jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A New Typology Design of Performance Metrics to Measure Errors in Machine Learning Regression Algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Aim/Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze various performance metrics and approaches to their classification. The main goal of the study was to develop a new typology that will help to advance knowledge of metrics and facilitate their use in machine learning regression algorithms Background: Performance metrics (error measures) are vital components of the evaluation frameworks in various fields. A performance metric can be defined as a logical and mathematical construct designed to measure how close are the actual results from what has been expected or predicted. A vast variety of performance metrics have been described in academic literature. The most commonly mentioned metrics in research studies are Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), etc. Knowledge about metrics properties needs to be systematized to simplify the design and use of the metrics. Methodology: A qualitative study was conducted to achieve the objectives of identifying related peer-reviewed research studies, literature reviews, critical thinking and inductive reasoning. Contribution: The main contribution of this paper is in ordering knowledge of performance metrics and enhancing understanding of their structure and properties by proposing a new typology, generic primary metrics mathematical formula and a visualization chart Findings: Based on the analysis of the structure of numerous performance metrics, we proposed a framework of metrics which includes four (4) categories: primary metrics, extended metrics, composite metrics, and hybrid sets of metrics. The paper identified three (3) key components (dimensions) that determine the structure and properties of primary metrics: method of determining point distance, method of normalization, method of aggregation of point distances over a data set. For each component, implementation options have been identified. The suggested new typology has been shown to cover a total of over 40 commonly used primary metrics Recommendations for Practitioners: Presented findings can be used to facilitate teaching performance metrics to university students and expedite metrics selection and implementation processes for practitioners Recommendation for Researchers: By using the proposed typology, researchers can streamline development of new metrics with predetermined properties Impact on Society: The outcomes of this study could be used for improving evaluation results in machine learning regression, forecasting and prognostics with direct or indirect positive impacts on innovation and productivity in a societal sense Future Research: Future research is needed to examine the properties of the extended metrics, composite metrics, and hybrid sets of metrics. Empirical study of the metrics is needed using R Studio or Azure Machine Learning Studio, to find associations between the properties of primary metrics and their “numerical” behavior in a wide spectrum of data characteristics and business or research requirements
Betting bias and market equilibrium in racetrack betting

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper considers the well-known anomaly that in parimutuel betting favourites tend to be underbet and longshots tend to be overbet, as the objective probability that a favourite will win tends to be higher than the percentage of moneys bet on it at the track (the subjective probability) and the reverse for longshots. Several explanations have been offered for this phenomenon, and the present paper casts this problem in the framework of a Cournot-Nash equilibrium of bettors at the track. Bettors are assumed to have perceptions of the winning probabilities, which are perturbations of the true probabilities. Each risk-neutral bettor solves the nonlinear programming problem that yields his or her own optimal bets given the bets of all other bettors. A Cournot-Nash equilibrium is found, which has the property that each bettor is optimizing, and each bettor's actions are compatible with those of the others. At the equilibrium, the over/underbetting bias manifests itself in nearly every case, and while we cannot completely rule out the possibility that the bias is due to the bias in bettors' perception, on the whole it appears that the over/underbetting bias is a consequence of, or is at least compatible with, Cournot-Nash equilibrium at the racetrack.
Measuring changes in functional ability in older children and young people with acquired brain injury using the UK FIM + FAM

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction There is a need for validated and responsive measurement tools to demonstrate changes in functional ability. Existing outcome measurement tools have significant limitations for children and young people with acquired brain injury (ABI). Aim This study examines the potential of the UK Functional Independence Measure + Functional Assessment Measure (UK FIM + FAM) to detect clinical change in older children and young people with ABI. Method This is a secondary retrospective pretest–post test analysis of 72 children and young people age 8–17 years. Internal responsiveness was examined using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and effect sizes indices; external responsiveness was examined in relation to the Neurological Impairment Scale (NIS) using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Results Highly significant changes were detected from admission to discharge on motor, cognitive and total UK FIM + FAM scores ( p < 0.001). Medium to large effect sizes were found on the total scale indicating good internal responsiveness. There was a significant, negative correlation between UK FIM + FAM change scores and NIS change scores ( p < 0.01) indicating good external responsiveness. Conclusion The UK FIM + FAM was able to detect clinically meaningful change in functional ability in children and young people with ABI over 8 years. Further validity and reliability must be established before recommending its use in this client group.
Hybrid models in susceptibility analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

