jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF SHELLAC AS A RETARDER IN THE NATURAL RUBBER VULCANIZATION PROCESS

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This research aims to improve the natural rubber compound (NR) for the complex rubber molding process using shellac flake from Lac as a retarder in the vulcanization process. To reduce some chemicals, steric acid which is a retarder in the vulcanization process was replaced by shellac to reduce the risk of health problems and to make the environmentally friendly. The effect of shellac on the mechanical and physical properties of rubber compounds was studied. Steric acid and shellac were mixed into five ratios as follows; 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100. (NR/shellac0, NR/shellac25, NR/shellac50, NR/shellac75 and NR/shellac100). Tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus of elasticity were investigated using the Ultimate tensile test. It emerged that NR/shellac0 showed a higher modulus of elastic and maximum tensile strength than NR/shellac100 but NR/shellac0 exhibited lower viscosity, scorch time, and optimum time (tc90) than NR/shellac100. When considering NR/Shellac25, NR/Shellac50, and NR/Shellac75, it was found that scorch time (ts2), cure time (tc90), molecular weight between crosslink, maximum tensile strength, and elongation at break increased with increasing shellac ratio. On the other hand, crosslink density and modulus of elasticity decreased with increasing shellac ratio. Shellac has a large structure with hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl group and hydroxyl group in their structure so it can interrupt the mixing of shellac and zinc oxide. Consequently, the combination of stearic acid/shellac with zinc oxide (ZnO) slows down the action of the sulfur in the curing process. Compatibility of other inorganic and organic substances including the rubber molecules in the crosslinking system slowly occurred so shellac could act as an inhibitor in the curing process. However, despite this delay, the compatibility of organic and inorganic substances together with rubber molecules in the cross-linking system remained, although at a slower rate.
Toxicity of the Lichen Secondary Metabolite (+)-Usnic Acid in Domestic Sheep

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Toxicity following ingestion of the vagrant, foliose lichen Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa was identified as the putative etiology in the death of an estimated 400–500 elk on the Red Rim-Daley Wildlife Habitat Management Area in Wyoming during the winter of 2004. A single, unsubstantiated report in 1939 attributed toxicity of X. chlorochroa in cattle and sheep to usnic acid, a common lichen secondary metabolite. To test the hypothesis that usnic acid is the proximate cause of death in animals poisoned by lichen, domestic sheep were dosed PO with (+)-usnic acid. Clinical signs in symptomatic ewes included lethargy, anorexia, and signs indicative of abdominal discomfort. Serum creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activities were considerably elevated in symptomatic sheep. Similarly, only symptomatic ewes exhibited appreciable postmortem lesions consisting of severe degenerative appendicular skeletal myopathy. The median toxic dose (ED 50 ) of (+)-usnic acid in domestic sheep was estimated to be between 485 and 647 mg/kg/day for 7 days.
Preparation of compound nature preservatives for Mozzarella cheese

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This test by means of measuring the size of the encircling diameter of inhibiting the growth of mould,yeast,Escherichia coil,Pseudomonas fluorescens,Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus,which showed the inhibitory effect of Natamycin,Nisin and Lysozyme(1:1),tea polyphenol,obtained their minimal inhibitory concentrations(MIC).Then adopted three elements quadratic current revolving designs,with the encircling diameter of inhibiting the growth of mould and yeast and sensory evaluation,and carried on the synthesis evaluation.The most optimal proportion of compound nature preservatives for extend the storage of Mozzarella cheese was chosen: TP 0.69%,Natamycin 0.0034%,Nisin and Lysozyme 0.013%.
A Radiobiological Basis for Setting Neutron Radiation Safety Standards

