jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization, and costs in Medicare patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A retrospective claims analysis (2015–2020)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To understand treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and economic burden of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in elderly adults in the US. This retrospective database analysis utilized US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Medicare fee-for-service administrative claims data from 2015 to 2020 to describe DLBCL patient characteristics, treatment patterns, HCRU, and costs among patients aged ≥66 years. Patients were indexed at DLBCL diagnosis and required to have continuous enrollment from 12 months pre-index until 3 months post-index. HCRU and costs (USD 2022) are reported as per-patient per-month (PPPM) estimates. A total of 11,893 patients received ≥1-line (L) therapy; 1633 and 391 received ≥2L and ≥3L therapy, respectively. Median (Q1, Q3) age at 1L, 2L, and 3L initiation, respectively, was 76 (71, 81), 77 (72, 82), and 77 (72, 82) years. The most common therapy was R-CHOP (70.9%) for 1L and bendamustine ± rituximab for 2L (18.7%) and 3L (17.4%). CAR T was used by 14.8% of patients in 3L. Overall, 39.6% (1L), 42.1% (2L), and 47.8% (3L) of patients had all-cause hospitalizations. All-cause mean (median [Q1–Q3]) costs PPPM during each line were $22,060 ($20,121 [$16,676–$24,597]) in 1L, $30,027 ($20,868 [$13,416–$31,016]) in 2L, and $47,064 ($25,689 [$15,555–$44,149]) in 3L, with increasing costs driven primarily by inpatient expenses. Total all-cause 3L mean (median [Q1–Q3]) costs PPPM for patients with and without CAR T were $153,847 ($100,768 [$26,534–$253,630]) and $28,466 ($23,696 [$15,466–$39,107]), respectively. No clear standard of care exists in 3L therapy for older adults with relapsed/refractory DLBCL. The economic burden of DLBCL intensifies with each progressing line of therapy, thus underscoring the need for additional therapeutic options.
The effect of seeding rates and cutting time on yield and quality of mixture pasture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of different seeding rates and cutting time on forage yield and quality of alfalfa and smooth bromegrass mixed pasture was studied.The results showed that the forage yield of alfalfa and smooth bromegrass mixed at 50%(7.5 kg/hm2) and 50%(15 kg/hm2) achieved the highest(21.3 t/hm2).T2 treatment(cutting at alfalfa initial flowering stage)obtained the highest yield.Cutting time had significant influence on the quality of alfalfa.Crude protein content in T1 treatment(cutting at alfalfa bud period) was the highest,with the lowest NDF and ADF(P0.05).Cutting time had significant influence on the quality of alfalfa and smooth bromegrass,and the quality was perfect in the mixture treatment A1(alfala∶smooth bromegrass=5∶5).
Translocation of forkhead box O1 to the nuclear periphery induces histone modifications that regulate transcriptional repression of PCK1 in HepG2 cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Forkhead box O1 ( FOXO 1) is an important target for insulin. It is widely accepted that insulin‐induced phosphorylation of FOXO 1 by Akt leads to its nuclear exclusion and results in the inhibition of FOXO 1‐mediated transcription of the gluconeogenic gene phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 ( PCK 1 ) in hepatocytes. However, many results that contradict this model have accumulated. Here, we provide a new mechanism for insulin‐dependent repression of FOXO 1‐mediated transcription. We showed insulin‐induced translocation of endogenous Ser256‐phosphorylated FOXO 1, which is essential for regulation of FOXO 1‐mediated transcription, from nuclear speckles to the nuclear periphery. This insulin‐dependent translocation of FOXO 1 regulated transcriptional repression of PCK 1 concomitant with the formation of the FOXO 1‐euchromatic histone‐lysine N‐methyltransferase2 ( EHMT 2) complex and histone modifications of the PCK 1 promoter region. Notably, our results suggest that FOXO 1 uses nucleoporin 98 kDa NUP 98 for this transcriptional regulation. These results provide a new insight into various FOXO 1‐mediated transcriptional regulation and FOXO 1‐mediated essential biological pathways.
Biomechanical comparison between sport shoes and marching boots during marching

