jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Discretely holomorphic parafermions and integrable loop models

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We define parafermionic observables in various lattice loop models, including examples where no Kramers-Wannier duality holds. For a particular rhombic embedding of the lattice in the plane and a value of the parafermionic spin these variables are discretely holomorphic (they satisfy a lattice version of the Cauchy-Riemann equations) as long as the Boltzmann weights satisfy certain linear constraints. In the cases considered, the weights then also satisfy the critical Yang-Baxter equations, with the spectral parameter being related linearly to the angle of the elementary rhombus.
Are All Forms of Interest Prohibited? هل الفائدة حرام بجميع أشكالها؟

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The claim advanced by jurists of Islamic banks (represented by Shari’ah Supervisory/Control Boards, Fiqh Academy of the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Makkah Academy) that interest in deferred sale transactions is a profit, or a profit margin, and the claim advanced by the jurists of conventional banks (Muhammad Sayyed Tantawi, the legal opinion issued by Al Azhar Research Academy, Egypt, in 1923H) that calls interest in loans or deposits a profit leads to unlimited profit, for profit has no limit neither in Islamic Shari’ah nor in western capitalism. Calling things by their true name, including interest, would lead to a limited interest rate, a rate that would be determined by the central banks, even by liberal capitalist countries. Interest rates are subject to pricing on two grounds: the first is related to the monetary and credit policy, the second is related to the man-made laws prevailing in the world, which distinguish between interest and usury (where usury here means exorbitant and unfair interest rate). Thus interest is limited and is determined by the central bank, whereas profit rates are unlimited. Dissociating the issue from interest and linking it to profit would delight the greedy financiers to a high degree; the victims would of course be the weak borrowers. Some jurists of Islamic banks are searching for an indicator, a yardstick other than the interest rate, but their search would be a waste of time and effort; victims will increase in number and those searching for this alternative yardstick will ultimately discover how futile their search has been, for they will never find an alternative indicator to interest. إن لجوء فقهاء المصارف الإسلامية ( الهيئات الشرعية، ومجمع جدة، ومجمع مكة ) إلى تسمية الفائدة في البيوع المؤجلة ربحاً ، أو هامش ربح ، وكذلك لجوء فقهاء البنوك التقليدية ( محمد سيد طنطاوي، وفتوى مجمع بحوث الأزهر بمصر في رمضان 1423هـ) إلى تسمية الفائدة في القروض أو الودائع ربحاً ، إنما يؤدي إلى ربح غير محدود، لأن الربح لا حد له في الإسلام وفي الرأسمالية أيضا . أما تسمية الفائدة باسمها فهذا يؤدي إلى فائدة محدودة، ومحددة من قبل البنوك المركزية، حتى في الدول الرأسمالية الليبرالية. فالفوائد خاضعة للتسعير نسبيين: الأول يتعلق بالسياسة النقدية والائتمانية، والثاني يتعلق بالقوانين الوضعية السائدة في العالم ، والتي تميز بين الفائدة والربا. وعلى هذا فإن الفائدة محدودة وخاضعة لتسعيرة البنك المركزي، والربح غير محدود ، وفك العملية عن الفائدة، وربطها بالربح ، يطير به فرحاً الممولون الجشعون، ويكون ضحاياه المدينون الضعفاء. ويبحث بعض الفقهاء في البنوك الإسلامية عن مؤشر آخر غير الفائدة، ولكنهم سيضيعون الوقت، وستزداد الضحايا، وسيجهدون أنفسهم بلا طائل ، ولن يعثروا على مؤشر آخر.
Widespread Inverted Papilloma in the Frontal Sinus Treated by Unilateral Osteoplastic Flap Surgery without Obliteration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Inverted papilloma is a rare sinonasal tumor that mainly occurs in adults during the 5th decade. Three characteristics make this tumor very different from other sinonasal tumors: a relatively strong potential for local destruction, high rate of recurrence, and a risk of carcinomatous evolution. Etiology remains little understood, but an association with human papilloma virus has been reported in up to 40% of cases, raising the suspicions of implication in the pathogenesis of inverted papilloma. Treatment of choice is surgery, by endonasal endoscopic or external approach, depending on extension and tumoral characteristics. We experienced a case of 42-year-old male with inverted papilloma which originated from the ethmoid roof and spread into the frontal sinus. He was treated successfully by unilateral osteoplastic flap surgery without obliteration, and we report on the treatment of this case, along with a review of literature. Key words: Frontal sinus ã Papilloma, inverted ã Surgical procedures, operative
Implementing IP Traceback in the Internet — An ISP Perspective

