jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Insurance status and survival among prostate cancer patients: A population-based study.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e16563 Background: This population-based study assesses the relationship between insurance status and survival outcomes among men with prostate cancer diagnosed before 65 years of age. Methods: Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database, we identified 114,871 prostate cancer patients diagnosed before age 65 in 2007-2013. Insurance type was classified as uninsured, Medicaid, and other (including private insurance and coverage from the military or veterans affairs). Disease risk group was based on the NCCN criteria. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards models to estimate the relative risks of all-cause mortality and prostate cancer specific mortality (PCSM), adjusted by age, race, marital status, region, diagnosis period, and primary treatment. Results: Compared with patients with other insurance, Medicaid and uninsured patients experienced 103% and 41% higher all-cause mortality. The corresponding increase for PCSM were 61% and 32%. Medicaid patients experienced 44% (HR=1.44, 95% 1.25-1.65) higher all-cause mortality than uninsured patients. Table 1 provides data stratified by risk status at diagnosis. Conclusions: Uninsured and Medicaid patients experienced higher PCSM and all-cause mortality compared to other insured patients across all disease severity. Medicaid patients experienced worse all-cause mortality compared with uninsured patients. Further studies are warranted to investigate factors related to poor survival outcomes among uninsured and Medicaid patients. [Table: see text]
Human hand sign language recognition based on extreme learning machine

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As machine learning algorithms and computer processing speed greatly advanced in recent years, real-time hand gesture recognition has become a promising topic in computer science and language technology. Some of the existing limits in achieving user-friendly experience are real-time recognition speed and accuracy. This project aims to realize practical dual hand real-time recognition and to develop new man-machine interaction functions. Based on senior Mr. Jiang Runzhou’s FYP work, Ms. Cai Xiao, Mr. Liu Hongyang and the author work closely to achieve the objective. Realizable functions include PowerPoint slide show control, music player control and Rock, Paper, Scissor game. Mr. Jiang Runzhou’s past gesture recognition is also enhanced to achieve more excellent accuracy.
PATRONASE, KLIENTALISME DAN TAHTA PUTRA MAHKOTA PADA PILKADA KOTA KENDARI TAHUN 2017

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the problems that still occur in local government bureaucracy is patronage and clientelism which is still often used by politicians to carry out a specific agenda outside the main duties and functions of the bureaucracy. This paper aims to determine the forms of patronage and clientelism that is formed in relation politicians, the bureaucrats and the community where the mayor actively "Asrun" using bureaucratic apparatus as a political machine in order to win his son “Adriatma Dwi Putra” (ADP) as mayor Kendari on the elections simultaneously in 2017. The findings show, the form of patronage and clientelism in this study can be divided into two. First, relations were awakened in the bureaucracy includes determining the scope of careers and positions in the bureaucracy in Kendari, the first form of this is done in order to consolidate the support of the bureaucracy to win ADP. Secondly, relations that built up in the community include the mobilization voice through vote buying and pork barrel. The second form as a strategy to gain support or voice with the way the bureaucratic apparatus into a figure intermediaries to mobilize voice in society.
Race Diversity and Complexity in Populations of the Sorghum Anthracnose Fungus Colletotrichum graminicola

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A diversidade fenotípica de Colletotrichum graminicola, agente causal da antracnose em sorgo, foi analisada através da virulência em dez linhagens de sorgo. Os isolados do patógeno foram obtidos de três locais de ocorrência de severas epidemias da doença: Sete Lagoas (MG), Cravinhos (SP) e Pelotas (RS). Populações foram analisadas através do índice de diversidade de Shannon e através de coeficientes de associação de patogenicidade (PAC) e do coeficiente de associação de virulência (VAC). Apesar dos altos valores obtidos, grande parte da informação sobre diversidade foi perdida devido a desvios na freqüência de 0,5 de virulência a cada genótipo de sorgo. Foram identificadas seis combinações duas a duas e 11 combinações triplas com baixos coeficientes de associação de virulência na população. As linhagens CMSXS215B, CMSXS116 e CMSXS227R, presentes em todas as combinações com alto PAC e baixo VAC, foram identificadas como fontes potenciais de resistência durável e estável a C. graminicola.
Genetic structure and fungicide sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea populations isolated from grapevine in northern Italy

