jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Systemic lupus erythematosus and dermatitis herpetiformis: concurrence with Marfan's syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is increasing evidence that, as in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), deposition of immune complexes plays a role in the pathogenesis of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH). Dermatitis herpetiformis and SLE were diagnosed in a 15-year-old girl with Marfan's syndrome who died of cardiac tamponade secondary to cystic medial necrosis of the ascending aorta. The concurrence of these diseases suggests that predisposition to immune-mediated disorders may be associated with the expression of multiple clinical entities. (Arch Dermatol115:68-70, 1979)
Antimetastatic Effect by Targeting CTC Cluster—Response

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We appreciate two commentaries from Dr. Alonso and Dr. Soria's groups regarding our recent publication on "highly metastatic property of clustered circulating tumor cells (CTC)." In our research, we suggested the breakdown of CTC cluster slows metastasis pace with preclinical experiments; urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) utilized to dissociate the CTC cluster showed no effect on primary tumor growth, but the number of metastasized nodules was reduced, expanding survival rate of the animals (1).Two different animal models, B16F10 melanoma cells in C57BL/6 and 4T1 mammary carcinoma in balb/c, were tested and showed a similarly rapid animal death in 6 to 7 weeks after subcutaneous inoculation of cancer cells. In addition, the subcutaneously transplanted cancer cells have a preexisting metastatic ability, whereas in spontaneous tumor, some cells acquire the invasion ability. Hence, the disease animal models may undergo a physiologically different disease progress and tumor microenvironment from those of human patients who generally suffer from various systemic physical changes due to long disease history. Thus, we agree with the concerns of Dr. Soria and colleagues that the potential of uPA as risk factor may not be ruled out. The other reports consistently support a cancer-promoting role of uPA and chemical intervention on uPA is expected as cancer therapeutic method (2, 3). In our experimental condition, it is likely that CTC cluster–dissociating potential of uPA was dominant over its disease-driving effect due to extremely rapid metastasis. Clinical application of uPA requires additional careful study.Recently, Mego and colleagues reported that uPA-related genes were expressed in epithelial CTC, but not in epithelial–mesenchymal transition CTC, which mainly stands for early metastasis. Interestingly, in primary tumor, the urokinase expression was not associated with the presence of CTC in peripheral blood (4). These data suggest that other pathways than uPA system may regulate the emergence of CTC. The letter from Dr. Alonso and colleagues reminds us of the metastasis-promoting role of the fibrolysis inhibitor and also supports a particular treatment condition, such as perioperative stage that may be helpful for antimetastasis of fibrolytic agents. Thus, a CTC cluster–dissociating and antimetastatic effect of fibrolytic agent can still be considered at a limited condition, compatible with metastasis-stimulating potential of urokinase.We appreciate the comments and interest in our publication as they provide further guidance. We plan to determine factors that influence uPA treatment and how microenvironment controls the interaction between uPA and CTCs in our subsequent studies.See the original Letter to the Editor, p. 4908No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
A Model for Determining Information Diffusion in a Family Planning Program

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Selected personal attitudinal and social structural characteristics of 129 white female residents of low-income areas in Nashville Tennessee in 1966-1967 were investigated to test the hypothesis that the general effectiveness of a voluntary birth control effort is linked to a diffusion of favorable comments between relatives and friends in the which would then tend to promote acceptance of contraceptive techniques. The survey examined the determinants of 1) knowledge of existence of birth control clinics 2) approval of the clinics and 3) willingness to convey contraceptive information to others. Knowledge of clinics was closely associated with proximity to clinics (r=.40) and with propensity to discuss birth control with neighbors (r=.36) but only slightly associated with friendliness of the neighborhood (r=.07). Birth control clinic approval was most strongly correlated with age (-.21) belief in efficiency of birth control (.33) education (.18) fundamentalism (-.21) belief in safety of birth control (.23) and belief in fewer children (.21); the weakest correlations were family size and fertility. Willingness to convey information showed strong positive correlation with belief in efficiency (.35) and belief in safety (.51) of birth control techniques and belief that some families would be better off with fewer children (.20). There was a strong positive correlation (.83) between birth control clinic approval and willingness to convey birth control information. Information diffusion provides a link between social structure and fertility control. A conceptual model is developed to illustrate variables contributing to the diffusion of birth control information in a public health family planning program. Further study of the function of communication in achievement of social goals is suggested.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH Hemodynamics in a Lethal Basilar Artery Aneurysm Just

