jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Employing Altruistic Vehicles at On-ramps to Improve the Social Traffic Conditions

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Highway on-ramps are regarded as typical bottlenecks in transportation networks. In previous work, mainline vehicles' selfish lane choice behavior at on-ramps is studied and regarded as one cause leading to on-ramp inefficiency. When on-ramp vehicles plan to merge into the mainline of the highway, mainline vehicles choose to either stay steadfast on the current lane or bypass the merging area by switching to a neighboring lane farther from the on-ramp. Selfish vehicles make the decisions to minimize their own travel delay, which compromises the efficiency of the whole on-ramp. Results in previous work have shown that, if we can encourage a proper portion of mainline vehicles to bypass rather than to stay steadfast, the social traffic conditions can be improved. In this work, we consider employing a proportion of altruistic vehicles among the selfish mainline vehicles to improve the efficiency of the on-ramps. The altruistic vehicles are individual optimizers, making decisions whether to stay steadfast or bypass to minimize their own altruistic cost, which is a weighted sum of the travel delay and their negative impact on other vehicles. We first consider the ideal case that altruistic costs can be perfectly measured by altruistic vehicles. We give the conditions for the proportion of altruistic vehicles and the weight configuration of the altruistic costs, under which the social delay can be decreased or reach the optimal. Subsequently, we consider the impact of uncertainty in the measurement of altruistic costs and we give the optimal weight configuration for altruistic vehicles which minimizes the worst case social delay under such uncertainty.
Interactive Musical Songs Recommendation Using 3D Coordinates Model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Listening to suitable music is important as different types of music have different impacts on the listener's mood. Similarly, color has the capability of influencing one's mood and choice of music as well. The relationship between color and music, color and mood, and mood and music can be established. However, up until now, the three items have been mostly represented as two dimensional (2D) model. In order to link all the three elements together, i.e. color-mood-music, multimodals are required to represent them. In this paper, a three dimensional (3D) model is proposed that integrates these three elements together for music recommendation. Questionnaires were developed and posted onto social media such as Facebook and Whatsapp. Analysis of results revealed that the relationship between color-mood and mood-color, color-music and music-color, and mood-music and music-mood were inconsistent, interestingly, it was found that there was association between specific color to specific mood and specific musical genres. This is useful as it helps to retrieve musical genre using a single model rather than multimodal.
Digital Manuscripts Without Borders: A Discovery Platform of Manuscripts and Rare Books

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Presentation from the 2019 International Image Interoperability Framework (IIIF) Conference, held June 24-28 in Göttingen, hosted by the University of Göttingen / Göttingen State and University Library. Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ok8K7l6-Rd8
A 250-Mb/s 32*32 CMOS crosspoint LSI for ATM switching systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A 32*32 crosspoint LSI and a time-slot controlled asynchronous-transfer-mode (ATM) switch architecture utilizing the LSI are presented. The ATM switch, which is classified as an input-buffer-type ATM switch, enables 99% throughput and broadcasting capability. The crosspoint LSI is characterized by the bit-map oriented and pipelined connection control method which can switch and broadcast 160-Mb/s ATM cells, 32*32 switch cells which have less parasitic capacitance, and emitter-coupled-logic (ECL) compatible interfaces which are compatible with a 160-MHz broadband ISDN data rate. The LSI has been fabricated by a 1- mu m CMOS process. The chip size is 7.4 mm*7.4 mm. According to the evaluation, operation at 250 Mb/s is confirmed. 1.2-W power consumption is observed at 160-Mb/s operating condition.< >
Algorithm of lmpact Assessment of Green Design Decision

