jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Alteration of rendering and meat hygiene legislation in the course of the BSE/TSE crisis. Validity of decisive legal provisions (1)].

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The decisive European legal provisions to fight bovine sponfiform encephalopathy in the context of the rendering and meat-hygiene legislation are the Commission Decisions 96/449/EC "on the approval of alternative heat treatment systems for processing animal waste with a view to the inactivation of spongiform encephalopathy agents" and 97/534/EC "on the prohibition of the use of material presenting risks as regards transmissible spongiform encephalopathies". Both decisions are based on Council Directives which do not provide the necessary authorization for these decisions by the Commission. Consequently, both have to be regarded as legally invalid. Furthermore, the legal acts to convert these decisions into German law (Rendering Plants Regulation and Meat-Hygiene Regulation) have to be considered invalid--partly due to formal and partly due to factual reasons. Because of the thus created legal uncertainty the legal provisions in question can only come fully into force after the elimination of this specifically described legal shortcomings or after clarification of the legal situation by the responsible courts.
The role of the methacholine inhalation challenge in adult patients presenting with chronic cough.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One hundred and twenty two patients who were presenting with chronic persistent cough for more than 3-4 weeks were studied. Using anatomical and stepwise approach, we could identify the cause of chronic cough in 96% of the patients. The most common causes were due to postnasal drip syndrome (PND) (45%) and bronchial asthma (26%). We also demonstrated the important role of methacholine inhalation challenge in the diagnostic work up. The procedure could identify the patients who had bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) in 52% of the cases. The severity degree of the BHR was classified into three levels. Mild or nonspecific BHR was defined as PC20 16-25 mg/ml. This could be found in many diseases such as PND and bronchiectasis. Moderate degree of BHR (PC20 8-16 mg/ml) was found in patients with PND and asthma. PC20 of less than 8 mg/ml was considered to be the most severe degree and it seemed to be specific for the diagnosis of asthma (positive predictive value 100%). Other condition that caused chronic cough were drug-induced, especially angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, subgottic cancer and idiopathic cough. These conditions may require invasive diagnostic work up, such as fiberoptic bronchoscopy and tissue biopsy. The treatment of chronic cough was according to the etiology. Thus, the patients presenting with chronic cough should be investigated to identify the cause, and it was not just only the administration of cough suppressant drugs in these patients.
[Suffocation, an important lethal factor for otorhinolaryngological disease].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Suffocation is an important lethal factor for many otorhinolaryngological disease. Tracheotomy is a prompt and effective management for the suffocation resulting from upper respiratory tract obstruction. Tracheoscopy is the first choice for patients with lower respiratory tract obstruction. And the continuous inflating pressure with intubation in cases with trachea bleeding should be avoided.
Statistical Analysis of Rebound Hammer Assessment on Reinforced Concrete Buildings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This research explores the use of non-destructive equipment (Schmidt Rebound Hammer) to investigate the state of reinforced concrete buildings. A total of 138 Slabs, 266 Beams and 210 Columns were assessed as structural elements spread across six (6) different buildings. The columns, beams and slabs for the residential buildings have overall mean rebound compressive strength of 26.15 N/ mm 2 20.18 N/ mm 2 and 32.2 N/mm 2 respectively. For the institutional buildings, the overall average rebound compressive strength for the columns, beams and slabs is 25.71 $N$ / mm 2 , 27.22 N/mm 2 and 34.92 N/mm 2 respectively. The columns, beams and slabs for the industrial buildings have overall mean rebound compressive strength of 30.27N/mm 2 , 24.23N/mm 2 and 39.87N/ mm 2 respectively. Rebound compressive strength values reduce as the height of the building increases. The standard deviation and coefficient of variance for a set of structural elements in the buildings showed high level of uncertainties and disparities which is an established factor in the use of the rebound hammer. This is a clear indication that a more robust method of analysis is needed for the interpretation and drawing of conclusions from the rebound hammer assessment.
Deep Learning for Identifying Iran's Cultural Heritage Buildings in Need of Conservation Using Image Classification and Grad-CAM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The cultural heritage buildings (CHB), which are part of mankind's history and identity, are in constant danger of damage or in extreme situations total destruction. That being said, it's of utmost importance to preserve them by identifying the existent, or presumptive, defects using novel methods so that renovation processes can be done in a timely manner and with higher accuracy. The main goal of this research is to use new deep learning (DL) methods in the process of preserving CHBs (situated in Iran); a goal that has been neglected especially in developing countries such as Iran, as these countries still preserve their CHBs using manual, and even archaic, methods that need direct human supervision. Having proven their effectiveness and performance when it comes to processing images, the convolutional neural networks (CNN) are a staple in computer vision (CV) literacy and this paper is not exempt. When lacking enough CHB images, training a CNN from scratch would be very difficult and prone to overfitting; that's why we opted to use a technique called transfer learning (TL) in which we used pre-trained ResNet, MobileNet, and Inception networks, for classification. Even more, the Grad-CAM was utilized to localize the defects to some extent. The final results were very favorable based on those of similar research. The final proposed model can pave the way for moving from manual to unmanned CHB conservation, hence an increase in accuracy and a decrease in human-induced errors.
THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL OSTEOMYELITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We present herewith a preliminary report on our experimental production of a lesion simulating human osteomyelitis. We are able to keep the animals alive for an indefinite period. For years attempts have been made to reproduce in animals lesions of bones resembling human osteomyelitis. These experimental efforts have taught us much about the pathogenesis of the disease. That osteomyelitis is an infectious disease was early recognized. Beginning with Rodet1in 1884, Staphylococcus aureus was used to produce experimental lesions in bone. Rodet, and others shortly after him, produced abscesses in bones by injecting the organisms intravenously. Some years later Lexer2studied osteomyelitis extensively from the anatomic and pathologic points of view. His description of the circulation in the long bones stands unaltered. He recognized early that osteomyelitis was a hematogenous infection. Lexer produced bone abscesses by the injection of small amounts of attenuated bacterial cultures intravenously and noted
The future just happened

