jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Molybdenite Ore Using a 2 kw Solar Furnace

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Hydrometallurgical methods of extracting molybdenite (MoS2) from the raw ore consume 145 × 106 Btu ton of fossil fuel equivalent energy per ton of concentrate produced. Processing the ore using a solar heat source could save 56 percent of this energy. Thermodynamic considerations indicate that MoS2 is the easiest of the economically valuable ores to extract. If the technique can be developed with this ore, it may be possible to extend it to other ores. Oxidation of the sulfide to molybdic oxide (MoO3) is an exothermic process, and it should proceed autogenically if the concentration of MoS2 is high enough. Experiments to measure the specific heat of the raw ore were conducted to determine the crossover point for this autogenic reaction. Using a calorimeter, we found three distinct reaction temperature ranges corresponding to water and organic vapors, oxidation of pyrite (FeS2), and oxidation of molybdenite. The production rate of SO2 was measured for 0.5-g samples of three different concentrations of molybdenite: (a) 95 percent MoS2 concentrate, (b) 10 percent concentrate in the raw ore, and (c) the unadulterated raw ore. A crude mass balance was obtained between the reaction products and the unreacted ore in the hearth. The curves of reacted product wersus time look very similar to the curves of SO2 gas produced versus time. Both sets of curves show the reaction is more than 90 percent complete in one minute. This work is sponsored by the US Department of Energy and the French Center Nationale de Recherche Scientifique. It is a cooperative effort of the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in the US and the Laboratoire des Ultra-Refractaires and the Laboratoire d’Energetique Solaire in Odeillo, France.
"Table 200" of "Measurement of angular and momentum distributions of charged particles within and around jets in Pb+Pb and $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector"

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

R_D(pT,r) The ratios of charged particle distributions around jets as a function of distance from the jet axis in different centrality intervals of PbPb and pp collisions at 5.02 TeV for different track pT and jet pT ranges.
Solving a Scholar Timetabling Problem Using a Genetic Algorithm - Study Case: Instituto Tecnologico De Zitacuaro

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Scholar Timetabling Problem consists of fixing a sequence of meetings between lecturers, classrooms and schedule to a set of groups and courses in a given period of time, satisfying a set of different constraints, where each course, lecturer, classroom, and time have special features, this problem is known to be NP-hard. Given the impossibility to solve this problem optimally, traditional and metaheuristic methods have been proposed to provide near-optimal solutions. This paper shows the implementation of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) using a real coding to solve the Scholar Timetabling Problem. A naive representation for chromosomes in a population-based heuristic search leads to high probabilities of violation of the problem constraints. To convert solutions that violate constraints (unfeasible solutions) into ones that do not (feasible solutions), we propose a repair mechanism. Based on the proposed mechanism, we present a possible solution to the Scholar Timetabling Problem applied to a real school (Instituto Tecnologico de Zitacuaro). Here we present experimental results based on different types of GA configurations to solve this problem and present the best GA configuration to solve the study case.
Study of salt structures from gravity and seismic data in Santos Basin, Brazil

