jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Social Psychology: Exemplary Interdiscipline or Subdiscipline

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This chapter explores the history and disciplinary status of twentieth-century social psychology. In keeping with the theoretical commitments of this Handbook, the analysis is framed within a history of the human sciences perspective grounded in the mutual development of the human science disciplines. It focuses on whether the history of social psychology should be seen as that of a subdiscipline of psychology or of sociology, or, that of an exemplary interdiscipline. Following a preliminary consideration of the disciplinary status of social psychology, social psychology’s objects of study, its relations with its parent disciplines, and its units of analysis are discussed. The central section of the chapter explores social psychology’s dual disciplinary heritage. A dialectical tension between the disparate traditions of social psychology and their parent disciplines is noted. The intermittent quest for an interdisciplinary psychology is then reviewed. Attention is given to the post–Second World War development of European social psychology. A final section reflects on the significance of the diversity of social psychological traditions, concluding that over the twentieth century, the boundaries of these disparate traditions can be seen as fluid, contingent, local, and contestable, reflecting the thematic preoccupations, disciplinary origins, and meta-theoretical commitments of social psychologists, of the parent disciplines, and of those who represent disciplinary practices.
335 Sources of Sound Exposure in Pediatric Critical Care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Sleep is critical for healing, however pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) sound is above recommended levels (i.e., 45 A-weighted decibels [dBA]). This observational study identifies sources of PICU sound and compares sources between times of high (i.e., dBA≥45) and low (i.e., dBA < 45) levels. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The sound environment of 10 critically ill children 1 to 4 years of age was monitored via a bedside dosimeter and video camera for 48 hours, or until PICU discharge. Dosimeter and video data were uploaded to Noldus Observer XT and time synchronized. A reliable, previously published coding scheme developed to identify sound sources in the adult ICU was modified for the pediatric population. Sound sources (e.g., clinician/family/child [verbal vs. non-verbal] vocalization, patient care, medical equipment) were identified via instantaneous sampling of video data at each minute of recording. The proportion of sampling points with each sound source are compared between times of high and low sound levels, and between day (7:00-18:59) and night (19:00-6:59) shift. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Video coding is ongoing, with high inter-rater reliability (ÎºÌ…=0.99, SD DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Medical equipment sound is ubiquitous in the PICU. Clinicians should optimize the PICU sound environment for sleep, including minimizing equipment alarms, conversation, general activity, and screen media during child rest. Large-scale studies are needed to confirm findings from this small cohort.
Simulation of the electrical field in equine larynx to optimize functional electrical stimulation in denervated musculus cricoarythenoideus dorsalis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Distribution of the electrical field is very important to activate muscle and nerve cells properly. One therapeutic method to treat Recurrent Laryngeal Neuropathy (RLN) in horses can be performed by Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES). Current method to optimize the stimulation effect is to use implanted quadripolar electrodes to the musculus cricoarythenoideus dorsalis (CAD) and testing electrode configuration until best possible optimum is reached. For better understanding and finding of maximum possible activation of CAD a simulation model of the actual entire setting is currently in development. Therefore the geometric model is built from CT-data of a dissected larynx containing the quadripolar electrodes as well as fiducials for later data registration. The geometric model is the basis for a finite difference method containing of voxels with corresponding electrical conductivity of the different types of tissue due to threshold segmentation of the CT-data. Model validation can be done by the measurement of the 3D electrical potential distribution of a larynx positioned in an electrolytic tray. Finally, measured and calculated results have to be compared as well as further investigated. Preliminary results show, that changes of electrode as well as conductivity configuration leads to significant different voltage distributions and can be well presented by equipotential lines superimposed CT-slices – a Matlab graphical user interface visualizes the results in freely selectable slices of the 3D geometry. Voltage distribution along theoretically estimated fiber paths could be calculated as well as visualized. For further calculation of nerve or denervated muscle fiber activation and its optimization, real fiber paths have to be defined and referenced to the potential- and the CT-data.
Cost Per Meal as a Productivity Index in the Elderly Nutrition Program

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The federally funded Elderly Nutrition Program (ENP) began in 1972 under Title 7 of the Older Americans A ct, and has grown considerably since then. This article reports the results of a 1988 national study that collected information on cost per meal in relationship to a number of other variables in a random sample of ENPs nationally. Based on this data, reservations are advanced about using cost per meal as a productivity index in ENPs, as suggested by the federal government.
Trinitite redux: Mineralogy and petrology

