jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Peak Travel and the Decoupling of Vehicle Travel from the Economy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Decades of growth in overall and per capita automobile use led many to believe that driving-rate increases would occur indefinitely. In the mid-2000s, driving levels in the United States and other developed countries peaked and then began to decline. Referred to as “peak travel,” this international phenomenon is occurring in places with urban layouts, densities, and demographics that are quite different from one another and suggests a fundamental shift in travel behavior. Simultaneously, after 70 years of concurrent growth, the complex relationship between the economy (as measured by gross domestic product) and personal vehicle travel appears to be changing, and this change suggests a weakening connection between the two. This paper reviews the literature about the current understanding and potential causes of these revolutionary trend reversals. Although causes such as saturation of demand, aging, decline of young drivers, preference shifts, and time budget constraints all contribute to reduced automobile travel at one time or another, or in one place or another, none of these factors can explain why peak travel is occurring on multiple scales in a diversity of places. The authors conclude that although the existing literature explains the recent trend reversal in specific cities or partially explains the global phenomenon, the fundamental reasons for peak travel are still not understood. Further, the authors challenge fellow researchers to explain these phenomena for more accurate and efficient planning of the transportation infrastructure.
Electrical and optical characterisation of novel semiconductor lasers

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This report summarize on the entire nine months of Final Year Project research on characteristics and experimental works for laser devices, namely the semiconductor laser samples and its processing and development. This also includes the characterization tests such as the electrical property test, optical property test and descriptions of a Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) device with its performance improvements in greater details. The research part of the report includes the modern technology development of laser, various types of modern lasers available today, how semi-conductor laser functions and what are the Quantum Cascade Laser (QCL) device operational principles and its applications. Experimental part of the report emphasis on the fabrication process such as photo-lithography, dry etching, PECVD and grinding/polishing. It shows how the semi-conductor laser sample is implemented in the Nano-fabrication Centre before the characterization tests can be performed. Various researches on grinding and back polishing are done prior to going through practices and experiments. The polishing of the wafer sample allows it to have better optimizations in its electrical and optical characterization tests. Throughout these nine months of learning both at NTU Nano-fabrication Canter and Characterization Laboratory, I have gained greater insights in the Clean Room working environment processes and obtained a more in-depth learning on how to accomplish semi-conductor processes step by step. Lastly, the characterization tests and procedures are discussed in the next section. Explanation of the results obtained through the characterization tests is also elaborated. Recommendation of the future grinding and characterization testing are also available at the final component of the report. I believe I have a meaningful learning experience throughout these nine months.
The final examination in United Kingdom medical schools, 1974

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary The structure, character and results of the final M.B. examinations held in United Kingdom medical schools in 1974 were investigated by postal questionnaire. The mean failure rate (10.5 %, range 0‐24.6%) was significantly higher in the student sample from the London medical schools compared with those in the periphery. No significant sex difference in total failure rate was noted. Wide variations were observed in the length and character of the examinations.
Study on Algorithm of Contours Path Generation for Robotic Prototyping

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper introduces some key technologies in contours path generation. Slicing result of STL (Stereolithgraphy) file is a set of closed polygons of cross-sectional contours. The cross-sectional contours must be offset a distance inward solid area in the course of machining parts because of the size of laser light spot. A simple calculating method of offset contours is presented. Aiming at self-intersection of offset contour, a modified algorithm of detecting self-intersection points is proposed. The algorithm reduced the time complexity. To eliminate the invalid loops, a uniform method to identify invalid loops is proposed and an effective removing algorithm of invalid loops is presented. The algorithms of this paper not only improve the efficiency of program but also enhance the precision of part.
The Effect of Controlled Temperature Variations on Growth Rate and Blood Pressure, Hematocrit, and Hemoglobin Values in the Turkey

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Hypertensive and hypotensive strains of turkeys were observed for the possibility of a synergistic response between hypertension and temperature stress. The birds in four experiments were placed in chambers with temperature settings of 15.6, 26.7, and 37.8 C (humidity approximately 60%) and an ambient control. The temperature effect was measured by comparing the responses in body weight-gain, systolic blood pressure, and hematocrit and hemoglobin values. In each experiment both hypertensive and hypotensive strains in the 37.8 C chamber had a significantly lower (P less than or equal to .05) weight gain than those in the other chambers. The 26.7 C chamber had the next lowest weight gain. Considerably more variability in weight gain was observed in the hypertensive strain. Systolic blood pressure data were similar for all experiments. The lowest average blood pressures were recorded in the 37.8 C chamber. The high and low blood pressure strains showed overall average decreases in blood pressure of 28% and 14%, respectively. There was no consistent response in hematocrit and hemoglobin values due to temperature stress. Overall average hematocrit values were 39.1 and 38.0% for the hypertensive and hypotensive strains, respectively, while average hemoglobin values were 11.8 and 12.2 g/dl. The hypertensive strain showed more variation in weight gain, a greater percentage drop in blood pressure, and a 19% mortality rate in the high temperature chambers. These factors indicate that hypertension is an added factor in the overall stress of these birds.
Bad News for β-Cell Apoptosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Although necrosis also plays a role, β-cell death by apoptosis precipitates type 1 diabetes and also contributes to both type 2 diabetes and islet graft failure after transplantation (1). It is therefore surprising that apoptotic pathways, so well explored in other cell types, have barely been characterized in β-cells. A new study in Diabetes now adds to a growing body of work that addresses how proinflammatory cytokines stimulate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in β-cells (2).

