jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
KINETICS AND OXIDATION OF THE REACTIONS BETWEEN DITHIONITE ION AND NITROCELLULOSE IN ACIDIC PHASE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Kinetics and oxidation of the reactions between dithionite ion and nitrocellulose was studied in acidic phase under the condition of excess [S2O42-] at T = 29 ± 1oC, [H+] = 1.0 × 10-2 mol dm-3, I = 1.0 mol dm-3 (Na2SO4) and λmax = 360 nanometer. The oxidation-reduction reasult for NC+ with dithionite ion displayed a 1:2 mole ratio. The reaction showed first order in terms of the oxidant [NC+] as well as first order in terms of the reductant [S2O42-]. The rate of reaction indicated a first order relationship in terms of acid ion concentration. The reaction rate law is given as: k2 = a + b [H+] where a = Intercept, b = Slope. The rate of reaction increased with an increase in the moles of sulphuric acid added. This implies great stability of NC+ in an aqueous acidic medium. The rate decreased with an increase in sodium sulphate concentration. The spectroscopic investigation gave no signal for the formation of an intermediate complex. Based on the results obtained for the non-formation of intermediate complex, a plausible mechanism that favoured the outer-sphere mechanism was proposed for the studied reaction.
Primary ciliary dyskinesia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Educational aims To describe the emerging genetics of primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) and the heterogeneity of the disease To highlight the clinical symptoms and signs suggestive of PCD that should lead to consideration of diagnostic testing To highlight the difficulties in diagnosing PCD emphasising the need for specialist diagnostic centres To discuss current treatment strategies and highlight the lack of an evidence base for these Summary Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare heterogeneous genetic disorder affecting ciliary function. Genes coding for various ciliary structural proteins or cytoplasmic proteins responsible for the assembly of cilia can be mutated resulting in abnormal ciliary function. However, despite the diversity of genotypes that can cause PCD the clinical phenotypes of PCD are all remarkably similar. The main clinical symptoms are caused by a lack of mucociliary clearance. Worryingly many patients are diagnosed late despite their classical, lifelong symptoms of a daily wet sounding cough and rhinosinusitis. Even when PCD is suspected, poor access to specialist diagnostic centres may delay diagnosis. Currently, diagnostic testing includes screening of nasal nitric oxide, followed by nasal brushing to obtain ciliated epithelial strips for high-speed video analysis of ciliary function. This is typically followed by transmission electron microscopy and in difficult cases by ciliated cell culture. Emerging tests including immunofluorescence and genetic examination are the focus of intense research and are likely to feature more in the future. Despite a greater understanding of the pathogenesis of PCD and improved diagnostic testing, management strategies are currently based on expert opinion with little, if any, evidence base.
Chronic myeloid leukemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a relatively rare disease but is one of the most extensively studied and best understood neoplasms, and one for which a direct gene link has been found. CML is characterized by a balanced genetic translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), involving a fusion of the Abelson oncogene (ABL) from chromosome 9q34 with the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) gene on chromosome 22q11.2. This rearrangement is known as the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph). The molecular consequence of this translocation is the generation of a BCR-ABL fusion oncogene, which in turn translates into a Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. Bcr-Abl displays transforming activity owing to its constitutive kinase activity, which results in multiple signal transduction pathways leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation and reduced apoptosis and resulting in the malignant expansion of pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow. CML is usually diagnosed in the chronic phase (CP) and, if not treated, progresses through an accelerated phase (AP) to a terminal blastic phase (BP).
Analysis of heterogeneity in nonspecific PEGylation reactions of biomolecules

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The compositional heterogeneity associated with polymer conjugation reactions of biomolecules is analyzed for the particular case of nonspecific PEGylation reactions. It is shown that the distribution of the number of PEG moieties grafted to biomolecules such as proteins is a binomial‐type function of two parameters—the reaction efficiency as well as the number of binding sites per biomolecule. The nature of this distribution implies that uniform compositions are favored for increasing number of coupling sites per biomolecule as well as for increasing efficiency of the modification process. Therefore, the binomial distribution provides a rationale for the pronounced heterogeneity that is observed for PEGylated small enzyme systems even at high coupling efficiencies. For the particular case of PEGylated trypsin it is shown that the heterogeneity results in a broad distribution of deactivation times that is captured by a stretched exponential decay model. The presented analysis is expected to apply to general modification processes of compounds in which partial functionalization of a fixed number of reactive sites is achieved by means of a nonspecific coupling reaction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99: 427–435, 2013.
Group-Based Restorative Care Model For Improving Social Interaction Among Elderly In Nursing Home

