jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Melanocortin 4 Receptor Is Involved in the Development of Morphine Tolerance

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Prolonged morphine treatment usually results in the development of analgesic tolerance. Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) is involved in the development of morphine tolerance. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an MC4R antagonist, HS014, on MC4R-mediated hyperalgesia and on microglia and cytokine expression in the spinal cord of rat during morphine tolerance.Methods: Thirty rats were assigned randomly to the N group, M group, HM group, NM group and HN group (N=6 in each group). Rats received 5-day treatment with saline (N group) or morphine (M group). Rats were given an intrathecal injection (i.t.) of HS014 (HM group) or saline (NM group) at 15 minutes prior to the morphine challenge. In the HN group, rats were injected with HS014 at 15 minutes prior to the saline. To observe the effect of HS014 on the development of morphine tolerance, morphine-tolerant rats were assigned to M1 group, M2 group, M3 group and N group on day 6 (N=6 in each group). The morphine-tolerant rats in M1 group, M2 group and M3 group received morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), HS014 (5 μg, i.t.) and HS014 (5 μg, i.t.) followed 15 minutes later by injection of morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), respectively. Control rats (N group, N=6) were injected with saline under identical conditions.Results: Morphine treatment (10 mg/kg, i.p. twice daily) over 5 days induced tolerance as reflected by a significant reduction of withdrawal latency from 29.67 ± 1.81 s to 8.67 ± 1.70 seconds in the hot-plate test. Repeated HS014 injection prior to morphine administration inhibited the development of morphine tolerance. Furthermore, a single administration of HS014 restored morphine analgesic potency in morphine-tolerant rats. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the administration of HS014 during the induction of morphine tolerance inhibited the activation of microglia, reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) at the L5 lumbar spinal cord.Conclusions: HS014 attenuates the development of antinociceptive tolerance following chronic administration of morphine by inhibiting microglial activation and reducing the expression of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. Citation: Hong-Mei Xu, Ze-Jun Niu, Hai-Chen Chu, Xue-Feng Zhang. Melanocortin 4 receptor is involved in the development of morphine tolerance. J Anesth Perioper Med 2014; 1: 90-6. doi: 10.24015/JAPM.2014.0014This is an open-access article, published by Evidence Based Communications (EBC). This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format for any lawful purpose. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Time dependent heat transfer rates in high Reynolds number hypersonic flowfields

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Time dependent heat transfer rates have been calculated from time dependent temperature measurements in the vicinity of shock-wave boundary-layer interactions due to conical compression ramps on an axisymmetric body. The basic model is a cylindrical body with a 10 degree conical nose. Four conical ramps, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees serve as shock wave generators. Flowfield surveys have been made in the vicinity of the conical ramp vertex, the separation point, and the reattachment point. A significant effort was made to characterize the natural frequencies and relative powers of the resulting fluctuations in heat transfer rates. This research effort, sponsored jointly by NASA and the Air Force, was conducted in the Air Force Flight Dynamics Directorate High Reynolds Facility. The nominal freestream Mach number was 6, and the freestream Reynolds numbers ranged from 2.2 million/ft to 30.0 million/ft. Experimental results quantify temperature response and the resulting heat transfer rates as a function of ramp angle and Reynolds number. The temperature response within the flowfield appears to be steady-state for all compression ramp angles and all Reynolds numbers, and hence, the heat transfer rates appear to be steady-state.
Glutamine activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in intestinal epithelial cells via 15-S-HETE and 13-OXO-ODE: a novel mechanism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Glutamine possesses gut-protective effects both clinically and in the laboratory. We have shown in a rodent model of mesenteric ischemia-reperfusion that enteral glutamine increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and was associated with a reduction in mucosal injury and inflammation. The mechanism by which glutamine activates PPAR-γ is unknown, and we hypothesized that it was via a ligand-dependent mechanism. Intestinal epithelial cells, IEC-6, were co-transfected with PPAR-γ response element-luciferase promoter/reporter construct. Cells were pretreated with increasing concentrations of glutamine ± GW9662 (a specific antagonist of PPAR-γ) and analyzed for PPAR-γ response element luciferase activity as an indicator of PPAR-γ activation. PPAR-γ nuclear activity was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Cell lysates were subjected to tandem mass spectroscopy for measurement of prostaglandin and lipoxygenase metabolites. A time- and concentration-dependent increase in PPAR-γ transcriptional activity, but not mRNA or protein, was demonstrated. Activity was abrogated by the PPAR-γ inhibitor, GW9662, and changes in activity correlated with PPAR-γ nuclear binding. Glutamine, via degradation to glutamate, activated the metabolic by-products of the lipoxygenase and linoleic acid pathways, 15-S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and dehydrogenated 13-hydroxyoctaolecadienoic acid, known endogenous PPAR-γ ligands in the small bowel. This novel mechanism may explain the gut-protective effects of enteral glutamine.
Pressure Effect on Rate Constants of Proton-transfer Reactions from 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene to N,N,N′,N′-Tetramethylguanidine and 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene in Acetonitrile and Dichloromethane

