jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Immunization safety monitoring: addressing vaccine hesitancy and enhancing coverage in crisis-affected regions—insights from Lebanon, Ukraine, and Sudan

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Global vaccine hesitancy, intensified by crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, represents a significant threat to immunization coverage. This narrative review discusses immunization safety monitoring frameworks and vaccine hesitancy in crisis-affected regions, particularly in Lebanon, Ukraine, and Sudan. By examining and reflecting on these case studies, this review aims to examine challenges, highlight context-specific strategies, and propose solutions for enhancing vaccine uptake and trust in fragile and conflict-affected areas. A structured narrative review was conducted, collecting evidence from global frameworks and region-specific case studies. The review explored factors impacting vaccine hesitancy, the role of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) monitoring systems, and innovative technological interventions. Key sources included peer-reviewed articles, reports from humanitarian organizations, and systematic reviews. The review showed that vaccine hesitancy is affected by interconnected factors, including sociopolitical and cultural conflicts, and misinformation. Lebanon’s persistent economic and political instability, Ukraine’s disruptions caused by the ongoing war, and Sudan’s fragile healthcare infrastructure pose challenges to vaccine coverage. Successful interventions to address hesitancy included transparency in AEFI reporting, integration of real-time monitoring systems, and community-led initiatives. It is critical to mitigate vaccine hesitancy in crisis-affected regions through robust safety monitoring frameworks and tailored communication strategies. Global cooperation and frameworks, technological innovations, and context-specific approaches are imperative for improving the resilience of immunization systems and ensuring health security in fragile settings. Furthermore, these insights are crucial in informing public health communication policies and behavior change interventions to improve public trust and thus reduce vaccine hesitancy.
Measurements of ultra-high energy lead ions using silicon and diamond detectors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A silicon detector and a diamond detector have been used at the SPS experimental North Area at CERN for diagnostics of beams of ultra-high energy lead ions (150 GeV/nucleon).The detectors are operated in pulse mode using a fast digital electronic chain. The discrimination capability of the two detectors is investigated using deposited energy and pulse shape analysis. It is shown that the detectors have good beam monitoring performances and can discriminate the main lead ion beam component from contamination of light and heavy fragments.
Implications of the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2014 on the position of villages in Bali, Indonesia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article was written based on the research findings that aimed to identify and
understand the implications of the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2014 on the position of
villages in Bali. This research was conducted due to the imbalance between assumptions
and reality that occurred in the field. Supposedly, in this global era, advanced regional
government systems are managed professionally based on prevailing normative laws. It is
different from what happened in Bali. Although Bali is a developed and modern tourist
destination, this area still maintains the position of its customary village. In addition, Bali
has also enacted Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning the position of villages in Indonesia.
The questions are: Why does Bali maintain its customary village position? What is the
position of the villages in Bali after the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2014? What are the
implications for local people in this global era?
This research applied normative legal method based on the vagueness of norms related
to the position of villages in Bali based on Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Village.
It also examined the positive legal provisions and general legal principles based on legal
issues related to the position of villages in Bali after the enactment of Law Number 6 of
2014 concerning village. All data that had been obtained through observation, interviews,
and library studies were analyzed using legal state theory, authority theory and interpretation
theory.
The research findings showed that: (1) After the enactment of Law Number 6 of 2014,
the position of villages in Bali is divided into two: Customary Village (Desa Adat) which
functions to take care of matters related to custom and Official Village (Desa Dinas) which
functions to take care of matters that are related to population administration; (2) until
now, the position of villages in Bali is still based on Law Number 6 of 2014 because it has
implications for the harmony and preservation of Balinese culture in the global era.
Keywords: implications, position of villages in Bali, Law Number 6 of 2014
Mechanical and Covalent Tailoring of Copper Catenanes for Selective Aqueous Nitrate-to-Ammonia Electrocatalysis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) for the selective generation of ammonia (NH3) enables the removal of deleterious nitrate pollutants while simultaneously upcycling them into a value-added fertilizer. The development of nonprecious metal-derived catalysts such as those featuring copper (Cu) as earth-abundant alternatives for the state-of-the-art precious metal catalysts is of urgent need yet suffering from the activity-selectivity-durability trilemma. Rational design of molecular Cu complexes with well-defined coordination structures permitting systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations is key to addressing the challenge. Here, a series of molecular Cu(I) complexes with [2]catenane ligands are developed as NO3RR electrocatalysts for the first time. By engineering multiple cationic ammoniums on the catenane backbone, acceptance of the anionic nitrate substrate as well as the release of the cationic ammonium product are promoted, thereby facilitating a higher Faradaic efficiency and product selectivity toward ammonia via an 8e- pathway. Of note, the mutual Coulombic repulsion between the multiply charged ligands is overcome by the mechanical interlocking such that the catalyst integrity can be maintained under practical conditions. This report highlights the promise of employing mechanically interlocked ligands as a platform for customizing metal complexes as catalysts for redox processes involving multiple proton-coupled electron transfer steps.
A machine learning based approach for detection of alzheimer's disease using analysis of hippocampus region from MRI scan

