jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Advanced Strategies for Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Production: PHA Synthase Homologous Overexpression in the Extremophile Haloferax mediterranei

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Bioplastics such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) are promising alternatives to conventional plastics. However, the high production cost limits their industrial application. In this study, PHBV production was optimized in Haloferax mediterranei by the homologous overexpression of the key enzyme PHA synthase (PhaEC), resulting in the OEphaEC strain. The growth and PHBV production of OEphaEC compared with the parental strain (HM26) were evaluated in three culture media with different nitrogen sources (KNO3, NH4Cl, and casamino acids). The OEphaEC strain exhibited a 20% increase in PHBV production and a 40% increase in 3-hydroxyvalerate monomer (3HV) content in a defined medium with nitrate as a nitrogen source, as determined by GC-MS. Moreover, enzyme activity, measured spectrophotometrically, increased from 2.3 to 3.9 U/mg. Soluble and insoluble protein fractions were analysed to assess the overexpression of PHA synthase. Only PhaE was found in the insoluble protein fraction, where PHBV granules accumulate. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed a higher PHBV content in OEphaEC compared to the parental strain. These results demonstrate that the homologous overexpression of the key enzyme implicated in PHBV biosynthesis can enhance PHBV content, making its production competitive for industrial applications.
Relevant factor of virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates causing nosocomial infections

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

OBJECTIVE To study the relevant factors of the virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii(ABA)strains of nosocomial infections,then evaluate their pathogenicities. METHODS A total of 135 strains of A.baumannii isolated from patient of nosocomial infections were studied for switching motility,gelation activity,biofilm,and mannose-resistant hemagglutination. RESULTS The strains′ switching motility average diameter of bacterial halation was 4.50 mm,and the longest diameter was ≤10.00 mm.No isolate was detected gelation activity,while 15 isolates(11.11%) formed biofilms.37(27.41%) and 83(61.48%) of the isolates agglutinated human O and AB erythrocytes in the presence of mannose,respectively;10(7.40%) and 0 of the isolates agglutinated human O and AB erythrocytes in no presence of mannose,respectively. CONCLUSION The pathogenicity of A.baumannii strains of nosocomial infections is not strong but several parameters may play a role in the colonization and infection,and long time monitoring is needed to prevent the produce and prevalence of high virulent strains.
High-performance 1.3 µm InGaAs vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A report is presented on high-performance InGaAs/GaAs double quantum well vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) with record long emission wavelengths up to 1300 nm. Due to a large gain-cavity detuning these VCSELs show excellent temperature performance with very stable threshold current and output power characteristics. For 1.27 µm singlemode devices the threshold current is found to decrease from 2 to 1 mA between 10 and 90°C, while the peak output power only drops from 1 to 0.6 mW. Large-area 1300 nm VCSELs show multimode output power close to 3 mW.
Experimental Determination and Simulation Validation: Johnson–Cook Model Parameters and Grinding Simulation of 06Cr18Ni11Ti Stainless Steel Welds

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Hydrogen permeation resistance in the welded region of 06Cr18Ni11Ti steel is relatively weak due to surface defects, which need high integrity surface machining. The parameters of the welding material for 06Cr18Ni11Ti steel are currently unavailable, which causes some inconvenience for simulation studies. To fill the lack of 06Cr18Ni11Ti steel weld material parameters in the relevant literature at the present stage, the quasi-static tensile test at different strain rates and notch specimen tensile tests were conducted in this paper and determined the Johnson–Cook (J-C) constitutive model parameters and Johnson–Cook failure model parameters. Subsequently, a multi-grain grinding simulation model was built based on W-M fractal dimension theory by using the determined material parameters. The influence of processing parameters on grinding heat was analyzed. Grinding experiments were conducted to analyze the influence of processing parameters on grinding heat and grinding force. By comparing the simulation and experimental results, it is revealed that the average error is 9.37%, indicating relatively small discrepancy. It is demonstrated that the grinding simulation model built in this paper could efficiently simulate the grinding process, and the determined weld material parameters of 06Cr18Ni11Ti steel have been verified to possess high accuracy and reliability.
Sex dimorphism and canalization in Drosophila melanogaster.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Selection to reduce the sex dimorphism of scutellar bristle number associated with the gene scute in D. melanogaster was successful. Although probit analysis indicated that an increase in canalization had been achieved, the selection line was found to be still quite sensitive to temperature. The selection response was found to have no correlated effect in three other mutant genotypes nor in scute+ flies but a slight effect was noted with the gene Scutoid.
Gender differences on the WAIS-IV in patients with schizophrenia

