jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Using Small Molecules to Dissect Non‐apoptotic Programmed Cell Death: Necroptosis, Ferroptosis, and Pyroptosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Genetically programmed cell death is a universal and fundamental cellular process in multicellular organisms. Apoptosis and necroptosis, two common forms of programmed cell death, play vital roles in maintenance of homeostasis in metazoans. Dysfunction of the regulatory machinery of these processes can lead to carcinogenesis or autoimmune diseases. Inappropriate death of essential cells can lead to organ dysfunction or even death; ischemia–reperfusion injury and neurodegenerative disorders are examples of this. Recently, novel forms of non‐apoptotic programmed cell death have been identified. Although these forms of cell death play significant roles in both physiological and pathological conditions, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying them are still poorly understood. Here, we discuss progress in using small molecules to dissect three forms of non‐apoptotic programmed cell death: necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis.
Average Walsh Power Spectrum for Periodic Signals

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A circular shift-invariant Walsh power spectrum for deterministic periodic sequences is defined. For a sequence with period N, the power spectrum is the average of the Walsh power spectra of all N possible distinct circular shifts. The Average Walsh Power Spectrum (AWPS) consists of (N/2) + 1 coefficients, each representing a distinct sequency. A fast transformation from the arithmetic autocorrelation function of a periodic sequence to its AWPS is presented.
The Promising Therapeutic Approaches for Radiation-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis: Targeting Radiation-Induced Mesenchymal Transition of Alveolar Type II Epithelial Cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis (RIPF) is a common consequence of radiation for thoracic tumors, and is accompanied by gradual and irreversible organ failure. This severely reduces the survival rate of cancer patients, due to the serious side effects and lack of clinically effective drugs and methods. Radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis is a dynamic process involving many complicated and varied mechanisms, of which alveolar type II epithelial (AT2) cells are one of the primary target cells, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of AT2 cells is very relevant in the clinical search for effective targets. Therefore, this review summarizes several important signaling pathways that can induce EMT in AT2 cells, and searches for molecular targets with potential effects on RIPF among them, in order to provide effective therapeutic tools for the clinical prevention and treatment of RIPF.
The ontogeny of hepatic growth hormone receptor and insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in the sheep fetus during late gestation: developmental regulation by cortisol.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The effects of cortisol on hepatic GH receptor and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) gene expression were investigated in sheep fetuses during late gestation and after experimental manipulation of plasma cortisol levels by fetal adrenalectomy and exogenous infusion of cortisol. Hepatic GH receptor and IGF-I messenger RNA (mRNA) levels increased with increasing gestational age in parallel with the normal rise in fetal cortisol levels toward term (145 +/- 2 days). These increases in mRNA abundance toward term were prevented when the prepartum cortisol surge was abolished by fetal adrenalectomy and were stimulated prematurely in fetuses younger than 130 days by exogenous infusion of cortisol. Both the class 1 and class 2 transcripts of the IGF-I gene were increased when cortisol levels were elevated either endogenously or exogenously. However, there were no significant changes in fetal plasma IGF-I levels either with increasing gestational age or in response to experimental manipulation of the fetal cortisol level. When the data from all the fetuses were combined irrespective of treatment or gestational age, there were significant positive correlations between the log plasma cortisol concentration in utero and the abundance of GH receptor and IGF-I mRNA in the fetal liver. There was also a significant inverse relationship between log plasma cortisol and the ratio of class 1 to class 2 transcript abundance in the fetal liver. These findings show that cortisol is a physiological regulator of hepatic GH receptor and IGF-I gene expression in fetal sheep during late gestation and indicate that it preferentially increases the class 2 transcript of the IGF-I gene. The prepartum cortisol surge therefore appears to have an important maturational role in initiating the perinatal switch from the fetal to adult modes of somatotrophic regulation.
Prevention of Heart Failure in Patients in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background— Previous trials in the prevention of heart failure have been restricted to patients with low ejection fraction or hypertension. We assessed an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ramipril, to prevent the development of heart failure in high-risk patients without known low ejection fraction or heart failure. Methods and Results— We randomly assigned 9297 patients to receive double-blind ramipril (10 mg daily) or matching placebo for 4.5 years. Death attributable to heart failure, hospitalization for heart failure, initiation of open-label ACE inhibitor for heart failure, or development of typical signs or symptoms of heart failure developed in 951 patients and was associated with a 4.01-fold increase in the risk of death ( P <0.0001). The rate of developing heart failure was significantly increased with coronary disease (risk ratio, 2.17), microalbuminuria (1.82), left ventricular hypertrophy (1.47), increasing age (by decade, 1.37), and diabetes (1.36). Ramipril reduced new-onset heart failure rate from 11.5% to 9.0% (relative risk, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.87; P <0.0001). Ramipril consistently reduced heart failure rate both in those with (relative risk, 0.87) and those without an interim myocardial infarction (relative risk, 0.78). Ramipril also reduced the heart failure rate more in patients with baseline systolic pressure above the median (139 mm Hg) (relative risk, 0.67) compared with those below the median (relative risk, 0.91; P =0.024 for interaction of group by treatment). Conclusion— Ramipril significantly reduces the rate of development of heart failure in patients at high risk of cardiovascular events.
A Clinical Overview of Canine Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), also called urothelial carcinoma, is a common malignant tumour of the urinary bladder in dogs. Although bladder cancers are less frequent compared to other types of canine tumours, TCC is the most common among them. Scottish Terriers are considered to be at higher risk than other breeds. It is usually seen in females and is commonly diagnosed in older dogs. While the exact causes of TCC are not well understood, it has been observed in dogs with obesity, recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs), or chronic inflammatory conditions of the bladder. Dogs previously treated with cyclophosphamide have also been reported to develop TCC. Clinically signs frequently noted include haematuria, changes in urinary patterns such as incontinence, pollakiuria, stranguria, abdominal pain, and excessive licking of the genitals. In some dogs, TCC may induce severe and recurrent cystitis. Due to metastasis, other systemic signs may also appear—for example, bone involvement can lead to lameness. In a few cases, the urethra and prostate may also be affected
User's Preference Factors in the Development of Fashion Technology Products for Design Background Using Smartphones as an Example

