jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Inflated granularity: Spatial “Big Data” and geodemographics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Data analytics, particularly the current rhetoric around “Big Data”, tend to be presented as new and innovative, emerging ahistorically to revolutionize modern life. In this article, we situate one branch of Big Data analytics, spatial Big Data, through a historical predecessor, geodemographic analysis, to help develop a critical approach to current data analytics. Spatial Big Data promises an epistemic break in marketing, a leap from targeting geodemographic areas to targeting individuals. Yet it inherits characteristics and problems from geodemographics, including a justification through the market, and a process of commodification through the black-boxing of technology. As researchers develop sustained critiques of data analytics and its effects on everyday life, we must so with a grounding in the cultural and historical contexts from which data technologies emerged. This article and others (Barnes and Wilson, 2014) develop a historically situated, critical approach to spatial Big Data. This history illustrates connections to the critical issues of surveillance, redlining, and the production of consumer subjects and geographies. The shared histories and structural logics of spatial Big Data and geodemographics create the space for a continued critique of data analyses’ role in society.
A Case of Borderline Mucinous Cystadenoma Thought to be of Urachal Origin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は75歳，男性．PSA高値を認め，前立腺癌の疑いで当院泌尿器科に紹介受診となり，膀胱前上方に接する嚢胞性腫瘤が認められたため手術目的で外科紹介となった．術前精査の結果，転移性腫瘍の可能性は低かった．また，腫瘤の良悪性の診断がつかなかったため，確定診断の目的で摘出手術を施行した．腹膜前腔内で膀胱頂部に接する6cm大の腫瘤を認めた．腫瘤の腹腔内への露出はなかった．膀胱とは剥離困難であったため，膀胱壁の一部を合併切除した．摘出標本の病理像では，境界悪性粘液性嚢胞腺腫の特徴を有していた．術中，尿膜管を確認できなかったため，尿膜管由来と断定はできなかったが，画像所見・腫瘍存在部位・病理所見を総合して，尿膜管由来の境界悪性粘液性嚢胞腺腫と診断した．本疾患は，非常に稀であり，若干の文献的考察を加えて報告する．
Single odor-sensitive channels in olfactory receptor neurons are also gated by cyclic nucleotides

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Olfactory transduction is thought to occur by processes that are mainly restricted to the specialized cilia emanating from the distal end of the receptor neuron's single dendrite. The involvement of a cAMP-based second messenger system seems likely, and a cyclic nucleotide-sensitive current has been recorded in patches of membrane from the cilia. However, the small diameter of the cilia and the high density of channels within the membrane limit the application of the patch recording technique in the cilia. We have found that the cAMP-sensitive channels also exist at a much lower density within the far more accessible dendritic membrane. Recording from on-cell patches, we have observed single-channel activity in response to extracellularly applied odor substances. The channels have a single-channel conductance of 40 pS and a reversal potential near 0 mV. These same channels are activated by treatments that elevate intracellular cyclic nucleotide concentrations. The results provide a direct demonstration that the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel is the conductance pathway for the odor- elicited current.
Initial prominence and accent in Seoul Korean prosody

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates two questions about the prosodic system of Seoul Korean—whether there is a word-initial prominence, and whether a concurrent F0 peak is best seen as an optional pitch accent or as a boundary tone associated with some prosodic level. It analyzes the utterances of two speakers of the Seoul dialect. The durations of syllables and vowels placed in various positions within a sentence are compared. The two intonational analyses are tested by noting the position of the F0 peak, determining how consistently the peak appears, and noting the effects of pitch range variation. Results suggest: (1) that initial syllables of a word are consistently longer than medial syllables; (2) the position of the initial F0 peak is closely bound to the initial syllable of the utterance, but not of the word; and (3) the initial F0 peak appears in all tokens, except relatively short or fast tokens. This lack is shown to be due to tonal undershoot of a following low tone, as is apparent from strong and continuous relationships between height of pitch fall and rise and the temporal distance between the F0 peaks. These results suggest there is a word initial prominence in Seoul prosody, distinct from initial tones. The tones are best analyzed as boundary markers for some larger prosodic level, which become associated with initial syllables.
The preliminary study of 94 cases of complicated surgery of HBP with Da Vinci S system

