jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions as Affected by Seed Size

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study was carried out in order to determine the effect of seed size on the growth and yield of durum wheat. Four field experiments, composed of six durum wheat ( Triticum turgidum L. var. durum ) varieties and three seeding sizes were conducted in north‐east Spain in 2000 and 2001 in randomized complete block designs. The growth of seedlings was dramatically affected by seed size. Large seeds produced greater plot stands, but the plants had fewer tillers, leaves and spikes and less green area and dry weight than plots from small seeds. Grain yield was 16 % greater in plots from large seeds, which resulted in greater biomass, green area index, spikes per m 2 and heavier kernels than in plots from small seeds. Kernel weight was the yield component most related to grain yield in the three seed sizes. The percentage of yield variation explained by kernel weight increased as the weight of kernels increased. This was a consequence of the use of larger seeds, the same effect being observed when the comparison was made between varieties with different kernel weights. Selection for heavy kernel varieties may help to improve the yield of durum wheat in Mediterranean environments similar to that prevailing in north‐east Spain.
Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management.Edited by J. Belnap and O. L. Lange. First Edition 2001, Revised Second Printing 2003. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Pp. 503, with 141 Figures, 64 in colour, and 30 Tables. ISBN 3-540-43757-6. Price: softcover £35.00 (49.95 EUR).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function, and Management.Edited by J. Belnap and O. L. Lange. First Edition 2001, Revised Second Printing 2003. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Pp. 503, with 141 Figures, 64 in colour, and 30 Tables. ISBN 3-540-43757-6. Price: softcover £35.00 (49.95 EUR). - Volume 36 Issue 1
Supplementary Figure from Tadalafil Enhances Immune Signatures in Response to Neoadjuvant Nivolumab in Resectable Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Supplementary Figure from Tadalafil Enhances Immune Signatures in Response to Neoadjuvant Nivolumab in Resectable Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
A novel fuzzy inferencing methodology for simulated car racing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes and further extends the fuzzy inferencing system which won the simulated car racing competition that was arranged as part of FuzzlEEE 2007 conference. The details of the winning non-stationary fuzzy controller and its results are presented. A novel approach to further improve the performance of the winning controller is described and formalised. We term the new fuzzy inferencing method a dasia context-dependent fuzzy inference system psila. The concept of a dasia context-dependent fuzzy set psila that is utilised by the fuzzy system is introduced. Finally, a comparison between context-dependent fuzzy inference system and various existing techniques are carried out on the simulated car racing application. The results show a better performance for context-dependent fuzzy inference systems in stochastic circumstances.
Bird's nest ferns promote resource sharing by centipedes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Bird's nest ferns ( Asplenium spp.) support large numbers of invertebrates, including centipedes. As top invertebrate predators, centipedes drive ecosystem function, for example, by regulating decomposer populations, but we know little of their ecology in forest canopies. We provide the first detailed observations of the diversity and structure of the centipede communities of bird's nest ferns, revealing the importance of these epiphytes as nurseries for centipedes. We collected 305 centipedes equating to ˜ 11,300 mg of centipede biomass from 44 bird's nest ferns (22 of which were from the high canopy and 22 from the low canopy) in primary tropical rainforest in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Most abundant were the Scolopendromorpha ( n = 227 individuals), followed by the Geophilomorpha ( n = 59), Lithobiomorpha ( n = 14), and Scutigeromorpha ( n = 5). Although we observed very little overlap in species between the forest strata, scolopendromorph centipedes dominated throughout the canopy. Null model analysis revealed no significant competitive interactions; on the contrary, we observed centipedes sharing nest sites within the ferns on three of the ten occasions that we found nests. All nests belonged to centipedes of the family Scolopendridae, which are typically aggressive, and usually show negative spatial association. This study reveals a diverse community of canopy centipedes, providing further evidence of the importance of bird's nest ferns to a wide range of animals, many of which use the ferns at critical life stages. Future conservation strategies should regard these ubiquitous epiphytes as umbrella species and protect them accordingly in landscape management decisions. Abstract in Malay is available with online material.
Case definitions for Lyme disease in Ontario.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div><p>Background</p><p>The objective of this study was to estimate the economic burden attributable to laboratory-confirmed Lyme disease (LD) in Ontario, Canada and assess health outcomes associated with LD.</p><p>Method</p><p>We conducted a cohort study using laboratory-confirmed LD cases accrued between 2006 and 2018. The exposed cohort was matched 1:3 to the unexposed cohort using a combination of hard and propensity score matching. We used phase-of-care costing methods to calculate attributable costs for four phases of illness: pre-diagnosis, acute care, post-acute care, and continuing care in 2018 Canadian dollars. We used ICD-10-CA and OHIP billing codes to identify emergency department visits, physician billings and hospitalizations related to LD sequelae to assess health outcomes.</p><p>Results</p><p>A total of 2,808 cases were identified with a mean age of 46.5 (20.7) years and 44% female. Within 30-days, 404 (14.3%) cases required an ED visit and 63 (2.4%) cases required hospitalization. The mean (95% CI) total costs for LD cases in pre-diagnosis, acute, and post-acute care phases were $209 ($181, 238), $1,084 ($956, $1,212), and $1,714 ($1,499, $1,927), respectively. The highest mean attributable 10-day cost was $275 ($231, $319) during acute care. At 1-year post-infection, LD increased the relative risk of nerve palsies by 62 (20, 197), and polyneuropathy by 24 (3.0, 190). LD resulted in 16 Lyme meningitis events vs. 0 events in the unexposed.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>Individuals with laboratory-confirmed LD have increased healthcare resource use pre-diagnosis and up to six months post-diagnosis, and were more likely to seek healthcare services related to LD sequelae.</p></div>
Sub-micron spatial resolution in far-field Raman imaging via positivity constrained super-resolution

