jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Protein fractionation and properties of salicornia meal

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Salicornia bigelovii Torr. is an annual salt‐marsh oilseed plant. Hexane‐defatted salicornia meal was extracted sequentially with 0.5 M sodium chloride (2x), water, 70% ethanol, and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide (2x). Each sodium chloride extract was dialyzed against deionized water and centrifuged to separate a water‐soluble fraction (albumin) from a salt‐soluble fraction (globulin) before freeze‐drying. Ethanol extracts and neutralized sodium hydroxide extracts (glutelin) were dialyzed against water and freeze‐dried. Globulin accounted for the highest amount of protein nitrogen, followed by glutelin and albumin. SDS‐PAGE of reduced albumin, globulin, and glutelin showed a number of protein bands. Nitrogen solubility of defatted salicornia meal from pH 2 to 11 indicated a minimum solubility of 22%, around pH 4.5. Nonprotein nitrogen of defatted meal was 23% of total nitrogen, higher than defatted soybean, sunflower, and rapeseed meals. Albumin had the highest proportion of lysine and sulfur amino acids per 16 g nitrogen among all the fractions analyzed.
The Impact of Fairness Concerns on the Formation of Retailers Alliance with Consideration of Transshipment

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper investigated the impact of fairness concerns on the formation of the inventory transshipment strategy alliance through its impact on the ordering decisions and profits of two retailers. The paper introduced reference point dependency to describe the retailer’s fairness concerns utility function, and modeled the strategic alliance system consisting of two retailers involved in transshipment. The conditions for the existence of Nash equilibrium solutions were given. The paper solved the impact of the fairness parameters on order quantities and profits by the implicit function theorem. Based on the theoretical analysis and numerical examples, this paper investigated the formation of a strategic alliance under asymmetric and symmetric fairness concerns. The results are as follows: (1) under asymmetric fairness concerns, when the transshipment price of the retailer with no fairness concerns is no more than the transshipment price of the retailer with fairness concerns, an inventory transshipment strategy alliance can be formed. Otherwise the retailer with no fairness concerns may need to pay the retailer with fairness concerns certain fees in order to form a strategic alliance; (2) under symmetric fairness concerns, two completely symmetric retailers can form strategic alliances.
MetaWBC: POSIX-Compliant Metadata Write-Back Caching for Distributed File Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In parallel and distributed file systems, caching can improve data performance and metadata operations. Currently, most distributed file systems adopt a write-back data cache for performance and a write-through metadata cache for simplifying consistency. However, with modern file systems scales and workloads, write-through metadata caching can impact overall file system performance, e.g., through lock contention and heavy RPC loads required for namespace synchronization and transaction serialization. This paper proposes a novel metadata write-back caching (MetaWBC) mechanism to improve the performance of metadata operations in distributed environments. To achieve extreme metadata performance, we developed a fast, lightweight, and POSIXcompatible memory file system as a metadata cache. Further, we designed a file caching state machine and included other performance optimizations. We coupled MetaWbc with Lustre and evaluated that MetaWbc can outperform the native parallel file system by up to 8x for metadata-intensive benchmarks, and up to 7x for realistic workloads in throughput.
Registration-based initialization during radiation therapy planning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An established challenge in the field of image analysis has been the registration of images having a large initial misalignment. For example in chemo and Radiation Therapy Planning (RTP), there is often a need to register an image delineating a specific anatomy (usually in the surgery position) with that of a whole body image (obtained preoperatively). In such a scenario, there is room for a large misalignment between the two images that are required to be aligned. Large misalignments are traditionally handled in two ways: 1) Semi-automatically with a user initialization or 2) With the help of the origin fields in the image header. The first approach is user dependant and the second method can be used only if the two images are obtained from the same scanner with consistent origins. Our methodology extends a typical registration framework by selecting components that are capable of searching a large parameter space without settling on local optima. We have used an optimizer that is based on an Evolutionary Scheme along with an information theory based similarity metric that can address these needs. The attempt in this study is to convert a large misalignment problem to a small misalignment problem that can then be handled using application specific registration algorithms. Further improvements along local areas can be obtained by subjecting the image to a non-rigid transformation. We have successfully registered the following pairs of images without any user initialization: CTAC - simCT (neuro, lungs); MRPET/ CT (neuro, liver); T2-SPGR (neuro).
[Transtentorial ventriculocisternostomy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transtentorial ventriculocisternostomy was performed on 21 patients. It led to the correction of the hypertensive-occlusive phenomena in all of them. No accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the soft tissues along the shunt-tubes, liquorrhea or purulent complications were encountered in the postoperative period. Transtentorial ventriculocisternostomy is indicated as the final stage of exploratory trephination of the posterior cranial fossa during which occlusion of the c.s.f. passages, irreparable by any other means, is revealed. It may also be the operation of choice for patients in whom high occlusion was diagnosed during a preoperative examination. Irrespective of the level and causes of occlusion of the c.s.f. passages and the operative method, bilateral ventriculocisternostomy is expedient.
Predator control, mesopredator release, and impacts on bird nesting success: a field test

