jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting the Duration of Breastfeeding in a Rural Population of Saudi Arabia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A study was conducted to demonstrate factors influencing duration of breastfeeding in Al-Jamoom Western region of Saudi Arabia. Information was obtained on 476 children under the age of three years and their mothers in nine of the villages in this area. A predesigned questionnaire was administered to the mothers to obtain information on age, education, fertility parameters and antenatal care during pregnancy with the index children. Multiple regression analysis was used to analyze the effect of different biological and environmental factors on the duration of breastfeeding. The data showed that over 57% of the mothers breastfed their children for more than a year, and the mean duration of breastfeeding was 14.61 ± 3.53 months. A considerable proportion of the mothers (42.3%) stopped breastfeeding during the first year. The most common reason for terminating breastfeeding during the first year was insufficient milk (30.9%), and recurrence of pregnancy (27.3%). A minority of the mothers (6.5%) were given advice about breastfeeding by health care professionals(physicians and nurses). Other factors such as the age of the mother, age of the infant when a supplement diet was first introduced, birth order of the child and attendance in an antenatal care clinic had a significant effect on the duration of breastfeeding. It is therefore recommended that Maternal and Child Health services must be strongly reinforced in the Primary Health Care Centers of the Ministry of Health and other health care providers.
Patterns of Drug Use in a High School Population

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The authors report the results of their questionnaire survey on drug use among high school students in southwestern Florida. They found that 24 percent of the students had used an illegal drug at least once, that certain types of drugs are used more often than others, and that boys and girls differ in the types of drugs they use. The authors also found two basic patterns of drug use, one for tolerance-type drugs (amphetamines, barbiturates, opiates, and "glue") and the other for nontolerance-type drugs (marijuana); hallucinogens were used to some extent by both groups. A number of personal and attitudinal variables were found to be related to the different patterns of drug use.
Compliance with MDT recommendations is the key element for patients to benefit from MDT in complicated genitourinary tumors: a single-center data set

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the applications and benefits of the multiple-disciplinary team (MDT) model in the clinical practices of complicated genitourinary tumors and to explore the importance of patients’ compliance with MDT recommendations. Methods: This was a descriptive study of 259 MDT consultations in our center over the past five years (2018-2022). All data recorded in the database were retrospectively analyzed, including clinical history, initial decisions, MDT decisions, actual treatments, and efficacy assessments. Results: A total of 259 consultations were performed on 222 patients with an average age of 65.21±12.87 years old (range,18 to 92 years old). Of the 259 consultations, 149 (57.5%) were for prostate cancer, 48 (18.5%) for kidney cancer, 24 (9.3%) for bladder cancer, 13 (5.0%) forupper tract urothelial cancer, 6 (2.3%) for testicular cancer, 2 (0.8%) for adrenal gland cancer, 6 (2.3%) for multiple primary tumors and 11 (4.2%) for other problems. Patients fully accepted the MDT recommendations in 201 consultations (77.6%); Partially accepted the MDT recommendations in 32 consultations (12.4%). The total rate of compliance was about 90.0% and 226 patients benefitted in the compliance group. Only 2 patients benefitted after MDT consultations in the noncompliance group. Compliance with MDT recommendations was found to be more beneficial for patients than the non-compliance group in our study (P＜0.001). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that MDT should be recommended for patients with complicated genitourinary cancers. Compliance with recommendations is the key element for patients benefitted from MDT consultations and we should focus on ways to enhance patients’ adherence.
Indication for Operation in Patients with Intractable Ulcerative Colitis to Medical Treatment.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

