jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The status of Canada's amphibian and reptile species: A comparison of three ranking systems

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We assigned national conservation priority ranks to the 93 native and introduced Canadian amphibian and reptile species using the International Union for the Conservation for Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) [=World Conservation Union] criteria and The Association for Biodiversity Information (ABI) criteria independently.We used these results, along with national designations previously assigned to a number of these species by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), to compare the three ranking systems at the national scale.We also used existing IUCN and ABI ranks to compare these two systems at the global scale.At the global scale, considerable variability exists, and it is not possible to determine the rank under one system by determining the rank under the other -the only way to find out for certain is to evaluate the species against the criteria.At the national scale, there is not good correspondence between the COSEWIC system and the IUCN system.However, there is excellent correspondence between the COSEWIC and ABI systems: all 26 species with concern status assigned by COSEWIC (Endangered, Threatened, or Vulnerable) were ranked N1-N3, NX or NH using the ABI system.All five N4 and NS species were ranked Not At Risk by COSEWIC.The ABI system appears to be more sensitive than the IUCN system at the lower risk levels, while the IUCN system focusses on the levels of higher risk.Species highly ranked using the ABI system (NX, NH, N1, or N2) always had a rank of concern using the [UCN system (RE, CR, EN, VU, or NT), whereas species ranked low in the ABI system (N4 or N5) were always ranked Least Concern (LC) using the IUCN system.We believe that this strong relationship will hold for other taxonomic groups.Both the IUCN and ABI ranking systems have merits, and it might be useful to evaluate species using both systems independently.We suggest combining the two ranks into a new national rank, and we present a simple way of doing this.This process should lead to a stronger justification for the status ultimately given.In the longer term, a single system incorporating the benefits of the ABI and IUCN systems is desirable.However, one drawback to making major changes to either system is that species already evaluated will have to be re-evaluated depending on the extent of the changes.
Beamline for a Soft X-Ray Undulator at the Photon Factory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Present status of a beamline for a 60 period permanent magnet soft x-ray undulator inserted in the 2.5-GeV Photon Factory storage ring is described in detail. Two soft x-ray monochromators and a soft x-ray microscope installed in the beamline are also described. Design concepts of these instruments are presented and some remarks are made on their installations.
How do Lower Grades Schools in KwaZulu-Natal Develop Literacy in IsiZulu through Language Policies?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Studies have proven that the Basic Education Department in South Africa faces a numerous challenges as learners fail do well in areas of language and literacy. The aims of this paper are twofold. Firstly, it describes and discusses the basic education current situation by outlining the educational landscape, relevant policy imperatives and policy implementation challenges in post-apartheid education. Secondly, it argues that Indigenous African languages have a role to play in improving the ailing basic education sector in South Africa through its contribution as an alternative tool to learning and assessment of learners. It is further suggested that the initiatives of literacy development must be socially responsive and population-focused in order to make meaningful contributions to the literacy development in the South African education sector. The potential role of African Indigenous African languages is discussed with suggestions for further actions required for schools and the basic education department to enable a contextually relevant practice in a resource-constrained education system.
DOCUMENT CONTROVERSY CLASSIFICATION BASED ON THE WIKIPEDIA CATEGORY STRUCTURE

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Dispute and controversy are parts of our culture and cannot be omitted on the Internet (where it becomes more anonymous). There have been many studies on controversy, especially on social networks such as Wikipedia. This free on-line encyclopedia has become a very popular data source among many researchers studying behavior or natural language processing. This paper presents using the category structure of Wikipedia to determine the controversy of a single article. This is the first part of the proposed system for classification of topic controversy score for any given text.
Optimization of red pigment production by Monascus purpureus MTCC369 under solid-state fermentation using response surface methodology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Monascus pigments are used as a traditional food colorant in orient China, are produced by solid-state fermentation of non-glutinous rice using Monascus purpureus MTCC 369. Five nutrient parameters screened using Plackett-Burman experimental design were optimized by central composite design (central rotatory) of response surface methodology for Monascus red pigment production under solid-state fermentation. Maximum red pigment production of 12 mg was predicted per gram of rice based solid medium containing 20g pre-soaked rice and 40 ml distilled water containing dextrose 74.59 g/l, peptone 5.54 g/l, NH4Cl 6.57 g/l, MnSO4.H2O 0.58 g/l and malt extract 14.46 g/l using response surface plots and point prediction tool of Design Expert 7.1:3 (Stat-Ease Inc., USA).
Gestational Diabetes and the Risk of Late Stillbirth: A Case-Control Study From England, UK

