jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reply on RC2

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has brought tremendous impact and influence on human health and social economy around the world. The lockdown implemented in China, starting on 23 January 2020, led to large reductions in human activities and the associated emissions. Sharp declines in primary pollution provided a unique chance to examine the relationships between anthropogenic emissions and air quality. Here, we report measurements of air pollutants and meteorological parameters at different heights on a tall tower in the Pearl River Delta, China, to investigate the response of the vertical scales of pollutants to reductions in human activities. Compared to the pre-lockdown period (starting from 16 December 2019), the observations showed that surface layer NOx, PM2.5 and mean values of the daily maximum 8 h average O3 (MDA8O3) had significant reductions of 76.8 %, 49.4 %, and 18.6 % respectively, but the average O3 increased (9.7 %) during lockdown period. The vertical profiles of NOx and O3 changed during the lockdown period, but not those of PM2.5. The correlation between PM2.5 and O3 was statistically significant, but not that between PM2.5 and NOx for data collected at four different heights during the lockdown period. The significance of these correlations was the opposite during the pre-lockdown period, indicating that the main composition of PM2.5 has changed dramatically since the lockdown, which is transited from primary aerosol dominating or nitrate dominating (affected by NOx) before lockdown to secondary organic aerosol dominant dominating (affected by O3) during the lockdown. We find weaker diurnal variation of O3 during the lockdown period is similar to the case at background regions. O3 concentrations were not sensitive to NOx concentrations during lockdown, which implies that O3 levels during the lockdown are more representative of the regional background, for which anthropogenic emissions are low and photochemical formation is not a significant ozone source. This evidence suggests that significant reductions of anthropogenic emissions are effective in simultaneous mitigation of PM2.5 and O3 levels.
Physical, Thermal, and Chemical Properties of Fly Ash Cenospheres Obtained for Different Sources

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Cenospheres are hollow particles in fly-ash, a by-product of coal burning, and are widely used as reinforcement for developing low density composites called syntactic foams. This study investigates the physical, chemical, and thermal properties of cenospheres obtained from 3 different sources, CS1, CS2, and CS3, for the development of syntactic foams. Description of floatation method to separate broken particles is given, and it was seen that up to 11 % of the particles were damaged. Post heat treatment samples show development of SiO2 phase in the cenosphere, which is not present in the as received product. CS3 had the highest quantity of Si element, compared to the other two, showing the difference in the source quality. The particle size distribution for CS2 is very narrow while for the others is much broader. All censopheres have porous walls but the morphology of CS2 is the most uniform and smooth. For the application of metallic layer and subsequent consolidation via spark plasma sintering, CS2 was deemed the most physically, thermally, and chemically suitable.
Development of the JUNO Conditions Data Management System

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) experiment is designed to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and precisely measure oscillation parameters with an unprecedented energy resolution of 3% at 1 MeV. It is composed of a 20 kton liquid scintillator central detector equipped with 18000 20-inch PMTs and 25000 3-inch PMTs, a water pool with 2000 20-inch PMTs, and a top tracker. Conditions data, coming from calibration and detector monitoring, are heterogeneous, different type of conditions data has different write rates, data format and data volume. JUNO conditions data management system (JCDMS) is developed to homogeneously treat all these heterogeneous conditions data in order to provide easy management and convenient access with both Restful API and web interfaces, support good scalability and maintenance for long time running. The paper describes the status and development of JCDMS including the data model, workflows, interfaces, data caching and performance of the system.
Living With Parents and Emerging Adults’ Depressive Symptoms

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Whether moving back home after a period of economic independence or having never moved out, the share of emerging adults living with parents is increasing. Yet little is known about the associations of coresidence patterns and rationales for coresidence for emerging adult well-being. Using the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study ( n = 891), we analyzed depressive symptoms among emerging adults who (a) never left the parental home, (b) returned to the parental home, and (c) were not currently living with a parent. About one fifth of emerging adults had boomeranged or moved back in with their parents. Among those living with parents, nearly two fifths had boomeranged or returned to their parental home and they reported significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms. Among coresident emerging adults, both intrinsic and utilitarian motivations (i.e., enjoy living with parents and employment problems) partially mediated the association between coresidence and depressive symptoms. Returning to the parental home was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms only among emerging adults experiencing employment problems. These findings are especially relevant because the recession hit emerging adults particularly hard. The ability to distinguish boomerang emerging adults and emerging adults who have never left home provides a more nuanced understanding of parental coresidence during this phase of the life course.
Relationship between Measurements of the Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Hearing loss in Large Vestibular Aqeduct Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

