jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Long-term depression at distinct glutamatergic synapses in the basal ganglia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Long-term adaptations of synaptic transmission are believed to be the cellular basis of information storage in the brain. In particular, long-term depression of excitatory neurotransmission has been under intense investigation since convergent lines of evidence support a crucial role for this process in learning and memory. Within the basal ganglia, a network of subcortical nuclei forming a key part of the extrapyramidal motor system, plasticity at excitatory synapses is essential to the regulation of motor, cognitive, and reward functions. The striatum, the main gateway of the basal ganglia, receives convergent excitatory inputs from cortical areas and transmits information to the network output structures and is a major site of activity-dependent plasticity. Indeed, long-term depression at cortico-striatal synapses modulates the transfer of information to basal ganglia output structures and affects voluntary movement execution. Cortico-striatal plasticity is thus considered as a cellular substrate for adaptive motor control. Downstream in this network, the subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra nuclei also receive glutamatergic innervation from the cortex and the subthalamic nucleus, respectively. Although these connections have been less investigated, recent studies have started to unravel the molecular mechanisms that contribute to adjustments in the strength of cortico-subthalamic and subthalamo-nigral transmissions, revealing that adaptations at these synapses governing the output of the network could also contribute to motor planning and execution. Here, we review our current understanding of long-term depression mechanisms at basal ganglia glutamatergic synapses and emphasize the common and unique plastic features observed at successive levels of the network in healthy and pathological conditions.
Comparison of the masked subsets divided on UK_Dataset and SCB_Dataset with the baseline model, the masked subsets include UK_HO, UK_LO, SCB_HO, and UK_LO.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Comparison of the masked subsets divided on UK_Dataset and SCB_Dataset with the baseline model, the masked subsets include UK_HO, UK_LO, SCB_HO, and UK_LO.
Tranylcypromine Reduces Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection in Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects the majority of the human population and establishes latency by maintaining viral genomes in neurons of sensory ganglia. Latent virus can undergo reactivation to cause recurrent infection. Both primary and recurrent infections can cause devastating diseases, including encephalitis and corneal blindness. Acyclovir is used to treat patients, but virus resistance to acyclovir is frequently reported. Recent in vitro findings reveal that pretreatment of cells with tranylcypromine (TCP), a drug widely used in the clinic to treat neurological disorders, restrains HSV-1 gene transcription by inhibiting the histone-modifying enzyme lysine-specific demethylase 1. The present study was designed to examine the anti-HSV-1 efficacy of TCP in vivo because of the paucity of reports on this issue. Using the murine model, we found that TCP decreased the severity of wild-type-virus-induced encephalitis and corneal blindness, infection with the acyclovir-resistant (thymidine kinase-negative) HSV-1 mutant, and tissue viral loads. Additionally, TCP blocked in vivo viral reactivation in trigeminal ganglia. These results support the therapeutic potential of TCP for controlling HSV-1 infection.
Post-processing of lattice dynamical data for large crystalline systems (disordered semiconductors)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In first-principes simulations of mixed semiconductors, the calculations ought to be done on large supercells, deprived of any symmetry due to random placement of atoms and their subsequent relaxation, even if underlying crystal structure is well defined. Calculation of force constants and subsequent diagonalization of the dynamical matrix produces large bulks of data in the form of very dense eigenvectors and long phonon eigenvectors. Different algorithms of projection help to extract meaningful information from these data, according to actual needs. Projections along with a given q-vector permit either (i) to enhance the genuinely zone-center phonon features, likely to be revealed in Raman or infrared spectra, or (ii) to reveal the traces of phonon dispersion as function of the q variation, in the situation where formally the translation symmetry is broken. Projections along with symmetry coordinates corresponding to different irreducible representations of the space group of the underlying perfect crystal help to approximatively attribute specific vibration patterns according to their symmetry properties, and hence to figure out experimental setup in which they can be observed. Similar techniques can be applied to the study of perfect crystals with complex structure, typically superlattices constructed from much simpler prototypes. The examples will be given from II-VI and III-V mixed (pseudobinary) semiconductors, from ternary and quaternary semiconductors used for photovoltaic applications, and others.
Erosion of accel grids of ion engine due to sputtering

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The erosion rates of extraction electrodes of ion sources due to ion beam irradiation are largely affected by amount of projectiles retained in the electrodes. A Monte Carlo simulation code ACAT has been used to calculate sputtering yields and reflection coefficients by simulating the accumulation effect of projectiles in a target material. The results for Xe projectiles-C target combination have indicated that both sputtering yields and reflection coefficients are largely enhanced by Xe retention, particularly at larger incident angle for the surface normal with low incident energy.
Chapter 7 Strategies to Retain Older Workers

