jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Probing Crystal Dislocations in a Micrometer-Thick GaN Film by Modern High-Voltage Electron Microscopy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We report on extreme penetration power of relativistic electrons in a micrometer-thick gallium nitride epitaxial film and its application to probing threading dislocations, which were introduced during crystal growth. Maximum usable thickness of the specimen was quantitatively evaluated using high-voltage transmission electron microscopy (TEM) operating at 1 MV. The width of dislocation images was used as a measure for the evaluation of usable thickness. Superior maximum usable thickness was obtained in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) than in TEM mode; the results were 6.9 μm for STEM and 4.4 μm for TEM. In STEM, dislocations can be imaged with an almost constant width of 15-20 nm in a wide thickness range 1-4 μm. The latest high-voltage STEM is thus useful for observing dislocations in micrometer-thick inorganic materials.
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum CWI 74997

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum
Common name(s): Wheat
Other names: N95.68-B-B-4-1
Conserved by: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico
Local sample unique identifier: CWI 74997
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1999
Other identifiers: n/a,CWI74997, n/a,CID 379538 SID -8, n/a,GID 5153890
Historical: No
Biological status: Advanced or improved cultivar
MLS status: Included
Mechanisms of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in the Metabolic Syndrome. A Narrative Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are two different entities sharing common clinical and physio-pathological features, with insulin resistance (IR) as the most relevant. Large evidence leads to consider it as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, regardless of age, sex, smoking habit, cholesterolemia, and other elements of MS. Therapeutic strategies remain still unclear, but lifestyle modifications (diet, physical exercise, and weight loss) determine an improvement in IR, MS, and both clinical and histologic liver picture. NAFLD and IR are bidirectionally correlated and, consequently, the development of pre-diabetes and diabetes is the most direct consequence at the extrahepatic level. In turn, type 2 diabetes is a well-known risk factor for multiorgan damage, including an involvement of cardiovascular system, kidney and peripheral nervous system. The increased MS incidence worldwide, above all due to changes in diet and lifestyle, is associated with an equally significant increase in NAFLD, with a subsequent rise in both morbidity and mortality due to both metabolic, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the slowdown in the increase of the “bad company” constituted by MS and NAFLD, with all the consequent direct and indirect costs, represents one of the main challenges for the National Health Systems.
The dynamics of moral progress

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Assuming that there is moral progress, and assuming that the abolition of slavery is an example of it, how does moral progress occur? Is it mainly driven by specific individuals who have gained new moral insights, or by changes in the socio‐economic and epistemic conditions in which agents morally judge the norms and practices of their society, and act upon these judgements? In this paper, I argue that moral progress is a complex process in which changes at the level of belief and changes at the level of institutions and social practices are deeply intertwined, and that changes in the socio‐economic and epistemic conditions of moral agency constitute the main motor of moral progress. I develop my view of moral progress by way of grappling with Michelle Moody‐Adams’ prominent philosophical account of it. My view is less intellectualistic and individualistic than hers, does not presuppose meta‐ethical moral realism, and blurs her distinction between moral progress in beliefs and moral progress in social practices. I point out the limits of humans to progress morally, which are partly grounded in our evolutionary history, and argue that moral progress is always of a ‘local’ nature.
Reprint, Astrophysical Journal, 520:376-390, 1999 BAYESIAN PERIODIC SIGNAL DETECTION. II. DISCOVERY OF PERIODIC PHASE MODULATION IN LS I +61 ◦ 303 RADIO OUTBURSTS

