jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Tensile Strength of Natural and Lime Stabilized Mosul Clay

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Purpose of this study is to investigate mainly the tensile stress properties of natural and stabilized clayey soil selected from Mosul area .The tensile strengths of compacted specimens of natural soil and lime stabilized soil are obtained using the flexural test (third-point loading). The tensile and the compressive stress-strain curves of both soils are evaluated. The compressive strength on a portion of the beam is determined for both soils. The results reveal that both the tensile and compressive strengths increase with the addition of lime and with the increasing the curing time .Furthermore ,the results show that the tensile strength is more sensitive to lime stabilization than the compressive strength .The stress-strain curves of the stabilized specimens are rather irregular .All specimens, natural and stabilized show sudden type of failure .The method of analysis used for determining the tensile stress-strain curves are the direct method of analysis. Keywords:Tensile Strength, Lime Stabilization, Flexural Test, Mosul Clay, Irregular Stress Strain Curves
Entailment-based Linking Theory and Some Implications for Universal Language

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article shows that Dowty (1991)’s proto-agent and proto- patient set of entailments can be reduced to two discrete entailments: an unergative entailment and an unaccusative entailment. The former is an adaptation of –er noun formation in the sense that not all –er nouns in English refer to subjects, but all subjects of (di)transitive predicates and a subset of intransitive ones (the unergatives) allower noun formation. The latter entailment was proposed as a participle-adjective conversion rule by Bresnan (1982). Using these two entailments as tests for unaccusativity and unergativity, this article shows a more restrictive and predictive linking theory than Dowty (1991) and Wechsler (1995). Many verbs listed by them as exceptions (lexical doublets, nonstandard lexicalizations, syncategorematic verbs) are accounted for with the same Verber/Verbed Argument Selection Principle that accounts for Dowty’s principle and for Wechsler’s three linking rules.
Automated Design of Cryptographic Devices Resistant to Multiple Side-Channel Attacks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Balanced dynamic dual-rail gates and asynchronous circuits have been shown, if implemented correctly, to have natural and efficient resistance to side-channel attacks. Despite their benefits for security applications they have not been adapted to current mainstream designs due to the lack of electronic design automation support and their nonstandard or proprietary design methodologies. We present a novel asynchronous fine-grain pipeline synthesis methodology that addresses these limitations. It allows synthesis of asynchronous quasi delay insensitive circuits from standard high-level hardware description language (HDL) specifications. We briefly present a proof of concept differential dynamic power balanced micropipeline library cells that are approximately 6 times more balanced than the best (differential dynamic) cells designed using previous balancing methods. An implementation of the Advanced Encryption Standard based on these balanced cells and synthesized using our tool flow shows a 6.6 times throughput improvement over the synchronous automatically pipelined implementation using the same TSMC 0.18µm technology synthesized from the same HDL specification.
Recurrent Marijuana Induced Myocarditis: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thirty-Three states in the US have passed laws to legalize marijuana usage, increasing its prevalence by 50% within the last year. Though society generally regards cannabis as safe, the exponential increase in users can evince dangerous side effects in patients presenting to physicians, such as the case presented below. A 37-year-old female presented to the ED with chest pain and an initial troponin of 24 that peaked at 29. The coronary arteries were found to be angiographically normal. She was discharged without any definitive diagnosis. Now 38, she again presented with complaints of crushing, substernal chest pain radiating down her left arm, unrelieved by nitro. Since the onset of pain, she progressively developed shortness of breath, nausea, diaphoresis, and anxiety, stating that she felt like she âwas going to die.â Her presentation and impending sense of doom were ominous harbingers for a myocardial infarction; concerns that were validated with an initial troponin of 11.4. EKG showed normal sinus rhythm with nonspecific ST changes. CT Angiogram showed no evidence of pulmonary thrombo-embolism or dissection. Significant CAD leading to this extent of troponin elevation was not suspected as the patient had a normal angiogram a year prior. Stress-Induced Cardiomyopathy was unlikely based on the unremarkable echocardiogram findings. Coronary-Thrombus was considered, however, the hypercoagulable workup was negative along with lack of coronary thrombus on prior angiogram. Under these circumstances, the only explanation for the extent of troponin elevation was myocarditis. Viral infections are the most common cause of myocarditis, however the patient denied any associated symptoms. After ruling out viral etiologies, we subsequently evaluated and eliminated rheumatological disorders and medication-induced myocarditis. The patientâs history revealed that she led a healthy lifestyle, but had struggled with chronic back pain, which led to her cannabis use. By the time of her admission, she smoked up to 1.5 grams of cannabis a day, and stated that chest pain began immediately following smoking cannabis. Her previous episodes also correlated with her cannabis usage. Given the strong correlation of the patientâs symptoms with cannabis use, we theorized her cardiac stress was resultant from it, and recommended that she discontinue its use. To date there have been four reported cases of cannabis-induced myocarditis, making this a fifth case. Of note, the contaminants of marijuana may be variable and include substances like aluminum from soil or pesticides in grass that could traverse the marijuana plant. Inhaling such components has been correlated with an upregulation of cannabinoid receptors in platelets, vascular smooth muscle, and endothelium. CB1R activation has been observed to induce oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis of the cardiomyocyte. With increased cannabis use, it is imperative that we document adverse events to definitively connect its use to cardiac damage.
Development of Raw Materials and Technology for Pulping—A Brief Review