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Raman microscopy is a valuable tool for detecting physical and chemical properties of a sample material. When probing nanomaterials or nanocomposites the spatial resolution of Raman microscopy is not always adequate as it is limited by the optical diffraction limit. Numerical post-processing with super-resolution algorithms provides a means to enhance resolution and can be straightforwardly applied. The aim of this work is to present interior-point least squares (IPLS) as a powerful tool for super-resolution in Raman imaging through constrained optimisation. IPLS's potential for super-resolution is illustrated on numerically generated test images. Its resolving power is demonstrated on Raman spectroscopic data of a polymer nanowire sample. Comparison to AFM data of the same sample substantiates that the presented method is a promising technique for analysing nanomaterial samples.
Effects of Migration on Mental Health of Women

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

People leave their habitats and go to different regions of the world due to various reasons, which is defined as migration. One of the most important changes that have been experienced in migration in the last half century is the increase in women’s migration. Women are among the risk groups that are affected by the process of migration at most. A particular attention is attracted to the special requirements of women among groups that are obliged to migrate due to the crisis in their countries. Different lifestyles in the migrated social environment, difficult economic and working conditions, language barrier and relevant adaptation problems all negatively affect the mental health of these women. In order to protect and develop the mental health of migrant women from different cultural groups, it is important to approach these groups as primary risk groups and start multi-directional interventions aimed at their areas required.
MOLECULAR BEAM VISIBLE-LASER SPECTROSCOPY OF $^{11}BO_{2}$

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

$^{1}$ R.S. Lowe, H. Gerhardt. W. Dillenschneider. R.F. Curl. Jr. and F.K. Tittel, J. Chem. Phys. 70,42 (1979). $^{2}$ A.G. Adam, A.J. Merer and D.M. Steunenberg, J. Chem. Phys. in press.
Orientation Dependence of LPE Growth Behavior of GaxIn1-xP on (100) and (111)B GaAs Substrates

