jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Frustration finishes out UN plastics meeting

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

As negotiators head home after the third United Nations Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution (INC-3) meeting, some are muttering under their breath. Participants did advance the treaty’s ultimate goal—ending plastic pollution—during the session, held from Nov. 13 to 19 in Nairobi, Kenya. But for some, that progress is overshadowed by negotiation breakdowns on the last day. Disagreements flared over how much, and even if, to reduce plastic production, an idea that was displayed prominently in the zero draft of the treaty, published by the UN in September. Plastic-producing countries and industries argue that production does not have anything to do with pollution, says Björn Beeler, international coordinator for the International Pollutants Elimination Network (IPEN), an advocacy group. “It’s an illogical argument because when you produce more plastic, you have more plastic waste,” he says. The meeting ended with more proposed amendments to the zero draft and no official direction
Urinary Metabolites from Rats Given L‐DOPA 1

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Urine from germ‐free and normal rats were investigated both before and after oral L‐DOPA administration. Two neutral L‐DOPA metabolites were tentatively identified as (N‐acetyl)‐3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylethylamine and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylethanol. Conjugated dopamine and two other unknown metabolites derived from L‐DOPA were detected in addition to 3‐me‐thoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylethylamine. No significant difference in the excretion of urinary DOPA metabolites was observed between germ‐free and normal rats.
The Alawis in the Ottoman Period

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The history of the Alawis in the Ottoman period is usually presented as one of discrimination, impoverishment and constant persecution. This contribution, rather than relying on the narrative chronicles or oral accounts of the period, concentrates on the wealth of Ottoman administrative documents referring to the Alawis to be found in the Basbakanlik and the Tripoli Shari’a Court archives. In doing so it seeks to show that the Alawis enjoyed quasi-recognition as a sectarian community, that they made extensive use of the Ottoman court system, and that they were characterized by a high degree of social stratification including a landed gentry co-opted by the Ottoman state.
La práctica de una medicina marginalizada en Argentina: el caso de los médicos homeópatas

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Homeopathy has been practiced in Argentinean medical circles for about two centuries. Since late 19th century, organized Homeopaths have mobilized to achieve recognition by health regulators and to elevate the status of the discipline in the profession. Although there is a longstanding tradition of postgraduate education imparted by Schools of Homeopathy, the discipline remains excluded from the curriculum of medical schools and only exceptionally\npostgraduate education in Homeopathy has been supported by private or national universities.\nHomeopathic medicine in Argentina is a paradigmatic case of a medical heterodoxy that has\nbeen the object of active and passive forms of intra-professional marginalization. In this article, we firstly present an overview of the development and global diffusion of the discipline, followed by a review of the contemporary controversies around it. Secondly, we briefly summarize the history of Homeopathy in the country, and the mobilization of homeopathic associations to gain official recognition, pointing to its ambivalences. Finally, we present how medical homeopaths view the constraints and opportunities to practice Homeopathy in Argentina.
Pengaruh Fitur Muslim Friendly terhadap Perilaku Pelanggan Airbnb

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose: This research aims to analyze the influence of halal attributes, such as halal social environment, halal facilities, halal food and beverages, and services and staff of hotels or guesthouses, which are grouped into one variable, namely cognitive assessment, on consumer intention to visit, consumer willingness to pay, and WOM through Affective Assessment. Methods: This was a quantitative descriptive study. The data were processed using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) method through the partial least squares (PLS) or SEM-PLS approach. The data for this study were divided into two types: primary data obtained from questionnaires distributed online to 150 respondents in the Jakarta, Medan, and Kuala Lumpur areas. The testing consisted of two tests, namely the measurement test of the model (outer model) and the structural model test (inner model) using the SmartPLS3 tool. Results: Cognitive Assessment influences Intention to Visit, WOM, and Consumer Willingness to Pay through Affective Assessment by 90.6%, while the remaining 9.4% is explained by other constituent variables that are not explained in this study. Contribution: Adds variety to research on digital platforms and the diversity of culture, religion, and beliefs in the context of technology use. Limitations: At times, this research may face data limitations, especially if the data available from Airbnb or respondents are not sufficiently representative or complete.
A Feeling for Life: Biosemiotics, Autopoiesis and the Orders of Discourse

