jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Can interpretive policy analysis contribute to a critical scholarship on regional innovation policy studies?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There are an increasing number of critical voices within the innovation community who are raising questions around the relevance of innovation policy research to innovation policy practice. With the aim of contributing to a more relevant regional innovation policy research, this paper, builds on reflections along these lines presented by Morlacchi and Martin (2009), followed by Uyarra, Flanagan and Laranja (Flanagan & Uyarra, 2016; Flanagan, Uyarra, & Laranja, 2011), as well as issues raised and developed by action research scholars in general and the ‘action research for territorial development’ approach (Karlsen & Larrea, 2014a) in particular. Specifically, based on the idea that a greater diversity of approaches to policy analysis would benefit innovation studies, the paper argues for incorporating ideas developed by interpretive policy analysis scholars. The paper presents concepts and approaches that in our opinion require further exploration or strengthening, including the practice perspective, ‘ordering devices’, collaborative or dialogical approaches to policy analysis and constructivist approaches to policy learning.
Factors Responsible for Elevated Blood Pressure Among Bangladeshi Adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bhuyan KC* Author Affiliations Department of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh Received: August 17, 2020 | Published: August 26, 2020 Corresponding author: Bhuyan KC, Department of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2020.29.004852
Promicromonospora endophytica sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from the root of an Australian native Grey Box tree

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A novel aerobic actinobacterium, strain EUM 273 T , was isolated from the root of a Grey Box tree ( Eucalyptus microcarpa Maiden). Cells were Gram-staining-positive with well-developed substrate mycelia which were non-motile and rod-like, with coccoid elements. Phylogenetic evaluation based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis placed the isolate as a member of the family Promicromonosporaceae that was most closely related to Promicromonospora xylanilytica YIM 61515 T (98.2 %) and Promicromonospora vindobonensis V45 T (98 %). Chemotaxonomic data including cell wall components, major menaquinone and major fatty acids confirmed the affiliation of strain EUM 273 T to the genus Promicromonospora . The results of the phylogenetic analysis, including physiological and biochemical studies in combination with DNA–DNA hybridization, allowed the genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain EUM 273 T from the closest related species with validly published names. The name proposed for the novel species is Promicromonospora endophytica sp. nov. The type strain is EUM 273 T ( = DSM 23716 T = NRRL B-24816 T ).
Effects of intrapopulation competition on morphological and agronomic characters of jute plant (Corchorus olitorius L.).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of population density on some agronomic traits of Corchorus olitorius were investigated by growing the seedlings in a field experiment at densities of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 plants per m2 during the raining season of 2006, at the Ojo campus of Lagos State University (LASU), Nigeria. The randomized block design (RBD) was the experimental design used, with three replicates. The direct effect of competition was investigated on the following agronomic attributes; final height/plant, number of branches/plant, stem girth/plant, number of leaves/plant, total fresh weight, total dry weight, moisture content, total leaf length, leaf petiole length, leaf area, blade length and blade width. A highly significant effect (p occurrence of intraspecific competition in population of jute plant.
The tontine re-examined: A modest proposal to reduce the national debt

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Around 1650 a Neapolitan named Laurent Tonti fled to France to escape civil disorders in his native land. Before long the Italian promoter's schemes to replenish the public treasury captured the ear and imagination of Louis XIV's powerful minister, Cardinal Mazarin. The monarchy, in fact, rewarded Tonti with an annual pension.1
Organic Molecules with Inverted Gaps between First Excited Singlet and Triplet States and Appreciable Fluorescence Rates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

