jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
TRAJECTORIES OF FALLS AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG ADULTS 65 AND OLDER: INSIGHTS FROM THE HEALTH AND RETIREMENT STUDY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Falls are the leading cause of injuries among older adults in the United States, with over 14 million older adults, or 1 in 4, reporting a fall each year. This longitudinal prospective cohort study investigated fall trajectories and associated risk factors in people with no prior history of falls. We analyzed 2006 to 2018 data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), restricted to participants 65+ who did not report falls prior to the baseline year of 2006. The outcome is biennial incidence of falls, and risk factors include sociodemographic and biological factors, and health behaviors. Group-based trajectory modeling identified distinct fall trajectories. Multinomial logistic regression assessed associations between trajectories and risk factors;. Three distinct trajectories of falls incidence were identified over a 12-year period. Nearly half of the population (48.9%) remained in a low-stable risk group, 22.4% experienced a moderate but steadily increasing risk, and 28.7% belonged to a high-increasing risk group. Individuals identified as Black/African American or “Other” race were associated with a lower likelihood of being in the high-risk group compared to White/Caucasian individuals (OR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.55; OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.16, 0.67, respectively). Conversely, having comorbid conditions was associated with a higher likelihood of being in the high-risk group (OR = 1.37, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.73). The study identified distinct trajectories of fall risk among older adults without a history of falls, significantly varying by race/ethnicity and comorbid conditions, highlighting the need for targeted fall prevention strategies tailored to specific groups.
[Post-mortem partial skeletization of the face and neck by an Appenzell mountain dog].

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

An 81-year-old man died unexpectedly from a cardiac cause. His wife, who lived in the same house and suffered from Alzheimer's disease, did not realize his death. When the body was found at the foot of the stairs 2-3 days afterwards, extensive soft tissue defects with notched wound edges, but no signs of vitality, were observed on the head and neck. The site where the body was found showed almost no traces of blood. In view of the injuries and their obviously post-mortem origin it was assumed that they had been caused by the man's Appenzell mountain dog which also lived in the house. By means of DNA typing, swabs from the wound edges of the soft-tissue defects could be assigned to the deceased's dog.
Effects of Competition Among Flammulina Velutipes Fruitbodies on Their Growth

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Flammulina velutipes was grown on nutrient-supplemented sawdust and specific numbers of the earliest and largest fruitbodies were left per culture. Ranked by decreasing length before they elongated rapidly they showed a corresponding gradation in final dimensions and fresh weights of stipes and pilei both in still air with KOH present and in flowing air. The fruitbodies were much heavier in flowing air, mainly because of the larger size of the pilei. Young fruitbodies of different ranks left alone on a mycelium attained larger dimensions than those of the same ranks in groups, and reached 60–80% of the total weights of groups of 3–7 fruitbodies each in still air, and 54–64% of the weight of five fruitbodies in flowing air. Fruitbodies of the same ranks weighed more in smaller than in larger groups but the total weights of groups of 3–7 fruitbodies each did not differ significantly. Competition was demonstrated also for fruitbodies in their late phase of rapid elongation. Pileus/stipe weight ratios increased with decreasing numbers of fruitbodies on a mycelium and were greater in flowing than in still air. The results indicate that fruitbodies in groups inhibit each other's growth by competing for materials supplied in limited amounts from the mycelium and distributed among individuals proportionately to their ranks. Factors which limit the availability of substrates to the fruitbodies are discussed.
A Survey on the Use and Resistance of Antibiotics in Maharashtra

