jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Investigation and optimisation of hydrogel microneedles for transdermal delivery of caffeine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Caffeine is therapeutically effective for treating apnea, cellulite formation, and pain management. It also exhibits neuroprotective and antioxidant activities in different models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, caffeine administration in a minimally invasive and sustainable manner through the transdermal route is challenging owing to its hydrophilic nature. Therefore, this study demonstrated a transdermal delivery approach for caffeine by utilizing hydrogel microneedle (MN) as a permeation enhancer. The influence of formulation parameters such as molecular weight (MW) of PMVE/MA (polymethyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride) copolymer and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) concentration on the swelling kinetics and mechanical integrity of the hydrogel MNs was investigated. In addition, the effect of different MN application methods and needle densities of hydrogel MN on the skin insertion efficiency and penetration depth was also evaluated. The swelling degree at equilibrium percentage (% Seq) recorded for hydrogels fabricated with Gantrez S-97 (MW = 1,500,000 Da) was significantly higher than formulation with Gantrez AN-139 (MW = 1,080,000 Da). Increasing the concentration of NaHCO3 also significantly increased the % Seq. Moreover, a 100% penetration was recorded for both the applicator and combination of applicator and thumb pressure compared with only 11% for thumb pressure alone. The average diameter of micropores created by the applicator method was 62.94 μm, which was significantly lower than the combination of both applicator and thumb pressure MN application (100.53 μm). Based on histological imaging, the penetration depth of hydrogel MN increased as the MN density per array decreased. The hydrogel MN with the optimized formulation and skin insertion parameters was tested for caffeine delivery in an in vitro Franz diffusion cell setup. Approximately 2.9 mg of caffeine was delivered within 24 h, and the drug release profile was best fitted to the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, displaying Super Case II kinetics. In conclusion, a combination of thumb and impact application methods and reduced needle density improved the skin penetration efficiency of hydrogel MNs. The results also show that hydrogel MNs fabricated from 3% w/w NaHCO3 and high MW of copolymer exhibit optimum physical and swelling properties for enhanced transdermal delivery.
The N131S Mutation in the von Hippel-Lindau Gene in a Japanese Family with Pheochromocytoma and Hemangioblastomas

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease (VHLD) is a hereditary autosomal dominant syndrome that causes various benign and malignant tumors. VHLD is caused by mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene. Here, we report a mutation in the VHL gene in a Japanese family with VHLD type 2A, characterized by pheochromocytoma (PHE), and hemangioblastomas (HAB) in both the retina and thoracic spinal cord but without renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We identified a heterozygous A to G point mutation at the second base of codon 131 of the VHL protein (pVHL). This mutation was predicted to convert codon 131 from asparagine to serine (N131S). Although most mutations in VHLD type 2A have been detected in the alpha domain of pVHL, the present mutated amino acid was located at the region encoding the beta domain of pVHL. Previous patients with the N131K or N131T mutation in pVHL developed VHLD type 2B with RCC or VHLD type 1 without PHE, respectively. We also identified somatic loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at chromosome 3p25-26 in the adrenal tumor of the patient. The results of our study suggest that not only the location of mutation but also the altered amino acid may be critical for determining the clinical phenotype of VHLD. LOH was associated with the development of PHE in a patient with the N131S mutation in pVHL.
How Ordinary Consumers Make Complex Economic Decisions: Financial Literacy and Retirement Readiness

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper reports on several self-assessed and objective measures of financial literacy newly added to the American Life Panel (ALP), and it links these performance measures to efforts consumers make to plan for retirement.We evaluate the causal relationship between financial literacy and retirement planning by exploiting information about respondents' financial knowledge acquired in school -before entering the labor market and certainly before starting to plan for retirement.Results show that those with more advanced financial knowledge are those more likely to be retirement-ready.
HIGH-RESOLUTION STIMULATED RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY OF THE $\nu_{1}$ BAND OF $SiH_{4}$

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

1. A Owyoung, C. W. Patterson, and R. S. McDowell, Chem. Phys. Lett. 59, 156 (1978). 2. R. S. McDowell, C. W. Patterson, and A. Owyoung, J. Chem. Phys., in press. 3. A. Cabana, D. L. Gray, A. G. Robiette, and G. Pierre, Mo1. Phys. 36, 1503 (1978)
Upaya Nahdlatul Ulama dalam Melawan Kolonialisme dan Imperialisme pada Masa Pergerakan Nasional Indonesia 1926 â€“ 1942

