jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Did deaf education and the emergence of American Sign Language trigger the decline of Martha's Vineyard Sign Language?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In discussions of the history of American Sign Language (ASL), a village sign language—Martha's Vineyard Sign Language (MVSL)—has been identified as a possible contributor to ASL and to its differentiation from French Sign Language (LSF; cf. Groce 1985: 73-74, Lane et al 2011: 76, Poole Nash 2015: 611). On this account, MVSL contributed to ASL through the presence of students from Martha's Vineyard at the first school for the deaf in the United States, the American School for the Deaf (ASD) in Hartford. In that school's first 50 years (1817-1867), 20 students from Martha's Vineyard were among the 1700 students who attended ASD; the first three students from Martha's Vineyard arrived together in 1825. Here we examine contact between island and mainland deaf populations from the opposite perspective; in particular, we discuss the impact that deaf education and the emergent ASL may have had on the vitality of MVSL. We report a detailed analysis of multiple historical records—including censuses, marriage records, ASD's admission records, and ASD's records about alumni residences and occupations—showing that the deaf community on Martha's Vineyard was, in the 19th and 20th centuries, smaller than has been previously understood and that the community was better integrated into the wider Deaf community that formed in New England after 1817. Because the deaf community on Martha's Vineyard was relatively small and because of its connections to the wider Deaf community, MVSL had likely been strongly impacted by the emergent ASL as early as the 1840s.
A sinusoidal signal reconstruction method for the inversion of the mel-spectrogram

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The synthesis of sound via deep learning methods has recently received much attention. Some problems for deep learning approaches to sound synthesis relate to the amount of data needed to specify an audio signal and the necessity of preserving both the long and short time coherence of the synthesised signal. Visual time-frequency representations such as the log-mel-spectrogram have gained in popularity. The log- mel-spectrogram is a perceptually informed representation of audio that greatly compresses the amount of information required for the description of the sound. However, because of this compression, this representation is not directly invertible. Both signal processing and machine learning techniques have previ- ously been applied to the inversion of the log-mel-spectrogram but they both caused audible distortions in the synthesised sounds due to issues of temporal and spectral coherence. In this paper, we outline the application of a sinusoidal model to the ‘inversion’ of the log-mel-spectrogram for pitched musical instrument sounds outperforming state-of-the-art deep learning methods. The approach could be later used as a general decoding step from spectral to time intervals in neural applications.
Study of NT-pro-BNP on assessment of elderly patients with chronic heart failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective In this study group of 180 patients randomized,single-blind divided into:BNP group and control group.Methods Through the continuous 2 years observing two groups of patients with cardiovascular endpoint events:any cardiovascular death,cardiovascular events in hospital(heart failure,acute coronary syndrome and cerebrovascular accident any need to increase the drug outside of the onset of decompensated heart failure)Results No difference in all-cause mortality between the two groups,the BNP group decreased significantly due to heart failure hospitalization rate(P0.05),BNP group lobbying uses the proportion of patients with heart failure drugs resistance was higher than that of the control group(P0.05),BNP group,the incidence of cerebrovascular accident was lower than that of the control group(P0.05),BNP ACS disease incidence was lower than that of the control group(P0.05).Conclusion Under the guide of BNP in elderly patients with chronic heart failure management model in terms of readmission for heart failure is better than that of the conventional management mode,and has certain advantages in prevention of ACS cerebrovascular accident,is worthy of reference for clinical.
A variational method for automatic localization of the most pathological ROI in the knee cartilage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by degradation of the articular cartilage, and is a major cause of disability. At present, there is no cure for OA and currently available treatments are directed towards relief of symptoms. Recently it was shown that cartilage homogeneity visualized by MRI and representing the biochemical changes undergoing in the cartilage is a potential marker for early detection of knee OA. In this paper based on homogeneity we present an automatic technique, embedded in a variational framework, for localization of a region of interest in the knee cartilage that best indicates where the pathology of the disease is dominant. The technique is evaluated on 283 knee MR scans. We show that OA affects certain areas of the cartilage more distinctly, and these are more towards the peripheral region of the cartilage. We propose that this region in the cartilage corresponds anatomically to the area covered by the meniscus in healthy subjects. This finding may provide valuable clues in the pathology and the etiology of OA and thereby may improve treatment efficacy. Moreover our method is generic and may be applied to other organs as well.
