jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the tightness of fuel elements in pressurized water reactors during operation and fuel element exchange

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

From international nuclear industries fair; Basel, Switzerland (16 Oct 1972). Based on the operating experience gained at the Beznau Nuclear Power Plant, criteria are established and discussed which would allow the operator to evaluate the performance of the fuel in reference to fuel leakage during operation. Furthermore a method offering the possibility to approximately locate defective fuel elements during operation is given. Finally a review of the fuel element sipping methods used up to now during refueling is presented and a new method developed and tested at the Beznau Plant including the sipping results obtained is described. (auth)
Do Denizens Represent Denizens? A Case of Foreigners’ Council in Frankfurt

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article fills a gap in existing research by focusing on the political representation of denizens—legal residents not holding citizenship of the country and thus generally excluded from legislative politics. The empirical research on the effects of the presence of under-represented groups in representative bodies indicates that “who represents” (descriptive) is as important as “what is being represented” (substantive). In this article, we analyze the extent to which an elected body of denizens (KAV) in the German city of Frankfurt provides a descriptive and substantive representation. We find that in Frankfurt, the body elected by denizens to represent denizens does not represent denizens. In providing inference about the descriptive and substantive representation of denizens in KAV, our research contributes to broadening the study of representation by focusing on an understudied group, non-traditional venues, and claim-making as a form of representative politics.
Reframing instrumentality: from New Public Management to New Public Governance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article examines how cultural policies focused on Democratisation of Culture and Cultural Democracy are affected by different public administration regimes, namely New Public Management (NPM) and New Public Governance (NPG). The NPM era saw a focus on performance measurement and goal setting in the pursuit of democratizing culture, while the NPG expects cultural institutions to take responsibility for widening access through projects involving non-users and NGOs. Cultural Democracy policies experienced an increase in demands for documented impacts under NPM, while the NPG emphasized participatory decision-making, and for cultural institutions to “do good”. The article argues that NPG changes the appearance of instrumentality. In the era of NPG, actors in the field of culture 1) are expected to explore their own potential for innovation, 2) are expected to contribute on equal terms with other public institutions to the solution of society’s pressing problems, and 3) experience a trend where cultural work is framed as doing good or creating change. This situation makes it difficult to identify and criticize instrumentality. The NPG conceals the disadvantages of instrumental cultural policy and makes it difficult to question it. The NPG reframes instrumentality as something that should be taken for granted, something positive, and because it is initiated from below, something that is not even recognizable as instrumental cultural policy.
Eutrophication Assessment Based on the Cloud Matter Element Model

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Eutrophication has become one of the most serious problems threatening the lakes/reservoirs in China over 50 years. Evaluation of eutrophication is a multi-criteria decision-making process with uncertainties. In this study, a cloud matter element (CME) model was developed in order to evaluate eutrophication level objectively and scientifically, which incorporated the randomness and fuzziness of eutrophication evaluation process. The elements belonging to each eutrophication level in the CME model were determined by means of certainty degrees through repeated simulations of cloud model with reasonable parameters of expectation Ex, entropy En, and hyper-entropy He. The weights of evaluation indicators were decided by a combination of entropy technology and analytic hierarchy process method. The neartudes of water samples to each eutrophication level of lakes/reservoirs in the CME model were generated and the eutrophication levels were determined by maximum neartude principal. The proposed CME model was applied to evaluate eutrophication levels of 24 typical lakes/reservoirs in China. The results of the CME model were compared with those of comprehensive index method, matter element model, fuzzy matter element model, and cloud model. Most of the results obtained by the CME model were consistent with the results obtained by other methods, which proved the CME model is an effective tool to evaluate eutrophication.
Comparison of remote extracochlear versus intracochlear recordings in guinea pig

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Current techniques in human electrocochleography often rely upon recordings at sites quite remote from the origins of the recorded responses. There is presently little detailed information concerning the extent to which the appearance of the cochlear electrical responses are altered by volume conduction to remote sites such as the ear canal. A comparative study was made of the whole-nerve action potential (AP) recorded from a wire electrode placed on the eardrum (TM) in the guinea pig [analogous to the technique used in humans by Cullen et al., Acta-Otolaryngal. 74, 15–22 (1972)] and an intracochlear electrode placed in scala tympani of the first turn (ST1). For purposes of comparison, an additional electrode was often placed in scala tympani of the third turn (ST3). Cochlear microphonics (CM) and summating potentials (SP) were also studied. It was consistently observed that in the TM recording the N2 of the AP is proportionally larger in relation to the N1 magnitude than in the ST1 recording. However, N2 was proportionally less in the ST3 recording. The expected decreased sensitivity at the TM site was observed in all responses, typically on the order of 40 dB. While the TM-recorded CM and SP behaved similar to the ST1-recorded responses, the former did not mimick the latter in every respect. Thus, significant volume conduction effects are operant in remote extracochlear recordings. For the AP significant volume conduction effects appear even within the small dimensions of the cochlea.
The Fourth Industrial Revolution in the Context of Regional Development: Trends and Constraints

