jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The function of secondary metabolites in plant carnivory

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Carnivorous plants are an ideal model system for evaluating the role of secondary metabolites in plant ecology and evolution. Carnivory is a striking example of convergent evolution to attract, capture and digest prey for nutrients to enhance growth and reproduction and has evolved independently at least ten times. Though the roles of many traits in plant carnivory have been well studied, the role of secondary metabolites in the carnivorous habit is considerably less understood. Scope This review provides the first synthesis of research in which secondary plant metabolites have been demonstrated to have a functional role in plant carnivory. From these studies we identify key metabolites for plant carnivory and their functional role, and highlight biochemical similarities across taxa. From this synthesis we provide new research directions for integrating secondary metabolites into understanding of the ecology and evolution of plant carnivory. Conclusions Carnivorous plants use secondary metabolites to facilitate prey attraction, capture, digestion and assimilation. We found ~170 metabolites for which a functional role in carnivory has been demonstrated. Of these, 26 compounds are present across genera that independently evolved a carnivorous habit, suggesting convergent evolution. Some secondary metabolites have been co-opted from other processes, such as defence or pollinator attraction. Secondary metabolites in carnivorous plants provide a potentially powerful model system for exploring the role of metabolites in plant evolution. They also show promise for elucidating how the generation of novel compounds, as well as the co-option of pre-existing metabolites, provides a strategy for plants to occupy different environments.
Profile of drug users in the residential treatment centers of Tehran, Iran

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The current study aimed at determining the pattern of drug dependence and its related factors in mid-term residential treatment centers (MTRCs). Methods: The current cross-sectional study was conducted on all drug dependent people residing in MTRCs of Tehran, Iran, who were voluntarily seeking treatment from April to August, 2018. Required data were collected through face-to-face interviews. Drug dependence was categorized into four groups: soft opioids, hard opioids, methamphetamine, and combination of hard opioids and methamphetamine. The association of potential risk factors with drug dependence was measured using chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression. Results: Out of 1868 participants in the current study, 97% were male. Mean age (SD) of the participants was 38.1 (9.9). The different types of drug dependence were hard opioids (43.0%), soft opioids (29.5%), methamphetamine (15.4%), and a combination of hard opioids and methamphetamine (12.1%). The prevalence of injecting drug use was 2.7%. In comparison with the reference group (soft opioids), being un-married and unemployment, significantly increased the risk of using the three groups of drugs (odds ratios [ORs]: 1.5-3.34, P values: <0.001-0.033). Age ≥30 years at the initiation of drug use, and using current drug for more than 10 years, significantly increased the risk of using hard opioids and a combination of hard opioids and methamphetamine (ORs: 1.65-2.31, P values: <0.001-0.030). Age ≥50 years significantly decreased the risk of using the three groups of drugs (ORs: 0.21-0.43, P ≤ 0.001). Conclusion: Different pattern of drug dependence found in MTRCs, they were mostly hard opioid users, lower injecting drug use and higher mean of age.
Synergetic Properties of Lexical Structures in Chinese and English

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The synergetic lexical model provides a unique framework for exploration of the interrelationships between the lexical properties of languages. Previous studies concerning several properties of this lexical model have yielded many successful fittings results, but very few studies have investigated synonymy, a major property of this model. The present study uses 825 Chinese and 848 English tokens retrieved from Chinese and English corpora, dictionaries, and thesaurus to conduct a contrastive study on the interrelations between four major properties of this lexical model: word length, word frequency, polysemy, and synonymy. The successful fittings of both languages demonstrate the cross-linguistic validity of the synergetic lexical model, though English belongs to the Germanic language family, while Chinese, a highly analytical language, is of the Sino-Tibetan language family. Moreover, our analysis of the parameters of the fitting results shows that, compared to English, Chinese possesses a greater resistance to shortening word length and a quicker response to semantic change.
Lotus japonicus nodulation is photomorphogenetically controlled by sensing the red/far red (R/FR) ratio through jasmonic acid (JA) signaling

