jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Methods for optimizing register placement in synchronous circuits derived using software pipelining techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A method based on software pipelining has been recently proposed to optimize mono-phase clocked sequential circuits. The resulting circuits are multi-phase clocked sequential circuits, where all clocks have the same period. To preserve functionality of the original circuit, registers must be placed according to a correct schedule. This schedule also ensures the maximum throughput. In that method, it is question of (1) how to determine a schedule that requires the minimum number of registers, and (2) how to place these registers optimally. In this paper, problems (1) and (2) are tackled simultaneously. More precisely, we deal with the problem of determining schedules with the minimum register requirements, where the optimal register placement is done during the schedule determination. To optimally solve that problem, we provide a mixed integer linear program that we use to derive a linear program, which is polynomial-time solvable. We show that the dual of this linear program can be transformed to a minimum cost network flow problem, which can be solved more efficiently. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the approach, and show that significant reductions of the number of registers can be obtained. Also, they confirm that the obtained dual formulation can be solved much faster than its primal.
Role of intestinal surfactant-like particles as a potential reservoir of uropathogenic Escherichia coli

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The binding of uropathogenic Escherichia coli is mediated at the tips of pili by the PapG adhesin, which recognizes the GalK(1-4)Gal disaccharide on the uroepithelial surface. These receptors have been identified unequivocally in the human and murine urinary tracts but not in intestinal epithelium, yet uropathogenic E. coli strains are commonly found in normal colonic microflora. The gastrointestinal tract from duodenum to rectum elaborates a phospholipid-rich membrane particle with surfactant-like properties. In these studies, we report that purified murine particles contain a receptor recognized by the class I PapG adhesin because: (1) PapD^PapG complexes and class I pili bound to surfactant-like particles in a solid-phase assay, whereas binding was not detected in microvillous membranes derived from the same tissues, (2) purified PapD^PapG complex bound to a glycolipid receptor detectable in lipid extracts from the particles, and (3) soluble GalK(1-4)Gal inhibited the adhesin by 72 % from binding to surfactant-like particles. The GalK(1-4)Gal receptor present in the intestinal surfactant-like particle which overlies the intestinal mucosa could provide one means to establish an intestinal habitat for uropathogenic
PTU-116 Delayed post sphincterotomy bleeding and management – 4 year single centre experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction

Bleeding from endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) is an important complication of therapeutic ERCP. The frequency of post sphincterotomy bleeding is estimated at 0.3% to 2%. Delayed bleeding can occur anytime from hours up to two weeks after ES. Although several studies have addressed the risk factors for bleeding after ES, there is less information specifically on delayed bleeding.

Aims

This study examines factors that influence delayed post ES related bleeding, and reviews its management and outcomes.

Methods

We reviewed the records of patients who underwent an OGD within 4 weeks of having an ERCP procedure performed by a gastroenterologist between 2015 to 2018 at the Royal Gwent and Nevill Hall hospitals.

Results

Over a 4 year period, 39 patients had an OGD within 4 weeks after an ERCP procedure. Of these, 17 had experienced delayed post ES bleeding at a median of 6 days (range1–10). The frequency of delayed post ES bleeding in our centre was 1.8%. Most were male 12/17(70%) and the mean age was 74 years (range 45–97). Patients presented with melaena (41%), hematemesis (24%), haematochezia(6%) or melaena with hematemesis(30%). Out of the 17 patients, three were on aspirin, two were on clopidogrel and three were on warfarin. One had thrombocytopenia and three had a prothrombin time more than 13 seconds. Two had chronic kidney disease and ischaemic heart disease of which one patient was on regular dialysis. Indications for ES were choledocholithiasis (76%), cholangitis (12%) and malignancy (12%). Endotherapy was applied with the following modalities, singly or in combination: adrenaline injection(2 patients), adrenaline injection and heater probe(1 patient), adrenaline injection and hemospray(4 patients), endoscopic clips(1 patient), adrenaline injection and clips(2 patients) and hemospray alone (1 patient). No endotherapy was offered in 6 patients and were managed conservatively. One re-bled in 24 hours and responded to repeat endotherapy with adrenaline injection and hemospray. Four failed endotherapy and needed angiographic embolization. There were no deaths.