Apoptotic pathways converge on the activation of cysteine proteases of the caspase family (3). The distal point of this cascade, caspase-3, in turn regulates the morphological and other features that characterize apoptosis. Signaling upstream of caspase-3 involves two major arms known as extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. The extrinsic route is triggered by ligands of so-called death receptors, which include Fas and tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR). Activation of these receptors facilitates recruitment and cleavage of initiator caspases (such as caspase-8) that act directly on effector caspases such as caspase-3.

In contrast, the intrinsic pathway (also called the mitochondrial or Bcl-2–regulated pathway) is triggered by a loss of mitochondrial outer membrane potential, which facilitates release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial membrane to seed a signaling complex that activates a different set of initiator caspases, including caspase-9 (4). This mitochondrial pathway can be initiated by multiple stimuli and is subject to a complex hierarchical regulation by members of the Bcl-2 family (5). Notably, the proapoptotic members, Bax and Bak, …
Pharmacokinetics of Ertapenem in Healthy Young Volunteers

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Ertapenem (INVANZ) is a new once-a-day parenteral β-lactam antimicrobial shown to be effective as a single agent for treatment of various community-acquired and mixed infections. The single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ertapenem at doses up to 3 g were examined in healthy young men and women volunteers. Plasma and urine samples collected were analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Ertapenem is highly bound to plasma protein. The protein binding changes from ∼95% bound at concentrations of <50 μg/ml to ∼92% bound at concentrations of 150 μg/ml (concentration at the end of a 30-min infusion following the 1-g dose). The nonlinear protein binding of ertapenem resulted in a slightly less than dose proportional increase in the area under the curve from 0 h to infinity (AUC 0-∞ ) of total ertapenem. The single-dose AUC 0-∞ of unbound ertapenem was nearly dose proportional over the dose range of 0.5 to 2 g. The mean concentration of ertapenem in plasma ranged from ∼145 to 175 μg/ml at the end of a 30-min infusion, from ∼30 to 34 μg/ml at 6 h, and from ∼9 to 11 μg/ml at 12 h. The mean plasma t 1/2 ranged from 3.8 to 4.4 h. About 45% of the plasma clearance (CL P ) was via renal clearance. The remainder of the CL P was primarily via the formation of the β-lactam ring-opened metabolite that was excreted in urine. There were no clinically significant differences between the pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in men and women. Ertapenem does not accumulate after multiple once-daily dosing.
Data Fusion and Disease Forecasting for Dengue in Brazil [Slides]

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

54% of the variation in outbreak shape, 38% of seasonal onset, 34% of pairwise correlation in outbreak timing, and 11% of pairwise correlation in outbreak magnitude. Regions that have experienced longer periods of drought sensitivity, as captured by the “normalized burn ratio,” experienced less intense outbreaks, while regions with regular fluctuations in relative humidity had less regular seasonal outbreaks. Both the pairwise correlations in outbreak timing and outbreak trend between mesoresgions were best predicted by distance. Our analysis also revealed the presence of distinct geographic clusters where dengue properties tend to be spatially correlated. Forecasting models aimed at predicting the dynamics of dengue activity need to identify the most salient variables capable of contributing to accurate predictions. Our findings show that successful models may need to leverage distinct variables in different locations and be catered to a specific task, such as predicting outbreak magnitude or timing characteristics, to be useful. This advocates in favor of “adaptive models” rather than “one-size-fits-all” models. The results of this study can be applied to improving spatial hierarchical or target-focused forecasting models of dengue activity across Brazil.
The transgressive agency of the cross-dressing soldier

