jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dermatological tracking of chronic acne treatment effectiveness

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Acne can lead to severe physical and psychological implications on chronic sufferers if not treated promptly and properly. Ramli et al. proposed a k-means cluster based algorithm to provide computer-assisted support for the manual grading of digital images. We propose an improved, automated, and more objective, grading method which involves optimizing the k-means clustering algorithm by identifying the actual number of clusters rather than basing analysis on a fixed K= 3 assumption for all images. The Hough transform was used to further analyze the found acne cluster leading to an approach to more accurately automatically determine the number and type of lesions. A quantitative comparison of the two approaches showed that the new approach provided a better match to the stated specialist analysis. We found it inappropriate to use accuracy and specificity performance analysis metrics to compare the algorithms. A better matching of the algorithms' accuracy to the specialist's analysis of the skin condition was found by modifying the sensitivity metric to account for the Michelson acne grading scale. This robustness suggests that the tool might be a first-step towards patient self-monitoring between visits to a specialist; potentially reducing visits frequency, decreasing wait times, and lead to a definitive standardized assessment scale.
Enterohepatic Helicobacter species modulate severity of DSS-induced colitis but do not prevent amelioration by indole-3-carbinol

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Enterohepatic Helicobacter (EHH) species are bacteria that colonize the colons and biliary ducts of humans and other mammals. Virtually nothing is known about the mechanisms of EHH-induced colitis in wild-type mice or humans. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a chemical extracted from cruciferous vegetables, ameliorates Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. We hypothesized that specific EHH species would alter the course of DSS-induced colitis and possibly the responses to I3C treatment. We infected C57BL/6 mice with human- and rodent-associated EHH species and measured the effects on DSS-induced colitis and response to I3C treatment. We found that H. muridarum(H.m) and H. cinaedi exacerbate DSS-induced colitis and delay recovery. Furthermore, I3C ameliorated colitis and shifted the Treg/Th17 balance in H.m-infected mice. Moreover, the microRNAs expression pattern was altered in H.m-infected mice when compared to that of uninfected mice. Interestingly, enhanced colitis, as well as increased Th17 cells in spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes, were observed in H.m-infected DSS-treated mice(DHM). I3C treatment of DSS + H.m-infected mice (DMI) decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory IL17 and RORC as well as increased anti-inflammatory Foxp3 when compared to DHM group. These immunological changes correlated with the microRNAs expression. This demonstrates that the presence of EHH species alters susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. Importantly, mice with exacerbated colitis respond to I3C. In the future, we plan to study the mechanisms underlying the effects of EHH on colon cancer development and the efficacy of I3C in both the colitis and colon cancer models.
Social Compensation and the Köhler Effect: Toward a Theoretical Explanation of Motivation Gains in Group Productivity

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This chapter begins with brief review of I. D. Steiner theory of group productivity. It analyzes the conditions under which motivation losses have been found in groups and contrast these with the conditions under which motivation gains have been observed. The study of M. Ringelmann was the earliest demonstration of motivation losses in groups. W. Stroebe and B. S. Frey proposed an economic theory of group productivity that attributed this type of motivation loss to differences in incentive structure between individual and group performance. The theoretical and empirical analysis of the factors that are responsible for motivation losses in groups performed previously makes it possible to design group settings in which motivation losses are unlikely to occur. The chapter describes H. Kohler's original studies and his interpretation of the findings. In a series of articles published in the journal Industrielle Psychotechrnik, Kohler reported the results of several experiments using different types of physical tasks.
Gender Domesticity Reinterpreted: Housework Division in Dual-Work Moroccan Families

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Research on the gendered division of household labour suggests that spouses’ inequitable housework division is determined by economic, cultural and/ or pragmatic considerations. While these factors are partially supported by the literature on household labour division, results of this study further suggested that women perform more housework than their spouses out of choice and are not necessarily unhappy with their unbalanced share. The data for the study were drawn from in-depth semi-structured interviews administered to 30 Moroccan female primary school teachers. Building on Thompson’s (1991) distributive justice framework, this paper focuses on examining women’s underlying motivation for doing a far greater proportion of housework tasks than do their husbands in spite of working for pay. It also states the implications of such a deliberate choice.
Diagnosis of potato virus Y N : a comparison between polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and a biological assay

