jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Clinical Observation on Qinggong Capsule for 49 Cases of Hemorrhage after Drug-induced Abortion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of Qinggo ng Capsule(capsule to repair uterine) on hemorrhage after drug-induced abortion.Methods Nighty seven patients with hemorrhage after drug-induced abortion were randomized into treatment group of 49 cases and control group of 48 cases.Both groups were given mifepristone and misoprostol to induce abortion,in addition,the treatment group and control group was given Qinggong Capsule and Leonurus Capsule respectively on the 7th day,4 capsules once,t hree times daily.One treatment course lasted for 5 days.The medicat ion was not more than three courses in both groups.Beta-human chorionic gonado tropin(β-HCG),estradiol(E2),progesterone(P) were observed on the 1st,5th,10th,18th day,and bleeding time and menstrual recovery were observed after treatment.Results Of 49 cases in the treatment group,there were 25 cases(51.02%) cured,22 cases(44.90%) effective,and 2 cases(4.08%) ineffective.And of the 48 cases in the control group,there were 18 cases(37.50%) cured,19 cases(39.58%) effective,and 11 ca ses(22.92%) ineffective.The difference between groups was sta tistically significant(P0.05).The average bleeding time was(10.38±0. 36) and (13.54±0.56) days in the treatment group and control group respectively,with significant difference between groups(P0.01).The cases of bleeding sto pped within 9 days in the treatment group were much more than those in the control gr oup(P0.01).The period of menstrual recovery was(30.5±5.2) and(33.8± 8.6) days and the menstrual duratio n was(6.1±3.5) and(9.9±5.1) days in the treatment group and control group re spectively.The time of menstrual recovery and menstrual duration in the treat ment group were shorter than those in the control group(P0.05 or P0.0 1).On the 5th,10th and 18th day of treatment,there were significant differences in βHCG,E2 and P in both groups as compared with those before treatment(P0.05 or P0.01).On the 5th,10th and 18th day of treatment,there was significant difference b etween groups in β-HCG(P0.05).Conclusion Qinggong Capsule could obviously reduce the bleeding time and bleeding amount and shorten the time of men strual recovery,which maybe relevant to strengthening the contraction of the ut erus,reducing the secretion of β-HCG and promoting the repair of the endometr ium.
Functional visualisation of genes using singular value decomposition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

© 2012, Australian Computer Society, Inc. Progress in understanding core pathways and processes of cancer requires thorough analysis of many coding regions of the genome. New insights are hampered due to the lack of tools to make sense of large lists of genes identified using high throughput technology. Data mining, particularly visualisation that finds relationships between genes and the Gene Ontology (GO), has the potential to assist in functional understanding. This paper addresses the question of how well GO annotations can help in functional understanding of genes. We augment genes with associated GO terms and visualise with Singular Value Decomposition (SVD). Meaning of derived components is further interpreted using correlations to GO terms. The results demonstrate that SVD visualisation of GO-augmented genes matches the biological understanding expected in the simulated data and presents understanding of childhood cancer genes that aligns with published results.
Minimizing regulation costs in multi‐area systems with uncertain wind power forecasts

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In a power system where there are many fast and/or large changes in generation or consumption, e.g. in a system with large amounts of wind power, it is more complicated to handle the frequency control efficiently. Minimizing regulation costs for the system operator in such a system requires the possibility to simulate the frequency control in the time range from minutes to a few hours. In this paper, it is shown how the frequency control during normal operation can be optimized using a multi‐area model, without exceeding frequency limits or transmission capacity. The model has also been expanded to include uncertainties in wind power forecasts, which may lead to an increase of the regulating costs. The optimization model is applied to numerical examples to show the impact of wind power on costs for regulating power and to show the value of better wind speed forecasts. No load forecast errors are taken into account. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The intensity of ground motion from future earthquakes in the Mentawai Islands, Sumatra

