jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Multimodal Raman-fluorescence spectroscopy of formalin fixed samples is able to discriminate brain tumors from dysplastic tissue

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the recent years, there has been a considerable surge in the application of spectroscopy for disease diagnosis. Raman and fluorescence spectra provide characteristic spectral profile related to biochemical and morphological changes when tissues progress from normal state towards malignancy. Spectroscopic techniques offer the advantage of being minimally invasive compared to traditional histopathology, real time and quantitative. In biomedical optical diagnostics, freshly excised specimens are preferred for making ex-vivo spectroscopic measurements. With regard to fresh tissues, if the lab is located far away from the clinic it could pose a problem as spectral measurements have to be performed immediately after dissection. Tissue samples are usually placed in a fixative agent such as 4% formaldehyde to preserve the samples before processing them for routine histopathological studies. Fixation prevents the tissues from decomposition by arresting autolysis. In the present study, we intend to investigate the possibility of using formalin fixed samples for discrimination of brain tumours from dysplastic tissue using Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. Formalin fixed samples were washed with phosphate buffered saline for about 5 minutes in order to remove the effects of formalin during spectroscopic measurements. In case of fluorescence spectroscopy, changes in spectral profile have been observed in the region between 550−670 nm between dysplastic and tumor samples. For Raman measurements, we found significant differences in the spectral profiles between dysplasia and tumor. In conclusion, formalin fixed samples can be potentially used for the spectroscopic discrimination of tumor against dysplastic tissue in brain samples.
Potential production of 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethylacetate by non-Saccharomyces yeasts from Agave durangensis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The participation of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in fermentation processes is of great importance due to their participation in the formation of esters and superior alcohols, which confer characteristic aromas to beverages such as wine and mescal. The aim of this study was identify and evaluate the potential aroma production of yeast native of Agave fermentation by the mescal production in Durango, Mexico. Isolated yeasts were molecularly identified by 5.8s ribosomal gene; the potential production of aromas was carried out in fermentations with the addition of l-phenylalanine and evaluated after 24 h of fermentation. Extraction and quantification of aromatic compounds by headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The isolated non-Saccharomyces yeasts could be classified into six different genera Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Clavispora lusitaniae, Torulaspora delbrueckii, Kluyveromyces dobzhanskii, Kluyveromyces marxianus, and Kluyveromyces sp. All probed strains presented a potential aroma production (ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, isoamyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, 2-phenylethyl butyrate, and phenylethyl propionate), particularly 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethylacetate; the levels found in the Kluyveromyces marxianus ITD0211 yeast have the highest 2-phenylethylacetate production at 203 mg/L and Kluyveromyces marxianus ITD0090 with a production of 2-phenylethanol at 1024 mg/L. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts were isolated from the mescal fermentation in Durango; the Kluyveromyces genus is the most predominant. For the production of aromas, highlighting two strains of Kluyveromyces marxianus produces competitive quantities of compounds of great biotechnological interest such as 2-phenylethanol and 2-phenylethylacetate, without resorting to the genetic modification of yeasts or the optimization of the culture medium.
Interpretation of data about the impact of biologically active compounds on viability of cultured cells of various origin from a gerontological point of view