本邦で現在広く用いられている,厚生省特定疾患・難治性炎症腸管障害調査研究班の診断基準案における難治性潰瘍性大腸炎の定義,治療指針案における手術適応を示し,自験難治性潰瘍性大腸炎の手術症例のretrospectiveな解析より,その手術適応を検討した.難治性潰瘍性大腸炎の手術例は,大部分が再燃緩解型で,再燃や入院回数も多く,全罹患経過期間の約80%の期間を治療に要しており,5年以上経過してから手術を受けた症例が約半数を占めており,またステロイドによる副作用の発生頻度は総投与量が10,000mgを越えると高くなっていた.根治性が得られ,悪性化の危険性がほとんどなく,かつ自然排便機能も比較的良好に維持できる術式(結腸全摘+直腸粘膜切除+回腸嚢肛門吻合術)が確立された現在,難治性潰瘍性大腸炎の手術適応も拡大されつつあるが,本稿では自験例の検討よりその手術適応について現在の著者らの考えを述べてみたい.
Gonadal Development and Spawning Induction in Artificially Conditioned Manila Clams Ruditapes philippinarum.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Manila clams Ruditapes philippinaruin were maintained on Pavlova lutheri of mean density 11.0×107 cells/g (wet body weight)/day at 18°C for 3 months out of their spawning season. During this period, attempts to induce spawning were made at 1 and 2 weeks intervals; concurrently, clams were sacrificed for estimation of condition factor and gonadal development (histological assessment). Data were recorded on larval survival rates until the pediveliger stage. Ripe males and females became dominant 30 and 40 days respectively, after the commencement of the experiment. Abundant spawning, 33.1×104 eggs/female, which coincided with peak gonadal maturation, was evident on day 50. However, extensive resorption of sperms and oocytes, together with reduction of condition factor and number of spawned eggs, was observed from day 50 to the end of the experiment. Egg diameter increased and thickness of jelly layer decreased with the advance of maturity. Low larval survival was observed in eggs with smaller diameter. Variation in survival was observed in larvae hatched from eggs with larger diameter.
PREVALENCE OF CANNABIS USE IN PROFESSIONAL DRIVERS OF MARDAN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: Finding out how common cannabis usage is among Mardan’s professional drivers was my study’s maingoal. Thirdly, the impact of cannabis on these drivers’ ability to work was ascertained; second, the influence of ageon cannabis users was noted.Study design : Cross-sectional StudyDuration and place of study: The research was carried out between March and May of 2017Materials & Methods: Cross-sectional research was carried out. The research was conducted at Mardan. It featuredone hundred professional drivers working in Mardan, KPK, Pakistan’s public transport system. The research wascarried out between March and May of 2017. The subjects were asked for their written agreement before the researcherscompleted the surveys. SPSS version 20 was used to input and evaluate the questionnaire data before showing it astabular, bar, and pie chart data. A thorough debate was conducted, and conclusions were reached based on this data.Results: In my survey, 89% of these drivers reported using cannabis, while the remaining 11% reported using otherdrugs (alcohol, cocaine, answer, etc.). The majority of drivers who take drugs began taking them when they were young.85% of the participants reported using cannabis for the first time between the ages of 15 and 20, 7% between theages of 20 and 25, and 2% between the ages of 25 and above, according to the data. Among those aged 15 to 20,the incidence of cannabis usage was 44%.In the 20–25 age range, the prevalence was 31%.In the 25+ age group, theprevalence was 25%. In my survey, the percentage of married people who used cannabis was 29%, compared to 71%of single people. Seventy percent of users think the substance has a detrimental impact on their ability to concentrateand remember things. In contrast, twenty-five percent think it has no effect at all or is beneficial.Conclusion: Among drivers, cannabis usage was quite common. The impact of focus and work on drivers and cannabisusage, as well as the relationship between drug use and drivers’ age and marital status, were all significantly correlated.Keywords: cannabis, Psychological stress, narcotic drug users.
Thinking through Failure

