jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
REKONTRUKSI PASAL 7 AYAT (1), UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2012 TENTANG SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA ANAK, BERBASIS PRINSIP-PRINSIP INDIVIDUALISASI PIDANA DALAM HUKUM ISLAM

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Children are a trust and gift from God who has dignity and dignity as a whole human being. In order to safeguard his dignity, the child is entitled to special protection, especially legal protection in the justice system. In realizing the maximum child protection, requires a policy that supports the realization of maximum protection, with the issuance of Law Number 11 Year 2012, concerning the Juvenile Justice System. This is done because Indonesia as a State Party in the Convection of children's rights governing the principle of legal protection against children have an obligation to provide special protection for children in conflict with the law. In Article 7 Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the Law on the Juvenile Justice System, article 7 (1) At the level of investigation, prosecution and examination of cases of children in the district court must be endeavored Diversion, (2) Diversion as meant in paragraph (1) is carried out in the case of acts crimes committed: (a) are threatened with imprisonment of less than 7 (seven) years and (b) do not constitute repeat offenses. This study intended to examine and analyze the form of legal construction of the Juvenile Justice System specifically implementing diversion for victims with demands of less than 7 years. The research method uses a statutory approach, a case approach, and a comparative approach to the number of cases by reviewing and analyzing legislation, journals, cases, data and direct interviews. According to the results of the study, it is found that the implementation of legal penal system of the Juvenile Justice System (1) child cases is increasing, (2) diversion is carried out since the investigation up to the court, and there are still many that are done at a higher level, (3) have an understanding, that diversion must be sought, has a meaning that can be done at various levels so that diversion occurs at several levels, and often occurs at the Court level.
Growth of thick GaN layers on 4‐in. and 6‐in. silicon (111) by metal‐organic vapor phase epitaxy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, we report on the growth of thick gallium nitride (GaN) layers on 4‐in. and 6‐in., (111)‐orientated silicon substrates by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. Up to 4 µm thick continuous GaN layers have been obtained by inserting both SiN and AlN interlayers into the structure. With dislocation densities of about 1‐2×10 9 cm ‐2 and GaN(002) and (302) X‐ray rocking curve full widths at half maximum of 420 and 1360 arcsec for 4‐in. and 374 and 810 arcsec for 6‐in., respectively, the final continuous GaN layer exhibits excellent crystalline properties (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zero-delay broadcasting protocols for video-on-demand

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Broadcasting protocols for video-on-demand continuously retransmit videos that are watched simultaneously by many viewers. Nearly all broadcasting protocols assume that the client set-top box has enough storage to store between 48 and 60 minutes of video. We propose to use this storage to anticipate the customer requests and to preload, say, the first 3 minutes of the top 16 to 20 videos. This would provide instantaneous access to these videos and also eliminate the extra bandwidth required to handle compressed video signal.
Echinocandin use in lung transplant recipients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Invasive fungal infections (IFI) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality in lung transplant recipients (LTRs). However, data outlining use of echinocandins in prophylaxis and therapy of LTRs are limited. Method A single‐center retrospective cohort study on all LTRs from January‐2010 to December‐2016. Participants were screened for antifungal use to assess rate, tolerability, and clinical outcome of echinocandin use in LTRs, during the first 6 weeks of posttransplant. Results A total of 777 lung transplants were reviewed in 763 LTRs. Antifungals were administered to 268 (35%) of LTRs. Reasons included preemptive antifungal therapy (55% [149/268]), targeted antifungal prophylaxis (34% [92/268]), and definitive IFI therapy (10% [27/268]). Azoles were first‐line agents in 80% (215/268) of LTRs, caspofungin in 11% (30/268), micafungin in 6.7% (18/268), amphotericin B in 1.5% (4/268), and anidulafungin in 0.4% (1/268]). LTRs were started on echinocandins due to abnormal liver enzymes in 91% (46/49). Overall, 23% (50/215) of LTR's were switched off azoles. Of these, 54% (27/50) were switched to echinocandins. Switch from azoles to echinocandin was undertaken due to abnormal liver enzymes in 63% (17/27). No patients receiving first‐line echinocandins were switched to other therapies due to adverse events. Conclusions Our data suggest that echinocandins are utilized in approximately 18.3% of lung transplant recipients. They are the preferred second‐line agents due to a lower adverse‐effect profile compared to the azoles.
Social causes of the cormorant revival in the Netherlands

