jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The museum of the Roman-Christian necropolis of Tarragona in context

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This text offers for the first time a critical and comprehensive study of the Necropolis Museum of Tarragona, which was inaugurated in 1930 by the renowned archaeologist Serra i Vilaró. It starts with a detailed description of the museum and its history with many unpublished old photographs and many little-known archive documents. The broader framework of Catalan archaeological and diocesan museums is then analysed in order to understand the context in which the museum of Tarragona was set. The third section of the text analyses the Mediterranean context and all the contemporary museums from which Serra took inspiration.
Sex Differences in the Sense of Time: Failure to Replicate a 1904 Study

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

McDougall ( 1904), Yerkes and Urban ( 1906), and other early investigators reported sex differences in time estimation by human Ss, and more recent studies ( Loehlin, 1959) have reported no difference. This replication of McDougall's study followed his procedure as reported with the addition of more Ss and variables. Forty male and 78 female students in introductory psychology estimated four intervals (15, 30, 60, 90 sec.) under four conditions (listening to E read, crossing our 77zs, waiting, counting) by the method of verbal estimation at one of five sessions throughout the day. Differences between mean estimates given by males and those given by females were not significant for any of the conditions and were opposite in direction to what would be expected from McDougall's resulcs. Our obtained differences among the conditions were similar in rank but different in magnitude. McDougall's Ss overestimated all intervals with one exception; the present Ss underestimated all intervals. Additional hypotheses investigated concerned the influence of the time of day at which the estimates were made (Thor & Baldwin, 1965), the effect of the onset of the menstrual cycle, and the importance of psychosexual role identification (PRI) as measured by the Gough femininity scale (Gough, 1952). None of these variables s~gn~ficantly affected time estimates of men and women. However, the relation of b~ological sex and scores on PRI needs particular clarification in fumre research. Assuming the early studies were accurate, Loehlin's hypothesis of changing cultural roles as a determinant of time perception may be essentially cotrecc.
Performance of Layers Fed Graded Levels of Blood –Rumen Content Mixture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

240 laying hens were fed graded levels of Blood-Rumen content mixture (BRCM) for a period of eight weeks. The study was designed to determine the level of BRCM that layers can tolerate in their diet. Feed intake by birds fed the control and 4% BRCM diets were comparable, but significantly higher (P
Robust source-range estimation using a vertical array and the array invariant

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The array invariant based on beam-time migration has been proposed for instantaneous source-range estimation in acoustic waveguides using a horizontal or vertical array. With minimal knowledge of the environment, the approach has been demonstrated successfully with experimental data in shallow water using a horizontal array. Moreover, it was determined recently that the array invariant can be derived from waveguide invariant theory based on the dependence of group speed on phase speed. In this paper, the array/waveguide invariant approach to source-range estimation is applied to a vertical array in a fluctuating ocean environment over a one-day period. Specifically, the range estimates using a 12-m long vertical array in ∼100 m deep water are within 9–16% relative error for a 2–3 kHz source at 6-km range, demonstrating the robustness of this approach.
White Etching Cracks in wind turbine bearings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Wind turbine (WT) gear boxes are prone to failure well below the expected 20 years’ lifetime of a WT. It has been identified that most of the failures observed are due to white etch crack flaking. Although this type of failure has been intensely studied, the underlying mechanisms have not been identified; however, recent advances have shown that non-metallic inclusions might act as crack initiators. In this work, different bearings presenting this type of damage will be examined via microtomography scans and high precision serial sectioning to reveal surfaces displaying crack-inclusion interactions. Furthermore, by means of energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry it will be possible to investigate the chemical composition of the non-metallic inclusions. The findings will be compared to current initiation and propagation theories proposed in literature; Thus, this study will add experimental observations to current investigations using a novel technique.
Squeezing in Both the Plus and Minus Quadratures with the Uncertainty Relation Perfectly Holding

