jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
To What Extent is the National Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostics Techniques Act of 1994 Effective?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

India currently observes an alarmingly low child sex ratio regarding females. The 2011 Indian National Census found that the child sex ratio had reached an all-time low of 914 girls to 1000 boys. The low child sex ratio in India can be attributed to practices of sex selective abortions against female babies. The Indian government acted against this practice in 1994 with The National Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostics Techniques (PNDT) Act that was implemented in 1996. The goal of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of The National Pre Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostics Techniques (PNDT) Act now that almost three decades have passed since its implementation. Data from the decade of implementation of the act to current times in 2021 will be used in order to create a longitudinal study that examines trends regarding the overall population, child sex-ratios, and overall sex-ratios. Linear modeling will be used to predict future trends for the child sex ratio as this data has been limited due to COVID 19. Information in this thesis will primarily be found from the past three official Indian census as well as multiple National Family Health Surveys. This paper concluded that the PNDT Act has been ineffective in raising the child sex ratio as the child sex ratio has continuously remained worse than prior to the passage of the PNDT Act and is predicted to stay this way in future years.
Adjuvant chemotherapy in node‐positive patients after esophagectomy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The role of adjuvant chemotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on survival in patients with positive nodes after surgery for ESCC. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the survival outcomes of node‐positive patients with ESCC who underwent curative resection with or without adjuvant chemotherapy between January 1994 and December 2015. Results We analyzed 460 patients (333 adjuvant chemotherapy, 127 surgery alone). The surgery‐alone group was older (64 vs. 60 years, p < 0.001) and had more comorbidities ( p = 0.004) than the adjuvant chemotherapy group. After propensity score matching, overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) of the adjuvant chemotherapy group were better than those of the surgery‐alone group: 5‐year OS rate 62.7% (95% confidence interval [CI] 54.4–72.3%) vs. 46.8% (95% CI 38.5–57%, p = 0.001) and 5‐year RFS rate 53.9% (95% CI 45.4–63.9%) vs. 36.2% (95% CI 28.3–46.3%, p < 0.001). Notably, in patients with pT3–4 stage, the adjuvant chemotherapy group had significantly better 5‐year OS rate (41.3% [95% CI 29.3–58.3%] vs. 18% [95% CI 10–32.5%], p = 0.01) and 5‐year RFS rate (37% [95% CI 25.3–53.9%] vs. 12% [95% CI 5.7–25.4%], p < 0.001) than in the surgery‐alone group. In multivariable analysis, adjuvant chemotherapy had a favorable effect on both OS (hazard ratio [HR] 0.562, 95% CI 0.426–0.741, p < 0.001) and RFS (HR 0.702, 95% CI 0.514–0.959; p = 0.026). Conclusion Adjuvant chemotherapy may improve survival in node‐positive patients with ESCC, especially in those with pT3–4 stage.
Testing the convergence hypothesis for OECD countries: a reappraisal

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper reviews the results of a number of empirical studies of convergence among the OECD countries and discusses some limitations of these studies. Moreover, the paper tries to deal with these limitations by presenting a new and more appropriate methodology: quantile regressions. The results obtained with this specification support the view that, even among the OECD countries, there are different clusters. The parameter representing the convergence hypothesis, despite being negative in every case, is higher in value and more significant as we advance to higher quantiles. These outcomes reveal a faster convergence between the countries that belong to the upper quantiles. Moreover, 1960–1970 is highlighted as the period in which convergence was more intense.
Risk Estimates: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sydney Harbour Sediments and Lobster

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

For nearly a century, the effluents from the Sydney Tar Ponds were discharged into Muggah Creek. As this creek opens into the South Arm of Sydney Harbour, this discharge resulted in appreciable levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) being deposited in the Harbour sediments. Because surveys showed that lobsters captured in the South Arm of the Harbour contained substantial levels of benzo[a]pyrene, a known carcinogen, the lobster fishery in the South Arm of the Harbour was closed in 1982. Prior to the closure, the cancer lifetime risk for those eating lobsters from this area was approximately 3 times greater than the provincial acceptable level. Following the closure, the lifetime cancer risk declined to levels considered to be acceptable. Computed non-cancer hazards were deemed acceptable prior to the closure and decreased following it. A more extensive risk assessment will evaluate the site further and provide valuable information on fisheries decisions for this area. Pendant pres d’un siecle, l’effluent des etangs de goudron de Sydney s’est ecoule dans le ruisseau Muggah. Comme celui-ci se jette dans le bras sud du port de Sydney, cet ecoulement a abouti au depot de concentrations appreciables d’hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HPA) dans les sediments du port. Les releves ayant revele que des homards captures dans le bras sud du port presentaient des concentrations notables de benzoapyrene, un cancerogene notoire, la peche du homard dans le bras sud du port a ete fermee en 1982. Avant sa fermeture, le risque a vie de cancer chez les personnes qui consommaient du homard en provenance de ces eaux etait trois fois superieur au niveau acceptable etabli pour la province. Apres la fermeture de la peche, le risque a vie de cancer est retombe a des niveaux consideres comme acceptables. Les risques autres que le cancer etablis par calcul etaient juges acceptables avant la fermeture de la peche et ils ont diminue apres cette fermeture. Il sera procede a une evaluation plus exhaustive des risques, qui fournira des renseignements utiles concernant les decisions sur la peche dans cette region.
Infrared-excitation for Improved Hydrocarbon Fuels' Combustion Efficiency - Concept and Demonstration

