jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Conditional intention as an unjust factor

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on what may be considered, after mistake, as the ‘unjust factor’ of greatest theoretical and practical importance in the law. Notwithstanding its confusing nomenclature, ‘failure of consideration’ concerns cases where a plaintiff has conferred a benefit on the defendant ‘conditionally on a performance or event that has not materialised’. It may therefore be better understood as ‘failure of condition’, to avoid any contractual mis-association. Unlike mistake, this unjust factor is concerned with conditional rather than vitiated intention, and the relevant condition is assessed objectively on a bilateral basis, by looking at the manifested understanding of both parties. The chapter explains that, once understood as involving the failure of the condition on which a benefit is transferred, the law’s requirement that the failure is ‘total’ is more readily understood and justified. It explores the operation of this unjust factor in a variety of contractual and pre-contractual contexts and the critical importance of close characterisation of the objective condition on which the benefit was transferred, as well as separating out the unjust factor enquiry from the measure of enrichment. In all cases, the contractual context may well shape the defendant’s liability, but it will do so because the law of unjust enrichment moderates restitutionary liability in a way that captures the nuance of that broader legal context. This is of particular importance when considering the vexed question of ‘contract ceilings’ in the context of contracts terminated for breach, but also supports recognition of liability for failure of condition in cases of services, and in cases where the failed condition is an event other than promised performance. The chapter concludes by assessing whether an unjust factor of ‘free acceptance’ can be supported as a matter of precedent, principle or policy.
Behavior Tree-Based Task Planning for Multiple Mobile Robots using a Data Distribution Service

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we propose task planning framework for multiple robots that builds on a behavior tree (BT). BTs communicate with a data distribution service (DDS) to send and receive data. Since the standard BT derived from one root node with a single tick is unsuitable for multiple robots, a novel type of BT action and improved nodes are proposed to control multiple robots through a DDS asynchronously. To plan tasks for robots efficiently, a single task planning unit is implemented with the proposed task types. The task planning unit assigns tasks to each robot simultaneously through a single coalesced BT. If any robot falls into a fault while performing its assigned task, another BT embedded in the robot is executed; the robot enters the recovery mode in order to overcome the fault. To perform this function, the action in the BT corresponding to the task is defined as a variable, which is shared with the DDS so that any action can be exchanged between the task planning unit and robots. To show the feasibility of our framework in a real-world application, three mobile robots were experimentally coordinated for them to travel alternately to four goal positions by the proposed single task planning unit via a DDS.
Enhancement in ionic conductivity on solid polymer electrolytes containing large conducting species

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) lack better conducting properties at ambient temperatures. Various methods to enhance their ionic conductivity like irradiation with swift heavy ions, γ-rays, swift electrons and quenching at low temperature etc., have been explored in the literature. Among these, one of the oldest methods is incorporation of different conducting species into the polymer matrix and/or addition of nano-sized inert particles into SPEs. Various new salts like LiBr, Mg(ClO4)2, NH4I etc., have already been tried in the past with some success. Also various nanoparticles like Al2O3, TiO2 etc., have been tried in the past. In this article, we have investigated an SPE containing Rubidium as a conducting species. Rubidium has a larger ionic size compared to lithium and sodium ions which have been investigated in the recent past. In the present article, we have investigated the conductivity of large sized conducting species and shown the enhancement in the ionic conductivity by addition of nano-sized inert particles.
Epidemiological, Clinical, Paraclinical, and Evolutionary Aspects of COVID-19 Patients Hospitalized in the ETC of the City of Touba (Senegal)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

COVID-19 is a global public health threat. The number of confirmed cases is multiplying day by day. This study aims to determine the sociodemographic, clinical, and paraclinical characteristics related to the new coronavirus (COVID-19) of patients hospitalized in Touba ETCs. Methodology: A cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study was conducted from May 28, 2020, to July 31, 2021. All COVID-19 patients hospitalized in the ETCs of Touba commune have recovered. Data were collected through a questionnaire with socio-demographic, clinical, and evolving characteristics. The analysis of the data was carried out through the R. Results: A total of 121 individuals were surveyed and 66.48% of them were male. The average age of our patients was 56.38 ±18.6 with extremes ranging from 02 to 87 years. In our study, 96.17% of patients resided in Touba; of 3.83%were travelers. We could notice all the usual signs of covid19 fever 96.7%, cough 91.1%, and headaches 82.7%... Factors associated with death were the occurrence, of respiratory distress 13.1 [2.09-25.5] times the higher risk and the poor saturation (SaO2<90%), 6.89 [1.97-33.4] times more risk. Conclusion: COVID-19 is a public health issue. However, early management of the disease may reduce the risk of death.
Photochemical, chemical, and biological transformations of dissolved organic carbon and its effect on alkalinity production in acidified lakes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

