jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
International Courts and Tribunals

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the most visible changes brought about by the end of the Cold War to the structure, institutions, and discourse of international law and relations is the remarkable multiplication of international courts and tribunals and their increasing specialization and diversification. This chapter aims to verify the extent to which the evolution of the array of international courts since the end of the Cold War has followed the two major lines of development suggested in this volume's introduction (the adaptation of existing institutions and the creation of new ones), and how far it has matched the three phases identified by the editors as characterizing international relations (the end of the Cold War to 9/11, the phase between 9/11 and the invasion of Iraq, and the period from the fall of Saddam Hussein to the present day, at the time of this writing).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of (3R,6S,7R,18R,19S)‐, (3R,6S,7R,18R,19R)‐, and (3R,6S,7R,18S,19R)‐Quassiols A. A Comment on the Stereochemistry of Natural Quassiol A.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) versus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for oligometastatic prostate cancer: protocol for a prospective randomised control clinical trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction The systemic therapy, especially androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), is currently recommended for patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer (PCa). However, the results have not been satisfactory including adverse reactions and castration resistance. Therefore, it is necessary to explore more effective treatment to prolong biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS) and delay the start of hormonal therapy for treating oligometastatic PCa. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is an emerging treatment alternative for patients with oligometastases with high local control rates and minimal toxic effects. This prospective trial aims to demonstrate whether SBRT for the oligometastases of hormone-sensitive PCa can delay the start of ADT and prolong the time from inception of the study to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Methods and analysis Patients with ≤3 oligometastatic recurrences, diagnosed on Ga-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen PET/CT, will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio between arm A (ADT only) and arm B (SBRT for oligometastases only). SBRT is conducted by CyberKnife with prescription dose 30–50 Gy in 3–5 fractions. One of the primary endpoints is ADT-free survival of arm B, the other is the time from inception of the study to CRPC. The secondary endpoints include radiotherapy-related toxicity, ADT-related toxicity, bPFS, local PFS and overall survival. Toxicity will be assessed using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria V.5.0. Ethics and dissemination This protocol was approved by the institutional review board of Shanghai Changhai Hospital (CHEC2020-101). This is a randomised control clinical trial comparing SBRT to ADT for men with oligometastatic PCa. The study will be performed in compliance with applicable local legislation and in accordance with the ethical principles developed by the World Medical Association in the Declaration of Helsinki 2013. Study results will be disseminated through conferences and peer-reviewed scientific journals. Trial registration number Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04599686 .
Purification and characterization of &#x03B1;<inf>2</inf>-macroglobulin from chum salmon plasma

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chum salmon plasma α 2 -macroglobulin (α 2 -M) was first purified by polyethylene glycol gradient precipitation, gel filtration and anion-exchange chromatography from chum salmon plasma. The α 2 -M was purified 47.77-fold with a yield of 28.90% towards papain. The α 2 -M showed molecular weight (Mw) of 175 kDa and consists of two different subunits of Mw 95 kDa and 80 kDa, respectively. The α 2 -M was stable towards papain and trypsin at pH ranges from 5.0 to 8.0, and was thermal stable at temperatures below 50°C. The α 2 -M was applied to Alaska pollock surimi and was able to inhibit the gel weakening in a concentration-dependent manner.
Editorial Comment on “Sexual Activity, Psychosexual Distress, and Fear of Progression in Women with Human Papillomavirus-Related Premalignant Genital Lesions”

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Although the link between MetS and erectile dysfunction (ED) is well known, clinical studies investigating the association between NAFLD and ED are scant.To evaluate the relationship between NAFLD and ED.Male patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD were prospectively asked to fill the five-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Their clinical and histologic variables were compared with the IEFF scores.IIEF scores; proportions of NAFLD patients who demonstrated ED and/or MetS; association between the severity of histological hepatic damage and ED.Forty male patients having an age range of 33 (24–57) and a mean age of 40.13 ± 10.22 years with biopsy-proven NAFLD had a median IIEF-5 score of 16 (9–25) and MetS was present in 23 (57.5%). ED severity distributions as moderate, mild, and no ED were 11 (27.5%), 16 (40%), and 13 (32.5 %), respectively. Histological NAFLD score was significantly higher in patients having ED compared with patients with no ED (5.63 ± 1.39 vs 4.15 ± 1.46; P = .006). MetS diagnosis was significantly more common in patients having ED, compared with those without ED [19 (70.4%) vs 4 (30.8%), respectively, P = .018)]. When patients with and without ED were compared, gamma glutamyl transferase was significantly lower in ED, whereas components of MetS did not correlate with ED. After multivariate analysis, NAFLD score has remained the only significant outcome associated with ED [P = .03; OR (95% CI): 2.38 (1.079–5.238)].The current clinical study demonstrates a significant association between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and ED for the first time. Our findings suggest liver damage may play role in the pathogenesis of ED in patients with NAFLD. Future studies are needed to expand the underlying common mechanisms responsible for this novel hypothesis.
CBF and time thresholds for the formation of ischemic cerebral edema, and effect of reperfusion in baboons

