jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
“What do you like about Spain?”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter analyses interaction involving young people with different linguistic and cultural repertoires who participate in an after-school digital storytelling program. The data were collected as part of an ethnographically informed action/activism research project. Theoretical and methodological tools from ethnomethodology and linguistic anthropology - namely membership categorisation and transidiomatic practices - are used to illuminate the data. The analysis offers insights into participants' situated and collaborative production of understandings of people and places, in ways that build from but also challenge their preconceived ideas. The data also shows how this social process takes place and is possible through a bricolage of diverse linguistic codes, modalities and media.
Analysis and numerical treatment of bulk-surface reaction-diffusion models of Gierer-Meinhardt type

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider a Gierer-Meinhardt system on a surface coupled with a parabolic PDE in the bulk, the domain confined by this surface. Such a model was recently proposed and analyzed for two-dimensional bulk domains by Gomez, Ward and Wei (SIAM J. Appl. Dyn. Syst. 18, 2019). We prove the well-posedness of the bulk-surface system in arbitrary space dimensions and show that solutions remain uniformly bounded in parabolic Hölder spaces for all times. The proof uses Schauders fixed point theorem and a splitting in a surface and a bulk part. We also solve a reduced system, corresponding to the assumption of a well mixed bulk solution, numerically. We use operator-splitting methods which combine a finite element discretization of the Laplace-Beltrami operator with a positivity-preserving treatment of the source and sink terms. The proposed methodology is based on the flux-corrected transport (FCT) paradigm. It constrains the space and time discretization of the reduced problem in a manner which provides positivity preservation, conservation of mass, and second-order accuracy in smooth regions. The results of numerical studies for the system on a two-dimensional sphere demonstrate the occurrence of localized steady-state multispike pattern that have also been observed in one-dimensional models.
Fermented Food and Non-Communicable Chronic Diseases: A Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fermented foods represent a significant fraction of human diets. Although their impact on health is positively perceived, an objective evaluation is still missing. We have, therefore, reviewed meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCT) investigating the relationship between fermented foods and non-transmissible chronic diseases. Overall, after summarizing 25 prospective studies on dairy products, the association of fermented dairy with cancer was found to be neutral, whereas it was weakly beneficial, though inconsistent, for specific aspects of cardio-metabolic health, in particular stroke and cheese intake. The strongest evidence for a beneficial effect was for yoghurt on risk factors of type 2 diabetes. Although mechanisms explaining this association have not been validated, an increased bioavailability of insulinotropic amino acids and peptides as well as the bacterial biosynthesis of vitamins, in particular vitamin K2, might contribute to this beneficial effect. However, the heterogeneity in the design of the studies and the investigated foods impedes a definitive assessment of these associations. The literature on fermented plants is characterized by a wealth of in vitro data, whose positive results are not corroborated in humans due to the absence of RCTs. Finally, none of the RCTs were specifically designed to address the impact of food fermentation on health. This question should be addressed in future human studies.
In vitro cellular immune response to measles viral glycoproteins: role of the antigen vector.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The capacity of measles virus and haemagglutinin (HA) and fusion (F) glycoproteins, presented either as soluble antigens, associated with liposomes or as Iscoms, to induce an in vitro primary and anamnestic cellular response was studied in syngeneic W/Fu rats using the MTT colorimetric assay. A primary cellular response was observed when the virus, HA + F liposomes or HA + F Iscoms were used as immunogens, but not when soluble HA + F glycoproteins were used. The irradiation of the naïve spleen cells at 500 rads allowed the generation of a primary response with the soluble antigens. All these primary responses were low, of similar intensity and dose-dependent. The responses were stronger after the stimulation of spleen cells from seropositive immune rats with virus, HA + F liposomes or HA + F Iscoms, whereas they were moderate after stimulation with soluble HA + F. In addition, far less antigenic material was required and the use of a vehicle for HA + F (liposomes, Iscoms) dramatically lowered the threshold of the sensitivity to the antigens. The immunization of rats with soluble HA + F glycoproteins resulted in the anergy of their spleen cells even to virus, HA + F liposomes or HA + F Iscoms. Again, irradiation of these cells could restore their ability to elicit a primary response to any type of HA + F immunogens. Using the lysosomotropic Leu-0-Met agent, all the cellular responses were found to be accessory cells dependent, the responses being restored after supplementation with 10% peritoneal exudate cells from naïve rats. These treatments did not break the immunosuppression induced by soluble HA + F glycoproteins. The uptake of the various immunogens by the murine macrophage cell line J774-1 was also studied using radioactively labelled virus and HA + F glycoproteins. The uptake of soluble HA + F was limited to 10-15%, whereas that of the other immunogens was almost complete. The data reported indicate that the modification of the supramolecular architecture of HA + F glycoproteins by their presentation in liposomes or Iscoms could modulate their immunogenicity, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It could prevent the generation of a radiosensitive suppressive mechanism, increase the sensitivity to the antigen and the activation level of the responding cell population. Quantitative modifications are accessory cell dependent and initiated within the first hour of the stimulation.
A Study of Determinants of Obesity - Is Skipping Breakfast Meal a Risk Factor?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND Breakfast is an important meal since it refuels the body after long night fasting. Regular intake of breakfast must have favourable supply of both micronutrients and macronutrients to maintain a body mass index (BMI) in the normal range. Despite its importance, the rate of skipping breakfast is observed to be alarmingly increasing among medical students. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to understand the dietary patterns, and physical activity level, and analyse the association of skipping breakfast with obesity among medical students. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among 174 medical undergraduate students aged between 18 and 23 years in a tertiary care teaching hospital from August 2019 to October 2019. A pretested, semi-structured, validated, self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the profile, physical activity, food consumption pattern, and perception about the importance of breakfast meal. Regression analysis was done. Odds ratio was calculated. RESULTS About 23.6 % and 27 % of the study participants were found to be overweight and obese respectively. Only 51.1 % of study participants were involved in physical activity. 17.2 % of medical students skipped their breakfast regularly and 71.6 % were aware that skipping breakfast would affect work efficacy and span of concentration. Age group of 22 – 23 years (OR: 19.5, 95 % CI; 2.08, 183.70) was significantly associated with obesity. Skipping breakfast (OR, 0.45, 95 % CI: 0.23, 0.90) was not found to be associated with obesity. CONCLUSIONS Our study found that more than one fourth participants were obese and one third were skipping breakfast daily or more than thrice a week. There was no association between obesity and skipping of breakfast meal. However, the importance of breakfast meal in a day cannot be ignored. Awareness programs to practice healthy eating habits might help in prevention of obesity and overweight among students. KEY WORDS Breakfast, Exercise, Obesity, Body Mass Index, Students, Medical
Antibody and Cell-Mediated Immunity in Phytohemagglutinin-Treated Chickens

