jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
In‐Situ Laser Synthesis of Molecularly Dispersed and Covalently Bound Phosphorus‐Graphene Adducts as Self‐Standing 3D Anodes for High‐Performance Fast‐Charging Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Phosphorus shows promise as a next‐generation anode material due to its high theoretical capacity of 2596 mAh g −1 . However, challenges such as low conductivity, severe volume expansion, and the dissolution and migration of electrolyte‐soluble lithium polyphosphides hamper high‐performance capabilities. While carbon composites are widely researched as a solution through the physical encapsulation of micro‐nano‐phosphorus domains, anodes still exhibit low cycling stability and rate performance. In response, this work proposes a new approach, focusing on chemical anchoring and molecular dispersion of phosphorus within the carbon host. Through laser irradiation of a red phosphorus/phenolic resin blend, in‐situ covalent binding of molecular phosphorus adducts to the as‐forming laser‐induced graphene is observed; directly synthesizing an additive‐free, flexible and 3‐dimensional mesoporous composite anode with high phosphorus content (33 wt.%), specific surface area (163.4 m 2 g −1 ) and intrinsic conductivity (12 S cm −1 ). These anodes demonstrate remarkable cycling stability, with capacity retention of 98% after 3000 cycles at a high current density of 2 A g −1 and capacity of 673 mAh g −1 . The high cycling stability is further confirmed through the complete inhibition of lithium polyphosphide “shuttle effect” by chemical anchoring of the molecularly dispersed active material. Furthermore, scale‐up prospects utilizing laser‐assisted additive manufacturing are investigated.
Mucosal Immunology of the Intestine

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

In the intestine, the mucosal immune system is separated from a significant bacterial and dietary antigen load by an epithelial cell layer. The immunologic tone is one of tolerance towards nonpathogenic bacteria and food antigens. However, the system maintains the capacity to exclude and eliminate pathogenic microbes. This tolerance exists as a result of multiple innate and adaptive responses, but the presence of adequate regulatory cells, which are common in mucosal sites, is probably the most important factor. Defects in mucosal tolerance underlie the development of inflammatory intestinal diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), celiac disease, and food allergy.
Raman Spectroscopy of Ultranarrow CdS Nanostructures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