One of the recent proposals for the design of state-of-the-art emissive materials for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) is the principle of thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The underlying idea is to enable facile thermal upconversion of excited state triplets, which are generated upon electron-hole recombination, to excited state singlets by minimizing the corresponding energy difference resulting in devices with up to 100% internal quantum efficiencies (IQEs). Ideal emissive materials potentially surpassing TADF emitters should have both negative singlet-triplet gaps and appreciable fluorescence rates to maximize reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) rates from excited triplets to singlets while minimizing ISC rates and triplet state occupation leading to long-term operational stability. However, molecules with negative singlet-triplet gaps are extremely rare and, to the best of our knowledge, not emissive. In this work, based on computational studies, we describe the first molecules with negative singlet-triplet gaps and considerable fluorescence rates and show that they are more common than hypothesized previously.
Order Reduction of Nonlinear Quasi-Periodic Systems Using Lyapunov–Perron Transformation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, multiple order reduction techniques for parametrically excited nonlinear quasi-periodic systems are presented. The linear time-varying part of the quasi-periodic system is transformed into a linear time-invariant form via the Lyapunov–Perron (L–P) transformation. The analytical computation of such a transformation is performed using an intuitive state augmentation and the normal forms technique. This L–P transformation is further utilized in analyzing the nonlinear part of the original quasi-periodic system. Using the L–P transformation, three-order reduction techniques are detailed in this work. First, a Guyan linear reduction method is applied to reduce the order. The second method is to determine a nonlinear projection based on the singular perturbation method. In the third technique, the method of Invariant Manifold is applied to identify a relationship between the dominant and nondominant system states. Furthermore, in this work, all three order reduction techniques are demonstrated on the class of commutative and noncommutative/Hills-type nonlinear quasi-periodic systems. The behavior of the reduced system states of the resulting solution is compared with the numerical integration results and their performance is studied using the error plots for each technique.
The effects of lavour time on neonatal depression.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effects of labour time on neonatal depression were investigated in 1072 cases. It was found that the everage Apgar score assessed at one minute post-parturition decreased significantly as a function of duration of labour. Additionally, the incidence of neonatal depression (Apgar indes of 7 or less) was found to increase significantly with increase significantly with increases in labour duration. Apgar indices taken five minutes after birth did not reveal any significant effects related to duration of labour. Further analysis of the labour conditions indicated that the effects of labour time on the condition of the infant was greater in spontaneius labours than induced or stimulated labours. In spotanious labours, the five-minute Apgar score continued to be influenced by duration of labour. After five minutes individual differences were clearly observable in all labours.
Bioinformatics identification and validation of aging‑related molecular subtype and prognostic signature in breast cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Patients with metastatic breast cancer have a poor clinical outcome, accounting for more than 90 percent of breast cancer-related deaths. Aging could regulate many biological processes in malignancies by regulating cell senescence. The role of aging has not been fully clarified. Consensus cluster analysis was performed to differentiate The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) breast cancer cases. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) cox regression analysis was performed to construct an aging-related prognostic signature. A total of 118 differentially expressed aging-related genes (ARGs) was obtained in breast cancer. Consensus clustering analysis identified 3 categories of TCGA-breast cancer with significant difference in prognosis and immune infiltration. We also constructed an aging-related prognostic signature for breast cancer, which had a good performance in predicting the 1-year, 3-year and 5-year OS and disease specific survival (DSS) of breast cancer patients. Further single gene analysis revealed that the expression of PIK3R1 was significantly different in different pT and pN stages of breast cancer. Moreover, low expression of PIK3R1 showed resistance to many drugs based on the data of Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer (GDSC) and Genomics of Therapeutics Response Portal (CTRP). PIK3R1 played a vital role in many well-known cancer-related pathways. The current study identified 3 clusters of TCGA-breast cancer cases with significant differences in prognosis and immune infiltration. We also constructed an aging-related prognostic signature for breast cancer. However, further in vivo and in vitro studies should be conducted to verify these results.
Role of E2Fs and mitotic regulators controlled by E2Fs in the epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex cellular process in which epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal properties. EMT occurs in three biological settings: development, wound healing and fibrosis, and tumor progression. Despite occurring in three independent biological settings, EMT signaling shares some molecular mechanisms that allow epithelial cells to de-differentiate and acquire mesenchymal characteristics that confer cells invasive and migratory capacity to distant sites. Here we summarize the molecular mechanism that delineates EMT and we will focus on the role of E2 promoter binding factors (E2Fs) in EMT during tumor progression. Since the E2Fs are presently undruggable due to their control in numerous pivotal cellular functions and due to the lack of selectivity against individual E2Fs, we will also discuss the role of three mitotic regulators and/or mitotic kinases controlled by the E2Fs (NEK2, Mps1/TTK, and SGO1) in EMT that can be useful as drug targets. Impact statement The study of the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an active area of research since it is one of the early intermediates to invasion and metastasis—a state of the cancer cells that ultimately kills many cancer patients. We will present in this review that besides their canonical roles as regulators of proliferation, unregulated expression of the E2F transcription factors may contribute to cancer initiation and progression to metastasis by signaling centrosome amplification, chromosome instability, and EMT. Since our discovery that the E2F activators control centrosome amplification and mitosis in cancer cells, we have identified centrosome and mitotic regulators that may represent actionable targets against EMT and metastasis in cancer cells. This is impactful to all of the cancer patients in which the Cdk/Rb/E2F pathway is deregulated, which has been estimated to be most cancer patients with solid tumors.
Time Value of Money and the Choice of an Appropriate Instrument for Allocation of Investment القيمة الزمنية للنقود واختيار أداة مناسبة لتخصيص الاستثمار

