jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Overactive bladder: guidelines

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Urinary incontinence, the 'complaint of any involuntary leakage of urine' [1] is a common and distressing condition known to adversely affect quality-of-life [2] and is often under-reported and under-treated. The prevalence of urinary incontinence has been reported in a large epidemiological study of 27,936 women from Norway [3]. Overall, 25% of women reported urinary incontinence of that 7% felt it to be significant and the prevalence increased with age. When considering the type of incontinence, 50% of women complained of stress, 11% urge and 36% mixed incontinence. Overactive bladder syndrome is the term used to describe the symptom complex of urinary urgency, usually accompanied by frequency and nocturia, with or without urgency urinary incontinence, in the absence of urinary tract infection or other obvious pathology [1]. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the investigation of women with symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder syndrome, as well as reviewing the current management guidelines that are available.
Galaxy Classification Using EWGC

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Enhanced Wide-field Galaxy Classification Network (EWGC) is a novel architecture designed to classify spiral and elliptical galaxies using Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) images. The EWGC achieves an impressive classification accuracy of 90.02%, significantly outperforming the previously developed WGC network and underscoring its superior performance in galaxy morphology classification. Remarkably, the network demonstrates a consistent accuracy of 90.02% when processing both multi-target and single-target images. Such robustness indicates the EWGC’s versatility and potential for various applications in galaxy classification tasks.
doi:10.1093/nar/gkq785 PCAF interacts with XBP-1S and mediates XBP-1S-dependent transcription

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

X-box binding protein 1 (XBP-1) is a key regulator required for cellular unfolded protein response (UPR) and plasma cell differentiation. In addition, involvement of XBP-1 in host cell–virus interaction and transcriptional regulation of viruses, such as human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), has been revealed recently. Two XBP-1 isoforms, XBP-1U and XBP-1S, which share an identical N-terminal domain, are present in cells. XBP-1S is a transcription activator while XBP-1U is the inactive isoform. Although the transactivation domain of XBP-1S has been identified within the XBP-1Sspecific C-terminus, molecular mechanism of the transcriptional activation by XBP-1S still remains unknown. Here we report the interaction between p300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) and XBP-1S through the C-terminal domain of XBP-1S. No binding between XBP-1U and PCAF is detected. In a cell-based reporter assay, overexpression of PCAF further stimulates the XBP-1S-mediated cellular and HTLV-1 transcription while knockdown of PCAF exhibits the opposite effect. Expression of endogenous XBP-1S cellular target genes, such as BiP and CHOP, is significantly inhibited when PCAF is knocked down. Furthermore, PCAF is recruited to the promoters of XBP-1S target genes in vivo, ina XBP-1S-dependent manner. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PCAF mediates the XBP-1Sdependent transcription through the interaction with XBP-1S.
Threshold logic and two-person, zero-sum games

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

It is shown that the problem of determining whether or not a given switching function is realizable with a single threshold gate can be reduced directly to that of determining the value of a two-person, zero-sum game. If this value is $\gt$ 1/2, the function is realizable. If the value is $\geq$ 1/2, the function cannot be realized. In the case of realizability the solution of the game gives the set of weights which accomplishes the realization. The method works equally well with functions having "don't care" conditions. When a function is not realizable a threshold gate is, nevertheless, defined together with a "zone of uncertainty." This gate is such that for a given input, gamma, if the weighted sum is above this "zone of uncertainty" then F(gamma) = 1, within the zone F(gamma;) is uncertain, and below the zone F(gamma) = 0. The larger the value of the game the smaller this "zone of uncertainty." A method for solving two-person zero-sum games is described and several examples are given.
Isolation of Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella spp. from Thawed Fish

