jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reluctant Reception

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Seeking to understand why host states treat migrants and refugees inclusively, exclusively, or without any direct engagement, Kelsey P. Norman offers this original, comparative analysis of the politics of asylum seeking and migration in the Middle East and North Africa. While current classifications of migrant and refugee engagement in the Global South mistake the absence of formal policy and law for neglect, Reluctant Reception proposes the concept of 'strategic indifference', where states proclaim to be indifferent toward migrants and refugees, thereby inviting international organizations and local NGOs to step in and provide services on the state's behalf. Using the cases of Egypt, Morocco and Turkey to develop her theory of 'strategic indifference', Norman demonstrates how, by allowing migrants and refugees to integrate locally into large informal economies, and by allowing organizations to provide basic services, host countries receive international credibility while only exerting minimal state resources.
Analysis of Oocyte Quality in the Rhesus Macaque (Macaca mulatta)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Many primate populations face the threat of extinction due to habitat loss, intensive agriculture, hunting for meat, the pet trade and/or use in traditional medicines. An alternative approach to in situ conservation includes gene banking and the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). Although many of these 'high-tech' solutions have not yet been proven viable for pragmatic wildlife conservation, basic research and development of these emerging tools can provide necessary information needed to optimize these techniques and institute ART as a routine practice in conservation efforts. A severely limiting factor in the successful application of ARTs is the availability of mature developmentally competent oocytes. Oocyte maturation involves many nuclear and cytoplasmic factors, which can be affected by maturation conditions and female age. In vitro maturation does not have the same success rate across species studied. In primates especially, IVM oocytes exhibit reduced developmental capacity upon fertilization when compared to in vivo matured (IVO) oocytes. This study aimed to investigate possible causes of reduced developmental capacity of primate IVM oocytes using the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) as a model. Research efforts included investigation of ovarian senescence, oocyte karyotype and spindle morphology, and establishment of an optimal sperm cryopreservation protocol for use in IVF. Histological examination of the rhesus ovary demonstrated an age-related pattern of follicle depletion similar to that described in the human ovary. Oocyte karyotype analysis revealed a significant effect of IVM on the frequency of hyperhaploidy. In addition, immunostaining and confocal microscopy demonstrated a significant increase of anomalous chromosome congression on the oocyte metaphase II spindle equator in relation to IVM and donor female age. These results indicate that IVM can produce serious, if not lethal consequences for embryo development. This study presents baseline data on ovarian aging in the rhesus macaque and aspects of nuclear maturation during macaque IVM that may contribute to the design of primate oocyte recovery plans. Implementation of either of two sperm cryopreservation methods originally developed for rhesus and vervet monkeys will aid future investigation of the developmental capacity of IVM oocytes.
Breast segmentation in MR images using three-dimensional spiral scanning and dynamic programming

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has been widely used for risk assessment and diagnosis of breast cancer in clinic. To develop a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system, breast segmentation is the first important and challenging task. The accuracy of subsequent quantitative measurement of breast density and abnormalities depends on accurate definition of the breast area in the images. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a fully automated method for accurate segmentation of breast in three-dimensional (3-D) MR images. A fast method was developed to identify bounding box, i.e., the volume of interest (VOI), for breasts. A 3-D spiral scanning method was used to transform the VOI of each breast into a single two-dimensional (2-D) generalized polar-coordinate image. Dynamic programming technique was applied to the transformed 2-D image for delineating the "optimal" contour of the breast. The contour of the breast in the transformed 2-D image was utilized to reconstruct the segmentation results in the 3-D MR images using interpolation and lookup table. The preliminary results on 17 cases show that the proposed method can obtain accurate segmentation of the breast based on subjective observation. By comparing with the manually delineated region of 16 breasts in 8 cases, an overlap index of 87.6% ± 3.8% (mean ± SD), and a volume agreement of 93.4% ± 4.5% (mean ± SD) were achieved, respectively. It took approximately 3 minutes for our method to segment the breast in an MR scan of 256 slices.
