jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE CONCENTRATION OF THE PLASMA PROTEINS IN NEPHRITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In nephrosclerosis (Volhard and Fahr classification of nephritis) there was no decrease in the plasma proteins. With heart failure the ratio of albumin to globulin fell from the normal 1.7 ± 0.3 to about 1. There is a sharp difference between the two types of glomerulonephritis in the effect on plasma proteins. In the vascular-interstitial type the effect was the same as in nephrosclerosis. There was no decrease in the plasma proteins until shortly before death. In the glomerulotubular or nephrotic type, active or recently active, the total plasma proteins were less than 5 gm. per 100 cc. This decrease from the normal 5.5 to 7.5 occurred whether edema was present or absent. The decrease affected chiefly the albumin, the globulin being usually diminished but little, and sometimes slightly increased. Consequently the ratio of albumin to globulin was reduced to less than 1, and occasionally to 0.6. In nephrosis similar changes were found in the total protein concentration but in severe cases the decrease in albumin was greater than in nephrotic glomerulonephritis while the globulin was either very slightly reduced or was increased. The albumin : globulin ratio was therefore lower than in nephrotic glomerulonephritis, ranging down to 0.26. With the disappearance of edema there was usually an increase in the plasma protein concentration, but this was not invariable, and concentrations of 4.5 per cent or less were compatible with the persistent absence of edema. The ratio of albumin to globulin showed an irregular tendency to rise. Whenever the total concentration was less than 4 per cent there was some edema present, but it was sometimes slight in amount. With recovery in acute cases, and remission with decrease of proteinuria in chronic cases, normal concentrations were regained. The albumin : globulin ratio remained low in some instances for a longer period on account of an absolute increase in globulin concentration. In "functional proteinuria" no change in plasma proteins was found. Low plasma protein concentrations were always associated with considerable losses of protein in the urine, but these losses did not provide an explanation for all our observations. A disturbance in the production of the plasma proteins appears probable.
Subgroup Discovery with Small and Alternative Feature Sets

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Subgroup-discovery methods find interesting regions in a dataset. In this article, we analyze two constraint types to enhance the interpretability of subgroups: First, we make subgroup descriptions small by limiting the number of features used. Second, we propose the novel problem of finding alternative subgroup descriptions, which cover a similar set of data objects as a given subgroup but use different features. We describe how to integrate both constraint types into heuristic subgroup-discovery methods as well as a novel Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) formulation, which enables a solver-based search for subgroups. Further, we prove NP -hardness of optimization with either constraint type. Finally, we evaluate unconstrained and constrained subgroup discovery with 27 binary-classification datasets. We observe that heuristic search methods often yield high-quality subgroups fast, even with constraints.
A Case of Becker's Nevus with Osteoma Cutis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Becker's nevus is a relatively common acquired focal epidermal melanotic hypermelanosis usually found in the region of the shoulder girdle of young men. Various skeletal malformations and cutaneous dermatoses have been reported in Becker's nevus. Osteoma cutis is a rare disorder characterized by compact bone formation in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. Secondary ossification on nevi has been reported, but not with Becker's nevus. Herein, we report a case of Becker's nevus with accompanying osteoma cutis in an 18-year-old female.
The Simulation of the Influence of Honed Edge Radius on the Maximum Temperature in Drilling 42CrMo with K-Grade Carbide Drill Bit

