jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Osseous Changes in Hyperparathyroidism Associated with Parathyroid Tumor: A Roentgenologic Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ERDHEIM first pointed out the significance of the parathyroid glands in relation to metabolism of calcium in the skeletal system. His observations of more or less marked increase in the parenchyma of the parathyroid glands in osteomalacia have since been confirmed by many observers, although his interpretation of this change as a form of compensatory hypertrophy has led to much discussion. Verbitz, Langhans, and Kocher, in 1907, all reported association with a parathyroid tumor of multiple brown tumors of bone. Strada, in 1909, observed a woman, aged 54 years, with osteomalacia who had hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands. In three cases of senile osteomalacia, however, Strada observed that the parathyroid glands were normal. Bauer, in 1911, and Todyo, in 1912, found hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands in cases of osteomalacia and osteoporosis. Molineus, in 1913, found hyperplasia of the parathyroid glands accompanying three cases of osteomalacia with multiple brown tumors of the bone, multiple fractures, and infractions. In the same year, Paltauf and Askanazy reported a case of parathyroid tumor associated with osteitis fibrosa, multiple brown tumors of bone, and formation of cysts. Schlagenhaufer, in 1915, observed a man, aged 43 years, with hypertrophy of the left parathyroid gland and marked osteitis fibrosa. Maresch, in 1916, reported the association of enlargement of the parathyroid glands with osteitis fibrosa cystica in one case, with osteomalacia in one case, and with multiple cystic lesions in several bones in one case. The parathyroid bodies were macroscopically hypertrophied in eight cases of senile osteomalacia and in twenty-eight cases of osteoporosis, but in five cases of osteitis deformans the changes in the parathyroid gland s were less marked. Günther, in 1922, stated that almost all patients who have multiple brown tumors of the bones also have tumorous enlargement of the parathyroid glands. In the same year, Strauch reported the case of a woman aged 27 years who had marked puerperal osteomalacia, and a large parathyroid tumor. Danisch, in 1925, could demonstrate parathyroid tumors in only two of twenty cases of senile osteoporosis. Hoffheinz, in 1925, reviewed forty-five cases of enlargement of the parathyroid glands, in twenty-five of which there were skeletal changes, and in seventeen of these, osteofibrosa was present. Mandl, in 1925, was the first to report roentgenologic data before and after operation in a case of parathyroid tumor. Before operation, osteoporosis and a fibrous appearance of the bones were present. Four months after operation, increased calcification was observed. Richardson, Aub, and Bauer, in 1929, reported the case of a man, aged 34 years, in which roentgenograms disclosed generalized osteoporosis, with rather coarse bone trabeculæ. Fractures had occurred and had healed normally.
Synthesis of Phospholipids and Triglycerides in Human Liver Slices I. Experimental Conditions and the Synthesis Rate in Normal Liver Tissue

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

AbstractHuman liver slices were incubated with glycerol-1,3-14C or fructose-U-14C. 50% of the label was recovered as glucose and 10% was incorporated into CO2 and into lipids, respectively. At high fatty acid concentration in the medium the incorporation into CO2 and glucose was suppressed, into triglycerides increased, and into phospholipids unchanged. The incorporation of fructose was suppressed with glycerol in the medium. The mean synthesis rate for phospholipids was 0.14 ± 0.01 μmoles/g liver per hour and for triglycerides 0.34 ± 0.04 μmoles/g liver per hour.Key Words: Fructose-U-14Clipid synthesisglycerol-1,3-14Clipid synthesisglycerol metabolismliverlipid metabolismliver slicesphospholipid synthesislivertriglyceride synthesisliver
Can the weather influence arthritis symptoms?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