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter deals with the history of a woman soldier, a participant of the Polish national insurrection of 1863, Anna Henryka Pustowójtówna. Among the pictographic and historiographical representations of women involved in the combat, the image of Pustowójtówna in a man's uniform stands out as most iconic, although her legacy today is undecided. The chapter focuses on the transgressive agency of the figure of a cross-dressing soldier as well as on the emancipatory idea of a citizen-soldier versus the normalizing power of cultural convention. It also reflects on the specific position of women heroes in Polish collective in an attempt to understand why Pustowójtówna has been absent from women's history and feminist discourse of today.
Sources of Onboard Fumes and Smoke Reported by U.S. Airlines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the relative frequency of reports of oil and hydraulic fluid fumes in the ventilation supply air (“fume events”) compared to other types of fumes and smoke reported by U.S. airlines over 10 years. The author reviewed and categorized 12,417 fume/smoke reports submitted to the aviation regulator to comply with the primary maintenance reporting regulation (14 CFR § 121.703) from 2002–2011. The most commonly documented category of onboard fumes/smoke was electrical (37%). Combining the categories of “bleed-sourced”, “oil”, and “hydraulic fluid” created the second most prevalent category (26%). The remaining sources of onboard fumes/smoke are also reported. To put the data in context, the fume event reporting regulations are described, along with examples of ways in which certain events are underreported. These data were reported by U.S. airlines, but aviation regulations are harmonized globally, so the data likely also reflect onboard sources of fumes and smoke reported in other countries with equivalent aviation systems. The data provide insight into the relative frequency of the types of reported fumes and smoke on aircraft, which should drive design, operational, and maintenance actions to mitigate onboard exposure. The data also provide insight into how to improve current fume event reporting rules.
Cervical laminoforaminotomy for the treatment of cervical degenerative radiculopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Object The objective of this systematic review was to use evidence-based medicine to examine the efficacy of posterior laminoforaminotomy in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy. Methods The National Library of Medicine and Cochrane Database were queried using MeSH headings and key words relevant to posterior laminoforaminotomy and cervical radiculopathy. Abstracts were reviewed, and studies meeting inclusion criteria were selected. The guidelines group assembled an evidentiary table summarizing the quality of evidence (Classes I–III). Disagreements regarding the level of evidence were resolved through an expert consensus conference. The group formulated recommendations which contained the degree of strength based on the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines network. Validation was done through peer review by the Joint Guidelines Committee of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons/Congress of Neurological Surgeons. Results Posterior laminoforaminotomy improves clinical outcome in the treatment of cervical radiculopathy resulting from soft lateral cervical disc displacement or cervical spondylosis with resulting narrowing of the lateral recess. All studies were Class III. The most frequent design flaw involved the lack of utilization of validated outcomes measures. In addition, few historical studies included a detailed preoperative analysis of the patients. As such, the vast majority of studies that included both pre- and postoperative assessments with legitimate outcomes measures have been performed since 1990. Conclusions Posterior laminoforaminotomy is an effective treatment for cervical radiculopathy.
Bitsadze-Samarskii problem with a lacking shift condition for the Gellerstedt equation with a singular coefficient

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

For the Gellerstedt equation with a singular coefficient, we study the well-posedness of the problem with the Bitsadze-Samarskii conditions on the ellipticity boundary and on a segment of the degeneration line and with a shift condition on parts of boundary characteristics. We use the maximum principle to prove the uniqueness of the solution of the problem in the class of Hölder functions and the method of integral equations to prove its existence.
Why is China Growing So Fast?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

AbstractSince 1978 the Chinese economy has grown on average more than 9 percent a year. Per capita income has nearly quadrupled in the past 15 years and some analysts predict that within 20 years the Chinese economy will be larger than that of the United States. This pamphlet analyzes the reasons for the extraordinary growth of the Chinese economy.
EXTENDED DISTRIBUTION OF TWO WOODPECKER SPECIES (Micropternus brachyurus and Picus vittatus) IN MERU BETIRI NATIONAL PARK, EAST JAVA, INDONESIA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study discovered extended distribution of two woodpeckers, i.e., the Rufous Woodpecker (Micropternus brachyurus) and the Laced Woodpecker (Picus vittatus) in Meru Betiri National Park, East Java. The records of M. brachyurus were observed three times in Bandealit Resort (9 December 2021, 12 February 2022, and 20 April 2022) and once in Baban Resort on 9 September 2023. These record areas were around the first record area in secondary forest and the edge of plantations (Albizia, Cocos, and Ochroma) that also bordered the Bandealit road. The second record found a single individual foraging in Mangifera indica. The record of P. vittatus was observed once at Bandealit Resort on 11 February 2024. This species perched on Cocos nucifera, Mangifera indica, and Tectona grandis. Referring to altitude distribution, P. vittatus was only recorded at an altitude of 78 m asl., while M. brachyurus was more variable in the range of 79–651 m asl. These findings provide an essential update for the bird checklist in Meru Betiri National Park, particularly in the last 10 years ago.
Changing existing services for older people with an intellectual disability

