jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Understanding Economic Policy Reform

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

One of the eventual consequences of the global debt crisis that erupted in 1982 was a wave of market-oriented economic reforms, the likes of which have never been seen. The reforms were strongest and most sustained in Latin America, where countries like Bolivia, Mexico, Argentina, Peru, Colombia, and Brazil joined Chile in orthodoxy. Stabilization and structural adjustment became the primary preoccupation of government leaders in Asia and Africa as well, even though the commitment to economic orthodoxy varied across countries and over time. The distinction between microeconomic distortions and macroeconomic stability is one that economists have long recognized. Yet it is also one that has made little impression on the development profession. It became commonplace to view the debt crisis as the consequence of import-substitution ("inward-oriented") policies. Most economists have now come to the realization that good economic advice requires an understanding of the political economy of the situation.
(A and B) miR-181a expression in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells and PMA/LPS-induced THP-1 cells; (C and D) intracellular IL1a levels in LPS-induced Raw264.7 cells and PMA/LPS-induced THP-1 cells; (E) effects of miR-181a mimics on chemiluminescence values in Cos-7 cells (transfected with pRLTK containing L1a-3′-UTR or its mutated variant).

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Data are expressed as mean ± SD (n = 3), **<i>P</i><0.01 vs. values at 0 h (A–D), **<i>P</i><0.01 vs. negative control (NC, E).</p>
Bridging the gap in aberrant root canal systems: Case series

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Endodontic success depends on accurate diagnosis, complete debridement of diseased pulp tissue, and adequate disinfection of the root canal system. It is essential to have a solid grasp of root canal variations. Inadequate knowledge of complex root canal configurations can lead to missed canals, failure to negotiate canal deviations, bifurcations, trifurcations, anastomoses, fins, and isthmuses, thereby complicating treatment. This case series focuses on the importance of diagnosis, radiographic interpretation, and treatment planning in managing maxillary first premolars and mandibular second premolars with aberrant canal anatomy.
Bringing together Queensland's primary health care policy and research communities

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

OrganisationUniversity of QueenslandAims & Rationale/ObjectivesPHCRED Qld have been actively engaging health professionals as part of the RCBI initiative. While in previous years various mainstream strategies have been employed, it was decided to adopt an alternative approach by organizing a Primary Health Care (PHC) research policy showcase.MethodsThe purpose of the event was to bring researchers and policy makers together to achieve a more cooperative and targeted approach to PHC research; and to initiate discussion on health policy priorities at State and Departmental level so that the research sector can more actively contribute to health policy and planning in the future. The Showcase focussed on chronic disease, workforce and evidence-based practicePrincipal FindingsThe policy showcase was initiated through discussions directly with the Queensland Minister for Health who has been very supportive of the process. Many key senior health researchers and health policy makers contributed to the showcase. It is envisaged that the alignment of a more collaborative approach between the academic sector, general practice organisations, professional colleges, service providers and primary health care related bodies will lead to more appropriate use of scarce health and research resources. [Additional findings will be available after the event on 5th March.]ImplicationsThe Showcase has the potential to offer a unique opportunity for PHCRED to support the establishment of better links within the PHC sector at a state level. It is hoped that this will lead to better informed health care policy, service delivery and health outcomes for Queenslanders.
Exoelectron Emission from Tin Oxide Materials

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The results of research on exoelectron emission (EEE) from the surfaces of three various materials (pure Sn-Ce-Rh-O, and applied both to sensor technology, i.e., to resistive gas sensors, and to heterogeneous catalysis is presented. The materials reveal different properties in both fields. The studied materials were produced on the basis of tin dioxide, which is the major gas-sensitive component of high sensitivity and low selectivity. Pure as a catalyst in primary alcohol condensation to ketone, is characterized by a high level of conversion but low selectivity, and consequently, a comparable yield of such products as aldehyde, ketone, or ester. The two-phase composition Sn-Ru-O-Pt applied as oxide catalyst to the studied condensation is characterized by the highest activity at low temperatures among the studied materials and low selectivity. Composition Sn-Ce-Rh-O, contrary to the previous materials, shows the so-called anomalous response of gas sensors, i.e., in the presence of reductive gases its resistance increases rather than decreases, while in the studied reaction, as a heterogeneous catalyst, clearly high selectivity and yield of ketone results. EEE measurements allow us to suppose that the qualitative measure of the oxygen molecule adsorption is the rate of EEE decay from the surfaces of the materials. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Global sensitivity analysis of DRAINMOD-FOREST, an integrated forest ecosystem model

