jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
18. Stereotaxic Thalamic Pulvinotomy for Pain Relief

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Stereotactic thalamotomy for postapoplectic thalamic syndrome has been performed in 6 cases in past 10 years.It was attempted to make the Radio-frequency lesion in Pf mainly accompanying small lesion of CM in 2 cases and in postero-ventromedial part of CM in 4 cases in object of relief of thalamic pain.Low frequency electrical stimulation of the target was done and subjective complain like noxious sensation was analysed as the testing method in operation theatre, and the evoked potentials in scalp EEG was recorded also.17 cases of the stereotactic thalamotomy for thalamic pain done in whole Japan by several authors were discussed about their effect of pain relief.Their targets were Nucl.interlaminalis, Nucl.Centre Median and Pulvinar Thalami respectively.The etiology of thalamic pain were discussed from a stand point of stereotactic operation for thalamus and the sterotactic thalamotomy has its value as the procedure of interruption the excited reverberating circuit in the thalamus due to apoplectic lesion in the cortico-thalamic tract or thalamus itself.The authors made a lesion in ventro-lateral nucleus of thalamus for rigidospasticity in 3 cases of 6 cases beside the lesion in the centre median nucleus, and in these three cases, tonic component of rigido-spasticity diminished.The authors emphasized that stereotactic thalamotomy of ventro-lateral nucleus of thalamus is useful for postapoplectic rigido-spasticity accompanying the Mann-Wernicke's posture caused of hyperfunction of extrapyramidal tract.
Formation of Ru(NH3)5N22+ in aqueous solution by direct action of molecular nitrogen

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of Ru(NH3)5N22+ in aqueous solution by direct action of molecular nitrogenDavid Ellsworth. Harrison and Henry. TaubeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 22, 5706–5707Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00998a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00998a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views318Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Improved Susceptibility Disk Assay Method Employing an Agar Overlay Technique

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Susceptibility disks impregnated with 35 different antibiotics were assayed by the current Code of Federal Regulations method and by a new method employing an agar overlay. The new method, a simplified analytical procedure, exhibited improvement in zone definition and an increase in dose response. Assays performed by the new method were accurate and precise. The agar overlay technique appears to be superior to the current Code of Federal Regulations method.
InAs/GaAs quantum dot structures emitting in the 1.55 μm band

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigated different capping layers covering InAs quantum dot structures grown on GaAs substrates by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy in order to receive strong photoluminescence at 1.55 μm. Atomic force microscopy showed that uncovered InAs quantum dots are 4–5 nm high lenses with a broad luminescence peaking at 1.43 μm. The GaAs capping improves the quantum dot homogeneity but quantum dot dissolution causes blue shift of emitted light. On the other hand, proper engineering of InGaAs strain reducing layer allows to shift the photoluminescence maximum to 1.55 μm. Analysis of photoluminescence and microscopy data supported by calculation of quantum dot electron states shows that this is caused both by the change of the electronic-barrier structure and by the increase of the height of the overgrown quantum dots.
Naive Problem Solving and Naive Mathematics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

