jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Highly Versatile and Efficient Process for CNT Oxidation in Vapor Phase by Means of Mg(NO3)2‒HNO3‒H2O Ternary Mixture

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Nitric acid vapor phase oxidation of carbon nanotubes using Mg(NO3)2‒HNO3‒H2O ternary mixture is proposed as a further development and significant improvement of the method employing the sole azeotropic HNO3 solution. Based on the so-called "salt effect," the addition of Mg(NO3)2 to HNO3‒H2O solution allows varying the acid vapor concentration within a wide range, even beyond the azeotropic one (>68wt%). Ternary mixture containing 20wt% Mg(NO3)2 and variable amount of liquid HNO3 (30–58wt%) is used for the functionalization process, achieving nitric acid vapor concentrations in the range 25–93wt%. The increase of acid concentration in vapor phase produces a significant augment of the functionalization degree and a linear increase of the concentration of carboxylic acids groups, which can thus be simply tuned.
Creatures and Culture: Some Implications of Dugong v. Rumsfeld

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Dugong v. Rumsfeld, a case charging the United States Department of Defense with violation of Section 402 of the U.S. National Historic Preservation Act, highlights the cultural importance of animals and the value of addressing this kind of significance in the intepretation of natural and cultural heritage legislation on both national and international levels.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: I am grateful to Caleb W. Christopher of the Pace University School of Law for involving me in Dugong and for many helpful comments on the analysis presented here. Mr. Christopher points out that there are many other aspects of law, both domestic and international, that could be explored through analysis of Dugong, as well as philosophical and policy questions about the unity or segmentation of natural and cultural resource management systems. At the same time, he cautions that the case is not yet definitively resolved; the U.S. military may yet regroup and launch another assault on the beleaguered sea mammals. I look forward to an extended and updated analysis of the case by Mr. Christopher in the not-too-distant future. I am also grateful to Earthjustice San Francisco for assistance and advice, and to Australia's Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority for permission to use the dugong image included in this article.
GM Food on Trial

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Europe was told that it had no choice but to accept agbiotech, yet this imperative was turned into a test of democratic accountability for societal choices. Since the late 1990s, European public controversy has kept the agri-biotech industry and its promoters on the defensive. As some opponents and regulators alike have declared, 'GM food/crops are on trial'. Suspicion of their guilt has been evoked by moral symbols, as disputes over whether genetically-modified products are modest benign improvements on traditional plant breeding, or dangerous Frankenfoods; and in disputes over whether they are global saviours, or control agents of multinational companies. This book examines European institutions being 'put on trial' for how their regulatory procedures evaluate and regulate GM products, in ways which opened up alternative futures. Levidow and Carr highlight how public controversy created a legitimacy crisis, leading to national policy changes and demands, in turn stimulating changes in EU agbiotech regulations as a strategy to regain legitimacy.
Bougault Reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The reaction for preparing indene derivatives via the condensation of β‐arylpropionic acid ester with diethyl oxalate followed by the cyclization of the resulting glyoxylate ester with sulfuric acid is known as Bougault reaction. The phosphoric acid has been reported to be the reagent of choice for cyclization together with sulfuric acid. This reaction has been further used for the synthesis of dihydronaphthalenes and phenanthrene.
The Development of Thermal Regenerator Theory 1931 - the Present

