jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
What we would like to do vs what we can truly Achieve as Surgeons. Treatment of the Humeral Ewing Sarcoma for the Young Pediatric Patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ewing Sarcoma (ES) is mainly diagnosed during the second decade of life. It often compromises the appendicular skeleton but also can affect other bones. A surgical procedure is necessary despite its good response to chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy. When planning limb-sparing procedures for the young patient, the main challenges are bone size, growth remaining, and physical demands. Several techniques have been proposed. However, there is no gold standard procedure because many factors must be considered, and each case should be individualized. Also, the resources available change from one medical center to another and every surgeon has to deal with a different reality. This article presents one case of a 5-year-old male patient diagnosed with ES in the diaphyseal region of the humerus. It reviews the possible surgical options for humeral reconstruction in young children with ES and discusses the challenges that surgeons might have overcome.
Biosorption potential of Lysinibacillus fusiformis KMNTT-10 biomass in removing lead(II) from aqueous solutions

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The biosorption and detoxification performance of Lysinibacillus fusiformis KMNTT-10 biomass for lead(II) was investigated. The optimum conditions for Pb(II) adsorption were found to be pH 6.0 and contact time 90 min at 27 ± 2°C. Equilibrium data of Pb(II) adsorption fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model and followed pseudo-second-order model. SEM-EDX analysis revealed a blister like protrusions formed on the biomass surface after Pb(II) biosorption. FTIR spectra indicated that anionic functional groups on the biomass surface took part in the adsorption process. Further, X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the adsorbed Pb(II) was transformed (detoxified) into less soluble PbS (galena).
10. Hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

There are many hazards involved in the production of food. Pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites pose biological risks (Chapter 12; Vaskoska, 2022), whilst the use of chemicals and pesticides can also render foods unsafe for consumption (Chapter 13; Bast, 2022). Furthermore, the environment in which foods are produced has the potential to contaminate foods with foreign bodies, such as dirt, stones, glass and metal. To limit the risk posed by these food safety threats food businesses need to put in place procedures and controls. A food safety management system based on the principles of hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) is a common method used to help businesses identify and control the broad spectrum of food safety hazards. In many countries it is also a legal requirement to implement such a system. Therefore, having a sound grasp of the principles involved is beneficial for all food businesses or food safety professionals.
Radiocarbon dating of human remains from the late Neolithic dolmen of Oberbipp (Switzerland). Clarifying the chronology and sequences of burials

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Undisturbed collective megalithic burials are extremely rare. The dolmen of Oberbipp provides a unique opportunity for multidisciplinary research. Morphological analysis indicate at least 42 individuals buried in the grave chamber. Using archaeology alone it was not possible to determine different occupation periods of the inhumations. Neolithic communities often reused dolmen over centuries, therefore radiocarbon dating might be able to solve this question. Fragments of the same bone element (right femora) were analyzed by two (in some cases three) different laboratories to date all inhumations individually.
This study had three aims: a) determine the total occupation time of the dolmen; b) evaluate the sequence of the burials; c) compare the results of the same skeletal element from different laboratories.
In total, 79 radiocarbon results from three different laboratories of the right femora (n=32) are available. The broad application of radiocarbon dating allowed the determination of two occupation periods within the burial: The majority of the femora (n=26) date between 3350-2950BCE, but three samples are from a younger period (2900-2650BCE). The comparison between radiocarbon dates obtained in different laboratories for the same sample showed little variation and only a few samples differed substantially.
Our sampling strategy indicates the necessity for archaeological settings such as multiple burials to include large serial radiocarbon measurements to ensure that all occupation phases are uncovered. In addition, our data indicate that dating at different laboratories should be included in the sampling process to guarantee that the interpretation is based on the best available data. Even though the overall concordance across the laborites was good, little variation could lead to a different interpretation of a site. In future it should also be considered to include other bioarchaeological methods such as aDNA analysis in combination with radiocarbon dating to overcome problems related to plateaus of the calibration curve.
Modelling User Perception of Online Visualisation in Real Estate Marketplaces

