jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Three new compounds from Dendrobium chrysanthum Lindl.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The stems of Dendrobium chrysanthum Lindl. yielded three previously undescribed compounds, namely 2-(5-methyl-6-ethoxyphenyl)-flavone (1), a flavonoid; 3,12-dioxo-19-methoxy-friedelane (2), a triterpenoid; and (2'-methylpiperidine-7-ethenyl ester)-cinnamic acid (3), an alkaloid. Additionally, seven previously known compounds are newly recorded in this species, including phenylpropanoids (4), fatty acid derivatives (5), triterpenoids (6 and 7), and steroidal saponins (8-10). Structural elucidation of the new compounds was achieved through extensive spectroscopic techniques, including HR-ESI-MS,1H and 13C-NMR, HSQC, and HMBC, supplemented by comparison with literature data. These findings enhance the phytochemical understanding of D. chrysanthum Lindl. and support its potential as a source of bioactive and structurally diverse natural products.
Process Mining Perspectives in Software Engineering: A Systematic Literature Review

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the last decade, Process Mining has established as an emerging discipline for being oriented to the discovery, monitoring, and improvement of processes. This article presents the results of a Systematic Literature Review that reveals the state of the art of Process Mining perspectives in Software Engineering from 2010 to 2020, with the purpose of adequately characterizing software processes that are mostly complex. Twelve primary studies were selected and classified according to their type of publication, conceptual definition of Process Mining perspectives, their implementation in case studies and the successful contributions to the challenges and opportunities of implementing the perspectives identified in Software Engineering. The results identify four Process Mining perspectives (control- flow, organizational, case, and time), highlighting the use of the control-flow perspective in the cases of discovery of process models (flows and order of execution activities) and the organization- al perspective in the identification of human resource interaction. Although Process Mining perspectives have been applied in the Software Engineering domain, the lack of a standardized definition for the term Process Mining perspective and, in turn, for each of them, is still highlighted.
The In-game Economics of Ultima Online

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In many ways, the in-game economy is similar to a real world economy – goods and services are traded to mutual advantage and are mediated in currency or barter. In other ways, the economy is very alien; for example, some commodity prices are determined by a robotic simulation of business profit motivation. These quirky rules will be described in Chapters 3 to ensure that the reader appreciates the entire economic environment of the game.
Cochlear implantation for hearing loss due to an A8296G mitochondrial DNA mutation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To characterize the clinical findings in a patient with hearing loss harboring an A8296G mitochondrial DNA mutation and the outcome of cochlear implantation. Patients: A case report of a patient with hearing loss caused by an A8296G mitochondrial DNA mutation. Intervention: The patient underwent cochlear implantation (CI).Main outcome and results: Bilateral moderate to severe hearing loss was found at high school age and progressed to severe hearing loss bilaterally at the age of 22. The patient's low-tone hearing was relatively well preserved compared to high frequency, although it eventually declined. Speech perception in silence and at S/N10 improved to 100% and 92% for sentences, respectively, 3 years after CI. Conclusions: We detailed the case of a patient with hearing loss due to an A8296G mitochondrial DNA mutation. Bilateral progressive hearing loss starting from high frequency was observed. Speech discrimination after CI was very good, indicating that a patient with this mutation is a good candidate for CI. Keywords: Mitochondrial DNA mutation, Hearing loss, Cochlear implantation
The imaging spectrum and nuances of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: a narrative review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To present the imaging spectrum and nuances of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC), with particular emphasis on mass-forming IHCC and its evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Background: The rationale for this review is the importance of optimal imaging evaluation throughout the diagnosis and management of each patient with IHCC. Methods: PubMed was searched using the terms “intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma imaging” from 2000 to February 2021, with the search then focused to the radiology literature. Surgical oncology and pathology literature pertinent to the discussion were also referenced. Conclusions: The authors’ intention is that this review will serve as a valuable resource for medical professionals with interest in the imaging of IHCC. A major portion of this review is a presentation of the typical and atypical imaging features of IHCC with histopathologic explanations for these features, and the potential overlap of these features with other tumors including atypical HCC and combined HCC-CC. The roles of serum tumor markers and tissue diagnosis as potential differentiators between imaging mimics are discussed. The imaging techniques that are most commonly utilized in IHCC characterization and disease extent determination, and their advantages and limitations are presented. The review concludes with a discussion of the clinicoprognostic implications of particular morphologic and contrast enhancement characteristics of IHCC.
Mechanism Analysis of Small Box Girder Diseases and Summary of Reinforcement Treatment Strategies

