jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Limits of Self-Determination and the Cases of Forced Separatism: The Example of Northern Cyprus

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the current essay, the writer will try to approach the cases of separatism and especially those of illegal separatism which are creating unrecognized or partially recognized states.It is true though that these cases, even of forced separatism, are matter which has been subjected to the international law and mainly to the principle of the security of a minority group and finally the right to self-determination.Although the principle of self-determination is respected under the Charter of the United Nations (article 1 §2), it is still rather vague to define what kind of group is subjected to it.The Charter doesn't provide much information about it and keeps the Wilsonian concept of "self-determination for people", therefore cases of separatism are still under broad and heated debate.Although this paper will focus on the case of forced separatism in Cyprus and especially the case of Northern Cyprus, which has been separated from the Cypriot mainland after the Turkish invasion of 20 th July 1974 and has proclaimed to be the independent "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" 1 after 1983.Moreover I will try to focus on the aspects of the separatist arguments posed from the Turkish community for protection from the Greek paramilitary forces and the fact of the invasion which made the whole territory an occupied territory (S/RES/550, 1984) rather than an independent state coming from a legitimate secessionist movement.Hence the arguments and the methodology followed in this paper will move in a dialectic path by highlighting first of all the historical aspects of the case of Cyprus from 1878 and the British rule over the island.Afterwards we will mention the arguments supporting the cases of legitimate secessionism and we will attempt to give a possible definition of illegal and forced separatism which are carried out after invasions and territorial claims that are made under the safeguard clause of the United Nations Covenant of Friendly relations of 1970.These claims are tightly connected to the-so called but disputable remedial right to secessionism.The remedial right of secessionism is pleaded when the central government is adopting a discriminatory behavior against to a minority group with specific religious or racial characteristics by following strict political, economic and social policies 1 Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti in Turkish language.on this community (Buchanan, 1997).
Russia — Strasbourg: 25 Years Later

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article summarizes the first results of interaction between Russia and the Council of Europe for 25 years and gives an assessment of their historical significance for the legal development of the country. The author convincingly shows that the Constitutional Court is a guide for the approaches of the Council of Europe bodies to human rights. It is especially noted that the legal positions of the European Court are based on the values generally accepted and shared in the countries of the Council of Europe, to the understanding of which the Russian Federation also contributes. The role of the transparent, predictable model for resolving legal conflicts that may arise between the norms of the Constitution and the interpretation of international agreements given by the body of supranational justice, enshrined in the new version of the Constitution, is separately emphasized.
On Fuzzy Strongly (r,s)-Irresolute Mappings

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

fuzzy stromgly (r,s)-irresolute 함수, fuzzy strongly (r,s)-irresolute 반열린 함수의 개념을 소개하며 특성들을 조사한다. In this paper, we introduce the concepts of fuzzy strongly (r,s)-irresolute mappings and fuzzy strongly (r,s)-irresolute semiopen mappings and investigate some properties of such mappings.
A EUROPEAN STUDY OF COMMUTING AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The report evaluates the travel demand of an industrial society and presents a review of research in this field within the member states of the European Economic Community. The study considers the effects of commuting on human behaviour but does not include the design of, or the investment in, transport infrastructure. Patterns of travel to work are examined and also the connections between travel, home and workplace which vary according to physical and spatial factors, level of economic development, trends and policies in land use, and transport and cultural differences in social organisation. The report is divided into four parts. Part A provides a background to the study while Part B considers the relationship between commuting and other aspects of daily life for the traveller and for society as a whole. Part C makes a detailed and technical analysis of the processes that produce particular forms of travel behaviour by examining the role of particular transport and spatial variables. Part D uses the main themes emerging from the report to discuss the implications for the study of living and working conditions. Areas for future research are identified. (TRRL)
Identification of a human homologue of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein of 33 kDa (VAP-33): a broadly expressed protein that binds to VAMP

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We report the identification of a human homologue of the vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated protein (hVAP-33) that has been implicated in neuronal exocytosis in Aplysia californica. This hVAP-33 shared 50% amino acid identity with the A. californica form and had similar length, structural organization and VAMP-binding abilities. However, in contrast with the neuron-specific expression seen in A. californica, hVAP-33 was broadly expressed, suggesting possible roles in vesicle fusion in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. The nucleotide sequence reported in this paper can be found in GenBank's database using accession number AF057358.
Induction and Synchronization of Estrus

