jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
High-resolution computed tomography evaluation of the bronchial lumen to vertebral body diameter and pulmonary artery to vertebral body diameter ratios in anesthetized ventilated normal cats

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Objectives Bronchial lumen to pulmonary artery diameter (BA) ratio has been utilized to investigate pulmonary pathology on high-resolution CT images. Diseases affecting both the bronchi and pulmonary arteries render the BA ratio less useful. The purpose of the study was to establish bronchial lumen diameter to vertebral body diameter (BV) and pulmonary artery diameter to vertebral body diameter (AV) ratios in normal cats. Methods Using high-resolution CT images, 16 sets of measurements (sixth thoracic vertebral body [mid-body], each lobar bronchi and companion pulmonary artery diameter) were acquired from young adult female cats and 41 sets from pubertal female cats. Results Young adult and pubertal cat BV ratios were not statistically different from each other in any lung lobe. Significant differences between individual lung lobe BV ratios were noted on combined age group analysis. Caudal lung lobe AV ratios were significantly different between young adult and pubertal cats. All other lung lobe AV ratios were not significantly different. Caudal lung lobe AV ratios were significantly different from all other lung lobes but not from each other in both the young adult and pubertal cats. Conclusions and relevance BV ratio reference intervals determined for individual lung lobes could be applied to both young adult and pubertal cats. Separate AV ratios for individual lung lobes would be required for young adult and pubertal cats. These ratios should allow more accurate evaluation of cats with concurrent bronchial and pulmonary arterial disease.
Parametric yield analysis on FEM based microsystem designs

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As the importance of yield analysis in microsystems is increasing, designers can no longer neglect it in the design phase. The lack of reliable statistical methods to analyze yield of a design in a quick and efficient way has been a persistent problem until recently. One successful approach, worst-case based yield analysis, has not been completely exploited in the conventional design process of microsystems, making yield optimization of novel microsystem designs difficult. This paper proposes the integration of worst-case based yield analysis methods with one of the most conventional tools of microsystem design - FEM based design. By generating nonlinear response surface models from FEM simulations, efficient advanced worst-case based yield analysis methods can be utilized. We demonstrate the yield enhancement of FEM based microsystems with two different examples, a U-shaped thermal actuator and a capacitive pressure sensor.
Socio-Political Transition in the Indian Republic and the European Union

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In spite of their drastically different historical trajectories, the ongoing socio-political transition in the European Union (EU) and the Indian Republic (IR), two of the most complex polities in contemporary world, suggests that they aspire to combine political federalism and cultural pluralism. This is evident from their endorsing equality, identity and inclusivity as values; implementing political decentralization and facilitating differentiation between state, civil society and market. To meet the emerging challenges both the EU and the IR endorse the idea of unity in diversity. The article suggests that two coping strategies, transforming cultural diversity (a fact) into cultural pluralism (a value) and decoupling the identities of citizenship and nationality are imperatives.
An Investigation of the Applicability of Microcalorimetry for the Measurement of Supersaturation during Batch Crystallization from Solution

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this Article is to present new applications of reaction microcalorimetry for crystallization development. Using a multichannel reaction microcalorimeter, key information needed for crystallization development such as detection of primary nucleation can be obtained with minute material quantity and easy sample preparation. In addition, microcalorimetric measurement during small-scale (<1 g) crystallizations was successfully applied to determine the variation of the transient concentration and supersaturation for both cooling and antisolvent crystallizations. This information can provide useful information about mass deposition rate, which can help in tailoring crystallization procedures at an early stage of development, making microcalorimetry an ideal tool for crystallization development for early stage projects.
Performance analysis of Mesh Access Points placement schemes using rural settlement patterns

