jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
How To Plan An Educational Visit To An Historic Site

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Teaching history can be far more than dry lectures and reading Jong books. One challenge is to find creative and innovative ways to present the material. Another challenge is to avoid having a visit to an historical site degenerate into an elementary school field trip. The "historical staff ride" program in the United States Army can serve as an example of how to teach history outside of the classroom. The "historical staff ride" is a method for teaching military history by visiting a battlefield and discussing the events that took place. The historic event is then used to teach current Army doctrine. The United States Army has had a leading role in developing this technique.1 Battlefield visits have obvious applications to the education of Army officers. Yet the techniques used in developing a staff ride can be applied to any historical topic. This article provides some ideas on how to develop your own visit to an historical site. For simplicity, this out of classroom event will be called a visitation in this article.
Local thermal ablative therapies for extracranial oligometastatic disease of non‐small‐cell lung cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the most common type of lung cancer. Clinically, 40–50% of patients with NSCLC are found to have systemic metastasis at the initial diagnosis. Meanwhile, 30–75% of patients with lung cancer who have undergone radical surgical resection have local recurrence and distant metastases. However, not all distant metastases are multiple, and some are potentially curable. In this study, among the patients with NSCLC having distant organ metastasis, approximately 7% showed extrapulmonary solitary metastasis and remained in this relatively stable state for a long time. This form of metastasis is known as NSCLC oligometastases. This review describes the concept and classification of oligometastases, as well as the local treatment and prognosis of extracranial oligometastases.
SYMPTOMATIC PERIPHERAL VASCULAR TREE STENOSIS. Comparison of subtracted and nonsubtracted 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography with fat suppression

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To determine the clinical feasibility of contrast-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) MR angiography (MRA) with fat suppression spectral inversion at lipids and to compare subtracted and nonsubtracted images.

Material and Methods: In 13 patients suspected of having lower extremity ischemia, 3D dynamic contrast-enhanced MRA of the iliac and femoral arteries was performed using the fat suppression technique. The validity of the MRA interpretations of the degree of stenoses was evaluated by comparing with conventional angiography as the gold standard. The contrast-to-noise (C/N) ratios of both subtracted and nonsubtracted maximum-intensity-projection (MIP) images were calculated.

Results: In the arteries with stenosis of 50% or greater, the sensitivity and specificity of the subtracted MR angiograms were 100% and 96.5%, respectively, not significantly different from the correponding values in nonsubtracted MRAs (100% and 94.1%, respectively). The C/N ratios of the subtracted images were significantly higher than those of the nonsubtracted images (p<0.001).

Conclusion: With this technique, fat suppression can be performed with only a slight increase in the examination time. A lower dose of contrast material can be used in MRA with fat suppression than without it. Subtracted MRA improves the ease of interpretation compared to nonsubtracted MRA.
[Epidemiologic situation of rubella in Italy 20 years after the introduction of the vaccine].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rubella vaccination has been introduced in USA in 1969: it was addressed to all the newborn and to women in childbearing age. In 1970 it was offered in Europe to schoolgirls aged 11-14 and to women of reproductive age. The purposes were identical--namely to eliminate the incidence of CRS--in spite of the different strategies adopted: in fact the American vaccination programme tried to reach this aim in eradicating the disease, while in Europe special attention was given to the possibility of reduce morbidity in childbearing age. After 20 years we can try to verify if these objects have been attained. Recent data (MMWR, 1987) show that rubella morbidity in USA has dropped considerably (incidence rate in 1966 = 24.3; in 1986 = 0.2) and incidence rate for CRS decreased accordingly from 0.90 (1969) to 0.32. Nevertheless we must underline that 47.5% of cases in USA from 1984 to 1986 were seen in person older than 20, and serologic studies have shown that infection susceptibility, in the postpuberal population, is the same that in prevaccinal era (10-20%). Many evaluation of efficacy of vaccinal strategies have been carried out in Europe, always showing a smaller number of women of reproductive age susceptible toward infection, together with a reduced probability of exposure during pregnancy. In European countries, were rubella vaccination has been offered only to women, morbidity has not changed appreciably. In Italy rubella vaccination has not been introduced at the same time and with the same extension in all regions: for this reason it is not possible to evaluate efficacy of this vaccination policy on a whole. Considering ISTAT data from 1971 to 1987 we can identify epidemic outbreaks in 1973, 1978, 1982 (of limited intensity) and 1984; practically every six years, as they took place before vaccination era; if we take into account case notified between 1971 and 1981 in the different age groups (table 1) we can see that the higher prevalence is always in the 6-13 years age group. Vaccination has not modified the epidemiologic trend of the disease. However, considering only the class toward whom vaccination was addressed from the beginning, that is women of reproductive age, that can have had the possibility to be vaccinated in prepuberal years at school or in another occasion, after serologic screening, in adult life, we can notice substantial differences in infection susceptibility in comparison with prevaccinal era, that was about 10-20% (Galli, 1982).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Corporate storytelling

