jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mapping the terrain of international student education in tertiary settings

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter presents a review of up-to-date research and practice in international student education. Research literature is mapped at the macro-, meso- and micro-levels, which respectively relate to the policies and goals of international student education, representations of international students and pedagogical approaches to engaging international students on the ground. Policies and goals of international student education are found to continuously evolve, reflecting the historical and sociocultural ethos of the times. The representations of international students have witnessed a shift from a deficit view to viewing them as agentive, resourceful and resilient. The engagement of international students on the ground has advanced as engagement has been theorised and enacted in formal and informal settings. The chapter then previews the 11 chapters which report on a variety of educational programmes and initiatives for international students in Australia, China, Japan, the USA and the UK. These studies exemplify a continuity of issues and challenges in international student education, while also highlighting the need for a coherent framework for sustainable engagement, further conversation between experienced and emerging international student education providers, and research on the impact of online learning on international student engagement.
Design and Implementation of Biosensor Readout Circuitry for Pesticide Monitoring

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

India is farmland, with agriculture being practiced by 3/4 of the people. In today's world, pesticides are being used more frequently in agriculture, and even in tiny amounts, they can be harmful to one's health. Hence, it is essential to detect pesticides on-site in agricultural products. Therefore, the intention is to develop a Voltametric principle-based biosensor read-out circuitry to operate the three-electrode system based on a linear relationship between the concentration of pesticide present in the sample and the inhibition of enzyme activity. The biosensor system demonstrated in this paper is an impressive detection limit in a linear range with pesticide concentration. This technology has advantages over traditional approaches in terms of cost, detection time, reliability, and portability. Additionally, it is a straightforward method for tracking the activity of enzymes using a potentiostat, where the detection system is based on the voltametric response, and IoT for pesticide concentration detection can be used in every link in the traceability of agricultural products for pesticide presence with good precision and reproducibility. It can be said that the successful design and implementation of the readout circuitry of a biosensor for pesticide monitoring are crucial for achieving accurate and reliable detection of pesticide levels. A readout circuitry for pesticide detection in terms of mV is implemented and the simulations are carried out using TINA-TI software tool.
Localization of the Insulin-like Growth Factor System in a Rat Model of Heart Failure Induced by Myocardial Infarction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although cardiac effects of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I have been reported in experimental models of heart failure and in human dilated cardiomyopathy, the IGF system has not been comprehensively assessed in the failing heart. We therefore localized the IGF system in the left ventricle during congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction (Ml) in the rat. The left anterior descending coronary artery was ligated in adult female Sprague-Dawley rats and hearts were examined after 6 months when congestive heart failure had developed. In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to localize mRNA for the components of the IGF system in the left ventricle of sham and congestive heart failure animals. We were able to detect changes in the spatial distribution of mRNA for IGF-I and IGF binding proteins 3, 4, 5, and 6 in the left ventricle during congestive heart failure after Ml. IGF-I and the binding proteins were predominantly increased in the infarct/peri-infarct area of the left ventricle. Other components of the IGF system were indistinguishable from the low to undetectable levels in sham-operated rats. These results demonstrate that the IGF system is altered in the failing heart and suggest that the IGF system plays an important role in the response of the heart to Ml and consequent failure.
Effect of time of weeding on quality of flue cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To investigate the effect of time of weeding on quality of flue cured tobacco, an experiment was conducted in Tobacco Research Station of Guilan in 2006. In this experiment the importance of weeding in early growth stages of tobacco was compared with late weeding stages on cigarette filling potential, percent of sugar and percent of nicotine by using two sets of treatments with three replications. On the first set, all the weeds were removed up to 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, 110 days after tobacco transplantation (Weed free control) with hand, then left unweeded after harvest of all tobacco leaves. On the similar treatments of the second set, weeds were allowed to compete with tobacco plants up to determined periods, and then removed until crop harvest. The numbers of weeds, their fresh and dry weight from a square meter of each plot were determined before weeding. The mature leaves of tobacco were picked up based on maturation 6 times, then their cigarette filling vigor, percent of sugar and percent of nicotine of each treatment were measured and compared. The results showed that tobacco weed control in early growing periods provided better weed control, yield quality and crop competition, then late weeding, it also increased percent of nicotine and filling power. There was no meaningful difference among treatments on sugar contents. Percent of nicotine and filling vigor in middle leaves (harvest 3 and 4) were significantly higher than the others. همدقم زا زره ياهفلع دنشاب يم ايند رد نوتوت گرب ديلوت و دشر هدنرادزاب لماوع نيرتمهم . تيمك شهاك رب هولاع هدناوخان ياه نامهيم نيا م اهنآ اريز ،دنراد يا هدنزرا شقن مه يتعنص هايگ نيا تيفيك ندروآ نيياپ رد لوصحم أ اهسوريو نوچ يهايگ يازيراميب لماوع و تافآ نم دنرثوم نوتوت گرب تيفيك ندروآ نيياپ رد اميقتسم هك دنشاب يم اهچراق و . هدوب مك يداصتقا شزرا ياراد نيياپ تيفيك اب نوتوت ياهگرب دش دهاوخ ديلوت زيچان يدنسپرازاب و لزان تميق ،مك تيبوغرم اب يناخد داوم و . يگ زا يكي نوتوت هلحرم ات هك تسا يياشن ناها 8 7 يگرب
STABILITY-INDICATING HPLC METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF CAPTOPRIL, INDAPAMIDE, AND THEIR RELATED COMPOUNDS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A validated stability-indicating HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of Captopril (CP), Indapamide (ID), and their related compounds in tablets using a 250 × 4.6 mm Xterra RP8 column, 5 µm particle size with UV detection at 210 nm. Isocratic elution was employed using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of 26 mM pentane-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt in 30 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 2.8, adjusted by phosphoric acid):methanol:acetonitril (6:2:2) v/v/v. The described method was linear over the range of 0.25–150 µg/mL with (r = 0.9999) for CP and 0.2–100 µg/mL with (r = 0.9999) for ID. The stability of CP and ID was studied under accelerated acidic, alkaline, and oxidative conditions. The proposed method was used to investigate the kinetics of acidic and alkaline degradation process of CP and ID at different temperatures and the apparent pseudo first-order rate constant, half-life, and activation energy were calculated. The pH rate profiles of degradation of CP and ID in Britton-Robinson buffer solutions within the pH range 1.8–12.0 were studied. The developed method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, selectivity, and robustness. The forced degradation studies prove the stability indicating power of the developed method.
MODULATION OF HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE AND FAMILY A DNA POLYMERASE PRIMER-TEMPLATE BINDING