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Light is critical for supplying carbon to the energetically expensive, nitrogen-fixing symbiosis between legumes and rhizobia. Here, we show that phytochrome B (phyB) is part of the monitoring system to detect suboptimal light conditions, which normally suppress Lotus japonicus nodule development after Mesorhizobium loti inoculation. We found that the number of nodules produced by L. japonicus phyB mutants is significantly reduced compared with the number produced of WT Miyakojima MG20. To explore causes other than photoassimilate production, the possibility that local control by the root genotype occurred was investigated by grafting experiments. The results showed that the shoot and not the root genotype is responsible for root nodule formation. To explore systemic control mechanisms exclusive of photoassimilation, we moved WT MG20 plants from white light to conditions that differed in their ratios of low or high red/far red (R/FR) light. In low R/FR light, the number of MG20 root nodules dramatically decreased compared with plants grown in high R/FR, although photoassimilate content was higher for plants grown under low R/FR. Also, the expression of jasmonic acid (JA) -responsive genes decreased in both low R/FR light-grown WT and white light-grown phyB mutant plants, and it correlated with decreased jasmonoyl-isoleucine content in the phyB mutant. Moreover, both infection thread formation and root nodule formation were positively influenced by JA treatment of WT plants grown in low R/FR light and white light-grown phyB mutants. Together, these results indicate that root nodule formation is photomorphogenetically controlled by sensing the R/FR ratio through JA signaling.
Swamped By Muslims: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Pauline Hanson’s Maiden Speech 2016

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explores the recent upsurge of using prejudicial discourses in political communication. Following in the footprints of US president Donald Trump many right-wing populist politicians around the world used the strategies of fear to coerce policy making. This article examines the implicit and explicit discursive strategies that were used by Australian Senator Pauline Hanson in order to persuade policymakers to stop immigration and ban the woman's headscarf. The study involves a critical discourse analysis of the maiden speech delivered by Pauline Hanson in Parliament in 2016. The article focuses on the methodologies of Van Dijk's Ideological Square and Ruth Wodak's discourse –historical approach to inspect the linguistic devices used. The findings of the study show that Pauline Hanson used certain lexical choices to represent Australian Muslims as the 'Other' and politicized the issue to achieve her long-lasting wish of banning the immigrants.
Exogenous carbohydrate oxidation from different carbohydrate sources during exercise

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation of naturally enriched [13C]CHO sources with different solubilities was studied during cycling exercise (150 min, 60% maximum work output). Moreover, the effect of adding a 13C tracer with different physical properties than the tracee on exogenous CHO oxidation was investigated. Test solutions (28.5 ml/kg body wt) were water for control of 13C background, 15% soluble partially hydrolyzed corn starch (SOL), 15% insoluble corn starch (In-SOL), and 15% InSOL with [13C6]glucose as tracer. Both the mean and peak exogenous oxidation rates were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the SOL trial than in the InSOL trial (mean oxidation rate, 0.84 +/- 0.21 and 0.50 +/- 0.15 g/min, respectively; peak oxidation rate, 1.10 +/- 0.18 and 0.81 +/- 0.25 g/min, respectively). The amount of the ingested CHO that was oxidized was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the SOL trial (126 +/- 31 g) than in the InSOL trial (75 +/- 25 g). When we added an extrinsic tracer ([13C]glucose), the apparent mean and peak oxidation rates of the trial with InSOL and [13C6]glucose were significantly (P < 0.05) higher (0.91 +/- 0.30 and 1.23 +/- 0.41, respectively) than the InSOL values. These results 1) indicate that the addition of the soluble [13C]glucose tracer to an insoluble starch tracee leads to overestimation of the exogenous CHO oxidation rates and 2) suggest that soluble CHO is oxidized at a higher rate during exercise than isocaloric insoluble CHO.
Lupus in the guise of pure neuritic leprosy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nerve palsy without skin lesions would bring to mind, pure neuritic form of leprosy in endemic countries like India. However, it is imperative to keep in mind the possibilities of other conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus; the misdiagnosis of which can lead to disastrous consequences. Here, we discuss such a case which was initially suspected to be pure neuritic leprosy and later diagnosed just on time for emergency management of eye complications.
The effect of institutional distance on international market selection: comparing export to foreign direct investment

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The goal of the current paper is to investigate the effect of institutional distance on market expansion. We specifically focus on two dependent variables, export and foreign direct investments (FDIs) from the USA. The research uses a cross-sectional time-series analysis to test the influence of institutional factors on exports and FDI. Dimensions of the institutional environment have an effect on export and FDI activity between two countries. The regulative, normative, and cultural dimensions of the institutional environment vary in importance across the two modes of entry. Of the three, culture turns out to be the most significant. Our framework allows companies to classify markets with regards to these macro variables and then investigate international expansion opportunities.
Prospective and Retrospective Memory Deficits Associated with Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Use

