jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Vocabulary and Grammar Mastery on Students’ Reading Skill

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>Students’ lack of vocabulary and grammar knowledge can influence their reading skills. This research is aimed at finding the effects of vocabulary and grammar mastery on students’ reading skill. The fourth semester of UNINDRA students in Jakarta were the research participants. The sample was selected through simple random sampling. There were three variables; vocabulary and grammar mastery and English reading skill. Objective tests were administered to the students for the data. Correlation technique and multiple regressions were used for data analysis. The research findings reveal first significant effects of vocabulary and grammar mastery both partially and collectively on the students’ English reading skill, proved by Sig.0.000 &lt; 0.05 and Fo184.710, with correlation coefficient 0.90 and determination coefficient is 0.809 or 80.9%. The regression equation is: Y = 2.071+ 0.529X1 + 0.414X2. It means that the students’ English reading skill is strongly influenced by their vocabulary and grammar mastery. Secondly, there is a significant effect of vocabulary mastery on the reading skill of the fourth semester of UNINDRA students Jakarta, proved with the score of t observed = 5.263 &gt; t table= 1.987and Sig. 0.000 &lt; 0.05. Thirdly, there is a significant effect of grammar mastery on the reading skill of the fourth semester of UNINDRA students Jakarta proved with the score of t observed = 4.514 &gt; t table= 1.987and Sig. 0.000 &lt; 0.05. The conclusion is that there are significant effects of the students’ vocabulary and grammar mastery both partially and collectively on their reading skill.</p>
Producer–Scrounger Models and Aspects of Natural Resource Use

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Humans are using natural resources at unprecedented rates, a situation that could lead to various global catastrophes. To mitigate eventual consequences, the processes involved must be better understood. Resource use frequently involves groups; thus free-riding behavior must be expected. Exploitation of others’ efforts can dramatically alter how resources are utilized. This chapter argues that exploitation of harvesting efforts can be analyzed as a producer–scrounger evolutionary game. The presence of scroungers (exploiters) in a group usually decreases overall use of resources by the group. Factors that increase the proportion of scroungers can further decrease resource use. By contrast, aggression and the compatibility of scrounger and producer strategies elevate resource use. Encouraging scrounging may lower resource use, but this raises a moral dilemma: individual scrounging is bad, reduced resource overuse by the population is good. The consequences of cheating in natural resource management demands attention in future research.
Caffeinated Beverages—Unveiling Their Impact on Human Health

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Caffeine is among the most commonly used and consumed stimulants worldwide. It is a naturally occurring stimulant mainly found in coffee and tea. It is also present in sweetened beverages, which are very popular among young people. Recently, the consumption of energy drinks has been increasing, which are other examples of drinks containing caffeine. Is caffeine beneficial or harmful to human health? Due to its antioxidative properties, it has become attractive for many scientific studies. Caffeine consumption can have both positive and negative effects on the human body; it affects the activity of the digestive and respiratory systems, the function of the urinary tract, and the function of the central nervous system. Caffeine is a psychostimulant. It increases brain activity and alertness, reducing the perception of fatigue. Many people consume beverages containing caffeine to experience these effects, which can help them stay awake and focused. However, high consumption may not be beneficial to health; it is also associated with increased headaches and insomnia. The effects of caffeine on the body depend on its dosage, the type of drink consumed, and individual variability. It is also essential to know its effect on the body during pregnancy. This review discusses the latest knowledge about caffeine’s positive and negative impacts on the human body, as nowadays, more and more people, especially younger people, reach for energy drinks.
Multiscalar Institutional Work of System-Building Sustainable Entrepreneurs in Transitioning Coal Regions: A Case of an Energy Cluster