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Any activity that involves making choices entails the risk of failure, and the more personally meaningful the choices are, the more deeply felt the failure will be. Drawing on my experiences in supervising the self-chosen, long-term projects of my eighth-grade students, I argue that it is neither possible nor desirable to prevent young people from experiencing failure in a school context. Two narratives of student projects explore the potentially educative value of failure, for teachers as well as students. The article also explores the importance of providing young people with opportunities to make important decisions about their own schoolwork. As John Dewey observed, children cannot develop their powers of judgment except through the exercise of judgment. The moral, cultural, economic, and civic aims of education require that students become powerful agents in their own lives, and for this we need them to be able to consult their own values, develop their own goals, risk real failures, and take responsibility for the results of their actions.
Miliary brain metastases from occult lung adenocarcinoma: Radiologic and histopathologic confirmation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT “Miliary brain metastases”, also termed as “Carcinomatous encephalitis”, are an extremely rare form of cerebral metastasis. Here in this article, we report a 52 year-old male patient with miliary brain metastases originating from occult lung adenocarcinoma. There were no significant findings on his initial physical and neurological examinations except limited cooperation. Brain computed tomography revealed edematous regions at the inferior sections of both parietal lobes. Then after, the contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging revealed innumerable multi-dimensional lesions associated with surrounding edema on T2-weighted images. The proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed increases in the choline and lipid peaks with decreased N-acetylaspartate in a similar manner with metastatic brain tumors. Histopathological findings pointed out that malignant epithelial tumor metastasis were originating in primary lung adenocarcinoma. Despite the advances in technical equipments and medical knowledge, miliary metastatic brain tumors are quite rare and the differential diagnosis is difficult. Our aim in this article was to present this rare case in which the lung was thought to be the primary focus; and outline the radiological characteristics. Also, we believe that the findings presented by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy may contribute to making a differential diagnosis.
Intermittent Hypoxia (IH) modulates the effects of Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone (CRH) on NTS neuronal synaptic transmission

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We examined if exposure to IH, a model of the arterial hypoxemia that occurs during sleep apnea, modulates the effects of activation of CRH receptors (CHRRs) on NTS neuronal synaptic transmission. Whole‐cell recordings from NTS second‐order arterial chemoreceptor neurons, identified by DiA labeling of carotid bodies, were obtained in a caudal NTS slices (250μM thick). Slices were incubated with 100nM of the CRHR1 selective agonist stressin I or 100nM of the CRHR2 selective agonist urocortin II in aCSF for 20 minutes and slices studies 0.5–2.0 hrs later. Spontaneous miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs) and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) were recorded in separate slices under voltage clamp 0.5–2 hours after the 20min agonist incubation from both normoxic controls and slices obtained from rats exposed to IH for 7 days. The CRHR1 selective agonist and antagonist had no any effect on mEPSC amplitude or frequency. The CRHR2 selective agonist urocortin II significantly increased mEPSC amplitude (21.60 ± 1.03pA, n=13 vs 26.74 ± 1.13pA, n=11, p <0.01) in normoxic rats but did not alter mEPSC frequency. Exposure to IH increased mEPSC amplitude and in IH exposed rats urocortin II prevented the IH‐induced increase in mEPSC amplitude (27.42 ± 1.32pA, n=15 vs 22.35 ± 0.82pA, n=14, p <0.01). On the other hand, the CRHR1 agonist stressin I significantly enhanced mIPSC amplitude in slices from control, normoxic rats (32.57 ± 2.31pA, n=10 vs 38.14 ± 1.4pA, n=12, p <0.05), but neither IH nor stressin I altered mIPSC amplitudes and frequency in slices from IH exposed rats. The CRHR2 agonist did not alter mIPSC frequency or amplitude. In separate experiments, 10min prior to incubation of the slice with the CRHR selective agonist, the slice was pre‐treated with either CRHR1 antagonist NBI35965 (1μM) or CRHR2 antagonist K41498 (100nM). The CRHR2 selective antagonist K41498 attenuated the urocortin II effect on mEPSCs and the CRHR1 antagonist NBI35965 attenuated the stressin 1 effect on mIPSCs. Our findings provide evidence that CRH can modulate NTS neuronal glutamatergic transmission and GABAergic transmission through different CRHR subtypes. After IH, CRHR2 receptor activation reverses IH‐inudced increases in mEPSC amplitude, whereas after IH CRHR1 receptor activation no longer increases mIPSC amplitude. These changes appear to be primarily mediated by alterations in the post‐synaptic neuron. Support or Funding Information NIH HL088052 This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Diseases of the alimentary system. Jaundice.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A radiological follow-up of the miners and ex-miners in two Welsh mining valleys whose chest radiographs showed simple pneumoconiosis in 1950/51 has been carried out to study the factors associated with the attack rate of progressive massive fibrosis. The radiographs were read in pairs, and also with the pairs separated, the radiographs being randomized and identifying features concealed. The relative value of these two types of reading is discussed. An attempt to investigate the importance of exogenous tuberculous infection by comparing the attack rate in the two mining valleys, in one of which great efforts had been made to eradicate tuberculosis, failed. The reasons for the failure are discussed. No evidence was found of any association between the attack rate of progressive massive fibrosis and age, energy expenditure at work, smoking habits, body type, exogenous tuberculous infection, or endogenous infection as measured by the presence of primary complexes in the first radiographs. The only factor related to the attack rate was the average category of simple pneumoconiosis. The attack rate is zero at category ½ and rises to 30 or more per 100 in eight years for category 3. It is argued from this that the logical way to control the appearance of progressive massive fibrosis is to concentrate on preventing miners reaching category 2 of simple pneumoconiosis. Evidence is also presented that considerable progression of simple pneumoconiosis has been occurring during the past eight years amongst coal-face workers at the collieries in this area.
High Temperature Oxidation of UHP-Based Fe20Cr5Al Alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

