jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Strategic perspectives in the coal industry of the Russian Federation

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The article is devoted to the analysis and defi nition of priority strategic directions of development of the coal industry of the Russian Federation in conditions of instability and sanctions pressure. The authors present scientifi c grounds for methodological approaches to strategic management of the coal industry of Russia that would ensure a strategic breakthrough in development in the long term in the current crisis conditions. Working out the key government strategic decisions should affect fi scal, investment, technological and foreign trade strategies. The authors justify the necessity of changes in the legal regulation concerning the improvement of the mechanisms for providing preferential trade fi nance conditions to enterprises and the opportunity of the presidency of trading companies in the zones with a special administrative regime. It is recommended that the approach to taxation of ship chartering services should be simplifi ed, and the distribution of freight capacity to the ports of the Far East and increase of the processing capacity of such terminals to the actually confi rmed capacity should be consolidated by the Government. It is suggested that the logistic ship traffi c chains should be redirected to the eastern ports, i.e. the ports of the Asian Pacifi c market. It is regarded as strategically important to extend the regime of territories of advanced development, which have justifi ed the possibility of effective development of the region, for the resident manufacturers of coal products who have confi rmed their effectiveness; to provide the coal mining companies with the opportunity of gaining the priority right to use mineral resources in license areas adjacent to its own facilities. It is essential to ensure system government support of scientifi c developments in improving the means and methods of geological exploration. Implementation of the suggested strategic perspectives in coal industry will ensure sustainable development of coal mining companies in the long-term perspective. Further research should be directed towards the search for mechanisms of identifying the most effective strategies of development of coal mining enterprises in unstable conditions.
Problems of integration of the Russian Federation into the system of international standards of auditing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Russia's integration into the international legal economy is extremely difficult. The main reason for this is the much later transition of the Russian Federation to a market-based economic system. The Russian Federation is more focused on domestic legislation, and although international sources of regulation are recognized on its territory, they do not have the same authority as in the legal systems of the Western world. Therefore, an important part of Russia's integration into the international economy is the synchronization of financial regulation in national systems. The article is devoted to one of the key points of Russia's integration into the international economy: the implementation of international accounting regulations and audit rules. In turn, the international standards for the regulation of auditing activities, their main goal is to create a single legal regulation of accounting statements. The relevance of the topic is determined on the one hand, by the importance of international markets and the attractiveness of Russia for foreign investors, and on the other, by the many problems that arise when trying to implement the norms of international law in the national legal field. The article examines the immediate difficulties and problems, as well as legal conflicts that arose in the process of implementing the norms of international financial law in the Russian Federation. The basis of the study was the cause-and-effect relationships, which become the basis for the occurrence of the above-mentioned problems. The article analyzes the linguistic, legal, moral and ethical contradictions that accompany the process of implementing the norms of international financial law in the national legal system of the Russian Federation. The analysis involves the consideration of problems in accordance with the moments of their occurrence. Further in the article the ways of solving the mentioned problems, the possibilities of overcoming legal conflicts, the ways of overcoming social and ethical contradictions are considered. In addition to the analysis of the legal essence of the process of implementation of international financial reporting standards, the article examines the situation of the modern market of audit services and the impact of audit practices on the system of regulation of the legal relations under study.
Jane Addams and the men of the Chicago School, 1892-1918

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Jane Addams is well known for her leadership in urban reform, social settlements, pacifism, social work, and women's suffrage.The men of the Chicago School are well known for their leadership in founding sociology and the study of urban life.What has remained hidden however, is that Jane Addams played a pivotal role in the development of sociology and worked closely with the male faculty at the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago. By using extensive archival material, Mary Jo Deegan is the first to document Addams's sociological significance and the existence of a sexual division of labor during the founding years of the discipline. As the leader of the women's network, Addams was able to bridge these two spheres of work and knowledge.Through an analysis of the changing relations between the male and female networks, Deegan shows that the Chicago men varied widely in their understanding and acceptance of her sociological though and action.Despite this variation, it was through her work with the men of the Chicago School that Addams left a legacy for sociology as a way of thinking, an area of study, and a methodological approach to data collecting. This previously unexamined heritage of American sociology will be of value to anyone interested in the history of the social sciences, especially sociology and social work, the development of American social thought, the role of professional women, the Progressive Era, and the intellectual contributions of Jane Addams.
Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions for Anxiety Disorders: Rapid Review Suggestion of Larger Effects among Hispanic than Non-Hispanic White People

