jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Parameterization of Root Water Uptake Models Considering Dynamic Root Distributions and Water Uptake Compensation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Core Ideas Parameters of different RWU models were optimized using data from a rhizotron facility. The same soil hydraulic properties were obtained for models considering RWU compensation. Feddes–Jarvis and Couvreur models predicted similar root‐system‐scale stress functions. The obtained RWU parameters were consistent with data reported in the literature. The models with compensation predicted similar total uptake but different local RWU. The spatiotemporal distribution of root water uptake (RWU) depends on the dynamics of the root distribution and compensatory uptake from wetter regions in the root zone. This work aimed to parameterize three RWU models with different representations of compensation: the Feddes–Jarvis model that uses an empirical function, the Feddes model without compensation, and the Couvreur model that is based on a physical description of water flow in the soil–root system. These models were implemented in HYDRUS‐1D, and soil hydraulic parameters were optimized by inverse modeling using soil water content and potential measurements and observations of root distributions of winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in horizontally installed rhizotubes. Soil moisture was equally well predicted by the three models, and the soil hydraulic parameters optimized by the models with compensation were comparable. The obtained RWU parameters of the Feddes–Jarvis model were consistent with data reported in the literature, although the pressure heads h 3l and h 3h for lower and higher transpirations rates, respectively, could not be uniquely identified. Response surfaces of the objective function showed that the root‐related parameters of the Couvreur model could be identified using inverse modeling. Furthermore, these parameters were consistent with combined root architectural and hydraulic observations from the literature. The Feddes–Jarvis and Couvreur models simulated similar root‐system‐scale stress functions that link total RWU to the effective root zone water potential, suggesting that parameters may be transferable between the two models. Simulated RWU profiles differed due to different water redistribution by the root system, but the measurements were not sufficiently precise to observe this redistribution.
Roger Bacon on nature

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter studies the role and development of the idea of nature in Bacon's thought. The properties of nature that can be detected from the examination of these works are five. First, the term nature refers to both the "general agent" of everything that is within the scope of natural matter and the "essence" or "the distinctive character of the identity of something." Second, by defining nature as a force which causes action in the bodies, Bacon gives ontological consistency to the functional notion of nature according to the Aristotelian definition of it as "intrinsic principle of motion and rest." Third, by resuming Avicenna's distinction between natura universalis and natura particularis, Bacon attributes to both of them the function of virtus regitiva, i.e. the power that rules both the totality of material bodies and each of them individually. Fourth, nature is at work in the processes of generation and corruption, transformation, and movement of elementary bodies. Celestial bodies are not properly natural, but the virtus that causes in the natural bodies the principium of motion and rest derives from them. Fifth, action according to nature (naturaliter, per modum nature) is uniform and operates according to the rules of the light rays. The regular order of natural action, which Bacon expresses with the term lex, is articulated in lex nature particularis and lex nature universalis. On these foundations, the human intellect can ally with nature itself, not only imitating it but bringing it to perfection and even performing seemingly magical or miraculous works, although these are actually produced in accordance with lex nature. This makes it possible for Roger Bacon to deny the validity of any form of magic.
Development of a determinative chaos generator based on a transistor structure with negative resistance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper proposes and investigates a new circuit solution for a deterministic chaos generator based on a bipolar transistor structure with negative differential resistance. The field of data transmission has expanded in recent years due to the rapid development of communication infrastructure, such as mobile and Internet networks. Ensuring secure data transmission in electronic communication and radio engineering devices and systems is crucial for maintaining security and realizing the full potential of these infocommunication technologies. Among the promising developments in physical-level security in data transmission is the integration of chaos theory, which increases security by using the unpredictability inherent in chaotic signals. The paper considers the possibility of obtaining a chaotic mode in a semiconductor generator based on a bipolar transistor structure with negative differential resistance. This chaos generator system has three dynamic variables: the voltage on the equivalent capacitance of the transistor structure between the collectors of the first and second bipolar transistors, and the third is the current flowing through the inductance of the oscillatory circuit. The dynamic processes of deterministic chaos are determined by the reactive properties of the transistor structure with negative differential resistance. A mathematical model of the deterministic chaos generator has been developed in the form of a system of first-order differential equations based on the state variable method, which allows determining the value of the output signal frequency depending on the supply and control voltages, as well as the parameters of the main elements of the oscillator at any point in the circuit at a given time. Using the MATLAB program package, a computer circuit engineering study of the parameters and characteristics of the generated electrical oscillations in a chaotic mode was carried out. In comparison with analogues, the proposed and investigated deterministic chaos generator has improved load capacity and higher speed, has a short time for establishing stationary oscillations.
3D-printed individualized navigation template versus the fluoroscopic guide to defining the femoral tunnel for medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction: A retrospective study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction, fluoroscopic determination of the femoral tunnel point is the most common method. However, there is a decrease in tunnel position accuracy due to rotation of the femur during fluoroscopy, as well as the damage to the operator from multiple fluoroscopies, whereas the 3D-printed individualized navigation template is not affected by this factor. This study focuses on the accuracy and early clinical efficacy of 2 different ways to determine the femoral tunnel (Schöttle point) for double-bundle isometric MPFL reconstruction. This is a retrospective study, conducted between 2016 and 2019, in which 60 patients with recurrent patellar dislocation were divided into 2 groups: 30 with MPFL reconstruction at the Schöttle point determined by 3D-printed individualized navigation template (group A) and 30 with MPFL reconstruction at the Schöttle point determined by fluoroscopic guidance (group B). The changes in patella congruence angle and patella tilt angle before and after surgery were assessed using computed tomography scans of the knee, knee function was assessed using the Kujala knee score and the international knee documentation committee (IKDC) score, and the 2 approaches were compared for the intraoperative establishment of the femoral tunnel position at a distance from Schöttle point. At a minimum of 3 years follow-up, patella tilt angle and patella congruence angle returned to normal levels and were statistically different from the preoperative range, with no significant differences between the 2 groups at the same period, and Kujala and IKDC scores of knee function were significantly improved in both groups after surgery. The mean Kujala and IKDC scores were statistically different between groups A and B at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. No statistically significant differences were seen between the 2 groups at the final follow-up. Both femoral tunnel localization approaches for double-bundle isometric MPFL reconstruction resulted in good knee function. At no < 3 years of follow-up, the use of a 3D-printed individualized navigation template did result in more accurate isometric points and higher knee function scores in the early postoperative period.
Amorphous silicon photoconductor in a liquid crystal spatial light modulator

