jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of artifacts in 4D DSA: the relative contributions of beam hardening and scatter to vessel dropout behind highly attenuating structures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

When performing Computed Tomographic (CT) image reconstruction on digital subtraction angiography (DSA) projections, loss of vessel contrast has been observed behind highly attenuating anatomy, such as dental implants and large contrast filled aneurysms. Because this typically occurs only in a limited range of projection angles, the observed contrast time course can potentially be altered. In this work, we have developed a model for acquiring DSA projections that models both the polychromatic nature of the x-ray spectrum and the x-ray scattering interactions to investigate this problem. In our simulation framework, scatter and beam hardening contributions to vessel dropout can be analyzed separately. We constructed digital phantoms with large clearly defined regions containing iodine contrast, bone, soft issue, titanium (dental implants) or combinations of these materials. As the regions containing the materials were large and rectangular, when the phantoms were forward projected, the projections contained uniform regions of interest (ROI) and enabled accurate vessel dropout analysis. Two phantom models were used, one to model the case of a vessel behind a large contrast filled aneurysm and the other to model a vessel behind a dental implant. Cases in which both beam hardening and scatter were turned off, only scatter was turned on, only beam hardening was turned on, and both scatter and beam hardening were turned on, were simulated for both phantom models. The analysis of this data showed that the contrast degradation is primarily due to scatter. When analyzing the aneurysm case, 90.25% of the vessel contrast was lost in the polychromatic scatter image, however only 50.5% of the vessel contrast was lost in the beam hardening only image. When analyzing the teeth case, 44.2% of the vessel contrast was lost in the polychromatic scatter image and only 26.2% of the vessel contrast was lost in the beam hardening only image.
Editorial T-wave alternans: predicting the unpredictable?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This editorial refers to ‘T-wave alternans predicts mor-tality in a population undergoing a clinically indicated excercise test ’ by T. Nieminen et al., on page 2332 Sudden cardiac death (SCD) due to ventricular arrhythmias has a high morbidity and mortality. It is no wonder that car-diologists, rather than patching up survivors, are dedicated to finding predictors of cardiac electrical instability to prevent SCD. The implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) has evolved as the ultimate strategy for sudden arrhythmic death. In secondary prevention, individuals are recognized by an aborted arrhythmic event. By stratifying according to left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) below 35%, SCD may also be prevented by an ICD in individuals without any prior arrhythmic event.1 However, the relative SCD risk based on LVEF alone is lower, and additional stratifiers are
TWO-TEMPERATURE COMBINED DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS IN ARGON-HELIUM THERMAL PLASMAS

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

From the derivation of two-temperature diffusion number fluxes of species proposed by Rat et al and that of ambipolar diffusion coefficients, combined diffusion coefficients introduced by Murphy at equilibrium are extended to non-equilibrium thermal plasmas, where the kinetic temperature of electrons Te is different from that of heavy species Th .
Two-temperature ordinary and thermal combined diffusion coefficients are calculated in an argon-helium plasma at atmospheric pressure up to 30,000 K. Plasma composition is obtained using a non-equilibrium constant method. The dependence on the electron temperature of combined diffusion coefficients is analyzed for different mole percentages of argon in the mixture and for different values of the non-equilibrium parameter θ = Te /Th.
Similar behaviors to those obtained at equilibrium are highlighted with a decrease in the combined diffusion coefficients, at fixed electron temperature, as θ increases.
Network and Risk in Venture Capital Investing

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Does the network of venture capital firms affect the risk they are willing to take in their investment decisions? I develop a theoretical model of the ven- ture capital investing process and I empirically test its implications. The model considers a representative venture capital fund that decides whether to invest in a startup, and whether to syndicate with another fund. I find that a better connected venture capitalist is able to take more risk, be- cause she is able to improve the company performance with her contacts. Moreover, poorly connected venture capital firms are more likely to enter a syndication, especially when the co-investors are well connected. Finally, I use the Crunchbase database to empirically verify these implications.
Fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography in arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Editor,—Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION) is the most common cause of visual loss in giant cell arteritis (GCA). However, other presentations have been described including posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy, choroidal ischaemia, retinal artery occlusion, branch retinal artery occlusion, cilioretinal artery occlusion, and occipital cortex infarction.1 We present the first indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) findings in a case of GCA with simultaneous optic nerve and choroidal ischaemia.