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Zarqa (2017) has clarified – from an economist’s perspective – some important issues on mechanisms for the allocation of investment in an Islamic zero-interest-rate economy (ZIRE). He did it in plain English that can also be understood (mostly) by people who have not been trained in the mathematical jargon of modern economics. His aim is to show that the observance of the Qur’?nic prohibition of interest( ) does not impede an efficient allocation of resources. The paper discusses in some detail criteria for investment decisions that do not require a market rate of interest and hence are applicable in an Islamic ZIRE. It may come as a surprise for non-expert readers that these criteria are the same as those which are widely applied for investment decisions and project evaluations in conventional finance, such as the calculation of the net asset value (NAV) of a project or the internal rate of return (IRR). Neither NAV nor IRR is explicitly covered in Zarqa’s text( ), but both can be seen as special configurations of the comprehensive concept of a rate of return which is at the core of Zarqa’s approach to the issue of an efficient resource allocation in a ZIRE. However, a decision maker does not only need a measure of the expected returns of alternative investment projects but also information on the costs of their funding. The market rate of interest provides such information for loanable funds (debt financing) in conventional finance. What is the alternative in an Islamic ZIRE? The paper is brief on this point, but it provides the major ingredients for a more elaborate answer.
Porous immersed boundaries

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We describe a generalization of the immersed boundary (IB) method for simulating fluid-structure interaction, which incorporates the effect of porosity into elastic immersed boundaries. The mathematical formulation of the IB problem can be altered to allow for porous leakage by incorporating an additional porous slip velocity term in the membrane evolution equation. We study how this change affects the linear stability of the underlying governing equations, comparing to previously published results for an impermeable membrane. We also address the impact of membrane permeability on numerical computations through a study of stability and time step restrictions for certain discrete formulations of the IB problem. All IB computations are characterized by an inherent volume loss which resembles a porous membrane leaking fluid -- we obtain an estimate of this ``inherent membrane permeability" and use it to devise a method for reducing the volume loss in computations.
Current status of koi herpesvirus disease in Taiwan

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The first reported case of koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD) occurred in northern Taiwan in December 2002. Later, there were three more cases in 2003 and one outbreak of KHVD in 2004. Externally, the affected fish did not show any prominent lesions except swollen gills sometimes accompanied by bleeding. Consistent histopathological findings were in the gill tissues, where hyperplasic epithelia and eosinophilic granular cells were observed within fused secondary lamellae. Electron microscopy revealed negativelystained icosahedral viral nucleocapsids measuring 112?1 nm in diameter. Also, the koi herpesvirus was detected in the homogenate of diseased fish by PCR assay using specific primers for koi herpesvirus (KHV). The amplicon was cloned, sequenced and compared with previously published data. The sequenced data showed 99% identity with the American KHV sequence in the GenBank. The above evidence suggests that KHVD have already invaded carp culture systems in Taiwan.
Antibodies in Melioidosis: The Role of the Indirect Hemagglutination Assay in Evaluating Patients and Exposed Populations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Melioidosis is a major neglected tropical disease with high mortality, caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei ( Bp ). Microbiological culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis, but a simpler and more readily available test such as an antibody assay is highly desirable. In this study, we conducted a serological survey of blood donors ( n = 1,060) and adult melioidosis patients ( n = 200) in northeast Thailand to measure the antibody response to Bp using the indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA). We found that 38% of healthy adults (aged 17–59 years) have seropositivity (IHA titer ≥ 1:80). The seropositivity in healthy blood donors was associated with having a declared occupation of rice farmer and with residence in a nonurban area, but not with gender or age. In the melioidosis cohort, the seropositivity rate was higher in adult patients aged between 18 and 45 years (90%, 37/41) compared with those aged ≥ 45 years (68%, 108/159, P = 0.004). The seropositivity rate was significantly higher in people with diabetes ( P = 0.008). Seropositivity was associated with decreased mortality on univariable analysis ( P = 0.005), but not on multivariable analysis when adjusted for age, diabetes status, preexisting renal disease, and neutrophil count. This study confirms the presence of high background antibodies in an endemic region and demonstrates the limitations of using IHA during acute melioidosis in this population.
Insignificant Immune Phagocytosis Inhibition and Cytotoxicity by the Murine Monoclonal HLA‐DP Antibody B7/21 Tested on Human Monocytes and Macrophages

