jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A low frequency-dependence, energy-efficient switching technique for bottom-plate sampled SAR ADC

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper shows frequency dependence of switching energy of bottom-plate sampled successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converters (ADC) and presents a technique that achieves 86% reduction in switching energy compared to the conventional SAR over a wide frequency range. The switching energy has been calculated by taking into account both the power drawn from reference as well as the power consumed by the switches themselves. The results have been verified through MATLAB and SPICE simulations.
'Generic resemblances?' : women and work in Queensland, 1919-1939

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Women in Queensland engaged in a wider variety of work and economic relationships during the period from 1919 to the outbreak of the Second World War than previous studies of this state have suggested. In addition to their unpaid labour as wives and mothers, thousands of women participated in voluntary work. Women entered the formal economy as employees, self-employed workers and employers. Some women were involved in more than one economic relationship.Recognition of gender as a category of analysis is crucial to an examination of the different types of work which this thesis investigates. The division of labour between white men and white women by which the former were usually defined as breadwinners while the latter had primary responsibilities for housework, the organisation of voluntary work, and the segregation which characterised the formal economy demonstrate the relevance of the concept of gender to labour history.Women did not, however, constitute a homogeneous group. During the interwar period, Queensland society was characterised by hierarchies based on race, gender and class. Women's experiences of the economy reflected the outcomes of numerous factors, among which race, gender and class were of particular importance. Their marital status, age, geographical location, degree of financial independence and occupation also influenced their roles in the economy. For women who were dependents of male relatives, the class location, occupation and income of those relatives were significant. Economic events and conditions such as the Great Depression of the 1930s also affected women's experiences of work. These factors interacted with one another, and their relative importance and consequences varied for individual women.By exploring these factors and the extent to which some women's roles in the Queensland economy were similar to or different from those of other women and also of men, this thesis extends the parameters of feminist and labour history in this state. It offers an analysis which recognises both the patterns which emerge from the study of women's working lives and the extent to which women's experiences defy reduction to these patterns.
Efficient Protocol of Micropropagation, and Organogenesis of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Plants via Stem and Leaf Segments

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A highly efficient plant propagation protocol was developed for Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.using nodal shoot segments.Different concentrations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) singly or in combination with both GA 3 and adenine sulfate.Use of BAP at 0.5 mg/l combination with 20 mg/l adenine sulfate induced the highest frequency (100%) of shoot induction as well as maximum number of shoots per explant (10.6) followed by using the combination of 1.5 mg/l BAP with 0.5 mg/l GA 3 which create 6.76 shoot /explants, while lower number of shoot/explants (5.88) was recorded in MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BAP and the proliferated shoot clumps were further multiplied and elongated.The highest rooting frequency (77.8%) as well as highest number of roots (4.9) was observed in full strength MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l Indole-acetic acid (IAA).In order to study the effects of organs culture (stem and leaf) in vitro culture of poinsettia, shoot regeneration frequently was 100% when the stem explants were placed on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l BAP combination with 0.2 mg/l of NAA.Highest number of shoots per explant (6.95) was recorded followed by (5.83) shoots per explants in MS medium containing BAP 0.5 mg/l combination with GA 3 0.1 mg/l.Shoot regeneration from Leaf explants reached 77.73% when the leaf explants were placed on MS medium containing BAP 1.0 mg/l combination with 0.2 mg/l of IAA and highest number of shoots per explant (3.00) was recorded.Regenerated plantlets were acclimatized successfully in the green house and finally transplanted in the pots.
The Connection between Gut and Lung Microbiota, Mast Cells, Platelets and SARS-CoV-2 in the Elderly Patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 that emerged in late 2019 causes a respiratory tract infection and has currently resulted in more than 627 million confirmed cases and over 6.58 million deaths worldwide up to October 2022. The highest death rate caused by COVID-19 is in older people, especially those with comorbidities. This evidence presents a challenge for biomedical research on aging and also identifies some key players in inflammation, including mast cells and platelets, which could represent important markers and, at the same time, unconventional therapeutic targets. Studies have shown a decrease in the diversity of gut microbiota composition in the elderly, particularly a reduced abundance of butyrate-producing species, and COVID-19 patients manifest faecal microbiome alterations, with an increase in opportunistic pathogens and a depletion of commensal beneficial microorganisms. The main purpose of this narrative review is to highlight how an altered condition of the gut microbiota, especially in the elderly, could be an important factor and have a strong impact in the lung homeostasis and COVID-19 phenomenon, jointly to the activation of mast cells and platelets, and also affect the outcomes of the pathology. Therefore, a targeted and careful control of the intestinal microbiota could represent a complementary intervention to be implemented for the management and the challenge against COVID-19.
Pengaruh Emisi Kendaraan Terhadap Kandungan Logam Timbal (Pb) Tanah dan Bulir Padi pada Lahan Sawah di Kecamatan Tebas Kabupaten Sambas

