jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Structure and Function of the Core Histone N-Termini:  More Than Meets the Eye

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

For two decades, the core histone N-termini generally have been thought of as unstructured domains whose function is to bind to DNA and screen negative charge. New data indicates that both the molecular mechanisms of action and biological functions of the core histone N-termini in chromatin are considerably more complex. At the level of the chromatin fiber, multiple distinct functions of the N-termini are required to achieve higher order chromatin condensation, two of which apparently involve protein-protein rather than protein-DNA interactions. In addition, the N-termini have been documented to participate in specific interactions with many chromatin-associated regulatory proteins. Here, we discuss evidence supporting the new concepts that when functioning in their natural chromatin context, (1) the N-termini are engaged primarily in protein-protein interactions, (2) as a consequence of these interactions the N-termini adopt specific secondary structure, (3) posttranslational modifications such as acetylation disrupt the ability of the N-termini to form secondary structure, and (4) because the N-termini perform essential roles in both chromatin condensation and also bind specific chromatin-associated proteins, the global structure and function of any given region of the genome will be determined predominantly by the core histone N-termini and their specific interaction partners.
Neutrophil toxicity and primary prophylaxis in diffuse large B cell lymphoma treated with R-CHOP

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e19548 Background: Three weekly R-CHOP therapy is regarded as standard treatment in advanced stage Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) patients with low to intermediate-risk International prognostic index (IPI). This regimen is associated with intermediate risk (10–20%) of febrile neutropenia. Primary prophylaxis with colony-stimulating factor (CSFs) is therefore not recommended except in the presence of high risk factors as defined in the National Comprehensive Cancer Center Network guidelines for use of myeloid growth factors v.1.2008. It is however well realized that a significant number of good risk patients will still develop significant neutrophil toxicity. Methods: This observational study was conducted at Oncology department Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, on fifty good risk patients of advanced stage DLBCL, treated with R-CHOP regimen without primary CSFs prophylaxis. NCI Common Toxicity Criteria version 3.0 was used for grading toxicity and significant neutrophil toxicity was defined as Grade 4 neutropenia between day 7 and 10 post therapy, febrile neutropenia and Grade 2 or more neutrophil toxicity persisting on day 1 of next cycle. Good risk patients were recruited by the following exclusion criteria: WHO Performance status scale 4, concurrent immunosuppressive drug therapy, abnormal hepatic or renal functions and inadequate hematological values. Results: 10(20%) patients, developed significant neutrophil toxicity. In this group 7(70%) had grade 4 neutropenia and 3(30%) patients developed febrile neutropenia. 8(80%) of these patients developing significant toxicity had WHO Performance scale ≥ 2. 2(20%) patients developing Grade 4 toxicity between days 7 and 10 post therapy had good performance status (0 or 1) and toxicity resolved by next cycle without getting complicated to febrile neutropenia. Conclusions: Performance status in terms of scale has not been defined in the high risk factors for developing febrile neutropenia in the NCCN guidelines on myeloid growth factors use. We observed that DLBCL patients with WHO performance status scale ≥ 2 treated with R-CHOP therapy at 3 weekly intervals are at greatest risk for developing significant neutrophil toxicity and febrile neutropenia. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this introductory chapter, the author lays the groundwork by presenting key terminology and fundamental concepts featured throughout the book. The chapter delineates the distinction between cogent and interpretational phenomenology, highlighting the difference between a detailed, attentive phenomenology and a more ambiguous, indeterminate one. The utilization of experience-based claims is introduced as a methodological tool for indirectly but purposefully describing experiences. Examples of such claims include ‘The fork fell from the table to the floor’, ‘the smell of burnt pizza is going away’, ‘I can see what is happening now in the garden’, and ‘the thunder followed the lightning flash’. Additionally, the chapter explores the principle of temporal transparency and its correlation with phenomenal objectivity. It also delves into the notion of certain aspects within our phenomenology being overarching, engaging indirectly with times different from their current occurrence. Finally, the chapter concludes with an overview of the core principles of the atomist dynamic model, offering readers a guide to navigate subsequent chapters.
Metoclopramide in vincristine-induced ileus.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Three cases of vincristine-induced gastrointestinal toxicity were treated with metoclopramide. Two patients had severe abdominal pain and adynamic ileus, while the third had severe constipation and abdominal bloating. Rapid resolution of symptoms occurred in all three patients. Metoclopramide may, therefore, prove useful in the treatment of these not infrequent toxic effects of vinca alkaloids.
