jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Loneliness and mental well-being in the Polish population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective There is a growing concern that the restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic could lead to increased loneliness and mental disorders, which are considered a major public health problem. The aim of the study was to assess loneliness, anxiety, depression and irritability in the Polish population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Design A cross-sectional study. The study participants completed an online questionnaire using the computer-assisted web interview technique. Data were collected using Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Setting Poland. Participants This study was conducted between 6 October and 12 October 2020, in a representative sample of 890 Polish residents. Primary outcome measures Self-reported loneliness; sociodemographic and COVID-19 pandemic factors associated with loneliness, anxiety, depression and irritability. Results The analyses showed a moderately high degree of loneliness in 22%, symptoms of anxiety in 27%, depression in 14% and irritability in 33% of the respondents. The increasing severity of anxiety, depression and irritation in the study group was accompanied by higher loneliness. Generally, younger people, both tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and those who experienced home quarantine, scored higher in both scales. Conclusions It is necessary to identify those most vulnerable to loneliness, anxiety and depression during a crisis to assess health needs and proactively allocate resources during and after the pandemic. Loneliness, anxiety, depression and irritability are important factors to consider in a population of younger, disadvantaged people, who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, people who were quarantined at home, and people who believe that their physical and mental health is worse than in the pre-pandemic period. It is important to cater for the mental health of individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic and to promote psychological interventions to improve mental well-being in potentially vulnerable social groups.
Two novel methods for liquid refractive index or concentration measurement using reflex fiber optic sensors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Two novel content meters for liquid refractive index or concentration measurement are proposed based on the simple reflex fiber optic sensor configurations. One sensor exploits a reflex and concentrically arranged fiber probe structure which is very similar to the traditional intensity-modulated fiber optic displacement sensors, but the light captured by receiving fibers is modulated by the varied solute concentration, being in proportion to the liquid refractive index, instead of displacement. The other sensor works based on detecting the edge shift of the reflected light spot, which is modulated by the refractive index variation of the liquid. Theoretical analysis and simulations are carried out with the measurement range of refractive index from 1.0 to 1.5.
LHD Halpha #70175.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Toroidal visible array to measure toroidal distribution of H-alpha and He-I, ratio of helium to hydrogen: H/(H+He) or D/(D+He), and particle recycling and edge tau_p. H-alpha and He-I line emissions are detected by photomultipliers passing through an interference filter. H/D influx ratio can be also minitored by resolving H-alpha and D-alpha line profiles.
Paclitaxel Resistance in Ovarian Cancers Relies on a PGAM1 Mediated Glycolytic Metabolism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Paclitaxel, as an anti-microtubule drug, has been recommended to be the first-line chemotherapy agent for ovarian cancer for about two decades. However, most patients with advanced stage relapse within two years and ultimately die of relapsed cancer displaying increased chemoresistance. The mechanisms underlying paclitaxel resistance remain ncompletely understood.Methods: The paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3-TR30 and its parental cell line SKOV3 were analyzed by proteinomics. The glycolytic enzyme PGAM1-modulated glycolytic flux including pyruvic acid production and lactic acid production, and mitochondrial function was investigated using the assays kit. The correlations between PGAM1 expression, overall survival and progression free survival were evaluated for ovarian cancer patients. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms involved in paclitaxel resistance, PGAM1 gene knockout, gene overexpression and/or manipulation of glycolytic products were employed, followed by Western blot, immunostaining, and cell viability assay.Results: PGAM1 was highly expressed in the paclitaxel resistant ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3-TR30, as compared to its parental cell line SKOV3. A high expression of PGAM1 was ignificantly correlated with a reduced overall survival and progression free survival in ovarian cancer patients. Under paclitaxel exposure, SKOV3 cells showed a stronger mitochondrial function than SKOV3-TR30 cells, suggesting that under the stress, SKOV3-TR30 cells had responded with enhanced glycolysis rather than undergoing oxidative phosphorylation. Down-regulation of PGAM1 in SKOV3 TR30 cells resulted in decreased paclitaxel resistance. Up-regulation of PGAM1 in SKOV3 cells led to enhanced paclitaxel resistance. Analysis of the lycolytic flux revealed that PGAM1-mediated pyruvic acid or lactic acid production could control the capabilities of ovarian cancer cell resistance to paclitaxel.Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that PGAM1 could act as a modulator linked to paclitaxel sensitivity in ovarian cancer cells. Blocking PGAM1 may provide a new approach to reverse paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer patients.
Multiple agencies with diverse goals

