jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Sequence and structural conservation reveal fingerprint residues in TRP channels

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins are a large family of cation-selective channels, surpassed in variety only by voltage-gated potassium channels. Detailed molecular mechanisms governing how membrane voltage, ligand binding, or temperature can induce conformational changes promoting the open state in TRP channels are still a matter of debate. Aiming to unveil distinctive structural features common to the transmembrane domains within the TRP family, we performed phylogenetic reconstruction, sequence statistics, and structural analysis over a large set of TRP channel genes. Here, we report an exceptionally conserved set of residues. This fingerprint is composed of twelve residues localized at equivalent three-dimensional positions in TRP channels from the different subtypes. Moreover, these amino acids are arranged in three groups, connected by a set of aromatics located at the core of the transmembrane structure. We hypothesize that differences in the connectivity between these different groups of residues harbor the apparent differences in coupling strategies used by TRP subgroups.
USBIPS Framework: Protecting Hosts from Malicious USB Peripherals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Universal Serial Bus (USB)-based attacks have increased in complexity in recent years. Modern attacks incorporate a wide range of attack vectors, from social engineering to signal injection. The security community is addressing these challenges using a growing set of fragmented defenses. Regardless of the vector of a USB-based attack, the most important risks concerning most people and enterprises are service crashes and data loss. The host OS manages USB peripherals, and malicious USB peripherals, such as those infected with BadUSB, can crash a service or steal data from the OS. Although USB firewalls have been proposed to thwart malicious USB peripherals, such as USBFilter and USBGuard, their effect is limited for preventing real-world intrusions. This paper focuses on building a security framework called USBIPS within Windows OSs to defend against malicious USB peripherals. This includes major efforts to explore the nature of malicious behavior and achieve persistent protection from USB-based intrusions. Herein, we first introduce an allowlisting-based method for USB access control. We then present a behavior-based detection mechanism focusing on attacks integrated into USB peripherals. Finally, we propose a novel approach that combines cross-layer methods to build the first generic security framework that thwarts USB-based intrusions. Within a centralized threat analysis framework, the approach provides persistent protection and may detect unknown malicious behavior. By addressing key security and performance challenges, these efforts help modern OSs against attacks from untrusted USB peripherals.
Disorienting Responsibility

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Experiences of disorientation can be common and powerful parts of moral agentsâ lives, yet they have not been characterized by mainstream Western philosophers, and their effects have not been adequately recognized by ethicists. In this dissertation, I remedy these gaps by providing an account of disorientations as multi-dimensional experiences and by fleshing out a more nuanced analysis of disorientation within the framework of experienced agency. I argue that, contra the philosophical tradition, disorientations are not always bad for moral agency.\nThis thesis has two main aims: first, to introduce a philosophical framework to clarify experiences of disorientation and their effects; and second, to clarify the relation between disorientation and moral agency, showing how responsible action can both require and produce disorientation. In chapter one, I introduce disorientations as complex experiences of unease, discomfort, and uncertainty which vary in degree and in effects. In chapters two to four, I characterize disorientations on three axes: corporeal, affective, and epistemological. I argue that disorientations always involve all three dimensions of bodily, emotional, and cognitive experience and that shifts in body, affect, and knowledge can trigger experiences of disorientation. I draw on examples of how agents can become disoriented in periods of illness, trauma, grief, self-doubt, and education. In chapter five, I draw two lines of connection between disorientation and moral agency: experiences of disorientation can help us act more responsibly, and acting responsibly can be disorienting. In chapter six, I consider the political promise of disorientations, focusing on the way individualsâ disorientations in response to a hate crime in their community prompted the creation of less harmful norms, and thereby a better place for individuals to live. In chapter seven, I conclude by outlining implications of my view for how we should face disorientations and what kinds of conditions should be in place to support those who are disoriented.\nDisorientations do not always enable moral agency. Given that moral philosophers are better versed in the ways disorientations can harm, my project is to distinguish the ways they can help, contesting the assumption that moral agency is always better the more oriented we are.
[The value of the blood xylose test in children with the malabsorption syndrome (author's transl)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Blood xylose levels were studied 30, 60 and 90 minutes after oral administration of D-xylose in 121 patients aged 2 months to 12 years with symptoms of malabsorption. The results show that the 60-minute test aline is sufficiently accurate and the dose of 15g xylose/m2 surface area seems perferable to a uniform dosage of 5g xylose. Reference values of blood xylose were determined in children with normal intestinal mucosa and prove a significant difference between babies and elder children. Comparison between the results of the xylose test in normal children and in different conditions of intestinal mucosa showed that the one-hour blood xylose test is of little value in the selection of cases requiring primary diagnostic intestinal biopsy in children with malabsorption. This test, however, might be valuable in the control of patients with diagnosed coeliac disease and as a screening test for other members of those families.
“Es Como Que no los Conociera”: Reunification of Unaccompanied Migrant Youth with Their U.S. Families

