jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Graphene on silicon dioxide via carbon ion implantation in copper with PMMA-free transfer

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, a synthesis method for the growth of low-defect large-area graphene using carbon ion beam implantation into metallic Cu foils is presented. The Cu foils (1 cm2 in size) were pre-annealed in a vacuum at 950 °C for 2 h, implanted with 35 keV carbon ions at room temperature, and subsequently annealed at 850 °C for 2 h to form graphene layers with the layer number controlled by the implantation fluence. The graphene was then transferred to SiO2/Si substrates by a PMMA-free wet chemical etching process. The obtained regions of monolayer graphene are of ∼900 μm size. Raman spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy performed at room temperature demonstrated a good quality and homogeneity of the graphene layers, especially for monolayer graphene.
Use of computer based testing of youth hockey players with concussions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Concussion is a potentially serious injury for athletes. Recent statistics suggest that approximately 300,000 sports-related traumatic brain injuries occur annually in the United States. Soccer, rugby, football, and ice hockey are all considered high-risk team sports for concussion. Hockey-related concussions are of particular concern in Canada, where over 500,000 players compete annually in ice hockey. The United States is now registering similar numbers of players. Return to play issues are one of the most difficult issues for physicians caring for concussed athletes. The advent of computerized neuropsychological testing adds another tool to assist in this process. It also appears to enhance the education process for players, coaches, and parents on the potential seriousness of concussion for these young athletes.
Motion tracking to support surgical skill feedback and evaluation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction & Aims Performance evaluation of technical surgical skill is done by direct observation by expert surgeons. This is time intensive, costly, and requires training of assessors. Motion tracking could complement direct observation to provide immediate feedback during training and to support objective performance assessment. A recent study by Ahmed et al. (2017) showed that expert feedback combined with validated metrics resulted in greater performance improvement for novices. However, current motion tracking methods are expensive, non-portable, or very sensitive to disturbances from the environment. We hypothesize that combining technologies solves these limitations. The goal of the current study was to design a wireless, low-cost motion tracking system to support 1) real-time individual performance feedback and 2) objective assessment of technical surgical skills. Description An iterative, research-based design process with rapid prototyping was followed. First, we performed a needs assessment with a literature review and survey to a broad range of surgeons to identify relevant motion parameters. Second, various prototypes using an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) and a Leap motion sensor were tested in an authentic surgical environment for 1) robustness and 2) accuracy. Outcomes Twelve surgeons (experience range = 2 - 27 years) from five different hospitals and a range of surgical specialties completed the survey and rated ‘precision of movement’ and ‘minimizing unnecessary movements’ as most important motion parameters of surgical skill. Furthermore, unnecessary or excessive movements and secondary tissue damage were reported as most common errors. The final prototype can be seen in Figure 1. The IMU is embedded in a sleeve and detects fine motor skills such as small hand movements, tremors, and strokes. The Leap Motion sensors complement this with infrared tracking of the hand in 3D space and time. The devices proved robust under changing lighting and gowning conditions. Accuracy of motion tracking was however influenced by instrument use. Discussion Our device offers the possibility for immediate performance feedback aiding trainees’ self-assessment during training. By discriminating good from poor performers in training early on, training can be adapted to an individual trainee’s needs and facilitate deliberate practice. Future research includes expert benchmarking and parameter selection. Motion tracking analysis complements subjective assessment that is prone to bias and reduces assessors’ workload. Novelty of methodology Motion tracking to support surgical skill assessment is not yet common practice. The device offers a robust, affordable, and wearable alternative to current motion tracking devices.
Disrupted functional brain connectivity networks in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: evidence from resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Significance: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common psychological disease in childhood. Currently, widely used neuroimaging techniques require complete body confinement and motionlessness and thus are extremely hard for brain scanning of ADHD children. Aim: We present resting-state functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) as an imaging technique to record spontaneous brain activity in children with ADHD. Approach: The brain functional connectivity was calculated, and the graph theoretical analysis was further applied to investigate alterations in the global and regional properties of the brain network in the patients. In addition, the relationship between brain network features and core symptoms was examined. Results: ADHD patients exhibited significant decreases in both functional connectivity and global network efficiency. Meanwhile, the nodal efficiency in children with ADHD was also found to be altered, e.g., increase in the visual and dorsal attention networks and decrease in somatomotor and default mode networks, compared to the healthy controls. More importantly, the disrupted functional connectivity and nodal efficiency significantly correlated with dimensional ADHD scores. Conclusions: We clearly demonstrate the feasibility and potential of fNIRS-based connectome technique in ADHD or other neurological diseases in the future.
Transitional justice in South Africa and the former Yugoslavia - a critique