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract With the vigorous development of bridge construction in China, the structure of bridges is also more abundant. Among them, the prefabricated small box girder has been widely used in engineering fields at home and abroad due to its large section torsional strength, bending strength, and low cost and fast construction speed. However, due to poor design and improper construction in the early stage, coupled with the vehicle over-aging and inadequate material maintenance, the prefabricated small box girder bridges have different degrees of disease, how to study the disease generation mechanism and take targeted reinforcement. The treatment strategy is related to the safety of transportation in China. In this paper, the statistical analysis of the disease of small box girder in active service is carried out, and the mechanism of various diseases is analyzed and summarized. On this basis, the common methods of reinforcement and treatment of small box girder in China are comprehensively analyzed. The research results of this paper have important reference value for mastering the causes of the disease of small box girder in China’s expressway and the corresponding reinforcement strategy.
Novel approaches for designing drugs that interfere with pH regulation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In all living species, pH regulation is a tightly controlled process, with a plethora of proteins involved in its regulation. These include sodium-proton exchangers, carbonic anhydrases, anion exchangers, bicarbonate transporters/cotransporters, H+-ATPases, and monocarboxylate transporters. All of them play crucial roles in acid-base balancing, both in eukaryotic as well as in prokaryotic organisms, making them interesting drug targets for the management of pathological events (in)directly involved in pH regulation. Areas covered: Interfering with pH regulation for the treatment of tumors and microbial infections is the main focus of this review, with particular attention paid to inhibitors targeting the above-mentioned proteins. The latest advances in each field id reviewed. Expert opinion: Interfering with the pH regulation of tumor cells is a validated approach to tackle primary tumors and metastases growth. Carbonic anhydrases are the most investigated proteins of those aforementioned, with several inhibitors in clinical development. Recent advances in the characterization of proteins involved in pH homeostasis of various pathogens evidenced their crucial role in the survival and virulence of bacterial, fungal, and protozoan microorganisms. Some encouraging results shed light on the possibility to target such proteins for obtaining new anti-infectives, overcoming the extensive drug resistance problems of clinically used drugs.
A novel NOX2 inhibitor CYR5099 attenuates neutrophilic oxidative stress and inflammatory paw injury in mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Overwhelming activation of neutrophils has a pathogenic effect in inflammatory diseases. NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) is a major respiratory burst oxidase in neutrophils to generate myriad of superoxide anion and derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). NOX2 is an emerging therapeutic target for treating neutrophilic inflammatory diseases. Herein, we show that 4-[(4-(dimethylamino)butoxy)imino]-1-methyl-1H-benzo[f]indol-9(4H)-one (CYR5099) acts as a novel NOX2 inhibitor and exerts protective effect against complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammatory arthritis in vivo. CYR5099 selectively inhibited respiratory burst but not degranulation in activated human neutrophils. The upstream signaling of NOX2 was not altered by CYR5099. Significantly, CYR5099 blocked the enzymatic activity of NOX2 in activated human neutrophils as well as reconstituted subcellular assays. Using a CFA-induced inflammatory arthritis model, CYR5099 ameliorates the ROS production and paw edema in mice. Our findings suggest that CYR5099 is a novel NOX2 inhibitor and may exhibit therapeutic potential for treating neutrophil-dominant oxidative inflammatory diseases.
Gender roles in soybean cultivation in central Benue State, Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study examined gender roles in soybean cultivation in 12 communities in central Benue State, Nigeria, with the aim of providing an understanding of role differences for planning gender-sensitive programmes that seek to reduce poverty and malnutrition, and attain food security . Structured interview schedule was used in collecting data from one hundred and twenty (84 males and 36 females) soybean farmers randomly selected from the communities. Percentages and means were employed in data analysis while T-test was used to test significant difference between males and females in mean roles and constraints in soybean cultivation. The results showed that male farmers contributed more in heavy tasks of land clearing, land preparation, fertilizer application, harvesting and bagging/packaging while females were more engaged in light tasks like seed selection, sowing/planting, weeding and threshing. The study revealed that female farmers were responsible for almost all domestic activities (cooking, wood collection, water collection and child care). The results further showed that both gender perceived lack of improved production methods, lack of farmer participation in technology generation, inadequate training opportunity, poor extension agent-farmer contact, lack of access to labour-saving devices, high cost of labour, poor access to credit, poor access to inputs, and poor pricing of produce as serious constraints to soybean cultivation in the study area. The findings showed significant differences in roles and constraints of male and female farmers in soybean cultivation. Keywords: Gender, roles, constraints, soybean cultivation
Supplementary Appendix from Fetal Growth, Preterm Birth, Neonatal Stress and Risk for CNS Tumors in Children: A Nordic Population- and Register-Based Case-Control Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Supplementary Appendix from Fetal Growth, Preterm Birth, Neonatal Stress and Risk for CNS Tumors in Children: A Nordic Population- and Register-Based Case-Control Study
Thiazolidinediones and risk for atherosclerosis: pleiotropic effects of PPARγ agonism

