jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Measurement and Concept of Refractive Index of Biological Tissues

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Refractive index is an important parameter for describing the optical properties of biological tissues.With the development of tissues optics,the concept of refractive index of biological tissues also evolved continuously.In this review,the concepts and measurement methods of refractive index in tissues optics are discussed,and their merits and demerits are also presented.
Comparison of T1Rho MRI, Glucose Metabolism, and Amyloid Burden Across the Cognitive Spectrum: A Pilot Study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Higher T1rho values were associated with greater cognitive impairment and pathological burden. T1rho, a biomarker that varies according to a feature common to each cascade rather than one that is unique to a particular pathology, has the potential to serve as a metric of neuropathology, theoretically providing a measure for assessing pathological status and for monitoring the neurodegeneration trajectory.
School effects on pupils' health behaviours: evidence in support of the health promoting school

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Compared with the volume of research on school effects on educational outcomes, and in spite of growing interest in the health promoting school, there are very few studies that have investigated the way schools influence pupils' health behaviours. This paper reports the results of a longitudinal study of over 2000 young people in the West of Scotland who were followed from the end of primary school (age 11) to the end of statutory education (age 15), a design permitting investigation of school effects on smoking, drinking, drug use, and 'unhealthy diet' at two time‐points in secondary school (age 13 and 15). The results showed considerable variation in the rates of these health behaviours between 43 secondary schools. Using multi‐level modelling, and adjusting for prior (age 11) behaviour, sociodemographic characteristics, religion, family characteristics, disposable income, and parental health behaviours, the analyses showed that, with the exception of diet, school level variation (school effects) remained, meaning that pupil composition did not account for these differences. School effects were stronger for smoking and drinking than drugs, the effect remaining in a cross‐classification analysis of school and neighbourhood (as measured by postcode district). Using data from pupils about characteristics of their schools, together with three independent measures, higher levels of smoking, drinking, and drug use were found in schools containing more pupils who were disengaged from education and knew fewer teachers, and in larger schools independently rated as having a poorer ethos. These results raise several issues of interpretation, but are compatible with the attention given to school ethos in the health promoting school model. Keywords: School effectsPupil health behavioursSmokingDrinkingIllicit drugsHealth Promoting School Acknowledgements The authors would particularly like to thank SPHSU colleagues, Jacki Gordon, Marion Henderson, Katrina Turner, and Robert Young, for their enthusiastic involvement in school effects research, and Paul Aveyard, Sally Macintyre, and Wolfgang Markham for their informed comments on earlier drafts of this paper. We would also like to thank Russell Ecob for his earlier involvement in the design and sampling procedures for the 11 to 16 study. Thanks, too, to the participants and the teachers, schools and nurse interviewers who made the study possible. Patrick West, Helen Sweeting, and Alastair Leyland are supported financially by the Medical Research Council of Great Britain. Notes * Corresponding author: Patrick West, MRC Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 4, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, Scotland. Email: patwest@msoc.mrc.gla.ac.uk Additional informationNotes on contributorsP. West Footnote* * Corresponding author: Patrick West, MRC Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 4, Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, Scotland. Email: patwest@msoc.mrc.gla.ac.uk
Sustainability and ethics in financial reporting

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This chapter discusses the legal and ethical dimensions of sustainability reporting. It explains the applied methodology and describes the sample of the empirical study, while the results are presented and discussed thereafter. The chapter analyses in the DACH region about whether, and to what extent, the overall sample of listed groups in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland informs about sustainability and ethics. A perspective of sustainability embraces the complementary combination of ecological, economic, and social goals. Sustainability and ethical aspects in annual reports are almost exclusively expressed by verbal narratives which consequently demands the application of a qualitative text analysis for empirical research. Apart from different legal requirements, the direction of impact is obvious: financial information matters. The social dimension becomes more tangible and applicable, applying as well the principle of responsibility and the principle of justice as using human rights as ethical frame of reference.
OPTIMASI SERVICE DISCOVERY BERBASIS BREADTH BLOOM FILTER DI MOBILE AD-HOC NETWORK (MANET)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Optimasi Discovery merupakan penelitian yang terus dikembangkan dalam Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) dikarenakan adanya beberapa keterbatasan dan kendala Service Discovery dalam MANET yaitu keterbatasan komputasi, keterbatasan power, keterbatasan bandwidth, tingginya mobility pada setiap node dan penentuan koordinasi node central.Dalam penelitian ini mengembangkan protokol Service Discovery di MANET yaitu optimasi paket service descriptor untuk service request dan service advertisment dengan klasifikasi model tree/taksonomi service dan didefinisikan dengan metode Breadth Bloom filter sehingga ukuran paket menjadi kecil. Sedangkan untuk pendistribusian paket pada layer network dengan memanfaatkan MultiPoint Relay (MPR) pada Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR). Metode pengembangan protokol Service Discovery pada penelitian ini dinamakan MY-Protokol. Darihasil pengujian dan analisa data dengan menggunakan simulasi NS-2, keberhasilan MY-Protokol dalam mengatasi kendala pada MANET yaitu pengurangan bandwidth sebesar 97% dan penurunan delay sebesar 95%.
A ação espasmolítica do óleo essencial de Xylopia frutescens Aubl. envolve a redução dos níveis citosólicos de cálcio em íleo de cobaia

