jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Independent Bookstores and Cultural Community - Characteristics and Classification -

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

최근 해외는 물론 국내 도시에도 독립출판물과 소규모 출판물을 다루는 독립서점 개점이 증가하고 있다. 독립서점 개점 증가와 언론에 노출되는 횟수에 비해 서점운영이 수월하지는 않지만, 독립서점은 다양한 콘셉트로 수익구조를 만들고, 문화활동을 하며, 책을 사고 파는 상점을 벗어나고 있다. 독립서점이 대안 문화공간으로서 다양한 프로그램을 운영하며 지역 사람들, 취향이 맞는 사람들, 창작자들을 모으는 등 커뮤니티 공간으로 발전하고 있는 것이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 독립서점이 대형서점, 지역서점과 차별화 된 특성을 알아보고, 세부적으로 위치적 특성, 형태적 특성, 방문자 특성, 프로그램 특성을 알아보았다. 또한, 독립서점의 가장 두드러지는 변화인 커뮤니티 유형에 대해 구분했다. 이 과정에서 문헌연구와 단행본, 잡지, 신문기사를 수집ㆍ분석하였으며, 독립서점 운영자, 독립서점 방문자, 독립서점 커뮤니티 참여자를 대상으로 인터뷰를 진행하였다. 연구 결과, 독립서점 커뮤니티는 정서적 공감 커뮤니티, 프로그램 중심 커뮤니티, 창조적 커뮤니티, 비즈니스 커뮤니티로 구분되었으며, 커뮤니티마다 다른 참가 목적과 특징이 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.
Macroscopic and Microscopic Study of the Testis after Ligation Of Head And Body Of Epididymis In Adult Male Albino Rats.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The present work is done to study the effects after ligation of head and body of epididymis and to observe the changes and to answer the questions posed by someone before undergoing ligation at different levels.In the present experimental series effects were studied from 30 days onwards, as the main aim was to see the long term effects in adult male albino rats.The animals selected were albino rats because of their continuous spermatogenesis and ease of availability and can withstand the chloroform anesthesia and operative procedure.In the present study the volume of testis on the operated side showed gradual decrease in the size when compared to the contralateral control after the ligation of head of epididymis with the effect from 3 rd day to 30 th day but after the ligation of body of epididymis there were no changes observed in the first 9 days and volume of testis gradually decreased with effect from 12 th day and changes were noted up to 30 th day in comparision to contralateral control.The observations revealed that ligation of body and head of epididymis caused progressive atrophy of the testis and degeneration of seminiferous tubules and seminiferous epithelium and relative prominence of interstitial tissue.The author concluded that ligation of excurrent duct system at a higher level i.e. head and body of epididymis results in back pressure and causes progressive changes in the testis.
Neoplasms in Young Dogs After Perinatal Irradiation<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">2</xref>

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

For a study of the life-time effects of irradiation during development, 1,680 beagles were given single, whole-body exposures to 60Co γ-radiation at one of three prenatal (preimplantation, embryonic, and fetal) or at one of three postnatal (neonatal, juvenile, and young adult) ages. Mean doses were 0, 0.16, or 0.83 Gy. For comparison with data on childhood cancer after prenatal irradiation, examination was made of tumors occurring in young dogs in this life-span experiment. Up to 4 years of age, 18 dogs had neoplasms diagnosed, 2 of these being in controls. Four dogs that were irradiated in the perinatal (late fetal or neonatal) period died of cancers prior to 2 years of age. This risk was of significant increase compared to the risks for other experimental groups and for the canine population in general. Overall, 71% (5 of 7) of all cancers and 56% (10 of 18) of all benign and malignant neoplasms seen in the first 4 years of life occurred in 29% (480 of 1,680) of the dogs irradiated in the perinatal period. These data suggest an increased risk for neoplasia after perinatal irradiation in dogs.
PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS THROUGH THE EXPRESSION (I.E. NUMERAL) OF YAK IN TAJIK OF SAMARKAND VERNACULAR

