jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Taxonomy for Autonomous Vehicles Considering Ambient Road Infrastructure

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To standardize definitions and guide the design, regulation, and policy related to automated transportation, the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) has established a taxonomy consisting of six levels of vehicle automation. The SAE taxonomy defines each level based on the capabilities of the automated system. It does not fully consider the infrastructure support required for each level. This can be considered a critical gap in the practice because the existing taxonomy does not account for the fact that the operational design domain (ODD) of any system must describe the specific conditions, including infrastructure, under which the system can function. In this paper, we argue that the ambient road infrastructure plays a critical role in characterizing the capabilities of autonomous vehicles (AVs) including mapping, perception, and motion planning, and therefore, the current taxonomy needs enhancement. To throw more light and stimulate discussion on this issue, this paper reviews, analyzes, and proposes a supplement to the existing SAE levels of automation from a road infrastructure perspective, considering the infrastructure support required for automated driving at each level of automation. Specifically, we focus on Level 4 because it is expected to be the most likely level of automation that will be deployed soon. Through an analysis of driving scenarios and state-of-the-art infrastructure technologies, we propose five sub-levels for Level 4 automated driving systems: Level 4-A (Dedicated Guideway Level), Level 4-B (Expressway Level), Level 4-C (Well-Structured Road Level), Level 4-D (Limited-Structured road Level), and Level 4-E (Disorganized Area Level). These sublevels reflect a progression from highly structured environments with robust infrastructure support to less structured environments with limited or no infrastructure support. The proposed supplement to the SAE taxonomy is expected to benefit both potential AV consumers and manufacturers through defining clear expectations of AV performance in different environments and infrastructure settings. In addition, transportation agencies may gain insights from this research towards their planning regarding future infrastructure improvements needed to support the emerging era of driving automation.
Evaluation of Device-Independent Internet Spatial Location

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Device-independent Internet spatial location is needed for many purposes, such as data personalisation and social behaviour analysis. Internet spatial databases provide such locations based the IP address of a device. The free to use databases are natively included into many UNIX and Linux operating systems. These systems are predominantly used for e-shops, social networks, and cloud data storage. Using a constructed ground truth dataset, we comprehensively evaluate these databases for null responses, returned country/region/city, and distance error. The created ground truth dataset differs from others by covering cities with both low and high populations and maintaining only devices that follow the rule of one IP address per ISP (Internet Service Provider) and per city. We define two new performance metrics that show the effect of city population and trustworthiness of the results. We also evaluate the databases against an alternative measurement-based approach. We study the reasons behind the results. The data evaluated comes from Europe. The results may be of use for engineers, developers and researchers that use the knowledge of geographical location for related data processing and analysis, such as marketing.
URANIUM-TITANIUM-METAGEL MINERALIZATION OF AU-U DEPOSITS OF THE ELKON ORE DISTRICT (ALDAN, RUSSIA) AND FEATURES OF ITS PROCESSING

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Large-scale reserves of uranium in Au-U deposits of the Elkon ore district are composed of newly discovered polyphase uranium-titanium metagel (UTM). Before, it was assumed that brannerite is the major mineral of these ores. However, it has been revealed that brannerite and uranium oxides and silicates are minor components of mineralization. Succession of UTM phases selection, their relations with brannerite are characterized. Few groups of UTM has been revealed by composition of major and trace elements. The filter cake of acidic leaching of a technological sample with residual uranium concentration of 0,02 wt.% and grain size of -0.16 mm was investigated. As it was established, the major part of uranium is in the fine grained UTM phases submerged in quartz-feldspar matrix of the cake particles. Taking into account a small size of the uranium phases (first microns, rarely n-10 mkm), recrusing of the ore to smaller grades will unlikely lead to a noticeable uranium yield into final product.
A Review of Long-Bone Fractures in Patients with Spinal Cord Injuries

