jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Early Reoperation After Laparoscopic Fundoplication: The Importance of Routine Postoperative Contrast Studies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The necessity for routine postoperative contrast studies following laparoscopic fundoplication for either gastroesophageal reflux disease or paraesophageal hernia is unclear. Methods To determine whether a routine contrast X‐ray film influenced surgical decision making following laparoscopic fundoplication, we reviewed records from a prospective database of 1,894 patients who underwent a primary laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease or paraesophageal hernia between October 1991 and June 2008, and identified those who underwent early reoperation. The value of early routine postoperative barium swallow examinations in the management of these patients was then determined. Results The review showed that 53 patients (2.8%) underwent reoperative procedures within seven days of their original operation: 21 had originally undergone surgery for a paraesophageal hernia, and 32 for reflux. Of the 53 patients who underwent reoperaiton, 25 (47.2%) were treated for dysphagia, 17 (32.1%) for acute paraesophageal hernia, 6 (11.3%) for a gastrointestinal leak, and 5 (9.4%) for bleeding or peritonitis. Fifteen of the 17 patients who underwent repair of an acute hiatus hernia (0.8% of all patients) had no symptoms and underwent reoperative surgery because of radiological findings alone. Primary surgery for a large hiatus hernia was associated with a higher incidence of early reoperation (5.2 vs. 2.2%; P = 0.001). Conclusions Approximately 1 in 125 patients who underwent laparoscopic surgery for reflux or a large hiatus hernia had an important finding on an early postoperative contrast swallow, and benefited from this investigation by undergoing early reoperative intervention.
An Analysis of Implemented and Desirable Settings for Identity Management on Social Networking Sites

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To address privacy threats stemming from interacting with other users on Social Networking Sites (SNS), effective Social Identity Management (SIdM) is a key requirement. SIdM refers to the deliberate and targeted disclosure of personal attribute values to a subset of one's contacts on SNS. While a variety of privacy-enhancing approaches have been proposed, these are often isolated solutions that lack integration into a reference framework that states the requirements for successfully managing one's identity. In this paper, a reference framework of existing and desired SIdM settings is derived from identity theory, literature analysis, and existing SNS. Based thereupon, we examine the SIdM capabilities of prevalent SNS and highlight possible improvements.
The effectiveness of Check of Medication Appropriateness for antimicrobial stewardship: an interrupted time series analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives Inappropriate prescribing of antimicrobials in hospitals contributes to the emergence of resistance and adverse drug events. To support antimicrobial stewardship (AMS), clinical decision rules focusing on antimicrobial therapy were implemented in the ‘Check of Medication Appropriateness’ (CMA). The CMA is a hospital-wide pharmacist-led medication review service consisting of a clinical rule-based screening for potentially inappropriate prescriptions (PIPs). We aimed to investigate the impact of the CMA on antimicrobial prescribing. Methods An interrupted time series study was performed at the University Hospitals Leuven. The pre-implementation cohort was exposed to standard-of-care AMS. Afterwards, an AMS-focused CMA comprising 41 specific clinical rules, targeting six AMS objectives, was implemented in the post-implementation period. A regression model was used to assess the impact of the intervention on the number of AMS-related residual PIPs between both periods. The total number of recommendations and acceptance rate was recorded for the 2 year post-implementation period. Results Pre-implementation, a median proportion of 75% (range: 33%–100%) residual PIPs per day was observed. After the CMA intervention, the proportion was reduced to 8% (range: 0%–33%) per day. Use of clinical rules resulted in an immediate relative reduction of 86.70% (P &lt; 0.0001) in AMS-related residual PIPs. No significant underlying time trends were observed during the study period. Post-implementation, 2790 recommendations were provided of which 81.32% were accepted. Conclusions We proved that the CMA approach reduced the number of AMS-related residual PIPs in a highly significant and sustained manner, with the potential to further expand the service to other AMS objectives.
Impossibility of eliminating the axion by means of the 't Hooft mechanism

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Peccei-Quinn mechanism leads to axions or massless quarks. Recently, a scheme was proposed by which it was hoped that the presence of axions might be avoided altogether by means of the so-called 't Hooft mechanism. In this paper, we shall show that the price which must be paid for this, necessarily, is the existence of massless quarks.
Study on Basic Tactics for Returning Cultivated Land to Forest in West of China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Environmental development is an important problem paid attention by international society. In 21 century, ecological crisis becomes the biggest threat to mankind. As the main part of terrestrial ecosystem, forest naturally becomes the focus of world attention. Such problems as soil and water loss, land desertization, lack of water resources, rapid decrease of biodiversity have become further glaring, which have made tremendous loss in people's life and development of national economy. Returning cultivated land to forest becomes a matter of fundamental importance for the Chinese nation to exist and develop, which not only relate with present people's existence and development, but also descendants' existence and development. Based on above-mentioned background, countermeasures conforming to Chinese practice have been put forward for policy-making body's reference.
Organic-Exchanged Silicotungstic Acid Compounds as Efficient and Environmental-Friendly Catalysts for Synthesis of Glycerol Monolaurate

