jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Obstructive sleep apnea and chronic intermittent hypoxia: a review.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypoxia is an important topic both physiologically and clinically. Traditionally, physiology research has been focusing on the effect of acute and chronic sustained hypoxia and human adaptive response to high altitude. In the past 20 years, genetic studies by many have expanded our understanding of hypoxia to the molecular level. However, in contrast to our extensive knowledge about acute and chronic sustained hypoxia, we know relatively little about the effect of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH). In recent years, CIH has attracted more research attention because of the increasing prevalence of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the western countries. Clinically, CIH is commonly seen in patients with sleep-disordered breathing including OSA, Cheyne-Stokes respiration and nocturnal hypoventilation. It was estimated that for OSA of at least mild severity prevalence estimates range from 3 to 28% in the general population. OSA is characterized by recurrent upper airway collapse during sleep leading to intermittent nocturnal hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. OSA is associated with significant mortality and morbidity including neurocognitive dysfunction, hypertension, many cardiovascular disorders and metabolic disorders such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The intermittent hypoxia in OSA closely mimics what is seen in the ischemia-reperfusion injury. Experimentally, there is no universally accepted definition for CIH. Laboratory protocols vary greatly in duration of hypoxia exposure, numbers of hypoxia episodes per day and the total number of days of exposure. Despite the lack of a uniform definition, recent data suggest that CIH may lead to multiple long-term pathophysiologic consequences similar to what we see in patients with OSA. Recent evidences also demonstrate that there are remarkable differences in the response of the physiologic systems to sustained hypoxia and intermittent hypoxia. This review is aimed to briefly discuss the clinical significance of sleep-disordered breathing and our current understanding of CIH.
Nucleophilic Substitution of Aliphatic Fluorides via Pseudohalide Intermediates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A method for aliphatic fluoride functionalization with a variety of nucleophiles has been reported. Carbon–fluoride bond cleavage is thermodynamically driven by the use of silylated pseudohalides TMS‐OMs or TMS‐NTf 2 , resulting in the formation of TMS‐F and a trapped aliphatic pseudohalide intermediate. The rate of fluoride/pseudohalide exchange and the stability of this intermediate are such that little rearrangement is observed for terminal fluoride positions in linear aliphatic fluorides. The ability to convert organofluoride positions into pseudohalide groups allows facile nucleophilic attack by a wide range of nucleophiles. The late introduction of the nucleophiles also allows for a wide range of functional‐group tolerance in the coupling partners. Selective alkyl fluoride mesylation is observed in the presence of other alkyl halides, allowing for orthogonal synthetic strategies.
STUDY OF THE PERCEIVED QUALITY OF SAXOPHONE REEDS BY A PANEL OF MUSICIANS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

nantes.fr The subjective quality of cane reeds used on saxophones or clarinets may be very different from one reed to anoth-er even though the reeds have the same shape and strength. The aim of this work is to study the differences in the subjective quality of reeds, assessed by a panel of musicians. The work focuses mainly on the agreement of the panel of musicians, the reliability of the evaluations and the discrimination power of the panel. A subjective study, involving 10 skilled musicians, was conducted on a set of 20 reeds of the same strength. Three descriptors were assessed: Brightness, Softness, and Global quality. The ratings of the musicians were analyzed using sensory data analysis methods to estimate the agreement between them and the main consensual differences between the reeds. Results show that for Softness and Brightness, the agree-ment between the musicians is important and that signifi-cant differences between the reeds can be observed. For Global quality, the inter-individual differences are more important. The performance of the panel in providing reliable assessments opens the potential for an objectifi-cation of the perceived quality. 1.
Electrochemically Doped and Hydrogen Peroxide–Treated TiO2 Nanotube Arrays as an Electrode for Supercapacitor with Excellent Cycling Stability

