jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Compression Rate Method for Empirical Science and Application to Computer Vision

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This philosophical paper proposes a modified version of the scientific method, in which large databases are used instead of experimental observations as the necessary empirical ingredient. This change in the source of the empirical data allows the scientific method to be applied to several aspects of physical reality that previously resisted systematic interrogation. Under the new method, scientific theories are compared by instantiating them as compression programs, and examining the codelengths they achieve on a database of measurements related to a phenomenon of interest. Because of the impossibility of compressing random data, "real world" data can only be compressed by discovering and exploiting the empirical structure it exhibits. The method also provides a new way of thinking about two longstanding issues in the philosophy of science: the problem of induction and the problem of demarcation. The second part of the paper proposes to reformulate computer vision as an empirical science of visual reality, by applying the new method to large databases of natural images. The immediate goal of the proposed reformulation is to repair the chronic difficulties in evaluation experienced by the field of computer vision. The reformulation should bring a wide range of benefits, including a substantially increased degree of methodological rigor, the ability to justify complex theories without overfitting, a scalable evaluation paradigm, and the potential to make systematic progress. A crucial argument is that the change is not especially drastic, because most computer vision tasks can be reformulated as specialized image compression techniques. Finally, a concrete proposal is discussed in which a database is produced by recording from a roadside video camera, and compression is achieved by developing a computational understanding of the appearance of moving cars.
Tactile Display for Helping Visually Handicapped Persons with Fingers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

本研究は,より少ない刺激ピン数で触覚情報を視覚障害者に伝達するために必要な呈示方法の基礎研究を目的としている.本研究では,10行×横8列の合計80ピンの触覚ディスプレイを試作した.そのピン動力源としてソレノイドを用いた.母指以外の8指をディスプレイに置き,動作したピンを感じ取ることにより,呈示された触覚情報を読み取ることができる.視覚障害者5名と晴眼者10名を対象に本装置の評価を行った.はじめに,呈示方法の最適条件を求めた.次に,文字情報伝達を学習前と学習後でどの程度正答率に差が出るかを求めた.測定結果より,視覚障害者は晴眼者と比較して,触覚認識能力がかなり敏感であることが示された.また,文字情報測定において,短時間の学習後に著しく正答率が上がることから,本研究で試作した触覚ディスプレイは,触覚情報の伝達に有効である可能性を示唆した.
Effects of Complexing Agents on the Corrosion Resistance of Electroless Ni- Fe-P Alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Electroless Ni–Fe–P alloys were deposited onto copper substrate from a bath using tri-ammonium citrate and/or tri-sodium citrate as complexing agents. The effects of complexing agents on the corrosion resistance of the alloys were investigated. The variation of the complexing agent leads to the change of corrosion resistance of the alloys due to the composition and the structure change, the alloys obtained with tri-ammonium citrate as complexing agents show better corrosion resistance than those with tri-sodium citrate as complexing agents. The alloys have better corrosion resistance in alkaline solution than in acid solution due to the increasing of polarization resistance.
Seroepidemiological study on toxocaral infection in man by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY A seroepidemiological survey for toxocaral infection was performed using samples from children and adult women in the Yamaguchi area of Western Japan, An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using excretory–secretory antigen was applied to these sera. Of samples tested, 3·1% from children and 3·7% from women were positive. It was found that regression analysis of positive rates by age between 20 and 70 or more years was significant in the positive direction. The positive rates from urban, rural and fishing areas were 5·7, 3·9 and 1·7% respectively. Also, the rates from northern, western and eastern parts in the research area were 5·7, 4·7 and 0·5% respectively. These findings suggested that environmental factors are important for toxocaral infection. Further, the rate for 108 samples who answered that they have owned dogs was 6·2% compared to 2·9% of 422 respondents who denied an experience of owning dogs. This fact suggested thatattention should be paid to dog breeding for prevention and control of toxocaral infection in man.
Improving artificial intelligence pipeline for liver malignancy diagnosis using ultrasound images and video frames

