jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Study of Practices for Informing/Advising and Receiving Consent in Biomedical Research: Consenting, But to What?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The article presents the results of a qualitative study based on discussions with persons subject to biomedical research and with the doctors in such research (N = 67). The investigation suggests that in practice the patient-subjects and the investigators should together draw up an agreement on the medical (meaning “therapeutic”) character of clinical trials, and try to neutralize the essentially scientific character (non-therapeutic but interesting for the progress of knowledge) of the objective sought: all kinds of details may have been explained and included without the situation being correctly identified. The possible contribution of the law in dissipating any misunderstandings in those situations where research is combined with care, is analysed as conclusion.
UNDERSTANDING THE ITALIAN REAL ESTATE OFFICE MARKET: WHAT DOES MAKE IT DIFFERENT FROM THE OTHER MAJOR EUROPEAN MARKETS?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the peculiarities of the Italian office market, focused on the cities of Milan and Rome, in comparison with the other major European markets. The analysis would also concentrate on tenants requirements in the changing business and market environment, particularly in terms of location and building preferencies, factors influencing the demand for space, attention to sustainability.
MANAJEMEN SEKOLAH DAN MADRASAH

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Education is the main pillar in the development of a nation. To achieve the goal of quality education, effective and efficient management is required. School management includes a series of activities such as planning, organizing, implementing and controlling educational resources to achieve predetermined goals. Similarly, madrasah as an Islamic educational institution has special characteristics that combine general and religious knowledge. The implementation of School-Based Management (SBM) or Madrasah-Based Management (MBM) is an important strategy in decentralizing education. Therefore, an in-depth study of school and madrasah management is needed to identify existing problems and formulate appropriate solutions to improve the quality of education in Indonesia
Effects of Liquid Phase Properties on Pressure Drop during Horizontal Gas-Liquid Intermittent Flow

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The effects of different liquid phases (water, oil and CMC solutions) on pressure drop during horizontal gasliquid intermittent flow were experimentally investigated. The total length of the pipe between the entrance and the separation unit is approximately 30 m. The test section consists of two 3 m long horizontal pipes. Up to 320 experimental tests have been conducted under the following conditions: superficial oil velocity 0.17~1.85 m/s, superficial water velocity 0.17~2.48 m/s, superficial CMC solutions velocity 0.17~1.42 m/s and superficial air velocity 0.06~3.40 m/s. It is shown that for gasNewtonian liquid flow the pressure drop increases with the increase of the superficial air velocity at constant superficial liquid velocity. But for power-law liquid with the lower value of flow behavior index, the pressure drop of gasnon-Newtonian liquid flow might actually be reduced below the value for the liquid flowing alone at the same volumetric rate. Furthermore, the LockhartMartinelli model overestimates the pressure drop for gaspower-law liquid flow.
Factors influencing prognosis in childhood autoimmune hemolytic anemia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Prognostic factors were evaluated in 25 children with autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Patients with acute disease were generally 2-12 years of age at diagnosis, had a sudden onset of symptoms, showed low reticulocyte counts, had decreased numbers of nucleated red blood cells or early white blood cells precursors on peripheral blood smear, and had normal platelet counts. They responded well to steroids and the disease resolved within 6 months without mortality. Children with chronic AIHA were generally less than 2 or greater than 12 years of age, had a more prolonged onset of symptoms, had increased reticulocyte counts, had increased numbers of nucleated red blood cells and early white blood cell precursors on peripheral blood smear, and had decreased platelet counts. They had a variable response to steroids frequently requiring other modalities of treatments and had a mortality of 25%. Females in this group had a significant incidence of associated diseases. Autoantibodies were characterized as to temperature sensitivity and reaction with class specific antiglobulin reagents and were related to the type of AIHA.
Terms of Greece's third bailout will depress economy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Significance In the absence of external funding, capital controls will remain. Banks will allow depositors to withdraw up to 420 euros (456 dollars)/week at one go rather than in daily installments and offer limited banking services. The government has reached agreement, in principle, with its international lenders for a third package of financial assistance. Immediate financial collapse is averted, but the new reform package -- although it contains some structural reforms in such areas as pensions, the judicial system and public administration -- is more likely to reduce than remove the danger of Greece's exit from the euro. The domestic economy has re-entered recession and lenders agree that current debt levels are unsustainable. Impacts Greek-EU negotiations exposed a lack of EU cohesion and deep divisions between the two core euro-area members, France and Germany. For the first time, euro-area leaders publicly accepted, and at times promoted, the possibility of a country exiting the euro. Greek resentment, EU inflexibility and loss of trust in Athens will hinder bailout implementation and could lead to popular unrest. The third bailout may add up to 30 billion euros to Greece's debt stock during 2016-18.
Edge states control droplet breakup in subcritical extensional flows