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In an investigation conducted over 5 years, tests of samples from the Scottish Seed Potato Classification Scheme showed that when monoclonal antibodies (McABs) were used with the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), they reliably detected the tobacco veinal necrosis strain of potato virus Y (PVY N ). Polyclonal antibodies used in the first 3 years of the investigation were unreliable in differentiating PVY N from the ordinary strain (PVY N ). It is suggested that ELISA and McABs be routinely used to diagnose PVY N and that all samples which give negative results be further assayed biologically to identify the virus or to indicate strains of PVY N not detectable by the McAB. Problems encountered with both assay systems are discussed.
An optimal internet location strategy for markets with different tax rates

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The traditional view that a high sales tax rate reduces trade by driving a wedge between the purchase and sale price may not apply to internet commerce for two reasons. The first reason is that the sales tax paid by buyers purchasing via the internet is determined by the tax rate in the region of the buyer. The second reason is that a high sales tax may lower the before-tax price if sellers absorb part of the tax. Taken together, this implies that internet distributors may profitably target customers in regions with low tax rates by locating their selling addresses in high tax regions. Consequently the optimal marketing strategy for a global internet distributor may include siting selling locations in regions with high tax rates in order to target customers in regions with low tax rates. An empirical analysis of the European car market suggests that this is more than a remote theoretical possibility by demonstrating that the before-tax prices recommended by manufacturers for new cars are lower in high tax countries.
Canine Leptospirosis in A Northwestern Region of Colombia: Serological, Molecular and Epidemiological Factors

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Canine leptospirosis is a zoonosis of epidemiological importance. Dogs are recognized as primary reservoirs of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Canicola and a source of infection to the environment through urine. This study aimed to determine the presence of antibodies against Leptospira in canines from 49 municipalities in the Department of Antioquia, Colombia. We performed a cross-sectional study of dogs included in a neutering control program. We collected 1335 sera samples, assayed by a microagglutination test (MAT), and performed PCR detection in 21 urine samples. We also surveyed 903 dog owners. We found a seroreactivity of 11.2% (150/1335) in Antioquia with titers 1:50. Municipalities with the highest number of cases were Belmira (46.1%), Turbo (34.5%), and Concepci&oacute;n (31.0%). L. santarosai was identified by phylogenetic analysis in one urine sample from the municipality of Granada. The most important factor associated with a positive result was the lack of vaccination against leptospirosis (PR 3.3, p &lt; 0.014). Environmental factors such as water presence and bare soil around the household were also associated with Leptospira seroreactivity in the Department of Antioquia. We reviewed a national epidemiological surveillance database for human cases in those municipalities. We found a correlation between the high number of cases in canines and humans, especially in the Uraba. Serological and molecular results showed the circulation of Leptospira. Future public health efforts in the municipalities with the highest numbers of seroreactivity should be directed towards vaccination to prevent animal disease and decrease the probability of transmission of Leptospira. Dogs actively participate in the Leptospira cycle in Antioquia and encourage the implementation of vaccination protocols and coverage.
Nucleation of liquid bridges and bubbles in nanoscale capillaries

