jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Jeanne Mammen

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"Jeanne Mammen’s watercolour images of the gender-bending ‘new woman’ and her candid portrayals of Berlin’s thriving nightlife appeared in some of the most influential magazines of the Weimar Republic and are still considered characteristic of much of the ‘glitter’ of that era. This book charts how, once the Nazis came into power, Mammen instead created ‘degenerate’ paintings and collages, translated prohibited French literature and sculpted in clay and plaster—all while hidden away in her tiny studio apartment in the heart of Berlin’s fashionable west end. What was it like as a woman artist to produce modern art in Nazi Germany? Can artworks that were never exhibited in public still make valid claims to protest? Camilla Smith examines a wide range of Mammen’s dissenting artworks, ranging from those created in solitude during inner emigration to her collaboration with artist cabarets after the Second World War. Smith's engaging analysis compares Mammen's popular Weimar work to her artistic activities under the radar after 1933, in order to fundamentally rethink the moral complexities of inner emigration and its visual culture. While Mammen’s artistry is considered through the lens of gender politics to reveal her complex relationship with the urbanisation of her time, this book also highlights the crucial role played by a lost generation of inner émigrés women artists as agents of German modernity. The examination of Mammen’s life and work demonstrates the crucial role women artists played as both markers and agents of German modernity, but the double marginalisation they have nonetheless encountered as inner émigrés in recent history. It will be of interest to students of German studies, art history, literature, history, gender studies and cultural studies."
Advances in the Management of Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This article highlights select advances in the intensive management of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. It discusses the use of statins as the cornerstone of treatment, addresses the use of novel adjuvant therapies for reducing atherogenic lipoproteins, and highlights data from important new studies demonstrating the safety and clinical impact of much more aggressive low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction in patients with established coronary artery disease.
Can Regional Integration Accelerate Development in Africa? CGE Model Simulations of the Impact of the SADC FTAon the Republic of Madagascar

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Madagascar plans to start phasing out its customs tariffs on imports from the Southern African Development Community in 2007. This paper uses a CGE model to evaluate the impact of the SADC FTA on Madagascar economy. The results suggest that the SADC FTA would only have a limited impact on Madagascar's real GDP because the liberalization affects only a small share of its total imports. However, Madagascar's trade and production pattern would change and benefit the textile and clothing sector. Removing rigidities in the labor and capital market would increase the gains but they would remain limited. Gains from the SADC FTA become substantial only when the regional liberalization is accompanied by a multilateral liberalization.
Influence of polymorphism of adenosine triphosphate binding cassette on oral drug absorption

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Administration of drugs via oral route is the most common and convenient. Three major factors can affect drug absorption from this route: physiologic, physicochemical and formulation. Drug absorption mainly takes place in small intestine after oral administration. Within the small intestine, there are 2 major families of proteins involved in transport that have significant roles on drugs absorption: Solute-carrier and adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) superfamilies. There are 48 ABC transporters in humans as well as seven subfamilies: ABCA to ABCG. ABCB1, ABCC1/2, and ABCG2 are widely described for their impacts in the absorption of drugs. Polymorphism on ABC transporters can significantly affect the absorption of drugs from the gastro intestinal (GI) tract. Some polymorphisms can result in over expression of the transporter in the small intestine and hence reduce absorption of drugs and some result in reduction in expression and increase in absorption. These polymorphisms are an important cause of adverse drug reactions and therapeutic failures. Key words: Polymorphism, adenosine triphosphate binding cassette, oral drug absorption, expression, ABC transporters.
Letter by Mezzaroma, <i>et al</i> Regarding Article, “NLRP3 Inflammasome as a Therapeutic Target in Myocardial Infarction”

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor:We read with great interest the review article by Takahashi on the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in acute myocardial infarction (AMI).1) The author reviewed the recent literature evaluating the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in an animal model of AMI pointing out that the inflammatory response in which the NLRP3 inflammasome takes part is an essential part of the tissue response to injury. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated by several stimuli produced during tissue injury or stress and, following the interaction with the ASC and the proinflammatory enzyme caspase-1, induces production of the mature forms of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL18.1) As evidenced in this review, the investigation on the role of the single components of the inflammasome has generated contradictory data,1) however, the consensus is that the blockade of the NLRP3 inflammasome may be a valuable therapeutic target. Therefore, NLRP3 may be acting through two different mechanisms of inflammasome-mediated and inflammasome-independent myocardial damage.1)Several pre-clinical studies have provided evidence that targeted IL-1 signaling blockade (with one exception) is a strategy to reduce ischemic injury to the heart.2) Clinical evidence is now emerging, strengthening confidence concerning the valuable use of IL-1 blockade in AMI.2) Pre-clinical and clinical data show that IL-18 is a second product of the inflammasome potentially involved in myocardial injury.3) However, the evidence on beneficial effects of IL-18 blockade following AMI is nowadays limited to a single study.4) As pointed out in the review, the NLRP3 inflammasome is not only involved in the production of cytokines, but may directly participate in cardiomyocyte cell death through the activation of caspase-1.1) We agree with the author that NLRP3 is a potentially valuable target for a therapeutic intervention. We want to report that we have recently developed a novel NLRP3 inhibitor effective both in vitro and in vivo.5) The NLRP3 inhibitor reduced ischemia reperfusion injury by reducing infarct size and by preventing caspase-1 activation, thus confirming in a preclinical animal model that NLRP3 inhibition represents a therapeutic strategy to reduce the effects of NLRP3 in the ischemic myocardium. Whether the NLRP3 inhibitor blocks both the inflammasomedependent and independent effects, however, remains to be tested in future studies.
Quasi-Steady Modeling of Rotating Detonation Engine Flowfields

