jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR ESTROGENIC STEROIDS

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

MANY colorimetric methods for determining natural estrogens have been described, most widely used of which is the reaction described by Kober (1931) (4). Although supposedly specific for estrogenic steroids, this reaction has been shown by Mather (1940) (6) to give similar positive tests with five times as much androsterone. Kober (1931) (4) noted that a red color was obtained upon the addition of concentrated sulfuric acid to estrone, heating, diluting with water and reheating. However, an intense greenish fluorescence was also present which interfered with the quantitative colorimetric determination by visual methods. He found that addition of phenol quenched the fluorescence and permitted a more accurate determination of the red color. The Kober test is a two phase reaction. The first is heating with phenolsulfonic acid, which produces a yellow colored solution, and the second phase is dilution with water or dilute sulfuric acid and reheating, which produces a red colored solution. Various modifications have been described by Cohen and Marrian (1934) (3), Cartland et al. (1935) (2),Pincus etal. (1936) (7), Venning et al. (1937) (9), Kober (1938) (5), Bachmann (1939) (1) and Szego and Samuels (1943) (8).
Acute severe mitral regurgitation after blunt chest trauma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Myocardial contusion and aortic injury are well‐known cardiac complications of blunt chest trauma, but valvular injury is rare. Traumatic valve injuries most commonly involve the aortic valve, with isolated mitral valve injury being quite rare. We report a case of acute severe mitral regurgitation due to ruptured chordae tendineae requiring surgical repair following a motor vehicle accident.
Crustal Permeability Changes Observed From Seismic Attenuation: Impacts on Multi-Mainshock Sequences

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Measuring variations of seismic attenuation over time, while requiring extreme measurement sensitivity, provides unique insights into the dynamic state of stress in the Earth’s crust at depth. We analyze seismic data from earthquakes of the 2016-2017 Central Apennines seismic sequence and obtain high-resolution time histories of seismic attenuation in a wide frequency band (0.5-30 Hz) that are characterized by strong earthquake dilatation-induced fluctuations (deep), as well as damage-induced ones (shallow). The cumulative elastic stress drop after the sequence causes negative dilatation, reduced permeability and seismic attenuation. We observe that M≥3.5 earthquake occurrence vs. time and distance is consistent with fluid diffusion, and that these diffusion signatures are associated with changes in seismic attenuation during the first days of the Amatrice, Visso-Norcia, and Capitignano sub-sequences. We conclude that coseismic permeability changes, partially evidenced by seismic attenuation, create fluid diffusion pathways that are at least partly responsible for triggering multi-mainshock seismic sequences.
Moderating role of political stability and economic policy uncertainty between country governance practice and stock market performance. A comparative analysis of Pakistan and Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The objective of the study is to explore the relationship between country governance practices along with political stability and Economic policy uncertainty, and stock market performance of two different economies, Pakistan and Kurdistan region of Iraq. To meet our objectives, we used the 25 years past data from 1996 to 2021. Data is collected from the DataStream database. The regression analysis is used as the method of estimation for linear and moderation effect. Our results show that regulatory quality, rules of law and political stability has significant positive relationship with stock market performance of Pakistan, but all the governance indicators have significant positive relationship with stock market performance of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Moreover, political stability has significant moderating impact between the governance practices and the performance of the stock markets of both economies indicating that the governance practices perform well with the political stability that leads to rise in the stock market indices of selected countries. Economic policy uncertainty has significant negative moderation impact due to creating the risk in both economies that decrease the performance of the stock markets of the selected economies. Finally, our study advocated some implications for the investors to increase their confidence on the stock of high political stability and low economic policy uncertainty economies. Government can take significant measures to control the uncertainty of the policy and portfolio managers can adjust their risk on the ground of the political stability and efficient governance practices countries.
Compensating for the effects of emigration. Eastern Europe and policy response to EU freedom of movement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Freedom of Movement (FoM) has paradoxical implications for Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries: it facilitates brain drain and general population loss but also enjoys continuously high appreciation from Eastern Europeans. Against this background, the article addresses the question: how do FoM-driven expectation gaps— gaps between FoM policy design and outcomes – trigger policy responses? Borrowing from institutional change theories the article identifies new institutions that are added to FoM at the EU level. It argues that these new institutions, called 'layers', are established alongside the existing EU principle for the purpose of addressing critique that arises from gaps. To preserve the status quo of the FoM principle and its function for the single market, the layers define incremental changes to the overall policy framework of FoM. They introduce a compensation mechanism for population loss and Commission agency on demographic change and migrant return.
Gestion des modes de systèmes à événements discrets : application au passage de frontière sous ERTMS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Les travaux proposés dans ce mémoire présentent une démarche de conception appliquée à la gestion des modes de fonctionnement pour les Systèmes-de-Systèmes (SdSs). Les SdSs sont des grands systèmes dynamiques complexes constitués d’un ensemble de systèmes qui interagissent entre eux en vue de réaliser un objectif commun. La problématique de la conception de ces SdSs porte principalement sur la conception des modes, sur leurs commutations et les relations inter-systèmes. Un mode de fonctionnement est un comportement spécifique du système pendant une période de fonctionnement et engageant un ensemble réduit de composants. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une approche de conception sûre des SdSs. Pour réaliser cet objectif, nous utilisons l'approche multi-modèle qui permet de décrire le comportement du système dans un mode donné et la théorie de contrôle par supervision qui permet de concevoir des modèles sûrs par construction.Nous proposons d'abord une démarche de conception des systèmes complexes à plusieurs étapes séparant ainsi les différentes études de conception. Ensuite, nous présentons une généralisation pour couvrir les SdSs. Dans la partie applicative, nous considérons l'ERTMS Niveau 2 comme un SdS et nous résolvons le problème du franchissement de la frontière grâce à la gestion de modes. Enfin, dans une optique de généralisation de notre approche, nous appliquons nos résultats aux systèmes de gestion de crises coopératifs.
A re-annotation of the Anopheles darlingi mobilome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mobilome, portion of the genome composed of transposable elements (TEs), of Anopheles darlingi was described together with the genome of this species. Here, this mobilome was revised using similarity and de novo search approaches. A total of 5.6% of the A. darlingi genome is derived of TEs. Class I gypsy and copia were the most abundant superfamilies, corresponding to 22.36% of the mobilome. Non-LTR elements of the R1 and Jockey superfamilies account for 11% of the TEs. Among Class II TEs, the mariner superfamily is the most abundant (16.01%). Approximately 87% of the A. darlingi mobilome consist of short, truncated and/or degenerated copies of TEs. Only three retrotransposons, two belonging to gypsy and one to copia superfamilies, are putatively active elements. Only one Class II element, belonging to the mariner superfamily, is putatively active, having 12 copies in the genome. The TE landscape of A. darlingi is formed primarily by degenerated elements and, therefore, somewhat stable. Future applications of TE-based vectors for genetic transformation of A. darlingi should take into consideration mariner and piggyBac transposons, because full length and putatively active copies of these elements are present in its genome.
[Pharmacokinetics of FT-207 rectum suppository in squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. (I) Pharmacokinetics in single administration at a dose of 1 gram].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

