jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Civic service worldwide: impacts and inquiry

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Foreword: Civic Service Analysis Has Come of Age, Amitai Etzioni Preface and Acknowledgements Part I. Context 1. Building Knowledge on Civic Service Worldwide, Amanda Moore McBride and Michael Sherraden, with Margaret Lombe and Fengyan Tang 2. From Military Service to Civic Service: The Evolution of National Youth Service, Donald J. Eberly and Reuven Gal Part II. National Service: Policy, Potential, and Effects 3. The Effects of National Service in Africa, with a Focus on Nigeria, Ebenezer Obadare 4. Toward Universal National Youth Service in Israel: Possible Social Capital Effects, Nicole Fleischer and Reuven Gal 5. The Effects of National Service in the United States: A Research Synthesis, James Perry and Ann Marie Thomson Part III. Civic Service Across the Life Course 6. Civic Service Among Youth in Chile, Denmark, England, and the United States: A Psychological Perspective, Judith Torney-Purta, Jo-Ann Amadeo, and Wendy Klandl Richardson 7. The Potential Effects of Service-learning and Community Service in Educational Settings in Latin America, Maria Nieves Tapia 8. Youth Service and Elder Service in Comparative Perspective, Nancy Morrow-Howell and Fengyan Tang Part IV. Civic Service Across Borders 9. International Civic Service: A Step Toward Cooperation in a Global World, Margaret Sherrard Sherraden 10. Social Psychological Theory and the Potential for Intergroup and Ethnonational Cooperation in Civic Service Programs, Ronald Pitner Part V. Impacts and Inquiry 11. Civic Service Across Nations and Cultures: The Range of Effects and Ways to Study Them, Justin Davis Smith and Angela Ellis 12. Directions in Civic Service Scholarship: An Institutional Perspective, Amanda Moore McBride and Michael Sherraden, with Natasha Menon About the Editors and Contributors * Index.
Parent and Child Effects on Cognitive Performance: An Experimental Approach to the Etiological and Responsive Theories of Schizophrenia

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

While many theorists have assumed that the family has an etiological part in the development of schizophrenia, most findings, since they come predominantly from observations after the illness has occurred, could plausibly be interpreted as family responses to the illness. In this experimental study, we constructed artificial families in order to measure independently of each other the effects of parents of schizophrenics on children and the effects of schizophrenic children on parents. Findings from a cognitive task requiring abilities to attend and abstract show that the presence of a schizophrenic child has only minor disruptive effects upon the performance of normal parents; parents of schizophrenics also have little effect upon normal children. Instead, the most consistent effects are those of normal parents on the schizophrenic child. Adolescent schizophrenic patients whose cognitive performance deficit is apparent prior to the experiment show significant improvement after having worked on the cognitive task with normal parents; their cognitive deficit disappears, and their performance is not different from matched normal children. Further investigation will center on the quality of the normal parents' “normalizing” effects.
Qatar's policy and experience in mediation and dispute settlement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Beginning in 1995, Qatar underwent a major transformation in its foreign policy, adopting an independent and neutral foreign policy as a result of being located in an important vital, geopolitical and economic region, with tensions between the influential regional powers. Given the importance of mediation in resolving disputes and bringing peace to a region raging in conflict, Qatar adopted a foreign policy approach of dialogue, good offices, mediation, and preventive diplomacy, and worked to settle disputes and crises peacefully, remaining impartial and independent, in accordance with the provisions of international law and the Charter of the United Nations. This study explores Qatar policy and experience in mediation and dispute settlement and highlights its active role and contribution over the past twenty years, by clarifying the features of its foreign policy, strategy, and principles, and highlighting case studies of previous Qatari mediation.
Targeted Degradation of the Estrogen Receptor α through Unconventional Coactivator Binding Site (CBS)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Inhibiting the estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling axis constitutes a fundamental approach in therapy for ERα-positive breast cancer (ERα+ BC). However, the emergence of intrinsic and acquired resistance to endocrine therapies poses a significant challenge. Alternatively, targeting the coactivator binding site (CBS) of ERα instead of the conventional ligand binding domain (LBD) may directly disrupt the ERα transcription process, thereby circumventing resistance associated with LBD mutations. Herein, we report the development of first-in-class PROTACs targeting the unconventional coactivator binding site (CBS) of ERα. Among them, CP03 displayed potent and selective ERα degradation and antiproliferative effects in multiple BC cell lines with wild-type or mutant ERα. In vivo, CP03 exhibited excellent antitumor and ERα degradation activity in MCF-7 and drug-resistant LCC-2 xenografted models. These findings demonstrated that CP03 may offer a novel degradation strategy to overcome endocrine resistance, providing new opportunities for the development of innovative treatments for ERα+ BC.
Loss of Immunity Against Vaccinia After Attack of Variola Minor

