jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF HUMAN GLOMERULONEPHRITIS WITH FERRITIN-CONJUGATED ANTIBODY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1. Kidney biopsies from 4 cases of severe acute glomerulonephritis were obtained 11 to 25 days after the onset of clinical manifestations of the disease. These tissues were treated with ferritin-conjugated antibodies to 7S γ-globulin, ß1C, and Type 12 streptococcal products. Adjacent pieces of the biopsied material were treated with control ferritin-labeled antisera or with ferritin alone. As further controls, normal renal tissue and renal tissue from patients with other kidney diseases were treated with the same antisera. The 3 antisera to 7S γ-globulin, ß1C and Type 12 streptococcus were specifically bound in electron-opaque foreign material in the following renal areas: (a) the lumen of glomerular capillaries; (b) medullary arteriolar walls (2 cases); (c) pinocytic vacuoles and absorption droplets of endothelial or mesangial cells; (d) canals between proliferating mesangial or endothelial cells which connect the capillary lumen with the deep mesangial region or with the endothelial side of the basement membrane; (e) basement membrane proper; (f) subendothelial and certain subepithelial deposits; and (g) Bowman's space. 2. None of the 3 ferritin-conjugated antisera listed above were bound to the nuclei of glomerular cells or to portions of the cytoplasm other than those specified. 3. Ferritin-conjugated antisera to pneumococcus Type II and vaccinia virus and ferritin alone were not bound to any structures in the glomerular tissue. 4. None of the ferritin-conjugated antisera bound to normal renal tissue or to kidney tissue from other renal disease. 5. The data obtained are compatible with the following working hypothesis: Antigen-antibody aggregates of Type 12 streptococcal products, γ-globulin, and complement are present in the circulating blood of patients with severe acute glomerulonephritis. Large amounts of the complexes are caught in the filtering system of the glomeruli. The inflammatory reactions seen in the glomerular structures result from the presence of the immune complexes and of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes which conjointly may be responsible for the disease.
Infections of the deep neck spaces.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Deep neck infections (DNI) have a propensity to spread rapidly along the interconnected deep neck spaces and compromise the airway, cervical vessels and spinal canal. The value of imaging lies in delineating the anatomical extent of the disease process, identifying the source of infection and detecting complications. Its role in the identification and drainage of abscesses is well known. This paper pictorially illustrates infections of important deep neck spaces. The merits and drawbacks of imaging modalities used for assessment of DNI, the relevant anatomy and the possible sources of infection of each deep neck space are discussed. Certain imaging features that alter the management of DNI have been highlighted.
Isolation of 1-(1′-2′S-Nornicotino)-1-deoxy-β-d-fructofuranose and Its Formation in Flue-curing Process of Tobacco Leaves

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

1-(1′-2′ S-Nornicotino)-1-deoxy-β-d-fructofuranose was first isolated from flue-cured leaves of Cherry Red tobacco, Nicotiana tabacum, cv. Bright Yellow. Its structure was established spectrometrically and synthetically. This substance was shown to be formed from nornicotine during flue-curing. Its smoking effect was mild.
Celecoxib induces adipogenic differentiation of hemangioma‑derived mesenchymal stem cells through the PPAR‑γ pathway in vitro and in vivo

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Infantile hemangioma (IH) is a benign tumor that produces a permanent scar or a mass of fibro-fatty tissue after involution in 40-80% of cases. Celecoxib is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and can inhibit angiogenesis and fibrosis. The present study aimed to clarify whether celecoxib is able to induce tumor regression with minimal side effects. For that purpose, the regulation of celecoxib in the involution of IH was investigated in an IH model. Hemangioma-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Hem-MSCs) were isolated from proliferating specimens, and an IH model was established by injecting these cells into nude mice. Celecoxib was administered in vitro and in vivo. Oil Red O staining and reverse transcription-quantitative-PCR were used to detect the adipogenic differentiation of Hem-MSCs. Histologic analysis and immunohistochemical staining of the tumor xenografts were performed to investigate the pathological evolution of the tumor. The results showed that celecoxib inhibited the proliferation and induced the adipogenic differentiation of Hem-MSCs in vitro. In vivo, adipocytes were only present in the celecoxib group at week 4, while a larger number of fibroblasts and collagenous fibers could be observed in the basic fibroblast growth factor group. Therefore, celecoxib may be a potential agent used for IH treatment by inducing adipogenesis and inhibiting fibroblast formation.
Composition of the volatile oils of Phlomis lanceolata Boiss. & Hohen., Phlomis anisodonta Boiss. and Phlomis bruguieri Desf. from Iran

