jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Simulation of electronic states in polycrystalline texture

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

As many thermoelectrics are in polycrystalline form with grain size down to nanometer scale, the size and boundary effect play important roles in their physical properties. In the paper we develop an approach to simulate the electronic and thermo-electric property of polycrystalline. In the first step, the polycrystalline texture is created from phase field method in a two dimension scale for simplicity. Although there are many ways to create polycrystalline texture, such as Potts model and Voronoi method, the phase field method can produce a polycrystalline texture with continuous grain boundary. After the polycrystalline texture is generated, the grain boundary potential function is created using the order parameters of the phase field. Here we assumed the grain boundary act as a potential barrier. Then the Hamiltonian can be constructed with the near free electron model and the grain boundary potential. Eigen-energies and wave-functions can bee obtained by solving the Schordinger equation numerically. From the energy levels and the wave functions, we found that the ground state electrons are confined at the largest grain. Also we found that larger grains have more opportunity to confine electrons than the small grains, less opportunity for small grains confine electrons unless in the high energy state. A possible way to calculate Seebeck coefficient has been proposed.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN A CASE OF CANINE GIANT AXONAL NEUROPATHY

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Duncan I.D. & Griffiths I.R. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 5 , 25–39 Peripheral nervous system in a case of canine giant axonal neuropathy The pathology of the peripheral nerves in a dog with naturally occurring giant axonal neuropathy (GAN) is described. Axonal swellings were found predominantly in the distal portions of the tibial and recurrent laryngeal nerves. Excess neuro‐filaments, often arranged in whorls, were present in the swellings which were found in both myelinated and non‐myelinated fibres. Other axonal organelles tended to be isolated in small pockets and on occasions adaxonal Schwann cell processes partially separated these organelles from the axoplasm. The myelin sheath was attenuated over the swellings and short lengths of demyelinated axon were often seen adjacent to the enlargements. Some Schwann cells also contained excessive microfilaments. The peripheral nerve pathology in the dog appears closely similar to that of human GAN and to certain experimental toxic neuropathies, particularly those produced by n ‐hexane and methyl‐butyl ketone.
Experiences of intimate partner violence victims: Continued abuses during and after litigation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This quantitative study examined the experiences of intimate partner violence victims during and after separation, with a particular focus on experiences with family court proceedings. Participants were recruited from a family court advocacy agency and self-identified as victims of intimate partner violence. This study explored the following three hypotheses: 1) Participants will report an increase in harassment, stalking, verbal, psychological, and emotional abuse from ex-partners post-separation 2) Participants will report re-traumatization from legal professionals and paraprofessionals in the family law or court system 3) Participants will report that behaviors associated with litigation abuse will go unrecognized by the family court system and legal professionals. Participants reported a post-separation increase in incidents of physical harm toward their children, threats to take their children away, threats to the survivor, their children, family, property, or pets, financial abuse, and insulting or threatening texts or social media messages. Many participants reported re-traumatization in court and reported that legal professionals verbally threatened them, mocked them, did not give them a chance to speak in court, exaggerated the survivor's faults in court, and provoked them to elicit emotional reactions. Domestic violence survivors indicated a lack of trust in the systems in place to protect them. Systems-level changes to legal proceedings and expanded training for legal professionals is needed.
Resonant bending mode of Terfenol-D∕steel∕Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 magnetoelectric laminate composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Resonant bending-mode Tb1−xDyxFe2−y∕elastic-steel∕Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 magnetoelectric (ME) laminate composites have been investigated. An elastic-steel layer with a relatively high Qm significantly increases the resonant enhancement of the ME coefficient due to an increased effective Qm of the laminate. The three-phase ME laminates have a low first-order bending frequency of ∼5kHz, with a resonance-enhanced ME coefficient of ∼40V∕cmOe.
THE EFFECT OF VARIETY ON THE POTENTIAL FOR POTATOES TO SPROUT AFTER PACKING

