jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Second order local minimal-time Mean Field Games

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The paper considers a forward-backward system of parabolic PDEs arising in a Mean Field Game (MFG) model where every agent controls the drift of a trajectory subject to Brownian diffusion, trying to escape a given bounded domain $Ω$ in minimal expected time. Agents are constrained by a bound on the drift depending on the density of other agents at their location. Existence for a finite time horizon $T$ is proven via a fixed point argument, but the natural setting for this problem is in infinite time horizon. Estimates are needed to treat the limit $T\to\infty$, and the asymptotic behavior of the solution obtained in this way is also studied. This passes through classical parabolic arguments and specific computations for MFGs. Both the Fokker--Planck equation on the density of agents and the Hamilton--Jacobi--Bellman equation on the value function display Dirichlet boundary conditions as a consequence of the fact that agents stop as soon as they reach $\partialΩ$. The initial datum for the density is given, and the long-time limit of the value function is characterized as the solution of a stationary problem.
Effects of acoustic- and optical-phonon sidebands on the fundamental optical-absorption edge in crystals and disordered semiconductors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present the results of a parameter-free first-principles theory for the fine structure of the Urbach optical-absorption edge in crystalline and disordered semiconductors. The dominant features are recaptured by means of a simple physical argument based on the most probable potential-well analogy. At finite temperatures, the overall linear exponential Urbach behavior of the subgap optical-absorption coefficient is a consequence of multiple LA-phonon emission and absorption sidebands that accompany the electronic transition. The fine structure of subgap absorption spectra observed in some materials is accounted for by multiple TO-, LO-, and TA-phonon absorption and emission sidebands. Good agreement is found with experimental data on crystalline silicon. The effects of nonadiabaticity in the electron-phonon interaction are calculated.
OpenCL Implementation of an Adaptive Disruption Predictor Based on a Probabilistic Venn Classifier

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The ability and flexibility of the open computing language (OpenCL) for task parallelization in heterogeneous computing platforms [field-programmable gate array (FPGA), CPU, and GPU] are remarkable advantages when designing advanced data acquisition and processing systems. The use of FPGA devices in data acquisition devices increases the capabilities of traditional data acquisition systems, thus allowing the implementation of complex mathematical algorithms with the acquired data. This paper shows an OpenCL implementation of an adaptive probabilistic disruption predictor for fusion devices implemented in a Cyclone V SoC device with an ARM processor, the FPGA logic, and an analog to digital converter. This paper describes the methodology used, the hardware/software system architecture, and the implementation results. The work highlights the critical aspects involved in designing these OpenCL-based systems and, in particular, the implementation of the board support package. This paper also presents the aspects such as the significant differences in the design flow concept between FPGA and GPU OpenCL implementations and how to optimize the FPGA implementation with OpenCL. The results show that it is possible to make predictions with computation times shorter than 500 μs when using this low-cost SoC.
Interconnections of Agrobiodiversity and Food Security in Rural Yucatan, Mexico

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biodiversity conservation and food security are often assumed to be separate or conflicting issues. In the municipality of Tzucacab, in a rural corner of Mexicoâs Yucatan peninsula, I found that crop diversity and food security are deeply intertwined. I measured food security and home garden agrobiodiversity on a randomized selection of sixty smallholder farms in the municipality, conducted ethnographic interviews over a period of four years, and collaborated with six high school students on a participatory photography project documenting local food culture. From the quantitative data, I found that crop diversity is the strongest predictor of household food security during a drought in the rural municipality I surveyed. This finding indicates that maintaining high levels of agrobiodiversity can be an important strategy for subsistence farmers to buffer their food supply against the risk of crop failure. Additionally, I found evidence that diversification of the home garden is one important strategy managing risk among a complex of several approaches to livelihood diversification. The finding helps to explain why some farmers conserve diversity while others do not, and suggests that the goals of agrobiodiversity conservation and rural food security might be better addressed together. These results point to the ability of small-scale, diverse farms run by campesino farmers to feed themselves, challenging the dominant discourse and practice of development that prioritizes increasing yields above all other properties of agroecosystems.
Genetic Analysis of a Mutant ofAspergillus FlavusProducing More Aflatoxin B2Than B1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARYParasexual crosses involving a mutant of Aspergillus flavus having a high and relatively stable level of aflatoxin B2 relative to aflatoxin B1 have revealed a genetic locus for control of aflatoxin synthesis. Five different diploids, each heterozygous for high aflatoxin B2 levels, accumulated low amounts of B2 but high amounts of B1. Although the haploid segregants from these diploids included a variety of aflatoxin phenotypes, one-half produced more B1 than B1 and one-half produced less B2 than B1. Five different diploids, each homozygous for high aflatoxin B2 levels accumulated high amounts of B2 as did all haploid segregants from these diploids. A single genetic locus is thought to control the higher aflatoxin B2 than B1 accumulation in this mutant.
Electrocardiography with Music

