jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Improved Specificity of Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Segmentation from Dual-Sensitivity MRI Morphometry (P6.116)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: test the effect of a dual-sensitivity automated segmentation of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions in routinely acquired high-field MRI, specifically the improvement of specificity in infratentorial lesion detection
BACKGROUND: A new automated segmentation of MS white matter lesions (WML) from 3T MRI was developed, with adjustable tissue intensity modeling for different anatomical regions. We tested the method’s effect on the specificity of infratentorial WML segmentation, a region prone to false positives (FPs).
DESIGN/METHODS: MRI (Siemens Skyra; 20-channel headcoil) included 1mm isotropic scans with T1,T2 and FLAIR weighting, optimized for gray matter vs. white matter (WM) tissue contrast, cerebrospinal fluid and WML, respectively. The automated segmentation performed co-registration, distortion correction, local and global intensity normalization, and segmented WML as outliers in the WM tissue class intensity distribution. WML were segmented twice, once with a single model for the entire brain WM, and once with the infratentorial region defined separately. Sensitivity and specificity of both versions were compared to expert manual WML tracing. Patients (n=20) were 48.5±11.3 years old with relapsing (n=14) and progressive (n=6) MS, with 12.4±6.4 years disease duration and Expanded Disability Status Scale scores 2.2±1.8.
RESULTS: Total WML volume was 8.3±10.6 ml (0.4-39). While infratentorial WML accounted for only 1-2[percnt] of the total lesion burden, the region was responsible for 2[percnt]-50[percnt] (mean 16[percnt]±13[percnt]) of FPs. The dual-sensitivity approach significantly reduced the number of FPs. Overall sensitivity did not change (p=0.8), but significant improvement in specificity (p=0.0002) was observed. Positive predictive value (PPV) increased by >50[percnt] (p=0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS: Significant improvement in automated WML segmentation from multi-channel MRI can be achieved by processing the infratentorial region separately, yielding significant reduction of FPs and associated increases in PPV. Because infratentorial lesions have special significance in terms of disability and progression prognosis, reliable morphometry of this region is important in routine MRI assessment. Disclosure: Dr. Meier has nothing to disclose. Dr. Moscufo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Cavallari has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tummala has nothing to disclose. Dr. Guttman has stock and/or stock options in Novartis, Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Alnylam, Cocrystal Pharma, Arrowhead Research, Sangamo BioSciences, Inc., and Protalix Biotherapeutics. Dr. Weiner has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Novartis, EMD Serono, and Teva Neuroscience. Dr. Bakshi has received personal compensation for activities with Biogen Idec, Novartis, Sanofi/Genzyme, and Teva Neuroscience as a consultant.
Current status of reperfusion therapies for acute ischemic stroke in the Kyushu and Okinawa districts.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

九州・沖縄地区の平成9年度の脳梗塞急性期再灌流療法の実態調査のために,脳神経外科,神経内科のある195施設にアンケート調査を行い,117施設(60.0%)より回答を得た.そのうち脳梗塞急性期医療を行っている109施設について検討した。CTで異常がない急性期脳梗塞に対して血管閉塞部位診断を行う施設は全体の67.0%で,大部分がdigital subtraction angiography (DSA)あるいはmagnetic resonance angiography (MRA)を行っており,ultrasonography (US)やcomputed tomographic angiography (CTA)を行う施設は全体の2～3割であった.何らかの再灌流療法を試みる施設は全体の58.7%で,神経内科の53.3%,脳神経外科の28.1%の施設が再灌流療法は考慮しないという結果であった.再灌流療法として最も多くの施設で行われていたのはウロキナーゼの点滴静注で(51.6%),次いでマイクロカテーテルを用いた局所線溶療法(50.0%),血管造影用カテーテルからの血栓溶解薬の動注(46.9%)の順であった.
Quantifying and reducing Input modelling error in simulation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis presents new methodology in the field of quantifying and reducing input modelling error in computer simulation. Input modelling error is the uncertainty in the output of a simulation that propagates from the errors in the input models used to drive it. When the input models are estimated from observations of the real-world system input modelling error will always arise as only a finite number of observations can ever be collected. Input modelling error can be broken down into two components: variance, known in the literature as input uncertainty; and bias. In this thesis new methodology is contributed for the quantification of both of these sources of error. To date research into input modelling error has been focused on quantifying the input uncertainty (IU) variance. In this thesis current IU quantification techniques for simulation models with time homogeneous inputs are extended to simulation models with nonstationary input processes. Unlike the IU variance, the bias caused by input modelling has, until now, been virtually ignored. This thesis provides the first method for quantifying bias caused by input modelling. Also presented is a bias detection test for identifying, with controlled power, a bias due to input modelling of a size that would be concerning to a practitioner. The final contribution of this thesis is a spline-based arrival process model. By utilising a highly flexible spline representation, the error in the input model is reduced; it is believed that this will also reduce the input modelling error that passes to the simulation output. The methods described in this thesis are not available in the current literature and can be used in a wide range of simulation contexts for quantifying input modelling error and modelling input processes.
Oxymercuration-demercuration and hydroboration-oxidation of endo-tricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undeca-3,8-diene. Stereospecific oxymercuration leading to the 4-exo-hydroxy derivative

