jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
CHROMOSOMAL ANALYSIS OF MULBERRY SILKWORM (BOMBYX MORI. L) FROM JAMMU REGION.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the present study, the chromosomal analysis of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L. was carried out in order to study its chromosome behaviour and karyotype from larval gonadal tissue.The observed diploid number was 2n=56.The mean total length, RL% and TCL% were measured at metaphase stage of gametogenesis.The chromosomal behaviour during meiotic stages viz., leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, diakinesis and anaphase were also analyzed.Results indicate that the samples studied were males with a diploid chromosome number of 2n=56.Copy Right, IJAR, 2016,.
Purification of a Cytotoxic Protein Produced by the Murine Macrophage-Like Cell Line J774.1 in Response to Sarcophaga Lectin1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A tumor specific cytotoxic protein produced by the murine macrophage-like cell line J774.1 in response to stimulation with Sarcophaga lectin was purified to homogeneity in three steps from the culture medium. This cytotoxin, named tumor killing factor (TKF), was a protein with a molecular weight of 15,000, and aggregated forming an oligomer with a molecular weight of 48,000. Its amino acid composition was similar to that of human TNF. Purified TKF had a significant effect on transplanted murine ascites tumor sarcoma 180. The biological significance of TKF in terms of ontogeny is discussed from the view point of developmental biology.
Manifestations of static and dynamic heterogeneity in single molecule translational measurements in glassy systems

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Rotational–translational decoupling in systems near Tg, in which translational diffusion is apparently enhanced relative to rotation, has been observed in ensemble and single molecule experiments and has been linked to dynamic heterogeneity. Here, simulations of single molecules experiencing homogeneous diffusion and static and dynamic heterogeneous diffusion are performed to clarify the contributions of heterogeneity to such enhanced translational diffusion. Results show that time-limited trajectories broaden the distribution of diffusion coefficients in the presence of homogeneous diffusion but not when physically reasonable degrees of static heterogeneity are present. When dynamic heterogeneity is introduced, measured diffusion coefficients uniformly increase relative to input diffusion coefficients, and the widths of output distributions decrease, providing support for the idea that dynamic heterogeneity can drive apparent translational enhancement. Among simulations with dynamic heterogeneity, when the frequency of dynamic exchange is correlated with the initial diffusion coefficient, the measured diffusion coefficient behavior as a function of observation time matches that seen experimentally, the only set of simulations explored in which this occurs. Taken together with experimental results, this suggests that enhanced translational diffusion in glassy systems occurs through dynamic exchange consistent with wide underlying distributions of diffusion coefficients and exchange coupled to local spatiotemporal dynamics.
Influence of probe beam multi-reflection on thermal lens

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. In this work time resolved thermal lens measurements were carried out in Nd-doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser crystal. We observed that due to the probe beam multi-reflection the thermal lens signal was influenced by the moving fringes that occurred in front of the detector. By using a heat sink device, this effect was minimized permitting the determination of the temperature coefficient of optical path length, the thermal diffusivity and the thermal conductivity of the sample. As a complementary technique, the thermal relaxation method was used to measure the sample specific heat.
Safety of immunisation and adverse events following vaccination against hepatitis B

