jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Operative Anatomy of Abdomen and Pelvis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In their preface the authors indicate that the purpose of this book is to present the anatomy and function of structures pertinent to abdominal and pelvic operations, and in some instances to state briefly the aims of a procedure, what structures are available for its accomplishment, what anomalies may be encountered, what and where the structures are that must be identified or avoided, and the availability of several different techniques from which to choose for achieving the desired results. They have accomplished this superbly in one 418-page volume that is concisely but clearly written, meticulously indexed, and profusely illustrated with 224 appropriate, informative, and well-chosen illustrations. Seldom has so much valuable and pertinent information been provided on so few pages. The book is divided into seven general sections; each section contains chapters that focus on the anatomy and functions of the structures pertinent to that area and techniques of operations
Why Prunus mahaleb (Rosaceae) produces more flowers than fruits

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Various mutually compatible hypotheses have been proposed to explain the low levels of fruit set observed in many hermaphrodite plants. I carried out trials to determine which of these hypotheses best explains the low fruit set occurring in Prunus mahaleb L. (Rosaceae). The results of insect exclusion, supplementary pollination, and flower removal experiments indicate that the ovary reserve hypothesis and the selective abortion hypothesis seem to be the most likely explanations for the production of excess flowers in P. mahaleb.
ROAD SAFETY: A RISK EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT PERSPECTIVE

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Safety and risk are closely related, and this paper discusses road safety issues from a perspective of risk evaluation and management procedures, which have been getting increasing use in business and engineering in recent years. The concepts of risk and exposure, the measurement of risk and exposure, and the relative performance of various modes of travel are discussed. The development of a new road safety strategy for NZ is discussed from a risk evaluation and management perspective. It is concluded that while it might be clear which locations should be the focus of accident reduction efforts, there is a need for more effort to identify treatment effectiveness, to facilitate selection of the most appropriate treatment. There is also a need for greater attention to the complex interactions of factors contributing to accidents, and for less bias towards blaming users. It is concluded that there is much scope for applying risk management techniques, especially those that allow for uncertainty in the input variables. (a) For the covering entry of this conference, please see ITRD abstract no. E208379.
Method for Generating Key Stream Based on Encoding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper formulated the generating procedure of key stream of chaos in the term of information theory,presentd and proved that generating efficiency of key stream can be improved through sampling-and-encoding method to process real number sequence of chaos.And the paper made research on the relationship between the amount of encoding bits and pseudorandomness and generating efficiency.The amount of encoding bits effects pseudorandomness of binary sequence a little,and the standard devia-tion of each sample is 0.0135 at most,specially,when 18,the standard deviations converge apparently.Generating efficiency keeps higher,when the amount of encoding bits falls into the interval of 6 through 15,and arrive to the highest point when 12.The paper compared the binary-field method and the proposed sampling-and-encoding method in terms of theoretic and experimental proof and showed that sampling-and-encoding method can reserve more pseudorandom information so that it can improve the generating efficiency of key stream.The sampling-and-encoding method is a beneficial tentative experience to enrich the generating ways of key stream.
Metal-Oxo Cluster Catalysts for Photocatalytic Water Splitting and Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Photocatalytic water splitting and carbon dioxide photoreduction are considered effective strategies for alleviating the energy crisis and environmental pollution. Polynuclear metal-oxo clusters possess excellent electron storage/release ability and unique catalytic properties via intermetallic synergy, which enables them with great potential in environmentally friendly photosynthesis. Importantly, metal-oxo clusters with precise structure can not only act as high-efficiency catalysts but also provide well-defined structural models for exploring structure–activity relationships. In this review, we systematically summarize recent progress in the catalytic application of polynuclear metal-oxo clusters, including polyoxometalate clusters, low-cost transition metal clusters, and metal-oxo-cluster-based metal–organic frameworks for water splitting and CO 2 reduction. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and solutions to the problems of polynuclear metal - oxo clusters in photocatalysis.
Lipase-Catalyzed Interesterification for the Synthesis of Medium-Long-Medium (MLM) Structured Lipids

