jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Method for production carbon plastics with multifunctional properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The technology of metal coating of carbon tapes and fabrics, consisting of two technological operations: activation and deposition, is considered. To perform the process of activating the surface of carbon tapes and fabrics, UPM-500 plasma activation device at a low-temperature and plasma air were used. A laboratory magnetron sputter MIR-2 was used for applying metal coatings by magnetron sputtering. The diagram of the formation of metal coatings on plain carbon fiber, taking into account its structure, is given. The study provides the results of determining the carbon plastics interlayer shear strength manufactured using vacuum infusion method, which vary in the structure of the reinforcing filler, the metal coating type and the composition of the epoxy binder. It is shown that the composition of the binder, the reinforcing material and the type of coating equally play a significant role in the shear strength of carbon plastics.
Amount of smoking independently predicts carotid artery atherosclerosis severity.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cigarette smoking is correlated with extracranial carotid artery plaque thickness. Our aim in the present study was to determine whether the level of prior cigarette use is a significant predictor of carotid artery plaque thickness when age, history of hypertension, and history of diabetes are controlled. We studied a continuous sample of 790 patients with a history of smoking referred for diagnostic ultrasound imaging of the carotid arteries. Subjects (mean age 61 years) had an average of 51 pack-years of cigarette use. History of hypertension was present in 44% and history of diabetes in 18%. Right and left maximum carotid artery plaque thicknesses were averaged for each patient; the average of this value for all 790 subjects was 1.9 mm. In bivariate analysis, age (p less than 0.0001), pack-years (p less than 0.0001), history of hypertension (p = 0.0003), and history of diabetes (p = 0.037) were each positively associated with carotid artery plaque thickness. In multiple regression analysis, age (p less than 0.0001), pack-years (p = 0.0005), and history of hypertension (p = 0.0044) were statistically significant independent predictors of carotid artery plaque thickness, but history of diabetes (p = 0.2451) was not. In smokers, the level of cigarette use is associated with an acceleration of carotid artery atherosclerosis development. This effect is independent of age, hypertension, and diabetes. These results support smoking abatement as an important element to stroke prevention in clinical practice.
ep3 Caleb and Lenny hate U2... so do I!!!!!!!!!

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This is it! The subject that inspired this whole podcast, besides wanting to meet Queen Latifah, because last holiday was really, really good! Learn what really happened with my other podcast \\"hi Eduardo\\" aslo read this description to this episode. Here is my email, ready? got a pen? OKay. thingsihate.pod@gmail.com I never check it, so do what you want with that info. The last episode I did with johnny, the volume was way to low. Maybe I'm not good at this. I feel like there should be an emoji right there, but how the hell would I do that?!! Also which one would I use? This thing is taking forever to upload. I need more internets brb. Ok, I'm back. I kinda like editing, but I can see how it could get old. Turns out, I don't need internets for this part, I'm just doing it wrong. Smiley face. A little secret about me. I've never seen The Godfather. I wasn't allowed to watch it as a kid, then when I grew up all my friends didn't wanna watch it with me cause they've already seen it. Hey, it's done. So goodbye dog. p.s Alkaline water is good for heartburn.
Subsequent Dental Research Output of South African Division of the IADR Colgate Prize Entrants

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract This study recorded the research output of all participants for the IADR (South African Division; SA) Colgate Prize for 1967–2004 to establish whether, in their later careers, prize winners had a greater research output than runners‐up. Using a list of all entrants, each individual was classified as winner or runner‐up and by gender, race, and research field of presentation. The publication output for each individual was obtained from PubMed. A Poisson regression set at P<0.05 compared publication numbers between winners and runners‐up. There were two groups of entrants: 101 participated once, and twenty‐two participated twice or thrice. Winners had significantly more publications than runners‐up, more so for the multiple entrants (winners 27.5±22.4; runners‐up 16.5±25.5) than single entrants (winners 16.0±40.8; runners‐up 12.0±27.7). The number of individuals participating in the Colgate Prize has declined, but representivity for race and gender is improving. This is the first study to establish that SA IADR Colgate Prize participants fulfil the long‐term IADR ideal of research promotion among young investigators.
Managing the new product development process: Strategic imperatives

