jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bispecific Antibodies Targeting Different Epitopes on the HIV-1 Envelope Exhibit Broad and Potent Neutralization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The potency and breadth of the recently isolated neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies to HIV-1 have stimulated interest in their use to prevent or to treat HIV-1 infection. Due to the antigenically diverse nature of the HIV-1 envelope (Env), no single antibody is highly active against all viral strains. While the physical combination of two broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) can improve coverage against the majority of viruses, the clinical-grade manufacturing and testing of two independent antibody products are time and resource intensive. In this study, we constructed bispecific immunoglobulins (IgGs) composed of independent antigen-binding fragments with a common Fc region. We developed four different bispecific IgG variants that included antibodies targeting four major sites of HIV-1 neutralization. We show that these bispecific IgGs display features of both antibody specificities and, in some cases, display improved coverage over the individual parental antibodies. All four bispecific IgGs neutralized 94% to 97% of antigenically diverse viruses in a panel of 206 HIV-1 strains. Among the bispecific IgGs tested, VRC07 × PG9-16 displayed the most favorable neutralization profile. It was superior in breadth to either of the individual antibodies, neutralizing 97% of viruses with a median 50% inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of 0.055 μg/ml. This bispecific IgG also demonstrated in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters comparable to those of the parental bNAbs when administered to rhesus macaques. These results suggest that IgG-based bispecific antibodies are promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infection in humans. IMPORTANCE To prevent or treat HIV-1 infection, antibodies must potently neutralize nearly all strains of HIV-1. Thus, the physical combination of two or more antibodies may be needed to broaden neutralization coverage and diminish the possibility of viral resistance. A bispecific antibody that has two different antibody binding arms could potentially display neutralization characteristics better than those of any single parental antibody. Here we show that bispecific antibodies contain the binding specificities of the two parental antibodies and that a single bispecific antibody can neutralize 97% of viral strains with a high overall potency. These findings support the use of bispecific antibodies for the prevention or treatment of HIV-1 infection.
good things come...

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

‘good things come…’ an exhibition showcasing work by a variety of artists exploring objects and time through sculpture. Blink and you’ll miss it. The words conjure up a kind of panic of not wanting to lose sight of the protagonist ‘thing’ by keeping it locked into view. This 'thing' could be small, it might even be tiny (and therefore easy to miss) yet once found, the inevitability of time means that sooner or later you’ll have to give in and blink. good things come... proposes a scenario that contradicts this quandary by suggesting a world where the size of an object and our attention upon it (as artists and spectators) is intrinsically linked to time. Pursuing a dual concept governed by the multiple readings of this well-known phrase, good things come... presents small-scale selections and scaled-up collections. Complex objects of varying ages fuse history with form, implying that the more time we have to spend with a thing (and therefore the longer we wait) the greater the reward (perhaps even in the smallest of ways). ARTISTS: Agnes Calf / Alex Frost / Clive Murphy / Eric Bainbridge / Hayley Tompkins / Jack Lavender / Jo Addison / Kevin Hunt / Leo Fitzmaurice / Oliver Tirre / Peter Amoore / Richard Wentworth / Ryan Gander / Ruth Proctor / Sean Edwards / Susan Collis / Vanessa Billy
Can Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Improve Cognitive Function? A Systematic Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Cognitive impairment (CI) comprises a measurable deficit of different cognitive domains (memory, attention, problem solving, and motor speed), and has a high prevalence among congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. Only a few pilot studies have investigated the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) on cognitive performance. The purpose of this systematic review is to outline and evaluate results of published studies that assess the impact of CRT on neuropsychological function in CHF. Methods Electronic databases were searched for articles containing the following terms: CRT, cognition, cognitive, and neurocognitive. A data extraction was performed according to our objective from each study. Effect sizes were computed using Hedges’ g. The within‐group formula was used for cohort studies with a pre‐post design, while the between‐group formula was used for studies that compared independent groups. Multiple outcomes were combined in domain‐specific synthetic scores as well as in a global score for each study, and a fixed‐effect model was used to estimate the summary effects. Results Only three studies met criteria for inclusion in the analysis. The results of these studies were discordant and methodological limitations were identified. The meta‐analysis of cognitive outcomes showed a nonsignificant overall effect (Hedges’ g = 0.131, 95% confidence interval: −0.16 to 0.422), while the summary effects on executive functioning and attention reached statistical significance (Hedges’ g = 0.374, 95% confidence interval: 0.085–0.662 and Hedges’ g = 0.343, 95% confidence interval: 0.051–0.635, respectively). Conclusion CI and related negative consequences have been largely documented in patients with heart failure but very few studies have assessed the plausible benefits of CRT on patients’ cognitive function. Despite the statistical significance of the domain‐specific pooled effects, their validity and clinical relevance is lacking due to methodological limitations.
Bisection Series Approach for Exotic 3F2(1)-Series

