jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Rhodopsin kinetics in the human eye

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Rhodopsin has been measured by Rushton's method of reflexion densitometry in a retinal region 18° temporal to the fovea, using a wavelength of measuring light (555 nm) so far into the long wave part of the spectrum that possible blue absorbing intermediates (e.g. transient orange) do not interfere. 2. Rhodopsin was bleached by a strong light for 10 sec and then held steady by a weaker light. During a 10 sec bleach, no regeneration occurs and the rate of bleaching is proportional to the quantum catch. The proportionality constant is about 10 −7 (td sec) −1 . 3. From 2, the rate of photolysis at equilibrium produced by the steady light was calculated. Since conditions were at equilibrium, photolysis matched regeneration. It was found that the rate of generation was proportional to the amount of pigment still bleached. The proportionality constant was about 0·0025 sec −1 . 4. It was found by several different methods that the constant in 3 is the same in the light or dark and hence regeneration occurs independently of bleaching. 5. Therefore, the results from bleaching and regeneration experiments can be combined to give the general equation [Formula: see text], where p is the fraction of rhodopsin, t is time in sec and I is the retinal illuminance. 6. This equation describes the results of partial bleaching and regeneration experiments under a variety of different exposure intensities of moderately long (at least 10 min) exposure durations. 7. The dark adaptation curve in a peripheral region of the rod monochromat's retina where there are few cones follows a simple exponential course over nearly 7 log 10 units. Rhodopsin regeneration and log threshold for this region are described by the same curve with a time constant of about 400 sec. Each log unit fal in threshold is accompanied by 0·835% increase in rhodopsin. This time constant is in agreement with Rushton's (1961) finding, but appreciably longer than that reported by Ripps & Weale (1969 a ). 8. The Ripps & Weale result was, however, obtained by bleaching with a very short bright xenon flash (as they did). Under these conditions, blue absorbing intermediate(s) is (are) formed, the time constant of regeneration of rhodopsin is much faster than after long tungsten bleaches, and the kinetic equation is not valid. 9. The general equation, together with the relation found in 7, successfully accounts for results previously published by others of the effect of duration and intensity of bleaching on the recovery of rod threshold in the dark, provided only that more than 5% of the rhodopsin was bleached at the beginning of dark adaptation.
The role of concomitant ligament injury in the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis after distal radius fractures: a protocol for a systematic review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Treatment of distal radius fractures (DRFs) aims to restore anatomic position of the fracture fragments and congruity of the articular surface to optimise functional outcomes and prevent osteoarthritis in the long term. While ligament injury of the wrist is often associated with DRFs and sole ligament injuries of the wrist lead to osteoarthritis, it is plausible that concomitant ligament injury in DRFs may aggravate degenerative changes of the wrist. The relationship between concomitant ligament injury and post-traumatic osteoarthritis in patients with DRFs is unclear. This study aims to identify the types of associated ligament injury in patients with a DRF and to elucidate the association of ligament injury on the development of post-traumatic osteoarthritis. Methods and analysis This protocol is written in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P) guidelines. An electronic search in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Trials and Google Scholar has been created and performed by a Health Sciences librarian with expertise in systematic review searching. Original research articles in English literature, which report on concomitant ligament injury of the wrist in relation to post-traumatic osteoarthritis, patient-reported outcome measures or clinician-reported outcome measures in patients (aged ≥18 years) with DRFs will be included. Two reviewers will independently screen and appraise articles and perform data extraction. In case of any disagreements, a third reviewer will be consulted. A systematic qualitative synthesis will be performed using text and tables. Ethics and dissemination No ethical approval is required, since this is a protocol for a systematic review. The systematic review will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal and for presentation at relevant conferences. PROSPERO registration number CRD42020165007.
Spontaneous Edge Current in Chiral Superconductors with High Chirality

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study the spontaneous edge current of chiral superconductors with high chirality both in the absence and presence of Meissner screening. We compute the edge current from a self-consistent solution to a set of coupled equations: quasiclassical Eilenberger equation, superconducting gap equation, and Maxwell equation. We find that the spatial dependent chiral edge current is largely suppressed and has more nodes for higher chirality pairings. In the absence of Meissner screening, the integrated current at T=0 is zero for all higher chirality pairings; while it is substantial for chiral p-wave. This conclusion is consistent with previous studies. In contrast, at finite T, the integrated current is non-zero even for higher chiral pairings. It turns out that the spatial varying order parameter is crucial to understand this finite T behavior of the edge current. When Meissner screening is included, the magnitude of the edge currents is reduced for all chiral pairings; however, the reduction is much weaker in higher chirality cases. We conclude that the Meissner effect is not that important for higher chiral pairings. We also consider the effect of the rough surface on the edge current. The edge current of even chiral pairings is inverted by the strong surface roughness; however, that of the odd chiral pairings is not. The sub-dominant order parameters, induced by the surface, are the key to understanding this current inversion.
Non-Stationary Equivalent Storm Model for Long-Term Statistics of Ocean Storms

