jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gender- and SES-Specific Disparities in Shadow Education: Compensation for Boys, Status Upgrade for Girls? Evidence From the German LifE Study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the present article, we draw on social reproduction theories to explain the increase in the use of “shadow education” (SE) in Germany over the last two decades as a status-based, gender-specific investment strategy of families. Thus, we ask whether investing in private tutoring for both girls and boys alike serves to maintain or improve their status position, or whether gender-specific investment strategies exist. Our hypotheses are quantitatively tested by means of logistic regression using data of the 2012 German Life Courses into Early Adulthood (LifE) study. In contrast to prominent beliefs, our results show that SE in Germany does not function as a tool to promote social inequality. Instead, SE is used largely independent of social origin to achieve higher educational credentials. We found that particularly boys from non-academic but high-income families use SE, whereas girls seem unaffected by social origin entirely. Our findings call for further strengthening the gender dimension in existing inequality theories.
Iterative decoding techniques for correlated rayleigh fading and diversity channels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A novel channel coding scheme called turbo codes, or more precisely, parallel concatenated convolutional codes, is one of the most exciting channel coding schemes introduced in the last decade. The coding system is a novel combination of iterative decoding with soft-input/soft-output (SISO) algorithms and recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) codes in parallel connected by an interleaver. With these components, turbo codes can approach to the Shannon limit and perform very well in AWGN and independently fading channels. But their performance in correlated fading channels remains a question. Here we investigate turbo codes for correlated Rayleigh fading and then for diversity channels with combining techniques.
A particular SISO decoder, the BCJR decoding algorithm, is crucial for the success of turbo decoding. A special application of this algorithm, the tailbiting BCJR (TB-BCJR) decoder is implemented and compared to two different tailbiting decoders, namely the maximum likelihood (ML) and circular Viterbi algorithm decoders, in the BSC and AWGN channels. It is shown that the TB-BCJR performs as well as the ML decoder when the code length is relatively long.
At first, fading channels are modeled as erasure channels and turbo coding is applied to the BEC, several quantized AWGN channels with an erasure region and the Gilbert-Elliot channel models. The BUR algorithm is redesigned for erasure correction. Turbo decoding with this BUR decoder performs very well in the above erasure channels.
Then more realistic channel models which are encountered in cellular radio systems are constructed by using Jakes' fading simulator. By using this simulator, turbo coding is tested for correlated Rayleigh fading channels. Turbo codes are compared to simple convolutional codes. They outperform convolutional codes only after threshold blocklengths which are linearly dependent with fading bandwidths. These thresholds are unacceptably long in most practical radio systems. It is observed that lower complexity constituent encoders perform as well as more complex constituent encoders in these channels.
Employing diversity is an effective mitigation technique for correlated fading channels. We test diversity combining techniques with turbo decoding. Maximum ratio combining (MRC) and selective combining (SC) are implemented. The MRC is implemented in the turbo decoder as a post-detection and the SC as a pre-detection scheme. The MRC performs significantly better than the SC with turbo codes. Turbo decoding with diversity combining can achieve performances that can only be achieved by turbo codes with long blocks in a non-diversity system. Diversity combining increases the chance that turbo codes can be used in time critical applications where shorter delays are required.
Gastroenterologists Underestimate Endoscopic Risk in Patients Undergoing Routine Procedures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The 2018 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy suggest the use of benzodiazepines and opioids, a regimen typically administered by gastroenterologists, in low risk non-advanced endoscopic procedures. Appropriate pre-procedure risk stratification in patients is key in preventing adverse events associated with endoscopy. The American Society of Anesthesia physical status (ASA-PS), used by gastroenterologists to discern pre-procedure risk, is associated with clinical outcomes in patients undergoing endoscopic procedures. We retrospective analyzed the ability of gastroenterologists to accurately assess ASA-PS in patients undergoing colonoscopy and upper endoscopic (UE) procedures. Methods: We evaluated all patients ≥18 year old undergoing screening and diagnostic outpatient colonoscopy and upper GI endoscopy at the Banner University Medical Center-Tucson between January and August of 2016. Demographic factors and type of procedure were recorded. Preoperative ASA-PS scores assigned by anesthesia were compared to ASA-PS values designated by gastroenterologists. Cases were excluded if they did not employ the use of anesthesia or if an anesthesia ASA-PS score was not assigned. In comparing ASA-PS scores from anesthesia and GI, we used an inter-rater reliability score (?) using Cohen’s weighted coefficient. Results: We reviewed 1026 colonoscopies and UEs. The median age was 61 and 52.1% of cases were female. 59.7% underwent colonoscopies. There was fair reliability between gastroenterologists and anesthesiologists in assessing the ASA-PS with a ? of0.373. 50.7% of patients had the same score during both pre-procedure evaluations (95% CI 0.47, 0.54). Anesthesia assigned a higher score than gastroenterology in 42.1% of cases (95% CI 0.39, 0.45). Patient age, gender, and the type of procedure were not associated with misclassification of ASA-PS score. Conclusion: Gastroenterologists pre-procedural assessment of ASA-PS is suboptimal. Gastroenterologists tend to underrate the ASA-PS of patients suggesting that pre-procedure risk assessment for colonoscopy and UE are being underestimated. Patient demographics and the type of procedure do not explain these findings. A larger cohort is necessary to confirm these findings, examine the reasons behind pre-procedural misclassifications, and determine their implications.
The measurements of surface defect area with an RGB-D camera for a BIM-backed bridge inspection

