jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Constantine, the Lateran, and Early Church Building Policy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It is a common view that Constantine chose to build the Lateran basilica and baptistery in a peripherical position in Rome, far removed from public buildings in the city center, in order not to offend the pagan aristocracy. The aim of this paper is not to answer the question “why”, but rather to discuss categories like “public”, “private” and “temple” in the context of the fourth century church building in Rome, with a special attention to the case of the Lateran complex.
Bacteriophage Control of Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea in Soybean

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bacterial viruses (bacteriophages) have been considered as potential agents for the biological control of bacterial phytopathogens due to their safety and host specificity. Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. glycinea (Psg) is a causative agent of the bacterial spotting of soybean (Glycine max Willd). The harm caused by this bacterium to crop production and the development of antibiotic resistance in Psg and other pathogenic microorganisms has led to the pursuit of alternative management strategies. In this study, three Psg-specific lytic bacteriophages were isolated from soybean field soil in geographically distant regions of Russia, and their potential for protective action on plants was assessed. Sequencing of phage genomes has revealed their close relatedness and attribution to the genus Ghunavirus, subfamily Studiervirinae, family Autographiviridae. Extensive testing of the biological properties of P421, the representative of the isolated phage group, has demonstrated a relatively broad host range covering closely related Pseudomonas species and stability over wide temperature (4–40 °C) and pH (pH 4–7) ranges, as well as stability under ultraviolet irradiation for 30 min. Application of the phages to prevent, and treat, Psg infection of soybean plants confirms that they are promising as biocontrol agents.
Improved Method for Obtaining Viable Counts of Xanthomonas oryzae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This article 'Improved Method for Obtaining Viable Counts of Xanthomonas oryzae' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.
The use of linked administrative data to explore the impact of formal social care services involvement in childhood on education and offending outcomes.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Young people who are care experienced are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and in general have worse outcomes in education than their non-looked after peers (DfE & Hinds, 2019; Prison Reform Trust, 2017). Recent evidence has reported that children who have a social worker (classified as child in need or those with a child protection plan), but who do not enter the care system, can have worse outcomes in education than those children who are looked after (DfE, 2019b). There remains little research evidence about the extent to which children with a social worker become involved with criminal justice services or how the age, duration and nature of formal social care service involvement may impact on education and offending outcomes. Researchers have been challenged by the lack of a sufficiently sized quantitative data, that crossed social care, education and offending domains. In work funded by ADR-UK, the present research project uses the newly linked DfE-MoJ administrative dataset to explore how different forms of formal social care services involvement impacts on education and criminal justice outcomes. Multi-level models will explore the role of formal child social care services amongst other multi-systemic risk and protective factors for education and offending. The presentation of his work will include preliminary statistics and insights into the challenges and potential further use of the linked dataset for researchers.
Bereavement outcomes of carers of patients with high grade glioma: Experiences of support before and after the death

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Carers of people with High Grade Glioma (HGG) completed a survey assessing their anxiety, depression, and grief in addition to open-ended questions exploring their experiences of support pre- and post-death (N = 25). One-third reported borderline or clinical levels of anxiety, depression, and grief related distress. Given the poor prognosis and rapid deterioration of patients with HGG, the findings highlight the importance of sensitive communication about prognosis early in the disease trajectory, information tailored to disease stage, the initiation of a referral to psychological support services, and timely discussions about the preferred place of care and death.
Leaf Area Indices and Nitrogen Uptake of Flue‐Cured Tobacco as Affected by Plant Density and Nitrogen Rate1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Effects of three plant densities and two nitrogen rates on leaf areas and nitrogen uptake by tobacco plants were studied during 1961 and 1962. A study was also made on the economics of these treatments. Leaf area indices (LAI's) for both years increased with time until the reduction in total leaf area through loss of senescent lower leaves became greater than the gain in leaf area of the active upper leaves. The highest maximum LAI of 5 in 1961 was obtained for the high nitrogen rate and the 25‐cm spacing. The lowest maximum LAI of 2.5 was obtained for the low nitrogen rate and the 76‐cm spacing. LAI's increased with high nitrogen and at both levels of nitrogen the LAI's were in the order of 25 > 51 > 76‐cm spacings in 122‐cm beds. Relationships between leaf area and leaf weight per plant were very similar during 1961 and 1962. Correlation coefficients for leaf areas and weights varied from 0.95 to 0.99 in 1961 and from 0.92 to 0.99 in 1962. In both years, better correlation appeared between leaf areas and weights at the high nitrogen rate than at the low nitrogen rate, with spacing treatments having little effect on the relationships. Nitrogen uptake was much higher with the high nitrogen treatment than with the low nitrogen treatment. The yield of flue‐cured tobacco increased with closer plant spacing and the higher nitrogen rate. However, leaf quality decreased with the high nitrogen rate and offset the higher yields in total dollar value per hectare. The quality of tobacco appeared to be influenced more by the nitrogen application than by the different plant spacings~ The most profitable treatment combination appeared to be the 76‐cm spacing at the low nitrogen rate.
Seasonal variations of precipitation δ18O in eastern Asia

