jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
XIX.—Contributions to the Study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland. VI. On Zosterophyllum myretonianum, Penh., and Some Other Plant-remains from the Carmyllie Beds of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. VII. On a Specimen of Pseudosporochnus from the Stromness Beds

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Among the commonest and most abundant plant-remains in the Carmyllie and Cairnconon Beds of the Caledonian Lower Old Red Sandstone are branched linear axes about 2 mm. in width. These often occur in a fragmentary condition, but more connected portions demonstrating the morphology of the plant are also found. Though often associated with Parka and Nematophyton , the plant known as Zosterophyllum myretonianum is usually readily recognisable by its definite outline and uniform diameter, by its modes of branching, and by the remains of structure which it sometimes retains. As will be seen below, the axis of this plant was traversed by a single median strand that was composed of tracheides. Zosterophyllum is thus of special interest as the most ancient vascular plant known from British rocks. Some other plant-remains that may be confused with it have also been met with, though less commonly. These will be briefly considered, not merely for this reason, but on account of the very different and peculiar type of structure they exhibit.
Nitrogen starvation induces expression of Lg‐FLO1 and flocculation in bottom‐fermenting yeast

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract When exponentially growing cells of bottom‐fermenting yeast were starved for nitrogen or were grown on proline (a non‐preferred nitrogen source), flocculation was induced. This flocculation was not induced by starvation for either carbon or amino acids. Expression of Lg‐ FLO1 , which is required for flocculation of bottom‐fermenting yeast, was also found to be induced by starvation for nitrogen. This suggests that the flocculation of bottom‐fermenting yeast is under the control of a nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR)‐like mechanism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pressure Composition Temperature Curves of Hydride Moderators

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Microreactors are compact and mobile reactors which operate at low power and high temperatures. These reactors generate heat which is then converted to electricity for use in a variety of special purpose applications. Microreactors are of interest due to their light weight, compact size and the ability to meet the needs for high energy in difficult or remote areas. Metal hydrides have been studied for nuclear and aviation applications. The emergence of microreactors the interest in metal hydrides is significant due to their ability to moderate neutrons in a light weight and solid form. In case of an off normal event, more accurate data is needed for the absorption/desorption rates of the hydrides due to the high uncertainties on hydrogen redistribution in the moderator. The literature shows considerable discrepancies in the PCT curves for yttrium and zirconium. The uncertainty is much more notable at higher stoichiometries of the hydride phase at high temperature. To understand the in-pile performance, a detailed understating of the impurities and microstructure is needed.
Hierarchical Device-Level Modular Multilevel Converter Modeling for Parallel and Heterogeneous Transient Simulation of HVDC Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

