jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Do Language Models Have a Common Sense regarding Time? Revisiting Temporal Commonsense Reasoning in the Era of Large Language Models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Temporal reasoning represents a vital component of human communication and understanding, yet remains an underexplored area within the context of Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite LLMs demonstrating significant proficiency in a range of tasks, a comprehensive, large-scale analysis of their temporal reasoning capabilities is missing. Our paper addresses this gap, presenting the first extensive benchmarking of LLMs on temporal reasoning tasks. We critically evaluate 8 different LLMs across 6 datasets using 3 distinct prompting strategies. Additionally, we broaden the scope of our evaluation by including in our analysis 2 Code Generation LMs. Beyond broad benchmarking of models and prompts, we also conduct a fine-grained investigation of performance across different categories of temporal tasks. We further analyze the LLMs on varying temporal aspects, offering insights into their proficiency in understanding and predicting the continuity, sequence, and progression of events over time. Our findings reveal a nuanced depiction of the capabilities and limitations of the models within temporal reasoning, offering a comprehensive reference for future research in this pivotal domain.
Efficacy of Zinc Phosphide and Strychnine for Black-Tailed Prairie Dog Control

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Three rodenticide treatments, zinc phosphide (prebaited) and strychnine (both with and without prebait), were evaluated immediately following treatment for efficacy of controlling black-tailed prairie dogs in western South Dakota. Active prairie dog burrows were reduced 95% with zinc phosphide, 83% with strychnine (prebaited), and 45% with strychnine without prebait. Zinc phosphide was the most effective in reducing active burrows of prairie dogs.
High-yield, Enzymatic Synthesis of <SUP>14</SUP>C- or <SUP>3</SUP>H-Labeled 1-<I>O</I>-Valproyl-&beta;-D-glucopyranuronic Acid, the Main Metabolite of Valproic Acid in Human

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

UDPグルクロン酸転移酵素を用い, 容易で高い収率が得られる, 放射能標識1-O-valproyl-β-D-glucopyranuronic acidの合成法を開発した。バルプロ酸, UDP-glucuronic acidおよびUDPグルクロン酸転移酵素を至適pH8.5で48時間保温した。この酵素的合成方法により, カラム精製の後, 14C標識1-O-valproyl-β-D-glucopyranuronic acidおよび3H標識1-O-valproyl-β-D-glu-copyranuronic acidは, それぞれ51.8%および52.5%の収率で得られた。放射化学的純度はそれぞれ98.8%と99.2%であった。一方, 2, 3, 4, 6-tetrabenzyl-D-glucopyranoseとバルプロ酸を使用した化学的合成方法では, 非常に低い収率 (6.8%) を示した。
31. Disclosure

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR) require the parties to give advance notice to their opponents of all the material documentation in their control. This is done in two stages. At the first stage the parties send each other lists of documents, a process called ‘disclosure’. The second stage is ‘inspection’, which is the process by which the other side can request copies of documents appearing in the list of documents, typically with photocopies being provided by the disclosing party. This chapter discusses these processes. It covers lawyers’ and clients’ responsibilities; the stage when disclosure takes place; disclosure orders; standard disclosure; menu option disclosure; duty to search; list of documents; privilege; inspection; orders in support of disclosure; documents referred to in statements of case, etc.; admission of authenticity; and collateral use.
EU Cohesion Policy and European spatial governance: an introduction to territorial, economic and social challenges