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Ordered anodic TiO2 nanotube arrays hold great potential as electrode materials for high-performance supercapacitors. However, their poor cycle stability restricts practical applications. Here we develop a simple and successful strategy to improve their cycle stability. The TiO2 nanotube arrays are electrochemically doped in a basic solution, followed by soaking them in a hydrogen peroxide solution for a short time. The as-prepared TiO2 nanotube arrays possess a core–shell structure with an amorphous surface layer of 2–3 nm thickness. The supercapacitors made by the as-prepared TiO2 nanotube arrays exhibit an excellent cycling stability with a capacitance retention of 94.1% after 10000 cycles. The presented results make TiO2 an attractive candidate as electrode materials in high-performance supercapacitors.
A critical appraisal on antibody detector-serodiagnostics for Bovine Tuberculosis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Bovine tuberculosis is a worldwide disease that causes great economic losses to the dairy industry and constitutes a serious human public health hazard. In the present study, two types of commercially available immunochromatographic lateral flow kits, namely, IQRT Anigen Rapid Bovine TB Ab kit and Ubio quick VET Bovine Tuberculosis Antibody kit were evaluated for their sero-diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of bovine tuberculosis through the detection of Mycobacterium bovis -specific antibodies in tested serum samples. The results obtained by these kits were compared with the ELISA test, bacteriological examination, and tuberculin skin testing. In this study, out of 3750 dairy cattle tested by single intradermal tuberculin skin test, 69 (1.8%) animals reacted positively. From the slaughtered tuberculin-positive cattle 51 animals (73.9%) showed visible lesions on postmortem examination while the remaining 18 animals (26.1%) showed no visible lesions. Using bacteriological examination of tissue specimens collected, 48 out of the 69 positive tuberculin reactor animals (69.6%) were positive and M. bovis was successfully isolated. Using ELISA for serological examination of serum samples collected prior to skin testing from the 69 positive tuberculin reactors, only 26 cases (37.7%) were positive. The serodiagnosis of bovine tuberculosis using the IQRT Anigen lateral flow kit, which employed recombinant M. bovis MPB70 antigen as capture and detector, could identify only 21 positive cases, which represent 43.8% of 48 bacteriologically identified cases and 30.44% out of the 69 tuberculin positive cases. On the other hand, the Ubio quick VET kit has detected zero% of bovine tuberculosis-positive cattle. It is concluded that the use bovine tuberculosis Antibody Rapid Test Kit alone may be unreliable for the detection of tuberculosis-infected cattle.
Microcin as an Insecticidal Antibiotic Against Trogoderma Granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Microcin was extracted and formulated from Citrobacter spp. isolated from a healthy human. The results showed that there is a deleterious effect on the survival of khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), which is a major pest of stored grains. Microcin has been used as Bio-insecticides to overcome the disadvantages of chemical pesticides. Biological control is one of the main components of IPM in recent years. This laboratory study was to evaluate the insecticidal activity of antibiotic microcin. The oral delivery of microcin caused a dose-dependent effect, with 100% mortality of adult at concentrations of 62.5mg/ml after 10 days. Moreover, the toxicity of microcin was tested against the larvae, T. granarium which caused 30% mortality at 500 mg/ml after 10 days. Larvae were more tolerant than adults to the microcin. This study demonstrates the potential power of using microcin as a new approach for the control of T. granarium. Also, the results of this study showed that the germination of wheat grains treated with different concentrations (62.5, 125, 250 and 500 mg/ml) of microcin did not affect by the microcin treatment.
Self-aligned and conductive patterns for stretchable and skin-conformal sensors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Two dimensional (2-D) atomic layers have several advantages such as flexibility in choosing substrates, easy fabrication, large package area, minimum change of components, enhanced expiration date, and reduced defects by oxygen blocking structure for smart sensor. The sensors with excellent flexibility and stretchability are crucial components that can provide health monitoring systems with the capability of continuously tracking physiological signals of human body without conspicuous uncomfortableness and invasiveness. The signals acquired by these sensors, such as body motion, heart rate, breath, skin temperature and metabolism parameter, are closely associated with personal health conditions.
Metabolism of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides in Neisseria meningitidis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In Neisseria meningitidis, uridine, deoxyuridine, cytosine, cytidine, or deoxycytidine could not be used by uracil-requiring mutants as pyrimidine sources. Consistent with these findings, only 5-fluorouracil of the different fluoropyrimidine bases and nucleosides showed any inhibitory effect on the growth of four prototrophic strains of N. meningitidis. Likewise, only radioactive uracil was readily incorporated into nucleic acids, whereas uptake of radioactive uridine, cytosine, or cytidine could not be demonstrated. Uracil was converted to uridine 5'-monophosphate by uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, whereas enzyme activities for conversion of cytosine or any of the nucleosides were not detectable in meningococcal extracts.
Comparative effectiveness of onabotulinumtoxinA versus oral migraine prophylactic medications on headache-related resource utilization in the management of chronic migraine: Retrospective analysis of a US-based insurance claims database

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Migraine, especially chronic migraine (CM), causes substantial disability; however, health care utilization has not been well characterized among patients receiving different migraine prophylactic treatments. Methods Using a large, US-based, health care claims database, headache-related health care utilization was evaluated among adults with CM treated with onabotulinumtoxinA or oral migraine prophylactic medications (OMPMs). Headache-related health care utilization was assessed at six, nine, and 12 months pre- and post-treatment. The primary endpoint was the difference between pre- and post-index headache-related health care utilization. A logistic regression model was created to test the difference between onabotulinumtoxinA and OMPM-treated groups for headache-related emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations. Results Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. The proportion of patients with ED visits or hospitalizations for a headache-related event decreased after starting onabotulinumtoxinA, but increased after starting an OMPM, for all three cohorts. Regression analyses showed that the odds of having a headache-related ED visit were 21%, 20%, and 19% lower and hospitalization were 47%, 48%, and 56% lower for the onabotulinumtoxinA group compared to the OMPM group for the six-month, nine-month, and 12-month post-index periods, respectively. Conclusions When compared with similar patients who initiated treatment with OMPM, onabotulinumtoxinA was associated with a significantly lower likelihood of headache-related ED visits and hospitalizations.
The Jabal Akhdar dome in the Oman Mountains: Evolution of a dynamic fracture system