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Family reunification following migration-related separations is often challenging for immigrant youth as they adjust to their new environment and reacquaint with their caregiver. Scant research has explored the experiences of family reunification specifically for unaccompanied immigrant youth. This study was a secondary analysis to explore the complexities of family reunification through the lens of attachment theory and family systems. Data were collected from 30 youth, six parents, and four school administrators via focus groups and semistructured interviews. Unaccompanied immigrant youth had arrived to the United States in the previous three years from Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, or Mexico. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results showed that the youth struggled to reconnect with their parents due to prolonged separations, which contributed to loneliness and feelings of loss. Parent–child attachment disruptions contributed to problems related to relationships among family members, traditional family roles and hierarchies, and new family constellations (e.g., blended families). Results point to the importance of developing interventions to increase trust, empathy, and communication between unaccompanied immigrant youth and their parents.
MODIFIED STOPPA APPROACH FOR ACETABULAR FRACTURES WITH ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR COLUMN DISPLACEMENT: INDICATIONS AND EARLY RADIOGRAPHIC RESULTS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Operative approaches to the acetabulum are generally classified into anterior, posterior, extensile or combined approaches. The choice of approach depends upon the fracture pattern and the amount of relative displacement affecting the anterior and posterior bony structures. Occasionally, extensile or combined surgical approaches are indicated for the treatment of complex fracture patterns with extensive involvement of both the anterior and posterior acetabular anatomy. However, it is believed that these approaches may be associated with higher complication rates than more limited surgical approaches. The ilioinguinal approach described by Letournel is routinely employed in the treatment of anterior column, anterior wall, anterior column/posterior hemi- transverse and certain associated both-columns, transverse and T-type fractures. The utility of this approach is sometimes limited by difficulty in visualising, reducing and applying instrumentation to the quadrilateral plate and posterior column components of these fractures. A surgical approach described by Stoppa in 1989—and later extended to acetabular indications by Cole and Bolhofner—can be used, often in combination with the lateral window of the standard ilioinguinal approach, to effectively treat the same range of fractures as an ilioinguinal approach. Access to the quadrilateral plate and certain displaced posterior column fracture lines is enhanced by this approach—possibly eliminating the need for combined or extensile approaches in certain cases. A retrospective study undertaken at our institution demonstrated that anatomic articular reduction was achieved in 14 of 17 complex acetabular fractures treated via a Stoppa approach. All fractures in the study had at least 5 mm of posterior column displacement preoperatively.
Towards a new type of morphemic analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The present paper provides a report on a new system of an automated morphemic analysis of technical texts in Czech as a highly inflectional language, which is being prepared by the linguistic team of the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics in Prague, within the project of man-machine communication without a pre-arranged data base (TIBAQ). The kind of morphemic analysis presented here is based on a retrograde (right-to-left) analysis of words by means of morphemically unambiguous or irresolvably ambiguous word-ends, which do not coincide with the etymological word-endings but correspond to the structure of the accidental cases of morphemic ambiguity in an inflectional language (word-endings being accountable for in a certain way by word-ends). The algorithm of analysis can thus dispense with any dictionary (of morphemic irregularities and exceptions), economically accounting especially for productive word-endings. The word-ends of the analysis are assigned several kinds of morphemic information, concerning morphemic categories and lemmatization. The analysis is based on the absolute frequency of word-ends in technical texts and is able to interact with the semantic analysis.
Intergrain variations of the chemical and electronic surface structure of polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cell absorbers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The μm-scale spatial distribution of the elements of polycrystalline Cu(In1−xGax)Se2 absorber surfaces is examined using x-ray photoelectron emission microscopy. The chemical composition varies from grain to grain, and a direct, linear anticorrelation between the In 3d and Ga 2p photoemission line intensities is observed. The line intensities are interpreted in terms of a varying value of x= Ga/(In+ Ga); the band gaps calculated from the inferred compositions of the grains are shown to be normally distributed with a standard deviation of 40 meV.
Evaluating guidelines for Artificial Intelligence in critical care journals: Addressing research integrity and transparency

