jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A new palaeobatrachid frog from the early Oligocene of Suceag, Romania

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Eocene–Oligocene transition (Mammal Palaeogene zones, MP 20–21) corresponds in Europe to a major faunal turnover, called the 'Grande Coupure' (= Great Break). This event, produced by worldwide cooling and regression of seas, reshaped the faunal composition of Europe and resulted in the extinction of numerous ectothermic taxa. We describe a new palaeobatrachid frog from the early Oligocene of Suceag 1 (Rupelian: MP 23–24), Romania, and assign it to Albionbatrachus, a genus previously known only from the British Isles and thought to have gone extinct during the late Eocene (MP 20). Albionbatrachus oligocenicus sp. nov. is established on a distinctive frontoparietal bone, which differs from A. wightensis in a few details, including the morphology of the frontoparietal table and paraoccipital processes. The peculiar sculpture on the frontoparietal bears dense dermal vascularization, which might reflect adaptation to oxygen depleted environments. Two autapomorphic characters of the angulosplenial and ilium in A. oligocenicus sp. nov. likely reflect a shift in, respectively, feeding and locomotory behaviours. A phylogenetic analysis of the primarily Gondwanan group Xenoanura identifies Albionbatrachus as the sister taxon of Palaeobatrachus, and places these two genera as the sister group of a separate Pipidae + Avitabatrachus clade. The presence of A. oligocenicus sp. nov. in the Oligocene of Central Europe indicates that Albionbatrachus survived the 'Grande Coupure' and necessitates a revised palaeobiogeographical scenario for the genus. We propose that the geographical distribution of Albionbatrachus before the 'Grande Coupure' was wider, extending eastwards into Central Europe, and that the 'Grande Coupure' resulted in the extinction of Albionbatrachus only in the western part of its range. The final extinction of Albionbatrachus might have been associated with Oligocene climatic deterioration and with shrinking of specific aquatic habitats.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:AA35E61B-B563-4D89-9F47-08F61D2C4AC7
Metabolism of the third component of complement (C3) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The metabolism of radioiodinated purified C3 was studied in 8 patients with classical seropositive rheumatoid arthritis, 1 patient with osteoarthritis, and 1 normal subject. An increased fractional catabolic rate and a decreased half‐life was found in 2 subjects. Both these patients showed evidence of rheumatoid necrotizing vasculitis, and these results suggest an immune‐mediated pathogenesis for this lesion. The high serum level of C3 found in some rheumatoid patients is due to an increased rate of C3 synthesis.
[Species differences in the interaction of serum albumin with antibiotics].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Interaction of oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin, methicillin, nafcillin and benzylpenicillin with human serum albumin (HSA) was studied with flow microcalorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The measured thermodynamic parameters of complex formation between the penicillins and HSA were compared with similar characteristics of their binding to bovine serum albumin. It was shown that there were species differences between these two globular proteins in their interaction with the above antibiotics in relation to both the number of the biopolymer active sites and the nature of the molecular forces in the complex formation. The effect of the first bound molecule of oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin, phenoxymethylpenicillin and benzylpenicillin on HSA conformation was observed. It was demonstrated that there was thermostabilization of HSA on its interaction with the above drugs with preserving cooperative nature of thermal denaturation of the complexes in relation to HSA melting.
A Better Understanding of Axillary Lymph Node Dissection in the Era of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was and still is an important part of breast cancer treatment despite the fact the sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has revolutionized breast cancer surgery. SLNB provides the same prognostic information as ALND but with significantly less morbidity. The results of numerous trials conducted over the past 20 years have crowned SLNB as the gold standard for early breast cancer treatment. ALND represents a very standardized intervention with precise landmarks and boundaries. An accurate technique and a good knowledge of axillaÃÂ¢ÃÂÃÂ anatomy are mandatory for a correct and complete ALND. But even with a meticulous and careful technique of dissection, a comprehensive ALND may be associated with important morbidity. Nowadays ALND indications are continuously evolving, but the procedure has still an indisputable place in breast cancer treatment.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS, SUGARS, AND ALCOHOLS IN MUSTS AND WINES BY AN IMPROVED ION-EXCLUSION HPLC METHOD

