jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Adult Education in War and Peace, 1914–1945

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In the late summers of 1914 and 1939 the Oxford Delegacy found itself planning for a new academic year as war was declared. Peripatetic educational programmes, administratively complex and dependent on the goodwill and contributions of many separate institutions and individuals, were particularly vulnerable to disruption. It is hardly surprising that uncertainty pervaded the correspondence and reports of the early months of both wars. The first effect of the declaration of war on 4 August 1914 was physical: the delegacy lost its home when the examination schools were requisitioned as a military hospital. With lecturers and tutors engaged in the services or on war-related work, there were opportunities for new teachers as well. The attitude of the tutorial classes movement was rather different. The expectancy that flowed through the adult education movement from 1916 developed into two separate educational campaigns with roots in Oxford.
Condensation-Driven Assembly of Boron-Containing Bis(Heteroaryl)\nMotifs Using a Linchpin Approach

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Herein, we describe\nthe bromomethyl acyl boronate linchpin–an\nenabling reagent for the condensation-driven assembly of novel bis­(heteroaryl)\nmotifs. This building block is readily accessible from commercially\navailable starting materials. A variety of 2-amino- and 2-methylpyridines\nwere reacted with MIDA-protected bromomethyl acylboronate to afford\n2-boryl imidazo­[1,2-<i>a</i>]­pyridine and 2-boryl\nindolizine derivatives, respectively, in excellent yields. Subsequent\ncondensation with hydroxyamidines and hydrazonamides converted the\nintermediate heterocycles into novel boron-containing bis­(heteroaryl)\nunits characterized by high thermal stability.
Labial Fusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lower urinary tract symptoms in females can be due to various factors. Most of the time it is due to simple urinary tract infection and lower urinary tract pathology such as urethral stricture, meatal stenosis, bladder stones, underactive detrusor, and primary bladder neck obstruction. Commonly found neurologic causes among females are detrusor–external sphincter dyssynergia, associated with various brain and spine diseases and diabetic neuropathy. Labial fusion is a rare cause of female voiding difficulty. We herein present two elderly postmenopausal diabetic female patients who had nearly total urethral occlusion due to labial fusion. After thorough history taking and local genitourinary examination, the patients were operated. Treatment included surgical correction followed by the local application of 1% estrogen ointment. Both patients were symptom-free after the procedure. Thus, with a correct diagnosis followed by simple operative procedure, we can treat such patients successfully.
The mechanism of Tubificidae in a sludge reduction system with Cr(Ⅵ) stress: an environmentally friendly scavenger

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The treatment of heavy metals in sewage treatment systems has gained more attention with the increase in heavy metal hazards. Tubificidae in sludge reduction has been widely studied; however, little is known about the effect of Tubificidae in the treatment of Cr-containing wastewater. In this study, the mechanism of worms in the sludge reduction system with Cr stress was studied. Predation experiments by worms in a Cr-containing sludge reduction system were conducted to investigate the changes in enzyme activities in the worms under different concentrations of Cr, and the distribution of Cr in the worm sludge reduction reactor was analyzed. The kinetic model of uptake and elimination of Cr in worms was established. The results of SOD, POD and CAT activities indicated that worms had a certain detoxification effect on Cr(Ⅵ). After 28 days of worm predation experiments, the Cr concentrations in worms, sludge and worm feces increased first and then decreased with exposure time, and the proportion of total Cr and Cr(Ⅵ) in the sludge decreased from 71.98% and 42.7–29.18% and 6.82%, respectively. The detoxification mechanism of the worms could be activated with Cr stress, and 63.22% of the Cr(VI) was converted into Cr(III) by the worms. It can be seen that Tubificidae could be considered a good scavenger of environmental Cr(Ⅵ). The hyperbolic model fits the process of Cr uptake and elimination well and can be used as a predictive tool for worm accumulation.
Continuous Fluid Resuscitation for Treatment of Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Following Massive Splenic Injury in Rats

