jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Urine complement-related proteins in IgA nephropathy and IgA vasculitis nephritis, possible biomarkers of disease activity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Introduction The activation of the complement system plays an important role in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Our primary aim was to evaluate a range of complement-related proteins, including pentraxin-3 (PTX-3), in blood and urine at diagnosis and their association with disease activity in the kidney biopsy, eGFR, albuminuria, and outcome. Our secondary aim was to compare the same biomarkers between patients with IgAN and IgA vasculitis with renal involvement (IgAVN). Methods In a longitudinal Swedish cohort of 96 patients with IgAN (n = 65) or IgAVN (n = 31), with a median follow-up time of 10.8 years, we analysed mainly lectin-pathway-related proteins and PTX-3 in plasma and urine (u) samples stored at the time of kidney biopsy. Outcome was defined by the GFR slope or by the combined outcome of 50% loss of eGFR or end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Results Patients with detectable vs undetectable u-PTX-3 and u-mannose-binding lectin (MBL) more frequently had mesangial hypercellularity, endocapillary proliferation, and crescents in their kidney biopsy. u-C4c levels were higher in patients with advanced tubulointerstitial fibrosis, and u-C4c was also an independent predictor of a more severe eGFR slope. There were no differences in the levels of biomarkers between patients with IgAN and IgAVN. Conclusion u-PTX-3 and u-MBL might be biomarkers of an active proliferative stage of the disease, while higher u-C4c levels indicate more chronic lesions in both IgAN and IgAVN. These results must, however, be confirmed in larger and multiethnic cohorts.
The legal status of memoranda of understanding in relation to treaties for the avoidance of double taxation and information exchange

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It has been suggested by international lawyers that Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) are instruments concluded between States which they do not intend to be governed by international law (or any other law) and, as a result, are not legally binding. The question as to what legal status MOUs have in the context of international tax law, particularly in relation to treaties for the avoidance of double taxation and information exchange has, to a greater extent, not been asked or answered in academic literature. This minor dissertation seeks to address that. Based on a review of the legal framework for treaties and MOUs, analyses of cases dealing with tax MOUs, and taking into consideration doctrinal work of various commentators, it is evident that the legal status of tax MOUs is determined by the role they play in the interpretation and application of tax treaties. The key finding arising from the research presented in this minor dissertation is that the roles of tax MOUs are to complete the treaty or modify or clarify substantive provisions of the treaties they are based on. If they complete or modify the treaty, such MOUs have legal consequences. On the other hand, if they only clarify substantive treaty provision, they do not have direct legal consequences but can be considered for interpretation purposes. Although MOUs have been viewed historically as non-legally binding agreements not governed by international law or any other law, evidence seem to suggest a contrary view in the context of international tax treaty law. If an MOU is concluded pursuant to a treaty article, through the powers given to Competent Authorities (CAs) under articles 25(1)-(3) of the OECD Model Tax Convention (MTC) to conclude, for example, an interpretive instrument, then arguably such an MOU is intended to be governed by international law as the treaty authorises its conclusion. MOUs of this kind concluded by CAs have binding effects.
The Poetics of Transformation in Contemporary Ural Poetry

