jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Phoenix: A Live Upgradable Blockchain Client

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Blockchain is an important supporting technology for various sustainable systems. It relies on a number of distributed nodes running blockchain client software, which is responsible for some critical tasks, such as communicating with other nodes and generating new blocks. However, the quick evolution of blockchain technology brings crucial challenges to blockchain client design. After carefully examining existing blockchain client software, we have identified a critical weakness: Blockchain clients are weak in supporting live upgrades, resulting in a blockchain fork that incurs security concerns and risks. In this article, we propose Phoenix, a novel blockchain client design that is live upgradable. Phoenix uses blockchain service encapsulation to decouple blockchain services. Based on service encapsulation, we propose a live upgrade scheme that packs upgrade codes into blockchain transactions and uses a Just-In-Time engine to avoid service interruption. A parallel execution engine is developed to increase service efficiency. We evaluated Phoenix on a 51-node blockchain, and experimental results show that Phoenix outperforms existing solutions in overhead and upgrade latency.
Auction model for mass customization of logistics

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In today's logistics market, companies strive to optimize the use of their limited resources to meet diverse customer requirements. The effectiveness of their resource allocation directly impacts customer perceived value in terms of available options and costs. Proposed in this paper is an auction model for automatically customizing the logistic services for a potentially large number of customers. The proposed model integrates customers' customization decision making with the allocation of company's capacity using a market-based approach. The auction is incentive-compatible in the sense that customers will follow the prescribed auction rule to report their values on various services packages truthfully. We also show that customers are also motivated to participate in the auction.
American Catholicism. By John Tracy Ellis. Pp. xiii + 208. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; London: Cambridge University Press, 1957. 22s. 6d. - Documents of American Catholic History. Edited by John Tracy Ellis. Pp. xxiv + 677. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1956. $8.75.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

American Catholicism. By John Tracy Ellis. Pp. xiii + 208. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; London: Cambridge University Press, 1957. 22s. 6d. - Documents of American Catholic History. Edited by John Tracy Ellis. Pp. xxiv + 677. Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1956. $8.75. - Volume 8 Issue 2
A unified inferring framework of multiplex epidemic networks under multiple interlayer interaction modes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Different epidemic transmissions on multiplex networks may interact and display intertwined effects, leading to a challenge and urgently needed problem of the inference of multiplex epidemic network structures under multiple interlayer interaction modes (IIMs). However, in reality, few existing studies have focused on multiplex epidemic network inference responding to the intertwined IIMs, much less the corresponding consistency analysis. To fill these two gaps, we first propose an inference framework of multiplex epidemic networks under a unified form of IIMs. In particular, we develop a Hamming distance-based two-step estimator for an intricate IIM called infection-probability-dependent interaction (IPDI). The proposed two-step estimator overcomes the problems of unobservable and time-varying variable inference in the IPDI mode. Second, we solve the theoretical difficulty of consistency analysis for the network inference under multiple IIMs and obtain sufficient conditions for exponentially decaying inferring error. Under the guarantee of consistently sufficient conditions, the sample size scale enables our framework's high-dimensional inferring ability. The synthetic network simulations show the validity of the proposed algorithm and consistency analysis. In addition, the analysis of real data of Twitter and Foursquare indicates the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed inferring framework.
<b>GLP-1(<i>7—36</i>AMIDE) SECRETION FROM ISOLATED PERFUSED CANINE INTESTINE IS COUPLED WITH Na<sup>+</sup>/GLUCOSE </b><b>COTRANSPORTER </b>

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The secretion of GLP-1(7-36amide) is stimulated by carbohydrate intake.In the present study, we investigated the relationship between glucose absorption and GLP-1(7-36amide) secretion using the isolated perfused canine ileum.Both glucose absorption and GLP-1(7-36amide) secretion were increased by the intraluminal administration of glucose in the presence of intraluminal Na+.The increases in both glucose absorption and GLP-1(7-36amide) secretion were abolished by the intraluminal administration phlorizin, by the intraarterial administration of ouabain, or in the absence of intraluminal Na*.The mean concentration of glucose in the venous outflow was increased to 0.41 i 0.02 mmol/1 by the intraluminal administration of glucose alone, whereas the intraluminal administration of phlorizin or the intraarterial administration of ouabain reduced it to 0.10 i 0.04 mmol/l and 0.07 i 0.04 mmol/1, respectively, and the absence of intraluminal Na+ blocked it.The mean concentration of GLP-1(7-36amide) in the venous outflow was increased to 9.19 i 1.64 pmol/l by the intraluminal administration glucose.However, it was blocked completely by the intraluminal administration phlorizin or in the absence of intraluminal Na+, and it reduced to 1.53 i 0.62 pmol/l by the intraarterial administration of ouabain.These data suggest that the absorption of glucose stimulates the secretion of GLP-1(7-36amide) and that it is closely related to the sodium/glucose cotransporter.Preproglucagon contains glucagon and two glucagon-like sequences, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) (3).
A Study on Material Properties of Composite Panel for Impact·Blast Resistance