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks consume the resources of remote hosts and the network in terms of buffers, processing power, and connections, thus denying or degrading the Internet services to legitimate users. Managed security service (MSS) has been developed to provide better network performance in addition to protect customers from being attacked. IP traceback is one of the most important features incorporated in MSS. Probabilistic packet marking, a promising IP traceback scheme, has received much attention in the past couple of years, owing to its desirable properties. In this paper, we discuss the implementation issues of IP traceback technology from an ISP perspective. We introduce a practical marking scheme, in which the marking edge is a label representing a router instead of the router&apos;s IP address, and the marking probability is a function of the distance of the first trusted router on the attack path. To deal with spoofed marking, we also propose a hash-based scheme to validate the information in the marking field.
Spin magnetoresistance of a strontium iridate/manganite heterostructure

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The results of the angular dependences of the magnetoresistance of the SrIrO 3 /La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 heterostructure made of oxide thin films epitaxially grown on a NdGaO 3 substrate are presented and discussed. The resistance of the heterostructure was measured in configuration of planar Hall effect with magnetic field applied in parallel making possible to estimate the spin-Hall angle. The contribution of the anisotropic magnetoresistance and the spin-Hall magnetoresistance occurred due to strong spin-orbit interaction in the SrIrO 3 film were evaluated. Keywords: strontium iridate, spin-orbit interaction, spin magnetoresistance, spin-Hall angle.
Pakistan: Walking the Last Mile for Eradicating Polio – We are Stumbling

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The pressure of disease eradication can be enormous. Pakistan and Afghanistan are 2 endemic countries that are expected to give the final push to Wild Polio Virus out of planet. Polio Eradication is the largest program the world has known and has the largest frontline workforce that knocks at every door in the country. Pakistan had 15 months period where no human paralytic case of wild polio virus was reported, the program was thought to be headed in the right direction when suddenly, the outbreak happened in northwest part of Pakistan with multiple paralytic cases clustered in time and space. It was only after the detection of these cases that program’s telescope turned to this part of Pakistan that had longstanding issues which were not unknown. The outbreak has now spread to other parts of Pakistan. In this article, the author narrates her experience from the field that highlight the issues with roots that penetrate deep in the systems and hamper not only the progress of Polio Eradication but also, why overall health investments do not reach masses adequately. The author also presents the solution(s) that need to be implemented by overturning “one size fits all approach”. This entails local policy making through firsthand community interaction instead of policies made in fancy offices far away from these communities.
Identification and Sequence Analysis of Four S-RNase Genes in Plumcot (Prunus simonii Carr.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plumcot (Prunus simonii Carr.) is an interspecific hybrid between plum (P. salicina) and apricot (P. armeniaca) that plays an important role in non-timber forestry industry and making medicine. It exhibited S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility. In this study, four 5-RNase genes were identified and characterized. All of them displayed typical structural features of Prunus S-RNases, i.e. one signal peptide, five conserved regions, one Rosaceae-specific HV region and two introns. At the amino acid level, P. simonii S 1 shared an extremely high similarity (99.5%) with P. salicina Sh-RNase, indicating that they likely represented the same S-RNase. In comparison with other Prunus S-RNases, P. simonii S 1 showed a 65.6% to 80.4% similarity. Likewise, P. simonii S 2 and P. simonii S 4 were likely identical to P. armeniaca S 2 -RNase and P. salicina Sb-RNase, respectively, and showed 66.5% to 78.7% similarity to other Prunus S-RNases. In the case of P. simonii S 3 , it shared 66.5% to 89.6% similarity to other Prunus S-RNases. Similarity analysis well mirrors that plumcot originated from the cross of plum and apricot. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the S-RNase divergence predated speciation in Prunus. Sequence information provided in the four plumcot SRNases will be useful for function analysis in self-incompatible response.
Neuroanatomy, Cerebral Blood Supply