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Seismic is one of the main methods used for the identification of structures and stratigraphic studies in sedimentary basins. In the Santos Basin, numerous 2D and 3D seismic surveys are being conducted in order to get a better image of the geological section to depths beyond the base of salt layer. Crustal modelling studies that make joint interpretation of seismic and gravity data are found in the literature, however there are few studies that relate gravity anomalies directly to salt structures. This work aims to associate gravity anomalies with salt structures from seismic and gravimetric interpretation. For studies aimed to model the crustal structure from gravity field data, the knowledge of two major discontinuities is required, the basement and the Moho. Such interfaces are often not easily seen by seismic and so, during this study, they were found by different methods involving analysis of gravity anomalies. The other interfaces involving density contrasts were analyzed based on seismic interpretation. The results showed that the obtained seismic geological interpretations may provide additional information when compared to gravity anomaly data. In all the modelled profiles, some geological of the Santos Basin that are not visible in the seismic, could be interpreted according to the geological model and the adjustment of gravity anomaly curves. As a final conclusion of this work, it is suggested that the combined analysis of the two cited geophysical methods, can provide important information about the crustal structure and to assist in modelling the salt layer.
EMBRYOLOGENIC ECOLOGY OF SOYBEAN VARIETIES AND ITS AFTER-EFFECTS. : II. On the after-effects of soybean seeds developed under specially controlled conditions for long successive generations.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Studies were undertaken to clarify : (i) the ecological effects on plant growth and seed development of soybeans under the three controlled conditions -long-day, short-day and high-temperature treatments- during eight or nine successive generations, (ii) the after-effects in the following generations resulting from the specific treatments. From this test it was found, that after-effects may be left in several characters, at least in the succeeding three grenerations.
P239 Low prevalence of extra-thoracic airway hyper-responsiveness in UK patients with chronic refractory cough

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction

Prior research indicates that chronic refractory cough (CRC) is associated with a high prevalence of extra-thoracic airway hyper-responsiveness (EAHR).1 This heightened laryngoconstrictor reflex can be characterised using standard bronchoprovocation tests (e.g. histamine or hypertonic saline); whereby attenuation in the inspiratory component of the flow-volume curve is evaluated in response to escalating doses of the stimulus.

Aims and objectives

To determine the prevalence of EAHR in a cohort of CRC patients in the UK undergoing cough assessment, and to relate EAHR to other disease characteristics.

Methods

Data was retrospectively evaluated for all CRC patients completing cough assessment with histamine bronchoprovocation challenge, between 2013 and 2015. EAHR was defined by a 25% dose-responsive fall in the mid-inspiratory flow (PC25FIF50) in response to ≤ 8 mg/ml histamine.2 EAHR data was compared with other simultaneous investigation results, including overnight pH/impedance results and co-existing nasal disease.

Results

We studied 57 adult CRC patients (n = 42, female; 74%), mean ±SD age 54.6 ± 12.4 years, BMI 28.2 ± 5.9 kg/m2, reporting a duration of cough 5.5 years (0.8–50) with a median cough VAS score of 57 (16–90). The majority of patients (56%) reported cough without other respiratory symptoms, whereas 12 (21%) reported cough with dyspnoea and wheeze. Evidence of EAHR was found in three patients (5.3%). At a reduced cut-off (PC20FIF50 ≤ 16 mg/ml) the prevalence of EAHR was greater (12%) (Figure 1). Patients with a positive EAHR test at this cut-off were younger (p < 0.01, mean age 44 yrs versus 56 yrs) and more likely to report respiratory dyspnoea and wheeze (p < 0.05). In patients completing an overnight reflux study (n = 52), 32 (62%) had evidence of reflux. 21 (37%) patients had co-existing nasal disease. However, presence of reflux or nasal disease was not predictive of EAHR (both p > 0.05).

Conclusion

EAHR was not prevalent in CRC patients, completing assessment at a specialist cough service, when using a standard histamine bronchoprovocation test. Differences from prior published data may be explained by methodological differences, specifically the application of stringent control of the measures of reproducibility of inspiratory flow parameters and dose response criteria.

References

1 Bucca C, Rolla G, Scappaticci E, et al. Histamine hyperresponsiveness of the extrathoracic airway in patients with asthmatic symptoms. Allergy 1991;46:147–53 2 Bucca C, Bugiani M, Culla B, et al. Chronic cough and irritable larynx. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:412–9
O 2 Dissociation Rates O2-Ar Mixtures