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A Bayesian analysis of the phase variations of the 26.5 day periodic radio outbursts from the high mass X-ray binary LS I +61◦303 demonstrates a clear periodic modulation on a time scale similar to that previously found for the long term modulation of the outburst peak flux density. Combining the outburst phase and flux information we obtain a phase and flux modulation period of 1584 +14 −11 days as well as a more accurate outburst period of 26.4917 ±.0025 days. From the shape of the phase and outburst flux modulation we find that larger outbursts occur at an earlier orbital phase, closer to periastron, probably as a result of variations in the wind from the rapidly rotating Be star primary. The phase modulation also suggests a rather sudden onset to each new cycle of mass loss by the Be star. The next maximum in long term flux modulation is predicted to occur between February, 1999 and March, 2000 (Julian day 2,451,233 to 2,451,633). Subject headings: Bayesian methods, period detection, LS I +61◦303, Gregory-Loredo method, x-ray binary, neutron star, radio star, pulsar
COMPARING INTERFERON-GAMMA RELEASE ASSAY WITH TUBERCULIN SKIN TEST FOR IDENTIFYING LATENT TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION BETWEEN CHILDREN &lt; 5 YEARS AND ≥ 5 YEARS OLD

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The use of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) for the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection in children under 5 years old is limited due to the low sensitivity. We compared the results of tuberculin skin test (TST) and IGRA in children under 5 years and over 5 years old who had vaccinated BCG within 4 weeks of birth in a Korean national immunization program.Methods: From December 2016 to May 2017, we included the cases who were agreed to perform an IGRA in addition to TST by parent in tuberculosis contact tracing at 5 general hospitals. TST was performed with PPD RT 23 2 TU (AJ Vaccines, Denmark) and IGRA was used with the QuantiFeron TB Gold in tube (QTF) (Qiagen, Germany).Results: A total of 80 subjects were recruited and a total of 110 tests were conducted. Forty-two (52.5%) were male, median age was 4 years of age. The percentage of intrafamilial and non-intrafamilial contact was 82.5% (66/80) and 17.5% (14/80). The result for AFB smear of index cases was positive in 33.8% (27/80), negative in 53.8% (43/80) and unknown in 12.5% (10/80). Lung cavity was seen in 27.5% (22/80) of index cases, 41.3% (33/80) had no cavity, and 31.2% (25/80) of the cases were unknown. The positive rate of TST was 43.8% (35/80), but the positive rate of QTF was only 5% (4/80). All 4 QTF positive subjects were positive for TST. The positive rate of QTF in < 2 years old, 2 to 4 years old and u2265 5 years old was 0%, 9.4%, and 3.8%. Otherwise, the positive rate of TST in < 2 years old, 2 to 4 years old and u2265 5 years old was 46.2%, 25% and 28.8%, respectively. Of the 35 TST positive cases from 110 tests, 4 (11.4%) had TST+/QTF+, and 31 (88.6%) had TST+/QTF-. Of the 75 TST negative cases, 1 (1.3%) had TST-/QTF+, and 74 (98.7%) had TST-/QTF-. The concordance of both tests was very low (Cohenu2019s kappa value = 0.1309).Conclusion: QTF positivity was much lower than TST positivity in this study. It was concluded that the use of QTF alone in children, especially younger than 5 years of age in tuberculosis contact tracing could not still acceptable due to the low concordance between TST and QTF.
Insulin Secretion following Transplantation of E42 and E56 Pig Embryonic Pancreatic Tissues in the “Humanized” SCID Mouse Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Pig insulin levels were measured 4 wk after transplantation of E42 and E56 pig pancreas into NOD-SCID mice in the absence (black bars) and presence (grey bars) of 80 × 10<sup>6</sup> adoptively transferred hu-PBMCs infused into the grafted mice 1–3 d after transplant. Four experiments were carried out, each comparing pig insulin levels secreted by the grafts from two gestational time points. The bars represent average ± standard deviation pig insulin levels measured in all experiments. The number of grafted NOD-SCID mice without and with hu-PBMCs, respectively, was as follows: 19 and 17 for E42, and 15 and 14 for E56.\n</p>