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The mesopredator release hypothesis predicts that reductions in top-predator abundance in a community will increase the abundance or activity of smaller ‘mesopredators’, and increase predation pressure on mesopredator prey, including bird nests. Top predators have been extensively controlled in rangelands managed for sheep in South Africa, because top predators prey on sheep. To test whether this control of top predators has increased nest predation risk for breeding birds in rangeland landscapes, I compared nest predation rates between rangeland areas subject to predator control, and large protected areas with no predator control. An artificial nest experiment found that nest predation by mammalian mesopredators was non-significantly higher in rangeland areas, providing weak support for increased predation by mammalian mesopredators as a consequence of mesopredator release. However, nest predation rates on natural nests of a suite of nine species did not differ between rangeland and protected area landscapes. Thus, control of top predators does not appear to reduce bird nesting success in this system. This result may reflect complex interactions between mammalian mesopredators and other predators of birds' nests, particularly snakes.
Formulation and Evaluation of Buccal Tablets of Diclofenac Sodium using Semi-Synthetic Polymers

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The purpose of this research work is to formulate and evaluate diclofenac sodium buccal tablets using semi-synthetic polymers such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose K4M (HPMC K4M), methyl cellulose (MC) and sodium carboxyl methyl cellulose (SCMC) along with ethyl cellulose (EC) as the backing membrane. The drug excipient compatibility study was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The diclofenac sodium buccal tablets were formulated by direct compression method. The prepared diclofenac sodium buccal tablet were evaluated for general appearance, hardness, weight variation, thickness, swelling studies, drug content, friability test, in vitro disintegration test, in vitro dissolution test, in vitro drug release kinetic and ex vivo residence time.
CHINA’S HEALTH SILK ROAD REIMAGINING GEOPOLITICAL INFLUENCE THROUGH THE MEDICAL DIPLOMACY IN THE MIDDLE EAST

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research article extensively examines the various aspects of the relationship beyond the limited scope of economic cooperation. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of China includes the Health Silk Road HSR, which is intended to improve public health and promote global collaboration in the healthcare industry. The purpose of this article is to analyze the different aspects of the relationship between China and the Middle East. These aspects include cultural exchange, education initiatives, technological partnerships, partnerships in healthcare, infrastructure development, environmental sustainability efforts, and exchanges of diplomacy. Additionally, it will explore the importance of interpersonal interactions, tourism, academic exchanges, and cultural understanding in nurturing a strong connection between China and the Middle East. HSR aims to improve global collaboration in health, increase China's leadership in health around the world, and fortify the healthcare infrastructure. We thoroughly examined the goals of HSR, which encompass the improvement of healthcare infrastructure, the promotion of collaboration in global health, and the expansion of China's leadership in global health. Furthermore, we conducted a thorough examination of the healthcare collaboration between China and Pakistan, which is part of the Economic Corridor between China and Pakistan (CPEC). This is an instance of research. Our findings suggest that HSR has both beneficial and detrimental ramifications. On the ideal side, HSR has led to enhanced medical services and infrastructure, as well as developing capability in the participating nations. But there are also big obstacles to overcome, such as making sure the infrastructure and services are sustainable and of high quality, controlling the sustainability of the loan, encouraging openness in project execution, and dealing with China's geopolitical influence. Five drivers drive China's HSR, according to the report: financial gain, power in diplomacy, enhancing one's reputation, maintaining regional stability, and health security. The WHO Global Collaboration and CPEC are the main topics of the summary. This study offers a thorough grasp of the numerous effects of HSR and highlights the necessity of open communication, collaboration, and the exchange of best procedures among interested parties. This study highlights the significance of international collaboration by evaluating the motivations, consequences, and concerns of HSR. Scholars, practitioners of global health and politicians may all benefit from the enlightening knowledge it offers.
Geographical Disparities in Pooled Stroke Incidence and Case Fatality in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao: Protocol for a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (Preprint)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND

Geographical variations in stroke incidence and case fatality in China have been reported. Nonetheless, pooled estimates in major Chinese regions are unknown.