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

An increasing proportion of the elderly population should be aware, because the main manifestation of the aging process experienced by the elderly can reduce ability to work, and the ability to perform the activity and social interaction with their environment. To overcome this problem, a group-based restorative care model is needed to increase the social interaction among elderly. This study aimed to obtain an overview of the effectiveness of the group-based restorative care model on the social interactions among elderly in nursing homes. The research design used a quasi-experimental with control group design with a sample size of 66 elderly who have been living in nursing home in the DKI Jakarta area. Data analysis used t-test and Mancova test. The results of the study found that there were differences in social interaction before and after the intervention in the intervention group, while in the control group there were no differences; there were differences in social interaction after the intervention between the intervention group and the control group; there was an effect of social support on social interaction. The recommendation is the group-based restorative care model can be used as a model for empowering the elderly in carrying out various activities in various health care settings in the community
Research Article Needleless Injection System

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Even though oral route is the most preferred one, certain conditions necessitate the use of parenteral dosage form. But this route being invasive, is considered as non-patient compliant. Thus, there came a need for a more patient compliant system which led to the development of needleless injection technology. This review intends to throw light on the basic mechanisms by which this technology works, its applications and thereby also discusses the scope it has for the delivery of many new upcoming drugs.
Broadway musical in the space of artistic communication

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The relevance of research is determined by the necessity to highlight the factors influencing the functioning of Broadway theatre as a multi-layered semiotic space that has been formed over an extended period, has undergone and continues to undergo constant transformations, by highlighting its most representative phenomenon — the musical. Main objective of the article is to characterize the Broadway musical as the core of a semiotic (communicative) artistic environment and, simultaneously, as an instrument for the realization of artistic communication. The research methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach, the applicability of which is dictated by the specific nature of the artistic phenomenon under consideration. Results and conclusions. The study establishes that the formation of the Broadway musical occurred in parallel with the emergence and subsequent development of the urban space, which became its physical environment. The role of infrastructure development in the formation and evolution of this genre type is outlined, along with its reciprocal influences. Emphasis is placed on the unprecedentedly high concentration of artistic institutions within the Theater District of New York City. It is noted that the industry of show production and subsequent distribution involves the collaboration of numerous specialists with narrow expertise. Their composition reflects the artistic, economic, and organizational specificities of the embodiment of a musical. The study highlights the presence of a guild-like principle in the organization of the creative environment of musical theatre authors, which becomes more pronounced with the rethinking of the genre’s essence and purpose, as well as its increasing complexity (since the second half of the XXth century). Furthermore, it is stated that an essential level of information production and exchange "around the musical" is represented by music and theatre criticism and journalism, which exist in both traditional and modern forms. Various manifestations of Broadway’s inherent tendency towards self-reflection and the cultivation of historical memory are highlighted. Special attention is given to the musical Hamilton, which is considered — justifiably so — one of the pinnacle achievements of the genre. The study confirms the diversity of communicative mechanisms that shape the artistic qualities of the phenomenon, defining its unique codes while simultaneously integrating the work into a broader socio-cultural space.
The relationship between anger, aggression and video gaming

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Over the years the popularity of video games has grown rapidly and today they play a vital part in adolescents lives. The effects of playing video games have been widely discussed over the past few years. Today the majority of existing studies on this matter have focused on the possible negative consequences of playing video games such as increased aggression. However studies have also shown that it can be beneficial to play video games, as it can enhance creativity. Due to the lack of clarity whether it is video games or confound variables that account for increased anger and aggression the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of video games, sleep, leisure and social activities, and physical and mental health on anger and aggression. The data used in the study was collected by The Icelandic Center for Social Research and Analysis (ICSRA), called Youth in Iceland 2016. Participants were 2,106 Icelandic student in 8th-10th grade. Gender distribution was equal, 50.9% were male and 48.7% were female. The findings indicate that there was a positive association between playing video games, anger and aggression. Furthermore, the findings of the research show that the relationship between video gaming and both anger and aggression, is mediated by sleep and mental health status.

Keywords: Video games, anger, aggression, sleep, physical and mental health, leisure and social activities; margra ungmenna. Hver ahrif aukinnar tolvuleikjaspilunar eru hefur verið mikið til umraeðu undanfarin ar. Flestar rannsoknir hafa beinst að þeim neikvaeðu ahrifum sem tolvuleikir gaetu haft i for með ser, t.d aukin ýgi. Þo hafa aðrar rannsoknir sýnt fram a moguleg jakvaeð ahrif tolvuleikja, t.d að þeir stuðli að auknum skopunarkrafti.
Það er enn oljost hvort að tolvuleikir einir og ser valdi þessum mogulegu neikvaeðu ahrifum, eða hvort að aðrir þaettir gaetu spilað inn i. Markmið rannsoknarinnar er þvi að skoða ahrif tolvuleikjaspilunar, svefns, tomstunda- og felagsstarfs, og likamlegrar og andlegrar heilsu a
reiði og ýgi. Rannsoknin notaði gogn fra Rannsokn og greiningu (R&G) fra arinu 2016.
Þatttakendur voru 2106 nemendur i 8-10. bekk a islandi. Kynjaskiptingin var jofn, en 50,9% voru karlkyns og 48,7% voru kvenkyns. Niðurstoður gefa til kynna að jakvaeð tengsl voru milli tolvuleikjaspilunar, reiði og ýgi. Þar að auki sýna niðurstoður rannsoknar að svefn og andleg heilsa hafi ahrif a baeði samband tolvuleikjaspilunar og reiði sem og samband
tolvuleikjaspilunar og ýgi.
Efnisorð: Tolvuleikir, Reiði, Ýgi, Svefn, Likamleg og andleg heilsa, Tomstunda og
felagsstarf
Lead and cadmium in wild birds in southeastern spain