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Hemodynamics is thought to play an important role in the mechanisms of cerebral aneurysm initiation, progression, and rupture. The purpose of this study was to present a hemodynamic study of a cerebral aneurysm immediately before its rupture to assess whether previously identified hemodynamic characteristics would classify this aneurysm in the high-risk category. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A patient-specific computational fluid dynamics model was constructed from 3D rotational angiographic images acquired just hours before the aneurysm had ruptured. A pulsatile flow simulation was carried out, and the hemodynamics characterized by the concentration of the inflow jet, the size of the flow impingement region, and the complexity and stability of the flow pattern. RESULTS: We found that the aneurysm had a concentrated inflow jet that impacted onto a small region of the dome of the aneurysm and created a complex, unstable flow pattern. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the proposition that hemodynamic characteristics derived from image-based computational models can be used to identify cerebral aneurysms at high risk for rupture. The mechanisms responsible for the initiation, progression,and rupture of intracranial aneurysms are not well under-
Polynomial Preconditioned Arnoldi

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Polynomial preconditioning can improve the convergence of the Arnoldi method for computing eigenvalues. Such preconditioning significantly reduces the cost of orthogonalization; for difficult problems, it can also reduce the number of matrix-vector products. Parallel computations can particularly benefit from the reduction of communication-intensive operations. The GMRES algorithm provides a simple and effective way of generating the preconditioning polynomial. For some problems high degree polynomials are especially effective, but they can lead to stability problems that must be mitigated. A two-level "double polynomial preconditioning" strategy provides an effective way to generate high-degree preconditioners.
Extended Standard Model in multi-spinor field formalism: Visible and dark sectors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

To generalize the Standard Model so as to include dark matter, we formulate a theory of multi-spinor fields on the basis of an algebra that consists of triple-tensor products of elements of the Dirac algebra. Chiral combinations of multi-spinor fields form reducible representations of the Lorentz group possessing component fields with spin 1/2, which we interpret as expressing three ordinary families and an additional fourth family of quarks and leptons. Apart from the gauge and Higgs fields of the Standard Model interacting with the fermions of the three ordinary families, we assume the existence of additional gauge and Higgs fields interacting exclusively with the fermions of the fourth family. While the fields of the Standard Model organize the “visible sector” of our universe, the fields related with the fourth family are presumed to generate a “dark sector” that can contain dark matter. The two sectors possess a channel of communication through the bi-quadratic interaction between visible and dark Higgs fields. After experiencing a common inflationary phase, the two sectors follow a reheating period and weak-coupling paths of thermal histories. We propose scenarios for dark matter that have a tendency to take relatively broad interstellar distributions and examine methods for the detection of the main candidate particles of dark matter. The exchange of superposed fields of the visible and dark Higgs bosons induces weak reaction processes between the fields of the visible and dark sectors, which enables us to have a glimpse of the dark sector.
Untitled Land, Occupational Choice, and Agricultural Productivity

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The prevalence of untitled land in poor countries helps explain the agricultural productivity gap between rich and poor countries. Since untitled land cannot be rented or traded across farmers, it creates not only land market misallocation, but also distortions in occupational choice. I build a two-sector general equilibrium model to quantify the impact of untitled land. My results indicate that larger shares of untitled land lower agricultural productivity. If 80% of all land is untitled and distributed equally across farmers, agricultural productivity drops by 27.7%. The productivity drop is even larger when the distribution of untitled land is skewed.
Development of Imaging Complexity Biomarkers for Prediction of Symptomatic Radiation Pneumonitis in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Focusing on Underlying Lung Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: We aimed to develop imaging biomarkers to predict radiation pneumonitis (RP) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients undergoing thoracic radiotherapy. We hypothesized that measuring morphometric complexity in the lung using simulation computed tomography may provide objective imaging biomarkers for lung parenchyma integrity, potentially forecasting the risk of RP. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed on medical records of 175 patients diagnosed with NSCLC who had received thoracic radiotherapy. Three indices were utilized to measure the morphometric complexity of the lung parenchyma: box-counting fractal dimension, lacunarity, and minimum spanning tree (MST) fractal dimension. Patients were dichotomized into two groups at median values. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to estimate the hazard ratios for grade ≥ 2 or grade ≥ 3 RP. Results and Conclusions: We found significant associations between lung parenchymal morphometric complexity and RP incidence. In univariate Cox-proportional hazard analysis, patients with a lower MST fractal dimension had a significantly higher hazard ratio of 2.296 (95% CI: 1.348–3.910) for grade ≥ 2 RP. When adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, category of the underlying lung disease, category of radiotherapy technique, clinical stage, histology, and DLCO, patients with a lower MST fractal dimension showed a significantly higher hazard ratio of 3.292 (95% CI: 1.722–6.294) for grade ≥ 2 RP and 7.952 (95% CI: 1.722 36.733) for grade ≥ 3 RP than those with a higher MST fractal dimension. Patients with lower lacunarity exhibited a significantly lower hazard ratio of 0.091 (95% CI: 0.015–0.573) for grade ≥ 3 RP in the adjusted model. We speculated that the lung tissue integrity is captured by morphometric complexity measures, particularly by the MST fractal dimension. We suggest the MST fractal dimension as an imaging biomarker for predicting the occurrence of symptomatic RP after thoracic radiotherapy.
Electronic properties of semiconductor interfaces. Final technical report, December 1981-February 1983

