jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
From infant to sage: mobilizing images of indigenous peoples in the Brazilian Amazon

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Prior to the 1980s, indigenous activism in Brazil was primarily a local affair, as indigenous communities sought to defend their traditional lands from the encroachment of cattle ranchers, land speculators and large-scale development projects. However, over the course of the 1980s these local land-use conflicts came to take on major international significance. As concern for the state of the global environment gained momentum in international policy discussions, many indigenous rights activists strategically recast their claims in environmentalist terms. What was previously seen as a conflict over land use or human rights violations was suddenly perceived as a pressing environmental issue—that of deforestation and the subsequent loss of biodiversity. In this way, Indian struggles for self-determination, land rights and cultural survival very rapidly came to be seen by northern audiences as intimately tied to the fate of the rainforest. As a result, a complex network of ‘partnerships,’ ‘alliances’ and information exchange emerged between local Amazonian communities and international environmentalists, which began to challenge the developmentalist policies of international lending institutions and the Brazilian state. These transnational alliances have been instrumental in directing international attention to the plight of indigenous peoples. However, they may ultimately misrepresent the priorities of Amazonian communities.
Oncological outcomes in extended intervals time betweeen preoperative chemoradiation with capecitabine and surgery in operable rectal adenocarcinoma: Experience at the National Cancer Institute of Peru.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e15158 Background: The literature reports that longer interval between the end of neoadjuvantchemoradiotherapy (CRT) and surgery is associated with a better rate of pathologic complete response (pCR) in rectal cáncer. Optimal interval remains to be defined. The effects of the extended time intervals on the prognosis are not clear. The objective was to assess whether extended time intervals ( < 8, 8-12, > 12-20 and > 20 weeks) between the end of neoadjuvant CRT and surgery improve overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and pathological outcomes Methods: Aretrospective study was conducted for 124 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma without evidence of metástasis (T1-4/N0-2/M0) at the time of diagnosis that underwent surgery with curative intent after neoadjuvant CRT with capecitabine and obtained R0 or R1 resection between January 2010 to December 2014 at National Cancer Institute of Peru. Patients undergoing emergency surgery and R2 resection have been excluded. Survival curves were calculated according to Kaplan-Meier method and compared with log-rank test Results: Of the 124 patients, 72 were women (58.1%). The average age was 59.5 years. All received neoadjuvant CRT. Rates of pCR in the four groups were 25.0%, 10.3%, 7.7% and 17.2%, respectively. No significant difference was found between the association of the radial (P = 0.418) and distal edge (P = 0.487), with time interval groups and similarly with resected (P = 0.308) and compromised nodules (p = 0.783). The median OS follow-up time was 39.5 months and for DFS was 34 months. No significant differences were observed in OS (p = 0.739) and DFS (p = 0.902) according to the four groups studied. Conclusions: We found that amplifying the time interval at 31.9 weeks did not change the mean radial and distal edge. It does not affect the mean of resected and compromised nodules and does not improve overall survival and disease-free survival. The present study is the only one that reports these results at these time intervals. It allows to extend the intervals of time for future studies that finally will define the best time interval for the surgery.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Physiology and Clinical Symptoms of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders and affects approximately 5 to 10% of women of reproductive age. There exists substantial variation of physical stigmata and clinical symptoms among women, but PCOS has been known to be associated with irregular periods, infertility, increased pregnancy complications, as well as nonreproductive health problems arising from its association with the metabolic syndrome. Over the years, there have been various consensus statements regarding the diagnostic criteria, but the varying pronouncements suggest that the underlying cause is still not well understood and may be multifaceted. Importantly, the interaction of genetic predisposition and local environment is possibly responsible for the heterogeneity of phenotypes seen; it has been demonstrated that there is substantial ethnic and racial variation in the clinical presentations among PCOS patients and related individuals may vary in appearance based on nutritional and other aspects of locale. The differences in phenotype and clinical symptoms of PCOS related to the clinical, hormonal, and metabolic characteristics among various ethnic backgrounds, including Hispanics, African Americans, Asians, and Indians, need to be considered when assessing and treating these individuals. Future research must address the importance of interactions between genotype and the environment.
Key elements of design about PPK of Chinese medicine after marketing

