jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
HREM:  a Useful Tool to Formulate New Members of the Wide Bi3+/M2+ Oxide Phosphate Series

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A number of double Bi3+/M2+ oxide phosphates have been isolated and structurally described using variable arrangements of isolated [Bi-M-O]n+ polycations surrounded by PO4 groups. The relationship between them leads to suspecting a great number of new arrangements within new compounds. In this work, the use of electron diffraction associated with high resolution imaging has considerably facilitated the prospecting. On the basis of the strong contrast observed by HREM between polycations of variable width and the inter-space, a high-resolution image code and formulation rules have been established. This has allowed the formulation of original compounds, first detected in multiphased samples, yielding the synthesis of single-phased materials essential for the structural and physical characterization. This paper illustrates the complementarity between X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy studies to be especially well suited in this family of materials.
Testing Mixed-Strategy Equilibria When Players Are Heterogeneous: The Case of Penalty Kicks in Soccer

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Testing Mixed-Strategy Equilibria When Players Are Heterogeneous: The Case of Penalty Kicks in Soccer by P.-A. Chiappori, S. Levitt and T. Groseclose. Published in volume 92, issue 4, pages 1138-1151 of American Economic Review, September 2002
Radio observation of SMART-1 in its last perilune orbit

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The opportunity to measure SMART-1 telemetry beacon before 3rd of September 2006 was a really rare occasion. I wanted to take it, before SMART-1 impacts the surface of the moon. The ESO spacecraft SMART-1 in its last perilune orbit is in addition an ideal transmitter (telemetry beacon) to check the functionality and sensitivity of our small radio telescope which, considered by itself, is dedicated to solar radio astronomy. All measurements were successfully completed with audible sound and an acceptable SNR of up to 30dB.
Plasma progesterone and some uterine and embryonic characteristics in early gestation of Colombian mares.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Twenty-four Colombian mares from 4 to 14 years of age were inseminated artificially. Progesterone (P4) plasma levels were quantified by the technique of solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA); corpus luteum (CL), the uterus and uterine edema were evaluated by ultrasonography from ovulation until day 40 post-ovulation. Pregnancy was diagnosed upon detecting a conceptus; it was evaluated daily from that moment until day 40. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics with mean values and standard deviation (SD). Pregnancy diagnosis was made on day 10.4 ± 0.8 (mean ± SD). The conceptus growth rate was 1.65 ± 0.1 mm / day; attachment to the uterus occurred on day 16.8 ± 1.5. The embryo was visualized within the gallbladder on day 20.8 ± 1.7; its growth rate was 0.8 ± 0.3 mm/day. Heartbeat was detected from day 23.9 ± 1.3. 100 % of the embryos had normal development until day 40 of gestation. 62.5 % of the CL was located in the right ovary and 33.3 % in the left; one animal had double ovulation. 66.6 % of the conceptus was located in the right utero corneal junction and 33.3 % in the left;79.1 % ipsilateral to the CL. Pregnancy in the mare shows physiological characteristics similar to those described in literature. The data presented here are important for clinical evaluations and provide a starting point for future studies.
Development of a standardized Large River Bioassessment Protocol (LR-BP) for macroinvertebrate assemblages. River Research and Applications