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Acknowledgments: This study was carried out within the framework of DGMK (German Society for Petroleum and Coal Science and Technology) research project 718 “Mineral Vein Dynamics Modelling,” which is funded by the companies ExxonMobil Production Deutschland GmbH, GDF SUEZ E&P Deutschland GmbH, RWE Dea AG and Wintershall Holding GmbH, within the basic research program of the WEG Wirtschaftsverband Erdo¨l- und Erdgasgewinnung e.V. We thank the companies for their financial support and their permission to publish these results. The German University of Technology in Oman (GU-Tech) is acknowledged for its logistic support. We gratefully acknowledge the reviewers Andrea Billi and Jean-Paul Breton, whose constructive reviews greatly improved the manuscript
Rome: Room

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Rome: Room Get access Fitzhopkins Fitzhopkins 1Garrick Club Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s3-X, Issue 261, 29 December 1866, Page 519, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s3-X.261.519b Published: 29 December 1866
Hydrothermal synthesis of Fe-doped TiO2 nanostructure photocatalyst

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Fe-doped TiO 2 catalyst was prepared by the hydrothermal method. The resulting nanopowders were characterized by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and Raman and UV-visible spectroscopies. The photocatalytic activity of the Fe-doped TiO 2 was tested by decomposition of methylene orange with a concentration of 10 mg l −1 in aqueous solution. The obtained results showed that methylene orange was significantly degraded after irradiation for 90 min under a halogen lamp and sunlight. The doping effect on the photocatalytic activity of the iron-doped catalyst samples are discussed.
What does the Applied Theatre Director do? : directorial intervention in theatre-making for social change

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis critically interrogates the practice of artistic directors within applied theatre companies in the United Kingdom. ‘Applied theatre’ describes the process of theatre-making in which commitment to ethical, pedagogical, philosophical and social priorities are integral dimensions of theatre-making designed for specified participants, communities and locations. The research views the term director as encompassing any individuals with designated responsibility for the artistic coherence of theatre in both community and rehearsal room contexts. It argues that directorial processes in applied theatre have rarely been the focus of systematic research and that a theoretical framework to conceptualise practise will contribute new knowledge. The research design gathers evidence of directorial contributions, examining ‘why’ and ‘how’ interventions are constructed. The various theories, techniques and methods used by directors to shape and effect positive interventions are observed and interrogated, through a systematic research approach, in five director case studies. The case studies reflect discrete areas of theatre practice. Published research is sparse and literary evidence is occasionally drawn from historical, cultural and mainstream theatre contexts, from developments in Alternative and Political theatre and from Drama in Education praxis. The thesis concludes with a theoretical framework that articulates applied theatre directing as a process that shares some common ground with mainstream theatre directing, but which retains discrete alternative practices and philosophies that define an alternative directorial model.
Cure from the cave: volcanic cave actinomycetes and their potential in drug discovery