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper uses a metal cutting simulation software AdvantEdge FEM as the platform, and simulates the drilling process of 42CrMo with three different honed cutting edge K-Grade carbide drills. The aim is to study the influence of different magnitude of honed cutting edge on the maximum temperature of cutting area. According to the simulation, the maximum temperature does not absolutely increase with the honed edge radius increase. The cutting temperature reaches maximum when the honed edge radius is 0.06mm in this paper, meanwhile the margin of fluctuation in the smallest.
Cirrhosis as an independent risk factor for colonic adenomas.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to determine the relation between cirrhosis and colorectal adenomatous polyps after adjustment for alcoholism and other confounding variables. Four groups of patients aged 40 years or above were studied. Group I included 100 consecutive outpatients with irritable bowel syndrome, group II 100 consecutive alcoholic inpatients without cirrhosis, group III 100 consecutive inpatients with alcoholic cirrhosis, and group IV included 36 consecutive inpatients with non-alcoholic cirrhosis. All patients underwent colonoscopy. The prevalence of adenomatous polyps was 13% in group I, 26% in group II, 58% in group III, and 22% in group IV (p less than 0.001). The prevalence of adenomatous polyps was greater in patients with cirrhosis than in those patients without (48.5% v 19.5%). This difference remained significant after successive adjustment for alcoholism, sex, age, smoking, and serum cholesterol. The prevalence of adenomatous polyps was greater in alcoholic patients than in non-alcoholic patients (42% v 15.4%) (p less than 0.001). This difference remained significant after successive adjustment for cirrhosis, sex, age, smoking, and serum cholesterol. These results suggest that cirrhosis is an independent risk factor for colorectal adenomatous polyps and confirm that alcoholism increases this risk.
A 0.18-¿m CMOS UWB Low Noise Amplifier for Full-Band (3.1-10.6GHz) Application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper presents the design of a band group 1~5 UWB low noise amplifier in the range between 3.1 to 10.6GHz. The circuit consists of a two-stage topology to implement a low noise amplifier based on the TSMC 0.18-um RF CMOS process. The first stage is the folded cascode configuration that is used to attain low-power dissipation and low supply voltage. Negative feedback is adopted to enhance the bandwidth of the first stage. In order to achieve simultaneously a high gain and ultra-wide bandwidth, the addition of a common-source stage behind the folded cascode circuit provides extra gain and gain flatness. A RLC shunt-shunt feedback is used to attain the broadband gain requirement of the second stage. The simulated results show the better performances of S21 above 12dB and noise finger below 3.6dB with the 3-dB bandwidth covering from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz. The first-stage circuit of LNA drains 22mA from a 0.9V supply and the second-stage circuit of LNA drains 8mA from a 0.85V supply voltage. The total circuit consumes a very low power of 27mW. The chip area is 1.195mm×l.275 mm.
The epidemiology of supernumerary teeth and the associated molecular mechanism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Supernumerary teeth are common clinical dental anomalies. Although various studies have provided abundant information regarding genes and signaling pathways involved in tooth morphogenesis, which include Wnt, FGF, BMP, and Shh, the molecular mechanism of tooth formation, especially for supernumerary teeth, is still unclear. In the population, some cases of supernumerary teeth are sporadic, while others are syndrome-related with familial hereditary. The prompt and accurate diagnosis of syndrome related supernumerary teeth is quite important for some distinctive disorders. Mice are the most commonly used model system for investigating supernumerary teeth. The upregulation of Wnt and Shh signaling in the dental epithelium results in the formation of multiple supernumerary teeth in mice. Understanding the molecular mechanism of supernumerary teeth is also a component of understanding tooth formation in general and provides clinical guidance for early diagnosis and treatment in the future.
Approaches to uranium dump processing by bioleaching technology

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper discusses a method of extracting uranium from uranium dumps by bacterial leaching using association of thion bacteria. Bioleaching mechanism is based on interaction of biological, chemical and electrochemical processes. The microstructure and composition of uranium-containing wastes were also investigated. The work presents the results of the study (changes in volumetric activity) before and after leaching. Results of the research proved that at microbiological processing of uranium production waste by association of thionic bacteria the degree of uranium leaching out of dumps at pachuca leaching was 59.3%. Nevertheless the residual radioactivity allows classifying the obtained material to be low-level radioactive waste one. At percolation leaching, having the aim to determine the effect of particle size of feed stock on the degree of uranium extraction, two samples were under study: breakstone in initial condition and ground breakstone. According to results of the study the degree of uranium extraction (a grinded one 0.3-0.5mm fraction) from dumps is 35.18%. Using breakstone in initial condition (10-25 mm fraction) degree of uranium leaching from dumps at percolation leach-ing measures up to 100%. Thus, residual radioactivity corresponds to all national sanitary standards for classifying a solid phase to a nonradioactive one. In addition, using microbial leaching there’s no need in further uranium ore grinding and that reduces costs to process ura-nium dumps. The work proposes a scheme for processing uranium dumps in the technological process. This technology will contribute to transforming the places for uranium waste storage into anthropogenic deposits.
Prevalence of heterozygotes for hemochromatosis in the white population of the United States

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In previous studies, the prevalence of HLA-linked hemochromatosis, thought to be the most common genetic illness in whites, has been estimated by identifying homozygotes in the population. Because not all homozygotes express the disease phenotypically, the accuracy of these estimates is uncertain. We analyzed the distribution of transferrin saturation values in the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey to estimate the prevalence of hemochromatosis heterozygotes in the US population. After removing values for possible homozygotes, two populations were present (P < .01 for each gender). When weighted to reflect the US adult white male population as a whole, a proportion of 850 per 1,000 (95% confidence interval, 0.81 to 0.89) were included in a population with a lower mean saturation of 29.7% (29.1% to 30.3%), whereas 150 per 1,000 (0.11 to 0.19) comprised a population with a higher mean saturation of 47.0% (45.1% to 49.0%). Similar results were found for the female population. The gene frequencies were estimated to be 0.081 from the male population and 0.070 from the female population corresponding to prevalences of homozygotes of 6.6 and 4.8 per 1,000, respectively. Our results confirm that the gene for hemochromatosis is common.
The BRIF (Bioresource Research Impact Factor) as a tool for improving bioresource sharing in biomedical research

