jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
More than a Toxin: Protein Inventory of Clostridium tetani Toxoid Vaccines

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Clostridium tetani is the etiological agent of tetanus, a life-threatening bacterial infection. The most efficient protection strategy against tetanus is a vaccination with the C. tetani neurotoxin, which is inactivated by formaldehyde-crosslinking. Since we assumed that besides the tetanus toxin, other proteins of C. tetani may also be present in toxoid preparations, we analyzed commercially available vaccines from different countries in respect to their protein content using mass spectrometry. In total 991 proteins could be identified in all five analyzed vaccines, 206 proteins were common in all analyzed vaccines and 54 proteins from the 206 proteins were potential antigens. The additionally present proteins may contribute at least partially to protection against C. tetani infection by supporting the function of the vaccine against the devastating effects of the tetanus toxin indirectly. Two different label-free protein quantification methods were applied for an estimation of protein contents. Similar results were obtained with a Total Protein Approach (TPA)-based method and Protein Discoverer 2.2 software package based on the minora algorithm. Depending on the tetanus toxoid vaccine and the quantification method used, tetanus neurotoxin contributes between 14 and 76 % to the total C. tetani protein content and varying numbers of other C. tetani proteins were detected.
Adsorption of DDT in soil using a single and combined effect of cadmium and Tween80

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Batch equilibrium experiments were carried out to investigate the single and combined effect of cadmium and Tween80 on the sorption of DDT. The results indicate that in the binary system of Tween80-DDT, when initial Tween80 concentration is below its CMC (critical micelle concentration, 15.7 mg/L), the sorption of DDT is promoted; as the initial Tween80 concentration increasing to slightly higher than its CMC, DDT adsorption amount is rather the same as that of CK (control check); and when initial Tween80 concentration is much more than its CMC, the sorption of DDT is inhibited. As to binary system of cadmium-DDT, coexistent heavy metal salt inhibits the sorption of DDT. The inhibition is mainly caused by the competitive adsorption of Cd2+, and anion Cl− and have little effect. Moreover, the coexistence of Tween80 and Cd2+ makes the competitive adsorption more obvious, which inhibits the sorption of DDT. The combined effect of coexistent Tween80 and cadmium on the sorption of DDT is proved to be an antagonism effect, which has a more significant influence on the adsorption amount than that in binary system, and the antagonism effect becomes gradually insignificant with the increasing concentration of coexistent pollutant.
[The action mechanism of glioblastoma cell-derived exosome: a review].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Patients with glioblastoma (GBM) generally have a bad prognosis and short overall survival after being treated with surgery, chemotherapy or radiotherapy due to the histological heterogeneity, strong invasive ability and rapid postoperative recurrence of GBM. The components of GBM cell-derived exosome (GBM-exo) can regulate the proliferation and migration of GBM cell via cytokines, miRNAs, DNA molecules and proteins, promote the angiogenesis via angiogenic proteins and non-coding RNAs, mediate tumor immune evasion by targeting immune checkpoints with regulatory factors, proteins and drugs, and reduce drug resistance of GBM cells through non-coding RNAs. GBM-exo is expected to be an important target for the personalized treatment of GBM and a marker for diagnosis and prognosis of this kind of disease. This review summarizes the preparation methods, biological characteristics, functions and molecular mechanisms of GBM-exo on cell proliferation, angiogenesis, immune evasion and drug resistance of GBM to facilitate developing new strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of GBM.
The Surface Protein Srr-1 of Streptococcus agalactiae Binds Human Keratin 4 and Promotes Adherence to Epithelial HEp-2 Cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Streptococcus agalactiae is frequently the cause of bacterial sepsis and meningitis in neonates. In addition, it is a commensal bacterium that colonizes the mammalian gastrointestinal tract. During its commensal and pathogenic lifestyles, S. agalactiae colonizes and invades a number of host compartments, thereby interacting with different host proteins. In the present study, the serine-rich repeat protein Srr-1 from S. agalactiae was functionally investigated. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that Srr-1 was localized on the surface of streptococcal cells. The Srr-1 protein was shown to interact with a 62-kDa protein in human saliva, which was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight analysis as human keratin 4 (K4). Immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay experiments allowed us to narrow down the K4 binding domain in Srr-1 to a region of 157 amino acids (aa). Furthermore, the Srr-1 binding domain of K4 was identified in the C-terminal 255 aa of human K4. Deletion of the srr-1 gene in the genome of S. agalactiae revealed that this gene plays a role in bacterial binding to human K4 and that it is involved in adherence to epithelial HEp-2 cells. Binding to immobilized K4 and adherence to HEp-2 cells were restored by introducing the srr-1 gene on a shuttle plasmid into the srr-1 mutant. Furthermore, incubation of HEp-2 cells with the K4 binding domain of Srr-1 blocked S. agalactiae adherence to epithelial cells in a dose-dependent fashion. This is the first report describing the interaction of a bacterial protein with human K4.
Carbon Credit Trading: A Juridical and Fiqh Muamalah Review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines carbon credit trading from both juridical and fiqh muamalah perspectives. Carbon trading as promoted under the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, has become a strategic instrument for mitigating climate change by assigning value to verified emission reductions. As interest in environmental finance grows, assessing its alignment with Islamic legal principles is increasingly important. This study employs a qualitative library research method using a descriptive-analytical approach. Data sources include national and international laws, classical and contemporary Islamic legal texts, and academic journal articles relevant to the topic. The findings show that, from a juridical perspective, the Emission Reduction Purchase Agreement (ERPA) positions carbon credit trading within the framework of civil law, especially in contract and property law domains. From the fiqh muamalah perspective, carbon trading can be interpreted through the concept of ijarah bi al-manfa’ah, where the tradable benefit is the certified reduction of emissions. In this context, countries or companies engaged in reforestation or low-emission initiatives provide measurable environmental services to higher-emission entities, who compensate them financially. The study concludes that carbon credit trading, when implemented with transparency and fairness, aligns with both legal and sharia principles. The novelty of this research lies in its integrative analysis, offering a conceptual bridge between modern environmental policy and Islamic commercial jurisprudence, providing insights for regulators, Islamic finance institutions, and policy-makers seeking to develop sharia-compliant environmental instruments.
Tracy-Widom law for the extreme eigenvalues of large signal-plus-noise matrices