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Despite advances in the development of anti-hyper-glycaemic drugs and a greater focus on cardiovascular risk modification for patients with diabetes, cardiovascular disease remains the most common complication of type 2 diabetes. Since their initial availability in 1997, the thiazolidinediones have become one of the most commonly prescribed classes of medications for type 2 diabetes. In addition to glucose control, the thiazolidinediones have a number of pleiotropic effects on myriad traditional and non-traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, and hold promise with regard to modification of cardiovascular risk. In a recently reported large-scale clinical trial, pioglitazone was associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and prevalent atherosclerotic disease. In this review, we summarise the experimental, pre-clinical and clinical data regarding the effects of the thiazolidinediones on cardiovascular risk factors and clinical outcomes.
Transcending Boundaries: The Acousmatic Story in the Anthropocene

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The multiple crises of the Anthropocene include a crisis in sto- rytelling. Amitav Ghosh, for example, has claimed that not only is literary fiction incapable of representing climate change, it is also complicit in its concealment in the broader culture (2016). Ghosh suggests the increasing entwining of image and text brought about by the Internet could lead to a hybridity of form that will free readers from the unhelpful logocentrism of re- cent times. While agreeing with him on both the need for new forms and the importance of hybridity, we argue that he has overlooked the power of sound in storytelling. Drawing on a collaborative work-in-progress about birdsong and loss, we propose the acousmatic story as a response to the challenges of the age and also to an emerging understanding that all sto- ries are entangled in a vast mesh of agencies, both human and other-than-human.
Structure and Function of the GTP Binding Protein Gtr1 and Its Role in Phosphate Transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Pho84 high-affinity phosphate permease is the primary phosphate transporter in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae under phosphate-limiting conditions. The soluble G protein, Gtr1, has previously been suggested to be involved in the derepressible Pho84 phosphate uptake function. This idea was based on a displayed deletion phenotype of Deltagtr1 similar to the Deltapho84 phenotype. As of yet, the mode of interaction has not been described. The consequences of a deletion of gtr1 on in vivo Pho84 expression, trafficking and activity, and extracellular phosphatase activity were analyzed in strains synthesizing either Pho84-green fluorescent protein or Pho84-myc chimeras. The studies revealed a delayed response in Pho84-mediated phosphate uptake and extracellular phosphatase activity under phosphate-limiting conditions. EPR spectroscopic studies verified that the N-terminal G binding domain (residues 1-185) harbors the nucleotide responsive elements. In contrast, the spectra obtained for the C-terminal part (residues 186-310) displayed no evidence of conformational changes upon GTP addition.
P172 NRAS Young Voices Panel

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background/Aims NRAS understands that inflammatory arthritis affects people of all ages. In early 2020 NRAS decided that a voice of the JIA community was needed to inform and provide guidance on a framework for JIA services at NRAS. The group would also empower younger people with RA, who are often frustrated by the perception that the condition “only affects elderly people”. Methods NRAS recruited a group of young people with lived experience of JIA and RA to reflect the target population of the JIA service age range. The group were drawn from diverse backgrounds and now it includes representation from the Cabinet office, health care professionals and experts in youth engagement and digital marketing together with PhD students and creative professionals. Results Throughout the last 12 months the Young Voices Panel have developed and prioritised the service framework for young people with inflammatory arthritis and JIA-at-NRAS. One of the main priorities was peer-to-peer support and now having the JIA Parents online group we can offer this to parents, alongside our other new JoinTogether online groups as well (e.g. 18 to 35year olds, Working with inflammatory arthritis, Parenting with inflammatory arthritis and Exercise and Back to Sport with inflammatory arthritis). The Young Voices have shared their stories and experiences in Facebook Live sessions during RAAW, Wear Purple for JIA in November 2020 and recently for the new #WearPurpleForJIA Wellbeing Week in June 2021. Some of the Young Voices were also part of the focus group for the new Medicines in JIA booklet which has now been launched. They spoke with parents during our zoom event Coping with JIA during COVID-19 in March to show parents that their children can thrive in life whilst learning to manage to the ups and downs that RA/JIA has. They also shared their experiences with young people at the young person’s event Navigating your future with inflammatory arthritis in April discussing how to tell friends and partners about their disease and where to find support at university and explain to employers about the conditions. They have also helped NRAS focus on what young people may want from the new JIA digital membership and participated in raising awareness for young people with JIA/RA podcasts and articles for Enable magazine. Conclusion The Young Voices Panel have been an integral part of NRAS and will continue to develop the service framework and be the voice of young people with JIA/RA. Feedback from events: “Thank you for sharing your stories and experiences, you are inspirational”. “I am so glad that young people are getting of a voice with regard to being diagnosed with arthritis”. Disclosure D.L. Wilson: None.
Ionic liquid vortex‐simplified matrix solid‐phase dispersion for the simultaneous determination of terpenoids, crocins, quinic acid derivatives and flavonoids in Gardeniae fructus by UHPLC