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

After classifying the impact factors of emissions,with grey-system theory,the evaluating grey-groups and their whitening weighing functions are defined.The grey-cluster analysis of each classified impact is performed.Based on analyzing the results,the calculating method of classified impact index is given.By the range of action,the impact classes are grouped into three groups,namely global impact,regional impact,and local impact.The calculating methods of the grouped and the over all impact index are presented.Finally,to illustrate the application of the above method in the comparative choice of a category of products,an example of material choice in design is given.
Geologiczna tajemnica człowieka: Gustaw Herling-Grudziński i "Wielka choroba Europy"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Questions concerning the state of the European spirit and the place of the individual in the turbulent currents of the twentieth-century history are central to the work of Gustaw Herling-Grudziński. This article aims to trace the successive stages of the Polish writer’s literary and philosophical journey, with a particular focus on his intellectual relationship with Benedetto Croce. At the centre of this discussion is 'The Great Disease of Europe' – a fictitious book that serves as the thematic axis of the short story 'The Cemetery Wanderer'. The interwoven themes of the crisis of civilisation, the metaphysical and historical nature of evil, the pathology of madness and the sickness that afflicts Europe form the main threads of this analysis. Alongside these concerns, the notion of memory takes on particular significance; through the lens of Varlam Shalamov, it emerges as both an instrument of resistance and a path to uncovering the deepest, “geological” mysteries of human existence.
Understanding Artifacts in Chiroptical Spectroscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Spectroscopic techniques can extract information about the chiral structure of molecules. However, because these methods typically rely on chiroptical effects that are very weak, even small errors in our control of optical polarization can induce experimental artifacts. Distinguishing these artifacts from true signals remains an important practical problem. Here, we present a comprehensive study of chiroptical artifacts using Raman optical activity (ROA) as a challenging example. ROA measures the difference in Raman scattering between right- and left-circularly polarized light. While ROA spectra can yield valuable information about the vibrational modes and handedness of a chiral molecule, ROA is particularly prone to artifacts as signals are 103−104 times smaller than in standard Raman spectroscopy. We develop a Mueller-matrix model to examine the origins of artifacts in ROA. We then combine our model with experimental examples from multiple ROA instruments to understand real-world artifacts. For example, we disprove a commonly held belief that ROA spectra that exhibit mirror symmetry about the intensity axis for an enantiomeric pair confirm a true signal. Based on our findings, we describe characteristics of common artifacts and propose a list of standard controls that researchers should perform to increase the likelihood that their data represent true signal. This work is intended as a resource for those working in chiroptical spectroscopy, providing methods to understand, identify, and avoid experimental artifacts.
A quantitative comparison between calculated and measured conversion losses of a novel beam-lead GaAs Schottky-Barrier mixer diode with minimized parasitics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The conversion loss of a mixer diode is calculated as functions of the diode characteristics including the ideal n -factor. Good agreement between the calculated and measured results is demonstrated by using both a novel beam-lead GaAs mixer diode with minimized parasitics and an improved test fixture for measuring the loss of this device.
Counter-Terrorist Judicial Review as Regulatory Constitutionalism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since 9/11, courts inquiries, politics and independent reviewers have been working to try to maintain and enforce constitutionalist principles in the face of counter-terrorist powers. Experience has shown that politics has struggled to resolve the challenges these powers pose to constitutionalism — broadly understood here as a rule of law based commitment to limited, accountable and transparent power — so that courts have become central to resolving these tensions. In large part, courts have been asked to deal with counter-terrorist policies and laws directly imposed on litigants by respondent states, in relation to which some commentators have claimed courts are being less deferential than might have been expected. Adjacent to these kinds of cases, however, is the complex situation of the suspected terrorist with some kind of relational connection to one state who is either detained abroad by another state or by his own state, which intends to transfer him into the custody of another. These cases are truly acute; they bring into question not only the fine lines of rights protection and security activity, but also complex and vital questions of institutional competence heightened by the ‘foreign affairs’ context. Their acute nature allows for them to be an especially stern test for any claims that courts are in fact engaging in muscular counter-terrorist judicial review. Thus, in this chapter, I explore such cases across three jurisdictions in an attempt to explore what it is that courts are doing. Through an analysis of three cases from Canada, the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK), I argue that courts are quite carefully carving these kinds of cases into conceptual pieces — which I classify as internal and external questions — to engage in what I term regulatory constitutionalism. Here internal questions speak to the relationship between the suspected terrorist and the respondent state, whereas external questions concern the relationship between the respondent and third party states as it relates to the suspected terrorist. When dealing with internal questions, I argue courts are muscular notwithstanding the broader ‘external’ context in which they are considered, but when it comes to external questions a substantial amount of deference is apparent. This begs the question of whether such internal muscularity is worthwhile if external deference remains, however I argue that understanding counter-terrorist judicial review as a mechanism of regulatory constitutionalism provides at least some reassurance to constitutionalists.I define regulatory constitutionalism as a process through which information about governmental behaviour can be gathered, standards outlining the appropriate parameters of governmental authority outlined by reference to constitutionalist principles of limited and accountable power, and governmental behaviour ultimately modified to align more clearly with the constitutionalist ideal outlined in these standards.
Rare case of self-induced abortion: A case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Induced abortion has been legal in India on a broad range of medical and social grounds since 1980 but very often it is being misused for various reasons. Induced abortions especially done in second trimester carries high risk to the patients going for it. Usual complications are uncontrolled bleeding, retained products, infection and injury to the genital organs. Our patient in the study suffered a very unusual complication as a result of which she had to undergo subtotal hysterectomy in young age. Concerning these severe and some unpredictable complications, free availability of MTP kits should be totally banned.
Computationally efficient vanishing point detection algorithm based road segmentation in road images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Road segmentation is one of the most challenging task in a vision based autonomous road navigation system. Adaptability to detect various types of roads and reduction in computational complexity are the two main challenges in existing vision based road navigation algorithms. This paper modifies existing vanishing point based road segmentation algorithm and presents computationally efficient reduced voter scheme for general road segmentation. The goal of this paper is to present an accurate and precise road segmentation algorithm that can work on structured, semi-structured and unstructured roads in presence of different surrounding environments and various illumination variations in daytime. The major contribution of this algorithm is reduction of total number of voters used for voting process of vanishing point detection and analysis of general road segmentation results for various types of roads. The algorithm is implemented on MATLAB. Various qualitative and quantitative results are presents.
[Ecological distribution of mycorrihizal fungi associated with oak in Dandong district of Liaoning Province].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