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Trinitite is the glass formed during the first atomic bomb test near Socorro, New Mexico, on July 16, 1945. The protolith for the glass is arkosic sand. The majority of the glass is bottle green in color, but a red variety is found in the northern quadrant of the test site. Glass beads and dumbbells, similar in morphology to micro-tektites, are also found at the Trinity site. The original description of this material, which appeared in American Mineralogist in 1948, noted the presence of two glasses with distinctly different indices of refraction (n = 1.46 and 1.51-1.54). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Quantitative Evaluation of Minerals by SCANning electron microscopy (QEMSCAN) analysis is used to investigate the chemical composition and fine-scale structure of the glass. The glass is heterogeneous at the tens of micrometer scale with discrete layers of glass showing flow-like structures. The low index of refraction glass is essentially SiO2 (high-Si glass), but the higher index of refraction glass (low-Si glass) shows a range of chemical compositions. Embedded in the glass are partially melted quartz (α-quartz as determined by X-ray diffraction) and feldspar grains. The red trinitite consists of the same two glass components along with additional Cu-rich, Fe-rich, and Pb-rich silicate glasses. Metallic globules are common in the red trinitite.
Studi Kelayakan Investasi Perumahan Menggunakan Metode Net Present Value (NPV)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Investment is the activity of allocating funds to assets or projects that aim to generate profits in the future. The housing sector is one of the attractive investment alternatives because its demand continues to increase. This study aims to assess the feasibility of investing in Sakura type houses at Chrysant Luxland Lamongan Housing project. The method used is investment feasibility analysis with the Net Present Value (NPV) approach. The data analyzed includes development costs, sales assumptions, and relevant interest rates. A descriptive quantitative approach was used in data processing. The results showed that the project generated an NPV value of Rp 221,248,788.21. This value reflects the positive added value of the investment made. Thus, the construction project of Sakura type houses is financially feasible. This investment is able to provide potential profits and a good return on capital. Based on these results, the Sakura type house in Chrysant Luxland Lamongan Housing can be used as a promising investment option, especially in the midst of the high community need for decent housing and continues to increase from time to time.
Impedance Layering Through 3D Stratigraphic Inversion of PostStack Seismic Data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The new program we propose converts 3D zero-offset migrated seismic data into acoustic impedance by inverse modeling where the impedance model updating results from volumetric impedance perturbations and strata interface deformations. The end-product of the program consists of a 3D stratified impedance volume from which maps of the space-variant acoustic impedance of the strata together with the geometry of the strata interfaces can be extracted. The method can contribute to reservoir characterisation owing to its good resolution resulting from the sparse parameterization coupled with the volumetric seismic data handling.
How Important are Innate Immunity Cells in Osteoarthritis Pathology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

How Important are Innate Immunity Cells in Osteoarthritis Pathology 521 Intracellularly, RANK interacts with TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6), which unlocks signaling through NF-B, p38 kinase, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (Teitelbaum, 2000).OPG is released by osteoblasts and stromal cells and is expressed by macrophages in synovial lining layer.Bone resorption is controlled by the balance between RANKL, RANK and osteoprotegerin (Crotti et al., 2002).The inhibition of RANKL in serum transfer model (Ji et al., 2002), in TNF--induced model (Keffer et al., 1991) and in autoimmune type II collagen-induced arthritis (Kamijo et al., 2006) resulted in amelioration of bone destruction.Recently, Poubelle and co-workers reported that RA neutrophils express RANKL and are activated through RANK/RANKL interaction (Poubelle et al., 2007).Despite the studies in RA, there are no investigations showing the involvement of RANKL positive neutrophils in the pathogenesis of OA.A little is known about the expression of RANKL in active or inactive stages of OA.We have conducted a study on RANKL expression by neutrophils in OA patients and in mouse models.OA patients have been divided into two groups depending on the presence of active inflammatory process.The first group, with active OA had swelling, local hyperthermia of one or more joints and high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).The second group with inactive OA lacked above mentioned painful swelling and local hyperthermia.A number of healthy controls have also been included (Table 1).healthy controls active OA inactive OANo. of subjects (women/men) 10 (4/6) 12 (5/7) 14 (6/8) How to referenceIn order to correctly reference this scholarly work, feel free to copy and paste the following:
Arundinol, A New Triterpene from the Orchid Arundina bambusifolia

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Department of Chemistry, University College of Science. 92 Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Calcutta-700 009
Manuscript received 21 November 1990, accepted 15 February 1991 Arundinol, a new triterpene, isolated from the orchid Arundinα bαmbusifoliα was shown to be cycloartenyl 3β-\(\rho\)-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate (1a) from spectral and chemical evidence
NMR-Based Multi Parametric Quality Control of Fruit Juices: SGF Profiling