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Paper is one of the most significant inventions in human civilization, which considerably advanced global cultural development. Pulping is a key step in the conversion of fiber raw materials into paper. Since its inception, pulping has rapidly evolved, continually adapting to technological advancements. Researchers are constantly investigating various types of raw materials for pulping. In this review, some of the materials employed in pulping are outlined, and the fiber content, pulping method, as well as the strength of wood and non-wood crop straw as pulping raw materials are analyzed and discussed. In addition, this review explores the effects of different materials under various pulping conditions and assesses the future trends in raw material selection for pulping while considering the current global environmental pressures.
The application of TSIM in defining sills in coal seams: A case study at Coppabella Mine

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

SummaryThiel Surface Impedance Method (TSIM) is a surface electromagnetic device that uses VLF radio waves at a single frequency to measure apparent resistivity changes in the subsurface. The technique allows the interpreter to accurately delineate known geological features and identify previously unrecognised discontinuities.The aim of the TSIM survey at Coppabella Mine was to determine areas of heavy intrusion in the coal. The survey was conducted in a grid pattern with 16 lines and a total line length of 3,600 m.TSIM has been successfully used at Coppabella Mine to identify areas of low apparent resistivity occurring where intrusion is expected.
Life Changes and Menstrual Discomfort

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The present study addressed the relationship between the accumulation of life changes and problems with menstruation. Female college students completed a Life Experiences Survey, which assesses desirable and undesirable life changes, and a menstruation questionnaire, which contains items relevant to menstrual discomfort and irregularity. Correlational analyses showed that undersirable life changes were correlated with reports of number of symptoms of menstrual discomfort, but not irregularity. Separate analyses among oral contraceptive users and nonusers showed that the relationship between life changes and menstrual discomfort occurred only among nonusers. A regression of contraceptive use, desirable life changes, and undersirable life changes on factors derived from the menstruation questionnaire indicated that undesirable life changes was the strongest predictor of menstrual problems.
Boundary Value Problems for Linear Partial Differential Equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Boundary value problems play a significant role in modeling systems characterized by established conditions at their boundaries. On the other hand, initial value problems hold paramount importance in comprehending dynamic processes and foreseeing future behaviors. The fusion of these two types of problems yields profound insights into the intricacies of the conduct exhibited by many physical and mathematical systems regulated by linear partial differential equations. Boundary Value Problems for Linear Partial Differential Equations provides students with the opportunity to understand and exercise the benefits of this fusion, equipping them with realistic, practical tools to study solvable linear models of electromagnetism, fluid dynamics, geophysics, optics, thermodynamics and specifically, quantum mechanics. Emphasis is devoted to motivating the use of these methods by means of concrete examples taken from physical models. Features No prerequisites apart from knowledge of differential and integral calculus and ordinary differential equations. Provides students with practical tools and applications Contains numerous examples and exercises to help readers understand the concepts discussed in the book.
Tumor de células de la granulosa tipo juvenil tras la menopausia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Granulosa cell tumors are rare ovarian tumors. There are two histological types: adult and juvenile. Juvenile granulosa cell tumors account for 5%, with only 3% occurring in people over 30 years of age. Given the suspicion, the definitive intraoperative diagnosis is complex given its rarity and its easy confusion with other ovarian neoplasms. The cystic pattern with immature granulosa cells, with frequent mitosis, the absence of Call-Exner bodies and the immunocystic study confirm this. Its low prevalence makes it difficult to diagnose. The stage of the disease is the most important prognostic factor, and complete resection is essential. The role of complementary therapy is not well established, and the available studies include only a minimal number of cases, which do not differentiate between adult women. Adequate follow-up for the early detection of a possible late recurrence is a clinical challenge. Keywords: Granulosa cell tumor, Juvenile granulosa cell tumor, Ovarian neoplasms, Menopause.
Justice in warfare: The ethical debate over British area bombing of German cities in World War II

