jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Post-treatment PSA, indicator of radical treatment effectiveness of localized cancer of the prostate].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) has become essential to the follow-up of radical treatment for T1-T2 tumours. Various assays are available, but require a correlation coefficient to homogenize their results. PSA is probably the most reliable marker for the follow-up of radical prostatectomy (RP), as this operation should make PSA undetectable after 3 weeks. Highly sensitive tests, with a limit of detection of 0.1 ng/ml, allow the earlier laboratory detection of tumour escape (20 to 45%). Anastomotic biopsies are positive in 35 to 50% of cases. Seminal vesicle invasion and positive resection margins are more frequently associated with recurrence. The doubling time and rate of progression of PSA after RP can be used to distinguish local recurrence from metastasis. Urinary PSA is not useful in the follow-up of RP, as it is secreted by the periurethral glands. The use of the PSA after radical radiotherapy is less clearly established, as this treatment is not designed to eliminate all prostatic tissue or render PSA undetectable. Therapeutic efficacy is situated between 1 and 1.5 ng/ml according to the tests and is achieved in approximately 40% of cases after 4 years. A PSA level greater than 3 ng/ml at 3 months is indicative of a poor prognosis. Prospects for the future include the use of highly sensitive assays and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect circulating prostatic cells. The use of PSA has led to a re-evaluation of the efficacy of radical treatments and could influence the indications for adjuvant treatments.
Social learning via actions in bandit environments

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

I study a game of strategic exploration with private payoffs and public actions in a Bayesian bandit setting. In particular, I look at cascade equilibria, in which agents switch over time from the risky action to the riskless action only when they become sufficiently pessimistic. I show that these equilibria exist under some conditions and establish their salient properties. Individual exploration in these equilibria can be more or less than the single-agent level depending on whether the agents start out with a common prior or not, but the most optimistic agent always underexplores. I also show that allowing the agents to write enforceable ex-ante contracts will lead to the most ex-ante optimistic agent to buy all payoff streams, providing an explanation to the buying out of smaller start-ups by more established firms.
Review of: "Etiology Models of Antibody Triggered Histamine Intolerance Inducing Kawasaki Disease and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndromes Diseases"

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this article the author has mentioned that when the higher levels of antibodies produced than the normal primary immune response level in event of the pathogens attack to body, it can lead to the granulocytes and mast cells activation which in turn leads to secretion of inflammatory molecules including histamine.The author mentioned that when the levels of histamines are over the body's tolerance power could cause KD, MIS-C, and MIS-A diseases and describes why only a small subset of individuals develop KD, MIS-C, and MIS-A following much larger pathogen outbreaks.
Current Decomposition in Loop Distribution Network

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Loop distribution network attracts growing attentions for its various benefits. A basic problem of this configuration is to formulate the crucial factors that determine the power flow. While related theoretical framework is deficient. This paper formulates the branch currents in single loop distribution network, and decomposes each branch current into a superposition of 2–5 current components, which are the concrete representations of the various factors (e.g., the node current distribution, the loop network configuration, the primary power flow and the power electronic devices). The proposed method can serve as a theoretical framework for some specific problems of a single loop distribution network. For instance, this paper draws two conclusions extra as follows: 1) there is no coupling between the two kinds of line losses generated respectively by the transporting current and the interior current; 2) the arrangement of a single series compensation maybe fail to guarantee an economic branch current distribution.
The Condition, Improvement and Town Planning of the City of Calcutta and Contiguous Areas: The Richards Report

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"By 1900 the British had undertaken various types of urban planning in their colonial territories, but the early twentieth century brought new ideas and the birth of the modern planning movement. In India these new planning ideas inspired several specialized reports after 1900, most of which drew explicitly on British, or occasionally German, ideas. The most complete of these studies was the Richards Report on Calcutta, prepared for the Calcutta Improvement Trust and published in 1914.Its major concerns included the building and widening of roads, slum clearance and improvement, legislation, and suburban planning. As background, it included written and visual documentation of living conditions, through charts, photographs, and maps. Richards emphasized that conditions in Calcutta differed greatly from those in urban Britain, and made some allowance in that regard. In general, however, his report exemplifies the attempt by British planners, along with Indian elites, to impose their vision on colonial cities.Richards' report was well-received by leading British planners of the day. A notice in Garden Cities and Town Planning claimed that it was "the most complete report on town conditions and possibilities which has yet been issued". While the immediate impact of the report in Calcutta is moot - Richards was highly critical of the past practices of local officials, and his views were unpopular with his superiors - the Richards Reports remains a crucial insight into both the development of modern town planning and the colonial period in India. "--
Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in U.S. zoos: II. behavior, breeding success, and mortality in relation to housing facilities