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Climate change often occurs through changes in seasonal influences, but paleoclimate records rarely have intra‐annual resolution. The precipitation δ 18 O, either directly measured or indirectly inferred from other datable materials, is one of the most widely used proxies for paleoclimate studies. It is important, therefore, that we understand the seasonal distribution of meteoric δ 18 O in relation to climate dynamics. In most midlatitude and high‐latitude land areas, the precipitation is 18 O enriched in the summer and depleted in the winter. However, this isotopic seasonality is reversed in the coastal regions of east Asia, while farther inland it returns to a summer‐enriched/winter‐depleted seasonal distribution. This spatial distribution of the isotopic seasonality in east Asia has been previously observed, but the mechanisms causing it have not been adequately explained. In this paper, we discuss nine climatic factors that influence isotopic seasonality, either summer‐enriched or the reverse. Using a simple two‐dimensional δ 18 O model, we show that one of the important mechanisms for the observed isotopic pattern in Asia may be interseasonal variations in vertical atmospheric stability. These variations are reflected in the large‐scale vertical advection of the Walker circulation and in small‐scale diffusional mixing, both of which are modulated by the greater stability of air above land relative to that above the ocean in the winter and the opposite in the summer. Our results indicate that the complex causes of interseasonal, interannual, and interepochal variations of meteoric δ 18 O require considerable caution in the attribution of records of past δ 18 O variations to changes in specific climate variables.
Preparation and Characterization of Free-Standing Composite Cellulose-Based Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Carbon membranes with excellent strength and mechanical stability were prepared using a cellulose precursor regenerated from an ionic liquid solution with a low loading of boehmite ceramic nanoparticles, ca. 0.1 wt. %. The precursor films show an asymmetrical structure while, after carbonization, the corresponding carbon molecular sieve membranes (c-CMSM) show a dense structure with a uniform thickness of ca. 22 µm. The c-CMSM exhibited excellent separation performance, well above the Robeson Upper Bound. The permeability of the c-CMSM to hydrogen increased from 300 to 530 barrer and the H2/CH4 permselectivity increased to 473, after adding boehmite nanoparticles. Boehmite nanoparticles act as a microporosity-forming agent without compromising the width of the ultramicropores. The prepared c-CMSM is extremely promising for several applications, namely for hydrogen recovery from methane – H2/CH4 (Robeson index:θ=13.5); biogas upgrading – CO2/CH4 (θ=6.5); CO2 removal from combustion flue gas – CO2/N2 (θ=1.7); and hydrogen recovery from ammonia processes – H2/N2 (θ=4.8).
Invasive EEG in Cortical Dysplasia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Focal cortical dysplasias (FCDs) are among the most frequent causes of focal, drug-resistant epilepsy. Recently, a new histopathological international consensus classification recognized three different types of FCDs, encompassing various anatomo-electro-clinical characteristics, associated with diverse connotations of architectural disruption and cytological abnormalities. These exhibit dissimilar patterns of clinical onset, seizure frequency, cognitive and neurological impairment, neuroradiological aspects, cortical localization, EEG characteristics, and surgical outcome. In the presurgical workup, the presence, localization, and possibility of identifying the limits of an anatomical lesion strongly influence the choice of investigations. Consequently, in FCDs type II and III, in which the dysplasia (particularly in type IIb) or the associated lesion (type III) are unambiguously evident, invasive monitoring is not mandatory. In contrast, FCDs type I, and a fraction of type II (varying between from 10% to 50%) show no or minor abnormalities on neuroradiological investigations. Here, invasive recordings are usually necessary.
High-resolution hyperfine spectroscopy of excited states using electromagnetically-induced transparency

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We use the phenomenon of electromagnetically-induced transparency in a three-level atomic system for hyperfine spectroscopy of upper states that are not directly coupled to the ground state. The three levels form a ladder system: the probe laser couples the ground state to the lower excited state, while the control laser couples the two upper states. As the frequency of the control laser is scanned, the probe absorption shows transparency peaks whenever the control laser is resonant with a hyperfine level of the upper state. As an illustration of the technique, we measure hyperfine structure in the $7S_{1/2}$ states of $^{85}$Rb and $^{87}$Rb, and obtain an improvement of more than an order of magnitude over previous values.
Quantum Optics with Single Optical Cycles

