jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development, Characterization and Antidiabetic Potentials of Nilgirianthusciliatus Nees Derived Nanoparticles

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Nilgirianthus ciliatus Nees is used in traditional Indian system of medicine for the treatment of numerous physiological disorders. Previous investigations revealed that various bioactive compounds have been isolated from this plant for the treatment of various disorders. But these compounds may be unstable in gastrointestinal tract due to the elevated pH and harsh condition that renders the bioactive compounds ineffective. In order to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of various drugs, nanoparticles were developed by various techniques. Nanoformulation of ethanolic extract of Nilgirianthus ciliatus was prepared by solvent evaporation technique using gelatin as carriers and evaluated its antidiabetic effects in L6 myoblasts and 3T3L1 adipocytes. The mean particle size of plant extract loaded gelatin nanoparticles was approximately 110 nm and they are spherical in shape on observation by transmission electron microscope. The ethanolic extract of Nilgirianthus ciliatus was encapsulated with 80% efficiency in gelatin biodegradable nanoparticles formulation. MTT assay was also performed to study the toxicity of nanoformulation; the nanoencapsulated form does not produce any toxicity upto 1000 μg/ml concentrations. Nanoformulation of Nilgirianthus ciliatus was evaluated for its antidiabetic activity by glucose uptake assay in L6 cells and anti-adipogenic assay in 3T3L1 preadipocytes. The plant extracts loaded nanoparticles showed significant antidiabetic effect in both assays in a dose dependent manner when compared to the ethanolic extract. After nanoencapsulation the aqueous dispersion is more, this may be the reason for the better antidiabetic effect. Therefore nanoencapsulated Nilgirianthus ciliatus could be considered as potential antidiabetic drug.
Probabilities of Survival and Reproduction Relative to Rosette Size in the Common Burdock (Arctium minus: Compositae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Individual plants of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (common burdock), a biennial, were marked and followed for 3 years in an old-field population in southwestern Michigan. In addition, growth and survival of A. minus individuals derived from seed sown in cleared plots and natural vegetation were monitored for 2 years. Seedling emergence and survival were reduced by the presence of litter and vegetation. The relationship between rosette size and the probability of an individual flowering, remaining vegetative or dying was calculated from autumn to autumn and spring to spring. Arctium minus rosettes must reach a critical size before flowering; above this size the probability of flowering increased and the probability of dying decreased with increasing rosette size. Arctium minus plants generally take 4 or more years to flower under field conditions with moderate to high densities of grasses and herbaceous dicots. INTRODUCTION Plants with true biennial life cycles grow vegetatively for 1 year, and then produce flowers, set seed, and die in the 2nd year following germination. Although some plant species adhere to a strict biennial life cycle (e.g., Melilotus alba; Klemow and Raynal, 1981), many species classified as biennials vary in time of vegetative growth prior to flowering (e.g., Werner, 1975, 1977; Baskin and Baskin, 1979a,b; van der Meijden and Waals-Kooi, 1979; Holt, 1972, and Gross, 1981). For several species of purported biennials, the probabilities of an individual plant flowering, remaining vegetative or dying are more accurately predicted by its size than by its age (Werner, 1975; van der Meijden and Waals-Kooi, 1979; Baskin and Baskin, 1979b; Gross, 1981; Evans, 1982). We report on a 3-year study which relates the probability of Arctium minus (common burdock) rosettes flowering, remaining vegetative or dying to their size and age. METHODS Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. (common burdock), a native of Eurasia, is a common weed found in abandoned fields, pastures and along roadsides and streambanks throughout much of North America, especially northern United States and Canada. Burdock is generally classified as a biennial herb (cf., Gleason and Cronquist, 1963; Fernald, 1950). Individual plants are monocarpic, growing vegetatively as broadleaved rosettes, then dying after producing a tall (0.5-2 m) flowering stalk. Burdock rosettes are easily identified by their long-petioled leaves which may become very large (laminas may reach 40 cm or more in length). Gross et al. (1980) review the biology of A. minus. Monitoring natural populations. To determine the probability of flowering, remaining vegetative or dying for rosettes of different sizes, previously established rosettes were individually marked with numbered flags in a field abandoned from agriculture Present address: Department of Biology, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 44074.
Deuteron–Deuteron Reaction Cross Sections at Very Low Energies

