jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Portraying Islam and the West : in Tzvetan Todorov’s The Fear of Barbarians: Beyond the Clash of Civilizations

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This review deals with the relationship between Islam and the West from the point of view of the Bulgarian-French philosopher Tzvetan Todorov, especially in his book the Fear of Barbarians. Some issues have been discussed. Firstly, the term barbarism or savagery is defined and compared with the concept civilization. Secondly, attention is paid to Todorov's historical criticism of a number of Western concepts and postulates that they are circulating in politics and the media. Finally, some negative stereotypes about Islam and Muslims, that Todorov has criticised and corrected, have been highlighted in this article.
Digital Labcoat: An Active Learning Tool for Teaching the Scientific Method in the Social Sciences

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Active learning methods have established themselves as the "gold standard" of teaching, and are recommended as part of good teaching practice. In high-enrollment university courses, incorporating active learning activities can be difficult, as they are often a resource-intensive undertaking, requiring large time commitments on the part of the instructor. By turning to online technologies, it may be possible to introduce low-cost implementations of active learning activities. To this end, we have created a web application called Digital Labcoat -- a tool for introductory social sciences courses that implements active learning methodology to engage students in the scientific method and improve scientific literacy. The present study examines the use the Digital Labcoat software in large university courses, and assesses its success at achieving its educational goals. The results establish Digital Labcoat as a feasible assessment tool that is associated with increased student understanding of the scientific method.
Decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression levels in pericoronary adipose tissue adjacent to atherosclerotic plaque compared to lesion-free coronary arteries

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Pericoronary adipose tissue (PCAT) regulates arterial homeostasis, is considered to act in paracrine manner, and plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The nuclear receptor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a key regulator of adipogenesis, and alterations of its function are associated with different pathological processes related to metabolic syndrome and inflammatory response. Purpose To investigate whether the PCAT surrounding coronary occlusive atherosclerotic lesions shows specific PPARγ expression pattern compared to PCAT surrounding plaque-free segments Methods We enrolled 47 patients (32 men, aged 68±12 years old) with 3-vessel coronary artery disease (CAD) who underwent elective coronary bypass surgery. A control group of 10 age- and sex-matched patients with severe valvular disease who underwent aortic or mitral valve replacement was also included (8 men, aged 67±15 years old). PCAT samples were received from all participants. In patients with CAD, the PCAT was harvested from two sites: adjacent to an occlusive atherosclerotic coronary lesion, and a plaque-free segment. PPARγ expression levels in PCAT cells were quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results PCAT analysis showed a significant downregulation of PPARγ expression levels in CAD compared to non-CAD patients (45±19 versus 93±15, p=0.01). In addition, PPARγ levels showed significantly lower expression in PCAT from around atherosclerotic plaque compared to lesion-free sites (31±12 versus 45±19, p=0.04). Notably, the expression of PPARγ from atherosclerotic plaque showed robust negative correlations with BMI (r=−0.47, p=0.001). Conclusions PPARγ in PCAT surrounding coronary occlusive atherosclerotic lesions are significantly downregulated and their levels are associated with patients' BMI. Our study opens new perspectives in the pathophysiologic role of PCAT in atherosclerotic complications of diabetes and should be further investigated. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None.
Estrogen Modulates Bcl-2 Family Proteins in Ischemic Brain Injury

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Estradiol acts as a neuroprotective factor against brain injury. This study investigated whether estradiol modulates the Bcl-2 family proteins in ischemic brain injury. Adult female rats were ovariectomized and treated with estradiol prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Brains were collected 24 hr after MCAO, and infarct volumes were analyzed. Estradiol significantly reduces the infarct volume and decreases the positive cells of TUNEL staining in cerebral cortex. In ischemic cerebral cortex, the level of Bcl-2 was decreased, and the level of Bax was significantly increased. Estradiol prevents the injury-induced decrease of Bcl-2 and increase of Bax. In conclusion, our findings suggest that estradiol plays a potent protective role in brain injury through the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins.
Reading the Catsuit

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During the 2002 U.S. Open, Serena Williams received a great deal of attention for wearing an outfit described as ”a body-clinging, faux leather, black cat-suit.” It was not necessarily the catsuit itself that the popular media found especially controversial but rather the visibility of her physique the outfit provided. The ways in which Serena Williams, the outfit, and her body were discussed offers a particular site at which to interrogate the production of blackness in 21st-century, U.S. society. This article argues that the processes of differentiation the popular media used to characterize her are located within racialized discourse. By representing Williams through oppositional rhetorics, that is, setting her multiple identities in contradistinction to other women on the tour, accounts concerning her appearance in the catsuit reproduce the hegemonic racialized order in women’s tennis.
Conflictive Touring

