jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution of road traffic crash fatalities in Karachi: Perspective from 2008-2012.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Road Traffic Crash (RTC) mortality and morbidity is one of the major public health problems in Karachi. In this study we used geographic information systems (GIS) to visualize and quantify the spatial distribution of RTC mortality and yearly trend from 2008 to 2012, for all 24 administrative subdivisions of Karachi, using Road Traffic Injury Research and Prevention Center's (RTIRPC) data. Cumulatively, 6040 deaths were recorded by RTIRPC, out of which we were able to map 4657 (77.1%) deaths based on location information available in the database. During the 5-year period, highest number of cumulative RTC fatalities were recorded for Kemari, Bin Qasim, and Gushan-e-Iqbal; while lowest were recorded in Malir, Orangi, Korangi Cantonment, and Karachi Cantonment. Use of GIS for studying spatial distribution of RTC would help craft better response to RTC in the city and design public policy.
Laughter: an empirical test of some reversal theory hypotheses

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Hypotheses derived from reversal theory on state‐specific responses to humorous material were tested by recruitment of 10 telic (serious minded) and 10 paratelic (playful) state‐dominant individuals from a larger sample of university students completing the Telic Dominance Scale. They were individually exposed to a comedy programme displayed on television in a psychophysiological laboratory. Polygraph record of respiration provided operational measurement of laughter. Subjects ratings were derived for felt and preferred level of arousal and for telidparatelic state in the laboratory situation. Results confirmed (1) that humorous material tends to induce the paratelic state, even in telic state‐dominant individuals, and (2) that frequency of laughter in the paratelic state is positively correlated with degree of felt arousal and with arousal preference, thus indicating a linear , rather than ditonic, relation of hedonic tone to felt arousal in this state.
Evaluation of in vitro activity of herbal formula Di Er You and herb Coptis against bacteria isolated from dogs with otitis externa

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract OBJECTIVE To determine the in vitro activity of the herbal formula Di Er You (DEY) and the single-herb Coptis against bacteria cultured from dogs with otitis externa ANIMALS 32 client-owned dogs diagnosed with otitis externa. METHODS A sample of otic debris from each patient was collected and plated onto a fresh Sheep’s Blood Agar plate in the hospital. After bacterial growth was confirmed, 4 wells were created, numbered randomly, and treated with saline (placebo), DEY, Coptis, and Zymox Otic Enzymatic Solution with 1% Hydrocortisone (Zymox). After 24 hours of incubation, the diameter of the zone of inhibition (dZOI) of each treatment was measured and recorded, and compared among treatments. A sample of the bacterial colonies grown was submitted to an outside lab for bacterial identification. RESULTS The mean ± SD dZOI values for saline, DEY, Coptis, and Zymox treated wells were 0.25 ± 1.41, 12.47 ± 3.92, 14.25 ± 7.12, and 3.22 ± 5.12, respectively. Post hoc multiple comparisons test revealed that (1) saline-treated wells had significantly smaller dZOI values than the other 3 groups (all P < .001), (2) Zymox treated wells had significantly smaller dZOI values than either herbal treated groups (both P < .001), and (3) DEY treated wells had significantly smaller dZOI values than those treated with Coptis ( P = .0042). CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results from this in vitro study suggested that both DEY and Coptis could be effective treatments in inhibiting the growth of bacteria in dogs with otitis externa. Prospective randomized controlled clinical trials are warranted to confirm these findings.
Revisiting the connection between state Medicaid expansions and adult mortality

