jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Article 22 of the EC Merger Regulation – national and European control: energy sector

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Article 22 of Council Regulation (EC) 139/2004 of 20 January 2004 allows for the referral of a concentration by one or more Member States to the European Commission. This system, referred to as the ‘Dutch clause’, aims to eliminate situations where the concentration, although lacking a Community dimension, does affect trade between Member States and threatens to significantly affect competition within the territory of the Member State(s) making the request. Nevertheless, the Commission developed a practice of discouraging referrals under Article 22 of the EUMR (by Member States that had no original jurisdiction over the transaction in question). However, this situation is likely to change with the adoption of new guidelines by the EC in 2021 (2021/C 113/01) regarding the application of the referral mechanism contained in Article 22 of the EUMR and the judgment of the EU General Court in case T-227/21 Illumina, Inc. v European Commission. This chapter analyses the potential application of the new EC guidelines in the energy sector and their effects on the market in question.
Justice Denied: Care of Childbearing Women in the Criminal Justice System

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Pregnancy and childbirth for most women are typically positive experiences, a time where they are granted extra courtesy and assistance. For women in the criminal justice system in the United States, this is not the case as they are subject to treatment that is inadequate, and at times dangerous and inhumane. An example of such treatment is the practice of shackling pregnant women at various points in their pregnancies, including during labour. Shackling refers to the practice of restraining women with metal or plastic handcuffs, ankle restraints or 'belly chains.' This practice places women and their unborn babies at undue risk. Recently, some states in the United States have passed legislation banning this practice, although the majority of states have no restrictions on this practice. Many providers and caregivers, as well as the general public, are not aware that such laws are in effect, while others are not aware of the practice of shackling. Caring for women requiring reproductive health care, including complete obstetric and gynaecologic health services are recognised and supported by the World Health Organisation. No longer can the health of childbearing women be denied or placed at risk within the criminal justice system. This paper will discuss the recent changes in these laws, the rights of incarcerated childbearing women, and implications for practice, policy, and research.
Tourism Industry Competitiveness of Semarang Municipality

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to analyze competitiveness level of tourism industry in Semarang Municipality. The data used in this research are secondary data from Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS/BPS) and Culture and Tourism Office of Semarang Municipality. Moreover, this study uses an analytical tool, i.e competitiveness monitor (CM) method. The result shows that Semarang Municipality has several lower indicators of competitiveness calculation than Surakarta Municipality and Magelang Regency, i.e. Human Tourism Indicator (HTI), Environment Indicator (EI), and Human Resources Indicator (HRI). On the other hand, Semarang Municipality also has some higher competitiveness calculation indicators compared to that of Surakarta Municipality and Magelang Regency in Price Competitiveness Indicator (PCI), Infrastructure Development Indicator (IDI), Openness Indicator (OI) and Social Development Indicator (SDI). The improvement of tourism competitiveness in Semarang Municipality requires synergy from many parties, including the government, business actors in tourism sector (hotel owners, travel bureaus), private sector and academics.
The estimation of urban premium wage using propensity score analysis: some considerations from the spatial perspective

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper estimates the Urban Wage Premium for the Chilean case, but proposing three contributions to the literature. First, the geographical space is reconfigured using functional regions instead administrative regions. This process is carried out using techniques from the spatial econometric literature. Second, we exploit the use of micro data. We estimate the wage equation using a survey at individual level that avoids problems associated with regional aggregated specifications. Finally, we set the comparability among observations using matching comparison. Thus, we isolate the urban effect from other alternative sources. Our results suggest a Urban Wage Premium between 4 and 21%.
The role of the right ventricle in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although changes in the pulmonary vasculature are the primary cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), severity of symptoms and survival are strongly associated with right ventricular function, and right heart failure is the main cause of death in patients with PAH. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging allow noninvasive evaluation of right ventricular function and structure, and a number of indices have been shown to have potential prognostic value in PAH. Given the importance of the right ventricle in PAH, preservation and improvement of its function should be important aspects of therapy; however, there are currently few data specifically related to this aspect of treatment response. Simple, reproducible, noninvasive measures of right ventricular function would help to improve the management of patients with PAH, and to provide tools with which to help establish the optimal therapeutic approach to manage not only the effects of the disease on the pulmonary vasculature, but also to support and improve right ventricular function.
Entrevista a Enrique Alarcón Álvarez

