jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dielectric Tunability of BST:MgO Composites Prepared by Using Nano Particles

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The dielectric properties of ferroelectric Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 and non-ferroelectric MgO composites synthesized by using nano particles are investigated for tunable microwave applications. Dielectric properties are studied in the temperature range of −250°C to 100°C, with and without an electrical field. The dielectric tunability is ∼50% for BST:MgO composites under the field of 80 KV/cm. at around the Curie peak. The use of nano particle sizes of materials considerably reduces dielectric losses and shows comparatively high K-factor values in the resulted composites. The ferroelectric phase is well connected and thus enhances the overall dielectric properties of the composites.
The sources of Gessner's pictures for the Historia animalium

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Gessner's sources for the pictures in his Historia animalium were varied in kind and in quality. This should be understood within the larger context of the Historia animalium in which Gessner sought to collect everything ever written about animals, an enterprise that could not be completed by a single individual. Just as Gessner did not distil or reduce similar texts but retained these as well as contradictory or false textual descriptions as part of a repository of knowledge, so also Gessner included several pictures of the same animal, false or badly drawn ones, and juxtaposed erroneous and 'true' images. The attribution of images to witnesses and correspondences also reflects Gessner's strategy to credit those who drew his attention to new information first. The sources of Gessner's images thus indicate how his visual world encompassed more than the strictly self-observable, and a pictorial practice that was intimately connected with textual traditions and intellectual networks.
Theoretical Investigation of the Adsorbate and Potential-Induced Stability of Cu Facets during Electrochemical CO2 and CO Reduction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The activity and product selectivity of electrocatalysts for reactions like the carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide reduction reactions (CO2RR and CORR) are intimately dependent on the catalyst’s structure and composition. While engineering catalytic surfaces can improve performance, discovering the key sets of rational design principles remains challenging due to limitations in modeling catalyst stability under operating conditions. Herein, we perform first-principles density functional calculations adopting implicit solvation methods with potential control to study the influence of adsorbates and applied potential on the stability of different facets of model Cu electrocatalysts. Using coverage dependencies extracted from microkinetic models, we describe an approach for calculating potential and adsorbate-dependent contributions to surface energies under reaction conditions, where Wulff constructions are used to understand the morphological evolution of Cu electrocatalysts under CO2RR and CORR conditions. We identify that CO*, a key reaction intermediate, exhibits higher kinetically and thermodynamically accessible coverages on (100) relative to (111) facets, which can translate into an increased relative stabilization of the (100) facet during CO2RR. Our results support the known tendency for increased (111) faceting of Cu nanoparticles under more reducing conditions and that the relative increase in (100) faceting observed under CO2RR conditions is likely attributed to differences in CO* coverage between these facets. This work was partially performed under the auspices of the U.S. DOE by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and partially supported by the U.S. DOE, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Advanced Materials & Manufacturing Office.
Colonial Administration in British Africa during the Influenza Epidemie of 1918–19

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeRésuméIl s'agit ici de l'épidémie d'influenza dont ont été victimes les colonies britanniques en Afrique entre 1918 et 1919. Le but de cette étude est de vérifier l'argument selon lequel les sciences médicales européennes ont dans une certaine mesure légitimé le Nouvel Impérialisme. Dans la métropole même, la réaction de l'Office Colonial devant le désastre qui se déroulait dans ses territoires a été tardive et inefficace. En Afrique, les administrateurs locaux ont réagi de manière plus pragmatique; pourtant, la médecine européenne s'est révélée impuissante, incapable de combattre l'influenza, et les efforts déployés pour soulager l'état de détresse générale étaient limités par de maigres ressources. Il est ironique de penser que c'est leur fierté dans leur approche scientifique et rationnelle qui est en fait responsable de pratiques profondément contraires à l'esprit scientifique elles-mêmes accompagnées de critiques dirigées contre les Africains jugés superstitieux et obscurantistes pour avoir rejeté l'aide européenne. Ainsi, en défit de multiples preuves du contraire, l'épisode a été interprété comme étant la victoire du rationnalisme occidental et le signe du besoin constant de l'Afrique d'être conseillée et guidée par l'Europe.
A new spin on color quantization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We address the problem of image color quantization using a maximum entropy based approach. Focusing on pixel mapping we argue that adding thermal noise to the system yields better visual impressions than that obtained from a simple energy minimization. To quantify this observation, we introduce the coarse-grained quantization error, and seek the optimal temperature which minimizes this new observable. By comparing images with different structural properties, we show that the optimal temperature is a good proxy for complexity at different scales. Noting that the convoluted error is a key observable, we directly minimize it using a Monte Carlo algorithm to generate a new series of quantized images. Adopting an original approach based on the informativity of finite size samples, we are able to determine the optimal convolution parameter leading to the best visuals. Finally, we test the robustness of our method against changes in image type, color palette and convolution kernel.
Clinical Predictors of Colonic Sessile Serrated Adenomas Include Obesity, Smoking, and Cancers Outside of GI System

