jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
High solder joint reliability; u*BGA packages with polymer die attach films

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The mechanical stability of Chip Scale Packages (CSP) used in surface mount technology is primary concern. The dominant issue is solder fatigue in solder joints under cyclic stress and strain imposed on the system by temperature fluctuations. To address these issues, a polymer die attach film has been developed. The optimum material properties were determined with a viscoelastic and viscoplastic constitutive modeL Concurrently, the effect of die attach films on solder joint reliability was investigated. The packaging process parameters were designed based on the results of experiments, u * BGA packages with the developed die attach film are robust and capable of widthstanding the thermal stresses, humidity and high temperature encounted in typical package assembly and die attach processes, This paper presents the optimum material properties, the packaging process parameters, and the experimental and simulated reliability and performance results of the u * BGA packages.
3D sound with transaural audio beam system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the world of sound, there are too many things to explore as there are many unknowns such as the human ear which is too complicated and complex to be fully understood. Thus many research and experiments lead to certain traits of the human ear. How a human ear perceives distance and direction is a mystery. That is why artificial human head models has been created in order to study the how humans actually hear the sound and perceive those distance and direction. Types of speakers also affect how realistic the 3D sounds are reproduced. This project aims to look into 3D sound reproduced using 2 speakers: ATC HATS directional speakers (ATC) and the Genelec conventional monitor speakers(GEN). Comparison between the 2 will be analyzed and evaluated.
Metallized Boron-Doped Black Silicon Emitters For Front Contact Solar Cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We study doping and metallization of black silicon (bSi) boron emitters formed by ion implantation or diffusion. We demonstrate that conformal metal layers can be deposited on bSi by electron beam evaporation. Raman spectroscopy shows that high boron concentrations (4·10 19 cm -3 ) are obtained in bSi by ion implantation, while maintaining emitter saturation current (J 0e ) below 20 fA/cm 2 with Al 2 O 3 passivation. In diffused bSi emitters, doping increases to twice the values of planar substrates, reaching values up to 7·1020 cm -3 . Those doping values allow specific contact resistivities down to (0.3 ± 0.2) mΩ·cm 2 on boron-implanted bSi surfaces with nickel or aluminum contacts.
Segmentation of pectoral muscle by optimum contour selection approach

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A pectoral muscle usually resembles a salient dense region, which is roughly triangular shape, in mediolateral oblique (MLO) position mammography. Similarly, masses usually appear to be salient dense in mammograms. Therefore, first of all, most computer-aided detection (CAD) systems remove the pectoral muscle region in order to reduce the number of false positives. In this study, a method is proposed to determine the pectoral muscle region by the optimal contour selection (OCS) approach. After the preprocessing stage, an isocontour map for the MLO mammogram image is formed. The proposed method examines the variation of the nesting contours of the pectoral muscle region. In the next stage, some discriminating features based upon shape and intensity for nesting contours is determined. The pectoral muscle border is determined by the defined OCS rules. In the final stage, roughness of the pectoral muscle border is removed by least-squares fitting method. This method, which was tested on 84 mammogram images taken from the MIAS database, performed the segmentation with %5.2 false negative (FN) and 3.5 % false positive (FP) ratios. For small size pectoral muscle regions, proposed method outperforms some state of the art studies in this field.
Nonalcohol-Related Use Disorders in Geropsychiatric Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors determined the prevalence and demographic features of drug use disorders in a database of 565 vet-eran geropsychiatric inpatients. Twenty-four patients (4%) were diagnosed with nonalcoholic substance use disorders, including 18 (3%) with prescription drug use disorders and 6 (1%) with illegal drug use disorders. The patients diag-nosed with prescription drug use disorders were predominantly Caucasian, whereas those diagnosed with illegal substance use disorders were predominantly African American. No other significant demographic differences were noted. Nonalcohol substance use disorders represent an unappreciated problem in psychiatrically hospitalized older adults, with illegal substance use disorders making up a larger than expected proportion of this group. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:33-37). Until recently, most research into substance abuse in the elderly has focused on problem drinking. Alcohol is the most frequently abused substance among the elderly, affecting approximately 10%.1 The abuse of prescrip-tion drugs among the elderly also represents a signifi-cant but less extensively explored problem. One quarter
Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for advanced acute promyelocytic leukemia in the ATRA and ATO era

