jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Modeling the electrical stimulation intensity dependence on stimulus frequency

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The object of research is the process of electrical stimulation of human skeletal muscles during therapeutic therapy. The subject of study is a mathematical model of the electrostimulation characteristic, which relates the amplitude of muscle contraction and the frequency of the stimulating effect. The purpose of the work is to develop a mathematical model in the form of an analytical expression for describing the dependence of the amplitude of muscle contractions on the frequency of electrical stimuli. Methods used: methods of mathematical modeling, methods of structural and parametric identification of models, methods of approximation, methods of parametric optimization, methods of mathematical analysis. The results obtained: an analytical model in the form of a polynomial is proposed, which displays the dependence of the amplitude of muscle contraction on the frequency of stimuli; the degree of the polynomial is chosen and the coefficients of the model are obtained by parametric optimization; a model trajectory is built and the accuracy of modeling is estimated; an equation is obtained and its possible solutions are found to determine the optimal value of the stimulus frequency. The results can be used in the selection of individual effects of electrical stimulation during one session or with extrapolation over a number of sessions. Scientific novelty: an analytical description of the influence of the frequency of electrical stimuli on the mode of contraction of skeletal muscles has been obtained, which allows you to determine the individual optimal parameters of electromyostimulation.
<title>Synchronies in cultured neuronal network</title>

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The neuronal network cultured in virto used as an important tool for study have been realized by more and more researchers owing to its non-invasive nature. But till now, there isn't a parameter that can conveniently describes the changing states of neuronal network from the whole. In this paper, the synchrony calculation acted as the reactive results of the neuronal network to electrical stimulation (used for learning training) or bicuculine is analyzed and the variety of the synchrony of the network is tried as an important value to depict the diversification of the neuronal network. These experimental results processed in this way are given out in the end of this paper.
Sustaining a system wide intervention to promote increased smoking cessation rates among pregnant women

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background and challenges to implementation In 2011/12, more pregnant women smoked at delivery in North East England (population 2.6 million) than the national average (21% vs 13%). Work with midwives across the region identified barriers to implementing national guidance for universal carbon monoxide (CO) screening and referral for smoking cessation (SC) support. These included lack of equipment, and midwives' concerns that quit advice was not worthwhile and might undermine relationships with women. Intervention or response A system wide approach, babyClear©, was commissioned across 12 local government areas involving eight NHS hospital maternity services and associated smoking cessation services. The intervention provided equipment and training for universal CO monitoring, opt-out referral to SC services and enhanced support to quit. Independent evaluation assessed effectiveness and implementation. Service data for more than 37,000 deliveries in 2013-14, including 10,500 smokers, was analysed for impact on quit rates. Interviews with more than 90 healthcare staff were conducted. Routine smoking at delivery data for local commissioning areas was monitored 2012-2017. Results and lessons learnt Quit rates nearly doubled (aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.5-2.2) and referrals for SC support increased by 2.5 fold (95% CI 2.2-2.8) after initial implementation (Bell et al, 2017). There was variation in effectiveness between maternity services. Process evaluation indicated that effective SC advice was deliverable within routine maternity care and acceptable to women and maternity staff. Diversity of SC service delivery models, variable resourcing and organisational stability influenced implementation. Regional smoking at delivery rates declined steadily from 21% to 16% 2012-2017, but some localities experienced recent increases, suggesting variable sustainability. Conclusions and key recommendations The intervention improved quit rates through system wide training and action to improve identification and referral of pregnant smokers. Local contexts have a critical role to play in both implementing and sustaining such initiatives into practice. Identifying core intervention ingredients and potential for flexibility and tailoring is recommended.
EFFECT OF BILATERAL ERECTOR SPINAE PLANE (ESP) BLOCK ON PAIN AFTER LAPAROSCOPIC VENTRAL HERNIA REPAIR: A CASE SERIES