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Enrique Alarcon Alvarez responde a diversas preguntas sobre su vocacion tecnica y sus comienzos en el ejercicio de su profesion, su percepcion de la Real Academia de Ingenieria y su papel en la misma, asi como otros aspectos relativos a los Colegios Profesionales, el Espacio Europeo de Educacion Superior y la situacion de la ingenieria en Espana. Ya que en los momentos en que se realiza la entrevista es el Presidente de la Real Academia de Ingenieria muchas preguntas giran respecto a esta institucion: las iniciativas surgidas en la decada de los 90 que culminaron con su creacion, los fines fundamentales a partir de los cuales se crea y se estructura, sus relaciones con el ambito docente, colegial, empresarial y con otras instituciones similares a nivel internacional.
An Analysis of Learning Strategies of Students Studying at the Department of Social Work and the Nursing Department

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

∗ Abstract : The aim of this study was to analyze whether the learning strategies differ according to gender, department, type of education, and the year of study at the Department of the Social Work and Department of Nursing. The population of the study consisted of 285 students from 1st and 2nd year students enrolled in Social Work and Nursing Departments, Faculty of Health Sciences at Ankara University. According to the results of the study, there were no statistically significant differences among genders, classes and departments. Innovations in technology and science cause changes and innovations in educational sciences too. Knowledge acquired or learned in educational institutions should be used in real life. For this reason, the process of learning should be renewed according to the continually changing needs of the world and the society. Organizing this process in a good and well-planned condition is of great importance (Dogan and Kutlu, 2011). That is why students should know learning strategies well in their learning process. Students should be aware of how they learn and they should have the ability to evaluate their own learning in order to improve themselves both in their formal education and in their daily lives, and keep up with the developments in our information age. From the beginning of the preschool, students' learning styles and strategies should be taken into account at every level of formal education. Learning strategies can be defined as, behaviors and thoughts in which a student's learning process and which are intended to influence the learner's information retardation process (Weinstein and Mayer, 1983). Learning strategies are classified under seven categories according to the
Various Constraints Perceived by Urd Growers in Southern Rajasthan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study was conducted in Banswara and Udaipur district of Southern Rajasthan. Total 80 urd beneficiary farmers were selected on the basis of random sampling method from the identified districts. The study revealed that timely non-availability of seed minikits of urd at village level, lack of skill about application of chemicals, improper knowledge about application of micro-nutrients, Non–availability of bio-fertilizers at village level, lack of technological guidance at proper time and inadequate knowledge about soil treatments were major constraints perceived by the beneficiary urd growers in the study area.
Three essays on microcredit and payday lending

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The three essays on microcredit and payday lending in this dissertation contribute to the existing literature on financial exclusion by addressing some burning questions. The first essay investigates and compares the observable characteristics of the payday loans and microcredit borrowers. We examine three nationwide surveys in Canada that contain information on payday lending and a household level field survey on the use of microcredit in Bangladesh. Using simple probit and instrumental variable probit models, we find household income, wealth, the region of residence, age and education of the household head as key determinants of both payday loan and microcredit borrowing. Financial knowledge is found as a significant determinant of payday loan borrowing. Our findings suggest that countries can benefit from each other by adapting, modifying regulatory policies and improving the level of financial knowledge. The second essay examines the linkages between the high frequency of installments of microcredit loans, and the very high repayment rate and the existence of informal moneylenders in the market. Our developed model shows that the poor borrower has strong incentives and opportunities to commit voluntary default at different time periods of the contract, which along with a low level of collateral, make the single installment repayment contract infeasible for microcredit lenders. The multiple-instalment loan leads the borrower to borrow from the third party because installments are due before project yields. This reduces the incentive to default and raises the microcredit repayment rate. In the third essay, we analyze the macroeconomic and distributional effects of microcredit programs across 21 countries using a general equilibrium approach. We developed a model of financial intermediation and occupational choice to find out the impact of microcredit on five macroeconomic aggregates - average capital per worker, wealth inequality, the lending interest rate, income per capita and entrepreneurship. Our findings show that the macroeconomic and distributional impact of microcredit, subsidized microcredit and high-frequency of installments of microcredit loan significantly varies both in magnitudes and in directions across countries. Findings suggest designing country-specific microcredit contracts rather than using a typical contract in all countries.
The Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid on Oxidative Stress, Lipid Profile, and Blood Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To determine the effect of Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) on blood glucose, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced type II diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats.Study Design: Laboratory-based experimental study.Place and Duration of the Study: The study was carried out at the Physiology Research Lab, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from 20th January 2021 to 24th June 2021.Methods: Thirty Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three equal groups. Group I was given a normal standard rat diet. In Groups II and III after feeding a diet rich in fat and calories for 2 weeks, after feeding a diet rich in fat and calories for 2 weeks, a single low dose of streptozotocin was injected for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) induction. Alpha Lipoic Acid 30 mg/kg body weight/day was administered intraperitoneally in Group III for 01 weeks after the development of T2DM.Results: The blood glucose, lipid profile, and serum Malondialdehyde levels were deranged in the diabetic group. After Alpha Lipoic Acid supplementation, the blood glucose levels, Serum MDA, and levels of triglycerides, cholesterol, and Low Density Lipoproteins decreased, whereas High Density Lipoproteins level were significantly raised (p <0.001) in group III as compared to the diabetic group II. Conclusion: Treatment with Alpha Lipoic Acid reduces oxidative stress and improve reduces oxidative stress and improves glycemic and lipid profiles in T2DM rats. How to cite this: khan BU, Arshad S, Ikram F, Yousef I, Naizi I, Ismaeel M. The Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid on Oxidative Stress, Lipid Profile and Blood Glucose Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Life and Science. 2024; 5(1): 89-94. doi: http://doi.org/10.37185/LnS.1.1.405
Aspergillus niger catalyzes the synthesis of flavonoids from chalcones

