jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reductive dechlorination of a chlorinated solvent plume in Houston, Texas

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Chlorinated solvents such as tetrachloroethene (perchloroethene, PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE) have been extensively used in various industrial applications for many years. Because neither are typically consumed through their various uses, they are often released to the environment through industrial application or disposal. Once released, PCE and TCE tend to migrate downward into groundwater, where they persist. In the current case study, cheese whey was used as a groundwater amendment to facilitate the reductive dechlorination of a chlorinated solvent plume underlying an auto dealer/repair shop in Harris County, Texas. From September 2010 to January 2014, over 32,000 gallons of cheese whey were injected into the subsurface resulting in a marked reduction in oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and nitrate concentrations, coupled with an increase in ferrous iron concentrations. Statistical trend analyses indicate the primary contaminants, PCE and TCE, as well as the daughter product cis ‐1,2‐dichloroethene (cDCE), all exhibited a positive response, as evidenced by statistically decreasing trends, and/or reversal in concentration trends, subsequent to cheese whey injections. Maximum concentrations of PCE and TCE in key test wells decreased by as much as 98.97 percent and 99.17 percent, respectively. In addition, the bacterial genus Dehalococcoides , capable of complete reduction of PCE to non‐toxic ethene, was found to be more abundant in the treatment area, as compared to background concentrations. Because cheese whey is a by‐product of the cheese making process, the cost of the product is essentially limited to transport. This study demonstrates cheese whey to be an effective groundwater amendment at a cost which is orders of magnitude lower than popular industry alternatives.
A Preconditioned Fast Iterative Hard Thresholding Algorithm for Spectrally Sparse Signal Reconstruction

