jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROGRAM FOR UNIVERSAL SALT IODIZATION AND EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF PREVENTION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY DISEASES IN UZBEKISTAN AND AZERBAIJAN

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The problem of iodine deficiency is extremely relevant for the whole world, as well as for Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. Despite the measures taken, the high prevalence of iodine deficiency diseases (IDD) remains in the Republic of Uzbekistan. After the adoption of the Law on the Prevention of Iodine Deficiency Diseases in May 2007, the supply of iodine to the population significantly improved. So, if in 1998 the optimal concentration of iodine in the urine (100-300 mcg/l) was observed in 5.6% of the population, in 2016 this indicator increased to 77%. The share of iodized salt in households in 1998 was 7.6%, and in 2016 increased to 81%. The prevalence of endemic goiter among the population of Uzbekistan decreased from 70% in 1998 to 31% in 2016. Thus, there is a noticeable improvement in IDD compared to previous years. However, the target values for Uzbekistan have not yet been achieved. Studies conducted in 13 districts of the Azerbaijan Republic among schoolchildren of 8-14 years old in 1998 showed that the prevalence of endemic goiter according to ultrasound data was 79%, iodine deficiency in the level of iodine in urine83%, while the median iodine in urine was 54 mcg/l with a norm of 100-300 mcg/l. Studies have also revealed that in Baku and Sumgait, which were not natural foci of iodine deficiency, the frequency of goiter, according to ultrasound, was 75 and 88%respectively. The introduction of a universal salt iodization program in the country improved the situation with urinary iodine excretion - the median in schoolchildren was 204 mcg/l, in pregnant women  200 mcg/l, which fell in the middle of the normal range. Examination of salt showed that 94% of the collected salt samples are adequately iodized.
The Invention of the ‘Tropical Worker’: Medical Research and the Quest for Central African Labor on the South African Gold Mines, 1903–36

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 1903 the South African mining industry began recruiting African labor from Central Africa in order to shore up their labor supplies. From the outset, Central African recruitment was problematic, for Central African mine workers died at very high rates. The primary source of Central African mortality was pneumonia. In response to this high mortality the Union government threatened to close down Central African recruitment, a threat which they carried out in 1913. From 1911 to 1933, the mining industry fought to maintain, and then after 1913 to regain access to Central African labor. Of central importance in this struggle were efforts to develop a vaccine against pneumonia. While the mine medical community failed to produce an effective vaccine against pneumonia, the Chamber of Mines successfully employed the promise of a vaccine eventually to regain access to Central African Labor in 1934. The mines achieved this goal by controlling the terrain of discourse on the health of Central African workers, directing attention away from the unhealthy conditions of mine labor and toward the imagined cultural and biological peculiarities of these workers. In doing so the mines constructed a new social category, ‘tropical workers’ or ‘tropicals’. The paper explores the political, economic and intellectual environment within which this cultural construction was created and employed.
Phytophthora Database: A Forensic Database Supporting the Identification and Monitoring of Phytophthora

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phytophthora spp. represent a serious threat to agricultural and ecological systems. Many novel Phytophthora spp. have been reported in recent years, which is indicative of our limited understanding of the ecology and diversity of Phytophthora spp. in nature. Systematic cataloging of genotypic and phenotypic information on isolates of previously described species serves as a baseline for identification, classification, and risk assessment of new Phytophthora isolates. The Phytophthora Database (PD) was established to catalog such data in a web-accessible and searchable format. To support the identification of new Phytophthora isolates via comparison of their sequences at one or more loci with the corresponding sequences derived from the isolates archived in the PD, we generated and deposited sequence data from more than 1,500 isolates representing the known diversity in the genus. Data search and analysis tools in the PD include BLAST, Phyloviewer (a program for building phylogenetic trees using sequences of selected isolates), and Virtual Gel (a program for generating expected restriction patterns for given sequences). The PD also provides a customized means of storing and sharing data via the web. The PD serves as a model that easily can be adopted to develop databases for other important pathogen groups.
Voltammetric Determination of Quercetin in Urine at Carbon Paste Electrode

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The electrochemical behavior of the quercetin (Q) at a carbon paste electrode (CPE) containing 15% paraffin oil is investigated. Square wave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV) was used to determine quercetin in the presence of 0.04 M phosphate buffer (pH ∼4) containing 0.1 M KCl with 15 s accumulation time at 25±1°C. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the adsorbed form is oxidized irreversibly. The linear concentration ranged from 67.66 to 338.3 ppb quercetin. The detection limit of 6.77 ppb Q (r=0.9997), with 15 s accumulation time and the relative standard deviation of 0.45 (n=5) was calculated. The interferences of some metal ions and some amino acids were studied. The method was applied to the analysis of spiked urine, with recovery of 99.9±0.5, and the relative standard deviation of 3.2%. Results were compared with the reported methods.
Effects of Some Fatty Acids on the Serotonin N‐Acetyltransferase Activity in Cultured Chick Pineal Glands