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the last decade many researchers focused on the study of non-stationary pattern of climatic variables., It is well established that marine signals e.g., significant wave height or sea water level exhibit a long-term trend due to climate change. The classical approach for the estimation of extreme values analyses may not be enough reliable. The need to account for non-stationarity has involved the development of non-stationary extreme value analysis (NS-EVA) approaches. The main idea is to modify the classical extreme value analysis approach by using non-stationary distributions instead of the stationary ones. Non-stationary probability distributions are analogue to the stationary ones, but their parameters are time dependent. The time dependency may involve all or some of the distribution parameters which may be expressed in different ways. In this paper, this basic concept is applied to develop a non-stationary Equivalent Storm Model (ESM) using the concept of Equivalent Triangular Storm (ETS). The ESM approach is a semi-analytical approach based on the statistic equivalence between actual and an associated simplified storm characterized by a standardized storm shape which leads to the equivalence of wave risk between actual storm sequence and simplified storm sequence at a given site. Due to the equality of wave risk between actual and simplified storm sequences, the problem of calculating return period of sea storm with assigned characteristics can be managed analytically referring to the standardized storm shape, providing very simple analytical formulae dependent on the significant wave height probability distribution and on a duration-intensity regression function at the considered site. The non-stationary ESM is achieved by substituting these two stationary functions with time dependent ones in a similar way as NS-EVA does. A data analysis is proposed to elucidate the differences on significant wave height return values estimation between stationary and non-stationary ESM approach due to non-stationarity of significant wave height and storm duration.
Figure 4 from Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein Secreted by Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Promotes Peritumoral Fibrosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>ZAG is important for MDA-MB-468 tumorigenesis. <b>A</b> and <b>B,</b> Depletion of ZAG inhibits xenograft growth of MDA-MB-468 cells as determined by (<b>A</b>) tumor volume measurements over time or (<b>B</b>) weight of excised tumor at the end point. <b>C,</b> MDA-MB-468 cells depleted for ZAG show a trend of decreased proliferation <i>in vivo</i>. <b>A–C,</b> Data are mean ± SEM. Data points and <i>n</i> are independent mice. <i>P</i> values calculated using (<b>A</b>) two-way ANOVA followed or (<b>B</b> and <b>C</b>) Student <i>t</i> test. (**, <i>P</i> < 0.01; ****, <i>P</i> < 0.0001.)</p>
Environmentally Friendly Water-Based Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Future Prospective and Outlook

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The use of traditional Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is limited due to the use of toxic and non-environmentally safe solvents. In this review, water is proposed as a viable alternative to developing green chemistry and sustainable materials for DSSCs. However, water-based DSSCs (WBDSSCs) require improvement in their photovoltaic parameters. The detachment of dye molecules from the semiconductor and the poor solubility of iodine in water are the primary reasons for their low efficiency. This review analyzes the best results achieved by 100% aqueous electrolytes containing synthetic, organic, and natural dyes to identify the best conditions to overcome these limitations. Developing a suitable photoanode/electrolyte interface and finding a compromise in the choice of dye are the main research goals in the coming years. WBDSSCs can contribute significantly to producing clean energy using sustainable and environmentally friendly materials. Furthermore, here we report the state of the art of the emerging technology of underwater dye-sensitized solar cells, which are a promising technology for generating renewable energy in aquatic environments. Recent advancements in material science and device engineering have shown promising results in enhancing their efficiency and durability. Further research and development can make these devices a viable alternative for sustainable energy generation in a wide range of underwater applications.
THE REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON THE CAUSES OF THE RUSSIA-UKRAINE CONFLICT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research is to find out the cause of the war between Russia and Ukraine that just started on Thursday, February 24, 2022. This war took place after months of increasing tensions between the two countries. On Monday, February 21, Russian President Vladimir Putin acknowledged the creation of two states in the separatist region of eastern Ukraine. Then what is the background of the conflict in Ukraine which is now expanding into a West-Russian escalation. In February 2014, pro-Moscow Ukrainian President Viktor Janukovich was ousted from power by mass protests in the capital Kiev. Previously, Janukovich refused to sign an association agreement between Ukraine and the European Union under Russian pressure. The refusal has angered many citizens who are already excited about joining the European Union. Moreover, there were many accusations of corruption of government officials, including Viktor Janukovich, who eventually fled to Russia. Russia retaliated by sending troops to the Crimean Peninsula. After taking control of Crimea, Russia has fomented a separatist insurgency in the mostly Russian-speaking eastern Ukraine, known as the Donbas region, by sending weapons to the separatists. This study uses a Historical Normative approach by collecting various literatures as the main source. The results of the analysis show that in April 2014, Russian-backed rebels seized government buildings in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, and proclaimed the creation of two new republics. The following month, the two separatist territories applied to become part of Russia. But Moscow has not officially responded to the request. Russia is known to want to prevent Ukraine from becoming a member of NATO, like other Eastern European countries. In conclusion Moscow also denies sending troops and weapons to eastern Ukraine, saying that Russian citizens fighting in eastern Ukraine are volunteers to prevent the genocide of the Ukrainian government.
Historians in the archive