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During World War II the British Royal Air Force undertook a campaign of area bombing of German cities, resulting in hundreds of thousands of civilian casualties. The debate over the ethics of this policy began at the time and has continued to the present. Area bombing clearly violated the traditional Just War norms of discrimination and noncombatant immunity. Apologists for the bombing have argued that such norms are no longer applicable in conditions of modern total war; critics of the bombing disagree. This dissertation defends the continuing relevance and applicability of these norms, and argues that area bombing constituted a violation of the moral laws governing the conduct of warfare. The dissertation also shows that the seeming intractability of the ethical debate on area bombing results from the participants' positions being informed by distinct and often incompatible ethical traditions. To understand and evaluate the different positions in the debate, it is necessary to engage critically with these underlying traditions. \nThe dissertation shows how five ethical traditions touching on the norm of noncombatant immunity conditioned the positions taken by protagonists in the debate. The ethical traditions are Holy War / Crusade; Classical Realism; Christian Realism; Christian Just War / Jus in Bello; and Christian Pacifism. The first part of the dissertation explores the theoretical background and historical development of each of these traditions. The second part examines five protagonists in the British debate during World War II and analyzes how their positions were informed by the ethical traditions considered in the first part. The participants examined are Lord Vansittart (Holy War / Crusade), Captain Basil Liddell Hart (Classical Realism), Archbishop William Temple (Christian Realism), Bishop George Bell (Just War / Jus in Bello), and Vera Brittain (Christian Pacifism). The dissertation evaluates the strengths, weaknesses, and contributions of each of these traditions. By considering the voices raised against the area bombing at the time - especially those of Bishop Bell and Vera Brittain - the dissertation seeks to encourage theologically and ethically informed opposition to potential violations of the jus in bello norms in present and future conflicts.
Spermatogonial multiplication in the Chinese hamster. II. Cell cycle properties of undifferentiated spermatogonia.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The cell cycle properties of undifferentiated spermatogonia in the Chinese hamster were analysed by the fraction of labelled mitoses technique (FLM) in whole mounted seminiferous tubules. The minimum cell cycle time (Tc) was found to be c. 90 hr for the As and 87 hr for the Apr and Aal spermatogonia, which is appreciably longer than for the differentiating types A2-B2 spermatogonia (60 hr). This is mainly accounted for by a longer tG1. In general the variability in the duration of the cell cycle phases is greater than for differentiating spermatogonia. From the shape and position of the second peak of the FLM curve it could be concluded that the undifferentiated spermatogonia either cycle with a Tc of c. 87-90 hr, or become arrested in G1. This implies that the decrease in proliferative activity of the undifferentiated spermatogonia after stage IV takes place by the arrest of progressively more cells, i.e. by a gradual decrease of the growth fraction, and not by a gradual lengthening of tG1. The arrested cells either differentiate into A1 spermatogonia and divide in stage IX, or remain undifferentiated and are stimulated to enter S again during the following epithelial cycle. It could be deduced from the heights of the second FLM peaks of As and Apr spermatogonia that once triggered into active cycle, the daughter cells of As spermatogonia that became Apr have a greater chance to continue cycling than those that became new As cells.
Association of anti-citrullinated vimentin and anti-citrullinated alpha-enolase antibodies with subsets of rheumatoid arthritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective. To determine whether the anti- citrullinated vimentin peptide 60-75 (anti-Cit-vimentin) and the immunodominant anti-citrullinated alpha-enolase peptide 1 (anti-CEP-1) antibodies are associated with subsets of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) independently of the associations between anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies and clinical features of RA. Methods. The 3 antibody types were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum samples from 521 patients with RA and 173 healthy controls of Spanish ancestry. Genotypes for HLA-DRB1 alleles and rs2476601 in PTPN22 were available for these patients and controls plus an additional 106 healthy controls. A combined analysis of the 3 antibodies was conducted using stratified contingency tables and logistic regression models. Results. A differential, particularly strong, and independent association was observed between the presence of anti-Cit-vimentin antibodies and the presence of shared epitope (SE) alleles, specifically in patients carrying 2 SE alleles, and between the presence of anti- Cit-vimentin antibodies and the prevalence of joint erosion. Associations were observed between anti- CEP-1 positivity and the presence of HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22 risk alleles and their additive interaction. These associations were not accounted for by the anti- CCP status. Conclusion. Our results indicate that the 2 antibodies against citrullinated peptides analyzed in this study add specific information beyond that obtained with the anti-CCP status. They define subgroups of patients with RA in which genetic factors have different weight and there is an observed difference in the prevalence of erosions.
Problems associated with the interpretation of the results of regional and intra-articular anaesthesia in the horse