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To summarize the clinical experience of 9 operations in hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery with Da Vinci S system.Method From January 2009 to December 2009,94 patients with hepatobiliopancreatic(HBP disease underwent robotic surgery using Da Vinci S system.The clinical data of 9 patients were analyzed.Results 90 patients had successfully underwent robot surgery and the rate of success was 95.8%(90/94).There were no operative deaths o device-related complications.recovery was accelerated and blood loss was les Conclusions Almost all operations in hepatobiliary pancreatic surgery could b performed successfully with Da Vinci S system.Robotic surgery will improve th development of minimally invasive surgery.
Ecodesign management modelling for petrochemicals manufacturing

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Creation of the necessary conditions for the sustainable development, design and manufacturing of competitive products, improvement of the environmental and industrial safety are the major tasks for the petrochemical manufacturers. Handling these tasks is impossible without applying the modern management systems that allow for establishment and implementation of the enterprise’s performance self-assessment approach in terms of quality assurance and control, compliance with the environmental legislation, and international standards of social responsibility and manufacturing greening. For making optimal decisions at the management level in regard to the petrochemical manufacturing greening, it is essential that a relevant efficiency parameters monitoring system is applied. In this context, the authors offer a mathematical model that demonstrates a method of improvement of the petrochemical manufacturers’ earning power through mastering the green technologies. The mathematical model parameters include the profit, resource productivity of produced petrochemicals, environmental R&D costs, as well as specific quantities of atmospheric emissions. The model proposed by the authors can be used to analyze and predict effectiveness of the petrochemical manufacturing greening.
Wind Power Providing Flexible Ramp Product

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The deepening penetration of renewables in power systems has contributed to the increasing needs for generation scheduling flexibility. Specifically, for short-term operations, flexibility here indicates that sufficient ramp capacities should be reserved to respond to the expected changes in the load and intermittent generation, also covering a certain amount of their uncertainty. To address the growing requirements for flexible ramp capacity, markets for ramp products have been launched in practice such as the ones in California ISO and Midcontinent ISO. Some-times, to guarantee sufficient ramp capacity, expensive fast start units have to be committed in real-time. Moreover, with higher penetration of renewable generation, the flexibility provided by the conventional units might not be enough. Actually, wind power producers are physically capable of offering flexibility, which is sometimes also economically efficient to the entire system. In this paper, we aim to explore the mechanism and possibility of including wind power producers as ramp providers to increase the supply of flexibility. To conduct the anal-yses, a two-stage stochastic real-time unit commitment model considering ramp capacity adequacy is formulated. Case studies indicate that both the system and the wind power producers can benefit if the wind power is allowed to provide flexible ramp products.
Determination of Adoption Traits and Key Production Constraints of Improved Maize Varieties Using Participatory Research Appraisal

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Maize is a staple crop critical to the food security and livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite the availability of improved maize varieties, adoption rates among farmers remain suboptimal. Understanding the traits that drive adoption and identifying key production constraints is essential for the development and dissemination of varieties that meet farmers' needs. Aims: This study aimed to identifying the most valued traits of improved maize varieties from the farmers' perspective, assessing the socio-economic and biophysical factors influencing the adoption of these varieties and identifying the main production constraints faced by farmers in different agro-ecological zones. Study Design: The study was conducted in three regions representing diverse agro-ecological zones. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select a representative sample of maize farmers. Data collection involved focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews (KIIs), and household surveys. PRA tools such as pairwise ranking and matrix scoring were employed to capture qualitative and quantitative data on adoption traits and production constraints. Place and Duration of Study: The study took place at Ejura Sekyeredumasi, Nkoranza South District and Wenchi Municipal district, between June 2017 and December 2017. Methodology: Descriptive statistics were used analyzed the demographic characteristics of maize farmers as well as socioeconomic factors influencing the adoption of improved maize farming technology using SPSS 16 version. Data collected included; socio-demographic characteristics, adoption of improved maize varieties and constraints to maize production. Results: The results showed that about 78 % and 18 % of farmer respondents perceived that both fertilizers and improved seed were too expensive. Other constraints to maize production were drought, high cost of other agro-inputs, lack of improved cultivars and poor soil fertility significantly influenced the adoption of improved maize farming technologies in the area Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of incorporating farmers' preferences and addressing context-specific production constraints in maize breeding programs. Enhanced extension services, improved seed distribution systems, and tailored agronomic practices are recommended to increase adoption rates and improve productivity. Participatory approaches in agricultural research are vital for aligning breeding objectives with the real-world needs of smallholder farmers, ensuring the relevance and impact of improved maize varieties in the Ghana.
A Method for the Estimation of Crop Varieties Stability