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

INTRODUCTION Never again! was the message that characterised the Nuremberg and Tokyo Military Tribunals responsible for prosecuting Nazi war criminals after the Second World War. Fifty years after Nuremberg, a bloody civil war broke out in the former Yugoslavia claiming the lives of thousands of ordinary civilians, especially women and children. In December 1995 the Dayton Peace Accord was signed by the warring parties in the Balkans purportedly with the message never again will the horror of Bosnia be repeated. Three years later the horror of Bosnia is repeating itself in Kosovo. During the 1994 genocide in Rwanda it is estimated that between 500 and 1 Million or more people were killed in a period of three months. The genocide in Rwanda occurred after the failure of the 1993 Arusha Peace Accord.
Natural Amelioration of Chocolate-Induced Acidity: The Role of Pineapple in Maintaining Oral pH Balance

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The consumption of chocolate, especially varieties high in sugar, can disrupt the delicate pH balance in the oral cavity, increasing the risk of dental caries. Pineapple, with its rich enzymatic and organic acid profile, presents a potential natural solution to counteract this acidic challenge. This study investigates the efficacy of pineapple consumption in mitigating the pH-lowering effects of chocolate and its impact on saliva volume, a crucial factor in maintaining oral health. A quasi-experimental design with a pre-test and post-test control group approach was employed. Participants included children aged 6-9 years (n=40), divided into two groups: a control group (chocolate consumption only) and an intervention group (chocolate consumption followed by pineapple consumption). Saliva volume and pH were measured before and after treatment, and the data were analyzed using paired t-tests. Pineapple consumption significantly increased saliva volume in the intervention group (from 2.01±1.29 mL to 5.3±0.88 mL, p<0.05), exceeding the volume observed in the control group. Furthermore, the decrease in saliva pH in the intervention group (from 7.45±0.13 to 6.25±0.37) was more controlled compared to the control group (from 7.30±0.09 to 5.28±0.25). In conclusion, the consumption of pineapple after chocolate effectively stimulates saliva production and helps maintain a balanced oral pH, mitigating the acidic effects of chocolate and potentially reducing the risk of dental caries. These findings suggest the potential of pineapple as a natural, dietary approach to support oral health.
Neuroprotective effects of neuroactive steroids in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A large number of reports indicate that steroid hormones exert a large array of biological effects, including the control of sexual behavior, reproduction, development, stress, and the regulation of the activity of various important physiological systems such as the immune, cardiovascular, respiratory, and nervous systems. Synthetic analogs of steroids are used for the therapy of various inflammatorydiseases, including asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory skin, muscle, or bowel disorders. In particular, glucocorticosteroids and their analogs remain the most effective therapy for inflammatory diseases despite the occurrence of diverse side effects (for reviews, see Barnes, 1998; Belvisi and Hele, 2003). These steroids induce anti-inflammatory actions either by inhibiting the expression of collagenase (the key enzyme involved in tissue degeneration during inflammatory mechanisms) and pro-inflammatory cytokines or by stimulating the synthesis of lipocortin, which blocks the production of eicosanoids (Firestein et al., 1991; Barnes and Adcock, 1994; Fakih et al., 2002; Sibilia, 2003). The therapeutic use of gonadal steroids and their synthetic analogs is also well established, particularly in the domain of oral contraception and for the treatment or prevention of various abnormalities correlated with menopause and andropause.
Vitamin C for Sepsis and Septic Shock

