jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of bioavailabilities and pharmacokinetics of clindamycin in healthy volunteers and patients with AIDS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The absolute oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of clindamycin administered to 16 healthy volunteers and 16 patients with AIDS were compared. Clindamycin was given intravenously (i.v.) (Cleocin phosphate) at a dose of 600 mg as a 25-min infusion and orally (Cleocin hydrochloride) by use of a crossover design in both study groups. Plasma samples were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. Plasma drug clearance and volume of distribution at the steady state following the i.v. dose differed between study groups. The clearances were 0.27 +/- 0.06 liter/h/kg in healthy volunteers and 0.21 +/- 0.06 liter/h/kg in AIDS patients (P = 0.014; Mann-Whitney U test); the volumes of distribution at the steady state were 0.79 +/- 0.13 and 0.66 +/- 0.12 liter/kg in healthy volunteers and AIDS patients, respectively (P = 0.005). The elimination half-life did not differ between the two groups. The bioavailability of clindamycin capsules in AIDS patients was approximately 1.5 times that in healthy volunteers (0.53 +/- 0.14 versus 0.75 +/- 0.20; P = 0.002). Peak concentrations following the oral dose were higher in AIDS patients as well (7.7 +/- 2.5 versus 5.3 +/- 1.0 mg/liter; P = 0.0008). Three AIDS patients experienced severe diarrhea following the oral dose; four patients had mild diarrhea following the i.v. dose. No adverse effects were reported by the healthy volunteers. The pharmacokinetic parameters observed in this study for AIDS patients may be useful for the consideration of clindamycin dosage regimens in patients treated for toxoplasmic encephalitis. These findings suggest that the effect of AIDS on drug disposition deserves further investigation, particularly for orally administered drugs.
positions of place: converging viewpoints in visual communication

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis includes a body of work that explores our visual relationship to the physical spaces and places we inhabit in our everyday lives. Today we live in a complex world where we are bombarded with fragments of information and inundated with distractions. As designers, we are equipped with tools and methods that allow us to experience and interpret our environment through multi-faceted perspectives and from different viewpoints. My approach to graphic design adopts techniques and practices from a mix of different disciplines. The work focuses on a design process that alternates between the parallel depiction of first-person and third-person vantage points mediated through contemporary technologies.
Interferon-γ and interleukin 4 gene expression in cows infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY Objective To determine whether clinical progression of paratuberculosis in cattle was associated with alterations in cytokine gene expression in affected tissues. Animals 5 uninfected adult Holstein cows, 7 adult Holstein cows naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis that did not have clinical signs of disease, and 4 adult Holstein cows naturally infected with M paratuberculosis that had progressive clinical signs of infection. Procedure Samples of ileum and cecal lymph nodes were obtained from each animal at the time of slaughter. A reverse transcriptase-competitive polymerase chain reaction assay was used to determine mRNA expression of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 4 in each sample. Results Interferon-γ gene expression was significantly higher in ileum and cecal lymph node samples from subclinically infected cows than from clinically infected cows. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Progression of paratuberculosis to clinical stages is associated with reduced expression of IFN-γ at site of infection. If immune response to M paratuberculosis can be manipulated so that IFN-γ expression is increased, resistance to infection in cattle might be enhanced. ( Am J Vet Res 1998;59:842–847)
Effect of electronic identification with ruminal bolus on growth parameters and stomach development in young goat kids

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Although most of the European goat farms are dairies, there are a significant number of herds dedicated to meat production as the main product. Due to the current policy of food safety in European Union, the traceability, particularly the electronic identification, is taken into consideration; however, the effect of this electronic identification has not been studied on goat kids for fattening. For this reason, the effect of the ruminal bolus on the growth of goat kids and the development of their stomachs were studied. At 16 kg, animals were randomly assigned in two groups: control (n = 23) and bolus (n = 27), the latter identified with Inoxeramic Bolus. Both of them were slaughtered at 24 kg. Statistical differences in growth parameters and stomach development were not observed, except in the reticulum-omasal orifice diameter, which was bigger in the bolus group. Moreover, when the breed was taken into account (Majorera, Palmera and Tinerfena), interbreed differences were found in orifice diameter and empty rumen-reticulum weight, due to treatment (P < 0.05).
Morphological analysis of basal nuclei in oral leukoplakia for prognostic indicators

