jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Notes On Entry Routes Into a Sport/Recreational Role: The Case of Sailing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Interest and participation in sailing, a sport/recreational activity historically associated with the upper class, is on the rise, especially among newcomers from middle class backgrounds. Starting with an explanation for this rise, the article continues by raising sociological questions concerning the problems of attracting and socializing these newcomers to the world of sailing. Ideal type descrip tions of entry routes into sailing are presented along with the implications for newcomers and for sailing itself.
Solid Dispersion Method for Design of Donepezil Orodispersible Tablets: Formulation &#38; Characterization

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Donepezil HCl is an anti Alzheimer's drug of the acetylcholinesterase class.It is widely used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and to control dementia.Orodispersable Tablets (ODTs) containing Donepezil HCl was prepared using super-disintegrant (croscarmellose sodium) by direct compression method using solid dispersion technique to mask the taste of the drug.Three types of excipient were used to mask the taste namely Mannitol, PEG 6000 and PVP K 30 in three different ratios (i.e.1:1, 1:2, 1:3) using solvent evaporation method in solid dispersion technique.The optimized formulation shows the minimum disintegration time of 50 sec and release maximum amount of drug in 10 min.Short term stability studies indicated no significant changes in hardness, friability, in vitro disintegration time, drug content and in vitro drug release.
Mangroves as Protection from Storm Surges in a Changing Climate

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Adaptation to climate change includes addressing sea level rise and increased storm surges in many coastal areas.Mangroves can substantially reduce the vulnerability of the adjacent coastal land from inundation and erosion.However, climate change poses a large threat to mangroves.This paper quantifies the coastal protection provided by mangroves for 42 developing countries in the current climate, and a future climate change scenario with a one-meter sea level rise and 10 percent intensification of storms.The benefits of the coastal protection provided by mangroves are measured in terms of population and gross domestic product at a reduced risk from inundation; the loss of benefits under climate change is measured as the increased population and gross domestic product at risk.The findings demonstrate that although sea level rise and increased storm intensity would increase storm surge areas and the amounts of built resources at risk, the greatest impact is the expected loss of mangroves.Under current climate and mangrove coverage, 3.5 million people and roughly $400 million in gross domestic product of are at risk.In the future climate change scenario, the vulnerable population and gross domestic product at risk would increase by 103 and 233 percent, respectively.The greatest risk is in East Asia, especially in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Myanmar.
Physiological study of nitrogen and phosphorus application in soybean

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nine morpho-physiological parameters were studied on soybean variety Brag grown under four treatments of varying doses of N2 and P2O5 fertilizers. The data were recorded on three growth stages viz. vegetative, flowering and fruiting and some parameters recorded on grain and straw basis also. Treatment T3 (90 kg N2+ 90 kg P2O5/ha) was at par for all the characters studied indicating higher responses of soybean for nutrient use.
Antifouling improvement of a polyacrylonitrile membrane blended with an amphiphilic copolymer

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The amphiphilic copolymer polyacrylonitrile-co-poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PAN-co-PHEMA) was readily blended with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) to fabricate a flat-sheet blending membrane through non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS). In the membrane-forming process, the hydrophilic PHEMA chains are uniformly distributed on the surface, as revealed by the energy-dispersive X-ray tests. The sponge-like sub-layer embedded with droplet-shaped structures is formed at the cross-sections of membranes, because of the high viscosity of the casting solution. With the increase of copolymer concentration, the mean pore size of the blending membranes increases from 26.9 to 99.8 nm, leading to the increase of membrane flux from 93.6 to 205.4 l/(m 2 h). The incorporation of PAN-co-PHEMA copolymer endows the blending membrane with a rough surface microstructure and enhanced hydrophilicity. The rejection ratio of membranes for emulsified pump oil reaches 99.9%, indicating a prominent separation performance. In the cycle permeation experiments, the flux recovery ratio of the blending membranes is as high as 99.6%, which is much higher than those of PAN membrane. The irreversible fouling of blending membranes induced by oil adsorption is alleviated, and converted into reversible fouling, owing to the reduction of the adhesion force between foulant and membrane surface. These results suggest that the anti-fouling property of PAN membranes has been dramatically strengthened via the addition of PAN-co-PHEMA copolymer.
Correlation Between Pectoralis Minor, Shoulder Mobility and Neck Range of Motion on Rounded Shoulder Posture for Life-Care Increase in Women University Student

