jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Legal aspects of international political relations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 2004, the International Criminal Court (ICC), established by the 1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, focused on meeting its primary objective of becoming an independent and credible institution of international criminal justice. Significant developments included the adoption in May of the Regulations of the Court and the creation of an operational Office of the Prosecutor. In July, the Prosecutor opened the first ICC investigations, which concerned alleged crimes falling within the Court’s jurisdiction committed in the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. On 4 October, the Relationship Agreement between ICC and the United Nations, which set out a legal framework for their cooperation in the effective discharge of their respective responsibilities, entered into force. In December, the General Assembly called on States not yet parties to the Rome Statute to consider acceding to it. In other action, the Assembly adopted the United Nations Convention on Jurisdictional Immunities of States and Their Property, the draft of which had been prepared by the Ad Hoc Committee established in 2000 to elaborate the Convention.
The Debate over Climate Change in the Steppe Region in Nineteenth‐Century Russia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Russian ReviewVolume 69, Issue 2 p. 251-275 The Debate over Climate Change in the Steppe Region in Nineteenth-Century Russia DAVID MOON, DAVID MOON Professor of Russian History at Durham University, UK.Search for more papers by this author DAVID MOON, DAVID MOON Professor of Russian History at Durham University, UK.Search for more papers by this author First published: 11 March 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9434.2010.00565.xCitations: 9 This article was written while the author was Felix Gilbert Member of the School of Historical Studies at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton in 2008–9. He is very grateful to the Institute. The article is part of a larger project, which has been funded by the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow, the Leverhulme Trust, the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, and the British Academy. Debts of gratitude are due also to Rostov, Stavropol', and Samara State Universities, the Institute for the History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, and libraries and archives in those cities. Outside Russia, thanks are due to the Slavonic Library of the National Library of Finland and the Firestone Library of Princeton University. The author is very grateful to Professor Deborah R. Coen for suggestions and comments on earlier drafts, and to his colleague, Dr. Julian Wright, and two anonymous readers for comments on earlier versions. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume69, Issue2April 2010Pages 251-275 RelatedInformation
Trends in Medicaid spending on inhalers in the United States, 2012-2018

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are common respiratory diseases that impose a significant economic burden on Medicaid. Inhalers are the mainstay treatment for relieving symptoms and improving outcomes for COPD and asthma patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe the total spending and trends of Medicaid expenditures on inhalers between 2012 and 2018 in the United States. METHODS: We analyzed the deidentified data from the Medicaid Drug Spending Dashboard and utilization datasets from 2012 to 2018. We identified 9 classes of inhalers and described the Medicaid total spending on and relative annual changes for those inhalers. We also described the spending on available generic inhalers and compared the Medicaid spending by manufacturers during this time frame. RESULTS: Medicaid spent $26.2 billion on inhalers from 2012 to 2018. This spending increased by $2.5 billion (120%) over this time frame. During this specified period, the highest Medicaid spending was on the group of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing inhalers ($14.9 billion). Within this group, the inhaler class of ICS/long-acting beta-2 adrenoceptor agonists contributed to the highest Medicaid spending (53%), with a growth of 607% between 2012 and 2018. Of the $26.2 billion that Medicaid spent on inhalers, $35.5 million (less than 0.01%) was spent on 2 generic inhalers: fluticasone propionate with salmeterol and levalbuterol tartrate hydrofluoroalkane. CONCLUSIONS: Between 2012 and 2018, on average, $3.5 billion per year was spent by Medicaid on inhalers. Decreasing the price of inhalers by introducing more generic inhalers in the market can potentially reduce the cost burden on Medicaid. DISCLOSURES: This study was funded by the American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education (AFPE). The funders had no role in study design, data collection, and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Experiences of Six Asian International Graduate Students in Online Courses

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explored online experiences of six Asian international graduate students in the United States (U.S.). The qualitative research study used a narrative analysis approach that collected data from semi-structured interviews. Three major themes emerged: (1) classroom differences, (2) positive attitude toward online courses and (3) sociocultural experiences in online courses. The key findings were: a)participants shared differences between their teacher centered instructional delivery in their home county to student centered instructional delivery in the U.S.; b) most participants had positive experiences in online classes when it comes to flexibility and convenience, but wanted more opportunities to interact directly with instructors and classmates; and c) participants felt a sense of belonging when there were inclusiveness from professors and classmates.
Fluoroquinolones Hybrid Molecules as Promising Antibacterial Agents in the Fight against Antibacterial Resistance

