jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of Safe and Effective Botanical Dietary Supplements

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Regulated differently than drugs or foods, the market for botanical dietary supplements continues to grow worldwide. The recently implemented U.S. FDA regulation that all botanical dietary supplements must be produced using good manufacturing practice is an important step toward enhancing the safety of these products, but additional safeguards could be implemented, and unlike drugs, there are currently no efficacy requirements. To ensure a safe and effective product, botanical dietary supplements should be developed in a manner analogous to pharmaceuticals that involves identification of mechanisms of action and active constituents, chemical standardization based on the active compounds, biological standardization based on pharmacological activity, preclinical evaluation of toxicity and potential for drug-botanical interactions, metabolism of active compounds, and finally, clinical studies of safety and efficacy. Completing these steps will enable the translation of botanicals from the field to safe human use as dietary supplements.
Exceptional properties of semi-dilute solutions of nanoparticle laden polymers in water

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This proposal is motivated by three recently discovered properties of semi-dilute aqueous solutions of composite polymers of polyethylene oxide and silica nanoparticles (in the size range from 10 to 100 nanometers). We believe that a composite macromolecule with exceptional properties is created by the absorption of the polyethylene oxide onto the silica nanoparticles. (1) The solutions with nanoparticles exhibit exceptional properties in extensional flow giving rise to dramatic increases in the pulling power of tubeless and open siphons. (2) The nanosolutions are unususally effective in cleaning surfaces; under high rates of extension the solution is stiffened and then can be pulled off a substrate like an adhesive tape. Just which and why some surfaces are so effectively cleaned is not understood. (3) The nanoparticle / polymer solutions show a marked resistance to oxidation; their rheological behavior is stable over time compared to the very marked degradation of these properties in the polymer solutions without nanoparticles. Polyethylene oxide can be stabilized by silica nanoparticles and Polyacrilamide may also be stabilized. This stabili zation has potential for commercial and technological application. The degradation of polymer solutions, for example, severely restricts their applications to technologies like drag reduction.
Kobayashi-Royden vs. Hahn pseudometric in ${\Bbb C}^2$

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

For a domain $D\subset{\Bbb C}$ the Kobayashi--Royden $κ$ and Hahn $h$ pseudometrics are equal iff $D$ is simply connected. Overholt showed that for $D\subset{\Bbb C}^n$, $n\geq3$, we have $h_D\equivκ_D$. Let $D_1,D_2\subset{\Bbb C}$. The aim of this paper is to show that $h_{D_1\times D_2}\equivκ_{D_1\times D_2}$ iff at least one of $D_1$, $D_2$ is simply connected or biholomorphic to ${\Bbb C}\setminus\{0\}$. In particular, there are domains $D\subset{\Bbb C}^2$ for which $h_D\not\equivκ_D$.
Uremic Bursitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Letters and Corrections1 November 1978Uremic BursitisS. PAUL HANDA, M.D.S. PAUL HANDA, M.D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-89-5-723_1 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editor: The description of septic bursitis in the prepatellar and olecranon bursae by Drs. Ho, Tice, and Kaplan in the July issue (Ann Intern Med 89:21-27, 1978) raises a few points that may interest nephrologists caring for uremic patients.Olecranon bursal effusions in uremic patients occur not only from sustained trauma to the olecranon process but also from increased pressure within the bursal vessels resulting from arteriovenous anastomosis and the anticoagulant effects of heparin. The uremic toxins believed to cause inflammation of other serosal surfaces such as pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum with serosanguineous or hemorrhagic effusions (1-3) were...References1. BEAUDRY C, NAKAMOTO S, and KOLFF W: Uremic pericarditis and cardiac tamponade in chronic renal failure. Ann Intern Med 64:990-995, 1966 LinkGoogle Scholar2. SINGH S, MITRA S, and BERMAN L: Ascites in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Nephron 12:114-120, 1974 CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3. BERGER H, RAMMOHAN G, NEFF M, and BUHAIN W: Uremic pleural effusion. A study in 14 patients on chronic dialysis. Ann Intern Med 82:362-364, 1975 LinkGoogle Scholar4. HANDA S and KHALIQ S: Swelling of olecranon bursa in uremic patients receiving hemodialysis. Can Med Assoc J 118:812-814, 1978 MedlineGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: S. PAUL HANDA, M.D.Affiliations: West Saint John Community Hospital Saint John, NB E2M 4X3 Canada PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byElectrogenerated Base-Promoted Synthesis of Dithiocarbamate Acid Esters and 3-( N -Substituted-amino)-2-cyanodithiocrotonates from Primary or Secondary Amines and Carbon DisulfideMechanische SchädigungenAcute Complications Associated With HemodialysisKrankheiten der SchleimbeutelAcute Complications Associated with HemodialysisSeptic and Aseptic Olecranon Bursitis in Patients on Maintenance HemodialysisLesions of Bursae, Tendons and Tendon Sheaths 1 November 1978Volume 89, Issue 5_Part_1Page: 723-723KeywordsAnticoagulantsHeparinInflammationPericardiumPeritoneumToxins ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 November 1978 PDF downloadLoading ...
Ribonuclease from Bacillus pumilus Prevents HSV-1 Entrance into the Cell and Reproduction