CdS semiconductor nanoparticles, with dimensions above and below the Bohr radius (∼2.5 nm) of bulk material, were prepared in a single-step benchtop procedure. The degree of quantum confinement in these nanoparticles was determined from their optical absorption and photoluminescence spectra. The size-dependent properties of the nanocrystals were studied by resonance Raman spectroscopy as a function of excitation wavelength and temperature. The spectra were composed of the fundamental longitudinal optical (LO) mode around 300 cm-1, along with the first and second overtones. The shapes and positions of the Raman peaks exhibited only a weak dependence on particle size even for the two extreme cases of bulk and nanostructures. We show that the ratio of the overtone to the fundamental LO frequency was sensitive to the particle diameter and decreased upon reduction of the particle diameter to values below the Bohr radius. Temperature-dependent Raman measurements of ultranarrow nanorods showed a small red shift with decreasing temperature. Very high anti-Stokes intensities were observed for the CdS nanoparticles.
‘The Only Thing I Like Integrated Is My Coffee’: Dissensus and Migrant Integration in the Era of Euro-Crisis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The sardonic remark about 'integrated coffee' belongs, of course, to Malcolm X. The European Union today has the integration of migrants as a major issue in its policy agenda, at the time of the greatest crisis hitting capitalism since the 1930s: it is somehow ironic that the con- troversy over migrants' integration is one the most controversial issues during a crisis threatening the disintegration of the Eurozone.
Effect of UV‐C radiation on Salmonella spp. reduction and oxidative stability of caiman (Caiman crocodilus yacare) meat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Non‐UV‐C dose and 0.005, 0.010, 0.016, 0.037, 0.065, 0.105, 0.127, and 0.199 J/cm 2 were applied in inoculated agar plates and in inoculated caiman ( Caiman crocodilus yacare ) meat to investigate the reduction of Salmonella spp. Moreover, noninoculated caiman meat was submitted to the same treatments and was evaluated for color parameters ( L* , a* , b* values, and ΔE) and lipid oxidation. The most effective Salmonella spp. reductions ranged from 6.72 to 7.13 log cfu/g, and from 2.47 to 2.88 log cfu/g in inoculated agar plates and caiman meat treated with 0.105–0.199 J/cm 2 and 0.065–0.199 J/cm 2 ( p < 0.05), respectively. However, these doses increased ( p < 0.05) L* values and lipid oxidation, while decreased ( p < 0.05) a* and b* values. Therefore, UV‐C at 0.016 J/cm 2 is an alternative technology to improve the bacterial quality of caiman meat without negative effects on oxidative parameters. Practical applications Salmonella spp. is a potential disease agent being the pathogen more commonly detected in meat and meat products. UV‐C has easy implementation in meat industry, low cost, rapid application, and lack of toxic wastes, which could be an alternative for food industries to produce high‐quality food products without the use of chemical agents to meet consumers demand. Otherwise, UV‐C may induce oxidation depending on type of food, lipid profile, and dose applied, which would limit the meat quality and their industrial application. In this study, eight UV‐C doses (0.005, 0.010, 0.016, 0.037, 0.065, 0.105, 0.127, and 0.199 J/cm 2 ) were applied in inoculated agar plates and caiman meat to investigate Salmonella spp. reduction. Moreover, noninoculated caiman meat was submitted to the same treatments and was evaluated for color parameters and lipid oxidation. UV‐C at 0.016 J/cm 2 is an alternative technology to improve bacterial quality of caiman meat without altering the oxidative parameters.
Tracking Objects with Higher Order Interactions using Delayed Column Generation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We study the problem of multi-target tracking and data association in video. We formulate this in terms of selecting a subset of high-quality tracks subject to the constraint that no pair of selected tracks is associated with a common detection (of an object). This objective is equivalent to the classic NP-hard problem of finding a maximum-weight set packing (MWSP) where tracks correspond to sets and is made further difficult since the number of candidate tracks grows exponentially in the number of detections. We present a relaxation of this combinatorial problem that uses a column generation formulation where the pricing problem is solved via dynamic programming to efficiently explore the space of tracks. We employ row generation to tighten the bound in such a way as to preserve efficient inference in the pricing problem. We show the practical utility of this algorithm for tracking problems in natural and biological video datasets.
Is Military Spending Converging Across Countries? An Examination of Trends and Key Determinants

