jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
When past meets future in Persian: A construction grammar approach to futurity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In Persian, two of the verbal constructions used for expressing futurity – the Past Simple and the Future Simple – are built around the past form of the main verb. This paper seeks to demystify this connection between the past and the future by investigating how these past forms contribute to the expression of futurity and setting this within an overall analysis of the future constructions in this language. Based on the form of the main verb in 940 sentences with verbal future constructions, six constructions were identified and categorized into future-oriented past constructions (FPST), which include the Past Simple and the Future Simple, and future-oriented present constructions (FPRT), which include the Present Simple, the Present Progressive, the Present Subjunctive and the WANT construction. A construction grammar approach together with Reichenbach and neo-Reichenbach terminology was then utilized to distinguish the differing relations between tense, aspect, mood and speaker perspective, and assign syntactic-semantic maps in terms of features such as level of formality, perfectness, intended future, certainty and inner aspect (aktionsart) to each of the FPST and FPRT constructions. It is argued that the use of the past form of the main verb in the Past Simple and the Future Simple (FPST constructions) owes much to aspectual and ontological factors, with the past element indicating certainty, perfectness and a speaker perspective of looking back.
Synthetic Two-Dimensional Polymers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Synthetic two-dimensional polymers (2DPs) are an emerging subclass of 2D materials that are accessible by mild and rational synthesis procedures. Because of their structure, which is reminiscent of a molecular fisherman's net, 2DPs strongly differ from conventional linear polymers. They are expected to show applications in fields such as gas separation, nonlinear optics, and miniaturization of optical devices. The article sketches the historic development that led to the first fully proven representatives, describing each case in detail and comparing the current main access routes. Insights into some application aspects are also given. Alternative synthesis routes are also presented, together with the critical analytical issues. Structure analysis is perhaps the greatest challenge in this field, which arises with regard to proving the periodic structure of a 2DP. This article intends to stimulate the interest of an interdisciplinary community to join forces to develop this promising field even more quickly.
Optimizing Object Invocation Using Optimistic Incremental Specialization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper advocates a general technique, called optimistic incremental specialization, that addresses two limitations mentioned previously. First, can we optimize on &quot;invariants&quot; that are not guaranteed? Second, can we use specialized implementations and avoid inserting run-time checks in the invocation path? Section 2 describes optimistic incremental specialization and section 3 discusses our current status and open issues. We review related research in section 4 and summarize in section 5.
P-614 Endometrial preparation: effect of estrogen levels before the embryo transfer on the live birth rate from 14825 freezing-all cycles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Study question Is there a difference in live birth rate during discrepant estrogen levels before the embryo transfer following either hormone replacement therapy (HRT) or natural cycle(NC)? Summary answer The higher estrogen level on the day before embryo transfer may reduce the live birth rate in either HRT or NC. What is known already The endometrial preparation of frozen embryo transfer cycle is to synchronize of endometrium and embryo under the condition of exogenous estrogen and progesterone drugs in HRT or follicle monitoring in NC. Estrogen is crucial and different estrogen levels could imply variations on endometrial preparation. Information on the effect of discrepant estrogen levels before the embryo transfer on reproductive outcomes of women undergoing freezing-all cycles is scarce. Study design, size, duration Retrospective cohort study including 14825 first frozen embryo transfers following IVF/ICSI undergoing freezing-all cycles from January 2016 to December 2020. A total of 12305 (83.0%) patients received NC while 2520 (17.0%) received HRT. Participants/materials, setting, methods Effect of estrogen levels on live birth rates, stratifified by deciles and ROC to determine the cutoff values for estrogen level on the day before embryo transfer.Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounders. Main results and the role of chance The live birth rate was 44.7% and 52.4% in HRT and NC respectively. The live birth rate of HRT began to decline when the estrogen level was P60 in the deciles which the cut-off values of ROC was closed with the estrogen level was 891.6 pg/ml. The lower level of estrogen on the day before embryo transfer in HRT corresponds to a higher live birth rate（51.4% vs 32.9%）.The cut-off values of ROC in NC was statistically different with the estrogen level was 194.4 pg/ml. The lower level of estrogen on the day before embryo transfer in NC corresponds to a higher live rate（53.0% vs 48.6%）.After adjusting the possible confounding factors by multivariate logistic regression, it was found that the estrogen level on the day before embryo transfer in HRT and NC was the independent influencing factor of live birth rate with the OR of 0.57 (0.47,0.68) and 0.82 (0.74,0.90), respectively. Limitations, reasons for caution The greatest limitation of this study is its retrospective study. On the other hand, this study was performed using non-PGT cycle, although this is unlikely to affect the results,we cannot exclude the possibility that euploid embryo responds differently to endometrial state in comparison to aneuploid embryo. Wider implications of the findings In freezing-all cycles, the higher estrogen level on the day before embryo transfer may reduce the live birth rate in either HRT or NC. Clinicians should pay attention to the control of estrogen level in luteal phase. Trial registration number Nona
Unusual contact allergens from plants in the family Hydrophyllaceae