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AbstractHepatitis B vaccines (HBVs) are composed of highly purified preparations of hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg). An adjuvant, either aluminium phosphate or aluminium hydroxide, is added to the vaccines, which are sometimes preserved with thiomersal. In placebo-controlled studies, common side effects other than local reactions were reported no more frequently among vaccine recipients than among individuals receiving a placebo. A number of controversial adverse events have, however, been purported to be associated with HBVs, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), diabetes, demyelinating diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis [MS]), chronic fatigue syndrome, and more recently, lymphoblastic leukaemia. In addition, the safety of the thiomersal and aluminium contained in the vaccine has also been under close scrutiny. These issues have been reviewed by a number of country-specific or international independent review committees such as that of the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety (GACVS). Upon review of the scientific evidence, none of the serious allegations have so far been confirmed. On the contrary, scientific evidence has accumulated to disprove many of the allegations. In particular, the IOM committee has concluded that the evidence favoured rejection of a causal relationship between HBV administered to adults and incident MS or MS relapse. Whilst it is important to continue monitoring some of the safety issues, there is no evidence to suggest that the WHO should consider altering its recommendation that all countries should have universal infant and/or adolescent immunisation programmes. The risks of hepatitis B vaccination are only theoretical in comparison with clear benefits in terms of cirrhosis and cancer prevention, and the HBV remains one with an excellent safety profile.Keywordsadverse eventshepatitis B vaccine (HBV)immunisationsafety
Economic Analysis of the Birth-Control Law in China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the two approaches of governments’ population policy: command-and-control regulation and market-oriented incentive. From both the micro and macro perspective, this paper draws a conclusion that the population market has its own autonomous principles and too much government intervention like the birth-control law in China is harmful. Policy-makers should provide guarantee from the political regime. And in case of market failure, the government should adopt the market-oriented approach to complement.
12-Gene Recurrence Score Assay Stratifies the Recurrence Risk in Stage II/III Colon Cancer With Surgery Alone: The SUNRISE Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose The 12-gene Recurrence Score assay has been validated in resected stage II colon cancer treated with or without chemotherapy and resected stage III disease treated with chemotherapy. This study evaluated the 12-gene Recurrence Score assay for stage II and III colon cancer without chemotherapy to reveal the natural course of recurrence risk in stage III disease. Methods A cohort-sampling design was used. From 1,487 consecutive patients with stage II to III disease who had surgery alone, 630 patients were sampled for inclusion with a 1:2 ratio of recurrence and nonrecurrence. Sampling was stratified by stage (II v III). The assay was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary cancer tissue. Association of the Recurrence Score result with recurrence-free interval (RFI) was assessed by using weighted Cox proportional hazards regression. Results Overall, 597 of 630 patients were analyzable—247 patients had stage II, and 350 had stage III colon cancer. The continuous Recurrence Score was significantly associated with RFI after adjustment for disease stage (hazard ratio for a 25-unit increase in Recurrence Score, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.47 to 2.86; P < .001). With respect to prespecified subgroups, as defined by low (< 30), intermediate (30 to 40), and high (≥ 41) Recurrence Score risk groups, patients with stage II disease in the high-risk group had a 5-year risk of recurrence similar to patients with stage IIIA to IIIB disease in the low-risk group (19% v 20%), whereas patients with stage IIIA to IIIB disease in the high-risk group had a recurrence risk similar to that of patients with stage IIIC disease in the low-risk group (approximately 38%). Conclusion To our knowledge, this study provides the first validation of the 12-gene Recurrence Score assay in stage III colon cancer without chemotherapy and showed the heterogeneity of recurrence risks in stage III as well as in stage II colon cancer.
INDUCTION OF SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE AGAINST TOMATO ROOT ROT DISEASE UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Induction of systemic resistance against tomato root rot is considered save and goodstrategy for controlling this serious disease which lead to delay growth and death of severely infectedplants especially under protective production. Sixteen isolates of Rhizoctonia solani and ten ofFusarium solani were isolated from diseased tomato samples collected from ten Egyptiangovernorates. The isolated fungi were differed in their virulence on tomato plants. Kafr-El-Sheikhisolates No.16 of R. solani and Gharbia isolate No.8 of F. solani were significantly more aggressivethan the others. All tested antagonistic treatments including bioagents, biocides, chemical inducers andplant oils as well as Vitavax-200 significantly reduced the disease severity under greenhouseconditions. The results also revealed that dipotassium hydrogen phosphate at 2% concentration, Bio-Arc and Bio-Zeid at recommended doses recorded the least disease severity caused by the isolatedpathogens, followed by Trichoderma koningii (14), T. harzianum (15) and Acinetobacter genospecies(B40). Other treatments were less effective. Soaking roots of tomato seedling for two hours in most ofbiotic and abiotic inducers before transplanting in soil infested with the pathogenic fungi increasedperoxidase, polyphenol oxidase and chitinase activities at 14 days post inoculation (dpi) to valuesmore than 7 dpi.
The epidemiology and virulence factors of pneumocystis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pneumocystis is a diverse group of fungi found in the lungs of mammals, and can cause a fatal pneumonia in immunosuppressed humans. The project focussed on two main areas of Pneumocystis biology. The first part investigated the transmission of P. jiroveci between humans and comprised three studies. The first study demonstrated direct transmission between a mother and her infant who had Pneumocystis pneumonia, PCP, contemporaneously. The second investigated transmission of P. jiroveci between health care workers and patients with PCP. P. jiroveci was identified in HCW samples but the genotyping data did not demonstrate direct transmission between the HCW and the patients. The third study examined a representative distribution of P. jiroveci genotypes within a whole human lung and identified two foci of infection. The second main area of research investigated PRT1, a multigene family, encoding a protein with homology to KEX-like proteases. The first part of this study attempted to identify the original single-copy PRT1 gene that encodes the progenitor kexin-like protease. Inconclusive sequence data was obtained. The second part of this study examined regulation of PRT1 gene expression, initially using an assay that characterised the length polymorphisms within the proline rich region of the PRT1 gene. In the complex populations of rat-derived Pneumocystis used it was difficult to distinguish reliable differences between the cDNA (expressed) and genomic DNA proline rich region profiles. Subsequent investigations used simple rat-derived Pneumocystis populations that were derived from inocula of 10 Pneumocystis organisms intratracheally injected into nude rats. The catalytic domain of PRT1 was sequenced from cDNA and genomic copies from each of the five low-dose populations. Two majority sequence types were identified, one genomic and the other cDNA. Three of the populations contained a cDNA majority sequence type, implying that some form of regulation of expression was occurring. This hypothesis was further investigated using a second set of simple populations, hybridisation techniques and 5' RACE.
Diversity and abundance of the fruit-feeding butterflies \n(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Kubah National Park, Sarawak, \nSouthwest Borneo