FT-207 rectum suppository at a daily dose of 1 g was repeatedly administered to patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Total doses ranged from 7 to 41 g. The following pharmacokinetic results were obtained in comparison with single administration. The blood level of FT-207 showed its peak of 35 to 37 mcg/ml at 4 hours after administration, of which half-time was 11 to 12 hours. The blood level of 5-FU showed its peak of 0.038 to 0.041 mcg/ml at 2 to 4 hours after administration, of which half time was more than 24 hours. Inter-individual differences were less than those of single administration. The level of FT-207 in tumor tissue was 14.2 mcg/g which was 15 times higher than that single administration. The level in healthy uterine cervix was 18.1 mcg/g which was 12 times higher that of single administration. The level of 5-FU in tumor tissue was 0.359 mcg/g which was 5 times than that of single administration. The level in normal tissue was 0.15 mcg/g which was 3 times higher than that of single administration. The level of 5-FU in tumor tissue was 7.8 to 8.4 times higher than that in blood. There was no difference in concentrations of both FT-207 and 5-FU between metastatic and non-metastatic lymph nodes.
ChemInform Abstract: Towards Molecular Scale Mechano‐Electronic Devices: Porphyrin Catenanes.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Pollination of Platanthera chlorantha (Orchidaceae): new video registration of a hawkmoth (Sphingidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Documenting species interactions is a time consuming enterprise, in particular for rare interaction events and interactions taking place at night. Pollinators foraging on orchids have traditionally been monitored by discovering pollen vectors on collected insects, recording traces left by moths on the orchid, direct observations and recently by continuous video monitoring. Direct observations in the wild of orchids with low visitation rates is time demanding. In the present study I monitored greater butterfly‐orchids ( Platanthera chlorantha ), by using a event triggered video monitoring system. A total of 23 nights of monitoring were conducted, whereas only 6 nights had visits by one moth species, namely the pine hawk‐moth ( Hyloicus pinastri ). The total numbers of pine hawk‐moths registered were 18. In addition to species identification, the video recordings also enabled detection of pollinaria on the pine hawk‐moths. Most of the pine hawk‐moth visits took place around midnight. The visit lasted on average for 38.0 sec and the average number of flowers visited was 9.6. In future studies, this video system could give more details on interactions between orchids and insects and even link it to environmental factors (e.g. varying weather conditions).
Progress and development of hotel revenue management: a comparative content analysis