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

From the clues of the historic rupture events on the Mentawai segment of the Sumatran Megathrust, the new rupture cycle has arrived signalled by the September 2007 earthquake events. The accumulated strain since last gigantic rupture in 1797 and 1833 is sufficient to generate an earthquake with Mw 8.8. The striking of the earthquake will cause physical damages to infrastructures, result in life losses and bring social and economical consequences. This report presents the procedures of seismogram synthesis for the hypothetical earthquake and dynamic analysis of structural responses. Evaluation of vulnerability of buildings was done by comparing the ductility demand imposed by the earthquake to the ductility capacity defined in the Indonesian seismic design code. The results include three parts. The first part presents the intensities of ground motion; the second part is the assessment of structural vulnerability; the last part provides the contour maps of peak ground accelerations and pseudo-acceleration of structures in Sumatra Island. The simulation result and response analysis showed that the rupture of the Mentawai segment of Sumatran megathrust will bring structural damages to the cities located in the central and west coast of Sumatra, such as Padang and Pekanbaru. Most medium to high rise buildings in Padang and Pekanbaru will yield. Buildings in other part of Sumatra are barely yielded depending on structural details. Tremors will be felt as far as Medan, Jakarta and Singapore. The ground shaking will not impose significant damage to structures in these cities.
Experimental Studies for Small Diameter Grafts in an In Vivo Sheep Model—Techniques and Pitfalls

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Scientific attempts to create the “ideal” small diameter vascular graft have been compared with the “search of the holy grail.” Prosthetic material as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene or Dacron shows acceptable patency rates to large caliber vessels, while small diameter (< 6 mm) prosthetic conduits present unacceptably poor patency rates. Vascular tissue engineering represents a promising option to address this problem. Material and Methods Thirty-two female Texel-sheep aged 6 months to 2 years underwent surgical common carotid artery (CCA) interposition using different tissue-engineered vascular substitutes. Explantation of the grafts was performed 12 (n = 12) and 36 (n = 20) weeks after surgery. Ultrasound was performed on postoperative day 1 and thereafter every 4 weeks to evaluate the graft patency. Results The average length of implanted substitutes was 10.3 ± 2.2 cm. Anesthesia and surgical procedure could be performed without major surgical complications in all cases. The grafts showed a systolic blood flow velocity (BFV) of 28.24 ± 13.5 cm/s, a diastolic BFV of 9.25 ± 4.53 cm/s, and a mean BFV of 17.85 ± 9.25 cm/s. Native vessels did not differ relevantly in hemodynamic measurements (systolic: 29.77 cm/s; diastolic: 7.99 cm/s ± 5.35; mean 15.87 ± 10.75). There was no incidence of neurologic complications or subsequent postoperative occlusion. Perioperative morbidity was low and implantation of conduits was generally well tolerated. Conclusion This article aims to give a precise overview of in vivo experiments in sheep for the evaluation of small diameter vascular grafts performing CCA interposition, especially with regard to pitfalls and possible perioperative complications and to discuss advantages and disadvantages of this approach.
Rotary discs reactor for enhanced production of microbial cellulose

