jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Enhancing healthy eating patterns among Hong Kong young adults

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Every year, the majority of Hong Kong young adults who graduate from secondary school progress onto tertiary education. Poor eating patterns among young adults could lead to long-term health implications associated with overweight and obesity. Using the socio-ecological model as a theoretical framework, this paper reviews the current food-related policies in Hong Kong and proposes a comprehensive policy approach relevant to a variety of organizational contexts that has the potential to support positive eating patterns among young adults by enhancing the local food environment. Hong Kong has an unusual food supply in that more than 95% of food is imported, making it vulnerable to food insecurity. Education interventions commonly conducted in Hong Kong are unlikely to be helpful because young adults acquire nutrition-related knowledge when they attend secondary school. There is a need to change the food environment in Hong Kong so that young adults can easily translate their nutrition knowledge into making healthy food choices. Policy approaches might be among the most effective strategies for bringing positive changes in eating patterns because they have the potential to directly influence the food environment and context where an individual lives. A comprehensive suite of approaches that fill the policy gaps, remove barriers of healthy food consumption and create more healthy food choices is required to improve diet and health.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATION ON GERMICIDAL EFFICACY AND TOXICITY OF COMPOUND BROMO GERAMINUM

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of compound Bromo Geraminum Disinfectant to staphylococcus aureus ATCC6537 strain, E. coli8099 strain and Candida albicans ATCC10231. strain. Methods Carrier quantitative germicidal test and animal toxicity test were used to evaluate its germicidal efficacy and toxicity. Results The results showed that the disinfectant containing 1500mg/L of Bromo Geraminum killed 99.99% of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in 1min. The disinfectant containing 4000mg/L of Bromo Geraminum killed 99.99% of Candida albicans in 3min. The germicidal efficacy was slightly interfered by 25% of Calf serum. While no inteference by 50% of Calf serum.The available Bromo Geraminum content of the solution decreased by 1.25% in average after storing at 54℃、RH≥75% for 14 days. The mouse oral LD_ 50 of the disinfectant was 5000mg/kg.bw; Cumulative toxicity test showed weak cumulative toxicity. It was not irritative to skin and mucous membrane. Mouse bone marrow micronucleus test was negative. Conclusions: The results indicate that the compound Bromo Geraminum disinfectant is stable, no-toxicity, no-irritation to skin and mucosa of rabbit and had good germicidal effect.
Motivated and Unmotivated Violations from the Norm in Children's Books in Orginizing Extracurricular Reading

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The paper presents the results of the research in the framework of the current trends in linguistics – text linguistics and stylistics. Now that the concept of the language norm is blurred to some extent due to the strong phenomena in language and speech dynamics, the language of texts for children should be treated with special attention and care, because love and interest to the language are formed through the reading of children's stories and poems. Observance of norms, clearness and transparency of texts for children does not mean absence of elements of language game in them. The language game is inherent in the speech of children themselves, as exactly in childhood the native speakers begin (sometimes intentionally and sometimes mistakenly) to experiment, create new words and forms. Therefore, primarily in children's works the language game is both a means of attracting attention and inviting a small reader to the mysterious and complex world of the great Word. \nIn the course of oral and written speech, it is possible to notice cases of deviation from the norm. They appear in pronunciation, in the production of stressed syllables in the word, in the use of certain grammatical forms in discourse. These violations can have a different character. If, on the one hand, they can be quite unpretentious evidence of illiteracy and underdeveloped speech culture, on the other hand, they can be purposely planned, emphasizing and revealing a certain idea. In this scenario they are designed for understanding the meaning and constitute a special literary device. So there appears a specific game with an easy-to-understand implied sense
Effect of a mutation in Raffinose Synthase 2 (GmRS2 ) on soybean quality traits

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The presence of stachyose and raffinose is considered an antinutritional factor for humans and monogastric animals, leading to limitations on soybean consumption as a protein source. In the present study, the effect of a mutation in the raffinose synthase 2 gene was measured on soybean quality traits. We used an F2 population with 168 soybean individuals developed by crossing four soybean lines and evaluated oil, protein, sucrose, raffinose, stachyose and fatty acid contents and their relationships. The mutation explained 69.61%, 51.81% and 31.96% of stachyose, raffinose and sucrose variation, respectively, and we were able to produce soybean with average stachyose of 0.18%. The low coefficients of determination for protein and oil indicate that the mutation can be used to increase sucrose and reduce raffinose and stachyose content without major changes in oil and protein.
Improving the Study of History in the Higher School