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

PPK is a discipline that quantitative investigates the determinants of drug concentration in patient groups. Developing reasonable PPK design of experiment can provides the real objective data for clinical medicationand then promotes the formulating of clinical individualized medication regimens. This paper referenced over all years literatures, and combined with practical work experience. Summarizes of the main points of PPK design of experiment focused on traditional Chinese medicine. The content mainly included choosing research objects, selecting items, designing sample collection steps, blood sample analysis experiments and data analysis schemes.
Establishment of a human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell line (JF305) with p53 expression

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A human pancreatic cancer cell line(JF305) was established from a pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenograft in nude mice. These cells have passed 103 passages in more than 1 year. The plating efficiency was 30.6%, and doubling time was 49.5 hours. Chromosomal analysis showed a human karyotype with a chromosome number between 66-130. JF305 cells exhibited epithelial morphologic features resembling the structure of the original tumor, and they grew to born tumor when inoculated again into nude mice. With immunohistochemical staining, the nuclei of JF305 cells were positive for p53. Therefore, JF305 offer a good model for the study of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma and P53 gene mutation.
Microbiological characterization of severe exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) in patients admitted to the ICU with or without associated pneumonia: A retrospective cross-sectional study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The goal of this study was to compare the microbiology of severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), in patients with pneumonia compared to those that did not have. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study that included patients with severe COPD exacerbation. We took microbiologic and serologic samples to study the etiology of the exacerbation and chest X-ray to see whether or not it had associated pneumonia. Results: Ninety-one patients were included in the study. 53/91 (58%) had pneumonia. The most prevalent bacteria isolated were H. influenzae (25.3%), Moraxella spp (22%), H. parainfluenza (14.3%), Serratia marcescens (13.2%), mixed flora (9.9%) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (9.9%). A statistically significant difference could not be demonstrated between the two groups. We detected 24.2% of bacterial resistance in both groups, the most frequent being AMPc (13 cases). Discussion: Bacterial pneumonia in COPD patients is higher in comparison with patients with acute exacerbation. Even though we did not find a significant difference in the microbiology of the groups with or without pneumonia, there are variables such as past smoking related to having pneumonia. Patients with pneumonia also had higher severity scores.
IEEE 802.15.4 Standard BasedTracking and Guiding System for Visitors

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In our day to day life, all work that we have to do should happen in an accurate and consistent manner which should give us the assured of security andaccuracy .Based on this the system has been developed where guiding and track- ing should happen through the two main units in which the handed unit will consist of microcontroller, LCD to see the guidelines. The keypad will be used to enter the destination where he wants to go or the person to whom he wants to meet. Zigbee module is used to send the location to the security unit. RFID reader is used to read the location code at various checkpoints. If a visitor enters into some restricted area by mistake the handheld unit will warn him as well as it will con- vey about it to security.The security unit will consist of Zigbee module and PC interface. On PC there will be plotted map of premise using VB. Data coming from handed unit via Zigbee will be used to plot the location of the visitor on map.
Use of biologically relevant enrichment to improve nursery-aged pig weaning transition

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to determine if a biologically relevant environmental enrichment (EE) biscuit-maintained novelty and affected nursery pig performance over the first seven days. Thirty mixed sex piglets, aged 19-24 days, were allocated to 3 pens. Each pen received 2 ropes with 2 biscuits per rope (defined as the EE) at the feeder for the first 7 days after weaning. Each pen was randomly allocated 1 of 3 treatments: positive control (POS, plain biscuits), maternal pheromone (MP, biscuits dipped in an oil-based sow maternal pheromone), and jam (JAM, biscuits dipped in strawberry jam). Biscuits were replaced daily. Descriptive data collected included EE interactions, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and fecal scores. EE interactions were evaluated in the 1st and 12th hour after daily EE replacement using instantaneous scan sampling at 10 second intervals. Average EE interaction frequency across the 1st hour was POS 372 ± 165, JAM 291 ± 96, MP 314 ± 223. Interaction frequency was consistently higher during the 1st hour compared to the 12th hour after EE replacement. ADG and ADFI were highest for pigs in the POS treatments (ADG 0.234, kg/d, ADFI 0.20 ± 0.13 kg/d) and lowest for pigs in the JAM treatment (ADG 0.186 kg/d, ADFI 0.16 ± 0.09 kg/d). In conclusion, nursery pigs showedhigh levels of interaction with the environmental enrichment over the entire week, and POS treatment was the most successful in enticing pigs to interact with the EE with potential impacts on subsequent performance.
The royal veil: early Islamic figural art and theBilderverbotreconsidered

