jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Molecular Anchoring of Duplex and Triplex DNA by Disubstituted Anthracene-9,10-diones:  Calorimetric, UV Melting, and Competition Dialysis Studies

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Isothermal titration calorimetry, UV melting, and competition dialysis techniques have been used to examine the binding of isomeric 1,4- and 2,6-bis(ω-aminopropionamido)-substituted anthracene-9,10-diones (anthraquinones) with dAn·dTn duplexes and dTn−dAn·dTn triplexes. Recent footprinting studies [Fox, K. R.; Polucci, P.; Jenkins, T. C.; Neidle, S. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995, 92, 7887−7891] indicate that 2,6 derivatives, but not their 1,4 counterparts, differentially stabilize triple-stranded DNA and may have application in antigene chemotherapy. Thermodynamic investigations are here reported for interaction with dA18·dT18 and dT18−dA18·dT18. The 2,6 compound shows preferential triplex binding, with Kb values of 1.8 × 104 M (duplex)-1 and 2.2 × 105 M (triplex)-1 at 25 °C in aqueous solution, pH 6.0, whereas the 1,4 isomer favors duplex binding, with Kb values of 1.1 × 105 M (duplex)-1 and 3.5 × 104 M (triplex)-1. Binding to the preferred DNA is enthalpically driven for each ligand, whereas binding to the disfavored DNA is either entropically driven or enthalpy/entropy compensated. Further, the binding site sizes (3.6 base pairs/base triplets) suggest DNA intercalation. Competition dialysis studies with poly(dA)·poly(dT) and poly(dA)·poly(dT)2 confirm these binding preferences, and qualitative support is provided from UV melting experiments. Such studies reveal triplex disruption by the 1,4 isomer at low drug concentrations while the 2,6 compound effects stabilization toward thermal triplex denaturation. Spectrophotometric studies of each free ligand indicate self-association in aqueous solution, with dimerization constants at 25 °C of (2.9 ± 0.2) × 103 and (3.2 ± 0.1) × 103 M-1 respectively for the 1,4 and 2,6 isomers. Taken together, these data provide a firm thermodynamic basis for the contrasting duplex/triplex binding preferences of this isomeric family of ligands.
Activity dependent regulation of Na,K‐ATPase α3 mobility in the postsynaptic membrane

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The rapid changes in intracellular Na + concentration due to excitatory synaptic activity by AMPA receptors are offset by the Na,K‐ATPase which is responsible for restoring the membrane potential and for maintaining a low intracellular level of sodium. Many recent studies describe the dynamics of AMPA receptor diffusion which should consequently modulate the influx of Na + . Though regulation of AMPA receptors and Na,K‐ATPase are likely coordinated, a direct link has never been investigated. In this study we use live cell imaging methods to examine population and single molecule movement of the Na,K‐ATPase a3 isoform and explore a functional regulation associated with AMPA receptor activity. Using Super Ecliptic pHluorin‐tagged al3 and FRAP we measured population mobility in cultured hippocampal neurons. We found that a majority of the Na,K‐ATPase molecules in the dendritic membrane are in lateral diffusion. With quantum dot labeling, we measured the single molecule diffusion in the extrasynaptic and synaptic membranes. After AMPA receptor stimulation the mobility of a3 was significantly increased in both the extrasynaptic and synaptic membranes. Using TTX to inhibit neuronal activity we observed a decreased mobility in the extrasynaptic and synaptic membranes. The alterations seen in response to changes in synaptic activity demonstrate that a3 is functionally regulated in the dendritic membrane.
Sentiment analysis on students’ real-time feedback

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Previous literature identifies that students’ real-time feedback is important in the learning process. There are numerous studies that have collected students’ feedback in real time. However, they include several limitations of which the most important is analysing the feedback. In this thesis, we address these limitations by proposing a system that will automatically analyse students’ feedback in real time and present the analysis results to the lecturer. To create such a system, we propose the use of sentiment analysis.
