jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A low power multiplier architecture based on bypassing technique for digital filter

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The objective of the paper is to present a low power 4×4 digital multiplier design to reduce power consumption of digital multiplier based on 2-dimensional bypassing method. Design of portable battery operated multimedia devices requires energy-efficient multiplication circuits. The proposed bypass cells constitute the multiplier skip redundant signal transitions when the horizontally partial product or the vertical operand is zero. Hence, it is a 2-dimensional bypassing architecture using which we designed a Digital filter for low power dissipation in signal processing applications. Thorough post-layout simulations show that the power dissipation of the proposed 2D multiplier and FIR filter design based on 2D multiplier is reduced by more than 75% compared to the prior design with obscure cost of delay and area.
Novel haptens synthesis and development of a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for leuco-malachite green in fish

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To produce specific antibodies against leuco-malachite green (LMG), 15 haptens were synthesized and characterized, and conjugated to carrier protein for immunization. One antigen with excellent reactogenicity and immunogenicity was discovered. Specific monoclonal antibody with high sensitivity for LMG in competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) was screened and selected. After the screening of a series of heterologous coating antigen and optimization of working conditions, the proposed ciELISA showed the 50% inhibition value (IC50) of 1.16 ng mL−1 and the limit of detection of 0.06 ng mL−1 for LMG. The average recoveries of LMG from spiked fish samples ranged from 78.0% to 101.0%, with coefficients of variation below 15%. Good correlation (R2 = 0.9977) was obtained between the results of ciELISA analysis and those of standard liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The proposed ciELISA is ideal for the rapid and sensitive detection of LMG with a low cost and high throughput.
Journal of Botany, v. 48 1910, ASC0003rxw

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

‘Science Gossip’ is born from a collaboration between an Arts and Humanities Research Council project in the UK, called ‘Constructing Scientific Communities: Citizen Science in the 19th and 21st Centuries’ (ConSciCom) and the Missouri Botanical Garden who are providing content from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL).
Genital Human Papillomavirus Prevalence Over the Lifespan Among Females and Males in a National Cross-Sectional Survey, United States, 2013–2016

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Patterns of human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence by age differ by sex. To further the descriptive epidemiology of genital HPV, we analyzed prevalence by age for nonvaccine (non–4vHPV) type and vaccine (4vHPV) type HPV by sex using 2013–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, the first 4 years of national data from both sexes. Methods Penile and cervicovaginal swabs were self-collected from 15- to 59-year-olds and tested for 37 HPV types. The 4vHPV-type (6/11/16/18) and non–4vHPV-type (any of 33 other types) prevalences were estimated by 3-year age group and participant characteristics. Average percent changes (APCs) in prevalence were estimated using segmented log-binomial regression. Results Among females, a positive relationship between non–4vHPV-type prevalence and age was seen from 15–17 to 21–23 years (APC, 56.5), followed by a negative relationship through 30–32 years (APC, −13.2); thereafter, prevalence was not related to age. The 4vHPV-type prevalence was positively related to age through 24–26 years (APC, 56.9), then negatively related through 57–59 years (APC, −6.0). Among males, non–4vHPV-type prevalence had a positive relationship with age through 21–23 years (APC, 102.4) with a smaller positive relationship through 57–59 years (APC, 1.4). For both sexes, modeled joinpoints for 4vHPV-type prevalence occurred at older ages compared with joinpoints for non–4vHPV-type prevalence. Conclusions Sex differences in age-specific non–vaccine-type HPV prevalence may reflect natural history and sexual behavior. Differences in vaccine-type and non–vaccine-type modeling results suggest vaccine impact as joinpoints occur in mid-late 20s for vaccine-type HPV but early 20s for nonvaccine types. These data can assist in refining HPV vaccination models and inform HPV vaccination practices and policy.
A Study on the Legal System of Preservation of Cultural Relics Buildings in Chin