By reviewing twelve previous studies on the relationship between the weather and arthritis symptoms, this article summarized the major findings on this controversial topic. It has been supported by most of the studies that arthritis symptoms are associated with weather conditions. Factors such as barometric pressure and temperature were generally believed to be related to arthritis symptoms. However, controversies arose at minor levels. Whether the weather-symptom relationship depends on the specific type of arthritis, weather variables, demographic and pathological heterogeneity of the patients is still a matter of debate. This article calls for standardization in future research design, and hope the mechanism underlying the weather-symptom association will be found.
Why we should overcome the “infodemic” account

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study discusses the inadequacy of the term infodemic to describe the alleged massive spread of disinformation concerning the COVID-19 outbreak on social media. Since last year, the epidemiological language has pervaded scholarly and journalistic work and has associated disinformation dissemination dynamics with virus infection. For this reason, the chapter argues that the meanings of infodemic misrepresent the ethical grounds of human communication and prevent effective measures to deter disinformation concerning the health crisis. The argument is developed theoretically but is empirically informed. First, the study addresses the epistemological tenets of the “infodemic” account, highlighting its reliance on a technical and teleological conceptualization of human interaction proposed in the 1940s by Shannon and Weaver. Moreover, it shows how the infodemic metaphor reiterates a strong media effects paradigm relying on the platform companies’ behavioral and anti-interpretative approach to human action. Second, the chapter shows the advantages of an ethical turn in disinformation scholarship, discussing three prevailing genres of disinformation which has been circulating throughout the COVID-19 outbreak: (1) “Othering” imaginaries, (2) political propaganda and (3) inadvertent sharing. The chapter’s final remarks suggest the advancement of critical tools best adapted to analyze the epistemic environment in pandemic times, considering the evaluative and communicative aspects of disinformation sharing.
Timing of surgery for intracerebral hematomas due to aneurysm rupture

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

✓ Intracerebral hematomas (ICH) from aneurysm rupture are not rare and can now be diagnosed easily and accurately by computerized tomography. The authors have collected 132 such cases from 11 medical centers. Of these patients, 38% died prior to discharge from the hospital. Seventy-eight percent of cases were admitted to the neurosurgical services on Day 0 or 1 after rupture of the aneurysm; of these patients, 15% died without surgery, 28% had surgery and died postoperatively, and 57% were operated on and survived. Mortality rates were increased in patients who were hypertensive, had poor neurological grades, showed evidence of brain herniation, or had larger clots. If the patient lived beyond the first few days and did not have brain herniation, the timing of surgery was not of great consequence, although there was a tendency toward lower morbidity in earlier surgery. This was true despite the fact that earlier operations were carried out on an initially sicker group of patients. Ischemic deterioration attributed to vasospasm occurred in 26% of cases; even when deaths at the acute stage were excluded, it was no more common in patients with early than in those with late surgery. Morbidity and mortality rates were prohibitively high in operations consisting solely of evacuation of ICH without clipping of the aneurysm. Parietal hematomas were particularly dangerous, while those in the temporal lobe were associated with the best outcome. Since it is impossible to predict survival with a high degree of reliability, even when the prognostic indicators are known, the authors recommend that patients with a significant ICH have it removed as soon as possible and that their ruptured aneurysm be clipped at the same time.
Engaging practices and communities in the development of interventions to promote HPV vaccine uptake: a protocol for implementing Boot Camp Translation in the private practice setting

