jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
PCR Mutagenesis, Cloning, Expression, Fast Protein Purification Protocols and Crystallization of the Wild Type and Mutant Forms of Tryptophan Synthase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Structural studies with tryptophan synthase (TS) bienzyme complex (α2β2 TS) from Salmonella typhimurium have been performed to better understand its catalytic mechanism, allosteric behavior, and details of the enzymatic transformation of substrate to product in PLP-dependent enzymes. In this work, a novel expression system to produce the isolated α- and isolated β-subunit allowed the purification of high amounts of pure subunits and α2β2 StTS complex from the isolated subunits within 2 days. Purification was carried out by affinity chromatography followed by cleavage of the affinity tag, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). To better understand the role of key residues at the enzyme β-site, site-direct mutagenesis was performed in prior structural studies. Another protocol was created to purify the wild type and mutant α2β2 StTS complexes. A simple, fast and efficient protocol using ammonium sulfate fractionation and SEC allowed purification of α2β2 StTS complex in a single day. Both purification protocols described in this work have considerable advantages when compared with previous protocols to purify the same complex using PEG 8000 and spermine to crystalize the α2β2 StTS complex along the purification protocol. Crystallization of wild type and some mutant forms occurs under slightly different conditions, impairing the purification of some mutants using PEG 8000 and spermine. To prepare crystals suitable for x-ray crystallographic studies several efforts were made to optimize crystallization, crystal quality and cryoprotection. The methods presented here should be generally applicable for purification of tryptophan synthase subunits and wild type and mutant α2β2 StTS complexes.
A Grey Neural Network and Input-Output Combined Forecasting Model and Its Application in Primary Energy Related CO2 Emissions Estimation by Sector in China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a Grey Neural Network and Input-Output Combined Forecasting Model (GNF-IO) was built to forecast by sector primary energy related CO2 emissions. Applied the GNF-IO model, the coal, crude oil and natural gas consumption volume and the related CO2 emissions volume by China's 42 sectors in 2010 were estimated. The total energy-related CO2 emissions volume in China in 2010 was forecasted as 7508.56 million tons, in which 80.2 percent was from coal consumption, 17.6 percent was from oil consumption. By sector CO2 emissions results showed that the energy efficiency work of coal can be focused on electricity, heat production and supply, ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry, petroleum processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing industry. The energy efficiency work of crude oil can be emphasized on petroleum processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing industry, raw chemical materials and chemical products.
Spiropyran Aggregates for Multiple Optical Memory

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Investigating the aggregate-forming ability of the new synthesized photochromic spiropyrans, we have developed novel five spiropyran aggregates each of which has a sharp absorption band at different wavelength. We have fabricated a recording medium stacked with the aggregate layers, and confirmed 10-multiple optical memory by means of combining the multi-frequency recording with the recording by two mutually perpendicular linear-polarized lights.
Influence of lipoperoxidation on the generation of mitochondrial membrane potential

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP synthesis, which requires the buildup of a membrane potential (ΔΨ). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during electron transport can damage electron transport chain (ETC) components. Unsaturated lipids from mitochondrial membranes are the main targets of ROS attack, leading to ETC dysfunction due to membrane disruption. The hypothesis of this work is that lipoperoxidation resistance may also confer resistance to other mitochondrial parameters (i.e. ΔΨ generation) under oxidative stress conditions. We used the yeast S. cerevisiae as model due to the intrinsic resistance of yeast to lipoperoxidation. Also, the sensitivity of yeast to lipoperoxidation can be enhanced through incorporation of linolenic acid (C18:3) to membranes. Our results shown that in −C18:3 cells, the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial ΔΨ was observed even at concentrations of Fe 2+ up to 50 μM, while in +C18:3 cells, lower Fe 2+ concentrations inhibited ΔΨ buildup. As comparison, ΔΨ from rat liver mitochondria, which are prone to lipoperoxidation, was also inhibited by Fe 2+ treatment. These results suggest that membranes resistant to lipoperoxidation preserve its structural integrity even under strong oxidative conditions and allow a better function of mitochondrial ETC than the observed in lipoperoxidation‐prone mitochondria.
Eco-Virtual as the Role of Virtual Reality Transformations in Environmental Engineering

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With the emergence of VR, a new opportunity was opened for discussion in many sectors, including environmental engineering. This chapter addresses the integration of the virtual reality within the environmental sustainability, and how the application of VR technology has disrupted the environmental engineering field by aiding architects and engineers in their designs and assessments of any built environment. VR empowers engineers to work through tagged models and make eco-friendly decisions. It is also worth mentioning that in contrast to the real world, VR is capable of simulating complex interactions with the environment and visualizing real-time effects, which can be regarded as an advantage. It is evident that through the use of VR platforms, it is possible to mimic some settings that are risky to students and professionals to enact on while practice. The chapter concludes by highlighting further development and research in the VR industry that can make way for more sophisticated technology integration to environmental engineering, thereby aiding in the global sustainable goals.
Development of refined oyster sauce

