jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparison between the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test and the Hba1c Assay for Detecting Impaired Glucose Regulation in Bahamian Adolescents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To determine the best method for detecting Impaired Glucose Regulation (IGR) in adolescents from New Providence Island, Bahamas.IGR is defined by blood glucose levels that are higher than normal but below those of a person with diabetes. Design and Methods:From Jan-March 2012, 873 adolescents (13-19 years old) were randomly selected from five different high schools in New Providence.Weight and height were measured and participants were screened for IGR using the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test and a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).T-test or chi-square test was used to determine significant associations between sex and outcome variables, and prevalence of glycemic status by BMI category.Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between OGTT results and BMI.Results: Of the initial pool, 861 adolescents (98.6%) completed the study.The OGTT demonstrated that 89.4% of these students had normal fasting glucose levels and 98.8% had normal 2-hour OGTT glucose levels.Eightyseven students (37 boys and 50 girls) had elevated fasting plasma glucose; however, 2 hours after the oral glucose load, only 9 students (2 boys and 7 girls) had blood glucose concentrations indicative of IGR.For the HbA1c test, 82.6% of the students had normal results, and 1.3% had diabetes.The HbA1c test revealed a higher percentage of students with IGR (16.1%) than the OGTT (1%). Conclusions:The HbA1c test identified a greater percentage of adolescents as having IGR than did the OGTT.Due to the high discordance between the two tests, it is likely that an elevated HbA1c test may falsely classify adolescents as IGR if OGTT results and clinical signs (e.g., diabetic retinopathy and/or nephropathy) are not considered.
Mammalian diversification bursts and biotic turnovers are synchronous with Cenozoic geoclimatic events in Asia

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Phylogenies and input files to perform historical biogeographic models. Each folder contains 100 phylogenies for each of the 21 clades used in our study together with the geographic input file to run BioGeoBEARS. Phylogenies used in this study were obtained from https://vertlife.org/phylosubsets/.
Energy Efficient Dynamic Source Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad hoc Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In a MANET, there is no Base Station i.e no fixed infrastructure and the nodes are free to move, thus network topology changes dynamically in an unpredictable manner. In this network each node acts both as a router and its job as an ordinary device. The major constraint of a network is the network parameters. These parameters are crucial in determining the network stability and reliability. Hence a better algorithm than the existing DSR algorithm is proposed to make the network transmission energy ecient. The major parameters on which the selection of the path depends is : (1) Node type and energy (2) Packet size (3) Delay in the network channel (4) no of hop counts required to reach the destination (5) Energy loss during transmission The conventional DSR algorithm uses any arbitrary path between the source and the destination pair. There is no parameter to judge the effectiveness of the path and this even floods the route cache with lengthier and multiple paths for the same source and destination. The EEDSR algorithm selects a node as a source node n then selects a set of node as destination. For each source and destination pair the best path is selected and then the parameters are collected. The average value of the parameters are taken over al the source and destination pair. This process is repeated for all the network of different dimension and a graph was plotted between no of nodes and the average parameter value. This algorithm not only enhances the network life but also minimises the effort required during the route maintenance phase. It even prevents back flooding of the packets and thus reduces the network congestion.
Problem Solving and Program Design: A Pedagogical Approach

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An approach to teaching programming and problem solving is described. The approach is language independent, within the class of procedural languages. Simulation is a central theme in this methodology. The teaching method is cooperative and emphasizes the process rather than the product. Problem‐solving paradigms available in all procedural languages are used: sequencing, iteration, and testing conditions. Top‐down design, as a methodology, is complemented by bottom‐up to include simulation and pattern identification. In bottom‐up design, considering a solution and identifying patterns is critical to the development of the algorithm. On the other hand, simulation of an algorithm is a check of the correctness of the algorithm, and provides a correcting mechanism.
Optic Nerve Sheath Measurement on Ultrasound: A Novel Diagnostic Test for Giant Cell Arteritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Optic nerve sheath enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging has been reported in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA), with or without visual manifestations. Whether similar findings can be documented on ultrasound is unknown. Optic nerve ultrasound is a point‐of‐care, easy to learn, rapid, and noninvasive technique. This study aims to investigate whether optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measured on ultrasound is useful in the diagnosis of active, new‐onset GCA. Methods A single‐center, diagnostic accuracy study was performed from June to November 2022 on consecutive eligible patients referred for suspected GCA. Optic nerve ultrasound was performed on both eyes. The ONSD (includes the optic nerve and its sheath) and optic nerve diameter (OND) were measured 3 mm behind the ocular globe. The presence or absence of GCA was confirmed clinically 6 months later. Multivariable linear regression, adjusting for age and sex, was used to determine the association between optic nerve ultrasound measures and final GCA diagnosis. Results Thirty participants were enrolled, including nine participants with a final diagnosis of GCA. Mean ± SD ONSD was 5.98 ± 1.17 mm in patients with GCA and 4.02 ± 0.99 mm in patients without GCA. Mean ONSD was greater by 1.26 mm in patients with GCA (95% confidence interval 0.30–2.21 mm, P = 0.01) compared with those without GCA, adjusting for age and sex. Mean ± SD OND was 2.97 ± 0.46 mm in patients with GCA and 2.47 ± 0.58 mm in patients without GCA. There was no evidence of an association between GCA diagnosis and OND. Conclusion Patients with GCA had a significantly greater ONSD on ultrasound than patients without GCA. Optic nerve ultrasound may represent a novel, rapid, bedside diagnostic test for GCA. A large prospective study is required to confirm these findings and evaluate whether ONSD can be used as a disease activity biomarker in GCA.
Combined Methods for Physical and Mental Workload

