jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Transformative Water Relations: Indigenous Interventions in Global Political Economies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This Special Issue of Global Environmental Politics, on water governance, focuses on the disruptive and transformative potential of Indigenous politics for revealing the multiplicity of political economies and enhancing the theory and practice of global environmental politics. In this issue, we unsettle the assumptions of dominant colonial systems of production and exchange (often the starting point for global environmental politics scholars), using water to bring to light the conflicting approaches of settler colonial and Indigenous political economies. With a focus on the settler colonial states of the Global North—specifically, Canada and the United States—the contributing authors interrogate the ways in which different forms of water relations are positioned at the center of conflicting understandings of land, law, and development trajectories. Through analyses of varying forms of water infrastructure, water law, and waterways, and with careful attention to spatial and temporal distances in production and trade systems, the articles curated here examine conflicting legal forms and traditions, upstream and downstream relations, and opportunities for and limits to resistance by affected communities. In a dominant global political economy with increasing distance between sites of extraction, production, consumption, and discard—and even further removed from the financing that underpins these commodity chains—our Special Issue suggests that the acknowledgment and visibility of multiple forms of water relations contribute to reshaping both economies and environmental outcomes.
Investigation on pH-switchable (itaconic acid/ethylene glycol/acrylic acid) based polymeric biocompatible hydrogel

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new variety of pH-sensitive polymeric hydrogels (IAE) have been developed and evaluated as biocompatible hydrogels using synergetic combinations of itaconic acid (IA), acrylic acid (AA), and ethylene glycol (EG) in water medium by free radical polymerization.
Removal of Volatiles from Beer by Gas (N2) Stripping Coupled with High Vacuum

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to study flavors and their interactions, volatile compounds often need to be removed from their matrix. The removal of volatile compounds from complex beverage matrices like beer remains a challenge, because of the difficulty of separating these compounds from the non-volatile beverage matrix without altering their properties. The aim of this study was to develop a novel method for the removal of volatile compounds from beer. The new technique, designated nitrogen gas stripping coupled with high vacuum (NSHV), applies a vacuum to the beer sample while using forced gas (nitrogen) stripping without the application of heat. Application of NSHV to beer samples spiked with known concentrations of selected volatile compounds resulted in more rapid and higher reduction percentages of each compound when compared to rotary evaporation, a commonly used method. Four of the five volatile compounds showed >85% concentration reduction following 90 min of treatment by NSHV compared to only one compound (myrcene) showing a >70% reduction using rotary evaporation technique for the same time. The new method was demonstrated to be a promising method for volatile compound removal for beer samples and possibly other liquid samples as well.
Mathematical Mould Lofting by Electronic Computer (Ist Report)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Of recent years, the progress of E. D. P. S. (Electronic Data Processing System) has been very remarkable, and this system is now considered very effective method for ship construction.In Yokohams Shipyard, I. B. M. 7090 Type which is installed in M. C. C. (Mitsubishi Computing Center) is used for mould loft calculation, such as calculation of developing off-sets for curved shell plates, bending off-sets for frames, and assembling off-sets for erection units etc.And this calculation system has been adopted for several kinds and type of actual ships, such as 40, 000 DWT oil tanker and 10, 000 DWT super liner cargo ship.The system is featured by many charactiristics, such as:1) The number of shell plates which can be dealt with by this system are approximately 150-200 pieces of plate for either one 40, 000 DWT oil tanker or 10, 000 DWT cargo ship, which is 90% of total curved shell plates.2) Only 1/1000 hours is needed to calculate the developing off-sets and bending off-sets for one plate.3) Error in calculation can be kept less than ± 2.5mm in average, which is more accurate than the provious 1/10 scale mould lofting.4) Since making input data is very simple, even unskilled worker can accomplish this work fast and without error.In this first report, calculation methon for curved shell plater and twisted longitudinal frames will be explained.
Predicting hemorrhagic transformation and its timing from maximum cerebral lesion diameter in nonlacunar ischemic strokes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives We performed this retrospective cohort study to establish which factors are mostly indicative of the appearance of hemorrhagic transformation (HT) and of its time course in a sample of nonlacunar ischemic strokes. Materials and Methods In 402 patients with nonlacunar ischemic stroke (75.0 ± 12.7 years, 192 male), clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging variables obtained during the first 3 days of hospitalization were compared between patients with and without HT at computer tomography scan. Results HT was documented in 129 patients (32.1%), including 36 with parenchymal hematoma (PH), after a median time of 6 days (range 1–27). Many variables were univariately associated with HT, but only 5 of them were confirmed in Cox regression (Hazard Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval): maximum cerebral lesion diameter (CLD) in cm (1.12, 1.06–1.18; p = .0001), hemoglobin in g/dl (1.16, 1.06–1.27; p = .002), blood glucose in mmol/L (1.10, 1.03–1.18; p = .007), prior anticoagulant therapy (1.82, 1.10–3.03; p = .02), and edema with mass effect (1.72, 1.08–2.75; p = .02). Thus, the most significant predictor was CLD. The overall risk of HT was minimum for CLD < 2 cm (1.5%), intermediate for CLD ≥ 2 and < 5 cm (22%), and maximum for CLD ≥ 5 cm (58%). The residual probability of having HT decreased progressively over time, and a simple formula is proposed to predict, from CLD in cm, when the probability of HT falls below 10%. Conclusions The main determinant of HT was CLD, a simple quantitative parameter that could prove useful, in particular, in deciding the timing of anticoagulation in cardioembolic stroke patients.
Russian Regional Inequality in Comparative Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