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Fish is a vital food source for people and contributes about 60% of the world's supply of protein. It is extremely perishable, and if not properly preserved, it deteriorates and can be detrimental to human health when consumed. The present study was carried out to isolate Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella spp. from thawed fish. A total of 10 thawed fish samples were bought from different fish retailers in different markets within Enugu metropolis. The result revealed that out of the 10 thawed fish samples that were analyzed using Mannitol Salt Agar and Salmonella Shigella Agar, 8(80%) of the samples had Staphylococcus aureus while 6(60%) had Shigella spp. The isolates were subjected to different antibiotics, and the result showed that all the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were sensitive to Amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. Also, 7 isolates were sensitive to Erythromycin and Rifampicin, while 6 isolates were sensitive to Levofloxacin, and 4 isolates were sensitive to Ampiclox and Norofloxacin. All the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol, while 6 isolates were also resistant to Gentamycin, and 7 isolates showed resistance to Streptomycin. Also, all the Shigella spp. isolates were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin, and Perfloxacin. 5 isolates were sensitive to Augmentin, while 4 isolates were also sensitive to Streptomycin and Gentamycin. All the isolates were resistant to chloramphenicol and Septrin. The study shows that the thawed fish samples may have been contaminated through faecally contaminated water bodies and through unhygienic handling of the fish during and after harvest. Hence, it is important to find better ways of preserving/handling fish to avoid contamination with pathogenic micro-organisms since it can be detrimental to human health.
Significant harm

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the biggest contemporary challenges for the police relates to their encounters with young people. Young people are vilified by the mass media, while official crime statistics continue to paint a bleak picture of their behaviour and interactions with police and the justice system. These combine to fuel an ever-increasing community fear, thus necessitating a timely and steadfast response from the police to instil a sense of community confidence and safety. This chapter considers this interface from the core policing doctrines of legitimacy and discretionary powers: how they interact, and ultimately inform decision-making around a young person's entry to, or diversion from, the justice system.
Development of a sensor node for continuous monitoring of water distribution systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Water is the most important natural resource, one of the most basic human needs and a valuable national asset, especially fresh water which is sacred. The major elements of a comprehensive water distribution system include source water protection, treatment to remove harmful contaminants, proper operation and maintenance. Major problems such as degradation water quality, Unaccounted-For-Water (UFW) and inadequate pressures might arise at tail end of the system. Water quality monitoring will help to detect, preclude or solve water quality problems before they adversely affect the public health. This project is to develop a sensor node to enable remote monitoring of the water distribution system at the user end. The purpose is to monitor the chemical properties (acidity/alkalinity) of the water, the pressure readings and water flow rate across the home distribution network or recording of the underwater sound which helps in locating possible signs of leaks or pipe burst. The sensor node will be fitted with a pH sensor, a pressure sensor and a water flow sensor or a hydrophone. The node will be powered by Programmable System-on-Chip (PSoC) micro-controller from Cypress Semiconductor. There will be a built-in GPRS Module to enable remote data acquisition to a server for data processing and archiving. This report focuses on evaluating and improving the circuits for the sensors, hardware integration on a printed circuit board (PCB) and software development for receiving the data remotely from the sensor node.
An Antarctica‐to‐Spain HF ionospheric radio link: Sounding results