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The representation of the resistance to heat transfer in regenerators, due to the finite thermal conductivity and a significant thickness of the heat storing packing, has been a continuing theoretical problem. This paper discusses the evolution of this theory from its early beginnings in the 1920&apos;s. In particular, the development of the pseudo-recuperator model in the first Melchett lecture by Kurt Rummel is discussed. The use of this early theory within modern modelling techniques for regenerators is outlined.
Management of Ingested Magnets in Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT We describe a comprehensive algorithm for the management of ingested rare‐earth magnets in children. These newer and smaller neodymium magnets sold as adult toys are much stronger than the traditional magnets, and can attract each other with formidable forces. If >1 magnet is swallowed at the same time, or a magnet is co‐ingested with another metallic object, the loops of intestine can be squeezed between them resulting in bowel damage including perforations. An algorithm that uses the number of magnets ingested, location of magnets, and the timing of ingestion before intervention helps to delineate the roles of the pediatric gastroenterologists and surgeons in the management of these cases.
PIN-bridge distance measurement sensor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The presented integrated optical distance measurement sensor works on the time-of-flight principle. The distance information is obtained from the correlation of received light and the transmitted signal. The PIN-bridge circuit concept ensures suppression of background light by equally charging and discharging a capacitor within one period, while integrating the wanted signal. A single distance measurement is performed in 8 ms. With averaging, an accuracy of better than 1% is achieved for a distance of 3.7 m. Effective pixel size is 150/spl times/200 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ having a fill-factor of /spl sim/10%. The sensor was manufactured in a modified standard 0.6 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process.
The potential use of volcanic deposits for geopolymer materials

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Volcanic deposits are abundant in the vicinity of an active and inactive volcano. They are produced from the cooling of magma during explosive volcanic eruptions. They have varying physical properties and can range in size from sub-millimetric ash up to boulder size. As Indonesia is considered as an active volcanic region, volcanic materials are abundant but they are still unexploited to full capacity such as geopolymer raw material. Geopolymers are generally understood as alkali-activated aluminosilicates. They may be considered as an inorganic two-component system which consists of: [1] a reactive solid source of SiO 2 and Al 2 O 3 , and [2] an alkaline activation solution. The aim of the research is to identify the chemical and mineralogical properties of Merapi and Mt. Sinabung volcanic ashes as the raw material of geopolymers. Results showed that Mt. Merapi contained amorphous volcanic glass and crystalline [feldspar] minerals with 61.13% SiO 2 ; 17.78% Al 2 O 3 ; 3.47% Fe 2 O 3 ; 6.22% CaO. Mount Sinabung deposit contains amorphous volcanic glass also and crystalline [feldspar] minerals with an oxide content of 49.33% SiO 2 ; 15.93% Al 2 O 3 ; 6.48% Fe 2 O 3 ; 5.87% CaO. The high content of silica and alumina in this material showed that it was pozzolan material which can be synthesized to geopolymers. The molar ratio of SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 was high, Merapi is 5.84 and Sinabung is 5.26.
Chemistry and Physics of Analyte Identification in Integrated Nanosensors

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This supplement was dedicated to the development and modeling of phthalocyanine based chemical sensors. We used Organic Molecular Beam Epitaxy (OMBE) to prepare phthalocyanine based sensors. We lithographically patterned special electrode configurations and mounted them on a universal commercial carrier chip thus facilitating manufacturability in actual field testable devices closer to reality. Two types of metallo-phthalocyanine (M-Pc) based sensors were prepared; Co-MPc films 12 monolayer thick and 3 different kinds of 12 monolayer M-Pcs on the same chip: Co-MPc, Cu-MPc and H2-Pc. These were then tested against a large number of analytes using the UCSD quantitative dosing system. Linear Discriminant analysis of the relative responses of the different MPc films allowed identification of analytes independent of concentration. The devices were also modeled using density functional theoretical methods to determine the binding strength of 12 electron donating analytes to the metal center in the MPc. This allows for a rational sensors design. We are actively seeking the commercial development of these sensors for military and civilian uses.
Toothbrushing, inflammation, and risk of cardiovascular disease: results from Scottish Health Survey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The possible link between periodontal and cardiovascular disease has received attention in recent years. Inflammation plays an important role in the development of atherosclerosis, and markers of low grade inflammation have been associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease. This study investigated whether self-reported frequency of toothbrushing was associated with risk of cardiovascular disease events in a sample of adults from the Scottish Health Survey. The association between frequency of toothbrushing and inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein) and coagulation (fibrinogen) were also examined in a subset of participants.
SAVA NEMANJIĆ AND NICAEA