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The captive population of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) is not self-sustaining. The reasons for suboptimal reproduction and high mortality need to be investigated. This can only be achieved by cross-institutional analyses of environments, behavior, and performance. In this study, we collected data on 23 zoos with black rhinoceros to compare zoo environments with reproductive success, mortality, and behavior. Institutional variation was characterized by enclosure area, percentage of walls around enclosure perimeter, percentage of public access along enclosure perimeter, climate, noise level, number of years zoo has maintained black rhinoceros, frequency of chlorine use, and number of male and female black rhinoceros at a zoo simultaneously. Birth and death rates for each institution were calculated from studbook records. We found that the breeding success of a zoo since 1973 correlated positively with enclosure area, and zoos with two or more females had a lower reproductive rate than zoos with only one female. Females residing during their pre-reproductive years at a zoo with another reproductive female gave birth for the first time on average 3 years later than sole females. Mortality since 1973 correlated positively with percentage of public access. In Part I, we developed behavior profiles of 29.31 individual black rhinoceros from keeper ratings. Scores for males on the behavior trait Fear also correlated positively to percentage of public access, and we suggest that this aspect of black rhinoceros exhibits is a stressor for this species, especially the males. We found that different aspects of captive environments are associated with male and female black rhinoceros behavior. Male scores on the behavior trait dominant were higher in smaller enclosures, and female scores for a group of behaviors suggesting agitation (chasing/stereotypy/mouthing) were positively correlated with percentage of walls in their enclosure. These two behavior traits were found in Part I to be negatively correlated with the breeding success of an individual male or female. We re-surveyed the behavior and husbandry of 29 black rhinoceros pairs in zoos 2 years after the original data were collected. The re-survey confirmed that compatible black rhinoceros pairs are those with assertive females and submissive males, and that enclosure area and a low percentage of concrete walls around the enclosure are positive predictors of a pair's reproductive success. We conclude that temperament traits of individuals and characteristics of their captive environments both have an impact on a pair's breeding success. Our study demonstrates that cross-institutional comparisons of zoo facilities, when integrated with behavioral assessments of individual animals, are a valuable tool for investigating potential causes of poor reproduction and well-being in zoo animals. Zoo Biol 18:35–52, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Low Complexity and High Accuracy Channel Interpolation with Dividing URA into Small URAs for 3D Massive MIMO

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is a technology that uses many antennas at base station (BS), and can realize advanced beamforming and spatial multiplexing. However, since Massive MIMO has many antennas, there exist problems such as the increase of overhead including pilot signals used for channel estimation and feedback of channel state information (CSI). To reduce the overhead, there is a technique of transmitting pilot signals only from some antennas and obtaining channels of the remaining antennas by the minimum mean square error (MMSE) interpolation based on spatial correlation. In addition, to perform the MMSE interpolation with low computational complexity, there is a method of interpolating channels by dividing the uniform rectangular antenna array (URA) into the vertical and horizontal linear directions. However, there is a problem that channel interpolation accuracy becomes low with dividing into the linear arrays. In this paper, we propose a method of channel interpolation with dividing the entire URA into a set of smaller URAs where interpolation is performed in each URA. Through computer simulation we show that the proposed method reduces the computational complexity compared with that without dividing, and improves the channel interpolation accuracy compared with that with dividing into linear arrays.
Hepatitis C—diagnosis and monitoring

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Cloning of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome was a tremendous advance in the development of tests for diagnosis and monitoring of HCV-infected patients. Serological tests, including enzyme-linked immunoassays and RIBATM strip immunoblot assays, are primarily used to screen blood donations and to diagnose and confirm HCV infection. Tests for HCV RNA, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays and the branched-DNA (bDNA) assay, are used for therapeutic monitoring and prognostics. Here, we present the development and future potential of these diagnostic tests. We also provide examples of how these tests are used to follow the progression of disease, select and adjust treatment protocols, and evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic regimens.
The AROBASE project: Development of a kilometre-scale multi-coupled modelling and forecasting system and first results

