jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dependence of Effective Molarity on Linker Length for an Intramolecular Protein−Ligand System

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This paper reports dissociation constants and "effective molarities" (M(eff)) for the intramolecular binding of a ligand covalently attached to the surface of a protein by oligo(ethylene glycol) (EG(n)) linkers of different lengths (n = 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20) and compares these experimental values with theoretical estimates from polymer theory. As expected, the value of M(eff) is lowest when the linker is too short (n = 0) to allow the ligand to bind noncovalently at the active site of the protein without strain, is highest when the linker is the optimal length (n = 2) to allow such binding to occur, and decreases monotonically as the length increases past this optimal value (but only by a factor of approximately 8 from n = 2 to n = 20). These experimental results are not compatible with a model in which the single bonds of the linker are completely restricted when the ligand has bound noncovalently to the active site of the protein, but they are quantitatively compatible with a model that treats the linker as a random-coil polymer. Calorimetry revealed that enthalpic interactions between the linker and the protein are not important in determining the thermodynamics of the system. Taken together, these results suggest that the manifestation of the linker in the thermodynamics of binding is exclusively entropic. The values of M(eff) are, theoretically, intrinsic properties of the EG(n) linkers and can be used to predict the avidities of multivalent ligands with these linkers for multivalent proteins. The weak dependence of M(eff) on linker length suggests that multivalent ligands containing flexible linkers that are longer than the spacing between the binding sites of a multivalent protein will be effective in binding, and that the use of flexible linkers with lengths somewhat greater than the optimal distance between binding sites is a justifiable strategy for the design of multivalent ligands.
ASSESSMENT OF WELL WATER QUALITY FOR THE CONTENT OF NITROGEN IN THE TERRITORY OF SOME SETTLEMENTS OF DOLYNA DISTRICT

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Проблеми питного водопостачання в Україні тісно пов'язані з господарськими, водогосподарськими та екологічними проблемами. Одним із основних факторів, що безпосередньо впливає на стан здоров'я населення, є якість питної води, яку воно споживає. Вивчено екологічний стан криничних вод Долинського району на основі показників вмісту в них сполук азоту (нітратів, нітритів, іонів амонію). Встановлено, що більшість досліджуваних вод Долинського району не відповідає нормам якості питної води за вмістом сполук амонію впродовж цілого року.
A Systematic Study on Factors Influencing the Accuracy of MLAA

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Maximum likelihood of attenuation and activity (MLAA) for time-of-flight (TOF) PET works well in theory. However in real systems it is subject to various types of errors. This paper provides a systematic study on the accuracy of MLAA due to errors of different factors, and further ranks the relative significance of these factors. The influence of various factors on the accuracy of MLAA was investigated as follows. For random correction, scatter correction, TOF timing kernel and detector timing offsets, a gradual increasing bias was applied upon the simulated ground truth as estimation error. The accuracy of MLAA-generated umap versus error of each factor was then computed and plotted. Furthermore, the significance of these factors was compared. A torso XCAT phantom was used in simulation. The bias for random and scatter estimation was set to vary between 0~10%. The timing kernel in reconstruction was set to vary from 400~600ps (tribe timing resolution 500ps). A timing offset table was scaled and applied on the zero-offset TOF data to simulate detector timing drifts. In the simulated study, the bias of random estimation incurred smallest error for MLAA-generated umap, while the timing offset incurred the largest. The normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) for umap was 8.2% when bias of random estimation was 10%, and was 9% with 10% scatter estimation bias. An overestimation (125ps) or underestimation (-75ps) of timing resolution resulted in close NRMSE (9.3%) for the umap, indicating underestimation of timing resolution is more severe for MLAA. On the other hand, average SOps drift (<;to% timing resolution, more likely to happen than other errors) made MLAA results visually unacceptable. For practical system status, timing offset and timing kernel are more important than random or scatter estimation to the overall accuracy of MLAA. The conclusion may contribute towards a better system development.
Scattered X-ray intensities from fluoroscopy units

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

We refer to the protection afforded by multileaf Pb aprons on fluoroscopy units and would like to offer our own illustrative example of the importance of such measures in shielding against scattered radiation. Our concern lies with an incident that occurred in a hospital and which involves a fluoroscopy unit (a Siemens Gigantos with a 100 kW multipulse generator capable of delivering 1000 mA and 150 kVp) that was operated in the absence of its protective Pb aprons. Figure 1 shows the image of a gastrointestinal tract (using Curix Agfa Gevaert X-ray film and a CaWO4 normal-speed screen combination) and a superimposed forearm (not that of the patient).
Ce needs in geriatrics and gerontology for selected health professionals