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A fluid droplet suspended in an extensional flow of moderate intensity may break into pieces, depending on the amplitude of the initial droplet deformation. In subcritical uniaxial extensional flow the nonbreaking base state is linearly stable, implying that only a finite-amplitude perturbation can trigger breakup. Consequently, the stable base solution is surrounded by its finite basin of attraction. The basin boundary, which separates initial droplet shapes returning to the nonbreaking base state from those becoming unstable and breaking up, is characterized using edge tracking techniques. We numerically construct the edge state, a dynamically unstable equilibrium whose stable manifold forms the basin boundary. The edge state equilibrium controls if the droplet breaks and selects a unique path towards breakup. This path physically corresponds to the well-known end-pinching mechanism. Our results thereby rationalize the dynamics observed experimentally [H. A. Stone and L. G. Leal, J. Fluid Mech. 206, 223 (1989)].
Receding horizon climate control in metal mine extraction rooms

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This papers proposes a novel climate control strategy for mine extraction rooms based on the receding horizon optimal control scheme. Being a model-based procedure, the development of a pertinent prediction model is one of the keystones. According to recent technological advances, we consider that distributed measurements are available and provided by a wireless network. An enhanced modeling approach, based on stratification and sigmoid description of concentrations in the extraction rooms, is then proposed and allows for an optimal use of information provided by the wireless sensor network (WSN). The complexity of the resulting model, due to the nonlinearities, different time scales and time-delays, is handled by using an on-line shape prediction, included in the design of an optimal sequence of control actions over a finite horizon. Physical and communication constraints are successfully handled at the design stage and the resulting closed-loop system is robust with respect to variations in the pollutant dynamics.
Beating the bookie: A look at statistical models for prediction of football matches

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper we look at statistical models for predicting the outcome of football matches in a league. That is, our aim is to find a statistical model which, based on the game-history so far in a season, can predict the outcome of next round's matches. Many such models exist, but we are not aware of a thorough comparison of the models' merits as betting models. In this paper we look at some classical models, extract their key ingredients, and use those as a basis to propose a new model. The different models are compared by simulating bets being made on matches in the English Premier League.
Measurement of Instantaneous Fluid Dynamic Parameters in Automotive Turbocharging Circuit

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In the paper the difficulties related to measurement of instantaneous fluid dynamic parameters in the turbocharging circuit of automotive engines under unsteady flow conditions are highlighted, referring to pressure, mass flow rate, temperature and turbocharger rotational speed. Frequency response of transducers, sensor position, measuring procedures and filtering techniques need to be taken into account to correctly describe the unsteady behaviour of tested component. The results of an experimental campaign developed on a small turbocharger for downsized gasoline engines are presented, focusing on the evaluation of the instantaneous parameters that allowed to estimate unsteady turbine performance. Measurements were performed by using a flexible test rig, operating at the University of Genoa, particularly suitable for investigations under unsteady flow operation.</div>
Analysis of Oxide Capacitance Changes Based on the Formation–Annihilation of Conductive Filaments in a SiO2/Si-NCs/SiO2 Stack Layer-Based MIS-like Capacitor

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This work reports on the correlation between resistive switching (RS) with capacitance switching (CS) states observed in SiO2/Si-nanocrystals (Si-NCs)/SiO2 stack layers using a metal-insulating semiconductor (MIS)-like device. The formation of Si-NCs, which act as conductive nodes, of about 6.7 nm in size was confirmed using a transmission electron microscope. These devices exhibit bipolar RS properties with an intermediate resistive state (IRS), which is a self-compliance behavior related to the presence of the Si-NCs layer. The current value changes from 40 nA to 550 µA, indicating RS from a high resistance state (HRS) to a low resistance state (LRS) with the IRS at 100 µA. The accumulation (CA) and inversion capacitance (CI) also change when these RS events occur. The CA switches from 2.52 nF to 3 nF with an intermediate CS of 2.7 nF for the HRS, LRS, and IRS, respectively. The CI also switches from 0.23 nF to 0.6 nF for the HRS and LRS, respectively. These devices show an ON/OFF current ratio of 104 with retention times of 104 s. Furthermore, both CA and CI states remained stable for more than 103 s. These findings highlight the potential of these devices for applications in information storage through memristor and memcapacitor technologies.
α1A and α1C form microtubules to display distinct properties mainly mediated by their C-terminal tails