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

본 연구는 여대생의 라이프 케어 증진을 위한 둥근 어깨 자세의 작은가슴근, 어깨 가동성, 목 관절 가동 범위 의 상관관계를 알아보았다. 둥근 어깨 자세를 가진 성인 여성 80명을 대상자로 선정하였다. 대상자가 누운 자세에서 어깨의 높이를 측정하여 둥근 어깨 자세를 측정하였고, 작은가슴근의 길이, 어깨 가동성, 목 관절가동범위를 측정하여 상관분석을한 결과는 다음과 같다.BR 오른쪽 둥근 어깨와 목 폄의 상관계수는 -.23(p0.05)이었다. 오른쪽 작은가슴근 지수와 목 왼쪽 가쪽 굽힘의 상관계수는 -.25(p0.05)이었고, 오른쪽 작은가슴근 지수와 목 굽힘 상관계수는 -.25(p0.5)이었다. 왼쪽 어깨 가동성과 목 왼쪽 가쪽 굽힘의 상관계수는 -.23(p0.05)이었고, 왼쪽 어깨 가동성과 목 오른쪽 돌림의 상관계수는 -.23(p0.5)이었으며, 왼쪽 어깨 가동성과 목 왼쪽 돌림의 상관계수는 -.25(p0.05)로 통계학적으로 유의한 음의 상관관계가 있었다(p0.05).BR 이상의 결과로 오른쪽의 둥근 어깨가 심할수록 목폄이 감소하였고, 오른쪽 작은가슴근이 단축될수록 목 왼쪽 가쪽 굽힘과 목 굽힘이 감소하였으며, 왼쪽어깨 가동성이 증가할수록 목 왼쪽 가쪽 굽힘은 감소하였고, 오른쪽 돌림과 왼쪽 돌림이 감소하였음을 알 수 있었다.
Comparison of efficacy of intra articular steroid injection versus manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) in idiopathic frozen Shoulder.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To compare efficacy of intra-articular steroid (IAS) injection with manipulation under anesthesia (MUA) in idiopathic FS. Study Design: Randomized Control Trail. Setting: Department of Orthopedic, Independent University Hospital, (IMC) Faisalabad. Period: 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2021. Material & Methods: Diagnosis of FS was based upon detailed history and proper physical. Group A (n=50) included intra-articular injection patients and Group B (n=50) was patients receiving MUA. Pain was measured by VAS and disability was measured by Disability Index (SPADI) scale. Results: Mean age of sample was 37 ± 10.52 in group A and 39.14± 9.48 in group B. Age of patients ranges from 35 to 50 years. Female patients were greater in both the groups. Most of the patients have duration of disease for more than 1 month. The ratio of patients with right side disease was more than 50% in both the groups as compared to left side. In group A. there was a significant decrease in mean pain from 3.45 ± 1.12 to 2.16 ± 0.8 In group B, mean pain score decreased from 3.65 ± 0.88 to 2.35 ± 0.68 1. Overall group A was more effective as compared to group B but the results were not significant statistically. Conclusion: The intra-articular injection method was superior to MUA because it was easier, safer, and less expensive, and it produced early results.
Evaluation of some phenolic extracts against aphids (Aphis craccivora) Koch under laboratory conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Local farmers worldwide have complained in recent years that insect pests have become resistant to the majority of insecticides, owing to pesticide abuse. In addition, highly poisonous and harmful substances may cause health and environmental dangers. Friendly alternatives such as plant extracts are the main targets as substituents to synthetic pesticides. The present study aimed to extract total phenols from some plants and evaluate their efficacy on aphids, Aphis craccivora, under laboratory conditions. Four methanolic plant extracts from Punica granatum, Lantana camara, Portulaca oleracea and Ziziphus jujuba, containing phenolic components were evaluated against A. craccivora through: slide dipping, spraying, and leaf dipping techniques. Generally, positive relationships between the concentrations of the tested phenolic extracts and their mortality percentages were noticed in the case of slide dipping and spraying techniques. Conversely, no biological efficacy was found using the leaf dipping technique. The descending order of effectiveness of the tested extracts depending on their EC50 values was 0.017, 0.321, 1.142 and 16.114 ppm for Z. jujuba, P. oleraceae P. granatum and L. comara, respectively, in the case of the slide dipping technique. In contrast, P. granatum, L. camara, P. oleraceae and Z. jujuba had EC50 values of 0.0023, 0.017, 0.321 and 2.3409 ppm, respectively, in the case of the spraying technique. Additionally, a direct proportion was found between mortality percentages and treatment period for plant extracts under study with both techniques. After formulation and completion of additional essential field research, phenols isolated from the plants under study could be employed to combat A. craccivora.
Lattice rules of moderate trigonometric degree