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The dermatitic constituents of the glandular hairs of plants in the family Hydrophyllaceae comprise a class of uncommon natural products called “phacelioids”. The chemical structures consist of various elaborations of hydroquinone attached to a C 10 to C 20 prenyl chain. Certain of these compounds are equivalent to the urushiols of Toxicadendron (Rhus) in their capacity to sensitize humans. Although structurally related to the urushiols, the phacelioids do not appear to cross‐react in humans either with urushiol, or between phacelioids with different prenyl chains.
CHAPTER 8. Group-specific Internal Standard Technology (GSIST) for Mass Spectrometry-based Metabolite Profiling

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Beyond the difficulty of identifying the myriad of metabolites in even the simplest biological system, there is an increasing need to simultaneously quantify changes in the concentration and flux of these components as organisms develop and respond to environmental pressures. Although recent advances in separation technology and mass spectrometry afford 2-4-dimensional fractionation with vast improvements in the ability to ionise, detect, fragment and identify a thousand or more analytes in a single LC/MS run, matrix suppression of ionisation presents a major problem in quantification. To overcome these issues, an in vitro labelling method called ‘Group Specific Internal Standard Technology’ (GSIST) has been developed. This method isotopically codes large numbers of metabolites simultaneously with the same functional group(s) and precludes the need to synthesise metabolites of complex structure. Structurally identical, but isotopically distinct forms of a labelling agent are used to code experimental and control samples. After derivatisation, the samples are mixed and analysed in a single LC-MS run. Each metabolite from the control sample serves as an internal standard for corresponding isotopically distinct components in the experimental sample. Uses of GSIST in absolute quantification of metabolites, metabolic fingerprinting of bio-active compounds and structural identification is presented and discussed.
On the mechanisms of action of PAF on the myocardium.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effects of PAF (1-2 X 10(-7) M) on intracellular slow Ca-mediated action potentials (Ca-AP) and isometric contractions of guinea-pig auricle muscles and ionic currents of frog atrial trabeculae were investigated. PAF decreased the amplitude, duration and upstroke velocity of the slow Ca-AP mediated via the L-type Ca channels in guinea-pig auricle muscles without changes in the resting potential. The PAF receptor antagonist U-66985 (1-5 X 10(-6) M), histamine (10(-4) M) and 4-aminopyridine (3 mM) inhibited the depressant effects of PAF on the slow AP and contractions. PAF reduced the peak of the slow inward Ca current (ICa) via the L-type Ca channels of frog atrial trabeculae. Simultaneously, the delayed outward K current (IK) was increased by PAF. Pretreatment with the PAF receptor antagonist BN 52021 (4 X 10(-6) M) protected the effects of PAF on ICa and IK. Our data demonstrate both by direct and indirect methods of ICa registration an inhibiting effect of PAF on the ICa via the L-type Ca channels and make probable a similarity in PAF signalling in cardiac cells of cold- and warm-blooded animals. The coupling of changes of the ICa with the augmentation of IK accentuate the important role of myocardial L-type Ca and K channels in mediating the negative inotropic action of PAF. The ability of U-66985 and BN 52021 to inhibit the electrophysiological effects of PAF hint at a membrane signalling coupled by specific binding sites for PAF in the myocardium.
Pulmonary Effects of Neonatal Hydrocortisone Treatment in Ventilator-Dependent Preterm Infants