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Efforts to develop benthic macroinvertebrate sampling protocols for the bioassessment of lotic ecosystems have been focused largely on wadeable systems. As these methods became increasingly refined and accepted, a growing number of monitoring agencies expanded their work and are now developing sampling protocols for non-wadeable large rivers. Large rivers can differ from wadeable streams in many ways that preclude the use of some wadeable stream sampling protocols. Hence, resource managers need clear and consistent large river bioassessment protocols for measuring ecological integrity that are cost effective, logistically feasible, and meet or are adaptable to the multi-purpose sampling needs of researchers and managers. We conducted a study using an experimental macroinvertebrate sampling method that was designed to overcome limitations of several methods currently in use. Our objectives were to: (1) determine the appropriate number of sampling points needed; (2) determine an appropriate laboratory subsample size to use and (3) examine how varying reach length affects assemblage characteristics. For six reaches in each of two large rivers, we sampled the macroinvertebrates of both banks at 12 transects separated by increasingly larger distances using a multi-habitat, semi-quantitative technique. Interpretation of results relied on the values attained for nine benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage metrics. Results from Monte Carlo methods indicated that, using the sampling methods described herein, a representative sample of the assemblage was collected by sampling both banks on 6 transects. Across all sites, we did not observe a consistent relationship between transect spacing (i.e. total reach length) and metric values, indicating
Spatial Effects of Traffic Infrastructure on Income Disparity

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Luo, S. and Fu, Q., 2020. Spatial effects of traffic infrastructure on income disparity. In: Guido Aldana, P.A. and Kantamaneni, K. (eds.), Advances in Water Resources, Coastal Management, and Marine Science Technology. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 104, pp. 705–710. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.This thesis comprehensively takes the impact of multi-dimensional factors on income disparity into consideration. Based on the empirical test model selection, this thesis establishes a spatial econometric model of traffic infrastructure on income disparity. Based on the provincial panel data of China from 1997 to 2017, the thesis draws the following main conclusions through the empirical test: (1) the income disparity brings about positive spatial spillover effect. The difference in value is higher in the West and lower in the East. With the passage of time, the difference expands year by year and the central part is affected; (2) traffic infrastructure has obvious negative spatial direct and indirect effects, which can effectively curb the expansion of income disparity; (3) among the multi-dimensional factors underlying the local income disparity, opening-up, economic development and fixed asset investment have significant negative spatial direct and indirect effects, as they will slow down the expansion of income disparity. It is suggested that the local government should build more traffic infrastructure, improve economic development, promote greater regional economic cooperation, and narrow the income disparity.
Church and Worship Music in the United States

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This fully updated second edition is a selective annotated bibliography of all relevant published resources relating to church and worship music in the United States. Over the past decade, there has been a growth of literature covering everything from traditional subject matter such as the organ works of J.S. Bach to newer areas of inquiry including folk hymnology, women and African-American composers, music as a spiritual healer, to the music of Mormon, Shaker, Moravian, and other smaller sects. With multiple indices, this book will serve as an excellent tool for librarians, researchers, and scholars sorting through the massive amount of material in the field.
Organized Leadership for Equitable Change: Union-active Teachers Dedicated to Social Justice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Historically, teachers’ unions have been some of the major organizational sites of social justice leadership in K-12 education (Kuehn, 2007; M. Murphy, 1990; Urban, 1982), but until the mid 1990s, the term “social justice unionism” (Peterson & Charney, 1999) had little currency in teacher union circles. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine the concept of social justice unionism in context. In particular, I asked how teacher union activists contributed and responded to the institutionalization of social justice in their organization. I used a critical constructionist (Ball, 1987; Berger & Luckmann, 1966; D. E. Smith, 1987) perspective to analyze 25 career history (Goodson, 1994) interviews with teachers, staff and elected officials affiliated with the British Columbia Teachers’ Federation between 1967 and 2007, and found that successive generations of union-involved activists dedicated to labour solidarity, feminism, multiculturalism, anti-colonialism and anti-homophobia used networks of like-minded colleagues to counter bureaucratic norms within their organization, the education system and society. A qualitative depiction of these changes suggests that they were layered, multi-dimensional and uneven. They played out on a contested, uphill gradient shaped, but not determined, by four factors: the organizational prioritization of teacher welfare over social justice; historically persistent micro-political struggles between two federation caucuses; the centralizing tendencies of union leadership in response to the provincial government’s centralization of educational authority; and broader ruling relations in Canadian society. Still, despite this uphill gradient, all activist networks left a durable trace on federation history. The major significance of this finding for critical theorists and social justice activists is a modestly hopeful alternative to the traditional conceptions of change embedded in organizational theory: revolution, evolution or despair.
Reappearance and Distribution Tendency of Finless Porpoises Neophocaena asiaeorientalis after their Mass Mortality in the Saemangeum Dyke

