jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Domestic Preparedness for Trade in Services Liberalization: Are East African Countries prepared for Further Trade Liberalization?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Services are the fastest growing sectors in the global economy. Over the past decades East African countries have witnessed even faster growing rates of the share of trade services in their GDPs. The total services export of EAC countries increased from USD 1868 mills in 1995 to USD 5681 mills in 2008 (WDI 2010) which is approximately three times increase compared to 1995. Along with this growth, liberalization of services trade is becoming a critical economic agenda of these economies. EAC countries have also made unilateral liberalizations in a number of services sectors since the mid 1980’s. On top of that EAC countries have also made commitment to liberalize service trade at the multilateral level. Furthermore a significant commitment of their services sectors has been made under the East African Integration Process beginning from first July 2010. This paper argues that although the importance of services as a share of overall GDP, increase with growth on FDI and employment. Its growth can be driven by number of factors, such as final demand factors and basic structural changes in production, linked to development. Weak domestic preparedness before opening up is likely to be associated with unsatisfactory and undesirable outcomes of services trade liberalization. This paper tries to expound issues that are essential on domestic preparedness for service trade liberalization and analyses the associated concerns. The purpose of this paper is not to provide answers but to shed some light on how services Trade liberalization is currently operationalized in the East African countries, in particular, that is, to open up the “black box”, and indicate the operational design elements around which variance is the highest.CITE AS:Bagumhe, E. P. (2012). Preparación doméstica para la liberalización del comercio de servicios. ¿Están los países africanos preparados para una mayor liberalización comercial?. Iberoamerican Journal of Development Studies, 1 (2): 28-51
A Comparative Study of EEG and aEEG in Seizure Diagnosis in Infants Admitted to the NICU.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Studies showed variable sensitivity and specificity values for aEEG. aEEG cannot be recommended as the only way to diagnose and manage seizures in neonates. However, Good accessibility and ease of working with aEEG promote a tendency to use this procedure as a screening tool.
Festuca rubra L. NGB 14234

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Festuca rubra L.
Common name(s): Festuca
Other names: LÖVHULT IB0101
Conserved by: Nordgen (NORDGEN), Sweden
Local sample unique identifier: NGB 14234
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 2001-03-22
Historical: No
Biological status: Wild
MLS status: Included
The precautionary principle in conflicts law perspectives

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This Handbook provides state-of-the-art analysis by leading authors on the links between the international trade regime and health and environment concerns – concerns that make up an increasing proportion of WTO dispute settlement. Research Handbook on Environment, Health and the WTO surveys fields as diverse as climate change mitigation, non-communicable diseases, nanotechnology and public health care. The volume brings to the fore the debates and complexities surrounding these issues and their implications for the international trading system.
ChatGPT Generated Otorhinolaryngology Multiple-Choice Questions: Quality, Psychometric Properties, and Suitability for Assessments.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore Chat Generative Pretrained Transformer's (ChatGPT's) capability to create multiple-choice questions about otorhinolaryngology (ORL).Study Design Experimental question generation and exam simulation.Setting Tertiary academic center.Methods ChatGPT 3.5 was prompted: "Can you please create a challenging 20-question multiple-choice questionnaire about clinical cases in otolaryngology, offering five answer options?." The generated questionnaire was sent to medical students, residents, and consultants. Questions were investigated regarding quality criteria. Answers were anonymized and the resulting data was analyzed in terms of difficulty and internal consistency.Results ChatGPT 3.5 generated 20 exam questions of which 1 question was considered off-topic, 3 questions had a false answer, and 3 questions had multiple correct answers. Subspecialty theme repartition was as follows: 5 questions were on otology, 5 about rhinology, and 10 questions addressed head and neck. The qualities of focus and relevance were good while the vignette and distractor qualities were low. The level of difficulty was suitable for undergraduate medical students (n = 24), but too easy for residents (n = 30) or consultants (n = 10) in ORL. Cronbach's was highest (.69) with 15 selected questions using students' results.Conclusion ChatGPT 3.5 is able to generate grammatically correct simple ORL multiple choice questions for a medical student level. However, the overall quality of the questions was average, needing thorough review and revision by a medical expert to ensure suitability in future exams.
Pengaruh Self Efficacy, Etos Kerja dan Pengembangan Karir Terhadap Komitmen Organisasional Pegawai Pada Badan Pendapatan Daerah Kabupaten Lombok Timur

