jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Results of clinical trials with a CMitF (cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone, and 5-fluorouracil) regimen versus a CAF (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil) regimen in advanced/relapsed breast cancer].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Randomized clinical trials were conducted in patients with advanced/relapsed breast cancer, using CMitF (mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil) regimen in comparison with CAF (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil) regimen. The response rate was 50% (13/26) for the CMitF group and 50% (10/20) for the CAF group. Classified by disease site, CAF group showed a tendency for a higher response rate in soft tissue, but in bone and viscera the rates were similar for both regimen groups. The median weeks to response (range) was 5 (3-21) weeks for the CMitF group, and 8 (3-22) weeks for CAF group, a tendency for slightly earlier response thus being shown in the CMitF group. The median duration of response (range) was 10 (4-47) weeks for the CMitF group, and 9 (4-50) weeks for CAF group, whereas by the method of Kaplan-Meier, at 40 weeks after the start of therapy, the proportion showing response still continued to be 60% for the CMitF group, which was a higher rate than the 27% for CAF group. The survival rate at 48 weeks was for both groups with no difference shown. Leukopenia, gastrointestinal symptoms and alopecia were major side effects in both groups, but the incidence and severity grade of gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea and vomiting) and alopecia were significantly less in the CMitF group than in CAF group. In both groups, the WBC nadir was 2,100/microliter and the time to nadir was 14 days, with no difference shown in hematological toxicity between the two groups. No severe cardiac, hepatic, or renal toxicity was noted.
The role of Tei index added to the GRACE risk score for prediction of in-hospital MACE after acute myocardial infarction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction: The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) risk score is widely recommended for risk assessment in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Variable degrees of impairment in left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function might be found after AMI. Tei index is an echocardiography parameter that represents both systolic and diastolic LV performance. Previous studies demonstrate Tei index as an independent predictor of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (MACE) after AMI. This study investigates whether the addition of Tei index could improve the GRACE risk score performance to predict inhospital MACE after AMI. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on 75 patients who presented with AMI. Total GRACE score was calculated on patient admission and echocardiography was conducted within 72 hours of hospitalization for measurement of MPI. All patients were observed for the incidence of MACE during hospitalization. The incremental predictive value of the GRACE risk score alone and combined with Tei index was assessed by the change in area under the curve (AUC) by DeLong’s method, likelihood ratio test (LRT), and continuous net reclassification improvement (cNRI). Results: The addition of Tei index to the GRACE risk score significantly improves the predictive value of the GRACE risk score (increase in AUC from 0.753 for the GRACE risk score to 0.801 for the GRACE score combine with Tei index, p=0.354; LRT=4.65, p=0.030; cNRI=0.515, p=0.046). Conclusions: Adjustment of Tei index to GRACE risk score might improve risk prediction of in-hospital MACE after AMI.
Effects of Trauma-Hemorrhage and IL-6 Deficiency on Splenic Immune Function in a Murine Trauma Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Splenic immune function is known to be depressed following hemorrhage. The present study investigates the effects of femoral shaft fracture, isolated or in combination with hemorrhage, on early stage cytokine production capacity of splenocytes and observes the role of IL-6 under these conditions. Male IL-6 knockout (IL-6 −/− ) and wild-type mice (WT) were randomly divided into three groups: sham (S), isolated femoral fracture (Fx), and femoral fracture + volume controlled hemorrhage (TH-Fx) ( per group). Animals were sacrificed four hours after induction of hemorrhage and fracture. Cytokine release (TNF- α , IL-6, and IL-10) of isolated and LPS-stimulated splenocytes was determined by cytometric bead array. Femoral fracture with or without hemorrhage caused a suppression of in vitro cytokine production capacity of splenocytes at an early posttraumatic stage in WT and IL-6 −/− . In the absence of IL-6, the profile of splenic cytokine secretion is significantly altered, identifying this cytokine as a potential therapeutic target to modulate the posttraumatic immune response.
Transparent, Low‐Impedance Inkjet‐Printed PEDOT:PSS Microelectrodes for Multimodal Neuroscience