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter charts the relationships between three large areas of background knowledge and professional practice, at the intersection of which everyday work in forensic mental health takes place. We describe the three underpinning models (biomedical, psychological, and sociological) the differences between them in training and in outlook, and the relationship of each to the legal context in which all must operate. Representing different models of human problems and distress, we recognize that sometimes there is friction between them. Their diverse perspectives notwithstanding, these models can be integrated, and they all have an indispensable part to play in how we understand and respond to the difficulties of working with people with mental health problems who also break the law. We illustrate this with reference to how services are delivered, and conclude by discussing the role played by Multi- Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) in England and Wales.
A Zero-Dimensional Model and Protocol for Simulating Patient-Specific Pulmonary Hemodynamics From Limited Clinical Data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In pulmonary hypertension (PH) diagnosis and management, many useful functional markers have been proposed that are unfeasible for clinical implementation. For example, assessing right ventricular (RV) contractile response to a gradual increase in pulmonary arterial (PA) impedance requires simultaneously recording RV pressure and volume, and under different afterload/preload conditions. In addition to clinical applications, many research projects are hampered by limited retrospective clinical data and could greatly benefit from simulations that extrapolate unavailable hemodynamics. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a 0D computational model, along with a numerical implementation protocol, of the RV–PA axis. Model results are qualitatively compared with published clinical data and quantitatively validated against right heart catheterization (RHC) for 115 pediatric PH patients. The RV–PA circuit is represented using a general elastance function for the RV and a three-element Windkessel initial value problem for the PA. The circuit mathematically sits between two reservoirs of constant pressure, which represent the right and left atriums. We compared Pmax, Pmin, mPAP, cardiac output (CO), and stroke volume (SV) between the model and RHC. The model predicted between 96% and 98% of the variability in pressure and 98–99% in volumetric characteristics (CO and SV). However, Bland Altman plots showed the model to have a consistent bias for most pressure and volumetric parameters, and differences between model and RHC to have considerable error. Future studies will address this issue and compare specific waveforms, but these initial results are extremely promising as preliminary proof of concept of the modeling approach.
Clinicopathological characteristics, molecular features and novel diagnostic strategies for the detection of malignant transformation of endometriosis (Review)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Endometriosis is a benign gynecological disease that affects women of reproductive age. Although malignant transformation of endometriosis is rare, physicians must be aware of this due to the high incidence of clear cell carcinoma of the ovary (CCC) in Japan. The most prevalent histological subtype of ovarian cancer is CCC (~70%) followed by endometrioid carcinoma (30%). The present review discusses the clinicopathological and molecular features of endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) as well as prospects for novel diagnostic strategies. Papers published between 2000 and 2022 in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases were included. Contents of the endometriotic cyst fluid may be involved in carcinogenesis, although the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Some studies have proposed a possible mechanism wherein excessive hemoglobin, heme and iron could cause an imbalance in intracellular redox homeostasis in endometriotic cells. Combined with DNA damage and mutations, the imbalances may induce the development of EAOC. Endometriotic cells evolve to adapt to the prolonged unfavorable oxidative microenvironmental stress. On the other hand, macrophages enhance the antioxidative defense mechanism and protect endometriotic cells against oxidative damage through intercellular crosstalk and signaling pathways. Therefore, changes in redox signaling, energy metabolism and the tumor immune microenvironment could be the key elements in the malignant transformation of certain endometriotic cell clones. Additionally, non-invasive bioimaging (i.e., magnetic resonance relaxometry) and biomarkers (i.e., tissue factor pathway inhibitor 2) may be promising tools for early-stage detection of the disease. In conclusion, the present review summarizes the latest advancements in research on the biological characteristics and early diagnosis of malignant transformation of endometriosis.
Zillow Group, Inc.: Changing the Way Americans Buy Homes