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: Social enterprise is a potential driver of sustainability at the community level in energy sector decarbonization. Research objectives: We ask how sustainable entrepreneurs’ embeddedness in the territorial and institutional contexts of a coal region in transition shapes their ability to exploit sustainable business opportunities, and how they can influence energy transition pathways. Research design and methods: We introduce the notion of system-building sustainable entrepreneurs, who develop breakthrough niche innovations. Our analytical framework employs a multilevel perspective and multiscalar analysis of institutional work is applied to the case study of an energy cluster. Results: We identified multiscalar institutional work of SBSEs operating in the niche, presenting the inhibiting and enabling factors at the regime and landscape levels. Although enabling factors created opportunities, they could only be exploited through institutional work. Conclusions: We identified three key factors shaping the ability of system-building sustainable entrepreneurs to exploit opportunities and shape transition pathways.
Latest improvements for spatial sound reinforcement: Configuration's automation, remote configuration using mobile devices, and object based room simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Fraunhofer IDMT presented in 2005 a sound reinforcement system based on the precedence effect which could recreate the natural spatial impression of static and dynamic sources on the stage regardless of the position of the listeners. Based on the experience learnt over the last years, this paper presents three different developments for this system. These improvements are related to the automatic determination of the configuration parameters, the multiuser adjustment of fine parameters on the tribune using portable devices and a new room simulation approach which takes into consideration both source and listener's dependencies.
Transference of multiple resistance to peanut through the development of cross-compatible complex hybrids of wild Arachis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a tetraploid species with an A and B genome, while the majority of wild Arachis species are diploid with distinct genomes. In pre-breeding programs, one way to introgress interesting wild genes into peanut is by producing amphidiploids. This study aimed at the hybridization between distinct amphidiploids and their characterization, to combine high crossability with peanut, observed in some amphidiploids, with high pest and disease resistances observed in others. These new hybrids were called complex hybrids. Four amphidiploids previously obtained were crossed at four different combinations, and the derived complex hybrids were crossed with four peanut cultivars. Morphological, reproductive, chromosome complement, molecular markers for hybrid identification, phytopatological, and entomological characterizations were performed on the complex hybrids. All cross combinations resulted in complex hybrids. One complete complement of each diploid progenitor was confirmed in each hybrid. Plants of six distinct hybrid combinations were obtained between the complex hybrids and peanut. Based on morphological characterization, differences among progenies from distinct cross combinations were observed. Complex hybrids were considered more resistant to all diseases and pests than peanut cultivars. The simultaneous introgression of genes from four wild Arachis species into peanut was possible through the development of complex hybrids.
Image processing of dark-field electron micrographs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the conventional transmission microscope, dark-field image contrast and resolution can be enhanced, when a central beam-stop aperture is used, by eliminating the contribution of the inelastic scattering to image formation. The elastic image is a sharp function of defocus over a limited range, while the inelastic image does not change appreciably with an amount of defocus that would effectively remove the sharp elastic image. It is demonstrated that subtraction analysis by optical or computer techniques using two dark-field micrographs at different focus values will substantially reduce the inelastic contribution to the image. Results for uranyl-stained SV40-DNA are presented.
Spreadable Action: Mapping Connections between the Arts and Action Research through an Arts-Based Research Exhibition

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Many Canadian immigrant seniors living independently in Canada face unique challenges such as language barriers, adjusting to a new culture, and isolation from friends and family. Within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic these issues have become more complicated. This article explores a form of arts-based research (ABR) as an inquiry into ways that COVID-19 has impacted immigrant seniors in Vancouver, Canada. We situate our inquiry within action research (AR) and explore new methodological possibilities stimulated by merging artistic engagement within the inquiry. Our research is mobilized through two gallery exhibitions of Letters to COVID: an invitation to visually reflect on seniors’ experiences. We consider what we might do to facilitate support for these citizens, inviting the public to rethink perceptions and strategies of social inclusion and support for immigrant seniors living independently in Canada.
Electromyogram-gas cystometrogram: its use in the management of neurogenic bladder of spinal cord injury.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The electromyogram (emg)-gas cystometrogram was used to study spinal-cord-injured patients with indwelling catheters before trial of voiding (TOV) to remove an indwelling catheter. Twenty-four patients were studied during 27 consecutive admissions. A coaxial needle electrode was placed in the external urethral sphincter. The output of a cystometer was simultaneously recorded on the emg printout so that the relationship of the shpincter response to distention of the bladder could be observed. Of 10 patients without bladder contractions, 7 had active urethral sphincters and 6 of these failed to achieve less than 50 ml residual thereby failing the TOV. The seventh patient succeeded in the trial and on subsequent study was found to have developed bladder contractions with a coordinated bladder-sphincter synergy. The 3 patients without bladder contractions or sphincter activity succeeded in their TOV using Credé's method. Seventeen patients with bladder contractions were divided into synergic, nonsynergic and partially synergic patterns. The 3 patients with synergic patterns succeeded in their TOV. Thirteen of 14 nonsynergic or partially synergic patients failed the TOV. The 1 nonsynergic patient who succeeded had bladder contractions of 70 cm of water compared to a mean of 28 cm of water for all other patients with bladder contraction. The emg-gas cystometrogram was helpful in selecting those patients who were successful in removing the Foley catheter. Important factors governing success in the multiple effort trial of voiding were the amplitude of the detrusor contraction, the presence of detrusor-sphincter synergy and the presence of a flaccid sphincter.
Water Based Inks for Flexographic Printing