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

본 연구에서는 기존 구조물의 방호 방폭에 대한 보강 방법으로서 프리캐스트 패널의 단층구성 재료에 경량성, 고강도, 내화성능 등을 향상시켜 단층 각각의 개별적인 특수성능과 복합적인 패널 구성물로서 방호 방폭 성능을 극대화 할 수 있는 복합섬유 패널을 제작하기 위해, 아라미드섬유(Aramid Fiber, 이하 AF)와 폴리에스터섬유(Polyester Fiber, 이하 PF)로 혼합된 내피와 외피의 기초물성을 평가하였다. 또한, 내화성능이 우수하고 경량인 Nano size의 복합소재를 이용한 충전재의 압축강도, 휨강도, 인장강도를 평가하여 복합섬유패널의 성능에 대한 기초 연구를 수행하였다. In order to develop composite fiber panels that can maximize the protection and blast resistance of the existing structures by improving lightweight, high-strength and fireproof performances of the single layer material of precast panels, the basic properties of the inner and outer covers that are mixed with aramid fibers (AF) and polyester fibers (PF) were evaluated in this study. Also, a basic study was performed on the performance of composite fiber panels by testing Nano-sized composite materials that are lightweight and excellent in fire resistance for their compressive strength, bending strength and tensile strength.
Smart technologies to improve the management and resilience to climate change of livestock housing: a systematic and critical review

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Smart technologies such as sensors, data analytics, and automated systems could play a crucial role in enhancing the resilience of livestock housing to climate change. By providing precise and timely data, these technologies enable better resource management, early detection of stressors, and adaptive responses to environmental changes. However, a comprehensive and critical evaluation of their potential role and current applications in improving the sustainability and adaptability of livestock systems to climate change is still lacking. This research provides a first investigation of the role of smart technologies in addressing climate change challenges within the livestock sector and identifies critical areas for future research and development. A systematic and critical review of 131 papers published between 2018 and 2024, focusing on the application of smart technologies to enhance the resilience of livestock housing to climate change, was carried out. The articles were categorised based on the main livestock farming systems (dairy cows, pigs, poultry, small-ruminants, and pasture-based systems) and the type of smart technologies used, including wearable and non-wearable devices for monitoring animal health and behaviour, as well as systems for controlling environmental conditions in livestock housing. The results revealed that while smart technologies are predominantly used to monitor animal behaviour and health, their application in controlling environmental conditions is still limited. Wearable devices are extensively used in dairy cows and small ruminants, whereas non-wearable devices are more common in pigs and poultry. Future research should focus on advancing sensor technology, integrating data-driven management, and enhancing communication between sensors and farmers.
Envisioning San History: Problems in the Reading of History in the Rock Art of the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains of South Africa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article considers what Geoff Blundell has called the 'Holy Grail of southern African rock art research' (2004:63): the vision of a South African history, based not on outsider colonial records, but on the insider evidence of rock art. It reviews two decades of research aimed at historicising our understanding of the rock art of the Maloti-Drakensberg Mountains and discusses the extent to which this work has provided the kind of histories 'owned by the San' that were called for by Aron Mazel in 1992 (see quote below). Has this work sought the unattainable, a Holy Grail, or does it open the door to more inclusive writings on the past?
Non-invasive tissue erosion by high intensity focused ultrasound

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) is a therapeutic modality which involves the use of ultrasound waves for medical purposes such as tissue ablation. The principle in which it works is that low powered beams are focused and converge to a single focal point at a targeted region to deliver high energy by superposition in the form of heat or mechanical agitation. This brings about thermal and mechanical ablation of varying effects, based on pre-determined parameters. The theoretical principles behind the aspects that made up HIFU treatment are understood and covered. At the same time, other non-invasive imaging techniques are examined in order be able to visualise the thermal erosion caused within the soft tissue or gel phantom that has been treated with HIFU. Through this means, we aim to understand better how different parameters affect the kind of thermal lesion formed; be it thermal or mechanical effects being more predominant and try to recognise and control this varying effects. Quantifying what is seen and deriving a conclusion is experimentally done, aided with the use of open source software available in documenting multi-dimensional imaging files. It is found that high pulse repetition frequency does not necessarily mean better erosion effects and that ablation time and duty cycle play crucial role when subjecting specimen to HIFU.
Clinical implication of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma studied in 4,474 patients with solitary tumour equal or less than 3 cm