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a retrospective investigation of 38 long-bone fractures in 30 spinal cord injured patients (mean follow-up, 22 months), fractures were classified acute (occurring at the time of spinal cord injury) or pathologic (occurring in the chronically injured patient). The methods of treatment and complications were recorded and evaluated. The incidence of long-bone fractures was 6.7%. Complication rates were high, ranging from 20% to 40%, with open or closed treatment of extremity fractures. Strict adherence to established operative fracture management principles in paraplegic patients irrespective of the level of neurologic deficit. Extremity fractures treated by nonoperative splinting and skin care healed well even in patients with long-standing paraplegia. Hip fractures were usually openly reduced internally fixed to improve sitting balance. The question of absolute benefit from early long-bone stabilization in the spinal cord injured patient remains unanswered.
Fmoc Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis of Human alfa-Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Two Fluorescent Analogs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Human -Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (h--CGRP) is a naturally occurring 37 amino acid vasodilatory neuropeptide amide, ACDTATCVTHRLAGLLSRSGGVVKNNFVPTNVGSKAF, with a disulfide bond between residues 2 and 7. The peptide is found in primary afferent sensory nerves and is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems in the body [1]. Structure activity studies of h--CGRP have shown that the middle and C-terminal part of the peptide allow the formation of the appropriate conformation required for the interaction with the receptor, while the N-terminus is essential for biological activity and onset of signal [2]. Fluorescent h--CGRP analogs are useful for investigating the mechanism behind (re)uptake of h--CGRP into the sensory nerve terminals and monitoring trafficking of CGRP receptors. As part of an ongoing study on the mechanism of action behind h--CGRP-induced vasodilation, we here present an Fmoc strategy for the synthesis of [Cys2,7(Acm)] h--CGRP (1), h--CGRP (2), and two fluorescent h--CGRP analogs labelled with 5-carboxyfluorescein [3] (5CF) at the side-chain of K24. The first analog, [Cys2,7(Acm), 5CFK24] h--CGRP (3) is linear, while the second [5CFK24] h--CGRP (4), contains the native disulfide bond.
Fertility markers in bull

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Fertility is most important for enhancement of livestock populations. Sperm and seminal plasma contain a variety of proteins, including protamine, which can be utilized as a fertility marker. Every protein involved in sperm function is essential for its efficient assembly, motility, capacitation, cell protection, acrosome responses, effective fertilization, activation of the egg, and embryonic development. Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) utilizes the genetic information at markers.Although metabolites are crucial to biological processes, little is known about the precise identities and importance of the seminal plasma metabolome in relation to bull fertility. Bull seminal plasma's metabolome was examined using GC-MS, and compounds including fructose and 2-oxoglutaric acid were identified as possible indicators of bull fertility. While several of these metabolites have been identified and their activities established, a larger number of sperm and seminal plasma metabolites remain unidentified. The epididymis, testis, and male accessory sex glands secrete seminal plasma. While there has been relatively little research on them, a variety of seminal plasma proteins are linked to male fertility. Recently, proteomics has demonstrated the variations in the protein profiles found in the seminal plasma of bulls with high and poor fertility. Osteopontin, phospholipase A2, P25b, acidic seminal fluid proteins, a-L-fucosidase, and cathepsin D have positive correlations with bull fertility, but lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase, spermadhesin Z13, clusterin, and ubiquitin have negative correlations. Further research is needed to understand the physiological functions of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 5, nuclobindin, Niemann-Pick C2, and epididymal sperm-binding protein 1 and how they relate to bull fertility. The current review article explains the roles played by several blood, sperm, and seminal plasma proteins as well as how bull fertility is related to them.
‘Re-engage’ pilot study protocol: a nurse-led eHealth intervention to re-engage, educate and empower childhood cancer survivors

