jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Original Article Diagnostic Role of Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A ten year retrospective study of 34 cases of Wilms ’ tumour in children is presented with 24 cases (70.5%) in the age group 0-5 years and a mean age of 4 years. A male: female ratio of 4.7:1 was seen. All the children presented with lump in abdomen, constitutional symptoms in addition were observed in 6 cases. Bilateral tumour was seen in 2 (5.8%) cases. A histocytomorphological correlation with regards to the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumours of childhood in abdominal cavity is discussed. The differential diagnosis of Wilms ’ tumour includes malignant round cell tumours such as neuroblastoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, rhabdomyosarcoma and other pediatric renal tumours such as mesoblastic nephroma, cystic nephroma, rhabdoid tumour and clear cell sarcoma. In cases with high clinical suspicion of Wilms ’ tumour, where preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy are indicated, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can act as a reliable diagnostic tool to complement the clinical diagnosis.
First steps in the development of next-generation chirped volume Bragg gratings by means of fs laser inscription in fused silica

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The first steps towards the development and characterization of next-generation chirped volume Bragg gratings (CVBGs) by means of fs laser inscription were made. Based on the phase mask inscription technique we realized CVBGs in fused silica with a 3 × 3 mm 2 aperture and a length of almost 12 mm with a chirp rate of ∼190 ps/nm around a central wavelength of 1030.5 nm. Strong mechanical stresses induced serious polarization and phase distortions of the radiation. We show a possible approach to solution of this problem. The change in the linear absorption coefficient associated with local modification of fused silica is quite small, enabling utilization of this type of gratings in high average power lasers.
Highly Selective Palladium-Catalyzed Heck Reactions of Aryl Bromides with Cycloalkenes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

[reaction: see text] The influence of palladium catalysts and reaction conditions on the selectivity of Heck reactions of aryl bromides with cyclohexene and cyclopentene has been investigated. It is shown that the addition of DMSO as a cosolvent leads to improved selectivities of nonconjugated aryl olefins. On the other hand, high selectivities for conjugated arylcyclopentenes have been obtained with the catalytic system DMA/Na2CO3/Pd2(dba)3 x dba/PCy3.
Effect of milbemycin oxime against Ancylostorna caninum in dogs with naturally acquired infection

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY Twenty-six mixed-breed (14 males, 12 females) dogs were used in a double-blind study to evaluate the effect of milbemycin oxime against naturally acquired infection with Ancylostorna caninum . Dogs were ranked and paired, on the basis of number of hookworm eggs/g of feces, and treatment was randomly assigned. Each dog was given either the study drug or placebo (1 tablet/11.4 kg [0.5 mg/ kg] of body weight). Eggs per gram of feces enumeration was done on days 3 and 7 after treatment, and dogs were euthanatized on day 7. On day 3, 5 of the 13 dogs in the milbemycin-treated group had hookworm eggs in the feces (results of the McMaster test). In these dogs, mean number of eggs per gram of feces had decreased markedly (from 5,289 to 452) and, by day 7, was 114. At necropsy, 16 A caninum adults were recovered from 2 of the milbemycin-treated dogs. On day 3, 12 of the 13 dogs in the placebo-treated group had hookworm eggs in the feces. Mean number of eggs per gram of feces in these dogs decreased slightly (from 5,243 to 2,646), but did not decrease further by day 7. A mean number of 54.4 A caninum adults was recovered from 12 of the 13 placebo-treated dogs at necropsy. Milbemycin oxime had 97.8% efficacy against A caninum . Results also indicated that milbemycin oxime may be effective against Trichuris vulpis , but not against Dipylidium caninum .
The future of development of croatian viticulture and enology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Republic of Croatia has eekstremely beneficial ecological conditions for grape and vine production.Different cultivars, long tradition, contemporary knowledge and tehnpology may reveal recognizable products of the highest quality, that is, the products that could fined their place on the fastidious world market.However, there are also many problems, like shortage of founds, old vineyards, shortage of equipment etc.It is necessary to stimulate foundation of vineyards on the most convenient sites, as well as the growth and development(of family farms with more than 90% of vineyards, to maintain tehnical and tehnological sectors of the big viticultural and enological firms.Also, to establish optimal tehnology in wine production from grapes to bottle filling, taking into consideration ecological and cultivar peculiarities.Heuce the importance of the expert advisory service and science, as well as new laws and regulations concordant with regulations of the other wine-growing countries of the EU, EEZ and the world proffesional organizations O.I.V. and C.I.D.E.A.O.
The Alignment Effect of Nematic Liquid Crystal on NDLC Thin Films Surface

