jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear acoustic wave equations with fractional loss operators

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Fractional derivatives are well suited to describe wave propagation in complex media. When introduced in classical wave equations, they allow a modeling of attenuation and dispersion that better describes sound propagation in biological tissues. Traditional constitutive equations from solid mechanics and heat conduction are modified using fractional derivatives. They are used to derive a nonlinear wave equation which describes attenuation and dispersion laws that match observations. This wave equation is a generalization of the Westervelt equation, and also leads to a fractional version of the Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov and Burgers ’ equations.
Mixing studies of helium in air at high supersonic speeds

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We present a mixing study using gas injection at low transverse angles into M=3 and M=6 crossflows. Effects of injectant asymmetries on the mixing processes were also tested by including low injector yaw angles. Ambient temperature helium was injected at matched pressure conditions as well as at 5× matched pressure into a Mach 6 freestream, with Reynolds number of 5.4×10 7 /m. Complementary tests at Mach 3, Re=5.0×10 7 /m, were performed. The primary data are concentration measurements and meanflow measurements with nanosecond exposure shadowgraphs and surface flow visualization
Welfare and Macroeconomic Interdependence

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We develop a baseline model of monetary and fiscal transmission in interde-pendent economies. The welfare effects of expansionary policies are related to monopolistic supply in production and monopoly power of a country in trade. An unanticipated exchange rate depreciation can be beggar-thyself rather than beggar-thy-neighbor, as gains in domestic output are offset by deteriorating terms of trade. Smaller and more open economies are more prone to suffer from infla-tionary shocks. Larger economies benefit from moderate demand-led expansions, but may be worse off if policy-makers attempt to close the output gap. Fiscal shocks are generally beggar-thy-neighbor in the long run; in the short run they raise domestic demand at given terms of trade, thus reducing the welfare benefits from monetary expansions. Analytical tractability makes our model uniquely suitable as a starting point to approach the recent “new open-economy macroeco-nomic ” literature. I.
The Petal-Shaped Cloak

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a new kind of cloak named petal-shaped cloak is proposed, by which multiple objects can be hidden at one time, and they could not perceive each other. The cloaked region which looks like petal is expanded from one single point. According to coordinate transformation theory, the general constitutive parameters of the N-petals cloak are derived. Full-wave simulations in two dimensions are given to validate the cloaking effect. The simulation results show that the cloak with the proposed parameters performs well.
Iteration methods for solving a two dimensional inverse problem for a hyperbolic equation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we study the problem of estimating a two-dimensional parameter in the wave equation from overdetermined observational boundary data. The inverse problem is reformulated as an integral equation and two numerical algorithms, the projection method and the Landweber iteration method are investigated. By the projection method the inverse problem is reduced to a finite dimensional system of integral equations. We prove convergence of the projection method. Moreover, we show that the Landweber iteration method is a stable and convergent numerical method for solving this parameter estimation problem.
Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MS) peak intensity normalization for complex mixture analyses

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Rationale Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MS) is a preferred technique for analyzing complex organic mixtures. Currently, there is no consensus normalization approach, nor an objective method for selecting one, for quantitative analyses of FT‐ICR‐MS data. We investigate a method to evaluate and score the amount of bias various normalization approaches introduce into the data. Methods We evaluate the ability of the Statistical Procedure for the Analysis of Normalization Strategies (SPANS) to guide the selection of appropriate normalization approaches for two different FT‐ICR‐MS data sets. Furthermore, we test the robustness of SPANS results to changes in SPANS parameter values and assess the impact of using various normalization approaches on downstream statistical analyses. Results The normalization approach identified by SPANS differed for the two data sets. Normalization methods impacted the statistical significance of peaks differently, underscoring the importance of carefully evaluating potential methods. More consistent SPANS scores resulted when at least 120 significant peaks are used, where larger sets of peaks were obtained by increasing the p ‐value threshold. Interestingly, we show that total sum scaling and highest peak normalization, used in previous studies, underperformed relative to SPANS‐recommended normalization approaches. Conclusions Although there is no single, best normalization method for all data sets, SPANS provides a mechanism to identify an appropriate normalization method for analyzing FT‐ICR‐MS data quantitatively. The number of peaks used in the background distributions of SPANS contributes more significantly to the reproducibility of results than the p ‐value thresholds used to obtain those peaks.
The Free State of Jones: Mississippi's Longest Civil War (review)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

