jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Population pharmacokinetics of oxycodone: Premature neonates to adults

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Oxycodone is used in children and adults for the control of acute postoperative pain. Covariate influences such as age, size, and fat mass on oxycodone pharmacokinetic parameters over the human lifespan are poorly quantified. Methods Pooled oxycodone time‐concentration profiles were available from preterm neonates to adults. Data from intravenous, intramuscular, buccal, and epidural formulations were analyzed using nonlinear mixed‐effects models. Normal fat mass was used to determine the influence of fat on oxycodone pharmacokinetics. Theory‐based allometry was used to scale pharmacokinetic parameters to a 70 kg individual. A maturation function described the increase in clearance in neonates and infants. Results There were 237 subjects (24 weeks postmenstrual age to 75 years; 0.44–110 kg) providing 1317 plasma concentrations. A three‐compartment model with first‐order elimination best described oxycodone disposition. Population parameter estimates were clearance (CL) 48.6 L.h −1 .70 kg −1 (CV 71%); intercompartmental clearances (Q2) 220 L.h −1 .70 kg −1 (CV 64%); Q3 1.45 L.h −1 .70 kg −1 ; volume of distribution in the central compartment (V1) 98.2 L.70 kg −1 (CV 76%); rapidly equilibrating peripheral compartment (V2) 90.1 L. 70 kg −1 (CV 76%); slow equilibrating peripheral compartment (V3) 28.9 L.70 kg −1 . Total body weight was the best size descriptor for clearances and volumes. Absorption halftimes (T ABS ) were: 1.1 minutes for intramuscular, 70 minutes for epidural, 82 minutes for nasogastric, and 159.6 minutes for buccal administration routes. The relative bioavailability after nasogastric administration was 0.673 with a lag time of 8.7 minutes. Conclusions Clearance matured with age; 8% of the typical adult value at 24 weeks postmenstrual age, 33% in a term neonate and reached 90% of the adult clearance value by the end of the first year of life. Allometric scaling using total body weight was the better size descriptor of oxycodone clearance than fat‐free mass.
A Novel Biogenic Silicon-Based Anode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Silicon possesses a 10-fold specific capacity compared to commonly used carbon-based anodes. The volume instability, among other impediments for practical use of silicon anodes, leads to the rapid decay of the capacity because of poor cyclability. Urgent mechanisms are required to improve lithium-ion storage during cycling and prevent volume variation in the silicon structure. Biogenic silicon derived from sugarcane bagasse can be used in nanoelectronic devices. Over the years, electrode materials have been an essential part of battery components. Moreover, electrode materials are favourable for highly portable nanoelectronics, hybrid as well as pure electric vehicles, etc. Furthermore, the biogenic silicon chosen for this study was based on natural abundance, environmental friendliness, and affordability. However, most silicon anodes are hindered by unstable volume expansion, variation in solid electrolyte interface films, and poor electrical conductivity. The focus is on silicon anodes, recent developments, and the potential of biogenic silicon from sugarcane waste, exploring its physicochemical properties to meet the requirements of a suitable anode material.
Accurate loop gain prediction for load DC-DC converters in on-board distributed power systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents methods to obtain control loop system performance for load converters in an on-board distributed power system (DPS). It is shown that by proper characterization of "stand-alone" DC-DC converters (prior to being placed in a DPS), it is possible to know control loop performance of each load converter after it is connected to the DPS. A CAD tool has been developed to help in the DPS design. Experimental data verify the proposed approach.
Collection and use of uncertain data in a mobile GIS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study looked into the possibility of saving power in mobile geographical information\nsystems by extending the interval between GPS updates. A J2ME application has been\ndeveloped to test this theory. Via a map it can guide the user to his destination. The program\ndisplays the current uncertainty of the user’s position. This uncertainty spreads out until the\nnext GPS update is received. To make the long update intervals transparent to the user, a dead\nreckoning scheme was included. The application tries to guess where the user is, based on\ndifferent input like the previous position or data from the phone’s accelerometer. Both the\nspreading of the uncertainty and the dead reckoning has different implementations for driving\nand walking. The tests of the application showed that the phone battery lasted approximately\n4 times longer when going from 2 seconds GPS update intervals, to only updating when the\nuncertainty exceeded 500 meters in diameter. The results lead to the conclusion that extending\nthe update intervals is a great way to achieve longer battery life for mobile applications which\nrely on a GPS receiver.
Proteomic Analysis Resolves Distinct Molecular Signatures in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain Across Diverse Racial Groups