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Introduction. Results from studies that have investigated gender differences in neuropsychological functioning in schizophrenia have been inconsistent. Differences in the illness stage, in the demographic and clinical characteristics of the samples, and the instruments used to measure cognition may have contributed to the heterogeneity in the results. Objective. Investigate the heterogeneity in the results comparing cognitive functioning in chronically ill male and female patients with schizophrenia. Method. Twenty-five women and twenty-five men chronically ill patients with schizophrenia matched on age, age at illness onset, and years of education were evaluated in cognitive functioning using the WAIS-IV. Results. Men showed higher scores than women on the two global measures, on the perceptual reasoning and working memory indices, and on the information, visual puzzles, digit span, and arithmetic subtests of the WAIS-IV. Cohen’s d effect sizes were high for the two global measures and the two indices (d > .68). Discussion and conclusion. Overall, in chronically stable patients with diagnosis of schizophrenia, women’s performance on cognitive functioning was below men’s when assessed with the WAIS-IV, except in the case of processing speed. This pattern of gender differences is similar to the pattern observed in healthy populations. Our results can help to clarify the heterogeneity in the results from studies on gender differences in cognitive functioning in schizophrenia and may be valuable in designing cognitive-targeted interventions for schizophrenia.
Aging and Mitochondrial DNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

According to the mitochondrial theory of aging, accrual of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays the paramount function in the cellular pathology of aging and in development of age-related degenerative ailments. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are byproducts of oxidative phosphorylation (OX-PHOS) in aerobic (mitochondrial) respiration, cause oxidative stress-induced damage to mtDNA. This damaged DNA, whose normal role is to encode proteins many of which are players in the electron transport chain (ETC), now codes for defective proteins. Such faulty proteins lead to a considerable impairment in the efficacy of ETC, thereby generating more ROS, which cause further damage to mtDNA in turn, leading to further defects in proteins, aggravated ETC dysfunction, and even more ROS. Hence, a ‘vicious cycle’ propagates that ultimately directs tissue cells towards structural and functional decline, or in other words, degeneration and aging. However, in spite of a wide acceptance of this theory, there have simultaneously been a considerable number of criticisms against it. This review is aimed at discussing the paradigm of aging and degenerative diseases in light of the mitochondrial paraphernalia, with reference to the evidences in support as well as in antagonism to the mitochondrial theory of aging.Keywords: Aging; Degenerative diseases; mtDNA mutations; ROS; Cell death.© 2011 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.doi:10.3329/jsr.v3i1.5078 J. Sci. Res. 3 (1), 176-186 (2011)
Left Atrial Appendage Parameters Assessed by Real-Time Three-Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography Predict Thromboembolic Risk in Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The LAA end-diastolic volume and cauliflower phenotype predict thromboembolic events independent of the CHA2 DS2 -VASc score, and these data improve stroke prediction in NVAF patients.
Morphology and vascular transport in the human placenta

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The fetal origins hypothesis suggests that interuterine life plays a more significant role in life-long adult health than previously thought. The human placenta is the crucial organ that supplies the developing fetus with oxygen and nutrients, and its function is closely related to the health of the baby. A more quantitative understanding of the placenta is sought, to provide more accurate statistics and predictions regarding fetal health. This research aims to quantify placental function and growth at two scales — gross placental morphology and oxygen transport at the microscopic level. Placental shape is quantified via Fourier series and moments, and probability distribution functions (similar to histograms) are calculated for measured characteristics. Analysis of distribution functions provides some information regarding the likely development of the placenta. Most distribution functions found are not normal (Gaussian), and posses power-law tails, indicative of more complex random growth phenomena. Oxygen transport is one of the fundamental functions of the placenta, and this research aims to quantify how efficiently various exchange geometries function. Segmented histology slides of terminal villi (the site of oxygen exchange) are used in numerical simulations of stationary diffusion within realistic geometries for the first time. Capillary numbers, positions and calibres are measured and combined in a number of ways to measure transport efficiency. Efficiency is then correlated with measures such as birth weight, and fractal vascular efficiency (which relates the mass of fetus created per mass of placenta). Significant correlations are found between efficient capillary arrangements and ‘healthy’ whole placental vasculature.
Assessing Intervention Effects in a Randomized Trial Within a Social Network

