jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of pregnant women about the neonatal tongue screening test

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction The early diagnosis and treatment of ankyloglossia in infants favors the adequate development of orofacial functions. The knowledge about the tongue screening test (TL) may disseminate its realization. Objective The aim of this study was to verify the knowledge about the neonatal tongue screening test (TL) and its relation with the sociodemographic profile of pregnant women. Materials and method A total of 427 pregnant women receiving prenatal care at a school hospital in southern Brazil from May to December 2017 were investigated. The information was collected through an individual questionnaire containing information about the pregnant woman's sociodemographic profile and gestational characteristics and knowledge about the TL. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the associations performed with the chi-square test. Result The results showed that 33 (7.7%) of the pregnant women knew and 45 (10.5%) had misinformation about the TL. Pregnant women with higher education (p=0.028) and higher family income (p=0.002) were more likely to know the test. Nursing professionals were the main providers of the information (64.1%). Conclusion It is possible to conclude that the knowledge of pregnant women about the TL is superficial, especially among those with lower schooling and income, and it emphasizes the need for public strategies focused on improving health care offered to the mother-baby binomial.
Levels and Characteristics of Utilitarian Walking in the Central Areas of the Cities of Bologna and Porto

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Walking is a mode of transport that offers many environmental and health benefits. Utilitarian walking refers to walking trips undertaken to fulfil routine purposes. The aim of this paper is to examine the extent to which walking is used as a transport mode for short urban trips in the city centers of Bologna and Porto and the barriers preventing utilitarian walking. Based on a questionnaire (n = 1117) administered in the two cities, results indicated that 21% of the individuals travel by foot, while 47% combine walking with other modes. This means that 68% of the daily trips to these city centers involve walking activity. From the overall trips, 84% were made to reach work and school/university. Statistical tests showed that utilitarian walkers were more likely to be females (p < 0.001) and undergraduates (p < 0.001). People from Bologna were more likely to engage in utilitarian walking than people from Porto (p < 0.001). Travel distance and time were the main barriers preventing people from engaging in utilitarian walking. The findings described in this paper provide a better understanding of utilitarian walking in the central areas of both cities, which can guide policies to promote healthier lifestyles and sustainable mobility.
Improvement of the traditional process for rice flakes.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Reasons for the low yields (62-64%) of rice flakes (Poha, Avalakki) prepared by traditional methods were studied. Traditionally, paddy is soaked at 40-45 degree C, drained and roasted in hot sand at 220-240 degree C, then beaten or flaked in an edge-runner machine to obtain fine flakes. Influence of variations in soaking temp. (27-100 degree C), roasting temp. (200-300 degree C) and flaking time (i.e. flake grade) on yield of flakes from paddy was studied using China CH-45 paddy. Optimum treatment before flaking was soaking at 70 degree C for 18 h, roasting in hot sand at 260 degree C for 31-35 s and tempering for 4 min. Yields of 65% were thus attainable using standard flaking techniques. Flaking time had the biggest influence on flake yield. Yields of 70% were obtained if coarse flakes were produced with 15-30 s flaking (vs. 40-45 s for fine flakes). Increasing flaking time in the edge-runner decreased yields, increased breakage, and decreased ether extract and thiamin content in the flakes, from 1.86% ether extract in coarse flakes to 1.05% in fine, and 0.23 mg % thiamin to 0.19 mg %. Yields of 70% were maintained if coarse flakes were produced in the edge-runner machine, followed by further treatment of these flakes in a roller flaking machine to produce superfine flakes. Excessive flaking in the edge-runner machine is responsible for breakages and powdering resulting in low yields.
Probing the Importance of tRNA Anticodon: Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) RNA Genome Complementarity with an HIV-1 That Selects tRNA Glu for Replication

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The initiation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcription occurs at the primer binding site (PBS) that is complementary to the 3′-terminal nucleotides of tRNA 3 Lys . Why all known strains of HIV-1 select tRNA 3 Lys for replication is unknown. Previous studies on the effect of altering the PBS of HIV-1 on replication identified an HIV-1 with a PBS complementary to tRNA Glu . Since the virus was not initially designed to use tRNA Glu , the virus had selected tRNA Glu from the intracellular pool of tRNA for use in replication. Further characterization of HIV-1 that uses tRNA Glu may provide new insights into the preference for tRNA 3 Lys . HIV-1 constructed with the PBS complementary to tRNA Glu was more stable than HIV-1 with the PBS complementary to tRNA Met or tRNA His ; however, all of these viruses eventually reverted back to using tRNA 3 Lys following growth in SupT1 cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). New HIV-1 mutants with nucleotides in U5 complementary to the anticodon of tRNA Glu remained stable when grown in SupT1 cells or PBMCs, although the mutants grew more slowly than the wild-type virus. Sequence analysis of the U5 region and the PBS revealed additional mutations predicted to further promote tRNA-viral genome interaction. The results support the importance of the tRNA anticodon-genome interaction in the selection of the tRNA primer and highlight the fact that unique features of tRNA 3 Lys are exploited by HIV-1 for selection as the reverse transcription primer.
Are Toxicological Responses in Laboratory (Inbred) Zebrafish Representative of Those in Outbred (Wild) Populations? − A Case Study with an Endocrine Disrupting Chemical

