jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bayesian models for cost-effectiveness analysis in the presence of structural zero costs

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Bayesian modelling for cost-effectiveness data has received much attention in both the health economics and the statistical literature in recent years. Cost-effectiveness data are characterised by a relatively complex structure of relationships linking the suitable measure of clinical benefit (\eg QALYs) and the associated costs. Simplifying assumptions, such as (bivariate) normality of the underlying distributions are usually not granted, particularly for the cost variable, which is characterised by markedly skewed distributions. In addition, individual-level datasets are often characterised by the presence of structural zeros in the cost variable. Hurdle models can be used to account for the presence of excess zeros in a distribution and have been applied in the context of cost data. We extend their application to cost-effectiveness data, defining a full Bayesian model which consists of a selection model for the subjects with null costs, a marginal model for the costs and a conditional model for the measure of effectiveness (conditionally on the observed costs). The model is presented using a working example to describe its main features.
The migrant cells in allotransplants of heart, kidney and skin. III. The source and evolution of migrant cells in association with allotransplant fibroplasia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A detailed electronmicroscopic assessment of the cells in the thoracic duct indicates that small lymphocytes do not monopolize the mononuclear cell content. Macrophages, eosinophils and many unidentified types make up about 50% of the cells and the remainder are either monocytes or lymphocytes which cannot be distinguished at certain stages by the electronmicroscope. The number of lymphocytes circulating in the peripheral blood has been radically reduced by recent electronmicroscopic assessments and their place taken by monocytes. Identification of cells in allotransplants has been mainly based on observed function such as phagocytosis, rather than on vague notions of lymphoid morphology before adequate differentiation has occurred. On this basis the migrant population contained few lympoid cells. Cells similar to those circulating in the peripheral blood can be observed migrating continuously through the small vessels of the allotransplants and they are either immature phagocytes or evolving monocytes, as indicated by pinocytosis or phagocytosis. These are the cells which come to dominate the interstitial tissues of all allotransplants examined. In many areas the arrival of the macrophages coincides with stimulation of the allotransplant's own fibroblasts, which rapidly divide and enlarge and adhere to one another to such an extent that they dominate some areas of the interstitial space. The joint activity of the scavenging macrophages and the healing fibroblasts can best be interpreted as a conventional process aimed at repairing the damage resulting from the inflammatory vascular reaction by the allotransplants soon after being placed in a foreign circulation. The interstitial cell population of allotransplants is partly derived from the donor and partly from the recipient. No evidence has emerged which suggests that either cell type is in any way engaged in immunological activity or directly responsible for parenchymal damage.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A SINGLE CHANNEL ECG MONITOR USING PC

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An Electro-Cardio-Graph (ECG) is a device that records the electrical activity of the heart. Skin electrodes placed at designated locations on the body collect ECG measurement information, and from these waveforms different information on heart condition can be derived. This paper discusses the design and implementation of a single-channel ECG (three-electrode) circuit with a bandwidth of (0.5-100) Hz for patient monitoring purposes. The front end of an ECG must be able to deal with weak signals ranging from few microvolts to few millivolts. An analogue ECG amplifier is designed and implemented using instrumentation amplifier (IA) followed by band pass filter (BPF), then by notch filter (NF) to minimize noise affecting the signal, and a right leg drive circuit (RLDC). . The ECG data is recorded and analyzed with greater flexibility using personal computer. The (ALS 4000) PC-sound card is used as a data acquisition device. The Matlab program (version 6.5) is employed to acquire data from sound card then digitally processing the signal in order to display the ECG signal on a PC monitor.
A computer interfaced high temperature/Knudsen cell quadrupole mass spectrometer data acquisition system: application to the investigation of the volatile abundance of submarine basalts from the Mariana Island-arc and trough

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A method for the controlled heating of a high temperature Knudsen-cell effusion source and an automatic data acquisition system for an interfaced quadrupole mass spectrometer are described. The method of controlled heating (with variable heating rates, 1.
Polymerization of isoprene in n‐heptane with triethylaluminum–titanium tetrachloride catalyst. I. Effect of Al/Ti ratio on stereoregularity, conversion, molecular weight, and molecular weight distribution

