jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Penicillins

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

DURING THE 15 YEARS since the publication by Anderson and Keefer on the results of penicillin therapy, a powerful and bewildering array of antibiotic agents has emanated from the pharmaceutical industry. With further contributions now being made by the molecular manipulation of the basic structures of old agents, the physician must more than ever make a clear decision on whether antibiotic therapy for an individual patient is necessary at all. The purpose of this paper is to relate the practical usefulness of various natural and semisynthetic penicillin compounds one to another. No attempt is made to give a comprehensive account of the therapeutic use of penicillin or to define the situations in which antibiotic treatment may be indicated. Although laboratory studies can define an impressive spectrum of activity in vitro, or an impressive increase in plasma concentrations after administration, the final assessment of the value of an antibiotic requires extended
Chenopodiaceae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Chenopodiaceae, not a large family, with only about 75 genera and 500 to 600 species, contains just one species of agricultural significance, the beets and associated plants (Beta vulgaris). Members of the family are distinctive for one or two reasons. Morphologically they differ from many other dicotyledonous families by having inconspicuous flowers without sepals and petals but with five perianth members. Physiologically the main point of interest is that many Chenopodiaceae are halophytes, plants that are tolerant of high salt concentrations in the soil and that in agricultural practice respond to applications of common salt. This ecological adaptation is usually associated with succulence in these plants and a fine, mealy covering of short, swollen hairs on the leaves. Also characteristic of these plants is their ability to accumulate considerable concentrations of nitrate and nitrite ions which can cause digestive disturbances in animals being fed on them.
A Novel Photoreaction of (2-Hydroxypropoxyphenyl)pentamethyldisilane

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Photolysis of (2-hydroxyethoxyphenyl)pentamethyldisilane 2 in benzene provides a novel intramolecular cyclization photoproduct 9 which was probably formed from the intramolecular reaction to form a seven-membered ring in silatriene intermediate 7 and then the photochemical disrotatory ring closure of 1,3-butadiene moiety to cyclobutene. Irradiation of 2 in methanol afforded photoproducts 5 and 6 which were formed by the nucleophilic attack of methanol to β or α silicon atom in pentamethyldisilanyl group of the photoexcited state of 2. Compounds 10 and 11 were also formed by the same way as in the formation of the photoproducts 5 and 6 in the photolysis of (2-allyloxyethoxyphenyl)pentamethyldisilane 3 in methanol solvent. Photoreaction of (2-acetoxyethoxyphenyl) pentamethyldisilane 4 in methanol gave a photoproduct 12 which was formed via the elimination of dimethylsilylene species in the photoexcited state of 4.
A GAN Guided Parallel CNN and Transformer Network for EEG Denoising

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are often contaminated with various physiological artifacts, seriously affecting the quality of subsequent analysis. Therefore, removing artifacts is an essential step in practice. As of now, deep learning-based EEG denoising methods have exhibited unique advantages over traditional methods. However, they still suffer from the following limitations. The existing structure designs have not fully taken into account the temporal characteristics of artifacts. Meanwhile, the existing training strategies usually ignore the holistic consistency between denoised EEG signals and authentic clean ones. To address these issues, we propose a GAN guided parallel CNN and transformer network, named GCTNet. The generator contains parallel CNN blocks and transformer blocks to respectively capture local and global temporal dependencies. Then, a discriminator is employed to detect and correct the holistic inconsistencies between clean and denoised EEG signals. We evaluate the proposed network on both semi-simulated and real data. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that GCTNet significantly outperforms state-of-the-art networks in various artifact removal tasks, as evidenced by its superior objective evaluation metrics. For example, in the task of removing electromyography artifacts, GCTNet achieves 11.15% reduction in RRMSE and 9.81% improvement in SNR over other methods, highlighting the potential of the proposed method as a promising solution for EEG signals in practical applications.
Genetic analysis of 50-year old Brazilian pine (Araucaria angustifolia) plantations: implications for conservation planning

