jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
In vitro studies on the effect of rhizobacteria, Phytotherapeutic substances and chemicals on egg hatching of Meloidogyne graminicola

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nematicidal activity of rhizobacteria, Phytotherapeutic substances and chemicals on egg hatching of was assayed against Meloidogyne graminicola. In laboratory assays extracts from Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus niruri, Achyranthes aspera, Eucalyptus globulus and Xanthium strumarium, free culture filtrate from strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens (P36), Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus (33-47) and Azotobacter chroococcum (Mac 27,HT 54, HT 57) from chemicals, carbosulfan and cartap hydrochloride showed inhibitory effect on the hatching of eggs of M. graminicola. The maximum hatching inhibition observed in Azotobacter chroococcum HT 54, A. indica and carbosulfan with a 19.3 %, 19.0 %, 14.3 % respectively in 1:5 concentration in all exposure period. Minimum hatching was recorded with A. indica i.e. 8.0 larvae at 1:5 followed by Xanthium strumarium (12.7) at 1:5 after 24 hrs. Among chemicals, carbosulfan showed maximum inhibitory effect followed by cartap hydrochloride. Minimum hatching was recorded with carbosulfan i.e. 14.3 larvae at 1:5 followed by cartap hydrochloride (15.8) at 1:5 after 8 days of exposure. The maximum egg hatching i.e. 94.7 larvae at 8 days was recorded with distilled water check. The rate of hatching was inversely proportional to concentration of substances with of exposure period, as it decreased with increases in concentration viz., 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:40 and 1:80.
Suppression of solar array vibration by torque compensation using a magnetorheological actuator: A hardware-in-the-loop test study

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Sun-tracking-induced vibrations of a large flexible solar array are characterized by a wide frequency range and persistent disruptions, making them an important challenge for a high-precision spacecraft. This paper describes a hardware-in-the-loop test for a novel vibration suppression method that employs magnetorheological torque compensation. To provide the compensating torque, a test bench is built using a magnetorheological actuator (MRA). A comprehensive model is employed to quantitatively analyze suppressions in terms of solar array driving, solar array motion, and spacecraft disturbance. For comparison, the test is run in both open-loop and closed-loop modes. The results demonstrate that with closed-loop control, the maximum fluctuation of driving torque decreases by 50.90%. The sun tracking achieves a more stable speed. Moreover, disturbances produced by the vibration of the solar array are decreased by 59.84%. These findings suggest that using torque compensation with an MRA can successfully reduce the sun-tracking-induced vibration of a large flexible solar array while minimizing the impact on the spacecraft platform.
Comparison between Flexible Spiral and Ribbon Flat Wires Used in Fixed Lingual Retainers: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Aim: Relapse of mandibular anterior crowding remains a common post-orthodontic challenge regardless of treatment technique. Fixed lingual retainers, which minimize the need for patient compliance, are considered effective in maintaining alignment. Various wire types, including flexible spiral and ribbon flat wires, have been introduced, but comparative evidence on their clinical performance is limited. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the failure rates and types between ribbon flat and flexible spiral fixed retainers.Methods: In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, 188 orthodontically treated patients were allocated into two groups: ribbon flat wire and flexible spiral wire retainers. After bonding, patients were examined every three months over an 18-month follow-up period. Failures were classified as: Type I (wire fracture), Type II (detachment at wire–composite interface), and Type III (adhesive failure on enamel). Data were analyzed using Chi-square and Mann–Whitney U tests with a significance level of p<0.05.Results: Data from 178 patients (94 ribbon flat; 84 flexible spiral) were analyzed. The overall failure rates were 10.64% for ribbon flat and 7.14% for flexible spiral retainers (p=0.416). Type III failures were the most frequent in both groups. The mean time to failure was 270±142.3 days for ribbon flat and 210±155.0 days for flexible spiral wires (p=0.704). The type of orthodontic treatment (with or without extraction) did not significantly affect outcomes.Conclusion: Both ribbon flat and flexible spiral fixed retainers exhibited comparable clinical performance and failure characteristics over 18 months. Either retainer type may be effectively used for long-term post-orthodontic stability.
High-Tc super conducting quantum interference devices with slots or holes: Low 1/f noise in ambient magnetic fields

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

High-transition temperature dc superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have been fabricated with arrays of slots or holes patterned in the 186×204 μm2 washers. In two designs, with seven slots or 248 holes, the linewidth of the remaining YBa2Cu3O7−x film was 4 μm. These devices exhibited virtually no increase in their low-frequency noise when they were cooled in static magnetic fields up to a certain threshold, above 100 μT in the best case. Furthermore, the mutual inductance between these devices and a seven-turn, spiral coil was at least 85% of that for a solid SQUID with the same outer dimensions.
Nano Enhanced Surface Modification of Titanium Dental Implants for Improving Osseointegration and Biocompatibility

