jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Algorithm 63: partition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

article Free Access Share on Algorithm 63: partition Author: C. A. R. Hoare Elliott Brothers Ltd., Hertfordshire, England, U.K. Elliott Brothers Ltd., Hertfordshire, England, U.K.View Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 4Issue 7July 1961 https://doi.org/10.1145/366622.366642Published:01 July 1961Publication History 116citation2,803DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations116Total Downloads2,803Last 12 Months140Last 6 weeks49 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
I. The Role of the Gut Microbiota on Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ヒトの腸管には数百種類，100兆個以上の腸内細菌が生息し，多彩な代謝機能による宿主へのエネルギー源供給，腸管上皮細胞や免疫細胞の分化や成熟化，腸内環境の恒常性維持，病原菌に対する感染防御などに関与している．腸内細菌叢は健康と疾患に深く関与し，炎症性腸疾患（inflammatory bowel disease：IBD）や過敏性腸症候群（irritable bowel syndrome：IBS），大腸癌などの腸疾患のみならず，生活習慣病，自己免疫性疾患，自閉症など腸管以外の疾患との関連性も指摘され，大きな注目を集めている．
[Corrigendum] TLR4 mediates inflammation and hepatic fibrosis induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Following the publication of the above article, the authors have realized that the first grant number featured in the Funding section of the Declarations on p. 658 appeared incorrectly: The text here should have been written as 'grant nos. 2018J01199, 2018Y0032 and 2016J01441' instead of 'grant nos. 2018J0105, 2018Y0032 and 2016J01441'. The authors regret their oversight in providing this incorrect information in the Funding section of their paper. They thank the Editor of Molecular Medicine Reports for allowing them the opportunity to publish this corrigendum, and apologize to the readership of the Journal and to the funding body in question for any inconvenience caused. [the original article was published in Molecular Medicine Reports 22: 651‑660, 2020; DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11134].
The future healthcare and quality

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the future of healthcare and quality. Design/methodology/approach The paper describes six future healthcare systems based on four archetypes. Findings Instead of dealing with process oriented practice, management participation, financial incentives and capacity management, the emphasis should be on communication, education, shared decisions and quality of life. Originality/value The paper makes it clear that quality improvement efforts should be centred on the needs and wishes of patients, recognising patients' expertise, values and preferences.
[A case of a slow-growing, non-mucin-producing bronchioloalveolar carcinoma with a 9-year clinical history before thoracoscopic surgery].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 73-year-old woman was followed up with high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) from 2000 through 2002 because an area of ground-glass opacity in area S1 + 2 of the left upper lobe was found on HRCT in August 2000. The opacity was present on ordinary CT scans obtained in 1993, but had not been recognized. Thoracoscopic partial resection of the left lung was performed on October 8, 2002. Pathologic examination of the resected specimen showed localized bronchioloalveolar carcinoma (Noguchi's type B). Tumor doubling time was 1718 days from 1993 to August 2000 and 273 days from August 2000 through 2002. This case of adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar growth was characterized by initial slow growth followed by accelerated growth, no mucin production, and a long interval from the detection of opacity to surgery.
Presidential Term Limits in Europe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter focuses on the politics of presidential term limits including that of term lengths, in Europe from the nineteenth century onwards. It surveys twenty-three European countries, namely the EU members that currently have a president as their head of state plus Iceland and Switzerland. The main argument is that Europe has not been exempt from the political manipulation of presidential term limits, notably during the interwar period. However, in the modern era, meaning Western Europe after 1945 and Central and Eastern Europe after 1989, the abuse of presidential term limits has not been a live issue. The issue of term lengths, though, has been consequential in the small number of European countries with an executive presidency. The chapter provides information about presidential term limits and term lengths in Europe, examines some of the debates surrounding term limits, and discusses the effect of term lengths on presidential/cabinet conflict.
Poster : A new T dwarf bona fide member of AB Doradus

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Poster presented at "In the Spirit of Lyot 2015" conference taking place in Montreal on June 22-26, 2015. It describes the discovery that SDSS 1110+0116 is a ~10-12 Jupiter-mass T-type bona fide member of the ~120 Myr-old AB Doradus moving group. Please refer to the paper below if you use material from this poster.
Personalized Predictions of Glioblastoma Infiltration: Mathematical Models, Physics-Informed Neural Networks and Multimodal Scans