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Problems related to the interpretation of data obtained during testing of potential geroprotectors in cytogerontological experiments are considered. It is emphasized that such compounds/physical factors should influence the processes leading to the age-related increase of death probability of multicellular organisms (primarily human, in whose aging gerontologists are mainly interested). However, in the authors’ opinion, compounds that can be used to treat age-related diseases can hardly be classified as geroprotectors. It is noted that, in the model systems using cultured cells, researchers usually evaluate their viability, the criteria of which strongly depend on the aging theory that is shared by the experimenters. In addition, it is very important what cells are used in the studies—normal or transformed cells of multicellular organisms, unicellular eukaryotic or prokaryotic organisms, etc. In particular, the biologically active compounds that decrease the viability of cultured cancer cells, similarly to the compounds that increase the viability of normal cultured cells, may increase the life span of experimental animals and humans. Various problems with interpretation of data obtained with the Hayflick model, the stationary phase aging model, and the cell kinetics model, as well as in experiments on evaluation of cell colony-forming efficiency, are analyzed. The approaches discussed are illustrated on the example of the results of gerontological studies of rapamycin, a well-known mTOR inhibitor. It is assumed that factors retarding the stationary phase aging (chronological aging) of cultured cells are, apparently, the most promising geroprotectors, although the specific mechanisms of their action may vary considerably.
Structure and Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Nanofibers and Nanocomposites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Electrospinning is a technique to generate submicron-to nanometer-scale bers from polymer solutions or melts. It is also known as electrostatic spinning, that has some characteristics common with electrospraying and the traditional ber drawing process. Electrospinning is a simple and facile technique to produce nonwoven, interconnectedCONTENTS7.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................229 7.2 Electrospinning: Basics and Instrumentation ...............................................................230
Use of lupine flour and cavbuz puree in bread technology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Introduction. The influence of vegetable additives: сavbuz (a hybrid of watermelon and pumpkin) puree and flour of non–alkaloid lupine on the nutritional and biological value of wheat bread, its sorption capacity in relation to toxic lead ions was studied. Materials and methods. Content of following substances was determined: proteint by Bradford method; starch by polarimetric method; fat by exhaustive extraction with chemically pure hexane; vitamins E, P (rutin), β–carotene colorimetrically; vitamin C titrimetrically; В1, В2 fluorometrically; fiber by acid hydrolysis; pectin by the calcium–pectate method; te amount of lead absorbed by “wet burning” method. Results and discussion. Cavbuz puree is a rich source of substances with antioxidant activity: β-carotene, 13.4 mg, Р (rutin), 45.4 mg, phenolic compounds, 283.23 mg, as well as natural food sorbents such as fiber 1.7% and pectin, 1.5% per 100 g of product with moisture content 83.1%. According to sensory and physico-chemical characteristics, cavbuz puree may be used as a component in the manufacturing of health products. Lupine flour contains 3.9 times more protein, 40 times more fiber, 10.5 pectin substances compared to wheat flour; a significant amount of tocopherols, 12.8 mg, β-carotene, 0.52 mg, vitamin C, 35.84 mg per 100 g of product with moisture content 9.5%. The inclusion of 4-7% of lupine flour and 3–5% of cavbus puree in the recipe of wheat bread, makes it possible to obtain bread for health purposes, in which the protein content is 22–32%, fiber content is two to three times higher, tocopherols are 9 times higher than in control, provided that the physico-chemical and organoleptic parameters of the product are acceptable. 100 g of developed bread provides 23% of the minimum rate of pectin consumption, 6% of the daily need for vitamin E; 13.8% in В1, 14% in β–carotene; 6.6% in flavonoids, which are absent in wheat bread. Enriched bread has a 25–30 times higher sorption capacity for toxic divalent lead ions than wheat bread. Conclusions. It is recommended to use of cavbuz puree and flour of non–alkaloid lupine varieties for the production of wheat bread with increased nutritional value.
Relation Between OMNI-RPE And Heart Rate Wearing Running Clothes VS. Firefighter Ensembles During Treadmill Exercise

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OMNI rating of perceived exertion (OMNI-RPE) scales are used to assess exercise intensity and subjects' exertion. RPE has been compared with heart rate (HR) and has demonstrated a high correlation. Firefighting involves factors [e.g., heat and personal protective equipment (PPE)] affecting HR and perception of exertion. Firefighters usually have a higher HR due to those factors, but the question remains: do they perceive higher exertion associated with the higher HR? PURPOSE: This study compares OMNI-RPE and HR during treadmill exercise wearing running clothes or firefighter ensembles. METHODS: Ten active men (n=7) and women (n=3) performed three treadmill exercise sessions on separate days. The first session consisted of a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) wearing running clothes, followed by two sessions that consisted of treadmill walking at 50% of the subjects' maximal oxygen consumption wearing a standard firefighter ensemble (SE) or a prototype ensemble (PE) with modifications for additional chemical/biological protection. Overall body RPEs and HR were recorded during the exercise. RESULTS: A repeated measure ANOVA revealed no significant differences on mean OMNI-RPE between GXT (3.8, between easy and somewhat easy) and SE (4.0, somewhat easy) or PE (3.3, between easy and somewhat easy) at 80% of subjects' HRmax (determined from their GXT). Significant differences were noted on mean OMNI-RPE between GXT (5.0, between somewhat easy and somewhat hard) and both SE (6.2, between somewhat hard and hard) and PE (6.0, somewhat hard) at 90% of subjects' HRmax. The three sessions showed a high correlation (r=0.92 to 0.98) between RPE and HR. CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that subjects' exertion ratings were not affected by wearing clothes that imposed an additional stress (SE and PE) at moderate-tohigh intensity exercise (80% HR). However, exercising at a higher intensity (90% HR), subjects felt it was harder to walk wearing either of the ensembles compared to the GXT. Throughout all three sessions, subjects' exertion ratings were lower than expected for the HR at which they worked. These results support previous observations that HR is not a strong physiological predictor of exertional perceptions and extend this observation to periods of high cardiovascular stress while wearing PPE.
Impact of taxation laws on small businesses and entrepreneurs : Comparison between USA and Finland

