jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Predicting Crop Yield Productivity Using Machine Learning Algorithms: A Comparison of Linear and Non-linear Approaches

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Predicting crop yield productivity is crucial for farmers and the agricultural sector to gain insights into crop productivity and returns. With advancements in technology and artificial intelligence, predicting crop yield using machine learning algorithms has become an important innovation. This study aimed to predict crop yield productivity using various machine learning algorithms and techniques. The dataset was sourced from Kaggle, preprocessed, and analyzed using linear algorithms such as Linear Regression, LASSO, and Ridge, as well as non-linear algorithms including SVR, KNN Regressor, and Polynomial Regression. Mean Squared Error (MSE) was computed to evaluate algorithms performance. Comparing the efficacy of linear versus non-linear algorithms on the dataset revealed that non-linear algorithms outperformed linear ones, indicating that the dataset's non-linear nature. Therefore, non-linear machine learning algorithms like SVR, KNN Regressor, and Polynomial Regression were recommended for better accuracy. Among these, KNN Regressor performed the best with an MSE of 0.00025, followed by SVR and Polynomial Regression with MSE values of 0.00142 and 0.0024, respectively.
Automatic Evasion Seen from the Opposing Traffic -- An Investigation with the Vehicle in the Loop

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the field of active safety driver assistance systems, emergency steering interventions are subject to current research initiatives like UR:BAN. On the one hand, such systems can potentially prohibit accidents even if it is too late to brake to a standstill. On the other hand, such interventions with a lateral component introduce new challenges to controllability assessment. Countermeasures to avoid accidents in critical situations can not only be performed by the driver with the system on board, but also by other road users. Hence, a possible approach is the investigation of controllability aspects of emergency steering systems from the perspective of opposing traffic participants. To work out clear limitations for the functional design of these systems due to the accident avoiding capabilities of opposing drivers, relevant functional parameters and driving situations were identified and investigated with 48 naïve participants using the Vehicle in the Loop (VIL). The results show that the driving situation has an influence on the drivers' judgment and behavior. Drivers were able to avoid accidents with oncoming evading vehicles by steering and/or braking, if the time gap between the peak of the evasion trajectory and the drivers' vehicle was at least two seconds.
ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG RESISTANCE IN STRAINS OF Escherichia coli ISOLATED FROM FOOD SOURCES