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the effect of self efficacy (X1), work ethic (X2) and career development (X3) on organizational commitment (Y) of employees at the East Lombok Regency Regional Revenue Agency. The type of research used is causal associative research. Tests were conducted on 76 employees of the Regional Revenue Agency of East Lombok Regency. The data collection method uses the census method. In conducting data analysis, multiple linear regression analysis was used with the SPSS version 30 program application tool: (1) Self efficacy has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment, (2) Work ethic has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment, (3) Career development has a positive and significant effect on organizational commitment. So it is concluded that the higher the self efficacy, the higher the organizational commitment, on the contrary, if the self efficacy is low, the lower the organizational commitment. The higher the work ethic, the higher the organizational commitment, otherwise if the work ethic is low, the lower the organizational commitment. The more appropriate career development, the higher organizational commitment will be, on the contrary, if career development is not appropriate, organizational commitment will be lower.
Author response: Female-dominated disciplines have lower evaluated research quality and funding success rates, for men and women

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We use data from 30 countries and find that the more women in a discipline, the lower quality the research in that discipline is evaluated to be and the lower the funding success rate is. This affects men and women, and is robust to age, number of research outputs, and bibliometric measures where such data are available. Our work builds on others' findings that women's work is valued less, regardless of who performs that work.
Navajo and autism: the beauty of harmony

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With so much unknown about autism, the disability tends to reflect the sociocultural preconceptions people project onto it. The predominant narrative in Western society of autism as a 'disease' within the medical model contrasts with the more positive, empowering view of autism as a 'difference' in the social model and neurodiversity movement. Society has also discriminated against and disabled the Navajo Native Americans since the arrival of Euro-Americans. Navajos resiliently balance between exercising self-determination within their own nation and adapting to outside society, with a culture that remains remarkably intact. The Navajo thus presented exceptional opportunity for cross-cultural analysis. It suggested that the traditional Navajo social constructs of harmony and beauty, as encompassed by a wellness philosophy called Hozho, better serve the needs of Autistic people than the Western notion of 'progress' through science and technology.
The Two Scaling Regimes of the Thermodynamic Uncertainty Relation for\n the KPZ-Equation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the thermodynamic uncertainty relation for the $(1+1)$\ndimensional Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation on a finite spatial interval. In\nparticular, we extend the results for small coupling strengths obtained\npreviously to large values of the coupling parameter. It will be shown that,\ndue to the scaling behavior of the KPZ equation, the TUR product displays two\ndistinct regimes which are separated by a critical value of an effective\ncoupling parameter. The asymptotic behavior below and above the critical\nthreshold is explored analytically. For small coupling, we determine this\nproduct perturbatively including the fourth order; for strong coupling we\nemploy a dynamical renormalization group approach. Whereas the TUR product\napproaches a value of $5$ in the weak coupling limit, it asymptotically\ndisplays a linear increase with the coupling parameter for strong couplings.\nThe analytical results are then compared to direct numerical simulations of the\nKPZ equation showing convincing agreement.\n
Pre-Phase 1 Aging Assessment of the BWR and PWR Accumulators

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Accumulators are important components used in many systems at commercial boiling water reactors (BWRs) and pressurized water reactors in the United States. The accumulators are vessels attached to fluid systems to provide 1) a limited backup source of stored fluid energy for hydraulic/pneumatic mechanical equipment, 2) a damping effect on pressure pulses in fluid systems, and 3) a volume of fluid to be injected passively into a fluid system. Accumulators contain a gas that is compressed or expanded as the fluid from the system enters or exits the accumulator. The gas and fluid in accumulators are usually separated from each other by a piston or bladder. In support of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's Nuclear Aging Research Program (NPAR), the Pacific Northwest Laboratory conducted an analysis of available industry databases to determine if accumulator components already had been studied in other NPAR assessments and to evaluate each accumulator type for applicable aging issues. The results of this preliminary study indicate that two critical uses of accumulators have been previously evaluated by the NPAR program. NUREGICR-5699, Aging and Service Wear of Control Rod Drive Mechanisms for BUT Nuclear Plants (Greene 199 I), identified two hydraulic control unit components subject to aging failures: accumulator nitrogen-charging cartridge valves and the scram water accumulator. In addition, NUREGICR-6001, Aging Assessment of BWR Standby Liquid Control Systems (Buckley et al. 1992), identified two predominant aging-related accumulator failures that result in a loss of the nitrogen blanket pressure: (charging) valve wear and failure of the gas bladder. The present study has identified five prevalent aging-related accumulator failures: rupture of the accumulator bladder separation of the metal disc from the bottom of the bladder leakage of the gas from the charging valve leakage past the safety injection tank manway cover gasket leakage past O-rings. An additional study of the accumulator subcomponents associated with these failures is recommended, including an evaluation of current inspection programs to verify that they are detecting the aging degradation effects. The study may also provide beneficial input to the design of passive accumulator applications in advanced reactor designs.
Education and training in the NHS in England

