jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SMART CITY: INFORMATION AND SHARING

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With the rapid development of economy and digitech, the form and structure of the urban keep changing and developing. Problems, like resource wastage, pollution, public security, follow with the fast continuous development. As the age of data comes, data also plays an irreplaceable role in urban development. In fact, data has led the road of urban development. And also the concept of sharing economy gives a new path of developing. This paper focuses on problems of urban development, how the data impact on it and how to make the best use of sharing economy. Key Words: smart city: information, sharing Policy
Bioactive Constituents from the Rhizomes of Sansevieria cylindrica

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Analysis of the MeOH extract of rhizomes of Sansevieria cylindrica using repeated silica gel and reversed-phase chromatographic separations led to the isolation of ten known phenolic compounds (1-10) belonging to five different classes.Their structures, including the absolute configuration, were identified by NMR and CD spectra analysis.The antiradical activity of isolated compounds was screened using the DPPH scavenging method.The cytotoxic effects were assayed against a Hela cell line.Compounds 2-10 have been isolated from a Sansevieria species for the first time and compounds 5, 7-10 have been isolated from species of the Asparagaceae family for the first time.The structure of a homoisoflavanone isolated from S. roxburghiana has been revised.
Canada’S Oriental Problem

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Essay| December 01 1921 Canada’S Oriental Problem John Nelson John Nelson Former Managing Editor and part owner of the Vancouver World Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Current History (1921) 15 (3): 464–466. https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1921.15.3.464 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation John Nelson; Canada’S Oriental Problem. Current History 1 December 1921; 15 (3): 464–466. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1921.15.3.464 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCurrent History Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1921 by The Regents of the University of California1921 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Synthesis and characterization of polymers based on citric acid and glycerol: Its application in non-biodegradable polymers

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The notable increase in global consumption of plastics and their long residence time in the atmosphere show the great need for biodegradable products. In this project, we developed biodegradable polymers based on citric acid and glycerol. Their synthesis was carried out at different conditions of constant temperature and concentration and they were synthesized using an economically viable method. Characterization was undertaken using: Acid number, FTIR spectroscopy, refractive index, viscosity, impact analysis, tensile test, hardness, calorimetry, the % humidity (oven method with recirculating air), and density determination, along with qualitative evidence to corroborate their biodegradability. These elaborated polymers were mixed with medical grade PVC formulation, obtaining a hybrid polymer, showing their mechanical properties were changed.
Income distribution and cause-specific mortality

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim was to identify the age-, sex- and cause-specific premature mortality rates contributing to the association between life expectancy and income distribution in developed countries. Income distribution was calculated for the 13 OECD countries and years for which the Luxembourg Income Study held data. The potential years of life lost (1–65 years) by sex and cause, as well as the age- and sex-specific all-cause mortality rates and standardized mortality ratios for children 1–19 years were calculated from data supplied by the WHO. On finding evidence suggesting that reported income distribution is strongly affected by low response rates in some income surveys, we used 2 measures of income distribution: that among households where the 'head of household' was aged less than 65 years (weighted by response rates) and that among households with children (among whom response rates are thought to be higher). Partial correlations and regressions controlling for the year were used to analyse the relationship between mortality and income distribution. Both measures of income distribution showed broadly similar results. A more egalitarian distribution of income was related to lower all-cause mortality rates In both sexes in most age groups. All 6 major categories of cause of death contributed to this relationship. The causes of premature mortality contributing most were road accidents, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, infections, Ischaemic heart disease among women and other Injuries among men. Income distribution was associated not only with larger absolute changes in mortality from these causes, but also with larger proportionate changes. Suicides and stomach cancer tended to be more common In more egalitarian countries.
Orthodoxie

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In den Gebeten der orthodoxen Liturgie findet sich die Formulierung „war, ist und wird sein“. Sie fasst die Überzeugung dieser bedeutenden Richtung des Christentums zusammen, dass sie allein die alten Strukturen der Urkirche und den Glauben der Apostel bewahrt hat. „Orthodox“ bedeutet „richtige Lehre“. Theologie, Entscheidungsprozesse und vor allem die Liturgie haben sich im Laufe der letzten zwei Jahrtausende nicht verändert; das jedenfalls behaupten die drei wichtigsten orthodoxen Kirchen — die griechische, die russische und die verschiedenen Richtungen auf dem Balkan.
Comparison of different commercial DNA extraction kits to detect Toxoplasma gondii oocysts in cat faeces.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The cat is the definitive host of Toxoplasma gondii and plays an important role in the transmission of this and other coccidian parasites, e.g. Hammondia hammondi, a protozoon closely related and morphologically similar to T. gondii. A number of techniques to detect T. gondii nucleic acids in feline faeces are described and several extraction kits for isolating pathogen DNA from faeces or soil are commercially available. To compare the performance of such kits with regard to isolating oocyst DNA, a feline sample that had tested negative for coccidian parasites including T. gondii and H. hammondi was spiked with 10(4), 10(3), 10(2), 50 and 10 H. hammondi oocysts. Several ready-to-use stool or soil kits and an in-house method were then used to extract parasite DNA from these spiked faecal samples. Of six kits tested, two were found suitable for the detection of H. hammondi oocysts DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in faecal samples with a detection limit of 250 oocysts per 1 g of faecal sample. These two kits revealed a similar, even slightly lower detection limit (50 oocysts per 1 g of sample) when tested with faecal samples spiked with T gondii oocysts.
Cysticercosis in a Female Nicaraguan Traveler