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A variety of foods and environmental sources harbor bacteria that are resistant to one or more antimicrobial drugs used in medicine and agriculture. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli is of particular concern because it is the most common Gram-negative pathogen in humans. Hence this study was conducted to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of E. coli isolated from different types of food items collected randomly from twelve localities of Hyderabad, India. A total of 150 samples comprising; vegetable salad, raw egg-surface, raw chicken, unpasteurized milk, and raw meat were processed microbiologically to isolate E. coli and to study their antibiotic susceptibility pattern by the Kirby-Bauer method. The highest percentages of drug resistance in isolates of E. coli were detected from raw chicken (23.3%) followed by vegetable salad (20%), raw meat (13.3%), raw egg-surface (10%) and unpasteurized milk (6.7%). The overall incidence of drug resistant E. coli was 14.7%. A total of six (4%) Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL) producers were detected, two each from vegetable salads and raw chicken, and one each from raw egg-surface and raw meat. Multidrug resistant strains of E. coli are a matter of concern as resistance genes are easily transferable to other strains. Pathogen cycling through food is very common and might pose a potential health risk to the consumer. Therefore, in order to avoid this, good hygienic practices are necessary in the abattoirs to prevent contamination of cattle and poultry products with intestinal content as well as forbidding the use of untreated sewage in irrigating vegetables.
The role of phonetic and orthographic similarity in picture–word interference.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Picture-word interference refers to the fact that when a picture (i.e., line drawing) is presented with a word superimposed, picture-naming latency is longer than when the same picture is presented alone. This phe- nomenon, like the Stroop phenomenon, seems to be strongly influenced by the nature of the superimposed word. In the present paper the effects of phonetic and orthographic similarity between the word and the picture's name were investigated in order to get a clearer idea of the role these fac- tors play in the picture-naming process. Both orthographic and phonetic similarity were found to facilitate picture naming in comparison to an un- related word condition although not with respect to a picture alone condi- tion. Further, the data suggest that this facilitation is not an output phe- nomenon and, as such, can be separated from the response competition processes that lead to the basic interference effect. Instead, the locus of these effects appears to be the name-retrieval process with orthographic and phonetic information from the word aiding in the search for the picture's name. RESUME L'interference mot-image se rapporte au fait que lorsqu'une image (i.e., un dessin) est presentee avec un mot en surimpression, la latence d'i- dentification de I'image est plus longue que lorsque la meme image est presentee seule. Ce phenomene, comme celui de Stroop, semble etre for- tement influence par la nature du mot en surimpression. Les effets dus a la similitude phonetique et orthographiqu e existant entre le mot et le nom de I'image ont ete etudies dans le but de clarifier le role joue par ces facteurs dans le processus d'identification de I'image. Les similitudes orthogra- phiques et phonetiques facilitent toutes deux ('identification de I'image comparativement a la condition ou un mot non relie est utilise mais non par rapport a la situation ou I'image seule doit etre identifiee. De plus, les donnees suggerent que cette facilitation n'est pas liee a la sortie de I'infor- mation et peut, en ce sens, etre dissociee des processus de competition de la reponse qui conduisent a I'effet d'interference. Les effets trouves resi- deraient plutot dans le processus de recouvrement du mot dont la simili- tude orthographique et phonetique favorise la recherche du nom de I'image.
Consort diagram.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div><p>Objective</p><p>Hypoglycemia is a major concern in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but little is known about its likelihood compared across common therapies. We compared the likelihood of hypoglycemia among metformin-treated patients with T2DM randomized to the addition of one of 4 common therapies.</p><p>Research design & methods</p><p>Randomized, controlled trial of 5,047 participants with T2DM of <10 years’ duration, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 6.8–8.5% (50.8–69.4 mmol/mol). Randomization to addition of glargine U100, glimepiride, liraglutide, or sitagliptin over 5.0 ± 1.3 (mean ± SD) years. HbA1c was measured quarterly; if a level >7.5% (>58.5 mmol/mol) was confirmed, rescue glargine and/or aspart insulin was added. We conducted a per-protocol analysis of 4,830, who attended at least one post-baseline visit and took at least one dose of assigned study medication. We assessed severe hypoglycemia events reported throughout the entire study. At quarterly visits, all participants were asked about hypoglycemic symptoms within the last 30 days, and those in the glargine and glimepiride groups were asked for any measured glucose <70 mg/dL (3.9 mmol/L) within this time period.</p><p>Results</p><p>While participants were taking their assigned medications, severe hypoglycemia occurred in 10 (0.8%), 16 (1.3%), 6 (0.5%), and 4 (0.3%), (p<0.05) and hypoglycemic symptoms in 659 (54.2%), 833 (68.3%), 375 (32.4%), and 361 (29.1%) of participants following randomization to glargine, glimepiride, liraglutide, and sitagliptin, respectively (p<0.001).</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>In metformin-treated patients with T2DM who add a second medication, hypoglycemia is most likely with addition of glimepiride, less with glargine, and least likely with liraglutide and sitagliptin.</p><p>Trial registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT01794143" target="_blank">NCT01794143</a>.</p></div>
Understanding Contextual Factors in Regression Testing Techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The software regression testing techniques of test case reduction, selection, and prioritization are widely used and well-researched in software development. They allow for more efficient utilization of scarce testing resources in large projects, thereby increasing project quality at reduced costs. There are many data sources and techniques that have been researched, leaving software practitioners with no good way of choosing which data source or technique will be most appropriate for their project. This dissertation addresses this limitation. First, we introduce a conceptual framework for examining this area of research. Then, we perform a literature review to understand the current state of the art. Next, we performed a family of empirical studies to further investigate the thesis. Finally, we provide guidance to practitioners and researchers. In our first empirical study, we showed that advanced data mining techniques on an industrial product can improve the effectiveness of regression testing techniques. In our next study, we expanded on that research by learning a classification model. This research showed attributes such as complexity and historical failures were the most effective metrics due to a high occurrence of random test failures in the product studied. Finally, we applied the learning from the initial research and the systematic literature survey to develop novel regression testing techniques based on the attributes of an industrial product and showed these new techniques to be effective. These novel approaches included predicting performance faults from test data and customizing regression testing techniques based on usage telemetry. Further, we provide guidance to practitioners and researchers based on the findings from our empirical studies and the literature survey. This guidance will help practitioners and researchers more effectively employ and study regression testing techniques.
Chandipura Virus Forms Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies through Phase Separation and Proviral Association of Cellular Protein Kinase R and Stress Granule Protein TIA-1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Negative-strand RNA viruses form cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (IBs) representing virus replication foci through phase separation or biomolecular condensation of viral and cellular proteins, as a hallmark of their infection. Alternatively, mammalian cells form stalled mRNA containing antiviral stress granules (SGs), as a consequence of phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) through condensation of several RNA-binding proteins including TIA-1. Whether and how Chandipura virus (CHPV), an emerging human pathogen causing influenza-like illness, coma and death, forms IBs and evades antiviral SGs remain unknown. By confocal imaging on CHPV-infected Vero-E6 cells, we found that CHPV infection does not induce formation of distinct canonical SGs. Instead, CHPV proteins condense and co-localize together with SG proteins to form heterogeneous IBs, which ensued independent of the activation of eIF2α and eIF2α kinase, protein kinase R (PKR). Interestingly, siRNA-mediated depletion of PKR or TIA-1 significantly decreased viral transcription and virion production. Moreover, CHPV infection also caused condensation and recruitment of PKR to IBs. Compared to SGs, IBs exhibited significant rapidity in disassembly dynamics. Altogether, our study demonstrating that CHPV replication co-optimizes with SG proteins and revealing an unprecedented proviral role of TIA-1/PKR may have implications in understanding the mechanisms regulating CHPV-IB formation and designing antiviral therapeutics. Importance: CHPV is an emerging tropical pathogen reported to cause acute influenza-like illness and encephalitis in children with a very high mortality rate of ~70%. Lack of vaccines and an effective therapy against CHPV makes it a potent pathogen for causing an epidemic in tropical parts of globe. Given these forewarnings, it is of paramount importance that CHPV biology must be understood comprehensively. Targeting of host factors offers several advantages over targeting the viral components due to the generally higher mutation rate in the viral genome. In this study, we aimed at understanding the role of SGs forming cellular RNA-binding proteins in CHPV replication. Our study helps understand participation of cellular factors in CHPV replication and could help develop effective therapeutics against the virus.
Predicting Adolescent Drinking From Alcohol Expectancy Values: A Comparison of Additive, Interactive, and Nonlinear Models1