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The role of allogeneic stem cell transplant in advanced acute promyelocytic leukemia patients who received standard first and second-line therapy is still unknown. We report the outcome of 31 acute promyelocytic leukemia patients (median age 39) who underwent allogeneic transplant in second-remission (15patients) or beyond (16patients. Sixteen patients were RT-PCR positive and 15 negative for PML/RARA pre-transplant. The 4-year overall-survival was 62 % and 31% for patients transplanted in second-remission and beyond, respectively (p=0.05) and 64% and 27% for patients with RT-PCR-negative and positive pre-transplant, respectively (p=0.03). The 4-year cumulative-incidence of relapse was 32% and 44% for patients transplanted in second-remission and beyond, respectively (p=0.37) and 30% and 47% for patients transplanted with negative and positive RT-PCR, respectively (p=0.30). Transplant-related mortality was 19.6%. In conclusion, allogeneic transplant is effective in advanced acute promyelocytic leukemia in the all-trans-retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide era and should be considered once relapse is diagnosed.
Increased long-term mortality in patients with type 2 myocardial infarction, data from the ECAD registry

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The characterization of five different clinical types of acute myocardial infarction (MI) was recently updated in 2018. Type 1 MI is caused by plaque rupture leading to an acute atherothrombotic coronary event. Type 2 MI is an entity where a condition other than coronary artery disease leads to a critical imbalance between oxygen supply and demand. There exist controversial data about the prognosis of patients with type 2 MI. While some studies have shown that type 2 MI is associated with higher mortality rates compared to type 1 MI, other trials revealed comparable mortality rates after multivariate adjustment. Purpose The aim of the present study was to compare the mortality rates of patients without MI with patients, which presented with type 1 and type 2 MI. Methods The present analysis is a longitudinal registry analysis based on the Essen Registry of Coronary Artery Disease (ECAD registry) of patients undergoing coronary angiography at the West German Heart and Vascular Center, Department of Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, at the University Hospital Essen between 2004 and 2019. Type 1 MI was defined as a significant increased troponin level (Siemens Troponin I (Dimension) &gt;0,1 ng/ml and Troponin I Ultra (Centaur) &gt;40 ng/l) and coronary stenosis requiring intervention. Type 2 MI was defined as a significant troponin increase without percutaneous coronary intervention. During follow up, the all-cause mortality of patients without MI and patients with type 1 and 2 MI was investigated. Cox regression analysis was used to determine the association of type 1 and 2 MI with all-cause mortality. Multivariable adjustment was performed for age, sex, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, diabetes, family history of coronary artery disease and nicotine abuse. Results Overall, data from 18,286 coronary angiography exams (mean age 65.3±13.0 years, 71.6% male) were included in our analysis. 14,883 patients (81.3%) had no MI, 1,699 patients (9.3%) presented with type 1 MI and 1,704 patients (9.3%) presented with type 2 MI. During a mean follow-up of 3.4±3.6 years, 3321 deaths occurred (18.2%). Compared to patients without MI (16.1%), patients with type 1 MI (25.2%) and type 2 MI (29.1%) had significant higher mortality rates (p= &lt;0.0001). In Cox unadjusted and multivariable adjusted regression analysis, Type 1 MI (Hazard ratio [standard deviation]: 1.42 [1.14–1.76], p=0.0015) and type 2 MI (2.326 [1.91–2.84], p= &lt;0.0001) were significantly associated with an increased all-cause mortality compared to patients without MI. Kaplan-Meier analysis confirmed the lowest survival rates for patients with type 2 MI (Figure 1). Conclusion In this large longitudinal registry cohort of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography, type 2 MI was associated with impaired long-term survival. Prospective studies are required to determine risk stratification for these high-risk populations. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. Figure 1
CHARACTERIZING THE MOD- LOCAL LANGLANDS CORRESPONDENCE BY NILPOTENT GAMMA FACTORS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $F$ be a $p$ -adic field and choose $k$ an algebraic closure of $\mathbb{F}_{\ell }$ , with $\ell$ different from $p$ . We define “nilpotent lifts” of irreducible generic $k$ -representations of $GL_{n}(F)$ , which take coefficients in Artin local $k$ -algebras. We show that an irreducible generic $\ell$ -modular representation $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}$ of $GL_{n}(F)$ is uniquely determined by its collection of Rankin–Selberg gamma factors $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70B}\times \widetilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}},X,\unicode[STIX]{x1D713})$ as $\widetilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ varies over nilpotent lifts of irreducible generic $k$ -representations $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}$ of $GL_{t}(F)$ for $t=1,\ldots ,\lfloor \frac{n}{2}\rfloor$ . This gives a characterization of the mod- $\ell$ local Langlands correspondence in terms of gamma factors, assuming it can be extended to a surjective local Langlands correspondence on nilpotent lifts.
Successful Tongue Replantation Following Segmental Autoamputation Using Supermicrosurgical Technique

