jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Interactive Graphical Visualization Approach to CNNs and RNNs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep Learning models such as Convolutional Neural Nets (CNNs) and Recurrent Neural Nets (RNNs) are routinely used due to their utility and benefits in various practical applications such as e.g., natural language processing and image recognition. However, despite such adoption, these techniques typically present opaqueness of their internal workings to users. The current black box approach to deep learning makes models difficult to understand and fine-tune, and the related lack of information directly influences productivity and hinders innovations in reliable and consistent model development. In this paper, we present a novel web-based, graphical approach to visualizing CNNs and RNNs to address the above adoption challenges. Our approach features an interactive graphical user interface, where the user can view the overarching network architecture and data flow, the weights and corresponding input processing at each layer, and some interpretable aspects of the model as a whole. We show the effectiveness of our visualization techniques on the MNIST dataset corresponding to an image recognition application. Our work contributes to the effective graphical visualization approaches for complex neural networks and thus makes it easier to manage, manipulate, and increase the performance of these networks.
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The London cartoonist Tom Gauld's "Soundtrack to Spring" illustrates a domestic scene in today's New York City. The concept of the historic house is capacious and embraces a diverse range of former dwellings. A much smaller number of historic houses have been used to display musical instrument collections. House museums provide a compelling context for instruments and repertoires that were primarily devised for or consumed in domestic settings, furnishing the opportunity to see, and sometimes hear, historical music in acoustic and visual surroundings that are something like historical conditions. Music exists as sound in time, as performance and listening, and as a process in the ears, minds and memories of people. The material traces of musical activity in historic houses vary widely, and as Eric de Visscher and Mimi S. Waitzman observe, questions of provenance and completeness play a role in assessing their significance and potential for interpretation today.
Theoretical Analysis of the Jahn−Teller Distortions in Tetrathiolato Iron(II) Complexes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Crystallographic studies of [Fe(SR)(4)](2-) (R is an alkyl or aryl residue) have shown that the Fe(II)S(4) cores of these complexes have (pseudo) D2d symmetry. Here we analyze the possibility that these structures result from a Jahn-Teller (JT) distortion that arises from the e(3z(2) - r(2), x(2) - y(2)) orbital ground state of Fe(II) in T(d)symmetry. Special attention is paid to the influence of the second-nearest neighbors of Fe, which lowers the symmetry and reduces the full JT effect to a smaller, pseudo JT effect (PJT). To estimate the size of the PJT distortion, we have determined the vibronic parameters and orbital state energies for a number of [Fe(SR)(4)](2-) models using density functional theory (DFT). Subsequently, this information is used for evaluating the adiabatic potential surfaces in the space of the JT-active coordinates of the FeS(4) moiety. The surfaces reveal that the JT effect of Fe(II) is completely quenched by the tetrathiolate coordination.
Anew Medium for Isolation and Diagnosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Melanin produce by Cryptococcus neoformans yeastwas used to characterize this yeast.In present study,we used red onion extract in prepared a new medium.The isolates of yeast were cultivation. After 48 hours results show,the isolates of C.neoformans were appear in dark brown colonies while the colonies on SDA not produce any pigment.Also analysis resultsof red onion extract by usedUV-Spectometerand FT-IR appear this extract content phenolic compounds which causes to produce brown pigment.thus, this medium Red Onion Agar (RO A) useful for rapid identification of yeast C.neoformans
Institutional Similarity and Interstate Conflict

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper makes two arguments. First, the political and economic institutions of a state affect that state's foreign policy preferences. Second, dyads with similar political and economic institutions are less likely to experience conflict than other types of dyads. After developing the logic of these arguments, I create measures of political and economic institutional similarity and test the hypotheses against the empirical record. The empirical analysis supports the argument that dyadic institutional similarity reduces the likelihood of conflict. The most noteworthy finding is that economic institutional similarity, even when the political institutions in a dyad are dissimilar, reduces the likelihood of militarized conflict.
Standardization of Lung CT Number Using COPD Gene2 Phantom Under Various Scanning Protocols

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lung computed tomography (CT) images are widely used to diagnose chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by evaluating signs of lung tissue destruction. Accurate diagnosis requires standardizing the CT numbers in lung CT images to distinguish between normal and damaged tissue. The CT number standardization method proposed by Chen-Mayer et al., which uses the linearity of Martinez’s formula, showed promising results in phantom studies. However, our findings reveal that the CT number of water varies significantly, depending on scanning conditions and the characteristics of its container, making it an unreliable reference for lung CT number standardization. To enhance the standardization method, we modified the approach to exclude water and used only solid foams from the COPD gene2 phantom as references. To evaluate the proposed method, we collected 234 CT images of the COPD gene2 phantom from 8 different CT scanners and assessed performance by analyzing CT number standard deviations and variations. The modification resulted in improved reliability and consistency in CT number standardization. Additionally, for a detailed analysis, we segmented the dataset based on CT dose index (CTDI), X-ray tube potential, and reconstruction algorithms to examine the impact of different scanning protocols on standardization performance.
Inorganic ions level in saliva of patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy subjects

