jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Trafficking of molecules between parasitic plants and their hosts

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Parasitic plants have evolved various methods of invading host plants. Some invade aerial parts, whereas others invade the roots to obtain necessary nutrients for their development. P helipanche and O robanche spp. (broomrapes) and C uscuta spp. (dodders) are holoparasitic plants that subsist on roots and shoots, respectively, of a variety of agricultural crops. These weeds are able to connect directly with the vascular system of the host, thereby acquiring the water, minerals and carbohydrates necessary for their own growth and reproduction. This exploitation by parasitic plants often causes severe losses in yield quality and quantity of host crops. The key to an effective means for controlling parasitic plants lies in the development of resistant crops, supported by an improved understanding of broomrape and dodder biology. The haustoria formed at the junctions of parasite and host open the way for translocation of a variety of molecules and macromolecules from the host to the parasite. At the same time, however, the haustoria also open opportunities for the development of methods to control parasitic plants. This review will summarise the current knowledge on translocation of siRNAs, mRNA s, viruses, sugars, proteins and herbicides from host to parasitic plants and the potential significance of such molecules to the parasite. Improved understanding of the molecular exchange between host plants and their parasites is expected to lead to the development of state‐of‐the‐art, effective approaches to parasitic weed management.
Cohort profile: the Women’s Health Accelerometry Collaboration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose This paper describes the Women’s Health Accelerometry Collaboration, a consortium of two prospective cohort studies of women age 62 years or older, harmonised to explore the association of accelerometer-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour with cancer incidence and mortality. Participants A total of 23 443 women (age mean 73.4, SD 6.8) living in the USA and participating in an observational study were included; 17 061 from the Women’s Health Study (WHS) and 6382 from the Women’s Health Initiative Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health (WHI/OPACH) Study. Findings to date Accelerometry, cancer outcomes and covariate harmonisation was conducted to align the two cohort studies. Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were measured using similar procedures with an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer, worn at the hip for 1 week, during 2011–2014 for WHS and 2012–2014 for WHI/OPACH. Cancer outcomes were ascertained via ongoing surveillance using physician adjudicated cancer diagnosis. Relevant covariates were measured using questionnaire or physical assessments. Among 23 443 women who wore the accelerometer for at least 10 hours on a single day, 22 868 women wore the accelerometer at least 10 hours/day on ≥4 of 7 days. The analytical sample (n=22 852) averaged 4976 (SD 2669) steps/day and engaged in an average of 80.8 (SD 46.5) min/day of moderate-to-vigorous, 105.5 (SD 33.3) min/day of light high and 182.1 (SD 46.1) min/day of light low physical activity. A mean of 8.7 (SD 1.7) hours/day were spent in sedentary behaviour. Overall, 11.8% of the cohort had a cancer diagnosis (other than non-melanoma skin cancer) at the time of accelerometry measurement. During an average of 5.9 (SD 1.6) years of follow-up, 1378 cancer events among which 414 were fatal have occurred. Future plans Using the harmonised cohort, we will access ongoing cancer surveillance to quantify the associations of physical activity and sedentary behaviour with cancer incidence and mortality.
Application of Multidimensional Utility Theory in Determining Optimal Test-Treatment Strategies for Streptococcal Sore Throat and Rheumatic Fever

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In medical decision making one must usually deal with a number of objectives, many of which conflict, under conditions of uncertainty. Multidimensional utility theory offers a methodology for dealing with such situations. This paper describes the analysis of a medical problem, the determination of optimal test and treatment strategies for streptococcal sore throat and rheumatic fever, in which the formulation and assessment of a multidimensional utility function were a central part. We determine optimal diagnostic and treatment strategies, comment on the usefulness of the procedure, and summarize some potential applications.
Higher education funding in the context of competing demands for government expenditure