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT We studied the nematic liquid crystal (NLC) aligning capabilities using the new alignment material of Nitrogen doped diamond-like carbon (NDLC) thin film. The NDLC thin film exhibits high electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity that are similar to the properties shown by diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films. The diamond-like properties and nondiamond-like bonding make NDLC an attractive candidate for applications. A high pretilt angle of about 9.9° by ion beam (IB) exposure on the NDLC thin film surface was measured. A good LC alignment is achieved by the IB alignment method on the NDLC thin film surface at annealing temperature of 200°C. The alignment defect of the NLC was observed above annealing temperature of 250°C. Consequently, the high pretilt angle and the good LC alignment by the IB alignment method on the NDLC thin film surface can be achieved.
Spatial distribution of laser beam spreading in turbid tissue-like media containing ingredients

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The spatial parameters of scattered light in turbid media with different degrees of turbidity and at various depths are studied in this work. The measurements are made at two wavelengths (687 nm and 850 nm). A collimated laser radiation is used in the experiments in order to avoid the effect of input laser beam structure on the measured optical fields. The radial and in depth distribution is measured of the intensity of the forward-scattered optical beam radiation in turbid (tissue-like) media. The influence of small ingredients within the turbid media is also analyzed. The optical properties of the ingredients are different from those of the surrounding turbid medium. Milk-water mixtures are used as a test medium. The intensity distribution within milk solutions with concentrations ranging from 3.3% to 16.5% is measured in depth of more than 10 cm. The experimental results indicate that the presence of small ingredients within the phantom leads to characteristic changes of the intensity distribution. These preliminary results are evaluated as promising for developing a novel technique for determination of optical characteristics of small embedded ingredients in turbid media.
Committee against Torture

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter discusses Article 17 of the Convention against Torture, covering the chronology of draft texts, analysis of Working Group discussions, and issues of interpretation. Article 17 sets out the requirements for a Committee against Torture. Among them are that the Committee shall consist of ten experts of high moral standing and recognized competence in the field of human rights, who shall serve in their personal capacity. The experts shall be elected by the States Parties, consideration being given to equitable geographical distribution and to the usefulness of the participation of some persons having legal experience. Elections of the members of the Committee shall be held at biennial meetings of States Parties convened by the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The members of the Committee shall be elected for a term of four years. They shall be eligible for re-election if renominated.
Modern Trends in Socio-Economic Development of Arabian Countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The article is devoted to analysis of the present economic situation and peculiarity of Arabian countries during the second half of the 1990 and the beginning of the XIX-th century. The authors showed weary important role of inter-arab cooperation in achievement of socio-economic development in Arab countries. This research is needed for developing a practice of economic integration not only in Arab society, but in other regions too.
Chitosan Nanoparticle-Loaded Mannitol Microspheres:  Structure and Surface Characterization

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we aimed to characterize the surface and the internal structure of mannitol microspheres containing chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles, which were prepared by spray-drying. These microspheres were recently proposed as valuable candidates to transport therapeutic protein-loaded nanoparticles to the lungs owing to their favorable aerodynamic properties. To observe the distribution of chitosan nanoparticles and mannitol in the microspheres, specific characterization techniques, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, were used. Results showed that mannitol is distributed in the whole particle and nanoparticles are homogeneously mixed with mannitol. Moreover, both components were detected in the microsphere surface, mannitol being present to a higher extent, which is in agreement with the theoretical mannitol/nanoparticle ratio of microspheres (80/20). Therefore, this work confirmed that chitosan nanoparticles were successfully encapsulated in mannitol microspheres, providing a homogeneous distribution of the nanoparticles and, hence, of the nanoencapsulated therapeutic macromolecule.
Nonlinear Fault-tolerant Guidance and Control for Damaged Aircraft

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This research work presents a fault-tolerant flight guidance and control framework to deal with damaged aircraft. Damaged scenarios include the loss of thrust, actuator malfunction and airframe damage. The developed framework objective is to ensure that damaged aircraft can be stabilized and controlled at all times. The guidance system is responsible for providing the airspeed, vertical and horizontal flight path angle commands while considering aircraft dynamics. The control system, designed by the nonlinear state-dependent Riccati equation (SDRE) control method, is used to track the guidance commands and to stabilize the damaged aircraft. The versatility of SDRE allows it to passively adapt to the aircraft parameter variations due to damage. A novel nonlinear adaptive control law is proposed to improve the controller performance. The new control law demonstrated improved tracking ability. The framework is implemented on the nonlinear Boeing 747 and NASA Generic Transport Model (GTM) to investigate the simulation results.
Radical Duodenopancreatectomy for Papilloma of the Pancreatic Duct