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxymercuration-demercuration and hydroboration-oxidation of endo-tricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]undeca-3,8-diene. Stereospecific oxymercuration leading to the 4-exo-hydroxy derivativeNaotake Takaishi, Yoshiaki Fujikura, and Yoshiaki InamotoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 25, 3767–3772Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00913a032https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00913a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views116Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Supplementary Figure S2 from Efficacy of Osimertinib in Patients with Lung Cancer Positive for Uncommon EGFR Exon 19 Deletion Mutations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Figure S2. Progression Free Survival for patients with tumors harboring select exon 19 deletions treated with first-line osimertinib. The point estimate for median progression free survival associated with each mutation is listed to the right of the figure legend.</p>
Differential diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and vascular parkinsonism by (99m)Tc-TRODAT-1.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our findings clearly show that, for VP patients, (99m)Tc-TRODAT-1 SPECT is a reliable method to differentiate VP from Parkinson's disease. Further studies, including those to differentiate Parkinson's disease from arteriosclerotic parkinsonism and patients with both VP and Parkinson's disease, are needed to help rule out the possibility of Parkinson's disease as early as possible.
Promoting women's participation in Kenya's governance.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper focuses on a research project that aims to help rural Kenyan women increase their participation in the democratic process. Nairobi-based Family Support Institute Executive Director Shanyisa Khasiani is implementing the research project with funding from the International Development Research Centre to help rural Kenyan women. The project, which involves the Makueni and Kakamega districts, will eventually see up to 30,000 women learn how to access information via computers, with the key goal of promoting civic education. Rural women's groups provided the project's entry points into the subject communities and presented the civic education needs of these communities to the project team. Aside from the main issue of political representation, other concerns emerged such as domestic violence, transportation needs, and employment of women to promote development. In view of these issues, the slogan "Be educated in politics!" was formed. The next phase of the project is to "train the trainers"--the women's group leaders--in computer skills. Each community will be provided with a resource center that is equipped with two computers and civic education reference materials. Teaching these women computer skills will enable them to communicate with one another, exchange ideas and learn what other nongovernmental organizations are doing about women's empowerment. The project will also enable rural Kenyan women use technology to help improve their economic status.
Post‐dural puncture headache following lumbar spinal drain: an atypical presentation with cognitive symptoms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Post‐dural puncture headache is a consequence of cerebrospinal fluid loss, leading to reduced intracranial pressure. Its classical symptoms include a frontal‐occipital headache which is worse on standing, neck stiffness, nausea, hearing loss and photophobia. In this report, we describe an atypical presentation of post‐dural puncture headache in a 72‐year‐old woman following an endovascular repair of an aortic aneurysm, before which a lumbar spinal drain was placed to reduce the risk of spinal cord ischemia. Following drain removal, the patient developed hypoactive delirium, challenges with both depth perception and fine motor skills and a mild headache. An epidural blood patch was performed, which resulted in the complete resolution of her symptoms. This case highlights an atypical presentation of post‐dural puncture headache in an older patient, in whom the major symptoms were cognitive. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage should be considered as a cause of postoperative delirium in patients who have undergone neuraxial anaesthesia.
New Amides and Phenylpropanoid Glucosides from the Fruits of Piper retrofractum