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Livestock is an important integral part to the sustainability of economy of this state. Antibiotic resistance is worldwide very common problem. The current study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices pertaining to antibiotic usage among the field veterinarians.Feedback of 291 veterinary officers of Maharashtra state was taken regarding the use and resistance of different types of antibiotics in supplied format. It was revealed that ampicillin and amoxicillin in “Penicillin group”, oxytetracycline in “Tetracycline group”, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone in “Cephalosporine group”, enrofloxacine in “Quinolones group”, gentamycin in “Amynoglycosides group”,erythromycin in “Macrolides”group and Ampicillin &Cloxacillinin “Combination group” was used mostly due to their efficacy.The most important reason for using the antibiotics was found to be “effectiveness of antibiotic” (4.36 ± 0.08).It was indicated that in “bacterial infection” (4.62 ± 0.07) antibiotic was used mostly. Most important reason for antibiotic resistance was found to be “indiscriminate use of antibioticsby owners / paravets” (4.45 ± 0.08).The most important measure for prevention of antibiotic resistance was observed to be “ensuring proper dose and duration of treatment of antibiotics” (4.46 ± 0.08).
Pneumonia with negative chest radiography in early childhood: is it a real phenomenon or diagnostic error?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background . The existence of community-acquired pneumonia with negative chest radiography (CAPNR) as a clinical phenomenon remains disputable until now. This phenomenon is deemed to occur in subjects with dehydration, neutropenia, diminished immune response. In case of CAPNR the possibility of diagnostic error and ensuing irrational use of antimicrobial drugs is fairly high. Objective . The study aimed at establishing the validity of diagnosis of pneumonia with negative chest radiography in children, using a comparative evaluation of clinical and laboratory criteria amid positive and negative results of radiological diagnosis of pneumonia. Methods . A one-time study was conducted which included analysis of medical documents selected by continuous sampling method, and comparison of children with CAPNR versus children with radiologically confirmed pneumonia. The comparison was based on analysis of medical histories, clinical pictures and results of paraclinical investigations. Results . A total of 35 medical histories have been analyzed (mean age of patients – 1.7 ± 0.2 years), of which 17 children were assigned to group 1 (CAPNR group) and 18 children to group 2 (pneumonia with positive radiography). Most clinical and laboratory signs in early childhood were similar for children with CAPNR and children with radiologically confirmed pneumonia. Veritable differences in terms of respiratory symptoms have been found for children with CAPNR, namely, expiratory dyspnea in 35.29% of children with CAPNR versus none in the comparator group (p < 0.05), respiratory rate (RR) — 33 ± 7.2/min versus 28 ± 7.3/ min in the comparator group (p < 0.05), and auscultatory findings showing predominantly diminished breath sounds on the right-hand side. Complete blood count showed differences in granulocyte counts — 70 ± 12.6% in the CAPNR group versus 62.9 ± 16.8% in the comparator group (p < 0.05). A combination of the majority of classical symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia has been rarely observed in either group (5.9% and 11.1%, respectively). Conclusion . Particular features of the CAPNR did not allow us to speak out with confidence in favor or against the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patient groups. The conduct of prospective studies looking into the etiology of pneumonia, using radiologic and ultrasound diagnosis and analyzing clinical and laboratory particulars of CAP would be a worthwhile undertaking. Without radiographic identification of infiltrative changes the diagnosis of CAP remains problematic.
Examination of Different Bumper System Using Hybrid II, RSPD Subsystem and Cadavers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Analysis of the results of previous simulations of pedestrian collision performed with different commercial dummies have indicated that test results do not always correspond with observations in simulations with cadavers. It seems that determining the risk of injury to pedestrians from these dummy tests may be very difficult.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">To study injury-related parameters in connection with mechanical dummies, 21 crash tests were performed at the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the Medical University of Hannover. Various front structures and velocities of vehicles were simulated. Two measuring tools were used for verification: a standard Hybrid II dummy, and the lower part of a Rotationally Symmetrical Pedestrian Dummy (RSPD) with no representation of the upper body. RSPD was previous developed at the Department of Injury Prevention at Chalmers University in Göteborg. Results from these mechanical tests were compared with previous cadaver tests performed at the Institute of Forensic Medicine at the Medical University of Hannover. In all the tests particular emphasis was put on the lower extremities. The tests confirmed that it is possible to design front structures consisting of the standard bumper plus an additional structure below the bumper, which reduces the severity of injuries to the knee region and the leg.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Results from our study confirm the previous indications that in crash tests for the assessment of car-front aggressivity to pedestrian lower extremities it is necessary to use a specially designed mechanical tool for measurement of injury-related parameters. To date none of the systems used give a complete description of the risks of leg and knee injuries. There are at least four parameters that are essential for satisfactory information about loading of the knee joint and the leg: impact force (contact force between car-structures and pedestrian leg) and its distribution, shear force and bending moment transferred through the knee region. It is very important that future tools used for testing of car fronts enable the measurement of all these parameters.</div>
Akteursnetzwerke und Regionalentwicklung im Schatten von Gorleben

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the course of the EU research project DORA (Dynamics of Rural Areas), the Institute of Farm Economics and Rural Studies at the Federal Research Institute for Agriculture (FAL) analyses factors which influenced the economic performance of rural areas in the last two decades. Next to bottlenecks in terms of infrastructure, human capital and industrial structure, the county Luechow-Dannenberg suffers from a marked social and political segmentation of the local community, which is rooted in the ongoing dispute about the nuclear waste facilities in the village of Gorleben. This paper analyses social capital in the region and network structures between the decision makers. The study reveals that the local actor network is clearly segmented into opposing groups and it proves difficult for the regional community to reach consensus about measures for regional development. As a result regional decision making processes and economic development are decisively obstructed.
Electronic fetal monitoring