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Lead (Pb) is one of most toxic pollutants. The main sources of Pb comes from industrial and vehicle gases. Lead contained in gas from vehicle will be absorbed and accumulated in the soil. Leads in the soil, especially in paddy soil alongside highway with many vehicles have a potential to be absorbed and accumulated in the grain. Solubility of Pb in the soil affecting the absorption of paddy is controlled by soil properties such as texture, organic matter, pH and cation exchange capacity. The research aims to study the effect of vehicle emission on Pb content in the soil, soil properties that influences the presences of Pb in the soil and its accumulation in grain. The research was conducted in paddy soil located alongside the highway of Sambas Regency as a rice producing center in West Kalimantan. Distance of soil and grain samplaing from the road will be used as a treatment to observe the effect of vehicle emission on Pb content, ie 0 – 50 meters, 50 – 100 meters and more than 100 meters. Soil samples were taken at 0-20 cm and 20-50 cm depth. Soil samples and grains are destracted by using nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide and perchloric acid. Furthermore, Pb content was measured using Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that there is no effect of land distance from the road to the soil content. The average Pb content at 0-50 m, 50-100 m and more than 100 m at a depth of 0-20 cm were 29,62 ppm, 31,57 ppm and 35,03 ppm, respectively. While the average Pb content at a depth of 20-50 cm, respectively, were 27,16 ppm, 32,53 ppm and 35,97 ppm. The presence of Pb in the soil is significantly correlated with sand and clay fraction. The content of Pb on grains is above the tolerance limit (0,5 ppm) of Pb content in food, fruits and vegetables. Pb content is from 2,07 ppm to 5,10 ppm.
P107 Changing outcomes in acute severe ulcerative colitis at Oxford in last seven decades

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction

Acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is a common medical emergency, with up to 25% of patients with ulcerative colitis experiencing at least one severe attack in their life-time. Since first Randomized control of efficacy of intravenous steroids published in 1954, many drugs have been discovered and used in management of acute severe colitis either as rescue therapy(Ciclosporin/Infliximab) or maintenance agents( 5-ASA, Immunomodulator (Azathioprine/6-Mercaptopurine), Biologic( Infliximab/Adalimumab/Vedolizumab) and small molecules( Tofacitinib).What is not known if these drugs have materialized into better outcomes in acute severe colitis.

Methods

We analysed outcomes from different papers from Oxford representing different cohorts of different era i.e Dinesen et al(1953–2007), Travis et al( 1996) and Corte et al( 2015).We compared the outcomes with most recent cohort from 2015–2019.