VACCINATION, WITHIN-HOST DYNAMICS, AND VIRULENCE EVOLUTION

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We explore the potential consequences of vaccination on parasite epidemiology and evolution. Our model combines a microscopic (within-host dynamics) and a macroscopic (epidemiological dynamics) description of the interaction between the parasite and its host. This approach allows relevant epidemiological traits such as parasite transmission, parasite virulence, and host recovery to emerge from a mechanistic model of acute infection describing the interaction between the parasite and the host immune system. We model the effect of a vaccine as an activator of immunity enhancing the replication rate of lymphocytes, their initial density at infection's initiation, their efficacy to kill the parasite, or their activation delay after infection. We analyze the evolution of the replication rate of parasites and show that vaccination may promote the evolution of faster replicating and, consequently, more virulent strains. We also show that intermediate vaccination coverage may lead to the coexistence of two different parasite strategies (a low-virulence strain adapted to naive hosts, and a high-virulence strain, more generalist, adapted to both naive and vaccinated hosts). We discuss the consequences of various vaccination strategies under different epidemiological situations using several distinct measures to evaluate the cost induced by the parasite on individuals and entire host populations.
Thermoelastic receding contact problem of a layer resting on a half plane with frictional heat generation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The plane steady-state thermoelastic receding double contact problem between a rigid cylindrical punch and a homogenous layer lying on a half plane is investigated in this paper. The frictional rigid insulated punch slides over the layer with a constant velocity and heat flux is generated due to the friction. The speed of the punch is taken so small that the inertia effects may be neglected. The general stress and displacement expressions for the thermoelastic contact problem are derived using the theory of thermoelasticity and Fourier integral transform technique. Applying the boundary conditions, the contact problem is reduced to Cauchy-type singular integral equations of the second kind in which the contact stresses and contact widths are unknown. The singular integral equations are solved numerically using the Gauss-Jacobi integration formula. The effect of thermoelastic parameters, friction coefficient, external load, punch radius on the contact stress, and contact widths are discussed in detail. This is the first study to investigate the thermal effect on the receding contact problem.
Analysis of honeydew melon (Cucumis melo var. inodorus) flavour and GC–MS/MS identification of (E,Z)‐2,6‐nonadienyl acetate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Although melon aromas have been extensively analysed, to our knowledge no GC–O investigations have been published on honeydew melon. An aroma extract of honeydew melon ( Cucumis melo var. inodorus ) was obtained by hydrodistillation under vacuum followed by solid‐phase extraction, and analysed by GC–MS/O and GC–MS. Forty‐two volatiles were positively identified, seven of which are reported for the first time in melon. The major volatiles were mostly saturated and unsaturated C9 alcohols and aldehydes. The levels of the corresponding acetates were too low to be detected by classical GC–MS analysis. However, using a sensitive and selective GC–MS/MS method, ( E , Z )‐2,6‐nonadienyl acetate was identified for the first time in melon. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) of the extract revealed that ( E , Z )‐2,6‐nonadienal was the most impactful compound of honeydew melon. AEDA results also showed that ( Z , Z )‐3,6‐nonadien‐1‐ol and phenylethyl alcohol imparted fresh and sweet‐floral characters, respectively, to honeydew aroma. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sphere Does Elegant Gymnastics in New Video

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Two mathematicians have created a computer animation illustrating the simplest scheme yet devised for turning an elastic sphere inside out without tearing or creasing it. Demonstrated in a 6-1/2-minute video tour that was shown in an abbreviated form at this month9s Siggraph 98 convention in Orlando, Florida, their solution also shows how topologists are turning to computer graphics to solve some of their hardest problems.
Using partially state-owned enterprises for development in Indonesia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The Indonesian government, under Joko Widodo, has begun to actively use partially state-owned enterprises (PSOEs) to achieve its development goals. This government has pursued its plans despite minority shareholders’ dissatisfaction with the shift in PSOEs’ corporate goals towards national development objectives. This paper investigates the state’s influence on PSOEs by analysing the government’s direct and indirect ownership, control of corporate governance and financial systems, and inter-firm relations. The paper demonstrates that the business system, under the government’s strong influence, has enabled Indonesian PSOEs to focus on carrying out development projects and shielded PSOEs from minority shareholders’ demands.