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Laparoscopic ventral hernia repair (LVHR) operations are followed by moderate postoperative pain, shorter recovery periods and less surgical complications such as seroma, hemorrhage, intestinal injury, mesh infection and recurrence. Pain after LVHR sometimes can be severe and last more than one week up to one month. Erector spinae plane (ESP) block is inter-fascial plane block and performed bilaterally can provide a good visceral and somatic analgesia for various abdominal surgeries. We describe five cases of laparoscopic ventral hernia repair who received bilateral ESP block prior to induction to general anesthesia and its effective analgesic effect was seen in the intra- and postoperative period. Our results showed that bilateral ESP block performed before the induction to general anesthesia provided a good analgesia and low opioid consumption in the intraoperative period, low pain scores in the first 48 hours and no need of rescue analgesia after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair surgery.
Effects of magnesium chloride and manganous nitrate upon the content of ascorbic acid in soybean during germination, with observations on the activity of ascorbic acid oxidase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Research Article| January 01 1945 Effects of magnesium chloride and manganous nitrate upon the content of ascorbic acid in soybean during germination, with observations on the activity of ascorbic acid oxidase T. Shen; T. Shen 1The Physiological Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Kunming, China Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar K. M. Hsieh; K. M. Hsieh 1The Physiological Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Kunming, China Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar T. M. Chen T. M. Chen 1The Physiological Laboratory, Tsinghua University, Kunming, China Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1945) 39 (1): 107–110. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0390107 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation T. Shen, K. M. Hsieh, T. M. Chen; Effects of magnesium chloride and manganous nitrate upon the content of ascorbic acid in soybean during germination, with observations on the activity of ascorbic acid oxidase. Biochem J 1 January 1945; 39 (1): 107–110. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0390107 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1945 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, ENGLAND1945 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Unveiling the CO Oxidation Mechanism over a Molecularly Defined Copper Single‐Atom Catalyst Supported on a Metal–Organic Framework

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Elucidating the reaction mechanism in heterogeneous catalysis is critically important for catalyst development, yet remains challenging because of the often unclear nature of the active sites. Using a molecularly defined copper single‐atom catalyst supported by a UiO‐66 metal–organic framework (Cu/UiO‐66) allows a detailed mechanistic elucidation of the CO oxidation reaction. Based on a combination of in situ/operando spectroscopies, kinetic measurements including kinetic isotope effects, and density‐functional‐theory‐based calculations, we identified the active site, reaction intermediates, and transition states of the dominant reaction cycle as well as the changes in oxidation/spin state during reaction. The reaction involves the continuous reactive dissociation of adsorbed O 2 , by reaction of O 2,ad with CO ad , leading to the formation of an O atom connecting the Cu center with a neighboring Zr 4+ ion as the rate limiting step. This is removed in a second activated step.
[How much general surgery does the specialist surgeon need? French considerations?].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

General surgery is the basis of surgery and the prerequisite for any type of surgical intervention. General surgery is also the coordinating factor for all those patients whose state of health, requires the attendance of several specialists. Four conditions are mandatory for optimal training: 1. Criteria for admission 2. Duration of training: 4 years of basic surgical training with 2-3 more years for specialization 3. Criteria for the standardization among the training centres (hospital accreditation system) 4. Quality control: at the end of the 1st year control of manual ability and after 4 years theoretical, clinical and practical examinations. These points are discussed and defended.
5' sequences of rubella virus RNA stimulate translation of chimeric RNAs and specifically interact with two host-encoded proteins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Sequences at the 5' and 3' ends of the rubella virus (RV) genomic RNA can potentially form stable stem-loop (SL) structures that are postulated to be involved in virus replication. We have analyzed the function of these putative SL structures in RNA translation by constructing chimeric chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) RNAs, flanked either by both 5'- and 3'-terminal sequence domains from the RV genome or several deletion derivatives of the same sequences. After in vitro transcription of chimeric RNAs, the translational efficiencies of these RNAs were compared by the rabbit reticulocyte lysate translation system. For in vivo translation studies, the level of CAT activity was measured for chimeric RV/CAT RNAs expressed in transfected cells by the adenovirus major late promoter. Both in vivo and in vitro translation activities of the chimeric RNAs revealed that the presence of 5' and 3' SL sequences of RV RNA, in correct (+) orientation and context [5'(+)SL and 3'(+)SL, respectively] was necessary for efficient translation of chimeric RV/CAT RNAs. The presence of the RV 5'(+)SL sequence had the primary enhancing effect on translation. To identify host proteins which interact with the 5'(+)SL which may be involved in RV RNA translation, RNA gel-shift and UV cross-linking assays were employed. Two host proteins 59 and 52 kDa in size, present in cytosolic extracts from both uninfected and RV-infected cells, specifically interacted with the RV 5'(+)SL RNA. Direct binding comparisons between wild-type and mutant 5'(+)SL RNAs demonstrated that sequences in and around the bulge region of the terminal stem domain of this structure constituted a protein binding determinant. Human serum, qualified for anti-Ro/SS-A antigen specificity, immunoprecipitated 59- and 52-kDa protein-RNA complexes containing the RV 5'(+)SL RNA. However, poly- and monoclonal antisera raised against the recombinant 60- and 52-kDa Ro proteins failed to precipitate complexes containing the 5'(+)SL RNA. The identity of the proteins binding this RV cis-acting element remains to be determined; however, their role in RV translation is discussed.
Estimating the revenue costs of tax treaties in developing countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract (12764) Petr Janský Marek Šedivý Tax treaties between countries influence how much tax revenues governments receive from multinational enterprises. These treaties often reduce the withholding tax rates on outgoing dividend and interest payments. We provide illustrative estimates of costs for these two taxes for 14 developing countries in sub‐Saharan Africa and Asia in a first multi‐country comparison of this kind. These might be overestimates because we assume that foreign direct investments are not influenced by the tax treaties. We estimate that the highest potential tax revenue losses are within hundreds of millions US$ and around 0.1% of GDP , with Philippines incurring the highest losses both in US$ and relative to GDP . We also find that around 95% of the losses is due to dividends and that only four investor countries—Japan, Netherlands, Switzerland and Singapore—are together responsible for more than half of the losses. We discuss the limitations of these estimates and how future research could improve their quality as well as coverage.
MASS REDUCTION AND RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS THROUGH VERMICOMPOSTING OF FLY ASH