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background/Objective . Hydrocortisone, administered to ventilated preterm neonates to facilitate extubation, has no adverse long-term effects, but short-term pulmonary effects have not been described previously. In the present study, we analyzed effects of hydrocortisone on ventilator settings and FiO 2 in ventilator-dependent preterm infants. Patients and Methods . Fifty-five preterm children were included in this retrospective cohort study. Hydrocortisone was administered at a postnatal age of > 7 days to treat chronic lung disease (CLD). Ventilator settings before and after hydrocortisone administration were recorded as well as FiO 2 at 36 weeks' gestational age. Presence of cerebral palsy was assessed at a mean corrected age of 24.1 months. Results . Hydrocortisone administered at a median postnatal age of 14 days significantly reduced FiO 2 from a median of 0.39 to 0.30, mean airway pressure (MAP) from a median of 10.0 cm H 2 O to 7.6 cm H 2 O, and PaCO 2 from a median of 53.5 mmHg to 47 mmHg. Extubation was achieved in all patients. CLD at 36 weeks was present in 11 of the 52 patients (21.1%). None developed cerebral palsy. Conclusions . Hydrocortisone was effective in reducing the FiO 2 , MAP, and PaCO 2 and facilitated extubation. Hydrocortisone was not associated with cerebral palsy.
Gene Regulation in Animal miRNA Biogenesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

miRNAs are a class of noncoding RNAs of approximately 19-22 nucleotides that are widely found in animals, plants, bacteria and even viruses. Dysregulation of the expression profile of miRNAs is importantly linked to the development of diseases. Epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression and control cellular phenotypes. Although miRNAs are used as an epigenetic regulation tool, the biogenesis of miRNAs is also regulated by epigenetic events. Here the authors review the mechanisms and roles of epigenetic modification (DNA methylation, histone modifications), RNA modification and ncRNAs in the biogenesis of miRNAs, aiming to deepen the understanding of the miRNA biogenesis regulatory network.
Breast cancer pulmonary metastasis is increased in mice undertaking spontaneous physical training in the running wheel; a call for revising beneficial effects of exercise on cancer progression.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It has been repeatedly shown that regular aerobic exercise exerts beneficial effects on incidence and progression of cancer. However, the data regarding effects of exercise on metastatic dissemination remain conflicting. Therefore, in the present study the possible preventive effects of voluntary wheel running on primary tumor growth and metastases formation in the model of spontaneous pulmonary metastasis were analyzed after orthotopic injection of 4T1 breast cancer cells into mammary fat pads of female Balb/C mice. This study identified that in the mice injected with 4T1 breast cancer cells and running on the wheels (4T1 ex) the volume and size of the primary tumor were not affected, but the number of secondary nodules formed in the lungs was significantly increased compared to their sedentary counterparts (4T1 sed). This effect was associated with decreased NO production in the isolated aorta of exercising mice (4T1 ex), suggesting deterioration of endothelial function that was associated with lower platelet count without their overactivation. This was evidenced by comparable selectin P, active GPIIb/IIIa expression, fibrinogen and vWF binding on the platelet surface. In conclusion, voluntary wheel running appeared to impair, rather than improve endothelial function, and to promote, but not decrease metastasis in the murine orthotopic model of metastatic breast cancer. These results call for revising the notion of the persistent beneficial effects of voluntary exercise on breast cancer progression, though further studies are needed to elucidate mechanisms involved in pro-metastatic effects of voluntary exercise.
Are there reliable methods to estimate the nuclear orientation of Seyfert galaxies?