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a highly contagious worldwide prevalent infection, which, once it enters the organism, persists during its whole lifetime. According to World Health Organization estimates, about 3.7 billion people under the age of 50 years (90% of the human population) are infected with by HSV-1 worldwide. The important role played by ribonucleases (RNases) in protection of the cell and whole organism from viruses has been confirmed by a considerable body of data that allow considering RNases not only as immune system components, but also as a basis for development of the new antiviral drugs. The purpose of the present work was to demonstrate the antiviral activity of the RNase from Bacillus pumilus (binase) toward HSV-1 at the cell entrance and reproduction stages. Virus treatment with binase in the concentration of 100 μg/mL for 60 min reduced virus replication in the bovine kidney epithelial cell culture MDBK by 100 times compared with untreated virus. Development of cytopathic effects produced by untreated virus in the cells grown on the medium with binase was retarded by 7 h compared with the growth of virus-infected cells on the medium without binase. It may be suggested that HSV-1 treatment with RNases reduces its ability to enter the cell; antiviral action of RNases toward the intracellular virus is realized at the initial stage of virus reproduction.
A New Spirurid (Nematoda) Parasite from Mormoopid Bats in Mexico

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) A new nematode species, Spirura mexicana n. sp., is described from specimens recovered from the esophageal mucosa of the Parnell's mustached bat Pteronotus parnellii, Davy's naked-backed bat Pteronotus davyi, Wagner's mustached bat Pteronotus personatus, and the ghost-faced bat Mormoops megalophylla in the State of Morelos, Mexico. This nematode is characterized by having a relatively short prostoma, 5–6 pairs of caudal papillae, and a smooth distal end of the tail in females. This is the first species of Spirura described from bats in the New World.
Biliary excretion of bromosulfthalein in rabbit.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effect of bromosulfthalein (BSP) infusions at different doses on bile secretion was investigated in anaesthetized rabbits. The patterns of biliary excretion were found to be similar to other mammals, maximal biliary excretion being achieved by an infusion of 0.50 mg X kg-1 body weight X min-1. Bromosulfthalein administered at low doses under the maximum hepatic transport capacity resulted in a clear increase of bile flow which was mainly due to an osmotic mechanism. Supramaximal doses produced no effect on bile flow.
In vitro studies of the modulatory effects of sensory neuropeptides on peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of normal and allergic subjects.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the modulatory effects of sensory neuropeptides on peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes of normal and allergic subjects. Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes obtained from five normal subjects and from five patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma were incubated with morphine, ACTH, vasoactive intestinal peptide, or substance P at concentrations of 10(-9) M, 10(-7) M, 10(-6) M and suboptimal (0.0125 microgram/mL, 0.025 microgram/mL, and 0.05 microgram/mL) concentrations of PHA. Uptake of 3H-thymidine was evaluated at 72 hours of culture. An inhibitory effect was observed with morphine, ACTH, and substance P while stimulatory effects were seen with vasoactive intestinal peptide, both in normal and in allergic subjects. The results of these preliminary studies provide further evidence for a modulatory role of neuropeptides on the immune function in both normal and allergic subjects.
Early development of the telencephalon