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to monitor exposure to lead and cadmium in wild birds in Murcia, a southeastern region of Spain on the Mediterranean coast. This region lies on one of the African-European flyways. Samples of liver, kidney, brain, bone, and whole blood from several species of wild birds were obtained during 1993. We found a clear relationship between cadmium and lead concentrations in birds and their feedings habits. Vultures (Gyps fulvus) had the highest concentrations of lead (mean 40 μg/dl in blood), and seagulls (Larus argentatus and Larus ridibundus) the highest concentrations of cadmium (mean 4.43 μg/g in kidney). Insectivores had high concentrations of both metals, and diurnal and nocturnal raptors showed the lowest tissue concentrations. The finding that tissue and blood concentrations were generally not elevated suggests environmental (rather than acute) exposure. Birds from more industrialized areas of the region studied here had higher concentrations of both lead and cadmium.
Always Good Turing: Asymptotically Optimal Probability Estimation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

While deciphering the Enigma code, Good and Turing derived an unintuitive, yet effective, formula for estimating a probability distribution from a sample of data. We define the attenuation of a probability estimator as the largest possible ratio between the per-symbol probability assigned to an arbitrarily long sequence by any distribution, and the corresponding probability assigned by the estimator. We show that some common estimators have infinite attenuation and that the attenuation of the Good-Turing estimator is low, yet greater than 1. We then derive an estimator whose attenuation is 1; that is, asymptotically it does not underestimate the probability of any sequence.
Assessment of regional cytochrome P450 activities in rat liver slices using resorufin substrates and fluorescence confocal laser cytometry.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Characterizing constitutive activities and inducibility of various cytochrome P450 isozymes is important for elucidating species and individual differences in susceptibility to many toxicants. Although expression of certain P450s has been studied in homogenized tissues, the ability to assess functional enzyme activity without tissue disruption would further our understanding of interactive factors that modulate P450 activities. We used precision-cut, viable rat liver slices and confocal laser cytometry to determine the regional enzyme activities of P450 isozymes in situ. Livers from control and beta-naphthoflavone (beta NF)-treated rats were sectioned with a Krumdieck tissue slicer into 250-microns thick sections. A slice perfusion chamber that mounts on the cytometer stage was developed to allow for successive measurement of region-specific P450-dependent O-dealkylation of 7-ethoxy-, 7-pentoxy-, and 7-benzyloxyresorufin (EROD, PROD, and BROD activity, respectively) in the same liver slice. Images of the accumulated fluorescent resorufin product within the tissue were acquired using a confocal laser cytometer in confocal mode. As expected, slices isolated from beta NF-treated rats showed high levels of centrilobular EROD activity compared to slices from control rats, whereas PROD and BROD activities remained at control levels. These techniques should allow for the accurate quantification of regional and cell-specific P450 enzyme activity and, with subsequent analysis of the same slice, the ability to correlate specific P450 mRNAs or other factors with enzymatic activity. Moreover, these techniques should be amenable to examination of similar phenomena in other tissues such as lung and kidney, where marked heterogeneity in cellular P450 expression patterns is also known to occur.
A Land by the Sea: An Ocean View of California Archaeology

