jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of interleukin-1 production in mouse peritoneal macrophages by methionine-enkephalin.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Methionine-enkephalin, an endogenous opioid, has been reported to have some effects on immune responses. By thymocyte proliferation method, we herein report that methionine-enkephalin over a wide range of concentrations (1 pmol-0.1 mumol/L) significantly increases both extracellular interleukin-1 release and intracellular interleukin-1 production from peritoneal macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide in mice. Naloxone, having no effect per se on interleukin-1 production, does not block the enhancing effect of the neuropeptide. Interleukin-1 production was also elevated following ip methionine-enkephalin into mice. The results suggest that methionine-enkephalin mediates the enhancement of interleukin-1 synthesis and release as well, and that the effect is not mediated through classical opioid receptors. The results also provide the further links between immune and nervous systems.
In Vivo Estimation of Oncolytic Virus Populations within Tumors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The use of replication-competent viruses as oncolytic agents is rapidly expanding, with several oncolytic viruses approved for cancer therapy. As responses to therapy are highly variable, understanding the dynamics of therapy is critical for optimal application of virotherapy in practice. Although mathematical models have been developed to understand the dynamics of tumor virotherapy, a scarcity of in vivo data has made difficult parametrization of these models. To tackle this problem, we studied the in vitro and in vivo spread of two oncolytic measles viruses that induce expression of the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) in cells. NIS expression enabled infected cells to concentrate radioactive isotopes that could be reproducibly and quantitatively imaged using SPECT/CT. We observed a strong linear relationship in vitro between infectious virus particles, viral N and NIS gene expression, and radioactive isotope uptake. In vivo radioisotope uptake was highly correlated with viral N and NIS gene expression. Similar expression patterns between viral N and NIS gene expression in vitro and in vivo implied that the oncolytic virus behaved similarly in both scenarios. Significant titers of viable virus were consistently isolated from tumors explanted from mice that had been injected with oncolytic measle viruses. We observed a weaker but positive in vivo relationship between radioisotope uptake and the viable virus titer recovered from tumors; this was likely due to anisotropies in the viral distribution in vivo. These data suggest that methods that enable quantitation of in vivo anisotropies are required for continuing development of oncolytic virotherapy. Significance: These findings address a fundamental gap in our knowledge of oncolytic virotherapy by presenting technology that gives insight into the behavior of oncolytic viruses in vivo. Cancer Res; 78(20); 5992–6000. ©2018 AACR.
Functions of neuronal Synaptobrevin in the post-Golgi transport of Rhodopsin in Drosophila photoreceptors

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Polarized transport is essential for constructing multiple plasma membrane domains in the cell. Drosophila photoreceptors are an excellent model system to study the mechanisms of polarized transport. Rab11 is the key factor regulating the post-Golgi transport of rhodopsin 1 (Rh1; also known as NinaE), a photoreceptive protein, to the rhabdomere, a photoreceptive plasma membrane. Here, we found that neuronal Synaptobrevin (nSyb) colocalizes with Rab11 on the trans-side of Golgi stacks and post-Golgi vesicles at the rhabdomere base, and nSyb deficiency impairs rhabdomeric transport and induces accumulation of Rh1 and vesicles in the cytoplasm; this is similar to the effects of Rab11 loss. These results indicate that nSyb acts as a post-Golgi SNARE toward rhabdomeres. Surprisingly, in Rab11-, Rip11- and nSyb-deficient photoreceptors, illumination enhances cytoplasmic accumulation of Rh1, which colocalizes with Rab11, Rabenosyn5, nSyb and Arrestin 1 (Arr1). Arr1 loss, but not Rab5 dominant negative (Rab5DN) protein expression, inhibits the light-enhanced cytoplasmic Rh1 accumulation. Rab5DN inhibits the generation of Rh1-containing multivesicular bodies rather than Rh1 internalization. Overall, these results indicate that exocytic Rh1 mingles with endocytosed Rh1 and is then transported together to rhabdomeres.
Fall Prevalence and Contributors to the Likelihood of Falling in Persons With Upper Limb Loss