With plot cruising and rout investigation methods, 36 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with oaks were found in natural secondary oak forest in Dandong district of Liaoning Province. They were subordinated to 7 familyies, 13 genera. Studies on the relationship of the ecological distribution of mycorrhizal fungi with tree species, tree age and seasons showed that 29 species mycorrhizal fugi preferred to grow with Q. mongolica, The species of Russulla were associated with a wider tree ages of oak, and the species of Amanita were most likely to grow with old tree. July and August were the occurrence peak of mycorrhizal fungi. 75% species occurred in July, and 100% species occurred in August. The relative density of the occurrence number was the highest in mid-August (19.5%) and last-August (18.4%).
Exploration of the profiles of steroidal saponins from Rhizoma Paridis and their metabolites in rats by UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Steroidal saponins characterised by intricate chemical structures are the main active components of a well‐known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Rhizoma Paridis. The metabolic profiles of steroidal saponins in vivo remain largely unexplored, despite their renowned antitumor, immunostimulating, and haemostatic activity. Objective To perform a comprehensive analysis of the chemical constituents of Rhizoma Paridis total saponins (RPTS) and their metabolites in rats after oral administration. Method The chemical constituents of RPTS and their metabolites were analysed using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS). Results A reliable UPLC‐Q‐TOF‐MS/MS method was established, and a total of 142 compounds were identified in RPTS. Specifically, diosgenin‐type saponins showed the diagnostic ions at m/z 415.32, 397.31, 283.25, 271.21, and 253.20, whereas pennogenin‐type saponins exhibited the diagnostic ions at m/z 413.31, 395.30, and 251.20. Based on the characteristic fragments and standard substances, 15 specific metabolites were further identified in the faeces, urine, plasma, and bile of rats. The metabolic pathways of RPTS, including phase I reactions (de‐glycosylation and oxidation) and phase II reactions (glucuronidation), were explored and summarised, and the enrichment of metabolites was characterised by multivariate statistical analysis. Conclusion The intricate RPTS could be transformed into relatively simple metabolites in rats through de‐glycosylation, which provides a reference for further metabolic studies and screening of active ingredients for TCM.
Multi-Objective Design Optimization of a Surface-Mounted Heterogeneous-Pole Permanent-Magnet Machine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A surface-mounted permanent-magnet synchronous machine topology that utilizes an array of variable depth, mixed-grade magnet segments in each rotor pole is proposed. This heterogeneous-pole permanent magnet (HPM) configuration improves torque density through air gap flux density distribution shaping. A design model describing the operation of the HPM machine is developed for use in multi-objective optimization based design. A case study of a 1.86 kW machine with a 5:1 speed range is presented; it is shown that in terms of the loss-mass trade-off the HPM is superior to a single-magnet homogeneous pole machine for the cited specifications. A two-dimensional finite element analysis is used to validate the results of the design model. A prototype symmetric HPM machine is constructed and its measured lumped parameters are compared to those predicted by the design model. Finally, a thermal equivalent circuit (TEC) of a simplified stator and end bell assembly is constructed and calibrated using the aforementioned prototype. Then the case study is repeated based on an enhanced design model which includes the TEC in the design model.
Encoding Cooperative DNA Codes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : The primary goal of this research was the development of an enabling technology for DNA computing. It is focused on the construction of a biomolecular architecture designed to employ new algorithmic paradigms based on the massively parallel computational power of DNA hybridization. The intent is to develop a computing basis to eventually overcome the exponential time complexity of many discrete math problems so that they can be solved in linear real time. Many of these computationally hard (NP) problems are critical to logistics scheduling and security. In this way, this research addresses computational, national security and knowledge acquisition challenges of the Air Force. DNA code words are structural and information building blocks in biomolecular computing and other biotechnical applications that employ DNA hybridization assays. Thermodynamic distance functions are important components in the construction of DNA codes. We introduce new matrices for DNA code design that captures key aspects of the nearest neighbor thermodynamic model for hybridized DNA duplexes. One version of our metric gives the maximum number of stacked pairs of hydrogen bonded nucleotide base pairs that can be present in any secondary structure in a hybridized DNA duplex without pseudo knots. We introduce the concept of (t-gap) block isomorphic subsequences to describe new string metrics that are similar to the weighted Levenshtein insertion-deletion metric. We show how our new distances can be calculated by a generalization of the folklore longest common subsequence dynamic programming algorithm. We give a Varshamov-Gilbert like lower bound on the size of some of codes using our distance functions as constraints. We also discuss software implementation of our DNA code design methods.
Design of nanoporous materials with optimal sorption capacity

