jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of particle size and diluent type on critical parameters for disintegration of tablets containing croscarmellose sodium as a disintegrant

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Purpose:The aim of the present work was to determine the effect of particle size and type of diluents on critical concentration for the disintegration of tablet formulations containing a physical binary mixture of a superdisintegrant (croscarmellose sodium, CS) and a diluent.Methods: The diluents used in this study were microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), dibasic calcium phosphate (DCP) and pregelatinized starch (PGS).Each diluent was divided into 2 different size ranges (small and large size)) and further mixed with 0 -100 % CS.The binary mixture was compressed at controlled pressure, and the disintegration time and physical characteristic of the tablets were evaluated. Results:The point of CS concentration that markedly affected the disintegration time of the tablets was recorded as the critical concentration for disintegration.The results showed that the particle size of the diluent did not affect the disintegration time.The critical CS concentrations were 2 % for DCP and MCC tablets and 5 % for PGS tablet.Adding a small amount of CS improved the disintegration of the tablets.However, increasing the amount of CS in the formulation also affected the hardness of the tablets.The particle size of diluents had a significant effect on the critical concentration for tablet disintegration.Conclusion: Determining the type and appropriate amounts of diluent and disintegrant (percolating component) may be useful in the design of tablet formulations.
Low Total Testosterone Levels in Men with Newly Diagnosed Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional Study in China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective. There is a bidirectional interaction between circulating testosterone and blood glucose levels. We aim to investigate the testosterone levels in men with early-onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods. A total of 153 drug naive men with T2DM were enrolled in the study. Early- ( n = 63 ) and late-onset ( n = 90 ) T2DM was classified according to age 40 years old. Clinical characteristics and plasma for biochemical criterions were collected. Gonadal hormones were measured using chemiluminescent immunometric assay. The concentrations of 3β- and 17β-HSD were determined using ELISA. Results. Compared with men with late-onset T2DM, those with early-onset T2DM had lower serum total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and FSH, but higher dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) level ( p < 0.05 ). The mediating effect analysis showed that the decreased TT levels in patients with early-onset T2DM were associated with the higher HbA1c, BMI, and triglyceride in these patients (both p < 0.05 ). The early-onset of T2DM directly correlated with increased DHEA-S (both p < 0.01 ). The 3β-HSD concentration in the early-onset T2DM group was lower than that in the late-onset T2DM group ( 11.07 ± 3.05 vs. 12.40 ± 2.72 pg/mL, p = 0.048 ) and was positively correlated with fasting C-peptide, while negatively correlated with HbA1c and fasting glucagon ( p all < 0.05). Conclusions. Patients with early-onset T2DM showed inhibition of conversion from DHEA to testosterone, which may attribute to the low level of 3β-HSD and high blood glucose in these patients.
Inside the Mind: Using Neuroimaging to Understand Moral Product Preference Judgments Involving Sustainability

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Trying to decide whether to purchase a sustainable product often puts decision makers in a difficult situation, especially if the more sustainable option provides less desirable features or costs a premium. This paper theorizes that adding sustainability as a variable during product choice evaluations create decisions that are moral choice scenarios, where benefit to society is weighed against personal gain. From an engineering design perspective, modeling user preferences in this context can be extremely difficult. While several methods exist to assist researchers in eliciting consumer preferences, the vast majority relies upon conscious input from the potential consumers themselves. More critically, these methods do not afford researchers the ability to understand the cognitive mechanisms underlying what someone may be feeling or thinking while these preference judgments are being made. In this work, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to investigate the neural processes behind multi-attribute product preference judgments. In particular, this work centers on uncovering unique features of sustainable preference judgments: preference judgments that involve products for which the environmental impact is a known quantity. This work builds upon earlier work that investigated how preference judgments are altered in the context of sustainability. A deeper look at participant decision making at the time of judgment is examined using neuroimaging with the goal of providing actionable insights for designers and product developers.
Revolutionizing Hybrid Wind/Photovoltaic/Battery Systems: State-of-the-Art Predictive Control and Real-Time Testing for Optimal Performance

