jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Prognosis of Lacunar Stroke Patients in Association with Leukoaraiosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

P152 Background: Leukoaraiosis (LA) is a frequent finding on CT scans of patients with vascular risk factors and cerebrovascular disease, particularly in those with lacunar stroke. Both conditions appear to be linked by a common pathophysiological mechanism, namely small vessel disease. Objective: To characterize the relationship between lacunar stroke and LA, and to correlate with the risk of recurrent lacunar stroke. Patients & Methods: Baseline CT scans of NASCET participants with stroke as the index event were assessed for the presence and severity of LA by two readers independently unaware of clinical data. Results: Four groups based on the type of index stroke and on the presence of LA were formed: a) no lacunar stroke & no LA (n=437), 2) non lacunar stroke & LA (n=153), c) lacunar stroke & no LA (n=365), d) lacunar stroke & LA (n=76). Baseline characteristics different among the groups were: age >65 years (53, 76, 56, 63% respectively p<0.001), hyperlipidemia (30, 20, 37, 29% respectively p=0.002), smoking (42, 28, 41, 45, 42% respectively p=0.02) and degree of carotid stenosis 50–99% (52, 44, 45, 34% respectively p=0.01). Patients with LA were 2.9 times more likely to have multiple lacunes on CT (p=0.001). The risk of lacunar stroke at 5 years increased across the four groups (5, 8, 10 and 11% respectively p=0.02), after adjusting for all baseline characteristics. Conclusions: The presence of leukoaraiosis in lacunar stroke patients is associated with higher number of lacunar infarcts and strongly predicts the likelihood of developing a subsequent lacunar stroke. Our findings support the hypothesis that both conditions are caused by the same pathological entity in this patient population.
Effects of Tin, Antimony, Arsenic and Tellurium on the High Temperature Oxidation of Carbon Steel

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The oxidation behaviours of carbon steels containing 0.01∼0.5%Sn, Sb, As and Te at 700°C in air were studied by using a thermo-balance, EPMA, X-ray diffraction and optical microscope. The results obtained are summarized as follows:(1) Small additions of Sn, Sb, As and Te considerably improve the oxidation resistance of carbon steel, their effects remaining unaltered with higher concentrations of the additives than a certain level. This is not due to the formation of a protective oxide film containing much of these elements.(2) These elements are enriched in the metal phase near the metal-oxide interface, as can be expected from the free energies of formation of their oxides.(3) The oxide scales formed consisted of layers of hematite, magnetite, wustite and wustite+fayalite, as is also found in the oxidation of a pure Fe-Si alloy. Sn, Sb, As and Te additions were found to change the nature of the innermost oxide layer, i.e. wustite+fayalite. Since the diffusion of the reacting atoms through this layer determines the overall oxidation rate, the protective effect of these elements can be explained to be brought about by the change of the nature of this layer.
Derivation of a benchmark for freshwater ionic strength

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Because increased ionic strength has caused deleterious ecological changes in freshwater streams, thresholds for effects are needed to inform resource-management decisions. In particular, effluents from surface coal mining raise the ionic strength of receiving streams. The authors developed an aquatic life benchmark for specific conductance as a measure of ionic strength that is expected to prevent the local extirpation of 95% of species from neutral to alkaline waters containing a mixture of dissolved ions in which the mass of SO 42− + HCO 3− ≥ Cl−. Extirpation concentrations of specific conductance were estimated from the presence and absence of benthic invertebrate genera from 2,210 stream samples in West Virginia. The extirpation concentration is the 95th percentile of the distribution of the probability of occurrence of a genus with respect to specific conductance. In a region with a background of 116 µS/cm, the 5th percentile of the species sensitivity distribution of extirpation concentrations for 163 genera is 300 µS/cm. Because the benchmark is not protective of all genera and protects against extirpation rather than reduction in abundance, this level may not fully protect sensitive species or higher-quality, exceptional waters. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:263–271. © 2012 SETAC
Research Statement