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Polymerases are enzymes used by all cellular and viral organisms to replicate their genomes. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) polymerase, reverse transcriptase (RT), uses a single-stranded RNA template to create double-stranded DNA during the course of the viral life cycle. Successful reverse transcription relies on the speed of catalysis and the ability of the enzyme to stay bound to the template during synthesis. I demonstrate that both of these properties can be modulated by the presence of different divalent cations, fundamentally altering the behavior of HIV RT. In the presence of 2 mM Mg2+, the HIV RT primer-template complex has a half-life of 1.7±1.0 min, incorporating nucleotides at a maximum rate of 3.5 nucleotides (nt) per second (average speed 1.4±0.4 nt/sec). Substituting 2 mM Mg2+ with 400 μM Zn2+ dramatically slows the speed of catalysis (maximum 0.1 nt/sec, average 0.022±0.003 nt/sec) and promotes primer-template complexes that last hours (half-life of 220±60 min). These profound changes to the enzyme's function critically inhibit reverse transcription, even in the presence of optimal concentrations of Mg2+. In addition to the cation composition during reverse transcription, previous studies have demonstrated that the sequence of the primer-template substrate can also affect the duration of a RT-primer-template complex. In light of this discovery, I investigated the tendency of two Family A DNA polymerases, the Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase (Taq pol) and the Klenow fragment from Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I (Klenow), to selectively and tightly bind primer-template complexes. Using Primer-Template Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (PT SELEX), I determined that both Taq pol and Klenow tightly bind to sequences containing regions that match the initiation and melting domains of promoters for the structurally similar bacteriophage T7-like RNA polymerases. This suggests a shared sequence preference that might be present in all Family A DNA polymerases, derived from a common ancestor. I plan to exploit this primer-template binding preference to advance biotechnologies utilizing these enzymes.
One Russia, many worlds: balancing external homeland nationalism and internal ethnocultural diversity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For many years, diversity management in post-Cold War Central and Eastern Europe was viewed through the prism of the multilateral minority rights “regime” developed through the OSCE, Council of Europe and EU. With all OSCE participating states asserting the importance of the concept during the early 1990s, minority rights were initially understood as a shared political field that could transcend rival nationalisms. This field, however, encompassed widely varying and competing definitions and was created in a context of unequal power relations between West and East. Russia – never wholly embedded within this concept of normative space – has increasingly challenged the multilateral framework rhetorically and in policy practice, as part of a more general shift toward instrumentalization of minority issues by “kin-state” actors within the region. Using new data from a 2014–17 project on practices of national-cultural autonomy (NCA) within Russia, this article demonstrates how today’s Russian state – hailing its own approach to diversity management as superior to that of the West – seeks to co-opt minority NCA bodies in Russia in the service of external policy and geopolitical competition. The article assesses how minorities respond to this strategy and the implications it might hold for ethnic relations within Russia.
A Case of Undiagnosed Pyloric Stenosis Revealed by Vomiting during Induction of Anesthesia in an Infant.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