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Historians in the 19 th -century were not the first to discover the importance of source materials kept in archival depositories. More than their predecessors, however, scholars working in the historical discipline that the 19 th century saw emerge tended to equate professional historical knowledge with knowledge based on primary source research, that is, practically speaking, on knowledge gained from source material that was usually kept in archives. While previous scholarship had paid ample attention to the methods that 19 th -century historians employed for the study of such archival material, to the epistemologies they developed in tandem with these methods and to the institutions they created for the study of archival records, this special issue explores the influence that archives, in a classic, institutional sense, exerted on the practices of 19 th -century historiography. How did the archival turn affect historians’ working manners? How contested was this archival research imperative, with its underlying autopsy principle? And how did it spread geographically, in and outside Europe?
Development of a New Confined Space Model

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Confined space medicine is one of the most important training for urban search and rescue. However, the construction of a confined space for training is usually time- and cost-consuming. To construct a virtual confined space, we utilized the materials available at hand such as 30 to 50 long tables, 60 paper boxes, 20 large curtains, 4 Manikins for resuscitation and intubation, 1 pack of flour, 5 rolls of sealing tapes and 1 make-up box in six training courses in 2002. We designed a questionnaire to evaluate the reality, difficulty, safety, creativity, and applicability of the model. The time elapse for constructing the virtual confined space was in average 45+5 min and that for cleaning up 25+5 min. The average cost for setting up the tunnel was 950+80 NSD. Of 432 questionnaires, the average scores for 5 items were 7.8+1.4 for reality, 6.5+1.8 for difficulty, 9.0+0.6 for safety, 9.3+1.1 for creativity, and 9.0+0. 8 for applicability. For the items of applicability, the subheadings of adequacy for practicing BTLS, definitive care, communication, and full evaluation were obtained 9.4+1.4, 9.3+1.2, 8.6+1.4 and 8. 3+1.5, respectively (P<0.05 by ANOVA). In conclusion, we create a simple model of virtual confined space that will be of help in the comparable training courses. (Ann Disaster Med. 2003;2:1-6)
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT IN VARIOUS VARIANTS OF ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Inflammatory and degenerative spinal diseases are one of the pressing problems of modern rheumatology due to the high prevalence, frequent incidence of diseases of young and middle-aged men, frequent lesions of internal organs, early disability of patients, socio-economic damage caused to the patient and society [1]. Since 1892, when V.M.Bekhterev described the main clinical manifestations of the disease and suggested that it should be singled out as a separate nosological form, researchers from the leading countries of the world have achieved certain success in studying its nature, mechanisms of development, as well as treatment and rehabilitation of patients. Nevertheless, ankylosing spondylitis (AC), which is regarded as a disease of the musculoskeletal apparatus, affecting mainly young men, remains one of the leading socio-economic problems of our time, leading to disability in working age.
[Probiotic prophylaxis in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis, use of this combination of probiotic strains did not reduce the risk of infections. Probiotic prophylaxis was associated with a more than two-fold increase in mortality and should therefore not be administered in this category of patients.
Changes in Numbers of Some Bird Species in the Agricultural Landscape of Eastern Poland