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Medical Memoranda MEDIOALfrom behind the right pole of the thyroid gland.The patient died suddenly nine hours after operation when the serum calcium was still 19 mg./100 ml.Histologically the tumour was a chief-cell parathyroid adenoma.At necropsy there was widespread fat necrosis due to acute pancreatitis and thrombosis of the splenic, left common iliac, and femoral veins.Thrombus occluded the left renal vein to 1 cm.from the inferior vena cava.There was metastatic calcification in the tubules of both kidneys but no involvement of the smaller renal veins by thrombosis. COMMENTIn acute hyperparathyroidism there has been little documenta- tion of thrombosis occurring in the venous system.Smith and Cooke (1940) reported a case of hypercalcaemia due to para- thyroid adenoma in which bilateral renal vein thrombosis was discovered at necropsy.Horowitz and Berenbaum (1958) report the case of a 17-year-old girl who had ante-mortem thrombus in the left main renal and ovarian vein.Stampfl (1963) has described four cases of renal-vein thrombosis in acute hyperparathyroidism.Renal-vein thrombosis may cause either nephrotic syndrome or progressive oliguric renal failure (Harrison, Milne, and Steiner, 1956), but in the absence of inferior vena caval obstruction it is usually associated with primary renal disease.In the cases reported here the primary renal damage was presumably the hypercalcaemic effect on the tubules (Epstein, 1960).In severe hyperparathyroidism there may also be a decrease in the renal plasma flow (Edvall, 1958) and an increased risk of stagnation in the renal veins.This may be aggravated by increased viscosity of the blood due to the salt and water depletion that was clinically present in both our patients and was probably due to renal losses in the presence of hypercalcaemia.The patients demonstrate many of the other features pre- viously described in hyperparathyroidism: mental changes,
A New Approach Of Brain Tumor Segmentation Using Fast Convergence Level Set

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Segmentation of region of interest has a critical task in image processing applications. The accuracy of Segmentation is based on processing methodology and limiting value used. In this paper, an enhanced approach of region segmentation using level set (LS) method is proposed, which is achieved by using cross over point in the valley point as a new dynamic stopping criterion in the level set segmentation. The proposed method has been tested with developed database of MR Images. From the test results, it is found that proposed method improves the convergence performance such as complexity in terms of number of iterations, delay and resource overhead as compared to conventional level set based segmentation approach.
The basis and conditions of justified withdrawing or withholding of persistence-treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Withholding or withdrawing of persistence-treatment for the terminally ill treatment can be justified in some cases, since there are patients who believe that their life would be more good if the treatment is stoped. Their viewpoints of values must be esteemed. Therefore a justifying condition of withholding or withdrawing of the treatment is that the terminal patients want it themselves. But whether it is another justifying condition or not that the persistence-treatment gives so much spiritual, economical burdens on others as the patient's family, depends on people's consensus.
Models, similarity and complexity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Internal models are an essential element of intelligent systems. Utilization of internal models requires establishing a correspondence between the model components and the world. Three types of similarity measures are defined and analyzed, which are related to the Aristotelian formal logic, fuzzy logic, and adaptive fuzzy logic. The author shows that formal logic can be used for adaptation, but leads to combinatorial complexity. Fuzzy logic is noncombinatorial, but also nonadaptive and may lead to unacceptably coarse granulation. Adaptive fuzzy logic combines the advantages of the previous two: it is noncombinatorial and adaptive. It requires that the a priori model is a fuzzy model: it is inherently uncertain. In the process of adaptation, an a priori fuzzy model is transformed into a crisp model corresponding to an individual crisp concept-object. The theory developed is compared to concepts of classical semiotics and philosophy.
Employment as a Poverty Trap

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Using an experiment conducted with 384 young Israelis, the authors find that if young people are actually working as unskilled workers, the status quo bias increases the premium that they require for giving up their jobs and seeking more education. This excess premium may make some individuals choose to remain employed as unskilled workers rather than pursue higher education. Such a decision may trap them in a life of poverty. The authors maintain that their results prompt a reexamination of the widely held belief that early employment is an advantage for young people.
Speech aid prosthesis

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Velopharyngeal defects are common problem encountered in dentistry, different prosthetic designs can be used; however, the prosthesis should be comfortable and function properly. Surgical treatment is the treatment of choice, but there are few patients who are not able to receive the surgical intervention; in such cases prosthetic management is considered using speech bulb prosthesis to overcome nasal twang and nasal regurgitation.
Determination of Lipopeptide Surfactants in Cell-Free Broth

