jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of storage time on the mechanical and microstructural properties of bigels based on xanthan gum and castor oil

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract As biphasic systems bigels are formed by hydrogels and organogels. Given their characteristics, they have been studied in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications for bioactives delivery. The rheological characteristics and amount used of the individual structured systems influence the final properties; thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the proportion of castor oil organogel, the concentration of organogelator, and the storage time in the mechanical and microstructural properties of bigeles. Bigels were prepared from structured castor oil organogels with monoacylglycerides at concentrations of 6% (MOG) and 6.5% (HOG) wt/wt, and hydrogels with 2% wt/wt xanthan gum (HG) at three organogel/hydrogel ratios 15 of 85, 30 of 70, and 45 of 55. Bigels were characterized by optical microscopy with polarized light filter, centrifugal stability, texture, and rheology for 60 days. The increase in the proportion of organogel favors the mechanical response ( k , G 0 , and firmness) of bigels. The high viscosity of castor oil slows down the structuring of organogel droplets, showing an improvement in its mechanical properties after 15 days of its preparation. The increase in the organogelator concentration is significant in the bigels with 30% and 45% proportions of organogel in the rheological tests. By using HOG in the formation of bigels, higher values for G 0 and k were obtained, as well as higher centrifugal stability compared with bigels formed from MOG. The rheological and microstructural behavior of bigels can be modified according to their application by varying the proportions of organogel/hydrogel and the concentration of the organogelator.
AN AUDIT TO EVALUATE THE ASSESSMENT OF SPIRITUALITY FOR PATIENTS ADMITTED TO WILLOW WOOD HOSPICE INPATIENT UNIT

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Palliative medicine entails a holistic approach to patient care. Spirituality is an important component and should be explored with terminally ill patients. Studies have demonstrated a link between increased spiritual well being and a decrease in physical symptoms and psychological distress in terminal care. An audit was undertaken to evaluate whether patient's spirituality was being assessed on admission to the inpatient unit at an adult hospice. The standard set for this audit was 80% and applied to both genders. The method employed was a retrospective cohort audit of 30 patients, using their admission pro formas. The quantitative data was collected assessed by whether the spirituality section in the admission pro forma had been filled in, and gender. From the data collected the results showed an average of 73.30% (n=22) of patients having a documented conversation about their spirituality and needs on the admission form. Further analysis highlighted that, when compared with the average, the percentage of female admissions that considered their spirituality rose to 89.47% (n=17). However for the men the results fell to 45.45% (n=5). The standard set in this audit was, on average, not achieved by the hospice. It is recognised that due to the limitation of a single cohort it restricted the opportunity for equal gender population samples. The lower results for the male gender could be attributed to gender specific barriers to discussing spirituality and may be a training issue for the team members. Therefore the main recommendations of this audit were for further education for all members of the healthcare team. NICE guidelines advocate the use of the ‘Marie Curie's competency levels for Spiritual care’ as an educational framework. In addition a spiritual assessment tool, F aith A ctive C oping T reatment plan (FACT), has been identified that may be very useful in directing these conversations.
Of Khans and Kremlins: Tatarstan and the Future of Ethno-Federalism in Russia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

1 Table of Contents 2 Acknowledgments 3 Permissions 4 Dedication 5 List of Abbreviations Chapter 6 Introduction: Of Khans and Kremlins: Tatarstan, Sovereignty and the Future of Ethno-Federalism in Russia Chapter 7 1. The Road to Sovereignty in Tatarstan Chapter 8 2. Projecting Sovereignty in the Russian Federation Under Yeltsin: Federation-Building or Federation-Wrecking Chapter 9 3. Projecting Sovereignty at Home and Abroad: Internal and External State-Building in Tatarstan and Its Impact on Russian Federalism Chapter 10 4. Projecting the Nation: Sovereignty Projects, Nation-Building and Ethnocultural Justice in Tatarstan Chapter 11 5. The End of Russian Federalism? Tatarstan's Sovereignty Project under the Putin Administration Chapter 12 6. Khans and Kremlins Revisited: Assessing the Tatarstani Sovereignty Project and Fostering Federalism and Multicultural Justice in Russia Chapter 13 Bibliography
The study of immunohistochemical method establishment condition on Newcasttle disease

