jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Inefficient Transmission of H5N1 Influenza Viruses in a Ferret Contact Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The abilities to infect and transmit efficiently among humans are essential for a novel influenza A virus to cause a pandemic. To evaluate the pandemic potential of widely disseminated H5N1 influenza viruses, a ferret contact model using experimental groups comprised of one inoculated ferret and two contact ferrets was used to study the transmissibility of four human H5N1 viruses isolated from 2003 to 2006. The effects of viral pathogenicity and receptor binding specificity (affinity to synthetic sialosaccharides with α2,3 or α2,6 linkages) on transmissibility were assessed. A/Vietnam/1203/04 and A/Vietnam/JP36-2/05 viruses, which possess “avian-like” α2,3-linked sialic acid (SA) receptor specificity, caused neurological symptoms and death in ferrets inoculated with 10 3 50% tissue culture infectious doses. A/Hong Kong/213/03 and A/Turkey/65-596/06 viruses, which show binding affinity for “human-like” α2,6-linked SA receptors in addition to their affinity for α2,3-linked SA receptors, caused mild clinical symptoms and were not lethal to the ferrets. No transmission of A/Vietnam/1203/04 or A/Turkey/65-596/06 virus was detected. One contact ferret developed neutralizing antibodies to A/Hong Kong/213/03 but did not exhibit any clinical signs or detectable virus shedding. In two groups, one of two naïve contact ferrets had detectable virus after 6 to 8 days when housed together with the A/Vietnam/JP36-2/05 virus-inoculated ferrets. Infected contact ferrets showed severe clinical signs, although little or no virus was detected in nasal washes. This limited virus shedding explained the absence of secondary transmission from the infected contact ferret to the other naïve ferret that were housed together. Our results suggest that despite their receptor binding affinity, circulating H5N1 viruses retain molecular determinants that restrict their spread among mammalian species.
Synovial type (group II) phospholipase A2 in cartilage.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) was produced in E. coli by a recombinant technique using a synthetic gene coding for PLA2 found in synovial fluid (SF) of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Polyclonal antibodies were produced against the recombinant synovial type PLA2 (syn-PLA2) in a rabbit. The IgG fraction of the antiserum was isolated and the specificity was tested by immunoblotting. The antiserum detected a protein with an apparent molecular weight of 15 kDa in extracts of cartilage, but did not react with PLA2 isolated from human pancreas or ascitic fluid. In immunohistochemistry, the anti-syn-PLA2 antibody decorated chondrocytes and matrix of articular, laryngeal and auricular cartilage, but did not decorate synovial tissue or its contained inflammatory cells in RA or other human tissues tested (pancreas, liver, thyroid, tonsil, lung, nasal polyp, skin, placenta, myometrium, bone). The results show that syn-PLA2 is present both in articular and extraarticular cartilage and support the view that PLA2 found in SF might originate from chondrocytes, and not from synovial lining or inflammatory cells.
A Study on Development of Ethical Dilemmas Scale in Teaching Profession：Validity and Reliability

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Introduction: This study was to develop A Scale of Professional Ethical Dilemma for Teachers and verified the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, to provide an objective and effective measurement tool for the evaluation of the professional ethics dilemma of teachers. It may provide an empirical research tool for teachers' ethical dilemmas and scientifically assess the level of teachers' dilemmas.Methods: It used literature review and teachers interview to select the contents of questionnaire, did pilot test and expert judgment to form the experimental version of scale.Results: This study developed a scale of professional ethical dilemma for Chinese teachers. 1. Cronbach' α coefficient for each factor was between 0.720-0.751, Cronbach' α coefficient for the whole scale was 0.881, the scale had good internal consistency, stability, and reliability, 2. through correlation analysis, the correlation coefficient between each factor was between 0.389 and 0.654, the correlation coefficient between each factor and the total scale was between 0.670 and 0.889, the scale had good structural validity. 3. Through exploratory factor analysis, the total variance explained of the common factors after the axis was 57.007%, and 4. through confirmatory factor analysis, the result was in line with the overall model fitting test index in modeling research.Conclusions: This study developed a scale, it can be used as an effective tool to evaluate the level of professional ethics dilemma of teachers.
Sovereignty, Self-Determination, and Human Rights from Walzer to the Responsibility to Protect

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This essay explores the intellectual context and conceptual foundations of R2P . Michael Walzer reinitiated debates about humanitarian intervention by grounding sovereignty and non-intervention in individual human rights and communal autonomy (self-determination). Liberal cosmopolitan critics of Walzer highlighted the tension between these two values, and proposed that sovereignty should rather be grounded in individual rights and democratic self-determination. In the post-Cold War era, international lawyers and international relations scholars came to endorse the idea that state sovereignty is qualified by the most basic human rights. High ranking UN officials further proposed that state sovereignty should be redefined as the sovereignty of the people, which, however, was seen as coextensive with the protection of the fundamental individual rights, and as such could be shared by the ‘international community’. R2P adopted a similar approach, glossing over the potential tensions between sovereignty, self-determination and human rights.
Effect of In-Shoe Foot Orthosis Contours on Heel Pain Due to Calcaneal Spurs

