jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
‘You never know when you will need an antibiotic’: A qualitative study of structural barriers and cultural assumptions in antibiotic misuse among immigrants in the United States

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives The use of nonprescribed antibiotics increases the risk of antibiotic resistance, which is a primary public health concern of the 21st century. This study explores structural and cultural determinants of antibiotic misuse among immigrants living in the United States who arrived from home countries with easier access to antibiotics. Methods Adopting a qualitative approach, we interviewed 34 immigrants living in the United States and who had traveled back to their home countries within 1 year of the interview. We followed the steps of constructive grounded theory to analyze the data. Results We found two primary influences of immigrants’ use of nonprescribed antibiotics. The first was structural barriers to health care access in the host country, including insurance coverage, cost of an emergency department visit, cost of missing a paid day of work, complexity of the healthcare system, and communication issues with health care providers. The second was participants’ cultural assumptions, including their experiences of antibiotics use, beliefs about antibiotics, a habit of self-medication, and uncertainty about future medical needs. Conclusions This study informs policymakers concerned with combating antibiotic resistance. Promoting antibiotic stewardship among immigrants from countries with lax antibiotic-prescribing practices and improving access to appropriate channels for preventative and same-day care may reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
The Nexus of Statutory Allocation to the Public Water Sector and Population Density of Nigerian States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper posits that lack of maintenance, planning and bad governance including corruption led to the failure of the Nigerian public water supply system. A reconnaissance literature survey showed that virtually every city has decayed public taps and infrastructure causing most rural dwellers to trek long distances to obtain water for use with spurious quality. These are inspite of grants and interventions from international donors and credit agencies including the World Bank. Against this backdrop, an investigation was caused to examine the correspondence between financial allocation to the sector and every swelling population. Using analysis of variance for a test population of 20 states from the 36 states in Nigeria with data from National Bureau of Statistics and National Planning Commission, results showed that linearity of statutory allocation was positive with the population density of states with R2 values at < 10%. Also, financial allocations to water supply over the period (1994 – 1996) were unstable occasioned by political and economic instability in the country. Further, the study observed that the epileptic water supply gave to private participation to provide portable drinking water which was hitherto alien to developing economies. The paper recommends that state governments should adopt a responsive model that will adjust allocations to water projects
Glucocorticoid-activated IRE1α/XBP-1s signaling: an autophagy-associated protective pathway against endotheliocyte damage

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Glucocorticoid-induced endothelial injury has been reported in several diseases. Although there are several theories, the exact mechanism underlying the role of glucocorticoids in this process remains unclear. Autophagy has been reported to occur as a response to different stimuli and can affect cell survival and function. In this study, we found that glucocorticoids induced apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in endotheliocytes. Furthermore, we discovered that glucocorticoids induced autophagy in these cells and the inositol requiring protein 1 (IRE1α)/X-box binding protein 1s (XBP-1s) axis, one of the downstream signaling pathways of ER stress, was associated with the glucocorticoid-induced autophagy. The autophagy partly protected endotheliocytes from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis and inhibition of proliferation. In conclusion, glucocorticoid-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress activated the IRE1α/XBP-1s signaling and induced autophagy, which, in turn, played a protective role in endotheliocyte survival and proliferation, avoiding further cellular damage caused by glucocorticoids.
The Social Meaning of Motherhood in Russia Today