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

With SGF Profiling™ we introduce an NMR-based screening method for the quality control of fruit juices. This method has been developed in a joint effort by Bruker BioSpin GmbH and SGF International e.V. The system is fully automated with respect to sample transfer, measurement, data analysis and reporting and is set up on an Avance 400 MHz flow-injection NMR spectrometer. For each fruit juice a multitude of parameters related to quality and authenticity are evaluated simultaneously from a single data set acquired within a few minutes. This multimarker/multi-aspect NMR screening approach features low cost-per-sample and is highly competitive with conventional and targeted fruit juice quality control methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Dehydrogenative Functionalization of C(sp3)—H Bonds Adjacent to a Heteroatom Mediated by Oxoammonium Salts.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This methodology provides a safe and easy way to prepare α‐functionalized ethers and amines using oxoammonium TEMPO salt as easy‐to‐handle nontoxic oxidant.
High nucleostemin expression has a favorable prognostic effect on gastric carcinomas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background/aim: Nucleostemin is a nuclear protein that maintains stem cell features and plays a role as a cell proliferation marker. It also participates in cell cycle regulation by interfering with other intracellular proteins. Recent reports have indicated that this protein plays a role in ribosomal biogenesis and genome protection. High expression level of nucleostemin has been reported in some cancer patients. However, the importance of nucleostemin in gastric cancer needs to be addressed. The aim of this study was to investigate nucleostemin expression in gastric cancer and the effects of this expression on prognosis. Materials and methods: Nucleostemin expression was assessed in 103 patients with gastric carcinomas via immunohistochemistry. Subsequently, relationships between nucleostemin expression and clinicopathological features and prognosis were evaluated. Results: In this study, there were 33 and 70 cases involving high and low nucleostemin expression, respectively. Nucleostemin expression was negatively correlated with lymphovascular invasion, the number of metastatic lymph nodes, extracapsular extension, and T stage. Disease-free survival and overall survival were markedly longer in patients with high nucleostemin expression. Conclusion: We suggest that nucleostemin is a favorable prognostic marker for gastric cancer patients. Our results are in conflict with prior studies. The prognostic effect of nucleostemin in gastric cancer remains to be solved.
Genetic studies on the Senegal population. I. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mtDNA of 186 Senegalese, mainly Wolof and Peuls, were analyzed by means of six restriction enzymes: HpaI, BamHI, HaeII, MspI, AvaII, and HincII. Two of the HpaI, one of the HaeII, two of the MspI, and one of the AvaII morphs had not been described before. The only enzymes which enabled Wolof and Peuls to be differentiated were HincII and, to a lesser extent, HaeII. Important differences emerge in the comparison of Senegalese with Bantu of South Africa and with Bushmen, the only other Africans who, as far as we know, were studied for the same genetic markers. Though Senegalese mtDNAs display typical African features (presence and frequency of HpaI morph 3 and high incidence of AvaII morph 3), the distribution of MspI and AvaII patterns markedly differentiates Senegalese from the others. The phylogeny of mtDNA types in Africa well portrays how the three African groups are clearly distinguishable genetic entities. Bushmen lie at one end of the range of variability, Senegalese being at the other end but still fairly closely related to Bantu. The information provided by individual restriction enzymes to the distinction among the three major ethnic groups is reviewed and discussed.
Photochemical reactions of fluoro-substituted ketones with amines, tetraphenylborates, and organometals: an electron spin resonance study

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ammonium ion-pairs, solvent-separated alkali-metal ion-pairs, and Group IVB organometallic adducts of fluoro-substituted ketones were generated photochemically. The structure and the controlling factors for the formation of contact ammonium ion-pair were deduced from the effects of solvent, amine, and fluorine substitution. The effect of fluorine on the formation of the alkali-metal ion-pairs and organometallic adducts was discussed.
Exploring Genre Awareness: L2 Learners’ Voices in Tertiary-Level Writing Contexts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study explored tertiary-level L2 learners’ familiarization with genre-specific conventions in English writing skills. Employing a qualitative research paradigm, data were gathered via semi-structured interviews with 26 L2 learners. An inductive content analysis was conducted to elicit recurring codes and themes. The learners expressed strengths encompassing the recognition of genre-specific features, awareness of linguistic and organizational conventions in genre writing, and formality level. They highlighted the challenges in their orientation to genre identification, text organization, and genre-specific language choices. The learners established connections between these challenges and limited prior writing experience in L1 and L2 and their subsequent reliance on L2 formal knowledge. Further sources of challenges were linked to affective factors, language proficiency, genre convention mastery, and topic familiarity. They reported feeling anxious due to unfamiliarity with genre features, lack of interest in a given topic, inadequate pre-writing, and planning stage, the demanding nature of the process-genre writing instruction, and instructors’ expectations. They proposed suggestions regarding the mastery of lexical and grammatical knowledge, the provision of effective feedback from instructors to improve textual organization, and genre-specific language conventions. Accordingly, instructional implications for the cultivation of genre knowledge and awareness of tertiary-level writing skills are presented.
Gut microbiota, diet, and obesity‐related disorders—The good, the bad, and the future challenges