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The essay questions the Bilderverbot in early Islam by looking at the contrast established in the scholarship between the strict opposition to iconic theology found either in Muslim religious spaces or in the normative texts (hadith) and the use of figural images in the 8th-century palaces built in the Syrian steppe by the Umayyads. In the first part of this essay, I shall examine how the production of figurative images for the Umayyad palaces was systematically put down to corruption while aniconism was taken as the normative model for Islamic art. Then, I will re-consider a famous painting from Qusayr 'Amra that provides evidence for a religiously inspired figural art and reflect upon the implications for our understanding of aniconism in early Islam. My main argument is that it was primarily the belief in an invisible God that inhibited the production of images rather than the opposition to images as such.
Annular pustular crusted plaques as unusual cutaneous presentation of systemic lupus erythematosus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Key Clinical Message Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that affects several organs including the skin. Clinical cutaneous symptoms of SLE come in a broad range, consisting of both non‐specific and specific cutaneous lesions. Except for cases of amicrobial pustulosis of the folds, generalized pustular psoriasis, acneiform eruptions, pustular vasculitis, Wells' syndrome, subcorneal pustular dermatosis, and neutrophilic dermatosis, there are no reports of pustular lesions linked to SLE. The unusual cutaneous features of our patient were annular plaques with pustules and crusts on the margins.
Language attitudes towards own vernacular language and mandarin among Foochow and Hokkien speakers in Kuching

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim of this study was to examine language choice patterns in various domains and \nthe attitudes of Foochow and Hokkien speakers in Kuching, Sarawak towards own vernacular \nlanguage and Mandarin. The specific objectives of this research include language use of \nFoochow and Hokkien speakers in nine domains, the reasons of their language choices as well \nas status of language and its speakers. To find out whether the Foochow and Hokkien \nspeakers’ attitudes towards Mandarin and their vernacular language are influenced by sociodemographic \nvariables, gender, age and socio-economic status are the three variables included \nin this study. \nMatched-guise technique, survey and interview were used for data collection and 444 \nChinese speakers were involved in this study. The findings showed that Bahasa Malaysia, \nEnglish and Mandarin were used in more formal situations, such as in formal transaction, \nreligion, government, education, employment and media domains while vernacular languages \nor Mandarin were spoken during informal transactions and in the friendship domain. The \nparticipants’ language use patterns at home were due to three factors: intermarriage, desire for \nintergenerational transmission of vernacular language, and children’s education whereas \nethnicity of the interactants and formality of the situations were the other two factors that \ninfluenced the participants’ language choice outside home. As matched guise technique was used to elicit the language attitudes of a large number \nof participants indirectly, the paired t-tests results indicated that both Foochow and Hokkien \nparticipants showed positive attitudes towards Mandarin speakers. This was similar to the \niii \nparticipants’ self-reported data where they rated Mandarin as having higher status and more \nusage than their vernacular language. \nWhen comparing the results for Foochow and Hokkien speakers, Hokkien has higher \nprestige than Foochow in Kuching, Sarawak due to the institutional support it receives. In this \nstudy, the functions of Hokkien are similar to Mandarin, not only for the Hokkien people but \nalso for other Chinese sub-groups. Hence, Hokkien is considered as High language while \nFoochow is considered as Low language in Kuching for the Chinese speech community.
Towards A National Social Protection Policy: Knowledge and Lessons from a Comparative Analysis of the Design and Implementation of Public Assistance and Harmonised Social Cash Transfer Programmes In Zimbabwe.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social protection is central to human development.To this end, all governments strive to provide their citizens with one form of social protection or the other.Zimbabwe is therefore no exception.The traditional form of social protection in Zimbabwe is the Public Assistance programme.The programme is guided by the statutory provisions of the Social Welfare Assistance Act chapter 17:06.The programme supports the elderly, persons with disabilities as well as other needy families after a thorough means testing.Due to the economic challenges that have been characteristic of Zimbabwean society for the past decade, the drive towards the delivery of social protection programmes had waned.The advent of the inclusive government in 2009 saw the introduction of the Harmonised Social Cash Transfer programme which is meant to augment the existing programmes.This paper notes that the Public Assistance programme lacks community participation, accessibility, as well as a clearcut monitoring framework.The Harmonised Social Cash Transfer programme derives its strengths from being holistic, rights rather than need driven and its ability to extend social protection provisioning beyond the Department of Social Services to include the private sector as well as nongovernmental organisations.Caution should be taken not to heavily rely on donor agencies as this has the effect of compromising the sustainability of programmes.
Electrochemical techniques for detection of Tnt and other explosives using disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Nitroaromatic and nitramine explosives have been found in the soil and water from many government military bases due to improper storage, weapons testing and production. Run-off from contaminated soil and water can enter underground water and potentially contaminate drinking water for near-by communities. With the closing of military bases throughout the U.S. and Europe, contamination will need to be assessed and remediated before the land and water can be used again for other purposes. The use of a fast and inexpensive field screening technique can save time and money typically incurred during intensive laboratory analysis of clean samples; Screen-printed thick film electrodes are examined as voltammetric sensors for measurement of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT), and Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The square wave voltammetric (SWV) scan technique can be used to measure TNT and RDX in as little as 50 muL sample volumes applied to the electrode surface within minutes. The detection limit of this electrochemical assay can also be significantly improved by coupling it with a solid phase extraction (SPE) protocol using Empore SDB-RPS membranes. The simple, rapid, cost-effective, and sensitive characteristics of this assay make it an excellent candidate for development as a field analytical method for onsite explosives detection. This research project successfully developed a new method to examine the capabilities, use and optimization of screen-printed carbon electrodes for detection of TNT, RDX and metabolites from various matrices.
SwissCovid: a critical analysis of risk assessment by Swiss authorities