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Oral leukoplakia (OL) is a potentially precancerous lesion. The aim of this study was to test its potential, in order to distinguish between cases of OL that showed malignant transformation from non-malignant OL cases. Morphological analysis of nuclei in biopsy specimens was also performed. We had 22 OL cases that could be followed-up over a long-term.METHODS: The patients were divided in two-groups, the malignant transformation group (MT group, N.=8) and non-malignant transformed group (non-MT group, N.=14). The area of the nucleus and the length of the nuclear perimeter of OL cells around the basal layer were investigated using computer-assisted image analysis in incisional biopsy specimens. The mean nuclear area (NA), mean nuclear perimeter, standard deviation (SD) of the NA and the coefficient of variation of the nuclear area (NACV) were also calculated.RESULTS: There was significant difference in the NA between the MT group and non-MT group (73.6 µm2 in MT group and 42.1 µm2 in non-MT group; P<0.0001). There was a significant difference in the mean nuclear perimeter between the MT group and non-MT group (33.1 µm in MT group and 25.9 µm in non-MT group; P=0.0001). There was a significant difference of the in NACV between the MT group and non-MT group (36.3% in MT group and 29.5% in non-MT group; P=0.0215).CONCLUSIONS: The NA, the nuclear perimeter and NACV of basal OL cells might indicate the likelihood of malignant transformation.
Strengthening Public Administration Research: Identifying Boundaries and Horizons

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the early days of the field, public administration research has been a work in progress. Many authors have struggled to find the proper role of research in the field. Interest in the topic intensified over the last couple of decades, as a perception developed that the quality and usefulness of work had fallen decidedly behind other academic disciplines. While a rich literature has developed debating the merits of public administration research, the resulting product does not provide a clear direction for reform-minded researchers to follow. In this article, we seek to organize this material in ways that will make it more useful. Our analysis identifies hard and soft barriers preventing progress and examines three dilemmas facing public administration researchers: theoretical versus conceptual research, academically sophisticated methods versus widely accessible methods, and an academic versus a practitioner focus. Through our discussion of these dilemmas, we seek to clarify the issues facing researchers and help them make more informed choices.
Combined Catalytic System of Scandium Triflate and Boronic Ester for Amide Bond Cleavage

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We have found that the combination of scandium with boronic ester enables the cleavage of amide bonds. Primary amides were converted to the corresponding esters in the presence of catalytic amounts of scandium triflate and boronic ester under mild and neutral conditions. This unique catalytic system can be applied to the deprotection of acetylaniline derivatives. In addition, control NMR experiments were carried out to examine the effect of the boronic esters. magnified image
Loss-Making Marginal Spending on Crop Variable Inputs

