jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Tropical Pyomyositis in Immunocompetent Hosts Posing Diagnostic Challenges: A Case Series

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Pyomyositis is an acute pyogenic infection of the muscles and tissues which results in localized pus collections and abscess formation. This entity at times becomes difficult to diagnose due to lack of specific signs and atypical or nonspecific manifestations. This condition is a mimic for a wide range of differential diagnoses due to which the patient often receives many unwarranted antibiotics. Furthermore, the deep location of the muscles makes the clinical signs in apparent leading to misdiagnosis as rarer entities such as inflammatory myositis. In the last 1 year, four such interesting cases were admitted in this tertiary care center with different clinical presentations. All these cases were healthy, immunocompetent individuals who presented to smaller hospitals with clinical presentation of muscle and joint pain with fever. The muscle groups affected were different in all these cases. All four patients were transferred to this hospital due to the diagnostic dilemma between inflammatory and infective myositis. After a thorough workup including imaging and tissue diagnostics, they were labeled pyomyositis. This further stresses the need for physicians to become acquainted with this potentially life-threatening yet curable infective disease entity. The patients were managed with antibiotics for a minimum duration of 3 weeks and a maximum duration of 8 weeks for complete recovery. Pyomyositis in immunocompetent hosts was related to factors affecting the muscles without any strenuous exercise or direct trauma. Comprehensive evaluation of the muscles is facilitated by assessment of fluorodeoxyglucose uptake on positron emission tomography–computed tomography scan. The initial therapy consisting of cephalosporin and teicoplanin was found effective in our patients. The minimum length of in-hospital treatment was 4 weeks. This series further reinforces the fact that tropical pyomyositis is not exclusive to immunocompromised persons.
Accurate adiabatic correction in the hydrogen molecule

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new formalism for the accurate treatment of adiabatic effects in the hydrogen molecule is presented, in which the electronic wave function is expanded in the James-Coolidge basis functions. Systematic increase in the size of the basis set permits estimation of the accuracy. Numerical results for the adiabatic correction to the Born-Oppenheimer interaction energy reveal a relative precision of 10−12 at an arbitrary internuclear distance. Such calculations have been performed for 88 internuclear distances in the range of 0 &lt; R ⩽ 12 bohrs to construct the adiabatic correction potential and to solve the nuclear Schrödinger equation. Finally, the adiabatic correction to the dissociation energies of all rovibrational levels in H2, HD, HT, D2, DT, and T2 has been determined. For the ground state of H2 the estimated precision is 3 × 10−7 cm−1, which is almost three orders of magnitude higher than that of the best previous result. The achieved accuracy removes the adiabatic contribution from the overall error budget of the present day theoretical predictions for the rovibrational levels.
Efficacy of preoperative trimetazidine for preventing myocardial injury in patients undergoing off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with median sternotomy have been shown to be beneficial and associated with reduced myocardial injury. However, there is still a risk for ischemic myocardial injury that results from the normothermic and metabolically active myocardium during the occlusion of the target coronary artery. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of trimetazidine in prevention of myocardial tissue injury in patients undergoing off-pump CABG by measuring serum levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI). Methods. Thirty patients undergoing first-time elective off-pump CABG were randomly assigned to two groups: 15 patients received trimetazidine 60 mg orally per day (trimetazidine group) for three weeks and 15 patients received placebo (control group). As a parameter of myocardial injury, we measured cTnI levels. Blood samples were taken sequentially from the patients before surgery (t1), 30 minutes after the last distal anastomosis (t2), at postoperative 12th hour (t3) and at postoperative 24th hour (t4). cTnI measurements were made by direct chemiluminometric technology. Results. Baseline and operative characteristics of patients are similar. All preoperative serum cTnI concentrations were within the normal range and rose with the beginning of the operation which reached to its peak value at t3 in the control group and t4 in trimetazidine group. When the increase in the serum cTnI concentrations of trimetazidine group and control group were compared there was a slight numerical increase in cTnI levels in all measurements after reperfusion but reached to statistical significance only at t3 (mean: 0.40 ng/ml; mean rank: 12.20; range: 0.05-1.66 vs. mean: 0.20 ng/ml; mean rank: 18.80; range: 0.11-0.30; p=0.041). Conclusion. Preoperative treatment with trimetazidine might reduce postoperative myocardial injury in patients undergoing first time isolated off-pump CABG, but larger randomized placebo controlled trials are still for recommendation of routine pretreatment with trimetazidine.
Selective cytotoxicity and modulation of apoptotic signature of breast cancer cells by P ithecellobium dulce leaf extracts

