jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Membrane-Membrane contact: Involvement of interfacial instability in the generation of discrete contacts

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The classical approach to understanding the closeness of approach of two membranes has developed from consideration of the net effect of an attractive van der Waals force and a repulsive electrostatic force. The repulsive role of hydration forces and stereorepulsion glycocalyx forces have been recently recognized and an analysis of the effect of crosslinking molecules has been developed. Implicit in these approaches is the idea of an intercellular water layer of uniform thickness which narrows but retains a uniform thickness as the cells move towards an equilibrium separation distance. Most recently an attempt has been made to develop a physical chemical approach to contact which accommodates the widespread occurrence of localized spatially separated point contacts between interacting cells and membranes. It is based on ideas drawn from analysis of the conditions required to destabilize thin liquid films so that thickness fluctuations develop spontaneously and grow as interfacial instabilities to give spatially periodic contact. Examples of plasma membrane behaviour which are consistent with the interfacial instability approach are discussed and experiments involving polycation, polyethylene glycol, dextran and lectin adhesion and agglutination of erythrocytes are reviewed.
Computer simulation model of Wilson Creek Watershed

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A mathematical model has been constructed of the Wilson Creek Experimental Watershed. The watershed is located in the Riding Mountain National Park in the Province of Manitoba. The model consists of a computer program which uses rainfall and evaporation data as input and which produces hourly streamflow hydrographs as output. Physically, the model can be thought of as a system of linear reservoirs with outflows corresponding to the hydrograph components: direct runoff, interflow and base flow. The parameters that define the storage and outflow characteristics of each reservoir have been determined, from observed hydrographs. The model was found to be capable of a reasonable reproduction of observed runoff data. On the other hand, anomalies were encountered which require further study...
Adaptive Discovering and Merging for Incremental Novel Class Discovery

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One important desideratum of lifelong learning aims to discover novel classes from unlabelled data in a continuous manner. The central challenge is twofold: discovering and learning novel classes while mitigating the issue of catastrophic forgetting of established knowledge. To this end, we introduce a new paradigm called Adaptive Discovering and Merging (ADM) to discover novel categories adaptively in the incremental stage and integrate novel knowledge into the model without affecting the original knowledge. To discover novel classes adaptively, we decouple representation learning and novel class discovery, and use Triple Comparison (TC) and Probability Regularization (PR) to constrain the probability discrepancy and diversity for adaptive category assignment. To merge the learned novel knowledge adaptively, we propose a hybrid structure with base and novel branches named Adaptive Model Merging (AMM), which reduces the interference of the novel branch on the old classes to preserve the previous knowledge, and merges the novel branch to the base model without performance loss and parameter growth. Extensive experiments on several datasets show that ADM significantly outperforms existing class-incremental Novel Class Discovery (class-iNCD) approaches. Moreover, our AMM also benefits the class-incremental Learning (class-IL) task by alleviating the catastrophic forgetting problem. The source code is included in the supplementary materials.
Teriflunomide Slows Brain Volume Loss: Subgroup Analysis of the SIENA TEMSO MRI Dataset (P3.052)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To describe effects of teriflunomide on reducing brain volume loss (BVL) according to baseline disease activity in a subgroup analysis of the TEMSO study (NCT00134563). Background: Utilizing the established Structural Image Evaluation using Normalization of Atrophy (SIENA) method for analyzing brain atrophy, teriflunomide was associated with significant reductions in BVL vs placebo over 2 years (teriflunomide 14mg at Year 2: 30.6[percnt], P=0.0001). In addition, teriflunomide 14mg was associated with significant reductions in risk of 12 week confirmed disability progression in patients with relapsing forms of MS in both TEMSO and TOWER (NCT00751881). Methods: SIENA analysis was conducted on patient scans (n=969) to determine BVL in the first (n=808) and second (n=709) year of TEMSO. Post hoc subgroup analyses were performed in patients defined by baseline characteristics including relapse history and MRI lesion status. Treatment group comparisons were performed using rank ANCOVA. Consistency of treatment effect across subgroups was assessed by a treatment-by-subgroup interaction for each subgroup separately. Results: Median percentage BVL reduction from baseline in patients with few prior relapses (0-2 in previous 2 years) was lower with teriflunomide 14mg, -0.37 (n=191), vs placebo, -0.61 (n=197); relative change, 40[percnt] (P=0.0001) at Year 1 and at Year 2: 14mg, -0.80 (n=175); placebo, -1.25 (n=174); relative change, 36[percnt] (P=0.0001). This finding was confirmed in patients with a greater number of relapses (2-3 in previous 2 years): teriflunomide 14mg, -0.35 (n=195), vs placebo, -0.57 (n=198); relative change, 39[percnt] (P=0.0018) at Year 1 and at Year 2: 14mg, -0.91 (n=174); placebo, -1.31 (n=174); relative change, 30[percnt] (P=0.0067). Consistent results were observed in other subgroups analyzed, the results of which will be presented. Conclusions: These subgroup analyses demonstrate a consistent significant effect of teriflunomide on slowing BVL across different subgroups defined by disease activity at baseline. Study supported by: Genzyme, a Sanofi company.
Solubility and structures of β- O -4 type lignin model compounds with different molar masses in aqueous 1,4-dioxane

