jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ASTM: Developing the web service for anthrax related spatiotemporal characteristics and meteorology study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis . Investigating the spatiotemporal characteristics of anthrax and the impact of meteorological factors on the incidence of anthrax is helpful for the prevention and control of anthrax. Methods At first, we applied the Granger causality test to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics of anthrax transmission between the counties and cities of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Gansu Province of China. Then, we constructed three generalized linear models to analyze the impact of meteorological factors on the monthly number of anthrax cases in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. Finally, we developed an easy‐to‐use online web server that integrates the above functions. Results This study developed an online service website (ASTM Anthrax in Gannan, Zhang Lab) for the analysis and visualization of anthrax, which not only can investigate the correlation of anthrax among different regions in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, but also can analyze the correlation between meteorological factors and the number of anthrax cases. Conclusions Our study not only explored spatiotemporal characteristics of anthrax transmission, but also analyzed the impact of seven meteorological factors on the monthly number of anthrax cases. Meanwhile, the online service website which integrates the above functions is useful for the prevention and control of anthrax.
A Clostridioides difficile surveillance study of Canadian retail meat samples from 2016-2018: a possible source of human clinical infections?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: C. difficile spores are dispersed throughout the environment and can asymptomatically colonize and/or infect animals. Previous studies have shown that C. difficile spores can be isolated from commercially available beef, veal, pork, vegetables, and seafood. However, a definitive link has yet to have been made between food contamination and hospitalized cases. This study aims to isolate C. difficile from retail meat samples and compare them to human isolates. Methods: Frozen retail pork, beef, and veal samples were obtained from the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS) program and FoodNet Canada. These samples were analyzed for C. difficile contamination by direct plating on selective media and by inoculation in enrichment broth. Suspected C. difficile colonies were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Toxigenic C. difficile isolates were molecularly characterized by ribotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by ETEST® strips. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on all C. difficile isolates from retail meats and from select human cases. Results: Overall, toxigenic C. difficile was isolated from 10 of 644 retail meat samples (1.6%). All 10 isolates were A/B toxin positive. Additionally, 2 isolates were found to harbor binary toxin. All retail meat isolates were susceptible to vancomycin, metronidazole, tigecycline, rifampin, and clindamycin, excluding 1 NAP1 isolate that was resistant to moxifloxacin. Molecular typing revealed strain types commonly found in human clinical isolates (e.g. NAP1 (RT027), NAP4 (RTNS195), and NAP11 (RT106)). The closest related human clinical isolate to the C. difficile isolates from retail meats differed by 8-34 SNVs when analyzed at the highest resolution (84.54%-95.02% core genome). Conclusion: A low percentage of retail meats (1.6%) were contaminated by C. difficile. All ribotypes and NAP types of C. difficile isolates from retail meats have been previously identified in human cases. Through WGS, half of the C. difficile isolates from retail meats were determined to be closely related to a C. difficile isolate from a human case (≤10 SNVs), while the other half were genetically distinct (>10 SNVs), suggesting that retail meats may be a vector of dissemination for C. difficile in the community.
Effect of hemodialysis on myocardial function as assessed by postural stress testing.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Myocardial performance, measured by systolic time intervals during passive postural stress, was evaluated in patients with end-stage renal disease before and after a single hemodialysis and compared with that of normal volunteers. Predialysis, the patients displayed a sluggish hemodynamic response to sudden postural changes. With tilting to 90 degrees, the patients' heart rate did not increase adequately and left ventricular ejection time (LVET) decreased only slightly in comparison to that of controls. Postdialysis, however, the response to sudden postural change in terms of increases in heart rate, decreases in LVET and decreases in calculated ejection fraction, were indistinguishable from those of control subjects. Since pre-ejection periods were not different from those of controls at any time during the test, we were unable to demonstrate a definite abnormality of myocaridal function before or after dialysis. The marked hemodynamic improvement in response to upright tilting, noted postdialysis, can be best attributed to a dialysis-related reduction in cardiac preload.
A semiparametric and location-shift copula-based mixture model

