jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of and Concerns Regarding Predictive Policing Practices

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Predictive policing is the application of analytical software to identify likely targets for police intervention and prevent crime. The last 8–10 years has brought the application of analytical tools and artificial intelligence to enable such predictions based on large sets of data. Proponents of predictive policing say that it better processes information without human bias, preventing police officers’ acting out of prejudice, or even distraction, in order to allocate police resources more efficiently and equitably. However, there is no widespread evidence that the initiatives improve community safety, and numerous advocacy groups and legal challenges have called attention to the dangers of predictive policing in terms of reproduction of biases, civil rights violations, and lack of transparency.
Schumpeterian oligopolistic rivalry

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Innovation is at the heart of Schumpeterian oligopolistic rivalry that he propounded in his later work. Such innovations are not only inspired by the pathbreaking entrepreneurs but also included successful intrapreneurs as salaried managers located in the R&D departments of the large firms. This analysis led to one of the most researched Schumpeterian hypotheses, that is, innovation is higher in concentrated industries. Extant theoretical literature builds on this hypothesis by exploring the counterargument, the role of entry barriers, industry-specific dynamics and underlying technological regimes. A significant theoretical model posits an inverted U shape relationship between competition and innovation where intense competition enhances innovation in frontier firms but discourages in others. The vast empirical literature based on industry, firms, and micro-econometric data, produces, at best, meagrely supportive results that underscore the heterogeneity of industries and countries.
Preparation of Oxymatrine Gastro-Retentive Sustained-Release Tablets

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

AIM:To prolong the acting time of oxymatrine,decrease the degradation by flora in intestinal tract.METHOD: Oxymatrine gastro-retentive sustained-release tablets which is taken orally twice one day,was prepared with HPMC as matrix,cetyl alcohol as floating-assistant,light magnesium carbonate as gas-producer.RESULT: The release behavior of the tablets was fitted to Higuchi equation(r=0.9864).In 0.1 mol·L~(-1) hydrochloric acid solution the tablets released oxymatrine 20-45 percent in one hour,40-60 percent in two hours,exceeding 75 percent in 8 hours and it will begin to float in the solution in 5 minutes.CONCULSION: The prescription and preparation of oxymatrine gastro-retentive sustained-release tablets is simple and suits for manufacture.It indicates that the tablets have good sustained-releasing effect.The prescription and technique fit to the industry criterion.Quality and stability research has been done.
Real-World Adversarial Examples involving Makeup Application

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep neural networks have developed rapidly and have achieved outstanding performance in several tasks, such as image classification and natural language processing. However, recent studies have indicated that both digital and physical adversarial examples can fool neural networks. Face-recognition systems are used in various applications that involve security threats from physical adversarial examples. Herein, we propose a physical adversarial attack with the use of full-face makeup. The presence of makeup on the human face is a reasonable possibility, which possibly increases the imperceptibility of attacks. In our attack framework, we combine the cycle-adversarial generative network (cycle-GAN) and a victimized classifier. The Cycle-GAN is used to generate adversarial makeup, and the architecture of the victimized classifier is VGG 16. Our experimental results show that our attack can effectively overcome manual errors in makeup application, such as color and position-related errors. We also demonstrate that the approaches used to train the models can influence physical attacks; the adversarial perturbations crafted from the pre-trained model are affected by the corresponding training data.
I can do better: How entrepreneurial hubris affects acquisition exit and/or new venture growth

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Although hubris has long been recognized in the entrepreneurship literature, most studies focus on entries and relatively few examine the context of exits. To help fill in the gap, we ask: How does entrepreneurial hubris affect exit by acquisition and/or new venture growth? Using a sample of new ventures and acquisitions in the U.S. computer industry, we explore whether venture CEOs with greater hubris are less apt to choose acquisition exits. We also examine contextual factors that may strengthen or weaken the effect. Specifically, the impact of entrepreneurial hubris is expected to be stronger in older and larger ventures. Moreover, the effect of entrepreneurial hubris may be intensified in ventures that are backed by prominent venture capitalists and those that ally with established firms. Finally, for ventures that did not accept acquisition offers, we investigate whether entrepreneurial hubris affects their subsequent growth.
Effect of Microwave–Vacuum Drying and Pea Protein Fortification on Pasta Characteristics

