jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Lithium chloride with immunomodulatory function for regulating titanium nanoparticle-stimulated inflammatory response and accelerating osteogenesis through suppression of MAPK signaling pathway

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chao Yang,* Wei Wang,* Kechao Zhu, Wei Liu, Yao Luo, Xiangwei Yuan, Jiaxing Wang, Tao Cheng, Xianlong Zhang Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People&amp;rsquo;s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People&amp;rsquo;s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xianlong Zhang; Tao ChengDepartment of Orthopedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People&amp;rsquo;s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, People&amp;rsquo;s Republic of ChinaTel +86 216 436 9183Fax +86 216 470 1363Email dr_zhangxianlong@163.com; dr_tao.cheng@hotmail.comBackground: Wear particle-induced inflammatory osteolysis and the consequent aseptic loosening constitute the leading reasons for prosthesis failure and revision surgery. Several studies have demonstrated that the macrophage polarization state and immune response play critical roles in periprosthetic osteolysis and tissue repair, but the immunomodulatory role of lithium chloride (LiCl), which has a protective effect on wear particle-induced osteolysis by suppressing osteoclasts and attenuating inflammatory responses, has never been investigated.Methods: In this work, the immunomodulatory capability of LiCl on titanium (Ti) nanoparticle-stimulated transformation of macrophage phenotypes and the subsequent effect on osteogenic differentiation were investigated. We first speculated that LiCl attenuated Ti nanoparticle-stimulated inflammation responses by driving macrophage polarization and generating an immune micro-environment to improve osteogenesis. Furthermore, a metal nanoparticle-stimulated murine air pouch inflammatory model was applied to confirm this protective effect in vivo.Results: The results revealed that metal nanoparticles significantly activate M1 phenotype (proinflammatory macrophage) expression and increase proinflammatory cytokines secretions in vitro and in vivo, whereas LiCl drives macrophages to the M2 phenotype (anti-inflammatory macrophage) and increases the release of anti-inflammatory and bone-related cytokines. This improved the osteogenic differentiation capability of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). In addition, we also provided evidence that LiCl inhibits the phosphorylation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways in wear particle-treated macrophages.Conclusion: LiCl has the immunomodulatory effects to alleviate Ti nanoparticle-mediated inflammatory reactions and enhance the osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs by driving macrophage polarization. Thus, LiCl may be an effective therapeutic alternative for preventing and treating wear debris-induced inflammatory osteolysis.Keywords: lithium chloride, Ti nanoparticle, macrophage polarization, osteoimmunology, osteogenesis, immunomodulatory
Reactions of radicals containing fluorine. Part 3.—Hydrogen and deuterium atom abstraction from dimethylamine, dimethylamine-d, trimethylamine and ethyleneimine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The reactions of trifluoromethyl radicals with dimethylamine, dimethylamine-d, trimethylamine and ethyleneimine have been studied in the temperature range 27–161°C. Arrhenius parameters (based upon a value of 1013.37 mole–1 cm3 sec–1 for the velocity constant for the combination of trifluoromethyl radicals) have been obtained for the reactions : [graphic omitted] With dimethylamine, radical attack is favoured, on a "per-atom basis," at the nitrogen atom but the difference in reactivities of the C—H and N—H bonds is much less marked than with methyl radicals. Assuming a zero secondary isotope effect, substitution of D for H in dimethylamine alters the reactivity of the amino group by an amount in accord with zero-point-energy difference.
Character Legibility versus Resolution in Image Processing of Printed Matter

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In order to determine optimum resolution requirements for digital facsimile systems, a legibility study was conducted. The study was designed to measure the quality of output copy as a function of equipment parameters and copy parameters. The experimental equipment permitted systematic variations in horizontal and vertical resolution, scan direction, and simulated transmission noise; the test documents prepared included uppercase and lowercase characters of several sizes. During the course of the overall study, more than 300 subjects read the facsimile output copies; approximately 750 000 responses were accumulated and analyzed. The data are summarized by showing the spatial resolutions required to maintain 97.5 percent legibility for varying character sizes. Measurements were also made on secondary parameters, indicating slight differences in legibility due to scan direction, and a decrease in legibility when type was lowercase rather than uppercase. The decrease in legibility was also measured for a model of channel errors that assumes the use of run-length compression coding. Some of the results of this study can be generalized to other display systems.
A functional variant in TNXB promoter associates with the risk of esophageal squamous‐cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Our previous study identified a tag single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs204900 in TNXB associated with risk of esophageal squamous‐cell carcinoma (ESCC) in the Chinese population. However, the functional role of TNXB and causal variants had not been interrogated in that study. In the present study, we explored the effects of TNXB expression in the development of ESCC and searched for functional variants in this gene. We found TNXB was downregulated in ESCC tumors. Using small interfering RNAs and CRISPR–Cas9 methods, we identified that both knockdown and knockout of TNXB significantly promoted ESCC cell growth in vitro, suggesting a tumor suppressor role of this gene in ESCC. Through further fine‐mapping analysis, we identified that a noncoding variant in the promoter of TNXB , rs411337, predisposed to ESCC risk (odds ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval: 1.22‐1.51, P = 9.10 × 10 −9 ). These findings revealed the functional mechanism of TNXB in the development of ESCC and may contribute to the prevention and treatment of this disease in the future.
Response of sediment microbial community structure in a freshwater reservoir to manipulations in oxygen availability

