jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Virulence and diversity of Puccinia striiformis in South Russia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Puccinia striiformis causes wheat yield losses in all countries where wheat is cultivated. Virulence and diversity of the P. striiformis were assessed in 2013–2018 in South Russia, and this showed that the North Caucasian population of the pathogen was diverse. One hundred and eighty two virulence phenotypes were identified in 186 P. striiformis isolates. Among isolates collected in 2014, 2015, and 2018, all phenotypes were unique. In the 2013 and 2017 populations, phenotypes with few (one to eight) virulence alleles prevailed. In the 2014, 2015, and 2018 populations, most of the phenotypes contained greater numbers (nine to 19) of virulence alleles. Over the 5 years of research, the pathogen population lacked isolates virulent to the host Yr resistance genes 3, 5, 26, and Sp. Single (from 1 to 5%) occurrences of isolates virulent to host lines with Yr genes 3a, 17, 24, 3b + 4a + H46, and 3c + Min were identified. Differences in frequencies of virulence alleles between years in the P. striiformis populations (Ney indices, N) were generally non-significant (N = 0.11 to 0.23), with the exception of the populations in 2013 and 2017 (N = 0.37). The minimum N values was found for the populations of 2015 and 2018 (N = 0.10). Over the five years of this study, the dynamics of the virulence of the population and jumps in the frequency of isolates with respect to many Yr genes were identified. This feature of the P. striiformis populations in South Russia, combined with high phenotypic diversity, indicates the ability for rapid race formation and morphogenesis in response to changes in biotic and abiotic factors.
Further Exploration of Aza-Cobalt-Cyclobutenes on CoIII(TIM) Complexes: Reactivity and Spectroelectrochemistry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The reaction between [CoIII(TIM)Cl2]PF6 (TIM is 2,3,9,10-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradeca-1,3,8,10-tetraene) and electron-rich terminal alkynes (HC2Y, Y = 4-N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)aniline (TPA) or Fc) yielded a pair of constitutional isomers: 1-aza-2-cobalt-cyclobutene-containing trans-[Co(TIM′)((HC═C)Y)Cl]+ (1a (TPA) and 2a (Fc); TIM′ is the resultant derivative of TIM) and σ-coordinated trans-[Co(TIM)(C2Y)Cl]+ (1b (TPA) and 2b (Fc)). Additionally, the reactivity of the 1-aza-2-cobalt-cyclobutene species was explored based on trans-[Co(TIM′)((HC═C)Fc)Cl]PF6 (2a) because of its good synthetic yield. The reaction of 2a with AgOTf in MeCN resulted in trans-[Co(TIM′)((HC═C)Fc)(NCMe)](PF6)(OTf) (3), and the reaction with KCN in MeOH yielded trans-[Co(TIM′)((HC═C)Fc)CN]PF6 (4). Similarly, trans-[Co(TIM)(C2Ph)(CN)]PF6 (5) was prepared from the reaction between KCN and trans-[Co(TIM)(C2Ph)Cl]PF6. Molecular structures of 1b and 3–5 were established through single crystal X-ray diffraction. Electrochemical studies of 2–4 revealed that these complexes display an irreversible CoIII reduction as well as a reversible one electron ferrocenyl oxidation between 0.11 and 0.18 V (vs Fc+1/0). UV–vis spectroelectrochemical studies revealed a CoIII to Fc+ charge-transfer upon the one electron oxidation of 2a and 2b.
PiSCP1 and PiCDPK2 Localize to Peroxisomes and Are Involved in Pollen Tube Growth in Petunia Inflata

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Petunia inflata small CDPK-interacting protein 1 (PiSCP1) was identified as a pollen expressed PiCDPK1 interacting protein using the yeast two hybrid system and the interaction confirmed using pull-down and phosphorylation assays. PiSCP1 is pollen specific and shares amino acid homology with uncharacterized proteins from diverse species of higher plants, but no protein of known function. Expression of PiSCP1-GFP in vivo inhibited pollen tube growth and was shown to localize to peroxisomes in growing pollen tubes. As PiCDPK1 is plasma membrane localized, we investigated the localization of a second isoform, PiCDPK2, and show that it co-localizes to peroxisomes with PiSCP1 and that the two proteins interact in the yeast 2 hybrid interaction assay, suggesting that interaction with the latter CDPK isoform is likely the one of biological relevance. Both PiCDPK2 and PiSCP1 affect pollen tube growth, presumably by mediating peroxisome function, however how they do so is currently not clear.
Representaciones sociales del embarazo y la maternidad en adolescentes primigestantes y multigestantes en Bogotá Social representations of motherhood and pregnancy in adolescents attending their first pregnancy and adolescents with more than one pregnancy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