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract The organization and funding of education and training systems within the NHS in England is complex and difficult to understand. This is largely because it results from the bringing together over the years of a number of differing systems without any attempt in the past to make sense of the whole rather than the individual parts. At the time of writing this failing is starting to be tackled, although this process will itself take a little while. Along with an appreciation of the need for the different disciplines that work together to learn together, where appropriate, so that they can better understand their different roles, the importance of seeing education and training as a whole system, linked with research and supporting and informing service delivery, is finally being widely recognized. Education and training is a means to an end, that of providing good quality health care, not an end in itself.
Hyperuricemia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recently there has been a growing interest in the association of uric acid levels with hyperglycemia. Insulin deficiency or subnormal functioning of insulin may induce possible alterations in purine nucleotide metabolism, specifically uric acid turnover. Studies have indicated that a close relationship do exists between plasma uric acid levels and glucose utilisation in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Though there are reports showing elevated plasma uric acid levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus but the origin of raised uric acid is still obscure. Hence a study was undertaken to assess the origin of raised plasma uric acid levels in diabetes mellitus. The type 2 diabetic subjects attending the OPD of Subbaiah Medical College Hospital, Purale, Shimoga were randomly selected. A fasting Blood sample was collected and the plasma samples were employed for estimation of glucose, uric acid, adenosine deaminase and 5'-nucleotidase levels. The results indicate a parallel raise in the plasma levels of adenosine deaminase and in 5'-nucleotidase along with plasma uric acid levels in type 2 diabetic subjects suggesting the raised plasma uric acid in type 2 diabetic subjects is due to increased purine catabolism
Studies on Thyrotrophin Releasing Factor (TRF) in the Hypothalamus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

As to the control of the thyroid by the hypothalamus, many workers now consider it as humoral regulation. In 1955, it was found out in our department that there is a tendency in the hypothalamus to stimulate selectively the hypophysis-thyroid system both functionally and morphologically, and since then studies have been performed by us on the central system governing the thyroid. As the consequence a substance was demonstrated, which was provisionally designated as thyrotryphin releasing factor. The author extracted TRF from urine, and made studies on its purification, and the following results were obtained.(1) Crude TRF was precipitated by adding zinz sulfate and potassium ferrocyanide to urine, and extracted by using 97-80% ethanol as solvent. In this way, about 150 mg of TRF was harvested from 1000 ml of urine.(2) In electrophoresis in veronal buffer (pH 8.5), crude TRF shifted toward the cathode, and in ion exchange resin, Dowes 50 × -2, it was separated in the acid portion. It showed maximum absorption of ultraviolet ray at 240 mμ and 280 mμ.(3) The -7.8 and P2 fraction were not protein nor lipoid. As to the development of color, it was positive only in ninhydrin and Sakaguchi reaction.(4) The P2 fraction always stimulated the hypophysis-thyroid system, activating it significantly both histologically and functionally.(5) TRF was always contained in ninhydrin positive fraction, and one and two-dimensional paper chromatography and hydrolysis suggested that it would be peptide.
"Available to our ears" : John Cage and broadcast music

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Chapter 1: Retelling: The City Wears a Slouch Hat -- Chapter 2: Water Walk: a reading of comedy and domesticity on postwar television -- Chapter 3, Roaratorio's global correspondence -- Chapter 4. "This mystique was not recordable": John Cage, Nam June Paik and Good Morning, Mr. Orwell -- Epilogue: Cage on YouTube: digital media's influence on legacy and reception.
Laparoscopic approach for the retrieval of retained video capsule endoscopy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Video capsule endoscopy is now a first-line tool in evaluating and diagnosing gastrointestinal bleeding, inflammatory bowel disease, and small bowel neoplasms. Capsule nonpassage or retention is an uncommon but clinically significant occurrence. How to best retrieve these retained capsules is currently being debated. We report a laparoscopic approach for the retrieval of a retained capsule in the terminal ileum.
The Key Role of Chalcogenurane Intermediates in the Reduction Mechanism of Sulfoxides and Selenoxides by Thiols Explored In Silico