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

✓ Ischemic cerebral edema has been studied in 41 baboons, with regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) determined by hydrogen clearance, and edema measured by microgravimetry. A threshold of ischemia has been identified for baboon cortex and subcortical white matter, which has to be crossed before edema formation begins. This threshold is 40.5% of normal CBF in cortex, and 34.4% of normal flow in subcortical white matter. A time threshold has also been determined, and the baboon brain can withstand 30 minutes of ischemia of the middle cerebral artery without significant edema formation. Reperfusion of ischemic brain has no effect on tissue water if the ischemic flow and time thresholds have not been crossed. Reperfusion of cortex, where water has begun to accumulate, exacerbates the water accumulation in proportion to the extent of the reperfusion. If these results are applicable to man, restoration of flow should not be attempted after an ischemic insult that reduces flow to less than 40% of normal unless it can be accomplished within 30 minutes of the insult. Provided CBF can be restored to above the 40% threshold within 30 minutes, reversal of the neurological deficit and prevention of ischemic edema can be expected.
Physicochemical and structural properties of different colored sweet potato starches

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Physicochemical and structural properties of starch from orange‐ and purple‐fleshed sweet potatoes were investigated and compared to those of typical white‐fleshed sweet potatoes. Slight differences were found in the proximate composition and amylose content of the starch from colored sweet potatoes. Scanning electron microscopy results showed that the sweet potato starch granules were round and polygonal. The average granule size of the starch isolated from orange‐fleshed sweet potatoes was higher than those from white‐ and purple‐fleshed sweet potatoes. X‐ray diffraction patterns demonstrated that all the starch samples exhibited C‐type crystallinity near A‐type. The swelling power and solubility of starch from orange‐ and purple‐fleshed sweet potatoes were greater than those from white sweet potatoes. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the enthalpy of starch from white sweet potatoes was greater than that of the other types of sweet potato. Starch from different colored sweet potatoes exhibited somewhat different RVA pasting properties. Structural analysis such as molecular size distribution and branch chain length showed minimal structural differences among the starch samples from colored sweet potatoes.
Isolation and Identification of Fungi from Reproductive Tract of Healthy Bali Cows

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Bacterial and fungal diseases, such as mycotic endometritis and abortion, are one of the causes of reproductive diseases in Bali cattle.Earlier studies on bovine uterine microflora have mainly focused on bacteria; however, the presence of fungi has yet to be discussed in detail.This study aimed to provide data on the prevalence and identification of fungi by using morphological methods.The samples were vaginal swabs obtained from 22 healthy female Bali cattle from various locations in Bali, Indonesia.For isolation, vaginal swabs were cultured on Sabouraud's dextrose agar (SDA) medium and identification was performed macroscopically by observing colony growth and microscopically using the tape smear method stained with Methylene Blue stain.The results showed that 32 fungi belonging to seven genera were isolated from 22 Bali cows.The prevalence rates of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Cladosporium, Curvularia, and Candida, Mucor, and Penicillium spp.were 41, 25, 19, 6, and 3%, respectively.These data add important information to the literature on the fungal microbiota in healthy Bali cows.
The Half-Yearly Oscillations in Middle and High Southern Latitudes and the Coreless Winter

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In mid-tropospheric levels of the Southern Hemisphere, the temperature contrast between middle and high latitudes reaches two maxima near the times of the equinoxes, the strongest contrast being at the autumnal equinox. This variation is dominated by the seasonal changes over the Antarctic Ocean where the second (semiannual) harmonic of the mid-tropospheric meridional temperature gradient has a magnitude exceeding that of the first (annual) harmonic. The existence of the marked semiannual component in this region is shown to be a consequence of the difference between the heating and cooling rates in different latitudes where the mid-tropospheric annual temperature ranges are similar. In latitude 50S cooling in autumn is rapid compared with the warming in spring, the reverse being true at latitude 65S. This behavior is related to the heat budget of the oceanic upper layers. The semiannual maximum temperature gradients in the middle troposphere over the Antarctic Ocean, through increased cyclonic activity, cause the mean position of the circumpolar trough to be closer to the pole during the transition seasons. In turn, this produces a semiannual oscillation in the pressures and winds over the area affected by the trough. While the hemispheric mean pressure in middle latitudes falls with the equatorward shift in the mean position of the circumpolar trough from autumn to winter, the pressure rises over Australia, South America, and Africa. The resulting increased longitudinal pressure contrast between the continents and the neighboring sea is expressed as an amplification of the mean wave pattern at the surface, greatest in the half hemisphere centered on Australia. The enhanced poleward transfer of warm air accompanying this amplification apparently accounts for the cessation of rapid temperature falls over Antarctica in early winter, and for actual temperature rises at some stations such as Little America.
Dairy Breeding Management: the Effect of Body Weight on Conception Rate of Yearling Heifer with PGF2α Induced Estrus Following Artificial Insemination