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The effects of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on humoral and homograft immunity in young chickens were studied. Intravenous (IV) injections of PHA stimulated the antibody production while intraperitoneal (IP) injections suppressed the antibody production. IP injected PHA failed to prolong the survival of the homografts. The route and time of PHA administration must be considered when evaluating the influence which PHA exerts on homograft survival and hemagglutinin production in the chicken. The results obtained in this study suggest that there may be two different target cell lines involved in PHA’s action. The reduced antibody production following IP injections of PHA may be due to its interference with the peritoneal macrophages and T cells and in the case of IV administration PHA may be activating both macrophages and T cells. Possibly, there may be a difference in the effective PHA concentration after IP versus IV administration to account for different responses observed.
Direct Conversion of Human Fibroblasts into Adipocytes Using a Novel Small Molecular Compound: Implications for Regenerative Therapy for Adipose Tissue Defects

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

There is a need in plastic surgery to prepare autologous adipocytes that can be transplanted in patients to reconstruct soft tissue defects caused by tumor resection, including breast cancer, and by trauma and other diseases. Direct conversion of somatic cells into adipocytes may allow sufficient functional adipocytes to be obtained for use in regeneration therapy. Chemical libraries of 10,800 molecules were screened for the ability to induce lipid accumulation in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) in culture. Chemical compound-mediated directly converted adipocytes (CCCAs) were characterized by lipid staining, immunostaining, and qRT-PCR, and were also tested for adipokine secretion and glucose uptake. CCCAs were also implanted into mice to examine their distribution in vivo. STK287794 was identified as a small molecule that induced the accumulation of lipid droplets in HDFs. CCCAs expressed adipocyte-related genes, secreted adiponectin and leptin, and abundantly incorporated glucose. After implantation in mice, CCCAs resided in granulation tissue and remained adipose-like. HDFs were successfully converted into adipocytes by adding a single chemical compound, STK287794. C/EBPα and PPARγ were upregulated in STK287794-treated cells, which strongly suggests involvement of these adipocyte-related transcription factors in the chemical direct conversion. Our method may be useful for the preparation of autogenous adipocytes for transplantation therapy for soft tissue defects and fat tissue atrophy.
Latest Advances in Gene Therapy in Management of Cystic Fibrosis Lung Disease, Literature Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disease that affects ion channels on epithelial cells. This leads to thicker and dysfunctional secretions. This can be evident when looking at the major symptoms of CF patients, which include recurrent respiratory tract infections and pancreatic insufficiency. The current management options for CF are either to manage the symptoms or modulate the existing defective genes. Gene therapy aims to correct dysfunctional genes as a way to cure the disease. We a
The Police and the Intelligence Services —With Special Reference to the relationship with MI5