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The recreational use of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) has been associated with a range of health and psychological problems in the past, but very little research has considered what impact AAS might have upon cognition and memory.The present study aimed to identify whether the recreational use of AAS is linked to deficits in everyday retrospective memory (RM) and everyday prospective memory (PM).We assessed self-reports of RM and PM in 25 regular AAS users and 28 Non-Users (all were males, regular gym users and aged between 18-30 years) using the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire.A Recreational Drug Use Questionnaire was used to measure AAS use and alcohol use.The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale measuredtwo dimensions of mood (anxiety and depression).The results revealed thatrecreational AAS users reported significantly more everyday RM lapses (AAS Mean = 2.41 vs Non-Users Mean = 1.66; p<0.001)and significantly more everyday PM lapses (AAS Mean = 2.79 vs Non-User Mean = 1.84; p<0.001) than the Non-User group.These findings were not attributable to other substance use or mood variations.This is the first study to demonstrate everyday memory deficits associated with AAS use and it is suggested that such deficits be added to the growing list of health and cognitive problems associated with AAS use.
Constructing European Identity - The Construction of the European Identity from 1989 to 2018 by the Presidents of the European Commission

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The concept of the European identity is in this thesis regarded as being expressed as a social, political and cultural activity, constructed and narrativized by the Presidents of the European Commission. The aims of executing the research has been to detect the processual development, constant elements or differences concerning the construction of the concept by the different leaders as well as investigating which groups or countries that are enabled to the European identity. The construction of the concept might potentially be problematic, since it can affect the cultural understanding of what the European identity de facto means, and consequently, some European countries are portrayed as the ‘other’ or as threats to the European identity. The empirical material, consisting of thirty political speeches produced and performed by the five Presidents of the European Commission between 1989 to 2018, has been analyzed with a mix of qualitative- and narrative analysis. The theoretical framework includes social constructivism, the impact of political speeches and influence of leaders when creating collective identities and the certain narrativization impact of mirroring and orientating identities through time. The historical memory, as well as the historical and European consciousness are especially efficient tools when creating group identity or identification to Europe. The main findings highlight that the European identity has been constructed with similar elements by all the Presidents and that the emphasis on historical memory and cultural unity are of special relevance. The ingroup of the European people is always the member states of the European Community/European Union which are pictured as a family, bound together by the richness of their diversities. However, the attitudes to the aspiring member states differs, and while the states of former Yugoslavia are used as warning examples of what can happen if nationalism and fragmentation takes over in the member states, the Central and Eastern European countries are seen as family and of need to join the union due to historical ties, duty and legacy. This strengthens the Western European perspective, communicated by the leaders of the European Commission.
Fine-grained individual face discrimination as evidenced by fast periodic visual stimulation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Fast periodic visual stimulation can be used to rapidly and objectively measure individual face discrimination (Rossion & Boremanse, 2011), with an optimal frequency rate of about 6 Hz (Alonso-Prieto & Rossion, 2012). Here we defined the tuning function for fine-grained individual face discrimination with a rapid oddball paradigm (Liu-Shuang et al., 2012). High density EEG (128-channels) was recorded in 10 participants presented with 40-second sequences of faces appearing at a rate of 5.88 Hz (sinusoidal contrast modulation, Figure 1). Each stimulation sequence contained a series of 4 repetitions of an identical original face (A, 0% morph) followed by a morphed face (B) (i.e., AAAABAAAABA…). The morphed face (B) differed from the original face (A) from 0% (same identity) to 100% (different identity), in 10% steps, for a total of 44 sequences presented in random order. EEG signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the identity-change frequency (every 5 stimuli, or 5.88 Hz/5 = 1.18 Hz) and its harmonics (2F/5 = 2.35 Hz, 3F/5 = 3.53 Hz, 4F/5 = 4.70 Hz) was used as a neural index of individual face discrimination (Liu-Shuang et al., 2012). Significant SNR increases were found over the right occipito-temporal cortex at the identity-change frequency and its harmonics for stimuli that differed by more than 40% of identity information, with no such evidence before this threshold (Figure 2). A complementary behavioural experiment supported the presence of a shift in the tuning function for fine-grained individual face discrimination even though participants’ results were more variable than in the EEG experiment. Overall, these findings indicate that the coding of individual faces in the occipito-temporal cortex is non-linear with respect to physical similarity between faces. They also highlight the power of the fast periodic visual stimulation approach in EEG to characterize individual face perception at a fine level. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2013
Fetal Hyperpyrexia with Phenelzine and Imipramine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

