jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Research and development of smart irrigation in China*

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Smart irrigation systems are the focus of modern agriculture and have many engineering applications in China, in a still growing trend. According to the communication mode between the irrigation controller and the on‐farm execute devices, such as solenoids and sensors, irrigation controllers currently used in agriculture fields can be classified into three categories: (a) multi‐wire controller, (b) wireless controller, and (c) two‐wire decoder controller. The characteristics and application scopes of these three irrigation controllers are summarized and analysed; the result shows that the wireless controller and two‐wire decoder controller are more suitable for the large‐scale intensive irrigated agriculture in China. In addition, control of irrigation systems is gradually progressing from the conventional open‐loop mode to the closed‐loop mode, which can achieve precise irrigation decisions based on sensor feedback and crop water requirement model. Furthermore, non‐destructive testing technologies, such as crop canopy infrared temperature sensors and meteorological sensors, which can safely reflect crop drought or soil moisture over a large area are preferred as feedback sensors of irrigation controllers. More importantly, with the development of the internet, local operation of irrigation controllers is gradually being replaced by remote control, and then by comprehensive control and management, based on cloud computation. The application of internet technology can efficiently manage multiple irrigation controllers located in different places, make big data collections, share irrigation experiences, and make reasonable irrigation decisions much easier. This paper introduces the development of smart irrigation in China. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dial 9-1-1 for Emergencies

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This chapter steps back in time to locate contemporary EMS as the result of more than two centuries of developments in providing care outside of hospitals. From the very beginning, as a means to convey battlefield injuries to the development of Advanced Life Support skills, the EMS system has officially focused on critical care. Providers’ views of their jobs correspond to this model, focusing on what they define as appropriate use of the EMS system. They place “real emergencies” in opposition to “bullshit calls,” lamenting the amount of time they spend dealing with non- or sub-acute injuries and illnesses because it may keep them from responding to a critical patient.
Excitations

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this chapter we will review the recent developments in calculating optical excitations. Thereby, we will revise the key methods that are used to calculate excitation spectra in computational physics putting special emphasis on time-dependent density-functional theory. Moreover, we will discuss several recent applications of these methods to various systems, such as metal clusters, semiconductor nanoparticles, organic and biological molecules. Finally, it will be discussed, how calculated excitation spectra can help in revealing the structure of a specific system.
[Muscle assessment methods for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in cirrhotic patients].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and function. Its presence darkens the prognosis of cirrhotic patients. The gold standard for the description of sarcopenia is the Skeletal Muscle Index (SMI). Thirty-four cirrhotic patients were included. Measurement was carried out through CT of both psoas separately that were then added obtaining the so called "sum of area of 2 psoas", in addition total muscular area, SMI and total area of psoas were measured. Ultrasonography was also performed and the transverse area of the quadriceps rectus anterior was measured by ultrasound and Hand Grip (HG). The correlation between the different measurements was analyzed comparing with the total muscle area, with quadriceps area (r = 0.39; p = 0.019), with total psoas area (r = 0.71; p <0.01), with sum of area of 2 psoas (r = 0.72; p <0.001) and with HG (r = 0.45; p = 0.0069). Compared with SMI, in women HG had 86% sensitivity and 66% specificity (AUC = 0.89). In men, the sum of 2 psoas had 91.7% sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.82) and the total area of psoas had 83.3% sensitivity and 76.9% specificity (AUC = 0.8). There was a very good correlation between the tomography methods with the gold standard. The correlation with ultrasound and strength was good. In the evaluation of sensitivity, specificity and AUC, it was not found a useful method when comparing with the SMI.
A new method of metamorphicrock buried hill fracture reservoir modeling

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Metamorphicrock buried hill reservoir is a type of complex fracture reservoirs and hard to characterize. The paper proposes a new method for buried hill modeling, to establish double porosity model, including fracture and matrix. In matrix modeling process, metamorphic lithology theory is used to characterize the complicated distribution of lithology for phase modeling, and matrix model with porosity and permeability under the control of lithology phase condition is completed by random simulation modeling. The data of lithology come from well logging in buried hill reservoir. In fracture modeling, the feature of strong anisotropy of permeability in formation is considered and a new method of fracture modeling is applied to characterize the fracture system. Then the method is used in history matching of real reservoir simulation to test the reliability, and the result shows the model by new method are closer to real reservoir than model by common method.
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF SALBUTAMOL AND AMBROXOL IN BULK AND FORMULATION