RESUMENObjetivos Caracterizar las representaciones sociales de la maternidad y el embarazo en adolescentes que estan cursando su primer embarazo y en adolescentes con mas de un embarazo. Materiales y metodos Investigacion cualitativa interpretativa. Como metodos de recoleccion de informacion se utilizaron: red de asociaciones, entrevista en profundidad y la observacion participante. Se utilizo la triangulacion metodologica individual y por grupo de participantes. Resultados Las representaciones sociales del embarazo y la maternidad en adolescentes convergentes en ambas poblaciones (primigestantes y multigestantes) son: nuevo estatus social, miedo al rechazo familiar y decisiones trascendentales. Y las representaciones sociales exclusivas de las primigestantes son: la postergacion de los estudios, la dependencia familiar y economica y la figura del padre como proveedor; las de las multigestantes a su vez estan ligadas a la desercion escolar, la inde-pendencia familiar y economica y el padre del hijo es contenedor emocional. Ademas, el bebe ocupa un lugar diferenciado en los dos grupos. Mientras que en las multigestantes hace parte del nucleo figurativo de la representacion ligado al amor, en las primigestantes no es el centro de atencion y queda relegada su importancia frente a otros contenidos de la representacion.
Assessment and Management of Chemical Risks

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Risk is the probability of injury or death. For some activities we encounter no great difficulties in determining risk. Thus, it is possible to estimate quite accurately the risks of accidental death due to such activities as driving a car, working in a coal mine, riding a bicycle, hiking in the desert, or eating low-acid canned foods (botulism). Estimation of such risks is readily accomplished because historical statistical data are available, and because there is little difficulty in demonstrating the causal connections between injury and these types of activities. To estimate such risks is the work of actuaries, most of whom are employed by insurance companies.
Profiling Money Laundering with Neural Networks: a Case Study on Environmental Crime Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper studies the problem of applying artificial intelligence (AI) methods to profiling financial crime behavior, more specifically money laundering in a context of environmental trafficking. The main objective is to provide a tool based on Neural Networks (NNs) for identification and analysis of suspicious transactions. This study is part of a collaborative research project with HSBC and we paid particular attention to real-world financial industry constraints, like real-time fast processing and explainability.
Awareness of pictorial warning on cigarette packets and its impact on smoking cessation among smokers in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh: A cross-sectional study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Pictorial warnings are effective in promoting smoking cessation as shown by researches in the developed countries. The Government of India has also introduced pictorial warnings as one of the strategies among different tobacco control strategies. Objective: The objective of this study was to find the awareness of pictorial warnings present on cigarette packets and its impact on smoking cessation among cigarette smokers in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 200 patients attending the outpatient department in the Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnosis from May 1, 2010 to August 31, 2010. Structured questionnaire consisted of demographic details, health-related issues of smoking, awareness about pictorial warning, and impact to quit smoking. Results: Among the study patients, maximum number of patients who were using any form of tobacco products were 35-44-year-old, and higher consumption was seen among the people from lower socioeconomic status. Younger age group, i.e., ≤25 years, those with higher socioeconomic status, urban residence, and literate were more aware about pictorial warning on cigarette packs and majority of them were about to quit smoking. Conclusion: Pictorial warning is an effective method to improve the awareness among smokers on the deleterious effects of smoking. The present study has shown significant results as the youngsters are less involved in the habit of smoking, aware about pictorial warning on the cigarette pack depicts, and motivated to quit smoking after knowing the harmful effects which the warning on packs reveals.
Traffic Control Improvements for Urban Arterial Work Zones