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

lower incidence of cervical carcinoma prob- ably was related to the universal practice of male circumcision amongst the Muslim com- munity.That male circumcision is unlikely to be the only factor involved in reducing cervical carcinoma is evident from the con- flicting literature on the subject.As Elliott3 points out, " No more can be said for the argument than that it is a hypothesis which fits the facts."As such it deserves consideration.-I am, etc.,
An Association of Hepatitis B (Australia) Antigenwith Platelets

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, Australia antigen) was detected by radioimmunoassay in freeze-thaw lysates of washed platelets from HBgAg carriers. Incubation of platelets from an HBsAg-negative person with medium containing HBgAg resulted in the platelets becoming positive for HBgAg. We suggest that platelets may phagocytize HBgAg-coated particles, and this may be an important transport mechanism for the hepatitis B agent.
The Impact of Tax and Transfer Systems on Children in the European Union

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of fiscal policy on the economic resources available to children, and on the child poverty rate. A static microsimulation model specifically designed for the purposes of comparative fiscal analysis in the European Union, EUROMOD, is used to study the age incidence of government taxes and transfers in 2001 in 15 EU countries. Three related questions are addressed. First, what priorities are currently embodied in government budgets across age groups, and in particular to what degree do cash transfer and tax systems benefit children relative to older groups? Second, what fractions of the needs of children are supported by elements of the tax and transfer systems directed explicitly to them? And third, what impact do measures of public resources for children have on child poverty rates?
Protective Effects of Vitamin C against Nicotine-Induced Oxidative Damage of Rat Liver and Kidney

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: Vitamin C is a vital antioxidant that may antagonize deleterious effects of smoking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of administration of nicotine alone for three weeks or combined with vitamin C on the antioxidant defense status, functional, histopathological changes, and immunohistochemical demonstration of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in rat liver and kidney tissues. Methods: Animals were divided into four groups; (C) saline-treated, (VC) vitamin C-treated, (NIC) nicotinetreated, all were for 3 weeks, and (NIC+VC) is given vitamin C for 3 days prior, with nicotine injection and 2 days thereafter. Results: Present work showed that nicotine exposure caused significant reduction in total body weight, relative liver and kidney weights, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine transaminase (ALT), aspirate transaminase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in both hepatic and renal tissues. Co-exposure to nicotine and vitamin C maintained normal liver and kidney weight, significantly lowered MDA, ALT, AST, ALP and elevated glutathione in both hepatic and renal tissues compared NIC group as well as controls. Nicotine administration resulted in shedding, necrosis, and loss of brush border of cells covering proximal and distal convoluted tubules of kidney. The liver in the nicotine-treated group showed vacuolated cytoplasm of hepatocytes, with dilated central vein and sinusoids and mitochondrial destruction. Immunohistochemistry showed dense PCNA immunostaining in the livers of nicotine-treated rats. Vitamin C induced partial correction of nicotine-induced histopathological damage of liver and kidney and significant elevation in PCNA expression. Conclusion: The results of present work suggested that vitamin C has a promising prophylactic effect against nicotine-induced oxidative damage of liver and kidney.
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA;

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To determine the frequency of hepatocellular carcinoma in different Child-Pugh classes based on Alfa fetoprotein level. Study design: Case series study. Period: Six months Setting: Medical Unit-I of Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad Sindh Pakistan. Patients & Methods: A total of 100 patients admitted (inpatients) in Medical Unit I with the diagnosis of cirrhosis were enrolled in the study. Patients with cirrhosis of liver (more than six month duration) of either gender were included. If patients had metastatic lesion of the liver, liver abscess, or acute liver failure then they were excluded. Child-Pugh score was calculated which included ascites, encephalopathy, prothrombin time, albumin and serum bilirubin. The levels of α-fetoprotein were measured and HCC was diagnosed. The primary outcome variable was presence of HCC in cirrhotic patients. Results: The proportion of males (53%) was higher as compared to females (47%). The mean age of the study patients was 40.47 years with a standard deviation of 11.5. At the beginning patients were categorized according to Child Pugh Classes (A= up to 6, B=7-9 and C=10-11), age groups (15-30 years, 31-50 years and 51-70 years respectively). The mean Child Pugh score was 6.83 with ± 1.8 S.D. The majority of the cases of HCC (75.61%) occurred in the Child Class A, whereas 21.95% occurred in Child Class B and finally only one case of HCC (2.44%) was present in Child Class C. Conclusions: This study comprehensively demonstrated that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is far more common in compensated cirrhosis (Child Pugh Class A) vs. decompensated cirrhosis (Child Pugh Class B and C).
Idee in movimento: l'esilio degli intellettuali italiani negli Stati Uniti (1930-1945)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