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This introductory chapter presents the main development in the EUs Cohesion Policy and its objectives, and the rise of evermore spatially relevant EU policies and funds raising questions on the combined effects. The chapter outlines nine major narratives, that provide explanatory force to the development of the EUs Cohesion Policy: changing narrative to economic support schemes, a weak urban focus, changing demands with changing EU membership, the retainment of decision-making power with the Council, reduction of DG Regio to an administrative, less political DG; increase of topics and policies at the EU level, disintegration and nationalism and new global challenges.
Phenolic Germination Inhibitors in the Seed Balls of Red Beet (Beta vulgarisL. var.rubra)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Phenolic Germination Inhibitors in the Seed Balls of Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. rubra) Get access Hideyuki Chiji, Hideyuki Chiji Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Shigenori Tanaka, Shigenori Tanaka Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masao Izawa Masao Izawa Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 44, Issue 1, 1 January 1980, Pages 205–207, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1980.10863924 Published: 01 January 1980 Article history Received: 16 July 1979 Published: 01 January 1980
Adenosine A2 receptors reverse ischemia-reperfusion lung injury independent of beta-receptors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To evaluate the adenosine systems ability to reverse the endothelial damage produced by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), we studied several different selective adenosine-receptor agonists and antagonists, a protein kinase A inhibitor, and a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist in isolated buffer-perfused rat lungs. I/R (45 min/105 min) produced a sixfold increase in endothelial permeability as measured by the capillary filtration coefficient. Both a selective A2-receptor agonist (CGS-21680, 300 nM) and a beta-receptor agonist (isoproterenol, 10 microM) reversed the increased microvascular permeability. A nonselective adenosine-receptor antagonist (SPT, 20 microM) and a selective A1-receptor antagonist (DPCPX, 10 nM) had no effect on increased microvascular permeability. Also, isoproterenol and CGS-21680 reversed the damage being introduced after a selective A1-receptor agonist (CCPA, 100 nM). The nonspecific adenosine A1- and A2-receptor agonist NECA (12 nM) appeared to desensitize the A2 receptors and a protein kinase A inhibitor, adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphothioate (Rp-cAMPS, 100 microM), blocked the reversal of endothelial damage by isoproterenol or A2-receptor agonist. Propranolol (100 microM) blocked the effect of isoproterenol but not the effect of CGS-21680. From this study we conclude that A2-receptor activation reverses endothelial damage associated with I/R by a mechanism independent of beta-receptors or Gi protein. However, a protein kinase A-3′,5′,-cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway is activated by both the adenosine systems and beta-receptor activation.
STRATEGI ADAPTIF PEMASARAN UMKM SEMBAKO DI DESA SETONO

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to analyse the marketing strategies implemented by micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Setono Village in the face of local market changes. The main issue raised in this research is how the sembako MSMEs adjust their marketing strategies to survive and thrive amid limited resources, intense competition, and changing consumer behaviour. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through a case study method, data was obtained from interviews, observations, and documentation. The results showed that product, price, promotion, and distribution strategies are flexible and adaptive to local needs. Emphasis on social relationships and personalised service are key success factors.
Amulets from the Islamic World : Catalogue of the Exhibition held in Budapest, in 1988

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

On the occasion of the 14th congress of the UEAI, the central theme of which was “Popular Culture in Islam”, an exhibition was organized of Professor Alexander Fodor’s private collection of amulets, magical books and manuscripts, fear cups, censers and rosaries which he has collected in the Middle East and North Africa during the last two decades. The exhibition of these objects belonging to the sphere of popular religion has served several purposes: (1) To demonstrate the identical features of Muslim, Christian and Jewish popular religions in the Middle East; (2) To show the survival and continuity of ancient ideas and practices in the Islamic world; (3) To give an idea about the birth, growth and degeneration of amulets as far as the material, the craftsmanship and the complexity of the contents are concerned. In addition to Muslim amulets, the book includes Jewish, Coptic, Chaldean, Ethiopian, and Greek Orthodox amulets.
Scent-orship and Scent-iments on the Scent-ual: the Relational Geographies of Smoke/Smell between Smokers and Non-Smokers in Singapore

