jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Incomplete Contingency Table Approach to Paired-Comparison Experiments

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract A wide variety of paired-comparison experiments and surveys may be viewed within the framework of "incomplete" contingency table analysis. Bradley-Terry models for such data can be chosen and further examined by a noniterative logit analysis. Multivariate paired comparisons with factor structure can be analyzed through reparameterization of the underlying models for each combination of factor levels. The method is subject to sample-size restrictions but allows the experimenter to design his survey without complex symmetry conditions or independence assumptions.
349 Addressing the Gaps in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Management: Prediction and Prevention

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Globally, diabetes affects 537 million people and 15-25% will develop a foot ulcer in their lifetime. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) tend to be chronic and non-healing due to the poor wound healing environment, leading to infection or amputation. Our study aims to develop a method to predict and prevent DFU formation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Our preliminary plan is to develop a method to detect high plantar pressures, coupled with the ability to automatically adjust an orthotic device to offload excess pressure. Our current aim is to create a “smart orthotic” which will link with foot mapping technology to automatically offload high pressure areas, reducing the need for a separate clinic visit for orthotic adjustment. We aim to prove that our device will normalize plantar pressure distribution, which will prevent callus and subsequent DFU formation. The current target population includes those with diagnosed diabetes and are ambulatory. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: With our technology, we anticipate normalization of plantar pressure distribution in a more frequent fashion than is currently done. Because annual orthotic fittings, which is current standard of care, do not provide regular enough adjustments to match the rate of diabetic foot structural changes and peak plantar pressure redistribution, our device will address two gaps in management. One, patients will receive near-instantaneous changes in plantar pressure offloading, allowing for near continuous orthotic customization. Secondly, our device would reduce the clinical appointment burden, which would be especially important for patients with multiple medical comorbidities or experience other barriers to accessing healthcare. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: While DFUs are commonplace and their complications are well recognized, there still exists a gap in ulcer prevention. Our proposed solution will redistribute pathologic plantar pressures, allow for more frequent monitoring, automatic therapy, and aid in the management of high ulcer risk patients.
Infections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Infection is a common complication of chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD), and it contributes significantly to the mortality of this condition. As an example, in a prospective cohort study of 159 patients with cGVHD from the University of Minnesota, 42 of the 67 deaths were attributed to infection. Studies from other institutions provide similar data. Accordingly, most authorities emphasize the need for appropriate infection prophylaxis and management. The Guidelines for Supportive Care in cGVHD provide specific recommendations for prophylaxis, and emphasize the lack of direct evidence to support many of them. This chapter will present a review of the infectious syndromes commonly found in cGVHD and will offer recommendations regarding prevention of the different pathogens.
Surgical Safety Checklist,

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

have an established place in safe theatre practice. † There is emerging evidence that checklists may have further applications in acute and emergency situations. † Effective implementation of checklists requires individual clinicians to adapt to a changing safety culture. Summary. The concept of using a checklist in surgical and anaesthetic practice was energized by publication of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist in 2008. It was believed that by routinely checking common safety issues, and by better team communication and dynamics, perioperative morbidity and mortality could be improved. The magnitude of improvement demonstrated by the WHO pilot studies was surprising. These initial results have been confirmed by further detailed work demonstrating that surgical checklists, when properly implemented, can make a substantial difference to patient safety. However, introducing surgical checklists is not as straightforward as it seems, and requires leadership, flexibility, and teamwork in a different way to that which is currently practiced. Future work should be aimed at ensuring effective implementation of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist, which will benefit our patients on a global scale.
Putting the pieces together : The causes and consequences of de novo structural variation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

DNA contains all the information for the development of a single fertilized egg cell into a complex organism containing billions of cells. Some changes in the DNA code can disturb the normal development of an embryo, which can lead to congenital disorders such as intellectual disability, skeletal defects or autism spectrum disorders. Despite impressive developments in DNA-sequencing technologies, which are used to detect variants in the DNA code, no genetic causes are identified in many of the patients with congenital disorders. Some of these DNA variants can be very large, affecting large parts of the DNA code. The causes and consequences of such large, complex structural DNA variants are studied in this thesis. Most human fertilizations do not lead to a successful pregnancy. The DNA code of early human embryos is, for unknown reasons, very unstable, which frequently leads to the formation of new structural DNA variants during this early developmental phase. The research described in this thesis shows that part of this genetic instability in early embryos can be explained by DNA damage already occurring in sperm cells. Subsequently, various DNA-sequencing techniques are applied to study the molecular consequences of complex structural variation in cells derived from patients. New methods are described to determine the which specific genes are affected by the DNA variants, which can help to diagnose patients. Additionally, it was discovered that variants in the POLR3GL gene can cause specific bone and teeth abnormalities which have large consequences for the patients.
Nanoscale Casimir Force Softening Originated from Quantum Surface Responses