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background & Aims To clarify the biological behaviour of small hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma ( HCC ) because of insufficient evidence even though frequently encountered. Methods The study covered naïve 4,474 patients who met solitary HCC ≤3 cm (mean, 2.1 cm), histopathologically proven and Child Pugh A or B. Macroscopic vascular invasion and distant metastasis were excluded. The hypovascularity of tumour was defined as hypo‐ or iso‐enhancement in arterial phase of multiple dynamic imaging techniques. Results Of them, 802 (18%) were hypovascular. The ratio of hypovascular HCC decreased as tumour size increased ( P < 0.001) and most of them developed to hypervascular type when they grew over 1.5 cm. Hypovascular group showed a significantly higher ratio of well differentiated grade ( P < 0.001) and marginally less incidence of microvascular invasion and metastases compared with hypervascular group. The histologic dedifferentiation (less differentiation) developed step‐by‐step as tumour size increased in hyper‐ and even hypovascular group. The des‐γ‐carboxy prothrombin ( DCP ) value ≥ 300m AU /ml was closely correlated with increase of tumour size in both groups. Logistic regression analysis revealed five variables were independent predictors for hypovascular HCC ; tumour size ≤1.5 cm, alpha‐fetoprotein < 200 ng/ml, DCP < 40m AU /ml, well differentiated grade, and positivity for hepatitis C virus antibody. Conclusions Hypovascular HCC was biologically less aggressive and developed with stepwise dedifferentiation and transformation to hypervascular appearance along with tumour growth. These results will help in leading correct diagnosis of small hypovascular tumour and assessing optimal treatment for hypovascular HCC ≤3 cm.
Legal protection of online loan recipients based on financial services authority

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the form of legal protection, dispute resolution, and provide legal understanding. The normative research method using a qualitative approach describes legislation and a case approach, and Law Number 21 of 2011 concerning the Financial Services Authority, Law Number 19 of 2016 ITE, and OJK Number 77/POJK.01/2016 concerning Borrowing Services. . Data collection techniques through (1). Interview, (2). Surveys (3). Documentation study. Conclusion (1). Many customers are victims as users of unlicensed services. (2). Efforts to protect customers against the implementation of OJK services (3). Cooperating with the Indonesian Joint Funding Fintech Association (4). Determination of the upper limit on loan interest and code of conduct for the loan collection process, (5). OJK cooperates with the Ministry of Communication and Information.
Interplay of RAN translation and FMRP synthesis in Fragile X‐associated disorders

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Fragile X syndrome, the most common monogenic form of intellectual disability, arises from large CGG repeat expansions in the 5’UTR of FMR1 which preclude production of the Fragile X protein, FMRP. Moderate (55‐200) CGG repeat expansions in this same gene permit FMRP production but cause the clinically distinct neurodegenerative disorder Fragile X‐Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome (FXTAS). In FXTAS, these repeats elicit neurotoxicity in part through repeat associated non‐AUG (RAN) translation of toxic homo‐polymeric proteins. Previously, we demonstrated that RAN translation plays a native role in regulating the translation of FMRP in neurons by acting as an upstream open reading frame. However, the mechanism by which this regulation occurs remained unclear. In this study, we investigate the interplay between RAN translation and FMRP initiation. Intriguingly, both RAN translation and FMRP synthesis can occur through cap‐dependent and cap‐independent mechanisms, with marked differences observed between cell types and cell states. This cap‐independent translation is influenced by repeat length and RAN translation reading frame. Ongoing studies are characterizing how these cap‐independent mechanisms and RAN translation contribute to the regulation of FMRP synthesis in neurons in response to stimuli that elicit neuronal plasticity.
Prevention of Aluminium Chloride-Induced Mitodepression with Myrobalan (Fruit of <em>Terminalia chebula</em>, Retz, Combretaceae) in <em>Allium cepa</em> Model