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to determine the implications of including planted populations in conservation planning, we investigate the structure and genetic diversity, mating system, and effective population size within families in three planted and one natural Araucaria angustifolia populations. The study area is a Brazilian National Forest in southern Brazil, established in the 1950s. Genetic analysis was investigated using nine allozyme loci. Significant and positive fixation index was detected for the adults of all studied populations. Although we observed lower levels of genetic diversity and biparental inbreeding in some populations, their pattern of mating, similar to that expected in panmixia, indicates that all populations can be used in conservation planning. Furthermore, the presence of unique alleles and the significant genetic differentiation among all adult populations (F ST = 0.404) reinforces that all populations are important conservation resources. The average paternity correlation was high in almost all populations, showing that open-pollinated families are composed of mixtures of half- and full-sibs. With regards to conservation strategies, our results suggest that seed collection from at least 133 seed trees is necessary to retain a reference effective population size of 500. Our results confirm that the planted Araucaria forests in southern Brazil can be useful as a genetic resource for conservation, breeding and reforestation strategies for this threatened species. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Unique distribution patterns of metastatic lymph nodes in patients with superficial carcinoma of the thoracic oesophagus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Lymph node metastasis is commonly found in carcinoma of the thoracic oesophagus, even when the tumour invades only the submucosa. Although lymph node status greatly influences the outcome, the pattern of early lymphatic spread has not been investigated, and the role of lymph node dissection is still a matter of controversy. Methods A series of 110 patients with superficial carcinoma who underwent systematic extended lymph node dissection was investigated retrospectively. Results Lymph node involvement was found in 0 per cent (none of nine), 23 per cent (five of 22) and 49 per cent (38 of 78) of tumours that invaded the lamina propria, muscularis mucosa and submucosa respectively. Anatomically distant lymph nodes (recurrent nerve nodes and perigastric nodes) were involved more frequently than other intrathoracic nodes adjacent to the main tumour. Only three patients had involvement limited to the intrathoracic group, and in carcinoma that invaded only the muscularis mucosae, all metastatic nodes were located at the thoracocervical junction or in the abdomen. The 5-year survival rate was 89 per cent in the node-negative group and 54 per cent in the node-positive group (P &lt; 0·0003). Conclusion The recurrent nerve nodes and perigastric nodes are the principal proximal regional lymph nodes involved in superficial carcinoma of the thoracic oesophagus. Systematic lymph node dissection, which included these nodes, yielded an acceptable and favourable outcome in patients with node-positive superficial carcinoma.
A catábase virgiliana nos sonhos de Lancelote da "Demanda do Santo Graal"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Although it resumesthemes and motifs that are already present in other texts of the cycle -such as the allegorical and premonitory dreams or the genealogical figuration of the nine men, which can be found in the Livro de Lancelotor in the Estória do Santo Graal-, the sequence composed by the three dreams of Lancelote in the Portuguese text Demanda do Santo Graal, by placing the action in an imagined underworld, added unusual motifstothe Arthurian context, whose origin seems to be the Aeneid, in particular BookVI. The hero's encounter with hisfather, and also with the lover whose love arouses public reservations, are two of the most visible episodes in which the Portuguese Demanda do Santo Graalreveals a debt to Virgílio's epic.
The assimilation of anger in a case of dissociative identity disorder

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The assimilation model considers personality as a community of voices, each representing the traces of past experiences. Problematic voices are kept separate by painful emotion, but they may be gradually assimilated into the community in successful psychotherapy. People with dissociative identity disorder may be considered as having multiple subcommunities of voices. For Kristen, a nineteen-year-old therapy client diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder, the process of assimilation proceeded in at least two ways. Assimilation appeared to occur via negotiation among Kristen's various subcommunities (alters). It also occurred simultaneously through dialogue between the discrepant voices within each of the subcommunities. In this paper, Kristen's and her primary alter's changing experiences of anger over a 36 month period of therapy were identified, tracked and discussed using the assimilation model.
The Effect of Rice Bran Extract on Arterial Blood Pressure, Hepatic Steatosis, and Inflammation in Mice Fed with a High-Fat Diet

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background . Inflammation and hypertension are primary mechanisms involving in obesity-associated adverse effects of a high-fat diet. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rice bran extract (RBE) on arterial blood pressure, hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Methods . Male ICR mice were divided into four groups, including a normal-diet control group, a high-fat diet (HFD) (60% kcal from fat) group, an HFD group treated with RBE (220 mg/kg/day), and an HFD group treated with 1100 mg/kg/day for eight weeks. Besides body weight and arterial blood pressure, we determined liver values of total cholesterol, triglyceride, as well as percent body fat, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α ), malondialdehyde (MDA), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF- κ B), matrix metalloprotease-9 (MMP-9), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and mRNA endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Results . The HFD group had increased body weight, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, liver total cholesterol, triglyceride, NF- κ B, COX-2 and MMP-9 protein levels, and decreased mRNA eNOS in the aorta. Mice of the HFD group receiving RBE had reduced diastolic blood pressure, as well as significantly decreased liver and serum TNF- α and MDA levels in the liver, and reduced NF- κ B levels in both the liver and heart. Conclusions . These results demonstrate that RBE decreases diastolic blood pressure, the liver lipid droplet accumulation, liver and myocardial NF- κ B, myocardial COX-2 and MMP-9 protein levels, and oxidative stress. Moreover, RBE may improve endothelial function and may alleviate adverse health effects associated with obesity including obesity-associated hypertension.
The Dialectics of (New) Geopolitics, (De)Globalisation and (Sub) Regional Identities in India