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Microtubules consisting of α/β-tubulin dimers play critical roles in cells. More than seven genes encode α-tubulin in vertebrates. However, the property of microtubules composed of different α-tubulin isotypes is largely unknown. Here, we purified recombinant tubulin heterodimers of mouse α-tubulin isotypes including α1A and α1C with β-tubulin isotype β2A. In vitro microtubule reconstitution assay detected that α1C/β2A microtubules grew faster and underwent catastrophe less frequently than α1A/β2A microtubules. Generation of chimeric tail-swapped and point-mutation tubulins revealed that the carboxyl-terminal (C-terminal) tails of α-tubulin isotypes largely accounted for the differences in polymerization dynamics of α1A/β2A and α1C/β2A microtubules. Kinetics analysis showed that in comparison to α1A/β2A microtubules, α1C/β2A microtubules displayed higher on-rate, lower off-rate, and similar GTP hydrolysis rate at the plus-end, suggesting a contribution of higher plus-end affinity to faster growth and less frequent catastrophe of α1C/β2A microtubules. Furthermore, EB1 had a higher binding ability to α1C/β2A microtubules than to α1A/β2A ones, which could also be attributed to the difference in the C-terminal tails of these two α-tubulin isotypes. Thus, α-tubulin isotypes diversify microtubule properties, which, to a great extent, could be accounted by their C-terminal tails.
PARP1 expression in breast cancer and effects of its inhibition in preclinical models

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Breast cancer is the main cause of cancer death in women. Improved treatments, prevention programs and earlier detection are reducing the rate of death; however, there is still a high percentage of mortality by this cancer. Identification of novel targets to predict response to specific treatments is a key goal for personalizing breast cancer therapy and to improve survival. Few years ago, PARP inhibitors appeared as a promising therapy, particularly in BRCA-mutated cancers. However, there was a clear need to conduct further preclinical and translational work to improve the rational development of PARP inhibition in breast cancer. In this work we described PARP1 expression in breast tumour samples and characterized the effects of its inhibition in preclinical models. We found that nuclear PARP1 protein overexpression was associated with malignant transformation and poor prognosis in breast cancer. PARP1 overexpression was more common in triple negative subtype, but was also detectable in small subsets of estrogen receptor positive and HER2 positive breast cancers. In preclinical models, PARP1 played distinct roles in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. Moreover, we described that olaparib (novel PARP inhibitor) had antitumour effects in different breast cancer subtypes, and its combination with trastuzumab (anti-HER2 antibody) enhanced the antitumour effects of this therapy.
The principle of jura novit arbiter and jura novit curia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract. The principle of jura novit arbiter or jura novit tribunus is a projection of the doctrine of jura novit curia onto international arbitration proceedings, free from the peculiarities of national legislation. The significance of the application of this principle lies in the ability of the arbitral tribunal to take part in establishing the content of the applicable rules of law. Taking into account the peculiarities of international arbitration, jura novit arbiter is significantly limited in order to protect the interests of the disputing parties. However, such a restriction has both positive and negative legal consequences. Key words: arbitration, principle of jura novit curia, jura novit curia, panel of arbitrators, legal qualifications, applicable law
Italy During the First World War

