jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nevus sebaceous on the scalp: answer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We describe the case of a 1-month-old, full-term male infant with an NS (localized, well-delimited, waxy alopecic area on the scalp) that has been present since birth. He was re-evaluated 3 months after the first observation; apart from the lesion on his scalp, the patient was physically normal. Neurological and ophthalmologic evalua­tions were unremarkable, and the infant exhibited normal neuromotor development. The child is now 1 year old, the NS keeps the same characteristics and dimensions, and the general growth and de­velopment are within the normality.
Study on the relation between the input strain, strain stored in the bar and input strain to the specimen using the torsional Hopkinson bar

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This Final Year Project (FYP) deals with the various relationships of the strains at different sections of the Torsional Hopkinson Bar (TSHB) apparatus between different stages of the experiments. The following objectives to find the relationship between the input strain and the strain stored in the bar as well as the relationship between the input shearing strain and the strain transmitted to the bar have been set out at the start of the experiment. In the course of the experiment, a fixture to determine the angle of twist was designed on the TSHB apparatus and used to calculate the theoretical strain stored in the bar. The theoretical strain obtained is used to compare with the different values of input shearing strain derived from the measurement on the strain indicator at the respective angles of twist. These two strains were compared to establish a direct relationship between the input strain obtained from the equipment and the strain stored in the bar which is calculated through the torsion theory. The results showed that the input strain is equal to the strain stored in the bar which verifies that the torsion theory is correct. Several experiments at different input strains were conducted on the TSHB apparatus. This allows the collection of data for the incident strain at the corresponding input strain. The incident strain due to its position is a good measure of the amount of strain that is being transmitted to the specimen from the input loading torque. These values of the incident strain are compared to the input strains at which they were obtained. A relationship between the input strain and the strain transmitted to the specimen was established in this way. The results showed that the input strain is approximately half of the strain that was being transmitted to the specimen in the TSHB apparatus. In conclusion, the torsion theory and the experiments conducted were used to verify the relationship between the input strain and the strain stored in the bar and it was found to be equal. Secondly, the relationship of the strain transmitted to the specimen is found experimentally to be half of the input strain. The inability of the apparatus to transmit all the incident strain to the specimen could be attributed by the partial reflection of the incident strain back to the input torque device during the release of the input loading torque.
A PROSPECTIVE STUDY ON EARLY VERSUS LATE ENTERAL FEEDING IN GASTRO INTESTINAL SURGERIES IN TERTIARY CARE CENTRE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: Study of early versus late enteral feeding in gastro intestinal surgeries. Objectives: To study whether early enteral feeding within 48 hours of bowel surgeries is tolerable to the patient irrespective of bowel sounds To study whether early enteral feeding within 48 hours of bowel surgeries is benecial to the patient irrespective of bowel sounds To study complications associated with early and late feeding in bowel surgeries. Materials & Methods: Patients who underwent gastrointestinal surgeries in Osmania general hospital and Nizam institute of medical sciences both in emergency and elective setup like anastomoses, primary repair or modied grahams patch repair or Cellan jones repair, hemicolectomy, Frey's procedure, whipple's procedure, stoma reversal were selected who met the inclusion criteria. Subjects were divided randomly into cases and control group. Patients in cases group were started oral sips of uids within 48 hours of surgery initially with clear liquids, fruit juices, tender coconut water, milk later gradually increased the feeds then started on soft diet after 24 hours of starting oral sips of uids then high protein diet. Ryles tube removed after 24 hours in study group and enteral feeds given through oral route in sitting position. Patients in control group were given maintenance uids with dextrose, normal saline and ringers lactate and also TPN in some cases. Conclusion: In this study rate of surgical site infection , pulmonary infections, fever is less in the early feeding group. Duration of the hospital stay is reduced, appearance of bowel sounds, passage of atus and stools is early in the early feed group when compared to the patients who were on conventional feeds. There is no signicant difference between the two groups in terms of anastomotic leak, emergency and elective type of operation, benign or malignant pathology, mortality, ileus and distension, nausea and vomiting and presence of gangrenous gut.
La escritura, un lenguaje para resignificar desde la escuela.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The precisions, theoretical and reflexive contributions that are made in this article, are part of the research: Writing, an experience of peace. Transformation in the understanding of peace, through the written production, in children of fifth grade, to opt for the master's degree of the authors. The regular school has provided children with scriptural practices that have left gaps in the development of their thinking and their social and communicative possibilities. Writing is a cognitive, social and communicative tool that undoubtedly contributes to the development of children's thinking. To turn it into a linguistic ability, the teacher must accompany and guide this training process permanently, a situation that implies empowering theories about writing, linguistics and didactics of language. Thinking as a teacher in what situations encourages children to write is a frequent concern that deserves to be questioned and answered. The aim of this article is to disseminate, among teachers and people interested in the subject, a theoretical and reflective support about writing in the framework of language, proposing as a scenario the school to optimize teaching processes that relate to writing.
Dance and Activism: A Century of Radical Dance Across the World, Dana Mills (2021)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Review of: Dance and Activism: A Century of Radical Dance Across the World , Dana Mills (2021) London: Bloomsbury, 216 pp., ISBN 978-1-35013-701-1, h/bk, £76.50 ISBN 978-1-35013-702-8, e-PDF, £61.20 ISBN 978-1-35013-703-5, e-Pub, £61.20
Uncertainty quantification for multiclass data description