Conclusion

This study emphasizes that factors such as thrombocytopenia, antiplatelet drugs, anticoagulants and cholangitis confer an increased risk of delayed post sphincterotomy bleeding. Patients who undergo ERCP with sphincterotomy should be warned about the 1.8% risk of delayed bleeding. Current guidelines suggest that ES can be done safely in patients on Aspirin. We recommend larger studies to interrogate the safety of continuing Aspirin in such patients.
CHARACTER RECOGNITION FOR BI-LINGUAL MIXED-TYPE CHARACTERS USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Artificial Intelligence has evolved to a great extent since its inception and is spreading wide day to day.Today, nearly all aspects of human life have a sound presence of some sort of application of artificial intelligence.A key role in this is of Artificial Neural network, a very vital branch of Artificial Intelligence.A vast majority of day by day applications have their evolvement from Artificial Neural Network, especially applications developed for those tasks which were earlier believed to be best performed by only human beings.This potential of ANNs lies in its degree of simplicity and generality; bringing the difference down in between, Human mind capability and machines.This paper basically deals with recognition of isolated machine print as well as hand-written characters using artificial neural networks.The important aspect of this paper which makes it different from similar works in this field is that I have approached this problem with bilingual character set.I have approached to the recent trend where people are at home with use of English as well as Hindi language, not only in speaking but also in writing.Due to this, my focus has been to device network with almost equal capability of recognizing characters in both scripts; Devnagri and English.Besides this, text content faced by us in day to day is a mixture of type written and hand written.So the characters are either computer generated or by human handwriting.For this purpose data collection, feature extraction and neural network designs have been achieved.The training phase has successfully been completed with 790 samples of handwritten samples computer generated font styles.The overall performance of the system has been achieved more than 95%, quite significant in case of human handwriting.
VAF347, a novel low molecular weight immunomodulator, inhibits Interleukin-6 production in the human monocytic cell line Monomac1 via activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Interleukin (IL) -6 ist ein pleiotropes Zytokin das sowohl an der Regulation von Immunreaktionen, der Hamatopoese, dem Metabolismus des Knochens als auch an Entzundungsreaktionen beteiligt ist. Eine deregulierte Produktion von IL-6 ist bei mehreren Entzundungs- und Autoimmunerkrankungen gefunden worden, wie etwa bei Gelenkrheumatismus, Morbus Castleman oder Morbus Crohn. Deshalb stellt die Unterbrechung des IL-6 Signalweges ein interessantes therapeutisches Angriffsziel fur die Behandlung dieser Krankheiten dar.
Es wurde bereits gezeigt, dass VAF347 als ein neuer niedermolekularer Immunmodulator sowohl spezifisch die Immunglobulin-E Synthese von humanen B-Zellen, als auch die IL-6 Produktion von humanen Dendritischen Zellen monozytaren Ursprungs inhibiert.
Diese Studie wurde gestaltet, um das (die) molekulare(n) Ziel(e) von VAF347, das zur Inhibierung der IL-6 Produktion fuhrt, zu identifizieren. Ahnlich wie bei primaren Zellen inhibiert VAF347 die von IL-4 und GM-CSF als auch die von PMA induzierte IL-6 Produktion in der humanen monozytaren Zelllinie Monomac1. Es wird gezeigt, dass der Aryl Hydrocarbon Rezeptor (AhR) das funktionell bedeutende Target fur die Inhibition der IL-6 Produktion durch VAF347 ist. Der AhR ist fur die biologische Aktivitat von VAF347 in Monomac1 Zellen verantwortlich, da 1) andere AhR Liganden ein ahnliches Aktivitatsprofil zeigen, 2) ektopische Uberexpression eines transdominant negativen AhR Proteins die biologische Aktivitat von VAF347 aufhebt und 3) die Stilllegung des AhR Gens Monomac1 Zellen resistent gegen VAF347 macht.
Daruber hinaus inhibiert VAF347 die Expression eines IL-6 Promoter Reporter-Gen Konstrukts und blockiert die Bindung des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-IL6, welcher als einer der Hauptfaktoren fur die Regulation der IL-6 Expression angesehen wird, an den IL-6 Promoter. Die Uberexpression des Wildtyp NF-IL6 Proteins hebt teilweise die Aktivitat von VAF347 auf. Diese Ergebnisse demonstrieren, dass VAF347 seinen inhibitorischen Effekt auf transkriptioneller Ebene ausubt, da die Interaktion von NF-IL6 mit dessen Bindungsstelle im IL-6 Promoter verhindert wurde.
Zusammenfassend identifizieren diese Daten AhR als das funktionell entscheidende Target von VAF347. Da die Deregulation von IL-6 am Krankheitsbild mehrerer inflammatorischer- und Autoimmunerkrankungen beteiligt ist, konnte das Targeting von AhR eine neue Moglichkeit zur Behandlung dieser Krankheiten darstellen.
Tomorrow's big problem: The growing recognition of a need for autism services