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A series of organic-exchanged silicotungstic acid catalysts were synthesized by changing the variety and amount of organic compounds. The structure, thermal stability and acidic properties of the catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, TGA and 31P-MAS NMR. The catalytic performances of the catalysts were investigated on the selective esterification of lauric acid with glycerol to glycerol monolaurate. Among the various catalysts, [QuH]1H3SiW12O40 with molar ratio of quinoline to silicotungstic acid of 1:1 showed excellent activity and reusability due to strong Brand#248;nsted acidity and “pseudo-liquid” catalytic modes. The optimal conditions optimized by response surface methodology were as follows: the molar ratio of glycerol to lauric acid was 5.3:1, the amount of catalyst was 4.8 wt%, the reaction temperature was 424 K, and the reaction time was 1.5 h. Under these conditions, the average yield of glycerol monolaurate was 79.7%, which was basically consistent with the values predicted by the mathematical model. Moreover, the kinetic data of this reaction were fitted to a second-order kinetic model and the apparent activation energy Ea was 52.35 kJ / mol
Isolation of Stimulants of Gastrointestinal Motility in Beer

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Among various alcoholic beverages, it has reported that beer has a potent activity to stimulate gastric emptying. Our previous studies showed that beer congener stimulated gastrointestinal motility by directly stimulating muscarinic M 3 receptor, present in smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. However, active components that account for the action have yet to be identified. We attempted to isolate the stimulant(s) of gastrointestinal motility in beer. Methods: Beer congener was prepared from beer and used to separate and purify active components by a series of liquid chromatography using affinity to muscarinic M 3 receptor as an index. Gastrointestinal motility‐stimulating activity was evaluated using a test for activity that causes contraction of longitudinal muscles in guinea pig ileum and a test for gastric emptying activity in mice. Results: The active components (compounds A and B) were purified and isolated from beer by four liquid chromatography steps. The IC 50 values of two active isolates to muscarinic M 3 receptor were 0.65 × 10 −6 g/ml and 2.30 × 10 −6 g/ml, respectively. The concentrations of compounds A and B contained in beer were sufficient to explain most of the muscarinic M 3 receptor binding activity of beer. The active fraction that contained both compounds A and B (which was 10 times as active as beer congener in muscarinic M 3 receptor binding activity) dose‐dependently contracted the longitudinal muscles of guinea pig ileum with an activity that was 20 times as potent as that of beer congener. The same active fraction significantly stimulated gastric emptying in mice with an activity 20 times as potent as that of beer congener. Conclusions: Two active components (compounds A and B) were isolated as gastrointestinal motility stimulants (muscarinic M 3 agonists) in beer. These results suggest that the two isolated active components are the active entities of the gastrointestinal motility‐stimulating effect of beer.
The Federal Reserve and Panic Prevention: The Roles of Financial Regulation and Lender of Last Resort

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper surveys the role of the Federal Reserve within the financial regulatory system, with particular attention to the interaction of the Fed's role as both a supervisor and a lender-of-last-resort. The institutional design of the Federal Reserve System was aimed at preventing banking panics, primarily due to the permanent presence of the discount window. This new system was successful at preventing a panic in the early 1920s, after which the Fed began to discourage the use of the discount window and intentionally create “stigma” for window borrowing—policies that contributed to the panics of the Great Depression. The legislation of the New Deal era centralized Fed power in the Board of Governors, and over the next 75 years the Fed expanded its role as a supervisor of the largest banks. Nevertheless, prior to the recent crisis the Fed had large gaps in its authority as a supervisor and as lender of last resort, with the latter role weakened further by stigma. The Fed was unable to prevent the recent crisis, during which its lender of last resort function expanded significantly. As the Fed begins its second century, there are still great challenges to fulfilling its original intention of panic prevention.
Cost of vascular access devices in public hospitals in Queensland