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease, yet our comprehension predominantly relies on studies within the non‐Hispanic White (NHW) population. To address this, Accelerating Medicines Partnership in AD (AMP‐AD) aimed to promote inclusivity in multi‐omics AD research, to unravel unique molecular signatures and pathways. The study aimed to provide comprehensive insights into the proteomic landscape of AD across diverse racial groups. Method Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and superior temporal gyrus (STG) brain tissues were donated from multiple centers (Mayo Clinic, Emory University, Rush University, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine) and were harmonized through neuropathological evaluation, specifically adhering to the Braak staging and CERAD criteria. Among 1105 DLPFC tissue samples (980 unique individuals), 322 were from African American donors, 214 from Latino Americans, 551 from NHW donors, and the rest were from a mixed or unknown racial background. Among 280 STG samples, 86 were African American, 76 Latino American, 116 NHW and the rest were mixed or unknown ethnicity. All tissues were uniformly homogenized and analyzed by tandem mass tag‐based mass spectrometry (TMT‐MS). Following quality control (QC), proteins with more than 50% missing values were removed and iterative principal component analysis was conducted to remove outliers within brain regions. Differential protein expression was conducted within and across races after adjusting for batch using regression‐analysis. Result In total, 9,180 proteins from the DLPFC, and 9,734 proteins from STG brain tissues were quantified by TMT‐MS. Further analysis identified approximately 3,000 differentially abundant proteins in AD brains compared to controls within race. The AD‐associated differentially abundant proteins were strongly correlated between DLPFC and STG regions and with CERAD and Braak. Protein levels of MAPT and APP demonstrated equivalent disease‐related elevations in both African American and NHW individuals with AD. Notably, after adjusting for AD, significant differences in protein levels were identified across race. Conclusion The proteomics approach employed by AMP‐AD sheds light on the brain proteome in AD across diverse racial groups, emphasizing the importance of inclusive research in establishing robust and generalizable discoveries. The identified proteins here could underscore racial disparities beyond disease association, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of AD pathophysiology.
Ateliers de diffusion du portrait impérial et histoire de l'art romain : à propos du Dèce capitolin

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The place of the portrait of Emperor Decius (249-251) Capitoline in the history of the art of this period of crisis has been frequently analyzed in terms which reflect, not the general trend of third century art, but the technical particularities of a work which is, until now, the unique, or almost unique testimony of this reign in Roman portraiture. A number of its traits in fact do no more than reflect the particular orientation of the workshop which sculpted it, a workshop whose "Kunstwollen" is not necessary indicative of all future developments. It is on a much broader basis, with a much larger number of examples, and over a much longer period of time, that we should define the stylistic evolution of the period.
Democratizing Criminal Law: Feasibility, Utility, and the Challenge of Social Change

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The notion of “democratizing criminal law” has an initial appeal because, after all, we believe in the importance of democracy and because criminal law is so important – it protects us from the most egregious wrongs and is the vehicle by which we allow the most serious governmental intrusions in the lives of individuals. Given criminal law’s special status, isn’t it appropriate that this most important and most intrusive governmental power be subject to the constraints of democratic determination?\nBut perhaps the initial appeal of this grand principle must give way to practical realities. As much as we are devoted to democratic ideals, perhaps the path to a better society is one that must recognize inherent weaknesses in the system of democratic action, which necessarily relies upon the judgments of common people. Perhaps, when dealing with things as important as doing justice and preventing crime, we must look instead to experts, such as criminologists and moral philosophers. Perhaps the path to a better society is one that, in this instance, should skirt democratic preferences as needed?\nMore specifically, consider some of the realities that might derail a movement toward democratizing criminal law: First, perhaps there is no such thing as a shared community view of justice on which to base a criminal law, but simply an endless list of individual disagreements. There can be no such thing as a criminal code that reflects community views if there is no such thing as a community view. Second, even if there were a shared community sense of justice, perhaps it is brutish and draconian, something born of anger and suspicion and not something that even the people themselves feel should be enshrined in public principles of liability and punishment. Third, even if community views of justice are in fact enlightened, something that people would be proud to enshrine in public law, perhaps they are not the path to a society with less crime. That is, perhaps the path to effective crime control is not through justice – either the community’s view of it or the moral philosopher’s view – but through more instrumentalist crime-control mechanisms, such as general deterrence or incapacitation of the dangerous. And finally, even if relying upon the community’s views of justice did turn out to be a mechanism of effective crime-control, wouldn’t such a system condemn us to live under the status quo of current community views, when history teaches us that a society can improve itself and the lives of its members only by moving ever forward in refining its judgments of justice?\nThus, this brief essay will take up these four questions: Is there any such thing as the community’s views of justice? Are the community’s views of justice brutish and draconian? Why should a criminal law concerned with crime-control care what the community thinks is just? Should the criminal law ever deviate from the community’s shared judgments of justice?
Affordable avionic networks with Gigabit Ethernet assessing the suitability of commercial components for airborne use