AI problem solvers have almost always been given a complete and correct axiomatization of their problem domain and of the operators available to change it. Here I discuss a paradigm for problem solving in which the problem solver initially is given only a list of available operators, with no indication as to &apos; the structure of the world or the behavior of the operators. Thus, to begin with it is &quot;blind &quot; and can only stagger about in the world tripping over things &apos;until it begins to understand what is going on. Eventually it will learn enough to solve problems iit.the world as well as if it the world had been explained to it initially. I call this paradigm na;ie problem solving. The difficulty of adequately formalizing all but the most constrained domaings makes naive problem solving desirable. I have implemented a naive problem solver that learns to stack blocks and to. use an elevator. It learns by finding instances of &quot;naive mathematical cliches &quot; which are common mental models that are likely to be useful in any domain.
Development and validation of a structured survey questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, preventive practice, and treatment-seeking behaviour regarding dengue among the resident population of Sabah, Malaysia: an exploratory factor analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Several studies have reported a significant association of knowledge, attitude and preventive practice (KAP) regarding dengue infection among community's resident in endemic areas. In this study we aimed to assess and develop a reliable and valid KAP survey on the subject of dengue that is suitable for the resident population of Sabah, Malaysia. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2019 to February 2020 involving 468 respondents. Information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the participants (six items), their KAP (44, 15 and 18 items on knowledge, attitude and practice, respectively) and treatment-seeking behaviour (five items) towards dengue was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and R software in the R Studio environment. The knowledge section was analysed by two-parameter logistic item response theory (2-PL IRT) using ltm package. The construct validity and reliability of items for sections on attitude, practice and treatment-seeking behaviour were analysed using psy package. Results For the knowledge section, only 70.5% (31/44) of items were within or close to the parameter acceptable range of −3 to + 3 of difficulty. In terms of discrimination, 65.9% (29/44) of items were within or close to the acceptable range of 0.35 to 2.5, and 24 items (54.5%) failed to fit the 2-PL IRT model (P < 0.05) after assessing by goodness-of-fit analysis. Only eight items were reliable and retained in the attitude section with a Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test value of > 0.7, while based on the communalities, 11 items in the attitude section were excluded due to very low h2, factor loading values and low correlation with the total (< 0.5). The practice section was found suitable for factor analysis because the KMO value was > 0.7. The communalities of the practice section showed that seven items had low h2 values (< 0.3), which were therefore excluded from further analysis, and only 11 items were retained. Conclusions The KAP items retained in the final version of the survey were reliable and valid to be use as a questionnaire reference when conducting future similar studies among the population of Sabah.
The Operation and Management of Village Development Fund in Champasak Province, Lao PDR

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As a least developed country, the economy of Lao PDR is agricultural based with high percentage of poor people living in rural area, poverty eradication and rural development is at the centre of the government’s economic and social development policies. Village development fund has been used as an important strategy to increase access to financial capital of the rural poor. This paper reviews the development of village development fund in Champasak province, Lao PDR and assess its operation and management especially on the structure, management rules, operation and performance aspects, and supported by the interview of village development fund management committees of two districts in the province. The results show that the village development fund has expanded gradually over the past few years. The management is generally satisfactory. However, main problems encountered are those related to ethical ground and good governance of management personnel. By policies, the village development fund shall contribute to social development in the villages. This requires not only management skills and experiences to optimize business and social goals, but also knowledge and understanding of the members to accpet flexible or relative moderate rate of return to deposit. The non-performance loans, as observed, are mostly caused by crop or livestock raising failure. Hence, to sustain the village development fund in Champasak province, it is important to widen the capacity development by more campaign on basic knowledge of principles/concepts among the members; ethical development and good governance among management and advisory committees. To avoid non-performance loan, it is essential to reduce risks from investment in agricultural or non-agricultural activities. This requires more support from the public sector to ensure efficiency and sustainability of the village development fund.
Light attenuation – a more effective basis for the management of fine suspended sediment than mass concentration?