### CASE REPORT

A 65 year old woman was admitted because of bilateral blindness. She had had complete, painless visual loss in her right eye 72 hours before admission followed 48 hours later by visual loss in the left. One week earlier …
Adjacent environments contribute to the increase of zooplankton species in a neotropical river

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Aim: The distribution of the zooplankton community along the Paraná River and in adjacent environments (tributaries and lakes) was evaluated, as well as the contribution of the community present in these environments to the species composition of the Paraná River. It was expected that the ensemble of species found in the last sampling site of the Paraná River would represent the accumulation of species found in the upstream sites. Methods The community was sampled at 25 sites, during 2013 and 2014, and the species richness and composition were determined. The similarity in the composition of the community between the environments was evaluated using cluster analysis, and the contribution of the species to the Paraná River was evaluated using nestedness analysis, using the NODF index. Results Overall, 193 species were registered (116 rotifers, 48 cladocerans and 29 copepods), with the majority of species considered as rare (163 species). In general, the composition of the community in the river was dissimilar to the adjacent environments, although there was a relationship among communities. Rotifers presented broad distribution throughout the area. As expected, the zooplanktonic species presented a nested distribution, with the last river site representing a set of the species registered in the upstream sites. Conclusion The results show the importance of the tributaries and lakes to the occurrence of species along the river. The distinct hydrological characteristics of the environments, as well as flow velocity, depth and connectivity, were responsible for the development of planktonic populations in the lakes that arrived in the main river through tributaries. With these results, we suggest the importance of the conservation of adjacent environments of the Paraná River for the maintenance of the zooplanktonic species in this system.
MONOMYTH: THE HERO’S STRUGGLE OF EZIO AUDITORE IN OLIVER BOWDEN’S ASSASSIN’S CREED RENAISSANCE NOVEL

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Monomyth as known as hero’s journey was created to define the patterns of stages to become heroes. Every part of the stages consists challenges that force hero struggling to complete the stages. The form of struggle itself is variety depends on the condition and situation based on hero’s background. This research intended to find the hero’s struggle and hero’s journey that appeared in Ezio’s heroic journey. In this research, the researcher analyzed one of the characters from Assassin’s Creed Renaissance novel. In specific, a character, named Ezio Auditore, was analyzed through hero’s journey theory. The data were analyzed with hero’s struggle theory by George R. Goethals and Scott T. Allison, and hero’s journey theory by Joseph Campbel. The data were generated from the actions, dialogues, and other’s character’s narrations as well as Ezio’s struggle through his journey to become a hero. In conclusion, the research revealed that Ezio experienced all three struggles that mentioned by Goethals and Allison, those are pain and hardship, vulnerability and weakness, and evil encounter. It also matched eleven stages from seventeen stages of hero’s journey by Joseph Campbell, those are the call to adventure, refusal of the call, supernatural aid, the crossing of the first threshold, the road of trials, the meeting with the goddess, woman as the temptress, atonement with the father, apotheosis, the ultimate boon, and the crossing of the return threshold. Finally, the conclusion can be drawn is that the findings above strengthen the fact that Ezio Auditore in Assassin’s Creed Renaissance is a heroic story.
MISDEM Computer Simulation. Volume I. User Manual.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The MISDEM (Mission/Damage Effectiveness Model) is a survivability/vulnerability model that transforms aircraft subsystem probabilities of survival into probabilities of aircraft survival and probabilities of various aircraft response modes, such as flight, countermeasures, and weapon delivery modes having different degrees of effectiveness. The model may be used to compute measures of effectiveness, such as number of targets killed in a mission or a campaign. It is intended for use in measuring the impact of subsystem vulnerability on aircraft survival and effectiveness for unenhanced or protected subsystems. This user manual contains: (1) a detailed description of the variables required to execute the program and the proper order of the input deck, (2) a detailed description of the output, complete with definitions of the printed data, and (3) a sample case.
Timing of the Recent Migration and Intensification of the Southern Hemisphere Westerly Winds

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In recent decades, the Southern Hemisphere westerly winds have strengthened and migrated south, attributed to greenhouse gas emissions and stratospheric ozone depletion. However, the onset and acceleration of these drivers is coincident with the start of the instrumental record, thus, hindering our ability to determine the significance of the recent trends. Here, we present a novel wind reconstruction based on marine diatoms preserved in an Antarctic Peninsula ice core, providing a unique record to reconstruct westerly winds across the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean (SO). The annually resolved record provides clear evidence that a southward migration of the Pacific sector westerly wind belt occurred in the 1960s, coupled with a prolonged strengthening trend. The poleward shift and acceleration of the westerly winds across this SO sector is unprecedented in the context of the past 140 years and coincident with the anthropogenically induced increase in greenhouse gases and ozone depletion.
Evaluating Predictors of Pain Reduction After Genicular Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation for Chronic Knee Pain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of genicular nerves can treat refractory chronic knee pain. This study evaluated association between patient and procedural characteristics and pain improvement after genicular nerve RFA. Materials & methods: A retrospective chart review. Data were extracted from patients who underwent thermal or cooled RFA of the knee. Results: A total of 124 patients were included. 81% of patients reported ≥75% pain relief after diagnostic nerve blocks. 35% reported ≥50% pain reduction from the RFA. Predictors of improved pain outcomes included higher baseline pain, no depression and thermal (vs cooled) RFA. Conclusion: Identifying patients who may benefit the most from genicular RFA is still not clear. Pain reduction differences between patients with and without depression and RFA type deserves further exploration.
Local Anesthetic Inhibition of m1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Signaling