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

상괭이(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis)는 쇠돌고래과(Family Phocoenidae)에 속하는 소형 돌고래로 다른 돌고래류와 달리 등지느러미가 없고 둥근 머리를 가지고 있다(Jefferson et al., 2008). 분포지역은 페르시아와 일본까지 아시아에만 분포하며 최근 연구를 통해, 중국 중남부를 기준으로 아시아 서부 지역 상괭이와 동부 지역 상괭이가 종 수준으로 다르다는 것이 밝혀 졌다(Wang et al., 2008). 상괭이는 멸종위기동식물 국제거래 에 관한 협약(CITES)의 부속서 1에 등재되어 상업적인 거래가 금지된 보호 종이다(CITES, 2014). Park et al. (2007)은 한반 도 서해 연안에 약 36,000마리의 상괭이가 서식하고 있는 것으 로 추정하여 서해 연안이 상괭이의 최대서식지임이 밝혀졌다. 새만금 방조제는 이 서해안에 건설된 세계 최장 방조제(33.9 km)로 전라북도 군산에서 신시도를 거쳐 부안을 연결하였으며 두 개의 하천에 유입되는 담수를 배출하고 해수를 순환시키기 위한 두 개의 갑문을 가지고 있다. 새만금 방조제는2006년에 최종 물막이 공사가 끝났다. 물막이 공사가 끝나고 4년이 지난 2011년 2월, 새만금 방조제 호 안에서 대량 폐사한 상괭이가 발 견되면서 새만금 방조제 호 안에 상괭이가 서식한다는 사실이 처음으로 밝혀졌다 (Hankookilbo, 2011). Park et al. (2012)은 이상 저온으로 새만금호의 수면이 얼어서 호 안의 상괭이 249 새만금호의 상괭이 대량 폐사 후 상괭이(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis) 재출현과 분포 경향 박겸준*·이승용·안용락·김현우·안두해·김두남·김영혜
Restoration of a ponderosa pine forest increases soil CO2efflux more than either water or nitrogen additions

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Summary Ecological restoration often involves returning ecosystem structure to some predisturbance reference state, but ecosystem function must also recover if restoration efforts are to be self‐sustaining over the long term. In the south‐western United States, ponderosa pine forest structure was altered by disruption of the fire regime following Euro‐American settlement. Forest structure is now being restored to presettlement conditions through the application of thinning and burning treatments. However, the effects of these treatments on below‐ground ecosystem processes remain unclear. We conducted a water and nitrogen (N) addition experiment in adjacent restored and unrestored ponderosa pine stands and compared soil CO 2 efflux in response to these treatments over a 13‐month period. Our goals were to (i) quantify water and N limitation to below‐ground carbon (C) cycling in contemporary high‐density ponderosa pine forests; and (ii) determine if restoration alleviates water and N limitations. Restoration thinning and burning increased soil CO 2 efflux, along with surface soil water content, temperature and herbaceous fine root biomass, while total fine root biomass decreased as a result of restoration. Water and N additions increased C flux from soils to a similar degree in both restored and unrestored ponderosa pine stands, but the increase was relatively small when compared to that stimulated by restoration. Synthesis and applications. An understanding of how ecosystem processes respond to treatments designed to restore ecosystem structure is critical in ensuring the long‐term success of restoration efforts. Here we show that, although water and N stimulate C flux from soils in these semi‐arid forests, restoration treatments have a much greater effect on soil C balance than increased water and N availability by themselves. This suggests that increased quality of C inputs from a recovering understorey herbaceous community is a key component of restoring ecosystem function (e.g. below‐ground C cycling) in south‐western ponderosa pine forests.
A Hybrid Systems-based Hierarchical Control Architecture for Heterogeneous Field Robot Teams

