jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Glass‐transition temperatures and rheological behavior of methyl methacrylate–styrene random copolymers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Poly(methyl methacrylate‐ ran ‐styrene) copolymers were synthesized under monomer‐starved conditions by emulsion copolymerization. The glass‐transition temperatures ( T g 's) of the copolymers were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and torsional braid analysis (TBA). The results showed that the methyl methacrylate–styrene random copolymers produced an asymmetric T g versus composition curve, which could not even be interpreted by the Johnston equation with different contributions of dyads to the T g of the copolymer considered. A new sequence distribution equation concerning different contributions of triads was introduced to predict the copolymer's T g . The new equation fit the experimental data exactly. Also, the T g determined by TBA ( T g TBA ) was higher than the one determined by DSC ( T g DSC ) and the difference was not constant. The rheological behavior of the copolymers was also studied. T g TBA − T g DSC increased with increasing flow index of the melt of the copolymer, and the reason was interpreted. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2891–2896, 2003
How does tillage intensity affect soil organic carbon? A systematic review

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background The loss of carbon (C) from agricultural soils has been, in part, attributed to tillage, a common practice providing a number of benefits to farmers. The promotion of less intensive tillage practices and no tillage (NT) (the absence of mechanical soil disturbance) aims to mitigate negative impacts on soil quality and to preserve soil organic carbon (SOC). Several reviews and meta-analyses have shown both beneficial and null effects on SOC due to no tillage relative to conventional tillage, hence there is a need for a comprehensive systematic review to answer the question: what is the impact of reduced tillage intensity on SOC? Methods We systematically reviewed relevant research in boreo-temperate regions using, as a basis, evidence identified within a recently completed systematic map on the impacts of farming on SOC. We performed an update of the original searches to include studies published since the map search. We screened all evidence for relevance according to predetermined inclusion criteria. Studies were appraised and subject to data extraction. Meta-analyses were performed to investigate the impact of reducing tillage [from high (HT) to intermediate intensity (IT), HT to NT, and from IT to NT] for SOC concentration and SOC stock in the upper soil and at lower depths. Results A total of 351 studies were included in the systematic review: 18% from an update of research published in the 2 years since the systematic map. SOC concentration was significantly higher in NT relative to both IT [1.18 g/kg ± 0.34 (SE)] and HT [2.09 g/kg ± 0.34 (SE)] in the upper soil layer (0–15 cm). IT was also found to be significant higher [1.30 g/kg ± 0.22 (SE)] in SOC concentration than HT for the upper soil layer (0–15 cm). At lower depths, only IT SOC compared with HT at 15–30 cm showed a significant difference; being 0.89 g/kg [± 0.20 (SE)] lower in intermediate intensity tillage. For stock data NT had significantly higher SOC stocks down to 30 cm than either HT [4.61 Mg/ha ± 1.95 (SE)] or IT [3.85 Mg/ha ± 1.64 (SE)]. No other comparisons were significant. Conclusions The transition of tilled croplands to NT and conservation tillage has been credited with substantial potential to mitigate climate change via C storage. Based on our results, C stock increase under NT compared to HT was in the upper soil (0–30 cm) around 4.6 Mg/ha (0.78–8.43 Mg/ha, 95% CI) over ≥ 10 years, while no effect was detected in the full soil profile. The results support those from several previous studies and reviews that NT and IT increase SOC in the topsoil. Higher SOC stocks or concentrations in the upper soil not only promote a more productive soil with higher biological activity but also provide resilience to extreme weather conditions. The effect of tillage practices on total SOC stocks will be further evaluated in a forthcoming project accounting for soil bulk densities and crop yields. Our findings can hopefully be used to guide policies for sustainable management of agricultural soils.
Relative abundances of primary ion radicals in .gamma.-irradiated DNA: cytosine vs. thymine anions and guanine vs. adenine cations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRelative abundances of primary ion radicals in .gamma.-irradiated DNA: cytosine vs. thymine anions and guanine vs. adenine cationsMichael D. Sevilla, David Becker, Mengyao Yan, and Steven R. SummerfieldCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 8, 3409–3415Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100161a080https://doi.org/10.1021/j100161a080research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views204Altmetric-Citations139LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Upper and lower bounds on the performance of parallel algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the advent of VLSI, new opportunities in computer architecture are emerging. Parallel processors composed of many thousands of PEs will soon be practical. In this thesis, we derive both upper and lower bounds for parallel algorithms. Our analyses emphasize two specific models of parallel computation--the and the paracomputer--but the general ideas and many of the results are much more widely applicable.
We present general lower bounds for solving a wide class of problems on direct connection machines, and a sharper lower bound for effecting permutations. This latter bound shows that the permutation problem is not completely parallelizable on any direct connection machine that is not almost completely connected. In addition, using a very general model of parallel computation, we study the worst case time complexity of searching in parallel.
We then present a large collection of basic algorithms for both the ultracomputer and the paracomputer. Since the performances of many of these algorithms achieve the lower bounds mentioned above, both models are extremely effective parallel computer systems.
Finally, a systematic method for generalizing any dependent-size algorithm to an independent-size one is given.
Histones H1 and H5 interact preferentially with crossovers of double-helical DNA.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The interaction of the linker histones H1 and H5 from chicken erythrocyte chromatin with pBR322 was studied as a function of the number of superhelical turns in circular plasmid molecules. Supercoiled plasmid DNA was relaxed with topoisomerase I so that a population with a narrow distribution of topoisomers, containing from zero to five superhelical turns, was obtained. None of the topoisomers contained alternative non-B-DNA structures. Histone-DNA complexes formed at either 25 or 100 mM NaCl final concentration and at histone-DNA molar ratios ranging from 10 to 150 were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The patterns of disappearance of individual topoisomer bands from the gel were interpreted as an indication of preference of the linker histones for crossovers of double-helical DNA. This preference was observed at both salt concentrations, being more pronounced under conditions of low ionic strength. Isolated H5 globular domain also caused selective disappearance of topoisomers from the gel, but it did so only at very high peptide-DNA molar ratios. The observed preference of the linker histones for crossovers of double-helical DNA is viewed as a part of the mechanism involved in the sealing of the two turns of DNA around the histone octamer.
Teacher Victimization and Teacher Burnout in Schools: Risk Factors and Concerns