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay explores the roots of semiological structuralism in Roman Jakobson's use of a model drawn from the developmental biology of Karl Ernst von Baer and the non-Darwinian evolutionary theory which von Baer helped to initiate. Drawing on the work of the French Slavicist linguist Patrick Sériot, the essay indicates the influence on Jakobson both of the linguistics of Ferdinand de Saussure and also the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce. It does so while noting also the mistaken nature of later assumptions concerning the basis of structuralism as residing solely in Saussurean linguistics. The essay goes on to argue that Jakobson's original biological insight generates a theory of the growth of an evolutionary ecology of meanings which is compatible both with Peircean-influenced biosemiotic accounts of learning and growth in nature-culture, and also with the biological developmental systems and epigenetic research now challenging both the 70 year long dominance of the Neo-Darwinian gene-centric Modern Synthesis and also Francis Crick's Central Dogma of the one-way only flow of biological information from DNA to protein. The essay argues that Jakobson's use of developmental biology as a model for the growth of meanings provides a theory of processual structuration, akin to Peirce's thesis about the non-linear evolutionary growth of meanings and knowledge. This, the essay concludes, is in effect a semiotic process biology which can also usefully inform a biosemiotic and ecocritical theory of literary reading.
Two consistent calculations of the Weinberg angle

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Weinberg-Salam theory is reformulated as a pure Yang-Mills theory in a six-dimensional space, the Higgs field being interpreted as gauge potentials in the additional dimensions. Viewed in this way, the condition that the Higgs field transforms as a U(1) representation of charge one is equivalent to requiring a value of 30 degrees for the Weinberg angle. A second consistent determination comes form the idea borrowed from monopole theory that the electromagnetic field is the direction of the Higgs field.
Health Care Service Provision to Leprosy Patients in Western Province, Sri Lanka

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Both the curative and preventive sectors of the health system provide services to leprosy patients in Sri Lanka. Identification of the needs and gaps of service delivery would help to redesign the leprosy control activities in the country. Objectives: To assess healthcare service provision to adult leprosy patients in Western Province Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 hospital dermatology clinics and 22 medical officer of health (MOH) offices in the Western Province. The sample was selected through a stratified random sampling method. A pretested checklist was used as the study instrument. Data were gathered by observations, interviewing hospital and MOH office staff. Results: Overall service provision was satisfactory in all selected hospitals. All the hospitals' scores were above 75% indicating an overall satisfactory service provision in all categories of hospitals in the province. However, many deficiencies were identified in the service provision in individual hospitals in selected areas. In 2017, Colombo District had the highest number of leprosy cases (n=157). Case distribution in Western Province showed that Moratuwa (n=88), Negombo (n=31) and Beruwala (n=43) MOH areas had the highest number of cases in the Colombo, Gampaha and Kalutara Districts, respectively. Considering the maintenance of the registers and records of the 22 MOH offices surveyed, most (n=15; 68.2%) of the areas satisfactorily maintained their records. Contact tracing and health education were the main deficiencies identified. Conclusions & Recommendations: Service provision was satisfactory in dermatology clinics. Unsatisfactory record-keeping in some MOH areas was found, while delay in case investigations, poor health education and contact tracing coverage were found in many MOH areas. MOH areas with poor performances should be closely monitored by the supervising officers to ensure the quality of service provision.
Comparative Evaluation of Crestal Bone Changes after Delayed and Immediate Implant Placement

