jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Plasma conditions for non-Maxwellian electron distributions in high current discharges and laser-produced plasmas

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Results from the standard quasilinear theory of ion-acoustic and Langmuir plasma microturbulence are incorporated into the kinetic theory of the electron distribution function. The theory is then applied to high current discharges and laser-produced plasmas, where either the current flow or the nonlinear laser-light absorption acts, respectively, as the energy source for the microturbulence. More specifically, the theory is applied to a selenium plasma, whose charge state is determined under conditions of collisional-radiative equilibrium, and plasma conditions are found under which microturbulence strongly influences the electron kinetics. In selenium, we show that this influence extends over a wide range of plasma conditions. For ion-acoustic turbulence, a criterion is derived, analogous to one previously obtained for laser heated plasmas, that predicts when Ohmic heating dominates over electron-electron collisions. This dominance leads to the generation of electron distributions with reduced high-energy tails relative to a Maxwellian distribution of the same temperature. Ion-acoustic turbulence lowers the current requirements needed to generate these distributions. When the laser heating criterion is rederived with ion-acoustic turbulence included in the theory, a similar reduction in the laser intensity needed to produce non-Maxwellian distributions is found. Thus we show that ion-acoustic turbulence uniformly (i.e., by the same numerical factor) reduces the electrical and heat conductivities, as well as the current (squared) and laser intensity levels needed to drive the plasma into non-Maxwellian states.These effects are large over a wide range of plasma temperatures and densities such as found in Z-pinch, laser-produced, or opening switch plasmas. The reduction in laser intensity thresholds for generating non-Maxwellian states is a result of microturbulence enhanced laser absorption, which can be observed at any laser intensity. Thus, if microturbulence is the cause of the heat flux inhibition, then the magnitude of the inhibition might be directly observed through the use of probe-laser beams. Finally, we calculate the laser intensities and the current densities needed to change the electron distributions in the presence of ion-acoustic turbulence. These calculations are carried out by assuming that the electrostatic fluctuations scale as the square root of the electron plasma parameter in a weakly microturbulent selenium plasma. The laser intensities calculated in this example are found to be only slightly in excess of those used in recently conducted experiments.
Electroconvulsive therapy in later life

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is not contraindicated by advanced age. Indeed, over the years a number of studies have reported a more favorable treatment response in elderly people (Gold & Chiarella, 1944; Hobson, 1953; Roberts, 1959; Mendels, 1967; Coryell & Zimmerman, 1984). Reviewers have concluded, modestly, that elderly people respond to ECT at least as well as younger people (Weiner, 1982; Benbow, 1989). There are, however, particular areas of concern for clinicians who prescribe ECT for elderly people: concurrent physical illness is often present, and possible side-effects may worry doctor, relatives and patient.
Reamker (Rāmakerti), the Cambodian version of the Rāmāyaṇa. a review article

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Mrs. Jacob has provided us with a translation, for the first time in English, of the most important text in classical Cambodian literature, with an introduction and critical notes and lists, which will be of great help to anyone studying the Cambodian text. The Cambodian Rāmāyaṇa was composed anonymously by at least three authors over three centuries, and is divided into two parts. The earliest writer, of the sixteenth century, accounts for about a fifth of the first part, covering the main events of the Bālakāṇḍa and Ayodhyakāṇḍa. It was continued in the seventeenth century with the story up to Rāvaṇa's assembling the remnants of his army for the final battle with Rāma: but Rāvaṇa's death, the rescue of Sītā and her trial by fire, and the triumphant return to Ayodhya, are all missing. The second part of the Cambodian Rāmāyaṇa relates those events from the Uttarakāṇḍa which deal specifically with the later history of Rāma and Sītā: her second rejection and exile, the birth of their two sons, the meeting again, and Sītā's going down into the earth. This part is believed to have been composed in the eighteenth century.
Occupying the edge : Christchurch urban housing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The February 2011 Christchurch earthquake caused loss of life and widespread damage, especially in the central city and poorer eastern suburbs. Architects and urban planners have been working with the council over the following two years and have produced various planning documents to guide the rebuild. Throughout this process housing, one of the main components in the original plans has become increasingly excluded from the central city plans with every revision. Satellite suburbs and the relocation of families from the eastern suburbs to the periphery of Christchurch is already underway. The sidelining of housing and introduction of commercial zones raise questions about the feasibility and importance of housing within the city center. \n \nThis research project is an urban housing scheme for central city Christchurch that combines the disciplines of Urban Planning and Architecture in an attempt to build on and improve the “100-day Blueprint plan” released in 2012. This project explores housing through an analysis of site specific environmental, economic and social factors. Urban housing can be a solution when used as a tool to improve pre-quake conditions and to bring life and people back into the city. Specifically this design research examines the people and places affected by the proposed the “eastern frame”. \nThis research revealed the need for a new typology of urban housing to mitigate the prevailing east–northeasterly winds, with the long term objective of creating an improved urban environment for pedestrians and residents. \n \nFrom this research it became clear that New Zealand urban housing shortages could be approached in a different way, perhaps using satellite suburbs or small apartment complexes in a larger comprehensive development that included other uses. This discovery has resulted in a project that calls for both the public and private sectors to work together on a 50 year long term plan, with staged design and build processes to enhance community engagement, and with the objective of re-establishing a connection and sense of community ownership through design. \n \nProject site: East Frame area - east of Cathedral Square bounded by Manchester Street, Gloucester Street, Madras Street
Area-level Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Use of Mammography Screening: A Multilevel Analysis of the Health of Houston Survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