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Soviet historians are preparing for their conference. A broad discussion of topical problems in scientific and educational work has unfolded in the history departments of higher educational institutions. A series of comments are being made in the course of this discussion on the organization of the training of historians, and suggestions for improving curriculums are being put forth. The editors [of Vestnik vysshei shkoly] acquaint the readers with several comments and proposals — debatable in part — by publishing articles by V. V. Mavrodin, A. A. Benediktov, and V. G. Tiukavkin.
THE SUPPLY OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ASSIMILATES TO NODULES OF PISUM SATIVUM L. IN RELATION TO THE FIXATION OF NITROGEN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY A marked correlation was found between the accumulation of labelled photosynthates in nodules and the rate of acetylene reduction during the growth cycle of pea plants in nitrogen‐free culture. Both the rate of acetylene reduction and this accumulation of labelled photosynthates were reduced when plants were darkened for different lengths of time and then fed 14 CO 2 immediately on return to the light, but, when plants were fed 14 CO 2 prior to darkening, photosynthates continued to accumulate in the nodules as nitrogenase activity declined. Micro‐autoradiography of active nodules indicated that the main site of accumulation of labelled photosynthates was the infected tissue. The main ‘sink’ appeared to be cells partially filled with bacteroids and little accumulation was observed in cells which were completely filled. By contrast, histochemical tests with tetrazolium salts suggested that the major sites of reduction were the cells which were totally occupied by bacteroids. The less densely filled cells showed much less reducing activity. The main sites of accumulation of labelled photosynthates do not apparently correspond with the sites of most active reduction and a substantial part of the photosynthates received by the nodules therefore appears not to be deployed in nitrogen fixation. It is suggested that nitrogen fixation is supported mainly by a rapid, undetected flux of photosynthates through metabolically active cells densely filled with bacteroids, which have largely ceased to multiply.
Deep Learning-Based Layout Analysis Method for Complex Layout Image Elements

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Layout analysis of elements is indispensable in graphic design, and layout design can make the audience receive visual information as well as more attractive. The combination of deep learning and graphic design has gradually turned into a popular research direction in graphic design in recent years. However, in the era of rapid development of artificial intelligence, the analysis of layout still requires manual participation. To address this problem, this paper proposes a method for analyzing the layout of complex layout image elements based on the improved deeplabv3+ model. The method reduces the number of model parameters and training time by replacing the backbone network, and in order to improve the effect of multi-scale semantic feature extraction, the null rate of ASPP is fine-tuned, and the model is trained by self-constructed movie poster dataset. The experimental results show that the improved DeepLabv3+ model achieves a better segmentation effect on the self-constructed poster dataset, with MIoU reaching 75.60%. Compared with the classical models such as FCN, PSPNet and DeepLabv3, the improved model in this paper effectively reduces the number of model parameters and training time while also ensuring the accuracy of the model.
Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics\nand Safety of Mitragynine,\nthe Major Alkaloid of Kratom, in Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study reports the steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters\nfor mitragynine and characterizes its elimination in male and female\nrats. Four male and female rats were dosed q12h with 40 mg/kg, and\norally administered mitragynine for 5 and 6 days, respectively. Using\na validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry\n(UPLC-MS/MS) method, the plasma concentrations of mitragynine, its\nmetabolites (7-hydroxymitragynine, 9-hydroxycorynantheidine, and mitragynine\nacid), and a non-CYP oxidation product (3-dehydromitragynine) were\ndetermined at various time points. Sex differences in pharmacokinetics\nwere observed, with females demonstrating significantly higher systemic\nexposure of mitragynine than males. The mitragynine area under the\ncurve normalized by the dose interval (AUC/τ) was 6741.6 ±\n869.5 h*ng/mL in female rats and 1808.9 ± 191.3 h*ng/mL in males\n(<i>p</i> < 0.05). Both sexes produced similar metabolite\nprofiles; the major metabolites were mitragynine acid and 9-hydroxycorynantheidine.\n7-Hydroxymitragynine was a minor metabolite. However, higher exposure\n(AUCs) and the maximum plasma concentrations (<i>C</i><sub>max</sub>) of active metabolites, 7-hydroxymitragynine and 9-hydroxycorynantheidine,\nwere observed in female rats and exhibited substantial sex differences.\nRenal clearance of mitragynine (CL<sub>r</sub>) was low (0.64 ±\n0.3 mL/h in males and 0.98 ± 0.4 mL/h in females), and unchanged\nmitragynine accounted for <1% of the dose excreted in feces (both\nsexes). The clinical chemistry, complete blood count, and hematological\ntest results reported no abnormal hematological findings after multiple\ndosing in either sex.
Fungal infection and occurence of zearalenone in barley harvested in 2003 in Serbia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mycological investigation in 11 winter barley samples was performed. All of barley samples were infected with moulds. The ratio of infected kernels varied from 11.7% (sample SSK8) to 13.0% (sample SSK9) after 14 days of incubation. The fungi were isolated from kernels and they were classified into 6 genera and 11 species. Genus Fusarium was presented with the highest number of species (5). F.poae, a toxigenic species of the genus Fusarium, was present in all samples tested. The highest ratio (about 66%) of all mycopopulations belonged to genus Alternaria spp. All barley samples contained zearalenone, but the concentration was low (from 5.2 to 52.0 mg kg–1).
A Technique To Quantify the Population Size and Composition of the Biofilm Component in Communities of Bacteria in the Phyllosphere

