jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
International Comments

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our website uses cookies to enhance your experience. By continuing to use our site, or clicking "Continue," you are agreeing to our Cookie Policy | Continue JAMA HomeNew OnlineCurrent IssueFor Authors Publications JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry (1919-1959) Podcasts Clinical Reviews Editors' Summary Medical News Author Interviews More JN Learning / CMESubscribeJobsInstitutions / LibrariansReprints & Permissions Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Accessibility Statement 2023 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved Search All JAMA JAMA Network Open JAMA Cardiology JAMA Dermatology JAMA Forum Archive JAMA Health Forum JAMA Internal Medicine JAMA Neurology JAMA Oncology JAMA Ophthalmology JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery JAMA Pediatrics JAMA Psychiatry JAMA Surgery Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry Input Search Term Sign In Individual Sign In Sign inCreate an Account Access through your institution Sign In Purchase Options: Buy this article Rent this article Subscribe to the JAMA journal
e0043 Effects of simvastatin on angiogenesis and the expression of Ang1 after myocardial infarction in rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the effects of simvastatin on myocardial angiogenesis and the expression of angiopoietin-1 after experimental myocardial infarction (MI) in rats. Methods 60 healthy adult SD rats were randomly divided into the sham operated group, the control group, low dose of simvastatin (1 mg·kg −1 ·d −1 ) group, medium dose of simvastatin (10 mg·kg −1 ·d −1 ) group, high dose of simvastatin (40 mg·kg −1 ·d −1 ) group. Left anterior descending coronary underwent permanent occlusion to establish the MI model. Rats were administered simvastatin respectively via oral gavage for four consecutive weeks starting at the next day. Density of new microvessels in the ischaemic area, LVMI, protein and mRNA expression of Ang-1 were detected 4 weeks after operation. Results (1) Compared with the control group, the Density of new microvessels in low and medium dose of simvastatin group increased significantly (p<0.05); and those did not changed significantly in high dose of simvastatin group (p>0.05) (2) LVMI in low and medium dose of simvastatin group decreased significantly compared with that in control group (p<0.05), and further decreased in high dose of simvastatin group. (3) The protein and mRNA expression of Ang-1 in all simvastatin group increased significantly compared with that in control group (p<0.05). Conclusion (1) Low and medium dose of simvastatin can stimulate myocardial angiogenesis after MI, wherase high dose of simvastatin have no pro-angiogenic effect. (2) the pro-angiogenic effect of simvastatin may be associated with upregulated expression of Ang-1.
Insect pest problems of sunflower with particular reference to the sunflower beetle, Zygogramma exclamationis (Fabricus), in Manitoba

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Data for this study were collected during the summers of 1983 to 1985. Field and grower surveys were conducted to determine the status of the sunflower-insect pest complex as well as their management by growers. Sunflower beetle, sunflower midge, sunflower maggot, banded sunflower moth and sunflower moth were the most prevalent species and found in at least 10 of the 12 fields that were surveyed. However, pests of primary concern to growers were the sunflower beetle, the sunflower midge and cutworms. Cultural control did not play a major role in the management of these pests. More than 80% of the growers indicated that they use economic thresholds when available. However, data from the field survey on sunflower beetle showed that growers applied insecticides at well below the currently recommended threshold values. Insect densities were manipulated on individual plants in caged and open studies to determine the effect of defoliation of sunflower by sunflower beetle. Head diameter, yield and seed weight decreased, whereas oil content increased with increasing beetle densities. A curvilinear relationship between pest density and yield was obtained for adults and larvae. These quadratic polynomial regressions were used to estimate the economic thresholds which ranged from 2-3 adults and 5-10 larvae per plant. Sunflower plants were artificially defoliated at five growth stages using four levels of defoliation to simulate time of damage and time in insecticide application in relation to the sunflower beetle. Growth and yield components generally decreased with increasing levels of defolation. Plants in their early growth stages (V4-V8) were sensitive to defoliation. Plants showed compensation at low levels of defoliation. Depending on the duration of defoliation, a linear or a quadratic relationship between yield and defoliation was obtained. These relationships were used to calculate defoliation thresholds for individual growth stages. A sequential decision plan for the control of sunflower beetle larvae was developed from studies of larval dispersion in growers' fields. Iwao's patchiness regression technique was used as a basis for the sequential model since it provided a consistently good fit to the data. The plan should minimize sampling efforts and provide a reliable method of assessing whether control is required.
The Impact of Workflow on Cutting Time for Partial Knee Arthroplasty