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In the 1960’s, the cormorants had nearly became extinct in the Netherlands. After becoming a protected bird species in 1965, the cormorant population recovered very fast and it reached numbers it had not reached for a long time. The great revival of the cormorant population in the Netherlands can only be explained in the light of a change in human behaviour. This article explains the human background to the change of cormorant numbers. The conclusion is that this change is the result of a changed perception of three social groups. Social learning and a shift in the wider context of the discussion altered the perception.
Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair for post-surgical recurrent mitral regurgitation in hereditary spherocytosis: a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Management of mitral regurgitation (MR) in patients with hereditary spherocytosis (HS) poses unique challenges due to increased haemolysis risk. While surgical mitral valve repair is the standard treatment, the optimal strategy for recurrent MR after initial repair remains unclear, particularly regarding the safety and durability of transcatheter interventions in this high-risk population. Case summary A 57-year-old woman with HS developed severe recurrent MR 4 years after initial surgical repair that intentionally omitted annuloplasty to minimize haemolysis risk. Given the risks of redo surgery and mechanical valve replacement, mitral valve transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (M-TEER) was performed. The procedure achieved successful MR reduction without causing haemolysis. At the 5-year follow-up, the patient maintained improved functional status with stable moderate MR and no evidence of haemolysis, despite her underlying condition. Discussion This case demonstrates successful long-term outcomes of M-TEER for post-surgical recurrent MR in a patient with HS. The strategic approach—initial ring-less surgical repair followed by M-TEER—suggests a viable treatment pathway for patients with inherited haemolytic disorders, particularly when minimizing prosthetic material exposure is crucial.
Erosive oesophagitis with particular reference to Asians

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sirs, We read the paper by Sharma and colleagues with interest.1 The authors showed that non-White patients, despite having less severe baseline erosive oesophagitis, had an inferior healing rate with 8 weeks of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy. This conclusion is made based on the combined data from five double blind studies of PPI vs. placebo in the treatment of erosive oesophagitis. Racial differences in the prevalence of oesophagitis are well-known. Studies from North America and the UK, have shown a lower prevalence of severe grades of oesophagitis and Barrett’s oesophagus amongst African-American, Hispanics and Asian patients, compared with White patients.2–4 Differences in prevalence of erosive oesophagitis between Asian and White Caucasian patients are also well-reported. Two studies directly comparing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy findings between British and Asian hospitals have previously been published, clearly showing a markedly higher prevalence of oesophagitis in Western compared with Asian patients.5, 6 Furthermore, differences in the prevalence of oesophagitis within the ‘Asian’ population are also seen. Malaysia epitomizes the multi-racial mix of an Asian population, with three major Asian races living together for the past three to four generations: Malay, Chinese and Indian. In a prospective cross-sectional study, Indian race (compared with Malay and Chinese) was an independent predictive factor for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease overall, and for erosive oesophagitis specifically.7 This finding was corroborated by another study from Malaysia, where Indian race was also identified as a risk factor for erosive oesophagitis, as well as for Barrett’s oesophagus.8 Various reasons have been postulated for these observed differences, including genetic predisposition and dietary differences. The severity of erosive oesophagitis in the Asian population has been uniformly mild,9 and published studies on healing of oesophagitis in Asian patients with PPI treatment have been shown to be very good, with a 4–8 week course of treatment with PPIs.10 Differences in the healing rate of erosive oesophagitis between races from Asia have not been reported but, if present, this would again be most noteworthy. Differences in the efficacy of PPIs would be expected, as polymorphisms of CYP2C19 have been shown to be different between Malay, Chinese and Indian races in Malaysia.11 With gastro-oesophageal reflux disease fast emerging in the Asia–Pacific region,9 this may prove to be an important factor in the treatment, particularly, of more severe grades of oesophagitis. Declaration of personal and funding interests: None.
The Hardness of Sodium Alginate-Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogel

