jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Host and Host Age Preference of Trichogramma galloi and T. pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Reared on Different Hosts

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Experiments were conducted to investigate the host and host age preference of Trichogramma galloi Zucchi and T. pretiosum Riley when reared from the eggs of Diatraea rufescens Box (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), D. saccharalis F., or Sitotroga cerealella Olivier (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). The effect of the host on host preference was weak or absent, because the majority of the test females of both Trichogramma species attacked eggs of a certain host first. T. galloi females did not recognize eggs of S. cerealella as a potential host, suggesting that females of this species need additional olfactory cues for host recognition. Furthermore, relative host size had a noticeable effect on choice of the first host by T. galloi. The larger eggs of D. rufescens were preferred over eggs of D. saccharalis. This was not the same for females of T. pretiosum ; the majority of them attacked the small eggs of S. cerealella first. Eggs of D. rufescens were accepted to a lesser extent and eggs of D. saccharalis were rejected. In choice experiments, females of T. galloi consistently preferred younger eggs of D. rufescens over older ones. In nonchoice situations, only 4-d-old host eggs were parasitized less commonly by both T. galloi and T. pretiosum and had a lower number of progeny allocated to them. Five-day-old hosts were never parasitized. Nevertheless, there was a clear-cut relation between host age and time lapse before the 1st host acceptance. The implications of these results for learning in Trichogramma and for candidate species selection in biological control are discussed.
Work after age 65: A prospective study of Australian men and women

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objective This study describes hours in paid work for Australian men and women aged over 65, focusing on associations between work and education. Methods Data were analysed separately for men and women, from baseline and first follow‐up surveys of the 45 and Up Study. Generalised estimating equation models were used to identify associations between work, education and other factors over time. Results The odds of doing paid work increased with higher education level and decreased with time, age, poorer physical function and having health conditions (high blood pressure, diabetes, stroke and breast cancer). Un‐partnered women were more likely to work in later life than partnered women. Conclusion This study quantifies the importance of education and health factors in determining continued participation of Australian men and women in paid work in later life. These factors need to be considered for policies aiming to increase workforce participation beyond 65 years of age.
Optimal Post-Dose Levels of Cyclosporine A at a Higher Peak Concentration Are Correlated with the Area Under the Concentration-Time Curve of Twice-Daily Infusion and Oral Administration in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Abstract 4656 Introduction Cyclosporine A (CyA), a calcineurin inhibitor, is widely used as an immunosuppressor for the prevention of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT). However, the optimal regimen of CyA has not yet been unequivocally established. Among liver transplant patients, it is important to maintain a peak CyA concentration and to monitor area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) and 2 h after CyA dosing (C2) for prophylaxis against graft rejection. We investigated the pharmacokinetics of CyA delivered by twice-daily infusion and oral administration maintained with a peak level above 1000 ng/ml to keep AUC 0-24 higher than 10000 ng-h/ml in 10 patients with hematological malignancy who underwent alloHSCT. Methods CyA was started as a twice-daily infusion at 1.5 mg/kg and then orally administered at twice the infusion dose in order to maintain the trough blood concentration between 200 and 500 ng/ml and with a peak level above 1000 ng/ml. Serial blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 12 h after CyA dosing (C0,C1,C2,C3,C5,C8,C12) on days 14-21 after transplantation and on days 7-14 after switching to oral administration, and the AUC was calculated. Results The mean AUC0-12 for twice-daily infusion and oral administration was 7443±998.5 ng-h/ml and 7185±1714 ng-h/ml, respectively. Among all the patients, the AUC0-24 for both CyA twice-daily infusion and oral administration was higher than 10000 ng-h/ml. Two close relationships were observed between AUC0-12 and the C3 level for infusion and between AUC0-12 and the C8 level for oral administration. Engraftment was achieved in all cases, and two patients suffered from grade 2 aGVHD. None of the patients had grades 3-4 aGVHD or other serious complications. Conclusion This strategy was well tolerated, and the C3 level for twice-daily infusion and the C8 level for oral administration were the optimal points for monitoring of CyA concentration in the early phase of alloHSCT. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Synthesis of composite single crystal structures on the basis of iron borate for fundamental studies and practical applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Composite single crystal structures based on iron borate FeBO 3 , namely diamagnetically diluted iron-gallium Fe 1-x Ga x BO 3 and iron-aluminium Fe 1-x Al x BO 3 borates with low x-values, as well as doped GaBO 3 :Ni single crystals with Ni 0.1-0.01 mass %, have been synthesized using modified flux growth technique. Two technological modes that allowed improving the quality of the samples have been developed: crystallization in (1) open and (2) closed crucibles. Thin magnetic film of iron borate on a diamagnetic gallium borate substrate have been synthesized by liquid-phase epitaxy route.
Student Political Advocacy: Professors, Parents and Volunteer Service as Key Social Forces

