jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Between Abortion and Child Abuse: Historical Analysis of Changes in the Meaning of Neonaticide Punishment, 2010-2022

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

이 연구는 먼저 2010년부터 현재까지의 언론보도 및 국회의안 분석을 통해 영아살해 문제화 방식과 처벌의 의미가 어떻게 변화해왔는지 고찰한다. 아동학대 이슈화 및 엄벌과 더불어 영아살해 처벌은 영아 보호 책임을 방기한 어머니를 엄하게 다스리는 사회 통제의 일환이 되었다. 또한, 2019년 4월 낙태죄 헌법불합치 결정 이후 영아살해 처벌은 여성의 재생산 활동을 통제하는 젠더화된 메커니즘의 한 축이 되었다. 헌법재판소 결정 이후의 영아살해 사례 분석에 따르면 현 영아살해 처벌은 무책임한 어머니라는 존재를 규율하고, 후기 임신중단을 처벌하며 낙태죄의 기능을 일부 대리하고, 여성 가해자의 젠더화된 맥락을 비가시화한다. 이러한 연구 결과는 영아살해 엄벌 요구가 페미니스트 재생산 정치에 대한 반동임을 시사한다.
Side‐band mutual interactions in the magnetosphere

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Man‐made whistler‐mode waves (WM) in the magnetosphere can interact with other WM waves at nearby frequencies. This interaction must involve nonlinear processes because linear mechanisms cannot explain energy exchange between waves at different frequencies. Using the Siple VLF transmitter, an experiment was performed to determine the critical frequency seperation within which wave‐wave interaction (WWI) occurs. Using frequency‐shift‐keying (FSK) modulation techniques, several constant‐frequency waves (side bands) were generated simultaneously. Preliminary results show that the energetic electrons in the magnetosphere can interact only with side bands generated by signals with short modulation periods, indicating that electrons have a finite ‘memory time’ during interaction with the waves. Using the value of this memory time, the length of the electron interaction region is estimated to lie between 2000 and 4000 km. It is also found that side bands with less than 50‐Hz spacing mutually interact. Suppression and energy coupling among the side bands are often observed. The experiments in general reveal that 50 Hz is the order of magnitude of the critical frequency range within which side bands interact. Mutual interaction between two side bands is explained by the overlap of the ranges of the parallel velocity (V ∥ ) of electrons which the side bands can organize. The electrons in the overlap can exchange energy with both side bands and thus are responsible for the interaction. By estimating the size of the perturbed V ∥ range the wave intensity is estimated to be of the order of 2.5–10 mγ, in good agreement with satellite measurements.
Taxonomy of Malagasy Prionopelta 115 Taxonomic revision of the genus Prionopelta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in the Malagasy region

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this study we revise the taxonomy of the genus Prionopelta for the Malagasy region, treating seven species, six of which are newly described (P. laurae sp. n., P. seychelles sp. n., P. subtilis sp. n., P. talos sp. n., P. vampira sp. n., P. xerosilva sp. n.), and one redescribed (P. descarpentriesi Santschi). One species, P. seychelles, is restricted to Seychelles, while the six remaining species treated are endemic to Madagascar.
Prognostic impact of secondary prevention medical therapy following myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries: a Bayesian and frequentist meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims Myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA) is a clinical entity with several causes and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Secondary prevention with medical therapy used in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease has unclear benefits in MINOCA patients. Methods and results A literature search was conducted until 8 March 2022. Random-effect frequentist and hierarchical Bayesian meta-analyses were performed to assess the clinical impact of medical therapy [renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors, statins, dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), β-blockers] in MINOCA patients. Outcomes of interest were all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). A total of 12 663 MINOCA patients among five observational studies were analysed. The mean follow-up ranged from 12 to 90 months across studies. In frequentist meta-analysis, statins and β-blockers were associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality [pooled adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) 0.53 and 0.81, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (0.37–0.76) and (0.67–0.97), respectively]. Only RAAS inhibitors were associated with a lower risk of MACE [pooled aHR: 0.69, with 95% CI (0.53–0.90)]. Bayesian meta-analysis based on informative prior assumptions offered strong evidence only for the benefit of statins on decreasing the risk of all-cause death [Bayes factor (BF): 33.2] and moderate evidence for the benefit of RAAS inhibitors on decreasing the risk of MACE (BF: 9); assigning less informative prior distributions did not affect the results, yet it downgraded the level of evidence to anecdotal. Conclusion In this meta-analysis, statins and RAAS inhibitors were consistently associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality and MACE, respectively, in patients with MINOCA. Neutral prognostic evidence was demonstrated for β-blockers and DAPT.
Genetic variations in cytarabine pathway genes as determinants of outcome in acute myeloid leukemia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