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Aim,in this study the chicklings of SPF were selected.The chicklings were injected moderate virulence lived NDV vaccine for three times.The infectious chicklings were detected by immunohistochemical method of ABC(Avidin-Biotin-Complex method).Result some slips of tissues showed out positive colour with high specificity.The degree of the slips background was good visibility.Conclusion,there were NDV in the tissues of the infectious chicklings.
Systems of Finite Elements for Finite Bearings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Systems of finite elements are organized using matrix notation for finite length bearings. Most fluid film bearings have surface areas which can be divided into a grid of elements whose nodes are labeled in matrix form. The resulting equations for nodal pressures are block tridiagonal and the solution is easily obtained with direct methods. Analysis of both general slider and journal bearings is included. The choice of how the film is divided into elements can significantly affect the error involved in the numerical solution and some criteria are developed for optimizing the division scheme. In the analysis of a square squeeze pad of uniform thickness, choosing the diagonal sides of elements nearly perpendicular to the pressure gradient direction gives an error in the calculated load carrying capacity of over two times that obtained by aligning element diagonal sides approximately with the pressure gradient direction. For rotating bearings, varying the grid spacing in the circumferential direction directly as the film thickness and properly choosing diagonal alignment can significantly reduce computer time.
Do tax compliance costs mediate the relationship between the complexity of tax structure and fairness perceptions? Evidence from manufacturers

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The phenomenon of tax fairness has been researched in the past with a host of dimensions and determinants. Tax fairness and attitudes towards compliance have majorly been affected by structural factors of taxation, of which a major component is the perceived complexity of the tax system. It has also been revealed by extant literature that compliance costs of taxation are critical indicators of how complex the taxation structure is in an economic system. At the outset, it becomes imperative to understand if the compliance costs of taxation play a role in serving as a causal link between tax compliance costs and fairness perceptions. The study employs a survey approach through a structured questionnaire to elicit responses on tax complexity, compliance costs and tax fairness perceptions. Structural equation modeling shows that there is a significant indirect effect of tax complexity on fairness perceptions through the mediating role of tax compliance costs.
In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Toxoplasma gondii in Guinea Pigs

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Delayed-type hypersensitivity develops late in the course of human toxoplasmosis, and a positive skin test is of some value for implicating chronic or eliminating acute forms of toxoplasmosis as a cause of disease. Toxoplasma-infected guinea pigs were studied to determine the onset and development of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Both the toxoplasmin skin test and the in vitro macrophage migration inhibition technique indicated that delayed hypersensitivity to toxoplasma antigen existed as early as 1 week after infection. The mechanism responsible for the observed inhibition of macrophage migration in vitro appeared to be an inhibitory factor(s) released from sensitized lymphoid cells in the presence of antigen.
Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of a harvesting ant Messor structor (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Messor structor (Latreille, 1798) is a keystone ant species in the genus Messor (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Here, we reported the complete mitochondrial genome of M. structor. The circular mitogenome of M. structor is 17628 bp including 13 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, and a control region. The base composition was AT-biased (84.07%). Phylogenetic analysis suggests that it is closely related to Aphaenogaster famelica. The mitochondrial genome of M. structor will be a good source for understanding molecular evolutionary studies of this species and related ant species.
The metabolism in the rat of the herbicidally active isomer (R)‐ flamprop‐methyl in comparison with the racemic form

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract A single dose (4 mg kg −1 ) of 14 C‐labelled ( R )‐flamprop‐methyl to rat was rapidly metabolised and 90% of the dose was eliminated in urine and faeces within 48 h. Four days after dosing, tissue residues were 0–1 μg equivalents g −1 tissue or much less, with the exception of kidney (0–22 μg g −1 ). There was a statistically significant sex difference in the routes of elimination; this may be attributed to differences in the biliary elimination of the major metabolite, flamprop acid, or its glucuronide conjugate. The fate of racemic flamprop‐methyl was very similar to that of the ( R )‐isomer. The major metabolic routes were hydrolysis of the esters to the corresponding acids, hydroxylation of the benzoyl aromatic rings and conjugation. The flamprop acid derived from the ( R )‐flamprop‐methyl was found to be partially converted to the (S)‐form (R:S ratio, 87:13). This reaction is discussed in the context of other such biological racemisations recently reported.
The Political Process of the 2000 Decentralization Reforms

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines the political process of the 2000 decentralization reforms in Japan. Since World War n, most of the decentralization reforms have been frustrated in Japan. The 2000 decentralization broke this cycle and can be regarded as the most successful compared to the previous faltering attempts. This article identifies ‘the structure of the frustration’ behind the previous attempts. Though many researchers have tried to find out the reason of the success of the 2000 decentralization, they have failed to identify ‘the structure of the frustration’ and, as a result, have not given satisfactory explanations for the reason of the success. After identifying ‘the structure of the frustration’, the article depicts the political process of the 2000 decentralization as an overcoming process of that structure. Unlike many failed decentralization attempts, the 2000 decentralization acquired the support of the business and, as a result, high legitimacy among the government agenda. The article explains this process as ‘the politics of ideas’. The second distinctive feature of the 2000 decentralization was the creation of a highly influential advisory committee. The third distinction was the control exerted within this committee by members of ‘local government policy community’ who formed the majority. This article addresses how the committee formation was strongly influenced by Prime Minister Murayama and Chief Cabinet Secretary Igarashi who had the obvious intention of backing ‘local government policy community’
[ECG-triggered magnetic resonance tomographic measurement of blood flow velocity in the carotid arteries: comparison with duplex sonography].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Blood flow velocity in the common carotid arteries was measured for 30 vessels by MRI with a multiecho SE-sequence and compared with the results from duplex ultrasound. MR blood flow velocity was measured for a time interval of 390 ms every 30 ms using a EKG-triggered data acquisition. The time-velocity curves measured by MRI and duplex ultrasound were in good agreement. The correlation coefficient for the peak velocity was r = 0.83. Mean peak velocity as measured by MRI was 59 +/- 8% of peak velocity as measured by duplex ultrasound.
Low Sensitivity of Skin Biopsy in Diagnosing Small Fiber Neuropathy in Chinese Americans