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Xylopia frutescens Aubl. species, popularly known as “embira”, “semente-de-embira” and “embira-vermelha”, is used in folk medicine as antidiarrhoeal. From leaves of these species was extract the essential oil (XF-OE), that in previous studies, showed spasmolytic activity on phasic contractions induced by CCh or histamine on guinea pig ileum. Considering this premise, the aim of this study was to characterize the mechanism of spasmoliytic action of XF-OE on intestinal smooth muscle. For this, were used functional and cellular methodologies. XF-OE inhibited cumulative concentration-response curves to histamine, and these were shifted to the right, in a non-parallel manner, with Emax reduction, discarding thus a competitive type antagonism and relaxed the guinea pig ileum contracted by KCl (40 mM) or histamine (10-6 M). How the relaxant potency of the essential oil was smaller in organ pre-contracted by KCl, it was hypothesized that XF-OE would be acting as a K+ channels positive modulator. In presence of CsCl (5 mM), a non-selective blocker of these channels, the relaxant potency of XF-OE was not altered, showed a non-participation of K+ channels on the essential oil spasmolytic effect. Thus, we decided to check whether the essential oil would prevent calcium influx through CaV, for this were obtained cumulative concentration-response curves to CaCl2 in depolarizing medium (70 mM KCl) nominally without Ca2+ in absence (control) and presence of different concentrations of XF-OE. The essential oil shifted to the right CaCl2 control curves, with reduction of its Emax, in addition to relaxed the ileum pre-contracted by S-(-)-Bay K8644 (3 x 10-7 M), a CaV1 selective agonist, demonstrating that the essential oil inhibited Ca2+ influx through CaV1. As the Ca2+ mobilization mechanisms into circular and longitudinal muscle layers are differentiated, it was hypothesized that XF-OE would preventing Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores in order to promote its spasmolytic effect. To test this hypothesis, in experiments with ileum circular layer, the essential oil antagonized phasic contractions induced by histamine (10-5 M), negatively modulates the Ca2+ release to exert their spasmolytic effect. In cellular experiments, the viability of longitudinal layer myocytes from guinea pig ileum was not altered in XF-OE (81 μg/mL) presence and the fluorescence intensity in these intestinal myocytes stimulated by histamine was reduced by the essential oil, indicating a [Ca2+]c reduction. Thus, the XF-OE spasmolytic action mechanism on guinea pig ileum involves blocking the Ca2+ influx, by CaV1, in addition to negative modulation of Ca2+ release mechanisms from intracellular stores, that lead to reduction of this ion cytosolic levels and consequently muscle relaxation.
Clairaut and Einstein conditions for locally conformal Kaehler submersions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In the present paper, we study Clairaut submersions and Einstein conditions whose total manifolds are locally conformal Kaehler manifolds. We first give a necessary and sufficient condition for a curve to be geodesic on total manifold of a locally conformal Kaehler submersion. Then, we investigate conditions for a locally conformal Kaehler submersion to be a Clairaut submersion.We find the Ricci and scalar curvature formulas between any fiber of the total manifold and the base manifold of a locally conformal Kaehler submersion and give necessary and sufficient conditions for the total manifold of a locally conformal Kaehler submersion to be Einstein. Finally, we obtain some formulas for sectional and holomorphic sectional curvatures for a locally conformal Kaehler submersion.
Hydrothermal and Second Law Analyses of Fluid Flow in Converging-Diverging (Hourglass) Microchannel

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A three-dimensional numerical investigation is carried out to understand the mechanism of hydrothermal performance and second law analysis for a flow through converging-diverging (hourglass) microchannel. The fluid flow and convective heat transfer characteristics are investigated as a function of convergence-divergence angle, width ratio (ratio of bigger width to smaller width), and Reynolds number. The present study uses various parameters such as performance evaluation index, entropy generation, Bejan number, and augmented entropy generation number to examine the hydrothermal and thermodynamic performance characteristics of an hourglass microchannel. The parametric analysis reveals that the Nusselt number increases with an increase in convergence-divergence angle; however, it decreases with an increase in width ratio. Increasing the convergence-divergence angle effectively reduces the overall temperature gradient, whereas the width ratio has an opposite effect. The results also indicate that the hourglass microchannel shows better hydrothermal and thermodynamic performance than the uniform microchannel. For a given range of parameters, the maximum value of the performance evaluation index is 1.34, and the maximum reduction in entropy generation is 28% relative to a uniform microchannel. The findings obtained in this study may serve as a valuable roadmap for designing an hourglass microchannel in diverse heat transfer applications.
REVIEWS OF BOOKS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

