jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure of the Human GGA1 GAT Domain

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

GGAs are a family of vesicle-coating regulatory proteins that function in intracellular protein transport. A GGA molecule contains four domains, each mediating interaction with other proteins in carrying out intracellular transport. The GAT domain of GGAs has been identified as the structural entity that binds membrane-bound ARF, a molecular switch regulating vesicle-coat assembly. It also directly interacts with rabaptin5, an essential component of endosome fusion. A 2.8 A resolution crystal structure of the human GGA1 GAT domain is reported here. The GAT domain contains four helices and has an elongated shape with the longest dimension exceeding 80 A. Its longest helix is involved in two structural motifs: an N-terminal helix-loop-helix motif and a C-terminal three-helix bundle. The N-terminal motif harbors the most conservative amino acid sequence in the GGA GAT domains. Within this conserved region, a cluster of residues previously implicated in ARF binding forms a hydrophobic surface patch, which is likely to be the ARF-binding site. In addition, a structure-based mutagenesis-biochemical analysis demonstrates that the C-terminal three-helix bundle of this GAT domain is responsible for the rabaptin5 binding. These structural characteristics are consistent with a model supporting multiple functional roles for the GAT domain.
Analysis of pox-virus antigens by means of double diffusion: a method for direct serological differentiation of cowpox.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Summary Technics of double diffusion in tubes with an agar gel have been applied to the study of various pox-virus antigens. The diffusion pattern of vaccinia antigen against standard vaccinia serum is composed of 3 to 6 zones of specific precipitation on different levels. Two of the corresponding fractions (I and III), which are distinctly precipitated, should be considered as major fractions. The other, more faintly precipitated minor fractions, were not always present (2, 2′, 4 and 5). Elementary bodies play no role in this precipitation. There is no essential difference between the patterns of vaccinia, neurovaccinia, rabbit-pox, smallpox and alastrim diffusing against standard vaccinia serum. Only the minor fraction 2 of a vaccinia suspension could be distinguished from the minor fraction 2′ of an alastrim suspension by mixing the suspensions of the two strains (differential test). As higher concentrated vaccinia suspensions may show both 2 and 2′ fractions, this is not a point of differentiation. The major precipitation zone I is lacking in the diffusion patterns of the seven cowpox strains and the ectromelia strain. Cross tests, however, show that cowpox possesses a fraction (I) with the same diffusion properties as fraction I of vaccinia, but distinguished by a more limited reactivity in vitro; whereas fraction I of vaccinia is precipitated by vaccinia and cowpox serum, fraction (I) of cowpox is only faintly precipitable with cowpox serum and not at all with vaccinia serum. A simple serological method of differentiation between cowpox and vaccinia based on this point of distinction has been described.
Functional role of DNA mismatch repair gene PMS2 in prostate cancer cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

// Shinichiro Fukuhara 1, 2, 3, * , Inik Chang 1, 4, * , Yozo Mitsui 1, 2, 5 , Takeshi Chiyomaru 1, 2, 6 , Soichiro Yamamura 1, 2 , Shahana Majid 1, 2 , Sharanjot Saini 1, 2 , Guoren Deng 1, 2 , Ankurpreet Gill 1 , Darryn K. Wong 1 , Hiroaki Shiina 5 , Norio Nonomura 3 , Yun-Fai C. Lau 7, 8 , Rajvir Dahiya 1, 2 , Yuichiro Tanaka 1, 2 1 Department of Surgery/Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, United States of America 2 Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, United States of America 3 Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan 4 Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 120-752, South Korea 5 Department of Urology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan 6 Department of Urology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan 7 Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121, United States of America 8 Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, United States of America * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Yuichiro Tanaka, e-mail: yuichiro.tanaka@ucsf.edu Keywords: PMS2, apoptosis, prostate cancer Received: January 02, 2015 Accepted: April 24, 2015 Published: May 06, 2015 ABSTRACT DNA mismatch repair (MMR) enzymes act as proofreading complexes that maintains genomic integrity and MMR-deficient cells show an increased mutation rate. MMR has also been shown to influence cell signaling and the regulation of tumor development. MMR consists of various genes and includes post-meiotic segregation (PMS) 2 which is a vital component of mutL-alpha. In prostate, the functional role of this gene has never been reported and in this study, our aim was to investigate the effect of PMS2 on growth properties of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Previous studies have shown PMS2 to be deficient in DU145 cells and this lack of expression was confirmed by Western blotting whereas normal prostatic PWR-1E and RWPE-1 cells expressed this gene. PMS2 effects on various growth properties of DU145 were then determined by creating stable gene transfectants. Interestingly, PMS2 caused decreased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and in vivo growth; and increased apoptosis as compared to vector control. We further analyzed genes affected by PMS2 expression and observe the apoptosis-related TMS1 gene to be significantly upregulated whereas anti-apoptotic BCL2A1 was downregulated. These results demonstrate a functional role for PMS2 to protect against PCa progression by enhancing apoptosis of PCa cells.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE Long-Term Efficacy of Olmesartan Medoxomil in Chinese Hypertensive Patients as Assessed by Clinic, Ambulatory and Home Blood Pressure Measurements