- In the history of the exile of European scientists and intellectuals towards the United States, the case of Italy is one of the less investigated. The author examines the causes of this delay in Italian historiography and analyses by comparison the general features of this experience of cultural migration. A central position in this scenario is held by Max Ascoli, and the essay describes the American career of this Jew from Ferrara, who arrived in the United States in 1931, and his role in the rescuing of Italian intellectuals escaping from Italy and Europe during the years of the Racial Laws, providing a first attempt at mapping their presence in the American academic and scientific world. Parole chiave: esilio, antifascismo, fuoruscitismo, comparazione, Max Ascoli, generazione exile, antifascism, political exile, comparison, Max Ascoli, generation.
Incoherent Scatter Radar Detection of Enhanced Plasma Line in Ionospheric E-Region over Arecibo

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A series of incoherent scatter radar (ISR) observation were conducted at the Arecibo Observatory from December 27, 2005 until January 3, 2006. From plasma line measurements that were taken during this radar campaign, we found that plasma line enhancement was quite frequently seen in the ionospheric E-region. We hypothesized that the E-region plasma line enhancement over Arecibo was caused by precipitated electrons from the radiation belts. The precipitated electrons will enhance the population of suprathermal electrons in the E-region. Subsequently, suprathermal electrons will cause excitation of Langmuir waves that could be detected by incoherent scatter radar as plasma lines. In this thesis, we are going to examine and discuss the observed features of E-region plasma line enhancement over Arecibo to test this hypothesis. In addition, a theoretical discussion on Langmuir waves is also presented in a chapter of this thesis. Finally, we also introduce the Spread F Index (SFI) as a convenient bookkeeping method to summarize spread F condition over a certain period of time. Thesis Supervisor: Min-Chang Lee Title: Head, Ionospheric Plasma Research Group Plasma Science and Fusion Center Thesis Supervisor: Richard Temkin Title: Associate Director, Plasma Science and Fusion Center Department of Physics
The Experience of Regret and Disappointment

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Regret and disappointment have in common the fact that they are experienced when the outcome of a decision is unfavourable: They both concern “what might have been”, had things been different. However, some regret and disappointment theorists regard the differences between these emotions as important, arguing that they differ with respect to the conditions under which they are felt, and how they affect decision making. The goal of the present research was to examine whether and how these emotions also differ with respect to the way in which they are experienced. Participants were asked torecall aninstance of intense regret or disappointment andto indicate what they felt, thought, felt like doing, did, and were motivated to do during this experience (cf. Roseman, Wiest, & Swartz, 1994). Significant differences between regret and disappointment were found in every category. These differences were most pronounced for “action tendencies” (what participants felt like doing) and “emotivations” (what they were motivated to do). These results suggest that the two emotions have differential implications for future behaviour.
The Sixteenth Epistle of Horace

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Wishing to forestall an inquiry from Quinctius about the produce of his farm, Horace says that he will describe its forma et situs (1–4). What follows is not an impersonal description, but an account directed at Quinctius who is thought of as passing judgement on the farm (cf. laudes , 8; dicas , 11; iam si credis , 15). This involvement of Quinctius in the description must be extended to the protasis of the opening sentence of the description: continui montes si dissocientur opaca/valle…, temperiem laudes where the sense is something like ‘if you were to find yourself in a place where the mountains, which crowd close to one another, are parted…, you would praise its temperate climate.
Chlorhexidine as a Keap1-Nrf2 inhibitor: a new target for an old drug for Parkinson's disease therapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Oxidative stress plays a vital role in the pathophysiology of most neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway, one of the internal defense mechanisms, curbs the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the cellular environment. The pathway leads to the expression of antioxidant genes such as HO-1, GCLC, and NQO1, which act as cellular redox switches and protect the cellular environment. Keap1, the negative regulator of Nrf2, is a potential therapeutic target for treating age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Tecfidera (Dimethyl fumarate), used in the intervention for relapsing multiple sclerosis, is the only commercial drug known to regulate the Nrf2 function. Here, we have identified a repurposing drug, chlorhexidine (LBP125), through ligand-based pharmacophore development and screening against the DrugBank, as a potential inhibitor of the β-propeller domain of Keap1 (Keap1-DC). Chlorhexidine, an antimicrobial agent, is widely used as a mouthwash, skin cleanser, and intervening bacterial infection during childbirth. The biochemical assay confirmed a significant binding affinity of 30 µM and competitively inhibited the Nrf2 peptide interaction. Moreover, chlorhexidine also exerts cytoprotection in a neurotoxic cell model of PD through Keap1-Nrf2 disruption leading to nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and expression of downstream genes, HO-1, and NQO1. Hence, the chemical scaffold of chlorhexidine is a potential lead to develop new chemical libraries with drug-like properties for treating PD.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Study of Co-and Ni-MCM-41 supported catalysts and effects of Pt promoter addition on carbon dioxide reforming of methane

