jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Safety Performance Models for Urban Roundabouts in Italy and Other Countries

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In Italy, almost half of all road crashes occur at intersections, primarily in urban areas. In recent years the widespread conversion of at-grade intersections to roundabouts has brought many safety advantages. To assess the safety benefits of roundabouts, transportation professionals need the powerful statistical tool known as the safety performance function (SPF). To date there has been no reported application of this tool to assess the relative safety performance of Italian urban roundabouts. This paper fills that void by using data sets from two municipalities in northern Italy. SPFs were estimated for each city with the negative binomial error distribution and then recalibrated for application in the other city by using the procedure described in the Highway Safety Manual. Model reliability and between-city transferability were evaluated with the cumulative residuals method. To assess how the Italian roundabout SPFs might be used to learn lessons from differences in crash experience for similar intersections elsewhere, a comparison with models from other countries is also provided. This comparison reveals that Italian roundabouts tend to be less safe. Potential reasons for this finding are explored.
Alcohol screening and brief intervention by community pharmacists: Benefits and communication methods

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Within the context of services to prevent or treat alcohol-related problems, the terms 'alcohol screening' and 'brief intervention', include all practices used to identify a real or potential alcohol problem, and motivate individuals to take positive action to promote health. Alcohol misuse and dependence affect 8.2 million adults in England, leading to an estimated cost to society of £20bn per annum. Alcohol misuse is now the third leading cause of ill health after tobacco use and high blood pressure. During the past 20 years, randomised controlled trials of brief interventions have been conducted in diverse practice settings. These have included hospital accident and emergency services, medical inpatients units and primary healthcare settings, such as General Practitioner (GP) surgeries. Currently there are no established services or training opportunities in the UK, for community pharmacists to engage in managing alcohol-related problems. It is well known that community pharmacies allow the general public to seek healthcare advice. The potential benefits of preventing alcohol problems through pharmacists' involvement in brief intervention have yet to be measured and further research is required. This paper therefore aims to explore the following questions: What is the evidence for brief intervention and commutation methodology in public health? How can community pharmacists be involved in conducting brief alcohol intervention? What would be a good practice guide for pharmacists to communicate safe drinking advice to harmful and or hazardous drinkers, accessing community pharmacy services? How could the potential benefits of brief intervention led by community pharmacists be measured?
Clinical medicine for icterus - Progress in diagnosis and treatment. II. Significance and disease state of icterus in liver diseases. 4. Primary biliary liver cirrhosis/primary sclerotic cholangitis and icterus.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

慢性肝内胆汁うっ滞の代表的疾患であるPBC, PSCはともに終末は胆汁性肝硬変に至る予後の悪い疾患である.抗M2 (PDH)抗体価の定量測定とERCPの普及によって両疾患の診断法は長足な進歩を遂げた. PBCに始まったUDCA療法がPSCにも応用され,いずれも副作用もなく血液生化学的異常が改善されることが確かとなった.しかし,同療法によって患者の生存期間が有意に延長され得るかが今後の大きな問題である.当面終末期のPBC, PSC患者の救命は肝移植によってのみ可能であり,本邦では成人における生体肝部分移植がさらにPBC, PSC患者に向けられていくことを願いたい.
CITI-SENSE: Ostrava, Czech Republic – European hot spot for ambient air exposure to benzo[a]pyrene

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Background: The Ostrava Region in the Czech Republic is a heavily polluted industrial area. Concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) significantly exceed limit values. Our previous studies suggest that environmental exposure to B[a]P represents a risk of DNA damage and oxidative stress, increased respiratory morbidity in preschool children and the different molecular phenotype of asthma bronchiale in children. Aim: To use sensor technologies to understand the impact of different sources to a total air pollution (industry, local heating, traffic). Method: Volunteers from the most polluted part of city – Ostrava-Radvanice will use personal monitors for PM2.5 and c-PAHs, DNA damage will be determined as micronuclei, oxidative damage to DNA as 8-oxodG, lipid peroxidation as 15-F2t-IsoP. Simultaneously will be collected HiVol-samples to determine PM2.5 and c-PAHs. In the same location will be established network of sensors for selected pollutants. Results: Pilot study will generate information about the use of sensors to indicate significant air pollutants, possible sources of air pollution, and the interpretation of data using new technology platforms for the benefit of citizens. Important outcome will be about a possible relationship between biomarkers of DNA and oxidative damage and exposure assessment using sensor technologies. Conclusion: The expected outcome should be a new knowledge about the use of sensors in epidemiological studies to better characterize the exposure of citizens to air pollutants. Supported by CITI-SENSE, EU FP7-ENV-2012 (# 308524).
Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Bulk Si(O)C Ceramics from Polycarbosilane