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Influence of pressure on the rate constants of the proton-transfer reactions between title compounds was studied in acetonitrile and dichloromethane at 25 °C up to 1000 bar by means of a high-pressure stopped-flow method. In the reaction of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) with N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylguanidine, the volume of activation for the forward reaction ΔVf\eweq is −12.7±1.0 cm3 mol−1 in acetonitrile and −19.0±1.5 cm3 mol−1 in dichloromethane. In the reaction of TNT with 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, ΔVf\eweq is −9.0±1.0 cm3 mol−1 in acetonitrile and −10.8±1.0 cm3 mol−1 in dichloromethane. These results are discussed in comparison with other proton-transfer reactions.
An Approach to the Optimization of Ba-Mn-Cu Perovskites as Catalysts for CO Oxidation: The Role of Cerium

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Two copper-containing perovskites Ba0.8Mn0.7Cu0.3O3 and Cu(4 wt%)/Ba0.7MnO3 (selected from previous studies) were tested as catalysts for the CO oxidation reaction under conditions similar to the found in the exhaust of last-generation automotive internal combustion engines. The Cu(4 wt%)/Ba0.7MnO3 sample has been selected due to its higher tolerance to CO2. In order to optimize the performance of this sample for the reaction under study, a Cu(2 wt%)Ce(2 wt%)/Ba0.7MnO3 formulation was synthesized, characterized and tested. The excellent catalytic performance of the bimetallic formulation, in terms of CO conversion at low temperatures and tolerance to CO2, is because cerium improves the redox properties and increases the proportion of reduced copper species on the surface compared to the Cu(4 wt%)/Ba0.7MnO3 sample.
Nyack historical plaque dated 1938

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A photograph of a large plaque which summarizes the history of the Village of Nyack from "time immemorial" until 1938. It was created by the Rockland County Society, which was devoted to Rockland's history and genealogy, and is located on the Burd Street side of the bank found on the east side of Broadway, corner of Burd. When the plaque was installed it was the Nyack National Bank. It later became the Marine Midland Bank and is now a branch of HSBC. The plaque credits Tunis and Peter Smith as the founders of Nyack and details some of the major events in Nyack's history.
Pengaruh Struktur Modal, Kebijakan Dividen dan Profitabilitas Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan: Studi pada Perusahaan Manufaktur yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research is a literary study. which will discuss previous theories and research regarding the influence of capital structure, dividend policy and investment policy and profitability on company value. The method used is quantitative descriptive analysis where the data used is theory and calculations of capital structure, dividend policy, profitability and company value. The results of the research capital structure influences company value, overall that the influence of dividend policy has an influence on company value, overall that profitability affects company value, overall the results of 30 previous studies can be stated that the variables of capital structure, policy dividends and profitability have a mutual influence on company value
Locke and his Early Critics and Defenders: Moral and Religious Differences

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter focuses on Shaftesbury’s and Hume’s responses to Locke’s account of persons and personal identity. Both philosophers generally share Locke’s metaphysically agnostic views, but disagree with Locke on moral and religious grounds. By contrasting their moral and religious views we can see how their different moral and religious views shape their thinking about persons and personal identity and understand why Shaftesbury and Hume develop views that differ from Locke’s. The chapter pays particular attention to how Shaftesbury and Hume each criticize psychological accounts of personal identity and what role their underlying moral and religious views play. Moreover, both philosophers reject moral theories grounded in divine law like Locke’s. Since Locke’s account of moral personhood can be separated from his psychological account of personal identity, it is interesting to ask how philosophers who do not share Locke’s moral views approach or can approach moral personhood.
Banks, Finance and Investment in Germany.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This book analyses the widely-held view of the merits of the 'bank-based' German system of finance for investment, and shows that this view is not supported by evidence from the post-war period. The institutional features of the German system are such that universal banks have control of voting rights at shareholders' meetings due to proxy votes, and they also have representation on companies' supervisory boards. These features are claimed to have two main benefits. One is that the German system reduces asymmetric information problems, enabling banks to supply more external finance to firms at a lower cost, and thus increasing investment. The other is that German banks are able to mould and control managements of firms on behalf of shareholders, and thus ensure that firms are run efficiently. This book assesses whether empirical evidence backs up these claims, and shows that the merits of the German system are largely myths.
Modification of Printing Aluminum Powders by Wet Covering Method with Composite Surfactants

