jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Credit, Interest Rates and the Open Economy : Essays on Horizontalism

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Contents: Preface: Anthony Thirlwall Introduction Part I: Setting the Record Straight 1. Some Reflections on Endogenous Money 2. Horizontalism Part II: Debates on Horizontalism 3. Money without Scarcity 4. Money Endogeneity and Monetary Non-Neutrality 5. Horizontalism and New Keynesian Economics Part III: Horizontalism and History of Thought Issues 6. The German Balance of Payments School and the Latin American Neo-Structuralists 7. Horizontalism and Inflation Accommodation 8. Notes on Hicks on Money and Monetary Theory 9. Bank Creation of Money and Endogenous Money Supply as the Outcome of the Evolution of the Banking System Part IV: Horizontalism and the Open Economy 10. The Reflux Mechanism and the Open Economy 11. Monetary Autonomy and Financial Integration 12. Foreign Exchange, Interest and Prices Index
Tympanojugular Paraganglioma: A Case Report of an Extensive Left Jugular Paraganglioma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: Tympanojugular paragangliomas are rare, highly vascular, and slowly growing tumors that develop from paraganglionic tissue located in the jugular foramen region. We report the case of a 50-year-old female patient presenting with progressive left-sided hearing loss secondary to an extensive jugular paraganglioma. This case highlights the clinical, radiological, and therapeutic aspects of this rare pathology.
System identification of brain-machine interface control using a cursor jump perturbation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Inspired by control theoretic approaches to studying motor control, we experimentally measured how a brain-machine interface (BMI) user responds to an unexpected perturbation. We randomly applied a step cursor position offset while a monkey controlled a BMI cursor using decoded motor cortical spiking activity. The subject was able to rapidly correct for these perturbations and (re)acquire the target regardless of when in the trial this cursor jump occurred. We observed a corrective neural response in motor cortex starting 115 ms after the cursor jump. At no time did the neural response to detecting this externally-induced error manifest itself (through the decoder) as a deleterious velocity change pushing the cursor away from the target. These results show that a user of a high-performance BMI can make rapid, accurate corrections to errors and that, insofar as the neural computations needed to counteract the error may involve motor cortex, these computations do not appear to interfere with BMI cursor control.
LIPID METABOLISM DISORDERS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS C

