jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Interaction of 13 CO 2 and Bicarbonate with Human Hemoglobin Preparations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Formation of 13 C-resonances attributable to carbamino derivatives has been observed in human erythrocyte hemolysate preparations equilibrated with 13 CO 2 at 33°. Carbamino formation is most marked in deoxyhemoglobin and at alkaline pH, and is very largely inhibited by the addition of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate or conversion to oxyhemoglobin. The prominent carbamino resonance at 30.0 ppm upfield of CS 2 is visible in the spectrum of packed, deoxygenated erythrocytes equilibrated in 13 CO 2 . This chemical shift falls close to that observed with sperm-whale myoglobin and within 2 ppm upfield of that seen with simple amino acids and peptides. The bicarbonate-carbonate resonance near 33 ppm is broad in the hemoglobin preparations, which always contain some carbonic anhydrase, but becomes narrow in the presence of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, acetazolamide. The nuclear magnetic resonance condition of intermediate exchange rate with dissolved CO 2 (68.4 ppm) obtains in the absence of inhibitor. The process has marked consequences in reducing the spin-lattice relaxation time, T 1 , of the bicarbonate resonance by more than 10 times. The deoxyhemoglobin carbamino resonance has a T 1 value of 700 msec, indistinguishable from that of the protein carbonyl resonance envelope.
Single Channel Speech Separation Using Factorial Dynamics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Human listeners have the extraordinary ability to hear and recognize speech even when more than one person is talking. Their machine counterparts have historically been unable to compete with this ability, until now. We present a model-based system that performs on par with humans in the task of separating speech of two talkers from a single-channel recording. Remarkably, the system surpasses human recognition performance in many conditions. The models of speech use temporal dynamics to help infer the source speech signals, given mixed speech signals. The estimated source signals are then recognized using a conventional speech recognition system. We demonstrate that the system achieves its best performance when the model of temporal dynamics closely captures the grammatical constraints of the task.
A brief history of nearly EV‐erything – The rise and rise of extracellular vesicles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small cargo‐bearing vesicles released by cells into the extracellular space. The field of EVs has grown exponentially over the past two decades; this growth follows the realisation that EVs are not simply a waste disposal system as had originally been suggested by some, but also a complex cell‐to‐cell communication mechanism. Indeed, EVs have been shown to transfer functional cargo between cells and can influence several biological processes. These small biological particles are also deregulated in disease. As we approach the 75th anniversary of the first experiments in which EVs were unknowingly isolated, it seems right to take stock and look back on how the field started, and has since exploded into its current state. Here we review the early experiments, summarise key findings that have propelled the field, describe the growth of an organised EV community, discuss the current state of the field, and identify key challenges that need to be addressed.
Understanding the Business Value: Towards a Taxonomy of Industrial Use Scenarios enabled by Cyber-Physical Systems in the Equipment Manufacturing Industry

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The trend of digitalization provides new opportunities for industrial equipment manufactures as sensor technology and ubiquitous connectivity become part of the equipment. In particular, cyber-physical systems (CPSs) enable digital innovation for the industrial product and service business by improving operational efficiencies, facilitating innovative hybrid business models, and fuelling servitization in manufacturing. Despite the new opportunities, so far no research has been conducted to investigate and classify configurations and affordances of this new technology. To gain both a broad and in-depth understanding of use scenarios and added-value of CPSs for the service business in the equipment industry, a multi-method approach is chosen: a systematic literature review as well as case study research are conducted. Grounded in existing literature and based on empirical data of 45 use scenarios, we propose a taxonomy to classify use scenarios enabled by CPSs in the equipment industry. This work contributes to the theoretical body of knowledge by proposing a taxonomy of use scenarios enabled by CPSs. The taxonomy can be (1) leveraged to categorize use scenarios of CPSs in the equipment manufacturing industry and (2) used as a framework for further research. Practitioners can use the taxonomy to classify and compare use scenarios as well as identify business model archetypes.
A Analysis the influence of threaded pin profiles in friction stir welding by numerical simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Currently, the welding industry has made significant contributions in most production fields to meet the needs of people's lives. However, traditional welding methods have disadvantages such as: a large amount of energy consumption, production of many toxic gases that are harmful to the environment and the health of workers. Therefore, the friction stir welding method was introduced from the research of scientists to overcome the above disadvantages. Besides that, it is suitable for welding aluminum alloys and non-ferrous metals with low melting point. This green welding technology has been continuously researched to improve weld quality through two main research models: experiment models and numerical simulation models. Experimental results provide provides the basic mechanical properties of the materials at the weld and the process optimization parameters. It will be the basis to establish a numerical simulation model closest to reality, based on mathematical models and working principles, thereby helping to predict weld quality through prediction of formation defects, temperature distribution with changes in welding process parameters such as time, velocity, material or welding pin profile. In this study, the influence of threaded pin profiles on weld quality of alloy aluminum 7075 -T6 during friction stir welding was investigated by numerical simulation model through ABAQUS software to recommend a new pin profile bringing an efficient welding process. To increase the reliability of this research approach, the numerical simulation results of the temperature distribution are compared with the experimental results obtained from a foreign scientific paper with an average error of 14%. Threaded pin profiles are designed in combination with three cross-sections having different opening angles named TF0, TF30, TF60 and TF90. Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation is applied for this model where the welding tool is Lagrangian domain and workpiece is Eulerian domain. Because material deformation in friction stir welding process is large and related to temperature, the elastic-plastic Johnson-Cook model is used for workpiece. Results of this research shows a new pin profile named TF60 which it gives the best weld quality of the four configurations of the pin tool examined in this study through evaluating temperature distribution and predicting weld defect formation.
Impact of channel doping and Ar implant on device characteristics of partially depleted SOI MOSFETs

