jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
General Internist and Family Practitioner

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Comments1 November 1974General Internist and Family PractitionerMARTIN F. STEIN JR., M.D., ANTHONY E. MANISCALCO, M.D.MARTIN F. STEIN JR., M.D.Search for more papers by this author, ANTHONY E. MANISCALCO, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-81-5-713_2 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: Doctor Alvin R. Tarlov's letter (Ann Intern Med80:780-781, 1974) has accurately outlined some important problems with educational programs in internal medicine. The fragmentation of internal medicine, particularly as it relates to the clinic patient population, is disturbing. Many patients are shifted from one specialty clinic to another, receiving uncoordinated care in as many as eight clinics. Too often each specialist is only interested in his small sphere of medicine. No one bothers to look at the patient as a whole or in the context of his family unit. Fragmented medical care also often exists in separate... This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byChanges in patient perceptions toward a family practice 1 November 1974Volume 81, Issue 5Page: 713-714 ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 November 1974 PDF downloadLoading ...
Expression of the genes encoding the rat renal insulin-like growth factor-I system.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) modulates renal function, growth, and repair. IGF-I produced in the kidney is one component of the intrarenal IGF-I system comprising the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and six IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP). Because of the physiologic importance of IGF-I and its potential therapeutic properties, the renal sites of mRNA synthesis for IGF-I, IGF-IR, and IGFBP-I through IGFBP-5 were characterized in rat kidney by in situ hybridization. Anatomical heterogeneity was prominent. IGF-I mRNA was present in the thick ascending limb of Henle in the outer medulla, whereas IGF-IR mRNA was diffusely present at low levels throughout the kidney. IGFBP-I mRNA was localized to cells within the distal convoluted tubules as well as the thick ascending limb of Henle. IGFBP-2 mRNA was expressed in glomeruli, medullary ray collecting ducts, pelvic smooth muscle and uroepithelium, and the papilla tip; IGFBP-3 mRNA was localized to the cortical interstitium, whereas IGFBP-4 mRNA was expressed in proximal tubules, medullary ray collecting ducts, and glomeruli. IGFBP-5 was strongly positive throughout the medulla with lesser expression in the distal convoluted tubules and glomeruli. This study highlights the complexity of the intrarenal IGF-I system. The striking heterogeneity of IGFBP gene expression suggests that the various IGFBP may have diverse modulatory effects on the action of IGF-I or discrete effects of their own.
Efficient Two-Step Synthesis of Biodiesel from Greases

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Biodiesel (BD) is an alternative diesel fuel derived from both vegetable oils and animal fats. Currently, most BD is made by alkali-catalyzed transesterification of a refined oil or fat, the cost of which is the major expenditure in producing BD. Yellow and brown greases are readily available renewable fats that are less expensive and hence represent attractive feedstocks for the production of BD. The high free fatty acid (FFA) content of these feedstocks, however, makes it difficult to produce BD using base-catalyzed transesterification. In this paper, we report the use of a series of diarylammonium catalysts that are highly effective in catalyzing the esterification of the FFA present in greases (12–40 wt % FFA). At a catalyst loading of 2–3 mol %, high conversions of FFA to esters (95−99%) were achieved by treating the greases with 5–20 equiv of methanol at 95 °C for 2 h. The treated greases had a final FFA content of 0.5–1 wt %. We also incorporated these diarylammonium catalysts into insoluble porous polymers via free radical-initiated polymerization. The polymer-immobilized catalysts were found to be equally effective as their homogeneous counterparts in esterifying FFA to esters and were readily recycled and reused for esterification reactions upon reactivation with triflic acid. The resulting ester−glyceride mixtures were then readily converted to total esters by base-catalyzed transesterification. This two-step protocol provides an efficient procedure for the production of biodiesel from greases.
Towards Purification of the Scrapie Agent

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A method for the partial purification of scrapie infectivity from hamster brain is described. About a 100–1000‐fold, 20‐fold, and 200‐fold enrichment in scrapie infectivity with respect to protein, RNA, and DNA content has been achieved using differential centrifugation, enzyme and detergent treatment. The inbred CLAC strain of hamsters used in our experiments contained about 10 times less infectivity in brain than has been found in randomly bred animals or other inbred strains.
Data supplement for: Agreement of analytical and simulation-based estimates of the required land depth in climate models