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Predicting the infiltration of Glioblastoma (GBM) from medical MRI scans is crucial for understanding tumor growth dynamics and designing personalized radiotherapy treatment plans.Mathematical models of GBM growth can complement the data in the prediction of spatial distributions of tumor cells. However, this requires estimating patient-specific parameters of the model from clinical data, which is a challenging inverse problem due to limited temporal data and the limited time between imaging and diagnosis. This work proposes a method that uses Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) to estimate patient-specific parameters of a reaction-diffusion PDE model of GBM growth from a single 3D structural MRI snapshot. PINNs embed both the data and the PDE into a loss function, thus integrating theory and data. Key innovations include the identification and estimation of characteristic non-dimensional parameters, a pre-training step that utilizes the non-dimensional parameters and a fine-tuning step to determine the patient specific parameters. Additionally, the diffuse domain method is employed to handle the complex brain geometry within the PINN framework. Our method is validated both on synthetic and patient datasets, and shows promise for real-time parametric inference in the clinical setting for personalized GBM treatment.
Air Pollution and Pulmonary Tuberculosis Disease in California

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease, but environmental factors may influence disease susceptibility and or progression from infection to disease. Ecologic analyses, including a preliminary study conducted, suggest a possible link between active TB and ambient air pollution. Animal models demonstrate that air pollution is associated with a reduction in cytokines that normally prevent latent TB infection (LTBI) from progressing into clinical disease. The primary objective of this investigation was to evaluate the association between ambient air pollution (as measured by SO2, NO2, CO, O3, PM2.5 and PM10) and incident pulmonary TB (PTB). An additional aim was to determine whether cigarette smoking is a risk factor for PTB disease in this population, and whether smoking influences the association between air pollution and increased risk of developing PTB. To address these aims a case-control study nested among members of Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) was undertaken. Using electronic clinical databases (ECD), incident cases of PTB diagnosed among adults between the years 1996-2010 were selected, and controls without a history of PTB matched to the cases on age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Cigarette smoking, current and historical residential addresses, and other covariates of interest were abstracted from the ECD. To estimate individual-level pollutant exposure geocoded addresses were linked to inverse distance weighted surfaces of average monthly pollutant concentrations, produced by the California Air Resources Board. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between individual air pollutant and incident PTB, stratifying on history of cigarette smoking. These results are the first from an analytic epidemiologic investigation undertaken to formally evaluate the hypothesis that individual-level estimates of air pollution concentrations are associated with an increased risk of incident PTB. Considering the high air pollution levels and increasing TB rates internationally, their potential association warrants study.
Children's Functioning in Difficult Situations in the Contemporary World

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Stress is an integral part of our lives. It also applies to our childhood. That is why it is so important to know how children cope with stress (how they learn coping strategies) and to equip them with the competences to cope constructively with stressful situations throughout life. This article describes strategies for coping with stress that are characteristic for children at the end of early school education. They have been identified in the course of my own research aimed at characterizing child stress and relate to a fragment of research activities aimed at 8- and 9-year-old children. The research established that in some children the developmental process of coping with stress has started: children look for, investigate, and think how to cope with difficulties. In this struggle, however, they focus on people who could be a source of support for them in coping with stressful situations. Among children's stress coping strategies, an important role is also played by emotionally focused strategies, which are aimed at reducing negative emotions and arousing positive emotions. Contemporary times show how important it is to develop, from the earliest period of an individual's life, competences in dealing with difficult situations, with stressful situations. Development of emotional intelligence, including emotional self-awareness, self-regulation, empathy, creative problem solving, the ability to establish and maintain relationships, including friendship relationships, the development of specific cognitive skills (divergent thinking, cognitive decentration), as well as psychological resilience are the basis of constructive coping with these situations. The family environment, a stable, harmoniously functioning home, as well as educational influence of preschool and early school environment play an enormous role in shaping these competences in children.
Anatomopathological report of a giant cell tumor of bone in an unusual location

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The case of a male, aged 29, which showed destruction of the L5 vertebral body and was diagnosed with giant cell tumor of bone (osteoclastoma) is presented. Imaging studies and morphological elements of the tumor are shown. The unusual presentation in vertebra and the existence of other tumoral and tumor like lesions of bone which contained giant cells motivated us to review the literature to establish the pathological discussion with reference to histopathological criteria and other aspects that are necessary for the differential diagnosis.
Mechanical Properties of Incoloy 908 — An Update