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Soviet state always emphasized and extolled the role of motherhood, or the woman's "function" of motherhood as it was called in the 1920s. Symbolic incentives for bearing children for the state were very well developed, even though material incentives lagged rather far behind (see, for example, [1-4]). Now everything has changed: there is practically no state support, even symbolic, for mothers and children. It is interesting to determine, in this regard, what changes have taken place on the individual level, the motives for bearing children in today's Russia, and the place of child bearing in the overall picture of women's aspirations in life. The object of the present article is a picture of women's child-bearing behavior in our country and their view of this area.
Regulatory variants in a novel distal enhancer regulate the expression of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The cytochrome P450 3As (CYP3As) are abundantly expressed in the liver and metabolize many commonly prescribed medications. Their expression is highly variable between individuals with little known genetic cause. Despite extensive investigation, cis‐acting genetic elements that control the expression of the CYP3As remain uncharacterized. Using chromatin conformation capture (4C assays), we detected reciprocal interaction between a distal regulatory region (DRR) and the CYP3A4 promoter. The DRR colocalizes with a variety of enhancer marks and was found to promote transcription in reporter assays. CRISPR‐mediated deletion of the DRR decreased expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7, supporting its role as a shared enhancer regulating the expression of three CYP3A genes. Using reporter gene assays, we identified two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (rs115025140 and rs776744/rs776742) that increased DRR‐driven luciferase reporter expression. In a liver cohort ( n = 246), rs115025140 was associated with increased expression of CYP3A4 mRNA (1.8‐fold) and protein (1.6‐fold) and rs776744/rs776742 was associated with 1.39‐fold increased expression of CYP3A5 mRNA. The rs115025140 is unique to the African population and in a clinical cohort of African Americans taking statins for lipid control rs115025140 carriers showed a trend toward reduced statin‐mediated lipid reduction. In addition, using a published cohort of Chinese patients who underwent renal transplantation taking tacrolimus, rs776744/rs776742 carriers were associated with reduced tacrolimus concentration after adjusting for CYP3A5*3. Our results elucidate a complex regulatory network controlling expression of three CYP3A genes and identify two novel regulatory variants with potential clinical relevance for predicting CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 expression.
Date Palm Nutrition Using Trunk Injection: A Comprehensive Review

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Date palm is an important agricultural crop in arid environments, vital for food and economic security. Conventional fertilization approaches are usually ineffective and wasteful due to nutrient leaching and soil salinity. Trunk injection is a new fertilization method based on injecting nutrients into the vascular system of date palms, which improves nutrient uptake and reduces environmental pollution. The review highlights the historical progression, approaches, and technological innovations of trunk injection while demonstrating its merits to traditional methods by providing target nutrient delivery and reduced fertilizer input. Selected research shows the effectiveness of different nutrients, such as iron, potassium, and nano-fertilizers, in increasing vegetative growth and fruit yield. It also covers challenges related to infection risk and labor requirements. Trunk injection of date palms offers great promise for sustainable crop production systems, and the prospects for its integration with precision agriculture technologies are considered, along with the need for research to optimize this technology.
KARDELENİN (Galanthus Woronowoii ) İN VİTRO REJENERASYONU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study was conducted in Tissue Culture Laboratory of the Field Crops Department of Agricultural Faculty of the Ege University in 2019. In the study, the bulbs of Snowdrop (Galanthus woronowii), is one of the geophytes of Turkey, were used as genetic material and were investigated for in vitro regeneration. The effects of different levels of MS+BAP (0.1; 0.5; 1.0; 2.0; 3.0 and 4.0 mg/l) and MS (control) were cultured in vitro. When the results were evaluated; the highest mean for bulb regeneration was obtained MS+4.0 mg/l BAP medium for shoot number (3.3) and shoot length (1.3 cm). Shoots of growing were sub cultured in media containing MS+0.5 mg/l IBA and MS+1.0 mg/l IBA. Medium of MS+ 1.0 IBA had the highest mean for root number (6.0) and root length (4.5 cm). As a result, Galanthus woronowii is to be suitable for in vitro production and can be evaluated for commercial production.
Complicated relationship between sports and national identity : a case study of Malaysia.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Sports have evolved into a new form of aesthetic entertainment with the help of technology. Watching a game of live football has never been easier. Sports involving competitions between nation-states not only bring tensions between nations but also give rise to positive patriotism. This paper explores the relationship between sports and national identity in Malaysia. My analysis focuses on whether sports help in strengthening one’s national identity by listing several factors that could complicate this relationship. It poses questions on how the Malaysian supporters perceive themselves and how they make sense of sports when they are supporting their national teams. Using Malaysia as a case study allows us to identify if sports do have a role to play in the construction of national identity, in a developing nation.
Measuring Quality of Life in Chronic Limb-threatening Ischemia Patients and Informal Carers: A Scoping Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To review quality of life (QOL) instruments for chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) patients and informal carers, and their use in QOL and cost-utility analysis (CUA) studies. Background: CLTI is a global health problem with significant morbidity affecting patients and informal carers. QOL is increasingly measured for holistic outcomes assessment and CUA. However, measurement instruments in CLTI are poorly understood. Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, COSMIN, PROQOLID, CEA registry, and NHS EED databases were searched for all English language studies up to May 2021. Features of instruments, evidence of measurement property appraisal, and trends in use were assessed. Prospective protocol registration (Open Science Framework: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/KNG9U). Results: A total of 146 studies on QOL instruments (n=43), QOL outcomes (n=97), and CUA (n=9) were included. Four disease-specific QOL instruments are available for lower extremity arterial disease (intermittent claudication or CLTI). VascuQoL-25 and VascuQoL-6 have been used in CLTI. There is no CLTI-specific instrument. Of 14 generic instruments, SF-36, EQ-5D-3L, NHP, and WHOQOL-BREF were most common. Studies reporting partial measurement property appraisal favored VascuQoL-25, VascuQoL-6, and SF-36. Feasibility considerations include mode of administration and responder burden. None of 4 available carer-specific instruments have been used in CLTI. Since 1992, the number of QOL studies has increased considerably, but CUA studies are scarce. Informal carers have not been assessed. Conclusions: This review provides a comprehensive reference for QOL measurement in CLTI that helps end-users with instrument selection, use, and interpretation. However, a CLTI-specific instrument is needed. There is an opportunity to benefit society through future CUA studies and evaluation of QOL in informal carers.
The influence of fiscal rules on local government: evidence from Brazil

