jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
FORECAST ON THE CASPIAN SEA LEVEL AND ITS EFFECTS ON THE COASTAL TERRITORY

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The aim is to assess the dynamics of the Caspian Sea and its impacts on coastal areas as well as to develop recommendations for economic activity in a highly unstable position of the coastline.Methods. Based on the analysis of scientific sources and our own data on the dynamics of the Caspian Sea, are discussed the possible causes of the unstable regime of the sea level and its impacts on the ecological system of the coastal areas.Results. One of the problems of the Caspian Sea is the problem of sea-level change and predicting such changes. The analysis shows that the level of the Caspian Sea will continue to experience long-term (including thirty-year and secular) fluctuations in the range of absolute marks minus 26 to minus 33 m, which is close to the shoreline as in 1977.Conclusions. We find it possible to prevent the negative effects of level fluctuations, preserve biodiversity and biological resources of the Caspian Sea on condition that during the economic activities in the zone off the coast we take into account possible changes in the natural conditions of the coastal zone at risk from -20 to -34 meters of true altitude, i.e. elevations within which the sea water level will fluctuate.
Single-Cell Transcriptome Profiling Reveals Intratumoral Heterogeneity in Human Chordomas

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: Chordoma is a rare and aggressive bone tumor with high recurrence. The intra-tumoral heterogeneity of chordomas is poorly understood, limiting the development of effective therapeutic strategies. Methods: Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed to delineate the transcriptomic landscape of chordomas. Six tumor samples of pathologically classical chordomas were obtained, and 33,737 cells that passed quality control were included in the analysis. Results: The main cellular populations identified with specific markers were: chordomas cells (6392, 47.6%), fibroblasts (6945, 20.6%), mononuclear phagocytes (4734, 14.0%), and T/NK cells (3944, 11.7%). Downstream analysis was performed according to each cellular population. There were six subclusters of chordomas, which exhibited properties of an epithelial-like extracellular matrix, and stem cells with immunosuppression. Although few immune checkpoint was detected on cytotoxic immune cells such as T and NK cells, there was strong immunosuppression exerted by Tregs and M2 macrophages. In addition, the cellular interactions indicated an enhanced TGF-β signaling pathway as the main mechanism for tumor progression, invasion, and immunosuppression in chordomas. Conclusion: Our study contribute to the clarification of intra-tumoral heterogeneity, and may pave the way to identify potential therapeutic targets in chordomas.
In vivo nanoparticle imaging of innate immune cells can serve as a marker of disease severity in a model of multiple sclerosis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Significance Multiple sclerosis is a devastating neurological condition that can affect the entire central nervous system. Innate immune cells mediate the underlying tissue damage, but visualizing these cellular culprits is currently not possible. Diagnosis and treatment monitoring are performed by MRI, but so far imaging markers are unspecific and based on secondary parameters (edema/gliosis; blood–brain barrier disruption). We used a nanoparticle-based approach to image brain-resident and infiltrating innate immune cells in inflammatory lesions. Nanoparticle uptake is specific for innate immune cells and correlates with clinical severity. Thus, targeting innate immunity by molecular imaging may serve as a direct marker of disease activity with the potential of clinical translation to a wide variety of inflammatory conditions for improved diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
A More Expedient Approach to the Synthesis of Anti-HIV-Active 2,3-Dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl Nucleosides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Starting with 1,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-α-D-arabinofuranose, a versatile method for the synthesis of 2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl nucleosides is described and illustrated with the synthesis of 9-(2, 3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)adenine and 1-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-threo-pentofuranosyl)cytosine. In this approach, the deoxygenation of the 3′-OH function is performed at the sugar stage of the synthesis prior to coupling with the purine or pyrimidine base.
Integration of Concentrated Solar Power CSP in the Oil & Gas Upstream Plants to Limit GHG Emissions and Fossil Fuel Dependence

