jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Adaptive dimensionality reduction method using graph-based spectral decomposition for motor imagery-based brain-computer interfaces

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we consider the problem of electroencephalography (EEG) signal classification for motor imagery brain-computer interfaces. The goal is to identify the pattern of the brain activity using a robust method for pre-processing, processing, and classification of the EEG signals. To this end, a new graph-based framework is proposed to reduce the dimensionality of the data by taking into account not only the geometrical structure of the channels/electrodes, but also the correlation between the EEG signals. The most significant feature vectors required for EEG signals classification are adaptively selected through spectral decomposition of the data using the graph Laplacian matrix. The tangent space mapping method is then applied to bring the captured data into Euclidean space. In order to classify the dimensionally-reduced EEG signals, the linear support vector machine algorithm is employed. Experiments are conducted on five different subjects consisting of right hand and right foot motor imagery actions. The results show that the proposed method can provide higher classification accuracy as compared to the other existing methods that we tested.
The issues of regulation of relations between audit organizations and audited entities: A comparative analysis of Russia and Iraq

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Subject. This article analyzes various aspects of the regulation of auditing activities in Russia and Iraq. Objectives.The article aims to identify similarities and differences in approaches to the regulation of auditing activities in Russia and Iraq, as well as develop recommendations for improving regulatory practices in both countries. Methods. For the study, I used a comprehensive methodological approach consisting of a review and analysis methods. Results.The article reveals significant differences in the practices of auditing conducted in Russia and Iraq. Conclusions and Relevance. In Russia, there is currently an active reform of the audit system with a focus on compliance with international standards and improving the transparency and quality of audit. In Iraq, there is a lack of transparency in financial reporting and a lack of compliance with international standards, which requires further efforts to improve the situation. The results of the study can contribute to improving the efficiency of audit practices and creating a more reliable regulatory environment in Russia and Iraq, which will undoubtedly improve financial transparency and corporate governance.
The neuroanatomy of prematurity: Normal brain development and the impact of preterm birth

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Brain development is a complex process of micro‐ and macrostructural events that include neuronal and glial proliferation and migration, myelination, and organizational development of cortical layers and circuitry. Recent progress in understanding these processes has provided insight into the pathophysiology of brain injury and alterations of cerebral development in preterm infants. A key factor of abnormalities in the preterm infant is the maturational stage of the brain at the time of birth. This review summarizes current data on normal brain development, patterns of brain injury in the preterm infant, and the associated axonal/neuronal disturbances that occur in the setting of this injury, often termed encephalopathy of prematurity. Clin. Anat. 28:168–183, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perioperative toll-like receptor 4 and CD80 levels and their clinical significance in renal transplantation recipients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the dynamic expression and clinical significance of toll-like receptor 4（TLR4）/CD80 in patients before and early after renal transplantation. Methods Thirty- two patients who received renal transplantation were enrolled in this study. All of them were primary recipients, and the level of panal reactive antibody less than 1%. The expression of TLR4 and CD80 in CD14 positive monocyte of peripheral blood from patients on the 1^st, 4^th, 7^th, 14^th, 21^st ,28^th and 35^th days after transplantation were measured by three-color fluorescent staining flow cytometry. The patients were divided into rejection group（7 eases） and non-rejection group（25 cases） according to rejection episode record within 2 weeks. Normal control group（10 cases） enrolled healthy adult volunteers. Diagnosis of acute rejection depended on clinical symptoms, lab test, color doppler sonography and renal biopsy. Results Before ransplanstation, the expressions of TLR4 and CD80 were （8.03± 0.84）% and （0.85±0.31）% in rejection group, （6. 14±0.85）% and （0.84±0.39）% in non-rejection group, （6.37±0. 56）% and （0.85±0. 35）% in normal control group. The expression of TLR4 of rejection group was higher than those of non-rejection group and normal control group（P〈0.01）. The expressions of CD80 of 3 groups had no significant difference（P=0. 995）. After ransplanstation, the expressions of TLR4 and CD80 increased to （16.50 ± 1.02）% and （7. 82 ± 1. 66）% in rejection group, （11. 60±0.98）% and （2.26±0.96）%0 in non-rejection group at the 4^th day, and reached the peak levels at the 7^th day： （36. 40±4. 86）% and （9. 53±1. 97）% in rejection group, （22.70± 3.45）% and （1.87±0.72）% in non-rejection group, then displayed downtrend, rejection group decreased to （7.10±0. 82）% and （0. 87± 0. 57）% at the 35^th day, non-rejection group decreased to （7.20±0.76）% and （0.81±0.37）% at the 21^st day. Compared with non-rejection group, rejection group showed higher peak expression value of TLR4/CD80 （P〈0.01） and longer lasting time. Conclusions The high expression of TLR4 may increase the risk of acute rejection. The up-regulated TLR4/CD80 levels early after renal transplantation may contribute to the happeness of acute reiection.