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Liquid Phase Epitaxy (LPE) of Ga x In 1- x P on (100)- and (111)B-oriented GaAs substrates has been studied at the growth temperature of 735°C. The results indicate that the Ga distribution coefficient, growth rate and luminescence half-widths depend significantly on the substrate orientation. These types of behavior are qualitatively similar to those reported earlier for the growth of Ga x In 1- x As on InP.
Effect of feeding colostrum at different volumes and subsequent number of transition milk feeds on the serum immunoglobulin G concentration and health status of dairy calves

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Transfer of sufficient IgG to the newborn calf via colostrum is vital to provide it with adequate immunological protection and resistance to disease. The objectives of the present study were to compare serum IgG concentration and health parameters of calves (1) fed different volumes of colostrum [7, 8.5, or 10% of body weight (BW)] within 2h of birth and (2) given 0, 2, or 4 subsequent feedings of transition milk (i.e., milkings 2 to 6 postcalving). Ninety-nine dairy calves were fed 7, 8.5, or 10% of BW in colostrum within 2h of birth and given 0, 2, or 4 subsequent feedings of transition milk. The concentration of IgG in the serum of calves was measured at 24, 48, 72, and 642 h of age by an ELISA. The apparent efficiency of absorption for IgG was determined. Health scores were assigned to calves twice per week and all episodes of disease were recorded. The effect of experimental treatment on calf serum IgG concentration differed by the age of the calf. Calves fed 8.5% of BW in colostrum had a greater mean serum IgG concentration than calves fed 7 or 10% of BW at 24, 48, and 72 h of age. At 642 h of age, serum IgG concentrations of calves fed 8.5% of BW (24.2g/L) and calves fed 10% of BW (21.6g/L) did not differ, although the serum IgG concentration of calves fed 8.5% of BW was still greater than that of calves fed 7% of BW (20.7 g/L). No difference in serum IgG concentration existed between calves fed 7% of BW and those fed 10% of BW at any age. No significant effect of number of subsequent feedings of transition milk on calf serum IgG concentration was detected. The apparent efficiency of absorption of calves fed 8.5% of BW in colostrum (38%) was greater than calves fed 7% of BW in colostrum (26%) and tended to be greater than in calves fed 10% of BW (29%). Calves fed further feedings of transition milk after the initial feeding of colostrum had a lower odds (0.62; 95% confidence interval: 0.41 to 0.93) of being assigned a worse eye/ear score (i.e., a more copious ocular discharge or pronounced ear droop) and a lower odds (0.5; 95% confidence interval: 0.32 to 0.79) of being assigned a worse nasal score (i.e., a more copious and purulent nasal discharge) during the study period relative to calves that received no further feedings of transition milk. In conclusion, calves fed 8.5% of BW in colostrum within 2h of birth achieved a greater concentration of IgG in serum in the first 3 d of life than calves fed either 7 or 10% of BW. Feeding calves transition milk subsequently reduced their odds of being assigned a worse eye/ear and nasal score.
Editorial: What Biomedical Engineers Can Do to Impact Multiscale Modeling (TBME Letters Special Issue on Multiscale Modeling and Analysis in Computational Biology and Medicine: Part-2)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In virtually every scientific endeavor, computational models are used to aid the design and predict aspects of the physical world around us. Engineers see modeling as a necessary tool for developing research questions and designing tools. In biology and medicine, scientists have long used conceptual models to explain relatively uncomplicated data, and increasingly com putational models are recognized as an important platform for discovery and translation of complex data. We cannot, however, ignore the large number of skeptics who often question the use fulness of biocomputational models, as their ultimate impact is still debatable.
Voltage regulation control of three-stage synchronous generator based on modified differential evolution algorithm

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In modern aviation power systems, the dynamic stability of power generation systems has become a major challenge. To tackle issues such as slow response, poor voltage stability, and voltage oscillations in aircraft synchronous generators under sudden load changes, a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) voltage regulator modified using the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm has been developed. Additionally, the DE algorithm’s convergence speed and robustness are enhanced through the incorporation of directional search strategies and adaptive control parameters. Simulation results demonstrate that the optimized regulator delivers rapid response and minimal overshoot, thereby improving the accuracy and dynamic performance of the voltage regulator. The modified DE algorithm notably accelerates convergence compared to the traditional DE algorithm.
HMO-4 Immunogenicity to second anti-TNF therapy (IMSAT): implications for sequencing of biologic therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction