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Building on nascent conceptualizations of a sensory citizenship, I hope to extend the existing scholarship by bringing tobacco research into a productive conversation with emerging debates in sensory studies. Given that the senses mediate mundane social exchanges – I explore how the pungent stench of smoke that lingers on smoking bodies disrupts normative social scripts of being a neutral smelling, civic-minded individual – thus potentially rendering the smoker out of place in many non-smoking public places. By employing qualitative research methods, I investigate how olfactory similarity and difference can have repercussions on how smokers and non-smokers' negotiate their citizenship subjectivities. In this regard, I argue that such divisions of difference that run along sensory lines have become a means of sorting out undesirable citizens from desirable ones as well as those that belong to the broader geo-body of the nation and those who do not.
Koro Presenting in the Prodromal Phase of Schizophrenia in a Patient With Klinefelter Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Klinefelter syndrome (KS), a disorder of abnormal sexual differentiation, is characterized by the presence of an excess X chromosome in males (47, XXY). KS is associated with various neuropsychiatric manifestations such as anxiety, depression, schizotypy, and frank psychosis. Psychosocial factors including stigma and poor coping or psychobiological comorbidities due to neuroendocrine mechanisms have been posited to explain these symptoms. We report the case of a young male with an anxious temperament who presented with the culture-bound neurosis of Koro, which evolved into schizophrenia. The patient also had gender dysphoria and significant social anxiety. The report highlights the implications of anxious traits leading to developing culture-bound neurosis in the prodromal phase of schizophrenia in a patient with KS and its influence on treatment strategies. Integrated psychopharmacological, psychological, and psychosocial interventions are required to promote recovery in patients with KS.
First Record of Endophytic fungi Thielavia basicola Isolated from Xerophyte Plants Suaeda aegyptiaca in Basra, Iraq

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study was conducted with the aim of isolating endophytic fungi from the xerophyte plant Suaeda aegyptiaca . In this study, Thielavia basicola was isolated from the stem of the plant S. aegyptiaca spread in Basrah city, fungus was identified basis on its morphological features and molecular based on amplification of the ITS gene region and the nucleotide sequence of the fungus was deposited in the Genebank under the accession number MT277121.1. The metabolites of the fungal filtrate T. basicola were identified using by GC-MS technology and the results showed that this fungus produces 40 compounds as extracellular secondary metabolites, the most important of which are 9-Octadecenamide, (Z)- and Tributylacetylcitrate and N-Hexadecanoic acid. This is the first study in which T. basicola is isolated from S. aegyptiaca from desert in Iraq.
Phylogenetic Portrait of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Functional Genome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The genome of budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) contains approximately 5800 protein-encoding genes, the majority of which are associated with some known biological function. Yet the extent of amino acid sequence conservation of these genes over all phyla has only been partially examined. Here we provide a more comprehensive overview and visualization of the conservation of yeast genes and a means for browsing and exploring the data in detail, down to the individual yeast gene, at http://yeast-phylogroups.princeton.edu. We used data from the OrthoMCL database, which has defined orthologs from approximately 150 completely sequenced genomes, including diverse representatives of the archeal, bacterial, and eukaryotic domains. By clustering genes based on similar patterns of conservation, we organized and visualized all the protein-encoding genes in yeast as a single heat map. Most genes fall into one of eight major clusters, called “phylogroups.” Gene ontology analysis of the phylogroups revealed that they were associated with specific, distinct trends in gene function, generalizations likely to be of interest to a wide range of biologists.
Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of Mouse α3(IV)NC1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Non-collagenous α3 chain of type IV collagen or α3(IV)NC1, a 28 kDa C-terminal domain of collagen type IV is a specific inhibitor of endothelial cell translation and angiogenesis. In the present study we have cloned and expressed mouse α3(IV)NC1 in baculovirus system. The recombinant protein was expressed in soluble form and tested for several of its biological functions. We identified that this recombinant mouse α3(IV)NC1 specifically inhibited proliferation, translation and tube formation of endothelial cells. Also, we show that α3(IV)NC1 treatment results in apoptosis specifically in proliferating endothelial cells. In addition we report for the first time that mouse α3(IV)NC1 inhibits migration and p38 MAPK phosphorylation in addition to inhibition of FAK/Akt/mTOR/4E-BP1 signaling. In mice α3(IV)NC1 treatment reduced tumor growth and CD-31 positive endothelial vasculature in tumors. Collectively, our data demonstrate the expression of biologically active form of mouse α3(IV)NC1 in Sf-9 cells and provide important mechanistic insights on α3(IV)NC1 antiangiogenic actions in endothelial cells.
Lessons of LBIE

