jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Report: Controlling Clostridium Botulinum In Heat-Preserved Food

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The purpose of this report is to explain, in easy to understand outline form, the basic principles of controlling Clostridium botulinum in heat-preserved food. There are three major parts to the story: (1) Truths regarding the Clostridium botulinum problem, (2) Controlling the Clostridium botulinum hazard; and (3) Estimating the probability of process failure. The later includes errors that may occur in the process design area and errors that may occur in the process delivery area. In the report, "Science, Practice and Human Errors in Controlling Clostridium botulinum in Heat-Preserved Food in Hermetic Containers," by Pflug, Irving J., Journal of Food Protection, 73(5):993-1002 (2010), the important story of Clostridium botulinum has been told in detail, but the important results have been hidden by the author's syntax. In this manuscript, "Controlling Clostridium botulinum in Heat-Preserved Food," we hope to make available the details of Clostridium botulinum control. The purpose of this report is to explain, in easy to understand, outline form, the basic principles of controlling Clostridium botulinum in heat-preserved food. Quite simply, there are three major aspects to Clostridium botulinum control: (1) Facts regarding the Clostridium botulinum organism and its spores; (2) How to control the Clostridium botulinum hazard; and (3) Estimating the probability of process failure.
New data about Matonia braunii (Göppert) Harris from the Early Jurassic of Poland and its ecology

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Fern remains of matoniacean affinity were found in the Lower Hettangian strata of lacustrine/backswamp origin from the Niekłań PGI 1 borehole (central Poland, Holy Cross Mts.). The preserved fragments have been identified as Matonia braunii (Göppert, 1841) Harris, 1980. The remains suggest a rather small, low-growth plant with palmately compound fronds. The sori contain at least 5 sporangia preserved with well-developed annuli. The spores are triangular, trilete and kyrtomate, with a thin and smooth surface corresponding with dispersed Dictyophyllidites mortoni (de Jersey, 1959) Playford et Dettmann, 1965. Based on the gross morphology of sterile and fertile pinnae, suggestions made by Harris (1980) on the synonymy of Phlebopteris braunii (Göppert, 1841) Hirmer et Hörhammer, 1936 with P. muensteri Schenk, 1867 (Hirmer and Hörhammer, 1936) and their referral to Matonia braunii is proved and confirmed in this paper. The fern occurs in strata indicating a warm and humid climate and approaching transgression resulting in a high water table and the enhanced accumulation of organic matter.
STRATEGIES FOR REMEDYING POOR COMMUNICATION SKILLS OF STUDENTS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In a discourse on the elements ofgood writing, Ernest Gowers (1980),cites, as a chapter note, the followinglines by Defoe:Ifany man were to ask me what Iwould suppose to be a perfectstyle of language, I wouldanswer, that in which a manspeaking to five hundred people,of all common and variouscapacities, idiots and lunaticsexcepted, should be understoodby them all, and in the samesense which the speakerintended to be understood.In these lines, Defoe was actuallytalking about effective communicationskills as a means of achieving effectivecommunication. In this context ,effectivecommunication is said to havetaken place what is said is whatis meant and what is meant is what is understood and when what is understood is what is done and what isdone is the desired action(Agba andOkoro: 1995).
Shapeshifting fields: Mao Chenyu’s rural media ecology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the recent moving image work of artist, researcher, and rice farmer Mao Chenyu, who has spent over a decade making ethnographically inflected documentary work in his village outside of Yueyang in Hunan Province. With his innovative approaches, which combine the visual idioms of the essay film, found footage collage, autodidactic philosophical reflections, and observational cinema, his work provokes a conceptual reevaluation of rural life and agrarian labor among China’s peasantry. Mao is the founder of Paddy Film Farm, a grassroots operation that serves as both an independent film studio, as well as a cottage industry for the production of organic rice and strong liquor. Through his on-the-ground ethnographic research, he self-identifies as a “native anthropologist,” and explores new modes of knowledge production and experimental storytelling that are displayed in contexts ranging from China’s small circuit of underground film screenings to alternative art spaces and state-sponsored museums. In this paper, I draw on close readings of two of Mao’s films, I Have What? Chinese Peasants War: The Rhetoric to Justice (2014) and Cloud Explosion: Dongting Lake and the Death of Its Symbols (2015); multimedia installations at the 2016 Shanghai Biennial and a recent solo exhibition at A + Contemporary in Shanghai’s M50 Art District; and finally, on an analysis of my own ethnographic research (participant-observation field notes, informal interviews, textual analysis, and curated screenings and discussions) conducted with the artist between Shanghai and Yueyang from 2015 to 2017.
The effect of different strengthening systems on the cracking of spandrel walls made of calcium silicate units