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

It is known that partially depleted (PD) SOI MOSFETs have floating body (FB) effects which degrade device performance. Previously, an argon (Ar) implant technique was proposed to form recombination centers and subsequently suppress FB effects (Ohno et al. 1998). Retrograde channel doping using indium (In) for NMOSFET (NFET) or antimony (Sb) for PMOSFET (PFET) has been widely used for bulk CMOS technologies to achieve reduced short channel effects (Skotnicki et al. 1996). In this work, we present device characteristics of conventional and Ar implanted PD SOI MOSFETs using B or retrograde In as n-channel doping and P or retrograde Sb as p-channel doping. The experiments are based on a CMOS technology which features shallow trench isolation, 0.15/spl plusmn/0.04 /spl mu/m poly gate, surface channel MOSFETs with 35 /spl Aring/ gate oxide, shallow extensions and halo implants, and Co salicidation on a 1500 /spl Aring/ SOI substrate.
Arrhythmic risk stratification in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and intermediate left ventricular dysfunction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims Arrhythmic risk stratification is a challenging issue in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), particularly when left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is more than 35%. We studied the prevalence and predictors of sudden cardiac death or malignant ventricular arrhythmias (SCD/MVAs) in DCM patients categorized at low arrhythmic risk because of intermediate left ventricular dysfunction under optimal medical treatment (OMT). Methods DCM patients considered at low arrhythmic risk (LVEF >35% and New York Heart Association class I-III after 6 ± 3 months of OMT) were analysed. An arrhythmogenic profile was defined as the presence of at least one among a history of syncope, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, at least 1000 premature ventricular contractions/24 h, at least 50 ventricular couplets/24 h at Holter ECG monitoring. SCD/MVAs was considered as the study end-point. Results During a median follow-up of 152 months (interquartile range 100–234), 30 out of 360 (8.3%) patients at low arrhythmic risk (LVEF 47 ± 7%) experienced the study end-point [14 (3.9%) SCD and 16 (4.4%) MVA]. Compared with survivors, patients who experienced SCD/MVAs had more frequently an arrhythmogenic profile and a larger left atrium. Their LVEF at the last available evaluation before the arrhythmic event was 36 ± 12%. At multivariable analysis, left atrial end-systolic area [hazard ratio 1.107; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.039–1.179, P = 0.002 for 1 mm 2 increase] and arrhythmogenic profile (hazard ratio 3.667; 95% CI 1.762–7.632, P = 0.001) emerged as predictors of SCD/MVAs during follow-up. Conclusion A consistent quota of DCM patients with intermediate left ventricular dysfunction receiving OMT experienced SCD/MVA during follow-up. Left atrial dilatation and arrhythmogenic pattern were associated with a higher risk of SCD/MVA.
Antifeeding effects of Plutella xylostella L.by extracts of the seed of Kochia Scoparia(L.) Schrad.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The seed of Kochia Scoparia(L.) Schrad.was investigated for its selective antifeedant and complete antifeedant activity against the 2-3 instar larvae of Plutella xylostella L..The result indicats that chloroform extracts from The seed of Kochia Scoparia(L.) Schrad.appeared a strong antifeedant activity.The Median Antifeeding Concentration(AFC50) of selective antifeedant activity was 376.41mg/l,while its AFC50 of complete antifeedant activity was 344.82mg/L.We know that both selective antifeedant and complete antifeedant have the highest antifeedant rate with its concentration of 2000mg/L,and the higher the concentration is,the stronger the antifeeding activity is.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Transcription elongation factors repress transcription initiation from cryptic sites.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Previous studies have suggested that transcription elongation results in changes in chromatin structure. Here we present studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Spt6, a conserved protein implicated in both transcription elongation and chromatin structure. Our results show that, surprisingly, an spt6 mutant permits aberrant transcription initiation from within coding regions. Furthermore, transcribed chromatin in the spt6 mutant is hypersensitive to micrococcal nuclease, and this hypersensitivity is suppressed by mutational inactivation of RNA polymerase II. These results suggest that Spt6 plays a critical role in maintaining normal chromatin structure during transcription elongation, thereby repressing transcription initiation from cryptic promoters. Other elongation and chromatin factors, including Spt16 and histone H3, appear to contribute to this control. PMID: 12934008 Funding information This work was supported by: NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: GM32967
Consumers´ Decision-Making under Salop´s Model: Key Study on Starbucks Prague and Richmond business model