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Increasingly complex are the regulations applicable to legal issues in the business world, law is a part of every aspect of human existence and in everything we do, rules and regulations exist in the business world and regulatory environment. \n \nThe study of law and legal issues by business people needs to be a little more than a passing acquain-tance with the law and legal issues. \n \nAdministrative heads also need sound knowledge of the law in order to make better choices and be aware of legal consequences of every decision, most importantly knowledge of legal liabilities, limita-tions, rights and obligations set by law are important and play a significant (often ignored role) in the effective administration of any business. \n \nIn addition, laws and regulation in its effectiveness in business administration play an additional role in grounding of business fundamentals such as economics, accounting, marketing and management to appreciate how legal issues affect and regulate decision making. \n \nWorthy of note and importance is taxation law; federal or government set laws for businesses and internal laws; those set by the business owners themselves abiding with government law and how both these different laws sometimes conflict and therefore affect small businesses. \n \nThis thesis is an attempt to analyze and possibly evaluate the concept of taxation law and its effects (positive or and negative) on the survival of small businesses. For purpose of brevity and precision, focus will be limited largely on an examination of the united states of America tax system and pas-sively the Finnish taxation systems and how these systems affect small businesses and entrepreneurs in effective management and business administration.
Critical appraisal of the “cytokine storm” concept in new coronavirus disease COVID-19. Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction. Novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is characterized by systemic hyper-inflammation with elevated inflammatory cytokines referred to cytokine storm. It has been recognized as a leading cause of severe COVID-19 and its progression to multi-organ failure. Objectives. To make a synthesis if the literature sources and to critical appraise “cytokine storm” concept in COVID-19. Results. While comparisons have been made between COVID-19 cytokine storm and other kinds of cytokine storm such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and cytokine release syndrome, the pathogenesis of cytokine storm has not been clearly elucidated yet. Furthermore, many clinical evidences have indicated the importance of anti-inflammatory immunomodulation therapy in severe COVID-19. Although a number of studies have been conducted on target immunomodulatory therapy for severe COVID-19, no specific recommendations have been made yet. Moreover, there are some evidence against cytokine storm as pivotal pathogenetic mechanism for clinical deterioration in COVID-19 patients. Conclusion. There are enough evidence supporting cytokine response impairment as one of leading cause of COVID-19 progression to multiorgan failure. However, cytokine response abnormalities couldn’t explain clinical deterioration in some patients, so further studies are needed to find possible alternative pathogenetic mechanisms.
Sector‐Specific Human Capital and the Distribution of Earnings

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper demonstrates the way in which assignment frictions-the limited ability of workers to find jobs in which they have a comparative advantage-affect the level and composition of human capital acquisition as well as the distribution of income. As workers become more likely to find their preferred job, they specialize more. Specialization raises expected income. It also exposes workers to a greater downside loss when the more desired employment opportunities are unavailable. More specialization thereby raises the earnings divide between those who match well and those who do not, which under some conditions leads to greater inequality. (c) 2010 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.
Błędy językowe i stylistyczne w artykułach angielskiej i polskiej encyklopedii internetowej Wikipedia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Artykul ukazuje wyniki analizy jezykowej wybranych tekstow angielskiej oraz polskiej encyklopedii internetowej Wikipedia. Forma Wikipedii jest zdeterminowana przez ksztalt i sposob funkcjonowania internetu. Encyklopedia ta jest tworzona w calości przez ochotnikow, co wplywa na warstwe jezykową poszczegolnych artykulow. Analiza ma na celu wylonienie najcześciej spotykanych bledow jezykowych pojawiających sie w encyklopedii. Określa najcześciej pojawiające sie bledy leksykalne, gramatyczne oraz stylistyczne, wskazując na frekwencje ich wystepowania w obu wersjach encyklopedii. W artykule przedstawiono rowniez cechy roznicujące polskie wydanie Wikipedii od wydania angielskiego.
INSENSIBLE PERSPIRATION: ITS RELATION TO HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The changes that occur in the body weight from day to day or, indeed, from hour to hour are unnoticed by most persons, probably because the body weight is fairly constant for weeks at a time. Large losses in weight, such as those which result from extreme exercise and profuse perspiration, as in athletic contests, are easily recognized, but smaller losses or increases are not so apparent. Thus, during the day variations in body weight amounting to several pounds, directly attributable to the ingestion of food and drink and the passage of feces and urine, may not be noted because it is not the custom to record the body weight frequently throughout the day and often the appliance on which the body is weighed is not accurate enough to show changes in weight of less than 1 pound or 0.5 Kg. Such alterations in body weight are easily understood, however,
Why Everyone should know Statistics!

