jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Continuous Measurement of Biological Noise in <em>Escherichia Coli</em> Using Time-lapse Microscopy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The protocol developed here offers a tool to enable computer tracking of Escherichia coli division and fluorescent levels over several hours. The process starts by screening for colonies that survive on minimal media, assuming that only Escherichia coli harboring the correct plasmid will be able to thrive in the specific conditions. Since the process of building large genetic circuits, requiring the assembly of many DNA parts, is challenging, circuit components are often distributed between multiple plasmids at different copy numbers requiring the use of several antibiotics. Mutations in the plasmid can destroy transcription of the antibiotic resistance genes and interject with resources management in the cell leading to necrosis. The selected colony is set on a glass-bottom Petri dish and a few focus planes are selected for microscopy tracking in both bright field and fluorescent domains. The protocol maintains the image focus for more than 12 hours under initial conditions that cannot be regulated, creating a few difficulties. For example, dead cells start to accumulate in the lenses' field of focus after a few hours of imaging, which causes toxins to buildup and the signal to blur and decay. Depletion of nutrients introduces new metabolic processes and hinder the desired response of the circuit. The experiment's temperature lowers the effectivity of inducers and antibiotics, which can further damage the reliability of the signal. The minimal media gel shrinks and dries, and as a result the optical focus changes over time. We developed this method to overcome these challenges in Escherichia coli, similar to previous works developing analogous methods for other micro-organisms. In addition, this method offers an algorithm to quantify the total stochastic noise in unaltered and altered cells, finding that the results are consistent with flow analyzer predictions as shown by a similar coefficient of variation (CV).
Novel ultra-thin near-eye augmented-view device (UNAD)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The current augmented-view device for glaucoma patients are limited by the low angle minification (less than 3X), image overlapping and pupil mismatching. We present a novel ultra-thin near-eye augmented-view device (UNAD) with a proper minification angle of 4X to avoid scanning eye movements. The device is realized by one symmetrical ultra-thin off-axis eight-mirror reversed telescopic optical system (field-of-view (FOV): x:-34°~3°; y: -5°~-20°, 5°~20°) and one central un-minified optical system (FOV: -5°~5°), and hence, the system can achieve a FOV (x:-34°~3°; y: -20°~20°) without overlapping images. Furthermore, the device fully accounts for pupil matching with the entrance pupil of the human eye. Finally, the simulation results in CODE V and LightTools verify that our proposed system is feasible and has potential practical value for glaucoma patients.
A battle of elephants: (I)legitimate ethical voices?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we aim to distil myriad stakeholder voices through a Foucaudian theoretical apparatus in the establishment of ethical stakeholder voices amidst a takeover of a Ghanaian National Bank with ownership control by the state National Pension Fund and Insurance Company. Resonating with Foucault’s position that, the prove and an actual practice of ethical principles despite risk is non-existent within a democracy, this paper reveals how stakeholders in a takeover further their own interest to the neglect of the very germane societal expectation of a salient stakeholder role. We further fill an existing gap within the stakeholder literature that posit of stakeholders as always possessing the right and ethical voices. We conclude that, despite Foucault’s last lecture of The Courage of Truth: The Government of the Self and others having proven of a robust apparatus in distilling ethical voices from non-ethical within the realm of a democratic field, its idealist nature demands a counterfactual position.
Theories of Federalism: A Reader

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Birth of Federal Theory: an Alternative Political Language in the Early Era of Centralized States The Enlightenment Debate Over the Normative Potential of International Federalism The American 'Invention' and Nineteenth-century Debates Over Rival Types of Federalism The mid-Twentieth-Century Debate: Federalism Between Obsolescence and Panacea The Contemporary Debates: Federal Citizenship in Culturally Diverse Democracies
Prediction and Reduction of Blade Wake Interaction Noise in High Solidity Rotors using Multi-Fidelity CFD Analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Blade–wake interaction (BWI) is a significant source of broadband noise and is often dominant in rotors with high blade counts. Accurately capturing the resulting unsteady blade loading is computationally expensive and, therefore, drives the cost of BWI noise calculation. To address this challenge, a low-fidelity BWI noise prediction tool was developed using aerodynamic data from the blade element momentum theory (BEMT) and the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) for a series of rotor configurations with medium to high solidity. Starting from a six-bladed baseline rotor, 13 additional configurations were generated by varying blade twist, taper, root collective, solidity, and blade count. The relationship between vortex miss distance and blade loading unsteadiness was quantified to construct a semi-empirical BWI noise model. The model predicted BWI noise with a root mean square error of 3.9 dBA and a mean absolute percentage error of 1%. It was subsequently integrated into a BEMT framework to produce aerodynamic and acoustic data for training a tandem neural network (TNN) that was employed to optimize two rotor geometries. The optimized designs achieved up to a 7% reduction in BWI noise and a 7% improvement in performance. Additional geometric modifications—including blade tip anhedral, forward sweep, and a mixed configuration—were also assessed using LBM, each demonstrating notable noise reduction.
SH3612345.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Diffusion barriers imposed by tissue topology shape Hedgehog morphogen gradients

