jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effects of Social Media on Adolescents

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Kaiser’s 2010 report, a study on media in the lives of young people between the ages of eight and 18, ignited afirestorm of worries about the amount young people consume, with social media being the newest and fastest-growingmedium. With teens consuming more than 7-12 hours of media a day, Nielsen found in 2011 that social networks werethe most visited sites on the web. And in 2014, Browser Media, Socialnomics, MacWorld discovered that nearly aquarter of all teens log on to Facebook over 10 times a day. Slowly but surely, the research is confirming what we knowto be true anecdotally: young people love social media (Simon, 2014). Young people today become consumers at anearlier age than their parents. (Ahava and Palojoki, 2004). In Turkey, 27% of the population is between the ages 10-14and 17% of the population is between the ages 15-17. In April 2015, the proportion of households with Internet access ingeneral was 69.5%. Such a young national population creates a powerful demand for marketing. (www.tuik.gov.tr). Thepurpose of this study is to report the findings of a descriptive study conducted to investigate the perception of adolescentson social media advertisements.
Clinical presentation, hematologic characteristics and survival outcome of childhood leukemia with musculoskeletal involvement: A 42-year experience from a single tertiary center in Thailand

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Childhood leukemia with musculoskeletal (MSK) involvement mimics various conditions, which consequently leads to diagnostic delays. The clinical implication of MSK involvement in this disease on survival outcomes is inconclusive. This study aimed to compare characteristics and survival outcomes between MSK and non-MSK involvement in childhood leukemia. Methods: The medical records of children newly diagnosed with acute leukemia aged under 15 years were retrospectively reviewed. Two-to-one nearest-neighbor propensity score-matching was performed to obtain matched groups with and without MSK involvement. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were then used to assess the effect of MSK involvement on survival outcomes. Results: Of 1042 childhood leukemia cases, 81 (7.8%) children had MSK involvement at initial presentation. MSK involvement was more likely in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia than acute myeloid leukemia (p <0.05). Hematologic abnormalities were less frequent in the MSK involvement group (p <0.05). The absence of peripheral blast cells was significantly higher in the MSK involvement group (17.3% vs 9.6%, p = 0.04). Normal complete blood counts with absence of peripheral blast cells were found 2.5% of the children with MSK involvement. By propensity score-matching for comparable risk groups of children with and without MSK involvement, the 5-year overall survival was not significantly different (48.2% vs 57.4%, respectively, p = 0.22), nor was event-free survival (43.3% vs 51.8%, respectively, p = 0.31). Conclusion: Childhood leukemia with MSK involvement had the characteristics of minimal or absent hematologic abnormalities and peripheral blast counts.
Study on the postnatal neurobehavioral development in rats treated prenatally with drugs acting on the autonomic nervous systems.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The drugs used were methamphetamine, reserpine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, propranolol, chlorpromazine, haloperidol, pilocarpine and atropine. Each drug except for reserpine (days 7-13 and 14-19 of gestation) was administered subcutaneously to dams from day 7 to 19 of gestation. The body weight gain of dams receiving reserpine (days 7-13) and haloperidol was inhibited during the gestation period. Two out of 9 dams receiving methamphetamine died on day 21 of gestation period; However, no effect was observed in dams given other drugs. The body weight gain of pups was inhibited in methamphetamine and haloperidol treated groups. The mortality of pups was comparable in all groups. The behavioral development of the righting reflex, cliff drop avoidance and negative geotaxis of pups given reserpine (days 7-13), norepinephrine, chlorpromazine and haloperidol was significantly retarded in comparison with that of control pups. The spontaneous motor activity of pups measured by Animex was increased in reserpine (days 7-13) and epinephrine treated groups and decreased in the chlorpromazine treated group on day 28 postpartum, but comparable in all groups on day 56 postpartum. The conditioned avoidance responses using the shuttle box revealed deficits of avoidance learning of pups in the reserpine (days 7-13), norepinephrine and atropine treated groups. These findings suggest that the prenatal exposure to drugs acting on the autonomic nervous system may produce adverse effects on the behavioral development of pups; However, the adverse effects were more apparent by postnatal exposure than by prenatal exposure.
Disequilibrium, 'Lock-in' and Potential Double Dividends: The Case of Distributed Combined Heat and Power (DCHP)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper addresses the potential for so-called 'double dividends', a possibility still largely dismissed by economists and, consequently by policy-makers. To come to grips with this question, the paper begins with a discussion of the notion of competitive equilibrium. This is followed by a discussion of the link between disequilibrium and innovation, and the non-linear dynamics of competition between technologies with increasing returns, resulting in path-dependence. Increasing returns to adoption permit lock-in of inferior technologies due to economies of scale and experience. However, in time, the initial advantage can be lost due to further innovation. This, in turn, is largely responsible for the existence of opportunities for double dividends. Double dividends can result when technological progress enables a technology that was originally locked out to become competitive at a later time. The paper concludes with a detailed analysis of what is arguably the most important opportunity for double dividends in the US and world economy, namely overcoming the lock-in of the monopoly electric power distribution system. This would encourage wider application of co-generation and/or decentralized combined heat and power (CHP) technology, with dramatic reductions in costs, carbon dioxide output and improved overall system reliability.
CYP1-Activation and Anticancer Properties of Synthetic Methoxylated Resveratrol Analogues