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Arms are important for locomotor stability and preventing falls by controlling whole-body angular momentum, redirecting the body's center of mass, and providing support to arrest descent. Hence, upper limb loss (ULL) can increase fall risk. However, the prevalence of falls and factors that influence fall risk have not previously been reported for people with ULL. Objective This study quantified fall prevalence in persons with ULL at or proximal to the wrist and identified clinical factors that contributed to the likelihood of falling. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Methods Factors including body and health characteristics, activity level, fall history, prosthesis use, and balance confidence were determined for persons with ULL proximal to the wrist using an online survey. Logistic regression analyses assessed the contribution of these factors to the classification of fallers (≥2 falls in previous year) and nonfallers. Results A percentage (28.6%) of participants (n = 105) reported experiencing 2 or more falls in the past year. The regression model (R2 = 0.473) correctly classified 84.5% of cases and indicated that increased likelihood of falling was significantly influenced by reduced balance confidence, use of upper limb prostheses, and reduced physical capabilities. Limitations Data were collected online from a convenience sample, and fall classification was based on retrospective data. Conclusions Falls in persons with ULL are prevalent, suggesting that clinicians should use screening methods to identify at-risk individuals. Balance confidence, use of upper limb prostheses, and perceived physical capabilities could be useful screening metrics. Research is warranted to better understand the factors that underlie fall risk in persons with ULL and the efficacy of therapeutic interventions capable of mitigating fall risk.
Importance of Leaf Epidermal Characters in the Asteraceae Family

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A comparative study of the leaf epidermis of twelve species in the Compositae (Asteraceae) family was undertaken in order to document characters that are important in the taxonomy of the family. It was observed that trichomes can be successfully used for the delimitation of genera within the family. Within each species however, there are varied assortment of trichomes with occasional transitions among them. Launaea taraxacifolia was unique in being the only species without any trichome. Stellate trichome type and K-shaped or tetraradiate trichomes were observed in Tridax procumbens only. The genus Vernonia can be delimited from the other genera by the possession of T - shaped trichomes which are absent in the other genera, while amoeboid-shaped trichomes can be found in the genus Chromolaena only. Within the same genus, the species can also be delimited on the basis of possession of unique trichome types, for example in the genera Vernonia and Emilia. Cuticular striations occur in only two species out of the twelve studied, on the abaxial surface of V. amygdalina and on both surfaces of Bidens pilosa. Four stomatal types were recorded for the family, anomocytic, brachyparacytic, anisocytic and diacytic. Stomatal type was observed to delimit not only at generic level, but also at specific or species level. Ageratum conyzoides and Synedrella nodiflora are the only two species with occasional diacytic stomatal types. Results of the statistical correlation analysis for stomatal size and stomatal index at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels revealed high positive correlation for species in the same tribe, as well as for species in different tribes affirming close interrelationship and overlap of the values of stomatal indices and sizes within the family. Foliar anatomical characters that justify the separation of Vernonia amygdalina and Vernonia cinerea into separate tribes are highlighted.
A Multi-Stage Analysis of Predicting Public Resilience of Impactful Social Media Crisis Communication in Flooding Emergencies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The desire of people affected by crises or disasters is to return to their normal lives quickly and easily.Social media provides a platform for crisis response which helps recovery and resilience building.Therefore, this study aims to investigate how social media crisis response and information shaped people's resiliencebuilding, either affected by the flooding or not.Data collected in Malaysia after flooding consist of 375 observations.A multi-stage analysis which consists of partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), partial least square predictions algorithm (PLS-predict), and artificial neural networks (ANN), are employed to examine the outcome of social media crisis communications.The result shows support for the significance of crisis, crisis response, social media interaction, and information seeking and sharing are not.Furthermore, the predictive relevance of the model is strong, and the root mean square error (RMSE) obtained from ANN analysis indicated a predictive model capacity.Hence, the findings demonstrated the impact of social media crisis responses that crisis management and communication may use in decisionmaking.
Study on Methodology of Search Strategies for Chinese Ther apeutic Literature