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The present paper is devoted to the investigation of the phraseological units which is formed through the expression (i.e. numeral) yak in Tajik, namely from Samarkand pronunciation. In addition, it is distinguished that the expression and/or number yak in the studied pronunciation leads among other numbers in the formation of phraseological units.The presented data examples of the study prove that the model number + noun is effective in Samarkand vernacular. Moreover, the paper tends to presented that the expressions related to yak is essentially produced through the abstract and concrete nouns. From other hand, it adds that the suchlike phraseological units might be used as an auxiliary and/or postpositional fashion.
Consumer Neuroscience and Digital/Social Media Health/Social Cause Advertisement Effectiveness

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This research investigated the use of consumer neuroscience to improve and determine the effectiveness of action/emotion-based public health and social cause (HSC) advertisements. Action-based advertisements ask individuals to ‘do something’ such as ‘act’, ‘share’, make a ‘pledge’ or complete a ‘challenge’ on behalf of a brand, such as doing ‘something good, somewhere, for someone else’. Public health messages as noncommercial advertisements attempt to positively change behavioural intent or increase awareness. Australian health expenditure was $180.7 billion AUD (Australian dollars) in 2016/17 with $17 million AUD spent on government health campaigns. However, evaluation of health advertisement effectiveness has been difficult to determine. Few studies use neuroscience techniques with traditional market research methods. A 2-part study with an exploratory design was conducted using (1) electroencephalography (EEG) using a 64 channel EEG wet cap (n = 47); and (2) a Qualtrics online psychometric survey (n = 256). Participants were asked to make a donation before and after viewing 7 HSC digital/social media advertisements and logos (6 action/emotion-based; 1 control) to measure changes in behavioural intent. Attention is considered a key factor in determining advertising effectiveness. EEG results showed theta synchronisation (increase)/alpha desynchronisation (decrease) indicating attention with episodic memory encoding. sLORETA results displayed approach responses to action/emotion-based advertisements with left prefrontal and right parietal cortex activation. EEG and survey results showed the greatest liking for the ManUp action/emotion-based advertisement which used male facial expressions of raw emotion and vulnerability. ManUp also had the highest increased amount donated after viewing. Lower theta amplitude results for the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) action/emotion-based advertisement indicated that novel (possessing distinct features) rather than attractive/conventional faces were more appealing, while the rapid presentation of faces was less effective. None of the highest peak amplitudes for each ad occurred when viewing brand logos within the advertisement. This research contributes to the academic consumer neuroscience, advertising effectiveness, and social media literature with the use of action/challenge/emotion-based marketing strategies, which remains limited, while demonstrating the value in combining EEG and neuroscientific techniques with traditional market research methods. The research provides a greater understanding of advertising effectiveness and changes in behavioural intent with managerial implications regarding the effective use of action/challenge/emotion-based HSC communications to potentially help save a life and reduce expenditure on ineffectual HSC marketing campaigns.
NANDROLONE DECANOATE IS PROOXIDANT IN THE MYOCARDIUM OF EXERCISED OR SEDENTARY RATS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Nandrolone decanoate is a synthetic testosterone analogue considered one of the most widely used anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) among adolescents and athletes. Chronic ingestion of AAS increases the incidence of cardiovascular abnormalities in athletes, but the mechanism that causes these changes remains unknown. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to verify the possible effects of the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) on the morphology and oxidative metabolism of the heart in exercised and sedentary rats. Methods: This is a comparative prospective level II study. Twenty-four Wistar rats were distributed in groups that performed voluntary (TG) and sedentary (SG) running exercises, and used AAS: the Anabolic Training Group (ATG), and the Anabolic Sedentary Group (ASG). During the three months of the running protocol, the animals received an intramuscular injection of 5 mg/kg b.p. of AAS. After the training period, the rats were euthanized and the hearts were removed for evaluation of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant capacity, and for morphometric analysis. Results: The anabolic groups, ASG (0.3072 ± 0.0531) and ATG (0.2732 ± 0.0413), presented higher lipid peroxidation when compared to the non-anabolic groups SG (0.1705 ± 0.0224) and TG (0.1785 ± 0.0340). Conclusion: There was no change in total antioxidant capacity or in the thickness of the interventricular septum and left ventricular wall. Thus, the use of anabolic androgenic steroids did not cause morphological changes in the myocardium. However it did alter the oxidative metabolism. It was also verified that aerobic exercise had no protective effect against lipid peroxidation in the myocardium caused by the use of AAS. Level of evidence II; Prospective comparative study.
Flavan derivatives. XVIII. Synthesis of hemiketals containing the peltogynol ring system: 3(3')-Hydroxyisochromano (4',3':2, 3) chromans. Conversion of 2'-hydroxychdcones into flav-3-enes and its biosyntheticimplications

