jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pacifism and peace activism in modern Britain: A history of the ‘peace studies problem’

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract It is over 40 years since Ceadel defined interwar British pacifism as a ‘faith’. During that time, pacifism has had little political significance and the influential peace movement of the interwar years is now scarcely within living memory. Yet, what Margaret Thatcher once described as ‘the peace studies problem’ is a diverse and interdisciplinary field, and one in which scholarship, peace activism and mainstream politics are all closely intertwined. Feminist scholars and peace activists have queried the links between militarism and patriarchy; historians and ethicists have explored medical pacifism and have asked whether medicine is (or should be) a pacifist profession. More recently, scholars have looked at interwar pacifism through the lens of the Empire and have challenged the imperialist pacifist delusion. Despite pacifism's limited political influence, its history over the last 40 years has explored the beliefs and motivations of men and women struggling to respond to militarism and the threat of war.
Role of Pharmacokinetic/ Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Translational Approaches in Glioblastoma

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Pharmacokinetic- Pharmacodynamic modeling plays a crucial role in accelerating the transition from preclinical studies to clinical trials in glioblastoma by providing valuable insights into the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of therapeutic agents. Pharmacokinetic- Pharmacodynamic models can optimize dosing regimens by predicting drug concentrations in tumor tissue over time. By combining pharmacokinetic data (such as drug clearance and half-life) with pharmacodynamic data (such as tumor growth inhibition), these models identify the most effective dosing schedules to maximize efficacy and minimize toxicity. One of the approaches with gefitinib in a preclinical tumor model showed that similar therapeutic effects were achieved despite different dosing strategies. Researchers developed a pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic model to personalize temozolomide treatment, significantly reducing tumor size and toxicity compared to standard protocols. Overall, precision dosing in oncology is appealing due to its potential to enhance clinical effectiveness and cost-efficiency, requiring collaboration among academia, healthcare, and industry for broader adoption. Pharmacokinetic- Pharmacodynamic models predict clinical responses by quantitatively linking drug exposure to pharmacological effects, estimating therapeutic success by analyzing the relationship between drug concentration and tumor response. In oncology, tumor size is a key biomarker for clinical outcomes, and models of tumor size progression help understand drug effectiveness and predict long-term outcomes. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) models have been crucial for forecasting clinical trial outcomes and translating preclinical data into clinical insights. Pharmacokinetic- Pharmacodynamic modeling helps identify and validate biomarkers related to glioblastoma treatment by linking biomarker changes with drug exposure, thereby revealing drug action mechanisms and potential prognostic markers. Biomarkers are essential in drug discovery for developing pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic models, enhancing model confidence, and supporting translational research. Integrating biomarkers into pharmacokinetic- pharmacodynamic models improves understanding of drug efficacy, with the FDA supporting this approach to reduce drug attrition rates. Pharmacokinetic- Pharmacodynamic models facilitate translating preclinical findings into clinically relevant insights, guiding clinical trial design, dose selection, and patient criteria by extrapolating preclinical data to human populations. Researchers highlighted that glioblastomas' heterogeneity can cause variable drug distribution and responses, which standard analyses might miss, and developed a model to address this variability, integrating tumor pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics to predict drug efficacy.
Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology and Immune Homeostasis: Gut-brain Axis, Obesity and Cognitive Function