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The AROBASE project aims to assemble a kilometre-scale limited-area multi-coupled modelling system of the physico-chemical atmosphere, the ocean (including sea-ice and marine biogeochemistry), waves and land surfaces (soil, vegetation, cities, snow, lakes and rivers) with important development criteria that are i) the transportable nature of the regional multi-coupled model and ii) the modular aspect to couple the relevant environmental components according to different applications. The AROBASE platform that will combine the AROME atmospheric model (with online chemistry and interactive aerosols) with the external surface model SURFEX, CTRIP for hydrological routing, NEMO and MFWAM for ocean and waves respectively, is built in the line of a seamless continuum of coupled modelling systems developed and used at CNRM, LACY and M&#233;t&#233;o-France. AROBASE will first help to improve the understanding and representation of the exchange processes between the compartments of the meteorological and environmental system at fine scale. It is also a new tool for high-resolution numerical weather prediction, which makes it particularly necessary to guarantee its performance in the forecast mode and its relevance for monitoring and anticipating meteorological phenomena and their consequences. AROBASE is finally an important step to prepare the new generation of the regional climate model (CNRM-RCSM) towards a kilometre resolution with new integrated components. The first results of the AROBASE platform will be presented during the conference, with a focus on the ocean-atmosphere-wave coupling, the air-sea interactions implied during severe meteorological situations over France metropolitan area and over-seas domains and impacts on numerical weather prediction.
Dependence of the surface morphology and scattering of optical coatings on film material, substrate roughness, and deposition process

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Substrate properties, coating design, and deposition process determine the surface morphology of optical coatings. The contribution of each factor can be estimated by measuring the surface topography with a scanning force microscope (SFM) and calculating the power spectral density functions. We present results for oxide and fluoride coatings on well polished glass and silicon substrates. The scattering of the coatings is predicted by calculations based on SFM data and compared with results from angle resolved scattering measurements.
Enhancements for the DIII-D ECH system

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The expansion and upgrading of the electron cyclotron heating and current drive (ECH/ECCD) gyrotron complex on the DIII-D tokamak are continuing with the addition of the first of a series of depressed collector tubes in the 1 MW class. The ultimate goal is a 10 gyrotron system with rapid steering of the rf beams and full integration into the DIII-D Plasma Control System using the real time EFIT equilibrium calculation to determine the ECH/ECCD deposition locations to guide requirements for both steering and injected power.
On the strong metric dimension of the strong products of graphs

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Let G be a connected graph. A vertex w ∈ V.G/ strongly resolves two vertices u,v ∈ V.G/ if there exists some shortest u-w path containing v or some shortest v-w path containing u. A set S of vertices is a strong resolving set for G if every pair of vertices of G is strongly resolved by some vertex of S. The smallest cardinality of a strong resolving set for G is called the strong metric dimension of G. It is well known that the problem of computing this invariant is NP-hard. In this paper we study the problem of finding exact values or sharp bounds for the strong metric dimension of strong product graphs and express these in terms of invariants of the factor graphs.
TRASTUZUMAB-INDUCED CARDIOTOXICITY: CAN BIOMARKERS AID DIAGNOSIS?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction HER2-positive breast cancer therapy with Trastuzumab, typically with the anthracycline, Epirubicin, increases survival but may decrease left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) asymptomatically; serial echocardiograms are needed. Increased Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) and precursor fragment, N-Terminal (NT)-proBNP, are plasma biomarkers for systolic dysfunction and heart failure. Adrenomedullin levels relate inversely to ventricular function and correlate with heart failure severity. Aims To (i) assess the relationship between LVEF and plasma NT-proBNP in patients receiving Trastuzumab; (ii) compare changes in BNP and Adrenomedullin levels in human cardiomyocytes (HCM) following Trastuzumab treatment. Methods 100 patients receiving Trastuzumab had LVEF measured by radionuclide ventriculography and plasma NT-proBNP levels assessed (Roche Multianalyser) every 3 months. HCM were treated with Epirubicin (2 h, 100 ng/ml) followed by Trastuzumab (150 µg/ml) for varying times. Cellular viability was determined using Trypan blue, Adrenomedullin and BNP were assessed by semi-quantitative immunofluorescence staining; qRT-PCR confirmed mRNA production. Results In patients receiving Trastuzumab adjuvant therapy, LogNT-proBNP correlated inversely with LVEF (R2=0.014). Treatment with Trastuzumab and Epirubicin decreased viable HCM numbers. Intracellular Adrenomedullin content decreased 8 h after treatment, returning to baseline at 24 h; mRNA remained unchanged. BNP mRNA increased 8 h after therapy; protein level was unchanged. Discussion Short term decreases in intracellular Adrenomedullin may indicate increased secretion with restored levels occurring due to increased breakdown of stored precursor. Increased BNP transcription may maintain intracellular BNP levels. Measuring plasma Adrenomedullin 8 h after Trastuzumab therapy may identify patients at risk of cardiotoxicity; BNP assessment may be more useful later.
A monoclonal antibody-Pseudomonas toxin conjugate that specifically kills multidrug-resistant cells.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