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This chapter presents information about the methods that combine physical and mental workload/fatigue during ergonomic evaluation. The methods were identified through a systematic literature review. The search criteria were done through a literature search in databases like SciFinder, SciELO, ScienceDirect, etc. As result, the following methods are described: Global Load Scale, Multivariate Workload Assessment, Subjective Fatigue Symptoms Test, Fatigue Assessment Scale, Scale of Recovery for Exhaustion of Occupational Fatigue, Scale of Estimated Fatigue-Energy Points, Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory, NASA-TLX, Combined Cognitive and Physical Assessment, Laboratory Method of Economics and Sociology of Work, OWL Method, Ergonomic Checklist Method, RENAULT Method, Joyce Method, NERPA Method, ARBAN Method, and MAPFRE Method. As a conclusion, it is possible to affirm that there are some evaluation methods that provide better elements for an accurate evaluation, and others lack basic elements, which causes an incomplete/not accurate evaluation.
Considerations for the long term: perpetual is not forever

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Shallow land burial is intended to provide a waste emplacement with low probability for the release of radionuclides to the environment, and to provide a barrier against encroachment on the waste by man or his activities. Additionally, the emplacement conditions are designed to insure that a potential release cannot result in unacceptable radionuclide concentrations in man's environment. Site-control requirements are intended to prevent unacceptable use or accidental excavation of the waste disposal site. Evaluation procedures generally provide definition of the containment capability of the site under present environmental conditions. Long-term care requirements can continue site control measures, and provide a continuing check on the containment capability. However, significant changes in climate, hydrology, plant cover, and land use that might alter the containment potential can occur in a time frame of tens to hundreds of years, and true ''perpetual'' care cannot be guaranteed. This paper considers the possible long-term consequences of radionuclide uptake by plants and burrowing animals, of changes in site hydrology, and of inadvertent excavation of the buried waste by man at some distant future date.
Redefining the Nodes of Metaverse and Luxury Hospitality

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The luxury hospitality renowned for its firm commitment to providing exceptional service and indulgent experiences has long been a hallmark of opulence and refinement. As the metaverse gains momentum and recognition, a new dimension of luxury is introduced that fuses the tangible and intangible, the physical and digital to create immersive encounters that resonate deeply with discerning guests. Also, some guests may still prefer traditional in-person experiences, so luxury hotels would need to strike a balance between offering both virtual and physical options. So, the use of AI and data analytics to tailor guest experiences raises concerns about potential discrimination and bias. This chapter explores the provide hospitality professionals with a roadmap to harness the power of emerging technologies, steering the industry towards personalized guest experiences, operational excellence and accelerated revenue growth.
Seeking Sponges: Distribution of Exposed Porifera in Mo’oera, French Polynesia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sponges constitute an important part of marine and aquatic ecosystems, however compared to other benthic groups little is known about sponges. Knowledge of sponge species and distribution is extremely limited on Mo’orea, French Polynesia. The purpose of this research was to describe the distribution of sponges using Rapid Habitat Assessment surveys at different locations around the island and to investigate distributional influences that cause zonation via a transplant experiment. Sponge species were given arbitrary species names and identified based on basic morphological characteristics. RHA’s were conducted at five sites around Mo’orea sampling the sub habitats present on the reef in terms of % cover of substrate types and ecological benthic attributes as well as taxon abundance for coral, fish and, sponges. To examine influences on distribution one sponge species was transplanted from the fringing to the barrier reef and caged against various factors then evaluated based on weight change. A one way ANOVA revealed certain species have significant differences in distribution with respect to location on the reef. Experimental results did not show a significant difference between weight loss based on the cage treatments, but overall every treatment lost weight. Based on the factors examined by the RHA no habitat types or distributional information specific to any one species could be attained. Analysis of the experiment data indicated that predation may limit some species to specific habitats.
Narcotics Control in the Hospital