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Medium-long-medium (MLM) structured lipids typically contain medium-chain fatty acids (C6-C12) at sn-1,3 and long-chain fatty acids (C14-C24) at sn-2 positions. They have reduced calories and are suitable for the control of obesity, lipid malabsorption and other metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the synthesis of MLM lipids by the enzymatic interesterification. It gives detailed description of biocatalysts, substrates, reactors and synthesis methods, and discusses the use of MLM lipids in food products. The information provided in this review can be considered as the current state-of-the art for developing a future strategy for the synthesis of MLM structured lipids.
Challenging the Inevitable: Anatomy of a Suicide at the Royal Court Theatre London [Anatomy of a Suicide, Katie Mitchell]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Crítica ao espectáculo Anatomy of a Suicide. Author: Alice Birch. Director: Katie Mitchell. Set designer: Alex Eales. Costume designer: Sarah Blenkinsop. Lighting designer: James Farncombe. Composer: Paul Clark. Sound designer: Melanie Wilson. Associate director: Lily McLeish. Assistant director: Grace Gummer. Casting director: Amy Ball. Production manager: Marty Moore. Costume supervisor: Lucy Walshaw. Company manager: Joni Carter. Deputy stage manager: Sophie Rubenstein. Assistant stage manager: Louise Quaeermain. Stage management work place‑ ment: Robert Fletchr. Chaperone: Grace Osborne. Cast: Gershwyn Eustache Jnr. (Jamie), Paul Hilton (John), Peter Hobdaay (Dan/Dave/Felix/Luke/Nick), Adelle Leonce (Bonnie), Sarah Malin (Daisy/Diane/Emma/Esther/Karen/May), Jodie McNee (Jo/Laura/Lola), Hattie Morahan (Carol), Kate O’Flynn (Anna), Sophie Pettit, Vicki Szent‑Kirallyl (Anna/Daisy/Louise), Dickson Tyrell (Tim/Toby/Steve/ Mark). Place and date of premiere: Royal Court Theatre (Jerwood Theatre Downstairs), 3rd June, 2017.
Polyphenol Profile and Antioxidant Properties of Various Solvent Fractions of Phyllanthus amarus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The prevention of various diseases and the promotion of health are the major functions of natural antioxidants. In the current study, the polyphenols, phytochemicals and antioxidants contents of various fractions of P. amarus obtained through fractionation were examined. Liquid-liquid partition separation was used in separating the P. amarus crude extract into various fractions (methanol, diethyl ether, n-hexane, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions). The amount of polyphenols were assessed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Phytochemicals and antioxidants assay were performed with standard methods. The phytochemical screening of P. amarus crude extract and different fractions revealed the presence of saponins (4.00 ± 0.50 mg/dL), tannins (7.50± 1.20 mg/dL), alkaloids (6.40 ± 0.05 mg/dL), steroids (1.55 ± 0.15 mg/dL), and flavonoids (6.00 ± 1.02 mg/dL). There was a significant improvement in the DPPH scavenging activity, flavonoids, total phenol, FRAP, ABTS, TAC, and ascorbate oxidase when comparing the crude extract to various fractions. Nine polyphenols such as o-salicyclic acid, caffeic acid, p-anisic acid, protocatechuic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid and sinapinic acid were targeted in crude extract and different fractions. The total polyphenol content of crude extract and various fractions were as follows; crude extract > methanol fraction > diethyl ether fraction > n-hexane fraction > n-butanol fraction > aqueous fraction. Overall, diethyl ether and methanol were found to be the best solvents for the extraction of antioxidant compounds from P. amarus leaves.
Minority Student Perspectives on the Use of Intervention Strategies in Writing Classrooms.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A study examined the effects of intervention strategies on the revisions minority students made in narrative essays in a process-oriented classroom. Thirteen African-American and Latino students enrolled in a private boarding school in New England participated in the research. The effect of teacher interventions was explored through two mini-lessons, one peer conference, and one set of teacher comments written directly on student papers. At the end of the essay sequence, students participated in individual interviews, and tudent papers were analyzed to measure the absolute number of changes, type of changes, and level of changes after each intervention. Results revealed that teacher intervention generated numerous changes and revisions primarily on a sentence level, while the peer conference produced fewer changes, mostly of word and word unit substitutions. These changes were more closely related to the types of revisions students made when no interventions were present. Findings suggest (1) that for these minority students, in contrast to earlier findings regarding process writing, the input of a teacher is greatly valued as long as that input is perceived as providing new information; and (2) that peer conferences were not valued because these students did not generally perceive peers as being able to help. These findings further suggest that directive instruction gives minority students access to a power with writing that they do not have as long as they are confined by their own insecurities about written expression. (Two figures of data are included.) (KEH) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the fast that can be made from the original document. *************u***p***************************************************** Minority Student Perspectives on the Use of Intervention Strategies in Writing Classrooms
[Closing-opening wedge osteotomy for kyphotic deformity due to ankylosing spondylitis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