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Using the example of the Southern Federal District, this article offers a multifaceted, comprehensive study of the trends and constraints of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in Russia’s regions, and prescribes practical recommendations for how Russia’s regions may adapt to the technological shift occurring in the world. The methodology of the study is based on an integrated-comparative analysis of the strategic development of the regions of the Southern Federal District during Russia’s transition to a digital economy. As part of the study, a sociological survey of 547 respondents was conducted on the topic of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Two new species and additional records of the genus Geostiba Thomson, 1858 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae) from Turkey

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this study, two new species are described from Anatolia, Turkey and illustrated: Geostiba (Tropogastrosipalia) yamani sp. n. (Tokat province) and G. (T.) sinananlasi sp. n. (Sivas province). These two new species are compared to closely related species, G. priva Assing and G. solodovnikovi Assing. The distribution of these species is mapped, and an identification key of these species is provided. Additional records for six species are presented.
Deep Fusion: Efficient Network Training via Pre-trained Initializations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, deep learning has made remarkable progress in a wide range of domains, with a particularly notable impact on natural language processing tasks. One of the challenges associated with training deep neural networks in the context of LLMs is the need for large amounts of computational resources and time. To mitigate this, network growing algorithms offer potential cost savings, but their underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We present two notable contributions in this paper. First, we present Deep Fusion, an efficient approach to network training that leverages pre-trained initializations of smaller networks. Second, we propose a theoretical framework using backward error analysis to illustrate the dynamics of mid-training network growth. Our experiments show how Deep Fusion is a practical and effective approach that not only accelerates the training process but also reduces computational requirements, maintaining or surpassing traditional training methods' performance in various NLP tasks and T5 model sizes. Finally, we validate our theoretical framework, which guides the optimal use of Deep Fusion, showing that with carefully optimized training dynamics, it significantly reduces both training time and resource consumption.
Nutrient Availability under Lettuce Grown in Rye Mulch in Histosols

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Vegetable crop production, which is expanding worldwide, is managed extremely intensively and is therefore raising concerns about soil degradation. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of using rye mulch as a conservation practice on nutrient availability for lettuce grown in histosols. The rye cover crop was established in the fall of 2018 at two cultivated peatland sites. The following summer, lettuce crops were planted at both sites on the rye mulch cover and on control plots. Lysimeters were used to extract the soil solution once a week during lettuce growth. Various soil properties were analyzed in the soil sampled at the end of the lettuce growing season. The rye yield was higher at site 1 than at site 2 and the lettuce growth was reduced at site 1 under the rye mulch treatment. The rye mulch reduced mineral N and dissolved organic N availability at both sites. The N dynamics in histosols might be fast enough to supply the lettuce needs; however, the implantation difficulties must first be overcome to confirm that hypothesis. At the end of the lettuce growth period, soil total and active C pools and soluble organic soil N in the rye mulch treatment sample were significantly higher at site 1 than at site 2. The presence of rye mulch improved the carbon pool over a single growing season. The use of rye mulch as a soil conservation practice for vegetable crop production appears promising for histosols; however, more work is needed to gain a better understanding on the long-term effects of decomposing rye mulch and roots on soil nutrient availability, soil health and C sequestration, and on the nitrogen uptake pathways and growth of cash crops. Future works which would include consecutive years of study at multiple sites are also needed to be able to confirm and generalize the observations found in the present work.
Pseudo Transfer with Marginalized Corrupted Attribute for Zero-shot Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Zero-shot learning (ZSL) aims to recognize unseen classes that are excluded from training classes. ZSL suffers from 1) Zero-shot bias (Z-Bias) --- model is biased towards seen classes because unseen data is inaccessible for training; 2) Zero-shot variance (Z-Variance) --- associating different images to same semantic embedding yields large associating error. To reduce Z-Bias, we propose a pseudo transfer mechanism, where we first synthesize the distribution of unseen data using semantic embeddings, then we minimize the mismatch between the seen distribution and the synthesized unseen distribution. To reduce Z-Variance, we implicitly corrupted one semantic embedding multiple times to generate image-wise semantic vectors, with which our model learn robust classifiers. Lastly, we integrate our Z-Bias and Z-variance reduction techniques with a linear ZSL model to show its usefulness. Our proposed model successfully overcomes the Z-bias and Z-variance problems. Extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets including ImageNet-1K demonstrate that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods with fast training.
Purification and characterization of Aspergillus japonicus lipase from a pig fat production medium