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the 16th century European nations intensively carried out colonialism and imperialism. The Dutch also carried out this practice of colonialism and imperialism against the Indonesian people. This colonialism and imperialism of course made the Indonesian people suffer. This then became the reason for the resistance of the native people. This native resistance then gave birth to a national movement marked by the founding of the Budi Utomo organization or movement, which was then followed by the formation of other national movement organizations, one of which was Nahdlatul Ulama. This research aims to find outÂ about NU efforts to fight colonialism and imperialism carried out by the Dutch during the national movement. This research uses a historical method using a literature study approach. NU efforts to fight colonialism and imperialism carried out by the Dutch were carried out in several fields, one of which was through the political field, namely by initiating the establishment of MIAI which is a federation of various Islamic religious organizations that in each of its activities is full of political activities to influence government political policies. Netherlands at that time. Then, in the socio-religious field, NU focused on promoting and spreading Islam, which at that time competed with the spread of Christianity by the Dutch government. Apart from that, in this field, NU also cultivated an attitude of nationalism through the spirit of jihad. Finally, in the field of education, NU established many educational institutions such as Islamic Boarding Schools, Private Schools, and Madrasas, which can compete with Western-style schools founded by the Dutch which could only be enjoyed by some groups.
Pseudo-Random Codes for Single-Mode and Simultaneous Multi-Mode Operation in Ultrasonic Imaging Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Conventional pulse-echo imaging systems used in ultrasonics can become limited in average transmit power by transmitter, transducer, and medium peak-power limitations. In addition, imaging systems which use multi-element arrays are limited in speed by the necessity to transmit sequentially when scanning in more than one direction in order to avoid interfering echoes. A new system is studied which can overcome both the speed and power limitations by using correlation receivers and pseudo-random transmit codes. First, the performance of several single-mode correlation systems are compared to conventional pulse-echo systems in the presence of clutter and moving targets. The system which uses special pseudo-random codes called Golay codes is shown to provide the best overall performance. A multi-mode correlation system is then studied which images in many different modes (e.g. scan directions) simultaneously. This multi-mode system is studied under the effects of moving targets, clutter and background receiver noise. A comparison with the operation of Conventional sequentially-scanned phased array systems is made under a variety of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions and operating speeds to determine the optimal type of imaging system. Results indicate that under many conditions, a simultaneous multi-mode system can provide improved SNR and/or speed over conventional sequential multi-mode systems. The multi-mode system which uses Golay codes is shown to provide the best overall performance
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Alkyl tert‐Butyl Iminodicarbonates.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Sciascia, la poesia, Montale

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article aims to deepen the analysis of Leonardo Sciascia’s approach to poetry, from his debut in 1952 with the book of verse La Sicilia, il suo cuore to his decision to abandon poetic writing after that first experiment. The possible motivations for this choice are discussed and at the same time Sciascia's enduring interest in poetry is reported; the argument is deepened by analysing the writer's relationship to the poet who was fundamental for his generation, Eugenio Montale.
Gamma-carboxyglutamate in a neuroactive toxin.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The venom of a fish-hunting cone snail (Conus geographus) contains a novel toxin, the "sleeper" peptide, which induces a sleep-like state in mice when injected intracerebrally. We demonstrate that this peptide contains 5 mol of gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla) in 17 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of the sleeper peptide is Gly-Glu-Gla-Gla-Leu-Gln-Gla-Asn-Gln-Gla-Leu-Ile-Arg-Gla-Lys-Ser-Asn-NH2.
Status of bacterial blight disease in major clusterbean growing districts of Rajasthan, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bacterial blight pathogen (Xanthomonas axonopodispv. cyamopsidis) of clusterbean caused considerable damageevery year during Kharif season and sometimes become very severe, which results in heavy loss in grainyield. During survey, On the basis of district wise over all mean data during kharif 2018 and 2019, themaximum per cent disease index (31.59) was recorded in Jaipur than followed by Sikar (19.26) and leastPDI was observed at Bikaner district (10.03) and maximum per cent disease index (35.42) was recorded inChomu tehsil followed by Jamwa Ramgarh (33.33), Shahpura (26.04), Danta Ramgarh (22.96), Srimadhopurand Sikar (17.40), Lunkaransar (11.35), Nokha (11.23) and least PDI was observed at Bikaner tehsil (7.52).
Water and Sanitation in the Neighborhood of Guet Ndar-Senegal Cheikh DIOP