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Fine sediment continues to be a major diffuse pollution concern with its multiple effects on aquatic ecosystems. Mass concentrations (and loads) of fine sediment are usually measured and modelled, apparently with the assumption that environmental effects of sediment are predictable from mass concentrations. However, some severe impacts of fine sediment may not correlate well with mass concentration, notably those related to light attenuation by suspended particles. Light attenuation per unit mass concentration of suspended particulate matter in waters varies widely with particle size, shape and composition. Data for suspended sediment concentration, turbidity and visual clarity (which is inversely proportional to light beam attenuation) from 77 diverse New Zealand rivers provide valuable insights into the mutual relationships of these quantities. Our analysis of these relationships, both across multiple rivers and within individual rivers, supports the proposition that light attenuation by fine sediment is a more generally meaningful basis for environmental management than sediment mass. Furthermore, optical measurements are considerably more practical, being much cheaper (by about four-fold) to measure than mass concentrations, and amenable to continuous measurement. Mass concentration can be estimated with sufficient precision for many purposes from optical surrogates locally calibrated for particular rivers.
Changes to publication requirements made at the XVIII International Botanical Congress in Melbourne—what does e-publication mean for you?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Changes to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are decided on every 6 years at Nomenclature Sections associated with International Botanical Congresses (IBC). The XVIII IBC was held in Melbourne, Australia; the Nomenclature Section met on 18-22 July 2011 and its decisions were accepted by the Congress at its plenary session on 30 July. Several important changes were made to the Code as a result of this meeting that will affect publication of new names. Two of these changes will come into effect on 1 January 2012, some months before the Melbourne Code is published. Electronic material published online in Portable Document Format (PDF) with an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) or an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) will constitute effective publication, and the requirement for a Latin description or diagnosis for names of new taxa will be changed to a requirement for a description or diagnosis in either Latin or English. In addition, effective from 1 January 2013, new names of organisms treated as fungi must, in order to be validly published, include in the protologue (everything associated with a name at its valid publication) the citation of an identifier issued by a recognized repository (such as MycoBank). Draft text of the new articles dealing with electronic publication is provided and best practice is outlined. To encourage dissemination of the changes made to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, this article will be published in Brittonia, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, BMC Evolutionary Biology, Cladistics, Mycotaxon, MycoKeys, New Phytologist, North American Fungi, Novon, Opuscula Philolichenum, PhytoKeys, Phytoneuron, Phytotaxa, Plant Diversity and Resources, Systematic Botany and Taxon .
A Novel Approach to Modelling Overdamped Second and Higher-Order Systems using Linearized Derived Equations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A second-order system is widely recognized in control systems, as many practical systems are modeled using it. The system's response to a step input is well-defined, with mathematical expressions available for key parameters like rise time, settling time, and others. However, most of these equations apply specifically to an underdamped second-order system, where an explicit solution is relatively straightforward, except for the delay time equation, which is derived from a linear equation involving the damping factor, ϛ. This paper develops mathematical equations for both delay time and rise time-based on linear equations, allowing the extraction of a mathematical model from the system's output response for both low and high damping factor values. Additionally, the proposed equations can be applied to model higher-order systems by using an equivalent second-order system, with results showing that this model accurately represents the higherorder system. Further analysis investigates the effect of the damping factor on natural frequency ratio (ϛ/wn) at high ϛ values, demonstrating that the system's response depends on ϛ/wn rather than the individual values of ϛ or wn. This implies that the system response remains consistent for a fixed ϛ/wn ratio
HPLC simultaneous determination of six isoflavonoids in Tongmai formula

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Objective:To develop an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of six bioactive isoflavonoids as 3′-hydroxypuerarin,puerarin,3′-methoxypuerarin,mirificin,daidzin,and daidzein in Tongmai formula.Methods:A Dikma DiamonsilTMC18 column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)with a Dikma EasyGuard C18 column(20 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm)was used.The mobile phase,consisting of solvent A(0.5% acetic acid in acetonitrile)and solvent B(0.5% acetic acid aqueous solution),was programmed as a linear gradient.The flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1 and the detection wavelength was 250 nm.The column temperature was 25℃.Results:The linearity was achieved in the range of 6.25-200 μg·mL-1(r=0.9998)for 3′-hydroxypuerarin,31.25-1000 μg·mL-1(r=0.9996)for puerarin,6.25-200 μg·mL-1(r=0.9999)for 3′-methoxypuerarin,6.25-200 μg·mL-1(r=0.9998)for mirificin,6.25-200 μg·mL-1(r=0.9995)for daidzin,and 1.25-40 μg·mL-1(r=0.9997)for daidzein.The average recoveries(n=3)were 95.43%-103.9% with RSD of 0.40%-4.3%.Conclusion:The method is accurate,sensible,and reproducible.The developed method can be used for the determination of the above mentioned six bioactive isoflavonoids in Tongmai formula.
ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF EVAPORATED MILK

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Medical literature contains fairly numerous reports of distressing manifestations of sensitization to cow's milk. This sort of food allergy has been noted most frequently in infants. When such sensitization is present it makes impossible the usual formulas fed, for one reason or another, in place of mother's milk. A number of other substitutes for breast milk have been tried in these cases. Some of them appear to be fairly satisfactory and are obtainable in most localities. However, a commodity in more common use and more closely resembling mother's milk than many of the things tried in place of cow's milk would be desirable. It has been found that heating certain proteins 1 so changes them that new antigens are formed. If the heat to which cow's milk is subjected in the process of preparation of commercial evaporated milk (220 degrees for forty minutes or 240 degrees for twenty minutes) alters
Bioactivity of extracts from the plants of Artemisia ordosica against the armyworm Mythimna separata

