jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
WE3DS: An RGB-D image dataset for semantic segmentation in agriculture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Here, we introduce a novel RGB-D image database (WE3DS) for semantic segmentation in crop farming. It contains 2,568 RGB-D images (color image and distance map) and hand-annotated ground-truth masks for semantic segmentation and is the first RGB-D image dataset for multi-class plant species semantic segmentation task. Images were taken under natural light conditions using an RGB-D sensor consisting of two RGB cameras in a stereo setup. Please cite the original source when using this dataset. Kitzler, F.; Barta, N.; Neugschwandtner, R.W.; Gronauer, A.; Motsch, V. WE3DS: An RGB-D Image Dataset for Semantic Segmentation in Agriculture. Sensors 2023, 23, 2713. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052713
Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis in Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

TRACHEOTOMY IN LARYNGOTRACHEOBRONCHITISBRm 1067or bronchoscopy should be limited to an emergency pro- cedure prior to tracheotomy.In these cases further emphasis must be placed on repeated suction.The per- formance of a tracheotomy, and then suction using poly- thene tubing, ensures that the smaller bronchi may be reached and cleared.When necessary, the decision should be to do the tracheotomy as an elective procedure, and the exact time interval before the operation must vary with each individual case.This may range from immediately on admission up to 36 hours later.The use of tracheotomy as a last desperate expedient can only bring its performance in acute obliterative laryngotracheobronchitis into disrepute. Summary and ConclusionsThirty-nine cases of acute obliterative laryngotracheo- bronchitis are described.Their clinical course and medical treatment are given and their management is discussed, with especial reference to the use of tracheotomy.The indications for elective tracheotomy are : (1) the appearance of cyanosis ; (2) extreme fatigue; (3) increas- ing restlessness, pallor, and stridor, with an associated diminutioh of air entry.Our cases fall into three groups.(1) Immediate emergency tracheotomy (see Case 1), which is necessary where there is acute glottic obstruction. (2)Early elective tracheotomy (see Case 2) : these are the patients who rapidly deteriorate despite adequate medical treat- ment.They should be under observation for a period of one hour and then have tracheotomy performed.(3) Late elective tracheotomy (see Case 3): these patients at first respond to medical treatment, but later their con- dition deteriorates.When this occurs they should be observed for a period of one hour and then have tracheotomy performed.These cases usually do not present until 24-36 hours after admission.
Longer Screws Decrease the Risk of Radiographic Pseudarthrosis Following Elective Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Objectives In patients undergoing elective anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), we sought to determine the impact of screw length on: (1) radiographic pseudarthrosis, (2) pseudarthrosis requiring reoperation, and (3) patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). Methods A single-institution, retrospective cohort study was undertaken from 2010-21. The primary independent variables were: screw length (mm), screw length divided by the anterior-posterior vertebral body diameter (VB%), and the presence of any screw with VB% < 75% vs all screws with VB% ≥ 75%. Multivariable logistic regression controlled for age, BMI, gender, smoking, American Society of Anesthesiology grade, number of levels fused, and whether a corpectomy was performed. Results Of 406 patients undergoing ACDF, levels fused were: 1-level (39.4%), 2-level (42.9%), 3-level (16.7%), and 4-level (1.0%). Mean screw length was 14.3 ± 2.3 mm, and mean VB% was 74.4 ± 11.2. A total of 293 (72.1%) had at least one screw with VB% < 75%, 113 (27.8%) had all screws with VB% ≥ 75%, and 141 (34.7%) patients had radiographic pseudarthrosis at 1-year. Patients who had any screw with VB% < 75% had a higher rate of radiographic pseudarthrosis compared to those had all screws with VB% ≥ 75% (39.6% vs 22.1%, P < .001). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that a higher VB% (OR = .97, 95%CI = .95-.99, P = .035) and having all screws with VB% ≥ 75% (OR = .51, 95%CI = .27-.95, P = .037) significantly decreased the odds of pseudarthrosis at 1-year, with no difference in reoperation or PROMs (all P > .05). Conclusion Longer screws taking up ≥75% of the vertebral body protected against radiographic pseudarthrosis at 1-year. Maximizing screw length in ACDF is an easily modifiable factor directly under the surgeon’s control that may mitigate the risk of pseudarthrosis.
Chemical Oxidation of Polymer Electrodes for Redox Active Devices: Stabilization through Interfacial Interactions