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Moving to a new home is a major step for anyone. People with autistic spectrum disorders face many difficulties with this transition, but help and information are limited. The Shirley Foundation funded a project by Housing Options, an advisory service for learning disability, to promote the development of housing and support options for people with autism. It looked at existing services, what people say is needed and how to improve them. The challenge for the next five years appeared to be a better understanding of the range of existing need and provision, improvement in the choice available, information and help for people and their families seeking to plan for the future and strategies for services (in the light of Valuing People) to include autism. This article outlines the finding of a recent report, Tomorrow's Big Problem, and in particular looks at information available on the need for services.
Researching Family Secrets: Methodological Approach, Reflections and Recommendations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article, I consider writing by research participants as a method of gathering data on sensitive, difficult or shameful topics. In doing so, I draw on the example of a research project on family narratives and family secrets. Gathering data on hidden, uncomfortable or even painful aspects of a family's past and present poses several challenges in a research project: Most people are reluctant to volunteer intimate insights into their family lives and dynamics. Moreover, in an interview situation, it is challenging to create the kind of rapport that allows a deeper conversation. Writing has been used by a number of scholars from different disciplines to gather data. In the first section, I review these approaches, as well as their benefits and disadvantages. I then describe and reflect upon the methodological approach taken for a project on memories of family members' actions and involvement during the Nazi era in Germany. Finally, I offer recommendations and reflections when using writing as a data gathering method.
Effects of Pharmacological Doses of Iodide on the Hyperplastic Rat Thyroid Gland. Roles of Intrathyroidal Iodide, Thyrotropin and Thyroglobulin in the Wolff- Chaikoff Phenomenon11

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The block of organic iodine formation by excess iodide was reinvestigated, paying particular attention to the intrathyroidal iodide concentration, to the role of TSH and to changes in physicochemical properties of thyroglobulin. Maximal TSH stimulation was obtained by pretreating rats for 4 weeks with propylthiouracil followed by 2 days of a low-iodine diet. Three mg iodide was then injected every 12 hr and the thyroid glands were analyzed at daily intervals. The initially very high intrathyroidal iodide concentration decreased rapidly during the first 4 days of excess iodide, irrespective of whether TSH was high or suppressed by thyroxine injections. Thus TSH played only a minor part in the adaptation of the active iodide transport mechanism. Organic iodine formation was blocked during the first 4 days of iodide treatment. As soon as the intrathyroidal iodide fell below 0.1 μg per mg tissue, organic iodination resumed in TSH-stimulated glands. In animals with low TSH the escape from the block was delayed for another day until the intrathyroidal iodide fell below 0.05 μg/mg. Thus TSH diminished the blocking effect ofa given intrathyroidal iodide concentration. Under high doses of iodide the glands reaccumulated thyroglobulin. Its iodine content was initially low, but rose to a normal value of 0.6% after 6 days of iodide treatment. Despite this normal iodine content the distribution of iodoamino acids was abnormal, more monoiodotyrosine and less diiodotyrosine and thyroxine being present than in normal rat thyroglobulin of identical iodine content. Moreover sedimentation in sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation was slightly slower than that of comparable normal rat thyroglobulin. (Endocrinology95: 388, 1974)
The Plasticity of Germ Cell Cancers and its Dependence on the Cellular Microenvironment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