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Alzheimer's Disease is a progressive and irreversible neurological disease and is the most common cause of Dementia in people of the age 65 years and above. Detection of Alzheimer's disease at prodromal stage is very important as it can prevent serious damage to the patient's brain. In this paper, a method to detect Alzheimer's Disease from MRI using Machine Learning approach is proposed. The proposed approach extracts texture and shape features of the Hippocampus region from the MRI scans and a Neural Network is used as Multi-Class Classifier for detection of various stages of Alzheimer's Disease. The proposed approach is under implementation and is expected to give better accuracy as compared to conventional approaches.
Anterior Shoulder Stabilization in Collision Athletes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Collision athletes are reported to be at high risk for redislocation after anterior stabilization of shoulder instability. Some authors have suggested that arthroscopic stabilization produces results similar to those of open stabilization. Purpose To evaluate the results of anterior shoulder stabilization in collision athletes and to compare the clinical results between the arthroscopic and open methods. Hypothesis Open stabilization might produce better results than does arthroscopic stabilization in collision athletes. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Forty-eight shoulders of 46 collision athletes were enrolled for this study. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 20 years, and the mean follow-up period was 72 months (range, 30-136 months). Sixteen shoulders underwent arthroscopic stabilization; 32 shoulders had open repairs. Results Visual analog scale, Rowe, and Constant scores improved after surgery, but no statistically significant difference was found between the arthroscopic and open repair groups. Thirty-seven athletes (83%) returned to near-preinjury sports activity levels (90% recovery) after operation. Two patients (4%) had subluxation and 6 (12.5%) had redislocation after surgery. The number of shoulders with postoperative subluxation or dislocation was 4 (25%) in the arthroscopic group and 4 (12.5%) in the open group (P = .041). Revision surgery was performed on 5 shoulders (10.4%). Conclusions There were 8 (16.5%) instances of postoperative instability among the collision athletes studied. The arthroscopic group yielded a higher failure rate than did the open group. The authors believe open stabilization to be a more reliable method for anterior shoulder instability in collision athletes.
Necroptosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a smoking gun?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recent studies, reviewed here, using a cigarette smoke exposure model for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Ripk3 and Mlkl knock-out mice, and correlation with patient samples, suggest necroptosis plays a pathophysiological role in COPD by promoting inflammation, airway remodeling and emphysema.
KEBIJAKAN EKONOMI DAN PENINGKATAN DAYA SAING INDONESIA MENGHADAPI MASYARAKAT EKONOMI ASEAN 2015