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The presence of microbial biofilms in the phyllosphere of terrestrial plants has recently been demonstrated, but few techniques to study biofilms associated with living plant tissues are available. Here we report a technique to estimate the proportion of the bacterial population on leaves that is assembled in biofilms and to quantitatively isolate bacteria from the biofilm and nonbiofilm (solitary) components of phyllosphere microbial communities. This technique is based on removal of bacteria from leaves by gentle washing, separation of biofilm and solitary bacteria by filtration, and disintegration of biofilms by ultrasonication. The filters used for this technique were evaluated for their nonspecific retention rates of solitary bacteria and for the efficiency of filtration for different concentrations of solitary bacteria in the presence of biofilms and other particles. The lethality and efficiency of disintegration of the sonication conditions used here were also evaluated. Isolation and quantification of bacteria by this technique is based on use of culture media. However, oligonucleotide probes, sera, or epifluorescent stains could also be used for direct characterization of the biofilm and solitary bacteria in the suspensions generated by this technique. Preliminary results from estimates of biofilm abundance in phyllosphere communities show that bacteria in biofilms constitute between about 10 and 40% of the total bacterial population on broad-leaf endive and parsley leaves.
Transferrin Type and Transmitting Ability for Production in Dairy Bulls

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Of 7,145 dairy bulls transferrin typed, only about 4,000 bulls had USDA-DHIA Sire Summaries, and only Holsteins (2,774), Guernseys (491), and Jerseys (492) were analyzed.Transferrin types and Predicted Differences for milk, fat, first lactation milk and fat, and daughter average fat percentage were analyzed by least squares to relate transferrin type to transmitting ability.The model contained transferrin type, year of summary, regression on average age at first calving, and kind of service (artificial or natural).Although only a few effects were statistically significant, the often reported trend toward superiority of transferrin D was in Holsteins.In Guernseys and Jerseys, the trend was toward superiority of transferrin A. Inferiority of transferrin E was not definite, but there were relatively few bulls with E. With effects of stud removed, differences were significant among Predicted Differences for first lactation milk and fat in Holsteins and first lactation milk in Guernseys.Although the transferrin locus by itself may be of limited value in selecting bulls, it may be useful eventnally if other markers related to producing ability can be identified and used in conjunction with it and pedigree information.
Emotion versus Tension in Haydn's Symphony no. 104 as Measured by the Two-Dimensional Continuous Response Digital Interface

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study compared musicians' responses while listening to the first movement of Haydn's Symphony no. 104 using a two-dimensional continuous response digital interface (CRDI). The two-dimensional CRDI uses a mouse cursor via a computer screen to indicate the interrelationship of two dimensions simultaneously. In the present investigation, 50 musicians were presented with the dimensions of arousal (i.e., relaxing-exciting) and affect (i.e., ugly-beautiful). The vertical dimension on the computer screen listed the word “Exciting” at the top and “Relaxing” at the bottom; the horizontal axis listed “Ugly” on the left side and “Beautiful” on the opposite side. Subjects moved the cursor as they tracked their response to the musk. Results indicated that there was an inverse relationship between the two dimensions as subjects tracked responses during this selection. The correlation between the two dimensions was r = −.58. Additionally, graphic analysis indicated almost a mirror-image relationship between the two dimensions. When analyzed within the musical context, both the arousal and the excitement dimensions evidenced many subtle characteristics shown graphically as peaks and valleys corresponding to variations in the music. It was apparent that these two dimensions represent different aspects of perceived listening; the exciting-relaxing dimension representing degrees of arousal that were most often the opposite from subjects' affective response. Additional comparisons were made with previous research that used this identical Haydn selection but measured each dimension separately.
Injection of plasma plume into radio frequency atmospheric pressure glow discharge