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Dental implants are prone to bacterial colonisation and infection which subsequently cause dental implant failure. Coating the dental implant with an antibacterial agent and a biocompatible agent can inhibit the bacterial colonisation and infection without disturbing the biocompatibility of the implant. This study aimed to coat medical grade titanium alloy implants with silver and hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles. The reason for using silver was to introduce antibacterial activity to the coated dental implants; and then using HA to preserve biocompatibility and manage the silver exposure of the primary human osteoblast cells. Medical grade titanium alloy discs measuring 15 mm in diameter were polished and silver plated to produce a uniform layer of silver nanoparticles on the surface. The electroplating method was followed by nano or micro HA deposition and curing at 500 °C to produce an HA coating and thereby achieving nano silver plus nano HA (Ag+nHA ), or nano silver plus micro HA (Ag+mHA), coatings on titanium alloy. The coating quality was assessed by electron microscopy. The bonding strength of the coating was investigated by the pull-off test and chemical stability in the cell culture media was studied by conducting dialysis and dissolution experiments. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the biocompatibility of the coatings with primary human osteoblast cells over 7 days, cell health was assessed using biochemistry and microscopy. A differentiation experiment was conducted for 21 days to investigate the osteoblast cell mineralisation on the coatings and gene expression profile of the cells. Results showed that the specimens were successfully coated with nano silver and HA particles. The pull-off test showed that the coatings had reasonable bonding strength to the substrate. Dialysis and dissolution experiments showed that the coatings were stable in the cell culture media despite some silver release from the coatings. The biocompatibility experiments showed that there was a consistent amount of silver release (1-2 mg L-1) from the silver containing specimens. The human primary osteoblast cells were healthier on Ag+nHA compared to Ag and Ag+mHA over 7 days. The differentiation experiment showed that there was a constant silver supply over 21 days from all silver containing coatings. Cell viability over 21 days was significantly higher in Ag+nHA compared to Ag and Ag+mHA (p < 0.05). Moreover, the cells were mineralised and produced Ca2+ and P in all the treatments. In conclusion, Ag+nHA was more biocompatible compared to Ag and Ag+mHA and can have a potential for clinical use.
Of worms and men

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Following the spectacular success of molecular genetics in deciphering the genetic code in the 1960s, several of its leading practitioners felt sufficiently emboldened to use their newly acquired skills to move on and study that most enigmatic of biological organs – the brain. Sydney Brenner's approach was to focus on Caenorhabditis elegans, a nematode that is genetically tractable, has a nervous system that generates a rich repertoire of behaviours yet is small enough to allow anatomical reconstructions with ultrastructural precision. Through force of personality and some inspired pioneering studies, Brenner managed to ignite a bonfire of enthusiasm for this organism, which has resulted in its nervous system becoming the best understood of that in any organism. Initially, many were skeptical that this rather strange structure with just a few hundred neurons would yield insights that were relevant to vertebrate nervous systems. However, fifty years on we know that the basic repertoire of molecular components of worm and human nervous systems are remarkably similar. Furthermore, worms have a similar diversity of these components rather than a primitive sub-set. It appears that the fundamental difference in a vertebrate nervous system is a huge expansion of the neural units that comprise a basic brain such as that exemplified in C. elegans.
Inducible hepatic expression of CREBH mitigates diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance and hepatice steatosis in mice

