jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The relationship between native English-speaking learners’ perception and lexical representation of Hindi affricates

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Research often demonstrates discrepancies between learners’ perception and encoding of novel lexical contrasts. In some cases, L2 learners appear to establish contrastive lexical representations that are undermined by online perceptual neutralization (e.g., Cutler and Weber, 2006). In others, L2 learners’ target-like online perceptual representations access non-target-like lexical representations (e.g., Darcy et al., 2013). Here we further investigate the relationship between learners’ perceptual and lexical representation of novel contrasts in order to better understand the source of the difficulty that they face. Two groups of naive English speakers learned 5 minimal pairs distinguished by the notoriously difficult [tΠ]-[tʃʰ] aspiration or [tʃʰ]-[dʒh] voicing contrast among Hindi affricates. Following a word learning phase, participants were tested on their perception and lexical representation of the novel contrasts. We observed that while listeners generally demonstrated perceptual sensitivity to the two affricate contrasts, they failed to encode the novel contrast lexically. Interestingly, there was a significant positive correlation between participants’ perceptual acuity and their ability to contrast newly learned minimal pairs, suggesting that learner’s ability to encode a novel segmental contrast may be predicted by their pre-existing perceptual sensitivity, as has been reported for lexical tone contrasts (e.g., Perrachione et al., 2011).
Experience with anidulafungin in patients with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and graft‐versus‐host disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background It is well known that both acute and chronic graft‐versus‐host disease ( GVHD ) are associated with invasive fungal disease ( IFD ). Because the galactomannan antigen diagnostic test has low specificity and sensitivity outside of the neutropenic period, many institutions use posaconazole or voriconazole for IFD prophylaxis during GVHD treatment. Moreover, several factors, mainly hepatic impairment, can limit the use of extended spectrum azoles, both in prophylaxis or treatment. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 25 patients with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation ( HSCT ) and GVHD – grade III – IV acute GHVD ( n = 15), progressive chronic GVHD ( n = 7), and “overlap” GVHD ( n = 3) – who received intravenous anidulafungin (200 mg on day 1, followed by 100 mg once daily). If necessary, anidulafungin treatment was followed by oral administration of 200 mg voriconazole twice a day or 200 mg posaconazole 3 times daily until patients were considered not at risk for IFD . Results Twenty‐one patients (85%) received anidulafungin as prophylaxis and 5 patients (15%) received it as treatment. Median duration of intravenous anidulafungin administration was 8 days (range 6–17). Seven patients (28%) presented mild adverse effects, with no significant interactions with calcineurin inhibitors. Sequentially, 4 patients received voriconazole and 6 posaconazole. Two patients (8%) developed IFD after anidulafungin withdrawal: 1 with C andida albicans and the other with Mucor , 8 and 5 days after withdrawal, respectively. Conclusions Our results are of interest owing to the absence of data in the literature on anidulafungin use in HSCT patients with GVHD , and suggest that anidulafungin, because of its spectrum, pharmacological profile, low toxicity, and absence of interactions with immunosuppressants, could be a drug of choice in this setting.
Robotic-Assisted Total Hip Arthroplasty Is Associated With Fewer Intraoperative Conversions From a Neutral to a Non-Neutral Acetabular Liner