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

(Abstracted from BJOG 2019;126:973–982) A high prevalence of late-term stillbirths in the United Kingdom has prompted a study to investigate whether a relationship exists between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and stillbirth. Preexisting diabetes is associated with a significant increase of 4- to 6-fold in risk of stillbirth, but the relationship between GDM and stillbirth risk is indeterminate.
Federal Reimbursement for Mandates on State and Local Governments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the remedies sought by state and local officials for the growing burden of federal mandates is a mandate reimbursement law. A major purpose of mandate reimbursement is to deter Congress from imposing excessive costs on state and local governments by making it fully accountable for its actions. The paper begins by extending the economic theory of grants to mandates and reimbursed mandates. It goes on to assess the benefits and costs of mandate reimbursement, and to distinguish mandates that should be reimbursed, should a reimbursement program prove desirable, from those that should not. Then, using the economic theory of grants and mandates, the paper compares reimbursed mandates with two alternatives for accomplishing the same objective, compensating grants and procedural rules. It concludes that the latter are more promising than mandate reimbursement.
ORIGINAL PAPER Integrated stratigraphy and 40Ar/39Ar chronology of the early to middle Miocene Upper Freshwater Molasse in western Bavaria (Germany)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A detailed integrated stratigraphic study (bio-stratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy) was carried out on five sections from the western part of the Bavarian Upper Freshwater Molasse of the North Alpine Foreland Basin (NAFB), greatly improving the chronostratigraphy of these sediments. The sections belong to the lithostratigraphic units Limnische Untere Serie (UL) and Fluviatile Untere Serie (UF) and contain 19 (mostly new) small-mammal bearing levels, significantly refining the local biostratigra-phy. Radiometric ages obtained from glass shards from tuff horizons are used together with the biostratigraphic information for constructing and confirming the magneto-stratigraphic correlation of the studied sections to the Astronomical Tuned Time Scale (ANTS04; Lourens et al.
APPENDICECTOMY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of invagination/burial of appendicular stump after removal of appendix. Design: A prospective, non randomized comparative study. Setting: CMH Kharian and PAF Hospital Mianwali. Period: 2005-2007. Patients and Methods: Three hundred patients were included in this study. Appendicectomy was performed through Lanz incision .After removal of the appendix stump was buried/ invaginated in 150 patients while it was not buried in other 150 patients. 198 patients were males and 102 patients were females. The youngest patient was 14 years old and the eldest was 55 years old. Perforated and gangrenous appendices were not included in this study. Results: There was hardly any difference in outcome of patients in both groups except that 10 patients in first group had longer hospital stay due to symptoms like more pain, fever and infection. Conclusion: Burial or otherwise of appendicular stump does not make much difference. It was concluded that there was no added benefit of invagination of appendicular stump rather it takes more operative time and at times it has negative implications too.
Underwater acoustic properties of graphene nanoplatelet-modified rubber