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Laboratory animals tend to be more inbred and less genetically diverse than wild populations, and thus may differ in their susceptibility to chemical stressors. We tested this hypothesis by comparing the responses of related inbred (theoretical inbreeding F(IT) = n + 0.25) and outbred (F(IT) = n) zebrafish (Danio rerio) WIK/Wild family lines to an endocrine disrupting chemical, clotrimazole. Exposure of inbred and outbred zebrafish to 2.9 μg clotrimazole/L had no effect on survival, growth, or gonadal development. Exposure of both lines to 43.7 μg clotrimazole/L led to male-biased sex ratios compared with controls (87% versus 55% and 92% vs 64%, for inbred and outbred males, respectively), advanced germ cell development, and reduced plasma 11-ketotestosterone concentrations in males. However, outbred males (but not inbred males) developed testis that were more than twice the weight of controls, which corresponded with a proliferation of Leydig cells and maintenance of the expression (rather than down-regulation occurring in inbreds) of gonadal aromatase (cyp19a1a) and insulin-like growth factor (igf1). Our results illustrate that the effects of an endocrine disrupting chemical (clotrimazole) on some end points (here testis development) can differ between inbred and outbred zebrafish. This highlights the need for reporting pedigree/genetic information and consistency in the responses of laboratory animals (e.g., by using model compounds as positive controls).
Malignant pleural mesothelioma stage III and IV: Retrospective analysis of ten years in a central hospital

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is the most frequent malignant primary tumor of pleura. The incidence in Western Europe is still rising due to the prolonged latency of the disease. Aims: Determine demographic, epidemiological, histological and therapeutical aspects of malignant PM in stage III and IV. Evaluate survival rates. Methods: The study was conducted in an European central hospital covering approximately 475.000 inhabitants. We performed a retrospective analysis of cases diagnosed in our department over a period of 10 years. Survival analysis was performed using Kaplan Meier method and Cox regression. Results: We diagnosed 32 cases in stages III/IV (91,5% of total), 84.4% men, mean age 65.5+-10.2 years, 50% with current or past exposure to tobacco. Exposure to asbestos was reported in 56.3% and had occurred, on average, 41.4+-10.8 years before. Approximately 56% of exposures were associated with building construction and mechanics. In 87.5% the diagnosis was obtained with video-assisted thoracic surgery. Histology was epithelioid in 84%. All patients received chemotherapy: 53.1% carboplatin+gemcitabine, 37.5% pemetrexed+cisplatin and 9.4% cisplatin+gemcitabine. Hematological toxicity occurred in 18.8% and non haematological toxicity in 12.5% (grade 3/4). Prophylactic local radiotherapy was performed in 75%. Median survival was 51.6+-9.4 weeks. There was no statistically significant difference according to chemotherapy regimen. Conclusion: Malignant PM must be considered, particularly in men involved in mechanics, even with unrecognized or remote exposure to asbestos. In our series no difference was seen combining platinum analogs with gemcitabine or pemetrexed.
Successfully Curing Dynamic Losses in a Highly Fractured Reservoir Section by Using an Engineered Self-Degradable Lost Circulation Material in a Field Trial in Middle East

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Lost circulation of drilling fluids costs the oil and gas industry about $1 Billion USD per year, with the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region accounting for most of such lost circulation events. Within MENA, these observed losses are due to the prevalence of natural fractures, especially in carbonate reservoirs. In a worst-case scenario, if not mitigated, lost circulation could lead to well control challenges, wellbore instability issues and potential loss of downhole tools and equipment. The challenge in MENA is further complicated by high-temperature reservoir sections, which may cause thermal instability of typically used polymeric lost circulation materials (LCMs). In this case study, we used a geomechanics-based approach to create bridging and sealing at the fracture aperture using a bi-particle self-degradable lost circulation fluid system. The effectiveness of the system was assessed by considering interactions between particles and slurry fluid, with respect to the wellbore profile. The analysis was performed using an analytical model dictated by fluid density, viscosity, flow rate, and travel distance of LCM slurry, with the aim of minimizing issues related to dispersion and interface instabilities. This paper discusses the results of our first successful field trial job in Iraq. The well had earlier experienced total losses amounting to 167,250 barrels (bbl), with the 6″ reservoir section only accounting for 9,050 bbl of the observed losses prior to using the bi-particulate self-degradable LCM system. This holistic geomechanics-based approach of designing LCM helped in curing losses in the highly faulted and fractured reservoir section. A 20-bbl pill of the bi-particulate system was pumped at 4.2 bpm and 51 psi via an open-ended pipe then displaced with 110 bbl. of water at 4.2 bpm and 81 psi at a depth of 9317 ft. The operator subsequently filled the string with 87 gpm and then increased flow in successive steps upto 250 gpm and observed no dynamic losses, allowing the well to be drilled ahead successfully. The LCM system was effectively able to stop the losses, allowing the hole section to be drilled successfully, after several attempts using traditional methods. For the case study highlighted in this paper, the approach and LCM system was successfully able to prevent dynamic losses in the reservoir section without damaging the formation, hence confirming the viability of this technology and material. This model can be applied across the globe where similar challenges present themselves. This paper will provide an insight into ideas revolving around degradable LCM materials, as part of our commitment to make the industry cleaner and greener and minimize unwanted environmental impact.
Double-nozzle flapper-style hydraulic servovalve simulation based on sphere wear