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The composition of hydrodistilled essential oils of three species of Phlomis (Lamiaceae), P. lanceolata , P. anisodonta and P. bruguieri , were investigated by GC and GC–MS, and 31, 28 and 21 compounds, representing 94.1%, 96.0% and 96.8%, respectively, of the total oils, were identified. In all three samples, sesquiterpenes were the main components. In P. lanceolata oil the main components were germacrene D (47.0%), ( E )‐ β ‐farnesene (10.5%), α ‐pinene (8.7%), germacrene B (8.0%), bicyclogermacrene (5.9%); in P. anisodonta , germacrene D (65.0%) and β ‐caryophyllene (11.0%); and in P. bruguieri , germacrene D (60.5%), γ ‐elemene (16.5%), germacrene B (7.1%) and bicyclogermacrene (4.1%). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resveratrol upregulates SIRT1 and inhibits cellular oxidative stress in the diabetic milieu: mechanistic insights

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Oxidative stress is pivotal in diabetic complications. Loss of SIRT1 activity may be associated with diabetes. SIRT1 can regulate FOXO transcription. However, interactions between SIRT1 and FOXO under diabetic conditions are unclear. In T1DM patients, monocytic SIRT1 expression was significantly decreased and p47phox expression was increased compared to controls. The phytochemical resveratrol, increases mitochondrial function by activating SIRT1. We tested the effect of resveratrol on cellular oxidation via the SIRT1-FOXO pathway under high-glucose conditions. Human monocytic cells were cultured in presence of mannitol or normo- (NG, 5.5 mmol/L glucose) or hyperglycemic (HG, 25 mmol/L glucose) conditions in absence or presence of resveratrol (3 ìmol/L) for 48 h. Under HG in vitro, SIRT1 and FOXO3a were significantly decreased compared to NG, this was reversed by resveratrol, concomitant with reduction in HG-induced superoxide production and p47phox. SIRT1 siRNA, inhibited HG-induced FOXO3a and p47phox expression with no additive effect of resveratrol. Thus, resveratrol decreases HG-induced superoxide production via upregulation of SIRT1, induction of FOXO3a and inhibition of p47phox in monocytes.
The Effect of Everyday Moral Sensitivity on Bullying Bystander Behavior: Parallel Mediating Roles of Empathy and Moral Disengagement

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The higher moral sensitivity to bullying a student has, the more likely they are to help the victim or inhibit bullying rather than ignore it. Research has mainly focused on particular sensitivity to bullying, and it remains unknown whether sensitivity to everyday moral issues functions similarly. The present study aimed to examine the effect of everyday moral sensitivity (EMS) on bullying bystander behaviors. We included a range of school children ( n = 1,655, Grades 3–12, 27.6% girls) in Southwest China. The results show 6.10% have been a victim-only, 0.48% have been a bully-only, 0.85% have been the bullying victim, 92.57% have been neither a bully nor a bullying victim, and 45.86% have observed bullying. Students in lower grades are more likely to be bullied. After controlling for covariates (i.e., gender, grade, and social desirability), EMS is positively associated with positive bystander behaviors. Moreover, empathy and moral disengagement (MD) play a mediating role in the relationship between EMS and positive bystander behaviors. The results reveal two parallel processes of EMS influenced bystander behaviors (i.e., empathy and MD). The findings indicate the possibility of cultivating EMS and highlight the role of morality development in preventing school bullying.
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Promoters of ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 Genes in Maize

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

PCR reactions were carried out to clone promoters of ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 from genomic DNA using primers designed according to the whole genome sequence of maize.And then,cis-acting elements and the differences of the promoters between two cultivars(K12 and Shen137) of maize were analyzed by bioinformatics software.The results showed that compared to cultivar K12,Shen137 was lack of 574 bp sequences in its promoter,besides existed 24 SNPs.However,the promoters of ZmNAS2 had no difference between the two cultivars of maize.There were some cis-acting elements relevant to light regulating,hormone inducing and stress responding in promoters of ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 genes,and core sequences in elements associated with the iron-deficiency-response were also identified.According to the analysis of promoter elements,we make a pre-judgement that expression and regulation of ZmNAS1 and ZmNAS2 were a complex process,and the two genes were regulated by several signals besides iron-deficiency stress.In addition,the promoters of ZmNAS1 are significantly different in the two cultivars,which indicated that the expression and regulation of ZmNAS1 between the two cultivars are not same.
Conclusion

