jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Collective Intentional Action in Virtual Communities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Internet is an important innovation in information science and technology and profoundly affects people in their daily lives. To date, these effects have been construed in overly individualistic ways and often all too negatively. For example, the Internet is seen by many as an individual means for obtaining or sending information flexibly and efficiently (e.g., Dreyfus, 2001). Some researchers also claim that participation on the Internet often leads to feelings of isolation and depression and even negatively affects relationships with one’s family members and friends (Kraut et al., 1998; cf. Kraut et al., 2002; UCLA Internet Report, 2003). Likewise, Dreyfus (2001) takes a generally pessimistic tone with regard to Internet usage and worries that when we engage the Internet, it “diminishes one’s sense of reality and of the meaning in one’s life” and “…we might…lose some of our crucial capacities: our ability to make sense of things so as to distinguish the relevant from the irrelevant, our sense of the seriousness of success and failure that is necessary for learning, and our need to get a maximum grip on the world that gives us our sense of the reality of things.”
Relative shear bond strength and microleakage of two dentine bonding agents.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

We determined the relative shear bond strength (SBS) to dentine and cementum and the microleakage of All-Bond 2 universal dental adhesive and OptiBond multi-use filled adhesive. We found that for both systems the SBS increased significantly (p < 0.001) from 15 minutes to 24 hours and 7 days, but there was a slight significant (p < 0.001) weakening towards 30 days. At each time point the shear bond strength of All-Bond 2 and OptiBond were also compared and it was found that OptiBond had significantly higher values (p < 0.05) at all times except at 15 minutes. Optibond also had the lower value for the microleakage (p < 0.001). This study showed that OptiBond had significantly higher shear bond strengths to and lower microleakage in dentine which may increase the longevity of the material in the clinical situation.
Masseter muscle cross‐sectional area and late implant failure: A case–control study

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Occlusal overload is considered to be one of the causes of late implant failure. However, it is unclear whether the magnitude of the patient's occlusal force is a risk factor for late implant failure. Purpose This case–control study aimed to clarify the association between the cross‐sectional area (CSA) of the masseter muscle and late implant failure. Methods This case–control study was limited to implant‐supported fixed prostheses. We compared cases with at least one late implant failure ( n = 25 patients) to controls ( n = 82 patients) without implant failure. Patients were matched by age, sex, year of surgery, jaw and tooth type, and bone graft. Log‐rank and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to identify possible risk factors for late implant failure. Results The incidence of late implant failure was significantly associated with masseter muscle CSA ≥504.5 mm 2 (hazard ratio: 4.43; 95% CI: 1.82–10.79; p < 0.01). Conclusion Higher masseter muscle CSA increases the risk of late implant failure.
Effect of planting bed shape, mulch and soil density on root yield and shape in North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ginseng root value varies with shape. To increase understanding of factors affecting root shape and growth, we conducted a 4-yr field experiment with three planting bed shapes with and without straw mulch cover, and 3-yr duplicate experiments with varied soil textures and bulk densities (BD). Panax quinquefolius L. plants either remained undisturbed for 3 yr in vertical tiles where sand or loam soil was compacted to differing BD, or were transplanted into low BD soil after 1 yr. Transplanting aimed to demonstrate the influence of conditions encountered in the first year of growth on mature root shape, and to explore opportunities to manage beds and manipulate root shape in transplanted ginseng, which may be a common practice in future. Without mulch, 4th year root yields were reduced by 65%, primarily due to a 60% reduction in plant stand which occurred by the end of the seedling year. Seeding directly into the ground resulted in yields similar to conventional rounded beds and a greater proportion of roots of favourable shape, likely due to greater soil BD in ground plots than round beds. Relative to low BD, high BD soil resulted in shorter, rounder "chunk" grade roots after 1 and 3 yr growth in situ. After 3 yr, roots were shorter and rounder in loam than in sand. Soil BD effects were not retained after 3 yr for replants, so high BD pre-treatment of transplants will not improve root shape over the longer term. Moderate soil compaction may reduce production of undesirable pencil-grade roots, but there is a yield trade-off with high BD soils. A high BD must be maintained for >1 yr, and a decline in stand is likely in compacted loam soil which has slow drainage. Key words: Root grade, North American ginseng, American ginseng
An Exploration of the Factors that Modulate Sensory Dominance