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Estrus cycle is a rhythmic change that occur in the reproductive system of females starting from one estrus phase to another. The normal duration of estrus cycle is 21 days in cow, sow, and mare, 17 days in ewe, and 20 days in doe. The species which exhibit a single estrus cycle are known as monstrous and species which come into estrus twice or more are termed polyestrous animals. Among them some species have estrus cycles in a particular season and defined as seasonal polyestrous. It includes goats, sheep, and horses. On the other hand, cattle undergo estrus throughout the year. The estrus inducers can grossly be divided into two parts, that is, non-hormonal and hormonal. Non-hormonal treatments include plant-derived heat inducers, mineral supplementation, uterine and ovarian massage, and use of Lugol’s iodine. The hormones that are used in estrus induction are estrogen, progesterone, GnRH, prostaglandin, insulin, and anti-prolactin-based treatment. Synchronization can shorten the breeding period to less than 5 days, instead of females being bred over a 21-day period, depending on the treatment regimen. The combination of GnRH with the prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α)- and progesterone-based synchronization program has shown a novel direction in the estrus synchronization of cattle with the follicular development manipulation.
Peran Public Relations dalam Menghadapi Krisis (Studi pada Hotel Berbintang di Yogyakarta)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Star hotels in Yogyakarta are experiencing a crisis due to COVID-19. Consumer confidence in staying at hotels has decreased drastically because consumers have the perception that hotels have the opportunity to become a cluster of COVID-19 spreads. This perception is supported by news coverage in the mass media and viral videos showing violations of health protocols. Government regulations regarding social restrictions and conditions such as antigen and PCR testing have caused people to choose to stay at home as often as possible. Therefore, this study will discuss the strategies carried out by public relations in shaping the image of the hotels as a safe place during the pandemic and forming a public trust to return to activities in star hotels. This research uses situational crisis communication theory to analyze management, communication, and response strategies of crisis. It uses qualitative methods and case study approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with general managers, heads of departments, and public relations at star hotels in Yogyakarta. The findings in this study indicate that public relations use rebuilding strategy utilizing rhetoric of renewal. Public relations rebuild the image of hotel as safe place during the pandemic by presenting content in the form of implementing health protocols. The description about public relations’ work has been writing on result and discussion section.
An Iron Deficiency Anemia Case That Came with Raw Rice Consumption

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pica is the chronic consumption of edible or nonedible materials that is thought to be caused by mental problems, pregnancy, or anemia. We wanted to report this case, which we have not seen in the literature before, of a pica patient who consumed raw rice due to iron deficiency anemia. A 26-year-old female patient was brought to the internal medicine polyclinic by her mother with complaints of consuming a bowl of raw rice (200 gr) every eve-ning. The patient was treated with parenteral ferik hydroxide + sucrose complex (2700 mg) for 5 days. After 15 days, when she came to control her will to eat raw rice had been lost completely. As a result, the attention of doctors and family members for pica due to treatable causes, such as anemia, will prevent many prob-able complications.
The Gene Ontology (GO) Project: Structured Vocabularies for Molecular Biology and Their Application to Genome and Expression Analysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Scientists wishing to utilize genomic data have quickly come to realize the benefit of standardizing descriptions of experimental procedures and results for computer‐driven information retrieval systems. The focus of the Gene Ontology project is three‐fold. First, the project goal is to compile the Gene Ontologies: structured vocabularies describing domains of molecular biology. Second, the project supports the use of these structured vocabularies in the annotation of gene products. Third, the gene product‐to‐GO annotation sets are provided by participating groups to the public through open access to the GO database and Web resource. This unit describes the current ontologies and what is beyond the scope of the Gene Ontology project. It addresses the issue of how GO vocabularies are constructed and related to genes and gene products. It concludes with a discussion of how researchers can access, browse, and utilize the GO project in the course of their own research. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform . 23:7.2.1‐7.2.9. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of the Thermal Environment for Condensation and Mold Problem Diagnosis Around Built-in Furniture in Korean Apartment Buildings during Summer and Winter

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, condensation and mold problems in apartment buildings have been on the rise due to increased insulation and airtightness performance for energy savings. Occupants in residential buildings have suffered property damages due to condensation and mold on built-in furniture, especially in Korean apartment buildings. Generally, condensation and mold growth on built-in furniture were found during summer and winter on the back panels of the furniture and adjacent surfaces of the walls, floor, and ceiling. These problems are related to the weather and indoor room conditions. To solve these problems, it is necessary to investigate the thermal environment around the built-in furniture and in living spaces during summer and winter. The aim of the study was to analyze the thermal environment around the built-in furniture during summer and winter. Through field measurements at apartment buildings that were constructed from 1990 to 2014, the thermal conditions around the built-in furniture were assessed. Results indicate that nine target apartment buildings did not incur condensation during summer, but they suffered from mold. Four apartment buildings, which were constructed after 2004, incurred condensation during winter, but they did not suffer from mold. Based on our results, we have prepared a solution design guide for preventing condensation and mold around built-in furniture.
Rectangular Waveguide Switches (Correspondence)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Since the first disclosure by Reggia and Spencer of the rectangular waveguide phase shifter, a number of investigators have presented qualitative analyses describing ob-served performances. In general, these authors agree on two phenomena that occur. First, upon application of a longitudinal magnetic field to the ferrite (phase-shifter geometry shown in Fig. 1), there is a "trapping" process whereby the RF field is increasingly concentrated in the ferrite acting as if it were a "dielectric" waveguide. Second, there is a mode-conversion process that takes place simultaneously (probably a circularly polarized wave in the ferrite rod) that gives rise to an electric-field component in the ferrite region orthogonal to the electric field in the empty waveguide (TE/sub 10/ mode).
The Complex Structures on $S^{2n}$