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Increased internet penetration rate has made internet marketing an integral part of real estate industry. This may result in an inefficient process for the buyers and sellers due to the need for physical inspection. The aim of this study is to present key factors influencing the users’ decision to use a web-based technology for real estate purposes. This is an ongoing study including two phases: developing a framework based on a case study, and conducting a survey to measure customer perception on incorporating online visualization techniques. The paper presents the result of the first phase evaluating real estate marketing platforms as case studies in Pakistan and Australia. While the initial results show that physical inspections are still required before deciding on property transaction, it was found that the number of inspections can be reduced by incorporating a 3D model of the property to the listing platform. In addition, it was observed that clarity of search results and provision of a 3D model are some of the key factors influencing the user preference to use the website again. This reinforces the idea that advanced visualization techniques can improve the current reliability issues faced by customers and may also streamline the transactions. This study will be extended by conducting the designed survey in two target countries one a developed country and the other one a developing country to compare the most popular features to international customers.
Minimizing the Discrepancy between Simulated and Historical Failures in Turbine Engines: A Simulation-Based Optimization Method

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The reliability modeling of a module in a turbine engine requires knowledge of its failure rate, which can be estimated by identifying statistical distributions describing the percentage of failure per component within the turbine module. The correct definition of the failure statistical behavior per component is highly dependent on the engineer skills and may present significant discrepancies with respect to the historical data. There is no formal methodology to approach this problem and a large number of labor hours are spent trying to reduce the discrepancy by manually adjusting the distribution’s parameters. This paper addresses this problem and provides a simulation-based optimization method for the minimization of the discrepancy between the simulated and the historical percentage of failures for turbine engine components. The proposed methodology optimizes the parameter values of the component’s failure statistical distributions within the component’s likelihood confidence bounds. A complete testing of the proposed method is performed on a turbine engine case study. The method can be considered as a decision-making tool for maintenance, repair, and overhaul companies and will potentially reduce the cost of labor associated to finding the appropriate value of the distribution parameters for each component/failure mode in the model and increase the accuracy in the prediction of the mean time to failures (MTTF).
Modeling and Prediction of Freeway Traffic Flow Using Seasonal ARIMA Models

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Traffic flow is one of the parameters that affect the studies on analysis of traffic status, traffic facility construction and control structure of freeway. It has obvious seasonal characteristic, therefore seasonal ARIMA models can be a reliable approach to the prediction of traffic flow. A general expression of seasonal ARIMA models with one periodicity is given, and procedures to model and predict traffic flow using seasonal ARIMA models are provided. Feasibility-study experiments show that seasonal ARIMA models can he used to model and predict actual freeway traffic flow, The result of 72-step long-term forecast is obtained and the maximum relative error is 0. 13.
Studies on the structure and function of plant protein inhibitors of trypsin and α-amylase

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Studies of the primary structure of protein inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes and α-amylase were undertaken. The complete amino acid sequence of an α-amylase inhibitor and a bifunctional trypsin/α - amylase inhibitor from seeds of ragi (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) and of the proteinase inhibitor PI-I from the Tracy cultivar of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) were determined. The bifunctional trypsin/ α-amylase inhibitor from ragi seeds was shown to be a single polypeptide of 122 amino acids with a molecular weight of 13400. The two reactive (trypsin inhibitory) sites were also determined. Sequence comparisons revealed that this inhibitor seems to be divergently related to other trypsin and α-amylase inhibitors and also to the reserve protein from castor bean. In addition it is proposed that a new inhibitor family should be added to the existing ones (Laskowski and Kato, 1980) to accomodate this bifunctional inhibitor and its related proteins. The secondary structure of this inhibitor was also predicted. The α-amylase inhibitor from ragi seeds was shown to be a single polypeptide of 95 amino acids with a molecular weight of 9300. The existence of two homologous regions in the amino acid sequence of this inhibitor seemed, to indicate that the inhibitor molecule has arisen by a process of gene duplication. Sequence comparisons revealed that this inhibitor has no homology to any other α-amylase inhibitors, proteolytic enzyme inhibitors or any other plant protein of known primary structure. In addition the secondary structure of the α-amylase inhibitor from ragi seeds was also predicted. The amino acid sequence of the proteinase inhibitor PI-I from the Tracy cultivar of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr) was shown to be identical to another proteinase inhibitor PI-II) from the same cultivar, which have been previously sequenced by Kashlan(1980).
The effect of grouping early lactation dairy heifers solely with heifers or with multiparous cows on eating, ruminating and resting behaviour