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Animals use a small number of morphogens to pattern tissues, but it is unclear how evolution modulates morphogen signaling range to match tissues of varying sizes. Here, we used single-molecule imaging in reconstituted morphogen gradients and in tissue explants to determine that Hedgehog diffused extracellularly as a monomer, and rapidly transitioned between membrane-confined and -unconfined states. Unexpectedly, the vertebrate-specific protein SCUBE1 expanded Hedgehog gradients by accelerating the transition rates between states without affecting the relative abundance of molecules in each state. This observation could not be explained under existing models of morphogen diffusion. Instead, we developed a topology-limited diffusion model in which cell–cell gaps create diffusion barriers, which morphogens can only overcome by passing through a membrane-unconfined state. Under this model, SCUBE1 promoted Hedgehog secretion and diffusion by allowing it to transiently overcome diffusion barriers. This multiscale understanding of morphogen gradient formation unified prior models and identified knobs that nature can use to tune morphogen gradient sizes across tissues and organisms.
A novel smart hybrid‐Trefftz finite element for smart laminated composite plates

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Summary A novel smart hybrid‐Trefftz finite element ( HTFE ) has been developed for the analysis of smart laminated composite plates. The substrates of the smart plates are symmetric and antisymmetric cross‐ply plates. The derivation of this HTFE is devoid of the complicated task of finding the particular solutions of simultaneous governing partial differential equations. The Trefftz functions are constructed from the finite number of free‐field exact solutions of the homogeneous simultaneous governing partial differential equations of the element domain in a straightforward manner without transforming them into a single governing equation. The HTFE is validated with the exact solutions of the smart composite plates. It is observed that this HTFE is an efficient finite element and can be utilized for the analysis of active control of smart composite structures.
First FRCR Anatomy: Questions and Answers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

First FRCR Anatomy: Questions and Answers provides eight test papers modelled on the exam format of the Royal College of Radiologists' anatomy module. Written by a team of consultant and trainee radiologists, the practice questions and answers will give you the advantage you need to succeed and stand out from the average trainee. The questions include images from all modalities – CT, MRI, ultrasound, plain film, screening and angiography, closely correlating with the images you are likely to see both in the exam and in day-to-day practice. Expanded clinical answers also distill clinical radiological knowledge accrued over many years of clinical practice, making this much more than a revision aid. First FRCR Anatomy: Questions and Answers covers the full breadth of curriculum topics including MSK, cardiac, thoracic, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, vascular, neuro and pediatric imaging. An essential resource for all First FRCR candidates
Study of the XeCl laser pumped by a high-intensity electron beam

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present the results of a detailed experimental study of the XeCl laser pumped by a high-intensity electron beam. The laser system was optimized as an oscillator for mixtures of Xe and HCl with Ne, Ar, and Kr diluents. The peak intrinsic efficiency (laser energy out/electron-beam energy deposited) was near 4.5 percent for each of these diluents. Small-signal gain and background absorption were measured as a function of electron-beam deposition rate from 0.4 to 6 MW/ cm 3 . The ratio of small-signal gain to absorption was found to be constant over this range with a value of ∼5. Measurements of absorption in the presence of a large photon flux indicated that there was no appreciable saturable contribution to the absorption. Measurements of fluorescence from the B and C states indicate that collisional mixing between these states is very rapid. The formation efficiencies of the B and C states are estimated to be 0.15 and 0.05, respectively. A vibrational relaxation rate of between 1 and 1.5 \times 10^{-10} cm 3 . s -1 was determined. The effect of this finite relaxation rate is to reduce the energy available to the stimulated process by a factor of 0.67-0.75. Estimates of the XeCl* deactivation rates by HCl and electrons were also obtained. A value of 1.7 \times 10^{-9} cm 3 . s -1 was obtained for quenching by HCl, and a value of \sim 1 \times 10^{-7} cm 3 . s -1 was estimated for electron deactivation.
Vocal behavior of the Mongolian gerbil in a seminatural enclosure