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

중국의 건축문화재는 유형문화유산으로서 중요한 역사적 의의를 가지고 있다. 이동할 수 없는 문화재의 주요 구성부분으로서 역사적 가치, 문화적 가치, 과학적 연구 가치를 가지고 있다. 또한, 국제적인 건축문화재보호 활동에서도 중요한 역할을 하고 있다. 그러나 도시화가 급격하게 진전되는 반면건축문화재에 대한 상세한 구분이 없고, 평가지표가 부족하여 철거하는 방식이어서 건축문화재 보호에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이러한 중국내 각 지역의 보호 역량의 불균형으로 건축문화재보호에 대한 재검토가 요구되고 있다. 중국의 건축문화재에 대한 보호는 주로 “문화재보호법(文物保护法)”을 중심으로 규정하고 있다. 또한, 2003년 10월 중국 건설부에서 공포한 “역사문화도시 보호규범(历史文化名城保护规范)”은 “건축유산”을 문화재보호단위로서현급이상 인민정부가 비준 및 공표한 중점보호 고적 문화재, 보호건축, 역사건축, 일반 건축구조물 등 4가지로 분류하고 있고, “중국고적문화재보호준칙(中国文物古迹保护准则)”에서는 “고적문화재”를 인류가 역사창조 또는 인류활동으로 남겨진 가치가 있는 이동이 불가한 것으로 고문화유적, 고대무덤, 고대건축, 고대석굴사원, 석각, 근·현대 역사유적 및 기념건축, 국가가 보호하도록 공표한 역사문화거리 및 기존의 부속문화재가 포함된다고 규정하고 있다. 건축문화재는 기타 유형문화유산과 같다. 이는 개개의 사회에서 서로 다른발전단계를 거쳐 남겨진 유산이고 중국의 역사를 기록하는 것이고 중국의 문화를 이어가는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 중국의 건축문화재보호의 개념, 입법연혁, 문제점 및 개선방안에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다.
Ghost and Witch in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