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We have previously observed that bolus fluid resuscitation in uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock induced by solid organ injury leads to increased blood loss and mortality. In the present investigation, we studied the effect of continuous fluid resuscitation on the hemodynamic response and survival following massive splenic injury (MSI) in rats. The animals were randomized into 11 groups: group 1, sham-operated; group 2, MSI untreated; group 3, MSI treated with 17.5 mL/kg/h of Ringers lactate (RL) solution (RL-17.5); group 4, MSI treated with 35 mL/kg/h RL (RL-35); group 5, MSI treated with 70 mL/kg/h RL (RL-70); group 6, MSI treated with 7.5 mL/kg/h of 7.5% NaCl (HTS-7.5); group 7, MSI treated with 15 mL/kg/h of 7.5% NaCl (HTS-15); group S, MSI treated with 30 mL/kg/h of 7.5% NaCl (HTS-30); group 9, MSI treated with 7.5 mL/kg/h 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES-7.5); group 10, MSI treated with 15 mL/kg/h 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES-15); and group 11, MSI treated with 30 mL/kg/h 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES-30). MSI in untreated group 2 was followed by a fall of mean arterial pressure (MAP) to 50.1 +/- 6.7 mmHg (P < 0.001) in 15 min. Mean survival time (MST) was 99.5 +/- 16.6 min, and total blood loss (TBL) was 37.8% +/- 2.6% of blood volume. Fluid treatment with increasing volumes of RL in groups 3, 4, and 5 was followed by a gradual increase in TBL compared with untreated animals, and MST remained unchanged. Increasing volumes of HTS infusion in groups 6, 7, and 8 was also followed by incease in TBL, but MST remained unchanged except for an increase to 123.0 +/- 20.5 min (P < 0.05) in group 6. Increasing volumes of HES in groups 9, 10, and 11 was also followed by increase in TBL, but MST remained unchanged. In conclusion, continuous infusion of LR, HTS, and HES following massive splenic injury resulted in a significant increase in intra-abdominal bleeding, but survival time in the first hour following injury remained unchanged in contrast to bolus fluid infusion, which increases early mortality.
Curbing DeepFakes in India

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In light of the widespread dissemination of a Deepfake video featuring the popular actress Rashmika Mandanna, there has emerged a pressing demand for the implementation of rigorous measures to address and penalise those responsible for perpetrating such offences. Katrina Kaif, another Bollywood actress, has also fallen prey to a Deepfake video, and it appears that the videos were all intended to portray the actresses in a poor light. There is no doubt that Deepfakes have become a significant worry in today's world, blurring the line between what is real and what is fake. The production of these synthetic media works through the use of artificial intelligence presents numerous ethical, legal, and societal issues. This chapter investigates the legislative environment for addressing the deepfake challenge in India. The chapter examines the existing laws and regulations, evaluates their efficacy, and contends that a multi-faceted process adopting a combination of measures and legislation is needed to adequately address the emerging and rising threat of deepfake technologies.
[Virulence of the microbial preparation Bactorodencide for various animal species].

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The virulence of the biological preparation for plant protection Bactorodencite is studied in 6 species of wild and domestic animals and game. Its high specificity concerning rodents is established at the highest rate in Ratus Norvegicus and inbred mice - C57 Black. Indocile to S. enteritidis var. issatschenko (active start of the Bactorodencite) are the grey pigeons, hens, ducks, pheasants, lambs and pigs. The time for clearing the organism of the indocile animals depends on the quantity (dose) absorbed bacteria, the specy of animals, and is not longer than 18-20 days.
Greenland precipitation estimates from the atmospheric moisture budget