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Sepsis remains a leading cause of death in the critically ill. The combination of thiamine, vitamin C, and hydrocortisone has recently emerged as a potential adjunctive therapy and supportive care for patients with sepsis and septic shock. Areas of Uncertainty: Several randomized and observational controlled trials evaluated the role of vitamin C in sepsis and septic shock. However, there are variabilities in the findings of these studies that led to a substantial global debate on incorporating vitamin C therapy in clinical practice. Data Sources: A PubMed and Embase English language literature search through April 2021 was performed using the following terms: ascorbic acid, vitamin C, corticosteroid, hydrocortisone, thiamine, HAT, sepsis, and shock. Citations, including controlled trials, observational studies, review articles, guidelines, and consensus statements, were reviewed. The risk of bias for each clinical study was systematically evaluated. Relevant clinical data focusing on efficacy, safety, and special considerations regarding the use of vitamin C with and without thiamine and hydrocortisone in sepsis and septic shock were narratively summarized. Results: The most commonly used vitamin C dosing in sepsis and septic shock is 1.5 g every 6 hours with and without thiamine and hydrocortisone. Current literature is limited because of heterogeneity in vitamin C regimen used, initiation time, and duration of treatment. This limitation led to variability in outcomes evaluated. Vitamin C decreases proinflammatory mediators and slows the progression of endothelial injury in severe sepsis. There is an inconsistency between randomized controlled trials and observational controlled trials regarding mortality, resolution in organ failure, hospital and intensive care unit length of stay findings with the use of vitamin C in septic shock. Vitamin C seems to be safe in comparison with placebo. Conclusions: Future studies with consistent end points, initiation time with an emphasis on early initiation, and standard vitamin C dosing regimen are needed to determine the overall benefit of vitamin C in sepsis.
Maximal and Submaximal Intensity Isometric Knee Extensions Induce an Underestimation of Time Estimates with Both Younger And Older Adults: A Randomized Crossover Trial

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Our perception of time plays a critical role in nearly all daily activities and especially in sports. There are no studies that have investigated and compared time perception during exercise in young and older adults. Thus, this study aimed to compare the effects of exercise on time perception between younger and older adult populations. Thirty-three recreationally active participants were recruited and assigned to either the younger (university students, 9 males and 10 females) or older adults (>60 years, 8 males and 6 females). All participants completed four exercise conditions over two sessions on separate days: approximately 30-seconds of knee extensors 100%, 60% and 10% of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and control (no contractions). Prospective time perception was estimated (at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-seconds) at the beginning of each session and while performing the exercise. A main effect for condition (p < 0.001, d = 1.06) with subsequent post-hoc tests indicated participants significantly underestimated (estimated time was shorter than chronological time) time in all three exercise conditions compared to the control. There were no significant age group differences. In conclusion, exercise underestimated time estimates regardless of intensity or age. This questions the postulated intensity-dependent relationship between exercise and time perception. While older adults were expected to be less accurate in their time estimates, they may have been able to adopt alternative strategies for age-related changes in their internal clock, resulting in no significant age group differences.
The world may not be just for you but you'd better not say it: On the social value of expressing personal belief in a just world

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract The expression of personal belief in a just world ( PBJW ) has been discussed as a criterion of excellence in social judgments. In four experimental studies we hypothesized and found that targets who express high versus low PBJW are judged as more: (i) deserving of success and (ii) suited to socio‐organizational expectations. The four studies show that suitability to socio‐organizational expectations mediates the relation between PBJW expressed and success deservingness, even after controlling for judgments of likability, status, rationality, optimism, and targets as victims. Studies 2 and 3 show this pattern occurs regardless of target performance appraisal. Study 4 indicates that expressing low PBJW decreases the social value of individuals, but expressing high PBJW does not increase it. We discuss the impact of PBJW expression on people's lives, namely on upward social mobility of members of low‐status groups, and the influence of the negativity bias on judgments caused by PBJW expression.
DEVELOPMENT OF A PERFORMANCE-BASED SPECIFICATION FOR ASPHALT- AGGREGATE MIXTURES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the past decade the development of permanent deformation caused by shear failure of asphalt mixes has become an expensive problem faced by many highway agencies in North America. One suggested contributing factor is the method of mix design. Currently the Marshall method of mix design is the predominant method used in North America. It is the only design method used by highway agencies in Canada. The Marshall method of mix design, developed in the 1940s, is based on two analyses - an empirical stability test and volumetric analysis of compacted specimens. Marshall stability is the compressive load required to fail an asphalt mixture in a specially designed testing device. The inability of Marshall stability to predict asphalt mixture susceptibility to shear deformation has prompted a performance-based specification for asphalt- aggregate mixtures. This paper presents an asphalt mix design and construction system framework to produce mixtures designed to resist permanent deformation, low temperature cracking and the effects of moisture. The system is based on volumetric analysis of specimens and tests which measure field performance-based mixture properties. The system allows selection of an optimum asphalt- aggregate mixture, evaluates the probable effect of off- specification mixtures and provides the basis for a process control, quality assurance program during construction. (A) For the covering abstract of the Conference see IRRD Abstract No. 807716.
Parenting in matched pairs of women of color experiencing intimate partner violence and living with and without HIV