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The widespread popularity of pasta has driven innovations in formulations and production technologies to enhance its versatility. Techniques such as alternative drying methods and fortification of wheat pasta seek to improve the nutritional value and functional properties of pasta products, thereby increasing their attractiveness to consumers. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of microwave–vacuum drying versus conventional drying on the characteristics of durum wheat semolina pasta, including moisture content, water activity, microstructure, colour, texture, weight gain factor, and cooking loss. Three types of pea protein concentrates (80, 84, and 88% dry matter) were used at levels of 3, 6, and 9% (g/100 g flour). Results indicated that microwave–vacuum drying had a significant impact on the physical properties and cooking quality of pasta. Microwave–vacuum drying caused material puffing, resulting in microstructure with high open porosity (64.1%) and minimal closed porosity (0.1%). This has likely contributed to the short rehydration time (2 min in boiling water) of produced pasta, effectively transforming it into an instant food product. All pasta samples had low water content (<9%) and water activity (<0.4), which ensure food safety. The microwave–vacuum-dried pasta weight gain factor (2.2) was lower than in the conventionally dried pasta (2.8). The firmness of microwave–vacuum-dried pasta was significantly higher (135 g) than that of conventional pasta (16 g). Fortification with pea protein enhanced porosity but did not affect pasta’s culinary parameters, such as weight gain or cooking loss, although it resulted in darker pasta (p = 0.001), especially notable with a 9% pea protein addition.
Remediation in the Context of the Competencies: A Survey of Pediatrics Residency Program Directors

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The 6 competencies defined by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education provide the framework of assessment for trainees in the US graduate medical education system, but few studies have investigated their impact on remediation. Methods We obtained data via an anonymous online survey of pediatrics residency program directors. For the purposes of the survey, remediation was defined as “any form of additional training, supervision, or assistance above that required for a typical resident.” Respondents were asked to quantify 3 groups of residents: (1) residents requiring remediation; (2) residents whose training was extended for remediation purposes; and (3) residents whose training was terminated owing to issues related to remediation. For each group, the proportion of residents with deficiencies in each of the 6 competencies was calculated. Results In all 3 groups, deficiencies in medical knowledge and patient care were most common; deficiencies in professionalism and communication were moderately common; and deficiencies in systems-based practice and practice-based learning and improvement were least common. Residents whose training was terminated were more likely to have deficiencies in multiple competencies. Conclusion Although medical knowledge and patient care are reported most frequently, deficiencies in any of the 6 competencies can lead to the need for remediation in pediatrics residents. Residents who are terminated are more likely to have deficits in multiple competencies. It will be critical to develop and refine tools to measure achievement in all 6 competencies as the graduate medical education community may be moving further toward individualized training schedules and competency-based, rather than time-based, training.
Wilmington centennial (parade), 1958

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

3 images. Wilmington centennial (parade), 25 April 1958. Virginia Salcido -- 17 years; Ruben Pacheco -- 17 years; general views.; Supplementary material reads: "Los Angeles Examiner. Date: 1958-04-25. Photographer: Gershon. Subject: Monday early, Wilmington Centennial. Location: Wilmington. Names: Virginia Salcido, 17, and Ruben Pacheco, 17, practice on Banning High School campus for forthcoming roles in Wilmington Centennial Pageant Jun 5-6. ".
Immunohistochemical Localization of 5-HT Cells in the Digestive Tract of Sphenomorphus iudieus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Distribution and morphology of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)cells in the digestive tract of Sphenomorphus iudieus were investigated with specific anti-5-HT antiserum by using immunohistochemical method. The results showed that 5-HT positive cells distributed throughout the digestive tract with the highest density in the pylorus, and the second highest density in the oesophagus and rectum, and the lowest density in the jejunum. The 5-HT cells were in various shapes, such as round, oval, spindle-like, wedge-like or irregular in shape.Most spindle-like cells had processes. The results suggest that the distribution and morphology of 5-HT cells in the digestive tract are likely consistent with their function in S. iudieus.
Alveolar ridge preservation in implant dentistry: A hype or buzz? – A review

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Alveolar Ridge Preservation (ARP) in implant dentistry aims to preserve the existing soft and hard tissue envelope, further maintaining a stable alveolar ridge volume so as to simplify implant placement, improve functional, aesthetic outcomes, reducing need for further bone augmentation during implant placement, enhance survival and success rate, reduction of biological and technical complications associated with dental implants. Although literature suggests that application of ARP may reduce the need for further, simultaneous bone augmentation with respective to implant placement, this review article is an attempt to discuss various ARP techniques after tooth extraction.
Study of prevalence & ultrasonographic characteristics of carotid plaques in patients with COPD: An Indian perspective

