jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Brain Responses to Biological Relevance

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study examines whether orienting attention to biologically based social cues engages neural mechanisms distinct from those engaged by orienting to nonbiologically based nonsocial cues. Participants viewed a perceptually ambiguous stimulus presented centrally while performing a target detection task. By having participants alternate between viewing this stimulus as an eye in profile or an arrowhead, we were able to directly compare the neural mechanisms of attentional orienting to social and nonsocial cues while holding the physical stimulus constant. The functional magnetic resonance imaging results indicated that attentional orienting to both eye gaze and arrow cues engaged extensive dorsal and ventral fronto-parietal networks. Eye gaze cues, however, more vigorously engaged two regions in the ventral frontal cortex associated with attentional reorienting to salient or meaningful stimuli, as well as lateral occipital regions. An event-related potential study demonstrated that this enhanced occipital response was attributable to a higher-amplitude sensory gain effect for targets appearing at locations cued by eye gaze than for those cued by an arrowhead. These results endorse the hypothesis that differences in attention to social and nonsocial cues are quantitative rather than qualitative, running counter to current models that assume enhanced processing for social stimuli reflects the involvement of a unique network of brain regions. An intriguing implication of the present study is the possibility that our ability to orient volitionally and reflexively to socially irrelevant stimuli, including arrowheads, may have arisen as a useful by-product of a system that developed first, and foremost, to promote social orienting to stimuli that are biologically relevant.
Altmetric Analysis of Highly Cited Publications on Digital Library in Brazil and India: A Comparative Study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Library and Information Science, Altmetrics is one of the emerging metrics to capture the online attention of scholarly literature. The present paper is an attempt to do a correlation study of an altmetric score and citations received by the highly cited publications of Digital library in Brazil and India country during 1989-2017. The study reveals that India is the county which received altmetric attention as compared to Brazil. While doing Altmetric analysis, it was found that discipline wise, Librarians followed by PhD scholar are the maximum readers whereas subject-wise, Computer science professionals contribute the maximum readership followed by social science disciplines in India in the field of a digital library. So, it is the need of time to explore the area more so that altmetric would become one of the standard indicators to measure the research impact in a professional.
Security Analysis of UAV Communication Protocols: Solutions, Prospects, and Encounters

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Unmanned aircraft can be piloted independently or remotely by ground crews, and can save lives by putting people out of work in unsafe conditions. Typical UAV applications include monitoring and detection, collaborative search, detection, and tracking, consistent household monitoring, radio tracking, and forest fire surveillance. Despite their enormous utility scope, research, and development of UAV technology have grown exponentially in the last decade. UAVs are typically remote-controlled, which in effect opens paths for cyber-attacks. Popular methods for attacks, minor findings, and related vulnerabilities are discussed in this chapter. Drones are an evolving type of modern IoT devices operating in the sky with complete network communication capabilities. Drones Internet is an infrastructure designed to provide organized access to controlled airspace for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also called drones. With continuing miniaturization of sensors and 168processors and omnipresent wireless networking, drones are seeking several different ways to enrich our lifestyle. Applications of drone technology is discussed here, from on-demand shipping to traffic and wildlife control, facilities monitoring, search, and rescue, agriculture, and cinematography.
Using Visual Research Methods to Unlock New Understandings of Student Success

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on a combination of visual and interview data from the national study of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer college student success to excavate new understandings of student success. Visual research methods have been employed within many academic disciplines; however, most higher education scholars have resisted adopting these types of qualitative research methods. Visual tools within higher education settings present scholars and practitioners with the opportunity to illuminate new understandings of often-studied social phenomena, such as college students and postsecondary institutions. Simply introducing a photo elicitation data point illustrated the messiness of student success and why different stakeholder groups need to incorporate student voices and imagery in their decision-making processes. The chapter presents student success as a multifaceted concept consisting of personal and social success in addition to academic success. Many study participants expressed success as a function of personal and social success.
Development of Realistic Stimuli for the Evaluation of Listening Effort using Auditory Evoked Potentials