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A variety of networking standards have been proposed and implemented to provide real-time network performance guarantees in embedded systems. These standards all focus on bounding individual message latency; however, we argue that this is not the most important measure for a large class of avionic systems. We show the key metric for this class of architectures, and present the results of an experiment using standard commercial-grade Gigabit Ethernet equipment to assess the suitability of COTS components in this environment. The path to more affordable future avionic architectures may be open now.
Nature Conservation in a Changing World

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Still widely heralded as "America's best idea," the national parks actually represent an assortment of ideas that have evolved over time. As the Park Service's founding director, Stephen Mather poured his enormous energy, passion, and personal wealth into making the national parks one of the country's most cherished institutions, and, judging by the extraordinary growth of the national park system and in visitor numbers, he largely succeeded. The national parks inevitably evoke powerful positive images of unsullied landscapes; majestic mountain peaks; free-roaming wildlife; clear, flowing rivers; ranger-led campfire talks; and carefree family vacations. The public rarely contemplates other prevalent but less savory images: car-clogged roads, a cacophony of two-cycle engines, degraded ecosystems, the pervasive taint of commercialism, and unrelenting local development and political pressures. In the midst of such awesome beauty, it is hard to acknowledge that the national park idea is still far from settled, much less that it is often shrouded in controversy. But that has been the reality from the beginning, and it is no less true today.KeywordsNational ParkGrand CanyonPark BoundaryPark VisitationResource Management PolicyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Russian Legislation on Security Interest: Important Changes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 2013 an important reform of civil legislation was performed in the Russian Federation. The reform was performed in 3 steps by passing the laws amending the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter – the Russian Civil Code) within the year 2013. As a result, the Russian legislature has changed and greatly enhanced Civil Code and, particularly, legislation on security. Today the Russian Civil Code includes a chapter on obligations, which contains an expanded and sophisticated section on “security interest”. Thus in our article we have reviewed the main steps of the Russian Civil legislation Reform. Particularly, we have identified the main reasons of this reform. However, in this article we have analyzed the provisions on security interest more detail. In our article we reviewed the main law changes on security interest, which have been introduced since 2008. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2p22
JEFFREY O. G. OGBAR. Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity. (Reconfiguring American Political History.) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 2005. Pp. x, 258. $45.00

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There are several important issues at work in Jeffrey O. G. Ogbar's book. One concerns the relationship between the civil rights movement in the South and the later, but sometimes overlapping, black power movement in northern and western cities. Ogbar's inclination is to attribute more lasting influence to the latter than to the former. A second issue concerns the relationship between the black power movement that emerged by the mid-1960s and the tradition of black nationalism, which both antedated and survived it. Here the crucial mediating organizations were the Nation of Islam (NOI) and the Black Panther Party (BPP). While Ogbar considers the former an authentic black nationalist organization, albeit with a specifically racial ideology, the BPP was actually a Marxist party of sorts. Yet, although it emphasized a “class” approach over racial-cultural analysis, its style and rhetoric often encouraged as much as it discouraged black consciousness. A third issue concerns the profound influence that the style and ethos of the BPP had on other expressions of “radical ethnic nationalism” (p. 138), particularly on the West Coast. Mexican Americans, Chinese and Japanese Americans, Native Americans, Puerto Ricans, and even white working-class Americans created organizations that owed much to the BPP's program and style. Finally, Ogbar takes up the complex relationship between black power, which focused on “inclusion while advocating autonomy and self-determination” (p. 2), and black popular culture. It would seem logical that black pride should have approved of popular expressions of black culture. Yet both the NOI and BPP sometimes spoke as though existing black popular culture was degenerate and decadent, a symptom of the brainwashing white America had inflicted on blacks and a diversion from the religious (NOI) or political (BPP) tasks ahead, if African Americans were to achieve liberation and autonomy.
Penetration through the Egg-shell ofPieris brassicae(L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The structure of the shell of eggs of Pieris brassicae (L.), together with changes in it and associated membranes during embryonic development, have been investigated in relation to the penetration and toxicity of simple chemicals. The rigid outer shell consists of two proteinaceous layers, covered externally by a relatively hydrofuge cement, by which the egg is attached to the leaf surface. The egg has respiratory pores over its surface, and a single apical micropyle penetrating these layers. The inside of the rigid shell is lined with a layer of unsaturated oil—an unusual feature for an insect egg. When the egg is first laid, the vitelline membrane is directly applied to the inner surface of the solid shell over the region immediately around the micropyle, but within four hours this contact is broken, and the oil layer flows into this region also, and becomes complete. As development proceeds, the vitelline layer is replaced by membranes of embryonic origin, but before eclosion both these epembryonic layers, and also the oil, are resorbed. The egg is remarkably resistant to water-soluble poisons which have no oil-solubility, except during the first four hours of development. This resistance is attributed almost entirely to the oil layer, and the early susceptibility to its absence over the micropylar region. These changes are not reflected in the effect of oil-soluble poisons or fumigants. The solid portions of the shell do not seem to be of great importance in restricting the entry of liquid poisons, even though the cement is comparatively hydrofuge; from experiments with wetting agents and with eggs immersed in poisons under vacuum, it does not appear that the respiratory air spaces in the shell are preferential channels of access; rather, the poisons penetrate through the solid portions of the shell. This penetration, even of oil-soluble materials, is slow, for they can be effectively washed out of the shell again, some considerable time after dipping. On the other hand, non-volatile oily materials can interfere with the respiration of the egg by blocking the air spaces in the shell. The secretion of epembryonic layers does not appear to change the resistance of the egg to water-soluble materials; this is to be expected, for they do not contain lipoid. On the other hand they do add appreciably to the resistance to oil-soluble materials. There is no evidence that poisons are accumulated in these epembryonic membranes, and released during the pre-eclosion period. Experiments with covalent compounds, such as mercuric chloride, suggest that their oil-solubility accounts for their toxicity, whereas electrovalent compounds containing similar heavy metals are only effective while the direct micropylar path of entry is available to them.
Gembala Sidang Yang Baik menurut Yohanes 10:1-18

