jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
GaN HEMT small-signal modelling: Neural networks versus equivalent circuit

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents on overview on the microwave small-signal modelling for the GaN HEMT technology. The two approaches contrasted here are: the standard modelling approach based on the equivalent-circuit representation and the behavioural modelling approach based on artificial neural networks. These two approaches are applied to a GaN HEMT device working in a wide range of biases and at different ambient temperatures, ranging from 20°C to 80°C. The pros and cons of both approaches are examined in terms of accuracy, complexity, and usefulness of the achieved models.
Keratinocyte and hepatocyte growth factors in the lung: roles in lung development, inflammation, and repair

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A growing body of evidence indicates that the epithelial-specific growth factors keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-10, and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) play important roles in lung development, lung inflammation, and repair. The therapeutic potential of these growth factors in lung disease has yet to be fully explored. KGF has been best studied and has impressive protective effects against a wide variety of injurious stimuli when given as a pretreatment in animal models. Whether this protective effect could translate to a treatment effect in humans with acute lung injury needs to be investigated. FGF-10 and HGF may also have therapeutic potential, but more extensive studies in animal models are needed. Because HGF lacks true epithelial specificity, it may have less potential than KGF and FGF-10 as a targeted therapy to facilitate lung epithelial repair. Regardless of their therapeutic potential, studies of the unique roles played by these growth factors in the pathogenesis and the resolution of acute lung injury and other lung diseases will continue to enhance our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of inflammation and repair in the lung.
Weak* solutions I: A new perspective on solutions to systems of conservation laws

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We introduce a new notion of solution, which we call weak* solutions, for systems of conservation laws. These solutions can be used to handle singular situations that standard weak solutions cannot, such as vacuums in Lagrangian gas dynamics or cavities in elasticity. Our framework allows us to treat the systems as ODEs in Banach space. Starting with the observation that solutions act linearly on test functions $α\in X$, we require solutions to take values in the dual space $X^*$ of $X$. Moreover, we weaken the usual requirement of measurability of solutions. In order to do this, we develop the calculus of the Gelfand integral, which is appropriate for weak* measurable functions. We then use the Gelfand calculus to define weak* solutions, and show that they are stronger than the usual notion of weak solution, although for $BV$ solutions the notions are equivalent. It is expected that these solutions will also shed light on vexing issues of ill-posedness for multi-dimensional systems.
Practical Problems of Personal Injury Protection Insurance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

平成24年2月20日，最高裁は，人身傷害保険の代位の問題について裁判基準差額説の採用を明らかにした。本判決により代位の問題は一応の決着をみたが，人身傷害保険をめぐっては未だ残された実務上の問題は多く，むしろ訴訟による解決を前提とすることから新たな問題も顕在化している。本稿は誤解も含め現に実務で問題となっている点を紹介したうえ，個別具体的訴訟事案の解決として機能的なアプローチに寄り過ぎた感のある実務における解決の指針を，いま一度，人身傷害保険の本質に立ち返ることをもって探るものである。人身傷害保険は傷害損害保険であると解する。責任保険を補完する機能があるからといって責任保険そのものでも責任保険の裏返しでもない。あくまでも人保険である傷害保険の本質を有する損害保険である。そこで填補される損害は，有責加害者に対して請求しうる損害と重複するものの同じではない。あくまでも傷害による損害である。
Application of FDS fuses to DC 1000V photovoltaic systems

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

We report on a disconnector for surge protective devices (SPDs) in photovoltaic (PV) systems. We developed the DC750V fuse type SPD disconnector (FDS) for these PV systems in 2015. After that, our PV system was up-graded, and the rated voltage was extended to DC1000V. For the DC1000V PV system, we used the DC750V FDS and applied it by making the system configurations more economical than newly developed DC1000V FDSs. Also, we evaluated the potential of applying our FDSs to the DC1000V PV system.
The Role of Autoimmunity on the Relation Between Erosions and Bone Mineral Density in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Clinical Research

