jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Atypical Extrapulmonary Presentations Of Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection Requiring Intensive Care

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The patterns and nature of a four-month epidemic of severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-associated disease were analyzed using presenting, demographic, clinical, and therapeutic data. Of 218 infants with RSV infection admitted to Rainbow Babies and Childrens Hospital, 49 (22.4%), most born prematurely, entered the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Fluorescent antibody and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay documented RSV infection. PICU patients underwent airway stabilization; 53.5% were intubated and evaluated for sepsis. Patients with positive bacterial cultures received antibiotics; 18% were given ribavirin. Patterns of infection included hypothermia, septic shock appearance, apnea, pneumonia, and wheezing due to bronchiolitis. The average age difference between patients with hypothermia (23.3 days) and those with pneumonia (11.2 months) was statistically significant. There were no significant differences in average age, gestational age at birth, number intubated, worst pH and PCO 2 , duration of intensive care, or treatment modalities between infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia who received ribavirin and those who did not.
FUTURE MEDICAL ACCELERATOR

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

K. Yasuoka, H. Kumada, T. Terunuma, T. Sakae, Proton Medical Research Center (PMRC), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan Abstract In the future radiation/particle therapy, the 3D-methods would be expanded into 4Dand 5D-methods to achieve precise biological dose focused on tumor cells and to spare normal cells as much as possible. No further technologies would be required to develop the next accelerator for radiation/particle therapy except for acceleratorand hospitalbased BNCT. The BNCT needs a “medical neutron accelerator” to produce high intensity epithermal neutrons.
In vivo study of the role of Tonicity-responsive Enhancer Binding Protein(TonEBP) and its modulation, on biochemical parameters in rats.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of tonicity-responsive Enhancer Binding Protein (TonEBP) modulation on biochemical parameters in a rat model. Hypertonicity is traumatic to the cells of all organisms. Cells survive in a hypertonic environment by increasing the transcription of genes whose products catalyze cellular accumulation of compatible osmolytes. Inhibition of this crucial protein and its transduction process can result in deleterious effects on physiology. Hypertonicity in animals was achieved by treating animals with lithium orally, which lead to a condition known as diabetes insipidus with marked hypertonicity. Doxorubicin was used as a tool for the inhibition of TonEBP and related transduction pathway following which the various tests were performed to see the deleterious effects in vivo. On analysis, mean arterial pressure did not change except in the group where doxorubicin was used for inhibiting the TonEBP in lithium treated rats. Aldose reductase enzyme activity, which is one of the markers of hypertonicity was found to be increased in rats treated with lithium. Groups receiving combination therapy showed a decrease in enzyme activity. Serum amino acids analysis revealed an increase in levels of taurine, glycine and serine in lithium treated group and decrease in the groups with combination therapy. In combination group of lithium and doxorubicin, serum creatinine was significantly higher. There were changes as well in the levels of blood electrolytes like sodium, chloride and potassium. Histopathological studies on the kidney showed only mild degeneration in the group treated with lithium along with doxorubicin. Lithium administration develops a hypertonic state, which is evident with the increase in the rate-limiting biosynthetic enzymes— aldose reductase (AR) for sorbitol and also causes overexpression of some amino acids, which are osmoprotective in nature. When the expression of TonEBP was inhibited with doxorubicin in a dose dependent manner it resulted in alterations in the biochemical parameters.
Development of A Method for Extraction of Plasmid DNA from Lactic Acid Bacteria