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

THE increasing demand for professional nursing personnel has made it essential for departments of nursing services in most hospitals to make certain that nurses are using their time and skills to the best advantage. At Wesley Memorial Hospital in Chicago, we found that we could save many hours of nursing time ii we streamlined our nursing procedures. In many instances, we made these revisions quite easily; in others it wasn't so simple. For example, when we began to work on our procedure for handling narcotics, we found that safety for patients and all hospital personnel and security for the hospital were even more important than saving time for nurses. In reviewing this procedure, we first considered these factors which had direct bearing on the nurses' responsibility for narcotics control in the hospital: 1. The purpose of a procedure for the control of narcotics is to provide a physical setup and method of operation which will meet the requirements of the Harrison Narcotic Law and thus provide maximum safety for the patients and nursing personnel. 2. A school of nursing is responsible for the adequate teaching and protection of the student nurse. According to Gene Harrison, There is no greater legal-or moral-responsibility facing the nurse than the proper handling, administering and recording of narcotics.' A nurse should be very familiar with the provisions of the law and how it may affect her. 3. The rapid turnover of profes-
The students and the theological college and its literary department 1899-1919

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During the South African winter of 1899 the members of the Reformed Church Theological School, in the small north-eastern Cape town of Burgersdorp, became aware of “dark clouds” which were gathering on their political horizon. They were an intensely political group with strong republican sympathies who looked to the northern republics rather than to Cape Town for their inspiration. Yet when hostilities eventually broke out between the British and Boer Governments members of the Reformed Church in Burgersdorp seem to have been taken almost completely by surprise.
Influence of hydrostatic pressure on the passive film of titanium alloy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the corrosion behavior and failure mechanism of Ti–6Al–4V in simulated deep-sea environments has been investigated through microstructure analysis and in-situ electrochemical measurements. Hydrostatic pressure does not change the nucleation mechanism of passive film of Ti–6Al–4V. Charge transfer resistance (Rct) decreases by 53.0 % and 69.9 % at 10 MPa and 30 MPa respectively, compared to 0.1 MPa, suggesting that the corrosion resistance of passive film degrades with increasing hydrostatic pressure. Oxygen vacancies act as the primary donors within the passive film of Ti–6Al–4V. At the etching depth of 10 nm, the TiO2 content in the passive film decreases from 47.75 % (0.1 MPa) to 33.23 % (30 MPa). The average valence state of Ti in the inner layer of the passive film decreases with the increase in hydrostatic pressure, indicating that the stability of the passive film decreases.
Diammonium hexaaquacobalt(II) bis(sulfate)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the title compound,(NH4)2[Co(H2O)6](SO4)2, six water mol­ecules are coordinated to one Co2+ cation, which lies on an inversion centre. The geometry around the Co2+ cation is that of an octahedron. The coordinated water mol­ecules, uncoordinated ammonium cations and sulfate anions are linked by hydrogen bonds into a network structure.
Genome-Wide Identification of the Brassinosteroid Signal Kinase Gene Family and Its Profiling under Salinity Stress

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Alfalfa (Medicago L.) is a high-quality perennial leguminous forage with the advantages of salt tolerance, mowing tolerance, high protein content, and other economically valuable characteristics. As the sixth class of plant hormones, brassinosteroids (BRs) play indispensable roles in modulating a variety of plant growth, maturation, and environmental adaptation processes, thereby influencing vegetal expansion and development. Brassinosteroid signal kinases (BSKs) are key cytoplasmic receptor kinases downstream of the BR signaling transduction pathway, participating in plant growth, development, and stress regulation. However, the phylogenetic and expression pattern analyses of the BSK gene family among the five alfalfa species have rarely been reported; in this study, 52 BSK family members were found in the genomes of the five subspecies, and phylogenetic trees were constructed according to protein sequences, allowing us to categorize all BSKs into seven distinct groups. Domain, conserved motif, and exon–intron structural analyses showed that most BSK members were relatively conserved, except for MtBSK3-2, MtBSK7-1, and MtBSK7-2, which may be truncated members. Intra-species collinearity and Ka/Ks analyses showed that purifying selection influenced BSK genes during evolution; most of the cis-acting elements in the promoter region were associated with responses, such as light, defense, and stress, anaerobic induction, MeJA, and abscisic acid. Expression pattern analysis indicated that the majority of alfalfa genes exhibited downregulation after reaching a peak at 0.5 h after treatment with 250 mM NaCl, especially for MsBSK14, MsBSK15, MsBSK17, MsBSK19, and MsBSK21; meanwhile, MsBSK4, MsBSK7, and MsBSK9 increased and were highly expressed at 12 h, demonstrating significantly altered expression patterns under salt stress; furthermore, MsBSK4, MsBSK7, and MsBSK9 exhibited expression specifically in the leaves. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression trends for MsBSK4, MsBSK7, MsBSK9, MsBSK14, MsBSK15, and MsBSK16 matched the transcriptome data. However, the trends for MsBSK17, MsBSK19, and MsBSK21 diverged from the transcriptome data. Our study may provide a foundation for further functional analyses of BSK genes in growth, development, and salt stress tolerance in alfalfa.
Impaired Vowel Discrimination in Mandarin-speaking Congenital Amusics

