jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The exopolysaccharide–eDNA interaction modulates 3D architecture of Bacillus subtilis biofilm

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Background Bacterial biofilms are a surface-adherent microbial community in which individual cells are surrounded by a self-produced extracellular matrix of polysaccharides, extracellular DNA (eDNA) and proteins. Interactions among matrix components within the biofilms are responsible for creating an adaptable structure during biofilm development. However, it is unclear how the interaction among matrix components contributes to the construction of the three-dimensional (3D) biofilm architecture.Results DNase I treatment could significantly inhibit B. subtilis biofilm formation in early phases. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and image analysis revealed that eDNA was cooperative with EPS in early stages of B. subtilis biofilm development, while EPS played a major structural role in the later stages. In addition, deletion of EPS production gene epsG in B. subtilis SBE1 resulted in loss of the interaction between EPS and eDNA, and reduction of biofilm biomass in pellicles at air-liquid interface. The physical interaction between these two essential biofilm matrix components was confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC).Conclusions The biofilm 3D structures become interconnected through surrounding eDNA and EPS. eDNA interacts with EPS in the early phases of biofilm development, while EPS mainly participates in the maturation of biofilm. The findings of this study provide better understanding of the role of interaction between eDNA and EPS in shaping the biofilm 3D matrix structure and biofilm formation.
Using Dynamic Semantic Network to Construct Knowledge Base

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Knowledge base building is a key branch of modern artificial intelligence research. Current methods in this field mainly focus on computational efficiency, decidability, data exchange, and machine readability. In this paper, a novel human like knowledge representation method called dynamic semantic network (DSN) is proposed. With the inspiration of high level human brain cognitive models, DSN aims at building more practical and abundant knowledge base. The inference and learning mechanism on DSN are latterly studied. And the construction issues are also discussed.
The X 1Σ+g state vibration-rotational energies of the H2, HD, and D2 molecules

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The energies of all the bound vibrational states of H2, HD, and D2 with rotational quantum numbers up to J=5 are calculated. Nonadiabatic, relativistic, and radiative corrections are taken into account with an accuracy of the order of 0.01 cm−1. The resulting theoretical ground state dissociation energies are 36 118.01, 36 405.73, and 36 748.32 cm−1 for H2, HD, and D2, respectively.
Influence of the Diffraction of an Electron Biprim on Off-axis Electron Holograms

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A method of simulating off axis electron holograms by computers is presented.In this method,the object wave on the image plane is calculated firstly,taking into account the transfer function of the image system.Then it is transmitted back to the biprism plane,on which the influence of the electron biprism on the object wave is added.By this way,the influence of the filament in the electron biprism on off axis electron hologram because of its Fresnel diffraction can be considered.Some simulated results consistent with experiments and some reference data for quantitatively analyzing the electron hologram are given.At the end,a possible approach of decreasing the influence of the Fresnel diffraction on the off axis hologram is discussed.
Effect of Dimethyl Terephthalate and Dimethyl Isophthalate on the Free Volume and Barrier Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET): Amorphous PET

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of blending two low molecular weight diluents (LMWD), dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) and dimethyl isophthalate (DMI), on the microstructure, free volume, and the barrier properties of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was investigated. Incorporation of the additives at loadings up to 3 wt % led to a substantial improvement in the barrier properties of PET to oxygen, carbon dioxide, and helium. Although the additives have similar structures, DMI showed enhanced barrier improvement at similar loadings compared to PET/DMT samples. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy as well as density measurements indicated that there was a reduction in the fractional free volume of polymer upon incorporation of the LMWDs. Dynamic mechanical analysis disclosed that there was a reduction in the activation energy for mechanical relaxation due to a decrease in chain motion of PET in the presence of DMT or DMI. There was a reduction in permeability upon increase of LMWDs that was primarily due to the reduction in diffusivity which is consistent with decrease in free volume and chain mobility.
Continuous solutions of nonlinear Cauchy-Riemann equations and pseudoholomorphic curves in normal coordinates

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We establish elliptic regularity for nonlinear inhomogeneous Cauchy-Riemann equations under minimal assumptions, and give a counterexample in a borderline case. In some cases where the inhomogeneous term has a separable factorization, the solution set can be explicitly calculated. The methods also give local parametric formulas for pseudoholomorphic curves with respect to some continuous almost complex structures.
OPTIMIZATION OF SOLVENT-FREE GERANYL BUTANOATE PRODUCTION USING NOVOZYME 435 AND HOMEMADE POLYURETHANE IMMOBILIZED NOVOZYME NZL-102-LYO-HQ AS CATALYSTS

