jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Generating and verifying graph states for fault-tolerant topological measurement-based quantum computing in two-dimensional optical lattices

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We propose two schemes for implementing graph states useful for\nfault-tolerant topological measurement-based quantum computation in 2D optical\nlattices. We show that bilayer cluster and surface code states can be created\nby global single-row and controlled-Z operations. The schemes benefit from the\naccessibility of atom addressing on 2D optical lattices and the existence of an\nefficient verification protocol which allows us to ensure the experimental\nfeasibility of measuring the fidelity of the system against the ideal graph\nstate. The simulation results show potential for a physical realization toward\nfault-tolerant measurement-based quantum computation against dephasing and\nunitary phase errors in optical lattices.\n
[Adhesive restorative dentistry, an in vitro and in vivo study].

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

During the last twenty years adhesive restorative dentistry has significantly changed routine dental care. This kind of therapy is not only easier to perform, but it also saves more tooth structure and offers additional forms of treatment. Adhesion to enamel was first achieved but adhesion to dentine was realized only many years later. Many solutions were proposed but most of these systems were unsatisfactory either in the lab or in the clinic. The in vitro investigation, cited in the text, provides a classification of the different systems and explains their mechanism of action. The corresponding clinical investigation confirms the in vitro data. Only those systems that produce a micro-mechanical retention of the adhesive resin in the intertubulair dentine combined with formation of resin tags in the dental tubules are able to assure a reliable bond to dentine. In addition, a stress relief mechanism is essential between the adhesive resin and the filling material to absorb the contraction stress occurring during polymerization of the filling material. Finally, while adhesion to tooth structure has become a reality, complete sealing of the restoration still cannot be guaranteed in all circumstances.
Mentoring in a Cooperative Learning Classroom

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This manuscript introduces an experiential model of cooperative learning, and a public/private partnership between industry and higher education—one that included mentors as an integral part of the classroom experience. Each of thirty-seven students in a Principles of Management Experiential Learning class was assigned an experienced executive/professional who served as their mentor. These individuals had experience congruent with students’ career goals and aspirations, and they were able to help them craft a reflective end-of-term paper. Interview data from mentors illustrates the type of career guidance and advice they offered to their mentees, and why they thought that mentoring was important for college students. Because academic research has demonstrated the benefits of mentoring for both mentors and mentees alike, this paper argues for modifying the performance appraisal system within higher education so that mentoring can become a standard part of the student and faculty experience.
Behavioural and phenological studies of woodland mosquitoes in the Winnipeg area

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A study was carried out in the woodlands of Charleswood and Fort Whyte within Winnipeg, to determine whether these areas contribute to Winnipeg's pest mosquito populations. The species compositon, density and seasonal abundance of larvae were monitored throughout the 1973 season. Snow-melt flooding of woodland pools was minimal in 1973 which greatly reduced the spring, univoltine species production. Heavy precipitation throughout the season reflooded some of these pools and produced broods of multivoltine Aedes. The seasonal succession and abundance of woodland adult mosquitoes was monitored using weekly CO2-baited traps and 10 minute biting-counts, throughout the 1972 and 1973 mosquito seasons. During 1972, spring univoltine species accounted for the major annoyance during late May and early June. During 1973, maximum trap catches were recorded in mid-July and consisted almost entirely of Aedes vexans. The occurrence of multivoltine Aedes was found to be dependent on the intensity and duration of summer rainfall. Although few A. vexans were produced in the woodland areas this species does appear to seek shelter there during the day. Thermal fogging with 5% Malathion proved unsuccessful in reducing mosquito populations in a wooded area along the La Salle River. A. vexans was shown to display a crepuscular activity rhythm which is probably initiated by the changing light intensities at dusk and dawn. Temperature and wind were shown to limit the nocturnal activity of A. vexans.
THE GENETIC HISTORY OF THE ARABIAN HORSE

