jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The influence of shift work and light at night exposure on melatonin levels and breast cancer risk

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<sec><st>Objectives</st> Work at night has been identified as a risk factor for several cancer sites, and melatonin, a hormone that follows a circadian rhythm, has been proposed as an intermediate in this relationship. The purpose of this research was to examine the association between shift work duration and breast cancer risk and to explore the relationship of proposed intermediates (light and melatonin) in the causal pathway, using data from two distinct study populations. </sec> <sec><st>Methods</st> A breast cancer case-control study that included measures of lifetime employment history, with 1061 cases and 1015 controls from Vancouver, British Columbia was employed to determine the effect of shift work exposure on breast cancer risk. A separate biomarker study of 123 female nurses working rotating shifts (2 days, two nights, 5 days off) investigated the associations between light at night exposure and melatonin. Nurses wore light data loggers and provided two urine and four saliva samples for melatonin assessment while on their day and night shifts. </sec> <sec><st>Results</st> In the case-control study, 34% of subjects had ever been employed in shift work, and risk of breast cancer associated with shift work history will be presented. In the biomarker study, a small inverse association was seen between light and change in melatonin levels among nurses working at night (p=0.04). </sec> <sec><st>Conclusions</st> This research contributes to the body of evidence concerning the hypothesised relationship between shift work history and cancer risk and one of the mechanistic causal pathways, which will help to inform further research and workplace policy. </sec>
Barriers to volunteering and other challenges facing community-based conservation in Aotearoa New Zealand

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Context In many countries, community-based conservation plays an important role in protecting natural ecosystems and preserving biodiversity. However, community-based conservation groups face a variety of challenges including recruiting and retaining volunteers, maintaining relationships with stakeholders and monitoring progress towards achieving conservation objectives. In order to address these challenges, it is important to understand the barriers to volunteering, and ways to assess and improve effectiveness. Methods This research explores these barriers and looks at some potential solutions through a case study of community-based conservation in the Manawatu¯ region of Aotearoa New Zealand. Twenty-one in-depth, semi-structured interviews were carried out with group leaders and other key stakeholders and an online questionnaire was used to explore the experiences and perspectives of volunteers participating in community-based conservation initiatives. Key results Our research showed that one of the most effective ways of recruiting new volunteers was through social interaction and that the main barriers to participation were time commitment and health issues. Conclusions Relationships between volunteers, non-government organisations and government agencies impact the success of local groups, and environmental monitoring was key to obtaining funding and documenting success. Implications A collaborative approach creates a framework that encourages participation by empowering communities to work together on conservation initiatives, and can increase volunteer commitment. Increased recognition of the importance of Māori culture and interests will also further collaboration with Indigenous communities.
Education level and health-related quality of life after oesophageal cancer surgery: a nationwide cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective The purpose of the study was to investigate whether low education level was associated with patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQOL) after oesophageal cancer resection. Setting A nationwide cohort study in Sweden. Participants In total, 378 patients who underwent oesophageal cancer surgery in 2001–2005 were followed up 6 months and 3 years after surgery. Outcome measures HRQOL was assessed by the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-Core 30 (QLQ-C30) and the oesophageal cancer-specific module. The association between level of education and HRQOL was calculated with linear regression models, providing mean score differences (MD) and 95% CIs. Data were analysed separately for women and men. Results Education level was not associated with HRQOL recovery after oesophageal cancer surgery. However, when data were stratified by sex, lower education was associated with worse emotional function (MD −13; 95% CI −22 to −3), more symptoms of insomnia (MD 20; 95% CI 8 to 32) and reflux (MD: 15; 95% CI 3 to 26) for women, but not for men. Among women, low education was in general associated with worse functioning and more symptoms. Conclusions Low education was not associated with worse HRQOL after oesophageal cancer surgery. However, when data were stratified for sex, low education level was associated with worse functioning and more symptoms in certain HRQOL domains for women, particularly in a short-term perspective. For men, no such association was found.
Na<sub>2</sub>CaSn<sub>2</sub>Ge<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>: A Novel Host\nLattice for Sm<sup>3+</sup>-Doped Long-Persistent Phosphorescence\nMaterials Emitting Reddish Orange Light