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Problems to understand social phenomenon associates to our misconceptions, stereotypes and prejudices imposed during our early socialization. This happens not only with tourism which is valorized as a right of all citizens in modern societies, but also with terrorism, judged as the main threat of West. However, what would happen if both would be different sides of the same coin? This essay review explores the roots of tourism and terrorism during the process of unionization in US. What on one hand resulted in a hyper-mobile process that shore up tourism, on another was a desesperate attempt to struggle against terrorism. In this vein, it is safe to say that tourism is terrorism by other means.
PET Imaging of <sup>18</sup>F-FDG, <sup>11</sup>C-methionine, <sup>11</sup>C-flumazenil, and <sup>11</sup>C-4DST in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The use of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) has rarely been reported. We herein report a set of PET images in a 63-year-old patient with PML. In PML lesions, the uptake of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose, 11C-methionine, 11C-flumazenil, and [methyl-11C]4'-thiothymidine was decreased, increased, decreased, and unchanged, respectively. These results suggest that glucose metabolism decreased, protein synthesis increased, neuronal integrity decreased, and the DNA synthesis and cellular proliferation of host cells were not activated in PML lesions. These results may reflect very little infiltration by inflammatory cells and active infection with JC virus in this case.
On the Optimal Efficiency of Cost-Algebraic A*

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Edelkamp et al. (2005) proved that A*, given an admissible heuristic, is guaranteed to return an optimal solution in any cost algebra, not just in the traditional shortest path setting. In this paper, we investigate cost-algebraic A*’s optimal efficiency: in the cost-algebraic setting, under what conditions is A* guaranteed to expand the fewest possible states? In the traditional setting, this question was examined in detail by Dechter & Pearl (1985). They identified five different situations in which A* was optimally efficient. We show that three of them continue to hold in the cost-algebraic setting, but that one does not. We also show that one of them is false, it does not hold even in the traditional setting. We introduce an alternative that does hold in the cost-algebraic setting. Finally, we show that a well-known result due to Nilsson does not hold in the general cost-algebraic setting but does hold in a slightly less general setting.
Effects of Varying N, P, K, Mg, and Ca Concentrations on Nitrogen Transport in Xylem Sap of Rice Plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The nutrients absorbed in the plant roots are transported to the shoots through the xylem. The effects of concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca in a culture solution on N transport forms have not been fully elucidated. In this study, rice plants were grown with five concentrations of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca for three days, and the concentrations of major N compounds in the xylem sap were determined. In the control plants, nitrate, glutamine, and asparagine were the principal N compounds. The concentrations of nitrate, glutamine, and asparagine decreased consistently with a decrease in the N concentration in the culture solution. Different P concentrations did not affect the N components. With lower K concentrations, only the nitrate concentration decreased. While the glutamine and asparagine concentrations decreased with a decrease in the Mg concentration. The Ca concentration did not affect the N concentration, except for Ca deprivation. The citrate and malate concentrations markedly increased when the plants grew with an N-free solution due to regulating the cation-anion balance. The results of this study indicate that changes in the concentrations of N, K, Mg, and Ca affected the concentrations of N transport forms, especially nitrate, glutamine, and asparagine.
Education Needs of Internally Displaced Children in Afghanistan: A Needs Assessment Survey

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is consensus that 40 years of war created an illiteracy gap in the education of children and parents in Afghanistan. Education was not considered to be amongst the primary need of the population particularly amongst those who have been displaced from their home due to security reasons and living in extremely harsh conditions in and around major cities of Afghanistan. It is obvious that this gap will have a subsequent negative effect on the future Afghan generations. There are also concerns that the parents of the children in these internally displaced refugees may be opposed to the education of their children and may not be open to receiving knowledge through technological advances. Therefore, the objective of this study was to survey Afghan parents and children in internally displaced camps with the following specific aims: to assess the needs for schooling in these camps; the willingness of parents to allow their children to go to school; the willingness of children to attend the schools; the level of support for education of children from the Government of Afghanistan Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and to determine how familiar internally displaced Afghan children are with digital technology and how open they are to accept delivery of knowledge by electronic advances. A questionnaire was designed and distributed amongst 160 parents and 160 children in 10 internally displaced comps in and around the city of Kabul in Afghanistan. Results of the survey show that the Government of Afghanistan does not provide education for these children directly, however, they are very supportive of NGOs to provide this type of support. The survey also shows that the number of NGOs activities in this field is very limited and inconsistent. Results also demonstrated that 99% of the parents and children in these internally displaced camps are pro-education and they pledged their unconditional support to any schooling initiative that would take place in these camps. The majority of children are not familiar with digital technology but are very curious to receive education through digital technology. It is concluded that internally displaced children in Afghanistan are ready and looking forward to going to school and there is an urgent and immediate need to support these children in order to fill in the education gap and prevent the social consequences related to this gap.
Structural Polymorphism of Resorcinarene Assemblies