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Alone among European powers, Italy declared its neutrality and waited nearly a year before taking the field. The country entered the war torn by profound social and political rivalries, against the wishes of most of the population and the parliamentary majority. In the Italian case, war was largely expected in May 1915, but there was no trace of a “union sacrée.” The mobilization of Italian society, industry, and culture for total war, in the face of widespread indifference to the country’s war aims, was an enormous challenge for the liberal state. The war shaped Italian society in a very profound way: the Great War was the first great collective experience for the Italians. The repression of dissent took precedence over consensus-building initiatives. Food shortages and economic restrictions led to a significant worsening of the living conditions of the most disadvantaged social classes. The army extended the police control over an important portion of the national territory; parliame...
Foxp-3 variants are associated with susceptibility to Graves’ disease in Chinese population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play an indispensable role in autoimmune disorders. FOXP3 controls the development and function of CD4 + CD25 + Tregs. Common variants in the FOXP3 gene are believed to alter messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether FOXP3 polymorphisms predispose an individual to the development of Graves’ disease (GD) in a Chinese population. A total of 534 GD patients who reported to and/or were admitted to the Department of Endocrinology, People’s Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Yuyao, and 630 healthy controls from similar geographical areas were enrolled in this study. FOXP3 polymorphisms (C-2383T, C-3279A, A-3499G, and T+459C) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The relative expression of FOXP3 was assessed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in 110 patients and 110 controls. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software. Heterozygote and minor allele (C-2383T, C-3279A, and T+459C) frequencies were significantly higher in GD patients relative to healthy controls. The relative expression of FOXP3 was significantly lower in GD patients than in healthy controls ( P < 0.0001). Furthermore, FOXP3 expression was significantly associated with FOXP3 polymorphisms (C-2383T, C-3279A, and T+459C): the wild-type allele was associated with higher FOXP3 expression and mutant alleles were associated with lower FOXP3 expression. In conclusion, this study revealed that FOXP3 polymorphisms are correlated with FOXP3 expression and are significantly associated with susceptibility to GD in a Chinese cohort.
[Examination of leg volume of patients for determining the therapeutic effect of 1-phenylephrine hydrochloride (author's transl)].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Distorsions and other injuries of a more or less grave kind are often found in combination with exudative processes. The anti-exudative effect of adequate drugs has so far been tested only on the rat paw oedema. As results gained from animal tests cannot immediately be applied to man, tests with human subjects were carried out. With a device by Diebschlag it has become possible to fulfil the demands of a simple but still exact measuring process for quantification of leg volumes. 12 subjects with a distorsion of the ankle joint were treated with a gel (active substance: 1-phenylephrine HCl) which reduces the volue of the leg and with a similar placebo gel, and the effects of both treatments were compared and examined. The analysis of data yielded statistically highly significant values for the effectivity of the active substance gel.
Why is it so difficult to measure glucagon-like peptide-1 in a mouse?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Aims/hypothesis In humans, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is rapidly degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 to a relatively stable metabolite, GLP-1(9-36)NH2, which allows measurement of GLP-1 secretion. However, little is known about the kinetics of the GLP-1 metabolite in mice. We hypothesised that the GLP-1 metabolite is rapidly degraded in this species by neutral endopeptidase(s) (NEP[s]). Methods We administered glucose, mixed meal or water orally to 256 mice, and took blood samples before and 2, 6, 10, 20, 30, 60 or 90 min after stimulation. To study the metabolism of the GLP-1 metabolite, i.v. GLP-1(9-36)NH2 (800 fmol) or saline (154mmol/l NaCl) was administered to 160 mice, some of which had a prior injection of a selective NEP24.11 +/- inhibitor (candoxatril, 5 mg/kg) or saline. Blood was collected before and 1, 2, 4 and 12 min after GLP-1/saline injection. Plasma GLP-1 levels were analysed using a customised single-site C-terminal ELISA, two different two-site ELISAs and MS. Results GLP-1 secretion profiles after oral glucose administration differed markedly when assayed by C-terminal ELISA compared with sandwich ELISAs, with the former showing a far higher peak value and AUC. In mice injected with GLP1(9-36)NH2, immunoreactive GLP-1 plasma levels peaked at approximately 75 pmol/l at 1 min when measured with sandwich ELISAs, returning to baseline (similar to 20 pmol/l) after 12 min, but remained elevated using the C-terminal ELISA (similar to 90 pmol/l at 12 min). NEP 24.11 inhibition by candoxatril significantly attenuated GLP-1(9-36)NH2 degradation in vivo and in vitro. MS identified GLP-1 fragments consistent with NEP 24.11 degradation. Conclusions/interpretation In mice, the GLP-1 metabolite is eliminated within a few minutes owing to endoproteolytic cleavage by NEP 24.11. Therefore, accurate measurement of GLP-1 secretion in mice requires assays for NEP 24.11 meta-bolites. Conventional sandwich ELISAs are inadequate because of endoproteolytic cleavage of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4-generated metabolite.
Antifungal susceptibility profiles for fungal isolates from corneas and contact lenses in the United Kingdom

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Objective To report the identification and results of susceptibility testing for fungal isolates from the cornea or contact lens care systems.Materials and methods In this retrospective epidemiological study, we searched the results of fungal cultures from cornea or contact lens systems referred for identification and susceptibility testing to the United Kingdom National Mycology Reference Laboratory between October 2016 and March 2022. For each fungal isolate, we recorded the genus and species of the fungus and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to six antifungal agents available to treat corneal infection (amphotericin, econazole, itraconazole, natamycin, posaconazole, and voriconazole).Results There were 600 isolates from 585 patients, comprising 374 (62%) from corneal samples and 226 from contact lenses and care systems, of which 414 (69%) isolates were moulds (filamentous fungi) and 186 (31%) were yeasts. The most frequent moulds isolated were Fusarium spp (234 isolates, 39%) and Aspergillus spp (62, 10%). The most frequent yeasts isolated were Candida spp (112, 19%), predominantly Candida parapsilosis (11%) and Candida albicans (6%), with 35 isolates (6%) of Meyerozyma guilliermondii. In vitro susceptibility was greatest for natamycin (347 moulds tested, mode 4 mg/L, range 0.25-64 mg/L; 98 yeasts tested, mode 4 mg/L, range 0.5–32 mg/L), with susceptibility for 94% for moulds and 99% yeasts. The isolates interpreted as highly resistant to natamycin (N, 14) were predominantly Aspergillus flavus complex.Conclusions In vitro susceptibility supports the use of natamycin for the empiric treatment of fungal keratitis in the UK.