The extensive literature highlights the importance of this research in the sentiment analysis field, as there is no research exploring sentiment analysis for students’ real-time feedback and research in the educational domain has been focused mainly on e-learning. The literature shows that emotions are also important in learning and could be detected using sentiment analysis. Consequently, this research is also important as there is little research in detecting emotion from students’ feedback.
Polarity detection is explored and two experiments were done to identify the best combination of preprocessing, features and machine learning techniques to create an optimal model for polarity detection of students’ feedback. As a result, we found that the optimal model was to use a lower level of preprocessing, unigrams for features and Complement Naive Bayes for the classifier.
Emotion detection in students’ feedback is also explored. Two experiments were done to find the optimal model to detect emotions related to learning from students’ feedback. The results showed that models which detect a single emotion have a better performance than multiple emotion models. Three emotions (i.e. Amused, Bored, and Excited) were more easily detected than others. The optimal model to detect emotion included a low level preprocessing, unigrams as features and Complement Naive Bayes as the classifier.
Sarcasm detection in students’ feedback is explored. Our results showed that the lower level of preprocessing led to the best performance. Moreover, by adding other features, such as polarity and emotions, to the unigrams, sarcasm detection increased. Lastly, the best classifier to detect sarcasm was Complement Naive Bayes.
Visualisation of the sentiment analysis models results is also investigated. Six visualisations were created and evaluated by lecturers. The findings indicated that there lecturers had no strong preference for a specific visualisation.
The system evaluation was performed in real-life settings. As a result, we found that the lecturers were highly satisfied with the system, while the students had a neutral towards negative view of it.
Efficacy of different botanicals as ovicidal molecules and oviposition deterrents against maize stem borer, Chilo partellus (Swinhoe)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Among the botanicals tested as ovicides against Chilo partellus eggs, neem oil 5% was found to be most effective in inhibiting hatching of eggs up to 95% followed by chlorpyriphos 0.2% (86%), neem oil 1.0% (79%), NSKE 5% and Jatropha leaf extract 5% (78%). As oviposition deterrents, neem leaf extract 5% showed higher efficacy in deterring the oviposition by C. partellus adults recording only 16.6% oviposition followed by Jatropha leaf extract 5% (19.2%) and neem oil 5% (22.6%), neem oil 1.0% (28.3%) and NSKE 5% (28.7%). Notchi leaf extract 5% was found to be ineffective both as an ovicide and oviposition deterrent.
Functional Assessment of Cross-Linked Porous Gelatin Hydrogels for Bioengineered Cell Sheet Carriers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An efficient carrier for corneal endothelial cell therapy should deliver and retain the cell sheet transplants at the site of injury without causing adverse effects. Here we introduced a simple stirring process combined with freeze-drying (SFD1) method for the development of gelatin hydrogels with enlarged pore structure that can improve the aqueous humor circulation. Samples fabricated by air-drying (AD) or freeze-drying method were used for comparison. After cross-linking with 1 mM 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC), the discs were investigated to assess their functionality. The simultaneous presence of ice crystals and gas bubbles resulted in large pore size (461 +/- 85 mum) and high porosity (48.0 +/- 1.9%) of SFD1 carriers. Among all of the samples studied, the SFD1 hydrogels showed the most appropriate swelling characteristics without squeezing effect on the anterior segment tissues of the eye. The enlarged pore structure also allowed carriers to contain the highest fraction of mobile water and exhibit the lowest resistance to the glucose permeation. In comparison with AD samples, the SFD1 materials had better cytocompatibility and biocompatibility and more effectively prevented a drastic change of intraocular pressure. Rheological measurements showed that the SFD1 hydrogels behaved like an elastic solid and had a tough (rigid and deformable) texture. As a temporary supporter, the biodegradable gelatin hydrogel could facilitate cell sheet transfer and avoid long-term residence of foreign carriers in the body. Our findings suggest that the gelatin discs with enlarged pore structure have potential as cell sheet carriers for intraocular delivery and corneal tissue engineering.