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper examines the impact of Medicaid expansions to parents and childless adults on adult mortality. Specifically, we evaluate the long‐run effects of eight state Medicaid expansions from 1994 through 2005 on all‐cause, healthcare‐amenable, non‐healthcare‐amenable, and HIV‐related mortality rates using state‐level data. We utilize the synthetic control method to estimate effects for each treated state separately and the generalized synthetic control method to estimate average effects across all treated states. Using a 5% significance level, we find no evidence that Medicaid expansions affect any of the outcomes in any of the treated states or all of them combined. Moreover, there is no clear pattern in the signs of the estimated treatment effects. These findings imply that evidence that pre‐ACA Medicaid expansions to adults saved lives is not as clear as previously suggested.
Evaluation of the Therapeutic Potential of a HER3-Binding\nAffibody Construct TAM-HER3 in Comparison with a Monoclonal Antibody,\nSeribantumab

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Human epidermal growth factor receptor\ntype 3 (HER3) is recognized\nto be involved in resistance to HER-targeting therapies. A number\nof HER3-targeting monoclonal antibodies are under clinical investigation\nas potential cancer therapeutics. Smaller high-affinity scaffold proteins\nare attractive non-Fc containing alternatives to antibodies. A previous\nstudy indicated that anti-HER3 affibody molecules could delay the\ngrowth of xenografted HER3-positive tumors. Here, we designed a second-generation\nHER3-targeting construct (TAM-HER3), containing two HER3-specific\naffibody molecules bridged by an albumin-binding domain (ABD) for\nextension of blood circulation. Receptor blocking activity was demonstrated <i>in vitro</i>. In mice bearing BxPC-3 xenografts, the therapeutic\nefficacy of TAM-HER3 was compared to the HER3-specific monoclonal\nantibody seribantumab (MM-121). TAM-HER3 inhibited heregulin-induced\nphosphorylation in a panel of HER3-expressing cancer cells and was\nfound to be equally as potent as seribantumab in terms of therapeutic\nefficacy <i>in vivo</i> and with a similar safety profile.\nMedian survival times were 60 days for TAM-HER3, 54 days for seribantumab,\nand 41 days for the control group. No pathological changes were observed\nin cytopathological examination. The multimeric HER3-binding affibody\nmolecule in fusion to ABD seems promising for further evaluation as\ncandidate therapeutics for treatment of HER3-overexpressing tumors.
Human Rights Education in South Africa: Ideological Shifts and Curricular Reforms

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Using a mixed quantitative and qualitative analysis of 42 South African textbooks from the postapartheid era, we seek to understand how global human rights discourses manifest in South African textbooks across different subjects and whether these discourses may have changed over time. By employing a two-dimensional framework that examines the vertical flow of human rights knowledge from global to local, as well as the horizontal pedagogical application of this knowledge in textbooks, we offer a novel way of analyzing human rights education (HRE). We find that certain subjects are more likely to contain human rights language: life orientation books exhibit the highest proportion of human rights mentions, followed by social studies books, with history having the lowest proportion of mentions. In our qualitative content analysis of our sample of 16 textbooks, we find that the books generally focus on human rights discourse within a global and national context, using various pedagogical frameworks. As one of the most progressive constitutional democracies in the world, South Africa offers important lessons for transitional countries grappling with HRE and curriculum reform in the context of historical injustices.
METALLOTHIONEIN GENE EXPRESSION IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TISSUES OF THE MALE WISTAR RAT: EFFECTS OF TREATMENT WITH METALS OR GLUCOCORTICOIDS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The male reproductive tissues appear to be particularly sensitive to the toxic metal cadmium. The basis of this sensitivity may involve the expression of the metallothionein (MT) gene. This series of experiments sought to define the expression of the MT gene in the major lobes of the rat prostate (dorsolateral and ventral) and in the testes under both normal circumstances and after exposure to agents that are known to upregulate hepatic MT gene expression, such as zinc, cadmium, and glucocorticoids. The hepatic MT system was selected because it has a well-defined activity and responsiveness to including stimuli, while dexamethasone was selected as the glucocorticoid because it has been shown to induce MT both in vitro and in vivo. Male Wistar rats were treated with cadmium (2.5, 20, and 40 umol/kg, sc), zinc (2 mmol/kg, sc), or dexamethasone (0.2, 2, or 20 umol/kg, sc) as a single dose. Controls received saline. Rats were sacrificed 24 h after exposure, and a single liver (~250 mg) sample, both testes, and the entire ventral or dorsolateral lobes of the prostate were removed and quick frozen in liquid nitrogen. RNA was then extracted, blotted, and probed for MT-I gene expression using a 32P-labeled cDNA probe specific for the rat MT-I gene. Blots were quantified by densitometry. The dorsolateral lobe of the prostate had very high basal levels of MT mRNA, much higher than ventral prostate (15.3-fold), liver (15.1-fold), or testes (4.6-fold). Cadmium treatment markedly increased the expression of the MT gene in the liver but had little, if any, effect on the gene in the testes or in the ventral or dorsolateral prostate. Dexamethasone treatment also increased the expression of the MT gene in the liver but had no effect on the expression in the testes or dorsolateral prostate. In the ventral prostate the glucocorticoid stimulated MT gene expression minimally, if at all. Zinc had a marked effect on MT gene expression in the liver, increasing it 4.2-fold over control levels, but expression in the ventral prostate was not modified. Small increases in expression occurred with zinc exposure in the dorsolateral prostate where levels of MT gene expression increased 1.7-fold, which was one of the quantitatively larger increases detected in this study given the high basal expression in ths tissue. The results of the present study indicate wide variability in basal or induced expression of the MT gene in various tissues of the Wistar rat.
Model to increase motivation and learning outcomes in learning history