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We report the potent and selective cytotoxicity of the crude aqueous leaf extract from the medicinal plant, Pithecellobium dulce toward the human breast cancer cells (MCF‐7), but not the normal cells (MCF‐10A). The cytotoxicity was found to be dose and time dependent, as 300 µg/mL of the extract decreased the cell viability to 50% (IC 50 ) in 48 h. The induction of apoptosis in the breast cancer cells after treatment was confirmed by significant percentage (24.7%), of early apoptotic cells (AnnexinV + Propidium Iodide _ ) in treated cells as compared to control cells (3.5%). We observed a significant upregulation in the mRNA expression of various pro‐apoptotic gene such as Bax (21.1 folds), p21(14.4 folds), p53 (11.7 folds), TNF (10.2 folds) and fas (6.3 folds) after treatment as compared to untreated cells. On the other hand, the relative mRNA expression of anti‐apoptotic genes such as Bcl‐2, NF‐KB and Cdk was reduced. The selective upregulation of pro‐apoptotic gene and down regulation of specific anti‐apoptotic genes could be the inducing factor for apoptotic cell death in MCF‐7 cells after treatment with the herbal extract. We believe that our findings provide a foundation for further studies on this formulation as a potential therapeutic candidate for breast cancer. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:756–766, 2016
Impact of viral marketing on brand loyalty in the FMCG sector

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The present study investigates the impact of viral marketing on brand awareness, brand image and brand loyalty in the FMCG sector. The research model was empirically tested using 643 valid individual responses collected through a questionnaire-based survey. The data was collected using random sampling and analysed using PLS-SMART4.0. The mediation analysis reveals that brand awareness and brand image function as mediating variables for achieving brand loyalty. The study reveals viral marketing power in reaching the brands to more customers, but also suffices to cultivate long-term relationships with them. This draws the attention of other sectors to fully utilise the viral power.
'Better Together’: a grounded theory study of social worker decision making in cases involving sexual behaviour between siblings

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Between 1/5 and 1/3 of all cases of sexual abuse in the UK involve children or young \npeople as perpetrators (Hackett, 2004). Siblings may account for somewhere between \n1/3 and 1/2 of the victims of these children (Hackett et al., 1998; Shaw et al., 2000; \nBeckett, 2006; Allardyce and Yates, 2009; Ryan, 2010a). There is increasing \nevidence that sibling sexual abuse may have very damaging consequences for \nvictims, at least as damaging as sexual abuse by a parent (Rudd and Herzberger, \n1999; Cyr et al., 2002), yet there is ongoing debate over how to differentiate \nharmless sex play from harmful sibling sexual abuse (Caffaro, 2014). How social \nworkers make sense of sibling sexual behaviour is of interest in light of their role in \nmaking decisions regarding the intervention of the State in private and family life. \nHowever, research on how social workers make decisions has so far been limited to \nsituations concerning abuse by a parent, with almost no attention having been paid to \nsituations where a child in the family is the source of risk. \nThis grounded theory study analyses the retrospective accounts of decisions made \nwith respect to separation, contact, and reunification by 21 social workers in \nScotland regarding 21 families in which sibling sexual behaviour has taken place. \nThe study finds that social workers make these decisions intuitively and in \nrelationship with children and families, influenced by a cognitive orientation, a \npractice mindset: ‘siblings as better together’. This mindset comprises three \nunderlying perspectives: children as vulnerable and intending no sexual harm to \nothers; sibling relationships as non-abusive and of intrinsic value; and parents as \nwell-intentioned protective. These perspectives encourage a focus on immediate \nsafety rather than emotional harm, and could be said to extend Dingwall et al.’s \n(1983) ‘rule of optimism’ in these cases where a child is the source of abuse within \nthe family. In keeping with the findings of serious case reviews concerning abuse by \na parent (e.g. Sinclair and Bullock, 2002; Brandon et al., 2012), there is a danger of \nthe victim child becoming lost.
Adaptation of the inert gas FRC technique for use in heavy exercise