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper deals with the implications of the national study of older people with an intellectual disability conducted by Ashman, Suttie, and Bramley (1993). It draws attention to a number of the major findings and their relevance for service delivery to this target group of people and their families. In brief, it is argued that older people with an intellectual disability must be considered as individuals rather than as members of a homogeneous group, and that their personal circumstance and needs must be taken into consideration when programming recreation and leisure activities, and when planning their future residential placements. There is a need to be vigilant about medical and health needs as people age, and to consider ways of improving their problem solving skills and their involvement in decisions that will affect them.
The Inhibition of the Activity of Apple Mitochondria by Oxaloacetate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article The Inhibition of the Activity of Apple Mitochondria by Oxaloacetate Get access A. C. HULME, A. C. HULME Ditton Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. J. C. RHODES, M. J. C. RHODES Ditton Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. S. C. WOOLTORTON L. S. C. WOOLTORTON Ditton Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 18, Issue 2, May 1967, Pages 277–296, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/18.2.277 Published: 01 May 1967 Article history Received: 22 August 1966 Published: 01 May 1967
Sinogram Blurring Matrix Estimation From Point Sources Measurements With Rank-One Approximation for Fully 3-D PET

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An accurate system matrix is essential in PET for reconstructing high quality images. To reduce storage size and image reconstruction time, we factor the system matrix into a product of a geometry projection matrix and a sinogram blurring matrix. The geometric projection matrix is computed analytically and the sinogram blurring matrix is estimated from point source measurements. Previously we have estimated a two dimensional (2D) blurring matrix for a preclinical PET scanner. The 2D blurring matrix only considers blurring effects within a transaxial sinogram and does not compensate for inter-sinogram blurring effects. For PET scanners with a long axial field of view (FOV), inter-sinogram blurring can be a major problem influencing the image quality in the axial direction. Hence estimation of a four dimensional (4D) blurring matrix is desirable to further improve the image quality. Four dimensional blurring matrix estimation is an ill-conditioned problem due to the large number of unknowns. Here we propose a rank-one approximation for each blurring kernel image formed by a row vector of the sinogram blurring matrix to improve the stability of the 4D blurring matrix estimation. The proposed method is applied to simulated data as well as real data obtained from an Inveon microPET scanner. The results show that the newly estimated 4D blurring matrix can improve the image quality over those obtained with a 2D blurring matrix and requires less point source scans to achieve similar image quality compared with an unconstrained 4D blurring matrix estimation.
Turnaround in Reverse: Brown, School Improvement Grants, and the Legacy of Educational Opportunity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As we reflect upon the sixtieth anniversary of Brown v. Board of Education, it is critical to not only assess policies advanced during the Obama administration that are aimed at reducing the continuing disparity for minority and economically disadvantaged students, but to also reflect upon what Secretary Duncan called the paradox of educational progress that continues to persist. Part II explores the effort to realize Brown’s promise of integration and equal educational opportunity. It describes a slow but significant history of gains, which has since been thwarted as Brown has been rendered doctrinally impotent. It then considers the relationship between Brown and Title I of the Elementary and Second Education Act (ESEA), and suggests ways to give new life to Brown’s promise of equal educational opportunity. Part III examines a recent effort by the Obama administration to increase educational opportunity for Title I schools that serve primarily economically disadvantaged and Black/Hispanic students through use of School Improvement Grants (SIG). It then outlines the eligibility requirements for Title I and Title I-eligible schools, mandated school improvement models for turnaround contingent upon SIG-funding, and new provisions for school leadership. Part IV considers the preliminary results associated with SIG grant-funding for Cohorts I and II, with a particular focus given to Cohorts I and II in the State of Ohio using data collected by the U.S. and Ohio Departments of Education. Finally, Part V concludes with a critique of the turnaround models attached to SIG grant funding and suggests a revised approach to school reform that would revitalize Brown’s promise of equal educational opportunity.
[Electron microscopic and radioautographic data on the synthesis of RNA and chromatin structure in cells of the rat cerebral cortex].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The intensity of RNA synthesis in cells of the rat brain hemispheres (neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrogliocytes, microgliocytes) was studied by electron microscopic radioautography, and the data obtained were compared with dispersed to condensed chromatin area ratio. The correlation was found between the level of RNA synthesis and dispersed chromatin area. High chromatin dispersity in neuron and intensive NA synthesis in the extranucleolar part of the nucleus made it possible to assume the existence of depression of an especially large genome part and the variability of the proteins produced by this cell.