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Spectrally sparse signals arise from various applications, including seismic imaging, autoregression, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Reconstructing a spectrally sparse signal from sub-samples on the uniform grid in the time domain can be reformulated as a low-rank Hankel matrix completion problem. Although the fast iterative hard thresholding (FIHT) algorithm is an efficient non-convex solver for this problem, it relies on the canonical metric in the matrix space. To speed up FIHT, we introduce a novel algorithm, preconditioned fast iterative hard thresholding (PFIHT), which adopts a data-driven metric by employing preconditioning techniques. Numerical experiments demonstrate that PFIHT outperforms FIHT and projected gradient descent (PGD) in terms of the number of iterations required for convergence and overall computational time.
6.7.2 The French Togoland Referendum (1956)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Council based their opposition to the proposal on several grounds: While in the case of British Togoland independence had been offered as one of the alternatives, in the case of French Togoland there was no such choice.Autonomy, as envisaged by the French, did not equate with self-government or independence as envisaged in the Trusteeship Agreement.While autonomy did not equate independence, sending United Nations observers could be seen as an endorsement of the referendum's results.Moreover, the referendum did not offer the possibility of independence outside the French Union, and no mention was made of a possible agreement that would allow reunification with British Togoland.Bottom line: the Council did not have enough time to consider the question, nor had it been authorised by the General Assembly to supervise any referendum for the purpose of terminating the Trusteeship Agreement.Instead, the Council decided to forward the French memorandum and the records of the Council's deliberations to the General Assembly, which was to consider the matter.After the Council's decision, the French representative, Robert Bargues, stated that "France refused to be a party to any procedure which would delay the consultation.It refused to share the responsibility which the Council had just assumed of delaying the accession of Togoland to self-government.The referendum would therefore take place at the appointed time and under the conditions envisaged but in the absence of United Nations observers." 650Since the referendum was already cast into law passed by the French National Assembly, the French
Dietary Patterns Associated With Anti-inflammatory Effects: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Context Noncommunicable diseases significantly impact global health, and chronic inflammation is a common pathological feature of these conditions. The relationship between chronic inflammation and dietary intake is increasingly evident, as emerging research elucidates the inflammation-modulating effects of diet. Objective This umbrella review aimed to systematically collect, summarize, and assess current evidence on the relationship between dietary patterns and inflammatory biomarkers. Data Sources The CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched from 1990 through March 19, 2025. Data Extraction Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of intervention trials and observational studies that assessed the effects or associations of dietary patterns on chronic inflammatory markers were selected. Data extraction, methodological quality assessment, and evaluation of the strength of evidence were independently conducted by 2 authors. Data Analysis Thirty reviews representing 225 eligible primary studies were included. Fifteen dietary patterns were assessed against a range of inflammatory marker outcomes, reported in 60 unique meta-analyses and 61 narrative syntheses. The findings indicate significant effects and overall beneficial association between the Mediterranean diet and the levels of inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6, and adiponectin, with the certainty of evidence (CoE) ranging from high to low. Additionally, a significant inverse association was identified between a vegetarian diet and CRP levels, with low to very low CoE. The findings for other dietary patterns assessed were inconclusive or limited due to the paucity of studies. Conclusion The Mediterranean and vegetarian dietary patterns may ameliorate low-grade inflammation in adult populations with at least one chronic condition. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential inflammation-modulating effects of other dietary patterns, considering the significant heterogeneity of comparator diets. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO no. CRD42023472469.
In vivo studies of pial vascular permeability to sodium fluorescein: absence of alterations by bradykinin, histamine, serotonin, or arachidonic acid.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We studied pial vessels in vivo in mice, examining under mercury light the permeability of these vessels to sodium fluorescein. Topical application of hypertonic solutions of NaCl caused leakage of fluorescein. However, putative chemical mediators of leakage, such as histamine, serotonin, arachidonic acid, and bradykinin, all failed to increase permeability to the dye. Apparent increases in permeability only accompanied endothelial damage caused by the dye + light combination, as indicated by production of local platelet aggregates. The technique is useful, provided inadvertent endothelial injury is recognized and avoided. The data in mice suggest that pial vessels may not participate in the permeability changes reportedly produced in parenchymal brain vessels by several of the mediators we tested. Therefore, studies of pial vascular permeability are not expected to provide reliable data concerning the actions of agents that might mediate cerebral edema.
Challenges Introducing a Novel Health Assessment System in Disaster-prone Japan: Community-Oriented Approach for Comprehensive Healthcare in Emergency Situations (COACHES)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Collecting real-time individual health data of all disaster-affected populations is usually considered impossible. The University of Kochi's team and its partners conceived a novel health assessment system named "Community Oriented Approach for Comprehensive Healthcare in Emergency Situations (COACHES)." It collects individual health data anonymously and records such data in a cloud-based database. The system runs on any personal mobile device by scanning a personal identification code (QR code). It is expected that anyone on site with qualifications in healthcare will run this system as a volunteer to ensure data reliability. The COACHES app development is in process, and its prototype is currently available. This study aimed to assess how people react to the novel system and see the feasibility of installation in Japan. Method: Two focus group interviews (FGI) were conducted in a small coastal village in western Japan. The village anticipates severe damages with days of isolation once a large-scale earthquake followed by a tsunami hits the area. The first FGI was held with nine purposively recruited participants. The second FGI was held one month after and included seven of the first FGI participants with one of the absent participants providing a written response. FGI was for one-hour each, with discussion following the system demonstration. The voice data during the FGI were recorded and analyzed. The research was approved by the University of Kochi IRB. Results: Some showed intense interest in the system, whereas concerns such as the privacy violation for using personal devices, the availability of healthcare personnel, or a fear that anonymous data collection may delay identifying a person in need of assistance. Conclusion: Further studies are proposed, particularly in recruiting volunteers, data storage in case of technical damage, and how to make people with limited IT literacy comfortable using the new system.
PERCEPTION ON TRANSITION TO FACE-TO-FACE CLASSES: ITS INFLUENCES ON THE STUDENTS’ READINESS IN PHYSICAL EDUCATION

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Philippines is still making the transition from holding online classes to reopening the schools for in-person classes more than two years after the pandemic began. Only in November 2021, 20 months after the pandemic began, were the first formal face-to-face classes resumed in the country. At that time, 100 public schools and 30 private schools took part in a pilot program for a small number of in-person classes. The study aimed to determine the perception on transition to face-to-face classes its influences on the students readiness in physical education to come up with recommendations and conclusions. The new educational norm emphasizes self-paced learning in conjunction with the changing use of technology in the modern world and the field of transition to face-to-face classes. It is an extension that each student has his or her own abilities and intelligence, and it assesses constructivists and self-innovators. The purpose of the study was accompanied by a quantitative approach using a descriptive – survey method of research. Researcher use stratified random sampling when they want to access differs from simple random sampling, which involves the random selection of data from an entire population, so each possible sample is equally likely to occur. After the collection of data from two hundred (200) grade 9 students in Unson National High School, the data were tallied, tabulated, and analyzed using the formula for weighted mean, standard deviation, Kendall tau Rank Correlation was used to examine the inferences of this research. The result implies that students learn more by doing the activity rather than just reading. They can apply and remember more their prior knowledge as they recall more the things they have heard, watched, and did. Students participate actively in Physical Education class as they feel happy being involved in teaching and learning process. Based on the findings and analysis of data shown in the study, the level of students perception based on social status, emotional health, class size, and learning style had significant influences on their level of readiness in Physical Education in terms of prior knowledge, classroom behavior, cognitive skills, class participation, and sense of belongingness. To have more reliable results since the study only cater on the readiness of Grade 9 students it may also be necessary to explore and examine the perception of other grade level in future research endeavours in this area. This would provide a more holistic understanding about perception on transition to face-to-face classes its influences on the students readiness in physical education. Also, increase the sample size of the respondents to obtain a more reliable and robust results.
Counterfactual Trojan horse attack

