jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Herbicide and Inorganic Phosphate Influence on Phytase in Seedlings

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phytase activity increased 2 to 3 fold in barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.), 6 fold in corn ( Zea mays L.), and 12 fold in squash ( Cucurbita maxima Duchesne) seedlings 2 days after the initiation of germination in the dark. Most of the phytase was found in the embryo of the seed, presumably in the cotyledon(s). Gibberellic acid and benzyladenine supplied during germination exerted only limited influence on the development of phytase in these seedlings. Of the herbicides studied, only sodium arsenite exerted an influence on phytase activity per se that was of physiological significance. The presence of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)- s -triazine (atrazine), 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben), 2-chloro- N -isopropylacetanilide (propachlor), 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil), or α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro- N-N -dipropyl- p -toluidine (trifluralin) in the culture solution during germination partially inhibited the development of phytase activity. The herbicidal inhibition was enhanced if potassium phosphate at a non-inhibitory level also was present in the culture solution. The interaction of atrazine and amiben with phosphorus was not due to increased internal concentrations of inorganic phosphorus to a level inhibitory to the development of phytase activity.
Rapid and Efficient Induction of an Endogenous Cell Signaling Event by Subcellular Targeting of a Synthetic Ligand

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

It is now well-recognized that the spatial localization of proteins at the subcellular level is essential in regulating cell signaling. On the other hand, research efforts aimed at developing synthetic modulators of intracellular signaling processes have usually focused on the affinity and specificity of ligands to their target proteins, neglecting the localization of the molecules in cells. Here we show that it is feasible to rapidly and efficiently activate an endogenous signaling pathway by placing a synthetic ligand at a specific location within a cell. The agonist activity of the ligand is very weak when it is freely diffusing in the cytosol. This study highlights the importance of controlling the subcellular locations of ligand molecules in the design of new synthetic modulators (not only activators but also inhibitors) of endogenous biological events.
Introducing Distance into the Model

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter will consider how the introduction of distance impacts the didactic ergonomics model constructed in chapter 1. In accordance with the systemic approach adopted in this book, we will first define the notions of distance learning – also referred to as e-learning. Then we will question the notion of distance itself to see how its specific meaning in our context intensifies the complexity of the language learning situation while at the same time making more explicit processes previously kept hidden. Distance should not however be considered just another pole of our model. It does not in itself generate new sets of interactions, but rather it modifies existing ones to an extent that remains to be defined. Instead, we will consider that it adds a new dimension: the shift from a face-to-face setting to distance learning superimposes an extra virtual, or immaterial, layer in the initial situation. The nature of this so-called virtual reality will be explored in psychosocial terms to understand how learning processes are affected.
The Observability in Unobservable Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we introduce the concept of observability of selected state variables for systems that may not be fully observable. For their estimation, we introduce and exemplify a deep filter, which is a neural network specifically designed for the estimation of selected state variables without computing the trajectory of the entire system. The observability definition is quantitative rather than a yes or no answer so that one can compare the level of observability between different sensor locations.
An open reproducible framework for the study of the iterated prisoner's dilemma

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Axelrod library is an open source Python package that allows for reproducible game theoretic research into the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma. This area of research began in the 1980s but suffers from a lack of documentation and test code. The goal of the library is to provide such a resource, with facilities for the design of new strategies and interactions between them, as well as conducting tournaments and ecological simulations for populations of strategies. With a growing collection of 139 strategies, the library is a also a platform for an original tournament that, in itself, is of interest to the game theoretic community. This paper describes the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma, the Axelrod library and its development, and insights gained from some novel research.
The Importance of a Correct Diet in Preventing Osteoporosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Osteoporosis is a very common bone disease characterized by low bone mass and micro architectural deterioration \nof bone tissue. It may result in high risk of bone fractures with impaired quality of life. The prevention of this disorder \nis based on an appropriate lifestyle and a proper diet. The correct supply of Vitamins D and K, protein, fatty acids and \ndietary components are notable factors that help maintain healthy bone structure. The effects of these elements have \nbeen briefly discussed and they have been shown to correlate to bone health.
Beliefs and knowledge in chemistry teacher development

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The primary objective of this research was to establish a link between preservice, secondary chemistry teachers' knowledge base and beliefs about teaching. The case study followed two preservice chemistry teachers through their methods course, practicum experience, and student teaching internship. Pedagogical content knowledge vignettes, following a microgenetic model, and other data sources were used to monitor participants' conceptual change over time. Participants had well‐intentioned beliefs about teaching and chemistry. The interaction of epistemologies and beliefs was determined to be synergistic, such that they remained separate epistemological ideas. The beliefs about content were not changed whereas those for teaching did change; one focused on epistemic understanding and the other on subjective realization.
Influence of imidazolinone herbicides on physiological traits of winter crops