Biventricular Assist Device Utilization for Patients with Morbid Congestive Heart Failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background— The rationale for the use of a biventricular assist device (BiVAD) for morbid congestive heart failure (MCHF) has been questioned because of historically unacceptable rates of postimplant and post-transplant mortality as well as perceived barriers to their outpatient management. Methods and Results— All patients who received a Thoratec BiVAD from January 1990 to December 2003 at the University of Pittsburgh were studied retrospectively. There were a total of 73 patients (32% ischemic, 21% idiopathic, and 47% other) who had a BiVAD implanted. Before implantation, 100% were on ≥1 inotropic agent, and 77% had an intra-aortic balloon pump. Overall survival was 69%; 42 patients (84%) received cardiac transplantation, 5 patients (10%) were weaned, and 3 (6%) remained supported on BiVAD. If the 14 patients with postcardiotomy failure and acute myocardial infarction with shock are excluded, the overall survival improves to 75%. Five-year actuarial survival after heart transplantation was 58%. Of the 29 patients implanted before 2000, the 4-month actuarial freedom from driveline infections, bloodstream infections, and neurological events was 10%, 54%, and 48%, respectively, whereas the rates of these events for the 44 patients implanted after 2000 improved to 70%, 79%, and 80%, respectively. Since 2000, 21 (48%) patients were discharged from the hospital, of whom 38% went to an outpatient residence, 33% to a skilled nursing facility, and 29% to home. Once discharged, ≥1 readmission occurred in 45% and ≥2 readmissions in 48%. Conclusions— BiVAD support for MCHF has an acceptable overall mortality and survival to transplantation. Morbidity has been significantly reduced in the past 4 years, and management as an outpatient is achievable.
Altering Residues N125 and D149 Impacts Sugar Effector Binding and Allosteric Parameters in Escherichia coli Lactose Repressor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Lactose repressor protein (LacI), a negative transcriptional regulator in Escherichia coli, relies on an allosteric conformational change for its function. The LacI effector isopropyl-β,D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) promotes this allosteric response and engages the side chains of residues N125 and D149 based on the crystallographic structure of LacI·IPTG. Targeted molecular dynamics (TMD) simulations have indicated involvement of these side chains during the protein structural changes in response to inducer binding. To examine this region further, we applied stochastic boundary molecular dynamics (SBMD) simulation and identified a transient interaction between residues N125 and D149. On the basis of these data, we introduced substitutions for either/both residues and analyzed their impact on protein function. The substitutions utilized were alanine to preclude hydrogen bonding or cysteine to allow disulfide bond formation, which was not observed for N125C/D149C. Minimal impacts were observed on operator affinity for all substitutions, but D149C, N125A/D149A, and N125C/D149C bound to IPTG with 5-8-fold lower affinity than wild-type LacI, and exhibited decreased allosteric amplitude (K(RI/O)/K(R/O)). Of interest, the double mutants did not exhibit an allosteric response to an alternate inducer, 2-phenylethyl-β,D-galactoside (PhEG), despite demonstration of PhEG binding. Further, the presence of the anti-inducer, o-nitrophenyl-β,D-fucoside (ONPF), enhanced operator affinity for wild-type LacI and all other mutant proteins examined, but behaved as an inducer for N125A/D149A, decreasing operator binding affinity. These results confirm the role of residues 125 and 149 in ligand binding and allosteric response and illustrate how readily the function of a regulatory protein can be altered.