10005 Background: Cytarabine (ara-C), a key component of AML therapy, is a prodrug that requires activation to ara-CTP, which inhibits DNA/RNA synthesis and triggers leukemic cell death. Thus, cellular pathways involved in ara-CTP metabolism and/or cell death are likely to influence treatment response. Methods: In the present study, we used a pathway-directed approach to identify the genetic predictors of ara-C response in 187 pediatric patients enrolled in the St. Jude AML02 trial. Patients were randomized to receive the first course of remission induction therapy containing either high- or low-dose ara-C, combined with daunorubicin and etoposide. SNPs in 14 key ara-C pathway genes were genotyped and screened for association with multiple endpoints, such as in vitro ara-C LC50 in diagnostic leukemic cells, minimal residual disease levels (MRD), event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), and rate of relapse. Because AML is a very heterogeneous disease with multiple clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular features that are associated with response, we also evaluated SNPs in ara-C PK genes in the context of prognostic factors of proven clinical utility. Results: Ara-C pathway SNPs were significantly associated with clinical outcome. Known variables such as treatment, core-binding factor leukemia, MRD after one course of therapy, age at diagnosis, 11q23 rearrangements, megakaryoblastic leukemia without t(1;22), and FLT3-ITD accounted for 18.7% of variability in EFS. Additional variation in EFS could be explained by individual SNPs or a combination of SNPs within ara-C pathway genes. For instance, our analysis showed that incorporation of a DCTD SNP into existing model could enhance the percent total variation in EFS explained from 18.7% to 22.9%. Inclusion of all DCTD SNPs in the model increased the percent total variation in EFS explained from 18.7% to 29.7% Conclusions: Overall our results indicate that genetic variation in the ara-C pathway genes had a prognostic relevance that was similar to that of well-known factors. Understanding this variation can provide additional insights into the factors influencing treatment response and could lead to the identification of new prognostic markers.
Critical influence of the thymus on peripheral T cell homeostasis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Introduction A tight balance between regulatory CD4 + Foxp3 + (Treg) and conventional CD4 + Foxp3 − (Tconv) T cell subsets in the peripheral compartment, maintained stable throughout most of lifetime, is essential for preserving self‐tolerance along with efficient immune responses. An excess of Treg cells, described for aged individuals, may critically contribute to their reported immunodeficiency. In this work, we investigated if quantitative changes in thymus emigration may alter the Treg/Tconv homeostasis regardless of the aging status of the peripheral compartment. Methods We used two different protocols to modify the rate of thymus emigration: thymectomy of adult young (4–6 weeks old) mice and grafting of young thymus onto aged (18 months old) hosts. Additionally, lymphoid cells from young and aged B6 mice were intravenously transferred to B6. RAG2 −/− mice. Alterations in Treg and Tconv peripheral frequencies following these protocols were investigated after 30 days by flow cytometry. Results Thymectomized young mice presented a progressive increase in the Treg cell frequency, while the grafting of a functional thymus in aged mice restored the young‐like physiological Treg/Tconv proportion. Strikingly, T cells derived from young or aged splenocytes colonized the lymphopenic periphery of RAG −/− hosts to the same extent, giving rise to similarly elevated Treg cell levels irrespective of the age of the donor population. In the absence of thymus output, the Treg subset seems to survive longer, as confirmed by their lower proportion of Annexin‐V + cells. Conclusions Our data suggest that the thymus‐emigrating population, harboring an adequate proportion of Treg/Tconv lymphocytes, may be essential to keep the Treg cell balance, independently of age‐related shifts intrinsic to the peripheral environment or to the T cell biology.
Characterization of endothelial extracellular vesicles isolated from complex biological fluids