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Modern technological advances have enabled one to manufacture nanoporous materials with a prescribed pore structure. This raises a possibility of using controllable pore-scale parameters (e.g., pore size and connectivity) to design materials with desired macroscopic properties (e.g., diffusion coefficient and adsorption capacity). By relating these two scales, the homogenization theory (or other upscaling techniques) provides a means of guiding the experimental design. To demonstrate this approach, we consider a class of nanoporous materials whose pore space consists of nanotunnels interconnected by nanotube bridges. Such hierarchical nanoporous carbons with mesopores and micropores have shown high specific electric double layer capacitances and high rate capability in an organic electrolyte. We express the anisotropic diffusion coefficient and adsorption coefficient of such materials in terms of the tunnels' properties (pore radius and inter-pore throat width) and their connectivity (spacing between the adjacent tunnels and nanotube-bridge density). Our analysis is applicable for solutes that undergo a non-equilibrium Langmuir adsorption reaction on the surfaces of fluid-filled pores, but other homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions can be handled in a similar fashion. The presented results can be used to guide the design of nanoporous materials with optimal permeability and sorption capacity.
Revolutions as structural breaks: the long-term economic and institutional consequences of the 1979 Iranian Revolution

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper examines whether major political institutional disruptions produce temporary shocks or structural breaks in long-term development. Using the 1979 Iranian Revolution as a natural experiment, we apply the synthetic control method to estimate its causal effect on economic growth and institutional quality. Drawing on a panel of 66 countries from 1950 to 2015, we construct counterfactual trajectories for Iran in the absence of revolutionary change. Our results show a persistent and statistically significant divergence in per capita GDP, institutional quality, and legal constraints on executive power. We perform in-space and in-time placebo tests to rule out confounding events, such as the Iran-Iraq War and international sanctions, and propose confidence interval estimation to address uncertainty in treatment effects. The findings identify the Iranian Revolution as a structural institutional rupture, with implications for the classification of institutional change more broadly. We contribute a generalizable empirical framework for distinguishing between temporary and structural institutional shocks in long-run development.
Glass-silicon Anodic Bonding for the Reduction of Structural Distortion

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Glass-silicon anodic bonding has been used for the fabrication of silicon micro sensors. A structural distortion during the anodic bonding process is sometimes observed and leads to the difficulty in fabricating the sensors with narrow gaps. It is considered that the distortion is mainly caused by not only the deference of thermal expansion coefficient between glass and silicon but also the structural change with the movement of ions in glass plate.This paper describes the experimental results which shows the effects of the bonding temperature and the movement of the positive ion in glass plate. It is also demonstrated that the structural distortion can be reduced by using a thick glass plate having high rigidity.