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Anxiety disorders are common among Hispanic people. Evidence-based guidelines indicate cognitive-behavioral interventions (CBI), but they were developed primarily with non-Hispanic white (NHW) people. This rapid scoping review and meta-analysis clarified the relative effectiveness of CBI with Hispanics and NHW people with anxiety disorders and explored the clinical effects of cultural modifications among Hispanic people. Evidence from nine studies in the United States and one in Puerto Rico was synthesized. Meta-analysis of four randomized controlled trials (RCT) found no statistically or practically significant differences between Hispanic and NHW participants on anxiety alleviation. Both groups enjoyed large clinical benefits. However, a significantly greater drop-out rate among Hispanic participants was found. Meta-analytic adjustment for this study characteristic of loss to follow-up suggested a somewhat larger clinical benefit among NHW people. Scoping synthesis of six non-RCTs suggested that deep cultural adaptations of CBI would substantially improve outcomes among Hispanic people. Consistent with Hispanic-paradox and barrio advantage theories such culturally sensitive interventions may well take beneficial Hispanic outcomes beyond those of NHW people. This field’s synthetic knowledge, therefore, essentially consists of two competing hypotheses that will require rigorous testing with a necessarily larger and better controlled RCT than has been represented in this field thus far.
Wool, Toothbrushes, and Beards: Kalimpong and the “Golden Era” of Cross-Border Trade

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the first issues of the Himalayan Times, a locally produced newspaper, Kalimpong is described as having a high potential for development, due to the caravans of wool making their way from Tibet through Kalimpong and on to India, the US, and beyond. In the years to follow, the Kalimpong trading scene became a well-known locus for the sharing of geopolitical knowledge and the forging of new economic networks from far-flung locations. From a mule staging ground to a retail hub for commodities such as Santa Claus beards, this paper argues that an examination of the changes in mid-twentieth century Kalimpong-based trade is a good starting point from which to investigate larger scale geopolitical shifts and the restructuring of social and economic inequalities in the Himalayas.
Prednisone inhibits late asthmatic reactions and the associated increase in airway responsiveness induced by toluene-diisocyanate in sensitized subjects.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To determine whether late asthmatic reactions and the associated increase in airway responsiveness induced by toluene diisocyanate (TDI) are linked to airway inflammation, we investigated whether they are inhibited by prednisone. Ten "sensitized" subjects were studied in 2 sets of experiments. In the first set, each subject was given no treatment and was studied before and for 8 h after exposure to TDI. In the second set, 2 to 4 wk later, each subject was studied before treatment and then during treatment with prednisone (50 mg once a day for 3 days, orally), both before and after exposure to TDI. To assess late asthmatic reactions to TDI, we measured FEV1 immediately before and after exposure, then hourly for 8 h. To assess changes in airway responsiveness, we measured the provocation dose (mg) of methacholine causing a 20% decrease in FEV1 (PD20FEV1) before and 8 h after exposure to TDI. When the subjects received no prednisone treatment, TDI caused late asthmatic reactions and increased airway responsiveness. By contrast, when the subjects received prednisone, TDI caused no late asthmatic reaction or increased airway responsiveness. Prednisone did not change baseline airway caliber or airway responsiveness. These results suggest that late asthmatic reactions and the associated increase in airway responsiveness induced by TDI in "sensitized" subjects may depend on the development of a steroid-responsive acute inflammatory reaction within the airways.
Recruiting and Retaining NP Preceptors

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

It is estimated that by 2020, the shortage of primary care providers will reach over 20,000. This has led to a surge of nurse practitioner (NP) programs across the nation. Recruiting and retaining preceptors is of paramount importance. Barriers and incentives to precepting must be identified in order to maximize teaching capacity. More effective ways of training NP students (NPs) need to be explored to capitalize on the time preceptors invest with students. The adoption of the OMP teaching model may facilitate training for the preceptor and improve the learning of NPs due to its simplicity and efficiency.
The heritability of serum lipoprotein and lipid concentrations. A twin study

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The genetic influence on serum lipid and lipoprotein levels was estimated in twins. Twin zygosity was confirmed by analysis of at least 19 genetic marker systems in each twin. Fifty pairs of randomly selected, healthy, normolipidemic twins, 18 to 24 years of age, were studied. Significant differences were found between the inter‐ and intrapair variances for all lipid and lipoprotein parameters in the monozygous twins, and for most values in dizygous twins. The intrapair variances of all lipid and lipoprotein parameters tested were smaller in MZ than DZ twins, and significant differences were found for cholesterol, phospholipids, total lipids, pre‐β‐ and α‐lipoproteins. H statistics, intraclass correlations and the F ratios all point to a high, but somewhat varying degree of genetic influence on the levels of all serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations investigated, the genetic effect being particulary pronounced for cholesterol and total lipids.
THE MICROSCOPIC AND IMMUNOHISTOLOGIC ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE PANCREAS OF PYGMY AND DWARF SPERM WHALES (KOGIIDAE)