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

With concentrated oyster extract as principle ingredients, added with sweeteners, salteners, tasteners, scenteners, a new type refined oyster sauce is made. With a special flavor, this refined oyster sauce is suitable for cooking. Its ingredient proportion is: concentrated oyster extract: 20%; fermented soy sauce: 12%; refined sugar 8%; salt: 6%; denatured starch 4%; liquid extract immersed with spice: 10%; caramel color: 0.5%; monosodium glutamate: 1.5%; water: 38%.
Assigning Resources to Constrained Activities

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Resource allocation problems are naturaly represented as constraint networks (CN), with constraints of inequality among activities that compete for the same resources at the same time [4]. A new algorithm for solving networks of RAPs is described and its detailed behavior is presented on a small example and on a real world problem. The proposed algorithm delays assignments of resources to selected activities and processes the network during the assignment procedure, to select delays and values. The proposed algorithm is an enhancement to standard intelligent backtracking algorithms [9], is complete and performs better than two former approaches to solving constraints networks of resource allocation (cf. [10, 2, 3]). One way to view the new resource assignment algorithm (RAA) is in the form of a dynamic variable ordering heuristic. The differences between RAA and former preprocessing heuristic methods for resource allocation problems is discussed in the context of a simple...
Analyzing Human Movements from Silhouettes via Fourier Descriptor

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Human movement analysis has recently gained growing interest for computer vision researchers. In this paper, a simple but efficient algorithm using Fourier descriptor to represent spatial-temporal silhouette for human movement analysis is proposed. For each image sequence, motion detection and segmentation methods are used to segment and extract the moving silhouettes of people. Then, Fourier descriptor(FD)is used to describe the moving silhouettes. HMMs and Haudorff distance are applied to the time-varying distance signals described by FD for the activity classification and gait recognition. Experimental results have demonstrated that the proposed algorithm greatly improve the recognition rates.
Liver stiffness assessed by elastography for the evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma risk in patients with fibrosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fastest-growing cause of cancer-related deaths and the third leading cause of cancer mortality globally. The risk of HCC is particularly elevated in patients with liver cirrhosis, with prognosis further worsened due to the frequent diagnosis at late stages. This study will systematically review the best available evidence to identify the optimal cutoff value, in kPa, for the diagnostic performance of ultrasound liver elastography in comparison to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computerized tomography (CT), and liver biopsy.
Professional Skills to Support Interdisciplinary Work: Lessons Learned from a Successful Collaboration between Universities, Training Programs, and Professional Societies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In 2017, Michigan State University was awarded an NSF (National Science Foundation) workforce training grant to build a professional skills curriculum for students and practitioners in STEM (science, technology, engineering, math). The curriculum provided free training in communication, teamwork, and leadership skills in the context of interdisciplinary STEM research and practice. The project had three overarching goals: develop new curriculum; test and revise the materials with at least 75 participants; and implement a "train the trainers" program to prepare at least 20 volunteers to use the new curriculum to provide professional skills trainings for their own campuses, employers, and communities. The initial three-year project was extended across six years due to pandemic-related delays, but the team pivoted to adapt the curriculum for interactive, online, synchronous trainings that were very well received. Once in-person activities resumed, additional facilitators were trained and the program was adopted by other institutions and organizations to provide professional skills training to their own audiences. Nearly 11,000 participant trainings were completed in the first six years of the project, with help from 120 volunteers trained as program facilitators, and several organizations have stepped in to provide ongoing support to continue the training program after the NSF funding ended. This paper reflects on the lessons learned over the first six years of this project, documenting both the challenges that had to be overcome and the collaborations that led to the success of this workforce training effort. Specific suggestions are offered for building collaborations with individuals, public institutions, and private organizations to create sustainable professional development programs for STEM audiences.
Computational complexity of isometric tensor network states

