jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Invisible orthodontics part 2: lingual appliance treatment

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract: The aim of this second article of the three part series is to sum up the current developments in lingual orthodontics. This article attempts to review the development, advantages and disadvantages, bonding techniques, bracket mechanics, patient factors and types of lingual appliance systems available. In addition, the article shows examples of treated cases with lingual appliances. Clinical Relevance: Lingual appliances are a useful addition to the armamentarium of invisible orthodontic appliances, with significant developments over the last few years. Clinicians need to be aware of the advances and predictable results achievable with lingual appliances.
Saudi Practice of Consuming Terfezia claveryi truffles intended for Treating Eye Pathogens

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Saudi Terfezia claveryi truffles common name is Al Fag’a, Al-Kam’ah is the classic Arabic name, which means ‘‘hidden”. It has gained attention due to aroma for culinary use and high nutritional content. The goal was to prove that the Saudi custom for Saudi Terfezia claveryi truffles is scientifically correct through the procedure and proving that the basic components have a role in eliminating eye pathogens. Methodology was included preparing the sample for the experiment, preparing microbial isolates for the experiment and the experiment under investigation. The results showed that the Saudi Terfezia claveryi truffles water extract was highly effective against bacteria and fungi eye pathogens. That was found the most effective on them were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Micrococcus flavus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Candida sp., except for Aspergillus sp. Saudi Terfezia claveryi truffles water extract effects through the means were (0.0082-0.0094) as grade A were included Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia. While grade B were included Micrococcus flavus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis, their means were (0.0188-0.0216). The grad C were included Chlamydia trachomatis, and Candida sp., their means was (0.0266-0.0294). Although Aspergillus sp., was under test but was not reacted with the water extract. That concluded the Saudi habit of using Saudi Terfezia claveryi truffles had been proven experimentally due to the antimicrobial substances in its contents, that affect the eye pathogens. That was recommended that the Saudi Terfezia claveryi truffles must be directed to the pharmacy department to obtain the appropriate medication to treat eye pathogens.
Sports Participation Did Not Interfere with Mathematics Performance in Chinese Adolescents

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Active physical activity (PA) participation is generally thought to affect the academic performance of students. However, this notion has not been verified, especially with respect to the Chinese population. PURPOSE: To examine the relationship between mathematics performance and the involvement of students in sports-type extra-curricular activity (SECA). METHODS: Ninety-two Chinese adolescents were recruited from a low-banding secondary school in Hong Kong and were followed for 24 months. Their SECA engagement and mathematics performance in the 9th and 11th grades were measured, and their academic scores were standardized into t-scores for comparison. The participants were split into two categories, namely, the SECA and non-SECA groups, based on a self-reported questionnaire. Health-related fitness profiles (body mass index (BMI), nine-minute run, one-minute sit-up, push-up, and sit-and-reach) were measured during the 11th grade to evaluate potential associations with SECA participation. The fitness scores were standardized and compiled into composite fitness scores. RESULTS: ANCOVA (SES as covariate) revealed that the SECA group was physically fitter than the non-SECA group (F=6.273, p<0.01). Two-way repeated measures MANCOVA (grade x group, SES and fitness level as covariates) revealed that no interaction effects occurred between the SECA and non-SECA groups in terms of mathematics score (F=0.232, p=0.632). Nevertheless, the SECA group improved their mathematics performance more in the 11th grade than in the 9th grade (Δ=+0.452). The non-SECA group experienced a drop in performance (Δ=−0.211), although it was not statistically significant. Results from stepwise regression suggested that composite fitness scores significantly predicted mathematics performance (t=2.805, p<0.01) but not whether or not SECA participation. CONCLUSION: SECA participants displayed higher physical fitness level without compromising mathematics performance. The promising findings of this longitudinal study support sports activity for school-aged children.
More than ChatGPT – additional AI tools for different teaching-learning scenarios

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Since the end of 2022, ChatGPT and other chatbots continue to revolutionise the way we work, and especially in scientific and academic fields, this is both an opportunity and a challenge for both students and lecturers. Custom chatbots can also be easily created to suit specific applications and purposes. In addition, there are many other AI tools, e.g., for image and video generation and manipulation, scientific work or presentations. This study evaluates some of these AI tools besides ChatGPT with regard to different applications for academic purposes, both from the students' and lecturers' point of view. As part of an interdisciplinary project, students, in collaboration with the lecturer, selected several AI tools based on possible application scenarios and investigated the basics and functionalities of the tools. In the next step, they analysed these tools with regard to possible teaching and learning scenarios. Based on these scenarios, they used the tools to develop detailed applications in different teaching-learning scenarios to check the suitability, effectiveness and correctness and to evaluate the results. Teaching material of a dedicated lecture, including presentations, videos, textbook and more was used as demonstrator for the different AI tools.
Unknotting and Ascending Numbers of Knots and their Families