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes an innovative concept of using infrared (IR) excitation to help hydrocarbon fuels burn in internal combustion engines at a possible higher efficiency. In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons are known to be infrared-active and absorb photons in 3 - 20 μm wavelengths causing molecular vibrations that lower activation barrier and thus increase oxidation rate during combustion. As a result, IR-excited fuel becomes more combustible in engine, helping getting closer to the ideal of constant-volume combustion for higher cycle efficiency. Prototype IR-emitters were made from selective transition metal oxides with a spectral luminance in 3 - 16 μm wavelengths. The IR-excitation effect was demonstrated by testing at an engine lab of MTU (DaimlerChrysler Off-Highway) on its 8V4000M63 model heavy-duty diesel engine for marine applications, showing a 6% reduction in fuel consumption. IR-excitation effect on flame structure was validated at Purdue University in a counterflow methane-air diffusion flame experiment, in which species concentrations for H₂, O₂, N₂, CH₄, CO, CO₂, C₂H₂, and C₂H₄ across the flame were measured using sampling and gas chromatography, while NO concentrations were measured using chemiluminescence analysis. The experimental results indicate the IR-excitation makes fuel burn faster and helps reduce fuel consumption by 6% and peak CO and NO emissions by about 15%. In addition, the results from an EPA FTP-75 test with the IR-emitters installed on a Ford F-350 light-duty diesel truck show a 5% improvement in fuel economy and about 38% reduction in both HC and CO emissions, while NOx and PM (particulate matter) emissions remain about the same, but the amount of SOF (soluble organic fraction) of diesel particulates emissions decrease by 10%. Though the preliminary tests seem to prove the concept, more evidence and works are required before a conclusion on the efficacy of IR-excitation can be made and commercial value realized.</div></div>
Multi-source bioluminescene tomography reconstruction approach base on subspace decision