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

To date, there are no studies aimed at characterizing the active cutting time for a robotic-assisted PKA procedure and the impact of workflow. This study quantified the active cutting time for three medial PKA workflows using the same robotic-assisted system. Three surgeons each prepared six cadaveric knees for PKA with robotic-assisted technology using one of three workflows: A) burr-only, using a legacy cutting system and burr design; B) burr-only, using a new cutting system and burr design; or C) planar, using a new cutting system, burr design and saw. For a burr-only workflow, the femur and tibia were prepared with a burr. For a planar workflow, the femur and tibia were prepared with a burr and saw. The total mean trigger time to complete all femoral or tibial bony resections was measured and statistically compared between workflows using ANOVA and Tukey Pairwise Comparison. There was statistically significant less time required to prepare the femur and tibia in B and C, compared to A (p≤0.05). Less time was required in C than B, but this was not statistically significant (p&gt;0.05). Workflow A took an average of 429±104 seconds (range, 314 to 529 seconds), B took an average of 302±40 seconds (range, 244 to 363 seconds), and C took an average of 236±50 seconds (range, 196 to 332 seconds). The new burr design, when used with both burr-only and planar workflows, has the potential to be more efficient (30 and 45% faster, respectively) compared to the legacy burr using the burr-only workflow, for a medial PKA. Bone resection time should be investigated in a clinical setting.
Sacrificed: Ontario Healthcare Workers in the Time of COVID-19

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Healthcare workers (HCWs) in Ontario, Canada have faced unprecedented risks during the COVID-19 pandemic. They have been infected at an elevated rate compared to the general public. HCWs have argued for better protections with minimal success. A worldwide shortage of N95s and comparable respirators appears to have influenced guidelines for protection, which stand at odds with increasing scientific evidence. In-depth interviews were conducted with ten frontline HCWs about their concerns. They reported that the risk of contracting COVID-19 and infecting family members has created intense anxiety. This, in conjunction with understaffing and an increased workload, has resulted in exhaustion and burnout. HCWs feel abandoned by their governments, which failed to prepare for an inevitable epidemic, despite recommendations. The knowledge that they are at increased risk of infection due to lack of protection has resulted in anger, frustration, fear, and a sense of violation that may have long-lasting implications. Sacrifié: Le personnel de la santé ontarien à l'époque de la COVID-19 Résumé En Ontario, au Canada, le personnel de la santé a eu à faire face à des risques sans précédent durant la pandémie de COVID-19. On y a constaté un taux d'infection plus élevé chez les travailleuses et travailleurs de la santé (TTS) qu'au sein de la population en général. Les TTS ont revendiqué des moyens de protection améliorés, sans grand succès. Une pénurie mondiale de masques respirateurs de type N95 ou similaires semble avoir joué sur les directives en matière de protection, qui ne cadrent pas avec une accumulation de preuves scientifiques. Lors d'entretiens en profondeur, dix TTS de première ligne ont été invités à donner leur avis sur la situation. à les entendre, le risque de contracter la COVID-19 et d'infecter les membres de leur famille leur cause beaucoup d'anxiété. Associée à un manque de personnel et à une charge de travail accrue, cette anxiété se traduit par un épuisement physique et professionnel. Les TTS se sentent abandonnés par leurs gouvernements, qui ont manqué de se préparer à l'inévitabilité d'une épidémie, malgré ce qui leur avait été recommandé. Leur réalisation d'être exposés à un plus grand risque d'infection par manque d'équipement de protection s'est muée en colère, frustration et peur, et en un sentiment de violation de leurs droits dont on peut craindre qu'il subsiste fort longtemps.
A Convexity-Preserving Level-Set Method for the Segmentation of Tumor Organoids