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose of the study. To study lipid metabolism in chronic hepatitis C and to assess its impact on the formation of insulin resistance, steatosis and progression of liver fibrosis. Materials and methods. The study included 205 patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). Conducts research, depending on the genotype C, viral load and body mass index (BMI) of the patients. Results. CHC patients revealed a combined hyperlipoproteinemia on the background of op-pression synthesis of apolipoproteins A1 and B. Formation of hepatic steatosis was associated with HCV genotype 3 virus-induced viral load at ≥ 6 log10 IU/ml and metabolic in VL < 6 log10 IU/ml. In patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 1, high viral load leads to inhibition of protein synthesis conveyor ApoA1 and increased synthesis of cholesterol, accompanied by abdominal obesity and the formation of insulin resistance. CHC patients with BMI < 25 kg/m2 viral load ≥ 6 log10 ME/ml was associated with dyslipidemia IV type on D. Fredriskson (1970), hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and diabetes. The advanced stage of liver fi brosis (F ≥ 3 on a scale METAVIR) and non-response to treatment were associated with a decrease in HDL cholesterol below normal. With an increase in viral load > 5 log10 ME/ml signifi cantly increased the risk of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
Exploring the microbiomes of camel ticks to infer vector competence: insights from tissue-level symbiont-pathogen relationships.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Ticks are blood-feeding ectoparasites that harbor diverse pathogens and endosymbionts. Their microbial communities vary based on tick species, stage, sex, geographical location, surrounding environment, and tissue type. Understanding tick microbiota at the tissue level is crucial for unraveling how microbiomes are distributed in tick tissues and influence pathogen transmission. We used V1-V2 16 S rRNA gene sequencing to analyze tissue-specific bacterial compositions (hemolymph, saliva, salivary glands, and midgut) of Amblyomma gemma, Rhipicephalus pulchellus, Hyalomma dromedarii, and Hyalomma rufipes ticks collected from camels in Marsabit County, northern Kenya. The V1-V2 region of the 16 S rRNA gene effectively differentiated 43 Rickettsia africae and 16 Rickettsia aeschlimannii tick samples from other rickettsial species, as well as Coxiella endosymbionts from Coxiella burnetii. In contrast, the V3-V4 region sequences of these species could not be clearly distinguished. Coxiella endosymbionts were most common in Am. gemma and Rh. pulchellus, while Francisella endosymbionts predominated in Hyalomma ticks; both were primarily localized in the salivary glands. High abundances of Coxiella endosymbionts, as well as Pseudomonas, were associated with the absence or low abundance of Rickettsia pathogens in both Am. gemma and Rh. pulchellus, suggesting competitive interactions between these microbes. Additionally, Proteus mirabilis, an opportunistic pathogen of the urinary tract in humans, was found predominantly in Hyalomma ticks, except for the salivary glands, which were most abundant with Francisella endosymbionts. Furthermore, we detected the Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Corynebacterium genera in all the tick tissues, supporting the hypothesis that these bacteria might circulate between camel blood and ticks. Saliva and hemolymph generally harbored more extracellular bacteria than the salivary glands and midgut. This study provides a new approach to unravel tick-endosymbiont-pathogen interactions by examining the tissue localization of tick-borne pathogens and symbionts in Am. gemma, Rh. pulchellus, Hy. dromedarii, and Hy. rufipes from camels in northern Kenya. Our findings establish a baseline for developing an understanding of the functional capacities of symbionts and for designing symbiont-based control strategies.
Distribution and Clonal Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Other Staphylococci in Surface Waters: Detection of ST425-t742 and ST130-t843 mecC-Positive MRSA Strains

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Natural aquatic environments represent one of the most important vehicles of bacterial dissemination. Therefore, we aimed to isolate staphylococci from surface waters and to investigate the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors as well as the genetic lineages of all Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Staphylococci were recovered from water samples collected from 78 surface waters, including rivers, streams, irrigation ditches, dams, lakes, and fountains. The presence of antimicrobial resistance genes and virulence factors was investigated by PCR. Multilocus sequence typing and spa-typing were performed in all S. aureus isolates. From the 78 water samples, 33 S. aureus, one S. pseudintermedius, and 51 coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) were identified. Among the S. aureus isolates, four MRSA were identified, and all harbored the mecC gene. Fourteen S. aureus were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested and the remaining showed resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and/or tetracycline encoded by the blaZ, ermT, msr(A/B), tetL, and vgaA genes. Regarding the clonal lineages, one mecC-MRSA isolate belonged to spa-type t843 and sequence type (ST) 130 and the other three to t742 and ST425. The remaining S. aureus were ascribed 14 spa-types and 17 sequence types. Eleven species of CoNS were isolated: S. sciuri, S. lentus, S. xylosus, S. epidermidis, S. cohnii spp. urealyticus, S. vitulinus, S. caprae, S. carnosus spp. Carnosus, S. equorum, S. simulans, and S. succinus. Thirteen CoNS isolates had a multidrug resistance profile and carried the following genes: mecA, msr(A/B), mph(C), aph(3′)-IIIa, aac(6′)-Ie–aph(2′’)-Ia, dfrA, fusB, catpC221, and tetK. A high diversity of staphylococci was isolated from surface waters including mecCMRSA strains and isolates presenting multidrug-resistance profiles. Studies on the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant staphylococci in surface waters are still very scarce but extremely important to estimate the contribution of the aquatic environment in the spread of these bacteria.
Generation of tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells by simultaneous MHC-I and -II epitope presentation in vitro and in vivo