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Chronic periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that extends into the tissues supporting the teeth. Inorganic ions have been most intensely studied as a potential marker for periodontal disease in saliva. The aims of the study were the detection of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium ions levels in saliva of chronic periodontitis patients and healthy subjects and correlate the mean salivary levels of these ions with clinical periodontal parameters (plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL)). Materials and methods: The study sample consisted of thirty chronic periodontitis patients of both gender (18 males and 12 females) and thirty healthy control subjects of both gender (15 males and 15 females) with age ranged from 30 to 50 years. Both groups were without any systemic disease. Periodontal parameters used in this study were plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from all subjects and the levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium in each specimen were analyzed. For each group a statistical analysis was done to estimate the levels of these ions in saliva and to correlate the mean of salivary inorganic levels with clinical periodontal parameters. Results: The present study showed that there was highly significant difference in the levels of salivary inorganic ions (Ca=2, Mg+2, K+1, Na+1) between chronic periodontitis patients and control group with increase in Ca+2, K+1, Na+1 ions levels in saliva of chronic periodontitis and decrease in level of Mg +2 ions in saliva of chronic periodontitis than in control group. There was no correlation between the mean of PLI and Ca+2, Mg +2, K +1 and Na+1 ions in saliva of chronic periodontitis and there was no correlation between the mean of GI and Ca+2, Mg +2 and Na+1 ions and a negative significant correlation with K+1 ions. Concerning PPD and CAL there was no correlation between them and the mean salivary inorganic levels in chronic periodontitis patients. Conclusions: Estimation of these electrolytes or inorganic ions in saliva of chronic periodontitis may be used as potential diagnostic markers of active disease status in periodontal tissues and to predict the effective methods of prevention and treatment. Keyword: chronic periodontitis, inorganic ions, saliva. (J Bagh Coll Dentistry 2012;24(3):93-97).
Classical model of negative thermal expansion in solids with expanding bonds

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study negative thermal expansion (NTE) in model lattices with multiple atoms per cell and first- and second-nearest neighbor interactions using the (anharmonic) Morse potential. By exploring the phase space of neighbor distances and thermal expansion rates of the bonds, we determine the conditions under which NTE emerges. By permitting all bond lengths to expand at different rates, we find that NTE is possible without appealing to fully rigid units. Nearly constant, large-amplitude, isotropic NTE is observed up to the melting temperature in a classical molecular dynamics model of a $\mathrm{ReO}_3$-like structure when the rigidity of octahedral units is almost completely eliminated. Only weak NTE, changing over to positive expansion is observed when the corner-linked octahedra are rigid, with flexible second-neighbor bonds between neighboring octahedra permitting easy rotation. We observe similar changes to thermal expansion behavior for the diamond lattice: NTE when second-neighbor interactions are weak to positive thermal expansion when second-neighbor interactions are strong. From these observations, we suggest that the only essential local conditions for NTE are atoms with low coordination numbers along with very low energies for changing bond angles relative to bond-stretching energies.
John Gascoigne, Science and the State: From the Scientific Revolution to World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. ix + 250. ISBN 978-1-3166-0938-5. £22.99 (paperback).

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

John Gascoigne, Science and the State: From the Scientific Revolution to World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. Pp. ix + 250. ISBN 978-1-3166-0938-5. £22.99 (paperback). - Volume 52 Issue 4
Evaluation and Scheduling of the Car Manufacturing Factory’s Employers’ Work Shifts