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study analyzes the effects of the Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF) on Brazilian municipalities. More specifically, the LRF established that municipalities could not spend more than 60% of their revenues on personnel expenses. We employed quasi-experimental methods, specifically Regression Discontinuity and Event-Study, to examine the impact of the LRF\\'s threshold on municipal fiscal behavior, focusing on outsourced services and investments. Our main result indicates that non-compliant municipalities increased their spending on outsourced services as a proportion of revenues and expenditures by approximately 11% after LRF, compared to the control group.
Problems and Opportunities for the Milk Sector in Bulgaria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

IVANOV, B., 2007. Problems and opportunities for the milk sector in Bulgaria. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 13: 85-98 This paper is devoted to investigation of the problems and opportunities for the milk sector in Bulgaria, standing for one of the key sectors in Bulgarian agriculture, facing new challenges attributed to the future membership of Bulgaria in EU. Indeed the Bulgarian milk sector currently suffers various problems attributed to aggravated structure of the production farms, where about 83% of the farms keep up to 2 dairy cows and their sustainability and efficiency is strongly undermined. Besides, the challenges for the sector are spread at the milk production, collection and processing stages taking into account the EU requirements for hygiene and quality control. Nowadays, according to the preliminary estimations, merely 25% of the total produced cow milk meets the EU standards and about 18% of all running dairies are licensed to export in EU, which testifies for crucial needs for progress during 3 years derogation. The opportunities for the dairy sector are imputed to the foreboding good prospects for milk products' export, as Bulgaria in the last couple of years sustains as a net exporter in terms of value and this trend is projected to keep on. Especially, the positive export trend is assumed for cheese products, which are the main milk derivative and are welcomed all over the world. The genial impulse on the living standard, which the annexation to EU is expected to conduce and significant access to the EU funds, can be reckoned as cue factors for improvement of the milk products' quality and for modernization of the dairy farm conditions. Thus, the dairy sector can expect an increase of dairy consumption in the domestic market and withstanding competitiveness in EU market.
Analyzing the Evolution and Impact of Kalashnikov Rifles: A Comprehensive Study on Design, Technology, and Global Influence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the evolution and impact of Kalashnikov rifles, examining their design, technology, and global influence.The study delves into the historical development of Kalashnikov rifles, tracing their evolution from inception to the present day.Through an in-depth exploration of technological features and innovations, the paper highlights the key design principles, materials, and advancements that have defined these rifles.The research investigates the global spread and influence of Kalashnikov rifles, analyzing their widespread adoption by military forces and non-state actors.Emphasis is placed on their role in conflicts worldwide, exploring how these rifles have shaped military strategies, particularly in guerrilla warfare and unconventional conflicts.Beyond military contexts, the paper examines the socioeconomic implications of the global proliferation of Kalashnikov rifles, shedding light on their impact on regional and international political landscapes.Addressing controversies and ethical concerns associated with their use, the study also explores legal and regulatory challenges arising from their widespread availability.Through detailed case studies of notable conflicts and events, the research provides insights into the specific roles played by Kalashnikov rifles.Additionally, the paper considers future trends and developments in Kalashnikov rifle technology, anticipating potential implications for global security and warfare.This research contributes to a nuanced understanding of Kalashnikov rifles' multifaceted impact, acknowledging their historical significance while critically assessing their implications for contemporary and future geopolitical landscapes.
Learning to Hire? Hiring as a Dynamic Experiential Learning Process in an Online Market for Contract Labor