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Eight radiosonde stations surrounding Greenland at an average separation of 750 km are used to compute the atmospheric moisture budget. Radiosonde data were available from 1963–89, but were not used for 1963–79 due to insufficient data coverage which likely resulted in a major underestimation of large moisture inflow events. There is a mean annual inflow of moisture to the atmospheric volume over Greenland through its southeast and southwest sectors, and outflow to the northeast. Moisture convergences, equivalent to precipitation minus evaporation, yield an areal average of 32 cm yr −1 of water equivalent; they also show high inter‐ and intra‐annual agreement with earlier modeled precipitation estimates found by the authors and serve as further confirmation of their modeling results. The time‐averaged eddy component accounts for 90% of the total moisture convergence, reflecting the dominant contribution of precipitation from synoptic‐scale cyclones.
Detection of Avian Plasmodium spp. DNA Sequences from Mosquitoes Captured in Minami Daito Island of Japan

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Several species of birds in Minami Daito Island, an oceanic island located in the far south from the main islands of Japan, were found to be infected with avian Plasmodium. However, no vector species of the avian malaria in this island have been revealed yet. To speculate potential vectors, we collected mosquitoes there and investigated using a PCR procedure whether the mosquitoes harbor avian malaria or not. Totally 1,264 mosquitoes including 9 species were collected during March 2006 to February 2007. The mosquitoes collected were stored every species, sampled date and location for DNA extraction. Fifteen out of 399 DNA samples showed positive for the partial mtDNA cytb gene of avian Plasmodium. Estimated minimum infection rate among collected mosquitoes was 1.2% in this study. Four species of mosquitoes; Aedes albopictus, Culex quinquefasciatus, Lutzia fuscanus and Mansonia sp. had avian Plasmodium gene sequences. Detected DNA sequences from A. albopictus and L. fuscanus were identical to an avian Plasmodium lineage detected in bull-headed shrike (Lanius bucephalus) captured in the island. Different sequences were detected from C. quinquefasciatus, which were corresponding to an avian Plasmodium from a sparrow (Passer montanus) and Plasmodium gallinaceum. Our results suggest that A. albopictus, Lutzia fuscanus, C. quinquefasciatus, and Mansonia sp. could be potential vectors of avian malaria in Minami Daito Island. This study was the first report of molecular detection of avian Plasmodium from mosquitoes in Japan.
Gay men's current practice of HIV seroconcordant unprotected anal intercourse: serosorting or seroguessing?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We explored seroguessing (serosorting based on the assumption of HIV seroconcordance) and casual unprotected anal intercourse (UAIC) associated with seroguessing. The ongoing Positive Health and Health in Men cohorts, Australia, provided data for trends in seroconcordant UAIC and HIV disclosure to sex partners. In event-level analyses, we used log-binomial regression adjusted for within-individual correlation and estimated prevalence rate ratios (PRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for the association between the knowledge of a casual partner's seroconcordance and UAIC. UAIC and HIV disclosure significantly increased during 2001-2006. HIV-positive men knew partners were seroconcordant in 54% and assumed it in 13% of sex encounters (42 and 17% among HIV-negative men). Among HIV-positive men, the likelihood of UAIC was higher when a partner's status was known (Adjusted PRR = 5.17, 95% CI: 3.82-7.01) and assumed seroconcordant because of seroguessing (Adjusted PRR = 3.70, 95% CI: 2.56-5.35) compared with unknown. Among HIV-negative men, the likelihood of UAIC was also higher when a partner's status was known (Adjusted PRR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.58-2.24) and assumed seroconcordant (Adjusted PRR = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.72-2.62) compared with unknown. As levels of UAIC remain high, seroguessing increasingly exposes gay men to the risk of HIV infection. Because both HIV-positive and HIV-negative men often seroguess, education and prevention programs should address the fact that HIV-negative men who engage in UAI due to this practice may be at high risk of HIV infection. HIV prevention should take into account these contemporary changes in behaviors, especially among HIV-negative gay men.
HISTORY OF â€œCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYâ€ CONCEPT.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