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Früher als „Plättchenstaub“ abgetan, sind extrazelluläre Vesikel (EVs) in den letzten Jahrzehnten zu einem wichtigen Thema in den Biowissenschaften geworden. Es wurde festgestellt, dass diesenanoskaligen Informationsträger eine wichtige Rolle bei lebenswichtigen physiologischen und pathologischen Prozessen in einzelligen und vielzelligen Organismen spielen. Da das menschliche Gefäßsystem für Leben und Entwicklung lebenswichtig ist und die systemische Verteilung von aus Endothelzellen stammenden EVsermöglicht, könnte die Entdeckung eines Biomarkers für Gesundheits- und Krankheitszustand in dem heterogenen „EV-Pool“ in biologischen Flüssigkeiten unser Verständnis verschiedener Krankheiten fördern. In dieser Arbeit werden die optimalen Bedingungen für die Analyse von EVs, die aus biologischen Flüssigkeiten angereichert wurden, mittels Nanopartikel-Tracking-Analyse (NTA) untersucht. Nach der Untersuchung des Vorhandenseins potenzieller Endothelmarker mittels Dot-Blotting werden die gewonnenen Informationen zur Etablierung einer Dual-Labelling-Kolokalisierungsmethode für den Nachweis von EVs unter Verwendung eines Lipidmembranfarbstoffs und eines CD81-spezifischen Antikörpers genutzt. Die Experimente zeigen deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den EV- und Marker-Profilen in Abhängigkeit von der Art der biologischen Flüssigkeit, den Messparametern des Experiments und der Verwendung von Markierungsreagenzien. Die erfolgreiche Kolokalisierung von CD81 und Membranfarbstoff lässt darauf schließen, dass das etablierte Protokoll eine praktikable Methode zum Nachweis spezifischer EV-Subpopulationen ist. Dieses Ergebnis wurde auch durch FT-FC bestätigt. Die Kolokalisierungmit PDPN war nicht erfolgreich.Diese Arbeit bildet einen Ausgangspunkt für weitere Untersuchungen auf der Suche nach Analysemethoden für EVs, die aus biologischen Flüssigkeiten angereichert wurden.
Interest Rate Policy and Exchange Rates Volatility Lessons from Indonesia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Whether or not inflation targeting adoption leads to increased volatility of exchange rates is controversial. The volatility increases with inflation targeting as a result of the flexible exchange rate regime. Others argue that inflation targeting delivers the best outcomes in terms of lower exchange rate volatility. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether interest rate policy in inflation targeting frameworks – that is subjected to control inflation rate – may reduce the volatility of exchange rates. To test the hypothesis, we use monthly data in the case of Indonesia over the period 2005(7)-2016(7). Several control variables are introduced in the regressions. The result of the autoregressive distributed lag model proves the interest rate policy and foreign exchange intervention fail to reduce the exchange rates volatility. It seems inflation targeting in Indonesia puts too much emphasis on stabilizing the domestic currency thus leading to benign neglect of stabilizing its external value, ultimately resulting in increased exchange rate volatility. These findings suggest that central bank credibility plays an important role in conducting inflation targeting policy which operates primarily through a signalling effect.
Application of harmonic analysis to ground heat flux determination by creating an artificial fundamental period

