jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Vitamin C and Glycoalkaloids in Organically Grown Potatoes of Novel Varieties

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A study was conducted to examine the vitamin C and total glycoalkaloid (TGA) content of organically grown tubers from eight novel varieties. Potatoes were sampled at harvest and also after two and four months in storage. Organic growing conditions did not appear to have any major effect on either vitamin C or TGA concentrations in the potatoes. Variation between tubers was great enough to eclipse any effects of cultivation system, had they existed. There was not only high variability in vitamin C and TGA content between varieties, but high variability was also seen between individual tubers. Among varieties, significant differences (p≤0.05) were noted over time for all varieties in regard to vitamin C content and for most varieties in regard to TGA content. Vitamin C levels decreased with time in all varieties except Yellow Banana, which actually showed a significant increase during storage. Trends in TGA were not as apparent and varied by cultivar. Some increased or decreased steadily during storage, some changed only during a certain period of storage and some did not change significantly at any time point. The most notable change in TGA content occurred in Cranberry Red, which showed a decrease from a very high initial concentration of 19.70 mg/100g to a much lower level of 9.73 mg/100g after four months.
Stochastic Analysis of a Redundant System with Maximum Repair Time and Priority for Operation over Preventive Maintenance

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The main goal of the present study is to analyze a redundant system by using the concept of priority to operation over Preventive Maintenance (PM) and Maximum Repair Time (MRT). For this purpose, two stochastic models are developed. The concept of MRTis studied in the second model in addition to the assumptions of first model. There is a single server who visits the system immediately as and when required. The server takes the unit under preventive maintenance after a maximum operation time at normal mode if one standby unit is available for operation. If the repair of the failed unit is not possible up to an MRT, failed unit is replaced by new one. The failure time, maximum operation time and MRT distributions of the unit are considered as exponentially distributed while repair and maintenance time distributions are considered as arbitrary. Various measures of system effectiveness are obtained by using the technique of semi-Markov process and RPT. To compare the performance of stochastic models graphs for several reliability measures are drawn.
Periocular Chemotherapy in Palpebral Malignancies: A Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Palpebral malignancy is still a significant health problem and consists of sebaceous gland carcinoma (SGC), basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and malignant melanoma (MM). Although total resection using the Moh micrograph method is standard therapy for these cases, perioral chemotherapy may be an alternative therapy in patients where surgery cannot be performed.Content: Periocular chemotherapy in lid malignancy is recommended in cases that are inhibited or contraindicated for surgery, with obscure tumor margins, with markers of tumor invasion of vascular, lymphatic, nerve, or other orbital structures, signs of relapse after surgery, local pagetoid involvement, sizeable tumor size, and also presented an appearance of diffuse and multifocal tumor on histopathological examination. Choices of local chemotherapeutic agents based on the variety of palpebral malignancy, namely: (1) imiquimod for BCC; (2) mitomycin-C for SGC; (3) cisplatin, doxorubicin, bleomycin, peplomycin, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil for SCC; and (4) Imiquimod for MM. Topical chemotherapy is given to patients using an iodontotherapy method or ophthalmic cream.. More often than not, topical chemotherapy possessed a few side effects that are mild and tolerable and disappear on their own after treatment has finished.Conclusion: Local/periocular chemotherapy for palpebral malignancy is an alternative adjuvant therapy that can be considered, especially in cases where surgery is not possible. Key words: Malignancy, chemotherapy, palpebral, periocular