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The central aim of the BRIF (Bioresource Research Impact Factor) initiative is to construct a quantitative parameter to evaluate bioresources, modeled to some degree on the Journal Impact Factor (JIF), and to provide guidance and methodology for optimizing recognition of bioresources, their use and their sharing at international level. To implement this concept an international working group has been set up. Specific tasks have been assigned to several sub-groups: BRIF digital identifier schemes; BRIF parameters, measures and indicators; journal guidelines for resource citing and referencing; policies for bioresource access and sharing. These are discussed in the present manuscript.
Transitioning Multidisciplinary Craniofacial Care to Telehealth during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single Center Experience

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Summary: Craniofacial clinics are composed of multidisciplinary teams of providers to deliver coordinated and comprehensive patient care. The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted this model, as social distancing guidelines have precluded in-person patient appointments and forced clinics to reconsider their method of care delivery. The University of California, San Francisco, Craniofacial Center has continued to serve patients during this acute period, adopting a hybrid model in which the vast majority of patients are seen through telehealth and a limited number of patients are evaluated in-person. Surveyed patients and families reported high rates of satisfaction, with time savings cited as a particular benefit. Furthermore, most felt comfortable using the video technology required for their appointment. This experience has demonstrated to us that multidisciplinary craniofacial evaluations can be effectively delivered in a telehealth format and has informed our conception of idealized clinic structure. Moving forward, we intend to utilize telehealth visits for selected components of craniofacial evaluations in an effort to maximize efficiency and minimize burden, including addressing barriers to accessing care. Benefits of a hybrid model will include decongestion of clinics and waiting areas, allowing social distancing, addressing clinic space limits, and increased efficiency by eliminating the need for patient and family movement. Demonstration of the safety and efficacy of telehealth visits, combined with regulatory reform that improves reimbursement and allows for appointments across state lines, will be critical for this model to persist beyond the pandemic.
The oxygen level in air directs airway epithelial cell differentiation by controlling mitochondrial citrate export

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Oxygen controls most metazoan metabolism, yet in mammals, tissue O 2 levels vary widely. While extensive research has explored cellular responses to hypoxia, understanding how cells respond to physiologically high O 2 levels remains uncertain. To address this problem, we investigated respiratory epithelia as their contact with air exposes them to some of the highest O 2 levels in the body. We asked how the O 2 level in air controls differentiation of airway basal stem cells into the ciliated epithelial cells essential for clearing airborne pathogens from the lung. Through a metabolomics screen and 13 C tracing on primary cultures of human airway basal cells, we found that the O 2 level in air directs ciliated cell differentiation by increasing mitochondrial citrate export. Unexpectedly, disrupting mitochondrial citrate export elicited hypoxia transcriptional responses independently of HIF1α stabilization and at O 2 levels that would be hyperoxic for most tissues. These findings identify mitochondrial citrate export as a cellular mechanism for responding to physiologically high O 2 levels.
Ethnobotanical survey of diuretic and Antilithiatic medicinal plants used by the traditional practitioners of Palakkad District.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The traditional wisdom about the plant wealth is a vibrant and valuable aspect of ethnobotany. The art of herbal healing has been as a part of Indian culture since antiquity. A wide range of plants or plant based products used by traditional healers have shown to be effective due to synergism of their diuretic, crystallization inhibition activity along with stone disintegrating property. Present floristic survey undertaken to document the claims of local healers about the hidden treasure of Antilithiatic herbal knowledge in the study area. The study enumerated thirty potential Antilithiatic plants which are reported to be effective for its diuretic and Antilithiatic property by them. The field survey also revealed that both the herbal knowledge and the plant wealth are on the verge of extinction.
Komparasi Hukum Tentang Ketentuan Perkawinan Poligami Di Indonesia dan Mesir