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Sessile serrated adenomas (SSAs) are precursors to colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we aimed to identify factors which may predict an increased likelihood of the presence of SSAs during colonoscopy. Methods: We collected retrospective data for all patients diagnosed with SSAs in our institution during year 2014 to include patient history, clinical characteristics, and factors related to colonoscopy. Results: SSAs were found in 2.1% (119 patients) of all colonoscopies. Average age at the time of SSA detection was 59 years; 53% cases were in females; 7% had family history of colonic polyps and 11% of colon cancer. The majority (77%) of patients with SSA were overweight/ obese (BMI>25), with BMI 29.68±6.78 (average±SD). A minority of patients with SSAs took aspirin (24%), NSAIDs (12%) or statins (23%); 21% of them had cardiovascular co-morbidity, 17% had diabetes and 32% had known cancers outside of gastrointestinal system. Majority (53%) of patients with SSA were tobacco smokers. The colonoscope withdrawal time was 21±11 minutes and 60% cases had bowel prep good or better. The SSAs were located in the right colon in 43%; 13% SSAs were found in both right and left colon. One third (29%) SSA cases were performed with participation of fellow in training. Conclusion: We conclude that obesity, smoking, and presence of cancers outside of gastrointestinal system are features that that may lead to a higher suspicion for SSAs. Intake of agents known to reduce incidence of colorectal neoplasia, such as of ASA or NSAIDS, is infrequent among newly diagnosed SSA cases. Unlike previous reports of predominant prevalence of SSAs in the right colon and in female, we report that SSAs are equally present in males and distributed with equal frequency throughout GI tract. Finally, case performance with fellow, which are usually associated with prolonged examination, did not predict increased detection of SSAs. Describing clinical features of SSAs which may increase the suspicion for these higher risk polyps can be validated in prospective studies.
[Experimental study on gelatin-chondroitin sulfate-sodium hyaluronate tri-copolymer as novel scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering].

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Gelatin-chondroitin sulfate-sodium hyaluronate tri-copolymer scaffold fabricated at -80 degrees C had proper pore size, porosity and mechanical property. It is a novel potential scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering.
Low-cost Biomechanical System for Posture Rectification using IoT Technology

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Today's technology has allowed us to have within our reach services and experiences that previously could only be offered by specialized centers due to their high cost of manufacture and acquisition. Therefore, there are devices with which it is possible to monitor our cardiac system, inadequate postures, muscular ailments and nervous activity, among others. Now that our habits have changed and work and studies are done from home due to the pandemic that happened, it is common to suffer ailments in various parts of our body, most commonly in the back, for this reason it is necessary to adopt healthy habits such as a correct body posture in order to reduce the risks related to our spine and the development of injuries that derive from this. This scientific article deals with the design, simulation and construction of a low-cost IoT posture corrector, with commercial electronic materials, its effectiveness was evaluated through the analysis of cost-benefit, comfort and efficiency of the device by means of a perception of part of some tests performed to a total of 12 people during the period of 8 weeks. Satisfactory results were obtained with 75% comfort of use and 75% effectiveness by means of a rating scale evaluation.
The Relatedness between Hepatitis B Virus from Non-Papuan Blood Donors in Jayapura and the Papuan Clusters

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The genotypes (A-H) and subtypes (adw2, adw4, adrq-, adrq+, ayw1-4, ayr) of HBV show distinct geographical distributions, which have been associated with anthropological history. The novel finding of the HBV subgenotypes C6 and D6 from Papuans formed a specific cluster distinct from the previous HBV subgenotypes C1-C5 and D1-D5. In this study we determined the most recent genotype-subtype patterns of the HBV from non-Papuan blood donors who live in Jayapura and their phylogenetic relatedness, especially with the Papuan clusters. Fifteen HBsAg-positive serums were obtained from non-Papuan blood donors including from people in Java (46.7%), Maluku (26.7%), Sulawesi (20%) and East Nusa Tenggara (6.7%). S gene of all HBV serum isolates were partially sequenced and analyzed. Most HBV isolates (53.3%) were classified as genotype B, followed by genotype C(26.7%) and D (20.0%). The subtype adw2 (33.3%) was predominant, followed by adrq+ (26.7%) and ayw1/ayw2 (20.0%). All HBV isolates with subtype adw2 and ayw1 belonged to genotype B, while adrq+ belonged to genotype C and ayw2 belonged to genotype D. The most predominant HBV genotype-subtype (B/adw2) was consistent with the ethnic background (mostly from Java people). Nevertheless, based on the phylogenetic relatedness, many non Papuan isolates (40%) were classified into HBV/C6 and HBV/D6 of the Papuan clusters. Other isolates were classified into HBV/C1, HBV/B3 and HBV/B7. In conclusion, many HBV isolates from non-Papuans in Jayapura belonged to the Papuan clusters, but others had different genotype-subtype patterns with frequencies dependent on ethnicity.
Description of Participation in Daily and Social Activities for Individuals with COPD