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Marching is part of basic military training for new army recruits and also part of secondary school uniformed groups’ training. Long and intensive marching can lead to marching-related overuse injuries. Sport shoes with inherent shock-absorbing properties could replace marching boots during marching training sessions to lower the risk of marching-related injuries. The aims of this study were to find out if there are biomechanical differences between wearing sport shoes and marching boots during marching, and determine if sport shoes would be a good alternative to marching boots. Peak pressure was measured with the Pedar-X® insoles system while maximum force, cadence, step length and step width were measured with the Gaitway instrumented treadmill. Ten healthy male adults performed two marching trials on the treadmill, with Pedar X® insoles inserted into their footwear. One marching trial was performed in sport shoes while the other was performed in marching boots. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were used to analyse the data. Results showed significant difference in normalised peak pressure (NPP) (t (9) = -2.38, p = 0.042, d = 0.826) and normalised maximum force (NMF) (t (9) = -3.25, p = 0.01, d = 0.426). Both NPP and NMF were higher when wearing marching boots as compared to wearing sport shoes during marching. Cadence, step length and step width were similar in both footwear conditions. In conclusion, this study suggested that sport shoes, with significantly lower NPP and NMF as compared to marching boots during marching, could replace marching boots during marching training sessions.
Effects of Coarsening of Cementite in Pearlite before Austenitization on Formation of BWING and Mechanical Property in a Steel

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Effect of pre-treatment before austenitization on mechanical property in a steel has been investigated. Pre-treatment was done at 500°C for 600, 1200 and 1800s before austenitization at 1440°C for 120s. This pre-treatment was performed in order to introduce dislocation network into austenite, which acts as nucleation site for “bainite laths within austenite grain (BWING)”. BWING was formed with isothermal holding at 500°C for 10s after austenitization. Micro-Vickers hardness is measured in a steel with and without pre-treatment. The steel with appropriate pre-treatment exhibits high hardness, because large amounts of BWINGs are formed. In the case of cementites in pearlite being coarsened and the distance between cementites becoming large, dislocation network is apt to be introduced into γ. The dislocation network acts as nucleation site for BWING, resulting in the suppression of formation of intergranular bainite. BWINGs strengthen the steel.
Blueberry Fruit Development and Splitting

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Rain-related splitting of blueberry fruit is a problem facing growers in the southeastern United States and causes an estimated profit loss of up to 20% ($300- $500 per acre). Studies of this phenomenon in other thin-skinned, soft, fleshy fruit showed that no single or set of related physiological or anatomical property explained splitting. Similar research on blueberry fruit was inconclusive, thus a different approach was suggested. l sampled five cultivars at various stages of development distributed across acknowledged split-resistant (SR) and split-susceptible (SS) categories including both rabbiteye and southern highbush types. Several developmental studies were completed at the light microscope level that allowed us to analyze apoplast to symplast ratios (A:S ratio) and thus allowed a study of anatomical features that should be strongly influenced by physiological/hydrostatic phenomena. Several hypotheses of A:S ratios were tested resulting in the observed correlations that (1) at the attachment end of the fruit, the SR ratios were lower than the SS ratios and (2) at the floral end, the SR ratios were bracketed by the SS ratios. These correlations are consistent with an interpretation that (1) a higher A:S ratio increases the amount of hydrophilic (wall) material for water uptake and (2) extremes in A:S ratios compromise the structural integrity of the fruit tissue.
A notch above bowl: Specification of niche cells in the Drosophila testis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Niche cells exercise elaborate control over the behavior of many tissue-specific stem cells. However, in no system do we fully understand how niche cells are specified, develop and then begin producing the signals necessary to properly regulate stem cells. Here, we take advantage of the paradigmatic stem cell-niche system of the Drosophila testis to address these fundamental questions. We first find that the Notch signaling pathway is necessary for niche cell specification and that its activity in precursor cells prevents those cells from adopting the alternative somatic cyst cell fate. We also discover that the Notch-activating ligand, Delta, is presented from the neighboring endoderm, rather than from within the gonad “proper.” Moreover, we show that niche specification occurs very early during gonadogenesis, before the expression of extant niche cell markers.\nWe also uncover a role for the bowl pathway in influencing niche cell specification, where bowl promotes niche cell fate, while its antagonist, lines, promotes cyst cell fate. Additionally, we present data suggesting that bowl functions as a transcriptional repressor to restrict cyst cell gene expression in precursor cells, thereby inducing niche cell specification. Ultimately since niche cells influence stem cell behavior, understanding how niche cells develop and dissecting the interactions between niches and their resident stem cells is paramount if we seek to use stem cells as tools in regenerative medicine.
Bile-duct Perforation in Infancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BRmTSHThe Kitagawa-Wright method,7 which was also tested by Begg et al., gave less precise results (±24 mg.) but was much easier to use.The taking and analysis of the breath sample was fully automatic, and the reading process was found to have an observer error of only a few mg., so it is reasonable to assume that the precision of the method would be the same wherever and by whoever it was used.Since 1963 (when the trials were carried out) the method has been substantially improved,5 and Professor Borkenstein,s the inventor of the Breathalyzer, has recently reported very close agreement between the two instruments.It therefore seems that it would now be possible to obtain by direct analysis of one breath as accurate an estimate of the bloodalcohol level as can be obtained by direct blood analysis.Since in practice at least two samples should be taken the estimate would be sub- stantially more accurate, and the advantages to all concerned of being able to get an immediate and definitive determination of the blood-alcohol level at the time of arrest would seem to be obvious.-Iam, etc.,
Health impacts and cost-effectiveness of home energy efficiency interventions in England