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Studies of social networks provide unique opportunities to assess the causal effects of interventions that may impact more of the population than just those intervened on directly. Such effects are sometimes called peer or spillover effects, and may exist in the presence of interference, that is, when one individual's treatment affects another individual's outcome. Randomization-based inference (RI) methods provide a theoretical basis for causal inference in randomized studies, even in the presence of interference. In this article, we consider RI of the intervention effect in the eX-FLU trial, a randomized study designed to assess the effect of a social distancing intervention on influenza-like-illness transmission in a connected network of college students. The approach considered enables inference about the effect of the social distancing intervention on the per-contact probability of influenza-like-illness transmission in the observed network. The methods allow for interference between connected individuals and for heterogeneous treatment effects. The proposed methods are evaluated empirically via simulation studies, and then applied to data from the eX-FLU trial.
Watching E. coli DNA Polymerase III Adding and Removing DNA Bases, One Molecule at a Time

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Pol III core is the three-subunit subassembly of the E. coli replicative DNA polymerase III holoenzyme. It contains the catalytic polymerase subunit α, the 3' → 5' proofreading exonuclease ε, and a subunit of unknown function, θ. We employ optical tweezers to characterize pol III core activity on a single DNA substrate. We observe polymerization at applied template forces F&lt;25 pN and exonucleolysis at F&gt;30 pN. The average velocity of polymerization (pol) is strongly force-dependent, while the exonucleolysis (exo) velocity depends only weakly on force. Both polymerization and exonucleolysis occur as a series of short bursts separated by pauses. For polymerization, the initiation rate after pausing is independent of force. In contrast, the exonucleolysis initiation rate depends strongly on force. The measured force and concentration dependence of exonucleolysis initiation fits well to a two-step reaction scheme in which pol III core binds bimolecularly to the primer-template junction, then converts at rate k2 into an exo-competent conformation. Fits to the force dependence of kinit show that exo initiation requires fluctuational opening of two base pairs, in agreement with temperature- and mismatch-dependent bulk biochemical assays. Taken together, our results support a model in which the pol and exo activities of pol III core are effectively independent, and in which recognition of the 3' end of the primer by either α or ε is governed by the primer stability. Thus, binding to an unstable primer is the primary mechanism for mismatch recognition during proofreading, rather than an alternative model of duplex defect recognition.
Amblyseius pascuus Van

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Amblyseius pascuus Van der Merwe Amblyseius (Amblyseius) pascuus Van der Merwe, 1968: 116. Specimens examined: Site 94­1, 3 females; Site 94­3, 2 females; Site 94­4, 2 females; Site 94­11, 1 female; Site 94­31, 1 female. Amblyseius pascuus is an endemic South African species that was described from soil covered with Eragrostis curvula at Potchefstroom (Van der Merwe, 1968). In the present survey it was found at scattered localities, but was always rare, with only 7 specimens in the entire survey. Phytoseiidae are predators that have been used successfully as biological control agents, but almost always in controlled situations such as glasshouses and orchards, and rarely in extensive pastures or crops (McMurtry, 1983; Gerson & Smiley, 1990). An exception is the use of a complex of phytoseiid species to control the cassava green mite Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar) under field conditions in West Africa (reviewed by Gerson et al., 2003).
Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica S.Kato WAB0015519

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica S.Kato
Common name(s): Rice
Other names: DAIMABA DION
Conserved by: Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), Côte d'Ivoire
Local sample unique identifier: WAB0015519
Method of creation: Inherited
Date: 1993
Other identifiers: n/a,DAIMABA DION
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
Orthotopic Wilms tumor xenografts derived from cell lines reflect limited aspects of tumor morphology and clinical characteristics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Wilms tumor (WT) is a pediatric tumor of the kidney, the treatment of which includes heavy chemotherapy. Affected children would likely benefit from more targeted therapies with limited side effects. Establishment of relevant orthotopic WT xenografts is important to better understand mechanisms of WT growth and for preclinical drug testing. Procedure Here we established and characterized orthotopic xenografts from WT cell lines WiT49, CCG‐99‐11, and WT‐CLS1 to ascertain in what aspects each of them recapitulated WT histology, immunophenotype, invasion, and metastatic spread. Results WiT49 xenografts recapitulated near triphasic WTs with clear WT1 staining and anaplastic features, but with tumor restricted to the kidney. On the contrary both CCG‐99‐11 and WT‐CLS1 xenografts conveyed metastatic disease. CCG‐99‐11 showed a blastemal phenotype whereas WT‐CLS1 xenografts did not properly reflect any specific WT subtype. Conclusions From the three tested cell lines, orthotopic WiT49 xenografts best reflect the triphasic pattern of classical WT. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1949–1954. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pteronotus (Chilonycteris) macleayii Gray 1839

