jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Numerical investigation of thermal enhancement using MoS2–Ag/C2H6O2 in Prandtl fluid with Soret and Dufour effects across a vertical sheet

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Due to numerous applications, the study of hybrid nanofluids is a hot topic of research, which enables us to improve thermal performance. The current work is carried out to inspect thermal and solutal transportation in the Prandtl model toward a heated stretched plate. The flow analysis has been developed in Cartesian coordinates considering variable thermal conductivity and non-uniform diffusion coefficient. Furthermore, the modeling of physical phenomena is carried out considering the porous stretched surface under Soret and Dufour effects and heat generation. The principle of boundary layer theory was used to simplify the model partial differential equations (PDEs). The derived PDEs have been transformed into a set of coupled nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) after utilizing the appropriate transformation. The converted ODEs are coupled and nonlinear. So, the exact solution is not possible. Thus, the derived ODEs have been solved numerically via the finite element scheme. The impact of numerous emerging parameters have been displayed and explained by observing the underlying physics behind them. Moreover, a comparative study is also established. A grid independent survey is established for the convergence of the used numerical approach.
Seasonal and Cross-Seasonal Timing of Fungicide Trunk Injections in Apple Trees to Optimize Management of Apple Scab

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To optimize the number and timing of trunk injections for season-long control of apple scab (Venturia inaequalis), we evaluated 1 to 2 and 4 seasonal and cross-seasonal injections of potassium phosphites and synthetic fungicides and quantified residues in leaves and fruit. Phosphites accumulated in the canopy at the highest concentrations, aligned well in time with scab suppression, and gave better leaf scab control of 41.8 to 73.5% than propiconazole (16.9 to 51.5%) or cyprodinil + difenoconazole (5.4 to 17.4%). More injections of phosphites controlled leaf scab better than fewer (23.7% versus 48.2%), and more fungicide injections resulted in 21.9 to 51.1% better leaf scab control than fewer. Leaf scab control with phosphites was only 3.2 to 13.9% better with 4 cross-seasonal compared with 4 seasonal injections, while 1 to 2 seasonal compared with 1 to 2 cross-seasonal injections improved scab control only for 4.2 to 22.1%. On shoots, injected phosphites provided comparable or for 4.4 to 10.5% and 22.3 to 41.4% better scab control than spray standards. On fruit, injected phosphites slightly improved control compared with sprayed phosphites or the sprayed fungicide standard (33.4 to 40.8%). Two seasonal injections of phosphites controlled shoot scab 5.7% better than 9 spray applications. Five sprays of cyprodinil + difenoconazole controlled scab better than their injections. Fruit residues of phosphites reached 2.8 ppm and declined in all treatments except in 2 seasonal injections and phosphite sprays. Cyprodinil and difenoconazole fruit residues reached 0.02 and 0.07 ppm and declined sharply toward the end of the season. These were far below the United States, Codex, and EU MRL-s of 1, 0.8, and 0.5 ppm for difenoconazole, and 1.7, 2, and 1 ppm for cyprodinil, respectively.
The Multilingual Lexicon: Modelling Selection and Control

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this paper an overview of research on the multilingual lexicon is presented as the basis for a model for processing multiple languages. With respect to specific issues relating to the processing of more than two languages, it is suggested that there is no need to develop a specific model for such multilingual processing, but at the same time we are still very far from really understanding how languages interact within and between components of the model. Keywords: PSYCHOLINGUISTIC MODELLINGMULTILINGUALISMLEXICON
Study of the rock-breaking and drilling performance of a self-rotatory water-jet bit in water-jet drilling and its influential factors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Water-jet drilling (WJD) is an effective method for stimulating, exploring, and developing oil and gas resources. The self-rotatory water-jet bit (SRWJB) is a type of potentially efficient bit applied in WJD. In this study, the three-dimension drilling model of the SRWJB is established, and the numerical simulation of this model is conducted based on the sliding mesh model combined with RNG turbulence model. The numerical simulation method was validated using experimental results. To improve the drilling performance, the effects of the standoff distance, bit rotation speed, and nozzle layout parameters on the SRWJB drilling capability were investigated. The results show that there exists an optimal standoff distance for the single water jet under the condition of maximum removal volume, that is 15 mm in this experiment. A high rotation speed will make the streamline bend and decrease the jet convergence, which weakens the jet rock-breaking capacity. To achieve a high rock-breaking performance, the design considerations of the SRWJB are as follows: (1) There is an optimal rock-breaking rotation speed for SRWJB by comprehensively considering the jet deflection, moving speed and impact times, such as 200 rpm for the 12 MPa; and the optimal rotation speed increases with the increase of jet pressure. (2) The nozzle arrangement angles should be near 10° to weaken the water cushioning effect. (3) There is an optimal combination of distribution radii for the middle nozzles and lateral nozzles for effectively drilling a large and round borehole. This work will provide a reference for the optimal design of an SRWJB and its application in drilling.
Medetomidine, a new sedative‐analgesic for use in the dog and its reversal with atipamezole

