jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Recombination within natural populations of pathogenic bacteria: Short-term empirical estimates and long-term phylogenetic consequences

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The identification of clones within bacterial populations is often taken as evidence for a low rate of recombination, but the validity of this inference is rarely examined. We have used statistical tests of congruence between gene trees to examine the extent and significance of recombination in six bacterial pathogens. For Neisseria meningitidis , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus , the congruence between the maximum likelihood trees reconstructed using seven house-keeping genes was in most cases no better than that between each tree and trees of random topology. The lack of congruence between gene trees in these four species, which include both naturally transformable and nontransformable species, is in three cases supported by high ratios of recombination to point mutation during clonal diversification (estimates of this parameter were not possible for Strep. pyogenes ). In contrast, gene trees constructed for Hemophilus influenzae and pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli showed a higher degree of congruence, suggesting lower rates of recombination. The impact of recombination therefore varies between bacterial species but in many species is sufficient to obliterate the phylogenetic signal in gene trees.
Peran Hukum Pidana Dalam Upaya Penegakan Tindak Pidana Pembunuhan Bayi Di Wilayah Kota Jambi

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The crime of infanticide is a form of crime that kills someone who is committed by the birth mother of the baby herself. Babies should be cared for and given the opportunity to live, grow, develop optimally in accordance with human dignity and values, and get protection from violence and discrimination. This research was conducted with the aim of knowing the variousarrangements regarding the crime of infanticide committed by biological mothers against their babies, to find out the perspective of law enforcement on overcoming the crime of infanticide. This research method is empirical juridical. With descriptive research specifications, with the intention of describing or describing criminal law enforcement arrangements and the efforts made are appropriate or otherwise. The result of the study show that the regulation of law enforcement against the perpetrators of the crime of infanticide in the Jambi City area is carred out through a process of inventigation, inventigation by the police followed by the process of arrest, prosecution by the public prosecutor, and implementation of the decision in court. The perspective of law enforcers in overcoming the crime of infanticide is carried out with preventive and repressive efforts. Abstrak Tindak pidana pembunuhan bayi merupakan suatu bentuk tindak pidana menghilangkan nyawa seseorang yang dilakukan oleh ibu kandung dari bayi itu sendiri. Semestinya bayi dirawat serta diberikan kesempatan untuk hidup, tumbuh, berkembang secara optimal sesuai dengan harkat dan martabat kemanusiaan, serta mendapatkan perlindungan dari kekerasan maupun diskirminasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berbagai pengaturan tentang tindak pidana pembunuhan bayi yang dilakukan oleh ibu kandung terhadap bayinya, untuk mengetahui perspektif penegak hukum dalam mengatasi tindak pidana pembunuhan bayi. Metode penelitian adalah yuridis empiris. Dengan spesifikasi penelitian bersifat deksriptif, dengan maksud menguraikan pengaturan penegakan hukum pidana dan upaya yang dilakukan telah sesuai atau sebaliknya. Hasill penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan penegak hukum terhadap pelaku tindak pidana pembunuhan bayi di wilayah Kota Jambi dilakukan dengan proses penyelidikan, penyidikan oleh kepolisian dilanjutkan dengan proses penangkapan, penuntutan oleh Penuntut Umum, dan pelaksanaan putusan di Pengadilan. Perspektif penegak hukum dalam mengatasi tindak pidana pembunuhan bayi dilakukan dengan upaya bersifat preventif dan upaya represif.
EXPLORING HEALTHCARE WORKERS' GERIATRIC EDUCATION AND SUBSEQUENT COMMUNICATION WITH OLDER ADULTS