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Corporate storytelling includes strategies and tactics where organizations of all kinds, scope and shape utilize stories and storytelling to create coherence, progression and potentially change concerning their brand and their identity. In existing literature, CS is either described and applied as a tool from a pragmatic and functional perspective. Only occasionally, CS is conceptualized as constitutive and thus organizing processes within organizations and between organizations and their stakeholders. In this chapter, both perspectives are discussed and new approaches for future research presented.
Measurement of electromagnetic properties of materials

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In the first part of this thesis, we investigate the modeling and measurements of building materials, especially concentrating on the measurements of EC-coated glass since it is extensively used in modern construction technology. EC thin films coated on glass or other substrates are used to attenuate incident electromagnetic waves through reflection mechanism. The introduction of the electrically conductive films also reduces infrared and visible transmissions tremendously. The reduction of infrared transmission improves the cooling load of buildings. Measurements are conducted on the soda lime glass of different slab thicknesses, and the High Performance Heat Reflective Glass (HPHRG) of different thicknesses using the rectangular waveguide systems, infrared and visible spectrometers.
The Point of No Return - Exploring Law on Cross-Border Displacement in the Context of Climate Change

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The First Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) noted that the greatest single impact of climate change might be on human mobility (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1990). In 2007, the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC authoritatively established that human induced climate change is accelerating and already has severe impacts on the environment and human lives (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007). A significant impact of climate change is the increase in the frequency and severity of climaterelated hazards. Hazards combined with vulnerability can result in disasters (International Strategy for Disaster Reduction 2004). The overall trend shows that the number of recorded natural disasters has doubled from approximately 200 to over 400 per year over the past two decades and the number of people reported affected has reached an unprecedented high, annual average of 231 million people, of whom 98 per cent are affected by climate-related disasters (Emergency Events Database). This may be ”the new normal” (Holmes 2008). There may be a risk in focusing on protection of displaced persons in a climate change context, namely that we put less effort into preventing climate change, disasters and displacement. For example, the government of Tuvalu does not want relocation to feature in international agreements because of its fear that if it does, industrialised countries may simply think that they can solve problems like rising sea levels by relocating affected populations rather than reducing greenhouse gas emissions (Inside Story 2009). It is important to stress that the international community’s responsibility regarding climate change and displacement has at least three main elements. First, mitigation of climate change is a must. This is a question of preventing displacement from occurring in the first place, and all authorities
A comparative study between classically inverted and temporally inverted internal limiting membrane flap technique in the treatment of macular hole

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and aim A full-thickness retinal tissue defect affecting the anatomic fovea and, particularly, the foveola of the eye is referred to as a macular hole. The study’s objective was to compare the visual and anatomical results of using a temporal inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap and a classical inverted ILM flap in the surgical closure of stage IV idiopathic macular holes. Patients and methods A prospective, randomized, interventional, comparative study was conducted at Al-Azhar University hospitals on 40 eyes of 40 patients with macular holes randomized to two groups: group I (20 patients) undergone pars plana vitrectomy with classic inverted ILM flap and group II (20 patients) undergone pars plana vitrectomy with the temporal inverted ILM flap technique. Results In group I, there was statistically insignificant differences ( P =0.648) between patients who had dissociated optic nerve fiber layer (DONFL) in their optical coherence tomography (OCT) images (yes group) (mean±SD=0.44±0.08), and patients without DONFL in their OCT images (no group) (mean±SD=0.41±0.12), and same observation found in group II at which there was no statistically significant difference ( P =0.874) between patients who had DONFL in their OCT images (yes group) (mean±SD=0.47±0.12), and patients without DONFL in their OCT images (no group) (mean±SD=0.46±0.19). Conclusion There is no significant difference in the postoperative best-corrected visual acuity between the two techniques. The integrity of Ellipsoid zone (EZ) and External limiting membrane (ELM) is essential for the improvement of visual acuity after operation.
Ultrastructural localization of the fibrinogen-binding domain of streptococcal M protein