Key words:
Kidney transplantation; Graft rejection; Toll-like receptor 4; Monocytes
[In vitro activity of rosoxacin (Win 35 213) against Neisseria gonorrhoeae (author's transl)].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1-Ethyl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(4-pyridyl)-3-quinoline carbonic acid (rosoxacin, Win 35 213) is a new broad-spectrum pyridyl quinoline derivative. Its activity in vitro against 247 beta-lactamase-negative and 9 beta-lactamase-positive strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was compared with those of penicillin, ampicillin, cefaclor, spectinomycin and tetracycline, using the microtiter-dilution technique. Rosoxacin proved to be approximately equal in activity to penicillin against penicillin-sensitive isolates of N. gonorrhoeae. Against beta-lactamase-producing isolates rosoxacin was the most active compound tested: all strains were inhibited by 0.06 mg/l.
Fairness perceptions of algorithmic decision-making: A systematic review of the empirical literature

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Algorithmic decision-making increasingly shapes people's daily lives. Given that such autonomous systems can cause severe harm to individuals and social groups, fairness concerns have arisen. A human-centric approach demanded by scholars and policymakers requires considering people's fairness perceptions when designing and implementing algorithmic decision-making. We provide a comprehensive, systematic literature review synthesizing the existing empirical insights on perceptions of algorithmic fairness from 58 empirical studies spanning multiple domains and scientific disciplines. Through thorough coding, we systemize the current empirical literature along four dimensions: (1) algorithmic predictors, (2) human predictors, (3) comparative effects (human decision-making vs. algorithmic decision-making), and (4) consequences of algorithmic decision-making. While we identify much heterogeneity around the theoretical concepts and empirical measurements of algorithmic fairness, the insights come almost exclusively from Western-democratic contexts. By advocating for more interdisciplinary research adopting a society-in-the-loop framework, we hope our work will contribute to fairer and more responsible algorithmic decision-making.
Data from Validation of Immunotherapy Response Score as Predictive of Pan-solid Tumor Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Benefit