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let S = R + X be an M × N matrix where R is the signal matrix and X is the noise matrix consisting of i.i.d. standardized entries. The signal matrix R is allowed to be full rank, which is rarely studied in literature compared with the low rank cases. Under a regularity condition of R that assures the square root behaviour of the spectral density near the edge, we prove that the largest eigenvalue of SS* has the Tracy-Widom distribution under a tail condition on the entries of X. Moreover, such a condition is proved to be necessary and sufficient to assure the Tracy-Widom law.
Moss flora of two Alpine glacial and periglacial sites on crystalline and carbonatic bedrock

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mosses are important pioneer organisms in cold and wet habitats, such as glacial and periglacial habitats of the European Alps. These habitats include glaciers and rock glaciers, respectively, and are of increasing interest for being directly threatened by climate change and for hosting a specialized and often rare and endemic biodiversity (EU Habitats Directive, habitat code 8340, Natura 2000 network). However, the moss flora of rock glaciers was never studied, and, in general, few studies were performed specifically on mosses of ice-related landforms in the European Alps. The aim of this work is to give a first comparative checklist from two Alpine sites, the rock glacier of Lazaunkar (Bolzano, Italy) and the debris-cover glacier and rock glacier of Cima Uomo (Trento, Italy), with different bedrock compositions. Threatened species (according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature red lists) and extremely specialized high-elevation species were found in both sites, but mostly on crystalline bedrock in Lazaunkar. This biodiversity is the most threatened by climate change. These findings highlight how these habitats still need to be studied and monitored in the future.
Parotidectomy and Facial Paralysis, A Retrospective Review at A Tertiary Care Hospital

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Facial Nerve is in close proximity with parotid gland and encountered during parotid surgery. Facial nerve paralysis has 15 to 66% occurrence rate after parotidectomies. The objective of this study was to find out the frequency of facial paralysis resulting from superficial or total parotidectomies done for various parotid tumors. Material and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Department of ENT, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from January 2018 to May 2020. A total of 203 patients were reviewed for data on demographics, parotidectomies, histopathology and facial paralysis. The information on facial paralysis was compared against various parameters. Results: The mean age of the participants was 46.12 ± 11.11 years. The most common parotid tumor was pleomorphic adenoma (68.9%) followed by mucoepidermoid carcinoma. 57 (28.07%) patients showed facial paralysis with a higher rate of occurrence in total parotidectomy (40.90%). Among 57 patients with facial paralysis, 6 (10.53%) showed permanent facial paralysis. Conclusion: Tendency of permanent facial paralysis is high with total parotidectomies. Female population and elderly have a slightly higher rate of facial paralysis. The duration of procedure has no effect on the occurrence of facial paralysis.
Interannual prediction of the Paraná River