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Research shows that older adults are living longer than ever, are the fastest growing population, and can have increasingly complex health-related issues. However, the health knowledge and literacy of older adults can be limited, and these adults may have difficulty understanding the terminology that healthcare workers use to communicate with them about their health. For impoverished older adults especially, this can contribute to poor health decisions and decreased care. Given this, educating healthcare practitioners to communicate effectively with older adults becomes essential to older patients’ quality of care. Using predominantly North American studies of healthcare workers’ practices, education, and their interactions with older adults (aged 65-85, primarily), this review paper finds that: i) older adults are responsible for their communication with healthcare workers, but practitioners, because of their implied authority, control the narrative, and therefore it is necessary for them to become more educated in communicating with older adults; ii) some current communication practices by healthcare workers (with older adults) are not reflective of sufficient care; and iii) new gerontology education can foster increased empathy and shared communication practices among healthcare workers, and this can aid patients to better control and have confidence in their healthcare decisions. Social and cultural factors that may explain the health literacy divide in older adults are discussed, as are recommendations and best practices for healthcare workers working with older adults.
Long‐lasting synaptic facilitation induced by serotonin in superficial dorsal horn neurones of the rat spinal cord.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Modulatory actions of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) on excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) were studied with whole‐cell recordings from superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurones in neonatal rat spinal cord slices. In one‐third of SDH neurones, 5‐HT induced a sustained potentiation of evoked EPSCs lasting for more than 30 min after wash‐out. This potentiation was often preceded by a transient suppression of EPSCs. 2. Serotonin differentially modulated the frequency of miniature EPSCs recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) according to the SDH neurones, producing a transient suppression, a transient facilitation or a long‐lasting facilitation. 3. The 5‐HT1A‐receptor agonist 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT) suppressed the amplitude of evoked EPSCs and frequency of miniature EPSCs in a reversible manner. In contrast, the 5‐HT2‐receptor agonists 1‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2‐aminopropane (DOI) and alpha‐methyl‐5‐HT induced long‐lasting potentiations of EPSC amplitude and miniature EPSC frequency. 4. Neither the mean amplitude nor the kinetics of miniature EPSCs were affected by 5‐HT during the sustained facilitation of miniature EPSC frequency, suggesting that the facilitatory effect of 5‐HT was presynaptically mediated. The 5‐HT‐induced long‐lasting facilitation of miniature EPSC frequency was observed also in Ca(2+)‐free, Mg2+ solution. 5. The long‐lasting facilitation of evoked EPSC amplitude and miniature EPSC frequency by 5‐HT was mimicked by the phorbol ester, phorbol 12,13‐dibutyrate (PDBu), and blocked reversibly by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, calphostin C. Forskolin applied together with 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX) had no effect on the evoked EPSCs. 6. We conclude that serotonin can induce a long‐lasting facilitation of evoked EPSCs and spontaneous release of excitatory transmitter at SDH synapses of rat spinal cord. Our results suggest that intracellular PKC linked to the 5‐HT2 receptor may mediate this effect by directly activating the exocytotic machinery.
Design of Resource Management System Continuing Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Education is very important in life because it is closely related to the formation of national character so it must remain sustainable. So it becomes important to design a sustainable education resource management system. There are several steps taken in improving the quality of education and managing educational resources comprehensively. These include coaching and development, increasing the motivation of educational resources, supervision and monitoring, and allocating an education budget. In the process of sustainable education resource management, coaching and professional development of teachers is very important, because it will also have an impact on the quality of schools/madrasas, but it should be noted that efforts to foster and develop the competence of educators should be followed by the participation of the government, both central and local governments, this must also be supported by stakeholders such as communities that support the development of educational institutions
Environmental Orientation and Green Competitive Advantage of Hospitality Firms in South Africa: Mediating Effect of Green Innovation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The hospitality industry exerts significant pressure on the environment through the consumption of resources such as energy and water. However, the industry can also enhance environmental preservation through their operation and strategy. This study examined whether environmental orientation (internal and external) and green competitive advantage are significantly positively related. This study also investigated the indirect effect of green innovation. A quantitative research method was used for this study. The cross-sectional survey method was used as the method of data collection. This study used Partial Least Square Structural Equation modelling to test the hypotheses. The findings showed that environmental orientation and green competitive advantage are significantly positively related. The indirect effect of green innovation is significant. Theoretically, the study developed a model that linked green innovation to environmental orientation. Practically, the study suggests some recommendations on how the managers of hospitality firms can improve environmental orientation. These include the provision of training and development workshops on environmental strategy for management and employees.
EFFECT OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN ON AIR QUALITY IN URBAN AND SUBURBAN AREAS OF EXTREMADURA, SOUTHWEST SPAIN: A CASE STUDY IN USUALLY LOW POLLUTED AREAS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Lockdown measures were established in Spain from 14th March 2020, to flatten the pandemic curve of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The increasingly stringent implementation of these measures has made it possible to assess the effect of anthropogenic activities on the most relevant air pollutants present in ambient air. Whereas most published reports focus on highly polluted urban areas, the present work aims to quantify variations in the levels of NO2, O3 and BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) due to the COVID-19 lockdown in usually low polluted urban and suburban areas within Extremadura (Spain). Compared to the reference period from 2010 to 2019, significant reductions in NO2 levels occurred in the suburban stations of Badajoz, Cáceres, Mérida, Plasencia and Zafra (–50.4 %, –71.6 %, –55.2 %, –64.6 % and –51.8 %, respectively), likely due to the limitation of road traffic as the primary source of nitrogen oxides (NOx). These percentages of reduction are similar to data reported in high polluted areas. Similarly, O3 levels have decreased slightly by –9.9 % in Badajoz, –9.5 % in Mérida and –18.2 % in the Monfragüe National Park. The reduction in O3 levels may be due to a decrease in NOx limiting atmospheric conditions and the influence of weather conditions (high cloudiness and rainy days) during the lockdown period. No defined trend was observed for VOCs (BTX), probably due to the very low levels of these contaminants, close to the detection limit both during the lockdown and the reference periods.
Entomological Consultants: Clinical, Diagnostic, and Management Service