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Additive, interactive, and nonlinear models of alcohol expectancy values were compared using survey data from 1,758 high school students. Expectancies and values independently predicted drinking in the additive model. Expectancies were more important as predictors than were values, and negative expectancies were more important than positive expectancies. Significant expectancy‐value interactions also were found. Drinking was highest when positive consequences were believed to be likely and desirable and was lowest when negative consequences were believed to be likely and undesirable. Significant nonlinearities indicated that beliefs about negative consequences had greater effects at lower levels of likelihood and evaluation whereas beliefs about positive consequences had greater effects at higher levels of likelihood and evaluation. However, the interactive and nonlinear effects were small.
Correlation between digital quotient and human values of a student in the online education ecosystem

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Covid 19 resulted in schools being shut globally impacting more than a billion students. Education systems changed dramatically with a distinctive rise of e-learning. Teaching went remote on digital platforms and online methods of learning and teaching evolved. The models adopted were self-learning, assisted-learning and structured online classroom learning. The students who were in their formative years were challenged between Digital Quotient (DQ) and Universal Human Values while participating over online ecosystem of learning. The UCCCEEE framework of seven personality traits influencing digital quotient of an individual learner and Schwartz Universal Values Scale of 10 values was applied. Stratified random sampling technique was used to identify target 61 respondents in three leading metro cities in India from Class IX to XII. Two survey results for UCCCEEE assessment (Cronbach score 0.692) and for Schwartz Universal Values (0.723) were applied to Pearson’s coefficient. Seven personality traits and ten core human values were studied for correlation. Overall, the study indicates a close relationship and that student profiling of digital quotient can help educators in identifying approaches to enable students’ performance in online education.
Chapter 11. The Contribution of Trinidad and Tobago in the Development of the Regime of the Continental Shelf

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines the development of the Regime of the Continental Shelf from a historical perspective. It considers the beginning of the legal aspects of the Regime emanating from the 1942 Gulf of Paria Treaty. The chapter then assesses the development and contribution to the regime by Trinidad and Tobago, a country which recognizes that the commercial production of oil and gas is inevitably subject to laws and regulations, nationally and internationally, because of the value and effect this resource has on the economy of any oil producing country-more so where a very large percentage of oil and gas is extracted from its continental shelf. The Gulf of Paria Treaty signaled the intention that both Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela would cooperate in their exploration and exploitation of the mineral resources in the Gulf of Paria. Keywords:continental shelf; mineral resources; Paria Treaty; Tobago; Trinidad; Venezuela
Release of the Oxygen‐Evolving Complex Subunits from Photosystem II Membranes in Phosphorylation Condition under Light Stress