Knowledge fusion-driven sustainable decision-making for mega transportation infrastructure projects

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose As the scale of mega transportation infrastructure projects (MTIs) continues to expand, the complexity of engineering construction sharply increases and decision-making sustainability faces severe challenges. Decision-making for mega transportation infrastructure projects unveils the knowledge-intensive characteristic, requiring collaborative decisions by cross-domain decision-makers. However, the exploration of heterogeneous knowledge fusion-driven decision-making problems is limited. This study aims to improve the deficiencies of existing decision-making by constructing a knowledge fusion-driven multi-attribute group decision model under fuzzy context to improve the sustainability of MTIs decision-making. Design/methodology/approach This study utilizes intuitionistic fuzzy information to handle uncertain information; calculates decision-makers and indicators weights by hesitation, fuzziness and intuitionistic fuzzy entropy; applies the intuitionistic fuzzy weighted averaging (IFWA) operator to fuse knowledge and uses consensus to measure the level of knowledge fusion. Finally, a calculation example is given to verify the rationality and effectiveness of the model. Findings This research finally constructs a two-level decision model driven by knowledge fusion, which alleviates the uncertainty and fuzziness of decision knowledge, promotes knowledge fusion among cross-domain decision-makers and can be effectively applied in practical applications. Originality/value This study provides an effective decision-making model for mega transportation infrastructure projects and guides policymakers.
Renal Glucose Production During Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recent in vivo studies have rekindled interest in the role of the kidney in glucose metabolism. We therefore undertook the present study to evaluate the contribution of the kidney to systemic glucose production and utilization rates during insulin-induced hypoglycemia using arteriovenous balance combined with a tracer technique. Ten days after the surgical placement of sampling catheters in the right and left renal veins and femoral artery and of an infusion catheter in the left renal artery of dogs, systemic and renal glucose kinetics were measured with the peripheral infusion of [6-3H]glucose. Renal blood flow was determined with a flowprobe. After baseline, six dogs received 2-h simultaneous infusions of peripheral insulin (4 mU · kg−1 · min−1) and left intrarenal [6,6-2H]dextrose (14 μmol · kg−1 · min−1) to achieve and maintain left renal normoglycemia during systemic hypoglycemia. Arterial glucose decreased from 5.3 ± 0.1 to 2.2 ± 0.1 mmol/1; insulin increased from 46 ± 5 to 1,050 ± 50 pmol/1; epinephrine increased from 130 ± 8 to 1,825 ± 50 pg/ml; norepinephrine increased from 129 ± 6 to 387 ± 15 pg/ml; and glucagon increased from 52 ± 2 to 156 ± 12 pg/ml (all P &lt; 0.01). Systemic glucose appearance increased from 16.6 ± 0.4 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 in the baseline to 24.2 ± 0.6 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 during hypoglycemia when endogenous glucose production was 10.2 ± 1.0 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 (P &lt; 0.01). In the baseline, the liver accounted for 80% (13.3 ± 0.8 μmol · kg−1 · min−1) and each kidney contributed 10% (1.6 ± 0.2 μmol · kg−1 · min−1) to endogenous glucose production. During hypoglycemia, however, hepatic glucose production decreased to 4.0 ± 0.4 μmol · kg−1 · min−1, whereas right renal glucose production doubled to 3.2 ± 0.2 μmol · kg−1 · min−1 (P &lt; 0.01). Left renal glucose production was 17 ± 2 μmol · kg−1 · min−1, 14 of which were derived from the exogenous infusion. These results indicate that glucose production by the kidney is stimulated by counterregulatory hormones and represents an important component of the body's defense against insulin-induced hypoglycemia.
Spatial variation in the structure and composition of the herbaceous community in a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil Variação espacial na estrutura da comunidade herbácea em uma região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the arid and semiarid environments of the world, microhabitats serve as models for the structure of vegetation communities. The goal of this study was to identify differences in the structures of the herbaceous communities growing on a crystalline substrate and those growing on a sedimentary substrate in a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. One hundred 1 × 1 m plots were established in each area for quantitative sampling, with 69 species recorded in the crystalline area and 76 in the sedimentary area. The average plant density was higher in the sedimentary area, and average diameters and heights were greater in the crystalline area. The families and species with a high Importance Value Index (IVI) and a high Mixed Ecological Value Index (MEVI) differed between the areas. Of the species with high densities, only four were found in both areas. Shannon-Weiner diversity index values in the crystalline (2.96 nats/ind.-1) and sedimentary (2.89 nats/ind.-1) areas were similar. Evenness values on both substrates were also similar (0.72 and 0.71 in the crystalline and sedimentary areas, respectively). This study shows that variations in plant establishment conditions between crystalline and sedimentary areas in a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil should be considered as structure-modeling factors for the herbaceous community.