MBDIcRTISH L 1011 injected contrast media, with the risk of dis- placing a fragment towards the thorax, would only seem justified if the fragment could be palpated.'The damaged Braunile was subsequently connected to a disposable giving-set and transfusion under pressure simulated with the aid of a Martin's pump.After 2 minutes the cannula fractured 2 cm.from the tip and the distal portion shot off.The cause of the fracture remains uncertain.It seems un- likely in view of the position (away from a joint) and the short period of use (under 2 hours) that it could be fatigue.A manu- facturing fault, undetected on insertion, can- not be ruled out, but the possibility of the cannula's being nicked by the bevel of the needle on withdrawal seems the most probable cause.Practical safeguards should include great care in the inspection, positioning, and inser- tion of the Braunule, especially in the with- drawal of the needle.On removal of the cannula it should be examined and measured to ensure that it has been entirely recovered.The advisability of pressure-transfusion through such a unit must be open to question.The suggestion in a B.M.7.editorial' that plastic materials for intravascular insertion should contain radio-opaque material should be implemented.
DIRECT EMPLOYEES PARTICIPATION IN DECISION MAKING ON PRODUCTIVITY IN ACCESS BANK

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Decision-making in organizations has been the domain of top management but without the participation of those on the lower treads of the ranking of management, yet they are the very ones expected to see to the implementation of these decisions, hence this study investigated employee participation in decision making on productivity in access bank. A cross-sectional survey research design was used, and the total population are 80 staff, while the sample size is 69 staff , To provide answers to research questions and the stated objectives, information gathered on all relevant variables were analyzed using descriptive (frequencies, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and inferential (regression) statistics with the use of SPSS statistical packages version 20. The result of the analysis indicated employee participation influence the target of employees of access bank plc. The results of the analysis indicated that employee of access bank are more productive because they are part of the decision making process in their organization. It was revealed that direct employee participation in decision making has a significant relationship with deposit target with (F= 35.640, pl0.00), The following recommendations were suggested on the basis of the findings of the study and the conclusion agreed upon. Managers of companies in Nigeria should give a reasonable attention to employee participation in decision making because it’s has the ability to provide every opportunity to organization, Organisation should try to listen to their staff to that they can be more committed
Gender Differences in Associations Between Stress and Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Psychological stress, a subjective perception of an adverse environmental change, is a hallmark of modern society. Although psychological stress has previously been established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), it is unclear whether stress influences cardiovascular risk differently in men versus women. Gender disparities exist in the prevalence of stress as well as in the prevalence and prognosis of CVD; therefore, associations between stress and CVD risk and mortality may vary by sex. The purpose of this review was to summarize the evidence from recent and landmark studies on gender differences in the associations of stress with CVD risk factors and end points and to highlight clinical and public health implications as well as future research directions in this field. Taken together, research to date indicates that while stress is associated with poorer cardiovascular health metrics in both men and women, the influence of stress on measures of glucose regulation and dyslipidemia and on overall CVD risk may be stronger among women. However, men may be more susceptible to the influence of stress on body adiposity, blood pressure, and CVD mortality. In terms of behavioral risk factors for CVD, associations between stress and diet quantity and quality appear to be stronger among women, but the influence of stress on sedentary behaviors and sleep may be stronger among men. Given that gender disparities exist in the prevalence of overall and different types of stress (eg, financial stress, caregiving stress, and occupational stress), future studies should decipher the potential differential associations between types of stress and cardiovascular risk among men and women to identify vulnerable populations and develop targeted interventions.
Differentiation of mycobacteria by "in vivo" and "in vitro" delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Guinea pigs were sensitized with heat killed M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, M. scrofulaceum, and M. avium-intracellulare. Purified Protein Derivatives (PPDs) prepared from each of these organisms were tested for delayed type hypersensitivity by lymphocyte transformation, macrophage migration, and mantoux type skin sensitivity tests. The homologous reactions were consistently more intense than heterologous reactions in all three procedures. The skin test procedure was more sensitive than either in vitro method. Positive skin test reactions were elicited with 2 times and 50 times less antigen than, respectively, the lymphocyte transformation and the macrophage migration tests.