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Naturally occurring stilbenoids, such as the (E)-stilbenoid resveratrol and the (Z)-stilbenoid combretastatin A4, have been considered as promising lead compounds for the development of anticancer drugs. The antitumour properties of stilbenoids are known to be modulated by cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1 and CYP1B1, which contribute to extrahepatic phase I xenobiotic and drug metabolism. Thirty-four methyl ether analogues of resveratrol were synthesised, and their anticancer properties were assessed, using the MTT cell proliferation assay on a panel of human breast cell lines. Breast tumour cell lines that express CYP1 were significantly more strongly affected by the resveratrol analogues than the cell lines that did not have CYP1 activity. Metabolism studies using isolated CYP1 enzymes provided further evidence that (E)-stilbenoids can be substrates for these enzymes. Structures of metabolic products were confirmed by comparison with synthetic standards and LC-MS co-elution studies. The most promising stilbenoid was (E)-4,3′,4′,5′-tetramethoxystilbene (DMU212). The compound itself showed low to moderate cytotoxicity, but upon CYP1-catalysed dealkylation, some highly cytotoxic metabolites were formed. Thus, DMU212 selectively affects proliferation of cells that express CYP1 enzymes.
The Structural, Elastic, Electronic and Optical Properties of Cubic Perovskite SrVO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt; Compound: An Ab Initio Study

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The structural, elastic, electronic and optical properties of cubic SrVO3 perovskite have been investigated using the first principles pseudo-potential plane-wave (PP-PW) method based on the density functional theory (DFT), within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). The calculated lattice parameters are in good agreement with the previous experimental and theoretical results. Using the energy-strain method, we obtained three independent elastic constants (C 11, C 12 and C 44) and various elasticity parameters such as bulk modulus, Shear modulus, Young’s modulus, B/G, Poisson’s ratio and anisotropy factor. Our calculated results of elastic constants satisfy the structural stability criterion and the ductile/brittle of SrVO 3 is predicted by Pugh’s criterion. The electronic band structure reveals metallic conductivity. Finally, the optical properties (reflectivity, dielectric function, refractive index, absorption spectrum, conductivity and energy loss spectrum) have been calculated and discussed.
Spatial Atlas of the Mouse Central Nervous System at Molecular Resolution

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Spatially charting molecular cell types at single-cell resolution across the three-dimensional (3D) volume of the brain is critical for illustrating the molecular basis of the brain anatomy and functions. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has profiled molecular cell types in the mouse brain, but cannot capture their spatial organization. Here, we employed an in situ sequencing technique, STARmap PLUS, to map 1.09 million high-quality cells across the whole adult mouse brain and the spinal cord, profiling 1,022 genes at subcellular resolution with a voxel size of 194 X 194 X 345 nm3 in 3D. We developed computational pipelines to segment, cluster, and annotate 230 molecular cell types by single-cell gene expression and 106 molecular tissue regions by spatial niche gene expression. Joint analyses of molecular cell types and molecular tissue regions enabled a systematic molecular spatial cell type nomenclature and allowed the identification of tissue architectures previously undefined in established brain anatomy. To create a transcriptome-wide spatial atlas, we further integrated the STARmap PLUS measurements with a published scRNA-seq atlas, imputing 11,844 genes at the single-cell level. Finally, we delineated the tropisms of a brain-wide transgene delivery tool, AAV-PHP.eB5,6, across the molecular cell types and tissue regions of the whole mouse brain. Together, this annotated dataset provides a comprehensive, high-resolution, single-cell resource that integrates a spatial molecular atlas, cell taxonomy, brain anatomy, and genetic manipulation accessibility of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS).
The Norwegian Downsizing Approach in Terms of the Insider Threat - An interpretive study