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In recent years technologies were developed to generate pulses shorter than 5 fs and consisting of less than two optical cycles in full-width at half maximum (few-cycle pulses). The (quite often extremely) nonlinear interaction of such pulses with matter renders important only one or a fraction of one optical cycle. In recent months it became possible to stabilize the phase of the carrier with respect to the pulse envelope ("absolute" phase) for powerful few-cycle pulses. Almost at the same time the absolute phase has been measured and controlled thus tailoring the temporal evolution of single optical cycles. First experiments investigating photoionization were performed and showed a wealth of information inaccessible so far.
Determination of the Phase Boundary of High Molecular Weight Polymer Blends

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The Flory−Huggins interaction parameter, χ, of an off-critical poly(methylbutylene)/poly(ethylbutylene) blend was measured over a wide temperature (T) and pressure (P) range by comparing small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) profiles from single-phase systems with predictions based on the random phase approximation (RPA). We show that χ, which is a nonlinear function of 1/T at low pressures, becomes a linear function of 1/T at elevated pressures (above 2.5 kbar). The pressure dependence of the phase boundary (i.e., binodal temperature) of our blend was determined from a series of dissolution experiments wherein a phase-separated sample was heated under isobaric conditions until the SANS profiles were identical to calculations based on the RPA. The binodal, thus obtained, was in quantitative agreement with that computed using the Flory−Huggins theory. The agreement was obtained without any adjustable parameters. Binodals determined by the more traditional cloud point measurements are erroneous due to the presence of large nucleation barriers.
Hypothalamic A11 Nuclei Regulate the Circadian Rhythm of Spinal Mechanonociception through Dopamine Receptors and Clock Gene Expression

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Several types of sensory perception have circadian rhythms. The spinal cord can be considered a center for controlling circadian rhythms by changing clock gene expression. However, to date, it is not known if mechanonociception itself has a circadian rhythm. The hypothalamic A11 area represents the primary source of dopamine (DA) in the spinal cord and has been found to be involved in clock gene expression and circadian rhythmicity. Here, we investigate if the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) has a circadian rhythm, as well as the role of the dopaminergic A11 nucleus, DA, and DA receptors (DR) in the PWT circadian rhythm and if they modify clock gene expression in the lumbar spinal cord. Naïve rats showed a circadian rhythm of the PWT of almost 24 h, beginning during the night–day interphase and peaking at 14.63 h. Similarly, DA and DOPAC’s spinal contents increased at dusk and reached their maximum contents at noon. The injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the A11 nucleus completely abolished the circadian rhythm of the PWT, reduced DA tissue content in the lumbar spinal cord, and induced tactile allodynia. Likewise, the repeated intrathecal administration of D1-like and D2-like DA receptor antagonists blunted the circadian rhythm of PWT. 6-OHDA reduced the expression of Clock and Per1 and increased Per2 gene expression during the day. In contrast, 6-OHDA diminished Clock, Bmal, Per1, Per2, Per3, Cry1, and Cry2 at night. The repeated intrathecal administration of the D1-like antagonist (SCH-23390) reduced clock genes throughout the day (Clock and Per2) and throughout the night (Clock, Per2 and Cry1), whereas it increased Bmal and Per1 throughout the day. In contrast, the intrathecal injection of the D2 receptor antagonists (L-741,626) increased the clock genes Bmal, Per2, and Per3 and decreased Per1 throughout the day. This study provides evidence that the circadian rhythm of the PWT results from the descending dopaminergic modulation of spinal clock genes induced by the differential activation of spinal DR.
Influence of lime, phosphorus and boron on performance of maize (Zea mays L.)in acidic soil of Nagaland

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A pot experiment was conducted in an acidic sandy clay loam soil during the kharif season of 2016 and 2017 to study the performance of maize using two lime levels (0 and ¼ lime of LR), four phosphorus levels (0, 13.4, 26.8 and 40.2 mg P2O5 kg-1) and three boron levels (0, 0.45 and 0.90 mg B kg-1) with maize as test crop. The experiment was designed in complete randomized design with three replications. Results revealed that plant height, number of leaves and leaf area index increased appreciably with the advancement of age of the crop and maximum values were recorded at harvest. Application of ¼ lime of LR increased plant height at harvest, grain and stover yield to the extent of 13.1, 24.6 and 23.0%, respectively over control. Phosphorus and boron uptake increased significantly with lime application and enhanced by 45.9, 27.0% in grain and 44.5 and 29.3% in stover, respectively over control. Application of phosphorus significantly enhanced the growth attributes, yield attributes, grain and stover yield and P and B uptake except rows per cob and test weight and the highest values of these parameters were recorded with 40.2 mg P2O5 kg-1. However, grain and stover yield and P and B uptake in grain and stover remained statistically at par with 26.8 mg P2O5 kg-1application.Application of 26.8 mg P2O5 kg-1 enhanced plant height at harvest, grain and stover yield by 21.2, 23.2 and 19.8%, respectively over control. Plant height, leaves plant-1, cob length, cob girth, grains row-1, grains cob-1, grain and stover yield and P and B uptake were influenced significantly with boron application and maximum values were recorded with 0.90 mg B kg-1. At harvest plant height, grain and stover yield was increased by 4.9, 10.9 and 10.6%, respectively with application of 0.90 mg B kg-1 over control. Lime application significantly increased the available P and B status of post harvest soil. Application of P and B significantly improved their respective status in post harvest soil.Thus, results suggested that application of ¼ lime of LR along with 26.8 mg kg-1 P2O5 and 0.90 mg kg-1 boron proved beneficial for cultivation of maize in acidic soil condition of Nagaland.
Accessibility on a micro-level

