jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Functional and structural organisation of the visual system in human albinism

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Albinism is a developmental disorder which involves the misrouting of optic nerve projections, leading to an abnormally organised visual system. Despite the aberrant input, people with albinism have relatively normal vision and experience the world in much the same way as their peers. This thesis explores the functional and structural organisation of visual cortex in human albinism using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. This thesis covers four main experiments. Experiment 1 deals with stimulus optimisation for population receptive field (pRF) mapping in healthy adults. pRF mapping is a functional MRI technique for estimating cortical receptive field characteristics non-invasively. In this experiment, a stimulus configuration optimized for short acquisition time requirements is presented and implemented in subsequent experiments. Experiment 2 combines the pRF approach for retinotopic localization with diffusion MRI tractography in healthy adults to show evidence for direct extrastriate connections of the human optic radiation. The optic radiation is the principal white matter pathway for relaying retinal input to visual cortex, and typically considered a projection to primary visual cortex. In this experiment, independent pathways of the optic radiation to visual areas V2 and V3 are identified, and functional-structural methodologies developed for Experiment 4. Experiment 3 investigates the functional organisation of visual cortex in participants with albinism. A pRF mapping approach was implemented, identifying abnormal retinotopic organisation and altered receptive field properties in extrastriate visual cortex. In addition, we explore evidence for and against a dual receptive field model of visual field representation in albinism. Experiment 4 examines the structural and functional connectivity of early visual system in human albinism. In particular, differences in white matter microstructure and inter- hemispheric visual map connectivity are found between participants with albinism and a cohort of healthy controls. This thesis highlights the capacity and limitations of developmental plasticity in human albinism.
Distribution and Association of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Different Cultivars of Wheat from Lalganj Pratapgarh District of Utter Pradesh, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are key components of soil micro-flora and obviously interact with other microorganisms in the rhizosphere which is the zone of influence of plant roots on microbial populations and other soil constituents. Keeping in view the importance of AM fungi, the present study was undertaken for assessing the AM fungal spore population dynamics in the rhizosphere soil and its colonization in rhizosphere soils in relation to soil physico-chemical factors. Present study represents an attempt to establish the qualitative and quantitative distribution of AM fungal species in rhizosphere soils of wheat. Thirteen different wheat cultivars collected from four different sites of Lalganj Pratapgarh (U.P.), India were examined for the AM infection. All the wheat cultivars were found to be infected with arbuscular mycorrhizae. However, their population in rhizosphere and root infection varied to a considerable extent from species to species. The maximum spore population and highest percentage of root colonization were found with the rhizosphere soil of cultivars Ankur Kedar.
Mitochondrial Functionality in Male Fertility: From Spermatogenesis to Fertilization

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mitochondria are structurally and functionally distinct organelles that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), to provide energy to spermatozoa. They can also produce reactive oxidation species (ROS). While a moderate concentration of ROS is critical for tyrosine phosphorylation in cholesterol efflux, sperm–egg interaction, and fertilization, excessive ROS generation is associated with male infertility. Moreover, mitochondria participate in diverse processes ranging from spermatogenesis to fertilization to regulate male fertility. This review aimed to summarize the roles of mitochondria in male fertility depending on the sperm developmental stage (from male reproductive tract to female reproductive tract). Moreover, mitochondria are also involved in testosterone production, regulation of proton secretion into the lumen to maintain an acidic condition in the epididymis, and sperm DNA condensation during epididymal maturation. We also established the new signaling pathway using previous proteomic data associated with male fertility, to understand the overall role of mitochondria in male fertility. The pathway revealed that male infertility is associated with a loss of mitochondrial proteins in spermatozoa, which induces low sperm motility, reduces OXPHOS activity, and results in male infertility.
Microbially influenced corrosion of SS304 steel by mixed microbial communities in a novel electrochemical flow cell system