For generations the so-called legend of the "Free State of Jones" has circulated throughout Mississippi and, to a lesser extent, beyond the borders of the state. Anti-Confederate elements within this piney-woods county in south Mississippi, so the story goes, actually seceded from the Confederacy and established a small independent republic. As previous historians have discovered, the story is entirely apocryphal. In actuality a band of Confederate deserters led by Newton Knight formed a company in the fall of 1863 that subsequently gained control over much of this predominately nonslaveholding county and engaged in a number of skirmishes with Confederate cavalry units over a period of more than a year. The Knight Company was pretty well decimated during what the author term's an "infamous" Confederate raid into the county in April 1864 led by Col. Robert Lowery, later a two-term governor of Mississippi (115). By the time the skirmishing ended, ten of the Jones County deserters had [End Page 72] been hanged, and most of the remainder had either fled to the swamps, returned to the Confederate army, or joined the Union army in New Orleans.
Broadening the diversity of consumers engaged in guidelines: a scoping review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Guideline developers are encouraged to engage patients, carers and their representatives (‘consumers’) from diverse backgrounds in guideline development to produce more widely applicable guidelines. However, consumers from diverse backgrounds are infrequently included in guidelines and there is scant research to support guideline developers to do this. Objectives To identify principles and approaches to broaden the diversity of consumers engaged in guideline development. Design Scoping review and semi-structured interviews. Methods We conducted comprehensive searches to March 2020 for studies, reports and guidance documents. Inclusion criteria included the terms ‘consumer’ (patients, carers and their representatives), ‘diversity’ (defined using the PROGRESS-PLUS mnemonic) and ‘consumer engagement’ (the active involvement of consumers at any stage of guideline development). We also conducted four interviews with consumers and guideline developers. We used descriptive synthesis to identify themes, and summarised information about implemented approaches used to broaden diversity of consumers in guidelines. Results From 10 included documents, we identified eight themes. Themes covered general engagement concepts (Respectful partnerships; Recruitment; Expectations, process and review); specific concepts about guideline development group (GDG) engagement (Characteristics of guideline personnel; Consumers’ role, characteristics and prominence; Preparing and supporting consumers); and other (non-GDG) approaches (Online methods; Consultations and research-based approaches). The most commonly included PROGRESS-PLUS categories were Disability, Race/culture/ethnicity/language, Place of residence and Other vulnerable (eg, ‘disadvantaged groups’). Each theme included the views of both consumers and guideline developers. We found descriptions of 12 implemented engagement approaches to broaden diversity of consumers in guidelines. Conclusions Relationship-building, mitigating power imbalances and meeting consumers where they are at underpin our findings. Engaging with diverse groups may require greater attention to building formal, respectful partnerships and employing inclusive engagement methods.
New expansion of the Boys function

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We propose a new expansion for the Boys function ∫01t2jexp(−r2t2) dt appearing in the calculation of molecular two-electron matrix elements if Gaussian basis sets are employed. This expansion involves a power series involving the terms Ci, j(τ) (r2−R2)i multiplied by exp(−τr2), where τ is an optimized parameter τ∈[0, 1]. The performances of the introduced expansion are discussed and illustrated by some numerical experiments. It appears that the proposed expansion is considerably shorter than the customary Taylor series, which in turn is the special case for τ=0. This is of some importance, particularly for higher j values. Further, the proposed expansion enables a single expression for calculating erf(x) for the whole range of variable x. The recursive relations for the expansion coefficients are derived and the truncation errors are estimated. A new method for calculating the Boys function by means of asymptotic series is represented too. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 68: 305–315, 1998
Disease Risk Rule Analysis of the New Rural Cooperative Medical System in Beijing, China