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tongue amputation is a rare event. In fact, only four successful tongue replants are reported in the literature. These include one incomplete amputation[1] and three complete amputations.[2] [3] [4] To our knowledge, replantation of a self-inflicted, segmental tongue amputation has not been reported. We report the successful replantation of a self-inflicted, segmental tongue amputation in an actively psychotic patient. Additionally, intra- and postoperative management strategies are reviewed.
Population growth in rural areas and sentiments of the new migrants toward further growth.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The new migration is being viewed as a turnaround in more than numbers alone. Given the motivations which underlie the trend migrant characteristics and the types of destinations migrants are choosing it has been suggested that 1 of the new migrations inevitable impacts will be increased resistance to further growth and development in rural areas. This research addresses several aspects of the growth and development issue among recent metropolitan-origin migrants to fast-growing rural counties of the US midwest. It documents migrants and rural residents perception of and sentiments toward population growth. It then goes on to detail differences between the pro and antigrowth advocates on several development alternatives. The data show that the metropolitan and nonmetropolitan migrants as well as rural residents are strongly progrowth in their expressed sentiments. Additional comparisons on sentiments toward alternative development options show that antigrowth respondents are generally more conservative toward future development but they are not monolithic in their views. Progrowth respondents are strongly in favor of development. The research raises questions about whether the new migration will eventually lead to conflict and controversy over growth and development issues in rural areas. (authors modified)
Mixed Methods Review of A Home-Grown School Feeding Pilot in A Poor Ethnic Minority Community in Vietnam&nbsp;

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background Undernutrition threatens the health and future of preschool children in disadvantaged ethnic minority communities. Home-grown school feeding (HGSF) in nursery schools could have a positive impact on children’s nutrition while creating multiple benefits for the community and local food system. Evidence is lacking on the implementation and sustainability of HGSF as part of multi-sectoral programs in remote areas. This study assessed a HGSF pilot intervention, implemented within a four-year nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) program, in five nursery schools in a mountain ethnic minority community in Vietnam. It aimed to gain insights into the diversity and cost of school meals, food sources, effects on children’s nutritional status and on process aspects related to implementation and sustainability, especially HGSF synergy with other NSA program components. Methods Mixed-methods assessment covered school meal diversity and cost; food sources; anthropometric data; and the process, including changes triggered by HGSF, perceived barriers and facilitators to implementation, and prospects for sustainability. Data came from participants selected by purposive sampling for semi-structured interviews (n = 30) and seven focus group discussions (n = 76), and from field observations and transect walks. Results School meals increased daily dietary diversity; meals cost USD 0.65/child/day. About 44% of the foods used were home-grown. There was an indicative reduction in underweight children, an increase in school attendance, and improvements in food preferences and WASH practices. Parents’ caring and feeding practices improved and their willingness to pay for school meals increased. At community level, local food systems became less cash crop-oriented and more self-reliant in production of nutrient-rich foods, contributing to household food security and income generation. Social capital increased. Positive changes were attributed to HGSF and to synergy among NSA program components. Enhanced confidence and motivation, stimulated by role models and change agents, facilitated the process. Socio-economic conditions of poor households and limited resilience to external shocks were barriers that threatened sustainability. Conclusions This study showed that implementing HGSF in a mountain ethnic minority area with a high prevalence of undernutrition benefitted children and their communities, when integrated in a multi-sectoral program that mobilises all stakeholders and stimulates both supply and demand of nutritious food.
Single Domain Generalization for Alzheimer's Detection from 3D MRIs with Pseudo-Morphological Augmentations and Contrastive Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Although Alzheimer's disease detection via MRIs has advanced significantly thanks to contemporary deep learning models, challenges such as class imbalance, protocol variations, and limited dataset diversity often hinder their generalization capacity. To address this issue, this article focuses on the single domain generalization setting, where given the data of one domain, a model is designed and developed with maximal performance w.r.t. an unseen domain of distinct distribution. Since brain morphology is known to play a crucial role in Alzheimer's diagnosis, we propose the use of learnable pseudo-morphological modules aimed at producing shape-aware, anatomically meaningful class-specific augmentations in combination with a supervised contrastive learning module to extract robust class-specific representations. Experiments conducted across three datasets show improved performance and generalization capacity, especially under class imbalance and imaging protocol variations. The source code will be made available upon acceptance at https://github.com/zobia111/SDG-Alzheimer.
OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF ADDITIONAL ELECTRICAL POWER