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study is made an application related to the regulationof working hours of workers in car factory. This factory has thick to work 24hour shifts need to work with the system as needed. In this study, which isopen 24 hours a day and 7 days in a car factory, it has made applicationserving with 3 shifts. The attention of employees serving in this industry andare crucial to productivity. Mistakes will be made, which can lead toirreparable consequences. The working hours of workers at the factoryscheduling process is usually carried out by personnel chief in the factory. Inthis study, in consultation with the chief engineer in charge of drafting theschedule and made relevant studies were identified by examining the constraintsto be considered. Then it established a mathematical model that can be used ina general sense with integer linear programming techniques. Established modelapplies to data in a unit of a car factory and has been found to be optimalsolutions with the help of LINGO software. Unlike other shift schedulingproblems in the literature, this study aimed to run for a minimum of additionalworkers outside the factory. There is also a model that defined themathematical model and skillful workers to shift some concessions to beassigned any number of workers in particular experience has been established.
Enzyme activities and antibiotic susceptibility of colonial variants of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A nonmucoid colonial variant of a mucoid Bacillus subtilis strain produced less amylase activity and a transparent colonial variant of a B. licheniformis strain produced less protease activity compared with their parents. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the colonial variants differed, and increased resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics was correlated with increased production of extracellular beta-lactamase.
Kondo-lattice theory of anisotropic singlet superconductivity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Kondo-lattice theory for the t-J model and a phenomenological theory based on it are developed to study superconductivity in the vicinity of the Mott metal-insulator transition. Since the quenching of magnetic moments by single-site quantum spin fluctuations or the Kondo effect is reduced by the opening of a superconducting gap, spin density wave (SDW) can appear in a superconducting state and the Knight shift can deviate from the Yosida function to be small. The electron-phonon interaction, which arises from the modulation of the superexchange interaction by phonons, is crucial in the coexistence of superconductivity and SDW. It is proposed that the coexistence of superconductivity, a double-Q SDW, a double-Q lattice distortion, and a double-Q charge density wave induced by the SDW rather than the lattice distortion, is responsible for the checkerboard structure and the zero-temperature pseudo-gap observed in under-doped cuprate superconductors.
Understanding and Addressing the Treatment Gap in Mental Healthcare: Economic Perspectives and Evidence From China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

A common challenge faced by the healthcare systems in many low- and middle-income countries is the substantial unmet mental healthcare needs, or the large gap between the need for and the provision of mental healthcare treatment. This paper investigates the potential causes of this treatment gap from the perspective of economics. Specifically, we hypothesize that people with mental illness face 4 major hurdles in obtaining appropriate healthcare, namely the high nonmonetary cost due to stigma, the high out-of-pocket payment due to insufficient public funds devoted to mental health, the high time costs due to low mental healthcare resource availability, and the low treatment benefit due to slow technology diffusion. We use China as a study setting to show country-specific evidence. Our analysis supports the above theoretical argument on the 4 barriers to access, which in turn sheds light on the effective approaches to mitigate the treatment gap. Four policy options are then discussed, including an information campaign for mental health awareness, increasing public investment in primary mental healthcare resources, transforming the healthcare system towards an integrated people-centered system and capitalizing on e-health technologies.
Building Citizen‐centred E‐government in Taiwan: Problems and Prospects (发展以公民为核心的电子化政府‐台湾的经验与启示)1

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article assesses the practice of e‐government in Taiwan from a citizen‐centred perspective. Since the late 1990s, the government of Taiwan has earned international recognition for its e‐government initiatives. However, the analysis of e‐government in Taiwan reveals that the government has neither made the best use of technology to understand and incorporate citizens’ needs into e‐government nor made the necessary changes in the process and established institutional arrangements for integrated services. This article identifies the problems and challenges to enhance e‐government in Taiwan. It contends that the limited role and narrow‐mindedness of IT personnel in charge of designing e‐government as well as a risk‐averse culture amongst public servants could stop e‐government from moving forward. The article concludes by discussing the lessons learned from Taiwan's experience and claims that transforming the role of IT personnel, strengthening political leadership and developing strong public value are necessary to building citizen‐centric e‐government. 本篇研究主要以公民为核心来探讨台湾电子化政府的发展过程，台湾的电子化政府从1990年代晚期开始发展，近年在国际评比上表现十分出色，然而，进一步深入了解台湾电子化政府的决策及执行过程，可以发现政府并未妥善运用信息科技来了解人民需求，或者是依照人民需求来调整既有政府的运作过程。本篇研究试图找出如何强化以公民为核心的电子化政府发展的问题与策略，包括政府信息人员在组织中的角色与功能，以及公务员保守避险的心态都有可能阻碍电子化政府以公民为核心的发展，未来主要可行的策略包括有政府信息人员角色的转换、政治领导的强化以及公务员公共价值的培养等。
Popularity Function Forecasts for the 2005 UK General Election

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The article provides a set of contingent forecasts for the forthcoming UK general election. The forecasts are based on popularity function derived from monthly time series data covering the period 1997–2004. On most likely assumptions, the forecasts produce a clear Labour victory in the early summer of 2005, with the Liberal Democrats increasing their vote share by roughly four percentage points.
Cross-resistance to methotrexate and metals in human cisplatin-resistant cell lines results from a pleiotropic defect in accumulation of these compounds associated with reduced plasma membrane binding proteins.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Cross-resistance to a wide array of toxic chemicals is a common phenomenon in cisplatin-resistant cell lines. In this study, two independently isolated cisplatin-resistant cell lines derived from a human hepatoma and a cervical adenocarcinoma were shown to be cross-resistant to methotrexate (MTX) and several metal salts, such as sodium arsenite, sodium arsenate, antimony potassium tartrate, and cadmium chloride. A pleiotropic defect resulting in reduced accumulation of cisplatin, 3[H]MTX, 73As3+, and 73As5+ was found in both cisplatin-resistant cell lines. Analysis by immunoblot, indirect immunofluorescence, and Northern hybridization showed dramatically reduced expression of the folate binding protein that mediates MTX uptake in both human cisplatin-resistant cell lines. By photoaffinity labeling with UV irradiation, specific binding proteins of Mr 230,000 and Mr 48,000 for 73As3+ and Mr 190,000 for 73As5+ were found in enriched plasma membrane of both human cisplatin-sensitive parental cell lines. Expression of these specific binding proteins was decreased in cells selected for cisplatin resistance. A protein band at Mr 36,000 that binds to 73As3+ was overexpressed in both human cisplatin-resistant cell lines. The finding of loss of distinct binding proteins for MTX, arsenate, and arsenite in association with decreased accumulation of these agents in cisplatin-resistant cells suggests a pleiotropic, possibly regulatory, alteration in these cells.
Estimation of the Nitrogen-Phosphorus Load Caused by Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Cage-Culture Farms in Kesikköprü Dam Lake: A Comparison of Pelleted and Extruded Feed