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of contouring the shoe insole on calcaneal pressure and heel pain in calcaneal spur patients. Calcaneal pressure was measured using three force sensors from 13 patients including three males and 10 females. These patients have plantar heel pain due to calcaneal spurs, and we examined five customized contour insole foot areas (0–100%). Sensors were attached at the central heel (CH), lateral heel (LH) and medial heel (MH) of the foot. The pain was measured using an algometer and evaluated by the pain minimum compressive pressure (PMCP). In this study, it was observed that the calcaneal pressure decreased with increasing insole foot area. In addition, increasing the insole foot area from 25% to 50% can reduce the calcaneal pressure approximately 17.4% at the LH and 30.9% at the MH, which are smaller than the PMCP, while at the MH, pressure reduced 6.9%, which is greater than the PMCP. Therefore, to reduce pain, one can use 50% insole foot area, even though at MH it is still 19.3% greater than the PMCP. Excellent pain relief was observed when using 100% insole foot area, as the pressures in those three areas are lower than the PMCPs, but it is not recommended because it requires large production costs.
Religiosity and Altruism: Exploring the Link and its Relation to Happiness

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This article investigates whether there is a link between religiosity and altruism for individuals and, more specifically, how this link is experienced. The study applies both statistical analysis of survey data and phenomenological analysis of interview material. The analysis both questions the often assumed religiosity–altruism link and explores its nature, particularly from the perspective of the individual who experiences this link. The findings indicate that the attitudes and acts of altruism are indeed linked to religiosity, yet there are also modes of altruism were no connection is detected. The phenomenological analysis yields a novel model of five components of the religiosity–altruism link from individual experience: 1) faith and values in action, 2) personal relation to God, 3) institutions, 4) communal support and networks in congregations, 5) teachings of the Bible. Overall, this article offers new insights by deepening our understanding of the religiosity–altruism link as such and its relation to the classical expectation of religiosity and altruism being pivotal to happiness.
Challenges of Sexuality Expression in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Sexuality, although an essential component of human health, remains a controversial topic shrouded in stigma, particularly in the context of neurodiversity, which includes autism spectrum disorder (ASD), where the expression of sexuality presents unique challenges. Autism and sexuality is a complex and multifaceted topic that involves understanding the unique ways in which individuals on the autism spectrum experience and express their sexuality. Objectives The purpose of this work is to address the complexity of the biopsychosocial sexuality components of people with autism, promoting a shift in the medical perspective, societal attitudes, and supporting greater inclusion of these individuals in current discussions regarding this area of human behavior and experience. Methods Evidence-based review, through research conducted on PubMed and selection of the most relevant studies on this topic, published in the last decade. Results Sexuality in autism is now recognized as a normative and integral aspect of development and functioning. Existing research suggests that most individuals with ASD display a clear interest in sexuality and relationships, with a study reviling that 96% of the ASD sample expressed an interest in sexuality. Individuals with high autistic traits tended to identify themselves more times as bisexual or presented a sexuality not definable within the categories of heterosexual. The relationship between autism and gender dysphoria is an area of ongoing research and discussion. Studies have suggested a higher prevalence of gender diverse identities and experiences within the autism community compared to the general population. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the increased gender and sexual diversity among individuals with autism. People with ASD may face unique challenges when it comes to their sexuality. The impairments in social skills and communication central to ASD potentially impact an autistic individual’s expression and experience of sexuality by affecting their abilities to understand and interpret social cues, emotions, and nonverbal behaviors of others. Importantly, such individuals may be more vulnerable, as they may have different or even limited understanding of boundaries and consent. To address these challenges, it is important to acknowledge and respect the diversity of sexual experiences and desires among individuals with neuro(bio)logical differences. This can be done by providing accurate and inclusive sex education, creating safe spaces for such individuals to explore and express their sexuality, and working to address discrimination and abuse in intimate contexts. Conclusions Recognizing and respecting this diversity and fostering inclusive and accepting environments, we can help individuals with neurological differences to fully express and explore their sexuality and have satisfying sexual lives. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Sidgwick's Conception of Ethics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

