jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Human Rights in the Context of Deepening Integration of East African Community (EAC)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study contributes to the discourse on the process of political integration by studying East African Community (EAC)’s integration efforts in the light of Human Rights Based Approach (HBRA). Data used has been assembled from various sources such as media reports, EAC documents and country statistical reports from various institutions such as bureaus of statistics, UNDP, UNAIDS, World Bank, Freedom House and Transparency International. This study has been on-going from 2008 to 2012. The study found that various structures have been created to aid the deepening integration efforts in East Africa. With the exception of human rights, the EAC treaty stipulates eleven areas of collaboration. It was also found that Tanzania scores better than other countries on political and civil liberties, while Human Welfare Indicators were a challenge in the entire EAC. The Gini index scores were high and worsening in some countries over time, indicating the presence of distributive injustices. Other areas of concern comprised media control, gender based challenges, harassment of opposition and poor protection of minorities and vulnerable populations. Four countries of the region are part of the Africa Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) process. The APRM as a process is meant to promote good governance and presents an opportunity for bettering human rights in the region. The study ends by recommending the mainstreaming of Human Rights Based Approach (HBRA) through the formation of East African Human Rights Commission (EAHRC) within EAC structures.
An Analysis Of The Translated Religious Terms In Surah Al- Fatihah From The Linguistic Perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The terms used in religious affairs are acutely unique language devices in an individual's life and society. Therefore, any attempt to translate a religious term is a task that requires diligence and extensive knowledge related to its religious characteristics rooted within the culture of a society. What's so special about it? How did it become fundamental in the lives of individuals and society? Or how does it function as a vehicle of systematic communication between religious people with their religion? Assumingly, these terms form a system in which a continuous spiritual relationship is established between a believer of divinity and the religious values he believes in. A research framework to analyze the translation techniques of these terms needs to be developed, where each aspect provides a clear indicator of the quality of both literal and implicit meaning that strengthens its spiritual function. This study attempts to analyze the translation quality of the terms found in Surah Al-Fatihah as a sample study due to its important role and usage within the daily life of every Muslim. Indeed, those terms had been translated from Arabic into Malay. However, the result of this study found that the translation of religious terms is vital because it is closely related to the needs of spiritual activities and cognitive growth, which underlies the process of Muslims capital development, identity and integrity within the contemporary challenges of the modern era.
Geological Characteristics of Lower Paleozoic Shale Gas Accumulation in the Yuxi Region, Southern Sichuan Basin: In View of High-Density Methane Inclusions

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Twelve shale fracture veins and forty-nine fluid inclusion assemblages within the veins of 3800-4200 m in three wells located in different tectonic zones in the Yuxi Region, southern Sichuan Basin were selected in this study. The burial and thermal histories of single wells were reconstructed, and time-temperature-pressure of oil and gas filling were clarified using microscopy observation, Raman microprobe analyses, geochemical tests, and fluid inclusion microtemperature measurement. The shale fracture veins of the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the Yuxi Region are mainly formed vertically and horizontally, where the vein-forming fluids are derived from endogenous fluids. A large number of methane inclusions, bituminous inclusions, and methane-bearing bituminous inclusions within the veins confirm the process of oil cracking gas and kerogen cracking gas. The homogeneous temperature (Th) of the aqueous inclusions contemporaneous with the bituminous inclusions ranges from 109.3 to 174.1 °C, which were trapped during 220 to 250 Ma. The homogeneous temperature of the aqueous inclusions contemporaneous with the methane inclusions ranges from 137.3 to 226.8 °C, which were trapped during 160 to 195 Ma and 51 to 56 Ma. The trapped pressure calculated by high-density methane inclusions (0.246-0.293 g/cm3) is between 82.9 and 140.1 MPa, with a pressure coefficient between 1.64 and 2.07. The formation pressure coefficient is nearly two, indicating that the current overpressure is inherited from the overpressure at the maximum burial depth. The earlier the fracture vein opening, the less the damage to the shale gas accumulation, and the more opening-closing phases, the lower the homogeneous temperature of the gas-liquid two-phase aqueous inclusions coeval with the high-density methane inclusions and the greater the degree of damage to the shale gas accumulation. The results provide a basis for further study on the genesis of overpressure and the migration of shale gas.
Hibiki: A Graph Visualization of Asian Music