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Allium cepa bulbs were grown in pure tap water (Group I), in five concentrations (10-1M to 10-5M) of aluminium chloride in the absence (Group II) and in the presence (Group III) of myrobalan (fruit of Terminalia chebula) at a fix concentration of 0.10 mg/ml. Parameters of study were mean root length (after 72 hr) and mitotic index, abnormal mistosis, chromosomal aberrations and nucleolar morphology (after 48 hr). AlCl3 at all concentrations except at 10-1M where roots did not grew at all, significantly lowered root growth and mitotic index, effect appeared concentration dependent (Group II). In the presence of myrobalan (Group III) AlCl3 induced mitodepression could be checked significantly only at 10-4M and 10-5M. No morphological i.e. shape and colour changes, abnormal mitosis and any type of chromosomal aberrations could be detected in any group. AlCl3 induced hypertrophy of nucleoli at 10-2M-10-5M which could be remedied at 10-4M and 10-5M in (Group III). Probable toxic action of AlCl3 and possible protective role of myrobalan are discussed.
A study on the feasibility of a crop-hail insurance program in Manitoba

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Variations in crop yields cause variations in farm incomes. To help stabilize the income from crop production most Manitoba farmers may insure their crops against unavoidable losses with hail insurance and all-risk crop insurance. The all-risk crop insurance in Manitoba protects against losses due to all unavoidable losses including hail. However, this insurance does not cover to the full value of the insured crops. The coverage is sixty percent of the long-term average yield of the crop in each area. Only crops which yield below the coverage level are indemnified the amount the actual yield is different from the coverage level. Hail damage on crops is in most cases not to the extent that the crop qualifies for indemnity from all-risk crop insurance... Three alternatives were examined in the study to determine the alternative which would give the best protection against the crop losses due to hail damage and all other unavoidable causes... The proposed crop-hail insurance program offers separate coverage for hail damage under the all-risk crop insurance program. Some conclusions drawn from the study are: (1) All-risk crop insurance does not apparently offer adequate protection against hail damages. (2) Separate coverage for hail under the all-risk crop insurance is feasible in an area where hail damage is to the extent that the average crop yield is not brought substantially below the all-risk crop insurance coverage level. A program of this type would be feasible in the Russell and Silvercreek Municipalities of Manitoba. (3) A feasible crop-hail insurance program is one which offers better protection to the farmers than any existing formal insurance or any conceivable alternative. It is also a self-sustaining program which may be put into operation by an insurer such as the Manitoba Crop Insurance Corporation, providing that the portion of the yield variability between farms attributable to the risk hail, may be estimated from past records of an all-risk crop insurance program...
Metabolism of Ethylmercuric Chloride-203Hg in Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Methods for the analysis of the mercury compounds in biological samples were established and applied to the investigation of the metabolic fate of ethylmercuric chloride-203Hg in rats. Analyses of mercury compounds contained in the liver, kidney, urine, and feces of rats treated with ethylmercuric chloride-203Hg (20 mg Hg/kg, sc) indicated that the content of organic mercury in the kidney was higher than in the liver, that the former increased with time, and that the organic mercury content in feces was higher that in the urine. The organic mercury compound in these organs and excreta was identified as the ethylmercury derivative, and mercury metabolites other than inorganic mercury were not detected. The mercury compound seemed to be bound to protein in the organs.
European Specialist Porphyria Laboratories: Diagnostic Strategies, Analytical Quality, Clinical Interpretation, and Reporting As Assessed by an External Quality Assurance Program

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND The porphyrias are a group of rare metabolic disorders whose diagnosis depends on identification of specific patterns of porphyrin precursor and porphyrin accumulation in urine, blood, and feces. Diagnostic tests for porphyria are performed by specialized laboratories in many countries. Data regarding the analytical and diagnostic performance of these laboratories are scarce. METHODS We distributed 5 sets of multispecimen samples from different porphyria patients accompanied by clinical case histories to 18–21 European specialist porphyria laboratories/centers as part of a European Porphyria Network organized external analytical and postanalytical quality assessment (EQA) program. The laboratories stated which analyses they would normally have performed given the case histories and reported results of all porphyria-related analyses available, interpretative comments, and diagnoses. RESULTS Reported diagnostic strategies initially showed considerable diversity, but the number of laboratories applying adequate diagnostic strategies increased during the study period. We found an average interlaboratory CV of 50% (range 12%–152%) for analytes in absolute concentrations. Result normalization by forming ratios to the upper reference limits did not reduce this variation. Sixty-five percent of reported results were within biological variation–based analytical quality specifications. Clinical interpretation of the obtained analytical results was accurate, and most laboratories established the correct diagnosis in all distributions. CONCLUSIONS Based on a case-based EQA scheme, variations were apparent in analytical and diagnostic performance between European specialist porphyria laboratories. Our findings reinforce the use of EQA schemes as an essential tool to assess both analytical and diagnostic processes and thereby to improve patient care in rare diseases.