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Numerous improvement projects on urban arterial streets cause significant changes in traffic operation and safety. A review of the design standard documents shows that the majority of guidelines related to work zone design do not adequately reflect the specifics of urban arterial streets. In turn, the traffic control plan developments are greatly affected by the designers' background and experience. Therefore, the conducted study was focused on identifying current traffic control problems on urban arterial street work zones, developing countermeasures for improvements, and developing recommendations for changes to the Texas Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, and for supplemental guidelines on traffic control plan development. Accident statistics analysis, field observations of work zones on urban arterial streets and the questionnaire survey of Texas Department of Transportation personnel identified existing traffic control problems. Based on the joint analysis of the identified problems and principles of human perception, the guidelines for traffic control plans on urban arterial street work zones were developed. The development includes recommendations for urban street work zone signing and traffic control device location, better suited to human abilities and behavior. The effectiveness of the developed recommendations was tested in computer experiments and field studies.
Ecuadorian Englishes: what's behind model preferences?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The continuing emergence of local varieties of English in the Expanding Circle (Bolton, 2012; Sharifian, 2010; Takeshita, 2010; Xu, 2010) raises questions about these English users' orientations toward native English norms and standards, as theories of language use (normativity, Kachru, 1985) and power (hegemony, Phillipson, 1992; Woolard, 1985) predict a shift toward locally-derived norms and standards at the expense of Inner Circle norms and standards when English is used locally. However, it remains to be shown empirically whether or not local English use in the Expanding Circle and a positive orientation toward the local variety entail a negative orientation toward Inner Circle norms and standards. In order to answer this question, this study investigates attitudes of Ecuadorian university English learners toward Inner Circle and local varieties of English, their English use, and factors that affect their orientations.\n\nResults show that despite orienting positively toward the local English variety and using it with other Ecuadorians, participants also oriented positively toward Inner Circle varieties. This finding suggests that orientation toward Inner Circle and local varieties constitutes two distinct constructs. I argue that a consenting consciousness is behind participants' positive view of Inner Circle models, while increasing local English use is behind participants' positive view of the local variety. I conclude that a desire to increase social status leads participants to use English with other Ecuadorians and that a need to maintain solidarity leads participants to localize some English forms when speaking to fellow nationals.
The Communication Barriers between Teachers and Parents in Primary Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Problem Statement: In educational institutions, theeffectiveness of communication between teachers and parents, in terms ofstudent achievement and attendance, has a great importance. Parent-teachercommunication provides multi-faceted benefits to teachers, the school, andparents as well. However, various obstacles hinder the realization of effectiveparent-teacher communication in school settings.Purpose of Study: The main purposeof this study is to determine the communication barriers between parents andteachers, based on the views of primary school teachers. This study is seen as important since itaddresses the barriers in communication, which is seen as vital for achievingeducational aims effectively. Effective communication provides achievement andimprovement by providing support to parents, students, teachers, and schoolsand promoting appropriate environments.Method: This research is a survey type descriptivestudy. Due to the stratified and random type sample formation, 850 teacherswere considered to be taken into the research sample; however, 514 of thedistributed questionnaires were found valid. The data collection tool used wasa four-dimensioned scale developed by the researchers themselves. In the analysisof the data, parametric and non-parametric tests were used.Findings: The findings revealed that teachersexperienced “individual” barriers at a “general” level, but other“socio-cultural,” “accessibility,” and “field and status” related barriers at wereexperienced at the “very rare” level without any significant differencesconsidering the gender and branches of the teachers. However, novice teachers(5 years and less work experience) stated significantly the most individualbarriers and the most barriers related to the other dimensions as well.Results andSuggestions: The results obtained in this study show the same major communicationpreventive issues between teachers and parents documented in the literature.Thus, results such as physical distance, socio-cultural differences (language,dress, values), meeting with parents only when money is required, parents’ lackof trust in teachers and their unwillingness for cooperation, parents’financial problems and lack of interest about informing parents of school-relatedissues, inappropriate schedule of school activities, teachers’ misbehaviors,parents’ education level, parents’ mistrust in teachers and managers, and thelike also confirm the situation represented in previous research.&amp;nbsp; It was recommended that school managers andteachers adopt an open-door policy for parents; and the schools should take theinitiative of realizing collaborative efforts among the school staff, parents,and other relevant institutions in order to eliminate communication barriers.The training of the school administrators, teachers, and families about gainingeffective communication skills that will contribute to student achievementshould be emphasized.
The Reader’s Advisory Guide to Graphic Novels: BY Francisca GoldsmithALA Readers’ Advisory Series. Chicago: American Library Association, 2010. 124 pp. US$ 45.00 soft cover ISBN 9780838910085

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Review(s) of: The Reader's Advisory Guide to Graphic Novels, by Francisca Goldsmith, ALA Readers' Advisory Series. Chicago: American Library Association, 2010. 124 pp. US$ 45.00 soft cover ISBN 9780838910085.
Evaluation of the Level of Services Provided to Persons with Disabilities in Jordan

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: The study aimed to identify the level of general and specialized services related to persons with disabilities in Jordan. Material and Method: where the descriptive approach was used, in addition to using the questionnaire as a tool for the study. The questionnaire was applied to a sample consisting of (100) persons with disabilities and (300) parents of persons with disabilities, in order to find out the level of services provided to persons with disabilities. Results: and the results showed that the level of general and specialized services provided to such people in Jordan came up to a moderate degree, as a shortage appeared in some of these services. Conclusions: Expanding the care and rehabilitation services for people with disabilities in Jordan in quantity and quality to include remote areas and marginalized groups, as well as searching for people with disabilities who have not received services due to family ignorance or shame and organizing rehabilitative programs and services for people with disabilities and their guardians.
Listening to Stanley Kubrick: The Music in His Films By Christine Lee Gengaro. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, pp. 305. $66.00 paper