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A study was made of the Arabian Horse in the United States and the resultant information may be summarized asfollows: The average generation interval was 11.43 years in 1906–1926, 11.95 years in 1927–1936, 10.0 years in 1937–1946, and 9.67 years in 1947–1950. The average inbreeding for the years 1947, 1948, 1949, 1950 was 1.70 percent, 2.84 percent, 2.62 percent, and 1.47 percent, respectively. The average inter se relationship was 2.70 percent, 5.61 percent, 4.25 percent and 0.38 percent, respectively. Expected inbreeding (computed from the inter se relationship and assuming random mating) was in most cases considerably smaller than the actual value, indicating that an appreciable amount of deliberate inbreeding has been practiced. Show winners had high inter se relationship, and winners at the National Stallion Show were more highly inbred than winners at the All Arabian Show, Pomona, California. 4. Animals with the highest relationship to the breed during the period 1947–1950 were Skowronek with 2.06 percent, Hamrah with 2.0 percent, Nasik with 1.97 percent, and Mesaoud with 1.72 percent. Females with high relationship to the breed were Ferda with 1.44 percent, Narghileh with 1.19 percent, Ri-fala with 1.06 percent and Moliah with 1.03 percent. Skowronek, Mirage and their progeny had the highest relationship to show winners. Egyptian female lines produced many of the dams of show winners.
Frontispiece: Metastable MoS2: Crystal Structure, Electronic Band Structure, Synthetic Approach and Intriguing Physical Properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The interest in metastable MoS2 has been growing during the last five years. In the Review on page 15942 ff. F. Q. Huang et al. summarize the crystal phase and band structure of metastable polytypes and also the recent progress on the synthetic approaches and the uncovered intriguing physical properties. Although encouraging achievements are obtained, challenges still exist.
Cyclooxygenase-2 contributes to N-methyl-D-aspartate-mediated neuronal cell death in primary cortical cell culture.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Cyclooxygenase isozymes (COX-1 and COX-2) are found to be constitutively expressed in brain, with neuronal expression of COX-2 being rapidly induced after numerous insults, including cerebral ischemia. Because overactivation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors has been implicated in the cell loss associated with ischemia, we characterized the expression of the COX isozymes in murine mixed cortical cell cultures and used isozyme-selective inhibitors to determine their relative contribution to NMDA receptor-stimulated prostaglandin (PG) production and excitotoxic neuronal cell death. Immunocytochemical analysis of mixed cortical cell cultures revealed that COX-2 expression was restricted to neurons, whereas COX-1 was expressed in both neurons and astrocytes. Brief exposure to NMDA (5 min; 100 microM) elicited a time-dependent accumulation of PGs in the culture medium that preceded neuronal cell death and correlated with the induction of COX-2 mRNA. COX-1 expression remained unchanged. Flurbiprofen, a nonselective COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor, blocked NMDA-stimulated PG production and attenuated neuronal death in a concentration-dependent manner. Similar results were obtained with the specific COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (10-30 microM) but not with the selective COX-1 inhibitor valeryl salicylate (10-300 microM). Inhibition of total constitutive COX activity with aspirin (100 microM, 1.5 h) before NMDA exposure did not prevent subsequent NMDA-mediated neuronal cell death. However, neuronal injury in aspirin-pretreated cultures was attenuated by flurbiprofen administration after NMDA exposure. Finally, the protection afforded by COX-2 inhibition was specific for NMDA because neither flurbiprofen nor NS-398 protected neurons against kainate-mediated neurotoxicity. Together, these results support the conclusion that newly synthesized COX-2 protein contributes to NMDA-induced neuronal injury.
Robust construction of the extended three-dimensional flow complex

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The Delaunay triangulation and its dual the Voronoi diagram are ubiquitous geometric complexes. From a topological standpoint, the connexion has recently been made between these constructions and the Morse theory of distance functions. In particular, algorithms have been designed to compute the flow complex induced by the distance functions to a point set. This paper develops the first complete and robust construction of the extended flow complex, which in addition of the stable manifolds of the flow complex, also features the unstable manifolds. A first difficulty comes from the interplay between the degenerate cases of Delaunay and those which are flow specific. A second class of problems comes from cascaded constructions and predicates - as opposed to the standard in-circle and orientation predicates for Delaunay. We deal with both aspects and show how to implement a complete and robust flow operator, from which the extended flow complex is easily computed. We also present experimental results.
Bacterial Multicellularity: The Biology of Escherichia coli Building Large-Scale Biofilm Communities