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Hypolimnetic oxygenation systems (HOx) are being increasingly used in freshwater reservoirs to elevate dissolved oxygen levels in the hypolimnion and suppress sediment-water fluxes of soluble metals (e.g. Fe and Mn) which are often microbially mediated. We assessed changes in sediment microbial community structure and corresponding biogeochemical cycling on a reservoir-wide scale as a function of HOx operations. Sediment microbial biomass as quantified by DNA concentration was increased in regions most influenced by the HOx. Following an initial decrease in biomass in the upper sediment while oxygen concentrations were low, biomass typically increased at all depths as the 4-month-long oxygenation season progressed. A distinct shift in microbial community structure was only observed at the end of the season in the upper sediment near the HOx. While this shift was correlated to HOx-enhanced oxygen availability, increased TOC levels and precipitation of Fe- and Mn-oxides, abiotic controls on Fe and Mn cycling, and/or the adaptability of many bacteria to variations in prevailing electron acceptors may explain the delayed response and the comparatively limited changes at other locations. While the sediment microbial community proved remarkably resistant to relatively short-term changes in HOx operations, HOx-induced variation in microbial structure, biomass, and activity was observed after a full season of oxygenation.
Exploring the Value of Organization-public Relationships in Strategic Management: From a Resource-based View

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

With a combination of the relational approach in public relations and the resource-based approach in strategic management, this study builds the links between relationships, organizational resources and strategic management. Interview data showed that relationships were organizational resources because relationship cultivation was an organizational capability that could generate quality relationship outcomes as intangible assets. Relationships as organizational resources could contribute to strategic management and organizational effectiveness through being the foundation for strategic analysis and strategy formulation and the participation in each strategic management stage. The findings showed implications for both public relations theory and public relations practice.
Targeted inhibition of the IL5 axis for immune checkpoint inhibitors eosinophilic-induced adverse events

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Given the broad implementation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) for cancer therapy, we encounter a variety of immune-related adverse events (irAE) including immune-related blood eosinophilia. Eosinophilia demonstrated a potential positive predictive marker for a beneficial clinical response to ICI. However, there are reports of eosinophil-induced adverse events (Eo-irAE) with organ dysfunction requiring initiation of oral glucocorticoid therapy and discontinuation of ICI. We aim to assess the efficacy and safety of interleukin (IL) 5-axis inhibition in Eo-irAE secondary to ICI therapy. We present three cases of Eo-irAE referred to our allergy and clinical immunology unit at Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center following therapy with pembrolizumab and nivolumab, monoclonal antibodies that target the programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) receptor, for two cases of melanoma and one metastatic non-small cell lung carcinoma. Following informed consent and committee approval, two patients were treated with 1–3 doses of mepolizumab, 100 mg, monoclonal IgG1 kappa anti-IL-5 antibody, and one patient received up-to-date 9 doses of benralizumab, 30 mg, monoclonal IgG1 kappa antibody directed against the alpha chain of the interleukin-5 receptor, both administered subcutaneously. Patients were carefully followed and treatment response was assessed by physical examinations and laboratory tests. Hypereosinophilia at the level of 2300–8000 K/UL was observed 8–12 months following therapy accompanied by symptoms of dyspnea, arthralgia, myalgia, fasciitis, ‘morphea’-like lesions, fatigue, abdominal discomfort, pruritus, and chest pain. ICI discontinuation did not improve symptoms, two patients were resistant to glucocorticoids and therefore biological treatment was initiated to inhibit the IL5 axis. Patients demonstrated rapid clinical response and a decrease in peripheral blood eosinophil levels with long-term symptoms remission. There were no signals of negative impacts, such as tumor progression following IL5 axis inhibition. Eosinophilia secondary to ICI therapy can lead to organ dysfunction. Discontinuation of ICI might not be effective and symptoms may be refractory to steroid therapy hence targeted inhibition of the IL5 axis should be considered.
A Note on Funaki and Yamato's Tragedy of the Commons

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the model of Funaki and Yamato (1999) the tragedy of the commons can be avoided with pessimistic players, while this does not hold for optimistic players. We propose a new core concept to overcome this puzzle and provide numerical simulations of simple games where the conclusions coincide or are less sensitive to behavioural assumptions.
Sedation for Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) – A comparative study between propofol-fentanyl with Propofol-fentanyl-ketamine Combination