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We determine the computational power of isometric tensor network states (isoTNS), a variational ansatz originally developed to numerically find and compute properties of gapped ground states and topological states in two dimensions. By mapping 2D isoTNS to 1+1D unitary quantum circuits, we find that computing local expectation values in isoTNS is $\textsf{BQP}$-complete. We then introduce injective isoTNS, which are those isoTNS that are the unique ground states of frustration-free Hamiltonians, and which are characterized by an injectivity parameter $δ\in(0,1/D]$, where $D$ is the bond dimension of the isoTNS. We show that injectivity necessarily adds depolarizing noise to the circuit at a rate $η=δ^2D^2$. We show that weakly injective isoTNS (small $δ$) are still $\textsf{BQP}$-complete, but that there exists an efficient classical algorithm to compute local expectation values in strongly injective isoTNS ($η\geq0.41$). Sampling from isoTNS corresponds to monitored quantum dynamics and we exhibit a family of isoTNS that undergo a phase transition from a hard regime to an easy phase where the monitored circuit can be sampled efficiently. Our results can be used to design provable algorithms to contract isoTNS. Our mapping between ground states of certain frustration-free Hamiltonians to open circuit dynamics in one dimension fewer may be of independent interest.
Prefrontal gamma power and LFP tuning in working memory decrease during monkey adolescent development

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Working memory ability continues to mature into adulthood in both humans and non-human primates. At the single neuron level, adolescent development is characterized by increased prefrontal firing rate in the delay period, but less is known about how coordinated activity between neurons is altered. Local field potentials (LFP) provide a window into the computation carried out by the local network. To address the effects of adolescent development on LFP activity, three male rhesus monkeys were trained to perform an oculomotor delayed response task. The animals were required to remember a visual stimulus through a 1.5 second delay period and report with a saccade. They were then tested at both the adolescent and adult stage. Simultaneous single-unit spiking (adolescent N = 298, adult 392) and LFP (adolescent N = 130, adult 164) signals were recorded from areas 8a and 46 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). In both the cue and delay period, power relative to baseline decreased in the beta frequency range (16 - 32 Hz) and increased in the gamma frequency range (32 - 128 Hz). However, the adult dlPFC had fewer sites with significant gamma modulation (63% vs. 88%, Fisher’s exact test, p < 0.001). The adult dlPFC also showed weaker stimulus tuning in the low gamma range (32 – 64 Hz) as revealed by the percentage of explained variance. On the other hand, adult dlPFC neurons exhibited sharper delay tuning and elevated firing rate to the best location from 12.0 to 16.5 spikes per second (t-test, p < 0.001), predominantly at sites with significant LFP gamma power modulation and tuning. The results suggest a decrease in inhibitory neuronal interactions after adolescence, in agreement with previous reports for the monkey dlPFC, which leads to a decrease in gamma power and tuning to achieve improved working memory in adulthood.
Non-reactive strategies in decision-form games

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper we propose a concept of rationalizable solution for two-player decision-form games: the solution by iterated elimination of non-reactive strategies. Several original theorems are proved about this kind of solution. We study the relations between solutions by iterated elimination of non reactive strategies and game equilibria. We present an existence theorem for bistrategies surviving the iterated elimination and an existence theorem for solution by iterated elimination in contracting games. We, also, show that an equilibrium of a game survives iterated elimination of non-reactive strategies. At the end we prove a characterization of solvability by iterated elimination of non-reactive strategies.
Serum Vitamin D Level and it’s Clinical Correlation with Rheumatological Diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is a worldwide problem including Bangladesh. It is common in Rheumatological diseases. Objectives: To find outthe clinical correlation of serum Vitamin D level with Rheumatological diseases. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based case control study. It was conducted in Rheumatology department of Combined Military Hospital Dhaka. Total 100 patients having Rheumatological diseases and 100 age and sex matched healthy control were included in the study. Data were collected from face to face interview, clinical examination and relevant investigation reports and processed with SPSS version 20 and obtained in tables and charts. Results: Among 100 study patients’Osteoarthritis (OA) were 24(24.0%), Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 20(20.0%), SLE 16(16.0%), Osteoporosis 16(16.0%), Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) 10(10.0%), Chikungunya arthritis (CS) 4(4.0%)and other arthritis 10(10.0%). Among patients group 84(84.0%) had vitamin D deficiency/ insufficiency, of whom OA were 20(23.80%), RA 16(19.04%), SLE 16(19.04%), osteoporosis 14 (16.66%),AS 8(9.52%), CS 2(2.38%) and other arthritis 8(9.52%).Abnormal vitamin D level were in SLE 16(100.0%), osteoporosis 14(87.50%), OA20(83.33%), RA(80.0%), AS 8(80.0%), CS 2(50.0%), and other arthritis 8(80.0%).In study patients, 60 had adequate sun exposure of whom 48(72.07%) had low serum vitamin D level and 40 had inadequate sun exposure of whom 36 (90.0%) had low vitamin D level that reflects sunlight exposure affects vitamin D status.Abnormal serum vitamin D level was more common in Rheumatological diseased patients than healthy group (p <0.01). Conclusion: Abnormal vitamin D level were more in Rheumatological diseases than healthy control group that was statistically significant; it was also affected by lifestyle of patients. Journal of Armed Forces Medical College Bangladesh Vol.14 (2) 2018: 101-105
EVALUATION OF THE TOXICITY OF 4-CHLOROBENZOIC ACID AS THE BASIS OF ITS HYGIENIC RATING