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a multisystem disorder with extra-pulmonary manifestations like cardiovascular and cerebrovascular co-morbidities which are associated with higher prevalence of carotid plaques. Mean Carotid Intima-Media Thickness (cIMT) and morphological plaque characterisation1 into Types 1, 2, 3 and 4 using carotid ultrasonography are validated methods that can predict future vascular events. Types 1 and 2 are unstable and vulnerable to rupture. Aim: To determine the carotid plaque prevalence, mean cIMT and morphologic types among elderly Indian COPD patients and control subjects. Methods: A total of 51 COPD and 54 Control subjects were evaluated. Diagnosis of COPD was confirmed on spirometry. All study subjects underwent Carotid doppler ultrasound. Plaque was defined as cIMT>1.2mm and at least 50% thicker than the neighbouring segments. Mean cIMT values were computed & plaque morphological characterisation was determied using standardized ultrasonography protocols. Result: 1.)Among 51 COPD patients plaques were found in 26(51%) patients compared to 15(28%) in controls.(p=0.017) 2.)Average mean cIMT in COPD patients was 1.11mm and 0.83mm in Controls.(p=0.003). 3.)Type 1 & Type 2 plaques were found in 31.3% & 35% in COPD patients compared to 14.8% & 9.2% in Control Subjects respectively. Conclusion: There is raised average mean cIMT and higher prevalence of unstable Type 1 and Type 2 plaques found in COPD patients. These predisposes them to higher risk of future cerebrovascular events. References: 1. Edward I., et al. The Extracranial Cerebral vessels. Diagnostic Ultrasound 4th edition. Elsevier Mosby Inc. USA. 2011; 25; 950-965.
Sylvia's Lovers

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

He’s spoilt my life,- he’s spoilt it for as long as iver I live on this earth.’ The compelling story of an ordinary girl’s tragic passion for a man who disappears, Sylvia’s Lovers (1863) is Elizabeth Gaskell’s last completed novel. Set in a fictional Whitby at the end of the eighteenth century, the novel is a modern revenge tragedy in which well-intentioned actions have unforeseen and terrible human consequences. Sylvia is loved by two men, her serious cousin Philip and the charismatic sailor Charley Kinraid. When one of them betrays her, her path in life seems fixed. Against the backdrop of the Napoleonic wars and the ever-present threat of press-gangs, the story darkens when Sylvia’s father is roused into vengeful violence. But this trouble proves only the precursor to a greater calamity that will radically alter Sylvia’s future. Gaskell’s novel, richly engaging with the legacy of the Brontë sisters, is her most extensive literary exploration of the tragic depths of unregarded, unhistoric, but vividly imagined lives.
Trajectories of gait and cognitive decline in aging, and as a function of parental longevity and the motoric cognitive risk syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Accelerated gait decline in aging often precedes mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and related dementias. The relative trajectories of gait and cognitive decline are poorly understood, particularly, in older adults who are a) more resilient to cognitive impairment because they are offspring of parents with exceptional longevity (OPEL) and, b) at increased risk for cognitive impairment and dementia because of the Motoric Cognitive Risk (MCR) syndrome. MCR is a pre‐dementia syndrome, characterized by slow gait and subjective cognitive complaints. We examined trajectories of gait and cognitive decline in older adults overall, and as a function of parental longevity and MCR. Method LonGenity study participants (n=1,095; M Age=75.4±6.7 years) were followed for up to 12 years ( M =6.6±3.4 years). Participants were of Ashkenazi Jewish descent and free of dementia at baseline. 53% were OPEL and 9% had MCR. Gait speed was measured on an instrumental walkway. Standardized performance on 13 different cognitive tests were examined separately, and as a composite global cognition score. Linear mixed‐effects models adjusted for baseline age, sex, education, cognitive impairment, and parental longevity were used to examine trajectories of gait and cognition over time – and as modified by parental longevity and MCR. Result Gait speed and performance on all cognitive tests (except phonemic fluency and digit span) declined with time. Gait speed (β= ‐0.076; 95% CI= ‐0.083‐0.070) declined faster than cognitive tests, including figure copy (β= ‐0.041; 95% CI= ‐0.050‐0.031), digit symbol substitution (DSST; β= ‐0.036; 95%CI= ‐0.041‐0.031), and trail‐making test interference (β= ‐0.032; 95%CI= ‐0.024‐0.040). Global cognition, DSST, and logical memory declined at a slower rate in OPEL. Figure copy performance declined at a faster rate in MCR. Conclusion These findings suggest that 1) gait declines faster than most cognitive functions in aging, 2) OPEL are more resilient to cognitive decline in general, and processing speed/attention and memory in particular, and 3) individuals with MCR are more susceptible to visuo‐spatial and executive function decline. This study adds important knowledge of trajectories of gait and cognitive decline in aging, and identifies a protective factor and a risk factor of age‐related cognitive decline.
Price volatility, trading volume, and market depth in Asian commodity futures exchanges