seventeenth century witch, there is one curious aspect still left unexplored: that is, the mutual influence of the concepts of ghost and witch. Historians charting the development of the witch crazes have often been concerned with the basis of folklore out of which the stereotype of the witch arose-either to affirm its importance (Kittredge, Lea, Cohn)' or to deny it (Peters).2 But, as far as I am aware, in all the folkloristic material there has been little or no direct consideration of the traditional figure of the ghost. For instance, Keith Thomas gives a cogent account of ghost belief in the medieval and early modern period, but he treats it in a separate section as an belief' and does not integrate it into his main line of reasoning.3 As might be expected, folklorists are more aware of the links between the two,4 but even here the tendency, even in historical works, is to keep to certain well defined classes of supernatural creatures and exclude consideration of others for convenience' sake. In the literature of the period, however, no such clear-cut picture emerges. A view of the English literature of the supernatural from the late sixteenth to the early eighteenth-the age of maximum belief in both creatures-shows that, in this country at least, the two were so closely allied that for over a hundred years they constituted virtually a single subject. This close connectedness has important repercussions for historians of the witch persecutions and especially for folklorists interested in the historical tradition of the ghost. The literature of the period shows that ghost and witch were for people of early modern times not merely 'allied beliefs' but intrinsic parts of a single system. One was seldom mentioned without the other, as in this passage from Religio Medici: It is a riddle to me ... how so many learned heads should so far forget their Metaphysicke, and destroy the ladder and scale of creatures, as to question the existence of Spirits. For my part, I have ever believed, and now do know, that there are witches: they that doubt of these, doe not only denie them, but Spirits: and are obliquely and upon consequence a sort not of Infidels, but Atheists. Those that to confute their incredulity desire to see apparitions, shall questionless never behold any, nor have the power to be so much as Witches; the Devil hath them already in a heresie as capital as Witchcraft; and to appear to them were but to convert them.5 In this passage the fit between ghosts and witches is so neat as to constitute virtual synonymity. After introducing the topic of spirits, Browne moves in the next sentence and without apparent change of topic to witches and in the one after that to apparitions, explaining that sceptics wishing to see apparitions cannot even be witches. The Devil will not waste his time appearing to them-whether to witches or as apparitions, this statement leaves ambiguous, and the confusion between the two is
PTU-192 Role of the 75Sehcat Scan in Evaluating Chronic Diarrhoea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction 75Se-HCAT nuclear medicine scanning is used to diagnose Bile Salt Malabsorption (BAM) in patients with chronic diarrhoea. Previous studies suggest that 30–60% of patients with previously unexplained chronic diarrhoea have impaired bile salt absorption (1,2). The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Bile salt malabsorption among patients with chronic diarrhoea, referred for 75SeHCAT scanning, and to evaluate the outcome of treatment with bile salt sequestrants in these patients. Methods This was a retrospective audit of patients tested in Nottingham University Hospital in 2011. The patient was given an oral dose of 370 kBq Selenium-75-Tauroselcholic acid, a radiolabelled bile acid analogue. The patient was scanned 7 days later to assess %age of radioactive dose retained. Retention of < 15% was considered to be abnormal. This was further defined as mild (10–15%), moderate (5–10%) and severe ( < 5%). Results N = 130 patients, medican age 49 yrs, F:M = 1.8:1. The clinical indication for scanning was chronic diarrhoea in all cases (mean 6 bowel actions per day, range 1 to 18). 65 patients (50%) had impaired salt retention. These included 11 with type I disease (Ileal resection or disease), 30 with type 2 disease (idiopathic) and 24 with type 3 disease (miscellaneous disorders eg diabetes or cholecystectomy). Interestingly only 47% of patients with previous terminal ileal resections had a positive 75SeHCAT scan. 47% of those patients with no predisposing factors in their history also had positive scans. 84% of cases with positive test responded to treatment with bile acid sequestrants. The response appeared to be independent from severity of BAM (p = 0.27) or seveity of diarrhoea (p = 0.28). In one third of cases the treatment was discontinued even though clinically effective, most commonly due to poor patient tolerance to its unpleasant taste. Conclusion The prevalence of BAM is high in patients suffering from chronic diarrhoea, both where a feasible organic precipitant is present (eg previous ileal resection), and where a functional disorder such as IBS was thought to be the likely diagnosis. BAM carries no specific symptoms or markers that can help the physician identify the condition. Bile acid sequestrants are effective, but often not well tolerated. SeHCAT scanning gives objective results and can potentially increase compliance to treatment. Disclosure of Interest None Declared. References S Pattini, JRF Walters. Recent advances in understanding of bile acid malabsorption. British Medical Bulletin 2009; 92:79–93. Marta K. Borghede, Jacob M Schlutter, Jorgen S Agnholt, Lisbet A Christensen, Lars C Gromsen, Jens F Dahlerup. Bile acid malabsorption investigated by selenium-75-homocholic acud taurin scans: Cases and treatment responses to cholestyramin in 298 patients with chronic water diarrhoea. Eur J Intern Med. 2011 Dec; 22(6):e137–40.
LHD Langmuir2 #92972.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Langmuir probes on divertor plates to investigate divertor plasma parameters and fluctuation characteristics of ion flux near the divertor plates. Total 400 Langmuir probes embedded on 20 divertor plates on each of which 20 electrodes are aligned every 6 mm. Sweeping and sampling frequency is normally 250 kHz.
Congenital Quintus Valgus: An Extremely Rare Anomaly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Case: We present an unusual case of unilateral congenital quintus valgus of the left foot (congenital lateral deviation of the fifth [little] toe) in a 1.5-year-old boy. The child had no other congenital malformations. Radiographs revealed the abnormal presence of 2 accessory phalangeal ossicles in the fourth web space, leading to lateral deviation of the fifth toe. Remarkably, the ossicles of the middle and distal phalanges of the fifth toe were absent. Surgical excision of the accessory ossicles was performed, and correction of the deformity was achieved. Conclusion: Congenital quintus valgus, to the best of our knowledge, has not been reported in the medical literature. Physicians must be aware of the possibility of such a condition while treating congenital malformations of the foot.
Gehavende steden. De krimp van middeleeuwse havensteden in Zeeland van de zestiende tot en met de negentiende eeuw