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This Conclusion closes the study by summarizing the account of political economy that has been developed, which is intended to replace the standard accounts of ‘classical political economy’. The premise motivating this alternative account is that it is unacceptable to simply assume that classical political economy existed. By studying the major controversies of the period, the forms of argument active in them, and the reception of Smith’s Wealth of Nations in the doctrinal contests between Malthus and Ricardo, it was not possible to support the claim that such a unity existed. Instead, the evidence suggests that political economy was an ill-defined staging ground for contests spilling out of parliamentary debate. This is why the vast majority of texts represent attempts to supervene on policy. These texts—including those by Malthus and Ricardo—were almost always produced using ready-to-hand concepts and instruments. That is, political economy was constructed with great freedom, without intellectual specialization, and in dialogue with the controversies of the day. Moreover, it did not possess its own vocabulary or methods and was even construed as a species of political metaphysics of the same type thought to have caused the French Revolution. In such a context, theoretical speculation concerning commercial life was neither a prestigious nor an accepted form of behaviour, and both Malthus and Ricardo went to elaborate lengths to justify ‘theory’. This circumstance represents a major discontinuity between their time and ours.
Five-level cascaded H-bridge inverter for renewable energy applications

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a five-level inverter based on the phase-disposition pulse width modulation (PD-PWM) technique for renewable energy applications. The conventional cascaded H-bridge (CHB) five-level inverter structure is reproduced, and an LC filter is designed to get optimum results from the inverter output. Two batteries are used as renewable energy sources to investigate the performance of the designed inverter. The system can provide 220 volts and 50 Hz AC supply with a 6.9 kW power supply to the load/grid. The designed output is compared with filter and without filter circuit. It provides sinusoidal voltage and current output with a very low total harmonic distortion (THD) of 2.75% which is compliant with IEEE 519 standards. MATLAB/Simulink software tool is used for the entire design. The inverter’s output is graphically represented, and discussed various parameters like switching frequency, THD, modulation index, and rated voltage.
Mobile Relay Based Fast Handover Scheme in High-Speed Mobile Environment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

There are a lot of handovers failed in high-speed mobile environment because the handover can't be completed in time although the field strength values are sufficient availability along the tracks. A mobile relay based fast handover scheme is proposed which is suitable for high-speed mobile environment. Two reference points are introduced to ensure handover in time. Pre-preparation and packet bi-casting is introduced to reduce communication interruption time and realize seamless handover. The performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed in terms of handover delay, communication interruption time and bi-casting time.
Energy analysis of chemistry for correct insertion by DNA polymerase beta

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

X-ray crystallographic structures of human DNA polymerase β with nonhydrolyzable analogs containing all atoms in the active site required for catalysis provide a secure starting point for a theoretical analysis (quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics) of the mechanism of chemistry without biasing of modeling assumptions as required in previous studies. These structures provide the basis for a detailed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics study of the path for the complete transfer of a monophosphate nucleoside donor to the sugar acceptor in the active site. The reaction is largely associative with the main energetic step preceded by proton transfer from the terminal primer deoxyribose O3′ to Asp-256. The key residues that provide electrostatic stabilization of the transition state are identified and compared with those identified by mutational studies.
In vitro quality assurance of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy mono-isocentric plan for simultaneous treatment of two targets.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Radiotherapy of two or multiple targets using monoisocentric technique can appreciably reduce the scatter dose to the normal surrounding tissue around the target/s and also the required setup and treatment time is reduced significantly. Therefore, the technique can be efficiently used to save time without compromising the radio therapeutic ratio and quality treatment, for both palliative and curative intent.
Possible role of WNT10B in increased proliferation and tubule formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures treated with hypoxic conditioned medium from human adipocytes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Regulation of angiogenesis plays an important role in adipose tissue expansion and function. The Wnt pathway and WNT10B, the main member of Wnt family, participate in angiogenesis in cancer tumors, but there is limited evidence to support the regulatory role of WNT10B in human adipose tissue angiogenesis. Subcutaneous white adipose tissue (scWAT) of 80 participants including obese and non-obese subjects was obtained and the expression of WNT10B and VEGFA genes were evaluated using qPCR. Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSC) were differentiated to adipocytes and incubated under either hypoxic or normoxic conditions. The conditioned media of these adipocytes were collected and used as growth media for human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in Matrigel. We evaluated the proliferation, cell cycle phases, tubule formation and β-catenin activation of these treated cells. We found a significant correlation between WNT10B and VEGFA expression in the scWAT of both obese and non-obese subjects. Proliferation and tubule formation of HUVEC treated with conditioned media of hypoxic adipocytes (hCM) in the S-phase were increased significantly compared to the HUVEC treated with the conditioned media of normoxic adipocytes (nCM). The expression of WNT10B and VEGFA was enhanced in hypoxic adipocytes compared to normoxic adipocytes; also, activation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin was enhanced in the HUVEC treated with hCM compared to nCM. WNT10B acts as an angiogenic protein in scWAT under hypoxic conditions. Hypoxia induced WNT10B increases VEGFA expression and causes tube formation by HUVECs and angiogenesis in adipose tissue via the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Dietary wolfberry upregulates carotenoid metabolic genes and enhances mitochondrial biogenesis in the retina of db/db diabetic mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Scope Our aim was to investigate whether dietary wolfberry altered carotenoid metabolic gene expression and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis in the retina of diabetic mice. Methods and results Six‐week‐old male db/db and wild‐type mice were fed the control or wolfberry diets for 8 weeks. At study termination, liver and retinal tissues were collected for analysis by transmission electron microscopy, real‐time PCR , immunoprecipitation, W estern blot, and HPLC . Wolfberry elevated zeaxanthin and lutein levels in the liver and retinal tissues and stimulated expression of retinal scavenger receptor class B type I, glutathione S ‐transferase P i 1, and β,β‐carotene 9′,10′‐oxygenase 2, and induced activation and nuclear enrichment of retinal AMP ‐activated protein kinase α2 ( AMPK ‐α2). Furthermore, wolfberry attenuated hypoxia and mitochondrial stress as demonstrated by declined expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1‐α, vascular endothelial growth factor, and heat shock protein 60. Wolfberry enhanced retinal mitochondrial biogenesis in diabetic retinas as demonstrated by reversed mitochondrial dispersion in the retinal pigment epithelium, increased mitochondrial copy number, elevated citrate synthase activity, and upregulated expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ co‐activator 1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1, and mitochondrial transcription factor A . Conclusion Consumption of dietary wolfberry could be beneficial to retinoprotection through reversal of mitochondrial function in diabetic mice.
“How Much Can One Book Do?”: Exploring Perceptions of a Common Book Program for First-Year University Students

