jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Taxation at the Crossroads of Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in the EU

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

After nearly thirty years of dormancy with respect to direct taxation matters, the EU fundamental freedoms have been gradually accepted as a major determinant of the Member States’ freedom to impose to taxes. Today, the power of the freedoms to limit the Member States’ competence in this area of law is accepted without question. At the same time, EU fundamental rights have, to date, played almost no role at all with respect to tax matters, let alone direct tax matters, although they were already recognized as constituent elements of primary EU law by the Court of Justice of the European Union (the Court or the CJEU) in the 1960s. This dichotomy is remarkable, not least because it is difficult to neatly disentangle fundamental freedoms from fundamental rights, as the former may well be seen as a subset of the latter. This contribution explores the doctrinal underpinnings of their existing similarities and differences as well as the interaction of both, in order to offer an explanation for the seemingly contradictory perception of both fundamental bases of primary EU law. In so doing, it will address the following questions: What is the relationship between fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms? To what extent do they limit or reinforce each other? Why has the CJEU not brought EU fundamental rights to bear in its jurisprudence on direct taxation thus far? Can or should the CJEU be more active in this respect? Thus, this contribution, first, briefly recounts the development of EU fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms and the doctrinal underpinnings of this development as a basis to analyse the scope of both components of primary law and their relationship to one another. Second, it analyses the similarities and relevant differences between fundamental rights and fundamental freedoms and suggests an answer to the question of the extent to which the fundamental freedoms can or should be considered to be fundamental rights. Finally, it assesses the application of fundamental rights in direct tax cases by looking at the clues the CJEU has left in the very little case law available with implications for this question.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY ANTIBIOTIC, PROBIOTIC, PREBIOTIC AND ORGANIC ACID AS GROWTH PROMOTERS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCES AND ILEAL DIGESTIBILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN COMMERCIAL ROSS BROILERS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This experiment was conducted in order to determine the effects of different dietary growth promoters on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in male broiler chickens. A total of 360 male broiler chicks (day-old Ross 308 strain) were distributed into a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) having 6 dietary treatments with four replicates and 15 birds in each replicate. Experimental treatments were: 1) Basal diet, 2) Basal diet + 15 ppm Virginamycin antibiotic, 3) Basal diet + 0.1 g/kg Protexin probiotic) Aspergillus oryzae, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. plantarum, L. bulgaricus, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Enterococcus faecium , Streptococcus thermophilus and andida pintolopesii), 4) Basal diet + 0.1 g/kg Immnowall prebiotic (mannanoligosaccharide), 5) Basal diet + 0.45 g/kg Digestarom medicinal plant extract, and 6) Basal diet + 0.4 g/kg Formycin organic acid. Ileal digestibility of nutrients was determined using titanium oxide marker at 21 and 42 days of age. Results of this study indicated that chicks fed diets supplemented with growth promoters had greater average daily gain and lower feed conversion ratio compared to those fed the control (basal) diet (P0.05). Furthermore, using growth promoters in the diets led to more energy availability and greater ileal protein digestibility (P0.05). However, ileal ether extract digestibility was not significantly influenced by the experimental treatments (P0.05). There were no significant differences between relative weights of thigh, breast, and liver due to dietary treatments (p0.05). Relative weights of spleen and bursa of fibricius were significantly higher in birds fed diets supplemented with growth promoters than in those fed the control diet (P0.05). Abdominal fat was found to be significantly higher in antibiotic-supplemented group than in the control group (P0.05).
Trehalose mitigates sodium chloride toxicity by improving ion homeostasis, membrane stability, and antioxidant defense system in Indian mustard