Fault-Tolerant Bounded Flow Preservers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Given a directed graph $G = (V, E)$ with $n$ vertices, $m$ edges and a designated source vertex $s\in V$, we consider the question of finding a sparse subgraph $H$ of $G$ that preserves the flow from $s$ up to a given threshold $λ$ even after failure of $k$ edges. We refer to such subgraphs as $(λ,k)$-fault-tolerant bounded-flow-preserver ($(λ,k)$-FT-BFP). Formally, for any $F \subseteq E$ of at most $k$ edges and any $v\in V$, the $(s, v)$-max-flow in $H \setminus F$ is equal to $(s, v)$-max-flow in $G \setminus F$, if the latter is bounded by $λ$, and at least $λ$ otherwise. Our contributions are summarized as follows: 1. We provide a polynomial time algorithm that given any graph $G$ constructs a $(λ,k)$-FT-BFP of $G$ with at most $λ2^kn$ edges. 2. We also prove a matching lower bound of $Ω(λ2^kn)$ on the size of $(λ,k)$-FT-BFP. In particular, we show that for every $λ,k,n\geq 1$, there exists an $n$-vertex directed graph whose optimal $(λ,k)$-FT-BFP contains $Ω(\min\{2^kλn,n^2\})$ edges. 3. Furthermore, we show that the problem of computing approximate $(λ,k)$-FT-BFP is NP-hard for any approximation ratio that is better than $O(\log(λ^{-1} n))$.
Identification of Environmentally Stable Wild Soybean Genotypes with High Alpha‐Linolenic Acid Concentration

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Increasing alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) in soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr] seed oil is an important breeding goal in soybean because of its beneficial effects on human health. Seed oil of wild soybeans ( G. soja Sieb. & Zucc.) generally has about twice the ALA concentration than seed oil from cultivated soybeans. Therefore, identification of wild soybean genotypes with high and stable ALA concentration over various growing conditions would be useful for breeding purposes. The objective of this study was to evaluate wild soybeans with high ALA for environmental stability. Fifteen wild soybean accessions with relatively high ALA concentrations (∼170 to 200 g kg −1 ) and three check cultivars were evaluated across seven growing environments to determine the stability of ALA concentration. The ALA concentration of the wild soybean genotypes ranged from 169 to 191 g kg −1 with an average of 181 g kg −1 . Seed of wild soybean genotypes had more than twice the amount of ALA than seed of the two cultivated soybeans, Williams 82 (72 g kg −1 ) and Daewonkong (78 g kg −1 ). CW13755 (185 g kg −1 ) and CW13943 (191 g kg −1 ) were the most stable across seven environments among all wild soybean accessions tested followed by CW13944 (191 g kg −1 ) and CW01022 (169 g kg −1 ) compared with the three checks. In conclusion, these environmentally stable wild soybean accessions with elevated ALA should be excellent germplasm sources to improve the ALA concentration in soy oil and to study the mechanism of ALA accumulation in soybean.
DESIGN OF EDUCATIONAL RECYCLING WASTE MANAGEMENT VIDEO GAME FOR CHILDREN

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As time goes by, the earth has undergone many changes, many of which have happened, from natural changes to human lifestyle. Many natural disasters occur as a result of the development of human lifestyles, such as floods caused by littering and piling up. Littering is one of the causes of flooding, therefore it is necessary to build awareness of society, especially children as the next generation. The purpose of " Design of Educational Recycling Waste Management Video Games For Children " is to provide an understanding of waste and be able to find out the products of reusing inorganic and organic waste to children. The benefits of designing interesting video games can stimulate children's psychology in understanding the cleanliness of the environment and provide education that waste can be used. The research method in this design uses the Research and Development method which is used to produce a product and test the effectiveness of the product. The results obtained are that there is a significant difference in children's understanding of waste when playing video games and before playing so that the use of games as educational media can be said to be effective.