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Many childhood cancer survivors are disengaged from cancer-related follow-up care despite being at high risk of treatment-related late effects. Innovative models of long-term follow-up (LTFU) care to manage ongoing treatment-related complications are needed. ‘Re-engage’ is a nurse-led eHealth intervention designed to improve survivors’ health-related self-efficacy, targeted at survivors disengaged from follow-up. Re-engage aims to overcome survivor- and parent-reported barriers to care and ensure survivors receive the care most appropriate to their risk level. Methods and analysis This study will recruit 30 Australian childhood cancer survivors who are not receiving any cancer-related care. Participation involves two online/telephone consultations with a survivorship nurse for medical assessment, a case review, risk stratification and creation of a care plan by a multidisciplinary team of specialists. We will assess the feasibility of implementing ‘Re-engage’ and its acceptability to participants and health professionals involved. The primary outcome will be survivors’ health-related self-efficacy, measured at baseline and 1 and 6 months postintervention. Secondary outcomes will include the effect of ‘Re-engage’ on survivors’ health behaviours and beliefs, engagement in healthcare, information needs and emotional well-being. We will also document the cost per patient to deliver ‘Re-engage’. If Re-engage is acceptable, feasible and demonstrates early efficacy, it may have the potential to empower survivors in coordinating their complex care, improving survivors’ long-term engagement and satisfaction with care. Ideally, it will be implemented into clinical practice to recall survivors lost to follow-up and reduce the ongoing burden of treatment for childhood cancer. Ethics and dissemination The study protocol has been approved by the South Eastern Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (reference number: 16/366). The results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and at scientific conferences. A lay summary will be published on the Behavioural Sciences Unit website. Trial registration number ACTRN12618000194268.
The Russian Federation - An Exploratory Assessment of Transport Connectivity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study describes the performance of \n the sector vis-à-vis socioeconomic features of regions and \n discusses whether the development of market opportunities is \n limited by the availability of transport.Specifically, this \n study has two main objectives. First, it provides an \n exploratory assessment of transport connectivity in Russia. \n Second, it assesses the impact of improved transport \n productivity on the Russian economy and whether such an \n improvement has different economic impacts in various \n regions of the country. The study is complemented by a \n market/industry analysis and the performance of transport \n infrastructure in two selected regions : Zabaikalsky Krai \n and Khabarovsk Krai. Transport connectivity, as defined in \n this study, mainly focuses on freight transport and not so \n much on how passengers in different parts of the country are \n able to access transport services. Furthermore, while this \n study assesses general relationships between transport \n connectivity and economic outcomes—such as growth, poverty, \n and productivity it does not intend to formally or \n empirically establish a causal relationship between these \n variables. Expectedly, the average economic distance to \n market is much less in the well-connected western and \n central regions than in the more isolated eastern and \n northern regions. An increase in transport efficiency, \n resulting from reduction of travel time or technological \n progress,can have a different impact on regional \n productivity and welfare. This study presents some \n preliminary results of a simulation of a positive shock in \n transport efficiency using a regional general equilibrium \n analysis for Russia. International surveys of manufacturing \n and services firms provide mixed evidence of the \n importanceof transport for firm productivity in Russia.For a \n country as a large as Russia, it does not suffice to provide \n an explanation of connectivity in thewhole territory. \n However, isolated regions, at least those located in areas \n far from markets in the European side of Russia, may not \n necessarily be “transport disconnected” from their markets. \n Finally, it is important to note that in a large country \n like Russia achieving a good level of connectivity depends \n both on the density of the national transport network and \n the level of population dispersion.This report is divided \n into two parts. Part one considers the provision of \n transport services at the national level. We first summarize \n selected studies of the impact of transport services on \n economic growth and development, then discuss some relevant \n characteristics of Russia’s provision of transport services \n andtransport sector performance. Part two of the report \n develops two case studies.
Between North and South: The World Bank and the New International Economic Order

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Existing scholarship has analyzed the NIEO from the perspectives of developed and developing countries, but scant attention has been paid to actors positioned between north and south. This paper helps rectify this deficiency by providing an account of the World Bank’s response to the NIEO. The NIEO presented a significant challenge to the Bank, an intergovernmental organization tasked with promoting global economic development. The NIEO ran counter to the Bank’s development philosophy and ties to the United States government. As a result, the Bank largely avoided debates over the NIEO. Instead, the organization’s management sought to mollify southern governments by increasing the Bank’s lending and by promoting an alternative vision of economic reform centered on global poverty alleviation. As such, the NIEO accelerated ongoing transformations in the Bank’s development strategy.
Preprint typeset using L ATEX style emulateapj v. 08/13/06 DEPENDENCE OF INTERSTELLAR TURBULENT PRESSURE ON SUPERNOVA RATE