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Reduction of three 1?-oxoisochromeno(4?,3?:2,3)chromones [chromeno(3?,2?: 3,4)isocoumarins] with lithium aluminium hydride has been shown to yield 3(3?)-hydroxyisochromano(4?,3?:2,3)chromans (hemiketals). The structures of these compounds (the 7-methoxy, 7,6?,7?-trimethoxy, and parent hemiketals) were unequivocally established by N.M.R., mass spectral, and chemical data. The hemiketals contain the peltogynol ring system, and one of them is the 7,6?,7?- trimethyl ether of the structure originally proposed for this leucoanthocyanidin by Robinson and Robinson. The hemiketals were obtained as mixtures of cis- and trans- isomers which underwent equilibration in deuterochloroform or in wet chloroform, and configurations were assigned to the isomers from a detailed study of their N.M.R. spectra. The hemiketals suffered dehydration when heated further in deuterochloroform, and gave the isochromeno(4?,3?:2,3)chromens (flav-2-enes), which immediately gave the flavylium salts with cold acids in air. The flavylium salts were also formed very readily from the hemiketals and acid, and the trimethoxy- henliketal gave the peltogynidin trimethyl ether cation. In connection with the mechanism of formation of the hemiketals from chromenoisocoumarins it was found that 2?-hydroxychalcones are reduced by sodium borohydride to flav-3-enes, and these readily give anthocyanidins when treated with acid. Parallel biological reduction of chalcones is clearly possible and a plausible, new, biosynthetic pathway leading directly from 2?-hydroxychalcones to anthocyanidins and catechins is proposed. Flav-3-enes are valuable intermediates for preparation of flavans, flavan derivatives, and flavylium salts, and the new synthesis makes flav-3-enes readily accessible in one stage from 2?-hydroxychalcones.
3rd international conference on coal gasification and liquefaction, University of Pittsburgh

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The third annual international conference on ''Coal Gasification and Liquefaction: What Needs to be Done Now'' was held at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA on August 3-5, 1976. The majority of the papers dealt with coal gasification and liquefaction (often on the basis of process pilot plant experience) and on flue gas desulfurization by a variety of processes; fewer papers involved fluidized bed combustion, combined cycle power plants, coal desulfurization, government policy on environmental effects and on synthetic fuels, etc. Twenty-eight papers have been entered individually into EDB and ERA. (LTN)
Cysteine Substitution and Labeling Provide Insight into Channelrhodopsin-2 Ion Conductance

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Channelrhodopsin-2 is a light-activated cation channel. However, the mechanism of ion conductance is unresolved. Here, we performed cysteine scanning mutagenesis on transmembrane domain 7 followed by labeling with a methanethiosulfonate compound. Analysis of our results shows that residues that line the putative pore and interface with adjacent transmembrane domains 1 and 3, as proposed by our channelrhodopsin-2 homology model, affect ion conductance, decay kinetics, and/or off kinetics. Combined, these results suggest that negative charges at the extracellular side of transmembrane domain 7 funnel cations into the pore.
Response to Comment on “Genomic signals of selection predict climate-driven population declines in a migratory bird”

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Fitzpatrick et al . discuss issues that they had with analyses and interpretation in our recent manuscript on genomic correlates of climate in yellow warblers. We provide evidence that our findings would not change with different analysis and maintain that our study represents a promising direction for integrating the potential for climate adaptation as one of many tools in conservation management.
Classification of a polarimetric SAR image using fractal concepts