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cyclic AMP-responsive element-binding protein H (CREBH, encoded by Creb3l3) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes that control lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as inflammation. CREBH is upregulated in the liver under conditions of overnutrition, and mice globally lacking the gene (CREBH-/-) are highly susceptible to diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and hepatic steatosis. The net protective effects of CREBH have been attributed in large part to the activities of Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf)-21 (Fgf21), a target gene that promotes weight loss, improves glucose homeostasis and reduces hepatic lipid accumulation. To explore the possibility that activation of the CREBH-Fgf21 axis could ameliorate established effects of high fat feeding, we generated an inducible transgenic hepatocyte-specific CREBH overexpression mouse model (Tg-rtTA). Acute overexpression of CREBH in livers of Tg-rtTA mice effectively reversed diet-induced obesity, IR and hepatic steatosis. These changes were associated with increased activities of thermogenic brown and beige adipose tissues in Tg-rtTA mice, leading to reductions in fat mass, along with enhanced insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Genetically silencing of Fgf21 in Tg-rtTA mice abrogated the CREBH-mediated reductions in body weight loss, but only partially reversed the observed improvements in glucose metabolism. These findings reveal that the protective effects of CREBH activation may be leveraged to mitigate diet-induced obesity and associated metabolic abnormalities in both Fgf21-dependent and -independent pathways. Overall design: Hepatocytes were transduced with adenoviruses encoding green fluorescent protein (Ad-GFP; Control) or nuclear CREBH (Ad-nuclear CREBH), and 24 hrs later gene expression was profiled.
Movement goals and recruitment strategies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter investigates how movements' recruitment strategies and resulting composition are dependent on, and consequential for, the goals they pursue. It draws on an ethnographic study of two Sustainable Community Movement Organizations (SCMOs) in Manchester (UK). Both organisations aim to advance climate justice through practical projects relating to food and energy. Given the escalating climate change crisis, a relevant question for both organisations is whether focus should be on the continued mitigation of climate change through the promotion of low-carbon lifestyles, or on adapting to the consequences of climate change. Traditionally, focus has been on the former which, given limited resources. has driven the mobilisation of 'low-hanging fruit': individuals with higher socio-economic status who have the greatest responsibility, opportunity and ability to reduce their carbon footprint, and who likely share environmental concerns. Adaptation is only contemplated implicitly, as a by-product of mitigation efforts. It does not prompt a shift in recruitment strategies. Consequently, it is the same advantaged constituencies whose resilience is advanced, whereas climate justice would demand a focus on adaptation of vulnerable communities. Yet the pathways of both organisations are clearly distinct, showing (partial) solutions to resulting mismatches between their justice goals and recruitment strategies.
Hymenoptera venom allergy: work disability and occupational impact of venom immunotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives Little is known about the Hymenoptera venom allergy impact on work ability and the effect of venom immunotherapy (VIT) on work. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of work disability in patients treated with VIT and the effects of VIT on occupational functioning. Methods 181 patients, aged 18–71 years, treated with VIT while working, were investigated by questionnaire. Participants were classified into employed and self-employed and, based on work exposure to Hymenoptera, into three risk categories: high risk, occasionally high risk and low risk. Work disability was defined as having to have changed jobs/tasks and/or suffered economic loss because of Hymenoptera venom allergy. Predictors of work disability were assessed in logistic regression models. Results 31 (17%) patients reported work disability. Being self-employed and having the severe reaction at work were associated with work disability (p<0.01). Having a high-risk job for exposure to Hymenoptera was a significant predictor of work disability (OR 2.66, 95% CI 1.04 to 6.75). 24% of patients referred a positive effect of VIT on work. Determinants of the positive effect of VIT on work were having a high-risk job for exposure to hymenoptera (OR 3.60, 95% CI 1.52 to 8.51) and having already concluded VIT (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.30 to 6.14). Conclusions Hymenoptera venom allergy could determine work disability. Patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy having a high-risk job for exposure to Hymenoptera seem to have higher risk of work disability and refer more frequently a positive effect of VIT on work.
Design Concept and Development of a Heavy-Duty Truck Diesel Engine for Better Fuel Economy

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Due to the increasing price of fuel, demands for fuel economy of heavy-duty trucks become severer year by year, and many efforts, such as reduction of air drag of vehicle, optimization of transmission and engine performance, improvement of engine combustion, etc., have been taken to meet these demands. However, requirements for the reduction of fuel consumption are expected to become even more critical, so the authors have studied a new design concept for heavy duty truck diesel engines to satisfy these requirements. The basic idea for getting a fuel-economic engine is to make the engine as small as possible and also to apply higher boost turbocharging for obtaining a sufficiently high output. However, measures to improve the undesirable problems which conventional turbocharged engines possess, such as lack of acceleration response and low-speed torque, increase of thermal and mechanical loads, shortage of engine brake torque, poor cold start ability, etc., should also be pursued. A chassis-mounted air-to-air intercooler, inertia-charged air induction system, highly backward-curved impeller of turbocharger, electronically controlled fuel injection timing device, etc., have been applied. And a new design technique as well as new material and construction have also been applied. This engine was installed to a long-haul truck with a gross weight of around 20,000 kg (44,000 lbs) and got better fuel mileage, as expected.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Identification of <i>SULF2</i> as a Novel Transcriptional Target of p53 by Use of Integrated Genomic Analyses

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Supplementary Figure 1 from Identification of <i>SULF2</i> as a Novel Transcriptional Target of p53 by Use of Integrated Genomic Analyses
English-as-a-second-language in Aboriginal Australia : a case study of Milingimbi

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study aims to present an overview of English-as-a-second-language at Hilingimbi, as well as the tools whereby some of the findings may be interpreted and understood. Because of its nature as a general survey, it docs not treat each level of language or each feature exhaustively, but attempts to highlight the most salient characteristics of this variety of English-as-a-second language.
Syntheses of Two Vanadium Oxide–Fluoride Materials That Differ in Phase Matchability