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study reports the optimization of geranyl butanoate production by esterification of geraniol and butanoic acid in a solvent-free system using two immobilized lipases as catalyst. The operating conditions that optimized geranyl butanoate production were determined to be 40 °C, a geraniol to butanoic acid molar ratio of 3:1, 150 rpm, 5 wt% of enzyme, and 1 h of reaction, which resulted in a reaction conversion of about 97% for Novozyme 435. When homemade Novozyme NZL-102-LYO-HQ (Cal-B) immobilized in polyurethane foam was used as catalyst, the experimental conditions of an alcohol to acid molar ratio of 5:1, 70 °C, 150 rpm, 5 wt% of enzyme, and 1 h of reaction gave a conversion of 95%. New experimental data on enzymatic esterification of geraniol and butanoic acid for geranyl butanoate production are reported in this work, showing that the technique is promising for overcoming the well-known drawbacks of the chemical-catalyzed route.
AI Techniques for Detecting and Diagnosing COVID-19

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The new Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) which has been declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) has now spread all over the world. As per the few examinations, the COVID-19 has side effects like dry cough, sore throat, fever, gentle to direct respiratory disease and muscle throbs. The COVID-19 causes an adverse consequence on the lungs, it very well may be analyzed utilizing X-rays and CT scans of the lungs. As COVID-19 diagnosing is the lengthy process for testing and the vast majority of the strategies that are proposed might give false-positive and false-negative result. This paper predominantly points on the investigation and survey of the execution of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques that are utilized to forestall and control the spread of coronavirus all across the world.
Metabolic and Pharmacokinetic Differentiation of STX209 and Racemic Baclofen in Humans

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

STX209 is an exploratory drug comprising the single, active R-enantiomer of baclofen which is in later stage clinical trials for the treatment of fragile x syndrome (FXS) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). New clinical data in this article on the metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the R- and S-enantiomers of baclofen presents scientific evidence for stereoselective metabolism of only S-baclofen to an abundant oxidative deamination metabolite that is sterically resolved as the S-enantiomeric configuration. This metabolite undergoes some further metabolism by glucuronide conjugation. Consequences of this metabolic difference are a lower Cmax and lower early plasma exposure of S-baclofen compared to R-baclofen and marginally lower urinary excretion of S-baclofen after racemic baclofen administration. These differences introduce compound-related exposure variances in humans in which subjects dosed with racemic baclofen are exposed to a prominent metabolite of baclofen whilst subjects dosed with STX209 are not. For potential clinical use, our findings suggest that STX209 has the advantage of being a biologically defined and active enantiomer.
Learning Discrete Structures Interactively With Alloy

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This workshop presents a novel approach to teaching the mathematical foundations of computing commonly known as Discrete Structures. Following the common model of the programming lab, we provide interactive learning experiences in relational algebra, predicate logic, and graph theory that are both human- and computer-mediated. Students use the Alloy language and analyzer to express constraints in formal mathematical notation and search for models that satisfy the constraints. Alloy is an industrial-strength tool, but with careful scaffolding even students in introductory discrete structures can benefit from highly interactive and visual guided explorations mediated through Alloy code. We design exercises carefully to take students from observers of Alloy program behavior to tweakers of established code and later to builders of their own code. We find that the feedback provided by the Alloy Analyzer eliminates common misconceptions among students. Compared to a traditional approach where students simply submit written answers to homework problems, students working on Alloy problems get immediate critique of the well-formedness and satisfiability of their responses. The interactive nature of Alloy allows them to explore, discover new concepts, and challenge their assumptions with unexpected corner cases. After an introduction to Alloy, teams of workshop participants will engage in learning activities in discrete structures, using the Alloy tool for exploration and application of concepts. Teams will reflect on their experiences and comment on the applicability of this socio-technical learning approach in their own teaching contexts. A laptop is recommended for participation in the workshop.
Screening of IL-22 first and second introns and FOXP3 second exon for SNPs and mutations with potential role in the susceptibility of SLE in selected population.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The importance of cytokine-mediated signaling pathways, such as the IL-22 gene, is thus established. Novel variants in the IL-22 gene likely contributed significantly to the development of this autoimmune disorder. The current study found that the dysregulation of the inflammatory markers in SLE is not related to the FoxP3 gene, even though FoxP3 is implicated in the tolerance process.
A study of multi-sensory senses in museum virtual-visits