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives: To compare skin biopsy sensitivity for diagnosing small fiber sensory neuropathy in Chinese American and non-Chinese American patients. Methods: We screened our skin biopsy database and performed chart review to identify Chinese and non-Chinese American patients with a high clinical suspicion for a distal small fiber sensory neuropathy, and compared the skin biopsy sensitivity. Results: Twenty-three Chinese American and 32 non-Chinese American patients with the presence of distal small fiber sensory symptoms and signs were studied. Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) (fibers/mm) at the distal leg was higher (7.1 ± 3.9), and the diagnostic sensitivity using the worldwide normative reference values of IENFD at the distal leg was lower (26.1%) in the Chinese American group than in the non-Chinese American group (5.1 ± 3.0, P < 0.05; 62.5%, P < 0.05). Conclusions: There may be ethnic differences in IENFD at the distal leg, and a different set of IENFD normative values may be developed for ethnic Chinese to improve the skin biopsy sensitivity.
Chinese mothers’ intent to disclose the HIV status to their children: the role of outcome expectations and self-efficacy

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The present study examined the association between outcome expectations, self-efficacy, and intention to disclose HIV status to children among HIV-positive women in China, and the moderating and mediating role of self-efficacy on the association between outcome expectations and intention to disclose. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 179 HIV-positive mothers who had at least one living child aged >5 years and had not yet disclosed their HIV status to her oldest child. Results from hierarchical regressions revealed that after adjusting for socio-demographic and medical variables, negative outcome expectations had a negative association (β = -0.22), while disclosure self-efficacy had a positive association (β = 0.43) with an intention to disclose HIV. The moderation effect of self-efficacy on the association between outcome expectations and intention to disclose HIV was not significant. Results from structural equation modeling showed that self-efficacy mediated the association between negative/positive outcome expectations and intention to disclose HIV. Findings support the importance of outcome expectations and self-efficacy and also the mediating role of self-efficacy in HIV disclosure among HIV-positive mothers in the Chinese context.
Discriminating bipartite mixed states by local operations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Unambiguous state discrimination of two mixed bipartite states via local\noperations and classical communications (LOCC) is studied and compared with the\nresult of a scheme realized via global measurement. We show that the success\nprobability of a global scheme for mixed-state discrimination can be achieved\nperfectly by the local scheme. In addition, we simulate this discrimination via\na pair of pure entangled bipartite states. This simulation is perfect for local\nrather than global schemes due to the existence of entanglement and global\ncoherence in the pure states. We also prove that LOCC protocol and the\nsequential state discrimination (SSD) can be interpreted in a unified view. We\nthen hybridize the LOCC protocol with three protocols (SSD, reproducing and\nbroadcasting) relying on classical communications. Such hybridizations extend\nthe gaps between the optimal success probability of global and local schemes,\nwhich can be eliminated only for the SSD rather than the other two protocols.\n
Polycoccum, Variospora, and Zeroviella, Three New Genera for Pakistan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two lichen species, Variospora kudratovii and Zeroviella laxa , and a lichenicolous species, Polycoccum clauderouxii are reported for the first time from Pakistan and represent first generic records as well. Detailed macro- and micromorphological descriptions and spot test results are provided along with ITS-based molecular phylogenetic analysis.
Association of Lin-28A rs3811464 Variant with Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: It has been suggested that Lin-28A and the let-7 microRNA family (Lin-28/let-7 axis) play a critical role in the control of glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and resistance to diabetes. Aim: This case-control study aimed at evaluating the association between Lin-28 rs3811464 polymorphism and the susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in a sample of Iranian population. Materials and Methods: This study involved 172 T2D patients and 160 non-diabetic age and gender-matched controls. Lin 28A rs3811464 genotypes were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction–Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. Results: The results showed that the frequency of the AA genotype was significantly higher in control subjects than in diabetic patients (13.12% vs. 4.65%). In addition, binary logistic regression analysis revealed that rs3811464-AA genotype was significantly associated to T2D after adjustment for BMI, age and lipid profiles. Indeed, subjects with AA genotype were less likely to develop T2D than GG and AG subjects (OR of 0.26, 95% CI 0.10-0.66, p=0.005). Conclusion: The findings of our study suggest that the Lin 28A rs3811464 is associated with type 2 diabetes susceptibility and subjects with AA genotypes were less likely to develop T2D diabetes.