Inductive and magnetorheological properties of soft and hard magnetic fillers in elastomers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Magnetorheological elastomers are smart materials, that have great potential for many technical applications like intelligent semi-active dampers or energy harvesting applications. We investigate soft- and hard-magnetic filler types in typical technical elastomers under cyclic deformation regarding their influence on the electromagnetic induction and magnetic switching-ability of the compounds. The effect of vulcanization in an external magnetic field is considered leading to anisotropic samples with aligned filler particles. It is found that the soft magnetic fillers show a higher switching-ability compared to hard magnetic fillers in anisotropic samples, which is related to hysteretic and slow magnetization behaviour of hard magnetic fillers. This also leads to a negative switching effect or softening of the samples if the direction of the magnetic field is opposite to that during vulcanization, suggesting rotational motion of the particles in dependence of the outer field. The stress values and mechanical hysteresis are generally higher for the anisotropic samples, both for soft and hard magnetic fillers. This is found for quasistatic and dynamic excitations at different frequencies and can clearly be related to the alignment of particles. Nevertheless, the energy harvesting ability seems to be widely independent of this since no significant different inductive properties are found for isotropic and anisotropic samples. The possibility of a combined magnetorheological and energy harvesting application is discussed.
Slave Populations of the British Caribbean 1807-1834. By B. W. Higman. (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. Pp. xxxiii, 781. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $65.)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Slave Populations of the British Caribbean 1807-1834. By B. W. Higman. (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984. Pp. xxxiii, 781. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $65.) - Volume 42 Issue 4
A New Extended Arc-Node Data Model of Dynamic Segmentation Technology in Urban GIS-T

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In view of the existing problems of dynamic segmentation technology's application in urban GIS-T(Geographic Information System for Transportation), the article puts forward the linear reference system of arc-node of urban roads on the basis of analyzing the characteristics of urban transportation information, and builds up dynamic segmentation data model based on the arc-node model. The article studies on dynamic segmentation algorithm and tests its feasibility and accuracy with the examples of partial roads network of Changchun city.
Regional Differences in Pottery Repertoires: Two Case Studies of Early and Late Middle Kingdom Ceramic Assemblages

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Regional differences in pottery production occur in terms of raw materials used, manufacturing technologies employed, and the range of vessel shapes created. The shapes were not only determined by the intended use contexts—for example in a settlement/funerary/cultic activity/industrial location—but also depend on the chronological period in which the vessels were made. It is, however, often difficult to date material culture precisely within dynasties unless an undisturbed context can be connected with a well dated monument. A separate analysis is required for each case study in order to find explanatory models for the observed differences. In Egypt, except during the Middle Kingdom, differences in pottery repertoires over time have often been explained by the strengthening or weakening of the central administration, which is thought to have governed pottery production to a significant extent. This holds true for some of the material recovered, but an inadequate number of pottery workshops have been found to clearly support the hypothesis. Pictorial evidence and three-dimensional models of vessels, workers, and industrial buildings indicate that larger estates may also have included pottery workshops. This paper argues that estate production may explain some of the differences seen in the material assemblages. Two case studies are used to illustrate this, as well as the challenges and questions that arise when studying regional variations in pottery production. The first focuses on the early Middle Kingdom period at the sites of Ihnasya el-Madina/Herakleopolis Magna and Dayr al-Barsha, and the second focuses on the late Middle Kingdom at the sites of Tell el-Dabʿa/Avaris and Kom Rabia/Memphis.