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Interannual‐to‐decadal predictability of the Paraná river in South America is investigated by extracting near‐cyclic components in summer‐season streamflows at Corrientes over the period 1904–1997. It is found that oscillatory components with periods of about 2–5, 8 and 17 years are accompanied by statistically significant changes in monthly streamflow. Autoregressive predictive models are constructed for each component. Cross‐validated categorical hindcasts based on the 8‐yr predicted component are found to yield some skill up to four years in advance for below‐average flows. A prediction based upon the 8‐ and 17‐yr components including data up to 1999 suggests increased probability of below‐average flows until 2006.
Exchange Patterns in the Informal Support Networks of the Elderly: The Impact of Reciprocity on Morale

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Patterns of exchange of assistance within the informal helping networks of the elderly are examined through analysis of interviews with a probability sample of 753 noninstitutionalized older persons. Most elders are involved in some type of exchange, although the proportion reporting no exchange increases as one moves from children to other relatives to friends or neighbors. Older persons who receive help usually reciprocate in some way, with the prevalence of unreciprocated assistance higher in relationships with family members than with friends or neighbors. Multiple discriminant analysis of exchange patterns produced two significant functions, the first differentiating receivers from nonreceivers and the second providers from nonproviders of help. Consistent with an exchange theory perspective, the analyses suggested that the inability to reciprocate rather than the need for assistance had a greater negative effect on morale. The data also showed a negative relationship between scope offormal service use and reliance on the informal network, a result consistent with both a possible substitution effect and/or appropriate targeting of formal services.
Lysine biosynthesis pathway and biochemical blocks of lysine auxotrophs of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The alpha-aminoadipate (AA) pathway for the biosynthesis of lysine was investigated in the wild type and in lysine auxotrophs of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Of the eight enzyme activities of the AA pathway that have been examined so far, six were present in the extract of wild-type S. pombe cells. Growth response to AA and accumulation studies indicated that three lysine auxotrophs, the lys2-97, lys4-95, and lys8-1 strains, were blocked before the AA step and that four lysine auxotrophs, the lys1-131, lys3-37, lys6-3, and lys7-2 strains, were blocked after the AA step. Among the mutants investigated, the lys2-97 mutant exhibited an enzyme lesion at the cis-homoaconitate hydratase step, the lys1-131 and lys7-2 mutants exhibited lesions at the AA reductase step, and lys3-37 exhibited a lesion at the saccharopine dehydrogenase step. These results demonstrated the basic similarity of the AA pathway in S. pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Randomized clinical trial of the safety and efficacy of sitagliptin and metformin co‐administered to Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction The results of a clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control are reported here. Materials and Methods This was a multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel group, 24‐week clinical trial carried out in China. Patients ( n = 744) with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycemic control (glycated hemoglobin ≥7.5 and ≤11.0%) who were either drug‐naïve or washed out of previous therapy were randomized in equal ratios to sitagliptin 100 mg once daily (q.d.; S100), metformin 500 mg twice daily (b.i.d.; M1000), metformin 850 mg b.i.d. (M1700), sitagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. plus metformin 500 mg b.i.d. (S100/M1000), sitagliptin 50 mg b.i.d. plus metformin 850 mg b.i.d. (S100/M1700), or placebo. Results The mean baseline glycated hemoglobin in randomized patients was 8.7%. Least squares mean changes from baseline in glycated hemoglobin were −0.59% (placebo), −0.99% (S100), −1.29% (M1000), −1.56% (M1700), −1.67% (S100/M1000) and −1.83% (S100/M1700) ( P < 0.05 for each active group vs placebo, for S100/M1700 and S100/M1000 vs S100, and for S100/M1000 vs M1000). All treatments were generally well‐tolerated. The overall incidence of hypoglycemia (symptomatic or asymptomatic) was higher in the two co‐administration groups (S100/M1700 and S100/M1000) compared with the placebo. The incidence of symptomatic hypoglycemia was low, and similar, across all treatment groups. The incidences of gastrointestinal adverse events were generally higher in high‐dose metformin groups than in the placebo group. Conclusions In Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes, initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and metformin was generally well‐tolerated, and provided improvement in glycemic control.
Labor Force Participation Among Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White Mothers in 20 Occupations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose – Although most mothers are currently in the labor force, mothers’ labor supply varies by race and ethnicity. However, most of the discourse on mothers’ employment, particularly recent media coverage and research on mothers opting out of the labor force, focuses on the experiences of White women in managerial and professional occupations. I address the lack of diversity in the opt- out discussion by comparing the prevalence of opting out of the labor force and scaling back on work hours among Asian, Black, Hispanic, and White mothers in 20 occupations.Methodology/approach – This research employs hierarchical logistic models and hierarchical linear models using 2009 American Community Survey data.Findings – Although mothers of all racial and ethnic backgrounds are more likely to opt out when they have young children, opting out is more prevalent among White mothers. Racial and ethnic disparities are particularly salient when examining work hours. White and Asian mothers are more likely to scale back compared with Black mothers who do not appear to scale back at all when they have children.Social implications – These results show that work–family strategies differ by race, ethnicity, and occupation, and work–family solutions need to address the specific needs of women in different occupations.Originality/value – This study provides evidence suggesting that the opt-out discourse surrounding mothers’ employment has not been sufficiently nuanced and that policy solutions that are based on the experiences of women in managerial and professional occupations are likely to fall short of meeting the needs of most women.
Descriptions of new taxa of the Clausiliidae from Turkey (Mollusca: Stylommatophora)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Several new taxa of the Clausiliidae were described From Turkey: Dobatia multidentifera n. sp., Albinaria monocristata n. sp., Albinaria basalifera n. sp., Roseniella (Chavchetia) n. subgen., Roseniella (Chavchetia) rufina n. sp., Armenica euprepes truncata n. ssp., Armenica multispirata n. sp., Armenica bicarinata grisea n. ssp., Kazancia n. gen., and Kazancia monticola n. sp. Investigations were made of the genital morphology of some species, and the arrangement of the taxa in Nordsieck’s classification (H, NORDSIECK 1979) is discussed.
Apparatus for Assessing Vision after Stroke