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Investigations of multisensory integration have demonstrated that under certain conditions, one modality is more likely to show dominance over the other, with strong evidence over the past few decades suggesting that the visual modality is more dominant. However, this visual prepotency effect can be reversed to show auditory dominance in certain tasks. The experimentation conducted within investigated two stimulus characteristics that have been hypothesized to potentially modulate sensory dominance using an oddball detection paradigm. It was hypothesized that when manipulating stimulus transience (by changing the relative duration of either the auditory or visual stimulus in a bimodal stimulus stream), participants would show dominance for the modality with the shorter duration, as theoretically attention would be drawn to the more transient modality. Participants showed auditory dominance in the 1-button condition irrespective of manipulation to duration. In the 3-button condition participants showed auditory dominance when looking at their response times, but also simultaneously demonstrated visual dominance when using a more traditional measure of sensory dominance (i.e., making a higher proportion of visually based errors to bimodal trials). Furthermore duration did not modulate these errors. The second experiment addressed the hypothesis that a stimulus that is presented earlier will be processed first and therefore contribute to sensory dominance. Stimulus order was manipulated such that the visual or auditory stimulus was presented prior to one another. It was hypothesized that dominance would be observed for the stimulus (auditory or visual) that occurred first. Participants, in the 1-button and 3-button conditions, were more likely to show auditory dominance with simultaneous presentations, and under all conditions where the auditory stimulus preceded the visual stimulus, however auditory dominance was eliminated when the visual stimulus occurred slightly before the auditory stimulus, only demonstrating visual dominance when the visual stimulus preceded the auditory stimulus by 200 ms. Errors in the 3-button task provided evidence for visual dominance which was modulated when presenting auditory stimuli prior to visual stimuli. Overall these results affirm that auditory dominance effects are more pronounced early in processing, whereas visual dominance effects are more pronounced later in processing. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Reconsidering the EPP and Spec-TP in Germanic*

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper focuses on the longstanding assumption within Chomskyan generative syntax that the Extended Projection Principle (EPP) as originally formulated in Chomsky (1982) is necessarily satisfied by a(n overt or covert) nominal category. Much recent work on languages not belonging to the Germanic family has implicitly or explicitly departed from this assumption in various ways, but Germanic linguists have, for the most part, retained the view that Germanic languages feature a specially designated subject position, Spec-TP, with (non-referential) pro being assumed to satisfy the EPP whenever an overt subject is absent. In this paper, I challenge the view that pro was ever licensed in Germanic and propose that none of the Germanic languages initially featured an EPP-type subject position of the kind that is synchronically identifiable in Modern English. Instead, I argue that Spec-TP was licensed by an alternative XP-raising operation targeting T’s complement which is still operative in Icelandic and the SOV Germanic languages today. Empirical support for this proposal comes from the synchronic and diachronic behaviour of subjects and expletives in the Germanic languages generally and also, more specifically, from word order variation observable in Modern Spoken Afrikaans. 1
Agenda 2030 e implementación de la meta sobre migración: un análisis crítico comparativo (Paraguay y Argentina, 2018-2023)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article analyzes the implementation of Goal 10.7 of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, aimed at safe, orderly and regular migration, in two national scenarios: Paraguay and Argentina. The comparative analysis will allow to recognize similarities and differences of consideration of Goal 10.7 in the set of actions to comply with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10, when it was addressed. Likewise, it weighs to what extent the reference to the 2030 Agenda in government efforts is specifically associated with practices and lines of action created specifically to activate this tool. Finally, it presents a reflection regarding the insertion and indicators of Goal 10.7 in relation to its specific scope and its possibility of being visible as a particular purpose without overlapping with other SDGs and their goals.
IPv6 DAD Enhancements for handling Layer1 Loopbacks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