Sex-dependent differences in drug metabolism in the rat. IV. Effect of morphine administration.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In vivo and in vitro studies of the depressant effect of administered morphine on drug metabolism were conducted with the use of immature and mature male and female rats. In the in vivo studies, morphine increased the hexobarbital sleeping time and hexobarbital blood levels in mature males, but not in immature males or in mature or immature females. In the in vitro studies, administered morphine decreased the metabolism of ethylmorphine and hexobarbital (both type I compounds), cytochrome P-450 levels, and magnitudes of the ethylmorphine and hexobarbital-binding spectra in adult males, but not in immature animals of either sex or in adult females. Aniline metabolism and binding were not affected appreciably in immature or mature rats of either sex. None of these parameters of drug metabolism was affected by morphine administration in adult mice of either sex. Administration of testosterone to developing female rats elevated rates of ethylmorphine and hexobarbital metabolism to levels observed with liver preparations from mature male rats. Morphine administration reversed these elevated rates. Administration of 17β-estradiol to developing male rats prevented the rise in ethylmorphine and hexobarbital metabolism which occurs normally as male rats mature; aniline metabolism remained unaffected. Administration of morphine to estrogen-treated rats had no effect on rates of oxidation of these drugs. Morphine administration to mature male rats raised the ratio of the 455:430 nm peaks of the spectrum of the ethyl isocyanide-cytochrome P-450 complex to approximately that observed with immature males and immature and mature females, which suggests that morphine causes a qualitative change in cytochrome P-450 in adult males. Morphine prevented normal growth of the ventral prostate, an organ known to require androgens for its development. These studies support the concept that administered morphine depresses the metabolism of type I drugs in mature male rats by impairing an androgen-induced stimulation of the hepatic mono-oxidase system.
Secretion of an insulinotropic factor from isolated, perfused rat intestine.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To examine gut-islet interrelationships, we entirely separated the gastrointestinal tract from the rat. When we arterially perfused this preparation with an erythrocyte-free solution for 1 h, it remained histologically intact and took up oxygen and glucose. Feedings were given via a duodenal tube. The gut absorbed glucose when glucose in the feeding was high (9.2 g/dl), but not when glucose in the feeding was low (58 mg/dl). With feeding, the portal venous effluent (PVE) from this preparation (stomach to ileum) enhanced late-phase, glucose-induced insulin secretion from pancreas of another rat. This enhancement occurred when the gut was fed either glucose (9.2 g/dl) in electrolyte solution or electrolyte solution alone. PVE from glucose-fed upper gut (stomach, duodenum) was similarly insulinotropic. In contrast, PVE from unfed gut or from glucose-fed gut of old rats was not insulinotropic. PVE from all gut preparations except upper gut produced a glucagon "spike" during basal pancreatic perfusion. Effects of gastrointestinal peptides (gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin octapeptide, secretin, gastrin) and immunoassays of PVE suggested that the insulinotropic substance is not one of these peptides. Thus, an insulinotropic substance that is not dependent on feeding nutrient material is secreted from the intestine.
A Follow-Up Study of Clients with Chiari Pelvic Osteotomy.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among coxalgia, gait pattern, activities of daily living (ADL)-functions and range of motion (ROM) of the hip joint in clients who had undergone Chiari pelvic osteotomy for osteoarthritis of the hip accompanied with acetabular displagia. Out of 56 clients who received mailed questionnaires 36 (33 females and 3 males) with a mean age of 40.1 years responded. Score measures established by the Japanese Orthopeadeic Association (JOA) were used to compare the above factors pre- and postoperatively. In addition, Spearman’s rank correlation was used for analysis of coxalgia and the clients’age for the postoperative phase. The mean total JOA score for the postoperative period was significantly higher than that for the preoperative phase. The mean total score for coxalgia and gait pattern for the postoperative phase was significantly higher than that for the preoperative phase. However, the mean total JOA score ROM of the hip in the postoperative phase was significantly lower than that for the preoperative phase. The mean total JOA score pre- and postoperative ADL-functions showed no significant difference. Although a correlation was present between coxalgia and the clients’age scores, there was no correlation between coxalgia and postoperative phase scores. These findings indicate that coxalgia increases with client’ advancing age. Therefore, such clients should be advised to reduce their ADL-functions and a home exercise program should be implemented.
A Comparison of Nitrophorin 3 Between Wild‐type and Native Forms