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter begins by outlining the economic and demographic realities facing employers, and spells out how these change the ‘retirement promise’. The effects of several factors on older workers' retirement patterns are quantified, including early retirement incentives in DB plans, retiree medical coverage, and various work/life benefits including phased retirement and eldercare programs. The potential increase in older workers' labour force participation from changing these benefit offerings are estimated. It is argued that these will only marginally offset expected gaps between labour supply and demand in the coming decade.
Internal model control based fractional order PID controller for knee joint motion

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Biomechanics is an area of research gaining lot of popularity in the recent times. In orthopedic industries, biomechanics are widely used to design orthopedic implants for various body joints, dental parts, external fixations, exo-skeletons and other medical purposes. Here, a technique for designing an internal model based fractional order PID controller for controlling the knee joint motion i.e. the movement of the shank around the knee joint, is suggested. Mathematical model is used for designing the controller and then simulation is done in simulink environment. In this technique, three out of five parameters i.e., k p , k i and k d are calculated using the conventional IMC based concept and the remaining two parameters i.e., λ and μ are obtained using trial and error method. The design technique proposed here is mathematically very simple. Moreover, better results were observed with the controller designed using the proposed designing technique as compared to the fractional controllers available in the literature so far. Using the integral error criterion robustness of the proposed controller with respect to system parameter variation is monitored and it is seen that it is better as compared to the existing fractional controllers.
Refining questionnaire-based assessment of STEM students’ learning strategies

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Learning strategies are considered a key aspect for academic performance not only for science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) students. Refining their assessment thus constitutes a worthwhile research purpose. The aim of this study is to examine the 69-item LIST questionnaire (ZDDP 15:185-200, 1994) with the aim of shortening it while keeping its factor structure and thus its potential for describing learning behaviour and for identifying significant changes therein. This includes exploring if reduced scales remain internally reliable, both in terms of reliability measures and content, and to examine if they stay sensitive enough to capture developments in a pre-post design. Our cohorts consist of STEM students (N = 2374) from different engineering courses at Ruhr-Universität Bochum in Germany, typically predominantly males, some with insufficient background in mathematics or non-native speakers of German. The data was analysed using various statistic methods, e.g. reliability measurement and confirmatory factor analysis. Our findings show that about half of the original items (36 out of 69) are sufficient, reliability holds (Cronbach's α > 0.7) and more variance is explained (56.17 % as compared to 45.65 %). Most content-related changes occurring when eliminating so many items survive critical scrutiny. The study shows that it is possible to refine and considerably shorten the LIST questionnaire to the effect that all but one factor are kept intact. This will simplify future research enormously. Furthermore, the refined factor structure suggests reconsidering the postulate of metacognition as an easily accessed facet of learning behaviour—thus implying promising research perspectives.
AI-Enhanced Peace Education

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter investigates the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in higher education peace programs, examining its effects on student outcomes, engagement, and critical thinking. Employing a concurrent mixed-methods approach, the study collected data from 500 survey respondents and 50 interviewees across five institutions. Quantitative findings reveal significant improvements in learning outcomes, particularly in knowledge acquisition (d = 0.82) and critical thinking (d = 0.70), with increased student engagement (d = 0.46–0.61). AI integration emerged as the strongest predictor of learning outcomes (β = 0.41, p < .001). Qualitative analysis highlights AI's potential for enhancing engagement, personalization, and critical thinking, while also identifying implementation challenges and ethical concerns. The study concludes by recommending gradual AI integration, emphasizing personalized learning, and developing ethical guidelines, addressing issues such as technology overload and equitable access in AI-enhanced peace education.
Research on Commercial Patterns of China Existing Building Energy Retrofit Based on Energy Management Contract

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Existing building energy retrofit is one of the keys of building energy efficiency in China. According to experience in developed countries, implementation of energy management contract (EMC) is crucial to promote existing building energy retrofit, which means that the reduction of energy expenditure is used to pay the retrofit cost. The EMC program has a short payback period, high interior return rate and remarkable energy savings. This paper present the specialties and difficulties of existing building energy conservation in China and the development, service items and commercial patterns of EMC. We discuss the main methods and ways that EMC is applied to existing building energy retrofit at the original stage of building energy efficiency by analyzing the difference of EMC and other traditional energy efficiency patterns. Based on the analysis of three commercial patterns of EMC including guaranteed savings contract, shared savings contract and chauffage contract, we propose that the guaranteed savings contract is the main development direction of building energy efficiency service in China. At the same time, new financing methods and energy-saving measurement and verification standards should be established to ensure that EMC plays an important role in the process of existing building energy retrofit in China.
Copper-Based Energetic Coordination Polymers Regulated by CN– and NO3– for the Combustion Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Energetic coordination polymers (ECPs) have good application prospects as combustion promoters of solid propellants. In this work, based on a rigid proton-free nitrogen-rich ligand 1,3,5-tri(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzene (TTB) and an environmentally friendly copper ion, two ECPs, {[Cu6(TTB)2(CN)6]·CH3CN}n (1) and {[Cu(TTB)(NO3)2]·CH3CN}n (2), were prepared by the solvothermal method using an anion regulation strategy. X-ray crystallographic analyses, thermal stability, kinetic parameters of exothermic decomposition process, thermal safety performances, mechanical sensitivity, and theoretical detonation characteristics of two ECPs were, respectively, explored. Meanwhile, their promoting effects on the combustion decomposition of ammonium perchlorate were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry tests, thermal decomposition kinetics, and surface morphology analyses. Experimental results indicated that ECP 2 has good application potential in the solid propellant field.
Propranolol for acute migraine.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