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

TREATMENT OF NON-SPECIFIC CERVICITIS Biusn 815The average number of treatments required in the satisfactory cases was 4.5.Forty cases of monilial infection in pregnancy treated with the same preparation were all regarded as cured.We thank Messrs. Camden Chemical Co. for liberal supplies of this compound, which is marketed under the name of " pruvagol.
Identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) inhibitors among the derivatives of 5-phenylamino-2H-[1,2,4]triazin-3-one

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The increase of antibiotic resistance amongst Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains has become one of the most pressing problems of modern medicine. Therefore, the search of antibiotics against M. tuberculosis with novel mechanisms of action is very important. We have identified inhibitors of M. tuberculosis leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) among the derivatives of 5-phenylamino-2H-[1,2,4]triazin-3-one. The most active compounds 5-(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-phenylamino)-6-methyl-2H-[1,2,4]triazin-3-one and 5-(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-phenylamino)-2H-[1,2,4]triazin-3-one inhibit M. tuberculosis LeuRS with IC50 of 7.6 μМ and 7.2 μМ, respectively. It was established that the inhibitory activity of compounds against pathogenic LeuRS is 10-fold better, than for human enzyme.
The Roots of Communism in an Afghan State: A Historical Analytical Study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study observes the historical and ideological influences that contributed to the emergence of communism in Afghanistan. The roots of communism in Afghanistan can be traced back to the early 20th century when academic and political movements began to challenge traditional monarchical and Islamic institutions. The influence of Marxist-Leninist ideology spread through educational organizations and literary circles resonated with Afghan intellectuals seeking modernization and social change. The study concentrates on the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), founded in 1965, which played a crucial role in Afghanistan's communist movement. The PDPA's ideological divisions, internal power struggles, and eventual rise to power in 1978 are examined. This research provides insights into the complex historical context that shaped Afghanistan's communist movement, highlighting the interplay between internal and external factors. Understanding these roots is vital for avaricious the complications of Afghanistan's modern history, including the Soviet occupation, civil war, and ongoing political instability. Kew words: Afghanistan, Communism, Marxism-Leninism, Anti-colonialism, PDPA, nationalism, intellectual movement
Long-term acceptance of prisms by heterophorics.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Forty-six heterophoric clients with long standing severe visual symptoms were corrected with prisms for permanent wearing using the full-correction procedure of Haase. With 80% of clients the prism power had to be increased one or more times until a permanent correction power was reached. With all clients permanent powers were attained, basic optometric functions were improved and subjective complaints were reduced. The correction status and improvements were maintained during long term follow-up.
Use of matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation–time of flight mass spectrometry in a paediatric clinical laboratory for identification of bacteria commonly isolated from cystic fibrosis patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has been described as a rapid, accurate method for bacterial identification. Aims To investigate the ability of the technique, using the unamended database supplied with the system, to identify bacteria commonly isolated in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Methods Organisms commonly isolated from CF patients identified by MALDI-TOF MS were compared to conventional phenotypic and genotypic analyses. For MALDI-TOF MS, the direct colony technique was used routinely with one extraction procedure performed on a mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa . For 24 unique CF specimens, workload comparison and time to identification were assessed. Results Of 464 tested isolates, conventional (phenotypic and genotypic) identification compared to MALDI-TOF MS showed complete genus, species agreement in 92%, with genus agreement in 98%. This included 29 isolates within the Burkholderia cepacia complex. All 29 were correctly identified to the genus level and 24 of these were speciated. Time to identification with 47 bacterial isolates from 24 CF patients showed identification of 85% of isolates by MALDI-TOF MS at 48 h of incubation, compared to only 34% with conventional methods. Conclusions Using the unamended database supplied with the system, MALDI-TOF MS provides rapid and reliable identification of bacteria isolated from CF specimens. Time to identification studies showed that the use of same day, same method for organism identification will decrease time to result and optimise microbiology workflow.
Revolutionizing Skin Cancer Treatment: The Rise of PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 as Key Therapeutic Targets

