jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A hybrid CAD modeler for flexible geometric modeling of prismatic mechanical parts

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The ease and freedom of shape manipulation achievable through physical modeling materials such as clay for engineering design is steps beyond what is attainable through current computer-aided design (CAD) modelers. With the current CAD modeling paradigm, which creates models through a composition of features constrained by closed-form mathematical formulations, the flexibility in model shape manipulation is limited. As a result, many complex engineering shape designs are either completed in the physical regime then digitized or in the computer-graphics domain where modeling flexibility is significantly higher. Unfortunately, the gain in modeling flexibility is achieved at the expense of well-controlled feature information and modeling precision and accuracy. The resulting models are featureless inexact entities. In order to bring forth geometric modeling flexibility while retaining feature information along with modeling precision and accuracy, this thesis presents a novel hybrid CAD modeler. The hybrid modeler utilizes triangle mesh model representation with the notion of feature imposed as a separate but associated feature information layer. This allows the prismatic features on a model to be modified unrestrictedly without loss of feature information. Users can freely modify the model geometry beyond what is permissible by the current CAD modelers’ feature formulations/management. A robust feature segmentation scheme that divides a triangle mesh model into its elementary features automatically categorizes the unconstrained user modifications into prismatic features and updates the associated feature information layer. An idealization module completes the prismatic feature information extraction process and updates the mesh model to accurately reflect the newly detected/extracted features. Feature-based model editing is incorporated to permit accurate and precise feature-based editing and to maximize the ease-of-use of the hybrid modeler. Accordingly, the hybrid modeler consists of four modules: feature segmentation, feature idealization, unconstrained feature-free model modification and feature-based model editing. With the proposed hybrid modeler, modeling flexibility as well as precision and accuracy are satisfied simultaneously. The hybrid modeler provides the user with a flexible modeling environment for creating and modifying prismatic engineering design models.
Status and Prospects for Research on Functioning of the Polish Government from 31 August to December 1939, incl. the Office of the High Civilian Commissioner

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The text reviews the results of research on the activities of part of the central authorities of the Second Polish Republic and is focused on the Government of Prime Minister Slawoj Skladkowski at the threshold of World War II and after its outbreak (until the end of 1939). Three periods were analyzed separately: from October 1938 to the outbreak of World War II, during the Polish Campaign of 1939 (until the Government's resignation), and from 30 September 1939 to the end of that year. Within each of three dedicated sections, the focus is placed on two categories of publications: studies (books and articles) and editions of sources (ego-documents and archives). The final section presents research postulates.
Macroinvertebrate Communities of sub-Mediterranean Intermittent Rivers in Bulgaria: Association with Environmental Parameters and Ecological Status

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Intermittent rivers and ephemeral streams drain more than 50% of the land surface on \nEarth. Yet, their ecology remains insufficiently understood. In Bulgaria, temporary rivers are \ntypically small- or medium-sized rivers (national type R14), flowing in areas with subMediterranean climate. We present the first data focused explicitly on macrozoobenthos from \nintermittent rivers in four Bulgarian river basins within the drainage of the Aegean Sea. We \nidentified 114 taxa from nine rivers (5÷33 taxa/site), with abundance varying between 61 and 994 \nind.m-2. The most common were taxa of Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae, followed by the crab \nPotamon ibericum. There were considerable differences among macroinvertebrates at different sites \nat taxon level, with similarities among samples increasing when using lower taxonomic resolution. \nThe distinctness of communities was likely a reflection of the high variability in environmental \nconditions and local human impacts. Redundancy analysis identified key groups for the sites with \nfast flow (e.g. Ephemeroptera, Trichoptera, Plecoptera, Coleoptera and Diptera Varia, taxa \nassociated with altitude and the higher share of stone substrata). Most of the river sites were \nclassified as having high ecological status according to the Bulgarian legislation. Only the sites in \nthe Vrabcha and Dereorman Rivers were with moderate status; these were the sites with the lowest \ntaxon richness. We could speculate that the structuring of the benthic community was affected by \nother factors that have not been accounted for in the present study, i.e. great annual fluctuations in \nriver flow, characteristic for R14, or by loading with nutrients or other pollutants. \n
Dissociable Neural Substrates for Agentic versus Conceptual Representations of Self