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In 1978 the System-wide Office for University Extension of the University of California conducted (through the University of California, San Francisco Division of Continuing Education in Health Sciences) a survey to determine needs for continuing education in geriatrics or gerontology, and to identify the specific content areas of most interest to health professionals. To assess the continuing education needs of various health professionals, 52 health professional “consultants” representing the disciplines of dentistry, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and psychiatry were interviewed. Several community health care coordinators and members of three community-based aging organizations also were asked what they expected from health professionals. From these interviews, 15 continuing education content areas of potential interest were identified and a total of 500 questionnaires were sent to a random sample of 100 individuals from each of the 5 aforementioned health professions. Respondents to the questionnaire were asked to check areas (1) which they felt should be of special concern to health professionals, and (2) in which they personally would take continuing education; 143 completed questionnaires were returned—31 from dentists, 23 from nurses, 26 from pharmacists, 38 from physicians, and 25 from psychiatrists. Responses indicated interest in the health and health-related problems of the aged but most respondents had never taken continuing education courses in geriatrics or gerontology. Among the five health professions surveyed, physicians were the only group to indicate lack of interest in continuing education courses focused specifically on aging. The favorable response among dentists indicated they may be a particularly neglected group for developing aging course content. Interest in specific content areas, as well as topics of concern within content areas, varied by discipline. Because interest corresponded with demand for continuing education programs, outreach might well be the topic for future investigations.
Title：Gγ-protein GS3 function in tight genetic relation with OsmiR396/GS2 to regulate grain size in rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Manipulating grain size demonstrates great potential for yield promotion in cereals since it is tightly associated with grain weight. Genetically, grain size is under complicated molecular and genetic modulation of different signaling and metabolic pathways. Several pathways modulating grain size have been elaborated in rice, but the possible crosstalk between the ingredients are rarely studied, together with the underlying mechanism. OsmiR396 negatively regulates grain size through targeting OsGRF4 and OsGRF8, and proves to be multi-functioning. G proteins function extensively in rice to regulate grain size. Here we showed that expression of GS3 gene that encodes Gγ-protein was down-regulated in the young embryos of MIM396, GRF8OE and GS2OE plants. Multiple biochemical assays proved possible transcriptional regulation of GRF4 and GRF8 on GS3 gene. Further genetic relation analysis revealed tight genetic association between not only OsmiR396 and GS3 gene, but also GS2 and GS3 gene. Thus, we revealed that the miR396 pathway and the G protein pathway could cross talk in the regulation of grain size.
High Gradient Properties of a CLIC Prototype Accelerating Structure made by Tsinghua University

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A CLIC prototype structure, T24_THU_#1, was recently high-gradient tested at KEK X-band test stand, Nextef. The copper parts of this 24-cell TW structure were delivered from CERN, were bonded and brazed, bench-tested and tuned in Tsinghua University. The aim of this test was not only to verify the cavity high-gradient properties under 100 MV/m but also to study the breakdown phenomenon in high gradient. High power test results were presented and breakdown rate under 100 MV/m was compared to previously-tested CLIC prototype structures. The assembly capability of Tsinghua University for X-band high gradient structures was validated by the good high gradient performance of T24_THU_#1.
Prioritizing Disease Genes and Understanding Disease Pathways

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Genetic factors play a major role in the etiology of many human diseases. Genome-wide experimental methods produce an increasing number of genes associated with such diseases. This chapter introduces data sources, bioinformatics tools, and computational methods for prioritizing disease candidate genes and identifying disease pathways. The main strategy is to examine the similarity among the candidate genes and known disease genes at the functional level. The authors review different similarity measures and prevailing methods for integrating results from different functional aspects. They hope this chapter will help advocate many useful resources that the researchers can use to investigate diseases of their interest.
Modeling the potential effects of sea-level rise on the coast of New York: Integrating mechanistic accretion and stochastic uncertainty

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Sea-Level Affecting Marshes Model was applied to coastal New York State at a 5 m horizontal resolution to investigate marsh conservation and potential migration under multiple sea-level rise scenarios. Feedbacks between sea-level rise and marsh accretion rates based on mechanistic modeling were included. Simulation results predict extensive marsh losses in microtidal regimes behind the barrier islands of Long Island, vulnerable dry lands on barrier islands, and opportunities for upland migration of coastal marshes. Results also indicate changes in the composition of marsh types. Confidence of predictions due to model parameter variabilities and spatial data error were estimated with the uncertainty estimation module. Likelihood maps of land cover changes were produced. Uncertainty results suggest that variability in land cover projections is mostly due to the wide range in potential sea-level rise signals by 2100 while impact from uncertainties in model parameters, spatial data errors and linked models is less significant.
From sustainability to adaptation: Goldman Sachs’ corporate real estate strategy