During ICEAA 2009, the authors explored the use of hybrid functional models to find failure modes of simple infrastructure models. Pulsed excitation was shown to effective in causing failures in simple oscillators and related simple models, using the energy of the circuit to bring about the failure. A simple SCADA system was used as a practical example of these failure models in infrastructure systems. In this paper, we extend this technique to clusters of SCADAs (as might be used in real systems). The first demonstration shows that unwanted excitation of odd functional resonance modes can cause failure of one of these clusters. Finally, functional failures in complex interconnects between the SCADA units can cause system failure.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF PESANTREN IN EMPOWERING THE PEOPLE'S ECONOMY (Analytical Study of Islamic Boarding Schools in Indonesia)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Pesantren have been an important part of the history of Islamic education in Indonesia since the 14th century AD. In addition to functioning as centers of religious education, pesantren also play a strategic role in economic and social empowerment. This research uses a qualitative method, by applying descriptive analysis research type. Descriptive analysis research is a method used as a framework for thinking to obtain research results. This research is included in the library research area, where researchers analyze the contribution of pesantren in the economic empowerment of the people. This research uses primary data from book references and scientific articles using the Publish or Perish application tool. The results of the study found; first, since the 14th century AD, pesantren were established as centers of Islamic education, preaching, and people's struggle. In the 17th century, Sultan Agung gave special attention to pesantren to create a conducive learning environment; second, the role of pesantren in supporting the welfare of the people through education, economy, and social; third, developing an integrated economic empowerment model based on cooperation and waqf-based economic programs. The findings of this study confirm that pesantrens have great potential in improving the economic independence and welfare of the people
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS OF LITHUANIAN POPULATIONS OF PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (LYTHRUM SALICARIA)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study evaluated genetic diversity of Lithuanian populations of Lythrum salicaria in relation to parameters of riparian environment. Growing along Nemunas, Seaside and Lielupė river basins, 15 populations were examined using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers. Molecular data were related to the river basins, type of land use and cover, natural vice versa regulated fragments of the rivers. Population mean genetic diversity parameters were as follows: percentage of polymorphic loci (57.2), expected heterozygosity (0.183), polymorphismc information content (0.218). Mantel test revealed correlation (R2 = 0.0986, p = 0.01) between genetic and geographic distance of populations. Greater genetic diversity within, rather than among populations (ΦPT = 0.213) was observed. According to the Bayesian clustering, studied populations are admixtures of two gene pools. Analysis of molecular variance revealed significant differentiation between populations belonging to distinct river basins, between populations from natural vs. regulated fragments of the rivers.
American Slavery As It Is

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

First published in 1839, this work was edited by the evangelist and noted abolitionist Theodore Dwight Weld (1803–95). It is an extensive collection of first-hand testimony and narratives by slaveholders describing the facts and highlighting the cruelty of the slave trade. One of the most influential books of the anti-slavery movement, it aimed to document the current condition of slaves in the United States, covering all aspects of their lives, in order to further the abolition movement. Weld presents accounts of slaves' food, clothing, living conditions, working hours, and their punishments and suffering. This is interspersed with personal narratives from contributors which corroborate each other, presented in a detached, unsensational manner. Great pains were taken in compiling this work to emphasise the trustworthy nature of Weld's contributors so that there could be no doubt of the authenticity of their claims and the need for an end to slavery.
Travelling myths or Indo-European tradition? The Irano-Scandinavian correspondences

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The presence of striking similarities between Scandinavian and Iranian myths has long attracted the curiosity of scholars. The attempts of explaining them follow mainly two lines of reasoning. The first one holds that traditions from Iran spread to northern Europe through different ways in the first millennium CE. The other way round was not proposed – unless we mention Olof Rudbeck and his Atlantica of the 17th century. The second one emphasizes the idea of common Indo-European roots. In this chapter the arguments of both explanation models are discussed and evaluated. Some of the correspondences that have been previously known and discussed by scholars, such as the great winter and the mythic wisdom contest, will be reconsidered. Attention will also be paid to some similarities so far not elaborated, e.g. the anthropogonic myth and the eschatological battle. In the discussion I will point out the problems of the comparative approach but also its advantages. The conclusion to be drawn is that the similarities between Scandinavian and Iranian mythology essentially go back to a shared heritage of myths belonging to the Indo-European period.
Research on Critical Infrastructures and Critical Information Infrastructures

