jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Influence of hybrid pin profile on enhancing microstructure and mechanical properties of AA5052/SiC surface composites fabricated via friction stir processing

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In friction stir processing (FSP), conventional pin tools like square and threaded cylindrical pins require multipass to produce defect-free and homogenous reinforcement particle dispersion. Thus, the effectiveness of the hybrid pin profile in a single pass was investigated in the current work to produce surface composites. The hybrid pin profile combines the features of square and threaded pins. The drilled blind holes were filled with SiC particles in the AA5052-H32 alloy. A pinless rotating tool was moved over the blind holes to avoid the spattering of inserted SiC particles during FSP. Thereafter, the FSP was performed using threaded, square, and hybrid pin tools. The mechanical and microstructural characteristics of the developed surface composites were studied. The results revealed that the hybrid pin tool uniformly distributed SiC particles due to lateral downward material movement and pulsating action. The hybrid pin tool produced smaller grain size of 9.32 µm than the conventional pin tool (i.e. 12.28 and 17.52 µm). The hybrid pin tool obtained the highest microhardness of 117 HV and tensile strength of 216.34 MPa. Using a hybrid tool saves processing time by half while attaining high mechanical properties that favour FSP commercialization.
Contact‐dependent regulation of N‐type calcium channel subunits during synaptogenesis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The developmental regulation of the N-type calcium channel during synaptogenesis was studied using cultured rat hippocampal neurons to elucidate the roles of extrinsic versus intrinsic cues in the expression and distribution of this channel. Prior to synapse formation, alpha1B and beta3 subunits of the N-type calcium channel were distributed diffusely throughout neurites, growth cones, and somata. As synaptogenesis proceeded, the subunit distributions became punctate and colocalized with the synaptic vesicle protein synaptotagmin. Isolated neurons were also examined to test for the requirement of extrinsic cues that control N-type calcium channel expression and distribution. These neurons expressed N-type calcium channel subunits, but their distributions remained diffuse. Functional omega-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive channels were expressed in isolated neurons, although the distribution of alpha1B subunits was diffuse. The distribution of the alpha1B subunit and synaptotagmin only became punctate when neuron-neuron contact was allowed. Thus, the expression of functional N-type calcium channels is the result of an intrinsic program while extrinsic regulatory cues mediated by neuron-neuron contact are required to control their distribution during synaptogenesis.
PVA Hydrogels Containing β-Cyclodextrin for Enhanced Loading and Sustained Release of Ocular Therapeutics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this work is to develop poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels incorporating large amounts of beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) in order to improve ocular drug loading and to sustain drug release. First, the mono-methacrylated-beta-CD monomer (MA-beta-CD) and the methacrylated-PVA macromer (PVAMA), with a substitution degree of 7%, are synthesized and characterized. Then, the poly(methacrylated-PVA-co-mono-methacrylated-beta-cyclodextrin) (pPVA-beta-CD) hydrogels are prepared by UV-induced polymerization of MA-beta-CD and PVAMA. The highest amount of beta-CD incorporated into the hydrogels is 30 wt%. The hydrogels are further characterized by transmittance, FT-IR, equilibrium swelling ratio (ESR), tensile tests and protein deposition. The results show that pPVA-beta-CD hydrogels possess good transmittance, while the incorporation of beta-CD in the hydrogels improves the tensile strength and decreases the ESR and protein deposition. Finally, puerarin and acetazolamide are used as models to evaluate the drug loading and in vitro release behavior of the pPVA-beta-CD hydrogels. The results indicate that the amount of drug loaded into the pPVA-beta-CD hydrogels progressively increases, while the release rate decreases with increasing beta-CD content. In particular, incorporation of beta-CD efficiently decreases the initial burst release of acetazolamide, while the release, which is almost linear, is sustained for 15 days. The pPVA-beta-CD hydrogels have potential applications as biomedical devices for sustained release of ocular drugs.
Peer Review #1 of "A short scale for measuring attitudes towards the doctor-patient relationship: psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the German Patient-Practitioner-Orientation Scale (PPOS-D6) (v0.2)"

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background.The Patient-Practitioner Orientation Scale (PPOS) was originally developed to compare doctor's and patient's consensus regarding patient centeredness.Research assumed PPOS measurements to be comparable across different groups of participants, however, without assessing the actual validity of this assumption.In this study, we investigate the psychometric properties and measurement invariance of a short version of the German translation of the PPOS.Methods.Based on a cross-sectional survey of N = 332 medical students, we present a short version of the German Patient-Practitioner-Orientation Scale (PPOS-D6) and examine its psychometric properties as well as measurement invariance across participants with varying levels of medical experience and gender using multigroup confirmatory factor analyses. Results.Results indicate that PPOS-D6 provides valid and reliable measurements of patientcenteredness that are invariant across participants with different medical experience.Preliminary results also suggest invariance across gender. Conclusion.PPOS-D6 is a suitable and efficient measure to compare group-specific attitudes towards the doctor-patient interaction.Additional research on convergent and discriminant validity and divergent study samples is advised.
Time-varying property of electron density in plasma sheath and its effect on EM wave at Ka band