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The last decades have seen rising enrolment numbers in higher education across all countries and continents. System dynamics have changed, and there have been challenges with public funding, growth in private providers, and implementation of tuition fees. This leads to questions of whether public funding can cope, and alternatives that can ensure sustainable higher education. This chapter reviews past and recent developments concerning higher education, suggests that public funding is likely not to meet the needs, and provides new ideas on how to meet future funding requirements.
Effect of Activation of Date Palm Kernel Powder on the Remediation Process of Oil Polluted Water

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of activation process of date palm kernel powder was studied for remediation of oil polluted water. Date palm kernels were washed, dried, crushed and carefully activated to be suitable as sorbent for oil spill. Four types of date palm kernel powder were used; date palm kernels powder (DPKP) without any activation, thermally carbonized DPKP (CDPKP), acid activated carbonized date palm kernel powder (AACDPKP), and ZnCl2 activated carbonized date palm kernel powder (ZnCl2CDPKP). It was found that the type of activation of DPKP had a significant effect on oil sorption capacity. It was found that ZnCl2CDPKP had the highest sorption activity among others while DPKP without activation got the lowest oil sorption capacity. Oil sorption capacities were 3.25 g/g, 4.14 g/g, 4.35 g/g, and 4.48 g/g for DPKP, CDPKP, AACDPKP, and ZnCl2CDPKP respectively. Oil retention and sorbent reusability were studies. The reusability was studied for 10 cycles. The oil sorption capacity was reduced by 19.7-32% of total adsorbed oil. The performance of these sorbents was compared with other biomass materials from other work.
Development of a transparency high molecular gel phantom for three-dimensional visualization of radio frequency electromagnetic power absorption with capsulate thermo-chromic liquid crystal

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Safety of radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) is commonly discussed in terms of specific absorption rate (SAR). Phantoms are useful for the dosimetry on energy absorption of RF-EMF exposures. SAR is estimated from measurements of an increase in temperature within the phantom over a short period of time following the exposure. In the past study, a method for visualizing the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of temperature due to RF-EMF energy absorption was reported. A difficulty of this method is that it can only visualize the temperature higher than the clouding point. We focused our interest on capsulate liquid crystal that has been used for visualization of temperature distribution within fluids. The objective of this study is to make a phantom containing capsulate liquid crystal so as to develop a method to visualize 3D distribution of electromagnetic power absorption. We have investigated suitable materials for the transparency phantom and discussed the method to adjust the dielectric properties of the phantom.
A Qualitative Examination of Latin American Wheelchair Sport Practitioners' Marketing Practices