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A research on current condition and problems of critical infrastructures and critical information infrastructures is described in this paper. This article includes issues, the discussion of problems and comments about each of the common Critical Infrastructures from and international, national, local and individual perspective. There are many threats to these infrastructures. And it remains a challenge to the society to deliver solutions to problems such as these. Also the situation in Korea on each sector of Critical Infrastructure is considered in the article.
Equivalence and disintegration theorems for Fell bundles and their C*-algebras

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study the $C^*$-algebras of Fell bundles. In particular, we prove the analogue of Renault's disintegration theorem for groupoids. As in the groupoid case, this result is the key step in proving a deep equivalence theorem for the $C^*$-algebras of Fel
Increasing Fundraising Success by Decreasing Donor Choice

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Suggested contributions, membership categories, and discrete, incremental thank you gifts are devices often used by benevolent associations that provide public goods. Such devices focus donations at discrete levels, thereby effectively limiting the donors' freedom to give. We study the effects on overall donations of the trade‐off between rigid schemes that severely restrict the choices of contribution on the one hand, and flexible membership contracts on the other, taking into account the strategic response of contributors whose values for the public good are private information. We show flexibility dominates when (i) the dispersion of donors' taste for the public good increases, (ii) the number of potential donors increases, and (iii) there is greater funding by an external authority. Our theoretical results are consistent with three basic patterns we discover in the membership schemes of National Public Radio stations: stations offer a larger number of suggested contribution levels—a proxy for flexibility—as (i) the incomes of the population served become more diverse, (ii) the population of the coverage area increases, and (iii) there is greater external support from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.
A Simple, Accurate Method to Confirm Placement of Intra-Articular Knee Injection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Intra-articular knee injections are routinely performed in clinical practice without documenting intra-articular placement. Hypothesis A small amount of air to an intra-articular knee injection produces an audible “squishing” sound with range of motion. Study Design Prospective nonrandomized clinical trial. Methods The study group (20 knees from 20 patients) received an intra-articular injection with a mixture of local anesthetic, corticosteroid, contrast dye, and 1 to 2 cc of air. The control group (10 knees from 5 patients) received extra-articular injections of a mixture of local anesthetic, contrast dye, and 2 cc of air. All knees were examined immediately after injection for a squishing sound with range of motion. Postinjection arthrographic radiographs were taken to verify the actual placement. Result All study group knees and no control group knees had intra-articular contrast by radiograph. Clearly audible squishing sounds were heard in 17 of 20 study knees (sensitivity of 85%). Squishing sounds were audible in none of the control knees (specificity of 100%). Conclusion Adding 1 to 2 cc of air to knee injections provides a no-cost, reliable, sensitive, and specific method of confirming accurate placement. Clinical Relevance This simple method is easily reproduced, can confirm accurate placement, and can eliminate extra-articular injection as the reason for clinical response failure.
Multifocal demyelinative lesions of peripheral nerves in experimental chronic Chagas's disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Journal Article Multifocal demyelinative lesions of peripheral nerves in experimental chronic Chagas's disease Get access Amilton Antunes Barreira, Amilton Antunes Barreira Service de Neurologie et Laboratoire de Neuropathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Centre Hospitalier de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, 94270, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Gérard Said, Gérard Said Service de Neurologie et Laboratoire de Neuropathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Centre Hospitalier de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, 94270, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Antoniana Ursine Krettli Antoniana Ursine Krettli Service de Neurologie et Laboratoire de Neuropathologie, Université Paris-Sud, Centre Hospitalier de Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, 94270, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 75, Issue 5, 1981, Page 751, https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(81)90170-X Published: 01 January 1981 Article history Published: 01 January 1981 Accepted: 07 March 1981
Shakespeare Performances in England, 1992

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There seems to be a peculiar difficulty these days in fitting Shakespeare productions to the available theatre spaces. At one end of the range, small theatres and theatre-spaces do not necessarily either only deserve or only receive small-scale productions. The necessary aim of aptness and appropriateness of scale can often result in productions being oversized or, equally common at the other end of the spectrum, undersized for their stages. Some productions take on the scale assumed to be required by a particular space only to find that assumptions about that scale have carried with them, parasitically, assumptions about an appropriate style that are constricting and stultifying. As directors confront the often bewildering variety of spaces in which Shakespeare plays are now performed, their sense of scale often seems to go seriously awry. In the Royal Shakespeare Company the problems are exacerbated both by the tempting availability in Stratford of that most desirable of theatres, the Swan, a theatre into which many Shakespeare plays seem so naturally to fit, and by the awkwardnesses of the main house, a theatre into which the talents of the cast and crew seem now all too rarely to fit.
The Economics of the "To and Fro" Migrant: Some Welfare-Theoretical Considerations