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

AIM : Crop variable inputs (CVI's) are critical to successful crops. So we here ask: "What are the marginal returns to crop variable inputs?" And explore whether observed CVI levels maximise economic returns to farmers. We compare results to national aggregates in India. DATA: Analysed Farm Business Survey 2004-2012, where crop gross margins and input spending are available, for conventional winter wheat and oilseed in England and Wales. RESULTS: Marginal spending on variable inputs (e.g. seed, fertiliser, crop protection) returns in economic product significantly less than GBP£1 per marginal pound spent. Therefore, expenditure allocation on those inputs could be quite far from economic optima. However marginal physical products (yields) are positive, but small, and significantly different from zero. These conclusions hold across a wide range of alternative economic models and subsets of the data. The same conclusions are observed, in estimations for Indian grain production, and for maize in China where lower national rates of fertiliser application appear optimal. DISCUSSION: Unknowns, including yield, quality and price, make it difficult to optimise ex ante input levels. Tied advice could reduce the efficiency in the farm sector - owing to possible perverse incentives. And the preferences of farmers, may be to avoid risk, or to maximise yields. Farmers may also be biased - relative to full information and perfect competition. All of which might distort prices from the neoclassical equilibria with perfect information and perfect competition. Thus, one could ask "How useful are the prices seen in practice, for allocation in the context of the farmer behaviour reported here?"
Potential Discrimination and Coping Strategy Models Implemented by Indonesian Trainees in Japan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Indonesian Diaspora has been active in sending large amounts of remittances. The big contribution was mainly given by TITP trainees from Indonesia. Indonesian TITP trainees in Japan are divided into first-year trainees ( jisshusei) and subsequent-year trainees (kenshusei). Amidst a difficult situation, Indonesian TITP trainees who work in dirty, dangerous, and demeaning sectors also have to face various problems related to discrimination which can increase their stress levels. The researchers examined the potential discrimination faced by the trainees through research conducted on three kenshusei who have returned to Indonesia. The three kenshusei were interviewed using the in-depth interview method. This paper discusses how the three kenshusei solved their problems with the concepts of coping strategies namely: strengthening ethnic identity, seeking social support, and channeling anger. From the results of the study, it was found that the discrimination experienced by those kenshusei could be overcome with 3 models of Brandolo’s coping strategies and 6 other models of coping strategies. Keywords: TITP trainees, discrimination, kenshusei, jisshusei, coping strategies
Effect Of Inspiratory Muscle Training In Paralympic Athletes With Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For people with cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) there is a decrease in the capacity of the respiratory system and an increase in the demands placed upon the respiratory muscles that may conspire to limit exercise performance. Specific inspiratory muscle training (IMT) may provide a means of rebalancing this relationship with the possibility of improving exercise performance. PURPOSE: To determine whether IMT improves respiratory function and aerobic exercise capacity in athletes with CSCI. METHODS: 10 GB Paralympic wheelchair rugby players with traumatic CSCI (C5-C7) were paired by functional classification and assigned randomly to an IMT or placebo group. Chronic activity-related dyspnea (Baseline and Transition Dyspnea Indexes), diaphragm thickness (B-mode ultrasonography), pulmonary function (spirometry), respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory [MIP] and expiratory [MEP] mouth pressures), and responses to maximal incremental arm-cranking (5 W every 2 min) were assessed before and after 6 wk of pressure threshold IMT (30 breaths, 50% MIP, twice daily) or sham bronchodilator treatment. Comparisons were made using two factor mixed factorial ANOVA. RESULTS: In the IMT group there was a 22.3 ± 11.6% (mean ± SD) increase in diaphragm thickness and an 11.3 ± 12.4% increase in MIP; these increases exceeded those in the placebo group (p = 0.001 and 0.016, respectively). Peak power increased by 15.8 ± 9.4% in the IMT group and by 2.2 ± 14.6% in the placebo group; although these changes were not statistically significantly between groups (p = 0.081), there was a large effect (partial eta squared = 0.33). In the IMT group there was an increase in tidal volume (32 ± 36%) and a decrease in the ventilatory equivalent for O2 (-7.9 ± 12.3%) at peak power that exceeded the changes in the placebo group (p = 0.048 and 0.034). Chronic activity-related dyspnea, pulmonary function and the physiological responses to exercise were unchanged after IMT vs. placebo. CONCLUSION: 6 wk of pressure threshold IMT can improve inspiratory muscle structure and function in Paralympic athletes with CSCI. The strong trend, with large effect size, towards an increase in aerobic exercise capacity suggests that IMT may provide a useful adjunct to training in highly-trained athletes with CSCI. Supported by ParalympicsGB and UK Sport.
Aspect‐Oriented Architecting Using Architecture Frameworks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the early days of systems engineering, we had a few tried and true methods for depicting the structure and behavior of a system, such as functional flow diagrams, control flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, schematic block diagrams, and system breakdown structure. Nowadays we have a wider variety of choices when it comes to the creation of architecture views. The Unified Architecture Framework, for example, defines 71 possible architecture views that can be created. An easy and intuitive way to navigate the many available offerings was needed. Hence, most architecture frameworks have adopted a “grid” approach to help organize the various views. One of the key dimensions of this organizing approach is the use of architecture aspects. This paper will examine the various frameworks to determine how they organize their views and how they address the different aspects and perspectives of the architecture being described. These concepts were used as the basis for an aspect‐oriented architecting approach reflected in the recently revised version of the ISO 42010 standard on architecture description.
To what extent are people with intellectual disabilities (ID) active partners in focus group research? A literature review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract: Zarb’s (1992) criteria were used to inspect the emancipatory potential met in six pieces of focus group research and the level of collaboration and inclusion for people with ID as ‘active partners’ in research. Selected post-2010 research was sourced from a search of online databases pertinent to nursing, social work and ID. The exercise found that control mostly lies in the hands of academics and clinicians. Research is carried out with people with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities while those with more complex needs are excluded. Power relationships are not closely examined. It is possible to involve people with ID in research using adapted methods and disabled researchers. Firstly, the idea of power and control for active involvement of participants with ID in focus groups is examined. Then recent research is explored through comparative analysis and a discussion. The author concludes that researchers should account more fully for their own positions of power in the medical or social model of disability. Researchers should offer opportunities for criticism and account for the products of research. Turning abstract concepts into concrete examples may benefit participants with intellectual disabilities.Keywords: focus groups; intellectual disabilities; disability research; groupwork; group work
Vibration spectrum and spectral dimension of one-dimensional complex Penrose chain

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The vibration spectrum and the Scaling exponents near zero frequency are calculated for one-dimensional complex Penrose chain which is constituted with two kinds of atoms and without any periodic structure. The results show that there are obviously several gaps. The scaling exponent of frequence, defined by ω(bN) ∼ b-aω(N), equals one. The Penrose chain is a nontrivial fractal with the inhomogeneous and selfsimilar structure, the fractal and spectral dimensions are all equal to one.
Predicting the physicochemical properties of drugs for the treatment of Parkinson's disease using topological indices and MATLAB programming