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Transparent microelectrodes that facilitate simultaneous optical and electrophysiological interfacing are desirable tools for neuroscience. Electrodes made from transparent conductors such as graphene and indium tin oxide (ITO) show promise but are often limited by poor charge‐transfer properties. Herein, microelectrodes are demonstrated that take advantage of the transparency and volumetric capacitance of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Ring‐shaped microelectrodes are fabricated by inkjet‐printing PEDOT:PSS, encapsulating with Parylene C, and then exposing a contact site that is much smaller than the microelectrode outer diameter. This unique structure allows the encapsulated portion of the microelectrode volume surrounding the contact site to participate in signal transduction, which reduces impedance and enhances charge storage capacity. While using the same 100 μm diameter contact site, increasing the outer diameter of the encapsulated electrode from 300 to 550 μm reduces the impedance from 294 ± 21 to 98 ± 2 kΩ, respectively, at 1 Hz. Similarly, the charge storage capacity is enhanced from 6 to 21 mC cm −2 . The PEDOT:PSS microelectrodes provide a low‐haze, high‐transmittance optical interface, demonstrating their suitability for optical neuroscience applications. They remain functional after a million 1 V stimulation cycles, up to 600 μA of stimulation current, and more than 1000 mechanical bending cycles.
A review of main controversial aspects of acute testicular torsion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Testicular torsion (TT) is a severe acute urological emergency caused by twisting of the spermatic cord. It requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Unfortunately, its importance is still underestimated in everyday life: early-detected TT can be cured in almost every case, whereas late identification may lead to loss of the testicles. We present a comprehensive review of TT, including the aetiology, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment and outcome, based on recently published articles. The novel and the major controversial aspects of this topic are highlighted. The PubMed and ScienceDirect databases were searched with the following keywords: TT, torsion of the spermatic cord and acute scrotum, particular stress being placed on articles published in the last 5 years. The genetic aspects of TT are discussed, together with the diagnostic possibilities, such as sonography, radionuclide and fluorescent imaging techniques. The effective surgical techniques and potential drugs for reducing molecular injuries were surveyed. Finally, the major controversial aspects of TT are considered. The new concepts of TT demonstrate that certain features remain unclear. New, more accurate diagnostic tools and prompt management may contribute to a better prognosis and prevent the loss of the testicles.
Régionalisation et urbanisation dans le Centre du Viêt-nam : les dimensions scientifiques du débat sur l'aménagement du territoire

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Régionalisation and urbanisation in central Vietnam: the scientific dimensions of regional planning. — The issues of regionalisation and urbanisation in Vietnam are linked to the urbanisation that occurred during the years of partition ; the metropolisation of two centres, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City; and the strategy of triangular and corridor development distorting the territorial balances of a country with a meridian structure. In central Vietnam there are also the constraints of an intermediate space; two rival capitals — Hue, the historic capital and Da Nang, the economic capital; and an international outlook to both the continent and the sea, favoured by the narrow hinterland. In the current context of transition, the State is in competition with new players (families and foreign investors) for the control of land. As the country shifts from endogenous development within national frontiers to development open to the forces of globalisation, the social and spatial structuring of the Vietnamese city will need to be redesigned.
Protecting large machines from arcing faults

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Conventional methods of protection are not certain due to the intermittent nature of an arcing fault since any single arc may not last long enough to operate time-delayed neutral protection. Arcing faults can occur due to dirty insulators or broken strands in the stator windings. Such faults, if undetected, can lead to overheating along with catastrophic electrical failure. These events typically require extensive repairs with an extended shutdown of the machine. It is highly desirable to detect such faults at an early or incipient stage so that remedial action can be taken before a complete failure occurs. This paper presents a new protection method to detect arcing faults along the entire winding and trip the unit before extensive damage can occur. This paper shows the protection engineer how to properly identify the faulted phase. Faulted phase identification is important since it will greatly aid in locating the source of an intermittent arcing fault.
Activation of Stress Response Pathways of C. elegans by Multiple Types of Stress