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Many current-generation climate models have land components that are too shallow. Under climate change conditions, the long-term warming trend at the surface propagates deeper into the ground than the commonly used 3-10m. Shallow models alter the terrestrial heat storage and distribution of temperatures in the subsurface, influencing the simulated land-atmosphere interactions. Previous studies focusing on annual timescales suggest that deeper models are required to match subsurface-temperature observations and the classic analytical heat conduction solution. However, for a systematic investigation of land-model deepening in the frame of anthropogenic climate change, the classic analytical solution is inaccurate because it does not mimic the timescale and amplitude of the simulated warming trend. This study intends to bridge the gap between analytical and simulation-based estimates of the subsurface thermodynamic state by adapting the classic analytical framework to mimic long-term anthropogenic warming. The analysis shows that a land-model depth of at least 170m is recommended for a proper simulation of the post-1850 ground climate, which differs up to 30% from the estimate of the classic approach. Compared to previous studies, this provides an accurate estimate of the required land model depth for long-term climate-change simulations and indicates the relative bias in insufficiently deep land models.
Effect of different inactivation condition on Lactobacillus gasseri and Lactobacillus plantarum: Culturability, cell integrity and morphology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study evaluated the effect of two inactivation methods on probiotic, and aimed to determine a suitable inactivation method and condition for obtaining beneficial paraprobiotics from Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) and Lactobacillus gasseri (LG). The effect of inactivation condition on culturability, physiological properties, and morphological characteristics was evaluated by a plating method, flow cytometry, and field emission-scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The result revealed that each strain conferred different resistance to inactivation methods. The heat-treated (75 and 90 °C for 15 and 30 min) LG lost its growth ability, but it's all sonicated samples (50 and 100 W for 5 and 10 min) were stable and maintained their growth ability. However, the ability to grow on culture media of sonicated (50 and 100 W for 5 and 10 min) LP was less than its heat-treated (75 and 90 °C for 15 min) specimens. According to flow cytometry data, the membrane integrity of each probiotic cell was affected by both inactivation methods; however, the severe heat process (90 for 30 min) causes the most serious membrane damage to LG cells (PI = 97.7%). Morphological properties of both strains were significantly affected by inactivation methods. After inactivation treatment, damaged cell, cell roughness, lysed cell, cell adhesions, cell disruption, and cell bending were increased, significantly. Results indicate that for obtaining a functional paraprobiotic the inactivation process should be optimized. Also, it should be noticed that a particular optimized inactivation method is not suitable for obtaining paraprobiotic from all probiotic strains.
Shaping Truth, Reshaping Justice: Sectarian Politics and the Nigerian Truth Commission

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Chapter 1 Foreword Chapter 2 Introduction Chapter 3 Chapter 1. Truth Commissions as a Justice Mechanism Chapter 4 Chapter 2. Nigeria's Truth Commission: The HRVIC Chapter 5 Chapter 3. A Case Study: The Ohaneze Petition and the Arewa Response Chapter 6 Chapter 4. The Politics of Unintended Consequences Chapter 7 Chapter 5. Situating the HRVIC Chapter 8 Afterword
A Decentralized Context-aware Cross-domain Authorization Scheme for Pervasive Computing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Context-aware access control is one of the most frequently used methods for making authorization decisions in pervasive computing environments. To the best of our knowledge, most previous relevant researches resorted to centralized schemes to preserve all the contextual information. As a result, they neglected actual circumstances where the sources of contextual information are generally decentralized among multiple management domains with different security policies. For the sake of cross-domain access control, in this paper we present a distributed context-aware authorization mechanism for pervasive computing applications. With the help of logical language theory, we demonstrate how the proposed model can attain the goal of effective reliability assurance and privacy protection by way of constructing a decision tree dynamically, according to the current contextual information.
Thickness dependent interlayer transport in vertical MoS 2 Josephson junctions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

<p>Wereport on observations of thickness dependent Josephson coupling and multiple Andreev reflections (MAR) in vertically stacked molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub>)-molybdenum rhenium (MoRe) Josephson junctions. MoRe, a chemically inert superconductor, allows for oxide free fabrication of high transparency vertical MoS<sub>2</sub> devices. Single and bilayer MoS<sub>2</sub> junctions display relatively large critical currents (up to 2.5 μA) and the appearance of sub-gap structure given by MAR. In three and four layer thick devices we observe orders of magnitude lower critical currents (sub-nA) and reduced quasiparticle gaps due to proximitized MoS<sub>2</sub> layers in contact with MoRe.Weanticipate that this device architecture could be easily extended to other 2D materials.</p>
The Modern Period’s (1960s-1980s) Tendencies and Measures of the Progress of Armenian Children's Prose