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Present neutron standards, adopted more than 20 yr ago from a weak radiobiological data base, have been in doubt for a number of years and are currently under challenge. Moreover, recent dosimetric re-evaluations indicate that Hiroshima neutron doses may have been much lower than previously thought, suggesting that direct data for neutron-induced cancer in humans may in fact not be available. These recent developments make it urgent to determine the extent to which neutron cancer risk in man can be estimated from data that are available. Two approaches are proposed here that are anchored in particularly robust epidemiological and experimental data and appear most likely to provide reliable estimates of neutron cancer risk in man. The first approach uses gamma-ray dose-response relationships for human carcinogenesis, available from Nagasaki (Hiroshima data are also considered), together with highly characterized neutron and gamma-ray data for human cytogenetics. When tested against relevant experimental data, this approach either adequately predicts or somewhat overestimates neutron tumorigenesis (and mutagenesis) in animals. The second approach also uses the Nagasaki gamma-ray cancer data, but together with neutron RBEs from animal tumorigenesis studies. Both approaches give similar results and provide a basis for setting neutron radiation safety standards. They appear to be an improvement over previous approaches, including those that rely on highly uncertain "maximum" neutron RBEs and unnecessary extrapolations of gamma-ray data to very low doses. Results suggest that, at the presently accepted neutron dose limit of 0.5 rad/yr, the cancer mortality risk to radiation workers is not very different from accidental mortality risks to workers in various nonradiation occupations. The neutron dose estimated to produce 2.5% lifetime risk (maximum radiation-induced risk presently accepted by the ICRP and NCRP for occupational exposure) is in the range 10-156 rad; the most probable dose is 30 rad, which is not very different from 25 rad, the presently accepted lifetime dose limit for fast neutrons.
Immunohistochemical Diagnosis of Systemic Bovine Zygomycosis by Murine Monoclonal Antibodies

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Murine monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against water-soluble somatic antigens (WSSA) and the wall fraction (WF) from Rhizopus arrhizus (Rhizopus oryzae) were produced in vitro by fusion of splenocytes from immunized BALB/c mice with mouse myeloma X63-Ag 8.653 cells. Supernatants reacting only with homologous antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were subsequently screened for reactivity with homologous fungi in immunohistochemical techniques. All four Mabs raised against the WF of A. arrhizus failed to react on tissues. However, four of the Mabs raised against the WSSA of R. arrhizus (Mab-WSSA-RA-1 through Mab-WSSA-RA-4) revealed a high homologous reactivity on tissues and the cross-reactivity of these were subsequently evaluated on tissues containing other members of the family Mucoraceae and other unrelated fungi. On tissues and on immunoblots all four Mabs reacted identically and specifically with members of the family Mucoraceae, i.e., Absidia corymbifera, R. arrhizus, and Rhizomucor pusillus. The Mabs were all isotyped as IgM antibodies, were nonprecipitating, and reacted with homologous antigens with molecular masses from 14 to 110 kDa. With WSSA from A. corymbifera and R. pusillus the four Mabs were bound to antigens from 14 to 52 kDa and from 20 to 28 kDa, respectively. The diagnosis of 145 bovine lesions obtained by one of the specific Mabs (Mab-WSSA-RA-1) were compared to results obtained by heterologously absorbed polyclonal antibodies. In most lesions ( n = 140 [∼ 97%]) the Mab and the polyclonal antibodies reacted in a similar pattern, i.e., positively for zygomycosis in 89 lesions, negatively in 41 aspergillosis lesions, and negatively in 10 undiagnosed lesions. Hyphae within two of four lesions in lymph nodes, which were not stained by the polyclonal antibodies, reacted with the specific Mab. However, in another three lesions of lymph nodes stained by the polyclonal antibodies no reactivity was seen with the Mab-WSSA-RA-1. The immunoreactivity of the Mabs (Mab-WSSA-RA-1 through Mab-WSSA-RA-4) raised against WSSA of R. arrhizus justify their application for the in situ diagnosis of systemic bovine zygomycosis.
Mogamulizumab for the treatment of T-cell lymphoma