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

As for the amino acid composition, 12 of 17 classes of the lipopeptides (LPs) published in literature have in their molecules one glutamic acid or glutamine residue. Based on this experimental fact, a method of determining the LP(s) in fermentation broth by the way of amino acid analyses is suggested. The broth with cultivated bacteria Bacillus substilis, centrifugalized to remove the bacterial cells and having surface tension 26 mN/m, is extracted by chloroform/methanol mixture for separating from peptides and proteins and washed by diluted HCl for hydrolysis to give biosurfactant samples for analysis. The biosurfactant is determined qualitatively as a lipopeptide (LP) by using TLC technique and is identified IR-spectrophotometrically as a cyclic LP. By using amino acid analyses, this LP is shown to contain Glu or Gln, Asp or Asn, Leu, and Val residues and the concentration of Glu residue, or the concentration of the LP, in the cell-free broth is of 2.82×10~(-4) mol/L. The times of organic solvent extraction and of acid washing and the duration of acidic hydrolysis needed are established. The suggested method is simple and easy, requires a little amount (10 mL) of broth samples and gives accurate determinations with a recovery rate 94.1%, a standard deviation 1.21 and a relative error 1.28%.
Cupid’s Arrows

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Ovid’s narrative of Apollo and Daphne introduces elements not apparent in earlier extant versions of the myth, such as the involvement of Cupid and his deployment of two distinct arrows, one golden that sets Apollo’s passions aflame, and the other lead that makes Daphne averse to all male advances. The passion-averting arrow in particular is a curious addition to Cupid’s arsenal. This paper will argue that the lead arrow can be better understood when viewed alongside the practices and discourses of ancient magic and medicine, especially the widespread use of lead for erotic defixiones , antaphrodisiacs, and even contraceptives.
[How to approach a chronic cough].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cough is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical attention. Chronic cough is defined when the symptom lasts for more than 8 weeks. It significantly alters quality of life. Chronic cough may be the dominant symptom which reveals a large number of diseases, not only respiratory. It is classic to distinguish chronic cough according to the chest X Ray results. In case of normal chest X ray, which is the most frequent condition, the diagnosis of tobacco-associated chronic bronchitis, drug induced cough, asthma, oesophageal reflux and rhinosinusitis should be considered. It is, however, not rare that no clear aetiology can be found, thereby defining the concept of idiopathic refractory cough. This paper describes the case of an asthma revealed by a persistent cough that responded well to treatment. It also deals with the new pharmacological pathways that are tested in idiopathic refractory cough.
Identifying the parameters of different configurations of photovoltaic models based on recent artificial ecosystem‐based optimization approach

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Identifying accurate and precise photovoltaic models' parameters is the primary gate in providing a proper PV system design simulate its real behavior. Therefore, this article proposed a new approach based on a recent meta-heuristic algorithm of artificial ecosystem-based optimization (AEO) to identify the optimal parameters of PV cell and module models. Various PV models are considered in this work as single diode (SD), double diode (DD), and triple diode (TD)-based circuits. The analysis is performed on which are R.T.C. France silicon solar cell, FSM-25 PV module, and Canadian-Solar-(CS6P-240P) multi-crystalline solar panel with the aid of experimental data under different operating conditions. Moreover, Lambert form is employed to validate the constructed model. Furthermore, comparative analysis with Harris hawks optimizer (HHO), gray wolf optimizer (GWO), and salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is performed. Additionally, statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon signed rank test is implemented across the three series of experiments for all employed optimizers. The obtained results confirmed the competence of the proposed approach in identifying the PV cell and modules equivalent circuits' parameters.
Defining the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The termchronic fatigue syndromeemerged in the course of a workshop1convened in 1987 by the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Atlanta, Ga. The goal of the meeting was to forge a workable case definition of an illness that, just 2 years earlier, had been calledchronic Epstein-Barr virusinfection, but for which there was already mounting evidence against an etiologic role for that agent. The case definition that arose represented a consensus opinion rather than rigorously derived criteria. We participants in the meeting had a fairly clear sense of the illness; we just could not delineate it with precision. Three problems were immediately apparent with the case definition. First, the lack of pathognomonic physical and laboratory findings essentially leaves the definition to rest on a series of unconfirmable symptoms. Second, some of the specifics of the definition are vague and subject to variable interpretation and application,
Effect of concrete strength configuration on the structural behaviour of reinforced graded concrete beams