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Grey mould, caused by Botrytis cinerea , is a disease severely affecting grape production in northern Italy. However, little information is available on the variability of B. cinerea populations associated with grapevine. The mode of reproduction, sensitivity to fungicides, and for the first time in Italy, the genetic structure of B. cinerea populations isolated from grapevine in a northern Italian region are reported. Botrytis cinerea isolates (317) were completely genotyped for six microsatellite loci and characterized for the presence of the transposable elements Boty and Flipper , for the mating type and for resistance to cyprodinil, fludioxonil, boscalid and fenhexamid. All the isolates were found to belong to B. cinerea Group II , indicating the absence of B. pseudocinerea in the investigated areas. The populations possess a high genotypic diversity, different frequencies of transposable elements and a mixed mode of reproduction. At a regional level, B. cinerea populations belong to a large and interconnected pathogen population that includes the major grape‐growing districts. The populations were generally sensitive to fungicides, with a low proportion (8%) of isolates resistant to cyprodinil, fludioxonil and boscalid. A small genetic distance was found between B. cinerea populations. However, the populations geographically isolated from the others by a mountain range showed a small but statistically significant genetic differentiation and a different pattern of fungicide resistance. The results show that northern Italian B. cinerea populations possess a high evolutionary potential and adaptive capacity.
Dental, Skeletal and Growth Effects of Malocclusions Treated with the van Beek Headgear Activator and Comprehensive Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess the long term dental and skeletal treatment and growth changes in growing patients with Class II malocclusions treated with the van Beek Headgear Activator (vBHGA) appliance followed by comprehensive fixed orthodontic appliance treatment. A retrospective chart review was undertaken on 40 consecutively treated subjects who were then compared to matched growing untreated control subjects from the Burlington Growth Study and growth forecast simulations. Lateral cephalometric radiographs were used to determine dental, skeletal and growth changes between each treatment phase. Phase 1 vBHGA appliance treatment produced skeletal and dental Class II correction via restraint of maxillary anterior growth, increased mandibular anterior growth, counter clockwise palatal plane rotation, retroclination and retraction of the upper incisors, and proclination and protrusion of the lower incisors resulting in reduced overjet and overbite. The favourable skeletal and dental changes from vBHGA treatment were maintained after the completion of the second treatment phase. The vBHGA appliance was effective in correcting Class II malocclusions by producing favourable skeletal and dental treatment effects in both jaws that were maintained after the completion of phase 2 treatment, in stark contrast to published randomized clinical trials. Success with the vBHGA and potentially other growth modification appliances could be related to patient compliance, timing of the individual’s growth spurt, length of phase 1 treatment, and continued orthopedic retention between the first and second phases of treatment.
Bilingualism caught in a net. A new approach to understanding the complexity of bilingual experience

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The growing importance of research on bilingualism in psychology and neuroscience motivates the need for a psychometric model that can be used to understand and quantify this phenomenon. This research is the first to meet this need. We re-analyzed two datasets (N = 171 and N = 112) from relatively young adult language-unbalanced bilinguals and asked whether bilingualism is best described by the factor structure or by the network structure. The factor and network models were established on one dataset and then validated on the other dataset in a fully confirmatory manner. The network model provided the best fit to the data. This implies that bilingualism should be conceptualized as an emergent phenomenon arising from direct and idiosyncratic dependencies among the history of language acquisition, diverse language skills, and language-use practices. These dependencies can be reduced to neither a single universal quotient nor to some more general factors. Additional in-depth network analyses showed that the subjective perception of proficiency along with language entropy and language mixing were the most central indices of bilingualism, thus indicating that these measures can be especially sensitive to variation in the overall bilingual experience. Overall, this work highlights the great potential of psychometric network modeling to gain a more accurate description and understanding of complex (psycho)linguistic and cognitive phenomena.
High data rate ultraviolet communication systems for the tactical battlefield