Combined microscopy and molecular analyses show phloem occlusions and cell wall modifications in tomato leaves in response to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Callose deposition, phloem‐protein conformational changes and cell wall thickening are calcium‐mediated occlusions occurring in the plant sieve elements in response to different biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the significance of these structures in plant–phytoplasma interactions requires in‐depth investigations. We adopted a novel integrated approach, based on the combined use of microscopic and molecular analyses, to investigate the structural modifications induced in tomato leaf tissues in presence of phytoplasmas, focusing on vascular bundles and on the occlusion structures. Phloem hyperplasia and string‐like arrangement of xylem vessels were found in infected vascular tissue. The diverse occlusion structures were differentially modulated in the phloem in response to phytoplasma infection. Callose amount was higher in midribs from infected plants than in healthy ones. Callose was observed at sieve plates but not at pore‐plasmodesma units. A putative callose synthase gene encoding a protein with high similarity to Arabidopsis CalS7, responsible for callose deposition at sieve plates, was upregulated in symptomatic leaves, indicating a modulation in the response to stolbur infection. P‐proteins showed configuration changes in infected sieve elements, exhibiting condensation of the filaments. The transcripts for a putative P‐protein 2 and a sieve element occlusion‐related protein were localized in the phloem but only the first one was modulated in the infected tissues.
Effect of bioregulators on the activity of catalase isoforms in spring wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In laboratory experiments with resting and germinated seeds of spring wheat, the effect of various biological preparations on the activity of catalase isoforms was studied. In the experiments, the activity of catalase isoforms was determined at pH = 5.5, 7.0, 8.0 using a phosphate buffer system (1/15 M phosphate buffer). The activity of catalase enzyme isoforms was determined in dormant wheat grain that underwent post-harvest ripening and during germination on the third, fifth, and seventh days using a method based on determining the amount of hydrogen peroxide dissolved under the action of the enzyme, and subsequent titration of the remaining undissolved hydrogen peroxide with potassium permanganate. In experiments, the effect of the following biopreparations protective and stimulating complex (PSC), Hardy, Ferovit and Ferovit+Hardy mixture, which were applied by foliar treatment during cultivation of wheat plants, was investigated. It has been established that changes in the activity of catalase isoforms occur both in dormant and germinating plant seeds and differ depending on the biological preparation used in plant cultivation.
Unbiased Estimation of the MSE Matrix of Stein-Rule Estimators, Confidence Ellipsoids, and Hypothesis Testing

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We first present an unbiased estimator of the MSE matrix of the Stein-rule estimator of the coefficient vector in a normal linear regression model. The Steinrule estimator can be used with both its estimated MSE matrix and with the least-squares MSE matrix to form confidence ellipsoids. We derive the approximate expected squared volumes and coverage probabilities of these confidence sets and discuss their ranking. These results can be applied to the conditional prediction of the mean of the endogenous variable. We also consider the power of F -tests which employ the Stein-rule estimator in place of the least-squares estimator.
Dynamics of Swelling/Contracting Hard Spheres Surmised by an Irreversible Langevin Equation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The diffusion of molecules through uniform homogeneous materials can readily be described by Brownian motion or generalizations thereof. The further generalization of these models to describe molecular diffusion through heterogeneous and nonstationary solvents is much less understood. Phenomenological nonstationary generalizations of the generalized Langevin equation (GLE) have earlier been developed satisfying the fluctuation-dissipation relationship in quasi-equilibrium limits while exhibiting somewhat complex behavior away from equilibrium. This reduced-dimensional representation should be capable of describing the diffusion of a particle through a colloidal suspension whose average particle size is tuned by an external driving force such as pH. A simple particle model of such a process involves the motion of a hard-sphere particle in an explicit environment of swelling hard spheres. The velocity autocorrelation functions observed in a large number of simulations of the particle model under various swelling rates agree precisely with those of a single form of the nonstationary phenomenological model. Though this procedure is not an explicit projection of the mechanical system onto the nonstationary GLE, it does show that the latter correctly describes the dynamics of the projected coordinate--namely, diffusion of the solute--under nonequilibrium conditions. Both nonequilibrium solvent models lead to behavior reminiscent of beta-relaxation processes at packing fractions substantially below that of the glass transition.