jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Soybean yield physiology: principles and processes of yield production.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract

The yield production process in soyabean, highlighting the processes and characteristics of the plant that play important roles in determining yield are discuused. It includes leaf area and interception of solar radiation, canopy photosynthesis, flowering profiles, fruit number, seed growth rate, leaf senescence, seed-fill duration, seed number, source-sink limitations, and partitioning.
Breast Cancer Cases in a Surveillance Program: Report from the Hereditary Department at South General Hospital, Sweden.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e13068 Background: Women with a doubled, or greater, lifetime risk of developing breast cancer are according to Swedish guidelines offered intensified surveillance with one or more of the following modalities; mammography (MG), ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI is primarily recommended for mutation carriers < 55 years of age. From 2014 mutation carriers undergo annual surveillance, alternating MRI and MG/US every 6 months. Aim: To evaluate which modality was able to detect the tumor, tumor stage and characteristics in women who developed breast cancer under surveillance at the Hereditary Department, South General Hospital, Stockholm. Methods: Data on women in the surveillance program diagnosed with breast cancer 2003 - 2018 was collected from patient notes. Results: Fifty-five women were diagnosed with breast cancer. Twenty-five women underwent MRI, in 22 cases the tumor was visible. Forty percent of the women aged 55 or older had tumors only visible on MRI. Fifty-three women underwent US, in 38 cases the tumor was visible. Thirty two of 49 tumors were detected by MG. In 35 cases the tumor was not palpable. Fourteen women were diagnosed with DCIS. These cases, combined with patients with T1 N0 tumors, constituted 69% of the 55 women. Eleven women were node positive. Twelve women were diagnosed in between screening rounds, ie interval cancers. Three of these were small tumors found only at the pathology examination after prophylactic mastectomy. The proportion of interval cancers decreased from 31% to 14% after 2014. Twenty-four women were identified as mutation carriers in BRCA1, BRCA2 or PALB2. Seven of these mutations were detected after the patient´s cancer diagnosis. Nine mutation carriers were diagnosed with interval cancers, four were node positive. Conclusions: All women were diagnosed at a potentially curable stage and most were node negative. Mutation carriers constituted the largest portion of women with interval cancers. This study indicates that MRI may be of benefit in the surveillance of mutation carriers after 55 years of age. The transition from annual to biannual examinations with MG/US and MRI appears to decrease the incidence of interval cancers.
Dynamic degree centrality in stroke‐induced Broca's aphasia varies based on first language: A functional MRI study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background and Purpose This study sought to explore dynamic degree centrality (DC) variability in particular regions of the brain in patients with poststroke Broca aphasia (BA) using a resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) approach, comparing differences between Uyghur and Chinese BA patients. Methods This study investigated two factors, language and BA status, and divided patients into four groups: Uyghur aphasia patients (UA), Uyghur normal control subjects (UN), Chinese aphasia patients (CA), and Chinese normal subjects (CN) who underwent rs‐fMRI analysis. Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to calculate the comprehensive differences in dynamic DC among these four groups. Correlations between DC and language behavior were assessed with partial correlation analyses. Results Two‐way ANOVA revealed comparable results for the results of pairwise comparisons of dynamic DC variability among the four groups in the right middle frontal gyrus/orbital part (ORBmid.R), right superior frontal gyrus/dorsolateral, and right precuneus (PCUN.R), with results as follows: UA < UN, CA > CN, UA < CA, and UN > CN ( p < .05, with the exception of the p ‐values for UA and UN in superior frontal gyrus/dorsolateral). In contrast, the opposite results were observed for the right calcarine fissure and surrounding cortex (CAL.R, p < .05). Conclusion The observed enhancement of dynamic DC variability in ORBmid.R and PCUN.R among Chinese BA patients and in CAL.R in Uyghur BA patients may be attributable to language network restructuring. Overall, these results suggest that BA patients who use different language families may exhibit differences in the network mechanisms that characterize observed impairments of language function.
On the Possibility of Universal Chemometric Calibration in X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry: Case Study with Ore and Steel Samples