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This article presents the design of a continuous-time model predictive control (CTMPC) incorporating a disturbance observer (DO) for ensuring robustness against load disturbances. The developed model addresses the control effectiveness in grid-connected hybrid energy systems, under unknown variations of parameters in different operating conditions. These multiple power conversion subsystems are integrated to compose the entire configuration: a boost DC/DC converter for the photovoltaic generator, a bidirectional DC/DC converter for the battery energy storage system, an AC/DC converter for the wind turbine, and a voltage source inverter (VSI) for interfacing with the grid. All of these components are connected through a common DC bus, which is the backbone of the hybrid system. To mitigate disturbances affecting the performance of power converters based on the renewable energy sources, a DO is added to the proposed CTMPC. This ensures a balanced distribution of active power between the common DC bus and the grid via the bidirectional DC/DC converter and maintains a stable DC-link voltage through the VSI. Extensive simulations performed in the matlab/simulink under different operating scenarios prove the superiority of the CTMPC-DO controller against conventional proportional-integral. The obtained results showed near-perfect tracking performance and significantly improved overall system stability, demonstrating the potential of the CTMPC-DO approach to replace conventional control strategies. Finally, an experimental validation of the proposed CTMPC-DO method by using the hardware-in-the loop was developed to verify the applicability and efficiency of the controller in a DC microgrid. This largely proves the ability of the developed controller in handling hybrid energy system complexities and this is considered a major contribution toward improving control strategies in DC microgrids.
Diffuse lung disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract This chapter describes a diagnostic approach, based on clinical features, imaging, and other investigations; more detailed descriptions of the diseases themselves are presented later in the book. The term ‘diffuse lung disease’ is used here to describe any widespread pulmonary disease process. Patients typically present with breathlessness and bilateral CXR shadowing. However, the rate of onset and severity of breathlessness are extremely variable, and presentations range from an asymptomatic patient with long-standing radiological changes to an acute onset of breathlessness over a period of days, leading rapidly to respiratory failure and death.
Effects of β-carotene on glucose metabolism dysfunction in humans and type 2 diabetic rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common chronic disease that is strongly associated with cardiovascular risk. Long-term high blood glucose levels may induce cardiomyocyte apoptosis, cardiac dysfunction and suppress fetal cardiomyocyte proliferation. Recent epidemiological studies have shown a link between antioxidant carotenoids and T2DM, but a comprehensive longitudinal study of this association has not yet been conducted. Methods We included participants with biological measurements for both serum cis-β-carotene and fasting glucose from NHANES (2001–2006). We divided the participants into quartiles according to serum cis-β-carotene levels and determined the association between these levels and glucose metabolism by using multivariable regression models adjusted for confounding factors. The mechanism through which β-carotene levels regulate plasma glucose levels was further investigated in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we performed a preliminary exploration of the effects of β-carotene on diabetic rats and primary cardiomyocytes. Results Higher cis-β-carotene (quartile 4) was associated with higher LDL-cholesterol levels but lower fasting blood glucose levels. However, T2DM rats subjected to β-carotene treatment showed diminished total triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and their β-carotene levels were associated with better cardiac function than that in the T2DM group ( P <0.05). Moreover, β-carotene was found to be an important protective factor improving cardiac and mitochondrial function in diabetes. At non-cytotoxic doses, β-carotene clearly improved glucose uptake in insulin-resistant cells. Treatment with β-carotene increased GLUT4 and p-Akt expression, and attenuated the phosphorylation of IRS-1. Our data demonstrated that β-carotene improved cardiac mitochondria biogenesis in diabetes due to activation of PGC-1β. Conclusion Our results indicate that β-carotene can be used to treat metabolic disorders through inhibition of the insulin-resistance pathway in diabetes.
Web application development project

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The objective of this web application development project is to create content for the application and implementing scaffolding mechanism for PRES-on. The content for the application are needed to show how PRES-on works in promoting modeling or in another words system modeling. It also acts as a guide for user to know more about system modeling through the various case studies being created, and also there is a platform available for them to create models. Scaffolding mechanisms are added into PRES-on to enhance the learning process of a user. It provides a form of assistance to the user. The scaffolding mechanisms in PRES-on is in the form of procedural prompts. The prompts are added in to simulate the user’s thinking to make them think in depth while they are creating models in PRES-on. It is also guiding the user making sure they are on the right track.
Spectrophotometric analysis of the effectiveness of bleaching agents used for non-vital teeth bleaching