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Strong coupling between vacuum fields and quantum matter occurs at the nanoscale and broadens the horizon of light-matter interaction. Nanoscale Casimir force, as an exhibition of vacuum fields, inevitably experiences the influence of surface electron responses due to their quantum character, which are ignorable in micron Casimir force. Here, we develop a three-dimensional conformal map method to tackle typical experimental configurations with surface electron contributions to Casimir force purposely and delicately included. Based on this method, we reveal that quantum surface responses (QSRs) can either enhance or suppress the nanoscale Casimir force, depending on materials and crystal facets. The mechanism is demonstrated to be the Casimir force softening, which results from QSRs effectively altering the distance seen by the Casimir interaction. With such an understanding, we then provide a recipe to handle the nanoscale Casimir force between nanoscale complex objects. Our findings not only highlight the interaction between QSRs and vacuum fields but also provide a recipe for theoretical and experimental investigation of nanoscale fluctuation-type problems.
Identification of hepta-histidine as a candidate drug for Huntington's disease by in silico-in vitro- in vivo-integrated screens of chemical libraries.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We identified drug seeds for treating Huntington's disease (HD) by combining in vitro single molecule fluorescence spectroscopy, in silico molecular docking simulations, and in vivo fly and mouse HD models to screen for inhibitors of abnormal interactions between mutant Htt and physiological Ku70, an essential DNA damage repair protein in neurons whose function is known to be impaired by mutant Htt. From 19,468 and 3,010,321 chemicals in actual and virtual libraries, fifty-six chemicals were selected from combined in vitro-in silico screens; six of these were further confirmed to have an in vivo effect on lifespan in a fly HD model, and two chemicals exerted an in vivo effect on the lifespan, body weight and motor function in a mouse HD model. Two oligopeptides, hepta-histidine (7H) and Angiotensin III, rescued the morphological abnormalities of primary neurons differentiated from iPS cells of human HD patients. For these selected drug seeds, we proposed a possible common structure. Unexpectedly, the selected chemicals enhanced rather than inhibited Htt aggregation, as indicated by dynamic light scattering analysis. Taken together, these integrated screens revealed a new pathway for the molecular targeted therapy of HD.
Fault analysis of converter station in flexible low frequency transmission system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Modular multilevel matrix converter ( M3C ) is the core device of low frequency transmission system. The electromagnetic transient process after three-phase grounding fault is complex, which affects the insulation tolerance of equipment. Therefore, it is necessary to study the transient behavior of M3C after fault. Therefore, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the fault current path and the change rule, and obtains the key factors affecting the overcurrent and overvoltage of the sub-module. The research shows that Before the blocking of the converter, the input sub-module is in the state of charging or discharging. During the charging process, the bridge arm fault current is about twice the steady-state value. With the normal switching of the sub-module, the discharge process gradually completely discharges into the magnetic field energy stored in the bridge arm inductance. The slow rise of the current is the main stage of the bridge arm overcurrent before the blocking. After blocking, all sub-modules enter the charging state, and the fault current of the bridge arm quickly drops to zero. The capacitor voltage of the sub-module increases rapidly. The energy stored in the loop inductor and the energy supply of the AC system will cause the sub-module capacitor to have an overvoltage problem. A test system is built in PSCAD / EMTDC to verify the correctness of the conclusion.
Analysis of two-body decays of charm mesons using the quark-diagram scheme

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Two-body decays of charm mesons are analyzed in the quark-diagram scheme. Effects of SU(3) breaking and final-state interactions are included in the formulation. Various theoretical models are reviewed and tested. In this scheme, the experimental observation of ${D}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}K\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} $^{0}\ensuremath{\varphi}$ gives a clear signal of the W-exchange diagram. The difference in the lifetimes of ${D}^{+}$, ${D}^{0}$, and ${F}^{+}$ is studied in terms of two-body decays.
A novel variational form of the Schatten-$p$ quasi-norm