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter links changes in music education in New Zealand with international ideas concerning ‘twenty-first-century learning’. The New Zealand vision for twenty-first-century education with its emphasis on knowledge use and new forms of pedagogy is outlined, as well as how this ‘future-focused’ learning approach is already present in much music teaching in the secondary school and that it has been for some time. This has involved a shift from ‘knowledge as an object’ to knowledge as a process, greater relevance, and student choice in curriculum, group work and informal group learning, and digital literacy. Music’s case is instructive in considering the general move towards twenty-first-century learning. The positive possibilities and the unintended consequences that can result from such paradigmatic shifts are then considered. For example, widening access generally through a more ‘relevant’ curriculum may not necessarily lead to increased epistemic access. The confusion between curriculum and pedagogy can also lead to continued unequal access for all to music’s generative concepts.
Better in the (near) future: Group‐based differences in forecasting biases

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Social identities are an important component of an individual’s self‐concept. In the current research, we examine how identification with a group can lead to biased intergroup judgments similar to those made when evaluating the self, relative to others. We compared evaluations of in‐ and outgroups in order to examine differences in temporal perspective and optimistic evaluations. Our findings suggest that compared to an outgroup, ingroup members more strongly consider the future potential of their group, are more optimistic when considering future ingroup outcomes, and hold a more uniformly positive view of an ingroup’s future. Furthermore, we find that when evaluating ingroups, shifts in temporal perspectives are related to greater optimism. We conclude by discussing theoretical implications and future research related to temporal judgments and social groups.
Influence of Shape of Gating System on Pouring Time and Filling of a Sprue with the Use of MAGMA5 Optimization

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Present hectic times do not allow the foundrymen to test various modifications of gating system in real production due to lack of time and efficiency of production phase. When testing of tens or hundreds of modifications is needed, simulation software MAGMA5 and its optimization procedure comes into place. This article deals with choosing the best design of gating system which will ensure the filling of the sprue as soon as possible together with possible shortening of pouring time on Disamatic line. Soonest filling of the sprue will ensure that no air is entraped in the molten metal which is entering the cavity of the mold and no air bubbles would occur in the final casting after pouring. With this goal achieved, foundry can secure the production of castings. There is a big chance chance to decrease the pouring time of the mold, which will make the production more effective.
Practical Benefits of Feature Feedback Under Distribution Shift