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Salbutamol (SAL) and Ambroxol (AMB) is used for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. Two simple, economical, accurate, and precise methods for simultaneous estimation of Salbutamol Sulphate (SAL) and Ambroxol Hydrochloride (AMB) in tablet dosage form have been developed. The methods employed were simultaneous equation (I) and area under curve method (II). First method involves solving simultaneous equations based on measurement of absorbance at two wavelengths 223 nm and 244 nm, the λmax of salbutamol sulphate (SAL) and ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB), respectively. Second method is based on equation of area under curve (AUC) method. For the second method, the wavelength range 232‐ 217nm was selected for SAL and 252‐237nm for AMB. Both the methods showed linearity in the concentration range of 2‐20µg/ml for salbutamol and 2‐40 µg/ml for ambroxol. The accuracy and precision of the methods were determined and the methods validated stastically. No significant difference was observed between the results obtained by the two methods.
The Role of Previous Mother-Child Scaffolding in Head Start Children’s Structuring of Problem-Solving Tasks With a Peer

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study further extends scaffolding research to mother-child dyads (N = 51) in poverty, examining relationships between maternal scaffolding and 4-year-old Head Start children's own later scaffolding behaviors. At Time 1, experimental group children received maternal scaffolding during problem-solving tasks, whereas control group children carried out the tasks without assistance. At Time 2, all children provided scaffolding to a novice adult who acted as a peer unfamiliar with the task. Verbal and nonverbal scaffolding strategies were coded, and children's verbal skills and social competence were measured. The simple presence or absence of earlier scaffolding did not differentiate child tutors. However, tutoring strategies used by experimental group children during the child-novice problem-solving task were similar to those used earlier by their mothers. After controlling for children's verbal skills and social competence, mothers' use of active nonverbal strategies (but not active verbal strategies) was predictive of similar behaviors in their children.
Two cases of inflammatory bowel disease diagnosed in the course of primary biliary cirrhosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), especially ulcerative colitis (UC), sometimes accompanies with primary sclerosing cirrhosis (PSC). Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is also a chronic liver disease, but is attributed to an unknown immune abnormality. PBC frequently accompanies various autoimmune diseases, but rarely IBD. We report 2 rare cases of IBD which developed in the course of treatment for PBC. A 64-year-old man had blood in his stool 17 months after he was given a diagnosis of PBC. Colonoscopy revealed erosion and disappearance of the vascular network pattern in the rectum. UC (rectal type) was diagnosed and he received mesalazine, and following which his symptoms improved. A 40-year-old woman developed diarrhea, fever and arthralgia while receiving treatment for PBC. Colonoscopy revealed ileal erosion, a longitudinal ulcer in the ascending colon but only mild rectal inflammation. These findings were atypical of UC, and we therefore diagnosed indeterminate colitis. Her symptoms disappeared as a result of the administration of mesalazine.
Primary Care of Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There are approximately 300,000 survivors of childhood cancer in the United States, and most of them receive their medical care from primary care physicians. Adult survivors of childhood cancer are at considerable risk of long-term morbidity and mortality beyond the recurrence of their primary malignancy. Late adverse effects can impair organ function, stunt growth and development, and cause neurocognitive dysfunction and secondary malignancies. To address the need for systematic, comprehensive care of this expanding high-risk patient population, the Children's Oncology Group has developed long-term follow-up guidelines. Proper use of these guidelines will allow primary care physicians to understand a patient's individual risk, provide additional screening as needed, and identify late adverse effects of childhood cancer early. The foundation of the care of an adult survivor of a childhood cancer is a complete, accurate account of the patient's cancer and subsequent therapy in the form of a Summary of Cancer Treatment. A complete Summary of Cancer Treatment allows a primary care physician to use the long- term follow-up guidelines to create an individualized care plan. This article will review the late adverse effects of childhood cancer therapy and the transition of patients from pediatric oncologists to physicians in adulthood, and explain how primary care physicians can use these tools to provide appropriate care to adult survivors of childhood cancer. (Am Fam Physician. 2010;81(10):1250-1255. Copyright © 2010 American Academy of Family Physicians.)
EVA, IC, ROI... who cares? (Evaluating the relevance of performance measures).

