jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Immunization experiments with foot and mouth disease vaccine in Bechuanaland

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

During the course of the extensive outbreak of foot and mouth disease which occurred in the Bechuanaland Protectorate in the latter half of 1948, it was decided to do some experimental inoculation with a vaccine of the type used to combat the disease in Europe. For this purpose a consignment of four lit res of vaccine was obtained from the Serum Institute, in Copenhagen. This vaccine protects against the O and A types of the foot and mouth virus. The strain of virus from this 1948 outbreak has been examined at Pirbright in England and found not to conform to, any of the recognized types; nevertheless, it was thought worth while to give the European vaccine a trial under field conditions in Bechuanaland, as it might be found to give some degree of protection.
Changes in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Melatonin in the Pineal During the Estrous Cycle

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Changes in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Melatonin in the Pineal During the Estrous Cycle Get access RICHARD J. WURTMAN, RICHARD J. WURTMAN 1Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, and Department of Pathologic Anatomy, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar JULIUS AXELROD, JULIUS AXELROD 1Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, and Department of Pathologic Anatomy, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar SOLOMON H. SNYDER, SOLOMON H. SNYDER 1Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, and Department of Pathologic Anatomy, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ELIZABETH W. CHU ELIZABETH W. CHU 1Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, and Department of Pathologic Anatomy, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Maryland Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Endocrinology, Volume 76, Issue 4, 1 April 1965, Pages 798–800, https://doi.org/10.1210/endo-76-4-798 Published: 01 April 1965 Article history Received: 20 November 1964 Published: 01 April 1965
Atmospheric Implications of the Emission ofCF<sub>3</sub>CF<sub>2</sub>CH=CH<sub>2</sub> (HFC 1345fz) as a Consequence of its Use as Foam Blowing Agents

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

HFC-1345fz (3,3,4,4,4-pentafluoro-1-butene, CF3CF2CH=CH2) is currently considered as an acceptable alternative to high global warming potential (GWP) HFCs as foam blowing agents. The tropospheric photooxidation of HFC-1345fz initiated by hydroxyl (OH) radicals is expected to be faster than the saturated HFCs because of the presence of the C-C double bond. To evaluate the tropospheric persistence of HFC-1345fz it is necessary to determine the rate coefficients of the main removal pathway in the gas-phase, i.e. its reaction with OH (kOH). In this paper, we present the first absolute measurement of kOH at 298 K as a function of total pressure (31 - 624 Torr of He). The determination of kOH has been performed by the pulsed laser photolysis – laser induced fluorescence technique using H2O2 and HNO3 as OHprecursor. A global tropospheric lifetime of HFC-1345fz due to the reaction with OH radicals (τOH) of around 9 days was estimated from kOH and assuming a 24-h averaged OH concentration of 1×106 cm-3. Degradation route of HFC-1345fz initiated by OH radicals is compared with other atmospheric removal processes. The IR absorption cross sections, σv , of HFC-1345fz are also determined in the wavenumber range of 500-4000 cm-1 to quantify its radiative properties, such as the radiative efficiency (RE). The lifetime corrected RE for HFC-1345fz is calculated to be 0.022 W m-2 ppbv-1, which implies a negligible global warming potential. Therefore, from the kinetic and atmospheric degradation points of view, the studied hydrofluoroolefin seems to be suitable for replacing saturated HFCs as foam blowing agents, since they are shortlived species that do not contribute to the Earth’s global warming. Keywords: CFC replacement, GWP, hydrofluoroolefin, lifetimes, OH radicals, rate coefficients, radiative efficiency.
Swarm Robotics: Measurement and Sorting