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study thesis analyses the Starbucks business model in Prague and Richmond from the location perspective, focusing on the company’s consumers and their decision-making towards commuting to the stores. Using modified Salop’s circle model, the transportation costs of the average Starbucks consumer in both cities are calculated, explained, and compared. It is revealed that the average Starbucks consumer in Richmond bears, on average, 1.255x higher transportation costs than the one in Prague and is willing to travel 2.54x higher distances to purchase the average Starbucks product. In addition, after analyzing transportation costs, the study offers a real-life applicable business proposal for where to place a new Starbucks store in both cities, based on several techniques often used in business consulting for solving case studies. The suggested most suitable location for the new store in Prague is the Prague main railway station. In contrast, the best location in Richmond is the intersection of West Broad Street E and North Lombardy Street, close to Virginia Commonwealth University. The study’s main contribution is the inverting of Salop’s circle model and emphasizing transportation costs as an endogenous variable. In general terms, this study may guide spatial optimization in business strategies, from circular economy applications to strategic managerial decisions in locations with different consumer sensitivity to transportation costs.
FIGURE 2 from Activity of the Ubiquitin-activating Enzyme Inhibitor TAK-243 in Adrenocortical Carcinoma Cell Lines, Patient-derived Organoids, and Murine Xenografts

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>Cytotoxicity of TAK-243 on ACC cell lines. <b>A,</b> Concentration–response curve and IC<sub>50</sub> values of TAK-243 in ACC cell lines and SW-13. Cell viability after 72 hours under the indicated drug concentrations was measured by the CellTiter-Glo viability assay. <b>B,</b> Expression of ABC transporters (MDR-1, BCRP) and SLFN11 in ACC cell lines and SW-13. Proteins were extracted from each cell line and expression of SLFN11, MDR-1, and BCRP were evaluated by Western blotting. <b>C,</b> Effects of TAK-243 on DNA synthesis and cell cycle. CU-ACC1, CU-ACC2, and NCI-H295R cells were treated with 100 nmol/L TAK-243 for the indicated times and pulse-labeled with EdU (10 µmol/L) for 30 minutes before harvest. Cellular EdU uptake and cell cycle were analyzed by flow cytometry. <b>D,</b> Change in percentage of S-phase after TAK-243 treatment. <b>E,</b> ACC cell lines and SW-13 were treated with TAK-243 at the indicated concentrations for 24 hours, and PARP cleavage was detected by Western blotting.</p>
Abstract 224: Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) of a new class of N-10 amino linked DNA alkylating indolino-benzodiazepines (IGNs)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We have previously reported on our antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that incorporate a highly potent novel DNA alkylating indolino-benzodiazepine (termed IGN) dimer. ADCs of these DNA alkylating IGNs were found preclinically to demonstrate better tolerability and an improved overall therapeutic index (TI) compared with those of the corresponding DNA crosslinking IGNs (Miller, et al., Mol. Cancer Ther. 2016, 2018). IGN-containing ADCs that have reached the clinical stage bear DNA alkylating IGN compounds linked to the antibody via a cleavable linker, incorporated at the amino group of a centrally located anilino spacer moiety. In our ongoing effort to further explore the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of DNA alkylating effector molecules for ADCs, we disclose here a new class of IGNs possessing a self-immolative peptide linker attached at the N-10 amine of the imine-reduced IGN monomer subunit. We explored the impact of modifying the central spacer group connecting the IGN monomers, and site of linkage on in vitro potency and the interaction with DNA. A set of IGN molecules that met our potency criteria were identified and linkable forms of these compounds were prepared and conjugated to a folate receptor-α (FRα)-binding antibody. These ADCs displayed potent, antigen-specific in vitro activity across a panel of FRα-expressing cell lines. A lead ADC selected for in vivo studies demonstrated high stability in plasma and potent efficacy in various xenograft models, at doses well below the maximum tolerated dose. Thus, IGNs modified with an N-10 self-immolative peptide linker are promising DNA alkylating effector molecules for use in ADCs.Citation Format: Michael L. Miller, Emily E. Reid, Katie E. Archer, Luke Harris, Erin K. Maloney, Laura M. Bartle, Olga Ab, Alan J. Wilhelm, Jose F. Ponte, Rajeeva Singh, Thomas A. Keating, Ravi V. Chari. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) of a new class of N-10 amino linked DNA alkylating indolino-benzodiazepines (IGNs) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 224.
(revised version octobre 2012) DROUGHT AND CIVIL WAR IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA∗