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of imidazolinone herbicides, usually applied to rice for control of red rice, on traits related to the physiology of winter crops. The experiment was installed in randomized blocks design, arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with three replications. The first factor was composed by herbicide rates (0, 1 and 2 x the recommended dose) and factor B by the herbicides (imazethapyr + imazapic and imazapic + imazapyr) applied in pre-emergence of rapeseed, fescue, ryegrass, birdsfoot trefoil, white clover and vetch. At 60 days after emergence, shoot dry mass (g pot-1), photosynthesis rate, CO2 concentration in leaf mesophyll, consumed CO2, stomatal conductance of water vapor, transpiration rate, temperature gradient and water use efficiency were valuated. The mixture of imazapic + imazapyr caused death of all species tested, except vetch. The mixture of imazethapyr and imazapic caused reduction in dry mass for all plant species and plant death of rapeseed, independent of dose. Physiological traits were influenced by the action of herbicides and doses. Vetch performed better under application of the herbicides.
Identification of Differentially Expressed Circular RNAs in Chemoresistant Colorectal Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Aim: Chemoresistance in colorectal cancer (CRC) has become a burden in treating the disease effectively. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a type of noncoding RNA that were found to be important in cellular homeostasis. The involvement of circRNAs in relation to chemoresistance in other types of cancers has also been reported. This study aims to identify the differentially expressed circRNAs between chemoresistant and chemosensitive CRC cells. Materials & methods: We developed a chemoresistant cell line model and profiled the circRNAs via microarray. We further validated the expression of two circRNAs in 25 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens (13 nonresponders and 12 responders) via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results & conclusion: We found that there were 773 upregulated and 732 downregulated circRNAs between the chemoresistant and chemosensitive HCT-116 cells. We found that hsa_circ_32883 could be a promising biotarget.
Electron spin resonance study of as-deposited and annealed (HfO2)x(SiO2)1−x high-κ dielectrics on Si

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Electron spin resonance measurements on 4 and 40nm thick (HfO2)0.6(SiO2)0.4 and (HfO2)0.4(SiO2)0.6 high-κ films on (100)Si wafers detected Pb0 and Pb1 defects at the dielectric/Si interface and verified their identities with g value mapping. Annealings of a 4nm thick (HfO2)0.6(SiO2)0.4 film in nitrogen at 800 and 1000°C monotonically lowered total interface states. In contrast, the same annealings monotonically increased the total interface states observed in 40nm thick films of both compositions. For the 4nm technologically relevant thickness, the annealed (HfO2)0.6(SiO2)0.4 composition on (100)Si had lower interface states than the (HfO2)0.4(SiO2)0.6 composition on (100)Si. After nitrogen annealing at 800°C, a third defect believed to be the EX, appears in larger quantities in the thicker 40nm films.
Chin strap forces in bicycle helmets

