jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thermoelectric Properties and Adaptability for FGM of Pb<sub>1-x</sub>Sn<sub>x</sub>Te Solid-Solutions

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Pb1-xSnxTe solid-solutions (0_??_x_??_1) were prepared by the unidirectional solidification process with a rocking furnace. The obtained Pb1-xSnxTe solid-solutions, which were all p-type, were homogeneous without segregation. Pb1-xSnxTe solid-solutions (0_??_x_??_0.40) was characterized below 800K by its maximum figure-of-merit Zmax that shifted to high temperature with increasing x, while Pb0.35Sn0.65Te showed the monotonous increase of Z with increasing temperature. The high average figure-of-merit Zav was exhibited by Pb0.60Sn0.40Te and Pb0.35Sn0.65Te at low and high temperatures, respectively. When the joined material of Pb0.60Sn0.40Te and Pb0.35Sn0.65Te, which is referred to as functionally graded material (FGM), is applied under the temperature gradient of 300-800K, the Zav is 1.28×10-3K-1; this value is higher by 11 and 91% than the Zav of the monolithic Pb0.60Sn0.40Te and Pb0.35Sn0.65Te. Thus the maximum conversion efficiency ηmax of FGM reaches 11.37%, which is improved by 11 and 69% when compared with Pb0.60Sn0.40Te and Pb0.35Sn0.65Te, respectively. It is clarified that FGM can perform the high Zav, leading to the high ηmax.
The effect of multidirectional skipping on lay-up ability

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study aims to determine the effect of jumping rope exercise on the results of the lay-up shoot ability of basketball players at Club Tunas Academy Lahat. This study uses an experimental method with Quasi Experiment Design. This research is quantitative research that uses the research design method "One Group Pretest - Posttest Design. The sample used is 30 players consisting of 15 male players and 15 female players. There are two assessments in this study, namely the player's basketball lay-up shooting ability and the results of the basketball lay-up shoot ability. The analysis technique uses the "t-test" method. After doing the exercises and doing the posttest, there was an average increase of 7.73 for the ability to move the lay-up shoot for basketball and 2.47 for the average increase in the lay-up shoot ability for basketball. As well as the results of the hypothesis for the ability to shoot basketball lay ups, the value of tcount is greater than ttable, which is 21.376 > 1.70, and so is the hypothesis that the results of the basketball lay-up shoot ability are 17.409 > 1.70 then Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected, p. This shows that the jump rope training method influences the results of the lay-up shoot ability of basketball. The implication of this research is that jumping rope exercises can be used in lay-up shoots in basketball games.Key words: skipping, lay-up, basketball.
Stone and Webster Overseas Group, Inc., Claimant v. National Petrochemical Company, Razi Chemical Company (formerly Shaphur Chemical Company Limited), Respondents

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Disputes — Arbitration — Procedure — Competence — Iran–United States Claims Settlement Declaration — Forum selection clause — Contracts containing provisions for settlement of disputes by Iranian courts — Cases arising therefrom outside the jurisdiction of the Tribunal — Interpretation — Enforceability of forum selection clauses — Whether Tribunal entitled to consider — The law and practice of the Iran–United States Claims Tribunal
The Deductibility of Questionable Foreign Payments

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

United States businesses have made a wide variety of questionable foreign payments.'The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 2 makes certain bribery of foreign officials a criminal offense, but many questionable payments are not covered by the new statutea and thus are not t Member, California Bar.t Member, California Bar. 1. "Questionable foreign payments" are payments in connection with foreign transactions that may have been made to an official, employee, agency, or instrumentality of a foreign government and thus may be nondeductible under § 162(c) of the Internal Revenue Code.For recent discussions of the nature and extent of questionable foreign payments, see
New Uintasoricine (?Primates, Plesiadapiformes) From the Earliest Bridgerian, Latest Early Eocene of Wyoming

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Uintasoricines are diminutive plesiadapiforms that are found in the latest Paleocene through middle Eocene, predominantly in North America. They are not a diverse group but individual species may be locally abundant and they are a persistent element of the plesiadapiform radiation in North America surviving over a span of approximately 16 million years. Recent field work in southern Wyoming at South Pass has led to the discovery of a new genus and species of uintasoricine. The new form is smaller in tooth dimensions compared to other known uintasoricines, being slightly smaller than Uintasorex montezumicus from California. Both the newly described taxon and U. montezumicus are among the smallest plesiadapiforms yet known with body weights estimated to be 20 to 25 g. The sediments of the Cathedral Bluffs Tongue of the Wasatch Formation at South Pass contain a unique upland fauna—the presence of a distinctive uintasoricine in this assemblage adds further evidence to support the notion that this upland environment was a biodiversity hotspot during the latest early Eocene.
Formation of Cyclodextrin-Drug Inclusion Compounds and Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