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this project was to evaluate if sprouting would occur within a typical home storage period, taken as a week for potatoes bought from different supermarkets, and whether variety made a difference. \nSprouting of potatoes after packaging is an important issue with food waste becoming a more important issue. Wrap (2012) reported that the cosmetic quality concerns of sprouts were one of the most common reasons for the disposal of uncooked potatoes despite potato council advice to remove the sprouts prior to normal cooking and safe consumption. \nWrap (2009) identified 770,000 tonnes of potatoes were wasted in UK households each year of which 290,000 tonnes was classed as avoidable waste made up of un-consumed cooked potatoes (98,000 tonnes) and unprepared potatoes (180,000 tonnes). \nOver a three year period baking potatoes were bought on a minimum of three times a month from the six major supermarkets giving a total sample of over 800 purchases ( two 2.5kg bags or equivalent in trays were defined as a purchase). The potatoes after purchase were all stored together in a dark cold store at 10oC (+ 1oC). After seven days the two packages for each supermarket were assessed for sprouting. The method of assessing sprouting was by using the sprouting index used previously by Sutton Bridge Research Station in the 1990’s. \nThe data analysis of commercial potatoes was selected from top 6 potato varieties from a total of 31 varieties and this was 82.95% of all the potatoes bought. The six most popular varieties were; Estima, Melody, Saxon, Osprey, Harmony and Marfona. \nThese results show that sprouting occurred in about 45% of the samples (305 out of 657) but although sprouting occurred on all varieties the choice of variety was significant and that the potential to have sprouted potatoes that may be thrown away or wasted was highest for Osprey with Marfona the lowest. \nWrap. (2009). Household Food and Drink Waste in the UK 2009. [www. document]. http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Household_food_and_drink_waste_in_the_UK_-_report.pdf (Accessed 21 December 2018). \nWrap. (2012). Reducing Supply Chain and Consumer Potato Waste [www. document]. http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Amcor%20project%20report%20final%2C%2003%20Jan%202012.pdf (Accessed 21 December 2018).
P2‐134: PKB plays a central role to tau hyperphosphorylation in intact living cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Microtubule associated protein tau is abnormally hyperphosphorylated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. In order to address how interactions among PKB, GSK3β and PP2A regulate tau phosphorylation. Plasmid or siRNA of PKB, GSKβ and PP2A were tranfected into N2a cell for over-expression or blocking respective enzyme. The results showed that the increased GSK3β phosphorylation at S9, over-expression of GSKβ dramatically increased PKB phosphorylation at S473 and inhibited the exogenous PKB phosphorylation at T308. Over-expression of GSK3β or PKB could activate PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2AC) through down-regulating the PP2AC phosphorylation at Y307. Reversely partial blocking of PKB or GSKβ did inhibit PP2A activity by increasing its phosphorylation at Y307. Tau phosphorylation at S396 was increased by over-expression of GSK3β or PKB. Tau phosphorylation at S214 was only induced by over-expression of PKB, While partial blocking of GSKβ decreased tau phosphorylation at S396, partial blocking of PKB was shown to induce increased tau phosphorylation at both S396 and S214 sites. Blocking PP2AC increased PKB phosphorylation selectively at S473, and GSKβ phosphorylation selectively at S9, and tau phosphorylation selectively at S396. Results from the intact living cells indicated that initial inhibition of PKB may play a critical role in aberrant phosphorylation of tau in AD brains.
Tear secretions and the stimulating effects of 1% and 2% pilocarpine concentrations on dark iris black subjects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to observe the effect of topical pilocarpine on tear flow rate. Schirmer’s strip was employed in the measurement of tear flow rate. There was a significant difference between the basal tear flow rate and that obtained after the instillation of 1% pilocarpine (critical t = 1.96 and calculated t = 3.52) and 2% pilocarpine showed also a significantdifference with the basal tear flow rate (calculated t = 6.46). There was no significant difference in the initial tear flow rates between the sexes in the examined population. There was a significant difference between 1% and 2% pilocarpine effects on tear flow rate (calculated t = 3.11), at 95% confidence level. It was observed that tear flow rate decreased with age and the use of topical pilocarpine served as temporary remedy in increasing tears secretion. The age groups between 31 years and above were more tolerant to the stinging effect of pilocarpine.
Response of four olive cultivars to common organic manures in Libya.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Twenty years old Endory, Frantoyo, Shemlaly and Zafaraney olive cultivars, grown in Gherian region at El-Gabal El-Gharby’s Highland, Libya were conducted in this investigation. Three sources of organic fertilizers: camel, sheep and chicken manures were used beside control trees without manure. All vegetative growth characteristics, nutrients content, pigments content, C/N ratio, flowering, fruit set, yield, fruit physical and chemical characteristics and oil properties were significantly increased affected by organic manures applications during the two seasons. Chicken manure gave the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters including growth rate of trunk diameter ( cm/year), number of the newly formed shoots per twig and its length (cm), number of leaves/shoot, leaf area (cm ), leaf contents of N, P and Ca %, fruit physical 2 characteristics (length (cm), diameter (cm), weight (g), volume (cm ), flesh weight (g) and moisture content (%). 3 However, applying sheep manure was superior for increasing all flowering parameters (average number of inflorescences/twig, flowering density, average number of flowers/inflorescences, number of perfect flowers/inflorescence and sex ratio), fruit set and yield, flesh oil and total carbohydrates, leaf contents of K, Fe, Mg and pigments, bud content of carbohydrates and C/N ratio. Moreover, application of camel manure gave the highest values of leaf Ca, Z and Mn contents, oil acidity, iodine and peroxide values in all cultivars under study.
The Meskhetian Turks: A New Voice in Soviet Central Asia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeRésumé/AbstractDéportés en Asie centrale par décret soviétique vers la fin de 1944, nombre de groupes ethniques divers (turcs Meskhi, Karakapapakhs, Turkmen, Kurdes et Khemshin) originaires de la région de Meskhetia en Géorgie méridionale, à un certain moment de leur exil forcé, se groupèrent pour former une nation; ils se donnèrent le nom de Mesk-hètes et formulèrent des demandes politiques d’ensemble basées sur leur auto-identification en tant que peuple. Malgré l’existence de nombre de différences ethniques importantes, ils se sentaient unis par le lien commun du “turluk,” une sorte de communauté d’esprit.La déportation des Turcs de Meskhetia n’était pas conforme au modèle généralement suivi en Union Soviétique durant la guerre lors de la déportation de groupes nationaux entiers. Les auteurs pensent que des malfonctions bureaucratiques peuvent expliquer les différences: 1 ) contrairement aux autres nationalités déportées, les Meskhètes n’ont jamais été officiellement accusés de collaboration avec les allemands et par suite n’entraient pas dans la catégorie des “traîtés,” et 2) à l’époque de leur déportation, les groupes ethniques distincts qui étaient en cause ne s’étaient pas groupés en nation et de ce fait n’entraient pas dans la catégorie de “nationalité déportée.” De sorte que lorsque d’autres groupes déportés furent pardonnés et, dans certains cas, rapatriés, les Meskhètes ne furent jamais ni pardonnés, ni rapatriés, probablement parce qu’ils n’avaient jamais été officiellement accusés.Essayant d’établir les raisons possibles de leur déportation, les auteurs suggèrent que la prise de cette décision avait été sans doute fortement influencée par la haine traditionnelle des arméniens pour les peuples de culture turque. Par une série de rapprochements, ils montrent comment le mouvement national meskhète a été influencé durant sa brève histoire par d’autres groupes nationaux soviétiques plus importants. Ils en arrivent à la conclusion que le mouvement meskhète ajoute une nouvelle dimension à la dissidence musulmane en Asie centrale soviétique et qu’il peut servir de baromètre pour mesurer la possibilité de nouvelles alliances ethniques parmi les musulmans soviétiques.
The Contributions of Perceived Ethnic Discrimination and Rumination to Depression, Anxiety, and Anger in Emerging Adults

