jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
TWAS-GKF: a novel method for causal gene identification in transcriptome-wide association studies with knockoff inference

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Motivation Transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) aims to identify trait-associated genes regulated by significant variants to explore the underlying biological mechanisms at a tissue-specific level. Despite the advancement of current TWAS methods to cover diverse traits, traditional approaches still face two main challenges: (i) the lack of methods that can guarantee finite-sample false discovery rate (FDR) control in identifying trait-associated genes; and (ii) the requirement for individual-level data, which is often inaccessible. Results To address this challenge, we propose a powerful knockoff inference method termed TWAS-GKF to identify candidate trait-associated genes with a guaranteed finite-sample FDR control. TWAS-GKF introduces the main idea of Ghostknockoff inference to generate knockoff variables using only summary statistics instead of individual-level data. In extensive studies, we demonstrate that TWAS-GKF successfully controls the finite-sample FDR under a pre-specified FDR level across all settings. We further apply TWAS-GKF to identify genes in brain cerebellum tissue from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) v8 project associated with schizophrenia (SCZ) from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC), and genes in liver tissue related to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from the UK Biobank, respectively. The results reveal that the majority of the identified genes are validated by Open Targets Validation Platform. Availability and implementation The R package TWAS.GKF is publicly available at https://github.com/AnqiWang2021/TWAS.GKF.
Comparative Study of the Technological Potential of Durum Wheat Varieties after Natural Aging

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background: Durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.] is one of the most essential cereal species and is cultivated worldwide over almost 17 million ha, with a global production of 38.1 million tonnes in 2019 (Ioannis et al., 2020). Cereal grains have always been the main source of food for humans and domestic animals. In Algeria, cereal products, mainly wheat, play a strategic role in the food system and the national economy. Knowledge of the phenomena governing their preservation and mastery of storage techniques are crucial to the survival of the world’s population. The world human population is increasing day by day and estimated to reach 8.0 billion by 2025 and 8.9 billion by 2050. Methods: The ideal of this work was to study the effect of natural aging on the viability and technological quality of four kinds of durum wheat, saved for two years under two storage conditions, favorable conditions in the cold room, temperature (-04°C); moisture (12%) and inimical conditions (medium), temperature estimated between 11 and 37°C and relative moisture of 30 to 85 83%. To do this, a study of morphological, physiological, biochemical and technological parameters was initiated on the seed and on the whole factory. Result: The protein content values recorded are low compared to the control under both conditions (favorable, inimical) of natural aging; the differences are veritably largely significant. A significant increase in proline situations in seeds subordinated to natural aging compared to the control. Under good natural aging conditions, we notice that the different genotypes tested record low answerable sugar contents compared to the control; whereas under inimical NA conditions, we note a significant increase in answerable sugar content; the differences are veritably largely significant. The results attained show that, in general, the kinds are more sensitive to inimical conditions of natural aging, while without favorable conditions, the effect is less drastic.
Self-motion and allocentric criteria in spatial vision

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Optic flow has traditionally been assumed to be the input to structure-from-motion (SFM). To test this assumption we compared the perception of 3D structure from optic flow, actively generated by observer head translation around a stationary object, to the same optic flow, but as experienced by a non-moving observer. For stimuli composed of an Ames window-like object, where motion cues to depth conflicted with perspective, we found that active and passive observers perceived 3D structure differently: active observers relied on motion cues much more than passive observers. If, on the other hand, the virtual used to generate the stimulus was itself in motion (with respect to an earth-fixed reference frame) during observer movement, the active-passive difference disappeared. From these two results we conclude that (1) optic flow is not the sole input to SFM, but that extra-retinal information is also integrated, and (2) extra-retinal information is used in SFM to pick out objects that are stationary in an allocentric, earth-fixed reference frame. In other words, the rigidity assumption carries greater weight for a subclass of rigid objects, ones that are stationary. We tested whether stationarity was an independent criterion for 3D structure and motion in another set of experiments, where we created displays that could either be perceived as a rigid, non-stationary object, or an almost stationary, non-rigid one. When non-rigidity was not too great, subjects preferred the more stationary interpretation. We conclude that extra-retinal, self-motion information plays an important role in spatial vision, and is used to create representations of 3D structure in an allocentric reference frame that is independent of observer movement.
Structural effect of gem-6 substitution on carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen atoms: crystallographic data analysis of numerous C3CZCC3 fragments. Modelization of static and dynamic molecular states