An emerging literature reports that women who reside in socioeconomically deprived communities are less likely to adhere to mammography screening. This study explored associations between area-level socioeconomic measures and mammography screening among a racially and ethnically diverse sample of women in Texas.
Two-dimensional photoacoustic imaging of femtosecond filament in water

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report a first-of-its-kind optoacoustic tomography of femtoseconds filament in water. Using wide-band (about 100 MHz) piezoelectric detector and back-projection reconstruction technique a filament profile was retrieved. Obtained pressure distribution induced by the femtosecond filament determines the filament location and its radial size with spatial resolution better than 10μm.
Gambling harm prevention campaigns: Effects of the campaign source on credibility, message interpretation, and gambling urge (SourceCamp-Jeux)

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Gambling participation and related harms are on the rise in France, despite an overall decline in household spending on leisure. Public health authorities and regulators have launched prevention campaigns to raise awareness about gambling-related risks. However, these campaigns originate from diverse sources—regulatory agencies (e.g., ANJ), public health bodies (e.g., SPF), and gambling operators—whose perceived intentions and credibility may differ. This mixed-method study investigates how the source of a gambling harm prevention campaign influences (1) the perceived credibility of the source, (2) how the message is interpreted (e.g., protective vs. promotional intent), and (3) participants' intention or desire to gamble. We will also examine whether the intensity of participants' gambling behavior moderates these effects. We hypothesize that campaigns from SPF and ANJ will be rated as more credible and protective than those from gambling operators, and will trigger lower gambling desire. These effects are expected to be weaker among participants with more problematic gambling patterns. Findings will inform evidence-based decisions about who should lead gambling prevention efforts.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Magnetism and Vibrational Spectrum of Dipotassium Iron(II) Hexathiodiphosphate(IV), K2Fe(P2S6).

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Insoluble Organics as Electron-Transporting Materials Enabled by Solvothermal Technology for Solution-Processable Perovskite Solar Cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Introducing electron transport materials (ETMs) into perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has opened up a new avenue to improve device efficiency. However, the most commonly used method of introducing ETMs still relies on a high-vacuum process due to their poor solubility, which prevents the application of ETMs in full solution-processable PSCs. Here, solvothermal technology is employed to treat the insoluble perylene diimide (PDI) molecule, giving the typical n-type organic semiconductor its soluble properties. The as-obtained products (PDI-CDs) as ETMs not only are suitable for the preparation of solution-processable PSCs but also have matched energy levels with adjacent components in the device. The appearance of oxygen-containing functional groups enables PDI-CDs to chelate uncoordinated Pb, suppressing interfacial recombination and improving efficiency by passivating the surface defects of perovskite crystals. The all-air processed carbon-based PSCs modified with PDI-CDs achieved a respectable power conversion efficiency of 11.90%.
MICROCOMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION PLANNING