With long-lasting debates, corporate social responsibility concept was from the beginning a high-interest subject to all of the stakeholders of the companies: shareholders, public opinion, employees and governments. Based on studies which demonstrates the socially responsible companies have major financial and image-related benefits, we started researching the roots of the concept â€œcorporate social responsibilityâ€ . By using qualitative method, hermeneutic perspective, we chose the comprehensive approach of CSR developed by Goodpaster et al. (2005). We analyzed four sides out of five of the concept (economics contributions of companies to society, contextual changing of companies' development and existence environment, Conceptual evolution and dimentions of CSR, perspective of theories in close connection with CSR) and we proposed a definition of what we belive is CSR. Analyzing the pros and cons of accepting the CSR model as stated nowadays, we concluded as follows: Without neglecting the implicit social responsibility of companies towards others (like human beings) - by means of taxes and social charges imposed by law, and without fully accepting the extreme opinion that presents corporations as entities that indirectly hold all the communities' political, social and economic power, companies should strictly follow their economic goal, which implicitly fulfils all the additional requirements imposed to companies by some stakeholders.
Practical Value and Significance of the Complement-Fixation Reaction in Amebiasis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Practical Value and Significance of the Complement-Fixation Reaction in Amebiasis Henry E. Meleney, and William W. Frye CopyRight*Read before the Laboratory Section of the American Public Health Association at the Sixty-fifth Annual Meeting in New Orleans, La., October 23, 1936. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.27.5.505 Published Online: August 29, 2011
A Comparison of Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy and X-Ray Diffraction to Determine the Composition of Thick InGaN Epilayers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we report the measurements of indium composition of thick InGaN epilayers by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). In order to account for the biaxial stress in the InGaN epilayers, we determined both a and c lattice parameters in a θ/2θ scan. Indium composition was determined by simultaneous application of Vegard's law to both lattice parameters and by considering the relationship between the lattice parameters under strain. These composition values are compared with values determined by RBS. The value of elastic constants used in these calculations is critical and we show that by careful choice we can obtain a good correlation between the XRD and RBS measurements.
Phase I Study of a Weekly Infusion of Irinotecan Hydrochloride (CPT-11) and a 14-day Continuous Infusion of Etoposide in Patients with Lung Cancer: Japan Clinical Oncology Group 9408

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: To determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and acceptable dose level of CPT-11 in combination with a 14-day continuous infusion of etoposide in patients with refractory advanced lung cancer (LC), especially small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Methods: Etoposide was administered continuously at 25 mg/m2/day for 14 days. The initial dose of CPT-11 was 40 mg/m2 given as a 90-min intravenous infusion on days 1, 8 and 15 and the dose escalation of CPT-11 was planned in increments of 20 mg/m2 until severe or life-threatening toxic effects were observed. Results: Eight refractory advanced LC patients entered this study, of whom two were not assessable for toxicity because of patient’s refusal and progressive disease. One treatment-related death due to pulmonary toxicity and one patient with hypotension who needed catechol­amine for more than 48 h were observed at a CPT-11 dose of 40 mg/m2. The MTD of CPT-11 was 40 mg/m2. Therapeutic efficacy could be assessed in six patients, of whom two achieved a partial response. Conclusions: This regimen was too toxic and the recommended dose was outside this study. One has to consider pulmonary toxicity when using CPT-11, especially for patients previously treated with cytotoxic agents for which pulmonary toxicity has been reported.
Proniosomes: A review on provesicular drug delivery system

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Proniosomes are a novel provesicular system used for delivering hydrophobic as well as hydrophilic drugs. They are non-ionic surfactant vesicles that, upon hydration, form niosomes. The incorporation of the drug within the vesicular structure of the proniosomes improves its bioavailability, extending its duration in systemic circulation. Proniosomes are a better alternative to the other vesicular systems due to their superior physicochemical stability and effective drug delivery capability. Proniosomes represent promising drug delivery technologies for delivering the drug through various routes. This review describes structural components and their effect on proniosomes vesicle formation and application of proniosomes in drug delivery.
Minimal Detectable Change for the ImPACT Test Administered Remotely