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A systematic search has been undertaken for optimal lattice rules of specified trigonometric degree d over the hypercube [0; 1) s . The search is restricted to a population K(s; ffi) of lattice rules Q(). This includes those where the dual lattice ? may be generated by s points h for each of which jhj = ffi = d + 1. The underlying theory, which suggests that such a restriction might be helpful, is presented. The general character of the search is described, and, for s = 3, d 29 and, s = 4, d 21, a list of K-optimal rules is given. It is not known whether these are also optimal rules in the general sense; this matter is discussed.
Merits of Oil Pulling Therapy in the Management of Xerostomia and Stomatopyrosis in Burning Mouth Syndrome

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) is a condition which is characterised by xerostomia, stomatopyrosis, dysgeusia and primarily affects the women of perimenopausal age. Despite the plethora of trials that have been going on since decades for management of this condition, there seems to be no definitive cure till date, which is mainly attributed to the ambiguity of this condition. Oil pulling is a simple, ancient technique which can be used as an adjunctive or supplemental therapy in a number of conditions, including BMS. Aim: To assess the efficacy of oil pulling therapy using sesame oil on xerostomia and stomatopyrosis in patients suffering from primary BMS. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study conducted at I.T.S. Dental College, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India, between April 2016 to April 2017 and included a total of 25 patients. On the basis of the detailed case history and complete haemogram, patients clinically diagnosed with primary BMS were advised oil pulling therapy once daily for a period of three months and symptoms of xerostomia and stomatopyrosis were assessed at the end of every month using Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Paired t-test was applied. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. The software used for analysis was SPSS software version 16.0. Results: All patients showed a statistically significant improvement in symptoms of both xerostomia and stomatopyrosis at the end of three months when compared with the baseline values (p=<0.05). Conclusion: Oil pulling therapy using sesame oil is found to be a simple yet effective modality with no harmful side effects, which can be advised to patients of BMS.
Influence of Temporary Rigid Carrier Structure on Warpage during Wafer/Panel level packaging