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The brain vasculature provides the nutrients necessary for the well functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Anatomical and angiographic studies considerably detail the topography of the arterial architecture and the related relationships. We review the arterial blood supply to the brain. Awareness of its normal anatomy and its common variations and anomalies are critical for the diagnostic and treatment of stroke and associated vascular disorders.
USP18 – a multifunctional component in the interferon response

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) represent the largest family of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUB). These proteases cleave the isopeptide bond between ubiquitin and a lysine residue of a ubiquitin-modified protein. USP18 is a special member of the USP family as it only deconjugates the ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) 15) from target proteins but is not active towards ubiquitin. Independent of its protease activity, USP18 functions as a major negative regulator of the type I interferon response showing that USP18 is – at least – a bifunctional protein. In this review, we summarise our current knowledge of protease-dependent and -independent functions of USP18 and discuss the structural basis of its dual activity.
Spectral profile cues in comodulation masking release

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Previous work on spectral shape discrimination has shown that detection of a level increment in one tone of a tonal complex is dependent on spectral position, with thresholds forming a “bowl” pattern for components spanning 200 to 5000 Hz [Green, D. M., (1988). Profile Analysis: Auditory Intensity Discrimination (Oxford University Press, New York)]. The current study examined whether a similar bowl occurs for comodulation masking release, a paradigm in which dynamic spectral cues could be used to detect an added signal. Maskers were logarithmically spaced 15-Hz-wide bands of noise. The signal was a tone or a copy of the on-signal masker band. When the masker was composed of one or more random bands, thresholds were relatively consistent across frequency. When the masker was a set of comodulated bands, thresholds for both signal types formed a bowl, but the minimum threshold occurred at a higher signal frequency for the tonal than for the narrowband noise signal. Results for additional conditions indicate that spectral effects depend on both absolute frequency and relative frequency of the signal within the masker. Data collected with flanking maskers presented contralateral to the signal and on-signal masker indicate that peripheral effects may play a role in threshold elevation at high signal frequencies with narrowband noise signals.
First Case of X-linked Recessive Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia with Immunodeficiency from Iran with Unusual Aspergillus infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

NEMO (NF-κB essential modulator) is a regulatory factor involved in signaling pathways of innate and adaptive immune system. Hypomorphic mutation of IKBKG gene on X chromosome leads to X-linked recessive anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency. The affected boys presented developmental phenotype with hypotrichosis, hypohidrosis; hypodontia with conical incisors; and susceptibility to pyogenic bacteria, mycobacteria, and viruses. Most of them have impaired antibody response to polysaccharide antigens. Here, we presented the case report of 7 years old Iranian boy with NEMO-deficiency and unusual Aspergillus infection.
Gender Questions at the Margins: The Case of Nomadic and DNT Communities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The nomadic and denotified (DNT) communities are one of the extremely marginalized segments of Indian society. Although they are internally differentiated, they have some significant common concerns that are not necessarily identical with those plaguing other marginal groups. This article provides a broad overview of gender issues which are particularly critical for these communities but which have barely received any systematic attention. Drawing upon the author’s research and interaction with members of these communities as well as government reports and other secondary sources, the article examines these issues from the point of view of the marginal position of these groups vis-à-vis the larger society as well as from the perspective of institutions and practices prevalent within these groups. The author argues that gender issues should be integral to policy frameworks as well as other debates about nomadic and DNT communities.
Design and fabrication of microfluidic food spoilage sensor

