jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Specification for Carbon Steel Tires for Railway and Rapid Transit Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This specification details the standard requirements for carbon steel tires for railway and rapid transit applications. The seven classes of steel tires covered here are: Class A-untreated driving tires for locomotives in passenger service; Class AHT-heat-treated driving tires for locomotives in passenger service; Class B-untreated driving tires for freight locomotives and tires for locomotive-truck, tender-truck, trailer and car wheels and miscellaneous service; Class BHT-heat-treated driving tires for freight locomotives and tires for trailer service; Class C-untreated tires for switching locomotives; Class CHT-heat-treated driving tires and switching locomotives and tires for locomotive-trucks, tender-trucks, trailer and car wheels, and miscellaneous service; and Class DHT-heat-treated driving tires for locomotives with light braking conditions, heavily loaded trailer tires, and rapid transit wheels where off-tread brakes are employed. Tires shall be tested and conform to required chemical composition and Brinell hardness values. Reheat treatment and retests may be done if any of the tires fail to meet the specified property values.
Experimental Determination and Correlation of Artemisinin's Solubility in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The measurement and correlation of the experimental solubility of the antimalarial artemisinin (Artemisia annua L.) in supercritical carbon dioxide is reported. Results were obtained using a static analytical method at 308.2, 318.2, and 328.2 K, and in a pressure range from 10.0 up to 25.0 MPa. Solubility experimental data were correlated with three density-based models (Chrastil, Bartle, and Méndez-Santiago−Teja models) and with two cubic equation of state (EOS) models, namely, the Peng−Robinson EOS and the Soave−Redlich−Kwong EOS, together with the conventional van der Waals mixing and combining rules. Good correlation results were obtained between the calculated and the experimental solubility to all fitted models. Results clearly show the feasibility of processing this antimalarial drug using supercritical fluid technologies and processes.
Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction explores the growing field of interdisciplinary studies of science and religion. It reveals how debates about religion and science have been shaped historically by complex cultural and political contexts, and explains the philosophical concepts that shape current debates and how they developed through history. Topics covered include landmark episodes such as the Galileo affair, the Scopes ‘Monkey’ trial, and the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition to the European and American Christian traditions in which ‘science and religion’ first developed as a trope, the book looks at perspectives from non-Christian religions, including the influence of colonialism and postcolonialism on the global spread of science–religion discourse. This new edition also examines the many ways science and religion have influenced attitudes about race and identity, global health, and the changing global environment.
Chemoimmunotherapy of advanced breast cancer: prolongation of remission and survival with BCG.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Forty-five patients with disseminated breast cancer were given a trial of combination chemotherapy consisting of fluorouracil, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) and immunotherapy with BCG given by scarification. The results were compared with those in a comparable group of 44 patients treated with FAC alone immediately before the chemoimmunotherapy study. The remission rates (73% and 76% for FAC and FAC-BCG respectively) were similar in both studies. The durations of remission for patients on FAC-BCG (medium 12 months) were longer than remissions achieved for patients given FAC alone (median 8 months) (P = 0.068). The most notable effect of BCG was on survival. Thus 21 out of 34 patients achieving remission on FAC-BCG were alive at the time of the last follow-up examination (median over 22 months) compared with 11 out of 32 patients achieving remission on FAC (median 15 months) (P = 0.01). Twenty-six of the 45 patients given FAC-BCG were alive at the time of the last follow-up examination (median over 22 months) compared with 12 of the 44 patients given FAC (median 15 months) (P = 0.005). Although the apparent benefit of BCG could be explained by a maldistribution of some prognostic factors, the data suggest that further trial of chemoimmunotherapy of breast cancer should be carried out.
On the adaptation of causal forests to manifold data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Researchers often hold the belief that random forests are "the cure to the world's ills" (Bickel, 2010). But how exactly do they achieve this? Focused on the recently introduced causal forests (Athey and Imbens, 2016; Wager and Athey, 2018), this manuscript aims to contribute to an ongoing research trend towards answering this question, proving that causal forests can adapt to the unknown covariate manifold structure. In particular, our analysis shows that a causal forest estimator can achieve the optimal rate of convergence for estimating the conditional average treatment effect, with the covariate dimension automatically replaced by the manifold dimension. These findings align with analogous observations in the realm of deep learning and resonate with the insights presented in Peter Bickel's 2004 Rietz lecture.
Park-and-ride facilities in Singapore