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Assesses the use of fractal dimensions as discriminators in SAR images for different terrain types. A preliminary study is performed using an L-band polarimetric SAR image. Two procedures for obtaining fractal dimensions from SAR data at three polarizations HH, VV, and HV are presented. The results show that the fractal dimensions which depend upon the spatial correlation function and the distribution function of the backscatter intensity are less dependent on the polarization. Classification performance using fractal dimensions is compared to that obtained by backscatter intensities for broad classes of terrain. Significant improvements have been obtained, especially in the case of an homogeneous image texture, despite the diversity of mean backscatter intensities, in an area. The results are promising and suggest further studies to assess the robustness of fractal dimensions as discriminators in various SAR images of different terrain types.< >
Revealing the Positive Bias Temperature Instability in Normally-OFF AlGaN/GaN MIS-HFETs by Constant-Capacitance DLTS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Effects of oxide/III-nitride interface and oxide states on the threshold voltage instability (V-TH-instability) of normally-OFF Al2O3/AlGaN/GaN MIS-HFETs, i.e., metal-insulator-semiconductor heterojunction field-effect transistors, were revealed by constant-capacitance deep level transient spectroscopy (CC-DLTS). It is confirmed that a technique of in-situ remote plasma pretreatments could effectively suppress the D-it with level depth (E-C-E-T) larger than 0.4 eV down to below 1.3x10(12) cm(-2)eV(-1), in spite of the presence of a discrete level with E-C-E-T and capture cross section (sigma(n)) being 0.33 eV and 4.0x10(-15) cm(2) respectively. However, electron charging of oxide states occurs when the MIS-HFETs are pulsed by a high positive gate bias (e.g., > 8 V), as confirmed by a reduced tunnel constant d(0) of 0.79 nm. High electric field induced tunnel filling of gate oxide states could be an assignable cause for the positive bias temperature instability in normally-OFF III-nitride MIS-HFETs.
Mother-infant bonding in the postpartum period and its predictors

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aim: The aim of the study was to assess bonding between a mother and her child with an emphasis on its predictors as well as to identify the women who are at risk of mother-infant bonding disorders. Design: A quantitative cross-sectional study. Methods: To collect the relevant data, the Postpartum Bonding Questionnaire (PBQ) was used to assess the following four factors: quality of mother-infant bond (F1); rejection and pathological anger (F2); infant-focused anxiety (F3); incipient abuse of infant (F4). The research sample consisted of 200 women who were 0–6 weeks after childbirth. The received data were analysed using descriptive statistics, the Robust ANOVA and the Wilcoxon two-sample test. Results: We identified 9.5% at-risk women in the F1; 1.5% at-risk women in the F2; 3.5% at-risk women in the F3; and 5% at-risk women in the F4. The following statistically significant predictors were shown in relation to the F1: child planning; the F3: parity; skin-to-skin contact support after birth. Conclusion: Possible predictors and the mothers who are at risk in relation to a secure attachment connection were identified, which is important in terms of preventive interventions on the part of midwives.
Case Report Membranous Glomerulonephropathy in a Hatano Low-avoidance Rat

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: Membranous glomerulonephropathy can be experimentally induced in rats, but spontaneous cases have been rarely report-ed. In this report, we present a typical case of spontaneous membranous glomerulonephropathy in a rat. A male Hatano low-avoidance (LAA) strain rat had a tumor mass on the right auricle, and was sacrificed at 41 weeks of age. Urinary screening by reagent strips revealed intense proteinuria. Histological tests revealed frequent presence of irregularly sized eosinophilic hyaline materials on the capillary wall and in the mesangium of renal glomeruli. Immunofluorescence revealed granular deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3 in the glomeruli. Subepithelial dense deposits were observed by electron microscopy accompanied by podocyte foot process effacement and occasional irregular thickening of the glomerular basement membrane. The rat also developed chronic lymphocytic pancreatitis, and the tumor mass on the right auricle was diagnosed as a fibrosarcoma. Screening tests for antibodies against major infectious agents and antinuclear antibody were negative. Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence analyses suggested the presence of an autoantibody against the pancreatic component. The glomerulopathy was considered an early stage of membranous glomerulonephropathy. (DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.203; J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26: 203–208) Key words: immunopathology, kidney, membranous glomerulonephropathy, nephrology, rat Immune-mediated glomerulonephritis is a wide-spec-trum disease, and representative examples are membranous nephropathy (MN), postinfectious glomerulonephritis, im-
On the use of quantitative diurnal cloud information for the calculation of daily UV dose maps over Europe