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Our research group in Electromagnetism and Communications is involved in a project dealing with the channel characterization of an ionospheric radio link from the Spanish Antarctic Base (62.6°S, 60.4°W) to the Observatori de l'Ebre (40.8°N, 0.5°E) in Spain. Since the link was established for the first time on December 2003, the sounder and measurement techniques have been improved on the basis of the preliminary results. In this paper, the final results of the project corresponding to the 2006/2007 sounding survey are presented. First the hardware and measurement techniques used to probe the channel are described. Then the results in terms of channel availability (and its daily, hourly, and frequency variation), multipath and Doppler spreads, and signal‐to‐noise ratio are discussed. These results are being used to design the physical layer of a low data rate transmission system intended to send the information acquired by a geomagnetic sensor in the Antarctica.
Diversity of Tn4001Transposition Products: the Flanking IS256Elements Can Form Tandem Dimers and IS Circles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT We show that both flanking IS 256 elements carried by transposon Tn 4001 are capable of generating head-to-tail tandem copies and free circular forms, implying that both are active. Our results suggest that the tandem structures arise from dimeric copies of the donor or vector plasmid present in the population by a mechanism in which an IS 256 belonging to one Tn 4001 copy attacks an IS 256 end carried by the second Tn 4001 copy. The resulting structures carry abutted left (inverted left repeat [IRL]) and right (inverted right repeat [IRR]) IS 256 ends. Examination of the junction sequence suggested that it may form a relatively good promoter capable of driving transposase synthesis in Escherichia coli . This behavior resembles that of an increasing number of bacterial insertion sequences which generate integrative junctions as part of the transposition cycle. Sequence analysis of the IRL-IRR junctions demonstrated that attack of one end by the other is largely oriented (IRL attacks IRR). Our experiments also defined the functional tips of IS 256 as the tips predicted from sequence alignments, confirming that the terminal 4 bp at each end are indeed different. The appearance of these multiple plasmid and transposon forms indicates that care should be exercised when Tn 4001 is used in transposition mutagenesis. This is especially true when it is used with naturally transformable hosts, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae , in which reconstitution of the donor plasmid may select for higher-order multimers.
BACK PAIN IN PATIENTS WITH OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES: THE VALUE OF VERTEBROPLASTY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures represent a growing medical and socioeconomic problem and the spine is the most common site for this kind of fracture. Back pain is the leading symptom with progressive loss of stature and restricted physical activity as a consequence. Vertebroplasty – percutaneous cement reinforcement of osteoporotic vertebrae - represents a new treatment alternative. During a three year period, 512 vertebrae in 180 patients were reinforced for osteoporotic fractures with low viscosity PMMA. One to eight levels were treated per time, and 8ml (2–18ml) of PMMA per vertebra were injected. The patients’ pain (VAS) was prospectively monitored before surgery, one day, 3 months and one and two years postoperatively. Furthermore, X-rays were analysed 3, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. One out of 180 patients suffered from an L2 root irritation due to cement leakage that subsided after steroid infiltration. 52 patients with 144 levels treated and a minimal follow up of two years showed a significant (p Vertebroplasty is efficient for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. The injection technique used is safe, easy and fast. An unsolved problem remains the question about the importance of prophylactic reinforcement of non-fractured vertebrae.
Impacts of non-nutritive sweeteners on the human microbiome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Replacing sugar with non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) is a common dietary strategy for reducing the caloric content and glycemic index of foods and beverages. However, the efficacy of this strategy in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome and its associated comorbidities remains uncertain. Human cohort studies suggest that NNS contribute to, rather than prevent, metabolic syndrome, whereas randomized controlled trials yield heterogeneous outcomes, ranging from beneficial to detrimental impacts on cardiometabolic health. The World Health Organization recently issued a conditional recommendation against using NNS, citing the need for additional evidence causally linking sweeteners to health effects. One proposed mechanism through which NNS induce metabolic derangements is through disruption of the gut microbiome, a link strongly supported by evidence in preclinical models. This review summarizes the evidence for similar effects in interventional and observational trials in humans. The limited available data highlight heterogeneity between trials, as some, but not all, find NNS consumption associated with microbiome modulation as well as metabolic effects independent of sweetener type. In other trials, the lack of microbiome changes coincides with the absence of metabolic effects. We discuss the hypothesis that the impacts of NNS on health are personalized and microbiome dependent. Thus, a precision nutrition approach may help resolve the conflicting reports regarding NNS impacts on the microbiome and health. This review also discusses additional factors contributing to study heterogeneity that should be addressed in future clinical trials to clarify the relationship between NNS, the microbiome, and health to better inform dietary guidelines and public health policies.
Antibody Immobilization on Waveguides Using aFlow–Through System Shows Improved Listeria monocytogenesDetection in an Automated Fiber Optic Biosensor: RAPTORTM