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This chapter describes the results of tests on the impact of reinforcement on the appearance of cracks and on the way of damaging spandrel panel walls made of sand-lime blocks. The maximum increase of cracking stress in the reinforced walls was almost 70% in comparison to non-reinforced models. The impact of the openings on the load-bearing capacity, deformability and cracking of walls was observed practically from the beginning of conducted tests on masonry walls. The propagation of oblique cracks often took place from the corner which was the place of connection of the upper and lower part of the model. The very analysis of the relationships of cracking stress to maximum stress may be slightly confusing as non-reinforced and reinforced walls were damaged at various vertical load. The average level of stresses at which cracking of non-reinforced walls took place is 41% of stresses which destroy the models.
Critical method of document analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

While critical methods have gained popularity in recent times, analysis of documents remains an under-explored area for developing methods of elevating the perspectives of oppressed populations. This is important given the agentic role documents play in systemic and institutionalized oppression. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to use a critical paradigmatic approach, combined with hermeneutic and phenomenological procedures, to develop the Critical Method of Document Analysis (CMDA). This four-stage method is developed using an exemplar study examining historical tools of oppression in a Southern metropolitan area's city-planning documents. CMDA provides a systematic process for investigating documents using the perspectives of marginalized communities. The article concludes with a discussion of the significance, limitations, and implications of CMDA.
Low Loss Lateral Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor with an Anode PNP Structure and Integrated Freewheeling Diode

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A low loss lateral insulated gate bipolar transistor (LIGBT) features an anode PNP structure and an integrated freewheeling diode (iFWD), named as PD LIGBT, is proposed and investigated by simulation. For the anode PNP structure, its P+ Collector shorts to the potential extracting contact above the P-top layer of iFWD, and its emitter is the anode of the LIGBT. During turning off period with the increasing $V_{\text{AK}}$ , the PNP is activated and hole current is allowed to flow through the PNP to iFWD. It suppresses the hole injection of the anode into the N-drift region, and thus the current density decreases quickly. Therefore, the PD LIGBT achieves a fast turning-off speed and reduces the $E_{\text{off}}$ significantly. In the on-state with low anode voltage $V_{\text{AK}}$ , the PNP is not activated, hence the PD LIGBT gets into bipolar conduction without snapback effect. Moreover, the iFWD can realize reverse conduction and obtain a low reverse recovery charge ( $Q_{\text{rr}}$ ). Compared with the SSA and STA LIGBTs, the proposed LIGBT reduces the $E_{\text{off}}$ by 81% and 70% at the same on-state voltage drop ( $V_{\text{on}}$ ), respectively. The reverse recovery charge of the proposed device is reduced by 49.5% compared with that of SSA LIGBT.
Barrieren für den Wissenstransfer zwischen Universitäten und Unternehmen in Schwellenländern

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Barriers for the university-industry knowledge transfer in newly industrialised countries - an empirical analysis of the regional innovation system of Bangkok. This paper presents empirical evidence on university-industry relations (UIR) and knowledge transfer in the regional innovation system of Bangkok and broaches the issue of adapting well-established concepts for the analysis of innovation processes in newly industrialising countries. The potential for UIR is restricted due to 1) a weak and fragmented innovation system, 2) low technological and absorptive capacities in the industrial sector, and 3) slowly improving research capabilities in the scientific sector. Hence the level of UIR in the regional innovation system of Bangkok is mainly limited to occasional and personal modes. It is suggested to strengthen the knowledge transfer capabilities within both actors and to establish effective mechanisms for bridging institutional barriers between academia and industry
Determination cytotoxicity of [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]-pyrazine derivatives

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>With test systems CellTiter-Glo was determined the cytotoxicity of series N<sup>7</sup>-aryl/benzyl-3-tioxo-2,3-dihydro-7Н-[1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-а]pyrazin-8-ones, their 3-S- acetamides and 3-S-benzyl derivatives. The synthesis of the compounds performed based on the previously developed and published scheme. Structure and purity of the compounds proved with <sup>1</sup>H-NMR and element analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong><strong>.</strong> The method is based on determining the number of viable cells in culture by intensity of luminescence mixture of cell suspension of prostate cancer Du<sub>145</sub>, solution of the substance and CellTiter-Glo reagent. Tubercidin and taxol were used as reference drugs. The parameter СK<sub>50</sub>, that has been set according to a study, describes the ability of analyzed substances induce cell death.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results</strong><strong>.</strong> Cytotoxic concentration of synthesized 3-substituted N<sup>7</sup>-aryl/benzyl-2,3-dihydro-7Н-[1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-а]pyrazine-8-ones not exceed the maximum concentration of compounds, which were tested, and was above 30 mkM. This demonstrates the complete absence of negative impact of these substances on cells of prostate cancer Du<sub>145</sub>.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong><strong>. </strong>Found that these compounds do not exhibit toxic effects on living cells, making the actual possibility of developing new effective and safe drugs on their base. Also inappropriate to search anticancer drugs among of the N<sup>7</sup>-aryl/benzyl-2,3-dihydro-7Н-[1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-а]pyrazine-8-one derivatives</p>
Soil science education for Grades K–12 in Canada