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract An historic pact on Climate Change signed by 195 countries during the last COP 21 in Paris 2015 established elements to deal with emission reductions and global temperature rise, which will take effect by 2020. Therefore, renewable energy sources are essential to reach these new targets, like the world area's abundant solar resources that can be developed in order to contribute partially to the fossil fuel reduction, increasing the energy efficiency of O&G plants and reducing the emissions level at the same time. Solar PV (photovoltaic) is the most widely used solar energy technology to date and secondly, CSP (Concentrated Solar Power). While PV converts sunlight directly into electricity by using panel arrays based on semiconductor materials, the CSP make use of mirrors to concentrate the sun's energy and produce steam that can be used in the oil and gas industry in different ways: To drive steam turbines and produce the electrical power to supplement the oil and gas facilities demand.For thermal technologies in enhanced oil recovery systems or generally for plant process units steam use. All of the aforementioned CSP applications have the possibility to add thermal energy storage systems needed to overcome night time or for topping off during non-ideal solar conditions. Nowadays the photovoltaic cells have evolved technologically being very affordable with decreasing price trends and an increasing interest in standalone application at medium to large-scale capacity, nevertheless the CSP is shyly appearing in the oil and gas industry in specific geographical areas basing its attractiveness as a source of steam generation. The present paper refers to a case study of a combined-cycle power plant which benefits of the integration with a solar field (Integrated Solar Combined Cycle – ISCC) for oil and gas production facilities use sited in the North Africa region. This geographical area offers appropriate solar DNI (Direct Normal Irradiance) for CSP technologies. The selected configuration for this case, exploit the CSP heat in the same heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) of the combined cycle. Solar heat is integrated at the evaporation section, with an efficient heat exchange coming from the CSP system. In this study, it is presented a fuel saving configuration, in which constant power is produced. Therefore gas turbine electric load decreases up to 80% and the remaining electricity is produced in the steam cycle exploiting the heat coming from the solar field, which thermal load is decided as an overall compromise solution for the CSP field size. Results from the life cycle cost analysis showed that investment payback in order to be inside project operational life limits is largely driven from two market variables remaining a barrier: fuel gas price and CO2 shadow price; other limitation that might be an issue is water scarcity in the area for steam cycle or make up and also any permitting for connection to the grid unless the plant will be operated standalone.
Global Stabilization of Delayed Feedback Financial System Involved in Advertisement under Impulsive Disturbance

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Diffusion is an inevitable important factor in advertising dynamic systems. However, previous literature did not involve this important diffusion factor, and only involved the local stability of the advertising model. This paper develops a global stability criterion for the impulsive advertising dynamic model with a feedback term under the influence of diffusion. Since global stability requires the unique existence of equilibrium points, variational methods are employed to solve it in the infinite dimensional function space, and then a global stability criterion of the system is derived by way of the impulse inequality lemma and orthogonal decomposition of a class of Sobolev spaces. Numerical simulations verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Study on Paradigm and Its Normalization with Coexistence of XML Functional Dependence and Multivalues Dependence

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes the paradigm and the corresponding normalization algorithms with coexistence of eXtensible Markup Language (XML) functional dependence and XML values dependence. The concepts of redundancy and keys are firstly described in this paper, while the paradigm with coexistence of XML functional dependence and XML values dependence is defined later. Then, the non-redundancy judgment theorem is also also presented. Furthermore, the XML document tree normalization algorithm is introduced, while the capability to be terminated, validity, and computation complexity are analyzed and proved. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated by the experiments.
Dimensions in Appraising Fatigue in Relation to Performance

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Studies on the relation between fatigue and performance often fail to find a strong and direct link, implying that multiple factors may be involved. A literature search on the fatigue-performance relationship suggests that two different conceptual frameworks are employed concerning the appraisal of fatigue in relation to performance: an adaptation-oriented framework and an emotion-related framework. In this study we investigated whether adaptation-oriented appraisal and emotion-related appraisal exist as separate dimensions in a healthy population. A list of statements derived from these frameworks was presented to 127 healthy individuals. A principal component analysis revealed a six-factor solution and a three-factor solution of fatigue appraisal, closely related to the conceptual frameworks. These findings are in line with our impressions from the literature that fatigue can be ap- praised in an adaptation-oriented way and in an emotion-related way. In addition, we found a third factor: “so- cial rejection because of fatigue”. We investigated whether the different appraisal dimensions were related to general level of fatigue, anxiety and depression. Only emotion-related appraisal and general level of fatigue were related. Worrying and focusing on fatigue is apparently related to the experience of fatigue whereas attributing fatigue to the unrewarding properties of a task is not. Knowledge about the appraisal-dimensions underlying the fatigue-performance relationship may contribute to a better understanding of individual differences in fatigue effects on performance.
Echinococcus granulosusPrevalence in Dogs in Southwest Nigeria