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The new competencies of psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology and psychoneuroimmunology play a strategic role in interdisciplinary science and interdisciplinary planning and decision-making. The introduction of multi-vector neurotechnologies of artificial intelligence and the principles of digital health care will contribute to the development of modern neuroscience and neuromarketing. The availability of innovative technologies, such as next-generation sequencing and correlated bioinformatics tools, allows deeper investigation of the cross-network relationships between the microbiota and human immune responses. Immune homeostasis is the balance between immunological tolerance and inflammatory immune responses — a key feature in the outcome of health or disease. A healthy microbiota is the qualitative and quantitative ratio of diverse microbes of individual organs and systems, maintaining the biochemical, metabolic and immune equilibrium of the macroorganism necessary to preserve human health. Functional foods, healthy biomicrobiota, healthy lifestyle and controlled protective environmental effects, artificial intelligence and electromagnetic information load/overload are responsible for the work of the human immune system and its ability to respond to pandemic attacks in a timely manner. Obesity continues to be one of the main problems of modern health care due to its high prevalence and polymorbidity. In addition to cardiometabolic diseases, lesions of the musculoskeletal system, obese individuals show impaired cognitive functions, have a high risk of developing depression and anxiety. The gut microbiota mediates between environmental influences (food, lifestyle) and the physiology of the host, and its change may partially explain the cross-link between the above pathologies. It is known that Western eating patterns are the main cause of the obesity epidemic, which also contributes to dysbiotic drift of the gut microbiota, which in turn contributes to the development of complications associated with obesity. Experimental studies in animal models and, to a lesser extent in humans, show that microbiota is associated with obesity and may contribute to the endocrine, neurochemical and development of systemic inflammation underlying obesity itself and related diseases. Nevertheless, a number of questions remain at present. Modeling the microbiota-gut-brain axis, provides the brain with information from the gut not only through the nervous system but also through a continuous stream of microbial, endocrine, metabolic and immune messages. The communication network provides important keys to understanding how obesity and diabetes can affect the brain by provoking neuropsychiatric diseases. The literature review is devoted to the analysis of data on the relationship of the gut-brain axis, obesity and cognitive functions, immune homeostasis and new competencies: psychoneuroimmunology and psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology.
Social Media in Destination Choice: Distinctive Electronic Word-of-Mouth Dimensions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Studies investigating the influence of social media on destination choice are in an exploratory stage. Essentially, social media disseminates word of mouth electronically, unlike traditional word of mouth. However, within tourism, evidence has suggested that both terms may be used interchangeably. In this article, five points of difference suggest that electronic word of mouth is to be treated as a unique entity. The distinctive characteristics of electronic word of mouth are little known source-receiver relationships, channel variety and presentation of contents, opportunities for information solicitation, message retention capabilities, and content provider motivations for disclosure. Three considerations for destination management organizations are creating opportunities for past visitors to narrate memorable tourism experiences, involving industry partners to build relevant destination images and greater engagement with social media. This conceptual article advances the understanding of electronic word of mouth in presenting distinctive credibility profiles toward a proposed influence on destination image and choice.
Equivalent Five-Bar Linkages for the Singularity Analysis of Two-DOF Seven-Bar Linkages

