jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Autistic children: diagnosis and clinical features.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Autism is one of the behaviorally defined developmental disorders of brain function. It has a variety of genetic and nongenetic etiologies, with etiology being unknown in the majority of children. Boys are more frequently affected than girls. Manifest in the preschool years, autism always affects sociability, communication, and the child's repertoire of activities and interests. Autism encompasses children with a broad range of severities and a variety of other signs of brain dysfunction. These include motor signs, notably stereotypies; abnormal responses to a variety of sensory stimuli; and disorders of affect and attention. A significant proportion of autistic children experience epileptic seizures and have abnormal EEGs. Neuroimaging, preferably magnetic resonance imaging, discloses abnormalities of brain development in a minority of autistic persons. The level of intelligence may range from profound mental deficiency to giftedness. The pattern of cognitive skills is likely to be uneven, typically with better nonverbal than verbal skills. In the preschool years, all autistic children have a developmental language disorder. Verbal expression may range from total lack of language to verbosity with echolalia; comprehension and language use are invariably impaired. While there is no specific pharmacologic agent to mitigate the fundamental disorder, children may benefit from drugs to treat specific symptoms such as attention disorder and seizures. Although autistic behaviors are the consequence of a static disorder of brain function, their character changes with maturation and appropriate intervention. Communication skills and sociability remain deficient but improve in all but the most severely affected children. Outcome is a function of both innate cognitive competence and the effectiveness of early intervention focused on the development of appropriate social skills and meaningful communication. Intelligent autistic adults may be educable, employable, and able to live independently, while more severely handicapped ones require a lifelong protected environment.
Kartagener's Syndrome With Complications: Diagnostic Challenges in a Resource‐Limited Setting

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Kartagener's Syndrome (KS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by bronchiectasis, chronic sinusitis, and situs inversus. This case report presents a 14‐year‐old girl from rural Bangladesh diagnosed with KS, who exhibited progressive respiratory distress, recurrent sinus infections, and primary amenorrhea. Diagnostic imaging revealed dextrocardia, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary hypertension. The patient was managed with oxygen therapy, chest physiotherapy, antibiotics, bronchodilators, diuretics, and hormonal support. This case highlights the challenges of diagnosing KS in low‐resource settings and emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and multidisciplinary care to prevent disease progression and improve patient outcomes.
The Status of Asthma Control and Asthma Prescribing Practices in the United States: Results of a Large Prospective Asthma Control Survey of Primary Care Practices

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Control of asthma symptoms is, unfortunately, not a reality for many people with asthma. Asthma control is an ongoing challenge, requiring a multidisciplinary treatment approach. The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute published its Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma in 1997, but the extent of implementation of recommendations in physician's practices remains to be determined. We sought to determine if a systematic implementation of the NAEPP practice guidelines would impact physician's treatment decisions for patients with asthma. The Asthma Care Network is a large, national, point-of-care program developed to assist health care providers in the assessment and management of their patients with asthma. Outcome measurements for the program included level of asthma control, activity limitation, sleep disruption, use of rescue medications, use of controller medications, and urgent care services. A total of 4,901 primary care physicians at 2,876 practice sites enrolled more than 60,000 patients. Nearly three fourths of patients reported symptoms consistent with a lack of asthma control (mean 74%, range 69-81%). Approximately 68% of pediatric patients and 78% of adult patients reported limited activities due to asthma in the past week. Sixty-two percent of pediatric patients and 68% of adult patients reported more than two symptomatic days in the past week. Approximately 40% of the patients surveyed were not using controller therapy. The overall percentage of patients reporting uncontrolled asthma who were prescribed a controller medication increased from 60% to 81%, and the use of inhaled corticosteroids containing medications among these patients increased by 52%. As a result of the assessment of the patients' level of asthma control during the office visit, physicians changed their patterns of prescribing controller therapy in patients with uncontrolled asthma.
A Testbed Validation Tool for MANET Implementations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An standard testing framework is needed to satisfactorily validate mobile ad hoc network (MANET) protocol implementations and carry out comparison studies of different approaches. Research groups have employed dissimilar methodologies in experimentation and no common testing framework is available to the MANET research community. Furthermore, testbed experimentation faces the challenge of creating reproducible scenarios that are not only expensive in use of resources but also difficult to achieve. This paper presents MANET testbed manager (MTM), a system for setting up testbed scenarios for MANET protocols. MTM makes available an integrated framework for control, experimentation and visualization and relies on emulation of elements of a wireless mobile network that are difficult to manipulate, such as the position of the nodes, mobility patterns and energy consumption. MTM's goal is to offer a highly-flexible and low-cost testing environment for protocol validation to fill the gap between simulation and testbed experimentation.
Sustainable material for knee replacement using topsis method

