jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Arenita Huber & Carvalho 2019, gen. n.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Arenita Huber & Carvalho gen. n. Type species. Arenita fazendinha sp. n. Etymology. The genus name is derived from the Latin arena = sand, and refers to the small size of the type species comparable to a grain of sand; gender feminine. Diagnosis/Description. See diagnosis and description of single known species below. Notes. The recent molecular phylogeny of Pholcidae (Eberle et al. 2018) placed this genus/species as sister to an undescribed species from Argentina (“Gen.n. MACN270”), and both among ‘basal’ Modisiminae. However, relationships among ‘basal’ Modisiminae were poorly resolved, so the closest relatives of Arenita (beyond “Gen.n. MACN270”) remain unknown. The new species described below and “Gen.n. MACN270” are unusual among Modisiminae in lacking an apophysis on the male palpal coxa, in having the PME and ALE very close together, in lacking a thoracic furrow; and in having the plesiomorphic set of ALS spigots (i.e. with 7–8 spigots on each ALS, see below; this character was not studied in “Gen.n. MACN270”). The latter character is only shared by the mysterious genus Priscula Simon, 1893 (Huber 2000), whose position within Modisiminae is far from clear (Huber et al. 2018). At the same time, Arenita fazendinha has several highly distinctive characters (see diagnosis below) that are not present in “Gen.n. MACN270”, justifying the creation of a new monotypic genus. The undescribed species “Gen.n. MACN270” will be treated in a separate paper together with further undescribed congeneric species present in Argentinean collections (M.A. Izquierdo, unpubl. data).
The Quest for Restoration of the African Renaissance through Indigenous African Music and Globalisation: A Case Study of South Africa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Rooted in the philosophy of Ubuntu, this article contends that the revival of indigenous South African music transcends mere cultural revitalisation; it emerges as a transformative force for community empowerment. Through the cultivation of creativity, the bridging of generational divides, and the nurturing of a profound sense of belonging, Ubuntu reaffirms the intrinsic worth of everyone’s contribution to the collective cultural legacy. The African Renaissance, a dynamic movement dedicated to rejuvenating Africa’s cultural, political, and economic identity, finds its heartbeat in the resurgence of indigenous African music. This article embarks on an in-depth exploration of this study, focusing on a case study of South Africa. Employing a qualitative content analysis methodology, the study draws from a comprehensive array of scholarly sources including articles, book chapters, and theses. In doing so, this articlenot only contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex interplay between cultural preservation and community empowerment but also underscores the enduring spirit and cultural richness of the African continent. This article provides valuable insights for scholars, practitioners, and policymakers engaged in the broader discourse on the African Renaissance and the pivotal role of indigenous music within it. This article concludes by mentioning that the quest for the restoration of the African Renaissance through indigenous South African music is a testament to the enduring spirit of the nation. It is evident that by embracing globalisation without compromising authenticity, South Africa exemplifies how a nation can reclaim its narrative and make meaningful contributions to the global cultural mosaic. Keywords: African Renaissance, Cultural Revitalisation, Globalisation, Indigenous African Music, Ubuntu
Ingroup identification moderates stereotype change in reaction to ingroup deviance

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract An experiment (N = 98) investigated the moderating effect of ingroup identification on reactions to deviant ingroup members. We measured psychology students' level of identification with the group ‘psychologists’ and presented them with information about either a normative or deviant psychologist. Participants completed an ingroup stereotype measure either before or after reading about and evaluating the target psychologist. High identifiers expressed a more positive stereotype of the ingroup after, compared to before, reading about a deviant ingroup member. High identifiers also expressed a more positive stereotype of the ingroup after reading about a deviant than after reading about a normative ingroup member. By contrast, low identifiers' stereotype judgements were relatively unaffected by the target information. The target evaluation ratings indicate that high identifiers were more positive than low identifiers towards the normative ingroup member, but were more negative than low identifiers towards the deviant. The results point to the greater motivational demands on high identifiers to maintain a positive image of the group. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unlocking AI Creativity: A Multi-Agent Approach with CrewAI

