jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Different Nutritional Scores in Elderly Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure in the Coronary Intensive Care Unit

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The relationship between heart failure and malnutrition is significant. The most commonly used nutritional indices are theprognostic nutritional index, controlling nutritional status, and albumin–bilirubin grade. We aimed to investigate the clinical impact of nutritional status in elderly acute decompensated heart failure patients and the relationship between the prognostic nutritional index, controlling nutritional status, and albumin–bilirubin grade nutritional indices to detect 12-month and 3-month rehospitalization rates, mortality, and length of stay in the Coronary Intensive Care Unit. Our study is the first to evaluate the controlling nutritional status and albumin–bilirubin grade in our study cohort in Turkey. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 1162 patients hospitalized in the Coronary Intensive Care Unit were evaluated retrospectively. A total of 123 patients were included. Results: We found a statistically significant difference between the prognostic nutritional index, albumin–bilirubin grade and controlling nutritional status scores and mortality. However, the most statistically significant relationship was found in the prognostic nutritional index score. We found that as the nutritional scores worsened, the length of hospital stay was prolonged. The albumin–bilirubin grade score in the short term and controlling nutritional status score in the long term were not statistically significant to show rehospitalization. Conclusion: Prognostic nutritional index is an independent predictor of mortality, short- and long-term rehospitalizations, and length of stay in elderly patients with acute decompensated heartfailure. Its predictive power was better than the albumin–bilirubin grade and controlling nutritional status scores evaluated in our study. Keywords: Heart Failure; Malnutrition; Aged; Coronary Care Unit; Nutritional Status.
Predictive formulation of the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A novel strategy to handle divergences typical of perturbative calculations is implemented for the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model and its phenomenological consequences investigated. The central idea of the method is to avoid the critical step involved in the regularization process, namely, the explicit evaluation of divergent integrals. This goal is achieved by assuming a regularization distribution in an implicit way and making use, in intermediary steps, only of very general properties of such regularization. The finite parts are separated from the divergent ones and integrated free from effects of the regularization. The divergent parts are organized in terms of standard objects, which are independent of the ( arbitrary) momenta running in internal lines of loop graphs. Through the analysis of symmetry relations, a set of properties for the divergent objects are identified, which we denominate consistency relations, reducing the number of divergent objects to only a few. The calculational strategy eliminates unphysical dependencies of the arbitrary choices for the routing of internal momenta, leading to ambiguity-free, and symmetry-preserving physical amplitudes. We show that the imposition of scale properties for the basic divergent objects leads to a critical condition for the constituent quark mass such that the remaining arbitrariness is removed. The model becomes predictive in the sense that its phenomenological consequences do not depend on possible choices made in intermediary steps. Numerical results are obtained for physical quantities at the one-loop level for the pion and sigma masses and pion-quark and sigma-quark coupling constants.
Reaction of Sulfoxides with Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride: Fluoromethyl Phenyl Sulfone, A Reagent for the Synthesis of Fluoroalkenes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Reaction of sulfoxides with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride: fluoromethyl phenyl sulfone, a reagent for the synthesis of fluoroalkenes intermediate: fluoromethyl phenyl sulfide 1 product: fluoromethyl phenyl sulfone (2)
Duration of oral procaterol protection from methacholine-induced bronchial obstruction.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The duration of action of procaterol, a beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist with an entirely new chemical structure, was assessed, in comparison to that of salbutamol, by inhalation of 43 inhalation units of methacholine at time intervals of 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 hours after intake of the drugs. Procaterol and salbutamol were given in a double-blind random fashion, on different days, to 12 asthmatic children; pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV1, MEF50, MEF25), skeletal muscle tremor, and vital signs (heart rate and blood pressure) were measured. Although there was no statistical significant difference between procaterol and salbutamol, protection of large and medium airways lasted for about five hours, while normal small airway patency was still present at seven hours. It is concluded that procaterol can be a good alternative beta-2-adrenoceptor agonist when the oral route is needed.
Does Vibrato Define Genre Or Vice Versa?: A Novel Parametric Approach To Vocal Vibrato Analysis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Summary: Objectives/Hypothesis. A multifactorial phenomenon, vibrato exists in a variety of musical styles and genre contexts. Yet, vibrato has been historically analyzed with tools presuming a Western Classical Opera aesthetic. Current analytical methods using average metrics are applicable only if the vibrato is uniform, consistent, persistent, and omnipresent. This disregards significant stylistic characteristics of many performed genres with non-normative, naturally-occurring vibrato features. Therefore, a new system of vibrato parameters considering vibrato regularity, variability, and stability over time in more genres is essential.Methods. Fifteen professional Operatic, Musical Theater, and Jazz mezzo-sopranos and sopranos recorded a task list of two cross-genre songs and one vocal exercise. Sixteen pitch segments from each singer were subjected to sinusoidal extraction, fo band-pass filtering, and a FFT LTAS in Praat. Correlations in mean half-extent (in cents), pitch, vowel, style/singer subject were analyzed for each sample and assessed using standard deviation, Coefficient of Variation (CV), linear and polynomial regression, and non-linear regression techniques in R. A subsequent perceptual survey using samples most representative of each genre’s average CV was distributed to seven vocal pedagogue judges.Results. The acoustic analysis results indicated that vibrato variability predictably distinguished performed genres. The CV well characterized vibrato variability and was higher in the samples of Musical Theater and Jazz singers. A 4-parameter logistic regression model is proposed as a novel application and more accurate representation of such multiphasic vibrato with complex shapes. The perceptual survey results confirmed that Jazz and Musical Theater singers’ vibrato variability was more distinctively perceived and accurately categorized when compared to Opera singers’ vibrato.Discussion. The novel application of perceptually-correlated vibrato models and time-varying parameters proposed in this two-part study may be employed to examine and evaluate complex vibrato patterns and style-specific performance. In turn, this promotes more genre-inclusive voice training in the vocal studio and contributes ecologically valid normative thresholds for vibrato habilitation and rehabilitation in the voice clinic.Keywords: vibrato variability, acoustics, perception, genre, pedagogy, singing