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Tumor organoid cultures play a crucial role in clinical practice, particularly in guiding medication by accurately determining the morphology and size of the organoids. However, segmenting individual tumor organoids is challenging due to their inhomogeneous internal intensity and overlapping structures. This paper proposes a convexity-preserving level-set segmentation 4 model based on the characteristics of tumor organoid images to segment individual tumor organoids precisely. Considering the predominant spherical shape exhibited by organoid growth, we propose a level-set model that includes a data-driven term, a curvature term, and a regularization term. The data-driven term pulls the contour to the vicinity of the boundary; the curvature term ensures the maintenance of convexity in the targeted segmentation, and the regularization term controls the smoothness and propagation of the contour. The proposed model aids in overcoming interference from factors such as overlap and noise, enabling the evolving curve to converge to the actual boundary of the target accurately. Furthermore, we propose a selectable and targeted initialization method that guarantees precise segmentation of specific regions of interest. Experiments on 51 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma organoid images show that our model achieved excellent segmentation results. The average Dice value and computation time are 98.81±0.48% and 20.67 s. Compared with the C-V and CPLSE models, it is more accurate and takes less time.
The God-Awful Small Affair of the Invisible Organist: David Bowie Translated

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Following the sudden death of David Bowie in January 2016, perhaps the least expected tributes were the various organ renditions of his 1973 single ‘Life On Mars’ played by the organists of St Albans Cathedral, Kelvingrove Art Gallery in Glasgow and Dublin’s St Joseph’s Church. Becoming instant social media sensations, what are we to make of these different versions of Bowie’s song played on the pipe organ, the so-called ‘King of Instruments’, and why did the organists choose ‘Life On Mars’ over any other Bowie song? In this essay, I consider these and other related questions from a range of theoretical perspectives, initially drawing on philosopher and musicologist Peter Szendy’s notion of the musical arrangement as translation, whilst also conceding that as a translation, something in the process of arrangement is lost. What might that ‘something’ be? Understanding him to be one of the most conspicuous musical artists of our time, I go on to employ media philosopher Sybille Kramer’s transmission theory of communication, positing Bowie as a messenger-translator who is also a powerful cultural interferer. As such, he is the antithesis of the church organist who, like the person of the textual translator as outlined by translation theorist Lawrence Venuti, has occupied a marginal if not abject space within musical history. Given this relegated position, how does Bowie’s own use of the organ sit with its use as an instrument of elegy in the various renditions referred to above, and can it tell us anything else about translation?
Bright ultra-broadband fiber-based biphoton source