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Biofilms are a widespread multicellular form of bacterial life. The spatial structure and emergent properties of these communities depend on a polymeric extracellular matrix architecture that is orders of magnitude larger than the cells that build it. Using as a model the wrinkly macrocolony biofilms of Escherichia coli, which contain amyloid curli fibers and phosphoethanolamine (pEtN)-modified cellulose as matrix components, we summarize here the structure, building, and function of this large-scale matrix architecture. Based on different sigma and other transcription factors as well as second messengers, the underlying regulatory network reflects the fundamental trade-off between growth and survival. It controls matrix production spatially in response to long-range chemical gradients, but it also generates distinct patterns of short-range matrix heterogeneity that are crucial for tissue-like elasticity and macroscopic morphogenesis. Overall, these biofilms confer protection and a potential for homeostasis, thereby reducing maintenance energy, which makes multicellularity an emergent property of life itself.
High efficiency focusing double-etched SiN grating coupler for trapped ion qubit manipulation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A one-dimensional focusing grating coupler array based in silicon nitride (SiN) was proposed for trapped ion qubit manipulation. By applying inverse design optimization with a double-etched grating structure, a directionality of 98% was achieved. A small beam diameter of 2.5 μ m on the target ion with a low crosstalk of −36 dB was attained. Additionally, the impact of fabrication errors was investigated through a Monte Carlo simulation; within the accuracy of an electron beam lithography-based process, the output efficiency was maintained at 93%.
The role of large-scale vortical structures in transient convective heat transfer augmentation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The physical mechanism by which large-scale vortical structures augment convective heat transfer is a fundamental problem of turbulent flows. To investigate this phenomenon, two separate experiments were performed using simultaneous heat transfer and flow field measurements to study the vortex–wall interaction. Individual vortices were identified and studied both as part of a turbulent stagnation flow and as isolated vortex rings impacting on a surface. By examining the temporal evolution of both the flow field and the resulting heat transfer, it was observed that the surface thermal transport was governed by the transient interaction of the vortical structure with the wall. The magnitude of the heat transfer augmentation was dependent on the instantaneous strength, size and position of the vortex relative to the boundary layer. Based on these observations, an analytical model was developed from first principles that predicts the time-resolved surface convection using the transient properties of the vortical structure during its interaction with the wall. The analytical model was then applied, first to the simplified vortex ring model and then to the more complex stagnation region experiments. In both cases, the model was able to accurately predict the time-resolved convection resulting from the vortex interactions with the wall. These results reveal the central role of large-scale turbulent structures in the augmentation of thermal transport and establish a simple model for quantitative predictions of transient heat transfer.
Algebraic Coset Conformal Field Theories II

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Some mathematical questions relating to coset conformal field theories (CFT) are considered in the framework of algebraic quantum field theory as developed previously by us. We consider the issue of fix point resolution in the diagonal cosets of type A. We show how to decompose certain reducible representations into irreducibles, and prove that the coset CFT gives rise to a unitary modular category and therefore may be used to construct 3-manifold invariants. We prove that if the coset inclusion satisfies certain conditions which can be checked in examples, the Kac–Wakimoto Hypothesis (KWH) is equivalent to the Kac–Wakimoto Conjecture (KWC), a result which seems to be hard to prove by purely representation considerations. Examples are also presented.
Homogeneous Clinical Subgroups in Children with Tourette Syndrome

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The existence of two clinically homogeneous subgroups in Tourette syndrome, depending upon the presence or absence of migraine or a family history of migraine, is suggested. Patients with Tourette syndrome who have migraine (n = 18) were found to have a significantly higher prevalence of disorders of arousal—particularly sleepwalking and night terrors—as well as a higher prevalence of motion sickness than patients without migraine (n = 27). They were also significantly more likely to exhibit a co-occurrence of associated features (two or more) than the patients without migraine. Patients with Tourette syndrome who have not had migraine headaches but in whom there is a family history for migraine (n = 20) were shown to have an intermediate prevalence of associated symptoms. It is suggested that the differential association for these symptoms in patients with Tourette syndrome may reflect an underlying abnormality in function of two different neurotransmitter systems.
Spellbound in Darkness

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Many a critic has observed that the films of M. Night Shyamalan don't always make narrative sense, even by the generous standards of the horror and fantasy genres. I noted one amusing example in my review of Signs, his space-monster fantasy of 2002: how did the invading aliens manage to arrive on Earth, set up an invisible shield in the sky, and massacre an untold number of humans around the globe, when they're so physically weak and mentally mushy that a mild-mannered veterinarian (played by the filmmaker) can imprison one in his kitchen cupboard? Another conundrum in the same movie was widely noted in reviews: if water is kryptonite to the aliens, for what conceivable reason would they invade a planet where H2O is almost everywhere?KeywordsSymbolic OrderMagical ThinkingSixth SenseHorror FilmPuppet ShowThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Does Seasonal Changes in Temperature Affect Levels of Vigorous Physical Activity in Preschool-Aged Children?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

