jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Unliganded Acetate Kinase from Thermatoga Maritima

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Acetate kinase (AK) catalyses the reversible transfer of the  phosphate group from ATP to one of the oxygen atoms of the carboxylate group in acetate to form acetyl phosphate. Acetate kinase a dimeric protein from the thermophilic organism, Thermatoga maritima, was cloned and expressed in E. coli. AK was purified in three steps using anion exchange, hydrophobic, and gel filtration chromatography. It crystallized only at 50°C. The crystals diffracted poorly, had high mosaicity as they were subjected to temperature shock between looping out and freezing. To obtain better quality crystals at lower temperatures the purification procedure was modified to include a Heparin affinity step along with anion exchange and hydrophobic chromatography steps. Crystals from this preparation grew at 20°C. A crystal grown in 36% MPD, 100mM CHES-9.5 and 50mM CaCl2 diffracted to 3.3Å. A data set with 97.9% completeness was solved by molecular replacement using structure (1G99) of AK from Methanosarcina Thermophila, a member of the ASKHA (acetate and sugar kinases/Hsc70/actin) family. Ten monomers were found in the asymmetric unit and crystal structure was refined to R-factor and R-free of 19.7% and 24.3%, respectively. Each monomer in the apo enzyme contained two domains. The two active site histidines (H122 and H179) found in the ASKHA family of enzymes were located 10Å apart compared to 6Å found in the binary complex in presence of ADP in 1G99. Further, the two domains in the apo enzyme appeared to be farther apart than what was reported to be found in the binary complexes suggesting that a major conformational change occurs when nucleotides bind to the apo-enzyme. This research was supported by NIH grant RO1-GM57056 and NSF CAREER award 99-84919-MCB.
The taxonomic position ofOxystegus sinuosus(Mitt.) Hlip. in relation to the genus Barbula Hedw

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

AbstractThe morphology of leaves, stems and axillary hairs is compared and described in Oxystegus sinuosus and O. tenuirostris. It is suggested that O. sinuosus falls within the range of variation of Barbula as currently understood in Britain, but that O. tenuirostris is closer to Trichostomum. The morphology of the axillary hairs does not throw much light on its affinities within Barbula, but a position close to B. cylindrica is probably the most appropriate.
Anato-morphological and chemical characterization of bamboo (Guadua amplexifolia J. Presl) from San Jorge River Basin, Colombia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Studying bamboo species' anato-morphological characteristics and chemical composition is crucial for identifying potential uses and comparing the species′ properties. Guadua amplexifolia J. Presl is a promising bamboo species that has been underrepresented in research regarding its properties. To determine its potential applications, this study focuses on the anatomical, morphological, and chemical properties of Guadua amplexifolia J. Presl in the San Jorge River basin. Four-and five-year-old Guadua amplexifolia J.Presl bamboo culms were divided into three sections, lower, middle, and upper, to facilitate the characterization of their anatomical and chemical properties. The anato-morphological characterization included measuring internode length and diameter, wall thickness, and internode density, vascular bundle density, length and distribution, fiber density, and wall thickness. Meanwhile, the chemical analysis involved proximate and elemental analysis, as well as lignocellulosic composition, to determine Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Alkaline Lignin Fiber (ALF), and Extractable Ether (EE). The internodes of the analyzed samples exhibited thick walls with either small or absent lacuna, and some culms were notably solid at the lower part, both of which are significant for identification purposes. The vascular bundles in the internal and transitional zones of the walls were oriented randomly. Furthermore, the analysis of the lignocellulosic composition of Guadua amplexifolia J. Presl revealed that water content, NDF, ADF, and ALF increase from lower to upper sections. The distribution of vascular bundles directly influences the chemical properties of the bamboo.
Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and chemoprevention of colorectal cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