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The critical need for secure, jamproof, high data rate communication links for tactical battle management can be met by developing short range (one mile), nonline-of-sight (NLOS), high data rate (1.2 Mbits/s) systems based on scattered ultraviolet (UV) radiation. TITAN's ultraviolet local area network (ULAN) concept represents a significant advance in high data rate, NLOS, covert communications at short ranges. Past efforts in UV atmospheric scattering communication systems used directly switched omnidirectional flashlamps which resulted in limited range and data rates. Unlike these earlier systems, ULAN will be based on modulating a collimated, continuously emitting lamp with a high speed electro-optical switch. High data rates can thus be achieved by eliminating the need to directly switch an isotropically radiating UV flashlamp. Directional and over-the-horizon systems employing collimated UV sources will enable longer ranges than previous UV systems. UV communication systems can be integrated with existing military communications either as the primary transmitter/receiver or as an internode link between local packet radio networks. The data rates available over a UV link far exceed those traditionally associated with packet radio.< >
Disentangling\nLigand Effects on Metathesis Catalyst\nActivity: Experimental and Computational Studies of Ruthenium–Aminophosphine\nComplexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Second-generation ruthenium olefin\nmetathesis catalysts bearing\naminophosphine ligands were investigated with systematic variation\nof the ligand structure. The rates of phosphine dissociation (<i>k</i><sub>1</sub>; initiation rate) and relative phosphine reassociation\n(<i>k</i><sub>–1</sub>) were determined for two series\nof catalysts bearing cyclohexyl­(morpholino)­phosphine and cyclohexyl­(piperidino)­phosphine\nligands. In both cases, incorporating P–N bonds into the architecture\nof the dissociating phosphine accelerates catalyst initiation relative\nto the parent [Ru]–PCy<sub>3</sub> complex; however, this effect\nis muted for the tris­(amino)­phosphine-ligated complexes, which exhibit\nhigher ligand binding constants in comparison to those with phosphines\ncontaining one or two cyclohexyl substituents. These results, along\nwith X-ray crystallographic data and DFT calculations, were used to\nunderstand the influence of ligand structure on catalyst activity.\nEspecially noteworthy is the application of phosphines containing\nincongruent substituents (PR<sub>1</sub>R′<sub>2</sub>); detailed\nanalyses of factors affecting ligand dissociation, including steric\neffects, inductive effects, and ligand conformation, are presented.\nComputational studies of the reaction coordinate for ligand dissociation\nreveal that ligand conformational changes contribute to the rapid\ndissociation for the fastest-initiating catalyst of these series,\nwhich bears a cyclohexyl-bis­(morpholino)­phosphine ligand. Furthermore,\nthe effect of amine incorporation was examined in the context of ring-opening\nmetathesis polymerization, and reaction rates were found to correlate\nwell with catalyst initiation rates. The combined experimental and\ncomputational studies presented in this report reveal important considerations\nfor designing efficient ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts.
THE ORIGINS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE WELFARE STATE AND THE STRUGGLE OVER ITS FUTURE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The conflict between capital and labor is often described as the most important feature of capitalism. Accordingly, the welfare state is viewed as a compromise between capital and labor. However, a major, more important feature of capitalism is the conflict between financial, or speculative financial, capital and industrial, or productive, capital. While the first is interested in slowing the economy, or shrinking production, periodically as a way of eternalizing the dependence of the producers on the financial sector, the latter is interested in permanent growth based on materially developed society. The welfare state is basically an alliance between industrial capital and wage laborers against financial capital. The struggle against this formation, mainly by imposing austerity programs, is aimed at securing financial capital’s dominance. The welfare state has been the basis of democracy and peace around the world, so the struggle against it is a struggle against these human achievements.
Full 3D CAD procedure for the limit analysisi of longhu Pagoda in China