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study explored the associations between depression and parenting among women of color with low income levels who were exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) and HIV. Participants were 60 Black, multiracial, and Hispanic/Latina mothers ( M age = 36.66, SD = 6.99) in the midsouth region of the United States. Mothers were recruited from community organizations and reported their experiences with IPV, HIV, depression, potentially traumatic events (PTE), parenting practices, and child maladaptive functioning. Participants living with HIV and experiencing recent IPV (i.e., cases) were matched on age, race, ethnicity, and educational attainment with mothers experiencing recent IPV (i.e., controls), for a matched sample of 30 pairs. Analyses were conducted to examine how HIV status moderated the associations between depressive symptoms and both negative and positive parenting while accounting for PTE, child maladaptive functioning, and IPV severity. The moderation model for negative parenting was significant, f 2 = 0.58, but the moderation model for positive parenting was not, p = .346. Specifically, moderation was supported, B = 0.43, 95% CI [0.03, 0.83], t (53) = 2.17, p = .035, indicating that the association between depressive symptoms and negative parenting was moderated by HIV status. The findings highlight the added burden of a physical health condition on parenting practices. Given the role of negative parenting (i.e., inconsistency, poor monitoring, corporal punishment) in exacerbating poor health outcomes among children exposed to adversity, clinicians and researchers must develop family‐based strategies to decrease these practices.
Photonic crystal fiber sensor array based on cladding mode resonance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The multiplexing capability of optical fiber sensors is one of their main advantages since it allows the possibility of forming sensor networks or arrays. Here we demonstrate an alternative to built PCF-based point and sensor arrays. We exploit the effect of overlapping between modes in the PCF. The proposed sensors consist of a short length (in the 9-12 mm range) of index-guiding PCF fusion spliced between conventional single mode fibers (SMF).
PLAN FOR A DRUG–DEPENDENCE SERVICE FOR NEW SOUTH WALES

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Voluntary treatment programmes have been modelled on the principles of medical management, but fail because of the attitude of the drug dependant to his “illness”. Commitment to gaol or other closed institutions for periods of one year or less has no lasting beneficial effect; longer periods, while beneficial, cannot serve as a practical basis for a State programme. Probation has more to commend It, but its value is not yet proven. The ideal management programme for the majority of drug dependants who fail to respond to voluntary treatment would seem to require: (i) compulsion, to motivate the Individual towards rehabilitation, and to maintain him in treatment, and (ii) management and therapeutic programmes. The management programmes must be evaluated and guided by epidemiological research and operational audit procedures.
Too much deference to the truly barmy army

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

At 100 pages of report and 85 of appendixes, Steve Bracks and Co do not say much. The report proudly claims that Australia will, after 2010 if not already, have the lowest tariffs of all car manufacturing nations. While the report correctly notes that the tariff is a tax, it fails to suggest which taxes should be raised to cover loss of revenue. Tariff protection is not, or should not be, an issue in a world of floating exchange rates.
Efforts to Ban the Routine Tail Docking of Pigs and to Give Pigs Enrichment Materials via EU Law: Where Do We Stand a Quarter of a Century on?

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In its role as guardian of the Treaties, the European Commission must ensure that Member States enforce EU law within their territories. If adequate enforcement is found to be wanting, the Commission also has the power to take infringement procedures as a corrective measure. The case of Directive 120/2008/EC on the protection of pigs is problematic, as only a few Member States are respecting the ban on routine tail docking, whilst not all pigs are given (adequate) enrichment materials. Twenty-five years after the first EU-wide legal ban on routine tail docking came into force, we are faced with an unprecedented situation that may lead to infringement procedures against more than 20 Member States. This paper describes the various steps that led to the development of the EU law designed specifically to safeguard the welfare of pigs. It lists the numerous efforts (research studies, study visits, recommendations, audits, reports, factsheets, action plans, etc.), undertaken by European decision makers to assist Member States in their efforts to better implement and enforce the relevant rules. Finally, the paper further analyses the current state of play and presents a reflection on possible future scenarios.
FIGURE 18 in Towards a revision of Taraxacum sect. Borealia (Compositae, Crepidinae) in Siberia and the continental Far East, with special reference to the dandelions of the Altai and Kamchatka

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURE 18. Taraxacum anadyricum. General habit (LE, no. det. 6053).