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Species diversity and abundance of the fruit-feeding butterflies \nin Kubah National Park are varied in different dimensions, which indicated \na specific species composition according to the environment. The 84- \ndays of butterfly sampling had resulted in 665 individuals representing \n49 species of this guild, and Satyrinae was recorded as the most diverse \nsubfamily (H’: 2.347). However, 42% of the total abundance was \ndominated by Nymphalinae nymphalids, and Bassarona dunya was listed \nas the most abundant species. Significant preference of these butterflies \nwas observed between monthly replicates and forest strata, yet none \nin contrasting forest habitats. Temporal variations were evident for the \nsatyrines, as there was rainfall fluctuations associated during the survey, \nwhich had affected the host-plants quality. Meanwhile, the presence of \nrotting fruits on the ground has most probably attracted these frugivorous \nbutterflies except for Morphinae, and thus abundantly sampled in this \nstratum. However, the homogeneous assemblages across all forest \nhabitats is hypothesised to be due to the mobility of the butterflies which \nalso aided by the strong wind due to the rugged terrains in the study area. \nWidespread nymphalids were recorded to be abundant, as assisted with \ndispersal ability. We concluded that by conducting a butterfly survey with \na simultaneous approach on all possible dimensions was meaningful, yet \ndetailed observations on the vegetations is also essential for habitat study
The Structures of Dehydrotremetone and Hydroxytremetone

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Structures of Dehydrotremetone and HydroxytremetoneJoseph I. DeGraw Jr. and William A. BonnerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 11, 3917–3919Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01058a039RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views90Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (393 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
The benefit of aligning South Africa’s personal income tax thresholds and brackets with that of its peers using a micro-simulation tax model

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Background: This article is based on a PhD study in which a microsimulation (MS) tax model was constructed to measure the revenue and tax efficiency effects of adjustments to marginal tax rates on individual income.Aim: The main aim with this analysis is to determine the advantages of adjustments to the thresholds and taxable income brackets in SA on revenue collected, tax efficiency, and progressivity as part of a broader tax reform effort.Setting: Currently such changes mainly consist of adjustments to tax brackets and thresholds to account for inflation, although since the 2017/2018 budget, such adjustments have been minimised as a result of the widening in the budget deficit.Methods: The tax brackets and thresholds for the 2005/2006 fiscal year are used as a base from which changes are implemented. Besides the base scenario, two other scenarios are simulated, based on that of South Africa’s peers (lower levels). Simulations are done with the MS tax model.Results: The research shows that instead of only allowing for inflation adjustments, the alignment of income brackets and thresholds to levels closer to those of South Africa’s peers could be beneficial with an improvement in the efficiency of the income tax regime. More individuals could be included into the tax net, albeit at (on average) lower tax scales resulting in a marginal loss in revenue. Although such an adjustment could be interpreted as being more regressive and, therefore, negative from a ‘tax fairness’ perspective, the Personal Income Tax (PIT) burden expressed as the PIT and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ratio would be slightly lower.Conclusion: The possible result would be an improvement in tax liability and economic growth which could in turn fuel personal income and, therefore, revenue collected from this important tax source. This would compensate for the initial loss in PIT.
Can large long-term investors capture illiquidity premiums