So far, the understanding of germ cell cancer (GCC) pathogenesis is based on a model, where seminomas and non-seminomas represent distinct entities although originating from a common precursor termed germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS). Embryonal carcinomas (ECs), the stem cell population of the non-seminomas, is pluri- to totipotent and able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers, giving rise to teratomas or tumours mimicking extraembryonic tissues (yolk sac tumours, choriocarcinomas). With regard to gene expression, (epi)genetics and histology, seminomas are highly similar to GCNIS and primordial germ cells, but limited in development. It remains elusive, whether this block in differentiation is controlled by cell intrinsic mechanisms or by signals from the surrounding microenvironment. Here, we reviewed the recent literature emphasizing the plasticity of GCCs, especially of seminomas. We propose that this plasticity is controlled by the microenvironment, allowing seminomas to transit into an EC or mixed non-seminoma and vice versa. We discuss several mechanisms and routes of reprogramming that might be responsible for this change in the cell fate. We finally integrate this plasticity into a new model of GCC pathogenesis, allowing for an alternative view on the dynamics of GCC development and progression.
Abstract P411: Sex-based Differences In A Feline Model Of Hfpef

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rationale: Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) accounts for approximately 50% of all HF diagnoses with no FDA approved therapies. HFpEF is more prevalent in females versus males, but the mechanisms driving the development of HFpEF as a sex-based disorder are not well understood. We have recently shown that slow progressive pressure overload (PO) in male felines induces a HFpEF phenotype but have not investigated the differences in response to the same physiological stress in females. Hypothesis: Females will develop a phenotype that is distinct from males in response to PO. Methods and Results: Male (m) and female (f) domestic short felines (age 2mo) underwent either a sham procedure (m: n=7; f: n=7) or aortic constriction (m: n=11; f: n=10) using a customized pre-shaped band. At baseline (prior to surgery), there was no difference in body weight between groups and echocardiography revealed no significant difference in the ratio of left atrium to aortic root (LA/Ao), LA ejection fraction (LA EF), left ventricle (LV) ejection fraction, LV wall-thickness, and E/A ratio. At 4mo post-surgery, both males and females developed cardiac dysfunction. Females gained significantly less weight than males throughout the study. Despite the size difference, both sexes developed comparable LV wall thickness and changes in E/A ratio vs. sham groups. There was no change in LV EF. Furthermore, there was a decrease in LA EF and increased LA/Ao, indicating LA dysfunction and enlargement. Invasive hemodynamics at 4mo post-surgery showed no differences between sexes for the systolic pressure gradient generated by the aortic banding. Banded males had a significantly higher LV end-diastolic pressure vs. banded females, but there was a trend towards prolongation of tau and lower dp/dt min in banded females, reflective of worse active relaxation. Both sexes had comparable dP/dt max . There were no differences between banded males and females in heart weight to body weight or cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. Conclusion: Despite similar pressure gradients as a result of PO and the development of similar cardiac hypertrophy between sexes and a higher LVEDP in males, females had a trend towards worse relaxation. Other causes of HFpEF may have sex-based differences.
Care for the Caretakers

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

When a patient presents a situation that is stressful for a nurse, her self-esteem may be threatened. Collegial support can protect her from feeling inadequate and help her reduce the stress. If support is not forthcoming, the nurse is likely to experience a crisis and, as a result, be unable to assist the patient(4). A goal of nursing is to help patients attain their best level of health. Some patients fail to respond to customary nursing interventions, and a nurse may then feel
Are AKAP4 and proAKAP4 Found in Canine Semen? Preliminary Results