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Implants serve as a foundation for prosthetic support. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare buccolingual and interproximal crestal bone changes after delayed and immediate platform switched, acid etched implant (SLA), without the use of graft or barrier membrane clinically as well as radio graphically. Method: 14 implants were included in study and clinical and radiographic parameters i.e. buccolingual bone width (BLW), interproximal crestal bone height (CBH), Keratinized mucosa index score (KMI), Jemt papilla fill index score (PFI), probing attachment levels (PAL) were analyzed at baseline, 3 months and 6 months in immediate and delayed implant group (A,B). Results: It was observed that mean change in BLW, CBH, PFI, PAL from baseline to 6 months for Group A and Group B was 3.42 ± 0.97 mm and 3.57 ± 0.97 mm, -0.30 ± 0.04 mm and -0.38 ± 0.06 mm, -1.42 ± 0.53 and -1.14 ± 0.37 and-0.78 ± 0.26 mm and -0.64 ± 0.37 mm respectively which was statistically significant in both the groups. There was no change in KMI scores observed at 3, 6 months of observation period in both the groups. On comparing both the groups there was no significant difference between immediate and delayed implant placement with respect to all parameters recorded in the study. Conclusion: There was observed significant differences when mean change from baseline to 6 months was compared but there existed a non-significant difference in crestal bone changes observed in immediate and delayed groups.
Routine and nonroutine performance information: an assessment about substitution and complementarity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article investigates the substitution and complementarity effect that organizational social capital generates between two different types of performance information: nonroutine and routine performance information. The study of this topic is important since it offers a better understanding of how public managers inform their decision-making. Using department level data from 57 counties in Florida, this article finds that departments with higher levels of organizational social capital are more likely to complement the use of both routine and nonroutine performance information. Thus, the article reinforces the role and importance that organizational social capital plays into well-established and consolidated managerial practices.
Charge Carriers for Aqueous Dual‐Ion Batteries

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Environmental and safety concerns of energy storage systems call for application of aqueous battery systems which have advantages of low cost, environmental benignity, safety, and easy assembling. Among the aqueous battery systems, aqueous dual‐ion batteries (ADIBs) provide high possibility for achieving excellent battery performance. Compared with the “rocking chair” batteries with only one type of carrier involved in the charging and discharging, ADIBs with both cations and anions as charge carriers possess diverse selections of electrodes and electrolytes. Charge carriers are the basis of the configuration of ADIBs. In this Review, cations and anions that could be applied in ADIBs are demonstrated with corresponding electrode materials and favorable electrolytes. Some insertion mechanisms are emphasized to provide insights for the possibilities to enhance the practical performances of ADIBs.
Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Complications of Trionyx sinensis “Skin-rotting” Disease and Furunculosis Disease and Drug Sensitivity Analysis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In order to identify the pathogenic species on complications ofskin-rottingdisease and furunculosis disease,an isolation and identification test of pathogenic bacteria experiment from twenty symptoms and dying soft-shelled with weight between 100 ~ 1 000 g were conducted.And the main pathogens were verified to be Aeromonas hydrophila and Acinetobacter lwoffi by bacterial organizations smear,cultivation and purification,physiological and biochemical characterization and artificial infection.The drug-sensitivity tests showed that the two pathogens existed different degrees of resistance to many antibiotics,except Meropenem and Trimethoprim / Sulfa,which were highly sensitive to the two pathogens and could be used as the preferred drug to cure the complications.
On Model Checking of a Robotic Mechanism

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Developing robot control systems can get complex even for small number of functions to be carried by the robot. Finite state machines are representing a frequent approach to model complex systems in a formal way. In this paper we are presenting a methodology for modelling the kinematics of a robotic mechanism represented by a sequence of bodies linked by joints. Each movement is decomposed as a sequence of rotations and translations and a finite state machine modelling the behavior of each of these is built.
Avoidance and suppression of compensation code in a trace scheduling compiler

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Trace scheduling is an optimization technique that selects a sequence of basic blocks as a trace and schedules the operations from the trace together. If an operation is moved across basic block boundaries, one or more compensation copies may be required in the off-trace code. This article discusses the generation of compensation code in a trace scheduling compiler and presents techniques for limiting the amount of compensation code: avoidance (restricting code motion so that no compensation code is required) and suppression (analyzing the global flow of the program to detect when a copy is redundant). We evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques based on measurements for the SPEC89 suite and the Livermore Fortran Kernels, using our implementation of trace scheduling for a Multiflow Trace 7/300. The article compares different compiler models contrasting the performance of trace scheduling with the performance obtained from typical RISC compilation techniques. There are two key results of this study. First, the amount of compensation code generated is not large. For the SPEC89 suite, the average code size increase due to trace scheduling is 6%. Avoidance is more important than suppression, although there are some kernels that benefit significantly from compensation code suppression. Since compensation code is not a major issue, a compiler can be more aggressive in code motion and loop unrolling. Second, compensation code is not critical to obtain the benefits of trace scheduling. Our implementation of trace scheduling improves the SPEC mark rating by 30% over basic block scheduling, but restricting trace scheduling so that no compensation code is required improves the rating by 25%. This indicates that most basic block scheduling techniques can be extended to trace scheduling without requiring any complicated compensation code bookkeeping.
Detection and quantification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental samples

