jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Atomic Layer Deposition of Ru for Replacing Cu-Interconnects

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Ru using a metal-organic precursor, tricarbonyl(trimethylenemethane)ruthenium [Ru(TMM)(CO)3] and O-2 as a reactant is reported. The high vapor pressure, thermal stability, and relatively small ligands of the precursor facilitate efficient ALD. Typical self-limiting growth and an ALD temperature window of 220-260 degrees C are observed along with significantly high growth per cycle (GPC) (similar to 1.7 A) and short incubation cycles (similar to 6) at 220 degrees C. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the high growth rate and self-limiting behavior can be attributed to the characteristics of the trimethylenemethane ligand. The as-grown polycrystalline films (average grain size similar to 20 nm and negligible impurities) were evident from plan-view transmission electron microscopy. The variation in film resistivity with increasing film thickness and deposition temperature was investigated with and without annealing. Films deposited at 260 degrees C show low resistivity (similar to 12.9 mu Omega cm), which further decreases (similar to 9.8 mu Omega cm) postannealing at 500 degrees C. A thin Ru film is successfully deposited with 100% step-coverage on a dual-trench structure having an aspect ratio of similar to 6.3 (minimum width: similar to 15 nm). The interfacial adhesion energy measured using the four-point bending test exceeds 7 J m(-2), regardless of the dielectric material and annealing treatment. The Ru precursor permits enhanced nucleation and GPC at relatively low deposition temperatures to construct high-quality Ru films with significantly low resistivity using simple, plasma-free techniques, and is suitable for the fabrication of emerging Ru films to replace Cu-based interconnects.
Semiparametric scoring rate estimation in European soccer

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This thesis studies semiparametric scoring rate estimation in soccer (league-wide, season- and team-specific) under the assumption that the number of goals scored per team in a game follows a nonhomogeneous Poisson process model. Specifically, time varying scoring rates included in the model are decomposed into a scoring pattern, which smoothly changes over the course of the game, and an expected number of goals for each team, based on team abilities and a home field advantage. We explore specific questions related to team performance, including whether scoring patterns differ between home and away games. These methods can also be used to compare scoring rates between leagues and/or seasons and study scoring patterns throughout extra time. Expanding these ideas, we examine the patterns of other events such as player specific scoring patterns, conceded goals, and substitutions. These analyses are based on five seasons of soccer across four of the top European leagues where to-the-second game event times and details have been collected from game commentaries through web scraping, leading to data on over 20,000 goals throughout more than 500,000 comments.
Vehicular Tunnels in Rock—Direction for Development

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Difficulties in tunneling are contributed by the large size required for vehicular tunnels, the inflexibility of design location, and necessity to handle whatever conditions are encountered in alignment, whether they be solid rock, fault zones, or mixed face of rock and soil below the watertable. Contractors around the world have been turning to mechanized systems of excavation utilizing tunnel boring machine shield systems, precast concrete segments, or other lining systems offering maximum flexibility for adapting to varying ground conditions. Contrary to a commonly-held belief, the primary development frontier is not how to cut hard rock cheaper and faster, but how to develop a mechanized system that will reliably advance a tunnel heading in the widely varying conditions often encountered. Several case studies illustrate new approaches taken by progressive contractors in vehicular tunnels around the world.
FNR‐Like Proteins in Rhizobia: Past and Future

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Rhizobium etli is a Gram-negative soil bacteria that are able to establish a symbiotic association with the common bean plant Phaseolus vulgaris, leading to the formation of N2-fixing root nodules. A key checkpoint of this energetic-expensive process is the drop in oxygen concentration. In R. etli, the regulatory network that responds to low oxygen is somewhat different from the circuit described in Sinorhizobium meliloti and Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Expression of the fix genes including the symbiotic cytochrome oxidase (cbb3) is regulated by a phosphorelay system composed of at least two proteins, a hybrid FixL-related histidine kinase and FxkR a response regulator that belongs to the OmpR/PhoB superfamily. Downstream of this, two-component system are five regulators from the FNR/CRP superfamily: FixKf, FnrNch, FnrNd, StoRd, StoRf, and NnrR. In this chapter, we aim to discuss relevant aspects on the role of FNR-like regulators within an intricate regulatory network that controls nitrogen fixation in R. etli.
Age peculiarities of spatialtime orientation formation of persons with different level of physical activity