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The objective of this experimental investigation was to find out what dynamic forces a bicycle helmet' retention system is subjected to when head impact accidents take place. Different helmet models were subjected to simulated accidents, of the type with the head first (with vertical and horizontal velocity) against a rigid asphalt surface. The chin strap forces developed in the accident simulations of the present study were low compared to the requirements of most of the existing standards for bicycle helmets. The arithmetic mean of the chin strap peak forces of all impacts was 42 N. Three types of helmets were investigated, one hard-shell helmet, one non-shell helmet and one ribbed helmet (large ventilation holes) with hard shell. A six-year-old child test dummy and a car-crash test facility with a piece of inclined asphalt road on the carriage were the main attributes of the study. The test dummy was suspended from the ceiling and was hit by the piece of asphalt road mounted on the stiff car-crash track carriage. Several different single-type accidents were simulated. All impacts were carried out with the helmeted dummy's head impacting the asphalt layer first. The types of accidents simulated were all meant to simulate the case in which the bicycle is blocked in one way or another and the rider continues with a certain horizontal and vertical velocity. As a subsidiary result it was discovered that the rotational effects of the tested helmets differed appreciably. The shell helmets did not grip the asphalt layer at all and did not rotate, which implies that the headform did not rotate either. The non-shell helmets gripped the asphalt layer in each impact, rotated and transferred this rotation to the headform. The stability of children's helmets should be considered more important for the helmet's ability to stay on the wearer's head than buckles that withstand high force levels. The helmet design in itself could result in different chin strap forces in accidents. One of the key factors is probably the helmet's area of coverage and its fit to the head. This study of the chin strap forces developed in bicycle retention systems in single-type accidents indicates that chin strap buckles with a self-release function are applicable to children. Key words: bicycle helmetchin straphead rotationoblique impacthelmet testingforceacceleration Additional informationNotes on contributorsTorbjörn Andersson Correspondence to: Mr, Torbjörn Andersson, Swedish Natl. Testing & Research Inst., Box 857. S-501 15 Borȧs, Sweden, Telephone +46 33 16 50 00, Telex 36252 Testing S, Telefax'46 33 13 55 02
Cross-sectional Vascularization Pattern of the Adipofascial Anterolateral Thigh Flap for Application in Tissue-engineered Bone Grafts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: As part of the engineering of bone grafts, wrapping constructs in well-vascularized tissue, such as fascial flaps, improves bone formation. Our aim was to understand the cross-sectional vascularization pattern of human adipofascial flaps for this application. Methods: Seven adipofascial anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps were harvested from five human cadaveric specimens. Axial vessel density was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative histology. Results: We found a high density of blood vessels directly superficial to and close to the fascia. A secondary plexus in between this first suprafascial plexus and the subdermal plexus was also identified. In all specimens, this second plexus showed less vascular density, and appeared to be at a constant level within the suprafascial fat throughout the flaps. The peak measurements for this secondary plexus varied between 1.2 and 2 mm above the deep fascia, depending on the donor’s body mass index. Conclusions: Quantitative immunohistochemistry is a reliable method to quantify and locate vessel density in an adipofascial flap. This is vital information before wrapping nonvascularized material into such a flap to estimate the inosculation potential of these vessels and likelihood of survival of the tissue. To profit from both suprafascial vascular plexuses, a correlation between subcutaneous tissue thickness and distance of the second plexus to the fascia should be further investigated. For the moment, we recommend maintaining at least 2–3 mm of subcutaneous fatty tissue on the fascia, to profit from both plexuses. Engineered constructs should be wrapped on the superficial medial side of the fascial flap to enhance vascularization.
The protective role of anti‐parkinsonian drugs in pancreatic cancer risk: A comprehensive case–control study in Taiwan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Pancreatic cancer is among the deadliest cancers, with a grim prognosis despite advances in treatment. We conducted a population‐based case–control study from Taiwan, linking Health and Welfare Data Science Center data to the Taiwan Cancer Registry, which offers a promising strategy for its treatment through drug repurposing. The study aims to identify the association of anti‐parkinsonian drugs with pancreatic cancer risk across different age groups. The analysis encompassed 18,921 pancreatic cancer cases and 75,684 matched controls, employing conditional logistic regression to assess the impact of anti‐parkinsonian drugs on the risk of pancreatic cancer. Key findings revealed a statistically significant association of the administration with specific anti‐parkinsonian medications, including anticholinergic agents, tertiary amines, dopa derivatives, and dopamine receptor agonists, with a reduction in pancreatic cancer risk. These associations were represented as adjusted odds ratios (aORs), ranging from 0.620 (95% CI 0.470–0.810) to 0.764 (95% CI 0.655–0.891). Further, age‐stratified analysis revealed variations in efficacy across different age groups. Anticholinergic agents and tertiary amines exhibited greater effectiveness in the 40–64‐year age group (aOR, 0.653; 95% CI, 0.489–0.872), whereas dopa derivatives and dopamine receptor agonists were particularly efficacious in the cohort aged ≥65 years (aOR, 0.728; 95% CI, 0.624–0.850 and aOR, 0.665; 95% CI, 0.494–0.894, respectively). Notably, specific drugs such as trihexyphenidyl, levodopa/dopa decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCI), and pramipexole demonstrated a significant decrease in cancer risk, especially in the elderly population. These preliminary findings can contribute to the possible therapeutic role of anti‐parkinsonian drugs in the treatment of pancreatic cancer.
Angiotensin I Conversion to Angiotensin II Stimulates Cortical Collecting Duct Sodium Transport

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Angiotensin (Ang) II directly stimulates epithelial sodium channel activity in the rabbit cortical collecting duct. Because Ang I and converting enzyme analogues might be present in the distal nephron, this raises the possibility of intraluminal generation of Ang II. Conversion of Ang I to Ang II was monitored by Ang II–dependent changes in intracellular sodium concentration as a reflection of sodium transport across the apical membrane. This involved imaging-based fluorescence microscopy with sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate in isolated, perfused, cortical collecting-duct segments from rabbit kidney. Principal and intercalated cells were differentiated by rhodamine-conjugated peanut lectin. Control principal cell intracellular sodium concentration, during perfusion with 25 mmol/L NaCl and zero sodium in the bath plus monensin (10 −5 mol/L) averaged 5.8±0.14 mmol/L (n=156). The increase in intracellular sodium concentration, when luminal NaCl was increased from 25 to 150 mmol/L, was elevated by 3.5-fold in the presence of intraluminal Ang I (10 −6 mol/L). Also, the effects of Ang I on sodium transport were not significantly different from the effects of Ang II (10 −9 mol/L). Ang I was used in micromolar concentrations to ensure that there was sufficient substrate available for conversion to Ang II. Inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme with captopril reduced the stimulatory effect of Ang I. These results suggest that intraluminal conversion of Ang I to Ang II can occur in the cortical collecting duct, resulting in enhanced apical sodium entry.
Post-First Term Enlistment Retention Analysis for the Selected Marine Corps Reserve