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Technology is gradually becoming inseparable from fashion. Ubiquitous computing is incorporated into current lifestyles through the integration of communication networks, communities, and fashionable new tech lifestyle options. This study recruited 42 college students majoring in design and administrated questionnaires related to five of the most popular smartphones on the market. We applied rough sets theory and classification analysis to the obtained data to analyze consumer needs regarding smartphones. By defining and categorizing related problems, we were able to establish a decision context suitable to the development of smartphones. Our results demonstrate that consumers with strong purchase intention are more demanding with regard to performance, size, communication, operating system, aesthetics, and technological innovation. Consumers with medium purchase intention are less concerned with size and an interactive interface. Finally, consumers with zero purchase intention are most concerned with performance, an interactive interface, and aesthetics. This study provides a scientific prediction model for the developers of smartphones and other fashion technology products.
P-NEXFS analysis of aerosol phosphorus delivered to the Mediterranean Sea

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A series of Few(100) Dy-x(x) thin films with the concentration range x = 6 to 35 were fabricated by dc magnetron sputtering process. X-ray diffraction and TEM studies revealed that films have separate Fe and Dy nanograins and that there is no intermixing of Fe and Dy thus forming nanogranular films. This unmixed behaviour in our thin films is very different from the bulk Fe-Dy alloys where several stoichiometric compounds can be formed. Magnetic properties of the films have been systematically studied. The contribution to the total magnetization is due to the Fe grains and the Dy grains are paramagnetic down to 4 K. The saturation magnetization of all the samples is significantly lower than that of bulk Fe due to the existence of superparamagnetic Fe grains. Upon increasing x, the in-plane magnetic anisotropy is found to decrease and the samples become isotropic. The zero field cooled and field cooled magnetization measurements also confirmed the presence of the superparamagnetic Fe grains.
Beyond machine-like mechanisms

