jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
New direction in nanotechnology: cluster ion beam technique

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A brief state-of-the-art review in the field of cluster ion interaction with surface is presented. Ionised cluster beams are considered as a powerful and versatile tool for modification and processing of surfaces and near-surface layers as an alternative to ion implantation and ion assisted deposition. The main effects of cluster-surface collisions and possible applications of cluster ion beams are discussed.
Crime Control and Policing in the 21 st Century

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper will explore what society’s response to crime will look like in the year 2020. Following a brief discussion of the anticipated criminal environment, and trends which will influence the delivery of public services, the paper will suggest some of the forms which future institutions of crime control are likely to take. In addition to the transformation of Australian police services, the paper will discuss private and non-profit institutions of crime control, and how these will interact with public institutions. The paper will conclude with a discussion of trade-offs between personal safety and individual freedom, and how these will shift over time. It predicts greater societal investment in personal safety at the expense of individual freedom.
Existence of Quasi-Stationary Distributions. A Renewal Dynamical Approach

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider Markov processes on the positive integers for which the origin is an absorbing state. Quasi-stationary distributions (qsd's) are described as fixed points of a transformation $\\Phi$ in the space of probability measures. Under the assumption that the absorption time at the origin, $R,$ of the process starting from state $x$ goes to infinity in probability as $x \\rightarrow \\infty$, we show that the existence of a $\\operatorname{qsd}$ is equivalent to $E_xe^{\\lambda R} < \\infty$ for some positive $\\lambda$ and $x$. We also prove that a subsequence of $\\Phi^n\\delta_x$ converges to a minimal $\\operatorname{qsd}$. For a birth and death process we prove that $\\Phi^n\\delta_x$ converges along the full sequence to the minimal $\\operatorname{qsd}$. The method is based on the study of the renewal process with interarrival times distributed as the absorption time of the Markov process with a given initial measure $\\mu$. The key tool is the fact that the residual time in that renewal process has as stationary distribution the distribution of the absorption time of $\\Phi\\mu$.
Abstract 8907: Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein 3 as a Novel Inducer of Adhesion Molecules in Atherosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is accompanied by a considerable degree of morbidity and mortality, and the pathogenesis is complex. The fatty-acid-binding protein 3 (FABP-3) is a cytoplasmic protein and can be released from injured myocardium. We had demonstrated that FABP-3 was an independent predictor for cardiovascular outcomes in the patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the mechanisms of FABP-3 in atherosclerosis were still unknown. Here we supposed that FABP-3 could lead to atherogenesis via activating the adhesion molecules. Methods and Results: Human coronary endothelial cells (HCAECs) and mononuclear cells (MNCs) cultured from CAD patients and healthy subjects were used for the in vitro study. The ox-LDL and TNF-α were used as stimulators in the in vitro experiments. The expressions of adhesion molecule were evaluated by Western blot analysis. MNCs from CAD patients had higher expressions of FABP-3 than those from healthy subjects. In addition, FABP-3 could be further up-regulated by ox-LDL and TNF-α stimulations in both MNCs from CAD patients and healthy subjects. Exogenous of FABP-3 could directly induce the adhesion molecules including integrin β2, integrin α4, and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 expressions in MNCs from CAD patients and healthy subjects. Nevertheless, direct treatments of FABP-3 did not upregulate the adhesion molecules in HCAECs. Also, the adhesiveness of FABP-3-induced adhesiveness of HCAECs to THP-1 monocytic cells was not enhanced. Conclusions: According to the above results, we suggested that FABP-3 could directly lead to the atherogenesis via the MNC activation instead of endothelial cell activation. The findings of the serial studies may not only elucidate the prognostic role of plasma FABP-3 levels in patients with CAD but define the role of FABP-3 on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis especially its influence in MNCs. The study might clarify the clinical impact of FABP-3 and as a potential novel therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
Role of TRPV4 channels in adverse cardiac remodelling