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Many scholars claim that the current generation of college students tend toward disengagement from political activism. While the explanations focus on macro-level processes, they can be used to make predictions about variations in individual level political engagement. To test these explanations I surveyed by email a simple random sample of four hundred students enrolled at a small Midwestern College in the fall of 2009. My objective was to answer the question: what distinguishes students that become engaged in political advocacy from the counterpart who do not? Analyzing my results through logistic regression generated three significant empirical findings. Students who are currently engaged in volunteer service were found to have an increased likelihood of engaging in political advocacy. Both parents and professors were found to be important sources to generate engagement. Lastly, student’s belief of the relative value of public policy versus community service is mediate by students who are currently engaged in volunteer service. The results confirm, at this small campus, professors, parents and students involved in civic engagement value political advocacy. I propose this implies that political advocacy has evolved since the 1960s and has taken a new form evolving within the current historical context.
Site-specific genetic engineering of theAnopheles gambiaeY chromosome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Significance Interfering with sex determination and male fertility are potentially powerful approaches for the genetic control of the human malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Despite this fact, the male-specific Y chromosome of this mosquito has remained largely unexplored, because of its repetitive, heterochromatic structure. Little is known about its ability to support gene transcription in different tissues and during gametogenesis, yet this information is crucial for understanding the function of this chromosome. We show, using a combination of knock-in and site-specific genetic engineering steps, how transgenes can be specifically introduced onto the Y chromosome. The Y-linked strains we have created provide the means to generate large single-sex populations and to establish male-exclusive genetic traits for the control of this important vector species.
Healthcare in Egypt: A Synopsis on the System and the Anticipated Reforms.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The general state of healthcare in the Arab Republic of Egypt has been deemed mediocre at best. With a system that has not kept up with the challenges of a rapidly growing population, the first decade of the 21st century has seen considerable inequality and a lack of social justice in the provision of healthcare services as well as in the passing of necessary and critical reforms. However, in light of the new political order, the healthcare system of the Arab republic of Egypt is one that is ripe with possibilities for growth and improvement. The new constitution of Egypt, established after the Egyptian political revolution of 2011, sets forth very ambitious goals for the healthcare sector of country. These goals include a doubling of government spending on public healthcare to 3% of Egypt's GDP by 2017, and the creation of state health councils to centralize the implementation of new public policy and reforms in the healthcare sector.
Frequency of HLA antigen in asbestos workers with and without pulmonary fibrosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

HLA antigens were determined in 37 patients with asbestosis and 37 matched controls with equivalent asbestos exposure but no pulmonary fibrosis. All had worked in the same textile factory. No significant differences in the prevalence of antigens were found between the two groups or between either group and controls who had not been exposed to asbestos. When the data were combined with findings from other pilot studies the previously suggested association between asbestosis and HLA-B27 was not confirmed. Subjects who were positive for HLA-B12 tended also to have advanced radiographic fibrosis. Asbestos workers without pulmonary fibrosis had an unexpectedly high frequency of HLA-BW5, which might indicate that this antigen protects against the development of pulmonary fibrosis.
Production Considerations for Europium-152 Teletherapy Sources Including Design of a Source Capsule with Intrinsic Beam-Hardening Capability

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Production parameters are presented for europium-152 which suggest that teletherapy sources can be manufactured by 60 days of irradiation at modest fluxes; e.g. , 6×10 13 neutrons·cm -2 ·s -1 . Comparisons with cobalt-60–where irradiations lasting 1 to 3 years at fluxes from 10 14 to 10 15 neutrons·cm -2 ·s -1 are standard practice–show that raw-isotope costs for europium-152 are below cobalt-60 by nearly two orders of magnitude. Analysis shows that europium-152, whose limiting specific activity is much less than that of cobalt-60, can yet be contained in quantities which deliver 1 Gy·min -1 ·m in comparable capsules, and designs are proposed which incorporate depleted uranium filtration. Isotopic purity of europium-152 is likely to be 97.5%–adequate for teletherapy.
Gaining access to the field in medical ethnography: Reflections on ethical, methodological, and structural challenges in the study of long-term care facilities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article extends the discussion on the challenges in gaining access to the field in medical ethnographic research, focusing on long-term care (LTC) facilities. Medical institutions have been documented to be difficult sites to access. The reference, however, is to the recruitment of patients as informants. The challenges of recruiting practitioners as informants have not been investigated at all. The article presents the key issues that emerged in the process of gaining social access at the sites of two LTC facilities as part of a study on care workers’ identities. The main obstacles encountered during the fieldwork were organizational constraints and negotiating control over the process of recruiting the lower occupational tier of care workers with gatekeepers. The article presents the coping strategies implemented to overcome the ethical and methodological obstacles: continually reassessing the consent and cooperation of participants and developing a rapport with nurse’s aides during interviews.
Cinema and development in West Africa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Acknowledgments Introduction: Cinema as Art and Industry 1. The Cinema Industrial Complex in French West Africa to the 1950s 2. The Colonialist Regime of Representation, 1945-1960 3. West African Anti-Colonial Film Politics, 1950s-1960s 4. The Post-Colonial African Regime of Representation 5. The West African Cinema Industrial Complex, 1960s-1975 Postscript: Francophone West African Cinema to the Present Notes Bibliography Index
Archaeology and Palynology