Results

Consecutive 131 admissions (117 patients) between 2015–9 were analysed. All satisfied modified TW definition of ASUC. Sixty-eight patients (58%) were female, index presentation 38 (29%),median age at presentation 40 years (16–76),median disease duration 1 year (1–43), median follow up 23 months (1–49).Seventy-one (54%) received rescue therapy (ciclosporin 35/71 and anti-TNF 36/71).Colectomy rates were 15% (19/131) during same admission and 26% (30/117) within 1 year of follow up. We compared the outcomes in different cohorts. We observed that colectomy rates have been decreasing significantly with better treatment (Image 1). We also observed that readmissions with acute severe colitis have also reduced (better maintenance) with only 12% patients requiring readmission in first year. Seventy percent of patients in current cohort have been maintained on biologic or Tofacitinib leading to colectomy free survival for median follow up of 2 years.

Conclusion

Availability of multiple drug options and improvement in healthcare have led to improved outcomes in acute severe colitis justifying the cost associated with these drugs.
1917-LB: Ketogenic Diet-Induced Depletion of Hepatic Fat Is Associated with Restored Beta-Cell Function Independent of Weight Loss

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction and Objective: Insulin resistance and T2D are associated with increased pancreatic and hepatic fat (HF), the former associated with beta-cell lipotoxicity that occurs in part due to increased delivery of VLDL to the islet. Significant weight loss from hypocaloric diets can induce T2D remission and restore beta-cell function, and is associated with reductions in HF. Ketogenic diets (KD) can also induce T2D remission, and this can occur in the absence of weight loss. However, the effect of KD on HF depletion and its relationship to beta-cell function has not been studied in a weight-maintaining setting. This study will determine if a eucaloric KD, versus a eucaloric low fat diet (LFD), could selectively deplete HF and restore beta-cell function in 43 adults with T2D. Methods: Participants were randomized to either a KD or LFD for 12 weeks. The HF fraction was assessed using MRI. Acute (ACP) and maximal (CPmax) C-peptide responses were determined by a hyperglycemic clamp. The 30-minute C-peptide disposition index (DI) was calculated from oral glucose tolerance test data. Analysis of covariance tested the effect of diet on change in HF over 12 weeks, and partial correlations examined associations between change in HF and changes in beta-cell measures. Results: Over 12 weeks, HF decreased in both groups (p&lt;0.001), but KD lost 68% more HF than LFD (p&lt;0.05). Overall, change in HF was inversely correlated to changes in ACP (r =-0.34, p&lt;0.05), CPmax (r=-0.32, p&lt;0.05) and DI (r=-0.42, p&lt;0.01). Within diet groups, associations with change in HF were significant only in the KD: ACP (r=-0.44, p&lt;0.05), CPmax (r=-0.56, p&lt;0.05), and DI (-0.61, p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The eucaloric KD intervention both restored beta-cell function and depleted HF in T2D without significant weight loss. These results are suggestive of a mechanistic link between pathways affecting HF and insulin secretion that could contribute to T2D remission in response to a KD. Further research is needed to identify potential hepatic targets for dietary or drug therapy. Disclosure M.L. Yurchishin: None. A.M. Goss: None. W. Garvey: Advisory Panel; Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Fractyl Health, Inc., Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Zealand Pharma A/S, Allurion, Carmot Therapeutics, Inc, TERNS Pharmaceuticals, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inogen, Neurocrine, Keros Therapeutics. Research Support; Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Company, Epitomee, Neurovalens, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Zealand Pharma A/S. B. Gower: None. Funding NIH/NIDDK (R01DK116726), NHLBI (T32HL105349), UAB Nutrition Obesity Research Center (P30DK056336), UAB Diabetes Research Center (P30DK079626).
TRANSFER-OF-TRAINING EFFECTS IN PROCESSING INSTRUCTION