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Feedback from massive stars is one of the least understood aspects of galaxy formation. We perform a suite of vertically stratified local interstellar medium (ISM) models in which supernova rates and vertical gas column densities are systematically varied based on the Schmidt-Kennicutt law. Our simulations have a sufficiently high spatial resolution (1.95 pc) to follow the hydrodynamic interactions among multiple supernovae that structure the interstellar medium. At a given supernova rate, we find that the mean mass-weighted sound speed and velocity dispersion decrease as the inverse square root of gas density. The sum of thermal and turbulent pressures is nearly constant in the midplane, so the effective equation of state is isobaric. In contrast, across our four models having supernova rates that range from one to 512 times the Galactic supernova rate, the mass-weighted velocity dispersion remains in the range 4–6 km s −1. Hence, gas averaged over ∼100 pc regions follows P ∝ ρ α with α ≈ 1, indicating that the effective equation of state on this scale is close to isothermal. Simulated H I emission lines have widths of 10–18 km s −1, comparable to observed values. In our highest supernova rate model, superbubble blow-outs occur, and the turbulent pressure on large scales is �4 times higher than the thermal pressure. We find a tight correlation between the thermal and turbulent pressures averaged over ∼100 pc regions in the midplane of each model, as well as across the four ISM models. We construct a subgrid model for turbulent pressure based on analytic arguments and explicitly calibrate it against our stratified ISM simulations. The subgrid model provides a simple yet physically motivated way to include supernova feedback in cosmological simulations.
The Dinosaur Renaissance 1960s-80s: A Foundational Episode for the Historiography of Paleoart

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The “Dinosaur Renaissance” is known as a crucial event in the study of dinosaurs. From sluggish and lizard-like, they came to be conceived and represented as more dynamic animals. This paper argues that the “Dinosaur Renaissance” did not only constitute a significant scientific and artistic shift. Indeed, it can also be interpreted as a foundational episode for the historiography of paleoart. During the “Dinosaur Renaissance,” a growing community of artists and paleontologists promoted the integration of artistic processes in paleontology. They began to actively discuss the historical legacy and future of such integration. The itinerant paleoart exhibition Dinosaurs Past and Present , hosted in eight major cities across North America at the end of the 1980s, can be identified as having played a significant role in setting the foundation for the historiography of paleoart. The “Dinosaur Renaissance” did not only result in revised visual representations of dinosaurs, but also spurred some of the first investigations on the historical relationship between visual arts and paleontology. This article concludes by offering some remarks on how the present historiography of paleoart can continue to build on the efforts made during the “Dinosaur Renaissance” while remaining cognizant of their context. To effectively answer the needs of historians, as well as of paleontologists and paleoartists alike, the growing historiography of paleoart has much to gain in clarifying its own history.
NAMPT-dependent NAD + biosynthesis controls circadian metabolism in a tissue-specific manner

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Molecular clocks in the periphery coordinate tissue-specific daily biorhythms by integrating input from the hypothalamic master clock and intracellular metabolic signals. One such key metabolic signal is the cellular concentration of NAD + , which oscillates along with its biosynthetic enzyme, nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). NAD + levels feed back into the clock to influence rhythmicity of biological functions, yet whether this metabolic fine-tuning occurs ubiquitously across cell types and is a core clock feature is unknown. Here, we show that NAMPT-dependent control over the molecular clock varies substantially between tissues. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) requires NAMPT to sustain the amplitude of the core clock, whereas rhythmicity in white adipose tissue (WAT) is only moderately dependent on NAD + biosynthesis, and the skeletal muscle clock is completely refractory to loss of NAMPT. In BAT and WAT, NAMPT differentially orchestrates oscillation of clock-controlled gene networks and the diurnality of metabolite levels. NAMPT coordinates the rhythmicity of TCA cycle intermediates in BAT, but not in WAT, and loss of NAD + abolishes these oscillations similarly to high-fat diet-induced circadian disruption. Moreover, adipose NAMPT depletion improved the ability of animals to defend body temperature during cold stress but in a time-of-day-independent manner. Thus, our findings reveal that peripheral molecular clocks and metabolic biorhythms are shaped in a highly tissue-specific manner by NAMPT-dependent NAD + synthesis.
Accountability and Transparency in Nation Building: A COVID-19 Experience in Sub-Saharan Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The manifest mistrust between the government and the governed necessitated this study to examine the relationship between accountability and transparency on nation-building, using covid-19 experience as a yardstick. A survey research design was employed in the study. The population of the study consisted of 1174 employees of 5 ministries in Anambra State and the sample size was 298 using Taro Yamani formula. Questionnaire was used in collecting data. The instrument was subjected to face and content validity and was further tested for internal consistency using Cronbach Alpha and an average result obtained was 0.984. Data were analysed using Regression Analysis at 5% level of significance. Findings showed that there is a statistically significant relationship existing between full disclosure and citizens improved trust (r = .984, R2 = .899, F =1874.010, p-value