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this manuscript, we propose a multiclass data description model based on kernel Mahalanobis distance (MDD-KM) with self-adapting hyperparameter setting. MDD-KM provides uncertainty quantification and can be deployed to build classification systems for the realistic scenario where out-of-distribution (OOD) samples are present among the test data. Given a test signal, a quantity related to empirical kernel Mahalanobis distance between the signal and each of the training classes is computed. Since these quantities correspond to the same reproducing kernel Hilbert space, they are commensurable and hence can be readily treated as classification scores without further application of fusion techniques. To set kernel parameters, we exploit the fact that predictive variance according to a Gaussian process (GP) is empirical kernel Mahalanobis distance when a centralized kernel is used, and propose to use GP's negative likelihood function as the cost function. We conduct experiments on the real problem of avian note classification. We report a prototypical classification system based on a hierarchical linear dynamical system with MDD-KM as a component. Our classification system does not require sound event detection as a preprocessing step, and is able to find instances of training avian notes with varying length among OOD samples (corresponding to unknown notes of disinterest) in the test audio clip. Domain knowledge is leveraged to make crisp decisions from raw classification scores. We demonstrate the superior performance of MDD-KM over possibilistic K-nearest neighbor.
Silk Proteins

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

With many years of history in medical sciences, silk is a naturally occurring fibrous material which demonstrates great potential in tissue engineering. It is composed of fibroin and sericin, polymers that show promise as biomaterials. Qualifying both as a structural and functional polymer, fibroin possesses high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and tailorable degradability, which, in addition to its versatile processing, explain its wide application in biomedical engineering. Current efforts are devoted to exploiting fibroin fibers as a reinforcing material in composite systems, or in the form of regenerated silk which displays novel and tunable properties. Sericin's various bioactivities are also being capitalized on to improve material function and modulate cell response in order to accelerate tissue repair and regeneration. This chapter explores the biosynthesis and basic properties of silk proteins, before detailing the processing and fabrication methods employed for the generation of silk compounds-based biomaterials.
THE “PREDATOR EARLY WARNING SYSTEM” OF RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Male Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) are known to give alarm calls in response to the approach of a predator, and to encode information about the level of threat in their calling behavior. To determine whether such sentinel males alert females, we conducted a simple field experiment in which we measured the distances at which incubating females flushed from their nests in response to the approach of a human observer. Using a matched-pairs design, we measured flushing distances with a sentinel male present (mean 19.8 m), and when the same male was absent from his territory (mean 10.4 m). Female Red-winged Blackbirds flushed from their nests at significantly greater distances when males were present than when males were absent. These results and those of other studies support the existence of a "predator early warning system" in the Red-winged Blackbird.
PENDIDIKAN TENTANG KESADARAN HUKUM BAGI ANAK BERMASALAH HUKUM DI LAPAS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Problems faced in optimizing the quality of "Education for Learners in Tangerang correctional institution" today is the contradiction between the values of hope (das sollen) with the values of reality (das Sein), and the dominant factor affecting the quality of the "Education students in Tangerang correctional institution ", is a factor of the input instrument of education. Qualitative study, this study aims to find patterns of education in accordance with the legal awareness education for students penitentiary child. The research process was conducted based on the qualitative method, which is natural, descriptive, inductive, and discover the meaning of a phenomenon. Educator Qualifications research results that have a faithful and devoted personality, friendly, full of tenderness, acting as a parent, insightful, and empathy, positive impact on the development process; Development Planning combines the Bottom Up Top Down; Approach and method that combines coaching and religious functionalist models, through: the example (example), habituation and training, creation of favorable situation, discipline, implementing worship deeply, accelerate the process of coaching, Evaluation of Education in Prison, the need to involve the role students, families, and communities, thus serving as a feed back to the improvement of the quality of coaching in prison. Keywords: education; awareness; law; child.
QUADRICS OF CODIMENSION TWO, AND THEIR AUTOMORPHISMS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A study is made of nondegenerate quadrics of codimension two. An explicit description is given of their algebra of infinitesimal automorphisms. The dimension of this algebra is computed and estimated. The quadric with the richest automorphism group is determined. It is shown that in most cases all the automorphisms are linear. A holomorphic classification of quadrics is also given.
SH137053.07FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
From Nar Nar Goon to Koo Wee Rup: Can Participatory Food Policy Making Processes Contribute to Healthier and Fairer Food Systems in the Australian Municipal Context? A Case Study from Cardinia Shire, Melbourne