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A description is presented of palaeoenvironmental changes at three archaeological sites in central South Africa, covering approximately the last 140 000 years. The reconstructions are based on lithofacies analyses of palaeolake sediments, on micro- and megafaunal remains, on pollen data and on archaeological evidence from the late Earlier Stone Age onward. The sequence at Florisbad, for which the most detailed stratigraphy is presented, shows that drastic changes took place from the last cold stage of the penultimate ice age onward, ranging from alpine to temperate and periodically to cold desert conditions. Three unconformities in the profile and lack of dating beyond the radiocarbon limit prevent the setting up of an absolute time scale. The combined results from two other sites, Wonderwerk Cave and Kathu Pan, give a concise picture of changes during the Holocene from dry scrubland to thornveld savanna, then reversion to karroid vegetation and finally to present-day savanna.
Effect of Simulated Space Stressors on the Mitochondrial Function in White Adipose Tissue and Potential Therapies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

As exploratory missions continue to venture into the cosmos, it is crucial to understand the health hazards associated with deep space travel and to develop therapeutics to mitigate the harmful pathologies that may arise. The dangers of space travel include, but are not limited to, microgravity, solar particle radiation, gamma radiation, and heavy ion radiation (e.g., 56Fe). Space travel has been linked to age-related diseases such as muscular atrophy, decreased bone density, cognitive changes, inflammation, and oxidative stress in adipose tissue (AT). In this study, we focused on AT because astronauts have exhibited hyperlipidemia and an increased incidence of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during space travel, factors that affect AT metabolism and mitochondria biosynthesis. Specifically, we are interested in addressing the increased catabolism of AT in astronauts and preventing the overgeneration of beige/brite adipose tissue (BeAT), which metabolizes substrates to generate heat through thermogenesis rather than producing chemical energy. We used mouse models housed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to simulate space stressors such as radiation and microgravity. The study included six experimental groups: galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), solar particle events (SPE), and Sham (control). Each group was divided into two subgroups: one receiving antagomir (ag) treatments targeting specific microRNAs (miRNAs) and one without treatment. Additionally, these six groups were subdivided into 12 subgroups based on loading conditions: half underwent hindlimb unloading (HU) to simulate microgravity, while the other half remained under normal loading (NL). The antagomirs targeted three primary miRNAs: miR-125-5p, miR-16-5p, and miR-let7a-5p- which are implicated in vascular health but have diverse functions depending on the tissue they are expressed in. To evaluate the effects of antagomir treatment, we measured mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN), a biomarker of mitochondrial function associated with overall mortality in various disease conditions. We hypothesized that exposure to space stressors would decrease mtDNA-CN in white adipose tissue (WAT), correlating with reduced mitochondrial biosynthesis and thermogenesis. Furthermore, we posited that antagomir treatments would mitigate these pathological effects by restoring mtDNA-CN ratios to a normal level. Our findings revealed that radiation exposure did not significantly influence mtDNA-CN levels, nor did loading conditions. However, there was a slight trend toward higher mtDNA-CN in the simulated microgravity groups, though this was not statistically significant. Interestingly, we observed a pronounced effect of antagomir treatment: regardless of radiation exposure or loading condition, antagomir-treated groups exhibited a sharp decrease in mtDNA-CN.
Influence of pH, temperature and cultural media on decolorization of synthetic dyes through spent substrate of different mushrooms