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Despite its macromolecular nature, the impact of the molecular sizes on the physicochemical behavior of lignin remains poorly understood. In this study, guaiacyl-type β- O -4 model compounds with varying chain lengths, corresponding to number–average degrees of polymerization (DP n ) ranging from 2.2 to 35.8, and narrow molar mass dispersity were prepared to serve as simplified lignin models. The solubility of these model compounds was evaluated in a 1,4-dioxane/H 2 O (96:4, v / v ) solvent system. Results showed that saturation dissolution concentrations ( C sat ) significantly decreased with increasing chain length; specifically, the compound with a DP n of 3.0 exhibited a C sat of 289.7 g dm −3 , whereas that with a DP n of 35.8 showed a C sat of only 0.9 g dm −3 . Ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that J-aggregation-type π–π interactions occurred with increasing chain length. These findings offer novel insights into the conformational behavior of β- O -4 chains in solution and the solubility limitations imposed by lignin chain elongation.
Atmospheric‐electric results from simultaneous observations over the ocean and At Watheroo, Western Australia

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Simultaneous atmospheric‐electric observations over the ocean and at a station on land provide a means for securing important information concerning the resistance encountered by the air‐earth current at the station on land. During cruises of the Carnegie , previous to the seventh, atmospheric‐electric observations at the observatories of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism had not yet been initiated. During the seventh cruise not only were continuous records of the potential‐gradient obtained aboard the vessel for the first time, but continuous records of both the potential‐gradient and the conductivity of the air were secured at the Watheroo and Huancayo Magnetic Observatories. Conditions, therefore, favored the possibility of securing simultaneous atmospheric‐electric data for fair‐weather days over the ocean and at the Observatories. Atmospheric‐electric data, secured simultaneously aboard the Carnegie and at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, are available for 42 fair‐weather days during November and December, 1928, and January and February, 1929. Simultaneous mean hourly values of the potential‐gradient and of the total conductivity (positive plus negative) were utilized to compute corresponding hourly values of the air‐earth current for Watheroo. The conductivity (positive and negative) was observed daily aboard the Carnegie , with an occasional 24‐hour series for determining the character of the diurnal variation. Assuming, as results seem to justify, that there is no diurnal variation in the conductivity over the ocean, hourly values of the air‐earth current were derived from hourly means of conductivity and corresponding values of potential‐gradient. Hourly mean values of the various elements for Watheroo and over the ocean are given in the form of diurnal‐variation curves in Figure 1. The data have been divided into two groups, according to whether the days at Watheroo were smoky or free from smoke (non‐smoky days).
Toward pre-standardization of reputation-based trust models beyond 5G