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study was to evaluate the conception rate of yearling dairy heifer at PT. Ultra Peternakan Bandung Regency following artificial insemination with PGF2α-induced estrus. A total of 100 heifer records selected randomly from 700 heifers based on body weight (>300 kg) and has normal reproduction were used for this study. Non estrus animal during one day observation was then injected with PGF2α for estrus induction. The animal showing estrus within 11 days observation post PGF2α injection, was inseminated, nevertheless was reinjected for second PGF2α, and the estrus animal was inseminated according to the standard procedure. The results showed that following first PGF2α injection, 50 heifers showed estrus, while 50 non-estrus others were re-injected PGF2α. All 50 animals showed estrus following second PGF2α injection within 11 days thereafter. Body weight was divided into 3 groups, Low (<341 kg), Medium (341-355 kg), and High (>355 kg). There were significant difference (P<0.05) for Service per Conception, S/C (1.94±0.86, 1.60±0.74 and 1.78±0.87), and Conception Rate, CR (39%, 54% and 50%), respectively for Low, Medium and High body weight of yearling heifer. It was concluded that yearling dairy heifers were possible to breed and result pregnancy when reached body weight more than 300 kg.
Hazards of radiographic contrast media

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Since we last discussed contrast media 1 several reviews of the toxicity of these substances have been published. The currently used preparations are remarkably safe, but troublesome reactions do occasionally occur and some of these are predictable. Doctors who request an investigation are often ignorant of the hazards, or unaware when a reaction has occurred during a procedure. The present discussion is confined to iodine-containing media. These are, of course, all contraindicated in patients with iodine hypersensitivity, and they are also best avoided in patients with thyrotoxicosis.
Comparison of Sub-Scalp EEG and Endovascular Stent-Electrode Array for Visual Evoked Potential Brain-Computer Interface

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Brain-computer interfaces (BCI) have the potential to improve the quality of life for persons with paralysis. Sub-scalp EEG provides an alternative BCI signal acquisition method that compromises between the limitations of traditional EEG systems and the risks associated with intracranial electrodes, and has shown promise in long-term seizure monitoring. However, sub-scalp EEG has not yet been assessed for suitability in BCI applications. This study presents a preliminary comparison of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) recorded using subscalp and endovascular stent electrodes in a sheep. Sub-scalp electrodes recorded comparable VEP amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth to the stent electrodes.
Oxytocin receptor signaling mechanisms in CA2 neurons and implications for hippocampal circuit function

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Oxytocin is an evolutionarily conserved neuromodulator that is implicated in social and maternal behaviors in animals, as well as autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia in humans. We identified robust expression of oxytocin receptors and oxytocinergic axons in hippocampal area CA2, a distinct region that is critical for social memory and implicated in neurological disorders. In many cases oxytocin exclusively modulates inhibitory cell function, however here we reveal a very different scenario; oxytocin receptor activation dependably excites pyramidal cells in CA2, as well as neighboring fast-spiking, parvalbumin-positive interneurons. We find that oxytocin depolarizes CA2 pyramidal cells and increases total membrane resistance. Additionally, spike configuration is altered to facilitate repetitive spiking and high frequency burst activity. These bursts are sculpted by a concerted set of mechanisms downstream of G-protein coupled receptor activation that lead to modification of both voltage gated potassium and sodium conductances. We show that the resulting high frequency, periodic burst patterns are important for tuning CA2 output onto neighboring CA1 pyramidal cells, the primary target of CA2 axons. Oxytocin shapes the intensity and duration of CA2 spike bursts by modulation of both intrinsic cell properties and local inhibition. This significantly impacts synaptic short-term plasticity and efficacy of information transfer of CA2 output onto CA1.
Research on the Village Brand Building Strategy and Practical Creation Taking Kongmei Village, Longjiang as an Example