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The emergence of bacterial resistance has motivated researchers to discover new antibacterial agents. Nowadays, fluoroquinolones keep their status as one of the essential classes of antibacterial agents. The new generations of fluoroquinolones are valuable therapeutic tools with a spectrum of activity, including Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and atypical bacteria. This review article surveys the design of fluoroquinolone hybrids with other antibacterial agents or active compounds and underlines the new hybrids’ antibacterial properties. Antibiotic fluoroquinolone hybrids have several advantages over combined antibiotic therapy. Thus, some challenges related to joining two different molecules are under study. Structurally, the obtained hybrids may contain a cleavable or non-cleavable linker, an essential element for their pharmacokinetic properties and mechanism of action. The design of hybrids seems to provide promising antibacterial agents helpful in the fight against more virulent and resistant strains. These hybrid structures have proven superior antibacterial activity and less susceptibility to bacterial resistance than the component molecules. In addition, fluoroquinolone hybrids have demonstrated other biological effects such as anti-HIV, antifungal, antiplasmodic/antimalarial, and antitumor activity. Many fluoroquinolone hybrids are in various phases of clinical trials, raising hopes that new antibacterial agents will be approved shortly.
FACTORS INFLUENCING HUMAN-PET INTERACTION AMONG OLDER ADULTS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As more attention is paid to the role of pets in the lives of older adults, we need to better understand who is more likely to have a pet at home. Studies that recruit pet owners do not allow us to estimate either the proportion of older adults with a pet, identify the socio-demographic characteristics of persons more likely to own a pet, or whether different characteristics are more strongly associated with ownership of a particular type of pet. The 2012 Public Health Management Corporation’s Household Health Survey asked a representative sample of older adults in Philadelphia and the four surrounding counties about pet ownership. Of the 3,042 persons age 60+ interviewed, almost 40% had a pet in their home. Our analyses compared persons 1) with no pet (n = 1,864) to 2) persons with a dog only (n = 406) and 3) persons with a cat only (n = 476). We found statistically significant differences in regard to sex, age, size of the household, income, renting or owning their home and whether the older adult had experienced depressive symptoms in the previous week. Interestingly there were no differences on measures of self-rated health, frequency of social interaction, or feelings regarding neighbors. Our findings suggest that research on the human-pet interaction in old age needs to consider several contextual issues (including the type of pet and the composition of the household) to better understand the impact of pet ownership on health and other outcomes for older adults.
Simulation-based approach for implant planning in aortic aneurysm repair

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Currently available software for planning endovascular aortic repair is limited to measurement functions and 3D visualization. It is not possible to estimate stent graft´s behaviour in the vessel to compare different devices. With the aim to enable a quantitative stent graft evaluation the use potential of a finite element (FE) model was analyzed. Method: Based on a Computer Tomographic Angiography scan of an abdominal aortic aneurysm a patient-specific FE model was generated and enhanced with stent graft rings. The simulation results (radial force, contact state of stent rings) were exported with the surface mesh using a macro. To provide the data in the clinical environment a graphical user interface was developed. Result values for one or more configurations can be shown for proximal and distal landing zone. The user can choose between different result presentation forms like tables or value visualization on 3D model. To evaluate the planning approach a usability test was performed and a questionnaire was answered by 10 vascular surgeons. Results: All respondents consider the presented method helpful for better estimation of the stent graft properties migration risk (little:1, a little:3, a lot:5, lots of:1) and endoleak type I risk (little:1, a little:4, a lot:4, lots of:1). 70% find it possible to perform a device comparison. Conclusion: According to the feedback of the surgeons in the usability test the simulation of an implant-vessel interaction can provide helpful result values for the evaluation of stent grafts. Further work has to quantify how far an FE-simulation can approximate the reality.
Supplemental Figure 3b from PTEN Loss Is Associated with Worse Outcome in <i>HER2</i>-Amplified Breast Cancer Patients but Is Not Associated with Trastuzumab Resistance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplemental Figure 3b. Comparison of western immunoblot results and PTEN IHC in CAL-51, MDA-MB-451, HCC-1954, ZR-75-1, MCF7, CAL-120, and BT474 human breast cancer cell lines.</p>
The Forme of Cury, a Roll of Ancient English Cookery

