jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Auctioning conservation contracts in thepresence of externalities

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Current models of conservation auctions do not permit for the presence of environmental externalities and synergies between bidders. Yet, conservation auctions are usually set up for the very purpose of addressing problems associated with environmental externalities. Clearly, our models do not tell the whole story, and they consequently fail to identify waste and inefficiency in these auctions. This paper shows how externalities between bidders can be incorporated into our models of conservation auctions, and uses this framework to investigate the cost-efficiency of the uniform-price auction when neighbours can bid jointly. Allowing neighbours to bid jointly allows them to internalise these externalities, but also reduces the competitiveness of the auction. The net effect on cost-effciency is ambiguous, so we show how simulation can be used to determine in what circumstances joint bidding can be expected to reduce the payments needed to secure a given amount of ecosystem services.
"The Data Are Irrelevant”: Comment on Reber and Alcock (2019)

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The rebuttal by Reber and Alcock (2019) to an umbrella meta-analysis of the evidence for parapsychological (psi) phenomena (Cardeña, 2018) purposefully did not engage with the data and analyses in that paper. Instead, the authors proposed that because they and some physicists consider psi phenomena to be impossible there is no need to consider the data. After some background information, this commentary discusses how: 1) Reber and Alcock's disregard for the data goes against a core tenet of science, 2) eminent physicists have not considered psi phenomena to be incompatible with their discipline and some have even proposed theories to explain it, so no definite conclusion can be advanced with regard to the impossibility of psi phenomena based on physics, and 3) Reber and Alcock misrepresent the history and current status of psi research.
Effect of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate administration on glutathione and cysteine concentrations in guinea pig liver and kidney.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Effect of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate administration on the glutathione and cysteine concentrations in liver and kidney was studied in the guinea pig. Liver glutathione concentration increased significantly by 21 to 29% at one to three hours after the intraperitoneal injection of 5 mmol of sodium L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate per kg of body weight. Cysteine concentration did not change significantly. In contrast to the liver, a significant increase in cysteine and also a significant decrease in glutathione concentrations were observed in the kidney. Incubation of L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate with liver and kidney homogenates resulted in cysteine formation of 1.21 and 0.56 mumol per g of fresh tissue per 30 min, respectively. These results seem to indicate that, in the liver, L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate administration resulted in the formation of cysteine, which was utilized for glutathione synthesis. In the kidney, it seems to be suggested that the administration of this compound accelerated glutathione turnover.
Urogenital Mycoplasmas Detection in New Born Childâ€™s with Respiratory Complications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Among premature infants, the bacterial colonization of the respiratory tract has been associated with the development of pneumonia, chronic lung disease, acute respiratory insufficiency, and even death. Genital mycoplasmas, particularly Mycoplasma hominis, M. genitalium, and Ureaplasma spp., have been associated with these pathological conditions, and also with neonatal pneumonia and respiratory dystress syndrome. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of M. hominis, M. genitalium, U. parvum and U. urealyticum in newborn childâ€™s, and to determine whether its presence is associated with the development of respiratory complications in these patients. Were analyzed 62 respiratory secretion samples (27 nasal swabs and 35 endotracheal tubes) obtained from 34 mechanical ventilated infants. Was realized the bacteriological culture for the isolation of Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma spp., and the PCR for the Mollicutes Class and Multiplex-PCR for the identification of U. urealyticum, U. parvum, M. hominis and M. genitalium species. The bacteriological culture was positive in one sample to mycoplasmas, while with the PCR for the Mollicutes Class was obtained 25 positive samples. From these, with the Multiplex-PCR were identified three positive samples to U. parvum, two positive to U. urealyticum and one positive to M. hominis. These six samples showed coinfection with other bacteria. Were identified mycoplasmas and ureaplasma species in new born ventilated childÂ´s. Statistical association was not demonstrated between the mycoplasmas or ureaplasmas infection and respiratory complications in the infant.
Bioinformatics Approach in Natural Products Discovery: A Cautionary Tale