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Robotic assistance is becoming increasingly popular among surgeons performing total hip arthroplasty (THA). The impact of robotic assistance on the assessment of intraoperative stability and acetabular liner selection is not well described. Purpose: We sought to compare the incidence of intraoperative conversion from a neutral liner to a non-neutral liner in patients undergoing either robotic-assisted THA or manual THA. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent primary THAs at our institution between January 1, 2018 and June 30, 2022. Partial hip arthroplasties, simultaneous bilateral hip arthroplasties, revision surgeries, and navigation-guided THAs were excluded. We identified 9614 primary THAs performed on 8807 patients; of these, 3875 were robotic-assisted THAs and 5739 were manual THAs. Liners were subcategorized into implanted versus wasted and neutral versus non-neutral (eg, elevated, lipped, lateralized, face changing, true constrained, and dual mobility). The primary outcome was the rate of intraoperative conversion from a neutral to non-neutral liner, defined as a wasted neutral liner followed by the implantation of a non-neutral liner. Results: Neutral liners were more frequently used in robotic-assisted THA than in manual THA (71% vs 42%, respectively), whereas elevated or lipped liners were more commonly used in manual THA than in robotic-assisted THA (34% vs 26%, respectively). After controlling for patient demographics and surgical variables, robotic-assisted THA had lower odds of conversion from a wasted neutral to an implanted non-neutral liner compared to manual THA. Conclusion: Robotic-assisted THA is associated with a decreased rate of intraoperative liner conversion from a neutral to a non-neutral liner, suggesting that robotic assistance may provide greater stability during intraoperative assessments of implant placement. Level of Evidence: Level III: retrospective cohort study.
Is the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio a prognostic and predictive factor in sudden hearing loss?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction: Sudden hearing loss is a significant otologic emergency. Previous studies have revealed a coexistence of sudden hearing loss with chronic inflammation. The predictive importance of C-reactive protein/albumin values as a prognostic factor has been shown in various inflammatory and tumoral conditions. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio in sudden hearing loss can be used for prognostic purposes and whether there is a relationship between the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio. Methods: A retrospective examination was made of 40 patients diagnosed with idiopathic sudden hearing loss and a control group of 45 healthy subjects. The pure tone averages of all the patients were determined on first presentation and repeated at 3 months after the treatment. The patients were separated into 2 groups according to the response to treatment. The neutrophil/lynphocyte ratio and the C-reactive protein/albumin ratios were calculated from the laboratory tests. Results: The patients included 16 females and 24 males with a mean age of 44.1 ± 14.2 years and the control group was composed of 23 females and 22 males with a mean age of 42.2 ± 13.8 years. The mean C-reactive protein/albumin ratio was 0.95 ± 0.47 in the patient group and 0.74 ± 0.13 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.009). The mean C-reactive protein/albumin ratio was 0.79 ± 0.12 in the response to treatment group and 1.27 ± 0.72 in the non-response group, with no significant difference determined between the groups (p = 0.418). The mean neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was 3.52 ± 3.00 in the response to treatment group and 4.90 ± 4.60 in the non-response group, with no statistically significant difference determined between the groups (p = 0.261). Conclusion: C-reactive/albumin ratio was significantly higher in patients with sudden hearing loss than in the control group. Although C-reactive protein/albumin ratio was found to be lower in sudden hearing loss patients who responded to treatment compared to those who did not, the difference between two groups was not statistically significant.
Discovery of a Dark, Massive, ALMA-only Galaxy at z ∼ 5–6 in a Tiny 3 mm Survey

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We report the serendipitous detection of two 3 mm continuum sources found in deep ALMA Band 3 observations to study intermediate-redshift galaxies in the COSMOS field. One is near a foreground galaxy at 1.″3, but is a previously unknown dust-obscured star-forming galaxy (DSFG) at probable z CO = 3.329, illustrating the risk of misidentifying shorter wavelength counterparts. The optical-to-millimeter spectral energy distribution (SED) favors a gray λ −0.4 attenuation curve and results in significantly larger stellar mass and SFR compared to a Calzetti starburst law, suggesting caution when relating progenitors and descendants based on these quantities. The other source is missing from all previous optical/near-infrared/submillimeter/radio catalogs (“ALMA-only”), and remains undetected even in stacked ultradeep optical (>29.6 AB) and near-infrared (>27.9 AB) images. Using the ALMA position as a prior reveals faint signal-to-noise ratio ∼ 3 measurements in stacked IRAC 3.6+4.5, ultradeep SCUBA2 850 μ m, and VLA 3 GHz, indicating the source is real. The SED is robustly reproduced by a massive M * = 10 10.8 M ⊙ and M gas = 10 11 M ⊙ , highly obscured A V ∼ 4, star-forming SFR ∼ 300 M ⊙ yr −1 galaxy at redshift z = 5.5 ± 1.1. The ultrasmall 8 arcmin 2 survey area implies a large yet uncertain contribution to the cosmic star formation rate density CSFRD( z = 5) ∼ 0.9 × 10 −2 M ⊙ yr −1 Mpc −3 , comparable to all ultraviolet-selected galaxies combined. These results indicate the existence of a prominent population of DSFGs at z > 4, below the typical detection limit of bright galaxies found in single-dish submillimeter surveys, but with larger space densities ∼3 × 10 −5 Mpc −3 , higher duty cycles of 50%–100%, contributing more to the CSFRD, and potentially dominating the high-mass galaxy stellar mass function.
Cadaveric Arterial Vasculature of the Human Pancreas: A Recent Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The head of the pancreas is vascularized by the anterior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal arterial vessels. The body and tail are vascularized via the splenic artery. In 95.6% of instances, the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (IPDA) is present. Adult human cadaver specimens are dissected at the Rohilkhand Medical College and Hospital in Bareilly to research the circulatory supply to the pancreas. The 30 specimens include more than a dozen both male and female specimens. The cadavers ranged in age from 35 to 50 years. The dorsal pancreatic artery (DPA) supplies the posterior surface of the pancreas. Many trivial branches usually arise from the splenic artery as it passes along the cranial margin and supplies the pancreas' body and tail. This work has demonstrated that splenic arteries developed these branches as they moved along the pancreatic upper margin. It is believed that a splenic artery or the celiac trunk, which starts in the spleen, supplies the dorsal pancreas' back surface. This study showed that the splenic carriageway does not supply the dorsal DPA. The IPDA.
Themyostatingene: an overview of mechanisms of action and its relevance to livestock animals