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper takes candy cake of Kongmei, Longjing as the starting point, conducts on-the-spot investigation and research of Kongmei Village in Longjiang, excavates the culture of Kongmei Village, and integrates village culture stories and village effective resources to build village brand.The article explores how to effectively use and integrate cultural resources to build a sustainable village brand and establish a distinctive brand image of regional culture.It provides realistic and evidence-based creative design strategies, conduct research with investigation, cultural exploration, cultural story construction, design products, and sustainable industry extension as the main line, and then summarize the design creative methods and the design ideas for creating a complete brand system.The creation of village brands is of great significance to the economic, cultural and environmental development of the village.
On Decision Model Adaptation in Online Optimization of a Transport System

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article is about the enhancement of myopic online decision approaches for considering longer term planning goals in the management of logistic processes in a dynamically varying environment. By means of a demand peak we simulate a severe disruption of the environment of a transport system and show that a pure myopic scheduling strategy is not able to ensure an acceptable service level in such a situation. As a remedy, we propose to adapt automatically the short term decision behaviour of the used decision making algorithm. We anticipate the instantiation of a reasonable number of decision variables in a model pre-processing step in order to break the rule of selecting the least cost but also low quality decision alternatives. Within several numerical experiments we prove the applicability and suitability of our approach.
Tropical forests and global atmospheric change: a synthesis

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a personal perspective on the highlights of the Theme Issue ‘Tropical forests and global atmospheric change’. We highlight the key findings on the contemporary rate of climatic change in the tropics, the evidence—gained from field studies—of large–scale and rapid change in the dynamics and biomass of old–growth forests, and evidence of how climate change and fragmentation can interact to increase the vulnerability of plants and animals to fires. A range of opinions exists concerning the possible cause of these observed changes, but examination of the spatial ‘fingerprint’ of observed change may help to identify the driving mechanism(s). Studies of changes in tropical forest regions since the last glacial maximum show the sensitivity of species composition and ecology to atmospheric changes. Model studies of change in forest vegetation highlight the potential importance of temperature or drought thresholds that could lead to substantial forest decline in the near future. During the coming century, the Earth's remaining tropical forests face the combined pressures of direct human impacts and a climatic and atmospheric situation not experienced for at least 20 million years. Understanding and monitoring of their response to this atmospheric change are essential if we are to maximize their conservation options.
Changes in Photosynthetic Pigments Content in Non-Transformed and AtCKX Transgenic Centaury (Centaurium erythraea Rafn) Shoots Grown under Salt Stress In Vitro

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of graded sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0-, 50-, 100-, 150-, and 200-mM) on photosynthetic pigment contents in in vitro grown shoots of important medicinal plant species (Centaurium erythraea Rafn) were investigated. Non-transformed, one AtCKX1 and two AtCKX2 transgenic centaury lines, with altered cytokinin profiles, were used in this study. The chlorophyll (Chl) and carotenoid contents differed in the non-transformed and transgenic lines. In general, salinity significantly reduced the Chl a and Chl b contents in comparison to the NaCl-free medium. The lowest Chl content was observed in AtCKX2 transgenic shoots grown on all the culture media. The total carotenoid content was increased in shoots of non-transformed and both AtCKX2 transgenic lines grown in 50-mM NaCl. On the other hand, in concentrations >50-mM NaCl, the total carotenoid content was decreased in all analysed centaury shoots. The Chl a/Chl b ratio in all the shoots increased progressively in the graded NaCl concentrations. Contrarily, the addition of NaCl in the culture medium reduced the Chl/carotenoid ratio in centaury shoots. Taken together, the results of this study partly explained the mode of centaury plant adaptations to salt stress in vitro. Thus, the results on centaury shoots confirmed that the determination of the photosynthetic pigment contents can be a very useful non-destructive screening method in order to discriminate susceptible and resistant plant species/lines to salt stress conditions.
The king of Comic-Con [Geek life

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The last thing you want to do is rankle a group of Star Wars stormtroopers. The annual geekfest known as Comic-Con International is not only a four-day exploration of the intersection of science fiction, comics, science, and pop culture; with 125,000 attendees, it's one of the largest conventions in the world, requiring heroic feats of engineering to keep the lines moving and the fans happy. Luckily, the guy at its helm is an engineer.
They Saved the Crops: Labor, Landscape, and the Struggle over Industrial Farming in Bracero-Era California. By Don Mitchell. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012. xii + 529 pp. Illustrations, figures, tables, maps, notes, index. Cloth, $79.95; paper, $26.95. ISBN: cloth, 978-0-8203-4175-0; paper, 978-0-8203-4176-7.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

They Saved the Crops: Labor, Landscape, and the Struggle over Industrial Farming in Bracero-Era California. By Don Mitchell. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012. xii + 529 pp. Illustrations, figures, tables, maps, notes, index. Cloth, 26.95. ISBN: cloth, 978-0-8203-4175-0; paper, 978-0-8203-4176-7. - Volume 87 Issue 2