jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Evaluation of the effects of Time-of-flight Technique on Regional Brain PET using Hybrid PET/MRI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of time-of-flight (TOF) reconstruction on regional brain positron emission tomography (PET) obtained from hybrid PET/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI). Patients (n = 34) who underwent 18 F-FDG PET/MRI brain imaging were retrospectively included in this study. The PET list mode data were reconstructed with and without a TOF reconstruction algorithm. Regional brain volumes of interest (VOIs, 18 regions) were segmented and their standardized uptake values (SUVs) were measured. Standard formulas were applied to measure contrast, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and percentage relative average difference of SUVs (%RAD-SUVs). The results were compared using paired t -tests. Results In all the VOIs, the SUV max was significantly higher with TOF reconstruction than without it. The %RAD-SUV max was greater than 3% for all VOIs in TOF compared to non-TOF reconstructions, and was largest in the caudate nuclei. The SUV mean values in 14/18 VOIs were significantly higher with TOF reconstruction, although the %RAD-SUV mean values were comparably smaller than the %RAD-SUV max . The highest %RAD-SUV mean between TOF and non-TOF reconstruction was again in the caudate nuclei. Contrast and SNR were higher with TOF reconstruction in 12/17 and 9/17 VOIs, respectively. Although the differences were small, they almost showed statistical significance ( p < 0.05 ). In the caudate nuclei, the percentage difference in SNR was nearly 50%. However, in the PA, SN, CoC, WM and CM, contrast was higher with non-TOF reconstruction, and SNR was higher in regions adjoining occipital lobe and nucleus accumbens. Conclusions With the TOF-technique, the SUV max in the segmented VOIs was higher compared with non-TOF reconstruction, unlike SUV mean , which showed varying differences across the different VOIs according to the use of TOF and non-TOF reconstruction. The temporal lobe and caudate nucleus achieved considerably higher SNR with the TOF technique, but not the other regions. Overall, we recommend that these quantitative differences among VOIs are considered when diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease.
The Soviet Occupation of Afghanistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ISLAM is as natural to the people of Afghanistan as the air they breathe.Any system repugnant to Islam or the introduction of alien forces to introducea new social order has always been resisted by the Afghans. The presentAfghan-Soviet war is one such story.The war is a matter of vital importance because its outcome will immenselyaffect Pakistan, Iran, and the rest of the Muslim world. It will also upset thebalance of power between the West and the Soviets, and might change thedirection of oil flow. It is curious that the war is not given the support orattention it deserves, in spite of its global ramifications. The West perhapsignores the war as Afghanistan is far removed from the Western mainstream,and its impact is not generally understood because the Afghan Mujahideenlack a sophisticated network of information. Moreover, the Soviets continuemisleading the world by claiming the war is only a law and order problembetween the Afghan government and a handful of “bandits” encouraged fromoutside.The war is neither a law and order matter nor its impact hard to realize.Afghan Mujahideen are fighting the Soviets to force them out of Afghanistan,and the Soviets are trying to hold on using biological, chemical, and othersophisticated weapons. In spite of enormous destruction and genocide, theAfghan Mujahideen are determined to fight to the last, and so apparently arethe Soviets to consolidate their occupation of Afghanistan. This paper presentsan analysis of the war and its impact on Pakistan, the Muslim world, andthe West from a geopolitical standpoint. A brief discussion of Afghanistanexplains the former status of Afghanistan as a buffer state first between theRussians and the British and later between the Soviets and Pakistan.Modern Afghanistan dates back to 1747 when Ahmad Shah Durrani tookover reins of that country. More or less during the same time, the British ...
Comparison of Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Calculation Between Two-Point and Multipoint b Value Analyses in Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostate Tissue at 3 T: Preliminary Experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the reliability and variability of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) calculations between two-point and multipoint b value analyses in prostate cancer and benign prostate tissue.\n\nSUBJECTS AND METHODS. Forty-eight consecutive patients with suspected prostate cancer underwent diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) at 3 T followed by surgery. DWI was examined under different b values. ADC maps were generated by two different methods: two-point b values (0 and 1000 s/mm2) and multipoint b values (0, 100, 300, 700, and 1000 s/mm2). Two independent readers measured ADC in the cancers, benign peripheral zone and transition zone, and obturator internus muscle. Statistical analyses were performed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), correlation of variation (CV), Bland-Altman test, and paired Student t test.\n\nRESULTS. The intermethod ADC calculation revealed excellent reliability for all tissues in both readers: cancer (ICC = 0.979��0.981), transition zone (0.989��0.993), peripheral zone (0.990��0.994), and obturator internus muscle (0.967��0.975). In both readers, the variability of the intermethod ADC calculation was 2.90��3.09% CV in cancer, 1.16��1.48% CV in the transition zone, 1.03��1.29% CV in the peripheral zone, and 2.44��2.62% CV in the obturator internus muscle. For interreader variability, the CVs of ADC calculation for two-point versus multipoint b value analyses in all tissues were 7.21��9.65% versus 7.18��9.01%.\n\nCONCLUSION. For estimating ADC values on 3-T DWI of the prostate, two-point b value analysis seems to present excellent correlation with multipoint b value analysis, with little error in accuracy.\n\n\n\n\nRead More: http://www.ajronline.org/doi/abs/10.2214/AJR.13.11818
A summary of domain structures and signaling motifs of the various vertebrate Fc receptors.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