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Value clarification technique (VCT) and teaching and contextual learning (CTL) are learning models that are rarely compared in history learning. Hence, the purpose of this study was to find: i) The differences in student learning outcomes using the VCT model and the CTL learning model; ii) Differences in student learning outcomes between the use of the VCT learning model and CTL learning model for students who have high learning motivation; iii) Differences in learning outcomes between the use of VCT and CTL learning models for students who have low learning motivation; and iv) The interaction effect between the use of learning models and students' learning motivation on learning outcomes. This study employed a quasi-experimental quantitative approach with a 2×2 factorial design. The data analysis technique used a two-way analysis of variance at a significance level (α) of 0.05. The population in this study was all students of class X of social science (IPS). The study's research showed that: i) There were significant differences in learning outcomes between students who used the VCT and CTL learning models; ii) There were differences in learning outcomes between the used of the VCT and CTL learning models for students who have high learning motivation; iii) There were differences in learning outcomes between the used of the VCT and CTL learning models for students who have low learning motivation; and iv) The used of the VCT and CTL learning models for students with high learning motivation was associated with better learning outcomes.
Relationship between Development of Nephrotoxicity and Blood Concentration of Cyclosporine A in Bone-Marrow Transplanted Recipients Who Received the Continuous Intravenous Infusion

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study was undertaken to investigate the relationship between blood concentration of cyclosporine A (CsA), administered intravenously by a 24-h continuous infusion, and drug-induced nephrotoxicity or hepatotoxicity. It was investigated retrospectively in 8 patients who had received an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT). The correlation between daily doses and blood concentration of CsA was not significant. Then, the data of blood concentration of CsA and renal or liver function test result were divided into 5-d periods from the date of transplantation, and the mean value for each period was calculated. The maximum values of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (SCr) were consistently observed only after the period when the 5-d mean CsA concentration reached the peak level: the maximum BUN and SCr values were witnessed at Periods 2 to 10 and at Periods 1 to 9, respectively. On the other hand, no consistent correlation was found between the 5-d mean CsA concentrations and liver function test result. We also investigated the relationship between renal function and the cumulative dose or AUC of CsA. The parameters of renal function tests reached peak levels at the cumulative dose of 4000 to 10000 mg and at the cumulative AUC of 280000 to 660000 ng/ml.h. These results suggest that: 1) a deterioration of renal function occurs usually after the peak blood concentration of CsA is attained, and 2) the monitoring of the blood concentration of CsA is useful in predicting renal dysfunction in post-BMT patients.
REPRESENTATION OF MASCULINITY AND FEMININITY THROUGH GENDER STEREOTYPES (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The categories of femininity and masculinity, studied from the perspective of gender stereotypes, are opposed to each other in qualitative and quantitative terms. According to the results of the study, the following patterns were revealed: gender stereotypes reflect the patriarchal way of Vietnamese society, indicate the presence of gender asymmetry (femininity is represented in the Vietnamese language more widely compared to the category of masculinity), fix gender discrimination against women, whose image is often negatively labeled. Key words: masculinity, femininity, gender stereotype, Vietnamese language, phraseological units, paroemias
Social Music Curation That Works