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Nucleation of liquid bridges and bubbles during condensation and evaporation of Lennard-Jones fluid in cylindrical pores is explored by Monte Carlo simulation. The isotherm of constrained critical nuclei is constructed using the gauge cell method. We confirm the Everett–Haynes scenario of bridging through the formation of a bump/undulation on the adsorption film. The molecular structure of growing bridges and cavitating bubbles is revealed. A new simulation approach is introduced to calculate the nucleation energy barriers. The method is based on the introduction and subsequent removal of a virtual “ghost” potential field with a tunable magnitude. Two computation schemes for determining the free energy of nuclei are elaborated based on the thermodynamic integration along a trajectory of states generated in the tunable ghost field and on the umbrella sampling. The methods developed are applicable to study various nucleation phenomena.
[Possibilities of prognostication of complications in duodenal ulcer].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors investigated a prognostic value (with respect to the complications) of certain laboratory parameters used in the examination of the gastric juice in patients with duodenal ulcer (DU) as well as the prognostic value of certain anamnestic data. A total of 100 patients with DU who had been followed up for 5-6 years were under study. The results obtained demonstrated the most informative values for the DU-related complications turned to be the parameters of the performance of the defense mechanisms of the gastroduodenal area (the contents of mucous proteins, the coefficient of the gastric juice defense), the levels of gastric secretion and acidification (the quantity of the juice, the per hour discharge of hydrochloric acid) as well as the ratio between the coefficient of the defense and the coefficient of the pepsin aggression that reflected the ratio between the aggressive and defensive factors of the gastric juice. Defined discriminant functions permitted the prognostication of complications appearance correct within 80-90%.
Acute toxicity (LD50 and CD50) of lidocaine and prilocaine in combination with adrenaline and felypressin.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The toxicity of the combination of vasoconstrictors to local anaesthetic solutions has been debated since its first use in the beginning of this century. A combination of two vasoconstrictors to a local anaesthetic has been proposed by some researchers. In this study they were evaluated the acute toxicity (lethal dose 50%, convulsion dose 50%) and latency times of loss of righting reflex and convulsion as well as the duration of convulsion) of 2% lidocaine or 3% prilocaine, when administered in combination with adrenaline and felypressin at various concentrations. Lethal dose 50% studies showed that for both anaesthetics the solutions with higher concentrations of adrenaline were more toxic. The opposite was observed in the convulsion dose 50% studies. No alterations were observed in the control groups. All lidocaine solutions increased the latency of loss of righting reflex. The latency of convulsion was increased in some groups, but once the convulsion was achieved there was no difference in its duration. There was no statistical difference among prilocaine groups for any of the variables studied. Based on the experimental model studied, it was concluded that there is no advantage in the association of two vasoconstrictors concerning the toxicity of lidocaine and prilocaine solutions.
Pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in treatment failure.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The pharmacokinetics of mefloquine at the therapeutic dose of 750 mg single orally were compared between cured and recrudescent patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Mefloquine was well-tolerated during the study. The side-effects found were nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Five patients showed R-I and two showed R-II types of response. All recrudescent patients came from the eastern border of Thailand. The time taken to clear the parasites (PCT) was significantly longer in patients with recrudescence (99.6 +/- 36.9 and 63.0 +/- 8.9 hours); however, there was no difference regarding fever clearance time (FCT: 39.0 +/- 16.1 and 31.0 +/- 21.3 hours). The maximum concentration (Cmax) and the concentration on the first and second days in cured patients were significantly higher than those of treatment failure patients. Other pharmacokinetic parameters appeared to be similar in both groups. The present study indicates the existence of mefloquine-resistant falciparum malaria in the eastern border of Thailand. Inadequate mefloquine concentration may play an important role in this aspect. In addition, this study also suggests that Cmax or the concentrations on the first or second day of treatment may be used as guidelines to predict the outcome of treatment.
31P nuclear magnetic resonance studies of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

High-resolution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectra at 145.7 MHz are reported for intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cells and their perchloric acid extracts. In the extracts it was possible to assign resonances to fructose 1,6-bisphosphates, dihydroxyacetone phosphate, ATP, ADP, AMP, Pi, NAD+, phosphorylcholine, glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate from their chemical shifts, pH behavior, and spin couplings. All but glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate were observed and assigned in the intact cells. It was possible to show that the hydrolysis of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is in equilibrium, that the dihydroxyacetone phosphate leads to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate reaction is not, and that in the intact cell without added oxygen or glucose the reaction 2ADP in equilibrium ATP + AMP is in equilibrium. From the known pH dependence of the Pi resonance it was possible to show that during aerobic or anerobic glycolysis the difference between intracellular and extracellular pH values was less than 0.2 pH units. Upon oxygenation the ATP concentration increased while the ADP concentration fell. Introducing deoxyglucose depleted the ATP and resulted in an AMP signal and one from deoxyglucose 6-phosphate, which is transported and phosphorylated but not catabolized.
An overview of 3G mobile network infrastructure

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The migration from 2nd generation (2G) to 3rd generation (3G) mobile systems (e.g., GSM to UMTS) is ongoing in Europe and Asia-Pacific. The 3G operators are deploying new infrastructure to enable mobile Internet services for end users. Ericsson is committed to making this migration as seamless as possible for the operators and end users. This paper describes the building blocks of 3G network infrastructure.
[Incidence of mitral valve prolapse among the population of Moscow].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A total of 1934 subjects aged 11 to 70 were screened phonocardiographically for mitral valve prolapse. Systolic click, systolic murmur or a combination of the two were found in 2.64 +/- 0.36% of the subjects (a 95% confidence margin). The incidence of mitral valve prolapse was not significantly dependent on sex and age. In subjects with mitral valve prolapse, the phono- and echocardiographic findings did not always correlate.
Jacob Taubes’s Path to Paul

