jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preclinical evaluation of HBY 097, a new nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

HBY 097 [(S)-4-isopropoxycarbonyl-6-methoxy-3-(methylthiomethyl)-3, 4-dihydroquinoxaline-2(1H)-thione] was selected from a series of quinoxalines as a nonnucleoside inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (NNRTI). HBY 097 was shown to be a highly potent inhibitor of HIV-1 induced cell killing and HIV-1 replication in a variety of human cell lines as well as in fresh human peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages. The compound was also active against a variety of clinical isolates of HIV-1 including different HIV-1 subtypes and viruses resistant to 3'-deoxy-3'-azidothymidine. Mutant reverse transcriptases which arise as a consequence of treatment with other nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase were still inhibited by HBY 097 at relatively low concentrations. An HIV-1MN variant resistant to inhibition by HBY 097 displayed in the reverse transcriptase gene a mutation causing a substitution at position 190 of a glutamic acid for a glycine residue (G190 --> E), which is characteristic for quinoxaline derivatives. The drug was demonstrated to possess a favorable toxicity profile and to show good oral bioavailability in both mice and dogs. As a consequence of its outstanding properties, HBY 097 was selected for further development and is at present undergoing clinical trials.
The Solar Cause of the 2022 February 3 Geomagnetic Storm that Led to the Demise of the Starlink Satellites

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report on the solar source of the 2022 February 3 geomagnetic storm of moderate strength that contributed to the loss of 39 Starlink satellites.The geomagnetic storm was caused by the 2022 January 29 halo coronal mass ejection (CME) that was of moderate speed (~690 km/s) originating from NOAA active region 12936 located in the northeast quadrant (N18E06) of the Sun.The eruption was marked by an M1.1 flare, which started at 22:45 UT, peaked at 23:32 UT on January 29 and ended at 00:24 UT the next day.The CME ended up as a shockdriving magnetic cloud (MC) observed at Sun-Earth L1 and at STEREO-Ahead (STA) located ~34⁰ behind Earth.The geomagnetic storm was caused by a strong southward component of the MC that was boosted by a high speed solar wind stream behind the MC.Even though Earth and STA were separated by only ~34⁰, the MC appeared quite different at Earth and L1.One possibility is that the MC was writhed reflecting the curved neutral line at the Sun.Insitu observations suggest that the MC was heading closer to STA than to Earth because of the earlier arrival at STA.However, the shock arrived at STA and Earth around the same time, suggesting a weaker shock at Earth due to flank passage.
Parental Attributions, Chaos and Negative Discipline; Possible Moderating and Mediating Roles

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Cases of physical and emotional child abuse and neglect are not uncommon and raise questions about why parents are compelled to use violence and negative disciplining techniques to solve family conflict. This study focuses on the possible factors that are involved in the process that leads parents to refrain from using sensitive parenting techniques and instead fall back to negative parenting. The Social Information Model (SIP model) by Milner is used as a basis in explaining the possible moderating and mediating relationships between the variables parental attributions, chaos and negative discipline. In this study 48 mothers with children between the ages of 2 to 5 years old participated. Variables were measured by means of various questionnaires and a computer task to measure parental attributions. Results show that there are significant relationships between chaos and negative (overreactive) discipline and negative parental attributions and negative (overreactive) discipline. There was no mediating role found for parental attributions in the relationship between chaos and negative discipline. There was also no moderating role found for the relationship in the relationship between negative parental attributions and negative overreactive discipline. This study attempted to assess possible moderating and mediating effects that could explain why some parents use negative disciplining when confronted with challenging child behaviors, compared to others. Since negative (overreactive) disciplining is often seen as a predictor for child abuse in general, these results are of great importance in preventing and intervening in cases of (suspected) child abuse. Prevention and intervention programs should focus on the role of negative parental attributions and chaos within the home to help troubled families. Further research is needed to investigate other possible moderating and mediating variables that possibly explain why some parents use negative (overreactive) discipline.
Differential effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline on the hepatic expression of immediate early genes in mice