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Bulk Si(O)C ceramics are fabricated from polycarbosilane (PCS) by bulk pyrolysis along the route of cross linking, warm‐pressing, and pyrolysis. The PCS was thermally oxidized for cross linking at various temperatures as a critical step toward the bulk transformation of PCS into bulk Si(O)C ceramics. The degree of cross linking of PSC affects the densities and bonding qualities of the warm‐pressed powder compacts and, hence, the resultant ceramics. Under optimized processing conditions, crack‐free bulk Si(O)C ceramics are obtained with a bulk density attaining 2.2 g/cm 3 . Despite the existence of a considerable amount of oxygen in the ceramics (16.08 wt%), resulting from the thermal oxidation processing, the ceramics show the characteristics of structures and properties of SiC‐based ceramics. 29 Si‐solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (NMR) reveal that the as‐pyrolyzed X‐ray amorphous Si(O)C phase consists mainly of SiC 4 coordination units in the ceramic network, with the remainder being silicon‐coordinated carbon and oxygen. Microhardness tests show that the as‐pyrolyzed amorphous Si(O)C ceramics have a high hardness, attaining 24.91 GPa at a load of 2 N, and 19.82 GPa at a load of 10 N. Upon annealing at 1300°C in argon, the amorphous ceramics crystallized into nanophase β‐SiC ceramics, and the ceramics kept the bulk nature of the amorphous ceramics with an increased density. The 29 Si‐solid state NMR spectrum indicates that the nanophase β‐SiC ceramics consist of SiC 4 units together with some mixed coordination units, namely SiO 2 C 2 and SiOC 3 . The hardness of the crystallized nanophase Si(O)C ceramics attains 23.20 GPa at a load of 10 N. The present study demonstrates the possibility of fabricating bulk Si(O)C ceramics via the polymer‐processing route, resulting in ceramics with promising structural and mechanical properties.
Factor influencing sex ration in Brown swiss cattle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Data for the birth records were collected from Brown Swiss cows raised at the Regional Agricultural School in Van, Tiirkiye. The sex ratio (% male birth) was 0.55±0.06. Season of birth had nonsignificant effect on sex ratio, but there were some differences between seasons with sex ratios ranging from 0.45±0.09 (autumn) to 0.61±0.06 (winter). Parity had nonsignificant effect on sex ratio, but there were some differences between parity with sex ratios ranging from O.46±O.08 (first) to O.70±0.27 (ninth). Year of birth had nonsignificant effect on sex ratio, but there were some differences between parity with sex ratios ranging from O.80±O.36 (1969) to O.35±O.11 (1981). The heritability of sex ratio was found to be O.056±O.079 and O.045±0.002, whereas repeatability was 0.066.
Early Vision Optimization: Parametric Models, Parallelization and Curvature

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Early vision is the process occurring before any semantic interpretation of an image takes place. Motion estimation, object segmentation and detection are all parts of early vision, but recognition is not. Many of these tasks are formulated as optimization problems and one of the key factors for the success of recent methods is that they seek to compute globally optimal solutions. This thesis is concerned with improving the efficiency and extending the applicability of the current state of the art. This is achieved by introducing new methods of computing solutions to image segmentation and other problems of early vision. The first part studies parametric problems where model parameters are estimated in addition to an image segmentation. For a small number of parameters these problems can still be solved optimally. In the second part the focus is shifted toward curvature regularization, i.e. when the commonly used length and area regularization is replaced by curvature in two and three dimensions. These problems can be discretized over a mesh and special attention is given to the mesh geometry. Specifically, hexagonal meshes are compared to square ones and a method for generating adaptive methods is introduced and evaluated. The framework is then extended to curvature regularization of surfaces. Thirdly, fast methods for finding minimal graph cuts and solving related problems on modern parallel hardware are developed and extensively evaluated. Finally, the thesis is concluded with two applications to early vision problems: heart segmentation and image registration.
Madeira Island Development of Port Facilities : Commercial port of caniçal