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper adopts a very convenient 3D CAD method to quickly assess the seismic vulnerability of existing masonry towers. The study selected five typical collapse mechanisms, vertical splitting, base rocking, overturning with diagonal cracks (Heyman 1992), a combination of splitting and diagonal overturning and base sliding. The Longhu pagoda in China is selected as the research case. Based on the principle of virtual works, assuming that the masonry material is a no-tension material, and the collapse acceleration under loads G1 and G2 is calculated from the four main directions. The research results show that vertical splitting of collapse mechanism is the easiest to appear, which is in full compliance with the results of the on-site survey after the Longhu pagoda earthquake, further demonstrating the reliability of this method. This method does not require complex mathematical foundations, can be easily mastered by non-professionals, and at the same time greatly reduces the amount of simulation calculation, which is helpful for the promotion of seismic research of masonry structures.
Comparative hydrology: analysis of a semiarid and a humid tropical watershed

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper analyses measured data from two small tropical watersheds: one in a semiarid (Aiuaba, Brazil, 12·0 km 2 , 5 years of measurements) and another in a humid environment (Jaruco, Cuba, 43·5 km 2 , 21 years of measurements). The watersheds are similar with respect to catchment area (tens of km 2 ), potential evaporation (2·1–2·6 m year −1 ), temperature (22–30 °C) and relief (mild hillslope steepness); but show considerable hydrological discrepancies: average precipitation in the humid watershed is two times higher; average river discharge (mm year −1 ) is five times higher; and surface water availability (mm year −1 ) is 14 times higher than in the semiarid watershed. Long‐term operation of hypothetical surface reservoirs in both basins is simulated. The analysis shows that 73% of the average river discharge are available (with 90% annual reliability) in the humid watershed, against only 28% in the semiarid. The main cause of this difference is the excess evaporation, which consumes 55% of the stored water in the semiarid reservoir, but only 12% in the humid one. The research concludes that: (1) although precipitation indicators are higher in the humid area, they are of the same order of magnitude as in the semiarid; and (2) fluvial‐regime and water‐availability variables are more than one order of magnitude higher in the humid basin, which shows a multiplication effect of these hydrological processes. Such major hydrological differences, despite the similarities between the two tropical watersheds, show the importance of further investigations in the field of comparative hydrology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a sex‐specific relationship between muscle strength and appendicular lean body mass index?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background In spite of some dissociation between muscle mass and strength, muscle strength is often used as a proxy to identify individuals with low muscle mass (sarcopenia). Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between muscle strength and the appendicular lean body mass index (app LBMI). Methods One hundred and five individuals were recruited. Knee extension and handgrip strength were measured. Body composition was assessed by DXA. App LBMI was calculated as appendicular lean body mass divided by height squared. Results At le level of the entire cohort, both handgrip ( r = 0.73; p < 0.001) and knee extension strength ( r = 0.57; p < 0.001) were associated with app LBMI. However, in women, knee extension strength ( r = 0.32; p < 0.05) but not handgrip strength ( r = 0.14; p = 0.35) was associated with app LBMI; while in men, handgrip strength ( r = 0.43; p < 0.01) but not knee extension strength ( r = 0.27; p = 0.09) was associated with app LBMI. Conclusions Muscle strength appears to be associated with lean body mass; however, handgrip strength may be preferentially used in men and knee extension strength in women to detect sarcopenic individuals. Future larger studies are now needed to confirm our findings and their clinical relevance.
Osmosis across defensible space: observations and lessons from dérives in London during COVID-19