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Creating a visualization for a specific subdomain is an arduous task since most commercial visualization tools are often written in a way that allows them to be applicable to multiple subject domains. These tools are cer-tainly powerful, but inherently weaker since they were not written with a specific subject domain in mind. Thus, many researchers may want to create their own visualization. The goal of this project is to create a Neo4j database and an interactive web interface for a dataset that covers the intricacies of the East Asian Music scene, primarily focused on Japanese music. This paper serves as documentation to help other authors understand the processes involved when designing and creating similar tools. We break the project down into 3 separate components. First, we introduce the fundamentals of a Neo4j Graph Database and data mapping design decisions. Next, we explore what an ETL process looks like and how to implement it using Ruby libraries. Finally, we look at the design of the graph visualization software, it's components, and key design decisions. We end the discussion with some analysis of the visualization's effectiveness to provide information and how to improve computational efficiency of the visualization.
Mortality following a brain tumour diagnosis in patients with multiple sclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives As brain tumours and their treatment may theoretically have a poorer prognosis in inflammatory central nervous system diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), all-cause mortality following a brain tumour diagnosis was compared between patients with and without MS. The potential role of age at tumour diagnosis was also examined. Setting Hospital inpatients in Sweden with assessment of mortality in hospital or following discharge. Participants Swedish national registers identified 20 543 patients with an MS diagnosis (1969–2005) and they were matched individually to produce a comparison cohort of 204 163 members of the general population without MS. Everyone with a primary brain tumour diagnosis was selected for this study: 111 with MS and 907 without MS. Primary and secondary outcome measures 5-year mortality risk following brain tumour diagnosis and age at brain tumour diagnosis. Results A non-statistically significant lower mortality risk among patients with MS (lower for those with tumours of high-grade and uncertain-grade malignancy and no notable difference for low-grade tumours) produced an unadjusted HR (and 95% CI) of 0.75 (0.56 to 1.02). After adjustment for age at diagnosis, grade of malignancy, sex, region of residence and socioeconomic index, the HR is 0.91 (0.67–1.24). The change in estimate was largely due to adjustment for age at brain tumour diagnosis, as patients with MS were on average 4.7 years younger at brain tumour diagnosis than those in the comparison cohort (p<0.001). Conclusions Younger age at tumour diagnosis may contribute to mortality reduction in those with high-grade and uncertain-grade brain tumours. Survival following a brain tumour is not worse in patients with MS; even after age at brain tumour diagnosis and grade of malignancy are taken into account.
Authoring Non-Action in Early China

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay explores a call for non-action in certain ancient Chinese texts that, contrary to expectation, implicitly upholds definitions of action that are comparable to Western understandings of the term. The call for non-action in ancient Chinese texts differs significantly, however, from what Western theorists usually define as legitimate, agent-led action through its negation of viewing means-end calculations as the basis of action. Closer analysis of such formulations on non-action reveal that that there is room for a broader definition in action theory of what constitutes a coherent, unified, creative agent.
Lead in piscivorous raptors during breeding season in the Chesapeake Bay region of Maryland and Virginia, USA

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Sources of lead exposure of many bird species are poorly understood. We analyzed blood lead concentrations from osprey (n = 244; Pandion haliaetus) and bald eagles (n = 68; Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and documented potential sources of lead they may encounter. Adult bald eagles had higher blood lead concentrations than did adult osprey. However, blood lead concentrations of nestlings were similar for both species. Although 62% of osprey had detectable lead concentrations (x¯ = 1.99 ± 4.02 μg/dL, mean ± standard deviation [SD]), there was no difference in the detection frequency or lead concentrations between osprey adults and nestlings. Likewise, we found no differences in the detection frequency or lead concentrations in osprey adults and nestlings from high- and low-salinity areas. Of the bald eagle samples tested, 55% had detectable lead levels (x¯ = 6.23 ± 10.74 μg/dL). Adult bald eagles had more detectable and higher lead concentrations than did nestlings or pre-adults. Among environmental samples, paint had the highest lead concentrations, followed by sediment, blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus), and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). There was no correlation between blood lead concentrations of osprey adults and their offspring. Our results indicate that, in the Chesapeake Bay region of Maryland and Virginia (USA), there are multiple sources by which piscivorous raptors may be exposed to lead. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:862–871. © Published 2019 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
A Frequency-Domain Validation Test for Uncertainty Models Having White Noise and Unmodeled Dynamics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a new frequency-domain validation test for uncertainty models having white noises and norm-bounded unmodeled dynamics. In this method, a statistical whiteness test is integrated into the deterministic model validation methodology and we consider the whiteness test based on the averaged periodogram of data segments in order to reduce the validation problem into a convex problem with less computation burden. One of the distinguished features of our method is that the quality of the validation test can be improved by increasing the data segments because of the whiteness test. Also, one of the merits of our frequency-domain validation test is that we need a priori information in time-domain only. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Reynolds number effects in shock-wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We investigate Reynolds number effects in strong shock-wave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions (STBLI) by leveraging a new database of wall-resolved and long-integrated large-eddy simulations. The database encompasses STBLI with massive boundary-layer separation at Mach $2.0$ , impinging-shock angle $40^{\circ }$ and friction Reynolds numbers ${\textit {Re}}_\tau$ $355$ , $1226$ and $5118$ . Our analysis shows that the shape of the reverse-flow bubble is notably different at low and high Reynolds number, while the mean-flow separation length, separation-shock angle and incipient plateau pressure are rather insensitive to Reynolds number variations. Velocity statistics reveal a shift in the peak location of the streamwise Reynolds stress from the separation-shock foot to the core of the detached shear layer at high Reynolds number, which we attribute to increased pressure transport in the separation-shock excursion domain. Additionally, in the high Reynolds case, the separation shock originates deep within the turbulent boundary, resulting in intensified wall-pressure fluctuations and spanwise variations associated with the passage of coherent velocity structures. Temporal spectra of various signals show energetic low-frequency content in all cases, along with a distinct peak in the bubble-volume spectra at a separation-length-based Strouhal number $St_{L_{sep}}\approx 0.1$ . The separation shock is also found to lag behind bubble-volume variations, consistent with the acoustic propagation time from reattachment to separation and a downstream mechanism driving the shock motion. Finally, dynamic mode decomposition of three-dimensional fields suggests a Reynolds-independent statistical link among separation-shock excursions, velocity streaks and large-scale vortices at low frequencies.
Royal Style: A History of Aristocratic Fashion Icons

