jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Total Synthesis of (±)-Narlumicine, a Secophthalideisoquinoline Alkaloid

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The first total synthesis of (*)-narlumicine (I), a secophthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, has been performed by addition of 6,7-methylenedioxyphthalide (4) lithium salt to 2-(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl)piperonal(3).Narlumicine (I), a new secophthalideisoquinoline alkaloid, has been isolated as a minor component from the stems ofFumaria indica by Tripathi and Pandey in 1992.It has been accompanied by a structurally related narlumidine (2), previously isolated from the same plant by Pandey et These two bases differ from the other known secophthalideisoquinoline alkaloids3 in the oxidation state of the central ethylenic linkage.In the latter ones this linkage exists either in the kefo form (or combined with the carboxilic group as the corresponding enol lactone or ene lactam) or as diketone (bend), while in compounds (1) and (2) it is a part of dihydrobenzoin and benzoin moieties, respectively.Other characteristic structural features of secophthalideisoquinolines, e.g. the N,N-dimethylaminoethyl side chain and carboxyl group could be found in molecules of compounds ( 1) and (2) as well.As with other secoisoquinolines the problem oftheir genesis is an intriguing question.A hipothetical biosynthetic pathway could be put forward assuming an enol lactone, the first degradation product ofthe classic isoquinoline alkaloids metho salts, as the plausible precursor.Hydration, followed by oxidation would then produce 1 and/or 2, respectively.It is worth noting that the parent phthalideisoquinolines, adlumidine and bicuculline, have also been found in this plant along with bicucullinine, the final degradation product.2,4,5
SH371946.07FU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
PMS/Head-end based MPLS Ping and Traceroute in Inter-AS SR Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Segment Routing (SR) architecture leverages source routing and
tunneling paradigms and can be directly applied to the use of a
Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) data plane. Segment Routing also
provides an easy and efficient way to provide inter connectivity in a
large scale network as described in [RFC8604]. [RFC8287] illustrates
the problem and defines extensions to perform LSP Ping and Traceroute
for Segment Routing IGP-Prefix and IGP-Adjacency Segment Identifiers
(SIDs) with an MPLS data plane. It is useful to have the LSP Ping and
traceroute procedures when an SR end-to-end path spans across multiple
ASes. This document describes mechanisms to facilitae LSP ping and
traceroute in inter-AS SR networks in an efficient manner with simple
OAM protocol extension which uses dataplane forwarding alone for
sending Echo-Reply.
PREVENTION OF STUDENTS’ MISTAKES DURING THE STUDY OF FRACTIONAL RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS IN THE NEW UKRAINIAN SCHOOL

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Among the semantic lines of the school course in algebra, the line of expressions and their transformations is essentially significant. Free execution of the main types of transformations of whole and fractional, rational and irrational expressions is a prerequisite for further successful mastering of other semantic lines. Therefore, the provision of strong knowledge and skills on identical transformations of expressions should be the subject of constant attention of the mathematics teacher.The article considers typical mistakes of students during the study of the semantic line of expression and transformation of expressions, the course of algebra in institutions that provide basic secondary education, namely in the process of studying the topic “Fractional rational expressions”. The analysis of the most widespread mathematical errors of schoolchildren, psychological and pedagogical preconditions of their occurrence is carried out. The method of organization of preventive activity of the teacher of mathematics is offered (under preventive activity of the teacher of mathematics we understand the activity initiated by necessity: to prevent mathematical mistakes of pupils, to correct the admitted, having found out the reasons of their occurrence), and transformations of whole expressions.Preventive activities should be organized as a process of interaction between teachers and students, during which through specially selected methods, firstly, reveals the origin of errors, and secondly, organizes work to prevent and correct them. The main task of the formation of preventive activities of students is to develop their ability to independently adhere to all its structural components. The result of such activities largely depends on how the teacher understands the structure of mental activity of students in specific learning conditions, is able to take into account the objective patterns of learning material, psychological and pedagogical patterns of perception and memory.The effectiveness of the proposed method was tested by the author in the research process: “Methodical system of analysis and prevention of mathematical errors in the study of algebra in primary school”. Keywords: algebra; fractional rational expressions; typical errors; students; preventive activities; method; Teacher of Mathematics; educational process; error prevention.
Protective effect of melatonin and ascorbic acid combination on sepsis‐induced lung injury: An Experimental study