unwittingly vaccinated over the past 10 years unprotected against polio?If so, shall we have to reimmunise all these children previously given oral polio vaccine, and if not why all the present fuss ?To jab or not to jab-that is the question.Could we please havc some answers?
635. In HIV-Infected Patients Killing of Latently HIV-Infected CD4 T Cells by Autologous CD8 T Cells Is Modulated by Nef

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: The PBMC of HIV-infected patients contain HIV-specific CD8 T cells and their potential targets, CD4 T cells latently infected by HIV. The role of HIV-specific CD8 T cells in the course of HIV infection and the way they affect the virus that resides in the latent reservoir, the resting memory CD4 T cells, is unknown. The association between HIV Nef protein and the cellular ASK1 protein protects the HIV-infected CD4 T cells from killing by CD8 T cells. METHODS: CD8 and autologous CD4 T cells procured from PBMC of acute, chronic untreated, treated and AIDS patients were isolated by magnetic beads and co-incubated. Resting memory CD4 T cells (CD25(−), CD69(−) and HLA-DR(−)) were isolated from activated CD4 T cells using a two-step bead depletion purification procedure. Formation of CD8-CD4 T-cell conjugates was observed by fluorescence microscopy and in situ PCR of HIV LTR DNA. Both conjugation and apoptosis were observed and quantified by imaging flow cytometry (ImageStream) using anti-human activated caspase 3 antibody and TUNEL assay. Formation of immunological synapse was observed by using anti-Perforin, anti γ-tubulin, and anti-LCK antibodies. RESULTS: Following co-incubation we observed that CD8 T cells conjugate with and induce apoptosis of autologous CD4 T cells. In patients with acute infection or AIDS the conjugation activity and apoptosis were much higher compared with chronic HIV-infected patients. In patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART) low grade conjugation of CD4 T cells was observed by fluorescence microscopy (2.3 ± 0.3%), by in situ PCR of HIV DNA (3 ± 0.6%) and by ImageStream analysis (2.5 ± 0.5%). After co-incubation with autologous CD8 T cells 2.1 ± 0.4% of the CD4 T cells procured from patients on ART were undergoing apoptosis. Resting memory CD4 T cells were conjugated (1.9 ± 0.3%) and killed (2.2 ± 0.3%) by autologous CD8 T cells. Delivering a peptide that interferes with the Nef-ASK1 interaction, into the CD4 T cells, resulted in twofold enhancement of their apoptosis by the autologous CD8 T cells (from 2.1 ± 0.5% to 4.0 ± 0.4%), with no effect on conjugation. CONCLUSION: CD8 T cells conjugate with and kill HIV-infected CD4 T cells throughout the course of HIV infection. We suggest that Nef inhibition may result in the elimination of the latent reservoir CD4 T cells by CD8 T cells. [Image: see text] DISCLOSURES: All authors: No reported disclosures.
Universities, the Charter, Doug Ford, and Campus Free Speech