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The problem of optimal distribution of additional electric power for private houses and households with solar panels or stations in adverse weather conditions over a long period of time is considered. This problem is very relevant for regions where the supply of electric power to houses and households is carried out mainly by green technology. Based on this, it is shown that when weather conditions worsen, which can last for a long time, a problem arises of providing these objects with energy allocated from backup power lines, the capacity of which is insufficient for full energy supply. To solve this problem, especially in the case of a shortage of allocated power, when it is not enough to satisfy all consumers to the maximum, the criteria for distributing the allocated limited power among houses are analyzed, examples are given for calculating the residual energy of a deep-discharge battery for each household in the event of prolonged bad weather conditions. Two options for solving the problem of optimal distribution of the allocated power are considered, taking into account the full simulation model of houses and households with electricity supply from solar panels: - distribution by residual energy taking into account the energy required to charge the batteries of private houses; - distribution by residual energy without charging the batteries. The solution to the problem of distributing limited energy between houses with solar panels is shown using the example of 5 households. For this purpose, the initial conditions and restrictions for each house are modeled. The problem of optimal distribution of allocated energy between these objects is formulated. The model of the problem itself is built and solved using the SOLVER subroutine of the Excel program. The main tables are given, in which it is necessary to enter restrictions, optimization criteria and the objective function, screenshots of the solution of this problem in two versions with the introduction of all restrictions in separate Excel windows. It is shown that solution of the issue of optimal distribution of additional energy allocated to eliminate the shortage of energy in conditions of limitation allows to the following opportunities: - provision of additional energy depending on the time of complete depletion of energy in the house prevents overloading of the electric network, incorrect openings in power lines and other unpleasant situations; - the inclusion of the module of optimal distribution of additional energy into the model during simulation, allows to save time for the seeking of additional energy and thus to increase the overall efficiency of the system. Keywords: solar panels, bad weather, additional energy, optimal distribution.
Theoretical Investigation of Gasification of Solid Fuel in a Low-Temperature Gas Generator of an Aircraft

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The mathematical model and numerical method proposed in this study make it possible to study the regularities of gasification of solid porous fuel when hot gases are filtered through it and estimate the maximum operating time of the propulsion system. The features of gasification are studied for the case when polymethyl methacrylate is used as a solid fuel. It is shown that by changing the characteristics of the system and the process conditions, it is possible to change the flow rate of gaseous products from the gas generator, which will affect both the operating conditions of the cooling system for the materials of the combustion chamber structure and the value of the engine thrust. It is also shown that the operating time of a jet engine with a low-temperature gas generator increases with decreasing temperature and consumption of gaseous solid fuel combustion products, the interphase heat transfer coefficient, and the characteristic pore size of the fuel.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Isoflurane late preconditioning against myocardial stunning is associated with enhanced antioxidant defenses.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis that an upregulation of antioxidant proteins [Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), Mn SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase] plays a role in the delayed protection against myocardial stunning produced by isoflurane preconditioning (ISOPC). Findings were compared with late ischemic PC (IPC).METHODS: Fourteen mongrel dogs were chronically instrumented to measure coronary blood flow and myocardial wall thickening (WT) in conscious state. In Group 1, dogs underwent IPC, induced by a 10-min coronary artery occlusion (CAO); after 24 h of reperfusion, they were subjected to a second 10-min ischemia CAO-reperfusion. In Group 2 (ISOPC), dogs inhaled one minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) ISO (1.4% in O(2)) for 60 min, allowed to recover for 24 h, and then subjected to CAO ischemia-reperfusion. Recovery of WT following the initial 10-min CAO in Group 1 served as control response for both ISOPC and IPC. Expression and activity of antioxidant proteins were measured using Western blotting and spectrophotometric techniques, respectively.RESULTS: Two to three hours of reperfusion were required for recovery of WT following either ISOPC or IPC; in contrast, without PC, WT remained markedly reduced (30% below baseline) at this time point and required more than 6 h of reperfusion for recovery. Neither IPC nor ISOPC affected expression of Cu-Zn SOD, Mn SOD, or catalase. However, ISOPC increased activity of Mn SOD (+40%), catalase (+39%), glutathione peroxidase (+37%), and glutathione reductase (+93%) (P < 0.05); IPC had similar effects.CONCLUSION: ISOPC had powerful, delayed anti-stunning effect that was associated with an enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defenses.© 2011 The Authors Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica © 2011 The Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica Foundation. PMID: 22103751
Contending Explanations of Suharto’s Fall: A People’s Power Revolution or a Political Conspiracy?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

How did a man in the position of President Suharto, who only 72 days earlier, was overwhelmingly elected by the MPR for his seventh term for the Presidency, fall so unexpectedly and in many ways, in such a precipitous manner? Many have argued that it was a 'people's power movement', led by the students, that brought him down.