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Glass based rigid carriers are now essential for building present-day high-performance semiconductor packages with Package on Package (PoP), chiplets, stacked 2D ~ 3D structures as well as with organic interposer designs. High density RDL structures of these advanced packages are supported on these rigid carriers and exposed to mechanical handling, harsh chemicals, and temperature excursions during different steps of assembly processes. These package assemblies are performed on large size carriers, in wafer and panel formats.Besides providing a rigid support to the assembled structure, another important requirement for these carriers is to have a debonding (or releasing) capability from the packaged structure after completion of assembly. Bonding/debonding polymer materials are applied on the carrier top for this purpose. Currently laser-lift-off (LLO) technique is commonly used for debonding. As a result, choice of the carrier material is restricted to borosilicate glass only – which allows for laser ablation.Due to thermal stresses during different stages of the assembly process, the resulting composite materials at each stage of assembly cause warpage of the packaged structure ~ affecting process yield and limiting high density RDL formations. Efforts to understand and optimize this warpage issue are currently limited by 'single carrier type and debonding/release layer' materials.This paper introduces "a choice of carrier materials with an inorganic release layer" to overcome present constraints and minimize assembly warpage. The properties of the carrier material and its dimensions, viz. Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE), thickness, modulus, and thermal conductivity, influence warpage. The influence of carrier materials on warpage has been studied.During chip-last Wafer/Panel level packaging, RDL is the first step in processing, where composite layers of photo imageable dielectric polymer (PID) and copper trace are formed on the carrier. In the next step the chips are mounted. While curing each layer of RDL, this composite structure is subjected to stresses causing warpage. As more number of layers are added, the magnitude of warpage keeps increasing. If not controlled, it could lead to alignment errors during lithography, thus limiting processing of complex multi-layer RDL structures with fine geometry. Further, warpage after RDL formation significantly impacts the chip placement & mounting process ~ causing assembly yield loss. Considering this as the most critical step and the foundation of wafer & panel level packages, this paper focuses on understanding the influence of different carrier substrate types with inorganic release layers on warpage during RDL process.Finite element analysis (FEA) had been used to simulate warpage in assembly during RDL formation. The purpose of this exercise is to provide solutions to mitigate warpage by selecting carrier substrate types with inorganic release layers.
Failed Ankle Replacement and Conversion to Arthrodesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The increasing popularity of total ankle replacement (TAR) is leading to an increase in the number of failed ankle replacements requiring revision. Some of these cases are not amenable to revision TAR, and conversion to arthrodesis is the preferred option. An algorithm for selecting the appropriate revision procedure, on the basis of preoperatively identified problems typically seen in failed TAR, is presented. Tibio-talo-calcaneal fusion is most commonly used to salvage nonrevisable TARs, and techniques for dealing with the primary issues of surgical approach, bone loss, and fixation are presented.
Design and Fabrication of a 6-Bit Current-Mode ADC for Lidar and High-Speed Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The design, simulation, fabrication, and testing of a 6-bit current-mode ADC is presented with related calculations. Capable of producing samples at greater than 100MHz, the proposed design should excel at measuring fast current transients such as those produced by arrays of avalanche photodiodes (APDs). An array of 63 current comparators feed digital logic gates, via “thermometer code,” that produce a 6-bit output word that is driven off-chip by appropriate buffers.The circuit was designed using Cadence Virtuoso design software. Simulated Differential Non-Linearity (DNL), with an 8µA reference current, is 1.656 LSB at the worst transition involving a scale change. Excluding scale changes (where different current mirror sizes are used for different sections of the input range) the worst DNL is 0.229 LSB. Worst Integral Non-Linearity (INL) is -2.29 LSB. Simulations indicate delay for digital logic to encode results from comparators into a 6-bit word is less than 1ns. Output buffers are designed to drive 10pF load capacitance at a frequency of at least 100MHz. Fabrication was in a 180nm SiGe BiCMOS process. The complete design is 830µm x 395µm for a layout area of 0.328mm2. Layout techniques and strategy are described, including isolation structures, power delivery, and standard cells for digital design. Metal routing and shielding techniques are described. Integration with a test Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is described. The ADC is characterized and test results are presented. Oscilloscope measurements indicate buffers are capable of driving signals at frequencies in excess of 100MHz. The complete system power consumption can exceed 50mW. Conditions that affect power consumption are investigated. Methods to stabilize power delivery and associated challenges are described as well as possible future design mitigations. The proposed ADC is demonstrated to have a response sufficient for high-speed operation.
Counting and Comparing Apples and Dragon Fruits