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The Schatten-$p$ quasi-norm with $p\in(0,1)$ has recently gained considerable attention in various low-rank matrix estimation problems offering significant benefits over relevant convex heuristics such as the nuclear norm. However, due to the nonconvexity of the Schatten-$p$ quasi-norm, minimization suffers from two major drawbacks: 1) the lack of theoretical guarantees and 2) the high computational cost which is demanded for the minimization task even for trivial tasks such as finding stationary points. In an attempt to reduce the high computational cost induced by Schatten-$p$ quasi-norm minimization, variational forms, which are defined over smaller-size matrix factors whose product equals the original matrix, have been proposed. Here, we propose and analyze a novel variational form of Schatten-$p$ quasi-norm which, for the first time in the literature, is defined for any continuous value of $p\in(0,1]$ and decouples along the columns of the factorized matrices. The proposed form can be considered as the natural generalization of the well-known variational form of the nuclear norm to the nonconvex case i.e., for $p\in(0,1)$. The resulting formulation gives way to SVD-free algorithms thus offering lower computational complexity than the one that is induced by the original definition of the Schatten-$p$ quasi-norm. A local optimality analysis is provided which shows~that we can arrive at a local minimum of the original Schatten-$p$ quasi-norm problem by reaching a local minimum of the matrix factorization based surrogate problem. In addition, for the case of the squared Frobenius loss with linear operators obeying the restricted isometry property (RIP), a rank-one update scheme is proposed, which offers a way to escape poor local minima. Finally, the efficiency of our approach is empirically shown on a matrix completion problem.
Studies of the membrane fusion activities of fusion peptide mutants of influenza virus hemagglutinin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) fuses membranes at endosomal pH by a process which involves extrusion of the NH2-terminal region of HA2, the fusion peptide, from its buried location in the native trimer. We have examined the amino acid sequence requirements for a functional fusion peptide by determining the fusion capacities of site-specific mutant HAs expressed by using vaccinia virus recombinants and of synthetic peptide analogs of the mutant fusion peptides. The results indicate that for efficient fusion, alanine can to some extent substitute for the NH2-terminal glycine of the wild-type fusion peptide but that serine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, or phenylalanine cannot. In addition, mutants containing shorter fusion peptides as a result of single amino acid deletions are inactive, as is a mutant containing an alanine instead of a glycine at HA2 residue 8. Substitution of the glycine at HA2 residue 4 with an alanine increases the pH of fusion, and valine-for-glutamate substitutions at HA2 residues 11 and 15 are without effect. We confirm previous reports on the need for specific HAo cleavage to generate functional HAs, and we show that both inappropriately cleaved HA and mutant HAs, irrespective of their fusion capacities, upon incubation at low pH undergo the structural transition required for fusion.
Regulated play at the end of the Middle Ages: the work of mendicant preaachers in communal Italy.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Apporti dei predicatori tardomedievali al disciplinamento dell'attività ludica nella società contemporanea. Si analizza, in particolare, come si articola la pastorale mendicante presso i comuni italiani del periodo, individuando peculiarità da ordine a ordine e a seconda delle circostanze in cui l'azione religiosa avveniva.
[Standard ophthalmological examination of patients with candidaemia is recommended].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The incidence of candidaemia is increasing on a global scale. Secondary intraocular involvement is a rare but serious complication, which can cause considerable visual damage. Hence, current national and international guidelines recommend ophthalmological examination of all patients with verified candidaemia in order to ensure adequate therapy and reduce the risk of visual impairment. We present a case illustrating that initial symptoms and findings of ocular candidiasis may often be subtle which emphasizes the importance of consistent adherence to these guidelines.
Epidemiological survey to identify the causes for non-treatment of HIV/AIDS cases with CD_4 cell count less than 350/μL in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