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A method for point and interval stability estimation of crop varieties or hybrids is suggested. The method makes it possible to estimate the ability of a genotype to combine high potential yield with minimal yield reduction under unfavourable conditions. The stability measure is a weighted sum of standardized deviations of a trait value from the mean in each trial (location or year) of an ecological experiment. The application of the method is illustrated by a numerical example.
Reducing African American Inequalities, 1945–1969

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter begins the discussion of status inequality, focusing on one of two major subdimensions of status: ethnicity and gender. Status ranking depends upon societal evaluations of individuals and categories of people in terms of the honor, respect, or esteem accorded them. This and the next chapter focus on African Americans, particularly in relationship with Whites. In conventional American speech, they are usually referred to as “races,” which is problematic, as is examined in this chapter. In the period analyzed, significant progress toward more equality for African Americans was made in the southern states. African Americans, with some White allies, waged well-calculated constructive conflicts, relying on nonviolent direct action in conjunction with persuasive appeals and the promise of mutual gains. The White supremacists’ reliance on violent suppression turned out to be self-defeating for their cause. The federal government joined in the struggle to advance freedom and justice for all.
Magnetism of Dikes of the Frontenac Axis

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Paleomagnetic results from 11 dikes of three different directional trends (north, northwest, and northeast) from the Frontenac axis are reported. Six northwest trending dikes (minimum age 800 m.y.) give well-grouped stable magnetization directions with a corresponding pole at 12 °S, 162 °E (N = 6, K = 85, A 95 = 7°).
Intelligent Algorithm-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Radical Gastrectomy under Laparoscope

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The study focused on the influence of intelligent algorithm-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on short-term curative effects of laparoscopic radical gastrectomy for gastric cancer. A convolutional neural network- (CNN-) based algorithm was used to segment MRI images of patients with gastric cancer, and 158 subjects admitted at hospital were selected as research subjects and randomly divided into the 3D laparoscopy group and 2D laparoscopy group, with 79 cases in each group. The two groups were compared for operation time, intraoperative blood loss, number of dissected lymph nodes, exhaust time, time to get out of bed, postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative complications. The results showed that the CNN-based algorithm had high accuracy with clear contours. The similarity coefficient (DSC) was 0.89, the sensitivity was 0.93, and the average time to process an image was 1.1 min. The 3D laparoscopic group had shorter operation time (86.3 ± 21.0 min vs. 98 ± 23.3 min) and less intraoperative blood loss (200 ± 27.6 mL vs. 209 ± 29.8 mL) than the 2D laparoscopic group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P < 0.05 ). The number of dissected lymph nodes was 38.4 ± 8.5 in the 3D group and 36.1 ± 6.0 in the 2D group, showing no statistically significant difference ( P > 0.05 ). At the same time, no statistically significant difference was noted in postoperative exhaust time, time to get out of bed, postoperative hospital stay, and the incidence of complications ( P > 0.05 ). It was concluded that the algorithm in this study can accurately segment the target area, providing a basis for the preoperative examination of gastric cancer, and that 3D laparoscopic surgery can shorten the operation time and reduce intraoperative bleeding, while achieving similar short-term curative effects to 2D laparoscopy.
DISTRIBUTION CONTROL SYSTEM AND PERFORMANCE OF BEVERAGE FIRMS IN SOUTH EAST NIGERIA