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The uniform design is used and texture analysis is employed to mathematically simulate the effects of PVA and SA proportions,cross-linker(CaCl2) concentrations,and cross-linking time on SA-PVA-C gel hardness.A relational curve between the processing parameters and the gel hardness is established.The result shows that gel hardness is mainly affected by cross-linking time,followed by SA,PVA,and CaCl2 concentrations.
Restoration of Runx1 Expression in the Tie2 Cell Compartment Rescues Definitive Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Extends Life of Runx1 Knockout Animals Until Birth

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Mice deficient in the runt homology domain transcription factor Runx1/AML1 fail to generate functional clonogenic hematopoietic cells and die in utero by embryonic day 12.5. We previously generated Runx1 reversible knockout mice, in which the Runx1 locus can be restored by Cre-mediated recombination. We show here that selective restoration of the Runx1 locus in the Tie2 cell compartment rescues clonogenic hematopoietic progenitors in early Runx1-null embryos and rescues lymphoid and myeloid lineages during fetal development. Furthermore, fetal liver cells isolated from reactivated Runx1 embryos are capable of long-term multilineage lymphomyeloid reconstitution of adult irradiated recipients, demonstrating the rescue of definitive hematopoietic stem cells. However, this rescue of the definitive hematopoietic hierarchy is not sufficient to rescue the viability of animals beyond birth, pointing to an essential role for Runx1 in other vital developmental processes. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
[The 1984/85 rubella epidemic in Austria].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

As a consequence of the rubella epidemic in Austria in 1979, prophylaxis against this disease was intensified. In spite of this measure, however, there was an increase in cases of rubella in 1984/85. The peak incidence in both years occurred in May. In 1984, most cases were found in Vienna, Lower and Upper Austria, and Salzburg, whereas in 1985, Styria and Vienna were most affected. The clinical diagnosis of rubella was confirmed serologically in 685 patients. Of these, 151 were pregnant women and 104 were women of childbearing age who gave no information as to pregnancy. Due to the virtually complete recognition of cases, which usually led to therapeutic abortion, only 7 cases of intrauterine rubella infection were recorded. In spite of the vaccination of all prepuberal schoolgirls, of women at occupational risk, and of seronegative women after delivery, 10% of women of childbearing age still have no reliable immunity (HI titre 1:32) to rubella. This situation can be improved only by testing women at around 20 years of age for immunity (irrespective of their vaccination status) and vaccinating them if necessary.
Enquête informelle versus enquête formelle ? Cas des paysannats de l'Imbo nord au Burundi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Formal surveys versus informal surveys. The case of farming Systems in North Imbo, Burundi. For several years, there has been a tendancy to oppose formal surveys of agricultural systems with informai surveys. These surveys generally have as objective to develop agronomie research programs or to install development projects. In fact, they should not be looked upon as opposing but as complementing each other.
Biopsy on progression in EGFR mutation positive (EGFRm) advanced non-small cell lung cancer (aNSCLC) patients (pts): A Canadian experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are standard therapy for EGFRm aNSCLC. Upon progression, 50-60% will develop the secondary T790M mutation. Recent trials demonstrated improvement in outcomes with osimertinib over standard platinum-based chemotherapy as 2L therapy for T790M-positive EGFRm aNSCLC. To identify T790M, tumour biopsy or plasma testing is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate biopsy procedures and mutational analysis at two Canadian cancer centres. Methods: BC Cancer-Vancouver and Cross Cancer Institute performed a retrospective review of pts who signed consent to enroll to the AURA2, AURA3 or ASTRIS studies. Pt characteristics, biopsy method, rebiopsy methods/complications, number of rebiopsies performed, and incidence of the T790M mutation were collected. Results: 84 pts were considered for trial enrolment. 80 signed consent with M:F 32:68%; ECOG 0/1/2: 11/66/23%; smoker/ex-smoker/never smoker: 6/21/73%; exon 19/L858R/other: 60/36/4%; prior curative intent treatment in 18%. 78 pts underwent biopsy, most commonly CT/US-guided biopsy (50%), bronchoscope/EBUS (32%), thoracentesis/surgical biopsy (12%). 3 pts had plasma testing. Type of biopsies were cores (47%), fine needle biopsy (18%), transbronchial biopsy (14%), other (21%). The most common sites for biopsy were lung or nodes (64%). The median number of biopsies performed was 2. Only 8% of pts experienced complications after biopsy. 77% of samples were adequate for T790M testing: 35% performed locally, 65% centrally. Overall, 47 pts were found to have T790M; of which, 44 were enrolled in a trial. Among 40 pts who were ineligible for trials, reasons included: T790M negative (72.5%), decline in performance status/death (15%), inadequate tissue (5%), biopsy refusal, unable to biopsy, and symptomatic brain metastases requiring radiation (2.5% each). Additional data on practice pattern will be presented. Conclusions: Patients and physicians were amenable to re-biopsy at progression for further tumor characterization and treatment selection. The incidence of complications was low despite the majority being pulmonary biopsies. 23% of the samples were not adequate for molecular analysis. Legal entity responsible for the study: University of Alberta, Alberta Health Services, Cross Cancer Institute and AstraZeneca. Funding: AstraZeneca. Disclosure: Q.S-C. Chu: Honorarium: AstraZeneca, BMS, BI, Eisai, Lily, Merck, Novartis, Roche, Takeda; Research funding: AstraZeneca. N.C. Devost, R. Walton: Employee: AstraZeneca. C. Ho: Honorarium and research funding: AstraZeneca. All other authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
In The Shadow of Vietnam