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Low concentrations of aracbidonate, oleate, or palmitate signficantly affected the cycle of NAT activity of cultured chick pineal glands in different ways. The effects observed were altered by change of the lighting conditions of culture. Effects of arachidonate were also shown to be altered by change of the serum component of the culture medium. Effects of premature exposure to light of glands cultured under diurnal conditions of illumination were changed markedly by substitution of the serum component of the medium or a supplement of ionophore A23187 and less markedly by supplements of fatty acids.
Breaking the age barrier: Understanding trauma in older adults from the Danish Middle Ages

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research undertook osteological methods to assess traumatic lesions in the skeleton with the application of life-course theory and three-dimensional imaging techniques to decipher and permanently record the lesions. The purpose of this research was to decipher patterns of trauma present for adults in medieval Danish samples using more accurate aging techniques. The populations spanned the time-frame from early medieval (11th century) to early modern (17th century) Denmark. During this time in Denmark, the country was establishing trade and commerce that changed farming practices and political and social institutions; all of these changes were expected to provide context to the trauma features seen in the skeleton. For instance, groups were anticipated to differ between urban and rural residents by age and by sex. The results of this study show that trauma rates differed dramatically between male and female groups; male individuals display more traumatic conditions in the skeleton than females. There became key differences in trauma by age group. It is assumed that these groups were more economically active in the community (from 20-41 years-of-age) as they showed the most frequent skeletal injuries. In addition, the oldest-old age group showed an increase in injuries compared to the other age groups. There were no major differences in trauma type or the frequency of trauma between urban and rural locations. This research undertook a pilot study in which it used three-dimensional data collected using NextEngine and CT to better decipher trauma classification. Results showed that the 3D analyses were not as precise at capturing minute details such as fracture margin texture and appearance compared to other technologies used today, such as Micro-CT. The research presented here contributes to our understanding of the bioarcheology of trauma and Danish history. Traumatic lesions in the cemetery samples examined in this study had not been previously investigated; therefore, this research presents preliminary findings that will be helpful in future analyses of trauma in Danish remains housed in the Unit of Anthropology at the Department of Forensic Medicine through the University of Southern Denmark (ADBOU).
Phenol Oxidation of Isoquinoline Alkaloids. II. Oxidative Coupling of dl-N-Methylisosalsoline

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Oxidative coupling of dl-N-methylisosalsoline (III) with potassium ferricyanide was carried out, and the structures of the products were determined. It was found that III gives rise both to biphenyl derivatives (VI, VII) and diphenyl ether derivative (IV), and a steric participation of 1-substituent of 2-methyl-6-methoxy-7-hydroxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative in the product development in the phenol oxidation reactions was observed.
Forage Intake and Nutrient Balance of Heifers Grazing Sandhills Winter Range