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The discussion of mechanisms in biology and philosophy of biology has been influenced by four features of many machines built by humans: they are (1) enduring structures that are readily differentiated from their environment that (2) consist of spatially localized and enduring parts, which (3) perform specific operations and (4) are organized so that whenever their start-up conditions are realized they produce the desired product. By considering examples of biological mechanisms whose behavior depends on concentrations, not discrete parts, and whose constitution changes dynamically as they operate, we push for expanding the conception of biological mechanisms to include mechanisms that are less machine-like than those that have been the focus. We appeal to the way biologists diagram mechanisms to emphasize departures from the machine-like framework and argue that, while not machine-like, these systems are still treated as mechanisms by scientists and preserve major features of philosophical accounts of mechanisms. One significant place the differences show up, though, is in the strategies that researchers use to discover, investigate, and evaluate non-machine-like accounts of biological mechanisms.
A neural network-based direct inverse control for active control of vibrations of mechanical systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the use of artificial neural networks for the control of vibrations of a mechanical system using its experimental direct inverse model. The neural controller is trained to model the experimental inverse model of the plant using the backpropagation algorithm with simulated annealing. The inverse model of the plant is obtained by the training mechanism that uses experimental input and output data. After the training, the neural network is used as a forward controller. The efficiency and the robustness of the controller are shown through experimental tests. The neural control algorithm is implemented in a computer and the performance of controller is evaluated under a set of experimental tests made to the active control of vibrations of a mechanical system of one degree of freedom actuated by magnetic actuators.
A REVIEW STUDY ON TUNDIKERI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TONSILLITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tundikeri means the disease or Shotha (inflammation), which occur like that of cotton fruit.Symptoms of Tundikeri are more similar to tonsillitis like Toda (pain), Shotha and Prapaka (suppurative inflammation).Tonsillitis is a common illness in childhood resulting from pharyngitis.About 30 million children develop tonsillitis with frequent exposure to bacterial and viral infections.Any infection in a growing child usually hampers the immune system and also the routine growth and development, when there is a repeated attack, it is seen more.This leads to obstruction in the throat both to airways as well as digestive tract.Apart from medical management with antibiotics, surgical removal is the only other option remaining; around 200,000 tonsillectomies are done annually in India.Present study is aimed to highlight the effective role of Ayurvedic medicines i.e.Hastishundi, Kalaka churna, Marichyadi Churna, Tundikerihara Vati, Kanchnar Guggulu tablet and Tankan-Madhu Pratisarana.Till date total four clinical researches have been carried out in the subject of Tundikeri at IPGT & RA, Jamnagar.Assessment was done on the subjective and objective parameters after completion of treatment.The data obtained in clinical studies was analysed by using suitable statistical tests.The trial drugs were found to be effective both on general and local symptoms as well as on associated symptoms.
Lower versus Higher Glycemic Criteria for Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The use of lower glycemic criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes did not result in a lower risk of a large-for-gestational-age infant than the use of higher glycemic criteria. (Funded by the Health Research Council of New Zealand and others; GEMS Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12615000290594.).
Interocular transfer and summation of chromatic adaptation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We measured the interocular transfer and summation of chromatic adaptation in order to test the hypothesis that chromatic adaptation yields not only in our retina but also after binocular fusion in our visual system. At first, the summation of chromatic adaptation on time course were measured by which three female subjects were asked to adjust the test stimuli to neither reddish nor greenish, after ten minutes chromatic adaptation and fifteen seconds blank. The adaptation stimulus was uniform green presented on CRT, and test stimuli, which changed from red to green, were isoluminant for each subject with flicker photometry. This measurement was repeated three times in each ten minutes adaptation, and this session repeated four times, then total adaptation was amounted to forty minutes and twelve measurements were done. The result is the sensitivity of redness decreased by green adaptation depends on adaptation time, and this fact showed the effects of chromatic adaptation were stored up in our visual system. In second experiment subjects were asked to adjust a test stimulus to non-reddish and non-greenish after two chromatic adaptation sets. One was mutual adaptation condition in which adaptational stimuli were presented for ten minutes to each eye alternately, while the other was simultaneous adaptation condition in which both eye were adapted simultaneously. The result of these measurement showed that the strength of mutual condition were stronger than that of simultaneous adaptation between subjects who adapted either mutual or simultaneous adaptation and within subjects who adapted in both condition. However each eye and the mechanism after binocular fusion were exposed for same duration in simultaneous condition, the mechanism after binocular fusion was exposed continuously all time in mutual condition. Then the difference of these two adaptational conditions suggests that the mechanism after binocular fusion were also effected by chromatic adaptation. In third experiments, subjects adapted one eye and the effects of the adaptation were measured with the other eye. The duration of exposure of adaptation stimuli were twenty minutes and the adaptation were repeated several times. The result showed that the interocular transfer of chromatic adaptation occurred, and this also suggest that the higher visual mechanism after binocular fusion are also affected by chromatic adaptation.
Staff experiences of an interprofessional community aphasia group

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Evidence to guide training and support for aphasia group staff is limited, yet staff are integral to group efficacy.Aim: To explore experiences of staff involved in a 12-week interprofessional community aphasia group for people with severe chronic aphasia and their spouses.Methods & Procedures: A speech-language pathologist, social worker, peer aide with aphasia, and aide staffed the group. Staff participated in semi-structured interviews and Framework Analysis was utilised to interpret the data.Outcomes & Results: A dynamic set of components contributed to the staff program experience. Staff highlighted the importance of a “good team mix”, and discussed elements contributing to and detracting from positive group dynamics and a relaxed and non-threatening environment. Program content and the level of structure and flexibility were considered to have positive impacts for members overall, with further adaptations suggested. Positive impacts for both staff and members contributed to perceived value in the group. Differing staff perspectives regarding therapy and recovery, and group service added an additional layer to staff experiences.Conclusions: The findings reflect the complexity of group service provision, with implications for how to better train and support staff and improve the present model. Further research is needed to understand the staff experiences across different group models.
Supplementary Table Legends, Figures S1 - S6 from Genomics of Ovarian Cancer Progression Reveals Diverse Metastatic Trajectories Including Intraepithelial Metastasis to the Fallopian Tube