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Author(s) 2012. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Background and Objectives There is limited information on the long-term efficacy and safety of olmesartan me-doxomil in the management of hypertension in Chinese patients. We therefore conducted the present multicentre, single-arm, prospective, observational study to investigate the 24-week efficacy and safety of olmesartan medoxomil in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Methods Eligible patients (diastolic blood pressure [BP] 90–109 mmHg and systolic BP \\180 mmHg off antihy-pertensive medication) were started on olmesartan medoxomil 20 mg once daily, with the possible up-titration to 40 mg once daily during 24 weeks of follow-up, to control clinic BP to the target level (\\140/90 and \\130/80 mmHg in diabetes mellitus). In a subset of enrolled patients, 24-h ambulatory and home BP monitoring were also performed. Results In the intent-to-treat analysis (n = 348), at 24 weeks of follow-up, the mean ± SD changes from baseline in clinic systolic/diastolic BP were 21.2 ± 14.2/ 16.0 ± 8.8 mmHg (p \\ 0.001). The proportions of patients who achieved the goal BP for systolic, diastolic and both were 81, 80 and 75 %, respectively. Olmesartan medoxo-mil also significantly (p \\ 0.001) reduced systolic/diastolic BP measured at patients ’ homes by 17.7 ± 13.1/12.1 ± 7.9 mmHg from baseline (n = 109), and reduced mean 24-h, daytime and night-time ambulatory BP by 13.3 ± 16.3/7.6 ± 9.5 mmHg, 13.9 ± 17.4/8.0 ± 10.4 mmHg and 12.3 ± 18.1/6.8 ± 10.2 mmHg, respectively (n = 87). Seven (2.0 %) serious adverse events were reported during follow-up. Conclusion In Chinese hypertensive patients, olmesartan medoxomil is efficacious in lowering BP as assessed by three different BP-measuring methods and has an accept-able long-term safety and tolerability profile. 1
Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum AGG 5092 PEAS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum
Common name(s): Pea
Other names: I/33 BREVINTERNODIUM
Conserved by: Australian Grains Genebank, DEECA (AGG), Australia
Local sample unique identifier: AGG 5092 PEAS
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 2001-06-26
Other identifiers: n/a,K-7904, n/a,IFPI 65023, n/a,HQ 9654
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
Safety assessment for the above ground storage of Cadmium Safety and Control Rods at the Solid Waste Management Facility

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The mission of the Savannah River Site is changing from radioisotope production to waste management and environmental restoration. As such, Reactor Engineering has recently developed a plan to transfer the safety and control rods from the C, K, L, and P reactor disassembly basin areas to the Transuranic (TRU) Waste Storage Pads for long-term, retrievable storage. The TRU pads are located within the Solid Waste Management Facilities at the Savannah River Site. An Unreviewed Safety Question (USQ) Safety Evaluation has been performed for the proposed disassembly basin operations phase of the Cadmium Safety and Control Rod Project. The USQ screening identified a required change to the authorization basis; however, the Proposed Activity does not involve a positive USQ Safety Evaluation. A Hazard Assessment for the Cadmium Safety and Control Rod Project determined that the above-ground storage of the cadmium rods results in no change in hazard level at the TRU pads. A Safety Assessment that specifically addresses the storage (at the TRU pads) phase of the Cadmium Safety and Control Rod Project has been performed. Results of the Safety Assessment support the conclusion that a positive USQ is not involved as a result of the Proposed Activity.
Comparison of multiple-trait genetic evaluation accuracy using region marker relationships with traditional best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Accuracy of multiple-trait genetic evaluation based on allelic relationships with traditional best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) was compared through computer simulation. Firstly, a base population (N = 100) was simulated; the population was half male/half female. After reaching linkage disequilibrium between marker and QTL, phenotypic and genotypic records were simulated for the last generation. For each animal in the base population, three chromosomes (each one Morgan in length) was created; on each chromosome, 200 markers and 50 QTLs were randomly located. Mutation rate in each generation was 2.5 × 10-5. Total allelic relationships consider variety of genetic relationships among relatives and employ information of non-relatives as well. In evaluation using total allelic relationships, three separate allelic matrixes were required. To form such matrixes, firstly, marker effects were estimated for each trait using mixed model of BLUP. Then, based on these effects, particular markers of each trait as well as common markers among two traits were determined and used to form allelic relationship matrixes. Correlation between actual and estimated breeding values in the last generation was evaluated based on 10 iterations. Statistical comparison was performed using t-student test. A significant difference was observed between evaluation accuracy of studied two methods. Key words: Marker, allelic relationships, multiple-trait evaluation.
Personalized Multi-Drug Combinations in Breast Cancer Treatment Using Individual Pattern of Perturbed Gene Expression and Drug Signatures

