jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
DERIVATIVE RATIO SPECTROPHOTOMETRY AND DIFFERENTIAL DERIVATIVE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ISONIAZID AND PYRIDOXINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DOSAGE FORMS

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Derivative ratio spectrophotometric and differential derivative spectrophotometric methods, for the determination of isoniazid and pyridoxine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage forms (tablets) is described. The first method depends on ratio derivative spectra spectrophotometry where isoniazid and pyridoxine hydrochloride were determined by the measurement of the first derivative ratio spectra of amplitudes (Abs.) at 250.7 and 305.8 nm, respectively. The other method, is based on differential derivative spectrophotometry for the simultaneous determination of isoniazid and pyridoxine hydrochloride in binary mixture without any pre-treatment by measuring the ΔD1 values. Both methods showed good linearity, precision and reproducibility. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the pharmaceutical dosage forms containing the above-mentioned drug combination without any interference by the excipients.
Studies on Metabolism of Drugs. IX. On the Excreted Substances in the Human Urine after Oral Administration of Sulfamethomidine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Metabolic products of sulfamethomidine excreted in human urine were examined by paper chromatography and three metabolites were detected. Unchanged sulfamethomidine and N4-acetylsulfamethomidine were confirmed by paper chromatography. And, the other one was isolated and identified to be sodium sulfamethomidine-N1-D-glucopyranosiduronate containing 1 mole of water of crystallization by the comparison of infrared and ultraviolet spectrographic data, and Rf values with the synthetic specimen.
Theoretical foundations of inclusive financial practices and their impact on innovation and competitiveness among U.S. SMEs

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This review paper explores the theoretical foundations of inclusive financial practices and their impact on innovation and competitiveness among U.S. SMEs. The study examines key concepts such as financial equity, innovation diffusion, and market competitiveness by developing a comprehensive conceptual framework. It proposes a model linking inclusive financial practices to broader economic outcomes, including job creation and global market positioning. Through an analysis of existing literature and theoretical perspectives, the paper highlights how tailored loan products and flexible repayment terms can drive innovation, enhance competitiveness, and contribute to sustainable economic growth. The implications for policymakers, financial institutions, and SMEs are discussed, along with suggestions for future research further to understand the relationship between financial inclusivity and SME success. The findings underscore the importance of embracing inclusive financial practices to foster a dynamic and resilient SME sector. Keywords: Inclusive Financial Practices, SMEs, Innovation, Competitiveness, Financial Equity, Economic Growth.
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMANENT STRUCTURED COOPERATION (PESCO) BY THE EUROPEAN UNION TO INCREASE INTEGRATION AND INDEPENDENCE EUROPEAN REGIONAL MILITARY COOPERATION

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper aims to discuss the efforts of the European Union in enhancing integration and defense-security cooperation through the establishment of Permanent Structured Cooperation. This paper seeks to answer how the formation of PESCO can increase the integration and independence of military cooperation between EU member states. Whereas before there has been a North Atlantic Treaty Organization as a security pillar that has long been recognized in the European region. The author uses the theory of regional security complex and the concept of collective security in analyzing related phenomena. This research uses descriptive method with qualitative approach. The data collection technique is literature study consisting of books, journals, and including data from reliable websites to support the explanation of this paper. The results of this research indicate the establishment of PESCO as a form of implementation of Article 42 paragraph 6 of the Lisbon Treaty in 2009 concerning the efforts of member countries in establishing defense-security cooperation within the European Union framework. The establishment of the PESCO was also based on doubts by the European Union on the role of the US in NATO, but PESCO did not directly replace NATO but rather as a complement to autonomous and effective crisis resolution.
Eating disorders: a threat for women's health. Oral manifestations in a comprehensive overview.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The incidence of eating disorders has progressively increased over the last several years, mainly affecting both the health and quality of life of young women. Such disorders are primarily an outlet for manifest psychic suffering and secondarily, they jeopardize the integrity and function of multiple organ systems resulting in significant morbidity and sometimes, life-threatening outcomes. The complex emerging interplay of etiopathogenetic factors poses many challenges in their prevention and management, which is further complicated by a reluctance by patients with eating disorders to seek medical evaluation and treatment. Recognition of the oral manifestations is important because these signs and symptoms can provide insights about disease progression and parallel general health and psychic status. Oral health care providers may be one of the few providers contacted by this patient population seeking recall prophylaxis or urgent dental care. Thus, improving understanding and knowledge of both general medical aspects of eating disorders and their oral manifestations could be of great impact in elevating the attention of health providers towards this group of very debilitating disorders and, consequently, improving their overall prognosis. In this paper we will review and discuss all these aspects.
Poly(N,N‐diethylacrylamide) microspheres by dispersion polymerization