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cardinia Shire is experiencing a range of social and health challenges, many of which could be addressed by a healthier food system. This research documents the conception, design and implementation of a participatory food policy making process used by Cardinia Shire Council in the development of its first food strategy. Ethnographic research involving participant observation in Kitchen Table Conversations, as well as interviews with key informants, documents the development of this policy from a variety of perspectives. Using a case study approach, this paper explores how a participatory food policy making process can contribute to a healthier food system.
Clinical outcome and risk factors related to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella spp. infection among hospitalized patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Over the past two decades, nosocomial infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Klebsiella spp. have become a major problem all around the world. This situation is of concern because there are limited antimicrobial options to treat patients infected with these pathogens, and also because this kind of resistance can spread to a wide variety of Gram-negative bacilli. Our objectives were to evaluate among in-patients at a public university tertiary-care hospital with documented infection due to Klebsiella spp., which were the risk factors (cross-sectional analysis) and the clinical impact (prospective cohort) associated with an ESBL-producing strain. Study subjects were all patients admitted at the study hospital between April 2002 and October 2003, with a clinically and microbiologically confirmed infection caused by Klebsiella spp. at any body site, except infections restricted to the urinary tract. Of the 104 patients studied, 47 were infected with an ESBL-producing strain and 57 with a non-ESBL-producing strain. Independent risk factors associated with infection with an ESBL-producing strain were young age, exposure to mechanical ventilation, central venous catheter, use of any antimicrobial agent, and particularly use of a 4th generation cephalosporin or a quinolone. Length of stay was significant longer for patients infected with ESBL-producing strains than for those infected with non-ESBL-producing strains, although fatality rate was not significantly affected by ESBL-production in this cohort. In fact, mechanical ventilation and bacteremia were the only variables within dependent association with death detected in this investigation.
Effects of Nine Plant Extracts on Germination of Wheat Powdery Mildew Pathogen Spores

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Water and 50% ethanol extracts from 9 kinds of botanical materials were screened for their antibacterial activity with conidial germination experiment.Results indicated that the 50% ethanol extracts of all materials and the water extracts of Litsea Cubeba and Cayenne Pepper had inhibitory effect to the germination of wheat powdery mildew pathogen spores.Therefore,these plant materials might be used as a source of botanical fungicide in wheat powdery mildew control.Further study showed that the inhibitory effect of different botanical extracts was related to the component and concentration.The 11.00 times diluents of 50% ethanol extracts of Garlic,Fructus Ligustri Lucidi(oven dry),Cayenne Pepper and Tobacco Stalk Epidermis,and the 2.25 times diluents of water extracts of Cayenne Pepper even inhibited the germination of wheat powdery mildew pathogen spores significantly.As for its antifungal components of different extracts,it is very necessary for us to further make an inquiry.
Selective T Cell Expansion during Aging of CD8 Memory Repertoires to Influenza Revealed by Modeling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The aging of T cell memory is often considered in terms of senescence, a process viewed as decay and loss of memory T cells. How senescence would affect memory is a function of the initial structure of the memory repertoire and whether the clonotypes that make up the repertoire decay at random. We examine this issue using the T cell memory generated to the conserved influenza A epitope M158–66, which induces a strong, focused, but polyclonal CD8 T cell response in HLA-A2 individuals. We analyzed the CD8 T cell memory repertoires in eight healthy middle-aged and eight healthy older blood donors representing an average age difference of ∼27 y. Although the repertoires show broadly similar clonotype distributions, the number of observable clonotypes decreases significantly. This decrease disproportionally affects low-frequency clonotypes. Rank frequency analysis shows the same two-component clonotype distribution described earlier for these repertoires. The first component includes lower frequency clonotypes for which distribution can be described by a power law. The slope of this first component is significantly steeper in the older cohort. Generating a representative repertoire for each healthy cohort allowed agent-based modeling of the aging process. Interestingly, simple senescence of middle-aged repertoires is insufficient to describe the older clonotype distribution. Rather, a selective clonotype expansion must be included to achieve the best fit. We propose that responses to periodic virus exposure may drive such expansion, ensuring that the remaining clonotypes are optimized for continued protection.
Gender-Based Analysis of Oral Health Outcomes Among Elite Athletes