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div><p>Immunotherapy response score (IRS) integrates tumor mutation burden (TMB) and quantitative expression biomarkers to predict anti-PD-1/PD-L1 [PD-(L)1] monotherapy benefit. Here, we evaluated IRS in additional cohorts. Patients from an observational trial (NCT03061305) treated with anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy were included and assigned to IRS-High (-H) versus -Low (-L) groups. Associations with real-world progression-free survival (rwPFS) and overall survival (OS) were determined by Cox proportional hazards (CPH) modeling. Those with available PD-L1 IHC treated with anti-PD-(L)1 with or without chemotherapy were separately assessed. Patients treated with PD-(L)1 and/or chemotherapy (five relevant tumor types) were assigned to three IRS groups [IRS-L divided into IRS-Ultra-Low (-UL) and Intermediate-Low (-IL), and similarly assessed]. In the 352 patient anti-PD-(L)1 monotherapy validation cohort (31 tumor types), IRS-H versus IRS-L patients had significantly longer rwPFS and OS. IRS significantly improved CPH associations with rwPFS and OS beyond microsatellite instability (MSI)/TMB alone. In a 189 patient (10 tumor types) PD-L1 IHC comparison cohort, IRS, but not PD-L1 IHC nor TMB, was significantly associated with anti-PD-L1 rwPFS. In a 1,103-patient cohort (from five relevant tumor types), rwPFS did not significantly differ in IRS-UL patients treated with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy plus anti-PD-(L)1, nor in IRS-H patients treated with anti-PD-(L)1 versus anti-PD-(L)1 + chemotherapy. IRS associations were consistent across subgroups, including both Europeans and non-Europeans. These results confirm the utility of IRS utility for predicting pan-solid tumor PD-(L)1 monotherapy benefit beyond available biomarkers and demonstrate utility for informing on anti-PD-(L)1 and/or chemotherapy treatment.</p>Significance:<p>This study confirms the utility of the integrative IRS biomarker for predicting anti-PD-L1/PD-1 benefit. IRS significantly improved upon currently available biomarkers, including PD-L1 IHC, TMB, and MSI status. Additional utility for informing on chemotherapy, anti-PD-L1/PD-1, and anti-PD-L1/PD-1 plus chemotherapy treatments decisions is shown.</p></div>
Exposing the Secret: Listening to Bedouin Men Who Have Experienced Sexual Violence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There are few indigenous men’s voices regarding sexual violence against them, particularly concerning Bedouin men’s views. How do Bedouin men who have experienced SV describe, perceive, and interpret their experiences in their cultural context? Seventeen Bedouin men, residents of either recognized or unrecognized Bedouin settlements in the Negev, Israel. Phenomenological semi-structured interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and then translated into English. Themes were generated using thematic analysis. Three main themes were found: descriptions of the incidents, reactions to the experiences, and the need for keeping incidents of SV secret due to the stigma involved as a result of patriarchal, political (i.e., tribal hierarchy), and private (i.e., family loyalty) norms, and the matrix of multiple and often conflicting roles and identities that Bedouin men must assume despite their experiences. The incidence of SV against men in the Bedouin community is alarming and must be acknowledged by the research community and public health practitioners as a serious health issue that requires more holistic research to better understand the men’s experiences. More efforts are needed on the local, regional, and global levels to provide post-violence care for survivors and to prevent SV. In particular, there is a need to reduce the stigma associated with SV so that young men will be willing to speak up about their trauma without shame and receive help.
Correlation of Gaussian Mixture Tracks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, methods are developed and evaluated for the correlation of Gaussian mixture tracks from two sensors. The hypothesis likelihoods for the case of a single target are given using the minimum mean square error and the maximum likelihood estimates of common origin between two Gaussian mixtures. A correlation test is developed as a likelihood ratio of the single target hypothesis to the hypothesis of two separate targets. The negative log likelihood cost is formulated and used in an optimal assignment method to perform track-to-track correlation for multiple targets between two sensors. Simulations were performed to compare the minimum mean square error and maximum likelihood approaches with Gaussian mixture tracks to a baseline method using unbiased converted measurements for sensors with a given probability of detection and bias significance. Results are shown to compare the performance of the correlation methods with respect to probability of correct correlation and root mean squared error versus track density for several different aspect angles between two sensors.
Identification of causes and mitigation measures of construction fall accidents of class a and class b contractors in Shah Alam area / Normadiana Mohammad Hanapi … [et al.]

