jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Numerical Calibration and Investigation of the Influence Of Reynolds Number on Measurements With Five-Hole Probes In Compressible Flows

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper presents an investigation into the numerical and experimental calibration of a five-hole probe and effects of Reynolds number variations on the characteristics of the probe. The test object is a cone-type drilled elbow probe with a head diameter of 1.59 mm and a cone angle of 60°. The experimental calibration maps of four different probes of the same type and nominal geometry are compared. A significant variation of the curves can be observed especially at high yaw angles. This led to a visual inspection of the probes with a 3D measurement system. The actual geometry of the three used probes and the surface and radii in particular varied significantly from that of the unused spare probe. Furthermore, a numerical calibration map of the ideal probe was generated for a Mach number of Ma = 0.3. A comparison between the experimental and numerical calibration coefficients revealed that total pressure, yaw and pitch angle were reproduced reasonably well. The dynamic pressure coefficient, however, has a considerable offset. Finally, a parameter study of the effect of varying the Reynolds number over different yaw angles was conducted. The calibration Reynolds number is of the order of Re = 1 · 104 and was varied between 0.5 · 104 &lt; Re &lt; 6 · 104. While the results suggest that only minor measurement errors occur for yaw angle, total pressure and static pressure, a relatively large error was observed for pitch angle measurements.
Nerve Compression Injuries Due to Traumatic False Aneurysm

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Experience with 17 patients with delayed onset of compression neuropraxia due to hemorrhage following nonoperative treatment of penetrating arterial injuries is presented. Fifteen cases involved the arteries of the neck shoulder girdle and upper extremity and two the gluteal vessels. This resulted in dysfunction of components of the brachial plexus, median ulnar, and sciatic nerves. Follow-up extended from 3 to 18 months. Of 10 brachial plexus lesions two recovered fully, five partially, and three not at all. Of seven peripheral nerve injuries, full recovery occurred in two patients and none in five. Adverse prognostic factors for neurological recovery are sepsis, involvement of intrinsic hand innervation and the sciatic nerve. An improved prognosis may be expected for upper trunk lesions of the brachial plexus and radial nerve lesions. The complication is essentially avoidable and a careful appraisal of the circulatory status must be made in all patients with penetrating trauma in the neck and shoulder girdle and buttock.
Protection of forest genetic resources by intellectual property rights – exploring possibilities and conceivable conflicts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The world's need for industrial wood is expected to greatly increase in coming decades. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a way in which an almost unlimited number of genetically identical plants (clones) can be produced from a single mother plant/seed, and it offers an effective way to convey the genetic gain obtained in breeding to the planting stock. As cultures or methods of SE, for example in Norway spruce (Picea abies), may become the subject of intellectual property rights (IPRs), a legal conflict may arise between the right holder and the rights of the general public covered by the Every man's rights to freely sample, for example, forest genetic resources (FGRs). Various IPR systems may be relevant for the protection of SE material in forestry, but they possibly differ in how well sufficient genetic variation can be encompassed by protection claims. We therefore specifically advocate awareness of genetic variation in future SE-related IPR claims in forestry, and argue that process patents are most applicable. In face of the bioeconomy, it is mandatory to be aware of the possible conflicts between IPRs and rights of the public to FGRs, and the genetic variation of future IPR-protected SE material in forestry.
Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, organ mass and whole-body oxygen consumption in growing pigs fed distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)-containing diets supplemented with a multicarbohydrase enzyme