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Production of microbial cellulose is receiving great attention since microbial cellulose is comparable to the synthetic cellulose, source of medium is abundant and cellulose has wide applications. However, microbial cellulose is produced in Malaysia in the form of ‘nata’ as food using traditional method only. Furthermore, the use of trays for static fermentation in traditional method is not economical, laborious and the up-scale process for high yield productivity is limited. This study aims to develop a practical methodology for enhanced production of microbial cellulose by designing a Rotary Discs Reactor (RDR). One of the major factors that determine the success of fermentation process is aeration during fermentation. Therefore, RDR applies the concept of Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) that widely used in wastewater treatment in order to exposing the bacteria to oxygen for better aeration. This reactor consists of an array of discs that is mounted to a shaft. The shaft is connected to a driven motor so that the rotation of the shaft together with the discs is achievable and controllable. The discs on the shaft are positioned in a horizontally set trough that contains a biological medium in which at least a portion of the contained discs are being submerged. In the preliminary study of discs selection, discs made from stainless steel fabricated with 0.3cm mesh sizes gave the highest result compared to others. In addition, it was found that smallest mesh in stainless steel type of discs was advantagous in assisting the Acetobacter xylinum attachment onto the discs which resulted in better aeration and higher cellulose production. To study effect of rotation speed in RDR, fermentation in prepared sucrose medium had been carried out at the rotational speeds of 7, 9 and 11 rpm. It was found that rotational speed gives significant effect towards microbial cellulose production where fermentation in RDR using 7 rpm gave the highest microbial cellulose production of 149.12gram per liter substrate. A series of static and RDR fermentation had been run in a fixed condition in order to compare the production yields. Results showed that fermentation carried out using RDR gave 86.78% higher production of microbial cellulose compared to static fermentation after 5 days of fermentation. This indicated that RDR could give better aeration process compared to static fermentation. However, too much Dissolved Oxygen resulted from too high rotational speed resulted in decrease of microbial cellulose production in RDR as this affected the stability of the culture. Hence, it can be concluded that fermentation using RDR did not depend solely on dissolved oxygen in the medium as the rotation of discs permitted direct exposure to air for A.xylinum during the fermentation process.
Fatty Acid Composition of Palm Kernel, Illipe, and Shea Nut Oils by Urea Fractionation and Programmed Temperature Gas Chromatography

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The detection of C6 to C28 fatty acids is possible when their methyl esters are concentrated by urea fractionation so that esters with similar gas chromatographic retention times are in different fractions. By modified programmed temperature gas chromatographic techniques, it is possible to detect and estimate fatty acids present in trace amounts (0.1 to 0.001%) in palm kernel, shea nut, and illipe oils. The odd and even chain length saturated fatty acids from C6 to C28 were detected. The odd and even chain length mono-unsaturates from C14 to C24 and the even chain length dienes from C14 to C24 were detected
Efficacy of myrrh in controlling coccidioses in chickens.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Myrrh was used for controlling the infection with Eimeria species in chickens. A total of 120 one-day-old native breed chickens bought from commercial hatchery were used in the experiment. Birds were feed on starter balanced ration free from anticoccidial drugs. At age of 2 weeks the chickens were divided into 4 groups (1-4), 30 chicks each. Chickens of first group were inoculated by 50,000 sporulated oocysts of mixed local field isolated Eimneria species and served as infected non treated control group. Birds of the second group were infected similarly and received simultaneously 10 mg Myrrh / bird by oral route. Birds of group 3 was supplied with Myrrh 10 mg / bird one day before infection by coccidia (50000 oocyst/bird). Last chicken group was left as non infected non treated control group. Measurements to evaluate the efficacy of Myrrh as anticoccidial drug included; mortality percentage; lesion score at 5 day post infection and the total oocyst output/gm of fecal dropping. The results showed that the mortality rate reached 10% and 3.33% in groups 2&3 respectively, while it reached 26.66% in infected non treated control group. High lesion score was recorded in infected non treated group followed by infected treated chicken groups regardless the time of treatment. The feed conversion rates reached 3.14 in infected non treated chicken group against 2.47 & 2.21 in treated chickens groups, 2&3 respectively. Mean oocyst count per gram faecal dropping (OPG) was reduced significantly in group 3 when compared with other infected treated or infected non treated chicken groups.
Miliary fibromas in tuberous sclerosis complex