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper explores future directions of revenue management as postulated by leading academicians and the hospitality industry. A comparative content analysis of both the academic literature and professional literature on revenue management published in 20 13 is conducted and three pertinent areas of revenue management are presented: people, processes and procedures, and technology. At the end an integrated conclusion and future directions section is provided in which the authors identify the main challenges revenue management will face in future. These challenges include: a need for specialist s that can analyse big unstructured data sets; integration of traditional marketing, sales and revenue management departments into one strategic unit; and the need for new types of technologies.
The Pain Protective Haplotype: Introducing the Modern Genetic Test

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chronic pain is a major health problem, affecting 2%–46.5% of adult populations (1)(2). In the United States, common pain conditions account for approximately $61.2 billion in lost workplace time (3). The human sensation of pain is affected by an individual’s past experiences, health status, psychological state, cultural and ethnic backgrounds, pain-coping skills, age, sex, and even pending litigation (4)(5). Emotional variables profoundly influence the perception of painful stimuli (6). In addition, genetic contributions to the experience of pain have increasingly been recognized (7). However, the complexity of pain processing, the multiplicity of influences on it, and the sensation’s inherent subjectivity and protean manifestations make the elucidation of relevant heritable factors extremely challenging.

Neuropathic pain is caused by injury to, or dysfunction of, the peripheral or central nervous system (8). It is particularly troublesome because of its prevalence, severity, chronicity, and resistance to therapy (9). Patients with conditions as diverse as diabetes mellitus, alcoholism, HIV, multiple sclerosis, postherpetic neuralgia, and spinal radiculopathies may suffer from chronic neuropathic pain. Radiculopathic pain is among the most frequently encountered neuropathic pain syndromes (8)(9).

Sciatica associated with intervertebral disc herniation is the most common type of radicular leg pain in adult working populations (10). Although many patients with herniated discs have favorable outcomes with medical therapy, individuals who have ongoing or severe pain often undergo lumbar discectomy. Recently, Tegeder et al. (11) described a putative association between an apparently common haplotype (15.4% of alleles in the study population) of the GTP cyclohydrolase gene (dopa-responsive dystonia, GCH1 ) and lower degrees of persistent pain after back surgery.

GTP cyclohydrolase is the rate-limiting enzyme in tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis. BH4 serves as an essential cofactor in the production of catecholamines, serotonin, and nitric oxide, as well as in phenylalanine metabolism. Inactivating mutations …
Localization of Stereo-Specific Phosphatidylserine Binding Sites within the Factor V C2 Domain.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Binding of activated factor V (Fva) to phosphatidylserine (PS) is required for formation of the prothrombinase complex on the surface of activated platelets. The interaction between Fva and PS has been shown to be stereo-specific with bovine Fva favoring L-PS over D-PS. Our previous low resolution alanine scan data localized PS binding sites to the FV-C2 domain and identified two tryptophan residues, W2063 and W2064, which are required for high affinity binding. Two putative PS binding sites were also predicted based on modeling studies using the FV-C2 structure. In this study, the stereo-specific interaction of Fva with PS was evaluated with plasma derived human Fva (pd-HFVa), recombinant human Fva (rHFVa), rHFVa-C2 domain and rHFVa mutants. Quantitative fluorescence binding assays and functional prothrombinase assays were conducted using phospholipid vesicles containing 20 mol% dioleoyl phosphatidyl-L-serine (L-PS) or dioleoyl phosphatidyl-D-serine (D-PS). Direct binding experiments demonstrated that pd-HFVa and rHFVa bound to membranes containing L-PS with 6 to 9 fold higher affinity than to membranes containing D-PS. Analysis of prothrombinase activity on these membranes demonstrated the difference in Vmax/K1/2Va between L-PS and D-PS was 15-fold and 23-fold higher for pd-HFVa and rHFVa, respectively. These data confirm that HFVa, similar to bovine FVa, prefers L-PS over D-PS. The rHFV-C2 domain bound to L-PS membranes with an affinity of 5.3 ± 1.7 nM. In contrast, the binding of C2 domain to D-PS membranes was undetectable. This indicates that the rHFV-C2 domain contains a stereo-specific binding site for PS. We next analyzed the membrane binding of four rHFVa mutants containing alanine substitutions within the FV-C2 domain. rHFVa mutants W2063A and W2064A both bound to membranes containing 20% L-PS with high affinity similar to native rHFVa with Kd’s of 0.97 ± 0.30 nM and 0.38 ± 0.18 nM, respectively. In contrast no detectable binding of W2063A or W2064A could be detected on membranes containing 20% D-PS. Mutants were also prepared containing alanine substitutions for amino acid side chains predicted to participate in two stereospecific PS binding sites based on modeling studies using the rHFV-C2 structure. The binding of (K2060, Q2085, S2115)A and (Q2078, N2082, R2187)A to L-PS and D-PS were characterized as described above. These mutants bound to both L-PS and D-PS membranes with relatively high affinity. The Kd values for binding of (K2060, Q2085, S2115)A and (Q2078, N2082, R2187)A to 20% D-PS membranes were 1.19 ± 0.31 nM and 1.11 ± 0.32 nM, respectively. These results suggest that these two sites play little or no role in the binding of FVa to PS membranes. In conclusion, the HFV-C2 domain contains stereo-specific binding sites for L-PS which require the indole side chains of W2063 and W2064. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of prothrombinase activity by PS.
Principal Properties and Designs for Discrete Variations1