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In view of the environmental problems generated by large-scale production of fly ash, increasing attention is now being paid to the recycling of fly ash as a good source of nutrients.Because availability of many nutrients is very low in fly ash, available ranges of such nutrients must be improved to increase the effectiveness of fly ash as a soil amendment.In our experiment, we assessed the possibility of increasing total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and micronutrients in fly ash through vermicomposting.Fly ash was mixed with cow dung at 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 ratios and incubated with Eudrilus eugeniae for 60 days.The concentration of above said macro and micronutrient was found to increase in the earthworm-treated series of fly ash and cow dung combinations compared with the fly ash alone.This helped to transform considerable amounts of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and micronutrients from fly ash into more soluble forms and thus resulted in increased bioavailability of the nutrients in the vermicomposted series.Among different combinations of fly ash and cow dung, nutrient availability was significantly higher in the 1:3 fly ash to cow dung treatment compared with the other treatments.
Ultraviolet Light and Osmotic Stress: Activation of the JNK Cascade Through Multiple Growth Factor and Cytokine Receptors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Exposure of mammalian cells to ultraviolet (UV) light or high osmolarity strongly activates the c-Jun amino-terminal protein kinase (JNK) cascade, causing induction of many target genes. Exposure to UV light or osmotic shock induced clustering and internalization of cell surface receptors for epidermal growth factor (EGF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-1 (IL-1). Activation of the EGF and TNF receptors was also detected biochemically. Whereas activation of each receptor alone resulted in modest activation of JNK, coadministration of EGF, IL-1, and TNF resulted in a strong synergistic response equal to that caused by exposure to osmotic shock or UV light. Inhibition of clustering or receptor down-regulation attenuated both the osmotic shock and UV responses. Physical stresses may perturb the cell surface or alter receptor conformation, thereby subverting signaling pathways normally used by growth factors and cytokines.
Functioning metastases from Islet-Cell Tumor of the Pancreas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 1927, Dr. William J. Mayo1discovered the first functioning metatastic islet-cell carcinoma, and one year later Roscoe Graham2removed the first benign functioning adenoma. Since that time between 400 and 500 case reports of islet-cell tumors have appeared in the literature. By 1950, Howard, Moss, and Quarrie3had collected 398 cases, and, by 1952, Whipple4reported a personal collection of 34 patients. For the average surgeon, however, this entity will remain a rarity, particularly the malignant tumor, as only about 10% of islet-cell tumors are frankly malignant and about half of these will have functioning metatastases. The control of the hypoglycemia in such situations not amenable to surgery presents a challenge to the surgeon. We wish herewith to report our experience with one such patient. REPORT OF A CASE Mrs. E. L., aged 59, was first seen by one of us (C. J. B.) in
Changes in α-Adrenoceptors During Long-Term Treatment of Rabbits with Prazosin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Acute intravenous prazosin (0.05 mg/kg) caused marked falls in mean arterial pressure and postsynaptic alpha 1-adrenoceptor blockade in rabbits. During chronic oral dosing (3--21 days), tolerance developed and blood pressure returned to base-line pretreatment levels. This did not appear to be related to changes in plasma renin activity, body weight, prazosin kinetics, or alpha 2-adrenoceptor responsiveness. However, pressor responses to the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine and the mixed alpha 1/alpha 2-agonist noradrenaline increased during chronic prazosin therapy. Despite the development of apparent "tolerance," the response to bolus injections of prazosin was unchanged. No changes in the maximum number of prazosin binding sites or their dissociation constant were observed in the heart, spleen, forebrain, or hindbrain after 21 days treatment. It appears that although compensatory mechanisms develop during chronic prazosin treatment, they are not mediated by alterations in alpha 1-receptor binding but are related to changes in alpha 1-adrenoceptor responsiveness beyond the drug-receptor binding site.