To survey the causes for non-treatment of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndromes(HIV/AIDS) cases with CD4 cell count less than 350/μL in Liangshan Prefecture,and to provide scientific basis for the improvement of antiviral treatment coverage.Methods Centralized survey was conducted among 1 843 HIV/AIDS cases who had CD4 cell count less than 350/μL but received no antiviral therapy as recorded in AIDS follow-up database by the end of September 2011,and the causes for non-treatment of these cases were analyzed.Results Among the 1 843 HIV/AIDS cases,352(19.1%) had begun treatment,but their treatments were not yet recorded in the follow-up database,and 1 491(80.9%) cases were actually untreated.The causes for non-treatment ranking from high to low were long-term absence(52.9%),refusal(28.2%),drop out(5.8%),imprisonment(5.4%),management of opportunistic infections(3.4%),death(3.4%),and unnecessary treatment according to doctors(0.9%).The causes for non-treatment were different in 17 counties(cities).Following the survey,positive and effective work was carried out,and antiviral treatment coverage increased by 12.0%,from 52.9% at the end of September 2011 to 64.9% by the end of the year.Conclusions The main causes for non-treatment of HIV/AIDS cases with CD4 cell count less than 350/μL in Liangshan Prefecture were long-term absence and refusal of treatment,and effective measures should be taken to improve treatment adherence and treatment coverage.
ASSPM: A Deep Address Parsing Model Integrating Address Spatial Semantics for Traffic Accident Handling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To enhance the accuracy and efficiency of address parsing in traffic accident handling, this study designs a deep address parsing model based on BERT, named ASSPM. This model effectively addresses the limitations of existing deep learning models in Chinese address parsing tasks by integrating address spatial semantics. First, a lexicon-enhancement method based on hybrid representation is employed, transforming the spatial semantics extracted by the Address Spatial Semantics Extractor (ASSE) into a symbolic semantic space that can be integrated with the feature vector space of the deep model. This achieves effective fusion of spatial semantics and the deep model at the model level. Second, a lexicon adapter enhanced with spatial semantics is utilized to integrate spatial semantics into the Transformer layers of the BERT model, achieving semantic fusion at the BERT level. Finally, comparative experiments on a custom address dataset and a public Chinese address dataset validate the proposed method’s superior performance over other baseline methods. This research provides robust support for the application of deep address parsing models integrating address spatial semantics in traffic accident handling, promising to improve the efficiency and accuracy of traffic accident management.
Optimising Rule-Based Classification in Temporal Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study optimises manually derived rule-based expert system classification of objects according to changes in their properties over time. One of the key challenges that this study tries to address is how to classify objects that exhibit changes in their behaviour over time, for example how to classify companies' share price stability over a period of time or how to classify students' preferences for subjects while they are progressing through school. A specific case the paper considers is the strategy of players in public goods games (as common in economics) across multiple consecutive games. Initial classification starts from expert definitions specifying class allocation for players based on aggregated attributes of the temporal data. Based on these initial classifications, the optimisation process tries to find an improved classifier which produces the best possible compact classes of objects (players) for every time point in the temporal data. The compactness of the classes is measured by a cost function based on internal cluster indices like the Dunn Index, distance measures like Euclidean distance or statistically derived measures like standard deviation. The paper discusses the approach in the context of incorporating changing player strategies in the aforementioned public good games, where common classification approaches so far do not consider such changes in behaviour resulting from learning or in-game experience. By using the proposed process for classifying temporal data and the actual players' contribution during the games, we aim to produce a more refined classification which in turn may inform the interpretation of public goods game data.
CLINICAL COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF CHOLINE MAGNESIUM TRISALICYLATE AND ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A multicentre double-blind comparison of choline magnesium trisalicylate (CMT) and acetylsalicylic acid (ACSA) compared the two medications for seven weeks in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Investigators measured the number of painful and swollen joints and the duration of morning stiffness, and assessed the overall condition of each patient. Both medications were highly effective in significantly reducing the severity of symptoms flaring after interruption of prior therapy. CMT achieved a greater reduction in the number of swollen joints than did ACSA (P less than 0.05). The incidence of adverse side-effects per patient was significantly less with CMT (P less than 0.05) (ACSA 32.1%; CMT, 16.3%. A larger percentage of ACSA patients (50.8%) reported adverse side-effects than did CMT patients 28.4%) (P less than 0.02).
Strong Convergence towards homogeneous cooling states for dissipative Maxwell models

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We show the propagation of regularity, uniformly in time, for the scaled solutions of the inelastic Maxwell model for small inelasticity. This result together with the weak convergence towards the homogenous cooling state present in the literature implies the strong convergence in Sobolev norms and in the L 1 norm towards it depending on the regularity of the initial data. The strategy of the proof is based on a precise control of the growth of the Fisher information for the inelastic Boltzmann equation. Moreover, as an application we obtain a bound in the L 1 distance between the homogeneous cooling state and the corresponding Maxwellian distribution vanishing as the inelasticity goes to zero.
Competitiveness and Technical Challenges of Low Cost Wirebond Packaging for High Speed SerDes Applications in ASICs

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper discusses the challenges in balancing the wireability, performance, and cost of low cost wirebond packaging for high speed SerDes applications in application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). In-depth analysis was performed using 3D electromagnetic simulation to evaluate the effect on performance of various design factors along the signal path of the wirebond package, including bondwire, microstrip, and ball grid array (BGA) assignment. The tradeoff between wireability and performance of these design factors is discussed. Hardware measurements were performed on a functioning high speed SerDes test site which was designed to optimize wireability for the application while still achieving performance well beyond the 3 gigabits per second (Gbps) data rate for which it was designed. Projections are made concerning design variables that can be adjusted to meet the requirements of wire count, package size, and performance, enabling the ability to design for a broad application space in high speed SerDes applications.