jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
American residents' knowledge of brown bear safety and appropriate human behavior

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The popularity of viewing wildlife, specifically brown bears (Ursus arctos), is increasing rapidly throughout North America. In addition, population distributions of both humans and brown bears are expanding, creating larger areas of overlap and increased possibility of human–bear interactions. Unfortunately, many who encounter brown bears may have never received any form of bear safety training or education. As a result, it is important for wildlife and park managers to understand the general level of bear safety knowledge and identify potential areas of improvement. To do so, this study employed a quantitative self-assessment questionnaire, distributed online to a representative sample of the American public in October of 2019. The questionnaires asked respondents about their experience viewing bears and then asked them to rate the likelihood of performing several actions as well as the perceived appropriateness of each behavior for 12 different bear viewing scenarios. Of 511 complete responses, 40% reported seeing a wild brown bear but the majority struggled to identify brown versus American black bears (U. americanus) in photographs, suggesting species-specific behavioral recommendations may be ineffective. Further, several factors were significant predictors of an individual's perceived appropriateness of the listed human behaviors, including age, gender identity, source of bear safety information, and experience with bears. Results were then used to develop a set of meaningful recommendations to improve the efficacy of current bear management and safety education. Primary recommendations include the following: 1) Increase the focus on appropriate rather than inappropriate behaviors, explaining the reasoning behind such suggestions; 2) Pay special attention to overly confident individuals or those with more experience; and 3) Use photographs, videos, and virtual reality experiences to better prepare visitors for a range of potential encounter scenarios.
The Snowy River

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Royal Commission on Water Conservation. Although the Snowy and Murrumbidgee River catchments adjoin, they are very different in character, and drought conditions frequently prevail on the Murrumbidgee whilst the Snowy is running almost at full volume. These conditions were noticed by Mr. P. F. Adams when he occupied the position of district surveyor at Cooma. Mr. Adams was an observant man, and he found that the water of the Snowy River could be diverted across the Dividing Range at an elevation of about 3,000 feet and discharged into the Murrumbidgee. He gave this information in 1884 to a Royal Commission on Water Conservation which was appointed by the Government to inquire into the water resources of the colony. The commission was under the chairmanship of Sir William Lyne, and the first evidence was taken in 1884 and the final report presented to the Government in 1887. At the time that Mr. Adams gave his evidence before this commission he occupied the position of Surveyor-General.
Predictors of Tunnel Widening After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Posterior tibial slope (PTS) has been implicated in tunnel widening after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), yet its precise effect remains unclear. Additionally, the influence of lateral extra-articular tenodesis (LET) and meniscus root injuries on tunnel widening has not been well established. Purpose: To evaluate the effect of medial and lateral PTS, LET, and meniscus root injuries on tibial and femoral tunnel widening after ACL reconstruction using a hamstring tendon graft. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 307 patients who underwent primary ACLR with a hamstring tendon graft were included. Tibial and femoral tunnel diameters were measured immediately postoperatively and at 2-year follow-up. PTS was assessed by long lateral radiographs. Univariate and multivariate regression models were used to identify predictors of tunnel widening. Results: At 2 years, the mean ± Standard Deviation (SD) tibial tunnel diameter increased from 9.46 ± 1.00 mm postoperatively to 11.35 ± 1.55 mm ( P < .001), and the mean femoral tunnel diameter increased from 9.27 ± 0.83 mm to 11.52 ± 1.63 mm ( P < .001). Univariate analysis demonstrated that steeper medial and lateral PTS were significantly associated with tibial ( P < .0001) and femoral ( P < .0001) tunnel widening. Meniscus root injuries ( P = .0024) and higher body mass index ( P = .0127) were also associated with increased tunnel widening. In multivariate regression, medial PTS (β = −0.321; P < .0001), lateral PTS (β = −0.137; P = .0356), LET (β = 0.2207; P = .0257), and meniscus root injuries ( P = .0024) remained independent predictors of tunnel widening. Conclusion: Steeper medial and lateral PTSs, the addition of LET, and the presence of meniscus root injuries are significant independent predictors of tibial and femoral tunnel widening after ACLR with a hamstring graft. These findings highlight key anatomic and surgical factors influencing postoperative tunnel remodeling and emphasize the importance of considering these variables in ACLR planning.
The Logic of Markedness