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Le bon fonctionnement de l'economie de l'ile de Madere, situee sur l'Atlantique Nord, et l'approvisionnement de ses 280 000 habitants sont entierement dependants de ses installations portuaires. Les ports et le transport maritime constituent en effet des facteurs cles pour le developpement des regions insulaires comme l'ile de Madere. Au cours de cette derniere decennie plus particulierement, a l'initiative du gouvernement autonome et avec le soutien de financements europeens pour le developpement regional, les installations portuaires de cette ile ont ete transformees. Cette periode a vu la creation de nouveaux ports et de nouvelles infrastructures dedies non seulement au transport maritime mais aussi a la navigation de plaisance. Le port de commerce de Canical, qui vient d'accueillir ses premieres escales, est la principale infrastructure construite au cours de cette periode. Il comprend principalement une digue, un terminal a conteneurs, une passerelle rouliere, un terre-plein de 48.000 m 2 , des bureaux, une tour de controle, un port de peche, un chantier naval, des voies d'acces et de circulation.
Modelling for environmental assessment of municipal solid waste landfills (Part 1: Hydrology)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A three-dimensional dynamic simulation program for the prediction of leachate flows, their organic contamination and the gas generated in municipal waste landfills, (MODUELO) has been developed. It permits the simulation of canyon landfills in which the surface area changes throughout the landfill’s history and of complex drainage systems. The “hydrologic module” calculates, based on the saturated flow equations, the water flow between cells and the overall moisture balance. Its results allow the “contamination module” to carry out the balance of organic material. This paper presents the development of the “hydrologic module”. The contamination models are included in another paper. A preliminary application to the Meruelo Landfill (Spain) is also shown here. The fitting of a data series of leachate flows in Meruelo indicated the existence, in this particular landfill, of unconsidered phenomena. The final adjustment of the results makes it possible to obtain a reliable simulation of the degradation processes.
Controversies in Perioperative Antimicrobial Prophylaxis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Although clinical guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis across a wide array of surgical procedures have been proposed by multidisciplinary groups of physicians and pharmacists, clinicians often deviate from recommendations. This is particularly true when recommendations are based on weak data or expert opinion. The goal of this review is to highlight certain common but controversial topics in perioperative prophylaxis and to focus on the data that does exist for the recommendations being made.
Trends and age-period-cohort effects on the incidence of hand, foot, and mouth disease among children younger than 10 years old from 2009 to 2023 in Quzhou, China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a prevalent childhood infectious disease caused by enteroviruses, posing significant public health concerns in China. This study aimed to provide information and evidence to guide public health response and intervention by exploring the trends of HFMD incidence among children under 10 years old in Quzhou from 2009 to 2023, and analyzing the influence of age, period, and cohort. Data on HFMD cases in Quzhou from 2009 to 2023 were collected and then analyzed using Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort (APC) model to explore incidence trends and potential causes. A total of 75,284 HFMD cases were reported in Quzhou from 2009 to 2023, with children under 10 years old accounting for 99.01% of the cases. The main age group for onset was centered between 1 and 3 years. Before 2017, EV71 was the main pathogen in 3,360 laboratory-confirmed HFMD cases, followed by Cox A16. Since 2018, Cox A16 and Cox A6 have dominated. Serious cases have declined significantly since 2016. Joinpoint regression analysis showed two inflection points (2013 and 2021) with an up-down-up trend. The APC model indicated concentrated risk in children aged 1–3 years, with a periodic fluctuating trend of period effect and an overall increasing trend of cohort effect. The use of EV71 vaccine has temporarily reduced HFMD incidence, but the changing pathogen spectrum has led to a resurgence, highlighting the need to expedite the development and use of vaccines against Cox A strains to mitigate the impact of this disease.
[LDL-cholesterol-lowering effect of a mixed green vegetable and fruit beverage containing broccoli and cabbage in hypercholesterolemic subjects].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C)-lowering effects of two types of canned beverage containing mixed green vegetables and fruits, with or without broccoli and cabbage (B&C), were examined in a randomized double-blind study design. Seventy-seven adults subjects with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia participated in this study after giving their informed consent. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups. One group(test group) was allocated a test sample, containing B&C as the main materials. Another group(control group) was allocated a placebo sample made from the same materials but without B&C. The subjects were administered 2 cans of the assigned sample (160 g contents/can) per day for 12 weeks. Forty-nine out of 77 subjects, whose LDL-C levels were greater than or equal to 140 mg/dl and less than 180 mg/dl, were analyzed for the effectiveness. Serum LDL-C levels in the test group were significantly(p < 0.05) reduced at 3, 6 and 9 weeks after administration in comparison to the baseline levels (155.7 mg/dl in average). The average LDL-C value at 9 weeks was 142.5 mg/dl and the reduction rate was 8.5%. But serum LDL-C levels in the control group were not significantly reduced. Significant differences(p < 0.05) between the groups were observed in the LDL-C levels at 6 and 9 weeks and also in the total cholesterol levels at 9 week. Thus daily intake of the beverage tested containing B&C are useful for lowering serum LDL-C levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects.
Substitutes for industrial trans fats in packaged foods: a scoping review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The objective of this scoping review is to map evidence on substitutes for industrial trans fats in processed foods, discussing their possible designation in the ingredients lists. The World Health Organization aims to eliminate industrial trans fats globally by 2023. In response, follow-up studies indicate a decrease in their use in packaged foods in several countries. However, no studies were found that mapped the literature aiming for different possibilities and technologies for replacing trans fats in processed foods. It is necessary to identify and understand what are the substitutes for industrial trans fats in processed foods, as well as their compositions, in order to discuss possible designation in ingredient lists. For this review, only studies addressing substitutes for industrial trans fats in the context of processed foods intended for human consumption will be considered. The scoping review will be conducted following the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI).
ULTRAVIOLET CIRCULAR DICHROISM OF INSULIN AND ITS ANALOGS