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This paper investigates if individuals with amusia show deficits in the identification and discrimination of Mandarin vowels, with the aim of exploring whether the deficiency of the amusics lies in the acoustic processing of frequency, or in pitch processing.The results showed that the amusics performed comparably as the controls in vowel identification.For discrimination, both groups exhibited better discrimination for between-category pairs than within-category pairs, indicating that the amusics are not impaired in the categorical perception of vowels.However, amusics exhibited poorer accuracy than the controls in vowel discrimination across the board, irrespective of between-or within-category vowel pairs.Moreover, the participants' vowel discrimination accuracy is significantly correlated to their musical ability, as indexed by the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA) scores.The results suggest that individuals with congenital amusia might be impaired in frequency processing in general, a deficiency broader than originally believed.
The Relationship between Larval Mortality, Driven by Parasitoids and Pathogens, and Population Fluctuations in the Mulberry Tiger Moth, <i>Lemyra imparilis</i>（Lepidoptera: Erebidae）, in Japan.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The mulberry tiger moth, Lemyra imparilis（Butler）（Lepidoptera: Erebidae）, is a univoltine species that is widely distributed across Japan. Patterns in its population fluctuations and mortality caused by parasitoids and pathogens acting on the post-overwintering larvae were investigated in three areas of Japan. In the Kinki region, where the population follows a seven-year cycle, mortality caused by the parasitoid complex（mainly Hyposoter vierecki［Ichneumonidae］and Carcelia rasa［Tachinidae］）decreased with the L. imparilis population density, while mortality caused by pathogens（mainly Nucleopolyhedrovirus［NPV］）increased with the population density. The southern Nagano Prefecture population was stable, with a low density, and mortality caused by C. rasa and NPV tended to increase with the population density of L. imparilis. On Hachijo Island the population was stable with a high density, and the parasitoid fauna was poor compared to that of Honshu Island. Mortality caused by pathogens, mainly NPV, increased with the population density, and the rate of the population increase decreased linearly with the mortality. This study indicated that the mode of action of parasitoids and pathogens affected the patterns in L. imparilis population fluctuations.
O-(2-[18F]-Fluoroethyl)-L-Tyrosine (FET) in Neurooncology: A Review of Experimental Results

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In recent years, PET using radiolabelled amino acids has gained considerable interest as an additional tool besides MRI to improve the diagnosis of cerebral gliomas and brain metastases. A very successful tracer in this field is O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) which in recent years has replaced short-lived tracers such as [11C]-methyl-L-methionine in many neuro-oncological centers in Western Europe. FET can be produced with high efficiency and distributed in a satellite concept like 2- [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Many clinical studies have demonstrated that FET PET provides important diagnostic information regarding the delineation of cerebral gliomas for therapy planning, an improved differentiation of tumor recurrence from treatment-related changes and sensitive treatment monitoring. In parallel, a considerable number of experimental studies have investigated the uptake mechanisms of FET on the cellular level and the behavior of the tracer in various benign lesions in order to clarify the specificity of FET uptake for tumor tissue. Further studies have explored the effects of treatment related tissue alterations on tracer uptake such as surgery, radiation and drug therapy. Finally, the role of blood-brain barrier integrity for FET uptake which presents an important aspect for PET tracers targeting neoplastic lesions in the brain has been investigated in several studies. Based on a literature research regarding experimental FET studies and corresponding clinical applications this article summarizes the knowledge on the uptake behavior of FET, which has been collected in more than 30 experimental studies during the last two decades and discusses the role of these results in the clinical context.