REVIEWS OF BOOKS Don Giovanni: by Mozart. Libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte. pp. xix. 72. Fidelio: by Beethoven. Libretto from the French of J. N. Bouilly by J. F. Sonnleithner and F. Treitschke. pp. xvi. 37. The Magic Flute: by Mozart. Libretto by Carl Ludwig Giesecke and Emanuel Schikaneder. pp. xv. 49. The Marriage of Figaro: by Mozart. Libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte. pp. xiii. 96. English Versions by Edward J. Dent. ( Oxford University Press, 1937) 2s. each. G. S. G. S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Music and Letters, Volume XIX, Issue 2, April 1938, Pages 216–218, https://doi.org/10.1093/ml/XIX.2.216 Published: 01 April 1938
Tumbling Into Queer Utopias and Vortexes: Experiences of LGBTQ Social Media Users on Tumblr

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Drawing on one year of fieldwork with LGBTQ youth, I explore the ways Tumblr, a microblogging and social networking site, has become a vibrant center of queer discourse and collectivity. I argue that for LGBTQ users, Tumblr simultaneously generates the specter of a "queer utopia"-a space where queer potential flourishes and more expansive ways to think about the future materialize-and queer "vortextuality"-an experience of being sucked into an online black hole with severe limitations. Furthermore, the user experience on the site underscores the profound vulnerability of queer individuals and communities in digital, corporatized space.
The Relative Utility of Verbal Descriptions and Facial Composites in Facial Identifications

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Research on early facial composite systems has often demonstrated their poor capability to produce a good likeness of a target face. Photofit composites have been shown to produce poorer identification than simply furnishing a description of a target face. The current study revisits this comparison with composites produced using a holistic based composite system, EFIT-V. The effectiveness of verbal descriptions of faces was compared with facial composites in two laboratory tasks. Prior to the empirical work, eight ‘witnesses’ viewed an unfamiliar face and then provided a verbal description and created a facial composite. In Experiment 1 participants evaluated the relationship between a target face and three combinations of witness information (description alone, composite alone and description and composite combined). Providing a description was rated as more useful than providing a composite. In addition, presenting both a composite and description together was rated as less useful than presenting a description on its own. In Experiment 2 participants were supplied with the same types of information while they attempted to choose the target from an array of faces. Better performance was achieved from a description than from a composite or a description and composite combined. Analysis of participants’ confidence in their decisions showed it was higher when prompted by descriptions, irrespective of whether the decisions were correct or not. The implications of these findings for the utility of facial composites are discussed.
Structure preserving discretization of time-reparametrized Hamiltonian systems with application to nonholonomic mechanics

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>We propose a discretization of vector fields that are Hamiltonian up to multiplication by a positive function on the phase space that may be interpreted as a time reparametrization. We construct a family of maps, labeled by an arbitrary <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ \ell \in \mathbb{N} $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> indicating the desired order of accuracy, and prove that our method is structure preserving in the sense that the discrete flow is interpolated to order <inline-formula><tex-math id="M2">\begin{document}$ \ell $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula> by the flow of a continuous system possessing the same structure as the vector field that is being discretized. In particular, our discretization preserves a smooth measure on the phase space to the arbitrary order <inline-formula><tex-math id="M3">\begin{document}$ \ell $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>. We present applications to a remarkable class of nonholonomic mechanical systems that allow Hamiltonization. To our best knowledge, these results provide the first instance of a measure preserving discretization (to arbitrary order) of measure preserving nonholonomic systems.</p>
Estimating regional shared trailer demand in drop-and-pull transport