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a painful and long procedure requiring transient deep sedation and analgesia. The purpose of our study was conducted to evaluate and compare the sedation efficacy and propofol-fentanyl-ketamine could be a better regime than propofol-fentanyl for sedation in ERCP. Material and Method 100 ASA II-III patients, 18-60 yrs old schedule for planned ERCP procedure in the Dept. of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Gastroenterology of BSMMU. They were selected by inclusion and exclusion criteria and allocated to one of the two groups: group PF (n=50) and group PFK (n=50) by randomization. Group PF received propofol 1mg/kg + fentanyl 1µg/kg and group PFK received propofol 1mg/kg + fentanyl 1µg/kg + ketamine 0.25mg/kg and subsequent doses of propofol were given as a dose 0.5mg/kg accordingly. Recovery time was assessed from the discontinuation of procedure to modified aldrete recovery score ≥ 9. All result was expressed as number or mean ± SD or in frequencies (percentage) as applicable. The result were compiled and analyzed using SPSS-16, Student unpaired t test, Chi-square test. Result The average age of group PF and group PFK study population was 40.16(±9.34) and 44.56(±3.75) respectively whereas there average weight in initial group was 60.83(±5.54) and in the second group 58.39(±7.37). Male patients were more in both the groups. Group PF belongs to ASA II 35(70%) patients and ASA III 15(30%) patients whereas group PFK belongs to 30 (60%) and 20(40%) patients respectively. In the peroperative vital parameters, sedation related side effect as hypotension 10(20%) patients was observed in group PF and 3(6%) patients was observed in group PFK which was found statistically significant (p value 0.032) and apnea has been found 7(14%) patients in group PF and 2(4%) patients in PFK group. Which was found statistically significant (p value 0.018). No post-operative vital parameters were found statistically significant (p value >0.05). Total doses of propofol consumed was significantly higher in group PF (p<.05) than group PFK (190.45±12.8 mg and 140.67 ± 10.23mg). Time needed to achieve Aldrete recovery scale score of 9 in between PF group and PFK group were 18.25±6.76 min and 12.24 ±5.45 min respectively and the result found statistically significant (p value <0.001). Conclusion: Propofol-fentanyl-ketamine provided better sedation quality over propofol-fentanyl combination in term of less side effects, early recovery, cost effectiveness in patients undergoing ERCP procedure. Central Medical College Journal Vol 7 No 2 July 2023 Page: 70-81
CH4 Synthesis from CO2 with Microwave Plasma Technique

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Methane was synthesized by microwave plasma using carbon dioxide and hydrogen at atmospheric pressure. In this study, the effects of the input power, gas flow rate and ratio on the conversion were evaluated. Nonlinear relationship between power input and methane conversion has been clarified. Improving the power input increases the plasma occupancy in the reaction tube, promoting the chemical reaction and increasing the conversion of CH4, reaction gas flow rate has a significant influence on the methane yield, in this study, the best flow rate in the condition has been proved that Ar=2.0L/min, CO2=0.01L/min, H2=0.08L/min.
QUALITATIVE INTERPRETATION OF GALAXY SPECTRA

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We describe a simple step-by-step guide to qualitative interpretation of\ngalaxy spectra. Rather than an alternative to existing automated tools, it is\nput forward as an instrument for quick-look analysis, and for gaining physical\ninsight when interpreting the outputs provided by automated tools. Though the\nrecipe is of general application, it was developed for understanding the nature\nof the Automatic Spectroscopic K-means based (ASK) template spectra. They\nresulted from the classification of all the galaxy spectra in the Sloan Digital\nSky Survey data release 7 (SDSS-DR7), thus being a comprehensive representation\nof the galaxy spectra in the local universe. Using the recipe, we give a\ndescription of the properties of the gas and the stars that characterize the\nASK classes, from those corresponding to passively evolving galaxies, to HII\ngalaxies undergoing a galaxy-wide starburst. The qualitative analysis is found\nto be in excellent agreement with quantitative analyses of the same spectra. A\nnumber of byproducts follow from the analysis. There is a tight correlation\nbetween the age of the stellar population and the metallicity of the gas, which\nis stronger than the correlations between galaxy mass and stellar age, and\ngalaxy mass and gas metallicity. The galaxy spectra are known to follow a\n1-dimensional sequence, and we identify the luminosity-weighted mean stellar\nage as the affine parameter that describes the sequence. All ASK classes happen\nto have a significant fraction of old stars, although spectrum-wise they are\noutshined by the youngest populations. Old stars are metal rich or metal poor\ndepending on whether they reside in passive galaxies or in star-forming\ngalaxies.\n
On a new concept of stochastic domination and the laws of large numbers

