jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Modeling the TREK Detector’s Response When Detecting Muon Bundles from Ultra-High Energy Primary Cosmic Rays

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The TREK large-scale coordinate tracking detector is being created at MEPhI on the basis of drift chambers for detecting the near-horizontal flux of muon bundles generated by ultrahigh-energy primary cosmic rays. The detector’s operation is modeled comprehensively in three stages to interpret experimental data: modeling an EAS in the CORSIKA environment, calculating interaction between EAS particles and the detector and its supporting structures in the Geant4 environment; and modeling of responses from drift chambers and on-chamber electronics in the Garfield ++ environment. Each stage of modeling is described, along with the exchange of data between them and the initial results.
Definition and analysis of the fundamental parameters of a close binary system Konkoly J064029.1+ 385652.2

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we studied spectroscopic and photometric observations of the close binary system Konkoly J064029.1+385652.2, which is a candidate for young pre-cataclysmic variables with an sdO subdwarf. Observations were obtained in 2017-19 on the Large Azimuth Telescope SAO and the Russian-Turkish RTT-150 telescope.
The Observed Moment of a Magnetized Inclusion of high Curie Point within a Titanomagnetite Particle of lower Curie Point

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The theoretically observed moment of a permeable magnet embedded in a permeable medium is applied to the case of titanomagnetite particles containing minor quantities of an exsolved magnetite-rich phase of higher Curie point such as are found in basalts. The effect of temperature on the observed moment as the Curie point of the titanomagnetite is reached is discussed, and is shown to qualitatively explain experimental results found by Petherbridge et al. who found that an increase in moment occurred on heating synthetic samples in zero field through the titanomagnetite Curie point, and that a corresponding decrease in moment occurred on cooling.
The distribution of cathepsins B in rat stomach and duodenum

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the expression of cathepsins B(CB)in rat stomach and duodenum. Methods The immunofluorescence histochemical method was used to observe the localization of CB in rat stomach and duodenum. Results CB immunoreactive cells were distributed in the parietal cells, principal cells, mucous neck cells,but not in enterochromaffin cells. In addition, all the gland cells of duodenal mucosa, including absorptive cells, goble cells and endocrine cells showed CB immunoreactivities. Conclusion CB might play a critical role in the stomach and duodenum.
Successful Outcome after Regional Anesthesia in a Parturient with Dilated Cardiomyopathy for Elective Cesarean Section: Navigating a Stormy Sea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A BSTRACT Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a primary disorder of the myocardium characterized by impaired ventricular dilatation and impaired ventricular contractility. DCM in pregnancy could be associated with adverse cardiac events. Hemodynamic changes occurring at the time of delivery challenge the functional adaptability of the already compromised cardiovascular system. Perioperative anesthetic management of a parturient with DCM undergoing cesarean section thus requires that anesthesiologists have thorough knowledge and understanding of the disease and its management. Here, we describe the successful anesthetic management of a pregnant woman with DCM with low ejection fraction who underwent a cesarean section under central neuraxial blockade.
Microwatt Volatile Optical Bistability via Nanomechanical Nonlinearity

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Metastable optically controlled devices (optical flip‐flops) are needed in data storage, signal processing, and displays. Although nonvolatile memory relying on phase transitions in chalcogenide glasses has been widely used for optical data storage, beyond that, weak optical nonlinearities have hindered the development of low‐power bistable devices. This work reports a new type of volatile optical bistability in a hybrid nano‐optomechanical device, comprising a pair of anchored nanowires decorated with plasmonic metamolecules. The nonlinearity and bistability reside in the mechanical properties of the acoustically driven nanowires and are transduced to the optical response by reconfiguring the plasmonic metamolecules. The device can be switched between bistable optical states with microwatts of optical power and its volatile memory can be erased by removing the acoustic signal. The demonstration of hybrid nano‐optomechanical bistability opens new opportunities to develop low‐power optical bistable devices.
Stratigraphische Begriffe für das Quartär des süddeutschen Alpenvorlandes