强直性脊柱炎会造成典型的脊柱圆背后凸畸形,其特征包括:正常腰椎前凸弧度变平及胸椎后凸弧度增加而造成头、颈向前倾.有时也会形成颈胸椎接合处屈曲的增加.最后,整个脊柱会在后凸畸形的姿势形成骨性强直.患者最主要的主诉是无法平视.畸形会限制患者日常生活活动,且会对患者产生身心方面的影响.在严重的病例,会因内脏受压而造成腹腔并发症。
Superresolution imaging from limited-aperture optical diffracted field data

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The use of an optical waveguide to attain a numerical aperture of unity in computational coherent optical imaging applications is described. It is shown that for the case of a one-dimensional (slitlike) object radiating into an optical waveguide consisting of two plane-parallel mirrors the complex field amplitude across any cross section of the waveguide contains sufficient information to reconstruct the object's transmittance function with a numerical aperture of unity. We include the derivation of an inversion algorithm for performing the object reconstruction as well as computer simulations of the procedure.
Potential Serological Use of a Recombinant Protein That Is a Replica of aMycobacterium tuberculosisProtein Found in the Urine of Infected Mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The recent availability of numerous well-characterized Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant proteins has revived interest in the serological diagnosis of tuberculosis. Several promising results have been reported, particularly when more than one antigen is used in the test. However, thus far these antigens have not been used in routine diagnostic tests because they lack sufficient sensitivity. In addition, with the exception of one antigen, most recombinant M. tuberculosis proteins do not identify the majority of tuberculosis patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Here, we report a newer M. tuberculosis protein that is a promising candidate for increasing the sensitivity of the serological tests, in particular for patients coinfected with HIV. The protein was found in the urine of mice during the early stages of infection with M. tuberculosis (10 to 14 days), thus suggesting that the antigen is abundantly released during the in vivo growth of the mycobacterium. Reverse genetics was used to produce the recombinant protein, which we named U1 (for urine protein 1). Using a conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antibody to U1 could be detected in 60% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with no signs of coinfection with HIV ( n = 83). Conversely, anti-U1 antibody was detected in 87% of the sera from tuberculosis patients coinfected with HIV ( n = 47). Out of 12 HIV-infected nontuberculosis patients' sera, 9 did not react with U1 and three sera gave borderline ELISA signals (signal/cutoff of ≤1.75). These results suggest that the high efficiency of U1 in identifying tuberculosis patients coinfected with HIV may be related to abundant release of this protein during the initial phase of the HIV coinfection. The immediate availability of the antigen at a time point in which the patient's immune system is still competent would lead to a secondary immune response to U1 that persists for months in the patient's serum.
Current Trends In Advancement Of Scientific Research And Opinion In Applied Microbiology And Biotechnology: An Introduction To Readers

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The book provides an insight and detailed knowledge on the various aspects of applied microbiology and biotechnology as is going on in the present research trend. The book discusses on various integral issues related to microbiology and biotechnology which will prove to be of immense help to the academicians, scientists, researchers, technocrats and students worldwide. The book is a sincere work of compilation of new and recent advances in the topic of concern through various innovative researches and scientific opinion therefrom. The book is dedicated to the readers who will definitely find it interesting and knowledgeable in carrying out their respective researches in different aspects of applied microbiology and biotechnology.

Lastly, the Science and Education Development Institute [SEDInst], Akure, Nigeria is coming up with more Book Projects very soon on other disciplines currently in demand for the advancement of science, education and technology.
A complicated relationship

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Baltic and Slavic subgroups of the Indo-European language family are more closely related to each other than to any of the other surviving subgroups; yet it is debated whether they form a subgroup of Indo-European descending from a uniform Balto-Slavic proto-language. While most historical linguists do operate with a Balto-Slavic subgroup and a matching proto-language, others remain sceptical. In this contribution I focus on one of the most salient similarities between Baltic and Slavic: the paradigmatic accentual mobility found in both subgroups. Following a discussion of non-trivial shared innovations as a diagnostic tool in linguistic subgrouping, I examine the Balto-Slavic problem in the light of three different hypotheses on the origin of accentual mobility.
Injection Site Acanthosis Nigricans in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Many injection site cutaneous complications such as lipohypertrophy and atrophy are known to occur in type 1 diabetic individuals. Acanthosis nigricans (AN) with insulin injection is a rare complication described in few case reports. It is also described as a paraneoplastic manifestation of malignancies such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here we describe a case of injection site acanthosis in a type 1 diabetic with underlying HCC. This case report highlights the importance of knowledge on proper injection technique to prevent such unfortunate complications. High degree of suspicion of underlying malignancies is warranted in atypical presentation of AN.
Approaches to university management, governance and strategy: systematic literature review in the 21st century