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article reports on student surveys and faculty interviews with regard to a university pilot project of a common book program for first-year students. We found that a minority of students read the book and the book was integrated into only some faculty members’ courses. First-year students varied in their perceptions of the impact the project had on selected literacy skills, with small to moderate gains reported. In addition, the program did not create a sense of community for students or faculty members. Some students and all faculty members believed the program had the potential to have a greater impact on students’ university-level skills and to create a sense of community in future years. Practical implications for common book programs and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Influences of Environmental Factors on Fish Assemblage in the Tropical Estuary of South West Coast of India, A Case Study of Kodungallur-Azhikode Estuary

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A proper monitoring of aquatic environment is crucial to appropriate management of the fisheries that rely on harvests from the environment and attempts of present study have been made to demonstrate links with environmental variability and fish abundance in the Kodungallur-Azhikode estuary (KAE). Annual average fish production in the estuary was declined considerably to 908.6 tons during 2009-2010, where 2747 tons was reported. Sixty three species of fin fishes, six species of penaeid shrimps, one species of Palaemonid prawns, two species of crabs, four species of bivalves and two species of edible oysters were observed in this study. Present study revealed that, Salinity is consistently the most important parameter explaining variation in assemblage composition and abundance of KAE; the availability of fish for recruitment into an estuary depends primarily upon the distributional range of euryhaline marine and estuarine species. The direct gradient analysis, first CCA axis, which explained most of the variation (45%) in the species data, was related to salinity, transparency and pH, and first two CCA axes together explained 72% of the cumulative percent variance of species-environment relationship. The importance of monitoring the estuarine condition in relation to fish assemblage was discussed, with significance on the potential use of estuarine fish assemblages and their monitoring and surveillance in management programs.
IN SEARCH OF PARADIGMS: IDENTIFYING THE THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE IS FIELD

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The goal of this paper is identify the theoretical foundations – the core theories – of the IS field. Currently there is a lack of consensus about what the core IS theories are, or even if we have any at all. If we do, they certainly don’t appear in IS curricula or textbooks as they do in more mature disciplines. So far, most of the debate on this issue has been conducted at a subjective and prescriptive (normative) level. We attempt to broaden the debate by taking a descriptive (positive) approach, using relatively objective data. We do this by consulting the “geological record”: the pattern of citations in the leading IS journals. We use a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques to identify the most influential theories in the IS field. The results of our analysis are surprisingly positive, especially in the light of warnings about IS being overly dependent on reference disciplines (a discipline with no theory to call its own) and being obsessed with research methodology (emphasising how to research at the expense of what to research). This suggests that the negative views often expressed about the progress of IS may be unjustified and that its development has followed the normal evolutionary pattern of any research field. Being aware of our theoretical foundations will help clarify our
Steady shallow flow over a spillway

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A simple derivation of recent shallow-flow equations with bed curvature is presented. These equations are applied to steady flow over a high overflow spillway crest, to obtain the head–discharge relationship and the crest-pressure distribution in good agreement with experiment. It is inferred that the equations are valid for quite large negative curvature. On the other hand, their application to steady flow over a spillway toe indicates their validity for positive curvature is more limited.