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

“Decision is the central intellectual activity in our everyday lives” and statistics is central to these activities (Longford, 2021, p. xi). The ability to manipulate and interpret data is an important component in decision making. A misunderstanding or poor grasp of data distributions and statistical methods can lead to assumptions that are not accurate. When these inaccurate assumptions are presented as factual to decision makers also possessing little or no statistical knowledge, poor decisions can be made. This paper investigates how an interpretation of statistics played a role the decision to remove multiple-choice questions from invigilated examinations at a regional Australian university. The case is further argued that it is important for everyone to have a basic understanding of statistics.
Evaluation of Headache

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.—

The rationale for the use of the computed tomography (CT) scan for the evaluation of headaches in patients with normal neurological examination findings has been questioned by some authors (1980; 243:359).1We certainly are not advocating the widespread use of CT for these patients; rather, we believe that certain clues can help the examining physician to decide which patients to give priority for scans. In our experience there are certain types of lesions in the brain that produce headache as a prominent feature, but in which it is not unusual to find no focal neurological deficits, even in an advanced stage of disease. Most of these lesions are closely related to the ventricular system and may or may not produce an obstructive hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus from any cause is commonly associated with headaches—with the possible exception of the so-called normal pressure hydrocephalus. It is possible for headaches
A Case Report of Salivary Duct Carcinoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We present a 65-year-old man with an enlarged mass in the right parotid gland. A fine-needle aspiration cytology suspected Warthin's tumor. The ill-defined margin of the tumor in diagnostic imaging and unexpected clinical course of the occurrence of facial nerve paralysis suggested malignant neoplasm. The patient was treated with surgical resection of the primary site and neck following radiation therapy. Pathologic diagnosis was a salivary duct carcinoma. Difficulty in early diagnosis of this tumor may result in local extension, early metastasis to regional lymph nodes and distant sites, and death.
Ontolex-lemon and TIAD versions of Apertium Crimean Tatar-Turkish dictionary

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

OntoLex-lemon and TSV conversion of Apertium Bidix. For more details, see https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/2020.lrec-1.401/ Authors of the original data: 2017, Memduh Gökırmak 2017, Francis M. Tyers 2017, Ilnar Salimzyan
Prostate cancer circulating tumor cells: automated and manual enumeration after isolation via size-based filtration of pre-treatment patient samples.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

CTCs have emerged as a potential source of clinical significance. But with numerous isolating systems currently available, the numbers of captured CTCs vary widely. At this point, CellSearch remains the only FDA-approved system with clinical significance whereby the results could be used to monitor patients with metastatic colon, breast, or prostate cancer. However, its inability to isolate CTCs from non-high risk prostate cancer patients or CTCs that are EpCAM-negative has led to criticism. In this study, we have shown that size-based filtration successfully isolates CTCs from patients with localized and metastatic prostate cancer. We have also shown that CTCs can be successfully isolated from low and intermediate risk groups. Additionally, clusters of CTCs were preserved and isolated in all localized risk groups and metastatic patients. Furthermore, we enumerated the isolated CTCs using automated and manual methods in low risk, intermediate risk, high risk, and metastatic prostate cancer. The automated and manual counts were comparable. Moreover, the amounts of clusters and the size of clusters correlated with the status and stage of prostate cancer.
Fast algorithm of joint polarization and DOA estimation for irregular array under coherent sources

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the framework of array signal processing, the rank loss of signal covariance matrix of coherent sources causes the failing of subspace decomposition algorithm, therefore the subspace fitting technique (SFT) is conventionally employed to estimate the direction of arrival (DOA) of bearings. The drawback of SFT is its high computational complexity, especially when the polarization and DOA of bearings both need to be estimated which requires a four-dimensional search. Meanwhile, due to the antenna arrays in the actual environment is mostly irregular, the generalized fast algorithm of estimation of array signal processing cannot be utilized. In the paper, the fast algorithm of joint polarization-DOA estimation is developed for irregular array under coherent sources. Aiming at the disadvantage that the polarization smoothing algorithm destroys the polarization information, the generalized subspace fitting algorithm is studied which separates the spatial angle and the polarization angle estimation. In order to fix the problem of excessive calculation of generalized subspace fitting algorithm, the oblique projection algorithm is studied. The polarization vector of the bearing signal can obtained through projection algorithm with less computational effort. Simulation proves the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.