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A method for modeling the internal flowfield in a Rotating Detonation Engine (RDE) is developed using shock-expansion theory along with the two-dimensional, isentropic method of characteristics (MOC). An analytical model using the oblique shock relations and the Prandtl-Meyer function is used to estimate the basic shock structure. Once the structure is known, the centered expansion fan is used to initialize a shock-fitted MOC solution. By modeling the flowfield in the steady, wave-fixed reference frame, computational requirements may be reduced while still providing sufficient information to perform fast, parametric performance estimates.
OC21.07: Ultrasonographic features of Fallopian tube cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fallopian tube cancer (FTC) is an uncommon malignant tumor compared to other gynecologic malignant tumors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Transvaginal Ultrasonographic features (TUS) and to establish specific findings useful for the preoperative diagnosis of FTC. From 1996 to 2011 nine cases of cancer involving the fallopian tube were diagnosed at our Institution. In three of them the lesion was limited to the tube; one of them was an adenocarcinoma in situ. In the other six cases (2 adenocarcinoma NOS, 2 serous adenocarcinoma, 1 endometriod adenocarcinoma, and 1 carcinosarcoma) there was simultaneous involvement of the ovary in 3 cases, of the endometrium in 1 and of both in 2. In these five cases, the lesion was considered as a tubal primary because of different histological type or because the extensive invasion of the tubal wall contrasted with the minimal lesions in ovaries and/or endometrium. In 8 of this 9 cases TUS was available and the findings of these cases were evaluated according to published date and we classified the TUS features of FTC as: a) sausage-shaped mass, b) cystic mass with papillary projections, c) multilocular mass with cogwheel appearance, d) fluid-filled adnexal structure with solid component. The carcinoma in situ was normal at TUS. Two lesions presented as a sausage-shaped mass, one lesion as a cystic mass with papillary projections, one as a multilocular mass and 3 showing adnexal masses with solid components. In 5 patients normal ovaries were TUS seen, although 3 of them showed microscopic involvement of the serosal avarian surface. Utrasonographic features alone are not enough to establish a preoperative diagnosis of FTC; however TUS findings such as those seen in our cases may suggest the inclusion of FTC in the differential diagnosis.
Two-dimensional Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 Into Energy-rich Chemicals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

2-dimensional (2D) materials due to quantum confinement effects have unique electrochemical properties. The exfoliation of 2D graphene paved the way for research on 2D materials. Recently, researchers have intensively investigated single-layer metal oxides for electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) due to their flexible structure, conductivity, functionality, composition, and large surface area. Uncontrollable CO2 emissions due to the combustion of fossil fuels have an extremely detrimental effect on humans and the global climate. One of the ways of mitigating this problem is by using CO2 as a fuel whose electrochemical reduction can yield useful energy-rich fuels such as methanol, methane, ethanol, formic acid, carbon monoxide, and ethylene. In this chapter, we explain the synthesis and characterization of 2D-metal oxides, the state of the art in CO2 electrochemical reduction using these materials as catalysts. The gaps in research and bottlenecks encountered that prevent large-scale industrial applications of the use of 2D-metal oxides for ECR are discussed.
A Board Coaching Framework for Effective Nonprofit Governance: Staff Support, Board Knowledge, and Board Effectiveness

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Nonprofit boards of directors are responsible for the governance of their organizations. Despite a wide literature on board governance, empirical studies have focused primarily on board characteristics such as board size, frequency of board meetings, or board member characteristics. Building on prior literature, we use qualitative interview and survey data from nonprofit board members and executive directors, respectively, to develop a board coaching framework to better understand how board dynamics, in particular staff support for board activities, can influence overall board performance. Our findings suggest the need to recognize the central role executives and staff play in nonprofit governance.
Effects of Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and Roach (Rutilus rutilus) extracts on the growth indexes and survival rate of Beluga (Huso huso Linnaeus 1758) fingerlings