ORIGINAL ARTICLES EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF PROSTATE CANCER IN THE WESTERN CAPE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Early stage prostate cancer does not cause symptoms, and even metastatic disease may exist for years without causing symptoms or signs. Whereas early stage prostate cancer can be cured with radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy, the prognosis of patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancer is significantly poorer. Objectives. In view of the high incidence of advanced and therefore incurable prostate cancer seen at the oncology clinic of the Department of Urology, Tygerberg Hospital, we started a prostate clinic with the aim of detecting early stage prostate cancer which is potentially curable. A secondary objective was to investigate the question whether there is a higher incidence of prostate cancer among black African men. Patients and methods. Men aged 50- 70 years were invited by means of media communications (newspaper and radio) to attend our prostate clinic for a free physical examination, including a digital rectal examination (DRE) and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) assay. If the DRE was clinically suspicious of malignancy and/or the serum PSA was&gt; 4 ng/ml, the patient was appropriately counselled and referred for transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided sextant prostate biopsy. Results. In the period June 1997- September 1999 a total of 1 056 men attended the prostate clinic. Biopsies were indicated in 160 cases, and were obtained in 114 (71.3%, i.e. 10.8 % of the entire cohort). Prostate cancer was detected on first biopsy in 3.5 % of the entire group of men (in 35.9 % of those with a clinically abnormal DRE, in 41.3 % of those with a serum PSA&gt; 4 ng/ml and in 88.6 % of those with an abnormal DRE and serum PSA&gt; 4 ng/ml. In the 37 men with prostate cancer, the clinical tumour stage was T1- 2 in 83.8 % and T3- 4 in 16.2%. In the dOuP of patients with clinical stage T1- 2 tumours, the treatment was watchful Departmellt of Urology, Ulliversity ofStellenbosch alld Tygerberg Hospital,
Hyperoxic Condition Promotes an Inflammatory Response During Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Rat Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Systemic inflammatory responses in patients receiving cardiac surgery supported by cardiopulmonary bypass ( CPB ) significantly contribute to CPB ‐associated morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that hyperoxia insufflation aggravates the inflammatory responses and organ damage during CPB . To verify this hypothesis, we investigated the inflammatory responses at high and normal levels of arterial pressure of oxygen ( PaO 2 ) in the rat CPB model. Rats were divided into a SHAM group, a hyperoxia CPB group ( PaO 2 > 400 mm Hg ), and a normoxia CPB group ( PaO 2 : 100–150 mm Hg ). We measured the serum cytokine levels of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin ( IL )‐6, and IL ‐10, and biochemical markers (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase) before, 60, and 120 min after the initiation of CPB . We also measured the wet‐to‐dry weight ( W / D ) ratio of the left lung and performed dihydroethidium ( DHE ) stain reflecting superoxide generation in the lung and liver tissues 120 min after the CPB initiation. In the hyperoxia group, the pro‐inflammatory cytokines and biochemical markers significantly increased during the CPB compared with the SHAM , but such increases were significantly suppressed in the normoxia group. However, the increase in anti‐inflammatory cytokines was more suppressed in the hyperoxia group than in the normoxia group. The W / D ratio increased significantly more in the hyperoxia group than in the normoxia group. In addition, the DHE fluorescence predominantly increased in the hyperoxia group compared with that in the normoxia group. These data suggest that it is better to avoid too much oxygen insufflation for attenuating organ damage associated with the superoxide production and inflammatory responses during CPB .
Fecal Amino Acid Analysis Can Discriminate De Novo Treatment‐Naïve Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease From Controls