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Theories of language espoused by linguists during much of this century have assumed that there is a hierarchy to the elements of language such that certain constructions, rules, and features are unmarked while others are marked; "play" for example, is unmarked or neutral, while "played" or "player" is marked. This opposition, referred to as markedness, is one of the concepts which both Chomskyan generative grammar and Jakobsonian structuralism appear to share, yet which each tradition has treated differently. Battistella studies the historical development of the concept of markedness in the Prague School structuralism of Roman Jakobson, its importation into generative linguistics, and its subsequent development within Chomsky's Principles and Parameters framework. He traces how structuralist and generative linguistics have drawn on and expanded the notion of markedness, both as a means of characterizing linguistic constructs and as a theory of the innate language faculty.
Perspective Analysis of Emerging Natural Gas-based Technology Options for Electricity Production

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The growing worldwide interest in low carbon electric generation technologies has renewed interest in natural gas because it is considered a cleaner burning and more flexible alternative to other fossil fuels. Recent shale gas developments have increased natural gas production and availability while lowering cost, allowing a shift to natural gas for electricity production to be a cost-effective option. Natural gas generation in the U.S. electricity sector has grown substantially in recent years (over 31 percent in 2012, up from 17 percent in 1990), while carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions of the sector have generally declined. Natural gas-fired electrical generation offers several advantages over other fossil (e. g. coal, oil) fuel-fired generation. The combination of the lower carbon-to-hydrogen ratio in natural gas (compared to other fossil fuels) and the higher efficiency of natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants (using two thermodynamic cycles) than traditional fossil-fueled electric power generation (using a single cycle) results in less CO 2 emissions per unit of electricity produced. Furthermore, natural gas combustion results in considerably fewer emissions of air pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and particulate matter (PM). Natural gas is not the main option for deep de-carbonization. If deep reduction is prioritized, whether of the electricity sector or of the entire economy, there are four primary technologies that would be assumed to play a prominent role: energy efficiency equipment, nuclear power, renewable energy, and carbon capture and storage (CCS). However, natural gas with low carbon generation technologies can be considered a “bridge” to transition to these deep decarbonization options. This paper discusses the economics and environmental impacts, focusing on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, associated with alternative electricity production options using natural gas as the fuel source. We also explore pairing NGCC with carbon capture, explicitly examining the costs and emissions of amine absorption, cryogenic carbon capture, carbonate fuel cells, and oxy-combustion.
Detection of Brain Tumor by K-Means, Threshold Technique and Bounding Box Method

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Brain is the important part of the human body. In this generation Brain tumor has become a common disease because of the usage of harmful radiations. Every disease has its own symptoms so even brain tumor has some symptoms which can be cured if treated in the early stages. There are many symptoms where we can get to know the way brain reacts. Here, in the paper we mainly focus on K- means, threshold techniques and bounding box method. There are many other symptoms also, but here we will focus on these three only. These three techniques play an important role in detection of brain tumor. Normal cells leading to formation of tumor cells due to mutation causes several effects on the body of the human being. K- Mean’s method helps in differentiating small sized and large sized tumor. Threshold technique helps in differentiating between normal cells and tumor cells. Bounding box method helps in featuring the tumor based on size, shape, perimeter, area etc. In this way, we will focus on detection of brain tumor by these techniques. This will help in early cure and people will be benefited too.
Funktionen von Unsicherheitsthematisierungen in journalistischen Medien