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

T-cell lymphoma is a relatively rare hematologic malignancy that accounts for 10-20% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Treatment strategies for T-cell lymphomas are different from that for B-cell lymphomas and have poor prognoses. Among various subtypes of T-cell lymphomas, adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) has the worst prognosis. To achieve further improvement in the treatment outcome of T-cell lymphomas, several novel agents such as brentuximab vedotin, lenalidomide, romidepsin, and pralatrexate are actively being studied. Mogamulizumab, an anti-CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) monoclonal antibody, is one of the promising agents for CCR4-positive T-cell lymphomas, especially for ATL. Areas covered: First, basic information about the current treatment strategy of T-cell lymphomas including ATL is described. Then, the authors discuss the current clinical development of mogamulizumab and its clinical implications for T-cell lymphomas. Expert opinion: Mogamulizumab has potent clinical efficacy against CCR4-positive T-cell lymphomas, especially against ATL. Among various toxicities associated with mogamulizumab, skin eruptions are the most significant. Although there are several effective competitors, mogamulizumab has a unique mechanism and is expected to be a key agent for treating CCR4-positive T-cell lymphomas, especially ATL.
Data-driven decision system for adaptive control of FACTS devices in the New York State grid

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The combination of growth of electricity demand, restrictions on transmission system expansion, and grid security/reliability requirements gives the development and application of local controllers such as Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) devices, Power System stabilizers (PSS), and High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) systems a high priority. In the last decades, significant number of these type of controllers have become fully operational to achieve different functionalities and improve the flexibility and controllability of the grid. However, design and application of a system-level controller that dynamically changes the set points of the local devices based on the grid conditions, still needs lots of nurturing. This paper concerns with the enhanced utilization of system-wide controllable resources in the New York State grid as the system conditions vary. To achieve the greatest benefit we propose a data-driven decision system for grid management, which offers the application of a wide-area system awareness platform for adaptive utilization of the system-wide controllable resources. The solution is broad in nature but as a starting point, in this paper, the attention is given to dynamically changing the set points of shunt-connected FACTS devices in order to minimize system violations following a major disturbance. The effectiveness of the proposed solution has been verified on a unique system that uses the real data of the New York State grid. All the optimizations are based on the NETSSWorks software (New Electricity Transmission Software Solutions Works) that is explained in the paper.
Fourteen-year serial MRIs of patients with mild and severe courses of MS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serial MRIs from 2 patients with relapsing-remitting MS displaying mild (video 1, baseline age: 42 years; disease duration: 1.2 years) and severe (video 2, baseline age: 43 years; disease duration: 1.6 years) brain atrophy with plots of brain parenchymal fraction (BPF),1 a measure of normalized brain volume, and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) are presented. Patients were scanned every 6–12 months over 14 years using standardized protocols on 3 scanners (Siemens Vision, Symphony, and Trio).2 BPF was calibrated across scanners using scan-rescan measurements. During the first year, the severe patient had 10 contrast-enhancing lesions, whereas the mild patient had none. BPF decreased by 2% (mild) compared with 10% (severe) over 14 years.
Potent and Highly Selective Inhibitors of the Proteasome Trypsin-like Site by Incorporation of Basic Side Chain Containing Amino Acid Derived Sulfonyl Fluorides

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A unique category of basic side chain containing amino acid derived sulfonyl fluorides (SFs) has been synthesized for incorporation into new proteasome inhibitors targeting the trypsin-like site of the 20S proteasome. Masking the former α-amino functionality of the amino acid starting derivatives as an azido functionality allowed an elegant conversion to the corresponding amino acid derived sulfonyl fluorides. The inclusion of different SFs at the P1 site of a proteasome inhibitor resulted in 14 different peptidosulfonyl fluorides (PSFs) having a high potency and an excellent selectivity for the proteolytic activity of the β2 subunit over that of the β5 subunit. The results of this study strongly indicate that a free N-terminus of PSFs inhibitors is crucial for high selectivity toward the trypsin-like site of the 20S proteasome. Nevertheless, all compounds are slightly more selective for inhibition of the constitutive over the immunoproteasome.
Production and Effect of Some Factors on α-Amylase Secretion by Rhizopus microsporus Isolated from Coconut Meat Waste and Trichoderma Viride from Soil of Cassava Dumpsite