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Considering the fact of low gloss and masking power of aluminum powder, the aluminum powder is chemically modified by wet covering with eight kinds of single surfactants such as Oleic acid, Stearic acid, Sodium dodecyl sulfonate, Sodium stearate, Polyvinyl alcohol, Polyethylene glycol, Tween-80 and Emulsifier-OP in different proportions on the surface of aluminum powder and the gloss of aluminum paste printing ink concocted with the covered aluminum powder is tested. The results show that the gloss of the aluminum powder covered by one percent Polyvinyl alcohol increases most significant. In order to upgrade the gloss of the aluminum paste printing ink, an orthogonal experiment is carried out by choosing four surfactants such as Polyvinyl alcohol as influencing factors and their addition amounts as researched levels. The optimal surface modification formula is obtained based on the experiment. The dosage of surfactant is one percent of the aluminum powder, Sodium dodecyl sulfonate accounts for 25.00% of the total surfactant’s weight, Sodium stearate accounts for 37.50% of the total surfactant’s weight, Tween-80 accounts for 12.50% of the total surfactant and Polyvinyl alcohol accounts for 25.00% of the total surfactant’s weight. The prescription can concoct the commodity aluminum powder and passed 1200 mesh to the aluminum paste printing ink with commodity ink to satisfy the request of relief printing and intaglio printing. The gloss of the printed aluminum paste printing ink reaches 81.3.
End-to-end brain tumor detection using a graph-feature-based classifier

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Brain tumors are caused by abnormal cell growth and can cause pain and reduced survival rates. The early detection of brain tumors is pivotal in improving outcomes. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely deployed in clinics to diagnose brain lesions non-invasively and prevent patients from receiving radiation doses of diagnostic imaging modalities. Traditionally, medical oncologists and radiologists diagnose brain tumors as benign or malignant using visual analysis of MRI images. The decision-making process is labor intensive, and relies on the expertise level of physicians. Recently, deep learning has dramatically changed the landscape of oncology by enabling automatic and accurate diagnosis. While the backbones of most state-of-the-art architectures are convolutional neural networks or vision transformers, the application of graph neural networks in radiation oncology has not yet been explored. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first demonstration of using fully-automated graph-feature-based classifiers for end-to-end brain tumor detection, indicating an overall classification accuracy of 94.89%. The proposed graph-feature-based classifiers are accessible for clinical implementation and could potentially assist radiation oncologists to precisely and accurately diagnose and prognosticate brain lesions.
Zur Bedeutung der Auxotypisierung von <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> für die Auswertung von Gonorrhoe-Therapiestudien