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In the past decade, the focus of drug discovery has shifted from the traditional natural product research to synthetic medicinal chemistry approach. However, many are reverting back to using natural products resources, but this time taking advantage of the booming area of genome sequencing. Using bioinformatics, many novel compounds have been isolated, even from the “unculturable” microbes. However, not all genes can be translated into proteins, and not all proteins are active. Two polyketide synthase genes, MgPKS2 and MgPKS8, from the plant pathogen fungus Mycosphaerella graminicola were selected using bioinformatics approach, and were cloned and transformed into a heterologous host, Aspergillus oryzae M-2-3. The genes were linked with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) to detect formation of protein. The transformed MgPKS2 did not show the formation of the polyketide synthase enzyme but MgPKS8 did. The most possible reason for the negative result of MgPKS2 is incorrect intron splicing in Aspergillus oryzae M-2-3. MgPKS8 transformants were extracted and checked for production of new metabolites using LC-MS. However, none was detected. Some of the possible reasons for these results are the productions of new metabolites were below the detection level or, the polyketide need a special starter unit for biosynthesis or, incorrect protein folding. These results showed that this emerging method of natural product research has many hidden difficulties that should be shared amongst the natural product community.
Students' attitudes to classroom English learning: a cross-cultural study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In recent years researchers have developed a range of perspectives for conceptualizing the influences of culture on thinking and behaving. Three perspectives which are of special potential relevance to language teaching are the following: the distinction between collectivism and individualism; different perceptions of power and authority; and different types of achievement motivation. These dimensions were taken as the basis for a survey of students’ attitudes towards classroom English learning in eight East Asian countries and three European countries. It was found that most students in all countries question the traditional authority-based, transmission mode of learning. They wish to participate actively in exploring knowledge and have positive attitudes towards working purposefully, in groups, towards common goals. Whilst there were statistically significant differences between the mean responses of Asian and European students on several items, the numerical differences were not great and the overall patterns of responses were strikingly similar. Furthermore, within Asia and within Europe, there were significant differences between individual countries, and in every country there was a wide range of individual differences. Whilst these ‘deep-structure’ cross-cultural similarities may hide important ‘surface-structure’ differences in how students like to learn, they also serve to make us question some commonly held assumptions about the attitudes of Asian and Western students.
Abstract TP288: Introduction of a 24/7 Acute Care Nurse Practitioner-Based Stroke Code Team Improved Compliance with Time Targets

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: An on-site stroke team improves access to IV tPA and speeds assessment of acute stroke patients. The impact of an acute care nurse practitioner (ACNP)-based team to provide 24/7 on-site stroke coverage was studied at a Primary Stroke Center that previously lacked on-site coverage around-the-clock. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that the introduction of 24/7 on-site coverage by an ACNP-based acute stroke team would improve compliance with time targets for rapid assessment of stroke patients. Methods: A single Primary Stroke Center in Honolulu, HI prospectively collected data on acute stroke code activations for the Get With the Guidelines - Stroke clinical database over a 33-month period. We retrospectively analyzed data for consecutive periods of 19 months before and 14 months after introduction of a 24/7 on-site acute stroke code team that included an ACNP as first responder. Data included patient characteristics, target times, and tPA utilization. Results: During the 19-month period prior to ACNP coverage, 200 acute stroke code activations occurred. The mean age of patients was 67.6 years, 51.5% were male, and the mean initial NIH stroke scale score was 15.3 +/- 5.1. Acute ischemic stroke was diagnosed in 47% of acute stroke code activations and 36.2% of those were treated with IV tPA. During the 14-month period after ACNP coverage began, the number of stroke code activations increased to 276. The mean age of patients was 67.5 years, 44.6% were male, and the mean initial NIH stroke scale score was 12.4 +/- 7.2. Acute ischemic stroke was diagnosed in 53.3% of acute stroke code activations and 33.3% of those were treated with IV tPA. After the intervention, door-to-CT-completion time improved from 45.2 +/- 30.1 to 37.8 +/- 20/8 minutes (p=0.192), door-to-lab-result time improved from 42.2 +/- 11.4 to 34.0 +/- 12.4 minutes (p=0.003), and door-to-needle time improved from 60.8 +/- 30.2 to 55.1 +/- 24.3 minutes (p=0.367). After the intervention, compliance with the 60-minute target door-to-needle time improved from 62.1% to 72.3% (p=0.247). Conclusions: Introduction of 24/7 on-site ACNP coverage as first responder for acute stroke code activations resulted in modest improvement of compliance with target times for assessment of acute stroke patients.
Critical layer thicknesses for inclined dislocation stability in multilayer structures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The critical thickness for stability of dislocations on glide planes inclined to the interfaces in a strained-layer structure is derived. Results are presented for both a single embedded layer and a multilayer structure (superlattice). Both the equilibrium array for the complete removal of coherency strain and less-dense arrays are considered. Results are compared with the previous treatment of Lomer misfit dislocations and with other treatments of multiple dislocation arrays.
Lifetime Prevalence of Mental Disorders in the General Population