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research examined how the Norwegian organizations approach a downsizing in terms of the insider threat. Ten subject matter experts in large Norwegian enterprises were interviewed. These subject matter experts serve in various industry sectors such as; petroleum and energy, climate and environment, agriculture and food, defense, finance, and maritime. The size of the organizations varies from around 400 to more than 10,000 employees. The results of these interviews have been discussed and partially compared with international practice. Then, authorities within the field of security management have commented on the findings and the suggested improvements. This is a qualitative study that describes and interprets the Norwegian approach, which provides strong rights for the employees, and does not examine cause and effect relationships. \n\nThe analysis has identified management as a key element to mitigate the insider threat in downsizing processes. Starting with top management in the planning phase, then transferring more responsibility on the middle management in the execution phase. Managers might not be aware of having such responsibility concerning the insider threat. The managers are additionally key players in building a healthy security culture. Given this important role, there seem to be a surprisingly low level of education and training aimed at personnel security management. Additionally, one must consider both the dismissed and the remaining employees. As a foundation, enterprises should have established policies, procedures, and holistic risk management, including the insider threat. Further, some enterprises could transform their approach from reactive towards proactive, and mitigate the insider threat by combined social and technical controls throughout the employment life-cycle. However, with adherence to rules and regulations, such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) concerning privacy.\n\nNeither the Norwegian National Security Authority (NSM), the Norwegian Center for Information Security (NorSIS), or the Norwegian Business and Industry Security Council (NSR), with their background and expertise, question the findings. \n\nTo the authors knowledge, there have not been similar previous research, on how Norwegian organizations approach a downsizing in terms of the insider threat.
Family-friendly business events – an impossible ménage?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The demand for family-friendly business events is continually increasing, reflecting the significance of work-life balance in contemporary society. The main objective is to investigate the family-friendly aspects of business events based on insights from professional event organizers. Design/methodology/approach The study utilizes a qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews with 20 event organizers and venue representatives in Hungary. Findings Based on interviews, the research identified four levels of family-related business events: (1) bleisure tourism, (2) familiar corporate events, (3) traditional business events made open to family members and (4) corporate family days. When organizing family-friendly business events, several key factors must be considered. These include the location and comfort of the venue, budgetary constraints and the timing of the event to accommodate family schedules. Practical implications The research highlights that the demand side plays a catalytic role in developing the niche market of family-friendly business events. In practical terms, this underscores the critical importance of systematically collecting and disseminating best practices, maintaining continuous communication with stakeholders and fostering a paradigm shift in the mindset of organizers. Originality/value The study contributes to the ongoing discourse on work-life balance and the role of family-friendly practices in the business events industry. Theoretically, it expands the literature on family-friendly events and suggests a clear definition.
Molecular genetics of restriction fragment length polymorphisms linked to the Huntington disease locus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

New Zealand families segregating the Huntington disease (HD) phenotype were investigated for linkage of the HD locus to the anonymous DNA locus G8, from chromosome 4p16.3. Linkage of the two loci was indicated in the largest family assessed. The results from this family together with those from 10 other smaller families were consistent with the existence of a single locus (that is, genetic homogeneity for HD). One crossover between the HD locus and the G8 marker locus was detected. Overall, the results of the linkage analysis indicate a distance of 4cM separating HD from G8. \nThe usefulness of G8 as a marker in predictive testing for HD was examined in the New Zealand families. In agreement with overseas findings, G8 and DNA contiguous with G8 are useful for predictive testing in some families. The main limitation for predictive testing is the family structure which often results in the unavailability of key individuals for testing and thus prevents prediction in others. \nSequence analysis of three sites which produce restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detected by G8 revealed that single point mutations were responsible for the presence or absence of the polymorphic sites *H1, *H2 and *E. The sequences were highly conserved between individuals in the regions investigated. The conservation of sequence provided the potential for the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify each polymorphic region for more rapid assessment of these RFLPs. \nThe three regions were amplified successfully from genomic DNA. In addition, amplification of the three regions was possible with template DNA which was degraded or crude or isolated from tissue which had been fixed in formalin. However, the results of the subsequent analyses of the amplified products by restriction enzyme digestion showed that there are problems that can render the PCR unreliable. The presence of non-target sequences hindered detection of the genotype in the *H1 and *H2 regions and masked the true genotype of a person in the *E region. Thus, the potential of the PCR for presymptomatic diagnosis of HD remains to be realised. However, when the problems are overcome a very rapid analysis of RFLPs linked with HD using the PCR will be possible, as will be retrospective analyses.
The changing face of union action put to the test by neo-liberal reforms in France