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Els mecanismes que determinen el desenvolupament de remodelat cardíac, tant en la seva forma adversa (característica de la insuficiència cardíaca), com adaptativa (induïda per exercici), no es coneixen en detall. Els mecanoreceptors, canals transmembrana amb la capacitat de convertir estímuls mecànics en senyals químiques intracel·lulars, es postulen com elements clau en la promoció d’ambdós tipus de remodelat. En aquesta tesi s’aporten evidències de que existeix un patró d’expressió diferencial de mecanoreceptors en el remodelat adaptatiu i l’advers, i destaquem el paper dels canals TRPV4 i TRPC6 en desenvolupament de la resposta patològica. A més, estudiem en detall els mecanismes moleculars pels quals el TRPV4 promou la fibrosi i demostrem que la deleció del canal protegeix davant el desenvolupament del remodelat advers. Així mateix, també examinem les particularitats en el desenvolupament i la reversió de la insuficiència cardíaca, així com els canvis en l’expressió de TRPV4, associades a l’envelliment.
THE PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE AS A SECURITY OF THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ПРЕЗУМПЦІЯ НЕВИНУВАТОСТІ ЯК ГАРАНТІЯ ПРАВА НА СПРАВЕДЛИВИЙ СУДОВИЙ РОЗГЛЯДУ статті визначається сутність презумпції невинуватості як гарантії права на справедливий судовий розгляд.Зауважується, що презумпція невинуватості є комплексною засадою кримінального провадження.Структурні елементи презумпції невинуватості запропоновано об'єднати в такі групи: правила доведеності вини (обов'язок обвинувача щодо доказування вини; тлумачення сумнівів на користь підозрюваного, обвинуваченого; доведення винуватості поза розумним сумнівом); наявність вироку суду (остаточне та обґрунтоване рішення); правила поводження з підозрюваним, обвинуваченим чи виправданим (правила оприлюднення інформації та публікацій у засобах масової інформації, наявність компенсаторного механізму, відповідне ставлення до особи).У рішеннях Європейського суду з прав людини зауважується, що принцип презумпції невинуватості не забороняє органам влади повідомляти громадськість про розслідування, які ведуться.Зверталася увага на важливості добору посадовими особами слів у виступах, якщо вони оприлюднюють свої заяви до визнання особи винуватою у визначеному законом порядку.Загальні правила оцінювання формулювань офіційних заяв щодо дотримання вимог презумпції невинуватості такі: слід принципово розрізняти повідомлення про те, що когось лише підозрюють у вчиненні кримінального правопорушення, та чітку заяву про те, що особа вчинила кримінальне правопорушення, зроблену за відсутності остаточного вироку; заяву слід оцінювати в контексті конкретних обставин, за яких її було зроблено; важливим є реальний зміст відповідних тверджень, а не їх буквальне формулювання.Суб'єктом недотримання вимог презумпції невинуватості щодо оприлюднення інформації про кримінальне провадження можуть бути як представники судових органів, так й інших
[BULLOUS PEMPHIGOID RESISTANT TO CORTICOSTEROIDS].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bullous pemphigoid is the most common autoimmune bullous disease, treated with low dosage local or systemic corticosteroids. This is a case report of a 65 years-old female patient with a month long history of a bullous disease before admission to the dermatology department with a generalized bullous rash. Clinical examination and histopathology revealed bullous pemphigoid. She was treated according to the established protocol with systemic corticosteroids. The amount of prednisone was raised to 100mg per day for 8 weeks without any noticeable improvement, instead there was a worsening of her symptoms. In light of the treatment failure we carried out an adrenocorticotropic stimulation hormone test with a normal result. The patient was diagnosed as being resistant to corticosteroids and the treatment with prednisone was immediately terminated. Treatment was initiated with cyclophosphamide with an immediate improvement in her symptoms, and the patient was discharged after complete recovery. Discussion: Resistance to corticosteroids is a rare occurrence that has been reported in the literature on pulmonary and gastric disease. In dermatology, there is a single case report on atopic dermatitis that was treated locally. Awareness of the possibility will allow for a prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Conclusion: We presented the case of a 65 year old female with bullous pemphigoid resistant to corticosteroids that has not been previously reported in the dermatologic literature.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Leibnitzia Cass. (Asteraceae: Mutisieae: Gerbera-complex), an Asian-North American disjunct genus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Leibnitzia comprises six species of perennial herbs that are adapted to high elevation conditions and is one of only two Asteraceae genera known to have an exclusively disjunct distribution spanning central to eastern Asia and North America. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Leibnitzia and other Gerbera-complex members indicates that Leibnitzia is monophyletic, which is in contrast with our expectation that the American Leibnitzia species L. lyrata and L. occimadrensis would be more closely related to another American member of the Gerbera-complex, namely Chaptalia. Ancestral area reconstructions show that the historical biogeography of the Gerbera-complex mirrors that of the entire Asteraceae, with early diverging lineages located in South America that were followed by transfers to Africa and Eurasia and, most recently, to North America. Intercontinental transfer of Leibnitzia appears to have been directed from Asia to North America. Independent calibrations of nuclear (ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region) and chloroplast (trnL–rpl32 intron) DNA sequence data using relaxed clock methods and either mean rate or fossil-based priors unanimously support Miocene and younger divergence times for Gerbera-complex taxa. The ages are not consistent with most Gondwanan vicariance episodes and, thus, the global distribution of Gerbera-complex members must be explained in large part by long-distance dispersal. American species of Leibnitzia are estimated to have diverged from their Asian ancestor during the Quaternary (ca. 2 mya) and either migrated overland to North America via Beringia and retreated southwards along high elevation corridors to their present location in southwestern North America or were dispersed long distance.
Correlation between Bone Mineral Density Measured by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Hounsfield Units Measured by Diagnostic CT in Lumbar Spine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The trabecular area HU value consistently decreases with age. Based on the strong positive correlation between HU value and bone mineral density, CT-based HU values might be useful in detecting bone mineral diseases, such as osteoporosis.
A Green's Function Approach to the Heisenberg Model of One-, Two- and Three-Dimensional Systems