New methods for the preparation of porous biomedical scaffolds have been explored for applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. Scaffolds with controlled pore morphologies have been generated which incorporate cyclodextrin-drug inclusion complexes as the drug delivery component. Supercritical CO2 was explored as the main processing fluid in the complex formation and in the foaming of the polymer scaffold. The co-solvents, ethanol, ethyl acetate and acetone, were explored in each stage, as needed, to improve the solvent power of CO2. \n \nThe first goal was to promote cyclodextrin-drug complex formation. Complex formation by traditional methods was compared with complex formation driven by processing in supercritical CO2. Complex formation was promoted by melting the drug in supercritical CO2 or in CO2 + co-solvent mixtures while in the presence of cyclodextrin. Some drugs, such as piroxicam, are prone to degradation near the drug's ambient melting temperature. However, this approach using CO2 was found to circumvent drug thermal degradation, since drug melting temperatures were depressed in the presence of CO2. \n \nThe second goal was to produce porous polymeric matrices to serve as tissue engineering scaffolds. Poly(lactide-<i>co</i>-glycolide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) were investigated for foaming, since these biomedical polymers are already commonly used and FDA approved. Polymer foaming with CO2 is an alternative approach to conventional solvent-intensive methods for porosity generation. However, two major limitations of polymer foaming using CO2 as the only processing fluid have been reported, including the formation of a non-porous outer skin upon depressurization and limited pore interconnectivity. Approaches to circumvent these limitations include the use of a co-solvent and controlling depressurization rates. The effect of processing parameters, including foaming temperatures and depressurization rate, as well as co-solvent addition, were examined in polymer foaming using CO2. Drug release dynamics were compared for foams incorporated with either pure drug, cyclodextrin-drug physical mixture or cyclodextrin-drug complex. Pore morphology, polymer choice and drug release compound choice were found to alter drug release profiles.
Drawing the Same Bounding Box Twice? Coping Noisy Annotations in Object Detection with Repeated Labels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The reliability of supervised machine learning systems depends on the accuracy and availability of ground truth labels. However, the process of human annotation, being prone to error, introduces the potential for noisy labels, which can impede the practicality of these systems. While training with noisy labels is a significant consideration, the reliability of test data is also crucial to ascertain the dependability of the results. A common approach to addressing this issue is repeated labeling, where multiple annotators label the same example, and their labels are combined to provide a better estimate of the true label. In this paper, we propose a novel localization algorithm that adapts well-established ground truth estimation methods for object detection and instance segmentation tasks. The key innovation of our method lies in its ability to transform combined localization and classification tasks into classification-only problems, thus enabling the application of techniques such as Expectation-Maximization (EM) or Majority Voting (MJV). Although our main focus is the aggregation of unique ground truth for test data, our algorithm also shows superior performance during training on the TexBiG dataset, surpassing both noisy label training and label aggregation using Weighted Boxes Fusion (WBF). Our experiments indicate that the benefits of repeated labels emerge under specific dataset and annotation configurations. The key factors appear to be (1) dataset complexity, the (2) annotator consistency, and (3) the given annotation budget constraints.
Controllable Core–Shell-Type\nResin for Solid-Phase\nPeptide Synthesis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A simple, mild, and inexpensive biphasic functionalization\napproach\nis attempted for preparing an ideal core–shell-type resin.\nThe core–shell-type architecture was constructed by coupling\nFmoc-OSu to the amino groups on the shell layer of an aminomethyl\npolystyrene (AM PS) resin. The shell layer thickness of the resin\ncould be easily controlled under mild conditions, which was characterized\nby confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The efficiency of core–shell-type\nresin for solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) was demonstrated by\nthe synthesis of various peptides and compared with commercially available\nnoncore–shell-type resins such as AM PS and poly­(ethylene glycol)-based\nresins. The core–shell-type resin provided effective performance\nduring the synthesis of hydrophobic peptide sequences, a disulfide-bridged\ncyclic peptide, and a difficult PNA sequence. Furthermore, a highly\naggregative peptide fragment, MoPrP 105–125, was synthesized\nmore efficiently on the core–shell-type resin under microwave\nconditions than AM PS and ChemMatrix resins.
Predictive value of serum homocysteine level on the risk of recurrent ischemic stroke