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Although humans generally experience a coherent sense of selfhood, we can nevertheless articulate different aspects of self. Recent research has demonstrated that one such aspect of self—conceptual knowledge of one's own personality traits—is subserved by ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC). Here, we examined whether an alternative aspect of “self”—being an agent who acts to achieve one's own goals—relies on cognitive processes that overlap with or diverge from conceptual operationalizations of selfhood. While undergoing fMRI, participants completed tasks of both conceptual self-reference, in which they judged their own or another person's personality traits, and agentic self-reference, in which they freely chose an object or watched passively as one was chosen. The agentic task failed to modulate vMPFC, despite producing the same memory enhancement frequently observed during conceptual self-referential processing (the “self-reference” effect). Instead, agentic self-reference was associated with activation of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), a region previously implicated in planning and executing actions. Experiment 2 further demonstrated that IPS activity correlated with later memory performance for the agentic, but not conceptual, task. These results support views of the “self” as a collection of distinct mental operations distributed throughout the brain, rather than a unitary cognitive system.
Scope of Nursing Care in Polish Intensive Care Units

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Introduction . The TISS-28 scale, which may be used for nursing staff scheduling in ICU, does not reflect the complete scope of nursing resulting from varied cultural and organizational conditions of individual systems of health care. Aim . The objective of the study was an attempt to provide an answer to the question what scope of nursing care provided by Polish nurses in ICU does the TISS-28 scale reflect? Material and Methods . The methods of working time measurement were used in the study. For the needs of the study, 252 hours of continuous observation (day-long observation) and 3.697 time-schedule measurements were carried out. Results . The total nursing time was 4125.79 min. (68.76 hours), that is, 60.15% of the total working time of Polish nurses during the period analyzed. Based on the median test, the difference was observed on the level ofχ2=16945.8, P<0.001between the nurses’ workload resulting from performance of activities qualified into the TISS-28 scale and load resulting from performance of interventions within the scopes of care not considered in this scale in Polish ICUs. Conclusions . The original version of the TISS-28 scale does not fully reflect the workload among Polish nurses employed in ICUs.
Fast lysis of Escherichia coli filament cells requires differentiation of potential division sites

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Periodic activation of zonal peptidoglycan (murein) synthesis at division sites in Escherichia coli has been reported recently. Zonal synthesis is responsible for septum formation, whereas elongation of the cell sacculus is performed by diffuse insertion of precursors. Zonal synthesis can be triggered in ftsA, ftsQ and ftsI (pbpB) division mutants growing as filaments at the restrictive temperature, but not in ftsZ mutant strains. The lytic response to beta-lactams of cells able or unable to periodically trigger a zonal mode of murein synthesis could be substantially different. Therefore, we investigated the response to the bacteriolytic beta-lactam cefsulodin of ftsZ and ftsI mutants growing at the restrictive (42 degrees C) temperature. The ftsI cells lysed early and quickly after addition of the antibiotic. Sacculi of lysed cells were transversely cut in a very sharp way. In contrast the ftsZ strain lysed late and slowly after addition of the antibiotic and sacculi showed a generalized weakening of the murein network and extended breaks with a frayed appearance. No transversely cut sacculi comparable to those seen in the ftsI samples were found. Our results strongly support that beta-lactam-induced lysis occurs preferentially at division sites because of the activation of zonal murein synthesis at the initiation of septation.
Towards Data Governance for International Dementia Care Mapping (DCM). A Study Proposing DCM Data Management through a Data Warehousing Approach.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Information Technology (IT) plays a vital role in improving health care systems by enhancing the quality, efficiency, safety, security, collaboration and informing decision making. Dementia, a decline in mental ability which affects memory, concentration and perception, is a key issue in health and social care, given the current context of an aging population. The quality of dementia care is noted as an international area of concern. \nDementia Care Mapping (DCM) is a systematic observational framework for assessing and improving dementia care quality. DCM has been used as both a research and practice development tool internationally. However, despite the success of DCM and the annual generation of a huge amount of data on dementia care quality, it lacks a governance framework, based on modern IT solutions for data management, such a framework would provide the organisations using DCM a systematic way of storing, retrieving and comparing data over time, to monitor progress or trends in care quality. \nData Governance (DG) refers to the implications of policies and accountabilities to data management in an organisation. The data management procedure includes availability, usability, quality, integrity, and security of the organisation data according to their users and requirements. \nThis novel multidisciplinary study proposes a comprehensive solution for governing the DCM data by introducing a data management framework based on a data warehousing approach. Original contributions have been made through the design and development of a data management framework, describing the DCM international database design and DCM data warehouse architecture. These data repositories will provide the acquisition and storage solutions for DCM data. The designed DCM data warehouse facilitates various analytical applications to be applied for multidimensional analysis. Different queries are applied to demonstrate the DCM data warehouse functionality. \nA case study is also presented to explain the clustering technique applied to the DCM data. The performance of the DCM data governance framework is demonstrated in this case study related to data clustering results. Results are encouraging and open up discussion for further analysis.
Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates Maintained Raspberry Growth in an Established Field