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Earlier experimental studies of graded concrete mentioned that by combining 2 (two) concrete mixes with distinguished strength, it created an advanced material with a higher modulus of elasticity. Research related to the application of graded concrete on beam elements has been conducted several times by researchers and produced numerous important findings. Research using finite element has been conducted to analyse the extensive use of graded concrete when applied to reinforced concrete beams with various configurations. This research aims to validate the findings of previous research in experimental works. Graded concrete beams made of 2 (two) layers of concrete mixes were tested. The difference between the two types of testing beams is in the configuration of concrete placement. The beams were tested under four-point bending procedure to obtain load-deflection data. The results show that the placement of higher concrete strength in the tensile fibres provides a better beam resistance to cracks indicated by an increase in the point at which the steel reinforcement experiences yielding. The greater the tensile strength of the concrete, the concrete will provide a better bonding to the steel reinforcement so that cracks can be minimized. A concave pattern is found in the transition area after the first crack. A noticeable curve pattern becomes apparent at beams composed of low concrete strength, whereas in the beam with high concrete strength only created a linear pattern. In terms of stability and structural strength, GBA has superior performance when compared to GAB. GBA tends to be able to continue to maintain the value of structural rigidity until the beam reaches the ultimate condition. Meanwhile, the GAB instantly loses its stiffness and to experience a sudden collapse.
Cold-Trace: a Mobile-based Traceability Solution Rendering Fleet Management more Effective

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: Traceability and tracking activity are increasing significantly, since underlying technology such as GPRS/UMTS and satellite positioning is mature and ready for widespread market traceability solutions. This paper focuses on the roll-out of the Cold-Trace solution by Disfrimur, a leading transport company based in Spain. Cold-Trace is a unique, integrated solution based on mobile communications that helps in quality control, traceability and efficiency in the refrigerated transportation industry. It consists in a management tool on board trucks that collects and processes information from a set of sensors distributed throughout the vehicle, and offers an easy-to-use software application that allows truck drivers to manage all administrative tasks performed during the trip. Thanks to Cold-Trace, communication at Disfrimur between fleet managers and truck drivers has improved dramatically, therefore boosting efficiency in execution of their daily tasks. In addition, Cold-Trace is having significant impact on Disfrimur customers (supermarket chains) and consumers in general. 1.
Experimental Study on the Mechanical and Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Tuff with Different Moisture Contents

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Rock materials are often affected by water in underground engineering. In this study, the mechanical and failure characteristics of tuff under different moisture content were studied using laboratory tests. The moisture content variation of tuff was studied in water absorption tests, and the mechanical and failure characteristics of tuff under different moisture contents were studied through uniaxial compression tests with a Micro-II acoustic emission (AE) control acquisition system. The results showed that the moisture content of tuff increases rapidly at the initial stage of water absorption tests and stabilizes after 180 h of immersion. According to the results of uniaxial compression tests, both uniaxial compressive strength and elasticity modulus decreased with the increase in moisture content. The AE parameters analyses showed that, when the moisture content increased, the accumulated AE counts and energy gradually decreased, and the “quiet period” at the initial stage of uniaxial compression tests lasted longer, and the RA (rise time⁄amplitude)–AF (AE counts⁄duration) distribution and the failure characteristics verified that the failure patterns evolved from shear failure to tensile failure. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the fracture surface and analyze the influence of moisture content on the fracture characteristics of the tuff at the mesoscopic level. The results of this research can be used as a basis for studying the influence of water on tuff.
From pharmacogenetics to pharmacogenomics of psychotropic drug response

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This chapter discusses the evidence for a heritable component to psychotropic drug response. It reviews basic methodological issues in pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response, and highlights future directions for pharmacogenetics research in psychiatry. The majority of heritability data on psychotropic drugs is from studies of antidepressant drug response. Antipsychotic drugs are potent dopamine receptor antagonists. Many of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that are being identified may be useful in pharmacogenetic studies. The considerable advantages of the case-control approach for pharmacogenetic studies, coupled with the genomic control methods, suggest that it should be feasible to conduct large-scale pharmacogenetic studies with increased power and with decreased potential for undetected ethnic stratification. The first generation of pharmacogenetic studies that utilized SNPs in relatively limited numbers of candidate genes will be replaced by pharmacogenomic studies in which the complete genome is assessed.
A Common Bile Duct Stone formed by Suture Material after Open Cholecystectomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The use of non-absorbable suture materials for cystic duct ligation after cholecystectomy can expose patients to the risk of recurrent stone formation in the common bile duct (CBD). However, in Korea suture materials have rarely been found to act as a nidus for common bile duct calculus formation. Recently, we experienced a case in which suture material, that had migrated from a previous cholecystectomy site into the CBD, probably served as a nidus for common bile duct stone formation. The stone was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and removed successfully using a basket. The authors report a case of surgical suture migration and discuss its subsequent role as a stone forming nucleus within the CBD in a patient who underwent open cholecystectomy; and include a review of the literature.