System-level electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation of large-scale power converters with
high-order nonlinear semiconductor switch models remains a challenge albeit it is essential for design preview. In this work, a multi-layer hierarchical modeling methodology is proposed for high-performance computing of the modular multilevel converter involving device-level IGBT/diode models. The computational burden induced by converter scale and model complexity is dramatically alleviated following the proposal of topological reconfiguration and network equivalence, which create a substantial number of identical circuit units that facilitate massively parallel processing on the graphics processing unit (GPU), using the kernel-based single-instruction multi-threading computing architecture. As the DC system brings significant inhomogeneity which dilutes parallelism, heterogeneous computing is investigated and the computational tasks are properly assigned to CPU and GPU to fully exploit their respective features. The separation of nonlinear device-level models from the rest of the system enables multi-rate implementation for further efficiency enhancement since the two parts allow distinct time-steps. A remarkable acceleration of over 50 times is achieved by the hybrid CPU/GPU platform over conventional CPU simulation, and the validity of the proposed modeling and computing method is confirmed by commercial EMT tools ANSYS/Simplorer and PSCAD/EMTDC.
To Compare the Recurrence Rate of Strictures after Internal Optical Urethrotomy with Intralesional Injection of Mitomycin C versus without Mitomycin C Injection in Patients Presenting with Anterior Urethral Stricture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The urethral strictures occurred due to narrowing of urethra. These may occur after an injury or ureteral or excretory system diseases, due to the injury to urothelium or corpus spongiosum that lead to the development of scar tissues. Mitomycin C can be used as chemotherapeutic agent because of its quality of being anti-tumour actions. Aim: To compare the recurrence rate of strictures after internal optical urethrotomy with intralesional injection of Mitomycin C versus without Mitomycin C injection in patients presenting with anterior urethral stricture. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Urology, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from 5th September 2016 to 5th March 2017. Methodology: Sixty male patients age 18-70 years, diagnosed with anterior (penile and bulbar) urethral stricture up to 2.0cm were included. Patients were randomly divided into two groups; Group A patients were treated with internal optical urethrotomy alone and Group B patients treated with internal optical urethrotomy with intralesional injection of Mitomycin C. After the procedure, an 18F or 20F indwelling catheter left for 7 days. After 6 months, surgical site evaluated and if stricture again developed, then recurrence labeled. Results: The mean age was 39.32±11.38 years, mean duration of stricture was 6.85±3.32 months and the mean stricture size was 1.21±0.45 cm. The recurrence occurred in 18 (30%) patients. Significant difference was noted for recurrence in both groups (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: The recurrence rate with anterior urethral stricture is significantly lower in with Mitomycin C as compared to without Mitomycin C. Keywords: Recurrence, Urethral stricture, Mitomycin C
Transforming Cambodian Education: Full-Time Learning, Technology, and Language Integration for Public Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Cambodian government has announced a significant educational reform to transition public schools to full-time learning by integrating computer and English or Chinese language classes. This initiative is designed to enhance the quality of education and better prepare students for the demands of the modern world. This paper compares these proposed changes by examining practices in five private schools already implementing full-time education and advanced technological and multilingual programs. By evaluating the academic performance, resource availability, and overall educational outcomes of these private schools, this study aims to provide actionable recommendations for successfully adopting these strategies in public schools. The research involved surveys of 565 respondents, including students, teachers, school administrators, parents, and policymakers, and in-depth interviews with 50 key stakeholders. Key findings include strong support for full-time education, higher levels of technology integration, and better multilingual education in private schools. These findings will inform policymakers, educators, and stakeholders about the potential impacts and necessary steps to ensure the successful implementation of these educational reforms in Cambodia's public school system.
The scopes and falls of molecular targeted therapy in gastric cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Genome expression profiling in gastric cancer patients have shown unique molecular phenotypes that may cause differences in the pathological appearance and clinical behaviour of tumor.Interestingly, multiple alterations observed in the expression of receptor tyrosine kinases in the gastric cancer genome reveal multiple pathways that could be targeted therapeutically.Thus manipulation of these pathways using molecular targeting agents presents us with strategies that could change the existing treatment paradigms in gastric cancer therapy.Recent advances in molecular targeted therapies have shown huge prospects, however requires deeper insights into the tumor biology and selection of patient subtypes.In this review, we will discuss the current strategies, advances and prospects of molecular targeted therapies in gastric cancer.Special focus is being laid on Her2, EGFR, VEGF targeting and clinical trials that attempt to further enhance the treatment outcomes and clinical management of gastric cancer patients.
Quest for quiescent neutron star low mass X-ray binaries in the Small Magellanic Cloud

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present the first spectral search for neutron stars (NSs) in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) between outbursts in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). We identify and discuss candidate LMXBs in quiescence in the SMC using deep Chandra X-ray observations of two portions of the SMC. We produce X-ray color-magnitude-diagrams of XRSs of these two fields and identify 10 candidates for quiescent NS LMXBs. Spectral fitting and searches for optical counterparts rule out five, leaving five candidate quiescent NS LMXBs. We estimate that we are sensitive to ~10% of quiescent NS LMXBs in our fields. Our fields include 4.4×10^7 M⊙ of stellar mass, giving an upper limit of 10^{−6} LMXBs per M⊙ in the SMC. We place a lower limit on the average duty cycle of NS LMXBs as ~0.003.
Identification of a Novel V1-type AVP Receptor Based on the Molecular Recognition Theory

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This is the second AVP receptor cDNA isolated using AVP antipeptide-based oligonucleotide screening, thus providing compelling evidence in support of the molecular recognition theory as the basis of the evolution of this peptide hormone-receptor system, as well as adds molecular complexity and diversity to AVP receptor systems.
Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine in the Child