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the introduction to his lecture on the Epistle to the Romans from 1987, Jacob Taubes pointed to aspects of his biography as crucial for how Paul came to be a major concern for him as a Jew. The only book Taubes ever wrote as an intellectual, his doctoral thesis Occidental Eschatology (1947), already pointed to Paul, although the position about Paul became more elaborated throughout Taubes’s intellectual career. What Taubes wrote the most were letters. The letters to his former wife Susan Taubes and to his friend Armin Mohler provide a wider background to Jacob Taubes’s various paths to Paul the apostle. In these letters an inescapable reality for Taubes as a Jew in post-war Europe comes to expression: the horrors of Nazism. The question posed in one of the letters to Mohler “What was so seductive about National Socialism?”, underlies major inquiries with which Taubes confronts the reception history of Paul within modern Europe and German Christianity.
Comparison of the LBM snowdrift model output with the observation results

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this work, realistic snowdrift experiments are performed by the snowdrift model. The model consisted of the computational fluid dynamics part of the large-eddy simulation with the lattice Boltzmann method and the drifting snow part of the conventional advection algorithm for representative Lagrangian particles. The observed vertical wind profile of a 4-h drifting snow event in Teshikaga Town was used as the inflow boundary conditions in the model to compare the results of the snowdrift estimated by the model and the observed snowdrift distribution. Parallelization enabled us to simulate the snowdrift distribution in a realistic domain and on the time scale of a single drifting snow event. We demonstrated that the upgraded model could quantitatively reproduce the height and position of the observed snowdrift around a three-dimensional fence.
Size-independent growth of pure zinc blende GaAs nanowires

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Pure zinc blende GaAs nanowires were grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition on GaAs (111) B substrates via Au catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. We found that the grown nanowires are rod-like in shape and have a pure zinc blende structure; moreover, the growth rate is independent on its diameters. It can be concluded that, direct impingement of vapor species onto the Au-Ga droplets contributes to the growth of the nanowire; in contrast, the adatom diffusion makes little contribution. The results indicate that the droplet acts as a catalyst rather than an adatom collector, larger diameter and high supersatuation in the droplet leads to the pure zinc blende structure of the nanowire.
What is recycled water, anyway? Investigating greenhouse grower definitions, perceptions, and willingness to use recycled water

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract As climate change and agriculture burden water resources globally, there is a need for more efficient water use including irrigation with recycled water in greenhouses. While research has proven that properly treated recycled water can be safe for use, many growers still express concern. Underlying most studies on growers' perceptions is the assumption that they understand recycled water the same way scholars and policy makers do—as municipally treated wastewater. We question this assumption and explore whether the ways in which growers conceptualize recycled water is associated with the ways they perceive its usability. Our findings reveal that growers define recycled water in four different ways—captured water, treated water, recirculation and in a general sense as ‘reuse’. These definitions do appear to suggest trends in the way recycled water is perceived by growers. While these definitions do not significantly affect growers' willingness to use, other factors such as prior experience using recycled water appear to be significant.
Mobile Phone: Calling and Texting Patterns of College Students in Pakistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper qualitatively investigated the mobile phone calling and texting patterns among youth in Pakistan. Initially, the data was gathered from seventy seven (n=77) college students aged 17-21 years, who completed twenty four hours mobile phone communication diaries. Completed communication diaries were followed by twenty three in-depth interviews with the college students to collect detailed background information. Study results revealed congruity of SMS and calling patterns among male and female youth. This research discovered that the majority of youth is extremely high user, fond of texting and low user of voice calls. This research unfolded that the youth do most of the mobile phones communications within their age group, communicate in both positive and negative ways. However, majority of mobile phone communications among youth could be categorized as problematic with reference to the place, time, and purpose. The main motivation of high and problematic use among youth is very low priced prepaid packages offered by the telecom operators in Pakistan. Policy implications for the regulatory body are to educate the youth about the appropriate and inappropriate use of mobile phone technology, and issuance of code of advertising to the telecom operators in Pakistan.