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article In The Shadow of Vietnam: The Great Powers More Rigid, Asia More Flexible Get access Marion Dönhoff Marion Dönhoff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 42, Issue 4, October 1966, Pages 609–618, https://doi.org/10.2307/2610154 Published: 01 October 1966
Serological Evidence of Thyroid Autoimmunity among Schoolchildren in Two Different Socioeconomic Environments

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity is lower in Russian Karelia than in Finland. This difference was not related to ethnic background or HLA-DQ alleles. The results support the idea that the Russian Karelian environment, which is characterized by inferior prosperity and standard of hygiene, may provide protection against thyroid autoimmunity.
Use of statistical shape modeling to enhance the fluoroscopic evaluation of the bladder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Video urodynamic studies (VUDS) use fluoroscopic imaging to visualize the bladder and multichannel urodynamics to assess its function. Qualitative assessment of bladder shape is used to identify abnormal features (e.g., diverticula) that correspond with pathophysiology; however, this assessment is limited in its ability to predict bladder function. Therefore, we developed a novel quantitative approach to assess bladder shape obtained from fluoroscopic VUDS images utilizing statistical shape modeling. This method was compared to existing binary and continuous shape quantification methods and used to identify relationships between bladder shape and measures of bladder physiology categorized as related to sensation, incontinence, or emptying. Methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of 49 participants. Bladder walls were segmented from fluoroscopic images at rest with the bladder filled to approximately 300 mL. Bladder shape was evaluated in three ways: 1) binary categorization as typical or atypical based on clinical assessment, 2) quantification of height-to-width ratios, and 3) quantification by statistical shape modeling. Independent t-tests and correlations were used to assess associations between the three shape evaluation methods and to define relationships between shape and physiologic measures: 3 volumetric measures describing sensation, 2 dichotomous variables addressing incontinence, and 1 volumetric measure representing emptying. Results The statistical shape model generated 5 modes of variation. Mode 1 corresponded with height-to-width ratio (r=0.920, p&lt;0.001), modes 2 and 3 with diagonal height-to-width ratio (r=0.66 and -0.585, p&lt;0.001 and &lt;0.001), and mode 3 with binary shape categorization (p&lt;0.001). In terms of function, those with atypical bladder shape had impaired emptying (p=0.010), modes 4 and 5 were significantly associated with measures of bladder sensation, mode 3 with urodynamic stress urinary incontinence, and mode 3 with emptying in those able to void (r=0.368, p=0.021). The relationship between mode 3 and emptying across all patients is best fitted by a quadratic function (p&lt;0.001). Discussion Our results demonstrate that binary shape categorization and bladder shape quantified by statistical shape modeling correspond with measures of bladder physiology. This foundational study establishes statistical shape modeling as a robust bladder shape quantification method that can be used to relate bladder shape with physiology.
Designing a virtual environment for teacher training