<p>The Ig-like domains are depicted as filled circles with color-coding according to the similarities in sequence based on phylogenetic analyses <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096903#pone.0096903-Fayngerts1" target="_blank">[24]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096903#pone.0096903-Guselnikov1" target="_blank">[58]</a>. The domain type D1, D2, D3, D4 and D5 show a relatively conserved pattern in most tetrapods and have therefore been color-coded in red dark blue, yellow, light blue and green. A phylogenetic analysis of all the individual domains presented in figure 5 and a few additional receptors are presented in supplementary <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0096903#pone.0096903.s005" target="_blank">figure S4</a>. The color-coding in figure 5 is based on this supplementary figure. The extracellular regions, the transmembrane regions and cytoplasmic tails are not to scale in order to show the positions of potential signaling motifs like ITAMs (green boxes) and ITIMs (red boxes), which regulate the biological function the Fc receptors. Non-consensus ITIMs are also indicated as boxes with half red half white. Some of the intracellular proteins contain C-terminal mucin-like regions that are depicted as blue triangles.</p>
Performance of Oxyfluorfen for Weed Control in Mentha arvensis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Field experiments were conducted at the Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana during 2004 to 2006. The results of three years indicated that pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen at 145, 176, 206, 235 and 265 g/ha proved very effective for suppressing weeds of mentha and all these treatments were found statistically similar to recommended treatment i. e pendimethalin at 750 g/ha. Similarly, herb and oil yield under the treatments of oxyfluorfen were found similar to the already recommended herbicide pendimethalin. All the treatments of oxyfluorfen were found similar to two hand weedings treatment with respect to weed control and production of herb yield and these were found to be significantly superior to unweeded (control) treatment. Oil and menthol content (%) was not influenced with the application of these herbicides.
Perceptual Dysfunction in Persons with Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type:

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Perceptual dysfunction is among those problems contributing to difficulties with activities of daily living of persons with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Evidence of perceptual deficits, particularly of visuospatial problems and apraxia, has been documented in a number of studies. Practical tools are available for clinical assessment of perceptual dysfunction in persons with Alzheimer's disease. Because of lack of research in support of restoration of perceptual function, occupational therapists and physical therapists can best deal with perceptual dysfunction by compensatory procedures to improve the patient's activities of daily living.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 15/2017