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of the main carboxylic acids (including citric, tartaric, malic, shikimic, succinic, lactic, fumaric, and acetic acids), sugars (glucose and fructose), and alcohols (glycerol and ethanol) of musts and wine is proposed. Using a cation exchange column, improved separation of coeluting compounds (e.g., fructose vs. malic acid and succinic vs. shikimic acid) was achieved by moderate addition of tetrahydrofuran (THF) (4%) and n-propyl alcohol (n-PA) (5%) as organic modifier in the mobile phase. A factorial experiment was carried out for optimize acidity and temperature of elution. The method showed good linearity and precision and, as an application, was successfully applied to a must and a win
Geographic disparity of positional errors and matching rate of residential addresses among geocoding solutions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the geographic disparity of geocoding error among different geocoding solutions. The research questions include: (1) What are the positional accuracies and matching rates of various geocoding techniques? (2) Are there any significant differences of geocoding quality in rural and urban areas? In this study, 1100 residential addresses scattered across Texas, USA, were address-matched using eight different geocoding platforms, including the ESRI ArcGIS Address Locator, CoreLogic PxPoint, Google Maps API, Yahoo! PlaceFinder, Microsoft Bing, Geocoder.us, Texas A&M University Geocoder, and OpenStreetMap (OSM). The geocoded locations for each method were validated against the GPS data and manual digitization. Using GPS data as reference data, the desktop geocoding using parcel data achieved the highest positional accuracy with a mean error of 24.8 m, whereas the Google Maps API was the best among the six Internet solutions with a mean error of 31.7 m. All geocoding solutions, except Geocoder.us and OSM, achieved a matching rate >95%. It is important to note, however, that the OSM geocoding revealed decent positional accuracy in terms of median and 5% trimmed mean errors, indicating the potential of crowdsourcing approach to produce an accurate geospatial data set. The geocoding errors between urban and rural areas were significantly different in most geocoding solutions but there was no consistent and monotonic trend. Excluding the errors of outliers, defined as the lowest 5 percentile, indeed changed the direction of urban versus rural accuracy in OSM, PxPoint, and ArcGIS geocoding.
Comparative analysis and case study on the absolute value accounting of mineral resources

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Absolute value is an important part of the natural value of mineral resources, and it is also an important manifestation of the exhaustion of mineral resources. However, the calculation of the absolute value of mineral resources is greatly affected by changes in the market and it is easy to draw distorted results. In order to reflect the difference in absolute value of mineral resources at different development stages and the true value of the absolute value of mineral resources. This article is based on the analysis of the causes of the error in measuring the absolute value of mineral resources. The development stage coefficient, the highest price, and the industry discount rate were introduced in the model for measuring the absolute value of mineral resources. At the same time, it is combined with actual cases for comparative analysis. The improved calculation method can better reflect the true level of the absolute value of mineral resources. The accuracy of the measured results has also been improved. At the same time, it also reflects the future expected and risk levels of the measurement results. In the process of mineral resource management, it is conducive to more reasonable realization of the owner’s rights and interests. It can also improve the utilization efficiency of mineral resources. It can also better coordinate intergenerational interests and promote the sustainable development of the mineral resources industry.
El/La Mataviejitas: killing genders in Mexico City

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Beginning in 1998, homicides against older women in Mexico City began to register in increasing numbers. However, it was not until 2003 that police began to trace patterns in these homicides and by 2005 suggested the possibility that a serial who came to be nicknamed (the little old lady killer, with the article indicating a male subject) was responsible for the murder of more than 40 elderly women. The modus operandi, according to police, was that El dressed as a nurse from the official program Si Vale and asphyxiated elderly women with a stethoscope, tights or cable. On January 25, 2006, Mexico City police captured a female wrestler, Juana Barraza Samperio, as she fled the scene where an 89-year-old woman had been strangled with a stethoscope. The next day's news read: Mataviejitas falls after committing another crime: it's a woman. My thesis analyzes the shift in gendered and sexed constructions in Mexican periodicals when police believed the serial killer was a man, then a transvestite. It will analyze the representations of Juana Barraza, as La Dama del Silencio (her wresting persona) and as La indicating a female subject), produced by journalists, police authorities, criminologist and popular culture texts.%%%%A partir de 1998, Mexico est le theâtre d'un nombre croissant d'homicides commis contre des femmes âgees. Il faut toutefois attendre cinq ans, soit en 2003, pour que des liens soient tisses par la police entre ces crimes. En 2005, la police avance l'hypothese que plus de 40 de ces meurtres sont l'œuvre d'un tueur en serie, qu'ils surnomment « El » (l'assassin des vieilles dames, l'article « el » denotant son identite masculine). Le modus operandi de l'assassin, selon la police, consiste a se deguiser et se faire passer pour une infirmiere du programme Si Vale. Une fois qu'il a gagne la confiance de ces victimes, il les asphyxie a l'aide d'un stethoscope ou d'un câble. Le 25 janvier 2006, la police apprehende Juana Barraza Samperio, lutteuse de profession, alors qu'elle s'enfuit du lieu ou une femme de 89 ans a ete etranglee avec un stethoscope. L'assassin etait en fait une assassine. Le lendemain, les journaux titrent : « tombe apres un autre crime : c'est une femme ». Ma these analyse la transformation des constructions sexuelles et genrees du tueur en serie a travers les periodiques mexicains, qui le presentent tantot comme un homme, tantot comme un travesti. J'analyserai aussi les representations que font les journalistes, la police, les criminologues et certains textes issus de la culture populaire de Juana Barazza en tant que La Dama del Silencio (la Dame du silence, son nom de lutteuse) et La (l'article « la » denotant cette fois-ci l'identite feminine du tueur).
Evolving visually guided agents in an ambiguous virtual world