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Ascending numbers are determined for 64 knots with at most n=10 crossings. After proving the theorem about the signature of alternating knot families, we distinguished all families of knots obtained from generating alternating knots with at most 10 crossings, for which the unknotting number can be confirmed by using the general formulae for signatures. For 11 families of knots general formulae are obtained for their ascending numbers.
Mixing of color signals by turtle cone photoreceptors

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The direct mixing of red and green cone signals in the outer plexiform layer of the turtle retina was studied by using intracellular recordings from red cone photoreceptors. Cone photoresponses were a function of the wavelength of the photons that stimulated them, even when small-diameter stimuli were used. The intensity response curves measured with red and green test flashes had different shapes. The kinetics of approximately equal amplitude red and green responses also differed. To quantify the short wavelength input onto red cones, differential chromatic adaptation was used. The relative sensitivity of the red cone to red and green test flashes was a function of the color and intensity of the background illumination; red backgrounds decreased relative red sensitivity, and green backgrounds increased relative red sensitivity. The spectral sensitivity of the additional short wavelength input onto red cones was determined by using differential chromatic adaptation, and was found to peak approximately 550 nm. We conclude that red cones receive an additional excitatory input from green cones (and possibly blue cones). A model of the cone mosaic suggests that approximately 50% of the red cone response (linear range) to a dim green test flash arises from neighboring green cones.
Anti-asthmatic Drugs

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Asthma is a chronic disease affecting the bronchial mucosa and bronchial smooth muscle, and characterised by airflow obstruction which varies both with time and as a result of treatment. The obstruction results partly from constriction of the bronchial smooth muscle and partly from swelling of the bronchial mucosa and the presence of bronchial mucus. The swelling of the bronchial musoca is due both to oedema and to cellular infiltration, characteristically with eosinophils but also with polymorphonuclear leucocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. However, as it has been shown that even in mild asthmatic patients requiring little or no treatment a chronic inflammatory state of the bronchial mucosa exists, it is possible that both play a part in most circumstances. Measurements of airway function exhibit an exaggerated diurnal variation in asthmatic patients, the amplitude of which varies according to disease severity.
Overview of Sesame Water Cooling System Design & Operation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

SESAME started operation in January 2017. In order to receive heat deposited in various synchrotron devices during operation, a low-conductivity water cooling system was installed. Within this paper the design, construction and operation of the water cooling system will be discussed, Both Hydraulic and Thermal Behavior of the system will be analyzed and discussed with numerical simulation means as well as real operation pressure and temperature data for the purpose of a better understanding of the cooling system
Emission Line Studies of AGN

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has been producing data from regularly scheduled observations for some time now. At this juncture, it is an appropriate time to review some of the areas where instruments such as the Faint Object Spectrograph (FOS), when coupled with ground-based data, may improve studies of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and, hopefully, stir the imaginations of the theorists! We show examples of objects where the data indicate that the emission line properties of high- and low-luminosity objects are similar, lending support to relatively simple models in which the emission line regions of AGN scale homologously. We note, however, that the definition of what the ‘normal’ properties of AGN are rather than individual peculiarities will have to await complete samples of objects with data covering as large a wavelength range as possible.
Perceptions from Across the Pond: Building Cultural Competence from Study Abroad Experiences