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Myostatin, also known as growth differentiation factor 8, a member of the transforming growth factor‐beta super‐family, is a negative regulator of muscle development. Myostatin acts at key points during pre‐ and post‐natal life of amniotes that ultimately determine the overall muscle mass of an animal. Mutations have already demonstrated the impact of attenuating myostatin activity on muscle development. A number of large animals, including cattle, sheep, dogs and humans, display the ‘double muscled’ phenotype due to mutations in the myostatin gene. Here, we firstly give an overview of the molecular pathways regulated by myostatin that control muscle development. Then we describe the natural mutations and their associated phenotypes as well as the physiological influence of altering myostatin expression in livestock animals (cattle, sheep, goat, horse, pig, rabbit and chicken). Knowledge of null alleles and polymorphisms in the myostatin gene are of great interest in the animal breeding field, and it could be utilized to improve meat production in livestock animals.
Kinetics of Virus-Specific CD8+T Cells and the Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Several primate models indicate that cytotoxic T lymphocyte-inducing vaccines may be unable to prevent human immunodeficiency virus infection but may have a long-term benefit in controlling viral replication and delaying disease progression. Here we show that analysis of the kinetics of antigen-specific CD8 + T-cell expansion suggests a delay in activation following infection that allows unimpeded early viral replication. Viral kinetics do not differ between controls and vaccinees during this delay phase. An increase in virus-specific CD8 + T-cell numbers around day 10 postinfection coincides with a slowing in viral replication in vaccinees and reduces peak viral loads by around 1 log. However, this response is too little too late to prevent establishment of persistent infection.
Regional Trade Agreement and Government Procurement

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of government procurement provisions in regional trade agreements (RTAs) on cross‐border procurement flows. We construct a novel dataset from 1995 to 2018, which is used to construct depth indicators that capture the characteristics of RTA government procurement provisions. We isolate cross‐border procurement flows from the OECD input–output tables. PPML estimations reveal that RTA government procurement provisions positively promote cross‐border procurement flows. This positive effect is pronounced and strengthened by institutional distance but weakened when investment decisions and geographical factors are considered. In particular, a complementary and mutual relationship exists between the government procurement agreement and RTA government procurement provisions.
A microsatellite study of bovine solute carrier family 11 a1 (Slc11a1) gene diversity in Mexico in relation to bovine tuberculosis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a disease of socio-economic and public health importance and of significance to international trade regulation. Allelic variants of several genes have been implicated in the genetic susceptibility to tuberculosis in some human populations, but little is known in cattle. We surveyed 34 European, 18 Asian, 20 Creole and 23 hybrid bovines for polymorphisms of the bovine solute carrier family 11 a1(Slc11a1) gene, formerly known as natural resistance associated macrophage protein (Nramp1), gene by typing the cattle using two microsatellite loci closely linked to this gene. The microsatellites used were 311-22, located at the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) of the Slc11a1 gene, and ARO28 situated about 0.6 cM upstream of the same gene Based on allele size in base pairs (bp) we determined five 311-223 locus variants (221, 223, 225, 227 and 229 bp) and 12 ARO28 loci. There was marked diversity and a very high level of heterozygosity in most of the cattle surveyed except the Europeans bovines and especially Holsteins in relation to the 3' UTR microsatellite locus.
Public Investments in Children's Human Capital. Evidence from the Literature on Non-parental Child Care