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper attempts to understand the dialectics of geopolitics, globalisation and regional identities in India. Territorial boundaries and sovereignty are important constituents in framing geopolitics. Embedded in the territorial boundaries and sovereignty are metaphors, images and geographical codes that conjure up the geopolitics of the self as against the other. The engagement of the self and the other creates order of similarities and difference. Being different gives rise to otherness and helps in the (re)formation of (sub)regional identities. Globalisation, on the other hand, tries to homogenise space and space-based identities and highlights the dichotomy between the all encompassing global and the local. Geopolitics stresses the role of territory and sovereignty while globalisation tries to obliterate and reconfigure these forces. This paper discusses, at length, the dialectics in the form of narratives of geopolitics, globalisation and regional identities in India and argues that geopolitics and globalisation under the shadow of supranational institutions and transnational corporations have acquired multifarious and dynamic forms. Although globalisation has certainly penetrated, influenced and continues to influence India, it has not lessened the impact of territory and sovereignty. Instead, it has resulted in dynamic reconfiguration and (de) globalisation of space.
Clinical and genetic study of Kennedy disease in a large Chinese family

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

目的 报道国内首例Kennedy病大家系,探讨其临床特征和分子机制.方法 根据先证者的叙述对该家系4代74名个体进行家系调查,进行神经系统体检,常规检测神经电生理、肌电图、血清肌酸磷酸激酶(CPK)等.并经家族成员知情同意后抽取静脉血5 ml,标准法抽取基因组DNA,聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测连接素基因(Cx32),证实无基因突变后再检测雄激素受体(AR)基因第一外显子CAG重复片段.结果 经临床方法检出家系中另外3例患者,经AR基因检测,其CAG重复数均为50次;而先证者CAG重复数为51次; 4例患者肌电图均显示感觉、运动神经受累及,血清CPK均增高;AR基因检测还发现1例症状前个体,其CAG重复数为50次.结论 临床上Kennedy病多被误诊为多发性肌炎、肢带型肌营养不良,甚至Charcot-Marie-Tooth病等,AR基因检测是诊断本病最可靠的方法。
Treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the majority of cases, pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Therefore, adenotonsillectomy is typically considered as the first line of treatment. However, the severity of pediatric OSA is not always directly correlated with the size of the adenoids and tonsils. Other factors, such as upper airway anatomy or obesity, may interact in a multifactorial manner to contribute to its occurrence. For these reasons, sleep apnea in obese children may resemble the condition in adults. Furthermore, in these cases, if adenotonsillar hypertrophy is present, adenotonsillectomy is likely to be prioritized. Reevaluation should be conducted 6 to 8 weeks post-surgery, and additional treatment for residual sleep apnea should be performed thereafter when necessary.
Geostatistical Seismic Inversion for Temperature and Salinity in the Madeira Abyssal Plain

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A two-dimensional multichannel seismic reflection profile acquired in the Madeira Abyssal Plain during June 2016 was used in a modeling workflow comprising seismic oceanography processing, geostatistical inversion and Bayesian classification to predict the probability of occurrence of distinct water masses. The seismic section was processed to image in detail the fine scale structure of the water column using seismic oceanography. The processing sequence was developed to preserve, as much as possible, the relative seismic amplitudes of the data and enhance the shallow structure of the water column by effectively suppressing the direct arrival. The migrated seismic oceanography section shows an eddy at the expected Mediterranean Outflow Water depths, steeply dipping reflectors, which indicate the possible presence of frontal activity or secondary dipping eddy structures, and strong horizontal reflections between intermediate water masses suggestive of double diffuse processes. We then developed and applied an iterative geostatistical seismic oceanography inversion methodology to predict the spatial distribution of temperature and salinity. Due to the lack of contemporaneous direct measurements of temperature and salinity we used a global ocean model as spatial constraint during the inversion and nearby contemporaneous ARGO data to infer the expected statistical properties of both model parameters. After the inversion, Bayesian classification was applied to all temperature and salinity models inverted during the last iteration to predict the spatial distribution of three distinct water masses. A preliminary interpretation of these probabilistic models agrees with the expected ocean dynamics of the region.
Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum 19L3, a Strain Proposed as a Starter Culture for Slovenská Bryndza Ovine Cheese

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The genome sequence of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from ovine cheese is presented here. This bacterium is proposed as a starter strain, named 19L3, for Slovenská bryndza cheese, a traditional Slovak cheese fulfilling European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) requirements.
The window of opportunity: a case study of the battery electric vehicle in Thailand