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Echinococcosis is a public health parasitic disease that is cosmopolitan ( Echinococcus granulosus ) in its distribution. Domestic dogs ( Canis familiaris ) have been recognised as the definitive host of the parasite. The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of canine echinococcosis in Southwest Nigeria using direct enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect sera antigen. Two hundred and seventy-three (273) canine sera were tested for the presence of Echinococcus antigen. Purpose of keeping (hunting or companion), age (young or adult), and sex of each dog were considered during sampling. Total prevalence recorded was 12.45% (34/273). There was significant difference (P<0.05) between hunting (15.94%) and companion dogs (1.52%) but there was no significant difference (P>0.05) between young and adult dogs. There was no association between sex and prevalence of canine echinococcosis. The result of this study established the presence of canine echinococcosis in Southwest Nigeria; thus there is the possibility of occurrence of zoonotic form of the disease (human cystic hydatid diseases) in the region.
Effect of Acetosyringone and Media pH on Transformation of Cotton

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Using hypocotyl of Coker 312(Gossypium hirsutumL.) as the experimental material,this study investigated the effect of acetosyringone(AS) concentration and pH in the co-culture medium on the resistant calli-inducing rate,number of somatic embryos and transformation efficiency.The results showed that the transformation efficiency was significantly affected by acetosyringone(AS) concentration and pH in the co-culture.The optimized acetosyringone concentration was 100 μmol/L and the appropriate pH was 5.6,which can significantly improve the efficiency of genetic transformation in cotton.The rate of resistant calli was 72.96% and the harvesting proportion of Kan+ regenerated plants reached 8.96%.Regenerated plants were confirmed by PCR and about 52.07% regenerated plants were proven to be resistant.
PP140 Economic Evaluation Of Several Vaccination Strategies Against Rotavirus In Spain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction The Spanish Ministry of Health asked us about the efficiency of extending the current rotavirus vaccination strategy to all newborns. The current strategy is to vaccinate only to high-risk newborns (premature and those qualified as high-risk by a pediatrician). The objective of this research was to compare three strategies: no-vaccination, vaccination of high-risk newborns and universal vaccination, considering the two vaccines available in Spain: RotaTeq® and Rotarix®. Methods A cost-utility analysis, based on a de novo Markov model, was carried out both from a societal and a healthcare system perspective. The model follows a cohort of newborns during their life-course. The cycle length is annual and a half-cycle correction was applied. A discount rate of 3 percent was applied in the base case both to costs and utilities. Most of the incidence, probabilities and costs data were Spanish. The Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) data were taken from international literature. We assumed a willingness to pay threshold of EUR 25,000 per QALY gained. We performed deterministic one-way sensitivity analysis. Results Compared to no-vaccination, the high-risk vaccination strategy is cost-effective assuming the above- mentioned threshold only with Rotarix® from a societal perspective (RotaTeq® EUR 32,008 per QALY; Rotarix® EUR 23,368 per QALY). Universal vaccination is not cost-effective either compared to no-vaccination or compared to the high-risk vaccination strategy and with both perspectives. Vaccine prices and efficacy data are highly sensitive variables. We find that universal vaccination would be cost-effective with a discount of 44.6 and 36.9 percent of the current price of RotaTeq® and Rotarix®, respectively. Conclusions Universal vaccination would not be a cost-effective strategy for Spain with either of the two vaccines at current prices. Vaccination of high-risk newborns would be cost-effective at current prices and from a societal perspective only with Rotarix®. Substantial vaccines price reductions could make the universal vaccination a cost-effective option in Spain.
Investigating the "Wisdom of Crowds" at Scale

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In a variety of problem domains, it has been observed that the aggregate opinions of groups are often more accurate than those of the constituent individuals, a phenomenon that has been termed the "wisdom of the crowd." Yet, perhaps surprisingly, there is still little consensus on how generally the phenomenon holds, how best to aggregate crowd judgements, and how social influence affects estimates. We investigate these questions by taking a meta wisdom of crowds approach. With a distributed team of over 100 student researchers across 17 institutions in the United States and India, we develop a large-scale online experiment to systematically study the wisdom of crowds effect for 1,000 different tasks in 50 subject domains. These tasks involve various types of knowledge (e.g., explicit knowledge, tacit knowledge, and prediction), question formats (e.g., multiple choice and point estimation), and inputs (e.g., text, audio, and video). To examine the effect of social influence, participants are randomly assigned to one of three different experiment conditions in which they see varying degrees of information on the responses of others. In this ongoing project, we are now preparing to recruit participants via Amazon?s Mechanical Turk.
Role of Digital Technology and Artificial Intelligence for Monitoring Talent Strategies to Bridge the Skill Gap