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper studies the evolution of worldwide military spending during 1970-2018.It finds that military spending in relation to GDP is converging, but into three separate groups of countries.In the largest group, responsible for 90 percent of worldwide spending, outlays have remained stubbornly high.Military spending in developing economies reacts to improvements in security conditions and military spending in neighboring countries, suggesting that further increases in the peace dividend are possible.In developing economies, rising social spending tends to crowd out military outlays, but this is not the case in advanced economies.With social outlays projected to rise as developing countries look to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), military spending could come under pressure to fall further.
P1568 Echocardiographic changes and ventricular mechanics in the indeterminate form of chagas disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction According to the WHO, Chagas disease affects 8 to 10 million people, mainly in the Americas and in some European countries, with more than 10 thousand annual deaths. It presents an acute phase followed by a chronic, categorized as indeterminate, cardiac or digestive forms. After infestation, most patients remain asymptomatic, but 40% progress to symptomatic form at the rate of 1.8 to 5% patients/year. Evidence of myocardial fibrosis in 41% of these patients was found by magnetic resonance imaging. Objective To evaluate, by echocardiography, patients with Chagas disease, indeterminate phase, analysing dimensions, function and parameters of deformation and mechanical dispersion in left and right cardiac cavities. Method The study included 44 asymptomatic patients, 36 female, mean age 51 ± 10 years with positive Chagas serology and a control group of 44 healthy individuals, 35 female, mean age 52 ± 10 years. Left and right cavitary dimensions were evaluated, systolic and diastolic function, global myocardial deformation and mechanical dispersion. The groups were compared by the paired "t" test with significance level &lt;5%. Results Demographic data (age, body surface area) with no significant differences. Left ventricular (LV) diameters (p &lt;0.0001), septal thickness (p = 0.01), mass index (p &lt;0.0001) and diameters and indexed volume of left atrium (LA) were higher in Chagas patients (p &lt;0.0001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) showed no significant difference between groups. The mitral E wave velocity showed no significant difference, but the e" wave velocity of tissue Doppler (p = 0.02) and the E/e" ratio (p = 0.002) were higher in Chagas patients. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) (p &lt;0.0001) and mechanical dispersion of the LV (p &lt;0.0001) were lower in Chagas patients. Basal right ventricular (RV) diameter, tricuspid annulus excursion (TAPSE) and tricuspid regurgitation velocity did not show differences and fractional area change of the RV (p = 0.03) was lower in Chagas patients. Longitudinal strain of the RV free wall (p = 0.01) was lower in Chagas patients and mechanical dispersion of RV (p =0.002) was higher. Conclusion Asymptomatic patients with Chagas disease (undetermined phase), when compared with healthy individuals of the same age group, presented larger cavitary diameters, diastolic disfunction and, deformation parameters of the left and right ventricles, with increased mechanical dispersion in both chambers. These data seem to corroborate recent results obtained by magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium, suggesting areas of myocardial fibrosis in these patients.
Single-phase grid-tie photovoltaic inverter using maximum power point tracking with flyback converter

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This paper introduces a topology for single-phase grid-tie inverter with a combination of switching strategy of sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and square wave signals under grid synchronization condition, used for residential photovoltaic power integration. To match the impedance between photovoltaic panel and load and to boost the panel voltage a dc-dc flyback topology is employed. Moreover, maximum power point tracking algorithm (perturb & observe) is implemented, in order to extract maximum power available from photovoltaic panel. The strategy of grid synchronization and sending power into the grid are described in detail. Therefore, the control strategy and simulation results for the proposed system are discussed and analyzed.
Plasma-Assisted Dry Reforming of CH4: How Small Amounts of O2 Addition Can Drastically Enhance the Oxygenate Production─Experiments and Insights from Plasma Chemical Kinetics Modeling

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Plasma-based dry reforming of methane (DRM) into high-value-added oxygenates is an appealing approach to enable otherwise thermodynamically unfavorable chemical reactions at ambient pressure and near room temperature. However, it suffers from coke deposition due to the deep decomposition of CH4. In this work, we assess the DRM performance upon O2 addition, as well as varying temperature, CO2/CH4 ratio, discharge power, and gas residence time, for optimizing oxygenate production. By adding O2, the main products can be shifted from syngas (CO + H2) toward oxygenates. Chemical kinetics modeling shows that the improved oxygenate production is due to the increased concentration of oxygen-containing radicals, e.g., O, OH, and HO2, formed by electron impact dissociation [e + O2 → e + O + O/O(1D)] and subsequent reactions with H atoms. Our study reveals the crucial role of oxygen-coupling in DRM aimed at oxygenates, providing practical solutions to suppress carbon deposition and at the same time enhance the oxygenates production in plasma-assisted DRM.
Airbus A380: An icon of change for Malaysia Airlines

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The aims of the study are to determine the purpose of buying Airbus A380 by Malaysia Airlines (MAS) and the effect of Airbus A380 to the Malaysia aircraft industry. The research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to 50 students of UUM for measures the impact of A380 to Malaysia Airlines (MAS).The relationships between the independent and dependent variables were identified by using the descriptive and inferential analysis. There is enough evidence prove that there are no significant differences between student’s gender and factors of student’s preferable aircraft and there are no significant differences between student’s gender and function of A380 in affect the efficiency of MAS.
Barriers to Inter-group Deliberation in Divided Ukraine