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Internet connectivity in most rural African areas has been viewed as a major challenge due to lack of reliable power, scarcity of network expertise and expensive installation of network equipment. With the rapid development of wireless technologies, Wireless Mesh Network (WMN) has emerged as a promising networking infrastructure, bridging the digital divide between the urban and rural areas. However, during the deployment of a WMN, the placement of Mesh Access Points (MAPs) is an important design issue which drastically influences the network performance. The MAPs placement problem has been investigated and various placement methods have been proposed. However, the effectiveness of the existing MAPs placement schemes have not been evaluated and compared in Rural Settlement Patterns. Hence, this paper analyses the performance of different MAPs placement schemes in four rural settlement patterns: dispersed, nucleated, isolated and linear settlement pattern. The simulation result shows that the Hill Climbing placement scheme in the dispersed and nucleated settlement patterns outperformed other schemes in the achieved throughput, packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay. While Virtual force placement scheme in the linear settlement pattern outperformed others and Time-efficient Local Search outperforms other schemes in the isolated settlement pattern.
Eating behaviour of young female workers with low socioeconomic status in Malang City, East Java: A qualitative study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Eating behaviour is one of the important factors affecting nutritional status that has been widely investigated. However, there are few studies on the eating behaviour of young female workers in Indonesia. This study aimed at investigating the factors affecting eating behaviour of young female workers of low socioeconomic status in Malang, East Java province, Indonesia. Methods: Participants were recruited using purposive sampling from low-income families living in Malang City. The eligibility criteria were based on demographic information, including monthly household income and expenses. The participants recruited comprised 21 women aged 18-22 years who were employed outside their homes, unmarried and living with their parents. A qualitative methodology was used to understand the meaning and context of the eating behaviour of these women. In-depth interviews and focus group discussions were used as the primary data collection methods. Results: Two primary themes emerged as the main influences of the participants' eating behaviour: individual attributes (food preferences, healthy eating knowledge and self-efficacy), and socio-environmental factors (peer influence, mother's role and food availability). In general, the participants had some knowledge about healthy eating behaviour; however, they lacked self-efficacy to practise such behaviour. Conclusion: Individual motivations and socio-environmental factors were found to mediate the eating behaviour of young working women from poor households. These factors should be considered when designing nutrition programmes for achieving healthier eating behaviour among young working women.
The Opinion of Machines

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

With the two goals of providing (a) an introduction to the technology of neural networks and (b) an argument for the admissibility of machine opinion, this Article introduces the technology by first looking at the relatively familiar operation of technology-assisted review (TAR) of documents in a typical case. The Article then outlines the extensive application of neural networks in the real world, which is used later to argue that systems trusted in the field should be trusted in court. The Article then turns to the law of evidence, focusing on the rules governing the admissibility of computer-stored and computer-generated data, including animations and simulations. The theme of those sections is, again, that reliability drives admissibility. This sets the stage for the Article’s central contention, made through four arguments, that the output of neural networks be admissible in court. The Article ends by invoking the need for meaningful cross-examination, setting out the risks—and so the likely targets of that crossexamination—which attend the admission of opinions generated by neural networks.
Nursing Research on Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Respiratory Failure Based on Big Data

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

This work organically integrates a systematic and individualized nursing plan with big data technology and applies it to the care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and respiratory failure (RF) and explores the continuous care model based on modern big data technologies to improve COPD and RF. It aims to relieve the symptoms of COPD and RF, reduce the number of acute episodes of COPD and RF and the number of hospitalizations, and improve the quality of life of patients. One hundred COPD and RF patients hospitalized in the respiratory medicine department of a tertiary hospital were selected and were categorized into control and experimental group. The nursing mode of the patients in the control group was the original telephone follow-up in the department, and the contents of the follow-up were determined according to the questions of the patients on the telephone at that time. Based on the original nursing in the department, the experimental group adopted individualized continual nursing plans based on the Internet and big data techniques for patients to conduct a pulmonary rehabilitation-related functional assessment, functional exercise guidance, and health guidance. Experimental results show that, compared with traditional continuous care, individualized continuous care combined with big data techniques can improve the lung function of patients with stable COPD and RF, reduce the number of acute COPD and RF attacks and the number of readmissions, and improve self-management ability and quality of life. The method can be applied and implemented in continuous nursing care.
Species‐area relationships of lemurs in a fragmented landscape in Madagascar