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bioactivity experiments were conducted with five kinds of extracts from a sand plant,Artemisia ordosica Kraschen,using Mythimna separata Walker as tested species.The results showed that Ethyl acetate extracts of Artemisia ordosica Kraschen had the highest bioactivity mainly in anti-feeding,contacting and inhibiting growth activities of the armyworm,but its stomach poison action was weak:In the treatment with Ethyl acetate extracts,the anti-feeding ratio of 3rd instars larva of the armyworm at 24 h after treatment reached 93.75 %,and the AFC50 was 8.4 mg/mL.The extracts also displayed a highest contact efficiency against the armyworm,and the 72 h mortality with a dipping treatment reached 89.29 %.Ethyl acetate extracts also had significant inhibition to growth and development of the armyworm,the inhibition rate at 24 h and 48 h after treatment were 91.78 %,86.32 % respectively,and a pupation rate was only 43.33 %,the progress of growth and development of the armyworm was delayed.Other extracts,such as petroleum ether,chloroform,n-hexane and acetone,also showed biological activity in certain degree.
How do Foreign Domestic Workers Reconcile the Tensions between a Lowered Occupational Status and Aspirations for Upward Mobility?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To many Foreign Domestic Workers (FDWs), Singapore is a land of opportunities. Domestic work becomes a quest for an upward mobility. Yet, they face tensions between a low occupational status and aspirations for an upward mobility. Through 24 in-depth qualitative interviews, I explore the various strategies FDWs adopt to reconcile such tensions. One, FDWs rationalise the social and economic value of their labour, as well as the moral value of their labour to overcome stigmatisations of domestic work. Two, FDWs leverage upon opportunities to accumulate capital, maximising their abilities to fulfil aspirations. Three, family becomes their salvation when FDWs struggle with a lowered occupational status, aspiring for a better future for their family. I analyse my findings on two levels. First, at a macro level, which includes social-political structures and their interactions. Second, at a micro level, which includes the interactions between FDWs and other social actors.
Entrepreneurial team heterogeneity and performance of academic spin-offs: a pre and postfoundation analysis

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The present research identifies the drivers of the growth of academic spin-offs (ASOs). Empirical studies have found few successful cases of ASOs from a firm-level perspective; many companies fail, and others tend to remain small without making a meaningful contribution to local economic development. Consequently, analysing the factors affecting spin-off growth is important to understand their potential benefits for society. A large portion of studies focus on external drivers of ASO growth, while we concentrate on the internal dimension, analysing the effect of the heterogeneity of entrepreneurial teams on the performance of ASOs from a longitudinal perspective. Our paper investigates how ASO entrepreneurial team heterogeneity, both horizontal (cognitive) and vertical (status), and changes in entrepreneurial team heterogeneity between the prefoundation and postfoundation stages affect ASO performance. The results show that vertical heterogeneity in the composition of the prefoundation team is a driver of ASO performance over a shorter time horizon (one year) and more so if the average seniority of academics is low. Horizontal heterogeneity plays a negative moderating role. However, longer-term performance is more influenced by horizontal heterogeneity, implying slower growth after the spin-off foundation. These findings should provide important insights for both managers and Italian policy-makers.
Sex Differences in the Renal Function Decline of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims . We aimed to investigate the sex differences in the renal function decline among patients with type 2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), focusing on the differences in the risk factors at early stage of renal dysfunction. Methods . A clinic-based retrospective longitudinal study (follow-up duration:8.1±1.4years) was conducted to assess the sex differences in the annual estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) change in 344 (247 male and 97 female) Japanese T2DM patients. The sex differences in the risk factors of annual eGFR decline were subjected to linear regression analyses. Results . The mean annual eGFR change was-3.5±2.7%/year in females and-2.0±2.2%/year in males (P<0.001). Baseline retinopathy and proteinuria were significantly associated with a larger eGFR decline, irrespective of sex, while HbA1c and LDL-cholesterol levels were significantly associated with an eGFR decline in females only. Interactive effects were observed between sex and the HbA1c, LDL-cholesterol, retinopathy, or proteinuria levels on the annual eGFR decline. Conclusions . The increased susceptibility to poor metabolic control seemed to contribute to a higher risk of renal dysfunction in females with T2DM. Our study highlights the importance of aggressive therapeutic intervention to improve metabolic profiles at early stage, especially in females.