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Entomology consultants are routinely used in the agriculture, grain and food processing industry as a second, unbiased, pair of eyes and a means of keeping up with new pest management methods and regulations (Gerberg, 1991). These consultants are frequently active faculties at the university level or former employees of the public sector, the food business, or academic institutions. Consulting services are occasionally sought after by businesses to act as expert witnesses in court matters. According to Hagstrum and Subramanyam (2009), consultants are valuable because they have the necessary knowledge, access to popular and scholarly literature, and practical experience.
MUSIC TRAINING FACILITATES CORTICAL SYNCHRONIZATION DURING VERBAL MEMORY ENCODING

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Music training can improve learning and memory. In particular, our previous studies (Chan et al., 1998; Ho et al., 2003) suggested that children and adults with music training have better verbal memory than those without music training. In the present study, we aim to investigate how music training affects the brain activity during memory encoding. A total of 70 college students were recruited. Their memory was assessed by standardized neuropsychological tests and their brain activities during verbal memory encoding were recorded. Consistent with previous studies, participants with music training demonstrated better verbal but not visual memory than participants without music training on neuropsychological tests. During verbal memory encoding, two groups did not differ in the EEG spectral power but participants with music training showed elevated intrahemispheric and interhemispheric EEG coherence, compared with those without music training. Therefore, these results suggest than music training facilitates cortical synchronization during memory encoding, resulting in their better verbal memory performance.
Allelochemicals of the phenoxazinone class act at physiologically relevant concentrations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plants compete with their neighbors via the release of chemical compounds into the rhizosphere. These phytotoxins originate from a series of secondary metabolites and can be processed further by soil-living microorganisms before exerting their activity on the target plant. To determine the molecular mode of action and the physiological relevance of potential phytotoxins, it is important to simulate true-to-life conditions in laboratory experiments, for example by applying physiologically relevant concentrations. Here, we report on an improved experimental setting to study the function of allelochemicals of the benzoxazolinone class. By adjusting the solvent and the application of the chemicals, we reduced by more than 2fold the concentration that is necessary to induce growth defects in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
NUCLEATION PROBLEMS OF THE MARTENSITIC TRANSFORMATION IN STEEL