That income inequality has a number of social and political effects has been well documented. In view of the rapid rise in interpersonal and interregional inequality in Russia in the past two decades, this paper seeks to answer three questions. First, descriptively, what are the trends in interregional income inequality in Russia and how do they compare to those in China and other large countries? Second, how are interregional and interpersonal inequality related? Finally, how have social and economic policies shaped interregional inequality? The paper compares Russia with China, although it also draws comparisons to inequality in the United States and other large, heterogeneous countries. In both Russia and China, the growth in interregional inequality has levelled off somewhat in the last few years (at least by some measures) but remains high by international standards. Income inequality is fueled by the widening differentials in earnings, a consequence of the economic reform strategies both countries have followed. Territorial centers of growth, particularly metropolitan centers and natural resource-rich regions, experience faster rates of average income growth than rural and peripheral regions, fueling income inequality across regions. Both Russia and China lack significant fiscal redistributive mechanisms, although government policy has mitigated some of the extremes of social and interregional inequality by shoring up incomes at the low end and through targeted government infra-structure investment intended to raise incomes in poorer regions. However, in both countries, the decentralization, commercialization and privatization of public services has reinforced rather than offset inequality generated in the labor market. Social policy in the area of pensions, unemployment and poverty assistance aims at preventing social unrest rather than being a source of broad-based economic growth. I conclude by arguing that the absence of effective mechanisms for aggregating broad social interests and resolving redistributive conflicts, either corporatist or parliamentary, leaves the state poorly equipped to use social policies to redress interpersonal and interregional inequality except through targeted state spending programs.
A psychotherapeutic exploration of the impact of working on multidisciplinary teams in psycho-oncology

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Psycho-oncology involves different professions working together to provide holistic care for cancer patients. Psycho-oncology as a newly established subspecialty of oncology caters for the psychosocial needs of cancer patients. The integration of professionals is an attribute of psycho-oncology, seeing the inclusion of nurses, doctors, psychiatrists, psychologists and in small numbers, psychotherapists. The character of the work with patients dying of cancer can have a significant impact on the individual professionals, bringing to question their own mortality and exercising their own compassion which can lead to certain dynamics such as performance or death anxiety, and denial of impact, which all affects the functioning of multidisciplinary teamwork. This qualitative study presents a psychotherapeutic exploration of the impact of working on multidisciplinary teams (MDT's) in psycho-oncology, which was examined through the experience of five professionals working in psycho-oncology. This study analysed the aspects of working with vulnerability, self and other, in the psycho-oncology wards. The research has described the unconscious and projective identifications that are an indication of the difficulty of working in psycho-oncology. It also looked at the notion of communication within the MDT's showing that the grouping can carry certain dynamics that impacts the professionals, their well-being, care effectiveness, and overall functioning of the team. The finding suggested more awareness of the psychological difficulty that the work of psycho-oncology carries. The study questioned the impact of the individuals working in psycho-oncology and added valuable psychotherapeutic insight to the limited research in the area. Author keywords: Psycho-oncology, psychotherapy, multidisciplinary teams
The Effect Of The 1994 Redefinition Of The FORTUNE 500 On Its Usability As A Benchmark For Corporate Profitability