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This conceptual paper explores the pressing issue of teacher victimization and its correlation with teachers' mental health, highlighting significant implications for both educators and students. The prevalence of mental illness among teachers is examined, emphasizing its impact on well-being and educational outcomes. The concept of teacher victimization is introduced, detailing how it affects teachers ’psychological health and detrimentally influences student learning environments. Guided by the Social-Ecological Model, the paper categorizes risk factors contributing to teacher victimization into individual and contextual dimensions. Individual factors include gender, race, years of teaching experience, and specific teaching roles, which shape teachers' vulnerability to victimization. Contextual factors encompass school grade level, classroom and school climate, peer and collegial support, as well as broader community and cultural influences that are all supported by concrete evidence. The paper concludes by summarizing key findings and identifying limitations for future research, particularly regarding interventions to mitigate the effects of teacher victimization after it has occurred.
Alpha Blocker Treatment and Intra-operative Floppy Iris Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

İlerleyen yaşta alt üriner sistem semptomlarının (AÜSS) en sık nedenini benign prostat hiperplazisi (BPH) oluşturmaktadır.Üroloji kılavuzlarının da önerdiği alfa blokör tedavisi BPH'ye bağlı AÜSS'nin temel tedavi modalitesini oluşturmaktadır.Alfa-1 reseptörün alfa-1A, alfa-1B ve alfa-1D olmak üzere üç çeşit alt tipi bulunmaktadır.Alfa blokörlerin %98'i prostat stromal elemanları ile ilişkilidir ve özellikle prostattaki alfa-1 reseptörlerinin yaklaşık %70'i alfa-1A reseptörleridir.Bu reseptörler prostat, mesane boynu ve üretral düz kasların kasılmasından sorumludur.Baş dönmesi, yorgunluk, ortostatik hipotansiyon, senkop, nazal konjesyon ve retrograd ejakülasyon alfa blokör tedavisinin yan etkilerindendir.İntra-operatif gevşek iris sendromu (GİS) ise ilk olarak selektif alfa-1A reseptör blokörü olan tamsulosin kullanan hastaların katarakt cerrahisi sırasında geliştiği belirtilen ve kalıcı görme kaybına yol açabilen bir sendromdur.GİS'in her ne kadar başlangıçta tamsulosin ile ilişkili olduğu belirtilmişse de son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda diğer alfa blokörlerin de GİS'e neden olduğu saptanmıştır.GİS'in patofizyolojisi net olarak ortaya konulabilmiş değildir.Özellikle alfa blokör kullanımından saatler sonra bile ortaya çıkabilen bu sendrom alfa blokör kesilmesinden yıllar sonra da ortaya çıkabilmektedir.Bu yazıda, alfa blokör kullanımına bağlı gelişen ve halen etiyolojisi net olarak ortaya konulamayan gevşek iris sendromu ve bu sendromun gelişmesini minimalize etmek için yapılması gerekenler literatür eşliğinde değerlendirilmiştir.Ahahtar Kelimeler: Benign prostat hiperplazisi, alfa blokör, gevşek iris sendromu Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) in the leading cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in elderly ages.Alpha blocker treatment which is advised by urology guidelines is the main treatment of LUTS related to BPH.Alpha-1 receptor has three different subtypes including alpha-1A, alpha-1B and alpha-1D.About 98% of alpha blockers are related with prostate stromal elements and 70% of the alpha receptors are alpha-1A receptors.These receptors are responsible for contraction of prostate, bladder and urethral smooth muscles.Dizziness, fatigue, orthostatic hypotension, syncope, nasal congestion, and retrograde ejaculation are the common adverse effects of alpha blockers.Intra-operative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS), which may cause irreversible blindness, was firstly defined in patients treated with tamsulosin (an alpha-1A receptor blocker) during cataract surgery.Afterwards, it has also been shown that other alpha blockers may also cause IFIS.Pathophysiology of IFIS has not been clearly defined.This clinical picture may occur within hours after alpha blocker treatment or it may develop many years after cessation of the treatment.This paper reviews the literature and presents alpha blocker related IFIS and preventive measurements to minimalise the development of IFIS.
Measuring self- awareness among university youth in Erbil- Governorate