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Latin American disability sport programs are an important economic and social component of sport with a strong presence in the Paralympic Games, impressive results at international competitions and growth in domestic programming. Yet current marketing research offers no data that is specific to Latin American disability sport promotion. The purpose of this study was to explore the current strategies of marketing disability sport in Latin American countries and factors that influence these strategies. Nine participants representing disability sport organizations in six countries were interviewed with results transcribed and analyzed using the constant comparative method. Among other findings, results indicated that governmental support varied across Latin American nations as did professional training and the formality of marketing plans, which impacted short and long term organizational goals. General themes such as problematic perceptions of athletes with disabilities, surrounding cultural stereotypes, and level of media involvement also impacted strategic planning and resource acquisition.
Fine structure of a freshwater teleost (Pimelodus maculatus) intrahepatic biliary pathways.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The intrahepatic biliary passages of a teleost liver composed by a muralium duplex was studied by electron microscopy. The bile canaliculus was commonly formed by 2 or more hepatic cells. In the transition zone between the intercellular bile canaliculus and the bile ductule, this duct was formed in part by hepatic cells and in part by duct cells. While the number of duct cells increased, the number of hepatocytes decreased until the entire ductule was formed by 2 or 3 duct cells. Bile duct was formed only by pyramidal duct cells. These cells are readily distinguished from the hepatocytes by its irregular shape, by a paucity of organelles and by the abundance of microfilaments.
[Progress of the regulation effect of ginsenosides on HPA axis].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Ginseng is a typical adaptogen which has resistance to various stresses. This effect is related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. As the main active ingredients, saponin has the similar structure to steroids. The regulation characteristics of ginseng saponin on the HPA axis are narrated from the aspects of total saponin and saponin monomers in this paper after the introduction of adaptation definition and HPA axis regulation mechanisms. Pharmacological effects of ginseng saponin and the regulation effect of HPA axis are summarized finally.
Visual Communication of Denpasar’s Art and Culture Through Cartoons (Case Study in the Travel Guide Book of Denpasar City Entitled “Surviving Denpasar” Second Edition in 2012)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A travel guide book with the theme Surviving issued by the municipal
government of Denpasar, Bali Province, published in 2012 contains a variety of arts and
culture in Denpasar City. Some of them are Pengerebongan Festival, Omed-Omedan, and kite
festival. These three festivals are an annual event that is visited by many people because of its
uniqueness. This travel guide book is quite interesting to do a study because the visuals are
displayed using cartoons. In general, the existing travel guide books that are circulating mostly
uses photography as a visualization of various attractions of arts and culture. This research uses
a qualitative methodology using ethnographic methods. The data are collected from the
interviews with one of the designers of the cartoon travel guide book, Kadek Jango Paramartha.
The purpose of this study was to acquire a meaning in the cartoon visualization of the Denpasar
City travel guide book. The results obtained are the use of cartoon visualization in the travel
guide book is a new breakthrough of the Denpasar municipal government in promoting tourism
to foreign communities. According to Kadek Jango Paramartha, cartoons can speak on a
variety of issues, be they political, social, tourism and so on. In form, cartoon visuals in the
tour guide book have multiple meanings namely the meaning of art communication, the
meaning of cultural communication and the meaning of religious communication. Multi
meanings are seen in cartoon visual signs which are the cultural identities of Denpasar City.
The communication applied to cartoons is humorous while still guided by the ethics of the
society. Dialectical approach with humorous visualization gives a new nuance in
communication. Kadek Jango Paramartha hopes cartoons will become a media for tourism
promotion in the future.
Keywords: cartoons, Pengerebongan, Omed-Omedan, kite festival, communication
Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles alone and in combination with erythromycin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: S. aureus is a major pathogen and the predominant bacteria that causes hospital-acquired infections. TiO2NPs have unique characteristics and expanding use for different applications in nanomedicine and have attracted enormous interest in the various rising nanoproducts. Objective: To evaluate the anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm activities of TiO2NPs alone and in combination with the macrolide class of drugs (Erythromycin) against S. aureus isolated from different clinical specimens. Methods: Kirby-Bauer’s disk diffusion technique was applied for antimicrobial susceptibility testing against S. aureus isolates. The Minimum inhibitory concentrations of TiO2NPs and erythromycin were performed with the broth microdilution method, while biofilm formation was investigated by the Calgary technique. Results: At a total of eighty-five strains of S. aureus clinical isolates from patients who are in hospitals in the medical city of Baghdad, 34 (40%) of S. aureus were sensitive to penicillin class (Methicillin) while 51 (60%) were resistant to methicillin, with statistical significance between both groups (P <0.05). In urine samples, the majority of S. aureus isolates were 21 (24.7%), followed by sputum with 14 (16.5%) samples. Patients infected with S. aureus were significant among age groups of 45–54 years old and patients with Ages between 15 and 35 indicate a lower susceptibility to S. aureus infection.mThe results showed that the prevalence of infection with S. aureus was significantly higher among female patients 30 (35.3%) rather than male patients 21 (24.7%), and the male/female ratio was 0.46/1. Vancomycin and imipenem were the most active antibiotics against MSSA and MRSA, with sensitivity of 85 (100%) and 82 (96.5%) for vancomycin and imipenem, respectively, whereas MRSA and MSSA exhibited marked resistance to ciprofloxacin and azithromycin, with sensitivity of 64 (75.3%) and 38 (44.7%), respectively.mTiO2NPs showed excellent biofilm inhibitory activity against MRSA and MSSA isolates, and results showed that TiO2 NPs alone with ½MIC can inhibit biofilm formation by about 40% of MRSA and about 60% of MSSA. Moreover, the combination of TiO2 NPs with erythromycin inhibits biofilm formation by approximately 80–90% for MRSA and MSSA, respectively.
Service Experience Varies: Exploring the Association between Military Service and Prison Misconduct among State Inmates