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The influence of the Al/Ti ratio of the heterogeneous Ziegler–Natta catalyst system AlEt 3 –TiCl 4 on the isoprene polymerization in n ‐heptane at 30°C in a bench scale reactor was investigated. Each batch run consisted of 50 mL isoprene, 200 mL n ‐heptane with 0.45 and 0.5g catalyst. Conversion of isoprene and molecular weights of polyisoprene increased with increasing Al/Ti ratio, reaching their maxima values at 1.0 and 1.2, respectively. Conversion and molecular weights decreased remarkably at a higher ratio of Al/Ti. As this ratio decreases from the value of 1.2 to 0.4, the cis 1,4 content in polyisoprene decreased from 97 to 25%. When the ratio of Al/Ti increased from 1.2 to 2.2 the cis ‐1,4 structure of polyisoprene decreased from 97 to 85%.
Fabrication of single-layered and double-layered TiO2 nanotube arrays for dye-sensitized solar cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Advantages of titanium dioxide have allowed it to be a replacement to the conventional solar cells by the means of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Nanotubular arrays have high surface-to-volume ratio, allowing a larger surface area to be dye-loaded to as compared to conventional nanocrystalline DSSC. Nanotubular arrays are more favourable to other structures due to its fast charge transport property that does not allow electron scattering and they promote light scattering within the structure. It is known that the efficiency of titanium dioxide nanotube arrays are affected by the geometrical aspects of the nanotubes, especially the length, diameter and compactness. Only single-layered nanotube-based DSSCs are reported till date. This project investigates the performance of both single-layered and double-layered nanotube-based DSSC which includes fabrication of three structures of nanotubes and to measure their corresponding DSSC performances. For this project, different geometrical structures of nanotubes will be designed and experimented to come up with an optimal nanotubular structure. The first structure will be a conventional single-layered nanotube array anodized at a higher voltage of 50V. A second structure will be a double-layered nanotube array consisting of larger nanotube diameter at the upper portion and smaller nanotube diameter at the bottom (50V – 25V) by varying the potential voltage during anodization from 50V to 25V. The last structure would be another double-layered structure that has smaller diameter at its upper portion while larger diameter at the lower portion (25V – 50V) by increasing the potential voltage from 25V to 50V. All structures will be assembled into DSSC and tested for their efficiency. Results have shown that both single layered nanotube arrays produces the best efficiency, followed by double-layered (25V – 50V) nanotube arrays. The lowest efficiency obtained are projected from double-layered (50V – 25V) nanotube arrays with efficiency of 7% lower than double-layered (25V – 50V) and 8% lower than the single-layered nanotube arrays. In conclusion, not only do single-layered nanotube arrays have the best efficiency, the time required to grow them is one-fifth that of double-layered nanotube arrays, indubitably saving a lot of time in large-scale projects
The Establishment of the War Staff, and its Work before the Outbreak of War in August 1914

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Reassesses the role of the British Naval Staff during the First World War, challenging many widely-held views, and casting much new light on controversial issues and individuals. Winner of the Society for Nautical Research's prestigious Anderson Medal, 2010. Nicholas Black examines the role of the Naval Staff of the Admiralty in the 1914-18 war, reassessing both the calibre of the Staff and the function and structure of the Staff. He challenges historians such as Arthur Marder and naval figures such as Captains Herbert Richmond and Kenneth Dewar who were influential in creating the largely bad press that the Staff has received subsequently, showing that their influence has, at times, been both unhealthy and misinformed. The way in which the Staff developed during the war from a small, overstretched and often manipulated body, to a much more highly specialised and successful one is also examined, reassessing the roles of key individuals such as Jellicoe and Geddes, and suggesting that the structure of the Staff has been misunderstood and that it was a rather more sophisticated body than historians have traditionally appreciated. Black also looks at how the Staff performed in various major naval issues of the war: the role of the Grand Fleet, the war against the U-boat, the Dardanelles Operation and the implementation of the economic blockade against Germany. Overall, the book complements, and at times challenges, both operational histories of the war and biographies of the leading individuals involved. NICHOLAS BLACK is Head of History at Dulwich College.
Multibody dynamic models in biomechanics: modelling issues and a new model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the surgical process of total knee replacement (TKR), it is well known that the three types of failureswhich are; a) unable to reproduce normal knee function, b) bone-implant interface failure c) wear duringuse. These failures are certainly due to the motion and the load that influence the prosthesis components.In this study, the modelling questions of the human knee joint will be discussed in relation only to themultibody dynamics models. Firstly, a summary is presented about the relevant literature, where themodels with their different features are presented and evaluated. The existing models are mainly focusedon the investigation of the ligaments (linear of non-linear properties), the description of the contact path,and contact forces during the motion, kinematics (rotation, abduction and adduction) and even the wearmechanism of the knee joint. The primal advantages of the multibody dynamics models are the easyadaptability in the mechanical parameters to carry out simulations and the connection with CAE programsthat helps the design of new prostheses. A new multibody model is also presented by the authors.
Study on Reduction of Microbial Contamination on Daruma by Combination Treatment of Strong Acidic Hypochlorous Water and Ultrasonic Waves