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: With data drawn from Beijing’s New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NRCMS), the rule characteristics of disease risks are mined in terms of risk factors and risk measurements aiming to discover valuable knowledge within the vast amounts of Beijing’s NRCMS data and provide administrators with a more scientific basis for decision making. Methodology:The association rule algorithm is utilized to recover both potentially valuable knowledge and decision-making information from Beijing’s NRCMS data. Results: The main objects of healthcare in Beijing from 2012 to 2014 include: circulatory diseases in patients 41 years of age or older, pediatric respiratory disease prevention, reproductive healthcare for women of childbearing age, and the prevention and treatment of diabetes in female patients; in county-level hospitals with a relatively low average level of consumption, injuries still resulted in high expenses; the primary post-NRCMS reimbursement level-3 and level-4 high-risk groups were patients of 41–65 years of age. Conclusion: According to the ranking of rule supports, the highest support rule in Beijing is the circulatory diseases of middle-aged patients, especially patients that are hospitalized in county-level medical institutions; the second highest support comes from the utilization of fertility services for women of childbearing age. Suggestions: It is recommended that the rule support rankings should be combined to actively and implement with emphasis major prevention and healthcare services, lower disease risk factors, control NRCMS reimbursement costs, promote the sustainable development of NRCMS, adopt a classified management of mined rules, and establish a decision-making knowledge base.
Treatment of Homozygous Type II Antithrombin Heparin-Binding Site Deficiency in Pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Previous VTE and severe thrombophilia are important risk factors. Our case was a 36-year-old woman, gravida 6, para 0, with antithrombin (AT) deficiency caused by a homozygous mutation in the heparin-binding site (HBS). Her history included seven prior VTEs, three early and two late pregnancy losses. She was prophylactically treated with both human plasma-derived AT concentrate (hpATC) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), resulting in a successful 6th pregnancy and a healthy live born baby. There is limited evidence and guidance on the management of AT deficiency in pregnancy. Dosing and monitoring of anticoagulants, alone or together with hpATC, must be based on individual risk assessment. The severity of clinical manifestations varies with the type of AT deficiency. Characterization of the AT mutation may aid in the decision-making process and optimize pregnancy outcomes.
Distributed Protein Sequence Alignment.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Given the explosive growth of biological sequence databases and the computational complexity of aligning large sequences over extremely large databases most researchers have opted for utilizing the BLAST algorithm. While BLAST is completely appropriate for some purposes, the more rigorous and more computationally expensive Smith-Waterman algorithm is preferred for certain purposes. This work presents an implementation of the mathematically optimal SmithWaterman protein sequence alignment algorithm using a collection of distributed computers. We also present the use of the Unicon programming language as an alternative for writing biological search algorithms and other applications in bioinformatics rather than the most commonly found C or Perl approaches. The system has fault tolerant capabilities and can dynamically add and remove nodes to deal with worker node failure. The system currently operates on up to 87 P4 3.0 GHz machines. The system is called UDPS for Unicon Distributed Protein Searcher
A Model for Sibilant Distortion Detection in Children

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The distortion of sibilant sounds is a common type of speech sound disorder in European Portuguese speaking children. Speech and language pathologists (SLP) use different types of speech production tasks to assess these distortions. One of these tasks consists of the sustained production of isolated sibilants. Using these sound productions, SLPs usually rely on auditory perceptual evaluation to assess the sibilant distortions. Here we propose to use an isolated sibilant machine learning model to help SLPs assess these distortions.
Sensitivity Coefficients for Analyzing Interstitial Properties During Phase Change in Porous Media

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The sensitivity coefficients for analyzing the interstitial properties during phase change in porous media are presented. Computation of the sensitivity coefficients is the main objective of this study. Experimentally measured temperature data provide an estimate of the phase front locations used as the state variable for this study. The derivations are based on the assumption that the phase front, X, at a given time, t, is a function of interstitial properties τt and τq with all other parameters remaining constant. The properties τt and τq are the lag-time in temperature and heat flux, respectively. The analysis includes two types of boundary conditions: prescribed temperature of phase change materials and prescribed temperature for solid matrix. Results for the first case show that for any given ratio τt/τq, the sensitivity coefficient decreases asymptotically to zero at large times. Furthermore, the sum of the sensitivity coefficients St + Sq = 0 when τt/τq ≈ 1. This is significant information because the variables St and Sq have the same magnitude with opposite signs. This implies that these two sensitivity coefficients become linearly dependent and it will be difficult to predict the values of τt and τq in the neighborhood of τt/τq ≈ 1. A similar trend but with different sensitivity values are reported for the second case.
Measurements of the CKM angle gamma at LHCb