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. This description of the Quaternary of the south German Alpine Foreland focuses on the classic morphostratigraphical terminology sensu PENCK &amp; BRÜCKNER, with a methodological introduction by K.A. HABBE. These definitions correspond to the nomenclature used in the Quaternary literature of southern Germany mainly between 1950 and 2000. The manuscripts left by K.A. HABBE at his death in 2003 were edited by D. ELLWANGER, and the definitions were supplemented and commented by D. ELLWANGER and R. BECKER-HAUMANN. HABBE’s ideas and definitions illustrate that morphostratigraphy can still be a modern and meaningful approach to subdividing the Quaternary, not just to describe Quaternary (especially glacial) landforms on earth science maps, but also as a tool for soil scientists, regional planners, etc. However, morphostratigraphy is less appropriate for describing and characterising lithological units (in economic geology or hydrogeology, for instance). This is initially the province of lithostratigraphy. The two methods complement each other as regards sequence stratigraphy because discontinuities and sequences are considered together (ELLWANGER et al. 2003). It should be noted that morphostratigraphical units and lithostratigraphical formations are distinguished according to different criteria. Difficulties always arise when morphostratigraphical and lithostratigraphical procedures yield different chronostratigraphical classifications. A second problem of traditional morphostratigraphy is its strong focus on the terrace stratigraphy of the ice marginal to periglacial valleys. Morphogenetic processes primarily occurred not in these valleys, but in areas of glaciation, in glacial basins, overdeepened valleys, and lake regions. These are the main locations of major discontinuities that could form the basis for a spatial morphostratigraphical subdivision. By contrast, erosion and accumulation dynamics of different ages are often indistinguishable within the terrace layers, especially in main valleys. Third, some critical comments are necessary about the use of the glacial series, again with special reference to classic morphostratigraphy. It is applicable almost everywhere for Würmian sediments and is a good tool for correlating Riss deposits and for describing the third-last major glaciation (“Mindel” and “Hosskirch” to the east and west of the Lech, respectively). Problems arise, however, when it is applied to (older) cover gravels to postulate pre-glacial cycles of cold and warm stages. This tends to inhibit clarification of whether processes were controlled by climate (glaciation) or tectonics (orogeny): an essential question with regard to the glaciation of mountain regions like the Alps.
A Low-Cost Neural ODE with Depthwise Separable Convolution for Edge Domain Adaptation on FPGAs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

High-performance deep neural network (DNN)-based systems are in high demand in edge environments. Due to its high computational complexity, it is challenging to deploy DNNs on edge devices with strict limitations on computational resources. In this paper, we derive a compact while highly-accurate DNN model, termed dsODENet, by combining recently-proposed parameter reduction techniques: Neural ODE (Ordinary Differential Equation) and DSC (Depthwise Separable Convolution). Neural ODE exploits a similarity between ResNet and ODE, and shares most of weight parameters among multiple layers, which greatly reduces the memory consumption. We apply dsODENet to a domain adaptation as a practical use case with image classification datasets. We also propose a resource-efficient FPGA-based design for dsODENet, where all the parameters and feature maps except for pre- and post-processing layers can be mapped onto on-chip memories. It is implemented on Xilinx ZCU104 board and evaluated in terms of domain adaptation accuracy, inference speed, FPGA resource utilization, and speedup rate compared to a software counterpart. The results demonstrate that dsODENet achieves comparable or slightly better domain adaptation accuracy compared to our baseline Neural ODE implementation, while the total parameter size without pre- and post-processing layers is reduced by 54.2% to 79.8%. Our FPGA implementation accelerates the inference speed by 23.8 times.
ACCELERATED FULL SCALE TESTING OF HEAVY DUTY PAVEMENTS -- EXPERIENCE WITH THE AUSTRALIAN ACCELERATED LOADING FACILITY (ALF). SIXTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF ASPHALT PAVEMENTS, VOLUME I, PROCEEDINGS, UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, JULY 13-17, 1987, ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Accelerated Loading Facility has completed more than 2,500,000 loading cycles up to date, and provided valuable information on the pavement response to accelerated loading. Once the initial mechanical problems were overcome, the ALF applied an average of 50,000 load cycles per week. Three pavements were tested, each typical to the current design and construction practice of heavy duty pavements of the host State Road Authority. The pavement performance and structural response was monitored by means of surface and subsurface deflections, permanent deformations, in-depth strains and visual observation of surface deterioration. A method for assessing critical strains based on the measured surface deflection bowls and in-depth deflections was sorded out, which makes it possible to continually monitor (and analyse) the structural performance of the tested pavements. Cross-reference between analytical approaches based on the equivalent layer thicknesses and on the surface curvature index yielded consistent results, increasing confidence in both approaches. All three tests indicated long pavement life under the given load conditions, consistent with the design life of the tested pavements.
Textual Analysis of Privacy Policies to Understand the Effect of GDPR