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Modeling of distributions mixtures has rested on Gaussian distribu- tions and/or a conditional independence hypothesis for a long time. Only recently researchers have started to construct and study broader generic models without appealing to these hypotheses. Some of these extensions use copulas as a tool to build flexible models, as they permit to model the dependence and the marginal distributions separately. But this approach also has drawbacks. First, it increases much the number of choices the practitioner has to make, and second, marginal misspecification may loom on the horizon. This paper aims at overcoming these limitations by pre- senting a copula-based mixture model which is semiparametric. Thanks to a location-shift hypothesis, semiparametric estimation, also, is feasible, which allows for data adaptation without any modeling efforts.
Organization of soft soils macrobenthic communities in the littoral of the Chupa Bay of the White Sea: a long-term aspect

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study of interannual changes in the structure of soft soil macrobenthic communities was carried out on the basis of material collected in three littoral sites in the waters of the Keret archipelago of the White Sea in 1983– 2013. The analyzed sites differed in biotopic heterogeneity (characteristics of the soil, degree of closure of water areas, salinity regime). This is a sandy beach in a seaward zone, and two silt-sandy beaches in a semi-enclosed and practically closed water area. The latter is located near the mouth of the Keret River, and is also under the influence of lake runoff, respectively, experiencing a slight freshening. The distance between the sites does not exceed a few kilometers. At two sites, significant changes in the structure of macrobenthos were noted, up to a change in the species dominating in biomass. The study of conjugation of fluctuations in abundance and biomass of common species showed that most taxa demonstrate an independent change in abundance indicators. However, in areas where sea grasses dominated in biomass, the change in the number of significant correlations between taxa, both in abundance and biomass, in some years occurred in accordance with fluctuations in the biomass of Zostera marina Linnaeus, 1753. It was not possible to find climatic and hydrological indicators that would explain the interannual changes in macrobenthos abundance indicators at once in all sites, despite their slight distance from each other. Thus, the conducted studies showed that the structure of macrobenthos of soft soils in the dry zone and the upper sublittoral in the region of the Keret archipelago was distinguished by spatial and temporal heterogeneity, in which one can see a reflection of the biotopic heterogeneity of habitats, features of interspecific relationships, and dynamics of the structure of settlements of dominant species. Under relatively stable climatic, hydrological, and edaphic conditions, significant changes in the structure of the White Sea littoral bottom communities of soft bottoms were mainly determined by natural changes in the structure of settlements of dominant taxa.
Tussilagone inhibits inflammation and oxidative stress to alleviate acute pancreatitis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a clinical emergency characterized by elevated levels of inflammation and oxidative stress, urging the need for the development of new and more efficacious treatments. Tussilagone (TSL), a compound from Tussilago farfara flower buds, is known to exhibit diverse properties, including anti-inflammatory activity, but its precise role in AP remains unclear. In this study, we investigated TSL’s impact on the progression of AP. To establish AP animal models, mice were intraperitoneally administered hyranolin. Our findings demonstrate that TSL effectively suppresses the progression of AP in these mice and decreases inflammation in their pancreatic tissues, as evidenced by reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-6 (p < 0.05). Notably, TSL also mitigates neutrophil infiltration into the pancreatic tissues of AP-afflicted mice and alleviates oxidative stress in AP mice, as confirmed by the measurements of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) (p < 0.05). Remarkably, TSL exerts its inhibitory effects on inflammation and oxidative stress by blocking the nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway and activating the NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. In conclusion, TSL can mitigate inflammation and oxidative stress, offering potential as a promising therapeutic agent for AP.
The Case Against Cognitive Enhancement: Responding to the Reversal Test