It is a common practice to install a (soft or hard) loop on a circuit
interface for various purposes (e.g. circuit turn-up test). However,
this practice results in disabling IPv6 on an interface even after the
loop is removed, due to the way IPv6 duplicate address detection is
performed. This document describes a mechanism to allow IPv6 to self-
heal after such a loop is placed & removed.
Peer Review #1 of "Functional characterization of the GhNRT2.1e gene reveals its significant role in improving nitrogen use efficiency in Gossypium hirsutum (v0.1)"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background.Nitrate is the primary type of nitrogen available to plants, which is absorbed and transported by nitrate transporter 2 (NRT2) at low nitrate conditions.Methods.Genome-wide identification of NRT2 genes in G. hirsutum was performed.Gene expression patterns were revealed using RNA-seq and qRT-PCR.Gene functions were characterized using overexpression in A. thaliana and silencing in G. hirsutum.Protein interactions were verified by yeast two-hybrid and luciferase complementation imaging (LCI) assays.Results.We identified 14, 14, 7, and 7 NRT2 proteins in G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. raimondii, and G. arboreum.Most NRT2 proteins were predicted in the plasma membrane.The NRT2 genes were classified into four distinct groups through evolutionary relationships, with members of the same group similar in conserved motifs and gene structure.The promoter regions of NRT2 genes included many elements related to growth regulation, phytohormones, and abiotic stresses.Tissue expression pattern results revealed that most GhNRT2 genes were specifically expressed in roots.Under low nitrate conditions, GhNRT2 genes exhibited different expression levels, with GhNRT2.1ebeing the most upregulated.Arabidopsis plants overexpressing GhNRT2.1eexhibited increased biomass, nitrogen and nitrate accumulation, nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency, nitrogen-metabolizing enzyme activity, and amino acid content under low nitrate conditions.In addition, GhNRT2.1e-silencedplants exhibited suppressed nitrate uptake and accumulation, hampered plant growth, affected nitrogen metabolism processes, and reduced tolerance to low nitrate.The results showed that GhNRT2.1ecould promote nitrate uptake and transport under low nitrate conditions, thus effectively increasing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE).We found that GhNRT2.1einteracts with GhNAR2.1 by yeast two-hybrid and LCI assays.Discussion.Our research lays the foundation to increase NUE and cultivate new cotton varieties with efficient nitrogen use.
How asymmetry helps load balancing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This article deals with randomized allocation processes placing sequentially n balls into n bins. We consider multiple-choice algorithms that choose d locations (bins) for each ball at random, inspect the content of these locations, and then place the ball into one of them, for example, in a location with minimum number of balls. The goal is to achieve a good load balancing. This objective is measured in terms of the maximum load, that is, the maximum number of balls in the same bin.Multiple-choice algorithms have been studied extensively in the past. Previous analyses typically assume that the d locations for each ball are drawn uniformly and independently from the set of all bins. We investigate whether a nonuniform or dependent selection of the d locations of a ball may lead to a better load balancing. Three types of selection, resulting in three classes of algorithms, are distinguished: (1) uniform and independent, (2) nonuniform and independent, and (3) nonuniform and dependent.Our first result shows that the well-studied uniform greedy algorithm (class 1) does not obtain the smallest possible maximum load. In particular, we introduce a nonuniform algorithm (class 2) that obtains a better load balancing. Surprisingly, this algorithm uses an unfair tie-breaking mechanism, called Always-Go-Left, resulting in an asymmetric assignment of the balls to the bins. Our second result is a lower bound showing that a dependent allocation (class 3) cannot yield significant further improvement.Our upper and lower bounds on the maximum load are tight up to additive constants, proving that the Always-Go-Left algorithm achieves an almost optimal load balancing among all sequential multiple-choice algorithm. Furthermore, we show that the results for the Always-Go-Left algorithm can be generalized to allocation processes with more balls than bins and even to infinite processes in which balls are inserted and deleted by an oblivious adversary.
Neutralizing the Impact Factor Culture

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the letter “Painful publishing” by M. Raff et al. (4 July, p. [36][1]) and in the accompanying Editorial “Reviewing peer review” by B. Alberts et al. (4 July, p. [15][2]), the authors succinctly outline the pressure being felt by both junior and senior scientists to publish in highprofile journals. Although not defined by the authors, high-profile journals are generally identified by and have become synonymous with Thomson high-impact factor scores. A common, but deeply flawed, practice has been to equate the importance and quality of a paper with the impact factor score of the journal in which it is published. In many cases, decisions on obtaining jobs, seeking tenure and receiving promotions and grants are being based on the impact factor of the journals in which an individual publishes. This creates enormous pressure to publish in high-impact factor journals. This situation has become so extreme that in some institutions the impact factor of each published paper in a scientist's bibliography is being requested and/or checked, junior scientists have become reluctant to initiate experiments that may not lead to publication in high-impact factor journals, and candidates for certain positions are being told that their chances are slim if they don't have papers in Science , Nature , or the like. As a result, many scientists are now more concerned about building high-impact factor bibliographies than their science.

The adverse effects of the impact factor culture must be reversed before more damage is done to the orderly process of scientific discovery. Although there may be no way of stopping computer-generated evaluation of journals and published papers, the scientific community certainly can control its use. To accomplish this, several concrete steps should be taken. First, each institution should make it clear, in a written statement, that it will not use the impact factor or the like to evaluate the contributions and accomplishments of its staff. Second, the heads of laboratories should prepare similar written statements and in addition discuss in depth with their fellows the importance of solid step-by-step science. Third, the editors of journals published by professional societies, joined by as many other journal editors as are willing, should indicate that they will not advertise, massage, or even state the impact factor score of their respective journals. By means such as these, it might be possible to put science back on the right track.