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A series of graphene nanoplatelet-modified acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber-based underwater acoustic absorbing materials were prepared. The dynamic mechanical properties, underwater sound absorption properties, differential scanning calorimetry, vulcanization property, and mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelets/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber nanocomposites were studied theoretically and experimentally. The results indicated that graphene nanoplatelet-modifiedacrylonitrile-butadiene rubber-based underwater acoustic absorbing materials exhibited excellent damping and underwater sound absorption properties. The storage modulus ([Formula: see text]) and loss modulus ([Formula: see text]) of graphene nanoplatelets/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber nanocomposites were increased significantly with increasing graphene nanoplatelets content. At a graphene nanoplatelets content of 25 phr, the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] at 15°C improved by 1201 and 603%, respectively. The obvious improvement in [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were mainly attributed to the extremely high interfacial contact area between graphene nanoplatelets and acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber chains and the ultrahigh mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelets. The underwater sound absorption coefficient ([Formula: see text]) was increased obviously as the graphene nanoplatelets were incorporated. The optimal [Formula: see text] of the nanocomposites was achieved as the graphene nanoplatelets content was 10 phr, and the average value of [Formula: see text] was improved from 0.35 to 0.73—an increase of nearly onefold. The notable improvement in [Formula: see text] was due to the marked increase in damping properties and thermal conductivity of graphene nanoplatelets/acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber nanocomposites. The merits of graphene nanoplatelet-modified underwater acoustic absorbing materials were higher damping, better underwater sound absorption, and better mechanical properties with unaffected density in comparison to other inorganic and rigid fillers or porous fillers.
Deterrence by Resilience: The Case of Ukraine

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Applying the theory of deterrence to Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, this paper addresses where deterrence failed and identifies applicable lessons. NATO’s success building and reinforce resilience between 2014 and 2022 demonstrates the capability of national resilience to deny an aggressor achieving objectives without escalation. Russia’s use of Strategic Deterrence presents the capability, credibility, and communicated nuclear threat necessary to deter NATO involvement, but Russia’s reliance on other nations within a multi-polar world increasingly diminishes the credibility of their deterrent threat. Finally, the Russo-Ukraine war demonstrates that as a defensive organization, NATO lacks credibility in extended deterrence and must act to safeguard aspiring nations.
A sharp upper bound for departure from normality

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The departure from normality of a matrix is a real scalar that is impractical to compute if a matrix is large and its eigenvalues are unknown. A simple formula is presented for computing an upper bound for departure from normality in the Frobenius norm. This new upper bound is cheaper to compute than the upper bound derived by Henrici. Moreover, the new bound is sharp for Hermitian matrices, skew-Hermitian matrices and, in general, any matrix with eigenvalues that are horizontally or vertically aligned in the complex plane. In terms of applications, the new bound can be used in computing bounds for the spectral norm of matrix functions or bounds for the sensitivity of eigenvalues to matrix perturbations.
Myelin Basic Protein Deficit in the PNS of <i>mld</i> Mutant Mice Recovers during Development

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Myelination was studied between 15 and 135 days postnatally in peripheral nerves of myelin deficient (mld) mice and in unaffected littermates. The nerve weights were not affected by the mutation and showed a 4-fold increase during the developmental period studied. The amounts of myelin present in peripheral nerves, as shown by biochemical and morphological techniques, were slightly reduced in mld in comparison to control mice. In controls, the concentration of myelin doubled during the investigation period. The increase of myelin basic protein (MBP) in total nerve homogenate paralleled the deposition of myelin, but the MBP concentration remained constant in normal myelin. In contrast, in mld myelin MBP concentrations were extremely low until 60 days of age and increased thereafter to reach almost normal values at 135 days. Similarly, the amounts of myelin isolated at 85 and 135 days were normal. 2',3'-Cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP; EC 3.1.4.37), the myelin-specific enzyme, showed normal specific activities in mld nerves. In mld and control myelin, CNP-specific activities decreased during development suggesting a preferential localization of CNP in Schwann cell plasma membranes. In contrast to the central nervous system, other myelin proteins were not altered in mld peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the very low MBP content had no severe repercussions on the composition and structure of the myelin sheath. Furthermore, Schwann cells appeared normal in mld PNS. Nevertheless, more subtle alterations could be detected. Slightly decreased amounts of myelin were observed in young mld mice and preliminary results indicate discrete alterations of the myelin periodicity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Addressing the health and lifestyle issues of people with a mental illness: the healthy living programme