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Situated on North America's "left coast", California is famous for its sunshine, sparkling seas, and surf-and-sand culture. For archaeologists, the California coast may be best known for its diverse and populous Native American tribes, hunter-gatherer-fishers who attained high levels of cultural complexity long before Europeans arrived on the scene. From the 1950s to 1980s, claims for a human presence along the California coast as much as 125,000 to 40,000 years ago made the Pacific coast central to debate about the peopling of the Americas. In the most viable alternative to the Clovis First/Ice-free Corridor model, Knut Fladmark first fully articulated a coastal migration theory that proposed that Upper Paleolithic peoples may have followed the North Pacific coast from Asia into the Americas. Despite considerable variation in sea-surface temperatures, climate, and terrestrial ecology, California's Pacific coast is characterized by a similar suite of marine and aquatic resources.
A Case Report of Multiple (29) Myomectomies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fibroids uterus also called uterine leiomyoma are the most frequently encountered benign tumours of the uterus.Many fibroids are asymptomatic and are picked up on routine examination.Clinical features depend on number, size and location of the fibroids.Symptomatic fibroids may be managed medically or surgically.Hysterectomy by different routes is the commonest operation performed for fibroid uterus.Hysterectomy may not be the desired where uterus needs to be retained for different reasons.Removal of fibroids called myomectomy followed by reconstruction of uterus is the correct and desired mode of management in such cases.We report one such case where 29 fibroids of varying sizes were removed abdominally and uterus reconstructed in an unmarried girl who conceived spontaneously within one year of surgery after marriage.Vasopressin is effective in reducing the blood loss at the time of myomectomy.Mifepristone is a new mode of treating fibroids medically.
Development of analytical and experimental tools for magnetic pulse welding

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A key process parameter in magnetic pulse welding (MPW) is the workpiece velocity, and while some Finite Element Analysis (FEA) packages exist that are capable of modeling these processes, there is a lack of simplified analytical modeling efforts, which are attractive for their simplicity and cost. In this work, an electromagnetic actuator, named a Uniform Pressure Actuator (UPA), is analyzed, designed, constructed, and tested experimentally. The analytical model is shown to predict workpiece velocities accurately and produce an efficient forming and a robust design. Additionally, an alternative method to measure workpiece velocity is presented, implementing a fiber optic, reflectance dependent sensor. The sensor is shown to be an attractive low cost solution to measurement of high velocities in high voltage, magnetic environments, through experimental measurement in parallel with a Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) system.
[Evaluation of the efficacy of plasma exchange in Leber's disease].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Amaurosis congenita of Leber is a hereditary optic neuropathy, usually bilateral, that quickly leads to blindness. There is no effective treatment. The inflammatory aspect of the papillary lesions in the early stage, in addition to the beneficial effect of plasma exchanges reported for other optic neuritides, led us to propose such a therapeutic regimen to 6 young adult men afflicted with the disease. This treatment was initiated early, before optic nerve atrophy occurred. The plasma volume exchanged was 3.2 +/- 0.5 liters/session and 4.2 +/- 1.8 (3 to 7) exchanges were performed. The exchanges were always well tolerated. Three patients subjectively reported improvement immediately following the exchanges but only one had some improvement of his visual acuity. However, a more sensitive evaluation of the ability to distinguish contrasts revealed improvement in patients whose visual acuity remained unchanged. This visual gain was lost 3 months later. Therefore, it appears that plasma exchanges are not the treatment of choice for this disease.
Energy uses of biomass

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The climate and geopolitical context are forcing our societies to look at how best to use new energy resources without contributing to the greenhouse effect. However, “greenhouse neutral” does not mean carbon-free. Assessing carbon neutrality must therefore be carried out across the entire processing chain, and the laws of thermodynamics apply at every stage. In today’s energy mix, fossil carbon dominates. And even in a future system, carbon will remain essential for materials, chemicals and energy, just as it is for food. We shall see that it is not so much a question of “decarbonising” the system as of “defossilising” it. Since carbon is a critical resource, we need to encourage the best uses of it and maximise its conversion efficiency.
Melioidosis in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Melioidosis is clearly highly endemic in Laos, although the disease has only been diagnosed regularly in humans (1359 cases) since 1999, and only a single animal case has been microbiologically confirmed. Burkholderia pseudomallei is extensively and abundantly present in soil and surface water in central and southern Laos, but the true distribution of the disease across the country remains to be determined. Surveillance is almost non-existent and diagnostic microbiology services are not yet well established, whilst awareness of melioidosis is low amongst policy-makers, healthcare providers, and the public. It is hoped that this situation will improve over the next decade as the country rapidly develops, especially as this is likely to be accompanied by a further increase in the prevalence of diabetes, meaning that more people in this predominantly agricultural population will be at risk of contracting melioidosis.
20 questions website for kids

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

20 questions game is a classic and popular oral game. Recently, many manufacturers \nhave brought this game into their electronic toy product. However, questions and \nanimals in such toys are pre-coded. The player cannot interact with it freely, which \nmakes it not so attractive to players like kids. This project aims to put such game into a \nwebsite for kids, to help them develop reasoning and creativity. It should appeal to the \ntarget group of people. \nReport begins with a brief introduction to 20 questions game and objectives of this \nproject. Thereafter, literature review of web programming technologies are covered in \nthe next chapter. Main part of report includes game design, algorithm discussion, web \nimplementation, case study and challenges encountered. It explains the whole flow to \ndevelop this project and solutions to challenges. \nReport concludes with a summary of reflection about the entire project as well as future \npossible improvements.