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Physiological challenges facing newly-calved heifers include parturition, adaptation to a concentrate-rich diet and a negative energy balance caused by the demands of lactation and continued growth. In addition, animals are subject to considerable psychological stress caused by new surroundings, social interactions with new herdmates and increased human contact. Abnormal behaviour, including prolonged time spent standing and reduced eating and rumination activity, may result from these combined challenges and contributes to further problems. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of housing early-lactation heifers solely with other heifers or in a mixed-parity group on the quantity and timing of eating, ruminating, lying, standing and stall use.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders(<SPECIAL ISSUE>Recent Advances in Neuromodulation)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

急速に普及しつつある脳深部刺激療法は, 脳神経外科領域に新たな局面をもたらしたといえよう.脳深部刺激療法は, 異常をきたした神経ネットワークに可逆性をもって働きかけ, 修飾・制御し病態を改善させると考えられている.不随意運動症と難治性疼痛が主たる対象疾患である.特に不随意運動症では, パーキンソン病, ジストニア, 本態性振戦に対する効果は確立しているといえる.パーキンソン病では, 運動症状の日内変動が著しい症例や激しいL-ドーパ誘発性ジスキネジアがみられる症例に高い効果が期待できる.ジストニアでは一次性の全身性ジストニアが最もよい適応である.また, 本態性振戦にも古くから用いられ即効性のあることが知られている.最近ではこうした疾患以外にも精神疾患やてんかんなどの治療法としての臨床研究も進められており, その適応範囲は今後ますます拡大していくものと考えられる.
Traces of an H chondrite in the impact‐melt rocks from the Lappajärvi impact structure, Finland

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract— Here we present the results of a geochemical study of the projectile component in impactmelt rocks from the Lappajärvi impact structure, Finland. Main‐ and trace‐element analyses, including platinum group elements (PGEs), were carried out on twenty impact‐melt rock samples from different locations and on two shocked granite fragments. The results clearly illustrate that all the impact melt rocks are contaminated with an extraterrestrial component. An identification of the projectile type was performed by determining the projectile elemental ratios and comparing the corresponding element ratios in chondrites. The projectile elemental ratios suggest an H chondrite as the most likely projectile type for the Lappajärvi impact structure. The PGE composition of the highly diluted projectile component (˜0.05 and 0.7 wt% in the impact‐melt rocks) is similar to the recent meteorite population of H chondrites reaching Earth. The relative abundance of ordinary chondrites, including H, L, and LL chondrites, as projectiles at terrestrial impact structures is most likely related to the position of their parent bodies relative to the main resonance positions. This relative abundance of ordinary chondrites suggests a strong bias of the impactor population toward inner Main Belt objects.
Determination of Deoxynivalenol in Wheat, Barley,\nCorn Meal, and Wheat-Based Products by Simultaneous Multisample Fluorescence\nPolarization Immunoassay Using a Portable Analyzer