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have considered a cavity mode driven by coherent light and interacting with a three-level atom available in an open cavity coupled to a vacuum reservoir. We have carried out our analysis by putting the noise operators associated with the vacuum reservoir in normal order. We have also considered the interaction of the three-level atom with the vacuum reservoir outside the cavity. It is found that the squeezing occurs in both the plus and the minus quadratures and the maximum quadrature squeezing happens to be 52.08% and 33.32% below the vacuum state level, respectively. We have established that the uncertainty relation holds perfectly for this case as well. In addition, we have found that the squeezing in a pair of superposed cavity modes occurs in the plus and minus quadratures and have the same value. The amount of squeezing in each quadrature turns out to be half of the sum of the squeezing in the plus and minus quadratures of each cavity mode. Furthermore, we have observed that the presence of spontaneous emission decreases the mean photon number of the cavity mode but does not affect the maximum quadrature squeezing.
Two-Way Protocol for Downlink Channel State Information Reporting in FDD Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The user equipment (UE) of cellular systems operating in frequency division duplexing (FDD) mode feeds back (report) the channel state information (CSI) to the new generation base node (gNB). We exploit the correlation between the uplink and downlink channels, although they are at different frequencies, to obtain a two-way protocol to report the downlink CSI. First, the gNB estimates the uplink channel and sends a feedforward message to the UE to select the codebook used by the UE to quantize the downlink CSI; then, the UE transmits the index of the quantized code vector in feedback to the gNB. This protocol is modeled as the cascade of two rate-distortion source coding schemes, for the feedforward and feedback signals, where the feedback scheme also has mixed-side information. We design both encoders and compare their performance with existing schemes, including an approach using natural networks.
Analysing the appropriate cognitive styles and its effect on strategic innovation in Jordanian universities

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The study aimed to analyse and investigate the impact of cognitive styles (knowing style; planning style and creating style) on strategic innovation (strategic visualisation and imagination; generate ideas; evaluation ideas and implementation ideas) in Jordanian universities. The study population consists of Jordanian universities in Amman, while unit of sampling and analysis includes all (80) deans members in Jordanian universities in Amman. Study methodology was the descriptive analytical method, while a questionnaire was the study instrument of which consisted of 50 items. A statistical tool was used to analysis data and to test hypothesis like; mean, standard deviation, one sample t-test, simple and multiple, regression. The study come to a number of results, and to improve the direct impact of cognitive styles (knowing style; planning style and creating style) on strategic innovation (strategic visualisation and imagine; generate ideas; evaluation ideas and implementation ideas), and to confirm that the interest of cognitive styles form a turning point in contemporary management and strategic innovation generates a big difference in the added value.
The Frailty of Privacy Theory

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Examining privacy theory begins with what is absent from present accounts, that is, the central importance of our personal concerns about our existential reality. These concerns, and the disposition to seek ways to distance and camouflage them with constructed concerns, is at the heart of the inducements of what emerged as the mythological trajectory of Deity, State, Market and Technology. The impact of the ideas and practices left behind by these failed but persisting magnitudes is what is normalised in us and comes to comprise what we see as our private world. However, these ideas and practices are mythological subjections. There are two dominant present accounts of privacy, the ‘Constitutional’ (which is sourced from the ideas and practices of Deity, State and Market), which is primarily a bourgeois account, and the ‘Selected Flow of Information’ account (which is inspired by the movement of information within a social context, especially in the technological age). Given the mythological content of both accounts, the way forward needs to take an entirely different approach. This will relocate existential reality to the centre of its frame but also emphasise an ethic which rejects subjection, one framed by respectful self-responsibility.
HPLC Determination of Chlorogeric Acid in Flos Chrysanthemiindici

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Object: To establish a method for the determination of chlorogeric acid in Flos Chrysanthemi Indici. Methods powdered herb was extracted by reflux 2h with 50% methanol. The chromatographic system consisted of Inertsil c18 column and mobile phase of MeCN -0. 4% H3PO4(12 : 88), and the detective wavelength was at 346nm. Results:The method was precise with RSD of 1. 3% for within-day variation (n = 9) and of 1. 8% for between-day variation (n = 9). Average recovery for chlorogeric acid was 100. 3% with RSD 2. 0%(n = 5). 3 samples were analyzed and the contents of chlorogeric acid were from 0. 33% to 0. 36%. Conclusion:Chlorogeric acid can be applied as the quality index for Flos Chrysanthemi Indici.
Gating effects of membrane potential on TMEM16A analyzed using molecular dynamics simulations combined with external electric field