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Purpose – Listeners often report difficulty perceiving speech in background noise, such as when listening in a restaurant. A common complaint of difficulty perceiving speech in noisy restaurants leads to the development of the present study, where audio recordings of connected discourse mixed with restaurant noise at different signal-to-noise ratios were made to determine the effect of restaurant noise on listening effort. Listening effort has previously been examined with psychophysiological measures, a dual-task paradigm, and qualitative measures using a variety of auditory stimuli ranging from simple tonal stimuli to complex speech stimuli, such as consonant-vowel syllables, words, and full sentences, but never in the context of a conversation. Real-life restaurant noise has also never been used in research study. The central goal is to develop realistic stimuli using real-life conversations that can potentially be used for an electrophysiologic study to determine the effect of background noise on listening effort. Three different conversations with each focusing on a particular topic (food, animals, and locations) were developed. Each conversation contains 25 high- and 25 low-probability target words. The incorporation of high- and low-probability target words in the connected discourse allows the exploration of the effect of predictability in conversations on psychophysiological recordings (P3 and N4). A framework of a potential study utilizing the realistic stimuli with a dual-task paradigm and measurement of auditory evoked potentials (P3 and N4) for the evaluation of the effect of background noise on listening effort is also proposed and pilot data applying this framework to one research subject is presented. The use of real-life conversations in varying restaurant noise for the evaluation of listening effort is a novel approach and has potential to inform clinical practice by providing an ecologically-valid means to assess the difficulties experienced in difficult, but realistic listening situations.
Automatic diatom identification including life cycle stages for quantitative analysis and water quality assessment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this dissertation, the automatic identi cation of diatoms is discussed including the morphological and structural variations during the di erent stages of their life cycle. The thesis covers the complete work ow from image acquisition to feature extraction and diatom identi cation. During the completion of this thesis, an automatic microscope prototype was developed with the aim to provide an a ordable solution for automatic diatom identi cation. Many di erent components such as motors on all axes, a digital camera and light lters were attached to a low-cost light microscope, so that, it is possible to capture images in di erent modalities (e.g. dark eld and oblique illumination). The motors and illumination are controlled through an open hardware board Arduino Mega. Finally, a powerful GPU based NVIDIA Jetson TX2 board was used to control the microscope and execute image processing and classi cation tasks e - ciently. The automatic identi cation method proposed in this work is composed of a segmentation stage followed by the extraction of morphometric and texture descriptors, such as log Gabor features, phase congruency features and elliptical Fourier Descriptors. Those features were used for a better characterization of the shape of the diatom and to detect texture morphological changes that occur during the diatom's life cycle. The proposed set of features was assessed on a dataset of 14 diatom species and more than 40 images per taxa. For this dataset di erent supervised and non-supervised classi ers were used for testing the performance of the selected features. Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering achieved the best classi cation results with 99.7% accuracy.
Agroterrorism: Options in Congress

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although U.S. intelligence agencies have not identified any terrorist acts targeting agricultural production (i.e., agroterrorism) in the United States to date, the events of September 11, 2001 have awakened the nation to their possibility. Some experts estimate that a single agroterrorist attack using a highly contagious livestock disease could cost between $10 billion and $30 billion to the U.S. economy. This report examines the potential threats to America’s agriculture from a deliberate biological attack, describes the current defense structure and capabilities available to respond to agroterrorism, and analyzes current congressional proposals to address the threat of biological weapons to U.S. agriculture.
Miniaturization of Biogas Upgrading Via High Pressure Water Scrubbing to Enhance Economic Competitiveness of Distributed Biomethane

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Biogas is an important clean and low carbon energy for rural area, which is confronted with the low heat value, pollutant emission during combustion. The pollutant absorbing technology was employed to develop the small scale portable biogas upgrading equipment to remove CO 2 , H 2 S and other impurities in this work. The scheme based on the high pressure water scrubbing technology (HPWS) were proposed including adsorption, flashing, stripping and water recovery. Aspen Plus were used to investigate the effect of adsorption pressure, number of plates, and flash pressure on CH 4 purification. The mole fraction of CH 4 in final stream increased to 95.6% and levelled off around 97% with the increasing of flash pressure and absorber pressure. The water consumption will decrease with the increase of the number of plates. When the number of plates is above 7, the reduction of water consumption will not be obvious. The principle equipment was developed and tested, indicating the high separation efficiency.
Sodium channel blockade unmasked Brugada electrocardiographic pattern in a patient with complete right bundle branch block and early repolarization in the lateral leads