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Poly( N,N ‐diethylacrylamide)‐based microspheres were prepared by ammonium persulfate (APS)‐initiated and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP)‐stabilized dispersion polymerization. The effects of various polymerization parameters, including concentration of N,N ′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBAAm) crosslinker, monomer, initiator, stabilizer and polymerization temperature on their properties were elucidated. The hydrogel microspheres were described in terms of their size and size distribution and morphological and temperature‐induced swelling properties. While scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the morphology of the microspheres, the temperature sensitivity of the microspheres was demonstrated by dynamic light scattering. The hydrodynamic particle diameter decreased sharply as the temperature reached a critical temperature ∼ 30 °C. A decrease in the particle size was observed with increasing concentration of both the APS initiator and the PVP stabilizer. The microspheres crosslinked with 2–15 wt % of MBAAm had a fairly narrow size distribution. It was found that the higher the content of the crosslinking agent, the lower the swelling ratio. High concentration of the crosslinker gave unstable dispersions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6263–6271, 2008
Preparation and characterization Pt CATALYST on Ru doped tin oxide support for oxygen reduction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Platinum nanocatalyst on Ru doped tin oxide support (Ru-SnO2) was synthesized and characterized as a catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in 0.5 mol dm-3 HClO4 solution, at 25°C. Ru doped tin oxide support was synthesized by sol-gel procedure. Synthesized support was characterized by BET (Brunauer, Emmett, Teller), X-ray diffraction, HRTEM (high resolution transmission electron microscopy) and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Specific surface area of the support determined from nitrogen adsorption/desorption isothermal curves was 141 m2 g-1. XRD spectra contained mainly SnO2 belonging peaks. The corresponding crystallite size for Ru-SnO2, determined by Scherrer's equation was 4nm. Platinum nanocatalyst at Ru-SnO2 support was synthesized by borohydride reduction method and characterized by X-ray and TEM techniques. Homogenous Pt nanoparticles distribution over the support, without pronounced particle agglomeration was confirmed. The average Pt particle size was 5.3 nm. Electrochemically active surface area of the catalyst was determined from adsorption/desorption charge of hydrogen atoms, after double layer charge correction, taking into account the reference value of 210 μC cm-2 for full monolayer coverage with adsorbed hydrogen species. The oxygen reduction reaction at Pt/Ru-SnO2 catalyst was studied by cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry at rotating disc electrode. Two different Tafel slope were observed: one close to 60 mV dec-1 in low current density region, and other close to 120 mV dec-1 at high current densities region, as it was already reported in literature for oxygen reduction at pure polycrystalline Pt, as well as at Pt nanoparticles in acid solutions. The specific activities, expressed in terms of kinetic current densities per electrochemically active surface area, as well as per mass of Pt loaded, at the constant potential of practical interest, were compared to carbon supported (Vulcan XC-72) catalyst. Pt/Ru-SnO2 catalyst exhibited similar catalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction like carbon supported one. The durability of the catalysts was evaluated by repetitive cycling up to 1.4 V vs RHE. Better stability of Pt/Ru-SnO2 catalyst compared to Pt on carbon support was confirmed by determination of the loss of platinum electrochemically active surface area after potential cycling tests.
PENGARUH KONSELING ISLAM DALAM MENINGKATKAN KESADARAN SHOLAT BERJAMAAH SISWA