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to investigate the effect of extracts of Goldfish and Roachextracts on the food acceptability of giant sturgeon fingerlings (Huso huso),an experiment for about a month was carried out in the Aquaculture ResearchCenter of the School of Fisheries at the University of Agricultural Sciencesand Natural Resources of Gorgan. To do this research, Goldfish and Roachextracts mixed together with three concentrations (diluted, medium andconcentrated) and three replicates of each were added to the diet of fingerlinggiant sturgeon. Experiment was conducted within 250 liter polyethylene tankswhich were half filled. 20 specimens of fingerling Beluga with an averageweight of (5 ±0.2 g) were placed into storage tanks and were fed four timesdaily as much as full satiety. At the end of the cultivation period GrowthFactors and survival were analyzed. Results showed that adding extracts ofGoldfish and Roach in the diet of fingerling Beluga the growth parameters suchas: Weight Gain (WG), percentage of Weight Gain (PWG), Specific Growth Rate(SGR), Condition Factor (CF), Daily Growth Rate, Daily Growth Index (GI) andFood Conversion Ratio (FCR) has been improved. Although, all treatmentscompared with control were significantly different, but the best indicators ofgrowth at least in the treatment of Roach was observed. Also a significantdifference in Survival Rates between treatments were observed (P<0.05). Thehighest Survival Rate in treated extracts of Goldfish was observed inaverage concentration and minimum was observed in control treatment(P<0.05).
Newlook ASC, new WOSC address, machine translation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Purpose To discuss the announcement of plans for invigoration of the American Society for Cybernetics, with reference to that society's web site for details. Design/methodology/approach The aim is to review developments on the internet, especially those of general cybernetic interest. New arrangements for the WOSC web site and associated internet items are explained. Illustrations are given of limitations of simple machine translation. Findings The ASC is alive and well. The WOSC web site is accessible despite the discontinuation of the British Library facility. Simple machine translation can produce bizarre results. Practical implications Developments in the ASC will be worth watching, new WOSC details should be noted, and results of simple machine translation need to be used with care. Originality/value It is hoped this is a valuable periodic review.
Emotion recognition from Moroccan dialect speech and energy band distribution

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this study is to propose an approach to the automatic recognition of emotions from the signal speech [18], [13]: it relies on the extraction of spectral and prosodies characteristics, more particularly on the energy and the distribution of this energy in six bands. These characteristics are obtained from syllabic units (CV) where C denotes a consonant and V a vowel. To this end, we constructed a Moroccan emotional database (MEDB) from broadcasts on the YouTube channel representing different real emotional states. The features set is obtained from Matlab codes and Praat [23] software. The emotions used in this study are anger, joy, neutral state and sadness. The emotion recognition systems are developed using neural networks, Support Vector Machine and decision trees algorithms. The aim of this work is firstly to explore syllabic units to identify the emotions embedded in the speech signal and secondly to demonstrate the relevance of the energy distribution in determining emotional states.
Effect of Cassoy-urea Pellet as a Protein Source in Concentrate on Ruminal Fementation and Digestibility in Cattle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Four male crossbred native beef cattle (average body weight of 427.7 kg) were randomly allocated to four types of cassoy-urea pellet as a source of protein in concentrate according to a 4×4 Latin square design to determine effect of diets on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility.The four types of cassoy-urea pellets contained cassava hay, soybean meal, urea and binding agent at 79.2:19.8:0:1(27.9% CP dry matter), 78.4:19.6:1:1(30.4% CP), 77.6:19.4:2:1(33.0%CP) and 99:0:0:1 (23.8% CP) for dietary treatments; 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.All four concentrate mixtures contained similar crude protein levels (11% CP) and were fed to animals in two equal parts (0.5% of body weight per day) while urea-treated rice straw (5% urea) was given ad libitum.The experiment revealed that dietary concentrate treatments had no effect on dry matter intake while digestibilities of neutral-detergent fiber and crude protein were higher (p<0.05) in cattle fed dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 than in cattle fed dietary treatment 4. Ruminal ammonia-nitrogen (NH 3 -N), was higher and acetic acid concentration (C2) and ratio of C2 to propionic acid (C3) were lower (p<0.05) in cattle fed dietary treatments 1, 2 and 3 than in those on treatment 4. It is concluded that use of cassoy-urea pellet as a protein source in concentrates for cattle resulted in improvement of digestibility, ruminal fermentation and rumen ecology.Further research using cassoy-urea pellet in feeding trials with milking cows and fattening beef should be undertaken.
Robust egomotion estimation from the normal flow using search subspaces