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The idea of "defensible space" was/is to give residents control of public spaces they feel they have no control over. If they gained control, they would defend these spaces, care for them, and protect them (and their property) from crime. The pandemic required a rapidly retrofitted public space – emergency cycle lanes, widened pavements, or play streets. The practices of negotiating public space to take permitted exercise or queue for essential groceries forced us all to rethink ideas of territoriality and safe encounter. Closer to home, domestic territories were also altered. Walking past terraced homes' front gardens onto housing estates, or past high-density blocks and fenced-off playgrounds, we realized how valuable leftover "wasted spaces" had become. Courtyards became spaces to sit out amongst abandoned cars. Doors and windows were left open, renegotiating senses of privacy and ownership. People appropriated what would have been thought of as the public realm for social[ly distanced] activities. Wandering strangers were often waved through, acknowledged with a nod if their mask obscured a smile of greeting, the COVID-19 pandemic has taught us that social ritual can overcome confused territoriality, and that some indefensible spaces can be remodeled.
Topographic Relief Response to Fluvial Incision in the Central Tibetan Plateau: Evidence From Cosmogenic 10Be

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Fluvial incision, regarded as one of the fundamental geomorphic processes, drives the evolution of mountainous landscapes. The transitional landscape from low‐relief to high‐relief in the central Tibetan Plateau is rapidly evolving as it is influenced by river dynamics, climate change and tectonic uplift. Combining cosmogenic 10 Be depth profile dating and topographic analysis, this study provides new constraints on the formation and destruction of low‐relief surfaces in the central Tibetan Plateau. We find that the high‐relief landscape in the Suoqu area (a major tributary of the upper Nu River) shows a rapid fluvial incision rate of 710 ± 70 mm kyr −1 since the late Pleistocene, while the low‐relief topography in the adjacent Xiaqiuqu area presents an order of magnitude lower incision rate of 70 ± 10 mm kyr −1 . These results are consistent with the long‐term (multi‐million‐year) exhumation rates derived from low‐temperature thermochronology, suggesting that this region has experienced an evolving incision history. We interpret that the higher relief was caused by enhanced fluvial incision, and the lower relief was slowly developed by sedimentation and relatively steady low exhumation rate. The presence of a knickzone appears to mark the boundary between these differentially incising landscapes, which may be caused by rapid headward retreat and higher river discharge in the Suoqu River. The coincidence of fluvial terraces ages with climate‐driven events, in addition to paleodenudation rates, indicates that the formation of fluvial terraces in the Xiaqiuqu and Suoqu areas might be associated with the quick sedimentation of weathered materials in early warming periods.
Metabolic Stridor: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The clinical features of severe hypokalaemia include constipation, ileus, ventricular and atrial tachycardias, weakness, hypotonicity and rarely an ascending motor paralysis with ventilatory failure. We describe a patient who presented with severe diarrhoea, hypokalaemic normal anion gap metabolic acidosis and hypophosphataemia. He developed stridor and respiratory failure following early correction of his hypokalaemia which was successfully managed with endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation and further correction of his fluid and electrolyte abnormalities.
Accuracy of Gram's Stain in Identifying Pneumococci in Sputum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We prospectively examined the accuracy of Gram-stained sputum for identifying pneumococci in 42 patients with community-acquired pneumonia. We considered the Gram's stain positive if a preponderant flora or more than ten Gram-positive lancet-shaped diplococci were seen per oil immersion (×1,000) field. These criteria were met in 18 (62%) of 29 specimens that actually contained pneumococci as determined by a positive quellung reaction, or culture on plates or in mice. The Gram's stain was negative in 11 of 13 specimens that did not contain pneumococci. Of the 20 specimens yielding positive Gram's stains, 18 contained pneumococci. A positive Gramstained smear of sputum strongly suggests the presence of pneumococci, but will miss 38% of specimens containing pneumococci. Deviation from these criteria substantially reduces the overall accuracy of the test. (JAMA239:2671-2673, 1978)