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Soil scientists who interact with K–12 students or teachers may benefit from knowing what the provincial curricula say, what a typical classroom teacher knows, and what resources, programs, and opportunities are available regarding soil education. Many provinces have a soil science unit at the Grade 2–4 level in their curriculum. In all provincial curricula, soil science concepts are found in units on living things, plants, and ecosystems, from Grades 1–12. Even in Kindergarten, hands-on soil programs effectively address many skills and attitudes’ expectations in the provincial curricula. What is the use of having soil science in the curriculum, however, if the teachers responsible for student learning do not understand the key concepts? Preliminary results using a 25-item soil questionnaire show that incoming preservice teachers do have some initial understanding of soil, scoring 50% on a pretest application, when a random score would be 25%. After engaging in several hours of hands-on learning, followed by a wait time of several months, they then scored at 68%, thus gaining one third of what was lacking in their understanding. This may encourage those involved with soil education outreach to teachers. Resources for teaching hands-on soil science to elementary students will be noted, including an integrated science-language method called “Soil Science through Stories”. At the secondary level, we have the national “Soil 4 Youth” program, which integrates soil science into school programs across Canada and is supported by the Canadian Society for Soil Science. New STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) approaches to education also offer opportunities for innovative teaching of soil science to Canadian students.
Morphology and Small Subunit rDNA Phylogeny of Two New Marine Urostylid Ciliates, Caudiholosticha marina sp. nov. and Nothoholosticha flava sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Hypotrichia)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Two marine urostylid ciliates, Caudiholosticha marina sp. nov. and Nothoholosticha flava sp. nov., isolated from intertidal sediment in the Yellow Sea, are investigated using morphological and small subunit rDNA phylogenetic analyses. Caudiholosticha marina is 210‒310 μm × 40‒55 μm in vivo, and has 10‒20 macronuclear nodules, 23‒37 midventral cirral pairs extending to 5‒8 transverse cirri, and two caudal cirri. It differs from congeners by its marine habitat, larger size, macronuclear arrangement pattern and high number of midventral pairs. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate a polyphyly of Caudiholosticha . Nothoholosticha flava is yellow to brownish and 240‒320 μm × 40‒60 μm sized, and has a bipartite adoral zone, six frontal cirri in atypical bicorona, usually four frontoterminal, one buccal and 5‒7 transverse cirri and 28‒54 midventral pairs. Phylogenetic analyses allocate N. flava as sister of N. fasciola , type of the genus. The two Nothoholosticha species differ distinctly by the presence/absence of frontoterminal cirri, a feature often used to define genera in the Hypotrichia. However, the SSU rDNA sequence similarity between these two species is 99.3%, which weakens the justification for separating the new isolate at genus level. The taxonomic significance of frontoterminal cirri is discussed based on morphological and molecular data.
TES-based traffic modeling for performance evaluation of integrated networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The authors consider modeling methodologies of variable-bit-rate video sources for performance evaluation of integrated networks. They consider an example in which compressed video is transmitted over a local area network carrying both video and data. A new modeling methodology called transform-expand-sample (TES) which is a method for generating autocorrelated variates, is used. TES is a nonparametric method which can accurately capture the histogram and approximate autocorrelation function of any data set. The TES model was used to drive a network simulation for performance measures.< >
Effects of induced voltage on pectin extraction from apple pomace compared with conventional heat extraction

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The induced voltage was applied to assist extracting the pectin from apple pomace. At an optimum voltage of 1200 V, frequency of 20 kHz within 20 min at 55°C, the pectin yield was higher (32.5%) when compared to conventional heat extraction (CHE) at 90°C for 2 h (16.6%). Meanwhile, the induced voltage‐assisted extraction's (IVAE) pectin had higher DE%, GalA%, acetyl value% and low molecular weight with well‐preserved color than those of CHE pectin. Its functional properties, such as water‐holding capacity (WHC) and oil holding capacity (OHC) had better performance than those of CHE pectin. The results for emulsifying activity and stability were also investigated for one month during the storage at 4°C and 25°C. Based on the observation of pomace morphology, its structure was punctured when subjected to this electrical effect. Comparing these two extraction methods, the IVAE method has proven to be a time‐saving and eco‐friendly process.
Thermodynamic Process Modeling in Pressure Wave Superchargers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Pressure Wave technology has proved real potential in improving performance and efficiency of thermodynamic systems. Its working principle is based on the transfer of energy between two fluids that are in direct contact for a very short period of time. This technology was implemented in many various applications, including: pressure wave superchargers for internal combustion engines, wave rotor constant volume combustors, novel generation of rotary thermal separators, wave rotor refrigerators, ultra-micro gas turbines, heat exchangers cleaning devices, etc. This paper is a theoretical analysis of the evolution of the pressures along the wave rotor channels for the exhaust gases and for the fresh air. Furthermore, a simulation of the phenomenon at the contact of the two fluids is provided in order to show the interaction of the high energy fluid with the low energy fluid. The theoretical analysis was made using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The study results were represented graphically. The simulation was modeled to reproduce data such as pressures, mass flows and velocities usually measured in real engine pressure wave supercharging. Results were obtained at different range of operating time aiming a high boost pressure into the intake manifold that can assure a better response in increasing the engine power.
Dimensions assigned to Long Term Care Facilities by managers and health professionals: interfaces and contradictions