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

By automating processes that traditionally require human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, and problem-solving, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed many industries. Even with these developments, System 1 thinking is quick, providing instinctive reactions, while System 2 thinking entails thorough analysis and reasoned decision-making. AI systems still have a long way to go before they can replicate System 2 thinking—deliberate, analytical, and essential for managing complex problems. This study investigates how Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) integrate System 2 thinking into AI, concentrating on CrewAI, a no-code framework designed to improve AI creativity and decision-making. Unlike TensorFlow Agents and OpenAI’s Gym, which are limited to single-agent reinforcement learning, CrewAI excels in handling multi-agent, real-world tasks through collaboration. This study explores practical applications of CrewAI, such as intelligent grid management, automated customer support, and advertising. These examples highlight how CrewAI promotes AI creativity and problem-solving through cooperative agent interactions, leveraging System 2 thinking. Problems like scalability and coordination are also addressed, with solutions such as dynamic role assignment and hierarchical task management. In summary, the integration of System 2 thinking into MAS frameworks like CrewAI signifies progress toward creating intelligent, dependable AI systems capable of tackling the complexities of real-world problems.
COVID-19-associated autoimmune encephalitis: A case report and literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rationale: This article reports a case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19)-associated autoimmune encephalitis (AE) and reviews the relevant literature to investigate the clinical manifestations, auxiliary inspection, diagnosis and treatment, and prognosis of AE associated with COVID-19. Patient concerns: A 68-year-old female with fatigue developed altered consciousness after 2 days of fever, thereafter testing positive for COVID-19. The protein levels in the lumbar puncture cerebrospinal fluid were elevated, and cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan indicated T2-weighted hyperintensity in the temporal lobe. Diagnoses: The patient was diagnosed with COVID-19-associated AE. Interventions: After admission, the patient received pulse steroid therapy with methylprednisolone. Additionally, gastric protection, blood glucose control, nutritional support, and other treatments were administered. Outcomes: The s ymptoms were significantly relieved by steroid pulse therapy. At the 3-month follow-up, the patient had recovered completely without any obvious discomfort. Lessons: The possibility of AE should be considered if neurological symptoms occur a few days after infection with COVID-19, with early diagnosis and immediate steroid pulse therapy resulting in better outcomes.
PIB-based block copolymer with a segment having alternating sequence of leucine and alanine side-chain pendants

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A family of block copolymers with a hydrophobic polyisobutylene segment and another segment with an alternating sequence of tert-butoxy carbonyl (Boc)-leucine containing maleimide unit and Boc-alanine containing styrene unit was synthesized using a combination of living cationic and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerizations. After successful deprotection of the Boc-groups from the pendant amino acids, the block copolymers become amphiphilic with free –NH3+ and –COOH functionalities in an alternating fashion in the poly(maleimide-alt-styrene) segment. The alternating sequence of leucine and alanine pendants throughout the second segment of the block copolymer chain was investigated systematically using NMR spectroscopy. In the pH range of 2–9, the deprotected copolymers showed pH-induced transformation of polymeric self-assemblies with critical aggregation concentrations ∼28 and ∼30 mg/L at pH 2 and pH 9, respectively. The pH-induced morphological transformation was well evidenced by 1H NMR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. Additionally, these block copolymeric self-assemblies were studied for delivery applications at different pH, using Nile red as a model hydrophobic dye molecule.
Research Paper: Evaluation of Periodontal Bony Lesions in the Iranian Population

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of periodontal bony lesions in radiographs in the Iranian population. Materials and Methods:In this analytical cross-sectional study, 440 radiographic images of patients aged 15-60 years were selected based on the study’s inclusion criteria. Two researchers evaluated all radiographs and recorded patient age, gender, and bone-related lesions (horizontal , vertical and furca involvement) in a checklist. Chi-square test was used for data analysis. (α=0.05). Results: 273 images (62.05%) had no lesions and 167 images (37.95%) had lesions. In the 167 examined images, a total of 845 bone lesions were observed . The highest frequency was in horizontal lesions in the anterior mandible and central incisor teeth and the lowest type of lesion was related to vertical lesions in the posterior mandible and in the third molar (P<0.001). The most types of bone lesions; Based on the type of tooth, was related to horizontal lesions in the lateral incisor and the lowest type of lesion was related to vertical lesions in the first premolar tooth (P<0.001). Based on restoration, the most related to horizontal lesions in amalgam and the least related to vertical lesions and furca in veneer (P<0.001). Based on the contact status, the most was related to horizontal lesions in open contact and the least was related to vertical lesions (P<0.001). Conclusion:Based on this study, there is a significant association between the type of periodontal bony lesion and involved teeth, restoration type, contact status, presence of calculus on radiographs.
High frequency glow discharges at atmospheric pressure with micro-structured electrode arrays