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Deeply divided societies like Ukraine seem to be infertile terrain for inclusive mass deliberation. First, it may not even be possible to get people on opposing sides to sit in the same room, and even if they do meet, they may not really deliberate (Luskin et al., 2013). However, the promise of deliberative democracy that will bring about a transformative change in social relations remains attractive.
Validation of Operational Definition to Identify Patients with Osteoporotic Hip Fractures in Administrative Claims Data

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

As incidences of osteoporotic hip fractures (OHFs) have increased, identifying OHFs has become important to establishing the medical guidelines for their management. This study was conducted to develop an operational definition to identify patients with OHFs using two diagnosis codes and eight procedure codes from health insurance claims data and to assess the operational definition’s validity through a chart review. The study extracted data on OHFs from 522 patients who underwent hip surgeries based on diagnosis codes. Orthopedic surgeons then reviewed these patients’ medical records and radiographs to identify those with true OHFs. The validities of nine different algorithms of operational definitions, developed using a combination of three levels of diagnosis codes and eight procedure codes, were assessed using various statistics. The developed operational definition showed an accuracy above 0.97 and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve above 0.97, indicating excellent discriminative power. This study demonstrated that the operational definition that combines diagnosis and procedure codes shows a high validity in detecting OHFs and can be used as a valid tool to detect OHFs from big health claims data.
MEASURING AND CONTROLLING PULVERIZED FUEL ON COAL-FIRED PLANT

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Improving combustion efficiency of coal-fired power stations is fundamental to reducing emissions, as well as lowering fuel consumption and operating costs. Maldistribution of the fuel between burners is a fundamental problem. The instruments described in this article can be used to overcome this problem by measuring and controlling pulverized fuel distribution (split). Typical data obtained from on-line measurements in a 500-MW coal-fired power plant are presented. Also included are results from closed-loop laboratory experiments showing "split control", with the meters providing on-line PF mass flow measurements.
An examination of the first adiabatic invariant for particles in time-dependent magnetic fields

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Summary form only given, as follows. The mechanics of first-adiabatic-invariant conservation (and nonconservation) was investigated theoretically and by means of test-particle computer simulations. In a time-changing magnetic induction, it is found that adiabatic invariants can be broken even though the magnetic induction changes by only a small amount during one gyroperiod and even though the electromagnetic fields change only by small amounts over a gyroradius. For a linear-ramp magnetic induction, the change in the adiabatic invariant Δμ=μ final -μ initial was calculated as a function of the change in the induction Δ B and the time Δ t over which that change occurs. For a group of particles all having the same initial value of μ and the same guiding center, expressions for the ensemble average and the standard deviation were obtained. The linear magnetic-induction ramp was compared with other forms of ramps, including the familiar hyperbolic-tangent ramp. The nonconservation of μ can lead to velocity-space diffusion for the particles of a plasma in a fluctuating magnetic field
Analysis of bird's perching mechanism

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

As the usage of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the current industry increases, more research is required to maximize the potential and capabilities. The development of perching UAVs have been crucial as it allows a longer operation time by saving battery when “perched” in the targeted area. By examine closely of the perching mechanism used by birds, the advantages of its complex system may be used for upcoming development perching system of future UAVs. This report presents an experimental study done to analyze the perching behavior of birds that was achieved with the assistance of Flightmasters who had provided trained birds for the experiment. Observations and findings are included in this report, however some data are not collected due to some restrictions.
Hydrogen Bond Breaking Mechanism and Water Reorientational Dynamics in the Hydration Layer of Lysozyme