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A review of papers on martensitic transformations is presented. To clarify the martensite nucleation mechanism in iron-carbon steels on the basis of the currently established understanding is the main purpose of the review. The martensitic transformation is one of the main types of phase transformations in the solid state which is observed in materials with different nature. Need for a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the structural states formed during steel quenching is determined by its scientific and applied relevance. The martensitic transformation models are presented and critically discussed. The transformation features inherent martensite nucleation in steel are marked. The specific model reconstructions of crystal lattices are shown. The energy barrierless martensite nucleation model is considered in the work. As follows from the analysis of the spatial configurations formed by the martensite plates, it is concluded that they are defined more by the general patterns of the crystal growth than by the interaction between the elastic fields of the colliding plates. It is noted that the generalization and projection of the obtained results on nonferrous and rather exotic model alloys for steel are incorrect. It is concluded that the mechanism of martensite nucleation in the iron-carbon steel is still not fully disclosed.
Changes in Photosynthesis Could Provide Important Insight into the Interaction between Wheat and Fungal Pathogens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Photosynthesis is a universal process for plant survival, and immune defense is also a key process in adapting to the growth environment. Various studies have indicated that these two processes are interconnected in a complex network. Photosynthesis can influence signaling pathways and provide both materials and energy for immune defense, while the immune defense process can also have feedback effects on photosynthesis. Pathogen infection inevitably leads to changes in photosynthesis parameters, including Pn, Gs, and Ci; biochemical materials such as SOD and CAT; signaling molecules such as H2O2 and hormones; and the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis. Some researchers have found that changes in photosynthesis activity are related to the resistance level of the host, the duration after infection, and the infection position (photosynthetic source or sink). Interactions between wheat and the main fungal pathogens, such as Puccinia striiformis, Blumeria graminis, and Fusarium graminearum, constitute an ideal study system to elucidate the relationship between changes in host photosynthesis and resistance levels, based on the accessibility of methods for artificially controlling infection and detecting changes in photosynthesis, the presence of multiple pathogens infecting different positions, and the abundance of host materials with various resistance levels. This review is written only from the perspective of plant pathologists, and after providing an overview of the available data, we generally found that changes in photosynthesis in the early stage of pathogen infection could be a causal factor influencing acquired resistance, while those in the late stage could be the result of resistance formation.
The Shift from Paradiplomacy to Protodiplomacy: A Comparative Study of Catalonia and Kurdistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explored the transition from paradiplomacy to protodiplomacy in Catalonia and Kurdistan, two regions at the forefront of this shift. Protodiplomacy involves the direct participation of subnational entities in diplomatic activities akin to those of recognized nation-states, challenging traditional diplomatic hierarchies and altering the global diplomatic landscape. Catalonia has greater autonomy in matters such as governance and economy, while Kurdistan has more limited autonomy in matters such as security and governance. As such, this research showed that paradiplomacy could serve as a means to increase regional engagement in international politics. This research provided an in-depth analysis of how the South Sulawesi Provincial Government's paradiplomacy initiative impacts the export of agricultural products to Egypt. Through a comparative analysis of Catalonia and Kurdistan, this study elucidated the motivations, consequences, and challenges associated with this transition. It emphasized the significance of effective paradiplomacy practices between central and local governments. Catalonia and Iraqi Kurdistan exemplified modern paradiplomacy, showcasing their capabilities on an international stage. The research identified high Iraqi Kurdish nationalism as a key driver of the shift towards protodiplomacy in Kurdistan. It also highlighted the internal structural factors within Iraq that propelled Iraqi Kurdistan's diplomatic efforts, culminating in a referendum that marked a peak in separatist interest. This research underscored the dynamic nature of protodiplomacy, highlighting the motivations behind subnational diplomatic endeavors and the transformative implications for central-local government relations.
How strong is the UKs preference for more variety?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Use of modern trade specifications which account for new trade theory and gains from increasing variety, such as Krugman (1980) and Melitz (2003), remains in its infancy in CGE modelling. Central to determining the gains from new product varieties and the impacts on welfare, trade patterns and factor returns is the elasticity of substitution between varieties. Thus, this paper develops the research underpinning these trade specifications by assessing a range of approaches for estimating substitution elasticities at the GTAP sector level. Soderbery (2015) showed that previous estimates of the elasticity of substitution were significantly biased in the US context. We apply this approach to produce estimates for the UK, extending it to provide estimates at the product and GTAP sector level. Our results corroborate Soderbery’s (2015), with our estimates between 15% and 39% lower than previous UK estimates, suggesting they understated the gains from product variety in the UK. Investigating the importance of aggregation, we find that estimates are sensitive to the level of aggregation methodology, with product level estimates significantly higher than their GTAP counterparts. Using CGE simulations, we demonstrate the importance of estimating parameters at the same level of aggregation as modelling is carried out on.
Custody in criminal proceedings: Legal grounds and procedure

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A very important issue for the normal, smooth flow of criminal procedure is an immediate presence of some persons in criminal procedure, in the first place of the accused. The actions and measures of the criminal court undertaken in order to provide the immediate presence of the accused are the following: call, bringing of the accused, measures of monitoring, caution and the most severe one - temporary arrest (custody). These measures for securing the presence of the accused and for the normal flow of criminal proceedings are placed in the new Criminal Procedural Law of Montenegro in the part devoted to general issues, unlike before when these actions were placed in the part with investigation, since these measures are now undertaken not only during investigation but also during the entire criminal procedure. The reasons for these changes as well as for repeal of some earlier solutions of the Criminal Procedural Law concerning custody lie in the necessity to implement some solutions from modern criminal procedural laws of European countries as well as to implement relevant solutions from European Declaration on Human Rights, to improve human rights and to reach European human rights standards. The three most important changes related to the custody are the following: legal conditions for imposing custody jurisdiction for imposing custody and duration of custody. As far as the legal conditions for imposing custody are concerned, they are now more favorable for the accused, and the compulsory arrest is practically repealed. Now, only the criminal court is in charge to impose custody. And the last but not the least important issue •- during the whole criminal procedure the duration of custody is legally limited and strictly controlled by the court.