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction The Healthy People 2020 report states a goal of 80% uptake of recommended vaccines among adolescents, including the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. However, the rate of uptake of the HPV vaccine is estimated at 51% in 2018, which leaves young people vulnerable to morbidity and mortality from preventable, HPV-related cancers. Reasons for this are multifactorial and include factors at the level of the provider, primary care practice, patient and family, and community. The development of interventions that are responsive to these multifactorial barriers in real-world settings is a priority. Boot Camp Translation (BCT) is a community-engaged approach to message development for translating evidence-based practices into clinics and communities. This project aims to (1) Engage practices and communities in the development of interventions to promote HPV vaccine uptake and (2) Evaluate the impact of the BCT-designed intervention on practice-level HPV vaccine initiation rates. We hypothesise that the BCT-designed intervention will increase the rate of HPV vaccine initiation in the practices. Methods and analysis This study will implement HPV-focused BCT in three counties in Colorado with a below average county-level vaccination rate. Each BCT group will design a multipronged intervention targeted at patients, parents, providers and the general community to then be disseminated in the participating practices and communities over the subsequent 6-month period. The long-term goal is to develop a replicable approach and low-cost method of increasing HPV vaccine uptake that is easily adaptable to different settings and sociodemographic contexts. Ethics and dissemination This study is approved by the Colorado Multiple Institutional Review Board. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed manuscripts and conference presentations, as well as within Colorado practice-based research networks. Trial registration number NCT04279964
Abstract 21142: Ultrafiltration on CPB Predicts AKI and Transfusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) confers poor outcomes after cardiac surgery. Conventional ultrafiltration (CUF) is performed on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) to raise hematocrit, avoid intraoperative blood transfusion, and provide renal protection. These protective effects remain unclear with high CUF volumes, which may cause hypovolemia and renal hypoperfusion. Hypothesis: Higher CUF volumes will be associated with increased AKI and poor outcomes. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 1,791 consecutive patients undergoing cardiac surgery (CABG, CABG/Valve, Valve only) was performed between June 2013 and December 2015. Institutional CPB protocol with CUF was used during all cases. Uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses determined predictors for AKI. CUF volume analyses were performed, defined by two extreme quartiles or by Youden index derived from ROC analysis, and compared for their effect on AKI rate. Mortality data was acquired from the Social Security Administration’s Death Master File through 1 year after index surgery. Results: CUF volume independently predicted AKI (p<0.0001)(Fig 1A). Critical CUF volume associated with AKI, defined by 3 rd quartile, was > 2,900 ml (OR=1.72, 95% CI 1.25, 2.38) and defined by Youden index, was > 2,239 ml, (OR=1.52, 95% CI 1.22, 1.89). While associated with increased intraoperative blood transfusion volume (p=0.002), CUF volume in AKI patients (N=903) predicted increased ICU (p<0.001) and hospital LOS (p<0.001). AKI incidence was associated with increased 30-day mortality (HR=2.78, 95% CI 1.06 - 7.27; p=0.037) but no significant difference in survival was seen when AKI group was stratified by CUF volume (Fig 1B), based on a small number of events (N=25). AKI did not yield significant HR for death between 30 days - 1 year. Conclusions: CUF volume removal during CPB predicted blood transfusion requirements, postoperative AKI, and ICU/Hospital LOS, while AKI predicted 30-day mortality.
EFFECTS OF 8-LYSINE-VASOPRESSIN AND SYNTHETIC ANALOGUES ON RELEASE OF ACTH

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Two synthetic analogues of vasopressin, [N-α-triglycyl-8-lysine]-vasopressin (GVP) and [1-deamino-8-D-arginine]-vasopressin (DDAVP), with a pronounced and long-lasting pressor and antidiuretic action respectively, were given to healthy volunteers in order to investigate whether the ACTH-releasing ability of vasopressin, reflected by plasma cortisol increase, is related to its pressor or to its antidiuretic effect. The effecti'veness of 3 different intravenous doses of [8-lysine]-vasopressin (LVP) in causing release of ACTH was also studied, and the responses compared with that caused by LVP given intramuscularly, the usually recommended route of administration. The lowest dose of LVP used in this study, 1 μg (0.25 IU) intravenously, caused a significant change of plasma cortisol. Doses of GVP with a pressor effect comparable to that of 8 μg of LVP did not affect the plasma cortisol level significantly in spite of obvious pressor effects. Nor did DDAVP in doses which should exert a maximal antidiuretic effect (4 and 16 μg) increase the plasma cortisol level. In 2 out of 10 subjects, 40 μg of LVP (10 IU) given intramuscularly failed to give a rise in plasma cortisol exceeding 5μg/100 ml, which is generally required for regarding the response as normal, and also 16 μg (4 IU) of LVP intravenously failed to produce a response reaching this level in 1 out of 12 subjects. It is concluded that the ACTH-releasing ability of vasopressin is neither associated with its pressor nor with its antidiuretic action. The finding that normal subjects can have a low response to vasopressin reduces its value for testing the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary – adrenocortical system.
Nationalism and Caribbean masculinity