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The main purpose of this paper is to investigate ways to determine realistic pedestrian distances from an origin to a destination and to calculate geographic extents based on pedestrian distances. Pedestrian movement and routing research employs a range of methods, requiring different types of data. Pedestrian movement is employed on the microscopic level. Research towards pedestrian networks has focused on generating sidewalks from different types of data sources in large areas. In pedestrian movement and network generation research generalized costs for pedestrians have not been investigated for different user groups. We take methods from movement research and investigate the possibility to employ this on a larger scale for routing purposes. Network generation methods and data sources are compared with each other and ground-truth. For future research we envisage a hybrid approach combining a grid for certain areas with a backbone of sidewalks and different link costs for different user groups.
Price promotions and brand loyalty

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose – This article aims to estimate the relationship between brand loyalty and price promotions on the German yoghurt market. It considers consumer loyalty to various corporate brands and their respective sub-brands to analyze promotional strategies between and within certain corporate brands with a larger loyal consumer segment and a moderate strength of consumer loyalty are well suited for effective price promotions following the idea of loss leader by Lal and Matutes (1994). Design/methodology/approach – The paper’s approach follows Allender and Richards’ (2012) and extends to explicitly considering the product line management of every manufacturer in the market. In the first step, a random coefficient logit specification is estimated to compute measures of brand loyalty for each brand. In the second step, the relationship between brand loyalty measures and the frequency and depth of price promotions is analysed. Findings – The results suggest that weaker corporate brands are promoted more aggressively supporting the model hypotheses by Koças and Bohlmann (2008). Within the manufacturer’s product line, sub-brands with a larger loyal consumer segment and a moderate strength of consumer loyalty are more often used for effective price promotions which reflects the idea of loss leading first introduced by Lal and Matutes (1994). Research limitations/implications – The results are limited to a static relationship between brand loyalty and price promotions. Analyzing the dynamics of the relationship between brand loyalty and price promotions should prove fruitful in enhancing the understanding of retailer strategies and provides additional implications for managerial decisions in retailing. Practical implications – Managers need to be more aware of the linkages between product line management and promotional strategies. Changes in the product line management may require a redirection of the promotional measures and strategies. Social implications – Consumer behavior with respect to brand loyalty to some extent determines price promotional strategies of retailers. The promotional strategies provide opportunities to save expenditures, especially for non-loyal and low income households. Originality/value – Matching and analyzing two detailed (consumer, retail) scanner data sets to investigate the relationship between the measures of brand loyalty and the retailers’ price promotional strategies. Novel is the modeling of two different dimensions of brand loyalty (size and strength) and the consideration of sub-brands. The results clearly show that promotional strategies vary not only between corporate brands but also between sub-brands of the same corporate brand.
Three-dimensional graphene-polydimethylsiloxane composite as a conductive substrate for cell-based electrochemical detection

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, three-dimensional (3D) graphene interconnected network has attracted a great interest in biological applications due to its biocompatibility, high electrical conductivity, large surface area and porous structure that is appropriate for cell growth. In this work, we cultured L929 fibroblast cells on 3D graphene composited with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) which is also used as working electrode for assessment of the electrochemical cell signal. Graphene was grown on Ni foams by chemical vapor deposition method using acetylene/hydrogen. The characterizations by scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that open-pores of graphene foam were partially covered with thin layers of PDMS. In addition, PDMS-3D graphene composite exhibited a good electrical conductivity of 0.03 Scm-1. Cells were immobilized on PDMS-3D graphene composite surface and the electrochemical behavior of cell was determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV). The result showed oxidation peak current at +0.8 V whose amplitude was linearly proportional to cell number. Alamar blue assay was performed to confirm the results of cell viability data obtained from CV analysis. The result from immunofluorescence staining of vinculin affirmed that cell adhered on surface of PDMS-3D graphene composite. Therefore, 3D-graphene is highly biocompatible and can potentially be used as conductive substrate for cell culture in cell-based electrochemical applications such as drug or toxin screening.