jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF EMPLOYMENT STRUCTURE IN SHENYANG CITY FROM 1990S

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As an old industrial city preferentially constructed in the early times of the P.R.China,Shenyang has put an emphasis on the development of the secondary industry from economic structure perspective.In addition,it has been suggested that its employment structure focuses on the industry.With the reform of enterprises deepened constantly,such industries established in the planned economy mode,especially state-owned enterprises(SOEs),have brought a series of problems,such as increased unemployment rates and laid-off employees.Shenyang has thus become one of the major cities with severe employment problems in China.In this study,we used the data from the fourth(1990)and the fifth(2000)population census to analyze spatial differences of labor force structure and industry structure in Shenyang from different scales,including urban area,inner suburb,outer suburbs and periphery counties.The results indicates that workforce of Shenyang city has been transferring from an old employment space to a new employment space.The degree of suburbanization is remarkable,especially in the employee of the industrial,construction and the tertiary industry(e.g.the communications,transportation,post and telecommunications industry,commerce,storage industry and management).Such a phenomenon may result from the suburbanization of population and industry.Furthermore,there is evidence that the old urban area is renovated by the policy of diffusing,and shifting some traditional industries or adopting to industrial dispersion to promote the development of the backward areas,and the development of the newly developed area makes the suburbs be a center of productivity and population.It provides further support for our findings of suburbanization process of population and industry.Therefore,it can be concluded that the reconstruction of employment space associated with suburbanization of population and industry plays an important role in altering urban spatial structure of Shenyang,such as the reconstructions in physical space and social space.Currently,during the special transition of urban society in Shenyang,the divisions of physical space and social space are being aggravated,land functional districts such as industrial area and inhabited region have obvious trends and social stratification and community reconstruction are going on.
The incidence of abdominal obesity and the associated metabolic disturbances in the children aged 7-13 years

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Stage 1 of the present study was designed to estimate the incidence of abdominal obesity among 878 schoolchildren aged between 7 and 13 years using the percentile tables for the waist circumference (WC) in the children's population of the United Kingdom and from the WC/height ratio that makes it possible to identify children at the highest risk of metabolic disturbances. The incidence of abdominal obesity based on the criterion of WC≤90th percentile (PC) for the age and the sex was estimated to be 33.1% for the entire group in the absence of significant difference between boys and girls (30.7% vs 35,5%). The incidence of abdominal obesity based on the criterion of WC/height ratio with a threshold value of ≤0.5 was 9.9% for both sexes in the entire group; it was significantly higher in the boys than in the girls (13.1% vs 6.9%). At the second stage of the study, the group of the children having WC≤90th percentile (n=51) showed significantly higher systolic and diastolic arterial pressure, blood triglyceride and insulin levels and HOMAIR index but lower HDL levels than control patients with WC < 90th percentile (n=28). The results of the study suggest the high incidence of abdominal obesity among young schoolchildren residing in large cities. Moreover, such children tend to develop metabolic disturbances and are at risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Minds, Brains, or Persons? What is Psychology About?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

As a science, psychology has often been constructed around one of two concepts: the mind or the brain. For those working on the basis of the former, the mind is typically seen as a kind of mental space, housing so-called mental representations. For those inclined to a neuroscientific approach, the brain is seen as the seat of psychological functioning. In this chapter, I argue that both are in many cases misguided versions of Cartesianism, i.e., the view of the mind associated with the philosophy of René Descartes, which identifies mental phenomena with inner entities in the mind, brain, or mind/brain. Instead, I claim that psychology should be based on the concept of the person. The person is a moral and legal concept that refers to a living agent, who can be held accountable for his or her actions. A person moves in a moral space of reasons in addition to a physical space of causation. A psychological science thus needs to take normativity into account and describe the properties of its subject matter using what Rom Harré has called "person grammar," i.e., a vocabulary suitable for describing persons and their actions.
A critical review on extraction, characteristics, physicochemical activities, potential health benefits, and industrial applications of fucoidan