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study investigated the synergistic protective effects of melatonin (MEL) and ascorbic acid (vitamin C, ASA) in treating sepsis‐induced lung injury in rats. Rats were divided into five groups: control, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), CLP + MEL, CLP + ASA and CLP + MEL + ASA. The effects of MEL (10 mg/kg), ASA (100 mg/kg) and their combination on oxidative stress, inflammation and histopathology were evaluated in septic rats’ lung tissues. Sepsis‐induced oxidative stress and inflammation were evident through increased levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI); decreased levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx); and elevated levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1 β (IL‐1β) in the lung tissue. Treatment with MEL, ASA and their combination significantly improved antioxidant capacity and reduced oxidative stress, with the combination treatment being more effective. The combination treatment also significantly reduced TNF‐α and IL‐1β levels and improved peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR), arylesterase (ARE) and paraoxonase (PON) levels in the lung tissue. Histopathological examination showed reduced oedema and lymphocyte infiltration with a lung tissue appearance similar to the control group. Immunohistochemical staining for caspase 3 demonstrated reduced immune positivity in the treatment groups. In conclusion, this study supports the potential synergistic protective effects of MEL and ASA in treating sepsis‐induced lung injury. The combination therapy could effectively reduce oxidative stress, inflammation and improve antioxidant capacity in septic rats, suggesting a promising strategy for treating sepsis‐induced lung injury.
Decreased GPX3 mRNA level in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies with increasing mortality. Alpha fetoprotein (AFP) is a widely used biomarker for HCC but has been questioned for its limited sensitivity and specificity. In this study, we aim to determine the alteration and diagnostic value of GXP3 expression for HCC. Methods: We recruited 243 subjects, including 132 HCC patients, 78 chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and 33 healthy controls (HCs). The mRNA level of GPX3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: The GPX3 plasma level was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The GPX3 mRNA level was significantly decreased in HCC patients compared with CHB patients and HCs ( P <0.05). Plasma GPX3 level was significantly lower in patients with HCC than CHB and HCs ( P <0.05). In HCC subgroup, the GPX3 mRNA level was significantly lower in patients with positive HBeAg, ascites, advanced stage and poor differentiation compared with the remaining groups ( P <0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to estimate the diagnostic value of GPX3 mRNA level for HBV associated HCC. The GPX3 mRNA level showed a significantly better diagnostic ability compared with AFP (AUC 0.769 vs. 0.658, p<0.001). Conclusion: we found that decreased GPX3 mRNA level might serve as a potential noninvasive biomarker for HCC. It showed better diagnostic ability compared with AFP.
More than the sum of their parts: Behavioral Tractography analysis of distress wellbeing and context reveal dynamic signatures of psychosis and autism

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract

Current psychiatric assessments oversimplify mental health phenomena. Ecological-Momentary-Assessment (EMA) captures richer dynamic interactions between psychological and contextual variables, but the resulting complexity currently hinders clinical translation. Here we propose an innovative approach to integrate dynamic data in clinical practice by accounting for variations within and across symptom clusters over time. We term this approach Behavioral Tractography (BT). We validate BT in independent typically-developing samples and in the clinically-challenging differential diagnosis of psychosis genetic vulnerability in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11DS) and idiopathic Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). A novel 2-dimensional rationality/valence structure predicted psychological-contextual fluctuations with striking consistency across typically-developing and clinical samples. Characterizing dynamic interactions between variables within such shared coordinate system, provided an intuitive 3D-view of transdiagnostic and population-specific psychological-contextual pathways. 22q11DS and ASD presented opposite psychological-contextual dynamics, recapitulating Bayesian models of psychosis and autism, and were further differentiated by pathways mediating emergence and consequences of motivational and social wellbeing.
5 Attitudes Towards Tati Language Among its Native Speakers in Western Iran