Effect of Mixed Viral Infections (Potato Virus Y–Potato Leafroll Virus) on Biology and Preference of Vectors Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mixed viral infections of heterologous viruses such as Potato virus Y (family Potyviridae, genus Potyvirus, PVY) and Potato leafroll virus (family Luteoviridae, genus Polerovirus, PLRV) are a regular occurrence in Idaho’s potato, Solanum tuberosum (L.), cropping systems. An increased number of plant samples from Idaho’s potato fields over the past 2 yr has serologically tested positive for both PVY and PLRV via double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) and exhibited more severe symptoms than singly-infected plants (PVY or PLRV). Several studies have extensively examined the mixed infection phenomenon but to the best of our knowledge, none have examined the effect of such infections on vector biology and preference. Laboratory studies were conducted to examine the effect of mixed viral (PVY–PLRV) infection on the fecundity and preference of two of the most efficient PVY and PLRV vectors, the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). M. persicae and M. euphorbiae adults were clip-caged (one adult per cage) to leaflets of PVY, PLRV, PVY–PLRV-infected, and noninfected potato plants. The number of nymphs produced in all four treatments was recorded after 96 h. M. persicae and M. euphorbiae fecundity was significantly higher on mixed infected plants than on singly infected plants or noninfected plants. Preference of alatae and apterae of M. persicae and M. euphorbiae was determined with the use of settling bioassays. Both alatae and apterae of M. persicae and M. euphorbiae preferentially settled on PVY–PLRV-infected plants than on singly infected plants (PVY or PLRV) or noninfected plants.
Protective mechanisms of melatonin against hydrogen-peroxide-induced toxicity in human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Many obstacles compromise the efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) by inducing apoptosis in the grafted BM-MSCs. The current study investigates the effect of melatonin on important mediators involved in survival of BM-MSCs in hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) apoptosis model. In brief, BM-MSCs were isolated, treated with melatonin, and then exposed to H 2 O 2 . Their viability was assessed by MTT assay and apoptotic fractions were evaluated through Annexin V, Hoechst staining, and ADP/ATP ratio. Oxidative stress biomarkers including ROS, total antioxidant power (TAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, glutathione (GSH), thiol molecules, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined. Secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) were measured by ELISA assay. The protein expression of caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2, was also evaluated by Western blotting. Melatonin pretreatment significantly increased viability and decreased apoptotic fraction of H 2 O 2 -exposed BM-MSCs. Melatonin also decreased ROS generation, as well as increasing the activity of SOD and CAT enzymes and GSH content. Secretion of inflammatory cytokines in H 2 O 2 -exposed cells was also reduced by melatonin. Expression of caspase-3 and Bax proteins in H 2 O 2 -exposed cells was diminished by melatonin pretreatment. The findings suggest that melatonin may be an effective protective agent against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in MSC.
Cusp latitude magnetic impulse events: 2. Interplanetary magnetic field and solar wind conditions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions and solar wind plasma parameters prevailing during the magnetic impulse events identified by Lanzerotti et al. (1991) at the near cusp latitude stations Iqaluit, Northwest Territories, Canada, and South Pole Station, Antarctica, are examined. The impulse events are found to occur during periods of high IMF variability. The prevailing IMF orientation, averaged over 11‐min periods during the events, shows no distinct anisotropies. However, by examining the IMF orientation when the IMF variability is small a south‐east anisotropy is found. Examining the IMF orientation on timescales of less than 1 min reveals that the impulse events are characterized by a more southward oriented IMF than is to be expected statistically. The duration of the events is found to be controlled by both solar wind speed and by the IMF B y . The IMF B y control of the duration of nonconjugate events is in accordance with the effect expected from the presence of magnetic tension in a reconnection setting. The amplitude of the events is found to be strongly related to solar wind speed. These findings suggest that sporadic reconnection is among the mechanisms producing the events. On the basis of the amplitudes of the impulse events, it is argued that the fractional changes in dynamic pressure must be of the order of 1 to be able to associate the impulse events with changes in the dynamic pressure. Such variability in the dynamic pressure at the time of the magnetic impulse events is not observed. It is concluded that a change in the solar wind dynamic pressure, while not among the primary mechanisms generating the magnetic impulse events, may account for between 15% and 30% of them. On the other hand, reconnection processes are able to produce impulse events of the required magnitude. It is argued then that magnetic reconnection is likely responsible for generating a minimum of 50%‐70% to a maximum of 90% of the events. However, this conclusion leaves parts of the picture unclear. Lanzerotti et al. (1991) found that magnetic impulse events with a unipolar deflection in the vertical component of the magnetic field possessed a local time dependence; positive deflections occurred in local morning, while negative deflections occurred in local afternoon. This dependence can be explained by postulating that the magnetic impulse events are associated with vortices generated by the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability in the low‐latitude boundary layer. As such, it is suggested that the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability may mediate the process by which sporadic reconnection produces a ground signature.
Process Improvement to Reduce Defects from Magnetic Reader Resistance Failure in Hard Disk Drive