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Flavonoids, which have many biological activities and have been widely used in nature, can be artificially synthesized. However, regioselective cyclization of chalcones is difficult by chemical methods. In this study, we demonstrated that Aspergillus niger is capable of cyclizing chalcones to flavanones, affording a mimic of plant biosynthetic processes. Chalcones 1–6 were biotransformated to the modified chalcones 8–14 and to the flavanones 15–27. The biotransformation showed that enzymatic cyclization and demethylation occurred during the first days of biotransformation; in contrast, hydroxylation is a later process. With a longer culturing time, it is possible to obtain more hydroxylated flavanones with excellent yields.
An improved formula for perforation of the steel plate reinforced concrete subjected to the rigid missile

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents an improved empirical method for the prediction of perforation of steel plate reinforced concrete barriers by rigid missiles such as aircraft engines etc. The data of rigid missile experiments newly performed in China in 2018 were collected, and numerical analysis and existing empirical methods of perforation damage analysis were compared. Based on the existing formulas, an improvement is proposed to predict the penetration effect of typical rigid projectiles on steel reinforced concrete barriers in aircraft impact or tornadoes more accurately.
Understanding the Essence of Caring from the Lived Experiences of Filipino Informatics Nurses

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Caring is considered a unique concept in nursing because it subsumes all intrinsic attributes of nursing as a human helping discipline. Scholars have argued that caring is usually seen as an encounter between nurses and patients, but how about nurses with minimal or absent nurse-patient encounters, like informatics nurses? In this study, we explored the meaning of the phenomenon of caring to present lived experiences of caring, namely caring as actions of coming in between; caring as expressed within embodied relations; and caring and the path traversed by informatics nurses. The informatics nurse-cyborg-patient triad speaks of Filipino informatics nurses’ insightful understanding of the phenomenon of caring.
Chemical composition and antioxidant, antimicrobial and haemolytic activities of crambe cordifolia roots

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In the current study, we investigated the chemical composition, in vitro antioxidant, antimicrobial and haemolytic activities of the crude (methanolic) and n-hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of roots of Crambe cordifolia Steven. The GC-MS analysis led to identification of erucic acid (20.8%), p-cymene (20.9%), palmitic acid (19.2%) and vitamin E (13.8%) as major components of methanol, n-hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts respectively. The results of spectrophotometric assays showed that the methanol extract had the highest total phenolic contents (210.3 ± 0.74 μg \nGAE/mg of dry plant material), total flavonoid contents (75.5 ± 0.32 μg QE/mg of dry plant material) and antioxidant \npotential. It was established by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration methods that, overall, the methanol \nextract exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against most of the tested microbial strains (Escherichia coli, Bacillus \nsubtilis, Pasteurella multocida, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani) as compared with the nhexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts. The outcome of the haemolytic assay showed that the tested extract and \ndifferent solvent fractions were safe to human erythrocyte membrane
Quantum Model for Conjoint Recognition

