jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
From inert pills to subjunctive medicine: an exploration of the placebo effect in general practice

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The placebo effect is a complex concept with a long and contentious history. In the context of clinical practice, it pumps the intuition that beneficial treatment effects are not solely reliant on the specific biologically conceived mechanism that characterises a medical treatment. This is considered particularly relevant in general practice. However, despite a substantial body of research, considerable ambiguity exists regarding the conceptual coherence and clinical effectiveness of the placebo effect. In this thesis I explore the placebo effect in general practice, including how clinicians and patients conceive of the concept, and how it might be harnessed to improve patient care. I first conducted a meta-ethnographic systematic review of patients’ and clinicians’ views on the placebo effect in the context of primary care. Through my findings I deconstructed the placebo effect from the predominant notion of the effects of ‘inert’ pills, towards the potential benefits of the therapeutic encounter. This deconstruction informed the second phase of this thesis: an ethnography of a general practice surgery in southern England. My ethnographic findings suggest that clinicians capitalise on the benefits of the therapeutic encounter – in the face of substantial constraints – by adopting good habits, which I broadly conceive in two categories: using expert judgement and taking patients seriously. I further suggest that clinicians do not merely will themselves towards these habits but maintain them by developing a secondary ‘meta’ habit of enaction. This suggests an important feature of the general practice consultation: it is conducted as much in the subjunctive as the indicative mood. Developing this proposition, I propose a more general form of medical practice – subjunctive medicine – grounded in the transitory, shared social situation each unique consultation creates. Synthesising my meta-ethnographic and ethnographic findings, I argue that, in clinical practice, the placebo effect is an untenable concept grounded in an unrefined naturalist account of healing. As such I suggest that the placebo effect cannot be usefully harnessed to improve patient care in general practice. Beyond this conclusion I propose that subjunctive medicine represents an alternative expansive naturalist framework for general practice, which can more usefully accommodate phenomena the placebo effect purports to encompass.
Frequency domain adaptive filter for gravitational burst analysis

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The noise of gravitational wave detectors is Gaussian but non-stationary so any good filtering technique should be adaptive. We propose a two-step adaptive procedure to identify signal and/or noise bursts, consisting of an adaptive zero phase Wiener filter in the frequency domain followed by a series of band-pass filters and an adaptive threshold algorithm to identify the events and their characteristics. This approach has been applied to simulated Virgo-like data.
Sexual Differentiation of Testosterone Metabolism Exemplified by the Accumulation of 3β,17α-Dihydroxy-5α-androstane 3-Sulfate as a Metabolite of Testosterone in the Castrated Rat

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Identification of 3β,17α-dihydroxy-5α-androstane 3-sulfate as a previously unidentified metabolite of testosterone in the rat is described. The levels of accumulation of this compound in the castrate adult animal in vivo are determined by a postnatal sexual differentiation process.
The quality and volatile‐profile changes of camellia oil (Camellia oleifera Abel) following bleaching

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Bleaching is a necessary step in the production of refined camellia oil ( Camellia oleifera Abel) since crude oil has a dark brown color, due to pigments extracted from the seed coat during pressing, which is unacceptable to consumers. In order to understand the quality change and oxidative state of camellia oil in the bleaching step, measurements of various quality parameters, i.e. peroxide value (POV), free fatty acids (FFA), UV absorbance, and the volatile profiles of crude and bleached oils, were carried out. The results showed that FFA, K 270 , and K 232 increased, whereas POV decreased, with increase of the activated earth dosage of 0–4% and of bleaching time from 0 to 40 min at 110 °C. As the amount of activated earth was increased from 0 to 4% with bleaching at 110 °C for 30 min, various classes of volatile compounds increased in concentration: aldehydes (23.7 µg/g), alcohols (13.2 µg/g), esters (8.0 µg/g), alkenes (2.0 µg/g) and ketones (1.9 µg/g). Likewise, when bleaching was carried out at 110 °C with 3% activated earth and the bleaching time varied between 0 and 40 min, the concentrations of volatile compounds also increased: aldehydes (27.7 µg/g), alcohols (18.2 µg/g), esters (7.3 µg/g), ketones (3.2 µg/g) and alkenes (0.6 µg/g). These findings indicate that hydroperoxides in the oil were decomposed into lower‐molecular‐weight products in the process of bleaching and that the extent of this decomposition can be controlled by time and amount of activated earth.
On Vitamins in Sake-Cake