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A bstract Histologic studies of pancreatic tissues of one pygmy sperm whale, Kiogia breviceps , and one dwarf sperm whale, K. simus , demonstrated rather typical exocrine pancreatic anatomy. Peroxidase‐antiperoxidase (PAP) techniques determined that the cell composition of the islets of Langerhans resembled that of other mammals. Within islets, cells secreting insulin (B‐cells) and glucagon (A‐cells), were clearly demonstrated, but, surprisingly, isolated A‐ and B‐cells were also found among pancreatic acinar cells. PAP techniques demonstrated the presence of neuron‐specific enolase within islets, but failed to provide a sufficiently clear reaction to demonstrate the presence of somarostatin‐producing D‐cells. No positive PAP reaction for serotonin occurred.
Evaluation of Pediatric Lateral Oropharyngeal Trauma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE We reviewed the mechanism of injury, presentation, and evaluation of children with trauma to the lateral oropharynx. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We conducted a retrospective review of patients in an urban pediatric emergency department with trauma to the lateral oropharynx over a 5‐year period. RESULTS Forty‐eight patients were identified with documented injuries of the lateral oropharynx placing the internal carotid artery at risk of injury. The average age was 42 months, with a male‐to‐female ratio of 1.5:1. Seventy‐seven percent of patients had a documented neurologic examination. Examinations were normal in all cases. Computed tomography scans were obtained in 14 patients, identifying 3 patients with carotid abnormalities. Angiography subsequently diagnosed intimal injuries in 2 of the 3 patients. There were no known cases of neurovascular compromise. CONCLUSION Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography may be an effective screening examination in this patient population, helping to determine which children should be admitted for angiography and observation.
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome in a patient on maintenance hemodialysis with peritoneal failure: A case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は55歳，男性．慢性糸球体腎炎による慢性腎不全に対して，1997年に腹膜透析を導入された．腹膜硬化が強くなり，2007年より血液透析に移行となった．2009年9月より嘔吐と食思不振を呈するようになった．腹部CTおよび胃十二指腸造影検査の結果，十二指腸水平脚での閉塞を認め，上腸間膜動脈症候群（SMA症候群）と診断した．保存的加療を行ったが症状は改善しなかった．その後，胃空腸吻合術を施行したが，術後，縫合不全を生じ死亡した．腹膜透析経験患者におけるSMA症候群に対して外科的治療を施行した症例は，文献上2例あるが，いずれも術後に死亡の転帰をたどっている．腹膜透析経験患者におけるSMA症候群の治療は非常に困難である．
Development of biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The concept of biosensor based on imaging ellipsometry was proposed ten years ago. Its principle and the methodology as well as some solutions to problems which have to be faced during the development are mentioned. Its properties of phase sensitive, high throughput and fast sampling, as well as label‐free, sensitivity better than 1 ng/ml for Immunoglobulin G, and real‐time analysis for protein interaction process, etc. provide a potential for applications in biomedicine field. The recent biosensing development with total internal reflection imaging ellipsometry is presented also. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Problems in Assessing Diabetes Control in an Ambulatory Setting