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Bridge inspections are a vital part of bridge maintenance and the main information source for Bridge Management Systems is used in decision-making regarding repairs. Without a doubt, both can benefit from the implementation of the Building Information Modelling philosophy. To fully harness the BIM potential in this area, we have to develop tools that will provide inspection accurate information easily and fast. In this paper, we present an example of how such a tool can utilise tablets coupled with the latest generation RGB-D cameras for data acquisition; how these data can be processed to extract the defect surface area and create a 3D representation, and finally embed this information into the BIM model. Additionally, the study of depth sensor accuracy is presented along with surface area accuracy tests and an exemplary inspection of a bridge pillar column.
Moment-independence global sensitivity analysis for the system with fuzzy failure state and its Kriging method

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

For the system with the fuzzy failure state, the effects of the input random variables and the fuzzy failure state on the fuzzy probability of failure for the structural system are studied, and the moment-independence global sensitivity analysis (GSA) model is proposed to quantitatively measure these effects.According to the fuzzy random theory, the fuzzy failure state is transformed into an equivalent new random variable for the system, and the complementary function of the membership function of the fuzzy failure state is defined as the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of the new random variable.After introducing the new random variable, the equivalent performance function of the original problem is built.The difference between the unconditional fuzzy probability of failure and conditional fuzzy probability of failure is defined as the moment-independent GSA index.In order to solve the proposed GSA index efficiently, the Kriging-based algorithm is developed to estimate the defined moment-independence GSA index.Two engineering examples are employed to verify the feasibility and rationality of the presented GSA model, and the advantages of the developed Kriging method are also illustrated.
Synthesis of a Chemiluminescent Acridinium Hydroxylamine (AHA) for the Direct Detection of Abasic Sites in DNA

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

[structure: see text] The synthesis of a chemiluminescent acridinium hydroxylamine (AHA) for the direct detection of abasic sites in damaged nucleic acids is described. The reagent reacts readily with abasic sites of damaged calf thymus DNA generated in a time-dependent manner under acid/heat depurination conditions. Preliminary results indicate the sensitivity of the direct chemiluminescent detection format is approximately 0.1 abasic sites detected per 10(6) nucleotides using as little as 200 ng of DNA.
Types of German causal clauses and their syntactic-semantic layers