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper highlights the importance of incorporating healthy lifestyle programmes into mental health service delivery. The majority of patients who have attended the Healthy Living Program have indicated satisfaction with the content, but as yet information pertaining to long-term lifestyle change has not been collated. The next phase aims to examine whether the programme attendance has more long-term outcomes in improving health and well-being and promoting healthy behaviour change of mental health service recipients.
Handedness in twins

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

\(\bf Background\) In the general population, 10.6% of people favor their left hand over the right for motor tasks. Previous research suggests higher prevalence of atypical (left-, mixed-, or non-right-) handedness in (i) twins compared to singletons, and in (ii) monozygotic compared to dizygotic twins. Moreover, (iii) studies have shown a higher rate of handedness concordance in monozygotic compared to dizygotic twins, in line with genetic factors playing a role for handedness. \(\bf Methods\) By means of a systematic review, we identified 59 studies from previous literature and performed three sets of random effects meta-analyses on (i) twin-to-singleton Odds Ratios (21 studies, \(\it n\) = 189,422 individuals) and (ii) monozygotic-to-dizygotic twin Odds Ratios (48 studies, \(\it n\) = 63,295 individuals), both times for prevalence of left-, mixed-, and non-right-handedness. For monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs we compared (iii) handedness concordance Odds Ratios (44 studies, \(\it n\) = 36,217 twin pairs). We also tested for potential effects of moderating variables, such as sex, age, the method used to assess handedness, and the twins’ zygosity. \(\bf Results\) We found (i) evidence for higher prevalence of left- (Odds Ratio = 1.40, 95% Confidence Interval = [1.26, 1.57]) and non-right- (Odds Ratio = 1.36, 95% Confidence Interval = [1.22, 1.52]), but not mixed-handedness (Odds Ratio = 1.08, 95% Confidence Interval = [0.52, 2.27]) among twins compared to singletons. We further showed a decrease in Odds Ratios in more recent studies (post-1975: Odds Ratio = 1.30, 95% Confidence Interval = [1.17, 1.45]) compared to earlier studies (pre-1975: Odds Ratio = 1.90, 95% Confidence Interval = [1.59–2.27]). While there was (ii) no difference between monozygotic and dizygotic twins regarding prevalence of left- (Odds Ratio = 0.98, 95% Confidence Interval = [0.89, 1.07]), mixed- (Odds Ratio = 0.96, 95% Confidence Interval = [0.46, 1.99]), or non-right-handedness (Odds Ratio = 1.01, 95% Confidence Interval = [0.91, 1.12]), we found that (iii) handedness concordance was elevated among monozygotic compared to dizygotic twin pairs (Odds Ratio = 1.11, 95% Confidence Interval = [1.06, 1.18]). By means of moderator analyses, we did not find evidence for effects of potentially confounding variables. \(\bf Conclusion\) We provide the largest and most comprehensive meta-analysis on handedness in twins. Although a raw, unadjusted analysis found a higher prevalence of left- and non-right-, but not mixed-handedness among twins compared to singletons, left-handedness was substantially more prevalent in earlier than in more recent studies. The single large, recent study which included birth weight, Apgar score and gestational age as covariates found no twin-singleton difference in handedness rate, but these covariates could not be included in the present meta-analysis. Together, the secular shift and the influence of covariates probably make it unsafe to conclude that twinning has a genuine relationship to handedness.
A New Double Truncated Generalized Gamma Model with Some Applications