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article On Vitamins in Sake-Cake: III. On Ergosterin in Sake-Cake Get access Eiji Takahashi, Eiji Takahashi Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H Lim H Lim Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Bulletin of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan, Volume 6, Issue 1-5, 1 January 1930, Page 12, https://doi.org/10.1080/03758397.1930.10856922 Published: 01 January 1930 Article history Received: 15 December 1929 Published: 01 January 1930
Evidence-Based Medicine and ACE Inhibition

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors has been generally beneficial in the treatment of many clinical conditions characterized by a significant degree of cardiovascular and renal involvement. Most of the available data on the benefits of ACE inhibitors have come from well-conducted large clinical trials that have provided much information supporting the use of ACE inhibitors, in agreement with the basic principles of evidence-based medicine. In particular, ACE inhibitors improve blood pressure control in patients with hypertension and have proved to be beneficial in patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and chronic congestive heart failure (CHF). Improved survival rates after the use of ACE inhibitors have been also demonstrated in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI), whether or not the condition is complicated by acute CHF. More recently, some studies have demonstrated the ability of ACE inhibitors (particularly fosinopril) to prevent the long-term development of CHF in patients treated acutely during MI and without baseline LV dysfunction. ACE inhibitors appear to improve the long-term prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and to reduce the occurrence of re-infarction, as demonstrated in the Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction (SOLVD) trial and the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement study (SAVE). Finally, a protective role for ACE inhibitors has been reported even in diabetic hypertensive patients, in whom such agents can significantly reduce the occurrence of major cardiovascular events (CAD and stroke) with a pattern that is largely independent of blood pressure control and is not observed with the use of calcium antagonists. These data confirm the strong involvement of the renin-angiotensin system in the pathophysiology of vascular diseases and strongly support the role of ACE inhibitors as drugs for present and future therapy.
Spring wheat yield and grain quality response to nitrogen rate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient in cereal production, yet its use efficiency remains very low at only 35%. Nutrient use efficiency (NUE) is crucial for increasing crop yield and quality while reducing fertilizer inputs and minimizing environmental damage. Optimum N rates that maximize yield without reducing NUE have been found to vary from location to location. This field study assessed the effect of N rates on the yield and quality of spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) at five locations in southern Idaho in 2015–2017. Nitrogen was applied as urea (46–0–0) immediately after planting at five rates: 0, 84, 168, 252, and 336 kg ha –1 . Nitrogen application improved grain quality (increased protein) even when no increase in yield was noted. Nitrogen use efficiency and N uptake were affected by N rate at only 2 and 4 of 14 site‐years, respectively. These observations highlight the challenging task of pinpointing the appropriate N rates for optimizing wheat yield, grain protein, N uptake and NUE; and the importance of adjusting N rates based on location, year, and prevalent environmental conditions.
Development of a basic instrumentation for operative thoracoscopy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The basic instrumentation for operative thoracoscopy presented here comprises mechanical instruments used for dissection as well as HF instruments and flexible trocars. Their basic shapes and dimensions are adapted to the anatomy of the thorax. Separating the mechanical and optical elements permits a high degree of precision and safety in operations ranging from the thoracic wall, the mediastinum and the oesophagus to the lung.
Reflections on Future Directions for Including Students with Severe Disabilities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Little progress has been made in the last 20 years toward developing and sustaining effective inclusive programs for students with severe disabilities. An article by Agran and colleagues examines factors that contribute to this lack of progress and provides some initial discussion regarding alternatives for addressing this seemingly intractable problem. This article extends the discussion by Agran and colleagues by providing recommendations regarding the use of a positive deviance approach to systemic change and school improvement, and also recommends that advocacy efforts are needed to ensure that principals are well prepared to support these efforts.
Premarket Review of Medical Devices in the United States

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract It has been sixty years since the Congress first authorized FDA to regulate medical devices. During this period, countless studies, reports, and investigations have been targeted at medical devices. The law has been significantly modified several times, and the regulations revised on numerous occasions. As for any other scheme of administration or management, revisions are necessary as demand arises for legislative attention to societal risks, the economy fluctuates, and when businesses expand and globalize. Studying the U.S. system of medical device regulation merely from a contemporary perspective fails to take into account the significance of decades of effort in maintaining the quality and integrity of the system in an ever-changing field of medical device regulation.The three-pronged medical device regulatory system that entails inspection of manufacturing facilities, premarket approval, and postmarket recall and reporting enables the public to benefit from medical devices without the fear of unreasonable risk with their use (Appendix 1). President Clinton proudly pronounced the following in a 1995 speech:Today, Americans don't have to worry about safety or effectiveness when they buy [drugs and medical devices] - from cough syrups to the latest antibiotics or pacemakers. The Food and Drug Administration has made American drugs and medical devices the envy of the world and in demand all over the world. And we are going to stick with the standards we have - the highest in the world.…^218
Digital urbanisms: Exploring the spectacular, ordinary and contested facets of the media city