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Two notable traumas followed the failure of Lehman Brothers on 15 September 2008. The first was the catastrophic delivering that affected wholesale financial institutions in 2009, as the post-LBIE markets went into free-fall. The second was the very long delays in the return of client assets held by in the UK Lehman Brothers International (Europe) (LBIE). The systemic failure has been associated with the reuse of securities collateral in general. Some have argued that the client asset delays were associated with a category of reuse, known as rehypothecation, in particular. Regulatory reforms have been introduced with a view to addressing both. However, this chapter argues that the true lesson of both failures is not yet fully reflected in regulation. This is the profound impact of shadow banking, and the reuse of securities collateral within it, upon client asset protection and systemic risk management alike.
HPV DNA target hybridization concentrations studies using interdigitated electrodes (IDE) for early detection of cervical cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human Papillomaviruses (HPV) is the major cause of cervical cancer. HPV 16 and HPV 18 are the two types of HPV are the most HPV-associated cancers and responsible as a high-risk HPV. Cervical cancer took about 70 percent of all cases due to HPV infections. Cervical cancer mostly growth on a woman's cervix and its was developed slowly as cancer. TiO2 particles give better performance and low cost of the biosensor. The used of 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTES) will be more efficient for DNA nanochip. APTES used as absorption reaction to immobilize organic biomolecules on the inorganic surface. Furthermore, APTES provide better functionalization of the adsorption mechanism on IDE. The surface functionalized for immobilizing the DNA, which is the combination of the DNA probe and the HPV target produces high sensitivity and speed detection of the IDE. The Current-Voltage (IV) characteristic proved the sensitivity of the DNA nanochip increase as the concentration varied from 0% concentration to 24% of APTES concentration.
Information Costs

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Paternalistic restrictions on choice might in three ways economize on the cost of producing information. First, contracts that appear to impose extreme burdens upon a party, such as contracts of slavery, might be banned because of the information production or screening costs that a court would incur in determining whether the party really consented to be bound. Second, the plethora of choices offered a consumer might be thought to impose the excessive search costs of finding exactly the right goods to buy. Third, a person might have an incentive to bear excessive signaling costs in revealing information about himself unless paternalistic rules prevent him from doing so. Except in extreme cases, none of these provide a strong basis for paternalism.
Population densities and habitat associations of the range-restricted Rock Firefinch Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Population densities, using distance sampling, and habitat associations of the range-restricted Rock Firefinch Lagonosticta sanguinodorsalis were investigated between late May and early July 2002 in a protected site at Amurum on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, and in unprotected surrounding habitats. Rock Firefinches were strongly associated with inselbergs and rocky outcrops and avoided scrub and abandoned farmland. Density was not significantly higher on the Amurum protected site (0.79 birds/ha; 95% CL 0.51–1.21) than on the unprotected areas (0.55 birds/ha; 95% CL 0.37–0.82). Rock Firefinches were locally common around inselbergs on the Jos Plateau, even where this habitat was unprotected. It remains uncertain to what extent increasing habitat degradation may affect this species' ability to persist as small populations in isolated habitat fragments. Rock Firefinch's host-specific brood parasite, the similarly range-restricted Jos Plateau Indigobird Vidua maryae , was not seen until June during this study, and no density estimate is available.
Surface Roughness and Color Stability of 3D-Printed Denture Base Materials after Simulated Brushing and Thermocycling