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Changes in Numbers of Some Bird Species in the Agricultural Landscape of Eastern Poland The studies were carried out in eastern Poland, near Siedlce (52°12'N, 22°17'E). The study area covered 788 ha of extensive agricultural landscape. The fieldwork was conducted in 1999-2003 and it comprised 7 counts per season in each year. Tendencies in changes of numbers were followed for 19 bird species. Directional increasing trends in numbers of the Serin ( Serinus serinus ) and Ortolan Bunting ( Emberiza hortulana ) were revealed. A statistically significant decreases in numbers considered the Lapwing ( Vanellus vanellus ), Corn Bunting ( Miliaria calandra ) and Whinchat ( Saxicola rubetra ). For the remaining 14 species — e.g. the Red-backed Shrike ( Lanius collurio ), Linnet ( Carduelis cannabina ), Goldfinch ( C. chloris ), Whitethroat ( Sylvia communis ), Yellowhammer ( Emberiza citrinella ) — no directional tendencies in numbers of breeding pairs were found. A comparison of tendencies in numbers of analysed species with tendencies observed in western Europe and in western Poland showed that the status of birds in the agricultural landscape of eastern Poland was much better. This has probably been caused by lower intensity of farming practice and more diverse mosaic of habitats.
USE OF GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM AND WATER QUALITY INDEX TO ASSESS GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN AND AROUND RANIPET AREA, VELLORE DISTRICT, TAMILNADU

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

An attempt has been made to understand the ground water quality by using water quality index in and around Ranipet area of Vellore District. It is a technique of rating water quality, is an effective tool to assess spatial and temporal changes in ground water quality. Thirty five groundwater samples were collected from open and tube wells during the Monsoon and Post Monsoon season in the year 2012. This was done by subjecting the 35 groundwater samples collected to comprehensive physico-chemical analysis using standard methods of analysis. From the data obtained, the water quality index was calculated by adopting the method developed by Tiwari and Mishra. Water quality index rating was carried out to quantify overall ground water quality status of the area. For calculating the index, the following 9 parameters have been considered such as pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphates, Chlorides, Fluorides, and Nitrates. The average values of water quality index of the samples were found in the value of 142.59 in monsoon season while it was 115.4 in post-monsoon season. The higher concentration of dissolved solids during post monsoon samples exhibits poor quality of water as compared to Monsoon season. It may be due to more seepage and movement of ground water during post-monsoon.
Experimental Investigation of the Fire Resistance of Thin Hollow-Core Concrete Slabs with Simple Supports

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents an experimental study on the fire resistance of relatively thin hollow-core concrete slabs with simple supports.A series of fire tests were conducted according to ISO 834 standard on nine hollow-core concrete slab specimens with thickness not exceeding 150 mm.The key parameters investigated are the heating duration, slab thickness and load ratio.Based on the test results, it has been found that the fireresistance ratings of all the tested specimens fall below the specified requirements in the current building regulations of Thailand.The level of concrete spalling on the fire-exposed surface increases with the heating duration.It has also been found that the fire resistance of thicker hollow-core concrete slabs may be lower, even when smaller values of maximum vertical deflection are observed during the heating period.Furthermore, a higher load ratio leads to a more rapid collapse of the tested specimen.The experimental results suggest the necessity of supplementary means of fire protection for these slabs in practical building construction.
Role of different direct-acting antiviral drugs on hepatitis C virus-associated mixed cryoglobulinemia in Egyptian patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Several extrahepatic manifestations have been reported and mixed cryoglobulinemia is a clonal disorder of B cells which is strongly associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV). New regimens of direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) have recently been approved for the treatment of genotype 4 HCV which offer improved results of sustained virologic response (SVR) in the treatment-naive and previously treated patients. Aim To assess the prevalence of cryoglobulinemia for evaluating the efficacy of DAA therapy on it. Patients and methods Patients received one of the following regimens: sofosbuvir, daclatasvir±ribavirin, or sofosbuvir plus ledipasvir±ribavirin follow-up for 24 weeks after treatment. Results A total of 132 patients were involved in our study: 65 men and 67 women. Cryocrit-positive patients clinically presented with clinical manifestations in 32 (53.3%) patients out of the 60 patients. After 12 weeks of DAAs treatment, there was a significant reduction in cryoprecipitate level and rheumatoid factor (RF) level with improvement of glomerular filtration rate, basal C4, and clinical improvement of purpura, Raynaud's phenomenon, and this was the same when 38 patients continued treatment for 24 weeks. However, comparing 12 and 24-week therapy showed significant improved difference in cryoprecipitate level but improved glomerular filtration rate, basal C4, and decreased level of RF, proteinuria, purpura, and peripheral neuropathy although it did not reach statistical significance Conclusion Cryocrit-positive patients were old age, cirrhotics with long duration of HCV. There is significant improvement of both laboratory and clinical parameters of cryoglobulinemia after SVR12 and more significant after SVR24. There is no significant difference in using different DDA regimen with or without ribavirin on the SVR at either 12 or 24 weeks. So, we advise basal laboratory and clinical parameters of mixed cryoglobulinemia before designing treatment regimens of HCV patients in Egypt.