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary The effects of intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered noradrenaline and adrenaline on the hepatic expression of immediate early genes (IEGs) were studied in mice. Intraperitoneal injections of various doses (0.2–2 mg kg −1 ) of noradrenaline and adrenaline dose‐dependently induced hepatic c‐ fos and c‐ jun mRNA levels. The time‐course study showed that there was an increase in c‐ fos and c‐ jun mRNA levels within 15 min, which reached a peak at 30 min, and returned to the basal levels 1–2 h after noradrenaline or adrenaline injection (2 mg kg −1 , i.p.). A Western blot assay revealed that c‐Jun protein levels were maximally increased at 30 min and 1–2 h in noradrenaline‐ and adrenaline‐treated mice, respectively. There was a slight increase in c‐Fos protein, while 46‐kDa Fra protein was prominently increased. Noradrenaline (2 mg kg −1 , i.p.) induced 46‐kDa Fra within 15 min, which reached a maximum at 30 min and returned to the basal levels by 1 h. Adrenaline (2 mg kg −1 , i.p.) induced 46‐kDa Fra at 30 min, which returned to the basal levels at 4 h. Noradrenaline (2 mg kg −1 , i.p.)‐induced increases in c‐ fos and c‐ jun mRNA expressions were inhibited by the pre‐treatment with prazosin (α 1 ‐adrenergic antagonist; 0.5 mg kg −1 , i.p.), but not with yohimbine (α 2 ‐adrenoceptor antagonist; 1 mg kg −1 , i.p.) nor with propranolol (β‐adrenoceptor antagonist; 10 mg kg −1 , i.p.). Adrenaline (2 mg kg −1 , i.p.)‐induced increases in c‐ fos and c‐ jun mRNA expressions were inhibited by the pre‐treatment with prazosin or with propranolol, but not with yohimbine. Administration of ICI‐118,551 (β 2 ‐adrenoceptor antagonist; 2 mg kg −1 , i.p.), but not betaxolol (β 1 ‐adrenoceptor antagonist; 2 mg kg −1 , i.p.), blocked adrenaline (2 mg kg −1 , i.p.)‐induced increases in c‐ fos and c‐ jun mRNA expressions. The results suggest that noradrenaline elicits the hepatic c‐ fos and c‐ jun mRNA responses by stimulating α 1 ‐adrenergic receptors, whereas in the case of adrenaline, this is elicited by stimulating both α 1 ‐ and β 2 ‐adrenergic receptors in mice. These catecholamine‐induced hepatic IEG responses may be responsible for mediating some of the catecholamine actions in the liver.
Revisiting peak oil theory : role of demand and technology

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Many studies have tried to validate Hubbert’s peak oil theory, some of which supporting it and otherwise. This study supports the argument that the theory is valid to a certain extent; however, it holds assumptions that are not true in today’s world. This study aims to revisit the peak oil theory incorporating the role of demand and technological progress. A simple mathematical model is constructed with constant demand, with three extended versions incorporating demand and technological progress. The model presents how long supply can last and the movement of the peak. A higher demand appears to shorten the duration of how long supply can last, causing a narrower peak oil curve with its peak being reached earlier when compared to the Hubbert’s peak. The advancement of technology appears to prolong the supply and cause a broader peak oil curve and a later peak. With both a change in demand and advancement in technology, the change in curve depends on the magnitude of rate of demand change and the rate of technology. When the rate of demand change is greater than the rate of technology, it will result in a narrower peak oil curve with its peak reached earlier as compared to the Hubbert’s peak and vice versa.
Critical role of hexokinase II in 3-Bromopyruvate-induced cell death: A potential target for cancer therapeutics

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006

4695

One important metabolic feature of cancer cells is their increased dependence on glycolysis for ATP generation, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. This metabolic alteration provides a biological basis for inhibiting glycolysis as a mean to preferentially kill cancer cells. Previous studies demonstrated that inhibition of glycolysis by 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) effectively killed cancer cells that were highly glycolytic due to hypoxia or mitochondrial defects. Here we report that hexokinase II (HK II), an enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the first step of the glycolytic pathway, plays an important role in mediating the cytotoxic action of 3-BrPA. Treatment of cancer cells with 3-BrPA resulted in a preferential covalent modification of HK II protein in a concentration- and time-dependent manner, as evidenced by a gel mobility shift of the HK II band under denaturing conditions. This chemical modification was also demonstrated in vitro when protein extracts were incubated with 3-BrPA in a cell-free mixture. The hexokinase enzyme activity was inhibited by 3-BrPA in a concentration-dependent manner. Importantly, this compound did not cause a mobility shift of the HK II band in two clones of cells that were resistant to 3-BrPA, suggesting that KH II is a critical drug target. Direct treatment of isolated mitochondria with 3-BrPA caused a dissociation of HK II from the mitochondria, and the released HK II appeared as an up-shifted band upon SDS-PAGE analysis. Subsequent to 3-BrPA-induced HK II dissociation from the mitochondria, the apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) was released from the mitochondria. Interestingly, there was no significant cytochrome c release under these experimental conditions. Our data suggest that 3-BrPA may directly target HK II and cause cell death by two important mechanisms: depletion of ATP by inhibition of glycolysis and release of AIF by its dissociation from the mitochondria. Because the Warburg effect is frequently seen in cancers and HK II is over-expressed in many cancer cells, targeting HK II seems to be a logical strategy to effectively and selectively kill cancer cells.
Late onset of bilateral cerebral infarction following Russell’s viper (<em>Daboia russelii</em>) bite