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mechanism and the rate of hydrogen bond-breaking in the hydration layer surrounding an aqueous protein are important ingredients required to understand the various aspects of protein dynamics, its function, and stability. Here, we use computer simulation and a time correlation function technique to understand these aspects in the hydration layer of lysozyme. Water molecules in the layer are found to exhibit three distinct bond-breaking mechanisms. A large angle orientational jump of the donor water molecule is common among all of them. In the most common ( approximately 80%) bond-breaking event in the layer, the new acceptor water molecule comes from the first coordination shell (initially within 3.5 A of the donor), and the old acceptor water molecule remains within the first coordination shell, even after the bond-breaking. This is in contrast to that in bulk water, in which both of the acceptor molecules involve the second coordination shell. Additionally, the motion of the incoming and the outgoing acceptor molecules involved is not diffusive in the hydration layer, in contrast to their observed diffusive motion in the bulk. The difference in rotational dynamics between the bulk and the hydration layer water molecules is clearly manifested in the calculated time-dependent angular van Hove self-correlation function ( G(theta, t)) which has a pronounced two-peak structure in the layer, and this can be traced to the constrained translational motion in the layer. The longevity of the surrounding hydrogen bond network is found to be significantly enhanced near a hydrophilic residue.
THE UPPER SILESIAN COAL BASIN FAULT ZONE AS A REGION OF HIGH-RISK OPERATIONS

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the results of investigations on changes of the parameters of coal and surrounding rocks in the fault zones in the Upper Silesia Coal Basin. It has been shown that these zones, in relation to the undisturbed coal seams, reveal an enrichment with some substances that pose a threat to the natural environment and that they also show a deterioration in the strength parameter values of rocks which threaten the safety of the operation. The greatest threat for the environment constituted sulphur and the ash. In the zone of the fault, it was observed that sulphur behaved in two ways. In the first case, the total sulphur and pyritic sulphur increased significantly by 192.3 and 823.5 %, respectively, and a small quantity of sulphate sulphur was found here, whereas in the other case, the total sulphur and pyritic sulphur decreased by 31.6 and 35.3 %, respectively, and sulphate sulphur increased considerably and reached up to 600 %. The mean content of ash increased by 171.8 %. The mechanical strenght of the rocks under uniaxial compressive strength in the fault zones decreased by 67 %, the microhardness of coal decreased to zero, and the intensity of cracks in coal grains increased by 359.1 %.
Who Is Immune Against COVID-19 and Safe to Return to Work: The Impact of Laboratory Assays

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic infectious disease which has led to thousands of deaths around the world. The Coronaviridae family is the second cause of the common cold that targets human respiratory tracts. Specific diagnostic laboratory tests in addition to clinical investigations would be helpful in confirming COVID-19 in the early stages for controlling the disease. Upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, antibody responses are produced during the early phase of illness (>7 days), meanwhile, viral nucleic acid real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test is applied as the confirmatory assay in the first 5-6 days after the onset of illness. Due to the rise of antibodies, the viral nucleic acid represents a gradual decline. These laboratory tests may be considered valuable for monitoring the patient’s status to prevent the spreading of infections and keep him/her in quarantine. The results of molecular and serological assays revealed that whether the person is recovered and protected against disease. Furthermore, regarding the rise of antibody titer and undetectable viral RNA, it may be possible to make a decision about when the recovered people could back to work and social life.
The Letters Of The Wasā’IL

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter presents a bilingual list of the seventy-two letters of Wasāʾil al-Taḥqīq wa Rasāʾil al-Tawfīq, ordered and numbered as they appear in the original Arabic manuscripts. A brief description of the content of each letter is given in English and in Arabic. In the English list, the author have used the Arabic spelling of Turkish words, such as Afandi and Basha, as they appear in the original text; however, the current names of the known Arabic and Turkish cities, towns, and places are mentioned in the letters. In the Arabic list, the author has retained the names of the cities, towns, and places as they appear in the original manuscripts.Keywords: Arabic manuscripts; Wasāʾil al-Taḥqīq wa Rasāʾil al-Tawfīq