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Brain develops from embryonic ectoderm, one of the three germ layers of the embryo, the other two being endoderm and mesoderm. Much of our knowledge of early embryogenesis is derived from studies of amphibia, whose large eggs and embryos are relatively easy to observe and manipulate, and many of the main features are similar in mammals. This chapter deals with mammalian development, in particular the embryogenesis of the mouse, and the early development of the telencephalon. Mammalian embryogenesis and the emergence of the forebrain are discussed, along with the fate of the anterior neural plate, the anatomy of the developing telencephalon, the specification of telencephalic regional identity, the anatomy of the developing neocortex, cell proliferation and cell migration in neocortical development, the switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis, cell lineage, and how the fates of cortical cells are determined.
Treatment with NS3623, a novel Cl-conductance blocker, ameliorates erythrocyte dehydration in transgenic SAD mice: a possible new therapeutic approach for sickle cell disease

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The dehydration of sickle red blood cells (RBCs) through the Ca-activated K channel depends on the parallel movement of Cl ions. To study whether Cl-conductance block might prevent dehydration of sickle RBCs, a novel Cl-conductance inhibitor (NS3623) was characterized in vitro using RBCs from healthy donors and sickle cell patients and in vivo using normal mice and a transgenic mouse model of sickle cell disease (SAD mice). In vitro, NS3623 reversibly blocked human RBC Cl-conductance (gCl) with an IC50 value of 210 nmol/L and a maximal block of 95%. In vivo, NS3623 inhibited RBC gCl after oral administration to normal mice (ED50 = 25 mg/kg). Although gCl, at a single dose of 100 mg/kg, was still 70% inhibited 5 hours after dosing, the inhibition disappeared after 24 hours. Repeated administration of 100 mg/kg twice a day for 10 days caused no adverse effects; therefore, this regimen was chosen as the highest dosing for the SAD mice. SAD mice were treated for 3 weeks with 2 daily administrations of 10, 35, and 100 mg/kg NS3623, respectively. The hematocrit increased, and the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration decreased in all groups with a concomitant increase in the intracellular cation content. A loss of the densest red cell population was observed in conjunction with a shift from a high proportion of sickled to well-hydrated discoid erythrocytes, with some echinocytes present at the highest dosage. These data indicate feasibility for the potential use of Cl-conductance blockers to treat human sickle cell disease.
Study of a Typical Bridge Girder Damaged by Vehicle Impacts

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

It is often seen while driving underneath the overpass bridges that the exterior girders are slightly bent laterally due to damage from trucks and other vehicles that may have hit them or that may have scraped against them as they were passing underneath. It becomes somewhat of a complicated process to determine exactly how much stiffness (and strength) the damaged girder has and whether or not it needs to be replaced (or repaired) immediately. With an aim to develop some charts or curves that may be used to quickly assess the loss in strength of these girders as they deflect more and more, some parametric studies were carried out. The result of the first of such studies is presented here.
Do Health Benefits Outweigh the Costs of Mass Recreational Programs? An Economic Analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT One promising public health intervention for promoting physical activity is the Ciclovía program. The Ciclovía is a regular multisectorial community-based program in which streets are temporarily closed for motorized transport, allowing exclusive access to individuals for recreational activities and physical activity. The objective of this study was to conduct an analysis of the cost–benefit ratios of physical activity of the Ciclovía programs of Bogotá and Medellín in Colombia, Guadalajara in México, and San Francisco in the USA. The data of the four programs were obtained from program directors and local surveys. The annual cost per capita of the programs was: US $6.0 for Bogotá, US $23.4 for Medellín, US $6.5 for Guadalajara, and US $70.5 for San Francisco. The cost–benefit ratio for health benefit from physical activity was 3.23–4.26 for Bogotá, 1.83 for Medellín, 1.02–1.23 for Guadalajara, and 2.32 for San Francisco. For the program of Bogotá, the cost–benefit ratio was more sensitive to the prevalence of physically active bicyclists; for Guadalajara, the cost–benefit ratio was
Where and Why Travelers Visit? Classifying Coastal Tourism Activities Using Geotagged Image Content from Social Media Data

