jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Complete Characterization of Killer Ig-Like Receptor (KIR) Haplotypes in Mauritian Cynomolgus Macaques: Novel Insights into Nonhuman Primate KIR Gene Content and Organization

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) are implicated in protection from multiple pathogens including HIV, human papillomavirus, and malaria. Nonhuman primates such as rhesus and cynomolgus macaques are important models for the study of human pathogens; however, KIR genetics in nonhuman primates are poorly defined. Understanding KIR allelic diversity and genomic organization are essential prerequisites to evaluate NK cell responses in macaques. In this study, we present a complete characterization of KIRs in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques, a geographically isolated population. In this study we demonstrate that only eight KIR haplotypes are present in the entire population and characterize the gene content of each. Using the simplified genetics of this population, we construct a model for macaque KIR genomic organization, defining four putative KIR3DL loci, one KIR3DH, two KIR2DL, and one KIR1D. We further demonstrate that loci defined in Mauritian cynomolgus macaques can be applied to rhesus macaques. The findings from this study fundamentally advance our understanding of KIR genetics in nonhuman primates and establish a foundation from which to study KIR signaling in disease pathogenesis.
The Study of Theft in Iran and Federal Criminal Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the oldest crimes against property, usually with a tough punishment for the perpetrators in the religions and communities has been theft. In explanation of the nature and causes of theft different theories have been presented, and this is indicative of multiple factors in the occurrence of theft. Totally theft isn’t a specific type of behavior, but is a widely multiple behavior. Namely, in creating it does not merely one cause, in general, different factors such as family disputes, economic, and low income, addiction, immigration, education level, young age, and so are effective on theft (theft). The purpose of this paper is to examine the definition and types of theft under Iranian and federal law as well as contributing factors in the commission of theft and discovering interrelationships between sociological, psychological and physiological variables in incidence, prevalence and frequency and authorities planning to develop strategies to deal with this crime.
Sovereignty, Mastery, and Law in the Danish West Indies, 1672–1733

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, officers of the Danish West India and Guinea Company struggled to balance the sovereignty of the company with the mastery of St. Thomas’ and St. John's slave owners. This struggle was central to the making of the laws that controlled enslaved Africans and their descendants. Slave laws described slave crime and punishment, yet they also contained descriptions of the political entities that had the power to represent and execute the law. Succeeding governors of St. Thomas and St. John set out to align claims about state sovereignty with masters’ prerogatives, and this balancing act shaped the substance of slave law in the Danish West Indies. Indeed, the slave laws pronounced by and the legal thinking engaged in by island governors suggest that sovereignty was never a stable state of affairs in the Danish West Indies. It was always open to renegotiation as governors, with varying degrees of loyalty to the company and at times with questionable capability, strove to determine what sovereignty ought to look like in a time of slavery.
Regulation of European Banks and Business Models: Towards a new paradigm? CEPS Paperbacks. June 2012