277 education. Many cancer specialists eagerly engage in intensive and regular education. However, some do not, and for the protection of patients, continuous medical education should be mandatory for all oncologists who have a direct role in the care of patients with cancer. Health-care workers should have easy access, unrestricted by bureaucratic hurdles, to training and job opportunities in countries within the European Union, and patients should be entitled to obtain medical services at places of their choice. Such choice would increase competition and stimulate authorities and members of the medical profession to use their resources and talents in an optimum way. A stronger commitment from the European Union to enforce this idea, a common panEuropean action plan on cancer, and careful bench-marking of the quality and eff ectiveness of the various systems in place would advance the endeavours to reduce the present inequalities in cancer care. These measures should improve the quality and eff ectiveness of an important segment of healthcare that will serve one in three Europeans during his or her lifetime.
Consumption Insurance against Wage Risk: Family Labor Supply and Optimal Progressive Income Taxation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We show that a calibrated life cycle two-earner household model with endogenous labor supply can rationalize the extent of consumption insurance against shocks to male and female wages, as estimated empirically by Blundell, Pistaferri, and Saporta-Eksten (2016) in US data. In the model, 35 percent of male and 18 percent of female permanent wage shocks pass through to consumption, compared to the empirical estimates of 32 percent and 19 percent. Most of the consumption insurance against permanent male wage shocks is provided through the presence and labor supply response of the female earner. Abstracting from this private intrahousehold income insurance mechanism strongly biases upward the welfare losses from idiosyncratic wage risk as well as the desired extent of public insurance through progressive income taxation. Relative to the standard one-earner life cycle model, the optimal degree of tax progressivity is significantly lower and the welfare gains from implementing the optimal system are cut roughly in half. (JEL D15, H21, H24, J16, J22, J31)
Coping strategies for auditory hallucinations: A review

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Abstract This article reviews the literature on the strategies which psychiatric patients spontaneously use in order to cope with their auditory hallucinations. The common strategies found between studies are described and these are grouped according to four categories: (i) social contact; (ii) sensory stimulation; (iii) physiological arousal; and (iv) cognitive strategies. An attempt is made to relate these strategies to the theoretical and experimental literature on auditory hallucinations and, finally, the role of the counselling psychologist in fostering the development of effective coping strategies is outlined.
Corrosion resistance improvement of steel AISI 4140 by using a titanium/titanium nitride multilayer coating system

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Steel 4140 is widely used for fabrication of machines components with hardness between 25 and 35 Rockwell C (HRC). However, life time of this steel is limited by its low wear and corrosion resistance. In order to enhance its corrosion behavior, multilayer of Ti/TiN were deposited onto 4140 steel samples by d.c. reactive magnetron sputtering using a high purity titanium target (99.9) in an Ar/N2 atmosphere. With the purpose to study the influence of the layer number on the rate of corrosion of deposited films, multilayer of [Ti /TiN] were growth with 1, 5, 10, 15 and 20 bilayers and a 3 µm constant thickness for all samples. The grown phases and chemical composition were analyzed by x-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) respectively. Additionally, the uncoated and coated steel samples were characterized using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel’s polarisation curves. A corrosion rate reduction of approximately 87% was found for the steel sample coated with 20 bilayers of Ti/TiN compared with the uncoated, and of 25% related to the sample coated with 1 bilayer. This evidences the positive effect of the period increase of the multilayered Ti/TiN thin films on their corrosion resistance.
Anatomy and Imaging of Rat Prostate: Practical Monitoring in Experimental Cancer-Induced Protocols

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The rat has been frequently used as a model to study several human diseases, including cancer. In many research protocols using cancer models, researchers find it difficult to perform several of the most commonly used techniques and to compare their results. Although the protocols for the study of carcinogenesis are based on the macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of organs, few studies focus on the use of imaging. The use of imaging modalities to monitor the development of cancer avoids the need for intermediate sacrifice to assess the status of induced lesions, thus reducing the number of animals used in experiments. Our work intends to provide a complete and systematic overview of rat prostate anatomy and imaging, facilitating the monitoring of prostate cancer development through different imaging modalities, such as ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Dielectric elastomer minimum energy structure for acoustic absorber’s cavity volume control