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Rhodnius prolixus , better known as the kissing bug, is a blood‐sucking insect that utilizes a nitric oxide‐carrying protein as a means to obtain its meal through vasodilation, slowing platelet aggregation and strong histamine binding. The bug stores this nitrophorin protein within its salivary glands at low pH and is activated once released into the victim's blood. At present, four nitrophorin proteins have been discovered and fully sequenced, having been labeled NP1‐NP4 in order of decreasing abundance. NP3 is the only one of the four proteins which has not yet been characterized by x‐ray crystallography. This study will focus specifically on NP3 by comparing its wild‐type and native forms. Thus far, both forms have been cloned and expressed in E. coli and purified with sonication, dialysis and column chromatography. Throughout this procedure, it has been found that, out of all four of the nitrophorin proteins, NP3 remains one of the more difficult to isolate. However, with the recent success in growths of the native and wild‐type forms, the lab remains hopeful that this breakthrough can lead to point mutations within the protein, as they have with the other three nitrophorins. Source of support: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85726
Results of experimental studies on suppressing the growth of micromycetes (fam. Saprolegniaceae) on egg membranes of embryos of russian sturgeon and beluga in the incubation period

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

For successful development of aquaculture, fish farms have to be provided by effective means and methods to prevent and treat diseases of fish. Many drugs are limited for using in aquaculture, so the influence of each particular drug or chemical substance on the fish development should be investigated carefully. Effectiveness of chemical solutions for suppressing the growth of saprolegnium micromycetes on egg membranes and other tissues of sturgeon embryos during their incubation is evaluated. The experiment was conducted at the research and experimental base BIOS belonged to the Russian Res. Inst. of Fisheries and Oceanography, Volga-Caspian branch (CaspNIRKh) located in Astrakhan and included a series of observations on incubation of sturgeon eggs processed with solutions of some chemicals (Purple-K, sodium chloride, hydrogen peroxide) or drug (Iodinol). Two sturgeon species (russian sturgeon and beluga) were tested with measuring biological parameters of their embryos, as survival rate, contamination by saprolegnia micromycetes, number of abnormally developing embryos, and number of obtained prelarvae. The processing with 0.05 % solution of hydrogen peroxide (10 min. exposure) and with 0.90 % solution of sodium chloride (3 min. exposure) showed the best results: these solutions made the lowest negative effect on the embryos survival but reduced significantly infection of incubated eggs.
Case studies in making assessment efficient while developing student professionalism and managing transition