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter presents the sociolinguistic profile of Tati language in Western Iran. In order to do so, at the first stage previous studies on language attitude with a specific focus on minority languages in Iran are reviewed. Thereafter, we offer an overview of the research on Tati language by both local and international scholars. Following this historical review, the rest of this chapter will deal with Tati in Western Iran. The main focus is on the attitudes of Tati native speakers towards Tati language as their mother tongue. To explore this issue, 188 male and female Tati speakers completed an online questionnaire. These voluntary participants were from a broad range of locales where Tati native speakers inhabit, including southern Qazvin and Eshtehard, Takestan, Esfarvarin, Zanjan, Boein Zahra, Sagz Abad, Vafs, Khalkhal, Klowr, Kejal, Danesfahan, Asalem, and Tarom. Futher to that, 10 participants were interviewed to further explore how Tati native speakers perceive their mother tongue. This chapter closes by discussing the findings from a sociolinguistic perspective and the importance of research on minority and endangered languages is also highlighted. Finally, some suggestions for future research in this regard are provided.
Curation: Toward a New Ethic of Digital Public History

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay argues that a new curatorial ethic has emerged at the heart of digital public history, reflecting a flourishing of curatorial work in the broad culture. Everyone has become a curator: the disc jockey who spins records at a club or selects playlists for Internet radio as well as the creator of a born digital archive who collects and shares cultural records. This curatorial turn has shattered the thick walls that once existed between various public history professional specializations - such as libraries, archives, and scholars. As digital public historians redefine the fields from which their practice is drawn, they create new possibilities for engaging and building wide public communities; and yet building this new curatorial ethic remains challenging because its inclusive promise depends heavily on mastering and navigating increasingly specialized technical and administrative conversations about the management and organization of digital materials.
The Critical Role of Fluid‐Mediated Diffusion in Anomalous Fe‐Mg‐O Isotope Fractionations in Ultramafic Rocks of Ophiolites

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A number of bulk‐rock and mineral Fe and Mg isotope data have been increasingly reported from ophiolitic rocks, but their anomalous fractionations are still not well addressed. This study presents new Fe, Mg, and O isotopes and published Li isotope data of olivine and/or chromite in chromitite, dunite, and harzburgite from the Pozantı‐Karsantı ophiolite (southern Turkey) to reveal the mechanisms of inter‐ and intra‐mineral isotope fractionation during chromitite formation. In the studied samples, both olivine and chromite have highly variable δ 56 Fe ranging from −0.125‰ to 0.101‰ and −0.261‰ to 0.191‰, respectively, but with heavier olivine than coexisting chromite in most samples. In contrast, olivine records homogeneous Mg isotopic compositions with δ 26 Mg values of −0.36‰ to −0.26‰, whereas chromite grains have variable but relatively high δ 26 Mg values ranging from −0.02‰ to 0.45‰. The δ 18 O values of olivine range from 4.65‰ to 5.86‰ and co‐vary with δ 7 Li (−5.43‰ to 16.65‰), δ 56 Fe, and δ 26 Mg, particularly at lithological scale. These isotopic features cannot be explained solely by subsolidus diffusion between olivine and chromite, or by partial melting and fractional crystallization. Instead, they require fluids as a diffusive medium for high efficient element exchange between chromite and olivine. The fluids were likely the hydrous fluids that were collected on chromite grain surfaces during crystallization and released later from chromite piles during precipitation. The fluid‐olivine reaction preferentially transferred light Fe from olivine grains resulting in elevated δ 56 Fe, but caused small O and Mg isotopic variations in the olivine. The Li diffusion depends on Li concentration gradient between olivine and fluid and olivine/fluid ratio, which can account for large δ 7 Li variations in olivine between different rock types. As these reactions proceeded, they induced elemental and isotopic variations in the fluids. These fluids could continuously penetrate the harzburgites through the dunite envelopes around the chromitites, producing some of the observed anomalous geochemical features of the harzburgites. Thus, we conclude that the hydrous fluids acted as critical media for ion exchange between chromite and olivine and for significant modification of the host harzburgites.
DSP-based technique for power efficiency improvement in low-IF 5 GHz WLAN transmitter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a DSP based technique for power efficiency enhancement in a low-IF WLAN IEEE 802.11a transmitter architecture. This work combines a clipping function with an oversampling operation for reducing signal envelope variation. For that, an optimal oversampling factor was firstly chosen for a given input signal type. A clipped signal is then applied to a predistortion-based linearized power amplifier. The value of the clipping ratio is set so that the resulting overall transmitter error vector magnitude (EVM) meets the standard specifications. This allowed an important reduction of the power back-off that in its turn leads to a significant increase of the power added efficiency (PAE). Experiments that were performed using a 1-watt commercial solid state power amplifier demonstrated a relative power efficiency improvement of about 80 %.
Plasma lipids and prothrombin time in rats fed palm oil and other commonly used fats in Egypt