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract We used species‐area relationships (SARs) to investigate the effects of habitat loss on lemur biogeography. We measured species richness via visual surveys on line transects within 42 fragments of dry deciduous forest at the Ambanjabe field site in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar. We measured human disturbance and habitat characteristics within 38 of the 42 fragments. We measured the distance between each fragment and the nearest settlement, continuous forest, and nearest neighboring fragment. We fit 10 candidate SAR models to the data using nonlinear least squares regression and compared them using Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC). To determine how habitat characteristics, as well as area, influenced species richness, we ran a hierarchical partitioning procedure to select which variables to include in generalized additive models (GAMs) and compared them using AIC. Contrary to expectations, we found that lemurs form convex SARs, without a “small island effect”, and with the power model being the most likely SAR model. Although we found that four variables (area, survey effort, and total human disturbance, and mean tree height) independently contributed greater than 10% of the variation in lemur species richness, only area was included in the most likely model. We suggest that the power model was the most likely SAR model and our inability to detect a “small island effect” are the result of Microcebus spp. being edge tolerant and capable of dispersing through matrix, scale issues in the study design, and low γ‐diversity in the landscape. However, more study is needed to determine what role human disturbance plays in influencing species richness in lemurs.
A Global Overview of the Impact of Peritoneal Dialysis First or Favored Policies: An Opinion

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Given the ever-increasing burden of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in a global milieu of limited financial and health resources, interested parties continue to search for ways to optimize dialysis access. Government and payer initiatives to increase access to renal replacement therapies (RRTs), particularly peritoneal dialysis (PD) and hemodialysis (HD), may have meaningful impacts from clinical and health-economic perspectives; and despite similar clinical and humanistic outcomes between the two dialysis modalities, PD may be the more convenient and resource-conscious option. This review assessed country-specific PD-First/Favored policies and their associated background, implementation, and outcomes. It was found that barriers to policy-implementation are broadly associated with government policy, economics, provider or healthcare professional education, modality-related factors, and patient-related factors. Notably, the success of a given country's PD-Favored policy was inversely associated with the extent of HD infrastructure. It is hoped that this review will provide a foundation across countries to share lessons learned during the development and implementation of PD-First/Favored policies.
Alleviation of Interlanguage Among Chinese College Students—A Change of Perspectives

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Interlanguage, as a pervasive and imminent phenomenon, is the headache for almost every second language learner.Its origin can be traced back to the tremendous difference on the level of thought.Among numerous attempts to tackle the problem, a change of perspectives from culture aspects is an approach to alleviating the interference of mother tongue and to improving interlanguage.Several perspective conversion patterns are dealt with, including subjective and objective thinking pattern conversion, narrative sequence conversion, negation conversion, parataxis and hypotaxis thinking pattern conversion, and topic subject and thematic structure conversion.The feedbacks from the drills in the college English classes of Harbin Engineering University in 2015 prove the validity of the cultivation approach.
Direct Activation of Guinea Pig Macrophages by a B‐Cell Mitogen

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Since polyclonal B‐cell activators (PBA) require macrophages to induce modifications in the lymphocyte in vitro primary response to thymus‐dependent antigens, we have investigated whether PBA act directly on macrophages. [ 14 C]glucosamine uptake by guinea pig peritoneal adherent cells after stimulation with purified protein derivative (PPD), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and dextran sulfate (DxS) was tested. PPD produced an increased [ 14 C]glucosamine uptake, whereas LPS and DxS did not. According to our experiments, (a) PPD docs not require the presence of lymphocytes to stimulate macrophages; furthermore, when lymphocytes were present in a concentration higher than 5%, a suppressor effect in the glucosamine uptake was found, and (b) there was no significant difference between the findings when peritoneal adherent cells were cultured in normal medium and in supernatant of lymphocyte cultures stimulated with PPD.
Art heterotopias against hegemonic discourses: Dancing the Cyprus conflict

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

We provide an analysis of dance as a practice and an ‘Other’ space; a counter-hegemonic ‘space’, which is affected by the existing social ordering, while simultaneously resisting it. We employ Foucault’s concept of ‘heterotopia’ to analyse dance’s potential to disrupt and deconstruct hegemonic discourses of the past in a conflict-ridden environment such as Cyprus. We analyse three dance works by choreographers who are living and working in Cyprus, and while we focus on the interrelated dimensions of time, space and the (choreographic) subject, we demonstrate how dance may (1) provide a space to problematize the past and recraft the present, (2) enable the re-signification of places of conflict into places of communication and peace and (3) invite artists to reflect on their subjectivities and transform into agents of peace.
Impact of the Ocean-Atmosphere coupling on extratropical cyclones around the Mediterranean basin