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Anthony Smith (1991:14) has defined the nation as “a named human
population sharing an historic territory, common myths and historical
memories, a mass, public culture, a common economy and common legal
rights and duties for all members.” Nationalism is an important complement
to the nation, facilitating colonial conquest and subjugation. It also serves
as the ideological vehicle through which the nation attempts to homogenize
dissimilar social elements into the nationalist project. Indeed, there is no
singular conception of the nation. Each nation is constructed in accordance
with the priorities which it deems important in the process of unifying
disparate social forces. As used in this chapter, “nationalism” refers to the
ideological practices articulated by the state and reinforced by other social
institutions. These practices are designed to reproduce the many and diverse
human groups as a common community of individuals. Nationalism is also
a phenomenon which manifests itself, at both the political and cultural levels,
as a movement for the creation of an autonomous, sovereign space and
unique identity.
Literary Value and Social Identity in the Canterbury Tales

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Literary authors, especially those with other occupations, must come to grips with the question of why they should write at all, when the world urges them to devote their time and energy to other pursuits. They must reach, at the very least, a provisional conclusion regarding the relation between the uncertain value of their literary efforts and the more immediate values of their non-authorial social identities. Geoffrey Chaucer, with his several middle-strata identities, grappled with this question in a remarkably searching, complex manner. In this book, Robert J. Meyer-Lee examines the multiform, dynamic meditation on the relation between literary value and social identity that Chaucer stitched into the heart of The Canterbury Tales. He traces the unfolding of this meditation through what he shows to be the tightly linked performances of Clerk, Merchant, Franklin and Squire, offering the first full-scale reading of this sequence
Functional Aspects and Physiology of the Oral Cavity

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Wide excision remains the usual method for management of oral cavity carcinomas. With more advanced lesions, these resections often involve sacrifice of multiple subunits of the oral cavity. The resultant defect is rightfully of secondary concern in this ablative effort; however, our subsequent reconstructive efforts must then attempt to restore the form and function that has been lost. This effort requires an understanding of the normal physiology and function of the oral cavity and an understanding of which oral functions are most affected by which type of resection. Furthermore, we must understand the plasticity of these various functions and the potential for their recovery. Additionally, we must appreciate the effect of loss of these functions on a patient's overall quality of life. To this end, this chapter provides a brief review of the embryology of the oral cavity followed by a discussion of normal oral cavity functions, then, a discussion of abnormal functions imposed by resection, and finally, the aspects of our reconstructive efforts, which relate directly to preservation and restoration of these functions.
Eliminating child labour, guides for employers: the role of employers' organizations in combating child labour (Guide 3/3)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Employers and their organizations are important players in the effort to eliminate child labour. At the global level, employers' organizations have supported the adoption of ILO Conventions against child labour. At the national level, employers' organizations engage actively in tripartite dialogue regarding the ratification of Conventions, the adoption of national anti-child labour laws and compliance with those laws. Individual employers and employers' organization also participate, with the ILO and other stakeholders, in projects and programmes to reduce child labour.
3ʹS,4ʹS-Disenecioylkhellactone from the Roots of Peucedanum Japonicum Induces Apoptosis in HL-60 Cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: The root of Peucedanum japonicum is used in traditional medicine in Japan, the Philippines, China, and Korea, and it has been reported to have a variety of biological activities, including anticancer activity. Inducing apoptosis in tumor cells has become a major focus of antitumor drug development; therefore, we studied the apoptotic effects of the MeOH/CH 2 Cl 2 extract of the roots of P . japonicum and its components on HL-60 cells (a human leukemia cell line). Methods: Compounds were purified using solvents with varying polarities followed by column chromatography (reverse phase), and the structures were confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The viabilities of HL-60, A549, and MCF-7 cells were determined using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Analysis of apoptosis signaling was performed only with HL-60 cells, and cell cycle progression, Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) staining (analyzed by flow cytometry), the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, as analyzed by flow cytometry), and caspase-3, 8, and 9 activity (determined using the caspase-3, -8, and -9 activity kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol) were evaluated. Results: Two coumarin molecules, (-)-isosamidin ( 1 ) and 3ʹS,4ʹS disenecioylkhellactone ( 2 ), were isolated by bioactivity-guided fractionation. Only compound 2 showed cytotoxicity in HL-60 cells, which occurred due to increases in the sub-G1 population and the initiation of early and late apoptosis as determined by Annexin V/PI staining. In addition, decreases in the MMP were observed in HL-60 cells treated with compound 2. Several apoptotic features were observed, including increased cleavage of caspase-3, -8, and -9. Moreover, treatment with Z-DEVD-FMK (a caspase-3 inhibitor), Z-IETD-FMK (a caspase-8 inhibitor), or Z-LEHD-FMK (a caspase-9 inhibitor) significantly inhibited cell cytotoxicity. Conclusions: We provide evidence that compound 2 induces apoptosis in HL-60 cells.
Adjusting to living with Parkinson’s disease; a meta-ethnography of qualitative research