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper is premised on a conceptual framework that attempts to draw theoretical and practical connections between sustainability, resilience and adaptation. The framework is explored through a case study of the corporate real estate (property) strategies of Goldman Sachs (a multinational investment banking and investment management company) developed over the course of the consolidation and development of its corporate headquarters. This case seeks to identify the existence and nature of the relationships by and between sustainable corporate real estate strategies, resilient operations planning and the firm's adaptive capacity. A secondary proposition seeks to evaluate whether the capacity of the firm to adapt and be resilient to changing conditions has been positively advanced by the firm's sustainable corporate real estate strategies. The findings support the proposition that these connections do exist, as well as the proposition that sustainability was promoting adaptive capacity and operational resilience. However, it remains an open question to what extent these practices and capacities are deterministic of one another. This paper sets the stage for future research that seeks to measure and model organizational adaptive capacity and to understand the potential co-benefits that may serve the interests of firms who struggle to rationalize the costs of sustainability.
The effects of embryonic experience with predation risk vary across a wave exposure gradient

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Gradients in environmental stress can alter the ecological effects of predation risk to create variable landscapes of fear that shape prey antipredator responses. Prey obtain information about their risk environment not only from their immediate experiences with predators, but also from their previous experiences, especially if they occur during particularly sensitive windows in ontogeny. Embryonic development is often a key window when an individual's experiences can have lasting effects on behavior and fitness. The propensity of embryonic experiences with predation risk to affect prey performance, however, may vary across gradients of abiotic stress. Using a rocky intertidal system, we explored whether a dominant abiotic stressor—wave exposure—modifies the influence of embryonic experience with predation risk (from the green crab, Carcinus maenas ) on prey (the carnivorous snail, Nucella lapillus ) traits both at emergence and as one‐year‐olds exposed to current predation risk. We found that snails from wave‐exposed, but not sheltered, populations emerged smaller from development and grew less in the absence of current risk as one‐year‐olds if they experienced risk as embryos. However, exposure to current predation risk reduced the growth and growth efficiency of one‐year‐old snails from both wave‐exposed and sheltered populations. Our results demonstrate that increased environmental stress can modify predator–prey interactions and enhance prey reliance on early life experiences with predation risk, but that direct exposure to risk later in life can strongly affect prey performance across environmental stress gradients.
Pay-as-you-go data cleaning and integration

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many emerging applications such as Web mash-ups and large-scale sensor deployments seek to make use of large collections of heterogeneous data sources to enable powerful new services. These sources range from traditional sources such as relational databases to emerging sources such as structured data on the Web and streaming sensor data.
In order to realize the potential of these applications, however, the data from these disparate sources must be cleaned and integrated. In emerging data sources such as the Web and sensors, traditional cleaning and integration techniques are necessary, but not sufficient to deal with the unique challenges presented by this data. I argue that new techniques, based on the concept of pay-as-you-go are crucial for incorporating such data sources into applications. This concept provides a framework for building cleaning and integration solutions that are easy to deploy and maintain, efficiently leverage human feedback where possible, and automatically adapt their processing to the underlying data.
In this thesis, I contribute key building blocks designed to provide pay-as-you-go data cleaning and integration. Specifically, I develop the following techniques: Roomba, a technique for effectively involving user feedback to augment data cleaning mechanisms; Metaphysical Data Independence (MDI), a means of hiding all details of sensor data cleaning and integration under a single interface; SMURF an adaptive cleaning tool for providing MDI for RFID data; and ESP , a declarative-query based cleaning framework for sensor data streams. These techniques all embody key principles that underly the pay-as-you-go philosophy: ease of setup and deployment, adaptability, and incremental integration.
Additionally, I show that a focus on the pay-as-you-go philosophy does not preclude effective data cleaning and integration mechanisms. Indeed, in many cases the techniques developed in this thesis are capable of producing higher-quality data than current cleaning and integration techniques. For instance, effective use of human feedback is able to integrate data in a large-scale data integration scenario with half the human cost of current approaches. Similarly, an adaptive approach to cleaning RFID data is able to produce a three-fold reduction in data error rate in certain scenarios compared to the state-of-the-art RFID middleware solutions.
In summary, this thesis makes two broad contributions. First, it demonstrates that a pay-as-you-go approach to data cleaning and integration enables an emerging class of applications dependent on data derived from many heterogeneous data sources. Second, it proposes a suite of pay-as-you-go based data cleaning and integration techniques that provide a solid foundation on which to build the systems to support these applications.
Feline ischemic encephalopathy and Cuterebra larva myiasis in a domestic shorthair cat