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background Local anesthetics inhibit lipid mediator signaling (lysophosphatidate, thromboxane) by acting on intracellular domains of the receptor or on the G protein. On receptors for polar agonists, the ligand-binding pocket could form an additional site of interaction, possibly resulting in superadditive inhibition. The authors therefore investigated the effects of local anesthetics on m1 muscarinic receptor functioning. Methods The authors expressed receptors in isolation using Xenopus oocytes. Using a two-electrode voltage clamp, the authors measured the effects of lidocaine, QX314 (permanently charged), and benzocaine (permanently uncharged) on Ca2+-activated Cl- currents elicited by methylcholine. The authors also characterized the interaction of lidocaine with [3H] quinuclydinyl benzylate ([3H]QNB) binding to m1 receptors. Results Lidocaine inhibited muscarinic signaling with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 18 nm) 140-fold less than that of extracellularly administered QX314 (IC50 2.4 microm). Intracellularly injected QX314 (IC50 0.96 mm) and extracellularly applied benzocaine (IC50 1.2 mm) inhibited at high concentrations only. Inhibition of muscarinic signaling by extracellularly applied QX314 and lidocaine was the result of noncompetitive antagonism. Intracellularly injected QX314 and benzocaine inhibited muscarinic and lysophosphatidate signaling at similar concentrations, suggesting an action on the common G-protein pathway. Combined administration of intracellularly injected (IC50 19 microm) and extracellularly applied QX314 (IC50 49 nm) exerted superadditive inhibition. Lidocaine did not displace specific [3H]QNB binding to m1 receptors. Conclusions m1 Muscarinic signaling is inhibited by clinically relevant concentrations of lidocaine and by extracellularly administered QX314, suggesting that the major site of action is a extracellular domain of the muscarinic receptor. An additional less potent but superadditive inhibitory effect on the G-protein is suggested.
Effectiveness of sirolimus for early on‐set autoimmune cytopenias of autoimmune lymphoproliferative immunodeficiencies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Pediatric patients with autoimmune lymphoproliferative immunodeficiencies (ALPIDs) who exhibit autoimmune cytopenias are frequently diagnosed with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), or Evans syndrome (ES). These conditions generally necessitate long‐term immunosuppressive therapy using medications that are often ineffective and highly toxic before the diagnosis of ALPIDs. A less harmful treatment strategy is needed. Methods In this study, we described 23 pediatric patients whose initial symptom was autoimmune cytopenias and who were treated with sirolimus as monotherapy (1.5–4 years) upon being diagnosed with ALPIDs. Results Children with ALPIDs achieved a sustainable response in immune‐related cytopenias and lymphoproliferation manifestations within 3 months of sirolimus monotherapy. The complete response (CR) rate for cytopenias was higher compared to lymphoproliferative manifestations. Thrombocytopenia achieved CR more quickly than anemia and neutropenia. Following sirolimus treatment, there was an increase in the proportion of CD4 + CD25 + Foxp3 + Tregs and serum TGF‐β, while a significant reduction in the DNT ratio was observed. Conclusion Sirolimus resulted in CR and long‐lasting responses in most pediatric ALPIDs patients, suggesting it could be considered as a first line for patients requiring prolonged therapy. The increase in Tregs and decrease in DNT after sirolimus treatment may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of sirolimus in ALPIDs.
Well seismic surveying and acoustic logging