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The plasma sheath around the hypersonic vehicle is affected by the turbulence. Random changes in electron density disrupt magnitude of electromagnetic wave so that communication quality become worse. This paper focuses on the statistics of the electron density, and statistical models of electromagnetic wave amplitude at Ka band is obtained by the electromagnetic calculation. Finally, the influence of electron density and radio frequency on the mean and variance of transmission coefficient is studied. The results show that, with the increase of the electron density, the amplitude of the transmission coefficient decreases, and the variance increases. With the increase of the frequency of the radio wave, the amplitude of the mean is increasing and the variance is decreasing.
Dr. Salim Ali - A Tribute in his Centenary Year

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Dr. Salim Moizuddin Abdul Ali was a well-respected ornithologist and naturalist known for his innovative approach to the study of birds in India. He was also a vocal advocate for conservation, particularly in regards to the challenges posed by population growth in India. Ali wrote several books on birds and was widely admired for his dedication to the study of nature.
Effects of ice storm on species richness and abundance of resident birds in subtropical forest in southern China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Between January and February 2008, a severe ice storm occurred in southern China. The storm damaged nearly 21 million hectares of forest lands with broken branch, trunk breakage, and stem bending of many trees. This natural disturbance provides a unique opportunity to study impacts of extreme climatic event on forest birds. Using hierarchical multi‐species occupancy model (species richness; 27 species) and N‐mixture model (abundance; 3 species), we investigated how the storm affected resident bird species in subtropical forest in southern China. We sampled birds at Chebaling National Nature Reserve in Guangdong Province, monthly for 1 year each before and after the storm by mist nets. To take into account variations in temperature between years and between months, we incorporated monthly mean temperature into the models as an additional covariate. Observed species richness was greater before the storm. Estimated species richness (from the hierarchical model) also tended to be greater before than after the storm although 95% Bayesian credible intervals of these estimates were overlapped. Temperature showed a negative effect on estimated species richness, indicating greater species richness during winter. Among three species captured the most, abundance of Chestnut Bulbul ( Hemixos castanonotus ) significantly decreased after the storm. Other two species, Grey Treepie ( Dendrocitta formosae ) and Huet's Fulvetta ( Alcippe hueti ) showed insignificant responses to the storm. Our study indicates that the 2008 ice storm may not have a significant impact on species richness of resident birds in subtropical forest; however, the effect can be species‐specific and negative to some species’ population.
Effect of different concentrations of 5-azacytidine on differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells towards cardiomyocytes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AIM To explore the effect of different concentrations of 5-azacytidine(5-aza) on the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(hMSCs) towards cardiomyocytes.METHODS Bone marrow samples were derived from human sternum,and hMSCs were isolated and cultivated by density gradient centrifugation(Percoll,1.077 g/ml) and adherent filtration.The third passage hMSCs were exposed to the medium containing different concentrations of 5-aza(3,5,10,20 and 40 μmol/L 5-aza) for 24 h for induction cellular differentiation and then cultured in new medium.Control group was cultured in complete medium.The differentiation of hMSCs was observed by light microscope and myocardium-specific cardiac troponin I(cTnI) and connexin 43(Cx43) were examined with immunohistochemistry after 4 weeks.RESULTS The hMSCs were enlarged,lengthened and closely arranged after chemical inducement.Immunohistochemical eramination revealed negative expression of cTnI and Cx43 in 3 μmol/L group and control group and positive expression in other groups.With the increasing 5-aza concentration in extents(10 μmol/L 5-aza),the differentiation rates of hMSCs increased gradually.There were massive death cells in high concentration groups(10 μmol/L 5-aza).CONCLUSION hMSC can be induced to differentiate into cardiomyocytes by 5-aza in suitable concentration and 10 μmol/L is the optimal concentration.
Advice to the Philosophically Perplexed: a Reply to the S. Meckled-Garcia booknote on _Escape from Leviathan_

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Despite receiving high praise from Professors Barry, Narveson, Flew, and Gray (see the first page of the paperback), the review puts the level of Escape from Leviathan (EfL) as “undergraduate” and rates it one star. While undergraduates may profit from reading EfL, it is not mainly at their level. Norman Barry specifically warns “this book is not to be recommended to beginners”. The review either applies unusually high standards of philosophical argumentation or is simply philosophically perplexed.
58. ARTHRODESIS WITH ANTERIOR SCREW PLATE FIXATION FOR IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS IN ADOLESCENTS: RESULTS WITH MINIMUM 15 YEARS FOLLOW-UP