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Since 2003 Bali Concord II that sett up (ASEAN Economic Community/AEC, Indonesia has been engaged in the efforts of strengthening the country especially setting forth economic policy that is condusive to achieving the country’s level of competition. The paper shall deal with challenges that Indonesia has faced in the issue. The challenges that are identified include balance of trade, dependable entrepreneurs, and rate of productivity of manpower.How has the government come up with sound economic policies? The account finds that the most recent economic policies of Joko Widodo have not achieved better results in coping the cahallenges. Keywords : Economic policy, State, Competition, ASEAN Economic Community.
Thorium Fuel Cycles with Externally Driven Systems

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

AbstractAbstractExternally driven subcritical systems are closely associated with thorium, partially because thorium has no naturally occurring fissile isotopes. Both accelerator-driven systems (ADSs) and fusion-driven systems have been proposed. This paper highlights key literature related to the use of thorium in externally driven systems (EDSs) and builds upon this foundation to identify potential roles for EDSs in thorium fuel cycles. In fuel cycles with natural thorium feed and no enrichment, the potential roles are (1) a once-through breed-and-burn fuel cycle and (2) a fissile breeder (mainly 233U) to support a fleet of critical reactors. If enriched uranium is used in the fuel cycle in addition to thorium, EDSs may be used to burn transuranic material.These fuel cycles were evaluated in the recently completed U.S. Department of Energy Evaluation and Screening of nuclear fuel cycle options relative to the current once-through commercial nuclear fuel cycle in the United States. The evaluation was performed with respect to nine specified high-level criteria, such as waste management and resource utilization. Each of these fuel cycles presents significant potential benefits per unit energy generation compared to the present once-through uranium fuel cycle. A parametric study indicates that fusion-fission–hybrid systems perform better than ADSs in some missions due to a higher neutron source relative to the energy required to produce it. However, both potential externally driven technology choices face significant development and deployment challenges. In addition, there are significant challenges associated with the use of thorium fuel and with the transition from a uranium-based fuel cycle to a thorium-based fuel cycle.
The Hammer and the Nut: Is Bilevel Optimization Really Needed to Poison Linear Classifiers?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One of the most concerning threats for modern AI systems is data poisoning, where the attacker injects maliciously crafted training data to corrupt the system's behavior at test time. Availability poisoning is a particularly worrisome subset of poisoning attacks where the attacker aims to cause a Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack. However, the state-of-the-art algorithms are computationally expensive because they try to solve a complex bi-level optimization problem (the "hammer"). We observed that in particular conditions, namely, where the target model is linear (the "nut"), the usage of computationally costly procedures can be avoided. We propose a counter-intuitive but efficient heuristic that allows contaminating the training set such that the target system's performance is highly compromised. We further suggest a re-parameterization trick to decrease the number of variables to be optimized. Finally, we demonstrate that, under the considered settings, our framework achieves comparable, or even better, performances in terms of the attacker's objective while being significantly more computationally efficient.
A Study on the Improvement of Employment Support Policy for Female Immigrants: focused on the married female immigrants and female refugees of North Korean