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mechanism by which organisms age is largely unknown, but many studies suggest that ageing is related to stress. In order to understand the relationship between stress and ageing, we studied the mechanisms by which organisms respond to different stressors. In C. elegans, the activation of stress response pathways can be easily observed through the use of fluorescent reporters. Here, we used a series of fluorescent reporter strains to determine which types of stress can activate each different stress response pathway, and to define the optimal stress conditions for maximum activation of each reporter strain. We examined the following stress reporter pathways: the heat shock response/cytoplasmic unfolded protein response (Phsp-16.2::GFP), mitochondrial unfolded protein response (Phsp-6::GFP), endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (Phsp-4::GFP), the SKN-1 mediated oxidative stress response (Pgst-4::GFP, Pgcs-1::GFP), hypoxia response (Pnhr-57::GFP), and the DAF-16 mediated stress response (Pdaf-16::daf-16;GFP, Psod-3::GFP). Each of these fluorescent reporter strains was then exposed to eight different types of stress: heat stress, cold stress, osmotic stress, anoxia, oxidative stress, starvation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and bacterial pathogenic stress. We found that all of the stress response pathways are activated by multiple types of stress with the exception of the mitoUPR. Similarly, most types of stress activated multiple stress response pathways. These data have subsequently been used to study how the ability to respond to stress changes as organisms age.
[Case of choriocarcinoma of a probable testicular origin with a good response to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case of choriocarcinoma responding well to cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) was reported. A 24-year-old male was admitted to our hospital with chief complaints of upper abdominal discomfort and gynecomastia. Physical findings on admission included solid tumors in the upper abdomen and bilateral inguinal regions. The chest X-ray picture showed numerous coin lesions, and abdominal ultrasound examination revealed a widespread metastasis in the retroperitoneum. Blood chemical analysis pointed out the high levels of LH, HCG, and beta-subunit of HCG. The pathological diagnosis of the biopsied inguinal mass was choriocarcinoma. The patient was treated with CDDP, vincristine and bleomycin according to the protocol of Einhorn. After three courses of this therapy, serum HCG level was normalized and pulmonary metastatic lesions were diminished, although abdominal ultrasound examination showed remnants of the decreased tumor masses. The patient was transferred to the urological department for further cytoreductive therapy.
[Familial hypertriglyceridemia and diabetes mellitus type 2].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypertriglyceridemia is a cardiovascular risk factor in type-2 diabetes. However, this abnormality may be caused by several mechanisms. In familial hypertriglyceridemia, a hyperlipidemia associated with type-2 diabetes, plasma accumulation of non atherogenic particles explains the presence of hypertriglyceridemia. Our objective was to compare the prevalence of coronary insufficiency and carotid artery stenosis in patients with type-2 diabetes with or without familial hypertriglyceridemia. Controls were paired against cases based on age, gender, diabetes duration, treatment and other cardiovascular risk factors. Controls had either a normal lipid profile (n=48) or hyperlipidemia (n=15). The intima-media thickness of the carotid arteries was significantly lower in cases compared to controls (0.55 +/- 0.12 vs 0.63 +/- 0.22 in normolipidemic controls and 0.66 +/- 0.18 mm in hyperlipidemic subjects (p=0.02)). Exercise treadmill testing was abnormal in a similar proportion of cases and controls (4.8 vs 6.2%). Incidence of cardiovascular complications was not different between groups. We therefore conclude that severe hypertriglyceridemia due to familial hypertriglyceridemia is not associated with an increased prevalence of symptomatic atherosclerosis in patients with type-2 diabetes.
Antimicrobial Drugs Obtained from Marine Algae

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In recent years, the antimicrobial resistance to various synthetic or chemically formed antimicrobial agents in medicines and food products has been observed. The high preference of consumers for purchasing food products free from chemical preservatives has led to more exploration into using antimicrobial agents from natural sources like plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria. The marine ecosystem comprises microorganisms, plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates that are rich sources of diverse antimicrobial products and can be a significant potential for developing novel type therapeutic agents, as the major portion of the sea has still not yet been examined for the evaluation of natural molecules for their antimicrobial activity. Such marine ecological niches promise a great source of antibacterial agents against many drugresistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms. Among the marine source, marine algae are a diverse group of organisms that includes brown, red, and green algae that have been targeted over the last few years for the secondary metabolites and a broad range of natural molecules for a broad spectrum of bioactivities beneficial to humans. Such bioactive compounds and secondary products possess a broad range of biological activities of antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. The class of compounds derived from marine algae, such as polysaccharides, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, pigments, lectins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and halogenated compounds, would be a new emerging area for unconventional drugs. Such classes of compounds will share a potent ability to control new diseases or tackling against multi-resistant strains of pathogens.<br>
Formation of biophysical concepts in the process of training biology students

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Relevance. The relevance of the study is determined by changes in science and trends in the social development of modern society, since there is an increase in the amount of scientific information in the information society. In the context of the informatization of science and education, an important role in the formation of common concepts about life and the organization of its stages. Purpose. This article explores ways of introducing biophysical concepts into the content of the biology course in the training process of university biology students in order to improve their biophysical knowledge, skills, and professional competence. Training in biology and physics in the experimental group were carried out based on a work program that provides an intersubject relation. Training in the control group was organized in the traditional form of lectures and practical classes. The experiment involved 104 second-, third- and fourth-year students enrolled in �5�011300 � Biology� and �5�011000 � Physics�. The experimental group (EG) consisted of 67 students, and the control group (CG) � of 37 students. The experiment was carried out in three stages. Methodology. The research process was carried out with the help of such research methods as monitoring during classes, analysis of the teacher�s actions and students� performance, dialogue between the teacher and students. Results. The study demonstrated that to achieve high performance in biology and physics among students at pedagogical higher education institutions, further improvements are needed in the developed methodology for integrating interdisciplinary relations between biology and physics to form biophysical concepts. Conclusions. There is a need to expand, supplement and systematize the content of biophysical concepts used in updated educational programs. In order to improve the biophysical knowledge of future specialists one should determine and systematize biophysical concepts in terms of the content of biological knowledge. Keywords: biophysics; biophysical knowledge; development; intersubject relation; concept �energy�
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