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $\widetilde{\cal J}(S^{2n})$ be the set of orthogonal complex structures on $TS^{2n}$. We show that the twistor space $\widetilde{\cal J}(S^{2n})$ is a Kaehler manifold. Then we show that an orthogonal almost complex structure $J_f$ on $S^{2n}$ is integrable if and only if the corresponding section $f\colon\; S^{2n}\to \widetilde{\cal J}(S^{2n}) $ is holomorphic. These shows there is no integrable orthogonal complex structure on the sphere $S^{2n}$ for $n>1$. We also show that there is no complex structure in a neighborhood of the space $\widetilde{\cal J}(S^{2n})$. The method is to study the first Chern class of $T^{(1,0)}S^{2n}$.
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate: A Useful Tool for Early Detection of Airway Obstruction in School Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Context: Peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) is an effort-dependent parameter, emerging from the large airways within about 100-120 msec of the start of forced expiration. It measures the degree of obstruction in the airways. A child from an asthmatic family, having significantly low PEFR values than its height and age matched peers, can be considered under impending asthma category. Aims: The present study was proposed to detect early stages of airway obstruction in school going children. Settings and Design: Observational study conceived in the department of Physiology, AIIMS, Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Methods and Material: Hundred students of age group 7-15 years participated in the study. A family history for presence/absence of asthmatic symptoms was taken from all subjects. After anthropometric examination, PEFR values were recorded in standing position, using the Mini Wright Peak Flow meter after demonstrating them the right procedure. Three measurements were taken and the highest reading was recorded. Statistical Analysis Used: Fisher’s exact test was done to calculate the two tailed ‘P’ value, Odd’s ratio and relative risk. Results: Thirty-one Percent children with family history of airway obstruction showed PEFR values below 80% of the predicted value, while 5.74% who were not having any family history of asthma, also showed values below 80% of the predicted value. With Fisher’s exact test, the two tailed ‘P’ value was 0.0155 (significant). Conclusion: The results of this study support the vital role of PEFR related to changes in airflow, which eventually can result in early identification of children with airway obstruction.
Clinical and endoscopist factors associated with post‐colonoscopy colorectal cancer in a population‐based sample

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim Factors associated with verified post‐colonoscopy colorectal cancers (PCCRC) have not been well defined and survival for these patients is not well described. We aimed to assess the association of patient, tumour and endoscopist characteristics with PCCRC. Methods Using population‐based data, we identified individuals diagnosed with CRC from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2005 who underwent a colonoscopy within 3 years prior to diagnosis. Detected cancers were those diagnosed ≤6 months following colonoscopy; PCCRC were diagnosed >6 months to ≤3 years following colonoscopy. Post‐colonoscopy and detected cancers were verified through chart review using a hospital‐based simple random sampling frame. We used multivariable conditional logistic regression to determine the association of patient, tumour and endoscopist factors with PCCRC and compared overall survival using Cox proportional hazard models. Results Using the random sampling frame, we identified 498 patients with PCCRC and 498 with detected CRC; we obtained records and confirmed 367 patients with PCCRC and 412 with detected cancers. In multivariable analysis, patient age (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1.00–1.03) and tumour location (distal vs. proximal OR 0.36; 95% CI 0.25–0.53) were associated with PCCRC; endoscopist quality measures were not significantly associated with PCCRC. We did not find significant differences in overall survival between PCCRC and detected cancers (hazard ratio 1.12; 95% CI 0.92–1.32). Conclusion Although endoscopic quality measures are important for CRC prevention, endoscopist factors were not associated with PCCRC. This study highlights the need for further research into the role of tumour biology in PCCRC development.
PRIMARY RESULTS ON DETERMINATION OF THE AGE OF SEVERAL MINERALS FROM THE ISLAND OF ELBA BY THE RUBIDIUM-STRONTIUM METHOD

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Ages of some rubidium-rich minerals (pollucite and lepidolite) from aplitic veins of the granodiorite of Monte Capanne (Elba) were determined by the Rb/Sr method. The resuits give a value around 7 m.y. and allow one to comment not only about the age of the Neogene sediments of Tuscany which contain pebbles of the magmatic rocks of Elba, but also about the relation of the intrusive and effusive phenomena of the post-orogenic volcanic phase connected with the subsidence of the western part of the Appennine chain. (auth)
Low-grade wind-driven directional flow in anchored droplets