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to determine growth responses and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility in growing pigs fed diets containing graded levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and to determine the effect of a multicarbohydrase enzyme (MC) supplementation on visceral organ mass and fasting whole-body oxygen consumption (FWBOC). In Experiment 1, 48 pigs (25.5 ± 0.14 kg BW) were assigned on the basis of sex and BW (2 pigs per pen) to 4 diets (6 pens per diet) based on corn-barley-soybean meal with 0, 10, 20 and 30% DDGS in a 42-d trial. Apparent total tract digestibilities (ATTD) of energy and other nutrients were determined using acid insoluble ash (AIA) as the indigestible marker. Inclusion of DDGS in the diets decreased (linear, P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and tended to decrease gain to feed ratio (G:F) (linear, P = 0.067) but not average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P > 0.10); however, pigs fed the 20% DDGS diet had similar ADG as pigs fed the 0% DDGS diet. Increasing DDGS content in the diet linearly decreased (P < 0.01) the ATTD of DM, energy and CP (cubic, P < 0.05) but not (P > 0.10) P and Ca; however, ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased (linear, P < 0.01) when DDGS was included in the diet. In Experiment 2, 24 pigs (19.9 ± 0.46 kg BW) were randomly assigned to 3 corn-soybean meal-basal diets (8 pigs per diet): Control (C, 0% DDGS); basal diet with 30% DDGS (C+30% DDGS) or C+30% DDGS supplemented with MC (C+30% DDGS+MC). On d 15, WBOC during the 24- to 30-h postprandial period was determined using an open-circuit indirect calorimeter on 4 pigs per diet. On d 28, pigs were killed to determine visceral organ mass and intestinal morphology. There was no diet effect (P > 0.10) on final BW, FWBOC, and liver, spleen, pancreas, heart, stomach and caecum weights relative to empty BW. However, pigs fed the C and C+30% DDGS+MC had heavier (P = 0.05) empty BW compared with those fed unsupplemented 30% DDGS-containing diet. Small intestine, colon plus rectum and the portal-drained viscera (PDV) were heavier (P < 0.05) in DDGS-fed pigs compared with C; supplementing with MC substantially decreased the effect of DDGS on the weight of these visceral organs. Feeding pigs DDGS tended to decrease (P < 0.10) villous height (VH) and VH:CD in the ileum. Results show that including DDGS in grower pig diets up to 20% has no effect on performance although ATTD of energy, DM, and N may be reduced. Inclusion of DDGS at 30% increased PDV mass and reduced dressing percentage but these effects were overcome by a multicarbohydrase enzyme supplementation.
Synergetic action of ceria nanoparticles and doxorubicin on the early development of two fish species, Danio rerio and Puntius tetrazona

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The combined action of ceria nanoparticles and doxorubicin on the early stages of ontogenesis of Danio rerio and Puntius tetrazona was studied.Results obtained indicate that there is a synergetic effect of CeO 2 nanoparticles and doxorubicin which is demonstrated by a high incidence of embryonic malformations in fish.This synergetic effect is more pronounced in tiger barbs than in zebrafish, and depends strongly on the synthetic route of ceria nanoparticles' preparation, the most notable effects being registered for citrate-stabilized nanoparticles.
Reliability Analysis Method for the Lateral Dynamics Performance of the Speed-Increased Wagon

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With the reliability analysis method,the lateral dynamics performance of the speed-increased wagons in the reliability test on the loop line was systematically studied.The failure evaluation on the lateral dynamics performance of the speed-increased wagons in the reliability test on the loop line was carried out by using evaluation technology of ground monitoring for the wagon's lateral dynamics performance based on Bayesian method.Reliability data in respect to the lateral dynamics performance of both the empty and loaded wagons were obtained.Since the reliability data of wagons featured with random truncation,few amount,small proportion of failure data,or without failure data and so on,the reliability data about the lateral dynamics performance of both the empty and loaded wagons were statistically analyzed by three-parameter Weibull distribution method respectively.The point estimation and fiducial limit estimation results of the reliability and the reliable life index were given.Results show that,when the fiducial degree is 90% and after 180 000 km operation of the speed-increased empty and loaded wagons,the lower limits for the reliability fiducial degree of the lateral dynamics performance is 0.770 and 0.861 respectively.When the reliability degree is 0.9,the lower limits for the reliable life of the lateral dynamics performance of the empty and loaded wagons is 60 000 km and 134,000 km respectively.
Optimizing Irrigation for Mechanized Concord Juice Grape Production

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background and goals

Economic considerations and water shortages associated with climate change are driving the conversion of many hand-pruned and furrow- or sprinkler-irrigated juice grape vineyards in arid eastern Washington to mechanical pruning and drip irrigation. However, juice grape producers have traditionally avoided plant water deficits, fearing a decline in vineyard productivity.

Methods and key findings

We conducted a six-year field trial to test the impact of eight drip-irrigation treatments on large, mechanically-pruned Concord grapevines. We found an estimated crop coefficient of 1.05 between fruit set and harvest. Replacing 75% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) from fruit set through harvest reduced annual irrigation water supply by 20% below that of the 100% ETc control without altering canopy size, yield, or juice composition. Decreasing the water supply from 100% to 50% ETc at veraison saved only 8% irrigation water, while irrigating at 50% ETc from fruit set through veraison, and 100% ETc thereafter, reduced irrigation water use by 30% but decreased canopy size and reduced yield by 14%. Replacing 150% of ETc between fruit set and veraison increased seasonal water use by 20% but did not alter yield or juice composition.