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Dielectric elastomer minimum energy structure for acoustics absorber’s cavity volume control is investigated in this project. In this project, theory of tunable acoustic absorber is reviewed. We demonstrate that sound absorption can be tuned to targeted frequency by changing the volume of the back cavity. A resonator is developed by employing a dielectric elastomer minimum energy structure (DEMES) to control the volume of the back cavity. The DEMES actuators are bonded on both side of the slot, enclose by a powdered membrane to form a back cavity. During application of voltage, the actuator can be unfolded. Hence pressing the powdered membrane inwards, reducing the back cavity volume.
Examining Market Efficiency and Integration of the Islamic Stock Indices

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The question of whether the stock market is efficient has been an ongoing debate among researchers. Generally, empirical evidence indicates that most conventional stock indices for developed countries are weak form efficient while inconclusive results are discovered for developing countries. With the growing importance of the Islamic capital markets that run parallel to the conventional stock markets, similar question arises as to whether these new Islamic capital markets are also efficient. Hence this paper aims to examine the weak form efficiency of the Islamic stock indices. Autocorrelation Function (ACF) test and Variance Ratio (VR) test are used to test the market efficiency of the Islamic stock indices from China, India, South Africa, Malaysia, Dubai, Qatar and Japan. The study uses daily data covering the year 2008 until 2012. In addition, this paper attempts to unveil the dynamic causal relationships among the Islamic capital markets. Bivariate Granger Causality test is employed to achieve the objectives. Interestingly only the Islamic stock indices for Malaysia and India are weak form efficient while the results of the Islamic stock indices for Qatar and Kuwait are not. The results of the other Islamic stock indices studied are inconclusive. Johansen multivariate cointegration tests reveal no long-term relationship among the Islamic stock indices. On the other hand, bivariate Granger Causality tests report short run co-movements between Islamic stock indices of Muslim countries and non-Muslim countries, an indication of growing interest of the Islamic financial markets among investors.
Genetically encoded tools for Cell–Cell interactions underlying brain connectivity

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Brain development and function depend on complex yet organized neural networks and efficient communication between the neurons that form these networks. To understand the role of neural networks and communication between neurons, it is important to visualize interactions between neurons. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of visualization tools for cell–cell interactions, especially among neurons. We first introduce tools based on fluorescent protein technology that directly visualize cell–cell interactions, categorized into three different mechanisms: split fluorescent protein (split FP), dimerization-dependent fluorescent protein (ddFP), and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET). Each type offers distinct advantages in terms of temporal resolution, reversibility, and spatial specificity, making them suitable for different experimental contexts within neural networks. Next, we introduce tools that indirectly visualize cell–cell interactions, based on a reporter system. Finally, we present several tools based on other mechanisms. By systematically comparing the performance and applicability of each tool, we provide a strategic framework for selecting appropriate tools based on experimental goals, ranging from short-lived synaptic interactions to long-term network connectivity studies.
Tyre fracture: The problem, the causes and preventative action