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Meeting abstracts In recent years, activation of the patient's immune system to defend against tumors was demonstrated to be a promising alternative strategy to classical cancer treatments. Dendritic cells (DCs) can present antigens on MHC-II and -I leading to the activation of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells
Effect of age on acute morphine response in the rat.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The importance of age as an experimental variable in the evaluation of the analgesic, thermic, and respiratory depressant effects to morphine was studied in male rats one and one-half, six, and ten months of age. Significant age-related responses were observed in both the analgesic and thermic responses to morphine. Also, following a dose of 30 mg/kg morphine, animals six and ten months of age exhibited significantly higher plasma levels of morphine, a slower decline in both plasma and brain levels of morphine, and lower brain/plasma ratios of morphine indicating possible age-related changes in metabolism, excretion, and the blood-brain barrier. The dose of morphine which produced respiratory depression was significantly higher in the youngest age group; this was accompanied by higher brain levels of morphine in this group. These studies illustrate the importance of age as an experimental variable in the evaluation of drugs.
The importance of evolutionary history in studies of plant physiological ecology: examples from cerrados and forests of central Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Studies that compare physiology, anatomy, and ecology across species have offered some of the best insight into adaptation and evolutionary constraints in plants. As a result, the comparative approach has become increasingly used in studies of plant physiological ecology. The high species diversity of Brazilian biomes provides many excellent opportunities for comparative plant ecophysiology, and could be better exploited for understanding the evolution of plant form and function. In this paper we emphasize the importance of considering phylogenetic information for the design and analysis of comparative studies, relying on examples from comparisons of woody plants from cerrado and gallery (riparian) forests. The use of congeneric species pairs, each containing one cerrado species and one forest species of the same genus, greatly improves statistical power while assuring phylogenetic independence, an essential condition for inference in comparative studies. For example, in a study of seedlings of nine cerrado species and nine forest species, when we ignore phylogenetic relationships, it is not be possible to conclude that cerrado and forest species differ with regard to leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA), or seedling height. If, however, we use the generic groupings to account for phylogenetic effects, then we find that seedlings of savanna species have lower LAR, SLA, and seedling height. Much of the phylogenetic inertia observed for these traits appears related to the fact that these traits are all strongly correlated with seed mass, which has been previously shown to be strongly conserved phylogenetically. These examples emphasize the importance of phylogenetic information in comparative studies.
Protocol for a randomised controlled trial comparing aqueous with alcoholic chlorhexidine antisepsis for the prevention of superficial surgical site infection after minor surgery in general practice: the AVALANCHE trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Surgical site infection (SSI) after minor skin excisions has a significant impact on patient morbidity and healthcare resources. Skin antisepsis prior to surgical incision is used to prevent SSI, and is performed routinely worldwide. However, in spite of the routine use of skin antisepsis, there is no consensus regarding which antiseptic agents are most effective. The AVALANCHE trial will compare Aqueous Versus Alcoholic Antisepsis with Chlorhexidine for Skin Excisions. Methods and analysis The study design is a prospective, randomised controlled trial (RCT) with the aim of investigating the impact of two different antiseptic preparations on the incidence of superficial SSI in patients undergoing minor skin excisions. The intervention of 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) in 70% alcohol will be compared with that of 0.5% CHG in aqueous solution. The trial will be conducted in four Australian general practices over a 9-month period, with 920 participants to be recruited. Consecutive patients presenting for minor skin excisions will be eligible to participate. Randomisation will be on the level of the patient. The primary outcome is superficial SSI in the first 30 days following the excision. Secondary outcomes will be adverse effects, including anaphylaxis, skin irritation, contact dermatitis and rash and patterns of antibiotic resistance. Ethics and dissemination The study has been approved by the James Cook University Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC). Findings will be disseminated in conference presentations and journals and through online electronic media. Discussion RCTs conducted in general practice differ from hospital-based projects in terms of feasibility, pragmatism and funding. The success of this trial will be cemented in the fact that the research question was established by a group of general practitioners who identified an interesting question which is relevant to their clinical practice and not answered by current evidence. Trial registration number ACTRN12615001045505; Pre-results.
Nanoporous ^|^alpha;-Alumina Membrane Prepared by Anodizing and Heat Treatment