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Objectives: Endoscopy remains mandatory in the diagnostic work‐up of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but is a costly and invasive procedure. Identification of novel, noninvasive, diagnostic biomarkers remains a priority. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential of fecal amino acid composition as diagnostic biomarker for pediatric IBD. Methods: In this case‐control study, treatment‐naïve, de novo pediatric patients with IBD from two tertiary centers were included. Endoscopic severity of ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) was based on physician global assessment scores, substantiated by levels of fecal calprotectin and C‐reactive protein at study inclusion. Patients were instructed to collect a fecal sample prior to bowel cleansing. Healthy controls (HCs) were recruited from primary schools in the same region. Dedicated amino acid analysis was performed on all samples. Results: Significant differences between 30 IBD patients (15 UC, 15 CD) and 15 age and sex‐matched HCs were found in six amino acids (histidine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, tyrosine, and valine; all area under the curve >0.75 and P < 0.005), displaying higher levels in IBD. When distributing the patients according to type of IBD, a similar spectrum of amino acids differed between UC and HC (histidine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, leucine, valine, and serine), whereas three amino acids were different between CD and HC (histidine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine). Conclusions: Significantly increased levels of six different fecal amino acids were found in patients with IBD compared to controls. Whether these differences reflect decreased absorption or increased loss by inflamed intestines needs to be elucidated.
Variations of middle pulmonary veins with 64 slice CT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Poster: ECR 2011 / C-0387 / Variations of middle pulmonary veins with 64 slice CT by: G. Tekbas, F. Ekici, E. Tekbas, H. Gumus, H. Onder, A. Bilici; Diyarbakir/TR
Platelet activation and inflammation in transgender women using hormone therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The pathophysiological process behind the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in transgender women remains to be elucidated. This exploratory study aimed to investigate whether changes in platelet activation and inflammation after the start of feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) could be a contributing mechanism. Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Methods: Venous blood was collected from 17 transgender women at 0, 12 and 52 weeks after GAHT initiation, consisting of estradiol and testosterone suppression. Platelet activation markers plasma thromboxane B2, Closure Time, CD63, CD62p, platelet-leukocyte complexes and immature platelet fraction were measured. CRP and 11 cytokines were measured as inflammation markers. Results: CD63, CD62p and platelet-leukocyte complexes tended to increase after 12 weeks of GAHT. After 52 weeks, all platelet activation markers showed anti-aggregatory changes. Eight out twelve inflammation markers exhibited a decreasing tendency at week 12. Equivalently, after 52 weeks, eight inflammation markers tended to decrease, seven of which had also exhibited a decrease at week 12. Conclusions: The collective findings suggest that platelet activation fluctuates during feminizing GAHT, exhibiting an initial increase followed by a decrease. Additionally, inflammation markers tend to decrease. Within the scope of this study, we could not identify GAHT induced platelet activation as a definite contributing factor in the increased risk of CVD in transgender women. Studies with larger numbers of participants and longer follow-up duration are needed to further investigate the effect of feminizing gender-affirming hormone therapy on platelet activation and inflammation. Trial registration: EudraCT #2017-003072-31.
Karet KB and jamu: an integrated approach to condom marketing.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The development of an out-of-clinic method for marketing condoms in Indonesia is described. A jamu company (jamu referes to any herbal medicant, many of which are related to sexual activity, whose use is firmly integrated into the Indonesian way of life) was contracted by the private, non-profit Prosperous Indonesia Foundation (YIS) to distribute condoms as a jamu item. The condoms are donated to YIS by the U.S. Agency for International Development, and are retailed at 20 rupees for a package of 3, with a profit of 4 rupees for the retailer. Mobile promotional/sales units are the most effective means for selling the devices. The approach appeals to the cultural and sexual character of the people. The media is used extensively to promote condoms and family planning. Although it is too early to assess the impact of the program, it is anticipated that this novel approach will spread the use of condoms to all areas of Indonesia.
The Effects of Varying Centerline Tube Sampling Disturbance on the Behavior of Reconstituted Clay

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In order to simulate varying degrees of disturbance of soil at the centerline of a tube sampler, triaxial stress and strain path tests have been carried out on normally consolidated and overconsolidated reconstituted London clay specimens. The tests were carried out using an automated system capable of controlling both stresses and deformations imposed on specimens. The specimens were instrumented with local axial and radial strain and mid-plane pore pressure measuring devices. Test results indicate that the most pronounced effects due to imposed tube sampling strains in reconstituted normally consolidated London clay are significant reductions of mean effective stress and undrained small-strain stiffness, which are accompanied by reductions in the excess pore pressure generated during shearing. The higher the magnitudes of tube sampling strains, the greater the change in behavior. In over-consolidated reconstituted London clay, however, laboratory simulation of tube sampling strains together with deviatoric stress relief (i.e., “ideal” sampling) causes little change in effective stress, stiffness, and strength.
Two-dimensional LMS adaptive linear phase filters