INFLUENCE OF DEFORMATIONS ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF SLURRY TRENCH WALLS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A STUDY IS PRESENTED OF THE DEFORMATIONS TO WHICH CONTINUOUS CONCRETE WALLS ARE SUBJECTED TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL TYPE, STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CONSTRUCTION METHODS. THE FIRST PART OF THE THESIS OUTLINES THE EVOLUTION IN THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS AND DESCRIBES CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF SLURRY TRENCH WALL DESIGN. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL IS DERIVED, WHICH USES THE MAIN FACTORS GOVERNING THE BEHAVIOUR OF A SLURRY TRENCH WALL AND THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OBTAINED. THIS MODEL IS DIFFERENT FROM CONVENTIONAL METHODS IN SO FAR AS IT CONSIDERS DEFORMATIONS IN RELATION TO FAILURE CONDITIONS, WHICH DEPEND FROM THE DEPTH AND SOIL TYPE. THIS MODEL IS APPLIED TO A SERIES OF PRACTICAL EXAMPLES. THE SECOND PART DEALS WITH THE LONGITUDINAL PRESTRESSING OF THE WALL FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF DEFORMATIONS AND WITH LOSSES THROUGH CREEP AND SHRINKAGE, TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THE ACTIVE EARTH PRESSURE. THE LAST PART DISCUSSES SMALL-SCALE MODEL TESTS. MENTION IS MADE OF THE TAYLOR-SCHNEEBELI ANALOG MODEL TOGETHER WITH TIME-RELATED DEFORMATIONS DUE TO THE HORIZONTAL CONSOLIDATION OF THE SOIL WHICH RESULTS FROM PORE WATER PRESSURE DISSIPATION AND CONCRETE CREEP.
Characteristics of maternal mortality in Paraguay (2014-2021)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: maternal mortality (MM) is a critical public health indicator. In Paraguay, the progress made was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. This study examines the characteristics of maternal mortality in Paraguay between 2014 and 2021. Objectives: to describe the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of maternal mortality in Paraguay during the period 2014-2021. Methodology: a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using data from death certificates of the General Directorate of Strategic Health Information (DIGIES) of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare. We analyzed 740 cases of maternal deaths registered in the 18 Health Regions of the country, considering sociodemographic variables and variables related to causes of death. Results: there were 740 maternal deaths, with an average ratio of 83.91 per 100,000 live births. 2021 had the highest ratio (159.98). The majority occurred in young (58.65%) and adult women (66.31%), with predominant causes being diseases of Respiratory System 18.11%, toxemia 15.81%, and hemorrhaged 12.03%. Conclusion: MM presented an increase after the COVID 19 pandemic, so the study highlights the urgent need to strengthen access to quality prenatal and obstetric care, especially in public institutions, and to address the socioeconomic inequalities that affect maternal health.
A Review on Abrasive Wear of Aluminum Composites: Mechanisms and Influencing Factors

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) find extensive use across diverse industries such as automotive, aerospace, marine, and electronics, owing to their remarkable strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and mechanical properties. However, their limited wear resistance poses a challenge for applications requiring high tribological performance. Abrasive wear emerges as the predominant form of wear encountered by AMCs in various industrial settings, prompting significant research efforts aimed at enhancing their wear resistance. Over the past decades, extensive research has investigated the influence of various reinforcements on the abrasive wear behavior of AMCs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the impact of different variables on the wear and tribological response of aluminum composites. This review explores possible wear mechanisms across various tribosystems, providing examples drawn from the analysis of existing literature. Through detailed discussions on the effects of each variable, conclusions are drawn to offer insights into optimizing the wear performance of AMCs.
A Technique for generating Feynman Diagrams

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present a simple technique that allows to generate Feynman diagrams for vector models with interactions of order $2n$ and similar models (Gross-Neveu, Thirring model), using a bootstrap equation that uses only the free field value of the energy as an input. The method allows to find the diagrams to, in principle, arbitrarily high order and applies to both energy and correlation functions. It automatically generates the correct symmetry factor (as a function of the number of components of the field) and the correct sign for any diagram in the case of fermion loops. We briefly discuss the possibility of treating QED as a Thirring model with non-local interaction.