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

So far, there was no absolutely reliable way to distinguish between failure and reinfection in clinical trials on the treatment of gonorrhoea. If one, however, analyzes the auxotypes of the gonococcal strains isolated before and after application of the drug from non-cured patients, reinfection can clearly be demonstrated in cases with a changed auxotype. Thus, in a trial on the single intramuscular application of cefotiam 1 g for uncomplicated gonorrhoea, the bacteriological cure rate increased from 90 to at least 95%.
How Serial is Serial Processing in Vision?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Visual search for an element defined by the conjunction of its colour and orientation has previously been shown to be a serial processing task since reaction times increase linearly with the number of distractor elements used in the display. Evidence is presented that there are parallel processing constituents to this serial search. Processing time depended on the ratio of the number of the two distractor types used, suggesting that only one type was scanned. Which type was scanned also depended on the distractor ratio, indicating that this decision was made after stimulus presentation and was based on a parallel figure—ground separation of the stimulus elements. Furthermore, in accordance with this serial scanning model, there was an increase in processing speed (elements scanned per second) with increase in number of elements to be scanned. This increased efficiency suggests that clumps of elements were processed synchronously. Under the stimulation conditions used, clumps contained six to sixteen elements and each clump was processed in 50–150 ms.
Debt level and equity agency costs: Evidence from public listed companies in China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper examines whether the level of debt financing affects the equity agency costs between shareholders and management and the one between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders. We use empirical research method to analyze a panel data sample of A share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchange from year 2007 to 2009 and finds that companies with proper financing structure are more likely to have less equity agency costs. To be accurate, increasing liabilities, especially current liabilities, to some extent would suppress equity agency costs between shareholders and management, whereas the influence of long-time debt on equity agency costs is not very clear and we didn't find enough evidence to support the influence of debt financing on equity agency costs between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders. All the results show that in China, debt financing still has a certain influence on equity agency costs between shareholders and management, but cannot ease the interest conflicts between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders effectively.
Study on Relationship Between Autoantibodies Spectrum and Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To study the relationship between autoantibodies and recurrent spontaneous abortion(RSA).Methods:100 non-pregnant women with a history of recurrent spontaneous abortion served as study subjects,that being further divided into 2 subgroups corresponding to 62(primary RSA) and 38(secondary RSA).100 healthy non-pregnant women with a normal pregnant history served as controls.Serum ACA,β2GP1-IgG/IgM,APE,aPS,TPOAb,and TgAb were determined by ELISA and compared among them.Results:The positive rates of serum autoantibodies ACA-IgG/IgM,β2GP1-IgG/IgM,APE-IgG/IgM,aPS(IgG),aPS(IgM),TPOAb and TgAb in study subjects were 8%,11%,41%,0%,0%,28%,and 24%,respectively,the corresponding positive rate in control group was 0%,0%,9%,0%,0%,6%,and 4%,respectively.There were significant difference of these autobodies between two groups except aPS(IgG) and aPS(IgM)(P0.05).The positive rates of ACA,β2GP1-IgG/IgM,and APE in patients with positive or negative antithyroid antibodies was 2.6%/4.3%,7.9%/4.9%,and 26.3%/24.7%,respectively,no significant difference was found between them(P0.05).Conclusions:Antithyroid antibodies may be markers of autoimmune activation and have not associated with antiphospholipid antibodies.
The relation between excess visceral fat as measured by multidetector computed tomography and early postoperative complications following sleeve gastrectomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Body mass index (BMI) is widely used for assessing obesity, yet it does not reflect body fat distribution. Visceral fat area (VFA), particularly when measured via computed tomography (CT), is a more precise indicator of metabolic risk and may be associated with increased perioperative morbidity. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of CT-assessed VFA in predicting early postoperative complications following sleeve gastrectomy. Methods This nested case–control study was conducted within a prospective cohort of patients undergoing primary laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy between May 2023 and May 2024. All patients routinely underwent preoperative non-contrast abdominal CT. All patients who developed early postoperative complications (Clavien–Dindo ≥ II) within 30 days were included as cases, and consecutive uncomplicated patients from the same period served as controls. VFA was measured at the L3 level. Results Seventy-eight patients were included: 20 with complications and 58 without, reflecting the intentional case-enriched design. Patients with complications demonstrated significantly higher VFA compared with controls (212.1 cm 2 vs 160.9 cm 2 , p = 0.009). VFA showed a moderate correlation with BMI ( r = 0.41, p < 0.001), with some lower-BMI patients exhibiting disproportionately high VFA. Using ROC analysis, VFA predicted early postoperative complications with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 74.1%. Conclusion Preoperative CT-measured VFA is significantly associated with early postoperative complications after sleeve gastrectomy and may serve as a valuable tool for preoperative risk stratification. The complication proportions in this cohort reflect the nested case–control design and should not be interpreted as population incidence.
Strengthening the PCA organization's awareness of the importance of mental health

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aisyiyah Ngampilan Branch, committed to women's empowerment, initiated a mental health program in response to Indonesia's high rate of mental disorders. This program aimed to enhance administrators' awareness and understanding of mental health, equipping them to empower the community in this area. The program was implemented through socialization methods. Results showed a significant increase in administrators' knowledge of mental health and stress management, with success rates of 88% and 85%, respectively. Additionally, the branch received a sound system to strengthen its infrastructure. This program benefits both administrators and the broader community. By understanding mental health and stress management, women can better navigate life's challenges, both within families and organizations. The program's integration of Islamic values aligns with community needs.
Forearm supination and the posterior interosseous nerve: a cadaveric study with surgical implications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The lateral and anterior approaches to the proximal radius are often used in the surgical treatment of radius shaft fractures. Posterior interosseous nerve injury is among the complications of these procedures. This nerve is also known as the deep branch of the radial nerve. It innervates several muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm. The posterior interosseous nerve runs close to the radiocapitellar joint and pierces the supinator muscle beneath the Frohse’s arcade. There is great debate in the literature whether to supine or to pronate the forearm in order to avoid iatrogenic injuries of this nerve. The present work aims to measure the distance between the posterior interosseous nerve and the distal biceps tendon during forearm pronation or supination. Material and Methods: A sample of 30 cadavers (15 male and 15 female) were dissected and the posterior interosseous nerve was traced to the Frohse’s arcade. The distance between its point of entrance and the distal biceps tendon, the radial head and the radiocapitellar joint were measured during forearm pronation and supination with the aid of a digital caliper. Statistical analysis was performed with the IBM SPSS 23 software, p < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: It was observed that the distance increased significantly (p < 0.05) during supination. Conclusions: Maximum supination of the forearm may be an excellent maneuver to increase the distance between the posterior interosseous nerve and several anatomical landmarks thus helping to avoid damage during the Henry’s and Kocher’s approaches to the elbow.