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Accurate information regarding the size, activity, and distribution of coastal tourists is essential for the effective management and planning of coastal tourism. In this study, geotagged photos uploaded to social network services were classified to identify coastal tourism activities. These activities were linked with spatial-scale data on tourist numbers estimated from social media data. To classify the activities, which included recreation, appreciation, education, and other activities, an image-supervised classification model was trained using 12,229 images, and the test accuracy was found to be 0.7244. On the Flickr platform, 43% of the image data located in the coastal land of South Korea are other activities, 39% are appreciation activities, and 18% are recreation and education activities. Other activities are mainly located in urban areas with a high population density and are spatially concentrated, while appreciation activities are mainly located in the natural environment and tend to be spatially spread out. Data on tourist activity categorization through content classification, combined with traditional tourist volume estimates, can help us understand previously overlooked information and context about a space.
Design of simplified large array structures for preliminary experimental validation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel methodology for the synthesis of simplified array architectures to be used for the preliminary experimental validation of the radiation performance of planar phased array antennas is presented in this work. The approach, which combines deterministic and stochastic optimization strategies, is aimed at selecting the sub-set of elements of a fully-populated array and at defining their excitations in order to guarantee the achievement of the minimum requested performance through a cost-effective antenna solution. A selected representative example is presented and discussed to show the behavior of the proposed methodology and to assess its effectiveness
Anti-Aspergillus properties of different extracts from selected plants

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In vitro antifungal activity of methanol, acetone and ethyl-acetate extracts from Equisetum telmateia Ehrh., Allium flavum L., Sedum acre L., Sideritis montana L., Marubium peregrinum L. and Xeranthemum anuum L. grown in Serbia, were investigated by microdilution method. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) have been determined. Testing was conducted against fourAspergillus species - A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger and A. restrictus. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS package. The tested extracts showed significant antifungal activity against A. restrictus and moderate activity against other Aspergillus spp. The best results showed ethyl acetate extract of S. montana, X. anuum and S. acre. Key words: Antifungal activity, plant extracts, Aspergillus spp.
ANEURYSMAL VARIX OF POPLITEAL VESSELS FROM GUNSHOT WOUND