Equilibrium phases and phase transitions in multicritical magnetic polymers

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Magnetic polymers are examples of composite soft materials in which the competition between the large configurational entropy of the soft substrate (polymer) and the magnetic interaction may give rise to rich equilibrium phase diagrams as well as non-standard critical phenomena. Here, we study a self-avoiding walk model decorated by Ising spins of value $0$ and $\pm 1$ that interact according to a Blume-Emery-Griffith-like Hamiltonian. By using mean-field approximations and Monte Carlo simulations, we report the existence of three distinct equilibrium phases: swollen disordered, compact ordered, and compact disordered. Notably, these phases are separated by phase boundaries that meet at multicritical points, whose nature and location are tunable and depend on the strength of the interactions. In our conclusion, we discuss the relevance of the phase diagrams we have obtained to the physics of magnetic polymers and their application to chromatin biophysics.
Protease‐Sensitive, VEGF‐Mimetic Peptide, and IKVAV Laminin‐Derived Peptide Sequences within Elastin‐Like Recombinamer Scaffolds Provide Spatiotemporally Synchronized Guidance of Angiogenesis and Neurogenesis (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 22/2022)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Elastin-Like Recombinamers In article 2201646 by José Carlos Rodriguez-Cabello and co-workers, a 3D model scaffold containing two cylindrical elastin-like recombinamer (ELR) hydrogels embedded in a slow-resorbable or nonprotease-sensitive ELR hydrogel that allow the independent spatiotemporal control of angiogenesis and neurogenesis in vivo, by the combination of protease-sensitive sequences, with fast and slow degradation kinetics, a VEGF-mimetic peptide (QK), and a laminin-derived peptide (IKVAV), is developed.
Benefits of aquatic exercise in adults with and without chronic disease—A systematic review with meta‐analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aquatic exercise is being increasingly recommended for healthy individuals as well as people with some special health conditions. A systematic review with meta‐analysis was performed to synthesize and analyze data on the effects of water‐based training (WT) programs on health status and physical fitness of healthy adults and adults with diseases to develop useful recommendations for health and sports professionals. We searched three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) up to June 2021 for randomized trials that examined WT in adults. A total of 62 studies were included, of which 26 involved only healthy individuals and 36 focused on adults with chronic diseases. In the healthy group, the effects of WT on strength, balance, and cardiorespiratory fitness were beneficial, indicating the usefulness of performing WT for at least 12 weeks (2–3x/week, 46–65 min/session). Among adults with diseases, improvements were observed in patients with fibromyalgia (in balance and cardiorespiratory fitness), bone diseases (pain, balance, flexibility, and strength), coronary artery disease (strength and anthropometry), hypertension (quality of life), stroke (quality of life), diabetes (balance and quality of life), multiple sclerosis (quality of life and balance), and Parkinson's disease (pain, gait, cardiorespiratory fitness, and quality of life). Research is required to determine the effects of WT on patients with heart disease, especially coronary artery disease. In adults with chronic disease, benefits in physical fitness and/or other health‐related measures were mainly observed after 8–16 weeks of training. WT is an effective physical activity when the intention is to enhance health and physical fitness in healthy adults and adults with chronic diseases.
Value and Risk in Business to Business E-Banking

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the functional relationships between three types of risk (performance, financial and psychological) and the benefits and sacrifices components of value are tested within a broader neurological network that includes e-service quality and satisfaction, word-of-mouth and intention to switch. The hypothesized relationships are tested; using Partial Least Squares, on data collected through a postal survey from167 Iran-based SME organizations. The results confirm the significant, but the differential impact of the three types of risk on the two value components. Specifically, performance risk and financial risk are found to be significant determinants of benefits, while psychological risk impacts on perceptions of sacrifices. This chapter also provides evidence of the differential impact of the benefits and sacrifices components of value on satisfaction, and the existence of both direct and indirect impacts of these components on word-of-mouth and intention to switch.