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The south-western delta region of the present-day Netherlands, the area where the rivers Maas, Schelde and Waal flow into the North Sea, experienced a period of great economic prosperity from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century. The trans-shipment of international merchandise to and from the towns and cities of the interior generated considerable wealth, which was concentrated in the strategically located seaports. However, in the sixteenth century, prolonged hostilities and the repeated silting-up of the harbours resulted in a major economic downturn. Trade and prosperity steadily migrated to more northerly seaports, such as Amsterdam, while large numbers of the inhabitants of the Zeeland harbour towns also decamped to other seaports. This population decline had many consequences for the physical form of the Zeeland seaports.
Though a lot of research has been carried out into the morphological development (the emergence of the physical form of the town plan) of Dutch cities, research into the morphological consequences of decline is still quite limited. This study focuses on the effects of the decline on the physical form of medieval seaports in Zeeland from the sixteenth to nineteenth century, and questions whether it is possible to discern a structure in this morphological degradation.
As the cities shrank, due to large-scale dilapidation and demolition of houses, gaps opened up in the town plan. This concerns the basic element of the study: by digitally superimposing successive town plans drawn from case studies it was possible to see where, during the three-century period, houses disappeared, leaving gaps in the morphology of the city. Once the gaps had been recorded, a clearly discernible pattern emerged of where and in what period the most gaps appeared. To further explicate this kind of urban decline, a study was made of the characteristics of these urban areas: their age, their position in relation to the trading port, their function and their location vis-à-vis the urban periphery. The resulting characterization is quite revealing about the structure of the decline. Four case studies were compared for this study: Zierikzee, Middelburg, Veere and Brouwershaven. These four towns were prosperous international seaports during the Middle Ages, but in the centuries that followed they all contracted to varying degrees. In addition to the similarities in the pattern of decline, there were also interesting differences due to the disparate nature of new economic pillars. This study is intended to stimulate more form-focused research into the decline of cities.
Direct probe of oxygen superstructures in manganites

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report the observation of superstructures associated with the oxygen 2p-states in two prototypical manganites using x-ray diffraction at the oxygen K-edge. We determine the nature of the orderings and discuss our picture with respect to novel theoretical models. In Bi0.31 Ca0.69 MnO3, hole-doped O states are found to be orbitally ordered, at the same propagation vector as the Mn orbital ordering, but no evidence is found to support a picture of oxygen stripes at this periodicity. In La 7/8 Sr 1/8 MnO3 , we observe a 2p charge ordering described by alternating hole-poor and hole-rich MnO planes that is consistent with recent predictions.
Rain‐vapor interaction and vapor source identification using stable isotopes from semiarid western India

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Results of a 4 year (2005–2008) study of stable isotopic composition of daily rain and ground‐level vapor (GLV) at a semiarid station in western India are reported. The GLV samples were collected by complete cryogenic trapping. The sampling was mostly limited to the rainy season (June, July, August, and September) and about a month before and after. The maximum number of samples was collected during the year 2007. The GLV has a steady baseline δ 18 O and δ D composition without distinguishable seasonal differences. The d ‐excess of GLV indicates that its isotopic composition has a significant contribution from kinetic evaporation of nonlocal water sources. During a rain event, GLV rapidly interacts with raindrops and tends to move toward isotopic equilibrium. On cessation of rain, the δ 18 O and δ D of GLV quickly return to the typical baseline values. Therefore, use of isotopic composition of monthly rainfall for estimating average monthly isotopic composition of GLV can lead to erroneous results. Within a rainy season, certain large rain events have depleted δ 18 O and δ D values compared to other equally large rain events with significantly enriched δ 18 O and δ D. These isotopic differences are apparently not related to amount of rainfall. Variable magnitude of evaporation from falling raindrops and/or cloud liquid water fraction cannot explain the observed differences. Instead, it is shown that varying source regions (Arabian Sea or Bay of Bengal) and cloud top temperature may be responsible for observed differences.
Extracorporeal photopheresis for graft‐vs‐host disease: A literature review and treatment guidelines proposed by the Nordic ECP Quality Group