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates maintains good red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production while alleviating environmental risks. Although raspberry growers in Washington are using the caneberry nutrient management guides derived from western Oregon, these guides may not be appropriate for other production regions given the differences in climate, soil type, and crop productivity. However, limited research has been conducted to observe the impact of the N fertilizer rate on floricane red raspberry growth, yield, and fruit quality in Washington. The aim of this study is to evaluate the response of “Meeker” floricane red raspberries grown in northwest Washington, USA, to different N fertilizer rates in order to provide information for future local nutrient management guides. Treatments of urea (46% nitrogen (N)) were surface-applied to raised beds of established ‘Meeker’ raspberry plots at controls, low, medium, and high rates (0, 34, 67, and 101 kg N ha−1, respectively) in 2019 and 2020. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block with three replications. Fruit yield and quality, plant growth and leaf tissue nutrient concentrations, and soil characteristics were evaluated. There were no N fertilizer rate treatment effects for the yield, fruit quality, plant growth, leaf tissue nutrient concentrations, and soil characteristics, except for fruit titratable acidity and soil ammonium (NH4-N) concentrations. The lack of a plant response may be due to nutrients mineralized from soil organic matter (3.81–4.0%) and the utilization of plant nutrient reserves. Based on the results, the soil organic matter level and plant nutrient reserves should be considered when making nutrient management suggestions. Fertilizer costs as well as the potential for environmental pollution from excess fertilizers could be reduced through utilizing these two potential sources of nutrients. Furthermore, longer periods of research is warranted to understand how to adjust N fertilizer rates based on plant and soil characteristics while sustaining yields.
Hospital Nursing Workforce Costs, Wages, Occupational Mix,and Resource Utilization

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The objective of the study was to better understand how hospitals use different types of RNs, LPNs, and nurse aides in proprietary (for-profit), nonprofit, and government-owned hospitals and to estimate the wages, cost, and intensity of nursing care using a national data set.This is a cross-sectional observational study of 3,129 acute care hospitals in all 50 states and District of Columbia using data from the 2008 Occupational Mix Survey administered by the Centers for Medicare &Medicaid Services (CMS). Nursing skill mix, hours, and labor costs were combined with other CMS hospital descriptive data, including type of hospital ownership, urban or rural location, hospital beds, and case-mix index.RN labor costs make up 25.5% of all hospital expenditures annually, and all nursing labor costs represent 30.1%, which is nearly a quarter trillion dollars ($216.7 billion) per year for inpatient nursing care. On average, proprietary hospitals employ 1.3 RNs per bed and 1.9 nursing personnel per bed in urban hospitals compared with 1.7 RNs per bed and 2.3 nursing personnel per bed for nonprofit and government-owned hospitals (P G .05). States with higher ratios of RN compared with LPN licenses used fewer LPNs in the inpatient setting.The findings from this study can be helpful in comparing nursing care across different types of hospitals, ownership, and geographic locations and used as a benchmark for future nursing workforce needs and costs.
Face–context integration and trustworthiness evaluation

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Judgements of trustworthiness based on facial features have mainly been investigated by presenting faces in isolation. However, real-life situations often involve contextual cues. Here, we review our work showing that judgements of trustworthiness from faces are influenced by contextual threat. Individuals are judged as less trustworthy when their faces are surrounded by threatening, as opposed to neutral or merely negative, contexts. Delving into the mechanisms underlying face-context integration, our work reveals that the bond between trustworthiness and threat goes beyond mere stimuli congruency, suggesting that threatening contexts alter person evaluation by conveying information of adaptive significance. We propose an inferential approach to face-context integration, where faces and contexts are encoded relationally: modifying this relational encoding, via verbal or emotional cues, results in changes in face-context integration. We conclude by outlining the significance of embracing the impact of contextual cues in shaping impressions from faces.
Effects of Multiple Vocoderization on Consonant Intelligibility