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pteronotus (Chilonycteris) macleayii Gray 1839 Pteronotus (Chilonycteris) macleayii Gray 1839, Ann. Nat. Hist., 4: 5. Type Locality: Cuba, Habana, Guanabacoa. Vernacular Names: MacLeay's Mustached Bat. Subspecies:: Subspecies Pteronotus (Chilonycteris) macleayii subsp. macleayii Gray 1839 Subspecies Pteronotus (Chilonycteris) macleayii subsp. griseus Gosse 1851 Distribution: Cuba, Jamaica. Conservation: IUCN 2003 and IUCN / SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable. Discussion: Subgenus Chilonycteris. Reviewed in part by Timm and Genoways (2003).
Multiparametric image analysis of lung‐branching morphogenesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: Lung‐branching morphogenesis is a fundamental developmental process, yet the cellular dynamics that occur during lung development and the molecular mechanisms underlying recent postulated branching modes are poorly understood. Results: Here, we implemented a time‐lapse video microscopy method to study the cellular behavior and molecular mechanisms of planar bifurcation and domain branching in lung explant‐ and organotypic cultures. Our analysis revealed morphologically distinct stages that are shaped at least in part by a combination of localized and orientated cell divisions and by local mechanical forces. We also identified myosin light‐chain kinase as an important regulator of bud bifurcation, but not domain branching in lung explants. Conclusions: This live imaging approach provides a method to study cellular behavior during lung‐branching morphogenesis and suggests the importance of a mechanism primarily based on oriented cell proliferation and mechanical forces in forming and shaping the developing lung airways. Developmental Dynamics 242:622–637, 2013 . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genome assembly of a novel psychrotolerance bacterium, Trichococcus ART1 .

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A psychrotolerant anaerobe, strain ART1T, was isolated from a psychrophilic anaerobic digester treating . 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain ART1T was highly similar to those of other Trichococcus species (> 99%), but digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were lower than 70% indicating that strain ART1 is a new species of the genus Trichococcus. Cells of strain ART1T were immotile cocci and stained Gram-positive. Growth was optimal at pH 7.5 and cells could grow in a temperature range of 0 to 37°C (optimum 30°C). Strain ART1T could degrade several carbohydrates, and the main products from glucose fermentation are lactate, acetate, formate, and ethanol. .
Assessing potential threats to the confidentiality of employee health information in occupational health nursing practice in Manitoba

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This descriptive cross-sectional survey examined potential threats to the confidentiality of employee health information in occupational health nursing practice in Manitoba. Nurses' perception of a problem maintaining confidentiality was probed. Objective measures of the difficulty of maintaining confidentiality included sources and frequency of inappropriate requests for information and methods of occupation health records handling. Factors related to the nurse or his/her working environment which may affect ethical decision-making were explored. Data were collected using a self-administered mail questionnaire developed by the researcher. Ninety-four nurses were surveyed. An 86.2% response rate was achieved. Over half of the nurses surveyed indicated that they perceived maintaining confidentiality of employee health information to be a problem. Those who perceived this to be a problem were more likely to receive requests, particularly inappropriate requests, from employers. Subjects identified remedies for improving the protection of privacy. Resources used by nurses when making difficult ethical decisions were identified. Most respondents tended toward a patient advocacy role conception rather than a bureaucratic role conception in ethical decision-making. Other factors which may affect ethical decisions such as colleague support, decision-making authority, confidence, education, experience, and powerlessness were explored. Based on this study's findings, recommendations for nursing practice and further nursing research are suggested.
Lingual frenotomy in univiteline twin babies: case report

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Ankyloglossia is an anatomical variation that has been associated with a variety of problems such as: suckling, swallowing and speaking. In this perspective, frenotomy is a surgical procedure commonly performed on babies to correct ankyloglossia. In this sense, the objective of this work is to report a clinical case of ankyloglossia in which the frenotomy procedure was performed on twin newborns, who had difficulty breastfeeding, carried out in the Extension Project “Língua Solta”, from the Federal University of Pernambuco. The evaluation of the lingual frenulum followed the protocol recommended by Martinelli, 2013. After application of the protocol, newborns showed the need to perform frenotomies. The surgeries were performed and, after 7 days, the babies showed significant improvement in breastfeeding. The diagnosis made, through the protocol and experienced professionals, is of fundamental importance for the success of the surgery. In addition, early intervention contributes to improved breastfeeding and development of the newborn.