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The case that Dr Croft and colleagues 1 describe was seen by us at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases in London in November and December 2003.The patient was complaining of worms moving in the back of her mouth.Neither of us could find any clinical evidence of cysticercosis.At her second visit, she had an electroimmunotransfer blot (EITB) performed for cysticercosis, not an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), as Dr Croft indicates in his case report.This test was negative.The woman in question then returned to Nicaragua where she saw some other physician, who performed another serological test, which was apparently positive.We do not have details of which test this was, either an ELISA or a repeat EITB.On the basis of this test, the woman was treated for cysticercosis.Over a year later, in January 2005, the woman made a complaint to this hospital about our treatment, alleging that we had failed to make the correct diagnosis.We rebutted these accusations in a letter dated January 11, 2005.She then contacted Dr Croft as an ''Expert Witness'' and Dr Croft wrote and submitted a report dated September 2, 2005, in which he was highly critical of our conduct.The patient offered to accept the sum of £10,000 as an outof-court settlement.This offer was refused.In our response to Dr Croft's report, we concluded that his report was ''judgmental, unprofessional, contradictory, inaccurate, and wrong.''We stand by that statement today.Since no action was taken for a 2-year period, the case is now closed.The implication of this is that the patient's legal team accepted our rebuttal and criticism of Dr Croft.
Hodographs and Skew Ts of Hail-Producing Storms

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Environments associated with severe hailstorms, compared to those of tornadoes, are often less apparent to forecasters. Understanding has evolved considerably in recent years; namely, that weak low-level shear and sufficient convective available potential energy (CAPE) above the freezing level is most favorable for large hail. However, this understanding comes only from examining the mean characteristics of large hail environments. How much variety exists within the kinematic and thermodynamic environments of large hail? Is there a balance between shear and CAPE analogous to that noted with tornadoes? We address these questions to move toward a more complete conceptual model. In this study, we investigate the environments of 92 323 hail reports (both severe and nonsevere) using ERA5 modeled proximity soundings. By employing a self-organizing map algorithm and subsetting these environments by a multitude of characteristics, we find that the conditions leading to large hail are highly variable, but three primary patterns emerge. First, hail growth depends on a favorable balance of CAPE, wind shear, and relative humidity, such that accounting for entrainment is important in parameter-based hail prediction. Second, hail growth is thwarted by strong low-level storm-relative winds, unless CAPE below the hail growth zone is weak. Finally, the maximum hail size possible in a given environment may be predictable by the depth of buoyancy, rather than CAPE itself.
Effects of exposure to multiple metallic elements in the first trimester of pregnancy on the risk of preterm birth

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Exposure to certain heavy metals has been demonstrated to be associated with a higher risk of preterm birth (PTB). However, studies focused on the effects of other metal mixtures were limited. A nested case‒control study enrolling 94 PTB cases and 282 controls was conducted. Metallic elements were detected in maternal plasma collected in the first trimester using inductively coupled plasma‒mass spectrometry. The effect of maternal exposure on the risk of PTB was investigated using logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, restricted cubic spline (RCS), quantile g computation (QGC) and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR). Vanadium (V) and arsenic (As) were positively associated with PTB risk in the logistic model, and V remains positively associated in the multi‐exposure logistic model. QGC analysis determined V (69.42%) and nickel (Ni) (70.30%) as the maximum positive and negative contributors to the PTB risk, respectively. BKMR models further demonstrated a positive relationship between the exposure levels of the mixtures and PTB risk, and V was identified as the most important independent variable among the elements. RCS analysis showed an inverted U‐shape effect of V and gestational age, and plasma V more than 2.18 μg/L was considered a risk factor for shortened gestation length. Exposure to metallic elements mixtures consisting of V, As, cobalt, Ni, chromium and manganese in the first trimester was associated with an increased risk of PTB, and V was considered the most important factor in the mixtures in promoting the incidence of PTB.
Isolation of Pasteurella multocida subspec. Multocida from chronic periapical lesion: First isolation in ex-Yugoslavia)

