jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Organization within the cranial IX–X complex in ranid frogs: A horseradish peroxidase transport study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Cranial nerves IX and X in frogs have been described as originating from a nuclear group referred to as the IX–X complex. We studied the central nervous system components of this complex in Rana pipiens and R. catesbiana by labeling peripheral branches of cranial nerves IX and X and identifying the central nervous system contributions of these branches. Various peripheral nerves (IX and the cardiac, gastric, pulmonary, and laryngeal branches of X) were identified and soaked in horseradish peroxidase (HRP). One to 2 weeks later, the frogs were killed and processed for HRP by the tetramethylbenzidine method. Glossopharyngeal efferents originated from a small ventrolateral cell group found at the level of the IX root exit. Vagal efferents formed a single column of cells in a ventrolateral position from the level of the brainstem exit of the vagus nerve (approximately 2,000 μm above the obex) to 200 μm below the obex (values given are for an 80‐g frog). This cell group was separate from and just caudal to efferent cells of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Within the vagal portion of the column, cells projecting through the gastric branch were found throughout the rostral‐caudal extent of the nucleus. “Cardiac” cells tended to be more rostral than “pulmonary” cells, and both groups of cells were located in the middle of the nucleus. “Laryngeal” cells were located more caudally in the nucleus. This peripheral representation within the vagal nucleus corresponds more closely to the organization found in the mammalian nucleus ambiguus, rather than to the apparent lack of organization found in the mammalian dorsal motor nucleus. Afferents of IX and X entered slightly rostral to the ventral roots of their respective nerves and descended in two tracts. The majority entered the tractus solitarius and descended in a medial position to cervical spinal cord. A portion of the afferents from the vagus nerve crossed the midline in the lower myelencephalon just dorsal to the central canal and ascended a short distance on the contralateral side. Within the solitary tract, vagal afferents were located in a ventrolateral position as they descended to below the obex. Glossopharyngeal afferents filled the remainder of the tract. A smaller portion of afferents from both IX and X did not enter the solitary tract but descended in the spinal tract of V and the dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord (Lissauer's tract) to thoracic levels. Afferents of IX also formed a rostral bundle which extended in the solitary tract to the caudal metencephalon.
Soliton optical gates with asymmetric planar Dual-Core Nonlinear Directional Fiber Coupler (DNLDC).

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we investigate with the coupled nonlinear Schrödinger equations (NLSEs), that logic gates AND, OR and XOR can be constructed from a planar dual-core nonlinear directional coupler (NLDC) one asymmetrical structure Looking at the transmission characteristics of the device, through the direct and cross channel, we did a study of the extinction ratio (Xratio) of these devices.
Differential Exudation of Two BenzoxazinoidsOne of the Determining Factors for Seedling Allelopathy of Triticeae Species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Benzoxazinoids (Bx) are natural phytotoxins that function as chemical defense compounds in several species. The release of Bx by intact plant roots associated these compounds with root allelopathy in Triticeae species; however, the significance of exudate concentrations of Bx for plant-plant interactions is still a controversial question. A biological screening of 146 cultivars of four Triticeae species (Triticum aestivum L., Triticum durum Desf., Triticum spelta L., and Secale cereale L.) demonstrated a high cultivar dependence to suppress the root growth of Sinapis alba L. by root allelopathy in a dose-response bioassay. Only a few cultivars possessed a marked high or low allelopathic activity, whereby high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection analysis of root exudates revealed that these cultivars differed considerably in their ability to exude the two Bx aglucones, DIBOA [2,4-dihydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one] and DIMBOA [2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one]. The total amount of DIBOA and DIMBOA exuded showed a significant correlation to the growth inhibition in bioassay with a statistically estimated contribution to the overall allelopathic effect of 48-72%. In a bioassay with pure phytotoxins, Bx concentrations consistent with the amounts quantified in the screening bioassay caused detrimental effects on S. alba and almost reproduced the statistically estimated contribution. The observed causal association between the allelopathic activity under laboratory conditions and the exudate concentrations of Bx suggests that this association might have implications for the interference of Triticeae species in natural plant communities.
Generaliced Set-valued Variational Inclusion with Error Term