Calcium Channel Blockers Blunt Postural Cutaneous Vasoconstriction in Hypertensive Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this work was to test whether calcium channel blockers interfere with skin vasoconstrictor reflexes that minimize postural increases in capillary pressure and avoid fluid extravasation and eventually subcutaneous edema. Studies were conducted in 23 untreated mild to moderate essential hypertensives; drugs, either calcium channel blockers or not, were given for 2 weeks according to a crossover, sequence-randomized design. Skin blood flow was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry in two skin areas: (1) the dorsum of the foot, where arteriovenous anastomoses are poorly represented, and (2) the plantar surface of the great toe, where those anastomoses are predominant. Determinations were obtained both with the foot at heart level and with it placed passively 50 cm below the heart level; percent flow changes from the horizontal to the dependent position were the measure of postural vasoconstriction. Two dihydropyridine derivatives, amlodipine (10 mg UID) and nifedipine (60 mg UID), and verapamil (240 mg BID), a chemically unrelated compound, diminished to similar extents the postural fall in skin blood flow at the dorsum of the foot. Blockade of α 1 -adrenergic and AT-1 subtype angiotensin II receptors by doxazosin (4 mg UID) and losartan (50 mg UID), respectively, exerted no effect. Postural skin blood flow responses at the plantar surface of the great toe were unmodified during the pharmacological trials. Thus, calcium channel blockers of different chemical origins antagonized postural skin vasoconstriction at the dorsum of the foot. The data indicate altered postural capillary blood flow regulation, since arteriovenous anastomoses are anatomically absent at this site; the effect was independent of either α 1 -adrenoceptor or angiotensin II receptor antagonism. Interference with skin postural vasoconstrictor mechanisms may result in net filtration of fluid to the extravascular compartment. This mechanism might explain the as yet unknown pathogenesis of ankle edema during treatment with calcium antagonists.
A photopharmocology study with photoswitchable acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Acetylcholine (ACh) is a crucial neurotransmitter that mediate communication in humans. It modulates cellular excitability by stimulating nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. It is breakdown by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes into acetate and choline. This leads to a low level of ACh increasing the chances of illness such as Alzheimer’s disease, myasthenia gravis and glaucoma. Hence, studies on AChE inhibitors has been trending for years. Considering the setback of excessive AChE inhibitors which lethal, a dual binding site inhibitor with reversible function is required. Tapping on to photopharmacology will enable us to achieve this function. Light can be applied with high temporal and spatial control as it is noninvasive. By incorporating a photoswitch within the AChE inhibitor it will enable reversible affinity under switchable light irradiation. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of a novel small molecule photoswitch-inhibitor for reversible AChE functions under switchable light irradiation.
Purely extradural spinal nerve root hemangioblastomas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Spinal nerve root hemangioblastomas present mostly as intradural-extradurally. Purely extradural spinal nerve root hemangioblastoma is a very rare entity. In this study, we aimed to analyze epidemiological perspectives of purely extradural spinal nerve root hemangioblastomas presented in English medical literature in addition to our own exemplary case. PubMed/MEDLINE was searched using the terms “hemangioblastoma,” “extradural,” “spinal,” and “nerve root.” Demographical variables of age, gender, concomitant presence of von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease; spinal imaging and/or intraoperative findings for tumor location were surveyed from retrieved articles. There are 38 patients with purely extradural spinal nerve root hemangioblastoma. The median age is 45 years (range = 24–72 years). Female:male ratio is 0.6. Spinal levels for purely extradural spinal nerve root hemangioblastomas, in order of decreasing frequency, are thoracic (48.6%), cervical (13.5%), lumbar (13.5%), lumbosacral (10.8%), sacral (8.1%), and thoracolumbar (5.4%). Concomitant presence of VHL disease is 45%. Purely extradural spinal nerve root hemangioblastomas are very rare and can be confused with other more common extradural spinal cord tumors. Concomitant presence of VHL disease is observed in less than half of the patients with purely extradural spinal nerve root hemangioblastomas. Surgery is the first-line treatment in these tumors.
Frida by Ishiuchi