On the idea of freedom in modern African political philosophy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract When Liberia, at its inception, adopted for her motto, “The Love of Freedom Brought Us Here,” they were registering their embrace of a core tenet of modernity: the idea that freedom was the primary state of humanity and that any form of social living that turned this free being into a bonded phenomenon, forces it to obey dictates and laws not of its own choosing, to bow before rulers it had no hand in electing, and to live at the behest of another must stand condemned. They were merely the latest, back then, instantiation of Africans as singers of freedom's song in the modern age. Unfortunately, neither theirs nor earlier iterations in the Haitian Revolution, much less later contributions by other Africans in the continent, are to be found routinely, if at all, in the annals of modern philosophy. In this essay, I bring to our awareness how African thinkers have domesticated the idea of freedom as a legacy of modernity in their world. This is one of the bodies of work that is obscured by the wall that I argue, in Against Decolonisation: Taking African Agency Seriously (Hurst Publishers, 2022), decolonizers have erected in their mistaking, wittingly or unwittingly, modernity for colonialism and/or Westernization.
2 GROMOV-WITTEN THEORY OF P1×P1×P1

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We use elementary geometric techniques to exhibit an explicit equivalence between certain sectors of the Gromov–Witten theories of blowups of P1×P1×P1P1×P1×P1 and P3P3. In particular, we prove that the all genus, virtual dimension zero Gromov–Witten theory of the blowup of P3P3 at points coincides with that of the blowup at points of P1×P1×P1P1×P1×P1, for non-exceptional classes. We observe a toric symmetry of the Gromov–Witten theory of P1×P1×P1P1×P1×P1 analogous and intimately related to Cremona symmetry of P3P3. Enumerative applications are given.
Deep Brain Stimulation Is Safe and Effective for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Although DBS- in the vicinity of the ventral capsule/ventral striatum specifically-is safe and effective for treating OCD that is refractory to pharmacological and behavioral therapy, its acceptance is complicated by many unfounded presuppositions. For example, there is little reason to believe that a nondelusional patient with OCD is any less capable of providing informed consent than is a patient with Parkinson’s disease or some other movement disorder. To insist otherwise is to violate the ethical principles of beneficence and autonomy. Unfortunately, the misunderstanding of psychiatric disorders nowadays has been increased by the misinterpretation of the FDA’s findings relative to the approval of DBS in patients with OCD under a Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE). The HDE has been connoted as epistemically uncertain on par with other experimental or investigation treatments. However, this is not consistent with the FDA’s definition of an HDE.
MECHANISMS FOR THE COMPENSATION OF WAR DAMAGES: TOWARD A FAIR SOLUTION FOR UKRAINE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Russia's audacious, unprecedented, illegal invasion of Ukraine, which began in a hybrid form in February 2014 before escalating into a full-scale invasion on February 24, 2022, has brought with it a significant amount of destruction, multibillion-dollar losses, and damage beyond measure – both to the whole state and to each individual Ukrainian resident. As a result of Russian aggression, thousands of civilians have been killed, dozens of cities have been damaged by shelling and airstrikes, and countless enterprises, medical institutions, educational institutions, cultural heritage monuments, kilometres of road, and residential buildings have been destroyed. The war continues, meaning that the damage caused to Ukraine by Russia is steadily increasing with each new day. Since the beginning of the full-scale war, one of the most important tasks has been to find ways and means for post-war reconstruction in Ukraine, as well as for the payment of compensation to the victims of the war. These compensation mechanisms should be implemented alongside those that come at the expense of the funds of the Russian Federation, which, accordingly, necessitates the lawful capture of these funds from an array of possible sources (sovereign assets of the Russian Federation, the assets of Russian oligarchs, etc.). After the Russian invasion of Ukraine, civilized countries froze the assets of the external foreign exchange reserve of the central bank of the Russian Federation, along with the private assets of Russian oligarchs. After freezing assets, the next step on the path towards transferring to Ukraine the assets and funds of the Russian Federation (both sovereign assets and those of private persons), which are located in many countries around the world, should be their confiscation, since freezing alone is not an effective measure. An important task is to help states take this step and develop appropriate confiscation mechanisms in their national legislation. This article is devoted to the study of this issue, as well as to the comparative analysis of that which has already been achieved in this field.