We evaluated the significance of photochemical and biological degradation of allochthonous dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on in-lake H � budgets by laboratory experiments and with a mass budget study for major ions in three atmospherically acidified forest lakes in the Bohemian Forest. In the experiments, photodegradation of DOC from a lake tributary resulted in (1) a liberation of organically bound Al and Fe, which consumed an equivalent amount of H � , (2) a minor decrease in concentrations of organic acid anions (A � ) despite a major decrease in DOC concentrations, and (3) the production of biologically available DOC. Biological degradation of the photochemically transformed DOC resulted in a lesser decrease in DOC concentrations than during photodegradation (28–45 % of the total decline) but in a pronounced decrease in A � concentrations (64–85 % of the total decline), leading to a significant pH increase. Hydrolysis of photoliberated metals under increasing pH partly reduced net H � consumption within the whole process. Watersheds of the lakes studied exported more SO, NO, and H � 2 � � than they received 4 3 by throughfall, and the lakes were the dominant acidity-consuming parts of the whole ecosystems, neutralizing 50– 58 % of H � input. In-lake photochemical, biological, and chemical changes in A � fluxes consumed 56–190 meq m�2 yr�1 of H � and were the third major internal alkalinity-producing mechanism after the biochemical reduction of NO and SO (333–396 and 143–214 meq m�2 yr�1 �
Menganalisis Financial Risk, Security Risk, Time and Convenince Risk dan Psichological Risk, Pada Perilaku Pembelian Online

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the effect of financial risk, security risk, time and convenience risk and psychological risk on consumer decision behavior to buy online. Questionnaires were distributed to 100 respondents who had purchased online at least twice in the last 3 months. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The research found that risk is positively related to online consumer buying behavior. Risk or perceived by consumers is an important factor for online purchases. Security risk and financial risk must be low in order to get high and positive online buying behavior from online buying consumers. The smaller the risk the greater the purchase of online purchases. Risk Time and convenience show a positive relationship. The smaller the time risk and the perceived convenience, the greater the consumer's interest in making online purchases. Psychological risk shows a positive relationship to online purchases and shows that the role of the internet is getting bigger
Private Real Estate as an Inflation Hedge: An Updated Look with a Global Perspective

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Executive Summary.This study uses correlations and time-series regressions to revisit the inflation-hedging ability of Canadian direct real estate over the 1973-2007 period. Full-period results show that real estate hedges against inflation, and both expected and unexpected inflation. However, these results are strongly driven by the 1973-1984 sub-period, a high inflation environment. From 1985 to 2007 in a low inflation environment, no province or property type hedges against inflation and unexpected inflation, while exclusively British Columbia’s and Quebec’s real estate hedge against expected inflation. Additional tests suggest that the introduction of an “inflation targeting” policy by the Bank of Canada in 1991 might explain the vanishing of the inflationhedging ability of direct real estate in Canada.
Ectopic Pregnancy: A Case of Consecutive Occurrences of Different Types

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ovarian ectopic pregnancy, a rare manifestation of ectopic gestation, involves the implantation of a fertilized egg on the ovarian surface. This condition poses diagnostic challenges and is associated with significant maternal morbidity if not promptly managed. This report presents the case of a 33-year-old nulliparous woman with a history of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing ovulation induction therapy. Following her first conception in October 2021, she presented with symptoms of per vaginal spotting and low back pain, prompting a diagnosis of left adnexal ectopic pregnancy confirmed by transvaginal ultrasound and serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (B-HCG) levels. Medical management with methotrexate was initiated successfully.In August 2022, the patient conceived again, with subsequent ultrasound revealing a large pelvic collection suggestive of a complex ectopic pregnancy involving both ovaries. Despite initial stability, she developed abdominal pain necessitating emergency laparoscopy, which revealed an ovarian ectopic pregnancy with hemoperitoneum. Laparotomy was performed due to the complexity of the presentation, and histopathology confirmed viable chorionic villi within ovarian tissue.This case underscores the clinical management challenges posed by ovarian ectopic pregnancies, particularly in patients with previous ectopic pregnancies. The discussion reviews current literature on diagnostic modalities, treatment strategies, and outcomes associated with ovarian ectopic pregnancies, emphasizing the role of surgical intervention in cases refractory to conservative management. Tailored approaches considering individual patient factors are crucial to optimize outcomes and preserve fertility in such complex scenarios
Climate Change and Hydrology