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Experimental measurements of the O2 dissociation rate in shock-heated oxygen-argon mixtures were obtained with the ultraviolet light absorption technique described in the preceding article. The dissociation rate constant kAr for the reaction O2+Ar→O+O+Ar can be fit over the temperature range from 3400 °K to 7500 °K by the theoretical formula kAr = C(D/RT)n−12 exp(−D/RT), where C = 6.0×101±20% cc/mole-sec and n = 1.5±0.2. 0 = 5.116 ev is the oxygen dissociation energy; R is the gas constant; and T is the temperature. This result is compared with the classical collision theory and the theories of Wigner and Keck. The rates for the dissociation of O2 by O and O2 were also determined; compared to the argon rate constant kO≈25kAr, kO2⪅3kAr Our experimental results are compared with those of Byron and Matthews. The relaxation times for dissociation and vibration are observed to be comparable at about 8000 °K. The experimental data indicate that the dissociation rate above 8000 °K is at least a factor of two less than the expected rate when the vibration is not in equilibrium (the vibrational temperature being less than the translational temperature) during dissociation.
Raman parametric four-wave mixing mechanism of the first-order Stokes generated in CO2 and H2

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Without the axial component, an annular spatial profile of the first-order Stokes (S1) was observed during the SRS process in low-energy pumped CO 2 gas, which is supposed to be generated by a parametric four-wave mixing process (PFWM), i.e., 2 ω P = ω AS 1 + ω S 1 . In order to verify such a mechanism, similar experiments were conducted in H 2 , and the annular S1 intensity distribution was also noticed. Furthermore, simulations of S1 radial intensity distributions were carried out based on the proposed PFWM phase matching geometry. The PFWM has been verified to be a process that directly annihilates two pump photons and simultaneously produces one AS1 photon and one S1 photon.
Effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) Extract on Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Due to the importance of garlic extract in medicine, it contains many effective compounds that act as antibacterial agents, effective against many types of negative and positive bacteria, and given that the Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria are characterized by their resistance to many antibiotics, so it requires finding materials that are safe in terms of their use and are anti-bacterial. Methodology Garlic extract is usually prepared by crushing or squeezing garlic cloves and then extracting the active compounds using solvents or other methods. There are several ways to prepare garlic extract, including steam distillation, Soxhlet extraction, maceration, and ultrasonic extraction. The plant extract was employed in the following concentrations: 10, 20, 30, and 40%. The biofilm production was measured over the course of two separate 24-48-hour incubation periods. The biofilm production significantly decreased as the plant extract concentration increased and significantly increased again when the biofilm concentration reached 40% over the course of the two separate 24-48-hour incubation periods. It was also found that the use of concentrations and the decrease in biofilm production differed significantly, as evidenced by the p-value of 0.0012 and the correlation coefficient between concentration and antibiotic.
[Transfer factor and thymosin in the treatment of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome].

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper considers the synchronization problem for coupled chaotic systems with\ntime-delay. We assume that the error dynamics can be rewritten by a feedback connection\nof a linear delay system with multiple inputs and outputs and nonlinear elements which are\ndecentralized and satisfy a sector condition. Then, we derive a synchronization condition for coupled systems with delay by applying a multivariable circle criterion. Unlike the conventional synchronization criteria, the derived criterion is based on a frequency-domain condition and can avoid the use of the Lyapunov-Krasovskii approach. As a result, the condition does not contain the conservativeness caused by the Lyapunov-Krasovskii approach. The effectiveness of the proposed criterion is shown by examples of coupled Chua systems with delay coupling.
Population pharmacokinetics, safety and dosing optimization of voriconazole in patients with liver dysfunction: A prospective observational study