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

At present, digital technology and Artificial intelligence plays a vital role for monitoring the talents and bridge the skill gap needed by various organizations. Take the situation extremely seriously. Employers are experiencing a global skills deficit, which might limit intelligent technology's economic advantages. Long after today's talent shortages have passed, digital developments will continue to alter the need for talents. Incremental improvements to our education and business learning systems will not be enough to achieve such high levels of achievement in such a short period of time. As a result of the challenge, company leaders must reconsider how they train their workforces, from anticipating the talents their firms will require to assisting people in learning and applying new skills throughout their careers. Investing in people is both responsible and cost effective for executives attempting to achieve growth in a highly competitive and quickly changing corporate environment. In this invited paper, the researchers here have trying to the level best to find out the root causes of Skill Gap why occurs and what the main causes behind it? How will it be filled for enhancing the potentiality of workforce of an organization? In this connection, various models have been taken for skill-based learning, tools and techniques for proper study and analysis of the relevant causes/factors behind it, which are inhibit the skill gap in various constraints of organizational growth and development.
ASSESSMENT OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL STATUS OF CHRONIC CATARRHAL GINGIVITIS IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEPATITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It has now been proven that periodontopathogens of dental plaque are the etiological factor of inflammatory lesions of the periodontium. Modern studies show that A. actinomycetemcomitans plays a significant role in the development of rapidly progressive periodontitis, the content of this microorganism directly correlates with the size of the periodontal pocket and the severity of inflammatory and destructive changes in the periodontium. However, a number of authors express doubts about the etiological role of these bacteria in the development of inflammatory periodontal diseases. The interpretation of the results of the microbiological study of the materials was carried out taking into account the differential signs formed during the growth of colonies, characteristic of each type of bacteria.
Effect of Polyamine on Grain Filling of Winter Wheat and Its Physiological Mechanism

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Grain filling in wheat is an important agronomic trait affecting grain weight.Polyamine is a plant growth regulator that is proved to participate in regulation of grain filling in rice and maize.In the present study,Zhoumai 18 and Xinong 538 were used to investigate the effect of polyamine on grain weight during filling process;besides,the photosynthetic characteristics,activities of antioxidant enzymes(SOD,POD,and CAT),malondialdehyde(MDA) content in flag leaves,and ethylene(ETH) content in grains were also measured for explaining the mechanism of such effect.The results showed that external spermidine(Spd) and spermine(Spm) significantly promoted grain filling,while external putrescine(Put) had no significant effect on grain filling.External Spm and Spd increased chlorophyll content,activities of antioxidant enzymes,and photosynthetic rate,but decreased MDA content in flag leaves and ETH level in grains.Therefore,we conclude that the effects on grain filling vary with polyamine species,and may relate to photosynthesis and senescence of leaves and ETH level of grains.
Distribution of attention and parallel saccade programming in antisaccades

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The aim of our study was to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of attention during the programming of pro- and antisaccades. The visual display consisted of a central fixation dot and six circularly arranged peripheral squares. In each trial one of the targets was briefly highlighted and participants were either instructed to shift their gaze to the cued square (prosaccade task) or to the diagonally opposed square (antisaccade task). At the end of the trial they reported the orientation of a visual probe that had appeared in one of the six squares and indicated whether they had made a correct saccade or a saccade in the wrong direction. In line with the results of previous studies, saccade latencies were longer and error rates were substantially higher in the antisaccade condition as compared to the prosaccade condition. The analysis of discrimination performance in the cue-saccade interval revealed that in the prosaccade condition attention was allocated exclusively to the saccade goal. In contrast, attention in the antisaccade condition was allocated both to the cued location and to the correct antisaccade goal. This was the case both before correct antisaccades and erroneous prosaccades and the amount of attention at the cue was predictive of the occurrence of errors. Interestingly, more than half of the erroneous prosaccades were not recognized. Unrecognized errors had smaller amplitudes and were corrected faster than recognized errors. In conclusion, our results indicate that the goal in the antisaccade task is selected through a competitive process between reflexive attention at the saccade cue and voluntary attention at the antisaccade goal. The occurrence of very short intersaccadic intervals between unrecognized erroneous prosaccades and corrective saccades provides evidence that these saccades were programmed in parallel. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2015
[A population health metric for France].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Population health metrics have been developed to help to determine public health priorities. Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) is an index used to express the number of years of good health lost due to a given disorder, based not only on mortality but also on the duration and sequelae. Based on the DALYs index, the leading health disorders in France, regardless of gender, are neuropsychiatric disorders (7.8%) and depression (11.8%).