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this article we focus on the travels that Sava Nemanjic made to theempire of Nicaea, in 1219 and 1229 respectively. His meetings with the emperors and thepatriarchs are discussed, in an attempt to point out their important political, ecclesiastical,ideological and symbolical dimensions. The events of 1219, which emerge as crucial in therelevant issues, are put in their political and ecclesiastical background, while theirconsequences are also examined. The relations constructed between Sava and the holders ofpower in Nicaea are seen as a part of the fragmented world after 1204.
Studies on the Effect of Pre-Sowing Treatments on Germination Behaviour of Ribes alpestre Wall. Ex Decne Seeds.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Asian gooseberry ( Ribes alpestre ) is an important wild edible shrub of dry temperate and cold desert region of Western Himalaya. An experimental trial was conducted to study the effect of different pre-sowing treatments on seed germination of R. alpestre under laboratory condition. The ripened berries were collected from the naturally growing shrubs and seeds were extracted from the berries, dried and sown in petridishes in seed germinator after giving presowing treatments. It was found that seeds treated with conc. H 2 SO 4 for 2 minutes (T 6 ) recorded maximum 69.33 percent germination followed by 64.66 percent germination in seed treated with conc. H 2 SO 4 for 1 minute (T 5 ) where as untreated seeds (control) recorded minimum 39.00 per cent germination. Therefore, it is recommended that the seed of R. alpestre should be treated with conc. H 2 SO 4 for 2 minutes followed by 24 hours soak in cold water before sowing in the nursery for breaking seed dormancy and getting maximum germination.
MicroRNA-based Plant Genetic Engineering for Crop Improvement

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The main mechanism of microRNA (miRNA) is mRNA cleavage while secondary mechanism is silencing of the chromatin. An immense and important role played by miRNA in plants as well as animals via RNA interference has made people adopt several techniques in manipulation of particular genes or microRNA's in vivo from the knowledge that already exists about the antisense technology as well as genetic engineering. Recent research has found that miRNAs have a function in plant structure which adds to the understanding of molecular mechanisms that seem to be responsible for plant structure. RNA interference has greatly advanced in terms of a genetically-engineered tool and functional genomics which target crop enhancement. RNA interference is also used to manage insects that cause considerable amounts of crop damage. Crop advances, which give resistance to environmental stressors and soil viruses as well as a good yield, would particularly be essential.
Sero-evidence of silent Japanese Encephalitis Virus infection among inhabitants of Ilorin, North-central Nigeria: a call for active surveillance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Infection by Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) causes viral encephalitis in humans. It is endemic in Asia and western Pacific regions with no reported case in Nigeria so far. This study aimed at detecting evidence of circulation and pattern of exposure of individuals in Ilorin, Nigeria to JEV. A total of 139 febrile patients attending outpatient departments of Sobi specialist hospital, Civil service hospital and University of Ilorin health center participated in the study. About 5 ml of venous blood was collected from each participant and the plasma tested for the presence of anti-JEV IgG antibody using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. Anti-JEV IgG antibody was detected in 32% (45/139) of the participants. Males were more exposed (37%) than female participants (27.3%). Similarly, participants with travel history outside of the country were more exposed (44.4%) than those without travel history (29.5%). Further analysis on the basis of age, marital and working status showed no statistical association between these variables and anti-JEV positivity (p˃0.05). This study has provided serological evidence of the circulation of JEV among Ilorin inhabitants and therefore calls for active surveillance for the infection in order to forestall any future major outbreak.
Study on Meat Tenderizer -Part II. Tenderizing ability of Enzyme from Asp. oryzae-

