jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
High-density functional diffuse optical tomography based on frequency-domain measurements improves image quality and spatial resolution

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Measurements of dynamic near-infrared (NIR) light attenuation across the human head together with model-based image reconstruction algorithms allow the recovery of three-dimensional spatial brain activation maps. Previous studies using high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) systems have reported improved image quality over sparse arrays. These HD-DOT systems incorporated multidistance overlapping continuous wave measurements that only recover differential intensity attenuation. We investigate the potential improvement in reconstructed image quality due to the additional incorporation of phase shift measurements, which reflect the time-of-flight of the measured NIR light, within the tomographic reconstruction from high-density measurements. To evaluate image reconstruction with and without the additional phase information, we simulated point spread functions across a whole-scalp field of view in 24 subject-specific anatomical models using an experimentally derived noise model. The addition of phase information improves the image quality by reducing localization error by up to 59% and effective resolution by up to 21% as compared to using the intensity attenuation measurements alone. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the phase data enable images to be resolved at deeper brain regions where intensity data fail, which is further supported by utilizing experimental data from a single subject measurement during a retinotopic experiment.
Additional information on lowest Ordovician trilobites from the uppermost Deadwood Formation, Black Hills and Bear Lodge Mountains, South Dakota and Wyoming

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Trilobites from the Missisquoia Zone and the Symphysurina brevispicata Subzone of the Symphysurina Zone (Ibexian Series, lowest Ordovician) were collected from measured sections in the uppermost Deadwood Formation in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Bear Lodge Mountains in northeasternmost Wyoming. These collections were made by Christina Lochman-Balk and her students, and turned over to the author to complete the project. They are compared with previous reported occurrences of this fauna from this area. No trilobites from the underlying Sunwaptan Stage (Upper Cambrian) occur with the lowest Ordovician trilobites, suggesting that the sharp faunal extinction at the base of the Ordovician (North American sense = Eurekia apopsis Zone, Ibexian Series) occurred in the Deadwood Formation as it did over all of the North American continent.
Temperature Dependence of the Electrical Resistivity and Hall Effect of Disordered Au$${}_{x}$$Pd$${}_{1-x}$$ Alloys

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Within the framework of the coherent potential approximation for the s-d model, we compute the electrical resistivity $$\rho$$ and Hall coefficient $$R_{o}$$ of disordered paramagnetic Au $${}_{x}$$ Pd $${}_{1-x}$$ alloys, taking the electron–phonon interaction into account. Based on the example of these alloys, the mechanisms responsible for the correlation between the resistivity and its temperature coefficient (Mooij rule) and the correlation between temperature dependencies of $$\rho$$ and $$R_{o}$$ are discussed. The results are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Growth and Persistence of Several Varieties of Red Clover at Various Temperature and Moisture Levels1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Synopsis The size of red clover plants which grew under laboratory conditions was not directly correlated with persistence of plants of the same variety in the field. The smallest plants obtained in the controlled environment were of the most persistent variety. The varieties did not differ significantly when the plants were subjected to a frequent‐clipping treatment or prolonged incubation in a dark chamber.
Does Consciousness Collapse the Wave Function

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A conceptual replication of the Hall-experiment to test the 'subjective reduction' interpretation of the measurement problem in Quantum Physics is reported. Two improvements are introduced. First the delay between pre-observation and final observation of the same quantum event is increased from a few microseconds in the original experiment to 1 second in this replication. Second, rather than using the observers conscious response as the dependent variable, we use the early brain responses as measured by EEG. These early responses cover a period where the observer is not yet conscious of the quantum event. Results support the 'subjective reduction' hypothesis because significant differences between the brain responses of the final observer are found dependent upon the pre-observer looking or not looking at the quantum event (exact binomial p < 0.02). Alternative 'normal' explanations are discussed and rejected. It is concluded that the present results do justify further research along these lines.
Hereditary ovarian cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ovarian cancer has been described in association with three autosomal dominant syndromes: familial site-specific ovarian cancer, familial breast and ovarian cancer, and the hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer syndrome. It appears that most breast-ovarian and site-specific ovarian cancer families are explained by mutations in the BRCA1 tumor suppressor gene. Other genes associated with inherited susceptibility to ovarian cancer include BRCA2, p53, and the DNA mismatch repair genes.
Effect of triptolide on gemcitabine-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