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social science research on the aims and impacts of Chinese development finance remains in its infancy because Beijing shrouds its overseas portfolio of grants and loans in secrecy. This chapter introduces the Tracking Underreported Financial Flows (TUFF) methodology that the authors have developed to assemble a comprehensive dataset of Chinese aid and debt-financed development projects around the globe. It also provides an overview of previous attempts to quantify Chinese development finance, and explains how the authors’ methods and data are different from those of others. This chapter also tests whether an alternative approach—field-based data collection—might yield more useful and reliable re- sults. Drawing upon evidence from a “ground-truthing” exercise in Uganda and South Africa, the authors demonstrate that field-based and TUFF-based data collection methods produce similar results. However, the TUFF methodology is less vulnerable to detection bias and more readily scalable than field-based data collection.
Mixing of multiple coflowing confined laminar streams

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The eigenvalues can now take on imaginary values, however the functions cf)m still comprise a complete orthogonal set. Although Eq. (Al) is apparently a solution to Eq. (3), it has two distinct disadvantages. It diverges slowly and, because its derivative with respect to x does not converge uniformly, it cannot be proven to satisfy the boundary conditions in Eq. (3). The following technique is, therefore, employed. Take the limit of Eq. (Al) with respect to time:
Popping the balloon: Abrupt onset of a spinal CSF leak and spontaneous intracranial hypotension in idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a debilitating neurologic condition that is often thought of as separate from idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The unique case presented here details a spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that developed abruptly following a CSF pressure elevating maneuver in a patient with pre‐existing intracranial hypertension, raising the possibility of a causative link between the two conditions. Results A 40‐year‐old woman with symptomatic IIH developed a dural tear of a thoracic spinal nerve root sleeve during an episode of Valsalva maneuver leading to a CSF leak and development of symptomatic SIH. This was successfully treated with epidural blood and fibrin glue patch and the patient is now symptom‐free. Discussion The implication of a possible causative link between elevated CSF pressure and subsequent development of dural rupture and SIH raises important questions regarding the pathophysiology of SIH in some cases. Furthermore, it suggests that there could be a potential prophylactic benefit of CSF pressure lowering medications in preventing the development of SIH in patients with IIH.
Neuropathic pain--a management update.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A validated diagnostic screening tool can help identify patients with neuropathic pain. A systematic approach to clinical assessment and investigation will clarify the diagnosis. Good glycaemic control is important in the prevention and management of diabetic polyneuropathy; management options include antidepressants, gabapentinoids and controlled release opioids. Pain that lasts for more than 3 months after the onset of a herpes zoster infection is called 'postherpetic neuralgia'; management options include prevention with vaccination, early antiviral treatment and gabapentinoids, tricyclic antidepressants, controlled release opioids, capsaicin cream and lignocaine patches. In trigeminal neuralgia, patients complain of severe brief episodes of pain in the distribution of one or more branches of the fifth cranial nerve; first line management is with carbamazepine. Complex regional pain syndrome is diagnosed using the Budapest Diagnostic Criteria. Few clinical trials are available to guide the treatment of complex regional pain syndrome, which includes pharmacological and surgical options.
Evaluation of Android Anti-malware Techniques against Dalvik Bytecode Obfuscation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Popularity and growth of Android mobile devices has paved the way for exploiting popular apps using various Dalvik byte code transformation methods. Testing the antimalware techniques against obfuscation identifies the need of proposing effective detection methods. In this paper, we explore the resilience of anti-malware techniques against transformations for Android. The Proposed approach employs variable compression, native code wrapping and register renaming, in addition to already implemented transformations on Dalvik byte code. Evaluation results indicate low resilience of the antimalware detection engines against code obfuscation. Furthermore, we evaluate resilience of Androguard's code similarity and AndroSimilar's robust statistical feature signature against code obfuscated malware.
Physician–patient racial concordance and disparities in birthing mortality for newborns

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Significance A large body of work highlights disparities in survival rates across Black and White newborns during childbirth. We posit that these differences may be ameliorated by racial concordance between the physician and newborn patient. Findings suggest that when Black newborns are cared for by Black physicians, the mortality penalty they suffer, as compared with White infants, is halved. Strikingly, these effects appear to manifest more strongly in more complicated cases, and when hospitals deliver more Black newborns. No such concordance effect is found among birthing mothers.