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In a conjoint memory recognition task, a person is presented a list of target items to remember. Afterwards, a test probe is presented which is sampled from one of three mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories: one is a target from the set of previously presented targets; a second is a non target but meaningfully related to a target; and a third is a non target and unrelated to any target. The episodic overestimate effect refers to the fact that the probability of accepting a probe when asked if it is a target plus the probability of accepting a probe when asked if it is a related non target is greater than the probability of accepting a probe when asked if it is either a target or a non related target. Logically these two probabilities should be identical. Previously these results were explained by a dual process theory. This article presents an alternative quantum memory recognition model for this effect that addresses some problematic issues that arise with the dual process explanation.
Optimally Robust Private Information Retrieval.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We give a protocol for multi-server information-theoretic private information retrieval which achieves the theoretical limit for Byzantine robustness. That is, the protocol can allow a client to successfully complete queries and identify server misbehavior in the presence of the maximum possible number of malicious servers. We have implemented our scheme and it is extremely fast in practice: up to thousands of times faster than previous work. We achieve these improvements by using decoding algorithms for error-correcting codes that take advantage of the practical scenario where the client is interested in multiple blocks of the database.
Intracellular positioning of mesophyll chloroplasts following to aggregative movement in Setaria viridis analysed three-dimensionally with a confocal laser scanning microscope

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Chloroplasts can change their intracellular position responding to environmental conditions. In addition to the well-known photorelocation movements, i.e., accumulation and avoidance movements in response to light, mesophyll chloroplasts in C4 plants change their intracellular positioning from the cell periphery to the bundle sheath cell side (aggregative movement) in response to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and hyperosmosis, under light. Previous studies on the aggregative movement have been limited in two-dimensional (2D) information on the transverse sections of leaves, because aggregated mesophyll chloroplasts gather inside the leaf tissues, which need to be cut for observation. However, the 2D analysis on the cross sections is difficult to investigate accurately the aggregated chloroplasts overlapped each other in the depth direction. Therefore, there are few studies examining the anatomical features of the aggregated chloroplasts at the cellular level. Here in this study, we established the workflow for three-dimensional (3D) observation using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), which can investigate a thick section as a stack of optical sections, followed by 3D reconstruction of mesophyll cells and chloroplasts. Using this method, we visualized the 3D representations of mesophyll cells of green foxtail (Setaria viridis), which is a model of C4 plant, and investigated the chloroplasts individually and quantified their structures or intracellular positions before and after the aggregative movement. The 3D data of individual chloroplasts in a whole cell revealed that the aggregated positioning is independent with chloroplast volume or surface area, and that chloroplasts did not change their shape before and after the movement.
MSCT diagnosis and differential diagnosis of adrenocortical hyperplasia and adenoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To study 16SCT multi-phase enhanced scan's diagnosis and error reason diagnostic analgsis of adrenocortical hyperplasia and adenoma.Methods Thirty-six cases adrenocortical hyperplasia or adenoma from this hospital which confirmed by pathology were retrospectively analyzed.All the patients underwent CT scan(plain,artery time,portal time,balanced time).Results In 36 cases,27(75%) cases of adrenal adenoma,9(25%) cases of adrenocortial hyperplasia were diagnosed.Among them 1 case of adrenal adenoma misdiagnosed myelolipoma,1 case misdiagnosed pheochromocytoma,3 cases of adrenocortical hyperplasia misdiagnosed adenoma,1 case misdiagnosed hematoma.Conclusion MSCT multi-phase enhanced scan and thin-layer(2 mm) reconstruction joint with clinical and laboratory examination significantly improves the diagnostic rate in diagnosing adrenocortical hyperplasia and adenoma.
Steam sterilization of laparoscopic instruments.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Because of the intricate internal parts of laparoscopic instruments, questions have been raised about the efficacy of cleaning and sterilization techniques. To assess these risks, hamburger meat was inoculated with high concentrations of vegetative pathogens and packed into laparoscopic cannulas. All openings of the cannulas were sealed during steam sterilization cycles ranging from 3 to 10 min in different experiments; cultures were obtained after cooling. Experiments were then performed using heat-resistant spore forms. Our studies showed that both the standard 10-min cycle and the 3-min "flash" were uniformly successful in killing all pathogenic microorganisms. A 7-min steam sterilization was necessary to kill spores within sealed cannulas. We conclude that a standard 10-min cycle within the steam autoclave provides complete sterilization of laparoscopic instruments; the 3-min "flash" sterilization is appropriate and safe for instruments that have been inadvertently contaminated or dropped during a surgical procedure.