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One of the oldest surviving English-language cookbooks, this fascinating work was originally compiled in the late fourteenth century by the master cooks at the court of Richard II. It contains nearly 200 recipes for the preparation of everyday dishes as well as elaborate banquets. Here we find roasts, stews, jellies and custards alongside dishes that call for highly prized spices or animals such as curlews and porpoises. This 1780 transcription, from the manuscript then belonging to Gustavus Brander and now in the British Library, was made by the Anglican clergyman and antiquary Samuel Pegge (1704–96). Ordained in 1730 and elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1751, Pegge briefly discusses in his preface the history of cooking since antiquity, while his annotations to the text elucidate the medieval vocabulary. Among related items forming an intriguing appendix are rolls of provisions from the time of Henry VIII.
Particle Size and Concentration Effect on Permeability and EM-Wave Absorption Properties of Hybrid Ferrite Polymer Composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Hybrid MnZn/NiZn/PVC polymer composite materials have been prepared using a dry low-temperature hot-pressing process and the influence of particle size, concentration, and the fraction ratio of the dual MnZn/NiZn ferrite filler on their complex permeability $\mu = \mu^{\prime}-{\rm j}\ \mu^{\prime\prime}$ and electromagnetic wave (EM-wave) absorbing properties were investigated within the frequency range of 1–3000 MHz. The observed frequency dispersion of permeability was of a relaxation type and caused by a resonance of vibrating domain walls and a natural ferromagnetic resonance of precessing magnetic moments in domains. The complex permeability and resonance frequency $f_{\rm res}$ of hybrid composites have been affected mainly by changes in concentration and fraction ratio of ferrite filler: the $\mu^{\prime}$ at low frequency decreased and $f_{\rm res}$ shifted towards the higher frequency region with the decrease of ferrite concentration and with the configuration change from the MnZn/PVC composite to NiZn/PVC one. Measured values of complex permeability were used to determine the return loss RL using a model of a single-layered EM-wave absorber backed by a perfect conductor. In the designed single layer absorbers, the RL as well as the matching frequency $f_{\rm m}$, matching thickness $d_{\rm m}$, bandwidth $\Delta f$ for ${\rm RL} \leq -20$ dB, and the minimum of return loss $({\rm RL})_{\min}$ seem to be strongly dependent on particle size, concentration, and the fraction ratio of the dual MnZn/NiZn ferrite filler.
‘These uncomfortable times’: conformity and the godly ministers 1628–1638

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Delivering his last provincial account in 1632, Archbishop Abbot informed the King that ‘there is not in the Church of England left any inconformable minister which appeareth’, although the bishops of London and Lincoln had been forced to deprive two or three divines, ‘whom no time can tame, nor instruction conquer’. Six years later, William Juxon, the Bishop of London, made his annual report to Abbot's successor, William Laud, and, after taking note of a brief squabble in the city occasioned by ‘some over-nice curiousities’ expressed in the pulpit, claimed ‘there is but one noted refractory person that stands out in that diocese, and he is now under suspension’. These accounts present, from either end of the decade, a diocese essentially at peace, with the occasional disciplinary duty and an infrequent need for peacemaking falling under the pastoral eye of the bishop. The task of this section is to scratch beneath the surface of this picture to test its validity, to see if this was a decade of tranquillity and to measure the perception of the ecclesiastical establishment against that of the godly ministers. In the course of the discussion a number of themes emerge: firstly, I will examine in a little detail the experience of Thomas Hooker between 1628 and 1633 to see how debates among the godly, particularly regarding the Prayer Book ceremonies, underwent a crucial transition during these years. The issues which animate these ministers lead us to variations in response to changing perceptions: it becomes possible to discuss different trajectories of experience and gain an insight into their doubts and resolutions.
A History of Scottish Women's Writing

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This is the first comprehensive critical analysis of Scottish women's writing from its recoverable beginnings to the present day. Essays cover individual writers - such as Margaret Oliphant, Nan Shepherd, Muriel Spark and Liz Lochhead - as well as groups of writers or kinds of writing - such as women poets and dramatists, or Gaelic writing and the legacy of the Kailyard. In addition to poetry, drama and fiction, a varied body of non-fiction writing is also covered, including diaries, memoirs, biography and autobiography, didactic and polemic writing, and popular and periodical writing for and by women
A review on floral scents and pigments in cucurbits: Their biosynthesis and role in flower visitor interactions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fruiting of most cucurbits, among them several commercially used species, relies on animals that transfer pollen from male to female flowers. To attract their pollinators, many cucurbits produce large, colorful and scented flowers, which, however, also attract florivores. Knowing the flower visitors and understanding the specific signals, including their biosynthesis, attractive to pollinators and florivores might be useful when aiming to increase pollination and fruiting by ecological measures, breeding and genetic engineering. This review summarizes the knowledge available on floral pigments, scents and visitors of cucurbits. We also review the genetic basis of floral pigment and scent production as well as the role of floral colors and scents in attracting pollinators and florivores. Floral visitors and colors are quite well studied, but there is very limited knowledge on the biosynthesis of the various floral scent compounds described and the cues used by the different flower visitors to find cucurbit flowers.
Electrocatalyst Nanomaterials for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