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Salt stress, particularly sodium chloride (NaCl), poses a significant threat to agricultural sustainability by limiting crop growth and development. The present study aimed to examine the effect of leaf-applied trehalose (Tre) on ion homeostasis, photosynthesis, antioxidant defense mechanisms, osmolyte accumulation, cell viability, oxidative stress biomarkers, and histo-microscopical analyses in Indian mustard under NaCl stress. Sodium chloride stress drastically decreased growth, water status, protein content and net photosynthetic rate, while increasing lipid peroxidation, ion toxicity, cell death, and electrolyte leakage due to the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Indian mustard. Foliar fertigation of Tre significantly increased growth traits, nutrient acquisition, chlorophyll content, osmolyte accumulation, protein content, antioxidant enzyme activities, stomatal aperture, and cell viability, while considerably reducing leaf Na content and NaCl-generated ROS toxicity in Indian mustard. The Tre application enhanced shoot dry weight by 16 %, net photosynthetic rate by 19.37 %, superoxide dismutase activity by 10 %, nitrogen content by 13.32 %, seed yield by 23 % and oil yield by 27 %, while decreased superoxide anion content by 26 %, sodium ion content by 14.47 % and malondialdehyde content by 11.41 % over 0 mM NaCl treatment. Moreover, the trehalose-mediated reduction in ROS production was further validated with histochemical and microscopical localization analyses. Our data support the notion that Tre supplementation improves NaCl stress tolerance in Indian mustard by mitigating the detrimental impacts of ionic and oxidative stress. This finding suggests that Tre could serve as an alternative biotechnological tool in other types of crops.
Evaluating the Quality of Longitudinal Statistical Applications in Original Publications on Alzheimer’s Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<i>Background/Aims:</i> To evaluate the quality of longitudinal statistical applications in published studies on Alzheimer’s disease (AD). <i>Methods:</i> A 21-item instrument, the Quality of Longitudinal AD Studies (QLADS), was developed by the research team (4 biostatisticians, 1 neuroepidemiologist, and 1 neurologist). All items were extensively discussed within the team for content validity. After pilot testing on 5 publications, the instrument was revised and tested for reliability with a sample of 40 published longitudinal AD studies randomly sampled from MEDLINE. <i>Results:</i> Item-specific test-retest reliability coefficients for QLADS ranged from 0.53 to 1.00 with the associated standard error (SE) ranging from 0.02 to 0.13. The test-retest reliability for the overall score over the 21 items was high (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.94, 95% CI 0.90, 0.97). Item-specific inter-rater reliability coefficients for QLADS ranged from 0.46 to 1.00 with the associated SE ranging from 0.07 to 0.18. The inter-rater reliability for the overall score was also high (ICC = 0.87, 95% CI 0.77, 0.93). <i>Conclusions:</i> This study indicates that the quality of longitudinal statistical applications in AD publications can be reliably assessed.
A nonlinear procedure for the analysis of RC beams

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work deals with the development of a computational method for the nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete beams subjected to general loading and constraint conditions, able to catch crack formation and propagation. To this aim, a layered beam finite element is developed. The displacement field along beam axis and height is modelled through polynomial functions, whose number of terms is varied based on the complexity of the considered problem. The mechanical nonlinearity of the material is taken into account by implementing a smeared constitutive model for cracked reinforced concrete elements. The effectiveness of the proposed procedure, which can be applied to the analysis of both new and existing buildings, is proved through comparison with significant experimental data from technical literature, relative to both statically determinate and indeterminate beams.
Impact of staff loyalty on the formation of customer loyalty

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The article discusses the satisfaction of employees, which affects customer satisfaction through quality service, which ultimately leads to higher financial results. Currently, in most cases, attraction of new customers is more expensive than retaining old ones, therefore the formation of loyalty has become an important task of each organization. The success of the organization depends not only on customer loyalty, but loyalty of staff and, moreover, one is connected with other. The employee, loyal to his company always strives to present the organization with the best hand; he is more involved in the proposed product or service. Accordingly, the consumer, feeling such commitment and sincerity towards the company from its employees, receives at least positive feelings from communication, and a maximum more quickly decides to purchase, and encourages the organization and the employee his friends and, most importantly, becomes more loyal. Satisfaction and loyalty of employees are the main factors that affect a customer loyalty and, consequently, the overall effectiveness of the organization. It starts from the assumption that the employees have the same characteristics as the customers (satisfaction, involvement, loyalty), and the company, as in the case with customers, interested in long-term relationships with them. In this case, employees spread values of the organization in the external environment, interacting not only with existing customers of the company, but also engaging new customers.
Coffin Commerce: How a Funerary Materiality Formed Ancient Egypt

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This discussion will be centered on one ubiquitous and rather simple Egyptian object type - the wooden container for the human corpse. We will focus on the entire 'lifespan' of the coffin - how they were created, who bought them, how they were used in funerary rituals, where they were placed in a given tomb, and how they might have been used again for another dead person. Using evidence from Deir el Medina, we will move through time from the initial agreement between the craftsman and the seller, to the construction of the object by a carpenter, to the plastering and painting of the coffin by a draftsman, to the sale of the object, to its ritual use in funerary activities, to its deposit in a burial chamber, and, briefly, to its possible reuse
Soil Properties and Crops Performance as affected by Animal Manure