e22043 Background: Pancreatic cancer is notorious for its resistance to anticancer drug. gemcitabine, the most effective anticancer drug currently available for palliative chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer patients, hardly achieves clinically satisfactory response rates. Therefore, it is urgent to develop novel agents that overcome drug resistance of pancreatic cancer. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that triptolide, a diterpenoid triepoxide purified from the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F, can enhance gemcitabine-mediated apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1 and PANC-1). Methods: Pancreatic cells were treated with gemcitabine or triptolide alone, and combination of them, cell viability was measured by MTT, and apoptotic cells were assessed by flow cytometry for Annexin V/PI staining and western blot for cleaved caspase-3, 8, 9 and PARP. To explore the mechanism of enhancement of triptolide and gemcitabine, proteomic approach was used to screen the related apoptosis factors. Results: Triptolide demonstrated toxicity on pancreatic cancer cell lines with the IC50 of 25-40 nM. The combination of triptolide (IC30 concentration) and gemcitabine enhanced the cytotoxicity significantly compared to gemcitabine alone. Combination index (CI) indicated the effect of triptolide plus gemcitabine was synergistic. Furthermore, pancreatic cancer cells treated with triptolide plus gemcitabine exhibited increased apoptosis, as evidenced by stronger Annexin V/ PI staining, higher levels of pro-apoptotic proteins including cleaved caspases and activated PARP compared to cells treated with gemcitabine alone. In the mechanism study, vimentin, a mesenchymal marker, was screened out to be correlated with enhanced apoptosis induced by triptolide plus gemcitabine. Conclusions: 1) Triptolide has a potent therapeutic effect on pancreatic cancer cell lines; 2) the combination of triptolide with gemcitabine enhances the apoptosis in vitro, low concentration of TPL showed synergistic effect with gemcitabine; 3) The enhanced apoptosis induced by triptolide plus gemcitabine is correlated with vimentin expression inhibited by triptolide.
Accounting comparability and the value relevance of earnings and book value

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract The value relevance of financial statements is of great significance to investors and standard setters. The present research examines whether accounting comparability among industry peers enhances the value relevance of earnings and book value. This is an important question because both the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the Securities Exchange Commission seek greater comparability in financial reporting. However, there is limited empirical evidence on how comparability affects the value relevance of accounting information in the United States. Our results show that accounting comparability increases the value relevance of earnings, but not book value. That is, when firms exhibit greater accounting comparability vis‐à‐vis industry peers, investors attach higher value to reported earnings. In terms of economic significance, the value relevance of earnings is 25.2% higher when accounting comparability is higher by one standard deviation. However, the incremental benefits of accounting comparability are attenuated when financial reporting opacity is high or when there exists an internal control material weakness over financial reporting. In contrast, comparability benefits are enhanced when an industry specialist auditor is employed. Our results are robust to using different model specifications.
Overexpression of 14-3-3θ promotes tumor metastasis and indicates poor prognosis in breast carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An isoform of the 14-3-3 protein family, 14-3-3θ has been linked with tumor cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, the role of 14-3-3θ in the progression of breast cancer remains unknown. Here, we report that 14-3-3θ plays a critical role in breast cancer metastasis and prognosis. The expression of 14-3-3θ was markedly higher in breast cancer tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues. A hospital-based study cohort of 216 breast cancer patients was evaluated in this study. The level of 14-3-3θ expression was determined and correlated based upon tumor clinicopathological features, disease-free survival, and overall survival. We found that overexpression of 14-3-3θ was correlated with advanced TNM stage (P<0.05), lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), and ER negative status (P<0.05). Breast cancer patients with high 14-3-3θ expression had a shorter overall survival and a higher rate of recurrence than those with low 14-3-3θ expression. Additionally, knockdown of 14-3-3θ expression in breast cancer cells inhibited metastasis in vitro. Similarly, an in vivo assay showed that 14-3-3θ knockdown dramatically suppressed the growth of breast cancer xenografts and inhibited tumor cell metastasis in a lung metastasis model. Thus, this study provided the first evidence that 14-3-3θ is a novel tumor suppressor and may serve as a candidate prognostic biomarker and target for new therapies in metastatic breast cancer.
Building a bridge between performance management, radical innovation, and innovation networks: A systematic literature review