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In the context of eddy-covariance measurements of land-surface atmosphere energy exchange and energy balance studies, soil temperature, soil water content and soil flux data were measured in the years 2009–2015 at three closely neighbored agricultural sites in Southwest Germany. Because the soil sensors had to be excavated for soil tillage, 22 periods with lengths between 85 and 322 days were evaluated. In the present study we used the data to evaluate the applicability of harmonic analysis (HA) for ground heat flux and soil surface temperature determination with one-half‑h resolution to time series of several months. The heat flux plate method with correction for heat storage served as reference. HA was performed by applying fast Fourier transformations to 2 cm-depth temperature time series and to flux data measured by heat flux plates in 8 cm depth. To avoid transient effects at the beginning and ending, we introduced an artificial full period by subtracting a straight line connecting the first and last value of a time series. Thermal diffusivity and damping depth were estimated from a semi-logarithmic plot of the exponential decrease of the heat wave amplitudes with depth. Estimated damping depths were in the range of 10.5 to 15 cm. The standard deviation was always <1.8 cm. Harmonic analysis showed a low sensitivity to this variation. We found a good agreement of the ground heat flux determinations by HA with the reference method. Because of a mostly small contribution of ground heat flux under vegetation to energy balance, harmonic analysis did not improve the energy balance or its variation with time. However, harmonic analysis of a temperature time series taken close to the surface showed to be only weakly impacted by damping and phase shift and it best represented high frequent flux fluctuations in the uppermost soil layer.
Slug Flow Transition in Horizontal Gas-Liquid Flow

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We investigated a horizontal two-phase flow transition from separated flow to slug flow without a phase change. A transition model is presented in this paper, based on the experimental results obtained in the air-water system. The model is derived from the growth condition of a wave on a stratified water layer. It agrees reasonably well with Mandhane's map of flow patterns. If disturbances enter the system, the slug flow transition is sometimes enhanced. To examine this transition enhancement, a test tube was attached to a water tank with a weir to regulate the initial water depth in the tube. When a water slug flows out of the tube, a bore goes upstream in the tube, and occasionally causes formation of a next slug. The theoretical model is used to predict the conditions of continual slug formation. The hydrodynamic behavior of slug flow is also examined.
Sex estimation from the carpal bones in a Thai population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Research on the upper limbs of Thai skeletons has shown a relatively high level of sexual dimorphism in this population. However the wrist has not been extensively studied for sex estimation in Thailand. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the utility of carpal bones for sex estimation in a forensic context in Thailand. Fifteen (15) measurements were taken on seven carpals from 100 skeletons (50 males, 50 females) who died in the northern area of Thailand. Six of the seven carpals produced logistic regression equations with correct allocation accuracies of 84.0% or higher. The only exception was the triquetrum, which did not reach the 80% threshold. Three of the four equations with the highest estimated accuracies came from the trapezium – the highest reaching 92.0%. The trapezoid and capitate each produced one measurement with correct allocation accuracies of 87.8% or higher. The single measurement with the best combination of correct allocation accuracy (89.1%), measurement error (0.05%), and measurability (44/50 bones) on both sides is trapezium maximum length. Combining this dimension with maximum length of the 1st metacarpal facet on the right side produced an allocation accuracy of 91.8%, with accuracies above 90% for both sexes.
The Theoretical Foundations of the purposeful formation, in the project method, of the personal quality: “independence”.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The meaning of the word is revealed independently; property that is made up from the essence of self-activity, based on the modeling of students' independent activities. The article shows the types and forms of students' independent activity, the criteria and methods of researching independence, as well as the levels of the formation, the autonomy, the reflexivity, the ingenuity, and the achievement of the final form of them in the practical implementation.
Between charity and education: orphans and orphanages in early modern times

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In early modern times orphans have been children who could not expect sufficient support from their family because of lack of at least one parent, in most cases the father. This article will clarify of whom we are talking if we talk about orphans and what have been the conditions of living in a society which was organised by a high variety of status for these children. Why could they be called “children at risk”? What options have been developed to raise these children and how was the variety of institutions founded in the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries organised? The author draws from a number of studies on the history of poverty and provisions for orphans throughout Europe concluding with some considerations of the relevance of the “Waisenhausstreit”, a prominent German controversy brought about by enlightened educators and medical doctors during the second half of the eighteenth century when the option of raising orphans in centralised institutions became a controversial issue. Micro‐h...
Obstacles to Law Enforcement: The Use of Out-of-Court Resolutions in Domestic Violence and Abuse Cases in the United Kingdom