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Two-dimensional least mean square (2D LMS) adaptive filters are used in image processing applications for reducing noise. A new two-dimensional LMS algorithm is proposed, in which an additional linear phase constraint is added to the constraints of the existing 2D LMS algorithms. Compared with the conventional algorithms, the results show that the proposed algorithm is much more efficient both in computation time and memory storage.< >
Intravaginal evisceration post-histerectomy. A uncommon case presentation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

I Especialista de I grado en MGI, Especialista de I y II Grados en Ginecologia y Obstetricia. Master en Atencion integral a la mujer. Profesor Instructor del Instituto Superior de Ciencias Medicas de Villa Clara. Hospital Universitario Ginecoobstetrico Mariana Grajales. Santa Clara, Villa Clara. II Especialista de I grado en MGI. Especialista de I y II Grados en Ginecologia y Obstetricia. Master en Atencion integral a la mujer. Profesor Auxiliar del ISCM de Villa Clara. Hospital Universitario Ginecoobstetrico Mariana Grajales. Santa Clara, Villa Clara. III Especialista de I Grado en Ginecologia y Obstetricia. Hospital universitario Ginecoobstetrico Mariana Grajales. Santa Clara, Villa Clara. IV Especialista de I Grado en Ginecologia y Obstetricia. Profesor instructor. Hospital universitario Ginecoobstetrico Mariana Grajales. Santa Clara, Villa Clara.
The neighbourhood context and changes in self-reported ethnic identity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

<p>Although many studies claim that the residential context is an important factor in shaping the ethnic identity of minorities, there are few studies which actually measure this relationship. This study contributes to filling this gap by investigating the relationship between the ethnic composition of neighbourhoods and changes in the self-reported ethnic identity of Russian-speaking minorities living in post-Soviet Estonia. Additionally, we observe Estonians who have changed their ethnic identity to Russian. We used data from the 2000 and 2011 Estonian censuses, which were geo-coded and linked at the individual level, enabling us to follow individuals over time. We estimated multi-level and fixed effects regression models to explore the relationship between the neighbourhood context and changes in ethnic identity. The main results show that ethnic minorities who live in majority-dominated neighbourhoods and regions, are the most likely to change their ethnic identity. We also show that members of the majority population who live in minority-dense neighbourhoods are more likely to change their ethnic identity than other majority group members. The results suggest that opportunities to meet people from other ethnic groups are important in processes of integration and assimilation, and it affects members of the majority and minority population alike.</p>
Cosmic ray intensity variations and the interplanetary magnetic field

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract It is shown that the general characteristics of the cosmic-ray intensity variations can be explained in terms of a large-scale interplanetary magnetic field of predominantly dipole character but containing small-scale irregularities which act as scattering centres. It is suggested that the cosmic-ray data can be taken as evidence for the existence of such a field. The strength of the field, which is generated by current systems in the solar corona, is dependent on the level of solar activity but must in general be in the region of 10-5 to 10-4 gauss at the earth's orbit.
Dissecting protein tyrosine phosphatase signaling by engineered chemogenetic control of its activity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are critical mediators of dynamic cell signaling. A tool capable of identifying transient signaling events downstream of PTPases is essential to understand phosphatase function on a physiological time scale. We report a broadly applicable protein engineering method for allosteric regulation of PTPases. This method enables dissection of transient events and reconstruction of individual signaling pathways. Implementation of this approach for Shp2 phosphatase revealed parallel MAPK and ROCK II dependent pathways downstream of Shp2, mediating transient cell spreading and migration. Furthermore, we show that the N-SH2 domain of Shp2 regulates MAPK-independent, ROCK II-dependent cell migration. Engineered targeting of Shp2 activity to different protein complexes revealed that Shp2-FAK signaling induces cell spreading whereas Shp2-Gab1 or Shp2-Gab2 mediates cell migration. We identified specific transient morphodynamic processes induced by Shp2 and determined the role of individual signaling pathways downstream of Shp2 in regulating these events. Broad application of this approach is demonstrated by regulating PTP1B and PTP-PEST phosphatases.
Discovery of deep-sea acoels from a chemosynthesis-based ecosystem