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Pediatric Sleep Disorders. Normal Sleep in Neonates and Children. Sleep in Adolescents. Control of Breathing During Sleep in the Fetus and Neonate. Assessment of Sleep Disorders in the Child. Monitoring of Sleep in Neonates and Young Children. Culture and Family: Influences on Childhood Sleep Practices and Problems. Colic. Sleeplessness in Children. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders in Childhood. Sleepwalking, Confusional Arousals, And Sleep Terrors in the Child. Nocturnal Enuresis in the Child. Non-Arousal Parasomnias in the Child. Narcolepsy, Kleine-Levin Syndrome, And Other Causes of the Sleepiness in Children. Sleep in Children with Neurological Problems. Sleep in Behavioral and Emotional Disorders. Primary Snoring in Children. Obstructurive Sleep Apnea in Infants and Children: Clinical Features and Pathophysiology. Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Infants and Children: Diagnosis and Managment. Sleep and Respiratory Disease in Children. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
From Family Planning to Reproductive Health: Challenges Facing India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Since its inception in 1951 Indias National Family Planning Program was dominated by demographic goals. The government introduced method-specific family planning targets in the mid-1960s in which state targets were set by the central government and then pursued at the local level. However in April 1996 the government of India abolished method-specific family planning targets throughout the country. In October 1997 India reoriented its national program and radically shifted its approach to more broadly address health and family limitation needs. This new approach involves a more comprehensive set of reproductive and child health services and a focus upon client choice service quality gender issues and underserved groups including adolescents postmenopausal men and women. This paper traces the roots of this change in orientation documents the programs achievements to date and examines the challenges which remain at the policy and implementation levels and in the overall socioeconomic environment in establishing a program which truly meets clients health needs.
Benchmarking simulations of the Compton Spectrometer and Imager with calibrations

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Compton Spectrometer and Imager (COSI) is a balloon-borne gamma-ray (0.2-5 MeV) telescope designed to study astrophysical sources. COSI employs a compact Compton telescope design utilizing 12 high-purity germanium double-sided strip detectors and is inherently sensitive to polarization. In 2016, COSI was launched from Wanaka, New Zealand and completed a successful 46-day flight on NASA's new Super Pressure Balloon. In order to perform imaging, spectral, and polarization analysis of the sources observed during the 2016 flight, we compute the detector response from well-benchmarked simulations. As required for accurate simulations of the instrument, we have built a comprehensive mass model of the instrument and developed a detailed detector effects engine which applies the intrinsic detector performance to Monte Carlo simulations. The simulated detector effects include energy, position, and timing resolution, thresholds, dead strips, charge sharing, charge loss, crosstalk, dead time, and detector trigger conditions. After including these effects, the simulations closely resemble the measurements, the standard analysis pipeline used for measurements can also be applied to the simulations, and the responses computed from the simulations are accurate. We have computed the systematic error that we must apply to measured fluxes at certain energies, which is 6.3% on average. Here we describe the detector effects engine and the benchmarking tests performed with calibrations.
Online learning to rank for content-based image retrieval

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A major challenge in Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is to bridge the semantic gap between low-level image contents and high-level semantic concepts. Although researchers have investigated a variety of retrieval techniques using different types of features and distance functions, no single best retrieval solution can fully tackle this challenge. In a real-world CBIR task, it is often highly desired to combine multiple types of different feature representations and diverse distance measures in order to close the semantic gap. In this paper, we investigate a new framework of learning to rank for CBIR, which aims to seek the optimal combination of different retrieval schemes by learning from large-scale training data in CBIR. We first formulate the problem formally as a learning to rank task, which can be solved in general by applying the existing batch learning to rank algorithms from text information retrieval (IR). To further address the scalability towards large-scale online CBIR applications, we present a family of online learning to rank algorithms, which are significantly more efficient and scalable than classical batch algorithms for large-scale online CBIR. Finally, we conduct an extensive set of experiments, in which encouraging results show that our technique is effective, scalable and promising for large-scale CBIR.
Long term survival and graft function after cadaver kidney transplantation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During the period 1968-75 310 cadaver kidney transplantations were carried out; 261 first-time, 45 second-time and 4 third-time transplantations. Graft survival after 5 years was about 30% for both the first and the second transplant. Patient survival after 5 years was about 50%. No relationship could be found between match grade and graft survival whereas the patient survival was definitely better in the younger age groups. The major cause of graft loss was rejection, vascular and ureteral complications being less frequent. The main cause of lethal outcome was complications to the immunosuppressive therapy and to a lesser degree cardiovascular events and malignant disorders. Cadaver kidney transplantation is an acceptable treatment of chronical renal failure particularly in younger persons and in cases where dialysis treatment is difficult.
Microporous Polysaccharide Hemospheres do not Increase Synechiae after Sinus Surgery: Randomized Controlled Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Many surgeons use absorbable packing materials after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Despite their popularity, some of these agents have been shown to contribute to synechiae formation. Microporous polysaccharide hemospheres (MPH) is a plant-based hemostatic powder that does not interfere with regenerating sinus mucosa in the animal model. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of MPH on healing and synechiae formation after ESS in human subjects. Methods A prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study was performed. Forty consenting adult patients with chronic sinusitis requiring symmetric ESS were randomized to receive MPH unilaterally at the conclusion of surgery. The opposite side was untreated. Standard postoperative care was performed bilaterally. Outcomes measured included blinded observer ratings for synechiae formation, edema, and infection. Each side was examined endoscopically and scored at postoperative days 7, 14, and 30. Results Twenty men and 20 women with an average age of 48.2 years were included. There were no complications and all patients were discharged home the same day. There was no significant difference in synechiae formation at any point postoperatively. The rate of synechiae formation was determined to be 10% (4/40) on the MPH-treated side versus 7.5% (3/40) on the untreated side (p = 0.7639). In addition, there were no significant differences observed in edema (p = 0.7480) or infection (p = 0.5533). Conclusion The use of MPH after sinus surgery does not increase synechiae formation and does not appear to deleteriously affect the healing of postoperative sinus cavities.
Hereditary Bleeding Disorder due to a Primary Defect in Platelet Release Reaction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