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Fucoidan is a kind of sulfated polysaccharide that consists mainly of fucose and is found in marine brown alga. Fucoidan is a major bioactive compound in brown seaweeds known to have biological activities including anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antivirus, hypolipidemic, and immune‐modulating properties. Due to the adhesive property of fucoidan, it can increase endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation. An increasing number of investigations in the past few years have demonstrated the extraction process of fucoidan. However, the critical review of fucoidan in health benefits has been less explored. In this review, the recent advances of fucoidan were summarized. Moreover, the extraction and purification processes, the characterization of structure, as well as its physicochemical activities, biological activities, and industrial applications were discussed. This review will provide fundamental information for future investigation on controlling the structure, purity, and consistency of the fucoidan product.
transglycosylation specificity of reuteransucrase from Lactobacillus reuteri 121

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

lactic acid bacteria use sucrose to synthesize a diversity of a-glucans with a-(1 fi 6) (dextran, mainly found in Leuconostoc), a-(1 fi 3) (mutan, mainly found in Streptococcus), alternating a-(1 fi 3) and a-(1 fi 6) (alternan, only reported in Leuconostoc mesenteroides), or a-(1 fi 4) [reuteran, catalyzed by reuteransucrase from Lactobacillus reuteri 121 (GTFA) and reuteran-sucrase from L. reuteri ATCC 55730 (GTFO)] glucosi-dic bonds [1–5]. Secondary-structure predictions revealed that the catalytic domains of glucansucrases possess a (b ⁄a)8 barrel structure similar to that of members of the gly-coside hydrolase family GH13
Retinoic acid repression of cell-specific helix-loop-helix-octamer activation of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide enhancer.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have investigated the mechanism underlying repression of calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CT/CGRP) gene expression by retinoic acid. Retinoic acid treatment of the CA77 thyroid C-cell line decreased CT/CGRP promoter activity two- to threefold, which correlates well with the decrease in calcitonin and CGRP mRNA levels. Repression is mediated through the nuclear retinoic acid receptors (RAR) on the basis of the retinoid specificity, the sensitivity of repression (half-maximal repression at 0.2 nM), and the additional repression caused by cotransfection of an alpha-RAR expression vector. The sequences required for retinoic acid repression were localized to an 18-bp element containing cell-specific enhancer activity. The enhancer binds helix-loop-helix (HLH) and octamer transcription factors that act synergistically to activate transcription. Retinoic acid repression requires both these factors since mutations in either motif resulted in the loss of repression. Furthermore, repression was observed only in cell lines containing enhancer activity. We have used electrophoretic mobility shift assays to show that repression does not involve direct DNA binding of RAR or RAR-retinoid X receptor heterodimers. Instead, repression appears to involve interactions with the stimulatory enhancer factors. Following retinoic acid treatment, there was a specific decrease in an enhancer complex containing both HLH and octamer proteins. Formation of the HLH-octamer complex was also specifically blocked by the addition of exogenous RAR-retinoid X receptor protein. These results demonstrate that RAR can repress CT/CGRP gene transcription by interfering with combinatorial activation by cell-specific HLH and octamer proteins.
The effect of EFG1 gene silencing on down-regulation of SAP5 gene, by use of RNAi technology.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Efg1 transcription factor is believed to be the main regulator of hyphal formation under many different conditions. In addition, it is responsible for positive regulation of the expression of several hyphal-specific genes. SAP5, which encodes secreted aspartic proteinase, is one of the mentioned genes and is crucial for pathogenicity properties. In the present work we have established the experimental conditions for the use of siRNA in the diploid yeast Candida albicans in order to knock-down the EFG1 gene expression as well as the Efg1-dependent gene, SAP5. The 19-nucleotide siRNA was designed according to cDNA sequence of EFG1 gene in C. albicans and modified-PEG/LiAc method was applied for yeast transfection. To quantify the level of both EFG1 and SAP5 gene expression, the cognate mRNAs were measured in C. albicans by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and data was consequently analyzed by use of REST® software. Images taken by fluorescent microscopy method indicated the effectiveness of transfection. According to REST® software data analysis, expression of EFG1 gene decreased about 2.5-fold using 500 nM of siRNA. A 7-fold decrease in EFG1 gene expression was observed when applying 1 µM of siRNA (P<0.05). Consequently, the expression of SAP5 was significantly down-regulated both in yeast treated with 500 and 1000 nM of siRNA (P<0.05). In conclusion, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is likely to be considered as a promising approach to discover new gene targets so as to design fungal-specific antifungal agents, and it is strongly possible that we are taking the right way to battle with C. albicans-associated infections.
The Relationship of Maternal Employment to Adolescent Roles, Activities, and Parental Relationships