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Problems in using medical records to assess outcomes of diabetes care have not been well defined. We reviewed the medical records of 288 patients with diabetes receiving ambulatory care over a 2-year period. We determined the availability of different tests of glycemic control and described site performance as the percentage of patients with a blood glucose exceeding either 180 or 240 mg/dl. Glycosylated hemoglobin determinations were performed in only 26.7% of patients. A blood glucose was available in 208 patients (72.2%) during a 6-month outcome period. For almost 50% of the sample, the glucose was greater than 180 mg/dl, whereas in 20% it exceeded 240 mg/dl. Judgments of whether sites differed in performance depended on how control was defined. Using a single glucose determination and a threshold of 180 mg/dl, similar fractions of patients were poorly controlled at each site (51.2 versus 45.0 versus 47.0%) (P = 0.75). At 240 mg/dl, although, one site performed much worse than the other two (14.6 versus 16.7 versus 31.8%) (P = 0.02). These results highlight difficulties in defining the outcome measure when using medical records to evaluate quality of care.
Structural and Dynamical Properties of Nucleic Acid Hairpins Implicated in Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion Diseases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Dynamic mutations in some human genes containing trinucleotide repeats are associated with severe neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders—known as Trinucleotide (or Triplet) Repeat Expansion Diseases (TREDs)—which arise when the repeat number of triplets expands beyond a critical threshold. While the mechanisms causing the DNA triplet expansion are complex and remain largely unknown, it is now recognized that the expandable repeats lead to the formation of nucleotide configurations with atypical structural characteristics that play a crucial role in TREDs. These nonstandard nucleic acid forms include single-stranded hairpins, Z-DNA, triplex structures, G-quartets and slipped-stranded duplexes. Of these, hairpin structures are the most prolific and are associated with the largest number of TREDs and have therefore been the focus of recent single-molecule FRET experiments and molecular dynamics investigations. Here, we review the structural and dynamical properties of nucleic acid hairpins that have emerged from these studies and the implications for repeat expansion mechanisms. The focus will be on CAG, GAC, CTG and GTC hairpins and their stems, their atomistic structures, their stability, and the important role played by structural interrupts.
Immobilization of unmodified aminoanthraquinone derivatives onto silica gel surface for solid-phase extraction and pre-concentration of Pb(II)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this project, silica gel chemically bonded with derivatives of aminoanthraquinone were synthesized and characterized. Adsorbents 1,8-aminoanthraquinone-3-aminopropylsilica (SL1), 2-aminoanthraquinone-3-aminopropylsilica (SL2) and 1-aminoanthraquinone-3-aminopropylsilica (SL3) were produced and tested to adsorb heavy metal solutions including Pb(II) Cu(II) Zn(II) Cd(II) and Co(II). The concentrations of the adsorbed heavy metals solution were calculated by atomic adsorption spectrophotometry employing a batch method. The results showed that speed at 200 rpm for 30 min with pH 9 is the optimum condition for heavy metal adsorption. The result also indicated that adsorbent SL3 is the best adsorbent for Pb(II) at 82.5%, and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) was lower than 6%. The method detection limit was 1.1 µg L-1 for Pb2+. In addition, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation results suggested that the adsorbent sensor formed stable complexes with Pb(II) through a large number of cation-dipole interactions. The method was also applied with satisfactory results to the pre-concentration of trace Pb(II) in environmental samples.
P1–366: Model‐based meta‐analysis of the efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine in mild‐to‐moderate Alzheimer's disease as assessed by ADAS‐Cog scores

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The objective of this work was to characterize the efficacy dose-response relationships of the cholinesterase inhibitors donepezil, rivastigimine, galantamine and tacrine, and the NMDA receptor antagonist, memantine, in mild-to-moderate Alzhemier's disease (AD) using a model-based meta-analysis approach. A database of all publicly available efficacy information on drugs approved or evaluated for treatment of AD was developed. Subsequently, 31 active- or placebo-controlled monotherapy trials (duration 21–52, majority trials approximately 24 weeks) for mild-to-moderate AD with available ADAS-Cog-11 efficacy data for the aforementioned drugs (summary level data from 11,816 patients) were selected for analysis. A non-linear mixed-effects modeling approach using NONMEM was applied. The change from baseline in ADAS-Cog-11 scores at end of trial (observed cases or last observation carried forward) was the dependent variable in the analysis and the daily dose was the independent variable. Patient/trial variables that may have affected response were investigated. The final dose-response model was an E max model with a common E max for all drugs, drug-dependent ED 50 values and estimated placebo response with random between-trial variability. The model estimated placebo response was 1.6 points worsening relative to baseline (between-trial SD=1.1). The estimated E max was -2.9 points relative to baseline (i.e. -4.5 points relative to placebo). Donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine and tacrine had an estimated ED 50 of 6.6, 17, 11 and 280 mg, and an estimated effect of -2.7, -2.7, -2.4 and -1.7 points relative to placebo, respectively, at their highest approved dose for mild-to-moderate AD. Memantine ED 50 estimate was 31 mg and had efficacy comparable to tacrine in mild-to-moderate AD at its approved moderate-to-severe dose. The estimated within-trial SD was 7.7 points. There was no statistical evidence that baseline score, trial year, subject age, or method of imputation impacted the placebo response within the limitations of evaluated data. These results quantitatively characterized the dose-response relationships of evaluated drugs and demonstrate that donepezil, galantamine and rivastigimine have comparable and modest efficacy in treatment of mild-to-moderate AD. Tacrine and memantine have even lower efficacy in this population. Present results aid quantitative efficacy profiling of new therapies versus existing options for treatment of AD.