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Amidst talks of establishing an EU-wide banking union, the recent changes in the regulatory framework and the rethinking of the future of European banking structure, the future of EU bank regulation is inextricably linked to banks’ business models. Using a sample of over 70 banks, which overlaps with those subjected to the EBA’s 2011 stress tests, this report emphasizes the key regulatory gaps that emerge from a comprehensive analysis of the soundness and performance of bank business models and provides policy-makers with guidance to reinforce the evolving regulatory framework in European banking.
[What do cancer centers do to improve community palliative care ?].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study's purpose was to gain insight into practical strategies for improving community palliative care in Japan. Focus groups were held involving physicians, medical social workers, and nurses of 6 cancer centers, and the collected data were qualitatively analyzed. A total of 19 categories were examined. They were related to 1 )education for medical health care professionals about palliative care, 2 )public education about palliative care, 3 )specialized palliative care service, and 4 ) constructing a community palliative care network. Additionally, 7 categories related to medical and social systems were analyzed. The list proposed in this study may be effective for systematically understanding approaches to improve community palliative care. The implementation of nationwide focus groups which rapidly disclose their results may contribute to improving regional palliative care at a national level.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFICIACY OF THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF AMAVATARI RASA WITH AJMODADHI CHURNA AND SIMHNAD GUGGULU IN THE MANAGEMENT OF AMAVATA.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Amena Sahita Vata Amavata1 ”. The virulent Ama circulates in the whole body propelled by the vitiated Vata Doshas, which in turn produces blockage in the body channels, that stations itself in the Sandhi giving rise to Amavata.The combination of Ama & Vata form Amavata2 , which in turn shows the predominance of Ama & Vata in the Samprapti of Amavata. Ajeerna is the main culprit, which increases the production of Ama3 & this Ama when mixes with Vata, produces the disease called Amavata, in which Ama is produced by Agnimandya of both Jatharagni and Dhatwagnis. From above, it is very much clear that although Ama is a cause for various diseases, but in Amavata, it is both Ama & Vata which get vitiated simultaneously & the disease gets manifested itself mainly in joints of Hasta, Pada, Sira, Trika, Gulpha, Janu & Uru. The main symptoms produced due to this disease are Angamarda, Aruchi, Trishna, Alasya, Gouravam, Apaka & Shotha4 . Amavata as we all know, is mainly the disease of Rasavaha Strotasa, which is generally an outcome of Agnidushti, Amotpatti and Sandhivikruti. The therapy which thus normalize Agni, Metabolizes Ama, and Regulates Vata and maintain healthy Sandhi and Sandhistha Shleshma will be the supreme one for this disease. So, the existing study thus focuses on the systemic assessment of Amavata w.s.r. Rheumatoid Arthritis, as per our Ayurveda classics and its management. So, randomized parallel group Comparative study was used to evaluate the effect of Amvatari Rasa and Ajmodadhi Churna with Simhanada Guggulu in the management of Amavata w.s.r. to Rheumatoid Arthritis. This Study was conducted on 34 patients selected randomly from OPD of DAC Jalandhar Punjab and was divided into 2 groups. Group I and Group II having 17 patients in each group. Group B were managed with Amvatari rasa 2 capsule BD with lukewarm water and Ajmodadhi Churna 3gm TDS with lukewarm water while Group A were managed with Simanada Guggulu 500mg bd with lukewarm water for 42 Days. Results showed statistically significant difference in effect of Group I and Group II on subjective parameters like Angamarda, Trishna, Aruchi, Trishna, Alasya, Gouravam, Apaka & Shotha. etc. Amvatari Rasa and Ajmodadhi Churna are found to be more effective than Simhanada Guggulu for all assessment criteria in the management of Amavata.
A critical assessment of the fibula flap donor site

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background The free fibula flap has become popular for mandibular reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to propose comprehensive functional assessments of the donor site. Methods Thirty free fibula flaps for mandible reconstruction were prospectively enrolled in the study. Objective assessments included isokinetic testing of the ankle joint, electromyographic examination of the superficial peroneal nerve (SPN), and preoperative and postoperative foot scans. The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was used to subjectively assess the donor site. Results The isokinetic values of the donor side showed a significant decrease 1 year postoperatively. The results of the electromyographic test of the SPN were categorized as 3 types. The plantar center pressure shifted to the heel on the donor side 6 months postoperatively. The aesthetic outcome was satisfactory. Conclusion The functional parameters of the donor site indeed declined in our assessments. Further refinements in the surgical technique are needed to improve the donor site status. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 279–287, 2017
LIGAMENTS RECONSTRUCTION WITH A PERONEUS LONGUS TENDON AUTOGRAFT IN INSTABLE KNEE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: to improve the outcomes of instability treatment by ligaments reconstruction with a peroneus longus tendon autograft. All the patients (n = 88) before the procedures had chronic knee ligament injures. All the patients were treated with a peroneus longus tendon autograft reconstruction. The method of simultaneous reconstruction of anterior cruciate and lateral ligaments with a peroneus longus tendon autograft was described. The method of reconstruction of antero-lateral stability of knee joint we mean is simple and effective, because the tendon autograft is long and strong, and peroneus longus tendon is located out of knee joint proection. In such case the procedure doesn’t weaken knee joint ligaments and capsule.
A Ranking Method for Information Security Risk Management Based on AHP and PROMETHEE

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Information security risk management plays an increasingly important role in enterprises with the constant improvement of computer and communications technology. In this paper, an information security risk management method is proposed to ranking available risk controls quantitatively with the help of PROMETHEE methodology considering the criteria concerned. The weights of criteria are obtained by AHP method. Given the preference function, the criteria values and criteria weights of decision-makers, "leaving flow" "entering flow" and "net flow" of each preparation program is calculated to compare advantages and disadvantages of control measurements, then the complete sequence is obtained. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the application of the proposed method. The major contribution of this work is to make available a control ranking model, considering multiple criteria analysis and the interests of different decision makers, for a security control plan to be carried out.
Suboptimal antiretroviral therapy adherence among HIV-infected adults in Guangzhou, China