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The results highlight the need to empower patients to self-manage their illness, mitigating the effects of Parkinson's disease and supporting future wellbeing.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONIndividual identity disruption impacts on the self-value and sense of self coherence in individuals living with Parkinson's disease.Healthcare professionals should appreciate the complexity of the adjustment process which is related to the ability to maintain a coherent sense of self, to feel in control and to hold a positive mindset.Healthcare professionals should ensure information and knowledge related to self-management is tailored to an individual's understanding and experience of the disease.
Molecular clumps associated with ultra compact HII regions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

J = 2-1, 3-2 and 5-4 C 34 S observations have been carried out toward eight ultracompact H II regions that are prominent in ammonia emission. In several cases high density (∼10 6 cm −3 ) clumps with mass ∼2000 M ⊙ and size ∼0.4 pc are found around the ionized gas. These results are consitent with the idea that O-B stars form in high density surroundings. The clumps appear to be in virial equilibirum and their size is consistent with that required by the bow shock model for ultracompact H II regions. Predictions of different models for the evolution of H II regions are discussed. Detections of torsionally excited methanol towards G 10.47 and G 31.41 are also reported
Social rights in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

By affirming the social dimension of civil and political rights, the European Court of Human Rights has taken on a proactive role developing new ways of understanding human rights 'in the light of present-day conditions' or as 'necessary in a democratic society'. The Court has broadened the scope of certain political and civil rights as encompassing health-related issues or workers' rights too. The theory of positive obligations is underpinning the very marked trend towards extending the scope of the Convention to private relationships between individuals, particularly regarding environmental issues. However, while the rules of the European Convention must be interpreted in the light of contemporary perceptions, this may not go so far to undermine the object and purpose of the treaty itself. Nor can the theory of margin of appreciation justify an interpretation so broad that it is in fact a substantial modification of the Convention.
Competitive Balance: Championship Futures Betting Markets

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Competitive balance is a matter of great interest among sports fans, researchers, and stakeholders. As a result, several competing metrics have been put forth by researchers. Most commonly, these measures examine variation in wins or championships ex-post. In contrast, this study uses ex-ante championship probabilities from the futures betting market to measure competitive balance in the NBA, NFL, NHL, and MLB. Uncertainty of outcome is a component of fan interest, and at this point, the literature has used betting markets to examine uncertainty for individual games. This study proposes a measure for uncertainty in the outcome of a team's season.