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">Virtually every Strategic Management casebook has an &ldquo;advice on how to prepare cases&rdquo; section.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Within this section invariably is an admonition to &ldquo;crunch some numbers&rdquo; (e.g., ROE, ROA).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>A weakness of these advice sections is that they do not give good guidance to the student as to what to compare the &ldquo;crunched numbers&rdquo; to. This paper will argue that the FORTUNE 500 is an appropriate benchmark for evaluating corporate profitability.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>With 48 years (1954 to 2001) of data we are able to effectively place a given firm&rsquo;s profitability in perspective.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>One relatively major problem exists however.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Prior to 1994, the FORTUNE 500 was really two separate 500's&ndash;the traditional &ldquo;manufacturing&rdquo; 500 and the &ldquo;service&rdquo; 500.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Beginning in 1994 FORTUNE combined these two lists.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>While this might not appear to be an overwhelming problem, an examination of the profitability components of the &ldquo;Dupont&rdquo; equation for the FORTUNE 500 reveals some <span style="text-decoration: underline;">substantial</span> dissonance. This paper suggests a relatively minor adjustment that can be made to the recent (post &lsquo;94) numbers such that we can have a relatively congruent 48 year data set that can be used as a benchmark for all corporations except &ldquo;financial institutions.&rdquo;<span style="font-size: 26pt;"></span></span></span></p>
Computational fluid dynamics application for gas-powder flow investigation in a coaxial nozzle design for additive manufacturing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Direct Energy Deposition (DED) is one of the seven Additive Manufacturing (AM) classes.It is increasingly used to repair and construct parts in the industry.The DED methodology uses heat to melt the substrate and the deposited material.There are different ways to perform this task, and over the years, additional patents and methods appeared.Other materials can be applied, such as metals, ceramics, polymers as well as mixtures, to produce composite materials.The nozzle plays an essential role in the overall process and studying its influence and mechanical design aspects is crucial.Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is an important engineering tool, and it is being widely used for better and fast design.The use of a CFD tool to optimize the nozzle and improve the deposition system can be a quick and efficient way to increase the overall efficiency of this type of machine.The gas-solid model proposed in this current study improved the knowledge about particle transportation using a nozzle, and it was verified that for a low Reynolds Number, the higher the Stokes Number, the higher the particle Concentration on the desired area of deposition.It was also confirmed that decreasing the Reynolds Number implies an increase in particle Concentration.Considering higher Reynolds Numbers, Re = 1 000 and Re = 1 250, it was concluded that there is no pattern for the particle Concentration due to the agglomeration formation, changing the shape of the particles and generating a new solid body, modifying the drag force and, then, the particle deposition behavior.The research developed on this dissertation helped to understand the particle behavior considering different flow regimes applied for a range of multiple Reynolds and Stokes Numbers.It was possible, as well, to map the particle deposition pattern behavior and to understand the effects of the fluid flow over the particle concentration on the deposition point.
Seasonal Variations of THMs in Saudi Arabian Drinking Water

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Samples collected from the distribution systems of eight major cities in Saudi Arabia showed that trihalomethanes (THMs) occurred in all the water supplies. Concentrations ranged between 0.03 and 41.7 μg/L, much lower than the 25O‐μg/L limit set by the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization. Median total THM concentrations in the cities of Riyadh, Jeddah, Madinah, Makkah, and Abha were higher during the summer than in the winter. In addition, THM concentrations were low in cities that did not mix groundwater and desalinated water. Brominated THMs dominated (with bromoform the most abundant) and existed at the highest concentration levels, whereas chloroform was the least prevalent compound. This is the opposite of the occurrence pattern found in almost all water distribution systems worldwide.
Culture / civilization in the artistic interpretation of Ukrainian modernists of the 1920s