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Front Cover: In article number 1700195, Jianbo Tan, Li Zhang, and co-workers prepare epoxy-functionalized diblock copolymer nano-objects by photoinitiated-polymerization-induced self-assembly (photo-PISA) of glycidyl methacrylate at room temperature. A diverse set of complex morphologies (worms and vesicles) are prepared by this facile approach. The obtained poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-based diblock copolymer nano-objects can be further functionalized using epoxy–amine chemistry (e.g., cross-linking, loading nanoparticles).
A review of the genus Chloebora Saussure (1884) (Oedipodinae: Acrididae: Orthoptera) From Pakistan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The species of the genus Chloebora Saussure are reviewed. The occurrence of Chloebora crassa Walker (1870), Ch. Grossa Saussure 1884 is confirmed and their distribution is extended to new localities. Ch. Bramina Saussure 1884 is a new record. Whereas Chloebora bishamensis is described as a new species from Pakistan. A key to these species is also provided.
[DOWNLOAD $PDF$] Clean Mama's Guide to a Healthy Home: The Simple, Room-by-Room Plan for a Natural Home Full-Online

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

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THE PROPERDIN SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

High molecular weight polysaccharide complexes derived from normal and neoplastic mammalian tissues were found to combine with properdin and to inactivate C'3 in vitro. These polysaccharide preparations were also found to alter properdin levels and non-specific resistance to Gram-negative infection in mice. In these manifestations, the tissue polysaccharides bore a marked resemblance to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Some implications of the interactions of tissue polysaccharides and properdin in certain disease states are considered.
Natural and artificial antimicrobial peptide designs: A comparative study of Mastoparan C and BP52

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small, naturally occurring molecules that play a vital role in the innate immune systems of various organisms, ranging from bacteria to humans. Additionally, artificial AMPs are also designed and synthesized based on the common structure-activity relationships (SARs) found in natural ones. As part of our ongoing effort to explore the advantages and disadvantages of each source, this study focused on two representative helical AMPs: Mastoparan C ( MPC ) and BP52 . While the former is derived from the venom of the European wasp Vespa crabro , the latter belongs to a group of artificially designed AMPs inspired by the structure of two natural peptides, Cecropin A and Melittin M . Our preliminary data suggests that BP52 exhibits similar antimicrobial activity to MPC but demonstrates significantly higher potency against the A427 cancer cell line. Taken together with the shorter length and reduced toxicity to human red blood cells, BP52 exhibited greater potential in drug development compared to its counterpart, MPC .
High-risk Human Papillomavirus (HR-HPV) DNA Detection in Mouth Rinses for Diagnosis of HPV-driven oropharynx cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background The detection of HPV DNA in mouthwashes has been reported as an alternative to the immunohistochemical detection of p16 in oropharyngeal (OPSCC) and other squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck region (HNSCC). HPV DNA might be a marker correlating with HPV-associated tumors. The possible use of mouthwashes to assess therapeutic response, indicated by a reduction of detectable HPV DNA due to therapy, or even a complete loss of detectable HPV DNA after curative treatment, has not been investigated yet. We examined whether curative therapy of HPV-associated OPSCC is related to an altered frequency of high-risk HPV DNA (HR-HPV-DNA) in mouth rinses before and after therapy.
A portable device for detecting excessive water in lungs

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Pulmonary edema (excessive water in lungs) can cause pulmonary hypertension, pleural effusion and acute case can be fatal. Currently excessive water in lungs is detected by medical devices using X-ray, CT scan or serum biomarker. Previous research works showed that acoustic method with machine learning algorithms can be applied. This project aimed to implement the previous machine learning algorithms using acoustic models on Android platforms. Because Android smart phones claim huge proportion of smartphone market and most of them are capable of signal real-time processing. During the project, Matlab scripts and a Perl script were written to prepare training data for Android application. Three-level Haar wavelet transform was used for feature extraction of lung sound recordings and kth-nearest-neighbor was used for classification in machine learning section. An Android Application was built for algorithm testing and real-time processing.
Antisecretory factor suppresses intestinal inflammation and hypersecretion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background —Antisecretory factor (AF) is a recently identified regulatory protein which inhibits the intestinal fluid secretion induced by cholera toxin. Aims —To test the effect of AF on: ( a ) inflammation and hypersecretion induced by toxin A from Clostridium difficile ; and ( b ) morphological changes and hypersecretion induced by okadaic acid (the blue mussel toxin) in rat intestinal mucosa. Methods —Morphological changes and fluid accumulation were observed in intestinal loops challenged with 1 μg of toxin A or 3 μg of okadaic acid administered before or after injection of 0.1 μg of recombinant AF (rAF). Results —The cytotoxic and inflammatory reaction caused by toxin A was abolished after treatment with rAF given either intraveneously or intraluminally prior to the toxin or one hour after the toxin. The intestinal fluid response induced by toxin A and okadaic acid was reduced 55–80% by rAF. However, the characteristic increase in goblet cells at the tips of villi in the okadaic acid treated mucosa was not inhibited by rAF. Conclusion —Results suggest that AF might be involved in protection against inflammation and in counteracting dehydration caused by enterotoxins. Both effects are probably mediated via the enteric nervous system.
The Role of Network Science in Glioblastoma