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose of the study: Data are scarce on the long-term outcome after anterior spinal fusion for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to assess the clinical and radiological results obtained in a monocentric series using a single-phase fusion with pre-formed plates for the treatment of lumbar, thoracolum-bar and thoracic idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. Material and method: This procedure was performed in 111 patients from 1975 to 1993. Complete clinical and radiological evaluations were available for 35 patients, 7 male and 28 female. The SRS-30 questionnaire (translated into French by the authors) and the Oswestry score were used to assess functional outcome. Radiographic data were collected by an independent observer who read the pre-, post- and last follow-up images. Full spine images were available to assess correction of the curvature, frontal and sagittal balance, pelvic parameters, and degenerative changes in the subjacent discs. Functional outcome was assessed in relation to the radiographic findings. Results: Mean follow-up was 22 years (range 16–31). Mean age at surgery was 14.5 years. At last follow-up, none of the patients were unemployed because of a spinal problem and 21 women had had one or more successful pregnancies. The mean SRS-30 score was 3.8/5 and correlated with the Oswestry score (13.8%). One patient underwent revision for disc herniation and one for posterolateral lumbosacral fusion because of persistent frontal imbalance. There as a fracture of the proximal screw in six patients with no sign of nonunion. At last follow-up, the mean Cobb angle was 14 (0–42). Frontal imbalance was noted in 18 patients, mean 12 mm. In the sagittal plane, three patients presented anterior imbalance. The pelvic parameters were within the range of the general population. Signs of L5-S1 disc degeneration were noted in ten patients, with no correlation with functional outcome. Conclusion: Anterior fusion gives good long-term functional results in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents. Patients can pursue a normal occupational and familial life. This technique has provided satisfactory correction in the frontal and sagittal planes.
Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Numerical Modeling of CFRP Panel under High-Velocity Impact