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The various political regimes that have succeeded Senegal have initiated different projects, programs, strategies and plans in several sectors including "Plan Senegal Emergent (PSE)" which is the latest to place Senegal in ramps of the emergence or development. The results were more or less satisfactory. Therefore, it seems important, through this study, to mention an important part of water and sanitation in our human settlements: neighborhoods without adequate treatment, may further delay the long awaited emergence/development of our country. One of the major events in recent decades in Senegal is Guet Ndar, a neighborhood located in the Municipality of Saint-Louis in northern Senegal, is a perfect illustration with a high concentration of the population in urban areas consecutive high rate of natural increase. The physical constraints to the expansion of the district, it is densely populated over the years both in terms of habitat and population, reaching a population of more than 16, 000 inhabitants on a 16.9 hectares [1], making it one of the most densely populated areas of Senegal. In these conditions, access to water and sanitation for that district of populations is complicated by the current lack of planned and operational solution. The town of Saint-Louis, in this context of the policy in support of the people's problems, is considering a number of projects to improve the environment and living conditions of the population. Guet Ndar is characterized by: narrow streets, promiscuity, lack or weakness of networks (water, electricity, telephone, sanitation, and roads), amenities (schools, health, socio-educational, worship, etc.) and the lack of property titles. Eventually, the living conditions in these areas will be significantly improved with the resolution of the problem of water and sanitation, which are the necessities. Yet the challenge of the emergence and sustainable development of Guet Ndar will be difficult to meet if the area is not properly sanitized. It constitutes a real bottleneck for the City of St. Louis. In this respect, in a context where the emergence is brandished as, lack of sanitation should not find its place in municipalities and cities of Senegal leading to be the locomotive of growth. This study provides some possible solutions to create better living conditions for the residents of Guet Ndar and could assist local authorities in their missions.
Intelligent Anti-Jamming Decision Method Based on the Mutation Search Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm for Wireless Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Wireless systems are vulnerable to various kinds of jamming attacks due to the development of complexity of electromagnetic environment. Intelligent anti-jamming decision for multi-domain, which is more flexible than traditional single-domain technique, has attracted much more attention. However, poor decision-making speed and robustness of decision-making algorithm lead to a non-optimal communication scheme in huge decision space. An anti-jamming decision method based on the mutation search artificial bee colony algorithm (MSABC) is proposed in this paper. Numerical investigations show that the proposed algorithm can find a better communication scheme that reduces the normalized transmitting power while maintaining the normalized rate.
Bud burst phenology, dormancy release and susceptibility to Dutch elm disease in elms (Ulmus spp.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