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The use of animal manure cannot be overemphasized due to its positive impact on soil and crop, irrespective of manure type. Enhancement of soil fertility and improvement of environment quality are both important aims of todays’ agriculture. Besides providing valuable macro and micronutrients to the soil, manure supplies organic matter to improve the soil’s physical and chemical properties. Its also increases infiltration of water and enhances retention of nutrients, reduces wind and water erosion, and promotes growth of beneficial organisms. Efficient use of animal manure could therefore alleviate the problem of declining land productivity in most parts of the world. Manure application to agricultural land requires an appropriate balance between agronomic requirements and negative environmental impacts. Negative impact that could be defined as soil pollution have to do with the addition to heavy metals, organochlorines and too many salts. On the other hand, animal manure has a positive influence on the buildup of soil organic matter and thus improves the soil structure. There is a global move towards developing agricultural production systems which will involve the more efficient utilization of inputs and the reduction of waste products with a view of developing a more environmentally friendly, economically and economically profitable agricultural system.
Development of a System for the Non-Invasive Measurement of the Time Course of [C-11] Nicotine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It is widely believed that the addictive effects of cigarette smoking derive largely from the rapid absorption of nicotine from the pulmonary system. The immediate effects of an inhaled bolus of nicotine on brain function are thought to provide potent reinforcement for smoking behavior and maintain dependence on tobacco. A greater understanding of the initial time course of nicotine in arterial blood may be useful in achieving a greater understanding of smoking behavior. An experimental system that non-invasively measures the initial time course of [C-11] nicotine in the body has been developed. This apparatus observes the inhalation of [C-11] nicotine injected into a cigarette and the arrival of [C-11] nicotine at four locations in the body: the throat, lungs, brain, and wrist. NaI(TI) scintillation crystals (3" /spl times/ 3") are used as coincident radiation detectors. Event pulses are processed to provide energy discrimination and processed with coincidence logic. Conservative calculations predict that 1 mCi of [C-11] nicotine will produce between 200 and 1500 coincidences per second in the four regions which allows the measurement of the arrival times with 0.5 s precision. The inhalation of the [C-11] nicotine is measured by a plastic scintillator detector placed around the cigarette. The observation of the decrease in activity in the cigarette provides an accurate identification of inhalation time.
The Relationship between External and Internal Load during Elite Pre-season Friendly Basketball Games.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between External Load (EL) and internal load (IL). Thirteen male basketball players competing at professional level in First Spanish Division (ACB) during six friendly games throughout the 2020/2021 preseason were monitored. The EL variables collected were movement load (ML), movement intensity (MI), box score time (BST), and total duration (TD)] while IL variables monitored were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), training impulse (TRIMP) and time invested in five HR zones. Very large to almost perfect correlation (r= 0.77-0.91) exists between EL variables except TD. In addition, HR, TRIMP and RR present large to very large correlation (r= 0.55-0.79) with all EL variables except TD. Monitoring HR-based variables would present general information and an estimated prediction of players EL which could allow basketball practitioners to prioritize time invested players internal/external load.
Heavy metal intrusion and geospatial analysis of groundwater resources in Isoko North Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This study examined the spatial variation in the intrusion of heavy metals in underground water resources of Isoko North Local Government Area, Delta State, where it conducted a comparative study from ten (10) spatially distributed boreholes, for possible intrusion of the pathogen. The data that was produced were subjected to Heavy Metal Index (HMI) technique to analyse the significant contamination rate in the samples extracted from the study area (using the World Health Organisation Standard and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality as the Control Variable). The result of the analysis showed that the undergroundwater there has slightly higher concentrations of Iron and lead than any other parameters. Lead (Ppm) has a range of values of 0.11 to 0.18, with areas like Owhelogho (0.18), Iyede (0.18) and Ellu (0.17) having higher values than others. The range of value for Iron (Ppm) is 0.31 to 0.43, with all the areas having significant values slightly higher than the WHO and NSDWQ standard of 0.3. The study identified places where heavy metals intrusion is prevalent, also a substantial association between pollutant from host rocks and groundwater supplies. The heavy metal index evaluation revealed a class "II" grade, indicating the presence of lead and iron oxide in modest quantities, although its presence is a cause for concern for the well-being of borehole water consumers.The statistics are quite close to the next class on the indexing chart, which is "slightly affected". Any small infiltration raises the stakes to the next level.
Tinjauan Yuridis Terhadap Perubahan Kewenangan Pengawasan Ketenagakerjaan Dari Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota Kepada Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The research aims to determine the juridical review of changes in the authority of labor inspection from the Regency / City Government to the Central Java Provincial Government. The research method used is the legal research method. the results of the study show that the transfer of labor inspection authority to the Department of Manpower and Transmigration of Central Java Province, made labor inspection activities not yet / less effective. This can be seen since 2017 the number of supervisory staff has decreased, which in 2014 amounted to 585 employees while in 2017 there were only 154 employees, and there was no additional funding budgeted for Central Java Province, which should have been done when the number of activities had to done increasing or increasing. Consequently, the performance of supervisory staff and the number of findings of labor violations has decreased. Keywords: Effectiveness, Supervision, Employment. Abstrak Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui tinjauan yuridis terhadap perubahan kewenangan pengawasan ketenagakerjaan dari Pemerintah Kabupaten/Kota Kepada Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum. hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa Pengalihan kewenangan pengawasan ketenagakerjaan kepada Dinas Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Provinsi Jawa Tengah, menjadikan kegiatan pengawasan ketenagakerjaan belum/kurang efektif. Hal ini dapat dilihat sejak tahun 2017 jumlah pegawai pengawas mengalami penurunan, yang mana pada Tahun 2014 berjumlah 585 pegawai sedangkan pada Tahun 2017 hanya berjumlah 154 pegawai, dan tidak adanya dana tambahan yang dianggarkan untuk Provinsi Jawa Tengah, yang seharusnya dilakukan ketika jumlah kegiatan yang harus dilakukan bertambah atau meningkat. Konsekuensinya kinerja pegawai pengawas dan jumlah temuan pelanggaran ketenagakerjaan mengalami penurunan. Kata kunci : Efektivitas, Pengawasan, Ketenagakerjaan.
Formal Experiments in the Poetry of the Russian “Eastern” Emigration (V. Pereleshin and V. Mart)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The aim of this study is to examine the poetic texts of the representatives of the “Eastern branch” of the Russian emigration (the 1920-1940s) associated with the perception of the image of the “second Motherland”, China, and, in the course of the analysis, to identify the uniqueness of the manifestation of the genre characteristics of the ancient Chinese pretext in the works of the Russian emigrants of the first wave - Valery Pereleshin and Venedict Mart. The scientific originality of the work consists in referring to the little-known texts of the poets of the “Harbin-Shanghai” region, in an attempt to find ways to introduce the Russian poets to the foreign cultural tradition. The article is based on Pereleshin’s “Imitation of Chinese” and Mart’s “To Poets”. The study shows that the Russian poets skilfully imitated the “foreign” text, boldly experimented and were able to bring semantic and figurative accents to the foreign cultural context, thereby enriching not only the Russian poetry of the Silver Age, but also the Chinese literature of the early 20th century.
Cerebral Thrombotic Complications Related to l-Asparaginase Treatment for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