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

On the basis of fluorescence flow cytometry data with the monoclonal antibody (MoAb) B7/21, and of the differing cell sizes, the HLA‐DP antigen density on monocytes is estimated to be 25% of that on B lymphocytes. The remote positions of the antigens are assumed to be responsible for the markedly reduced inhibitory capacity of the MoAb B7/21 in immune phagocytosis by monocytes and for the absence of complement‐dependent cytotoxicity of this MoAb to monocytes. The findings from experiments on peritoneal macrophages are comparable. Therefore HLA‐DP may not be important for the functioning of the monocytes and macrophages.
Defining the role of a unique Ω‐loop insertion in the class D β‐lactamase OXA‐1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In Class A, C and D β‐lactamases, an Ω‐loop is found near the active site and is involved in both catalysis and substrate selection. Among the class D oxacillinases, OXA‐1 has the largest Ω‐loop, which is six hydrophilic residues longer than in other OXA enzymes. To determine the effect of the extended Ω‐loop found in OXA‐1 on substrate affinity, we removed the six additional residues using polymerase chain reaction mutagenesis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing showed that the deletion provided no significant alteration in resistance to most penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics; one main exception to this was a four‐fold enhancement of the MIC for cefepime. The enzyme was then purified and the protein was subjected to kinetic analysis. For cefotaxime, the K m for the OXA‐1 Ω‐loop deletion showed no large difference and the K cat was slightly lower than wild‐type. However significant differences were found for cefepime compared to wild‐type OXA‐1. The K m and the K cat values were significantly higher, suggesting that the deletion of the Ω‐loop has an effect both on binding and catalysis for cefepime.
The Surgical Relief of Pain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Remembering that pain is but a symptom and its bio- logical purpose for the most part protective, we must seek to allay its cause.This may, however, be unknown or imperfectly understood, as in trigeminal neuralgia, or well known but no longer within the range of effective local treatment, as in myocardial ischaemia or inoperable malignant disease.In such cases our efforts must be wholly directed to relieving the symptom of pain.Sur- gical methods for its relief will usually be considered only after lesser measures in the form of anodynes have failed or for any reason are no longer advisable.Pain may be relieved or abolished by:(1) Removing its source, thereby eliminating the noxious impulses which are giving rise to it-for example, the pain of appendicitis by appendicectomy, of gallstones or renal colic by getting rid of the offending calculi.(2) The administration of anaesthetics-for example, in tetanic spasms-or analgesic drugs-for example, morphine in cardiac infarction.(3) The interruption of the pathways of the painful impulses in order to abolish or modify their effects on the sensorium, either before they reach it or in the brain itself, by operations such as neurotomy, rhizotomy, chordotomy, medullary or mesencephalic tractotomy, or frontal lobotomy.(4) Increasing the blood supply to the painful part so as to reduce or abolish the pain of ischaemia.We should also remember that irradiation will sometimes diminish the pain of malignant disease, though for a time it may make the patient feel very ill.
Fine-Tuning of the Cpx Envelope Stress Response Is Required for Cell Wall Homeostasis in Escherichia coli

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is an essential compartment that constitutes a protective and permeability barrier between the cell and its environment. The envelope also hosts the cell wall, a mesh-like structure made of peptidoglycan (PG) that determines cell shape and provides osmotic protection. Since the PG must grow and divide in a cell-cycle-synchronized manner, its synthesis and remodeling are tightly regulated. Here, we discovered that PG homeostasis is intimately linked to the levels of activation of the Cpx system, an envelope stress response system traditionally viewed as being involved in protein quality control in the envelope. We first show that Cpx is activated when PG integrity is challenged and that this activation provides protection to cells exposed to antibiotics inhibiting PG synthesis. By rerouting the outer membrane lipoprotein NlpE, a known Cpx activator, to a different envelope subcompartment, we managed to manipulate Cpx activation levels. We found that Cpx overactivation leads to aberrant cellular morphologies, to an increased sensitivity to β-lactams, and to dramatic division and growth defects, consistent with a loss of PG homeostasis. Remarkably, these phenotypes were largely abrogated by the deletion of ldtD , a Cpx-induced gene involved in noncanonical PG cross-linkage, suggesting that this transpeptidase is an important link between PG homeostasis and the Cpx system . Altogether our data show that fine-tuning of an envelope quality control system constitutes an important layer of regulation of the highly organized cell wall structure. IMPORTANCE The envelope of Gram-negative bacteria is essential for viability. First, it includes the cell wall, a continuous polymer of peptidoglycan (PG) that determines cell morphology and protects against osmotic stress. Moreover, the envelope constitutes a protective barrier between the cell interior and the environment. Therefore, mechanisms called envelope stress response systems (ESRS) exist to monitor and defend envelope integrity against harmful conditions. Cpx is a major ESRS that detects and manages the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the envelope of Escherichia coli . We found that this protein quality control system also plays a fundamental role in the regulation of PG assembly. Strikingly, the level of Cpx response is critical, as an excessive activation leads to phenotypes associated with a loss of cell wall integrity. Thus, by contributing to PG homeostasis, the Cpx system lies at the crossroads between key processes of bacterial life, including cell shape, growth, division, and antibiotic resistance.