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Ahead of the rollout of the SwissCovid contact tracing app, an official public security test was performed. During this audit, Prof. Serge Vaudenay and Dr. Martin Vuagnoux described a large set of problems with the app, including a new variation of a known false-positive attack, leveraging a cryptographic weakness in the Google and Apple Exposure Notification framework to tamper with the emitted Bluetooth beacons. Separately, the first author described a re-identification attack leveraging rogue apps or SDKs. The response from the Swiss cybersecurity agency and the Swiss public health authority was to claim these various attacks were unlikely as they required physical proximity of the attacker with the target (although it was admitted the attacker could be further than two meters). The physical presence of the attacker in Switzerland was deemed significant as it would imply such attackers would fall under the Swiss Criminal Code. We show through one example that a much larger variety of adversaries must be considered in the scenarios originally described and that these attacks can be done by adversaries without any physical presence in Switzerland. This goes directly against official findings of Swiss public authorities evaluating the risks associated with SwissCovid. To move the discussion further along, we briefly discuss the growth of the attack surface and harms with COVID-19 and SwissCovid prevalence in the population. While the focus of this article is on Switzerland, we emphasize the core technical findings and cybersecurity concerns are of relevance to many contact tracing efforts.
Crew decision making under stress

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Flight crews must make decisions and take action when systems fail or emergencies arise during flight. These situations may involve high stress. Full-missiion flight simulation studies have shown that crews differ in how effectively they cope in these circumstances, judged by operational errors and crew coordination. The present study analyzed the problem solving and decision making strategies used by crews led by captains fitting three different personality profiles. Our goal was to identify more and less effective strategies that could serve as the basis for crew selection or training. Methods: Twelve 3-member B-727 crews flew a 5-leg mission simulated flight over 1 1/2 days. Two legs included 4 abnormal events that required decisions during high workload periods. Transcripts of videotapes were analyzed to describe decision making strategies. Crew performance (errors and coordination) was judged on-line and from videotapes by check airmen. Results: Based on a median split of crew performance errors, analyses to date indicate a difference in general strategy between crews who make more or less errors. Higher performance crews showed greater situational awareness - they responded quickly to cues and interpreted them appropriately. They requested more decision relevant information and took into account more constraints. Lower performing crews showed poorer situational awareness, planning, constraint sensitivity, and coordination. The major difference between higher and lower performing crews was that poorer crews made quick decisions and then collected information to confirm their decision. Conclusion: Differences in overall crew performance were associated with differences in situational awareness, information management, and decision strategy. Captain personality profiles were associated with these differences, a finding with implications for crew selection and training.