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Social interactions, such as sharing songs and listening together, are fundamental to the experience of music. Yet our understanding of these interactions and how they influence social dynamics with today's streaming platforms is lacking. To better understand successful instances of social music practice, we conducted a two-part study to investigate real-world usage of collaborative playlists (CPs). Using an exploratory survey, we queried CP users on characteristics---Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How---and practices around favorite CPs, which serve as concrete examples of successful social music curation on streaming platforms. We found these playlists to vary in group sizes, purposes, listening contexts, engagement behaviors, and content attributes. We also observed significant cross-category interactions; for one, group size led to differences in perceived roles and frequency of actions within users' favorite CPs. Subsequent interviews confirmed favorite CPs as being exemplary of success, and users further elucidated factors that engender and hinder CP success. Together, our results underscore the importance of social motivations for engaging in CPs and of building greater understanding around these experiences. To these point we derived six design implications to inform development of CP platforms and online music platforms at large.
Malt Barley Value Chain in Arsi and West Arsi highlands of Ethiopia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The study was undertaken in four districts of Arsi and West Arsi zones where malt barley is highly produced. Different participatory rural appraisal approaches were employed to conduct the study. The findings indicated that land allotted for malt barley production has been increased in the study areas since 2010, scarcity was noticed due to constraints related to quality and existence of malt barley competing outlets. Malt barley marketing is complex and dynamic where various actors are involved in its marketing. The marketing route changes over time depending on the demands at the terminal markets. Assela Malt Factory (AMF) plays a great role in determining malt barley price while producers are price takers. Among five major malt barley marketing channels only three of them are supplying to the factory. AMF accessed to 90% of malt barley from the channel via traders and the direct supply by farmers via cooperatives was not more than 10%. The channel via cooperatives which is strategic for both producers and the factory was serving below anticipated due to the financial constraints and management skill gaps of the cooperatives. Although a variety of constraints were existing at each identified nodes in the value chain, the major problems attributing to shortage of malt barley production within the country are inability to produce good quality malt barley because of poor field management, traders’ grain blending practice, weak linkage among farmers, cooperatives, AMF and absence of contract among farmers. Hence, improving input supply to enhance productivity and strengthening linkages among farmers, farmers’ cooperatives/unions and AMF are the major focus areas that call for policy interventions in the future.
Dealing with the Displaced Nipple–Areola Complex in Macromastia Using a Superomedial Pedicle and Inverted T Pattern