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Microfluidic paper-based devices (micropads) are an advancing research area offering real-time analysis which utilizes only microlitre volumes of fluids. The main advantages of using paper as the detection platform include its affordability, portability and ease of use. Paper transports fluid based on capillary action and does not require additional devices. The objective of this project is to design a micropad to detect ethanol. The device is fabricated using wax printing and the chemical method of detection of ethanol was used because of the colorimetric reactions. This project also investigates the effect of channel design – constant width and contraction geometry – on the flow characteristic of ethanol. Times taken for the flow of ethanol to reach the detection zone and for the complete chemical reaction were used as a means to evaluate the device. The findings showed that the wax printing approach and colorimetric method posed some problems. Their solutions are proposed. The investigation concluded that using constricted flow channel design was insignificant to induce a measurable effect to reduce the total testing time.
Transcultural dilemma in Tahmima Anam's The Good Muslim

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Tahmima Anam’s The Good Muslim captures the struggles of Haque family in a new country, Bangladesh, created through the 1971 war. The separate paths of the Haque siblings reflect not only their internal conflicts but also their strategic pathways to Bangladesh’s problems, in particular the national crisis of sexual violence against women. Redressing past injustices by challenging the nation’s military dictatorship, Jahanara Imam’s activism seeks justice for the raped women. Through their opposite transcultural visions, the siblings Maya and Sohail grapple with the vagaries of belonging to their newborn country that struggles to balance its secular legacy and traditional Islamic heritage.
Creative economies and research universities

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

[Extract] \nWhen the world recession in 2008 began, the economy wars, which had been dormant for two decades, flared again. After thirty years of the culture wars, this came as a bit of a relief. In one corner, we had the followers of John Maynard Keynes(1883-1946), who were filled with a kind of self-belief that we had not seen since the 1960s. They had a few scores to settle. In another corner were the market friendly followers of Friedrich Hayek (1899-1992) and Milton Friedman (1912-2006). They were looking a bit bloodied after having dominated public polity for two decades. Looking on skeptically from outside the ring was another cohort, the admirers of Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950). These were, as usual, less combative than the other fighters, and had a quizzical eye trained on all of the pugilists. \n \nPart of the skepticism of the Schumpeter camp was a wariness of public policy tout court. It did not matter whether this was a policy bent on big government or one in love with small government. Schumpeter had been a student of the great Austro-Hungarian Empire Finance Minister, Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk. Schumpeter himself was the first Minister of Finance of the modern Republic of Austria. He seemed to take away from that unusually intimate experience of public policy a strong sense of the need for economists to look beyond rhe policy cycle and explore the deeper structures and long-run temporalities of economies. Schumpeter was a great economist who at the same time understood the power of history and society in shaping economies. He also appreciated the power of the imagination. He observed that modern capitalist economies were driven as much by creative impulse and imaginative insight, as they were by the more commonplace behaviors that arose out of greed, interest, need or calculation. It was not that societies could not-or should not-control such behaviors or encourage them, depending on prevailing economic philosophy. It was just that some of the most decisive economic outcomes could not be determined by such policy tools. Somewhere beyond them, in a larger social-historical zone, lay the human drive to innovate and create. \n
Valid publication of Turpinia pomifera var. minor (Staphyleaceae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Turpinia Ventenat (1807: 3, non. cons.) is the largest genus of Staphyleaceae (Li et al. 2008). About 13 species are recorded from China, five of which are endemic. Turpinia pomifera var. minor C.C.Huang ex Hsu (1979: 358; see comments in Bartholomew & Zhou 2007) was firstly described in Flora Yunnanica. However, it was not validly published, because no specimen was listed in the protologue, which is contrary to Article 40.1 & 40.2 (McNeill et al. 2012). After consulting the herbarium of Kunming Institute of Botany (KUN), Chinese Academy of Sciences, we found that three gatherings (K.M.Feng 11588, 11748, 13544) were annotated as “Turpinia pomifera (Rox.) Kong [corrected as DC.] var. minor Huang var. n.” [sic] by C.C.Huang in April 1960 on the sheets. Therefore, the three gatherings will potentially have been examined by C.C. Huang and may have been used for the description of T. pomifera var. minor in the preparation of Flora Yunnanica. To validate the name of this variety, a sheet of the gathering K.M.Feng 11588 is designated as the holotype (Fig. 1). Ting-Zhi Hsu published a Latin diagnosis of this variety in 1979, which is referred to below to satisfy Article 39.1. According to Article 46.2, the authorship of the name T. pomifera var. minor remains the same
The impact of an appearance-focussed facial-ageing intervention on adolescents’ attitudes towards sun protection and UV exposure