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The catalytic performances of promoter-modified and un-modified bimetallic catalysts in CO2 reforming of methane were studied. Co and Ni metals were incorporated into mesoporous MCM-41 by direct hydrothermal synthesis, while promoter Pt was loaded by conventional wet impregnation. The structures and compositions of the fresh catalysts were characterized using various methods including X-ray powder diffraction, nitrogen physisorption and temperature programmed reduction. Monometallic Ni-based catalyst exhibited higher catalytic activity as compared to the Co counterpart over the entire temperature range tested. Subsequent Pt introduction improved the activity of both Co- and Ni-MCM-41, with Pt/Ni-MCM-41 leading ahead of the Co catalyst. Long-term stability of the catalysts was also investigated. Monometallic Co- and Ni-MCM-41 deactivated rapidly within the first 12 hours of reaction. Pt-impregnated bimetallic catalysts exhibited a distinctively improved stability in comparison to the monometallic catalysts, with low carbon deposition as characterized by thermogravimetric analysis. Synergetic interaction of Pt-Co and Pt-Ni alloys was proposed to be the cause of the lower carbon deposition which in turn ensured a stable catalytic level at an elevated temperature over a substantial period of time. The Pt-modified bimetallic catalysts, especially Pt/Ni-MCM-41, demonstrated excellent catalytic activity with high carbon resistivity and could prove to be promising catalysts for the CO2 reforming of methane.
SBML Level 3 package: Multistate, Multicomponent and Multicompartment Species, Version 1, Release 1

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Rule-based modeling is an approach that permits constructing reaction networks based on the specification of rules for molecular interactions and transformations. These rules can encompass details such as the interacting sub-molecular domains (components) and the states such as phosphorylation and binding status of the involved components. Fine-grained spatial information such as the locations of the molecular components relative to a membrane (e.g. whether a modeled molecular domain is embedded into the inner leaflet of the cellular plasma membrane) can also be provided. Through wildcards representing component states entire families of molecule complexes sharing certain properties can be specified as patterns. This can significantly simplify the definition of models involving species with multiple components, multiple states and multiple compartments. The SBML Level 3 Multi Package (Multistate, Multicomponent and Multicompartment Species Package for SBML Level 3) extends the SBML Level 3 core with the “type” concept in the Species and Compartment classes and therefore reaction rules may contain species that can be patterns and be in multiple locations in reaction rules. Multiple software tools such as Simmune and BioNetGen support the SBML Level 3 Multi package that thus also becomes a medium for exchanging rule-based models.
The Determinants of Customers’ Choice of Bank in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Banking in Ghana can be seen as an avenue which provides businesses alternative investment avenues to invest their surplus funds and at the same time providing a platform for businesses requiring funds for investment. It may be seen as one of the ancillary services that deal with money and other financial matters which facilitates business with regards to payments and acceptance of deposit. This study examined the factors influencing customers’ choice of bank in the Tamale metropolis. The study conveniently selected 398 external customers from five banks namely, Ghana Commercial Bank (GCB), Agricultural Development Bank (ADB), Barclays Bank, Zenith bank, and Fidelity bank. The study revealed several significant factors that determined a person’s choice of bank in the area among which were safety of funds, staff relationship and technological factors such as ATM services and mobile phone banking. The study also revealed that all factors except ‘age of a bank’ significantly influenced customers into choosing their various banks. The researchers conclude that a bank that provides a convenient service consistent with the identified determinants of consumers’ choice of bank selection will have an edge over other competitors that provide otherwise. The researchers recommend that banks should strive to improve service delivery while strengthening their security systems to ensure safety of clients’ funds. Banks should also ensure good connectivity and power-base, which will enable them serve customers faster and more conveniently especially when there are power outages, as this affect network connectivity.