l-Asparaginase is a potent antileukemia agent and an essential part of treatment protocols for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. However, toxicity limits dose escalation, especially in adults. This includes a significant risk of thrombosis, which remains an important source of avoidable morbidity and mortality. Here, we provide a detailed report of 10 cases of cerebral thrombotic complications that occurred over a 5-year period at 4 large tertiary referral hospitals. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this type in the published literature.
Physiology of Gastrointestinal Tract and Other Administration Sites in Humans and Animals

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This chapter contains sections titled: Morphology of Gastrointestinal Tract Movement of the Gastrointestinal Tract Fluid Character of the Gastrointestinal Tract Transporters and Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in the Intestine Intestinal and Liver Blood Flow Physiology Related to Enterohepatic Recirculation Nasal Pulmonary Skin References
Strategies and Interactive Beliefs in Dynamic Games

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Interactive epistemology in dynamic games studies forms of strategic reasoning such as backward and forward induction by means of formal representations of the players' conditional beliefs about one another, given the histories that can occur in the game being played. Most of the received literature relies on state-space models in which a state specifies both the players' strategies and their conditional beliefs. A player's strategy associates every history (or, node) at which the player is active in an action available at that history. This is interpreted objectively, as a description of what the player would actually do at every such history, even at those that do not happen at the state. In particular, a player's strategy is a primitive object, described separately from her beliefs. To be sure, it can be the object of the player's own beliefs – whereby, typically, she is certain of it – but it is not expressed in terms of beliefs.
Research on fracture mechanism of matrix-type high speed steel in cold forging

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The failure mechanism of YXR3, a kind of matrix-type high speed steel (HSS), which is widely used in cold forging tooling, was studied in this paper. Through metallographic analysis of YXR3 in different conditions, such as before and after heat treatment and mechanical tests, the metallurgical structures and changes of the steel were analyzed. The failure analysis was conducted to specimens of uniaxial tension, low cycle fatigue, and impact tests by observing the macroscopic and microscopic fractographs and fracture morphology features of YXR3 steel in different loading conditions. The morphology and distribution of all phases in YXR3 steel were clearly found in the SEM micrographs by EBSD (Electron Back-Scattering Diffraction), and the major cracking modes and crack origins were investigated by observing the microcracks, which would be beneficial for finding out the fracture mechanism of YXR3 steel from microscopic perspective. The results of this study could help the tool designer to improve the tool design and manufacture which can avoid the abnormal appearance of tool fracture during cold forging.