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Key Clinical Message Early repolarization syndrome ( ERS ) and Brugada syndrome (BrS) share many electrocardiographic and clinical features, and recently have been collectively grouped as J wave syndrome. However, the effects of sodium channel blockers on the J waves differ greatly between ERS and BrS.
Advanced imaging for risk stratification of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a common inherited cardiac condition, which typically manifests as left ventricular hypertrophy. A small subset of patients with HCM have an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) from ventricular arrhythmias. Risk of SCD can be effectively reduced following implantation of implantable cardiac defibrillators (ICD), although this treatment carries a risk of complications such as inappropriate shocks. With this in mind, we turn to advances in cardiac imaging to guide risk stratification for SCD and to select the appropriate individual who may benefit from ICD implantation. In this review, we have taken the opportunity to briefly summarise the role of imaging in the diagnosis of HCM before focusing on how specific imaging features influence risk of SCD in patients with HCM.
From Asylum to Community: Mental Health Policy in Modern America

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This book represents another effort at chronicling the process of deinstitutionalization that began after World War II. UnlikeOut of Bedlamby Ann Braden Johnson (Basic Books, 1990), the text is neither cynical nor angry but, rather, matter-of-factly explains the role organized psychiatry and politics played in the process of moving patients from the asylum to the community. It is a well-documented historical perspective, drawing on organized psychiatric documents and governmental reports to describe what happened, rather than focusing on the external forces that shaped deinstitutionalization, as was done quite well inMadness in the Streetsby Rael Jean Isaac and Virginia C. Armat (Free Press, 1990). The book begins with the cogent observation that the Second World War taught psychiatry that environmental stressors could precipitate mental illness, and, by using psychotherapy along with environmental changes, neurotic and more extreme symptoms could be arrested. As a result, psychodynamic psychiatrists became
Real-time correlation functions from imaginary-time evolution

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The problem of calculating real-time correlation functions is formulated in terms of an imaginary-time partial differential equation. The latter is solved analytically for the perturbed harmonic oscillator and compared with the known exact result. The first order approximation for the short-time propagator is derived and used for numerical solution of the equation by a Monte Carlo integration. In general, the method provides a reformulation of the dynamic sign problem, and is applicable to any two-time correlation function including single-particle, density-density, current-current, spin-spin, and others. The prospects of extending the technique onto multi-dimensional problems are discussed.
Radiology of Ribs: Spectrum of Normal Variants and Pathological Conditions - A Pictorial Essay

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The ribs, as flat bones forming a crucial part of the chest wall, provide significant diagnostic insights through various imaging modalities.This pictorial essay aims to enumerate normal variants and pathologic conditions of the ribs, select appropriate imaging modalities, and describe distinguishing imaging features.Radiographic techniques such as chest X -ray, Multidetector CT with 3D reconstruction, and MRI, along with Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology or biopsy, are essential for diagnosis.The findings are categorized into normal variants, congenital conditions, metabolic conditions, primary and secondary neoplasms, and miscellaneous conditions.This comprehensive analysis underscores the importance of clinical history and symptom evaluation, cost -effective chest radiographs, and the role of supplementary cross -sectional imaging in diagnosing rib pathologies and distinguishing them from pulmonary diseases.
Leveraging self-determination theory to understand which preschool teachers benefit most from a professional development intervention

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Effective professional development (PD) interventions that promote high quality teacher-child interactions are important mechanisms to support social-emotional and cognitive development in early childhood. One PD intervention that has shown to be effective is MyTeachingPartner (MTP); however, previous research has suggested that both teacher and contextual factors may moderate the effectiveness of PD interventions like MTP. In the current study, we used a self-determination theoretical (SDT) framework to identify subgroups of teachers (N = 401) through latent class analysis based on the fulfillment of their three basic needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness. We found three latent classes of teachers: 1) Unconfident and Unsupported; 2) Unconfident but Supported; 3) Confident and Supported. We tested the effect of MTP, latent class membership, and the MTP by latent class interaction on the quality of teacher emotional and instructional support to identify which teachers benefitted most from the MTP intervention. While MTP benefitted teachers on emotional support similarly across classes, MTP was most effective for instructional support for teachers from the Confident and Supported class. As these were the only teachers who had all their basic needs met our results suggest teacher and contextual factors in concert are important in optimizing the effectiveness of PD.
An Oil Market Without OPEC!