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In attempts to develop sample-efficient and interpretable algorithms, researcher have explored myriad mechanisms for collecting and exploiting feature feedback, auxiliary annotations provided for training (but not test) instances that highlight salient evidence. Examples include bounding boxes around objects and salient spans in text. Despite its intuitive appeal, feature feedback has not delivered significant gains in practical problems as assessed on iid holdout sets. However, recent works on counterfactually augmented data suggest an alternative benefit of supplemental annotations, beyond interpretability: lessening sensitivity to spurious patterns and consequently delivering gains in out-of-domain evaluations. We speculate that while existing methods for incorporating feature feedback have delivered negligible in-sample performance gains, they may nevertheless provide out-of-domain benefits. Our experiments addressing sentiment analysis, show that feature feedback methods perform significantly better on various natural out-of-domain datasets despite comparable in-domain evaluations. By contrast, performance on natural language inference remains comparable. Finally, we compare those tasks where feature feedback does (and does not) help.
Unraveling Specific Causes of Neonatal Mortality Using Minimally Invasive Tissue Sampling: An Observational Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Postmortem minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS) is a potential alternative to the gold standard complete diagnostic autopsy for identifying specific causes of childhood deaths. We investigated the utility of MITS, interpreted with available clinical data, for attributing underlying and immediate causes of neonatal deaths. Methods This prospective, observational pilot study enrolled neonatal deaths at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital in Soweto, South Africa. The MITS included needle core-biopsy sampling for histopathology of brain, lung, and liver tissue. Microbiological culture and/or molecular tests were performed on lung, liver, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and stool samples. The “underlying” and “immediate” causes of death (CoD) were determined for each case by an international panel of 12–15 medical specialists. Results We enrolled 153 neonatal deaths, 106 aged 3–28 days. Leading underlying CoD included “complications of prematurity” (52.9%), “complications of intrapartum events” (15.0%), “congenital malformations” (13.1%), and “infection related” (9.8%). Overall, infections were the immediate or underlying CoD in 57.5% (n = 88) of all neonatal deaths, including the immediate CoD in 70.4% (58/81) of neonates with “complications of prematurity” as the underlying cause. Overall, 74.4% of 90 infection-related deaths were hospital acquired, mainly due to multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (52.2%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (22.4%), and Staphylococcus aureus (20.9%). Streptococcus agalactiae was the most common pathogen (5/15 [33.3%]) among deaths with “infections” as the underlying cause. Conclusions MITS has potential to address the knowledge gap on specific causes of neonatal mortality. In our setting, this included the hitherto underrecognized dominant role of hospital-acquired multidrug-resistant bacterial infections as the leading immediate cause of neonatal deaths.
Observation Method in Empirical Aesthetics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter focuses on the features of the observation method of research. It provides a general description of the method as well as its various uses, such as to describe aesthetics phenomena, test theory and specific hypotheses, and augment other research methods. The chapter also provides examples of empirical aesthetics research that have used observations as the primary means for collecting data with emphasis on observations conducted in natural contexts such as museums. Finally, these examples serve as a basis for offering guidelines on how to conduct observations that are appropriate, reliable, and valid.
Learning organizations: diagnosis and measurement in a developing country context

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the performance of a sample of Lebanese organizations vis-à-vis some of the core learning organization dimensions identified in the literature, focusing specifically on those dimensions that are considered most salient and relevant in the Lebanese context. <br/>Design/methodology/approach – The paper capitalizes on a comprehensive literature review to identify the core dimensions of the learning organization construct to be tackled in the questionnaire. The questionnaire was then compiled, comprising 40 questions consolidated from the published literature, addressing seven key learning organization dimensions. Factor analysis following survey administration allowed for filtering five dimensions of learning organizations that are most salient in the Lebanese context. <br/>Findings – Five salient characteristics of effective learning organizations are identified through factor analysis, namely employee participation, learning climate, systematic employee development, constant experimentation, and learning reward systems. The findings from the Lebanese sample vis-à-vis these five dimensions suggest that the main strength of Lebanese firms lies in systematic employee training, while their weakness rests in fostering continuous learning/experimentation. <br/>Originality/value – This paper draws attention to the fact that varying dimensions of learning organizations are accorded attention in different cultures, and it is important to use measurement instruments focusing on these to derive value added insights.
Achieving food sovereignty through water conservation: A review

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Food sovereignty is the rights of every nation to maintain and develop skills in producing basic foods, with respect for cultural and product diversity. The food sovereignty of a nation would be viable provided that the natural resources essential for plant growth are available and one of them is water. However, the increase of water demand far exceeds its availability, thus water shortage for agriculture with, as water is also needed by other organisms. As a tropical country, Indonesia has sufficient water supplies from both rainfall and groundwater. With good water management and conservation strategy, it should suffice the demand. Therefore, save the water movement as part of water sustainability program would highly contribute in achieving sustainable food production hence food sovereignty in the long run.
Piracy and Product Differentiation in the Market of Digital Goods