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The accuracy of X-ray fluorescence spectrometry in quantitative element analysis depends on the particular sample composition (so-called matrix effects). Counteracting these effects requires a large number of calibration samples similar in composition to those under analysis. Application of the model constructed for a particular type of samples is not possible for the analysis of samples having a different matrix composition. A possible solution for this problem can be found in the construction of universal calibration models. We propose the development of these universal models using chemometric tools: influence coefficients—partial least squares regression (IC-PLS) and nonlinear kernel regularized least squares regression. We hypothesize that the application of these methods for constructing calibration models would allow embracing the samples of different types in the framework of a single model. We explored this approach for the case of two substantially different types of samples: ores and steels. The performance of these methods was compared with the fundamental parameters (FP) method, which takes into account matrix effects using theoretical equations and allows handling samples of different elemental composition. IC-PLS significantly outperforms traditional FP in terms of accuracy for predicting the content of Al (root mean squared error of prediction 0.96% vs. 3.87%) and Ti (0.05% vs. 0.09%) and yields comparable results for Si and Mn quantification in ores and steels.
Measured and derived quantities with modern pH and blood gas equipment: Calculation algorithms with 54 equations

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

AbstractModern pH and blood gas equipment, combining electrochemical and optical methods, measures pH, Pco2, po2, hemoglobin concentration, oxygen saturation, carboxy-hemoglobin, and methemoglobin. Measurements in arterial and mixed venous blood and in expired air (including measurement of expiratory ventilation) allow calculation of a series of derived quantities: concentrations of bicarbonate, total carbon dioxide, base excess, standard bicarbonate, total oxygen, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate; p50, arteriovenous CO2 and O2 differences, pulmonary shunting, ventilation-perfusion ratio, dead space ventilation, CO2 production, O2 consumption, respiratory quotient, energy metabolism, and cardiac output. Accurate measurement of carboxyhemoglobin even gives an opportunity of measuring blood volume.Equations are reviewed for these calculations including the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for plasma and whole blood, the Van Slyke equation, the ODC-equation (hyperbolic tangent function), alveolar air equation, Bohr equation, and others. Some of the algorithms have not been previously published. The precision of the calculated quantities is evaluated on the basis of the precision of the measured quantities.Key-words: Acid-base balancebicarbonateblood pHcarbon dioxidehemoglobin oxygen affinityhydrogen ionoxygenoxygen saturationtotal CO2
Regularity of the free boundary of an American option on several assets

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We establish the C ∞ regularity of the free boundary for an American option on several assets in the case where the payoff is convex and the assets follow correlated geometric Brownian motions. Our work builds on results concerning the qualitative properties and initial regularity of the free boundary by Broadie and Detemple; Jaillet, Lamberton, and Lapeyre; and Villeneuve. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel Neurotransmitter and Receptors: An Overview

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The nervous system's intricate network relies on neurotransmitters and receptors for signal transmission, orchestrating complex physiological and behavioural responses. While classical neurotransmitter systems have been extensively studied, recent research has unveiled novel neurotransmitters and receptors, expanding our understanding of neural communication. This overview provides a comprehensive synthesis of both classic and emerging neurotransmitter-receptor systems, delineating their functions and receptor subtypes. Additionally, it highlights recent discoveries in the field, emphasizing the role of advanced techniques in identifying previously unknown signalling molecules. By elucidating the intricate landscape of neurotransmitter-receptor interactions, this overview underscores the importance of ongoing research in shaping our understanding of brain function and informing therapeutic interventions for neurological and psychiatric disorders.
Strength and Conditioning Education for the 21st Century

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Sports Medicine-Athletic Training Education Program University of North Florida Douglas M. Kleiner is an associate professor and program director for Sports Medicine—Athletic Training Education Program at the University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida. Dr. Kleiner received his doctoral degree in exercise physiology from Auburn University. He is a Certified Athletic Trainer, Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist, and a Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine. In 1996 Doug was named the Chairperson of the NSCA Education Committee. He has published more than twenty refereed manuscripts and sixty refereed abstracts.
Localization of Phosphoglucose Isomerase in Escherichia coli and Its Relation to the Induction of the Hexose Phosphate Transport System