【Objective】To explore the value of MRI in measuring the large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS) and the relationship between hearing loss and the volume of the enlarged endolymphatic duct (EED) and sac (EES) and the diameter at the midpoint of the intraosseous EES. 【Methods】 15 cases including 26 ears were examined the heaing level, and undwent T2-weighted axial thin-section MRI scan of the temporal bones by use of a 3D Fast Spinecho Sequence. Two radiologists traced the volume of the EED and EES by drawing regions of interest manually and diameter at the midpoint of the intraosseous EES. These measured values were compared against audiographic data, and the degree of linear correlation was determined. 【Results】26 ears from the LVAS patients displayed profound sensorineural hearing loss, including 9 ears in pro-found, 10 in severe, 6 in moderate and 1 in mild deafness, and the average hearing level was (79.9±19.1) dB. The EED and EES were observed enlarged in different degree in MR imaging. The average diameter of the intraoseous EES was (2.84±0.60) mm, and the average volume of the EED and EES was (356.6±171.1) mm3. There were no significant correlation between these measured values and the degree of hearing loss (P 0.01). 【Conclusion】MRI can disclose large vestibular aqueduct directly and accurately, and it’s useful in diagnosis of LVAS. The volume of the EED and EES and diameter of the intraosseous EES show no significant correlation with the degree of hearing loss.
Stereochemical and Kinetic Comparisons of Mono- and Diepoxide Formation in the In Vitro Metabolism of Isoprene by Liver Microsomes from Rats, Mice, and Humans

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Isoprene (2-methylbuta-1,3-diene) is a large scale petrochemical used principally in the manufacture of synthetic rubbers. It is also produced by plants and trees and is formed endogenously in mammals as a major endogenous hydrocarbon. Mammalian metabolism of isoprene involves cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases to give the regioisomeric monoepoxides, prop-2-enyloxirane and 2-ethenyl-2-methyloxirane. The isoprene monoepoxides are further oxidized to the mutagenic diepoxides, 2-methyl-2,2'-bioxiranes. The present studies have investigated the stereochemistry and comparative rates of the metabolic epoxidation in vitro of isoprene to mono- and diepoxides by liver microsomes from rat, mouse, and human in order to identify stereochemical and kinetic differences between species in the formation of these epoxide metabolites, which are key to understanding the toxicology of isoprene. The assignments of stereochemistry were based on comparisons with synthetic standards, the syntheses for which are described. Comparative enzyme kinetic parameters (apparent K(m) and apparent V(max) values) for the in vitro formation of all of the monoepoxide and diepoxide stereoisomers have been obtained. The rates of formation of both mono- and diepoxides were greater in the rodent systems as compared with the human in vitro system. The results provide comparative kinetic data that have potential for modeling and assessing the relevance of the animal carcinogenicity data for man. The possibility of human interindividual variation was also investigated with liver preparations from several individual humans, but significant differences between individuals were not observed in the formation of the monoepoxides from isoprene.
Scholarship 2.0:

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Scholars have shown how the politics of English(es) can perpetuate structures of unequal power, marginalization, and injustice (as well as being used to counter them). Yet, scholars in the global south remain complacent and complicit about the status quo. Focusing on social justice and equity, this paper, based on the plenary given at the Entangled Englishes Conference in Dhaka, will show how we can disentangle ourselves from the hegemony of English(es) and its localized power politics. Sharing what I call a “scholar 2.0” framework, I show how practically confronting the hegemony of English(es) requires transcending individual interest and ego, mobilizing all languages in the interest of local society and professions, and engaging in translanguaging and critical global citizenship. Only by producing new knowledge for our own communities and societies – in many languages and new local venues – can we give life and meaning to our critical perspectives on language.
Vitamin D and safe journey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We present a hypothesis for low vitamin D as a sign of untimely relocation of the human being during its history. This improper displacement prone our species to infectious and non-infectious diseases during our life journey, low vitamin D is a sign that needs to be addressed as a marker of the unsafe journey in our lifetime not the cause for diseases that are associated with it and replacement of vitamin D is the least that we have done.
A.F. Busching and the Place of Geographical Knowledge in the German Enlightenment, c.1740-1800