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Recent outbreaks of food borne illnesses continue to support the need for rapidand sensitive methods for detection of foodborne pathogens. A method for detecting Listeriamonocytogenes in food samples was developed using an automated fiber-optic-basedimmunosensor, RAPTORTM. Detection of L. monocytogenes in phosphate buffered saline(PBS) was performed to evaluate both static and flow through antibody immobilizationmethods for capture antibodies in a sandwich assay. Subsequent detection in frankfurtersamples was conducted using a flow through immobilization system. A two stage blockingusing biotinylated bovine serum albumin (b-BSA) and BSA was effectively employed toreduce the non-specific binding. The sandwich assay using static or flow through mode ofantibody immobilization could detect 1
Integrationism, New Media Art and Learning to Read Arabic

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The foundation of the work discussed here is provided by my own experience of informally learning some written and spoken Arabic. I applied this experience to the creative production of two innovative new media artworks: Postcard From Tunis (Pryor, 1997) and Postcards From Writing (Pryor, 2004). The artworks express an integrationist theory of communication, language and writing while also extending the theory into new media, in this case, interactive multimedia. The artworks creatively demonstrate that dynamic, multidimensional and refl exive signs can be created through human-computer interaction, particularly rollover interaction. These signs combine auditory, pictorial and scriptorial forms of communication and have great potential for language teaching and learning activities, particularly those involving reading new scripts.
Evaluating the efficacy of bar code medication administration use in an emergency department

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Safe medication administration through Bar Code Medication Administration (BCMA) had been widely supported in the literature, however, evidence on the efficacy of tethered versus non-tethered bar code scanners in the emergency department setting was lacking. Objective: The purpose of this project was to evaluate the efficacy of medication scanning devices on patient scanning rates in an emergency department and to fully implement the most efficient technology. Method: This was a quality improvement project using retrospective data from an existing database. Patient scanning rates for the emergency department were obtained in a retrospective manner. Results: Patient scanning rates were found to be higher on tethered computers then non-tethered computers. There was no significant relationship to support either tethered or non-tethered BCMA scanners as it related to patient scanning compliance. Conclusion: The recommendation from this study is to leave the current technology in place Given the results of this project, recommendations for the type of BCMA scanner should be based on cost of the product initially and rate of replacement. Further study should be conducted with a larger sample size in a more diverse clinical setting.
UN ANÁLISIS DE LA GRANADA ZIRÍ A TRAVÉS DE LAS FUENTES ESCRITAS Y ARQUEOLÓGICAS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The settlement of Berber Zirids in Madīnat Ilbīra and their subsequent migration to Granada guiding the population of Ilbīra in 1013 leads the foundation of a new Islamic city and kingdom. It is in this period that the city experiences the largest expansion and some of the most popular buildings in the city are built. Irrigation canals and dykes, such as Acequia Gorda, Aynadamar and Axares, the ancient casbah (al-qaṣaba al-qadīma), the Great Mosque and even a part of Alhambra casbah date from this time. \nThus, in this article, we analised the History (the political evolution, the state, the power, the tax system and the society), and material culture of the Taifa kingdom of Granada. We tried to reconstruct this historical period \nthrough the written sources and, to draw up a hypothetical urban planning of the Granada city. Previously, we had gathered the results of the archaeological interventions carried out in Granada city and studied the remaining structures of the Zirid period.
Study on cosmic test and QC method of high-rate MRPC for CBM-TOF