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This research was conducted in order to estimate the nitrogen and phosphorus loads released into Kesikköprü Dam Lake between April and July 2006 from 2 different rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) cage farms. Both farms had a capacity of about 20 t year-1, and used pelleted and extruded feed. In Kesikköprü Dam Lake the nitrogen load was estimated to be between 56.00 and 62.92 kg t-1of fish produced, and the phosphorus load was estimated to be between 10.66 and 12.17 kg t-1of fish produced in cages in which pelleted feed was used, In cages in which extruded feed was used, the nitrogen load was estimated to be between 33.47 and 25.97 kg t-1of fish produced, and the phosphorus load was estimated to be between 7.32 and 7.96 kg t-1of fish produced. Based on the quantitative results of this study, it was concluded that for aquaculture to be sustainable in inland waters where rainbow trout is cultured, and to minimize its influence on eutrophication, it would be beneficial to use extruded feed.
Encapsulation of peach waste extract in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The FEMS Online Conference on Microbiology took place in October 2020. It was based on an intense collaboration with the Serbian Society for Microbiology and boasted a variety of regional speakers. The session recordings are available until 27 October. This conference is planned to be small to medium sized, happening in alternate years to the Congress of European Microbiologists and organized in close collaboration with a local microbiology society. Here, intercontinental, European, regional, and local scientists, from all stages in their career and from all demographical backgrounds, can participate in a high-profile conference. Our commitment at FEMS is to help support microbiologists do their work, promote the best in microbiology research and knowledge to the world, and bring microbiologists together to share that knowledge. This event supports that commitment: giving high value for money at a low registration fee it opens possibilities for networking and exchanging knowledge and experiences to all. [Visit the Programme](https://fems2020belgrade.com/) | [Visit the Company Area](https://www.morressier.com/signup/FEMS-COMPANY-AREA) | [Visit the Open Access Area](https://www.morressier.com/signup/FEMS-OPEN-ONLINE-2020)
COMPARISON OF PROXIMATE COMPOSITION, PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS, ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY AND POLYPHENOLS IN BROSIMUM ALICASTRUM LEAF, FRUIT AND SEED

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ramon nut (B. alicastrum) is known to contain bioactive compounds and has been used for medicinal and food purposes for millennia. In the present study the objectives were to quantify and compare the proximal composition, phytochemical contents, in vitro antioxidant capacity and individual phenolic compounds in B. alicastrum leaf, fruit peel, seed and seed coat. Patterns were recognized using canonical discriminant analysis. After freeze-drying, proximate analyses were done. Phenolic compounds in the leaf, fruit peel, seed and seed coat of B. alicastrum were identified by HPLC-UV. Leaf had the highest ash, lipid and protein contents, seed coat had high crude fiber content and seeds high carbohydrates content. The highest (33.13 %) and lowest (4.77 %) yields of extraction (compounds) were obtained from the fruit peels and seed coat, respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed abundant terpenes and tannins in leaf tissue, and abundant sterols in seed coat. Total phenolic content (TPC) was highest (P≤0.05) in seeds (19.74 mg gallic acid equivalent GAE/g) and total flavonoids content (TFC) was highest (P≤0.05) in leaves (16.62 mg quercetin equivalent QE/g). The highest DPPH antioxidant capacity was identified in seed coat and the highest reducing power (RP) in leaf and fruit peel. The HPLC analysis identified caffeic acid as the most abundant phenolic compound in leaves, gallic acid as the most abundant in seeds, chlorogenic acid in seed coat and 3-hydroxytyrosol in fruit peel. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effectively differentiated the samples by tissue. Proximal chemical composition and bioactive compounds contents differed between B. alicastrum tissues, but they all contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant potential, highlighting their potential applications in food and non-food systems. Key words: antioxidants; phytochemicals; plant-extracts; Ramón.