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter aims to discuss some distinguishing syntactic and interpretative properties of German causal weil -clauses, da -clauses and verb-first causal clauses. The chapter argues that these different properties can be fruitfully analysed in Krifka’s ( 2018 , to appear) system of decomposition of a speech act into the levels of a proposition, of a judgement, of a commitment and of a speech act. These semantic levels are represented in syntax by TP, JP, ComP and ActP, respectively. Standardly, a weil -clause is just a TP (covered by a CP-shell). In contrast, a da -clause is of the more complex category JP (covered by a CP-shell), which is adjoined to the JP of its host, i.e., a da -clause is interconnected with a judgement. Related to this there are, for example, the findings that in contrast to the situation with a weil -clause, a da -clause cannot be narrowly focal, that the causal relation expressed by da is not at-issue, and that there is no binding from the host into a da -clause. Furthermore, a da -clause may host a certain type of root phenomena. A verb-first causal clause is of the most complex category ActP and is licensed by an ActP. It cannot be syntactically embedded and it has illocutionary force, which, however, has a supporting function with regard to the illocutionary force of the preceding sentence. A verb-first causal clause may host all kinds of root phenomena. The chapter also compares Krifka’s layers of interpretation and Sweetser’s (1990) three domains of interpretation (content, epistemic, speech act) and shows that these two classifications complement each other with correlations.
Small intestinal structure and passive permeability in systemic sclerosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Seventeen patients with proven systemic sclerosis had a peroral jejunal biopsy performed. Four biopsies were regarded as showing abnormalities, which were mostly confined to the deeper structures, although in two there was a minimal degree of villous atrophy without epithelial cell changes. Passive intestinal permeability, as assessed by the cellobiose/mannitol test, was normal in all patients. In contrast, seven patients had a low xylose test result, which in five of them could be accounted for by impaired renal function, small intestinal bacterial contamination, or altered gastrointestinal transit. These results indicate that passive intestinal permeability is unaltered in systemic sclerosis, and that malabsorption, when it occurs, is caused by other factors.
Morfometría de los equinodeos de la Familia Cassidulidae (Echinoidea: Cassiduloida)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Morphometrics of echinoids in the Family Cassidulidae (Echinoidea: Cassiduloida). Cassidulidae is the type family of the order Cassiduloida, and contains five genera whose morphology has complicated their taxonomic study: Australanthus, Cassidulus, Eurhodia, Paralampas, and Rhyncholampas. Many authors have applied traditional morphometric analysis (mainly length, width, and height) with varying success. We present the first approach with geometric morphometrics (three outlines: aboral, left, and posterior). Genera Eurhodia and Paralampas are more varied than the others. For future studies, we recommend larger samples, and the inclusion of size and qualitative characters such as the ambulacra and peristome. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65(Suppl. 1): S233-S243. Epub 2017 November 01.
On Extent of Punishment for Ordinary Recidivism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Both the new and the old criminal laws of China have defined the extent of punishment for ordinary recidivism,that is,a criminal has been sentenced to a fixed-term or above imprisonment for his/her first offense,and should receive a fixed-term or above imprisonment for his/her second offense.This paper argues that the provision,together with the interpretation thereof by the present theoretical circles in China,turns out to be incomplete,farfetched and unreasonable.It is therefore suggested that the legislative body eliminate this limit on the extent of punishment for ordinary recidivism.
TIAM2S ‐positive microglia enhance inflammation and neurotoxicity through soluble ICAM ‐1‐mediated immune priming

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract TIAM Rac1‐associated GEF 2 short form (TIAM2S) as an oncoprotein alters the immunity of peripheral immune cells to construct an inflammatory tumor microenvironment. However, its role in the activation of microglia, the primary innate immune cells of the brain, and neuroinflammation remains unknown. This study investigated the mechanism underlying TIAM2S shapes immune properties of microglia to facilitate neuron damage. Human microglial clone 3 cell line (HMC3) and human brain samples were applied to determine the presence of TIAM2S in microglia by western blots and double immunostaining. Furthermore, TIAM2S transgenic mice combined with multiple reconstituted primary neuron–glial culture systems and a cytokine array were performed to explore how TIAM2S shaped immune priming of microglia and participated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced neuron damage. TIAM2S protein was detectable in HMC3 cells and presented in a small portion (~11.1%) of microglia in human brains referred to as TIAM2S‐positive microglia. With the property of secreted soluble factor‐mediated immune priming, TIAM2S‐positive microglia enhanced LPS‐induced neuroinflammation and neural damage in vivo and in vitro. The gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments showed soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1) participated in neurotoxic immune priming of TIAM2S+ microglia. Together, this study demonstrated a novel TIAM2S‐positive microglia subpopulation enhances inflammation and neurotoxicity through sICAM‐1‐mediated immune priming.
Integrating AI and IOT for Smart Agriculture: Machine Learning Models for Precision Irrigation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Due to the growing need for food, precision irrigation methods utilizing machine learning technologies are required. Technologies including controls, sensors, analytics for data, and the internet are a part of precision irrigation systems that aim to maximise water efficiency, boost agricultural yields, and decrease water wastage. Soil moisture sensors provide real-time data to a central control unit, which analyses the data and controls the water flow based on the results. The incorporation of AI with the Internet of Things, also called the IoT, is the main emphasis in order to enhance smart agriculture. In the agriculture sector, real-time sensor-based status monitoring is made possible by IoT technology, while ML provides robust data processing abilities. AI automates agricultural processes, uses this data for identification of diseases, predicts crop yields, optimises resources, and adapts to climate change.The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT), the use of cloud computing, and artificial intelligence enhances sustainable farming operations by enabling the real-time monitoring of agricultural conditions, predictive analytics, and climate adaptation. The recommended approach Compared to previous existing algorithms, ISOA-ASVM is quicker and avoids overfitting by utilizing distributed and parallel computing. The effectiveness of various machine learning algorithms can be impacted by features of varying sizes and units when Min-Max Normalization is used. Outlier identification and removal can decrease machine learning models' efficacy by distorting the statistical connection between features. The comparative analysis to evaluate the ISOA-ASVM method yielded with the highest accuracy of 99.3%, This system allows farmers to easily manage water resources by modifying irrigation schedules remotely, tracking water use, and receiving real-time messages and cautions. Consequently, efficient water management practices, such as precise irrigation and good water quality control, may optimise water use and productivity.
International consensus statement on the peri‐operative management of direct oral anticoagulants in cardiac surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We thank Erodes et al. for their much-needed international consensus statement on the peri-operative management of direct oral anticoagulants in cardiac surgery 1. They state “patients who underwent cardiac surgery in a recent study did not experience increased bleeding events with rivaroxaban in comparison with vitamin K antagonist treatment” 1, referencing a paper by Patel et al. 2. However, the referenced study is a double-blind trial of patients with atrial fibrillation examining whether rivaroxaban was non-inferior to warfarin for the primary end-point of stroke or systemic embolism. None of the study patients underwent cardiac surgery. We would like to ask the authors, therefore, whether they think that the conclusions they drew based on this study in their consensus statement may be misleading in the context of cardiac surgery. We would also like to seek clarification on the meaning of the abbreviation ‘Tc’ in Fig. 1, which has not been included in the key. Finally, we would like to ask the authors for clarification about their considering the administration of platelets, cryoprecipitate and prothrombin complex concentrate to be ‘N/A’ when the bleeding tendency is classified as severe.
High Density Impulse Noise Removal Based on the Total Observation Kernel Element for Image Sequences