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The 2019 Mazurian Lakes Conference on Physics was held in Piaski, a vacation resort located at the lake of Bełdany in the heart of the Great Mazurian Lakes District, from the 1 st to 7 th of September 2019.It was the 36 th meeting in a series initiated over 50 years ago, in 1968, by Professor Zdzisław Wilhelmi and his students and collaborators.Throughout these years, the Mazurian conferences have gained a world-wide reputation for their high scientific merit and a unique atmosphere.
Stereochemistry of complexes of multidentate ligands. Part VI. Stereoselective cobalt(III) complexes of (3R)3-methyl-1,6-bis[(2S)-pyrrolidin- 2-yl]-2,5-diazahexane and (3S)3-methyl-1,6-bis[(2S)-pyrrol-idin-2-yl]-2,5-diazahexane

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The compounds (3R)3-methyl-1,6-bis[(2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-2,5-diazahexane (L1) and (3S)3-methyl-l,6 bis[(2S)-pyrrolidin-2-yl]-2,5-diazahexane (L2) have been synthesized, together with their cobait(III) complexes, cis- and trans-[CoCl2L]+ and cis-[CoL(NO2)2]+ and cis-[CoL(C2O4)]+. The optically active quadridentate ligands co-ordinate stereospecifically in both the cis and trans complexes: in the cis geometry, L1 and L2 give stereo-specifically the Λ-cis-β and Δ-cis-β configurations, respectively; in the trans geometry, both ligands give optically active trans configurations. Electronic-absorption, circular-dichroism, and optical-rotatory-dispersionspectra are reported and used, together with chemical data, to assign the absolute configurations of the complexes.
Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Some Alternaria Species Isolated from Tomato Fruits Concerning Mycotoxin Production and Polyketide Synthase Genes

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) are one of the main crops grown in Egypt. The fungal black spot illness of fruits is usually associated with the secretion of mycotoxin by Alternaria toxigenic species. Twenty Alternaria isolates were isolated from infected tomatoes fruits by baiting technique, morphologically identified to species level, and confirmed using Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene sequencing. ITS gene sequencing of fragments obtained 547, 547, 542, 554, and 547 bp for A. alternata, A. brassicicola, A. citri, A. radicina, and A. tenuissima, respectively. Alternaria species were investigated for mycotoxin production using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The data from the HPLC analysis showed that the mycotoxins were determined in four out of five Alternaria species, with the incidence ranging from 0.89–9.85 µg/mL of fungal extract at different retention times. Alternaria alternata was the most active species and produced three types of toxins. Polyketide synthase genes (pksH and pksJ) which are involved in the Alternaria toxin’s biosynthesis were also amplified from the DNA of Alternaria species.
Jurisprudencial Analysis Of Torture In Spain And In The European Human Rights System

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Article 3 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (E.C.H.R.) proclaims that no one may be subjected to torture, punishment or degrading treatment. The legislative correlate in Spain is embodied in Article 15 of the Spanish Constitution, and there must be an overlapping interpretation of both precepts on the ideal plane. While it is true that there are not many cases in which the European Court of Human Rights (E.C.t.H.R. (The Strasbourg Court)) has sanctioned Spain for its failure to investigate complaints of torture, it must be emphasized that the tendency to violate Article 3 of the Convention appears to be on the rise, being necessary to know possible factors that may be affecting it. This paper addresses the analysis of sentences that directly or indirectly reveal the violation of Article 3 of the European Convention. To carry out the analysis, sentences of the Strasbourg Court have been consulted from 2012 to 2016, being able to address any previous sentences to this period if it provided justified information necessary for the study. After the review it becomes clear that there are two key groups of subjects that request a response to the Strasbourg Court on the understanding that they have been tortured or degradingly treated. These are: immigrants and terrorists. Both phenomena, immigration and terrorism, respond to patterns that have mutated in recent years, and it is important for this study to know if national regulations begin to be dysfunctional.
The optimal piano teacher: Sosniak’s model versus Polish teachers from public music schools

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The author deals with the relationship between a piano teacher and her/his pupil/student at different stages of development. The relationship is defined in the literature as one of the most important features determining musical-artistic achievements. She describes the American research into the nurturing of pianists’ talent, and presents the optimal model of piano teacher devised by L. Sosniak, based on interviews with 20 young American pianists with high and significant achievements. The model indicates that the best conditions for artistic development are the sequence of three different teachers, or three different pedagogical strategies, adjusted to the stages of development of young musicians: (1) music teacher for the youngest pupils, whose task is to arouse interest and provide intrinsic motivation and passion for music and piano-playing; (2) instructor teacher (for teenagers), whose task is to help students to build a solid métier, acquire the necessary motor skills and piano technique, and to improve their artistic performance; (3) master teacher for young adult pianists, whose task is to help them to integrate the skills gained previously, to shape their artistic personality. This sequence turned out to be extremely favourable for the later achievements of the interviewed pianists. The author then provides an analysis of statements by Polish pianists from the older generation, and an observation of the behaviour of piano teachers from Polish public music schools. These show that in our piano pedagogy there exists only one type of teacher, the instructor teacher who, compared to Sosniak‘s model, places the greatest emphasis on technical skills and avoids the issue of expression.
The role of idealised image features in determining post-exposure body image and social comparisons