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Introduction. It is known that the implementation of motor capabilities, technical and tactical preparedness of coordination abilities is largely dependent on and determined by the level of highly genetically determined individual typological properties of the higher departments of the central nervous system, the question arises as to how the process of forming the ability to spatially-temporally passes persons of different ages and different levels of physical activity. Purpos е . To find out the peculiarities of the formation of space-time orientation in volleyball players and non-athletes of all ages. Methods. Computer testing of the formation of space-time orientation was carried out using the device Intest and motor tests to determine the level of coordination capabilities. Results. It has been found that with age the ability to space-time orientation improves regardless of the level of motor activity. But on the example of volleyball players it is revealed that constant volleyball activities contribute to faster formation of the ability to orient in space and time. Volleyball players were found to have more accurate results in test tasks that characterized the ability to space-time orientation with statistically significant differences in scores from 16 years and older. Originality. The peculiarities of formation of space-time orientation of volleyball players and non-athletes of different age were revealed. Conclusion. It is established that the formation of space-time orientation in persons of different ages and different levels of physical activity occurs with a positive dynamics to improve the results with age for all the studied categories of persons. Volleyball players from the age of 16 and above had better results that reflect the ability to orient themselves in space and time with statistically significant differences in the studied parameters compared to non-athletes (p <0.05). That testifies to the influence on the process of formation of the system of space-time orientation of the person of constant volleyball. For persons who did not have a systematic training in certain sports, such dynamics with the age of the internal system of spatial and temporal orientation was not found.
From Nucleotides to Numbers: A Comprehensive Review of RNA Feature Extraction Methods for Computational Modelling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Machine learning is a powerful approach for analysing RNA sequences, particularly for understanding the function and regulation of non-coding RNAs. A critical step in this process is feature extraction, which transforms biological sequences into numerical representations that allow computational models to capture and interpret complex biological patterns. Despite its central role, the field of RNA feature extraction remains broad and fragmented, with limited standardization and accessibility hindering consistent application. In this comprehensive review, we address the fragmentation of the field by systematically organizing over 25 feature extraction strategies into sequence- and structure-based approaches. We further conduct a comparative analysis highlighting how the choice of feature sets impacts model performance, reinforcing the importance of integrated feature engineering. To facilitate practical adoption, it also provides a curated list of publicly available tools and software packages. By consolidating methodologies and resources, this work seeks to improve reproducibility, scalability, and interpretability in machine learning-driven RNA research.
The Extended Importance of the Social Creation of Value in Evolutionary Processes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This is a single-authored paper delivered at the biennial European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI) in Riva del Garda, Italy 28 – 29 August 2006 and published in proceedings. \n \nThe paper proposed that computational modelling be employed in order to test two processes that might hypothetically distinguish particular dimensions of human creativity. The first process is identified by the researcher as one in which the pursuit of novelty in artistic invention – especially music – tends to words the production of increasingly perceptually complex artefacts. The second process moves from a perspective orientated towards the individual artist and the individual art work’s reception to a more collective one: namely, whether cultural behaviour that tends towards novelty might find itself being reinforced by clustering of similar activities. This latter process would be one that explains why the process of “making special” – that may distinguish art in an anthropological sense – is one that forms particularly strong community bonds. These bonds between novelty seekers – which in the case of the researchers paper can be understood as musicians or artists – may reciprocally reinforce to support yet more novelty seeking. \n \nThe relation of art and the new is not itself innovative. Boris Groys’ “On The New” provides a scoping of that territory. What is innovative is the proposal to use of computer simulation of individual and collective behaviour as a kind of artificial laboratory to determine the complex tendencies that animate these processes of novelty seeking and, by extension, artistic production. \n \nComputationally simulating behaviour that parallels both novelty-seeking as an individual practice (the artist) and the emergence of clusters of novelty seekers (the artistic styles) may, according to the researcher, provide us with new insights the historical evolution of creativity.
Silastic ring laparoscopic sterilization: operative complications and menstrual sequelae

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SummaryThe immediate operative problems associated with the use of silastic rings during laparoscopic sterilization were assessed in 523 consecutive cases, performed over a period of 15 months at the Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading. Problems with haemorrhage occurred in 13 cases, but in all but 2 bleeding was controlled through the laparoscope.The incidence of subsequent menstrual disturbance (heavier loss or increased dysmenorrhoea) was high, 49 per cent of patients reporting this. This contrasts with an earlier report suggesting that menstrual disturbance is minimal after the use of silastic rings.
Autonomic Nervous System: A Therapeutic Target for Cardiac End-Organ Damage in Hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