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the last years, the number of connections in mobile telecommunication networks has increased rampantly, and in consequence, the number and type of relationships among entities. Should such interactions are to be profitable, entities will need to rely on each other. Hence, mobile telecommunication networks demand trust and reputation models that allow developing feasible communications in 5G and beyond networks, through which a group of entities can establish chains of services between cross-operators/domains, with security and trustworthiness. One of the key obstacles to achieving generalized connectivity beyond 5G networks is the lack of automatized, efficient, and scalable models for establishing security and trust. In this vein, this article proposes a pre-standardization approach for reputation-based trust models beyond 5G. To this end, we have realized a thorough review of the literature to match trust standardization approaches. An abstract set of requirements and key performance indicators has been extracted, and some pre-standardization recommendations proposed to fulfill essential conditions of future networks and to cover the lack of common trust and reputation models beyond 5G.
The Feasibility of using Natural Rocks as Sources of Iron, Manganese and Copper in Livestock Feeding in Ethiopia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In Ethiopia, feed industries are widely using limestone as a cheap source of Ca without considering the source variability’s and the amount of other minerals without adequate information on the bioavailability of its Ca content and the presence of other toxic minerals. This being the case, the present study was conducted to determine the iron, Manganese and copper content of samples of limestone , marble powder and gypsum collected from different parts of Ethiopia. Adequate quantities of lime stone, marble powder and gypsum were procured from different parts of Ethiopia and subjected to laboratory chemical analysis in triplicate. The results of this study clearly showed that the total ash content of all the materials analyzed in this study ranged between 81 and 99%, indicating the potential use of these materials (limestone, marble powder and gypsum) collected from different part of Ethiopia as supplementary mineral feed source in very small amounts. The samples of lime stone, marble powder and gypsum were procured from different parts of Ethiopia, which varied in Fe content (ppm) from 548.59 to 8238.67 with an average of 2797.69. These values were very high when compared to the Fe content of calcium Carbonate and Calcite powder samples (0.12 ± 0.00ppm). Also the, Mn content(ppm) from 9.92-262.08 with an average (91.02) These values were low when compared to the Mn content of calcium Carbonate and Calcite powder of previous work which was (233±2.33) and Cu contents(ppm) from 3.17-12.75 with an average (7.73 ppm) the samples analyzed were almost the same (8.00± 0.00ppm) with those of calcite powder and Ca carbonate of previous work Abegaze Beyene (2012). the values of the Fe is much higher ,Mn and Cu content is comparable with common animal feed in Ethiopia. In summary the results of this study showed that lime stone and marble powder widely available in different parts of Ethiopia seems to have potential value as Trace elements supplement for livestock feeding.
Bombardier energy saving technologies and their applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Bombardier's ECO4 suite of solutions, services, products and technologies addresses the most pressing concerns facing rail transit operators today: reducing energy consumption, improving efficiency and protecting the ecology, all while making economic sense. The modular portfolio of innovative ECO4 technologies covers a wide spectrum of performance requirements and offers specific benefits for train operators. Implementing ECO4 technologies can create an overall energy saving of up to 50 per cent. Solutions range from planning energy efficiency of new transportation systems and new aerodynamically enhanced train designs to optimising the energy consumption of an existing fleet. 1. EnerGplan - simulation and optimisation of the energy consumption for a complete transport system. 2. AeroEfficient Optimised Train Shaping - state-of-the-art Computer Added Engineering tooling to optimise the design of the vehicle. 3. ThermoEfficient Thermodynamics System - an intelligent, low-energy interior climate system designed to save both energy and costs for all rail vehicles. 4. MITRAC Energy Saver - double layer ultra capacitors store the energy released each time a vehicle brakes and reuse it during acceleration or operation. 5. BOMBARDIER PRIMOVE - Catenary-free operation of LRV's for distances of varying lengths. 6. C.L.E.A.N. Diesel Power Pack. - conforms with the EU emissions guidelines Stage IIIb today. 7. MITRAC Permanent Magnet Motor - increased energy efficiency at reduced volume and weight. 8. Energy management control - Accurate and affordable fleet energy management solution. 9. EBI Drive 50 - assisting train drivers with recommendations for speed and tractive effort.
Mapping Government Use of Social Media Influencers for Policy Promotion

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explores how national governments leverage social media through influencer partnerships and digital campaigns to promote cultural values and policy goals. Covering a broad spectrum of governmental bodies (e.g., ministries and officials), the research highlights the variety of influencer–government partnerships and collaborations. The study comes at a time when diverse regulatory frameworks are emerging globally to govern influencers’ activity, mandating transparency in sponsorships, protecting consumer interests, and setting boundaries on influencer involvement in governmental and political campaigns. The methodology combines two main steps: (a) a web search of news articles and blogs to identify relevant examples of government–influencer collaborations; (b) a manual annotation of government-led influencer strategies of the retrieved examples based on thematic areas, degree of autonomy in the partnership, and narrative strategy. The study focuses on France, the US, and Canada, chosen for their advanced digital environments and initiative-taking approaches in both social media regulation and public diplomacy. The main contribution of the study is to develop a typology of government–influencer collaborations to align public perception with (inter)national policy goals and reach their target audiences.
Hoby – An Exceptional Early Roman Iron Age Site in the Western Baltic Region