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To measure is an important ability for robots to sense the environment and nearby robots. Although camera, laser, and ultrasonic provide very accurate measurements, they are expensive and not scalable for large swarm of low-cost robots. The r-one robot designed at Rice University is equipped with infrared transmitters and receivers, which are designed for remote control and are very inexpensive in mass production. They are a good solution for short-range communication, since the signal attenuates at about 1 to 2 meters with appropriate voltage. This work describes my results in using them to measure bearing, orientation, and distance between nearby robots. However, infrared receivers are not designed for this kind of use, so I present a variable transmit power approach to allow useful and efficient local geometry measurements.\n\nWith the ability to measure bearing and distance, I am able to solve the problem of sorting a group of n robots in a two-dimensional space. I want to organize robots into a sorted and equally-spaced path between the robots with lowest and highest label, while maintaining a connected communication network throughout the process. I begin with a straightforward geometry-based version of sorting algorithm, and point out there are many difficulties when communication range becomes limited.\n\nThen I describe a topology-based distributed algorithm for this task. I introduce operations to break the symmetry between minimum and maximum, in order to keep time, travel distance, and communication costs low without using central control. I run a set of algorithms (leader election, tree formation, path formation, path modification, and geometric straightening) in parallel. I show that my overall approach is safe, correct, and efficient. It is robust to population changes, network connectivity changes, and sensor errors. I validate my theoretical results with simulation results. My algorithm implementation uses communication messages of fixed size and constant memory on each robot, and is a practical solution for large populations of low-cost robots.
Effects of Saikosaponins-d on STAT3 and COX-2 signal transduction pathway in experimental hepatocarcinoma of rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To explore the effects of saikosaponins-d(SSd) on STAT3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) in experimental hepatocarcinoma of rats.Methods One hundred SD male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: model group(n=20),DMSO control group(n=40),SSd intervention group(n=40).The rats in three groups were treated with DEN,and in the meantime,rats in the intervention group were given intraperitoneal SSd for 14 weeks.rats in DMSO control group were given the same dose of DMSO with SSd intervention group.All rats were killed after 18 weeks.Histology of liver,STAT3 and COX-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2) were tested by immunohistochemistry.Results Hispathology showed SSd could alleviate liver lesion.The levels of STAT3 and COX-2 were down regulated by SSd in experimental hepatocarcinoma of rats.Conclusion STAT3 and COX-2 can be down regulated by SSd,which could be one of the mechanism of SSd inhibiting the development of hepatoma induced by DEN.
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION OF TUMOR ADHESION TO THE ADJACENT BRAIN TISSUE IN PATIENT WITH MENINGIOMA WITH BSMI METHOD

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose:
To investigate the ability of BSMI, to preoperative
evaluation of tumor adhesion to the adjacent brain tissue in the patient with meningioma and comparing this method to the Width of edema around the tumor, using finding at surgery as the reference standard.

Methods:
Thirty Patients with meningioma brain tumor who underwent surgery from Loghman hospital were entered the study between November 2016 and January 2018. The level of edema according to the classification of Ide et al. (1995) compared to the surgical finding Blinded to the results, neurosurgeons made a qualitative assessment of tumor adhesion at the time of resection. The ability of BSMI and level of edema to predict the surgical assessment of adhesion was tested using The Fisher exact test.

Results:
BSMI method was performed on patients with meningioma brain tumor, it judged 22 (73.3%) patients as adhesion (+) and 8 (26.66%) patients as adhesion (-). In this case, there was a significance relationship between BSMI judge and surgical findings (p-value<0.0001). The sensitivity, specificity, precision and accuracy was high, at 91.30%, 85.71%, 94.45% and 90%, respectively. Using T2 sequence, of the 30 patients, 13 (43.3%) were judged as adhesion (+) and 17 (56.7%) as adhesion (-) from edema, whereas surgical findings evaluated 23 (76.7%) as adhesion (+) and 7 (23.3%) as adhesion (-). The sensitivity was moderate but the specificity was high, at 52.17% and 85.71%, respectively. Other criteria such as precision and accuracy were 92.31% and 60%, respectively.

Conclusions:
BSMI evaluated adhesion of the tumor to the adjacent brain tissue with high-accuracy presurgicaly. This method was more effective than Edema method in evaluating adhesion between meningioma and the brain.
Teacher Candidates’ Epistemic Reflexivity about Elementary Science Instruction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract

Knowledge of science and engineering practices remain a priority in the U.S. (NASEM, 2021) and internationally (Allen et al., 2021). Moreover, scientific thinking is recognized as necessary for a healthy and equitable society (NASEM, 2021). This positions educators to prepare students with a scientific skill set via complex methods (NSTA, 2020), yet research documents elementary teachers lack confidence in their training and knowledge necessary to teach science (Nowikowski, 2017). Therefore, pre-service training is an ideal context to introduce a practical heuristic for thinking critically about science instruction. Epistemic education recently established new directions to support teachers to engage in critical evaluation of knowledge that results in action. The construct of epistemic reflexivity offers a pathway to improving views of knowledge and interactions with knowing (Lunn Brownlee, Feucht, & Schraw, 2017). The extant record has not yet explored preservice teachers use of this conceptual frame for critical thinking. This paper reports the results of a pilot study where teacher candidates in a baccalaureate level teacher induction program engaged in epistemic reflexivity to consider the relationship between how knowledge is developed in science by experts and how these ideas may influence how children are taught. This was done through written prompts based on constructs from the (3R-EC) framework for epistemic reflexivity developed by Lunn Brownlee et al. (2019).
Short-Term Versus Long-Term Systemic Corticosteroid Use in the Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The administration of systemic corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation is the first line of management. The duration of this administration, however, is not well established in clinical practice. The objective of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes between short-term and long-term corticosteroid use in the acute exacerbation of COPD patients. Methods: A single-centre, retrospective cohort study was conducted. From 2014 to 2018, all patients over 40 years old with COPD who were admitted to the hospital with a case of COPD exacerbation and received systemic corticosteroids at presentation were included. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the duration of systemic corticosteroid therapy. The primary outcome was hospital re-admission within 180 days. The secondary outcomes were 30 days mortality and length of hospitalisation. The two groups were compared using an independent sample t-test, a Chi-square test, and a Mann-Whitney U test, according to the data type. Results: Eighty patients met the inclusion criteria. A total of 52 (65%) patients completed long-term therapy, while 28 (35%) patients were on short-term treatment. A total of 15 (28.8%) patients reached the primary endpoint in the long-term treatment group versus 19 (67.9%) in the short-term treatment group (P = 0.001). The 30-day mortality was 4 (7.7%) and 0 (0%), respectively, and the median length of hospitalisation was 6.5 and 7.5 days in the long-term group and short-term group, respectively (P = 0.32, P = 0.88). Conclusion: Long-term corticosteroid use in the management of acute COPD exacerbation was significantly associated with fewer 180 days re-admission. The duration of corticosteroid use remains controversial, and further studies are recommended to assess the relationship between patient profile and adherence to therapy post-discharge with re-exacerbation.
Conferral of Nationality of the Kin State – Mission Creep?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Nationality is a surprisingly complex and emotive issue. At a time when global events appear increasingly threatening, the individual desire to align with a solid State is stronger than ever. While the acquisition of nationality is commonly not subject to much controversy, this chapter looks at Russia's escalating process of conferring nationality on individuals in States that used to form part of the Soviet Union. In order to be able to discuss whether such conferral of nationality is a permissible course of action to consequently justify the forcible protection of nationals abroad, this chapter discusses to what extent the conferral of nationality is an absolute exercise of State sovereignty and looks at the means and methods by which nationality may be acquired and/or conferred, both in general and in the Russian context. This allows the chapter to then explore the consequences of nationality and to what extent, if any, an individual or a group of individuals can expect protection from their 'home' State when abroad. It would appear that such State protection is entirely discretionary and subject to political and other considerations. What, then, is Russia's objective in declaring individuals in its near abroad as nationals? By exploring its activities, the chapter takes particular note of the experiences in the Baltics, Georgia, and Ukraine to conclude that Russia is in the process of attempting to rewrite the rules carefully crafted post-1945 to revive kin-State activism and so allowing for interference in neighbouring States to become an established international custom.
Potentiation of malathion by other insecticides against Musca domestica

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Twenty‐seven insecticides, including organochlorine, organophosphorus compounds and carbamates were tried for potentiation of the toxic effect of malathion. Carbaryl, diazinon, fenthion, gamma‐BHC, parathion and tetrachlorvinphos potentiated the action of malathion. Fourteen insecticides gave additive effects while seven proved antagonistic. Insecticides which showed potentiation, were further tested by mixing with malathion in the ratios of 1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3 and 9:1. All the five combinations in the six mixtures gave potentiating effects. Maximum potentiation of 17.6 times was observed in 1:9 combination of malathion and gamma‐BHC. The proportions in which the insecticides were mixed had a pronounced effect on the toxic effect of malathion.
Forward modeling method for microstructure reconstruction using x-ray diffraction microscopy: Single-crystal verification