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Perceived ethnic discrimination (PED), a type of race-based social stress, is conceptualized as a subjective experience of discrimination based on phenotype, linguistic, or cultural characteristics. As an environmental stressor, it is associated with the same negative outcomes as other stressors such as greater depressive and anxious symptoms, poorer academic performance, and poorer health outcomes. Previous research has focused on PED’s association with mental and physical health outcomes, but cognitive factors (i.e., cognitive ruminations, coping strategies, executive functioning) that might mediate or moderate outcomes have received less attention. Moreover, while some research has investigated the associations of anger rumination and perceived discrimination on depression, anxiety, and aggression, the relations of depressive rumination and PED to negative emotions in an emerging adult sample have not been extensively studied. Therefore, this study's goal was to explore how cognitive factors such as anger and depressive rumination and PED contribute to negative emotions (anxiety, depression, and aggression), in both ethnic minority and White emerging adults. This study also investigated gender differences in rumination, perceived discrimination, and negative emotional outcomes.
DEVELOPMENT OF A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR AN AMINO‐TERMINAL PEPTIDE OF PRO‐OPIOCORTIN CONTAINING THE γ‐MSH REGION: MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION IN HUMAN PLASMA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the N‐terminal region of human pituitary pro‐opiocortin (N‐POC), the common precursor protein of ACTH and β‐LPH, using an antiserum which recognizes residues near the γ‐MSH region. The concentrations of greater than 300 ng/l of immunoreactive peptide were determined in unextracted human plasma, the relative molecular mass of the reacting fragments corresponding to a seventy‐seven amino acid glycoprotein. The concentrations of immunoreactive N‐POC peptides were correlated with those of ACTH in plasma obtained from patients with various disorders of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis.
Kinetic studies on radio-selenium uptake by ion exchange resin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Kinetic studies on the sorption of radioactive Se (IV) ion on Amberlite MB9L have been carried out under a wide range of temperature, pH, initial concentration, and resin weight. Analyses of the experimental data by two theoretical models commonly used to explain the ion exchange kinetics and shrinking core model (SCM), and homogeneous diffusion model (HDM) against exponential diffusion decay model (EDM) show a greater preference of EDM over HDM and SCM at all reaction conditions. The obtained regression coefficient values in case of HDM and SCM are in general not high enough to give a satisfactory fit for the experimental data. The estimated values for EDM parameters provides a good satisfactory fit for the yielded adsorption results as the corresponding linear regression values are high. The sorption process is found to be accompanied with fast film diffusion and slow diffusion between the reacted layer and the shrinking un-reacted core within the ion exchange resin. It also shows that ion exchange as the controlling step offers the lowest probability due to the highest obtained diffusion parameters over the normal tested reaction conditions.
Christianity in Roman Britain