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Executive Overview For many industries, new product development is now the single most important factor driving firm success or failure. The emphasis on new products has spurred researchers from strategic management, engineering, marketing, and other disciplines to study the new product development process. Most conclude that in order to be successful at new product development, a firm must simultaneously meet two critical objectives: maximizing the fit with customer needs, and minimizing time to market. While these objectives often pose conflicting demands on the firm, there is a growing body of evidence that the firm may employ strategies to successfully meet these objectives. Successful firms are those that articulate their strategic intent and map their R&D portfolio to find a fit between their new product development goals and their current resources and competencies. Their success also rests on how well the technology areas they enter contribute to the long term direction of the firm by helping them build new core capabilities critical to the firm's long term goals. Strategic alliances to obtain enabling technologies may shorten the development process, but partners must be chosen and monitored carefully. When firms are choosing technologies to acquire externally, they must assess the importance of the learning that would be accrued through internal development of the project, and its impact on the firm's future success. Other imperatives include using a parallel (rather than sequential) development process to both reduce cycle time and to better incorporate customer and supplier requirements in the product and process design, and using executive champions to ensure that projects gain the resources and organizational commitment necessary to their completion. Development teams should include people from a diverse range of functions and should include suppliers and customers to improve the project's chances of maximizing the fit with customer requirements while reducing cycle time and potentially reducing costs. Tools such as Stage-Gate processes. Quality Function Deployment, Design for Manufacturing, and Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing may be useful on different projects.
Oppression at Trade School

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Sixty-two women in the first to fourth year of an apprenticeship in various traditionally male-dominated trades described their experiences at trade school and their responses to the generally oppressive environment. Although some teachers and male classmates were supportive, most were not and the women were isolated, verbally abused and sexually and physically harassed. A macho-male atmosphere existed where women were not wanted and were not regarded as competent. The women felt excluded from male groups and were under pressure to perform. The women were strong-minded, resilient and successful and felt competent and able to fit in with the men. Most support came from parents. The cultural background of the ‘tradesman’ was discussed to help understand why the women were treated in such a discriminatory way in the trade school classes.
Area-Wide Management of Fruit Flies in a Tropical Mango Growing Area Integrating the Sterile Insect Technique and Biological Control: From a Research to an Operational Programme

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has been successfully used for the control of fruit flies in a number of places in the world. One requirement for its successful application is that wild populations should be at low densities to achieve effective sterile to wild fly overflooding ratios. This has been an important reason that has limited its integration in fruit fly management in tropical fruit growing areas, where climate conditions and the availability of hosts all year-round results in high population densities. Here we report the results of a project where SIT integration into fruit fly management was evaluated under the tropical conditions of the mango growing area in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, Mexico. The basis for the area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) approach was the knowledge of the population dynamics of the pest fruit flies in the region and of the fruit phenology. The main commercial mango growing areas are in the lowlands, where fruit fly populations are very low outside of the mango production season. Population densities are higher in the midlands and highlands, where alternate hosts are common in backyards and as part of the natural vegetation. We call these refuge areas, and the AW-IPM approach aimed at establishing a biological barrier with releases of parasitoids and sterile male fruit flies to suppress the fruit fly populations and prevent or minimize the dispersal of wild flies from the refuge areas to the mango orchards. In 2014, after two years of releases, fruit fly population densities were suppressed more than 70% in the release area and 65% in the entire area, including the lowlands with the mango orchards. With the support of fruit growers, state and federal governments, this project was continued and established as an operational AW-IPM programme. In 2016, after 4 years of programme implementation, the detection of wild flies was significantly reduced, and the number of batches of fruit that were rejected at the packing houses due to the detection of infested fruits was the lowest in the past 12 years, since the recording of these data was initiated. These indicators declined even further in 2017. The results obtained demonstrate that AW-IPM integrating the SIT can be applied successfully against fruit flies under tropical conditions with naturally high pest densities, providing there is adequate knowledge on the population dynamics of the fruit fly species present in the region.
Nitric oxide mediates increased susceptibility to dopaminergic damage in Nurr1 heterozygous mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Knocking out of Nurr1 gene, a member of nuclear receptor superfamily, causes selective agenesis of dopaminergic neurons in midbrain. Reduced expression of Nurr1 increases the vulnerability of mesencephalic dopamine neurons to dopaminergic toxins. We evaluated the role of nitric oxide as a possible mechanism for this increased susceptibility. Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase and increased 3‐nitrotyrosine were observed in striatum of Nurr1 heterozygous (Nurr1 +/−) mice as compared with wild‐type. Increased cytochrome C activation and consecutive release of Smac/DIABLO were also observed in Nurr1 +/− mice. An induction of active Caspase‐3 and p53, cleavage of poly‐ADP (RNase) polymerase and reduced expression of bcl ‐2 were observed in Nurr1 +/− mice. Methamphetamine significantly increased these markers in Nurr1 +/− mice as compared with wild‐type. The present data therefore suggest that nitric oxide plays a role as a modulating factor for the increased susceptibility, but not the potentiation, of the dopaminergic terminals in Nurr1 +/− mice. We also report that this increased neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression and increased nitration in Nurr1 +/− mice led to the activation of apoptotic cascade via the differential alterations in the DNA binding activity of transcription factors responsible for the propagation of growth arrest as well as apoptosis. Syed Z.Imam, Jankovic,‡Joseph, Syed F.Ali, John T.Skinner, WenjieXie, Orla M.Conneely, Wei‐DongLe Nitric oxide mediates increased susceptibility to dopaminergic damage in Nurr1 heterozygous mice. FASEB J. 19, 1441–1450 (2005)
Energy and Cost Efficient Pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (ResNet-50) Model for Tomato Disease Recognition Using Cloud Platform