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The sedative and physiological effects of intramuscular medetomidine (20 and 40 μg/kg) in dogs were compared with those of xylazine (2 mg/kg). The efficacy of atipamezole (200 μg/kg), as an antagonist given 15 or 45 minutes after medetomidine (40 μg/kg) was studied. Following medetomidine, onset of sedation was rapid, and depth and duration of sedation were dose dependent. The higher dose produced jaw relaxation, depression of the pedal reflex, downward rotation of the eye and dogs could be positioned for radiography of the hips. Side effects were similar after either medetomidine or xylazine, and included bradycardia, a fall in respiratory rate and muscle tremor. Vomiting during induction was less frequent after medetomidine than after xylazine. Intramuscular administration of atipamezole rapidly reversed the sedative effects of medetomidine. Signs of arousal were seen within three minutes; all dogs could stand within 10 minutes and appeared clinically normal. Heart and respiratory rates rose, but did not return to presedation values. Relapse to sedation was not noted.
A preliminary exploration of the impact of experiential learning on animal science undergraduates’ perceptions of humane stunning and slaughter

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract It is essential to educate students about humane slaughter as it is a critical component of livestock production, particularly for animal science students who represent future stakeholders in agriculture. There is limited research about the effects of experiential learning on student comfort in participating in education regarding sensitive, yet important topics in the animal sciences. A survey was developed to investigate how a teaching module using an experiential learning activity to teach undergraduates about the slaughter process affected student perceptions of stunning and slaughter. Students enrolled in an animal science course, in which live animals and carcasses are evaluated, were surveyed before and after a teaching module. The module included a lecture about proper stunning and a laboratory activity in which the students had the opportunity to shoot a captive bolt stunner on both model and carcass heads. Respondents completed a pre-survey, attended the laboratory activity, and completed a post-survey; 29 survey responses were recorded. Most respondents were women (23, 79.3%) between the ages of 18 and 21 years (25, 86.2%) and in their first year of college (11, 37.9%). The majority of respondents (22, 75.9%) reported using the captive bolt stunner to stun the model heads during the laboratory activity. After participating in the module, all students strongly agreed that “stunning” is a critical component of livestock slaughter (29, 100%) and most agreed that “stunning is a humane process that ensures animal welfare during the slaughter process” (25, 86.2%). The majority of respondents strongly agreed that the “humane stunning simulation was beneficial to their learning about livestock slaughter” (21, 72.4%) and “improved their understanding of slaughter” (16, 55.2%). Almost all of the survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed that “the model heads and captive bolt demonstration made them more comfortable with the slaughter process” (14, 48.3%; 14, 48.3%, respectively). This research suggests that experiential learning opportunities are potentially effective teaching strategies for educating undergraduates about the slaughter process. Future research should focus on practical ways to integrate new teaching methods into existing animal science curricula, as this will be critical for educating students on important topics in livestock production and increasing student comfort with sensitive material.
Milk precipitins. A serological survey of 932 individuals

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sera from 932 individuals were tested for the presence of precipitins to bovine milk with the micro double-diffusion test in agar. Sixteen percent of the total tested population were positive reactors. Mongols, nonmongoloid patients with profound mental retardation, patients with anemia, and individuals belonging to non-O blood groups manifested a strikingly higher percentage of serum milk precipitins than did the other subjects.
P14.07: Stiffness of cervix as a predictor of labor onset using transvaginal elastgraphy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to assess the value of stiffness of cervix by using elastgraphy for prediction the onset of spontaneous labor within ten days. This is a prospective study of 48 women who delivered after the spontaneous onset of labor in our hospital. We performed the elastgraphy of the cervical canal using a transvaginal probe once at 37–40 gestational weeks with having obtained its consent. We divided a cervical gland of the cervical prolabium into external os side (A), intermediate part (B) and internal os side (C). Each stiffness was digitized by using histogram. A ratio (A/B, A/C and B/C) were used for analysis because the obtained numerical values were relative. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the hospital. Statistical analysis included Wilcoxon test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Seven women who underwent induced labor within ten days after examination were excluded. Forty-one data were used for analysis. Thirty women were delivered after spontaneous onset of labor within ten days (Group1), and eleven women were not (Group2). The mean (+−SD) value of B/C in Group1 was 1.74+−0.85, while in Group2 was 2.48+−0.98 (P < 0.02). A significant difference was not found about A/B and A/C. Transvaginal cervical assessment of stiffness by using elastgraphy may be a useful predictor of the onset of spontaneous labor within ten days.
Investigation on Methanol Tolerance of Pt/C Cathode Catalyst with Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Layer for Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