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This dissertation places geographical knowledge and practice in the German Enlightenment (Aufklärung). I illustrate something of geography’s constitutive sites and practical making by discussing the life and work of Anton Friedrich Büsching (1724–93), who made his name as one of the foremost geographers in the German lands and Europe through his Neue Erdbeschreibung (Hamburg, 1754–92), and through his geographical periodicals. I consider Büsching’s geographical project and its social, political and scientific contexts in three articles. The first concerns the making of geographical knowledge ‘at home’ in the context of Büsching’s geography of Asia (Hamburg, 1768) and the Royal Danish Expedition to Arabia (1761–67) organised by Johann David Michaelis. I illustrate how Büsching and Michaelis sought to integrate knowledge of the study and the field in ways that allowed them to produce more accurate knowledge of Asia’s geography, and to legitimate the credibility of textual critique in the study. I argue that understanding the relations between the constitution of the study as an analytic site and the evaluation of knowledge from the field is crucial for understanding the making of Enlightenment geography. The second article concerns the place of geography in print, and focusses on Büsching’s ‘learned newspaper’, the Wöchentliche Nachrichten (Berlin, 1773–87). I argue his periodical played a central role in reshaping the moral economy of geographical knowledge in the later eighteenth century, and show that the periodicity and materiality of the periodical genre transformed the character of geography’s authors and audiences in the Aufklärung. The final article discusses the place of politics in German geography. I argue that geography was politicised through inscriptive practices of authorship, correspondence and learned journalism, and through practices of mapping and education. Moreover, I contend that that Büsching’s geographical project was politicised through his work on the geography of the Holy Roman Empire and through his periodicals, because these works were a means for improving geo–literacy, and for engendering a sense of pride in both ‘Germany’ as a cultural nation and in Frederick II’s Prussia. Collectively, the dissertation demonstrates the centrality of Büsching’s geographical project to the making of geography in the Aufklärung.
Implementing a pharmacogenetic-driven algorithm to guide dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in Caribbean Hispanics: protocol for a non-randomised clinical trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Minority populations in the USA are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular conditions. Reduced responsiveness to clopidogrel among carriers of CYP2C19 variants has been reported in patients with either coronary artery disease (CAD) or acute coronary syndrome (ACS) after the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Previous studies have evaluated CYP2C19 genotyping-guided antiplatelet therapy in selected populations; however, this has yet to be tested among Hispanics. Given the paucity of clinical research on CYP2C19 and antiplatelet clinical outcomes in Hispanics, our study will test the safety and efficacy of a genetic-driven treatment algorithm to guide dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in Caribbean Hispanics. Methods and analysis This is a multicentre, prospective, non-randomised clinical trial that proposes an assessment of pharmacogenomic-guided DAPT in post-PCI Caribbean Hispanic patients with ACS or CAD. We will recruit 250 patients to be compared with a matched non-concurrent cohort of 250 clopidogrel-treated patients (standard-of-care). Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) such as all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, coronary revascularisation, stent thrombosis and bleedings over 6 months will be the study endpoints. Among the recruited, high-risk patients will be escalated to ticagrelor and low-risk patients will remain on clopidogrel. The primary objective is to determine whether genetic-guided therapy is superior to standard of care. The secondary objective will determine if clopidogrel treatment in low-risk patients is not associated with a higher rate of MACEs compared with escalated antiplatelet therapy in high-risk patients. Patients will be enrolled up to the group’s completion. Ethics and dissemination Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus (protocol # A4070417). The study will be carried out in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and International Conference on Harmonization Good Clinical Practice Guidelines. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and controlled access to experimental data will be available. Trial registration number NCT03419325 ; Pre-results.
The effects of mindfulness-focused internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy on elevated levels of stress and symptoms of exhaustion disorder: A randomized controlled trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Internet-based Cognitive Behavior Therapy (ICBT) and mindfulness interventions are commonly used to treat elevated levels of stress. There are however few high-quality studies that examine ICBT with integrated mindfulness components for symptoms of stress and exhaustion, and the role of mindfulness exercises in digital treatment. Method: The aim of the present study was to evaluate if a mindfulness-focused ICBT-program could reduce symptoms of stress and exhaustion, and increase quality of life, in a randomized controlled trial including 97 self-referred participants between 18 and 65 years who experienced elevated levels of stress. Results: The intervention group had significantly reduced symptoms of stress and exhaustion, and increased quality of life, compared to the control group. Compared with the controls, participants in the intervention group showed a significant improvement with moderate to large effects on the primary outcome measure perceived stress (d = 0.79), and the secondary outcomes, exhaustion (d = 0.65), and quality of life (d = 0.40). Participants in the ICBT group also increased their level of mindfulness (d = 0.66) during the program. The amount of mindfulness training was significantly associated with an increased level of mindfulness, which in turn was significantly associated with reduced stress symptoms. Conclusions: Mindfulness-focused ICBT can be an effective method to reduce stress-related mental health problems and the amount of mindfulness training seems to be of importance to increase the level of experienced mindfulness after treatment.
A METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING RIBOSOME PAUSE SITES IN MESSENGER RNA THROUGH NEW SEQUENCING TECHNOLOGY