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Incoloy 908 is a nickel-iron base superalloy with its coefficient of thermal expansion and mechanical properties optimized for use in Nb3Sn superconducting magnets. Thermoelastic, tensile, fatigue crack growth, fracture toughness,and Charpy impact properties, and the results of conduit pressurization tests are summarized for base and weld metal.A limited number of stress rupture tests were also performed in air. The average yield strength (0.2% offset) for the solution annealed and aged base metal is 1200 MPa at 4.2 K. The fracture toughness,KIC, is greater than 230 MPa√m at 4.2 K. The fatigue behavior at 4.2K is comparable to austenitic stainless steels. Fatigue crack growth rates are a factor of three lower at 4.2 K than 298 K and are independent of heat treatment. At 4.2 K, the 20% cold-work-then-aged material has a 20% higher yield strength and a 10% higher ultimate tensile strength. Gas tungsten arc weld (GTAW) metal with or without Incoloy 908 filler metal exhibited comparable yield and about 10% lower tensile strength when compared with that of the base metal after a 200 hour age at 650°C. Fracture toughness, tensile elongation and Charpy absorbed energy were about 40% of those of the base metal. Leak-before-break behavior was observed in an internal pressurization test at room temperature for a geometry identical to that of the US-Demonstration Poloidal Coil conduit. The stress rupture performance is better than other low COE alloys of a similar type to that of Incoloy 908.
Endemic and Imported Measles Virus–Associated Outbreaks among Adults, Beijing, China, 2013

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 2013, a resurgence of measles occurred in Beijing, China. The outbreaks occurred among adults and were associated with endemic genotype H1 and imported genotype D8 viruses. Migrant workers were disproportionately represented in the outbreaks; thus, vaccinating such workers against measles may be an effective strategy toward the elimination of this disease.
The Triglyceride: High-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Ratio in Prediction of Development of Atherosclerotic Disease Process (P06.227)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The extent of atherosclerosis correlates with increased plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and with a decreased plasma concentration of high-densitylipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C). However, emerging data suggest that a triglyceride (TG):HDL-C ratio may be a better predictor of vascular risk than the traditional lipid measures such as TC and LDL-C. Background need for TG HDL ratio study. Design/Methods: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) is a medical research study involving more than 6,000 men and women from six communities in the United States. MESA is sponsored by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health. We compared the cohort of individual who developed stroke, peripheral vascular disease (PVD) or coronary vascular disease (CVD) with normal individuals. TG/HDL in normal individuals who developed stroke CVD and PVD were categorized in ratio of less than 5 (n = 340) and more than 5 (n = 85). This cohort were compared with the cohort of normal people without stroke CVD PVD with TGHDL ratio of more than 5 (n=849) and less than 5 (n = 5506). Results: The odds ratio estimate of TGHDL on stroke CVD PVD group is 1.621 (p-value=0.000), showing significant related. The odds of higher TGHDL individuals develop stroke CVD or PVD is 1.621 times larger than the odds of lower TGHDL individuals. Conclusions: TG HDL ratio has never been studied extensively. in our study it revels that it is a good marker for assesment of atherosclerosis. We need further research and study to support this concept. Disclosure: Dr. Jani has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Hussain has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zaidat has received personal compensation for activities with Boston Scientific Corporation and Micrus Inc. Dr. Kassab has nothing to disclose.
Impact analysis studies of clinical prediction rules relevant to primary care: a systematic review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives Following appropriate validation, clinical prediction rules (CPRs) should undergo impact analysis to evaluate their effect on patient care. The aim of this systematic review is to narratively review and critically appraise CPR impact analysis studies relevant to primary care. Setting Primary care. Participants Adults and children. Intervention Studies that implemented the CPR compared to usual care were included. Study design Randomised controlled trial (RCT), controlled before–after, and interrupted time series. Primary outcome Physician behaviour and/or patient outcomes. Results A total of 18 studies, incorporating 14 unique CPRs, were included. The main study design was RCT (n=13). Overall, 10 studies reported an improvement in primary outcome with CPR implementation. Of 6 musculoskeletal studies, 5 were effective in altering targeted physician behaviour in ordering imaging for patients presenting with ankle, knee and neck musculoskeletal injuries. Of 6 cardiovascular studies, 4 implemented cardiovascular risk scores, and 3 reported no impact on physician behaviour outcomes, such as prescribing and referral, or patient outcomes, such as reduction in serum lipid levels. 2 studies examined CPRs in decision-making for patients presenting with chest pain and reduced inappropriate admissions. Of 5 respiratory studies, 2 were effective in reducing antibiotic prescribing for sore throat following CPR implementation. Overall, study methodological quality was often unclear due to incomplete reporting. Conclusions Despite increasing interest in developing and validating CPRs relevant to primary care, relatively few have gone through impact analysis. To date, research has focused on a small number of CPRs across few clinical domains only.
Modelling charge transfer reactions with the frozen density embedding formalism