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Figure S1. Sequencing of HGSOC reveals conserved mutational signatures and TP53 mutations. Supplementary Figure S2. Distribution of mutations and mutational signatures in HGSOC. Supplementary Figure S3. Genomic instability is a core feature of ovarian cancer that frequently involves DNA-damage repair genes. Supplementary Figure S4. Annotated dendrograms of HGSOC metastatic trajectories. Supplementary Figure S5. Ex vivo model of metastasis to the fallopian tube. Supplementary Figure S6. In vitro model of HGSOC-fallopian tube adhesion.</p>
Two Thousand Teachers View Their Profession

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Popular press articles suggest that many schools are unrewarding and threatening environments. If this is so, teachers must find them unpleasant places in which to work. This study surveyed 2,223 teachers across 29 states to assess their attitudes on a number of aspects of their schools. The NSSE Teacher Opinion Survey was used. The results showed that overall teachers were pleased with their circumstances. They gave highest ratings to items classified as overall job satisfaction, next highest to student discipline, then curriculum and instruction. Lowest ratings went to school-community relations, but even this was above the scale midpoint. Generally, teachers were more positive than negative about their teaching situation.
Social Functioning of the Patient with Spincil-cord Injury

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Concepts of preventing and solving problems of social functioning are presented within the framework of a model adapted from orthopedics. Thus, social rehabilitation is seen in terms of relief of social and psychological pain; prevention of social deformities and pressure sores; strengthening remaining capacities; and maintenance of maximum social functioning and of life. Special attention is given to the dangers of incorrect evaluation of social stability after discharge.
Defining Targets for Investigating the Pharmacogenomics of Adverse Drug Reactions to Antifungal Agents

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with antifungal therapy are major problems in patients with invasive fungal infections. Whether by clinical history or patterns of genetic variation, the identification of patients at risk for ADRs should result in improved outcomes while minimizing deleterious side effects. A major contributing factor to ADRs with antifungal agents relates to drug distribution, metabolism and excretion. Genetic variation in key genes can alter the structure and expression of genes and gene products (e.g., proteins). Thus far, the effort has focused on identifying polymorphisms with either empirical or predicted in silico functional consequences; the best candidate genes encode phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., CYP2C19 and N-acetyltransferase), plasma proteins (albumin and lipoproteins) and drug transporters (P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance proteins), which can affect the disposition of antifungal agents, eventually leading to dose-dependent (type A) toxicity. Less is known regarding the key genes that interact with antifungal agents, resulting in idiosyncratic (type B) ADRs. The possible role of certain gene products and genetic polymorphisms in the toxicities of antifungal agents are discussed in this review. The preliminary data address the following: low-density lipoproteins and cholesteryl ester transfer protein in amphotericin B renal toxicity; toll-like receptor 1 and 2 in amphotericin B infusion-related ADRs; phosphodiesterase 6 in voriconazole visual adverse events; flavin-containing monooxygenase, glutathione transferases and multidrug resistance proteins 1 and 2 in ketoconazole and terbinafine hepatotoxicity; CYP enzymes and P-glycoprotein in drug interactions between azoles and coadministered medications; multidrug resistance proteins 8 and 9 on 5-flucytosine bone marrow toxicity; and mast cell activation in caspofungin histamine release. This will focus on high-priority candidate genes, which could provide a starting point for molecular studies to elucidate the potential mechanisms for understanding toxicity associated with antifungal drugs as well as identifying candidate genes for large population prospective genetic association studies.
Osteopontin as a Link between Inflammation and Cancer: The Thorax in the Spotlight

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The glycoprotein osteopontin (OPN) possesses multiple functions in health and disease. To this end, osteopontin has beneficial roles in wound healing, bone homeostasis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) function. On the contrary, osteopontin can be deleterious for the human body during disease. Indeed, osteopontin is a cardinal mediator of tumor-associated inflammation and facilitates metastasis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of osteopontin in malignant processes, focusing on lung and pleural tumors as examples.