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for a total period of 8 weeks on six diets that were different in the source of their fat content. The fat content was provided either, palm oil or palm olein or corn oil or hydrogenated fat, or frying palm oil and mixture of corn oil + hydrogenated fat in the ratio (1:1). The latter was given to the control group. Animals fed these various experimental diets showed statistically significant differences in serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides content among all group. Increased HDL-cholesterol content was evident in animals fed on palm-olein and palm oil. The frying oil fed group showed lowest HDL-cholesterol content. In these experiments palm olein fed animals showed highest ratio of HDL-cholesterol to total cholesterol while the lowest ratio was shown in rats fed on frying oil. Prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) showed higher values In palm oil, palm olein and corn oil diets as compared to all groups with each other.
A theoretical study into the fundamental design limits of devices based on one- and two-dimensional structured fibres

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The sub-wavelength perturbation of an originally uniform material in order to manipulate light is the basis of two of the latest key technologies used to produce optical fibre devices for telecommunication system applications. The first technology (fibre Bragg gratings) concerns the 1-dimensional perturbation of the refractive index of an optical fibre (i.e. along the propagation axis of the fibre), whereas the second technology (microstructured optical fibres) concerns a 2-dimensional perturbation of the refractive index (i.e. in the transverse plane of the fibre).Regarding the fibre Bragg gratings, the effect of background losses on uniform gratings and of cladding mode losses on linearly chirped gratings have been studied by means of two extended versions of coupled-mode theory. The possibility of compensating the cladding mode losses acting on the chirped grating profile is also analysed. Considering the microstructured optical fibres, an extensive study of highly nonlinear, small-core, silica holey fibres has been performed with the implementation of the multipole method, which was chosen after a careful consideration of other available modelling techniques. Guidelines were produced for optimising the design of holey fibres for particular device applications especially when trade-offs between small effective mode area and low con­finement loss are important. The work on modelling highly nonlinear holey fibres was extended to include a preliminary study of the use of higher refractive index glasses and their future device applications.
Implementation of Reading Fixed ‘Do’ and Moving ‘Do’ Notations on Improving Music Practical Achievement

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Music education is a realm of study concerned with the teaching and learning of music. This music education will develop affective, motor skills in students who play instruments and expand cognitive development through reasoning and interpretation of musical notation. However, many people still underestimate music education. In the education and teaching system of music arts, especially in the last years of the 20th century, new methods emerged. One of the methods that will be discussed is the Tonika-Do Method. This article is a type of literature study and uses the exposition method in presenting the concepts contained in previous studies. The sources used contain the results of discussions about art education, music, and music education. The application of fixed "do" is not carried out as it should be from the meaning of fixed "do" itself. The reading system used in this lesson is not an fixed "do", but a system taken from the basic idea of an fixed "do" system, where 'Do' is not understood as a C, D, E note or something else, but is more understood as a number 1, which is the tone of writing in numerical notation. This fixed “do” reading system is carried out with the aim of avoiding moving 1 ('do') which is generally found in how to read numerical notation, which of course tends to make it difficult for students in a notation recognition. The learning process can include practicing the C scale, followed by the chromatic scale, etude, then entering the song.
Accessing school content using multiple languages in early childhood

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examined use of multiple languages in learning school content in early childhood. Data were collected from 25 classrooms in five schools in Kilimanjaro, Arusha and Dar es Salaam regions in Tanzania. The data collection process included structured classroom observations of teacher-student interactions, parent questionnaire responses and interviews notes, and teacher interview notes. These sets were analyzed separately and then triangulated to determine convergence of the study findings. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 15.0) was used to summarize numerical data and to correlate variables (age, gender, number of languages spoken, school location and performance ratings by parents). Content analysis was used to analyze descriptive data. Existing assessment data on the performance of multilingual children in selected subjects were also examined to provide understanding of how well the multilingual children mastered class content in relation to the performance of their monolingual peers. The study results revealed school-related, and family-related factors that supported use of multiple language in learning the school curriculum content.