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Global sensitivity analysis is a useful tool to understand process-based ecosystem models by identifying key parameters and processes controlling model predictions. This study reported a comprehensive global sensitivity analysis for DRAINMOD-FOREST, an integrated model for simulating water, carbon (C), and nitrogen (N) cycles and plant growth in lowland forests. The analysis was carried out for multiple long-term model predictions of hydrology, biogeochemistry, and plant growth. Results showed that long-term mean hydrological predictions were highly sensitive to several key plant physiological parameters. Long-term mean annual soil organic C content and mineralization rate were mainly controlled by temperature-related parameters for soil organic matter decomposition. Mean annual forest productivity and N uptake were found to be mainly dependent upon plant production-related parameters, including canopy quantum use efficiency and carbon use efficiency. Mean annual nitrate loss was highly sensitive to parameters controlling both hydrology and plant production, while mean annual dissolved organic nitrogen loss was controlled by parameters associated with its production and physical sorption. Parameters controlling forest production, C allocation, and specific leaf area highly affected long-term mean annual leaf area. Results of this study could help minimize the efforts needed for calibrating DRAINMOD-FOREST. Meanwhile, this study demonstrates the critical role of plants in regulating water, C, and N cycles in forest ecosystems and highlights the necessity of incorporating a dynamic plant growth model for comprehensively simulating hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of the genus Hemiphyllodactylus Bleeker, 1860 (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Goa, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURE 4. live photos of Hemiphyllodactylus goaensis sp. nov. (A) male holotype, BNHS 2846, and (B) female paratype BNHS 2848. Photos by Akshay Khandekar.
Enhancing accessibility in multi-learner virtual reality platform

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Purpose This study aims to investigate and propose guidelines to enhance the accessibility of virtual reality (VR) interfaces for all users within professional learning environments. Motivated by a lack of comprehensive accessibility guidelines for VR learning, the study delves into a case study of Edstutia’s VR campus. Design/methodology/approach This case study examines the intersection of VR platform development and learning experience design through the lens of accessibility in human-computer interaction. It elaborates on how user experience feedback from differently-abled learners who were unable to fully participate in the VR experience due to disability shaped the 2.0 version development of a VR platform. Findings The outcomes of this case study are (1) a description of an inclusive and empathetic design application to increase multi-learner VR platform accessibility, (2) a sample actionable path from a design/development perspective in ensuring the accessibility design of a VR learning platform, and recommendations to facilitate the design process. Research limitations/implications This case is a foundation for further research on improving accessibility in VR. In future work on VR campuses, we recommend scholars undertake research with an inclusive approach that actively involves users with different abilities in shaping guidelines, particularly on how individuals with different abilities should be approached for their input during the design and development process in a sensitive manner. Practical implications The authors summarize the steps taken to enhance the accessible interplay between the end users and the interface of VR technology in the emergence of VR accessibility standards. Central to this case’s exploration is the integration of accessibility as a pivotal element into an academic VR campus, i.e. multilearner education platform. Social implications Increasing access to VR has strong social implications in a world where 17% of people report a disability. Originality/value This case contributes to the limited research available on increasing access to VR on campuses.
Russia's security policy under Putin: a critical perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book examines the evolution of Russia’s security policy under Putin in the 21st century, using a critical security studies approach. \n \nDrawing on critical approaches to security the book investigates the interrelationship between the internal-external nexus and the politics of (in)security and regime-building in Putin’s Russia. In so doing, it evaluates the way that this evolving relationship between state identities and security discourses framed the construction of individual security policies, and how, in turn, individual issues can impact on the meta-discourses of state and security agendas. To this end, the (de)securitisation discourses and practices towards the issue of Chechnya are examined as a case study. \n \nIn so doing, this study has wider implications for how we read Russia as a security actor through an approach that emphasises the importance of taking into account its security culture, the interconnection between internal/external security priorities and the dramatic changes that have taken place in Russia’s conceptions of itself, national and security priorities and conceptualisation of key security issues, in this case Chechnya. These aspects of Russia’s security agenda remain somewhat of a neglected area of research, but, as argued in this book, offer structuring and framing implications for how we understand Russia’s position towards security issues, and perhaps those of rising powers more broadly. \n \nThis book will be of much interest to students of Russian security, critical security studies and IR.
How moderation affects remote psychophysical tasks with children

