jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
- Metrology of Large Parts

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As discussed in Chapter 1 of this book, there are many different methods to measure a part using optical technology. Chapter 2 discussed the use of machine vision to measure macroscopic features such as length and position, which was extended to the use of interferometry as a linear measurement tool in Chapter 3, and laser or other trackers to find the relation of key points on large parts in Chapter 4. This chapter looks at measuring large parts to optical tolerances in the submicron range using interferometry, ranging, and optical tools discussed in the previous chapters. The purpose of this chapter is not to discuss specific metrology tools (such as interferometers or gages) but to describe a systems engineering approach to testing large parts. Issues such as material warpage and temperature drifts that may be insignificant when measuring a part to micron levels under a microscope, as will be discussed in later chapters, can prove to be very important when making the same measurement over a larger part.
Is the Tendency to Produce an Excess of Either Sex in the Domestic Fowl Inherited?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

THE demonstration of the inheritance of the tendency to produce an excess of either sex in the domestic fowl would be of immense practical importance to the poultry industry and of considerable biological interest concerning sex determination. Since the term “sex determination” has reference to the causes which lead to the production of an individual of one or the other sex, the demonstration of the inheritance of the sex ratio should lead to the possibility of sex control to a certain extent at least, since the term “sex control” means that the causes which determine sex are more or less amenable to human control. In so far as the writer is aware, no conclusive data have been published concerning the inheritance of the tendency to produce an excess of either sex in the domestic fowl. Jull (1931a) has shown that the normal sex ratio, meaning the percentage of males in . . .
Nonlinear vibration of a moving flexible printed electron web under multiphysics dynamics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Flexible electronic printing technology is a scientific technology that uses an “ink” material with conductive, dielectric, or semiconductor properties printed on a flexible web substrate to achieve precise preparation of flexible electronic devices, which are widely used in information, energy, medical, and military fields. In the preparation of the printing process of flexible printed electron webs under complex working conditions, the moving web will experience substantial unstable nonlinear dynamic behavior, such as divergence, flutter, bifurcation, and chaos. Accordingly, because of the coupling effects of the complex working conditions of the magnetic field, air and nonlinear electrostatic field forces, it is indispensable to explore the nonlinear dynamic equation of the flexible printed electron web in motion. The theory of multiphysics dynamics establishes a nonlinear vibration equation for the flexible printed electron web under multiphysics conditions. The discrete nonlinear vibration equation of state space equation was obtained by the Bubnov–Galerkin method. Utilizing the Runge–Kutta technique of the fourth-order, Poincaré maps, phase-plane diagrams, power spectra, bifurcation graphs, and time history diagrams of the moving flexible printed electron web were obtained. The influences of the velocity, electrostatic field, magnetic induction intensity, and follower force on the flexible printed electron web were analyzed. In addition, the Ansoft Maxwell finite element simulation software was used to simulate the magnetic field distribution of the moving web during roll-to-roll transmission. This paper determines the stable working range of the moving flexible printed electron web, which provides a theoretical basis for the preparation of flexible printed electronic webs.
A Survey on Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) using Machine Learning and Deep Learning Methods

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Humans have traditionally found it simple to identify emotions from facial expressions, but it is far more difficult for a computer system to do the same. Emotions possessed by humans can be detect by machine and has a vast scope of study in the computer vision industry upon which several research have already been done. Facial emotion analysis is efficiently used in surveillance videos, expression analysis, gesture recognition, smart homes, computer games, depression treatment, patient monitoring, anxiety, detecting lies, psychoanalysis, paralinguistic communication, detecting operator fatigue and robotics. The literature is collected from different reputable research published during the current decade. The purpose of this paper is to make a study on recent works on facial emotion recognition via Deep learning and Machine Learning to highlight the future gap in this domain for new researchers. In conclusion, this review work serves as a guide and is highly beneficial for researchers in the field of Facial Emotion Recognition (FER), offering a broad understanding and foundational knowledge of the state-of-the-art methodologies now in use
Turbulent flow pattern and flow resistance characteristics of cross flow over square-arranged tube bundles with different pitch to diameter ratios