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Recent developments of deep learning methods have demonstrated their feasibility in liver malignancy diagnosis using ultrasound (US) images. However, most of these methods require manual selection and annotation of US images by radiologists, which limit their practical application. On the other hand, US videos provide more comprehensive morphological information about liver masses and their relationships with surrounding structures than US images, potentially leading to a more accurate diagnosis. Here, we developed a fully automated artificial intelligence (AI) pipeline to imitate the workflow of radiologists for detecting liver masses and diagnosing liver malignancy. In this pipeline, we designed an automated mass-guided strategy that used segmentation information to direct diagnostic models to focus on liver masses, thus increasing diagnostic accuracy. The diagnostic models based on US videos utilized bi-directional convolutional long short-term memory modules with an attention-boosted module to learn and fuse spatiotemporal information from consecutive video frames. Using a large-scale dataset of 50 063 US images and video frames from 11 468 patients, we developed and tested the AI pipeline and investigated its applications. A dataset of annotated US images is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7272660.
The Nurse’s walk with the Community Health Agent: active search for the respiratory symptomatic of tuberculosis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to promote a dialectical construction on the active search of the respiratory symptomatic, with the community health agent as its protagonist, using problematization as a tool for transforming health education through effective participation of the nurse as assister of the process.This was a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, focusing on the Problematization of the Arch of Maguerez, with the participation of 12 community health agent of the municipality of Belém.The results were analyzed in two axes, the first one related to the social determinants of health, and the second one on the active search of the respiratory symptomatic by the agent, both observed during the home visits.With the results, the thematic was debated in three categories: problematizing to understand the active search of the respiratory symptomatic; dialogue between user/ community health agent /Nurse (researcher); health education and health education as a transformation tool in the active search of the respiratory symptomatic from community health agent perspective.Thus, it can demonstrate to the agent that its work tool is in its comprehensiveness; and that through problematization the actions of promotion and prevention with high powers of resolution can emerge, especially in the active search of respiratory symptomatic.
Bolivar: "killer" elephant or abused pachyderm?

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

“Bolivar” was a male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) which was presented to the Philadelphia Zoo in 1888 by Adam Forepaugh and lived there until 1908. Bolivar was known as a “killer” because he killed at least two men, one of whom offered the elephant a lighted end of a cigar and his trunk was badly burned. The man tried to repeat the “cute joke” and Bolivar grabbed him and crushed his skull. The elephant was kept in confinement, apparently in conditions which might best be described as “inhumane”. He died, according to postmortem pathological report, from arthritis, cardiac, hepatic and splenic lesions. In this paper I hypothesize that the pathological findings were only symptoms of a much deeper problem — an apparent behavior of excessive grinding of his teeth, and in doing so, he destroyed the joints between the mandible and the cranium. It is proposed that the isolation, continuous chaining with iack of usual physical activity led to this behavior.
Epidemiologic Strategies to Address World Mental Health Problems in Underserved Populations

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The authors' professional affiliations and the Task Force members are listed at the end of the article. Dr. Weissman, the corresponding author, may be reached at the New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 24, New York, NY 10032. Tel.: 212-543-5880; e-mail: weissman@child.cpmc.columbia.edu. The full Task Force report was prepared by Rachel Kramer, assisted by Rise Goldstein and Steven Greenwald, and is available upon request from Myrna Weissman. Technical support was provided by Marlene Carlson. All of the above are associated with Columbia University. Appreciation for comments on earlier drafts is expressed to Lee Robins, Arthur Kleinmnan, Linda B. Cottier, Laurence G. Wilson, Allan Rosenfield, Bruce Dohrenwend, Marianne Gerschel, Zena Stein, and William Eaton. The Task Force meeting was supported in part by Bristol Myers-Squibb, Eli Lilly & Company, Glaxo Wellcome, F. Hoffman-LaRoche, Ltd., H. Lundbeck A/S, Smithkline Beecham, Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons and School of Public Health, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Sustained release of complexed DNA from films: Study of bioactivity and intracellular tracking

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Sustained DNA delivery from polymeric films provides a means for localized and prolonged gene therapy. However, in the case of bioactive molecules such as plasmid DNA (pDNA), there are limitations on the achievable release profiles as well as on the maintenance of bioactivity over time. In this report, the authors have investigated the bioactivity of the released DNA (naked and complexed with lipofectamine) from polymeric films using in vitro cell transfection of COS-7 cell lines. The polymeric system consists of a biodegradable semicrystalline polymer such as poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) with or without blended gelatin. Sustained release of lipoplexes and of pDNA is shown over several days. However, lipoplexes released from pure PCL films show no transfection on day 18, whereas lipoplexes released from PCL-gelatin films continue to transfect cells on day 18 of release. Confocal studies were used to determine the reasons for this difference in transfection efficiency, and it is proposed that association of the lipoplex with gelatin confers protection from degradation in the cytoplasm. The results also showed that the bioactivity of released lipoplexes was superior to that of the naked pDNA. For both naked pDNA and the lipoplexes, the presence of gelatin helped to maintain the bioactivity over several days.
The genus Epigloea in Poland