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The author draws a connection between different generations of Ural poets through their attitude towards the poetic experience of meta-realism and partly of the Russian avant-garde manifested through the mutability of poetic images and transformation as a structural element of the poetic text on different levels. The author studies poems by V. Kalpidi, E. Turenko, A. Sannikov, Yu. Kazarin, A. Petrushkin, E. Simonova, etc.
Abstract View MONTE CARLO MODEL OF BACKGROUND GLUTAMATE SPILLOVER IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The goal of this study was to explore the activation of extrasynaptic AMPA and NMDA receptors by diffusion of glutamate in extracellular space following fast excitatory synaptic release. Conclusive results from analytical models are hampered by the difficulty of integrating information about the time course of glutamate concentration profiles in the synaptic cleft with diffusion profiles in the complex geometry of the neuropil. Furthermore, experimental measurements of critical model parameters are difficult to obtain, such as the fine structure of 3-D morphology of the neuropil on the sub-micron scale. We have used MCell, a Monte Carlo simulator of molecular signaling, to study the release of hippocampal glutamate and diffusion in 3-D geometrical reconstructions of the neuropil. Our simplified 3-D model contains repeating motifs with the appropriate design and spacing to replicate experimentally measured values for hippocampal tortuosity. The model simulates, on the microsecond time scale, the random walk of every glutamate molecule in a synapse after vesicular release. We have focused on the effects of background glutamate concentrations on the levels
[Naringin againsts learning and memory dysfunction of rats induced by intraventricular perfusion with HIV-1 glycoprotein 120 (gp120)].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To explore the protective effect of naringin on cognitive disorders induced by HIV-1-enveloped glycoprotein 120 (gp120) mediated by the P2X7 receptor in rats. Methods The Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to evaluate the effect of naringin on cognitive dysfunction induced by gp120 intraventricular perfusion in the rat models of dementia. The expression levels of P2X7 receptor mRNA and protein in hippocampus tissues were detected by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, respectively. Results The MWM test showed that compared with the gp120 model group, the naringin treatment group showed significantly faster escape latencies and reduced searching target errors. RT-PCR and Western blotting showed that the expressions of P2X7 receptor mRNA and protein were reduced in the hippocampus of rats in the naringin treatment group compared with the gp120 model group. Conclusion Naringin may againsts learning and memory dysfunction induced by gp120, which may counter the up-regulated expression of the P2X7 receptor in the hippocampus of rats.
Inflammatory conditions of the stomach and duodenum.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Upper gastrointestinal inflammatory processes are exceedingly common and have a wide spectrum of causes and manifestations. The broad category of acid-peptic disease incorporates the most common and important conditions. Concepts of pathophysiology of gastritis and duodenitis and their relationship to ulcers and neoplasm continue to evolve. The role of infection, especially H. pylori, remains under intense investigation. The spectrum of gastroduodenal inflammation in the immunocompromised host continues to expand and becomes increasingly important. A variety of granulomatous processes, both infectious and idiopathic, involve the upper gastrointestinal tract in overlapping patterns. Although investigation of ulcers and syphilis occupied the attention of the earliest gastrointestinal radiologists, related problems continue to challenge today's radiologic imagers, clinicians, and investigators.
A survey of e-banking performance in Thailand

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The internet is a rather new channel for Thai people to conduct banking activities. An existing model was used to evaluate the performance of internet banking in Thailand. This study reveals that a perception of insufficient security is the main factor that discourages people from using internet banking. Favourable conditions for adoption are ease of use and ease of learning, perceived usefulness and trustworthiness of the banks and of the security measures. However, customer service is considered not good enough and the information provided does not fit the majority's needs. Based on the findings, recommendations were made to banks.
Comprehensive Study of Artificial Light‐Harvesting Systems with a Multi‐Step Sequential Energy Transfer Mechanism