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To explore the predictive value of serum homocysteine on recurrence of cerebral infarction.Methods:Two hundred and twenty patients with acute cerebral infarction were divided into first ischemic (FIS)group(n=109)and recurrent cerebral infarction(RIS) group(n=111).Within 3 days of the onset of stroke,serum homocysteine levels,conventional risk factors of stroke such as age,hypertension,diabetes mellitus and blood lipid levels were recorded.Results:Elderly patients with hypertension are easy-to-recurrence stroke.RIS group showed significantly higher plasma homocysteine levels (P0.01),and the plasma homocysteine levels of male patients in RIS group were significantly higher than that of female patients (P0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that independent risk factors for recurrence of cerebral infarction are hypertension,hyperhomocysteine and age(P0.05 or P0.01).Conclusion:The high level of serum homocysteine increases the risk of cerebral infarction recurrence which imply that regular testing of serum homocysteine may help to pre-dict early relapse.
Roles of xenomelts, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenovolatiles, residues, and skarns in the genesis, transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Most sulfide-rich magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits form in dynamic magmatic systems by partial melting S-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren to weakly-mineralized immiscible Fe sulfide xenomelts into which Ni-Cu-Co-PGE partition from the magma. Some exceptionally-thick magmatic Cr deposits may form by partial melting oxide-bearing wall rocks with variable degrees of assimilation of the miscible silicate and volatile components, and generation of barren Fe ± Ti oxide xenocrysts into which Cr-Mg-V ± Ti partition from the magma. The products of these processes are variably preserved as skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles, which play important to critical roles in ore genesis, transport, localization, and/or modification. Incorporation of barren xenoliths/autoliths may induce small amounts of sulfide/chromite to segregate, but incorporation of sulfide xenomelts or oxide xenocrysts with dynamic upgrading of metal tenors (PGE > Cu > Ni > Co and Cr > V > Ti, respectively) is required to make significant ore deposits. Silicate xenomelts are only rarely preserved, but will be variably depleted in chalcophile and ferrous metals. Less dense felsic xenoliths may aid upward sulfide transport by increasing the effective viscosity and decreasing the bulk density of the magma. Denser mafic or metamorphosed xenoliths may also increase the effective viscosity of the magma, but may aid downward sulfide transport by increasing the bulk density of the magma. Sulfide wets olivine, so olivine xenocrysts may act as filter beds to collect advected finely dispersed sulfide droplets, but other silicates and xenoliths may not be wetted by sulfides. Xenovolatiles may retard settling of – or in some cases float – dense sulfide droplets. Reactions of sulfide melts with felsic country rocks may generate Fe-rich skarns that may allow sulfide melts to fractionate to more extreme Cu-Ni-rich compositions. Xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and xenovolatiles are more likely to be preserved in cooler basaltic magmas than in hotter komatiitic magmas, and are more likely to be preserved in less dynamic (less turbulent) systems/domain/phases than in more dynamic (more turbulent) systems/domains/phases. Massive to semi-massive Ni-Cu-PGE and Cr mineralization and xenoliths are often localized within footwall embayments, dilations/jogs in dikes, throats of magma conduits, and the horizontal segments of dike-chonolith and dike-sill complexes, which represent fluid dynamic traps for both ascending and descending sulfides/oxides. If skarns, residues, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenomelts, and/or xenovolatiles are present, they provide important constraints on ore genesis and they are valuable exploration indicators, but they must be included in elemental and isotopic mass balance calculations.
Complete semi-conjugacies for psuedo-Anosov homeomorphisms

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Suppose $S$ is a surface of genus $\ge 2 $, $f: S \to S$ is a surface homeomorphism isotopic to a pseudo-Anosov map $α$ and suppose $\ti S$ is the universal cover of $S$ and $F$ and $A$ are lifts of $f$ and $α$ respectively. We show there is a semiconjugacy $Θ: \ti S \to \bar Ł^s \times \bar Ł^u$ from $F$ to $\bar A$, where $\bar Ł^s$ ($\bar Ł^u$) is the completion of the $R$-tree of leaves of the stable (resp. unstable) foliation for $A$ and $\bar A$ is the map induced by $A$. We also generalize a result of Markovich and show that for any $g \in Homeo(S)$ which commutes with $f$ and has identity lift $G : \ti S \to \ti S$ and for any $(c,w)$ in the image of $Θ$ each component of $Θ^{-1}(c,w)$ is $G$-invariant.
Acute intermittent [corrected] porphyria. An often forgotten diagnosis in acute abdomen.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Three cases of Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP) are described. All presented with acute intermittent abdominal pains. One had grand-mal epilepsy as well. Two were diagnosed by chance. In the third case the diagnosis was thought of. It is suggested that AIP should always be considered as one of the differential diagnosis in Acute Abdomen in West Africa.
Duplicate Gene Expression for Isocitrate Dehydrogenase and 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase in diploid Species of Eleusine (Gramineae)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In the course of a survey of isozyme variation in the grass genus Eleusine, complex band patterns were observed for the enzymes isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD). These patterns were interpreted as the result of duplicate expression for one of the two genes that ordinarily codes subcellularly compartmentalized forms of each of these enzymes. The interpretation of IDH phenotypes was facilitated by intraspecific allelic variation at one of the putatively duplicated genes (Idh-2), and was verified by examining phenotype ratios in progeny arrays from selfed heterozygotes of E. indica. The lack of analogous intraspecific variation for 6PGD precluded genetic tests, but the duplicate nature of expression was supported by interspecific patterns of variation. Four out of the five diploid species of Eleusine studied (E. indica, E. jaegeri, E. multiflora, E. tristachya) exhibited both duplications; E. floccifolia appeared to lack the IDH duplication, but possessed the 6PGD duplication. Both enzymes showed evidence of hyperduplication in the tetraploid species E. coracana.
Performance evaluation of the statistical aggregation by categorization in the SM3 system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To perform a statistical aggregation operation over a large file often requires that the records of the file be divided into categories based on the values of the attribute(s) over which some statistical computation is to be performed. It is rather inefficient to perform the necessary data transfer, categorization and statistical computation using a single processor Parallel algorithms designed for multiprocessor systems have been proposed and their performance improvement over the conventional systems has been demonstrated. It is shown in this paper that three to four times performance improvement can be further gained by using a dynamically partitionable multicomputer system with switchable main memory modules (SM3).
Recent Finds of Western-Related Glassware, Textiles, and Metalwork in Central Asia and China