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Micro-structured electrode (MSE) arrays allow the generation of large-area uniform glow discharges over a wide pressure range up to atmospheric pressure. The electrode widths, thicknesses and distances in the micrometre range are realized by means of modern micro-machining and galvanic techniques. The electrode distance, the gap width d, is small enough to generate sufficiently high electric field strengths to ignite gas discharges by applying only moderate radio frequency (RF, 13.56 MHz) voltages (80–390 V in Ne, He, Ar, N2 and air). The non-thermal plasma system is characterized by a special probe measuring the electric parameters. We tested MSE arrays with d = 70, 25 and 15 µm. The MSE driven plasmas show a different behaviour from conventional RF discharge plasmas. Due to the very small electrode gap width we can describe the behaviour of the charged particles in the RF field of our system with the dc Townsend breakdown theory, depending on the pressure range and gas. With decreasing pressure, the gas discharges, especially in Ne and He, are increasingly dominated by field electron emission. With the MSE arrays as plasma sources several applications were developed and successfully tested, e.g. decomposition of waste gases and sterilization of food packaging materials at atmospheric pressure.
HPCA confirmed as a genetic cause of DYT2‐like dystonia phenotype

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: HPCA (hippocalcin) is one of the underlying genetic causes of autosomal‐recessively inherited forms of dystonia. Here, we describe two consanguineous Turkish DYT‐HPCA families carrying the novel HPCA mutations. Methods: After detailed clinical and neurological examination, whole‐exome sequencing was performed. Results: Whole‐exome sequencing analysis revealed two homozygous novel truncating mutations (p.W103* and p.P10PfsTer80) in the HPCA gene in two unrelated Turkish dystonia families presenting with complex dystonia. Conclusions: After identification of HPCA as a genetic cause of DYT‐HPCA ‐like dystonia by Charlesworth et al, this is the second report in the scientific literature that describes dystonia families harboring HPCA mutations. Our findings confirm that HPCA leads to recessively inherited dystonia. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Measuring Housing Affordability in the Philippines

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study evaluates housing affordability using other methods beyond the standard 30 percent income benchmark. By employing the Housing Affordability Index, which considers median family income and average housing prices, the authors find that most Filipino households are income-constrained in purchasing homes. Using the residual income method alongside the 30 percent income standard reveals that the latter overestimates affordability for poorer households, with housing stress particularly evident among low-income groups. The study highlights that socialized and economic housing projects are increasingly situated on the urban fringes, limiting housing options for low- and middle-income households in cities. With residential prices outpacing income growth, the government faces two key objectives: improving housing conditions for poor and vulnerable households and curbing speculative increases in property prices. Proposed solutions include innovative housing interventions and regulatory measures to control property market speculation and ensure affordability.
Biological control of Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata on sugar beet with Bacillus pumilus SS-10.7 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (SS-12.6 and SS-38.4) strains

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The findings of biocontrol of sugar beet emerging pathogen will contribute to growers in terms of alternative disease control management. This study represents first assessment of biological control of P. syringae pv. aptata.
Phylogeny and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 during Delta and Omicron variant waves in India

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SARS-CoV-2 evolution has continued to generate variants, responsible for new pandemic waves locally and globally. Varying disease presentation and severity has been ascribed to inherent variant characteristics and vaccine immunity. This study analyzed genomic data from 305 whole genome sequences from SARS-CoV-2 patients before and through the third wave in India. Delta variant was reported in patients without comorbidity (97%), while Omicron BA.2 was reported in patients with comorbidity (77%). Tissue adaptation studies brought forth higher propensity of Omicron variants to bronchial tissue than lung, contrary to observation in Delta variants from Delhi. Study of codon usage pattern distinguished the prevalent variants, clustering them separately, Omicron BA.2 isolated in February grouped away from December strains, and all BA.2 after December acquired a new mutation S959P in ORF1b (44.3% of BA.2 in the study) indicating ongoing evolution. Loss of critical spike mutations in Omicron BA.2 and gain of immune evasion mutations including G142D, reported in Delta but absent in BA.1, and S371F instead of S371L in BA.1 could explain very brief period of BA.1 in December 2021, followed by complete replacement by BA.2. Higher propensity of Omicron variants to bronchial tissue, probably ensured increased transmission while Omicron BA.2 became the prevalent variant possibly due to evolutionary trade-off. Virus evolution continues to shape the epidemic and its culmination.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Insights on the Physical State Reached by an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient upon High-Energy Milling B