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To study the methodology of Chinese literature retrieval. Methods The manual review of the literat ure was served as the “gold standard” against database search strategies (the diagnostic tests). We selected original articles about treatment, rehabilitatio n and randomized controlled trials from 31 journals. The articles were download ed from the Chinese Biomedical Database(CBM). We selected potentially useful wo rds through a word frequency analysis and determined the frequency of all the wo rds in the titles, abstracts, and subject indexes. All the selected journals fu nctioned as a closed database. The sensitivity, specificity and precision of al l the high frequency words were calculated and the high frequency words of large sensitivity×precision were considered as final searching words. All the searc hing strategies were produced by computer programe which consisted of all search ing words , title field and abstract field. Meanwhile, the sensitivity, specifi city, precision and NNR (number needed to read) were calculated. Among the stra tegies, those comprised of all searching words would be used in CBM disc databas e, those of title and abstract words in Chinese Web Databases. The best strateg ies were those of high sensitivity and high specificity. Results 2 570 articles were selected and 45 articles met the gold st andard. The strategies emphasized sensitivity were “therapeutic use OR random OR control(for CBM disc) and multicenter OR therapeutic outcome OR random (for C hinese online databases)”. The strategies emphasized specificity were “placeb o OR prospective study(MH) OR double blind OR random controled trial (MH) (for C BM disc) and placebo OR prospective) OR double blind OR efficiency (for Chinese online databases).” Conclusions The method i s optimal for Chinese literature databases.
Demo-economic situation in Southern Ukraine through the regional centers residents’ self-evaluation and attitudes prism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article presents the results of a questionnaire survey of the Southern Ukraine (Odessa, Mykolaiv, Kherson) regional centers’ residents — concerning self-esteem of their families welfare standards, their prospects about its improvement, and possible search for a better fate abroad. This research was carried out within the research project “Effective functioning and development of the regional socio-cultural environment in the context of decentralization as a pledge of Ukraine national security” (scientific project manager — Head of SociologySociological Cathedra of Petro Mohyla National University Iryna Meizys, timeframes for project implementation — 2017–2019). The survey revealed that a significant proportion of respondents assess their families' economic status and financial capabilities as critical, pointing to the limited ability or inability to sufficiently meet those needs that exceed current running costs. The results of the survey make it possible to evaluate the material status of regional centers residents (in a bigger or lesser extent) in the terminology of the scientific discourse of poverty by means of the categories “subjective poverty”, “relative poverty” and “deprivation” (restriction or complete deprivation). Moreover, for the most part, our respondents do not see any prospects for improving the economic situation in Ukraine in the near future: they don’t have confidence in the future, and therefore have a rather low estimate of the prospects for improving their own economic situation. The poll also showed the widespread emigration of the Southern Ukraine residents: more than half of respondents said that they were thinking about moving to a permanent place of residence in the “Western world”, that is associated in the mass consciousness of modern Ukrainians with wealth, high standards of pay, stability and prospects. In all cities of southern Ukraine, respondents' emigration / intentions still exceed the 50 percent limit. The results of the survey should also be used as indicators of social security for the functioning of the regional society. This is particularly relevant given the geopolitical challenges and threats that Ukraine is currently facing, including the Black Sea region, which is a region of strategic importance for Ukraine.
Thermal Performance of Structural Lightweight Concrete Composites for Potential Energy Saving

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Residential consumption dominates the energy expenditure of heating and cooling systems, especially in tropical climates where building envelopes play an important role in energy efficiency. The thermal properties of concrete that are commonly employed as the building envelope material affect directly human comfort in a building. In addressing both the concrete thermal performance and industrial waste issues, this paper experimentally studies the concrete compressive strength and thermal properties used later for comparative energy analysis for human comfort. Four design mixes and a conventional concrete as control specimen are considered utilizing industrial wastes; palm oil fly ash (POFA), lightweight expanded clay aggregate (LECA), oil palm shell (OPS), and quarry dust, as constituents. These mixes are cast for cube compressive strength (to ensure the achievement of structural concrete requirement) and small-scaled wall tests. The measurement of surface temperatures of scaled wall tests is conducted in a polystyrene box to determine the concrete time lag and decrement factor. It is found that the density of concrete governs the compressive strength and that air pockets in the concrete matrix play an essential role as far as the thermal properties are concerned. From the energy analysis, structural lightweight concrete may save approximately 50% of the residential energy consumption.
Designing of an efficient algorithm for identifying Abbreviation definitions in biomedical Text