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The increasing use of remote platforms for auditory research necessitates more in-depth evaluation of assessment protocols, especially when working with children. This work investigates the influence of the presence of a moderator on remote audiovisual speech perception studies, by assessing how moderation impacts children's understanding and performance of the psychophysical tasks as well as their attention on these tasks. In sum, moderated and unmoderated methods can reliably assess audiovisual speech perception benefits. However, regardless of similar error patterns between both studies, unmoderated online studies with children are prone to more general attention lapses as suggested by higher overall error rates.
Natural killer cells: diversity in search of a

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Over the years, the enigmatic lifestyle of natural killer (NK) cells has fascinated immunologists. Elucidating the principles governing NK cell biology is a constant source of surprise, as these lymphocytes often break the rules of lymphocyte ‘behavior’ established by their T and B cell counterparts. In this Focus issue, experts address how NK cells have secured a fundamental place in the immune system, how they ‘see’ their targets and how they participate in and influence immune responses. We now need to understand how environmental ‘niches’ condition the generation and function of distinct NK cell subsets in vivo. Ultimately, we can hope that unraveling the mysteries of how these atypical lymphocytes function will have an impact on human disease therapies.NK cells entered the immunological lexicon some thirty years ago with the discovery of cells that had a peculiar capacity to kill certain target cells in vitro without previous sensitization
Baseline Characteristics of Participants in the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract —Diuretics and β-blockers have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in people with hypertension in long-term clinical trials. No study has compared newer more costly antihypertensive agents (calcium antagonists, ACE inhibitors, and α-adrenergic blockers) with diuretics for reducing the incidence of cardiovascular disease in an ethnically diverse group of middle-aged and elderly hypertensive patients. The study is a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled clinical trial designed to determine whether the incidence of the primary outcome, fatal coronary heart disease or nonfatal myocardial infarction, differs between treatment initiation with a diuretic versus each of 3 other antihypertensive drugs. Men and women aged ≥55 years with at least 1 other cardiovascular disease risk factor were randomly assigned to chlorthalidone (12.5 to 25 mg/d), amlodipine (2.5 to 10 mg/d), lisinopril (10 to 40 mg/d), or doxazosin (2 to 8 mg/d) for planned follow-up of 4 to 8 years. This report describes the baseline characteristics of the Antihypertensive and Lipid Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) participants. A total of 42 448 participants were randomized from 625 sites in the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, and the US Virgin Islands. The mean age was 67 years, with 35% aged ≥70 years. Among those randomized, 36% were black, 19% were Hispanic, and 47% were women. The sample includes a high proportion of people with diabetes (36%), patients with existing cardiovascular disease (47%), and smokers (22%). There were no important differences between the randomized treatment groups at baseline. ALLHAT will add greatly to our understanding of the management of hypertension by providing an answer to the following question: are newer antihypertensive agents similar, superior, or inferior to traditional treatment with diuretics?
Canadian cultural policy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this chapter, we will engage with the most important policy rationales that shape public discourse on culture in Canada. Some policy theorists describe these ideational components of policy as "referentials"– dominant ideas and shared meanings that serve to structure policies and policy sub-sectors (e.g. cultural policy). In Canada, identity is a dominant referential that has shaped cultural policy development. Discussions about democratization of culture, accessibility, and elitism (Mulcahy, 2006) are part of the federal and provincial cultural policies' history, but not to a lesser extent. What is distinctive about the debate over Canadian cultural policy and identity is the growing place it has afforded to discourses on citizenship and human rights– discourses that are increasingly part of the policies' fabric. Multiculturalism remains the most important rationale in Canadian cultural policy. This is perceptible in the federal cultural policy, but is also noticeable in many of the provinces' approaches to the cultural sector– with the exception of the province of Québec, which entertains a different idea about culture, citizenship, and cultural inclusion.
Structural Engineering on Pt-Free Electrocatalysts for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent decades, plenty of nanomaterials have been investigated as electrocatalysts for the replacement of the expensive platinum (Pt) counter electrode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The key function of the electrocatalyst is to reduce tri-iodide ions to iodide ions at the electrolyte/counter electrode interface. The performance of the electrocatalyst is usually determined by two key factors, i.e., the intrinsic heterogeneous rate constant and the effective electrocatalytic surface area of the electrocatalyst. The intrinsic heterogeneous rate constant of the electrocatalyst varies by different types of materials, which can be roughly divided into five groups: non-Pt metals, carbons, conducting polymers, transition metal compounds, and their composites. The effective electrocatalytic surface area is determined by the nanostructure of the electrocatalyst. In this chapter, the nanostructural design and engineering on different types of Pt-free electrocatalysts will be systematically introduced. Also, the relationship between various nanostructures of electrocatalysts and the pertinent physical/electrochemical properties will be discussed.
Dependence of Rewritable Characteristics on Dye and TiO<sub>2</sub> Concentrations in Wax-Based Electrophoretic Thin Media