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We study the physicochemical transformations of crystalline quinidine upon high-energy milling. The investigations have been achieved by classical, high performance, and fast scanning calorimetry combined with broadband dielectric spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. As evolution of crystalline quinidine with time of milling revealed a prominent sub-Tg cold-crystallization phenomenon, independent and complementary analytical techniques were implemented. Fast scanning calorimetry was performed for the first time on a milled pharmaceutical compound to postpone the crystallization event to higher temperatures. These fast thermal analyses allowed one to spotlight a genuine glass transition event. In addition, an aging experiment on the milled powder revealed a clear structural relaxation testifying to the presence of a glassy fraction in the milled sample. Last, dielectric analysis of milled quinidine disclosed the presence of localized and delocalized molecular mobility characteristics of glasses. Results for samples obtained by two distinct amorphization routes, vitrification and high-energy milling, indicate that amorphous fraction in milled quinidine behaves the same way as melt-quenched quinidine. These above-mentioned techniques proved their relevancy and efficiency to characterize milled quinidine, and fast scanning calorimetry in particular appears a promising screening tool for disordered systems.
Developing Assessment Instruments of PISA Model to Measure Students’ Problem-Solving Skills and Scientific Literacy in Junior High Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims at producing an assessment instrument of the PISA model to measure students’ problem-solving skills and scientific literacy in junior high schools that are valid, practical, and having potential effects. This research employed the design of development studies. The analysis used the Item Response Theory (IRT) Rasch model based on the junior high school students' responses to the developed PISA assessment instrument on natural science subjects. The result of this study was a test set of PISA model for the material of Vibration, Wave, and Sound consisting of 40 items. The test was valid in terms of content, constructs, and language according to the expert assessment, and practical based on small group trials. It also had a potential effect based on the students’ answers and questionnaires results in the field test. The qualitative analysis showed that the developed test had several potential effects, i.e. the development of students' problem-solving skills and scientific literacy so that they gained a relatively high ability to solve a test with the PISA model. The results of quantitative analysis through field test trials showed that there was a significant effect from the application of the PISA model test to enhance students’ scientific literacy and problem-solving skills in the junior high school with the Sig. value of 0.000 which was less than the significance level of 0.05 (α = 5%).
Growth Mechanism and Microstructure of Al Films Deposited on Ionic Liquid Surfaces

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A series of aluminum films, deposited on ionic liquid surfaces by a thermal evaporation method, has been fabricated and its surface morphology as well as microstructure has been investigated in this work. Experimental results show that the quasi-circular aggregates form naturally in a continuous films during deposition. The aggregates are composed of a large number of crystallized metal grains and the area outside of the aggregates exhibits amorphous structure. The experiment indicates that the growth of the quasi-circular aggregates results mainly from two ways: (1) capturing crystal grains, deposited atoms, or amorphous clusters; (2) coalescing of the aggregates.
Prognostic subclassification of Intermediate Hepatocellular Carcinoma (I-HCC): a multicentre cohort study with propensity score analysis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e15139 Background: The clinical heterogeneity of I-HCC significantly impacts on management options. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is standard of care, however selected patients may be offered liver resection (LR), whilst others qualify for best supportive care only. The I-HCC subclassification score developed by Bolondi et al. consists of 4 stages and includes the Child-Pugh class, tumour number, size and presence of portal vein thrombosis (Bscore). We evaluated the prognostic effect of the Bscore on overall survival (OS) in a large multicentre retrospective cohort study of patients with I-HCC stratifying by treatment modality (TACE or LR). Methods: Consecutive patients from centres in Japan, Korea, Italy and the UK who underwent TACE or LR between 2001 and 2014 were enrolled (n = 1423). Baseline characteristics were used to derive the Bscore score in I-HCC patients (n = 611). Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied between LR and TACE patients to match on baseline characteristics (age, gender, hepatitis status and INR). Cox regression models with PSM were used to determine the prognostic significance of the 4 stage Bscore in patients treated with TACE (n = 449) versus LR (n = 162), independent of treatment. Results: Among 611 I-HCC patients, 75% were men and 25% women, with a mean age of 69 years and median OS of 37 months. In all I-HCC patients irrespective of treatment Bscore was predictive of OS (p < 0.001). Median OS BScore 1 - 51 months, 2 – 38.3 months, 3 – 24.3 months, 4 -15.6 months. Proportional hazards assumption was met when PSM was applied and Bscore remained significant in predicting OS (n = 483, p < 0.001). When Bscore was stratified in accordance to treatment modality using PSM, Bscore was predictive in treatment with TACE but not LR (p < 0.001 vs. p = 0.047). Conclusions: The Bscore optimizes prognostic prediction in I-HCC, reducing clinical heterogeneity. However, preliminary results suggest its validity is limited to patients undergoing TACE.