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Sustainable materials are required for providing good design to products and proper application. It is economical, environmentally friendly and is widely accepted in society. The demand for knee replacement can be fulfilled with fulfilling aesthetic design and bio-compatibility of knee replacement. As the knee is the most important part of the body and the mobility of a person depends on its proper surgery and sustainable knee implants, in this paper an effort is made to design the knee implants using solid work design and the best implant material is selected Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) method. The selection criteria of sustainable implant materials are dependent on properties like mechanical property, bio-compatibility ness and cost of the material , which helps in selection of best material, where as solid work helps in designing, optimizing and simulating sustainable knee implant design before manufacturing. For analyzing the material selection process, durability, performance and patients ' requirements are taken care of. Case studies and examples demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in advancing orthopedic implant design and material selection, ultimately contributing to the improvement of patient care in the field of orthopedic surgery.
Total and Labile Phosphorus Concentrations as Influenced by Riparian Buffer Soil Properties

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Riparian buffers can act as a phosphorus (P) source under active stream bank erosion. Using soil and landscape variables (soil series, drainage class, organic matter, and pH) to index P concentrations could improve P loss risk tools for buffers. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine if soil properties could predict total and labile P concentrations within a 10-ha riparian buffer and (ii) to quantify the degree of spatial dependence of P and related properties. Soil samples were taken in 15-cm increments to a depth of 60 cm using a grid ( = 71) from an established riparian buffer along the Rock River in Vermont. Total soil P (TP), plant-available P determined by Modified Morgan extraction (MM-P), pH, soil organic matter (SOM), soil texture, and select cations were measured. We found that TP (152-1536 mg P kg) and MM-P (0.4-14.6 mg kg) ranged widely, with distinct differences between soil series. Mean TP and MM-P were greater in alluvial and glaciolacustrine soils compared with glacial till. Across all samples, MM-P was weakly related to soil properties; however, total labile P (orthophosphate + organic P measured by ICP) and unreactive labile P (ICP-P - colorimetric-P) could both be predicted by SOM ( = 0.59 and 0.73, respectively). Strong spatial dependence was found for P and related properties as revealed by geospatial analyses. Results show that P availability in the buffer was strongly related to soil genesis and support site-specific approaches for P loss risk evaluation in buffers.
KCNQ and ERG channels control the rate of diastolic depolarization and electrical pacemaking frequency in lymphatic muscle (666.3)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The spontaneous contractions of lymphatic muscle cells are critical for propulsion of lymph. We investigated the ionic basis of pacemaking in the muscle layer of pressurized rat mesentery and mouse popliteal lymphatics using sharp electrodes and patch clamp methods. At very low pressures (<0.5 cmH2O) membrane potential was stable at ~ ‐42 mV, with infrequent action potentials (APs). At higher pressures APs fired at regular intervals, interspersed with slow diastolic depolarizations (DD) to a threshold of ~ ‐35 mV. Each AP consisted of a single 200‐ms spike, peaking at ~ +5 mV, followed by a 1.5‐sec plateau and after‐hyperpolarization to ~ ‐45 mV. Graded increases in pressure to 5 cmH2O led to graded increases in DD slope and AP frequency. The KCNQ inhibitors XE991 and linopirdine (1‐10 μM) increased DD slope without significantly changing AP height or duration. The selective Kv7.1 activator flupirtine (10 μM) decreased DD slope and AP frequency. In contrast, the ERG‐1 inhibitor E‐4031 (2‐6 μM) had little effect on frequency but prolonged AP duration due to multiple spikes with each AP. Based on PCR, the predominant KCNQ channel isoform was Kv7.1, with lesser expression of Kv7.4 (but not 7.2, 3 or 5). ERG‐1a and 1b (but not ERG‐2 or 3) channels were detected. We conclude that these K+ channel isoforms, which are typical of cardiac nodal cells, are important regulators of electrical pacemaking in lymphatic muscle. Grant Funding Source : NIH‐HL089784
Experimental analysis of electric kick scooter vertical dynamics: the effect of speed, tyre inflation pressure, rider mass and road pavement on rider comfort and health safety