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Singapore, we have quite a number of Park-and-Ride (P&R) facilities. Commuters can park their cars in these facilities and continue their journey by taking public transit service. P&R is supposed to be able to improve public transport ridership and mitigate the traffic congestion in city area by switching commuters to mass transit services. The objective of this study is to look at the current usage and patronage of P&R facilities and build an analytical model to analyse the demand and supply of these facilities. This study also serves to propose suggestions on the facilities pricing and location policies so as to attract more users.
Normal and Variant Isoenzymes of Human Blood Cell Hexokinase and the Isoenzyme Patterns in Hemolytic Anemia

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Electrophoresis of red cell hexokinase in agarose electrophoresis revealed two major (1 and 2) and two minor (3 and 4) bands. Platelet and leukocyte hexokinase patterns differed from those of red cells. There was a strong band 1, but con-siderably faster bands termed 5, 6 and 7 were also observed which were sensi-tive to changes in glucose concentration. The presence of contaminating leuko-cytes can significantly alter the electro-phoretic pattern of “red cell ” hexokinase activity. Bands 2, 3 and 4 of red cells appeared to be synthesized independ-ently of band 1 and absence of band 1
Joint associations of insomnia and sleep duration with prevalent diabetes: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Inadequate sleep quantity and quality are associated with a higher risk of type 2 diabetes. This relationship is not well‐examined in US Hispanics/Latinos, and prior analyses may be confounded by sleep apnea. This cross‐sectional study examined joint associations of sleep duration and insomnia with diabetes among diverse US Hispanic/Latinos. Methods Baseline data on sleep quantity and quality were obtained from 15227 participants (mean age 41; range 18–74 years) from the H ispanic C ommunity H ealth S tudy/ S tudy of L atinos. Complex survey multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between prevalent diabetes and six phenotypes defined by cross‐classifying sleep duration (short ≤6 h, average >6–9 h, long >9 h) and insomnia, adjusting for sex, age, site and Hispanic/Latino background interaction, education, physical activity, diet quality, and sleep apnea. Results In the weighted population, 14% had diabetes, 28% had insomnia, 9% were short sleepers, and 19% were long sleepers. Compared with those with average sleep and no insomnia, those with short sleep and insomnia were more likely to have diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02, 2.11). Average sleepers with insomnia (1.28; 95% CI 1.02, 1.61) and long sleepers without insomnia (1.33; 95% CI 1.07, 1.65) also had elevated odds of diabetes. Further adjustment for body mass index attenuated associations, except with long sleep without insomnia. Conclusions Both decreased quantity and quality of sleep are associated with diabetes in Hispanic/Latinos, with the greatest odds among those with short sleep duration and insomnia. The association is largely explained by obesity.
[Prenatal diagnosis of two fetuses with Xp22.31 microdeletion syndrome indicated by non-invasive prenatal testing].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

NIPT not only has a good performance for detecting fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13, but also has the potential for detecting chromosomal microdeletion/microduplications. For high risk fetuses indicated by NIPT, prenatal diagnosis needs to be carry out to verify the chromosomal abnormalities.
Modified Born-Oppenheimer basis for nonadiabatic coupling: Application to the vibronic spectrum of HD+

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Nonadiabatic matrix elements, when computed using a Born-Oppenheimer (BO) basis, do not vanish asymptotically because the motion of the electrons with the nuclei at large internuclear separations is not taken into account. We apply a method suggested by Delos [Rev. Mod. Phys. 53, 287 (1981)] to include the effect of electron translation factors in a quantum-mechanical framework, thus correcting the BO basis to incorporate proper boundary conditions. We calculate the nonadiabatic matrix elements for H2+ and its isotopic variants. We focus our calculations on HD+, for which experimental results exist, and calculate its vibronic spectrum. This is the first application of this method to calculate high precision spectroscopic information for molecular systems.
Population transfer and generation of arbitrary superpositions of quantum states in a four-level system using a single-chirped laser pulse