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper studied a new generalized set-valued variational inclusions : 0∈N(w,y)+A(z,u),which included many variational inclusions studied by others in recent years. Using the resolvent technique, we established the equivalence between the generalized set-valued variational inclusions and the fixed point problems, and some perturbed iterative algorithms, proved that its proximate solution converge to its exact solution in real Hilbert space. Our results improve and generalized many known corresponding algorithms and results.
Analysis of Infectious Mortality by Means of the Individualized Risk Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The goal of this chapter is to describe the mechanism underlying the age-specific increase in death risk related to immunosenescence, to determine the cause-specific hazard rate as a function of immune system characteristics. A mathematical model that allows for the estimation of the age-specific risk of death caused by infectious diseases has been developed. The model consists of three compartments: (1) a model of immunosenescence, (2) a model of infectious disease, and (3) a model giving the relationship between disease severity and the risk of death. The proposed model makes it possible to analyze age-specific mortality from infectious diseases and to predict future changes in mortality due to public health activity. At the same time it can be used for individualized risk assessment.
Evaluation of the Risk Factors of Dental Anxiety in Children

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Aim:Dental anxiety is described as state anxiety due to dental treatment procedures. The present study aimed to evaluate the etiological factors of dental anxiety in children aged 7-8 and 11-12 years old.Materials and Methods:A total of 370 children of both genders were enrolled in this study. The parents’ socio-economic status, education levels and family income, oral hygiene habits, and the caries status of the children were recorded on a structured questionnaire. The dental anxiety of both the children and their mothers was evaluated by the administration of a questionnaire based on Corah’s dental anxiety scale (DAS). The children’s fear survey schedule-dental subscale (CFSS-DS) was also used to assess the dental anxiety levels of the children. Data were analyzed using the SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) 19.0 software program. Descriptive statistics were used for socio-demographic data. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to compare means/medians, whereas the chi-square test was used to compare proportions. Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction were employed to compare the anxiety scale results. All significance levels were set at 0.05.Results:A negative correlation was found between the age groups and dental anxiety levels in the children (p=0.02). The difference between gender and dental anxiety was statistically significant (p=0.01). Boys were found to be more anxious than girls. The differences between the dental anxiety and the education levels of the mothers and the family income of the parents were not statistically significant (p>0.05). It was detected that the maternal dental anxiety level strongly affected the anxiety level of the children in the group of 7-8 years (p=0.01), while no significant difference was found in the group of 11-12 years (p>0.05). A positive correlation was found between the dental caries scores of the children and their dental anxiety level (p=0.01).Conclusion:Dental anxiety is multifactorial and is far more complex than can be explained by a single contributing factor.
Functional Requirements and Design Parameters for Restocking Coarse Woody Features in Restored Wetlands.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

For many years landowners, biologists, engineers and others removed large woodymaterials such as logs, rootwads and stumps from wetlands, floodplains, and streams of thewestern United States and Canada. By the early 1970s scientists and engineers began torecognize the critical roles that wood plays in the life cycle of fish, amphibian, small mammaland bird species. Removal of wood greatly decreased the carrying capacity of wetlands andstreams for many of the species currently protected under the Endangered Species Act. Inrecent years, replanting riparian zones and adding coarse woody features to wetlands havebecome common practice. This paper discusses functional objectives, common constraints, anddesign parameters for restocking woody habitat features in wetlands. Examples of completedprojects from ELWd Systems are used to illustrate design parameters.
MATERIALS OF ALL-UNION CENSUS OF 1926 AS A SOURCE OF STRENGTH AND SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF POPULATION (ON THE MATERIAL OF THE TOBOLSK DISTRICT OF URAL REGION)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article analyzes materials for the organization, conduct and results of the census of 1926 in Tobolsk district of the Ural region. Census data are an important source of population, social and ethnic composition of the population, contain data on literacy and basic classes of citizens. Ural Bureau of Statistics has done everything possible to obtain a full and reliable information. Organizers tried to comply with all the requirements for data collection, attracted to the work of professionals, trained the enumerators, filled the questionnaires. Work on the census received considerable attention, it was covered in the press and was considered a matter of the whole people. Materials demographic statistics reflected the migration processes taking place in Russia, have established regional variations in the resettlement process. The results of the census allowed to argue that revolutionary upheavals have led to changes in the social composition of the population and the Tobolsk district, they talk about the influx of population in the city, began in the first half of the 1920s. At the same time, statistics show that by 1926 the population Tobolsk employs 18354 person, representing about 90% of the numbers in 1897, as at the time of the first census of the population lived in cities 20425 people. The smallest number of residents were in Tobolsk in 1923 - 15037 people (73,6% of the number of citizens, recorded here in 1897). At the same time, the 1926 census said the leading indicators of growth in the literacy of residents of Tobolsk district in comparison with the national average. These demographic statistics of individual territories will not only examine the general and specific in the number and social composition of the population, but to investigate the influence of this factor in the socio-economic development of regions.
Managing Meanings of Embodied Experiences Theory: Toward a Discursive Understanding of Becoming Healthier