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Our patient, an approximately 3 year old castrated male domestic shorthair cat presented to the Emergency Service at the Cornell University Hospital for Animals on 08/08/2011 with a 5 day history of neurologic signs. His owners first noted that he was bumping into things. He was taken to their local veterinarian who suspected an inner ear infection and prescribed prednisone (5mg once daily for 3 days then 5mg once every other day for three days) and valacyclovir (500mg every 8 hours) and recommended cage rest. After returning home the owners believed that he was not able to see out of his left eye (this was later revealed to be a deficit in the left visual hemisphere), his left hindlimb was in extension with his left forelimb in flexion and he was not responding to touch sensation on the left half of his body. His owners believe he responded to the medications as his gait and limb carriage improved but he still displayed concerning neurologic signs. He had no history of vomiting or diarrhea, and his urination habits were normal. The owners had not seen him drink since 08/05/2011 and felt his appetite was diminished, although he was still eating. Our patient is an indoor/outdoor cat that was up to date on vaccines. He was FeLV/FIV negative when tested 2 years ago. He is otherwise healthy with no other relevant medical problems except for presumptive feline asthma which he has been treated for with steroids twice, once in 12/2010 and again in 06/2011.
Socio-psychological features of the ethnic identity of Russians living in Azerbaijan

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background. Ethnic identity is an important factor in the interaction of different cultures. Studying an ethnic group that lives outside its historical homeland allows to better understand the role that living in a foreign cultural environment plays in the feeling of belonging to one's people. Objectives. The study had its purpose to analyze the socio-psychological characteristics of the ethnic identity of Russians living in Azerbaijan compared with Russians living in Russia and Azerbaijanis living in Azerbaijan. Study Participants. The study involved 185 respondents (71 Russians living in Azerbaijan, 76 Azerbaijanis living in Azerbaijan, and 38 Russians living in Russia) aged 18 to 70 (M = 34,2; SD = 15,8). Methods. The survey included the authors’ questionnaire and J. Phinney’s inventory (MEIM) adapted by A.M. Arbitailo. The processing methods implemented the Mann — Whitney U test, Pearson chi-square, Fisher's phi test, and content analysis of open questions. Results. The study results show that ethnic identity level among Russians in Azerbaijan is lower than among Russians in Russia, which may be due to the influence of Azerbaijani culture and assimilation processes. It was also found that ethnic identity of Russians in Azerbaijan often includes elements of local culture, which supports the assumption of conglomeration processes. An analysis of perception of cultural archetypes and ethno-differentiating features among Russians and Azerbaijanis indicates differences in the perception of cultural and ethnic characteristics, which emphasizes the complexity of the processes of integration and identification in multicultural setting. Conclusions. The ethnic identity of Russians in Azerbaijan is characterized by a lower level of expression and assimilation of some elements of Azerbaijani culture in its cognitive component. However, the differences in behavioral patterns and values indicate the formation of a conglomerate identity, where ethnic, linguistic, and national identities interact though do not completely merge.
J ileal pouch–anal anastomosis for chronic ulcerative colitis: complications and long-term outcome in 1310 patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim The purpose of the study was to determine the risk of postoperative complications and the functional outcome after a hand-sewn ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis using a single J-shaped pouch design. Methods Preoperative function, operative morbidity and long-term functional outcome were assessed prospectively in 1310 patients who underwent IPAA between 1981 and 1994 for ulcerative colitis. Results Three patients died after operation. Postoperative pelvic sepsis rates decreased from 7 per cent in 1981–1985 to 3 per cent in 1991–1994 (P=0·02). After mean follow-up of 6·5 (range 2–15) years, the mean number of stools was 5 per day and 1 per night. Frequent daytime and night-time incontinence occurred in 7 and 12 per cent of patients respectively, and did not change over a 10-year period. The cumulative probability of suffering at least one episode of ‘clinical’ pouchitis was 18 and 48 per cent at 1 and 10 years and the cumulative probability of pouch failure at 1 and 10 years was 2 and 9 per cent respectively. Conclusion These results indicate that increased experience decreases the risk of pouch-related complications and that with time the functional results remain stable, but the failure rate increases.