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Water-related issues are the most prominent amongst the commonly identified impacts of climate change. In particular, water-related extremes, storms, floods and droughts, are the likely most immediate and damaging manifestations of a changing climate. This chapter outlines how research into climate change impacts developed at CEH, introduces the key issues that have been encountered over the years and presents some examples of impact assessments. Moreover, the 11 global models were shown to reproduce relatively well the regional development of flood and drought episodes, which means they are useful tools to explore the impact of climate change on the hydrology at the regional to continental scale, not possible from catchment-scale models. The challenges of the future are many; climate change poses huge risks. Scientists have the responsibility to provide the best possible assessment of the science and associated risks to a, sometime, sceptical public and media.
Change and Termination of Obligation in Conditions of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article deals with the traditional (within objective civil law) and newly introduced by the latest domestic legislation to combating the pandemic COVID-19 provisions about obligation change and termination in terms of identifying special criteria that can determine the obligations’ dynamics during the quarantine restrictions. Emphasis is placed on the need to take into account the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and related quarantine measures and restrictions on all elements of the obligation’s structure — its subjects, object and content. Readers’ attention is drawn to the consequences of the external negative impact of any emergencies on both regulatory and security obligations. At the same time, the implicit temporary nature of the quarantine introduced by the Government determines the priority of specially constructed models of direct legislative change of legal relations over ordinary models of their change or termination due to dispositive expression of interested participants of such civil relations. And the dynamics of security obligations in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is manifested primarily in the introduction of various moratoriums on the application of certain measures of civil liability and/or compulsory recovery on the property of the defaulting debtor. «Anti-pandemic» legislation establishes special grounds for changing and terminating obligation, both regulatory and protective. The publication criticizes the introduction of guarantees that are not individualized by subject and independent of the actual consequences of the negative impact on the property interests of the parties to civil relations, as this may cast doubt on their compliance with the principles of justice, reasonableness and good faith. At the same time, we are supporting the desire of a legislator in various emergencies to take special measures to protect the property interests of consumers as weak partners of obligation relations on provision of housing and communal services, as well as individuals — landlords. After all, this is a priority area for each person’s life, because the place of residence of an individual appears as a material basis for the organization of his private life, the implementation of the widest range of personal non-property rights.
Medical Assistants in Anaesthesia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

MEDIALJOUNAL 693these committees that the doctor can be shot at and abused with complete immunity.The G.P. knows it, and what is worse the patient knows it.The above question is the gravest and most urgent that faces us.It is far more important than the introduction of a salaried service (I have been an ardent advocate of this for the last 30 years) or increasing the payments -or changing to items of service or the implementation of the multiplicity of reports and working parties that have recently been showered on us.-I am, etc.,
TRAINING EDUCATIONAL STAFF IN MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Appears in: EDULEARN17 Proceedings Publication year: 2017Pages: 4245-4246ISBN: 978-84-697-3777-4ISSN: 2340-1117doi: 10.21125/edulearn.2017.1916Conference name: 9th International Conference on Education and New Learning TechnologiesDates: 3-5 July, 2017Location: Barcelona, Spain
Anesthetic management of a patient with epidermolysis bullossa dystrophica Hallopeau-Siemens.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hallopeau-Siemens 型栄養障害性表皮水庖症は, 軽微な外力により, 体表のみならず口腔, 咽頭, 食道などにも水庖, びらん, 瘢痕を生じるまれな先天性疾患であり, 麻酔管理上多くの問題点を有する. 本症を合併する7歳の女児にのべ3回の母指形成手術を施行したが, いずれもケタミン及びジアゼパムの間欠的静注とマスクを用いた酸素•笑気の吹送により, 自発呼吸下に麻酔を維持し, 無事手術を遂行した. 麻酔実施に当たっては, 術前よりの鉄剤投与などによる貧血の改善, 可及的な患児との機械的接触の回避, パルスオキシメーターによるモニタリングさらに局所浸潤麻酔の併用などの, きめ細かい管理が有用であった.
Exploring the Discourse of Debriefing Interactions: Areas for Improvement