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Two new amides (E)-N-cinnamoyl-2-methoxypiperidine (1) and (R)-1-(2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)-5,6-dihydropyridin-2(1H)-one (2), four new amide glucosides, retrofractosides A-D (3-6), and two new phenylpropanoid glucosides, retrofractosides E (7) and F (8), together with 24 known compounds (9-32) were isolated from the fruits of Piper retrofractum. The chemical structures of these new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. All of these isolates (1-32) were evaluated for inhibitory activity against mouse platelet aggregation induced by the peptide AYPGKF-NH2. (E)-N-(Tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)cinnamamide (9) showed a weak inhibitory effect, with an inhibition ratio of 52.0% at a concentration of 150 μM.
Breaking seed dormancy of three orthodox Mediterranean Rosaceae species.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biodiversity levels could be enhanced when regenerating a site by seed-derived seedlings. However, seed dormancy poses limitations for many species. As a result, nurseries either produce seedlings from species where dormancy is not an obstacle, or they propagate through cuttings with the risk of decreasing the genetic diversity within and among species at the regenerated sites. In the present study, breaking of seed dormancy was investigated in valuable Mediterranean species of Prunus avium, Prunus spinosa and Rosa canina Specifically, in order to break dormancy, seeds of those species were warm-, cold-stratified and chemically treated. Based on the results, maximum germination for P. avium was 12% when seeds were warm stratified for four weeks altered with eight weeks of cold stratification. For P. spinosa, maximum percent germination was 26% when seeds were warm stratified for two weeks and continuously altered for eight weeks of cold stratification. Finally, for R. canina maximum percent germination was 40% under four weeks of warm stratification altered with twenty weeks of cold stratification, when seeds were pretreated with H2SO4 for 15 min. A maximum of twelve weeks of cold stratification for P. avium, P. spinosa and 20 weeks for R. canina provided almost zero percent germination. The results indicated that all three species experienced intense dormancy levels suggesting that those species need to be treated properly prior to sowing. Nonetheless, additional experiments are needed to achieve greater germination percentage of highly valuable species in orderto encourage seed derived seedling production.
Physicochemical Properties of African Catfish Mucus and Its Effect on the Stability of Soya Milk Emulsions

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Mucus, a waste product produced when African catfish undergoes stress, has lubricating effects and could be a potential emulsifier. Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable; researchers have documented synthetic bio-polymers as emulsifiers, but its sustainability is in question. This research aims to establish some physicochemical properties of African catfish mucus (ACM) and its effect in soya milk emulsions. A Zetasizer and Turbiscan were used to measure stability, morphology was determined with Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), while functional groups in ACM and ACM-stabilized soya milk emulsions were determined using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy. ACM is a stable hydrogel with negatively charged (−36.2 mV) loosely bound electrons with polar and non-polar portions. ACM concentrations of 1, 3, and 5 g w/w stabilized soya milk emulsions after 180 min of storage. The spectra of stabilized emulsion revealed interactions with soya milk droplets. ACM encapsulated the stabilized emulsion and conferred a kind of cohesive interaction and stability. Turbiscan revealed that the mucin formed strong cohesive connections with stabilized emulsions and the mucin exhibited adhesive properties. ACM is an excellent natural emulsifier with mucoadhesive properties as it encapsulates soya milk to enhance stability.
Navigating Digital Privacy and Surveillance: Post‐Covid Regulatory and Theoretical Insights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Covid-19 pandemic has highlighted and accelerated existing trends in digital privacy, intensifying the balance between public health needs and privacy rights. This article examines the concept of digital unfreedom and its growing relevance post-Covid-19, focusing on the balance between public health needs and privacy rights. It explores the evolution of digital freedom pre- and post-pandemic through four key concepts: control over personal information; freedom from surveillance; respectful data protection; and the right to bodily autonomy. Emphasizing the critical importance of privacy in public health strategies, this article calls for vigilant regulatory reforms to protect individual rights and ensure equitable data practices.
Formative Time Lag to Breakdown in Micro Gap at Low Atmospheric Pressure

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper studies the discharge development in a micro gap between metal materials in air experimentally and analytically. As a high voltage side electrode is stressed by different voltages at a fixed gap length with UV irradiation, the electrical breakdown voltage is measured as a function of the time lag. The measured time lag until the spark breakdown ranges from 10 -1 to 10 -4 s between 190 Torr and 760Torr. Using the measured time lag to the breakdown, the formative time lag to breakdown is obtained and the formative time lag to breakdown is calculated by gamma i , gamma p and gamma m . The calculation results of the formative time lag agree with the experiment results. The obtained values of gamma i , gamma p and gamma m are applied to the estimate the formative time lag to breakdown at various pressures, from 190 Torr to 760 Torr, between metal electrodes in a uniform electric field
Oral Candida Carriage and Morphotype Differentiation in Chronic Periodontitis Patients with and without Diabetes in the Indian Sub-Continent