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Despite China“s free antiretroviral treatment (ART) program, there are high rates of treatment failure, large sociodemographic disparities in care outcomes and emerging medication resistance. Understanding patient medication adherence behaviors and challenges could inform adherence interventions to maximize the individual and prevention benefits of ART. This study assessed recent non-adherence and treatment interruption among 813 HIV-infected adult outpatients in Guangzhou, China. Participants completed a behavioral survey, underwent chart review, and were tested for syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia. Factors associated with suboptimal adherence were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Among 721 HIV-infected adults receiving ART, 18.9% reported recent non-adherence (any missed ART in the past 4 weeks) and 6.8% reported treatment interruption (four or more weeks of missed ART in the past year). Lower education, living alone, alcohol use and being on ART one to three years were associated with recent non-adherence. Male gender, lower education and being on ART one to three years were associated with treatment interruption. ART medication adherence interventions are needed in China that include individualized, long-term adherence plans sensitive to patients“ educational and economic situations. These interventions should also consider possible gender disparities in treatment outcomes and address the use of alcohol during ART. Successful ART medication adherence interventions in China can inform other international settings that face similar adherence challenges and disparities.
MicroRNA-140 Provides Robustness to the Regulation of Hypertrophic Chondrocyte Differentiation by the PTHrP-HDAC4 Pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Growth plate chondrocytes go through multiple differentiation steps and eventually become hypertrophic chondrocytes. The parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related peptide (PTHrP) signaling pathway plays a central role in regulation of hypertrophic differentiation, at least in part, through enhancing activity of histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4), a negative regulator of MEF2 transcription factors that drive hypertrophy. We have previously shown that loss of the chondrocyte-specific microRNA (miRNA), miR-140, alters chondrocyte differentiation including mild acceleration of hypertrophic differentiation. Here, we provide evidence that miR-140 interacts with the PTHrP-HDAC4 pathway to control chondrocyte differentiation. Heterozygosity of PTHrP or HDAC4 substantially impaired animal growth in miR-140 deficiency, whereas these mutations had no effect in the presence of miR-140. miR-140–deficient chondrocytes showed increased MEF2C expression with normal levels of total and phosphorylated HDAC4, indicating that the miR-140 pathway merges with the PTHrP-HDAC4 pathway at the level of MEF2C. miR-140 negatively regulated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling reduced MEF2C expression. These results demonstrate that miR-140 ensures the robustness of the PTHrP/HDAC4 regulatory system by suppressing MEF2C-inducing stimuli. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
83 TWO NOTABLE CASES OF MYOCARDIAL STUNNING

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transient, reversible left ventricular dysfunction may be observed in a variety of clinical-pathologic settings, including ischemic and non-ischemic insults. Relatively brief episodes of ischemia resulting in left ventricular dysfunction which improves within hours to days is referred to as “stunning.” In contrast, hibernating myocardium, which is the result of prolonged and/or repetitive ischemia, is defined by functional improvement only after revascularization. The pathogenesis of ischemic myocardial stunning is mutifactorial, with apparent synergistic interaction between the component factors. Three important factors are increased production of oxygen derived free radicals, alterations in calcium homeostasis, and reduced sensitivity of myofilaments to calcium. We present two remarkable cases of ischemic myocardial stunning. In the first case a forty-four-year-old woman presented with typical anginal type pain, hypotension, pulmonary edema and marked electrocardiographic changes suggesting global myocardial ischemia. Profound, reversible left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction nadir 10%) was attributed to spasm of the left main coronary artery. The second case describes recurrent myocardial stunning in the setting of a distal right coronary lesion before angioplasty and after subsequent in-stent re-stenosis. Each time the apical one-half of the left ventricle became dyskinetic. Left ventricular ejection fraction returned to normal both after the first and again after the repeat angioplasty.
Microarray based Geonomic Biomarker Optimization for Cancer Prognosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Scientists can now assess the expression of hundreds of genes concurrently in a single experiment because to the advancements in DNA microarray technology. Gene expression patterns, which depict the molecular state of a cell, offer immense potential as a diagnostic tool. The solutions to resolving the fundamental harms associated with diagnosis and discovery is known to be found in the categorization of diseases transcriptional activation utilizing data. Complete simultaneous monitoring of several gene expressions is now achievable because to the recent development of the DNA microarray technology. The possibility of disease diagnosis utilizing gene expression data has begun to be explored by specialists thanks to the abundance of gene expression data. The previous years, a sizable number of procedures there have planned with positive outcomes. Embedded techniques have the prevalence advantage of interacting with the classification algorithms; while on the same time have decrease computational time compared to wrapper strategies. A deeper examination of the issue, the suggested remedies, and the related problems as a whole is required to develop understanding of the disease categorization challenge. In this study, we present a thorough searching method, clustering method, as well as classification techniques including such Trend similarity such as algorithm for particle swarm optimization and evaluate them predicated on their review time, classification accuracy, and capacity to reveal biologically significant gene information. Depending on our classification method, we diagnose conditions including cancer (of the lung, heart, breast, and skin) and other conditions. We also determine the severity of conditions and recommend medications for those conditions using deep learning algorithms. Our test results demonstrate better accuracy in classifier performance when used with graphs.
Microplastic Content in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Some Fish Species of Lake Kubenskoe (Vologda Oblast)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Quantitative assessment of microplastic content in the gastrointestinal tract of perch, roach and bream of Kubenskое Lake in the Vologda region was conducted. Microplastics were detected in 60% of bream specimens and 43% of perch specimens. No plastic microparticles were found in the gastrointestinal tract of the roach. It was found average number of microplastic particles was 1.6 ± 0.4 items per individual of bream, and 4.2 ± 1.4 items of microplastic per individual of perch. Microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of fish were mainly represented by fibers with a small proportion of fragments and films. No significant differences (р 0.05) in the content of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tract of benthivorous (bream) and euryphage (perch) were found. The data obtained are the first evidence of the presence of microplastics in fish of the Vologda Oblast water bodies.
The Relation Between Rhythmic Cardiovascular Variability and Reactivity to Orthostatic, Cognitive, and Cold Pressor Stress