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The organizational structures of national security and intelligence services are as varied as the organizational structures of police services. However, in most States there are organisations for the following functions: domestic security and intelligence, external intelligence, defence intelligence, and signals intelligence (sigint). There are two main linked approaches to understanding the relationship in a given State between the police and the intelligence services: historical and legal-institutional. The historical approach illustrates how a particular state has sought to provide for and govern a set of essential activities that may, in part, need to be both covert and deniable. The legal-institutional approach, by examining the statutory basis for such activities and the organizational structure, can help to clarify status, roles, inter-organizational relationships, and accountability mechanisms (Müller-Wille, 2006 and Venice Commission, 2007). Within Europe there is no common organizational model but rather a mixture of police and non-police types. A range of examples are illustrated in Table 4.1 below.
High-Pressure Experimental and DFT Structural Studies of Aurichalcite Mineral

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We report on high-pressure angle-dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction data of a natural Zn3.78(2)Cu1.22(2)(CO3)2(OH)6 aurichalcite mineral up to 7.6 GPa and ab initio total energy calculations of the aurichalcite structure with three different Zn-Cu stoichiometries (Zn:Cu ratios = 10:0, 8:2 and 6:4). A monoclinic-to-triclinic displacive second-order phase transition was found experimentally at 3 GPa. The experimental bulk modulus of the initial P21/m aurichalcite is B0 = 66(2) GPa, with a first-pressure derivative of B0′ = 9(2). A comparison with other basic copper and zinc carbonates shows that this B0 value is considerably larger than those of malachite and azurite. This relative incompressibility occurs despite the fact that aurichalcite features a layered structure due to the number of directed hydrogen bonds between carbonate groups and the cation-centered oxygen polyhedra forming complex sheets. The existence of different bond types and polyhedral compressibilities entails a certain anisotropic compression, with axial compressibilities κa0 = 3.79(5)·10−3 GPa−1, κb0 = 5.44(9)·10−3 GPa−1 and κc0 = 4.61(9)·10−3 GPa−1. Additional density-functional theory calculations on the C2/m hydrozincite-type structure with different Zn:Cu compositional ratios shows that the aurichalcite structure is energetically more stable than the hydrozincite one for compositions of Zn:Cu = 10:0, 8:2 and 6:4 at room pressure. The pure Zn aurichalcite phase, however, was predicted to transform into hydrozincite at 18 GPa, which suggests that the experimentally observed hydrozincite structure is a metastable phase.
The BNL Accelerator Test Facility and experimental program

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Accelerator Test Facility (ATF) at BNL is a users’ facility for experiments in Accelerator and Beam Physics. The ATF provides high‐brightness electron beams and high‐power laser pulses synchronized to the electron beam, suitable for studies of new methods of high‐gradient acceleration and state‐of‐the‐art Free‐Electron Lasers.The electrons are produced by a laser photocathode rf gun and accelerated to 50 MeV by two traveling wave accelerator sections. The lasers include a 10 mJ, 10 ps Nd:YAG laser and a 500 mJ, 10 to 100 ps CO2 laser. A number of users from National Laboratories, universities; and industry take part in experiments at the ATF. The experimental program includes various laser acceleration schemes, Free‐Electron Laser experiments, and a program on the development of high‐brightness electron beams.The ATF’s experimental program commenced in early 1991 at an energy of about 4 MeV. The full program, with 50 MeV and the high‐power laser will begin operation this year.
Secondary Amino Alcohols: Traceless Cleavable Linkers for Use in Affinity Capture and Release