[1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.321.5885.36a
[2]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1162115
High‐fat diet effects on contractile performance of isolated mouse soleus and extensor digitorum longus when supplemented with high dose vitamin D

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Evidence suggests vitamin D 3 (VD) supplementation can reduce accumulation of adipose tissue and inflammation and promote myogenesis in obese individuals, and thus could mitigate obesity‐induced reductions in skeletal muscle (SkM) contractility. However, this is yet to be directly investigated. This study, using the work‐loop technique, examined effects of VD (cholecalciferol) supplementation on isolated SkM contractility. Female mice ( n = 37) consumed standard low‐fat diet (SLD) or high‐fat diet (HFD), with or without VD (20,000 IU/kg −1 ) for 12 weeks. Soleus and EDL ( n = 8–10 per muscle per group) were isolated and absolute and normalized (to muscle size and body mass) isometric force and power output (PO) were measured, and fatigue resistance determined. Absolute and normalized isometric force and PO of soleus were unaffected by diet ( P > 0.087). However, PO normalized to body mass was reduced in HFD groups ( P < 0.001). Isometric force of extensor digitorum longus (EDL) was unaffected by diet ( P > 0.588). HFD reduced EDL isometric stress ( P = 0.048) and absolute and normalized PO ( P < 0.031), but there was no effect of VD ( P > 0.493). Cumulative work during fatiguing contractions was lower in HFD groups ( P < 0.043), but rate of fatigue was unaffected ( P > 0.060). This study uniquely demonstrated that high‐dose VD had limited effects on SkM contractility and did not offset demonstrated adverse effects of HFD. However, small and moderate effect sizes suggest improvement in EDL muscle performance and animal morphology in HFD VD groups. Given effect sizes observed, coupled with proposed inverted U‐shaped dose‐effect curve, future investigations are needed to determine dose/duration specific responses to VD, which may culminate in improved function of HFD SkM.
4 The European Parliament and Enlargement, 1973–2000

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

During the 40 years of its existence the European Parliament (EP) has changed more dramatically than the other EC institutions: from a mere deliberative assembly, the EP has become a co-leglislator, and elections of its Members provide the source of direct legitimacy of the European Union (EU). Subsequent enlargements had also a greater impact on the EP than on the Commission, or the Council. The paper gives an insider's view on some of the immediate effects: for the first time in 1973 a group of British Lords arrived to a very hot Brussels committee meeting and, to the surprise of the continental parliamentarians, took of their jackets and loosened their ties, which had never been seen before at any of the EP meetings. In the eighties Greece and then Spain and Portugal joined. More recent examples include German reunification, "a false enlargement", which resulted in the addition of 18 parliamentary "observers". The various increases in the composition of the EP combined with the increase of legislative procedures in the mid '80s were a major challenge to the leadership capacity both of political groups, of the Presidency, and of the Committee system. Up to now the EP has more or less met this challenge far as internal efficiency is concerned. A major deficit remains, however, in its perception by the public, the resulting participation in elections, and beyond that its direct relations with the citizen. None of the past enlargements, as different from each other as they may have keen, put into question the unicity of the EC institutional system. This may radically change with the forthcoming inclusion of Central and Eastern European countries. The 1996 Intergovernmental Conference may well open the way to a differentiated integration which would create major problems for the EP. The EP is discussing at present how to meet this challenge.
PEDV Nsp14 induces mitophagy-mediated degradation of MAVS to antagonize host innate immunity and facilitate viral proliferation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) leads to a high mortality in neonatal piglets and causes serious harm to the global swine industry. PEDV has been shown to exploit diverse strategies for antagonism of host innate immunity and promotion of self-replication. However, the underlying mechanisms involved in PEDV immunosuppression remain to be fully elucidated. The current study reveals that PEDV triggers mitophagy to suppress host innate immune responses and facilitate viral proliferation. Mechanistically, PEDV non-structural protein (Nsp) 14 was identified to mediate the interaction between the mitophagy receptor NDP52 and mitochondrial outer membrane protein TOM20 to induce mitophagy. Subsequently, Nsp14-induced mitophagy resulted in the degradation of mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) to suppress interferon-β (IFN-β) production and promote viral propagation. These findings deepen the understanding of PEDV pathogenesis and provide novel targets for the development of antiviral avenues. IMPORTANCE The global pig farming industry has suffered huge economic losses from PEDV, underscoring an urgent need for in-depth research on its pathogenesis. Host innate immunity functions as the first line of defense against PEDV propagation, and PEDV has developed multiple countermeasures to dampen host antiviral responses. Here, we found that PEDV Nsp14 induced mitophagy via mediating the interaction between NDP52 and TOM20, which led to MAVS degradation and hampered IFN-β production. Therefore, our work unveils a novel mechanism by which PEDV antagonizes host innate immunity to facilitate its proliferation and is beneficial for the prevention and control of the virus.