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Research Aims:- The researcher pursues the following aims in this research:- First: Constructing a measure of self-awareness among university youth Second: - Measuring self-awareness among university youth. Third: Finding out the statistical differences in the level of self-awareness among university youth according to the variable: 1.Gender (male-female) 2- specialization( scientific- humanty)3- Stage( second- fourth) The population of the current research consists of Salahaddin University students for the academic year (2017-2018)، for the imperturbability of the research sample and to measure the variable (self-awareness) the researchers have chosen the random sample method (716) male and female students for their research to.، and the criteria consisted of (46) items، and the researchers elicited the apparent validity of the measuring and did not delete any paragraph from the criteria، therefore they take out the discriminatory power of the paragraphs. The researchers relied on the retest method to calculate the stability of the self-awareness scale، as the value of the stability coefficient in self-awareness was (0.89). The researchers reached the following results: Constructing a scale to measure self-awareness among university youth consisting of (46) items in the form of declarative statements with appropriate psychometric characteristics. University youth in Erbil governorate center have a high level of self-awareness. There are no statistically significant differences in self-awareness among university youth، depending on the gender variable (male، female). 4-There are no statistically significant differences in self-awareness among university youth، according to the variable of specialization (scientific، humanity). 5-There are statistically significant differences of self-awareness in college youth in both stages (second-fourth) in favor of fourth stage. Under the spotlight of the results، the researcher came up with some conclusions، recommendations and suggestion.
Japan’s Korean Soldiers in the Pacific War

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The armed forces of the Japanese empire during the Pacific War included soldiers from Japan's colonial territories in the same way that the U.S. armed forces included Filipino troops and the British Empire and Commonwealth forces included Indian soldiers. However, the Japanese military did not create units made up exclusively of Koreans or of Taiwanese, but placed them in Japanese units so that their presence would not stand out. In deciding where to assign Korean soldiers, and in what numbers, the Japanese military applied the following criteria and quotas: frontline combat forces, up to 20 percent; rear echelon troops responsible for logistical support (securing transport and supplying matériel) and other duties, up to 40 percent; and rear units responsible for field hospitals, the internment of prisoners, and so on, up to 80 percent. Thus, more Korean soldiers were assigned to support activities at the rear than to combat duties at the front.1 This chapter examines the mobilization of Koreans to serve as soldiers.
Anti-slamming bulbous bow and tunnel stern applications on a novel Deep-V catamaran for improved performance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

While displacement type Deep-V mono hulls have superior seakeeping behaviour at speed, catamarans typically have modest behaviour in rough seas. It is therefore a logical progression to combine the superior seakeeping performance of a displacement type Deep-V mono-hull with the high-speed benefits of a catamaran to take the advantages of both hull forms. The displacement Deep-V catamaran concept was developed in Newcastle University and Newcastle University's own multi-purpose research vessel, which was launched in 2011, pushed the design envelope still further with the successful adoption of a novel anti-slamming bulbous bow and tunnel stern for improved efficiency. This paper presents the hullform development of this unique vessel to understand the contribution of the novel bow and stern features on the performance of the Deep-V catamaran. The study is also a further validation of the hull resistance by using advanced numerical analysis methods in conjunction with the model test. An assessment of the numerical predictions of the hull resistance is also made against physical model test results and shows a good agreement between them.
Plasma levels of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethyleneglycol in acute stroke.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