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract IntroductionBoth erosions and osteoporosis are present in rheumatoid arthritis and are related to RANK-L pathway activation. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationship between erosion and bone mineral density (BMD) in RA and whether it can be driven by autoimmunity.Patients and methodsPatients followed in the Department of Rheumatology between January 2008 and May 2019 satisfied the 1987 ACR or 2010 ACR-EULAR criteria. Erosions were evaluated by the modified Sharp/van der Heidje erosion score (SHSe) on radiographs and bone mineral density (BMD) in g/cm 2 and by the T-score at the hip on DXA. The presence and titers of ACPA as well as rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs) were recorded at intervals of less than 2 years for both DXA and radiography.ResultsA total of 149 patients met the inclusion criteria. A total of 61.1% were ACPA positive, 79.9% were erosive and 10.7% had a hip T-score ≤-2.5. ACPA status but not titers was associated with a higher erosion score (63.0 (53.2) for ACPA + vs. 45.5 (44.1) for ACPA – (p= 0.04)). ACPA titers were associated with lower BMD at the hip (value -0.216; p=0.01) but not with T-score. A higher erosion score was associated with a lower BMD (R 2 : 0,049 and value: -0.222; p=0.009) and T-score (R 2 : 0,158 and value -0.397; p<0.0001) at the hip. In linear regression, erosion and systemic bone loss were still associated with but not driven by ACPA status or titer. RF and ANA did not demonstrate any role in this association.ConclusionWe showed that the relationship between erosion and bone mineral density associated with RA does not seem to be driven by ACPA or other autoimmunity parameters. However, the presence of ACPA or erosion should lead to osteoporosis assessment.
Simple Measurement of Acetylcholinestrase Activity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this work are presented electrochemical measurements which consists of several steps. They are aimed to simplify enzyme activity observations. First of all the background current correction is made. The calibration of the current response follows. It is made by enzyme reaction product addition. From the determined current (numerically computed) and from the known concentration the calibration constant for the current dependence on the concentration is calculated. In the next step the enzyme solution is added to the reaction vessel. The current increase in dependence on arising product concentration in time is monitored. The concentration is computed using the known calibration constant. The device enables both the concentration and its actual changes. In the module of evaluation is from the measured data determined the enzyme activity. The method was tested using acetylcholinesterase enzyme.
Managing Severe Acute Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis in an Infant: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A Hispanic female presented to a primary care physician with copious nasal discharge and congestion at 5 days of age. The physician recommended irrigation with nasal saline and bulb suctioning at home. The infants condition deteriorated and she was taken to the emergency department 3 days later. A nasal washing testing for respiratory syncytial virus was positive. She was hospitalized and initially treated, but the respiratory distress worsened. The infant was transferred to the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit where chest x-rays confirmed bronchiolitis. Showing no improvement with albuterol nebulization, she was by day 10 of life, intubated and put on mechanical ventilation. The case history illustrates the need for further research on risk factors contributing to severe respiratory illness in infants and, for further research on the treatment of respiratory syncytialvirus bronchiolitis in hospitalized infants.
Earthquake, disaster capitalism and massive urban transformation in Istanbul