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructural effect of gem-6 substitution on carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and oxygen atoms: crystallographic data analysis of numerous C3CZCC3 fragments. Modelization of static and dynamic molecular statesJacques Emile. Dubois and Aliette. Cosse-BarbiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 4, 1220–1228Publication Date (Print):February 17, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 17 February 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00212a034https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00212a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views46Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Paleomagnetism and age relations of the rocks in the main sulphide ore belt in central Finland

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Paleomagnetic data on the Main Sulphide Ore Belt in Finland are coherent but differ clearly from those obtained on the Archean basement area immediately north of it. The coherent magnetization in the Belt could have been caused by (i) axial uplift, (ii) a plate suture along the Belt or (iii) a short-time igneous pulse. The last interpretation is accepted since it agrees with the radiometric age data. Thus the paleomagnetic measurements in the area date the same thermal events as do the radiometric U-Pb age determinations, and the shape of the APW curve is thereby verified. A paleomagnetic pole determined for dykes intersecting the Archean basement block lies off the accepted APW curve which possibly need to be corrected. The magmatic pulse between 1880— 1840 Ma may have been associated with a plate collision or with a deep fluid convection producing the sulphide ore precipitation within the Belt.
Genetic architecture of smoking: Evaluating rare variant contribution from deep whole-genome sequencing of up to 26,000 individuals

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Across complex traits, common variants explain only a modest amount of variance, with SNP-heritability consistently below heritability estimates from close relatives. Here, we examined the contribution of rare variant to tobacco use risk in up to 26,000 individuals of European ancestry in the Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) program with whole genome sequence (WGS;~30X coverage). Method We grouped about 35 million genetic variants by their minor allele frequencies (MAF) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) and estimated SNP-heritability for age of smoking initiation (N = 14,747), cigarettes smoked per day (N = 15,425), smoking cessation (N = 17,871) and initiation (N = 26,340) using linear mixed model. Rare variant population structure is detected and adjusted for by permutation procedure. We estimated an upper bound for narrow-sense heritability for tobacco use using available pedigrees consisting of close relatives in TOPMed. Results Rare variants with MAF 0.1–0.01%, mostly from non-protein altering region, accounted for 26% of variation in age of initiation and 15% for cessation. Follow-up analysis indicated that about one-third of these rare variants contribtion is potentially confounded with rare variants structure even after adjusting for principal components. After further conservative adjustment of population structure, we estimated SNP-based heritability to be 0.21 (SE = 0.08) for age of initiation, 0.15 (0.06) for cigarettes per day, 0.21 (0.09) for cessation, and 0.24 (0.07) for initiation, 1.8–4.5 times higher than previous SNP-based estimates. Our pedigree-based upper-bound for SNP-based heritability ranged from 0.18–0.35. Conclusion The substantial contribution of rare variants for several smoking phenotypes sheds light on the missing heritability and genetic etiology of tobacco use. It also informs fine-mapping strategies since the majority of the rare variant contribution was located in non-coding regulatory regions.
Glycosidic constituents from Carpesium cernuum L.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Carpesides A (1) and B (2), two new 8-O-4'-neolignan glucosides, and eupatriol 9-O-beta-d-apiofuranosyl-(1 --> 6)-beta-d-glucopyranoside (3), one new monoterpenoid diglycoside, together with 10 known glycosidic compounds, were isolated from the aerial part of Carpesium cernuum L. The structures of the new glycosides are elucidated by means of chemical methods and spectroscopic studies.
Managing the oncology wound: reconstructive issues in breast cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Oncology wounds are related to both the patient's cancer and the treatment of the cancer. Patients who have oncology wounds suffer from significantly impaired wound healing. Treating these patients and their wounds successfully requires overcoming their healing impairment. Reconstructive surgeons are increasingly playing a role in oncologic wound management, particularly among breast cancer patients. Breast reconstruction is perhaps the best contemporary model of conquering healing impairment in cancer to successfully restore the patient.
Review on Fiber reinforced/modified Bismaleimide resin composites for Aircraft Structure Application