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Capture and release of peptides is often a critical operation in the pathway to discovering materials with novel functions. However, the best methods for efficient capture impede facile release. To overcome this challenge, we report linkers based on secondary amino alcohols for the release of peptides after capture. These amino alcohols are based on serine (seramox) or isoserine (isoseramox) and can be incorporated into peptides during solid‐phase peptide synthesis through reductive amination. Both linkers are quantitatively cleaved within minutes under NaIO 4 treatment. Cleavage of isoseramox produced a native peptide N‐terminus. This linker also showed broad substrate compatibility; incorporation into a synthetic peptide library resulted in the identification of all sequences by nanoLC‐MS/MS. The linkers are cell compatible; a cell‐penetrating peptide that contained this linker was efficiently captured and identified after uptake into cells. These findings suggest that such secondary amino alcohol based linkers might be suitable tools for peptide‐discovery platforms.
Organization of the Sites for DNA Attachment to the Nonhistone Proteinaceous Nuclear Skeleton

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This chapter considers the aspect of DNA attachment to the nuclear skeletal structures and discusses the nature of proteins and DNA sequences located at the sites of their interaction. It explores the nuclei or metaphase chromosomes treated with nucleases and dehistonized as a nuclear or chromosomal matrix, and to the protein part of the matrix as a nuclear or chromosomal skeleton. R. Berezney and D. S. Coffey studied in detail the protein composition of residual nuclei referred to as a "nuclear matrix" and demonstrated that it was rather simple. The survival of a small DNA fraction may be explained by the resistance of DNA itself to nuclease, by contamination of nuclear matrix preparations with nonlysed cells or aggregated nuclei whose DNA is less accessible to nuclease and by its protection by nonhistone protein aggregation. The fine organization of nucleonemas (involving DNA-protein interactions) is not yet clear.
Genome‐Mining‐Based Discovery of the Cyclic Peptide Tolypamide and TolF, a Ser/Thr Forward O‐Prenyltransferase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Cyanobactins comprise a widespread group of peptide metabolites produced by cyanobacteria that are often diversified by post‐translational prenylation. Several enzymes have been identified in cyanobactin biosynthetic pathways that carry out chemically diverse prenylation reactions, representing a resource for the discovery of post‐translational alkylating agents. Here, genome mining was used to identify orphan cyanobactin prenyltransferases, leading to the isolation of tolypamide from the freshwater cyanobacterium Tolypothrix sp. The structure of tolypamide was confirmed by spectroscopic methods, degradation, and enzymatic total synthesis. Tolypamide is forward‐prenylated on a threonine residue, representing an unprecedented post‐translational modification. Biochemical characterization of the cognate enzyme TolF revealed a prenyltransferase with strict selectivity for forward O ‐prenylation of serine or threonine but with relaxed substrate selectivity for flanking peptide sequences. Since cyanobactin pathways often exhibit exceptionally broad substrate tolerance, these enzymes represent robust tools for synthetic biology.
Blood flow restriction - short insight of the method

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction: The blood flow restriction method is a training method that is based on the partial occlusion of circulation during a workout. This technique combines low-intensity exercise with the occlusion of the bloodstream which produces results similar to high-intensity training. Aim: We aimed to identify the areas in which this method is applicable, its potential benefits and effects, recommendations regarding the rules of use for maximal effects (dosage, intensity, etc.), and also possible contraindications or warnings regarding the use of this method. Methods: We have analyzed a number of 20 articles on this topic from the field literature of the last 10 years, using ”google academic” as a search engine. Results : After this study we concluded that blood flow restriction is a method with wide applicability in the field of sports training, but also in the recovery process; however, it requires attention in choosing the necessary equipment. For healthy individuals, best training adaptations occur when combining low-load blood flow restriction resistance exercise with traditional high-load resistance exercise. Conclusion: Low-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction is as effective as high-intensity training (for strength and muscle mass gains), but only the high-intensity protocol promotes significant hypotensive responses after exercise.
LHD TESPEL #154044.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Tracer-Encapsulated Solid Pellet(TESPEL) is a double-layered impurity pellet, which basically consists of polystyrene polymer (-CH(C6H5)CH2-) as an outer shell and tracer particles as a core. TESPEL can be utilized for various physics-oriented experiments, e.g. impurity injection for the perturbative impurity transport, induction of a cold pulse propagation.
Real CP Violation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We propose a new mechanism called "real CP violation" to originate spontaneous CP violation. Starting with a CP conserving theory with scalar fields in the adjoint representation of a global or local non-abelian symmetry, we show that even though the VEV's of such scalars are real they give rise to a spontaneous violation of CP. We provide an illustrative example of how this new mechanism of CP violation can give rise to physically significant phases which produce a complex CKM mixing matrix. This mechanism may prove useful in string models with moduli in the adjoint representation as well as in tackling the strong CP problem.