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The diagnostic rhyme test was used to investigate the effects of multiple vocoderization of speech on intelligibility of initial consonants. The results indicate a relation between the discriminability of a particular articulatory feature and its vowel context. Moreover, the nature of this dependency may vary as a function of the manner in which the speech is processed. [Research reported in this paper sponsored (in part) by the U. S. Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, Office of Aerospace Research.]
Moedas sociais

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The social currency is a monetary a sustainable community, which is coupled to a policy of income generation and employment, through training of unskilled workers by ONGS, Associations, by public policy, these coins are created social and managed by the communities themselves, thereby increasing their social and political power. The methodology includes a literature review and participation in loco provided for Mayor from Campina do Monte Alegre, SP, in the year 1992, began a pioneering project and implementation of social currencies and today has over (80) eighty community banks. The logic of social currency and parity as the money is to have the same value for the exchange. Throughout the paper presents the principles and logic of this coin and also some thoughts on currency throughout history.
Detecting Zero-Day Intrusion Attacks Using Semi-Supervised Machine Learning Approaches

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, network intrusion attacks, particularly new unknown attacks referred to as zero-day attacks, have become a global phenomenon. Zero-day network intrusion attacks constitute a frequent cybersecurity threat, as they seek to exploit the vulnerabilities of a network system. Previous studies have demonstrated that zero-day attacks can compromise a network for prolonged periods if network traffic analysis (NTA) is not performed thoroughly and efficiently. NTA plays a crucial role in supporting machine learning (ML) based network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) by monitoring and extracting meaningful information from network traffic data. Network traffic data constitute large volumes of data described by features such as destination-to-source packet count. It is important to use only those features that have a significant impact on the performance of an NIDS. The problem is that most existing ML models for NIDS employ features such as Internet protocol (IP) addresses that are redundant for detecting zero-day attacks and therefore negatively impact the performance of these ML models. The solution proposed in this study demonstrates that the law of anomalous numbers, famously known as Benford’s law, is a viable technique that can effectively identify significant network features that are indicative of anomalous behaviour and can be used for detecting zero-day attacks. Finally, our study illustrates that semi-supervised ML approaches are effective for detecting zero-day attacks if significant features are optimally chosen. The experimental results demonstrate that one-class support vector machines achieved the best results (Matthews correlation coefficient of 74% and F1 score of 85%) for detecting zero-day network attacks.
Optimized UAV object tracking framework based on Integrated Particle filter with ego-motion transformation matrix

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

\nVision based object tracking problem still a hot and important area of research specially when the tracking algorithms are performed by the aircraft unmanned vehicle (UAV). Tracking with the UAV requires special considerations due to the flight maneuvers, environmental conditions and aircraft moving camera. The ego motion calculations can compensate the effect of the moving background resulted from the moving camera. In this paper an optimized object tracking framework is introduced to tackle this problem based on particle filter. It integrates the calculated ego motion transformation matrix with the dynamic model of the particle filter during the prediction stage. Then apply the correction stage on the particle filter observation model which based on two kinds of features includes Haar-like Rectangles and edge orientation histogram (EOH) features. The Gentle AdaBoost classifier is used to select the most informative features as a preliminary step. The experimental results achieved more than 94.6% rate of successful tracking during different scenarios of the VIVID database in real time tracking speed.\n
Maroon, race and gender: Palmares material culture and social relations in a runaway settlement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The colonial system used Africans as slaves in the Americas for different reasons. Slavery never disappeared in Europe and in the late Middle Ages it was taken for granted that some people should be considered as property (res). In the scholarly language of the period, Latin, classical terms, such as instrumentum uocale ('a speaking tool'), were used regularly to refer to what ordinary people in their vernacular languages called slaves, esclaves, schiavi, Sklaven, esclavos, escravos (cf. Carvalho 1987: 109). There was thus no opposition to slavery in late medieval and early modern European Weltanschauungen, and there is no reason to be astonished by its spread into the New World (cf. Varnhagen 1975: 222).
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the dairy goat population from an organic farm

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Protozoal infection of T. gondii is a public health problem and also causes serious economic losses in livestock production in many countries. Farm animals from organic farms are more likely to be infected. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among 50 dairy goats from an organic farm in the northwestern Poland region and to assess the prevalence of parasite DNA in the milk of infected animals. Serological tests performed by direct agglutination of IgG antibodies against T. gondii were positive in 10% of the tested animals. No parasite DNA was detected in the milk from the seropositive goats. However, the number of tested animals was too small to draw significant epidemiological conclusions.