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

My research focuses on statistical approaches to natural language processing, especially machine translation. My research interests also include computational morphology and unsupervised machine learning for NLP tasks. My previous works fall into three broad categories: Improving synchronous context free grammar (SCFG)-based machine translation, using latent information to improve NLP tasks, and improving optimization in natural language processing. Contributions My contributions in machine translation extends to all stages of machine translation pipeline. Starting from tokenization [9], alignment [7], rule extraction [3] [5] [6], decoding [5], and all the way to parameter tuning [1] [2]. • SCFG-based machine translation Although SCFG with rich representation can be a powerful modeling tool for translation, decoding SCFG suffers from many practical issues such as managing complexity. I have worked with collaborators to make SCFG-based machine translation to be more efficient. I found that enforcing SCFG rules to always have source-side lexical items by modifying rule extraction improves translation accuracy [5]. In the same publication, I discuss several practical solutions that make SCFG decoding
Switch magnetic field device for energy efficient system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Diaphragm pumps have been driven by almost any kind of rotational motors. These types of rotational motors include electric, air or hydraulic, internal combustion such as gasoline or diesel. However these methods are not doing well to the environment and as for such, most people are going for clean and green energy. The purpose of this project is to find a way to substitute the motor with the switch magnetic field device using neodymium iron boron magnet. This is a better way to as it uses lesser energy to drive the system compared to using motor. As the world is going clean and green, we should cut down the amount of systems driven by motor and hence it will cut down the amount of fuel energy used. Therefore in this project, switched magnetic field technology is being discussed here and in this report, I am doing the continuation of previous FYP student on the parallel path magnetic technology.
, Ai-sheng Xiong, Fang Xu

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

As a crucial transcription factor family, heat-shock factors were mainly analyzed and characterized in tomato and Arabidopsis. In this study, we isolated two putative heat-shock factors OsHSF6 and OsHSF12 that interact specifically with heat-shock element (HSE) from Oryza sativa L by yeast one-hybrid method. The full-length cDNA of OsHSF6 and OsHSF12 have 1074bp and 920bp open reading frame (ORF), respectively. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that OsHSF6 was a class A heat shock factor (HSF) with all the conserved sequence elements characteristic of heat stress transcription factor, while OsHSF12 was a class B HSF with C-terminal domain (CTD) lacking of AHA motif. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the sequences and structures of two HSFs ’ DNA binding domain (DBD) had a high similarity with LpHSF24. The results of RT-PCR indicated OsHSF6 gene was expressed immediately after rice plants exposure to heat stress, and the transcription of OsHSF6 gene accumulated primarily in immature seeds, roots and leaves. However, we did not find the transcription of OsHSF12 gene in different organs and growth periods. Our results implied that OsHSF6 might be function as a HSF regulating early expression of stress genes in response to heat shock, and OsHSF12 might be act as a synergistic factor to regulate the expression of down-stream genes.
Combining scene and auto-calibration constraints

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a simple approach to combining scene and auto-calibration constraints for the calibration of cameras from single views and stereo pairs. Calibration constraints are provided by imaged scene structure, such as vanishing points of orthogonal directions, or rectified planes. In addition, constraints are available from the nature of the cameras and the motion between views. We formulate these constraints in terms of the geometry of the imaged absolute conic and its relationship to pole-polar pairs and the imaged circular points of planes. Three significant advantages result: first, constraints from scene features, camera characteristics and auto-calibration constraints provide linear equations in the elements of the image of the absolute conic. This means that constraints may easily be combined, and their solution is straightforward. Second, the degeneracies that occur when constraints are not independent may be easily identified. Lastly, the constraints from scene planes and image planes may be treated uniformly. Examples of various cases of constraint combination and degeneracy as well as computational techniques are presented.
The Primary Pitfalls on the Road to Understanding Consciousness