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has far-reaching implications that extend beyond the European Union (EU) borders. Its visionary concepts have worked as a catalyst, inspiring states and regions worldwide to rethink their data privacy policies. The GDPR is the foundation of an international privacy framework that crosses political and cultural boundaries, encouraging a collaborative effort to protect personal data. This study aims to explore the GDPR's multifaceted effects on data privacy, including organisational, legal, and technological aspects. To provide comprehensive insights, data was collected from the privacy policies of the top 50 websites for both the pre-GDPR and postGDPR eras. Textual analysis of these policies allowed for a comparison using keyword frequency, personal information disclosure, GDPR-related terms, and the enumeration of user rights being evaluated. To examine the structural changes in privacy rules, we use the average frequency with which a specific group of words. The finding reveals that the average word count of privacy rules has increased significantly, rising from 2355.74 to 5882.82. This shift indicates a positive trend towards increasing transparency and clarity in communicating privacy policies. Privacy policies are now written in more precise, accessible language, emphasising the essence of GDPR's objective and improving user comprehension. In the post-GDPR, key terms such as "Consent," "Data Breach," "Data Subject," "Data Controller," and "Data Protection" feature prominently, indicating more awareness and more substantial compliance obligations. Implementing GDPR user rights under amended rules demonstrates a noteworthy dedication to user data protection.
Advanced Mobile Robotics Volume 1

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Mobile robotics is a challenging field with great potential. It covers disciplines including electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, computer science, cognitive science, and social science. It is essential to the design of automated robots, in combination with artificial intelligence, vision, and sensor technologies. Mobile robots are widely used for surveillance, guidance, transportation and entertainment tasks, as well as medical applications. This Special Issue intends to concentrate on recent developments concerning mobile robots and the research surrounding them to enhance studies on the fundamental problems observed in the robots. Various multidisciplinary approaches and integrative contributions including navigation, learning and adaptation, networked system, biologically inspired robots and cognitive methods are welcome contributions to this Special Issue, both from a research and an application perspective.
Prevalence and Timing of Tracheostomy and Its Impact on Clinical Outcomes in COVID-19 Pneumonia Patients in Dubai Hospital

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Coronavirus has caused more than a million deaths as of October 2020. Hospitals consider tracheostomy after the patient is virus negative, usually after 3 weeks. Prevalence and timing of tracheostomy and its impact on survival among COVID patients are unknown. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A retrospective, single-center study of all patients with COVID-19 ARDS who underwent tracheostomy was conducted. Patients with age &#x3c;18 and patients treated with ECMO were excluded. Duration of ventilation before tracheostomy was recorded. Clinical variables, outcome variables, and confounding variables were recorded and compared between patients with tracheostomy and without tracheostomy. The aim was to determine prevalence and timing of tracheostomy and its impact on clinical outcomes. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We found that tracheostomies were performed only in 21 out of 196 patients (10.8%). Tracheostomies were performed after 3 weeks on average (22.1 ± 7.5 days). Survival was significantly higher in patients who underwent tracheostomy (85.7 vs. 42.5%, <i>p</i> = 0.001). LOSICU was longer for tracheostomy patients than patients without tracheostomy (median [IQR]: 35 [23–47] vs. 15 [9–21], <i>p</i> = 0.001). Patients who underwent tracheostomy had a higher proportion of treatment with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (52 vs. 30%, <i>p</i> = 0.04), more COVID-19 swab testing (6.5 [4.5–8.5] vs. 5 [3–7], <i>p</i> = 0.002), more days on mechanical ventilation (34.5 [24–45] vs. 11 [5.5–16.5], <i>p</i> = 0.001), and more length of stay in the hospital (54 [38–70] vs. 20 [10.5–29.5], <i>p</i> = 0.001). All other factors were not statistically different between the 2 groups. Approximately 29% of patients had possible false-negative testing as their swab became positive after being negative. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Tracheostomy was performed only in 10% of our patients with COVID-19 ARDS. Time to tracheostomy was after 3 weeks on average. Survival was better in patients with tracheostomy, but tracheostomized patients stayed longer in the ICU and hospital and utilized more days of mechanical ventilation and CRRT.
Gauge/String Duality in Confining Theories