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"Listening to Stanley Kubrick: The Music in His Films By Christine Lee Gengaro. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, pp. 305. $66.00 paper." Journal of Popular Film and Television, 44(2), pp. 121–122
Survival of Brevibacterium linens (ATCC 9174) after Spray Drying, Freeze Drying, or Freezing

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The objectives of this work were to: (1) contrast spray drying, freeze drying and freezing for large‐scale preservation of B. linens , (2) determine the thermal resistance curves, and (3) measure the storage stability. When B. linens was freeze‐dried and frozen in feed suspensions containing 3% (w/v) cell paste and 25% (w/w) total solids, survival was 100%. During spray drying, lethal thermal injury was the main cause of loss of viability. Accordingly, by extrapolation, 100% viability would be possible at an outlet‐air temperature of 57°C. Spray‐dried and freeze‐dried cells were stable during storage at 4°C in the absence of oxygen and moisture.
Bio-necropolitics as a form of government and the genocide of the Yanomami people

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present research aims, through a correlation of the concepts of biopolitics and necropolitics, developed respectively by Michel Foucault and Achille Mbembe, to discuss, through bibliographical research, the precarious situation in which the Yanomami people find themselves in the face of the invasion of their lands by the illegal mining industry. Therefore, it will be argued that this precarious situation goes beyond mere government neglect or involuntary acts but represents a project of extermination of the Yanomami population, that is, necropolitics. Thus, this research will expound on the concepts of biopolitics and necropolitics, so that the conflict between the Yanomami people and the invasion of illegal mining can be understood not merely as an isolated phenomenon, but rather as part of a comprehensive political project of extermination and systematic violation of human rights.
Effects ofOxalis barrelieriL. (Oxalidaceae) aqueous extract on diarrhea induced byShigella dysenteriaetype 1 in rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Aim Oxalis barrelieri is a medicinal plant commonly used in Cameroon, for the treatment of many diarrheal diseases. The antibacterial properties of O barrelieri aqueous extract (WOb) against Shigella dysenteriae type 1 were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Methods A ntibacterial activity was evaluated in vitro by disc diffusion method and by macrodilution method. S dysenteriae type 1 at a dose of 1.2 × 10 9 CFU was administrated orally to rats to induce shigellosis. For 6 consecutive days, diarrheic rats were treated with O barrelieri aqueous extract (50 and 100 mg/kg BW) or norfloxacin (20 mg/kg BW). The diarrheal stool weight and S dysenteriae type 1 density were assessed during the treatment period, and death rate recorded. Nitric oxide production in blood and in colonic homogenate and blood parameters were assessed, and the histological section of the colon was performed in the survivors. Results The minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal bactericidal concentration of WOb were, respectively, 6 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL. The mean minimal bactericidal concentration/minimal inhibitory concentration ratio for WOb against S dysenteriae type 1 was high (˃4); WOb could be classified as a bacteriostatic drug. WOb significantly ( P < .01) reduced bacterial density and diarrheal stool weight. WOb decreased nitric oxide production ( P < .01) in the large intestine and protected the mucosa of the colon from bacterial destruction. Conclusion The results suggest that O barrelieri aqueous extract possesses bacteriostatic and antidiarrheal activities and reduces damages caused to intestinal mucosa barrier by pathogenic mechanisms of Shigella . This extract could be used as an alternative therapeutic for infectious diarrhea.
Anatomical comparison of wild-type and non-nodulating mutant chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Non-nodulating chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) mutant PM233B was characterized anatomically via comparison with its normally nodulating parent line ICC 640. Root hair and cortical cell infection threads, cortical cell division centers, and nodule formation were observed by light microscopy in serial root sections of ICC 640, but were absent in PM233B. Scanning electron microscope observations of inoculated root sections showed that ICC 640 and PM233B were indistinguishable in adsorption of chickpea Rhizobium strain CC1192. Thus, the rhizobial infection process was blocked in PM233B at a stage subsequent to root hair adsorption of bacteria, but prior to initiation of infection threads and root cortical cell division. Reciprocal shoot grafts between ICC 640 and PM233B demonstrated that the non-nodulation phenotype of PM233B was controlled by the root, and not the shoot, genotype. Key words: chickpea, Cicer arietinum, root nodule, symbiosis, non-nodulating mutant.
Local Ordinal Classification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Given ordered classes, one is not only concerned to maximize the classification accuracy, but also to minimize the distances between the actual and the predicted classes. This paper offers an organized study on the various methodologies that have tried to handle this problem and presents an experimental study of these methodologies with the proposed local ordinal technique, which locally converts the original ordinal class problem into a set of binary class problems that encode the ordering of the original classes. The paper concludes that the proposed technique can be a more robust solution to the problem because it minimizes the distances between the actual and the predicted classes as well as improves the classification accuracy.