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The amylolytic fungal strains Rhizopus microsporus and Trichoderma viride with high α-amylase activity were isolated from coconut meat waste and soil from cassava dumpsite respectively. Some factors that affect the secretion of the enzyme were optimized. Optimum amylase production from R. microsporus and T. viride were obtained at pH 7 and 9 at 50OC and 60OC respectively. Five different agro wastes (corn starch, potato starch, rice bran powder, cassava peel powder, wheat husk powder) used as substrates for alternative source of carbon revealed cassava peel to be the best substrate for alpha amylase production from both fungal isolates. Among the different nitrogen sources supplanted in the culture media, yeast extract yielded maximum activity and production of α-amylase considerably. The optimum activity and growth rate of alpha amylase produced by R. microsporus reached its peak at 40 h and 60 h of incubation respectively while T. viride showed optimum activity at 50 h and optimum growth rate at 70 h.
From access to reserve: antimicrobial resistance among etiological agents of central line-associated bloodstream infections in the view of WHO’s AWaRe antimicrobial spectrum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) remain a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) exacerbates treatment challenges, making it crucial to examine pathogen resistance patterns. This study analyses CLABSI-associated pathogens’ antimicrobial susceptibility using the WHO’s AWaRe antimicrobial framework, providing insights to guide targeted treatment and strengthen infection control strategies. Methods: This observational study (2021–2024) assessed data from adult and pediatric ICUs to evaluate CLABSI incidence, microbial etiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility trends. We categorized antimicrobials based on the WHO’s AWaRe classification system, analysing their susceptibility to Access, Watch, and Reserve antimicrobials. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22. Results: Among 5,398 patient records, 101 cases of CLABSI were confirmed. The predominant pathogens were Klebsiella (K.) pneumoniae (27.7%), Acinetobacter spp. (19.8%), and Candida spp. (17.8%). A worrying decline in susceptibility to Access- and Watch-category antimicrobials was observed in key pathogens. K. pneumoniae demonstrated a steep decline in susceptibility to Access-category agents, from 27.8% in 2021 to 16.7% in 2023. Conversely, Reserve-category antimicrobials maintained 100% efficacy across the study period. Acinetobacter spp. exhibited resistance to both Access- and Watch-category antimicrobials by 2024. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed a drastic drop in Watch-category susceptibility, from 44.5% in 2021 to 0% in 2023, while Reserve-agents remained effective. These results underline the growing reliance on Reserve antimicrobials and the diminishing effectiveness of first-line agents. Furthermore, a fluctuation in CLABSI rates was also observed, with a significant reduction in infection rates in 2024 after the implementation of enhanced infection control practices. Conclusion: This study highlights the escalating resistance patterns of CLABSI pathogens, with a consternating decline in Access- and Watch-category antimicrobial efficacy. The AWaRe framework proves invaluable in identifying critical resistance trends, demonstrating the need for targeted antimicrobial stewardship. Prioritizing Access antimicrobials as first-line therapies, guided by local resistance data, can preserve the effectiveness of Reserve agents. A strategic focus on the AWaRe classification, coupled with rigorous infection control and stewardship programs, is essential to combat the rising AMR threat and optimize patient outcomes in critical care settings.
Pengaruh pertumbuhan ekonomi, inflasi dan tingkat pengangguran terbuka terhadap jumlah penduduk miskin di Provinsi Jambi