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper we perform a literature study to assess whether large long-term investors can benefit from liquidity premiums in different asset classes. We both describe the theoretical predictions on liquidity premiums and portfolio choice with illiquidity, as well as empirical evidence on liquidity premiums. We document that expected liquidity premiums in stocks have diminished in recent years and are hard to capture for large investors. In corporate and government bond markets there are more opportunities to exploit liquidity premiums. The evidence on liquidity premiums in alternative investment classes is scarce.
The English theorists of the seventeenth century with particular reference to Charles butler and the principles of musik in singing and setting...1636

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The thesis is divided into two main parts: the first part is concerned with the English Theorists and Butler; the second presents a modern edition of The Principles of Musik... Chapter I, which is preceded by a Checklist of treatises, tutors, instruction books and "lessons" (1561-1725),examines the traditions of English Music Theory of which Butler forms part, devoting most attention to those theorists who have received least attention, Butler, the anonymous Guide, Campian, Playford and Simpson. Chapter II deals with the life and work of Charles Butler, presenting a large amount of unpublished biographical information, and showing the author to have been a man of wide learning and many talents. Chapter III discusses Butler's book: individual sections concern the book as a specimen of typography, the content of the book and its style, Butler's scholarship; the "major issues" of The Principles... - the Moods, Greek music, the fourth, the contemporary attitudes towards music as demonstrated in Book Two, Butler's indebtedness to earlier writers and his influence on others - are here treated. The modern edition which follows presents an annotated version of the entire text in un-reformed spelling, adding Index Nominum and Index Rerum. Appendices deal with Butler's sources and references; a checklist of his printed books; transcription of all his musical examples; a photographic supplement is devoted to Butler's biography. Bibliography under four, main headings - articles, theses, books, microfilm sources - concludes the thesis. The whole is presented in three volumes, Volume II being the modern edition.
Phonological restructuring in Yidi¯ and its theoretical consequences

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Detailed study of data in Dixon&apos;s (1977) grammar indicates that previous analyses of Yidi# have erred in supposing that the synchronic pattern of the language continues the historical pattern, whereby various nominal stems have their underlying final vowels deleted when no suffix follows. Instead, it appears that the system has undergone a radical reanalysis, whereby the suffixed forms are now projectable by general principles from the isolation forms. More precisely, a pattern of multiple predictability has developed: the form of suffixed allomorphs is largely predictable from the isolation allomorphs, but the older pattern, whereby isolation allomorphs can be predicted from the suffixed allomorphs, also persists. From this descriptive result, three principal theoretical consequences are developed: (a) Yidi# possesses a fully-productive pattern of alternation that is not driven by markedness-faithfulness interactions; (b) the phonological constraints that are active in Yidi# likely include some that are quite unlikely to be members of a universal inventory; (c) there are more relations of predictability among surface forms in Yidi# than can be treated by the normal method, namely that of deriving all the surface allomorphs from a single underlying representation. A tentative suggestion is made for how Optimality Theory might be extended to treat cases of this sort, by means of a class of &quot;Anticorrespondence&quot; constraints. Phonological Restructuring in Yidi# and its Theoretical Consequences 1.
Recurrent Left Atrial Low-grade Malignant Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor Characterized by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Cardiac Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT) is extremely rare, currently considered a tumor of borderline malignancy, with unpredictable clinical expression. IMT mimics malignant tumor in clinical presentation, imaging information, and histologic features, making diagnosis troublesome especially in the heart for its rarity. Histopathology is the gold standard for the diagnosis of cardiac IMT. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is a useful tool for the diagnosis of IMT. It can also assist with intraoperative planning. Discussion: However, few researches report the application of CMR imaging in IMT. In our case, CMR results showed typically abundant vascularity and hemorrhage, which may be the characteristic manifestations of IMT. These possible CMR characteristics of IMT could provide basic information for further studies. To date, only 58 cases of cardiac IMT including 4 recurrence cases were reported in the published English paper. We herein present an adolescent girl who presented with similar entity involving left atrium and early recurrence at the same site after subtotal surgical resection. Conclusion: Moreover, recurrence was more likely to occur in patients with incomplete resection. Key Points: Key point 1: Cardiac Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT) is extremely rare. Key point 2: CMR imaging is a useful tool for the diagnosis and intraoperative planning. Keypoint 3: Few research reports the application of CMR imaging in IMT. Keywords: Cardiac tumor, Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR), Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT), inflammatory pseudotumor, recurrent tumor, malignancy.