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The fundamental religious problems experienced by students today are the low awareness of prayers in congregation. One technique that can be used to increase awareness is to do the prayers in congregation through Islamic counseling. To reveal this in this study using the experimental method, specifically one group pretest-posttes. The research sample consisted of 25 students from SMAN 1 Pasaman. The instrument used was the student prayer awareness scale and data analysis using the t-test. The results revealed that: (1) there was an increase in students' awareness of prayers in congregation after being given a classical format Islamic counseling treatment with an average pretest of 46.04 points, which was in the low category, and posttest 58.76 points, in the high category, and a difference of 12.72 points , (2) there is the influence of Islamic counseling on increasing awareness of student prayer in congregation. Based on the results of this study it is recommended for counselors in schools to be able to apply Islamic counseling as a treatment for increasing student prayer awareness.
Comparing Downlink Coordinated Multi-Point Schemes with Imperfect Channel Knowledge

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Several linear transmit precoding and receive combining strategies with and without base station cooperation are compared to each other. The impact on sum-rate performance is shown with varying number of transmit and receive antennas, with different amounts of training and with varying receive power levels of the cooperating set. This is done by simulations in a two-user two-cell scenario. The limited scenario size helps to carve out the crucial parameters and show their interrelation with imperfect channel knowledge (CSI). These CSI imperfections are emulated based on a novel model, introduced in this paper. We show that imperfect CSI drastically reduces the relative coordinated multi-point (CoMP) gains over non-coordinated systems. The non-coordinated systems can already perform quite well, when multi-antenna terminals apply interference suppression strategies. Our results motivate that CoMP systems need to be studied under critical system assumptions, taking into account non-idealities, as they have a severe impact on the observed gains.
Retracted Article: Artificial intelligence for the identification of healthy fruits and vegetables using MMDL-ABO

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Computer vision is a reliable and cutting-edge method of processing images, yielding desirable results and holding great promise. Many other industries, including agriculture, have begun making heavy use of computer vision. Implications for the study of agricultural processes through the application of image processing methods are quite promising. Existing works are only focused on disease categorisation of agricultural productions. They have focused only on feature descriptor, mathematical framework or identifying healthy fruits and vegetables with accuracy. While transformers have seen research for agricultural applications, deep CNNs and transformers working together have not been explored. In this paper, we examine the feasibility of using a multi-model deep learning network (MMDL) for complicated picture categorisation by combining a tweaked version of the popular deep CNN system VGG-16 with a 3D CNN network and a Swin transformer. To increase the precision of MMDL, African Buffalo Optimisation(ABO) is employed to identify healthy fruits and vegetables. The experiments are conducted using datasets that are freely accessible to the public and evaluated using a number of different criteria. Proposed method has shown more accuracy and recall than the existing methods.
Harmonic Convergence Estimation Through Strain Energy Superconvergence