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study described the participation in daily and social activities and the perceived barriers and facilitators to participation of individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Individuals, recruited from outpatient clinics, responded to a survey on their participation in, and barriers and facilitators towards, 26 daily and social activities, divided into 3 categories: (1) physical activity and movement (PAM); (2) self-care; and (3) social engagement. For each activity, chi-square analyses were used to examine participation differences by individuals’: quartiles of airflow obstruction [percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1%predicted)] and breathlessness burden and exacerbation risk. Of the 200 participants (47% women; mean ± standard deviation age = 68 ± 9 years), most wanted to increase their participation in PAM activities (range 21–75%) and significant differences were found in 5/10 PAM activities for individuals’ breathlessness burden and exacerbation risk (e.g., more individuals than expected in group A (modified Medical Research Council breathlessness score <2 and 0–1 exacerbations in past 12 months) participated in regular exercise as much as they wanted (χ(9) 2=20.43, Cramer’s V=.23)). Regardless of the degree of airflow obstruction or breathlessness burden and exacerbation risk, the most common barrier to participation was breathlessness (p<.001, η2 p=.86) and the most common facilitator was engaging as part of their routine (p<.001, η2 p=.75). Individuals with COPD want to increase their participation in daily and social activities but are limited by breathlessness. Strategies to alleviate breathlessness should be identified/prioritized and incorporated into individuals’ daily routines to meet their self-reported participation objectives in daily and social activities.
Partial Pituitary Ablation with Implants of Gold-198 and Yttrium-90 for Cushing's Syndrome with Associated Adrenal Hyperplasia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is still considerable controversy over the best method of treating Cushing's syndrome when it is due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia.The majority of such patients are treated by either total or subtotal adrenalectomy.These, however, are not only major operations but they often lead to a lifelong dependence on corticosteroids, and are sometimes followed by progression of a pituitary tumour which requires further treat- ment (Sprague et al., 1961).Some remission has also been reported in about half of the patients given conventional deep x-ray therapy to the pituitary (Dohan et al., 1957; Soffer et al., 1961), and more often when this was supplemented by uni- lateral adrenalectomy (Soffer et al., 1961).In the hope of obtaining good responses more often from a higher irradiation dose to the pituitary, we have treated our patients for the past five years by partial pituitary ablation by means of implantation of radioactive material into the pituitary.This allows the delivery of a greater dose of irradiation to the pituitary than is possible by external deep x-ray therapy, yet without incurring extra risk of damage to the surrounding structures.Satisfactory results from more intensive radio- therapy to the pituitary have also been reported by Linfoot et al. ( 1963), using heavy-particle beams, and by Molinatti et al. (1960), also using 90Y implants.This paper supplements our previous communication (Joplin et al., 1961), and also reviews the diagnostic procedures which can be used to establish the diagnosis.Patients Treated.-During the period of this review all of the 22 patients diagnosed as suffering from Cushing's syndrome shown to be pituitary-dependent were treated by TABLE I.-Pretreatment Tests in 26 Patients With Cushing's Syndrome No. of Subjects whose Urinary 17-oxogenic Steroid Shows:
Familial Polyposis Coli