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During the study of the topic “The Modern Period’s (1960-1980s) Tendencies and Measures of the Progress of Armenian Children's Prose” we made a number of conclusions․ After overcoming the cult of the individual, literary-fictional developments entered a new direction of progress․ Literature gradually began to overcome the ideological and thematic barriers of the previous decades. Atmospheric reforms also had their impact on children's literature, which is, without a doubt, one of the integral parts of general literature, which means that its problems, trends and patterns of progress should be covered in the general overview of literary-fictional Children's prose of the 1960s-1980s is notable for its thematic and genre diversity, interesting searches of writers․ Overcoming the thematic limitations, the writers were looking for new ways and approaches to fictionalize the historical past and present. From the historical past those incidents and events were fictionalized, which continued in the same or similar form in the present and were distinguished by cognitive and educational significance․ In the 1960s-1980s, ideas about the education and upbringing of the younger generation were also seriously changed, new methods and approaches were developed. The success of children's and youth literature of those decades was also due to the interest shown by writers in pedagogical and psychological sciences. Writers began to emphasize the features of the readers' age and psychological development․ New characters were brought to literature, which were significantly different from their peers of previous years։ were more informed about world events, had their own unique ideas about the personal and the intrapersonal․ Children's prose of the 1960s-1980s stands out not only for its thematic and genre diversity, but also for its form-structural peculiarities, uncomplicated narrative style.
Some Practical Notes on the Valuation of Pension Funds

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Although the question of the valuation of Provident and Pension Funds has recently been so exhaustively treated by Mr. Manly in his two papers appearing in the Journal of the Institute of Actuaries (vol. xxxvi, p. 207, and vol. xxxvii, p. 193), I have been rash enough on the present occasion to undertake to contribute a few practical notes with reference to the subject, with the view of further elucidating, if possible, the effect of the assumption of varying rates of mortality before and after the pension age, of secessions, of different scales of salaries, and of different rates of interest.
Revision of Nearctic Heterischnus Wesmael, 1859 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae, Phaeogenini)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Claridge, Brandon (2021): Revision of Nearctic Heterischnus Wesmael, 1859 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ichneumoninae, Phaeogenini). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 85: 57-79, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.85.67792, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.85.67792
Advice on Communicating During Crisis: A Study of Popular Crisis Management Books

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In this study, we investigate a sample of 15 popular crisis management books (PCMBs), written by crisis consultants and published between 1986 and 2018 in the United States or in the United Kingdom. The aim of the study is to examine (1) how the authors of PCMBs position themselves in front of their readers, clients, and competitors, including public relations professionals and academics; (2) how they understand and present organizational crises and the practice of crisis management and crisis communication as their field of expertise; and (3) how they promote this expertise using various types of message strategies and rhetorical packaging. The findings of the study reveal that PCMBs are more diverse than expected and that they cover important aspects of crisis management often neglected by academic publications. The article concludes with some implications for practice, research, and education.
A single sample of continuous data

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Methods for analysing a single sample of continuous data are discussed. The paired t test and nonparametric methods such as the sign test and the signed rank test are introduced. Ways how the commonly adopted approach for removing zeros before applying a sign or signed rank test can be avoided are shown. In addition, the Hodges–Lehmann estimator and (bootstrap) confidence intervals are described. The robustness of the paired t test is discussed and permutation and bootstrap tests are offered as possible alternatives. We show how the presented methods can also be applied to differences between paired measurements. Example data and R code are given.
Energy‐density effects on seismic decoupling

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The teleseismic amplitude resulting from an underground explosion is proportional to the asymptotic value of the reduced displacement potential (ϕ ∞ ) or, in physical terms, to the permanent change in volume measured anywhere beyond the range at which the outgoing wave has become elastic. It is known that ϕ ∞ decreases with increasing initial cavity size ( r 0 ) until the cavity is large enough to preclude inelastic behavior in the surrounding rock, at which point no further decrease occurs. Earlier numerical calculations suggested that ϕ ∞ was not a monotonic function of the initial energy density and that the seismic amplitude might actually be decreased, in certain cases, by decreasing the initial cavity size. We have examined this question from an analytical point of view and derived the seismic response for a simple linear‐elastic, perfectly plastic medium as r 0 → 0. In this limit, an exact, power law relationship is found between ϕ ∞ / W and r 0 W −⅓ , where W is the yield, a result which implies that ϕ ∞ vanishes altogether for an explosion in which the initial cavity radius is vanishingly small. The physical explanation for this curious behavior is shown to derive from the unique inability of a Hooke's law medium to generate thermal pressure. A similar, but less dramatic, effect is demonstrated with more realistic material models. The significance of these results is that the estimation of yield from measurement of seismic amplitude may be a less accurate process than previously suspected.
Against the Tide. On the Pedagogy of Freedom in Polish Pedagogical Thought