Nos ambientes áridos e semiáridos do mundo, os micro-habitats modelam a estrutura das comunidades vegetais. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar diferenças nas estruturas das comunidades herbáceas instaladas sobre o solo do embasamento cristalino e a bacia sedimentar em uma região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil. Foram estabelecidas 100 parcelas de 1 × 1 m em cada área para amostragem das comunidades. Foram registradas 69 espécies na área cristalina e 76 na área sedimentar. A densidade média das plantas foi maior na área sedimentar e os diâmetros e as alturas médias foram maiores na área cristalina. As famílias e as espécies com maior Índice de Valor de Importância (IVI) e Índice de Valor Ecológico Mixto (IVEM) diferiram entre as áreas. Das espécies com maior densidade, apenas quatro foram encontradas em ambas as áreas. Os valores dos índices de diversidade Shannon-Weiner das áreas do cristalino (2,96 nats/ind.-1) e sedimentar (2,89 nats/ind.-1) foram semelhantes. Os valores de equabilidade, em ambas as áreas, também foram semelhantes (0,72 e 0,71, nas áreas cristalina e sedimentar, respectivamente). Este estudo mostra que as variações nas condições de estabelecimento das plantas entre áreas cristalinas e sedimentares, em uma região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil, devem ser consideradas como um fator modelador da estrutura das comunidades herbáceas.
Low back pain prevalence amongst industrial workers in the private sector in Oyo State, Nigeria.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A cross sectional study was conducted in order to investigate the prevalence of low back pain (LBP) in industrial workers and the association between certain job--related tasks and the prevalence of low back pain. Data on 515 males and 89 females who were workers in the selected industries in the private sector in Ibadan City Oyo State Nigeria were collected using a self administered questionnaire and analyzed. The point prevalence of LBP in the workers was 59.7 percent while a 12 month prevalence of LBP was 59.5 percent. Job activities which involved sitting (P=0.03) and lifting (P=0.006) were significantly associated with occurrence of low back pain respectively while those which involved standing (P=0.61) and vibration (P=0.12) were not associated with the occurrence of LBP among the workers. Physical exercise or lack of it was not associated with LBP (P=0.96). Lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption (P=0.80), cigarette smoking (P=0.92) and tobacco snuff taking (P=0.26) were not associated with occurrence of LBP. In conclusion, the job related tasks that predisposed the industrial workers to low back pain included sitting and lifting activities while those of standing and vibration did not have any significant effect on the prevalence of LBP.
The efficacy and safety of pilates exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Evidence on the effects of Pilates exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) remains limited. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate its efficacy and safety. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar up to May 21, 2024, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Outcomes included Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), knee range of motion (ROM), and adverse events. Risk of bias and evidence certainty were assessed; subgroup, sensitivity, and publication bias analyses were performed. Eight RCTs involving 322 participants were included. Risk of bias ranged from low to high, mainly due to lack of blinding. Compared to blank controls, Pilates significantly reduced WOMAC scores (SMD = −1.70; 95% CI: −3.14 to −0.25). One study comparing Pilates to health education reported significant reductions in VAS (MD = −1.74; 95% CI: −2.51 to −0.97) and WOMAC (SMD = −1.42; 95% CI: −2.39 to −0.45), but no significant ROM improvement. Compared to other exercises, Pilates showed no significant effects on VAS, WOMAC, or ROM. Funnel plots showed asymmetry for VAS and WOMAC; Egger’s test indicated possible publication bias (p = 0.0039 and 0.0154, respectively). No adverse events were reported, but active monitoring was limited. GRADE rated evidence as “very low” for VAS and WOMAC, and “low” for ROM. Pilates may relieve pain and improve physical function, but has limited effects on ROM. Due to insufficient adverse event reporting, safety remains unclear. Given the low study quality, high heterogeneity, and possible bias, results should be interpreted cautiously. Future studies should use standardized protocols, report long-term adherence, and assess mental health benefits.
ANALISIS VARIABEL MONETER AMERIKA SERIKAT TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI NEGARA EMERGING MARKET

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study aims to find effect of monetary variable of US on economic growth in emerging market countries, such as Indonesian, Malaysian, Thailand and Philipines. These four countries are commonly called tiger cub countries that have the potential to become developed countriesin the future. The data used are secondary data in the form of time series from 2010:Q1 until 2018:Q4. The variables used are gap of The Fed Funds rate and gap of Inflation of US as exogen variable. Then, exchange rate and economic growth as endogen variable. The research methods used are simultaneous equation regression model with indirect least square methode. The results of the study show that (1)Gap of The Fed Interest Rate has a significant effect on the exchange rate in all sample of Emerging Market Countries while US inflation only has a significant effect on the exchange rate in Indonesia.(2) in simultaneously gap of The Fed Interest rate, gap of US inflation and the exchange rate which contaminated by changes in the US monetary variable have a significant influence on economic growth in Emerging Market Countries, except in Malaysian.(3) In partially, gap of The Fed Interest rate and the exchange rate have a significant influence on economic growth in Indonesian, Thailand and Philipines.While gap of US inflation has a significant influence on economic growth only in Indonesian and Philipines.