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to assess the oral Candida carriage and morphotype differentiation of Candida species in chronic periodontitis patients, with and without diabetes mellitus. This cross sectional study included 30 subjects in the age range of 40–60 years, who were divided into two groups: 15 chronic periodontitis only (CP) patients, and 15 chronic periodontitis patients with diabetes (CPD). Clinical measurements included plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and fasting blood sugar level (FBS). The unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected for fungal analysis. Candida carriage was analyzed by measuring colony forming units (CFU) following the culture of samples. Qualitative morphotype differentiation of Candida species from yeast to hyphal form was analyzed using Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. There was no statistically significant difference between CP and CPD groups for the periodontal parameters. However, a significantly higher Candida species CFU count was found in CPD (0.33 ± 0.23) as compared to CP (0.05 ± 0.04) group. This pilot study suggests that the occurrence of Candida species is higher in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients with diabetes as compared to patients with chronic periodontitis alone.
Cyclosporine exacerbates ketamine toxicity in zebrafish: Mechanistic studies on drug–drug interaction

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Cyclosporine A (CsA) is an immunosuppressive drug commonly used in organ transplant patients to prevent allograft rejections. Ketamine is a pediatric anesthetic that noncompetitively inhibits the calcium‐permeable N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartic acid receptors. Adverse drug–drug interaction effects between ketamine and CsA have been reported in mammals and humans. However, the mechanism of such drug–drug interaction is unclear. We have previously reported adverse effects of combination drugs, such as verapamil/ketamine and shown the mechanism through intervention by other drugs in zebrafish embryos. Here, we show that ketamine and CsA in combination produce developmental toxicity even leading to lethality in zebrafish larvae when exposure began at 24 h post‐fertilization (hpf), whereas CsA did not cause any toxicity on its own. We also demonstrate that acetyl l ‐carnitine (ALCAR) completely reversed the adverse effects. Both ketamine and CsA are CYP3A4 substrates. Although ketamine and CsA independently altered the expression of the hepatic marker CYP3A65 , a zebrafish ortholog of human CYP3A4 , both drugs together induced further increase in CYP3A65 expression. In the presence of ALCAR, however, CYP3A65 expression was normalized. ALCAR has been shown to prevent ketamine toxicity in mammal and zebrafish. In conclusion, CsA exacerbated ketamine toxicity and ALCAR reversed the effects. These results, providing evidence for the first time on the reversal of the adverse effects of CsA/ketamine interaction by ALCAR, would prove useful in addressing potential occurrences of such toxicities in humans. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
at Glass Patte

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A T h s e p to u f w c in k c a in a p e to s ABSTRACT Touch screen have become screens pales examine typing physical keybo o inform future ultimate goal o feedback. To s we asked 20 conditions: (1) nput errors, keyboard, but contact points a as natural fing ndividual keys also show that press distributi evidence that ouch surfaces such a solution Author Keywo Touch-typing, m
The treatment of ankle sprain by bandaging and antiphlogistic drugs.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A prospective randomized investigation comprised 119 patients with ankle sprains, treated by the application of a layer bandage or elastic adhesive tape bandage. In addition, the patients received drug treatment as a double blind test: placebo, or oxyphenbutazone 100 mg or clonixin 300 mg three times daily. The drug study comprised 106 patients. Clinical examination and measurements of foot volume were carried out initially and 5-7 days after injury. The patients were asked to complete a follow-up questionnaire describing their symptoms and walking ability. No statistically significant difference was observed between the differently bandaged groups with regard to clinical findings and foot volume. Elastic adhesive tape bandage caused more complications, mainly compression, irritation of the skin or rash, compared with the layer bandage (p less than 0.05). Clonixin proved useful in controlling swelling and in the authors opinion gave the best clinical result. The bandages used in the study were tested in 20 patients by mechanically rotating the bandaged ankle under general or spinal anaesthesia. The layer bandage proved more stable in the lateral direction than the elastic adhesive tape bandage (p less than 0.001).
The Impact of Financial Crises on Labor Markets, Household Incomes and Poverty: A Review of Evidence

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The 1990s have witnessed several \n financial crises, of which the East Asia and Mexico tequila \n crises are perhaps the most well-known. What impact have \n these crises had on labor markets, household incomes, and \n poverty? Total employment fell by much less than production \n declines and even increased in some cases. However, these \n aggregates mask considerable churning in employment across \n sectors, employment status, and location. Economies that \n experienced the sharpest currency depreciations suffered the \n deepest cuts in real wages, though deeper cuts in real wages \n relative to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) were associated \n with smaller rises in unemployment. To some extent, families \n smoothed their incomes through increased labor force \n participation and private transfers, though the limited \n evidence available suggests that wealthier families were \n better able to smooth consumption. The initial impact of the \n crises was on the urban corporate sector, but rural \n households were affected as well and in some instances \n suffered deeper losses than did urban families. School \n enrollment declined, especially among poorer families, as \n did use of health facilities, but the impact on \n children's nutrition levels appears to vary. Crises \n have typically proved short-lived, but whether households \n plunged into poverty during a crisis is able to recover as \n the economy does remain an open question.