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We know a job applicant’s social category affects an employer’s likelihood of hiring the applicant, but we do not know whether, or how, employers update their beliefs regarding these social categories. I portray hiring as a cognitive decision and examine how prior negative and positive hiring experiences of employees from particular countries affect an employer’s subsequent likelihood of hiring applicants from those countries. I hypothesize that employer reactions will reflect loss aversion—that employers will react more strongly to negative hiring experiences than positive ones. Furthermore, I expect that the similarity of the prior job will moderate this effect. Analyses of 3.9 million applications, from freelancers worldwide, for over 290,000 jobs on an online labor market demonstrate that employers are 15% less likely (versus 8% more likely) to hire freelancers from a country following a prior negative (versus positive) experience. Prior negative experiences with similar jobs (versus dissimilar jobs) lead employers to be 82% less likely (versus 8% less likely) to hire from that country. Conversely, positive experiences with similar jobs (versus dissimilar jobs) lead employers to be 25% more likely (versus 3% more likely) to subsequently hire from that country. The consequences for switching countries, following negative experiences, are analyzed and wage differences to compensate for employer reactions, are calculated. Contributions to the hiring discrimination, impression formation, and gig-economy literatures are discussed. This paper was accepted by Olav Sorenson, organizations.
The Influence Of Current Ratio (Cr), Debt To Equity Ratio (Der), Total Asset Turnover (Tato), And Net Profit Margin (Npm) On Return On Equity (Roe) In Lq-45 Companies Listed On The Indonesian Stock Exchange (Bei ) Year 2013-2018

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Total Asset Turn Over (TATO) and Net Profit Margin (NPM) on LQ45 companies' Return on Equity (ROE) at the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2013 - 2018. This research is an explanatory research that explains the causality relationship using secondary data with a population of 45 companies incorporated in the LQ45 index on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018. Samples of 7 companies were selected using the purposive sample method in accordance with predetermined criteria including one of which is to have a report finance in 2013-2018. The analytical method used is panel data linear regression. The results showed that at the 95% confidence level of the four dependent variables studied, namely: Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Total Asset Turn Over (TATO) and Net Profit Margin (NPM) there are three variables that have a significant effect on Return on Equity (ROE), namely Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Total Asset Turn Over (TATO) and and Net Profit Margin (NPM). Meanwhile, if tested simultaneously, the Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Total Asset Turn Over (TATO) and Net Profit Margin (NPM) have a significant effect on Return on Equity (ROE.) Keywords : Current Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Total Asset Turn Over (TATO) dan Net Profit Margin (NPM) dan Return on Equity (ROE)
Shared Predicament of Nature and Motherhood in Kamala Markandaya’s Nectar in a Sieve

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper examines and analyses conflating relation of nature and motherhood in Kamala Markandaya's Nector in a Sieve by applying ecofeminist perspective. The novel revolves around a central character called Rukmani who struggles hard to survive and sustain her family working in the field. Her misery begins to unfold due to infertility she bears. Her daughter, Ira faces the same problem her mother had faced. It almost ruins Rukmani’s life. She is always obsessed with motherhood, nurturing qualities, and natural surrounding around her. This paper explores why motherhood always bothers Rukmani thereby showing her bonding and belonging to nature. This paper being qualitative in nature applies ecofeminist theories for the textual analysis of the primary. The paper concludes that Rukmani’s struggles in reproduction and her strong will to be in land community asserts the shared predicament of nature and motherhood where she is more obsessed with her biological role of mother.
Iron Ore: Part I, United Kingdom; Part II, British Africa; Part III, British America; Part IV, British Asia; Part V, Australia and New Zealand; Part VI, Europe and Africa (Foreign); Part VII, Foreign America; Part VIII, Foreign Asia. Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau, 1922.

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Iron Ore: Part I, United Kingdom; Part II, British Africa; Part III, British America; Part IV, British Asia; Part V, Australia and New Zealand; Part VI, Europe and Africa (Foreign); Part VII, Foreign America; Part VIII, Foreign Asia. Imperial Mineral Resources Bureau, 1922. - Volume 60 Issue 1