European elms (Ulmus glabra Huds., U. laevis Pall. and U. minor Mill.) have been damaged and are still threatened by an alien hypervirulent pathogen, Ophiostoma ulmi s.l., the agent of Dutch elm disease (DED). Therefore, several ex situ clone collections were established throughout Europe for breeding and conservation purposes. This thesis was carried out within the RESGEN CT96-78 project, which launched the EU-coordinated evaluation of these collections. The aim of this thesis was to analyse the variation in bud burst date and to acquire basic knowledge on the environmental control of this adaptive trait with regard to DED susceptibility. Bud burst date variation observed among collections and years in European elms was explained by a phenological model based on an inverse exponential relationship between thermal time and chilling to bud burst. According to the fitted curves, European elms have low dormancy and short chilling requirement for dormancy release. Bud burst date in U. minor was directly related to latitude and elevation. The order of bud burst was stable among years. The observed geographic trends were largely determined by difference in chilling requirement for dormancy release which increased with latitude and elevation. The effects of photoperiod and temperature on dormancy release in clones of European and Asian species were studied in partially controlled conditions in Italy. Dormancy was generally low and short in all clones. There was no evidence that photoperiod influenced dormancy release in these elms. Susceptibility to DED was assessed in the Italian clone collection. Susceptibility varied greatly among taxonomic groups and within the most represented species, U. minor. In this species, DED susceptibility was directly correlated with geographic origin and date of bud burst, southern and early flushing clones showing the least symptoms. The results suggest that earliness of bud burst represents a mechanism of disease avoidance owing to an asynchrony between the susceptible period in the host and the time of natural infection by Scolytus insects, the main vectors of DED.
Fracture Mapping in High-Energy Chest Trauma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: High-energy chest trauma often results in rib fractures and associated chest injuries. This study explored fracture distribution patterns in high-energy chest trauma, using three-dimensional (3D) fracture mapping technology. Methods: This retrospective study analyzed cases of high-energy chest trauma with rib fractures treated at a Level 1 Trauma Center, from February 2012 to January 2023. Specifically, 3D computed tomography (CT) was used to reconstruct rib fractures and create fracture-frequency heat maps, analyzing the influence of other thoracic fractures on rib fracture distribution. Results: Rib fractures were frequently found in the anterior and posterior thoracic areas. On average, patients sustained 7 ± 3.87 rib fractures, with clavicle fractures in 25.5% and scapular fractures in 19.6% of cases. Scapular fractures led to more posterior rib fractures, while sternal fractures were associated with more anterior rib fractures. Clavicle fractures were linked to fractures of the first to third ribs. Conclusions: Rib fractures in high-energy chest trauma occurred most often in the anterior and posterior regions. Fractures of the scapula and sternum influence the positioning of the fracture lines. Clavicular fractures are associated with a higher incidence of upper rib fractures. These findings can help inform surgical decisions and complication management.
Sub-pixel response of double-SOI pixel sensors for X-ray astronomy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have been developing the X-ray silicon-on-insulator (SOI) pixel sensor called XRPIX for future astrophysical satellites. XRPIX is a monolithic active pixel sensor consisting of a high-resistivity Si sensor, thin SiO$_2$ insulator, and CMOS pixel circuits that utilize SOI technology. Since XRPIX is capable of event-driven readouts, it can achieve high timing resolution greater than $\sim 10{\rm ~\mu s}$, which enables low background observation by adopting the anti-coincidence technique. One of the major issues in the development of XRPIX is the electrical interference between the sensor layer and circuit layer, which causes nonuniform detection efficiency at the pixel boundaries. In order to reduce the interference, we introduce a Double-SOI (D-SOI) structure, in which a thin Si layer (middle Si) is added to the insulator layer of the SOI structure. In this structure, the middle Si layer works as an electrical shield to decouple the sensor layer and circuit layer. We measured the detector response of the XRPIX with D-SOI structure at KEK. We irradiated the X-ray beam collimated with $4{\rm ~\mu m\phi}$ pinhole, and scanned the device with $6{\rm ~\mu m}$ pitch, which is 1/6 of the pixel size. In this paper, we present the improvement in the uniformity of the detection efficiency in D-SOI sensors, and discuss the detailed X-ray response and its physical origins.
Protection against Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury of Hippocampal Neurons by H2S via Promoting Phosphorylation of ROCK2 at Tyr722 in Rat Model

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The RhoA-ROCK signaling pathway is associated with the protective effects of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) against cerebral ischemia. H2S protects rat hippocampal neurons (RHNs) against hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) injury by promoting phosphorylation of RhoA at Ser188. However, effect of H2S on the phosphorylation of ROCK2-related sites is unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether H2S can play a role in the phosphorylation of ROCK2 at Tyr722, and explore whether this role mediates the protective effect of H/R injury in RHNs. Prokaryotic recombinant plasmids ROCK2wild-pGEX-6P-1 and ROCK2Y722F-pGEX-6P-1 were constructed and transfected into E. coli in vitro, and the expressed protein, GST-ROCK2wild and GST-ROCK2Y722F were used for phosphorylation assay in vitro. Eukaryotic recombinant plasmids ROCK2Y722-pEGFP-N1 and ROCK2Y722F-pEGFP-N1 as well as empty plasmid were transfected into the RHNs. Western blot assay and whole-cell patch-clamp technique were used to detect phosphorylation of ROCK2 at Tyr722 and BKCa channel current in the RHNs, respectively. Cell viability, leakages of intracellular enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and nerve-specific enolase (NSE) were measured. The H/R injury was indicated by decrease of cell viability and leakages of intracellular LDH and NSE. The results of Western blot have shown that NaHS, a H2S donor, significantly promoted phosphorylation of GST-ROCK2wild at Tyr722, while no phosphorylation of GST-ROCK2Y722F was detected. The phosphorylation of ROCK2wild promoted by NaHS was also observed in RHNs. NaHS induced more potent effects on protection against H/R injury, phosphorylation of ROCK2 at Tyr722, inhibition of ROCK2 activity, as well as increase of the BKCa current in the ROCK2Y722-pEGFP-N1-transfected RHNs. Our results revealed that H2S protects the RHNs from H/R injury through promoting phosphorylation of ROCK2 at Tyr722 to inhibit ROCK2 activity and potentially by opening channel currents.
A Systems Approach in Working with Learning Disabled Children

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article discusses the viability of a systems model in working with learning disabled children in the schools. The systems approach provides a contextual perspective which incorporates both the school and the family when considering a child's learning disability. Research on families with a learning disabled child is reviewed. Family factors which facilitate adjustment of the learning disabled child are explored. Implications for assessment and intervention as well as prevention of dysfunction are presented.