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article seeks to conduct a comparative analysis of the legal frameworks governing polygamous marriage in Indonesia and Egypt. There are fundamental differences between the two countries regarding the regulation of polygamy. This study adopts a library research method with a descriptive-comparative approarch, utilizing documentation as the primary data collection technique and comparative analysis for data interpretation. The findings reveal that Indonesia prossesses a more comprehensive and detailed codifivation of laws concerning polygamous marriage compared to Egypt. In Indonesia, polygamy is regulated under several legal instruments, notably Law Number 1 of 1974 and Government Regulation Number 9 of 1975. In contrast in legal regulations between the two countries can be attributed, in part, to the different schools of Islamic jurisprudence each country follows; Indonesia predominantly adheres to the Syafi’i, whereas Egypt is more closely aligned with conservative interpretation. Nevertheless, both countries permit polygamous marriage. The primary distinction lies in the specific conditions and requirements imposed, with Indonesia enacting more detailed and stringent regulations compared to Egypt.
The hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system in birds.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The hypothalamus is the central integrative structure for the neuroendocrine regulation of body fluid homeostasis. Despite many different modulatory endocrine and peptidergic inputs there are three main neuroendocrine 'channels' involved in osmoregulation: 1. corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-adrenal steroids (aldosterone, corticosterone); 2. renin-angiotensin; 3. arginine-vasotocin (AVT). In this paper the important role of the AVT synthesizing hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system (HNS) in the control of osmoregulation is described. Although the onset of AVT gene expression and peptide synthesis is as early as around day 6 of embryonal life in the chick, osmoregulatory function may not occur before the end of the second week of incubation. Rapid maturational processes during the last week of embryonal development lead to a 'close-to-mature' response of the AVT secretory system to physiological (osmotic) stimulation in the one-day-old chicken. Stable AVT plasma concentrations imply continuous secretion and/or degradation of this peptide in the blood of the chicken. Osmotic challenge causes not only an increase in plasma osmolality, plasma sodium and AVT concentration, but also AVT gene expression is upregulated. The AVT system participates in adaptational] processes during the perihatching period and its secretory activity depends on modulatory effects caused by suboptimal humidity during incubation.
Level of Acceptance of Mandatory Vaccination and Legal Sanctions for Refusing Mandatory Vaccination of Children

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A preventive vaccination program is in operation in Poland. There are mandatory vaccinations for Polish residents under the age of 19 years. The law provides for financial penalties for parents who refuse to vaccinate their children. The aim of this study was to describe the attitudes of Polish residents aged 15–39 years to mandatory preventive vaccination and the level of acceptance for legal and financial sanctions for refusing mandatory vaccination of children. Materials and Methods: A face-to-face questionnaire-based study of a representative sample of 1560 residents of Poland aged 15–39 years. Data was collected in the fourth quarter of 2021. Results: In the study group, 51.5% of the respondents believed that preventive vaccination should be mandatory, and parents should have the right to decide only about additional vaccinations. Multivariate analyses (logistic regression) revealed a significant association between acceptance of mandatory vaccination and the following factors: positive COVID-19 vaccination status, self-declared religiosity, and having children. Of the 1560 respondents, 25.3% declared support for legal or financial sanctions for those refusing to vaccinate their children. In this group (n = 394), the highest percentage of respondents (59.4%) supported sanctions in the form of refusal to admit an unvaccinated child to a nursery or kindergarten. Conclusions: Despite preventive (mandatory) vaccination programs having been in operation in Poland since the 1960′s, only a little over 50% of adolescent Poles and young adults accept the vaccine mandate. Only 25% of this group declare their support for sanctions for refusing mandatory vaccination of children.
Opportunistic screening to detect atrial fibrillation in Aboriginal adults in Australia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction There is a 10-year gap in life expectancy between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Australians. The leading cause of death for Aboriginal Australians is cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction and stroke. Although atrial fibrillation (AF) is a known precursor to stroke there are no published studies about the prevalence of AF for Aboriginal people and limited evidence about AF in indigenous populations globally. Methods and analysis This mixed methods study will recruit and train Aboriginal health workers to use an iECG device attached to a smartphone to consecutively screen 1500 Aboriginal people aged 45 years and older. The study will quantify the proportion of people who presented for follow-up assessment and/or treatment following a non-normal screening and then estimate the prevalence and age distribution of AF of the Australian Aboriginal population. The study includes semistructured interviews with the Aboriginal health workers about the effectiveness of the iECG device in their practice as well as their perceptions of the acceptability of the device for their patients. Thematic analysis will be undertaken on the qualitative data collected in the study. If the device and approach are acceptable to the Aboriginal people and widely adopted, it may help prevent the effects of untreated AF including ischaemic stroke and early deaths or impairment in Aboriginal people. Ethics and dissemination This mixed methods study received ethics approval from the Aboriginal Health and Medical Research Council (1135/15) and the Australian Health Council of Western Australia (HREC706). Ethics approval is being sought in the Northern Territory. The findings of this study will be shared with Aboriginal communities, in peer reviewed publications and at conferences. There are Aboriginal investigators in each state/territory where the study is being conducted who have been actively involved in the study. They will also be involved in data analysis, dissemination and research translation. Trial registration number ACTRN12616000459426 .