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract TMEM16A is the molecular basis of calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs) and is dual regulated by intracellular calcium ion and membrane potential. It is widely expressed and participates in important physiological processes. At present, although the cryo-EM structures of several states of TMEM16A protein are obtained, none of them shows a fully activated pore, and the role of membrane potential in regulation of the channel cannot be explained in these static structures. Here, based on the stereo structure of TMEM16A we used molecular dynamics (MD)with applied external electric field (EE-MD) simulations to understand how membrane potential regulates the gating process of TMEM16A channels. Our results indicate that the transmembrane helices TM3 and TM4, which constitute the ion-conducting pore, are strongly influenced by the membrane potential and expand outward, resulting in a clear separation of the hydrophobic-gated amino acids of TM4 and TM6, increasing the space for chloride ions (Cl − ) to pass through. The membrane potential breaks the hydrogen bond between K645 and E705, directing the K645 side chain to the neck region, which lowers the energy barrier for chloride ion conduction by affecting the static electricity in the neck region. Furthermore, the simulation results indicate that the dual coupling of calcium ions and membrane potential can lead to the spontaneous diffusion of Cl − ions from the extracellular side through the pore. Our molecular dynamics simulations and analyses provide new dynamic, and energetic information of the gating mechanism by which membrane potential affects TMEM16A channels and to guide functional studies of the TMEM16A channels and development of its regulators.
Tomographic X-Ray Imaging Of Laser Plasmas By Multislit Coding And Charge Coupled Devices (C.C.D) Detectors.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Tri-dimensional imaging of X-rays emitted by laser induced plasmas can be performed by Coded Aperture Imaging (C.A.I.) using a "multislit" code and linear CCD detectors in order to provide real-time imaging. We present the realization of this Multislit CCD camera.
Calculating Poverty Measures from the Generalized Beta Income Distribution

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Data for measuring poverty and income inequality are frequently available in a summary form that describes the proportion of income or expenditure for each of a number of population proportions. While various discrete measures can be applied directly to data in this limited form, these discrete measures typically ignore inequality within each group. This problem can be overcome by fitting a parametric income distribution to the grouped data and computing required quantities from the estimated parameters of this distribution. In this paper we show how to calculate several poverty measures from parameters of the generalized beta distribution of the second kind, and its popular special cases. An analysis of poverty changes in ten countries from South and Southeast Asia is used to illustrate the methodology.
Density\nFunctional Theory and Machine Learning-Based\nQuantitative Structure–Activity Relationship Models Enabling\nPrediction of Contaminant Degradation Performance with Heterogeneous\nPeroxymonosulfate Treatments