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, twelve drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease were analyzed. To simplify calculations and data analysis, a computer-based computing technique along with the algorithm has been employed. The M-polynomial and their degree-based topological indices derived from the M-polynomial were calculated using MATLAB coding. Linear, quadratic, cubic, logarithmic, inverse, power, compound, s-curve, growth, and exponential regression model analyses were utilized to create QSPR models between the topological indices and eight the Physicochemical properties of the drugs to determine their effectiveness. Confidence intervals at a 95% level were computed for both the slope and intercept of the linear regression models. Also, based on the maximum R2, optimal equations for estimating the Boiling point, Enthalpy of vaporization, Molar refractivity, Polarizability, and Molar volume using different indices have been determined, and linear, quadratic, and cubic equations have been specified. Calculated feature values are strongly correlated with actual values, indicating reliable predictive capabilities of the indices. For statistical analysis and to determine if there is a significant difference between the averages of the two groups, we used either an independent T-test or Welch's T-test. The results show that the p-value is less than 0.05, which indicates that the mean difference between the samples is statistically significant.
Quantitative Finance in the Post Crisis Financial Environment

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Mathematics and finance interrelated deeply in the last 60 years since Markowitz's seminal work on portfolio selection theory in 1952. In the chapter I briefly explore some fundamental quantitative problems associated with five modern risk areas: the fair value of credit, debt, funding and capital risk, collectively known as XVA risk; operational risk, fair lending risk, financial crimes risk, and finally model risk. The problems analyzed fall both in the category of "old with exposed flaws" as well as "new and in search of new tools". While it is not intended as a comprehensive list of all of the quantitative problems facing the industry today, however, these problems have emerged post-crisis and have found themselves on the top of many firm and regulatory agendas in many respects.
Dynamic Simulation of Rosemary Essential Oil Extraction in an Industrial Steam Distillation Unit

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work presents the dynamic simulation of rosemary essential oil extraction by steam-distillation. Experimental data acquired in an industrial steam-distillation unit were used to estimate the model parameters. Two distinct climatic conditions (summer and winter) were used to verify the model flexibility. In winter condition, two time-dependent experimental data curves were used together to verify the parameter estimation strategy, whereas in summer condition, two time-dependent curves were used for parameter estimation and a third one for model validation with respect to prediction. The mathematical model fitted satisfactorily both set of industrial data, resulting, for the summer and winter, in global mass transfer coefficient of 8.64 × 10−4 s−1 and 9.10 × 10−4 s−1, and equilibrium constant 2.72 × 10−4 m3/kg and 1.07 × 10−2 m3/kg, respectively.
Controller design for lateral manoeuvres in electromagnetic wind tunnels

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The roll angle, the yaw angle and the side-slip position of test aircraft in electromagnetic wind tunnels, are independently controlled. The problem is proven to be always solvable by applying a static state feedback law involving aerodynamic and electromagnetic variables. The general forms of the static controllers, solving the problem, as well as the resulting closed loop system, are derived. The stability of the closed loop is guaranteed.
Diurnality and nocturnality in nonhuman primates: comparative chronobiological studies in laboratory and nature

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Looking for differences in circadian clock characteristics of diurnal and nocturnal nonhuman primates, this article summarizes results of chronobiological studies carried out in various nocturnal, diurnal, and cathemeral prosimian and anthropoid primate species under controlled laboratory conditions, under seminatural conditions, and in the wild. In almost all circadian parameters investigated, no differences were discernible between the two main chrono-ecotypes, either in circadian period length and the influence upon it of after-effects, of light intensity, and ambient temperature, or in the PRC, re-entrainment behavior, rhythm splitting, and internal desynchronization. Diurnal and nocturnal or cathemeral species differed only in the phase of artificial or natural LDs to which their circadian activity phase was adjusted as well as in the characteristics of masking activity upon the rhythms produced by the direct inhibiting or enhancing effects of light. Pronounced lunar periodicity—observed in the activity rhythm of nocturnal neotropical owl monkeys, genus Aotus, in seminatural and natural environments as well as in wild cathemeral Malagasy lemurs, genus Eulemur—is shown to result from masking effects of moonlight. In captive Eulemur fulvus albifrons, a change from dark-active over cathemeral to light-active behavior, without concurrently changing the circadian phase-setting of activity to D, was produced by direct masking effects of a stepwise reduction of darktime luminosity on an LD 12:12 cycle. Long-term activity recordings carried out in wild diurnal Malagasy sifakas (Propithecus verreauxi) and cathemeral redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus), as well as in wild nocturnal owl monkeys (Aotus a. azarai) of the North Argentinean Chaco, yielded in all species distinct bimodal long- and short-day activity patterns with pronounced peaks during dusk and dawn. Applying Pittendrigh's two-oscillator concept to these results, it is hypothesized that the differences in chrono-ecotype behavior may result from variations in internal coupling and external phase-setting of morning and evening oscillators (m, e) to dawn and dusk, interacting with direct masking effects of light.