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Main outcomes: Modelled changes in indoor pollutant exposures (PM2.5 from indoor and outdoor sources, environmental tobacco smoke, radon, mould) and indoor winter temperatures. Associated changes in quality adjusted life years (QALYs) over 50 years estimated using disease-specific life tables in combination with direct estimates of change in disease prevalence. Corresponding incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) calculated relative to estimated installation and fuel saving costs.
Hoover's Truce: Wage Rigidity in the Onset of the Great Depression

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article analyzes President Herbert Hoover's role in causing wage rigidity during the onset of the Great Depression, through two conferences in which he encouraged business leaders to maintain high wages. New data on the set of firms and trade associations attending these conferences provides evidence that Hoover's conferences delayed the cuts in hourly wages at a small number of large firms, although this result may have been due to characteristics of the particular industries the firms represented. In a cross-section of industries, there is no evidence that industry representation at the December conference affected the timing of wage cuts.
Serial Magnetic Resonance Imaging after Electrical Cardioversion of Recent Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Anticoagulant-Naïve Patients – A Prospective Study Exploring Clinically Silent Cerebral Lesions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

New brain lesions could not be detected on MRI after CV, but the high incidence of white matter hyperintensities and the transient increase in S100b may indicate transient or minor brain damage undetectable by MRI thus heightening the need to reevaluate thromboembolic risk prior to CV even in low risk patients.
Can We Model Nitric Oxide Biotransport? A Survey of Mathematical Models for a Simple Diatomic Molecule with Surprisingly Complex Biological Activities

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a remarkable free radical gas whose presence in biological systems and whose astonishing breadth of physiological and pathophysiological activities have only recently been recognized. Mathematical models for NO biotransport, just beginning to emerge in the literature, are examined in this review. Some puzzling and paradoxical properties of NO may be understood by modeling proposed mechanisms with known parameters. For example, it is not obvious how NO can survive strong scavenging by hemoglobin and still be a potent vasodilator. Recent models do not completely explain how tissue NO can reach effective levels in the vascular wall, and they point toward mechanisms that need further investigation. Models help to make sense of extremely low partial pressures of NO exhaled from the lung and may provide diagnostic information. The role of NO as a gaseous neurotransmitter is also being understood through modeling. Studies on the effects of NO on O2 transport and metabolism, also reviewed, suggest that previous mathematical models of transport of O2 to tissue need to be revised, taking the biological activity of NO into account.
Flow cytometry of prostate cancer: relationship of DNA content to survival.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Between March 1970 and December 1978 there were 366 patients with prostatic cancer treated by 125I seed implants and pelvic lymph node dissection. All had a minimum of 5 years follow-up. One hundred thirty-three patients had metastatic prostatic cancer in lymph nodes (Stage D1) at the time of lymph node dissection and seed implantation. Ninety-one of the 133 patients were judged to have sufficient metastatic prostatic cancer in their nodal tissue (greater than 50% replacement with tumor) to justify flow cytometric cellular DNA measurements on the involved paraffin-embedded nodal tissue. Nine patients were excluded due to uninterpretable DNA histograms leaving 82 patients for analysis. Forty-nine patients had aneuploid and 33 had diploid tumors. There was no statistical bias between the aneuploid and diploid groups due to age (P = 0.970, chi 2 test), time between diagnosis and implantation (P = 0.217, chi 2 test), number of positive nodes (P = 0.669, two-sample t test of means), or tumor grade (P = 0.332, chi 2 test). Median survival time of the aneuploid and diploid groups was 5.0 and 8.8 years, respectively (P = 0.0109, log rank test). Cox regression analysis confirmed the effect of aneuploidy versus diploidy on survival by controlling for other potentially confounding variables (age, time from diagnosis to implantation, number of positive nodes, and grade). Grade as a predictor of survival did not approach statistical significance in this series of relatively small size (P = 0.116). Thirty-eight of the 82 patients had moderately differentiated neoplasms. Nineteen of these were aneuploid and 19 diploid. The median survival was 5.8 and 9.1 years, respectively, for these grade-matched aneuploid and diploid groups (P = 0.039, log rank test). We conclude that flow cytometric DNA measurements on archived paraffin-embedded tumor in nodal metastases appear to be a strong predictor of survival for Stage DI prostatic cancer.
Statistical Tools for Ultrasonic Analysis of Dispersive Fluids