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ribosome frameshifting, pausing, and termination events have a profound effect on the accuracy and reliability of protein synthesis. A variety of translational control mechanisms combine to ensure the fidelity of this process. Mechanisms, such as aminoacyl-tRNA selection and codon:anticodon interactions, are well characterized. However, more complex mechanisms, such as mRNA secondary structures, require a new approach for further study. We suggest that these mechanisms may be studied on a global scale by mapping the distribution of ribosomes along a select group of mRNAs. A combination of techniques for ribosome-protected mRNA fragment isolation (ribosome footprinting) and high-throughput sequencing—a method for simultaneously sequencing up to 40 million fragments—provides the tools for studying global translational control mechanisms. We plan to sequence a set of ribosome footprints using Illumina’s Genome Analyzer, which requires the presence of two unique adapter sequences on either end of these fragments. Conventional methods for adding these adapter sequences to RNA fragments result in significant material loss. Here we propose an improved method for isolating and converting small RNA fragments to a sequencing-ready form without the use of gel purification or sample amplification (PCR) steps. We also critique a similar method published by Ingolia, et al., (2009).
Exploring Metaverse Technologies in Entrepreneurship Through Machine Learning-Based Topic Modeling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study investigates the integration of metaverse technologies into entrepreneurship, focusing on policy frameworks, practical applications, research directions, and educational strategies to promote innovation and enhance business operations. Utilizing the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) framework, BERTopic modeling identified four key thematic areas in the literature: virtual reality (VR) in entrepreneurial education, augmented reality (AR) and VR in tourism, metaverse technologies for business ventures, and digital transformation. The main findings include that in education, VR enhances skills through immersive experiences, whereas AR and VR enrich tourism. Metaverse technologies create new business opportunities and redefine traditional models. Digital transformation, spurred by global events, drives innovation across various sectors. Case studies exploring the metaverse’s benefits for entrepreneurship across industries, including NFTs and crypto ventures, healthcare, tourism, cultural engagement, and space exploration, are presented. These findings signify the potential of metaverse technologies in driving innovation and fostering entrepreneurial growth in education, tourism, business, and beyond. Additionally practical insights are offered into how immersive virtual technologies can transform entrepreneurial education and business models viewed from the lens of educators, policy makers, practitioners, and researchers while ensuring scalability and sustainability. A framework for future work in metaverse integration that touches on ethical standards, data privacy, and digital literacy to balance innovation with societal safeguards is presented.
A Study on the Tolerance Value and Biodiversity of Benthic Macroinvertebrates

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Macroinvertebrates are important components of stream ecosystems. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of substrate particle size, shape, and roughness on the composition and biodiversity of macroinvertebrates. The results show that the particle sizes, porosity, and interstial dimensions of the substrate affect the macroinvertebrate community, while the shape and surface roughness of the substrate do not strongly affect the macrobenthos composition and density. The macroinvertebrate composition in gravel is stable. The density and species richness in the gravels, leaf humus and are much higher than those in the black silt and sands.
Fiercely ramified cyclic extensions of p-adic fields with imperfect residue field

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study the ramification of fierce cyclic Galois extensions of a local field $K$ of characteristic zero with a one-dimensional residue field of characteristic $p>0$. Using Kato's theory of the refined Swan conductor, we associate to such an extension a ramification datum, consisting of a sequence of pairs $(δ_i,ω_i)$, where $δ_i$ is a positive rational number and $ω_i$ a differential form on the residue field of $K$. Our main result gives necessary and sufficient conditions on such sequences to occur as a ramification datum of a fierce cyclic extension of $K$.
Rapid estimation of carbohydrate in formulated fishery products—protein by difference

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The colorimetric method for the determination of carbohydrate by the phenol‐sulphuric acid reagent was modified for the estimation of macroquantities of total carbohydrate in formulated fishery products. Aqueous suspensions of the samples are reacted with the phenol‐sulphuric acid reagent and the carbohydrate content is estimated by comparison to glucose standards. This technique is rapid and the carbohydrate contents obtained are in good agreement with values calculated by difference from the proximate composition. It is suggested that this technique could be used in determining the proximate composition of various food samples. The protein content could then be estimated by difference to within ±6 % (relative) of values obtained by direct protein determinations.