両側鼠径ヘルニアを有する2ヵ月の女児が鼠径ヘルニア根治術のマスクによる全身麻酔の導入時に多量の胃内容の逆流をきたし,一時換気困難(SpO2 70%)となった.換気困難は軽快し,胃内からミルク約50mlが吸引された.手術は予定通り行われた.術前の絶食絶飲指示は守られていた.術後,肥厚性幽門狭窄症を有していたことが判明した.患児は低出生児で,発育は良好であったが,母親は「やや吐きやすい子である」という印象をもっていた.小児外科医,麻酔科医は誰一人として術前に肥厚性幽門狭窄症の存在を考慮しなかった.このように,肥厚性幽門狭窄症は術前に予測することが困難な場合がある.嘔吐しやすい乳幼児の術前診察では本疾患を念頭におく必要があろう.
Dislocation structure influence on the defect of young's modulus of alkaline-halogen crystals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Crystals of chloride sodium are investigated in the paper. As a result the computer model for the calculation of Young's modulus defect of crystals, being in the ultrasonic field, has been created. New mechanisms of the propagation and annihilation of dislocations have been cleared up. Dependences of Young's modulus defect on the deformation amplitude for crystals with the various dislocation structure have been obtained. The paper results may find their field of application in the investigation of structure and properties of crystalline solid bodies and their practical use
Black children have higher, not lower, risks for ADHD than others

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Blacks are at higher risk for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than the general population in the United States, according to a recent study. This conclusion is contrary to DSM‐5 , but it based on a systematic review and meta‐analysis. The results highlight the need to increased assessment and monitoring among Blacks from different social backgrounds, the researchers conclude, as well as the importance of accurate diagnoses and culturally appropriate care.
Refocusing China’s Family Planning Commission in the 21st Century