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Sri Lankan Journal of Anaesthesiology is the official journal of the College of Anaesthesiologists of Sri Lanka. It publishes clinical investigations, research articles, audits, case reports, review articles and CME articles relating to anaesthesiology, critical care and pain. It is published bi annually in January and June. Sri Lankan Journal of Anaesthesiology is included on DOAJ and Scopus.
Relaxation in supercooled liquids: A generalized hydrodynamic description

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We focus on the frequency dependence of the viscosity η(ω), or more specifically, of the retardational compliance Jr(ω), for supercooled liquids. We pursue a phenomenological approach which is related to extended hydrodynamics and is of a form compatible with a mode–mode coupling theory. While many of the transport coefficients entering the analysis are interrelated so as to give the correct temperature and frequency dependences of the observed quantities, an important consequence of the model is the prediction of nonArrhenius behavior for the Maxwell relaxation time τm. Our phenomenological approach suggests a mode coupling picture in which the bilinear modes are ‘‘semiconserved’’; in turn, the mode coupling analysis gives molecular insights into the empirical transport or relaxation coefficients.
Motives for Parental Infanticide in White Storks Ciconia ciconia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

~.,i' , larger broods and laid larger clutches than non-infanticidal birds. Males killed the p,~, chick in 8 out of 9 cases. Victims were bom from the last-hatched egg in 4- and 5-egg .clutches, they were the lightest in their brood and grew at lower rates than their nestmates during the days preceding their elimination. The last-hatched nestlings in 4-chick broods had lower pre-fledging survival rates than their elder sibs. Potential victims contributed a low fraction to parents' reproductive output, and 4-chick broods were especially costly to raise because parents provisioned them both more frequently and for longer nestling periods. Hence, the presence of an extra chick seems to lower the benefit/cost ratio to parents rearing a large brood once its elder siblings have hatched successfully. If nestlings do not compete aggressively for food, parents would be selected to eliminate the extra chick themselves. This hypothesis could provide an explanation for the existence of parental infanticide algo in other species.
Effects of Leaf Position and Plant Age on Photosynthesis and Translocation in Peanut I. Apparent Photosynthesis and 14C Translocation1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the contribution of leaves at different stem positions to photosynthesis of peanut plants, and the change in this contribution with plant age. Apparent photosynthesis (AP) and translocation of assimilated 14C were determined on leaves 3, 5, and 8 from the tip of a cotyledonary lateral branch of the “Florunner” cultivar of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) at 80, 110 and 140 days after planting. To determine 14C-photo-synthate translocation individual leaves were exposed for 15 min to 14CO2 and plants harvested 24 hr later were analyzed for 14C. Translocation was computed as the percentage of total 14C in the plant which was in plant parts other than the labeled leaf. Highest AP was observed for leaf 3, the youngest fully expanded leaf on the branch, and the lowest AP for leaf 8. Leaf 5 exhibited intermediate AP rates. AP decreased with plant age, the average decrease in two experiments being 21 and 58% from 80 to 110 and 140 days, respectively. The decline in AP with plant age was similar in both experiments. The percentage of 14C translocated from labeled leaves for the two experiments averaged 64% and was not significantly affected by plant age. A significantly greater percentage (76%) of the 14C fixed was translocated from leaf 3 in Experiment II than from leaves 5 and 8 which averaged 55%. Leaf position had no effect on 14C translocation in Experiment I. These data indicate that leaves near the periphery of the peanut plant contribute most during pod filling and that the photo-synthetic capacity of all leaves decreases during this period.
Genetic basis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The understanding of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has matured from its cornerstone as a disease of the sarcomere to a compendium of diseases with various clinical, genetic and morphologic substrates. Research has provided us more insights into i) the pathogenetic development of HCM, ii) the possible pro-hypertrophic pathways that are triggered, and iii) the modifiers that influence the disease phenotypes. These findings have opened the door for individualized medicine and the development of therapeutic trials aimed at disease prevention or slowing of disease progression in patients with genotype positive, hypertrophy negative HCM. However, far more research is needed to understand its exact pathogenic pathways, discover novel drug targets or understand and prevent its devastating feature of sudden cardiac death.
An Empirical Assessment of Probability Rates for Financial Technology Adoption among African Economies: A Multiple Logistic Regression Approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The extent of financial exclusion in Africa drives the adoption of fintech across the continent, but the disruption it can cause hinders progress. This study therefore assesses both the probability and actual rates of fintech adoption in 32 African economies between 2002 and 2018. Based on the information spill-over and rank theories, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the average probability of fintech adoption for all, emerging and frontier African economies to be 50.9%, 83.1%, and 23.1%, respectively, whereas the actual rates are 27%, 40%, and 29%, respectively. The fragile economies, however, had no reasonable probability or actual rates of fintech adoption. Further, odds ratios of 1 or more- suggest a one-unit change in the predicators will exert no impact on these rates. Thus, it is concluded that emerging economies and mobile phone banking drive fintech adoption in Africa, and is largely dependent mainly on structural changes rather than economic and financial factors. The current study consequently recommends improved literacy, ICT training, and structural changes to promote fintech across the continent.
A Study on the Role of AI Personalizing Digital Marketing Strategies