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This study represents the first effort to obtain a comprehensive library of adult Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) vocalizations recorded in a variety of behavioural contexts. In Phase I of the study, a gerbil colony was introduced into a seminatural enclosure and allowed to breed naturally over an observation period of 19 months. During this period, detailed observations of gerbil social and vocal behaviour were made. In Phase II, this knowledge was used to stage natural behavioural scenarios among adult gerbils in which high-quality recordings of vocalizations could be obtained, and the spectro-temporal properties of these vocalizations analysed. Calls generally occurred in interactive social situations, such as same-sex aggression, mating, food dispute, alarm, and disturbance by conspecifics. Additionally, brief ultrasonic calls were associated with investigation of a new setting and were named ‘contact calls’. Vocalizations were classified by behavioural context and analysed with respect to spectral and temporal characteristics. Calls encompassed a broad range of frequencies (approx. 3-45 kHz); most calls possessed significant energy at two or more harmonics in addition to the fundamental frequency. Calls generally lasted approx. 4-500 ms and were emitted in sequences of 3-20 variants with silent intervals. Such natural call series had significant low-frequency AM content below 8 Hz. Calls within an individual behavioural class had substantial variability in both spectral and temporal properties, but were significantly different from all other call classes in one or more of average fundamental frequency, frequency sweep range, duration, or frequency sweep direction.
Navigating the Digital Sphere: Exploring Websites, Social Media, and Representation Costs—A European Union Case Study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the intricate and multifaceted landscape of the European construction process, where the development and governance of the European Union take shape through a myriad of policies, institutions, and stakeholders, this study delves into the role of lobbies affiliated with the European Transparency Register. It focuses on the relationship between the utilization of social media platforms and the representation costs among interest groups. Analysis of data from 12,430 groups, encompassing website presence, social media engagement, and declared representation costs, reveals that 97.14% of groups maintain websites, while 67.52% actively use social media platforms. Among groups disclosing representation costs, the mean is EUR 181,333, with a median of EUR 74,999. Multiple linear regression analysis uncovers a positive association between Twitter and YouTube usage and representation costs, while Facebook usage demonstrates a negative correlation. However, no statistically significant relationships are observed for Instagram, TikTok, and LinkedIn. These findings offer insights into the potential impact of social media on representation costs for interest groups.
Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19): Reviews, Applications, and Current Status

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Currently, the COVID‐19 has directly affected the millions of humans lives. The symptoms of the disease involving fever, malaise, chest infection, and breathing difficulties, were identified, and its existence is continuously becoming restructured. The World Health Organization (WHO) had mentioned the wide diagnostics test besides COVID-19 that would also assist medical facilities to recognize infectious diseases as well as currently focusing efficiently on preventing and afterward defeating this viral disease. The infection is usually transmitted among human beings in direct contact, greatest through the liquid bubbles generated through cough, sneeze, or speaking. This paper reviews the COVID 19 pandemic, its history, current updates, contact tracing applications, and use of emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and Blockchain for stopping the spreading and provide service online to the patient from a distance.
Success of activity management practices: the influence of organizational and cultural factors

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study examines the success of activity management practices and the organizational and cultural factors affecting success at each of Gosselin's (1997) three levels of activity analysis (AA), activity cost analysis (ACA) and activity‐based costing (ABC). Data were collected by survey questionnaire from a random sample of managers of Australian business units. The results indicate that activity management is moderately successful in Australian organizations, with greater use associated with higher levels of success. Two organizational factors (top management support and link to quality) were associated with success at each of Gosselin's three levels, whereas training was associated at the AA and ACA levels. The cultural factor of outcome orientation was associated with success at each level, with attention to detail important at the ABC level. Organizational factors were more strongly associated with activity management success than cultural factors.
One-step Preparation of a VHH-based Immunoadsorbent for the Extracorporeal Removal of β2-microglobulin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Dialysis-related amyloidosis (DRA), which has been widely recognized to be associated with the accumulation of β2-microglobulin (β2-m) in blood, is one of the most common complications in patients receiving long-term dialysis treatment. The most significant side-effect of existing hemodialysis sorbents for the removal of β2-m from blood is the loss of vital proteins due to non-specific adsorptions. Although the traditional antibodies have the capability to specifically remove β2-m from blood, high cost limits their applications in clinics. Single domain antibodies derived from the Camelidae species serve as a superior choice in the preparation of immunoadsorbents due to their small size, high stability, amenability, simplicity of expression in microbes, and high affinity to recognize and interact with β2-m. In this study, we modified the anti-β2-m VHH by the formylglycine-generating enzyme (FGE), and then directly immobilized the aldehyde-modified VHH to the amino-activated beads. Notably, the fabrication is cost- and time-effective, since all the preparation steps were performed in the crude cell extract without rigorous purification. The accordingly prepared immunoadsorbent with VHHs as ligands exhibited the high capacity of β2-m (0.75 mg/mL). In conclusion, the VHH antibodies were successfully used as affinity ligands in the preparation of novel immunoadsorbents by the site-specific immobilization, and effectively adsorbed β2-m from blood, therefore opening a new avenue for efficient hemodialysis.
The new Epoch of Antithrombotic Therapy in the Long-Term Prevention of a non-Cardioembolic Stroke