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, the widespread use of electric kick scooters in urban areas has posed significant challenges to municipalities due to inadequate infrastructure and lack of proper regulation. This study focuses on the Italian context, where limited urban spaces and poor pavement conditions exacerbate safety concerns for e-scooter riders. Indeed, e-scooter-related injuries are increasing, with rider health also critically affected by vibration at vehicle interface points, which is still disregarded in the available studies and regulations. This paper addresses the gap in the literature regarding the influence of physical parameters such as rider mass, tyre inflation pressure, vehicle speed and road surface unevenness on e-scooter vertical dynamics. The most influential parameters have been identified through an extensive experimental campaign, whose output has been used for creating a regression model able to predict vibration intensity at critical points on the e-scooter. This paper is...
Enrichment of semantic knowledge bases - An application to the automatic enrichment of learning tool descriptions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We discuss the first outcomes of a research project targeted to the automatic enrichment of RDF/OWL-coded knowledge bases. More specifically, we discuss the enrichment of learning tool descriptions in a recommendation system for learning resources. We show how, thanks to the implemented enrichment processes, it is possible to improve the precision of recommendations by automatically completing those descriptions. Besides, this approach overcomes the limitations of manual cataloguing and their lack of completeness consequence of relying only on the previous knowledge of cataloguing personnel.
Development of Crevice-Free Electrodes for Multielectrode Array Sensors for Applications at High Temperatures

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Coupled multielectrode array sensors (CMAS) have been used as online and real-time monitors for localized corrosion in both laboratory and field systems. In a CMAS probe, multiple miniature electrodes made of materials identical to the engineering component are used as sensing electrodes. The application of CMAS at high temperatures, up to 150°C in corrosive environments, however, is limited by degradation of the insulating mounting material, such as epoxy. Degradation of the mounting material can lead to crevice corrosion and causes an increase in the exposed surface area of the electrodes. In this study, the effectiveness of a diamond-like carbon film to protect the Alloy 22 (UNS N06022) electrodes in an acidic sodium chloride-sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate (NaCl-NaNO3-KNO3) salt mixture was demonstrated at 150°C. The average localized corrosion rate measured from the probe with coated electrodes in the NaCl-NaNO3-KNO3 salt mixture at 150°C was approximately 0.43 μm/y. In contrast, the average localized corrosion rate measured using uncoated Alloy 22 electrodes was approximately two orders of magnitude higher than that measured from the probe with coated electrodes. Posttest scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and cyclic polarization tests revealed that the coating was adherent and prevented crevice formation between the Alloy 22 electrode and the epoxy-mounting material.
Adaptive thresholding of wavelet coefficients using generalised false discovery rate to compress ECG signal