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract So far it is unclear whether the release of oxygen‐evolving complex (OEC) subunits including PsbO, PsbP, and PsbQ proteins is affected by the phosphorylation of photosystem II (PSII) membranes under light stress. In this work, different phosphorylated PSII membranes were obtained from spinach. Phosphorylation partially suppressed the release of PsbO, PsbP, and PsbQ proteins from PSII membranes under light stress. Reactive oxygen species including superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical, were involved in the release of a small part of PsbO protein, but not in the release of PsbP and PsbQ proteins in the non‐phosphorylated and phosphorylated PSII membranes. All of the results suggested that the release of PsbO, PsbP, and PsbQ proteins was partially regulated by phosphorylation in PSII membranes, and the role of reactive oxygen species in the release of OEC subunits in non‐phosphorylated PSII membranes was the same as in phosphorylated PSII membranes.
Israelite Identity and Personal Names from theBook of Judges

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to examine the personal names of various figures described in the book of Judges and to consider their relationship to the onomastics of Iron Age Palestine. In particular, the concern is to define whether or not the personal names exhibit similarities to others in the period of Iron I or whether they resemble names of individuals in later periods in terms of their elements and structure. It will be argued that, at least in some cases, there is a distinctive relationship to the onomastics of Iron I that is not attested in the inventory of names from later periods. Thus this allows for consideration of these names as providing a window into the identity of Israel and its neighbors in the Iron I period.
The Effects of Reynolds Number Variation on Measurement of Limb Flail Forces and Moments

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : The Air Force Medical Research Laboratory (AFAMRL) has used wind tunnels to conduct research on the problem of windblast protection since 1971. This research has been focused upon the measurement of aerodynamic forces acting on the human body during and after emergency egress from aircraft using volunteer human subjects, anthropomorphic dummies, and scale models. The use of scale models in the wind tunnel has potential problems associated with attempting to create dynamically similar airflow and thus aerodynamically similar forces. Dimensional analysis has shown that the force coefficient for a body of given orientation and shape is a function of the Reynolds number and Mach number provided that parameters such as surface roughness, stream turbulence, and the presence of other bodies in the vicinity are not neglected. Variations in Reynolds number might cause variations in the type and thickness of the airflow surrounding the crewmember/seat combination. This, in turn, can affect the upstream flow separation point in front of a bluff body such as the crewman/seat, and thereby affect the magnitude of the forces acting on various segments of the body. The influence of these factors must be known when using scale model data for full-scale applications. Therefore, AFAMRL conducted wind tunnel tests using 1/2-scale models to determine the effects of Reynolds number variation on aerodynamic forces acting on a crewmember during emergency escape or after inadvertent canopy loss.
Bathymetry, stratification, and internal seiche structure

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Internal seiches play a significant role in a broad range of physical, chemical, and biological processes in lakes. A detailed assessment of the impact of seiching requires an understanding of seiche structure, which is determined by bathymetry and stratification. In this study, internal seiche solutions are evaluated for arbitrary bathymetry and continuous stratification using a two‐dimensional numerical model. Formulated in terms of a stream function, the model produces a finite set of linear internal wave eigenmodes and allows the computation of the complete velocity field (over a grid) associated with each seiche mode. Several idealized configurations of continuous stratification and variable bathymetry are used to explore the effect of nonuniform systems on internal wave structure. In particular, we focus on bed velocity distribution and the resulting potential impact on scalar fluxes, sediment transport, and internal wave damping. Model results are also compared to thermistor chain data collected in the Upper Mystic Lake (UML, Winchester, Massachusetts). Using an idealized description of the UML bathymetry and density profiles which emulate the seasonal variation of stratification in the lake, the evolution of bed velocities during the autumnal breakdown in stratification is assessed, providing insight into the fate of the contaminants entering the lake.
Erupted and nonerupted compound odontoma in prosthodontic patients: Report of two cases

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The odontomas constitute most common benign odontogenic tumors of the jaws. Majority of odontomas are nonsymptomatic and are detected on routine radiographic examination. They represent up to 22% of all odontogenic tumors of the jaws. This lesion is composed of more than one type of odontogenic tissues and for this reason, it is also known a composite odontoma. In a 32-year-old male, well-defined small teeth like structure were noticed distal to maxillary second molars bilaterally which were confirmed radiologically and histopathologically as eruption odontome. In the second case, multiple miniature tooth-like structures of varying densities were observed pericoronally to the impacted canine on the X-ray, which was confirmed as compound histologically.