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a hamartoma syndrome characterized by multiple skin lesions, such as angiofibromas, shagreen patch and miliary fibromas (MiF). Objective To determine the clinical and histological features of MiF. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 133 adults with TSC. Photography was used to characterize the appearance and location of MiF. Histological features in five skin samples from four individuals were evaluated by a board‐certified dermatopathologist. Results MiF were observed in 19 of 133 (14%) individuals with TSC. MiF were 1‐ to 3‐mm skin‐coloured, sessile papules scattered on the back and rarely buttocks or thighs. Most were scattered in a bilaterally symmetric distribution, but others were asymmetric or associated with a shagreen patch. Histological features of MiF included expansion of the papillary and periadnexal dermis with variable hamartomatous abnormalities involving adjacent epithelial components. Conclusions MiF are distinct from other cutaneous lesions in TSC such as shagreen patches and angiofibromas. Recognition of this entity is important in defining the spectrum of TSC disease and reassuring individuals with TSC that these lesions are benign.
Effect of schisandrin B on the content of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 protein in lungs of rats with silica-induced silicosis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To investigate the effect of schisandrin B(Sch-B) on the contents of matrix metalloproteinase 2(MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase(TIMP-1) protein in lungs of rats silica-induced silicosis.Methods:Ninty-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group,silica group and Sch-B group,with 32 rats in each group.The rat silicosis model was established by a single intratracheal injection of silica.From the second day of model establishment,rats in Sch-B group were treated with Sch-B for 3,7,14 and 28 days respectively,then the rats were sacrificed and lungs were collected.Histopathological changes of lungs were observed by HE staining.The contents of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 protein were determined by ELISA.Results:Compared with control group,the contents of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 of silica group were significantly higher on d3,d7,d14 and d28(P0.01).Compared with silica group,the contents of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 of Sch-B group were significantly lower(P0.01),but higher than control group(P0.01).Conclusion:Sch-B can inhibit the expressions of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 protein in rats with silica-induced silicosis at every time point.Sch-B can adjust MMP-2/TIMP-1 ratio and reduce silica-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats.
Thickness-dependent atomic structures of two-dimensional few-layer ZnO: A density functional theory study

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The thickness-dependent atomic structures of two-dimensional (2D) few-layer (FL) ZnO are systematically investigated by the first-principles calculations. It is found that the structural transformation between thinner FL ZnO with graphitic structure $(\mathrm{FL} g\mathrm{ZnO})$ and thicker FL ZnO with wurtzite structure $(\mathrm{FL} w\mathrm{ZnO})$ takes place at the critical thickness of 9--12 Zn-O atomic layers. At the thickness of 9--12 layers, both graphitic and wurtzite structures can coexist at room temperature. In FL $g\mathrm{ZnO}$, the interlayer interaction is a long-range Coulomb interaction, and the charge population of Zn and O inside does not change during the structural transformation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the structural transformation of FL ZnO originates from the competition between the high energy of the O $2{p}_{z}$ orbital in the graphitic structure and the polar-surface-induced dipole energy in the wurtzite structure. Our microscopic understanding guides a clear direction of regulating the atomic structure of FL ZnO, further optimizing its electronic properties, which benefits developing function-advanced 2D stacked devices.
An outbreak of Psoroptic mange infestation and its management in re-introduced African Buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) at Umfurudzi Safari Area in Zimbabwe

