the WBC number ( r ≤ -0.5426, P 0.01). The temperature and time of incubation and the sperm concentrationcould influence the assay results. Conclusion: Acrosin activity is an important index for the evaluation of male fer-tility. The approach developed by the authors is a simple method for the determination of acrosin activity.
Journal of Pharmacy Research Vol.1.Issue 1. July-September 2008 Effect of Different Viscosity Grades of HPMC on Drug Release Profile

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In this study, different grades of hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) were used to develop floating microspheres of Cefpodoxime Proxetil in order to demonstrate the effect of different viscosities on drug release profile. The Cefpodoxime Proxetil microspheres were prepared by non aqueous solvent evaporation method using different grades of HPMC such as HPMC K15M ( 15cps), HPMCK4M(4000cps), HPMC100LV(100cps) and ethyl cellulose. The prepared microspheres were characterized by polymer compactibility (FTIR Scan), percentage yield, Buoyancy percentage, Drug Entrapment Efficiency (DEE) and invitro drug release was performed by USP Apparatus type I. The prepared floating microspheres were found to produce the percentage yield of 50.5-72.21%, Drug Entrapment Efficiency of 14.1-28.2%, Buoyancy percentage of 70.1-88.25 % and drug release of microspheres of 65.09-101.88%. The better drug release profile was found to be with formulation (F A2) with drug:polymer ratio of 1:2, HPMC 15cps showed much significant increase in the drug release while comparing with the other two grades of HPMC. Key Words: Floating microspheres, Cefpodoxime Proxetil, HPMC K15,HPMC K4M,HPMC K 100, in vitro release studies, bioavailability.
Glucocorticoids Improves Pregnancy Rate and Outcome in Woman With Unexplained Positive Autoantibody: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: The effect of glucocorticoids (GCs) therapy for women with unexplained positive autoantibody is under debate. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to evaluate whether GCs administration can improve the pregnancy outcome of this population.Methods: A meta-analysis based on a systematic review of PubMed, Embase, EBSCO, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, until January 2021, was used to evaluate pregnancy outcome of GCs treatment for women with unexplained recurrent fetal loss or infertility whose autoantibody positive, but does not meet any classification criteria for autoimmune diseases.Results: We found GCs treatment improved clinical pregnancy rate (RR 2.19, 95% CI 1.64 to 2.92) and live birth rate (RR 1.92, 95% CI 1.17 to 3.16), especially when started GCs administration before pregnancy (clinical pregnancy rate: RR 2.30, 95% CI 1.58 to 3.34; live birth rate: RR 2.30, 95% CI 1.58 to 3.34). However, no effect of GCs on miscarriage rate was found (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.02) regardless of time of drug administration.Conclusions: Our systematic review and meta-analysis surports the rational use of GCs in women with unexplained positive autoantibody.
Using Economics for Sustainability, Efficient Management, and Conflict Resolution in Water

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

L'eau est généralement une ressource considérée uniquement en termes de quantité. Elle est estimée en termes de consummation et d'approvisionnement de manière à établir un équilibre. Lorsque cet équilibre est rompu ou lorsqu'apparaît une pénurie, les alarmes sont déclenchées et de l'ingénierie ou des solutions politiques sont recherchées en vue de trouver des sources supplémentaires. Les contentieux sur l'eau sont généralement pensés de cette manière. Deux ou plusieurs parties ayant des revendications aux mêmes sources d'eau sont considérées comme jouant un jeu à somme nulle. L'eau qu'obtient l'une des parties n'est tout simplement pas disponible pour les autres, de sorte que le gain d'une partie est considérée comme une perte pour l'autre. Mais il y a une autre façon de penser les problèmes d'eau et les conflits de l'eau qui prenne en compte les droits de propriété sur l'eau et les usages de l'eau, une façon qui peut conduire à la résolution des différends et au développement durable, à la gestion optimale de l'eau.
Offering a Randomized Mai of Intensive Therapy for IDDM to Adolescents: Reasons for refusal, patient characteristics, and recruiter effects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE To identify reasons adolescents refuse to participate in a randomized trial of intensive therapy (IT) for IDDM, to describe the patient characteristics of those who consent and those who refuse to participate, and to examine recruiter effects on trial participation rates. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 99 adolescents, age 11–18 years, were provided with the results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and approached for possible study participation by two nurse recruiters. Adolescents refusing the trial were administered a semi-structured interview to describe reasons for study refusal; responses were recorded and later coded into categories. Patient characteristics of consenters and refusers were collected and compared. The differential enrollment rates of the two nurse recruiters were also compared. RESULTS A total of 56 patients (∼57%) agreed to participate; 43 refused. The four most common reasons for study refusal were 1) increased clinic visits (42%), 2) increased insulin injections (30%), 3) increased frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) (28%), and 4) transportation difficulties (19%). Concerns about randomization to an unwanted treatment condition and fears of hypoglycemia or weight gain were rarely cited. Consenters and refusers did not differ in demographic characteristics, disease status, or family composition. Large differences were found between the two nurse recruiters: one experienced a 60% refusal rate, while the other experienced a 27% refusal rate. CONCLUSIONS Issues of convenience (increased clinic visits, transportation difficulties) and concerns about the demands of IT (increased injections and SMBG) were the predominant reasons for trial refusal. Patient characteristics did not differentiate consenters from refusers. However, recruiters differed greatly in study refusal rates, suggesting that provider behavior may be an important but understudied aspect of adolescent acceptance of randomized trials in general and IT in particular.
Greetings from a Triparental Planet