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper illustrates an application of the FMEA method to study and analyze the defect causes in order to reduce the defects from failure of the magnetic reader head used in the 3.5-inch desktop hard disk drive assembly process. The failure ratio of 11.27% was observed at the hard disk drive assembly operation. The solution approach started from identifying sub-processes, where the PCBA Assembly Process became the focus of the analysis since it presented the highest failure ratio among sub-processes. Experts were invited to be the FMEA team. Brainstorming, discussion and analyses indicated that the top three causes of failure arose from: the contact and separation events which induced electrostatic on PCBA, the change of material and packing of PCBA leading to an increase in sensitivity to electrostatic discharge, and the new design process which impacted the head resistance to electrostatic stress. The two actions to address these causes were experimented. The first solution was to implement a new process incorporating the prevention of contact and separation events, creating controlled document, and deionizing electrostatic discharge on PCBA before assembling to the hard disk drive. The second solution was to redesign magnetic reader head to enhance the resistance on electrostatic discharge flow and to improve head performance. The experimental results showed that each solution could reduce the failure rate to 1.67% and 5.33%, respectively, and the combined solutions could decrease the failure rate to 1.33%.
I. A Sketch of the History of the Asylum, or Sanctuary, from its Origin to the final Abolition of it in the Reign of James I. By the Rev. Samuel Pegge

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The institution proposed for the subject of the following memoir, is of very ancient and even divine original: and as it has undergone, at times and in different countries, so many alterations and revolutions, and I may add such horrible and scandalous abuses, the history of its various fate and fortune may deservedly become a proper object of enquiry and elucidation.
The Wisconsin Conference on World Land Tenure Problems: Background and Setting