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

God wants someone who can keep, care, and maintain His people with full responsibility. In the context of today's Christians, this responsibility rests with the pastor. However, not all pastors meet the criteria of a good pastor, so it is necessary to examine how the criteria of a good pastor. This study aims to find out how a good pastor according to John 10: 1-18. With the exegetical method the researcher draws the following conclusions: First in spirituality a good pastor knows God properly based on the written revelation of God, namely the Bible. Second in terms of character, a good pastor is the person who is responsible for the tasks they carry. He is willing to sacrifice as a form of responsibility. Third, in terms of the relationship between the pastor and the congregation, a good pastor knows the congregation he is pastoring. Fourth, in terms of service, the pastor understands and carries out procedures correctly. Abstrak: Tuhan menghendaki adanya orang yang dapat menjaga, memedulikan, dan memelihara umat-Nya dengan penuh tanggung jawab. Dalam konteks umat Kristen masa kini, tanggung jawab ini ada pada gembala sidang. Namun demikian tidak semua gembala sidang memenuhi kriteria gembala yang baik, maka perlu diteliti bagaimanakah kriteria gembala yang baik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana gembala sidang yang baik menurut Yohanes 10:1-18. Dengan metode eksegesis peneliti menarik kesimpulan sebagai berikut:Pertama dalam kerohanian seorang gembala sidangyang baik mengenal Tuhan secara benar berdasarkan penyataan Allah yang tertulis, yaitu Alkitab.Kedua dalam hal karakter, gembala sidang yang baik adalah orang yang bertanggung jawab atas tugas yang diembannya. Ia rela berkorban sebagai wujud tanggung jawabnya.Ketigadalam hal relasi gembala sidang dengan warga jemaat, gembala sidang yang baik mengenal jemaat yang digembalakannya. Keempat dalam hal pelayanan, gembala sidang mengerti dan menjalankan prosedur secara benar.
The Effect of Different Medicament Treatments on Seedlessness and Fruit Major Quality of 'Zaozi' Grape

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

It was carried out to study the effects of the different concentration solution of 6-BA and SM,as well as their compound on setting berry rate,percentage of seedless berry,berry weight,berry inner quality and appearance quality of five years-old 'Zaozi' grape cultivated in big plastic house by immersing the clusters in the solution at full bloom and after full bloom 5 days,respectively,and all treatments sprayed 10 mg/L CPPU solution after full bloom 10 days.The results showed that all medicament treatments could markedly prompt berry seedlessness,and the effect of 50 mg/L 6-BA treatment at full bloom was best.Not only its percentage of setting berry and percentage of seedless berry reached 46.75% and 93.78% respectively,but also mean cluster weight was 78.62 g,VC content was 3.23 mg/100g,titrable acid content was 0.77 g/L,TSS/acid was 18.1.It was advised application and dissemination in practice.
Associations of Mortality with Long-Term Exposures to Fine and Ultrafine Particles, Species and Sources: Results from the California Teachers Study Cohort

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Using an emissions-based model with a 4-km spatial scale, we observed significant positive associations between IHD mortality and both fine and ultrafine particle species and sources. Our results suggest that the exposure model effectively measured local exposures and facilitated the examination of the relative toxicity of particle species.