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, I discuss how the earthquake risk is exploited by ‘disaster capitalism’, in order to convert Istanbul to a massive construction site. The shock of the 1999 Marmara Earthquake has been effectively used by the neoliberal market and government as ‘a shock therapy’ to implement a construction‐led development model for Turkey and to favour the construction sector by introducing new incentives, exceptional rights and interventions, which otherwise might be challenged. The current Turkish government justify the ongoing massive urban transformation and new mass housing projects as an improvement of the housing stock to make residential buildings stronger and more resilient to earthquakes. However, areas actually under earthquake risk do not match the areas that are officially declared under disaster risk by the government. The Disaster Law #6306 that granted the government the absolute right to expropriate land based on the justification of ‘protecting residents against earthquakes and other natural disasters’ was applied in a selective way to seize valuable land in Istanbul. In the paper I explore how the disaster was quickly converted to an opportunity for economic growth. To do that I introduce stories of three different neighbourhoods in Istanbul, namely Moda, Tozkoparan and Fikirtepe, each of which experience the ongoing massive urban transformation differently based on the land value of the neighbourhoods, class position of the residents, and residents' capacity to organise in order to protect their rights. I describe, how disaster capitalism is lived and experienced differently in these three neighbourhoods. Although the massive construction projects are indifferent to life's sustainability, those projects are justified as interventions in terms of public health and safety through making housing resilient to earthquakes. I critically discuss how in each case biopolitics presents disaster capitalism's massive urban transformation projects as a manifestation of liveliness.
Arteriovenøse Malformasjoner

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Arteriovenous malformations (AVM) are rare intracranial pathological connections between arteries and veins with an intervening nidus. They are the leading cause to intracranial hemorrhage in young adults. Apart from hemorrhage, AVM can also cause epileptic seizures, headache and focal neurological deficits. However most of the AVMs are asymptomatic, but due to the development of cross-sectional brain imaging more of the lesions are incidentally discovered. Treatment of AVMs consists of neuromicrosurgery, stereotactic radiosurgery, endovascular techniques or conservative management.\n\nObjective: To assess how to treat unruptured AVMs compared to ruptured ones.\n\nMethod: A literature search was carried out with help from supervisor. To get a synopsis of available information a search was done in "helsebiblioteket.no" using the term: AVM and treatment. An extensive search was done in PubMed using the keywords: AVM, intracranial malformations, treatment, invasive and conservative. We also hand searched following journals: Cochrane, Stroke, JAMA, NEJM and JNS. Last search was performed February 29th to ensure that the latest articles were included. Based on title and abstract relevant articles were chosen.\n\nResults: Except for the ongoing ARUBA trial, no RCTs were found. We focused primarily on review articles published from internationally recognized databases with high impact factor. The treatment of AVM both ruptured and intact, is today based on Spetzler-Martin Grading scale and the restricted information available about the natural history.\n\nConclusion: The ARUBA trial will provide important information on treatment of unruptured AVMs in the future. However there is also need for a RCT that will assess interventional and conservative treatment in ruptured AVMs.
Aggressive behavior as a mechanism of spatial differentiation of juvenile salmonid fishes (based on Black Sea brown trout Salmo trutta labrax (salmonidae))

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Aggressive behavior of hatchery-reared juvenile Black Sea brown trout Salmo trutta labrax at the age of 5.5–6.0 months is investigated. Shortage of suitable territory leads to the separation of the fish into two spatial groups: demersal and pelagic. During the process of spatial differentiation of the fish, the individuals that have not selected permanent habitats (demersal or pelagic) are characterized by the highest aggression level. The duration of the formation of stable spatial differentiation of the fish depends on the stocking density. At a low stocking density (10–45 fish/m2), spatial differentiation is established by the beginning of the second day after the transfer of the fish to new conditions; at a high stocking density (182 fish/m2), it is established approximately by the seventh day. Following the establishment of the (secondary) spatial groups, aggressive acts are registered mainly between the individuals from the same spatial group. A role of aggressive behavior in intrapopulation differentiation of brown trout is discussed.
Co‐causation of reduced newborn size by maternal undernutrition, infections, and inflammation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract More than 20 million babies are born with low birthweight annually. Small newborns have an increased risk for mortality, growth failure, and other adverse outcomes. Numerous antenatal risk factors for small newborn size have been identified, but individual interventions addressing them have not markedly improved the health outcomes of interest. We tested a hypothesis that in low‐income settings, newborn size is influenced jointly by multiple maternal exposures and characterized pathways associating these exposures with newborn size. This was a prospective cohort study of pregnant women and their offspring nested in an intervention trial in rural Malawi. We collected information on maternal and placental characteristics and used regression analyses, structural equation modelling, and random forest models to build pathway maps for direct and indirect associations between these characteristics and newborn weight‐for‐age Z‐score and length‐for‐age Z‐score. We used multiple imputation to infer values for any missing data. Among 1,179 pregnant women and their babies, newborn weight‐for‐age Z‐score was directly predicted by maternal primiparity, body mass index, and plasma alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein concentration before 20 weeks of gestation, gestational weight gain, duration of pregnancy, placental weight, and newborn length‐for‐age Z‐score ( p < .05). The latter 5 variables were interconnected and were predicted by several more distal determinants. In low‐income conditions like rural Malawi, maternal infections, inflammation, nutrition, and certain constitutional factors jointly influence newborn size. Because of this complex network, comprehensive interventions that concurrently address multiple adverse exposures are more likely to increase mean newborn size than focused interventions targeting only maternal nutrition or specific infections.
Characteristics of stratosphere‐troposphere exchange in a general circulation model