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

With the advancement of modern information technology, the demand for shared trailers in drop-and-pull transport has become a research focus. In this study, a method for estimating regional shared trailer demand is proposed. This method comprehensively considers the regional drop-and-pull level and the total tonnage of operational freight vehicles to calculate the total tonnage of shared trailers in the region, thus estimating the shared trailer demand. This provides a reference for the allocation of shared trailers in regional drop-and-pull transport. The regional drop-and-pull level is measured by the ratio of drop-and-pull freight volume to total freight volume. Three different machine learning models, namely linear regression, random forest, and XGBoost, were used to predict the freight volume. The shared trailer demand was then calculated based on the freight volume. The comparison of prediction results showed that the XGBoost model had the best predictive performance. Finally, the effectiveness of the shared trailer demand estimation method was verified through a case study.
DOA estimation for wideband signals based on weighted Squared TOPS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper introduces a new direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation method for wideband signal sources. The new method estimates the DOA of wideband signal sources based on squared test of orthogonality of projected subspaces (Squared TOPS) which is an improved method of TOPS. TOPS and Squared TOPS use the signal and noise subspaces of multiple frequency components of wideband signal sources. Although coherent wideband method, such as coherent signal subspace method (CSSM), performs high DOA estimation accuracy, it requires the initial estimate of signal source directions. On the other hand, TOPS and Squared TOPS can provide good performance of DOA estimation without the initial value of signal sources; however, some false peaks appear in spatial spectrum based on these methods. The proposed method, called weighted Squared TOPS (WS-TOPS), uses the modified squared matrix and selective weighted averaging process to improve DOA estimation performance. The performance of WS-TOPS is compared with those of TOPS, Squared TOPS, incoherent MUSIC, and test of orthogonality of frequency spaces (TOFS) through computer simulations. The simulation results show that WS-TOPS can suppress all false peaks in spatial spectrum and improve DOA estimation accuracy and also keep the same resolution performance as Squared TOPS.
Expression of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor in porcine and human ciliary epithelial cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The presence of MCH-R in ciliary epithelial cells of both human and porcine origin but the absence of MSH-Rs indicates that in these cells, MCH and alpha-MSH do not form a functionally antagonistic hormonal pair as they do in several other systems. Although effects of MCH on intestinal water and ion transport have been documented, a direct control of Na,K-ATPase activity was not detected in human NPE cells in vitro.
The Effect of Salinity on Rhizobium Survival, Nodule Function and Nodule Formation in the Soybean-Rhizobiurn Japonicum

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Symbiotic nitrogen fixation may be adversely affected by saline environments. This dissertation describes experiments that assess the salt sensitivity of: 1) Rhizobium as free living organisms; 2) soybean nodule function; and 3) soybean nodule formation. In addition, a split-root plant growth system is described which can be used to separate the effects of salinity stress on host yield potential from the effects of salinity on nodule processes. The growth rate of Rhizobium in culture media is slowed by the addition of NaCl. Some strains were incapable of growth at the highest level of salt used (120 mM NaCl). However, all withstood substantial osmotic shock and most survived for extended periods in saline solutions equivalent to the concentration of sea water. The results show that the effects of increasing moisture tension and salinity on Rhizobium survival in soil are additive. By independently subjecting nodules and shoots to salinity stress it was possible to show that the soybean-Rhizobium japonicum nodule system was not greatly affected by exposure to 120 mM NaCl. The main reduction in nitrogen fixation was the indirect effect of salinity on leaf expansion, shoot yield potential and the sink for nitrogen. The early processes of nodule formation were extremely sensitive to NaCl in the rooting medium. When only 26.3 mM NaCl was added to the nutrient solution two hours prior to inoculation, nodule number and mass were reduced by 50% and 79.9 mM NaCl reduced nodule number, mass and nitrogen fixation to less than 10% of the controls. Rhlzobium japonicum, reisolated from nodules from the high salt treatment did not form more nodules under saline conditions than isolates from controls. By independently subjecting the various processes of the symbiosis to salinity stress it was determined that the early steps in nodule formation are the most sensitive to salinity. This sensitivity indicates that high quality irrigation water must be used during the establishment of symbiotic legumes.
Phytopathological Chemistry of the Black-rotted Sweet Potato

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

(1) The sweet potato infected by Ceratostomella fimbriata accumulates, in consequence of abnormal metabolism, the substances fluorescing blue under ultra-violet light in the sound part. (2) These substances were isolated and identified to be umbelliferon (7-hydroxy coumarin) and scopoletin (6-methoxy-7-hydroxy coumarin), and the existence of esculetin (6, 7-dihy-droxycoumarin) was also suggested by paper chromatography. (3) The penetration of the fungus brought about some variations in the platoplasm of the tissue. Consequently the metabolic action becames active, causing the accumulation of these coumarin compounds. (4) It was hypothesized that these substances were produced in the following scheme, umbelliferon→esculetin→scopoletin. (5) Since these substances inhibited the growth ofthe fungus in a concentration of 1/1000……1/4000, they might play a roll in resistance against the fungus. (6) The appearance of blue fluorescence under ultra-violet light can be used to distinguish the sound sweet potato from the injured which is infected not only by Ceratortomella fimbriata but other pathogenes. It is a pleasure for us to acknowledge the advice given by Prof. Yusuke SUMIKI.