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

La Chine est souvent consideree comme le centre de la production ceramique d'ou divers objets ont ete exportes vers l'etranger. Il apparait que le contraire a egalement eu lieu, des ceramiques etrangeres et objets en autres materiaux etant importes en Chine. Le present article traite de la decouverte d'objets de verre, de metal, et de textiles occidentaux ou en etant inspire, en Asie centrale et en Chine. Une grande partie de ces objets date du 2e siecle apr. J.-C.
Assessing Farmers’ Preferences To Participate In Agri-environment Policies In Thailand

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Incentive based policies can play an important role in improve agricultural sustainability. This paper applies a Choice Experiment approach to elicit small scale farmers’ preferences for a potential policy scheme. Latent class models were used to analyse the farmers’ responses to investigate their preferences, heterogeneity in preferences and the willingness to accept compensations. The results revealed that farmers are willing to participate however; overall they show an aversion to drastic changes in their farming activities. The analysis suggested that majority of the farmers preferred schemes with shorter contract lengths and moderate reduction in chemical use. Furthermore, the study also informs policy makers by identifying the farm and farmer characteristics that influence farmers’ behaviour.
Research on Operation Efficiency of Beijing Rail Transit Based on DEA-Malmquist Index

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The investment amount of urban rail transit project is huge, which undertakes the important urban public service function, and its operation efficiency is worthy of attention. In this paper, DEA-Malmquist index is used to measure and analyze the operation efficiency and its change of 17 lines in Beijing from 2015 to 2019. The results show that: most of the lines are in the stage of increasing returns to scale, the overall operational efficiency is on the rise, and the technical efficiency change is the main driving factor for the improvement of comprehensive efficiency. Combined with the projection of decision making unit (DMU) on the production frontier, the input indexes of DMUs with invalid scale are redundant and need further improvement. In the future, it will deeply analyze the causes of operational efficiency differences and put forward development suggestions for the sustainable supply and operation of infrastructure.
Current in a Scattering Antenna Embedded in a Dissipative Half Space

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The current distribution on a half‐wave dipole antenna embedded in a conducting half space is investigated. The dipole antenna is parallel to the plane of the interface between the two media. It is illuminated by a diffracted inhomogeneous plane wave with perpendicular magnetic field vector. The current distribution is found mainly cosinusoidal with a shifted cosine correction term. A numercial analysis is given for the case where the dissipative medium has average earth constants. variations of the current due to different angles of incidence are also investigated.
Intra-car communications and diagnosis solutions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The automotive industry is one of the most diversified, complex and important area into research and development software engineering solutions. Multimedia and infotainment systems, from nowadays cars, require more and more software and hardware resources which bring about the adaptation of the existing communication and diagnosis standards. The market wishes are moving towards wireless, affordable and easy-to-use solutions. Even the well-known and powerful standards as CAN in case of communication and UDS for diagnosis services, are starting to not fulfill all OEMs needs. The integration of a new concept for intra-car communications and diagnosis services is required and one of most promising is the Remote Diagnosis. The paper presents a new Remote Diagnosis technology, enhanced with a remote gateway device which handles the communication and diagnosis services. This wireless solution satisfies multiple needs such as: analyze and fix car's issue remotely, providing software updates in a remote way and more others. The integration of Remote Diagnosis into the existing systems is also feasible.