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Papers p 1457

Electronic fetal monitoring with the cardiotocograph is standard practice during labour in most obstetric units in the United Kingdom. The technique was introduced as a screening test in the 1970s in the belief that it would improve the detection of fetal hypoxaemia and reduce cerebral palsy and perinatal mortality, particularly in high risk pregnancies. Early retrospective observational studies supported the view that it was superior to intermittent auscultation using either a Pinard stethoscope or a hand held doppler ultrasound device.1 Its use spread rapidly from high risk to low risk pregnancies where the fetus is at least risk from hypoxic events in labour. Was this spread necessary or wise?

By the 1990s systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials of electronic fetal monitoring versus intermittent auscultation during labour had shown no effect on neonatal outcomes such as metabolic acidosis at birth, low Apgar scores or admissions to neonatal intensive care.2–4 An increase in neonatal seizures was seen in the group with intermittent auscultation but no long term increase in neurological problems.5

Electronic fetal monitoring did, however, …
A cross-sectional assessment of the relationship between sedative medication and anticholinergic medication use and the movement behaviour of older adults living in residential aged care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives Medications with anticholinergic or sedative effects are frequently used by older people but can increase risk of falls and adverse events; however, less is known about their effect on movement behaviour. Here we examine the cross-sectional association between medication use and movement behaviour in older adults living in residential aged care. Materials and Methods Twenty-eight older adults living in residential aged care in metropolitan Australia participated. Medication data were collected from participants’ medical charts and sedative load and anticholinergic burden were determined. Seven-day movement behaviour was objectively assessed by a wrist-worn triaxial accelerometer. Raw accelerations were converted to sleep, sedentary time, and time in light, moderate, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. To explore the relationship between medication and movement behaviour, Spearman’s Rho correlations were conducted, as the data were not normally distributed. Results Analyses indicated that while anticholinergic burden was not associated with movement behaviour, sedative load was negatively correlated with a number of variables, accounting for 14% variance in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA), and 17% in the bout length of MVPA ( p < .02). Conclusion The findings of this study showed a negative association between sedative load, due to medicines, and an individual’s movement behaviour. The impact of this could be a reduction in the ability of this population to maintain or improve their functional mobility, which may overshadow any benefits of the medicine in some circumstances.
Microencapsulation of Erythrocytes Extracted from Cavia porcellus Blood in Matrices of Tara Gum and Native Potato Starch

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Ferropenic anemy is the leading iron deficiency disease in the world. The aim was to encapsulate erythrocytes extracted from the blood of Cavia porcellus, in matrices of tara gum and native potato starch. For microencapsulation, solutions were prepared with 20% erythrocytes; and encapsulants at 5, 10, and 20%. The mixtures were spray-dried at 120 and 140 °C. The iron content in the erythrocytes was 3.30 mg/g and between 2.32 and 2.05 mg/g for the encapsulates (p < 0.05). The yield of the treatments varied between 47.84 and 58.73%. The moisture, water activity, and bulk density were influenced by the temperature and proportion of encapsulants. The total organic carbon in the atomized samples was around 14%. The particles had diverse reddish tonalities, which were heterogeneous in their form and size; openings on their surface were also observed by SEM. The particle size was at the nanometer level, and the zeta potential (ζ) indicated a tendency to agglomerate and precipitation the solutions. The presence of iron was observed on the surface of the atomized by SEM-EDX, and FTIR confirmed the encapsulation due to the presence of the chemical groups OH, C-O, C-H, and N-H in the atomized. On the other hand, high percentages of iron release in vitro were obtained between 88.45 and 94.71%. The treatment with the lowest proportion of encapsulants performed at 140 °C obtained the best results and could potentially be used to fortify different functional foods.
In Vivo Chondrogenesis of BMSCs at Non-Chondrogenesis Site by Co-Transplantation of BMSCs and Chondrocytes with Pluronic as Biomaterial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (BMSCs) have chondrogenesis potential if chondrogenic environments or factors are provided. This study tests the hypothesis that chondrocytes can promote BMSC chondrogenesis at non-chondrogensis site. Porcine BMSCs and auricular chondrocytes were mixed at different ratios and 2.5×107 mixed cells were resuspended in 0.5 ml 30％ Pluronic, and then the mixture was injected into nude mice subcutaneously as experimental groups. Chondrocytes or BMSCs at the same cell number were mixed with 0.5 ml Pluronic and injected respectively as controls. 2.5×107 chondrocytes were mixed and injected as low concentration chondrocyte control. 8 weeks later, all specimens in experimental groups and chondrocyte group formed mature cartilage with abundant collagen II expression. Mature lacuna structures and metachromatic matrices were also observed in these specimens with the same level of GAG contents. Average wet weight of specimens in experimental groups was over 70% of that in chondrocyte group. In contrast, specimens in BMSC group showed mainly fibrous tissue. Only a small amount of cartilage was formed in specimens of low concentration chondrocyte group and the average wet weight was below 30% of that in chondrocyte group. These results demonstrate that chondrocytes can provide chondrogenic microenvironment and thus promote in vivo chondrogenesis of BMSCs at non-chondrogenesis sites. It also indicates that Pluronic is an ideal injectable biomaterial for cartilage tissue engineering.
Exposure to Carcinogens: An Overview of Scientific and Regulatory Aspects