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective To develop a simple,rapid and safe method for extraction of plasmid DNA from lactic acid bacteria.MethodsDevelop a method for extraction of plasmid DNA from lactic acid bacteria by combining the method for extraction of plasmid DNA from E.coli and the method reported.Compare the electrophoretic profiles and restriction analysis results of plasmid DNAs extracted by various methods and optimize the lysozyme concentration to evaluate the feasibility of developed method.Results The electrophoretic profile and restriction analysis result of plasmid DNA extracted by the developed method showed no significant difference with those by the method reported.The optimal lysozyme concentration was 10 mg/ml.In addition,by the developed method,the usage toxic ethidium bromide was avoid,and both the dosage of lysozyme and volume of solution decreased.Conclusion The developed method may be used for the rapid extraction of plasmid DNA from lactic acid bacteria,which laid a foundation of molecular biological study on lactic acid bacteria.
Extraction of Parasagittal Meningioma Tumor using Skull Stripping Method and Multilevel Thresholding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Tumors are abnormal growth of tissues in the body, which can be benign or malignant. Meningioma is a type of tumor in the Brain that emerges from the layer of tissue known as meninges and surrounds the brain and the spine inside the skull. Parasagittal meningioma's appears along the superior sagittal sinus and are attached to the dura that run between the left and the right sides of the brain. Growth rates for parasagittal meningioma are slow and might take years before it gets detected. Due to its location and the possibility of injuring the sinus, surgery of parasagittal meningioma tumors are complicated and require early detection. In this paper we propose a simple algorithm to extract parasagittal meningioma tumor from magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scanned images using skull stripping and multilevel thresholding method. The use of machine learning techniques in diagnosing or analyzing biomedical issues are trending and rapidly growing due its ease, accuracy, cost effectiveness and less time requirement in detecting a disease from MRI or CT scanned images as well as other form of images gained from medical imaging technologies. The algorithm has been tested on 150 DICOM images and the result showed the accuracy of the algorithm and its efficiency in correctly detecting parasagittal meningioma tumors in the brain.
Butterfly: Resisting the harms of anti-trafficking policies and fostering peer-based organising in Canada

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Drawing on knowledge gleaned from over four years of community organising and from the ongoing compilation of the experiences of Asian and migrant sex workers in Canada, this article presents a case study of the work of Butterfly, a migrant sex worker-led and sex worker-focused organisation. It explores how Butterfly, through various mediums, has sought to challenge the discourses, laws, and policies that negatively impact Asian and migrant sex workers. It also highlights how the organisation, through its peer-based model and activities and its radical centring of the voices and experiences of Asian and migrant sex workers, is able to more effectively address their everyday realities and struggles. In this way, Butterfly offers a grassroots alternative to the often detrimental prohibitionist and anti-trafficking interventions undertaken by governments, law enforcement, and social service organisations.
Influence of mineral fertilizers on yield and qualitative indicators of winter wheat grain

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The article presents the results of a long-term research devoted to determining the effect of mineral fertilizers on yield and qualitative parameters of winter wheat grains of Grom and Tabor varieties, provided they are cultivated on the leached chernozems of Adygea. A considerably high profitability of both varieties was established on the basis of the experiment results.
Russian case inflection: Processing costs and benefits

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Mechanisms underlying the processing and storage of morphological case are still debatable in psycholinguistics. The key questions concern the nature of the special status of the nominative, the homogeneity\slash heterogeneity of oblique case forms, the impact of case syncretism and paradigmatic relations on nominal processing and the organization of the mental lexicon. We investigate these issues turning to Russian nominal processing. We performed two experiments with feminine and masculine nouns in different cases (experiment 1: nouns in singular, experiment 2: nouns in plural) using the visual lexical decision task. In this task, we measure the speed and accuracy with which the participant classifies sequences of letters as words or non-words. Evidence from both experiments indicates that differences in processing exist not only between the nominative and the other case forms, but also among the obliques. Experiment 1 points to the influence of wordform and exponent ambiguity, while experiment 2 reveals effects that are specific for case per se. We discuss the role of zero vs. overt phonological form, grammatical features, (non-)accidental homonymy, context, frequency, inflectional and relative entropy in case recognition.
Enhancing Secrecy in UAV RSMA Networks: Deep Unfolding Meets Deep Reinforcement Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we consider the maximization of the secrecy rate in multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) network. A joint beamforming, rate allocation, and UAV trajectory optimization problem is formulated which is nonconvex. Hence, the problem is transformed into a Markov decision problem and a novel multiagent deep reinforcement learning (DRL) framework is designed. The proposed framework (named DUN-DRL) combines deep unfolding to design beamforming and rate allocation, data-driven to design the UAV trajectory, and deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) for the learning procedure. The proposed DUN-DRL have shown great performance and outperformed other DRL-based methods in the literature.
Combined concurrent Physical and Chemical model for accelerated weathering damages of polyurethane-based coatings