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

China’s entry into an aging society calls for a transition of its population policy. The State Family Planning Commission (SFPC) could concentrate more on many essential health and human services for the next few decades. Prevention of birth defects and reduction of unnecessary cesarean births are cost-effective interventions that would enhance the health of the upcoming generations. Research and evaluation of modern contraceptive technologies are needed to promote reproductive health and help both the SFPC and users make well-informed decisions. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) testing and counseling deserve the joint efforts of the government, health services, and the society at large. Further, the SFPC’s collaboration with the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Agriculture and the National Women’s Federation can help to reinforce its role in the treatment of infertility and maternal diseases, the provision of public services for low-income families, and the prevention of domestic violence. The SFPC can also play a role in China’s increasing foreign aid, particularly in those countries where artificial contraception and HIV/STD prevention are needed.
Sex-specific risk factor awareness, covert misogyny and long-term cardiovascular risk management: Pilot study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Health literacy is a cornerstone of prevention, while sex specific prevention of cardiovascular disease, a leading cause of death of women worldwide, remains less addressed and is still more a matter of local cultural habits than guideline-directed management. METHODS: A validated multiple-choice questionnaire (MCQ) designed to both educate patients and help the healthcare team learn about their traditional and sex specific modern risk factors (RF) management, including opting for comprehensive personalized long term follow up (FU) was offered to all in-patients. RESULTS: Out of 130 patients hospitalized at our department (Jan 1, 2024 - Feb 24, 2024) who were offered to fill in the MCQ, 37.7% accepted to do so, while 11.5% were excluded on ethical grounds. Women (49%) were older than men, had a more significant burden of traditional RF and possessed higher levels of knowledge and interest in RFs of both sexes, while men - especially those who declined to participate without a clear reason - even stated having no interest in their female relatives' risk profiles. Men, unlike women, showed no particular interest in a personalized and tech-savvy options of FU, although they equally use hand-held devices. CONCLUSION: These results confirm the findings obtained from a similar study conducted on an all-female sample in the same setting a year ago. However, results in men were surprising for the hostility exhibited towards junior and mid-career women which was absent when approached by a senior male member of the healthcare team. This confirms that misogyny needs to be actively suppressed.
Stacking Interactions and the Twist of DNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The importance of stacking interactions for the Twist and stability of DNA is investigated using\nthe fully <i>ab initio</i> van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF)., Our results highlight the role that binary\ninteractions between adjacent sets of base pairs play in defining the sequence-dependent Twists observed\nin high-resolution experiments. Furthermore, they demonstrate that additional stability gained by the presence\nof thymine is due to methyl interactions with neighboring bases, thus adding to our understanding of the\nmechanisms that contribute to the relative stability of DNA and RNA. Our mapping of the energy required\nto twist each of the 10 unique base pair steps should provide valuable information for future studies of\nnucleic acid stability and dynamics. The method introduced will enable the nonempirical theoretical study\nof significantly larger pieces of DNA or DNA/amino acid complexes than previously possible.
Temporal trends of mortality in patients with infective endocarditis: a nationwide study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims Little is known about the mortality for patients with infective endocarditis (IE) on a nationwide scale, and previous studies have been conducted in selected cohorts from tertiary centers. We aimed to investigate temporal trends in mortality using nationwide Danish registries. Methods and results We identified patients with first-time IE between 1999–2018, and they were grouped by calendar periods (1999–2003, 2004–2008, 2009–2013, 2014–2018). One-year mortality was estimated using Kaplan–Meier estimates. For calendar periods, odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) were computed using multivariable adjusted logistic regression and Cox proportional Hazards analyses for in-hospital and one-year mortality, respectively. We identified 8804 patients with IE. Age and proportions of men were: 66.7 (25th–75th percentile: 53.4–76.7) years and 59.9% in 1999–2003 and 72.8 (25th–75th percentile: 63.4–80.3) and 65.8% in 2014–2018. In-hospital mortality was 1999–2003: 24.5%, 2004–2008: 22.8%, 2009–2013: 18.8%, and 2014–2018: 18.3%. Relative to 1999–2003, adjusted likelihoods of in-hospital mortality were: OR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.69–0.96) in 2004–2008, OR = 0.59 (95% CI: 0.50–0.69) in 2009–2013, and OR = 0.51 (95% CI: 0.43–0.60) in 2014–2018. By calendar periods, crude risks of one-year mortality were: 34.4% (95% CI: 32.0–36.8%), 33.5% (95% CI: 31.5–35.6%), 32.1% (95% CI: 30.2–34.0%), and 33.1% (95% CI: 31.3–34.8%). Relative to 1999–2003, adjusted rates of one-year mortality were: HR = 0.88 (95% CI 0.79–0.99) in 2004–2008, HR = 0.76 (95% CI: 0.68–0.86) in 2009–2013, and HR = 0.72 (95% CI: 0.64–0.81) in 2014–2018. Conclusion In this nationwide study of patients with first-time IE between 1999–2018, both short- and long-term survival has improved over time when accounting for changes in patient characteristics. One-sentence Summary When accounting for patient characteristics, both short- and long-term mortality have improved in patients with first-time infective endocarditis.
New Technologies and Deterrence: Artificial Intelligence and Adversarial Behaviour