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This research examined the role that idealised image characteristics have in determining post-exposure body image and amount of self-reported social comparisons. This was tested by exposing female undergraduate students to media-portrayed idealised images that varied in their level of relevance, salience, or attainability. A negative impact of these images was indicated by greater post-exposure body dissatisfaction and body size estimation inaccuracy. In contrast, a positive impact was considered to have occurred when body dissatisfaction decreased and body size estimation was more accurate. If the images had a neutral impact on body image, one would expect little difference between groups or over time. A further aim was to determine whether a higher level of trait tendency to compare was related to more negative responding at post-exposure. In addition, thin ideal internalisation and restraint were examined as possible moderators. Studies 1, 2a, 2b, and 3 indicated that idealised image relevance and salience had little differential impact on post-exposure body image. That is, exposure to thin idealised images, irrespective of the salience and relevance manipulations, resulted in similar post-exposure body dissatisfaction and body size estimation. In contrast to this, the attainability of the image seemed to influence post-exposure responding, at least in terms of body size estimation (Study 4). Higher trait tendency to compare was associated with a greater amount of self-reported comparison with the images, but had little impact on body image. Surprisingly, these results were not moderated by thin ideal internalisation or restraint. The role of individual differences was explored with additional analyses in Study 5, which revealed that, when the power is sufficient, thin ideal internalisation, restraint, and self-reported comparisons with the images predicted post-exposure body dissatisfaction, but not body size estimation. Overall, this program of research suggests that idealised image features do not play a vital differential role in determining post-exposure body image, unless it is the body itself that is being manipulated. Results from this research support the idea that the mere presence of an idealised body is sufficient to activate negative responses, and there was little, if any, evidence for the occurrence of positive responses. These findings are discussed in terms of social comparison and schema theory, and in terms of their practical implications.
Southeastern Peanut-Production Cost Efficiency Under the Quota System: Implications for the Farm-Level Impacts of the 2002 Farm Act

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the article, stochastic frontier analysis of peanut-production efficiency in the Southeastern region of the United States is conducted with a view of assessing the likely farm-level impacts of the 2002 Farm Act. Results indicate that, although quota ownership did not significantly impact inefficiency, it is likely that limitations on the quota's transferability to areas with better growing conditions were a significant cause of inefficiency. The acreage shifts and improved yields following the passage of the 2002 Farm Act support this conclusion. Certain farm characteristics, such as farm size and operator's education and age, were also important for efficiency.
More than a special interest: defining and determining the demand for health tourism

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper focuses on health tourism and some of its sub-sectors, including wellness and spa tourism. The paper first provides an analysis of existing definitions with some proposals for refinement. The second part of the paper addresses the lacunae in data about health tourists. Although several isolated studies have been undertaken which have resulted in data about profiles and motivations of specific segments, there have been few studies that have provided an extensive overview of demand. One of the reasons for this gap is the difficulty inherent in procuring data from tourists themselves because of confidentiality and access issues. In order to overcome this challenge, the primary data collection was based on an online survey distributed to 420 health tourism suppliers in 50 countries who were asked about their local customers, as well as domestic and international tourists. Questions were posed about the main markets for health tourism, the most popular health tourism facilities, products and services, and the most common activities with which health tourism activities are packaged. The findings show that approximately 43% of all customers in health, wellness and spa facilities are tourists and that a surprising number of health tourists can be described as 'core consumers'.
Case Studies in Accreditation in an Emerging Profession: Process and Purpose in Physical Therapy Education.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The role of mccreditation in professionalzing an emerging field is examined i a stuay of on-site evaluatit=m visits. Case records for five physicel theraLpy education prograMS (including new and established programs at botkx public and private biccalaureate and entry-level master's programs ire medical and nonmedica school settings) were analyzed by Glaser's constant comparative rweethod. The study compared evaluators., teams, mad programs in terms o a model of professional core values: (1) body cz.f systematic knowledg=; (2) professional authority; (3) =ommunity sanction; (4) self-=ontrol versus outside control; and (5) professional culture. A to=tal of 362 references were made by on-Site evaLliation teams to all cmategories of profesuional values, with boay of sr-stematic knowledge ac=ounting for 43% of value statements and gbrofessional culture accountitmag for 47%. A further breakdown of the number of references made to timie value professional culture revealea 66% referred to the academi= workplace. Body of knowledge statementS varied in content but agreed on importance of developing research copmpetence and cognitiv skills in students. Professional cultu=e statements gave priority ttm faculty research, with little refererece to ppractice. Results highi_ighted team leader influence, with the Incst though leaders emphasizi_ng quality assessment and program consuLtation. Team leaders who wer elite members of the profession with higher education experienctook a more active role in attemptirag to shi.ape dominant professicumnal values and create an elite institutional community. (LPG) i******** ****** *** ****** **** kir* Reproductions supplied lap y MRS .ere the best that can be made from tine origi =al document. *** *******1c**************************** **** ******** CASE STUD IEB OF ACCREDITATION IN AN EMERGING PROFESSION: FROCEe:1SS AND PURPOSE IN PHYSICAL THERAPY EDUCATION
Purification and characteristics of β-amylase from sweet potato.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This paper focused on the research of β-amylase from sweet potato.Purified first by ethanol precipitation then by gel filtration,the enzyme specific activity was increased from 287 U/mg to 2 054 U/mg.Thermal stability of the purified enzyme was good and the optimum temperature was 60℃,the optimum pH was 6.0.The activity of enzyme was stable within the range of pH 4.0-8.0.β-amylase was embedded in alginate and the embedded rate was 94%.178 g β-amylase products were made from one kilogram of fresh sweet potato,the activity of which reached 68 000 U/g.
Viable Seeds from Prehistoric Caches? Archaeobotanical Remains in Southwestern Folklore