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

BEHIND this announcement lies a long history of American interest in land tenure problems. Throughout the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth century the people of the United States devoted a major part of their energies to the development and carrying out of land policies on a heroic scale. The tasks of settling a continent, dividing up its land, and of creating a system of farms owned predominantly by the people who farm them have played a major role in United States history. The development of the American land tenure system has been part of a long history of world wide struggle for land tenure reforms-a struggle the roots of which lie deep in antiquity, and one that still plagues the world today. In this century two world wars have brought in their wake a succession of revolutions and reforms centered in an
Striving for Confidence and Satisfaction in Everyday Life with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Rationale and Content of the Tele-Rehabilitation Programme >C☺PD-Life>>

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: More feasible rehabilitation programmes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are warranted. Even so, still in its infancy, telerehabilitation to COPD patients reveals promising results, wherefore it is anticipated to contribute significant value to the current challenges of rehabilitation to these patients. To expand useful knowledge in the field, more sophisticated telerehabilitation interventions must be developed and appraised, but first and foremost, thoroughly described. Aims and methods: The aim of this article is to give a detailed description of the rationale and content of the >C☺PD-Life>> programme, within the bounds of the checklist of Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR). Approach: >C☺PD-Life>> is a telerehabilitation programme for COPD patients delivered as a study intervention by an interprofessional team of clinicians collaborating from both the hospital and the municipal healthcare system. Making use of two-way audio and visual communication software, 15 patients participated in the intervention via a tablet computer from their private setting. The programme was a six-month-long empowerment-based rehabilitation that aimed to support COPD patients in leading a satisfactory and confident life with appropriate physical activity and high disease management. Conclusions: A long-term interprofessional cross-sectoral telerehabilitation programme has been justified and described. The intervention was tested in 2017–2018 and the qualitative appraisal, along with an analysis of case-based measurements of development in physical capacity, COPD Assesment Test, and health management, is currently under production.
The terahertz spectroscopic investigation and vibration analysis of triadimefon

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The terahertz spectra of triadimefon has been investigated using time-domain THz spectroscopy (THz-TDS) in the range of 0.4~2.0 THz. Calculations of the vibrational modes and intensities are carried out using solid-state density functional theory (DFT) with periodic boundary condition employing the B3LYP and PW91 density functions. Good agreement between the calculated and experimentally measured spectra has been achieved where isolated-molecule calculations fail to reproduce the observed spectral characters. These simulations reveal that the solid-state DFT calculations provide high quality structural and spectral reproductions. All the experimental THz absorption peaks are assigned utilizing the PW91 and BLYP method.
Changes of several immunological parameters in before and after gastrectomy and immunotherapy in patients with gastric cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

胃癌切除症例55例に対し, リンパ球サブセットを含む各種免疫パラメーターを測定し, 進行度別, 術前・中・後の推移, PSK投与の有無により比較検討した. 進行度別ではPPD, SuPS, IAP, リンパ球数は進行度を反映したが, リンパ球サブセットには一定の傾向が認められなかった. 術前・中・後の推移では, 術中にOKT4, 4/8比の低下が認められ, 手術侵襲により, ごく早期からリンパ球サブセットの変動が認められた. PSK投与群では, 非投与群に比べ術後3ヵ月ころよりOKT4, 4/8比が上昇し, 術後の免疫能の改善にPSKが促進的に作用しているものと思われた. また, T細胞サブセットの解析は免疫療法の効果判定の1つの指標として有用であると思われた.
Separating content trait and varying thresholds in IRT approaches accounting for response styles

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

IRT models with varying thresholds account for response styles by treating each threshold as a random effect. However, it usually constrains trait and thresholds to be unrelated: an assumption that is likely to be violated in empirical data. I propose a sum-to-zero constraint for varying threshold models that separates trait and response style effects and allows for the full estimation of the variance-covariance matrix. The new modeling approach is relevant for psychometric and applied researchers: it increases the informative value of varying threshold models while applying minimal a priori assumptions. R Code to estimate the new model with the package TAM is provided in this repository.
Role of Orexin System in Obesity

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Obesity is a public health disease and its incidence is steadily increasing both in adults and in children especially \nin the Western World. It is important to understand the underlying mechanisms of obesity and possible treatments as \nthe orexin system with its receptors, which are involved in different physiological processes. In fact, the aim of this \nmini-review is to consider the importance of the orexin system and the role that orexin plays in the regulation of obesity \nand physical activity. Furthermore to demonstrate how the orexin and its receptors fit within a network distributed \nin multiple brain areas, each with specific actions, whose activation and interconnection has been seen to lead \nto a lower propensity for increase of fat mass, it could thus constitute an important future target for prevention and \ntreatment of obesity.