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

: Skin cancer is a significant health concern, affecting millions of individuals globally on an annual basis. According to data from the World Health Organization, it stands as the most prevalent form of cancer within the white population. Current treatments for skin cancer typically involve a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. However, these methods often come with drawbacks, such as side effects and potential scarring. Therefore, there is a growing need for alternative treatments that can offer effective results with fewer adverse effects, driving ongoing research in skin cancer therapy. The advancement of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been facilitated by a more profound comprehension of the interplay between tumors and the immune system, along with the regulatory mechanisms governing T-cells. As cancer treatment continues to evolve, immunotherapy is emerging as a powerful strategy, leading to a growing interest in the role of immunological checkpoints in skin cancer. Various types of immune checkpoints and their expression, including PD-1, PDL-1, CTLA-4, lymphocyte activation gene 3, and B7-H3, along with their blockers and monoclonal antibodies, have been established for various cancers. PD-1, PDL-1, and CTLA-4 are crucial immune system regulators, acting as brakes to prevent T-- cell overactivation and potential autoimmunity. However, tumors can exploit these checkpoints to evade immune detection. Inhibiting these immune checkpoints can enhance the body's ability to recognize and attack cancer cells. This review focuses on the characteristics of PD-1, PDL-1, and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints, their mechanism of action, and their role in skin cancer. Additionally, it summarizes the ongoing clinical trials sponsored or conducted by various pharmaceutical companies and provides insights into the latest patent data.
Formal Certification Methods for Automated Vehicle Safety Assessment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Challenges related to automated driving are no longer focused on just the construction of such automated vehicles (AVs), but in assuring the safety of their operation. Recent advances in Level 3 and Level 4 autonomous driving have motivated more extensive study in safety guarantees of complicated AV maneuvers, which aligns with the goal of ISO 21448 (Safety of the Intended Functions, or SOTIF), i.e. minimizing unsafe scenarios both known and unknown, as well as Vision Zero -- eliminating highway fatalities by 2050. A majority of approaches used in providing safety guarantees for AV motion control originate from formal methods, especially reachability analysis (RA), which relies on mathematical models for the dynamic evolution of the system to provide guarantees. However, to the best of the authors' knowledge, there have been no review papers dedicated to describing and interpreting state-of-the-art of formal methods in the context of AVs. In this work, we provide both an overview of the safety verification, validation and certification process, as well as review formal safety techniques that are best suited to AV applications. We also propose a unified scenario coverage framework that can provide either a formal or sample-based estimate of safety verification for full AVs. Finally, remaining challenges and future opportunities beyond the scope of current published research for assured AV safety are presented.
Investigation of Low-High Fidelity Turbulent Models in Scramjet Engines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the present work, we aim to investigate the predictive capabilities of low and high-fidelity turbulence models and understand how they perform in complex conditions in a scramjet engine. In this study, we use the DLR experiments [1] to present a comparative performance assessment of low to high fidelity turbulence models. The DLR case is interesting since it exhibits turbulence due to wall effects as well as due to shear layer. Results show relatively good agreement when compared against the validation data set from the experiment. DHRL was able to resolve more turbulence structures compared to all other models. HRL showed better prediction of the momentum deficit in the wake of the strut than all other models. Additionally, results for reacting case show that choice of turbulence models affects the intensity and lift-off distance of the flame where RANS and DHRL show the most rigorous flame and a smooth peak in temperature profile near the base of the strut at the centerline while IDDES and HRL show no combustion at the same location. Comparison against computational results shows an underprediction of the flame lift-off distance.
MANAGEMENT OF ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENTS WITH COMORBIDITIES: REVIEW OF THE TRIALS ON CONTINUING THERAPY WITH PHOSPHODIESTERASE-5 MEDICATIONS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The review is focused on the issues of erectile dysfunction (ED) management by long term courses of continuous intake of the phosphodiesteraze-5 type (PDE5) inhibitors. ED is an actual problem of modern healthcare, prevalent and influencing negatively life quality and interpersonal relations. At early stages the management of ED by the PDE5 inhibitor drugs was regarded as symptomatic. However recently there are more and more publications that confirm continuous long term intake of PDE5 inhibitors. This can be explained by the mechanism of this drugs class action that includes the causation of the disorder, particularly, endothelial dysfunction. It is well konwn that in erectile dysfunction there is malfunction of nitric oxide synthesis by endothelium, and long term usage of PDE5 facilitates the increase of biochemical reactions that can be started by nitric oxide. Based on the review data, a proposition made that PDE5 inhibitors are not harmful for cardiovascular system, but may present with positive effects on cardiovascular system in general. The trials towards this direction continue. There is also a suggestion that intake of PDE5 inhibitors helps to restore normal endothelial function that may lead to better condition of cardiovascular system and decrease complications rate.