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The objective was to analyze the electronic properties of different semiconductor interfaces. The Wannier function formalism has been applied to the GaAs-AlAs (111) and (100) heterojunctions and superlattices. Ionic relaxations, band discontinuities and interface states have been obtained. Abrupt Si-metal interfaces and Si-interlayer-metal junctions have been analyzed by means of a self-consistent tight-binding approach. The barrier height has been obtained by calculating the interface density of states and the neutral level of the junction. Our results show that the barrier height is mainly determined by the coupling between the semiconductor and the last layer just sitting on top of the same semiconductor.
Resorbable Biosynthetic Mesh for Crural Reinforcement during Hiatal Hernia Repair

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The use of mesh to reinforce crural closure during hiatal hernia repair is controversial. Although some studies suggest that using synthetic mesh can reduce recurrence, synthetic mesh can erode into the esophagus and in our opinion should be avoided. Studies with absorbable or biologic mesh have not proven to be of benefit for recurrence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of hiatal hernia repair with modern resorbable biosynthetic mesh in combination with adjunct tension reduction techniques. We retrospectively analyzed all patients who had crural reinforcement during repair of a sliding or paraesophageal hiatal hernia with Gore BioA resorbable mesh. Objective follow-up was by videoesophagram and/or esophagogastroduodenoscopy. There were 114 patients. The majority of operations (72%) were laparoscopic primary repairs with all patients receiving a fundoplication. The crura were closed primarily in all patients and reinforced with a BioA mesh patch. Excessive tension prompted a crural relaxing incision in four per cent and a Collis gastroplasty in 39 per cent of patients. Perioperative morbidity was minor and unrelated to the mesh. Median objective follow-up was one year, but 18 patients have objective follow-up at two or more years. A recurrent hernia was found in one patient (0.9%) three years after repair. The use of crural relaxing incisions and Collis gastroplasty in combination with crural reinforcement with resorbable biosynthetic mesh is associated with a low early hernia recurrence rate and no mesh-related complications. Long-term follow-up will define the role of these techniques for hiatal hernia repair.
Engineering Robustness of Microbial Cell Factories

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Metabolic engineering and synthetic biology offer great prospects in developing microbial cell factories capable of converting renewable feedstocks into fuels, chemicals, food ingredients, and pharmaceuticals. However, prohibitively low production rate and mass concentration remain the major hurdles in industrial processes even though the biosynthetic pathways are comprehensively optimized. These limitations are caused by a variety of factors unamenable for host cell survival, such as harsh industrial conditions, fermentation inhibitors from biomass hydrolysates, and toxic compounds including metabolic intermediates and valuable target products. Therefore, engineered microbes with robust phenotypes is essential for achieving higher yield and productivity. In this review, the recent advances in engineering robustness and tolerance of cell factories is described to cope with these issues and briefly introduce novel strategies with great potential to enhance the robustness of cell factories, including metabolic pathway balancing, transporter engineering, and adaptive laboratory evolution. This review also highlights the integration of advanced systems and synthetic biology principles toward engineering the harmony of overall cell function, more than the specific pathways or enzymes.
[Chapter for Handbook of Society and Climate Change, Routledge, 2010 forthcoming] ORGANISATIONS AND GLOBAL WARMING

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Acknowledgements: Nathaniel Olin was a resourceful research assistant in the last months of this project; colleagues at Stanford University’s Centre for International Security and Cooperation were appreciatively critical; and Lee Clarke, Constance Lever-Tracy, Michael Werner, and Steve Klooster thoughtfully commented on early drafts.
Fairer Together: Mitigating Disparate Exposure in Kemeny Rank Aggregation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In social choice, traditional Kemeny rank aggregation combines the preferences of voters, expressed as rankings, into a single consensus ranking without consideration for how this ranking may unfairly affect marginalized groups (i.e., racial or gender). Developing fair rank aggregation methods is critical due to their societal influence in applications prioritizing job applicants, funding proposals, and scheduling medical patients. In this work, we introduce the Fair Exposure Kemeny Aggregation Problem (FairExp-kap) for combining vast and diverse voter preferences into a single ranking that is not only a suitable consensus, but ensures opportunities are not withheld from marginalized groups. In formalizing FairExp-kap, we extend the fairness of exposure notion from information retrieval to the rank aggregation context and present a complimentary metric for voter preference representation. We design algorithms for solving FairExp-kap that explicitly account for position bias, a common ranking-based concern that end-users pay more attention to higher ranked candidates. epik solves FairExp-kap exactly by incorporating non-pairwise fairness of exposure into the pairwise Kemeny optimization; while the approximate epira is a candidate swapping algorithm, that guarantees ranked candidate fairness. Utilizing comprehensive synthetic simulations and six real-world datasets, we show the efficacy of our approach illustrating that we succeed in mitigating disparate group exposure unfairness in consensus rankings, while maximally representing voter preferences.
Chronic toxicity of compound povidone iodine on rabbits