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The wedding of Prince William and Kate Middleton helped reclaim the fashion cred of Britain's royal family, ushering in a generation of hip but genial personalities that appeal to every age and station. But royals have been setting fashion trends for centuries. This fascinating overview of aristocratic icons reaches back to the middle age, and from Europe to the Middle East, to profile the most renowned promoters of elegance and style ever to don their empires' crowns. Author and royals watcher Luise Wackerl juxtaposes the fifteenth-century Duke of Burgundy's penchant for black with Elizabeth I's taste for virginal white. She presents history's first It Girls: Marie Antoinette, Louisa of Prussia, Empresses Sisi of Austria and Eugenie of France. She relates how Queen Victoria's sorrow and propriety transformed her country, and how an impeccably styled American's love for Edward VIII upended the British monarchy. From the irreproachably elegant styles of Grace Kelly to Lady Diana, Jordan's Queen Rania to Princess Letizia of Spain we move on to the newest icons: couture-loving Princess Marie-Chantal of Greece, Princess Marie of Denmark, and Princesses Beatrice and Eugenie of York, whose faces and party antics grace the tabloids on a weekly basis. Hundreds of photos and a lively text make this irresistible reading for anyone interested in fashion, royalty, and the lively intersection of both worlds.
War service and NHS pensions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

discharged no matter how overcrowded the hospital might have been.(5) The complaint is primarily against the authority and not against the individual doctor.Of course the Select Committee said it would have been "appropriate" for the commissioner to have contacted the doctor and that the authority should have done so initially, and they "note" that the authority did not contact the doctor when the draft report was submitted for comment.But they confirmed the decision and they confirmed it without contacting the doctor themselves.Meanwhile, in America, the senior house officer comes off best.He now lives in a country where all men can defend themselves if complaints are made against them.But we don't.
LEGAL PROTECTION FOR WORKERS WHO HAVE TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT DUE TO FORCE MAJEURE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this research is to find out the level of regulation conformity regarding the termination of employment due to Force Majeure in Indonesia in the form of legal protection and juridical consequences based on governing termination regulations of employment due to force mejaeure in order to fulfill the workers’ rights caused by layoffs. This research discusses the suitability of arrangements regarding workers who experience termination of employment due to Force Majeure in Indonesia with ideal legal protection and legal consequences of arrangements for employment termination implemented because of Force Majeure. The type of research used is normative legal research, is legal research that examines document studies using statutory regulations, court decisions, legal theory, and scholars’ opinions. The research result indicate that legal protection for workers who have been terminated due to Force Majeure has been reflected in Law 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, but in order to create a positive law regarding forms of legal protection for workers who have been laid off, there must be clearer arrangements regarding the rights to workers in the future.
Males on demand: the environmental–neuro‐endocrine control of male sex determination in daphnids