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The syntheses of two noncentrosymmetric (NCS) vanadium oxide-fluoride compounds that originate from the same synthetic reagent concentrations are presented. Hydrothermal and low-temperature syntheses allow the isolation of metastable products that may form new phases (or decompose) upon heating and allow creation of chemically similar but structurally different materials. NCS materials synthesis has been a long-standing goal in inorganic chemistry: in this article, we compare two chemically similar NCS inorganic materials, NaVOF(4)(H(2)O) (I) and NaVO(2-x)F(2+x) (II; x = 1/3). These materials originate from the same, identical reagent mixtures but are synthesized at different temperatures: 100 °C and 150 °C, respectively. Compound I crystallizes in Pna2(1): a = 9.9595(4) Å, b = 9.4423(3) Å, and c = 4.8186(2) Å. Compound II crystallizes in P2(1): a = 6.3742(3) Å, b = 3.5963(2) Å, c = 14.3641(7) Å, and β = 110.787(3)°. Both materials display second-harmonic-generation activity; however, compound I is type 1 non-phase-matchable, whereas compound II is type 1 phase-matchable.
SPH smooth particle dynamic method is used to calculate the hypervelocity impact of high temperature ceramic materials

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the simulation method is used to study the high-temperature impact of ultra-high temperature ceramic materials with two-stage light-gas cannon projectile.Using ANSYS-AUTODYN dynamic program, smooth particle hydrodynamics and finite element mesh coupling algorithm (SPH-FEM) were used.The numerical simulation of the local perforation behavior of the hypervelocity impacted ultra-high temperature ceramic material plate with spherical projectile was carried out.The faster the projectile speed is, the greater the diameter of the perforations on the ceramic target plate.At the same time, the cracks in the ceramic target plate are less and less; and the debris cloud also has an oval state into a spherical state.
Table_3_A Mechanistic Computational Model Reveals That Plasticity of CD4+ T Cell Differentiation Is a Function of Cytokine Composition and Dosage.DOCX

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells provide cell-mediated immunity in response to various antigens. During an immune response, naïve CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells differentiate into specialized effector T helper (Th1, Th2, and Th17) cells and induced regulatory (iTreg) cells based on a cytokine milieu. In recent studies, complex phenotypes resembling more than one classical T cell lineage have been experimentally observed. Herein, we sought to characterize the capacity of T cell differentiation in response to the complex extracellular environment. We constructed a comprehensive mechanistic (logical) computational model of the signal transduction that regulates T cell differentiation. The model’s dynamics were characterized and analyzed under 511 different environmental conditions. Under these conditions, the model predicted the classical as well as the novel complex (mixed) T cell phenotypes that can co-express transcription factors (TFs) related to multiple differentiated T cell lineages. Analyses of the model suggest that the lineage decision is regulated by both compositions and dosage of signals that constitute the extracellular environment. In this regard, we first characterized the specific patterns of extracellular environments that result in novel T cell phenotypes. Next, we predicted the inputs that can regulate the transition between the canonical and complex T cell phenotypes in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, we predicted the optimal levels of inputs that can simultaneously maximize the activity of multiple lineage-specifying TFs and that can drive a phenotype toward one of the co-expressed TFs. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into the plasticity of CD4<sup>+</sup> T cell differentiation, and also acts as a tool to design testable hypotheses for the generation of complex T cell phenotypes by various input combinations and dosages.</p>
Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the Pacific, 1895–1945

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract For the history connecting East Asia with the West, there is much literature about contact and trade across the Atlantic Ocean from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries. 1 This paper notes the rapid growth of the Pacific Ocean in linking Asia with the larger world in the early twentieth century by perceiving the economic relationships between Taiwan and Hong Kong while Japan colonized Taiwan. The Pacific route from Taiwan directly to America or through Japan largely replaced the Hong Kong–Atlantic–Europe–USA route to move Taiwan's export products to countries in the West. Other than still using Hong Kong as a trans-shipping point to connect with the world, Japan utilized Taiwan as a trans-shipping point to sell Japanese products to South China, and Taiwan's tea was sold directly to Southeast Asia rather than going through Hong Kong. Taiwan's exports to Japan took the place of its exports to China. Japanese and American goods dominated over European goods or Chinese goods from Hong Kong for Taiwan's import. Japanese and Taiwanese merchants (including some anti-Japanese merchants) overrode the British and Chinese merchants in Hong Kong to carry on the Taiwan–Hong Kong trade. America's westward expansion towards the Pacific, the rise of the Pacific shipping marked by the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, and the rise of Japan relative to China, restructured intra-Asian relations and those between Asia and the rest of the world.