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

On a warm summer day at the end of August 2018, Ontario Premier Doug Ford’s office issued a press release announcing, “Ontario’s Government for the People is delivering on its promise to uphold free speech on every Ontario publicly-funded university and college campus.”1 An accompanying “Backgrounder” spelled out the details.2 Although this policy seems progressive on its face, it is actually anything but. That said, it may have the unintended but beneficial effect of bringing Ontario universities under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.3 More about that later. First, the problems. * Distinguished Visiting Scholar and Director, Centre for Free Expression. Faculty of Communications & Design, Ryerson University.1 Office of the Premier, News Release: “Ontario Protects Free Speech on Campuses: Mandates Universities and Colleges to Introduce Free Speech Policy by January 1, 2019” (30 August 2018), online: Government of Ontario <news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2018/08/ontario-protects-free-speech-on-campuses.html> [Office of the Premier, “Ontario Protects”].2 See Office of the Premier, Backgrounder “Upholding Free Speech on Ontario’s University and College Campuses” (30 August 2018), online: Government of Ontario <news.ontario.ca/opo/en/2018/08/upholdingfree-speech-on-ontarios-university-and-college-campuses.html> [Office of the Premier, “Upholding Free Speech”].
FASCICLE LENGTH AND PENNATION ANGLE OF THE HUMAN BICEPS FEMORIS MUSCLE AT REST AND DURING SUBMAXIMAL CONTRACTION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in fascicle length and pennation angle of the long head of the biceps femoris muscle (BFlh) between active contraction and resting muscle at various combinations of hip and knee position using ultrasonography. Ultrasound images of the BFlh in 19 females (23.5 ± 1.7 years) were recorded in 5 different combinations of hip and knee positioning representing a wide range of overall muscle length change. The 5 positions were (hip/knee in degrees): 0/90, 0/0, 90/90, 90/45, and 90/0. At each of the positions, ultrasound images were recorded when the subject was relaxed and then during a muscle contraction at 30% of the maximal isometric voluntary contraction at that position. Fascicle length increased and pennation angle decreased as the hip and knee positions were progressed from the 0/90 to the 90/0 positions in the order shown above. Fascicle length increase from 5.64 ± 2.06 cm at 0/90 to 12.95 ± 1.65cm at 90/0 with the muscle at rest. Comparing active to resting muscle at each of the positions, fascicle length decreased by 8–12%, and the pennation angle increased from 10–70% with the magnitude of the increase dependent upon position. Based on the sarcomere length of the BFlh from cadavers fixed at the 0/0 position and the percentage change in fascicle length from 0/0 to each of the positions, a length-tension diagram relative to joint positions was calculated. The human BFlh muscle occupies a portion of the ascending, plateau, and descending limbs of the length-tension relationship in the range of motion studied. The architecture of the human BFlh muscle (a biarticular muscle) is influenced by both hip and knee position and whether the muscle is active or at rest.
Désacidification biologique des vins blancs secs par fermentation de l'acide malique par les levures

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p style="text-align: justify;">A considerable malolactic fermentation can be obtained by adding to musts some commercial active dry yeasts. An addition of thiamine may increase this phenomenon. When addition of <em>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</em> takes place at the end of alcoholic fermentation consequences of the metabolism of this yeast strain about organoleptic properties of wine are considerably decreased. With a well-advised utilization of these yeasts it is possible to obtain a considerable deacidification of wines.</p>
Development of an elastic tactile sensor emulating human fingers for tele-presentation systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We have developed a tactile sensor for tactile tele-presentation systems by focusing on four features of the human finger considered to play an important role in texture perception; the existence of nails and bone, the multilayer structure of soft tissue, the distribution of mechanoreceptors, and the deployment of epidermal ridges. As a result, the developed sensor could detect roughness, softness and friction known to constitute texture perception of humans with precision equivalent to human. In addition, our sensor can be equipped with robot hands as it satisfies the requirements such as size equivalent to human finger, durability to withstand the wearing for repeated use, correspondence for scanning two dimensions.
Rabbinic Sources

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The first and second centuries ce saw the flowering of classical Jewish teaching as expounded by the great rabbinic sages and their precursors (Hillel, Shammai). They were closely associated with the Pharisees as upholders of Jewish tradition against compromises with Greco-Roman ways. This early teaching forms the basis of the Mishnah, the collection of the earliest rabbinic oral law at the core of the Talmud. A “heavenly voice” (the Bat Kol) and other forms of individual divine guidance are not excluded, but the major role is given to scripture, the elders responsible for discernment, and the evolving body of decisions responding to new questions and conditions, “for the Law is not in heaven.” The age of the prophets was over, but God ’s presence (the Shekinah) remained in the life of the community with its teachers.
GAMBARAN PELAKSANAAN PELAYANAN KESEHATAN PEDULI REMAJA (PKPR) DI PUSKESMAS DUPAK SURABAYA

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Adolescent health services is one of the government programs aimed at teenagers in Indonesia with the intention that teenagers have a comfortable place to grip or help deal with all sorts of teenage problems that are being faced. This PKPR is implemented in every Health Care. Purpose: the aims of this study was seen implementation PKPR in Dupak Health Care, Surabaya. Methods: This study was conducted at Dupak Health Care, Surabaya using qualitative descriptive research with observation method and in-depth interview at Head of Dupak Health Care Surabaya, holder of UKBM program (The Effort of Health Community Based Services) in Health Care, PKPR program holder, and some teenagers working area of Health Care. Results: The results and discussion in this journal that describes the implementation of health care services adolescents at Puskesmas Dupak Surabaya Health Center by adjusting the reference of National Standard PKPR 2014 and in line with previous similar research. Conclusion: There is a mismatch between the implementation of PKPR and the national standard of health care for adolescents that is influenced by various factors.