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

To achieve optimal performance in a conjugated polymer-based electrochemical device, i.e. for a supercapacitor to reach full depth of discharge or for an electrochromic device (ECD) to achieve maximum contrast, the two electrodes must be in different oxidation states when the device is assembled. Here, we evaluate the use of chemical oxidation as a scalable postprocessing method to adjust the redox state of polymer-coated electrodes. We evaluate how the extent of oxidation depends on both the redox properties of the conjugated polymer and on the choice of chemical oxidant, and how these parameters affect the functionality of the film. Comparing Ag(I) and Fe(III) oxidants, we find that it is not the oxidizing power that determines the extent of doping but rather the redox potentials of the polymers, with the more easily oxidized polymers doping to a higher extent. Because the polarity and surface energy of the polymer changes upon oxidation, we also show how a phosphonic acid surface pre-treatment improves interfacial adhesion between the polymer and a transparent oxide electrode (ITO). Finally, as a proof of principle, we demonstrate how chemical oxidation of the organic counter electrode a minimally color changing dioxypyrrole polymer enhances the device contrast of an ECD, confirming that this approach is a promising route toward high-throughput manufacturing of ECDs and other polymer-based electrochemical devices.
The Effect of Hydroalcoholic Castor Bean Extract on Spermatogenesis in Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Castor is a plant with various advantages that, it,s anti-fertility effects are seen in some studies. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of castor bean extract on spermatogenesis and sperm damage. Methods: 35 male mice were divided into four experimental groups and one control group. Control group received normal saline and experimental groups, received 25, 30, 35 and 45mg/kg body weight Castor bean extract for 30 days respectively. Ten days after the last injection mice were anesthetized and the epididymis and testis were removed. Heart blood samples were collected from mice to measure hormones. After preparing cross-sections of testis, samples were stained and line of cells were counted. The data were analyzed by One - Way ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: Right testicular and epididymal weight and number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, Leydig and Spermatozoa in all experimental groups as well as the diameter in the three groups of 2, 3 and 4 groups were significantly smaller than control group (p<0.05). In experimental group 4, the rate of denaturation of DNA was significantly higher than control group. The Serum sex hormones and percentage of live sperm in the experimental groups 3 and 4, compared to the control group was decreased. Conclusion: Castor bean extract significantly decreases the number of sperm cell lines and sex hormone levels. Furthermore, in higher doses of extract, the sperm DNA denaturation increases. Thus, Castor bean extract may effect on fertility by reducing it.
Supplementary Fig. S3 from A role for macroautophagy in protection against 4-hydroxytamoxifen–induced cell death and the development of antiestrogen resistance

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Supplementary Fig. S3 from A role for macroautophagy in protection against 4-hydroxytamoxifen–induced cell death and the development of antiestrogen resistance
The Role of ‘Leader’ in Delivering Resilient Communities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Purpose The aim of this chapter is to challenge the assumption that top-down approaches to economic development and growth are the best way forward for rural areas. Looking at the work of the current LEADER programme and LEADER project examples, the chapter measures the impacts of small-scale, bottom-up approaches to foster rural development. It considers the importance of the LEADER approach as a key component of the current rural policy framework. Methodology The chapter provides a discussion of top-down versus neo-endogenous approaches to rural growth, drawing on policy and practitioner literature. Four case studies from the current LEADER programme are used to demonstrate how the LEADER approach brings about growth at a local level, and how this can be measured using a Social Return on Investment (SROI) approach. Findings LEADER, as a programme, can deliver sustainable and effective economic growth through a series of small-scale interventions by stimulating entrepreneurial activity in the context of neo-endogenous growth. This forms a useful complementary strand to the top-down policy of major sectoral interventions profiled in this chapter in the context of current England-wide policy approaches to economic development. The SROI approach provides an effective tool for capturing the longer term effects of LEADER. Practical implications Considering the broader SROI and sustainable credentials of LEADER-stimulated business development provides a new and more robust means of both communicating the achievements of the programme and a rationale for giving it greater prominence. Originality/value The chapter establishes a new place-based approach to considering the wider impact of LEADER projects through an SROI approach. The insights help provide new insights into the contribution of this programme to economic development in rural communities.
SAADA: Astronomical Databases Made Easier

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Many astronomers wish to share datasets with their community but have not enough manpower to develop databases having the functionalities required for high-level scientific applications. The SAADA project aims at automatizing the creation and deployment process of such databases. A generic but scientifically relevant data model has been designed which allows one to build databases by providing only a limited number of product mapping rules. Databases created by SAADA rely on a relational database supporting JDBC and covered by a Java layer including a lot of generated code. Such databases can simultaneously host spectra, images, source lists and plots. Data are grouped in user defined collections whose content can be seen as one unique set per data type even if their formats differ. Datasets can be correlated one with each other using qualified links. These links help, for example, to handle the nature of a cross-identification (e.g., a distance or a likelihood) or to describe their scientific content (e.g., by associating a spectrum to a catalog entry). The SAADA query engine is based on a language well suited to the data model which can handle constraints on linked data, in addition to classical astronomical queries. These constraints can be applied on the linked objects (number, class and attributes) and/or on the link qualifier values. Databases created by SAADA are accessed through a rich WEB interface or a Java API. We are currently developing an inter-operability module implanting VO protocols.
Improved Characterization of Anisotropy in Tight Reservoirs Using Stiffness Tensors and Variable Biot's Poroelasticity