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In this work of speculative science, scientists from a distant star system explain the emergence and consequences of triparentalism, when three individuals are required for sexual reproduction, which is the standard form of mating on their home world. The report details the evolution of their reproductive system--that is, the conditions under which triparentalism and three self-avoiding mating types emerged as advantageous strategies for sexual reproduction. It also provides an overview of the biological consequences of triparental reproduction with three mating types, including the genetic mechanisms of triparental reproduction, asymmetries between the three mating types, and infection dynamics arising from their different mode of sexual reproduction. The report finishes by discussing how central aspects of their society, such as short-lasting unions among individuals and the rise of a monoculture, might have arisen as a result of their triparental system.
Response of Sorghum Cultivar’s to Nitrogen Levels on Yield, Water Productivity, Stover Nutritive Value Traits and Economic Benefits to Crop-Livestock Farmers in the Semi-Arid Areas of Zimbabwe

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An experiment was conducted at Matopos Research Station, Southern Zimbabwe to determine the response of improved sorghum cultivars to nitrogen application rate on two different soil types. Two sweet sorghum cultivars, E36-1 and PVK801 and one grain sorghum variety, Macia were evaluated on clay and sandy soils at 0 (farmers practice), 9 (micro-dosing) and 69 (recommended) kg Nha-1. They were evaluated for yield, water productivity, stover nutritional quality traits and economic benefits. On clay soil, stover yield and water productivity varied significantly (p<0.05) across cultivars and nitrogen application rates. The cultivars’ stover yield and water productivity were in the order of E36-1 = PVK801>Macia. On sandy soil, cultivars varied significantly (p<0.05) for grain yield and water productivity while nitrogen application rates varied significantly (p<0.05) for grain and stover yield and water productivity. Clay soil stover Metabolisable Energy (ME) concentration and in vitro organic digestibility (IOMD %) were in the order of E36-1 = PVK 801>Macia. The gross margin analysis revealed that higher returns were observed with sweet sorghum cultivars. Sweet sorghum cultivars in combination with higher nitrogen application rates bring more returns to farmers through higher yields, water productivity, improved stover nutritional quality and livelihoods in crop-livestock production systems of semi-arid areas of Zimbabwe.
Modulation of grape wine flavor via the sequential inoculation of Williopsis saturnus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of the inoculum ratio of Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus NCYC22 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus EC-1118 at 1:200 and 1:800 on the chemical and volatile compositions of grape wine were studied in sequential fermentation. The grape juice was first inoculated with Williopsis (W.) saturnus for 9 d; thereafter, Saccharomyces (S.) cerevisiae was inoculated to continue the fermentation until d 19. The cell population of W. saturnus disappeared by d 13, with S. cerevisiae dominating until the end of the fermentation in both inoculum ratios. The changes in yeast count, pH, total soluble solids, sugars, organic acids, and amino acids were similar between the two inoculum ratios. A range of volatile compounds was formed, including alcohols, esters, fatty acids, aldehydes, and terpenes. There were significant differences between both inoculum ratios for medium-chain fatty acids (C8, C10, and C12), ethyl esters of fatty acids of C6, C10, C12, and C14 as well as isoamyl octanoate, while other volatiles were statistically the same.
Graphene Anchored with Co3O4 Nanoparticles as Anode of Lithium Ion Batteries with Enhanced Reversible Capacity and Cyclic Performance

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We report a facile strategy to synthesize the nanocomposite of Co(3)O(4) nanoparticles anchored on conducting graphene as an advanced anode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries. The Co(3)O(4) nanoparticles obtained are 10-30 nm in size and homogeneously anchor on graphene sheets as spacers to keep the neighboring sheets separated. This Co(3)O(4)/graphene nanocomposite displays superior Li-battery performance with large reversible capacity, excellent cyclic performance, and good rate capability, highlighting the importance of the anchoring of nanoparticles on graphene sheets for maximum utilization of electrochemically active Co(3)O(4) nanoparticles and graphene for energy storage applications in high-performance lithium-ion batteries.