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Chapter 1 summarizes the approximate lifetime prevalence rates of mental disorders in the general population, and discusses how these rates will vary as a result of different sample compositions, assessment methods, and combinations of diagnostic categories. All sources report data from studies that utilized DSM-IV or DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, and the studies referenced include the text revision of the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR); the NIAAA National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC); the National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH); the National Survey on American Life (NSAL); the National Latino and Asian-American Study (NLAAS); the National Comorbidity Survey Replication-Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A); the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCSR); and the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys (WMHS).
Effects of resveratrol on hypertension and resistance arteries in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Hypertension is accompanied by structural and mechanical abnormalities in resistance arteries. The effects of resveratrol, a phenolic phytoalexin found naturally in various foods, on systolic blood pressure and resistance artery structure and stiffness were assessed in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Vascular geometry and mechanical properties of pressurized mesenteric resistance arteries were calculated from media and lumen dimensions measured using pressure myography. Compared to normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, resistance arteries from SHRs displayed remodeling with narrowed lumen diameters (246.2±21.0 vs. 308.1±14.3 μm, p<0.05), thickened media widths (39.8±4.6 vs. 28.5±2.7 μm, p<0.05) and augmented media-to-lumen ratios (17.7±2.6 vs. 9.3±1.0, p<0.05). Calculations of remodeling and growth indices revealed that SHR vessels underwent mostly eutrophic remodeling. Systolic blood pressure was elevated in 20-week-old SHR versus WKY rats (219±6 vs. 155±6 mmHg, p<0.01) and was unaffected by resveratrol (2.5 mg/Kg/d). In SHRs, resveratrol treatment attenuated eutrophic remodeling and normalized increased vessel compliance (p<0.01) as determined by a restorative leftward shift in the stress-strain curve of SHR arteries (p<0.01). Resveratrol treatment restored stiffness in SHRs (4.2±0.4 vs. 6.6±0.5, p<0.05) through the normalization of vessel geometry. Immunoblotting revealed that resveratrol negated typical pronounced ERK1/2 signaling in SHR arteries. Thus, the results of this study suggest that resveratrol restores vascular mechanical properties in SHRs and attenuates remodeling. Furthermore the attenuation of remodeling in SHR arteries with resveratrol treatment is associated with the inhibition of ERK1/2 activity.
Literary liaisons: auto/biographical appropriations in modernist women's fiction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

* Unhappy relationships are the stuff of fiction - or so Lynette Felber observes as she examines the lives and fiction of five modernist women writers whose lovers were also literary figures. Focusing on Anais Nin, Rebecca West, Zelda Fitzgerald, Radclyffe Hall, and H.D., she investigates the ways these female authors made use of their relationships in their fiction. Whether heterosexual or lesbian, these women struggled to assert the authority of their own literary voices and to achieve professional recognition distinct from their partners. The modernist period, when British and American women first began to exercise their newly granted political rights, provides a particularly interesting backdrop for this study of literary appropriation. Using feminist and psychoanalytical theory, Felber views these emerging authors' fictionalized struggles as reenactments of the process by which the self differentiates itself from the Other. The literary liaison is the site where the female writer's professional identity is enacted, contested, and finally empowered or suppressed. As she examines the impact of literary relationships on modernist women writers, Felber reveals their preoccupation with attaining the status of subject. The writers discussed in Literary Liaisons are well known for their various work - Rebecca West for her journalism, Anais Nin for her erotica, H.D. for her imagist poetry - as well as for their associations with such celebrated partners as H. G. Wells, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Henry Miller. The conflicts reflected in the five modernist women's writings stir a voyeuristic curiosity about the autobiographical truths that may lurk behind every fiction. Literary Liaisons will appeal to all who are interested in women's fiction, autobiography, and the culture of modernism.
Beam energy dependence of net-Λ fluctuations measured by the STAR experiment at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The measurements of particle multiplicity distributions have generated considerable interest in understanding the fluctuations of conserved quantum numbers in the Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) hadronization regime, in particular near a possible critical point and near the chemical freeze-out. We report the measurement of efficiency and centrality bin width corrected cumulant ratios (C_{2}/C_{1}, C_{3}/C_{2}) of net-\\Lambda distributions, in the context of both strangeness and baryon number conservation, as a function of collision energy, centrality and rapidity. The results are for Au + Au collisions at five beam energies sqrt{s{NN} = 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV recorded with the Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC (STAR). We compare our results to the Poisson and negative binomial (NBD) expectations, as well as to Ultra-relativistic Quantum Molecular Dynamics (UrQMD) and Hadron Resonance Gas (HRG) model predictions. Both NBD and Poisson baselines agree with data within the statistical and systematic uncertainties. The ratios of the measured cumulants show no features of critical fluctuations. The chemical freeze-out temperatures extracted from a recent HRG calculation, which was successfully used to describe the net-proton, net-kaon and net-charge data, indicate Lambda freeze-out conditions similar to those of kaons. However, large deviations are found when comparing to temperatures obtained from net-proton fluctuations. The net-Lambda cumulants show a weak, but finite, dependence on the rapidity coverage in the acceptance of the detector, which can be attributed to quantum number conservation.
Comparison Study of Optimizer on CNN based Finger Number Recognition using sEMG Signals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This work investigates how optimizers have the influence on performance of CNN based Korean Finger Number Recognition using sEMG signals. Optimizer in CNN seeks to make the learning algorithm work fast and accurate. Thus, the CNN learning algorithm is likely to depend on which optimizer to use. The optimizers selected in the study are RMSprop, Adam, Adagrad, Adamax, and Nadam. To this end, the comparison study of optimizers in CNN is carried out by showing how well all of five Korean finger number gestures from one (1) to five (5) are recognized by CNN using sEMG signals. The results of the performed experiment show that the RMSprop optimizer has better recognition rate at same condition in CNN learning algorithm.
Contribution to the Cytology of Hymenomycetes. VII. Karyological Studies inFomes LividusKalchbr