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The KNMI/ESA Tropospheric EMission Internet Service (TEMIS) publishes daily forecasts of the clear-sky UV index for today and 8-days ahead and analyses of the daily UV dose of yesterday and before. Near-real time ozone satellite observations are used to account for the variations in UV radiation as a function of the overhead ozone column. The daily UV dose depends critically on the assumptions that are made for the cloud correction factor. Cloud cover fraction is the most uncertain parameter for day-to-day variations in the daily UV dose under non-overcast cloud conditions. The cloud optical thickness is the most important parameter determining variations in daily UV dose for overcast situations. A good cloud mask is essential to identify cloud-free scenes. Still further improvements in the daily UV dose can be made, including the inclusion of the diurnal variation in cloud optical thickness as well as corrections for aerosols.
Lactococcus lactis MA5 is a potential autochthonous probiotic for nutrient digestibility enhancement and bacterial pathogen inhibition in hybrid catfish (Ictalurus punctatus × I. furcatus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract With the emergence of diseases, the U.S. catfish industry is under challenge. Current trends prefer autochthonous bacteria as potential probiotic candidates owing to their adaptability and capacity to effectively colonize the host's intestine, which can enhance production performance and bolster disease resistance. The objective of this study was to isolate an autochthonous bacterium as probiotic for hybrid catfish. Initially, an analysis of the intestinal microbiota of hybrid catfish reared in earthen ponds was conducted for subsequent probiotic development. Twenty lactic acid bacteria were isolated from the digesta of overperforming catfish, and most of the candidates demonstrated probiotic traits, including proteolytic and lipolytic abilities; antagonistic inhibition of catfish enteric bacterial pathogens, negative haemolytic activity and antibiotic susceptibility. Subsequent to this screening process, an isolate of Lactococcus lactis (MA5) was deemed the most promising probiotic candidate. In silico analyses were conducted, and several potential probiotic functions were predicted, including essential amino acids and vitamin synthesis. Moreover, genes for three bacteriocins, lactococcin A, enterolysin A and sactipeptide BmbF, were identified. Lastly, various protectant media for lyophilization of MA5 were assessed. These findings suggest that Lactococcus lactis MA5 can be an autochthonous probiotic from hybrid catfish, holding promise to be further tested in feeding trials.
NEWCASTLE (AUSTRALIA) SETS A PATHWAY TO SUSTAINABILITY

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the major elements taken by the city of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, to move towards a prosperous sustainable future. It aims to show how Newcastle is addressing transport issues as part of a wider range of policies and actions directed towards achieving sustainability. It expresses the view that transport policies are part of urban management, which is inherently complex, multidisciplinary, and holistic. Newcastle has adopted a pragmatic but innovative approach to applying effective urban management to achieve its Council's goals. It has good rail and road links to Sydney, and several railway stations. Because of the low density of its residential area, its public transport system is not very viable. A table shows how the modal split of journeys to work in different parts of Newcastle has evolved into more car use from 1981 through 1991 to 1996. In 1996, the modal split for the city as a whole was car (87.8%), bus and ferry (3.8%), rail (2.1%), bicycle (1.8%), walking (3.8%), and other (0.7%). There is relatively little road congestion, and car parking costs little or nothing. In 1995, the Lower Hunter Integrated Transport Strategy (LHITS) was drafted to help manage and meet transport demand in the context of the urban growth strategy for the Sydney Greater Metropolitan Region, which includes Newcastle. For the covering abstract, see IRRD E100781.
Harmonic Analysis of Cavitation in Engine Cooling Fluid Due to Piston-cylinder Assembly Forces

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The problem with cavitation and possible pitting in internal combustion diesel engines is studied here. Both theoretical and numerical simulation studies are carried out in order to understand the noise and vibration sources using a force equation. Noise and vibration are modeled in both 2D and 3D using the finite element analysis software ANSYS. A model pressure variation is carried out using the software with finite element analysis and fluid – structure interaction analysis interface. Some relevant results have been shown with the presence of negative pressures leading to the realization that the models developed predicts the presence of cavitation in the cylinder liner surface, indicating that cavitation can occur.