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study compares the effects of processing instruction (PI), structured input (SI), and form-related explicit information (FREI) on a primary target form (i.e., third-person Spanish accusative clitics) and on a secondary form (i.e., third-person Spanish dative clitics). Participants included 151 adult learners enrolled in a beginning-level Spanish course. Findings revealed that SI is as effective on the primary target form as PI immediately after treatment; however, the FREI component of PI may play a positive role at the delayed posttest, as exhibited by the fact that the PI group maintained gains, whereas the SI group, although improved from the pretest, did not. Learners exposed to both PI and SI also demonstrated gains on the secondary target form, which suggests a transfer-of-training effect for both interventions. As such, we discuss the theoretical and methodological ramifications of these findings.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS APPLICATION ON HIERARCHICAL LATERAL ROOT MORPHOLOGY AND PHOSPHORUS ACQUISITION IN SOYBEAN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Root growth systems are hierarchical and sensitive to nutrient availability in soil. Lateral roots are an important component of plant root morphology. Phosphorus (P) availability regulates root branching in plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana, barley (Hordeum vulgare), and rice (Oryza sativa L.). However, little information is available for soybean (Glycine max L.). A pot experiment was conducted to determine the morphological characteristics of lateral roots of different orders and P acquirement of soybean seedlings under three levels of applied P of 0, 50 and 100 mg P kg−1 soil. Root length, an important parameter of root characteristics, differed in four orders. Lateral roots in the second and third order contributed 39.4 and 34.2% of total root length, respectively. Moreover, since most of lateral roots were fine roots (roots having a diameter 0.5 mm), fine roots had a frequency distribution of 58.5 to 61.4% in the second and third orders. Phosphorus application significantly increased dry weight, total length and number of lateral roots in the four orders with the ranking of fourth > third > second > first (P ≤ 0.05), but did not affect the average length of a lateral root. Phosphorus application reduced the frequency distribution of fine lateral roots in the first and second orders, while increased in the third and fourth orders (P ≤ 0.05). Compared with the medium P application (50 mg P kg−1 soil), the high P application (100 mg P kg−1 soil) inhibited lateral root growth with decreases in root dry weight, root length and root number at all orders. Phosphorus concentration and content increased with the increase in P application. The correlation between characteristics of lateral root and P status in the plants varied among root orders. The length of lateral roots from first to third order had a positive correlation with P concentration in root and shoot, and had a good relationship with P content. Lateral root numbers at the second, third and fourth orders were significantly correlated with P content while no correlation was found with the average length of a lateral root. It is proposed that the main effect of P application appears to be on the lateral root initiation rather than on lateral root elongation, and P favors the lateral root formation of the higher orders. The total length and number of lateral root at the second and third orders play a more important role in P content than those at other lateral root orders.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Novel Antifungal\nLeads: 3,5-Dichlorobenzyl Ester Derivatives

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Succinate\ndehydrogenase (SDH) is one of the most important molecular\ntargets for the development of new fungicides. Carboxamide fungicides\nare a class of SDH inhibitors widely used to inhibit highly destructive\nplant pathogens. Although cases of resistance have been found in fungal\npathogens due to the unrestricted use in recent years, there is still\ndemand for new compounds with improved fungicidal activity. Therefore,\na series of ester compounds were designed to investigate potential\nnovel antifungal molecules. First, the antifungal activity of different\nbenzyl alcohol compounds (<b>A1–A21</b>) was tested,\nand a highly active fragment (3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol) was found.\nSubsequently, various compounds were synthesized by esterification\nbetween different acids and 3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol, among which\ncompound <b>5</b> exhibited remarkable antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani with EC<sub>50</sub> values of 6.60 and 1.61 mg/L, respectively,\nwhich were comparable to those of commercial fungicide boscalid (EC<sub>50</sub> = 1.24 and 1.01 mg/L). <i>In vivo</i> testing\nfurther demonstrated that compound <b>5</b> was effective in\nsuppressing B. cinerea (200 mg/L, 50.9%).\nMoreover, SDH inhibition assays, fluorescence quenching analysis,\nand determination of mitochondrial membrane potential revealed that\ncompound <b>5</b> has similar effects to boscalid. Furthermore,\nthe fungicidal activity of target compounds can be maintained by modifying\nthe amide bond to an ester bond. These results will provide basis\nfor the development of novel fungicides.
The Effects of Music in Advertising on Choice Behavior: A Classical Conditioning Approach