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Offering a critical synthesis of extant insights into technological developments in AI and their potential rami ﬁ cations for international relations and deterrence postures, this chapter argues that AI risks in ﬂ uencing military deterrence and coercion in unique ways: it may alter cost-bene ﬁ t calculations by removing the fog of war, by super ﬁ cially imposing rationality on political decisions, and by diminishing the human cost of military engagement. It may recalibrate the balance between offensive and defensive measures, tipping the scales in favour of pre-emption, and undermine existing assumptions imbedded in both conventional and nuclear deterrence. AI might altogether remove human emotions and eliminate other biological limitations from the practice of coercion. It may provide users the ability to collect, synthesize, and act upon real-time intelligence from several disparate sources, augmenting the certainty and severity of punishment strategies, both in theatre and online, compressing the distance between intelligence, politicaldecisions, and coercive action. As a result, AI may quicken the overall pace of action across all domains of coercion, in con ﬂ ict, crisis, and war, and within the related sub ﬁelds of national security, counterterrorism, counter-crime, and counter-espionage.
Energy-Efficient Digital Twins for Circular Economy Implementation

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

As industries accelerate their transition toward sustainability, integrating energy efficiency into Circular Economy (CE) strategies becomes a key priority. Digital Twins (DTs) are virtual counterparts of physical systems that enable real-time monitoring, simulation, and optimization of energy performance across product life cycles. This paper proposes a structured framework that integrates DT technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and predictive analytics to enhance energy efficiency and circularity in industrial operations. The proposed model enables real-time data collection, simulation, and decision-making for sustainable production and end-of-life management. A simulated manufacturing process demonstrates that DT-based optimization can achieve energy reductions of approximately 10–12% while improving recycling and reuse metrics. The framework aligns with ISO 50001 standards and the EU Circular Economy Action Plan, providing a practical path for scaling digital sustainability tools in manufacturing.
Delayed Mechanical Response to Chemical Kinetics in Self-Oscillating Hydrogels Driven by the Belousov–Zhabotinsky Reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We show experimentally that chemical and mechanical self-oscillations in Belousov-Zhabotinsky hydrogels are inherently asynchronous, that is, there is a detectable delay in swelling-deswelling response after a change in the chemical redox state. This phenomenon is observable in many previous experimental studies and potentially has far-reaching implications for the functionality and response time of the material in future applications; however, so far, it has not been quantified or reported systematically. Here, we provide a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative description of the chemical-to-mechanical delay, and we propose to explain it as a consequence of the slow nonequilibrium swelling-deswelling dynamics of the polymer material. Specifically, standard hydrogel pieces are large enough that transport processes, for example, counterion migration and water diffusion, cannot occur instantaneously throughout the entire gel piece, as opposed to previous theoretical considerations. As a result, the volume response of the polymer to a chemical change may be governed by a characteristic response time, which leads to the emergence of delay in mechanical oscillation. This is supported by our theoretical calculations.