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Research on performance management (PM) of networks and radical innovation has largely developed along two isolated paths. On the one hand, a growing body of knowledge addresses the use of performance management systems in the context of networks (notably for production and incremental innovation). On the other hand, radical innovation scholars have shown how innovation initiatives that are more uncertain demand the use of new approaches (e.g., new project management routines or different evaluative tools for portfolios). Some scholars even suggest that traditional PM may suppress radical innovation. Our study takes a different approach. It aims to bridge radical innovation and network performance management through a systematic review of the literature. Here, we adopt a hybrid approach that combines bibliometrics with content analysis. Whereas the literature often separates the issues of network performance management and radical innovation, our contribution expands the theory of network management and radical innovation by developing a conceptual framework based on these concepts, thus combining them. We also offer suggestions for further research on this approach. Our framework suggests that overall, the performance management of radical innovation networks presents different features (e.g., recursive rather than linear) and constructs (e.g., openness and unintended performance) from those of innovation network management.
Neurotoxin from Venom of the Cobra, Naja naja siamensis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The principal neurotoxin of the cobra, Naja naja siamensis (Naja naja kaouthis), was purified by chromatography on, successively, phosphocellulose, Sephadex G-50, and carboxymethylcellulose. A 4 3/10-fold increase in specific toxicity was obtained. The product was shown to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 4.3 and pH 7.0. Antibodies to the toxin were prepared by inoculating rabbits with toxin adsorbed onto bentonite. The neurotoxin was radioactively labeled by reaction with pyridoxal phosphate, followed by reduction of the Schiff's base with tritiated sodium borohydride. Two radioactive toxin derivatives were purified and separated from untreated toxin by phosphocellulose chromatography. A specific activity of 2 Ci per millimole has been obtained by this method. Pyridoxal phosphate-coupled toxin was identified by strong fluorescence emission at 395 nm upon excitation at 331 nm. Labeled toxin retained 50% of its original potency and was shown to block the action of acetylcholine at the motor end plate. In this respect, the pharmacological properties of the toxin remained unchanged by the labeling reaction.
Genetic regulation of the antibody response to H-2Db alloantigens in mice. III. Inhibition of the IgG Response to noncongenic cells by preimmunization with congenic cells.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

When B10.A (5R) mice (H-12i5) are immunized with spleen cells from congenic B10 mice (H-12b), they respond to alloantigens of the H-2Db region by producing antibodies of only IgM type. In contrast, they produce both IgM and IgG antibodies when immunized with A.BY cells (H-2b) that carry other foreign cell surface antigens (non-H-2) in addition to H-2Db. Preimmunization of 5R mice with two injections of congenic cells leads to an H-2Db specific inhibition of the IgG response to a subsequent immunization with A.BY cells. It is concluded that congenic B10 cells fail to activate helper T cells which are necessary to induce the switch from IgM to IgG production. Instead T- or B-cell tolerance may be induced with prohibits the subsequent IgG response to A.BY cells, possibly by way of suppressor T cells which may act either on B cells directly or via helper T cells.
Discourse structure and syntactic embedding : the German discourse particle 'ja'

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

German discourse particles (DiPs) do not add truth-conditionally relevant meaning but are elements of speaker attitude and indicate a relation between the information in their scope (p) and another piece of information (q) in the context. The DiP ‘ja’ (literally ‘yes’) was claimed to be felicitous with a proposition p that the speaker believes common to both speaker and hearer, or immediately verifiable. However, formalizations modeling this into the use conditions of ‘ja’ fall short on the DiP's discourse function, which is to indicate that p is not used to address the current Question under Discussion but stands in a relation to q (pRq), where q is the information that the speaker makes another context update, pRq is intuitively explanatory, and p is not necessarily known to anyone but the speaker. Regarding prerequisite grammatical properties of the DiP's host constructions, data show that ‘ja’ is not restricted to assertive, root-like environments and defies predictions about not being able to appear in the scope of descriptive operators. Instead the data suggest that the DiP's licitness in surprising positions depends on information-structural factors.
Way forward for post pandemic online teaching: A case of higher education in Pakistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This small-scale research was conducted to propose a way forward for the post pandemic online teaching in universities of Sindh. Data from 15 university representatives were gathered to identify issues and best practices concerning online teaching and learning in higher education settings of Sindh, Pakistan during the spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic. The data revealed that universities in Sindh face student related, instructor related and online interaction related issues to a significant level while adopting the online teaching modality. The data revealed that universities resolve issues in an ad hoc manner. Therefore, Anderson’s online learning model was adapted and proposed for universities to manage online teaching and resolve issues concerning them. The paper also proposes a conceptual framework developed on the theory of reasoned action and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to be adopted for future researcher to further inquire the effect of instructors’ perceived usefulness of online teaching and their perceived ease of technology use on instructors’ attitudes towards online teaching and their adoption of online teaching.
Clinical effect of low-level laser therapy on pain perception after placement of initial orthodontic archwires