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Hoby on the island of Lolland in the western part of the Baltic Sea is strategically located in a coastal landscape offering abundant resources. In 1920, one of the most richly furnished so-called “Lübsow type” graves dating to the first century AD was discovered at Hoby. The settlement associated with the grave was recognised in 1999. Excavations of the settlement between 2001 and 2016 have confirmed the central role of Hoby in the Iron Age society. The research has focused on the Iron Age population and the infrastructure on Lolland. The Iron Age open cultural landscape encompassed numerous settlements, richly furnished burials and fortifications, and has produced unique metal finds. The article presents a summary of investigation results.
PROCALCITONIN DAN INTERLEUKIN-6 PADA SEPSIS DENGAN GEJALA SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME (SIRS)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sepsis is the cause of patient's death in the intensive care unit. Sepsis is an inflammatory response to infections. Infection whencontinued can cause systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Clinical signs and pathology of SIRS are similar to sepsis, thusclinical as well as laboratory examination is needed to distinguish these. Culture result usually can be seen at least 24 hours aftersampling. In this case a test is needed to diagnose sepsis quickly so that the patient does not experience more severe conditions. Theindicator used in the diagnostic procedure is to know the diagnostic value of procalcitonin (PCT) levels as well as of interleukin-6 (IL-6)for the diagnosis of sepsis. Thirty-two blood samples of patients treated in the Department of SIRS. Dr. Kariadi Semarang were takenconsecutively from November 2011 up to January 2012. PCT levels are determined by ELFA, levels of IL-6 were determined by ELISAmethod. To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, 2 í— 2 table was used. The ROCcurve (receiver operating characteristic) showed an area under the curve of PCT of 0.83 (95% CI = 0.66 to 0.99), cut-off 5.1 ng/mL wasused as an indicator of sepsis. PCT diagnostic test results showed 88.9% sensitivity, 73.9% specificity, 57.1% positive predictive value andnegative predictive value of 94.4%. The area under the curve for IL-6 was 0.67 (95% CI = 0.47 to 0.86), cut off 47.2 pg/mL as an indicatorof sepsis. Diagnostic tests results showed 77.8% sensitivity, 60.9% specificity, 43.7% positive predictive value and negative predictive valueof 87.5%. It can be concluded that the examination of serum PCT levels can be used as a diagnostic test (screening test) for sepsis.
Leibniz On the Unicorn and Various Other Curiosities

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract I discuss some of Leibniz's pronouncements about fringe phenomena__various monsters; talking dogs; genies and prophets; unicorns, glossopetrae, and other games of nature__in order to understand better Leibniz's views on science and the role these curiosities play in his plans for scientific academies and societies. However, given that Leibniz's sincerity has been called into question in twentieth-century secondary literature, I begin with a few historiographical remarks so as to situate these pronouncements within the Leibnizian corpus. What emerges is an image of Leibniz as a sober, cautious interpreter, a skeptic one might say, but one who is prepared to concede the possibility of many strange phenomena. Leibniz expects these fringe phenomena to take their place among the natural curiosities catalogued as part of a hoped for empirical database intended as means toward the perfection of the sciences.
Pulmonary nocardiosis in a patient receiving immunosuppressive agent.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 20-year-old woman receiving corticosteroid treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus developed pulmonary nocardiosis with hydrophneumothorax. The organism identified as Nocardia asteroides resisted to sulfonamide and cotrimoxazole but sensitive to chloramphenicaol and streptomycin in vitro. She seemed to respond to chloramphenicol but subsequently had peritonitis and succumbed later.
Unravelling the devaluation puzzle: Empirical insights into the transmission channel on balance of payments and output in Ethiopia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Background Empirical studies on the impact of devaluation in developing countries, including Ethiopia, have revealed diverse and mixed results. The effects can be positive or negative depending on the specific economic context and policies in place.This study addresses the devaluation puzzle by providing a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of how devaluation affects the balance of payments and output. Methods To achieve this, we employ a recursive structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model focusing on Ethiopia from 2001Q1 to 2023Q4. Results The findings reveal that exchange rate shocks negatively affect the balance of payments in both the short and long run, with a greater impact observed in the short run. Shocks in other variables, such as foreign exchange rate reserves, inflation, and interest rates, exert a stronger influence on the balance of payments than the exchange rate itself in the long run. In addition, shocks in the exchange rate significantly impact foreign exchange rate reserves in the long run, highlighting the complex dynamics of exchange rates and the indirect nature of the exchange rate channel. Exchange rate shocks also negatively impact output growth in both the short and long run. Conclusion The study concludes that devaluation has a contractionary effect through various channels. Devaluation increases the money supply, leading to inflationary pressures and a decline in output. It also increases interest rates, which further reduces output. In addition, devaluation reduces foreign exchange reserves, resulting in a fall in the balance of payments and a decrease in output. We suggest policymakers prioritize exchange rate stability through practical monetary and fiscal policies. In general, International financial institutions, particularly the National Bank of Ethiopia, should reconsider their devaluation-focused policies, considering the complexities and potential negative consequences associated with devaluation.
Selenium and its protection against the effects of mercury and silver.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The content of mercury and silver (mean values) was estimated by ICP-MS in the rot tips of amalgam-filled teeth, non-filled teeth and milk teeth. The concentration of mercury in amalgam-filled teeth was 6.0 mg/kg in non-filled adult teeth 0.2 mg/kg and in milk teeth 0.3 mg/kg. The concentration of silver in amalgam-filled teeth was 2.6 mg/kg, in non-filled adult teeth 0.08 mg/kg and in milk teeth 0.06 mg/kg. A theory is presented on how selenium protects against the formation of free radicals by heavy metals and/or peroxides which result in cellular damage.