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In\n1997, a study based on X-ray crystallography revealed that resorcinarenes\nadopt a hexameric capsule-like structure. The function of resorcinarenes\nhas been discussed on the basis of this structure; however, our recent\nstudy showed that the hexamer may be only one of resorcinarenes’\npolymorphic members. Here, we present the solvent dependence of the\naggregation number of <i>C</i>-undecylresorcinarene in water-saturated\ntoluene and chloroform using small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering\nand analytical ultracentrifugation measurements. We found that a new\noctamer was formed in toluene where the eight resorcinarene units\nwere placed at the vertices of a regular cube; this contrasts to the\nprevious structure in chloroform, namely, a hexamer with the six resorcinarenes\nlocated at the vertices of a regular octahedron that has a cavity\ninside where chloroform molecules are pooled.
[Different phenotypes of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease caused by mutations in the same gene. Are classical criteria for classification still valid?].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Molecular genetic research is leading to the continuous discovery of new genes and protein involved in peripheral nerves function. Simultaneously, extended clinical, neurophysiological and pathological research has yielded new genotype-phenotype correlation on Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). This has made it possible to know that several genes can cause both demyelinating (CMT1) and axonal (CMT2) phenotypes. Those observations have questioned the validity of some current criteria for CMT classification and raise the need for new strategies for diagnosis. The discovery of Schwann cell-axon interaction is a challenge for coming years. In this review, we extensively analyzed mutations of genes that give rise to CMT1 or CMT2 phenotypes. There are at least three forms of genetic variability. MPZ gene mutations yield a real allelism, that is, CMT1 or CMT phenotypes associated to specific mutation by site or quality. GADP1 and probably NF-L gene manifest different phenotypes but only in terms of nerve conduction velocity (CV). Evidence is provided that indicates that CV reduction in GADP-1 neuropathy may be the result of axonal loss. Finally a third form of variability is present in CMTX due to the degree of clinical expression in females related with the inactivation of chromosome X.
A Comparison of Chemoreceptor and Whole-Fly Responses to DDT and Parathion1

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A lethal dose of topically applied DDT resulted in the labellar hairs (chemoreceptor) showing about 6 times greater sensitivity to a sucrose solution. The increased hair sensitivity was evident within 1½ minutes after DDT treatment, but detectable symptoms (hyperextension of legs) never occurred before 4 minutes. The chemoreceptor failed to respond to sucrose 10 to 11 minutes after treatment, a time which corresponded to the knockdown stage. The labellar hairs showed increased sucrose sensitivity at a DDT dose about 4 times lower than the lowest dose capable of producing symptoms or about 350 times lower than the LD 50. Parathion, in contrast to DDT, did not produce any greater effect on labellar hair sensitivity than on the entire fly. For example, a dose corresponding to the LD 95 (O.062 µg parathion per fly) did not change the sensitivity response of the hairs to sucrose. The chemoreceptor sensitivity remained at a normal level until the symptoms of hyperactivity. Subsequently no response occurred through death.
Ovarian smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP) associated with smooth muscle metaplasia of the endometriotic cyst

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Additional Supporting Information may be found in the online version of this article at the publisher's website. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Multisensors Fusion for Trajectory Tracking Based on Variational Normalizing Flow