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To observe the chronic toxicity of compound povidone iodine (CPI) on rabbits Methods: Twenty four rabbits were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8) Two groups were administrated intraorally with 0 32 or 3 2 mg·kg -1 ·d -1 CPI respectively, the rest group served as the control Results: 30 d later, the body weight, organ coefficient and biochemical indexes (GPT, GOT, TP, BUN and Cr) in CPI treated groups showed no significant difference compared with those in the control group Conclusion: Chronically intraoral administration with CPI resulted in no obvious toxicity on rabbits
Developmental Biology of Apanteles yakutatensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Primary Parasite of Autographa californica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Developmental Biology of Apanteles yakutatensis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Primary Parasite of Autographa californica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Get access Robert J. Madar, Robert J. Madar Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jeffrey C. Miller Jeffrey C. Miller Department of Entomology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Annals of the Entomological Society of America, Volume 76, Issue 4, 1 July 1983, Pages 683–687, https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/76.4.683 Published: 01 July 1983 Article history Received: 16 September 1982 Accepted: 24 January 1983 Published: 01 July 1983
Involvement of Ubiquitin-Editing Protein A20 in Modulating Inflammation in Rat Cochlea Associated with Silver Nanoparticle-Induced CD68 Upregulation and TLR4 Activation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were shown to temporarily impair the biological barriers in the skin of the external ear canal, mucosa of the middle ear, and inner ear, causing partially reversible hearing loss after delivery into the middle ear. The current study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism, emphasizing the TLR signaling pathways in association with the potential recruitment of macrophages in the cochlea and the modulation of inflammation by ubiquitin-editing protein A20. Molecules potentially involved in these signaling pathways were thoroughly analysed using immunohistochemistry in the rat cochlea exposed to AgNPs at various concentrations through intratympanic injection. The results showed that 0.4 % AgNPs but not 0.02 % AgNPs upregulated the expressions of CD68, TLR4, MCP1, A20, and RNF11 in the strial basal cells, spiral ligament fibrocytes, and non-sensory supporting cells of Corti’s organ. 0.4 % AgNPs had no effect on CD44, TLR2, MCP2, Rac1, myosin light chain, VCAM1, Erk1/2, JNK, p38, IL-1β, TNF-α, TNFR1, TNFR2, IL-10, or TGF-β. This study suggested that AgNPs might confer macrophage-like functions on the strial basal cells and spiral ligament fibrocytes and enhance the immune activities of non-sensory supporting cells of Corti’s organ through the upregulation of CD68, which might be involved in TLR4 activation. A20 and RNF11 played roles in maintaining cochlear homeostasis via negative regulation of the expressions of inflammatory cytokines.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Concurrent Relations between Face Scanning and Language: A Cross-Syndrome Infant Study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Typically developing (TD) infants enhance their learning of spoken language by observing speakers’mouth movements. Given the fact that word learning is seriously delayed in most children with neurodevelopmental disorders, we hypothesized that this delay partly results from differences in visual face scanning, e.g., focusing attention away from the mouth. To test this hypothesis, we used an eye tracker to measure visual attention in 95 infants and toddlers with Down syndrome (DS), fragile X syndrome (FXS), and Williams syndrome (WS), and compared their data to 25 chronological- and mental-age matched 16-month-old TD controls. We presented participants with two talking faces (one on each side of the screen) and a sound (/ga/). One face (the congruent face) mouthed the syllable that the par-ticipants could hear (i.e., /ga/), while the other face (the incongruent face) mouthed a differ-ent syllable (/ba/) from the one they could hear. As expected, we found that TD children with a relatively large vocabulary made more fixations to the mouth region of the incongruent face than elsewhere. However, toddlers with FXS or WS who had a relatively large recep-tive vocabulary made more fixations to the eyes (rather than the mouth) of the incongruent face. In DS, by contrast, fixations to the speaker’s overall face (rather than to her eyes or mouth) predicted vocabulary size. These findings suggest that, at some point in develop-ment, different processes or strategies relating to visual attention are involved in language acquisition in DS, FXS, and WS. This knowledge may help further explain why language is delayed in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. It also raises the possibility that syndrome-specific interventions should include an early focus on efficient face-scanning behaviour.