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The paper presents a descriplion, figures and locations of the species <i>Epigloca pleispora, E. bactrospora</i> and <i>E. soleifomis</i>, new to Poland, found on the shores of lakes in the Tuchola Forests (Bory Tucholskie) region (NW Poland).
Image-based detection and classification of Android malware through CNN models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are artificial deep learning networks widely used in computer vision and image recognition for their highly efficient capability of extracting input image features. In the literature, such a successful tool has been leveraged for detection/classification purposes in several application domains where input data are converted into images. In this work, we consider the application of CNN models, developed by employing standard Python libraries, to detect and then classify Android-based malware applications. Different models are tested, even in combination with machine learning-based classifiers, with respect to two datasets of 5000 applications each. To emphasize the adequacy of the various CNN implementations, several performance metrics are considered, as also stressed by a comprehensive comparison with related work.
Ta’wīl as Quranic Hermeneutics in the Philosophical Thought of Ibn ‘Arabī

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Various methods for interpreting and understanding religious texts have long been developed in Islam. The development of this tradition is intricately linked to the need to interpret Islam's holy book, the Qur’an. It is widely understood that the verses of the Qur’an have various dimensions, namely the muhkâm (clear) and mutasyâbih (ambiguous), ‘âmm (general), khash (specific), qath’i (definitive), and dhanniy (presumptive). To address this, ta’wil was developed as method of textual interpretation. Ibn ‘Arabi represents a significant figure in the history of Islamic philosophical Sufism. He believed that for everything that appears literal, external, or exoteric (zhâhir), there is always a connection to something hidden, spiritual, internal, or esoteric (bâthin). For Ibn ‘Arabi, ta’wil is an esoteric spiritual interpretation that understands all material data and facts as symbols to transmute and “return” them to what is being symbolized. Every manifestation, every exoteric meaning (zhâhir), always has an esoteric meaning (bâthin). In other words, ta’wil is a process of interpretation that involves delving into the furthest depths of symbols to uncover the spiritual secrets of the text. The creative imagination of the interpreter plays a significant role in the process of ta’wil, serving as a mediator between the hidden divine essence and the manifestation of the pluralities of nature, akin to the world of ideas, culminating in the concept of symbols. Symbols are reflections of exemplars (mitsâl) of the sensory world depicted within the hierarchy of presence (hadhrâh), namely the presence of essence (hadhrah al-dzât), the Divine presence (hadhrah al-ulûhiyyah), the presence of various Divine actions or deeds (hadhrah al-af’âl, hadhrah rubûbiyyah), the presence of shadows and active imagination (hadhrah al-mitsâl wa al-khayyâl), and the sensory and visible presence (hadhrah al-hiss wa al-musyâhadah). In this context, the creative imagination of the interpreter, generated through the ascent to a higher meaning, is a new creation that recurs (khalq jadîd), a divine manifestation (theophany), with the heart as the Divine Presence within the interpreter. For this reason, ta’wil (as a method of text interpretation) necessitates extensive knowledge, comprehension, a willingness to engage with the text’s substance, adherence to legitimate and authoritative sources, and an interpreter’s inventiveness. Ta’wil, therefore, represents a blend of empirical, rational, and intuitive methods, emphasizing the spiritual perspective of reason to achieve the truth.
Selective reflex activation of the genioglossus in humans

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In anesthetized or decerebrate animals, negative pressure applied to the upper airway selectively activates the hypoglossal nerve compared with the phrenic nerve. Conversely, positive pressure reduces hypoglossal nerve activity out of proportion to any change in the phrenic neurogram. We have tested the hypothesis that analogous pressure changes applied to awake humans would selectively inhibit or activate genioglossal electromyographic (EMGge) activity relative to diaphragmatic electromyographic activity (EMGdi). We studied seven normal subjects in a head-out body plethysmograph. Pressure at the mouth was either atmospheric, +10 cmH2O, or -10 cmH2O, and lung volume was held constant by applying an identical pressure to the body surface. Thus the transmural pressure distorting the respiratory system was applied only to the upper airway. Subjects breathed CO2-enriched (2-3%) room air to stimulate phasic respiratory EMGge activity. We found that -10 cmH2O pressure applied selectively to the upper airway resulted in a 49% enhancement of peak-integrated EMGge activity, but EMGdi activity remained at control levels. Positive pressure did not result in any changes in EMGge or EMGdi activity. Neither pressure resulted in significant changes in the magnitude or pattern of ventilation. We conclude that reflex mechanisms maintaining upper airway patency are demonstrable in awake humans and probably have an important role in moment-to-moment modulation of upper airway muscle activity in normal awake humans.
Days Like These: Tate Triennial Exhibition of Contemporary British Art 2003