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Theoretical and methodological approaches of discourse analysis in the wake of Foucaultfocus on how knowledge is constituted in discourses. They are therefore well suited forinvestigating the epistemic status of knowledge, and thus also uncertain knowledge and ignorance.However, discourse research does not offer specialized analytical approaches to media discourseswith their specific boundary conditions and inherent logics, while at the same time inpractice many analyses deal with media products. Some writers even bemoan a “media oblivion”in discourse theory. This article aims to demonstrate how theoretical approaches in communicationstudies can help to specify the role of journalists as discourse producers and participants,as well as journalistic production principles. In the empirical part of the article, the scientificallyambiguous knowledge about burnout is used as an example to show ten discursive-communicativefunctions that the thematization of epistemic uncertainty can have in journalistic articles.
Os penis of the rat. II. Morphology of the mature bone.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A morphological description of the mature os penis and its related structures in the rat is presented. The description aims at being a natural introduction to studies of histomorphological and histochemical events during the development of the bone. The causal interest of this topic is due to a recently published observation of a rare reaction for presence of alkaline phosphatase in the proximally positioned growth cartilage of os penis. The study, thus, presents a systematical description of the position of os penis in relation to the soft tissue structures of glans penis, of gross morphology of the bone, of its periosteal covering and of the distribution of the bone types, which together form the mature bone. The observations result in an introduction of a systematical terminology, based on the Latin language. Furthermore, certain phenomena concerning a distally positioned cartilagenous process, and the distribution of bone tissue types in os penis are observed and discussed. Together with the phenomenon earlier mentioned these phenomena need further attention in future studies of the bone.
Optimizing lingual directed adeno-associated virus (AAV) therapy in aGaa-/-rat model of Pompe disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pompe disease is a recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme acid α-glucosidase (GAA). Excessive glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle and motoneurons leads to motor unit dysfunction and weakness. Humans with Pompe disease commonly develop macroglossia and severe lingual motor problems. Dysphagia with secondary aspiration, pneumonias, and obstructive sleep apnea are common. The only approved treatment for Pompe disease is human recombinant GAA enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) which has a short half-life and does not cross the blood brain barrier. The ability of AAV to drive gene expression throughout the body makes it an attractive alternative to ERT. We have previously shown that AAV serotype 9 (AAV9) encoding GAA can effectively drive GAA expression in tongue myofibers and hypoglossal (XII) motoneurons following a single lingual injection in the Gaa -/- mouse model of Pompe disease. In preliminary experiments we extended this observation to a larger murine model, the Gaa -/- rat. The anterior and posterior portions of the tongue in 4-month-old female Gaa -/- rats (n=3) were injected with 100µL rAAV9-Des-hGAA (1.55x10 12 vector genomes (vg)) split into 50μL delivered to both the anterior and posterior portions of the tongue. Tissues were harvested 2-months later and GAA expression was immunohistochemically verified in XII motoneurons. However, relatively few XII motoneurons were found to express GAA. In ongoing studies, we are testing strategies to optimize the AAV delivery approach to increase XII motoneuron GAA expression. 6-mo old female Gaa -/- rats have received a lingual injection with an increased dose of AAV9-Des-hGAA (100μL, 1x10 13 vg) delivered identically with 50 µL delivered to both the anterior and poster portions of the tongue. An additional group of rats will receive an immunosuppression regimen using an anti-CD20 antibody delivered twice in two week increments prior to lingual AAV treatment and then again 2-weeks post injection. We hypothesize that the higher AAV dose coupled with immunomodulation will enable a greater portion of the XII motor nucleus to express the transgene. Based on our initial results, we conclude that a single lingual injection of AAV9-Des-hGAA can drive GAA expression in XII motoneurons in the Gaa -/- rat model of Pompe disease but optimization of this method is needed to improve efficacy to enable clinical translation. R01HD052682 (DDF and BJB), T32HG008958 (ESB), K99NS133388-01A1 (SR) This abstract was presented at the American Physiology Summit 2025 and is only available in HTML format. There is no downloadable file or PDF version. The Physiology editorial board was not involved in the peer review process.
Infestation of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Yoania japonica by the two-winged fly, Chyliza vittata (Diptera: Psilidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Chyliza vittata is known to utilize leaves, stems and underground parts of several leafy and leafless orchids. Compared to the well-recorded feeding habits of C. vittata in Europe, its feeding habits in Japan are poorly studied. Thus, further records of its host plants and the habits of its larvae in Japan are likely to reveal the similarities and differences in its feeding habits in Europe and Japan. The current study reports C. vittata feeding on the stems of the mycoheterotrophic orchid Yoania japonica in central Japan. This study also showed that in spite of the small size of Yoania its reproductive success is not severely reduced when infested with C. vittata, whereas the robust stems of Gastrodia elata, which is its main host plant in Japan, are thought to be a defence against infestation by C. vittata.
Non-communicable diseases risk factors among government school teachers in Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are considered as life-style diseases. School teachers' behavior in this context could be transmitted to students that may act as determining factor of prevention for NCDs at primordial level. Aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of risk factors among teachers and their practices with respect to common NCDs. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jodhpur among 394 government school teachers. Questionnaire was adopted from WHO STEPS tool and responses were documented which included socio-demographic details, anthropometric measurements and risk factors including diet, hours of physical activity, smoking and alcohol intake. Mean age of participants was 43 years out of which 23% were found to be having blood pressure more than 140/90 mm of Hg at the time of interview. 4.8% consumed alcohol and 1.5% was smokers. Mean body mass index (BMI) was found to be 25.4 while only 13% had their cholesterol checked post 35 years of age. The 23.6% had knowledge of reducing fat by using the right type of cooking oil, 35.7% were engaged in any daily physical activity and 76% knew that excess salt was not good for health. This survey assessed baseline levels by identifying the overall prevalence and associated risk factors that provided first step towards initiating surveillance for NCDs among school teachers in Jodhpur, Rajasthan, whilst delivering the necessary information concerning with developing a suitable framework for determining priorities over intervention.
Additions and Corrections. The Entropies and Energies of Activation of Ionic Reactions. The Kinetics of the Alkaline Fading of Brom Phenol Blue in Isodielectric Media.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAdditions and Corrections. The Entropies and Energies of Activation of Ionic Reactions. The Kinetics of the Alkaline Fading of Brom Phenol Blue in Isodielectric Media.Edward S. Amis and Victor K. La MerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 12, 3603Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1939Publication History Published online20 February 2003Published inissue 1 December 1939https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01267a613RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views18Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (133 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
The Publication and Reception of The Southern Negro and the Public Library