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Heterogeneous peroxymonosulfate (PMS)\ntreatment is recognized as\nan effective advanced oxidation process (AOP) for the treatment of\norganic contaminants. Quantitative structure–activity relationship\n(QSAR) models have been applied to predict the oxidation reaction\nrates of contaminants in homogeneous PMS treatment systems but are\nseldom applied in heterogeneous treatment systems. Herein, we established\nQSAR models updated with density functional theory (DFT) and machine\nlearning approaches to predict the degradation performance for a series\nof contaminants in heterogeneous PMS systems. We imported the characteristics\nof organic molecules calculated using constrained DFT as input descriptors\nand predicted the apparent degradation rate constants of contaminants\nas the output. The genetic algorithm and deep neural networks were\nused to improve the predictive accuracy. The qualitative and quantitative\nresults from the QSAR model for the degradation of contaminants can\nbe used to select the most appropriate treatment system. A strategy\nfor selection of the optimum catalyst for PMS treatment of specific\ncontaminants was also established according to the QSAR models. This\nwork not only increases our understanding of contaminant degradation\nin PMS treatment systems but also highlights a novel QSAR model to\npredict the degradation performance in complicated heterogeneous AOPs.
Dopants concentration effects on the wavelength shift of long-period fiber gratings used as liquid level detectors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Two liquid level sensors based on different long-period fiber gratings are proposed and compared. The long-period gratings have the same characteristics (length, grating period) but are fabricated in different optical fibers (photosensitive B-Ge codoped optical fibers with different dopants concentrations). The principle of this type of sensor is based on the refractive index sensitivity of long-period fiber gratings. By monitoring the resonant wavelength shifts of a given attenuation band, one can measure the immersed lengths of long-period fiber gratings and then the liquid level. The levels of two different solutions are measured. The maximum shift (7.69 nm) of the investigated resonance wavelength was observed in LPG1 (fabricated in Fibercore PS1250/1500). By controlling the fiber dopants concentrations one can improve the readouts of a fiber-optic liquid level sensor based on long-period fiber gratings.
WITHDRAWAL OF MAINTAINENCE INFLIXIMAB THERAPY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims/Background Infliximab (IFX) is a chimeric monoclonal antibody effective for inducing and maintaining remission in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Long term therapy is efficacious for maintaining clinical remission; however, infliximab-use is associated with significant side effects and considerable costs. NICE recommends that patients be assessed for cessation of therapy on a yearly basis. This audit analyses our ability to withdrawal infliximab for patients established on maintenance therapy. Method A retrospective cohort study of patients with CD and UC on infliximab at Milton Keynes General hospital were included in this study. Patients were identified from the infliximab database and the medical records were reviewed. The duration of infliximab therapy was recorded along with the ability to withdraw therapy at yearly review. Results Forty-five patients were included for analysis of which 58% were male. The median age was 36.6 years. The majority of patients had a diagnosis of Crohn's disease (42/45). The mean follow up period of patients was 1.6 years (range 0–4 years). Mucosal healing was noted in 33.3% of patients. Six patients were able to stop Infliximab therapy of which 66.6% were stopped within the first two years of therapy. None of these patients required repeat infliximab therapy. There was no correlation between disease duration/age of patient or disease location in our ability to stop infliximab therapy. Conclusion Infliximab is very successful at inducing mucosal healing and inducing clinical remission. When patients were assessed at year 1, the vast majority were not able to stop infliximab due to poor symptom control or ongoing endoscopic disease. Significantly more patients were able to stop therapy by the second year of therapy. We conclude, that from our experience, the ideal point to consider stopping infliximab therapy is within the first two years of therapy and this correlates very well with the soon to be published European consensus recommendations (EPACT-2).
Growth hormone therapy in short children without classical growth hormone deficiency.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The spontaneous secretion of GH which determines the growth in height as well as the GH increment in the provocation tests (the socalled pituitary reserve) is diminished in pituitary dwarfism. In numerous other growth disorders only the spontaneous GH secretion is impaired. Amongst others this is true of the syndrome of constitutional delay of growth and adolescence which is the most frequent growth disorder in childhood and of the growth retardation after X-ray irradiation of the skull. In all these cases treatment by hGH represents replacement therapy. In children with intrauterine growth retardation, familial short stature and skeletal dysplasias growth hormone deficiency cannot be proved. In most cases the growth velocity cannot be accelerated with hGH in the usual replacement doses. High doses of hGH may be successful. In endogenous and exogenous hypercortisolism the spontaneous GH secretion is suppressed and the effect of the somatomedins on the growing cartilage is inhibited. This is not only true of Cushing's Syndrome and corticosteroid therapy but also of cases of glycogenosis Type I. The resulting growth retardation can - at least partly - be overcome with hGH. Preliminary investigations show that the growth retardation in children with chronic renal failure can successfully be treated by hGH.
A new phantom using polyethylene glycol as an apparent diffusion coefficient standard for MR imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In recent years, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) has seen wide clinical use, such as for early detection of cerebrovascular diseases and whole body screening for tumors. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) standard phantom, which mimics the ADC values of several lesions in the body, is indispensable for the development of new pulse sequences for DWI, such as diffusion-weighted whole-body imaging with background body-signal suppression (DWIBS). However, information on the ADC values of the previously reported ADC standard phantoms is limited, because these phantoms were made using only a few different materials at a limited range of concentrations, and the ADC values were measured only at certain temperatures. It has been considered difficult, if not impossible, to create a phantom that provides arbitrary ADC values, because it is difficult to calculate the concentrations of the materials and the temperature at ADC measurement. In this study, we used polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a phantom material, and developed an empirical formula to calculate the PEG concentration at any measurement temperature to obtain arbitrary ADC values of the phantom. DWI images of phantoms made using seven different PEG concentrations were taken under heating from 17 to 46 degrees C at 1 degrees C intervals. Using ADC values calculated from these DWI images, we developed two empirical formulas: i) an empirical formula to calculate the ADC values of phantoms made using any PEG concentration at any measurement temperature; and ii) an empirical formula to calculate PEG concentrations to obtain arbitrary ADC values at any measurement temperature. We inspected the accuracy of these empirical formulas by newly made PEG phantoms. A comparison between the ADC values calculated with the empirical formulas and the measured ADC values confirmed the high accuracy of these formulas. PEG phantoms are safe, inexpensive and easy to make, compared with the previously reported ADC standard phantoms. Our empirical formulas enable us to calculate PEG concentrations that provide arbitrary ADC values at any measurement temperature. The empirical formulas could be used within a range of ADC values from 0.37x10(-3) to 3.67x10(-3) mm(2)/s, PEG concentrations from 0 to 120 mM, and measurement temperatures from 18 to 45 degrees C. Using these formulas, it would be possible to make standard phantoms that mimic the ADC values of any clinical lesions. The PEG phantom might thus be an excellent new ADC standard phantom for MRI with DWI.
Survival of Salmonella in Cheddar Cheese

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Salmonella newport, S. new-brunswick, and S. infantis were singly added to Cheddar cheese milk to evaluate the behavior of Salmonella in Cheddar cheese made from the milk and to obtain survival times when cheese was stored at different temperatures. Of a total of 48 lots of cheese inoculated with Salmonella, detectable numbers of these pathogens appeared in 16 samples aged at 4.5 C for 9 months and from six samples stored at 10 C. The information obtained under the conditions of this study indicates that these enteropathogenic microorganisms when initially present in large numbers in milk can survive for extended storage periods in Cheddar cheese of high pH made from the milk.