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Double-nozzle flapper-style hydraulic servovalve is widely use in aerospace. In the force feedback link, the sphere is prone to wear and tear, leading a deterioration of the no-load flow characteristics. Based on simplified automatic control model of the servo valve and the non-linear link caused by the wear, this paper uses simulink to qualitatively analyze the relationship between the wear situation and the volume of the jump variable.
Routine practice in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the stomach: a survey of tumours diagnosed in the Portsmouth and Oxford Health Districts 1979–1980.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary If the poor prognosis for patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach is to be improved, it is important to make the diagnosis at an early stage. In order to evaluate our routine diagnostic practice, we have performed a retrospective study of patients in the Portsmouth and Oxford Health Districts who were diagnosed as having adenocarcinoma of the stomach during 1979 and 1980. Three hundred and forty-two patients were identified; the great majority had advanced disease at the first presentation. Only 9 patients (2.6%) were identified as having early gastric carcinoma and a total of 46 patients (13.4%) had either Stage 1 or 2 disease. Despite the provision of an endoscopy service, gastric carcinoma is still being diagnosed at an advanced stage. Initial false negative investigations caused a delay in diagnosis in 18.4% of patients. During the year preceding diagnosis (when tumour was likely to have been present), the false negative rate for barium meal examination was 25.5% and for endoscopy 13.5%. Negative results should not deter us from pursuing the diagnosis of tumour in those patients with persisting symptoms.
Biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with selected medicinal plants of Hamirpur district of Himachal Pradesh, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present investigation was focused on exploration of biodiversity of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with different medicinal plants. Twenty-two medicinal plants belonging to 14 families were analyzed for AMF colonization. The plant roots and their respective rhizosphereic soil samples were collected from different localities of hamirpur district, himachal pardesh for AMF analysis and spore assessment per 50gm of soil sample of soil. The results revealed that number of AM spores in the rhizosphere of plant was not related to percent of AM root colonization. Highest per cent of root colonization was reported in Ricinus communis (86.5±4.68 %) and Achyranthes aspera lacks colonization. Highest number of AM spore was found in rhizosperic soil sample of Mimosa pudica (177.4±4.306) and least number of spores in Datura stramonium (47.53±2.76). Fourty three AM species belonging to five genera i.e. Glomus, Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Entrophospora and Sclerocystis were isolated during investigation. Maximum AM spore diversity was observed in Mentha viridis followed by Catharanthus roseus and least diversity related to Datura stramonium. The study confirmed that diversity of AM fungi varies with plant to plant.
IDDF2020-ABS-0038 Analysis and identification of disruptive gut microbiota and its perturbed metabolic functions and recognition of potential novel therapeutic targets in decompensated cirrhosis with sepsis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background

The role of intestinal-dysbiosis leading to adverse outcomes is well known in sepsis and septic shock. Variations in bacterial diversity and microbiota-related functional-metabolic alterations within the gut microbiome in decompensated cirrhosis (DC) patients with sepsis remain unknown.

Methods

16-srRNA sequencing on stool samples (n=51,sepsis – 27/no-sepsis – 24) collected at admission were conducted in DC. Bacterial diversity, significant taxa and respective metabolic-profiling using QIIME®, PICRUSt™ and linear-discriminant-analysis-effect-size-method were performed based on sub-group comparisons [sepsis, no-sepsis/sites of sepsis/interleukin-6 cut-offs(<100, 100–1000, >1000)/episodes of infections/death or survival at same admission/overall survival].