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This case explores the rise of Zillow from its inception to its disruption of the mature real estate industry. Starting from a platform deriving income from advertising fees, it has grown into three business segments: Home Sales, Internet, Media, and Technology (IMT), and Zestimate. While the brand, Zillow, is synonymous with real estate, its disruption has opened the door for other innovators to enter the market. The case allows students to understand the role of a disruptor, examine market forces, and recommend what a successful cutting-edge technology company should do in the future.
Hydrophobicity and specific biofilm features of Bacillus cereus spores subjected to pH stresses

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen that often persists on food processing surfaces due the formation of spores and biofilms. Spores of 12 selected B. cereus strains from genotypes that recurred in a pasteurized milk processing line were investigated in this study, for their surface and biofilm characteristics. The main objective was to have an insight into their persistence strategies. Spore surface hydrophobicity and acid-base properties, were assessed using the microbial adhesion to solvents (MATS) method. To determine how hydrophobicity was affected by cleaning procedures, this property was measured when spores were submitted to alkali or acidic stresses mimicking those of cleaning-in-place (CIP) procedures. Biofilms formation on stainless steel coupons by pH-treated spores was investigated in three culture media and imaged by using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Results showed that spores were either hydrophilic or moderately hydrophobic. Alkali-stress reduced spore surface hydrophobicity, whereas acidic shock increased it. More limited hydrophobicity changes following alkaline stress suggest alkali adaptation of spores. In addition, spores submitted to pH-stresses produced specific biofilm features on stainless steel as shown by ESEM imaging. Alkali tolerance and the biofilm lifestyle are strategies that permit B. cereus recurrent genotypes to persist in the milk processing line. Overall, this study gives an insight into hydrophobicity and specific biofilm features of B. cereus spores submitted to chemical cleaning. Key words: Bacillus cereus, biofilms, spores, hydrophobicity, CIP-like stress, dairy industry, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM).
Active research towards the addressal of HIV/AIDS in the informal economy in Zambia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article we offer an account of research undertaken for the International Labour Organization (on behalf of the National Aids Council in Zambia) in relation to HIV/AIDS and the informal economy in Zambia. We concentrate on how we tried to operate in terms of a conscious recognition of (and acceptance of responsibility for) our complicity as inquirers (together with others) in the development of the unfolding situations being explored. We indicate why we define as `active research' the approach adopted, and how we see this as related to the broader category of `action research'. We suggest that this kind of approach may be helpful for others wishing to engage in development programmes broadly understood and intended to support people's efforts to develop viable ways of knowing-and-living.
Photoionization of tungsten ions: experiment and theory for ${{\rm{W}}}^{4+}$