2062 It has been suggested that when assessing physical activity in young children, seasonal changes be controlled in describing differences. Colder temperatures and less daylight hours in the winter are likely to influence the decision of parents and childcare providers in sending preschool-aged children outdoors. PURPOSE: This study focused on comparing the vigorous physical activity (VPA) levels of preschoolaged children during colder (January-March) and warmer seasons (May-July) in the Midwest region of the United States. It is expected that less time will be spent in VPA during the winter months since it is likely less time will be spent outdoors. METHODS: Subjects included 28 children (12 males, 16 females) age 3–5 (mean age 3.82 ± .55 years) from six childcare centers in northeast Iowa. The cold months averaged −2 degrees C (SD = 5.8) daily high, while the warm months averaged 24 degrees C (SD = 4.9). No difference occurred in precipitation between these seasons. The children were objectively assessed for physical activity using Actwatch-16 activity monitors (Sunriver, OR, USA) for three weekdays during each season. VPA was determined by identifying the number of 15s epoch (time intervals) that the child activity counts > 250. From this procedure, the number total minutes were determined for the day. The three days were averaged to determine total minutes per day, and time in VPA at the center and at home. RESULTS: The mean (SD) minutes spent daily in VPA for the cold and warm months were 67.23 (21.65) and 66.48 (25.29) respectively. A dependent t-test indicated no significant difference in daily VPA between cold and warm months (p = 0.865). In addition, dependent t-tests indicated no significant difference between minutes spent in VPA at the center (p = 0.258) and the home (p = 0.398) when comparing cold versus warm months. There was however a significant (p<0.1) moderate correlation between the locations for the cold (r = 0.59) and warm (r = 0.54) months. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore it is concluded that for the preschool-aged children in this region enrolled in these child-care centers, temperature differences between seasons did not impact the level of VPA
Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Treatment Methods in Achondroplasia: A Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Achondroplasia (ACH) is a disease caused by a missense mutation in the FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3) gene, which is the most common cause of short stature in humans. The treatment of ACH is necessary and urgent because untreated achondroplasia has many complications, both orthopedic and neurological, which ultimately lead to disability. This review presents the current and potential pharmacological treatments for achondroplasia, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of all the drugs that have been demonstrated in human and animal studies in different stages of clinical trials. The article includes the potential impacts of drugs on achondroplasia symptoms other than short stature, including their effects on spinal canal stenosis, the narrowing of the foramen magnum and the proportionality of body structure. Addressing these effects could significantly improve the quality of life of patients, possibly reducing the frequency and necessity of hospitalization and painful surgical procedures, which are currently the only therapeutic options used. The criteria for a good drug for achondroplasia are best met by recombinant human growth hormone at present and will potentially be met by vosoritide in the future, while the rest of the drugs are in the early stages of clinical trials.
Fístulas y quistes congénitos de cuello en el adulto

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A serie of 18 cases of cysts and fistulas derived of the thyroglossal tract, tha branchial archs and other embriologycal structures. The finding of two congenital cysts in 320 pieces of thyroidectomy is remarked. In positive diagnosis of neck tumors, its importan t a correct c!inic history, as it is the value of citologic punction, fistulography and non invasive diagnosis procedures.Origin and frecuency ·of malignant transformation are discussed. High average of re currencies is result of inadequate treatment. According with our little serie and the consulted bibliography, we recommend radical treatment sistematically.
Feeding Pattern ofSepia Officinalis(Cephalopoda: Sepiodidea) In The Ria De Vigo (Nw Spain)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The importance of feeding pattern is well documented in fish (Jenkins & Green, 1977; Simenstad & Cailliet, 1986) but there are not many reported studies in cephalopods. Feeding patterns, as defined by Jenkins & Green (1977) have been studied, to our knowledge, only in Todarodes pacificus (Okiyama, 1965), Loligo pealei (Vovk, 1972), Loligo opalescens (Karpov & Cailliet, 1978), Illex illecebrosus (Amaratunga et ah, 1979; Amaratunga, 1980) and Nototodarus gouldi (O'Sullivan & Cullen, 1983). Boyle (1983) dealt with aspects of feeding in several cephalopod species but not specifically with feeding pattern. Aspects of feeding in Sepia officinalis have been reviewed by Nixon (1987). The present work describes the daily feeding pattern in Sepia officinalis from data collected in the field.
Dynastic Lycia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This volume deals with the history of Lycia in the Achaemenid period, the time of its most famous monuments, discussing all the evidence that can be used in the reconstruction. It is the first book-length treatment in English of Lycia that focuses on historical matters. The first four synchronic chapters deal with general aspects of the Lycian political set-up. The remaining nine chapters take the reader through a detailed examination of the history of the period. Because of the Lycians strategically important location between the Aegean and the eastern Mediterranean, this work is important for understanding the wider interaction of the Achaemenid Persian empire and the Greek world.