More than 1.5 billion people worldwide have arterial hypertension. Hypertension increases the risks of death and cardiovascular disease, such as atrial fibrillation and heart failure. The autonomic nervous system plays an essential role in hypertension development and disease progression. While lifestyle factors, such as obesity and obstructive sleep apnea, predispose to hypertension by increasing sympathetic activity, hypertension itself maintains the autonomic nervous imbalance, providing the substrate for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Therefore, autonomic nervous system modulation either by direct targeting or indirect treatment of comorbidities has the potential to treat both hypertension and related atrial and ventricular end-organ damage. We discuss interventions for the modulation of the autonomic nervous system for hypertension and related cardiac end-organ damage, including pharmacological adrenergic beta-receptor blockade, renal denervation, carotid baroreceptor stimulation, low-level vagal stimulation, and ablation of ganglionated plexuses. In summary, the literature suggests that targeting the autonomic nervous system potentially represents a therapeutic approach to prevent atrial and ventricular end-organ damage in patients with hypertension. However, clinical trials specifically designed to test the effect of autonomic modulation on hypertension-mediated cardiac end-organ damage are scarce.
FIGURES 2A–2F in New species of caddisflies (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae, Hydropsychidae Leptoceridae) from Mekong tributaries, Cambodia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURES 2A–2F. Male genitalia of Macrostemum siemseapensis n. sp. 2A, dorsal; 2B, left lateral; 2C, ventral; 2D, phallus, with apex enlarged in inset, left lateral; 2E, phallus apex, ventral; 2F, phallus apex, dorsal. Seg IX = segment IX, Seg X = segment X, Inf = inferior appendage (paired).
Escritura científica en educación superior: proceso epistémico y argumentativo

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research article treats scientific writing as an epistemic tool that transforms the mind and contributes to knowledge creation in higher education. The objectives are: 1) to analyze the difficulties encountered in research articles by education students derived from formative and thesis-related research, and 2) to propose how scientific writing is fostered in universities as an epistemic and argumentative process. The results reveal shortcomings in understanding the polyphonic structure or the presence of intertextuality in the texts. The findings also show limitations in how research problems are formulated or how the state of the art is constructed, among other difficulties associated with activating writing strategies to organize specific rhetorical sections of the research article. It is concluded that scientific knowledge is constructed through writing as an epistemic and argumentative process, a possible alternative to transcend the limitations of reproductive discourse and, in turn, transform it into valuable discourse that contributes to the social construction of knowledge.
Long‐term in‐season grain sorghum and soybean response to tillage and nitrogen management

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Information on tillage and N management is limited regarding in‐season N uptake by grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and growth of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] on claypan soils in the eastern Great Plains. The objective of this study was to determine the 20‐yr effects of tillage (conventional, reduced, and no‐till) and N fertilization (no‐N control; knifed anhydrous NH 3 ; broadcast urea–ammonium nitrate solution, UAN; and broadcast dry urea) on grain sorghum N uptake and soybean biomass and their relationship to long‐term yields of those crops grown on a claypan soil. Nitrogen uptake at the boot stage during the first 10‐yr period was more than 20% greater with either conventional or reduced tillage compared with no‐till, and often greater with anhydrous NH 3 and urea N sources than with UAN solution or the no‐N control. During the second 10‐yr period, N uptake was generally greater with conventional and reduced tillage than with no‐till at the 9‐leaf stage, but this response did not persist to the boot stage. Anhydrous NH 3 often resulted in greater N uptake at both the 9‐leaf and boot stages compared with the other N sources. The relative yield increases with N uptake at the boot stage appeared due to increasing kernels head −1 but diminished as uptake exceeded 70−80 kg N ha −1 . Although dry matter measured at the R2 growth stage of soybean rotationally grown in even‐numbered years was about 10% greater with tilled options than with no‐till, biomass was not related to yield increases.
Funerals and Mourning in the Spiritual Baptist and Shango Traditions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

L'A. demontre que les pratiques funeraires des Baptistes Spirituels et des adeptes du culte Shango sur l'ile de la Trinite constituent un amalgame de croyances et de rites provenant de multiples sources : europeennes, asiatiques ou africaines
Lactate Stimulates Vasculogenic Stem Cells via the Thioredoxin System and Engages an Autocrine Activation Loop Involving Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The recruitment and differentiation of circulating stem/progenitor cells (SPCs) in subcutaneous Matrigel in mice was assessed. There were over one million CD34(+) SPCs per Matrigel plug 18 h after Matrigel implantation, and including a polymer to elevate the lactate concentration increased the number of SPCs by 3.6-fold. Intricate CD34(+) cell-lined channels were linked to the systemic circulation, and lactate accelerated cell differentiation as evaluated based on surface marker expression and cell cycle entry. CD34(+) SPCs from lactate-supplemented Matrigel exhibited significantly higher concentrations of thioredoxin 1 (Trx1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) than cells from unsupplemented Matrigel, whereas Trx1 and HIF-1 in CD45(+) leukocytes were not elevated by lactate. Results obtained using small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) specific to HIF-1 and mice with conditionally HIF-1 null myeloid cells indicated that SPC recruitment and lactate-mediated effects were dependent on HIF-1. Cells from lactate-supplemented Matrigel had higher concentrations of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, Trx1, Trx reductase (TrxR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) than cells from unsupplemented Matrigel. SPC recruitment and protein changes were inhibited by siRNA specific to lactate dehydrogenase, TrxR, or HIF-1 and by oxamate, apocynin, U0126, N-acetylcysteine, dithioerythritol, and antibodies to VEGF or SDF-1. Oxidative stress from lactate metabolism by SPCs accelerated further SPC recruitment and differentiation through Trx1-mediated elevations in HIF-1 levels and the subsequent synthesis of HIF-1-dependent growth factors.
Patient-Centric Mobile Medical Services Accessed Through Smartphones in the Top 100 Chinese Public Hospitals: Cross-Sectional Survey Study (Preprint)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND