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) is one of the most used and established therapies for steroid‐refractory graft‐vs‐host disease (GvHD), with a good effect to side effect profile. In this review, we present a summary of present literature and provide evidence‐based treatment guidelines for ECP in GvHD. The guidelines constitute a consensus statement formed by the Nordic ECP Quality Group representing all ECP centres in the Nordic countries, and aims to facilitate harmonisation and evidence‐based practice. In developing the guidelines, we firstly conducted a thorough literature search of original articles and existing guidelines. In total, we identified 26 studies for ECP use in acute GvHD and 36 in chronic GvHD. The studies were generally small, retrospective and heterogeneous regarding patient characteristics, treatment schedule and outcome assessment. In general, a majority of patients achieved partial response or better, but response rates varied by the organs affected. Head‐to‐head comparisons to other treatment modalities were lacking. Overall, we consider the quality of evidence to be low–moderate (GRADE) and encourage future prospective multi‐armed trials to strengthen the present recommendations. However, despite limitations in evidence strength, standardised treatment schedules and regular follow‐up are imperative to ensure the best possible patient outcome.
T cell tolerance in moloney-murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) carrier mice: low cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor frequency and absence of suppressor T cells in carrier mice with Moloney-murine sarcoma (M-MSV)-induced tumors.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Mice neonatally injected with Moloney-murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) become permanent virus carriers and, in contrast to normal mice, fail to reject Moloney-murine sarcoma virus (M-MSV)-induced tumors as adults (progressor mice). Failure of tumor rejection has been shown to correlate with lack of T cell responsiveness of lymphoid cells from carrier mice in terms of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) generation in vitro and with failure to transfer protection against tumor growth in T cell-deficient mice. Since, in addition, lymphoid cells of carrier mice failed to suppress CTL generation in vitro by M-MSV-immune spleen cells, it was concluded that neonatal M-MuLV injection resulted in a state of T cell tolerance. Recent reports have suggested that carrier mice injected with M-MSV (progressor mice) generate suppressor cells that mediate enhanced tumor growth and inhibit CTL generation in vitro. In the present report, we fail to confirm these findings by demonstrating that: a) Neither carrier nor progressor spleen cells suppress the tumor protective effect of M-MSV-immune cells in T-deficient mice. b) Progressor spleen cells fail to suppress M-MuLV-specific CTL generation by immune cells. c) Spleens of carrier mice contain 100-fold lower M-MuLV-specific CTL precursors than do spleens of normal mice, and spleens of progressor mice contain over 1000-fold lower CTL-precursor frequencies than do spleens of regressor mice. d) Spleen cells from progressor mice fail to inhibit the clonal response of small numbers of CTL precursors in micro mixed leukocyte tumor cell cultures. Thus, these results support the hypothesis that M-MSV tumor progression in carrier mice is due to reduction in virus-specific CTL precursor frequency and not to the generation of suppressor cells.
Combustion characterization of beneficiated coal-based fuels. Quarterly report No. 12, January--March 1992

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center of the US Department of Energy has contracted with Combustion Engineering, Inc. (CE) to perform a five-year project on ``Combustion Characterization of Beneficiated Coal-Based Fuels.`` The beneficiated coals are produced by other contractors under the DOE Coal Preparation Program. Several contractor-developed advanced coal cleaning processes are run at pilot-scale cleaning facilities to produce 20-ton batches of fuels for shipment to CE`s laboratory in Windsor, Connecticut. CE then processes the products into either a coal-water fuel (CWF) or a dry microfine pulverized coa1 (DMPC) form for combustion testing. The objectives of this project include: (1) the development of an engineering data base which will provide detailed information on the properties of BCFs influencing combustion, ash deposition, ash erosion, particulate collection, and emissions; and (2) the application of this technical data base to predict the performance and economic impacts of firing the BCFs in various commercial boiler designs. The technical approach used to develop the technical data includes: bench-scale fuel property, combustion, and ash deposition tests; pilot-scale combustion and ash effects tests; and full-scale combustion tests. During the third quarter of 1992, the following technical progress was made: Continued analyses of drop tube furnace samples to determine devolatilization kinetics; completed editing of the fifth quarterly report and sent it to the publishing office; and prepared two technical papers for conferences.