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Theories about American public libraries as 'arsenals of a democratic culture' and 'cornerstones of liberty' have asserted the institution's enduring role as a 'civic space' where community members find enter- tainment, education and information (Ditzion 1947; Kranich 2001; Molz and Dain 1999). Such theories ignore an important part of the public library's past, a period lasting more than 50 years when many public libraries refused service to African Americans or provided ser- vice in segregated buildings even as librarians were proclaiming their institutions 'free to all'.
Radiometric Correction Model and Land Cover Classification of Snow-Covered Terrains for ICESat-2 Photon-Counting Lidar

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The signal strength is a fundamental parameter in radiometric applications for satellite lidars. Different from full-waveform lidars, photon-counting lidars cannot record the returned signal strength but only respond to the presence of the photon event and may miss some returned photons due to the dead time effect, i.e., introduce radiometric distortion. Based on the lidar equation and the response mechanism of photon-counting detectors, we propose a radiometric correction model to remove the impact of the nonlinear response and dead time of detectors for the photon-counting lidar borne on ICESat-2. The returned signal photon number is corrected by the proposed model with respect to the photon event number per shot (PNPS) and surface slope derived from ATL03/ATL08 products. Then, the optical throughput calibration factor of ICESat-2 is obtained from ATL06 products over high Antarctic plateau where has given reflectance and clear atmosphere, which is generally equal to 0.52. The atmospheric attenuation induced by the molecular, cloud, and aerosol is calculated from ATL09 products. In addition, the corrected radiometric parameters including the calculated surface reflectance and apparent surface reflectance (ASR) are applied to classify land cover types along laser tracks over snow-covered terrains. The results indicate that the signal strength and calibration constant are reliable after corrections, but the atmospheric attenuation is sometimes inaccurate, which further influences the derived surface reflectance. In classifications, the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient based on the corrected ASR can achieve the best classification results with 88.80% and 0.69. The proposed radiometric correction model is very essential to radiometric applications for photon-counting lidars such as ICESat-2, especially for data captured on ice and bare land with relatively high reflectance.
Hybridisation Among Butterflyfishes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

[Extract] Hybridisation is defined as the interbreeding of individuals from two distinct populations (sensu stricto species), which are distinguishable on the basis of one or more heritable characters, following Harrison (1993). Hybrids have been recognised, based on intergrading of characteristic features from parent species, since at least the 1700's and have been documented among plants, corals, gastropods, crustaceans, insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals and fish (Barton and Hewitt, 1985; Schwenk, 1993; Bieme et al., 2003; van Oppen and Gates, 2006). At least 10% of animals and 25% of plant species are known to hybridise, although the true proportion is probably higher because hybridisation often goes unnoticed (Mallet, 2005, 2007). The fact that hybridisation is not a rare phenomenon but occurs in a considerable proportion of species, presents a significant challenge to the fundamental biological definition of a species (Barton and Hewitt, 1985; Mallet, 2005).