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper empirically investigates the impact of trading activity including trading volume and open interest on price volatility in Asian futures exchanges. Trading volume and open interest represent market information for investors. This study uses three different definitions of volatility: (1) daily volatility measured by close-to-close returns, (2) non-trading volatility measured by close-to-open returns, and (3) trading volatility measured by open-to-close returns. The impact of trading volume and open interest on price volatility is investigated. Following Bessembinder and Seguin (1993), volume and open interest are divided into expected and unexpected components. The GARCH (1,1) model is employed using expected and unexpected components of trading activity (volume and open interest) as explanatory variables. The results show a positive contemporaneous relationship between expected and unexpected trading volume and volatility, while open interest mitigates volatility. Policy makers can use these findings to suggest to investors that trading activity (volume and open interest) is a proxy of market information flowing to exchanges, especially unexpected trading activity. New information flowing to exchanges can mostly be noticed in unexpected trading volumes and open interests.
Orbital Exenteration With Spontaneous Granulation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Excision of the orbital contents by orbital exenteration is required in the treatment of some eyelid and orbital carcinomas. Allowing the orbit to heal spontaneously with granulation tissue has several advantages over the popular technique of lining the orbital walls with a split-thickness skin graft. The use of granulation tissue is simpler, since it avoids the needs for obtaining a skin graft, and the final result is cosmetically more acceptable, because a shallower cavity occurs compared with the skin graft technique. The main disadvantages are that it takes longer for the orbit to heal and dressing changes are required more frequently. The spontaneous granulation technique has provided excellent results in 12 patients with exenterated orbits.
Effect of Seeding Rates and Nitrogen Levels on Yield and Yield Components of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment to investigate the effect of seeding rates and different levels of nitrogen on yield and yield components of wheat was conducted at Research Area, College of Agriculture, Dera Ghazi Khan. An approved cultivar Fareed-2006 was sown at seeding rates of 125, 150 and 175 kg/ha with five nitrogen levels of 0, 75, 100, 125 and 150 kg N/ha. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with split plot arrangement keeping seed rate in main plots and nitrogen levels in sub plots having three replications while, net plot size was 3 x 7 m . Yield components such as plant height (cm), spike length 2 (cm), number of spikelets/spike, number of grain/spike, 1000-grain weight (g), biological yield (kg/ha), grain yield (kg/ha) and harvest index were maximum at seeding rate of 150 kg/ha and minimum at seeding rate of 125kg/ha while number of tillers were maximum at seeding rate of 175 kg/ha and minimum at seeding rate of 125kg/ha. Similarly plant height, number of tillers m , spike length, number of spikelets/spike, number -2 of grain/spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index were highest at nitrogen at 125 kg/ha and lowest at zero level of nitrogen. The interaction between seeding rates and nitrogen levels was found non significant for plant height, number of tillers m spike length, number of spikelets/spike and 1000 -2 grain weight while a significant interaction was noted for number of grain/ spike, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index and were maximum at seeding rate of 150 kg/ha with nitrogen level of 125 kg/ha.
Randomly Flipped Chip based signal power authentication for GNSS civilian signals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The navigation signal authentication schemes protect GNSS services from spoofing attacks by attaching unforgeable information to signals. In this study, Randomly Flipped Chip based Signal Power Authentication (RFC‐SPA), is proposed to jointly authenticate the navigation message and spreading code of GNSS civilian signals. Designed to support two modes of authentication (fast channel and slow channel), the proposed scheme employs a fixed amount of flipped chips, which are randomly distributed in some areas of the spreading code to form a relative fluctuation in the correlation result of the signal. The fast channel is a spreading code authentication (SCA) of these flipped chips, which is the same as the Chimera. In the slow channel, since the correlation results between the local periodical spreading code and the signal in areas with flipped chips will be smaller than those results in areas without flipped chips, receivers in the tracking correlation can extract this fluctuation. Since the fluctuation modulates a digital signature, receivers can verify the authenticity of both the navigation message and spreading code through the authentication of this digital signature. Compared with mainstream schemes, RFC‐SPA requires no extra tracking channel and has no impact on the navigation message. Besides, the proposed scheme maintains a similar robustness and security performance while significantly reducing the storage requirement compared with SCA. The scheme is demonstrated in a proposed implementation for Beidou B1C civilian signal, and the performance metrics are analysed. In the proposed implementation, the detection possibility is higher than 99.7% at 35dBHz of C/N 0 , and only 33.6% of the storage is required compared with the suggested configuration of the Chimera scheme for the GPS L1C civilian signal.
Uncertain reasoning based upon directional topographic features for medical image analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An uncertain reasoning system, based upon domain-specific knowledge and extracted directional topographic features (DTFs), is proposed to handle uncertainties and variations in the analysis of medical images. DTFs of a two-dimensional intensity image are the features, such as ridges and valleys, labeled from the underlying intensity surface in a chosen scanning direction. By using domain-specific knowledge, the system reasons about significant anatomic features based upon properties of, and spatial relationships among, the detected DTFs. These deduced anatomic features are then used to infer the location of the object of interest for other analyses. It is shown how to make use of partial and locally ambiguous information at different levels of abstraction to achieve reliable interpretation. Results of some applications are given to demonstrate the merits of the system.< >