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A novel host lattice disodium calcium\nditin­(IV) trigermanium oxide Na<sub>2</sub>CaSn<sub>2</sub>Ge<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub> was utilized for synthesizing long-persistent\nphosphorescence materials for the first time. Reddish orange long-persistent\nphosphorescence was observed in Na<sub>2</sub>CaSn<sub>2</sub>Ge<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>:Sm<sup>3+</sup> phosphors with persistence\ntime more than 4.8 h. The phosphors were synthesized by a conventional\nsolid-state reaction pathway in air atmosphere. A predominant cubic\nphase of Na<sub>2</sub>CaSn<sub>2</sub>Ge<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub> was observed in all XRD patterns. Photoluminescence measurements\nindicated that the emission spectrum was composed of the peaks located\nat 566 (the strongest), 605, 664, and 724 nm. The results of the decay\ncurves in terms of a biexponential model suggest that different defects\nappear in the crystal lattice. The defects acting as traps were investigated\nby thermoluminescence, which demonstrated that doping Sm<sup>3+</sup> ions into the Na<sub>2</sub>CaSn<sub>2</sub>Ge<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub> host has made the trap types abundant. Furthermore, the\norigin of the long-persistent phosphorescence has also been discussed.\nOn the basis of the above results, Sm<sup>3+</sup>-doped Na<sub>2</sub>CaSn<sub>2</sub>Ge<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub> phosphors are considered\nto have potential practical applications.
Shallow characterization of the subsurface for the 2018 Mission to Mars

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The highest priority scientific objectives of the revised 2018 mission to Mars are (1) to search for evidence of past or present life, (2) to identify the samples that are most likely to preserve potential evidence of life and the nature of the early Martian environment that might have given rise to it and (3) to cache them for later retrieval back to Earth for more detailed analyses than can be performed by the rover's onboard analytical laboratory. WISDOM is a ground penetrating radar that has been designed to investigate the near subsurface of Mars down to a depth of ~2-3 m, with a vertical resolution of several centimeters - commensurate with the sampling capabilities of the ExoMars onboard drill. The ability of WISDOM to investigate the geology of the landing site in 3-dimensions will permit direct correlations between subsurface layers and horizons with those exposed in nearby outcrops and the interior of impact craters. By combining periodic soundings conducted during a Rover traverse with targeted, high density grid-type soundings of areas of potential scientific interest, it will be possible to construct a 3-dimensional map of the local radar stratigraphy. Of all of the Pasteur Payload instruments, only WISDOM has the ability to investigate and characterize the nature of the subsurface remotely. Moreover, the geoelectrical properties of H2O make WISDOM a powerful tool to understand the local distribution and state of subsurface H2O, including the potential presence of segregated ground ice and the persistent or transient occurrence of liquid water/brine. A WISDOM prototype, representative of the final flight model is now being tested. A series of calibrations and verifications have been initiated. The real performance of the instrument is currently assessed for various test environments. Results about the resolution and sensitivity achieved are presented as well as 3D representations of detected subsurface structures. Preliminary estimates of permittivity values are also shown.
Stringy excitation and role of IR/UV gluons in lattice QCD

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Using SU(3) quenched lattice QCD, we study ground-state and low-lying even-parity excitedstate potentials of quark-antiquark systems in terms of the gluon-momentum component in the Coulomb gauge. By introducing UV-cut in the gluon-momentum space, we investigate the “UVgluon sensitivity” of the ground-state and excited-state potentials and the stringy excitation quantitatively. Even after cutting off high-momentum gluon component above 1.5GeV, the IR part of the ground-state potential is almost unchanged. On the other hand, the change of excitedstate potential is more significant by the cut of UV-gluons. However, even after the removal of UV-gluons, the magnitude of the low-lying gluonic excitation remains to be of the order of 1GeV.
Construction of Smart Campus in Primary and Secondary Schools Based on Teachers’ Needs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Smart campus is a crucial task for the informatization and modernization of education.The construction of smart campus is supported by multiple intelligence technologies such as information technology and computer technology, and the media literacy of teachers is also the guarantee for the effective application of smart campus.To better realize "educational modernization" in Dongcheng District, Beijing, in order to better build a smart campus.Research use "Media Literacy Assessment Scale (Simplified Version)" developed by Li Jincheng.A survey was conducted on the status of media literacy among 1810 teachers.At the same time, the demand of teachers in the construction of smart campus is investigated.The survey consists of a self-compiled questionnaire with ten questions covering four dimensions: teaching, educational administration and logistics support, and intelligent office.KMO = 0.859, Cronbach's Alpha = 0.865.It shows that the scale has good reliability and validity.The study found that, an investigation of teachers' media literacy reveals that the overall level of teachers' media literacy is relatively high and that there are no significant differences between teachers of different genders, educational backgrounds, or ages.Teachers have a strong desire for smart campus buildings, according to an examination of their needs for smart campuses.Teaching, educational administration and logistical support, and intelligent office are the dimensions in which demand is greatest to least.
Enhanced efficacy of clindamycin hydrochloride encapsulated in PLA/PLGA based nanoparticle system for oral delivery