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A problem that is often encountered when a new synthetic reaction is developed is to determine suitable combinations of reagents, co-reagents, catalysts, solvents, etc. This contribution presents general strategies for designing experiments when the objective is to explore the discrete variations defined by different reagents, different catalysts, different solvents, etc. The concept of principal properties is introduced, and it is shown how the principal properties of the constituents of the reaction system can be used for the selection of suitable test systems. Chemical examples are provided by the following: the selection of test solvents in the reduction of an enamine; the selection of combinations of Lewis acids and amines in the synthesis of benzamides; the selection of ketone substrates, amines, and solvents in the Willgerodt−Kindler reaction; and the selection of ketone substrates, Lewis acid catalysts, and solvents for analysing the regioselectivity in the Fischer indole synthesis with dissymmetric ketones.
Experimental Studies on Skin Allografts of Allotype Gene Antigen Chimerism Mouse

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Objective:To observe GVHD in the mouse of allotype gene chimerism for inducing the inhibition of bone marrow graft. Method:Inject anti-CD4 and anti-CD8 McAb. After 10 days, non-isotype antigen (bone marrow) was injected. Results:It was seen the survival percent of skin was 33.33% in the control group and 66.6% in the experimental group, P 0.05.Conclusion:The survival percent of skin allografts of allotype gene chimerism mouse is higher.
FUTURE B EXPERIMENTS FROM THE BTEV/LHC-B PERSPECTIVE

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Many measurements are necessary in the program of studying mixing, CPviolation and rare decays of b and c quarks. These measurements require largenumbers of B^o, B_s, B^- and D^{*+} hadrons. Fortunately, copius production ofparticles containing b and c quarks will occur at Tevatron and the LHC. Thecrucial measurements are described here, as well as the design of the twoexperiments, LHC-b and BTeV, that can exploit the 4-20 x 10^{11} b hadronsproduced every 10^7 seconds.
Competition versus redundancy in the regulation of ERFIb transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Transcription factors belonging to the AP2/ERF gene family are of great importance to control stress related processes in plants and were already successfully used to improve stress robustness in important crop plants like tobacco or rice. The ERFIb group is part of the AP2/ERF family in Arabidopsis thaliana and consists of the transcription factors Rap2.4a-Rap2.4h. This work investigates the role of these genes in terms of regulatory similarities and differences upon abiotic stress as well as the interplay between the transcription factors. Bioinformatical resources were used to analyse the ERFIb expression in different tissues of A. thaliana. Low expression abundances were present for most of the ERFIb genes in callus cells, seedling, shoot and roots, whereas Rap2.4b was highly expressed in callus cells, shoots and roots. Moreover, Rap2.4b was mostly co-expressed with Rap2.4d. The analysis of development related ERFIb expression, demonstrated Rap2.4b and Rap2.4d as highly expressed TFs during nearly all stages. Co-response analysis between all ERFIb genes displayed for Rap2.4b and Rap2.4d the highest co- expression upon abiotic stress in roots. To investigate transcriptional stress responses in planta, the expression of all ERFIb genes was analysed after different cold and heat stress treatments. There, similarities and differences in induction kinetics between ERFIb genes could be demonstrated. The possibility of compensation or competition within the ERFIb transcription factors was analyzed. Expressional profiles of ERFIb genes were analyzed by qPCR after the individual knock-down and transient overexpression. The combination of both datasets allowed establishing regulatory patterns within the ERFIb family. The relationship between Rap2.4a and Rap2.4h was demonstrated by means of competitive regulation of 2-Cys Peroxiredoxin (2CPA) promoter. Upon mild stress both transcription factors antagonistically regulate the 2CPA promoter activity. Accordingly, 2CPA activity could be fine- tuned by Rap2.4a and Rap2.4h upon mild-stress. Upon tough conditions this regulation is replaced through chloroplast singlet oxygen mediated retrograde signaling pathways. In summary the ERFIb genes are highlighted for further specific investigations regarding improvement of stress tolerances in A. thaliana.