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Aims Voriconazole is a broad‐spectrum antifungal agent for the treatment of invasive fungal infections. There is limited information about the pharmacokinetics and appropriate dosage of voriconazole in patients with liver dysfunction. This study aimed to explore the relationship between voriconazole trough concentration (C trough ) and toxicity, identify the factors significantly associated with voriconazole pharmacokinetic parameters and propose an optimised voriconazole dosing regimen for patients with liver dysfunction. Methods The study prospectively enrolled 51 patients with 272 voriconazole concentrations. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to explore the relationship between voriconazole C trough and toxicity. The pharmacokinetic data was analysed with nonlinear mixed‐effects method. Dosing simulations stratified by total bilirubin (TBIL, TBIL‐1: TBIL < 51 μmol/L; TBIL‐2: 51 μmol/L ≤ TBIL < 171 μmol/L; TBIL‐3: TBIL ≥ 171 μmol/L) were performed. Results Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed that voriconazole C trough of ≤ 5.1 mg/L were associated with significantly lower the incidence of adverse events. A 1‐compartment pharmacokinetic model with first‐order absorption and elimination was used to describe the data. Population pharmacokinetic parameters of clearance, volume of distribution and oral bioavailability were 0.88 L/h, 148.8 L and 88.4%, respectively. Voriconazole clearance was significantly associated with TBIL and platelet count. The volume of distribution increased with body weight. Patients with TBIL‐1 could be treated with a loading dose of 400 mg every 12 hours (q12h) for first day, followed by a maintenance dose of 100 mg q12h administered orally or intravenously. TBIL‐2 and TBIL‐3 patients could be treated with a loading dose of 200 mg q12h and maintenance doses of 50 mg q12h or 100 mg once daily and 50 mg once daily orally or intravenously, respectively. Conclusions Lower doses and longer dosing intervals should be considered for patients with liver dysfunction. TBIL‐based dosing regimens provide a practical strategy for achieving voriconazole therapeutic range and therefore maximizing treatment outcomes.
Tensile Deformation Analysis of Sportswear Using Cloth Simulation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In order to design functional and comfortable sportswear, it is important to understand wearing conditions of a wearer such as tensile stress and clothing pressure on the garment during sports motions. However, those kinds of information are difficult to obtain from experiments with humans. In this study, we described a methodology which can recreate a human body and garments in virtual reality, and evaluated the methodology in a static condition by comparing the results of simulation with experimental data, to successfully get it validated. We also applied the methodology in dynamic situations, named “Dynamic cloth simulation”, with the use of a movable digital human model that can reproduce not only the shape of the body but also skin strain distributions of the body during sports motions. An experiment was conducted to investigate the validity of Dynamic cloth simulation. A similar tendency was shown between a wearer and the digital human model in the elongation of fabric on the garment.
Unequal synthesis and differential degradation of alpha and beta spectrin during murine erythroid differentiation.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells represent a valuable system to study the biogenesis of the cytoskeleton during erythroid differentiation. When attached to fibronectin-coated dishes MEL cells induce, upon addition of DMSO, a 7-d differentiation process during which they enucleate and reach the reticulocyte stage (Patel, V. P., and H. F. Lodish. 1987. J. Cell Biol. 105:3105-3118); they accumulate band 3, spectrin, and ankyrin in amounts equivalent to those found in mature red blood cells. To follow the biosynthesis of spectrin during differentiation, membranes and cytoskeletal proteins of cells metabolically labeled with [35S]methionine were solubilized by SDS and alpha and beta spectrins were recovered by specific immunoadsorption. In both uninduced and 3-d induced cells, the relative synthesis of alpha/beta spectrin is approximately 1:3. In uninduced MEL cells newly synthesized alpha and beta spectrins are degraded with a similar half-life of approximately 10 h. In contrast, in 3-d differentiated MEL cells newly made beta spectrin is much more unstable than alpha spectrin; the half-lives of alpha and beta spectrin chains are approximately 22 and 8 h, respectively. Thus, accumulation of equal amounts of alpha and beta spectrin is caused by unequal synthesis and unequal degradation. As judged by Northern blot analyses, the level of actin mRNA is relatively constant throughout the 7-d differentiation period. alpha and beta spectrin mRNAs are barely detectable in uninduced cells, increase during the first 4 d of induction, and remain constant thereafter. In contrast, band 3 mRNA is first detectable on day 4 of differentiation. Thus, most of the spectrin that accumulates in enucleating reticulocytes is synthesized during the last few days of erythropoiesis, concomitant with the onset of band 3 synthesis. To determine whether this was occurring in normal mouse erythropoiesis, we analyzed the rate of appearance of labeled membrane proteins in mature erythrocytes after a single injection of [35S]methionine. Our results show that most of the spectrin and band 3 in mature erythrocytes is synthesized during the last days of bone marrow erythropoiesis, and that, in the marrow, band 3 and protein 4.1 are synthesized at a somewhat later stage of development than are alpha and beta spectrin, ankyrin, and actin.
On the complete boundedness of the Schur block product