Smartphone-based technology has been used to enhance the delivery of health care services to the public in numerous countries.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the application of patient-centric mobile medical services accessed through smartphones in the top 100 Chinese public hospitals.

METHODS

Data on 124 tertiary public hospitals, ranked among the top 100 by the China Hospital Science and Technology Evaluation Metrics of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019) and China’s Hospital Rankings of the Hospital Management Institute of Fudan University (2019), were collected from the WeChat platform (Tencent Inc), mobile phone apps, and official websites until February 10, 2021.

RESULTS

A total of 124 tertiary public hospitals, all of which were among the top 100 hospitals according to the 2 ranking lists, were selected for this study. Almost all (122/124, 98.39%) of the hospitals offered basic services such as appointment scheduling, registration, and health education. The majority also provided online access to test reports (95/124, 76.61%), consultations (72/124, 58.06%), and prescriptions (61/124, 49.19%). Among the hospitals offering online prescriptions, the majority (54/61, 88.52%) supported home delivery through third-party carriers. Slightly less than half (57/124, 45.97%) used artificial intelligence for medical guidance. Only a small fraction (8/124, 6.45%) managed chronic diseases through online monitoring and supervision by experienced doctors. Approximately half (60/124, 48.39%) of the included hospitals were officially licensed as internet hospitals approved to provide full online services. Hospitals with official internet hospital licenses provided more extensive digital health offerings. A significantly higher proportion of approved hospitals offered online consultations (29.69% vs 88.33%, <i>r</i>=43.741; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), test reports (62.5% vs 91.67%, <i>r</i>=14.703; <i>P</i>&lt;.001), and chronic disease management (1.56% vs 11.67%, <i>r</i>=5.238; <i>P</i>&lt;.05). These officially approved hospitals tended to provide over 6 mobile medical services, mainly in the regions of Shanghai and Guangdong. This geographic distribution aligned with the overall layout of hospitals included in the study.

CONCLUSIONS

Patient-centric mobile medical services offered by the top 100 Chinese public hospitals accessed through smartphones primarily focus on online appointment scheduling, registration, health education, and accessing test reports. The most popular features include online consultations, prescriptions, medication delivery, medical guidance, and early-stage chronic disease management. Approved internet hospitals offer a significantly greater variety of patient-centric mobile medical services compared with unapproved ones.
Level of tryptophan signaling molecules in children with different dynamics of obesity development

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The high incidence of obesity in children is an extremely pressing problem in the modern health care system of many countries. There is an increase in the incidence of obesity in children in Russia, which is dangerous not only due to the development of somatic concomitant pathologies, but also to a violation of the social adaptation of children. Without a doubt, the search for early biochemical indicators of stabilization and progress of obesity in older age is very important for the formation of a risk group and timely prevention of the development of obesity and its complications. Our study showed that when assessing the various dynamics of obesity development, it is necessary to take into account the gender of the child, which is ignored in many cases. A decrease in serum serotonin concentrations may be considered as an indicator associated with the stabilization or progression of obesity in girls. Whereas in boys prone to stabilization and/or progression of obesity, a reduced serum level of indole-3-acrylate may act as a predictor marker.
Constructing and Testing Solutions of the Ginsparg-Wilson Relation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study how far the Index Theorem can be extrapolated from the continuum to finite lattices with finite topological charge densities. To examine how the Wilson action approximates the Index theorem, we specialize in the lattice version of the Schwinger model. We propose a new criterion for solutions of the Ginsparg-Wilson Relation constructed with the Wilson action. We conclude that the Neuberger action is the simplest one that maximally complies with the Index Theorem, and that its best parameter in d=2 is m0=1.1 +- 0.1 .