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Virtual Reality(VR) is still an emerging technology in terms of recognizing its full potential in education and specifically in teacher education. A key issue of a VR-based approach for teacher training, is the level of presence along with the empathy inflicted on the trainees that will allow them to experience realistic and emotion-rich classroom situations in a virtual environment. This paper describes an experiment that aims to \nassess the influence of the graphical realism of a virtual classroom to the levels of presence and development of empathy skills for trainee teachers. Moreover, a second objective is to investigate whether there are significant differences between training in a VR classroom and a real physical classroom and how this affects the trainee teacher. The overall conclusion of the experiment is that the design of the VR classroom environment influenced the levels of immersion and presence. Moreover, according to the results there are serious indications that the VR system provided users the immersion necessary for the development of embodied thinking skills and thus of empathy in relation to multiculturalism.
A NEW SPECIES AND GENUS OF KRAUSSINIDAE (BRACHIOPODA) WITH A NOTE ON FEEDING

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY A new species and genus, Pumilus antiquatus , of kraussinid brachiopod from shallow water, Lyttelton, New Zealand, is described and figured. It is characterized by the possession of a schizolophous lophophore in the adult, supported by both divergent lamellae and spicules: the shell is smooth, less than 5 mm. long and strongly sulcate. The gonad is hermaphrodite. Notes are given on the ciliary feeding mechanism. The affinities of P. antiquatus are briefly discussed: it is placed in the Kraussinidae.
A new Doppler-free optical-optical triple-resonance (DF-OOTR) spectroscopy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A new Doppler-free optical-optical triple-resonance (DF-OOTR) spectroscopy is reported for the first time. This high resolution technique is simply carried out using one single mode laser like Doppler-free two-photon spectroscopy, and can reach arbitrary levels in the high-lying g-parity states like the optical-optical double-resonance technique in atomic or molecular systems. It is an effective but simple method for the systematic study of atomic or molecular structures and their intra or internal dynamics.
Partial Additivity of the Mitotic Delays Induced by Separate γ-irradiation of Sea-urchin Eggs and Sperm

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Eggs and sperm of the sea-urchin, (Arbacia punctulate), were exposed to the same dose of gamma radiation in the dose range 0 to 20 KR. Normal or irradiated eggs were fertilized with normal or irradiated sperm. Mitosis was delayed to the same extent when either eggs or sperm exposed to the same dose were combined with a normal gamete. When irradiated eggs were fertilized with sperm previously exposed to the same dose, the mean mitotic delay was larger than when only one gamete was irradiated, yet there was very little overlap between the division times of zygotes containing one irradiated gamete and those with both gametes irradiated. The mitotic delay resulting from separate irradiation of sperm and eggs with a particular dose was the same as that resulting from irradiation of sperm alone with twice that dose. The division times of eggs exposed to a given dose and fertilized with sperm exposed to twice that dose did not overlap the division times of irradiated eggs fertilized with normal sperm, and there was only partial overlap of division times between populations derived from control and irradiated eggs both fertilized with sperm exposed to twice the dose of the eggs. It ismore » argued that this would not have been the case if there had been no additivity of the effects of damage to the separate gametes. (UK)« less