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The difficulties associated with the interpretation of the results of regional and intra-articular anaesthesia are discussed with reference to eight lame horses. The clinical and radiographic features of each horse are described, together with the results of anaesthesia. One horse had clinical and radiographic signs consistent with navicular disease but it was not possible to relieve the lameness. Two horses had fractures of bones within the foot but lameness was not improved by palmar (abaxial sesamoid) nerve blocks. One horse had more than one cause of lameness. Four horses had joint pathology but none responded to intra-articular anaesthesia.
Will the Euro Trigger More Monetary Unions in Africa?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We analyse the prospects for greater monetary integration in Africa, in the wake of EMU. We argue that the structural characteristics of African economies are quite different to the EMU members but that much can be gained from monetary cooperation, as an external agency of restraint and in promoting stability in the financial sector. EMU has only a marginal impact on the net benefits of monetary cooperation but the euro would be a natural anchor for any African monetary unions. Indeed, the most likely route to new monetary cooperation in Africa is via a common peg to the euro.
Binary-ternary collisions and the last significant digit of $n!$ in base 12

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The third-named author recently proved [Israel J. of Math. 258 (2023), 475--502] that there are infinitely many \textit{collisions} of the base-2 and base-3 sum-of-digits functions. In other words, the equation \[ s_2(n)=s_3(n) \] admits infinitely many solutions in natural numbers. We refine this result and prove that every integer $a$ in $\{1, 2, \ldots, 11\}$ appears as the last nonzero digit of $n!$ in base $12$ infinitely often.
Severity of coronary atherosclerosis related to lipoprotein concentration.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The influence of individual lipoproteins on the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was studied in 41 patients undergoing coronary angiography. The extent of athero-sclerosis was quantified by a coronary atherosclerosis score (CAS) based on the number and severity of lesions in eight proximal segments of the coronary circulation. The concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) showed a strong inverse association with CAS, which was independent of the effects of age and other lipoproteins. On multivariate analysis concentrations of other lipids--namely, total plasma cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and the combined effect of LDL cholesterol plus very-low-density lipoprotein triglyceride--showed direct, significant correlations with CAS, but these were weaker than that of HDL. This study shows that concentrations of several circulating lipoproteins are related to the severity of coronary atherosclerosis, HDL having an apparent retarding effect. These findings may partly explain the influence of lipoproteins on the development of clinical coronary heart disease.
Biocompacting livestock accelerate drowning of tidal salt marshes with sea level rise

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A global concern for coastal ecosystems is the predicted rise in sea-level for which salt marshes must keep pace by increasing in surface elevation sufficiently. Variables that control this elevation change need to be identified to predict the adaptability of marshes to future sea-level rise. Many European marshes are grazed by livestock and these heavy grazers can biocompact the soil, a process often underestimated in studies assessing the long-term survival of marshes. We measured elevation changes for thirteen years in the field in grazed and non-grazed marshes. With a statistical model the most important factors controlling rates of surface elevation change were identified and provided the input for a mathematical model to study future elevation change of grazed and non-grazed salt marshes up to 2100 under three Sea Level Rise and sediment supply scenarios. We found that trampling by grazing cattle significantly reduced the annual rates of elevation gain from 11.9 mm yr -1 in the non-grazed marsh to 3.6 mm yr -1 in the grazed marsh. Next to biocompaction by livestock, precipitation deficit and extreme drought resulted in extra compaction. Our model results showed that cattle presence had a negative impact on the future adaptability of salt marshes to grow vertically for rising sea levels. Biocompaction reduced the total elevation change by 42% if the current linear SLR does not accelerate. For an accelerating and high SLR to 109 cm +NAP in 2100, biocompaction reduced elevation changes by 12% and the grazed marsh can no longer outcompete the rise in sea level from around 2050 onwards, compared to the non-grazed marsh. The grazed marsh will slowly drown but this will not lead to a significant change in vegetation composition yet. For an extreme SLR to 195 cm +NAP in 2100 the elevation changes in both the grazed and non-grazed marshes cannot keep pace with the rise in sea level and the marsh vegetation is expected to show regression to plants typical for a low marsh. A reduction in sediment supply will aggravate the effects of SLR and may result in highly increasing inundation frequencies and subsequent disappearance of the marsh vegetation.