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The size and growth rate of biomedical literature creates new challenges for researchers who need to keep up to date.The objective of the present study was to design a pattern matching method for mining acronyms and their definitions from biomedical text by considering the space reduction heuristic constraints have been proposed and implemented.The constraints mentioned are spacious-reduction heuristic constraints which will reduce the search space and will extract most of the true positive cases.The evaluation has been done on MEDLINE abstracts.The results show that the proposed algorithm is faster and more efficient than the previous approaches, in term of space and time complexities.The algorithm has a very good Recall (92%), Precision (97%) and F-factor (94%).One improvement that can be done is to consider all kinds of acronyms definition patterns.This algorithm only considers acronym-definition pairs of the form Acronym (Definition) Definition (Acronym) pairs.Improving the algorithm requires additional study and may reduce the precision even though it may increase the recall.The Algorithm is space efficient too.Input text of any large size can be mined using this algorithm because it requires less memory space to execute.
Data from Caspase-3–Induced Activation of SREBP2 Drives Drug Resistance via Promotion of Cholesterol Biosynthesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that drug resistance can be acquired in cancer through the repopulation of tumors by cancer stem cell (CSC) expansion. Here, we investigated mechanisms driving resistance and CSC repopulation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as a cancer model using two drug-resistant, patient-derived tumor xenografts that mimicked the development of acquired resistance to sorafenib or lenvatinib treatment observed in patients with HCC. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that cholesterol biosynthesis was most commonly enriched in the drug-resistant xenografts. Comparison of the genetic profiles of CD133<sup>+</sup> stem cells and CD133<sup>−</sup> bulk cells from liver regeneration and HCC mouse models showed that the cholesterol pathway was preferentially upregulated in liver CSCs compared with normal liver stem cells. Consistently, SREBP2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis was crucial for the augmentation of liver CSCs, and loss of SREBP2 conferred sensitivity to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, suggesting a role in regulation of acquired drug resistance in HCC. Similarly, exogenous cholesterol-treated HCC cells showed enhanced cancer stemness abilities and drug resistance. Mechanistically, caspase-3 (CASP3) mediated cleavage of SREBP2 from the endoplasmic reticulum to promote cholesterol biosynthesis, which consequently caused resistance to sorafenib/lenvatinib treatment by driving activation of the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Simvastatin, an FDA-approved cholesterol-lowering drug, not only suppressed HCC tumor growth but also sensitized HCC cells to sorafenib. These findings demonstrate that CSC populations in HCC expand via CASP3-dependent, SREBP2-mediated cholesterol biosynthesis in response to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and that targeting cholesterol biosynthesis can overcome acquired drug resistance.</p>Significance:<p>This study finds that cholesterol biosynthesis supports the expansion of cancer stem cell populations to drive resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma, identifying potential therapeutic approaches for improving cancer treatment.</p></div>
Design of large-view-angle receiver for free-space laser communication

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We propose an algorithm for a receiver, which is attached on a moving carrier, to detect the laser beam for free space communication. The characteristic of the receiver is that it can detect the transmitted signal in a large view angle and with a large cross area. We have theoretically calculated the relative detecting light intensity with respect to the incident angle. In addition, the scattering characteristic of a ground glass, which serves as a diffuser, has been studied. Finally, we design a receiver with a view angle larger than 30o. For a special ground glass, the angular tolerance of the receiver is as large as 120 o.
Love's Labour's Lost in Afghanistan

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The first public presentation of Shakespeare in Afghanistan in over 25 years occurred in 2005; it was the first time that men and women actors had shared a stage since the rise of the Taliban. One of the two plays chosen was, surprisingly, Shakespeare's linguistically difficult early comedy, Love's Labour's Lost (the other play was Romeo and Juliet). The actress Corinne Jaber directed a considerably shortened version of the play, translated into Dari (the Afghan dialect of Farsi), in a Bollywood adaptation. The nationality of the characters was changed from French to Afghan, but the play's Masque of Muscovites in Act Five proved once again how unpopular the Russians remained, so they became Indians. The clash of cultures in this production reflects not only the globalization of Shakespeare as a cultural commodity, but the highly specific local issues of this moment in history. This paper provides still shots and excerpts from an interview with the director.
The mitochondrial genome ofJanthicuomyiasp. (Diptera, Tachinidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The tachinid fly Janthicuomyia sp. belongs to the subfamily Tachininae of Tachinidae. We sequenced and annotated the mitogenome of Janthicuomyia sp. which as the first representative of subfamily Tachininae with nearly complete mitochondrial data. This mitogenome is 14945 bp long, which consists of 22 transfer RNAs, 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNAs and a non-coding control region. All genes have a conservational arrangement with other published species of Tachinidae. Our results also suggested that Exoristinae is the sister group to Dexiinae, and Tachininae is the sister group to the clade of Dexiinae + Exoristinae, and Phasiinae is the sister group to the clade of Tachininae + Dexiinae + Exoristinae.
1′-Homocarbocyclic Nucleoside Analogs with an Optically Active Substituted Bicyclo[2.2.1]Heptane Scaffold

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

An optically active bicyclo[2.2.0]heptane fragment was introduced in the molecule of new 1′-homonucleosides on a 2- 6-chloro-amino-purine scaffold to obtain 6-substituted carbocyclicnucleozide analogs as antiviral compounds. The synthesis was realized by a Mitsunobu reaction of the base with the corresponding bicyclo[2.2.0]heptane intermediate, and then the nucleoside analogs were obtained by substitution of the 6-chlorime with selected pharmaceutically accepted amines. A molecular docking study of the compounds on influenza, HSV and low active coronavirus was realized. Experimental screening of the compounds on the same viruses is being developed and soon will be finished.