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Artificial light‐harvesting systems (LHSs) with a multi‐step sequential energy transfer mechanism significantly enhance light energy utilization. Nonetheless, most of these systems exhibit an overall energy transfer efficiency below 80%. Moreover, due to challenges in molecularly aligning multiple donor/acceptor chromophores, systems featuring ≥3‐step sequential energy transfer are rarely reported. Here, a series of artificial LHSs is introduced featuring up to 4‐step energy transfer mechanism, constructed using a cyclic peptide‐based supramolecular scaffold. These LHSs showed remarkably high energy transfer efficiencies (≥90%) and satisfactory fluorescence quantum yields (ranging from 17.6% to 58.4%). Furthermore, the structural robustness of the supramolecular scaffold enables a comprehensive study of these systems, elucidating the associated energy transfer pathways, and identifying additional energy transfer processes beyond the targeted sequential energy transfer. Overall, this comprehensive investigation not only enhances the understanding of these LHSs, but also underscores the versatility of cyclic peptide‐based supramolecular scaffolds in advancing energy harvesting technologies.
Bone marrow stromal cells produce and respond to activin A: interactions with basic fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Activin A, a homodimer of the beta A-chain, regulates hematopoiesis. We recently reported that murine bone marrow (BM) stromal cells, ST2 and MC3T3-G2/PA6, produce activin A [16]. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), potent mitogens of BM stromal cells, induced a rapid increase in beta A-chain mRNA levels and activin secretion in these cells. Cycloheximide (CHX) did not inhibit the increases in beta A-chain mRNA levels, suggesting that these growth factors directly stimulate beta A-chain gene expression. Furthermore, activin A stimulated mitogenesis in ST2 cells, by itself and with bFGF and PDGF. Consistent with this observation, we detected mRNAs of activin A receptors in the murine stromal cells. These findings suggest that BM stromal cells, stimulated by bFGF and PDGF, produce activin A, which may stimulate stromal cells themselves in concert with these peptide growth factors.
Oviposition preference of two hoverfly species in response to risk of intraguild predation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two experiments were performed in the laboratory to understand the relationships between oviposition preference and larval performance of the two predatory hoverfly species, Episyrphus balteatus de Geer and Metasyrphus corollae Fabricius. We first conducted laboratory experiments to understand the nature and relative strengths of intraguild predation between the larvae of three ladybird species, Harmonia axyridis Pallas, Propylea japonica Thunberg, and Scymnus posticalis Sicard, and two predatory hoverfly species. The interactions between larvae of the three ladybird and two hoverfly species differed depending on the species and developmental stages involved: the relationships between H. axyridis or S. posticalis and the two hoverfly larvae tended to be asymmetric with H. axyridis being a superior species and S. posticalis an inferior species, although the reverse was true for each of these two species when small larvae were paired with large larvae of the hoverflies. The ladybird, P. japonica, had both asymmetric and symmetric relationships depending on the hoverfly species with which it interacted. Secondly, we tested the preference and performance hypothesis for hoverflies, by determining whether hoverfly oviposition preference was related to the risk of intraguild predation posed by the presence of a ladybird larva in an aphid colony. Oviposition preference in relation to larval performance of the two hoverflies differed between the species: E. balteatus females tended to adjust their rate of eggs laying in response to the presence of ladybird larvae, while similar responses of M. corollae females were weak. The relationship between oviposition preference and larval performance in hoverflies is discussed.
Nanooptics: Coherent optical spectroscopy of single semiconductor quantum dots.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The objective of this Thesis is to present a series of novel experiments which directly probe single semiconductor quantum dots (QD's). These optical studies, performed at T = 6K on naturally formed QD's in a narrow single GaAs quantum well, remove the spectral blurring caused by inhomogeneous broadening in ensemble measurements and reveal extremely narrow resonances resulting from the complete energy quantization of the zero-dimensional exciton. Excitons in isolated QD's were probed by laser excitation through a submicron sized aperture in a 100-nm-thick Al mask deposited directly on the sample surface. Previous experiments on single QD's have been based solely on photoluminescence detection. In the present work, continuous wave coherent nonlinear optical spectroscopy is used to perform direct measurements of exciton dynamics and optical nonlinearities. The fully resonant nonlinear measurements allow for the extraction of both the excitation decoherence time and the energy relaxation time, showing that the dephasing process is dominated by contributions that lead to energy relaxation. These measurements also identify an incoherent and a coherent contribution to the resonant electronic response and demonstrate a behavior similar to two beam coupling. This atomic-like behavior extends the similarities between the two systems to the nonlinear optical regime. The nonlinear response between different states measures the interstate energy relaxation and reveals a feature of the state coupling that is not explained by simple atomic models. Using the knowledge acquired in the cw linear and nonlinear optical experiments, transient optical coherent control of the excitation of a single QD in times shorter than the excitonic lifetime was demonstrated. A two-pulse sequence of picosecond pulses excited a superposition of eigenstates belonging to the same fine structure doublet creating a nonstationary quantum mechanical state. The temporal evolution and the quantum phase of this state was manipulated and monitored by controlling the optical phase of the two-pulse sequence through timing and polarization. The results combine concepts of wavefunction engineering, developed in atomic and molecular systems, with coherent control in semiconductors to demonstrate wavefunction manipulation in the limit of a single quantum system in a zero-dimensional QD.
The Life of Ludwig van Beethoven

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This authoritative biography of Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) was a landmark in its meticulous research and use of source material. For the American author Alexander Wheelock Thayer (1817–97), it represented a lifelong labour of love, yet it remained unfinished at his death. His friend Hermann Deiters (1833–1907) edited and translated Thayer's work into German, publishing three volumes which covered Beethoven's life to 1816. Since Deiters also died before the biography could be completed, musicologist Hugo Riemann (1849–1919) was called upon to conclude the work. The final German volumes appeared in 1907 and 1908. It was the American critic Henry Edward Krehbiel (1854–1923) who prepared the present work, the first and considerably revised English version, published in three volumes in 1921. Volume 1 covers Beethoven's career through to 1802, the year of the Heiligenstadt Testament.
MRI brain in monohalomethane toxic encephalopathy: A case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Monohalomethanes are alkylating agents that have been used as methylating agents, laboratory reagents, refrigerants, aerosol propellants, pesticides, fumigants, fire-extinguishing agents, anesthetics, degreasers, blowing agents for plastic foams, and chemical intermediates. Compounds in this group are methyl chloride, methyl bromide, methyl iodide (MI), and methyl fluoride. MI is a colorless volatile liquid used as a methylating agent to manufacture a few pharmaceuticals and is also used as a fumigative insecticide. It is a rare intoxicant. Neurotoxicity is known with both acute and chronic exposure to MI. We present the characteristic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain findings in a patient who developed neuropsychiatric symptoms weeks after occupational exposure to excessive doses of MI.
[Iatrogenic pneumothorax caused by acupuncture].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 68 year-old white male patient with previous diagnosis of pulmonary emphysema was submitted to acupuncture. The needles were inserted into the precordial area and the patient immediately complained of worsening dyspnea. Four days later pneumothorax was detected by chest X-rays. A thoracic tube was inserted with total lung expansion.
Young Children and Inclusion