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Orientation, together with accretion and evolution, is one of the three main drivers in the Grand Unification of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Being unresolved, determining the true inclination of those powerful sources is always difficult and indirect, yet it remains a vital clue to apprehend the numerous, panchromatic and complex spectroscopic features we detect. There are only a hundred inclinations derived so far; in this context, can we be sure that we measure the true orientation of AGN? To answer this question, four methods to estimate the nuclear inclination of AGN are investigated and compared to inclination-dependent observables (hydrogen column density, Balmer linewidth, optical polarization, and flux ratios within the IR and relative to X-rays). Among these orientation indicators, the method developed by Fisher, Crenshaw, Kraemer et al., mapping and modeling the radial velocities of the [O iii] emission region in AGN, is the most successful. The [O iii]-mapping technique shows highly statistically significant correlations at >95% confidence level for rejecting null hypothesis for all the test cases. Such results confirm that the Unified Model is correct at a scale ranging from kiloparsec to a fraction of a parsec. However, at a radial distance less than 0.01 pc from the central black hole, warps and misalignments may change this picture.
Evaluation of foliar application of bio-stimulants and nutrients on the seed yield of transplanted finger millet (Eleusine coracana)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Foliar application of bio-stimulants and nutrients is a rapid and promising strategy to enhance the availability of nutrients at a critical stage of crop growth. This favoured the nutrient balance in improving crop growth and yield potential. Therefore, this field study was conducted during 2021 at a farmer’s field in Srivilliputhur block, Tamil Nadu to assess the effect of foliar application of bio-stimulants and nutrients on transplanted finger millet CO15. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications and eight treatments viz., Control, GA3 @ 50 ppm, Panchagava @ 3%, Seaweed extract (Sargassum wightii) @ 5%, Humic acid @ 5%, Boron @ 0.3%, ZnSO4 @ 0.5% and FeSO4 @ 0.5% sprayed twice at 20 DAT and 45 DAT. Ten characters namely plant height, number of tillers/hill, Leaf area index, dry matter production, number of ear heads/hill, number of fingers/ear head, finger length, test weight, seed yield and straw yield were studied. Among the different foliar treatments, NPK along with the foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% (T6 ) significantly enhance the growth and yield parameters compared to the other treatments. Hence, foliar application of ZnSO4 @ 0.5% (T6 ) could be adopted to get a higher seed yield.
Combined anterior and posterior maxillary osteotomy.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The combined anterior and posterior maxillary osteotomy is primarily indicated for maxillary alveolar hyperplasia. Treatment planning is somewhat more complex than usual for the combined procedure. A method for developing a treatment plan is presented. In contrast to the anterior maxillary osteotomy, the technique for posterior osteotomy is relatively new and has had several recent modifications. Guidelines are presented for rational selection of a specific combined technique. The results obtained with the combined technique have not been well documented. Nonetheless, results appear to be stable and complications are infrequent.
Effectiveness techniques of resources and expenditures marketing

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Marketing is one of the strategies which can increase bank revenues. Principles and techniques of marketing in view of their applied approaches with regard to bank′s financial resources and expenditures and the kind of relationship with clients and practical solutions in order to change and improve clich′e behaviors can be as one of the effective tools in the improvement of behavioral patterns of today′s competitive environment. Progress of relationship marketing in bank can be done in line of developing relationship with clients. keeping relationship with clients is a long-term phenomenon and instead of on-going results future impacts should be the center of attention. In this study concurrent with surveying relationship marketing some cases of their techniques can be studied in general. The method of study, is library method. the result indicates that important factors in the success of banks is to provide rapid services and satisfaction of clients. Therefore dynamic and innovative organization should comply with environment and increasing demands of clients.Then with careful and effective marketing we can realize our purpose of gaining benefit.
DETERMINANTS OF THE GROWTH OF INVESTMENT INCOME OF PENSIONS FUND SCHEMES: THE CASE OF LAPF IN DODOMA