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The second order Green’s function is applied to discussion of the paramagnetic phase of the Heisenberg ferromagnet in the simple cubic, square and linear lattices. The decoupling parameter β is introduced to ensure the self-consistency requirement which is represented in the form ≪S-0S+0 >= ½ in the case of spin one-half. The high-temperature expansions yielded the results that the decoupling parameter is given by β= 1 - 1/6zτ+ (6z + 5)/62z2τ2 + O(τ-3), the nearest neighbour correlation function by C1 = 1/4zτ(1 - 1/2zτ+ (z-5)/12z2τ2 + O(τ-3)) and the inverse of the susceptibility by x-1 = 2τ- 1 + 1/zτ+ O(τ-2). From the numerical solutions for β, C1, x-1, in the simple cubic lattice the infinite susceptibility turns up at the finite temperature τc = 0.308, but the specific heat does not have a peak near τc. In the square and linear lattice, the susceptibility does not involve an anomaly and the specific heat has a rather broad maximum at a finite temperature. Therefore we conclude that the finite τc does not appear.
MHC class I expression and transport in a calnexin-deficient cell line.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The human leukemic cell line, CEM, and an NK-resistant variant of CEM, called CEM-NKR, were analyzed for protein differences by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. One protein was found to be completely absent in CEM-NKR. This protein has been identified as calnexin. CEM-NKR also completely lacks calnexin RNA. Calnexin is thought to act as a molecular chaperone by assisting in the assembly and/or retention of MHC class I and many other membrane and secreted proteins. The surface expression of class I molecules on CEM-NKR was compared with CEM by several Abs. There was no significant class I expression differences between CEM and CEM-NKR using w6/32 (a conformational and beta 2-microglobulin-dependent mAb), HC-10 (a conformational and beta 2-microglobulin-independent mAb), and an anti-class I antiserum that reacts with native and denatured class I. The transport rate of class I in both cell lines was examined by pulse-chase experiments, immunoprecipitating class I with w6/32 and anti-class I antiserum. The results show that class I molecules in the calnexin-deficient cell line and its parent cell line are transported at similar rates. These results indicate that calnexin is not absolutely required for the viability of CEM or the transport and surface expression of human MHC class I molecules.
Composition and toxicity of Chinese Dracocephalum moldavica (Labiatae) essential oil against two grain storage insects