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

By employing the bisection series approach, two classes of nonterminating 3F2(1)-series are examined. Several new summation formulae are established in closed form through the summation formulae of Gauss and Kummer for the 2F1(±1)-series. They are expressed in terms of well-known functions such as π, Euler–Gamma, and logarithmic functions, which can be used in physics and applied sciences for numerical and theoretical analysis.
Risk of Ulnar Nerve Injury Following Caudo-Medial Arthroscopic Portal Creation in the Canine Elbow—A Cadaveric Study

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The medial approach is a traditional portal during elbow arthroscopy. Some researchers have suggested that the caudo-medial arthroscopic approach allows better visualization of the medial and caudal elbow compartments. Such a portal is created caudally to the medial humeral epicondyle’s caudal aspect in the ulnar nerve’s vicinity. Therefore, we investigated the risk of ulnar nerve injury following the caudo-medial portal placement in 30 canine cadavers. After the telescope was inserted, an incision was made to visualize the nerve, and the distance between the cannula and the nerve was measured. An injury was diagnosed when the telescope at least scratched the nerve. The distance between the arthroscopic cannula and the ulnar nerve ranged from 0 to 8.0 mm (median: 0.5 mm) in 60 joints. Nerve injury occurred in 16/30 dogs (53%; CI 95%: 36%, 70%)—in 11 unilaterally and 5 bilaterally. In addition, in eight dogs, the cannula directly touched the nerve, creating a high risk of trauma. In total, nerve injury or high risk of trauma occurred in 21/30 dogs (70%; CI 95%: 52%, 83%). Ulnar nerve injury during caudo-medial arthroscopic portal creation appears common.
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Physiologic Free Intraperitoneal Fluid in Healthy Children: A Prospective Observational Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives The detection of intraperitoneal free fluid (FF) is an important finding in the sonographic evaluation of the pediatric abdomen, especially in the context of blunt abdominal trauma. One specific challenge is differentiating physiologic from pathologic FF. The purpose of this study was to determine with ultrasound the prevalence, location, and volume of intraperitoneal FF in healthy pediatric patients and its relation to pubertal status and gender. Methods Healthy children between the ages of 1 and 17 years who presented to the emergency department with non‐abdominal complaints were evaluated for physiologic intra‐abdominal fluid. Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound (POCUS) was performed, utilizing the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) examination. Results A total of 325 pediatric patients were analyzed. Intraperitoneal FF was found in 52 children (16.0%, 95% CI: 12.0–20.0%). The pelvis was the only region where FF was located. The prevalence of FF was nearly equivalent between male and female children (15.4% vs 16.7%, P = .76). There was a higher prevalence of FF identified in the prepubertal subgroup compared to the pubertal group (20.0% vs 11.3%, P = .03). Seventy‐seven percent of children with FF had a fluid volume of less than 1 mL. Conclusions Physiologic FF of less than 1 mL within the pelvis is a common finding in the pediatric population. There was no difference in the rate of FF identified by gender, but there was a higher prevalence of FF among prepubertal children.
Salinity effects on cultured Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) from high latitudes: new paleoenvironmental insights