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose Thailand, although a late entrant, has emerged as a significant center for the production and export of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in Asia. With the arrival of a disruptive battery-electric vehicle (BEV), this study aims to investigate whether Thailand can exploit this window of opportunity to leapfrog. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses data sourced from Thailand’s Department of Intellectual Property to analyze electric vehicle (EV) patent applications. This paper collected qualitative data and conducted interviews with several EV manufacturers. Findings Although Japanese automakers dominate essential EV technology patents, they trail behind Chinese automakers, which benefited from the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in EV sales. The incumbents, Japanese and Western, choose to expand their production of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles. ICE technology does not constrain new entrants, such as Chinese automakers, Japanese newcomers and Thai newcomers. Compared to Japanese carmakers stuck with ICE and HEV technologies, they have been transitioning to BEVs at a faster pace. BEV has opened the door for large Thai indigenous energy corporations to enter the automotive industry by focusing on niche areas (nonfour-wheel vehicles) and supporting businesses like charging stations. In summary, Thailand has successfully attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) into the EV sector, but it has not yet succeeded in developing indigenous technologies related to EVs. The Thai automobile sector fails to leapfrog because it is too tied up with Japanese automotive production networks and has an unfavorable FTA with China. Originality/value This study sheds light on the limitations of an industrial development strategy relying on openness to trade and FDI without adequately strengthening indigenous technologies and firms, as the country adopting the strategy fails to leapfrog when the window of opportunities created by disruptive technologies arrives.
Atomic scale investigations of carbon-based cathode materials deformation mechanism during aluminum electrolysis

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The creep strain of full graphitic cathode blocks has been measured with a laboratory cell. The creep tests were performed three times under extern load 2–6 MPa and at temperature of 950 °C for 15 min, 50 min and 100 min respectively after starting the electrolysis. The deformation mechanisms in the carbon cathodes for aluminum electrolysis have been comprehensively studied at the atomic scale by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The microstructural observation confirms that the governing deformation mechanism for the carbon cathode is basal plane dislocation pile-ups and dislocation tangles at the stage of transient creep. Microstructure rearrangement of the carbon cathode including deformation bands, rotating, delamination and propagation of microcracks deteriorates its creep resistance at the stage of steady-state creep. The deformation of carbon cathodes is closely correlated with the accumulation and amorphization of the graphite during aluminum electrolysis.
Measuring the Equilibrium Spreading Pressure—A Tale of Three Amphiphiles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A surfactant’s equilibrium spreading pressure (ESP) is the maximum decrease in surface tension achievable at equilibrium below the Krafft point. Difficulties in measuring the ESP have been noted previously but no well-established experimental protocols to overcome them exist. We present a case study of three solid amphiphiles with different propensities to spread on the air–water interface. Starting with the partially water soluble n-dodecanol (C12H25OH), which spreads instantaneously. The strong Marangoni flows associated with the spreading result in the dislocating of the Wilhelmy plate or crystals attaching to it. A temporary mechanical barrier in front of the spreading crystals mitigates the flows disturbing the plate. Presaturating the subphase with the amphiphile prevents the establishment of dynamic steady states, reduces the standard error by a factor of three and causes faster equilibration. The perfluoroalkylated analog of dodecanol (11:1 fluorotelomer alcohol, C11F23CH2OH) is slow spreading. With surfactant crystals on the interface, the surface pressure reaches a pre-equilibrium plateau within an hour, followed by equilibration on day-long timescales. We show that it is better to estimate the ESP by averaging the values of multiple pre-equilibrium plateaus rather than waiting for equilibrium to be established. Finally, the nonspreading amphiphile DPPC exhibits a large barrier for the mass transfer from the DPPC crystal to the aqueous surface. This was overcome by introducing a volatile, water-immiscible solvent deposited on the surface next to the crystals to facilitate the spreading process and leave behind a monolayer.
Autoradiographic Localization of Benzodiazepine Receptors in the Human Brain Post-Mortem

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This chapter reviews the distribution of benzodiazepine (BZ) binding sites in post-mortem human brain studied using materials obtained post-mortem. The synthesis of chlordiazepoxide by Sternbach's group at Hoffmann-La Roche Laboratories in the late 1950s was the beginning of the career of a chemical class, the BZs, whose prototype diazepam (Valium) has reached an enormous popularity. BZs were introduced in clinical practice in the 1960s and, for a time, were one of the most widely prescribed psycho-active drugs. BZ receptors were found in nearly every region of the human brain examined. In general, the localization of BZ receptor sites in the human brain is highly comparable with that observed in earlier studies in rats using the same ligand, although the human brain presents lower receptor densities and some regional differences are observed.