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Clindamycin hydrochloride (CLH) is a clinically important oral antibiotic with wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity that includes gram‐positive aerobes (staphylococci, streptococci etc.), most anaerobic bacteria, Chlamydia and certain protozoa. The current study was focused to develop a stabilised clindamycin encapsulated poly lactic acid (PLA)/poly (D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nano‐formulation with better drug bioavailability at molecular level. Various nanoparticle (NPs) formulations of PLA and PLGA loaded with CLH were prepared by solvent evaporation method varying drug: polymer concentration (1:20, 1:10 and 1:5) and characterised (size, encapsulation efficiency, drug loading, scanning electron microscope, differential scanning calorimetry [DSC] and Fourier transform infrared [FTIR] studies). The ratio 1:10 was found to be optimal for a monodispersed and stable nano formulation for both the polymers. NP formulations demonstrated a significant controlled release profile extended up to 144 h (both CLH‐PLA and CLH‐PLGA). The thermal behaviour (DSC) studies confirmed the molecular dispersion of the drug within the system. The FTIR studies revealed the intactness as well as unaltered structure of drug. The CLH‐PLA NPs showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against two pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus faecalis and Bacillus cereus . The results notably suggest that encapsulation of CLH into PLA/PLGA significantly increases the bioavailability of the drug and due to this enhanced drug activity; it can be widely applied for number of therapies.
Strausbaugh, C.A., Panella, L.W. 2016. Beet curly top resistance in USDA-ARS plant introduction lines, 2015

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Curly top caused by Beet curly top virus (BCTV) is a widespread disease problem vectored by the beet leafhopper in semiarid sugar beet production areas. Host resistance is the primary defense against this problem, but resistance in commercial cultivars is only low to intermediate. In order to identify novel sources of curly top resistance, thirty-one Plant Introduction (PI) Lines were screened in a disease nursery in 2015. The lines were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. A curly top epiphytotic was created by releasing approximately 6 viruliferous beet leafhoppers per plant at the four- to six-leaf growth stage on 24 Jun. Foliar symptoms were evaluated on 13 and 20 Jul using a scale of 0-9 (0 = healthy and 9 = dead) in a continuous manner. Curly top symptom development was uniform and no other disease problems were evident in the plot area. The disease pressure in the test was moderately severe with good symptom development in the susceptible check. Seven of the PIs were not significantly different from the resistant checks based on the overall visual symptom rating. These promising lines will be retested and, if resistance is confirmed, they will be incorporated into the USDA-ARS sugar beet germplasm improvement program as potentially novel sources of resistance to BCTV.
Beyond representative democracy: constitutionalism in a polycentric polity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For many years, discussions on the legitimacy of the European institutions have revolved around the place of the parliamentary branch in the institutional system. The alleged weakness of the European Parliament and the inability of most national assemblies to influence the behaviour of their executive significantly were perceived as the core of the Union's ‘democratic deficit’. The European Parliament itself was not slow in raising the issue. From the mid-1980s onwards, it has repeatedly emphasized that while the competences transferred to the European Community were mostly of a legislative nature, its own legislative powers remained weaker than those of national legislatures, which situation was said to result in a weakening of the democratic quality of European decision-making.
A tale of corporate governance: lessons why firms fail