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

by Ishiuchi is the first photographic documentation ever published of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo's personal attire and belongings, as portrayed by Japanese artist Miyako Ishiuchi. The victim of a nearly fatal bus accident as a young woman, Kahlo used fashion to channel her resulting physical difficulties into courageous statements of heritage, strength and beauty. Also focusing on the ways in which Kahlo used her iconic style to project her feminist and socialist beliefs, Ishiuchi's color photographs transform Kahlo's dresses, corsets, shoes, gloves, jewelry and other accessories into objects freighted with personal struggle, cultural awareness and sartorial inventiveness. Following Ishiuchi's acclaimed series Mothers and Hiroshima, this collection provides a special look at a very intimate dimension of Frida Kahlo's universe.
The Theory of Translation Originated from the Philosophy of Language

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

本文从A.Tarshi的真之语义理论出发提出了工具性语言 的扩展式,指出翻译就是工具性语言扩展式内的一种。本文重点是对这个改造给出理论上可行性的论证。结论中指出了语言哲学翻译论的意义:它提供了一个打通语言哲学与翻译理论的平台,语言哲学试可作为翻译理论的源头之一。
Did High Leverage Render Small Businesses Vulnerable to the COVID-19 Shock?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Using supervisory data on small and mid-sized nonfinancial enterprises (SMEs), we find that those SMEs with higher leverage faced tighter constraints in accessing bank credit after the COVID-19 outbreak in spring 2020. Specifically, SMEs with higher pre-COVID leverage obtained a smaller volume of new loans and had to pay a higher spread on them during the pandemic period. Consistent with an inward shift in loan supply, these effects were concentrated in loans originated by banks with below-median capital buffers. Highly levered SMEs that relied on low-capital large banks for funding before the pandemic were not able to substitute to other sources of debt financing and thus experienced more of a reduction in total debt as well as a decline in investment and employment. On the other hand, the unprecedented public support, especially the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP), mitigated the adverse real effect stemming from bank credit constraints.
Graduate medical education in the changing environment of medicine

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

THE US graduate medical education system has been strongly criticized by policymakers and by private and public agencies for not being responsive to the population's health needs. Comments usually focus on the unwillingness of the accreditation and education systems to generate the proper mix of specialties and to influence a more equitable geographical distribution of physicians. No one disputes the inadequacy of the distribution of medical specialties, particularly in the medical care of underserved populations, but to blame solely the graduate medical education and accreditation systems is to ignore the absence of population-based planning for health services—a governmental responsibility—and the important, though lesser, contributions of other medical education components. Education, accreditation, licensure, certification, and practice, although interrelated, are all directed by different organizations. Changes in only one or two of these components will never be sufficient to solve the health manpower problems of the health care delivery system, which would
Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: impossible ideal or therapeutic target?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The main goal of treatment for Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis has always been the induction and maintenance of symptomatic improvement or at best remission. It has been shown by many studies that the long-term outcome of these diseases is not influenced by standard treatments and that the need for surgery is not decreasing in this population over the years. There is recent evidence that with immunosuppression and treatment with infliximab long-term healing of the bowel can be achieved and that this affects the outcome of both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. We propose that future studies should focus on healing and disease course as primary outcome measures.
Exploring the Promotion of Intercultural Communicative Competence in TCSOL Through Translanguaging Phenomena