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

This study presents five isolates of Pasteurella multocida subsp. multo-cida isolated from chronic periapical inflammatory lesion. We described the methods of sampling and cultivation as well as diagnostic criteria. Pasteurella multocida was diagnosed on the basis of characteristic cultural and tinctorial properties and the facts that all strains produced indole and induced ornithine decarboxilation, glucose, saccharose and manitole fermentation. Isolates produced neither urease, nor fermented lactose and maltose. Further classification to subspecies multocida was based on the fact that all investigated isolates fermented trechalose, xylose and sorbitol the traits which are diagnostically significant for the species. Patients deny any contact with farm animals or pets, which indicates a possible aerosol transport and animal-human as well as human-human infection. We consider that this organism should be paid more attention by dentist, oral surgeons and microbiologists.
Causal Inference and Counterfactuals

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Explains that impact evaluations establish causality between a program and an outcome by ruling out the possibility that any factors other than the program of interest explain the observed impact. As the crux of an impact evaluation, the concept of the counterfactual enables assessment of what would have happened if a person or unit of observation had not participated in the program. Estimating the counterfactual for program participants requires moving from the individual or unit level to the group level and identifying a statistically identical treatment group and comparison group. The treatment and comparison groups must demonstrate identical average characteristics in the absence of the program; the treatment should not affect the comparison group directly or indirectly; and the outcomes of units in the control group should change the same way as outcomes in the treatment group. Two common methods of constructing comparison groups, before-and-after comparisons and enrolled-and-non-enrolled comparisons, can lead to inappropriate or counterfeit estimates of the counterfactual.
Pipeline Gas Demonstration Plant: Phase I. Annual technical progress report, June 1979-May 1980

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

During the past year, work activity and progress was adversely affected by the following major factors: Delay in obtaining timely Government review of the Process Design Baseline Packages; additional support during DOE Contract Performance Evaluation; and revisions required to data and documentation for Contract Modification A020. The dominant work activity has been the continued effort to complete Task II. Finalizing of the PDBP's has permitted the opening of most process areas for Task VI, Definitive Design effort. The final Task II product will be the DPPD. In order to complete Phase I per the current schedule, it is imperative that Task VI proceed in a prompt and effective manner. Progress and schedule will be delayed by any new DOE informational requests or delays in obtaning required approvals. Based upon the achievements of the past year and predicted on no new problems occurring, the program should progress in an orderly and effective manner in the next year. A list of Task Reports submitted during the past year is provided.
Combination Chemotherapy of Cancer with 8-Azaguanine and a Riboflavin Analog.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Flavotin, a riboflavin analog, had no effect on the growth of a transplantable mammary carcinoma. However, the combination of flavotin and 8-azaguanine was carcino-static, but only in female mice. The sex difference in response is not understood. Reversal experiments utilizing riboflavin-5-phos-phate reveal the mechanism of increased car-cinostatic activity afforded by the drug combination to be due to interference with riboflavin metabolism.
Direction of arrival estimation using nonlinear function of sum and difference beam

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a high resolution direction of arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm is proposed that based on the usage of nonlinear function of sum and difference beam. The generalized expression of this technique for different scenarios was derived in details. Unlike the conventional high resolution algorithm such as the MVDR, the MUSIC, and the ESPRIT, the proposed algorithm keeps the high resolution ability under low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions. In addition, the proposed algorithm is suitable for real-time applications in that it has low computation complexity. Simulation results verified the validity of the proposed algorithm.
Comments on: Penetration of a Cervical Radicular Artery during a Transforaminal Epidural Injection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dear Editor,

As a physician who performs cervical transforaminal injections on a daily basis, I read with great interest the recent case study by Drs. Verrills, Nowesenitz, and Barnard concerning the “inadvertent” cannulation of a cervical radicular artery during the conduct of a C5-6 transforaminal injection [1]. The images of the radicular-medullary artery and its anastamoses with the anterior spinal artery are exceptional, although the small size of the pictures makes interpretation challenging.