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Aspergillus japonicus lipase was purified to homogeneity by Q-Sepharose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 43 KDa in SDS-PAGE. Purified A. japonicus lipase had a specific activity of 480 U/mg protein. The purification magnitude was 3.44 and the total yield was 4.53%. Purified A. japonicus lipase had an optimum pH of 7.5 while the optimum temperature was 40°C. Metal ions such as MnCl2 and CoCl2 exhibited an inhibitory effect on the enzyme. The enzyme displayed substrate specificity for ρ-nitrophenyl palmitate. The enzyme was stable in two organic solvents-methanol and acetone. An-ionic detergent, SDS inhibited its activity.
Learning in a demand chain management framework: directions for business education

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The claim is made that many of today's evolutions in business management, characterised by new ways of knowledge creation in a collaborative, multi-disciplinary environment, are not yet adequately reflected in business college education. This paper addresses some emerging educational needs and approaches along dimensions of demand chain management, dynamic performance measurement (both in business and university settings), and a cross-functional approach to learning. Furthermore, a need was identified to expose business students to modern business software interfaces, and a critical analysis of the underlying methodologies used in these systems. The paper then identifies a number of evolving automated information sharing capabilities, which, through the creation of knowledge-based networks of partners, can be deployed in the business educational process.
Effects of milk and cream residual contents in beverage carton packaging used for recycling

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Milk and cream are often sold in beverage carton packaging. After use, the unconsumed liquid residues and adhering content remain in this packaging. These food residues end up in the recycling cycle, where they pose troubles in the aqueous processing. The aim of this empirical study was to quantify milk and cream residues in beverage carton packaging from recycling streams. 949 recovered cartons that had been filled with milk or cream and consumed in Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic were analyzed by gravimetric measurement. For 1-liter cartons, the mean value of the residual quantity was 6.6 g residue for every liter filling quantity, with a range of 1.0 to 71.9 g/L. This corresponds to 0.66% residual quantity by mass, with an assumed density of 1.0 g/cm³. Considering a mean value for all the carton weights with residual quantity of 35.8 g for 1-liter cartons, here some cartons without closures, and 29.2 g without residual quantity, this results in a packaging material content of 81% by mass for recycling. The rest is food waste that ends up in the recycling stream. This can be a task for packaging designers to further improve easy-to-empty solutions.
Effective adsorption of phosphate using a Mg–Al–La composite from synthetic/real wastewater: adsorptive behaviour, column tests and economic evaluation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The present study utilised an adsorbent that integrates Mg with Al and La (i.e. MAL composite) to remove low-concentration phosphate from wastewater. The adsorption properties of MAL were identified through batch experiments of phosphate removal, in which the impacts of influencing factors such as initial pH and reaction time on the phosphate adsorption by MAL adsorbent were explored. Besides, the thermodynamics and kinetics were also investigated, where the phosphate adsorption follows the pseudo-second-order kinetics, indicating that chemisorption and internal diffusion control dominate the phosphate removal. Dynamic phosphate removal by MAL adsorbent was investigated using a fixed-bed column at different adsorbent particle sizes, flow rates and temperatures, in which the breakthrough curves were simulated. The phosphate removal by MAL adsorbent was examined at practical wastewater treatment, which achieves high efficiency and thus provides a preliminary basis for the commercial use of the adsorbent. Apart from this, the techno-economic analysis of phosphate adsorption was also conducted.
Deconstructing Methanosarcina acetivorans into an acetogenic archaeon

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Significance The reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) pathway is the only carbon fixation pathway that can also be used for energy conservation like it is known for acetogenic bacteria. In methanogenic archaea, this pathway is extended with one route toward acetyl-CoA formation for anabolism and another route toward methane formation for catabolism. Which of these traits is ancestral in evolution has not been resolved. By diverging virtually all substrate carbon from methanogenesis to flow through acetyl-CoA, Methanosarcina acetivorans can be converted to an acetogenic organism. Being able to deconstruct methanogenic into the seemingly simpler acetogenic energy metabolism provides compelling evidence that methanogens are not nearly as metabolically limited as previously thought and suggests that methanogenesis might have evolved from the acetyl-CoA pathway.
Analisis Framing Pemberitaan Online Amsakar Achmad sebagai Calon Walikota Batam Potensial pada Media Online Batampos.co.id dan Batamnews.co.id