Prolongation of the insulinotropic action of glucagon-like peptide 1 by the dimethyl ester of succinic acid in an animal model of type-2 diabetes.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Adult rats, that had been injected with streptozotocin during the neonatal period, received a primed constant infusion of succinic acid dimethyl ester (SAD; 0.5 micromol followed by 0.25 micromol x min(-1), both per g body wt.) in saline for 15 min and, at the 5th min of such an infusion, an intravenous injection of GLP-1 (5 pmol per g body wt.). Within 2 min, the ester increased the plasma insulin concentration by 0.33+/-0.05 nM. Likewise, within 2 min, GLP-1 provoked a marked increase in plasma insulin concentration; such an increase was comparable in rats infused with either saline or SAD, with an overall mean value of 0.93+/-0.07 nM. In the rats infused with SAD, however, the secretory response to GLP-1 appeared more sustained than in the saline-infused animals. For instance, the paired ratio for the insulinogenic index at 10/2 min after GLP-1 injection averaged 30.5+/-4.0% in SAD-infused rats, as compared (P<0.025) to only 17.0+/-2.5% in saline-infused animals. These findings suggest that succinic acid esters could be used to prolong the insulinotropic action of GLP-1 in the treatment of type-2 diabetes.
Effects of amyloid-β peptide on glutamine transporter mRNA expression and cell viability in cultured rat cortical cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Alzheimer's disease is a major neurodegenerative disorder in which there is an overproduction and accumulation of amyloid- (A ) peptides. During the initial stages of the disease, glutamate receptors are dysregulated by A accumulation resulting in the disruption of glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We used rat cortical cell cultures to examine the effects of A (25-35)-induced neurotoxicity on glutamine transporters involved in the glutamate cycle. In primary mixed cell cultures prepared from cerebral cortex, incubation with 10 µM A (25-35) for 12 h, but not for 24 h, markedly suppressed system A transporter 1 (SAT1) mRNA expression. On the other hand, A (25-35) had no effect on SAT1 mRNA level in neuronal cell cultures. Treatment of both types of cell cultures with A (25-35) resulted in a significant decrease in cell survival in a concentration and time-dependent manner, as determined by MTT assay. These results indicated that A may impair neuronal function and transmitter synthesis and perhaps reduce excitotoxicity through a reduction in neuronal glutamine uptake.
The Effect of Organizational Culture and Job Satisfaction on Teacher Organizational Comitment of State Junior High School in Tebing Tinggi

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to find out: (1) the direct effect of organizational culture on job satisfaction; (2) the direct and indirect effect of organizational culture on teacher organizational commitment; and (3) the direct effect of job satisfaction on teacher organizational commitment.The population in this study were 352 teachers of state junior high school in Tebing Tinggi.In determining the sample, the researcher refers to Arikunto's criteria that is taking 40% (140 people) of the population.To determine the sample of each school proportional random sampling technique was used.The instruments to collect the data were questionnaires based on the Likert Scale model.The validity was computed using the Product Moment Correlation formula while the reliability was tested using the Alpha Cronbach formula.This causal model was tested using the path analysis.Based on the analysis, it was obtained that: (1) organizational culture had a direct effect on job satisfaction with a path coefficient of 0,379; (2) there was a direct and an indirect effect of organizational culture on teacher organizational commitment with a path coefficient of 0,223 and 0,021; and (3) job satisfaction had a direct effect on teacher organizational commitment with a path coefficient of 0,215.Based on the results of the study, the three hypotheses enforced are accepted.Therefore, the efforts to improve organizational culture and job satisfaction can increase teacher organizational commitment.
Graduate Level Mathematics Curriculum Courses: How Are They Planned?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Even though there is much research related to the teaching and learning of K-12 mathematics, there are few studies in the literature related to university professors’ teaching. In this research report, I investigated how three professors of mathematics education structure their graduate level curriculum courses. The results show that three factors influence the ways that the professors design this course: (a) their view of mathematics curriculum, (b) their view of graduate students’ contributions to classroom atmosphere, and (c) their learning goals for the graduate students.