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The CBM (Compressed Baryonic Matter) experiment constructed at FAIR (Facility for Anti-proton and Ion Research) at GSI, Darmstadt, Germany, will provide unique research opportunities to explore the phase diagram of nuclear matter. As one of the core detectors in the CBM experiment, the Time-of-Flight (TOF) system applies the MRPC (Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber) for a precise particle identification for all the incident charged hadrons. The CBM-TOF will be operated at an ion beam intensity up to 109/s, which means the particle fluxes on the TOF wall can reach an unprecedentedly high rate of 30 kHz/cm2. Almost half of the MRPC counters are from the inner region of the TOF wall, and they will be assembled with the low-resistive glass which enables them to work under such high rate. This is the first time of the large scale application of the low-resistive glass MRPCs into the nuclear and high-energy physics experiments. It is especially important to study on the production and test procedure to keep the good performance of all these counters. For this mass production, we have developed a set of specified manufacturing procedure and quality control method to guarantee the performance of all the counters. A newly developed method to check the uniformity of the gas gap with help of the projection imaging technique has been first applied. Until now, 73 MRPCs have been produced for the eTOF project in the BESII detector upgrade at STAR and the TOF system of mini-CBM. Tested by cosmic ray in a system based on TRB, all the produced counters show a stable performance of above 95% efficiency and below 90 ps time resolution. The study on the mass production of the low-resistive plate chamber will provide experience for wide application of MRPC into the high rate experiments in the future. In this paper, the counter design, manufacturing procedures, quality control methods and test results for this MRPC counter are described in a detailed way.
Kartalkaya barajinda yağişin mekansal ve zamansal değişiminin RUSLE R faktörünün kestirilmesindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, soil erosion models have been developed all over the world. The most common model, RUSLE requires a lot of detailed information and extensive laboratory studies. One of the RUSLE parameter, rainfall factor, is identified as the erosivity factor of precipitation. This parameter depends on duration, intensity and frequency of rainfall events. The difficulty in calculating rainfall factor is the lack of minute-based precipitation data in many parts of Turkey. The aim of this study is to calculate R factor based on available precipitation data and determine the sensitivity of the R parameter using different methods with GIS tools in Kartalkaya Dam catchment. Firstly, the relationship between precipitation and physiogeographic parameters of study area is examined and stations are classified based on their location and the main factors cause precipitation. Then, RUSLE rainfall factor is calculated by using minute based data. To estimate rainfall factor based on monthly and annual rainfall data, Modified Fournier Index (MFI) is calculated. The relationship between MFI and R values show that there is a strength correlation between these two parameters with a coefficient determination (R2) value of 0.78. It vi has been estimated that compare to mean annual precipitation and rainfall factor relationship (R2=0.64), MFI calculation significantly improve R-factor estimation. Rainfall erosivity maps are constructed with calculated R and MFI values and also based on their relation. Due to low number of stations and complexity of environmental features, physio-geographic parameters of study area are also utilized as secondary information in an effort to improve interpolation of rainfall factor. The results show that using elevation as the secondary information significantly improves the estimations over IDW interpolations.
Preparation of Polypropylene Composites Filled with Surface-modified Calcium Carbonate by in-situ Solid Phase Grafting

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

摘要: 用马来酸酐(MAH)在碳酸钙(CaCO3)表面引入双键,通过原位固相接枝法将聚丙烯蜡(PPW)化学键合在CaCO3表面,制得3种接枝率的CaCO3-MAH-PPW。 将这3种改性CaCO3填充聚丙烯(PP)制备复合材料,研究了PP/CaCO3界面作用对复合材料强度的影响。 结果表明,CaCO3表面经PPW接枝改性后在PP中的分散性提高,与PP相容性变好;随着改性CaCO3表面PPW接枝率的提高,CaCO3与PP之间界面作用逐渐增强。 当PPW接枝率为4.48 mg PPW/g CaCO3时,CaCO3与PP之间的界面作用最强,复合材料拉伸强度下降最小,杨氏模量提升最大,当m(PP)∶m(CaCO3)=100∶50时,杨氏模量达0.86 GPa,是纯PP的1.63倍;而PPW化学接枝率为2.49 mg PPW/g CaCO3时,CaCO3与PP之间的界面作用适中,复合材料缺口冲击强度提升最大,且当m(PP)∶m(CaCO3)=100∶10时,缺口冲击强度达3.91 kJ/m2,是纯PP的1.35倍。