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) is a popular crop worldwide. The harvesting of tomatoes is highly profitable for farmers but due to some diseases in a tomato plant, farmers suffer from several problems. Due to these diseases, the overall production of tomato fruits is reduced. The main goal of this research is to raise the overall production of tomato fruits. To accomplish this task, we have to identify the infection in tomato leaves at its initial stage and work to make the tomato plant infection-free. To recognize the disease at its initial stage, we have used an image classification model to resolve such types of problems. We have used a CNN model with residual network-50 as a learning algorithm for tomato disease classification. With the help of this algorithm, we have classified the infected tomato leaves and healthy tomato leaves separately by using MATLAB 2019(a). We have collected 6594 images of tomato leaves for training and evaluation. We have taken fifty percent of the entire data set for training & fifty percent of the dataset for testing purposes for ResNet-50. These leaves are contaminated by six different tomato diseases. After applying the above model, we obtained an effective outcome with 99.83% accuracy in a time span of 47.68 min only. The novelty of this research paper is to calculate time with accuracy. This model can be useful for farmers to defend tomato plants in opposition to disease. Our experiments exhibit the use of a pre-trained model for disease classification with better accuracy.
A Parametric Study on the Effects of Ignition Timing, Spark Plug Type, and Exhaust Gas Recirculation on a Legacy 2-Stroke Lean Burn Natural Gas Engine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the natural gas industry, approximately 27 million horsepower is used for transmission and storage, necessary to transport natural gas to its respective destinations. Engine technologies in operation dating back to the 1940's are still in use today. Within this array of prime-movers, exist compressors powered by large bore 2-stroke, lean-burn, natural gas engines. Reduction of exhaust emissions without negative impacts on engine performance is the main focus for operators. Research regarding engine fuel delivery, ignition techniques, and post-combustion techniques show potential improvements in engine performance and exhaust emissions. However, research pertaining to spark plug design and exhaust gas recirculation on this class of engines is limited. The goal of this study was to examine the effects, of such parameters, on engine performance and exhaust gas emissions. The test platform was a single cylinder AJAX E-42 engine, common to the natural gas gathering and compression sector. The engine was operated at 525 RPM and 400 ft. -- lbs. of torque for all test scenarios. The spark plug type recommended by the engine manufacture was analyzed to determine engine performance and exhaust gas emissions. Four additional spark plug configurations were examined for their effects engine performance and exhaust gas emissions and compared to those of the manufacture specified spark plug. The effects of ignition timing were also examined for increased efficiency and improved exhaust emissions for each spark plug configuration. Reductions of 32% for CO and 89% for VOCs were found for a fine center electrode side-gap style spark plug compared to a conventional j-gap center electrode style. The spark plug configuration with the highest performance, based on fuel consumption and emissions, was examined with the effect of EGR. Increases in engine stability and fuel economy of 15% were found, in addition to reductions in NOx formation up to 16%. Formaldehyde formation was also reduced up to 3%, the magnitude of all improvements varied depending on ignition timing and EGR level.
Kinetic resolution of 1‐phenylethanol integrated with separation of substrates and products by a supported ionic liquid membrane