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is increasingly used to fabricate denture base materials. However, information on the effect of simulated brushing and thermocycling on the surface roughness and color stability of 3D-printed denture base materials is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brushing and thermocycling on the surface roughness and color stability of 3D-printed denture base materials and to compare with those of milled and heat-polymerized denture base resins. Disk-shaped specimens (Ø 10 mm × 2 mm) were prepared from 4 different denture base resins (NextDent Denture 3D+ (ND); Denturetec (SC); Polident d.o.o (PD); Promolux (CNV)) (n = 10). Surface roughness (Ra) values were measured before and after polishing with a profilometer. Initial color coordinates were measured by using a spectrophotometer after polishing. Specimens were then consecutively subjected to simulated brushing (10,000 cycles), thermocycling (10,000 cycles), and brushing (10,000 cycles) again. Ra and color coordinates were measured after each interval. Color differences (ΔE00) between each interval were calculated and these values were further evaluated considering previously reported perceptibility (1.72 units) and acceptability (4.08 units) thresholds. Data were analyzed with Friedman, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney U tests (α = 0.05). Ra (p ≥ 0.051) and ΔE00 (p ≥ 0.061) values among different time intervals within each material were similar. Within each time interval, significant differences in Ra (p ≤ 0.002) and ΔE00 values (p ≤ 0.001) were observed among materials. Polishing, brushing, and thermocycling resulted in acceptable surface roughness for all materials that were either similar to or below 0.2 µm. Color of ND printed resin was affected by brushing and thermocycling. All materials had acceptable color stability when reported thresholds are considered.
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic N‐Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 75. Synthesis of 2,4‐Disubstituted 5,6‐Dihydro[1]benzoxepino[5,4‐d]pyrimidines and 12‐Substituted 1,2,4,5‐Tetrahydro[1]benzoxepino[4,5‐e]imidazo[1,2‐c]pyrimidines as Potential Antiplatelet Aggregators.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Several compound libraries are prepared including compounds (III) and other compounds derived from (III), e.
LYAPUNOV SPECTRA OF COUPLED CHAOTIC MAPS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Largest Lyapunov exponents and Lyapunov spectra of desynchronous coupled chaotic maps with finite coupling strength are investigated by considering different map functions. For sufficiently large system size there exists a parameter region where the largest Lyapunov exponents are independent of system size and coupling strength. This parameter region is called the scaling region. Some scaling exponent and scaling function in the distribution of Lyapunov spectra are found. These scaling behaviors are model independent. All the above numerical observations are explained, based on heuristic physical understanding of the competition of intensity of chaoticity, and strength of coupling, and on an analogy of the discrete coupled maps with continuous extended systems.
Fishermen's Adaptation Strategy to the Impact of Climate Change in Lamanggau Village, Tomia Sub-district, Wakatobi Regency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to (1) determine the types of livelihoods of fishermen in Lamanggau Village, Tomia District, Wakatobi Regency, (2) determine the perception of fishermen towards climate change and its impacts in Lamanggau Village, Tomia District, Wakatobi Regency, and (3) determine the adaptation strategies of fishermen to the impacts of climate change in an effort to maintain the sustainability of their livelihoods in Lamanggau Village, Tomia District, Wakatobi Regency. The population in this study was the fishermen in Lamanggau Village, 150 people. The determination of the research sample was carried out using the Slovin formula, so that 35 respondents were obtained. The research analysis used qualitative descriptive analysis and a Likert scale. The results of the study showed that the types of livelihoods of fishermen in Lamanggau Village were trolling, octopus fishing, squid fishing, drag nets, and gill nets. Then the perception of fishermen towards climate change and its impacts in Lamanggau Village is still very bad. And the fishermen's adaptation strategy to the impacts of climate change in an effort to maintain the sustainability of community livelihoods is carried out in a good way, whether in the form of using environmentally friendly fishing gear, changing the location or fishing to anticipate climate change, diversifying livelihoods outside the fishing profession and participating in training on sustainable fishing techniques