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Do features like humor, sex, color, and music in a commercial merely increase our attention to product information in a message, or can they directly influence our attitudes? The results of an experiment using a classical conditioning approach suggest that hearing liked or disliked music while being exposed to a product can directly affect product preferences. A second experiment differentiated communication situations where a classical conditioning approach or an information processing approach might be appropriate in explaining product preference.
Temporal Variation in Stable Isotopic Composition of Rainfall and Groundwater in a Tropical Dry Forest in the Northeastern Caribbean

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Karst topography links rainfall to groundwater recharge; therefore, possible changes in the hydrology can play an important role in ecosystem function especially in tropical dry forests where water is the most limiting resource. This study investigates the temporal variation in isotopic composition (δ18O and δD values) of rainwater and groundwater in the Guánica Dry Forest of southwestern Puerto Rico. The study not only establishes a dataset of oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of rainwater to assist in local ecohydrological studies but also establishes the origin of rainfall in the semiarid region of the island. The geographical position of Puerto Rico in the northeastern Caribbean causes the study site to receive marine air masses from the North Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. This research documents the monthly to annual variability in stable isotopic composition of rainwater and estimates the source of groundwater recharge in the Guánica Dry Forest. To calculate the local meteoric water line (LMWL), the authors analyzed the isotopic signatures of rainwater, collected at near-monthly intervals from January 2008 to December 2011. The LMWL (δD = 7.79δ18O + 10.85) is close to the global meteoric water line (δD = 8.17δ18O + 11.27). Isotopic signatures of rainwater for the Guánica Dry Forest are consistent with southeastern Caribbean, where rainfall is of marine origin with an annual cycle contributed by sea surface temperature (SST) and significant intermonthly fluctuations due to rainfall and winds during tropical weather events. The d-excess values in the period of data collection (2008–11) respond to the rainfall–evaporation balance, with little seasonal cycle and strong pulsing events. Comparison of rain and groundwater isotopic compositions in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) Guánica Dry Forest indicates that groundwater recharge is confined to rainfall events of more than 90 mm. Imbalances between rainfall and drought place cumulative stresses on ecosystems where plants and animals synchronize their growth phenology and reproduction to climatic patterns, especially in areas with variable annual cycles. Therefore, it is useful in ecohydrological studies to determine the origins and temporal dynamics of rainfall and groundwater recharge in the Caribbean, where predictions of climate models indicate drying trends.
HEAT LOSS IN WET DUCKLINGS AND CHICKS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Wet ducklings, like wet chicks, had lower body temperatures than dry birds. The temperature depressions of the chicks decreased as they grew older. The temperature depressions of the ducklings were mainly dependent on the waterproofing of their plumage and how much of their skin became wetted. Completely waterproof ducklings, which maintained a layer of air between their skin and the water, lost heat slowly, but poorly waterproofed birds with wet skins lost heat quickly. Waterproofing was reduced in the laboratory when the ducklings' feathers became soiled and disarranged and when one swam in soapy water.
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Simulations of Ground Vibration Generated by High-Speed Trains and Engineering Countermeasures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we discuss the benefits of using rubber-modified asphalt concrete in high-speed railway foundations. We present the results from a series of three-dimensional finite element simulations modeling a high-speed train foundation utilizing various trackbed materials. Four trackbed materials were tested for their relative vibration attenuation capacities: ballast, concrete, conventional asphalt concrete, and rubber-modified asphalt concrete. Additionally, studies varying the speed and the weight of the passing train were performed. Parametric studies varying the dimensions of the trackbed underlayment were also examined. From these numerical simulations, it is shown that rubber-modified asphalt concrete outperforms other traditional paving materials in ground vibration attenuation. It is also shown that the speeds and weights of the passing trains and the dimensions of the trackbed have significant effects on the relative performance of the paving materials. Implications for design are discussed.