As noted by the authors, over the past decade, several dozen catastrophic complications have been reported following cervical, and lumbar, transforaminal injections. Questions have been appropriately raised as …
In-Text Citations and Referencing Styles Adopted in Academic Writings: A Review of the Literature

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper presents a review of the literature on the in-text citations and referencing styles adopted in academic writings. Citing or referencing sources in technical writings is an important aspect of academic writing. It is the means by which authors acknowledge ideas, thoughts, writings and words of others used in his/her work, thus, avoiding plagiarism. Referencing demonstrates that the writer has read relevant background literature and can provide authority for the statements made. Proper citation allows others to locate the materials used. However, a cursory check on many such academic writings revealed that writers, authors and researchers seldom adhere to the rules guiding the styles adopted as expected. Thus, a review of the literature with a view to providing an update of the common styles adopted and possible variations and inadequacies inherent in their usage is thoroughly examined. Here, the different referencing styles peculiar to different disciplines and used in different fields and for specific purposes are accounted for. These include Harvard, American Psychological Association, Modern Language Association and Turabian (Chicago). Turabian has two versions (Chicago/Turabian Notes), popular in the History and Humanity disciplines, and Chicago/Turabian Author-Date often used for the Physical, Natural and Social Sciences, Vancouver, Council of Science Editors, and American Sociological Association. Critical issues revealed by this review are that wide-scale variations exist in the styles adopted in academic writing, and the inability of many writers to pay attention to details and follow instructions and rules guiding citing and referencing accurately and consistently. It is, therefore, recommended that librarians in collaboration with Faculty and School Management should prepare citation style guides to be used by students for the various departments, colleges or faculties. Students should be given acceptable format used in their respective departments, colleges or faculties. Sensitization of the students through seminars or workshops on the essence and strategic importance on how to cite reference correctly during the first and final year should be given adequate consideration.
Exploring Local Reactivity of Large Systems through Combining Conceptual DFT and the GFN2-xTB Method

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This study evaluates the ability of the GFN2-xTB method and Conceptual Density Functional Theory-derived tools to predict local reactivity in large systems. Carbon-based systems such as C60, C70, Li+@C70, C240, C360, C648, and C720 have been used as test sets, and the orbital-weighted dual descriptor was employed to identify nucleophilic and electrophilic regions, providing a comprehensive analysis of their reactivity patterns. The results confirm that the GFN2-xTB method accurately reproduces reactivity profiles observed experimentally and at the DFT level, particularly in well-known fullerenes like C60 and C70. The addition of an endohedral Li+ cation to C70 demonstrated enhanced electrophilicity and reduced unfavorable nucleophilic regions, consistent with previous studies. For larger and less-studied systems, such as C240, C360, C648, and C720, the analysis revealed distinct reactivity features, including the localization of nucleophilic regions in -C≡C- units of C240/C648, the nucleophilic regions at the ends of the C360 nanoparticle model, and the emergence of electrophilic zones due to the reduction in aromaticity of the benzenoid rings in C720. These findings validate the GFN2-xTB method as a computationally efficient alternative for exploring the reactivity of large structures and contribute valuable insights into their potential applications in molecular design for material science and nanotechnology.
A study on 2D magnetotelluric sharp boundary inversion

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Sharp boundary inversion is a relatively difficult problem in magnetotelluric (MT) and other geophysical inversion, which has been studied by many researchers. We analyze the focusing inversion which is based on the minimum gradient support functional provided by Zhdanov, M. S.(2004), and introduce a diagonal gradient support into the objective function to improve the presentation of oblique geo-electrical interface. Certain models are designed to test this method in the paper. Compared with the results inversed by the focusing inversion without diagonal gradient support, the shape of oblique geo-electrical interface really displays better, this new algorithm is also proved to be stable and practical. Meanwhile, in order to improve the computing efficiency, reciprocity theorem is used to calculate sensitivity matrix, and regularized conjugate gradient method is introduced to solve the objective functional minimum.
Studies on phosphate metabolism in obligate methanotrophs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Studies on three representative species of methane-utilizing bacteria revealed high intracellular levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (5 mM) in contrast to low levels of ATP (0.5 mM) as well as the differences in the sets of enzymes utilizing pyro- and polyphosphates as phosphate and metabolic energy donors.
Gender Terms, Social Status and Moral Character in Latin Prose - Francesca Santoro Ľhoir: The Rhetoric of Gender Terms: ‘Man’, ‘Woman’, and the Portrayal of Character in Latin Prose. (Mnemosyne Supplement 120.) Pp. x+216. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992. Cased, $63.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Gender Terms, Social Status and Moral Character in Latin Prose - Francesca Santoro Ľhoir: The Rhetoric of Gender Terms: ‘Man’, ‘Woman’, and the Portrayal of Character in Latin Prose. (Mnemosyne Supplement 120.) Pp. x+216. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992. Cased, $63. - Volume 44 Issue 1