jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE IMPORTANCE OF ZINC IN COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE AND HOW U.S. RESOURCES COULD CONTRIBUTE

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Zinc (Zn) is primarily used for galvanization and is essential to prevent corrosion of wind turbines used for energy generation; therefore, Zn is an indispensable component of the low-carbon energy transition. To meet a mitigation scenario where average global temperature increase is limited to 2°C by 2100, which is less ambitious than the Paris Agreement, total Zn demand will need to increase ~80% by 2050. The current five-year average of annual apparent consumption of refined Zn in the U.S. is 887,000 metric tons. If Zn mining in the U.S. is to meet the future demands of the 2°C scenario, annual apparent consumption will need to increase to 1,597,000 metric tons by 2050. The USGS Mineral Deposit Database (USMIN) project creates geospatial databases that are authoritative sources of the most important mines, mineral deposits, and mineral districts in the U.S. USMIN has focused on critical minerals since 2017. Zinc was added to the 2022 Final list of critical minerals due to increasing supply risk as determined by quantitative assessment. Accordingly, USMIN has started compilation of data on Zn deposits, including attributes such as resources, production, and grade. USMIN has gathered data for 30 Zn deposits in the U.S. that have contained resources plus production values that exceed the five-year average of annual apparent consumption. Only 17 of these deposits have reported resources and when combined, they amount to 45.4 Mt Zn. The five deposits with the highest grades (>6.5% Zn) have combined resources of 19.5 Mt. At the current rate of consumption, U.S. resources could theoretically supply more than 50 years of Zn. If annual production from U.S. Zn mines were to increase linearly to meet the future requirements of the 2°C scenario, the cumulative amount of Zn mined by the year 2050 would increase from 24.8 Mt (current production rate) to 34.7 Mt. The U.S. has sufficient resources to meet this demand when including deposits of all grades. However, only three of the five highest-grade deposits are currently being mined and it is estimated that the energy consumption for Zn mining doubles if ore grades decrease from 6.5 to 0.24 wt.%. Should the highest-grade deposits be mined first to realize the greatest margin between the energy expended for mining against the subsequent energy produced from wind generation?
Gibberellic Acid Stimulated Degradation of Endosperm in Pepper

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Capsicum annuum (‘Early Calwonder’) seeds germinated (radicle protrusion) in 8 days at 15°C and 4 days at 25°. The seeds have an endosperm 7 to 9 cells in thickness which lies directly in front of the radicle. The external appearance of the endosperm did not change until one day before radicle emergence, when the endosperm in front of the radicle enlarged and protruded outward. This change was accompanied by breakdown and loss of endosperm cellular integrity and reduction in endosperm thickness directly in front of the radicle, but not in other regions of the endosperm. Gibberellic acid (GA 4+7 ) decreased the time for appearance of the protruding endosperm and radicle protrusion through the seed coat by one day. Cell wall degrading activity was detectable during the early stages of germination and became extremely high after radicle emergence. Seeds treated with 100 ppm GA 4+7 showed slightly increased enzyme activity during early germination and differences became more pronounced as germination progressed. Cellulase activity was not found in the extracts, but seed enzyme preparations degraded a galactomannan substrate. The enzyme exhibited only endohydrolytic activity, indicating an enzyme which may participate in the weakening of cell wall. It was postulated that an endomannanase is needed for endosperm breakdown in front of the radicle in order for rapid germination of pepper to occur. A reduction in germination temperature from 25° to 15° reduced the rate of radicle movement through the seed coat by one half.
A Novel Multidimensional Perspective on Dynamic Characteristics of the Peculiar Feather-Shaped Dunes in Kumtag Desert With Time-Series Optical and SAR Observations

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

As a world-class problem that has confused the field of geoscience for a long time, the formation mechanism of the peculiar feather-shaped dunes in Kumtag Desert has not been clarified due to the deficiency of a comprehensive investigation on the dune dynamic characteristics. Because of the quickly changeable dune morphology and sands’ low dielectric constants, the traditional single technique generally was only used to identify or quantify dune mobility in one or two dimensions, and cannot retrieve the complete information of dune dynamic characteristics. To overcome these deficiencies, a comprehensive study of confusing the optical image cross-correlation, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) offset-tracking, and small baseline subsets interferometric SAR (InSAR) and InSAR coherence was performed here to identify and quantify the movements of feather-shaped dunes from a mutidimensional (East–West, North–South, slant-range, azimuth, and coherence) perspective. These results showed that the feather-shaped dunes demonstrate a movement tendency from the northeastern to the southwestern orientation (204.32° ± 52.15°) with the displacement magnitude of 3.34 ± 2.26 m/year, in consistent with the predominant wind condition. Specifically, the spatial heterogeneity was found that these dunes move along a relatively small slope gradient (0°–6°) and a northwestern–southeastern facing slope aspect (300°–350°, 120°–180°). Besides, the large displacement velocities are mainly concentrated in the pinna rachis rather than the rami of the feather-shaped dunes. This article sheds a light on the comprehensive investigation on the large-scale dynamic characteristics of peculiar feather-shaped dunes by combining the medium-resolution optical and SAR satellite observations.
Risk factor profile and target organ damage in hypertensive patients with α-microglobulinuria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Microalbuminuria (MA) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients (pts). Alpha1-microglobulinuria (MGL), a marker of renal tubular damage, is an early sign of nephropathy in pts with diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether MGL is associated with increased target organ damage in a hypertensive population.
Peer Review #2 of "Hypoxia-induced factor and its role in liver fibrosis (v0.1)"