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Equivalent four-bar linkage has been proved to be a simple and general approach for the identification of the singularity (dead center position) of single-DOF complex planar linkages. Based on the concept of equivalent four-bar linkage, this paper proposes the concept of equivalent five-bar linkage and extend this concept to analyze the singularity (dead center position) of three different topologies of two-DOF seven-bar planar linkages for the first time. The five links chosen from the two-DOF seven-bar linkage compose one equivalent five-bar linkage. A singular position may happen when the three passive joints of one equivalent five-bar linkage become collinear. When the equivalent five-bar linkage is at the singular position, the whole two-DOF seven-bar planar linkage must be also at the position of singularity. The propose method offers another geometric insights for the singularity analysis of two-DOF seven-bar planar linkages and other multiple-DOF planar linkages.
A Review on Rubella Vaccine: Iran (1975-2010).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The first Attenuated rubella vaccine was developed by Parkman and Meyer in 1966. Ten years later in the 1975s, the rubella vaccine was developed in Razi Vaccine and serum research institute) RVSRI). In 1977, the rubella TAKAHASHI vaccine successfully passed the clinical trial and was initially used voluntarily only in the private sector. Since 1987, the administration of rubella as MMR (Measles/AIK-C; Rubella/TAKAHASHI; Mumps/HOSHINO) strain vaccine has been included in the immunization program in Iran. This review article focused on the development and production of the rubella TAKAHASHI/HDC vaccine in RVSRI. The herd immunity and rubella cases were investigated in the pre- and post-vaccine era. The effectiveness and proper coverage of the rubella vaccine led to the elimination of rubella from Iran in 2019. The current study aimed to assess local rubella vaccine manufacturing and its consequences on rubella elimination from Iran, using various search engines. A complete search was carried out in medical databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Scientific Information Database, IranMedex, Magiran, and Google Scholar. Within 1972-1975, Rubella TAKAHASHI/HDC vaccine was developed by RVSRI and successfully passed clinical trial in 1977. Over the four last decades (1980-2020), more than 40 million infants, young, and adults were vaccinated by million doses of local Rubella, measles-rubella (MR) or measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine in Iran. In 1972, the pre-vaccine era, the overall sensitivity to rubella infection was 69% in one-year-old Iranian children and 23% in childbearing women. The use of a safe, inexpensive, and effective vaccine increased herd immunity to 95% (85%-99%) in our country. During the last two decades, we have witnessed a 91% decline in the confirmed rubella cases, from 1124 in 2000 to 33 cases in 2018. The current article presented the process of vaccine development, tracked it through more than four decades, and discussed disease status before and after the rubella vaccine era, as well as the history of its elimination from Iran. The effectiveness of the local Razi Rubella vaccine resulted in a significant increase in seroprevalence in Iran. Expanded vaccination against rubella, usually with measles, has led to the elimination of Rubella from Iran as confirmed by World Health Organization in 2019.
The Impact of Billboards on Driver Visual Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objective: External distraction appears to affect at least 6–9% of distraction-affected motor vehicle collisions. Billboards may be good models for studying external distraction in general, and it is also desirable to understand billboard-related distraction per se. However, there has not yet been a clear consensus on the scope of billboard-related distraction or its dynamics with respect to characteristics of drivers, billboards, traffic, and the roadway. To narrow these knowledge gaps, a systematic literature review was conducted on billboard-related changes in driver visual behavior. Methods: A systematic literature search yielded 443 results, of which 8 studies met all inclusion criteria. Five studies meeting all inclusion criteria were later identified and added. Results were analyzed in terms of 4 categories of visual behavior: (1) gaze variability (GV), glance pattern activity (GPA), and percentage of time spent glancing at the forward roadway; (2) glances at unexpected drive-relevant stimuli; (3) glances at expected drive-relevant stimuli; and (4) glances at billboards. Results: There was considerable evidence that about 10–20% of all glances at billboards were ≥0.75 s, that active billboards drew more glances and more long glances (≥0.75 s, ≥2.0 s) than passive billboards but did not attract a longer average glance, and that there was large variability among individual billboards within categories (e.g., active vs. passive). The extent to which billboards attracted glances ≥ 2.0 s was uncertain. There was tentative evidence that billboards did not affect GPA, glances at expected drive-relevant stimuli, or the proportion of time drivers spent glancing at the forward roadway and that they did affect vertical GV and glances at unexpected drive-relevant stimuli. Conclusions: Generally, billboard-related distraction appeared to be minor and regulated by drivers as the demands of the driving task changed. However, this review's findings suggest that this may not be true in all cases. Future research should emphasize the tails of the distribution in addition to average cases, in terms of both the analysis of visual behavior and the complexity of driving tasks. Further research is also needed to understand the effects of billboard design, driver characteristics, and road and traffic context.
Nationwide Seroprevalence of Coxiella burnetii Infection in Saudi Farm Animals: Implications for Public Health