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two experiments with pregnant heifers grazing winter range investigated effects of supplementation to meet metabolizable protein versus CP requirements. Supplements were fed from October to February, and hay was fed in January and February of the second experiment. Supplementation to meet metabolizable protein requirements decreased weight loss in one experiment. Winter hay feeding reduced weight loss and body condition loss compared to no hay feeding. Forage intake declined from 2.1% of body weight in November to 1.3% in February. Metabolizable protein was deficient when animals were supplemented to meet CP requirements. Supplementation to meet metabolizable protein requirements may improve performance when energy intake is not deficient.
Active control of surface forces via nanopore structures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Understanding the effects of electrical potential on nanoscale contacts is critically needed for design and development of nanodevices. In the present letter, we characterize the metallic nanopore structure of nickel using an atomic force microscope. The morphology, phase distribution, and tribological behavior were studied under an applied electrical potential. It was found that the increase in electrical potential resulted in reduction of friction and pull-off force (adhesion), which is attributed to the real contact area change. Results indicated that the nanoporous structured Ni enables the control of friction and adhesion, which is beneficial for the design of nanoelectromechanical systems.
Introducing collaborative design into television programs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The government plans to stop analogue broadcasting for TV and switch to digital broadcasting. Regarding scientific and technological development, this move will change the operations mode, the organizational framework and the relationship between media and audience in the media industry. Numerous media managers are actively introducing new information technology, particularly synchronous computer network technology, to help in program design, production and broadcasting to improve efficiency and effectiveness and reduce costs and operation time. This study introduces collaboration to television program design and operations. This study also proposes a framework for integrated planning and control of information systems to integrate information and resources related to TV programs. This study hopes that the synchronous collaboration model can help reduce design and operation time for TV programs.
Measurement of surface shear stress vectors using liquid crystal coatings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Under normal white light illumination and oblique observation, liquid crystal coating (LCC) color-change response to shear depends on both shear stress magnitude as well as the direction of the applied shear relative to the observer's line of sight. These color-change responses were quantified by subjecting a LCC to a wall-jet shear flow and measuring scattered-light spectra using a fiber optic probe and spectrophotometer. At any fixed shear stress magnitude, the maximum color change was measured when the shear vector was aligned with and directed away from the observer; changes in the relative in-plane view angle to either side of this vector/observer aligned position resulted in symmetric Gaussian reductions in measured color change. Based on these results, a surface shear stress vector measurement methodology, involving multiple oblique-view observations of the test surface, was formulated. Under present test conditions, the measurement resolution of this technique was found to be ±1 deg for vector orientations and ±5% for vector magnitudes. An approach to extend the present methodology to full-surface applications is proposed. Nomenclature Cf = skin friction coefficient D = jet exit diameter / = spectral scattering intensity N = number of data points used in curve fits or in datareduction technique V = velocity W = white light X, Y = chromaticity coordinates a = above-plane view angle, measured positive upward from zero in plane of test surface
Structural and electrical characteristics of potential candidate lead-free BiFeO3-BaTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The crystal structures and electrical properties of lead-free BiFeO3-BaTiO3 [(1-x)BFxBT] piezoelectric system are investigated as a function of BaTiO3 concentration. The well-saturated P-E hysteresis loop was observed in the 0.80BiFeO3–0.20BaTiO3 composition system, while a less hysteretic strain-electric field curve was exhibited by the 0.70BiFeO3–0.30BaTiO3 with a strain hysteresis of 16%, the value comparable to PZT-based piezoelectric ceramics. The crystal structures investigated under the synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction exhibited a rhombohedral structure for BFBT system with x = 0.10–0.25 and a pseudo-cubic structure for BFBT system with x = 0.30–0.40. The structural phase diagram for the BiFeO3-BaTiO3 system is suggested based on the results of temperature-dependent synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction measurement and investigated electrical properties.
PORTRAYAL OF BALINESE WOMEN IN OKA RUSMINI’S EARTH DANCE: A FEMINIST APPROACH

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This undergraduate thesis analyzed the Balinese women in Earth Dance by Oka Rusmini. The writer chose this novel because this novel describes the gender inequalities suffered by Balinese women and kinds of Balinese women resistance against gender inequalities by feminist approach, which in this undergraduate thesis the elaboration of the approach employed radical feminist that is radical feminist. The writer uses descriptive qualitative method. Collecting data in this research is done by reading some books, reading some journals, and searching information on the internet. The aims of the research are to describe the kinds of gender inequality against Balinese women and to describe the kinds of Balinese women resistance against gender inequalities in the novel Earth Dance by Oka Rusmini. The results of the research are; first, violence, unfaithful, stereotype, and double burden are the kinds of gender inequality experienced by the Balinese women; and second, celibacy, lesbian, and resist the custom are the kinds of Balinese women resistance against gender inequalities in Earth Dance by Oka Rusmini. Keywords : Feminism, Radical Feminist, inequality, resistance, Balinese women, Earth Dance.
An Empirical Investigation of the Effects of Monetary Changes on the U.K. Economy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Theoretical discussions involving the relationship between the money supply and an economy's output has dominated the field of monetary economics for many years. Theoretically, the resolution of two separate issues is crucial - (1) the question of causality in the money-income relationship and (2) the effects of monetary changes on the two components of nominal output; i. e., the price level and real output. Two major opposing views can readily be identified: the monetarist view and the keynesian view. The monetarists' view is based on the postulates of the Quantity Theory of Money. In their view, the money supply is exogenously determined. Furthermore, according to the monetarists, there exists a direct causal flow from money to nominal output. 3 Consequently, changes in the money supply dominate movements in nominal output. Some monetarists allow for a feedback from nominal output to the money supply, but even then, monetary changes are considered the major factors determining nominal output.
Transgenic rice Oryza glaberrima with higher CPD photolyase activity alleviates UVB-caused growth inhibition