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Consciousness and the human mind have been pondered for centuries. Today the most fundamental, likely outlines of the explanation of consciousness are known, and from this landscape we are well-positioned to fill in the basket of specific theories that will include the correct one. However, many errors in thinking and assumptions have accumulated, and even gained fashion, that obscure our progress. It is time to eliminate these, which we do herein by enumerating the complementary true assertions. Following that we mention four principles for choosing direction for further work. We conclude with a framework for further progress.
Control practices of gastrointestinal nematodes and inbreeding of Ethiopian sheep managed in community-based breeding programs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Die Kontrolle gastrointestinaler Nematoden (GIN) und von Inzucht sind wichtig, um die Gesundheit und Produktivität von Schafen zu verbessern. Die Ziele dieser Arbeit waren, die Intensität der GIN-Infektion und deren Beziehung zur Anämie zu prüfen; das lokale Wissen zur Kontrolle von GIN zu untersuchen; die genomische Feinstruktur und die Inzuchtgrade von äthiopischen Schafen zu ermitteln, welche im Rahmen von community based breeding programs (CBBP) gehalten wurden. In den Regionen Bonga und Horro wurde die Anzahl von Nematoden-Eiern (fecal egg count –FEC) aus 1239 Kotproben ermittelt und ein Check von Anämie mit der FAMACHA Methode durchgeführt. Mit einer Analyse von Fragebögen Ergebnissen von Workshops zur partizipativen Epidemiologie wurde lokales Wissen zu GIN und deren Kontrolle untersucht. Mit genomischen Analysen von single nucleotide polymonphism (SNP) Genotypen von 175 Tieren wurden Inzuchtgrad und Populations-Feinstruktur untersucht. Zwischen FEC und FAMACHA konnte in der vorliegenden Studie kein signifikanter Zusammenhang ermittelt werden. FAMACHA kann in der Region nicht als Indikator für GIN-Belastung verwendet werden. Ethnoveterinäre Pflanzen wurden in Bonga häufig verwendet, während das Wissen darüber in Horro großteils verloren ging. Entwurmungsmittel wurden in CBBP sehr häufig verwendet, signifikant häufiger als in benachbarten Dörfern. Der durchschnittliche genomische Inzuchtkoeffizient lag zwischen 0.06 und 0.07, starke Inzucht war extrem selten. Analyses zur Feinstruktur der dörflichen Populationen zeigten keine genetische Substruktur. Zusammenfassend kann festgestellt werden, dass in den untersuchten Dörfern mit CBBP in Bonga und Horro die Frequenz von GIN niedrig, der Einsatz von Entwurmungsmitteln hoch sowie der Inzuchtgrad der untersuchten Schafe niedrig war. Es wird empfohlen, den Einsatz von Entwurmungsmitteln zu reduzieren und die Selektion gegen FEC als züchterisches Mittel in den untersuchten CBBP Dörfern zu implementieren.
Change Detection in Hyperspectral Images based on a Spatial-Spectral-Temporal Attention Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Most of the existing hyperspectral image change detection methods based on deep learning utilize convolutional neural networks (CNN), recurrent neural networks (RNN), and long-short-term memory (LSTM). However, CNNs primarily focus on extracting spatial information from hyperspectral images, thereby failing to fully utilize channel and temporal information. In this paper, we propose a network called STSTNet that can jointly extract spatial, spectral, and temporal feature information. To achieve a richer feature representation space, we employ a spatial attention module to extract spatial feature information from feature maps, and a spectral transformer encoder structure to extract abundant spectral sequence information. Specifically, we design two temporal information extraction structures after each spatial information extraction structure or spectral information extraction structure to capture correlations and interactions within the hyperspectral images. Extensive experiments have been conducted on three hyperspectral datasets, and the experimental results demonstrate the network's excellent performance.
SOCRATES: THE OPEN SYSTEM AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper summarises the SOCRATES (System Of Cellular RAdio for Traffic Efficiency and Safety) applications currently under evaluation together with the requirements they pose on the SOCRATES architecture. The architecture providing a common Mobile Data Network is described as well as the use of the Message Control Protocol. It is shown that SOCRATES provides a flexible and open structure for RTI and other mobile applications. (A) For the covering abstract see IRRD 868006.
Evaluation of effectiveness of mass screening for tuberculosis infection in children from 1 to 7 years old in Moscow

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective: to evaluate effectiveness of mass screening for tuberculosis infection in children aged 1 to 7 years in different periods – before and after the use of tuberculosis recombinant allergen skin test (TRA) in primary health care as an additional diagnostic method. Subjects and Methods. The study was designed as continuous observational prospective-retrospective study. Two different periods were assessed: the first one was 2014-2016 when screening for tuberculosis infection was performed in all children from 1 to 17 years (inclusive) using Mantoux test with 2 TU PPD-L in pediatric primary health care, and then children suspected to have a positive reaction were referred to TB dispensary where they were examined with a skin test with TRA if necessary. The second period was from 2018 to 2020 when children of 1-7 years old were given Mantoux test and if tuberculosis infection was suspected, a skin test with TRA was done both in primary health care network and TB units. In the first 3 years, 1,864,137 children were examined and in the second 3 years, 2,078,800 children from 1 to 7 years old were examined. Results. Among children of 1-7 years old who were screened by two stages (initial Mantoux test, and then in those who had a positive reaction, the TRA test was used), only 10-12% of those referred to a phthisiologist were subject to dispensary follow-up. Thus, with the implementation of the new edict on screening for tuberculosis infection in children with two tests, this proportion has not changed compared to previous years, when screening was carried out only with one Mantoux test. The reason why almost 90% of the children who were referred to TB Dispensary were not subject to dispensary follow-up is the following: children who have had previous conversion of tuberculin tests, along with everyone else are again screened with Mantoux test despite being previously followed up by TB dispensary due to the primary infection. Recommendations: Currently, there is no division of Group VI into Subgroups A, B, C in the dispensary follow up grouping. Why should conversion of Mantoux test reaction from negative into positive not be considered an infection, and the increase in the reaction must be at least 6 mm. Since Order No. 124n of the Russian Ministry of Health allows testing with TRA in the primary health care in case of suspected infection, it is advisable to refer those who have already had this test to a phthisiologist. A child with conversion of Mantoux test should not be re-screened with Mantoux test but the TRA test should be used. If a positive reaction to the TRA test occurs for the first time, it should be considered as conversion of this test, and in this case the child should be examined by computed tomography (CT), and preventive therapy should be prescribed. If in subsequent years the TRA reaction increases by at least 6 mm after previous preventive therapy, the child should be re-referred for CT to rule out the development of active tuberculosis.
Reading Belarus: The Evolving Semiosis of Belarusian Textiles