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper describes the authors experiences in the application of microcomputers to transportation planning. The purchase of two burroughs B-20 microcomputers by the Policy Planning Branch of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications was also taken as an opportunity to review the traditional transportation models to assess whether a new approach could be developed appropriate to todays needs. After review of the existing approach and its perceived deficiencies in the context of the present transportation goals of the Ministry, it was decided that a process was required which was more flexible, where the results and their relationship to assumptions would be readily explainable to decision makers, and which would permit rapid testing of different options relating to specific issues. The approach adopted replaced most of the mathematical modelling used previously with a process based on discussion and judgemental feedback. The authors consider it to have been successful in meeting most of the original objectives although it is too early to assess whether the technique will gain widespread acceptance. In particular they consider that it promoted a fuller understanding of the transportation trade-offs and issues by both the project staff and their contacts outside the Ministry. The use of the microcomputers permitted fast turn around of feedback and the iteration of results. The system proved easy to use and software development time was minimal. A substantial cost saving was realized compared to using a mainframe computer. Use of other software, mainly word processing, permitted substantial time savings in the production of the final report. Limitations of the micro were the computation time required to run programs for large zone systems and the non-transferability of software.
p Dynamic Gesture Recognition Using PCA with Multi-scale Theory and HMM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a dynamic gesture recognition system is presented which requires no special hardware other than a Webcam. The system is based on a novel method combining Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with hierarchical multi-scale theory and Discrete Hidden Markov Models (DHMM). We use a hierarchical decision tree based on multiscale theory. Firstly we convolve all members of the training data with a Gaussian kernel, which blurs differences between images and reduces their separation in feature space. This reduces the number of eigenvectors needed to describe the data. A principal component space is computed from the convolved data. We divide the data in this space into two clusters using the k-means algorithm. Then the level of blurring is reduced and PCA is applied to each of the clusters separately. A new principal component space is formed from each cluster. Each of these spaces is then divided into two and the process is repeated. We thus produce a binary tree of principal component spaces where each level of the tree represents a different degree of blurring. The search time is then proportional to the depth of the tree, which makes it possible to search hundreds of gestures in real time. The output of the decision tree is then input into DHMM to recognise temporal information. Keyword: PCA, Multi-scale theory, Decision tree, DHMM 1.
Capital structure and profitability of Vietnamese commercial banks: Evidence from Monte Carlo simulation via the Bayes

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The objective of this study was to investigate the existence of an optimal capital structure for commercial banks. The authors employed a Bayesian regression approach to analyze the data gathered from 24 listed commercial banks in Vietnam from 2011 to 2021. The findings prove the existence of the optimal capital structure of banks. Furthermore, the study underscores the significance of bank size in enhancing overall bank performance and reveals that inflation positively affects bank profitability. Leveraging the advantages of the Bayesian methodology for small sample data analysis, the authors introduced a framework for estimating the optimal capital structure for individual banks. In this context, two banks were selected for case studies: Asia Commercial Bank (ACB) and Vietnam Joint Stock Commercial Bank for Industry and Trade (CTG). The analysis indicated that both banks maintain a deposit-to-total assets ratio that exceeds the optimal threshold and should consider adjustments to bring this ratio down. Conversely, the non-deposit to total assets ratio for both banks remains relatively low, suggesting a potential for an increase in order to optimize their financial performance.
Adaptation as a Water Resource Policy Challenge —Institutions and Science

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Adaptation is the pursuit of active, deliberate measures to enhance humankind's capacity to manage water supply and attenuate demand in the face of climate uncertainty. This article contends that worsening constraints upon freshwater due to climate variability demand concerted, imaginative, science-based solutions. These solutions must join creative management to co-production of climate knowledge. Through a series of case studies, we analyze the need for adaptation approaches to prevail over climate variability, and the role of these factors to facilitate their implementation. We also examine how translation of climate knowledge is helping spur adaptation at various spatial levels. These experiences point to the challenges in adaptation, and the adversity various regions will be faced if we do not.
Molar Intrusion in the Management of Anterior Openbite and ‘High Angle’ Class II Malocclusions: About a Case Report

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Anterior open bite is a complex malocclusion that often requires comprehensive treatment due to its multifactorial etiology and high relapse potential. Conventional treatment options such as orthognathic surgery or extraction therapy may have limitations. Recent advancements in skeletal anchorage have introduced miniscrews as a minimally invasive and reliable alternative. This case report illustrates an 18-year-old female with sagittal skeletal Class II pattern, hyperdivergent facial type and class I molar and end-on Class II canine relationship, with an anterior open bite. The treatment plan consisted of using miniscrews placed bilaterally in the posterior maxilla to facilitate molar intrusion. A transpalatal arch was used to maintain transverse stability during the intrusion phase. The approach resulted in effective molar intrusion, closure of the open bite, and an improved facial profile.
Exploring the competitive and quality potentials of internet radio