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Context Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) is one of the most widely used computerized neurocognitive assessment batteries in athletics and serves as both a baseline and postinjury assessment. It has become increasingly popular to administer the ImPACT baseline test in an unsupervised remote environment; however, whether the lack of supervision affects the test-retest reliability is unknown. Objective To establish the minimal detectable change (MDC) of composite scores from the ImPACT test when administered to National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes in an unsupervised remote environment before 2 consecutive athletic seasons. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Participants were provided with a unique link and detailed written instructions on how to complete the ImPACT test at home. Patients or Other Participants Division I student-athletes. Main Outcome Measure(s) Remote baseline ImPACT results from the 2020–2021 and 2021–2022 athletic seasons were analyzed. The MDC was calculated at the 95%, 90%, and 80% CIs for each of the ImPACT composite scores as well as the average and SD. Results The MDC at the 95% CI was 18.6 for the verbal memory composite score, 24.44 for visual memory, 8.76 for visual motor, 0.14 for reaction time, and 6.13 for impulse control. One-way repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance, repeated-measures analysis of variance, and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests suggested no difference in the composite scores and impulse control between time points. Conclusions The ImPACT composite scores and impulse control did not change between the 2 remote testing time points when administered approximately 1 year apart. Our study suggests that the MDC serves as a clinician’s guide for evaluating changes in ImPACT baseline scores and in making clinical judgments on sport-related concussion when the test is administered at home.
Overview of Publicly Available Degradation Data Sets for Tasks within Prognostics and Health Management

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Central to the efficacy of prognostics and health management methods is the acquisition and analysis of degradation data, which encapsulates the evolving health condition of engineering systems over time. Degradation data serves as a rich source of information, offering invaluable insights into the underlying degradation processes, failure modes, and performance trends of engineering systems. This paper provides an overview of publicly available degradation data sets.
Effect of Pigment Intensity and Region of Eggshell on the Spectral Transmission of Light That Passes the Eggshell of Chickens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of intensity of brown pigment and region (small pole, equator and large pole) of eggshell on eggshell thickness and per cent transmittance of light (PT) that passes through the eggshell of chicken eggs were investigated. The PT was measured over the wavelength (WL) range of 200 to 800 nm (near-ultra violet (near-UV) WL range from 200 to 380 nm, visible (V) WL range from 380 to 780 nm and near- infra red (near-IR) WL range from 780 to 800 nm). Brown pigment eggshells (light (LBP), medium (MBP) and dark (DBP)) from meat-type breeder (Hybro) eggs of comparable weight were used. The intensity of brown pigment and region of eggshells did not affect eggshell thickness, but significantly (P<0.01) influenced the PT that passes through the eggshell over the WL range of 200 to 800 nm. LBP had higher PT and spectral transmission ratio of the near-UV:V and lower spectral transmission ratio of the near-IR:V when compared with those of the MBP and DBP. Whilst, the MBP had a higher PT than that of the DBP. The equator of eggshell transmitted more light when compared with those of the small (over the near-UV range) and large (over the WL range measured) poles regions. The small pole region of eggshell had higher PT and lower spectral transmission ratios of the near-UV:V and near-IR:V than those of the large pole region. There was an interaction between brown pigment and region of eggshell on PT of light. MBP and DBP eggshells have similar PT at t he equator but differ at the poles regions of eggshells. In the MBP, the equator region of eggshell had a lower PT than that of the small pole. Whilst the equator region of the DBP had a higher PT than that of the large pole. The PT of the small pole was higher than that of the large pole in the LBP and DBP groups. It is concluded that the intensity of brown pigment and region of eggshell influence light transmission that passes through the eggshell and consequently the spectral characteristics of eggshell.