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Essential oil of Dracocephalum moldavica flowering aerial parts was extracted via hydrodistillation. A total of 38 components of the essential oil were identified. 1, 8-Cineol (31.25%) and 4-terpineol (22.82%) were the two main components of the essential oil followed by cumin alcohol (4.29%) and α-terpineol (4.21%). The essential oil exhibited strong fumigant toxicity against Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum adults with LC 50 values of 2.65 and 0.88 mg/L, respectively. The essential oil also showed contact toxicity against S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults with LD 50 values of 22.10 and 18.28 μg/adult, respectively. The essential oil of D. moldavica may have the potential to be developed as a new natural fumigant/insecticide for the control stored product insects.
Fourier transform infrared studies on optical components for the far infrared

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

For far infrared measurements, pre-detector filtering is necessary for special applications. Hexagonal close-packed arrays of precision drilled microholes can be used as high pass filters for the far infrared1. They are fabricated, for instance, using the mechanical microfabrication methods developed at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center, i.e., microdrilling with hard metal drills of variable diameter down to 50 pm 2.
Monitoring of Heavy Metals in Agricultural Soils from Consecutive Applications of Commercial Liquid Pig Manure

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

본 연구에서는 돈분 액비를 연용한 논토양 및 밭토양의 유해 중금속을 관리하는 방안을 마련하고자 전국적으로 액비를 장기 시용한 연차별 논토양 41점과 밭토양 54점을 채취하여 유해 중금속인 카드뮴, 구리, 니켈, 납, 아연, 비소의 함량을 조사하였다. 액비연용에 따른 년차별 변화에서 논토양 및 밭토양 중금속 전함량은 원소별로 일부 증가하는 경향은 보이나 연도별 축적 차이를 통계적으로 확인할 수 없었다. 그러나 액비연용에 따른 중금속 특히 구리 및 아연의 축적 여부는 이들이 식물영양에 필수 원소로 작용함을 고려하여 보다 장기적인 관점으로 계속 검토되어야 할 사항이다. 그러나 일부 밭토양에서 토양오염 우려기준을 초과하는 지점이 조사되어 액비 시용 전 토양 내 중금속 함량조사를 통해 시용 여부를 결정하여야 할 것이다. BACKGROUND: Increase of heavy metals in agricultural ecosystem has become a social issue nationwide as it is related to public health. This study was performed to find out the status and long-term trends with consecutive application with the commercial liquid pig manure in the agricultural fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: Heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were analyzed in the 41 samples of paddy fields and 54 samples of upland fields consecutively applied with commercial liquid pig manure for 0 to 16 years. Heavy metal accumulation were not increased statistically at the both paddy and upland fields as the consecutive application year of commercial liquid pig manure were increased. However, some of surveyed upland soils exceeded the criteria of cadmium, copper, and zinc designated by the Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea. CONCLUSION: Therefore, analysis of heavy metals, specially copper and zinc, in agricultural fields is absolutely necessary before liquid pig manure application to the fields. In addition, heavy metal accumulation in agricultural fields following to the long-term application of liquid pig manure will be monitored periodically considering with bioavailability of copper and zinc to the crops as an essential nutrients.
Ethnicity Comes of Age: An Overview of Twentieth-Century Terms for Ioudaios

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article, part two in a three-part series on the meaning of Ioudaios (‘Jew’ or ‘Judaean’), examines the use of ethnic terminology in scholarship on Ioudaios over the last seventy-five years, with a focus on representative studies from the 1930s–1950s as a point of comparison with more recent developments. The article traces shifts in the meaning of ethnic terminology after World War II and explores why ‘ethnicity’ eventually came to more-or-less supplant other terms such as ‘race’ and ‘nation’. Part one, which appeared in 2010 in CBR 9.1, examined the relationship between Ioudaios and other group labels in ancient Judaism, such as ‘Israel’ and ‘Galilaean’. The final article will analyse the relationship between ethnicity and religion in scholarship on the meaning of Ioudaios, and evaluate the debate over the term’s English translation.
The emotional dimension of Singapore Colloquial English as an explanation for its solidarity status