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The construction industry is one of the most hazardous industries. It is because those who spend their working lives on construction sites have a higher probability of being killed at workplace. Based on the statistics issued by the Social Security Organization (SOCSO) Malaysia, the number of fatality and \npermanent disablement cases due to fall accidents at the construction sites is one of the highest rates as compared to other sector. Therefore, this research is intends to identify the cause and safety measure of construction fall accidents in Shah Alam construction sites because there are a lot of high rise buildings \nproject in this state. This study is carried out by doing literature review and getting feedback through questionnaires. In order to find out cause and mitigation measure of fall accident at the construction site, this study used SPSS test such as Spearman's Rho to analyze the data. The finding of this study indicates that \n"poor safety altitude and behavior of workers" are the main problems in obstructing the implementation of safety procedures and guidelines for construction sites. The responses from the survey also show that "sufficient safety training" and "equipments for working at height" are the adoptable mitigation measure to enhance the workers' safety performance. It is believed that appointing the competent person in inspection and maintenance works and by applying risk assessment in identifying fall hazards could reduce the number of fall accidents.
Álgebra Lineal y Geometría Analítica en carreras de Ingeniería: reporte de investigaciones

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper, 168 researches on Linear Algebra (LA) and Analytic Geometry (AG) at the university are analyzed, with the objective of knowing if these researches deal with the phenomenon of the split between this knowledge and to investigate about the main topics that guide the research on these subjects. An analysis is made using qualitative techniques obtaining a categorization in an inductive way. The results allow us to conclude that the split between LA and AG that operates in the study programs is not addressed by the researchers. Most focus on describing and analyzing students' difficulties with this knowledge, and among the proposals for teaching, the incorporation of software stands out. Only a minority consider, from an epistemological point of view, the benefits of a hybrid teaching between LA and AG.
Enzymatically Modified Fats Based on Mutton Tallow and Rapeseed Oil Suitable for Fatty Emulsions

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The aim of this work was to develop a new fat by enzymatic interesterification of mutton tallow with rapeseed oil. It was assumed that by inducing hydrolysis of fats by addition of water to the enzymatic preparation (8, 10, 15 wt%) natural emulsifiers would be produced in the reaction environment. Fat blends obtained from the enzymatic reactions were evaluated as a fat base for emulsion systems. It was found that the fat resulting from interesterification in the presence of Lipozyme RM IM (immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei , Novozymes Bagsvaerd, Denmark) with 15 wt% of water possessed the highest content of polar fraction (MAG and DAG), and served as the most suitable blend for emulsification, producing emulsions that exhibited the highest stability.
STRONG PHOTOLUMINESCENCE EMISSION AT ROOM TEMPERATURE OF ZnS MICROWIRES AND MICROBELTS GROWN BY THERMAL DEPOSITION

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we report on the controlled synthesis of ZnS microstructures with high purity on Au-coated silicon substrates by thermal evaporation of ZnS powder in Ar gas ambient at atmospheric pressure. The growth mechanism is confirmed as a typical vapor–liquid–solid process. The prepared ZnS microstructures have wurtzite (hexagonal) structures. The catalytically grown ZnS microstructures, including microwires and microbelts, are tens of micrometers in length. EDS shows that the oxygen composition in the microstructures is trivial. The photoluminescence spectrum reveals strong ultraviolet emission and no other emission at room temperature also demonstrates that the ZnS microstructures are of high crystalline perfection. Optical transition from free exciton A, free exciton B are observed and analyzed through power-dependent at 10 K and temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy measurements performed from 10 to 300 K. Our results indicate that ZnS microstructures grown by thermal evaporation, suggesting a great promise for high-efficiency light-emitting devices and lasers in the UV region.
State Aid for Environmental Protection—The Commission's new Guidelines and the new General Block Exemption Regulation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract With its new guidelines on State aid for environmental protection, the European Commission seeks to further implement the roadmap for state aid reform 2005–2009 laid down in its State Aid Action Plan and thus to strive for "less and better targeted aid" in the field of environmental protection. Another important change in the legal regime applicable to State aid for environmental protection is brought about by the new General Block Exemption Regulation which, for the first time, contains several block exemption provisions for aid in this field. The new Guidelines—together with the respective provisions in the new General Block Exemption Regulation—are a remarkable step in that they entail a considerable increase in regulatory density and are thereby increasing "red tape" in this field. The new Guidelines are evidence of a more and more palpable tendency of the European Commission to use its power to examine aid for its compatibility with the common market under Article 87(3) EC to regulate in areas of law in which it is not competent to legislate. In doing so, it does not only interfere with competences of the Member States and of the other Community institutions but also risks contradiction to its own decisions in other fields.
Apigenin prevents gamma radiation-induced gastrointestinal damages by modulating inflammatory and apoptotic signalling mediators