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This volume aims to provide an accessible and extensively illustrated snapshot of the state of contemporary art in Britain today. Published to accompany the second Tate Triennial exhibition in Spring 2003, it features 23 artists working in a range of media, and provides the opportunity to see the work of emerging artists such as Gillian Carnegie and Jim Lambie, alongside new work by established names including Richard Hamilton, Cornelia Parker and Rachel Whiteread.
PENGARUH KEBIJAKAN UTANG, LIKUIDITAS, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, DAN PROFITABILITAS TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN DIVIDEN PERUSAHAAN YANG TERDAFTAR PADA INDEKS LQ-45 DI BEI PERIODE 2013-2016

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Investors have a goal to get maximum returns by anticipating the impact they will face in the future. In this study the return meant is dividend policy. There are 4 factors that influence dividend policy, namely: (1) debt policy, (2) liquidity, (3) company size, (3) profitability. This type of research is causative with secondary data, where this study analyzes how the influence of one variable with another variable or how a variable affects other variables. The sampling technique in this study used a purposive sampling method. Purposive sampling is the determination of the cellphone and population based on the criteria desired by the researcher in order to obtain a representative sample according to the criteria. The object of this study is a company listed on the LQ-45 Index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange with a period of 2013-2016. The data analysis technique uses multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS version 21.0. The results of this study indicate that (1) debt policy has a negative and not significant effect on dividend policy in the LQ-45 index company listed on the Stock Exchange in 2013-2016, (2) liquidity has a negative and not significant effect on dividend policy on LQ-index companies 45 which are listed on the IDX in 2013-2016, (3) the size of the company has a negative and not significant effect on dividend policy on LQ-45 index companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2016, and (4) Profitability has a negative and not significant effect on policy dividends on LQ-45 index companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013-2016.Keyword: Dividend Policy, Debt Policy, Liquidity, Company Size, and Profitability
Training Policy for Privacy-Preserving Logistic Regression in Federated Learning Environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Logistic Regression (LR) is a widely used statistical model for classification problems. However, its training and evaluation in a shared environment increase the possibility of information leaking. A federated LR reduces security issues by using only locally available data for training. In a Federated Learning (FL) environment, LR receives the coefficients of local models to create the federated LR model, which is then distributed to update the local models. The exchange process does not leak confidential information when LR coefficients are encrypted. Homomorphic Encryption (HE) allows the merging of local LR models with privacy preservation (HE-LR). This work presents a novel training policy to reduce the training time with only slightly decreased quality in an FL environment with HE. We analyze the accuracy and time of FL policies with HE-LR that progressively reduce the amount of training data and exchange the LR coefficients in a privacy-preserving manner. The results show that the proposed policy can speed up the training time between 12% and 69%, compared to the traditional FL approach, with an average decrease in accuracy of 1.79% and 1.95%.
Data and Supplemental Data from Radwin et al. "Southwestern Australia Acid-Saline Mineralogy: Observations from Reflectance Spectroscopy"

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

These data are part of Radwin et al., "Southwestern Australia Acid-Saline Mineralogy: Observations from Reflectance Spectroscopy", submitted to IEEE TGRS in 2022. This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the Solar System Workings program grant 80NSSC19K0552, and by the National Science Foundation grants from the Sedimentary Geology and Paleobiology Program (EAR-0719822, EAR-0719838 and EAR-0719892). Included in this dataset are ten separate downloadable files: 1) RADWIN_2022_ACID_SALINE_SPECTRA.xlsx is an Excel spreadsheet containing all of the continuum-removed spectra utilized and an appendix organizing the data. 2) RADWIN_2022_ACID_SALINE_POLYFIT_IRON_SPECTRA.xlsx is an Excel spreadsheet containing all of the polynomial fit continuum-removed iron spectra between ~800-1200 nm. 3) RADWIN_2022_HYMAP_DATA.rar is a folder containing Envi files (with associated image metadata, such as bad-band-list) for the HyMap imagery of Lake Brown and the Twin Lakes region. 4) RADWIN_2022_WA_SEDS_XRF_DATA.xlsx contains supplemental pXRF data. 5) Radwin_Supplemental_XRD_LA1_Data.xlsx contains supplemental XRD data from the Lake Aerodrome LA2 core dataset (LA1 on filename is a typo). 6) SAM Classification Maps.zip contains the classification map files. 7) SAM Rule Images & Stats.zip contains rule images and class statistics from the SAM classification maps. 8) SAM_Processing_Log.xlsx contains the specifications used for the SAM classification maps when using ENVI. 9) SAM_Training_Data_Shapefiles.zip contains shapefiles that designate the training class data for the 7 classification map classes. 10) XRF_Spectra_Matched_Sample_Photos_For_Reference.docx contains photos of the samples that were analyzed with pXRF.