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ANEURUlY AL VARTX OF POPLtTAtL VtSSEtg.965 frequency of respiration wlichl persisted for days, and lhad iot entirely subsided upon their discharge to convalescent camI.GRoup II.-THE MIIODERRATELY SEVERE CASES.These patients were actually ill.They were cyanotic, witlh frequLent panting and painfuLl respiration, which caused tlhemi the greatest dtiscomiifort.Headachle -was very marked, and pyrexia'up to about 100' F. was conimmon for tlhree or four days.Tllhe phlysical signls varied in different parts of the clhest.In the upper part the sounds were lould, withi sibilant rlhonclli.Lower down, especially at the baclk, tllere were submucouls rt'les, indlicatin(g a "bronclhiolitis."Suell patienlts were usually drowsy, alnd tenided to get mluchl wvorse at nighlt.GRoup Ilf.-TIIE VERY SEVERE CASES.The only case of tllis group wlliclh canme uinder otur care, anid of wlhiclh -we propose to give some detailed notes togethier witlh tlle post-mzortenw findings, exhiibited signs of extrelmle poisoninig wlhich led to a fatal resuilt.The mnan was admliittedl in a senmi-comnatose condition twenty-fouce hours after being exposed to the fuLmlles.HIe -was initensely cyaniotic, respiration-rate 30 to the m-linute, puLlse 88, tlhroat dry and red1, tongue crackled and futrred.WhNlen roused-which could only be done with great dlifficulty-tlhe patient iucdicated by signs that lie had severe pain in the clhest.He was unable to coughl, anid there was muchielrattlincg with the breathing.Phlysical signs slhowed rales all over the clhest, front alnd back.The fremitus of these rales was easily palpated by the lhalnd.Thle condi_ tion was diagrnosed from thlese signs as acute ptulmonary odcema following, exposure to irritant f ules.Tlle blood pressure appeared to be raised, tlhough apparatus for verifying this was not at our disposal.Bleedina was resorted to, and 12 oz. of blood were withdrawn-l from the median basilic vein at the elbow.The intenselv dlark colour of the bloodl anid its reinarhable rapidlity of clotting Nyere the special feattures noted, and the latter conditioni micade tile operation very tediotus ancd difficult.The patient seerned to be relieved for a timiie but never regained con- sciouisness, anid died in twenty-four hlours frorn tlle time of hiis admission, and forty-eight hours in all fronm the time of beina exposed to the fumes.Oxygen was administered throtuglhout without any benefit.Postural treatment resulted in large quLantities of frothy secretion poturing otLt of the nose and mouth, but at no time -was the patient able to expectorate tllis for himself.Post-m?ortemn Fxam7iination.-The bocly was that of a moderately developed adult man.There were no external signis of initerest.Rigor mortis was comnplete two lhours after death.Examination of tlle chest showed very firm old pleuritic adhesions between the left lung and the chest wall.The lungs were fully expanded, crepitant through-
Histomorphological and Histochemical Studies on the Dorsal Buccal Gland of Sheep (Ovis aries)

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The present study was conducted on the dorsal buccal gland of ten healthy adult sheep of local mixed breed. Histologically, the gland was compound tubulo-alveolar being surrounded by less distinct capsule. The gland was sero-mucous with predominance of mucous alveoli. The mucous alveoli showed positive reaction to mucosubstances, glycogen, mucopolysaccharides, mucin and Sudanophilic lipids while serous cells were negative to all these histochemical reactions.
Challenges for enforcing editorial policies on AI-generated papers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

ChatGPT, a chatbot released by OpenAI in November 2022, has rocked academia with its capacity to generate papers "good enough" for academic journals. Major journals such as Nature and professional societies such as the World Association of Medical Editors have moved fast to issue policies to ban or curb AI-written papers. Amid the flurry of policy initiatives, one important challenge seems to be overlooked: AI-generated papers are not easily discernible to the human eye, and we lack the right tools to implement the policies. Without such tools, the well-intentioned policies are likely to remain on paper.
‘That they will be capable of governing themselves’: Knowledge of Amerindian Difference and early modern arts of governance in the Spanish Colonial Antilles

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Contrary to conventional accounts, critical knowledge of the cultural differences of Amerindian peoples was not absent in the early Conquest of the Americas. It was indeed a constitutive element of that process. The knowledge, strategies, and institutions of early Conquest relied on, and reproduced, Amerindian difference within the Spanish Empire as an essential element of that empire’s continued claims to legitimate authority. I demonstrate this through a focus on three parallel and sometimes overlapping texts: Ramón Pané’s Indian Antiquities; Peter Martyr d’Anghierra’s First Decade; and the first systematic attempt to govern colonized populations in the Americas, the Laws of Burgos. Not only did each text furnish the necessary material upon which the claims to intellectual, and so civilizational, superiority that were central to the justification of empire could be sustained. What is more, they transformed Amerindian difference from an object of knowledge into a subject of governance.