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY1. The karyological phenomena in the life-cycle of Fomes lividus Kalchbr., a resupinate member of the family Polyporaceae has been studied in detail.2. The young basidium is distinctly binucleate. This dikaryotic condition comes to an end with their fusion to form a synkaryon. The synkaryon first undergoes an interphasic enlargement followed by the appearance of chromatic materials as reticulate structure. Subsequently, from the reticulum typical chromosomes (2 n = 6) are formed. A haploid chromosome set constituting a genome (n = 3) forms a daughter nucleus at each pole. The orientation of the spindle of the first division of meiosis (heterotypic) is more or less transverse while in the second division (homotypic) it shows irregularities. A third nuclear division occurs forming the eight nucleate condition of the basidium. Four of these eight nuclei migrate into four developing basidiospores while the other four degenerate in the collapsing basidium. The nucleus within the basidiospore often divides before the liberation from the sterigma.3. The mature uni- or binucleate basidiospore on germination produces one to three germ-tubes. The germ-tubes are either quite narrow or of the same width as that of the spores. As the germ-tubes enlongate, their nuclei repeatedly divide, formation of septa follows and eventually a septate primary mycelium of uninucleate cells without clamp-connexion is formed.4. The secondary mycelium, with characteristic clamp-connexion and binucleate cells, is formed only when two compatible primary mycelia unite.
Exploring the Ethical Issues and Considerations in Neuromarketing

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Neuromarketing is an interdisciplinary field consolidating neuroscience, psychology, and marketing, aiming to understand consumer behaviour at the subconscious level. However, as neuromarketing techniques become increasingly sophisticated, ethical issues and considerations have emerged as a focal point of debate and scrutiny. The paper critically evaluates foundational ethical principles, such as informed consent, beneficence and nonmaleficence, privacy and confidentiality, transparency, scientific or methodological rigor, predicting and influencing consumer choices, safeguarding the vulnerable population, and commitment to abiding and respecting the guidelines and codes of ethics. It also includes the emerging techniques and research, need for ethics and terms like neuroethics and brain privacy.
Effect of vitamin E supplementation on α-tocopherol status and tissue antioxidants in American minks ( Neovison vison )

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The α-tocopherol (TCP) state as well as enzymatic (superoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase [CAT]) and nonenzymatic (reduced glutathione [GSH] and retinol) antioxidants in tissues of American minks (Neovison vison) given various levels of dietary vitamin E were examined. Three groups of farm-bred minks received different amounts of DL-α-tocopheryl acetate (10 mg/kg diet, control; 30 and 110 mg/kg diet, treatments denoted as E30 and E110, respectively) for 14 days in November. The TCP content was raised substantially in the kidneys and reduced in the livers of minks in the E110 group. The action of the 2 vitamin E doses on antioxidants was similar. The treatments resulted in lower hepatic and kidney retinol levels and hepatic and skeletal muscle SOD, as well as hepatic CAT activities, higher heart SOD activity, and higher kidney GSH content in comparison to the control group. The present results show that dietary vitamin E intake over 2 weeks considerably changed the TCP status of the liver and kidneys and had tissue-specific action on measured antioxidants in minks. With the exception of the heart SOD activity, the additional intake of vitamin E reduced antioxidant enzyme activity and augmented the GSH level, indicating an enhancement in the nonenzymatic part of the antioxidant network.