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Approaches that are typically applied in deep exploration geophysics, combining different seismic and logging methods, can be technically adapted for certain geotechnical or hydrogeological surveys or some site characterizations in the framework of seismic hazard studies. Currently it is entirely feasible to implement this type of geophysical surveying if the situation requires. After reviewing the current state of knowledge regarding borehole measurements of subsurface shear velocities applied to the geotechnical field, this book illustrates the feasibility of carrying out vertical seismic profiles (VSPs) and logs in this field. This approach also illustrates the value of combining velocity measurements of formations provided by borehole seismic tools (VSP) and acoustic (sonic) tools. An innovative example of the application of borehole seismic and logging methods is then presented in the case study of a relatively near-surface (from 20 to 130 m) karst carbonate aquifer. It shows how a multi-scale description of the reservoir can be carried out by integrating the information provided by different 3D-THR surface seismic methods, full waveform acoustic logging, VSP with hydrophones, borehole optical televiewer and flow measurements. In this book the authors provide readers with guidelines to carry out these operations, in terms of acquisitions as well as processing and interpretation. Thus, users will be able to draw inspiration to continue transferring petroleum techniques and other innovative methods for use in near-surface studies.
Leadership Development Programs: Investigating the Impact of Contextual and Cultural Factors on LDP Effectiveness in the United Arab Emirates

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The interest in leadership continues to grow over the past few decades. Leadership Development Programs (LDPs) have become a priority for all sectors, especially for the public sector. However, LDPs tend to be based on Western leadership theories, and predominantly utilize Western leadership development approaches, and do not consider the influence of national culture in their utilization, namely high-context cultures, as exists in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). This exploratory study focuses on elucidating leadership conceptualizations among Emirati leaders identifying their perceptions of the factors that impact on LDPs and leadership outcomes in the UAE public sector. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 leaders from three Dubai government organisations and data were analyzed using NVivo 10. The significance of the findings of the study are: (1) leadership conceptualizations were based on the common themes of inspiring others and communication, (2) mentoring and coaching were noted to be among the best mechanisms utilized in LDPs, (3) leadership challenges included access to financial resources, adapting to âsmartâ government, and building and retention of leadersâ hence the need for effective LDPs. The study provides a unique and significant contextual contribution highlighting improvement in opportunities for leadership development programs in the UAE public sector.
Pengaruh Metode Penanganan Pascapanen Dan Suhu Simpan Terhadap Mutu Proksimat Dan Organoleptik Ikan Nike (Awaous melanocephalus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nike fish (Awaous melanocephalus) is a local fishery commodity with high nutritional value but limited shelf life due to its delicate physical characteristics. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of post-harvest handling methods and storage temperature variations on the proximate and organoleptic quality of nike fish. The research was conducted experimentally using a 2×3 factorial completely randomized design, consisting of two handling methods (conventional and hygienic) and three storage temperatures (room temperature ±28°C, cold storage ±4°C, and frozen storage ±−18°C). Proximate quality parameters analyzed included moisture, protein, fat, and ash content using AOAC methods, while organoleptic quality was assessed based on color, aroma, texture, and taste through a hedonic test by semi-trained panelists. The results showed that hygienic handling combined with frozen storage significantly maintained higher protein content and more stable moisture levels compared to other treatments. This combination also yielded the highest organoleptic scores across all sensory attributes. These findings indicate that hygienic handling and frozen storage are effective strategies for preserving the quality of nike fish during short-term storage. The results of this study can serve as a scientific basis for developing practical post-harvest handling protocols to support the strengthening of local fishery agribusiness systems.
Effects of castration and replacement of androgen on the separation of rat ventral prostate cells by Ficoll gradient centrifugation.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

When regressing or growing (hypertrophic) cells from collagenase-digested ventral prostates were centrifuged on isokinetic Ficoll gradients for 6-8 min, they distributed into four fractions. Because of changes in epithelial cell morphology and density following castration to induce regression and replacement of androgens to cause cell growth, and contrary to results with normal rat ventral prostate, stromal cell fraction 2 was contaminated to a greater extent with regressing epithelial cells, as judged by their morphology and binding of radioactive androgens. However, centrifugation for 3 min increased the purity of epithelial cell fraction 4, although the yield of desired cells was reduced. Most cells from endocrine-manipulated rats were viable, as judged by exclusion of trypan blue and the initial incorporation of 3H-uridine. Cells centrifuged on a similar gradient of Percoll separated by a 'sieving' effect, which inverted the order of cellular fractions and removed red blood cells from fraction 2. Metrizamide offered no advantages, compared with Ficoll or Percoll. Neither physiologic nor pharmacologic amounts of testosterone returned the morphology of isolated epithelial cells to normal. To obtain consistent results with prostates from normal or hormone-manipulated rats, one should take care to select an active preparation of collagenase, avoid the use of very old animals, cool the tissue after it is dissociated, and do not apply undigested clumps of cells or overload the gradient. If attention is paid to these details, populations enriched in viable regressing or growing prostate epithelial or stromal cells can be obtained from hormonally manipulated rats.