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Carcinogenic risk assessment involves both qualitative (weight-of-evidence) and quantitative phases. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) uses a weight-of-evidence stratification scheme based on data of human and animal exposures to evaluate the risk of carcinogenicity in occupational or other exposures to chemicals. Among more than 700 chemicals or exposures, 39 have been classed as established carcinogens, 68 as probably carcinogenic, and 214 as carcinogenic in animals; 13 chemicals or exposures have been considered to have no evidence of carcinogenicity either in animals or in humans. Carcinogens to which humans are exposed in occupational settings include 4-aminobiphenyl, arsenic compounds, asbestos fibers, benzene, benzidine, bis(chloromethyl) ether, technical chloromethyl methyl ether, chromium and certain chromium compounds, coal tars, coal tar pitches, mineral oils, mustard gas, 2-naphthylamine, shale oils, soots, vinyl chloride, and cancer chemotherapeutic agents. The setting of exposure limits for carcinogens for professional guidance or regulatory standards is discussed. The exposure limits promulgated in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), the United States (USA) and the Soviet Union (USSR) are presented with brief discussion. The difficulties of setting and applying such limits are mentioned. Better communication internationally and intranationally is needed to improve the methodologies of risk evaluation for carcinogens for professional practice and regulatory use. Vainio, H.; Tomatis, L. Exposure to carcinogens: An overview of scientific and regulatory aspects.
Application of Croft's 2D geometric aspect model to Sinitic : Mandarin, Cantonese, and Hokkien

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper introduces Croft's (2012, 2017) two-dimensional geometric aspect model, and applies it to Mandarin, Cantonese and Hokkien discourse data. Building upon his background in cognitive semantics, Croft delineates aspectual structure via two dimensions—the qualitative state dimension, and the time dimension—thereby integrating two parallel, and otherwise non-intersecting, approaches into a single model. This allows him to expand on the Vendlerian situation-type framework substantially, while also illustrating the relationships between various aspectual types. In the light of these considerations, this study is conducted in the hope that Croft's model can adequately account for some of the aspectual phenomena observed in Sinitic, which have proved to be rather problematic for many other analyses. By analyzing discourse data at two different levels (verb-focused vs. particle-focused) this paper aims to see whether the Croftian approach is able to adequately account for at least some parts of Sinitic aspect.
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY ON EMBRYONIC BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN RATS

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective: To study the effects of vitamin A deficiency (VAD) on brain development in rats and its molecular mechanisms. Methods: 9 female Wistar rats were randomly divided into severe VAD(SVAD) ,marginal VAD(MVAD) and control groups. The rats were fed with vitamin A (VA) 0, 400 and 6 500 IU/kg diets respectively for 3 weeks before pregnancy. Body and brain weight, serum VA level, brain VA and protein content, brain cell proliferative cycle and the expression of RAR α, RAR β, RXR β and D 2R mRNA were measured at birth. Results: (1) The VA levels of serum and brain tissue in SVAD and MVAD rats were decreased significantly compared with the control.The VA levels of serum and brain tissue in SVAD were also signficantly lower than that in MVAD. (2) The body weight, brain weight, brain protein content and cell proliferative index (PI) in SVAD rats were decreased compared with the control. The body weight, brain weight, whole brain protein content in SVAD rats were also significantly lower than that in MVAD. There was no significant difference between MVAD and the control. (3) The expression of RAR α and D 2R mRNA in SVAD rats was lower than that in control and MVAD, and the expression of RAR β and RXR β in SVAD was not detectable; while the expression of RAR α, RXR β and D 2R mRNA in MVAD was decreased significantly compared with the control. Conclusion: VAD can affect brain development in rats and the brain development defects may be related with the decreased expression of RAR α, RAR β, RXR β and D 2R in brain cells.