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We propose a scheme for coherent control of population transfer and arbitrary superpositions of quantum states by a single-chirped laser pulse in a Λ-type excited-doublet four-level system. It is shown that selective, efficient, and robust population transfer from the initial state to the target states (excited or ground) can be achieved via chirped adiabatic passage when the pulse bandwidth is smaller than about 1/10 of the energy separations between the excited-doublet levels and between the ground states. Moreover, arbitrary coherent superpositions between the excited-doublet states, or between the higher ground state and either of the excited-doublet states, can be created by appropriately tuning the chirp rate and detuning the laser field. The proposed flexible method of coherent control of population transfer and arbitrary superpositions between the initially unpopulated states requires only a single pulse, and is robust against variations in the laser parameters, which has potential applications in quantum information processing.
Lightweight image segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deploying advanced image segmentation tasks on mobile devices struggle with the demands of sophisticated deep learning models. Image segmentation, a critical task in computer vision, has seen remarkable advancements through deep learning. However, the implementation of these computationally intensive models on mobile devices is hindered by their large size and resource demands. The project aims to develop a mobile-friendly, lightweight deep learning architecture for image segmentation, drawing inspiration from DeepLabV3’s capabilities. The goal is to balance the trade-off between accuracy and speed, thereby making advanced image segmentation feasible on mobile platforms.
Managing the City-Region Like a Startup: Entrepreneurialism and Shifting Local Economic Governance in Developing Countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The emerging experience of cities in the Global South regarding the complexity of their response to territorial competition's pressures requires the rethinking of the very concept of urban competitiveness. This study proposes the distributionally-sensitive modeling of urban competitiveness (DS-MUC) in a perspective that is driven by the norm of Equity. The DS-MUC is posited as a critical theory to neoliberalism and as a contribution to the social sustainability and to the normative investigation of post-capitalist urban transformations in the Global South.The application of the DS-MUC in the investigation of Da Nang in Vietnam and Cebu City in the Philippines reveals that an interactive, relational and network-based entrepreneurial governance's capacity has a much greater proclivity to deliver Equity and therefore to achieve a 'high-quality competitiveness' than a city's organizing capacity embedded in illiberal, state-paternalistic and public-sector monopolistic arrangements.
Numerical Study of Coherent Structures of Turbulence with Large Wall-Normal Gradients in Thermophysical Properties

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Forced-convection heat transfer in a heated working fluid at a thermodynamic state near its pseudocritical point is poorly predicted by correlations calibrated with data at subcritical conditions. This is primarily due to the influence of large wall-normal thermophysical property gradients that develop in proximity of the pseudocritical point on the concentration of coherent turbulence structures near the wall. The physical mechanisms dominating this influence remain poorly understood. In the present study, direct numerical simulation is used to study the development of turbulence structures within a turbulent spot, which is a more controlled turbulence environment than a fully-turbulent boundary layer, with large wall-normal property gradients. It is found that during improved heat transfer, wall-normal density gradients accelerate the growth of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the shear layer enveloping low-speed streaks through baroclinic vorticity generation. This causes hairpin vortices to form at a faster rate and to mutually interact more frequently.
Regulated expression of aggrecanases of ADAMTS family in endometrial physiology and pathology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The ADAMTS (A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with TromboSpondin Repeats) are a novel family of secreted metalloproteinases. There is increasing evidence that distinct ADAMTS subtypes play key roles in embryonic development, reproduction and cancer. Nineteen ADAMTS subtypes have been identified in humans but most of them have been characterized only at the structural level. ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, -8, -9 and -15 have been subclassified into a subfamily, known as aggrecanases, owing to their ability to cleave the important extracellular matrix components, versican and aggrecan. Previous studies have determined that ADAMTS-1 and -5 are expressed in first trimester decidual cells and are regulated by IL-1ß and TGF- ß1. I have now found that gonadal steroids have complex regulatory effects upon ADAMTS-1 mRNA and ADAMTS-1 levels in endometrial stromal cells during the human menstrual cycle. I further demonstrate that progesterone (P4) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), differentially regulated ADAMTS-5, -8, and -9 mRNA and protein levels in human endometrial stromal cells, suggesting that aggrecanases contribute to steroid-mediated ECM remodeling in the endometrium in preparation for pregnancy. My loss- and gain- of function studies have confirmed a function for ADAMTS-1 in endometrial cancer invasion. Overexpression of ADAMTS-1 in well-differentiated ECC-1 endometrial carcinoma cells promoted cell invasion. In contrast, siRNA-mediated silencing of endogenous ADAMTS-1 in poorly differentiated KLE cells decreased their invasive capacity. I have also found that 17ß-estradiol (E2) can up-regulate ADAMTS-1 mRNA and protein levels in ECC-1 cells. This suggests that ADAMTS-1 plays an important role in endometrial cancer progression, and that E2 promotes well-differentiated endometrial cancer cell invasion, at least in part by specific up-regulating ADAMTS-1 expression. Overall, my research provides useful insight into the molecular mechanisms that regulate endometrial physiology and pathology, and additional support for the concept that ADAMTS represent potentially useful prognostic biomarkers of recurrent pregnancy loss and endometrial cancer.
Integration of physical information and reaction mechanism data for surrogate prediction model and multi-objective optimization of glycolic acid production