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The greatest challenge in recent years in cancer treatment has been drug screening. Few platforms presented reliable solutions for personalized drug validation and safety testing. Here, we constructed a personalized drug combination protocol as the primary input to such platforms. We used public data from whole-genome expression profiles of 6173 breast cancer patients, 312 healthy individuals, and 691 drugs. We developed an individual pattern of perturbed gene expression (IPPGE) for each patient. A protocol was designed to extract personalized drug combinations by comparing the IPPGE and drug signatures. We tried to use the concept of drug repurposing, which searches for the new benefits of the existing medicines that may perturb the desired genes. The potential for treatment effectiveness was more significant for drug combinations extracted from specialized and nonspecialized cancer medicines than specialized medicines. Thus, effective treatments can be provided through the approach of drug repurposing and combination drug therapy. Implications The protocol allows personalized drug combinations to be extracted from hundreds of drugs and thousands of drug combinations. This can be used as a methodological interface between drug repurposing and combination drug therapy in cancer treatment.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Thermo‐Sensitive Copolymer of N‐Isopropylacrylamide and Dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6‐diacrylamide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Summary: A series of novel, thermo‐sensitive copolymers with different molar ratios of N ‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) and hydrophobic cis ‐dibenzo‐18‐crown‐6‐diacrylamide ( cis ‐DBCAm) were prepared via free‐radical copolymerization. cis ‐DBCAm with polymerizable end groups was successfully synthesized by reacting the corresponding amino crown ether with acryloyl chloride. The copolymers were characterized by FT‐IR and elemental analysis, and the thermo‐sensitivities of the copolymers were evaluated by measuring their lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs) in the absence or presence of various metal ions. The results indicated that incorporation of cis ‐DBCAm lowered LCSTs, and that the LCSTs of the copolymers decreased with the increase in cis ‐DBCAm content in the copolymers. When the cavities of the crown ether units captured either K + or Cs + ions, the LCST of the respective copolymer–metal ion complex was further decreased, whereas the capture of Na + or Li + ions did not have a significant influence on the LCSTs of the copolymers. Incorporation of cis ‐DBCAm into PNIPAM resulted in a lower LCST. The LCST was decreased more when the cavities of the crown ether units captured K + ions. magnified image Incorporation of cis ‐DBCAm into PNIPAM resulted in a lower LCST. The LCST was decreased more when the cavities of the crown ether units captured K + ions.
Are there any Connections between Adrenal Myelolipoma and Hypertension?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background. Adrenal myelolipoma (AML) is a non-functional benign neoplasm from adrenal cortex, composed of mature fat and hematopoietic tissue. Usually, patients have no symptoms. However, some present with hypertension and blood pressure normalizes after surgery, indicating some connections between AML and hypertension. Methods . This is a retrospective cohort study of 372 patients diagnosed with AML from September 2008 to December 2018 collected in Urology Department of West China Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. We collected clinical records of patients before surgery and partial patients were done with hormone examination. Postoperative follow-up was also done for those with hypertension and whether patients needed to take antihypertensive drugs and postoperative blood pressure were recorded. We aim to explore the characteristics of both AML patients with hypertension and remission of hypertension in 1 year after surgery. Results. There were 372 AML patients included in the study, 159 males and 213 females, aged 49.77±11.64 years old. Among them, 118 patients presented with hypertension. The percentage of hypertension in each subgroup increased with age. Sixty patients were followed up for 1 to 9 years, with a median follow-up of 52 months. The course of hypertension in the remission group was shorter than that in the non-remission group (P=0.020), and tumor lateralization was significantly different between two groups (P=0.005). Conclusion. Nearly one third of AML patients suffered from hypertension in our study and there do exist some potential links between AML and hypertension.
Biomechanical Effects of a Personal Weight Transfer Device in the Stooped Posture