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Award of Degree of Master of Science in Economics Project Planning and
Management (Msc. Eco. PPM) of Mzumbe University
2013
Synthesis of 9-β-D-Xylofuranosyl-6-mercaptopurine and 9-β-D-Xylofuranosylguanine 5'-Phosphate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An attempt was made to synthesize 9-β-D-xylofuranosylguanine (VI) by condensation of N2, N9(or7)-diacetylguanine (I) and 1, 2, 3, 5-tetra-O-acetyl-D-xylofuranose (II) by a fusion method. However the main product obtained was 7-xylofuranosylguanine (III). Compound VI was successfully synthesized by deamination of 2-chloroadenine xyloside derivative (IV) with nitrous acid followed by amination with ammonia. VI was enzymati cally phosphorylated to give 9-β-D-xylofuranosylguanine 5'-phosphate. This Compound was found to have a flavoring activity. Catalytic hydrogenation of 2-chlorohypoxanthine derivative (V) with palladium-charcoal afforded hypoxanthine xyloside (IX), which, after acetylation, was chlorinated with phosphorus oxychloride to give the chloro compound (XII). This was converted by reaction with thiourea and subsequent ammoniacal treatment to 9-β-D-xylofuranosyl-6-mercaptopurine (XIII).
Experimental high-gain quantum-injected optical parametric amplification and multiphoton phase-covariant cloning

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate multiphoton states generated by high-gain optical parametric amplification of a single injected photon-polarization encoded as a qubit. The experimental configuration exploits the optimal phase-covariant cloning. The output state of the apparatus is found to exhibit the quantum superposition property of mesoscopic multiphoton assemblies involving about 300 photons. This work represents an experimental advance toward the test of several fundamental quantum processes in mesoscopic or macroscopic frameworks.
[Tumor recurrence following negative second-look laparotomy in ovarian carcinoma].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Between January 1980 and December 1990, 107 ovarian carcinoma patients in clinical complete remission were submitted to a second-look laparotomy at our department. Borderline carcinomas were excluded from the study. Second-look laparotomy was negative in 78.5% of the cases (84 patients). During the follow-up period after the second-look-laparotomy (mean 59 months, range 6 to 120), a recurrence of the tumour was diagnosed in 7 patients (8.4% false-negative rate). This took place after a mean time of 39 months following the previous negative second-look (range 8 to 108). Three of the recurrences were localized in the pelvis, two in the upper abdomen and two in the paraaortic and supraclavicular lymph nodes, respectively. All patients with a recurrence belonged to the group having received adjuvant chemotherapy for one year after initial surgery. At the present time we lack any means to anticipate which patients with a negative second-look will eventually show a recurrence of their tumour.
The Pattern and Process of Adoption and Scaling up: Variation in Project Outcome Reveals the Importance of Multilevel Collaboration in Agroforestry Development

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Agroforestry is considered a subsistence system that balances the urgent need for food and income of small scale farmers with restoration and conservation of ecosystem services, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. The Vi Agroforestry Program aims to implement agroforestry as a means to alleviate poverty and increase resilience among the poorest smallholders. After seven years, the Vi Agroforestry Project in the Mara Region of Tanzania had an inter-village variation in the proportion of households with tangible surviving agroforestry trees ranging from 10%–90%. Using a multiple methods approach, this variation was analysed in relation to changes and differences among administrative districts and project zones regarding perceived barriers to agroforestry adoption, project interventions, governance and the chronology of the process. In districts and zones where collaboration among the project staff, government counterparts and other stakeholders had been established at multiple levels, more agroforestry trees survived and a larger proportion of households practiced agroforestry. The established collaboration made it possible to discover and consider opportunities and barriers to agroforestry development such as diverse stakeholder interests and perceptions. As a result, potential conflicts could be avoided and socially robust solutions developed, adapted and integrated into the local subsistence systems.