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Anisotropy measurements in unconventional rocks require fully characterized azimuthal rock properties. Accurate characterization of the minimum in situ horizontal stress plays a vital role in fracture modeling. Underestimation of stresses from applying the assumptions of isotropy leads to poor drilling and completion design. On the other hand, applying a simplified tensors’ assumption and assuming a constant Biot's Poroelastic Coefficient of one overestimates the stresses leading to costly drilling issues and incorrect proppant placement. First step involves obtaining high frequency directional core samples i.e. vertical (0°), inclined (45°) and horizontal (90°) to derive five independent and continuous velocity profiles (including vertical shear and vertical compressional velocities) and mechanical properties for anisotropic models. Importance of core testing is imperative to deriving pseudo velocity profiles and for dynamic to static conversion of Young's Moduli and Poisson's Ratios. Rock physics govern static core based properties (stress-strain measurements) be used as opposed to dynamic properties measured directly from velocities for accurate characterization of stresses. Obtaining an inclined ASTM (American Standard Testing Material) standard core plug for rock testing is one of the biggest challenges the industry is facing due to the fragile nature of shale material. Shorter core plugs lead to end-cap friction and scaling related errors by increasing uncertainty in rock properties. These challenges have forces the industry to make a simplified assumption on tenors (i.e. C12=C13) that are imperative to deriving anisotropic mechanical properties from measured azimuthal velocities. Second challenge is the characterization and validation of Biot's poroelasticity theory. Building pore pressure to measure grain compressibility to calculate Biot's constant in unconventional rock types is time consuming and costly. Therefore, many standard models assume a constant Biot's of one. The tensor and Biot's assumptions were investigated independently and fracture modeling was performed to predict the fracture geometry that was also compared with the available calibration data. It was determined that the both tensor and Biot's of one models overestimated the stresses, resulting in an inaccurate fracture geometry prediction. Finally, a variable Biot's model without the simplified tensor assumption derived using inclined velocity measurements was proposed, that composed of fully integrated anisotropic core based rock properties. The proposed model is a useful tool to accurately characterize the geomechanical properties of unconventional rocks and hence accurately predict the resulting fracture geometry. Good understanding of the stress field around a wellbore allows operators to make informed decision regarding the drilling and completion program of the in-fill wells leading to optimum field development strategies and significant cost savings.
Modelled biological effectiveness comparisons of low, high and ultra-high (FLASH) radiation dose rates

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This article considers quantitative comparisons of radiation effectiveness across a large range of dose rates, including low (LDR), medium, conventional or high (HDR) and ultra-high (or FLASH) dose rates. For comparisons of different continuous radiotherapy prescriptions, the linear quadratic model was used to derive 'biological effective dose' (BED) equations which included time-dependent enzymatic DNA repair in the low to high dose rate range for monophasic or biphasic repair kinetics. In a recent publication, much higher dose rates, associated with increasing overall radioresistance, was thought to be governed by a cube root (or similar) function of dose rate (which expresses the intensification of micro-volumetric linear energy transfer per unit volume and correlates with average inter-track distances) with resultant increases in the apparent α/β ratios. Explicit equations for assessments of BED* (defined as the excess BED beyond the threshold BED) are presented for dose rates ranging from around 0.1–5 × 106 Gy per hr. The method can also be adapted for tumour control comparisons. Graphical presentations are used to determine iso-effective doses of similar BED* values at different dose rates, for specified radiation doses. The threshold BEDs for radio-tolerance reduce in proportion to the change in the α radiosensitivity parameter. For dose rates above the HDR range, the intrinsic α/β ratio, which is independent of dose rate, continues to influence the magnitude of the changes in BED and dose required for a specified bio-effect, but in a modified form. For further research purposes, these tentative methods can provide isoeffective dose estimates to guide radiation use at different dose rates, but require further specific experimental validation. The methods may seem complex and contain many pitfalls. Further research is also required to identify residual enigmas, such as the exact dose rate and dose at which biological FLASH effects begin to operate and to validate these isoeffective dose predictions.
Design and Realization of Emergency Dedection System—Based on“1223”Chongqing Blow out Accident