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

An outbreak of Psoroptic mange infestation and its management in re-introduced foot and mouth disease-free African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) at a safari area in Zimbabwe is described. Between 2012 and 2013, 170 buffaloes were re-introduced into Umfurudzi Safari Area, Shamva District of Zimbabwe. One cow exhibited non-pruritic, widespread alopecia all over its body and appeared to recover after being treated with injectable ivermectin acaricide. Subsequently, an outbreak of severe non-pruritic alopecia ensued in the buffalo herd at the onset of winter May 2013. Laboratory diagnosis confirmed Psoroptes mites infestation in one of five animals tested. Clinical mange was evident in 103 (81.7%, n= 126) of the animals captured and treated. The buffalo herd responded well to two treatment regimes. This incident highlights the need to include mange in the screening and prophylactic treatment regimes of translocated wildlife.
Bacterial meningitis with initial normal cerebrospinal fluid findings.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Seven pediatric patients with bacterial meningitis but with initial normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings are presented. They represent 6.5% of all cases with bacterial meningitis seen at our medical center during a 5-year period. In all cases, the duration of symptoms before the initial lumbar puncture was short (6-24 h). The case-fatality rate was 3/7 (43%) compared with 10/100 (10%) among children with abnormal initial CSF, despite early initiation of antibiotics. Bacterial meningitis with an initial normal CSF finding is not rare and may be associated with poor outcome.
Diagnosis and treatment of alcoholic hepatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is increasing in incidence in the UK. It is the commonest cause of liver-related deaths, predominantly in people below the age of 60. Alcoholic hepatitis (AH) is an acute form of ALD with high mortality when severe. Jaundice and coagulopathy are clinical hallmarks of severe AH. Histology findings are characterised by parenchymal inflammation and hepatocellular damage although biopsy is only required when diagnostic uncertainty exists; clinical findings are usually sufficient for accurate diagnosis. Patients with AH should be stratified as non-severe or severe using non-invasive scoring systems such as the discriminant function or the Glasgow Alcoholic Hepatitis Score. In patients with non-severe AH, abstinence is the mainstay of treatment, and it is important that steps are taken to help patients stop drinking. Severe AH requires specialist treatment. Consensus guidelines recommend the use of prednisolone although this remains subject to clinical trials. Pentoxifylline may have a survival benefit if corticosteroids are contraindicated. Nutritional support and N-acetylcysteine should be considered for use in conjunction with corticosteroids although evidence of benefit is not conclusive. Patients with severe disease who do not respond to therapy within a week have a very poor outcome. Recent data have shown a survival benefit of liver transplantation in this group although this remains experimental at present. Current and future research should focus on targeted therapies for severe AH and those who fail first-line treatment.
Religious freedom: rights and liberties under the law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This volume provides in a single source a thorough grounding in the origin, development, and current controversies surrounding the free practice of religion. The first boatloads of European settlers did not come to America advocating religious tolerance. They came seeking the freedom to practice their own religion. Other sects, they believed, were wrong at best and, at worst, not to be tolerated. The question of what constitutes legitimate, constitutionally protected religious practice has been debated ever since. Does it include the use of peyote? Polygamy? Refusing medical care for a sick child? Freedom of Religion follows the evolving understanding of the concept of religious freedom from Great Britain to the New World, through hundreds of U.S. courtrooms, to the volatile modern-day issues of school prayer and faith-based initiatives. The thorough, responsible, and cool-headed analysis presented here offers readers a solid grounding in the constitutional issues behind the headlines. Four chapters discuss the development of religious freedom from its roots in tribal societies through key court decisions of the 1990s A chronology outlines significant events and court decisions from 1776 to 2001, and a table lists all of the pertinent cases alphabetically
Molecular characterization of an elasmobranch urea transporter

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Marine elasmobranch fishes retain relatively high levels of urea to balance the osmotic stress of living in seawater. To maintain osmotic balance and reduce the energetic costs of making urea, it is important for these animals to minimize urea excretion to the environment. We have isolated a novel 2.2-kb cDNA from Squalus acanthias (spiny dogfish shark) kidney encoding a 380-amino acid hydrophobic protein (ShUT) with 66% identity to the rat facilitated urea transporter protein UT-A2. Injection of ShUT cRNA into Xenopusoocytes induced a 10-fold increase in 14 C-labeled urea uptake, inhibitable by phloretin (0.35 mM). ShUT mRNA is expressed in kidney and brain. Related mRNA species are found in liver, blood, kidney, gill, intestine, muscle, and rectal gland. This is the first facilitated urea transporter to be identified in a marine fish. We propose that the ShUT protein is involved in urea reabsorption by the renal tubules of the dogfish shark, which in turn minimizes urea loss in the urine.