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper investigates the causes of a tyre failure that occurred on 21 March 1998. The investigation has shown that faults in the cast steel from which the tyre was formed were translated into flaws in the tyre which cracked through hydrogen embrittlement. The crack created within the tyre generated associated fatigue cracks and these led to the complete rupture of the tyre. Recommendations are made to improve specifications and quality processes to ensure that, in the future, such imperfections are found before tyres are fitted to vehicles.
Mate Choice Behavior of Female Field Crickets Is Not Affected by Exposure to Heterospecific Calling Songs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Many animals produce acoustic signals to mark territories and attract mates. When different species produce acoustic signals simultaneously, the signals create a noisy environment, with potential acoustic interference between species. Theoretical studies suggest that such reproductive interference may have strong effects on species interaction. For example, the inferior resource competitor can survive if its disadvantage is counterbalanced by superiority in reproductive interference. Two field cricket species, Teleogryllus occipitalis (Audinet-Serville) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and Loxoblemmus equestris Saussure (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), cooccur in the same habitat. A previous study has shown that L. equestris is an inferior species to T. occipitalis in terms of resource competition. Therefore, we predicted that mate location and choice behavior of female T. occipitalis would be negatively affected by the acoustic signals of L. equestris and tested this with a series of playback experiments. The mate choice behavior of female T. occipitalis was not significantly affected by the calling song of L. equestris. Our results suggest that the acoustic interference does not explain the cooccurrence of the two species in the same habitat.
Chemical potential and compressibility of quantum Hall bilayer excitons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

I consider a system of two parallel quantum Hall layers with total filling factor 0 or 1. When the distance between the layers is small enough, electrons and holes in opposite layers can form inter-layer excitons, which have a finite effective mass and interact via a dipole-dipole potential. I present results for the chemical potential u of the resulting bosonic system as a function of the exciton concentration n and the interlayer separation d. I show that both u and the interlayer capacitance have an unusual nonmonotonic dependence on d, owing to the interplay between an increasing dipole moment and an increasing effective mass with increasing d. Finally, I discuss the transition between the superfluid and Wigner crystal phases, which is shown to occur at d x n-1/10. Results are derived first via simple intuitive arguments, and then verified with more careful analytic derivations and numeric calculations.
Effects of Green Silica on Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composite on Its Enhanced Mechanical Characteristics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT The silica‐filled nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites are oil resistant, and they are frequently employed in oil seals. Both the composite compositions and the curing environment have a significant impact on the properties of oil seals. Silica loading (10–50 phr) is recognized to have a significant impact on composites mechanical properties. The silane coupling agent treatment on silica is to enhance compatibility with the NBR matrix; the composites were made in a two‐roll mill. In addition to their mechanical characteristics, the effect of silica loading on NBR composites cure and scorch times was studied. The mechanical characteristics, such as hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, oil resistance property, rubber‐to‐filler interactions, and cross‐link studies have been discussed. The results showed that increasing the amount of green silica from 10 to 50 phr in the composite improved its strength and durability. The Si189‐GS fillers were uniformly distributed and compatible in the NBR matrix at low loading (10 and 30 phr), but agglomeration became apparent at 40 phr. In view of the strong silica‐NBR matrix contact that limits rubber chain segmental motion, silica‐filled NBR composites have higher silica loading, and the composites are tougher and harder.
Role of TQM in Sustained Business Performance in Indian Automotive Supply Chain

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This chapter creates a place in which TQM (total quality management) differs from business sustainability. Management can focus themselves more accurately when they understand the missing link between these two aspects. It also helps to reduce and eliminate certain wastes related to cost and efficiency and helps to produce better quality with minimum waste. In this study, a TQM framework is developed according to a comprehensive literature review: primary data collection through a structured questionnaire and interview of performers/nonperformers at various levels in different organizations. Analysis of data is used to establish the relationship between attributes of TQM and business sustainability. TQM enhances the cost effectiveness while helping suppliers to produce enhanced quality to their customers and with minimum efforts and lesser rejection. Analysis of data is used to establish the relationship between attributes of TQM and cost effectiveness in an organization.
A Deweyan Defense of Truth and Fallibilism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Scott Aiken and Thomas Dabay contend that a satisfactory account of truth is both infallibilist and antiskeptical. Externalist correspondence theories, they say, preserve the infallibility of the truth-relation yet invite skeptical qualms. In tying truth to experience, pragmatist theories resist skeptical challenges, but embrace a fallibilism that renders their account of truth inconsistent and even incoherent. While agreeing with Aiken and Dabay that externalist accounts are vulnerable to skepticism, I dispute each of the four arguments they offer against pragmatist fallibilism. Though partially successful against Peirce’s more popular view that truth is the final belief of a community of inquirers, their arguments are wholly ineffective against Dewey’s account of truth as warranted assertability.
Dr. Gioacchino Failla 1891–1961