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The fundamental challenge faced by any visual system within natural environments is the ambiguity caused by the fact that light that falls on the system's sensors conflates multiple attributes of the physical world. Understanding the computational principles by which natural systems overcome this challenge and generate useful behaviour remains the key objective in neuroscience and machine vision research. In this paper we introduce Mosaic World, an artificial life model that maintains the essential characteristics of natural visual ecologies, and which is populated by virtual agents that - through 'natural' selection - come to resolve stimulus ambiguity by adapting the functional structure of their visual networks according to the statistical structure of their ecological experience. Mosaic World therefore presents us with an important tool for exploring the computational principles by which vision can overcome stimulus ambiguity and usefully guide behaviour.
THE SURGICAL TREATMENT OF CLEFT PALATE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Before attempting to describe as a new method uranoplastic operative steps which, as stated in the title, are really a reassembling of many old and well known operations in such manner as to form what is in effect a new method of cleft palate treatment, I desire to acknowledge the obligation that is due to many predecessors in this work Chiefly among these are Sir William Ferguson and J. Ewing Mears, who was followed by Roe of Philadelphia, both of whom did much to improve Ferguson's bone flap operation; also von Langenbeck and Warren, whose mucoperiosteal methods of palate fissure closure probably have given greater satisfaction thus far than any other types of uranostaphylorrhaphy in accomplishing successful postoperative results in this and other countries, and Dr. Charles Mayo, whose enclosing band tension suture suggested the plan of a similar tension suture, differently applied. Other operative procedures have been described by
Karyotype studies in thirty‐two species of Lilium (Liliaceae) from China 1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fifty‐two populations representing thirty‐two taxa of Lilium L. from China are karyologically analyzed. The results showed that all populations have the same basic chromosome number x=12, and all species are diploid except Lilium tigrinum , which is triploid with 2n=36. In addition, one population of L. sulphureum is aneuploid with 2n=23. The karyotype evolution in the genus Lilium is mainly in terms of alterations of the fine structure of the chromosomes, not in ploidy or basic chromosome number variation. When combining previous studies and our results, we consider the major driving forces for evolution of Lilium to be an increase in karyotypic asymmetry, and unequal translocation and formation of secondary constrictions. The existence of intercalary satellites on the two largest pairs of chromosomes is correlated with the geographic distribution pattern of Lilium across the world. The Hengduan Mountains is a modern diversity and differentiation center of Lilium and it also could be the center of origin for this genus. In addition, some taxonomic conclusions were verified on the subgenus level. Among the species investigated, the chromosome number and karyotypes of 13 taxa were documented for the first time.
Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activity of Novel Aminoglycoside-Arginine Conjugates at Early Stages of Infection

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Conjugates of L-arginine with aminoglycosides have already been described as potent in vitro inhibitors of the HIV-1 Tat–trans-activation responsive element interaction. The polycationic nature of these agents leads us to suggest that they may be active against HIV-1 replication by inhibiting earlier stages of the virus life cy-cle. We have found that R4K and R3G, kanamycin A, and gentamicin C, conjugated with arginine, inhibited HIV-1 NL4-3 replication at EC50 values of 15 and 30 mM for R3G and R4K, respectively, without a detectable tonic effect on MT-4 cells at concentrations higher than 4000 and about 1000 mM, respectively. Both com-pounds inhibited the binding of a monoclonal antibody (12G5) directed to CXCR4 as well as the intracellu-lar Ca2 1 signal induced by the chemokine SDF-1a on CXCR4 1 cells, suggesting that aminoglycoside–argi-nine conjugates interact with CXCR4, the coreceptor used by T-tropic, X4 strains of HIV-1. On the other hand, CB4K, a conjugate of kanamycin A with c-guanidinobu tyric acid, structurally similar to R4K, failed to display any anti-HIV activity of CXCR4 antagonist activity. An HIV-1 strain that was made resistant to the known CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 was cross-resistant to both R4K and R3G. However, unlike SDF-1a and R4K, R3G inhibited the binding of HIV-1 to MT-4 cells. Aminoglycoside–arginine conjugates inhibit HIV replication by interrupting the early phase of the virus life cycle, namely virus binding to CD4 cells and in-teraction with CXCR4. R3G and R4K may serve as prototypes of novel anti-HIV agents and should be fur-ther studied. 627
Incorporating Fiction and Fantasy Into Family Therapy