Conclusions and significance

Deficit irrigation does not impact crop yield and juice composition, so long as vines experience only mild water stress (midday stem water potential > −1 MPa) before veraison. Irrigating at 75% ETc to impose mild preveraison water stress and mild to moderate postveraison stress optimally balances the goals of water conservation and yield and quality sustainability in juice grape production.
Journalism in a Fractured World

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journalism in a Fractured World addresses the fractured nature of journalism as it has developed online. Engaging with theories from journalism studies and politics, it bases its findings on the study of peripheral journalistic media from the US, UK, and Netherlands. It addresses the pronounced animosity that has become a feature of peripheral, political, digital news. Focusing on the metajournalistic discourses produced by peripheral actors, it develops a framework to distinguish between peripheral antagonists and agonists. Antagonists blur lines between news and politics and foment societal divisions through narratives of backlash, fragmentation, and grievance. Journalistic agonists, on the other hand, are also political and critical, but offer a constructive vision of what journalism and society can become. Journalism in a Fractured World presents theories and frameworks for engaging with these actors with a clear-eyed message about the challenges journalism faces and how we might find our way forward, even in our fractured societies. "This timely work is essential reading for anyone trying to make sense of where society – and journalism – is heading." Matt Carlson, Professor of Journalism, University of Minnesota "Eldridge provides an analytical framework that I am convinced will be of use to everybody concerned with the plurality of news actors and what they mean in our fractured societies." Karoline Andrea Ihlebæk, Professor in Journalism, OsloMet University
Characteristics of pollen germination and pollen tube growth in in vivo sand pear styles

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two pear cultivars with different self incompatible strength,Housui and Kikusui,were self pollinated and Housui was pollinated with the pollen of Kikusui,respectively.Following characteristics of pollen germination and pollen tube growth were observed with fluorescence microscope.Both the self and cross pollinated pollen grains on the stigma had a high percentage of pollen germination that was up to over 95%,and there was no distinct difference between them.However,the speed of pollen tube growth and the place where pollen tube growth arrested of both in in vivo style were different.The pollen tube growth of Housui self pollinated completely arrested at the upper one third of the style,which behaved strong self incompatibility.While the arrest of pollen tube growth of Kikusui self pollinated most occurred at the upper one third of the style,only some pollen tubes still grew to the style bottom,which made Kikusui behave as a weakly self incompatible cultivar.Although some cross pollinated pollen tube growth arrested in the styles,lots of pollen tubes still grew to the style bottom,which behaved cross compatibility.The self pollinated pollen tubes in the styles often followed curve,swell and front deformation before arresting growth,but not the cross pollinated ones in the styles.
Hepatic Metabolism of 3a-Hydroxy-5f-Etianic Acid (3a-Hydroxy-5f-Androstan-17f3-Carboxylic Acid) in the Adult Rat

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

shown to contain short-chain (C20-C22) bile acids and, recently, these compounds have been identified in sera of patients with cholestasis. This suggests that short-chain bile acids may be secreted in bile. We have ex-amined this point by studying the hepatic metabolism and biliary secretion of one naturally occurring C20 bile acid, 3a-hydroxy-5,3-etianic acid (3a-hydroxy-5fB-androstan-17f3-carboxylic acid). [3-3H]-3a-hydroxy-5,3-etianic acid was prepared and administered intravenously to rats prepared with an external biliary fistula. 85.5±1.2 % of the administered dose was recovered in bile over 20 h with 71.5±1.3% appearing in the first hour. 11.9±1.6 % of the dose was estimated to be distributed in body water and 0.6±0.2% was recovered as organic matter in urine. Total re-covery of label was 98.0±2.6%. Administration of mil-ligram quantities of 3a-hydroxy-5#3-etianic acid pro-duced an increase in bile flow (58.9±7.1 % over basal levels) within 20 min after injection of the steroid. The radiolabeled material in bile was shown by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to be a polar conjugate which, after 13-glucuronidase hydrolysis, cochromato-graphed with authentic free 3a-hydroxy-5f3-etianic acid. After purification, and derivatization, the steroid moiety was proven by gas chromatography-mass spec-trometry to be identical to 3a-hydroxy-513-etianic acid. Characterization of the conjugate by TLC and by 3a-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase assay, before and after 3-glucuronidase hydrolysis, indicated that the steroid was secreted in bile as the 3-O-f3-glucuronide.
An Appraisal of Stock Market Circuit Breakers

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In October of 1987 stock market prices all over the world fell by staggering amounts. A financial panic spreading beyond stock markets did not occur and it would appear that any real economic consequences of the crash have, thus far, been small. A superficial reading of economic history suggests that things might have turned out a whole lot worse. It is this thought that makes an evaluation of various restrictions designed to limit stock market volatility ‐ so called circuit breakers ‐ timely.
Growth Hormone Therapy in Recurrent Implantation Failure: Stratification by FSH Receptor Polymorphism (Asn680Ser) Reveals Genotype-Specific Benefits