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

With globalization, importing and\nexporting of agricultural products\nand foods have expanded, and food safety has become an important issue\nworldwide. Mycotoxin contamination of agricultural products and foods\n(processed foods) can occur anywhere, and it is desirable to develop\na technology that can detect mycotoxin levels easily and quickly.\nBy using a portable analyzer that can measure multiple samples simultaneously\nby combining a microfluidic device and a fluorescence polarization\nmeasurement system (a portable FP analyzer), we have successfully\nmeasured deoxynivalenol (DON), which is a common mycotoxin, easily\nand quickly by fluorescence polarized immunoassay (FPIA). The recovery\nrates of DON spiked in wheat, barley, cornmeal, flour, bread, pasta,\nthick wheat noodles (<i>udon</i>), and thin wheat noodles\n(<i>somen</i>) were between 86.3 and 113.2%, and the coefficient\nof variation was less than 8.5%. These FPIA results were in good agreement\nwith results obtained by the official government-recognized method\nof liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for DON analysis.\nThe FP portable analyzer has great potential as an analytical tool\nthat contributes to food safety.
Carlgren’s hesitation allayed: redescription and systematics of Heteranthus verruculatus Klunzinger, 1877 (Cnidaria, Actiniaria), with a redefinition of Heteranthidae Carlgren, 1900

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Species boundaries delineating tropical sea anemones (Cnidaria, Actiniaria) of the zooxanthellate genus, Heteranthus Klunzinger, 1877, are unclear. There are currently two valid Heteranthus species: type species Heteranthus verruculatus Klunzinger, 1877, first reported from Koseir, Egypt, and H. insignis Carlgren, 1943, from Poulo Condore, Vietnam. In describing the latter from a single, poorly preserved specimen, zoologist Oskar Carlgren expressed apprehension with traits he had used to establish this species. Carlgren’s doubts persisted later in writing when he found a similar-looking sea anemone from the Great Barrier Reef. Crucial details to positively identify either species have since remained limited. Here, we re-diagnosed Heteranthus and re-described its type species based on observations from specimens we have obtained from Singapore and Pulau Ambon (Indonesia), and museum material collected elsewhere across the Indo-West Pacific region (n > 180). Supported by molecular phylogenetic evidence, the family Heteranthidae Carlgren, 1900 was reinstated and re-diagnosed. Heteranthus verruculatus is encountered in the lower intertidal region amongst seagrass, in rocky crevices, or coral rubble. It occurs as solitary individuals or in clonal clusters, well-camouflaged against the substratum. Individuals were observed to frequently propagate by longitudinal fission, resulting in a varied appearance. Type material of H. verruculatus and H. insignis were re-examined and as we found no differences between them, the two were synonymised. We inferred that Carlgren probably misinterpreted cnidae and histological data in defining H. insignis as a distinct species. This revision clarifies the taxonomy and geographic range of H. verruculatus, an Indo-West Pacific species that is found from the Red Sea to subtropical Australia and Hawaii.
Synthesis, characterization, and hydrolysis of PVAc-PS-PVAcvia charge transfer polymerization

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An ABA triblock copolymer of polyvinyl acetate-b-polystyrene-b-polyvinyl acetate (PVAc-PS-PVAc) was successfully synthesized with a binary system composed of polystyrene with N,N-dimethylaniline end groups (PSda) and benzophenone to initiate the polymerization of vinyl acetate under UV irradiation. The PSda was obtained by capping the living polystyrene macrodianion with p-(dimethylamino) benzaldehyde in excess. The PVA-PS-PVA could then be obtained by hydrolysis of PVAc-PS-PVAc in the sodium ethoxide benzene solution. The intermediates and desirable copolymers were characterized by GPC, IR, and 1H-NMR in detail. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 2595–2600, 1999
Isolation Trench Etch Process Using Pulsed RF Bias Power in HBr/CF4/O2 Plasma