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This study presents culture experiments of the cold water species Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) and provides new insights into the incorporation of elements in foraminiferal calcite of common and newly established proxies for paleoenvironmental applications (shell Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca and Na/Ca). Specimens were collected from sea ice during the austral winter in the Antarctic Weddell Sea and subsequently cultured at different salinities and a constant temperature. Incorporation of the fluorescent dye calcein showed new chamber formation in the culture at salinities of 30, 31, and 69. Cultured foraminifers at salinities of 46 to 83 only revealed chamber wall thickening, indicated by the fluorescence of the whole shell. Signs of reproduction and the associated gametogenic calcite were not observed in any of the culture experiments. Trace element analyses were performed using an electron microprobe, which revealed increased shell Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, and Na/Ca values at higher salinities, with Mg/Ca showing the lowest sensitivity to salinity changes. This study enhances the knowledge about unusually high element concentrations in foraminifera shells from high latitudes. Neogloboquadrina pachyderma appears to be able to calcify in the Antarctic sea ice within brine channels, which have low temperatures and exceptionally high salinities due to ongoing sea ice formation.
DOES THE TOURIST’S PROFILE MATTER? PERCEPTIONS AND OPINIONS ABOUT THE FIESTA DE LOS PATIOS IN CORDOBA, SPAIN

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research aims to determine the differences and similarities in perceptions, experiences, satisfaction, and behaviour intention of travellers who engage with, and appreciate Intangible Cultural Heritage, according to the sociodemographic profile of these travellers. Literature concerning Intangible Cultural Heritage tourists’ profile is still scarce, being important for World Heritage Site destinations or places with Intangible Cultural Heritage recognition to identify the tourists attracted by culture and heritage. Thus, the work presented intend to cover the gap identified in this sense, taking as reference the results obtained from fieldwork consisting of a structured questionnaire which was administered to a representative sample of tourists who participated in the Fiesta de los Patios event in Cordoba (Spain), which is recognised as Intangible Cultural Heritage asset. Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests are used to compare groups of the sample according to the sociodemographic profile of the tourists, revealing statistical differences among these groups. The results enable us to analyse the post-COVID tourist, and determine to what extent they are satisfied with the new worldwide situation. This research could be useful both to public agents of tourism promotion and private businesses, whose target audience are tourists attending this type of event. The research unpacks the profile of the visitor, relating their gender, age, educational level, and income to their experiences, perceptions, satisfaction, and behaviour intention. This enables the tourist offer to be adapted, making it more attractive to the potential client.
Formalin-assisted training eyes for ophthalmic wet lab practice

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The foundation of an ophthalmologists’ microsurgical career begins in the wet lab. Training on donor cadaveric, animal like goat or pig eyes provide the most realistic surgical environment, however, the availability of a donor’s eyes for practice is limited. This scarcity is further escalated in this current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic where eye donations have decreased. Even among those eyes which find their way into the wet lab, quite a few would have collapsed significantly making training difficult. Therefore, we looked at ways to salvage these collapsed globes. We describe a novel way of salvaging the collapsed eyeballs by injecting formalin in slow boluses into the vitreous cavity. The longer maintenance of the globe integrity without necessitating repeated injections facilitates better quality of surgical training and optimal utilization of these eyes.
Trends in population mental health before and after the 2008 recession: a repeat cross-sectional analysis of the 1991–2010 Health Surveys of England