OBJECTIVE

This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate pooled estimates of incidence and short-term case fatality of stroke in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao.

METHODS

Longitudinal studies published in English and indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Web of Science, or in Chinese and indexed in SinoMed and CQVIP will be targeted. Articles reporting on adults living in China who experience first-ever stroke or die within 1 year from newly onset stroke will be included. The 95% confidence intervals of the event will be estimated using the exact method based on the Poisson distribution. The log incidence rates together with their corresponding log standard errors will be meta-analyzed using DerSimonian and Laird random effects models. Pooled case fatality rates will also be estimated using a random effect model. Time trends in pooled age-standardized stroke incidence and case fatality will be estimated. The heterogeneity of the included studies will be measured using the I<sup>2</sup> statistic and meta-regressions will be run to analyze the effect of reported covariates on found heterogeneity. Risk of bias will be examined using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Publication bias will be tested using funnel plots and Egger tests. Sensitivity analysis will be run by risk of bias.

RESULTS

This study was funded and registered in 2020. The systematic searches, study selections, and quality assessments were completed in July 2021. Data extraction and analysis and manuscript writing are scheduled to be completed by December 2021.

CONCLUSIONS

This will be the first study to provide regional differences in pooled estimates of stroke incidence with case fatality in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macao. This study will assist in addressing inequalities in stroke care across China.

CLINICALTRIAL

PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews CRD42020170724; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=170724

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

PRR1-10.2196/32566
Productivity and Firm Selection: Quantifying the "New" Gains from Trade

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We discuss how standard computable equilibrium models of trade policy can be enriched with selection effects without missing other important channels of adjustment. This is achieved by estimating and simulating a partial equilibrium model that accounts for a number of real world effects of trade liberalisation: richer availability of product varieties; tougher competition and weaker market power of firms; better exploitation of economies of scale; and, of course, efficiency gains via the selection of the most efficient firms. The model is estimated on E.U. data and simulated in counterfactual scenarios that capture several dimensions of European integration. Simulations suggest that the gains from trade are much larger in the presence of selection effects. Even in a relatively integrated economy as the E.U., dismantling residual trade barriers would deliver relevant welfare gains stemming from lower production costs, smaller markups, lower prices, larger firm scale and richer product variety. We believe our analysis provides enough ground to support the inclusion of firm heterogeneity and selection effects in the standard toolkit of trade policy evaluation.
Pancreatic Beta Cell Function in Offspring of Conjugal Diabetic Parents. Assessment by IRI and C-Peptide Ratio