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This article presents current opinions on the role of antithrombotic therapy in secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in patients after noncardioembolic stroke or a transient ischemic attack on the background of sinus rhythm. This review analytically analyses evidence-based data on antithrombotic drugs used for this secondary prevention. Despite the fact that acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is still a “gold standard” for prevention of noncardioembolic stroke, the search for rational combinations of antithrombotic drugs to increase the effectiveness of preventive treatment is relevant. The question whether the rivaroxaban treatment as monotherapy or in combination with ASA is more effective than the ASA monotherapy for secondary prevention of cardiovascular complications (CVC) was addressed in the COMPASS study. In that study, three regimens of antithrombotic therapy were compared in patients with stable atherosclerotic CVD: rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice a day) in combination with ASA (100 mg/day); rivaroxaban (5 mg twice a day); and ASA (100 mg/day). Risk for development of major CVC (death, stroke, myocardial infarction (IM)) was lower (p<0.001) in the rivaroxaban+ASA combination treatment group than in the ASA monotherapy group; however, the risk of major bleedings was somewhat higher. Total risk based on the definition of “pure clinical benefit” was lower for the rivaroxaban+ASA combination treatment than for the ASA monotherapy. The rivaroxaban monotherapy did not result in a significant decrease in the risk of major CVC compared to the ASA monotherapy but significantly increased the risk of major bleedings. Incidence of repeated ischemic stroke for a year was 1.1% for the combination therapy, 2.6% for the rivaroxaban therapy, and 3.4% for the ASA monotherapy with significant differences between the combination treatment group and the ASA monotherapy group (p<0.01). Relative risk of repeated stroke was 67% lower for the combination therapy group compared to the ASA monotherapy group. The combination of rivaroxaban (2.5 mg twice a day) and ASA (100 mg) opens a new epoch of antithrombotic treatment for primary and secondary prevention of stroke in patients with a stable atherosclerotic CVD and sinus rhythm.
Introduction: Livelihood options for the poor in the changing environment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Environmental variability and climate change has become an enormous challenge of our time. Policy approaches to find sustainable strategies and interventions have become more and more important by the day. Whilst it is difficult to predict the current and future impacts of a phenomenon with such diverse impact streams, it is evident that the livelihood options of the poor and marginal societies in the global south are more likely to experience a significant shift. Again, their environment and the availability of the resources they depend on for their sustenance are predicted to be dwindling. This editorial seeks to bring together diverse approaches and experience from some of the different geographical regions in the global south identified to be most likely to be affected by environmental variability and to examine the various policy options that could facilitate the livelihood options of the poor, enhance their adaptation and reduce poverty. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
THE AMATEUR AND THE PROFESSIONAL ANTIQUARIANS, HISTORIANS AND ARCHAEOLOGISTS IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND, 1838-1886, by Philippa Levine

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"THE AMATEUR AND THE PROFESSIONAL ANTIQUARIANS, HISTORIANS AND ARCHAEOLOGISTS IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND, 1838-1886, by Philippa Levine." Australian Archaeology, 27(1), pp. 139–140
The comparison of technical capabilities of six pulse generators for biological applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we present the comparison of technical parameters for three electric pulse generators and three magnetic pulse generators, which were developed for the research application in electroporation and magnetoporation fields respectively. The concept of each system is introduced and the comparison of the parameters like nature of pulse, waveform, maximum pulse amplitude, rise time, fall time, number of pulses and repetition frequency etc. is provided. The comparison result highlights the novelty of each system.