J. B. Schneewind's Sidgwick's Ethics and Victorian Moral Philosophy surpassed all previous treatments of Sidgwick's The Methods of Ethics by showing how Sidgwick's work follows a coherent plan of argument for a conception of ethics as grounded in practical reason. Schneewind offered his interpretation as the product of a historical rather than a critical study. This article undertakes a critical study of Sidgwick's work based on Schneewind's interpretation. Its thesis is that the conception of ethics for which Sidgwick argued is incoherent. As a result, it is argued, the coherent plan of argument in the Methods that Schneewind disclosed masks a deep incoherence in the argument itself.
Development of catalysts for fast, energy efficient post combustion capture of CO2 into water; an alternative to monoethanolamine (MEA) solvents

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The aim is to develop fast catalytic absorption/desorption of CO2 at low temperatures using water as solvent. The naturally occurring zinc metallo -enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) can concentrate CO2 using a reversible hydration/dehydration cycle at neutral pH and at ambient temperatures. A number of macrocyclic and tripodal complexes of zinc (II), and other metals that mimic the CA catalytic process, proceed by hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate followed by the reverse dehydration of the bicarbonate to regenerate CO2. This initial study is of the fast catalysis of the reverse reaction (the dehydration of the bicarbonate ion back to CO2) at temperatures in the range 20–55 C. The turnover rate constants for the catalytic desorption have been measured for zinc-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclo-dodecane, (zinc-cyclen), the zinc tripodal complexes: zinc-nitrilo-tris(2-benzimidazoyl-methyl-6-sulfonic acid), (zinc-L1S), and zinc-tris(2-benzimidazoylmethyl)-amine, (zinc -LI). CA or the zinc complexes are proposed for utilization in a water based capture process, hence avoiding the energy intensive steam stripping steps necessary with amine solvents.
Cervical Intramedullary Schwannoma with Syrinx: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Schwannoma is a nerve sheath tumor originating from the Schwann cell. It is benign in nature and it arises from anywhere where Schwann cells can be found. It is rarely found in the parenchyma of the spinal cord. Intramedullary schwannomas (or neurilemmomas) without evidence of neurofibromatosis are rare spinal cord tumors. Intramedullary schwannoma was first reported in 1932 by Penfield. Our patient presented with neck pain, gradually worsening, weakness in the right upper and lower limbs, numbness in both shoulders, and a decrease in the grasping strength of both hands over a 4-year period. A magnetic resonance imaging of the spine showed a heterogeneously enhancing mass in the cervical spinal cord extending from the C2 to T1 levels with associated hemorrhagic changes. Histologically, the tumor was found to be composed of bland spindle cells with blunt-ended and sometimes wavy nuclei admixed with hyalinized vasculature. Surrounding reactive spinal cord parenchyma with frequent Rosenthal fibers was also observed. Focal Verocay bodies were evident, and with immunohistochemistry, there was diffuse and strong positivity for S100, which is confirmatory for the diagnosis of schwannoma. We report a case of cervical intramedullary schwannoma presented with syringobulbia in a young adult.
Avoiding Discrimination Litigation With Teachers With Disabilities: A Litigation Review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Qualified teachers with disabilities are protected by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). To maintain legal compliance, principals must have an understanding of employment law, but often lack the training to prevent legal liability. This study reviewed litigation on discrimination claims under the ADA and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Discrimination claims included failure to accommodate, adverse employment action, wrongful termination, and constructive discharge. Authors analyze results and discuss implications for future research and practice.
The Digital Abyss in Zimbabwe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Just as refugees fleeing to escape Zimbabwe have struggled to cross the crocodile-hungry waters of the Limpopo, so are Zimbabweans battling to find ways to traverse the abyss of a digital divide affecting their country. In 2008-09, Zimbabwe was rated third worst in the world for its national information communications technology (ICT) capability by the World Economic Forum, being ranked at 132/134 nations on the global ICT 'networked readiness index'. Digital divide issues, including severe deficits in access to new technologies facing this small Sub-Saharan country, are therefore acute. In terms of global power relations involving ICT capability, Zimbabwe has little influence in any world ranking of nations. A history of oppression, economic collapse, mismanagement, poverty, disease, corruption, discrimination, public sector breakdown and population loss has rendered the country almost powerless in ICT terms. Applying a critical social theory methodology and drawing on Freirean conceptions of critical pedagogy to promote emancipation through equal access to e-learning, this chapter is written in two parts. In the first place, it analyzes grim national statistics relating to education and to the digital divide in Zimbabwe, situating these in the wider context of Africa; in the second part, the chapter applies this information in a practical fictional setting to imagine life through the eyes of an average Zimbabwean male farm worker called Themba, recounting through narrative an example of the impact on one person's life that could result from, firstly, a complete lack of educational and ICT resources for adults in a rural farming situation and, secondly, new opportunities as a migrant to become engaged with adult and higher education, including ICT training and facilities. Access to education, to book publications, to ICT facilities, in dialogue with others during a long process of conscientization, are seen to open up democratising and liberating opportunities for Themba in South Africa. The powerful transformation that takes place Themba's life and propels him towards many achievements as an e-learning teacher is inspired by Freire's critical pedagogy: it provides a message of hope in an otherwise exceptionally bleak educational and technological situation, given the current difficult socio-economic and political situation that has resulted in a digital abyss in Zimbabwe.Request access from your librarian to read this chapter's full text.
Is the Radcliffe wave turbulent?