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing Critical Care and ICU Medicine research by improving data analysis, systematic reviews, and clinical applications. However, its use raises concerns about transparency, ethical practices, and reproducibility. This study examines how leading Critical Care and ICU Medicine journals address these issues through their author instructions and policies.
Female directors and IPO underpricing in the US

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore how initial public offering (IPO) investors view female presence on boards of directors in the USA. Design/methodology/approach – This study utilizes hierarchical regression and analyzes data collected from firms undertaking their IPO’s in the USA during 1997 and 2007. Findings – The findings of this study suggest that US IPO investors react negatively to female presence on the board of directors. However, this negative effect has weakened post-Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Research limitations/implications – The results of this study may not generalize to other settings. Practical implications – Gender bias against females in the boardroom exists but appears to be weaker post-Sarbanes-Oxley. Social implications – One hurdle to greater female representation in entrepreneurial ventures in the USA may be weakening as a result of greater awareness of female director contributions to board functioning. Originality/value – First, the study represents one of the few attempts to examine the influence of female directors on organizational outcomes in IPO firms. Second, this study represents one of the first studies to consider the influence of director gender on IPO performance. Finally, this study extends extant research by examining investor reactions to female board presence. The results of this study suggest that bias against females in the boardroom may exist but appears to be weakening post-Sarbanes-Oxley. This finding indicates increasing awareness of female director contributions to board functioning on the part of IPO investors.
Two robust tools for inference about causal effects with invalid instruments

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Instrumental variables have been widely used to estimate the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome. Existing confidence intervals for causal effects based on instrumental variables assume that all of the putative instrumental variables are valid; a valid instrumental variable is a variable that affects the outcome only by affecting the treatment and is not related to unmeasured confounders. However, in practice, some of the putative instrumental variables are likely to be invalid. This paper presents two tools to conduct valid inference and tests in the presence of invalid instruments. First, we propose a simple and general approach to construct confidence intervals based on taking unions of well‐known confidence intervals. Second, we propose a novel test for the null causal effect based on a collider bias. Our two proposals outperform traditional instrumental variable confidence intervals when invalid instruments are present and can also be used as a sensitivity analysis when there is concern that instrumental variables assumptions are violated. The new approach is applied to a Mendelian randomization study on the causal effect of low‐density lipoprotein on globulin levels.
Towards Mechanistic Understanding of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) as a successful enhanced oil recovery (EOR) process has been applied to extract heavy and extra heavy oils. Huge amount of global heavy oil resources exists in carbonate reservoirs which are mostly naturally fractured reservoirs. Unlike clastic reservoirs, very few studies were carried out to determine the performance of SAGD in carbonate reservoirs. Even though SAGD is a highly promising technique, several uncertainties and unanswered questions still exist and they should be clarified for expansion of SAGD methods to world wide applications especially in naturally fractured reservoirs. In this communication, the effects of some operational and reservoir parameters on SAGD processes were investigated in a naturally fractured reservoir with oil wet rock using CMG-STARS thermal simulator. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of fracture properties including fracture orientation, fracture spacing and fracture permeability on the SAGD performance in naturally fractured reservoirs. Moreover, one operational parameter was also studied; one new well configuration, staggered well pair was evaluated. Results indicated that fracture orientation influences steam expansion and oil production from the horizontal well pairs. It was also found that horizontal fractures have unfavorable effects on oil production, while vertical fractures increase the production rate for the horizontal well. Moreover, an increase in fracture spacing results in more oil production, because in higher fracture spacing model, steam will have more time to diffuse into matrices and heat up the entire reservoir. Furthermore, an increase in fracture permeability results in process enhancement and ultimate recovery improvement. Besides, diagonal change in the location of injection wells (staggered model) increases the recovery efficiency in long-term production plan.
The Varieties of English Pronunciation Used by the International Visitors as Non Native English Speakers at Saung Angklung Udjo