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Two groups of normotensive, male subjects having either a positive or negative parental history of essential hypertension were exposed to passive body tilt from horizontal to a 70° head‐up posture, while systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart period, and respiration amplitude were sampled on a beat‐by‐beat basis. Subjects also performed mental arithmetic and cold pressor tasks, and cardiovascular reactivity was expressed as change from baseline levels. The body tilt data were analyzed by cross‐spectral analysis focusing on two frequency bands, one between .06‐.1 Hz, and the other at the predominant breathing frequency. The two groups did not differ significantly in their basal levels of physiological activity or in their response to the tasks. Cross‐spectral analysis identified tilt induced changes in the power spectra and coherence spectra within the two frequency bands. These changes differed between the two frequency bands and among the various physiological response systems investigated. Larger rhythmic oscillations in heart period within both frequency bands predicted greater cardiovascular reactivity to the mental arithmetic task but not the cold pressor task. The results are discussed in terms of neural control mechanisms (e.g., vagal tone) implicated in the dynamic regulation of cardiovascular function during psychophysiological states such as stress.
Cell Fate Determination Along The Anterior-Posterior Axis In The Mud Snail Ilyanassa obsoleta.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Previous studies in the mud snail, Ilyanassa obsoleta, described a novel centrosome- dependent mechanism to differentially distribute mRNAs within the embryo during the first 7 cleavage cycles of development (Lambert and Nagy 2002). I hypothesized that the simplest explanation to account for the observed distribution patterns would be to regulate the timing of the transcription of individual mRNAs in the stem cells. I found that unique patterns of centrosomal localization do not depend on transcription or RNA concentration. All measured centrosomally localized mRNAs are maternally provided at a relatively uniform and high concentration and are long lived. I show that centrosomal localization does not protect mRNA from degradation. I also discovered that the onset of transcription in Ilyanassa roughly coincides with the degradation of maternal transcripts in a maternal-zygotic transition (MZT) event that does not occur until long after gastrulation. In addition, because centrosomally localized mRNAs are inherited to specific quartets of cells that are always born towards the animal pole, and more animal quartets make more anterior fates, I hypothesized that this mechanism would be used for patterning cell fates along the anterior-posterior (A/P) axis. I chose to look at the expression of the Hox genes, a highly conserved family of genes involved in axial patterning within bilateral organisms. I cloned 11 Hox genes fragments from the gastropod Ilyanassa obsoleta and compared the Ilyanassa sequences to the released genomes of Capitella capitata and Lottia gigantean. I find that both of these species have a single continuous Hox cluster with 10 and 11 genes, respectively. Gene order of the anterior class genes within these two Hox clusters is similar to that predicted from insects and vertebrates, while the order of two central class genes and the posterior class genes are inverted. I find no evidence in Ilyanassa for the striking spatial co-linearity of Hox gene expression common in other animals. Lastly, I have found the posterior group gene Iob Post2 is expressed exclusively in cells known to produce the shell. My data suggests that Iob Post2 has been recruited during molluscan evolution to produce a morphological feature that is a unique feature of the molluscs.