脳出血47例ならびに脳梗塞54例の急性期の患者を対象に血漿3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethyleneglycol (MHPG) を測定し, その変動を観察した.発症72時間以内の急性期の血漿MHPGの平均値は脳出血7.3±0.5ng/ml, 脳梗塞6.8±0.5ng/mlであり健常対照者 (3.7±0.3ng/ml) に比べて有意に高値を示した (それぞれp<0.001).脳出血では血腫の大きい例や生命予後の不良例で血漿MHPGは有意に高値を示し, 経時的にみると急性期以後減少した.脳梗塞においては脳塞栓症が脳血栓症に比し, 皮質枝領域梗塞が穿通枝領域梗塞に比し有意に高値を示し, さらに大梗塞, 死亡例では中・小梗塞, 生存例より有意に高かった.また脳梗塞・脳出血ともに内頚静脈血が動脈血より高値を示す例が多かったが, その差は有意に達しなかった.以上, 脳出血・脳梗塞急性期において, 血漿MHPGが高値を示し, 中枢神経系noradrenaline系活動の充進を伴う可能性が示唆された.
Psychosocial interventions for recurrent abdominal pain in childhood

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This review supersedes the original Cochrane review first published in 2008 (Huertas-Ceballos 2008).Between 4% and 25% of school-aged children complain of recurrent abdominal pain (RAP) severe enough to interfere with their daily activities. No organic cause for this pain can be found on physical examination or investigation for the majority of such children. Although many children are managed by reassurance and simple measures, a large range of psychosocial interventions involving cognitive and behavioural components have been recommended.
Supporting Information from Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of mesoporous g-C3N4/MoS2 hybrid catalysts

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The key to solving environmental and energy issues through photocatalytic technology requires highly efficient, stable and eco-friendly photocatalysts. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is one of the most promising candidates except for its limited photoactivity. In this work, a facile and scalable one-step method is developed to fabricate an efficient heterostructural g-C3N4 photocatalyst in situ coupled with MoS2. The strong coupling effect between the MoS2 nanosheets and g-C3N4 scaffold, numerous mesopores and enlarged specific surface area helped form an effective heterojunction. As such, the photocatalytic activity of the g-C3N4/MoS2 is more than three times higher than that of the pure g-C3N4 in the degradation of RhB under visible light irradiation. Improvement of g-C3N4/MoS2 photocatalytic performance is mainly ascribed to the effective suppression of the recombination of charge carriers.
Trends in gastric cancer sex ratio in the United States

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recent reports have suggested that the male/female ratio for gastric cancer has decreased over time and that the mean age of cases has increased. The authors calculated age- and sex-specific mortality rates for gastric cancer from 1950 through 1979 for whites using data from US Vital Statistics and population estimates from the US Census Bureau. Whereas sex ratios based on crude mortality rates showed a decrease over time from 1.7 in 1950 to 1.5 in 1979, similar ratios based on age-adjusted mortality rates showed an increase from 1.8 to 2.1. An increase in mean age at death over time was consistent with the increase in age of the population. The authors conclude that factors responsible for the decrease in gastric cancer mortality in the United States appear to have affected males and females equally. The overall data do not support the emergence of a new form of gastric cancer with a sex ratio or age pattern different from that found in the past.
Security Challenges and Solutions In Cloud Computing: A Critical Review

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cloud computing has revolutionized IT infrastructure by offering scalability, flexibility, and costeffectiveness, but it also introduces significant security challenges. This review paper critically examines the security issues inherent in cloud computing environments, such as data breaches, unauthorized access, and compliance risks. It explores current solutions and best practices for mitigating these challenges, including encryption techniques, access control mechanisms, and proactive monitoring systems. The paper evaluates the effectiveness of these solutions in safeguarding data integrity, confidentiality, and availability in cloud-based systems. Additionally, it discusses emerging trends and future directions in cloud security to address evolving threats and regulatory requirements. The proposed method achieves high accuracy of 98.6% with low mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.303 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.203, indicating its robust performance. The accompanying review paper underscores the security challenges in cloud computing, emphasizing the importance of encryption, access control, and monitoring for maintaining data integrity, confidentiality, and availability. It also anticipates future trends in cloud security to meet evolving threats and regulatory demands.
Three-channel receive-only RF coil for vertical-field MR guided focused ultrasound surgery

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Focused ultrasound plays an important role in local hyperthermia treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used for monitoring temperature during a thermo-coagulation treatment of tumors. The combination of these two technologies offers great advantages for oncology treatment. Currently, only horizontal-field MR guided focused ultrasound systems are available clinically, but the circular magnetic field restricts the operational space during surgery. Vertical-field open MR could provide wider access to patients during the ultrasound surgery and thus increase the potential clinical applications. A key component to facilitate such a system is the radio frequency (RF) coils. Common RF coils of vertical-field MR are not adaptive to combined system because there is no unhindered path for ultrasound beams to pass. A special three-channel receive-only RF coil with a 27cm aperture to pass ultrasound beams was designed and reported first time. Phantom scan, body imaging and temperature measurements were all taken with the specially designed prototype coil. The results show that the designed coil was functionally adaptive to the vertical-field MR guided focused ultrasound system.