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

An attempt was made to utilize the enzyme produced by Asp. oryzae as meat tenderizer. The production, purification, and various properties of proteinase produced by Asp. oryzae were investigated. Results obtained are as follow; 1. A strain which had the highest proteolytic activity was selected among 9 Aspergillus species. 2. Culture medium consisted of wheat bran 10g, 2% glucose, 0.03% urea and 0.1% (pH 6.5). Mold was incubated at for 3 days. 3. Enzyme extract from culture medium were fractionated with ammonium sulfate and purified by Sephadex G-75 column chromatography. 4. When pH of reaction mixture was controlled, maximal activity of proteinase by Asp. oryzae was obtained at pH 3, pH 6.6, and pH 10.0 to 10.5. Those results were interpreted to show that enzyme consists of acid proteinase, neutral proteinase and alkaline proteinase. Enzyme was stable at pH 6 to 10. 5. Opt. temperature for proteinase activity was , but enzyme was stable up to . 6. The proteinase was inhibited by . It was also inhibited by EDTA. 7. When myofibrillar proteins were treated by proteinase from Asp. oryzae, ATPase activities of myofibrillar proteins changed remarkably. Accordingly, it was concluded that proteinase produced by Asp. oryzae were able to be used as meat tenderizer.
Mechanism of Prevention of Aggregation of Proteins: A Case Study of Aggregation of α-Globulin in Glycerol

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The precipitation of proteins due to the changes in pH has been a major limiting factor in their utility especially when the precipitation is concurrent with irreversible aggregation. In the present study, an attempt is made to see the effect of glycerol on the pH-induced aggregation of α- globulin which is the major protein fraction (11S) from Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds. A second order polynomial relation existed between the cosolvent concentration and precipitation which was prevented in presence of the cosolvent. Similarly, there was a second order polynomial relation between 8-anilino 1-naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS) binding of the protein (as indicated by fluorescence emission at 466 nm) and the cosolvent concentration. The relative precipitation in presence of glycerol is however linearly proportional to the changes in surface hydrophobicity as seen by behavior of ANS with the protein in presence of the cosolvent. A possible role of the cosolvents in prevention of aggregation due to hydrophobicity of the protein is envisaged and the relation between the different parameters is discussed.
Techniques and Considerations for the Operative Treatment of Ankle Fractures in the Elderly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

* In managing fragility fractures about the ankle, nonoperative treatment should be considered with the caveat that soft-tissue integrity is of the utmost importance. * Consultation with medical and nutritional services for the comanagement of elderly patients with a fragility ankle fracture improves outcomes. * Soft-tissue preservation in the elderly is optimized with the judicious use of a tourniquet. * In elderly patients, a congruent ankle joint with axial alignment and stability should be emphasized over achieving anatomic articular reduction. * Less invasive surgical techniques, such as percutaneously placed anterior-to-posterior screws for posterior malleolar fractures and intramedullary fibular fixation, should be considered in the elderly. * Construct stability in elderly patients is maximized with the use of lateral locking plates, tibia-pro-fibula screws, and bicortical medial malleolar screws. * The use of external fixation with hydroxyapatite-coated pins should be considered in the treatment algorithm for fragility ankle fractures in elderly patients.
Boredom Proneness and Online Deviant Behaviors: The Mediating Role of Rumination and the Moderating Role of Gender

