jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Iridescent Cellulose Nanocrystal Films: the Link Between Structural Colour and Bragg's Law

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Structural colour is a phenomenon found in nature, which provides plants and animals with vibrant optical properties. The production of this colour is based on the interaction of incident light with the hierarchical organisation of submicron- and micron-sized layered structures. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are anisotropic building units formed by acid hydrolysis of native cellulose microfibers, which can disperse in aqueous media to form a photonic liquid crystal. One fascinating example of the appearance of biomimetic colour is the supramolecular assembly of CNCs into iridescent layered structures that rotate along a helical screw to yield a long-range chiral nematic order. A quick, simple and engaging experiment that allows the establishment of a direct relation between the structural colour and underlying mechanism of the light interaction with these hierarchically structured materials is reported. The obtained colour changes are explained within the theoretical framework provided by Bragg's law and may provide an easy way to observe the macroscopic manifestation of this often abstract concept.
Financial markets

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Markets of one kind or another are commonplace in known Western and non‐Western history, and they are central to capitalist economies. What differentiates the capitalist economy from the socialist economy, from gift giving, tribute, subsistence economies, and kinship‐based economic patterns, is how we organize the production and distribution of goods and services – through markets (Polanyi 1968; Swedberg 2003: 104–105). Financial markets in particular have a stunning and ever more ambivalent presence in our world. They are dramatized in public discourse where their ups and downs are endlessly reported. And they dramatize our lives; the financial crisis of 2008–2009 surely made it apparent that financial markets have become a measure of well‐being in countries where individuals depend on them for pensions, credit, and income, and governments and corporations for growth and investments. And yet, when we search for a market concept capturing what we observe in a financial market, we will not readily find it in sociology or even economics. When most people think market, they think of primary or production markets – the domain where goods and services produced in one sector of the economy are sold to consumers (but see Baker 1984; Smith 1981). The literature on markets is no exception; most analysts either directly refer to production markets, or appear to have them in mind when they talk about markets. Yet the market environment in complex Western societies is highly differentiated; production markets and financial markets, for instance, have distinctive histories, respond to different needs, and exhibit different regimes of action and coordination.
Interplay of YEATS2 and GCDH mediates histone crotonylation and drives EMT in head and neck cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The regulation of gene expression is an integral cellular process orchestrated by epigenetic marks like histone modifications. Perturbations in the activity or abundance of epigenetic factors can lead to tumorigenesis. Remarkably, several metabolites influence the epigenetic landscape in cells. Here, we investigated the interplay between a highly expressed epigenetic factor, YEATS2, and a metabolic enzyme, GCDH, in regulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in head and neck cancer. We report that the histone reader YEATS2 is responsible for increased invasive potential in head and neck cancer in an SP1-dependent manner. YEATS2 functions by maintaining histone crotonylation, and its abrogation leads to a global decrease in the H3K27Cr mark. Mechanistically, we report that YEATS2 maintains high H3K27Cr levels at the promoter of the EMT-promoting gene SPARC. Further, we found that the addition of the H3K27Cr mark is also dependent on the crotonyl-CoA-producing enzyme GCDH. Overall, we describe a novel mechanism of interplay between epigenetics and metabolism in head and neck tumorigenesis, which results in the enhanced expression of EMT-related genes in a histone crotonylation-dependent manner.
Fast Flux Test Facility acceptance test program and early results

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

At the present time, approximately 65% of the Phase 1 and 2 tests have been completed. The major systems which have been tested and are now operational to support sodium fill are summarized. On July 2, 1978 the first secondary loop was filled with sodium and pony motor flow initiated on July 3. Sodium sampling and cold trapping procedures were started immediately thereafter and are proceeding well. The preoperational Integrated Leak Rate Test of the containment building was satisfactorily completed on June 2, 1978. Presently, major emphasis is being placed on completing those test activities which are prerequisites for sodium fill of the remaining two secondary loops and the primary system. In particular, emphasis is being placed on dry refueling system tests and inerted primary cell leak rate testing since these two efforts present the major workloads remaining in the prerequisites to sodium fill of the primary system.
Essential roles of BRD4 in cancer: DNA damage, transcription regulation, and signal transduction