S ummary . A large family with a hereditary bleeding disorder was investigated. Easy bruising, epistaxis and menorrhagia were noted in seven members of three generations and at least one member in each generation was affected. Platelet function abnormalities were characterized by reduced 14 C‐serotonin release, absent second wave aggregation in response to ADP or epinephrine and reduced aggregation in response to collagen. Bleeding time was prolonged in three individuals and platelet factor 3 availability was abnormal in four. Platelet count, morphology, adhesiveness and clot retraction were normal in all. Platelet ADP and ATP as well as ATP to ADP ratio were normal. This family probably represents the first documented instance of hereditary platelet primary release disorder. To elucidate the pathogenetic mechanism, further functional studies were performed. No appreciable shape change, 14 C‐serotonin release of aggregation was observed when the propositus’ platelets were stimulated with sodium arachidonate or a PGH 2 analogue. By contrast, platelets responded normally to ionophore A23187, thrombin and ristocetin. The findings indicate that the hereditary primary release disorder is probably due to a reduced thromboxane A2 production secondary to thromboxane synthetase deficiency. Alternatively, it may be due to platelet membrane abnormalities which render platelets unresponsive to thromboxane A 2 .
Magnetic Fields in Massive Star-forming Regions (MagMaR). IV. Tracing the Magnetic Fields in the O-type Protostellar System IRAS 16547–4247

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The formation of the massive stars, and in particular, the role that the magnetic fields play in their early evolutionary phase is still far from being completely understood. Here, we present the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array 1.2 mm full polarized continuum and H 13 CO + (3−2), CS(5−4), and HN 13 C(3−2) line observations with a high angular resolution (∼0.″4 or 1100 au). In the 1.2 mm continuum emission, we reveal a dusty envelope surrounding the massive protostars, IRAS16547-E and IRAS16547-W, with dimensions of ∼10,000 au. This envelope has a biconical structure likely carved by the powerful thermal radio jet present in region. The magnetic field vectors follow very well the biconical envelope. The polarization fraction is ∼2.0% in this region. Some of these vectors seem to converge to IRAS 16547-E and IRAS 16547-W, the most massive protostars. Moreover, the velocity fields revealed from the spectral lines H 13 CO + (3−2) and HN 13 C(3−2) show velocity gradients with a good correspondence with the magnetic fields, which maybe are tracing the cavities of molecular outflows or maybe infalling in some parts. We derived a magnetic field strength in some filamentary regions that goes from 2 to 6.1 mG. We also find that the CS(5−4) molecular line emission reveals multiple outflow cavities or bow shocks with different orientations, some of which seem to follow the NW–SE radio thermal jet.
A reinvestigation of saxitoxin production and sxtA in the 'non-toxic' Alexandrium tamarense Group V clade

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The three Alexandrium species A. tamarense, A. fundyense and A. catenella include strains that can be potent producers of the neurotoxin saxitoxin (STX) and its analogues, the causative agents of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). These three species are morphologically highly similar, differing from each other only in the possession of a ventral pore, or in the ability to form chains. The appropriateness of these morphological characters for species delimitation has been extensively debated. A distinctive clade of this species complex, Group V, Tasmanian clade, is found in southern Australia, and occasionally occurs in bloom proportions. This clade has been considered non-toxic, and no PSP toxins have been found in shellfish following blooms of this species. In the present study, we report on a Tasmanian strain of A. tamarense, Group V that produces STX and possesses the gene, sxtA that is putatively involved in STX production. The toxin profile was determined and is unusual, including a high proportion of GTX5 and a small amount of STX, and differs from that of co-occurring A. catenella (Group IV). A putative bloom of A. tamarense that occurred in October 2010, and the subsequent finding of STX in Sydney Rock Oysters (. Saccostrea glomerata), may suggest that some naturally occurring strains of this species could produce STX. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.