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Air and trace gases are exchanged between the stratosphere and the troposphere on a variety of scales; but general circulation models (GCMs) are unable to represent the smaller scales. It would be useful to see how a GCM represents stratosphere‐troposphere exchange (STE), both to identify possible model deficiencies which would affect other studies and to see how important the smaller‐scale physics might be in the atmosphere itself. Our understanding of observed STE depends largely on inferences from tracer distributions. In this study we examine mass exchange, water vapor exchange, and the behavior of idealized tracers and parcels to diagnose STE in the National Center for Atmospheric Research GCM, the Community Climate Model (CCM2). The CCM2 correctly represents the seasonally of mass exchange across 100 hPa, but values are uniformly too strong. Water vapor, however, indicates that tropical STE is not well represented in the CCM2; even though mean tropopause temperatures are colder than observed, the lower stratosphere is too moist. Most net mass flux occurs at water vapor mixing ratios of about 4–5 parts per million by volume (ppmv), about 1 ppmv too moist. Vertical resolution has little impact on the nature of tropical STE. In midlatitudes, CCM2 more successfully represents STE, which occurs in developing baroclinic waves and stationary anticyclones. Exchange from troposphere to stratosphere does occur but only influences the lowest few kilometers of the extra‐tropical stratosphere, even for tracers with large vertical gradients.
Amperometric detection of purine nucleotides utilizing immobilized enzyme reactors and on‐line amplification by substrate recycling

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Flow‐injection systems with an immobilized enzyme reactor are proposed for the amperometric detection of purine nucleotides. One system studied is based on the combined use of an alkaline phosphatase (AlP) immobilized reactor and a purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)‐xanthine oxidase (XO) coimmobilized reactor, which responds to purine nucleotides With high selectivity. Another system with a coimmobilized AlP‐PNP‐XO reactor gives responses amplified by substrate recycling. When carrier solution was pumped at a flow rate of 0.5 mL min −1 , purine nucleotides could be detected with 9 to 26 times the sensitivity in the latter system compared with the former, with the detection limit of 4 × 10 −8 M for a 20 μL injection.
Episode 82: Superstar

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Summary Cory and Laine discuss what turns out to be a surprising favorite- Superstar! We talk proper ways to leave a coffee date, bizarro worlds, and really dumb bears. Thanks for listening to our discussion on Season 4, Episode 17: Superstar. Listen Links We have a Patreon account where you can support us and get access to ... Continue reading Episode 82: Superstar →
Pipe inspection by cylindrically guided waves