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

On December 15 the icy roads of Illinois robbed us of a very distinguished and greatly beloved Honorary Member, Gioacchino Failla, who was killed instantly when the car in which he was being driven was involved in a collision. It is little over a year since Failla retired as Professor of Radiology (Physics) and Director of the Radiological Research Laboratory at Columbia University, and from a multitude of advisory committees to which he had given so much of his time. He was beginning to enjoy a less exacting life as Senior Physicist Emeritus, in the laboratory of his former pupil, John Rose, where he would have facilities and time to carry out investigations prompted by his vigorous and original mind.
Global dynamics to a quasilinear chemotaxis system under some critical parameter conditions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

<abstract><p>In this manuscript, the following chemotaxis system has been considered:</p> <p><disp-formula> <label/> <tex-math id="FE1"> \begin{document}$ \begin{equation*} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} v_{t} = \nabla\cdot(\phi(v)\nabla v-\varphi(v)\nabla w_{1}+\psi(v)\nabla w_{2})+av-bv^{\kappa},\ &amp;\ \ x\in \Omega, \ t&gt;0,\\[2.5mm] 0 = \Delta w_{1}+\alpha v^{\gamma_{1}}-\beta w_{1}, \ &amp;\ \ x\in \Omega, \ t&gt;0,\\[2.5mm] 0 = \Delta w_{2}+\gamma v^{\gamma_{2}}-\delta w_{2}, \ &amp;\ \ x\in \Omega, \ t&gt;0 , \end{array} \right. \end{equation*} $\end{document} </tex-math></disp-formula></p> <p>where $ \Omega $ is a bounded smooth domain of $ \mathbb{R}^{n}(n\geq 1), $ the parameters $ a, b, \alpha, \beta, \gamma, \delta, \gamma_{1}, \gamma_{2} &gt; 0, \kappa &gt; 1, $ and nonnegative functions $ \phi(\varrho) = (\varrho+1)^{m}, $ $ \varphi(\varrho) = \chi \varrho(\varrho+1)^{\theta-1} $ and $ \psi(\varrho) = \xi \varrho(\varrho+1)^{l-1} $ for $ \varrho\geq 0 $ with $ m, \theta, l \in \mathbb{R} $ and $ \chi, \xi &gt; 0. $ In the present work, we improve the boundedness criteria established in previous work and further show that under the corresponding critical cases, namely, assume that $ \theta+\gamma_{1} = \max\{l+\gamma_{2}, \kappa\}\geq m+\frac{2}{n}+1 $ with $ m &gt; -\frac{2}{n}, n\geq 3, $ if one of the following conditions holds:</p> <p>(a) when $ \theta+\gamma_{1} = l+\gamma_{2} = \kappa, $ if $ \theta\geq l\geq 1 $ and $ \frac{[(\kappa-1-m)n-2](2\alpha \chi-\gamma\xi)}{2(l-1)+(\kappa-1-m)n} = b, $ or $ l\geq \theta\geq 1 $ and $ \frac{2\alpha\chi[(\kappa-1-m)n-2]} {2(\theta-1)+(\kappa-1-m)n} = b; $</p> <p>(b) when $ \theta+\gamma_{1} = \kappa &gt; l+\gamma_{2}, $ if $ \theta\geq 1 $ and $ \frac{2\alpha \chi[(\kappa-1-m)n-2]}{2(\theta-1)+(\kappa-1-m)n} = b, $</p> <p>then the system still possesses at least a global classical solution, which is bounded in $ \Omega \times (0, \infty) $. Additionally, we have also explored the long time behavior of the classical solution mentioned above.</p></abstract>