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The frozen density embedding (FDE) subsystem formulation of density–functional theory is a useful tool for studying charge transfer reactions. In this work charge-localized, diabatic states are generated directly with FDE and used to calculate electronic couplings of hole transfer reactions in two π-stacked nucleobase dimers of B-DNA: 5′-GG-3′ and 5′-GT-3′. The calculations rely on two assumptions: the two–state model, and a small differential overlap between donor and acceptor subsystem densities. The resulting electronic couplings agree well with benchmark values for those exchange-correlation functionals that contain a high percentage of exact exchange. Instead, when semilocal GGA functionals are used the electronic couplings are grossly overestimated.
Viability of using global standards for neighbourhood sustainability assessment: insights from a comparative case study

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Neighbourhoods are increasingly gaining attention as planning units of great potential for contribution to sustainable development. Many assessment tools such as LEED-ND, BREEAM Communities and CASBEE-UD have been developed to examine the sustainability of neighbourhood development projects. Some of these tools are claimed to be suitable for assessment in different contexts, and LEED-ND has already been utilised in various countries. This study investigates the viability of using global standards through a series of comparative case studies. One certified case from each of the aforementioned tools is chosen and evaluated against its non-corresponding assessment tools. Selected cases are, respectively, Hoyt Yards, MediaCityUK and Koshigaya Lake Town. Results of this study provide evidence that casts doubt on the viability of using global standards. The paper concludes that neighbourhood sustainability assessment should be regarded as a pluralistic practice. This implies that any realistic and reliable assessment should take account of the specificities of specific locations and varying needs of different stakeholders.
In vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, in vitro maturation, and embryo culture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Infertility is a highly prevalent disease affecting 1 in 6 couples worldwide. While there are numerous treatment options available to treat infertility, in vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most successful therapy available. IVF traditionally involves superovulation of the ovaries followed by ultrasound (US)-guided oocyte retrieval, fertilization of oocytes in vitro, and culture of resultant embryos. Embryo(s) are then either transferred into the uterus or cryopreserved. There have been tremendous advances in each step of this process over the past 40 years, however, much work still remains to be done. This review discusses the history and current techniques involved in oocyte fertilization and embryo culture. Highlighted areas include conventional insemination and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), embryo culture, and laboratory assessment. Areas of past and present research including time-lapse imaging and in vitro maturation are also discussed.
Challenges and Perceived Impacts of Ambulance Diversions During Emergency Department Overcrowding: A Multi-Stakeholder Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Ambulance diversion has emerged as a strategy to address Emergency Department (ED) overcrowding, but the question of when or whether diversion should be triggered is widely debated. Although the positive and adverse impacts of diversion have been primarily studied using quantitative data, little is known about the experience and perceptions of key stakeholders involved in diversions. Our study aims to explore the challenges and impacts of ambulance diversion as experienced by key stakeholders and their suggestions for improving the diversion process. We conducted semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders including physicians, nurses and paramedics across two EDs and four fire stations. All interviews were audio-recorded following consent and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were subjected to thematic analysis to identify key themes and sub-themes. Coding discrepancies were resolved through iterative discussions until no new themes were identified. A total of 33 stakeholders were interviewed. The primary reasons for ambulance diversions were perceived to be resource constraints in EDs, overcrowding and bed block situations. Challenges during diversions included communication breakdowns, operational delays, lack of clarity in diversion criteria and emotional stress for both Emergency Medical Services (EMS) and hospital staff. Participants felt diversions impacted patient safety, staff morale, system efficiency and could generate inter-institutional conflict. Suggestions on improvements focused on use of alternative care pathways, improving hospital’s flow issues, better information sharing, and optimizing the diversion process through strategizing the timing and duration of diversions. Reworking the hierarchical approach of dissemination of information to ground staff was also suggested. This study highlights that while diversions may offer temporary relief for overwhelmed hospitals, they also pose challenges and negative impacts on receiving hospitals and EMS operations. Our findings underscore the need for systemic improvements to address the root causes of ED overcrowding and enhance understanding among stakeholders involved in diversions.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MATERIAL PLANNING PROCESSES

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Material management is simply the process by which an organization is supplied with the goods and services that it needs to achieve its objectives of buying, storage, and movement of material, Efficient material management is very essential. In a world of limited resources, manufacturing businesses follow a chain of processes to convert the naturally available resources from a state of lower value to one of higher value or utility. However, the process of conversion of raw material to a finished (usable) product stage is full of variabilities, uncertainties, complexities, and ambiguities, due to the involvement of a chain of entities in the manufacturing process, right from a supplier to producer to customer.