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Low-grade wind with airspeed V wind < 5 m/s, while distributed far more abundantly, is still challenging to extract because current turbine-based technologies require particular geography (e.g., wide-open land or off-shore regions) with year-round V wind > 5 m/s to effectively rotate the blades. Here, we report that low-speed airflow can sensitively enable directional flow within nanowire-anchored ionic liquid (IL) drops. Specifically, wind-induced air/liquid friction continuously raises directional leeward fluid transport in the upper portion, whereas three-phase contact line (TCL) pinning blocks further movement of IL. To remove excessive accumulation of IL near TCL, fluid dives, and headwind flow forms in the lower portion, as confirmed by microscope observation. Such stratified circulating flow within single drop can generate voltage output up to ~0.84 V, which we further scale up to ~60 V using drop “wind farms”. Our results demonstrate a technology to tap the widespread low-grade wind as a reliable energy resource.
Borel hierarchies in infinite products of Polish spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let H be a product of countably infinite number of copies of an uncountable Polish space X. Let $Σ_ξ$ $(\bar Σ_ξ)$ be the class of Borel sets of additive class ξfor the product of copies of the discrete topology on X (the Polish topology on X), and let ${\cal B} = \cup_{ξ< ω_1} \barΣ_ξ$. We prove in the Lévy--Solovay model that \barΣ_ξ=Σ_ξ\cap {\cal B} for $1 \leq ξ< ω_1$.
Medicago polymorpha L. var. polymorpha, MED 501

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

PGRFA accession of IPK Gatersleben Plant Genetic Resource Taxon: Medicago polymorpha L. var. polymorpha Accession number: MED 501 Conserved by: DEU146 Acquisition: 2003-02-03 Origin country: MAR Biological status: Semi-natural/wild MLS status: Unknown AEGIS status: Included Historic: No
Perceptions of the First Dental Graduates from Usim on Their Competence

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) program has run for over 40 years and the approaches to learning and teaching vary. However, recently it was decided that all BDS programs in Malaysia had to fulfil a set of minimum competency requirements based on three main domains; knowledge, skills and attitudes. The Faculty of Dentistry, USIM has taken an innovative approach to evaluate the perception of its new dental graduates on all of these domains. This study was conducted on the first cohort of graduating students from USIM. The objectives of this study were to evaluate self-rated competencies upon graduation and to determine the baseline competencies of these graduates. It is self-rated and based on the 8 domains listed by the Ministry of Higher Education. The objectives relating to the minimum competencies were sent to all 29 graduates before they had commenced to work in the field. Twenty five out of 29 responded to the questionnaire. The survey used a Likert scale (1=very poor, 2=poor, 3=average, 4=good, 5=very good and 9=cannot judge). It was found that the percentage of rankings for good to very good categories combined in each domain were; D1-96%, D2-79%, D3-76%, D4-82%, D5-85%, D6-50%, D7-68% and D8-32%. In conclusion, the domains of knowledge (D1), values, ethics, morality and professionalism (D4) and communication skills and interpersonal relationship (D5) showed higher percentages compared with the other domains. In contrast, the D8 domain which focuses on managerial and entrepreneurial skills showed the lowest percentage. This reflects the reduced emphasis on this domain in the USIM program. The findings provide valuable insights for reviewing and further improvement of the existing curriculum.
Prospective comparative study of the evolution of probable Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

No previous comparison of test performance in probable Alzheimer's disease (pAD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) dementia has provided information about potential differences in the dementing process. This study compared the evolution of cognitive changes associated with these dementias. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) applied to regression analyses with repeated measures were used to evaluate cognitive changes over 1 to 3 years prior to the point when dementia was diagnosed in 40 matched pairs of patients with incident pAD and PD dementia. Both groups' performance declined on the Short Blessed, Selective Reminding Test (SRT; total recall, long-term retrieval, and delayed recall), Boston Naming Test, Category Fluency, and Similarities. The decline on naming and SRT delayed recall was more rapid in the PD dementia group, suggesting that these performance deficits emerge earlier in the development of pAD. The PD dementia group performed worse on Category Fluency throughout the follow-up period, suggesting either that dementia is overlaid on this preexisting performance deficit or that this type of executive deficit is an early manifestation of dementia in PD. The pAD group performed more poorly throughout the follow-up period on SRT delayed recognition, consistent with a pAD-specific encoding deficit. We conclude that while pAD and PD dementia are similar in many respects, differences in their evolution support previous observation of unique features in the 2 dementias and suggest different underlying pathologies. ( JINS , 1998, 4 , 279–284.)