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Bismaleimide (BMI) is a high performance thermoset material which possess similar characteristics as that of Polyimides which include high strength and rigidity at high temperature. It can be used for high temperature application upto 260° C. It stands between epoxy and polyimide in its thermal stability and moisture absorption properties. The resin is brittle in nature which necessitated modification with various modifiers viz epoxy, phenol Novolac, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), Allyl phenol, Amines, Carbon nanotubes(CNT), ceramic materials etc. at chemical level to reduce its brittleness. The bismaleimide is used as a matrix in composite materials is reinforced with fibers viz carbon, Kevlar, Basalt, glass fibers. Various authors studied the bismaleimide composite material for its application in Aircraft and missile structures which requires thermal stability and high strength at high temperature. is the resin. In this article the fiber reinforced modified bisamleimide resin composite materials are reviewed with an intend to explore the wide application of the resin system.
The Networks Are Out There: Building Cultural and Economic Resilience Through Informal Communities of Practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the possibilities offered by informal communities of practice to operate as "prototyping spaces" for innovation in the context of developing economies. It begins by looking at the concept of "economic complexity" and how it is useful in both guiding the priorities and evaluating the challenges developing economies face when attempting to drive growth and build measures of resilience, and raises the question of how these economies can both introduce higher complexity activities while compensating for latecomer disadvantages versus more complex economies. It then examines in detail the case of the Twin Eagles Group, a Peruvian video game development community in the 1990s, and how they reverse engineered technologies and global practices to pursue their creative objectives. Based on this case, it concludes by laying out some of the methodological challenges associated to researching this sort of community because of the multi-sited nature of their activities.
Card-on-File Tokenization – Issues, Technologies, and Innovations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Card-on-file tokenization has emerged as a critical technology in India’s rapidly digitizing financial ecosystem, particularly following the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) mandate prohibiting merchants from storing card details. By replacing actual card credentials with secure, context-specific tokens, tokenization significantly reduces the risk of data breaches and financial fraud, thereby enhancing digital payment security. This study conducts an extensive review of secondary research sources, including RBI circulars, academic literature, and domestic fintech case studies, to examine how tokenization is being implemented across the Indian payments landscape. The findings reveal that while tokenization has greatly enhanced consumer data protection, persistent challenges remain, including regulatory ambiguity, limited interoperability across platforms, and overreliance on centralized token vaults. These advancements could help create a more secure, inclusive, and resilient digital payments infrastructure tailored to India’s unique regulatory and technological environment.
Public Health and Social Measures to Mitigate the Health and Economic Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey, Egypt, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Poland During 2020-2021: Situational Analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic had enormous impacts on human society. There were similarities and differences in the public health and social measures taken by countries, and comparative analysis facilitates cross-country learning of contextual practices and sharing lessons to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic impact. We aim to conduct a situational analysis of the public health and social measures to mitigate the health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey, Egypt, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Poland during 2020-2021. Methods We conducted a situational analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic response in Turkey, Egypt, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Poland from the perspectives of the health system and health finance, national coordination, surveillance, testing capacity, health infrastructure, healthcare workforce, medical supply, physical distancing and non-pharmaceutical interventions, health communication, impact on non-COVID-19 health services, impact on the economy, education, gender and civil liberties, and COVID-19 vaccination. Results Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Turkey, Egypt, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Poland have expanded COVID-19 testing and treatment capacity over time. However, they faced a shortage of healthcare workforce and medical supplies. They took population-based quarantine measures rather than individual-based isolation measures, which significantly burdened their economies and disrupted education. The unemployment rate increased, and economic growth stagnated. Economic stimulus policy was accompanied by high inflation. Despite the effort to sustain essential health services, healthcare access declined. Schools were closed for 5-11 months. Gender inequality was aggravated in Turkey and Ukraine, and an issue was raised for balancing public health measures and civil liberties in Egypt and Poland. Digital technologies played an important role in maintaining routine healthcare, education, and public health communication. Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed weaknesses in healthcare systems in emerging countries of Turkey, Egypt, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Poland, and highlighted the intricate link between health and economy. Individual-level testing, isolation, and contact tracing are effective public health interventions in mitigating the health and economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in comparison to population-level measures of lockdowns. Investment in health, including digital health and communication, is essential to minimize the impact of the pandemic and for more equitable and sustainable development beyond the pandemic.
Expanding Australian Psychiatry Training Settings Beyond Metropolitan Public Hospitals: Background and Issues