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Advanced composites have a brittle nature making them highly susceptible to failure and propagation under impact loading conditions. Appropriate modeling techniques to accurately simulate these conditions are required. This study presents and examines a coupled thermo-mechanical modeling technique and its associated numerical simulations for analyzing carbon fiber-reinforced composite panels subjected to high-velocity impact. The essential numerical parameters necessary to accurately simulate the selected configuration are determined through a physical-based approach, which has not been previously reported. By following the proposed framework, the conventional trial-and-error calibration process that relies on an extensive testing campaign is minimized. A stacked shell-cohesive methodology has been applied to T800/F3900 unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy composite panel with 16 plies in a quasi-isotropic layup configuration [(0/90/45/-45)2]s. The flat composite panel was manufactured according to ASTM D8010 standards. Both failure condition and progressive damage analysis have been explored and discussed in comparison with numerical and experimental test cases available in the open literature. Thermal effects on the mechanical performance of composite targets are also discussed based on the application of the constitutive transient thermal coupling method available in LS-DYNA®. The contact heat generated by the conversion of impact-induced damage and the kinetic energy of the projectile is also evaluated and analyzed. New observations regarding modeling techniques, energy transfer, and damage mechanisms in target plates are offered. Additionally, findings related to changes in material characteristics resulting from heat transfer are discussed.
The Conditions and Contradictions of Legitimation and Will-Formation Under Global Neoliberalism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter analyzes the conditions that created the early legitimationLegitimation of global neoliberalismGlobal Neoliberalism and later engendered its legitimation crisisLegitimation Crisis . While the claim of impartiality of market relationsMarket Relations legitimized neoliberalism, subsequent events engendered not only a crisis of system integrationSystem Integration but also a crisis of social integrationSocial Integration . The crisis of social integrationSocial Integration is made explicit by the rampant dissatisfactionDissatisfaction with the corporate dominationDomination of societySociety that invalidates new forms of "civic privatismCivic Privatism ." These conditions, the chapter concludes, delegitimize the message of desirability of an economyEconomy and societySociety based on the free functioning of the marketMarket and its ideology.
The association between the history of supplement use (vitamin or mineral) and COVID-19 disease in the persian cohort population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of the study was to examine the association between vitamin and mineral supplement consumption and the possibility of contracting COVID-19 disease in the Persian cohort population in 2020. This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 4241 people who were registered in the Cohort Registration System. A logistic regression was performed to ascertain the multivariate association between demographic, health variables, and supplement use and the likelihood that participants were infected with COVID-19. The software used was IBM SPSS 24.0, and a significance level of 0.05 was considered. Analyze the quantitative variables, if the variable was normal, the independent t-test was used, and if the variable was not normal, the Mann–Whitney test was used. To compare the distribution of qualitative variables in the groups, a chi-square test or, if necessary, a Fisher’s exact test was used. The number of participants in this cohort study was 4241. The average age of the participants in the study was 49.22±8.77. The OR value of age variable 0.989 (95% CI: 0.927–1.056); sex variable (95% CI: 0.238–2.743, OR = 0.808); BMI variable (95% CI: 0.927–1.056, OR = 0.953); vitamin D variable (95% CI: 0.333–6.769, OR = 1.502); omega3 variable (95% CI: 0.410–7.688, OR = 1.776); calcium variable (95% CI: 0.041–3.738, OR = 0.391); calcium variable (95% CI: 0.041–3.738, OR = 391); multiVIT variable (95% CI: 0.211–5.645, OR = 1.090); VitC variable (95% CI: 0.000–0.000, OR = 0.000); vitE variable (95% CI: 0.000–0.000, OR = 0.000); were the interval includes. There were no statistically significant multivariate associations (P 0.05) between the explanatory variables infected with COVID-19. There was only a statistically significant correlation between the use of iron tablets and contracting COVID-19 (P = 0.025). Controlling the variables or identifying causal correlations is not feasible due to the observational nature of the study. The results cannot be safely extrapolated to other regions of the world because the cohort sample was limited to inhabitants of Iran.
Face recognition system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this project is to develop a face recognition system based on Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), which could extract distinctive features. The features generated by SIFT are highly invariant to image scaling and rotation, and partially invariant to change in illumination and 3D camera viewpoint. In order to achieve fast speed and better accuracy, face region is detected using “boosted cascade of simple features approach”. Image processing step then converts this region to Portable Gray Map (PGM) file. SIFT could extract features from the PGM file and finally a simple matching step is performed to match the extracted face with the target face. The output of the system would be matched percentage of the two faces. In this report, basics about face detection and SIFT would be studied first. Then four stages of the system would be covered in details, which are face detection, image processing, SIFT and matching. The results in each stag are also presented. Finally, processing time is roughly estimated to discuss the feasibility of applying this system to surveillance and Video Google application.
Variability of Furrow Infiltration and Irrigation Performance in a Macroporous Soil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study of spatial and temporal variations of infiltration in furrows is essential for the design and management of surface irrigation. A key difficulty in quantifying the process is that infiltration is dependent on the depth of flow, which varies along a furrow and with time. An additional difficulty is that under many field conditions, a large fraction of the infiltrated water flows through macropores. This study evaluates a proposed furrow infiltration model that accounts for both effects. Flow depth dependent infiltration is computed based on porous media flow theory. The macropore contribution is modeled as water that infiltrates instantaneously. Parameter estimation techniques were used to determine two of the model parameters, the hydraulic conductivity and the macroporosity term, and the Manning roughness coefficient. The methodology was tested using 30 furrow irrigation data sets collected in 6 furrows over 5 irrigation events. The analysis produced reasonable estimates for hydraulic conductivity relative to values reported in the literature. The estimated macroporosity term exhibited greater variation between irrigation events than between furrows during an event. Irrigation simulations were conducted with the estimated infiltration and roughness parameters. The observed irrigation measurements (advance, recession times, outflow rates, and flow depths) were simulated with reasonable accuracy for all events. Results show that the proposed furrow infiltration model can represent the infiltration process reasonably and that the proposed estimation procedure can yield consistent infiltration and hydraulic resistance parameters. Results also illustrate the large infiltration variability that can be encountered in furrow irrigated fields.
Adaptive NK Cells Rapidly Expand during Acute HIV Infection and Persist Despite Early Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract HIV is associated with NK cell dysfunction and expansion of adaptive-like NK cells that persist despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated the timing of NK cell perturbations during acute HIV infection and the impact of early ART initiation. PBMCs and plasma were obtained from people with HIV (PWH; all men who have sex with men; median age, 26.0 y) diagnosed during Fiebig stages I, II, III, or IV/V. Participants initiated ART a median of 3 d after diagnosis, and immunophenotyping was performed at diagnosis and longitudinally after ART. Anti-CMV Abs were assessed by ELISA. Samples from matched HIV-uninfected males were also analyzed. Proportions of adaptive NK cells (A-NKs; defined as Fcε-Receptor-1γ–) were expanded at HIV diagnosis at all Fiebig stages (pooled median 66% versus 25% for controls; p &lt; 0.001) and were not altered by early ART initiation. Abs to CMV immediate early protein were elevated in PWH diagnosed in Fiebig stages III and IV/V (p &lt; 0.03 for both). Proportions of A-NKs defined as either Fcε-Receptor-1γ− or NKG2C+/CD57+ were significantly associated with HIV DNA levels at diagnosis (p = 0.046 and 0.029, respectively) and trended toward an association after 48 wk of ART. Proportions of activated HLA-DR+/CD38+ NK cells remained elevated in PWH despite early ART initiation. NK cell activation and A-NK expansion occur very early after HIV transmission, before T cell activation, and are not altered by ART initiation during acute infection. A-NKs may contribute to HIV control and thus be useful for HIV cure.