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We describe and illustrate a forward modeling method for quantitatively reconstructing the geometry and orientation of microstructural features inside of bulk samples from high-energy x-ray diffraction microscopy data. Data sets comprise charge-coupled device images of Bragg diffracted beams originating from individual grains in a thin planar section of sample. Our analysis approach first reduces the raw images to a binary data set in which peaks have been thresholded at a fraction of their height after noise reduction processing. We then use a computer simulation of the measurement and the sample microstructure to generate calculated diffraction patterns over the same range of sample orientations used in the experiment. The crystallographic orientation at each of an array of area elements in the sample space is adjusted to optimize overlap between experimental and simulated scattering. In the present verification exercise, data are collected at the Advanced Photon Source beamline 1-ID using microfocused 50 keV x rays. Our sample is a thin silicon wafer. By choosing the appropriate threshold fraction and convergence criteria, we are able to reconstruct to ≤10 μm errors the subregion of the silicon wafer that remains in the incident beam throughout the rotation range of the measurement. The standard deviation of area element orientations is ≈0.3°. Our forward modeling approach offers a degree of noise immunity, is applicable to polycrystals and composite materials, and can be extended to include scattering rules appropriate for defected materials.
Capacitive Power Management Circuit for Micropower Thermoelectric Generators With a 1.4 $\mu$A Controller

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Power autonomy is an important requirement for wireless sensor nodes. Thermoelectric generators can produce sufficient power for low power applications. Due to varying temperature, a power management circuit will be required. This paper presents such a power management circuit, realized in the AMIS I3T80 CMOS technology. It contains a Dickson charge pump with a variable number of stages as a DC/DC converter. A controller optimizes the number of stages of the charge pump, consuming 1.4 muA. The maximum efficiency of the charge pump is 82%, leading to a total efficiency that can reach up to 58%.
ENSO diversity in climate models within the recharge oscillator framework

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

This study is focused on analysing the phase space dynamics of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) for two different types of ENSO, Eastern Pacific (EP) and Central Pacific (CP) against the thermocline depth (h) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIP) 5 and 6 model simulations. We find that the CMIP models are capable of simulating the different dynamics between EP and CP variability, with weaker interaction between CP and h as compared to EP and h, suggesting that EP is more dynamically coupled to h than CP, as it is observed. CMIP models reproduce the faster phase transition speed for EP, whereas, for CP, they replicate the weaker or slower observed phase transitions. However, CMIP model ensembles have substantial limitations and reproduce most observed characteristics with much weaker intensities, resulting into ENSO variability that is less diverse in the large-scale variability than observed. We further find that the interactions with the thermocline depth is dynamically shifted to the east, which is in particular affecting the interactions for CP dynamics. There is also a large spread within the model ensemble, with only a few CMIP models accurately simulating the observed asymmetry of the ENSO phase space for EP and CP. Further, we found no significant improvement from CMIP 5 to CMIP 6 models in simulating the observed phase space dynamics of ENSO diversity.
Birds of a feather? A comparison of the personality profiles of aspiring interpreters and other language experts

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Since the early days of translation and interpreting studies, scholars have emphasized the value of certain personality related traits for translation and interpreting performance. Especially in the conference interpreter world, preconceived opinions about the desired personality traits for conference interpreters seem to exist. However, there is little to no empirical evidence to either corroborate or refuse these ideas. In this paper we aim to explore a set of individual difference variables (IDs) — as these traits are called in the literature — to gain an insight into the profile of aspiring interpreters and to explore whether this profile differs from that of other advanced language experts. To this end, we have compared the IDs of three groups of advanced language learners who have received the same bachelor training but will branch off into three different master’s programmes: interpreting, translation and multilingual communication. By means of self-report questionnaires we have gauged the language learners’ willingness to communicate, cultural empathy, social initiative, flexibility, open-mindedness and emotional stability before they began their professional training. The data show that student interpreters score significantly higher than students of multilingual communication and student translators on the social initiative and emotional stability dimensions. These results seem to indicate that students aspiring to become interpreters can be distinguished from students aspiring to become translators or multilingual communicators on the basis of these personality traits. These differences are already in place before the students embark on their professional training in the master’s programme.
Pyridinolysis of O-Aryl Phenylphosphonochloridothioates in Acetonitrile

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

fThe kinetics and mechanism of the reactions of Y-O-aryl phenylphosphonochloridothioates with X-pyridines are investigated in acetonitrile at 35.0 ${^{\circ}C}$. The negative value of the cross-interaction constant, $\rho$XY = −0.46, indicates that the reaction proceeds by concerted $S_N2$ mechanism. The observed $k_H/k_D$ values involving d-5 pyridine ($C_5D_5N$) nucleophiles are greater than unity (1.05-1.11). The net primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects, $(k_H/k_D)_{net}$ = 1.28-1.35, excluding the increased $pK_a$ effect of d-5 pyridine are obtained. The transition state with a hydrogen bond between the leaving group Cl and the hydrogen (deuterium) atom in the C-H(D) is suggested for the studied reaction system.