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We investigated the optimum conditions for the fabrication of an α-alumina membrane by the anodizing and subsequent heat treatment of an anodic film after detachment from an aluminum substrate and through-hole treatment. We evaluated the nanoporous structure of anodic alumina including pore diameter, the regularity of pore array and the surface morphology with respect to the thermal deformation of the membrane during heat treatment under loading with ceramic plates. Because the regularity of the pore arrangement of the film formed by two-step anodizing was greatly improved compared with that of the film formed by one-step anodizing, the deformation caused by heat treatment was suppressed. To detach the anodic film from the substrate, an advanced anodic polarization method was better than the conventional cathodic polarization method with a stepwise decrease in anodizing voltage, because the through-hole treatment was accomplished in a shorter time. As a result, the combination of two-step anodizing and the detachment by anodic polarization process was suggested to be optimum. Thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis indicated a weight loss of approximately 1% originating from dehydration during the temperature change from room temperature to 400°C. Moreover, the desorption of oxalate anions from the alumina film occurred at 900°C, associated with a weight loss of approximately 5% and the anodic alumina simultaneously crystallized from amorphous to γ-alumina. Finally, the crystal structure transformed to α-alumina at 1250°C. It was found that a crack-free alumina membrane that maintained straight channels similar to those of amorphous anodic alumina was successfully obtained.
Industrial attachment report with ExxonMobile Asia Pacific Pte Ltd

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The 22-weeks (5rd January to 6th June 2005) Industrial Attachment (IA) program provided the author an opportunity to apply what she had learnt from her course of study into practical application under Distributed Control System/Triple Modular Redundancy ( DCS/TMR) section, Plant Computing Group (PCG) of ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Pte Ltd. This report aims to provide a detailed summary on the experiences gained by the author and her applications during her attachment period in ExxonMobil Asia Pacific Pte Ltd. The report described in details the major project she had handled, which included the introduction, analyzing, developing, testing, implementing, problems encountered and their solutions, and also the recommendations of the author. The author had improved her analyzing, testing, problem solving skills and also communication ability after going through this period of attachment. This attachment has prepared the author for the real industry, giving her a head start for her career after her graduation.
Nano Zinc Oxide Green-Synthesized from Plumbago auriculata Lam. Alcoholic Extract

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized by using an alcoholic extract of the flowering aerial parts of Plumbago auriculata Lam. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) revealed that the average size of synthesized ZnO NPs was 10.58 ± 3.350 nm and the zeta potential was −19.6 mV. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the particle size was in the range from 5.08 to 6.56 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis verified the existence of pure hexagonal shaped crystals of ZnO nanoparticles with an average size of 35.34 nm in the sample, which is similar to the particle size analysis acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (38.29 ± 6.88 nm). HPLC analysis of the phenolic ingredients present in the plant extract showed that gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and catechin were found as major compounds at concentrations of 1720.26, 1600.42, and 840.20 µg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of ZnO NPs and the plant extract against avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) subtype B were also investigated. This assessment revealed that the uncalcinated form of Nano-ZnO mediated by P. auriculata Lam. extract possessed a significant antiviral activity with 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) and 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) of 52.48 ± 1.57 and 42.67 ± 4.08 µg/mL, respectively, while the inhibition percentage (IP) was 99% and the selectivity index (SI) was 1.23.
Population genomics of the emerging yeast pathogen Candida glabrata