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Wax-based electrophoretic rewritable media have been investigated since they potentially have good preservation characteristics. Reducing the thickness of rewritable media is critical for reducing the writing/erasing energy of wax-based rewritable media. The present study investigates the effect of rewritable media thickness. Samples of with dye concentrations of 0, 0.03, and, 0.07 wt. % and TiO2 concentrations of 2.5, 5, and 10 wt. % with respect to wax were prepared with media thicknesses of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mm and their rewritable characteristics were evaluated. The Kubelka-Munk equation was applied to investigate the dependence of the reflection of the dyed side on the dye and TiO2 concentrations and the absorption coefficient of the dye was estimated. It was found that a TiO2 concentration of 5 wt. % and a dye concentration of 0.07 wt. % give suitable display characteristics for cells with thicknesses of 0.1-0.2 mm. A preliminary rewrite experiment was performed on an enlarged dot cell.
Neuroendocrine regulatory role of Merkel cells in the pathogenesis of psoriasis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It has been confirmed that neuroendocrine regulation involves in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, but the association between neuroendocrine and skin immune is still unknown. The present study aimed to explore the relationship of Merkel cells in the skin lesions and the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The ultrastructure of Merkel cells was observed under an electron microscope and immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expressions of CK20, CK19, CK18, S100A7, SP and CD13 in the skin lesions of psoriasis patients and normal controls. Our results showed the neuroendocrine granules in the Merkel cells increased significantly at the progressive stage of psoriasis; the expressions of CK20, CK19 and CK18 in the skin lesions were markedly higher than those in normal controls, the CK20 expression at the progressive stage was significantly higher than that at the initial stage and recovery stage; the expressions of S100A7, SP and CD13 in the skin lesions at the progressive stage were higher than those in the initial stage and recovery stage and positively related to the CK20 expression. Merkel cells may play an important neuroendocrine regulatory role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Key words: Merkel cell, psoriasis neuroendocrine, pathogenesis.
Modeling Driver Behavior in a road network with route choice based on real time traffic information

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications require a thorough understanding of drivers' route choice behavior in a complex network under real-time information. The purpose of this paper is to describe and model driver route choice behavior in a road network based on real time traffic information at the disaggregate individual level and from a psychological decision-making process perspective. The framework of routing choice and driver dynamic route choice behavior model that uses concepts from Decision Field Theory (DFT) and Bayesian belief network (BBN) is proposed. A real-time planning algorithm for route choice processes is discussed in great detail. Using this algorithm, a driver develops his route dynamically until he reaches his destination. The simulation results show that the combination of DFT and BBN can effectively describe the driver's travel dynamics behavior . DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v12i3.4466 Full Text: PDF
The incorporation of67Ga in normal and malignant cells and its dependence on growth rate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The cellular incorporation of 67Ga was investigated in a murine ascites tumour and in normal bone marrow cells from mice. In both tissues a high proliferation rate corresponded to a high incorporation of 67Ga, and it is suggested that the concentration of 67Ga in the cells, malignant or nonmalignant, is related to, or possibly dependent on, the rate of cellular proliferation in the tissue.
AdvanCT EURAMET project, Southampton XCT scan data, Sphere sample, fast scan

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

AdvanCT EURAMET project, Southampton XCT scan data, Double ruby sphere sample, fast scan 20181107_HUTCH_2074_HD_6mm_ideal_1fpp_2W 6mm ruby spheres, touching Data acquisition system: Custom Nikon metrology custom x-ray tomography system Detector: PerkinElmer XRD 1621 CN3 – HS, 2000x2000 pixels, 200 μm2 pixel size. Nikon 225kVp reflection target microfocus source 134ms exposure per frame, 90kVp, 22 μA, 3143 projections, 7 minutes, no shuttling, continuous motion scanning mode S2O: 27.8778991699219 S2D: 799.6818