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC) is the process of metal deterioration resulting from exposure to microorganisms and their metabolites. The ability of microorganisms to alter redox reactions, leading to accelerated corrosion rate, has strong economic and environmental impacts. MIC is particularly relevant in seawater, as its high salinity and conductivity confer to seawater the characteristic of an electrolyte, thus facilitating corrosion reactions. Most MIC studies have used electrochemical batch cells inoculated with a single species. Thus, the effects on MIC as a consequence of the complex interactions in a mixed microbial biofilm remains poorly understood. In this study, a novel electrochemical flow cell (EFC) was developed to investigate the MIC of SS304 steel by a mixed marine microbial community. MIC was characterized with a combination of electrochemical and microscopy techniques. Short-term experiments (≤7 d) were conducted to analyze the effects of nutrient composition on the initial MIC rate of the metal coupons in the presence of a mixed microbial seawater community. Results from linear polarization (LP), electrochemical impedance spectrometry (EIS) and open circuit voltage (OCV) analysis show that readily available organic nutrients (glucose) enhance MIC rates. This may be attributed to faster microbial growth, resulting in pH and oxygen concentration gradients across the biofilm. These results also validate the EFC for the study of MIC. Complementary metagenomics and meta-transcriptomics analysis are ongoing to reveal the role of the microbial community in MIC process.
Additional file 7: of Genetic detection of peste des petits ruminants virus under field conditions: a step forward towards disease eradication

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

RT-LAMP based detection of serial dilutions of virus supernatant. The graph was generated in “GraphPad Prism software” expressing increasing serial dilution of PPRV culture supernatant along x-axis and corresponding time of detection along y-axis. The RT-LAMP was able to detect up to 10−4TCID50/ml within 60 min. (TXT 143 bytes)
Shear bond strength of two adhesive systems bonded to Er:YAG laser-prepared dentin.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Dentinal surfaces prepared with an Er:YAG laser have distinctly different characteristics compared to those prepared with conventional instruments. The objective of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength of a total-etch adhesive system and a self-etch adhesive system to dentin, prepared conventionally or with an Er:YAG laser. Specimens that were prepared with a diamond bur and treated with the total-etch adhesive showed the highest mean bond strength, followed by specimens prepared with the laser and treated with the total-etch adhesive, specimens prepared with a diamond bur and treated with the self-etch adhesive, and specimens prepared with the laser and treated with the self-etch adhesive, but there were no differences among the groups (P > 0.05). These data indicate that the tested adhesive systems promote similar shear bond strengths, whether the dentin is prepared with a diamond bur or an Er:YAG laser, and that an Er:YAG laser is a suitable cavity preparation method that promotes an adequate surface for a posterior adhesive procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: 7‐Oxanorbornanes. Biological Activities

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Geographic and Ecological Overlap of Parasitoid Wasps Associated with the Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) Species Complex