One of the challenging problems of direct methanol fuel cell is methanol crossover, permeating methanol from anode to cathode and leading to voltage drop. Pt-based catalyst is known as an excellent cathode catalyst despite the harsh pH condition, but it can also react with methanol. Thus, it is crucial to design a methanol-tolerant Pt-based catalyst to increase the ORR selectivity at the cathode. In this study, we synthesized Pt/C with P-doped carbon layer. Since the P-doped carbon layer could block the diffusion of methanol, Pt/C covered by P-doped carbon layer showed similar ORR activity but extremely low activity in the methanol oxidation reaction than pristine Pt/C.
Occurrence of Grave Goods and Their Representations on Coffins: A Concept of Substitution?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Grave goods exist not only in three-dimensional form in burials of the First Intermediate Period and the Middle Kingdom. They are also often an element of the so-called object friezes, where they appear in a figurative form on the inner sides of the coffins. The composition of these friezes varies together with the selection of grave goods; in some cases, certain objects are physically present in the tomb, while in other cases, they appear only as representations on the coffins’ decoration. This paper focuses on the interrelations and interactions of the grave goods and their representations, and examines their different manifestations. Is it possible that an object of the burial equipment can be replaced by its pictorial representation or vice versa? The aim is to consider the preliminary conditions that are required to discuss the question of a possible concept of substitution.
Efficacy of the oral neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist aprepitant for nausea and vomiting induced by cisplatin and carboplatin in Japanese patients with gynecological cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and the difference in effects of the oral neurokinin‐1(NK‐1) receptor antagonist aprepitant for chemotherapy‐induced nausea/vomiting (CINV) in Japanese patients with gynecological cancer receiving highly emetogenic (cisplatin) and moderately emetogenic (carboplatin) chemotherapy. Methods Aprepitant was added during the second course of chemotherapy in Japanese patients with grade ≥ 2 (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0) nausea and vomiting during the first course despite receiving antiemetic therapy (a first‐generation 5‐hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor antagonist + dexamethasone), and in patients who requested stronger antiemetic therapy despite only having grade 1 nausea and vomiting. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was compared between the first and second courses in each group. Results Ninety‐six (55.5%) out of 173 patients received add‐on therapy with aprepitant. There was a significant increase in the complete response (CR: no vomiting or salvage therapy) rate in the patients receiving aprepitant, with marked improvement being confirmed for delayed CINV. Stratified analysis showed that patients with delayed CINV treated with carboplatin had a significantly higher CR rate, while patients with both acute and delayed CINV treated with cisplatin had significantly higher CR rates. There was a positive correlation between the incidence of nausea and the incidence of vomiting in the patients treated with aprepitant. Conclusion The oral NK‐1 receptor antagonist aprepitant could be effective for both acute and delayed CINV with cisplatin and for delayed CINV with carboplatin in Japanese gynecological cancer patients.
Scientific Validation of PROTON Magnetic Freezing Technology for Biomedical Cryopreservation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Efficient cryopreservation of cells and tissues is a central challenge in regenerative medicine and biobanking. Conventional techniques (slow freezing at -80°C °C or in liquid nitrogen) lead to the formation of damaging ice crystals and a significant loss of cell viability (only 30–50% of cells typically survive). PROTON magnetic freezing technology, developed by Ryoho Freeze Systems Co., combines controlled cold air (35 °C) with electromagnetic fields to align water molecules and generate uniform ice nanocrystals. This minimizes osmotic and structural damage during freezing. This article validates, through a review of clinical and experimental studies, the benefits of PROTON as a superior alternative to traditional cryogenic methods. In a variety of models – including iPS cell-derived dopaminergic neurospheres for Parkinson’s, fertilized oocytes, stem cells (iPS, ES, mesenchymal ADSCs), human tissues (skin, cornea), and even cryonics applications – PROTON has demonstrated post-thaw viability rates of up to 85–90%, with preservation of biological functionality and compliance with GMP /GLP standards. These results, supported by studies from leading institutions (Kyoto University, Univ. of the Ryukyus, NIBIOHN, Sumitomo Pharma), indicate that PROTON can redefine the standards of biomedical cryopreservation, offering greater efficacy and safety than cryopreservation in liquid nitrogen or at -80°C. °C.
Research on reflective optical telescope system's wavefront aberration compensation method