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

An amorphous silicon photoconductor has been demonstrated in a reflection mode nematic field effect liquid crystal spatial light modulator. The thin-film photoconductor provided high resolution of >35 lp/mm and sensitivity better than 20 microW/cm(2). In addition the switching speed was liquid crystal limited. Reported are the performance characteristics as well as a theoretical model for the device.
Mumps Virus Infection of the Pregnant Hamster

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The objective of our present studies has been to follow the course of mumps virus when injected intravenously into pregnant hamsters during early stages of gestation, in order to determine possible relations to fetal disease and/or malformations. Several considerations prompted the selection of mumps virus for these investigations. One was that, while rubella (Gregg, 1941) and cyto-megalic inclusion body disease (Weller & Hanshaw, 1962) have been the only two viruses shown to have a definite cause-effect relation in the etiology of human congenital malformations, there has been a continuing suspicion that mumps virus may also act as a teratogenic agent in human pregnancy (Kaye & Reaney, 1962; Blattner & Heys, 1961; Hyatt, 1961). A second reason was that mumps virus has a natural pathogenicity for hamsters (Kilham & Overman, 1953). In addition, this agent is capable of infecting women at term, the strain used in present experiments having been obtained from human milk a few days post-partum (Kilham, 1951).
Effects of short time −30° head-down tilt on time perception

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Exposure to microgravity induces abnormal experiences that may affect the perception of time. Head-down tilts (HDTs) are commonly used to investigate the effects of weightlessness. A −30° HDT is considered an appropriate model to simulate the acute phase of microgravity exposure. Temporal performance in a time reproduction task was assessed before and after 30 min of −30° HDT, using 800, 1,000, and 2,000 ms as standard intervals. Absolute error (AE), relative error (ratio), and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated to quantify performance. Compared to baseline measures obtained prior to HDT, both the mean AE and the ratio were significantly increased after 30 min of −30° HDT at the 800 ms interval. A similar trend was observed at the 1,000 ms interval, but no significant effect was found at the 2,000 ms interval. No significant differences were observed in the CV before and after −30° HDT. Acute exposure to microgravity, simulated by the −30° HDT condition, primarily affects duration perception at sub-second intervals.
Coherence of Socio-Cultural Processes: On the Problem of Methodology