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Inclusive education is the focus of many thinkers, researchers, teachers, early-childhood educators, and policymakers. It is a current concern of most Western societies. The concept of inclusive education was introduced only in the 1990s, when it replaced the previous concepts of integration and mainstreaming; however, the expressed need and advocacy for inclusion go further back in history. The enormous shift is still felt by many educational institutions. The shift means that it is not the job of the child to adapt to the typical environment, but it is the complex educational ecosystem that needs to be ready for caring, educating, and ensuring success to all children, with or without diversabilities. The necessary progression is one from considering diverse groups of children in an equalizing way, to considering them in an equitable way. Inclusive early-childhood education proposes an environment catered around the unique needs of each child within the classroom. As in many other areas of education, change needs to start early, and, yet, research about the inclusion of young and very young children is not overwhelmingly prevalent. In the 2020s, inclusive practice refers to all differences, not only the ones affecting children’s physical and mental health, including race, gender, culture, ethnicity, language, socioeconomic status, age, etc. If young children grow up in homes and educational environments infused with inclusion, they may become more comfortable engaging in discourses of inequality and exclusion. If their learning environment models positive and genuine relationship building with anyone around them, regardless of their difference, children will grow up being advocates for and allies of the people whom society keeps on silencing. Early inclusion is paramount. So, what hinders the universal adoption of inclusive practices in early-childhood education? Among factors that constitute barriers of inclusion, we find politics, resources, support, teacher education, parents’ and teachers’ perceptions and needs, different philosophical interpretations of the concept of early inclusion, and many others. The current studies in the field of early-childhood inclusion show that there is an acute need for knowledge, collaboration, and support. Parents, policymakers, teachers, and other decision-making adults should start giving children agency and invite them to contribute to decisions that concern their well-being. Being inclusive in early-childhood education means to have trust in the competency of all young children, to cherish difference, to cultivate a respectful learning environment, to work with heart, to welcome and build strong relationships with families of all children, to be in touch with current research in the field of inclusive education, and to see inclusion as a feeling of belonging, being valued, and being respected. Inclusion is fluid as a river, but these are the stones that should always guide its course and flow.
Ilse Cantell, Nina Martola, Birgitta Romppanen, Mats-Peter Sundström: Suomi-ruotsi opiskelusanakirja

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Anmeldt værk:Ilse Cantell, Nina Martola, Birgitta Romppanen, Mats-Peter Sundström: Suomi-ruotsi opiskelusanakirja ('Finsk-svensk studieordbok'). Helsingfors: WSOY 1995Anja Sarantola, Tauno Sarantola: Ruotsi-suomi opiskelusanakirja ('Svensk-finsk studieordbok'). Helsingfors: WSOY 1995The article evaluates the two dictionaries from the perspective of the potential user. Both dictionaries are intended for Finnish speaking users such as school children and students. The vocabulary is modern and covers general usage. A number of colloquial and even slang words are included. Instead, transparent and infrequent compound and derivative words are not listed. The dictionaries are easy to use. The typography is very clear, and every word is given a new line.A particular strength of the dictionaries is extensive presentation of both typical contexts and idiomatic phrases. Particularly the Finnish-Swedish dictionary could include even more information about the grammatical behaviour of verbs and pronouns.
District Cooling Network Planning. A Case Study of Tallinn

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The planning procedure for district cooling as an urban system was presented and carried out using the example of the Tallinn city centre. The following steps were described in detail: cooling demand determination, cooling generation planning and cooling transition analysis. Based on the three proposed methods (average specific cooling load, satellite imagery analysis of a specific building, counting the number of fans in dry coolers and the combination method), the cooling capacity of the evaluated district was estimated at 63.2 MW. In terms of cooling generation, the analysis shows that seawater for free cooling can cover up to 55% of the annual cooling consumption. Electric chillers and absorption chillers that use surplus heat can cover the rest of the district cooling demand. The district cooling network was designed for three scenarios: with one generating unit, with two generating units and a looped network. Despite the fact that the looped network is the most expensive option, this type of solution is considered feasible as it will make it easier to connect new consumers.