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We automated the inert gas rebreathe technique for measurement of end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) during heavy exercise. We also assessed the use of two gas tracers (He and N2) vs. a single gas tracer (He) for measurement of this lung volume and compared the two-tracer EELV to changes in the inspiratory capacity (defined with transpulmonary pressure) and shifts in the end-expiratory pressure from rest through heavy exercise. A computer program switched a pneumatic valve when flow crossed zero at end expiration and defined points in the He and N2 traces for calculation of EELV. An inherent delay of the rebreathing valve (50 ms) caused virtually no error at rest and during light exercise and an error of 74 +/- 9 ml in the EELV at peak inspiratory flow rates of 4 l/s. The measurement of EELV by the two gas tracers was closely correlated to the single-gas tracer measurement (r = 0.97) but was consistently higher (120 +/- 10 ml) than when He was used alone. This difference was accentuated with increased work rates (2-5% error in the EELV, rest to heavy exercise) and as rebreathe time increased (2-7% error in the EELV with rebreathe times of 5-20 s for all work loads combined). The double-gas tracer measurement of EELV agreed quite well with the thoracic gas volume at rest (P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Parsing a Victorian Sensation: The Literary Mechanics of Evolutionary Science in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In popular understanding, the history of evolutionary theory knows one name—Charles Darwin—and one date—1859. Late in the second week of October, 1844, however, the publication of an anonymous work titled Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation would alter the course of evolutionary theory in Victorian society. Reaching more than a hundred thousand readers across social classes and politics, Vestiges overtook Origin of Species in popularity, brought evolution—a taboo topic at the time—into mainstream discussion, and became one of the greatest sensations of its time. In this thesis, I argue that a literary analysis of this book of science is central to helping us understand how Vestiges accomplished its contemporary status as one of the definitive sensations of the Victorian era. My analysis, beyond showing how the literary mechanics of Vestiges is central to its mass appeal, further highlights that science is made as much through observation and logic as through the literary mechanics of the prose that expresses it. Directing the lens of literary analysis to Victorian scientific prose reveals the ways in which literary strategies are central to knowledge production and dissemination. Such method therefore affords us a more complete and complicated understanding of the history of evolutionary theory in particular, and science in general. In Chapter 1, I show how Robert Chambers’ (the posthumously revealed author) narratorial voice creates a “democratic” process of knowledge production; and in Chapter 2, I explore the rhetorical strategies Chambers employs to reconcile the growing religious and political anxieties surrounding the emerging disciplines of science. I conclude by situating Vestiges in its broader context of the British empire and tracing its troubling legacies in Darwin’s Origin and modern-day racism. This project demonstrates the importance of Humanities in a STEM-focused world. Literary analysis not only helps us understand how scientific ideas are able to gain cultural authority, but also reveals how science itself is produced through literary strategies.
High Diversity of Novel Viruses in the Tree Pathogen Phytophthora castaneae Revealed by High-Throughput Sequencing of Total and Small RNA

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Phytophthora castaneae , an oomycete pathogen causing root and trunk rot of different tree species in Asia, was shown to harbor a rich diversity of novel viruses from different families. Four P. castaneae isolates collected from Chamaecyparis hodginsii in a semi-natural montane forest site in Vietnam were investigated for viral presence by traditional and next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, i.e., double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) extraction and high-throughput sequencing (HTS) of small RNAs (sRNAs) and total RNA. Genome organization, sequence similarity, and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the viruses were related to members of the order Bunyavirales and families Endornaviridae , Megabirnaviridae , Narnaviridae , Totiviridae, and the proposed family “Fusagraviridae.” The study describes six novel viruses: Phytophthora castaneae RNA virus 1–5 (PcaRV1-5) and Phytophthora castaneae negative-stranded RNA virus 1 (PcaNSRV1). All six viruses were detected by sRNA sequencing, which demonstrates an active RNA interference (RNAi) system targeting viruses in P. castaneae . To our knowledge, this is the first report of viruses in P. castaneae and the whole Phytophthora major Clade 5, as well as of the activity of an RNAi mechanism targeting viral genomes among Clade 5 species. PcaRV1 is the first megabirnavirus described in oomycetes and the genus Phytophthora .
HMP-S7 Is a Novel Anti-Leukemic Peptide Discovered from Human Milk

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Chemotherapy in childhood leukemia is associated with late morbidity in leukemic survivors, while certain patient subsets are relatively resistant to standard chemotherapy. It is therefore important to identify new agents with sensitivity and selectivity towards leukemic cells, while having less systemic toxicity. Peptide-based therapeutics has gained a great deal of attention during the last few years. Here, we used an integrative workflow combining mass spectrometric peptide library construction, in silico anticancer peptide screening, and in vitro leukemic cell studies to discover a novel anti-leukemic peptide having 3+ charges and an alpha helical structure, namely HMP-S7, from human breast milk. HMP-S7 showed cytotoxic activity against four distinct leukemic cell lines in a dose-dependent manner but had no effect on solid malignancies or representative normal cells. HMP-S7 induced leukemic cell death by penetrating the plasma membrane to enter the cytoplasm and cause the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, thus acting in a membranolytic manner. Importantly, HMP-S7 exhibited anti-leukemic effects against patient-derived leukemic cells ex vivo. In conclusion, HMP-S7 is a selective anti-leukemic peptide with promise, which requires further validation in preclinical and clinical studies.
Tramp Shipping and Ownership