UHP-base alloys have been used to study the effects of sulfur and yttrium on the oxidation resistance of ferritic Fe20Cr5Al alloys. Doping with sulfur and/or yttrium gave a series of alloys with sulfur contents between 0.2 to 50 ppm sulfur, with or without yttrium (0.1 wt% maximum). Theα-alumina scale and the metal–oxide interface structures were investigated after oxidation between 1060 and 1350 °C (1 to 100 h), using several techniques: SEM, TEM, STEM and Scanning AES. It was found that sulfur contents lower than 1 ppm or doping with yttrium gave flat and adherent scales. The equiaxed structure observed on Y-undoped specimens was transformed into a columnar structure when yttrium was present in the alloy. Sulfur and carbon were measured in the spalled regions of the surface where emergent grain boundaries of the substrate were present. Bending tests in the Auger device at room temperature confirmed this result: in the oxide areas cracked by bending, sulfur and carbon were found at the emergence of grain boundaries of the metal but neither sulfur nor carbon were observed in the cracked zones away from the grain boundaries of the metal. Yttrium was measured at the metal–oxide interface and in the grain boundaries of the oxide. No sulfur was found in the grain boundaries of the oxide. When yttrium was found at the metal–oxide interface, no sulfur could be detected. Chromium enrichment was observed at the metal–oxide interface in parallel with sulfur segregation but in yttrium containing alloys Cr enrichment disappeared at the same time as sulfur.
LBGTQ+ Books Within Middle School Libraries and How Librarians Promote These LGBTQ+ Books to Students

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This mixed methods study allowed the researchers to explore the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ+) materials available in public middle school libraries and to interview six middle school librarians about their perceptions on “caring about and caring for” in order to provide middle school students with LGBTQ+ books. The study took place in one Texas school district. The quantitative data came from the middle school libraries' online database to determine how many LGBTQ+-themed young-adult books were found in each of the 12 school libraries. The findings revealed that the middle-school libraries offered very few LGBTQ+-themed books for students to checkout. The qualitative data came from interviewing six middle school librarians. Their stories revealed two critical themes toward LGBTQ+ books within their school library: (1) librarians' perceptions and reactions to students' needs and (2) librarians' perceptions and reactions regarding silence within the district.
Analysis of epidemiological situation of iodine deficiency in Tomsk region from 1998 to 2014