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two cases of familial polyposis coli were managed by total colectomy and endorectal pull-through with excellent long-term results. The performance of a temporary loop ileostomy is advisable to prevent anastomotic complications. In addition, it avoids the excessive diarrhea and perianal excoriation that frequently occur in the early postoperative period until full continence is regained. This is the only method that allows the preservation of rectal function and prevents the occurrence of rectal cancer. It should be considered as a real alternative to either subtotal colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis or total colectomy with construction of an ileostomy.
TEXT AS THE MAIN MEANS IN THE PROCESS OF STUDYING THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article considers the text as the main means of teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language. The text is the unit of representation of the linguistic material, since the study of language-based texts is the most traditional form. The necessity of use in the process of learning another language of different cultural texts is analyzed. The text is an example of dialogue and monologue speech. It is the basis for building an independent statement. But the text can not act as an independent object of study. The text is considered as the unit of representation of the linguistic material. Learning the language based on texts is the most traditional form of studying the Ukrainian language as a foreign language. And then the material is fi xed in the system of tasks. The instructor must move from textbooks to adapted, and then to original ones. In the study of reading distinguish study and study types. The text for reading is small in size, little adapted. And the texts for reading are trained in understanding and are literary language. They have a few unfamiliar words, interesting, bigger in size. The text is the source of information about the nation. Teachers of the Ukrainian language as foreign build their work predominantly in regional studies texts. Their source is journalistic, scientifi c or fi ction literature. The main purpose of teaching foreign students is to familiarize them with the phenomena of contemporary Ukrainian reality, to form a positive attitude towards the Ukrainian people and its culture.
Spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data for geothermal energy investigation of Ikogosi Warm Spring - Ekiti State, southwestern Nigeria

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Aeromagnetic data of the Ikogosi warm spring region was used to calculate the basal depth of the magnetic layer (Curie point depth) in the region. The warm spring issues from a crossing of fractures from a metasedimentary suite of Effon Psammite formation which form part of the Precambrian basement complex in Nigeria. The adopted computational method transforms the spatial data into the frequency domain and provides a relationship between radially average power spectrum of the magnetic anomalies and the depths to the respective sources. Heat flow density and equivalent depth extent of heat production from radioactive isotopes in the area were also evaluated. The average Curie point depth for the Ikogosi warm spring area is 15.1 ± 0.6 km and centres on the host quartzite rock unit. The computed equivalent depth extent of heat production provides a depth value (14.5 km) which falls within the Curie point depth margin and could indicate change in mineralogy. The low Curie point depth observed at the warm spring source is attributed to magmatic intrusions at depth. This is also evident from the visible older granite intrusion at Ikere - Ado-Ekiti area, with shallow Curie depths (12.37 ± 0.73 km). Results indicate that the area is promising for further geothermal explorations.
Cold Hardiness of Leaf and Stem Organs of Rhododendron Cultivars1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Leaves and stems from 7 field-grown cultivars of Rhododendron were frozen in laboratory tests from September to December or January for 2 successive winters to determine the temperature causing injury to selected organs. In all cultivars, the leaf midrib, petiole, and stem extraxylary (cambium, phloem, and cortex) organs were the least cold-hardy, while the stem xylem and leaf intervein were the most cold-hardy. Organs of ‘Lee’s Dark Purple’ and ‘Cataw-biense Boursalt’ rhododendrons were the most cold-hardy by December while ‘Caractacus’, ‘America’, and ‘Nova Zembla’ were the least cold-hardy. Field temperatures similar to those causing injury in the laboratory resulted in leaf and stem damage in early December.
472 Clinical Evidence of Burn Wound Infection in the Pediatric Population: A Quality-Improvement Initiative

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In order to provide appropriate burn care to the pediatric population, our pediatric burn center has a sedation program in place. Whilst some patients are sedated for burn wound treatment at the initial presentation, others have it done in up to 72 hours postburn. It is not clear whether the timing of the first burn wound treatment has an influence on the rate of infection. Thus, the objective of this quality-improvement project was to assess the infection rates of pediatric burn patients that underwent the initial procedure on presentation or up to 72 hours later. The health records of 160 pediatric burn patients who received acute burn care at our pediatric burn center between July 2017 and June 2018 were reviewed in this quality-improvement study. Patients were divided into two groups: “immediate” if the first burn wound treatment occurred at presentation, and “delayed” if it was done between 24 and 72 hours postburn. Infection occurring between presentation and complete healing of wounds or skin grafts was defined by the presence of one or more of the following signs or symptoms: hyperemia, increasing pain, lymphangitis, fever, purulent discharge, malaise, anorexia, hyperglycemia, leukopenia or thrombocytopenia. The infection rates and the relative risk were calculated and the Pearson Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. A value of p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. The average age was 39.7 months and 105/160 (65.6%) sustained scald burns. Twenty-six patients (16.2%) had a diagnosis of infection. In the immediate group, 11/80 patients (13.8%) showed signs of infection, whilst 15/80 patients (18.8%) satisfied the infection criteria in the delayed group. The relative risk of infection in the immediate group was 0.73, which was not statistically significant (p>0.05). We can conclude that there was no difference between the infection rates of patients who received the first wound treatment in an immediate way, as compared to those who underwent the procedure between 24 and 72 hours postburn. A larger study based on this project is being conducted to support its findings. If the additional resources allocated for prompt sedation programs can be avoided, our and other burn centers may eliminate additional costs without detriment to the patients.