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A rich oral history exists regarding viable seeds reported to have been taken from prehistoric cultural deposits in the Southwest. In some cases, progeny of these reputed prehistoric seed have been widely dispersed by pot hunters, scientists, and curious gardens. At least four New World domesticates have been implicated as germinative survivors from prehistoric caches: Canavalia ensiformis L., Phaseolus coccineus L., P. vulgaris L., and Zea mavs L. var. tunicata Saint-Hilaire. Problems with verifying original seed sources and documenting the cultural context are discussed. Recommendations are made for empirically evaluating the seed longevity of the cultivars in question, and of newly found material from well-defined contexts. Until such documentation and evaluation are done, we will remain rich in folklore, but poor in facts.
ANALYSIS OF PREFERENCE FUNCTION BY CAR IN THE CITY OF SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One important aspect in the sustainable transportation target is the reduction in vehicle kilometres of travel (VKT) by car. The use of private car is one major contributor of environmental deterioration in Sydney. It is essential to understand the journey-to-work travel behaviour by car. One of the method that can be used to study this travel behaviour is preference function. Using journey-to-work (JTW) Census data over a 35-year period from 1961 to 1996 in Sydney, this paper applies preference functions to study the journey-to-work commuting preferences by car. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance are applied to evaluate the trends in the slope preferences over time. Moran’s I statistic of spatial association is used to study the spatial distribution of preference functions, and the pattern of interactions between zones, to assess the level of interaction and to test their statistical significance. The results indicated that the mean slope preference by car has increased over time showing an increasing preference of residents towards distance maximization for traveling to work by car. The slope preferences by car for the inner and middle ring residents are relatively stable over time whilst the outer ring residents (beyond 20 km from the CBD) experienced a dramatic increase. Mostly, the zonal slope preferences by car in Sydney in 1996 were within one standard deviations of the mean. Only Parramatta (30) was found to have a value of over two standard deviations of the mean on the maximization side. It is clearly shown from these results that when increasing job opportunities are available in the surrounding zones, residents tend travel longer to reach job opportunities available in the other zones, in particular, in the case of job-skill mismatch. Therefore, it is not surprising that a dramatic increase in preference for longer trips has been experienced by outer ring residents in Sydney where job decentralization continues to occur over time.
Failure of heparin to alter the outcome of pneumococcal meningitis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Routine hypnotics and pain relief were prescribed by ward staff not associated with the study.Though five patients claimed to be bad sleepers at home and four more regularly took hypnotics, the striking finding was a reduction of the mean duration of sleep both before and after surgery over the ten days of the study (see figure).More detailed analysis of the sleep patterns showed that the deficit was principally due to early awakening, though there was also more delay in getting to sleep.Patients also recorded a decrease in the quality of the sleep, increased wakenings, and, in the first three postoperative days, much disturbance by both noise and pain.Only two-thirds of the severe group and one-third of the mild group received intramuscular analgesia on the first postoperative night.