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of apigenin against radiation-induced gastrointestinal (GI) damages in whole-body irradiated (WBI) Swiss albino mice. Swiss albino mice were pre-treated with apigenin (15 mg/kg body wt.) intraperitoneally for six consecutive days, and on the seventh day, the mice were exposed to 7 Gy WBI. Histological findings revealed a deterioration of the crypt-villus architecture in the 7 Gy irradiated mice intestine. Conversely, apigenin pre-treatment ameliorated radiation-induced intestinal damages and restored intestinal crypt-villus architecture. Besides, apigenin modulates 7 Gy radiation-induced apoptotic markers (p53, p21, Bax, caspase-3, -9) expression in the GI tissue of WBI mice. Furthermore, apigenin prevented radiation-induced activation of NF-kB expression in the GI tissue. Therefore, the present results indicate apigenin's radioprotective effect through modulating NF-kB mediated apoptotic signalling in the WBI intestinal tissue.
Development of a SATURN model for the Singapore restricted zone

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Network models are simulation models that are used to simulate the behaviour of transport systems over a specified time period. It can be used to examine the impact of applying different alternatives and strategies on a transport system and to help decide on the most suitable alternative. SATURN is one of the software packages that can be used to develop network models. This dissertation involves the development of a SATURN model for the Restricted Zone of Singapore.
New Saldidae-Enicocorinae (Heteroptera: Leptopodomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous of Siberia and Mongolia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Baissotea infanta gen. et sp. nov., B. peregrina sp. nov., and B. popovi sp. nov. from the Lower Cretaceous deposits of the Baisa locality, Eastern Siberia, and the Bon-Tsagan and Shin-Khuduk localities, Mongolia are described.
Quantifying Landscape and Flux from Single-Cell Omics: Unraveling the Physical Mechanisms of Cell Function

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Recent advancements in single-cell sequencing technology have reshaped our understanding of cellular processes. While in the realm of biological research, the understanding of the underlying physical and chemical mechanisms from single-cell omics stands as a promising frontier, yet it is still not quite adequately explored. This knowledge gap stems from the complexities of mapping nonequilibrium physical and chemical principles onto the heterogeneous and complex dynamics of cellular functions. Herein, several key biological processes are highlighted to embark on this challenging journey of harnessing the power of single-cell omics to elucidate the nonequilibrium physical and chemical basis of various biological cell functions, including cell cycle, cell differentiation/reprogramming, cancer progression and metastasis, and embryonic dynamic development. This perspective presents breakthrough insights into cell division and differentiation, highlighting the nonequilibrium landscape and flux as the driving forces governing the cellular function which can be quantified through the single-cell omics data, providing new insights into cellular plasticity and fate determination. In addition, it provides possible early warning signals of cancer formation and metastasis based on omics data. Venturing into the wonders of dynamical development, it shows the uncovered nonequilibrium physicochemical mechanisms determined by the dynamical landscape-flux of embryogenesis from time-resolved single-cell data. This perspective further offers an outlook on challenges and opportunities for the integrations of spatiotemporal multiomics and nonequilibrium physical and chemical theories, in anticipation of a more comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the myriad processes of life. Hence, this perspective summarizes key advances in this emerging field and points to the next opportunities and challenges to fully integrate the potential of single-cell biotechnology and physical chemistry theory in life science.