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Experimental and theoretical results are reported for single-photon single\nionization of the tungsten ion W$^{4+}$. Absolute cross sections have been\nmeasured employing the photon-ion merged-beams setup at the Advanced Light\nSource in Berkeley. Detailed photon-energy scans were performed at 200~meV\nbandwidth in the 40 -- 105~eV range. Theoretical results have been obtained\nfrom a Dirac-Coulomb R-matrix approach employing basis sets of 730 levels for\nthe photoionization of W$^{4+}$. Calculations were carried out for the\n$4f^{14}5s^2 5p^6 5d^2 \\; {^3}{\\rm F}_{J}$, $J$=2, ground level and the\nassociated fine-structure levels with $J$=3 and 4 for the W$^{4+}$ ions. In\naddition, cross sections have been calculated for the metastable levels\n$4f^{14}5s^2 5p^6 5d^2 \\; {^3}{\\rm P}_{0,1,2},{^1}{\\rm D}_{2},{^1}{\\rm\nG}_{4},{^1}{\\rm S}_{0}$. Very satisfying agreement of theory and experiment is\nfound for the photoionization cross section of W$^{4+}$ which is remarkable\ngiven the complexity of the electronic structure of tungsten ions in low charge\nstates.\n
Hydroxynitrile lyase at the diisopropyl ether/water interface: Evidence for interfacial enzyme activity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A novel recycle reactor has been designed to determine the interfacial activity of hydroxynitrile lyase in a diisopropyl ether (DIPE)/water two-phase system. The reactor provides a known interfacial area. Enzyme activity toward mandelonitrile cleavage is continuously measured in the reactor by following benzaldehyde product formation in the DIPE organic phase with an optical flow cell. For the first time, we establish that this enzymatic reaction is carried out by the hydroxynitrile lyase residing at the organic solvent/water interface and not in the aqueous bulk phase. Hydroxynitrile lyase adsorbs at the interface and exhibits extraordinary stability. Denaturation does not occur over several hours, although the surface pressure increases under the same conditions over this time span. Increases in surface pressure indicate enzyme penetration through the interface although no loss of enzyme activity is observed. Adsorption of p-Hnl at the interface is fit by the Langmuir equilibrium adsorption model with an adsorption equilibrium constant of 0.032 L mg(-1). For the mandelonitrile-cleavage reaction at ambient temperature, p-Hnl follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics at the interface with a Michaelis constant of 14.4 mM and a specific activity close that for the bulk aqueous phase.
Autonomous strange nonchaotic oscillations in a system of mechanical rotators

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate strange nonchaotic self-oscillations in a dissipative system consisting of three mechanical rotators driven by a constant torque applied to one of them. The external driving is nonoscillatory; the incommensurable frequency ratio in vibrational-rotational dynamics arises due to an irrational ratio of diameters of the rotating elements involved. It is shown that, when losing stable equilibrium, the system can demonstrate two- or three-frequency quasi-periodic, chaotic and strange nonchaotic self-oscillations. The conclusions of the work are confirmed by numerical calculations of Lyapunov exponents, fractal dimensions, spectral analysis, and by special methods of detection of a strange nonchaotic attractor (SNA): phase sensitivity and analysis using rational approximation for the frequency ratio. In particular, SNA possesses a zero value of the largest Lyapunov exponent (and negative values of the other exponents), a capacitive dimension close to 2 and a singular continuous power spectrum. In general, the results of this work shed a new light on the occurrence of strange nonchaotic dynamics.
Freezing resistance of antifreeze-deficient larval Antarctic fish