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article reviews how French trade union are coping with the neo-liberal policies since the early 1980s. It shows their divergent reactions, and how these liberal reforms are implemented in a context of transformation of trade union action: the use of strikes is more difficult at the same time as the relationship between trade unions and collective bargaining is transformed in a logic of depoliticizing their strategies of action. These developments did not prevent a resurgence of strikes in the 2000s. It reveals the limits of the trade unions’ power of political influence, that implies the use of collective action. However, strikes have declined further in recent years, revealing the weakening of trade union mobilisation power.
The quest for primary Devonian magnetism in the Pyrenees and the implications for the Paleozoic paleogeographical position of Iberia

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The paleogeography of Iberia during the Devonian is still under debate. Paleomagnetic data suggests an episode of rifting between Iberia and the rest of Gondwana during the Middle Paleozoic whereas results from paleontology, geochronology and geochemistry argue that such a departure is unlikely. To shed more light on this intricate matter extensive paleomagnetic fieldwork has been undertaken in the Pyrenees, sampling 18 Devonian limestones and 1 Permian granite. Stepwise demagnetization and end-member modeling indicate magnetite and pyrrhotite as responsible for the magnetization. The abundance of pyrrhotite and several negative fold tests reflect on the magnetism’s secondary character. Of these 19 sites, 7 record the counterclockwise rotation of Iberia during the Cretaceous with a combined direction of 326.9°/38.1°, k=7.7 and a95=5.5°. The other sites either have scattered directions or lack consistency; trying to link those to known vertical axis rotations in the Pyrenees have proven unsuccessful. The directions recorded in the granite (217.8°/40.5°, k=24.7 and a95=11.4) are somewhat similar to a component found in another study (Tait & Bachtadse, 2000) (224°/51°, k=24.5 and a95=8.5°) that is used to justify the separation of Iberia and the rest of Gondwana during the Devonian. It is likely that both these directions are the result of a remagnetizion event with an as of yet unknown timing since it is impossible to record a Devonian direction in rocks from the Permian. Combining these results with the counterarguments provided by other fields of geology and the scenario in which Iberia drifted away from Gondwana during the Paleozoic is no longer supported.
A historical review of hybrid rice breeding

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The development of germplasm resources and advances in breeding methods have led to steady increases in yield and quality of rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Three milestones in the recent history of rice breeding have contributed to these increases: dwarf rice breeding, hybrid rice breeding, and super rice breeding. On the 50th anniversary of the success of three‐line hybrid rice, we highlight important scientific discoveries in rice breeding that were made by Chinese scientists and summarize the broader history of the field. We discuss the strategies that could be used in the future to optimize rice breeding further in the hope that China will continue to play a leading role in international rice breeding.
New technique for a safersegment VIII liver resection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Approximately 70% of patients with colorectal cancer will develop liver metastasis (LM). Hepatic resections are considered the gold standard treatment and can cure the disease. The preservation of a suitable future liver remnant is the most relevant factor to prevent postoperative liver failure and mortality. However, in certain situations parenchymal sparing surgery may be challenging in view of the location of metastasis, such as, for example, near the confluence of the hepatic veins. The goal of this technical note is to describe a new approach for segmental or subsegmental resection of the VIII, used in surgery to remove LM in segment VIII involving the middle hepatic vein. During resection of the node in segment VIII, the surgeon places the left index finger in the space created between the right hepatic vein and the trunk formed by the middle and left hepatic vein near the vena cava, and between the liver and the IVC thus creating a safe zone for parenchymal division. This technique allows a safer sparing liver resection of segment VIII.
Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Central African Republic (CAR) came into existence on 1 December 1958 as a semi-autonomous member state of the Communauté (French Community), meaning that France still controlled its currency, defense, foreign affairs and national security. The history of the CAR can be interpreted in radically different ways. One the one hand the people of Central Africa have suffered enormously at the hands of slave traders, concessionary companies, French colonialists and African rulers, and their country remains largely ‘undeveloped.’ On the other most Central Africans have retained free use of land on which they grow crops and from which they extract numerous valuable resources. Their way of life is in the long run perhaps more sustainable than those of the ‘experts’ who come to assist them. The theme of essential continuity in the history of the CAR is as important, if not more important in the long run, than the themes of violent change, exploitation, and enduring dependence. Deep roots of continuity provide a surprising stability in the face of dramatic and often very painful change on the surface. The Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 1200 cross-referenced entries on important personalities, politics, economy, foreign relations, religion, and culture. This book is an excellent access point for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more about the Central African Republic.