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Introduction. One of the effective ways to ensure the chemical safety of workers is the hygienic rating of chemicals in the air of the working area. Materials and methods. In order to ration, the toxicity indices of 4-chlorobenzoic acid (CBA) were studied. Experimental hygienic studies were conducted on outbred white rats and mice, rabbits and guinea pigs. The functional state of the organs of white rats was assessed on the base of a number of biochemical, physiological, hematological, and morphological indices. The indices of acute inhalation CBA toxicity were determined during the experiment in the seed chambers, the concentration of the substance was adjusted using the spectrophotometric method. Statistical processing of the data obtained was made by using the program “Statistics 10.0”. Results. The average lethal dose of 4-chlorobenzoic acid when administered orally for mice of both sexes and female rats acconted for of 1.450, 1.100, and 4.300 mg/kg respectively. Mice were more sensitive to CBA, the coefficient of species differences is of 3.9. 4-Chlorobenzoic acid does not have a local irritant effect on the skin and does not have a skin-resorptive effect. Irritant effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes is poor. The ability to material accumulation in the body of CBA is moderate: the cumulation coefficient amounts to 4.7. The ability of a substance to cause allergic responses in the study was not detected. In the subacute experiment, it has a toxic effect mainly on the hepatorenal system. The threshold of acute inhalation action accounts for 50 mg/m3. Conclusion. 4-Chlorobenzoic acid in terms of average lethal doses belongs to the group of moderately hazardous substances (III class of danger). A tentative safe level of exposure to CBA in the air of the working area is recommended at 1 mg/m3. Compliance with this standard will minimize the risk to the health of workers.
The contribution of the banking system to achieving economic growth – Econometric study (1962-2016)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Several economic studies have shown that the banking system has a positive effect on economic development, through its ability to transfer a large mass of savings resources to the productive investment needs of the private sector. This work has a purpose to study these demonstrations in the case of Algerian banks and its role in development. To arrive at the final result, we used an econometric method that helped us to study the impact of banking variables on economic growth - as an indicator of economic development - in Algeria during the period 1962-2016. We have found qs result of this work, that banking variables have a negative effect on economic growth, especially the credit variable, so for this, the banking role in Algeria is still far from achieving economic development.
Factors Affecting the Slenderness Limit for RC Columns-The Use of the (ACI-318M-05) Provisions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The current ACI code and many other codes permit the moment magnification method for design of slender reinforced concrete (RC) columns. Manually, the design/analysis procedure is tedious, so that the codes state a pre-prediction if the column is slender or not. In other words, before starting design codes provide slenderness limits to be considered to decide whether a column is slender or not. This work will concentrate on the slender RC column provisions of the latest ACI Code. Using this method some columns are found to be short. In the proposed method of this work, it is found that some of these short columns are found to be long , thus needing moment magnification. Since column analysis/design represents dealing with one of the most critical parts of RC buildings, this proposed magnification is presented in this work.
Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Aplikasi Bantu Pembelajaran Matematika Menggunakan Metode EDAS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Technological developments have occurred at this time. The rapid development of technology forces students to be wiser in using it. One of the functions of technology is to become a learning medium like a cell phone. HP, which has become an obligation for students, has given rise to ideas for experts to bring up many new applications, especially in the field of mathematics. The emergence of these various applications makes students confused to choose which one is feasible to choose. To solve this problem, a Decision Support System is needed. SPK is a computer-based system whose function is to assist parties or individuals who need it, especially in making a decision. SPK can function properly, if you use the method. The method used in Ono's research is the EDAS method. The EDAS method is a method that uses a formula or formula, where the decision is generated from positive and negative distances. Based on this study, the results were found, namely alternative A1 with the name of the application, namely QANDA with a value of 0.0767 as the highest score
Women Are Survivors: Public Services Announcements on Violence Against Women in Latin America

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study considers the role that public service announcements (PSAs) play in addressing violence against women (VAW) in Latin America. Using content analysis, the study examines 407 PSAs about VAW from 20 Latin American countries. The results show that 62.3% of the PSAs encourage bystanders to denounce violence while portraying women as victims in 48.8% of the PSAs. However, 71.7% of PSAs did not include a helpline or how to report the crime, only 11.8% of the PSAs have non-narrative, or factual information, about VAW, and just 6.4% engage in compelling narrative messaging or storytelling.