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Spent substrate of Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus sajor-caju and Lentinula edodes was evaluated for decolorization of 4 different dyes under different cultural conditions (media, incubation temperature and medium pH). Potato dextrose broth media supported highest decolorization (90% of Rhodamine B and Methyl Violet 2B, 93% of Chicago Sky Blue 6B and 88% of Quinaldine Red) after 3 days of incubation with P. sajor-caju spent substrate. Optimum pH requirements were 7.0 and 10.0 for Rhodamine B and Methyl Violet 2B with spent substrate of L. edodes, while 4.0 and 7.0 with A. bisporus and P. sajor-cuju. However, for Chicago Sky Blue 6B and Quinaldine Red, it was 4.0 and 7.0 for spent substrates of all 3 mushrooms. Spent substrate of A. bisporus supported highest decolorization of Rhodamine B (93-95%) and Methyl Violet 2B (91-100%), followed by L. erodes + P. sajor-caju. Temperatures of 25 and 35°C were most effective for decolorization of Rhodamine B (90%) and Methyl Violet 2B (97%) with spent substrate of A. bisporus alone. In case of Chicago Sky Blue 6B and Quinaldine Red, temperature requirement for decolorization was same but with spent substrate of L. edodes, P. sajor-caju and L. edodes + A. bisporus for Chicago Sky Blue 6B, and A. bisporus, P. sajor-caju and L.edodes + A. bisporus for Quinaldine Red.
SPATIALLY RESOLVED MAPPING OF CELL-SPECIFIC SENESCENT PROFILES IN AGING MOUSE BRAIN

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Cellular senescence is a conserved mechanism of aging characterized by cell cycle arrest and secretion of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype comprised of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, proteases, and growth factors that disrupt cellular homeostasis by promoting sterile inflammation and aberrant tissue remodeling. Tissue microenvironment, induction mechanism, and duration since senescence onset contribute to senescent cell heterogeneity, making identification challenging. Senescent cell contribution to age-related cognitive decline suggests that the hippocampus may be a key brain region for uncovering functional identities of senescence. Therefore, our goal is to contextually and spatially map senescent cells in comparison of cell-type specific morphological, transcriptional, and functional features that distinguish them among highly-ordered brain microenvironments. GeoMx Digital Spatial profiling was used to investigate cell identity and senescence markers in the aging brain to develop transcriptomic profiles from 22-24-month old mice. We also adapted Imaging Mass Cytometry with a curated panel of antibody-labeled proteins in fixed brain sections. We observed that senescent-like phenotypes of cells from myeloid and non-myeloid origin accumulate in the hippocampus and cortex, whereas CD45+ immune cells primarily accumulate in the white matter regions, in close proximity to microglia and GAL3+ cells. We profiled differences in ramified and ameboid microglia, in comparison of young and old mice, with emphasis on the chemotactic microenvironment involving activation of inflammatory signals. These advanced, multi-plex imaging modalities enable in-depth characterization of senescent cell features in the aging brain. Beyond morphological profiling, we demonstrate enhanced resolution and detection of individualized senescence in the aging brain.
Which criteria should be used for starting pharmacologic therapy for management of gestational diabetes in pregnancy? Evidence from randomized controlled trials

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: There is inconclusive evidence to support any specific criteria for starting pharmacologic therapy after diet in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to analyze the most used criteria for starting pharmacologic treatment for patients with GDM. Material and methods: Electronic databases were searched from their inception to September 2017. We included all the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of GDM managed initially by diet and exercise reporting criteria for starting pharmacologic therapy. RCTs in women with pregestational diabetes were excluded. Data regarding glucose values used for starting pharmacologic therapy were extracted and carefully reviewed. Results: We included 15 RCTs (4307 women) in the meta-analysis. For fasting glucose target, 8/14 (57%) used a value lower or equal to 90 mg/dL and the remainder used values <99 mg/dL. Of the 10 RCTs targeting 2-h postprandial values, the majority (9/10, 90%) used 120 mg/dL. The majority of RCTs (13/15, 87%) recommended pharmacologic therapy if either 1 or 2 values per 1- or 2-week period were higher than the target values: 7/13 (54%) used 1 value and 6/13 (46%) used 2 values higher than target values. One RCT (7%) used >50% of the values higher than the target values and another one (7%) used >30%. Conclusion: The majority of RCTs (87%) used very tight criteria of either 1 or 2 values over the target values in the 1 or 2-week period for starting pharmacologic treatment for patients with GDM; more than 50% used 2 values. Key Message Pharmacologic therapy should be considered in women with gestational diabetes when, despite an adequate diet and exercise, 1 or 2 blood glucose values are over the target values of 90mg/dL fasting or 120mg/dL 2-hour postprandial over 1 or 2 weeks.
Contradictions and Constraints in Chile's Health Care and Education Decentralization

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Proponents of social service decentralization often claim that transferring service administration to lower levels of government facilitates increases citizen participation and governmental accountability while improving allocative efficiency and equity in service distribution. Using the cases of health and education decentralization in Chile, this article evaluates whether and under what conditions social service decentralization programs are likely to deliver on these promises. It discusses the tensions between equity and efficiency goals and how these may play out given different accountability mechanisms in local public choice, principal-agent, and real-world “hybrid” decentralization models. The case studies illustrate the difficulty of balancing the need for central standards and funding with local autonomy, but suggest that accountability mechanisms that emerged following Chile's transition to democracy in 1990 led to improvements in both equity and efficiency in decentralized service administration.