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A PCR Differentiation Method, a hybrid of the US EPA and MOE methods, for quantifying human infectious C. parvum/C. hominis as a group and non-human infectious C. andersoni/C. muris was developed. Primers and probe sets targeting the hsp70 gene were designed for C. andersoni/C. muris; those for C. parvum/C. hominis were obtained from the MOE method. Results showed that C, andersoni/C. muris primers were specific for C. andersoni/C. muris oocysts, while those for C. parvum/hominis primers detected C. parvum/hominis and C. meleagridis. All primers were then used to quantify oocysts from urban and agricultural environmental water samples in Kitchener/Waterloo. Human infectious Giardia lamblia was also incorporated into this study. C. parvum/C. hominis and Giardia lamblia were detected at urban and agricultural areas, whereas C. andersoni/C. muris was only detected at agricultural sites. The PCR Differentiation Method is a reliable method for quantifying Cryptosporidium and Giardia lamblia in environmental water samples.
Contemporary issues in Canadian political finance regulation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Canada shares with New Zealand a heritage of British constitutional traditions and the Westminster form of parliamentary government. These common origins make comparative study of the two countries’ experiences regulating political finance inviting. Canada and New Zealand, however, differ in important ways which have had significant impacts on the regulation of political finance. This article outlines the Canadian political finance regime and identifies some contemporary issues that may be of interest to observers from New Zealand.
Improvement of nutrient bioavailability in millets: Emphasis on the application of enzymes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Millets are a traditional staple food of the dryland regions of the world and are rich in essential nutrients like protein, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and dietary fiber. Also, millets commonly synthesize a range of secondary metabolites to protect themselves against adverse conditions. These factors are collectively termed anti‐nutritional factors and the existence of these factors in millets might reduce the accessibility of the nutrients in humans. Some of these factors include protease inhibitors, tannins, non‐starch polysaccharides‐glucans, phytates, and oxalates each of which might directly or indirectly affect the digestibility of nutrients. Methods like soaking, germination, autoclaving, debranning, and the addition of exogenous enzymes have been used to reduce the anti‐nutritional factors and elevate the bioavailability of the nutrients. This review summarizes various methods that have been used to improve nutrient bioavailability, specifically emphasizing the use of enzymes to improve nutrient bioavailability from millets. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Obesity Partially Mediates the Diabetogenic Effect of Lowering LDL Cholesterol

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<b>Objective</b><b>: </b>Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) lowering drugs modestly increase body weight and type 2 diabetes risk, but the extent to which the diabetogenic effect of lowering LDLc is mediated through increased body mass index (BMI) is unknown. <p><b>Research Design and Methods: </b>We conducted summary-level univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses in 921,908 participants to investigate the effect of lowering LDLc on type 2 diabetes risk and the proportion of this effect mediated through BMI. We used data from 92,532 participants from 14 observational studies to replicate findings in individual-level MR analyses.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>One-SD decrease in genetically predicted LDLc was associated with increased type 2 diabetes odds (odds ratio [OR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.24) and BMI (b=0.07 SD units, 95% CI 0.02, 0.12) in univariable MR analyses. The multivariable MR analysis showed evidence of an indirect effect of lowering LDLc on type 2 diabetes through BMI (OR 1.04 95% CI 1.01, 1.08) with a proportion mediated of 38% of the total effect (p=0.03). Total and indirect effect estimates were similar across a number of sensitivity analyses. Individual-level MR analyses confirmed the indirect effect of lowering LDLc on type 2 diabetes through BMI with an estimated proportion mediated of 8% (p=0.04).</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> These findings suggest that the diabetogenic effect attributed to lowering LDLc is partially mediated through increased BMI. Our results could help advance understanding of adipose tissue and lipids in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology and inform strategies to reduce diabetes risk amongst individuals taking LDLc lowering medications.</p>