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) remains a challenging clinical problem. Growth hormone (GH) co-treatment has been explored as an adjunct in poor responders and RIF patients, with inconsistent evidence of benefit. This prospective cohort study assessed the impact of GH supplementation in 91 RIF patients undergoing in vitro fertilization, stratified by FSHR (follicular stimulating hormone receptor) genotype Asn680Ser with or without GH supplementation. Patients were stratified by FSHR genotype into homozygous Ser/Ser versus Ser/Asn or Asn/Asn groups. Overall, GH co-treatment conferred modest benefits in the unselected RIF cohort, limited to a higher cumulative live birth rate compared to controls and elevated leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) levels (p < 0.05 both). When stratified by FSHR genotype, the Ser/Ser subgroup exhibited markedly better outcomes with GH. These patients showed a higher (0.5 vs. 0.33, p = 0.003), produced more embryos (2.88 vs. 1.53, p = 0.02), and had a markedly improved cumulative live birth rate—50% with GH versus 13% without—highlighting a clinically meaningful benefit of GH in the Ser/Ser subgroup. No significant benefit was observed in Asn allele carriers. These findings suggest that FSHR genotyping may help optimize treatment selection in RIF patients by identifying those most likely to benefit from GH supplementation.
Evaluation of Copper Chelation Therapy in a Transgenic Rat Model of Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is characterized by the accumulation of the amyloid β (Aβ) protein in blood vessels and leads to hemorrhages, strokes, and dementia in elderly individuals. Recent reports have shown elevated copper levels colocalized with vascular amyloid in human CAA and Alzheimer's disease patients, which have been suggested to contribute to cytotoxicity through the formation of reactive oxygen species. Here, we treated a transgenic rat model of CAA (rTg-DI) with the copper-specific chelator, tetrathiomolybdate (TTM), via intraperitoneal (IP) administration for 6 months to determine if it could lower copper content in vascular amyloid deposits and modify CAA pathology. Results showed that TTM treatment led to elevated Aβ load in the hippocampus of the rTg-DI rats and increased microbleeds in the wild type (WT) animals. X-ray fluorescence microscopy was performed to image the distribution of copper and revealed a surprising increase in copper colocalized with Aβ aggregates in TTM-treated rTg-DI rats. Unexpectedly, we also found an increase in the copper content in unaffected vessels of both rTg-DI and WT animals. These results show that IP administration of TTM was ineffective in removing copper from vascular Aβ aggregates in vivo and increased the development of disease pathology in CAA.
Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Galactose Oxidase: A New Interpretation Based on Model Compound Free Radical Spectra

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTResonance Raman Spectroscopy of Galactose Oxidase: A New Interpretation Based on Model Compound Free Radical SpectraMichael L. McGlashen, Daniel D. Eads, Thomas G. Spiro, and James W. WhittakerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 14, 4918–4922Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100014a008https://doi.org/10.1021/j100014a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views355Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Avian metapneumovirus subgroup C induces autophagy through the ATF6 UPR pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that macroautophagy/autophagy plays an important role in the infectious processes of diverse pathogens. However, it remains unknown whether autophagy is induced in avian metapneumovirus (aMPV)-infected host cells, and, if so, how this occurs. Here, we report that aMPV subgroup C (aMPV/C) induces autophagy in cultured cells. We demonstrated this relationship by detecting classical autophagic features, including the formation of autophagsomes, the presence of GFP-LC3 puncta and the conversation of LC3-I into LC3-II. Also, we used pharmacological regulators and siRNAs targeting ATG7 or LC3 to examine the role of autophagy in aMPV/C replication. The results showed that autophagy is required for efficient replication of aMPV/C. Moreover, infection with aMPV/C promotes autophagosome maturation and induces a complete autophagic process. Finally, the ATF6 pathway, of which one component is the unfolded protein response (UPR), becomes activated in aMPV/C-infected cells. Knockdown of ATF6 inhibited aMPV/C-induced autophagy and viral replication. Collectively, these results not only show that autophagy promotes aMPV/C replication in the cultured cells, but also reveal that the molecular mechanisms underlying aMPV/C-induced autophagy depends on regulation of the ER stress-related UPR pathway.
Sourcing the source: Bald Eagle Jasper quarries and the Houserville Habitation Complex

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The construction of a road extension of Park Avenue through the Pennsylvania State University’s agricultural fields offered an opportunity to reinvestigate, in more detail, the Tudek jasper quarry site (36CE238). The original investigation was led by Dr. James Hatch and graduate students from the University’s Department of Anthropology. Initial studies yielded in excess of 27,000 artifacts that were used in this analysis. Our reinvestigation resulted in the construction of a detailed outline of the quarry site and the pattern of usage of the materials from the site. Additionally, radiocarbon dating indicated that the site was intensively utilized for a long period of time (3500 BC to 1500 AD) and confirmed that, like many quarry sites, the activities included primary materials collection and testing, reduction of the lithic materials for transport to another location where the final finishing of tools took place. Moreover, the availability of raw material likely changed through time and across the quarry. Observed color changes in the jasper suggest some heat treatment on site, primarily during later time periods.