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Emergency decision is a key step in the disaster relief.It determines the direct response results and bears on people's lives and property safety.The virtual realitysimulation,scene romance and multimedia technology are deployed in the emer gence response deduction training system.This training system can create different virtual emergency situations and other associat ed problems which provide the trainees a more effective training scene.The system provides a visual environment for emergency decision and achieves the plan's visibility and operationalization.The paper introduces the system from the research summarize,tar get location and system partition,which prove that the technique is feasible.
New nation-states and national minorities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The twentieth century has seen the emergence of new states shaped on the classic nation-state model. What have been the implications for minorities in these new nation-states? How have minorities responded to nationalising processes generated by the state’s self-definition? In order to answer these two questions the book offers an innovative perspective on the complex interactions between national minorities and newly established nation-states. \n \nStarting with a novel discussion by Rogers Brubaker of his concept of nationalising state, the authors of the book further examine this model by using a large array of diverse cases such as Moldova, Ukraine, Turkey, Malaysia and Israel. These contributions shed light on common trends in relation to state-building processes, citizenship, rights of national minorities and their mobilisation. \n \nThe original theoretical framework, combined with a comparative approach, challenges our understanding of these crucial issues.
Metal triflate-catalyzed cyclization of arylvinylcarbinols: formal synthesis of (±)-dichroanone and (±)-taiwaniaquinone H

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A formal synthesis of diterpenoids viz. the taiwaniaquinoids (±)-dichroanone (1a) and (±)-taiwaniaquinone H (1b) possessing an all carbon quaternary stereocenter has been reported. The key step involves a metal triflate-catalyzed cyclization of arylvinylcarbinols, prepared from β-cyclocitral. The reaction possibly follows a stepwise mechanism via the intermediacy of arylallyl carbocationic species.
SAGE Analysis from 1 µg of Total RNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) is a powerful transcription‐profiling method that allows simultaneous expression analysis of thousands of transcripts, provides absolute digital readout of the expression level, and identifies new genes. A disadvantage of SAGE is the relatively high amount of input RNA required. Consequently, several techniques have been developed to overcome this limitation, so that SAGE can be applied to very limited amounts of starting material, e.g., small biological samples such as tissue biopsies or microdissected materials. Here we describe a modified version of the original microSAGE protocol, which requires only 1 to 2 ug total RNA. This method avoids PCR amplification of cDNA and reamplification of ditags, procedures that potentially compromise the quantitative nature of this technique.
Utility Of Support Vector Machine And Decision Tree To Identify The Prognosis Of Metformin Poisoning In The United States: Analysis Of National Poisoning Data System

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: With diabetes incidence growing globally, and metformin still being the first-line for its treatment, metformin’s toxicity and overdose have been increasing. Hence, its mortality rate is increasing. For the first time, we aimed to study the efficacy of machine learning algorithms in predicting the outcome of metformin poisoning using two well-known classifications methods including support vector machine (SVM) and decision tree (DT). Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of National Poison Data System data which is the largest data repository of poisoning cases in the United States. The SVM and DT algorithms developed using training and test datasets. Results: The overall accuracy of the SVM and DT model were 85% and 89%, respectively. Our model showed that acidosis, hypoglycemia, electrolyte abnormality, hypotension, elevated anion gap, elevated creatinine, tachycardia , and renal failure are the most important determinants in terms of outcome prediction of metformin poisoning. Furthermore, we found that the accuracy of the SVM was higher than the DT model, so it could perform more efficiently to predict the outcomes. Conclusions: In order to predict the prognosis of metformin poisoning, machine learning algorithms are very effective, and may help clinicians in the process of management and follow up of the metformin poisoning cases.
The Ideal Scientific Theory: A Thought Experiment

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

To overcome sociopsychologism and historical relativism, the growth of science is deduced from the combined effect of postulated invariant controls, in the form of enduring ideals of science, in their interaction with nature. The thus constituted “cybernetics-of-science” concept permits extrapolation from present to future states of science. The ideal scientific theory is the goal or target toward which the scientific process is oriented, by virtue of its invariant controls. The form of the ideal theory can thus be extrapolated, and some speculative hypotheses advanced as to its contents, taking those of the recently emerged constructs of science as basis which best accord with the predicted form of the theory.
Priority-based congestion control mechanism for wireless sensor networks using fuzzy logic

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a priority-based congestion control mechanism for wireless sensor networks using fuzzy logic is proposed. The proposed method tries to make a distinction between locally generated data and transit data in such a priority-based mechanism by providing a novel queueing model. Moreover, two parameters are used as the inputs of fuzzy rate controller: congestion score and buffer occupancy which are based on total packet input rate, packet forwarding rate at MAC layer, number of packets in the queue buffer, and total buffer size at node. As soon as the congestion is detected by the proposed congestion score relation, the notification signal is sent to offspring nodes and they regulate their data transmission rate to parent (sink) node. Simulation results clearly show that the implementation of the proposed method using fuzzy logic, has done significant reduction in terms of packet loss rate and end-to-end delay.