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract One of the fundamental questions in evolutionary ecology seeks to understand how new biodiversity is created and structured into communities. The apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae), a model for rapid ecological speciation via host plant shifting for phytophagous insects, and its parasitoid community can offer insight into answering this and other related questions. Speciation of Rhagoletis also seems to be driving sequential speciation in a host specific parasitoid wasp Diachasma alloeum (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). However, biological and geographic information regarding D. alloeum and other parasitoids attacking flies in the genus Rhagoletis is sorely lacking, a problem that complicates the study of their evolution. Here, we present a synthesis of the geographic ranges and extended host associations of Rhagoletis-attacking parasitoids and test whether parasitoids can overlap in host use. In particular, we ask whether 1) wasps that co-occur in sympatry attack different life stages of the fly, 2) locally co-occurring wasps share some fly species in common but not others, 3) wasps differ in local abundance on those fly hosts they share in common, and 4) wasps vary on a regional scale in their geographic distributions. We use both collections and published records to answer the above-mentioned questions. A strong understanding of the Rhagoletis-attacking parasitoid distributions will facilitate future study of sequential radiation in this system.
Diagnostic yield of genome sequencing for prenatal diagnosis of fetal structural anomalies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective Genome sequencing (GS >30x) is beginning to be adopted as a comprehensive genome‐wide test for the diagnosis of rare disease in the post‐natal setting. Recent studies demonstrated the utility of exome sequencing (ES) in prenatal diagnosis, we investigate the potential benefits for GS to act as a comprehensive prenatal test for diagnosis of fetal abnormalities. Methods We performed GS on a prospective cohort of 37 singleton fetuses with ultrasound‐identified structural abnormalities undergoing invasive prenatal testing. GS was performed in parallel with standard diagnostic testing, and the prioritized variants were classified according to ACMG guidelines and reviewed by a panel of board‐certified laboratory and clinical geneticists. Results Diagnostic sequence variants were identified in 5 fetuses (14%), with pathogenic variants found in NIPBL , FOXF1 , RERE , AMMECR1 , and FLT4 . A further 7 fetuses (19%) had variants of uncertain significance (VUS) that may explain the phenotypes. Importantly, GS also identified all pathogenic variants reported by clinical microarray (2 CNVs, 5%). Conclusion Prenatal GS offered diagnoses (sequence variants and CNVs) in 19% of fetuses with structural anomalies. GS has the potential of replacing multiple consecutive tests, including microarray, gene panels, and WES, to provide the most comprehensive analysis in a timely manner necessary for prenatal diagnosis.
Impact of Fruits and Vegetables Export on Economic Growth in Nigeria (1981-2019)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study empirically examined the impact of fruits and vegetables exports on economic growth in Nigeria covering the period 1981-2019. To actualize the aim of this study, data for the research were extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin, 2019. The method used in estimating the parameters of the model was the linear regression with the application of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique and the Granger causality analysis. The major findings of the study are that fruits and vegetables exports contributes negatively but insignificantly to economic growth in Nigeria, government agricultural expenditures contribute negatively but insignificantly to economic growth in Nigeria and rainfall contributes negatively but insignificantly to economic growth. It is the recommendation of this study that; the government of Nigeria should encourage farmers by giving soft loans for agricultural activities especially for fruits and vegetables. This will help farmers meet up with financial needs in terms of purchasing some seeds, hiring machines, etc thereby boosting the massive production and exportation of fruits and vegetables in Nigeria.
Restoration of Dimensions for Ancient Drawing Recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study aims to investigate and determine the actual size of the “cheok” scale—The traditional weights and measures of Korea—To aid in data construction on the recognition of ancient drawings in the field of artificial intelligence. The cheok scale can be divided into Yeongjocheok, Jucheok, Pobaekcheok, and Joryegicheok. This study calculated the actual dimensions used in the drawings of Tonga and Eonjo contained in Jaseungcha Dohae by Gyunam Ha BaeckWon, which helped us analyze the scale used in the southern region of Korea in the 1800s. The scales of 1/15 cheok and 1/10 cheok were used in the Tonga and Eonjo sections in Jaseungcha Dohae, and the actual dimensions in the drawing were converted to the scale used at the time. Owing to the conversion, the dimensions in the drawings of Tonga were converted to 30.658 cm per cheok, and ~31.84 cm per cheok for Eonjo. In this manner, the actual dimensions used in the southern region of Korea around the year 1800 were restored. Through this study, the reference values for drawing recognition of machinery drawings in Korea around 1800 were derived.
Magnetohydrodynamic flow in a weldpool

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<p>In arc welding electromagnetic forces are thought to be the major cause of fluid motion in the weldpool and in this thesis we are concerned with some examples of such flows. There has been recent experimental evidence to suggest that the application of a uniform magnetic field normal to the weldpool free surface stabilises the welding process. In view of this we investigate motion in a hemispherical pool due to a stationary current source with a superimposed uniform magnetic field applied parallel to the axis of symmetry. When inertial effects are ignored and a simple point source or source-sink model of the current source is introduced we obtain analytic solutions for the fluid flow valid for low currents and low applied fields. Using the analytic solutions for the source-sink current model we derive an approximate expression for the curvature of the free surface. A numerical scheme using finite-differences and the vorticity-streamfunction approach is then developed to solve the full non-linear flow problem and results are derived for the source-sink current model of the current source and for a more realistic numerically constructed distributed current source. Results obtained for typical welding currents and applied magnetic fields indicate radially outward flow on the plane free surface of the hemisphere, this direction being opposite to that predicted when there is no applied field. We go on to investigate asymmetric flows arising in a hemisphere induced by an applied current source and a uniform magnetic field acting parallel to the plane face of the pool. A three-dimensional analytic solution to this flow problem is obtained when the inertial terms in the Navier-Stokes equations are neglected and the source-sink current model is adopted. A three-dimensional numerical scheme using finite-differences and the vorticity-vector potential method is developed to solve the non-linear flow problem when the source-sink and the realistic current models are used. The three-dimensional numerical scheme is extended to consider flows induced in a moving hemisphere when a current source is applied to the fluid.</p>
Analyzing the tax system as a factor of social policy of the State