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serum C-peptide and insulin responses to oral glucose load were measured in 69 offspring of conjugal diabetic parents (OCDP). The insulin responses were varied. The non obese OCDP showed higher mean insulin levels than non obese controls while the obese OCDP did not have significant differences in the mean insulin responses compared to obese controls. The C-peptide levels were, however, low in both obese and non-obese OCDP. The IRI/CP ratios were elevated in both groups of OCDP. These results suggest that OCDP have low beta cell function and also possibly a change in the metabolism of insulin at the hepatic level, which is more pronounced in non obese OCDP.
Comparing finite sequences of discrete events with non-uniform time intervals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Algorithms that quantify the similarity between two sequences of data date back to the mid 20th century. Sequence comparison continues to be active area of research in mathematics, statistics, and computer science, with applications to a wide number of fields including, biology, marketing, and linguistics. While many methods exist for comparing sequences of discrete events, this paper presents a novel method to compare such sequences while also utilizing information available from non-uniform time intervals between events. The Sequence Alignment with Non-Uniform Time Intervals (SAWNUTI) method, an extension of the Smith-Waterman and Needleman-Wunch algorithms, is described and evaluated using a simulation study and two real-world medical data sets (diabetes and eye tracking). Results illustrate the necessity of this method when time is important to consider in the comparison of sequences.
Role of indacaterol, a once-daily bronchodilator, in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow obstruction that can lead to lung destruction and dyspnea. Although there has been a slight reduction in mortality in recent decades, COPD is still a serious health problem that has enormous costs and utilizes significant medical resources. There have been a number of pharmacologic interventions that have been developed for the treatment of COPD. Current guidelines recommend the use of long-acting bronchodilators for the treatment of moderate and severe stage COPD, since they have been shown to improve lung function, respiratory symptoms, and quality of life. Indacaterol is a once-daily beta2-agonist (β2-agonist) delivered by a single-dose dry powder inhaler used for the treatment of COPD. It is currently approved at a dose of 75 μg in the United States and a dose of 150 μg with a maximal dose of 300 μg in Europe and other countries. Several studies show that indacaterol was statistically superior to both long-acting β2-agonist, formoterol and salmeterol, as well as, noninferior to tiotropium. Indacaterol is generally well tolerated and has a good safety profile. Other studies show that there is an additive bronchodilator response with the addition of indacaterol to tiotropium, which would provide a once-daily treatment option for patient with moderate to severe COPD. This review discusses the pharmacokinetic, comparative efficacy and safety data for indacaterol.
Mechanical constraint imposed on plasma membrane through transverse phospholipid imbalance induces reversible actin polymerization via phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Platelets were used to explore the effect of membrane curvature induced by phospholipid excess on cell shape and on organization of the actin cytoskeleton. We showed that the addition of short chain analogues of phospholipids to the outer leaflet of plasma membrane of resting platelets immediately induced a shape change with long filopodia formation containing newly polymerized actin. Cells recovered rapidly their discoid shape and their initial F-actin content only with the phosphatidylserine analogue, which was transported to the inner leaflet by aminophospholipid translocase. Filopodia formation and actin polymerization were inhibited in platelets pre-incubated with cytochalasin D. Both wortmannin and LY294002, two unrelated inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, considerably reduced actin polymerization and filopodia formation. Phospholipid imbalance was accompanied by a reversible translocation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase from cytoplasm to plasma membrane. In agreement with a role for PI 3-kinase, when phospholipids were added to platelets, PtdIns(3,4)P2 increased two-fold and Akt protein was partly phosphorylated. A similar shape change was also observed in nocodazole-treated L929 fibroblasts which were incubated with the similar phospholipid analogues. In those nucleated cells, where the microtubule cytoskeleton was disrupted, a major actin-dependent membrane extension was induced by addition of short chain phospholipids that required the functional integrity of PI 3-kinase. We conclude that any physical constraint acting on plasma membrane and resulting on local changes in membrane curvature is sufficient to initiate transient actin polymerization via phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation.
Long-term shoreline retreat rates on Whidbey Island, Washington, USA

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Long-term retreat rates of Puget Sound's unconsolidated sediment shorelines have been difficult to quantify, and little systematic research has been completed to constrain retreat in this area. We put forward a new application of cosmogenic 10 Be exposure dating to assess long-term shoreline retreat on Whidbey Island, WA by dating lag boulders exposed on the shore platform as the shoreline erodes. Production of 10 Be in shoreline boulders is modulated by both tidal submergence and topographic shielding from the retreating bluff. By modeling the combined effect of these variables on 10 Be production, the timing of exposure can be determined and used to calculate long-term (10 3 –10 4 yr) bluff retreat rates. In rare cases, retreat rates are underestimated due to inherited 10 Be. Within the study area, average retreat rates ranged between 0 and 8 cm yr − 1 . Our results demonstrate the utility of cosmogenic nuclides for determining long-term shoreline retreat rates in areas with thick sediment cover, where large numbers of samples can be collected, and where the pre-depositional history of the boulders is uncomplicated.
High-accuracy inspection of defects and profile of wafers by phase measuring deflectometry

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The demands of the less-defective and high-flatness wafers are urgent in many wafer based technologies ranging from micro-electronics to the current photovoltaic industry. As the wafer becomes thinner and larger to cope with the advances in those industries, there is an increasing possibility of the emerging of crack and warp on the wafer surface. High-accuracy inspection of defects and profile are thus necessary to ensure the reliability of device. Phase measuring deflectometry(PMD) is a fast, cost-effective and high accuracy measurement technology which has been developed in recent years. As a slope measurement technology, PMD possesses a high sensitivity. Very small slope variation will lead to a large variation of the phase. PMD is very possible to have a good performance in the wafer inspection. In this paper, the requirements of the wafer inspection in the industries are discussed, and compatibility of PMD and those requirements is analyzed. In the experimental work, PMD gets the slope information of the wafer surface directly. The curvature or height information can be acquired simply by the derivation or integral of the slope. PMD is proved to make a superior result in high-precision defect detecting and shape measurement of wafer by the analysis of experiment results.