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We advance a new theoretical approach for interpreting health communication from an embodied, intersubjective perspective. We propose individuals experience the world as bodied beings and must make sense of their embodied experiences by managing meanings of who they are in the world (being), the actions they perform (doing), and who they want to become (directed becoming). We call this theory managing meanings of embodied experiences (MMEE). Guided by the philosophies of phenomenology, pragmatism, and feminism, we provide a three-fold framework for exploring individuals' management of health meanings during interactions with others in society. The first layer-being-demonstrates a mutually constituting, intersubjective presence with others, whereby we attend to our own and another's embodied expressions accomplished communicatively. The second layer-doing-appreciates experiences directed by personal and social values both perceived and conceived during the unfolding of coordinated communicative events. The third layer-directed becoming-highlights our ability to mindfully direct changes to our identity and actions through critical reflection; it is the transformative potential of our reflective synthesis of being and doing.
Interpreting Nonracemic Ratios of Chiral Organochlorines Using Naturally Contaminated Fish

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Although reports of nonracemic proportions of chiral organochlorine pollutants in the environment are widespread, the interpretation of such data is not well developed. Using GC/MS and a chiral stationary phase consisting of 25% tert-butyldimethylsilylated beta-cyclodextrin in PS086 (beta-BSCD), we followed the change in the enantiomeric signature of 2-exo,3-endo,6-exo,8,9,10-hexachlorobornane (B6-923) in naturally contaminated fish maintained under toxaphene-free conditions. Whereas the enantiomeric ratio (ER) of B6-923 was near racemic at the start of the elimination experiment, it had increased severalfold by the end of 60 d. On the basis of first-order kinetics, one enantiomer of B6-923 was eliminated twice as fast as its mirror image, resulting in half-lives of 7 and 13 d, respectively. Enantioselective elimination by our test fish (Fundulus sp.) strongly suggests active biotransformation of B6-923; however, bioprocessing throughput estimates suggest a very low in situ rate of natural attenuation. These results confirm that the relatively constant ERs observed for chiral organochlorines in a given species are the result of competing processes, e.g., uptake vs elimination. Our experiments also further illustrate the utility of enantioselective analysis in characterizing the biotransformation of persistent organochlorine pollutants.
A Local Experience of Antibiotic Lock Therapy as an Adjunctive Treatment for Central Venous Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: One of the main drawbacks of tunneled central venous catheters (CVCs) is catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs). Antibiotic lock therapy (ALT) can be combined with systemic antibiotics to achieve catheter salvage. Our objectives are to describe cases of CRBSI and our experience with ALT in a pediatric oncology–hematology ward. Methods: a retrospective descriptive study of pediatric CRBSI cases in a Spanish oncology–hematology unit from 2007 to 2017 was conducted. We collected demographic, clinical, and microbiological data from all patients. Results: fifty-eight CRBSIs were diagnosed in thirty-nine patients; 72.9% of these patients were male, with a median age of 42.1 months. The main underlying diseases were leukemia/lymphoma (51.7%) and solid tumors (32.7%). Thirty-five (60.3%) CRBSIs were caused by Gram-positive cocci, of which 70.6% were coagulase-negative Staphylococci, and sixteen (27.6%) were caused by Gram-negative bacilli. We treated 41/58 (71%) cases with ALT. A total of 12/17 (71%) CVCs that were not treated with adjunctive ALT were removed, compared with 13/41 (32%) that were treated with ALT (relative risk (RR), 0.449; confidence interval (CI), 95%: 0.259–0.778, p = 0.004). Major reasons to remove the CVC in the CRBSI-ALT group were local insertion/pocket site infection (23%), persistent symptoms (23%), and infectious’ relapses (15%). Conclusions: ALT was shown to be an effective approach to keeping the CVC in place, with no added adverse effects.
Jespersen’s Cycle = Minimize Structure + Feature Economy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the current paper, I outline a new account of Jespersen's Cycle, mainly concentrating on data from historical Low German, but embedding the proposal into a more general typology of adverbial negative markers and their diachronic connections. Building on proposals by Cardinaletti & Starke (1999) and Grosz (2005; 2007) and Cardinaletti (2011) regarding the distribution of pronouns and modal particles, I propose to distinguish four classes of negative markers with different amounts of internal structure, representing different diachronic stages in the development of such markers. I argue that the NegP-hypothesis is (a) not necessary to account for the observed distribution, and (b) in fact makes empirically wrong predictions, which are avoided under the proposed NegP-free account.
Improved Extraction of Saturated Fatty Acids but not Omega‐3 Fatty Acids from Sheep Red Blood Cells Using a One‐Step Extraction Procedure