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this Letter, we report a first, to the best of our knoqledge, experimental realization of a bright ultra-broadband (180 THz) fiber-based biphoton source with widely spectrally separated signal and idler photons. Such a two-photon source is realized due to the joint use of a broadband two-loop phase-matching of interacting light waves and high optical nonlinearity of a silica-core photonic crystal fiber. The high performance of the developed fiber source identifies it as an important and useful tool for a wide range of optical quantum applications.
Shedding Light on Races of the Spinach Fusarium Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two pathogenicity groups of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, the causal agent of Fusarium wilt of spinach ( Spinacia oleracea), were described recently based on virulence of isolates on proprietary spinach inbreds. In this study, a wide range in severity of wilt was observed for 68 spinach cultivars inoculated with an isolate of each pathogenicity group, with 22 (32.4%) cultivars displaying differential responses to the isolates. In a second set of trials, seven spinach cultivars were inoculated with five isolates of each pathogenicity group. The cultivars had similar wilt responses to isolates within each group. In both sets of trials, the most severe wilt developed on cultivars inoculated with pathogenicity group 2 isolates when daylength was shorter and light intensity lower. To test whether light intensity exacerbates severity of Fusarium wilt, three spinach cultivars were inoculated with two isolates of each pathogenicity group and grown with or without shading. Shaded plants developed more severe wilt than nonshaded plants. This difference in wilt severity was greatest for plants inoculated with pathogenicity group 2 isolates. We propose naming isolates of pathogenicity groups 1 and 2 as races 1 and 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, respectively, and recommend the cultivars Kiowa (susceptible to both races) and Magnetic (susceptible to race 2 and highly resistant to race 1) as differentials. Results of this study should help breeders screen spinach germplasm for resistance to both races of F. oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae.
Asymptotic Distortion Performance of Source-Channel Diversity over Multihop and Relay Channels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A key challenge in the design of real-time wireless multimedia systems is the presence of fading coupled with strict delay constraints. A very effective answer to this problem is the use of diversity achieving techniques to overcome the fading nature of the wireless channels caused by the mobility of the nodes. The mobility of the nodes gives rise to the need of cooperation among the nodes to enhance the system performance. This paper focuses on comparing systems that exhibit diversity of three forms: source coding diversity, channel coding diversity, and user cooperation diversity implemented through multihop or relay channels with amplify-and-forward or decode-and-forward protocols. Commonly used in multimedia communications, performance is measured in terms of the distortion exponent, which measures the rate of decay of the end-to-end distortion at asymptotically high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). For the case of repetition coding at the relay nodes, we prove that having more relays is not always beneficial. For the general case of having a large number of relays that can help the source using repetition coding, the optimum number of relay nodes that maximizes the distortion exponent is determined in this paper. This optimum number of relay nodes will depend on the system bandwidth as well as the channel quality. The derived result shows a trade-off between the quality (resolution) of the source encoder and the amount of cooperation (number of relay nodes). Also, the performances of the channel coding diversity-based scheme and the source coding diversity-based scheme are compared. The results show that for both relay and multihop channels, channel coding diversity provides the best performance, followed by the source coding diversity.
Perispore Morphology of Bolbitidoid Ferns (Dryopteridaceae) in Relation to Phylogeny

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The perispores of 48 species of bolbitidoid ferns (Mickelia, Arthrobotrya, Bolbitis, Elaphoglossum, Lomagramma, and Teratophyllum) were studied with an SEM. The species studied were those used in a published phylogenetic analysis. For each species, five perispore characters were scored and optimized onto a published molecular tree. A loose, nonappressed perispore with broad folds optimizes as ancestral for the bolbitidoids. The only exception is Lomagramma, for which the perispore adheres tightly to the exospore—a character state that optimizes as a synapomorphy for that genus. In the bolbitidoids, thin crests evolved from broad folds seven times. The presence of thin crests in Mickelia optimizes as a synapomorphy for that genus. The presence of fine surface detail, here termed "microstructure," was present in nearly all bolbitidoids and optimized as ancestral. Microstructure consisted of spicules, minute crests, and verrucae. The presence of verrucae optimizes as a synapomorphy for Lomagramma. The perispore of Bolbitis appendiculata is visually striking because it is highly reticulate throughout, a character that is autapomorphic in this analysis. No correspondence was observed between perispore characters and the transition series going from terrestrial (Bolbitis) to hemiepiphytic (Mickelia, Arthrobotrya, Lomagramma, and Teratophyllum) to epiphytic (Elaphoglossum) genera. The spore images of all species studied are publicly available at http://www.plantsystematics.org.
Experimental and theoretical studies of cyclic di-amino acidpeptides in the solid state