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The influence of a high voltage sub-microsecond pulsed plasma plume on a radio frequency discharge at atmospheric pressure is studied experimentally. The discharge characteristics and dynamics of pulsed discharge and radio frequency discharge are characterized in terms of voltage and current waveforms and spatio-temporal evolution of discharge. It is found that the plasma bullet generated by pulsed discharge can inject into the radio frequency discharge region with the average travelling speed of 70 km/s. The radio frequency discharge intensity is elevated to be 3 times higher as the plasma bullet penetrating the interelectrode gap of radio frequency discharge. The enhancement is attributed to the injection of energetic electrons by the plasma bullet, which is demonstrated by the temporal evolution of discharge image intensity and optical emission spectroscopy intensity.
Practical Assessment of the NBT-PABA Pancreatic Function Test Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography Determination ofP-Aminobenzoic Acid in Urine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A practical method for determining p-aminobenzoic acid in urine by high-performance liquid chromatography has been assessed. The technique is quick, requires no extraction steps and has good precision. Using this method, healthy individuals had a p-aminobenzoic acid excretion index of 94% ±18 (mean±1 SD). Patients with proven, severe chronic exocrine pancreatic dysfunction had index values of <5–25%. Unlike chemical methods available, there were no interferences in any of the urines tested, nor did 12 compounds tested interfere with the analysis.
[Clinical study of naoxin sutong in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It was shown that the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion produced free radicals are the main factor that causes irreversible cerebral injury. The mechanism of Naoxin Sutong (NXST) treated acute cerebral infarction was elucidated. It is compared with Ligustrazine (LT), which has been proved to be an effective drug for cerebral infarction. The curative effect and the changes of serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, blood rheology, blood lipid, etc. of 41 patients with acute cerebral infarction within 3 days, who were confirmed by CT. The therapeutic result showed that after 4 weeks of treatment the points of progress for central nervous system deficit scoring of NXST and LT group were 10.67 +/- 5.02 and 6.85 +/- 4.49 respectively. The difference between these two groups was significant. MDA levels of the patients and the healthy subjects were 6.46 +/- 1.70 and 3.87 +/- 0.67 nmol/ml respectively, the difference was also significant (P < 0.01). After 2 weeks of treatment, MDA content of NXST was less than before (P < 0.05). However the level of LT group did not reduce, while after 3 weeks of treatment, MDA content of NXST group was 4.34 nmol/ml. It was much less than that of LT group and approached that of healthy subjects. Results also showed that blood rheology improved, blood lipid reduced after NXST treatment. All these indicated that the effect of NXST in treating acute cerebral infarction was good, and the mechanism as that NXST could scavenge free radicals, ameliorate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, improve blood rheology and reduce blood lipid.
Development of harmonised food and sample lists for total diet studies in five European countries

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A total diet study (TDS) is a public health tool for determination of population dietary exposure to chemicals across the entire diet. TDSs have been performed in several countries but the comparability of data produced is limited. Harmonisation of the TDS methodology is therefore desirable and the development of comparable TDS food lists is considered essential to achieve the consistency between countries. The aim of this study is to develop and test the feasibility of a method for establishing harmonised TDS food and sample lists in five European countries with different consumption patterns (Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Iceland and Portugal). The food lists were intended to be applicable for exposure assessment of wide range of chemical substances in adults (18-64 years) and the elderly (65-74 years). Food consumption data from recent dietary surveys measured on individuals served as the basis for this work. Since the national data from these five countries were not comparable, all foods were linked to the EFSA FoodEx2 classification and description system. The selection of foods for TDS was based on the weight of food consumed and was carried out separately for each FoodEx2 level 1 food group. Individual food approach was respected as much as possible when the TDS samples were defined. TDS food lists developed with this approach represented 94.7-98.7% of the national total diet weights. The overall number of TDS samples varied from 128 in Finland to 246 in Germany. The suggested method was successfully implemented in all five countries. Mapping of data to the EFSA FoodEx2 coding system was recognised as a crucial step in harmonisation of the developed TDS food lists.
Immobilization of horse radish peroxidase on different macroporous glycydil methacrylates for wastewater treatment

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Removal of phenolic compounds from wastewaters has been investigated by many researchers and it has been shown that horse radish peroxidase can react with aqueous phenolic compound in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and form non-soluble materials that could be easily removed from the aqueous phase. Main disadvantage of this process is enzyme inactivation. In order to increase stability of enzyme and yield of biocatalytic reaction peroxidases were immobilized on different materials. The aim of this study was to test different macroporous glycidyl methacrylates as carriers for enzyme immobilization. Immobilization was performed using carriers with different pore sizes (40, 50, 120 and 200 nm) and glutaraldehyde as activation method. All immobilized enzymes were characterized using pyrogallol and H2O2 as substrates (13 mM and 10 mM, respectively), and specific activity and immobilization yield were determined. Our data demonstrate that the best carrier for immobilization of horse radish peroxidase was SGE EDA 20/12 with pore size of 120 nm.