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Branchiopod crustaceans (e.g., Daphnia sp.) and some other taxa utilize both asexual and sexual reproduction to maximize population sustainability. The decision to switch from asexual to sexual reproduction is triggered by environmental cues that foretell a potentially detrimental change in environmental conditions. This review describes the cascade of events beginning with environmental cues and ending with changes in gene expression that dictate male sex determination in daphnids, the initial event in the switch to sexual reproduction. Several environmental cues have been identified which, either in isolation or in combination, stimulate male sex determination. These cues are typically associated with change of season, exhaustion of resources or loss of habitat. Maternal daphnids receive and respond to these cues, we propose, through the secretion of neuropeptides, which suppress (hyperglycemic hormone‐like neuropeptides, allatostatin) or stimulate (allatotropin) the male sex differentiation program. In response, maternal daphnids produce the male sex‐determining hormone, methyl farnesoate. Methyl farnesoate binds to a protein MET that dimerizes with the protein SRC forming an active transcription factor. This complex then regulates the expression of genes, primarily doublesex ( dsx ), involved in programming the single‐celled embryo to develop into a male. In the absence of methyl farnesoate programming, the embryo develops into a female. Epigenetic modifications of the genome as a possible mode of methyl farnesoate action and the utility of this model to decipher the role of epigenetics in sex differentiation in other species are discussed.
THE PROBLEMS OF RELATING GREENHOUSE AND CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTAL WORK TO SWARD CONDITIONS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

When the rate of dry‐matter production of a grass crop is determined only by the incoming light energy, it increases exponentially until a closed green surface is reached. Thereafter the production is linear for some time, but soon it decreases and finally drops to zero. This decrease is partly caused by an increase in the rate of respiration relative to photosynthesis. However, there are still unknown factors affecting the rate of production, especially in the second half of the season. When a sward receives an optimal supply of water and nutrients the organic plant constituents at a given growth stage remain fairly constant throughout the season. It would be advantageous, however, to harvest grass with a higher sugar and a lower protein content. This seems to give better rumen digestion and, besides, would improve the regrowth of the sward. Since plants with a high rate of dry‐matter production usually have a fairly low reserve level, it is unlikely that selection could provide a strain with both a high reserve level and a high rate of production.
Edwardsiella tarda as a Cause for Limb- and Life- threatening Soft Tissue Infections: What All Plastic Surgeons Need to Know

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: Edwardsiella tarda (ET), a Gram-negative bacterium, causes an extremely uncommon, yet highly aggressive, soft tissue infection. Although plastic surgeons are frequently involved in the primary care, debridement, and secondary reconstruction of difficult soft tissue infections, infections caused by ET have received scant attention in the plastic surgery literature, perhaps because of the rarity of occurrence. We present a case of a 58-year-old man with alcohol abuse and hepatitis C who developed an upper extremity soft tissue infection after a catfish injury, which rapidly deteriorated to cause multiorgan failure and death within 5 days of admission. We will discuss the management of this rare but potentially lethal infection as well as the review of the current literature.
Adaptation in families raising children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Part I: What has helped

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background There is limited research investigating the lived experiences of parents raising children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The aim of this paper is to use qualitative analysis to identify how parents have adapted to the experience of raising their child with FASD.Method Eighty-four parents and caregivers of children with FASD in Ontario, Canada, participated in in-depth, semistructured interviews employing a basic interpretive approach.Results Parents of children with FASD report a number of strategies, supports, and transformational outcomes. Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, 5 themes were identified: understanding FASD and advocating on their child's behalf, day-to-day adaptation, transformational outcomes, as well as the importance of informal and formal supports.Conclusions Understanding what families do in order to facilitate adaptation is important when assisting families who may not be adapting as successfully. Continued research looking at the family experience of raising a child with a developmental disability, such as FASD, is necessary.
Evaluation of the Dynamic Performance of Banking Industry Using NDEA in the Presence of Undesirable Intertemporal Intermediate Products (Case study: Tejarat Bank)

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Performance evaluation has become an unavoidable necessity for the long-term survival of organizations. In particular, efficiency measurement plays a central role in performance evaluation. The banking industry is considered as one of the most important economic sectors, and hence, one of the most important challenges in efficiency evaluation using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is the selection of input-output factors. Since banking industry have complex and multi-stage process, traditional models that follow a simple black box structure cannot be used to evaluate the efficiency of banks. This study develops a slack based method for evaluating the dynamic efficiencies of banks with a network structure. The main aim of this study is to develop a dynamic two-stage DEA model for evaluating the efficiencies of 55 Tejarat bank branches in the presence of undesirable intertemporal intermediates. The results show that the proposed model measures the overall and stage efficiencies more accurately and reveals the source of branch inefficiency. The presented model can be developed straightforwardly to other network structures and applications.