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract Purpose – To review the world's and Australia's notable firm failures associated with divergence of best practices, describing the link of how corporate sustainability depends on its corporate governance implementation. Design/methodology/approach – An array of existing theories and prior academic findings on corporate governance and corporate sustainability published between 1998 and 2004 are compared and contrasted, fitted with empirical evidence of what had happened with Enron, Inc. (Enron) and HIH Insurance (HIH). Matrices are developed to intercept the key good corporate governance perspectives with the study propositions. Findings – The study indicates that both Enron and HIH acknowledged good corporate governance as a prevailing framework, yet failed to implement it. Each of the principles had been violated and had served as an attribute to the firms' failure. Research limitations/implications – This study is limited to the two notable cases, notwithstanding the implication that perhaps its applicability in other corporate settings may be pursued. Data and information sources for this paper have also been limited to the use of secondary data obtained from the public domain. Practical implications – This paper is expected to fill part of a gap in linking the studies of how corporate sustainability depends on its corporate governance. Originality/value – This paper provides a practical approach in identifying the existence or non‐existence of key good corporate governance principles in the going‐concern of corporations.
"I need to try this"?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Over the past decade, social network sites have become ubiquitous places for people to maintain relationships, as well as loci of intense research interest. Recently, a new site has exploded into prominence: Pinterest became the fastest social network to reach 10M users, growing 4000% in 2011 alone. While many Pinterest articles have appeared in the popular press, there has been little scholarly work so far. In this paper, we use a quantitative approach to study three research questions about the site. What drives activity on Pinterest? What role does gender play in the site's social connections? And finally, what distinguishes Pinterest from existing networks, in particular Twitter? In short, we find that being female means more repins, but fewer followers, and that four verbs set Pinterest apart from Twitter: use, look, want and need. This work serves as an early snapshot of Pinterest that later work can leverage.
Similarity between the effects of pressure and electron concentration on the magnetic behavior of a Cr+0.2 at. % Ir alloy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An experimental study of the magnetic phase transition temperatures of a Cr0.998Ir0.002 alloy doped with V and Mn to respectively decrease and increase the electron concentration per atom (eA), is reported. A correspondence between the electron concentration- and pressure-temperature magnetic phase diagrams of the Cr0.998Ir0.002 alloy system, doped with V, is observed through the application of a linear scaling of 6.1 GPa per 1% change in eA between the pressure and eA scales of the two diagrams.
Use of Bovine Whey in the Manufacture of Handmade Paintings, Creating Added Value for the Benefit of the Agrarianfood Chain

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Whey is the liquid from the coagulation of milk for cheese making. It is obtained after separation of casein and fat (Caballero and Acosta, 2008). There are two types of whey, the first process is called acid fermentation (microbial coagulation) or addition of organic acids, the second called sweet obtained by enzymatic coagulation mediated by renin, an enzyme obtained from sheep and goat rennet infants (Jelen 2003; Bracho, 2013). Approximately 90 % of the milk used in the cheese industry is eliminated as whey (Padin and Diaz, 2009), which is discarded in soil and natural water courses (Hernandez, 2005), constituting an environmental pollution. The overall objective was to propose the use of whey in the manufacture of handmade paintings and to contribute to economic and social development of the circuit or food chain, for the collective benefit in rural areas. Physicochemical and microbiological properties of whey acid (LA) and sweet (LS) were determined following the Norma venezolana COVENIN. Clay, calcium carbonate, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), pigment iron oxides and hydrogen peroxide: paintings using acid whey protein obtained from (A) and sweet (S) in different proportions, were formulated by
A Note on Banking Policy and the Income-Velocity of Circulation of Money

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

IT is the purpose of this note to consider the effects of an increase in the amount of saving made by the public through the mediation of the banking system. It is generally agreed that this change, which is a decrease in the income-velocity of circulation of money, will upset equilibrium. The quantitative importance of such a change as a cause of disequilibrium has, however, often been exaggerated due to the neglect of the distinction between autonomous and induced changes. An autonomous change may be defined as a change in the saving habits of the public which is not brought about by a condition of disequilibrium. An induced change may be defined as one which is itself the effect of disequilibrium. To a certain extent it is merely the monetary aspect of the conditions of disequilibrium, but it may itself become an aggravating cause. The more important quantitative changes in income-velocity take place during the downward swings of the trade cycle and are to be considered as induced changes. These changes would, of course, be avoided by the elimination of the inflationary boom. This note deals only with the effects of an autonomous change. The effects of an increase in the amount of saving which directly causes a reduction in income-velocity depend upon the policy of the banking system. The results of such a change can be analysed on the basis of three different assumptions regarding the reaction of the banking system. The banking system may take no action; it may maintain the quantity of money multiplied by its income-velocity of circulation constant; it may maintain the quantity of money constant. i. If the banking system takes no action it will, in effect, be maintaining the money rate of interest above the equilibrium rate.' This will cause a reduction in the quantity of money. The decrease in incomevelocity will mean a reduction in the amount of money spent on consumers' goods and a fall in the prices of these goods. If stocks are not increased the public will consume just as much as before with a lower money expenditure because prices will have fallen proportionately. Voluntary saving will thus be in excess of investment and the new savings
Powers of 10: a cross-scale optimization framework for rapid sustainability transformation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

To achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, strategic scaling of existing and emerging technologies and practices is imperative. A new “Powers of 10” (P10) logarithmic optimization framework presented here identifies potential optimal scales for implementing climate action strategies between a single individual and the globally projected ~10 billion persons by 2050. Applying a dataset of existing strategies from Project Drawdown, we find prioritizing community to urban-focused climate action strategies can complement top-down and bottom-up efforts and support rapid sustainability transformation.