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper analyzes the most recent empirical research on social investments in children's human capital, focusing on policies providing non-parental child care. The empirical findings are conceptualized in a theoretical framework showing how policy interventions can shape parents' non-parental child care choices; this framework is also used to discuss the econometric issues arising for the identification of the child care effects. The results from both European and American contributions are presented, taking into account the institutional context where the policy has been implemented and the timing of the intervention. The majority of large-scale policies providing non-parental child care have positive effects on children's cognitive outcomes, both in the short and in the medium run, and on adult outcomes. Results also show that, in countries with scarce availability of public child care services, whether or not child care has an impact on children's development depends on the population at which the service is targeted.
The Politics of Normativity and Globalization: Which Spanish in the Classroom?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this article, I introduce the debate on dialect choice in the teaching of Spanish. I first present an early 20th‐century proposal by Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1918) and then move to two recent discussions: one within the Instituto Cervantes in the context of the international promotion of Spanish, and another in the context provided by the growth of the teaching of Spanish to heritage speakers in the United States. After considering the MLA (2007, 2009) reports on the role of languages in higher education, I conclude by embracing pedagogical options where, regardless of the choice of one particular norm, discussion of the development and operation of linguistic regimes becomes central in language instruction from the very early stages of the language program's curricular structure.
PENDETEKSIAN FINANCIAL STATEMENT FRAUD MENGGUNAKAN FRAUD PENTAGON PADA PERUSAHAAN PERTAMBANGAN TERDAFTAR DI BEI TAHUN 2018-2020

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Financial statement fraud is the fraud that is carried out by displaying financial statements that are not by actual events. The reason for doing financial statement fraud is to make stockholders believe that the performance of the company is satisfactory. In facilitating its actions, it can be done by presenting annual financial statements that are better than the original, such as increasing profits and reducing debt. The purpose of this study is to identify opportunities for financial statement fraud to occur using the fraud pentagon model theory developed by Crowe Howarth in 2012. In the fraud Pentagon model, there are five main variable elements, namely pressure, opportunity, rationalization, ability, and arrogance. The population and sample in this study use annual reports from mining sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the 2018-2020 period. The data used is secondary data by obtaining it from the company's official website and the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) website. Through the purposive sampling method, 32 companies were selected as samples. The multiple regression analysis methods was chosen to analyze the data assisted by the SPSS 21 program. The results of this study indicate that the ineffective monitoring variable as measured by the comparison of the board of commissioners influences on financial statement fraud. Meanwhile, other variables such as financial target, external pressure, nature of industry, Rationalization, Capability, and Arrogance do not affect on financial statement fraud.
India's regional disparity and its policy responses

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Regional disparities are an alarming issue in India, and it has been widening in spite of various policy initiatives by the government to develop backward areas. The fruit of high growth have not been distributed fairly across India's different regions and have given rise to the threat of regional inequality. Disparities in social and economic development, employment, and infrastructure amenities across the regions and within regions have been a major challenge to policy makers and economists. This paper is an attempt to understand the recent picture of regional imbalance in India across its states. The paper tries to analyze the existing regional disparity in India in terms of macroeconomic aggregates, social and economic infrastructure, and human development. The paper also examines the various policy initiatives taken by the government of India to achieve the regional balance in development.
Immunomodulatory effects of glycine on LPS‐treated monocytes: reduced TNF‐α production and accelerated IL‐10 expression

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Cytokines play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of septic shock. Proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) stimulate the progression of septic shock whereas the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 has counterregulative potency. The amino acid glycine (GLY) has been shown to protect against endotoxin shock in the rat by inhibiting TNF‐α production. In the current study we investigated the role of GLY on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ‐induced cell surface marker expression, phagocytosis, and cytokine production on purified monocytes from healthy donors. GLY did not modulate the expression of HLA‐DR and CD64 on monocytes, whereas CD11b/CD18 expression ( P <0.05) and E. coli phagocytosis ( P <0.05) decreased significantly. GLY decreased LPS‐induced TNF‐α production ( P <0.01) and increased IL‐10 expression of purified monocytes. Similarly, in a whole blood assay, GLY reduced TNF‐α ( P < 0.0001) and IL‐1β ( P <0.0001) synthesis and increased IL‐10 expression ( P <0.05) in a dose‐dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of GLY were neutralized by strychnine, and the production of IL‐10 and TNF‐α was augmented by anti‐IL‐10 antibodies. Furthermore, GLY decreased the amount of IL‐1β and TNF‐α‐specific mRNA. Our data indicate that GLY has a potential to be used as an additional immunomodulatory tool in the early phase of sepsis and in different pathophysiological situations related to hypoxia and reperfusion.—Spittler, A., Reissner, C. M., Oehler, R., Gornikiewicz, A., Gruenberger, T., Manhart, N., Brodowicz, T., Mittlboeck, M., Boltz‐Nitulescu, G., Roth, E. Immunomodulatory effects of glycine on LPS‐treated monocytes: reduced TNF‐α production and accelerated IL‐10 expression. FASEB J. 13, 563–571 (1999)