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Volcanic caves have been little studied for their potential as sources of novel microbial species and bioactive compounds with new scaffolds. We present the first study of volcanic cave microbiology from Canada and suggest that this habitat has great potential for the isolation of novel bioactive substances. Sample locations were plot ted on a contour map that was compiled in ArcView 3.2. Over 400 bacterial isolates were obtained from the Helmcken Falls cave in Wells Gray Provincial Park, British Columbia. From our preliminary screen, of 400 isolates tested, 1% showed activity against extended spectrum ß-lactamase E. coli, 1.75% against Escherichia coli, 2.25% against Acinetobacter baumannii, and 26.50% against Klebsiella pneumoniae. In addition, 10.25% showed activity against Micrococcus luteus, 2% against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 9.25% against Mycobacterium smegmatis, 6.25% Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 7.5% against Candida albicans. Chemical and physical characteristics of three rock wall samples were studied using scanning electron microscopy and f lame atomic absorption spectrometry. Calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) were the most abundant components while magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and barium (Ba) were second most abundant with cadmium (Cd) and potassium (K) were the least abundant in our samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the presence of microscopic life forms in all three rock wall samples. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of 82 isolates revealed that 65 (79.3%) of the strains belong to the Streptomyces genus and 5 (6.1%) were members of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Nocardia and Erwinia genera. Interestingly, twelve (14.6%) of the 16S rRNA sequences showed similarity to unidentified ribosomal RNA sequences in the library databases, the sequences of these isolates need to be further investigated using the EzTaxon-e database (http://eztaxon-e. ezbiocloud.net/) to determine whether or not these are novel species. Nevertheless, this suggests the possibility that they could be unstudied or rare bacteria. The Helmcken Falls cave microbiome possesses a great diversity of microbes with the potential for studies of novel microbial interactions and the isolation of new types of antimicrobial agents.
Dosimetry and Acute Toxicity Profile of Patients With Esophageal Cancer Treated With Proton Beam Radiation Therapy: Outcomes From the Proton Collaborative Group REG001-09 Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose Concurrent chemoradiation plays an integral role in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Proton beam radiation therapy has the potential to spare adjacent critical organs, improving toxicity profiles and potentially improving clinical outcomes. Methods and Materials We evaluated the REG001-09 registry for patients undergoing proton radiation therapy for esophageal cancer. Demographic, clinicopathologic, toxicity, and dosimetry information were compiled. Results We identified 155 patients treated at 10 institutions between 2010 and 2019. One hundred twenty (77%) had adenocarcinoma and 34 (22%) had squamous cell carcinoma. One hundred thirty-seven (88%) received concurrent chemotherapy. The median delivered dose was 50.51 Gy-equivalent (GyE; range, 41.4-70.1). Grade ≥3 toxicities occurred in 22 (14%) of patients and were most commonly dysphagia (6%), esophagitis (4%), anorexia (4%), and nausea (2%). There were no episodes of grade ≥4 lymphopenia and no grade 5 toxicities. The average mean heart, lung, and liver doses and average maximum spinal cord dose were 10.0 GyE, 4.8 GyE, 3.8 GyE, and 34.2 GyE, respectively. For gastroesophageal junction tumors, 8% of patients developed acute grade ≥3 toxicity and the mean heart, liver, right kidney, and left kidney doses were 10.5 GyE, 3.9 GyE, 0.4 GyE, and 4.9 GyE, respectively. Gastroesophageal junction location was protective against development of grade ≥3 toxicity on univariate (P = .0009) and multivariate (P = .004) analysis. Conclusions Proton beam radiation therapy affords excellent dosimetric parameters and low toxicity in patients with esophageal cancer treated with curative intent. Prospective trials are underway investigating the comparative benefit of proton-based therapy.
Utility of the APACHE IV, PPI, and Combined APACHE IV With PPI for Predicting Overall and Disease-Specific ICU and ACU Mortality

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV and Palliative Performance Index (PPI) are scales commonly used to assess prognosis in intensive care units (ICUs) and acute care units (ACUs). Objective: To compare the utility of APACHE IV, PPI, and combined APACHE IV with PPI for predicting overall and disease-specific mortality. Design: This is a prospective cohort study using admission data during the first 24 hours. Chi-square contingency tables were used to analyze mortality data for each scale. Setting: This study was conducted at a community hospital. Patients: Participants were admitted between December 24, 2008 and April 2, 2010. Results: The APACHE IV, PPI, and APACHE IV plus PPI (n = 599) were significant for predicting overall mortality (P < .0001 each). The APACHE IV was also significant in predicting mortality in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), pulmonary edema (PULEDEM), stroke (cerebrovascular accident [CVA]), terminal or metastatic cancer (CA), and dementia. The PPI was significant for predicting mortality in PULEDEM, CA, and dementia but not CVA or CHF, while the APACHE IV with PPI was significant for all diseases but CVA. The APACHE IV was the most robust in predicting ICU/ACU mortality. The combined APACHE IV and PPI improved the specificity of the PPI to predict mortality but caused a decline in sensitivity. Limitations: Limitations are due to the subjective nature of the PPI and Glasgow Coma scale (GCS), differences in illness trajectories, and a lack of reliable follow-up of all participants. Conclusion: The benefits of combining scales were best exemplified in participants with dementia. Inconsistencies in the predictive value of specific participant populations are likely due to difference in the illness trajectories of disease processes.
A Reconstruction of Marxian Economics

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The reconstruction focuses on some parts of Marx's economics as put forward in his Capital vols I and EI, namely the parts centered around the concepts of value, money, labour power, surplus-value, and prices (of production) (sees II-IV). The successive reconstruction is such that in the resulting sequence of theory-elements each one 'specializes' the preceding ones. This is the main deviation from earlier reconstructions by the same author. - Marx's theory of prices runs into serious difficulties. A modern alternative to this part, which otherwise resembles Marx's account as closely as possible, is proposed and confronted with Marx's ideas (sec. V). Some open ends of the reconstruction are sketched (sec. VI), and finally the rationale of a structuralist reconstruction is evaluated (sec. VII).