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Helical tube bundles are used in steam generators and intermediate heat exchangers of high temperature gas-cooled reactors due to their compactness and good thermal expansion adaptation performance. However, the characteristics of cross flow over inline tube bundles are sensitive to pitch to diameter ratios (S/D) and Reynolds numbers (Re), and the influence of S/D and Re variation on the flow patterns (especially wake patterns) and pressure drop coefficients (ξ) remains unclear. In the current investigation, the flow characteristics of tube bundles with S/D = 1.58 and 1.88 with various Re are investigated with the aid of wind tunnel experiments and large eddy simulations (LES). For the tube bundle with S/D = 1.88, the results of LES with periodical geometry align well with wind tunnel experiments, successfully predicting the decreasing recirculation region size as Re increases. In contrast, for the tube bundle with S/D = 1.58, the recirculation region size remains almost constant with varying Re, filling the space between two adjacent tubes even when Re = 36 000. However, the LES with periodical geometry only successfully predicts flow phenomena up to Re = 25 285. The wakes become oblique when Re = 36 000, which differs from experiments. Based on the force balance on the recirculation region, the pressure drop coefficient (ξ) of the cross flow over tube bundles is related to the size of the recirculation region. For the tube bundle with S/D = 1.88, the recirculation region size decreases as Re increases when Re ≥ 18 000, resulting in a larger flow cross section area in the main flow region. The increasing main flow cross section area leads to an increased pressure coefficient along the separation streamlines. Since the Reynolds normal and shear stresses cancel each other out, the increasing pressure coefficients along the recirculation region boundary lead to the increasing surface pressure coefficients in the rear side of the tube and ultimately lead to the ξ decrease from 0.26 to 0.24 when Re increases from 18 000 to 44 571. Conversely, when Re ≤ 10 285, the recirculation area fills the space between two adjacent tubes, so the ξ barely change with Re. For tube bundle with S/D = 1.58, the recirculation area fills the space between tubes even when Re ≥ 18 000, leading to almost the unchanged ξ (≈0.27) with Re. The higher ξ at Re = 10 285 is related to the bounding wall effects on the near wall tubes.
When Cultures Clash: Views from the Professions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The teaching of culture has been a major concern in foreign language education for decades, and instructional materials generally cover a wide range of culture-related topics. In terms of addressing culture clash, a phenomenon experienced by anyone who ventures into a foreign country, the emphasis is often placedonobservablebehaviorscommonlydisplayed by persons of the target culture. Whereas these observable behaviors receive attention, the underlying beliefs, attitudes, and values, on the other hand, are addressed less frequently. This article reports the results of a series of interviews with Germans and Americans, aimed at identifying some of these core values and beliefs. As the group of informants of this study did not form a representative sample, the findings cannot be generalized to a wider population. They are intended as a point of departure for teachers of German and particularly those who are involved in preparing students for internship assignments in German-speaking countries.
Local time in diffusion processes

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Moments of the time a diffusion process resides in a particular set of states are calculated and it is shown how these may be used to find the probability distribution function of the occupation time. The local time is defined in terms of the limit where the set of states becomes infinitesimal and its moments are calculated. In the limit t → ∞ it is shown that if the local time exists it is exponentially distributed. The radiation boundary condition is shown to represent killing in local time. The survival probability for a diffusion with reaction at a boundary is related to the transition density for the diffusion in the absence of reaction.
Nanostructured Au(111)/Oxide Epitaxial Heterostructures with Tailoring Plasmonic Response by a One-Step Strategy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we present a strategy for developing epitaxial incommensurate nanostructured Au/oxide heterostructures with tunable plasmonic response. Previously, high-quality single-phase and single-oriented alfa-Fe2O3(0001) thin films were achieved, which have been used as a template for noble-metal epitaxial deposition. The complex systems have been grown by pulsed laser deposition on two different types of oxide substrates: alfa-Al2O3(0001) and SrTiO3(111). A one-step procedure has been achieved tailoring the isolated character and the morphological features of Au nanostructures through the substrate temperature during Au growth, without altering the structural characteristics of the hematite layer that is identified as a single iron oxide phase. The epitaxial character and the lattice coupling of Au/oxide bilayers are mediated through the sort of oxide substrate. Single-oriented Au(111) islands are disposed with a rotation of 30° between their crystallographic axes and those of alfa-Fe2O3(0001). The Au(111) and SrTiO3(111) lattices are collinear, while a rotation of 30° happens with respect to the alfa-Al2O3(0001) lattice. The crystallographic domain size and crystalline order of the hematite structure and the Au nanostructured layer are dependent on the substrate type and the Au growth temperature, respectively. Besides, the functional character of the complex systems has been tested. The localized surface plasmons related to Au nanostructures are excited and controlled through the fabrication parameters, tuning the optical resonance with the degree of Au nanostructuring.
GPS Tracking with Java EE Components