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We show that civil war is strongly related to drought in sub-Saharan Africa. We consider the effect of variations in the Palmer Drought Severity Index (Palmer 1965)- a cumulative index that combines precipitation, temperature and the local characteristics of the soil- on the risk of civil war. While the recent, contentious debate on the link between climate and civil war has mainly focused on precipitation and temperature, without obtaining converging results, the Palmer index describes social exposure to water stress in a more efficient way. We show that it is a key factor of civil war in sub-Saharan Africa and that this result is robust to various specifications and passes a series of sensitivity tests. Also, our results indicate that agriculture, ethnic diversity and institutional quality are important factors to link climate and civil war.
Spectral analysis of heart rate variability as a measure of sympathico-vagal influence after sublingual nitroglycerin: comparison of the quantitative analysis with FFT and autoregressive model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Short-acting vasodilating drugs like nitroglycerin sublingual (NTG) change sympathico-vagal balance as long as central systolic blood pressure is lowered. To calculate power spectral density (PSD) estimation of heart rate variability (HRV) stationary conditions in the time domain are required. In order to study time course of HRV after administration of NTG, two different methods were used. One method is the chirp-z transformation which is closely related to the Fourier transformation; the other method is an autoregressive (AR) model. AR models offer the possibility of analyzing short time fractions for a complete spectra, whereas the chirp-z transformations need a definite number of points for a definite frequency region. No significant differences could be seen in PSD calculated with the different methods.< >
Introduction: militarization and international business

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce a special issue which looks into how militarization can be seen as an entity from which international business, management and organization can or cannot glean potentially useful lessons. Design/methodology/approach Five papers have been used to give a suitable basis for the reconceptualisation and recontextualisation of the military and militarization in relation to international business. Findings Several key tasks are achieved in rephrasing the issues of militarization in relation to international business. A wide national and cultural span is covered. Originality/value In developing and assembling this collection of papers claim cannot be laid to have answered issues on militarization, ground has been laid and reference points provided for a much needed wider critical debate.
Poly(Diphenylamine) with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Composite Film Modified Electrode for the Determination of

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this study I report the electrochemical oxidation of phenol at a poly diphenylamine (PDPA)- multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composite film modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). PDPA was polymerized on the MWCNT modified GCE by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.1 M H2SO4. The surface morphology of PDPA-MWCNT was studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The interfacial electron transfer phenomenon at the modified electrode was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The PDPA-MWCNT composite film showed good electrocatalytic behavior towards the oxidation of phenol in pH 7. Phenol showed a well defined anodic peak at 0.65 V (vs. Ag/AgCl electrode). The MWCNT in PDPA-MWCNT film enhanced the anodic peak current by 8.48 and 2.36 times than that of MWCNT/GCE and PDPA/GCE electrode. The peak current increased linearly with phenol concentration. The amperometric determination of phenol at the composite film modified electrode showed linear range from 9.8 to 80 µM. This result shows that the proposed composite electrode may be developed for potential application in real sample analysis.
Impacts of Biofilm Formation on the Fate and Potential Effects of Microplastic in the Aquatic Environment

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In the aquatic environment, microplastic (MP; <5 mm) is a cause of concern because of its persistence and potential adverse effects on biota. Studies of microlitter impacts are mostly based on virgin and spherical polymer particles as model MP. However, in pelagic and benthic environments, surfaces are always colonized by microorganisms forming so-called biofilms. The influence of such biofilms on the fate and potential effects of MP is not understood well. Here, we review the physical interactions of early microbial colonization on plastic surfaces and their reciprocal influence on the weathering processes and vertical transport as well as sorption and release of contaminants by MP. Possible ecological consequences of biofilm formation on MP, such as trophic transfer of MP particles and potential adverse effects of MP, are virtually unknown. However, evidence is accumulating that the biofilm−plastic interactions have the capacity to influence the fate and impacts of MP by modifying the physical properties of the particles. There is an urgent research need to better understand these interactions and increase the ecological relevance of current laboratory testing by simulating field conditions in which microbial life is a key driver of biogeochemical processes.