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Questionnaires about activities and parental relationships were administered to metropolitan secondary school adolescents. The evidence from 229 of these questionnaires suggests that adolescents have only slightly more responsibility for household chores when the mother is employed, and that their degree of participation in social activities does not differ consistently from respondents whose mothers are not employed. Reports of parent-child disagreement over a wide range of issues are more common when the mother is employed, but perceptions of parental interest, help with school and personal problems, and degree of closeness to parents are similar to those of children whose mothers are not employed outside the home. The importance of investigating the relationship between maternal employment and the roles, activities, and attitudes of adolescent children is manifest in light of the increasing numbers of women moving into paid employment. A useful perspective for deriving hypotheses about these relationships is to view the nuclear family as an open social system consisting of the four structurally related positions of husband-father, wife-mother, sonbrother, and daughter-sister. The economy's increasing need for workers in white-collar and service-producing sectors, the development of mechanical household appliances, smaller families, better health, and rising material standards of living may effect a redefinition of household responsibility for family members because these factors tend to draw women away from the home into paid employment. The amount of work done by teenage sons and daughters may
Chemical Composition of the Leaf Oil ofSatureja odoraandSatureja parvifolia

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT The leaf oils of Satureja odora (Gris.) Epl. And S. parvifolia (Phil.) Epl. (Lamiaceae), two endemic species of Argentina, were investigated by GC and GC/MS. Both species showed great difference in their composition, the main compounds being pulegone (61.5%) in S. odora and carvacrol (34.0%), carvacryl acetate (14.7%), p-cymene (14.0%) and γ-terpinene (11.3%) in S. parvifolia. KEY WORD INDEX: Satureja odora Satureja parvifolia Lamiaceaeessential oil compositionpulegonecarvacrolcarvacryl acetatep-cymeneγ-terpinene
THE EFFECT OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP AND EMPLOYMENT ENGAGEMENT ON INNOVATIVE BEHAVIOR IN PT. SEMESTA INDOVEST SECURITY

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the effect of Transformational Leadership (X1) and Work Engagement (X2) on Innovative Work Behavior (Y) at PT Semesta Indovest Sekuritas. The research method used is a quantitative research method with a descriptive approach. The population in this study amounted to 125 employees. Based on the Slovin formula, the number of samples in this study is 95 respondents. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling technique. The data processing technique used in this study uses SPSS version 25. In this study, the data analysis techniques carried out included five stages, namely: (1) requirements analysis test; (2) classical assumption test; (3) multiple regression analysis test; (4) hypothesis testing; and (5) the coefficient of determination analysis test. The result shows that transformational leadership and work engagement affect the innovative work behavior of employees.
Prospects and pitfalls of a university-community partnership using Jatropha for sustainable rural development in a Nigerian community

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Jatropha (Jatropha curcas) has been widely touted as a feedstock for biofuel production and way to combat rural poverty. In some cases, using Jatropha for rural economic development has led to unfulfilled expectations and failed programs. I investigated the expectations of an agricultural community in Nigeria toward a Jatropha biodiesel development project initiated by a private university and how community and project leaders perceived the impact of the program’s eventual abandonment. Willingness to adopt the project appeared largely due to its association with the university and expatriate staff. Community leaders’ enthusiastic support resulted in high expectations of poverty alleviation and community improvements. Given the community-perceived slow progress of the project and its ultimate dissolution, the community–university relationship and intra-community relations, including potential disempowerment of community leaders, were affected. The overall impact was, however, mitigated by other university-backed community programs and continued support by community leaders for using Jatropha for development.
SH381627.07FU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PORTRAITURE IN THE PERSIAN TRADITION