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This introductory review article develops an analytic-conceptual distinction between spectacular, ordinary and contested facets of the present-day digitized urban condition. We reject a scholarly techno-optimism versus techno-pessimism dichotomy and argue that this triadic conceptualization can pave the way for a better understanding of the multiple, often contradictory and unpredictable implications of the fast-proceeding digitalization on cities and people who inhabit them. First, we discuss the intensified spectacularization from the perspective of labeling of cities as technologically advanced “smart” spaces and endeavors to enhance the attractiveness and ICT-glamour of urban public spaces. Next, we highlight two acute “ordinary sides” of living in digitally-mediated cities: the contributions of code-based software and digital media infrastructures to the routinized practices of urban life, and the escalation of the perceived standards of what constitutes “the ordinary” in the face of rapid technological change. Thirdly, we shed light on attempts at re-igniting street-level political agency, and the creation of outside-the-mainstream public spheres, via the aid of digital technology. In the end of the article, we consider how variable spectacular, ordinary and contested facets of the media city are co-present in the following articles of this Special Issue.
Patients With a History of Oronasal Fistula Repair Exhibit Lower Oral Health Measured With Patient-Centric Outcomes Measures

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Oronasal fistulae following palatoplasty may affect patients’ quality of life by impacting their ability to eat, speak, and maintain oral hygiene. We aimed to quantify the impact of previous oronasal fistula repair on patients’ quality of life using patient-reported outcome psychometric tools. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 8- to 9-year-old patients with cleft palate and/or lip was completed. Patients who had a cleft team clinic between September 2018 and August 2019 were recruited. Participants were divided into 2 groups (no fistula, prior fistula repair). Differences in the individual CLEFT-Q and Child Oral Health Impact Profile-Short Form 19 (COHIP-SF 19) Oral Health scores between the 2 groups were evaluated using a multivariate analysis controlling for Veau classification and syndromic diagnosis. Results: Sixty patients with a history of cleft palate were included. Forty-two (70%) patients had an associated cleft lip. Thirty-two (53.3%) patients had no history of fistula and 28 (46.7%) patients had undergone a fistula repair. CLEFT-Q Dental, Jaw, and Speech Function were all higher in patients without a history of a fistula repair; however, none of these differences were statistically significant. The COHIP-SF 19 Oral Health score demonstrated a significantly lower score in the fistula group, indicating poorer oral health ( P = .05). Conclusions: One would expect that successful repair of a fistula would result in improved function and patient satisfaction, but the consistent trend toward lower CLEFT-Q scores and significantly increased COHIP-SF 19 Oral Health scores in our study group suggests that residual effects linger and that the morbidity of a fistula may not be completely treated with a secondary correction.
Depression, anxiety and asthenia in patients with comorbidity of chronic heart failure and iron deficiency

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: A common comorbid pathology in patients with chronic heart failure is iron deficiency, as well as depressive and anxiety disorders. AIM: To study the frequency and severity of depression, anxiety and asthenia in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 290 patients, 78 men and 212 women (mean age 71.29 8.11 years) with chronic heart failure, functional class IIIV, have been examined. All the patients underwent clinical examination, a 6-minute walk test; a general blood test, the level of NT-proBNP, iron, transferrin, and ferritin in blood serum have been studied; the percentage of transferrin saturation with iron has been calculated. The presence of iron deficiency has been diagnosed on the basis of the following criteria: a decrease in the level of serum ferritin (less than 100 g/L) or ferritin in the range from 100 to 299 g/L and saturation of transferrin with iron less than 20 %. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) has been used to determine the presence and severity of depression and anxiety in points; the presence and severity of asthenia have been evaluated according to MFI-20 asthenia scale. RESULTS: It has been found that in patients with chronic heart failure and iron deficiency, depression and anxiety are diagnosed significantly more often than in patients without iron deficiency. In addition, in patients with iron deficiency, the severity of depression, anxiety and various manifestations of asthenia are significantly greater. CONCLUSIONS: In chronic heart failure, iron deficiency predisposes patients to the development of depression and anxiety and an increase in various manifestations of asthenia.
Using proteomic and genomic methods to understand JDM