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article deals with the problems of methodology for studying the dynamics of socio-cultural processes of local communities in the context of globalization. The purpose of the study is a methodological analysis of the problem of competition, from the point of view of global and local specifics of the development of culture and sociality. Modernization processes generate a paradigm of socio-cultural development that fixes the scale of action, methods and means of interrelation and existence of elements and subsys­tems that influence the formation of evolution models of the socio-cultural space. The emerging models of socio-cultural development have a high degree of dynamism, maintaining a certain level of locality in the sphere of socio-cultural life. The use of the coherence principle makes it possible to ensure the iden­tification of all components and modifications of the socio-cultural system.
IÎºB Kinase Î± (IKKÎ±) Regulation of IKKÎ² Kinase Activity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Two related kinases, IÎºB kinase Î± (IKKÎ±) and IKKÎ², phosphorylate the IÎºB proteins, leading to their degradation and the subsequent activation of gene expression by NF-ÎºB. IKKÎ² has a much higher level of kinase activity for the IÎºB proteins than does IKKÎ± and is more critical than IKKÎ± in modulating tumor necrosis factor alpha activation of the NF-ÎºB pathway. These results indicate an important role for IKKÎ² in activating the NF-ÎºB pathway but leave open the question of the role of IKKÎ± in regulating this pathway. In the current study, we demonstrate that IKKÎ± directly phosphorylates IKKÎ². Moreover, IKKÎ± either directly or indirectly enhances IKKÎ² kinase activity for IÎºBÎ±. Finally, transfection studies to analyze NF-ÎºB-directed gene expression suggest that IKKÎ± is upstream of IKKÎ² in activating the NF-ÎºB pathway. These results indicate that IKKÎ±, in addition to its previously described ability to phosphorylate IÎºBÎ±, can increase the ability of IKKÎ² to phosphorylate IÎºBÎ±.
Human Resources Strategies & Lessons Learned During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Literature Review

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has been the most devastating public health crisis since the Spanish flu pandemic of 1918-1920. COVID-19 has impacted every human being and operational system throughout the land. The pandemic has caused challenging times for businesses, financial markets, government agencies, and academia. One area frequently overlooked is COVID-19â€™s impact implications for workplaces, working practices, and Human Resource Management (HRM) operationalization. This literature review aims to identify best practices implemented for the sustainability of Human Resources (HR) functions and the survival of institutions in the age of a dynamic public health crisis. This is an effective approach to better understand the disruptions caused by COVID-19 on HRM and examine how this pandemic has impacted organizations. The findings obtained focus on four main pillars: (1) recruitment, retention, and the Great Resignation, (2) employee well-being and wellness, (3) remote work options, practices, and professionalism, and (4) HR practitioners' leadership development. These have continued to be salient themes interwoven throughout many articles. These findings suggest that talent and having the most experienced, operationalized, and professional individuals as part of oneâ€™s organization are paramount to its success. Upskilling is imperative, and all stakeholders must be open to the inevitability of change as change is constant.
Hybrid perovskite characterization and device applications.

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Hybrid perovskites are a group of materials that has shown a great impact in the field of scientific research in the past decade due to the efficiency gain within a short period of time. Hot casting is one technique that has been producing high efficient and stable solar cells. Electrical transportation of lateral device structure by such film is explored to understand basic properties and predict possible device applications using it. Under dark, memristive ability of the film was explored using various experiments. Unique uni-polar memristor ability was observed. Using the experimental results, a model is hypothesized using the concepts of inbuilt potential, ion motion and carrier generation in the film. For three terminal devices unique n-type behavior in the presence of light condition and ambi-polar behavior under dark condition was observed. Reversible inert gas sensing ability of the film is explored using the surface conductivity with extra light. Getting better performances in the device applications as well as to understand overall behavior of the film it-self were discussed in the following thesis.
Latency_to_Task_Engagement_appendix_A – Supplemental material for The Effects of Planning, Goal Setting, and Performance Feedback on Avoidance Behaviors for Struggling Readers