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Bioluminescence tomography (BLT) reconstruction is an ill-posed problem. A class of strategy based on the permissible region (PR) reduces the ill-posed by reducing the space. However, in multi-objective reconstruction, the strategy is challenging to fit the sources of different positions. In this study, a subspace decision (SD) method is proposed, which transforms the traditional single permissible region into multiple spatially continuous subspaces by clustering, and performs spatial shrinkage optimization for each of them. In addition, a plug-and-play sliding single polyline module is introduced to analyze and cluster the reconstruction results each time to obtain the number and distribution of subspaces contained in the results. SD method does not rely on any specific reconstruction or clustering algorithm, so it has great flexibility. Experiment results show that the SD approach can more accurately obtain the spatial distribution information of different numbers of sources distributed in different locations and ensure the quality of multi-source BLT reconstruction. Keywords: Bioluminescence Tomography, Inverse Problem, Subspace, Clustering, Permissible Region.
Meninge inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: rare case report and literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Context: Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), also known as inflammatory pseudotumor or plasma cell granuloma is a benign tumor of mesenchymal origin that can occur in different anatomical locations, but is more common in the lung and liver, being rare in the central nervous system (CNS). The main challenge when finding this type of tumor in meninges is to make the differential diagnosis with metastatic neoplastic infiltration, granulomatous and infectious diseases. The ideal treatment is complete surgical resection, not requiring other complementary therapies due to its benign behavior. Case report: This work brings the case report of a 22-year-old young man who search medical attention due to headache and after extensive investigation presented the diagnosis of myofibroblastic tumor of the meninges. Conclusion: A comprehensive review of the literature on this type of tumor was carried out in this location, but with very few cases and papers written to date.
83 Spatially resolved transcriptomic and proteomic investigation of breast cancer and its immune microenvironment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of highly heterogeneous extracellular structures and cell types such as endothelial cells, immune cells, and fibroblasts that dynamically influence and communicate with each other. The constant interaction between a tumor and its microenvironment plays a critical role in cancer development and progression and can significantly affect a tumor’s response to therapy and capacity for multi-drug resistance. High resolution analyses of gene and protein expression with spatial context can provide deeper insights into the interactions between tumor cells and surrounding cells within the TME, where a better understanding of the underlying biology can improve treatment efficacy and patient outcomes. Here, we demonstrated the ability to perform streamlined multi-omic tumor analyses by utilizing the 10X Genomics Visium Spatial Gene Expression Solution for FFPE with multiplex protein enablement. This technique simultaneously assesses gene and protein expression to elucidate the immunological profile and microenvironment of different breast cancer samples in conjunction with standard pathological methods. Methods Serial (5 µm) sections of FFPE human breast cancer samples were placed on Visium Gene Expression (GEX) slides. The Visium GEX slides incorporate ~5,000 molecularly barcoded, spatially encoded capture spots onto which tissue sections are placed, stained, and imaged. Following incubation with a human whole transcriptome, probe-based RNA panel and an immuno-oncology oligo-tagged antibody panel, developed with Abcam conjugated antibodies, the tissues are permeabilized and the representative probes are captured. Paired GEX and protein libraries are generated for each section and then sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq at a depth of ~50,000 reads per spot. Resulting reads from both libraries are aligned and overlaid with H&E-stained tissue images, enabling analysis of both mRNA and protein expression. Additional analyses and data visualizations were performed on the Loupe Browser v4.1 desktop software. Conclusions Spatial transcriptomics technology complements pathological examination by combining histological assessment with the throughput and deep biological insight of highly-multiplexed protein detection and RNA-seq. Taken together, our work demonstrated that Visium Spatial technology provides a spatially-resolved, multi-analyte view of the tumor microenvironment, where a greater understanding of cellular behavior in and around tumors can help drive discovery of new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Interaction Between Meso Tetramethoxyphenyl Porphyrin Lead Complexes and Bovine Serum Albumin by Fluorescence Spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The interactions of solution pH value,solvent variety and meso tetramethoxyphenyl porphyrin lead with different concentrations on bovine serum albumin(BSA) were investigated by fluorescence spectra.The results showed that meso tetramethoxyphenyl had strong static fluorescence quenching effect on BSA,experimental data were analyzed according to Stem-Volmer equation and double-reciprocal equation,rate constant,the binding constant and the combination number of dimolecular quenching process were respectively obtained as K_q = 1.0865×10~(13)(L·mol~(-1)·s~(-1)), K_A = 9.232×10~4L·mol~(-1),n=0.7639.
Behavioral measurements of hearing across the lifespan in several strains of mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Preliminary studies have indicated a correlation between hearing loss and dementia. However, the relationship between these two factors remains unclear. Utilizing mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), researchers can begin to understand the relationship between dementia and hearing loss. The present study examined hearing in two AD mouse models (5xFAD and APP/PS1) along with C57BL/6 control mice. Hearing thresholds for 14 kHz tones were collected from young and old, male and female mice using an operant conditioning nose poke procedure with positive reinforcement. Daily thresholds were collected for each mouse and plotted with regression lines to assess the rates of hearing loss. A linear mixed-effects model determined that thresholds differed by age, sex, and genetic background. These studies are important for understanding more about hearing in mouse models of AD, as well as the relationship between AD and hearing loss in the human population.
Development of an Integrated Moisture Index for predicting species composition

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A geographic information system (GIS) approach was used to develop an Integrated Moisture Index (IMI), which was used to predict species composition for Ohio forests. Several landscape features (a slope-aspect shading index, cumulative flow of water downslope, curvature of the landscape, and the water-holding capacity of the soil) were derived from elevation and soils data to create the IMI. From IMI values for forest land harvested in the past 30 years, we estimated the percentage composition of two major forest types in the region as well as the prominence of many understory species and several bird species. This approach can be used to better manage forest resources and to predict how the resource will change in the future under various forms of ecosystem management.
Acceptance of Covid 19 Vaccine in Terms of Perception and Knowledge: A Cross-Sectional Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Covid-19 pandemic had an impact on various sectors. One of the efforts to prevent the spread of the virus on a large scale is the Covid-19 vaccine. This study aimed to investigate people’s knowledge and perception of acceptance regarding Covid-19 vaccines. Quantitative data were collected using an online survey (n = 299) with accidental sampling. This survey was conducted from March-May 2021 and distributed through social media. Data were collected using questionnaires. The result shows that almost all respondents (93.3%) accept the Covid-19 vaccine with good knowledge (63.2%), sufficient knowledge (6.7%), and a lack of knowledge (13.4%). The OR value (3.78, p = 0.026) means people with good knowledge will receive three times more vaccines than people with less knowledge. Perception of knowledge about the Covid-19 vaccination program led to 13.7 times of acceptance Covid-19 vaccine compared to those who did not know this program (OR 13.7, p=0.01). Knowledge and perception about the Covid-19 vaccine will affect accepting the Covid-19 vaccine. This study recommended This study is expected to be a reference or literature review for determining government policies to implement the Covid-19 Vaccine program in the community.
Association of COVID-19 related anosmia and the structural development of the primary olfactory cortex and hippocampus among pediatric individuals