Results

Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Actinobacteria related-genera associated with pathogenicity in conditions of immune-exhaustion(Corynebacterium, Lautropia) predominated in patients with sepsis. Metabolic-pathways associated with oxidative-stress(riboflavin, glutathione metabolism) and endotoxemia (lipopolysaccharide(LPS) synthesis, bacterial chemotaxis, sulfur-relay) were significantly upregulated in sepsis. Specific-taxa were found to be associated with sites of infection in DC patients. Eggerthella (associated with blood-stream infections with piperacillin-tazobactum use) was significant in bacteremic-DC patients in the presence of upregulated MAP-K signalling pathways(nutritional deprivation and cell-wall stress) while Acinetobacter, Priopionibacterium were significantly associated with biliary infections. Protective oxidant-pathways of cysteine/methionine metabolism that increase glutathione were upregulated in no-sepsis-group. Significant representation by Gammaproteobacteria-family of sulphur-metabolizing bacteria, exaggeration of orally predominant pathogens(Prevotella) and increase in pentose-phosphate-pathway(upregulated in severe LPS-related hyperinflammatory-stress) were notable in those with interleukin-6 >1000 (figure 1). Pathogenic-taxa of immune-deficient state was significant in DC with ≥2 sepsis-episodes and repeated antibiotic use. Megamonas was associated with survival during the same admission; while Kingella, Neisseria with death on follow up.

Conclusions

Specific gut-microbiota and their metabolites are associated with sepsis and associated events in patients with DC. Identifying beneficial strains that reduce immune exhaustion and supplementation of favourable metabolites could improve therapeutics in DC and sepsis, for which large population-based studies remain an unmet need.
Simulation on sensitive detection of small absorber in photoacoustic tomography

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Noninvasive photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a novel technique with great potential in biomedical image applications for it combines the merits and most compelling features of light and sound, and has the advantages of providing high contrast and high resolution images in moderate depth below the surface. When the image depth is on the scale of centimeter, the millimeter-scale resolution images still can be obtained. Thus it is a powerful tool for the early-stage breast cancer sensing. In this paper, photoacoustic tomography is studied by using the simulation method. The results show that: (1) the contrast of image increases linearly with respect to the number of measurement position (NMP); (2) the contrast increases exponentially with respect to noise-to-signal ratio.
More walkable neighborhoods are not necessarily better for building social capital between residents

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In recent years, many urban theorists have argued that one solution to the apparent decline in social capital in cities is to build more walkable neighborhoods which will in turn enhance neighborhood sociability. In new research, Hee-Jung Jun examines the relationship between walkability and a neighborhood’s social environment. She finds that the relationship is not as straightforward as many have believed, with perceived – rather than physical – walkability being a much more important factor in encouraging social interaction.
NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF TRADITIONAL WOODEN TEMPLES OF UKRAINE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The objective is to determine the signs of national identity in traditional wooden temples preserved on Ukrainian territory as architectural monuments. The methodology is based on the generalization of the results of the author's field studies of numerous monuments of traditional temple construction in different ethnic regions of Ukraine and the analytical understanding of the work of many generations of scientists who dealt with the topic of wooden temple buildings. The effective basis for determining the national identity of the traditional wooden temples of Ukraine is the architectural form of the temple buildings as the material basis for the organization of the highly open internal space, which is organically related to the external plastic solution of the temples and its log structural framework. Conclusions. The architectural form of Ukrainian wooden temples is the principal keeper of traditions and an expression of national identity that is interpreted in traditional wooden temple construction as an integral dimension of the characteristic conventional features of the architectural form of wooden temple buildings, indicating their belonging to the national culture of the Ukrainian people. Despite the regional variety in traditional temple buildings, they are all united by common all-Ukrainian traditions of creating an architectural form that indicates their Ukrainian national i dentity. The heritage of traditional wooden temple construction, which has absorbed the centuries-old national experience of building temples on Ukrainian lands and is identified with the national culture, is an inexhaustible source of inspiration for the creation of modern sacred architecture, the construction of a new identity based on the continuity of traditions.
A virtual second opinion: Acceptability of a computer-based decision tool to assess older drivers with dementia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Clinicians face challenges in deciding which older patients with dementia to report to transportation administrators. This study used a qualitative thematic analysis to understand the utility and limitations of implementing a computer-based Driving in Dementia Decision Tool in clinical practice. Thirteen physicians and eight nurse practitioners participated in an interview to discuss their experience using the tool. While many participants felt the tool provided a useful ‘virtual second opinion’, specialist physicians felt that the tool did not add value to their clinical practice. Barriers to using the Driving in Dementia Decision Tool included lack of integration with electronic medical records and inability to capture certain contextual nuances. Opinions varied about the impact of the tool on the relationship of clinicians with patients and their families. The Driving in Dementia Decision Tool was judged most useful by nurse practitioners and least useful by specialist physicians. This work highlights the importance of tailoring knowledge translation interventions to particular practices.