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the rationale behind the expansion of specialist psychiatry training positions outside of major public teaching hospitals, as expounded by the Australian Federal Government's Expanded Settings for Specialist Training (ESST) Program. Conclusion: Alternative training settings are required to help address the anticipated growth in numbers of medical graduates and to meet the need of psychiatry trainees for greater experience in treating high prevalence mental disorders. To progress the expansion of training settings within psychiatry, it is essential that comprehensive consultation be undertaken to understand the implications of this program for trainees, existing training facilities and expanded setting providers to ensure that all stakeholders, including patients and carers, derive benefit.
Nature in Us

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Can it make sense to say that biomedical enhancements to human beings are morally unappealing? This chapter begins by considering what “human nature” must mean in the context of the debate about human enhancement and argues that a detailed theory of a fixed human nature is not necessary to ground objections to human enhancement. It explores the range of moral arguments against human enhancement, including the positions of Leon Kass, Francis Fukuyama, Paul Lauritzen, Michael Sandel, Jürgen Habermas, and Thomas Murray. The chapter argues that none of the arguments gives conclusive reasons to regard human enhancement across the board as violating publicly enforceable moral obligations. It argues instead for working toward a more complex view of enhancement, in which some forms of enhancement might be considered impermissible, some could actually be obligatory, and many would be regarded as a matter of personal moral ideals.
Determinants of credit risk of commercial banks in Ethiopia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the credit risk determinants in selected Ethiopian commercial banks. Both bank-specific variables and macroeconomic variables were included in the analysis using panel data of selected 10 commercial banks over the period 2010 to 2019. Ten calendar years data had been collected from the audited financial statement of the selected banks available on their official website address. To achieve this planned objective, the study employed purposive sampling techniques and, an explanatory (casual) research design by using quantitative data in a multiple regression model. Quantitative data were collected from the annual financial statement of selected commercial banks. The robustness of the model was statistically checked through multiple regression diagnostics methodology such as normality, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, model specification error tests were conducted to decide whether the model used in the study is appropriate and to fulfill the assumption of a classical linear regression model. The relationship between independent and dependent variables was estimated through a fixed-effect model. Panel data models such as fixed-effect models, random effect models, and pooled OLS models were tested to choose the most appropriate model. Consequently, the choice of model was tested by the Hausman test to determine the most suitable model used in this study, and the results showed that a fixed-effect model is appropriate. The study used one dependent variable credit risk measured by nonperforming loan ratio (NPL)nine independent variables that are bank size, loan growth, profitability measured by ROE, efficiency ratio capital adequacy, GDP, inflation, interest rate, and foreign exchange rate are explanatory variables. The result of the study showed that bank size, profitability, inefficiency, and inflation had a statistically positive significant relationship with credit risk. The result also suggests that loan growth, capital adequacy, interest rate, and the foreign exchange rate had an inverse relationship with credit risk. Besides this, GDP does not affect Ethiopian commercial credit risk for the study period. Finally, the study recommended that Ethiopian commercial banks should develop optimal portfolio business diversification to reduce credit risk exposures and mitigate the problem. To improve their portfolio banks need to change their traditional banking income and diversify into non-interest income sources.
The Latin American intellectuals and the Spanish civil war (1936-1939)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Due to the common historical and cultural ties between Spain and Latin America the different attitudes taken by Latin American intellectuals with regard to the Spanish Civil War were divided along lines of either rejection or adhesion depending on which side they supported in the conflict. The values and ties that were extolled would depend on the ideology which had been adopted. Those intelectuals who favoured Franco would raise the banner of Catholicism while the pro Republicans would stand for Democracy and Culture. A network of solidarity with the young Republic under attack was maintained by the visits of Latin American intelectuals to the Peninsula thus stressing the bonds which existed on both side of the Atlantic. Beyond the long history (spanning several centuries) of shared linguistic and cultural ties, the similarities which existed between Spain and Latin American nations concerning social realities and political issues led to the involvment and feeling of solidarity of Latin Americans towards Spain, the motherland