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

At Marquette University, there is a large gap between the number of students who show an interest in studying abroad and those who actually participate in the study abroad process. In order to gauge why this discrepancy occurs, students’ mindsets and perceptions about studying abroad are analyzed in relation to varying degrees of cultural competence. This paper addresses the need for research about cultural competence, ultimately addressing how Marquette students value cultural competence and how this value connects to their decision to study abroad. By recognizing the worldly benefits gained from study abroad experiences, the idea of cultural competence can be built in students’ minds and continually developed throughout their lives. Research is conducted through a mixed-method approach, which consists of interviews, archival data, and auto-ethnographical features. By organizing and analyzing data according to students’ previous knowledge about study abroad, the balance between collaborative efforts by Marquette faculty and the individual actions taken by students is recognized as essential for the development of well-rounded, culturally competent individuals. In a world marked by recent political change, it is important to continually articulate the importance of cultural competence, the importance of students’ discovering their own identities in relation to the larger world around them. Thus, proposals for change are discussed in order to increase participation in Marquette study abroad programs.
Safety of Japanese herbal Kampo medicines for the treatment of depression during pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To clarify the fetal safety of herbal Kampo medicines, including Hange‐koboku‐to, Koso‐san, Nyoshin‐san, Yokukansan, Yokukansan‐kachinpi‐hange, Saiko‐keishikankyo‐to, Keishi‐karyukotu‐borei‐to, and Kanbaku‐taisou‐to, when administered to pregnant women with depression using a large healthcare administrative database. Methods We extracted data from the JMDC Claims Database (2005–2018) for this retrospective cohort study of pregnant women aged 19 years or older admitted to obstetric clinics or hospitals for delivery. Participants were classified into four groups: those without depression, those diagnosed with depression without medication, those given Kampo medicines for depression, and those given western medicines for depression. Neonatal outcomes (congenital anomalies, low birth weight, and preterm birth) were considered as the safety outcome measures. Results We identified 179 707 eligible mothers. The adverse outcomes did not differ significantly between participants receiving Kampo medicine and those not diagnosed with depression during pregnancy. The proportion of low‐birth‐weight neonates did not differ significantly between the Kampo medicine and non‐depression groups (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86–1.91), but was significantly higher in the unmedicated depression group (aOR 1.31; 95% CI 1.07–1.61) and western medicine group (aOR 1.47; 95% CI 1.18–1.83). Conclusion Kampo medicines are safe for treating depression during pregnancy without increasing the incidence of congenital anomalies, low birth weight, or preterm birth.
Target motion analysis in the presence of false alarms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Usually, target motion analysis (TMA) is based upon the Gaussian statistical assumption for the additive corrupting measurement noise and ignores the presence of false alarms. In this paper, a realistic maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) is developed for TMA problems when the available measurement at each sampling time is either a true detection or a false alarm. By using appropriate statistical assumptions, the Cramer–Rao lower bound (CRLB) is computed for the bearings-only TMA under the realistic assumption that the data set is contaminated by false alarms. A comparison is then made between the least-squares estimator and MLE-based TMA.
Elefanten im Mond, Der prekäre Status des wissenschaftlichen Instruments

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The article focuses on a 17th century satire by Samuel Butler, which depicts scientists investigating the moon with a telescope and making fraudulent reports of the phenomena seen. This text is part of the Restauration discussion about the right uses of instruments and the right habits of knowledge production. I show that Butler and other critics of experimental science relied on a concept of evidence that was opposed to the practice already being followed by the Royal Society. Contrary to the belief of their denouncers, artificial devices like the telescope, the microscope and the barometer allowed scientists to constitute phenomena which could not be falsified by an appeal to everyday experience.
Escherichia coli mutT mutator effect during in vitro DNA synthesis. Enhanced A.G replicational errors.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mechanism of the Escherichia coli mutT mutator effect was investigated using single-stranded phage as a mutational target. In vivo experiments showed that two M13mp2 lacZ alpha nonsense mutants reverted at a higher rate on a mutT1 host than on the wild-type host. The specificity of this mutator effect was identical to that observed for E. coli genes: A.T----C.G transversions. The mutT effect was subsequently demonstrated in vitro during DNA replication of M13mp2 DNA in cell-free extracts of E. coli. Replication (the single-stranded----replicative form conversion) in mutT1 extracts proceeded with a higher error rate than in wild-type extracts, and DNA sequence analysis of the in vitro revertants revealed the specific induction of A.T----C.G transversions. On the basis of the template specificity of the mutT effect in vitro, we conclude that the mutT effect involves the aberrant processing of A.G rather than T.C mispairs.
The role of low-angle normal faulting in active tectonics of the northern Owens Valley, California

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Owens Valley of eastern California is an extensional graben. The mechanics of extension have traditionally been explained by means of high-angle normal faulting. However, this mechanism appears to be inconsistent with both the accepted tectonic structures of associated basins and with the expected kinematics of regional extension. We have therefore reexamined several lines of evidence that bear on the fault structures bounding the northern Owens Valley. Examination of fault-outcrop geometry indicates that valley-bounding fault planes dip between 26° and ∼90°. Measurement of numerous fault planes that dip between 25° and 35° demonstrates that low-angle faulting must play an important role in the extensional process. We examined the alluvial fan/drainage basin area ratio of alluvial fans along the west slope of the White Mountains. These vary between ∼1.00 and 0.05. The larger area ratios are associated with low-angle mountain-front faults, and the smaller ratios are associated with high-angle faults. The Bishop tuff, both in outcrop and in subcrop, shows obvious anticlinal rollovers as the tuff sheet approaches the bounding faults, which may indicate listric faulting geometry. Relocated earthquake hypocenter data define a west-dipping band of seismicity at 4–7 km depth beneath the Owens Valley. Fault-plane solutions for these events permit low-angle westward-directed slip. These observations indicate that the traditional high-angle normal faulting model is inadequate. More plausible alternative structures include low-angle planar normal bounding faults and faulting controlled by either east-dipping or west-dipping master detachment faults.
Characteristics and concepts of Muslims as portrayed in children's fictional literature