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

우리나라 외국인 주민수가 총인구의 3.4%가 되었고 북한이탈주민의 수가 3만명을 넘었다. 인구 통계적으로는 매우 빠르게 다문화사회로 변화되고 있으나 이들 이주민들이 우리사회에 안정적으로 정착하고 우리 사회에서 차별없는 삶을 영위하면서 사회적 통합을 이루기에는 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이 글은 이주민의 다수를 차지하고 있는 결혼이민여성과 북한이탈주민여성이 안정적으로 우리사회에 정착할 수 있기 위해서는 취업이 가장 중요하다는 생각에서 현행 취업지원정책의 현황과 문제점을 살펴보고 관련정책들이 강화되고 보다 효율적으로 수행될 수 있는 방안을 제시하고자 한다. 마침 북한이탈주민과 관련한 「북한이탈주민 보호 및 정착에 관한 법률」은 제정 20년이 되었고, 「다문화가족지원법」은 10년이 되었다. 정부는 이에 근거하여 북한이탈주민 정착지원 기본계획, 다문화가족정책 기본계획에 취업지원정책을 포함하여 시행하고 있다.BR 결혼이민여성과 북한이탈주민여성의 삶과 취업에 대한 현황 및 문제점은 매우 유사하나 관련법과 관련 행정부처의 차이로 정책적 차이점이 많다. 이의 장단점을 고려하여 이주여성의 취업지원정책에 대한 개선방안을 제안하고자 한다: 주요한 제안은 우선 이주민정책의 패러다임의 전환, 이주여성의 삶과 특징을 고려한 취업 지원정책의 필요성, 중장기적인 계획 하에 취업역량을 강화할 수 있는 취업지원정책, 지방자치단체가 중심이 된 취업지원정책, 취업지원정책 추진체계의 효율성 강화 등이다.
EFFECT OF BY-PASS CHARACTERISTICS ON PARALLEL-CHANNEL FLOW INSTABILITIES.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Experiments on parallel-channel hydrodynamic stability frequently use one heated channel operating in parallel with an unheated by-pass. This arrangement is designed to simulate the operation of a particular channel in a boiling water reactor; the by-pass providing the essentially constant pressure drop which the remaining channels impose on the channel in question.If the ratio of by-pass flow to channel flow is large the changes in channel flow do not significantly affect the overall pressure drop; however, particularly in experiments using full-scale reactor fuel channels, loop capacity may limit this by-pass ratio. In this case the pressure drop is no longer constant.This paper shows, analytically, that a low by-pass ratio, resulting in a variable overall pressure drop, significantly affects the dynamic behaviour of the heated channel. Both the power at threshold of flow oscillation and the natural frequency of the system are shown to depend on by-pass characteristics. In particular, a heated channel o...
Identification Pinellia ternata and Pinellia pedatisecta by RAPD

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Obiective To establish a rapid and simple molecular identification method for Pinellia ternata and Pinellia pedatisecta.Methods Genomic DNA was isolated from the dried tubers of P.ternata and P.pedatisecta by modified SDS method.Twenty 10-mer random primers(S1-S20) were used for RAPD analysis.Results Seven efficient and stable primers,showing distinct and polymorphic fingerprints,were selected from the 20 primers.The primers S10 and S17 were selected to differentiate Pinellia ternata from Pinellia pedatisecta.Conclusion RAPD analysis using the primer S10 and S17 would be accurate and reliable to identify P.ternata from P.pedatisecta.
FIGURE 21 in Morphological revision of the Subgroup 1 Fauchald, 1970 of Marphysa de Quatrefages, 1865 (Eunicidae: Polychaeta)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURE 21. Paucibranchia cinari (Kurt-Sahin, 2014) n. comb., topotype ESFM-POL/2013–1023. A. Parapodium 3; B. Parapodium 10; C. Parapodium 20; D. Parapodium 43; E. Parapodium 104; dorsal cirri broken. All in anterior view. Scale bars: A, B, C, 0.20 mm; D, 0.17 mm; E, 0.14 mm.
Analysis of the results of mat hematical modeling of the impact of sanctions on agriculture in the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article presents a scenario analysis of the possible consequences of the current sanctions on agriculture in the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation. The study is based on the spatial model of partial equilibrium in the wholesale markets of agricultural products of the subjects of the Russian Federation of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “All-Russian Institute of Agrarian Problems and Informatics named after A.A. Nikonov” – Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Research Center of Agrarian Economy and Social Development of Rural Areas – All-Russian Research Institute of Agricultural Economics”. The methodology of using the results of modelling to assess the impact of sanctions on agriculture in the Southern Federal District is proposed. The main threats caused by illegal sanctions are considered: reduction of the machine and tractor fleet and barriers to the export of manufactured products. During the analysis the volumes of production and consumption of the main types of agricultural products in the Southern Federal District were studied. Conclusions are drawn on the impact of the sanctions on the region’s dependence on external supplies of livestock products, namely: the deterioration of the agribusiness situation, violations of the reproductive process will sooner or later lead to a decline in agricultural production, which will cause instability in the situation of food supply to the population. Special attention is paid to the consideration of cash flows of the grain industry of the Southern Federal District. The possible impact of the sanctions on agricultural foreign trade is assessed in the context of scenarios. The special role of the state in overcoming agricultural crises is highlighted: financial support for local agricultural producers and the development of measures to eliminate the negative impact of export barriers. On the basis of the identified trends, the conclusions on the negative impact of the sanctions on the agricultural sector are formulated, namely: their serious negative impact on food security of the population, participants in foreign economic activity and on the financial situation of agriculture has been established.
The Cost and Analysis of Nonuse of Cochlear Implants