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The university is a key actor in the creation of knowledge that must respond to global transformations by meeting the demands of different interest groups, which has led to its management becoming a complex activity. The aim of this paper is to present the trends in university governance, strategy and management through the review of the Clarivate-Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases with the support of Vosviewer software. The results have made it possible to identify three perspectives: a) governance and leadership models, b) student body in university governance, quality of service and student entrepreneurship, and c) technology in higher education. For its part, the United Kingdom stands out as the country with the highest scientific production in this area. Finally, the study allows us to conclude that the changes that university management systems have undergone and the relevance that elements such as ICTs, the relationship with business, peer review processes and student participation have acquired within it, reflecting the most relevant factors of the evolution of governance systems in connection with the new dynamics that will guide us towards an entrepreneurial university.
Ancrage territorial et hybridation des savoir-faire au sein d'un système agroalimentaire localisé. Le cas des fromages corses

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The know-how in Localised Agri-Food Systems serves for underlining the fact that a product is anchored to its territory. It constitutes a complex resource which, when activated, causes the technical, relational and cultural elements to interact. The authors who analyze here the know-how associated of the production cheese in Corsica, propose the concept of "territorially-anchored collective know-how" (TACKH) to understand the knowledge encapsulated in interactions, the complexity of which results from both "ecological" dimensions of the natural resource (physical environment, pasture, animals) and human dimensions able to activate these resources. The main hypothesis is that the knowledge related to cheese production in Corsica is in tension between anchoring and globalization. It is in the heart of this dynamics, between the specific traditional knowledge and generic industrial and commercial techniques that develop new forms of know-how, that are necessary to associate to the heritage building of the Corsican cheeses.
A toolbox for ablating excitatory and inhibitory synapses

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Recombinant optogenetic and chemogenetic proteins that manipulate neuronal activity are potent tools for activating and inhibiting neuronal circuit function. However, there are few analogous tools for manipulating the structure of neural circuits. Here, we introduce three rationally designed genetically encoded tools that use E3 ligase-dependent mechanisms to trigger the degradation of synaptic scaffolding proteins, leading to functional ablation of synapses. First, we developed a constitutive excitatory synapse ablator, PFE3, analogous to the inhibitory synapse ablator GFE3. PFE3 targets the RING domain of the E3 ligase Mdm2 and the proteasome-interacting region of Protocadherin 10 to the scaffolding protein PSD-95, leading to efficient ablation of excitatory synapses. In addition, we developed a light-inducible version of GFE3, paGFE3, using a novel photoactivatable complex based on the photocleavable protein PhoCl2c. paGFE3 degrades Gephyrin and ablates inhibitory synapses in response to 400 nm light. Finally, we developed a chemically inducible version of GFE3, chGFE3, which degrades inhibitory synapses when combined with the bio-orthogonal dimerizer, HaloTag ligand-trimethoprim. Each tool is specific, reversible, and capable of breaking neural circuits at precise locations.
ALD-based confined PCM with a metallic liner toward unlimited endurance

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We present for the first time in-depth analysis of the outstanding endurance characteristics of an ALD-based confined phase change memory (PCM) [1] with a thin metallic liner. Experimental results confirm that both the proper metallic liner and the confined pore cell structure are required for a reliability advantage. This confined PCM with a metallic liner is found to be immune to classic endurance failure mechanisms. The void-free confined PCM yields a new record endurance (2×10 12 cycles) with stabilized elemental segregation that does not result in stuck-SET failure.
Effect of Depolarization Field on Electromechanical Properties of Piezoelectric Semiconductors (Theory)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The electromechanical properties of piezoelectric semiconductors are treated taking the generalized depolarization factor, in which the corrections due to the leakage of electrical flux from the specimen is included, into account. The stress-strain relations analytically obtained include the generalized depolarization factor.
Analysis of a Database of Materials for HIV Prevention Program Evaluation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Program evaluation technology transfer is the transfer of information on program evaluation from research to practitioners. There have been anecdotal reports of a lack of technology transfer materials related to HIV prevention program evaluation, especially materials usable by persons without extensive training in evaluation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reviewed available program evaluation materials relevant to HIV prevention and developed a database of those materials. Materials were classified according to appropriate audience, level of evaluation expertise required, steps in the evaluation process addressed, and other criteria. The database was queried to determine the number of materials available for various combinations of search criteria. These queries revealed that for certain audiences and steps in the evaluation process there are few materials, especially usable by individuals without evaluation experience. The conclusion is that for certain areas of program evaluation, and for certain audiences, more evaluation technology transfer materials are needed.