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This thesis focuses on the possibility of using ultrasonic measurement techniques for energy gas characterization. The idea is to combine both on-line flow measurements with non-invasive fluid characterization in the same measurement setup using the same sensor(s). The long-term goal of the project is to develop measurement methods based on ultrasonic techniques that can measure; the flow rate, the energy content, detect impurities, and estimate the composition. In this thesis different problems concerning gas characterization and modeling are addressed. The information obtained from ultrasonic measurements are limited to spectral variations in the attenuation and phase velocity. Hence, part of the research is focused on estimating these quantities accurately with low uncertainty. Another area is parametric modeling and identification of the bulk modulus, where a new model structure for gas mixtures with complex dynamic behavior and/or unknown components is presented, capable of handling the combined effect of the absorption mechanisms. Finally, the problem of estimating the composition of a gas mixture is considered. The results show that it is possible to estimate the composition of processed and upgraded biogas, with high accuracy and precision, by combining the developed estimation techniques with multiple linear regression methods. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part includes an introduction to the research area together with a short summary of the contributions. The second part contains a collection of four papers describing the research.
Diversity of soils on Kolguev Island with cryometamorphic horizons

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Kolguev Island (Barentz Sea, the subzone of typical tundra) was poorly soil surveyed until recently. During expeditionary research 2018–2023, it was revealed that a significant proportion of the soil cover is represented by soils that have horizons with a well-manifested structure, which were diagnosed as cryometamorphic ones. In this regard, the purpose of this work is to characterize the diversity and morphological features of tundra soils with a cryometamorphic horizon identified on the island. The cryometamorphic horizons most often had the specific angular-grainy structure with sharp edges or granular structure with rounded surfaces. The most typical size of aggregates is 1–3 mm; less common – up to 4 mm or less than 1 mm. In some cases, the structure was water-resistant and the soil aggregates had a denser, drier interior. A platy-grained structure with silty-sand coatings was less common. A key feature of the cryometamorphic Kolguev soils is lacking structure in the upper 5–10 cm of the profile. Such soils are the main component of the soil cover. The gleyic subtype of cryometamorphic soils and cryometamorphic gleezems are more often found as components of the soil cover micropatterns. Cryometamorphic soils with a morphologically pronounced spodic horizon were described in one of the central parts of the island. Based on the principles of Soil Classification of Russia, the following types of soils were identified: cryometamorphic, mucky-cryometamorphic, cryometamorphic gleezems; as well as soils, that were tentatively classified as a new type – cryometamorphic podburs and a new subtype – cryometamorphic peaty gleezems. Thus, the study of Kolguev soils showed that the cryometamorphic soils are distributed much extensive than previously assumed.
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Female Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The rapid development of medicine has improved the survival rate and survival time of women with malignant tumors. More and more women with malignant tumors are experiencing either natural menopause or premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) due to the side effects of tumor therapy. Estrogen deficiency causes a series of perimenopausal symptoms such as hot flashes, sweating, insomnia, and urogenital tract atrophy, as well as long-term negative risks of cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis, which seriously affect women's quality of life. Therefore, the application of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in female malignant tumor survivors was increasingly concerned. Therefore, we evaluated the benefits and risks of MHT in female malignant tumor survivors in this review.
Meloidogyne cruciani n. sp. a Root-knot Nematode from St. Croix (U.S. Virgin Islands) with Observations on Morphology of This and Two Other Species of the Genus.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Meloidogyne cruciani n. sp. infecting tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the U.S. Virgin Islands is described and illustrated. M. cruciani is distinguished from other species of the genus by having punctations around the anus of the female and by the second-stage juveniles possessing tri-lobed esophageal glands which are longer than most other species, with their posterier end at about 46.4% of the body length. The esophageal glands of the immature and adult females are contained in five separate lobes.
Pain management during and after uterine artery embolization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Uterine artery embolization (UAE) has evolved into a safe and effective alternative treatment for women with symptomatic uterine fibroids. Published series have documented clinical response rates of 81–94% for menorrhagia and 64–96% for bulk-related symptoms, with high patient satisfaction ratings and few major complications. The advantages of this procedure include shorter hospitalizations, uterine preservation, and the ability to treat all myomata in the uterus in a single session. Importantly, the nonsurgical nature of UAE enables the procefure to be performed under conscious sedation, a very important advantage that significantly lowers the risks and morbidity of the procedure.
Multiobjective Optimization of Simulated Moving Bed Reactor and its Modification — Varicol Process

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A comprehensive optimization study on a Simulated Moving Bed Reactor (SMBR) system is reported in this article for the direct synthesis of Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE). In addition, the SMB technology, which is based on synchronous switching of ports, was modified to a new more flexible Varicol process based on non‐synchronous switching. Multi‐objective optimization has been performed for both SMBR and Varicol and their efficiencies were compared. A state‐of‐the‐art optimization technique, viz., Non‐dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA) that allows handling of these complex optimization problems is employed in this study.