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This is the content of a set of lectures given at the XIII Jorge Andre Swieca Summer School on Particles and Fields, held in Campos do Jordao, Brazil in January 2005. They intend to be a basic introduction to the topic of gauge/gravity duality in confining theories. We start by reviewing some key aspects of the low energy physics of non-Abelian gauge theories. Then, we present the basics of the AdS/CFT correspondence and its extension both to gauge theories in different spacetime dimensions with sixteen supercharges and to more realistic situations with less supersymmetry. We discuss the different options of interest: placing D-branes at singularities and wrapping D-branes in calibrated cycles of special holonomy manifolds. We finally present an outline of a number of non-perturbative phenomena in non-Abelian gauge theories as seen from supergravity.
A Better Scaled Local Line Embedding Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The local linear embedding algorithm is a nonlinear manifold learning algorithm.It is efficient for many nonlinear dimension reduction problems but unfit for sparse data.In this paper,an improved algorithm called local project linear embedding(LPLE) is presented,which is based on local smooth theory and LLE.In the algorithm,assumes a global embedding function in low dimentional space,then reconstructs sample data's local neighbor eigenvector.At last,the global low-dimensional embedded manifold is obtained by eigenvector of the cost matrix.LPLE is better than LLE in that it gives the global coordinates of the sparse data and this isn't be resolved by the other conventional algorithm.The results of experiment show the usefulness and the meaning of the research.
Novel Cadmium Telluride Quantum Dot (QD) Fluorescent Probe for the Sensitive Determination of the Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Biomarker Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The concentration of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) generally increases in the serum of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Hence, AFP is a biomarker for HCC detection, diagnosis, and treatment. However, the sensitivity is unsatisfactory. Here a fluorescent probe based on CdTe quantum dots (QDs-AFPAb) was prepared and a simple sensitive fluorescence immunoassay on nitrocellulose membranes (NFIA) was developed for alpha-fetoprotein. This method exhibited a low detection limit of 2.18 pg/mL with a linear range from 10 to 1.0 × 107 pg/mL. In addition, the sensitivity allowed the identification of HCC and non-HCC serum. This method is sensitive, easy, and low-cost for the diagnosis of HCC.
Symmetric and triangle-shaped variability of blazars

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Symmetric and triangle-shaped flux variability in X-ray and gamma-ray light curves is observed from many blazars. We derived the X-ray spectrum changing in time by using a kinetic equation of high energy electrons. Giving linearly changing the injection of low energy electrons into accelerating and emitting region, we obtained the preliminary results that represent the characteristic X-ray variability of the linear flux increase with hardening in the rise phase and the linear decrease with softening in the decay phase.
Root Distribution of Two Woody Species Grown on Farmers’ Fields in the Southern Guinea Savannah Zone of Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Trees play a significant role in improving soils for crop production through root activities. This study was carried out on four farmers' fields in Mokwa, central Nigeria in May 1999 to quantify root distributions of 2-year-old Gliricidia sepium (G. sepium) and Acacia leptocarpa (A. leptocarpa). Root samples were taken up to 300-cm soil depth. Root length, surface area, and volume densities were evaluated by using Delta-T Scan device. Mass density was also evaluated. Root length densities of G. sepium ranged from 0.56–11 mm mL−1 while those of A. leptocarpa ranged from 0.13–5.93 mm mL−1, declining with soil depth. Potential contribution of roots to soil total porosity was less than 3%. Soil bulk density ranged from 1.28–1.51 g cm−3 under G. sepium and from 1.29–1.61 g cm−3 under A. leptocarpa. Although G. sepium had relatively more roots deeper in the soil than A. leptocarpa, both trees demonstrated deep rooting, suggesting that the trees would improve soil productivity if sufficient fallow length were allowed.
The GNSS time series related to the manuscript submitted to the journal Scientific Reports authored by Giampiero Iaffaldano, Juan Martin de Blas, Xu Rui, D. Sarah Stamps, and Zhao Bin.

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This repository saves the GNSS position time series and associated command files related to the manuscript submitted to the journal Scientific Reports authored by Giampiero Iaffaldano, Juan Martin de Blas, Xu Rui, D. Sarah Stamps, and Zhao Bin. For more details, please refer to the README.txt.
A COMPARISON OF METHODOLOGY APPLIED TO THE SELECTION OF A PANEL FOR SENSORY EVALUATION OF INSTANT COFFEE

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Twenty judges performed a variety of chemosensory tasks in order to select the best scores to form a panel for coffee evaluation. An average of correct responses (P%), one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and principal components analysis (PCA) were compared. The tests involved: ability to recognize the four basic tastes, identification and matching of odors, taste intensity evaluation and perception of small differences in taste. P% accounted for 71.17 ± 4.34% and 10 of the judges had scores greater than the final average. ANOVA and PCA resulted in 2 different panels consisting of 9 and 12 judges, respectively. The panel was composed by the nine panelists selected by the three methods. The other three panelists that were doubtful could improve to the point of acceptance with additional training. These methods should be used simultaneously to have more security in the acceptance or rejection of panelists.
Tracking concept drift in a single neuron

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We consider the performance of a variety of learning algorithms for single linear threshold neurons where the weights of the neuron change as training examples are presented. We restrict the weight changes to small changes referred to as the concept drift problem. The performance of the different learning algorithms (tracking algorithms) is defined by the average generalization error which is dependent on the concept drift, the nature of the tracking algorithm, the information given to the tracking algorithm, and the number of inputs, n. We analytically determine the average generalization error for a wide variety of tracking algorithms and different types of concept drift. We model this problem as a system identification problem with a single target neuron and a single tracking neuron.< >