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The localization of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) was studied in relation to the induction of hexose phosphate uptake in Escherichia coli . The uptake system is induced only by extracellular glucose-6-phosphate (G6P); there is no induction by intracellular G6P. Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) is an indirect inducer, and isomerization of F6P to G6P must occur before induction. PGI has been considered to be an internal enzyme; therefore, uptake of F6P by noninduced cells and leakage of the G6P formed would be required for induction. In this study, it was concluded that part of the PGI activity is located in the cell surface because: (i) uninduced, intact cells are able to convert F6P to G6P, whereas the activity of G6P dehydrogenase is not detectable; (ii) when cells are subjected to osmotic shock, about 10% of the PGI activity is found in the shock fluid; and (iii) sorbitol-6-phosphate (S6P) inhibits both PGI activity of whole cells and the induction of hexose phosphate transport system by F6P. S6P was not taken by intact cells. The data indicate that the isomerization of F6P to G6P can take place on the cell surface, and this explains the indirect induction of hexose phosphate transport by F6P.
Design and recognition of multimodal texts: selection of digital tools and modes on the basis of social and material premises?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In recent years, national access to and use of digital tools has increased rapidly in Swedish schools. This article draws upon experiences from a qualitative study conducted in Sweden. This study explored student's use of multimodal texts and how students and their teachers perceive and recognize the multimodal texts produced in project assignments. The empirical material was gathered from six different project assignments at two different secondary schools in Sweden. The data consisted of students’ multimodal text productions, participant observation and interviews and the theoretical framework drew on literacy studies and multimodal perspectives on design for learning. Despite the digital tools and the multimodal opportunities provided in the investigated literacy practices, the students mainly used linguistic design for representing knowledge. The students’ multimodal texts were shaped by local scopes and educational traditions. The written texts were more recognized by the teachers and students and valued in relation to the practice of assessment and grading. The results reveal a need towards developing teaching and assessment practices so that text production encompasses a pedagogy of multiliteracies.
Laser, Passively Q-Switched With a :ZnSe Saturable Absorber

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate efficient passively Q-switched laser operation, based on $\hbox{Tm}^{3+}\hbox{:LiGdF}_{4}$ and $\hbox{Cr}^{2+} $:ZnSe, as active medium and saturable absorber, respectively. The polarized emission was centered at 1876 nm, with pulse parameters of 13 ns (duration), 467 $\mu\hbox{J} $ (energy), and 37 kW (peak power) at a repetition rate of 350 Hz.
Effect of some environmental factors on hematological parameters in apparently healthy Iraqi Awassi sheep

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The present study was conducted to determine some hematological parameters of Awassi sheep belonged to five regions (Shula, Abu-Ghraib, Mahmoudia, Yousifia, and Alameel) in the West and South of Baghdad during the period from December to February, 2015-2016. Further, it was also, aimed to investigate the effect of the sex, age, and regions on the studied parameters. A total of 150 apparently healthy Awassi sheep (93male and 57 female) included in this study. Results showed that the mean of Red blood cell (RBC) packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), total white blood cell count (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were 7.91x106/µl, 26.52%, 8.24 g/dL, 8.64x106/µl, 32.61 fl, 10.63 pg and 32.73 g/dL respectively. Statistical analysis shows that the effect of region was significant (P
Coordination of Expectations: The Eductive Stability Viewpoint

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The eductive approach consists of finding solutions consistent with common knowledge of individual rationality and the model. An equilibrium is stable whenever it is the unique outcome consistent with these assumptions. This is a strong stability criterion as it relies on no assumption of prior knowledge of others’ expectations. This review presents various (in)stability results. It focuses on the following method: Rewrite the model as a temporary equilibrium map in which the current economic outcome is determined by expectations and characterize stability by contracting properties of this map. The main insight suggested by these results is due to Guesnerie (2002) : Stability is obtained when the actual outcome is not very sensitive to expectations. Additional insights include that agents’ heterogeneity is a source of instability; the ability of prices to transmit information is limited by the quality of private information; and coordination when agents are infinitely lived is difficult because of the large effect of long-run expectations.
Political Economy of Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers: The Rural‐Urban Dynamics in Ghana

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study examined the political economy dimension of fiscal transfers from the national government to district assemblies based on the formula distribution policy created under Ghana's 1992 Constitutional democracy. The two‐step system GMM for dynamic linear panel analysis was estimated from locational perspectives of rural and urban in relation to political swing and aligned districts. Data on annual District Assemblies Common Fund transfers and election results were used for the analyses from 1994 to 2014 covering 167 assemblies. From the results, average transfers to each district was Gh 6.28 million but it increased by 3.5 per cent in politically aligned rural districts and by 6.4 per cent in urban swing districts. During election years, the increases were even higher, precisely 5 per cent and 10 per cent for rural aligned and urban swing districts, respectively. These suggested that the government generally targets more urban swing voters than rural aligned voters. The allocation formula was influenced by political factors, as election years tended to be associated with higher transfers. The swing effects dominated the sharing mechanism. Therefore, to reduce political influence on the allocation formula, an independent body should be established to make recommendations directly to parliament. This should dampen the political influence of incumbent governments on the allocations.
Energy-Composition Relations in Ni3(Al1−xXx) Phases