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Binding of fibrinogen to the M protein located on the surface fibrillae of group A streptococci impedes deposition of complement and thus contributes to the virulence of these organisms. We investigated this binding by electron microscopy using postembedding immunogold labeling. Both fibrinogen and its D fragment formed a distinct dense layer in the surface fibrillae, separated by 10 nm from the compact part of the cell wall. Labeling the sections with anti-fibrinogen or anti-fragment D showed that the fibrinogen-binding region lay within a 25-nm segment of the fibrillae beginning approximately 30 nm from the inner surface of the cell wall. The outer surface of the fibrinogen layer could be labeled with antibody to the amino-terminal half of type 24 M protein, indicating that the fibrillar tips remained exposed after fibrinogen binding. The degree of labeling with anti-fibrinogen, determined by gold particle counting, was the same whether the bacterial cells had been incubated with purified fibrinogen or whole plasma. These results indicate that the fibrinogen-binding region lies in the distal (amino-terminal) half of the M protein molecule but excludes the most distal portion, which is the site of epitopes that interact with opsonic anti-M antibody, and that plasma proteins other than fibrinogen, a number of which are known to bind to group A streptococci, do not interfere with fibrinogen binding.
An unconformity and a possible cretaceous – Tertiary (K –T) boundary at Arochukwu – Obotme - Odoro Ikpe area southeastern Nigeria.

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This work is focussed on a possible unconformity and K-T boundary in the study area. This work looks at the K-T boundary from the perspective unconformity, structural interpretation and biostratigraphy and has suggested a possible unconformity and K-T boundary around Arochukwu-Obotme-Odoro Ikpe axis. The results and interpretation of biostratigraphic analysis, fieldwork and correlation shows there is lateral continuity of lithostratigraphic units from the Arochukwu Section - Nsukka Formation (Cretaceous sediments) to the Odoro Ikpe area where it is uncomfortably overlain by the Benin Formation (younger Tertiary sediments) defining an unconformity and a possible Cretaceous – Tertiary (K –T) boundary?
Effects of Bariatric Surgery in Early- and Adult-Onset Obesity in the Prospective Controlled Swedish Obese Subjects Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity, but it is unknown if outcomes differ between adults with early- versus adult-onset obesity. We investigated how obesity status at 20 years of age affects outcomes after bariatric surgery later in life. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The Swedish Obese Subjects study is a prospective matched study performed at 25 surgical departments and 480 primary health care centers. Participants aged 37–60 years with BMI ≥34 kg/m2 (men) or ≥38 kg/m2 (women) were recruited between 1987 and 2001; 2,007 participants received bariatric surgery and 2,040 usual care. Self-reported body weight at 20 years of age was used to stratify patients into subgroups with normal BMI (&lt;25 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2), or obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2). Body weight, energy intake, and type 2 diabetes status were examined over 10 years, and incidence of cardiovascular and microvascular disease was determined over up to 26 years using data from health registers. RESULTS There were small but statistically significant differences in reduction of body weight among the subgroups after bariatric surgery (interaction P = 0.032), with the largest reductions among those with obesity aged 20 years. Bariatric surgery increased type 2 diabetes remission (odds ratios 4.51, 4.90, and 5.58 in subgroups with normal BMI, overweight, or obesity at 20 years of age, respectively; interaction P = 0.951), reduced type 2 diabetes incidence (odds ratios 0.15, 0.13, and 0.15, respectively; interaction P = 0.972), and reduced microvascular complications independent of obesity status at 20 years of age (interaction P = 0.650). The association between bariatric surgery and cardiovascular disease was similar in the subgroups (interaction P = 0.674). Surgical complications were similar in the subgroups. CONCLUSIONS The treatment benefits of bariatric surgery in adults are similar regardless of obesity status at 20 years of age.
DQN based single-pixel imaging

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

For an orthogonal transform based single-pixel imaging (OT-SPI), to accelerate its speed while degrading as little as possible of its imaging quality, the normal way is to artificially plan the sampling path for optimizing the sampling strategy based on the characteristic of the orthogonal transform. Here, we propose an optimized sampling method using a Deep Q-learning Network (DQN), which considers the sampling process as decision-making, and the improvement of the reconstructed image as feedback, to obtain a relatively optimal sampling strategy for an OT-SPI. We verify the effectiveness of the method through simulations and experiments. Thanks to the DQN, the proposed single-pixel imaging technique is capable of obtaining an optimal sampling strategy directly, and therefore it requires no artificial planning of the sampling path there, which eliminates the influence of the imperfect sampling path planning on the imaging performance.
Catalytic Asymmetric Boration of Acyclic α,β‐Unsaturated Esters and Nitriles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Die asymmetrische β-Borierung acyclischer α,β-ungesättigter Carbonylverbindungen führt glatt zu enantiomerenangereicherten funktionalisierten Organoborverbindungen. Verschiedenste acyclische ungesättigte Ester und Nitrile reagierten bei Raumtemperatur hoch enantioselektiv und mit guten Ausbeuten in Gegenwart eines Kupferkatalysators und planar-chiraler Diphosphanliganden.
Biochemical role of serum fructosamine in patients with thyroid disorders

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Fructosamine (FA) is the product of a reaction between glucose (sugar) and albumin (protein). It is used to monitor the short-term glycemic changes in patients with diabetes and may have a role in conjugation with glycated hemoglobin.