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to identify and analyze the framing used by BatamPos.co.id and BatamNews.co.id in their coverage of Amsakar Achmad as a candidate for Mayor of Batam, compare the framing employed by these two media outlets, and assess the impact of such framing on public perception. This qualitative research utilizes framing analysis based on framing theory. Primary data consists of news articles from BatamPos.co.id and BatamNews.co.id published during the period of May-June 2024. Secondary data is derived from literature related to framing theory and previous studies. Data collection was conducted through purposive sampling, and analysis was performed by identifying main themes, categorizing the news coverage, and evaluating the impact of framing on public perception. The analysis reveals that the framing of news about Amsakar Achmad on BatamPos.co.id tends to emphasize strong political support, popularity, and Amsakar’s concrete visions and programs. In contrast, BatamNews.co.id focuses more on Amsakar’s direct interactions with the public, local community support, and political communication. Both media construct a positive image of Amsakar, albeit with different approaches. BatamPos.co.id creates the perception that Amsakar is a strong candidate with solid political backing and a clear plan for Batam’s progress, while BatamNews.co.id portrays Amsakar as a leader who is close to the people, adaptive, and collaborative. This research provides insights into how media framing can influence public perception of political candidates.
Self-similar wave breaking in dispersive Korteweg-de Vries hydrodynamics

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We discuss the problem of breaking of a nonlinear wave in the process of its propagation into a medium at rest. It is supposed that the profile of the wave is described at the breaking moment by the function (−x)1/n (x&lt;0, positive pulse) or −x1/n (x&gt;0, negative pulse) of the coordinate x. Evolution of the wave is governed by the Korteweg-de Vries equation resulting in the formation of a dispersive shock wave. In the positive pulse case, the dispersive shock wave forms at the leading edge of the wave structure and in the negative pulse case, at its rear edge. The dynamics of dispersive shock waves is described by the Whitham modulation equations. For power law initial profiles, this dynamics is self-similar and the solution of the Whitham equations is obtained in a closed form for arbitrary n&gt;1.
The effect of inhaling lavender on hemodialysis patient’s anxiety

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Anxiety increases numerous physical problems of hemodialysis patients due to physiological changes of the whole body system. If anxiety disorders of hemodialysis patients is not treated, biochemical reactions will happen due to adrenaline increase which have negative effects on their treatment. Materials and method This is a random witnessed clinical trial study which was carried out in 1394. Its population included hemodialysis patients in Khatam Al Anbia and Imam Ali hospitals in Zahedan. 35 patients were selected by sampling formula and 35 others as witnesses. Szpillburger standard questionnaire was used to gather the data. Only the qualified patients were included in the study. They had inhaled the lavender for 20 minutes once a month and their anxiety was measured both before and after the study. Findings Results of the study indicated that there is a significant difference between state and trait anxiety marks in examined groups according to one sided variance analysis (P=0.001) Results: Considering the anxiety complications, this study recommends aromatherapy with lavender essence as a preferred non-pharmacological treatment. © 2016, International Journal of Pharmacy and Technology. All rights reserved.
Use and impact of point-of-care ultrasonography in general practice: a prospective observational study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives To describe how general practitioners (GPs) use point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) and how it influences the diagnostic process and treatment of patients. Design Prospective observational study using an online questionnaire before and after POCUS. Setting Office-based general practice. Participants Twenty GPs consecutively recruited all patients examined with POCUS in 1 month. Primary and secondary outcome measures We estimated the use of POCUS through the indication for use, the frequency of use, the time consumption, the extent of modification of the examination and the findings. The influence on the diagnostic process was estimated through change in the tentative diagnoses, change in confidence, the ability to produce ultrasound images and the relationship between confidence and organs scanned or tentative diagnoses. The influence of POCUS on patient treatment was estimated through change in plan for the patient, change in patient’s treatment and the relationship between such changes and certain findings. Results The GPs included 574 patients in the study. POCUS was used in patient consultations with a median frequency of 8.6% (IQR: 4.9–12.6). Many different organs were scanned covering more than 100 different tentative diagnoses. The median time taken to perform POCUS was 5 min (IQR: 3–8). Across applications and GPs, POCUS entailed a change in diagnoses in 49.4% of patients; increased confidence in a diagnosis in 89.2% of patients; a change in the management plan for 50.9% of patients including an absolute reduction in intended referrals to secondary care from 49.2% to 25.6%; and a change in treatment for 26.5% of patients. Conclusions The clinical utilisation of POCUS was highly variable among the GPs included in this study in terms of the indication for performing POCUS, examined scanning modalities and frequency of use. Overall, using POCUS altered the GPs’ diagnostic process and clinical decision-making in nearly three out of four consultations. Trial registration number NCT03375333 .