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

During cancer progression, bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) families regulate chromatin and recruit enzymes that are associated with chromatin regulation to control gene expression. The bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) plays an important role in DNA damage repair, nuclear factor kappa B (NF&kappa;B) signaling, interaction with c-Myc, and transcription regulation of genes essential in carcinogenesis, as well as links transcription at enhancers and genes to regulate enhancer transcription. The colocalization of BRD4 with enhancer and promoter-proximal gene regions enables the elongation activation at enhancer genes. The inactivation of BRD4 has been demonstrated to inhibit cancer development, corroborating BRD4 as a promising therapeutic target. In addition, small-molecule inhibitors targetting functional domains of BRD4 are under investigation for their potential therapeutic applications in cancer and other diseases. This review presents an overview of BRD4 function and its dysfunction in cancer progression, as well as discusses how the potential of BRD4 as a therapeutic target.
A Dynamic Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Part 2 – Application to Current Therapies in Crohn’s Disease

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a heterogeneic disease with a variety of treatments targeting different mechanisms. A multistate, mechanistic, mathematical model of IBD was developed in part 1 of this two‐part article series. In this paper, application of the model to predict response of key clinical biomarkers following different treatment options for Crohn’s disease was explored. Five therapies, representing four different mechanisms of action, were simulated in the model and longitudinal profiles of key clinical markers, C‐reactive protein and fecal calprotectin were compared with clinical observations. Model simulations provided an accurate match with both central tendency and variability observed in biomarker profiles. We also applied the model to predict biomarker and clinical response in an experimental, combination therapy of existing therapeutic options and provide possible mechanistic basis for the increased response. Overall, we present a validated, modular, mechanistic model construct, which can be applied to explore key biomarkers and clinical outcomes in IBD.
Mechanical Properties Quantification of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymer Concrete with Slag and Fly Ash

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study examines the influence of steel fiber reinforcement on the mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete incorporating different slag to fly ash binder ratios (75:25, 50:50, and 25:75). Three fiber contents (0%, 1%, and 2%) by volume were used to assess their impact on compressive strength, flexural strength, initial stiffness, and toughness. Compressive tests were conducted at 1, 7, and 28 days, while flexural behavior was evaluated through a four-point bending test at 28 days. The results showed that geopolymer concrete with 75% slag and 25% fly ash experienced the highest compressive strength and modulus of elasticity, regardless of the steel fiber content. The addition of 1% and 2% steel fiber content enhanced the compressive strength by 17.49% and 28.8%, respectively, compared to the control sample. The binder composition of geopolymer concrete plays a crucial role in determining its compressive strength. Reducing the slag content from 75% to 50% and then to 25% resulted in a 15.1% and 33% decrease in compressive strength, respectively. The load–displacement curves of the 2% fiber-reinforced beams display strain-hardening behavior. On the other hand, after the initial crack, a constant increase in load causes the specimen to experience progressive strain until it reaches its maximum load capacity. When the peak load is attained, the curve gradually drops due to a loss in load-carrying capacity known as post-peak softening. This behavior is attributed to steel’s ductility and is evident in specimens 75S25FA2 and 50S50FA2. Concrete with 75% slag and 25% fly ash demonstrated the highest peak load but the lowest ultimate displacement, indicating high strength but brittle behavior. In contrast, concrete with 75% fly ash and 25% slag showed the lowest peak load but the highest displacement. Across all binder ratios, the addition of steel fibers enhanced the flexural strength, initial stiffness, and toughness. This is attributed to the bridging action of steel fibers in concrete. Additionally, steel fiber-reinforced beams exhibited a ductile failure mode, characterized by multiple fine cracks throughout the midspan, whereas the control beams displayed a single vertical crack in the midspan, indicating a brittle failure mode.
Energy transfer in 9 amino acridine hydrochloride hydrate to acriflavin and 9 amino acridine hydrochloride hydrate–acriflavin–rhodamine B-doped PVA films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In the present study, excitation energy transfer between the dye pair 9 amino acridine hydrochloride hydrate (9AAHH)–acriflavin and the ternary 9AAHH–acriflavin–rhodamine B (RB) dye system doped in poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA) films was investigated at room temperature. For 9AAHH–acriflavin dye pair, the energy transfer parameters, viz overlap integral ΩDA and critical transfer distance R OA, equalling 1.4×10−13 l cm3 mol−1 and 45.23 Å, respectively, have been obtained. Energy transfer from 9AAHH to RB via acriflavin has also been investigated. These two and three dyes doped transparent polymer films of PVA can be used as efficient materials in luminescent solar collectors.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Epoxidation with a Photoactivated [Ru(salen)] Complex.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Detection of Antibodies Specific to an Antigenic Cell Wall Galactomannoprotein for Serodiagnosis of Aspergillus fumigatus Aspergillosis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Aspergilloma and invasive aspergillosis are important opportunistic infections caused by Aspergillus species, among which Aspergillus fumigatus is the most common species associated with human disease. We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based antibody assay with Afmp1p, a purified recombinant antigenic cell wall galactomannoprotein of A. fumigatus . Evaluation of the test with guinea pig sera against A. fumigatus and other pathogenic fungi indicated that this assay was specific for A. fumigatus . Clinical evaluation revealed that the assay was 100% sensitive for patients with aspergilloma and 33.3% sensitive for patients with invasive aspergillosis. No false-positive results were found for serum samples from 80 healthy blood donors, 6 patients with typhoid fever, 4 patients with melioidosis, 20 patients with penicilliosis marneffei, 5 patients with candidiasis, and 4 patients with cryptococcosis, indicating a high specificity of the test. Thus, this ELISA-based test for the detection of anti-Afmp1p antibody can be of significant value as a diagnostic for aspergillosis.
Isolation of Microsporum cookei from Soil Attaching to Animal Hoof