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficiency of three different substances used for the bleaching of non-vital teeth. Methods: Forty bovine teeth were divided into five groups: three test groups (sodium perborate + 20% hydrogen peroxide – SPG; 37% carbamide peroxide – CPG; 35% hydrogen peroxide – HPG) and two control groups (CG1 and CG2). Teeth of the test groups were stained artificially with blood and bleached using the in-office and walking bleach techniques. The efficiency of the bleaching agents was evaluated objectively by comparing the color variables L*, a*, and b* measured spectrophotometrically according to the CIELab system. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and the Tukey test, adopting a 5% level of significance. Results: The results showed a reduction in lightness (L*) after staining and an increase after the bleaching sessions. The values of a* and b* increased after staining and decreased after the application of the bleaching substances. Conclusions: All substances used for non-vital tooth bleaching exhibited the same bleaching efficiency. No significant differences in this efficiency were observed between the bleaching techniques at the end of the experiment. However, in-office bleaching provided the same bleaching result as the walking bleach technique within a shorter period. Clinical significance: Given the increasing demand for esthetics, the use of different bleaching techniques and the variety of whitening agents, oral health professionals should offer evidence-based treatment, more efficient and in less time.
Femicide and Criminal Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The crime of homicide is said to have an aggravating cir- cumstance when it is committed due to the “fact of be- ing a woman.” In Colombia, only until the 4th of March 2015, The Supreme Court of Justice, for the first time, addressed a case in which a penalty with an aggravating circumstance of this nature was imposed, establishing the relevant factors to constitute this type of crime. The present text analyses the crime of femicide within a wider context of violence against women just as the concepts of gender-based violence, violence against women and fi- nally, sexual assault and femicide; these concepts are ana- lyzed with the purpose of showing the different factors involved in this phenomenon. El delito de homicidio tiene una agravante que se configu- ra cuando el delito se comete por “el hecho de ser mujer”. En Colombia, solo hasta el 4 de marzo de 2015 la Corte Suprema de Justicia se ocupó por primera vez de un caso en el cual se daba aplicación a la agravante, y determinó los elementos que son importantes para su configuración. En este texto analizo el concepto de feminicidio dentro de un contexto más amplio de violencia contra la mujer, al igual que los conceptos de violencia de género, violencia contra la mujer y, finalmente, violencia sexual y feminici- dio, todo ello con el propósito de mostrar los diferentes elementos que están alrededor de este fenómeno.
Serum uric acid as a metabolic regulator of endothelial function in heart failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The development of heart failure (HF) associated with elevated level of serum uric acid (SUA).Additionally, the majority of individuals with traditional cardiovascular risk factors contributing in HF risk exhibited increased levels of SUA.Although SUA lowering drugs are widely used in patients with symptomatic hyperuricemia and gout beyond their etiologies, there is no agreement of SUA below target level 6.0 mg/dL in asymptomatic individuals with kidney injury and CV disease and data of ones in heart failure (HF) are suffi ciently controversial.First SUA plays an important role in inducing oxidative stress, infl ammation, neurohumoral activation, and endothelial dysfunction.Secondary, SUA may act as antioxidant contributing in restoring of vascular function.Moreover, SUA is able to epigenetically regulate a survival of endothelial precursors, mediate their mobbing and differentiation, as well as coordinate a turn-over effect of metabolic memory phenomenon into repair capability of cell precursors.However, elevated SUA level was found a predictor of adverse clinical outcomes of HF.The short communication is depicted the importance of new clinical data to confi rm the emerging reparative ability of SUA in HF and its role as promising target for treatment in cardiac failure.
Expression of the angiotensinogen gene is synergistically stimulated by 8-BrcAMP and Dex in opossum kidney cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We transiently transfected fusion genes with the 5'-flanking region of the angiotensinogen gene linked to a bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) coding sequence as a reporter into opossum kidney (OK) cells. The addition of 8-bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (8-BrcAMP) (10(-3)-10(-7) M) or forskolin (10(-9)-10(-5) M) stimulated the expression of the plasmid pOCAT [angiotensinogen nucleotide (N) -1498/+18] fusion gene in OK cells in a dose-dependent manner. The addition of dexamethasone (Dex) (10(-6) M) further enhanced the stimulatory effect of 8-BrcAMP or forskolin, whereas the addition of (R)-p-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate [(Rp)-cAMP[S], an inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A, I and II] blocked the stimulatory effect of 8-BrcAMP. Furthermore, the addition of 8-BrcAMP (10(-3) M) or Dex (10(-6) M) or a combination of both stimulated the expression of pOCAT (angiotensinogen N -1138/+18), pOCAT (angiotensinogen N -960/+18), pOCAT (angiotensinogen N -814/+18), and pOCAT (angiotensinogen N -688/+18), but had no effect on the expression of pOCAT (angiotensinogen N -280/+18), pOCAT (angiotensinogen N -198/+18), pOCAT (angiotensinogen N -110/+18), pOCAT (angiotensinogen N -53/+18), and pOCAT (angiotensinogen N -35/+18). To further localize the putative cAMP-responsive element (CRE) in the angiotensinogen gene, we constructed fusion genes by inserting the DNA fragments angiotensinogen N -814 to N -689, angiotensinogen N -814 to N -761, and angiotensinogen N -760 to N -689 of the 5'-flanking region of the angiotensinogen gene upstream of the thymidine kinase (TK) promoter fused to a CAT gene and introduced them into OK cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The Practice and Power of Collective Memory