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To assess short-term differences in population mental health before and after the 2008 recession and explore how and why these changes differ by gender, age and socio-economic position. Design Repeat cross-sectional analysis of survey data. Setting England. Participants Representative samples of the working age (25–64 years) general population participating in the Health Survey for England between 1991 and 2010 inclusive. Main outcome measures Prevalence of poor mental health (caseness) as measured by the general health questionnaire-12 (GHQ). Results Age–sex standardised prevalence of GHQ caseness increased from 13.7% (95% CI 12.9% to 14.5%) in 2008 to 16.4% (95% CI 14.9% to 17.9%) in 2009 and 15.5% (95% CI 14.4% to 16.7%) in 2010. Women had a consistently greater prevalence since 1991 until the current recession. However, compared to 2008, men experienced an increase in age-adjusted caseness of 5.1% (95% CI 2.6% to 7.6%, p<0.001) in 2009 and 3% (95% CI 1.2% to 4.9%, p=0.001) in 2010, while no statistically significant changes were seen in women. Adjustment for differences in employment status and education level did not account for the observed increase in men nor did they explain the differential gender patterning. Over the last decade, socio-economic inequalities showed a tendency to increase but no clear evidence for an increase in inequalities associated with the recession was found. Similarly, no evidence was found for a differential effect between age groups. Conclusions Population mental health in men has deteriorated within 2 years of the onset of the current recession. These changes, and their patterning by gender, could not be accounted for by differences in employment status. Further work is needed to monitor recessionary impacts on health inequalities in response to ongoing labour market and social policy changes.
First-Principles Characterization of Bi-based Photocatalysts: Bi12TiO20, Bi2Ti2O7, and Bi4Ti3O12

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The geometric, electronic, and optical properties of three Bi-based structures (Bi12TiO20, Bi2Ti2O7, and Bi4Ti3O12) with and without C and N doping as possible photocatalytic material were investigated systemically by means of the first-principles DFT calculations within the GGA scheme to explore the origin of different band gaps and high photocatalytic activity under visible light observed in experiment. Our calculated results illuminate that BTO structures show an indirect band gap characteristic and the actual band gaps of BTO structures should be wider than 3.0 eV except for Bi4Ti3O12. C and N elements can be very easily introduced into the BTO lattices during the sample preparation process according to the very small defect formation energies, and the unintentional C or N doping may be responseble for the observed different band gaps and the high photocatalytic activity under visible light. Accordingly, it can be predicted that nonmetal element doping of BTO structures may improve photocatalytic activity under visible light and can be an excellent candidate for TiO2.
Final models from Adverse weather during in utero development is linked to higher rates of later-life herpesvirus reactivation in adult European badgers, Meles meles