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Singapore Colloquial English (SCE) has always intrigued researchers with its unique linguistic features as well as its sociolinguistic importance in Singapore. However, it is often difficult to determine the solidarity status of the language when it enjoys covert prestige and many Singaporeans do not openly convey their positive attitudes towards it. This study was designed to investigate the sub-conscious linguistic behaviour of Chinese Singaporeans through their active emotion vocabularies. The aim of the study is to explore Singaporeans’ emotional connection to SCE and to see if this connection is a possible explanation for the stronger solidarity measure of SCE compared to Singapore Standard English (SSE). 50 undergraduate students from Nanyang Technological University took part in the study. The experiment comprised a lexical decision task which was used to assess subjects’ conceptualisation of SSE and SCE emotion words. Following which, a surprise recall task was administered based on the set of emotion words which appeared during the lexical decision task. The findings show that subjects retrieve SCE emotion words more easily than SSE emotion words. It provides strong support to the widely held assumption of SCE as a language of solidarity. Overall, this study is significant in revealing the emotional dimension of SCE, which becomes apparent when it is contrasted with SSE.
Negotiating the Image of the Inner Bluegrass

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The southern landscape is a visual narrative about continuing changes in cultural values and attitudes affected by race. It is also an instrument of cultural authority where groups and individuals struggle to selectively represent and narrate their pasts. This paper describes the post-bellum history of African American hamlets of the Inner Bluegrass Region of central Kentucky. It explores how preservation of these communities creates opportunities for negotiation between the memories of a painful segregationist past and the celebration of African American history and achievements within the larger story of the Bluegrass.
[Efficacy and tolerance of fenspiride in adult patients with acute respiratory tract infections].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fenspiride is an antiinflammatory drug targeted for the respiratory tract. In our study clinical efficacy and tolerance of drug were evaluated in 392 adult patients with acute respiratory tract infections. According to clinical criteria all observed symptoms were classified as mild, moderate and severe. The most of observed patients were included into moderate symptom score. Cough and nose obturation were dominant symptoms. All noticed changes in the upper respiratory tract were decreased after fenspiride therapy in 7 days trial. In 168 observed patients systemic and in 60 local acting antibiotics were successfully applied. Excellent tolerance of fenspiride was documented in 59% and good tolerance --in 34% of patients. Observed adverse reactions were classified as mild and in 20 patients fenspiride was rejected. Authors suggest that fenspiride therapy is save and successful in patient with acute respiratory tract infection. Good results in patients with bronchitis in decreasing of bronchospasm indicate fenspiride as a good tool in bronchial infection.
Lactic Dehydrogenase Isoenzymes in Human Bladder Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The lactic dehydrogenase isoenzymic patterns of normal, atypical and neoplastic urothelium were studied. In comparison to normal, the atypical urothelium had a significant increase in the LDH-V/I ratio. In neoplastic urothelium the LDH-I per cent was increased in low grade tumors, while the LDH-V per cent and LDH-V/I ratio was increased in high grade tumors. The findings in high grade tumors are thought to represent altered genetic expression with activation of the gene locus controlling M subunit synthesis.
Thermal Energy Characteristics and Simulation Model Development for Greenhouse Heating System Using Solar Energy

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The greenhouse heating system using solar energy has been realized in the protective agriculture in this study in order to analyse the thermal energy characteristics of the system the effects of ambient air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidities and water content of ambient air on the greenhouse air temperature were investigated through computer simulation experimental analysis for validation of the simulation. The results from this study are summarized as follows: 1) The expected values of inside air temperature for the system solar energy were very much close to the experimental values. 2) In the system using solar energy, the expected values of daytime surface temperature of soil by computer simulation were very much similar to the measured values, but those of nighttime were higher than the measured value by almost . 3) Heat loss of daytime was found to be larger than that of night time as much as 2.0 to 4.2 times for the system using solar energy. 4) In the system using solar energy. while the ambient air temperature varied between and , the temperature of the inside air was maintained between and . 5) At the minimum ambient temperature of , the temperature of the inside air was .