On 24 September 1562, Thomas Randolph, the English ambassador to Scotland, rested himself at a table in Aberdeen with parchment, ink and quill before him. In all likelihood, his table was lit by a candle that flickered as it illuminated the page. He began to compose a letter to Sir William Cecil, Elizabeth I's secretary and primary adviser, describing in great detail the tumultuous events of the past six days. During this time, the Earl of Huntly, the greatest lord in northeast Scotland and a Catholic, had threatened Mary Queen of Scots and her continued governance of the country. Randolph wrote hastily, his handwriting worsening as the four-page letter proceeded towards its conclusion. He discussed events happening across Scotland in great detail, even ones from the south of the kingdom, far from his current location in Aberdeen. He commented on the growing tensions between France and his homeland, of which he appeared intimately knowledgeable. In his last paragraph, Randolph referred briefly to the letter he had just received from Cecil. A letter that had been dated the 'viiith of this instant', or sixteen days earlier.1
Evaluating the co-use of opioids and cannabis for pain among current users using hypothetical purchase tasks

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background: Cannabinoids may potentiate opioid analgesia and therefore could be used to reduce reliance on opioids for analgesia. Aims: The current study evaluated whether the concurrent availability of cannabis influences opioid consumption using a behavioral economic demand framework. Methods: An online survey assessed cannabis and opioid use frequency and dependence measures, pain severity, and demand for both cannabis and opioids alone and when concurrently available using hypothetical purchase tasks. Adults reporting current use of opioids for pain management and past 30-day cannabis exposure ( N=155) completed two hypothetical purchase tasks in which only grams of cannabis or units of participants’ index opioids were available for purchase, and two hypothetical tasks in which both were concurrently available and the price of one drug increased whereas the other was kept constant. Paired-sample t-tests compared the demand of each drug alone with when it was available concurrently with an alternative. Results: Demand intensity was significantly reduced and demand elasticity was significantly increased for both cannabis and opioids when the alternate commodity was available, although the reductions in cannabis consumption were more pronounced than they were for opioid consumption in the presence of the alternate commodity. Conclusions: These data provide behavioral economic evidence that cannabis access may modestly reduce demand for opioids in persons who have pain. Additional clinical studies that evaluate the analgesic effects of cannabis and cannabis-opioid effects on pain are warranted.
Radiographic Artifacts Caused by the Laundering of Flame-Retardant Materials

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Federal law now mandates the use of flame retardants in children's sleepwear, and regulations are pending in several areas to require their use in all hospital fabrics. These flame retardants produce radiographic artifacts due to their alteration of fabric surface properties. Knowledge of the cause of these problems and their solution should be of help in radiographic interpretation and should save patient expense and radiographic exposure.
Towards Generic Image Manipulation Detection with Weakly-Supervised Self-Consistency Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As advanced image manipulation techniques emerge, detecting the manipulation becomes increasingly important. Despite the success of recent learning-based approaches for image manipulation detection, they typically require expensive pixel-level annotations to train, while exhibiting degraded performance when testing on images that are differently manipulated compared with training images. To address these limitations, we propose weakly-supervised image manipulation detection, such that only binary image-level labels (authentic or tampered with) are required for training purpose. Such a weakly-supervised setting can leverage more training images and has the potential to adapt quickly to new manipulation techniques. To improve the generalization ability, we propose weakly-supervised self-consistency learning (WSCL) to leverage the weakly annotated images. Specifically, two consistency properties are learned: multi-source consistency (MSC) and inter-patch consistency (IPC). MSC exploits different content-agnostic information and enables cross-source learning via an online pseudo label generation and refinement process. IPC performs global pair-wise patch-patch relationship reasoning to discover a complete region of manipulation. Extensive experiments validate that our WSCL, even though is weakly supervised, exhibits competitive performance compared with fully-supervised counterpart under both in-distribution and out-of-distribution evaluations, as well as reasonable manipulation localization ability.