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study concerning retention of Marines serving in SelRes (Selected Reserve) units is conducted at the request of the Retention Analysis Division, Manpower & Reserve Affairs, Headquarters Marine Corps. Through developing career milestone-based logistic regression models aimed at predicting the likelihood of an individual Marine being retained, we can identify significant factors that lead to continued service. Significant predictor variables common to each of the logistic regression models for the career milestones include total years credited toward retirement and age. These more senior individuals have likely made a career decision in continuing their military service, which explains the consistently positive effect on retention. Marines with prior active duty service, which often correlates to an increase in age and total years credited toward retirement, exhibit significantly better retention than their counterparts for the latter milestones. Deployment experience shows a consistently positive effect on retention across milestones. This suggests that Marines serving in SelRes units view deployment opportunities as favorable, and even upon completion of only single deployment, they are much more likely to continue their military service. This study validated previous research concerning similar subject matter and provides a means to forecast retention for up to 12 years in the future.
A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach to Multiple Streams’ Joint Bitrate Allocation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

For widely used real-time applications, encoding and transmitting multiple videos jointly over a limited bandwidth has become a popular topic. Allocating different bitrates for different sources is a better way to meet different demands from applications. In this paper, we focus on providing equal quality to users by minimizing the variance of distortion among sequences, which is denoted as the minVAR problem. The state-of-the-art Look-ahead and Feed-back Allocation Model (LFAM) allocates bitrate by taking both look-ahead complexity measures and feed-back information into consideration. However, LFAM brings additional delay to real-time applications. By taking the bitrate allocation problem as a time-series decision making problem, we propose a Deep-Reinforcement-Learning-based approach to allocate bitrate with only feed-back information to solve the two-source minVAR problem. Afterward, we introduce a binary-tree-based hierarchical approach to apply our model to arbitrary number of sources. Tested with the widely used open-source x264 encoder, our approach decreases the variance compared with LFAM in all experiments under two-, three- and four-source scenarios. Furthermore, the proposed approach also outperforms LFAM in the mean quality. The proposed approach is insensitive to the order of sequences and encoders with different complexities, showing its robustness and generalization capability.
A Traffic-Aware Medium Access Control Mechanism for Energy-Efficient Wireless Network-on-Chip Architectures

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Wireless interconnection has emerged as an energy efficient solution to the challenges of multi-hop communication over the wireline paths in conventional Networks-on-Chips (NoCs). However, to ensure the full benefits of this novel interconnect technology, design of simple, fair and efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) mechanism to grant access to the on-chip wireless communication channel is needed. Moreover, to adapt to the varying traffic demands from the applications running on a multicore environment, MAC mechanisms should dynamically adjust the transmission slots of the wireless interfaces (WIs). Such dynamic adjustment in transmission slots will result in improving the utilization of the wireless medium in a Wireless NoC (WiNoC). In this paper we present the design of two dynamic MAC mechanisms that adjust the transmission slots of the WIs based on predicted traffic demands and allow partial packet transfer. Through system level simulations, we demonstrate that the traffic aware MAC mechanisms are more energy efficient as well as capable of sustaining higher data bandwidth in WiNoCs.
Quality of life in men with involuntary childlessness: long-term follow-up

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We conducted a longitudinal cohort study on the quality of life of infertile male patients measured at baseline and after 5 years with a specific quality of life instrument for male patients who are involuntarily childless. It was distributed to patients who were seen at the andrology and gynaecology clinics for infertility diagnoses and treatment. At baseline (T1), 275 patients took part in the study. A subset of these patients (N = 133) had released two semen samples, and the results of the semen analysis had been communicated to them before they received the questionnaire. Semen quality of this subset was assessed according to WHO recommendations. After 5 years (T2), the questionnaires were mailed again and were sent back by N = 101 patients. No significant quality of life difference was found between the semen quality groups. After 5 years, an improvement was found for the dimensions 'desire for a child' [mean score 1.92 (T1) versus 1.72 (T2)] and 'gender identity' [mean score 1.56 (T1) versus 1.42 (T2)] while no change was found for 'partnership' and 'psychological well-being'. We did not find significant differences between patients who had fathered a child in the meantime and patients who did not become fathers.