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Military service is a life event that has the ability to shape veterans' criminal trajectories. Institutional behavior has implications for community adjustment and can provide insight into offending patterns of inmates' post-release. This study explores whether military service variables affect the likelihood and frequency of prison misconduct among a nationally representative sample of U.S. state prisoners. Results suggest that variations in the military experience affect prison misconduct, especially for those who served for longer periods of time and who enter service at an older age. Recommendations for future research and suggestions for correctional policy and practice are offered.
Morphological Classification of Dental Lesions Induced by Various Antitumor Drugs in Mice

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

To characterize and compare maxillary incisor lesions caused by various antitumor drugs, male BALB/c mice were given a single intravenous injection of an estimated 10% lethal dose (LD 10 ) of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), adriamycin (ADR), mitomycin C (MMC), vinblastine sulfate (VBL), taxotere (TXR), irinotecan hydrochloride CPT-11 , DX-8951f, or cisplatin (CDDP). After 3, 5, 10, 15, and 60 days, the animals were sacrificed, and the maxillary incisors were examined microscopically. The dental lesions observed were classified into 4 different types on the basis of their morphological features. The lesion due to 5-FU was characterized by focal defects in the dentin, and this injury was reversible (transient dentin injury). ADR- or MMC-induced lesions were defined by abnormal structure of the apical aspect of the tooth and irregular odontogenesis, lasting for a long period (persistent apical injury). Treatment with VBL or TXR showed irregular enamel formation and abnormal dentinogenesis. Their targets were considered to be both immature and mature odontogenic cells (diffuse dental injury). Exposure to CPT-11, DX-8951f, or CDDP elicited minor reductions in a few precursor cells in the epithelial sheath on day 3, but no prominent dental abnormalities were seen thereafter (nontoxic injury). In conclusion, antitumor drugs can cause a variety of dental lesions that vary temporally and spatially, making histopathological examination of the maxillary incisor an important component of the safety assessment process for novel antitumor drugs.
Management of Chronic Viral Hepatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This up-to-date reference serves as a comprehensive overview of, and patient treatment manual for, chronic viral hepatitis-accounting for subtleties in the diagnosis and treatment of individual patients, rapidly evolving concepts in patient management, and heightened public awareness of the disease.Illustrates how current advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities may benefit patients with chronic viral hepatitis!Organized in an easily consulted case-study format that focuses on relevant and challenging patient cases in each chapter, Management of Chronic Viral Hepatitisreviews the transition from biochemical measurements to therapy based on viral endpoints and direct antivirals describes emerging treatments for hepatitis B and hepatitis C navigates through the various HBV and HCV serologic assays in a clear and practical way offers a bedside approach to disease management issues and more!Including tabulated summaries of laboratory and serologic data, Management of Chronic Viral Hepatitis is an indispensable guide for gastroenterologists and hepatologists, infectious disease specialists, clinical virologists, internists, family practitioners, and medical school students in these disciplines.
Re-mystifying the exhibition of medieval sacred objects

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Through this study, I identify and ascertain contexts found within the medieval church, specifically focusing on the architectural experience of the Abbey of St.-Denis, and the design characteristics and features of three medieval objects, in order to see how museums can translate the messages of sacred medieval objects. In this work, I use theories of material culture and visual culture studies, museum practices, design observation and analysis to reveal a broader, conceptual way of applying curatorial and exhibition design practices. In addition, I rely heavily on a textual analysis of Abbot Suger's diary about St.-Denis to both provide a context for the artifacts under scrutiny and then to inspire contemporary curatorial and design practices. As objects shift from their place of origin to a museum setting, and then from one institution to another through museum loans and purchases, I posit that exhibit designers and curators must take great care in placement and display of these relics. Reverent and sacred presentation of inspirational and transcendent artifacts requires great sensitivity and scrutiny to translate both authentic context and material meaning for visitors. Of particular import, I show the connections between the medieval and contemporary worlds and the value inherent in the original contexts of objects as a catalyst for exhibition design. In doing so, I shed light to re-mystify the rich promise of artifacts to tell important stories in the museum, helping visitors to understand other worlds - and maybe more of their own - through meaningful exchange.
Development of Korean Consonant Perception Test