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Chemosynthesis-based ecosystems such as hydrothermal vents and hydrocarbon seeps harbour various endemic species, each uniquely adapted to the extreme conditions. While some species rely on obligatory relationships with bacterial symbionts for nutrient uptake, scavengers and predators also play important roles in food web dynamics in these ecosystems. Acoels, members of the phylum Xenacoelomorpha, are simple, worm-like invertebrates found in marine environments worldwide but are scarcely understood taxa. This study presents a novel genus and species of acoel from a deep-sea hydrocarbon seep off Hatsushima, Japan, Hoftherma hatsushimaensis gen. et sp. nov. Our multi-locus phylogenetic analysis revealed that the acoels are nested within Hofsteniidae, a family previously known exclusively from shallow waters. This finding suggests that at least two independent colonization events occurred in the chemosynthesis-based environments from the phylum Xenoacoelomorpha, represented by hofsteniid acoels and Xenoturbella . Previous reports of hofsteniid species from low-oxygen and sulfide-rich environments, including intertidal habitats with decomposing leaves, in addition to H. hatsushimaensis gen. et sp. nov. from a deep-sea hydrocarbon seep, imply a common ancestral adaptation to sulfide-rich ecosystems within Hofsteniidae. Moreover, the sister relationship between solenofilomorphid acoels predominating in sulfide-rich habitats indicates common ancestral adaptation to sulfide-rich ecosystems between these two families.
Online identification and adaptation of LNT models for improved emission control in lean burn automotive engines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the absence of online emission measurements, the control of lean burn engine after treatment system is often done in a feedforward fashion based on models of feed gas emissions and the after-treatment subsystems. When the ambient conditions (such as humidity) change or the engine components age, these models are no longer accurate, and the performance of the control system that relies on these models may deteriorate. In this paper, we show how the parameters of a lean NOx trap (LNT) model can be identified online using a conventional switching exhaust gas oxygen sensor to improve robustness of the after treatment control system.
Hybrid Membrane with SnS<sub>2</sub> Nanoplates Decorated\nNitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanofibers as Binder-Free Electrodes with Ultrahigh\nSulfur Loading for Lithium Sulfur Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Lithium\nsulfur batteries have been regarded as promising energy\nstorage devices due to their superiority in energy density. However,\nthe low sulfur loading, low active material utilization, and poor\ncycling stability restrict their commercial applications. Herein,\nwe prepared a three-dimensional structure of SnS<sub>2</sub> nanoplates\ndecorated on nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers (3D SnS<sub>2</sub>@N-CNFs)\nby an electrospinning process followed by a hydrothermal technique.\nThe 3D free-standing SnS<sub>2</sub>@N-CNFs were applied as the current\ncollector and polymeric binder containing a Li<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub> catholyte for lithium polysulfide batteries. The obtained SnS<sub>2</sub>@N-CNFs show the strong physicochemical adsorption of polysulfides\nand can effectively reduce the electrochemical polarization. The cell\nwith SnS<sub>2</sub>@N-CNFs exhibits high electrochemical performance.\nAs a result, SnS<sub>2</sub>@N-CNFs with high sulfur loading of approximately\n7.11 mg displayed the first discharge capacity of 1010 mAh g<sup>–1</sup> at 0.2 C with 0.08% capacity decay per cycle over 150 cycles. Meanwhile,\nthe electrode with sulfur loading up to 22.65 mg also exhibits an\nextremely high capacity of 14.67 mAh, much higher than commonly presented\nblade-cast sulfur electrodes. The fibrous membrane is promising for\nassembling with high sulfur loading, which exhibits a superior electrochemical\nperformance in lithium sulfur batteries.