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The secondary phase, such as Ni3Al-based L12 γ′, is crucially important for the precipitation strengthening of superalloys. Composition–structure–property relations provide useful insights for guided alloy design. Here we use density functional theory combined with the multiple scattering theory to compute dependencies of the structural energies and equilibrium volumes versus composition for ternary Ni3(Al1−xXx) alloys with X = {Ti, Zr, Hf; V, Nb, Ta; Cr, Mo, W} in L12, D024, and D019 phases with a homogeneous chemical disorder on the (Al1−xXx) sublattice. Our results provide a better understanding of the physics in Ni3Al-based precipitates and facilitate the design of next-generation nickel superalloys with precipitation strengthening.
Cultural implications in innovation adoption: an analysis in three countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose: The study aimed to evaluate the relationship of two national cultural dimensions (individualism and uncertainty avoidance) with the consumer innovativeness. Methodology/approach: A descriptive research as conducted with three groups from three different countries, which evaluated, through a survey, the propensity of the respondents to look for innovations actively and independently. Originality/Relevance: Considering companies are constantly introducing new products and services in countries where cultural traits are different, the understanding of the consumer behavior is fundamental for evaluating the acceptance of these innovations. Key findings: It was observed that groups with strong collectivists characteristics, Brazilians and Colombians, tend to rely on the positive experience of friends and relatives to adopt an innovation. Regarding the uncertainty avoidance dimension, the results showed no significant differences among the three groups. Theoretical/methodological contributions: With the constant intensification of the international trade, it is necessary to make an understanding of the peculiarities of a target audience for products and services, in order to create appropriate positioning strategies, because the levels of individualism of a culture act directly on consumers’ perceptions regarding the adoption of innovation.
[Recent advances of paraneoplastic neuromuscular syndromes].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Paraneoplastic neuromuscular syndromes reveal heterogeneous clinical features and often associate with particular tumor types. Patients presenting with one of the more distinctive syndromes, such as subacute cerebellar degeneration and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, should undergo a careful search for detecting an occult malignancy. At present, an autoimmune pathogenesis has been clearly demonstrated only for the Lambert-Eaton syndrome. Specific autoantibodies in other syndromes may be diagnostic in identifying an underlying malignancy as a tumor marker. The precise role of antibodies in producing tissue damage and clinical manifestation is still controversial.
Introspection on the logic of theory of organizational control in criminal law

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In light of the Theory of Organizational Control (TOC), ringleaders of a criminal organization are indirect perpetrators, if i) the organization has a hierarchical structure, ii) its activities are against the law, and iii) the executors are fungible. However, the fungibility of the direct executor is only the consequence of the existence of multiple order-issuing persons, which is not exclusively characteristic of organized crimes. The certainty that a constitutive act would be carried out is only the result of the accumulation of probabilities brought about by the existence of multiple order-carrying persons, hence the recognition of dominance over the realization of specific constitutive elements cannot be proved by such high probability obtained from the overall review. Moreover, TOC does not demonstrate how the ringleader achieves control over the will. It also breaks away from the principle of judging organizational control within specific constitutive elements. Therefore, it actually ends up being a theory of control over the result instead of control over the act. Direct executors without any defects in the aspect of will and in complete control over their own behavior cannot become â€œbehavioral instrumentâ€ of indirect perpetrators. It is contrary to the principle of autonomy if TOC recognizes a perpetrator behind a totally free-willing perpetrator. Even if ringleaders are recognized as instigators, they would not be given an unacceptable mild punishment.
Effect evaluation of soil erosion control in Xingguo County

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Xingguo county once suffered from serious soil erosion, fragile ecological environment and extreme poverty. After 1980, Xingguo County government adopted a series of measures to control soil erosion, improve people’s life and promote economic development. After nearly 40 years of governance, Xingguo has been lifted out of poverty, and the ecological environment has changed greatly. The strategy of Xingguo County Government to control soil erosion has referenced significance. In this study, GIS technology was used to calculate the current situation of soil and water loss in Xingguo County.