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

본 연구의 목적은 말지각평가의 기초 자료가 되고 청각장애 자음지각능력의 정량적 정성적 평가가 가능한 음소단위의 한국어자음지각검사 (Korean Consonant Perception Test, 이하 KCPT)도구를 개발하는 것이다. KCPT는 조합 가능한 모든 한국어 단음절어 중 유의미 단음절어만 분류하여, 7종성발음규칙을 적용하고 목표단어의 친숙도를 조절한 사지선다형 초 종성검사문항 시안을 작성한 후, 각 단어들의 조음 특성, 난이도, 음소 출현빈도수를 고려하여 완성되었다. 이를 정상인 20명을 대상으로 평가하여 난이도가 높은 문항을 제거하고 화자 간 변수가 없는 것을 통계적으로 확인한 후 회화체 빈도수에 맞도록 최종문항을 작성하였다. 세부적 수정을 거쳐 초 종성검사문항 각 200개와 100개로 구성된 총 300개 문항을 개발하였다. 30명의 청각장애인을 대상으로 검증하여 A와 B로 구분한 절반목록간 차이도 없음을 확인하고 초성검사문항은 초성자음지각평가에 종성 검사문항은 종성자음 지각평가에 적절한 도구임을 검증하였다. The purpose of this study was to develop Korean Consonant Perception Test (KCPT), that is a phonemic level including elementary data to evaluate speech and consonant perception ability of the normal and the hearing impaired qualitatively and quantitatively. KCPT was completed with meaningful monosyllabic words out of possible all Korean monosyllabic words, considering articulation characteristics, the degree of difficulty, and the frequency of the phonemic appearance, after assembling a tentative initial and final consonants testing items using four multiple-choice method which were applied to the seven final consonant regulation and controlled with the familiarity of the target words. Conclusively, the final three hundred items were developed including two- and one-hundred items for initial and final testing items, respectively, with the evaluation of the 20 normal hearing adults. Through this process, the final KCPT was composed upon the colloquial frequency following identification of no speakers' variances statistically and elimination of the highly difficult items. The 30 hearing impaired were tested with KCPT and found that the half lists, A and B, were not different statistically and the initial and final testing items were appropriate for evaluating initial and final consonants, respectively.
Similarities and Differences between the Orai1 Variants: Orai1α and Orai1β

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Orai1, the first identified member of the Orai protein family, is ubiquitously expressed in the animal kingdom. Orai1 was initially characterized as the channel responsible for the store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), a major mechanism that allows cytosolic calcium concentration increments upon receptor-mediated IP3 generation, which results in intracellular Ca2+ store depletion. Furthermore, current evidence supports that abnormal Orai1 expression or function underlies several disorders. Orai1 is, together with STIM1, the key element of SOCE, conducting the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) current and, in association with TRPC1, the store-operated Ca2+ (SOC) current. Additionally, Orai1 is involved in non-capacitative pathways, as the arachidonate-regulated or LTC4-regulated Ca2+ channel (ARC/LRC), store-independent Ca2+ influx activated by the secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase (SPCA2) and the small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel 3 (SK3). Furthermore, Orai1 possesses two variants, Orai1α and Orai1β, the latter lacking 63 amino acids in the N-terminus as compared to the full-length Orai1α form, which confers distinct features to each variant. Here, we review the current knowledge about the differences between Orai1α and Orai1β, the implications of the Ca2+ signals triggered by each variant, and their downstream modulatory effect within the cell.