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The ultraviolet B (UVB) sensitivity of rice cultivated in Asia and Africa varies greatly, with African rice cultivars (Oryza glaberrima Steud. and O. barthii A. Chev.) being more sensitive to UVB because of their low cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) photolyase activity, which is a CPD repair enzyme, relative to Asian rice cultivars (O. sativa L.). Hence, the production of UVB-resistant African rice with augmented CPD photolyase activity is of great importance, although difficulty in transforming the African rice cultivars to this end has been reported. Here, we successfully produced overexpressing transgenic African rice with higher CPD photolyase activity by modifying media conditions for callus induction and regeneration using the parental line (PL), UVB-sensitive African rice TOG12380 (O. glaberrima). The overexpressing transgenic African rice carried a single copy of the CPD photolyase enzyme, with a 4.4-fold higher level of CPD photolyase transcripts and 2.6-fold higher activity than its PL counterpart. When the plants were grown for 21 days in a growth chamber under visible radiation or with supplementary various UVB radiation, the overexpressing transgenic plants have a significantly increased UVB resistance index compared to PL plants. These results strongly suggest that CPD photolyase remains an essential factor for tolerating UVB radiation stress in African rice. As a result, African rice cultivars with overexpressed CPD photolyase may survive better in tropical areas more prone to UVB radiation stress, including Africa. Collectively, our results provide strong evidence that CPD photolyase is a useful biotechnological tool for reducing UVB-induced growth inhibition in African rice crops of O. glaberrima.
The Second Fusion/Fusing the Fusions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Chapter 6 argues for Stoff ist Kraft, the view that there are no metaphysically fundamental distinctions to be made between the phenomena of force, energy, power, causation, physical law, and natural necessity. Some of these terms have genuinely different uses, but this does not support any sort of metaphysical separatism with respect to their fundamental being. The chapter then argues, with Nietzsche, for a further identity: there is no fundamental distinction between a thing and its power/force/energy features. To think otherwise is to succumb to a separatist, staticist conception of stuff: a thing’s power features must also be reckoned to be among its intrinsic qualities and so (by the argument of Chapter 5) as part of its total qualitiedness—with which it is identical. So too a thing’s behaviour is as much part of its fundamental being as anything about it that can’t be counted as its behaviour.
Thermal motion in the crystals of octamethylanthracene and its ion-radical salts

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Oxidation of octamethylanthracene (OMA) -a prototypic p-donor substrate -results in cation-radical crystals of immediate relevance to the important class of organic conductors.The oxidation results in a distinct re-distribution of carbon-carbon bond lengths and in a noticeable distortion from molecular planarity.In order to ascertain if the observed geometrical changes are of a static (electron delocalization) or a dynamic nature (electron hoping, disorder), we undertook a multi-temperature study of OMA and its oxidation products.The crystals of OMA, its 1:1 chloranil complex and its ion-radical salt OMA +.SbCl6 -were studied between 250 and 100K in 30K intervals.Throughout the cooling, the aromatic OMA moieties exhibited monotonically increasing deviations from rigid-body model (according to TLS test) that previously was attributed on many instances to some additional internal molecular movements.However, the corresponding high-angle refinements on experiments with 0.5 Å resolutions resulted in no perceptible deviations from the rigid-body model.Therefore we conclude that the observed deviations are a result of unaccounted asphericity of atoms rather than internal motions.An algorithm was developed to compare thermal motion of substrates in different crystallographic environments, including graphical representation.It was shown that attractive intermolecular forces can be identified from the analysis of the thermal motion.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Phospholipid Hydroperoxides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Chemoenzymatic synthesis of 1-stearoyl-2-hydropeoxyacyl-sn-glycerophospholipids including phosphatidylcholine (PC-OOH), phosphatidic acid (PA-OOH), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE-OOH), phosphatidylglycerol (PG-OOH) and phosphatidylserine (PS-OOH). The hydroperoxy acyl moieties were prepared via hydroperoxidation of linoleic, dihomo-γ-linolenic and arachidonic acids by soybean, potate lipoxygenase or autoxidation. Their hydroperoxy group was protected as a dimethylperacetal before condensation with lysophosphatidylcholine. Optically active lysophosphatidylcholine was prepared via short pathway involving lipase-catalyzed direct enantioselective stearoylation of 2-O-benzylglycerol and choline phosphate synthesis. Peroxy fatty acids and lysophosphatidylcholine thus obtained were condensed using dicyclohexylcarbodiimide\nin chloroform. Removing the peracetal group in the product and purification by reverse-phase chromatography afforded the desired PC-OOH’s. PA-OOH, PG-OOH, PE-OOH and PS-OOH were obtained by phospholipase-D catalyzed transphosphatidylation from PC-OOH. As a reference compound for biological studies of hydroperoxy phopholipid, PC-OH's were also prepared in which hydroxy unsaturated fatty acyl group was linked to the sn-2 position of the glycerophospholipids.