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This report showed some variations in the International visitors’ speeches that caused difficulties when the writer did her internship. Each visitor had a different way to produce a sound while speaking in English. The writer discovered that some of the visitors replaced vowels, replaced consonants, and added a vowel to a word. Their first language often influenced the way they spoke. The phonetics from their first language may be the factor in how they pronounced English phonetics. Some visitors produced a different sound when pronouncing the words because some English phonetics do not exist in their first language. \nNext, pronunciation might be essential for effective communication. In order to convey information, both parties must be able to understand each other. The writer might misunderstood what the visitors said because of their unclear pronunciation. In handling that situation, the writer used the repetition method, and asked them to speak slower. Even though the music performance in her internship place was loud, and it was an obstacle for the writer while having a conversation, the writer used her active listening skill to help her understand what the visitor wanted.
Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-redeposition Properties of Sulfoethyl Locust Bean Gum – Interaction with Laundry Detergent Enzymes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A series of sulfoethyl locust bean gum derivatives with a degree of substitution (DS) ranging from 0.05 to 0.33 was prepared by etherification of locust bean gum with vinylsulfonic acid sodium salt in alkaline 2-propanol suspension. The derivatives were characterized by means of FT-IR and elemental analysis, and evaluated for laundry anti-redeposition performance, alone and in systems with mannanase and/or cellulase enzymes. Optimum anti-redeposition performance was observed at degrees of substitution of around 0.15. Mannanase was found to have a negative effect on sulfoethyl locust bean gum derivatives' performance although a system comprising sulfoethyl locust bean gum derivative and cellulase was found to be complementary.
Transgression, Excess and the Sacred: Bataille’s Erotic in Sade

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Christianity has seen sexuality as something that profanes humanity and has the potential to place a person in spiritual peril. The Church has maintained that sexuality can only be sanctioned with the intentional act of reproduction, and even then, only within marriage. Notorious libertine and self-confessed atheist the Marquis de Sade (who authored the repeatedly banned 120 Days of Sodom, among other novels) unsurprisingly presents a radically different view of sexuality. In his libertine novels, works that are not without philosophical significance, Sade's characters frequently espouse a hatred of reproduction, and argue vehemently for its ejection from the realm of the erotic. It was no doubt Sade's intention to place himself in direct opposition with those traditional Church views, to take up the role of sinner and antagonist. Yet, in his transgressive erotic paradigm, sexuality is recalled to the sacred, redeemed in a way that no act sanctioned by holy matrimony could be. Sade's works were a great influence on early twentieth-century thinker and writer Georges Bataille, who believes that the erotic can only affirm the inner life of man and, as such, is sacred. Bataille raises the erotic to a high status when he writes that 'sexuality, thought of as filthy or beastly, is still the greatest barrier to the reduction of man to the level of thing.' Interestingly, Bataille's idea of the sacred excludes the productive and the reproductive, because he sees the sacred as the realm of the excessive, the realm of the transgressive. In order to understand and explore what Bataille suggests is the significance of this transgressive, sacred erotic for human subjectivity, this chapter will explore Sade's anti-procreative stance in the light of Bataille's theory, interrogating the implications of a principle of erotic excess.
The utilization of diagnostic ultrasound in the evaluation of the kidneys in HIV-associated nephropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: To evaluate the renal sizes and echogenicity pattern in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated nephropathy and to correlate renal echogenicity with serum creatinine levels and proteinuria. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 100 consecutively confirmed HIV- seropositive patients aged between 19 and 65 years (Mean ± SD: 35 ± 10.79) comprising 32 males and 68 females with clinical and laboratory features of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) was conducted at the Infectious Diseases Clinic of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, between April 2011 and September 2012. The subjects were evaluated with renal ultrasound scan and the observed abnormalities were recorded. Serum creatinine levels and CD4 + lymphocyte counts were also obtained for all the patients. Proteinuria was established by dipstick method. Results: Of the 100 cases studied, ultrasound showed enlarged kidneys in 28 patients (28%) and abnormal echogenicity was present in 192 kidneys (96%). 100 kidneys (50%) were globular, 160 kidneys (80%) had decreased corticomedullary definition, 90 kidneys (45%) had decreased renal sinus fat and 80 kidneys (40%) had heterogenous renal parenchymal patterns. A high serum creatinine level, increased degree of proteinuria, lower CD4 counts, reproductive age group and black race were associated with HIVAN. Conclusion: The severity of HIVAN as indicated by raised serum creatinine level and proteinuria correlated positively with the degree of renal echogenicity.