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Trauma and the Memory of Politics, Jenny Edkins addresses an important, controversial, politically loaded, and timely issue—albeit not a new one (see, for example, Caruth 1996; Bar-On 1999; Wood 1999; Wertsch 2002). The book explores how people as collectives remember traumatic events like war, famine, genocide, and terrorism. More specifically, Edkins examines how the sovereign state uses and abuses the commemoration of traumatic events to reify and reinforce the idea of the nation, and how opposition groups use the same traumatic events and the posttraumatic experiences to challenge political systems that produce violence, war, and genocide. Ontologically and epistemologically, Edkin's study fits into the poststructuralist school and represents a radical strand of constructivism (Adler 2003). The book has a transparent political viewpoint that is critical of the sovereign state, its monopoly of power, the objectives for which state power is used, and...
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Brain Tumour Detection and Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Analysing brain tumour with no human intervention is considered as a vital area of research. However, this has been successfully achieved using deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). They have performed exceptionally well in solving computer vision problems and many others such as visual object recognition, detection and segmentation. It is used in detecting the brain tumour by optimising the brain images using segmentation algorithms which are highly resilient towards noise and cluster size sensitivity problems with automatic region of Interest (ROI) detection. One of the main reasons choosing DCNNs is due to its high accuracy and it is not necessary to perform manual feature extraction in these networks. In this research paper we present an extensive review on how convolutional neural networks (CNNs) techniques are applied in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analysis, their architectures, pre-processing, data-preparation and post-processing strategies. Analysing how different CNNs architectures have evolved, discuss their strategies and examine their outputs is the primary aim of this paper. Finally, we present the future of CNNs in which we mention few research directions in the coming years.
Structural Studies of Potassium Hexaiodoplatinate(IV) K2PtI6

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The temperature dependence of the crystal structure of Potassium Hexaiodoplatinate(IV) between 80 and 500 K is described. Below 410 K, K2PtI6 adopts a monoclinic structure described in space group P21/n due to the presence of tilting of the PtI6 octahedra. Heating the sample to above 410 K results in the loss of the out-of-phase tilts and a transition to the previously described tetragonal structure in space group P4/mnc. The remaining in-phase tilts are lost upon heating to above 460 K where the structure is cubic in space group Fm3‾m. It is anticipated that the identification of accurate structures for the three polymorphs of K2PtI6 will stimulate further theoretical and practical studies.
Anthropometrics of Estonian children in relation to family disruption

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background and objectives The thrifty phenotype hypothesis proposes that at resource limitation, the growth of some organs/tissues is selectively spared to preserve more critical ones, such as the brain or lungs. The Trivers–Willard hypothesis (TWH) predicts that boys are more vulnerable in the case of resource limitation than girls. Both hypotheses were tested in children from disrupted families, differing in the extent of deprivation/adversities imposed on them. Methodology In a retrospective cohort study in the mid-20th century Estonia (Juhan Aul’s database), different types of orphans and children of divorced parents (treatment groups; n = 106–1401) were compared with children from bi-parental families (control groups; n = 2548–8648) so that children from treatment groups were matched with control children on the basis of sex, age, year of birth, urban versus rural origin and socioeconomic position. Results Children in orphanages suffered strong growth suppression, best explained by psychosocial deprivation. Their feet were on average 0.5 SD shorter than the feet of the controls, followed by height, leg/torso ratio and cranial volume that differed from controls by ca 0.4 SD. Weight difference was 0.2 SD units, while body mass index did not differ from controls. The growth of boys and girls in orphanages was suppressed to the same extent. Boys whose mothers were dead were relatively smaller and less masculine than girls from such families. Fathers’ absence was unrelated to growth suppression. Sons of divorced parents had broader shoulders than boys whose fathers were dead. Conclusions and implications Prediction of TWH about the greater vulnerability of male growth may hold under some conditions but not universally. Predictions of the thrifty phenotype hypothesis were partly supported: trunk growth was spared at the expense of leg growth; however, no evidence for brain sparing was found. Comparison of children of divorced versus dead fathers may appear useful for indirect assessment of sexual selection on offspring quality. Lay Summary: Boys and girls in orphanages suffered similarly strong growth suppression, best explained by psychosocial deprivation. Boys whose mothers were dead were relatively smaller and less masculine than girls from such families. The occurrence of sex-specific associations between family structure and children’s growth depends on the type of family disruption.