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We give a Stinespring representation of the Schur block product, say (*), on pairs of square matrices with entries in a C*-algebra as a completely bounded bilinear operator of the form: A:=(a_{ij}), B:= (b_{ij}): A (*) B := (a_{ij}b_{ij}) = V* pi(A) F pi(B) V, such that V is an isometry, pi is a *-representation and F is a self-adjoint unitary. This implies an inequality due to Livshits and two apparently new ones on diagonals of matrices. ||A (*) B|| \leq ||A||_r ||B||_c operator, row and column norm; - diag(A*A) \leq A* (*) A \leq diag(A*A), and for all vectors f, g: | |^2 \leq < diag(AA*) g, g> .
Real-time multi-frequency ultrasound imaging for quantitative lung ultrasound – first clinical results

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lung ultrasound imaging is a fast-evolving field of application for ultrasound technologies. However, most diagnoses are currently performed with imaging protocols that assume a quasi-homogeneous speed of sound in the volume of interest. When applied to the lung, due to the presence of air, this assumption is unrealistic. Consequently, diagnoses are often based on imaging artifacts and thus qualitative and subjective. In this paper, we present an image formation protocol that is capable of capturing the frequency dependence of well-known artifacts (B-lines) and visualizing it in real time, ultimately providing a quantitative assessment of the signals received from the lung. Previous in vitro studies have shown the potential of B-lines native-frequency for the characterization of bubbly medium, but this paper presents the first results on clinical data. The image formation process has been designed to work on lung tissue, and ultrasound images generated with four orthogonal bands centered at 3, 4, 5 and 6 MHz can be acquired and displayed in real time. Results show that B-lines can be characterized on the basis of their native frequency in vivo and open the way toward real-time quantitative lung ultrasound imaging.
Community beliefs vis-à-vis legal frameworks for child labour in Malawi

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Children in Malawi are involved in work that is detrimental to their health, morals and physical development. Among many factors, poverty, lack of educational opportunities, and household vulnerabilities have been identified as key driving forces. Realising the magnitude and the detrimental effects of child labour on children’s lives, international and national civil society organisations, including the Government of Malawi, have implemented projects to deal with the problem through different approaches. Among other approaches, the stakeholders have used legal frameworks that condemn and prohibit child labour practices to tackle the problem. These legal frameworks have also set an age limit for the involvement of children in work. Despite the establishment of legal frameworks to curb child labour, the issue persists. This paper argues that child labour persists primarily due to a disconnect between these formal laws and the local community’s perspectives on child rights. The paper suggests that communities perceive the principles of child rights, such as non-discrimination, the best interest of the child, life, survival and development, differently than their legal definitions or as they are provided in legislation. This misalignment creates barriers to the effective implementation of child labour laws in Malawian communities. The article is informed by discussions with Child Protection Workers and Civil Society Organisations working on human rights projects in Malawi.
Professions and local users

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For territorial governance, all stakeholders are important, not only owners or farm managers. In this chapter, we identify all those who have some role in the silvopastoral systems and try to make them visible. We describe diverse groups of users that were and still are present in dehesa and montado, focusing on human roles influencing land management, and agricultural and forestry activities. We include not only people working at farms but all the persons interested in these spaces and the various services of the agroecosystem. Finally, the text considers some relevant features of the different groups regarding governance and their possibilities for dialogue.