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This article describes the development of an electronically controlled test apparatus used to detect visual deficits following neurological damage. A group of occupational therapists and an electronics engineer expanded ideas given at a sensory integration course to produce the hardware as well as the test format and protocol to produce a useful test. The hardware includes a display board containing an array of lights and a control box with corresponding switches as well as an automatic control switch to permit both manual and programed testing. The test identifies deficiencies in the areas of visual neglect, hemianopia, visual memory, extinction, and variation in performance as a result of change in length of stimulus. Information gained by using this test provides valuable assistance to the occupational therapist and to other team members in setting realistic expectations and treatment goals. More information regarding production of this test is available on request.
Targeting Apoptosis Signaling in Pancreatic Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The ability to escape apoptosis or programmed cell death is a hallmark of human cancers, for example pancreatic cancer. This can promote tumorigenesis, since too little cell death by apoptosis disturbs tissue homeostasis. Additionally, defective apoptosis signaling is the underlying cause of failure to respond to current treatment approaches, since therapy-mediated antitumor activity requires the intactness of apoptosis signaling pathways in cancer cells. Thus, the elucidation of defects in the regulation of apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma can result in the identification of novel targets for therapeutic interference and for exploitation for cancer drug discovery.
Fundamental Design of Response Control Technology for Aerogenerator Against Seismic Motion and Wind Load

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Aerogenerators have been constructed in various countries during the recent years as one of the power generation system using environmentally friendly energy. Japan has been promoting a national project to examine constructing a wind turbine power generating station in the ocean. In general, the structure of aerogenerator is heavy at top due to the higher position of the center of gravity because a heavy nacelle is set at the top of aerogenerator. Since the dynamic response of the aerogenerator increases excessively due to the top position of heavy weight, it is further required to reduce the responses and improve the seismic and wind resistances. This study has examined the response control system to reduce the structural responses and to upgrade the resistant performance against earthquakes and wind excitation. The paper discusses design methods and loading tests of elasto-plastic damping devices to investigate the mechanical characteristics of dampers. In order to confirm the structural seismic and wind response control effects by the damping devices, the preliminary analyses and a set of vibration tests using a 1/16 scale model of aerogenerator were performed in this study. This paper reviews the results obtained from analyses and tests.
Náboženská skúsenosť a viera v živote človeka podľa Romana Guardiniho

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The study examines the role of religious experience and faith in a human life. It draws primarily upon the thought of Romano Guardini. The aim is to find the reason why, despite the secularization efforts in recent decades, we observe a return to spirituality and to religious experience. The starting point is the human being and its constitutive openness to something transcendent, to the sacrum, which enables him to live a religious experience. Then the study pays attention to the sources, subject and object of religious experience. The last section deals with the status and importance of revelation and faith for human life.