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

During a survey for the presence of keratinophilic fungi in soil attaching to the hoofs and claws of animals by means of a modified method of Vanbreuseghem's technique, an isolate of Microsporum cookei Ajello, 1959 was recovered from a soil specimen. This specimen had been collected from the hoofs of a horse, which were free from lesions. This was the first recovery of this fungus in Japan. The morphological characteristics of this isolate were described.
Is bigger always better? Neither body size nor aggressive behavior predicts specialization of hummingbirds in a rocky outcrop

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Interspecific competition can strongly influence community structure and shape niche breadth and overlap. One of the main factors that determines hummingbird community structure is competition for food. Hummingbirds’ functional attributes, such as beak length and body mass, influence nectar acquisition in flowers. This study evaluates how functional and behavioral attributes of hummingbirds influence their specialization, as measured by pollen transportation. We tested the following hypothesis: H1) smaller and short‐billed hummingbirds will carry higher pollen richness and relatively more pollen grains than long‐billed hummingbirds; H2) dominant and territorial hummingbirds carry a lower richness of pollen types and fewer pollen grains when compared to subordinate hummingbirds, and H3) the similarity in the composition of pollen morphotypes, between the hummingbirds species, will be low because we expect to find high specialization in the use of plant species. We conducted the study between September 2018 and March 2019 in a Campo Rupestre (rocky outcrops) in Southeastern Brazil. Hummingbirds were captured with a trap. The pollen adhered to the body parts was collected, counted, and identified in the laboratory. We recorded hummingbirds' beak sizes and body masses. Behavioral responses of hummingbirds to artificial feeders were collected regarding the time and duration of each visit and the outcome of aggressive interactions. An interaction network was built based on the pollen grains found on each hummingbird. Our results showed that neither body size nor aggressive behaviors influenced pollen richness on hummingbirds’ bodies. Beak length was the most important hummingbird attribute that influenced pollen richness, but not pollen relative abundance. Short‐billed hummingbirds carried the greatest richness of pollen grains. The hummingbird pollen‐grain interaction network was generalized in the pollen grains transported. We conclude that hummingbirds' beak length is the central morphological variable related to pollen grain transport in rocky outcrops.
Smart Agriculture Drone for Crop Spraying Using Image-Processing and Machine Learning Techniques: Experimental Validation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Smart agricultural drones for crop spraying are becoming popular worldwide. Research institutions, commercial companies, and government agencies are investigating and promoting the use of technologies in the agricultural industry. This study presents a smart agriculture drone integrated with Internet of Things technologies that use machine learning techniques such as TensorFlow Lite with an EfficientDetLite1 model to identify objects from a custom dataset trained on three crop classes, namely, pineapple, papaya, and cabbage species, achieving an inference time of 91 ms. The system’s operation is characterised by its adaptability, offering two spray modes, with spray modes A and B corresponding to a 100% spray capacity and a 50% spray capacity based on real-time data, embodying the potential of Internet of Things for real-time monitoring and autonomous decision-making. The drone is operated with an X500 development kit and has a payload of 1.5 kg with a flight time of 25 min, travelling at a velocity of 7.5 m/s at a height of 2.5 m. The drone system aims to improve sustainable farming practices by optimising pesticide application and improving crop health monitoring.
At the Margins of the State