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objectives: This study evaluated the clinical effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on pain perception after placement of initial orthodontic archwires. Material and Methods: Forty-eight orthodontic patients were selected and randomly divided according to exposure to LLLT into two equal groups: Group 1 (Control group) Included 24 patients who were not subjected to any laser therapy, and Group 2 (Laser group), Included 24 patients who were subjected to LLLT. Pain perception was investigated for all patients after 6 h, 2 nd day, 3 rd day, and 7 th day through a visual analog scale (VAS) with 0 indicating no pain and 10 indicating intolerable pain. All data were collected, tabulated, and statistically analyzed. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the laser group and the control group. According to VAS readings, the laser group showed lower means of pain scores than the control group . Conclusion: From the present study, the following could be concluded: (1) Diode laser using 940 nm wavelength with the used parameters showed positive results in reducing pain severity in the early stages of orthodontic treatment. (2) LLLT can have better biomodulating outcomes in promoting long-lasting analgesic action during the period of greatest pain sensitivity.
Helicobacter pylori Antigen HP0986 (TieA) Interacts with Cultured Gastric Epithelial Cells and Induces IL8 Secretion via NF‐κB Mediated Pathway

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The envisaged roles and partly understood functional properties of H elicobacter pylori protein HP0986 are significant in the context of proinflammatory and or proapoptotic activities, the two important facilitators of pathogen survival and persistence. In addition, sequence analysis of this gene predicts a restriction endonuclease function which remained unknown thus far. To evaluate the role of HP0986 in gastric inflammation, we studied its expression profile using a large number of clinical isolates but a limited number of biopsies and patient sera. Also, we studied antigenic role of HP0986 in altering cytokine responses of human gastric epithelial ( AGS ) cells including its interaction with and localization within the AGS cells. Materials and Methods For in vitro expression study of HP0986, 110 H. pylori clinical isolates were cultured from patients with functional dyspepsia. For expression analysis by q RT PCR of HP0986, 10 gastric biopsy specimens were studied. HP0986 was also used to detect antibodies in patient sera. AGS cells were incubated with recombinant HP0986 to determine cytokine response and NF‐κB activation. Transient transfection with HP0986 cloned in pEGFPN1 was used to study its subcellular localization or homing in AGS cells. Results Out of 110 cultured H. pylori strains, 34 (31%) were positive for HP0986 and this observation was correlated with in vitro expression profiles. HP0986 mRNA was detected in 7 of the 10 biopsy specimens. Further, HP0986 induced IL‐8 secretion in gastric epithelial cells in a dose and time‐dependent manner via NF‐κB pathway. Serum antibodies against HP0986 were positively associated with H. pylori positive patients. Transient transfection of AGS cells revealed both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization of HP0986. Conclusion HP0986 was moderately prevalent in clinical isolates and its expression profile in cultures and gastric biopsies points to its being naturally expressed. Collective observations including the induction of IL‐8 via TNFR 1 and NF‐κB, subcellular localization, and seropositivity data point to a significant role of HP0986 in gastroduodenal inflammation. We propose to name the HP0986 gene/protein as ‘TNFR1 interacting endonuclease A (TieA or tie A)’.
Combination of Abducens Nerve Palsy and Ipsilateral Postganglionic Horner Syndrome as an Initial Manifestation of Uterine Cervical Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 74-year-old woman presented with abducens nerve palsy, postganglionic Horner syndrome and sensory disturbance in the territory of the ophthalmic nerve on the left side. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a gadolinium-enhanced lesion within the left cavernous sinus. Thereafter, uterine cervical cancer was detected as the origin of this intra-cavernous sinus metastasis. We emphasize that the combination of abducens nerve palsy and ipsilateral postganglionic Horner syndrome may indicate a lesion located within the posterior portion of the cavernous sinus or in its vicinity. Moreover, this is the first reported case of uterine cervical cancer with intra-cavernous sinus metastasis.
Vessel element and fiber length variation in successive cambia of Iresine latifolia (Amaranthaceae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The size of the axial cell elements of wood, vessel elements and fibers, increases or decreases from pith to stem periphery in the species that have been studied with successive cambium such as members of the Menispermaceae. Iresine latifolia (Amaranthaceae) was selected for this study because it is a scandent shrub widely distributed in Mexico with successive cambia. The objectives were to quantify vessel element and fiber lengths in each of the vascular rings, to evaluate whether cellular size increases or decreases from pith to periphery, and to describe its wood. Macerations were performed for each of the secondary xylem rings present in 3 individual samples, and permanent slides were prepared using conventional procedures for wood. Observations showed that I. latifolia has 13–36 concentric rings, each ring showing an active cambium. Like other species of Amaranthaceae, there are nucleated fibers and multiseriate rays with a meristematic center. Variance analyses showed significant differences between vessel element and fiber lengths between only some of the vascular rings from pith to periphery. These results suggest that the parenchyma cells, from which the new cambium is derived, reach the size of the fusiform initial cells early in the differentiation process.