Anti-TNF treatment failure in patients with IBD is common. International guidelines recommend switching out of class when anti-TNF drug levels are therapeutic and within class with an immunomodulator when anti-TNF drug levels are suboptimal and associated with antibody development. We sought to define the: 1) risk of immunogenicity to a second anti-TNF stratified by immunogenicity to first anti-TNF, 2) rates of drug persistence following failure to first anti-TNF drug and 3) strategies to mitigate development of immunogenicity.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study across 38 UK hospitals. 1058 patients [532 (51%) male, 755 (71%) Crohn's disease] had both infliximab and adalimumab therapeutic drug monitoring performed by our service from May 2013 to October 2020 were identified. Drug and antibody levels were measured using the IDKmonitor® drug-tolerant ELISA assays. Treatment failure included primary nonresponse, secondary loss of response, adverse drug reactions and IBD-related surgery, and patients were identified by case note review. Immunogenic failure was defined as treatment failure with suboptimal drug levels (infliximab level <2 mg/L, adalimumab level <6 mg/L) with an antibody concentration ≥10 AU/ml. Pharmacodynamic (PD) failure was defined as treatment failure despite adequate drug levels.

Results

Patients who developed immunogenicity to adalimumab (first) were more likely to develop immunogenicity to infliximab (second) (64% vs 40%, p < 0.001), and patients who developed immunogenicity to infliximab (first) were more likely to develop immunogenicity to adalimumab (second) (34% vs 20%, p = 0.002). Patients who developed: antibodies and undetectable drug, low drug levels, or low drug levels with immunogenicity to infliximab (first), were more likely to develop these outcomes to adalimumab (second) (all p<0.001). There was no difference in drug persistence to second anti-TNF in patients with pharmacodynamic and immunogenic treatment failure to first anti-TNF (p = 0.86). In patients with immunogenic (but not pharmacodynamic) failure, commencing an immunomodulator at the time of switching to second anti-TNF drug was associated with longer drug persistence than in patients treated with an immunomodulator throughout or not all (Figure 1).