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Study aims to: 1) To find out the development of economic growth, inflation and the level of open unemployment in Jambi Province; 2) To analyze the influence of economic growth, inflation and the open unemployment rate on the number of poor people in Jambi Province. This research uses secondary data for the period 2001-2016. The method used in analyzing the data is by using multiple regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that: 1) The poor population in Jambi Province from 2001-2016 has decreased, where the number of poor people in Jambi Province has decreased by 0.46 percent. Economic growth in Jambi Province on the basis of constant prices from 2001-2016 experienced an average fluctuation of 6.23 percent per year. During the period of 2001-2016 the inflation rate in Jambi Province was an average of 12.25 percent. The highest number of unemployed occurred in 2005, amounting to 133,964 people and then in 2016 a decrease of 67,671 people; 2) Every increase in economic growth in Jambi Province is 1 percent, the poverty rate of the population in Jambi Province will decrease by 0.140 percent. The results of this test indicate that economic growth has a negative impact on the number of poverty in Jambi Province. Every increase in the inflation rate by 1 percent, the poverty rate will increase by 0.002 percent and every increase in the unemployment rate in Jambi Province by 1 percent, the poverty rate of the population in Jambi Province will increase by 0.052 percent. Together economic growth, inflation and unemployment have a positive and significant effect on the poverty rate of the population in Jambi Province during the period 2001-2016. Variation in ups and downs the poverty rate of the population in Jambi Province is able to explain economic growth, inflation and unemployment by 35.2 percent, while the remaining 64.8 percent is explained by other variables not included in this research model.
Crystal Growth Furnace (CGF)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The contract baseline, contract requirements review, contract modifications, contract problem areas and conclusions are addressed. Contract baseline was established 11 June 1987 and updated 1 December 1989. Significant changes were introduced into the 1989 baseline as compared to the original baseline. Contract modifications were made to add requirements as the program matured and as definition of requirements were completed. Problems were solved in real time through the contractor/customer team involvement and relationship to assure a timely and successful mission. The conclusion is that the CGF performed as designed and the experiments performed during the USML-1 Mission supports the conclusion.
Fragmented Elastic Fibers in Focal Dermal Hypoplasia (Goltz–Gorlin Syndrome) Without Focal Dermal Hypoplasia: Report of a Male Case and Review of the Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: Goltz–Gorlin syndrome (GGS) (focal dermal hypoplasia) is a very rare developmental disorder affecting ectodermal and mesodermal structures. The syndrome is inherited in an X-linked manner, with the majority of affected individuals being female. We report the case of a 51-year-old man presenting with congenital skin lesions, syndactyly, facial and thoracic asymmetry, inguinal and laryngeal papillomas, cryptorchidism, polythelia, and dental anomalies. Molecular genetic analysis confirmed the clinically suspected diagnosis of GGS by detecting a known pathogenic mutation in the PORCN gene, c.502G>A [p.(Gly168Arg)] in the mosaic state. Histopathological examinations of skin biopsies of affected individuals typically show focal dermal hypoplasia and fat herniation; despite numerous skin biopsies, these characteristics were not found in the patient involved. Instead, we observed a notable reduction and fragmentation of the elastic fibers in the upper dermis. A systematic literature review regarding the histopathological presence or absence of dermal hypoplasia and/or information on elastic fibers revealed 240 histopathological descriptions of 173 individuals. Absence of dermal hypoplasia was found in 21 biopsies (8.8%). Information on elastic fibers was given in 47 cases (19.6%), showing decrease/absence in 31 cases and fragmentation of elastic fibers in 11 cases. Therefore, the histopathological absence of dermal hypoplasia does not exclude the diagnosis of the GGS. Decrease and fragmentation of elastic fibers may represent new histopathological clues to the diagnosis of this rare syndrome. At the same time, GGS should be included in the histopathological differential diagnoses of elastolytic disorders.
Sex Differences in the Effect of Resveratrol on DSS-Induced Colitis in Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol studied for its possible protective properties in inflammatory bowel diseases. Moreover, it has been shown to interact with estrogen receptors. In the present study, we aimed to investigate possible diverse effects of resveratrol on female and male mice in DSS-induced colitis. Thirty-seven C57BL/6 mice (21 female and 16 male) were divided into three groups for each sex. The first group received pure water (CTRL). The other two groups received 1.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis from which one group was treated with resveratrol (DSS + RSV). Intake of 1.5% DSS caused weight loss in all DSS groups compared to control mice. Weight loss, stool consistency, and discomfort did not show any protective effect of resveratrol in males and showed even adverse effects in females. In females, the activity of myeloperoxidase was lower compared to that in males. However, colon length and spleen weight showed no sex differences, which can indicate the induction of only mild colitis in mice. Resveratrol did not have any effect on TNF-alpha levels. Taken together, these results for the first time propose possible diverse effects of resveratrol in DSS-induced colitis model depending on the sex of the animal. However, this conclusion must be confirmed by further analyses.