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In signal compression the selection of an appropriate threshold is the challenging task. The paper proposes an algorithm to determine the signal adaptive threshold based on estimating wavelet coefficients by generalised False Discovery Rate (FDR) to compress ECG signal. The hypothesis testing and thresholding are closely related. So, multiple hypotheses testing is used to determine an adaptive threshold called as False Discovery Threshold (FDT). The p-value of each wavelet detail coefficient is computed and arranged in an ascending manner. The dynamic critical significance levels are calculated using k-FWER and k-FDR. These significance levels are compared with the corresponding p-value to satisfy desired FDR, which provides the FDT. The run length encoding followed by Huffman coding provides compression. The paper also proposes a new performance evaluation parameter: mean Structural Similarity Index (mSSIM) to check the similarity between original and reconstructed ECG signals. Generalised FDR-based thresholding provides very less PRD value compared to standard codecs in the literature and structural similarity very close to one, which signifies better reconstruction of the signal.
Mines: The Local Welfare Effects of Mineral Mining in Developing Countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Do residents of mining communities face health-wealth trade-offs? We conduct the first extensive investigation assessing this question using micro-data from communities near about 800 mineral mines in 44 developing countries. Mining communities enjoy a substantial medium term rise in asset wealth (0.3σ), but experience a nine percentage point increase in anemia among adult women, and a five percentage point increase in the prevalence of stunting in young children. Both of these health impacts have previously been linked to metal toxicity - and in particular, exposure to high levels of environmental lead. Benefits and costs are strongly concentrated in the immediate vicinity (5km) of the nearest mine. We find no systematic evidence of general ill health, and we observe health impacts only near mines of a type where lead pollution is to be expected. Identification is based on a mine-level and mother-level panel, and in the cross-section, on group effects. A novel instrumental variable serves as a cross-sectional robustness check. To make plausible that the observed health impacts are due to pollution, we develop difference-in-difference tests based on the known association of certain mine types with lead pollution, and based on the pathophysiology of lead toxicity. Our results represent the first comprehensive assessment of the local welfare impacts of mining in developing countries, and add to the evidence suggesting that communities near industrial centers in developing countries face information or cost constraints that limit their choice sets.
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean: How to Counsel Patients Using the Evidence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vaginal birth after prior cesarean has become a part of routine obstetric care over the past three decades. Recently, however, the pendulum has swung in the other direction with a decreasing proportion of women choosing to undergo a trial of labor after prior cesarean. Since more than one-fourth of all deliveries are via cesarean, counseling patients regarding the risks and benefits of undergoing a trial of labor in a subsequent pregnancy is a skill all clinicians who care for obstetric patients should have. In particular, there is good evidence regarding risk factors that change the chance of success in a subsequent trial of labor as well as that of a uterine rupture. For example, women with a prior indication for cesarean that is nonrecurring (e.g. breech, previa, herpes), women with a prior vaginal delivery, and those who present in spontaneous labor all have an increased chance of success in a subsequent trial of labor. Women with more than one prior cesarean, who undergo induction of labor, are treated with prostaglandins, and who have prior classical cesareans are at increased risk for uterine rupture. Using this evidence to counsel women regarding their risks and chances of success in a subsequent trial of labor is paramount to ensuring that a well-informed decision has been made. Keywords: prior cesarean, uterine rupture, induction of labor
Tension split Hopkinson bar tensile testing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) is an experimental technique used to measure the stress and strain of a material under dynamic condition. The difference from Static Tests is that SHPB involves deformation at high strain rates ranging from 1,000s-1 to 10,000s-1. In NTU School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, there are three types of SHPB technique used, which generates dynamic loads through compression, tension, and torsion. The theory of SHPB is based on generating longitudinal stress waves which propagates along the experimental set up which is made up of elastic steel bars made of stainless steel 304. To measure the generated stress during the experiment, strain gauges are mounted on the incident bar and transmitted bar at 0.5m away from the individual bar ends. The strain gauges are connected to a wheatstone bridge, followed by a strain meter, which converts data collected from the experiment to voltage form, which is then displayed on a Yokogawa oscilloscope. With the data of the incident, reflected, and transmitted from the oscilloscope, the stress, strain, and strain rate can be calculated and analysed. The aim of this project is to ensure the accuracy, reliability and repeatability of the SHPB experimental set up in NTU. The striker bar velocity was measured and compared with the velocity obtained from Finite Element Method (FEM) Analysis. Several calibrations run and bar apart tests were also carried out to determine and ensure the percentage error is below 10%. After calibration, tests were carried out on specimens with different geometries. With the data obtained, results were acquired and compared with the results from past researchers. At the end of this report, problems encountered and possible experimental errors will be discussed, and solutions will be recommended to further improve the current experiment set up.
XSL-FO 2.0

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) is in the process of developing the second major version of XSL-FO (eXtensible Stylesheet Language - Formatting Objects) [1], the formatting specification component of XSL. XSL-FO is widely deployed in industry and academia where multiple output forms (typically print and online) are needed from single source XML. It is used in many diverse applications and countries on a large number of implementations to create technical documentation, reports and contracts, terms and conditions, invoices and other forms processing, such as driver's licenses, postal forms, etc. XSL-FO is also widely used for heavy multilingual work because of the internationalization aspects provided in 1.0 to accommodate multiple and mixed writing modes (writing directions such as left-to-right, top-to-bottom, right-to-left, etc.) of the world's languages. The primary goals of the W3C XSL Working Group in developing XSL 2.0 are to provide more sophisticated formatting and layout, enhanced internationalization to provide special formatting objects for Japanese and other Asian and non-Western languages and scripts and to improve integration with other technologies such as SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) [2] and MathML (Mathematical Markup Language) [3]. A number of XSL 1.0 implementations already support dynamic inclusion of vector graphics using W3C SVG. The XSL and SVG WGs want to define a tighter interface between XSL-FO and SVG to provide enhanced functionality. Experiments [4] with the use of SVG paths to create non-rectangular text regions, or "run-arounds", have helped to motivate further work on deeper integration of SVG graphics inside XSL-FO documents, and to work with the SVG WG on specifying the meaning of XSL-FO markup inside SVG graphics. A similar level of integration with MathML is contemplated.