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With the continuous development of the chemical industry, the concept of advocating green development has become increasingly popular. Glycolic acid (GA), serving as the monomer for biodegradable plastic polyglycolic acid, plays a crucial role in combating plastic pollution and fostering an eco-friendly society. The selective oxidation of ethylene glycol (EG) to produce GA represents a novel green production technology. Controlling reaction parameters to achieve multi-objective optimization of product distribution and direct CO2 emissions is crucial for scaling up the process. With the advent of the big data era, the integration of the chemical industry with artificial intelligence to achieve engineering scale-up is an important trend. This study proposes a neural network model for production prediction and optimization. The model is trained using experimental data, reaction mechanism data, and physical information, enabling rapid prediction of GA production. After validating with 40% of experimental data and 16% of reaction mechanism data, the model's prediction error was within ±5%, and the linear correlation coefficient R2 between the predicted values and actual values was 0.998. Furthermore, this study integrated a multi-objective optimization algorithm based on the model, enabling surrogate optimization of reaction parameters during production. After optimization, the direct CO2 emissions were reduced by over 99% and overall greenhouse gas emissions were reduced by 4.6%. The research paradigm proposed in this research can offer guidance and technical support for the optimized operation of EG selective oxidation to GA.
Line managers and HRM: a relational approach to paradox

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The scholarly literature on line manager involvement in HRM increasingly acknowledges competing demands that pervade this work. This chapter introduces a relational approach to paradox that postulates that the way line managers translate competing demands is highly relevant for, and impacts on, other HRM actors' experiences of tensions and abilities to handle them. We draw on suggestions from paradox literature that active engagement with competing demands can promote learning and focus on the role of training and supportive practices in organizations that enable the development of paradox mindsets and practical ways to handle tensions. By taking a relational approach to paradox, we model how individual responses to competing demands enable or hinder beneficial learning dynamics and promote virtuous cycles.
Comparative study of InterTAN and Dynamic Hip Screw in treatment of femoral intertrochanteric injury and wound.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study is to compare the effects and complications of InterTAN nail versus Dynamic Hip Screw (DHS) in treatment of femoral intertrochanteric fractures. Between January 2006 and December 2013, a total of 75 patients with femoral intertrochanteric fractures were retrospectively reviewed. There were 16 cases of type A1, 51 cases of type A2, and 8 cases of type A3. 37 patients treated with InterTAN nail, and 38 with DHS. The clinic data of surgical trauma, postoperative function and complications were statistically compared in this study. This results indicated that 31 cases by InterTAN and 30 cases by DHS had obtained follow-up with mean time (11 ± 5.6) months. Operative time of InterTAN group is (23.1 ± 9.2) min, and of DHS group is (55.2 ± 14.5) min (P < 0.05). Intra-operative active blood loss is (70.1 ± 30.7) ml in InterTAN group, and (205.7 ± 40.7) ml in DHS group (P < 0.05). Fluoroscopy frequency of InterTAN group is (16.3 ± 4.4) times, and of DHS group is (25.1 ± 3.1) times (P < 0.05). Complications occurred in 3 cases (9.7%) in InterTAN group compared 6 cases (20%) in DHS group (P < 0.05). Two cases had hip varus in InterTAN group, and three cases in DHS group. One case had deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in InterTAN group, and one case in DHS group. In conclusion, InterTAN significantly reduce the operative time, fluoroscopy frequency, intra-operative active blood loss and postoperative complications. The InterTAN technical features make it applicable to the aged patient with variety of medical basic diseases and cases of osteoporotic and unstable fracture types.
HEALTH STATE OF MEDICAL STUDENTS AND ITS DETERMINANTS

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The preservation and promotion of health in youth is one of the most urgent and important health and social problems at the present stage. In the Russian Federation, sanitary supervision of institutions of higher professional education is carried out both for public facilities and for universities, where there are no specially developed sanitary rules and regulations. From the positions of modern preventive medicine, it is impossible to carry out reasonable health-improving measures in educational institutions of a medical profile without hygienic assessment of microclimate conditions, chemical composition of indoor air, levels of illumination, noise and electromagnetic fields. The article is devoted to the assessment of the health state of medical students in the conditions of various social and hygienic, ecological and biological factors. The hygienic characteristic of the levels of illumination and microclimate of the classrooms is given. The protection of students' health from the negative impact of electromagnetic fields from computers is also an important medical, technical and social task. Significant emphasis in the article is given to a problem of spreading bad habits, including smoking and drinking alcohol. Hygienic features of education in medical schools and prevention issues were also presented. There is a need to promote knowledge of hygiene and healthy lifestyle among students in the form of lectures, conversations and visual propaganda. Students in the form of lectures and conversations, visual propaganda.