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Liver fibrosis develops due to severe liver damage and is considered a major clinical concern throughout the world.Many factors are crucial for liver fibrosis progression.While advancements have been made to understand this disease, no effective pharmacological drug and treatment strategies have been proved that can effectively prevent liver fibrosis or even could halt the fibrotic process.Most of those advances in curing liver fibrosis have been aimed at mitigating the causes of fibrosis, including the development of potent antivirals to inhibit the hepatitis virus.It is not practical for many individuals; however, a liver transplant becomes the only suitable alternative.A liver transplant is an expensive procedure.Thus, there is a significant need to find potential liver fibrosis targets and develop agents that can effectively treat or reverse liver fibrosis by targeting them.Researchers have found hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in the last 16 years as important transcription factors driving several facetssides of liver fibrosis, making them possible therapeutic targets.The latest knowledge on HIFs and their role in liver fibrosis, along with the cell-specific activities of transcription factors that play a role in liver fibrosis progression, is discussed in this review.
Case Studies and Practical Examples Related to Facade Access Equipment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The United States' Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has numerous requirements that govern the design, use, evaluation, and testing of facade access equipment. These requirements are part of the US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Although the relevant structural requirements for facade access equipment are contained within 29 CFR 1910 and 29 CFR 1926, the structural requirements are interspersed with thousands of other requirements that are unrelated to structural engineering. For engineers tasked with designing or evaluating facade access equipment, the structural provisions are often less than clear due to OSHA's use of terminology that is not common in the structural engineering profession. For this reason, the Architectural Engineering Institute (AEI) sponsored the development of the Guideline and Commentary for the Structural Design, Evaluation, and Testing of Permanent Building-Supported Facade Access Equipment to help engineers understand the structural engineering provisions related to the design and evaluation of facade access equipment. This paper, along with three other companion papers, including "Introduction to the Guideline and Commentary for the Structural Design, Evaluation, and Testing of Permanent Building-Supported Facade Access Equipment" (Lewis et al., 2014), "Structural Design Recommendations for Building-Supported Facade Access Equipment" (Searer et al., 2014), and "Evaluation and Testing of Building-Supported Facade Access Equipment" (Hill et al., 2014), are intended to introduce the new AEI guideline and OSHA's structural requirements for permanent building-supported facade access equipment. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate practical examples of how these requirements can be applied to actual equipment on actual buildings.
Riverbed Lifting Effects on Bridge Structures Caused by Heavy Rainfall