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this research the cylindrically guided wave inspection technique is proposed for detecting the anomalies in a pipe. Efficient inspection of pipelines for internal and external damages is a challenging task in the chemical and power industries where long pipelines are used and the pipes are coated by insulating materials. Under traditional methods insulation coatings are removed at selected places, then the pipe wall thickness at these spots is measured by ultrasonic transducers. This is a time-consuming and expensive operation since the operation requires point-to-point examination. Guided wave ultrasonics, proposed in this research, is a much more efficient technique because by this technique long pipes can be inspected by removing insulation at only limited places. Detecting anomalies inside the pipe wall at a specific depth can be realized by correctly selecting a cylindrical guided wave and propagating that mode through the pipe. A new transducer holder mechanism has been designed and fabricated for pipe inspection by cylindrical guided waves. A number of advanced coupling mechanisms developed recently for large plate and pipe inspection require the presence of a coupling fluid between the ultrasonic transducer and the pipe or plate specimen. These mechanisms can be used for inspecting horizontal pipes and plates. Commercially available ultrasonic transducers have been used to generate compressional ultrasonic waves in the coupling medium. Those waves are converted to cylindrical guided waves in the pipe by the new coupling mechanism. The new coupling mechanism presented in this research uses solid material as the coupler and can be used equally well for inspecting horizontal as well as inclined or vertical pipes. The new coupling mechanism has been designed to generate efficiently different guided wave modes in the pipe. Different kinds of anomalies in pipes have been successfully inspected. The preliminary results show that a number of Lamb modes when generated properly by the new coupling mechanism are very sensitive to pipe defects. These experimental results along with the new design of the coupling mechanism are presented in this dissertation.
Synthesis of Fe-based Nanoparticles by Tea Polyphenols and Their Removal of Hexavalent Chromium

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Tea polyphenols were used to synthesize Fe-based nanoparticles (TP-Fe NPs) and remove hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) in an aqueous solution. The results demonstrated that 0.92 was the optimal mass ratio of tea polyphenols and FeCl3, and the addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a stabilizer significantly improved the stability of Fe nanoparticle suspension, which can be maintained stable for 60 h. Both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed that the sizes of the synthesized Fe nanoparticles, namely, FeO, FeOOH, Fe 2 O 3 , and organic matter such as quinone range from 50 to 120 nm. TP-Fe NPs effectively remove Cr(VI) in an aqueous solution by reduction and adsorption, and the removal rate surpasses 99.5%. Because of its low cost and high reduction efficiency, TP-Fe NPs has broad application prospects for remediating Cr-contaminated soil and groundwater.
adm kurikulum

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The curriculum is a very important and decisive component in the delivery of education. the curriculum functions as a tool for the achievement of educational goals, if educational goals change then automatically the curriculum must also be changed. In Law Number 20 of 2003 it is stated that the curriculum is a set of plans and regulations regarding the content and learning materials as well as the methods used as guidelines in implementation of the teaching and learning process. For children the curriculum is useful as a tool to develop all the potential they have towards a better direction under the guidance of teachers at school. For teachers, the curriculum functions as a guide and reference in organizing learning in schools. In curriculum administration, according to Prof. Soetjipto and Drs. Raflis Kosasi, MSc in his book entitled Teaching Profession (1999: 148) that the curriculum is a set of student learning experiences with all the implementation guidelines systematically arranged and guided by schools in the activities of educating their students ".
Resolving the Chatbot Disclosure Dilemma: Leveraging Selective Self-Presentation to Mitigate the Negative Effect of Chatbot Disclosure

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Chatbots are increasingly able to pose as humans. However, this does not hold true if their identity is explicitly disclosed to users—a practice that will become a legal obligation for many service providers in the imminent future. Previous studies hint at a chatbot disclosure dilemma in that disclosing the non-human identity of chatbots comes at the cost of negative user responses. As these responses are commonly attributed to reduced trust in algorithms, this research examines how the detrimental impact of chatbot disclosure on trust can be buffered. Based on computer-mediated communication theory, the authors demonstrate that the chatbot disclosure dilemma can be resolved if disclosure is paired with selective presentation of the chatbot’s capabilities. Study results show that while merely disclosing (vs. not disclosing) chatbot identity does reduce trust, pairing chatbot disclosure with selectively presented information on the chatbot’s expertise or weaknesses is able to mitigate this negative effect.