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A novel ionic‐liquid‐based vortex‐simplified matrix solid‐phase dispersion method using 2,6‐dimethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin was established by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector. 2,6‐Dimethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin was first used as a promising adsorbent in this proposed method for simultaneous determination of eight compounds in Gardeniae fructus . These compounds are terpenoids (geniposidic acid, genipin‐1‐β‐D‐gentiobioside, geniposide, 8‐o‐acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester), crocins (crocin‐I, crocin‐II), quinic acid derivatives (chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids (isoquercitrin), respectively. Several parameters were investigated in the adsorption and desorption processes to obtain the optimal conditions, including 2,6‐dimethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin as sorbent, 0.5 mL 100 mM 1‐dodecyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate as the extraction solvent, 2:1 of sample/sorbent ratio, grinding for 2 min and vortexing for 60 s. The recoveries of the eight compounds ranged from 96.6 to 100% (<3.50%). The limits of detection and quantification were in the range of 0.02–0.30 and 0.06–1.25 μg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, a good linearity was attained with r values (>0.9997). The established method showed higher extraction efficiency and less reagent consumption than traditional matrix solid phase dispersion and ultrasonic‐assisted extraction. Hence, it could be applied for sample preparation and analysis of natural products.
Foreign Encounters

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The foundations of academic discourse on Chichen Itza are profoundly shaped by a transregional perspective. The Cenote of Sacrifice is famous for the many offerings deposited in its waters, including well-known gold disks. The very medium upon which these scenes appear indicates that trade and resource acquisition were an essential motivator behind foreign interaction. The Temple of the Warriors is one of the most important structures for understanding the socio-economic organization of Chichen Itza. It is a curious aspect of archaeology that the names applied to precolumbian architecture often are fanciful and romantic and do not accurately reflect their true function. A human face festooned with large earflares, and sometimes with goggle-like Tlaloc eyes, emerges from the mouth of a fantastic being whose nostrils have distinct emanations or beaded projections.
Evaluatıon of PISA Exam Results by Varıous Countrıes Accordıng to Organızatıon for Economıc Cooperatıon and Development (OECD) Data

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim of this study is to examine the reading skills, math literacy and science literacy data of four different countries (Brazil, Bulgaria, Mexico and Turkey) determined within the scope of the research using the 2018 data of students in the International Student Evaluation Program (PISA). In addition, the average reading skills of Turkey (PISA) between 2012, 2015 and 2018 differ by year; Turkey (PISA) 2018 reading skills average is intended to examine the differences in the number of books found in students’ homes and their reading preferences. The difference in the 2018 PISA program reading skills, math literacy and science literacy score averages of the countries determined within the scope of the research from the average of the participating countries was examined by T Test. Then the 2018 PISA program of 4 different countries tested their reading skills, math literacy and science literacy averages with a one-way ANOVA. Then, a one-way ANOVA was made to determine whether there was a significant difference between Turkey's reading skills score averages in 2012, 2015 and 2018. After these procedures, in the last part of the study, a one-way ANOVA analysis was conducted to determine whether the average reading skills score in Turkey in the 2018 PISA program significantly differed according to the number of books in the students’ homes and their reading preferences. According to the results of the study, Brazil, Bulgaria, Mexico and Turkey have a score below the PISA average in reading skills, math literacy and science literacy when the PISA averages are examined in 2018. According to the results of the analysis, there was a significant increase and improvement in the average PISA reading skills scores in Turkey compared to 2012, 2015, 2018. In addition, it was observed that the difference between the average PISA reading skills in Turkey 2018 differed according to the number of books found in students’ homes and the preferences of students for reading books.