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper analyses the communicative features of traditional Belarusian textiles and embroidery, exploring their history and their use as cultural code from the earliest times to the present. Using cultural semiotic analysis, the article highlights the evolving statements textiles make in regard to contemporary Belarusian culture, with specific attention being paid to the use of textiles in the months surrounding the 2020 presidential election and its aftermath, as well as engaging current fashion design. This paper, combating ideas of Belarusian invisibility, brings to light how textiles are and continue to be symbols and visual expressions of Belarusian cultural identity, and will be useful to scholars and students in the fields of art history, Belarusian studies, cultural studies, semiotics, Slavistics, and textile, costume and fashion studies.
The use of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) in the probing of the nanodielectric interface

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

EPR (sometimes annotated as ESR) has been carried out on functionalized nanoscale silica embedded in crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) in comparison with the base resin. In situ EPR measurements under an applied electric field have been carried out, and the technique is outlined. The preliminary measurements show that EPR can detect trap sites in the bulk and interfacial polymer. In addition, EPR can detect texture in the polymer due to its processing. At the same time, measurements to determine the dynamics and spatial distribution of the space charge have been carried out under similar conditions using the pulsed electro-acoustic analysis technique. The results are discussed in terms of the way in which the nanoparticles affect the local polymer environment.
Successful xenotransfusion in a domestic ferret with spontaneous hemoperitoneum using feline packed red blood cells

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To describe the diagnosis, management, and outcome of a ferret with spontaneous hemoperitoneum with surgical intervention and xenotransfusion of type A feline packed red blood cells (pRBCs). Case Summary A domestic ferret diagnosed with a spontaneous hemoperitoneum secondary to a hepatic mass received isotonic crystalloids, hypertonic saline, and an allogenic blood transfusion perioperatively. Postoperatively, the ferret developed progressive anemia and tachycardia refractory to fluid therapy and, given a lack of additional allogenic blood sources, received a xenotransfusion of feline pRBCs. The ferret was hospitalized for 4 days postoperatively and developed a presumed delayed transfusion reaction characterized by transient hyperbilirubinemia. At a 6‐month recheck, the ferret was doing well clinically. New or Unique Information Provided This is the first reported case of successful xenotransfusion of feline pRBCs in a ferret. Although xenotransfusion of ferrets with feline blood products is not recommended as a routine procedure, it remains a viable option in critical situations in which ferret blood is unavailable.
Humic substances elemental composition of selected taiga and tundra soils from Russian European North-East

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Soils of Russian European North were investigated in terms of stability and quality of organic matter as well as in terms of soils organic matter elemental composi­tion. Therefore, soil humic acids (HAs), extracted from soils of different natural zones of Russian North-East were studied to characterize the degree of soil organic matter stabilization along a zonal gradient. HAs were extracted from soil of different zonal environments of the Komi Republic: south, middle and north taiga as well as south tundra. Data on elemental composition of humic acids and fulvic acids (FAs) extracted from different soil types were obtained to assess humus formation mechanisms in the soils of taiga and tundra of the European North-East of Russia. The specificity of HAs elemental composition are discussed in relation to environmental conditions. The higher moisture degree of taiga soils results in the higher H/C ratio in humic substances. This reflects the reduced microbiologic activity in Albeluvisols sods and subsequent conser­vation of carbohydrate and amino acid fragments in HAs. HAs of tundra soils, shows the H/C values decreasing within the depth of the soils, which reflects increasing of aromatic compounds in HA structure of mineral soil horizons. FAs were more oxidized and contains less carbon while compared with the HAs. Humic acids, extracted from soil of different polar and boreal environments differ in terms of elemental composition winch reflects the climatic and hydrological regimes of humification.
[Letter] What is the extent of repeat prescriptions for post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV after sexual exposure among men who have sex with men in the UK?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

People who repeatedly present for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for prevention of HIV following a high-risk sexual exposure are of concern according to the British HIV Association PEP guidelines. The aim of this audit was to determine the extent of repeat PEP prescriptions for men who have sex with men (MSM) by conducting a retrospective review of patient notes from a 5-year period at one genitourinary medicine clinic. Over the 5 years, 107 of 929 MSM (11.5%; 95% confidence interval: 9.45–13.55) received more than one PEP prescription (repeat range 1–8; mean = 3.3, s.d. = 1.44). Forty percent of these had received three or more PEP prescriptions. Seven of the 107 became HIV positive. Patients need to be offered and encouraged to take up behavioural risk reduction interventions at the time of each PEP prescription.