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Incorporating fiction and fantasy into a client's clinical reality is a helpful tool in accomplishing the task of rewriting problematic stories. Several methods for incorporating existing fiction are available, including the employment of client-identified characters, plots, role models, or inspirational figures. Such characters can be used to represent the client and members of his or her family in their shared systemic struggles and successes. Client-generated fiction and fantasy writing can also be useful in deconstructing and reconstructing meaning. The literature with regard to the incorporation of fiction and fantasy into therapy, cultural considerations, and examples of clinical composites are presented.
Optimization of the Removal of Copper(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution on Chitosan and Cross-Linked Chitosan Beads

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper examines copper ion removal and recovery from mining waters using chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads as insoluble sorbents in acidic and basic solutions. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out as a function of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and initial Cu(II) ion concentration. Equilibrium data were fitted using Langmuir, Freundlich, Elovich, and Temkin models. The experimental data were best represented by using a pseudo-second order kinetic model and a Langmuir isotherm model. Recovery of Cu(II) ions from sorbents was successfully achieved by treating sorbents with an aqueous EDTA solution. A potentiometric method has been employed to detect the Cu(II) ions in synthetic water samples after the adsorption process. The results demonstrated that Cu(II) ions can be efficiently removed from synthetic aqueous solutions, similar to mining waters, using chitosan and cross-linked chitosan beads.
Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Illness and Asymptomatic Infection in 2022–2023: A Prospective Cohort Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Previous estimates of vaccine effectiveness (VE) against asymptomatic influenza virus infection based on seroconversion have varied widely and may be biased. We estimated 2022–2023 influenza VE against illness and asymptomatic infection in a prospective cohort. Methods In the HEROES-RECOVER cohort, adults at increased occupational risk of influenza exposure across 7 US sites provided weekly symptom reports and nasal swabs for reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) influenza testing. Laboratory-confirmed influenza virus infections were classified as symptomatic (≥1 symptom) or asymptomatic during the week of testing. Participants reported demographic information and vaccination through surveys; most sites verified vaccination through medical record and immunization registry review. Person-time was calculated as days from the site-specific influenza season start (September–October 2022) through date of infection, study withdrawal, or season end (May 2023). We compared influenza incidence among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants overall, by symptom status, and by influenza A subtype, using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for site and occupation. We estimated VE as (1 − adjusted hazard ratio) × 100%. Results In total, 269 of 3785 (7.1%) participants had laboratory-confirmed influenza, including 263 (98%) influenza A virus infections and 201 (75%) symptomatic illnesses. Incidence of laboratory-confirmed influenza illness among vaccinated versus unvaccinated participants was 23.7 and 33.2 episodes per 100 000 person-days, respectively (VE: 38%; 95% CI: 15%–55%). Incidence of asymptomatic influenza virus infection was 8.0 versus 11.6 per 100 000 (VE: 13%; 95% CI: −47%, 49%). Conclusions Vaccination reduced incidence of symptomatic but not asymptomatic influenza virus infection, suggesting that influenza vaccination attenuates progression from infection to illness.
What lies underneath: Precise classification of brain states using time-dependent topological structure of dynamics

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The self-organising global dynamics underlying brain states emerge from complex recursive nonlinear interactions between interconnected brain regions. Until now, all efforts of capturing the causal mechanistic generating principles have proven elusive, since they have been unable to describe the non-stationarity of brain dynamics, i.e. time-dependent changes. Here, we present a novel framework able to characterise brain states with high specificity, precisely by modelling the time-dependent dynamics. Through describing the topological structure of the brain at each moment in time (its ‘information structure’), we are able to classify different brain states by using the statistics across time of these exact ‘information structures’ hitherto hidden in the neuroimaging dynamics. Proving the strong potential of this framework, we were able to classify the neuroimaging data from two classes of comatose patients (minimally conscious state and unresponsive wakefulness syndrome) compared with healthy controls with very high precision.