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research probes into the role of translanguaging phenomena in promoting intercultural communicative competence in teaching Chinese as a foreign language. Based on the literature review of the definition and development of the phenomenon, the importance of cross-cultural communication and the current research status of the phenomenon in teaching Chinese as a foreign language, this research analyzes the application status and challenges of the phenomenon in teaching Chinese as a foreign language. On this basis, the author puts forward the strategies of intercultural communicative competence cultivation based on the transcendental phenomenon, including the design principles of teaching strategies and concrete practical cases. It is concluded that the hyperlinguistic phenomenon can effectively promote the improvement of intercultural communication ability of international students, but it needs to overcome the challenges of language environment and cultural background differences. Future research should further explore the application effect of translanguaging phenomenon in different teaching environments to improve relevant teaching strategies.
Twelve- or 24-Hour Oxygen Therapy: Why a Clinical Trial?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The question posed at the Sugarloaf Conference is significant, and finding an answer important, because of the high prevalence of COPD and the magnitude of the public health problem it represents. It is estimated that 8 to 9 million people in the United States have COPD, and for about 1 million of these, activity is limited. Obviously, with such numbers, personal suffering and societal losses are considerable. Present knowledge does not provide a basis for effective prevention of the disease or for a cure, once it is established. In many instances the lingering course ends in death. Today COPD ranks sixth among the leading causes of death in the United States, having reached 44,000 deaths in 1976, an increase of 44% over the number in 1968. The progressive hypoxia that is characteristic of COPD is the major cause of morbidity and can lead to cor pulmonale, a complication of hypoxia
Formalizing Anonymous Blacklisting Systems 1,2 (Extended Version)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract—Anonymous communications networks, such as Tor, help to solve the real and important problem of enabling users to communicate privately over the Internet. However, in doing so, anonymous communications networks introduce an entirely new problem for the service providers—such as websites, IRC networks or mail servers—with which these users interact; in particular, since all anonymous users look alike, there is no way for the service providers to hold individual misbehaving anonymous users accountable for their actions. Recent research efforts have focused on using anonymous blacklisting systems (which are sometimes called anonymous revocation systems) to empower service providers with the ability to revoke access from abusive anonymous users. In contrast to revocable anonymity systems, which enable some trusted third party to deanonymize users, anonymous blacklisting systems provide users with a way to authenticate anonymously with a service provider, while enabling the service provider to revoke access from any users that misbehave, without revealing their identities. In this paper, we introduce the anonymous blacklisting problem and survey the literature on anonymous blacklisting systems, comparing and contrasting the architecture of various existing schemes, and discussing the tradeoffs inherent with each design. The literature on anonymous blacklisting systems lacks a unified set of definitions; each scheme operates under different trust assumptions and provides different security and privacy guarantees. Therefore, before we discuss the existing approaches in detail, we first propose a formal definition for anonymous blacklisting systems, and a set of security and privacy properties that these systems should possess. We also outline a set of new performance requirements that anonymous blacklisting systems should satisfy to maximize their potential for real-world adoption, and give formal definitions for several optional features already supported by some schemes in the literature. Keywords-privacy enhancing technologies; anonymity; authentication; anonymous blacklisting; privacy-enhanced revocation. I.
Gender inequality in hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation videos on YouTube

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is performed at a significantly lower rate in women than in men. YouTube has a significant role in influencing the public’s perceptions about CPR due to its popularity. The aim of the study was to compare the availability, quality, and scientific accuracy of YouTube videos demonstrating hands-only CPR performed on men and woman recipient.Methods: Using a search term similar to hands-only CPR, YouTube was searched for videos in English. This study included the first 60 videos for each search term. All the videos meeting the inclusion criteria were viewed and classified according to gender of recipient of CPR. Views per day were calculated. Videos were scored for quality and scientific accuracy, using Global Quality Scale (GQS) score and comprehensiveness analysis respectively. Mean, standard deviation was calculated for all the variables. Independent t-tests were done to compare the mean values. A p value<0.05 was considered significant.Results: Only 12 (1.7%) videos demonstrated hands-only CPR performed on women as compared to 43 videos (6%) demonstrated in men. There was a statistically significant difference in GQS score, whereas, there was no statistically significant difference in viewer rate and comprehensiveness analysis score based upon the gender of recipient of CPR.Conclusions: The availability and quality of YouTube videos demonstrating hands-only CPR performed on men and women recipients differ significantly. There are limited numbers of videos available for demonstrations of CPR performed on women, and the majority of them are of poor quality and lack scientific accuracy.