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of the present research is the comparative analysis of the epidemiological situation of iodine deficiency in the Tomsk region from 1998 to 2014. There were examined 9901 and 15174 children of the school age including within the medical examination of the children's population in 1998 and 2014 in Tomsk. At all school pupils there were analyzed anamnestic data and carried out anthropometrical measurements, ultrasonography of the thyroid gland was carried out using the portable scanner "Aloka SSD 500" with the linear sensor of 7,5 MHz frequency in the real time, the thyroid volume was evaluated according to Delange (1997). The excretion of inorganic iodine was determined at 264 in 1998 and at 120 children in 2014, respectively, in a one-time portion of urine by the cerium-arsenic method. There was additionally carried out the analysis of results of determination of TSH at 10717 in 1998, and at 15091 in 2014 in a spot of the whole blood at newborn children on the 4-5 day after birth at full-term and on the 7-14 day at prematurely born children. Neonatal TSH in the dried-up samples of capillary blood was determined by the method of the fluorometric immune-ferment analysis with the use of sets of TSH-Neonatal: Delfia, Finland. Statistical processing of the data obtained was carried out with the use of the applied software package pspp. The descriptive analysis included calculation of the median for the quantitative and the calculation of frequencies for qualitative data. The comparative analysis included calculation of distinctions reliability by the Mann-Whitney criterion for independent and to Wilcoxon's criterion for dependent data. The comparative analysis of epidemiological situation of iodine deficiency in Tomsk and the Tomsk region in 1998 and 2014 specifies decreasing the iodine deficiency diseases in the Tomsk region, increasing the iodine provision of the population within 15 years by 27%, decreasing neonatal hyperthyroidism by 1.5 times.
Teaching NeuroImage: Absence of Wrinkles in Small Fiber Neuropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 48-year-old woman with clinical diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy, supported by abnormal thermal thresholds using quantitative sensory testing, underwent the water immersion wrinkling test showing lack of digital wrinkles (Figure). Normally, in the glabrous skin of the distal phalanges, water penetrates the sweat ducts provoking electrolytic changes that increase the firing of sympathetic terminals leading to vasoconstriction of the glomus bodies, generating wrinkles.1 Sympathetic fiber damage is responsible for the absence of wrinkles. This test has a sensitivity of 71% (58%–82%) and a specificity of 73% (56%–85%).2 This is a simple, noninvasive, frequently forgotten bedside test that contributes to the diagnosis of small fiber neuropathy.
Comparative Studies on Experimental Avian Leptospirosis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Journal Article Comparative Studies on Experimental Avian Leptospirosis Get access J. A. Howarth, J. A. Howarth University of California, Davis, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. Reina-Guerra M. Reina-Guerra University of California, Davis, California Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 102, Issue 3, May 1958, Pages 268–274, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/102.3.268 Published: 01 May 1958 Article history Received: 26 November 1957 Published: 01 May 1958
Air Force Research Laboratory's Rocket Engine Program Enters Fast-Paced Test Phase

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : EDWARDS AFB, Calif. Testing is underway of critical components for integration into the world's first full flow cycle hydrogen/oxygen boost engine. Recent tests of the Integrated Powerhead Demonstration project here established a technical first for the United States and mark the first advancements in boost engine technology since the space shuttle main engine was initially developed in the 1970's. The Department of Defense's Integrated Powerhead Demonstration project developed by the Air Force Research Laboratory Propulsion Directorate is ongoing at the Aerojet-Complex test facilities in Sacramento.
A FORGOTTEN AMERICAN: FRANCIS NICHOLS' QUEST FOR LHASA, 1903–04

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The New York-born journalist and travel writer Francis Nichols (1879-1904) is best known for his travels through early 20th-century China. However, his attempt in 1903-4 to travel through Tibet to Lhasa ahead of the Younghusband Mission, and thus to become the first westerner to reach the city, has been forgotten, partly on account of his death in the field and the loss of his diary. From new research in recently-catalogued documents and letters in the archives of the American Geographical Society (AGS), the author has compiled an account of Nichols’ mission to Lhasa, including the support he received from US backers, including the AGS, his travels in China, Tibet and India, and his relations with Younghusband and the British. Although Nichols was unable to reach Lhasa, the author observes that he should be credited as the first American to travel from India into the Chumbi valley in southern Tibet and across the Tibetan plateau from Phari to the town of Gyantse, 120 miles south-west of Lhasa.