Analysis of Students’ Difficulties in English Conversation Practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Speaking skill is the most important language skills to support communication, especially in English speaking skills are needed for two-way communication that can be understood by one another. However, there are still many students who are not maximal in carrying out English conversations practice to improving their English speaking skills. Therefore, this study aims to analyze students' problems and difficulties in practicing English conversation in order to improve speaking skills. The method used in this research is qualitative by using a descriptive approach. Data were obtained through direct observation and interviews related to the conditions experienced by students in improving their English speaking skills. After the data has been obtained, the data is analyzed through three stages, namely data reduction, data display and data conclusion. The results showed that students had difficulty practicing English conversations due to a lack of confidence, lack of courage, fear of being wrong, not having enough English vocabulary and not having a supportive environment to practice English conversations. Therefore, it is necessary to have a good learning strategy to encourage students to be able to practice speaking in English.
How safe are peat‐free growing media? An exploration of plant pathogen risks to the horticultural industry and recommendations for risk mitigation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Societal Impact Statement The UK's horticultural industry is shifting from reliance on unsustainable peat‐based growing media to products that contain alternative constituents, including coir, bark, wood fibre and composted green waste. Some peat‐alternatives carry an elevated risk of harbouring plant pathogens, including the potential to introduce novel pathogens from overseas, threatening the biosecurity of UK horticulture which relies on healthy plants. Our findings support regulation for clarity on constituent sources, defined national sanitisation standards and routine testing for pathogens and provide evidence to underpin the future development of a quality assurance scheme for UK horticultural growing media currently being postulated by the industry. Summary The use of peat in horticultural growing media is being phased out in the UK due to environmental concerns. Recent evidence suggests elevated plant pathogen risks associated with peat alternatives; an uncertainty compounded by a lack of information on the source, production and processing methods for the constituents of peat‐free growing media. This study was conducted to fill these knowledge gaps. Through literature review and interviews with industry stakeholders, we present information on the size and nature of the UK professional and amateur growing media sectors, define the primary constituents of peat‐free growing media, their origin, processing methods and associated pathogen risks. Coir, softwood pine bark, wood fibre and composted organic wastes are the main alternative constituents to peat. For all constituents, there is a lack of standardisation of sanitisation regimes and an absence of critical limits for key sanitisation parameters. Constituents of the highest biosecurity risk are coir imported by smaller companies from small producers in Asian countries, use of recycled coir in growing media and wood and bark products imported from abroad or from UK plantations harbouring disease. There are also moderate risks from plant pathogens in Publicly Available Specification (PAS)100 organic waste composts in the absence of a requirement to compost to an industry standard. We discuss the implications of our findings for the future biosecurity of UK horticulture and make recommendations to limit plant pathogen risks, such as regulation for clarity on sources for all constituents, developing defined national standards for sanitisation regimes and routine testing for pathogens.
Remote sensing estimation of spring Carex biomass in Changhuchi Lake, a shallow sub-lake of Poyang Lake

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

鄱阳湖碟形湖泊 (常湖池) 春季苔草生物量遥感估算， 单位面积 苔草生物量分别为 77.56 g/m 2 和 208.44 g/m 2 ， 这与鄱阳湖其他子湖单位面积生物量一般低于 300
October—Immunization Action Month

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.— The EDITORIAL, October—Immunization Action Month, (234:416, 1975) states quite well the problem caused by declining immunization levels. The solution, however, will never be found utilizing primarily the news media. The recession and escalation of medical care costs will compound the difficulties for states and communities to expand their immunization activities as federal appropriations decline. National immunization data are of little help in assessing local needs. We have found that inexpensive immunization surveys 1 pinpoint deficiencies, and campaigns can be organized where necessary. Other approaches such as comprehensive immunization-motivation efforts have also been shown to be effective. Immunizations are among the most cost effective medical procedures available. It is difficult to believe that with health care expenditures exceeding $118 billion, we are still unable to immunize all our preschool children.