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Clean Air Acts have identified solvents typically used as vehicles in flexographic inks as precursors of ground level ozone, a major cause of health problems for people with respiratory ailments. Hazardous waste regulations (RCRA) restrict disposal options for all wastes mixed \nwith solvents from these inks that are easily ignited. Some of these inks are classified as listed wastes if specific solvents are part of the composition. A typical flexographic ink for film substrates, as applied in the ink fountain, has approximately 60%-80% of its weight in solvent such as Ethanol, N-propyl Alcohol, Isopropanol, Heptane and n-Propyl Acetate. These are all VOCs and flammable. Some inks and diluent solvents include Methyl Ethyl Ketone, Methyl IsoButyl Ketone, Toluene, Ethyl Acetate, etc., all of which are listed as (F) wastes. Waterbased inks provide an alternative to these solvents and a means of eliminating both \npollution and many of the regulatory constraints on the printer.
Lophostoma carrikeri (Allen, 1910) (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae): first confirmed records in Ecuador

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Herein we confirm the occurrence of Lophostoma carrikeri in Ecuador. One adult female was collected in Orellana province on 17 September 2012 at Boanamo, Waorani Ethnic Reserve, and another on 5 May 2013 at Yasuni Research Station, Yasuni National Park. These records extend the distributional range of the species about 570 km northwest of the nearest previously known record in Jenaro Herrera, Loreto, Peru. Both Ecuadorian localities are characterized by well-conserved primary Terra Firme rainforest. Morphological characters of the specimens presented here broaden the known intraspecific variation in this taxon, including uniformly dark ears without white margins, undeveloped sagittal crests, and smaller forearm size than previously reported. In addition, information on ectoparasites for this species in Ecuador is provided.
Non-finite Structures as a Means of Condensation in Scientific Style

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This work deals with one of the specifics of the syntax of scientific style in English, namely, the use of non-finite structures. Main attention will be paid to the use of these structures as a means of condensation, with the aim to find out how the condensity of these structures is achieved and in which cases they can be considered to be alternatives to full clauses. First, this will be done from the theoretical point of view: the three main types of non-finite structures, i.e. infinitive, gerund and participle, will be presented and their condensing uses as nominal, relative and adverbial clauses will be analysed. In the following analysis of a scientific text, the frequency of occurence of the types in the particular functions will be discussed (in this connection some unclear cases for the analysis will be mentioned). The focus will be laid especially on the effectivity of these structures as a means of condensation in scientific style, on the meaning conveyed by them and the factors that influence the possibility of seeing them as condensed full clauses.
Karakteristik Mutu Kimia Pempek dan Potensi Cemaran Logam Berat (Pb dan Cd) di Kota Palembang

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of his research was to determine the chemical characteristics and the heavy metal (Pb and Cd) content on producers in Palembang. The research was conducted on February 2014 until March 2014. The results obtained in this study were analyzed using descriptive methods. Parameters observed were chemical analysis (moisture content, protein content, fat content, ash content and carbohydrate content) and analysis of heavy metals lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Chemical characteristics of pempek lenjer in this study with the range of water content between 48.89%-66.92%, ash content 1.01%-5.80%, protein content 0.042%-2.027%, fat content 1.01%-1.67% and carbohydrates 22.64%-39.05%. Where as lead (Pb) < 0.0104 mg/kg was detected on concentration less than and cadmium (Cd) < 0.0006 mg/kg.
Laboratory pentacene and parylene evaporation systems for fabricating organic thin film devices

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We have developed inexpensive and automated physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition systems for processing pentacene and parylene, respectively for laboratory research purpose. The systems are automated with LABVIEW control software. Only a regulated DC power supply is needed and the silicon control rectifier and the complications associated with the inductance of step-down transformers are eliminated. The integration of the systems with a glovebox opens up a range of new applications.
Improving disease resistance in chickens: divergent selection on natural antibodies