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Repetitive work in the stooped posture is a known risk factor for developing low back disorders (LBDs). Use of the stooped posture in the workplace is widespread throughout the world in agriculture, construction, and mining. In California alone, hundreds of thousands of agricultural field workers routinely utilize the stooped posture. The purpose of this study is to evaluate if a personal weight transfer device as a possible intervention to reduce the load on the lumbar spine, thereby reducing the risk of developing LBDs. Eighteen healthy subjects performed stoop posture tasks in a laboratory study designed to simulate harvesting of low-growing crops. Results showed that when wearing the device in the static stooped posture, biceps femoris activity was reduced by 17%, lumbar flexion was reduced by 12%, ankle plantar-flexion increased by 5%, and the lumbar erector spinae of those subjects who did not experience flexion-relaxation of the erector spinae was reduced by 26%. Hip and knee flexion were not significantly altered. The device was effective in reducing the back muscle activity in those subjects who did not experience flexionrelaxation. Low back pain sufferers have reduced, or no, relaxation of back muscles during stoop. Therefore, the device may be beneficial for those with existing LBDs, and who use the stooped posture routinely. By limiting lumbar flexion, and consequently reducing loads on the lumbar intervertebral discs, the device may reduce the risk of developing LBDs in the population of people who use the stooped posture.
Circular or Rectangular Ground Plans: Some Costs and Benefits

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Architecture, as a technological strategy, provides shelter from the environment with the minimum possible cost in construction and maintenance of dwellings. There is a significant cross-cultural relationship between ground plan shape and settlement permanence. Circular ground plans are associated with impermanent settlements and rectangular ground plans with permanent settlements. The structural strengths and weaknesses that exist in the dwellings with either circular or rectangular ground plans contrast with each other and affect selection. Architectural design, then, is determined by choices between the needs of people in a given environment and what costs adapting to that will incur.
The more effective treatment of atrial fibrillation applying the natural compounds; as NADPH oxidase and ion channel inhibitors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia that occurs because of several different risk factors, e.g., valvular heart disease, coronary artery disease, age ≥75 years, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. One key risk factor that results in AF, is oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that there is a correlation between oxidative processes and the genesis of AF. Oxidative stress occurs when the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increase due to excessive activity of enzymes including NADPH oxidase (NOX) and xanthine oxidase; or its degradation decrease by dysfunctional antioxidant enzyme systems, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Afterwards, elevated ROS may shift ion channel activity to increase AF susceptibility. The outbreak of AF continues to grow. Unfortunately, current treatment strategies may have limited efficacy or adverse effects. On the other hand, the inhibition of ROS formation and alteration of ion channel activity could be important therapeutic targets for prevention or treatments of AF. Additionally, many studies have been shown that several natural compounds have the ability to inhibit NADPH oxidases directly. This review focuses on natural compounds which specially inhibit NOX isoforms and have direct effects on ion channels, suggesting these compounds can be helpful in AF treatment.
A Review of IMMUNEPOTENT CRP, A Modifier of Biological Response: Efficacy and Current Practice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

IMMUNEPOTENT CRP is a biological response modifier with intrinsic antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antitumor properties.In the following review, we have summarized almost 20 years of research with this bio-compound regarding its obtention method, action mechanism, molecular target and in vitro, preclinical and clinical research.
Boltzmann equation with a nonlocal collision term and the resultant dissipative fluid dynamics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Starting with the relativistic Boltzmann equation where the collision term was generalized to include gradients of the phase-space distribution function, we recently presented a new derivation of the equations for the relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics. We compared them with the corresponding equations obtained in the standard Israel-Stewart and related approaches. Our method generates all the second-order terms that are allowed by symmetry, some of which have been missed by the traditional approaches, and the coefficients of other terms are altered. The first-order or Navier-Stokes equation too receives a small correction. Here we outline this work for the general audience.
Qualitative analysis of an equivalent full adder circuit using MIGFET: An alternative approach to full adder circuit via direct truth table implementation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A Multiple Independent Gate Field Transistor (MIGFET) has more than one gates. These gates may be placed on or around the channel. An advantage of multiple gates structure is the better control of the channel region than the single gate structure. Another use of multiple gates can be to the increase functionality per transistor. In this paper, we present a functionally equivalent full adder circuit using the MIGFET structure that is feasible and more advantageous in many respects. We also show a simple improvement of the equivalent circuit. This technique of MIGFET implementation of digital logics can be extended to other digital logic circuits as well.