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Paints and coatings undergo a variety of physical and chemical changes under environmental exposures. Accurate prediction of these changes is important for the applications of coatings. This work presents a novel approach to modeling accelerated weathering of coating by combining concurrent physical and chemical processes. The model integrates key factors influencing coating degradation and employs a multi-scale framework to capture macro-scale physical changes and micro-level chemical transformations. The chemical component/model simulates photo-degradation reactions using kinetic equations, while the physical component uses Monte Carlo simulations where repeated random events develop surface erosion. The surface topography and chemistry of coating is generated statistically through the physical model. The variations in surface topography and chemistry of coating are correlated with the chemical changes from the chemical model, resulting in estimation of both physical and chemical changes in the coating during real accelerated weathering time. Results demonstrate accurate predictions of chemistry changes, surface degradation profiles, roughness, gloss loss, and relative fracture toughness, which are validated successfully with the experimentally available data. This integrated approach provides insight into coating failure mechanisms, enabling accurate service life prediction, and serve as a tool for formulating durable coatings and optimizing testing protocols.
Tobacco in Ming-Qing Medical Culture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chinese physicians in the early seventeenth century recognized that tobacco could harm the body. Well into the early 1900s, numerous medical texts continued to list “smoke grass” (yancao) as a remedy that could be deployed against certain ailments, even though these same texts generally warned against excessive use. Smoking tobacco, an innovative therapy made familiar by way of analogy to other ingestibles, was adopted enthusiastically as a medicinal by Chinese physicians influenced by one particular strand of the medicine of systematic correspondences, namely the “warm and replenish” school. This current of thought was influential among many Jiangnan scholar-physicians in the late Ming period, but was far from hegemonic. Those working in other traditions, particularly those who followed the “nourish the yin” school, criticized the use of tobacco, regarding it as a potent substance which they believed to be totally detrimental to human health. From the vantage point of Chinese pharmacotherapy, tobacco had considerable toxicity.
PLEKHG3 enhances polarized cell migration by activating actin filaments at the cell front

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Polarized cell migration plays a pivotal role in the development and repair of tissues. PI3K, Rho GTPases, and actin filaments are known to be involved in a positive feedback loop that induces and maintains cell polarity. Here, we show that the pleckstrin homology and RhoGEF domain containing G3 (PLEKHG3) selectively binds to newly polymerized actin and that this interaction exerts a positive regulatory effect on PLEKHG3 activity that enhances and sustains the cell front. A lack of PLEKHG3 ablates cell polarity, resulting in a decrease in cell migration. These findings provide the missing link that explains how Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1) and actin polymerization are coupled by a positive feedback loop to ensure the stability of cell polarity.
Key Features of Data and Model Contributions towards ETIS-PILOT Notably Made in Recent ETIS Workshops

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract We specify a metamodel to classify contributions made to the construction of the ETIS by combining a 3-level representation of the transport system with the 4-step SPQR representation of data models and models of data defined by the Spotlights Thematic network in 2002. In effect, we first claim that it is useful to adopt a representation of the transport system that is more complex than simple Demand-Supply representations of other economic markets due to specific characteristics of transport markets. We state that these characteristics can only be properly expounded and classified if a three-level representation of transport system equilibria is adopted and the Performance level of transport systems added to the classical 19 th century two-level Supply-Demand structural clarification of previous single-level discussions of economic market outcomes. We claim also that, once this enriched structure is adopted, it is also useful to combine it with the formal SPQR pedigree code that breaks up into four steps the processes involved in establishing data models (ancestor and derived indicator variables) or in establishing models of data (models proper and derived model results). The resulting metamodel appears both necessary and sufficient to classify recent and, hopefully, also forthcoming contributions to the establishment of the ETIS.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Horizons for Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In spite of its high prevalence in clinical practice, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is considered a challenging and sometimes frustrating condition for patients and clinicians. This is due to the diagnostic uncertainty associated with IBS, the psychosocial comorbidity that is often associated and the lack of effective therapeutic options. While the search for biomarkers continues, diagnostic confidence can be increased by providing physicians with information and tools to help make a positive IBS diagnosis. Studies are needed to better elucidate the role of sensitivity to food components, including gluten in noncoeliac patients. Drug development is hampered by the heterogeneous nature of IBS and by zero tolerance for adverse events. A balanced view taking into account severity levels needs to be developed. Improved communication skills for physicians and patient educational tools may help management of the condition, as a complementary approach to pharmacotherapy.
Antidepressants and the risk of hyponatremia: a Danish register-based population study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To examine the association between classes of antidepressants and hyponatremia, and between specific antidepressants and hyponatremia. Design Retrospective register-based cohort study using nationwide registers from 1998 to 2012. Setting The North Denmark Region. Participants In total, 638 352 individuals were included. Primary and secondary outcome measures Plasma sodium was obtained from the LABKA database. The primary outcome was hyponatremia defined as plasma sodium (p-sodium) below 135 mmol/L and secondary outcome was severe hyponatremia defined as p-sodium below 130 mmol/L. The association between use of specific antidepressants and hyponatremia was analysed using multivariable Poisson regression models. Results An event of hyponatremia occurred in 72 509 individuals and 11.36% (n=6476) of these events happened during treatment with antidepressants. Incidence rate ratios and CIs for the association with hyponatremia in the first p-sodium measured after initiation of treatment were for citalopram 7.8 (CI 7.42 to 8.20); clomipramine 4.93 (CI 2.72 to 8.94); duloxetine 2.05 (CI 1.44 to 292); venlafaxine 2.90 (CI 2.43 to 3.46); mirtazapine 2.95 (CI 2.71 to 3.21); and mianserin 0.90 (CI 0.71 to 1.14). Conclusions All antidepressants except mianserin are associated with hyponatremia. The association is strongest with citalopram and lowest with duloxetine, venlafaxine and mirtazapine.
Effervescent-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplets for the determination of fungicides in vinegar and juice