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background: Research in dental science reveals a need for enhanced oral healthcare among elite athletes due to the stress generated by excessive exercise. Consideration of the inherent biological distinctions between men and women is crucial in sports dentistry. Objectives: Thus, this study aims to analyse the differences in oral health status among elite athletes based on gender. A total of 186 elite athletes (150 men and 36 women) recognised in the region of Aragon (Spain) participated in this study (mean age 24.99 ± 9.34), all of whom practise individual sports. Methods: Oral health status analysis included: periodontal, malocclusion and tooth status measured using the restoration index (RI) and the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index. Results: Women had fewer teeth, a lower restoration index (p < 0.05) and lower DMFT index values (p < 0.001); furthermore, this group showed a greater number of missing teeth (p < 0.001) and decayed teeth (p < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in malocclusion, plaque, gingival bleeding, dental erosion or bruxism values between the genders. Mouthguard usage was low (men = 9.4% vs. women = 14.3%; p = 0.57). Conclusions: This study highlights the need for a multidisciplinary approach to address the high prevalence of oral health issues among elite athletes, despite the differences in health status between men and women.
Continuing the Struggle: Indigenous Protests, Legal Agendas, and Aboriginal Internationalism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Aboriginal people have protested incursions by outsiders for centuries. A 1973 confrontation between the United States government and the Sioux Indians of the Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota lifted the struggle to a new level. The location — Wounded Knee — was auspicious, for it was the site of a nineteenth-century massacre of the Sioux by the US army. The American Indian Movement had established itself as a strong national voice on aboriginal issues, and fitted in with the American protest culture of the 1960s. But the conflict took a nasty turn in the coming years. In 1975, a firefight between AIM members and the FBI resulted in the death of two FBI agents. Leonard Peltier, subsequently charged with murder and imprisoned for his role in the deaths, became an icon of the Native American struggle, although commentators have described him not as a major leader but rather as "a not particularly beloved AIM regular." Over time, the conflicts at Wounded Knee and Pine Ridge have been conflated and have emerged as international symbols of the contemporary oppression of indigenous peoples.1 The American government looked to the world like an aggressor against its own people, and a new spirit emerged in the world of aboriginal protest. The AIM struggles proved to be a significant turning point in public understanding of the plight, aspirations, and determination of indigenous peoples in North America and, ultimately, around the world. More importantly, the AIM resurgence provided graphic illustrations of the frustrations, political power, and anger that festered within Native American communities across the United States.
Listening effort for L2 accents: Adults’ adaptation to Mandarin accented english

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Using task-evoked pupillary response (TEPR) and dual-task procedures, prior research has shown that adults recruit additional cognitive resources when processing fully intelligible L2-accented speech compared to speech in their own L1 accent (McLaughlin and Van Engen, 2020; Brown et al., 2020). In this study, we investigated the relationship between three prosodic measures (relative word duration variance, pitch stability, and pitch range) and changes in listening effort for L1 and L2 speakers over the course of an experiment. Using growth curve analysis, we found significant interactions between each of the three measures and trial number, indicating that prosodic factors influence speech adaptation. However, these interactions were in opposite directions for the L1 and L2 speakers. Thus, adult monolingual English listeners rely on prosodic information to adapt to a particular speaker’s voice, but use that information differently based on speaker identity.