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Cyclic di-amino acid peptides (CDAPs) i.e. diketopiperazine (DKP) derivatives have been of long-standing interdisciplinary scientific interest, particularly as potential anti-cancer and anti-microbial agents [1, 2]. Single crystal x-ray studies of different derivatives have indicated that the six membered DKP ring adopts either a planar (cyclo(Gly-Gly), cyclo(L-Ser-L-Ser)) or boat conformation (cyclo(L-Ala-L-Ala) cyclo(L-Asp-L-Asp), cyclo(L-Glu-L-Glu)), in the solid state [3]. In addition, due to steric constraints, both amide bonds always adopt a cis conformation. Unfortunately, the inability to grow crystals of suitable diffraction quality makes it necessary to use other methods for determining solid state structures. In this study a selection of different CDAPs, have been investigated by experimental techniques such as Raman, infra-red spectroscopy and solid state NMR spectroscopy in order to relate structural and conformational relationships with theoretically calculated data. Theoretical gas phase structures have been calculated using DFT calculations (Gaussian03 molecular modeling package), utilizing the B3-LYP/cc-pVDZ basis set. Solid state DFT calculations have also been undertaken, using the pseudopotential-plane-wave CASTEP program.

The minimum energy conformation (gas phase) for cyclo(Gly-Gly), cyclo(L-Ala-Gly), cyclo(L-Ala-L-Ala), cyclo(L-Ser-L-Ser), cyclo(L-Asp-L-Asp) and cyclo(L-Glu-L-Glu) indicates that the DKP ring preferentially adopts a boat conformation. When the DKP ring is constrained to adopt a planar conformation a higher energy structure is produced. In the case of cyclo(GlyGly) the planar conformation is higher in energy by only 0.945 kJ mol-1. Simulated theoretical Raman spectra for both planar and boat conformations of cyclo(Gly-Gly) have indicated significant conformational shifts for both the CH2 stretching vibrations and the cis amide II mode. The cis amide II mode is, predominantly, an out of phase C-C-N stretch with a lower degree of contribution from the N-H in plane bend than in the trans amide II mode. The cis amide II mode appears as quite a strong signal in the Raman spectra, but is not observed in the FT-IR spectra [3].
The theoretical calculations are in good agreement with the experimental Raman results, which indicate a potential link with respect to the conformation of the DKP ring, in that a boat conformation has a cis amide II mode at a lower wavenumber than that with a planar/near planar DKP ring conformation. For example, the amide II vibrations for the planar/near planar conformations in cyclo(Gly-Gly), cyclo(D-Ala-L-Ala) and cyclo(L-Ala-Gly) are observed at wavenumbers of 1517, 1523, and 1522 cm-1, respectively, whereas the amide II modes for the boat conformations of cyclo(L-Glu-L-Glu), cyclo(L-Asp-L-Asp) and cyclo(L-Met-L-Met) are located at 1493, 1489, and 1493 cm-1, respectively [3]. The results indicate the significant potential for structural and conformational analysis using a combination of molecular modeling and experimental spectroscopic results.
Animal Moral Psychologies

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Observations of animals engaging in apparently moral behaviour have prompted the question of whether morality is shared between humans and other animals, with little agreement on the answer. Some philosophers explicitly argue that morality is unique to humans, because moral agency requires capacities that are only demonstrated in our species. Other philosophers argue that some animals can participate in morality because they possess these capacities in a rudimentary form, or because the touted capacities are not necessary for moral participation. Empirical research programs on possible moral capacities such as fairness and empathy have seen scientists joining in these debates. We argue that the current debate suffers because discussions often fail to provide both a proper philosophical foundation about the nature of moral practices and a solid empirical ground for claims about what animals can and cannot do. In this chapter we focus on the second of these issues, and defend the claim that animals have three sets of capacities that, on some views, are taken as necessary or foundational for moral judgment and action. These are capacities of care, capacities of autonomy, and normative capacities. Care, we argue, is widely found among social animals. Autonomy and normativity are more recent topics of empirical investigation, so while there is less evidence of these capacities at this point in our developing scientific knowledge, the current data is strongly suggestive.