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Antarctic notothenioids, along with many other polar marine fishes, have evolved biological antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to survive in their icy environments. The larvae of Antarctic notothenioid fish hatch into the same frigid environment inhabited by the adults, suggesting that they must also be protected by sufficient AFPs, but this has never been verified. We have determined the contribution of AFPs to the freezing resistance of the larvae of three species: Gymnodraco acuticeps, Pagothenia borchgrevinki and Pleuragramma antarcticum. Of the three, only P. borchgrevinki larvae are protected by high, adult levels of AFPs. Hatchling G. acuticeps and P. antarcticum have drastically inadequate AFP concentrations to avoid freezing at the ambient seawater temperature (-1.91°C). We raised G. acuticeps larvae and measured the AFP levels in their blood for ∼5 months post hatching. Larval serum freezing point was -1.34±0.04°C at the time of hatch; it began to decrease only after 30 days post hatch (d.p.h.), and finally reached the adult value (-2.61±0.03°C) by 147 d.p.h. Additionally, AFP concentrations in their intestinal fluids were very low at hatching, and did not increase with age throughout a sampling period of 84 d.p.h. Surviving in a freezing environment without adequate AFP protection suggests that other mechanisms of larval freezing resistance exist. Accordingly, we found that G. acuticeps hatchlings survived to-3.6±0.1°C while in contact with external ice, but only survived to-1.5±0.0°C when ice was artificially introduced into their tissues. P. antarcticum larvae were similarly resistant to organismal freezing. The gills of all three species were found to be underdeveloped at the time of hatch, minimizing the risk of ice introduction through these delicate structures. Thus, an intact integument, underdeveloped gill structures and other physical barriers to ice propagation may contribute significantly to the freezing resistance and survival of these larval fishes in the icy conditions of the Southern Ocean.
On the Decay Rate of the Singular Values of Bivariate Functions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we establish a new truncation error estimate of the singular value decomposition (SVD) for a class of Sobolev smooth bivariate functions $ \\kappa {\\,\\in\\,} L2(\\Omega,Hs(D))$, $s{\\,\\geq\\,} 0$, and $\\kappa\\in L2(\\Omega,\\dot{H}s(D))$ with $D \\subset\\mathbb{R}d$, where $Hs(D):=W{s,2}(D)$ and $\\dot Hs(D):=\\{v\\in L2(D): (-\\Delta){s/2}v\\in L2(D)\\}$ with $-\\Delta$ being the negative Laplacian on $D$ coupled with specific boundary conditions. To be precise, we show the order $\\mathcal{O}(M{-s/d})$ for the truncation error of the SVD series expansion after the $M$th term. This is achieved by deriving the sharp decay rate $\\mathcal{O}(n{-1-{2s}/{d}})$ for the square of the $n$th largest singular value of the associated integral operator, which improves on known results in the literature. We then use this error estimate to analyze an algorithm for solving a class of elliptic PDEs with random coefficient in the multiquery context, which employs the Karhunen--Loève approximation of the stochastic diffusion coefficient to truncate the model.
Conodont Horizons in the West and South-West of England

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A large number of Devonian and Carboniferous limestones from the West and South-West of England have been sampled for conodont faunas. Only 15 yielded conodonts, but the faunas show striking similarities to those of America and Germany. The presence of “Ordovician” forms in these assemblages is noted and an explanation offered.
Complex Causal Extraction of Fusion of Entity Location Sensing and Graph Attention Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

At present, there is no uniform definition of annotation schemes for causal extraction, and existing methods are limited by the dependence of relations on long spans, which makes complex sentences such as multi-causal relations and nested causal relations difficult to extract. To solve these problems, a head-to-tail entity annotation method is proposed, which can express the complete semantics of complex causal relations and clearly describe the boundaries of entities. Based on this, a causal model, RPA-GCN (relation position and attention-graph convolutional networks), is constructed, incorporating GAT (graph attention network) and entity location perception. The attention layer is combined with a dependency tree to enhance the model’s ability to perceive relational features, and a bi-directional graph convolutional network is constructed to further capture the deep interaction information between entities and relationships. Finally, the classifier iteratively predicts the relationship of each word pair in the sentence and analyzes all causal pairs in the sentence by a scoring function. Experiments on SemEval 2010 task 8 and the Altlex dataset show that our proposed method has significant advantages in solving complex causal extraction compared to state-of-the-art methods.
Surgical footwear in rheumatoid arthritis—a patient acceptability study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

One hundred patients wih rheumatoid arthritis were questioned about the acceptability of the surgical shoes that they had been prescribed for their foot problems. The approach was made from the records of a surgical supplies manufacturer. While 90 per cent experienced good alleviation of symptoms, 50 per cent had complaints regarding fit, comfort and styling. The implications of changes in the supply of shoes and the staffing of orthotic concerns are discussed, and suggestions are made for the direction of future research.