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

GPS Tracking with Java EE Components: Challenges of Connected Cars highlights how the self-driving car is actually changing the automotive industry, from programing embedded software to hosting services and data crunching, in real time, with really big data. The book analyzes how the challenges of the Self Driving Car (SDC) exceed the limits of a classical GPS Tracking System (GTS.) It provides a guidebook on setting up a tracking system by customizing its components. It also provides an overview of the prototyping and modeling process, and how the reader can modify this process for his or her own software. Every component is introduced in detail and includes a number of design decisions for development. The book introduces Java EE (JEE) Modules, and shows how they can be combined to a customizable GTS, and used as seed components to enrich existing systems with live tracking. The book also explores how to merge tracking and mapping to guide SDCs, and focuses on client server programming to provide useful information. It also discusses the challenges involved with the live coordination of moving cars. This book is designed to aid GTS developers and engineers in the automotive industry. It can also help Java Developers, not only interested in GPS Tracking, but in modern software design from many individual modules. Source code and sample applications will be available on the book's website.
Impact of Noise and Working Memory on Speech Processing in Adults With and Without ADHD

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Auditory processing of speech is influenced by internal (i.e., attention, working memory) and external factors (i.e., background noise, visual information). This study examined the interplay among these factors in individuals with and without ADHD. All participants completed a listening in noise task, two working memory capacity tasks, and two short-term memory tasks. The listening in noise task had both an auditory and an audiovisual condition. Participants included 38 young adults between the ages of 18-35 without ADHD and 25 young adults between the ages of 18-35 with ADHD. Results indicated that diagnosis, modality, and signal-to-noise ratio all have a main effect on a person's ability to process speech in noise. In addition, the interaction between the diagnosis of ADHD, the presence of visual cues, and the level of noise had an effect on a person's ability to process speech in noise. In fact, young adults with ADHD benefit less from visual information during noise than young adults without ADHD, an effect influenced by working memory abilities. These speech processing results are discussed in relation to theoretical models of stochastic resonance and working memory capacity. Implications for speech-language pathologists and educators are also discussed.
The Effects of Pre-Procedural Mouth Rinses on Shear Bond Strength of Orthodontic Brackets: an in-Vitro Comparative Study

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Aim: The use of pre-procedural mouth rinse for prevention of COVID-19 can reduce viral load but can alter the bond strength. The purpose of this study was to determine any correlation between the use of these pre-procedural mouth rinse and the shear-bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets.Methods: Thirty-three maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were used. The buccal surfaces of all teeth were bonded with orthodontic brackets. Later, each tooth was embedded into acrylic resin and stored in distilled water. Teeth were randomly divided into three groups (group I: hydrogen peroxide mouth rinse, group II: povidone-iodine mouth rinse, and group III: artificial saliva), and stored in each solution for 12 hours. Later, each tooth was subjected to SBS testing using a universal testing machine. Data were statistically evaluated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test (Tukey’s HSD) with a significance of p< 0.05.Results: The highest mean SBS was observed in the artificial saliva (control group), followed by the povidone-iodine and hydrogen peroxide groups.Conclusion: Hydrogen peroxide mouth rinses should not be used during fixed orthodontic treatment because it alters bond strength.
Relationship Between Physiological-biochemical Changes Under Drought Stress and Drought Resistance in Ramie