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A method of effervescent-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of a floating organic droplet is reported. This approach was used to measure the fungicides myclobutanil, tebuconazole and epoxiconazole in vinegar and juice. Acidic vinegar and juice reacted with the carbonate to produce effervescence in situ, which then promoted contact of the sample with the extraction solvent. The 1-dodecanol extraction solvent helped solidify the floating organic droplets and could be fully dispersed by effervescence. The extraction solvent, salt, carbonate, and extraction time were optimised. The optimal conditions were 200 μL of 1-dodecanol, 100 mg of sodium chloride, 50 mg of sodium bicarbonate, and 30 s of extraction time. The proposed method has good linearity between 10 and 1000 ng mL−1. Recoveries were between 70.4% and 103.1% in different vinegar and juice samples. This method was successfully used to measure fungicides in vinegar and juice. This system is simple, fast and environmentally friendly.
Synthesis of Diastereomerically and Enantiomerically Pure 2,3-Disubstituted Tetrahydrofurans Using a Sulfoxonium Ylide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Nucleophilic substitution reactions of 2,3-epoxy alcohols, easily prepared via Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation chemistry, offer access to a wide variety of enantiomerically pure compounds. In this communication, we describe the use of a Payne rearrangement to control regioselectivity in the ring-opening of a series of 2,3-epoxy alcohols with dimethylsulfoxonium methylide to yield diastereomerically and/or enantiomerically pure disubstituted tetrahydrofuran rings. The factors influencing the success and substitution pattern of the THF ring products are discussed, including steric, electronic, and solvent effects.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Sulfation patterns of glycosaminoglycans encode molecular recognition and activity.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Although glycosaminoglycans contribute to diverse physiological processes, an understanding of their molecular mechanisms has been hampered by the inability to access homogeneous glycosaminoglycan structures. Here, we assembled well-defined chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides using a convergent, synthetic approach that permits installation of sulfate groups at precise positions along the carbohydrate backbone. Using these defined structures, we demonstrate that specific sulfation motifs function as molecular recognition elements for growth factors and modulate neuronal growth. These results provide both fundamental insights into the role of sulfation and direct evidence for a 'sulfation code' whereby glycosaminoglycans encode functional information in a sequence-specific manner analogous to that of DNA, RNA and proteins. PMID: 16878128 Funding information This work was supported by: NINDS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: R01 NS045061
Approximate chattering arc for minimum time flight

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the G-constrained approximate chattering arc for the minimum-time aerobraking maneuver of the shuttle-type space vehicle at constant altitude. Theoretically, in a chattering arc of the first kind, the control chatters between its maximum and minimum values at an infinite rate. As an example, for flight at constant altitude, the bank angle switches between its positive and negative maximum values at an infinite rate to generate maximum drag. The resulting flight path is along the arc of a large circle and is one-dimensional. There is a complete analytical solution for this theoretical chattering arc. For practical application, switching of the bank control at an infinite rate is not possible. In the approximate chattering arc, the bank control switches at a finite rate. The resulting flight path is two-dimensional and there is the penalty of a shorter longitudinal range. If we allow the vehicle to coast for a short distance and then change to an approximate chattering arc, the longitudinal range is satisfied and longer flight time becomes the penalty. The penalty of longer flight time is minimized by increasing the number of control switchings and, at the same time, selecting the optimal instants for the switchings. It is found that when the number of control switchings is five, the resulting optimal trajectory is good enough. With more times of control switchings, too much numerical computation must be made while the improvement in the performance index is small. The G constraint has a significant effect on the trajectory.