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Online deviant behaviors have received increasing attention. This study examined the association between boredom proneness and online deviant behaviors as well as the mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of gender in the relationship. A sample of 1001 college students (Mage = 20.20 ± 1.52 years, 50.25% female) was recruited to complete a set of questionnaires assessing the main variables. The results show that boredom proneness was positively associated with online deviant behaviors and that rumination played a mediating role in this relationship. Moreover, gender differences were found in the relationship, which was stronger for males than females. Despite several limitations, this study deepens our understanding of the influencing mechanism of boredom proneness on online deviant behaviors, which could provide practical implications for the prevention and intervention of online deviant behaviors.
Port-site metastasis in patients undergoing laparoscopy for gastrointestinal malignancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We are grateful to Mr Sudhindran for the interest shown in our paper.The authors have had no experience of chronic leg ulcers in injecting drug users in the absence of either a history of prior deep venous thrombosis, or the stigmata of chronic venous insufficiency and venous hypertension.While we acknowledge that post-thrombotic ulcers are encountered in this patient population we feel that they rarely develop without symptoms of the underlying venous pathology, and believe that in some cases ulceration may develop following skin necrosis consequent on the vasculitis and capillary thrombosis reported following inadvertent intra-arterial injection'.Therefore, while compression dressing may accelerate healing in cases with a venous aetiology, it is unlikely to be of benefit if the underlying pathology is vasculitic, although spontaneous healing may eventually occur.
Durkheim Said What?: Creating Talking Textbooks With Augmented Reality and Project-Based Activities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explored utilizing augmented reality (AR) and project-based learning (PBL) strategies to increase students' understandings of sociological paradigms and the theorists' motivations behind their development. Using a posttest-only quasi-experimental control group design with experimental intervention, three groups of students' scores were compared on a post-unit assessment. The PBL-only group, the PBL-AR group, and a control group were also compared over time on the post-unit assessment, a quiz, and the midterm. PBL-AR students' scores were higher on all three assessments. The project's design, implementation, and findings are discussed, along with implications for future curricular redesign using novel tools and technologies.
The United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia: The Restoration of Sovereignty

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In December 1978 Vietnamese military forces, accompanied by Cambodian exiles, invaded and occupied Cambodia. Vietnam quickly installed a sympathetic government in power in Phnom Penh, the People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK). The former incumbent, Democratic Kampuchea (DK), was forced to withdraw to sanctuaries in the frontier region along the Thai border.
Psychological Aspects of Translation

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The theses reveal the problem of the connection between psychology and linguistics on the basis of translation activities. The role of the human factor of a translator is revealed, and the bonds between the type of translation and the characteristics of the person who does it is established For this purpose, a psycholinguistic experiment was carried out with the participation of 50 people to demonstrate the dependence of the psychological characteristics of the translator and the quality of the translated text using comparative analysis of translation. The data has confirmed the hypothesis about psychological phenomenon of translation.
DG approach to large bending plate deformations with isometry constraint

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We propose a new discontinuous Galerkin (dG) method for a geometrically nonlinear Kirchhoff plate model for large isometric bending deformations. The minimization problem is nonconvex due to the isometry constraint. We present a practical discrete gradient flow that decreases the energy and computes discrete minimizers that satisfy a prescribed discrete isometry defect. We prove [Formula: see text]-convergence of the discrete energies and discrete global minimizers. We document the flexibility and accuracy of the dG method with several numerical experiments.
Taxonomy of the genus Schelodontes Koch, 1956 with a key to species (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Platynotina)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Based on the newly available material, the taxonomic concepts of the genera Lawrenceus Iwan, 1998, Platycharlesus Iwan, 1998, Schelodontes Koch, 1956 and Warchalowskiellus Iwan, 1998 are verified. The results of a comparative morphological analysis reveals continuities and several ambiguities between some of the diagnostic characters of these genera. To update the current classification of the subtribe Platynotina and to fulfil the usefulness of the taxonomic system, we propose to treat Lawrenceus , Platycharlesus and Warchalowskiellus as junior synonyms of Schelodontes . We also propose the following combinations: Schelodontes capensis (Iwan, 1998) comb.n., S. dentatus (Iwan, 1998) comb.n., S. invenustus (Iwan, 1998) comb.n., S. chevrolati (Mulsant & Rey, 1853) comb.restit., S. longulus (Mulsant & Rey, 1853) comb.restit., S. morosus (Mulsant & Rey, 1853) comb.restit., S. oblitus Koch, 1956 comb.restit., S. omeri Koch, 1956 comb.restit. Additionally, in the material from Ditsong National Museum of Natural History we found four new phenons which we described as new species: Schelodontes muellerae sp.n., S. nitidus sp.n., S. scarabaeoides sp.n. and S. spinosis sp.n. A checklist and key to all species of the genus Schelodontes is provided.