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Introduction/Objectives: COVID-19 pandemic had a profound impact on the social aspect of child development. However, few studies have examined its impact on the structural development of children's brains—particularly the olfactory bulb—given the reported anosmia often among those who acquired the virus. This study aims to assess potential structural differences in the olfactory system among children with reported past COVID-19 infections compared with children who did not report having COVID-19 using data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.
Research on Stratigraphic Division and Sand Bed Correlation Based on “Three Instantaneous” Attribute Spectra of Logging Data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The stratigraphic division and sand bed correlation are an important and difficult work for exploration and development of oil-gas field. The application of “three instantaneous” attribute spectrum of logging data on the research of stratigraphic division and sand bed correlation is carried out first time by the authors. In the method, mainly Hilbert-Huang transformation was used to extract the three attributes from logging data (natural gamma ray, Acoustic, and so on), i.e. “instantaneous frequency”, “instantaneous amplitude” and “instantaneous phase”, and then the technology of high-resolution profile reconstruction was adopted to reconstruct the “three instantaneous” attribute spectrum, to reveal the geological response characteristics on each depth of the internal formation, and to clearly reflect the variation characteristics of geological phenomena in the formation. The sequence boundary is scaled according to the alternating change of “three instantaneous” attribute energy spectrum, the migration cycle changes and distribution characteristics of attribute spectrum energy cluster of different frequency components are used to scale the stratigraphic units of different sizes and the response characteristics of sand and mud, and then the oscillation change trend and distribution information of “three instantaneous” attribute spectra energy cluster from low frequency to high frequency is utilized to do the division and correlation of formation and sand body, and to depict geological characteristics of formation internal. From the change and distribution of attribute spectrum energy cluster, the boundary of different sequence grade and distribution of sand bed in stratigraphic sequence can be clearly found. Then, sequence division and single sand body identification of all levels are realized. The single sand body isochronous correlation is compared under the control of all levels sequence division. The research results of this paper promote sedimentary reservoir bed and sequence stratigraphy development toward quantification and digitalization, and provide a new method for geological studies.
Radiological investigation of the superior thalamic vein

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

大脳深部静脈のなかの小枝である上視床静脈 (STV) に注目し, 視床および第三脳室後方のX線解剖的な有用性を検討した. STVは視床の中心部の小静脈が集合し, 矢状面に対し垂直方向, 内側に走行する. さらにこの静脈は視床の背内側核の中心付近を通り, 視床の内側面の上方中央部分において第三脳室側壁内に出現する. 椎骨動脈撮影の側面像に, この矢状面に垂直に走行する部分が特徴的な点状影 (dot) として, 他の静脈影に重なることなく視床中央部に観察される. 今回, 正常対象となり得たのは55例である. STVの描出率は95%であり, そのdotの定点性は高い. STVのIVC方向への静脈還流形態は3型に分類される. 今回の正常例の計測から得られたSTVの定点性や変異が十分に認識されているならば, STVはX線解剖的に第3脳室後方の側壁情報を捉える上で有用なものと考えられる. さらに血管造影上描出されるSTVのdotが視床の背内側核の中心付近を走行する部位であることから, この視床核の位置を推定する放射線解剖学的な血管構築となりえる. したがつて, STVは視床に体する定位脳手術や定位的放射線療法において, 今後, 十分に注目されるべき血管構築であろう.
Homeless people’s leisure practices within and beyond urban socio-scapes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With increased inequity and polarisation in society, access to leisure has become even more crucial for ensuring the humanity and health of people living in urban poverty. Homeless people constitute the hard edge of urban poverty, and literally embody broader inequities in society given that they face increased risk of illness and an early death. Scholars have explored the material and psychosocial hardships experienced by homeless people, but focus less on leisure. This article explores the role of leisure in the everyday lives of 99 homeless people in New Zealand and England. We document various leisure activities across different urban spaces and consider the complexities of leisure in how homeless people make meaning of, cope with and survive street life in the city.