Conclusions

Immunogenicity to the first anti-TNF was associated with immunogenicity to the second anti-TNF, irrespective of drug sequence. Commencing an immunomodulator at the time of switching to second anti-TNF was associated with improved drug persistence in immunogenic, but not pharmacodynamic, failure. However, 50% of patients remained on second anti-TNF at 5 years in both groups, suggesting switching in-class may be appropriate, irrespective of the cause of treatment failure to first anti-TNF.
The Role of Change Rates of CYFRA21-1 and CEA in Predicting Chemotherapy Efficacy for Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Cytokeratin 19 fragment 21-1 (CYFRA21-1) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are effective prognostic biomarkers for lung cancer. This study investigated the predictive effects of change rates of CYFRA21-1 and CEA before and after the first cycles of chemotherapy on advanced IIIb/IIIc or IV stage non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Methods. Data of 103 NSCLC patients who received chemotherapy in Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital from February 2018 to November 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received platinum doublet chemotherapy for at least 2 cycles. CYFRA21-1 and CEA levels of patients were detected before and after the first chemotherapy cycle, respectively. After the second cycle, the efficacy was evaluated, and patients were divided into the disease control (DC) and progressive disease (PD) groups. The generalized linear model (GLM) and linear trend test assessed the relationship between change rates of CYFRA21-1 and CEA levels and chemotherapeutic efficacy before and after chemotherapy. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve determined the predictive value of change rates of CYFRA21-1 and CEA on chemotherapeutic efficacy. Results. After the second chemotherapeutic cycle, there were 92 patients in the DC group and 11 in the PD group. GLM and linear trend test both indicated that change rates of CYFRA21-1 and CEA were inversely correlated with chemotherapeutic efficacy for NSCLC. Change rates of CYFRA21-1 and CEA were used to predict area under the ROC curve of chemotherapeutic efficacy (0.87, 0.71-1.00), which is better than single index prediction of CYFRA21-1 (0.71, 0.49-0.94) or CEA change rate (0.85, 0.69-1.00) ( p < 0.001 ). Conclusion. Before and after chemotherapy of the first cycle for advanced NSCLC patients, combining serum CYFRA21-1 and CEA levels could increase sensitivity and specificity to predict the chemotherapeutic efficacy and guide the following therapy of advanced NSCLC patients.
Primary Gastric Conduit Cancer 10 Years after Esophagectomy for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary gastric conduit cancer (GCC) is a known but rare occurrence post-esophagectomy with gastric reconstruction of the esophagus. As improvements in post-esophagectomy treatment and surveillance have increased patient survival, GCC is becoming more common, with a reported incidence of 0.2-3.5%.
Genomic regions and biological pathways associated with sex-limited reproductive traits in bovine species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Many animal species exhibit sex-limited traits, where certain phenotypes are exclusively expressed in one sex. Yet, the genomic regions that contribute to these sex-limited traits in males and females remain a subject of debate. Reproductive traits are ideal phenotypes to study sexual differences since they are mostly expressed in a sex-limited way. Therefore, this study aims to use local correlation analyses to identify genomic regions and biological pathways significantly associated with male and female sex-limited traits in two distinct cattle breeds (Brahman [BB] and Tropical Composite [TC]). We used the Correlation Scan method to perform local correlation analysis on 42 trait pairs consisting of six female and seven male reproductive traits recorded on ~1,000 animals for each sex in each breed. To pinpoint a specific region associated with these sex-limited reproductive traits, we investigated the genomic region(s) consistently identified as significant across the 42 trait pairs in each breed. The genes found in the identified regions were subjected to Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) colocalization, QTL enrichment analyses, and functional analyses to gain biological insight into sexual differences. We found that the genomic regions associated with the sex-limited reproductive phenotypes are widely distributed across all the chromosomes. However, no single region across the genome was associated with all the 42 reproductive trait pairs in the two breeds. Nevertheless, we found a region on the X-chromosome to be most significant for 80% to 90% (BB: 33 and TC: 38) of the total 42 trait pairs. A considerable number of the genes in this region were regulatory genes. By considering only genomic regions that were significant for at least 50% of the 42 trait pairs, we observed more regions spread across the autosomes and the X-chromosome. All genomic regions identified were highly enriched for trait-specific QTL linked to sex-limited traits (percentage of normal sperm, metabolic weight, average daily gain, carcass weight, age at puberty, etc.). The gene list created from these identified regions was enriched for biological pathways that contribute to the observed differences between sexes. Our results demonstrate that genomic regions associated with male and female sex-limited reproductive traits are distributed across the genome. Yet, chromosome X seems to exert a relatively larger effect on the phenotypic variation observed between the sexes.
Development and Testing of the Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this research project is to develop the Rigidizable Inflatable Get-Away-Special Experiment (RIGEX) from a computer-based model into a space-qualified prototype. Past research projects have developed RIGEX's command and control, structural analysis, and integration with the orbiter. This thesis details the organization, assembly, and test planning for the RIGEX protoflight model. Strict requirements imposed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) must be fulfilled for any payload to travel into space. Based on the requirements set forth by NASA documentation, this thesis establishes appropriate assembly procedures for the construction of a space payload. Detailed design changes are described, as well as any problems encountered during assembly. Various lessons learned throughout the course of this project are discussed.
Structural and spectroscopic studies on peroxymetallacyclic complexes of platinum

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The 31P and 13C n.m.r. spectra of the adducts obtained from dioxobis(triphenylphosphine)platinum and tetracyanoethylene or 1,1-dicyano-2-methylpropene, [[graphic omitted]}(PPh3)2][R = CN (1a) and Me (1b)] respectively, have been examined. An X-ray structural study of the adduct (1b) shows a slightly distorted square-planar complex with the metallacyclic ring in a twist conformation.