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract- This study examines the disruptive nature of Artificial intelligence (AI) in the personalization of digital marketing approaches and its effect in improving consumer response and business outcomes. As AI technologies including machine learning, predictive analytics, and natural language processing spread, marketers can bring an ever-greater level of personalization to the content, offers, and customer experiences based on individual preferences and behaviors in real time. The research design is descriptive and the data is gathered through structured questionnaires addressed to marketing professionals and consumers in order to evaluate the awareness, effectiveness, challenges, and ethical concerns related to the AI-driven personalization. The results indicate that AI greatly enhances the accuracy of targeting, customer satisfaction and efficiency in the process of marketing, and also notes the obstacles which include prohibitive cost of implementation, shortage of skills and privacy concerns. The concept of ethical use of data, transparency turned out to be the important factors affecting consumer acceptability and trust. The study provides empirical data to the emerging field of research about AI in marketing and provides practical suggestions about how businesses can get the best of AI integration without causing any harm. The present paper contributes to the strategic significance of AI in the future of digital marketing and preconditions the additional research on the rising AI technologies and ethical considerations. Keywords- Artificial Intelligence, Digital Marketing, Personalization, Consumer Engagement, Machine Learning, Predictive Analytics, Ethical Considerations, Customer Experience, Marketing Strategy.
PERSISTENCE AND VOLATILITY OF BEVERIDGE CYCLES

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article explains the cyclical behavior of the fluctuations in unemployment and vacancies by demand externalities. Adding such externalities to an otherwise standard search and matching model reduces the need for exogenous shocks in explaining these fluctuations. Under plausible parameter values, the equilibrium dynamics include a stable limit cycle that resembles the empirically observed counterclockwise cycles around the Beveridge curve. Calibrated to the duration of the business cycle, these endogenous “Beveridge cycles” are as persistent as the data, without losing any of the amplification of the standard model.
Construction of Expression Vector of Sense and Antisense GuPIP1 Gene in Chinese Licorice(Glycyrrhiza uralensis F.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Specific primer was designed according to the reported cDNA sequence of the GuPIP1,and the cDNA sequence of GuPIP1 was obtained. GuPIP1 sense and antisense sequence was then inserted between the CaMV 35S promoter and COS terminator into the expression vector pMBW330 respectively.The expression vector was checked then with two enzymes cutting,PCR analysis and sequencing.Then recombination vector was transformed into Agrobacterium tumefaciens EHA 105 respectively.
Experimental Study of Dual Heater Slider Touchdown Detectability

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With the increase of areal density in hard disk drive (HDD), the mechanical spacing between magnetic head and disk has decreased to sub~1nm. Under such ultra-low spacing, accurate spacing control becomes more important for lowering down the risk of head-disk interference and getting good bit per inch (BPI) performance. Dual-heater slider technology has been considered as a most useful solution. This paper introduces the advantages of dual heater in reading/writing spacing control. Furthermore, as a key issue in precise spacing control, the touchdown detectability of dual-heater slider was also investigated using three TD detection methods under writing and reading mode. Result shows that a single method is difficult to get the best TD detectability under both writing and reading mode. Instead, hybrid method may be a feasible solution.