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND: In the present study, the kinetic resolution of rac ‐1‐phenylethanol by transesterification with several vinyl esters catalysed by a commercial immobilized Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435) was carried out in n‐hexane at different water contents. The subtrates and products involved in the kinetic resolution were separated using a membrane bioreactor containing a supported liquid membrane based on the ionic liquid 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [bmim + ][BF 4 − ]. RESULTS: Variables affecting the kinetic resolution performance of the enzyme were studied. First, the influence of water content of the medium on the synthetic activity, selectivity and enantioselectivity of the enzyme was analysed in order to establish the optimal amount of water. The use of vinyl esters of different alkyl chain length (vinyl propionate, vinyl butyrate and vinyl laurate) as acyl donors to kinetic resolution was studied. Finally, the integrated reaction/separation process for the resolution of rac ‐1‐phenylethanol was carried out in the optimal conditions found. CONCLUSION: These investigations demonstrate that the coupling of lipase enantioselectivity with the selective separation of supported liquid membranes based on ionic liquids provides a promising basis for practical production of enantiomerically pure or enriched compounds. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
A Landsat-based evaluation of lake water clarity in Maine lakes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

AbstractTemporal trends in water clarity and land-use/land-cover (LULC), as well as the relationship between changes in water clarity and LULC, were analyzed using water clarity values extracted from Landsat images from 1986 to 2008, acquired for east-central Maine. Of 40 lakes identified using satellite imagery, our analysis found one lake with a significant decrease in water clarity. In a second data-set, with 99 lakes, we identified two lakes with a significant increase in water clarity. Analyses of the relationship between temporal changes in the water clarity and LULC did not identify any clear, consistent, relationships between changes in the water quality variables and LULC. Overall, the results of this study aid in the identification of the relationship between water clarity and LULC, and identify temporal changes in water clarity. The findings of this study support the previous research that demonstrates the ability of satellite imagery to be used in assessments of water clarity, thus enabling evaluation at broader spatial scales and longer temporal scales than assessments that rely solely on ground-based data.Keywords: water qualityLandsatlakesland-use/land-coverMaine
Comparison of EC and ULV formulations on Heliothis in cotton in Australia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The success of insecticides depends not only on their intrinsic physiological activity but on the way in which they are formulated. In recent field trials in Australia synthetic pyrethroid insecticides formulated as water-based emulsifiable concentrates (EC) were compared with oil-based ultra low volume (ULV) formulations for control of bollworm (Heliothis) on cotton. Contrary to expectation, EC formulations gave the better results under typical conditions for very low volume spraying in Australia.
Distribution of atopic conditions among attendants to specialized allergy center/ Kirkuk/ Iraq

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Atopy is a syndrome characterized by genetic tendency to develop allergic diseases, such as asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. The risk factors of atopic diseases can be placed in two categories, namely host and environmental factors. The host factors of allergy include genetics, race, gender, age… etc. The environmental factors include exposure to environmental pollution and allergens. To define the distribution of atopic conditions (asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis) according to age, residence and available skin prick test. This cross-sectional study included (100) patients, representing research sample. It was conducted in specialized allergy center in Kirkuk city during the period from first January .2016 to the end of December 2016 All patients included in this study were referred from primary health centers, complaining from signs and symptoms of atopic diseases. Depending on medical history and clinical examinations, the sample was classified into (3) groups (asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis). Skin prick test was used to identify patients allergy to house dust mite and pollen. Regarding the distribution of samples according to residence, most patients (about 91%) were from urban areas compared with (9%) of them were from rural areas. Also, it was found that the frequency of atopic diseases decreases by age advancement. The frequency distribution of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis was 49%, 26% and 25%, respectively. The skin test data revealed the frequency of 2 aeroallergen mite and pollen in all patients under study. .Hence, 65% were sensitive to house dust mite, 26% to pollen and 9% to both mite and polle In conclusion this study confirmed that most patients complaining from atopic disease were from urban area. Also, the frequency of atopic diseases decreased by age advancement. The most common atopic disease was asthma followed by allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Most patients were sensitive to house dust mite.
Content Individuation and Evolutionary Content Emergence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This short paper addresses two connected issues which were brought to some focused light by Searle’s comments on my contributed article to the anthology Searle’s philosophy and Chinese Philosophy: Constructive Engagement. The first issue concerns the claim that animals cannot have observer-independent intentional content of the same type as that of human beings. The second is my denial that mental content can be merely caused in specific brain states, given its holistic and normative character. I defend my position on the second issue by distinguishing content individuation from content realization while I elaborate my relatively more sophisticated argument for the first claim by clarifying two related senses or levels of ‘content’ and ‘self’, respectively associated with certain quasi-rational capacities from a third-person perspective and the subjective holistic consciousness from a first-person perspective with the explicit social-discursive dimension. Searle’s Connection Principle is briefly drawn on in this context, with an eye to showing its potential significance when it is extended into the evolutionary settings. In short, it is the full-blown rationality of human holistic discursive practice that ultimately grounds the content talk, which then becomes meaningfully ascribable to certain natural forms of animal existence.