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Mediterranean basin is well recognized as one of the main climate change hotspots; besides, this region is one the most active cyclogenetic area of the Northern Hemisphere with a large number of intense cyclones occurring every year mainly during winter and fall. The climatology of Mediterranean cyclones has been deeply investigated in the past years, leading to a high agreement on the tracks density, seasonal cycle and favorite locations of cyclogenesis. Nevertheless, open questions still remain on the future evolution of Mediterranean cyclogenesis and associated impacts. Mediterranean cyclones typically present weaker intensities, smaller sizes and shorter lifetimes than tropical cyclones or other mid-latitude cyclones that develop over open oceans. However, they are often responsible for extreme precipitation and wind events leading to severe socio-economic and environmental impacts especially over densely populated regions and coastal areas. Thus, studying the feedbacks of air-sea interactions on Mediterranean cyclones will bring to a better understanding of both the contribution of cyclones to the variability in and extremes of the regional climate and the impacts on the marine ecosystems as well as the associated risks in maritime transportation and coastal structures.This study aims to investigate the added values of the ocean-atmosphere coupling in regional climate models in reproducing Mediterranean cyclones. To this end, two simulations are performed using the ENEA-REG regional earth system model at 12 km over the Med-CORDEX domain. The first experiment uses the mesoscale WRF model with prescribed Sea Surface Temperature (SST), while in the second WRF is coupled to the MITgcm ocean model. Different tracking methods, based on sea level pressure, are used to account for the uncertainties linked with mathematical and physical definitions of cyclone itself. The simulations are validated against ERA5 reanalysis dataset in terms of their ability to reproduce the Mediterranean cyclone climatology as well as to represent sub-daily fields linked to the cyclones (e.g. SST, heat fluxes, wind, precipitation). Here we show how the coupling of the atmosphere with an interactive ocean model affects the number of cyclones along with their intensity and duration.
Hormonothérapie adjuvante du cancer du sein chez les femmes ménopauséespar antiaromatases

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

There has been rapid growth in the use of transcriptomic analyses to study the interplay between gene expression and behavior. Experience can modify gene expression in the brain, leading to changes in internal state and behavioral displays, while gene expression variation between species is thought to specify many innate behavior differences. However, providing a causal association between a gene and a given behavior remains challenging as it is difficult to determine when and where a gene contributes to the function of a behaviorally-relevant neuronal population. Moreover, given that there are fewer genetic tools available for non-traditional model organisms, transcriptomic approaches have been largely limited to profiling of bulk tissue, which can obscure the contributions of subcortical brain regions implicated in multiple behaviors. Here, we discuss how emerging single cell technologies combined with methods offering additional spatial and connectivity information can give us insight about the genetic profile of specific cells involved in the neural circuit of target social behaviors. We also emphasize how these techniques are broadly adaptable to non-traditional model organisms. We propose that, ultimately, a combination of these approaches applied throughout development will be key to discerning how genes shape the formation of social behavior circuits.
Trends in keratoplasty from central and Northern India. Part I: Indications for keratoplasty

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To report the indications for keratoplasty and analyze trends in two decades in India. Methods: This was a retrospective review of eye bank registries of six tertiary eye care centers located in central and northern India from 2005 to 2021. The patterns of corneal pathology and changes in trends were analyzed. Results: Between 2005 and 2021, 13223 corneal grafts were performed in the six collaborating tertiary eye care centers. The most common indication for keratoplasty in both decades was corneal ulcer (41.1%), followed by corneal scar (25.5%), failed graft (12.0%), post-cataract surgery corneal edema (11.7%), corneal dystrophies (3.1%), corneal ectasia (1.8%), corneal trauma (0.3%), congenital corneal opacity (0.3%), and others (4.1%). An increasing trend was seen in corneal ulcers, failed grafts, and keratoconus. A reducing trend was seen in corneal scar and aphakic bullous keratopathy. There was no change in pseudophakic bullous keratopathy and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy. Conclusion: Corneal ulcers, corneal scars, failed grafts, and post-cataract surgery corneal edema remained the foremost indications for keratoplasty in two decades in India. An increasing trend was seen in corneal ulcers and failed grafts which are of concern as these indications carry a poorer outcome. Capacity building in lamellar keratoplasty techniques is the need of the hour as pseudophakic bullous keratopathy was an important indication, and an increasing trend was noticed in keratoconus.