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines the ways rural people engaged with the state's policy of genocide at the physical and symbolic margins of the state. It describes Rwanda's vast water border with the Congo that merged with local social histories in the rural communities along the lakeshore and shape agency during the genocide in varied ways. In Kayove, unique local histories of political authority, migration, and religion merged with its mountainous topography, its remoteness, Lake Kivu, and the border to produce distinct patterns of engagement with the state's genocidal sovereignty. The chapter talks about Hutu Muslims in Nkora that directly opposed the genocidal mobs early in April 1994. When open opposition became too dangerous, Hutu Muslims shifted strategies to hide and then evacuate Tutsi across the lake through ephemeral networks of assistance.
TNF-α in Chronic Hepatitis C: The Smoking Gun?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington Reprint requests and correspondence: Kris V Kowdley, MD, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Box 356174, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Received Jan. 19, 1999; accepted Jan. 27, 1999.
STUDIES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MOUSE EMBRYOS IN VITRO: IV. INTERACTION OF ENERGY SOURCES

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The interactions of a number of possible energy sources for in-vitro development of 2-cell mouse ova were examined using statistical experimental designs. These experiments indicated that glucose has no beneficial effect on development when employed with the optimum concentration of pyruvate. Optimum concentrations of pyruvate and oxaloacetate when employed together resulted in a significantly lower response than when either compound was employed alone. It was found that the best medium for the development of 2-cell mouse ova into blastocysts contained 2Â·5 to 5Â·0 Ã 10â4 M-pyruvate + 2Â·5 to 5Â·0 Ã 10â2 M-lactate.
Using sparse learning for feature selection with locality structure preserving based on positive data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Feature selection aims to select the most relevant subset of features to make classifiers more accurate, fast, and easy to understand. Regularized sparse feature selection methods using L 1 -norm regularization term in their optimization problem, have received much attention in recent years. In this paper, besides the L 1 -norm regularization term a locality structure preserving regularization term based on positive data points is proposed. Positive data is defined as the unique data points involved in the must-link constraints, which are the most informative data. The experimental results on a number of datasets, show the efficacy of the proposed method for classification tasks compared with similar feature selection methods.
Exploring nucleation of H2S hydrates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Crystal nucleation is a rare event process, typically characterized by long induction times. The direct observation of nucleation of a gas hydrate in molecular simulations has been rather challenging, where recent work has focused primarily on CH4 hydrate systems. Here we show that a H2S hydrate can nucleate very rapidly within two-phase H2O/H2S systems under relatively modest (i.e., 15–20% undercooling) thermodynamic driving forces. In agreement with observations for CH4 hydrates at high supersaturations, the homogenous nucleation process features the initial formation of amorphous hydrate-like structures, which then slowly anneal into more crystalline forms. The present results demonstrate that increased gas concentration significantly increases the probability of gas molecules exhibiting a high degree of second-neighbor coordination, thereby dramatically reducing the (average) induction time for nucleation. We confirm that the composition of aqueous solution is critical in determining its susceptibility to nucleation.
Analysis of the Volatile Compounds from Flower of Buddleja officinalis(Buddlejaceae)by Dynamic Adsorption and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The volatile compounds from flower of B.officinalis were collected by dynamic absorption,and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The relative content of each compound was determined by area normalization.Sixteen compounds were isolated and among them,eleven compounds were identified,accounting for 95.44% of the total volatile component.The major compounds were butyl ester acetic acid(81.57%),benzaldehyde(4.92%),3-hexen-1-ol(3.26%),lilac aldehyde B(2.34%)and linalool L(1.05%).The result reveals natural floral fragrance of B.officinalis and could provide the scientific data for further germplasm innovation of new odor type cultivars in Buddleja in future.