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The UV CD of insulin, its analogs DPI, DEPI and DOI, and the chymotryptic frag- ment I-peptide have been studied. The CD spectrum of insulin shows double minima but atypical. The negative extremum around 207 nm is more negative than that of a trpical protein. AII the CD curves of DPI, DHPI and DOI are similar to that of insulin,but the [θ]at 222 nm decreases from DPI via DHPI to DOI. It is very interesting that [θ] values of these analogs around 207 nm are approximately the same as that of insulin, but the extrema undergo a shift to the blue about 2--3nm. Wo think that hi addition to the usual confor- mers, another structural factor triy also make contributions to the CD curve of insulin. The UV CD of the I-peptide shows a broad negative extremum around 190--205 nm. The effects of ethanol, sodium dodecyl sulfate and guanidine hydrochloride on the CD of this peptide are very similar to those on the analogs of insulin. It is likely, therefore, that a structure em- bedded in the I-peptide contributes to the CD curve of insulin and makes it extraordinarily negative at 207 nm. From the on spectra of the analogs, we can deduce that the backbone conformation of analogs are similar to each other. They contain a-helix, but are more relaxed than insulin. These results may support the hypothesis about the receptor-binding site of insulin molecule, which was previously suggested by us and somewhat later by Blundell et al. The effect of surfactant on the CD of proteins is also studied and it seems that the effects on n--π and π--π transitions are different.
The location and deletion of the genes which code for SSI-like protease inhibitors in Streptomyces species

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The genes coding for the protease inhibitors, SSI and API-2c′, have been analyzed by comparing DNA macrorestriction patterns of Streptomyces albogriseolus S-3253 and S. griseoincamatus KTo-250 with those of inhibitor-deficient mutants. The mutants were found to suffer from chromosomal deletions rather than plasmid loss which resulted in the loss of the relevant genes. Hybridization experiments indicated that the ssi homologs in S. lividans and S. coelicolor A3(2) are located near the end of the linear chromosome.
Laterally coupled strained MQW ridge waveguide distributed-feedback laser diode fabricated by wet-dry hybrid etching process

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The fabrication and the characteristics of the laterally coupled GaInAsP-InP quantum-well ridge waveguide distributed-feedback (DFB) lasers are presented. The electron beam (EB) lithography and the wet and dry hybrid etching technique have been used to fabricate the deep grating structures for the DFB lasers on and beside the sidewalls of the narrow ridge waveguide. The threshold current was 18.5 mA at 20/spl deg/C, and the sidemode suppression ratios (SMSRs) were ensured to be more than 40 dB for as-cleaved devices with various cavity lengths. The continuous-wave output powers of over 15 mW/facet have been observed, while transverse and longitudinal modes have remained in single mode at this output level.
[Paresthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve: clinical, diagnostic etiologic and prognostic signs, 2].

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

This article is about the different iatrogenic (or others) mechanical and/or chemical trauma that can affect the mandibular nerve and which can lead to paresthesia. Depending on the different causes of the paresthesia, the prognosis for the nerve sensitivity regeneration will vary: in some cases treatment is necessary to make the symptoms disappear, in others expectation will be the rule and the prognosis is very poor.
Consequentiality: A Theoretical and Experimental Exploration of a Single Binary Choice

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Researchers, using contingent valuation (CV) to value changes in nonmarket goods, typically believe respondents always answer questions truthfully or they answer truthfully only when it is in their interest to do so. The second position, while consistent with economic theory, implies that interpreting survey responses depends critically on the incentive structure provided. We derive simple tests capable of distinguishing the two views. Our theoretical model for examining the incentive structure of a single binary choice relaxes the usual expected utility assumption. We test our theory using a field experiment involving voting to provide a public good. Experimental results are consistent theoretical predictions and cast doubt on the relevance of a large experimental literature using inconsequential questions and non-incentive-compatible mechanisms to make inferences about CV. The framework put forth should help in understanding the role played by theoretical conditions for preference elicitation and lend insight into the hypothetical bias literature.