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Supplemental material, Latency_to_Task_Engagement_appendix_A for The Effects of Planning, Goal Setting, and Performance Feedback on Avoidance Behaviors for Struggling Readers by Nathan A. Stevenson and Phoenix R. Mussalow in Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions
The genetic polymorphism and beta-adrenoblockers metabolism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The genetic polymorphism of the enzymes involved in the metabolism of drugs, including beta-adrenoblockers, is responsible for the efficacy and harmlessness of pharmacotherapy and is considered a key area in performing personalized treatment. The variability of cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes, especially CYP2D6, CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and CYP 2C19, will cause essential changes in the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of beta-adrenoblockers. The particularities of metabolism by means of different isoenzymes will determine the rational selection of beta-adrenoblockers for performing an individualized treatment with adjustment of the dosage regimen.
Explaining the Insufficient Relationship between Affective Empathy and Physical Aggression Based on a Double-edged Sword Model

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Affective empathy is generally considered an important inhibitor of aggression. However, the meta-analysis studies on the relationship between affective empathy and aggression have challenged this common-sense view and found no substantial correlation between the two variables. We proposed a double-edged sword model to explain this counterintuitive phenomenon and tested this model by establishing an inconsistent mediation model. A total of 663 college students in China (59.1% female; M age = 20.69 years) completed questionnaires measuring affective empathy, sympathy, personal distress, anger proneness, and physical aggression. The results showed that on the one hand, affective empathy can indirectly inhibit physical aggression by increasing sympathy; on the other hand, affective empathy can indirectly promote physical aggression through the serial mediation of personal distress and anger proneness. Such two pathways offset each other, leading to an insignificant relation observation between affective empathy and physical aggression. The findings revealed the complexity of the relationship between affective empathy and aggression, which suggested that more efforts to reduce aggression should be made to develop individuals’ sympathy, while affective empathy training should be moderate to avoid excessive empathic emotional arousal.
[Physical performance capacity, metabolism and hormonal behavior as affected by diltiazem].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

After giving their informed consent, 16 healthy male physical education students received daily dose of 3 X 60 mg diltiazem or placebo respectively in a double-blind cross-over experimental set-up for consecutive test phases of 3 weeks each. The behaviour of physical performance capacity, metabolism and hormones under diltiazem was investigated during incremental performance tests and during continuous endurance tests on the treadmill. Maximum performance capacity and maximum oxygen uptake as well as endurance capacity remained uninfluenced. Under maximum as well as under lower work loads heart rates were reduced by 3-10 beats/min. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism including the lipoproteins as well as HGH, cortisol and insulin showed the same behaviour under diltiazem and placebo. Adrenaline and noradrenaline in blood plasma also remained uninfluenced. An impairment of physical performance capacity under diltiazem is not to be expected. This finding is of major importance for persons treated with diltiazem who engage in sport.
Block Graph Neural Networks for tumor heterogeneity prediction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Accurate tumor classification is essential for selecting effective treatments, but current methods have limitations. Standard tumor grading, which categorizes tumors based on cell differentiation, is not recommended as a stand-alone procedure, as some well-differentiated tumors can be malignant. Tumor heterogeneity assessment via single-cell sequencing offers profound insights but can be costly and may still require significant manual intervention. Many existing statistical machine learning methods for tumor data still require complex pre-processing of MRI and histopathological data. In this paper, we propose to build on a mathematical model that simulates tumor evolution (Ożański (2017)) and generate artificial datasets for tumor classification. Tumor heterogeneity is estimated using normalized entropy, with a threshold to classify tumors as having high or low heterogeneity. Our contributions are threefold: (1) the cut and graph generation processes from the artificial data, (2) the design of tumor features, and (3) the construction of Block Graph Neural Networks (BGNN), a Graph Neural Network-based approach to predict tumor heterogeneity. The experimental results reveal that the combination of the proposed features and models yields excellent results on artificially generated data ($89.67\%$ accuracy on the test data). In particular, in alignment with the emerging trends in AI-assisted grading and spatial transcriptomics, our results suggest that enriching traditional grading methods with birth (e.g., Ki-67 proliferation index) and death markers can improve heterogeneity prediction and enhance tumor classification.