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The study investigated British adolescents’ experiences of an appearance-focussed, facial-ageing, morphing intervention designed to increase sun protection intentions. The study population consisted of 237 adolescents, 60 of whom were randomly allocated to participate in the appearance-focused intervention condition and 176 to a control condition. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline and immediately post-intervention. Adolescents who had participated in the appearance-focussed intervention had significantly greater intentions to use sun protection, significantly more negative sun risk beliefs, lower sun benefit attitudes and higher perceived sun damage susceptibility after viewing the information given than participants in the control group. It is concluded that appearance-focussed interventions may be a useful tool to use when educating young people about the importance of protecting their skin from UV exposure.
Magnetic detection method for seabed cable in marine engineering surveying

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The detection and identification of the seabed cable is becoming an important task in the marine engineering. The features of the magnetic anomaly can be used to detect the existence of the seabed cable. The magnetic field model is presented, and the consistency of the magnetic anomaly distribution between the simulation of the model and the observed data is verified. The comparison shows that the seabed cable can be effectively detected and identified with reasonable method.
Data from Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy of Clinical-Grade Vasculature-Targeted Liposomal Doxorubicin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b><i>In vivo</i> evaluation of good manufacturing practice-grade targeted liposomal doxorubicin (TVT-DOX), bound to a CD13 isoform expressed on the vasculature of solid tumors, in human tumor xenografts of neuroblastoma, ovarian cancer, and lung cancer.</p><p><b>Experimental Design:</b> Mice were implanted with lung, ovarian, or neuroblastoma tumor cells via the pulmonary, peritoneal, or orthotopic (adrenal gland) routes, respectively, and treated, at different days post inoculation, with multiple doses of doxorubicin, administered either free or encapsulated in untargeted liposomes (Caelyx) or in TVT-DOX. The effect of TVT-DOX treatment on tumor cell proliferation, viability, apoptosis, and angiogenesis was studied by immunohistochemical analyses of neoplastic tissues and using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay.</p><p><b>Results:</b> Compared with the three control groups (no doxorubicin, free doxorubicin, or Caelyx), statistically significant improvements in survival was seen in all three animal models following treatment with 5 mg/kg (maximum tolerated dose) of TVT-DOX, with long-term survivors occurring in the neuroblastoma group; increased survival was also seen at a dose of 1.7 mg/kg in mice bearing neuroblastoma or ovarian cancer. Minimal residual disease after surgical removal of neuroblastoma primary mass, and the enhanced response to TVT-DOX, was visualized and quantified by bioluminescence imaging and with magnetic resonance imaging. When treated with TVT-DOX, compared with Caelyx, all three tumor models, as assayed by immunohistochemistry and chorioallantoic membrane, showed statistically significant reductions in cell proliferation, blood vessel density, and microvessel area, showing increased cell apoptosis.</p><p><b>Conclusion:</b> TVT-DOX should be evaluated as a novel angiostatic strategy for adjuvant therapy of solid tumors.</p></div>