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Q fever, caused by the intracellular bacterium Coxiella burnetii, is a significant zoonotic disease for which ruminants are the main reservoir. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of C. burnetii in farm animals (sheep, goats, cattle, and camels) across Saudi Arabia. A total of 7760 serum samples were collected from 2253 sheep, 2224 goats, 1111 cattle, and 2172 camels, representing various regions of the country. The samples were screened for C. burnetii antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The findings revealed significant regional and species-specific differences. The findings revealed notable regional and species-specific variations in seroprevalence. In goats, seropositivity was detected in 92% of the tested herds; however, only 48% of the individually tested animals were found to be positive. Similarly, camels exhibited herd-level seropositivity of 92.9% of the examined herds, with only 46.7% of the individually examined animals testing positive. For sheep, 80% of the examined sheep flocks were positive, while 30.2% of the individually tested animals were positive. Cattle showed a significantly lower seroprevalence, since only 27.6% of the screened herds were found to be positive, and only 8.2% of the individually tested animals were positive. In conclusion, the results indicate that C. burnetii infection is widespread among livestock in Saudi Arabia, with goats, camels, and sheep posing a particularly elevated risk of zoonotic transmission. The observed regional disparities and species-specific infection rates highlight the need for comprehensive surveillance and targeted control strategies to mitigate the spread of Q fever in Saudi Arabia.
Determination of S,S-enantiomer in(1R,2R)-(-)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine by GC

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Objective:To establish a GC method for determination of S,S-enantiomer in(1R,2R)-(-)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine.Methods:The pre-column derivatization of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine was conducted with TFAA.The GC condition was used as follows:CHIRALDEXTM B-DP capillary column(β-cyclodextrin,dipropionyl,30 m× 0.25 mm),a FID detector,a sampling/detector temperature of 200 ℃,a column temperature of 175 ℃,N2 as carrier gas,a flow rate of 3.0 mL ·min-1,a split ratio of 50 ∶1 and a sampling volume of 1.0 μL.Results:The baseline resolution was achieved between the derivatives of S,S-and R,R-enantiomers of 1,2-cyclohexanediamine.The quantitative and detective limits were 2.2 and 0.66 mg ·L-1 respectively and the average recovery was 96.2% with RSD of 2.1%(n=6) for the S,S-enantiomer.Conclusion:The method is acurate,rapid and effective for the determination of S,S-enantiomer in(1R,2R)-(-)-1,2-cyclohexanediamine.
Doing Research on Purpose

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Research on purpose is aimed at identifying the perceptual variables that a system is controlling when it is carrying out various purposeful behaviors. The basic methodology used to do this kind of research is the test for controlled variable or TCV, which involves testing hypotheses about the perceptual variables the organism is controlling. These hypotheses are formal definitions of the perception under control. They are tested by looking for lack of an expected effect of disturbances to the hypothesized controlled variable. The TCV has to start with the formulation of hypotheses about the variables around which behavior is organized. The researcher has to be able to look at what an organism is doing and come up with definitions of the variables it is controlling – definitions that are precise enough so that it is possible to predict how disturbances would affect these variables if they were not being controlled.
Programming with tiles

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The importance of tiles or blocks in scientific computing cannot be overstated. Many algorithms, both iterative and recursive, can be expressed naturally if tiles are represented explicitly. From the point of view of performance, tiling, either as a code or a data layout transformation, is one of the most effective ways to exploit locality, which is a must to achieve good performance in current computers because of the significant difference in speed between processor and memory. Furthermore, tiles are also useful to express data distribution in parallel computations. However, despite the importance of tiles, most languages do not support them directly. This gives place to bloated programs populated with numerous subscript expressions which make the code difficult to read and coding mistakes more likely.
The Efficacy of Variable Intense-Pulsed Light (VPL) Treatment of Striae Distensae: a new phototherapeutic approach