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Several methods are available to extract total lipid and methylate fatty acids from a range of samples including red blood cells (RBC). Fatty acid analysis of human RBC can be undertaken using a two‐step extraction and methylation or a combined one‐step extraction and methylation procedure. The lipid composition of sheep RBC differs significantly from that of humans and may affect their extraction. The purpose of the current study was to examine the efficiency of extraction of lipid and detection of fatty acids from sheep RBC using a one‐step procedure. Fatty acids were analysed using a one‐step extraction and methylation procedure using methanol:toluene and acetyl chloride in comparison with a two‐step procedure involving extraction of lipid using chloroform:methanol and separate methylation. Concentrations of saturated fatty acids including C16:0 and C18:0 were significantly higher (42.6 and 33.9 % respectively) following extraction using the one‐step procedure compared with the two‐step procedure. However, concentrations of some polyunsaturated fatty acids, including C20:5n‐3 and C22:6n‐3 were not significantly different between either procedure. The improved detection of fatty acids may be related to the ability of different solvents to extract different lipid fractions. The differential extraction of lipids and detection of fatty acids from sheep RBC may have important implications in studies examining the effect of dietary treatment on the possible health benefits of fatty acids.
Intergenerational relations between older parents and their adult children: Effect on subjective well-being

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the near future, many western nations will be confronted with specific issues regarding ageing populations and their physical and psychological well-being. Ageing persons might experience a greater need for intergenerational support and solidarity, especially in the context of migration. The acculturation process may entail an increased intergenerational gap possibly leading to conflicts and ambivalences between family members. This might in turn cause a diminished feeling of their well-being. A cross-cultural comparison is envisaged between Luxemburgish and Portuguese triads of adult children and their older parents living in Luxembourg (N = 120). Participants will report on their mutual relationship quality and subjective well-being by using a standardized questionnaire. Similitudes and differences in mutual expectations of the participants as well as the effects of an intergenerational gap in ideas about intergenerational solidarity on relationship quality and on subjective well-being (SWB) of family members will be examined. Results will be discussed regarding the relevance of intergenerational family relations for subjective well-being in the light of migration and ageing.
Chasing the Neutrino Blazar Candidates

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In our study of the correlations between IceCube-detected neutrino events and γ -ray properties of blazars, we recognize the inherent challenges posed by the limited detection of neutrinos. In this paper, we explore few-shot learning to deal with the class imbalance and few-shot issues presented in the incremental version of the 12 yr Fermi-LAT γ -ray source catalog (4FGL_ DR3). Specifically, we train a triplet network to transform the blazars with neutrino emission (NBs) and nonblazar samples into an embedding space where their similarities can be measured. With two-way three-shot learning, 199 out of 3708 blazars without neutrino emission (non-NBs) are considered as the potential blazars emitting neutrinos (NB candidates, or NBCs for short), with a similarity score against NBs exceeding 98%. Moreover, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test supports our identification of NBCs.
Cultivation Technology for Sugarbeet High Yield and Sugar Content by Drip Irrigation and Mechanical Harvesting in Xinjiang

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This article mainly discussed essential technology of sugarbeet cultivation in xinjiang,including before sowing,field management,prevention and control of pests.The implementation of the cultivation techniques for high yield and sugar may improve the market competitiveness and sustainable development of the sugarbeet sugar industry in xinjiang.