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This project examines the new performance measures currently in use (economic value-added, balanced scorecard and intellectual capital management) and does a critique and comparison on them. Included is a study of the local management's attitudes and perceptions towards these new measures. The study indicates what is the likelihood of implementation of these new measures here in future.
Reducing overuse of colony-stimulating factors without compromising patient safety: Evidence from a decision-support enabled utilization management in patients with lung cancer receiving chemotherapy.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

52 Background: Recent studies suggest significant overuse of colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) for the primary prevention of febrile neutropenia (FN) in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy. Overtreatment with CSF increases costs without evidence of clinical benefit. We examined the impact of a decision-support tool to promote risk-appropriate CSF use in lung cancer. Methods: A retrospective cohort study design was used to analyze commercial claims data on lung cancer patients. The decision-support tool was implemented at participating oncology practices in staggered phases across 14 U.S states (from July 1, 2014 - November 1, 2014). Study population included adults with lung cancer who initiated chemotherapy from July 1, 2014 through March 30, 2015. Patients were assigned to case and control cohorts according to whether or not they resided in service areas where the tool had been implemented. Patients were followed up to 6 months after initiating chemotherapy in the pre- and post-implementation periods. The primary outcomes: CSF use and FN incidence rates were compared using difference-in-differences (DID) models; adjusting for baseline FN risk factors with generalized estimating equations. Results: The final study population included 3,470 patients (case: 1,857 and control: 1,613; overall mean age (SD), years: 65 (10)). There were no meaningful differences in FN risk factors at baseline between the cohorts. In adjusted results, CSF use decreased from 48.4% to 35.6% in the case compared to a change from 43.2% to 44.4% in control cohort (DID: -8.7% (95% CI: -14.65% to -2.67%), p - < 0.001) in the pre- and post-implementation periods. The rates of FN were consistent for both cohorts in each time period, with no statistical difference in trend for the case (2.8% to 4.3%) as compared with the control (3.1% to 5.1%) cohort (DID: -0.2% (95% CI: -0.63% to -0.33%), p – 0.953). Conclusions: These findings demonstrate the potential for decision-support tools to improve evidence-based guideline adherence and promote risk-appropriate CSF use in patients with lung cancer without adversely impacting patient safety.
FPGA design projects with animated problems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present FPGA design projects where students solve problems in terms of devising algorithms to control real-time systems. They implement the control algorithms using FPGAs. The problems include control of a water tank, a traffic light, a monorail, a two-floor elevator, and a complex two-car elevator system. We developed a set of software applications that simulate and animate these problems, where an external FPGA observes and controls a simulated system in real-time via the computer serial communication.
Cytochrome P450 3A4 regiospecific oxygenation of raloxifene: Evidence for the formation of the di‐quinone methide

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

While the bioactivation of xenobiotics to toxic intermediates through cytochrome P450 (CYP)‐catalyzed oxygenation reactions is a well recognized process, the production of reactive electrophilic intermediates by P450s through dehydrogenation reactions is not well characterized. Raloxifene is a second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator used for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Previous studies have shown CYP3A4‐mediated metabolism of raloxifene produces two hydroxylated metabolites and several glutathione (GSH) adducts. The hydroxylated metabolites and one of the GSH adducts could theoretically be derived from the same dehydrogenated intermediate. It is postulated that raloxifene is dehydrogenated to a reactive di‐quinone methide. To evaluate the formation of the di‐quinone methide, raloxifene was incubated with CYP3A4 in the presence of H 2 18 O or 18 O 2 . LC/MS analysis showed that 3′‐hydroxyraloxifene incorporated oxygen only from 18 O 2 , while the source of the oxygen for the 7‐hydroxyraloxifene was inconclusive. These results demonstrate CYP3A4 selectively oxygenates raloxifene from 18 O 2 at the 3′‐position, but not at the 7‐position. Furthermore, the lack of CYP3A4‐mediated oxygenation at the 7‐position suggests that the di‐quinone methide is hydrated by active‐site H 2 O, but labeled H 2 18 O could not serve as the source of hydration. Supported by NIH grant # GM074249 form the National Institute of General Medical Sciences .
Stimulus Control in Pigeons Based on Proprioceptive Stimuli from Floor Inclination

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Two groups of pigeons trained to peck a dimly illuminated disc in an otherwise dark experimental chamber with the floor horizontal (0° tilt) or inclined 30° to the left, respectively, show decremental generalization gradients of response rate when the floor inclination is varied from its training position. Discrimination training in which food reinforcement is available under one floor tilt condition but not under another steepens the slope of such gradients. In a second experiment, pigeons reinforced for pecking when the floor was tilted 10° or 20° and not reinforced under the alternative condition showed steep gradients with maximal responding displaced from the reinforced stimulus.
New Flavonoid Glycosides and Cyanogenic Glycosides from Dracocephalum peregrinum