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Sulfoxides and selenoxides oxidize thiols to disulfides while being reduced back to sulfides and selenides. While the reduction mechanism of sulfoxides to sulfides has been thoroughly explored experimentally as well as computationally, less attention has been devoted to the heavier selenoxides. In this work, we explore the reductive mechanism of dimethyl selenoxide, as an archetypal selenoxide and, for the sake of comparison, the reductive mechanism of dimethyl sulfoxide to gain insight into the role of the chalcogen on the reaction substrate. Particular attention is devoted to the key role of sulfurane and selenurane intermediates. Moreover, the capacity of these system to oxidize selenols rather than thiols, leading to the formation of selenyl sulfide bridges, is explored in silico. Notably, this analysis provides molecular insight into the role of selenocysteine in methionine sulfoxide reductase selenoenzyme. The activation strain model of chemical reactivity is employed in the studied reactions as an intuitive tool to bridge the computationally predicted effect of the chalcogen on the chalcogenoxide as well as on the chalcogenol.
Full Arch Cases

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Edentulous patients often object to almost every aspect of wearing complete dentures (CDs). Further, many dentists dislike dealing with CD patients for many reasons, including the fact that it can be almost impossible to provide a completely satisfactory solution for patient problems. The most important approaches to restoring the full arch case are implant overdentures and fixed implant bridges. The former are removable appliances which are both implant and tissue-borne prostheses which utilize an abutment and a denture attachment for the retention. They provide greater masticatory forces, improved incisal capacity, increased retention, improved taste and superior patient satisfaction. Fixed implant bridges or "crown and bridge restorations" are either a teeth-only replacement bridge, or a teeth and tissue replacement bridge or hybrid restoration. The advantages of fixed implant bridges include eliminating the need for removing the appliance, restoration of function and the use of biocompatible materials.
A Flexible Ball-End Milling System Model for Cutting Force and Machining Error Prediction

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a flexible system model for the prediction of cutting forces and the resulting machining errors in the ball-end milling process. Unlike the previously developed rigid system model, the present model takes into account the instantaneous and regenerative feedback of cutting system deflections to establish the chip geometry in the cutting force calculation algorithm. The deflection-dependent chip geometry is identified by using an iterative procedure to balance the cutting forces and the associated cutting system deflections. A series of steady state 3D cross-feed ball-end milling cuts were performed to validate the capability of the present model in predicting the cutting forces and the resulting machining errors. It is shown that the flexible system model gives significantly better predictions of the cutting forces than the rigid system model. Good agreement between the predicted and measured machining errors is demonstrated for the simple surfaces generated by horizontal cuts.
Measurement of PM2.5 and Water-Soluble Ions at Central Tokyo, Japan and Source Apportionment

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Air pollution by fine particulate matter, PM2.5 has been inviting considerable concerns in East Asia. This study then aimed to characterize PM2.5 and its water-soluble ions collected at Shibuya, central Tokyo, Japan from July 2013 to May 2015, in order to better understand the air pollution mechanism and potential sources of PM2.5 of the city. Analytical results showed the PM2.5 was a mixture of aggregates of formless particles and its concentration ranged from 5.4 to 39μg/m3, with a mean of 14 ± 6.7μg/m3 (n=46). SO42- and NH4+ were abundant in PM2.5 and their presence mostly determined the variation of PM2.5 level. High concentration episodes were found in the season when air masses came from Asian continent, and a long-range transport of urban aerosols and soil-derived particles was suggested by changes in the chemical compositions.
Analysis of Land Use Change Impact on Storm Runoff in Anseongcheon Watershed

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hydrological impact due to temporal land cover change by gradual urbanization of upstream watershed of Pyeongtaek gauging station of Anseong-cheon. WMS HEC-1 was adopted, and DEM with 200 m resolution and hydrologic soil group from 1:50,000 scale soil map were prepared. Land covers of 1986, 1990, 1994 and 1999 Landsat TM images were classified by maximum likelihood method. The watershed showed a trend that forest & paddy areas decreased and urban/residential area gradually increased during the four selected years. The model was calibrated at 2 locations (Pyeongtaek and Gongdo) by comparing observed with simulated discharge results for 5 summer storm events from 1998 to 2001. The watershed average CN values varied from 61.7 to 62.3 for the 4 selected years. To identify the impact of streamflow by temporal area change of a target land use, a simple evaluation method that the CN values of areas except the target land use are unified as one representative CN value was suggested. By applying the method, watershed average CN value was affected in the order of paddy, forest and urban/residential, respectively.
Demographic Factors and Price Distortions in Insurance

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Few papers have analyzed the potential linkages between price distortions and the specific demographic and political traits of customers. The existence of price distortions may have adverse and potentially unintended impacts on certain demographic groups, leading to significant public policy concerns. The current study uses census tract data and rating factors to examine age, income, and race demographics in an effort to determine if any subgroups of the population are adversely impacted by the price distortions of property insurance. The results suggest that Hispanics, lower income households, and specific age groups pay relatively more for insurance coverage than comparison groups.