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>In this thesis I argue against the use of genetic technologies to enhance human cognitive capacities. More specifically, I respond to Nick Bostrom and Toby Ord's "Reversal Test", which they use to argue in favour of genetic cognitive enhancement. The Reversal Test is a burden of proof challenge designed to diagnose status quo bias in arguments against enhancement. By noting that most of those who oppose raisingintelligence would also oppose lowering intelligence, the Reversal Test puts the onuson opponents of enhancement to explain why both increases and decreases in our cognitive capacity would be worse than the status quo (our current level of intelligence). Bostrom and Ord claim that if no good reasons can be provided, this indicates that the opposition to enhancement is influenced by status quo bias. Since cognitive biases cannot provide a moral reason against enhancement, opposition to genetic cognitive enhancement shown to be affected by status quo bias canaccordingly be discounted. The aim of my thesis, then, is to overcome the Reversal Test' s burden of proof challenge by showing that my reasons for opposing cognitive enhancement are notinfluenced by status quo bias. However, I do not argue that enhanced intelligence could not be beneficial to the individual. Instead, I claim that the probable unequal distribution of enhancements between the best- and worst-off would be likely to cause serious injustices to those who are unable to afford them.</p>
Effectivity of topical mangosteen pericarp extract cream on wound healing in Swiss albino mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Wound healing is a complex physiological process consisting of four phases: coagulation, inflammation, proliferation and migration, and remodeling, each with distinct characteristics. Studies have suggested that mangosteen pericarp extract (MPE) may accelerate wound healing. However, the mechanism has not been fully understood. This study aims to evaluate the effect of MPE cream in various concentrations in acute wound healing of albino mice, both histologically and macroscopically. Thirty-two healthy female Swiss albino mice, aged 6-9 weeks, weight 20-30 g, were included in this study. The samples were randomly divided into eight groups each consisting of 4 mice. The first four groups were treated with MPE cream 5%, 10%, and 20%, and no medication (control group), respectively, and were sacrificed after three days. The other four groups received the same application and were sacrificed after 8 days. Wound bed diameter was measured and biopsy from the skin lesion was performed for histopathologic examination. Mann-Whitney test was used to analyze the diameter of the wound bed and histopathological findings of granulation tissue formation, reepithelialization, and inflammation, with P<0.05 considered as significant. MPE cream significantly improved wound healing by increasing granulation tissue formation, and reepithelialization. In addition, MPE cream application was also shown to decrease the number of inflammatory cells, particularly in 5% and 10% concentrations, both in the 3-day and 8-day groups. MPE cream application can accelerate wound healing and thus can be used in acute wound treatment.
Predicting the unpredictable: Is the electrical spot price chaotic?

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Electricity necessary for our society is extremely inelastic. As a commodity, it is also essentially unstorable, and as the Maui Gas field depletes in the next few years, the supply is vulnerable, let alone sustainable. The deregulation of the electricity supply and generation has shifted the focus of electricity modelling from long term by government agencies concentrating on supply and infrastructure, to the prediction of short term price variations by those participating in the electricity market. However the question whether sensible predictions in the short term, (or even in the long term), are possible is relevant given the marginal success of three decades of electricity modelling both in New Zealand and around the world. This paper compares the performance of historical models for trends in New Zealand to show both the average prediction error and that model complexity and model performance are uncorrelated. Second that paper shows that the spot price, a key output variable for the short term predictions, exhibits some chaotic characteristics. While chaotic behaviour is technically difficult to unambiguously establish given a discrete time series, the consequence makes one seriously question the advisability of expecting a predictive model to work in this situation. Truly sustainable generating options for electricity are, we believe, not viable for New Zealand in the next decade. However what is needed as energy planners move from the resource depleting options used currently, to a more sustainable and reliable generating options in the future are models, but not models that attempt to predict chaos.
Nehru Pavilion to become Sardar Patel Memorial, and Hall of Nations becomes a warehouse for Patanjali produce

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<blockquote>\n<p><em>Hall of Nations. ITPO doesn't want it, the Ministry of Commerce and Industry thinks it holds no currency, and the Delhi Government's Heritage Conservation Ccommittee see no heritage in it. So are there other ways to save it? </em><em>With this in view, Architexturez sent out a call over social media, we asked anyone, everyone, to 'save' the buildings by placing them everywhere in our imaginary, to see, if the universal values embodied in here can allow it to find new sites in our imagining - if they will endure.</em></p>\n</blockquote>\n\n
1251: Partial Nephrectomy: Alive and well in an Era of Minimally Invasive Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