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In the forced situation of living virtual during the recent pandemic, also human spatial perception needs to develop through experience and senses during virtual activities. People can go to new places using virtual media such as pictures, 360 panoramas, movies, Google Street View, and virtual tours while being physically separated and socially isolated. This also applies to museum visits when visitors can simply observe. This article offers data from a mixed-methods empirical study that examines how three Indonesian museums, Museum Pendidikan Surabaya, Museum Tsunami Aceh and Museum Bank Indonesia Jakarta, altered their perceptions in establishing a feeling of virtual space. The study has undertaken an identification of place descriptors related to senses multi-sensory systems. The respondents are young people in their twenties who have no prior museum experience. It demonstrates that in a virtual spatial experience, the respondents' perceptions are mostly influenced by the sensory system, which gets diverse information from the media, rather than social signals, which are frequently cited as the most important aspects in perceiving locations in real life. The component of familiarity (recalling memory) is also essential in detecting and identifying the sensory descriptors in this study. In a virtual spatial experience, all sensory systems perform differently; in this study, the visual and auditory sensory systems are the two strongest, while the chemical sensory system is the weakest. Virtual visits, although on a lesser scale than physical visits, can benefit from the multi-sensory system, which is crucial in museums.
Comparative Analysis of Blind Digital Image Watermarking Utilising Dual Encryption Technique in Frequency Domains

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Piracy in the presence of internet and computers proves to be a biggest jolt to the concerned industry.To reduce the piracy and duplicity of the images, digital watermarking technique is having an edge over the other available techniques.In this paper, a blind digital watermarking algorithm is presented which is robust enough to resist the watermark against the attacks.The algorithm exploits the random sequence generated by Arnold and Chaos transformations.Discrete wavelet transformation of third level decomposition is used to convert the image into its frequency domain.In another transformation, the image is converted into frequency domain by using DCT and DWT combined.The binary watermark is embedded into its HL3 domain.The evaluation of the algorithm is calculated in terms of peak signal to noise ratio and non correlation.The results prove that the algorithm is robust enough to handle the attacks like JPEG, filtering, and different types of noise attacks.
Modeling the propagation of the Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya virus in the city of Bello using Agent-Based Modeling and Simulation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Agent-Based Models (ABM) have become a very useful tool to simulate the propagation of infectious diseases. To enhance the scope of these simulation models, some authors have combined ABMs with ODE models which are called Hybrid ABMs, and allows the simulation of models that demand a very high computational cost. In the present project, the main approach is to develop hybrid ABMs to understand the transmission dynamics of vector-borne diseases such as Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya considering some geospatial characteristics of the city of Bello, Colombia. Some assumptions were considered to develop the computational model to understand and verify if the transmission dynamics were happening according to their theoretical behavior. The results obtained were satisfactory, and for future work, the idea is to integrate more components and make the model more realistic.
Screw Dislocations in a Three-Phase Composite Cylinder Model With Interface Stress

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A three-phase composite cylinder model is utilized to study the interaction between screw dislocations and nanoscale inclusions. The stress boundary condition at the interface between nanoscale inclusion and the matrix is modified by incorporating surface/interface stress. The explicit solution to this problem is derived by means of the complex variable method. The explicit expressions of image forces exerted on screw dislocations are obtained. The mobility and the equilibrium positions of the dislocation near one of the inclusions are discussed. The results show that, compared to the classical solution (without interface stress), more equilibrium positions of the screw dislocation may be available when the dislocation is close to the nanoscale inclusion due to consider interface stress. Also, the mobility of the dislocation in the matrix will become more complex than the classical case.
Analysis of dissolved carbon sequestration potentials at several springs in karst landscape, wonogiri regency