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abrupt changes in sidewall profile were induced in pulsed plasma etch process for high aspect ratio isolation trench structuring. Impacts of operational parameters when applying pulsed RF bias power were investigated. Silicon sidewall chipping problems were removed mainly by increasing bias power level and pulse frequency. The chemical sensitivity of O2 has shown decreased in extremely narrow trench spaces of high pattern density
Investigations on Diamond Nanostructuring of Different\nMorphologies by the Reactive-Ion Etching Process and Their Potential\nApplications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We report the systematic studies\non the fabrication of aligned, uniform, and highly dense diamond nanostructures\nfrom diamond films of various granular structures. Self-assembled\nAu nanodots are used as a mask in the self-biased reactive-ion etching\n(RIE) process, using an O<sub>2</sub>/CF<sub>4</sub> process plasma.\nThe morphology of diamond nanostructures is a close function of the\ninitial phase composition of diamond. Cone-shaped and tip-shaped diamond\nnanostructures result for microcrystalline diamond (MCD) and nanocrystalline\ndiamond (NCD) films, whereas pillarlike and grasslike diamond nanostructures\nare obtained for Ar-plasma-based and N<sub>2</sub>-plasma-based ultrananocrystalline\ndiamond (UNCD) films, respectively. While the nitrogen-incorporated\nUNCD (N-UNCD) nanograss shows the most-superior electron-field-emission\nproperties, the NCD nanotips exhibit the best photoluminescence properties,\nviz, different applications need different morphology of diamond nanostructures\nto optimize the respective characteristics. The optimum diamond nanostructure\ncan be achieved by proper choice of granular structure of the initial\ndiamond film. The etching mechanism is explained by in situ observation\nof optical emission spectrum of RIE plasma. The preferential etching\nof sp<sup>2</sup>-bonded carbon contained in the diamond films is\nthe prime factor, which forms the unique diamond nanostructures from\neach type of diamond films. However, the excited oxygen atoms (O*)\nare the main etching species of diamond film.
Additional file 4: of Genome-wide identification of MST, SUT and SWEET family sugar transporters in root parasitic angiosperms and analysis of their expression during host parasitism

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The VGT clade of MSTs from parasitic plant transcriptomes and non-parasitic Mimulus genome. Note the tendency to express more strongly in stages 6â 1 and 6â 2. (PDF 23 kb)
Children With Adaptation and Behavior Problems

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In this chapter, the adaptation and behavior problem is explained conceptually, and detailed information is given about causal factors related to biology, family, and school. Particularly in the preschool period, adaptation and behavioral problems such as thumb-sucking, nail-biting, enuresis, encopresis, masturbation, lying, aggression, stubbornness, jealousy, fear, anxiety, stealing, sleep disorders, and eating disorders are explained in this chapter, and precautions to reduce/prevent these problems are mentioned.
Combustion Tests of a Staged Supersonic Combustor with a Strut

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To avoid combustor ‐inlet interaction,a staged supersoniccombustorwitha strutforthee rst-stageinjection and second-stage wall injectors at its divergent section was introduced to increase the pressure in the divergent section under the limitation of the peak pressure at its minimum cross-sectional area section. The combustor was tested experimentally in a direct-connect wind-tunnel facility with a combustion heater that supplied Mach 2.5 aire ow witha total temperatureof1500 K.With thestaged injections,thepressurerisedueto thesecond-stagecombustion was isolated from that due to the e rst-stage combustion. Fuel with an equivalence ratio more than unity, twice that of the allowable e ow rate with the e rst-stage injection alone, could be injected without the interaction, and the maximum thrust increment was augmented by 100%. The effects of thesecond-stageinjector placements were also examined, and it was found that the second-stage injection farther upstream resulted in the interaction, but that the injection further downstream resulted in low thrust due to low combustion efe ciency. Nomenclature A = cross-sectional area of e ow pass dF = thrust increment dIsp = specie c impulse based on thrust increment F = thrust P = pressure P.X/ = measured wall pressure at X, mm T = temperature X = streamwise location from step Y = spanwise location from duct center Z = lateral location from duct center ° = specie c heat ratio = Crocco factor (see Ref. 10) A = equivalence ratio Subscripts i = combustor inlet o = combustor outlet 0 = stagnant condition 1 = e rst stage 2 = second stage