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article explores the problem of culture/civilization in the context of the artistic discourse of Ukrainian prose of the 1920s. Modernist writers – A. Liubchenko, M. Khvylovy, G. Shkurupiy, O. Dovzhenko, Yu. Yanovsky, etc., articulating to the Spengler historiosophic culture / civilization paradigm, express their own original ideas and social wisdom in artistic understanding. They believed that the city was gradually forming a new type of human worldview, adequate to a rationally organized economy. Such an opinion is read in the figurative and philosophical structures of the metatext of Ukrainian prose writers. Considering the national mentality, the Ukrainian community, following the historical necessity, chooses the path of civilization to the history of human life. In modernist prose, Ukraine's social progress is linked to the city.The vision of the national world implied a certain ideal state. It is a full-fledged social structure that brings together two types of being – rural and urban. The Ukrainian future is modeled as a harmonious and complete integrity, as a natural and civilizational edema combining spirituality and technological achievements.It is established that faith, romantic pathos, optimism, vitaism determine the spirit, orientation, emotional coloring of the theme of Ukraine in the works of writers of the national revival period. They found a way to combine European rationality with living Ukrainian spirituality, in which the image of the Motherland is creatively modeled.
Cryptosporidiosis in Children from Some Highland Costa Rican Rural and Urban Areas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This report summarizes both a prospective study of diarrhea in cohorts of rural children in their natural ecosystem, and a vertical study of diarrheic urban children attending a hospital emergency service. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in feces of 4.3% of the cases, while all controls were negative. No infection occurred in the first year of life among rural infants, contrasting with a 3% infection rate in children under 1 year of age in the metropolitan area. This could be attributed to intense and exclusive breast-feeding for several months in the rural area while in the urban area many infants are not breast-fed at all, or are weaned prematurely. No infection was found in wholly breast-fed infants. Diarrhea associated with Cryptosporidium was watery and without inflammatory cells. Dehydration was common in urban children, but was rapidly corrected by oral rehydration therapy, or by intravenous fluid therapy in some cases. Infections clustered in the warmer, rainy and humid months of the year.
Study on the expression of matrix metallo proteinases-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor in tongue squamous cell carcinoma and the correlation between the two marks

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),matrix metallo proteinase-9 (MMP-9) in tongues quamous cell carcinoma and the clinical significance.Methods The expression of VEGF and MMP-9 in 50 of tongues quamous cell carcinoma tissues and in 20 of normal tongues tissues were examined by immunochemistry.Results The expression of VEGF and MMP-9 was higher in tongues quamous cell carcinoma than that in normal pancreatic parenchyma.The expression of VEGF and MMP-9 was closely correlated with lymph nodes metastasis and TNM stage of tongues quamous cell carcinoma(P0.05).In cases with lymph nodes metastasis and TNM stage Ⅲ+Ⅳ,the expression of two marks were significantly higher than those without lymph nodes metastasis and TNM stageⅠ+Ⅱ (P0.05).A positive correlation was found between the expression of VEGF and MMP-9 in tongues quamous cell carcinoma(P0.05).Conclusion MMP-9 and VEGF play an important role in the development of tongues quamous cell carcinoma,may cooperate with each other.
Non-US Clinical Trial Data and the Food and Drug Administration

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Commercial requirements and the use of indigenous science for advertising purposes indicate that at least some studies will always be done in each country where medications are marketed. However, drug development is a transnational phenomenon where data from one country will be used to obtain marketing approval in another. Yet local regulatory and scientific requirements preclude the use of one set of data for all countries, which increases the cost of an already expensive process. In the US the FDA has historically expressed concerns about accepting foreign data as the sole basis for approval of an NDA. Despite the timolol case, foreign data are still used infrequently and only on an ad hoc basis. Data quality, verification, authentication, and inspection continue to be the most important problems in this area. Standardized protocols, and strict adherence to them; the use of investigators with a proven track record, ability, and appropriate training; frequent monitoring by United States drug sponsors; appropriate statistical analyses; a rigorous internal critique of the study; the use of anthropologists to deal with perceived and cryptic cross-cultural problems; and avoidance of “found” data will ameliorate problems with non-US data.
Intellectual capital and performance measurement systems in Iran

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to empirically explore how the effect of intellectual capital (IC) on organizational performance is indirect and mediated through performance measurement (PM) systems. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from a survey of 128 chief financial officers of Iranian publicly listed companies. Hypotheses were tested using partial least squares regression, a structural modeling technique which is appropriate for highly complex predictive models. Findings Results from the structural model indicate that, in general, companies with a higher level of IC place a premium on the balanced use of PM systems in a diagnostic and interactive style. Furthermore, the results provide some evidence that IC is indirectly associated with organizational performance through the intervening variable of the balanced use of interactive and diagnostic PM systems. Practical implications This study sheds light on the issue of how senior management should use PM systems to take full advantage of intellectual assets which could lead to improved organizational performance. Originality/value This is the first study of its kind to synthesize a model which examines IC, PM systems, and organizational performance. Although the effect of different types of intangible assets on performance has been substantially examined in the literature, less effort has been devoted to understanding the role of PM systems in leveraging an organization’s IC.