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Oil prices rarely reflected those of a free market. The history of the oil industry documents several instances of monopoly and price fixing. In the last decade however, globalization and the ensuing economic policies raised the possibility that the oil market may finally be free from production and price controls. This paper will analyze the oil supply and demand patterns under scenarios of free market and will predict short and long-term price patterns under these conditions.
Caveolin-1 Expression and Cavin Stability Regulate Caveolae Dynamics in Adipocyte Lipid Store Fluctuation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Adipocytes specialized in the storage of energy as fat are among the most caveolae-enriched cell types. Loss of caveolae produces lipodystrophic diabetes in humans, which cannot be reversed by endothelial rescue of caveolin expression in mice, indicating major importance of adipocyte caveolae. However, how caveolae participate in fat cell functions is poorly understood. We investigated dynamic conditions of lipid store fluctuations and demonstrate reciprocal regulation of caveolae density and fat cell lipid droplet storage. We identified caveolin-1 expression as a crucial step in adipose cell lines and in mice to raise the density of caveolae, to increase adipocyte ability to accommodate larger lipid droplets, and to promote cell expansion by increased glucose utilization. In human subjects enrolled in a trial of 8 weeks of overfeeding to promote fattening, adipocyte expansion response correlated with initial caveolin-1 expression. Conversely, lipid mobilization in cultured adipocytes to induce lipid droplet shrinkage led to biphasic response of cavin-1 with ultimate loss of expression of cavin-1 and -3 and EHD2 by protein degradation, coincident with caveolae disassembly. We have identified the key steps in cavin/caveolin interplay regulating adipocyte caveolae dynamics. Our data establish that caveolae participate in a unique cell response connected to lipid store fluctuation, suggesting lipid-induced mechanotension in adipocytes.
Past and Present Hepatitis G Virus Infections in Areas Where Hepatitis C is Highly Endemic and Those Where It Is Not Endemic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT We reported previously on an area in Japan where over 30% of the inhabitants were positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody. In the present study, clinical features of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection in this area of high endemicity were compared to those in an area where HCV is not endemic. A total of 400 individuals were selected randomly from those who were medically screened for liver disease in 1993; 200 were from the high-endemicity area, and the other 200 were from the no-endemicity area. HGV RNA was measured by reverse transcription and PCR with primers in the 5′ noncoding region. Antibody to HGV envelope protein E2 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Prevalence of any HGV marker in the high-endemicity area (32%) was significantly ( P < 0.0001) higher than that in the no-endemicity area (6%); similar differences, 32% versus 3% ( P < 0.0001), had been observed for HCV markers (HCV RNA and HCV antibody). In areas of both high and no endemicity, HCV markers were significantly more prevalent in individuals with any HGV marker than in those without HGV markers, and age-specific prevalence of HGV markers was distributed similarly to that of any HCV marker. Among possible routes of HGV transmission that were analyzed, folk medicine was significant in the high-endemicity area, but blood transfusion was the major route in the no-endemicity area. The rate of accompanying viremia in HGV infection (15%) was significantly lower than that in HCV infection (78%) ( P < 0.0001). In conclusion, HGV infection was highly prevalent in the area of high HCV endemicity and was closely associated with HCV infection. HGV seemed to be transmitted via the practice of folk medicine as well as blood transfusion. HGV resulted in a chronic carrier state less frequently than did HCV.
An ultra-compact shortwave infrared hyperspectral imaging system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Physical Sciences Inc. has developed an ultra-compact shortwave infrared (SWIR) staring mode hyperspectral imaging (HSI) sensor with an additional visible full motion video (FMV) capability. The innovative HSI design implements a programmable micro-electromechanical system entrance slit that breaks the interdependence between vehicle speed, frame rate, and spatial resolution of conventional push-broom systems and enables staring-mode operation without cooperative motion of the host vehicle or aircraft. The FMV and HSI components fit within 1000 cm3, weigh a total of 2.1 lbs., and draw 15 W of power. The sensor mechanical design is compatible with gimbal-based deployment allowing for easy integration into ground vehicles or aircrafts. The FMV is capable of achieving NIRS-6 imagery over a 6°×6° field-of-view (FOV) at a 1500 ft. standoff. The SWIR HSI covers a spectral range of 900-1605 nm with a 15 nm spectral resolution, and interrogates a 5°×5° FOV per 1.6 s with a 2.18 mrad instantaneous FOV (1 m ground sample distance at 1500 ft.). A series of outdoor tests at standoffs up to 300 ft. have been conducted that demonstrate the payload's capability to acquire HSI information. The payload has direct utility towards diverse remote sensing applications such as vegetation monitoring, geological mapping, surveillance, etc. The data product utility is demonstrated through the spectral identification of materials (e.g. foam and cloth) placed in the sensor's FOV.