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Network science has long been recognized as a well-established discipline across many biological domains. In the particular case of cancer genomics, network discovery is challenged by the multitude of available high-dimensional heterogeneous views of data. Glioblastoma (GBM) is an example of such a complex and heterogeneous disease that can be tackled by network science. Identifying the architecture of molecular GBM networks is essential to understanding the information flow and better informing drug development and pre-clinical studies. Here, we review network-based strategies that have been used in the study of GBM, along with the available software implementations for reproducibility and further testing on newly coming datasets. Promising results have been obtained from both bulk and single-cell GBM data, placing network discovery at the forefront of developing a molecularly-informed-based personalized medicine.
Effect of the trans-Arctic invasion on Pliocene predator-prey interactions on Tjörnes Peninsula, Iceland

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The significant impacts of some invasive species, such as the zebra mussel, have increased concerns about the long-term effects of invasive species. The fossil record provides a unique opportunity to track long-term changes caused by natural invasions. The Trans-Arctic Invasion (TAI) began after the Bering Strait opened at approximately 5.4-5.5 Ma, which enabled Pacific species to invade the Atlantic Ocean. Predatory naticid gastropods were among the invaders, allowing tracking of changes in naticid gastropod predation. To track the evolutionary integration of new species into the community, six samples postdating the invasion were collected from the Tjörnes beds of northeast Iceland, all from the Serripes zone (B14, U14, 15, B17, U17, B18; B=base, U=upper; bed number uses Bardarson's 1925 classification). For each sample, complete bivalve specimens (whether mold or shell) were identified to genus or species level, and drilling frequency (DF) and prey effectiveness (PE = incidence of failed drilling) were calculated for the assemblage and for selected taxa. Specimen length and height were measured, as was drill hole diameter. \n\tThirteen bivalve genera, 6 of which were invasive, and 3 naticid species, 1 of which was invasive, were recognized in 1171 specimens. Drilling frequency decreased up-section for the assemblage (from 0.38 to 0.16) and two common prey taxa Macoma (invasive) and Thracia (native); drilling frequency did not change significantly for the native genera Arctica and Lentidium. Incomplete drill holes were found only in B14 (9 in Arctica and 1 in Thracia) and U14 (1 in Macoma). Drill hole location on the prey shell did not change up-section. Size selectivity, based on correlations of outer borehole diameter and prey length, was significant for Macoma and Arctica (complete drill holes) but not for Serripes, Lentidium, and Arctica (incomplete drill holes). Predators drilled relatively smaller prey up-section despite increases in average length of both Macoma and Thracia. The decreased drilling frequency with no increase in prey effectiveness and predator preference for smaller prey up-section suggests that prey evolved avoidance techniques, which is consistent with the hypothesis of escalation. However, climatic cooling through the Serripes zone may also have decreased feeding rates of naticids.
Leaders’ Induced Justice Climate as mediator of Participative Leadership and Team Learning

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Fairness Theory and Social Exchange Theory are used to analyze the mediation role of justice climate in the participative leadership behaviors - team learning relation in a sample of 171 work teams operating in Chile. Results show that participative leadership behaviors have a direct positive effect on team learning, as well as an indirect effect partially mediated by leaders’ induced distributive and procedural justice climate. No significant mediation is found for interactional justice climate. Results are unaltered when controlling for team size, leaders’ gender, team gender and age diversity. This study contributes to literature by showing that a positive team justice climate, induced by the team leader, is associated with an incremental and additional impact of participative leadership behaviors on team learning. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, as well as limitations of the study are acknowledged.