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Natural antibodies (NAb) are antibodies recognizing antigens without previous exposure to this antigen. Keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH)-binding NAb titers in chickens are heritable, and higher KLH-binding NAb titers have been associated with higher survival. This suggests that breeding for higher NAb titers might improve general disease resistance. A purebred White Leghorn chicken line was divergently selected and bred on total KLH-binding NAb titers at 16 weeks of age for 6 generations, and resulted in a High and Low line. The average estimated breeding value differences in KLH-binding NAb titers increased with 0.36 for total, 0.40 for IgM, and 0.32 for IgG per generation. Generations 4 and 6 of the selection lines were inoculated with an avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) at 8 days of age. Mortality and morbidity after 1 week were signicantly reduced in the High line compared to the Low line, which suggests a higher APEC resistance in the High line compared to the Low line. To investigate possible correlated responses on the immune system, several traits were measured at different ages in several generations: the High line showed higher different NAb titers at different ages, antibody concentrations, percentage of antibody-producing B cells, and bursa weight at young age compared to the Low line. This suggests that KLH-binding NAb selection has a favourable correlated response on the humoral adaptive immune system. No line differences were observed for T cells, γδ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and antigen-presenting cells (APC). This might indicate that the selection had no unfavourable correlated responses on other parts of the immune system. This selection experiment shows that selective breeding on total KLH-binding NAb titers at 16 weeks of age is possible, and that selection for higher NAb has a benecial effect on resistance to APEC infection. In addition, the selection experiment suggests a promising opportunity for improving general disease resistance without unfavourable correlated selection responses.
Transcriptional activation mediated by the yeast AP-1 protein is required for normal cadmium tolerance.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The yeast YAP1 gene encodes a transcriptional regulatory protein that utilizes a basic region-leucine zipper (bZip) DNA-binding domain to recognize its cognate DNA element. A synthetic reporter gene containing a SV40 AP-1 response element (ARE) cloned upstream of a TRP5 promoter-lacZ gene fusion shows yAP-1-dependent transactivation in vivo. Recent work has shown that changes in the gene dosage of this factor can dramatically alter the ability of a cell to tolerate a host of toxic agents including cadmium, cycloheximide, and sulfometuron methyl. We have focused on the YAP1-dependent cadmium resistance as cells that lack a functional YAP1 gene are hypersensitive to this metal. Deletion mapping experiments define two domains in the carboxyl-terminal region of the yAP-1 protein that are required for normal cadmium tolerance and ARE-TRP5-lacZ expression. Single amino acid substitutions in the bZip domain of yAP-1 indicate that this region is required for normal DNA binding and in vivo function of the protein. Replacement of a non-canonical asparagine with leucine in the yAP-1 leucine zipper leads to production of a defective protein. A substitution mutation in the basic domain converts this mutant protein into a dominant negative factor. The ability of yAP-1 to act as a positive regulator of transcription is required for its biological action.
Effects of the 1978 Land Use Act on Sustainable Mining and Petroleum Industries in Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study examined and appraised the effects of the 1978 land use act on sustainable mining and petroleum industries in Nigeria. It identified the vital land policies that guaranteed smooth land acquisition, operation and management in these industries. The study attempted to find answers to the research questions by using a survey design and a precise sampling technique to collect data from 200 respondents with the aid of a 53 item questionnaire. Data for this study was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and the chi-square (x2) was used to test the two hypotheses posed for the research at a 5% significant level. The findings revealed that the 1978 land use act has enabled the government meet the land needs of Nigerian, especially for developmental need in mining, gas and petroleum industries. This was shown from the data analyzed through the question on whether the land use act has not endangered rapid urban and rural infrastructural developments where 43 (21.5%) strongly agreed, 88 (44%) agreed, 22 (11%) disagreed and 23 (11.5%) strongly disagreed to this. The study recommended the right sense of justice and fairness to be played by the government in terms of land use administration to greatly reduce further allegations and critics by Nigerians in terms of this act enriching government officers.
Effects of streptozotocin diabetes and fasting on intracellular sodium and adenosine triphosphate in rat soleus muscle.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The hypothesis that part of the insulin transduction system consists of a co‐ordinated stimulation of the Na pump and of Na‐H exchange by the hormone (Moore, 1981) requires that insulin plays a physiological role in the regulation of intracellular Na+. Moreover, this model predicts that in hypoinsulinaemic states, such as diabetes and fasting, intracellular pH and intracellular ATP levels would be depressed. The present study tests the hypothesis that in hypoinsulinaemic states intracellular Na+ is increased and intracellular ATP is decreased by measuring these parameters in soleus muscles removed from both diabetic and fasted rats. When rats were made diabetic by injection of streptozotocin (SZ) plasma insulin significantly decreased by 24 hr and plasma glucose and triglyceride levels increased. Intracellular Na+ was significantly elevated by 48 hr after injection of SZ. The elevation ranged from 18 to 48% and persisted for the duration of the experimental observation (up to 28 days). Intracellular ATP decreased significantly by the seventh day after SZ injection and remained depressed by about 24% for the duration (35 days) of the observation. In one series, a significant negative correlation was seen between plasma insulin levels and intracellular Na+ of both SZ‐diabetic animals and their controls. Intracellular Na+ also significantly increased when hypoinsulinaemia was induced by fasting. Again, intracellular ATP did not decrease until after the elevation of intracellular Na+. After 72 hr of fasting, intracellular ATP was still decreased in spite of normal plasma glucose levels. Insulin therapy of SZ diabetic rats restored intracellular ATP and plasma glucose to normal, but did not restore intracellular Na+ to normal levels. The results confirm two predictions of the ‘insulin transduction system model (Moore, 1981). Most strongly supported is that part of the model which indicates that the Na pump is regulated by physiological levels of insulin. This is especially convincing since hypoinsulinaemia produced by a non‐pharmacological procedure, fasting, was associated with an increase in intracellular Na+.