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Any attempt to survey the development and significance of portraiture in the Persian pictorial tradition requires the synthesis of scattered and often contradictory materials. Earlier efforts to analyze the role of portraits in the visual culture of the Islamic world have confronted seemingly insoluble problems. Textual and pictorial evidence attests that at certain times portraiture flourished, particularly in Iran, Central Asia, and India. On the other hand, religious scruples evidenced in Koranic commentaries that circulated among both Sunni and Shi'a scholars, concerning the impropriety of a person seeking to usurp the creative role of God by producing images of animate beings appear to preclude the production of individualized portraits. Attempts to amalgamate this conflicting evidence into a coherent whole have been hampered by the absence of any theoretical model for evaluating the relative significance of its constituent elements. Little attention has been paid either to reconstructing the functions served by portraiture or even to defining what constitutes a portrait within the Persian cultural sphere. The aim of this essay is to create a historical and conceptual framework for analyzing the role of portraiture in the pictorial tradition of pre-modern Iran and related regions and thereby lay the foundations for a more satisfactory resolution of these complicated questions. Investigations into the role of images in various regions of the Islamic world have reached different and sometimes intrinsically contradictory conclusions. Some studies refer tangentially to the question of portraits in the course of a broader consideration of at-
Performance of New Self-Aligned InP/InGaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors Using Crystallographically Defined Emitter Contact Technology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

InP/InGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs), using a new crystallographically defined emitter contact technology for a self-aligned base-to-emitter structure, are fabricated and their performances are investigated. In this technology, a new self-alignment process has been developed based on the crystallographic wet etching characteristics of an InP dummy emitter layer, which is grown on the conventional HBT layer structure. The shape of the emitter contact, which is determined by the crystallographically etched sidewall profile of the InP dummy emitter layer, is used to obtain the desired contact spacing between the emitter mesa and the base contact by controlling only the thickness of the InP dummy emitter layer. The fabricated HBTs show good overall device performance at high frequencies with a current gain cutoff frequency fT of 94 GHz and a maximum oscillation frequency fmax of 124 GHz. The microwave power performance of the device was also measured and characterized.
Neurosyphilis as an Imitator of Autoimmune Optic Neuropathy: A case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Steroid-dependent optic neuropathies generally have an immune-mediated origin, with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) remain the most common aetiologies, among other systemic inflammatory disorders. Here, we present a rare case of a young male with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and neurosyphilis presenting with steroid-dependent optic neuropathy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of such a presentation.
Diffuse optical tomography and spectroscopy of breast cancer and fetal brain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Diffuse optical techniques utilize light in the near infrared spectral range to measure tissue physiology noninvasively. Based on these measurements, either average bulk optical properties or three-dimensional spatial maps of tissue properties such as total hemoglobin concentration, blood oxygen saturation and scattering can be obtained using model-based reconstruction algorithms. In this thesis, diffuse optical techniques were applied for in vivo breast cancer imaging and transabdominal fetal brain oxygenation monitoring. For clinical in vivo breast cancer imaging, diffuse optical tomography technique and related instrumentation were developed. The clinical diffuse optical tomography instrument utilized near infrared light sources of multiple wavelengths, and multiple source-detector positions in a parallel plate geometry. Transmission continuous-wave measurements by a lens-coupled CCD camera and remission frequency-domain measurements by fiber-coupled detector channels were performed simultaneously. Human subject measurements were carried out in the prone position. The breast was softly compressed and the space adjacent to the breast was filled with a matching fluid with similar optical properties to that of the breast. A nonlinear conjugate gradient inverse algorithm with a priori spectral constraints was utilized to reconstruct three-dimensional endogeneous optical and physiological breast properties. Bulk physiological properties were quantified for 52 healthy subjects in the parallel-plate transmission geometry. Three-dimensional images of the breast were reconstructed for 21 subjects with breast carcinomas. Tumor contrast with respect to normal tissue was found in total hemoglobin concentration and scattering coefficient. An optical index combining total hemoglobin concentration and scattering coefficient shows the tumor contrast to be 2–3 times larger compared to the healthy tissue. Tumor contrast and tumor volume changes during neoadjuvant chemotherapy were tracked for one subject and compared to the dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our measurement revealed tumor shrinkage during the course of chemotherapy, in reasonable agreement with magnetic resonance images of the same subject. Finally, the feasibility of measuring blood flow of breast tumors using optical methods was demonstrated for seven subjects. In a qualitatively different set of experiments, the feasibility of transabdominal fetal brain oxygenation monitoring was demonstrated on pregnant ewes with induced transient fetal hypoxia. Preliminary noninvasive clinical measurements before and after human Cesarean sections were discussed, identifying future directions. Overall, this research has translated diffuse optical tomography techniques into a clinical research environment.