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The effects of international "to and fro" migration on the economic welfare of the migrants and the nonmigrants in the host and home countries are examined. A "to and fro" migrant is defined as a worker who changes residence from origin to destination without any systematic tendency to remain in any of the two permanently. The study is based on the theoretical framework developed by Krauss. The results indicate that "(to and fro) emigration from a source country to a recipient country increases the economic welfare of the migrants and the nonmigrants residing in the host country, but it tends to decrease the welfare of the nonmigrants residing in the source country. In general, the migration also tends to be pareto optimal from a world point of view."
Intraclass Correlation among Measures Related to Alcohol Use by School Aged Adolescents: Estimates, Correlates and Applications in Intervention Studies

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

School-based alcohol use prevention studies frequently employ designs in which schools are assigned to treatment conditions while observations are made on individuals. The nesting of schools within treatment conditions requires that the treatment effect be assessed against the between-school variance; unfortunately, that variance is usually larger than for randomly constituted groups and its precision is usually less than that for the within-school variance. These factors often combine to reduce power substantially. To address these problems, investigators need good estimates for the intraclass correlation which together with the number of observations per school determines the magnitude of the extra variation in the nested design. This article presents estimates of school-level intraclass correlation for measures related to alcohol use among ninth and twelfth grade students and discusses their use in planning new studies and analyzing previous or current studies.
Financing of Social and Solidarity Economy in France: 90/10 Rule

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Sociální a solidární ekonomika (SSE) je v současnosti diskutovaným tématem v zemích západní Evropy, kde lze nalézt její kořeny. Tématem tohoto příspěvku je financování SSE ve Francii, kde je vytvořen finanční systém tzv. pravidlo 90/10, kde 5-10 % aktiv musí být investováno do SSE. Cílem příspěvku je popsat a zhodnotit francouzské pravidlo finančního mechanismu 90/10 ve vztahu k SSE. V tomto článku je použit přehled literatury, metoda analýzy a syntézy. Povinné financování znamená nový finanční zdroj pro SSE a její rozvoj. Na druhé straně mechanismus omezuje soukromou volbu alokace investic a strategie. Limitací studia je jedinečná zkušenost Francie se SSE. Další výzkum se může zaměřit na portfolio SSE a jeho ziskovost, protože je to důležitý faktor pro investory.
Gossip-Based Computation of a Gaussian Mixture Model for Distributed Multimedia Indexing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with pattern recognition in a distributed computing context of the peer-to-peer type, that should be more and more interesting for multimedia data indexing and retrieval. Our goal is estimating of class-conditional probability densities, that take the form of Gaussian mixture models (GMM). Originally, we propagate GMMs in a decentralized fashion (gossip) in a network, and aggregate GMMs from various sources, through a technique that only involves little computation and that makes parsimonious usage of the network resource, as model parameters rather than data are transmitted. The aggregation is based on iterative optimization of an approximation of a KL divergence allowing closed-form computation between mixture models. Experimental results demonstrate the scheme to the case of speaker recognition.
MCAK and Stathmin Upregulation in Breast Cancer Cells: Etiology and Response to Pharmacologic Reagents

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The goal of this study is to assay the role that two modulators of microtubule dynamics, Mitotic centromere-associated Kinesin (MCAK) and Op18/stathmin (stathmin) play in the development of cancer. These proteins are elevated in aggressive breast cancer tumors and changes in the levels and activity of these proteins are correlated with aneuploidy and invasiveness. In addition to our previously discovered C-terminal regulation, we have uncovered another major regulatory mechanism to control microtubule dynamics through MCAK activity. Phosphorylation of conserved serine residues in the neck and N-terminus of MCAK by Aurora B kinase inhibits its activity. It is likely that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation controls MCAK's activity during mitosis and also, via other kinases, during interphase. We have also identified two other Kin I kinesins which regulate microtubule dynamics in cultured cells and are likely to be regulated by kinases and phosphatases. These regulatory kinases also control stathmin activity in cells. Regulation of these proteins via cascades of kinase and phosphatase activities opens up a major new area for the application of therapeutics to control microtubule dynamics and augment existing cancer therapies that target microtubules. These data, which were reported as preliminary in Annual Report 2003 are now published or close to submission.