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Infections caused by pathogenic fungi are becoming an increasingly serious threat for human health. Pathogenic fungi such as Candida glabrata or Candida albicans, belong to phylogenetically distinct clades and have non-pathogenic close relatives, indicating that the ability to infect humans has evolved several times independently. Despite the many recent advances in biomedicine, we are still lacking an understanding of how virulence evolves across organisms and which mechanisms are involved in the emergence of pathogenesis. Elucidating how human pathogens evolve is of central relevance to understand the bases of virulence and spread of infectious agents. In this context, population genomics provides a powerful tool to uncover recent selection pressures that can shed light on how pathogens adapt to humans. We here evaluated genomic and phenotypic variation across 57 C. glabrata strains. Firstly, we focused on 33 globally-distributed isolates. We catalogued extensive copy number variation, which we found to particularly affect genes encoding cell-wall associated proteins, including adhesins. This variation is structured into seven deeply divergent clades, which show recent geographical dispersion and large within-clade genomic and phenotypic differences. We show compelling evidence of recent admixture between differentiated lineages, and of purifying selection on mating genes, which provide first evidence for the existence of an active sexual (or parasexual) cycle in this yeast. Altogether, our results point to a recent global spread of previously genetically isolated populations and suggest that humans are only a secondary niche for this yeast. Secondly, we analyzed the genomic variability of C. glabrata in pairs of serial isolates, each from the same patient. We detected that patients can host clonal and non-clonal isolates. We observed an active standing genetic diversity with recurrent recombination leading to significant differences in terms of oxidative stress resistance biofilm formation. These results suggested that standing genetic variation and withinhost recombination between divergent strains may play an important role in disease progression and treatment outcome.
Pasteurella multocida: Plasma Lysozyme in Bacteremic and Lipopolysaccharide-Exposed Turkeys

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Plasma lysozyme was measured in turkeys with experimental fowl cholera produced by either of two serotypes of Pasteurella multocida. Lysozyme was not detected in preexposure plasma, whereas plasma sampled when turkeys were terminally bacteremic contained 7.0-7.5 microgram of lysozyme/ml. Plasma lysozyme was measured in turkeys inoculated intravenously with P. multocida lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Turkeys inoculated with 10 microgram of LPS produced plasma lysozyme detectable for 2 hr after inoculation; those inoculated with 500 microgram of LPS produced plasma lysozyme detectable for at least 6 hr after inoculation. Egg-white lysozyme, equivalent in concentration to the plasma lysozyme detected in bacteremic turkeys, was active upon young cultures of P. multocida and increased the degree of lysis of P. multocida cells treated with deoxycholate. Lysozyme, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, and deoxycholate in combination produced the highest degree of lysis of P. multocida cells.
Long noncoding RNA DANCR aggravates retinoblastoma through miR‐34c and miR‐613 by targeting MMP‐9

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified to play vital roles in cancers, including human retinoblastoma (RB). However, the deepgoing mechanism is still ambiguous. In present study, we investigate the biological role of lncRNA DANCR (differentiation antagonizing non‐protein coding RNA) in carcinogenesis of RB. Results revealed that DANCR was up‐regulated in RB tissue and cell lines. Moreover, the ectopic overexpression of DANCR indicated poor overall survivals and disease free survival (DFS) for RB patients. In vitro and in vivo experiments, DANCR knockdown suppress the proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) correlated protein (N‐cadherin, Vimentin) of RB cells. Bioinformatics analysis predicted that miR‐34c and miR‐613 targeted with 3′‐UTR of DANCR, besides, miR‐34c and miR‐613 also targeted with 3′‐UTR of MMP‐9, which was validated by luciferase reporter assay. Functional experiments demonstrated that miR‐34c and miR‐613 could reverse the oncogenic function of DANCR in RB tumorigenesis. In conclusion, our results reveal that DANCR function as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) for miR‐34c and miR‐613 to modulate progression and metastasis in RB oncogenesis via targeting MMP‐9, presenting the in‐depth regulation of DANCR in RB and providing a novel insight for ceRNA mechanism for RB.