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Among the Eastern European countries in the USSR's sphere of influence, Poland enjoyed the greatest freedom, which puts into question the hasty and evaluative assessments of the then educators, describing some of them as being homo sovietus or homo sovietus-like. The situation was very complex and it is in this perspective where one should undertake research on the past, 20th century pedagogical thought. Regardless of how ideologized Polish education was, it should be noted that many scholars who shaped their theoretical concepts in free, pre-war Poland opposed the promotion of Stalinism in science and education. At the time, the church played a certain positive role in this struggle, which also has to be recognized as a sham of opportunism. The pre-war philosophy of upbringing, particularly deviating from the doctrinal assumptions of Marxism-Leninism, became the main target of the attack, and such outstanding scholars as S. Hessen, B. Nawroczyński, L. Chmaj or K. Sośnicki were subject to harassment on the part of the authorities. The remnant of those times, which still lasts in the present day, is a belief in special value, and sometimes even in the foreground of empirical pedagogy with simultaneous negation of philosophical pedagogy. Meanwhile, it was Hessen who proved that empirical pedagogy - valuable in itself - is a great tool to learn how it is, but silent about how it should be. All teleology, which before the war grew out of philosophical currents (Hessen's neo-Kantism, Lviv-Warsaw school of Nawroczyński and Sośnicki) in the era of primacy of one party was a derivative of its ideology depriving pedagogy of its subjectivity and scientific autonomy. What makes Polish pedagogy of freedom different is the fact of practicing it in historical and philosophical orbit, when we look at it from the substantive side and positive disintegration, when we want to understand it from the personality of its creators.
The Biodemography of Aging

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Is there a looming limit to human life expectancy? Will the life expectancy of any sizable population ever exceed 85 years? These were the research questions that seized my attention in 1986. I would like to start with them by way of offering an account of the course of my life as a researcher inter-ested in the biodemography of aging. The question of limits to life expectancy was a hot topic in 1986, and the subject remains of considerable interest today. In 1980 James Fries wrote a widely cited article in the New England Journal of Medicine in which he quantified some notions that gerontologists had been talking about for a long time. Fries made the following assertions. There are two kinds of death: premature and senescent. Premature death results from accidents and vari-ous illnesses that cut life short. Senescent death strikes as an individual ap-proaches his or her maximum potential life span. Every human is born with a maximum potential life span. This maximum differs from person to per-son and is normally distributed with a mean of 85 years and a standard deviation of 7 years. Nothing can be done to alter a person’s maximum potential life span: it is innate, fixed, and beyond the influence of any cur-rently conceivable environmental, behavioral, or medical intervention. When a person’s age nears his or her maximum potential life span, then the person becomes increasingly susceptible to many proximate causes of death. If a person does not die of cancer today, then he or she will die of a heart attack or influenza or a serious fall or something else tomorrow. Be-cause the maximum potential life span of individuals has a mean of 85 years, it follows that under no foreseeable conditions can a population’s life ex-pectancy exceed 85 years. The kernel of Fries’s theory can be traced back to Aristotle. Aristotle also asserted that there were two kinds of death, premature and senescent. He compared premature death to a fire extinquished by throwing water on it, and he compared senescent death to a fire burning itself out. Each indi-vidual, Aristotle wrote, was born with a fixed amount of “fuel, ” analogous PDR 30 supp Vaupel/au/EPC/sp 1/26/05, 10:05 AM48
The short coiled-coil domain-containing protein UNC-69 cooperates with UNC-76 to regulate axonal outgrowth and normal presynaptic organization in Caenorhabditis elegans

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been used extensively to identify the genetic requirements for proper nervous system development and function. Key to this process is the direction of vesicles to the growing axons and dendrites, which is required for growth-cone extension and synapse formation in the developing neurons. The contribution and mechanism of membrane traffic in neuronal development are not fully understood, however. Results We show that the C. elegans gene unc-69 is required for axon outgrowth, guidance, fasciculation and normal presynaptic organization. We identify UNC-69 as an evolutionarily conserved 108-amino-acid protein with a short coiled-coil domain. UNC-69 interacts physically with UNC-76, mutations in which produce similar defects to loss of unc-69 function. In addition, a weak reduction-of-function allele, unc-69(ju69), preferentially causes mislocalization of the synaptic vesicle marker synaptobrevin. UNC-69 and UNC-76 colocalize as puncta in neuronal processes and cooperate to regulate axon extension and synapse formation. The chicken UNC-69 homolog is highly expressed in the developing central nervous system, and its inactivation by RNA interference leads to axon guidance defects. Conclusion We have identified a novel protein complex, composed of UNC-69 and UNC-76, which promotes axonal growth and normal presynaptic organization in C. elegans. As both proteins are conserved through evolution, we suggest that the mammalian homologs of UNC-69 and UNC-76 (SCOCO and FEZ, respectively) may function similarly.