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Debriefing has been widely used as part of simulation-based education (SBE) to promote reflective thinking and prepare students for real clinical practice. This study examined a real debriefing transcript to identify its structure and gain insight into communication strategies used by the participants. The sample included an extended debriefing session in which a debriefer and undergraduate students, who participated in a critical care nursing simulation, engaged in a self-reflection phase. Adopting discourse analysis approaches, the analysis revealed how this interaction unfolds. The analysis also unveiled an asymmetric relationship during the debriefing that positioned the debriefer in a position of power and interactional dominance, and placed students in a passive role. Interactional features such as the use of open-ended questions, silent pauses, and informative feedback were identified as effective communication strategies to support the interaction; however, to achieve efficient self-debriefing, debriefers in this setting are encouraged to balance the use of questions to avoid restraining students from engaging and producing extended turns. Moreover, debriefers need to establish a safe environment that optimizes students’ involvement in self-reflection. This study recommends the use of other debriefing techniques to minimize the dominance of the debriefer during the interaction.
The Use of Spectral Ellipsometry and Raman Spectroscopy in Screening Diagnostics of Colorectal Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Diagnostic pilot monitoring of the groups of healthy patients and patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) at different stages of the disease was carried out using Raman spectroscopy (RS) and measuring the state of polarized light near the conditions of observation of surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The reaction of the blood serum antigens with antibodies to serum M2 pyruvate kinase (M2-PK) nears the conditions of observation of SPR was used for diagnosing; for this, the Ellipse-SPEC spectral ellipsometric complex created at the Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics (Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences) and having a high sensitivity, accuracy, and nondestructive nature of the effect on the studied sample, was used in the work. The peak intensities at 1005, 1157, and 1520 cm–1 in Raman spectra in CRC patients as compared with healthy individuals (as well as the intensity of surface plasmon resonance) were significantly lower, correlating with the stage of the disease and the presence of metastases; this allows to consider these optical methods for studying the blood serum as promising diagnostic approaches in diagnosis CRC, including in the early stages of the disease.
Epiphytes in human settlements in rural Panama

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Background: An ever-increasing proportion of tropical ecosystems are affected by on-going land-use changes, stressing the importance of understanding how organisms cope with biotic and abiotic challenges outside their natural habitat. An important group in the tropics are vascular epiphytes, whose response to human disturbance is poorly understood.Aims: Creating a baseline data set of epiphyte diversity in human settlements and assessing differences with assemblages of less disturbed habitats.Methods: We surveyed the vascular epiphyte assemblages in 25 settlements of south-west Panama along a rainfall gradient. We tested how epiphyte assemblages were affected by human disturbance and climate by comparing our data to that of pastures and forest.Results: Almost half (238 of 499) of all studied trees hosted at least one epiphyte. Altogether, 10,700 epiphytes of 56 species were found. Rainfall strongly affected both composition and diversity of epiphyte assemblages, whereas geographic proximity did not. In settlements, the species pool was considerably smaller than in pastures and undisturbed forest; however, settlements' diversity was only significantly lower compared to pastures.Conclusions: Epiphyte assemblages in settlements had a diminished species pool but diversity per tree was comparable to less disturbed habitats. Unsurprisingly, rainfall seems to be the main determinant of epiphyte diversity in rural settlements.
The challenges of impact evaluation: Attempting to measure the effectiveness of community-based disaster risk management

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although disaster risk management is becoming increasingly important in development cooperation, there is still a lack of robust evidence regarding its effectiveness. Few studies based on a counterfactual have been conducted in the fields of disaster management and disaster risk reduction. This article describes a methodological approach to enabling more rigorous evidence-based decision-making in community-based disaster risk mitigation, and notably for assessing the degree to which it increases preparedness for the adverse effects of hazards in vulnerable communities. The effects of actions designed to reduce disaster-induced loss, damage, injuries, fatalities and resource degradation were evaluated at a Swiss and Honduran Red Cross’ intervention area in Honduras. Our results show that the intervention has had a significant positive effect in three important areas of resilience: knowledge and preparedness (e.g., existence of an early warning system); social cohesion (e.g., community institutions); and management of natural assets (e.g., firewood consumption). Our findings indicate that the intervention program has enhanced the capacities of treated communities to prepare for future hazards and to respond in case of an emergency at both household and community levels.
Significance of dielectrics in space technology

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The main objective of this paper is to provide a brief and necessary background of dielectrics in the field of space technology. The mobile telephone, TV, Radio, Satellite or any type of modern communication is not possible without one type of antenna or the other and no radar works without an antenna. Antenna is a sensor of electromagnetic waves. Electric and magnetic fields exist in a dielectric material and also penetrate the dielectric material freely. When an electromagnetic wave is incident normally on the surface of a dielectric, reflection and transmission takes place. In this investigation, dielectric polarization studies were made in the liquid dielectric mixtures Epichlorohydrin, p-cresol in benzene using standard methods at 308K.The values of dielectric constant, refractive index and density were measured at different concentrations. The dipolar increment value has been calculated using Huyskens method based on Onsager's theory.