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A standard candle measurement of CP violation in the Standard Model is the tree-level determination of the CKM angle gamma. These proceedings present recent time-integrated LHCb measurements of CP violation, as well as the latest gamma and charm mixing combination. The analyses presented make use of beauty to open charm decays, which supersede previous Run 1 measurements using the full LHCb Run 1 and Run 2 dataset or are performed for the first time at LHCb in new decay channels.
Prognostic value of receptors for insulin-like growth factor 1, somatostatin, and epidermal growth factor in human breast cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The prognostic significance, as well as the relationship with known prognostic factors in breast cancer, of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1-R), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), and somatostatin receptor (SS-R) was evaluated. IGF-1-R was positively correlated with estrogen receptor and age, but not significantly with progesterone receptor, lymph node status, and tumor size. EGF-R was negatively correlated to estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, whereas no association was found with age, lymph node status, and tumor size. The levels of the tumor contents of IGF-1-R and EGF-R were not significantly related to tumor recurrence in 214 patients (test for trend, P = 0.20 and P = 0.08, respectively). However, patients with tumors containing intermediate levels of EGF-R (0.5 to 2.0 fmol/mg of membrane protein) experienced a longer disease-free survival than did patients with tumors possessing lower or higher levels of EGF-R. This effect was most pronounced in the subgroup of patients with positive axillary lymph nodes: 66% disease-free after 5 yr compared with 38% and 46% for the groups with lower and higher EGF-R levels, respectively. The relapse-free survival for patients with tumors containing SS-R (15%) was significantly longer than for patients with SS-R-negative tumors (82% versus 46% disease free after 5 yr, P = 0.04). Assessment by multivariate analysis showed that lymph node status, tumor size, and differentiation grade were independent prognostic factors for relapse. In the Cox model, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor were both negatively correlated with tumor recurrence, whereas overall EGF-R and IGF-1-R did not show such a relation.
Cascades and Object Knowledge

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Chapter 7 applies the cascade framework to the development of object knowledge in infancy. Many theories on the development of object knowledge focus either on a single mechanism or on a single level of mechanism. This chapter presents an alternative view of infants’ developing object representation and knowledge by considering the effect of mechanisms of change at multiple levels and as involving multiple skills and abilities, cascades across development, and structural, environmental, and learned constraints. Multiple examples are presented that demonstrate how changes in motor skills affect object representations and, as such, show that there are multiple pathways to object knowledge.
The impact of incorporating Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteriocin with inulin and FOS on yogurt quality

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The current study aimed to figure out the effect of using a combination of 2% inulin, and 2% Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) with Lactobacillus acidophilus and their bacteriocin on some yogurt properties such as coagulation time, extending the shelf life of set yogurt and its microbiological quality, also the acceptance by consumers. The results indicated that coagulation time increased by 22.75% in yogurts prepared with Lactobacillus acidophilus and their bacteriocins compared to the control, and titratable acidity increased gradually in all treatments during storage. Hence control acidity (%) increased from 0.84 ± 0.02A at zero time to 1.23 ± 0.03A after 14 days of cold storage, while treatment (T4) was 0.72 ± 0.01C at zero time and reached 1.20 ± 0.5A after 39 days at the same conditions. The sensory properties showed the superiority of inulin, FOS, and Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteriocin groups. Lactobacillus bulgaricus, Streptococcus thermophiles, and Lactobacillus acidophilus count increased in the treatments compared to the control group, with an extended shelf life to 39 days of storage in the medicines containing lactobacillus acidophilus bacteriocin. Coliforms, Moulds, and yeasts did not detect in the treatments comprising 2% inulin, 2% FOS, and lactobacillus acidophilus bacteriocin for 39 days of refrigerated storage. This study proved that 2% inulin, 2% FOS, and Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteriocin fortification extended the shelf life by more than 5 weeks.
Use of peels in the formulation and acceptance of white pulp pitaya jellies

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The generation of agroindustrial waste has become a serious environmental problem, which conflicts with the need for sustainability sought by modern agriculture. An alternative that helps minimizing these effects is the use of residues, such as fruit peel, in food production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the viability of the mesocarp of the white-fleshed red pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) in the preparation of jellies, verifying the influence of different percentages of pulp replacement per mesocarp (0, 20, 40 and 60%) on the physicochemical, microbiological, and sensorial characteristics of the final products. The jellies presented good acceptability among consumers, with the 60% substitution level being the most accepted. Besides the mesocarp not altering the flavor of the jellies, its use increases the attractiveness to the consumer in addition to contributing to cost reduction and environment preservation.
Evidence-based treatment of acute otitis externa

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute otitis externa (AOE), or diffuse inflammation of the external ear canal, causes a range of symptoms, including otalgia, otorrhoea, hearing loss and itching. Despite AOE being common, with a 12-month prevalence of approximately 1%, there is a paucity of evidence-based treatment guidelines. This contributes to a wide variation in its management, especially in general practice. In particular, there appears to be confusion over the roles of topical and oral antibiotics, as well as concerns about ototoxicity and the emergence of microbial resistance potentially caused by topical preparations. This article reviews the current evidence-based treatment of AOE.