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We use the observed vertical velocity field, of various young tracers of the gas kinematics, obtained by Li and Chen (2022), Konietzka et al. (2024) and Zhu et al. (2024), in order to test for the existence of turbulence. We do so by computing the power spectrum and the structure function of the vertical velocity field. The latter suggest the existence of compressible, Burgers, turbulence. The turbulence timescale on the largest spatial scale is about 500 Myr , implying that the turbulence has been generated 500 Myr ago. The turbulence region depth in a direction perpendicular to the Radcliffe wave direction is about 400 pc.
Effect of Ablation of the Subfornical Organ on Water Intake Elicited by Systemically Administered Angiotensin-II

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The effect of electrolytic lesions of the subfornical organ on water intake induced by the continuous infusion of angiotensin-II through a chronic jugular cannula was studied. Lesions of the subfornical organ significantly reduced but did not abolish the elicited drinking. These results support the hypothesis that the subfornical organ is a receptor site for angiotensin-II but also suggest that this may not be the only site of receptors.
Cultured mammary carcinoma cells contain gonadotropin‐releasing hormone‐like immunoreactivity, gnrh binding sites and chorionic gonadotropin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Immunoperoxidase staining and radioimmunoassay were used to identify gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in 4 mammary carcinoma cell lines. GnRH‐like immunoreactivity was found in all cell lines; 2 lines also contained hCG. Binding of a GnRH agonist was demonstrated by radioreceptor assay in cultured mammary carcinoma cells. In cell column perfusion of the same cells, exogenous GnRH did not stimulate release of hCG.
Gas Dynamics and Star Formation in NGC 6822

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We present H i gas kinematics and star formation activities of NGC 6822, a dwarf galaxy located in the Local Group at a distance of ∼490 kpc. We perform profile decomposition of line-of-sight velocity profiles of the H i data cube (42.4″ × 12.0″ spatial, corresponding to ∼100 pc; 1.6 km s −1 spectral) taken with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. For this, we use a new tool, the so-called baygaud , which is based on Bayesian analysis techniques, allowing us to decompose a line-of-sight velocity profile into an optimal number of Gaussian components in a quantitative manner. We classify the decomposed H i gas components of NGC 6822 into cool-bulk, warm-bulk, cool-non-bulk, and warm-non-bulk motions with respect to their centroid velocities and velocity dispersions. We correlate their gas surface densities with corresponding star formation rate densities derived using both the GALEX far-ultraviolet and WISE 22 μ m data to examine the resolved Kennicutt–Schmidt (K-S) law for NGC 6822. Of the decomposed H i gas components, the cool-bulk component is likely to better follow the linear extension of the K-S law for molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) at low gas surface densities where H i is not saturated.
Upper Extremity Dysfunction after Trans-Radial Interventions- Experience from a Tertiary Care Center of North India

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Coronary artery disease treatment by percutaneous intervention has revolutionised the management of this disease and the choice and safety of vascular access site has significantly contributed to the outcome of the overall procedure. Aim: To assess upper extremity dysfunction in patients undergoing Transradial Coronary Angiography (CAG) and Percutaneous Coronary Interventions (PCI). Materials and Methods: This study involved patients planned for transradial coronary intervention. Patients were assessed for development of upper extremity dysfunction and other local complications post procedure at 24 hours, 2 weeks, 1 month and 6 months. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 21. Results: A total of 165 patients were enrolled in the study. There were 123 (74.5%) males. Total 156 patients (94.5%) had stable angina as underlying diagnosis, 4 (2.4%) had unstable angina, 2 (1.2%) had Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI), 1 (0.6%) had ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and 2 (1.2%) required CAG before valve replacement. A 5F sheath was used in 110 (66.67%) and 6F sheath in 55 (33.33%) cases. Tiger catheter was used in all 165 patients initially for diagnostic angiography. Dynamometer testing showed reversible downgrading of hand grip in 49% of patients post-procedure. Local site haematoma was seen in 3 (1.8%) at 24 hours, reversible vascular occlusion in 2 (1.2%) at 24 hours and Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Minor bleed in 1 (0.6%) at 24 hours. No significant correlation was seen between sheath or catheter size with dynamometer testing or local complication. Conclusion: There was no significant upper extremity dysfunction after trans-radial intervention in the study population.