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The problem of multi-sensors fusion target trajectory tracking under the Bayesian variational inference is to find the jointly accurate posterior distribution. In this paper, a joint optimization method, called VINFNet, combining inference modeling and data-driven is proposed. The proposed VINFNet incorporates the respective advantages of state-space latent inference models and deep generative network that can explicitly model the physical process of target motion and construct complex posterior distributions of target trajectory through a series of invertible mappings. Specifically, the joint probabilistic representation of the multi-sensors latent variable is generated by variational inference, with the optimization on the evidence lower bound (ELBO) to guarantee convergence. However, finding the approximate posterior distribution of targets in variational inference is a crucially intractable problem. Therefore, a normalized flow generation model under a multi-layers perceptron strategy is proposed to recover the approximate posterior distribution of targets, overcoming the challenge that the choosing posterior distribution during variational inference. The proposed VINFNet neither requires the computation of complex Jacobi matrices as in model-based algorithms such as KF, nor lacks interpretability as in data-driven neural networks. Simulations and ablation experiments evaluate that the VINFNet algorithm outperforms prevalent methods regarding convergence, accuracy, robustness, and effectiveness via fusing different data sources.
Application of frequency-domain homotopy inversion to real data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Frequency-domain homotopy inversion is a method to reconstruct velocity information of subsurface structure from seismic data. Unlike the full waveform inversion with the steepest descent method, the homotopy inversion method does not need iterative updates of the velocity model. This method directly solves velocity difference between true and starting velocity model. We verified the feasibility of the homotopy inversion method for the field data by testing marine field data set.
Application of simulation modeling to improve the functioning of the module of intelligent transport and logistics system

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper discusses the methodological aspects of the simulation modeling application for proactive control of the functioning of the regional module of an intelligent transport and logistics system. The demand for regional intellectual transport and logistics systems in the Russian Federation is due to the need to create a national transport system that provides proactive intellectual management of traffic flows, cargo and passenger traffic based on logistic principles and ensuring the required level of system (road transport, economic and environmental) security.
In vitro changes in blood P50 and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We studied in vitro changes in P50 and erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration occurring in blood 2 to 8 h after venipuncture. When blood was incubated at 37 degrees C, significant decreases in P50 were observed at 2, 4, and 8 hr. Such a change was significantly less when blood was kept at 4 degrees C. The rate of decrease in P50 was not changed when pH was altered by adding either lactic acid or sodium bicarbonate to the blood before incubation at 37 degrees C for 2 h. The erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate concentration of blood incubated at 37 degrees C did not change by 2 h, but had significantly decreased by 4 h. To avoid in vitro changes, we recommend that P50 be determined as soon as possible for blood sampling.
Bidirectional Synthesis, Photophysical and Electrochemical Characterization of Polycyclic Quinones Using Benzocyclobutenes and Benzodicyclobutenes as Precursors

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Quinones have widespread applications in view of their interesting chemical and photophysical features. On the other hand, benzocyclobutenes (BCBs) are generally masked reactive dienes suitable for the [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. Here, benzocyclobutenes and benzodicyclobutenes (BDCBs) were prepared and further reacted with benzoquinone and naphthoquinone in order to obtain some new polycyclic quinones with highly extended π systems, namely, 6‐bromo‐5,8‐dimethoxyanthracene‐1,4‐dione, 2,9‐dibromo‐1,4,8,11‐tetramethoxypentacene‐6,13‐dione, 9‐bromo‐7,10‐dimethoxytetracene‐5,12‐dione, 3,10‐dimethoxycyclobuta[ b ]anthracene‐1,5,8(2 H )‐trione, 6,10,17,21‐tetramethoxynonacene‐1,4,8,12,15,19‐hexaone, and 3,12‐dimethoxycyclobuta[ b ]tetracene‐1,5,10(2 H )‐trione. In addition to their spectroscopic characterization the new compounds are investigated by UV and fluorescence spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and DFT calculations.
Exploring novel dimensions of body experience after breast reconstruction

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Studies on the post-breast reconstruction period are primarily conducted with questionnaires, focussing on general outcome parameters such as cosmetic result, quality of life or satisfaction. However, to explore how women see, appreciate and behave towards their own bodies, a different research approach is required. In this study, we used an empirical phenomenological design to explore how women experience their body after breast reconstruction in everyday practice. Methods A qualitative, descriptive phenomenological design was used. A total of 18 semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with women who had undergone implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR, n = 5) and autologous breast reconstruction (ABR, n = 13). The interviews were tape-recorded, transcribed verbatim and subsequently coded and analysed using NVivo, a qualitative data analysis software program. Results A framework of six interrelated themes was identified: (1) ‘the cosmetic body, (2) the sensed and touched body, (3) the body in action, (4) the sexual body, (5) awareness and (6) sense of self'. We found that women who have undergone IBBR report relatively similar changes in body experiences on all six themes, whereas women who have undergone ABR report a broad variety in changed body experiences after the reconstruction. Conclusions The six identified themes indicate that various dimensions of body experience are at play for women after undergoing breast reconstruction. Women with IBBR have more similar body experiences compared with women who have undergone ABR. This knowledge can be implemented in counselling before surgery and can support shared treatment decisions.