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This section is divided into two further segments. The first considers aspects of tramp-shipping and ownership. It introduces the tramp-shipping industry in general, and devotes equal attention to the three core trades associated with steamships - ore, cattle, and coal. Craig provides a history of each trade from the early 1800s onwards, summarising their individual significance to the tramp-shipping industry. He then details the challenges ship-builders and ship-owners faced in perfecting the industry and overcoming the host of hazards and challenges faced within international commerical shipping, and rounds out the segment with information pertaining to notable ship-owners and tramp-shipping businesses operating within the period. The second segment explores capital formation in shipping, and considers the difficulty of assessing pre-1786 shipping statistics, followed by an exploration of the methods that can be used to quantify capital for the large amount of maritime mercantile data that exists post 1786, after the implementation of the Navigation Act.
Importance of Forecast Error Multivariate Correlations in Idealized Assimilations of GPS Radio Occultation Data with the Ensemble Adjustment Filter

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The importance of multivariate forecast error correlations between specific humidity, temperature, and surface pressure in perfect model assimilations of Global Positioning System radio occultation (RO) refractivity data is examined using the Ensemble Adjustment Filter (EAF) and the NCAR global Community Atmospheric Model, version 3. The goal is to explore whether inclusion of the multivariate forecast error correlations in the background term of 3D and 4D variational data assimilation systems (3DVAR and 4DVAR, respectively) is likely to improve RO data assimilation in the troposphere. It is not possible to explicitly neglect multivariate forecast error correlations with the EAF because they are not used directly in the algorithm. Instead, the filter only makes use of the forecast error correlations between observed quantities (RO here) and model state variables. However, because the forecast error correlations for RO observations are dominated by correlations with a subset of state variable types in certain regions, the importance of multivariate forecast error correlations between state variables can be indirectly assessed. This is done by setting the forecast error correlations of RO observations and some state variables (e.g., temperature) to zero in a set of assimilation experiments. Comparing these experiments to a control in which all state variables are impacted by RO observations allows an indirect assessment of the importance of multivariate correlations between state variables not impacted by the observations and those that are impacted. Results suggest that proper specification of the multivariate forecast error correlations in 3DVAR and 4DVAR systems should improve the analysis of specific humidity, surface pressure, and temperature in the troposphere when assimilating RO data.
MONICA - a programmable microprocessor for track recognition in an e+e- experiment at PETRA

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The microprocessor device MONICA is used in the TASSO experiment at PETRA. Its task is to reconstruct events in the cylindrical driftchamber on-line. Used as an event filter MONICA provides a 2 prong trigger without any further requirements. The speed of the processor (event reconstruction times must be in the order of 1 ms) is achieved by a 4*4 bit slice processor in ECL technology, content addressable memories and table look-up. The track finding efficiency is 80%. (6 refs).
Increased coagulation and fibrinolytic potential of solvent–detergent plasma: a comparative study between Omniplasma and fresh frozen plasma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and objectives In this study, differences in levels of proteins involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis were compared between fresh frozen (quarantine plasma) and Omniplasma. Furthermore, thawing conditions and plasma stability after thawing were studied. Materials and Methods 10 Omniplasma and 10 quarantine plasma units were used to study different procoagulation, anticoagulation and fibrinolytic parameters. Analysis took place at different time‐points during plasma storage at 2–6°C. Results At baseline, significant reduced levels of factor V, free protein S, α2‐antiplasmin and tPA ‐induced ROTEM lysis time were observed in Omniplasma as compared to quarantine plasma. Moreover, thrombin generation, IX a‐ AT complex levels and factor XI a were significantly increased in Omniplasma. The majority of the parameters studied remained stable in Omniplasma 48 h after thawing, with the exception of factor VIII (decrease) and IX a‐ AT (increase). Conclusion Our results suggest an increased coagulation potential, presumingly as a result of contact activation during the production process and also, an increased fibrinolytic potential in Omniplasma. The stability of Omniplasma, based upon the different parameters studied, is comparable to Q‐plasma. A maximum post‐thawing time of 48 hfor Omniplasma can be suggested.
Solute-diffusion-controlled dislocation creep in pure aluminium containing 0.026 at.% Fe

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Pure aluminium containing about 200 at ppm Fe in solution is shown to creep about 106 times slower at 200°C than the same aluminium containing a negligible amount of iron in solution. The high creep resistance of the Al-200 at.ppm Fe alloy is attributed to the presence of subgrain boundaries containing iron solute atoms. It is proposed that the opposing stress fields from subgrain boundaries and from the piled-up dislocations during creep are cyclically relaxed, by iron solute diffusion, to allow climb of the lead dislocation in the pile-up. The mechanism is a form of mechanical ratcheting. The model is applied to Al-Fe alloys and correctly predicts that the creep rate is controlled by the rate of iron solute diffusion and by a temperature dependence equal to the activation energy for iron diffusion, namely Q c = 221 kJ mol-1. Basic creep studies on solid-solution alloying with solute atoms that diffuse slowly in the lattice of aluminium (e.g. manganese, chromium, titanium and vanadium) appear worthy of study as a way of enhancing creep strength and of understanding creep mechanisms involving solute-atom-containing subgrain boundaries.