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Most rivers in Taiwan are rapid and rushing due to steep slopes. Moreover, Taiwan is located in an area frequently stricken by typhoons during summer. In the aftermath of the ChiChi earthquake (7.3 on Richter scale) on September 21, 1999, the geological structure of the hillside fields, especially in central Taiwan, has become more fragile. Mudflows and landslides which give rise to the deposit of massive soils and rocks on the riverbed (e.g., riverbed of DaJia River) frequently occurred due to heavy rainfalls in the rainy and typhoon seasons. Those circumstances caused gradual lifting of the riverbed. Lifting of the riverbed decreases water capacity of the streamway and further increases the possibilities of flash-floods during heavy rainfalls and typhoons. Route Tai No. 8, located in just such a special area, is one of the major highways that connects the western and eastern parts of Taiwan. As Tai No. 8 Highway is constructed along the DaJia valley, it is highly influenced by the hydrological and geological environments of the DaJia River. In this work, some cases of bridge damages occurring during the years 2004-2006 were introduced. Those bridges are located between the sensitive segments DongShi and KuoGwn on Tai No. 8 Highway. Traffic was often closed as a result of damage or overwhelming of the highway facilities during the typhoons and heavy rainfalls. In the interest of long-term safety and to reduce the long-term maintenance cost of the bridges the old bridges will be replaced by new bridges (one is under construction and one is under planning and design). How the lifting of the riverbed affects the present bridge structures and how it concerns the design of the substitute bridges are discussed in this presentation.
FUEL DEBRIS’ AIR COOLING ANALYSIS USING A LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A dry method is one of practical methods for decommissioning the TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station. Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has been evaluating the air cooling performance of the fuel debris by using the JUPITER code based on an incompressible fluid model. However, the JUPITER code requires a large computational cost to capture complicated debris’ structures at the actual scale. To accelerate such air cooling analyses, we use the CityLBM code, which is based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and is highly optimized for GPUs. The CityLBM code is validated against free convective heat transfer experiments at JAEA, and the similar accuracy as the JUPITER code is confirmed regarding the prediction capability of heat transfer and the resulting temperature distributions. It is also shown that the elapse time of a CityLBM simulation on GPUs is reduced to 1/6 compared with that of the corresponding JUPITER simulation on CPUs, when the same number of GPUs and CPUs are used. In a large-scale problem, high performance of 61 × 103 MLUPS (Megalattice update per second) is achieved with 1.95 × 109) mesh on 216 GPUs. The results show that the LBM is promising for accelerating extreme scale thermal convective simulations.
Position control for PMSM servo system using non-smooth feedback and disturbance estimation compensation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to improve the control precision and disturbance rejection property of the PMSM position servo system, a novel composite controller is presented in this paper. First, a non-smooth feedback (NSF) control technique is employed to replace the conventional PI controller in the feedback path of both the position and speed loops. Second, considering the unavoidable and unmeasured disturbances in real applications, a feedforward compensation is adopted in the speed-loop, which is based on an extended state observer (ESO) to estimate unknown disturbances. In addition, a differential feedforward control is introduced in the position-loop to attain a better tracking performance. Simulation and experimental results show that compared with the conventional feedback control, the proposed method achieves a better position response and is more robust to load disturbance.
Prevalence and Etiologies of Renal and Urinary Manifestations in a Large Cohort of Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and objectives: Renal and/or urinary manifestations (RUM) have been reported in pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) but their incidence is unknown. The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence and causes of these manifestations in children with IBD and determine the causal link with 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) treatment. Methods: A retrospective observational study was performed with children with diagnosis of IBD. All children with RUM during follow‐up and/or impaired renal function [estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 90 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ] were identified. Results: Of 228 included patients, 9 (3.9%) had a RUM during follow‐up [follow‐up: 5 years (1–12 years)] at a median age of 16 years (8–17 years). It concerned 7 of 171 patients with Crohn disease and 2 of 57 with ulcerative colitis. Seven patients were taking 5‐ASA at the time of the RUM. Only 1 of them had an iatrogenic renal complication related to this treatment. Patients with RUM had a more severe disease with increased anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α use ( P = 0.031), more abscesses ( P = 0.003), and a higher rate of digestive surgery ( P = 0.04). For the whole cohort, a significant decrease in eGFR was found during follow‐up (121 vs 107 mL/min/1.73 m 2 , P < 0.001). At the end of follow‐up, 38 of 202 (19%) patients had an eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m 2 . Conclusion: In children with IBD, RUM can occur, independently of treatment with 5‐ASA. During follow‐up, a significant decrease in eGFR was observed. We suggest monitoring renal function in all patients with IBD.
Are religious beliefs relevant to mental health among Jews?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although considerable evidence has linked religious beliefs to mental health among Protestant Christians, previous theory and research has emphasized that practices play a more important role than beliefs for Jews. Beliefs about God’s benevolence may be salient for Orthodox Jews, however, as such beliefs are central to traditional Jewish doctrine. Two studies were conducted to compare the extent to which religious beliefs predicted depression and anxiety for Orthodox Jews, non-Orthodox Jews, and Protestants. Results indicated that beliefs were salient for Orthodox Jews and Protestants, and less relevant for non-Orthodox Jews. Among Orthodox Jews, religious beliefs remained a significant predictor of anxiety and depression after controlling for religious practices. Implications for clinical treatment of Jewish individuals are explored.
The Effect of ACEI/ARB on the Outcomes of COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

: Considering that there are different reports about the effects of angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers (ARB) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) on the outcomes of the patients with COVID-19, we aimed to conduct this retrospective study on 138 hypertensive patients (81 ACEI/ARB users) to assess the patients’ outcomes by comparing ACEI/ARB and non-ACEI/ARB users. Multivariate adjusted cox regression model, by considering the effect of other variables, demonstrated that increased age (HR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01 -1.07, P =0.003) and non- ACEI/ARB users (HR = 2.12 95% CI = 1.12 - 4.13, P = 0.021) were associated with increased risk of in-hospital mortality in about one week follow-up. In conclusion, we found that in-hospital mortality was lower in ACEI/ARB users, showing the positive effect of these treatments on patients’ outcomes.
A comparison of plug-derived and probe-derived permeability in cross-bedded sandstones of the Virgelle Member, Alberta, Canada: The influence of flow directions on probe permeametry