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Separation of ethyl acetate fractionation of Dracocephalum peregrinum afforded three new flavonoid glucosides (1-3), and a new cyanogenic glucoside (4). Their structures were elucidated based on HR-electron spray ionization (ESI)-MS, EI-MS, UV, IR, 1D-, and 2D-NMR data. 1-4 were tested in vitro for their antiinflammatory activity against the RAW 264.7, 293 cells. Among the compounds tested, 1-4 shown good antiinflammatory activity at 100 mug/ml by the measurement of nitric oxide (NO) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated macrophages. But only 2 and 3 shown weak antiinflammatory activity at 100 mug/ml during the nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB activation assay.
The renaissance of Israel’s periphery doctrine

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Starting in the late fifties, the periphery doctrine became one of the pillars of Israel's foreign policy. The "periphery" concept posited that due to the fundamental hostility of neighboring Arab countries, Israel ought to counterbalance this threat by engaging with the "periphery" of the Arab world – in particular Turkey, Iran, and Ethiopia. These relations would go through numerous crises, sometimes leading to the collapse of bilateral relations or their suspension. But although the idea was no longer used explicitly, its underlying philosophy remained significant. When the initial partnerships (with Iran, and Turkey) stumbled, they were replaced by new ones with countries such as Azerbaijan and Greece. The selection of these countries obeyed the same logic of the periphery: balancing the threat or competition constituted by a State by siding with one of its competitors. Although scholarship on the topic explains this endurance by geographical parameters – Israel's regional isolation – we argue in this chapterer that the periphery is more than a geopolitical concept that would identify specific territories to conquer. It is, rather, a political metaphor, which was loosely based on geography but which captured the mind-set of the national security establishment. In other words, the periphery doctrine can be understood as a product of Israel's strategic culture. In this perspective, the development of the periphery doctrine sheds light on fundamental issues such as Israel's role in the regional security system, its overreliance on military and intelligence cooperation as tools of diplomacy, and finally its enduring perception of inextricable isolation. To support this argument, this chapter first demonstrates how the periphery was borne out of the debates among Zionist circles concerning the geopolitics of the nascent Israeli State. We then analyze Israel's contemporary policies to show how these principles survived the historical relationships (Iran, Turkey, Ethiopia) and were emulated in the contemporary cases (Azerbaijan, Greece, South Sudan).
The effect of protective eyewear on free throw performance in basketball players without refractive defects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Study Aim. Sports-related eye injuries are a significant concern, particularly in high-risk activities such as basketball, where protective measures are often necessary. Protective eyewear is designed to prevent injuries, but its potential impact on athletic performance remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of wearing protective eyewear on shooting performance in basketball athletes without refractive errors. Material and Methods. Sixteen basketball athletes aged 16 to 24 years (mean = 21.56 ± 1.71) voluntarily participated in the study. The athletes underwent a 1-week familiarization period to adjust to the goggles. Shooting tests were conducted under three conditions: with goggles, without goggles, and with goggles after fatigue. The mean and standard deviation values were calculated for each condition. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test, a non-parametric statistical method, was used to identify differences between the protocols. Data analysis was performed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 26.0 software (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA), with a significance level set at p < 0.05. Results. The analysis revealed significant differences between the test conditions. Shots performed without goggles consistently showed better accuracy compared to those performed with goggles across all protocols. In the first protocol, the mean shooting accuracy was higher without goggles (0.620 ± 0.169) compared to with goggles (0.450 ± 0.100). Similarly, in the second protocol, the mean pre-test score without goggles (0.704 ± 0.058) was significantly better than the post-test score with goggles (0.673 ± 0.043, p < 0.05). The third protocol demonstrated the most pronounced difference, where pre-test accuracy without goggles (0.70 ± 0.05) decreased to a post-test accuracy with goggles (0.44 ± 0.04, p < 0.05) under fatigue conditions. These results suggest that the use of protective eyewear negatively impacts shooting accuracy, with the effects being more pronounced in fatigue-inducing scenarios. Conclusions. The findings of this study underscore the importance of considering the potential trade-offs between safety and performance when designing protective eyewear for athletes. While protective goggles are essential for preventing sports-related eye injuries, their influence on critical performance metrics, such as shooting accuracy, highlights the need for a balanced approach.
KSC-03PD-1234

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - Jim Lloyd, with the Mars Exploration Rover (MER) program, points to the place on MER-1 where he will place a computer chip with about 35,000 laser-engraved signatures of visitors to the rovers at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The signatures include those of senators, artists, and John Glenn. The identical Mars rovers are scheduled to launch June 5 and June 25 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.