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Diet has been shown to be a major factor in modulating the structure of the mammalian gut microbiota by providing specific nutrient sources and inducing environmental changes (pH, bile acids) in the gut ecosystem. Long‐term dietary patterns and short‐term interventions have been shown to induce changes in gut microbiota structure and function, with several studies revealing metabolic changes likely resulting from the host microbiota cross‐talk, which ultimately could influence host physiology. However, a more precise identification of the specific dietary patterns and food constituents that effectively modulate the gut microbiota and bring a predictable benefit to the host metabolic phenotype is needed to establish microbiome‐based dietary recommendations. Here, we briefly review the existing data regarding gut microbiota changes induced by different macronutrients and the resulting metabolites produced via their respective fermentation, including their potential effects on obesity and associated metabolic disorders. We also discuss major limitations of current dietary intervention studies as well as future needs of applying cutting‐edge “omic” techniques and of progressing in functional microbiota gene discovery to establish robust causal relationships between the dietary microbiota induced changes and metabolic health or disease.
The Unequal Burden of the Pandemic: Why the Fallout of Covid-19 Hits the Poor the Hardest

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The current coronavirus pandemic is an unprecedented public health challenge that has devastating economic impacts for households. Using a sample of 230,540 respondents to online surveys in 17 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean, we show that the economic impacts are large and unequal: 45% of respondents report that a household member lost a job, and among households owning small businesses, 59% of respondents report that a household member closed their business. Among households with the lowest income prior to the pandemic, 71% report that a household member lost their job and 61% report that a household member closed their business. Declines in food security and healthiness are among the disproportionate impacts. Our results provide evidence that the current public health crisis will exacerbate economic inequality, and they are among the rst estimates of the labor market and wellbeing impacts of the pandemic in developing countries.
Free-living Ambulatory Activity Classification: A Comparative Analysis of Wrist-worn, Insole-embedded, and Phone-embedded Sensors

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Wrist-worn and smartphone-embedded inertial sensors are among the most widely used sensing modalities for activity classification. Insoles instrumented with inertial and force sensors have also become available to researchers and the general public. However, little is known about how classification accuracy is affected by the combination of these three sensing modalities. This study compares the performances of 7 activity classification models, each relying on a combination of 3, 2, or a single sensing modality, under unstructured and free-living conditions. In each model, a genetic algorithm was applied for optimal feature selection, and multi-session leave-one-out cross-validation was used to evaluate model performance. Results for the unstructured condition indicated that the insole-embedded sensors can classify six common ambulatory activities with at least 95% accuracy when used alone or in combination with any of the other sensing modalities. In free-living conditions, sensor combinations that included the insole-embedded sensors demonstrated high levels of agreement with a silver-standard activity tracker. These results provide new insights into the feasibility of using instrumented insoles in combination with phone-embedded or wrist-worn sensors to enhance the accuracy of conventional methods for ambulatory activity classification.
Supplementary Figure 4 from Activation of Robo1 Signaling of Breast Cancer Cells by Slit2 from Stromal Fibroblast Restrains Tumorigenesis via Blocking PI3K/Akt/β-Catenin Pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>PDF file, 34K, Activated Robo1 by rSlit2 interacted with p85 in BT20 cells.</p>
A Bus Arrival Time Prediction Method Based on GPS Position and Real-Time Traffic Flow

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Time-of-arrival estimation is a key issue in the field of intelligent transportation research. In general, corresponding techniques are designed based on Global Positioning System (GPS) data. Unfortunately, the low precision of bus-mounted GPS system and lack of real-time traffic information lead to low estimation accuracy - greatly influence bus service performance. In this paper, a GPS calibration method is put forward, while projection rules of specific road shapes are discussed. Moreover, a real-time traffic evaluation algorithm is given. Then a hybrid dynamic prediction model, which achieves accuracy enhancement by taking into account traffic flow evaluation results and GPS position calibration, is proposed to predict the bus arrival time. Bus stop positions are used as reference points to verify effectiveness of proposed method. Bus data set is used to test effectiveness of proposed method. Test results demonstrate that our technique can provide a higher level of accuracy compared to methods based on traditional time-of-arrival techniques.