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective: to analyze the dimensions assigned to long term care facilities for the elderly (LTCFs) by managers and health professionals. Method: a descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach was conducted in the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte, through ten focus groups with 51 managers and health professionals. Analysis was based on the content of the interviews. Results: considering the most common themes, three empirical categories emerged that explained the consensuses and contradictions present in the empirical material: a) the LTCF and the perpetuation of the asylum space; b) the LTCF as a space for health treatment c) a home: convergences and contradictions in the LTCF. Initially, findings relating to the political definition of the LTCF directly linked to social organs are evidenced. In the second category, LTCFs are described negatively, perpetuating the stigma of the term "asylum" which still reverberates in their daily lives. As a treatment space, LTCFs are considered health facilities due to the services offered and the presence of health professionals on a daily basis. In the third analysis, they are recognized as a home, based on current legislation that describes the LTCF as a collective, residential area. Conclusion: it is important to discuss the different attributes given to the LTCF to create resolutive actions in the care of the institutionalized elderly. The importance of thinking about the rights to health of the elderly and the need to understand how they inhabit this space is also emphasized.
Understanding SME intention to use the internet for managing supplier information

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

There is strong consensus that the Internet has the potential to positively impact firms, and SMEs in particular; however, not all firms have realized benefits from adoption. The present study extends research in the area by addressing the need to examine the “chain” of variables explaining Internet adoption. We do this by exploring SME owner/manager Internet-related usefulness and ease-of-use cognitions and intention to use the Internet for supplier information management. We also explore the influence of behavioral norms and two broader strategic perspectives, market and learning orientation, on the Internet-related cognitions. Findings have implications for researchers and practitioners by identifying factors that contribute to effectively leveraging the Internet in an important area for SMEs.
Modeling of Composite Materials in SIMULIA Abaqus with the Help of Analytical Solutions of Generalized Eshelby Problem

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In the work is presented new numerical-analytical approach for the static analysis of composite materials filled by inclusions with various geometrical form and mechanical properties essentially distinguish from the properties of the matrix. It is considered two basic cases of spherical and prolate spheroid inclusions, which can contain additional interface layers. For this problem it was developed analytical method for a two-scale analysis of composite construction (micro- and macro-level) under SIMULIA Abaqus. For the micro-level problem it has been developed a special class of high accuracy analytical elements constructed on the base of spherical and generalized spherical functions. These elements analytically describe the stress/strain structure near inclusions with interface layer and strongly accounting various conditions on the curvilinear interface boundary, including slip and loss contact conditions. On the base of these elements are estimated effective properties of composite material for the macro- level problem. These elements are included into SIMULIA Abaqus through the standard UMAT technique and allow high accuracy modeling of constructions of composite materials with detailed accounting of its internal microstructure.
Coliform water contamination in Kashan reservoirs, 1993

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

History and Objectives: Use of non-sanitary water may lead to various health problems. Stagnant water is a source of drinking water that is more susceptible to contamination. In the city of Kashan, in addition to the water piping system, there are many water reservoirs are filled with water brought from surrounding villages by tanks and studies on the microbial flora of water from these villages have shown various levels of contamination. Therefore, the present study was conducted in 1995 to determine the microbiological characteristics of coli-forms in these reservoirs. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study, 3 separate samples were obtained from each active reservoir in Kashan using a standardized method. Each sample was tested in 2 separate steps at the Environmental Health Laboratory of Kashan University of Medical Sciences by a health faculty member. In the first step, samples were studied to identify coli-forms using the three-tube method and the MPN was calculated. In step 2, fecal coli-form positive samples were determined, based on the World Health Organizations standard chart. Results: Of the 35 active water reservoirs in Kashan, 8 reservoirs (22%) had standard drinking water and 8 (22.8%) were recognized to be completely unsafe. The remaining reservoirs (54.4%) had various levels of contamination. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, we suggest further analytical studies be performed to identify the causative factors leading to the contamination of these reservoirs. In addition, we recommend that the 8 unsafe reservoirs be temporary shut down.