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the potential of dissolved carbon sequestration in several springs distributed over the Wonogiri Karst area – a carbon sink. It employed a survey method and collected momentary data at eight sampled springs. The main parameters were calcium, alkalinity, and discharge. The springs varied in discharge, ranging from 1 L/s to 140 L/s, and were found into two classes, namely class 3 and class 5. These springs showed the characteristics of perennial flows. The alkalinity and calcium content was distributed almost uniformly, except for Nampu Spring that had small levels in both parameters. The potentials of dissolved carbon sequestration in the eight springs varied between 4.3 x 108 and 9.3 x 109 mg/year, with the smallest level found in Nampu Spring and the largest one in Kakap Spring.
The Effects of 6% Hydroxyethyl Starch (HES) 130/0.4 and 6% HES 200/0.5 on Tissue Oxygenation and Postoperative Bleeding in Patients undergoing Off-pump Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) effectively restores plasma volume and thereby enhances microcirculation and tissue oxygenation at the expense of coagulation impairment.These effects are related to molecular weight, substitution and C2：C6 ratio.But, most of the studies regarding coagulation impairment in cardiac surgeries were performed in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass which significantly causes coagulation derangements.Therefore, we have evaluated the effects of 2 different HES solutions on tissue oxygenation and postoperative bleeding in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB).Methods: Forty four patients were prospectively enrolled.After the induction of anesthesia, either HES 130/0.4(V group) or 200/0.5 (H group) were infused for fluid therapy to maintain predetermined urine output, cardiac index and filling pressure up to 16 h after the surgery.Tissue oxygenation profiles and respiratory parameters were recorded after induction of anesthesia, completion of distal anastomosis and sternum closure, upon admission at intensive care unit, and 4 h thereafter.The amounts of chest tube drainage, transfusion and fluid balance were measured up to 16 h after the surgery.Results: Patients' demographic data were similar between the groups.Tissue oxygenation profiles, respiratory parameters, hemodynamics, and time to extubate were not different between the groups.However, chest tube drainage and transfusion requirements were significantly less in the V group.Conclusions: In OPCAB, 6% HES 130/0.4causes less postoperative bleeding and transfusion requirement and has a comparable efficacy on hemodynamic stability, pulmonary function and tissue oxygenation when compared to 6% HES 200/0.5.(Korean
Ternary Complex Formation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Env, CD4, and Chemokine Receptor Captured as an Intermediate of Membrane Fusion

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Env-induced fusion is highly temperature dependent. When effector and target cells were coincubated at 37°C, there was a kinetic delay before fusion commenced. When effector and target cells were coincubated for varied times at 23°C, a temperature that does not permit fusion, a temperature-arrested stage was created. Raising temperature to 37°C from the 23°C intermediate eliminated the kinetic delay. Inhibitors (T22, AMD3100, and Sch-C) that block fusion by binding chemokine receptors were added after creating the intermediate so as to assess the extent of engagement between gp120 and chemokine receptors at that stage. For both CXCR4 and CCR5 as coreceptors, increasingly long times of coincubation at 23°C reduced the efficacy of the coreceptor-binding inhibitors in blocking fusion. This implies that an increasing number of ternary Env/CD4/coreceptor complexes form over time at 23°C. It also shows that ternary complex formation has a lower temperature threshold than the downstream steps that include Env folding into a six-helix bundle; this provides an experimental means to separate coreceptor binding by gp120 from the subsequent refolding of gp41 into a six-helix bundle structure. As the time of cell coincubation at 23°C was prolonged, more cells quickly fused upon the raising of the temperature to 37°C, and the increase quantitatively correlated with the greater percentage of fusion that was resistant to drugs. Therefore the pronounced kinetic delay in HIV Env-induced fusion is caused predominantly by the time needed for ternary complexes to form.
Ginger attenuates acetylcholine-induced contraction and Ca2+ signalling in murine airway smooth muscle cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Asthma is a chronic disease characterized by inflammation and hypersensitivity of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) to different spasmogens. The past decade has seen increased use of herbal treatments for many chronic illnesses. Ginger ( Zingiber officinale ) is a common food plant that has been used for centuries in treating respiratory illnesses. In this study, we report the effect of its 70% aqueous methanolic crude extract (Zo·Cr) on acetylcholine (ACh)-induced airway contraction and Ca 2+ signalling in ASMCs using mouse lung slices. Airway contraction and Ca 2+ signalling, recorded via confocal microscopy, were induced with ACh, either alone or after pretreatment of slices with Zo·Cr and (or) verapamil, a standard Ca 2+ channel blocker. ACh (10 μmol/L) stimulated airway contraction, seen as decreased airway diameter, and also stimulated Ca 2+ transients (sharp rise in [Ca 2+ ] i ) and oscillations in ASMCs, seen as increased fluo-4-induced fluorescence intensity. When Zo·Cr (0.3–1.0 mg/mL) was given 30 min before ACh administration, the ACh-induced airway contraction and Ca 2+ signalling were significantly reduced. Similarly, verapamil (1 μmol/L) also inhibited agonist-induced airway contraction and Ca 2+ signalling, indicating a similarity in the modes of action. When Zo·Cr (0.3 mg/mL) and verapamil (1 μmol/L) were given together before ACh, the degree of inhibition was the same as that observed when each of these blockers was given alone, indicating absence of any additional inhibitory mechanism in the extract. In Ca 2+ -free solution, both Zo·Cr and verapamil, when given separately, inhibited Ca 2+ (10 mmol/L)-induced increase in fluorescence and airway contraction. This shows that ginger inhibits airway contraction and associated Ca 2+ signalling, possibly via blockade of plasma membrane Ca 2+ channels, thus reiterating the effectiveness of this age-old herb in treating respiratory illnesses.