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Consider a sequence of positive integers $\{k_n,n\ge1\}$, and an array of nonnegative real numbers $\{a_{n,i},1\le i\le k_n,n\ge1\}$ satisfying $\sup_{n\ge 1}\sum_{i=1}^{k_n}a_{n,i}=C_0\in (0,\infty).$ This paper introduces the concept of $\{a_{n,i}\}$-stochastic domination. We develop some techniques concerning this concept and apply them to remove an assumption in a strong law of large numbers of Chandra and Ghosal [Acta. Math. Hungarica, 1996]. As a by-product, a considerable extension of a recent result of Boukhari [J. Theoret. Probab., 2021] is established and proved by a different method. The results on laws of large numbers are new even when the summands are independent. Relationships between the concept of $\{a_{n,i}\}$-stochastic domination and the concept of $\{a_{n,i}\}$-uniform integrability are presented. Two open problems are also discussed.
Postmortem Biochemistry and Toxicology

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The aim of postmortem biochemistry and toxicology is either to help establish the cause of death, or to gain information on events immediately before death. If self-poisoning is suspected, the diagnosis may be straightforward and all that could be required is confirmation of the agents involved. However, if the cause of death is not immediately obvious then suspicion of possible poisoning or of conditions such as alcoholic ketoacidosis is of course crucial. On the other hand, it may be important to investigate adherence to prescribed therapy, for example with anticonvulsants or antipsychotics, hence sensitive methods are required. Blood sampling (needle aspiration, peripheral vein, for example femoral, ideally after proximal ligation) before opening the body minimizes the risk of sample contamination with, for example, gut contents or urine. Other specimens (stomach contents, urine, liver, vitreous humor) may also be valuable and may be needed to corroborate unexpected or unusual findings in the absence of other evidence. The site of sampling should always be recorded. The availability of antemortem specimens should not necessarily preclude postmortem sampling. Appropriate sample preservation, transport, and storage are mandatory. Interpretation of analytical toxicology results must take into account what is known of the pharmacokinetics and toxicology of the agent(s) in question, the circumstances under which death occurred including the mechanism of exposure, and other factors such as the stability of the analyte(s) and the analytical methods used. It is important to realise that changes may occur in the composition of body fluids, even peripheral blood, after death. Such changes are likely to be greater after attempted resuscitation, and with centrally-acting drugs with large volumes of distribution given chronically, and may perhaps be minimised by prompt refrigeration of the body and performing the autopsy quickly.
Correlations between nuclear landscape boundaries and neutron-rich r-process abundances

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Motivated by the newly observed $^{39}$Na in experiments, systematic\ncalculations of global nuclear binding energies with seven Skyrme forces are\nperformed. We demonstrate the strong correlation between the two-neutron\nseparation energies ($S_{2n}$) of $^{39}$Na and the total number of bound\nnuclei of the whole nuclear landscape. Furthermore, with calculated nuclear\nmasses, we perform astrophysical rapid-neutron capture process ($r$-process)\nsimulations by using nuclear reaction code TALYS and nuclear reaction network\ncode SkyNet. $r$-process abundances from ejecta of neutron star mergers and\ncore-collapse supernova are compared. Prominent covariance correlations between\nnuclear landscape boundaries and neutron-rich $r$-process abundances before the\nthird peak are shown. This study highlights the needs for further experimental\nstudies of drip-line nuclei around $^{39}$Na for better constraints on nuclear\nlandscape boundaries and $r$-process.\n
Bounding Teacher Decision Making: The Threat of Intensification

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One common limitation in most reform efforts is an understanding of the relation among teachers' work, decision making, and the construction of school knowledge. This study attempts to fill this gap by examining how critical theories of teachers' work both inform and are informed by an analysis of two case study middle schools. Findings from this study suggest that many of the decisions that teachers make are based on their attempt to contain the threat of intensification. Such a self-regulatory process shaped decisions in the areas of planning, grading, and classroom management and fostered a defensive form of school knowledge that is fact oriented, routinized, and mundane. Particularly troubling is the finding that this defensive form of knowledge was most pronounced in classes with large numbers of students of color
High-throughput sequencing: a powerful tool for pathogen detection and identification in clinical samples

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recent advancements in high-throughput sequencing have significantly expanded the possibilities for diagnosing and surveilling infectious diseases. This article offers a comprehensive examination of key sequencing methodologies, emphasizing their unique characteristics and potential applications in clinical practice. Both metagenomic and targeted approaches are assessed in terms of their effectiveness, limitations, and feasibility across various diagnostic fields. We also discuss current challenges in standardization and the analysis of large genomic datasets, highlighting the urgent need for innovative bioinformatics solutions to streamline these processes. The technologies explored in this article are already transforming strategies for diagnosing infectious diseases, and their continued development may play a crucial role in the evolution of clinical diagnostic systems.