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study examined the relationship between distribution control systems and the performance of beverage firms in South East Nigeria, with emphasis on transportation systems and warehousing as proxies for distribution control, and sales volume and customer retention as measures of performance. The study adopted a survey research design, and data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered to employees in production, marketing/sales, and management units of selected beverage firms. A sample size of 177 was determined from a population of 316 using the Taro Yamane formula. Reliability of the instrument was confirmed with a Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of 0.72. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient at 0.05 level of significance, aided by SPSS version 21.0. The findings revealed significant positive relationships between transportation system and sales volume, transportation system and customer retention, warehousing and sales volume, as well as warehousing and customer retention. The study concludes that effective distribution control systems are critical for enhancing organizational performance in the beverage industry. It recommends investment in transport infrastructure, optimization of transport fleets, expansion of warehouse facilities, and strengthening of warehouse control management to ensure continuous product availability, customer retention, and sustainable growth.
Effect of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Infection on Winter Survival and Other Agronomic Traits in Barley1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Four cultivars and four experimental lines of winter barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), varying in resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), were grown during 1978‐79 and 1979‐80 in four treatments: (a) caged to exclude natural aphid vectors, (b) caged inoculated with viruliferous Rhopalosiphum padi , (c) exposed to natural aphid vectors, (d) exposed and inoculated with R. padi . Overall, BYDV infection reduced winter survival, plant height, number of spike‐bearing tillers, total dry weight, grain yield, and seed size. The reduction was related to the amount of BYDV injury. In Post, the entry with the least BYDV injury, none of the traits were reduced significantly. In Harrison and Durra, the entries with the largest BYDV injury, all of the traits were reduced severely by the viral infection. The remaining entries were intermediate in their reaction to BYDV and also in the expression of the agronomic traits. The data confirm that fall infection by BYDV predisposes winter barley to winter injury and reduces height, tillering, grain yield, and seed size, and that entries selected for this experiment vary in response to BYDV infection.
Political Regime and Social Spending in Spain: A Time Series Analysis (1850-2000)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Over the past century and a half, Spain has had a tumultuous political history. What impact has this had on social policy? Democracy has had a positive effect on both the levels of social spending and its long-term growth trend. With the arrival of democracy in 1931, the transition began from a traditional regime (with low levels of social spending) to a modern regime (with high levels of social spending). Franco’s dictatorship, however, reversed this change in direction, retarding the positive growth in social spending. At the same time, the effect of left-wing parties was statistically significant only in the nineteen-thirties (prior to the Keynesian consensus) and in the period of the Bourbon Restoration (when the preferences of low-income groups were systematically ignored).
Smart Waste Management System using IoT (Internet of Things)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Effective waste management is a major issue in crowded urban areas. In many developing countries, it is common to see garbage left on streets and in public spaces. This situation harms the environment and creates unsanitary conditions. Both developed and developing countries face challenges in managing waste for sustainable development. This paper looks at how automation can improve waste management systems in terms of cleanliness and hygiene. To tackle these problems, the Smart Netbin concept has been introduced. It combines hardware and software solutions by adding a Wi-Fi network to regular trash bins. This setup offers users free internet access for a limited time. The technology encourages users to keep their surroundings clean, which helps with effective waste management in their neighborhoods. The Smart Netbin uses various technologies: it measures the amount of trash added, tracks the movement of waste, and sends necessary signals while connecting users to the Wi-Fi network. The proposed system uses a client-server structure. It supports a clean environment, public health, and a pollution-free community
Comparison of resource assessment methods with numerical reservoir model between heat stored and experimental design: case study Ciwidey-Patuha geothermal field

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A successful geothermal field size assessment requires integrative data analysis of all aspects to determine the optimum capacity to be installed. Nowadays, numerical simulation becomes a powerful tool in a geothermal resource assessment process. However, this method involves significant uncertainty of subsurface information as an input. Then a study of resource assessment methods, such as heat stored and experimental design, needs inputs coming from the result/output of reservoir numerical. The calculation of both methods based on a range of reservoir parameter values can be carried out using stochastic methods (Monte Carlo Simulation). It applies a probabilistic method of resource assessment to capture uncertainties. A sophisticated numerical reservoir model of Ciwidey-Patuha Geothermal Field, West Java-Indonesia in the natural state condition was used as a case study to determine the generating potential of the reservoir.
Chinese State Capitalism and the International Tax Regime

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

As signaled by its participation in the G-20/OECD Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project, China is gaining significant influence over international tax rules. Yet, how exactly China intends to shape international tax law remains an open question, even amongst leading Chinese tax scholars. As both a major capital importer and exporter as well as a developing economy with tremendous global economic power, China does not fit neatly into the traditional dichotomies of the international tax regime. This article argues that China’s international tax policy is likely to be strongly influenced by its unique system of state capitalism. Both the history of Chinese domestic tax reforms and the Communist Party’s current mechanisms of control over the Chinese economy suggest that China’s tax policy cannot be understood separately from its system of state capitalism. This article contends that as a result, China is likely to adopt distinctive international tax policies including maintaining a worldwide system of corporate taxation, providing tacit state support for international tax planning by major Chinese multinationals, and negotiating for broad exemptions in tax treaties for state-associated entities. If not proactively addressed by OECD countries, these policies may lead to significant fractures within the international tax regime.