One form of multidrug resistance is due to the expression of a 170-kDa energy-dependent drug efflux pump called P-glycoprotein in the plasma membranes of human cancer cells. We have prepared conjugates of Pseudomonas toxin with the anti-P-glycoprotein monoclonal antibody MRK-16. These anti-P-glycoprotein-toxin conjugates specifically kill multidrug-resistant human KB cells. Similar conjugates could be useful in cancer therapy to reduce or eliminate multidrug-resistant tumor populations in tumors intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy or in populations that become resistant during combination chemotherapy.
Treatment of indolent lymphomas from watch and wait to high dose therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (IBCNHL) represent a heterogenous group of chronic diseases [1]. Follicular lymphomas grades 1 and 2 (FL1/2) are by far the most common, accounting for approximately 20% of all NHL worldwide. Indolent IBC-NHL also include small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), which is the tissue counterpart of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL); [2], lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL; 1%), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL; 6%), and marginal zone lymphomas, either splenic (SMZL; 1%), nodal (NMZL, 2%) or extranodal MALT (8%). Various treatment strategies ranging from ‘‘watch and wait’’ policies or oral alkylating agent monotherapy to more aggressive combination chemotherapy (CT), chemoimmunotherapy or even CT followed by high dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) have been used in previously untreated patients with IBC-NHL. However there is no clear evidence for the superiority of any particular approach in terms of overall survival (OS), because: (i) The natural history of IBC-NHL is generally prolonged and many of these approaches are ultimately integrated in the overall treatment strategy, thus minimizing OS differences, despite significant differences in progression free survival (PFS); (ii) With the exception of FL, the rarity of these disorders raises further difficulties in the design of randomized trials. We will review here current treatment approaches for FL1/2, MCL, SLL, LPL including Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia and NMZL, SMZL and extranodal MZ lymphomas of MALT type (EMZL), focusing mainly on first-line therapies.
Assessing Personal Resiliency in School Settings: The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Recent understanding of education and human development recognises the importance of psychosocial factors, particularly personal resiliency, in the academic success of children and youth. This article presents the examination of resiliency within school settings for the purpose of preventive screening, intervention and outcomes assessment. The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (Prince-Embury, 2007) is described as an example of an instrument developed specifically for this purpose. This description identifies developmentally sound factors of personal resiliency that are relevant for children and youth in school settings. Also addressed are criteria of psychometric soundness required for universal screening and impact tracking, norm-based profiles of personal resiliency and summary indices of resource and vulnerability for use in screening.
A Step-wise Generalization Method for Extracting Sequential Patterns With Least Minimum Generalization from Mismatch Clusters

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose a method for extracting frequent sequence patterns including the expression of ambiguous charac- ters from sequence databases. The proposed method is bottom-up approach that sequentially enumerate element included in power set to the mismatch cluster from the small size, and search for the enumeration tree. At the stage of the search process, extract sequential patterns with least minimum generalization from mismatch clusters by computing a most general pattern from each enumerated set, pruning some needless parts of enumeration tree, and removing redundant patterns. We report experimental results about experiment by using some data sets to confirm the usefulness of the proposed method.
Experimental and numerical investigation of an ultra-low NOx methane reactor

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This work investigates a patented novel methane reactor, the Lean Azimuthal Flame (LEAF) Combustor. The combustor operates with non-premixed combustion where both the air and methane enter the combustor volume through small, high momentum jets. The air jets, located at the top of the combustor, are angled to create a swirling flow that mixes with the fuel entering from the bottom of the combustor. The resulting toroidal flow is intended to increase mixing and hot product recirculation within the burner to reduce operating temperatures, increase residence time, and limit the formation of NOx with preliminary emissions levels measured at sub-20 ppm. The main objectives of this paper are to: (i) experimentally characterize the combustor behaviour; and (ii) improve the physical understanding of the combustion process in the system under investigation through the use of numerical simulations. Experiments were performed at various air and fuel flow rates to determine the stability range of the combustor. Direct visualization of the combustion process indicates the formation of a low luminosity stable flame with a toroidal shape. Flame photographs and OH* chemiluminescence images are presented to provide a qualitative comparison of flame structure and reaction zone, as well as to analyse the effect of varying air and fuel flow rate on combustor operation. Numerical simulations were performed using the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach with the Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) sub-grid combustion model to analyse the flame behaviour within the combustion chamber. The regions around the fuel jet flow in particular were investigated to explore the phenomena of flame lift-off and local extinction in the bottom of the combustor.