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

<span class="hit">Wavefront</span> <span class="hit">aberration</span> measurement of the image quality of <span class="hit">reflective</span> <span class="hit">telescope</span> system which has a large aperture and long focal length is <span class="hit">one</span> of the frequently-used <span class="hit">methods</span> of high-precision test and alignment. It was widely used during the large aperture <span class="hit">telescope</span> manufacturing process. The influences of surface shape error of the <span class="hit">reflective</span> <span class="hit">optical</span> <span class="hit">telescope</span> system components were simulated and analyst by input the actual measuring data into the <span class="hit">optical</span> design software CODE V in this article. According to the test results compared to the alignment process, the accuracy of the simulation <span class="hit">method</span> was indicated. At the same time, the <span class="hit">wavefront</span> <span class="hit">aberration</span> <span class="hit">optical</span> <span class="hit">compensation</span> principle of the <span class="hit">reflective</span> <span class="hit">optical</span> <span class="hit">telescope</span> system was proved by the simulation of alignment. And in this article, the feasibility of the application of <span class="hit">optical</span> phase <span class="hit">compensation</span> alignment <span class="hit">method</span> was investigated.
K-band observations of boxy bulges - I. Morphology and surface brightness profiles

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this first paper of a series on the structure of boxy and peanut-shaped (B/PS) bulges, Kn-band observations of a sample of 30 edge-on spiral galaxies are described and discussed. Kn-band observations best trace the dominant luminous galactic mass and are minimally affected by dust. Images, unsharp-masked images, as well as major-axis and vertically summed surface brightness profiles are presented and discussed. Galaxies with a B/PS bulge tend to have a more complex morphology than galaxies with other bulge types, more often showing centred or off-centred X structures, secondary maxima along the major-axis and spiral-like structures. While probably not uniquely related to bars, those features are observed in three-dimensional N-body simulations of barred discs and may trace the main bar orbit families. The surface brightness profiles of galaxies with a B/PS bulge are also more complex, typically containing three or more clearly separated regions, including a shallow or flat intermediate region (Freeman Type II profiles). The breaks in the profiles offer evidence for bar-driven transfer of angular momentum and radial redistribution of material. The profiles further suggest a rapid variation of the scaleheight of the disc material, contrary to conventional wisdom but again as expected from the vertical resonances and instabilities present in barred discs. Interestingly, the steep inner region of the surface brightness profiles is often shorter than the isophotally thick part of the galaxies, itself always shorter than the flat intermediate region of the profiles. The steep inner region is also much more prominent along the major-axis than in the vertically summed profiles. Similarly to other recent work but contrary to the standard 'bulge + disc' model (where the bulge is both thick and steep), we thus propose that galaxies with a B/PS bulge are composed of a thin concentrated disc (a disc-like bulge) contained within a partially thick bar (the B/PS bulge), itself contained within a thin outer disc. The inner disc likely formed secularly through bar-driven processes and is responsible for the steep inner region of the surface brightness profiles, traditionally associated with a classic bulge, while the bar is responsible for the flat intermediate region of the surface brightness profiles and the thick complex morphological structures observed. Those components are strongly coupled dynamically and are formed mostly of the same (disc) material, shaped by the weak but relentless action of the bar resonances. Any competing formation scenario for galaxies with a B/PS bulge, which represent at least 45 per cent of the local disc galaxy population, must explain equally well and self-consistently the above morphological and photometric properties, the complex gas and stellar kinematics observed, and the correlations between them.
Developments in direct payments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

From a campaigning concept in the 1970s, direct payments - the substitution of cash for services - have become a key part of UK government social care provision. This book charts the change, critically evaluating progress, take-up, inclusion and access to direct payments by different groups. With contributions from leading campaigners, academics, practitioners, direct payment users and personal assistants this book:
- provides an overview of the history of direct payments
- presents findings from key research into direct payments an disabled people, older people, carers, people with mental health problems, people with learning difficulties and disabled children
- discusses the implementation and development of direct payments provison
= compares developments in the UK with those in North America
Kepler Planet Reliability Metrics: Astrophysical Positional Probabilities for Data Release 25

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This document is very similar to KSCI-19092-003, Planet Reliability Metrics: Astrophysical Positional Probabilities, which describes the previous release of the astrophysical positional probabilities for Data Release 24. The important changes for Data Release 25 are:1. The computation of the astrophysical positional probabilities uses the Data Release 25 processed pixel data for all Kepler Objects of Interest.2. Computed probabilities now have associated uncertainties, whose computation is described in x4.1.3.3. The scene modeling described in x4.1.2 uses background stars detected via ground-based high-resolution imaging, described in x5.1, that are not in the Kepler Input Catalog or UKIRT catalog. These newly detected stars are presented in Appendix B. Otherwise the text describing the algorithms and examples is largely unchanged from KSCI-19092-003.