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: Analysis of the cost implications and reasons for nonuse of cochlear implants in an established cochlear implant unit. Study Design: Clinical data were analyzed retrospectively to construct a table of cochlear implant use over time to identify nonuse and to suggest the reasons for this. Setting: Yorkshire Cochlear Implant Service is a tertiary referral center. Patients: Three hundred forty consecutively implanted patients from 1990 to 2005. Main Outcome Measures: Life table analysis showed that most children used their implant (p = 0.7 during 11 yr). However, 11 of 155 children and 2 of 185 adults became nonusers during the period of study. The 11 children stopped because of age at implant, educational placement, and family support. Two adults stopped because of psychological issues and inability to adapt to the signal. Surgical and implant costs have initial impact, with subsequent years' costs reflecting programming issues and maintenance. When considering nonuse, there are 2 effects: first, no more costs are incurred, and second, no more years of use are accumulated. Thus, nonuse reduces both costs and years. Costs of gaining a year of use as a function of time showed that there was little financial impact from the 11 children nonusers. As a ratio of "no nonuse" and observed "nonuse" in children, the ratio is 1.07 by 13 years of implantation (7%). The adult group was too few to analyze. Conclusion: The nonuse added 7% to the average cost. Retrospective audit identifies that patient selection by a multidisciplinary team is crucial to reducing nonuse.
A fiber matrix model for interstitial fluid flow and permeability in ligaments and tendons\thanks Partial results were presented in the 1993 Summer Bioengineering Conference, Breckenridge, CO, June 17, 1993, and in the 40th Annual Meeting of the Orthopaedic Research Society, New Orleans, LA, February 23, 1994.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Collagen fibrils in ligaments and tendons are highly organized into parallel arrays which influence interstitial fluid transport. Finite element (FE) models were developed analogous to the fibrillar arrays in ligaments and tendons to investigate interstitial fluid flow and tissue permeability as a function of interfibrillar spacing and fluid properties. Collagen fibrils were assumed to be a periodic square array of impermeable cylinders. A two‐dimensional FE model was used to study transverse fluid flow and a three‐dimensional model was used to study flow parallel to the collagen fibrils. Parametric FE analysis provided data to formulate empirical expressions for permeability ( $\kappa$ ) as a function of porosity ( $\phi$ ). Results show that longitudinal permeability ( $\kappa=1.1\cdot 10^{-15} \phi^{2.5}[1-\phi]^{-0.333}$ ) can be up to 50 times higher than transverse permeability ( $\kappa=1.2\cdot 10^{-15} \phi^{0.5}[\phi-\phi_{\min}]^{2.5}$ ) in a compact array. Maximum fluid shear stresses occur at the narrowest zones of adjacent fibrils (1.21 Pa or 12.1 dyn/cm $^{2}$ at 10 $\mu$ m/s of average transverse influx). If interstitial fluid is highly non‐Newtonian, the permeability should be considered as flow (shear)‐dependent. The computational results suggest that tissue permeability in ligaments and tendons is highly anisotropic, porosity‐dependent, and can be estimated by analytic expressions.