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: In macromastia, especially in patients with a raised BMI, the nipple areola complex (NAC) may be displaced from the breast midline/meridian. This is poorly documented, and there is little published on surgical management. The aim of the study was to identify the incidence of displaced NAC in macromastia and discuss the management using the superomedial pedicle, by canting the vertical limbs of the inverted T/keyhole. The study also aimed to postulate a theory of pathogenesis. Methods: The study is a retrospective review for a two-and-a-half year period. For study inclusion, the NAC had to be displaced 3 cm or more from the breast meridian. A superomedial pedicle was used with an inverted T pattern. The vertical limbs of the keyhole were canted medially for medially displaced NACs and laterally for laterally displaced NACs. Results: Fifteen patients were identified: three with medial and 12 with laterally displaced NAC. Mean age was 35 years (range 21–61) with a mean BMI of 31 (range 27–37). The mean mass of tissue excised was 1158 g (range 330–1969 g). The mean follow up is 7 months (range 2–21 months). One patient suffered partial areola loss, and 2 patients had a breakdown at the angle of sorrow/inverted T junction. Conclusions: The displaced NAC is not uncommon in women with a raised BMI presenting for breast reduction. Canting the vertical limbs of the keyhole away from the deviated NAC yields satisfactory results in treating patients with a displaced NAC using a superomedial pedicle. A theory of possible pathogenesis is postulated; global attenuation of the breast footplate occurs, leading to lateral and inferior displacement of the NAC.
Term database for nursing practice in the context of coronavirus (COVID-19) infections

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Objective: to build a term database relevant to nursing practice in the context of COVID-19 infections. Methods: this is a methodological, documentary study, carried out from March to June 2020 at ICNP®/ Universidade Federal da Paraíba center, considered a reference for research and dissemination of ICNP® in Brazil. The findings were collected in databases and analyzed using the PorOnto tool, the consensus technique and the mapping of terms with ICNP®, version 2019/2020. Results: 1,134 relevant terms were identified in literature. When submitted to the mapping technique with the terms of ICNP® Seven Axis Model, it resulted in 531 constant terms and 603 nonconstant terms in this classification. Final considerations: It is proven that nursing practice terms, even in a specific context, are present in the literature and are representative in ICNP®, which will enable the future development of a terminological subset in the context of coronavirus infections.
Understanding youth circumstances in workforce development programs: Opportunities for social work

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Summary Youth who are disconnected from both education and work are at risk for a difficult life trajectory. This population requires policy and practice attention from social work. In this article, we report results from two research studies in the United States focused on the workforce development system serving the disconnected youth population. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 61 respondents in various geographic areas. Findings The focus of the analysis was data related to youth strengths and employment-related realities. Additionally, we examined the extent to which social work was reportedly engaged in this work. Respondents identified strengths of the youth population to include resilience, creativity, and willingness to contribute their perspectives. The described realities of employment suggest many challenges (e.g., employer reluctance, limited information on opportunities, and immediate economic realities). Social work was only mentioned in a few instances but in a positive light. Applications The findings have direct application for guiding further social work engagement in this practice and policy area. These applications include providing leadership to workforce development systems in the use of strengths perspectives, meeting youth where they are at, engaging in holistic interventions to address basic needs, and strengthening collaborations. Applications to social work research and education are also identified.
Habit Reversal Treatment of Repetitive Hand Writing in a 7-Year-Old Child with a Learning Disability

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Habit reversal (HR) is a cognitive—behavioral treatment for tic disorders, Tourette syndrome, stereotypic movements, and habit disorders. This case study utilizes aspects of habit reversal, including awareness training, self-monitoring, and competing response training, as an intervention for obsessive—compulsive repetitive air handwriting in a 7-year-old girl with a significant learning disability. Therapy is provided on an outpatient basis in a private practice setting. Analysis of in-home, at-school, and in-session data collected by the parents, teacher, and therapist show decreased frequency in repetitive handwriting. Supplemental and cojoint administration of antianxiety medication extinguishes all obsessive handwriting within a 6-month period. These results support previous research demonstrating the efficacy of cojoint cognitive—behavioral and medication treatment of acute obsessive—compulsive symptomatology in children.
An Associate Faculty Program Incorporates Community Resources

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsDon K. DellerDon Deller is Principal, and Jack Wright a Counselor at the Westchester Middle School in Chesterton. Don is also President of the Indiana Middle School Association.Jack E. WrightDon Deller is Principal, and Jack Wright a Counselor at the Westchester Middle School in Chesterton. Don is also President of the Indiana Middle School Association.