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Trojan horse attack is a common eavesdropping strategy which can attack various quantum secure communication systems. Its basic idea is to send auxiliary photons into a legitimate communicator's apparatuses and steal information by analyzing the reflected photons. In this paper, we consider a different kind of Trojan horse attack, the so-called counterfactual Trojan horse attack, which has not been studied in detail so far. In such an attack, the eavesdropper may steal the secret information by ``ghost'' photons, which can spontaneously avoid being detected, even if the detector is an ideal one. We present the details and requirements of such an attack. We also illustrate our results by considering two protocols, the ping-pong protocol and the counterfactual quantum cryptography. Furthermore, we discuss the nature of the counterfactual Trojan horse attack and the strategy to successfully deal with it. Our results indicate that additional resources may be required for the protection against such an attack.
[Inferior caval syndromes. Apropos of 45 cases].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors report their experience with 45 cases of inferior vena cava thrombosis. Diagnosis was delayed for an average of 55 days. One-third of cases were revealed by an embolic complication. Inflammatory diseases were the most common causes (Behcet disease: seven cases, systemic lupus erythematosus: 5 cases). Malignancies accounted for 20% of cases. Abnormalities of coagulation were uncommon: antithrombin III deficiency in one patient and protein C deficiency in another. Estrogen-progestogen combinations could be incriminated in 4 cases. Outcome was fatal in 20% of cases, usually as a result of the underlying disease. Functional status was good in two-thirds of patients without malignancy followed up for an average of 27 months. In 14 patients a clip was inserted to ensure total (3 cases) or partial (11 cases) interruption of vena cava blood flow because of a free thrombus and/or recurrent pulmonary embolism. Three patients had thrombectomy. After clip insertion two embolisms were recorded, one of which occurred in the immediate post-operative period.
How does FDI affect domestic firms’ wages? theory and evidence from Vietnam