You have accessJournal of UrologyModerated Poster 37, Tuesday, May 22, 2007, 8:00 - 10:00 am1 Apr 20071251: Partial Nephrectomy: Alive and well in an Era of Minimally Invasive Surgery Gregory J. Broughton, Sam S. Chang, S. Duke Herrell, Joseph A. Smith, and Michael S. Cookson Gregory J. BroughtonGregory J. Broughton More articles by this author , Sam S. ChangSam S. Chang More articles by this author , S. Duke HerrellS. Duke Herrell More articles by this author , Joseph A. SmithJoseph A. Smith More articles by this author , and Michael S. CooksonMichael S. Cookson More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)31465-4AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "1251: Partial Nephrectomy: Alive and well in an Era of Minimally Invasive Surgery." The Journal of Urology, 177(4S), pp. 412–413 © 2016 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 177Issue 4SApril 2007Page: 412-413 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Gregory J. Broughton More articles by this author Sam S. Chang More articles by this author S. Duke Herrell More articles by this author Joseph A. Smith More articles by this author Michael S. Cookson More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Selective Substitution of Corroles:  Nitration, Hydroformylation, and Chlorosulfonation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This work demonstrates the feasibility and power of electrophilic substitution on the peripheral carbon atoms of triarylcorroles as a synthetic tool to new derivatives. The large difference in the reactivity of the various carbon atoms on the macrocycle was shown to be of electronic rather than steric origin. A careful choice of reagents and a delicate control of reaction conditions allowed the selective syntheses of novel derivatives, in all of which substitution took place selectively in only the directly joined pyrrole rings of the macrocycle. This was proven by a combination of X-ray crystallography of the various products and detailed analysis of their NMR spectra.
[A new etiology of traveler's diarrhea in children: Cryptosporidium diarrhea].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cryptosporidiosis is a frequent cause of Traveler's diarrhea in children. In its acute or chronic form, this diarrhea is often accompanied by dehydration and accompanying deterioration in health. Diagnosis may be reached by inspection of the stools, for parasites, utilising specific but simple procedures. The latter tests should be carried out by the laboratory in addition to the routine parasitological examination. Prognosis is good in immunocompetent children since the clinical signs spontaneously regress within about a month. The only treatment consists in symptomatic treatment of diarrhea. Spiramycin, though not constantly effective, is reserved for immunosuppressed patients.
Between desire and rape – narratives about being intimate partners and becoming pregnant in a violent relationship

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Women subjected to IPV have diverse and complex experiences that have effects on all parts of the relationship. Intimacy might for some turn into force and rape, but for others sex does not necessarily exclude pleasure and desire and can be a haven of rest from an otherwise violent relationship. Accordingly, women may tell stories that differ from the ones expected as 'the typical abuse story', and this complexity needs to be recognized and dealt with when women seek healthcare, especially concerning contraceptives, abortions, and pregnancies.
Instrumental Mentoring for Young Adults: A Multi-Method Study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Closeness between mentor and mentee is previously defined as an important indicator of relationship quality in youth mentoring, but whether this is the case in instrumental mentoring for young adults remains unclear. This is an exploratory study examining how instrumental mentoring serves young adults in their instrumental needs and how relational closeness develops. We applied a mixed-methods design, using quantitative data from a study of an instrumental mentoring program in Rotterdam, The Netherlands ( N = 53), and qualitative data from a subsample of participants ( N = 10). Two statistically distinctive clusters of closeness were found; 49% of the mentees reported high levels of closeness, and 51% reported low levels of closeness in their mentor relationship. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) showed that the cluster with high levels of closeness was correlated with instrumental compatibility, satisfaction, and perceived attitude similarities. Semi-structured interviews were used to illustrate the role and development of closeness for mentees in both clusters, and three cases were presented. Experiencing closeness seemed a result of receiving instrumental support, not a precondition. Mentees’ previous experiences might in some cases explain the lower levels of closeness, but this did not always hinder mentees to profit from their mentors’ support.
Myths of Popular Culture

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The aim of this article is to explore some critical moments in the formation of 'popular' culture studies. This objective is not exhaustive, cannot be exhaustive in the space of a single article, since popular cultural studies have grown into an academic industry which not even five live-times of academic work by any individual can exhaust! This article is therefore, a rapid but hopefully, provocative view of understanding popular culture. The article uses the concept of myth to problematize some aspects of the debates of popular culture in some works by the Frankfurt school, the pioneering work of E. P Thompson, Stuart Hall and in the case of Africa, the work of Njabulo Ndebele. None of these works claim to be canonical in their treatment of popular culture. However, the problem identified in this article and therefore to be ad- dressed is that there still remains a certain condescending theoretical attitude in the definitions of what is popular by works indicated above. To be sure, each of these writers on popular culture have evolved from previous standpoints and yet it is still important, particularly from an African perspective where the popular is still viewed as inferior, to trace the genealogy of this mistrust of the popular. We argue that myths and symbols of popular culture should be viewed as social constructs; they do not represent the interests of everyone in the community in the same way, for ever.