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research aims to examine the impact and effectiveness of the use of out-of-court resolution in cases of violence and domestic abuse in the UK and the implications for justice and victim protection. The research method uses a comprehensive literature review, varied data sources, and appropriate data collection and analysis techniques. This research involved the use of Freedom of Information Requests, interviews with experts, and qualitative and quantitative analysis to understand the use of out-of-court resolutions in cases of domestic violence and abuse in the UK. The result of this research is an in-depth study of the problem of domestic violence in the UK, which outlines the various forms of detrimental behavior that occur and the challenges faced in law enforcement. For example, Physical violence and emotional abuse are often interrelated, thus eroding the victim's self-confidence and leaving deep emotional wounds. By considering the concepts of restorative justice and community healing, this research highlights the complexity of handling domestic violence cases and the need for a thoughtful approach. Although there is healing potential in alternative approaches, criticism of their implementation emphasizes the need to consider the gender and power dynamics underlying violence.
Urine Removal from Suited Crew in Orion Vehicle Depressurization Scenario

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Humankind wants to continually venture deeper into space, but there are many hazards of deep space exploration. NASA’s Orion Program seeks to incrementally identify these hazards and begin addressing the difficulties of such long-duration missions. One of the largest risks and areas of program focus is crew survival in a vehicle cabin depressurization scenario. As part of proactive mitigation efforts, contingency operations and associated hardware are being developed to sustain crew members for up to 6 days. While the Orion launch and entry suit would provide the crew a pressurized safe haven for that duration, additional systems are needed to handle crew waste while within the suit. NASA’s Orion Crew Survival Systems (OCSS) and Collins Aerospace are working together to develop and test an external suit system to aid in the evacuation of urine from pressurized suits to ensure crew health and safety. This paper describes the recent and on-going design and testing that is driving evolution of hardware and requirements towards eventual flight certification.
Development, Amplification, and Decay of Atlantic/European Summer Weather Patterns Linked to Spring North Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A recent study identified a relationship between North Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) gradients in spring and a specific pattern of atmospheric circulation in the following summer: the summer east Atlantic (SEA) pattern. It was shown that the SEA pattern is closely associated with meridional shifts in the eddy-driven jet in response to anomalous SST gradients. In this study, the physical mechanisms underlying this relationship are investigated further. It is shown that the predictable SEA pattern anomalies appear in June–July and undergo substantial amplification between July and August before decaying in September. The associated SST anomalies also grow in magnitude and spatial extent from June to August. The question of why the predictable atmospheric anomalies should occur in summer is addressed, and three factors are identified. The first is the climatological position of the storm track, which migrates poleward from spring to summer. The second is that the magnitude of interannual SST variability underlying the storm track peaks in summer, both in absolute terms, and relative to the underlying mean SST gradient. The third factor is the most interesting. We identify a positive coupled ocean–atmosphere feedback, which operates in summer and leads to the amplification of both SST and atmospheric circulation anomalies. The extent to which the identified processes are captured in the HadGEM3-GC2 climate model is also assessed. The model is able to capture the relationship between spring North Atlantic SSTs and subsequent ocean–atmosphere conditions in early summer, but the relationship is too weak. The results suggest that the real world might be more predictable than is inferred from the models.
Review Paper: The Shape of Phylogenetic Treespace

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Trees are a canonical structure for representing evolutionary histories. Many popular criteria used to infer optimal trees are computationally hard, and the number of possible tree shapes grows super-exponentially in the number of taxa. The underlying structure of the spaces of trees yields rich insights that can improve the search for optimal trees, both in accuracy and in running time, and the analysis and visualization of results. We review the past work on analyzing and comparing trees by their shape as well as recent work that incorporates trees with weighted branch lengths.