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The advancement of technology is not limited anymore to merely the sophistication of the desktop PC. Integrated items such as wireless capacity to broadband connectivity to software intricacy have conspired to propel the rapid diffusion of the internet into all genres of life. As found through a review of literature and conceptual modelling, the true value of the internet might just be found in its complementary potential with traditional forms of product delivery channels, not its stand-alone wherewithal as a competitor. The radio industry has the opportunity now to amalgamate the internet on the cusp of its real, quantifiable penetration and diffusion into the culture. Station management can strategically leverage the internet to expand its demographic base and broaden advertising opportunities.
Refractory Characters, Shards of Time and Space

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

An Ingmar Bergman film is, if you //ice, one twenty- fourth of a second metamorphosed and expanded over an hour and a half. It is the world between two blinks of the eyelids, the sadness between two heart-beats, the gaiety between two handclaps ... His camera seeks only one thing: to seize the present moment at its most fugitive, and to delve deep into it so as to give it the quality of eternity.
Health Risk Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Roadside Roasted Corn from Selected Areas of Bwari Local Government Area, FCT, Nigeria

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This research examined the presence of lead and cadmium in roasted corn sold by roadside vendors. Five locations (Market Square, Ade Femi Street, Abiola Road, SCC Road, and Primary School) were selected for the research according to the availability of vendors and vehicular activities. Roasted corns were oven-dried at 80℃ and digested according to standard methods. The concentrations of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) were determined with an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The data generated was analyzed with the R statistical program version 4.3.0. Lead and cadmium concentrations in the roasted corn varied significantly (p < 0.05) across the study locations. The Pb content of the roasted corn varied from 0.08±0.00 mg Kg-1 – to 0.29±0.00 mg kg-1 , While Cd was found to be within the range of 0.006±0.00 mg kg-1 – 0.09±0.00 mg kg-1 . Lead levels in roasted corn at Market Square were above WHO limits of 0.2 mg kg-1 . However, the Cd levels were within the acceptable limit of 0.1 mg kg-1. The strong positive correlation observed between Pb-Cd pairs in the roasted corn was a strong indication of similarity in the origin of the contamination. The potential risk associated with Pb and Cd exposure in roasted corn was determined by the Average Daily Intake of metals (ADI, Health Risk Index (HRI), and Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR). The risk assessment indices revealed that HRI was < 1, indicating a non-potential health risk for adults and children. Also, the estimated ILCR for Pb and Cd was within the acceptable limit of 1 x 10-4 – 1x 10-6 . This study shows that consumers of roasted corn sold at Market Square may be at risk of lead toxicity with continuous exposure.
[Transgenic mouse model for hepatocellular carcinoma in human hepatitis B virus infection].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The exact role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in hepatocarcinogenesis is not known. We generated HBV x gene transgenic mice under the hypothesis that the viral transactivator may alter the host gene expression and lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The x gene under its own regulatory element caused progressive histopathological changes specifically in the transgenic mouse liver, beginning with multifocal foci of altered hepatocytes, followed by the appearance of neoplasia. This finding shows, for the first time, the direct involvement of HBV in the development of liver cancer. Analyses of events that follow the expression of the x gene suggest that the x gene acts at the early stage of carcinogenesis in the liver.
THYROID PROTEINS AND HORMONE SYNTHESIS IN VARIOUS BENIGN THYROID DISEASES: IN VIVO AND ORGAN CULTURE STUDIES

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The iodoproteins were extracted from 61 thyroid glands with signs of various benign diseases. In 59, the solubility properties and ultracentrifugation behaviour of the iodoproteins were normal, although the hormone synthesis was deficient. The incorporation of radioiodine into the hormones (T 4 * and T 3 ) was smallest when the iodination of thyroglobulin (Tg) was lowest. In these cases the concentration of Tg was less than normal, but is seemed that the disorders of hormone synthesis were correlated with a deficiency in the iodination of Tg. Two goitres were clearly different from the other cases studied; thus anomalies of the iodoproteins are rare. In these two goitres, Tg was virtually absent, although thyroid hormones were synthesized. Electrophoresis on acrylamide gel in one of these goitres showed 3 protein bands corresponding to the light fractions in extracts of normal thyroid tissue. Albumin (F 1 ) was the only iodinated protein of this goitre and seemed to support hormone synthesis. Albumin did not appear to be synthesized by the thyroid tissue since 14 C-amino acids were not incorporated into this fraction in organ culture. The other fractions (F 2 and F 3 ) did not incorporate radioiodine but appeared to incorporate 14 C-amino acids to a slight extent. It is possible that this goitre is able to synthesize the precursors of Tg but not Tg itself.