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective The aim of this study was to quantify the utilisation of vascular access devices in Queensland public hospitals and their associated cost. Methods Devices were broadly classified into peripheral intravenous catheters, central venous catheters and arterial lines. The number of catheters used was obtained from a central procurement department at Queensland Health and validated using Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS) claims and/or hospital data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare for the same period. Resources consumed included equipment and staff time required to insert and remove catheters. Equipment costs were valued using negotiated hospital prices, and staff time was valued at the fixed industrial award wages in Australia or relevant MBS fees. Device maintenance costs (e.g. dressings) and costs of treating complications were excluded. Results Approximately 2.75 million vascular access devices were used in public hospitals in Queensland in 2016, at a total cost of A$59.14 million. This comprised a total equipment cost of around A$10.17 million and a total labour cost of A$48.85 million Conclusion Vascular access is an important component of healthcare expenditure. The present study is the first to characterise and cost vascular access devices in Queensland. Further research is needed on the costs of maintaining device function and of treating complications associated with vascular access. What is known about the topic? The cost of vascular access in Australia has previously been estimated from modelling, using various assumptions, or based on device utilisation in other countries. What does this paper add? For the first time, device utilisation for vascular access in Queensland has been quantified and costed. Results were obtained from reliable sources and validated against other databases. What are the implications for practitioners? Practitioners and managers may now provide accurate estimates about the cost of catheter failure, a potentially preventable problem that affects up to 50% of all catheters placed. Attaching costs to such failure may also stimulate research into how to reduce the problem.
Cleft lip and palate: multidisciplinary approach

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

U prvom dijelu prirucnika opisane su najnovije spoznaje o nastanku rascjepa usne i nepca te epidemioloski podaci o ucestalosti pojavljivanja u populaciji. Opisani su i osnovni kirurski pricipi i objasnjene spcificnosti lijecenja. Autorica u drugom dijelu pojasnjava kako poremeceni anatomski odnosi utjecu na funkciju struktura koje sudjeluju u slusanju i govoru. Treci dio predstavlja postupke koji se provode prilikom otklanjanja teskoca artkulacije, te smetnji glasa i govora kod djece nakon operacije rascjepa nepca. Prikazani su i primjeri pojedinih slucajeva sakupljeni tijekom logopedske prakse. Posebno poglavlje : Opis elektoakustickog aparata“Verboton G30L“ napisao jer Vladimir Kozina dipl. ing.elektrotehnike. Dodatak sadrži popis rijeci za korekciju izgovora pojedinih glasova.
In vitro synthesis of the first component of complement by guinea pig small intestine.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Determining changes in the composition of cell populations is made possible by technologies like single-cell transcriptomics, CyTOF, and microbiome sequencing. However, existing methods for differential abundance do not model some ...Cellular omics such as single-cell genomics, proteomics, and microbiomics allow the characterization of tissue and microbial community composition, which can be compared between conditions to identify biological drivers. This strategy has been critical to ...
Retinitis Pigmentosa: Patients' Fight for Sight

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This book contains a collection of lectures presented at the Fourth Congress of the International Retinitis Pigmentosa Association that convened in Bad Nauheim, West Germany, in May 1986. These essays describe efforts by patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) to promote research on their own disease. Technical aids for gaining autonomy, therapeutic possibilities, genetics, aspects of living with RP, and the RP societies and their role in promulgating RP research are a few of the topics covered "The scientific chapters have been written primarily for a lay audience." Several issues presented in this edition should be considered as paradigms in the attempt to find a treatment for any medical disorder. One such example is the establishment of a screening center for patients with RP in which information regarding these patients is recorded. Another essay stressed the importance of cooperation between patients and researchers in establishing an effective research protocol. In the
Novel regulatory properties of adenylate cyclase type 6

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Several studies have examined the regulation of recombinant adenylate cyclase type 6 (AC6) in vitro. Both PKC phosphorylation and calcium inhibit AC6 in vitro. In cultured cells or in tissues, neither PKC activation nor calcium release has been demonstrated to inhibit AC6. Furthermore, downstream effectors of PKC and calcium, Raf1 and calmodulin, respectively, have been implicated in the heterologous sensitization of AC6, suggesting that both PKC and calcium signaling may differentially regulate AC6 in vitro vs. in intact cells. To specifically investigate the regulation of AC6 by PKC, we constructed HEK293 cells that stably express recombinant AC6. PKC activation in intact cells enhances AC6 activation and the positive effects of PKC on AC6 activity are Raf1-dependent. Activation of Raf1 via receptor tyrosine kinases also enhances AC6 activation and AC6 and Raf1 may interact physically in intact cells. Subsequent studies investigated the ability of Gαqcoupled receptors upstream of PKC to potentiate AC6. Activation of endogenous Gαqcoupled muscarinic receptors in HEK-AC6 cells potentiates drug-stimulated cyclic AMP accumulation, however this potentiation was independent of PKC. Chelation of intracellular calcium or antagonism of calmodulin attenuated the effects of Gαq-coupled muscarinic receptors on AC6 activation. These studies suggest that although calcium directly inhibits AC6, Gαq-mediated release of intracellular calcium potentiates AC6 activation. To investigate the role of these novel signaling mechanisms in heterologous sensitization of AC6, we constructed HEK-AC6–D2L cells. AC6 is robustly sensitized after pretreatment (2 hr) with the D2L agonist, quinpirole. Neither inhibition of PKC nor Raf1 effectively attenuated D2L-mediated sensitization of AC6. However, activation of PKC robustly potentiated D2L-receptor mediated sensitization without altering acute D2L-mediated inhibition of AC6. The potentiation of sensitization of AC6 by PKC was blocked by inhibition of novel PKC isoforms and Raf1. These data demonstrate that although PKC and Raf1 are not required for heterologous sensitization of AC6, they robustly potentiate the magnitude of sensitization. Due to the broad expression pattern of AC6 in human tissue, these studies may aid in understanding the pathology and treatment of neuronal disorders and cardiac disease.
Direct-Plate Serological Grouping ofBeta-Hemolytic Streptococci fromPrimary Isolation Plates withthe Phadebact Streptococcus Test