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study confirmed there is a shortage of children’s books depicting Muslim characters without even considering the aspects of quality in respect to accuracy and authenticity. Major findings of this research address the issue of the authentic depiction of Muslim characters and accuracy concerning the Islamic religion. Multicultural education, specifically, multicultural literature is necessary and beneficial to the education of youth in America today. Young people need to be familiar with quality literature that can give the reader a realistic look at other cultures. Children need to realize that diversity means differences but more importantly that it also means similarities. People of all cultures have the same basic needs: food, shelter, clothing and someone to care.
Specialized Industrial Towns as Service Centres: A Comparison of Scunthorpe and Corby

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

THE ADVENT of iron-ore quarrying, pig-iron production and then steel making in the northern parts of Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire has found expression in these counties in the creation of two new towns, Scunthorpe and Corby. The two towns are the only two centres of iron and steel production located on home orefields, and are currently producing one-fifth of Britain's pig-iron and one-seventh of the national steel output.1 The many similarities in urban growth invite a comparative study of the two steel towns. This paper is a study of the influence that they have had on their surrounding areas. Key maps for the two areas are given in Figure I. The bands, drawn around the two steel towns at three-mile intervals outward from their boundaries,2 provide the basis for subsequent statistical analysis. Three points are of peculiar interest. The towns are of recent origin (Table I); they are not expansions of early, established centres; and growth has been rapid, producing towns with industrial and social imbalance. They have thus grown because of attributes of site: they have not been 'set up by the countryside to perform tasks that must be performed in central places'. Yet they have developed service functions.
LB-002 Unravelling The Relationship Between Mucins And Mucolytic Bacteria During Intestinal Inflammation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Introduction The epithelium in the human GI tract is coated in protective mucus, which acts as a key component of the intestinal barrier. In the colon, mucus consists of an inner, impenetrable and firmly attached layer, and an outer layer that provides a habitat for commensals. Mucins that make up mucus are decorated in a diverse array of O-glycans, providing both nutrients and attachment sites for microbes. Dysbiosis of the microbiota and alterations in mucin glycosylation are often associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Whether these factors are causes or consequences of inflammation remains to be elucidated. Methods We are using a multidisciplinary approach to uncover the molecular mechanisms leading to loss of barrier function in IBD. These include the isolation and purification of mucins and bacteria from mucosal lavages of patients undergoing colonoscopy. Mucin glycosylation is analysed by lectin screening using immunohistochemistry, AgPAGE gradient gel electrophoresis, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This will be complemented by detailed structural analysis by mass spectrometry and High Performance Anion Exchange Chromatography (HPAEC). The composition of specific mucin-degrading groups is analysed by qPCR, and will be complemented by 16S metagenomic sequencing of the total mucosa-associated bacterial population. Results Mucins were purified from mucosal lavage and visualised with AFM, revealing the presence of fibrous chains with contour lengths ranging from tens of nanometers to several microns. The binding specificity of various lectins was utilised in force spectroscopy measurements to assess the affinity of their cognate sugars at the molecular scale. Preliminary data indicates that this technique is a promising new approach which can be further utilised to explore the spatial distribution of glycans in human intestinal mucins and investigate differences in varying disease states. In parallel, bacterial DNA was extracted from mucosal lavages, and quantitative PCR carried out to analyse the composition of the mucosa-associated bacterial population. Preliminary qPCR analysis revealed a trend towards an altered microbial profile in patients with inflammation. Conclusion Dysbiosis of the microbiota and alterations in mucosal barrier are often associated with IBD. Deciphering whether these factors are causes or consequences of inflammation will impact on the choice of therapeutic intervention strategies. Assessing the changes in mucin-degrading bacteria and mucin glycosylation at the human mucosal surface will provide evidence-based strategies to select and/or design effective treatments to restore barrier function. Disclosure of Interest None Declared.