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Subject. We analyze the effect of the tax system on the social policy of the State. Objectives. The study aims to assess the tax system as a factor of government’s social policy. Methods. We employ methods of systems analysis, including qualitative, quantitative, factor analysis, generalization methods, comparison, as well as economic and statistical methods. Statistical reporting of the Federal Tax Service of Russian Federation, the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and laws and regulations served as empirical and information basis of the study. Results. We considered the classification of tax instruments for implementing the social policy of the tax system, and indicators of social policy efficiency; identified areas for stirring up the social function of taxes. They include the use of personal income tax as a tool of State social policy through the separation of taxpayer income to apply progressive tax rates based on the analysis of statistical data on taxpayers’ size and per capita income behavior. The paper defines the main factors of changes in the modern social policy of the Russian Federation. Conclusions. At the present stage of tax system development, the paper highlights the increased level of social awareness. It is manifested in increased social control over effective functioning of State institutions. This control focuses on the quality of public services, cost effectiveness, and improved living standards.
Distinguishing between more and less suitable bentonites for storage of high-level radioactive waste

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract One of today's big challenges is to store safely the increasing amount of high-level radioactive waste (HLRW) in the world. In some of the concepts devised for this challenge, bentonite, a natural swelling clay, plays a key role in encasing the canisters containing the waste. The use of bentonite as a geotechnical barrier in HLRWrepositories is a new venture; specifications to ensure either optimum performance or that a minimum standard is reached at least do not exist yet. The present study summarizes relevant research and discusses possible HLRW-bentonite specifications. The importance of these specifications for any given repositories has to be assessed on a case by case basis, depending on the concept being employed and any special circumstances for the individual repositories. Ten key issues were identified which were used to discuss bentonite specifications. In some of these key issues the optimum bentonite performance depended more on processing and production (compaction) than on the bentonite type ( e.g. swelling pressure and thermal conductivity). In contrast, in some of the other key issues, the type of bentonite was found to influence possible specifications: the bentonite should not alter its mineral composition or its geotechnical parameters such as the swellability. Therefore, the bentonite should contain neither soluble nor reactive phases ( e.g. organic matter, pyrite, gypsum). The structural Fe content of the smectites should be small because of the lesser stability and greater reactivity of the Fe-rich bentonites. Also, a large layer-charge density of the swelling clay minerals leads to less corrosion at the iron–bentonite interface (relevant if iron canisters are used). The hydraulic conductivity and swelling pressure can be tailored by compaction of the bentonite resulting in different dry densities. From an engineering point of view, a bentonite with least dependence of the hydraulic conductivity/swelling pressure on the dry density would be best. Using a bentonite which has been investigated extensively over many years means less uncertainty compared to unknown materials.
Me and Earl and the Adapted Girl: Learning to Write a Young Adult Adaptation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Since the late 2000s, the movie industry has experienced a boom in Young Adult (YA) book-tomovie \nadaptations, from the wildly popular Twilight series to romantic drama The Fault In Our \nStars. Having been an avid YA literature reader throughout my teenaged years, I found myself \nconsistently disappointed with the quality of these adaptations in the way they portrayed their \nsource material, often feeling that the cinematic qualities of the adaptation weren’t on par with the \nliterary. This frustration prompted me to wonder: How would I go about writing a YA adaptation? \nWith this question in mind, I went on a personal discovery of what makes up my favorite literary \ngenre and how I would adapt it into a film. To understand the contextual and analytical background \nof my question, I researched the state of the YA literature and movie industries, as well as looked at \nfilm theory on adaptations. I then analyzed a case of what I consider to be a good YA adaptation — \nMe and Earl and the Dying Girl, a 2012 novel by Jesse Andrews and a 2015 movie directed by \nAlfonso Gomez-Rejon — to understand what qualities in particular I find important to adaptation. \nIn my final section, I put theory into practice by writing my own adapted screenplay based on \nPlease Ignore Vera Dietz, a 2010 novel by A.S. King, going on to discuss the problems I faced, \nchoices I made, and revelations I discovered in the writing process.
Flexible Compensation of Workflow Processes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper addresses specification and implementation issues of workflow process compensation. The main consideration is to reduce the number of workflow activities that have to be compensated and re-executed when a failure occurs, as both can be very expensive. The main contributions of the paper are two-fold. First, we propose a flexible mechanism for specifying the compensation scope of a workflow process, based on a detailed analysis of dependencies between workflow activities. Second, we develop a novel implementation strategy that supports engine-based lazy compensation to further avoid unnecessary compensation efforts that are impossible to avoid at specification time. The proposed techniques are simple to implement, but also have the potential of significantly reducing compensation overhead. 1
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and the Stress-Buffer Model of Social Support

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study examines the effect of social support on the adverse effects of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome stress. The effect of participation in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome support group on the facilitation of the grief process is also examined. The data for this study were collected from personal interviews with 31 SIDS parents. The data are analyzed within a stress-buffer model of social support.