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The generalized Gamma model has been applied in a variety of research fields, including reliability engineering and lifetime analysis. Indeed, we know that, from the above, it is unbounded. Data have a bounded service area in a variety of applications. A new five-parameter bounded generalized Gamma model, the bounded Weibull model with four parameters, the bounded Gamma model with four parameters, the bounded generalized Gaussian model with three parameters, the bounded exponential model with three parameters, and the bounded Rayleigh model with two parameters, is presented in this paper as a special case. This approach to the problem, which utilizes a bounded support area, allows for a great deal of versatility in fitting various shapes of observed data. Numerous properties of the proposed distribution have been deduced, including explicit expressions for the moments, quantiles, mode, moment generating function, mean variance, mean residual lifespan, and entropies, skewness, kurtosis, hazard function, survival function, r th order statistic, and median distributions. The delivery has hazard frequencies that are monotonically increasing or declining, bathtub-shaped, or upside-down bathtub-shaped. We use the Newton Raphson approach to approximate model parameters that increase the log-likelihood function and some of the parameters have a closed iterative structure. Six actual data sets and six simulated data sets were tested to demonstrate how the proposed model works in reality. We illustrate why the Model is more stable and less affected by sample size. Additionally, the suggested model for wavelet histogram fitting of images and sounds is very accurate.
Isolation and Characterization of an Chlamydia Psittaci in Broiler

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Objective Chlamydia psittaci is now suspected as a primary predisposing factor eliciting a sever respiratory syndrome. Methods The broiler blood samples suffered from respiratory symptom were screened in Beijing and Tianjing areas during 2001 to 2002.The lung, heart and kidney tissue from infected broiler were fixed,stained,implanted and observed under microscope; meanwhile the lung tissue suspension from infected broiler was inoculated into the SPF egg on day 7. The yolk membrane of the dead chick embryo were collected during day 4 to 9,dyed by Lugols Iodine and by Chlamydia Immunofluorescence Assay. In order to discriminate Chlamydia psittaci from Chlamyida trachomatis,the activity of isolated pathogen was inhibited by infusing Penicilln and sodium sulfadiazine.The isolated pathogen was injected into broilers of 15 day,observering the clinical pathology. Results The serological response was seen after the clinical signs, and the positive rate varied from 10%-30%.The activity of pathogen was demonstrated positive in fluorochrome.The same pathological change could be replicated by injecting the isolated pathogen. Conclusion The isolated pathogen may be an Chlamydia psittaci, whose conbined infection with E.Coli can be responsible for the severe respiratory disease with high mortality in broilers.
A comparison of Canadian Holstein × British Friesian and British Friesian steers for beef production. 2. Carcass characteristics

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT A comparison was undertaken of 85 Holstein × Friesian (HF) and 84 Friesian (F) steer carcasses that had been produced on three production systems. These were: intensive barley beef (BB); grass/cereal 18 month; and 24 month forage system. On each system, HF steers were heavier at slaughter (over all systems, 476·5 v . 453·3 kg ***) and had a lower killing-out proportion (512 v . 521 g/kg ***), which resulted in higher carcass weights (243·5 v . 235·9 kg **). Steers were slaughtered on reaching a standard degree of finish (equivalent to European Economic Community fat-class 3), provided that they had attained a minimum live weight. There were no significant differences in carcass fat class (3·23 v . 3·35) but HF had poorer carcass conformation classification (2·62 v . 3·21 ***). Of the HF carcasses, 60·4% were rejected on conformation for Beef Premium Scheme payments and only 29·0% of the F carcasses were rejected ( P < 0·001): a considerable and unmerited financial penalty. Objective carcass measurements showed HF to have longer sides (1257 v . 1233 mm ***), longer legs (812 v . 790 mm ***) and deeper forequarters (420 v . 402 mm ***). These differences remained when dressed carcass weight and sample-joint fat proportion were taken as covariates. Comparison of the weight-adjusted carcasses showed the HF to have reduced rump ( P < 0·001) and loin thickness ( P < 0·05). No other consistent effects were seen for carcass measurements, subjective scores or colour attributes. Dissection of the 7th t o 9th rib joint, as a predictor of carcass composition, revealed no significant overall differences in proportions (g/kg) of muscle (571 v . 567), bone (219 v . 219) or fat (206 v . 212). The implications of carcass value of the above findings are discussed.