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the role of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) as a determinant of domestic firms’ wages, namely wage spillovers. We first construct a theoretical model to demonstrate that the presence of FDI firms affects domestic firms’ expected average wages via productivity spillovers and a cut-off capability. We then estimate FDI-induced wage spillovers by employing IV-GMM estimator with a five-year panel dataset of a growing service industry in Vietnam. Despite FDI firms on average pay 2.25 times that of domestic firms, they put a downward pressure on domestic firms’ wages. A one percent increase in FDI presence causes domestic firms to cut average wages by 2.03 percent. The estimations also find that firm-specific features are attributable to significant differences in their wages as well as FDI-linked wage spillovers.
STRESS MANAGEMENT FOR HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Healthcare professionals are exposed to several job stressors that can adversely affect both their mental and physical health, decrease their efficiency at work, for a successful intervention, the causes and management of stress in any healthcare unit or among healthcare professionals must be diligently documented. \nThe aim of this study is to explore issues on specific occupational stress related to job performance, the role of healthcare in stress management and the effects of job resources on job demands, and also to create awareness for health care professional on how to manage stress. Two research questions were used for this study which are: (1) What are the strategies of coping with stress? (2) What are the health benefits of stress management? \nIn this study literature review research was used. A review of 15 articles from scientific journals was carried out. The theoretical framework used for this study was change and work en-engagement. Qualitative methodology was used to analyze the data. . All the articles reviewed are peer review journals, from the EBSCO data base. My result suggests that hospital managers should develop strategies to address and improve other quality of working conditions of healthcare professionals.
Purified beta-chain of MHC class II binds to CD4 molecules on transfected HeLa cells.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The initial event triggering the activation of Th cells occurs when the TCR interacts with antigenic peptide in the context of the MHC II on APC. Various T cell accessory molecules including CD4, CD28, and LFA-1 participate and facilitate the activation event. Although some evidence for the interaction of MHC II and CD4 is available, the site of MHC class II (alpha-chain, beta-chain, or both chains) for CD4 interaction has not yet been clearly defined. Results from different laboratories had indicated the involvement of alpha 1, beta 1, and beta 2 domains of MHC class II molecules in CD4 interaction. Recently, a conserved site of DR beta 2 domain has been identified that involves CD4 interaction that is analogous to MHC class I binding site for CD8 molecule. In this report, direct binding of affinity-purified HLA-DR2 dimer and its isolated alpha- and beta-chains to CD4 was studied using a CD4-transfected HeLa cell line. Preferential binding of the beta-chain and intact MHC II dimer to the CD4-transfected cells was observed and found to be specifically inhibited by anti-CD4 mAb. In contrast, the isolated alpha-chain of HLA DR2 did not show significant binding to CD4-transfected cells. Complexes of radiolabeled DR2 dimer or beta-chain alone with an immunodominant epitope from myelin basic protein (83-102) did not show any further increase in binding of these molecules. Binding of the beta-chain to CD4+ cells was markedly inhibited by a DR beta 1 peptide (35-46) and was partially inhibited by a DR beta 2 peptide (134-148) of MHC class II molecule. These results suggest the involvement of at least two conserved regions of the beta polypeptide chain of MHC class II in CD4 interaction. Because in our experiments transfected cells lack TCR molecules and the binding of DR2 to the CD4-transfected cells was unaffected by added antigenic peptide, it is possible that the interaction of MHC class II to CD4 is independent of TCR occupancy.
Dispersion network-transition entropy: A metric for characterizing the complexity of nonlinear signals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Extracting meaningful information from signals has always been a challenge. Due to the influence of environmental noise, collected signals often exhibit nonlinear characteristics, rendering traditional metrics inadequate in capturing the dynamic properties and complex structures of signals. To address this challenge, this study proposes an innovative metric for quantifying signal complexity-dispersion network-transition entropy (DNTE), which integrates the concepts of complex networks and information entropy. Specifically, we assign single cumulative distribution function values to network nodes and utilize Markov chains to represent links, transforming nonlinear signals into weighted directed complex networks. Subsequently, we assess the importance of network nodes and links, and employ the mathematical expression of information entropy to calculate the DNTE value, quantifying the complexity of the original signal. Next, through extensive experiments on simulated chaotic models and real underwater acoustic signals, we confirm the outstanding performance of DNTE. The results indicate that, compared to Lempel-Ziv complexity, permutation entropy, and dispersion entropy, DNTE not only more accurately reflects changes in signal complexity but also exhibits higher computational efficiency. Importantly, DNTE demonstrates optimal performance in distinguishing different categories of chaotic models, ships, and modulation signals, showcasing its significant potential in extracting effective information from signals.
Mimicking lightning-induced electrochemistry on the early Earth

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

To test the hypothesis that an abiotic Earth and its inert atmosphere could form chemically reactive carbon- and nitrogen-containing compounds, we designed a plasma electrochemical setup to mimic lightning-induced electrochemistry under steady-state conditions of the early Earth. Air-gap electrochemical reactions at air–water–ground interfaces lead to remarkable yields, with up to 40 moles of carbon dioxide being reduced into carbon monoxide and formic acid, and 3 moles of gaseous nitrogen being fixed into nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ions, per mole of transmitted electrons. Interfaces enable reactants (e.g., minerals) that may have been on land, in lakes, and in oceans to participate in radical and redox reactions, leading to higher yields compared to gas-phase-only reactions. Cloud-to-ground lightning strikes could have generated high concentrations of reactive molecules locally, establishing diverse feedstocks for early life to emerge and survive globally.
Who is to Blame for Food Waste?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Food waste has commanded growing attention in recent years, with recent estimates suggesting that people fail to consume as much as 40% of food grown globally (Parfitt, Barthel, and Macnaughton, 2010; Buzby, FarahWells, and Hyman, 2014). Given the potential magnitude of food waste, researchers and policy makers are working to lower food waste, as noted in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12.3 (reduce food waste by 50% by 2030). Policy makers need the citizenry’s support to use policy to affect this change, but, as Oliver and Lee (2005, p. 926) stated, “Politicians are unlikely to pass laws that would offend large portions of their constituents and policies that aim to change individual behavior must be seen as legitimate by their target populations.” Thus, support is contingent on which stakeholder citizens view as contributing to the problem (Lusk and Ellison, 2013; Thibodeau, Perko, and Flusberg, 2015). In this article, we study an unexplored area of food waste: attribution of blame. We assess consumers’ attribution of blame for food waste to different stakeholders and analyze blame attribution predictors. Following the extant literature on blame attribution and obesity, we argue that the motivation to action and accept policy change has a root in individuals’ blame for a societal problem.