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Juvenile dermatomyositis is a complex illness characterized by vascular/perivascular inflammation, primarily in the skin and muscles. In this review, we discuss how proteomic and genomic technologies have expanded our understanding of the immune pathogenesis of this disease. We will also discuss further directions that the field may take to use existing and developing technologies to further our understanding of this often-perplexing disease.
Exploring Situational Factors for Female International Students and Their Satisfaction in Higher Education Using CB-SEM

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

While the topic of attracting and maintaining inbound international students has received much scholarly attention in higher education, attracting female international students has rarely been discussed. This study addresses the issue of attracting degree-seeking female international students. Based on the notion of situational factors and total quality management (TQM), we assumed both institutional design and students’ satisfaction are core concepts for attracting and retaining female international students that will make a difference in higher education. A total of 215 survey responses were analyzed, and a covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) approach was developed. The results confirm female international students’ perception of 14 observed variables in the three first-order components and suggest that they can create a second-order construct of push factors, institutional situations, and satisfaction (latent variables). This study demonstrates that higher-order modeling leads to theoretical parsimony and reduces model complexity in the proposed CB-SEM. The findings suggest that the casual relationship works well and both institutional leadership and international strategy can play crucial roles in the process of transforming female international students’ learning satisfaction.
Assessment of wound healing of tagged gray (Eschrichtius robustus) and blue (Balaenoptera musculus) whales in the eastern North Pacific using long‐term series of photographs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Tags have been used to examine migration routes and habitat use of large whales for >40 yr, however, evaluation of tag wound healing has largely been short‐term, anecdotal or generalized. This study developed methods for systematic photographic assessment of long‐term external consequences of tag placement, to determine potential differences in wound healing between species and tag types and thus advise future tagging efforts to possibly minimize undesirable side effects. Tag site appearance and healing characteristics were evaluated by two reviewers and a time series evaluated by five veterinarians from photographs during 995 postdeployment encounters with 34 gray and 63 blue whales tagged in the North Pacific. Blue whale resightings were less frequent, but spanned a longer time period due to earlier tag deployments than the more frequent gray whale follow‐up observations. Swelling occurred in 74% of reencountered gray whales, with the highest frequency 6 mo postdeployment. Swellings were common in blue whales with early tag designs but rare with current models. Depressions occurred in 82% of gray and 71% of blue whales. This study demonstrates the value of follow‐up studies of tagged animals and systematic scoring of photographs to quantitatively compare tag response.
The calibration research for GRACE accelerometer

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A calibration method for GRACE accelerometer is developed in this paper. Based on single-day results, which calibrate the GRACE accelerometer using rapid GRACE orbits, recalibration is performed through combination of several days normal equations, a common group of scales are solved for this days, but different group of biases are solved for every day, so the correlation between scales and biases are weakened, the calibration results become more stable. At last, the calibration results are validated by comparision of the acceleration of GRACE A/B, can help to improve the atmospheric density models.
Optical properties and electronic structures of layered MoO3single crystals

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Reflectivity spectra of layered MoO3 single crystals have been measured at 6 K in a wide energy range up to 25 eV. The spectra exhibit remarkable anisotropy for the polarization E∥c and E∥a. Optical constants have been derived through the Kramers-Kronig analysis. The fundamental absorption tail located below 3.7 eV displays an exponential dependence on photon energy for both polarizations. It is found that two luminescence bands peaking at 2.93 and 3.58 eV are stimulated under the excitation with photons in the fundamental absorption region. Their decay behaviours are also examined at 8 K. With use of the discrete variational Xα (DV Xα) method, the electronic structure of an embedded [MoO4] cluster has been calculated for better understanding of the optical properties of MoO3. The calculated results are favourably compared with the experimental data.
Carcinoma of bronchus presenting with Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

animals revealed renal changes similar to those already described for other acute infective diseases.4Human subjects and higher mammals vary more in their response to bacterial toxins than smaller experimental animals.Hence gross renal changes do not always occur in acute infections or severe endotoxaemia, although albuminuria with a few red cells is surely not uncommon.
Image Enhancement Crack Detection Method with Application of Cement Pavement

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Considering the problem of interferes and noise in the crack detection of cement pavement, a new method is proposed based on image enhancement. First, wavelet transform is used to enhance the contrast between crack and background image. Then, interferes and noise are filtered by combing spatial filtering with frequency filtering based on FFT. Lastly, crack detection is implemented based on edge detection method.Simulation results show that this method can remove interferes and noise and detective cracks of cement pavement effectively.