Aims & Objective: Fructosamine test is used to evaluate the average amount of glucose in blood over a period of 2–3 weeks. FA is a useful indicator to measure the peripheral metabolic function in patients with thyroid disorders. As serum thyroid function tests, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), serum FA ratios occupied our attention, their inconsistency in the subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism, overt hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism in relation to the euthyroid healthy control subjects was studied here.

Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 100 patients with overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and hyperthyroidism attending the medical OPD and radioimmunoassay laboratory of the Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.

Results: The mean glycated hemoglobin level was higher in study group than in controls, and it was not statistically significant. The mean serum FA level was higher in patients with overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism and lower in those with hyperthyroidism than that in controls. It was found to be highly statistically significant.

Conclusion: The FA values, which are largely higher than FPG and HbA1c values, indicate a higher propensity to glycation and a decrease turnover of the proteins in the patients with overt hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism; contrary results were observed in individuals with hyperthyroidism.
Telomere Length, Health, and Mortality in a Cohort of Older Black South African Adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Telomere length (TL) may be a biomarker of aging processes as well as age-related diseases. However, most studies of TL and aging are conducted in high-income countries. Less is known in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) such as South Africa, where life expectancy remains lower despite population aging. We conducted a descriptive analysis of TL in a cohort of older adults in rural South Africa. TL was assayed from venous blood draws using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (T/S ratio). We examined the correlation between TL and biomarkers, demographic characteristics, mental/cognitive health measures, and physical performance measures in a subsample of the Wave 1 2014–2015 “Health and Aging in Africa: A Longitudinal Study of an INDEPTH Community in South Africa” (HAALSI) cohort (n = 510). We used logistic regression to measure the association between TL and mortality through Wave 3 (2021–2022). In bivariate analyses, TL was significantly correlated with age (r = −0.29, p &lt; .0001), self-reported female sex (r = 0.13, p = .002), mortality (r = −0.1297, p = .003), diastolic blood pressure (r = 0.09, p = .037), pulse pressure (r = −0.09, p = .045), and being a grandparent (r = −0.17, p = .0001). TL was significantly associated with age (β = −0.003; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.005, −0.003). TL was significantly associated in unadjusted multivariate analyses with mortality, but the relationship between TL and mortality was attenuated after adjusting for age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.19; 95% CI = 0.03, 1.27) and other covariates (OR = 0.17; 95% CI = 0.02, 1.19). Our study is the first analysis of TL in an older adult South African population. Our results corroborate existing relationships between TL and age, sex, cardiometabolic disease, and mortality found in higher-income countries.
Multicultural American heroes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter compares two black athlete biopics to examine the United States' twofold national tradition. Produced during Barack Obama's presidency, 42 (2013) and Race (2015) both evince multicultural pluralism by portraying Jackie Robinson and Jesse Owens as African American figures of social resistance in the mould of Muhammad Ali. In contrast, however, 42 imagines an evangelical Christian and liberal economic common ground, while Race foregrounds phenomenal experience as a transcultural bridge. Their different visions illustrate rival currents of religious nationalism and radical secularism in the national tradition. Philip Gorski has shown how American civil religion aims to synthesise prophetic religion and civic republicanism into a vital centre; these contemporary films represent popular myths that aspire to speak across the nation's various social divides.
Language and literacy development in a Cambodian community in Philadelphia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This dissertation focuses on learning in a group of families linked locally by an adult ESL class, and more largely linked by common histories, cultures, languages, and national origins. The interpretations presented in the dissertation draw on both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the data collected over three years, the goal being to describe and compare language and literacy use, attitudes, and development as observed among adults and children in this Cambodian community. Regarding language and literacy use at home, this study concludes that new relations of power and knowledge in the families reflects the children's competencies in the language of wider communication in this society which the parents do not have. However, these new relations do not entirely upset the old ones. In the school context, this study finds multiple voices jostling to define how languages should be learned and used in the classroom. It remains the case that there is a lack of support, either locally or at the state level, for educational programs in this community which would actively develop biliteracy skills. It is shown that there is a great possibility for family biliteracy in this community--that more-capable siblings can follow up on their understandings of their parents' desires for language and literacy maintenance. In either child, adult or family literacy programs, the 'funds of knowledge' that both parents and children are able to pass on to each other should be tapped.