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Grid convergence in finite element analysis (FEA), despite a wide variety of tools available to date, remains an elusive and challenging task. Due to the complex and time-consuming process of remeshing and solving the finite element model (FEM), convergence studies can be a part of the most arduous portion of the modeling process and can even be impossible with FEMs unassociated with CAD. Existing a posteriori methods, such as relative error in the energy norm, provide a near arbitrary indication of the model convergence for eigenfrequencies. This paper proposes a new approach to evaluate the harmonic convergence of an existing model without conducting a convergence study. Strain energy superconvergence (SES) takes advantage of superconvergence points within a FEM and accurately recovers the strain energy within the model using polyharmonic splines, thus providing a more accurate estimate of the system's eigenfrequencies without modification of the FEM. Accurate eigenfrequencies are critical for designing for airfoil resonance avoidance and mistuned rotor response prediction. Traditional error estimation strategies fail to capture harmonic convergence as effectively as SES, potentially leading to a less accurate airfoil resonance and rotor mistuning prediction.
Guidelines and Consensus: Statement on Pregnancy in Pulmonary Hypertension from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Editor: We read with interest the 2015 Statement on Pregnancy in Pulmonary Hypertension from the Pulmonary Vascular Research Institute.1 It aimed to provide evidence-based guidelines for the management of pregnancies complicated by pulmonary hypertension. Specifically, the authors staunchly recommend cesarean delivery between 34 and 36 weeks gestation as the preferred mode of delivery. The authors assert that cesarean delivery "bypasses the hemodynamic complications associated with labor… and also the auto transfusion associated with vaginal contractions." p45 We find fault with both this recommendation and its justification, and we are troubled that the authors obtained limited obstetric input (only 1 of the 9 authors was affiliated with a department of obstetrics) and did not utilize specialty and interdisciplinary working groups when drafting pregnancy-related guidelines. We assert that route and timing of delivery in the setting of pulmonary hypertension complicating pregnancy remains controversial. Although recent management trends favor planned cesarean delivery, there is little evidence that cesarean delivery improves maternal outcomes over vaginal delivery.2,3 Although cardiac output can increase by up to 25% in active labor and by 50% during maternal pushing efforts, assisted second-stage labor and laboring in the lateral decubitus position can both greatly offset these changes.4 Moreover, cardiac output in the postpartum period can increase by as much as 80% regardless of delivery route. It is also relevant to consider that induction of regional anesthesia for cesarean delivery can result in hypotension in up to 30% of cases.4 Overall, cesarean delivery results in higher rates of severe maternal morbidity and mortality, including higher rates of death, hemorrhage, shock, cardiac arrest, renal failure, venous thromboembolic event, and infection.5 Both the severity of pulmonary disease and the woman's pregnancy history must be considered in any delivery recommendation. A woman with mild, stable pulmonary hypertension is very different from one with severe right ventricular failure requiring, for example, parenteral prostanoid or nitric oxide therapy. Likewise, an urgent cesarean delivery involving a multiparous woman presenting in rapidly progressive labor can cause more harm than vaginal delivery. Successful management of the gravid woman with pulmonary hypertension requires a multidisciplinary team comprising individuals from obstetrics, anesthesiology, and neonatology departments, as well as a pulmonary hypertension specialist, working with experienced support staff. We advocate for an individualized delivery plan taking relevant maternal and pregnancy characteristics into consideration.
Phase Retrieval and Zero Crossings: Mathematical Methods in Image Reconstruction

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

1 Introduction.- 2 Polynomials: A Review.- 3 Entire Functions and Signal Recovery.- 4 Homometric Distributions.- 5 Analytic Signals and Signal Recovery from Zero Crossings.- 6 Signal Representation by Fourier Phase and Magnitude in One Dimension.- 7 Recovery of Distorted Band-Limited Signals.- 8 Compact Operators, Singular Value Analysis and Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces.- 9 Kaczmarz Method, Landweber Iteration, Gerchberg-Papoulis and Regularization.- 10 Two Dimensional Signal Recovery Problems.- 11 Reconstruction Algorithms in Two Dimensions.- 12 Nonexpansive Maps and Signal Recovery.- 13 Projections on Convex Sets in Signal Recovery.- 14 Method of Generalized Projections and Steepest Descent.- 15 Closed Form Reconstruction of the Support and the Object.- 16 Fienup's Input-Output Algorithms and Variations on this Theme.- 17 Topics and Applications of Signal Recovery.- A The Geometry of Projections on Convex Sets.- B Reference Summary.- C References.
Islamic Finance and Financial Stability: A Review of the Literature التمويل الإسلامي والاستقرار المالي: مراجعة الأدبيات النظرية