With the rapid depletion of fossil fuels and increasingly worsened environmental pollution caused by vast fossil-fuel consumption, there is high demand to make efficient use of energy and to seek renewable and clean energy sources alternative of fossil fuels to enable the sustainable development of our economy and society. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell is an efficient, silent and low pollution new electric power generator based oon two electrochemical reactions: the oxidation of hydrogen at the anode and the reduction of oxygen at the cathode.
Analisis Dan Perbandingan Wireless Distribution System (Wds) Dan Non-Wireless Distribution System (Non-Wds) Berbasis Openwrt Menggunakan Access Point Pada Jurusan Teknik Informatika Fakultas Teknik Universitas Halu Oleo

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The wireless network is one of the best alternatives in building a network of computers that is practical, in some agencies and the commercial wireless network is used to support an existing wired network. But its implementation is still used cable network that became the backbone of the access point so that a client that is connected can access the internet. Wiring problems can be a considerable obstacle in places that are hard to reach. The wireless distribution system is a system for developing a wireless internet network without having to use a cable as a backbone for the access point but instead of utilize a wireless line of the access point. At the time of the wireless distribution system network, topology and network topology of the non-wireless distribution system is applied, will be on analysis using Wireshark, the QoS parameter application that consists of a Delay, Throughput, and Packet Loss. The testing performed against the clients who are numbered six (6) is each connected to the access point. Scenario testing is done i.e. the conditions streaming and download, made during the three (3) days. Of test results obtained, the wireless distribution system network topology has the value throughput, delay; packet loss is a little less useful than a non-network topology wireless distribution system. But the differences in the average value of the QoS parameters that are generated are not too significant.
Learned human-agent decision-making, communication and joint action in a virtual reality environment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Humans make decisions and act alongside other humans to pursue both short-term and long-term goals. As a result of ongoing progress in areas such as computing science and automation, humans now also interact with non-human agents of varying complexity as part of their day-to-day activities; substantial work is being done to integrate increasingly intelligent machine agents into human work and play. With increases in the cognitive, sensory, and motor capacity of these agents, intelligent machinery for human assistance can now reasonably be considered to engage in joint action with humans---i.e., two or more agents adapting their behaviour and their understanding of each other so as to progress in shared objectives or goals. The mechanisms, conditions, and opportunities for skillful joint action in human-machine partnerships is of great interest to multiple communities. Despite this, human-machine joint action is as yet under-explored, especially in cases where a human and an intelligent machine interact in a persistent way during the course of real-time, daily-life experience. In this work, we contribute a virtual reality environment wherein a human and an agent can adapt their predictions, their actions, and their communication so as to pursue a simple foraging task. In a case study with a single participant, we provide an example of human-agent coordination and decision-making involving prediction learning on the part of the human and the machine agent, and control learning on the part of the machine agent wherein audio communication signals are used to cue its human partner in service of acquiring shared reward. These comparisons suggest the utility of studying human-machine coordination in a virtual reality environment, and identify further research that will expand our understanding of persistent human-machine joint action.
Preparation and characterization of rosin-based waterborne polyurethane from maleopimaric acid polyester polyol

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Maleopimaric acid (MPA) can be used for polymer materials as a rosin derivative. In this study, rosin-based waterborne polyurethane (RWPU) was prepared with different content of maleopimaric acid polyester polyol (MAPP), which was synthesized from MPA. The properties of RWPU were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Other properties including tensile strength, elongation at break, and water absorption were also determined. The onset decomposition temperature of RWPU with 30 wt% MAPP is improved from 170°C to 237°C, compared to the pure WPU. The tensile strength of the derivative was increased from 7.24 MPa to 23.24 MPa as well relative to the default polyurethane. The water absorption decreased significantly from 78.6% to 14.7%.
From Being to Ontogenetic Becoming: Commentary on Analytics of the Aging Body

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

analytically approach old age as a process that extends beyond the individual, body, society, and the resulting politics of representation.I conclude with an introduction to Simondon's theory of ontogenesis and its potential applicability to the study of aging, particularly for attending to the many different and contributing forces at work in the becoming of old age. Ender RicartFrom Being to Ontogenetic Becoming