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A study on the physiological-biochemical changes of different ramie(Boehmeria Jacq. ) varieties under drought stress was carried out, the results showed that relative water contents(RWC) decreased and RPP increased with the increase of drought stress. Compared with drought sensitive varieties, drought resistant varieties had higher RWC in leaves but lower RPP. Peroxidase activity of drought-resistance varieties changed from low to high whereas sensitive ones changed in opposite direction. Proline contents of drought sensitive varieties was higher than those of drought resistant ones under a certain degree drought stress. Proline accumulation in drought resistant varieties was faster than that in drought sensitive ones under serious drought stress.MDA contents in leaf was increased under drought stress. MDA contents increased slowly in resistant varieties while that increased rapidly in sensitive ones.
The role of the Internet in cancer patients' engagement with complementary and alternative treatments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article draws on a study of 80 National Health Service cancer patients and their experiences of using the Internet within disease and treatment processes. It focuses on the role the Internet plays in the context of potential or actual engagement with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The results depart from previous conceptualizations of the Internet as a major source of CAM knowledge, and second, as a major pathway to patient CAM usage. Moreover, the results highlight significant anxiety as patients attempt to process vast amounts of complex biomedical diagnostic and prognostic information online. For patients attempting to embrace alternative therapeutic models of cancer care, exposure to prognostic data may pose considerable risks to individual well-being and engagement with healing practices. On the basis of these results we problematize social theorizations of the Internet as contributing to such things as: the democratization of knowledge; the deprofessionalization of medicine; and patient empowerment. We emphasize, instead, the potential role of the Internet in reinforcing biomedicine's paradigmatic dominance in cancer care.
Multimodal Magnetic-Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Magnetic plasmonic nanomaterials are of great interest in the field of biomedicine due to their vast number of potential applications, for example, in molecular imaging, photothermal therapy, magnetic hyperthermia and as drug delivery vehicles. The multimodal nature of these nanoparticles means that they are potentially ideal theranostic agents—i.e., they can be used both as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. This review details progress in the field of magnetic-plasmonic nanomaterials over the past ten years, focusing on significant developments that have been made and outlining the future work that still needs to be done in this fast emerging area. The review describes the main synthetic approaches to each type of magnetic plasmonic nanomaterial and the potential biomedical applications of these hybrid nanomaterials.
Improving Energy Efficiency and Bandwidth Utilization in Data Center Networks Using Segment Routing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In today’s scenario, energy efficiency has become one of the most crucial issues for Data Center Networks (DCN). This paper analyses the energy saving capability of a Data center network using Segment Routing (SR) based model within a Software Defined Network (SDN) architecture. Energy efficiency is measured in terms of number of links turned off and for how long the links remain in sleep mode. Apart from saving the energy by turning off links, our work further efficiently manages the traffic within the available links by using Per-packet based load balancing approach. Aiming to avoid congestion within DCN’s and increase the sleeping time of inactive links. An algorithm for deciding the particular set of links to be turned off within a network is presented. With the introduction of per-packet approach within SR/SDN model, we have successfully saved 21 % of energy within DCN topology. Results show that the proposed Per-packet SR model using Random Packet Spraying (RPS) saves more energy and provides better performance as compared to Per-flow based SR model, which uses Equal Cost Multiple Path (ECMP) for load balancing. But, certain problems also come into picture using per-packet approach, like out of order packets and longer end to end delay. To further solidify the effect of SR in saving energy within DCN and avoid previously introduced problems, we have used per-flow based Flow Reservation approach along with a proposed Flow Scheduling Algorithm. Flow rate of all incoming flows can be deduced using Flow reservation approach, which is further used by Flow Scheduling Algorithm to increase Bandwidth utilization Ratio of links. Ultimately, managing the traffic more efficiently and increasing the sleeping time of links, leading to more energy savings. Results show that, the energy savings are almost similar in per-packet based approach and per-flow based approach with bandwidth reservation. Except, the average sleeping time of links in per-flow based approach with bandwidth reservation decreases less severely as compared to per-packet based approach, as overall traffic load increases.
Paleomagnetic secular variation records from Holocene sediments of Lake Victoria (0.5°S, 33.3°E)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We have conducted a paleomagnetic study of Holocene sediments from Lake Victoria in order to develop a high-resolution record of paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV). This study has recovered PSV records from two cores (V95-1P and V95-7P) in northern Lake Victoria (0.5°S). The PSV is recorded in fine-grained detrital magnetite/titanomagnetite grains, but the rock magnetic data suggest that significant magnetic mineral dissolution has occurred, which limits our paleomagnetic studies to the uppermost ~5 m of both cores. Detailed alternating field (af) demagnetization of the natural remanence (NRM) shows that a distinctive characteristic remanence (ChRM) is demagnetized from ~10 to 40 mT, which decreases simply toward the origin. The resulting directional PSV records for 1P and 7P are correlatable with 22 distinct inclination features and 19 declination features. Radiocarbon dating of the cores is based on eight radiocarbon dates from core 1P, which can be correlated into core 7P using both the PSV and rock magnetic/environmental measurements. The final PSV time series cover the last 11,000 years with an average sediment accumulation rate of ~40 cm/kyr. The Lake Victoria PSV records can be correlated with new PSV records from Lake Malawi. Comparison of the correlatable PSV feature ages between the two lakes indicates that the PSV records are not significantly different in age, although Lake Victoria PSV ages might average ~100 years younger. We think that the Lake Victoria and Lake Malawi PSV records, together, provide the most accurate, well-dated, and consistent record of Holocene PSV for Africa yet developed.
Improved Assays for a Variety of Interferons

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Improved assays for a variety of interferons, based on the inhibition of yield of viral hemagglutinin, have been developed. These assays are advantageous because they combine the characteristics of rapidity, simplicity, reliability, sensitivity and inhibition of viral multiplication during a single cycle of growth. Since Sindbis virus produces hemagglutinin in a wide variety of animal cells, it is applicable for comparative interferon studies.
Comparison of lupus nephritis and non-lupus nephritides in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ÖzAmaç: Böbrek biyopsisi, nadiren de olsa sistemik lupus eritematozus (SLE) hastalarında lupus nefrit (LN) dışı nedenleri gösterebilir.Bu çalışmada, SLE hastalarında lupus dışı nefrit nedenlerinin ortaya çıkarılması ve LN ile LN dışı renal hastalığın klinik ve