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Canine sperm evaluation is routinely assessed by optic microscopy, spectrophotometer, computer assisted semen analysis and sometimes flow cytometry. These methods can be time-consuming and are not always available for canine reproduction professionals. Furthermore, it is possible that a dog shows bad fertility despite a promising sperm quality. This is why new tools are studied in order to predict the quality and the fertility of a semen. Proteomic research is actually trying to identify some protein markers related to the fertility in the semen.
Management of Delayed Eruption in Permanent Incisor Following Intrusion Injury of Primary Dentition: A Case Report

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Jawza H Alfarraj,1 Faisal Alsaif,2 Sama A Alsaad3 1Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 2General Dentist, Private Practice, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; 3Pediatric Dentistry Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCorrespondence: Jawza H Alfarraj, Tel +966509948859, Email Jalfarraj@kfmc.med.saAbstract: This article describes the clinical management of delayed eruption of the upper left permanent central incisor of an eight-year-old child with a history of overlooked intrusive trauma to the primary maxillary incisors. Initial conservative management involved simple extraction of the over-retained upper right primary left incisor. At the recall visit, the decision was made to expose permanent incisors surgically aiming to facilitate its eruption. Two years later, the upper right central and lateral incisors have been erupted into the oral cavity, improving patient aesthetics. This case report aims to demonstrate the clinical diagnosis and intervention for delayed eruption of maxillary permanent central incisor as a consequence of an overlooked intrusive trauma in the primary dentition. Additionally, to emphasize the importance of periodic radiographic examination in monitoring the sequence of eruption in mixed dentition.Keywords: dental trauma, unerupted, delayed eruption, pediatric
Diazepines. Part 29.1 A Comparison Between 6-Phenyl- and 5,7-Diphenyl-2,3-dihydrodiazepinium Salts, with Comments on the Reactivity of 6-Phenyldihydro-diazepinium Salts Towards Electrophiles. Crystal and Molecular Structures of 6-Phenyl- and 2,3-Cyclohexano-6-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-diazepinium Picrates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Conjugative interaction between a 6-phenyl substituent and the vinamidinium system of a dihydrodiazepinium salt appears to be less than that observed with 5- or 7-phenyl substituents; despite this, electrophilic substitution occurs very readily in the 6-phenyl group and comment is made on a possible mechanism.
Tropical forests in the deep human past

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since Darwin, studies of human evolution have tended to give primacy to open ‘savannah’ environments as the ecological cradle of our lineage, with dense tropical forests cast as hostile, unfavourable frontiers. These perceptions continue to shape both the geographical context of fieldwork as well as dominant narratives concerning hominin evolution. This paradigm persists despite new, ground-breaking research highlighting the role of tropical forests in the human story. For example, novel research in Africa's rainforests has uncovered archaeological sites dating back into the Pleistocene; genetic studies have revealed very deep human roots in Central and West Africa and in the tropics of Asia and the Pacific; an unprecedented number of coexistent hominin species have now been documented, including Homo erectus , the ‘Hobbit’ ( Homo floresiensis ), Homo luzonensis , Denisovans, and Homo sapiens . Some of the earliest members of our own species to reach South Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania and the tropical Americas have shown an unexpected rapidity in their adaptation to even some of the more ‘extreme’ tropical settings. This includes the early human manipulation of species and even habitats. This volume builds on these currently disparate threads and, for the first time, draws together a group of interdisciplinary, agenda-setting papers that firmly places a broader spectrum of tropical environments at the heart of the deep human past. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Tropical forests in the deep human past’.
First Record of Bat Flies (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea) on Batan Island, Southern Luzon, Philippines

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract: This preliminary report presents the bat fly fauna on Batan Island, one of the islands constituting the municipality of Rapu-Rapu, Albay province, the Philippines. During a rapid biodiversity assessment conducted in December 2015, six species of bat flies belonging to the genera Brachytarsina Macquart, Eucampsipoda Kolenati, Leptocyclopodia Theodor, Megastrebla Maa, and Nycteribia Latreille were documented. Before this paper, there were no published records of bat flies on the island, making this paper the first documentation of streblid and nycteribiid bat flies on Batan Island, Philippines.