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Several different methods for impulse noise removal in image sequences have been proposed. However, all of them are not successful in removing high density of impulse noise. Hence, this paper proposes a filtering method for reducing high density impulse noise in the image sequences. We use three windows with size 3 × 3 to obtain a new window with similar size. Three windows are taken from the next-frame, current frames and previous frames. The recursive window is applied in the current frames. The filtering process uses decision-based method. Meanwhile, a pixel for replacing the noisy pixel is calculated from a new window based on weighting method. Our experimental results show that the proposed method can not only reduce the high impulse noise in image sequences well, but also preserve more details and textures.
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 4212 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "DatasetKey is iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "OccurrenceStatus is Present", "TaxonKey is Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758)" ] } The dataset includes 4212 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0004518-240202131308920/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
SplaTAM: Splat, Track & Map 3D Gaussians for Dense RGB-D SLAM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Dense simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is crucial for robotics and augmented reality applications. However, current methods are often hampered by the non-volumetric or implicit way they represent a scene. This work introduces SplaTAM, an approach that, for the first time, leverages explicit volumetric representations, i.e., 3D Gaussians, to enable high-fidelity reconstruction from a single unposed RGB-D camera, surpassing the capabilities of existing methods. SplaTAM employs a simple online tracking and mapping system tailored to the underlying Gaussian representation. It utilizes a silhouette mask to elegantly capture the presence of scene density. This combination enables several benefits over prior representations, including fast rendering and dense optimization, quickly determining if areas have been previously mapped, and structured map expansion by adding more Gaussians. Extensive experiments show that SplaTAM achieves up to 2x superior performance in camera pose estimation, map construction, and novel-view synthesis over existing methods, paving the way for more immersive high-fidelity SLAM applications.
IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY FOR OPTIMIZING MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION DELIVERY ROUTES AND CYCLIC SCHEDULES IN A TRANSNATIONAL DIRECTION

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study considers the task of planning the routes of multimodal transnational cargo transportation. Due to the extremely long length of such routes, delivery times and costs per cargo unit are extremely important. Delays in various types of transport and in the case of cargo transshipment are associated not only with the growth of cargo flows but also with the inconsistency of vehicle schedules. The purpose of this study is to improve the previously developed methodology for optimizing multimodal cargo transportation, taking into account the need for its application to transnational transport corridors. The content of the formulated network problem is reduced to a modification of the traveling salesman problem with an unknown number of transport points the route should pass through. Such a problem is NP-hard due to the time complexity of the algorithms. A modified algorithm has been developed, according to which the general problem with the number of N points is divided into several sub-problems. Transport points are grouped into consecutive subsets that are related by only one non-alternative way of transportation. This way can be any “bottleneck” of the transport network or an artificially created one. Such a decomposition of the problem gives a set of partial solutions, which were combined into the final optimal solution. The obtained solution to the routing problem of multimodal routes takes into account the cyclical schedules of the transport operation and gives a guaranteed exact optimum for calculations performed within the permissible time. In addition to determining the optimal route, the algorithm makes it possible to determine the required number of vehicles and their work schedules depending on the total cargo flow on the route.