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Thegrouping ofbeta-hemolytic streptococcal isolates bya new direct-plate procedure employing Phadebact Streptococcus Testreagents was compared with theresults obtained withthe4-and24-hPhadebact grouping procedure andwith theLancefield grouping obtained witha capillary precipitin test.The new procedure employed a modification ofthePhadebact procedure thatpermitted thegrouping ofstreptococci on glass slides witha minimumoffiveprimary isolated colonies. Whenonlyfive toeight colonies were available fordirect testing witheachPhadebact reagent, coagglutination was better manifested whenthe colonies were disaggregated on a glass slide ina loopful ofTween80solution. Further enhancement ofthecoagglutination reaction was effected whenthe respective Phadebact reagents were employed inrelatively small volumes. The direct-plate procedure permitted thecorrect identification of127outof129betahemolytic isolates. The4-hmethodcorrectly identified 192ofthe200streptococci tested. Allofthe200isolates tested bythe24-hprocedure andtheLancefield grouping were correctly identified. Thedirect-plate Phadebact procedure affords theclinical microbiologist a rapid andreliable means ofidentifying groups A,B, C,andG beta-hemolytic streptococci. When sufficient numbersofprimary colonies arenotavailable forthedirect procedure, the4-or24-hprocedures may beemployed. Thereareatpresent manyreports thatdescribe aslide coagglutination procedure forthe serogrouping ofbeta-hemolytic streptococci (1, 3,6,10-13, 16,22). Thistechnique employs a
Processing of china clay by super-conductinghigh gradient magnetic separation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Super-conducting high gradient magnetic separation tests on a typical china clay from the western part of India showed that the brightness of the clay can be enhanced from 72.8% to 79% ISO by suitably manipulating the process variables. Important variables studied are feed solid content, retention time, production rate (nummber of canister volumes), number of passes etc. keeping the magnetic field srength constant. The secondary magnet (wire wool matrix) and its packing volume were also not changed during these tests. A brightness of 79%
was achieved with a two pass operation for 5 canister volume feed slurry having 15% solid content and with retention rime of about 20 secs. The overall clay recovery is 86%(94%_for the first pass and 92% for the second pass). Understandably, the feed solid content of second
pass was lower than 15% while the iron (Fe201) could be reduced by about 55% the reduction in TiO2 was about 12% indicating that there still exists scope for removing Ti02 from this clay and enhancing brightness further. All the SC-HGMS tests were conducted at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Bombay. India.
Branching Ratio Measurement in 23Ne Beta Decay

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We describe the branching ratio measurement experiment performed at Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF) using the deuteron beam. We successfully produced 107/s 23Ne atoms in the run and used them to measure the branching ratio in 23Ne beta decay to the first excited state of 23Na. We provide some preliminary results of the experiment whose data analysis currently ongoing.
Flora of the island of St. Croix

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

states that the air is very humid, and heavy dews are so common that it was not considered safe to sit out of doors in the evening.Any article of iron left exposed, even for a short time, gathers rust rapidly.The average temperature is about 8i°F., the range of monthly aver- ages being from 78°F. (February) to 84°F.(September).The lowest and highest temperatures in the shade were 65°and 96°F., respectively, though in the sun it has been known to go so high as 124°.times, of course, they may be several hours in duration, in which case the guts become roaring torrents of muddy water effectually blocking travel, as there are scarcely any bridges.During seasons of protracted rains the atmosphere becomes chilly, although the thermometer may show a temperature of nearly 80°.In such seasons certain plants will bloom and produce fruit.This is notice-* Flora of St. Croix and the Virgin Islands, page 4. Nov. 1902.Flora of the Island of St. Croix.-Millspaugh.443 ably true of the cherry [Malpighia glabra L.) which often yields three or more crops in one year.A number of trees and shrubs drop their leaves during the dry season, such as Anona squa??iosa, Samyda serru- lata^Eriodendron anfractuosum^Erythroxyluui ovatum, Melicocca hijuga, Spondias luiea^Comocladia i/icifo/ia,