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Maternal immune and/or metabolic conditions relating to stress or nutritional status can affect in utero development of their offspring with subsequent implications for later-life responses to infections. We used free-ranging European badgers as a host-pathogen model to investigate how prenatal weather conditions affect later-life herpesvirus genital tract reactivation. In 2018, we applied a sliding window analysis to 164 samples collected from 95 individuals born between 2005–2016 to test if the monthly mean and variation in rainfall and temperature experienced by their mother prior to parturition during the 12 months of delayed implantation and gestation subsequently affected individual herpes reactivation rates among these offspring. We identified four influential prenatal seasonal weather windows that corresponded with previously identified critical climatic conditions affecting badger survival, fecundity and body condition. These all occurred during the pre-implantation rather than the post-implantation period. We conclude that environmental cues during the in utero period of delayed implantation may result in changes that affect an individual's developmental programming against infection or viral reactivation later in life. This illustrates how prenatal adversity caused by environmental factors, such as climate change, can impact wildlife health and population dynamics—an interaction largely overlooked in wildlife management and conservation programmes.
Physical exercise, social relationships, and bullying perpetration among school adolescents in China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Despite contradictory empirical evidence, some suggest that physical exercise is directly related to bullying perpetration. Moreover, the quality of social relationships between adolescents and their parents, peers, and teachers has been proposed as a crucial mediator in the relationship between physical exercise and bullying perpetration. However, few empirical studies have examined such hypotheses. This study used data obtained from the 2014–2015 China Education Panel Survey to examine the direct association between physical exercise and bullying behaviors, as well as the indirect pathways from physical exercise to bullying that are mediated by teenagers' social relationship quality. The results showed no significant direct relationship between physical exercise and bullying behaviors. However, physical exercise has indirect associations with bullying behaviors mediated through social relationship quality, with peer relationships having the strongest mediating effect. The findings indicate that social relationships could mediate the association between physical exercise and bullying behaviors. The study suggests that future prevention and intervention programs should promote adolescents' participation in physical exercise and their social interactions with parents, peers, and teachers to reduce bullying perpetration.
Cisatracurium in cardiac surgery--continuous infusion vs. bolus administration.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was the comparison of infusion vs. intermittent bolus administration of cisatracurium (CA) following cardiac surgery with regard to total intraoperative dose and time of recovery from neuromuscular blockade. From June 2005 to April 2006 sixty ASA II-III patients who were undergoing coronary bypass graft and valve replacement surgery, were equally divided and randomized to receive either intermittent bolus (Group A, n = 30) or continuous infusion (Group B, n = 30) of CA in Madani Heart Center in the Tabriz (Iran). Total intraoperative dose of CA and time to TOF ratio = 0.8 after operation were measured. Anesthesia technique in two groups was the same. All of the patients underwent cardiopulmonary bypass. Intensity of neuromuscular blockade maintained on one train-of-four (TOF) twitch response of adductor pollicis during operation. Mean received dose of CA was 32.8 +/- 20.6 micro/kg/hr in Group A and 89.7 +/- 39.4 micro/kg/hr in Group B (p = 0.003). Total intraoperative dose of CA was 23.6 +/- 4.9 mg in Group A and 39.2 +/- 10.1 mg in Group B (p = 0.001). Spontaneous recovery from neuromuscular blockade in ICU (TOF ratio = 0.8) was reached in 43.8 +/- 9.2 min in Group A, and 64.2 +/- 15.1 min in Group B (p = 0.0001). Intubation time in ICU was not significantly different (Group A = 8.3 +/- 5.1 hrs vs. Group B = 10.2 +/- 6.2 hrs, p = 0.256). These results support the intermittent bolus administration of cisatracurium in cardiac surgery following cardiopulmonary bypass.
Synthesis of a Mannose Hexasaccharide Related to the Cell Wall Mannan of Candida dubliniensis and Trychophyton mentagrophytes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

2,6-Branched mannose hexasaccharide 1 related to the cell wall polysaccharide of Candida dubliniensis and Trychophyton mentagrophytes was concisely synthesized from 4-methoxyphenyl α-d-mannopyranoside (6) in 11 steps in 26% total yield. The efficiency of the synthesis relies on the preparation of a trisaccharide acceptor 2 with three free hydroxy groups, which could be glycosylated with trichloroacetimidate 19 to provide the protected hexasaccharide 20 in one step. Compound 2 was obtained via sequential assembly from the building blocks, 2,6-di-O-allyloxycarbonyl-3,4-di-O-benzoyl-α-d-mannopyranose trichloroacetimidate (3), 4-methoxyphenyl 3,4-di-O-benzoyl-α-d-mannopyranoside (4), and 4-methoxyphenyl 4-O-acetyl-3-O-benzoyl-α-d-mannopyranoside (5). Structures of target compound and intermediates were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR, MS, HRMS, and elemental analysis.
Number of HBs between the PKA and its substrates during 10 ns simulation time: (A) for WT, (B) for R18A, (C) for R19A, (D) for R18K, (E) for R19K, (F) for R18H<sub>δ</sub>, (G) for R19H<sub>δ</sub>, (H) for R18H<sub>ε</sub>, (I) for R19H<sub>ε</sub>, (J) for R18H<sub>p</sub>, (K) and for R19H<sub>p</sub>.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Number of HBs between the PKA and its substrates during 10 ns simulation time: (A) for WT, (B) for R18A, (C) for R19A, (D) for R18K, (E) for R19K, (F) for R18H<sub>δ</sub>, (G) for R19H<sub>δ</sub>, (H) for R18H<sub>ε</sub>, (I) for R19H<sub>ε</sub>, (J) for R18H<sub>p</sub>, (K) and for R19H<sub>p</sub>.</p>