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We analyse how piracy affects the choice of quality of a monopolist producing a digital good. A digital good is a special kind of information good, for example a music CD, a DVD or an electronic magazine available online. An important feature of digital goods is that they can be copied without a decline in the copy's quality. We define piracy as both the production and the sale of illegal copies and the practice of file sharing through the Internet. Recently, the introduction of fast Internet connections and peer-to-peer technologies (like Napster and Gnutella) has caused a huge increase in the copies and firms are adopting various measures to counteract this phenomenon. In this paper we focus on a firm's incentive to vertically differentiate the quality of its products in the presence of piracy. We show that without piracy and in the absence of production costs the monopolist never differentiates its product. With piracy, the monopolist might introduce a second, lower-quality good in order to induce consumers who acquire a pirated copy to buy the original. Hence differentiation may arise in equilibrium. This type of vertical differentiation is relatively widespread in the software market (consider the practice of distributing versions of a software with less features) and also in the music market (for example, selling music online). We consider a model of vertical differentiation where consumers differ in two aspects. They have both different will-ingness to pay for quality and different costs of accessing a pirated copy. Moreover, those with a greater cost of pirating also have a higher willingness to pay for quality. In this framework we show that the monopolist has two different strategies. On the one hand it can produce just one quality and sell it only to consumers with a high willingness to pay whereas those with low willingness to pay for quality obtain a pirated copy. On the other hand, the monopolist can produce two different qualities, pricing them so that consumers with high willingness to pay buy both whereas those with low willingness to pay either buy the low quality or acquire a pirated copy. The introduction of protection devices that prevent copying or the enforcement of copyright laws increases quality levels, prices and therefore profits. Given that the monopolist sets a higher price for the low quality, the most interesting aspect of protection is to render differentiation more attractive, so that the main impact of protection is on product differentiation rather than on the extent of illegal demand.
Anne-girls: investigating contemporary girlhood through Anne with an E

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Anne of Green Gables is a 1908 coming of age novel by L.M. Montgomery. Adapted into over 40 multimedia projects since its publication, it has a significant historical and cultural presence. This research blends feminist media and literature analysis in an investigation of the representation of girlhood in Anne with an E, the 2017 to 2019 CBC & Netflix television program. This work focuses on Anne with an E, the Kevin Sullivan 1984 film, the 1934 George Nicholls Jr. film, and the original novel based on Anne’s Bildungsroman characteristics. Through the analysis of how Anne and the narrative interact with concepts of gender, race, class, sexuality, and ability status, emerges how the very definition of what it means to be a ‘girl’ and how it has changed. All 'Anne' adaptations situate the narratives and morality to the production's period, which speaks to what is historically possible and desirable for a girl within that time. By looking at Anne’s mistakes, and her victories comes an understanding of a girl’s maturation. In analyzing Anne with an E, this research aids in documenting and investigating what we consider normal, moral, and modern, with respect to gender, race, class, and other identity markers, as well as uncovering trends in public perceptions of sociological issues. I argue that Anne’s maturation is reliant upon her negotiation with her identity, advocacy, and her community. While there are many aspects of girlhood that have remained since the late 18th century, there has been a fundamental paradigm shift that is explored in this work.
Methodological challenges and recommendations for acupuncture clinical study: A scoping review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT: Background: Methodological issues and challenges hinder the high-quality development of acupuncture clinical studies. Objective: To systematically summarize the methodological issues, challenges, and recommendations in acupuncture clinical research using the participant, intervention, comparison, outcome, and study design (PICOS) framework to generate a comprehensive list of methodological questions and recommendations. Methods: We searched seven databases for articles on the methodological aspects of clinical acupuncture research from their inception to March 24, 2023. Two researchers independently screened the titles, abstracts, and full text of each article. Data extraction and analyses were performed for the eligible studies. Finally, the methodological challenges and recommendations for acupuncture clinical studies are listed, and the frequency of methodological challenges is displayed in a sunburst chart. Results: A total of 226 studies were included in the review, most of which originated in China (173, 77 %), followed by the United States (25, 11 %) and the United Kingdom (12, 5 %). Clinical research on acupuncture faces methodological challenges that span the five elements of the PICOS framework. The most frequently mentioned issues were related to comparison, followed by study design and interventions. If further categorized, the establishment of the control group is undoubtedly the most concerning issue for researchers. Conclusion: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the challenges and recommendations for each aspect of the PICOS framework in clinical acupuncture research.