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Field robot systems have recently been applied to a wide range of research fields. Making such systems more automated, advanced, and activated requires cooperation among heterogeneous robots. Classic control theory is inefficient in managing large-scale complex dynamic systems. Therefore, the supervisory control theory based on discrete event system needs to be introduced to overcome this limitation. In this study, we propose a hybrid systems-based hierarchical control architecture through a supervisory control-based high-level controller and a traditional control-based low-level controller. The hybrid systems and its dynamics are modeled through a formal method called hybrid automata, and the behavior specifications expressing the control objectives for cooperation are designed. Additionally, a modular supervisor that is more scalable and maintainable than a centralized supervisory controller was synthesized. The proposed hybrid systems and hierarchical control architecture were implemented, validated, and then evaluated for performance through the physics-based simulator. Experimental results confirmed that the heterogeneous field robot team satisfied the given specifications and presented systematic results, validating the efficiency of the proposed control architecture.
Extension of the differential transformation method to nonlinear differential and integro-differential equations with proportional delays

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the differential transformation method is applied by providing new theorems to develop exact and approximate solutions of nonlinear differential and integro-differential equations with proportional delays represented by nonlinear multi-pantograph equations. Some examples are given to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the present method and a comparison is made with existing results.
SELECTION OF ISOLATES OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGUS FOR CONTROL OF Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la susceptibilidad in vitro de larvas no alimentadas de Rhipicephalus microplus a diferentes aislados de hongos entomopatA³genos nativos de suelo de unidades ganaderas y conocer las caracterA­sticas de crecimiento y potencial de inA³culo de los aislados que mostraran ser mAis patA³genos. Se evaluA³ la patogenicidad y virulencia de aislados de Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato (Ma), Beauveria bassiana (Bb) e, Isaria fumorosea (Ifr), en larvas de R. microplus de 7 dA­as de edad, expuestas mediante inmersiA³n en una soluciA³n acuosa a la concentraciA³n 1x10 8 conidios/ml. Los aislados Ma135 y Ma133, presentaron alta patogenicidad con 100 y 94% de mortalidad, con valores CL 50 de 5.2x10 4 y 2.5x10 4 conidios/ml, respectivamente. En estos aislados, la producciA³n de esporas fue de 1.0x10Â¹Âo conidios/ml, y el crecimiento radial de micelio fue de 3.07 y 3.60 mm/dA­a, respectivamente. Estos resultados demuestran que los aislados Ma135 y Ma133, pueden ser considerados potenciales agentes de control biolA³gico en larvas de R. microplus . Â
Structural Metaphor: An Exploration of the Subjective Experience of Psycho-analytic Essence

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In this study the subjective experience of psycho-analytic essence is approached through an examination of conscious and unconscious representations of self-in-work (Dreyfus, 1991). The study begins with an heuristic identified as the psycho-analytic moment, a transitory self-state arising in the course of conducting a psycho-analysis and felt to correspond to occasions of right, expert, good or exemplary therapeutic practice. The study advances to an examination of the lived experience of clinical psycho-analysis through a set of structured and unstructured interviews with two psycho-analysts. \n \nThe study’s general approach incorporates a revised version of Goethe’s delicate empiricism as adapted by Hoffman (1989). The methods for interviewing participants and for analyzing transcripts were designed to access unconscious communications regarding subjective experience. Interview procedures combined phenomenological and free-associative narrative techniques: Procedures for transcript analysis were developed from literary studies, psycholinguistics, psycho-analysis and grounded theory. \n \nThe analysis of participants’ utterance led to the hypothesis that an unconscious configuration of inference and memory gives shape to the subjective experience of composite elements of psycho- \nanalytic practice. This hypothesized coherence of unconscious memory and process structures is identified as a structural metaphor. The structural metaphor is posited to underwrite the verisimilitude of lived experience, personal idiom and aesthetic within the clinical encounter. Thus, the structural metaphor is hypothesized to shape not only the psycho-analyst’s representations of his or her way of being-in-work and linguistic deportment within the interview setting, but to also shape the subjective experience of psycho-analytic practice. \n \nThus reconsidered, the psycho-analytic moment is viewed as an existential moment in the ongoing phenomenology of lived experience, occasioned by a convergence of unconscious identity and experience within the clinical field. This existential moment is taken to be indicative of the presence of something essential about self, work or self-in-work, as a result of a set of psychological, affective and visceral factors that arise in this moment of convergence. However, the psycho-analytic moment is assigned little epistemic value in identifying properties of psycho-analysis as a discipline or a practice, instead reflecting the structural metaphor that underlies the experience of that practice.
Was sind eigentlich liberale Friedensstrategien? Theoretische Annahmen, politische Kontexte und partikulare Spielarten