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

AbstractIt is known that assessment drives learning and hence a good assessment design is key to effective student development. This paper gives some case studies in effective assessment strategies within engineering. The main contribution is to demonstrate how one can simultaneously meet a number of requirements with individual assessments and therefore be efficient in both the student and staff assessment load. The paper also proposes that assessments should be challenging and the benefits of expecting students to rise to this challenge and also how one can meet many independent learning objectives in a single assignment in order to manage the overall assessment load for staff and students.Keywords: efficient assessmentprofessionalismlearning outcomes Notes1. We use analogies like a mechanic changing a tyre; the mechanic does not know what car will come in next but they are expected to change the tyre quickly regardless.Additional informationAbout the authorDr J.A. Rossiter studied in Oxford for his first degree and doctorate (1984–1990) and took up his first academic post in Loughborough (1992) before moving to his current post of reader in Sheffield in 2001. His interests span technical research, mainly in predictive control, and education. Within education his main interests are dissemination and adoption of good practice.
Unusual Occurrence of Rice Hispa on Rice in Himachal Pradesh, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This article 'Unusual Occurrence of Rice Hispa on Rice in Himachal Pradesh, India' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.
201-OR: Evaluation of the Effects of Harmine on ß-Cell Function and Proliferation in Standardized Human Islets Using 3D High-Content Confocal Imaging and Automated Analysis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Restoration of β-cell mass by inducing proliferation of residual β-cells represents an attractive therapeutic approach for diabetes treatment. Native and dispersed primary human islets undergo rapid loss of viability and function ex vivo, complicating their use in proliferation studies. Here, we establish a novel method for evaluating compound effects on β-cell proliferation and count using reaggregated primary human islet microtissues (MTs) , of homogeneous size and architecture and that maintain stable viability and function for 4 weeks in culture. We utilized this platform to evaluate the effects of short- and long-term harmine treatment on β-cell proliferation and function in a dose-dependent manner. Following harmine treatment and EdU incorporation, islet MTs were stained in 3D for DAPI (nuclear marker) , NKX6.1 (β-cell marker) , and EdU (proliferation marker) , imaged on a high-content confocal microscope, and subjected to automated 3D analysis of numbers of total cells, β-cells, and proliferating β- and non-β-cells per islet MT. In parallel, assessment of insulin secretion, intracellular insulin and ATP contents, and Caspase 3/7 activity was performed for a comprehensive overview of islet MT function and viability. We observed that 4 days of harmine treatment increased β- and non-β-cell proliferation, NKX6.1 expression, and basal and stimulated insulin secretion in a dose-dependent manner, whereas fold-stimulation of secretion peaked at intermediate doses. Interestingly, 15-day harmine treatment led to a general reduction in proliferative effects as well as altered dose-dependent trends. The methodology presented here thus constitutes a unique tool for in vitro high-throughput evaluation of short- and long-term changes in human β-cell proliferation, count and fraction in parallel with a variety of functional parameters, in a representative and standardized 3D human islet microtissue model. Disclosure A.C.Title: None. B.Yesildag: None. M.Karsai: None. J.Mir-coll: None. O.Yavas grining: None. C.Rufer: None. S.Sonntag: None. F.Forschler: None. S.Jawurek: None. T.Klein: Employee; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH.
Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Potentials of Ananas comosus (Linn.) Merr. Fruit Peel: An In Silico Modelling and In Vivo Analysis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable, complex disorder that affects all groups of people, whether young, old, short, tall, black, white, male, or female, and it is still without a cure. Medicinal plants, functional foods, and their waste products are known veritable sources of antidiabetic drugs. This study investigated the blood glucose-lowering (hypoglycemic) and lipid-lowering (hypolipidemic) effects of Ananas comosus aqueous-ethanol fruit peel extract (ACAPE) using in-silico and in vivo methodologies. Methods: The in-silico (site-specific and blind) molecular docking assessed the interaction of ACAPE bioactive compounds with diabetic-related protein targets, specifically human α-amylase and aldose reductase, using PyRx, AutoDock Vina, and Biovia Discovery Studio. Animals were made diabetic using 60 mg/kg body weight streptozotocin (STZ) and later treated for 28 days, sacrificed, and blood collected for biochemical parameter evaluation using standard procedures and kits: glucose and protein concentrations; lipid profile levels; and hepatic antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and he-patic function (alanine (ALT) and aspartate (AST) transaminases) activities. Results: The results indicated that ACAPE had abundant polyphenolics. Treatment of dia-betic animals with ACAPE restored the dysfunction in glucose and lipid concentrations and significantly (p<0.05) increased the hepatic function and antioxidant enzyme activities in diabetic animals. 2-Chloro-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(4-nitrophenyl) pyrimidine (-10.5 kcal/mol) and α-muurolene (-8.9 kcal/mol) showed overall good binding energy and affinity against aldose reductase and α-amylase in silico. Discussion: This study highlights the antidiabetic potential of Ananas comosus peel extract, which significantly improved blood glucose, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and antioxidant activities in diabetic rats. The in-silico results also showed strong interactions between key phytochemicals and diabetic-related enzymes, supporting the observed biological effects. However, this study is limited by the absence of mechanistic studies such as gene/protein expression, a lack of histopathological evaluation, dose optimization, and a lack of clinical human studies to confirm these findings. Conclusion: It can be concluded from the findings of this study that ACAPE is rich in phy-tochemical constituents, especially polyphenolics, that can be explored for the treatment of diabetes and its related complications.
Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting among Doctors and Pharmacists in Primary Healthcare

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are global problems of major concern. Healthcare professional's knowledge and attitudes to ADR and ADR reporting play vital role to report any cases of ADR. Positive attitudes may favour ADR reporting practices by healthcare professionals.
Objective: This study was aimed to investigate the KAP towards ADR reporting among HCPs working at primary outpatient care in Kuala Muda District Health Office, Kedah, Malaysia. Methodology: A cross sectional study was done by survey using a self-administered structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was distributed to all healthcare professionals working at primary outpatient care in Kuala Muda District Health Office, Kedah, Malaysia. Result and Discussion: The overall response rate was 87.4%. The mean knowledge score was 66.9% ± 19.86 for doctors and 76.9% ± 13.87 for pharmacists (p=0.03). 43.8% of the healthcare professionals did not aware of the blue card reporting system in Malaysia. Almost all of the respondents agreed that ADR reporting should be made mandatory and they recognized that it's their professional obligation to report any ADR. However, only 51.9% of doctors and 70.8 % of pharmacist had reported. Half of the respondents professed that ADR forms are too complex to fill and almost all of the respondents (90.4% doctors and 87.5% pharmacists) declared that they are lacking of time to fill in the report. 69.2% of doctors expressed that they have not been trained on ADR reporting which was contradicting with the pharmacists (12.5%) (p<0.001). Almost all respondents (82.7 % doctors and 95.8 pharmacists) concurred that ADR reporting should be taught in details to them. Conclusion: Respondents reflected inadequate knowledge on ADR reporting. The prevalence of unsatisfactory practices and attitudes among these HCPs contributed to failure to report ADR even if the ADR was identified. Educational intervention strategies can be introduced in order to promote ADR reporting.