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Although there is limited evidence for pre-Constantinian Christianity in Roman Britain, it is clear that in the fourth century ad the early church became increasingly widespread, partly owing to the influence of the Roman state. The archaeological evidence for this includes personal items bearing potential Christian imagery, possible liturgical fonts or basins, church structures and putative Christian burial traditions. The wider relationship between Christianity and contemporary pagan religious traditions are explored, and this chapter reviews this surviving material evidence and draws out evidence for regional variation in the adoption of Christianity. More generally, some of the wider practical and methodological issues involved in understanding the archaeology of Roman Christianity in Britain are examined, considering how easy it is to unproblematically identify evidence for Christian practice within late Roman Britain.
Preliminary Study on Prediction Model of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Residual Volume in Pneumoconiosis Patients by Whole Lung Lavage with Transbronchoscope

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

[Objective] To establish a bronchoalveolar lavage fluid residual volume prediction model for pneumoconiosis patients by large volume whole lung lavage with transbronchoscope, and provide reference for screening potential patients for lung lavage and preliminary forecast of lavage treatment efficacy. [Methods] A total of 238 patients with pneumoconiosis were enrolled in this study and received large volume whole lung lavage via transbronchoscope. The associations of residual volume with patient's pathological stage, lavage volume, lung function, height, body weight, and body mass index were analyzed by multivariate linear regression model. [Results] The residual volume of large volume whole lung lavage via transbronchoscope showed no correlation with pneumoconiosis stage and no statistically significant difference across pneumoconiosis stages(P 0.05). Lavage volume, forced vital capacity(FVC%), and maximal expiratory flow at 50% respiratory function(MEF50) were the factors affecting residual volume. [Conclusion] The prediction model of residual volume of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in pneumoconiosis patients by whole lung lavage via transbronchoscope could preliminarily screen patients for lung lavage and predict lung lavage curative effect.
Naproxen-induced toxicosis in a dog

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Naproxen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, induced gastric ulceration and bleeding in a dog. Clinical signs included vomiting, anemia, melena, and weakness. The dog responded to a blood transfusion and supportive treatment (lactated Ringer's solution with added K+ and B vitamins, an antacid, and cimetidine). Naproxen had been given to the dog by the owner, as treatment for shoulder stiffness.
The ICJ’s jurisdiction over disputes relating to state responsibility for international terrorism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Chapter 4 explores the potential bases of the ICJ’s jurisdiction in cases of State responsibility for international terrorism, beginning with optional clause declarations under Article 36(2) of the ICJ Statute. It then critically examines the Bosnia Genocide Case decision as a precedent for arguing that the international terrorism suppression conventions implicitly prohibit State terrorism through their obligation of prevention, and thereby provide a basis for the ICJ’s jurisdiction in cases of responsibility for State terrorism. Chapter 4 further analyses the international terrorism suppression conventions’ exclusion clauses and the interaction of the conventional regime and international humanitarian law, in order to define the potential scope of the ICJ’s jurisdiction. Finally, Chapter 4 assesses the enforcement options available following a determination of State responsibility for international terrorism by the ICJ, in particular measures adopted by the Security Council pursuant to Article 94(2) or Chapter VII of the UN Charter.
A New Encoding Scheme for HDR Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Human eye can perceive a much higher dynamic range compared to what can be displayed on paper or a computer screen. Recently, advanced techniques have been available to capture much larger amount of details of natural scenes. These images are then tone-mapped to lower dynamic range versions for displaying on paper or a screen. For certain applications, available now or expected in near future, the additional information contained in the higher dynamic range images is also important, and needs to be preserved. However, the size of these images is very large and that gives rise to need of special encoding techniques for these images. In this paper, we present such a technique, which significantly reduces the size of the high dynamic range images, with a negligible loss of information. Comparison with the existing state of the art technique is given to show the effectiveness of our proposed scheme.