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We address the problem of egomotion estimation for a monocular observer moving under arbitrary translation and rotation, in an unknown environment. The method we propose is uniquely based on the spatio-temporal image derivatives, or the normal flow. We introduce a search paradigm which is based on geometric properties of the normal flow field, and consists in considering a family of search subspaces to estimate the egomotion parameters. Various algorithms are proposed within this framework. In order to decrease the noise sensitivity of the estimation methods, we use statistical tools, based on robust regression theory. Finally, we present and discuss a wide variety of experiments with synthetic and real images, for various kinds of camera motion.
Successful transfusion of platelets “mismatched” for HLA antigens to alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A critical factor limiting the availability of histocompatible platelet transfusions for alloimmunized, thrombocytopenic patients is the large pool of HL‐typed donors needed to procure platelets perfectly matched for HLA antigens. We have, therefore, investigated the effectiveness of platelets obtained from donors having lesser degrees of histocompatibility. In 421 transfusions administered to 59 alloimmunized patients who were refractory to “random donor” platelets, it was found that platelets mismatched for 1 or 2 “cross‐reactive” HLA antigens were in most instances as effective in increasing circulating platelet levels as perfectly matched platelets. A significant number of patients also responded to platelets from donors selectively mismatched for non‐cross‐reactive HLA antigens. The latter group had a significantly reduced frequency of the antigen HLA‐A2 (13%) in comparison to the total patient population (49%). Use of donors whose HLA antigens are serologically cross‐reactive with those of alloimmunized patients provides approximately 10 times as many prospective donors as does selection based on matching for HLA and simplifies the procurement of hemostatically effective platelets for such patients.
Antibiotic Targets in Gonococcal Cell Wall Metabolism

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The peptidoglycan cell wall that encloses the bacterial cell and provides structural support and protection is remodeled by multiple enzymes that synthesize and cleave the polymer during growth. This essential and dynamic structure has been targeted by multiple antibiotics to treat gonococcal infections. Up until now, antibiotics have been used against the biosynthetic machinery and the therapeutic potential of inhibiting enzymatic activities involved in peptidoglycan breakdown has not been explored. Given the major antibiotic resistance problems we currently face, it is crucial to identify other possible targets that are key to maintaining cell integrity and contribute to disease development. This article reviews peptidoglycan as an antibiotic target, how N. gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to currently available antibiotics, and the potential of continuing to target this essential structure to combat gonococcal infections by attacking alternative enzymatic activities involved in cell wall modification and metabolism.
Adaptive Partial Differential Equation Learning for Visual Saliency Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) have been suc-cessful in solving many low-level vision tasks. However, it is a challenging task to directly utilize PDEs for visual saliency detection due to the difficulty in incorporating hu-man perception and high-level priors to a PDE system. In-stead of designing PDEs with fixed formulation and bound-ary condition, this paper proposes a novel framework for adaptively learning a PDE system from an image for visual saliency detection. We assume that the saliency of image el-ements can be carried out from the relevances to the salien-cy seeds (i.e., the most representative salient elements). In this view, a general Linear Elliptic System with Dirichlet boundary (LESD) is introduced to model the diffusion from seeds to other relevant points. For a given image, we first learn a guidance map to fuse human prior knowledge to the diffusion system. Then by optimizing a discrete submodular function constrained with this LESD and a uniform matroid, the saliency seeds (i.e., boundary conditions) can be learn-t for this image, thus achieving an optimal PDE system to model the evolution of visual saliency. Experimental results on various challenging image sets show the superiority of our proposed learning-based PDEs for visual saliency de-tection. 1.
Assessing room acoustic listening expertise

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Musicians and music professionals are often considered to be expert listeners for listening tests on room acoustics. However, these tests often target acoustic parameters other than those typically relevant in music such as pitch, rhythm, amplitude, or timbre. To assess the expertise in perceiving and understanding room acoustical phenomena, a listening test battery was constructed to measure the perceptual sensitivity and cognitive abilities in the identification of rooms with different reverberation times and different spectral envelopes. Performance in these tests was related to data from the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index, self-reported previous experience in music recording and acoustics, and academic knowledge on acoustics. The data from 102 participants show that sensory and cognitive abilities are both correlated significantly with musical training, analytic listening skills, recording experience, and academic knowledge on acoustics, whereas general interest in and engagement with music do not show any significant correlations. The regression models, using only significantly correlated criteria of musicality and professional expertise, explain only small to moderate amounts (11%–28%) of the variance in the “room acoustic listening expertise” across the different tasks of the battery. Thus, the results suggest that the traditional criteria for selecting expert listeners in room acoustics are only weak predictors of their actual performances.