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper provides a critical review of the Islamic Economics (IEs) and Finance (IF) literature that have examined the stability of the Islamic Financial System (IFS) and its institutions vis-à-vis the conventional interest-based system. The paper analyzes forty studies over the last thirty-year period (1983-2013). Two sub-periods: pre-and post-subprime financial crisis are compared. The pre-crisis period focuses on theoretical investigations while the post-crisis focuses on empirical research. The results show that the crisis seems to have triggered more attention to the stability of IF. Seventy five percent of the reviewed literature has been carried out in the post-crisis era; about five studies have been produced per year during the last five years (2008-2013) in contrast to less than one study per year in its antecedent period. In addition, Z-score indicator has come out as the most commonly used proxy for measuring the stability of Islamic financial intermediaries. The results also show that there is a significant divergence between the theory and practice of IF. Theoretical studies claim the ‘superiority’ of the IFS based primarily on equity and participatory modes of financing, while empirical studies are not yet conclusive. تستعرض هذه الورقة مراجعة نقدية لأدبيات الاقتصاد والتمويل الإسلامي التي تناولت موضوع استقرار النظام المالي الإسلامي ومؤسساته مقارنة مع النظام المالي التقليدي القائم على الفائدة (الربا). تقدم الورقة تحليلاً لأربعين دراسة على مدى ثلاثين سنة الماضية (1983-2013م). وقد تم فيها مقارنة فترتين فرعيتين: ما قبل الأزمة المالية العالمية (أزمة الرهن العقاري الأمريكية)، وما بعدها. لقد طغى على فترة ما قبل الأزمة الدراسات النظرية، في حين طغت البحوث التجريبية على فترة ما بعد الأزمة. أظهرت النتائج أن الأزمة يبدو أنها تكون قد لعبت دورًا هامًا في إيلاء مزيد من الاهتمام لمسألة استقرار التمويل الإسلامي ومؤسساته؛ حيث إن خمسة وسبعين في المئة من الأدبيات المستعرضة أُجريت في فترة ما بعد الأزمة. فقد تم إصدار حوالي خمس دراسات سنوياً خلال الفترة 2008-2013م، مقارنة بإجراء أقل من دراسة واحدة في السنة في الفترة التي قبلها. وأظهرت النتائج اختلافا كبيرًا بين النظرية والتطبيق في التمويل الإسلامي. تزعم الدراسات النظرية "تفوق" النظام المالي الإسلامي القائم – بشكل رئيس- على أدوات التمويل المبنية على المشاركة في تقاسم المغانم والمغارم، في حين تُظهر أن الدراسات التجريبية نتائج متباينة.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Auditory Intellectually Repetition Terhadap Kemampuan Multi Representasi Matematis Siswa Smp

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

AbstractThis study aims to determine the effect of the AIR learning model on students' multi-mathematical representation abilities, student activities and learning motivation. The population of this research is all students of class VIII. Samples were taken by simple random sampling technique. The selected sample consisted of two classes, namely VIIIB as the experimental class and VIIIC as the control class. This research is an experimental research design with Pretest-Postest Control Gruop. The results of the study can be concluded that: (1) There is a difference in the ability of multi mathematical representation of students in the class using the AIR learning model and the class using the direct learning model. (2) The effect of the AIR model is relatively high on the ability of students' multiple mathematical representations; 3) student learning activities as a whole are classified as very active; 4) student motivation is categorized high. Keywords : Auditory Intellectually Repetition, multi representations, student activities, student motivation
Mine Field Detection and Identification Using THz Spectroscopic Imaging

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The spatial, temporal, and spectroscopic characteristics associated with pulsed THz (100 GHz –70 THz) radiation provide this emerging technology with the potential for reliable identification of buried objects such as non-metallic landmines. With a suitable integration of these attributes, one can envision a THz detection platform that provides: (1) accurate identification of buried objects, and (2) a source-to-sample working distance that is sufficient for remote sensing applications. In our preliminary laboratory studies, we have demonstrated the detection capabilities of THz radiation by imaging a small rubber object embedded in a moist, sand-like soil. Despite the significant attenuation of the THz radiation via water absorption and particle scattering, the initial transmission results showed that pulsed THz imaging could identify the non-metallic object when buried in a few inches of soil. The sub-millimeter resolution observed in our THz images illustrates the potential to discriminate landmines from other buried objects. Finally, THz calculations and measurements determined that our current THz source and detector has sufficient SNR to detect a buried object to a depth of 6 inches in moist sand.