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Modern liberal peace strategies emerged from specific theoretical traditions, empirical insights and historical contexts. At the same time, they have evolved over time and come in different fashions, sometimes even contradicting each other. Hence, their meaning is not self-evident. In order to better understand what liberal peace strategies are and mean, this article traces their general background, describes their classic comprehensive version and alerts to more specific versions prioritizing specific elements of liberal thinking.
Electric field and plasma density measurements in the strongly driven daytime equatorial electrojet. I - The unstable layer and gradient drift waves. II - Two-stream waves

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The results of electric field and plasma density measurements in the strongly driven daytime equatorial electrojet over Peru, made during the March 1983 Condor electrojet experiment from Punta Lobos, Peru, are discussed together with the rocket instrumentation used for the measurements and the pertinent payload dynamics. The overall characteristics of the irregularity layer observed in situ in the electrojet are described. Special consideration is given to the waves generated by the gradient drift instability (observed between 90 and 106.5 km) and to primary and secondary two-stream waves detected by the two probes on the topside between 103 and 111 km, where the electron current was considered to be strongest.
Diabetic foot – prevention and control challenges

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a recent article Pérez Lozada Y, et al. described the characteristics and outcomes of 25 diabetic patients treated for foot ulcers; the majority of them were males, over 60 years of age, many with only the primary scholarity, and 5-10 years after the diagnosis of diabetes. Low socioeconomic level and inadequate glycemic control were the major factors for development of diabetic foot, besides smoking, obesity, and lack of shoes. Most patients improved in a short span of time, despite of high rate of amputations. Multidisciplinary care, and tissue regeneration medicines favored good outcomes. Additional comments, based on more recent literature data, are herein presented.
Public transport in Singapore and a financial analysis of premium bus services

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

A good public transport system is an essential success factor in both developed and developing countries. Singapore, with its growing economic prosperity and affluence, has seen its vehicle population increase rapidly. The resulting traffic congestion on its roads is further compounded by the space constraints of land-scarce Singapore. This report studies how the government has attempted to make public transport more attractive than private car ownership : by keeping faires at a reasonable level, building a comprehensive road network and providing an alternative mode of transport in the form of the Mass Rapid Transit.
The Sectoral Nexus in a Small Open Economy: Evidence from Nigeria

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The interrelationship between the real, monetary, fiscal, and external sectors of the Nigerian economy is an issue of concern, as it will provide policymakers with insight on which of the sectors is potent in influencing output in the real sector, which little or no attention was given. This study, therefore, examines the interrelationships between these sectors in Nigeria between 2010Q1 and 2021Q1. Structural Equation Model (SEM) was employed. The study finds that monetary and fiscal sectors have a positive influence on the real sector output, while the external sector has a negative influence on the real sector output in Nigeria. It was found that only the monetary sector influenced real sector output significantly. This study recommends effective collaboration between the monetary and fiscal authorities in stimulating aggregate demand, boosting economic activities, and spurring economic growth in Nigeria using money supply, and external and domestic debt.