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In this article we compare permeability measured on radially confined cylindrical plugs to permeabilities measured using a millimeter-scale probe tip on unconfined end-faces of the same plugs. Our investigation focuses on directional attributes of probe permeametry data as a means to understand the differences between plug-scale and probe-scale permeability magnitudes. Horizontal and vertical plug and probe flow tests were carried out on fine- to medium-grained, three-dimensional (3-D) cross-bedded sandstones collected from estuarine channel successions within the Cretaceous-age Virgelle Member at Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, southern Alberta, Canada. The sandstones are heterogeneous in that they contain thin, discontinuous micaceous/carbonaceous laminae and apparent bedding-parallel grain-scale fabric. The resulting probe-derived permeabilities (0.4-3.5 d) are mostly higher than corresponding plug permeabilities (0.5-1.6 d), and mean probe-derived permeability anisotropy is significantly lower than that derived from plug-scale measurements, that is, plug k V / k H is less than probe-derived k V / k H . The results can be understood as a consequence of the model flow geometry of probe flow tests (Goggin et al., 1988), namely, that flow is preferentially directed parallel to the sample surface, radially outward from the probe tip. On end-faces of vertical plugs the bedding-parallel fabric further enhances flow parallel to the sample surface, and probe measurements yield reliable estimates of horizontal permeability, having magnitudes comparable to the permeability of equivalent horizontal plugs. For probe measurements on end-faces of horizontal plugs, flow paths appear to be variably confined parallel to bedding as a function of grain-scale and laminae-scale fabric, systematically yielding an overestimate of horizontal permeability ( k PRH > k PLH ). Interpretation of probe data in this orientation, however, is very uncertain, due to partitioning of flow paths parallel to and at angle to bedding. Significantly, almost all probe permeameter core and outcrop studies are based on measurements of this type.
The behavior of charged conducting particles in electric fields

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The presence of metal particles within a gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) might initiate a sparkover and lead to fatal failure of an electric power transmission system. In order to investigate the behavior of a particle in a GIS, the model electrodes and the measuring system are constructed. The motion of a particle was investigated by using a CCD camera and a high-speed video camera. Different shapes of elongated particles were made from 0.1-mm and 0.25-mm diameter wires. The measured values of lift-off field strength of a particle lying on the electrode agreed quite well with the theoretical predictions. The initial raising up of a particle usually started at the sharper edge, as expected. There were two types of different modes of particle motions: one is the bouncing motion between two electrodes or one electrode, and the other is the standing motion on the electrode. An interesting thing is that the standing motion is on the upper electrode, when a negative voltage is applied to the upper electrode. This phenomenon could be explained from the difference of positive and negative corona currents starting from both edges of a standing particle.
Shakespeare and the Ideas of his Time

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There is scarcely a work on Shakespeare which does not touch on what he thought, what his age thought, or on the relationship between the two. In the following pages only the more influential comments of the last fifty years on Elizabethan ideas of nature and supernature, politics and society, psychology and ethics, can be referred to; only in their broader aspects; and only so far as they bear directly on Shakespeare's mind and art.
A study of patient assault -related injuries in state psychiatric hospitals

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

We surveyed nurses and mental health workers (MHWs) working in six state psychiatric hospitals to identify factors that predict the risk of patient assault-related injuries to staff. We assessed workers' perceptions of ward performance, ward safety climate, and recall of patient assault-related injuries over a one-year period. Fifteen percent of participants experienced a major to severe patient assault. The results suggested that for a worker in a ward with low safety climate supervisory actions, the odds of experiencing a patient assault-related injury are 5 times greater than for workers in a ward with high safety climate supervisory actions (OR = .2, 95% CI = .0 - .8, p = .02). No effect on the odds of patient assault-related injury was found for ward performance. Other important factors that increased the odds of experiencing a patient assault-related injury included: being a MHW, working the day shift, and working in a particular hospital. Another significant finding was that the odds of experiencing a patient assault-related injury was 2.5 times greater for respondents who believed that patient seclusion and restraint was not beneficial to use with patients than for respondents who held favorable beliefs about using seclusion and restraint (OR = .4, CI = .2 - .8, p < .001). The implications of our study are that a high level of safety climate is protective for experiencing patient assault-related injuries. This finding demonstrates the importance of ward supervisors providing feedback about workers' safety conduct, which in turn, can decrease the risk of staff injuries in psychiatric wards. Considering the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid's rule about minimizing the use of patient seclusion and restraint, we support that these containment strategies remain an important option for staff self-protection in psychiatric wards.