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Stretch marks or btriae distensae are cosmetically displeasing to many patients. Although stretch marks are very common, satisfactory therapetitic intervention has been disappointing. Objective. To assess gross and microscopical chi~ngcs that occur in striae dis~ensae treated with variable pulsed light (VPL). Patients &amp; Methods. The study included twenty patients with striae. Ten sessions of double-pass VPL were performed in each of the patients once weekly. Ski11 biopsies, before and after treatment, were taken. Data concerning the morphological featured included measuring of the length and width of each of the treated striae. For statisti~al analysis paired &quot;I &quot; test was used. Results. Patients showed clinical and microscopical improvement. The &quot;t &quot; test showed statistically significant differences in the post treatment length and width of treated striae (P&lt;0.01). Microscopically, post-treatment epidzrinal and dermal thickness demonstrated statistically signiiizan ~ differences (P&lt;0.05, P&lt;0.01 respectively). Conclusion. Striae distensae improved clinically and microscopically after VP12 treatment. It seems to be a promising therapeutic option for this cornluoli problem. Stretch marks or striae distensae are cosmetically displeasirig to many patients. Clinically, in early stages, stretch marks are flat
Time-dependent Dalitz Plot Analysis of B0 --> Ks pi+ pi-

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We perform a time-dependent Dalitz plot analysis of $B^0 \to K^0_{\scriptscriptstyle S}π^+π^-$ in order to extract the ${CP}$ violation parameters of $f_0(980) K^0_{\scriptscriptstyle S}$ and $ρ^0(770) K^0_{\scriptscriptstyle S}$ and direct ${CP}$-asymmetries of $K^{*+}(892) π^-$. The results are obtained from a data sample of $(383\pm3)\times10^{6}$ $B \bar{B}$ decays, collected with the BaBar detector at the PEP2 asymmetric--energy $B$ factory at SLAC. The measured values of $2β_{\rm eff}$ in $B^0$ decays to $f_0(980)K^0_{\scriptscriptstyle S}$ and $ρ^0(770) K^0_{\scriptscriptstyle S}$ are $(89^{+22}_{-20} \pm 5 \pm 8)^\circ$ and $(37 ^{+19}_{-17} \pm 5 \pm 6)^\circ$, respectively, where the first quoted uncertainty is statistical, the second is systematic and the third is Dalitz plot signal model uncertainty. We measure the significance of $2β_{\rm eff}(f_0(980)K^0_{\scriptscriptstyle S})\neq 0$ to be $4.3 σ$. In decays to $K^*(892) π$ we find $A_{CP} = -0.18 \pm 0.10 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.03$. The measured phase difference between the decay amplitudes of $B^0 \to K^{*+}(892) π^-$ and $\bar{B}^0 \to K^{*-}(892) π^+$ is $(-164 \pm 24 \pm 12 \pm 15)^\circ$. All results are preliminary.
Identification of gases responsible for the odour of human flatus and evaluation of a device purported to reduce this odour

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background/Aims —While the social significance of flatus derives mainly from its odour, previous studies have focused on the non-odoriferous components of rectal gas. The aims of the present study were to determine the role of sulphur-containing gases in flatus odour and test the efficacy of a device purported to reduce this odour. Methods —Flatus was quantitatively collected via rectal tube from 16 healthy subjects who ingested pinto beans and lactulose to enhance flatus output. The concentrations of sulphur-containing gases in each passage were correlated with odour intensity assessed by two judges. Odour intensity was also determined after treatment of flatus samples with zinc acetate, which binds sulphydryl compounds (hydrogen sulphide and methanethiol), or activated charcoal. Utilising gas-tight Mylar pantaloons, the ability of a charcoal lined cushion to adsorb sulphur-containing gases instilled at the anus of eight subjects was assessed. Results —The main sulphur-containing flatus component was hydrogen sulphide (1.06 (0.2) μmol/l), followed by methanethiol (0.21 (0.04) μmol/l) and dimethyl sulphide (0.08 (0.01) μmol/l) (means (SEM)). Malodour significantly correlated with hydrogen sulphide concentration (p⩽0.001). Zinc acetate reduced sulphur gas content but did not totally eliminate odour, while activated charcoal removed virtually all odour. The cushion adsorbed more than 90% of the sulphur gases. Conclusion —Sulphur-containing gases are the major, but not the only, malodorous components of human flatus. The charcoal lined cushion effectively limits the escape of these sulphur-containing gases into the environment.