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

본 연구는 강산성차아염소산수(SAHW)와 초음파(UW)를 병용한 조미오징어 반가공품의 미생물 오염도 저감 기술을 개발하고자 수행되었다. SAHW의 유효염소농도는 $69.67{\pm}0.58ppm$, ORP는 $1071.33{\pm}4.16mV$, pH는 $2.79{\pm}0.05$이었다. 오징어 반가공품을 중량대비 20배의 SHS에 120분간 침지하였을 때 일반세균은 1.49 log CFU/g, 황색포도상구균은 1.32 log CFU/g 감소하였으며, 대장균은 검출한계 이하로 감소하였다. 오징어 반가공품 중량대비 10배의 SAHW에 120분간 침지한 경우, 일반세균은 2.69 log CFU/g, 황색포도상구균은 1.74 log CFU/g 감소하였으며, 20배의 SAHW에 120분간 침지한 경우, 일반세균은 3.62 log lCFU/g, 황색포도상구균은 3.22 log CFU/g 감소하였으며, 대장균은 검출되지 않아 SAHW가 같은 유효염소농도의 SHS보다 살균력이 높은 것을 알 수 있었다. SAHW 단독 처리만으로는 만족할 만한 미생물 저감효과를 얻을 수 없었기에 조미오징어 반가공품을 SAEW에 1차 침지 처리한 후, SAHW에 2차 침지 처리한 결과, 오징어 반가공품 중량 대비 20배의 SAEW로 60분 처리한 후, SAHW로 처리하였을 때는 중량대비 10배, 120분 처리, 중량대비 20배, 90분 처리로 일반세균수는 약 4.0 log CFU/g, 황색포도상구균은 규제치(log 2.0 CFU/g 이하) 이하로 감소하였으며 대장균은 검출되지 않았다. 초음파 세정기에 오징어 반가공품과 중량대비 20배의 TW, SHS, SAHW를 각각 넣어 UW 처리한 후 미생물 오염도를 조사한 결과, SAHW로 60분간 처리하였을 때 일반세균은 검출한계(< 1.00 log CFU/g) 이하로 감소하였으며 황색포도상구균은 규제치 이하로 감소하여 가장 좋은 저감효과를 나타내었다. 대장균의 경우, SAHW 10분간 처리로도 검출한계 이하로 감소하여 SAHW와 UW의 병용이 조미오징어 반가공품 미생물 저감화에 가장 효과가 좋은 것을 알 수 있었다. This study was performed to develop treatment method for reducing microbial contamination on Daruma (a semi-processed product of seasoned and dried squid) by combination of strong acidic hypochlorous water (SAHW) and ultrasonic waves (UW). The available chlorine concentration, oxidation reduction potential (ORP) and pH of SAHW were $69.67{\pm}0.58ppm$, $1071.33{\pm}4.16mV$ and 2.79, respectively. The 1.49 log CFU/g of viable cell count and 1.32 log CFU/g of Staphylococcus aureus was reduced, and Escherichia coli was reduced below detection limit when the Daruma was treated with 20 times (w/v) of sodium hypochlorite solution (SHS) for 120 min. The 3.62 log CFU/g of viable cell count and 3.22 log CFU/g of Staphylococcus aureus was reduced, and Escherichia coli was reduced below detection limit when the Daruma was treated with 20 times (w/v) of SAHW for 120 min. The antibacterial effects of SAHW were stronger than those of SHS at same available chroline concentration. SAHW treatment after washing strongly alkalic electrolyzed water (SAEW) showed better bactericidal effects than SAHW treatment only. The 4.0 log CFU/g of viable cell count was reduced, S. aureus was reduced below regulation limit (Log 2.0 CFU/g), and E. coli was reduced below detection limit when the Daruma was treated with 20 times (w/v) of SAHW for 90 min after washing with 20 times (w/v) of SAEW for 60 min. The viable cell number was reduced below detection limit and S. aureus was reduced below regulation limit when the Daruma was treated with 20 times (w/v) of SAHW for 60 min in ultrasonic washer. E. coli was reduced below detection limit when the Daruma was treated with 20 times (w/v) of SAHW for 10 min in ultrasonic washer. These results suggest that combination of SAHW and UW may be a good technique to reduce the microbial contamination in daruma.
CROSSOVER FIELDS IN GRAIN-BOUNDARY FLUX PINNING IN MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE FILMS WITH COLUMNAR GRAINS

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We studied temperature and magnetic-field dependence of grain boundary pinning effect in MgB 2 films with columnar grains by measuring the angular dependence of the resistivity and the critical current density (J c ). MgB 2 films grown by using a hybrid physical chemical vapor deposition method under appropriate conditions exhibit a peculiar columnar growth with their columns oriented along the c axis. The pinning effect by grain boundaries was manifested in the comparable or even higher J c for magnetic fields (H) parallel to the c axis (H‖c) than that for fields parallel to the ab plane (H‖ab) below certain temperature-dependent crossover fields. The crossover field, B cr , was around 1.6 T at 5 K and decreased to around 0.9 T at 30 K depending weakly on the sample characters, and B cr lay well below the upper critical fields in the phase diagram. Above B cr , J c for H‖c decreased very rapidly. The vortex spacing at B cr was closely correlated with the temperature dependence of the penetration depth, indicating that the degree of the vortex-vortex overlap is an important parameter to determine the number of vortices allowed per unit length of grain boundaries. Thus, B cr was thought to demarcate the accommodation capability of flux lines by the grain boundaries, and a rapid decrease of J c above B cr was ascribed to flux motion of the less strongly pinned vortices located away from the grain boundaries.
Predicting Prices of Staple Crops Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review of Studies on Wheat, Corn, and Rice

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

According to the FAO, wheat, corn, and rice are staple crops that support global food security, providing 50% of the world’s dietary energy. The ability to predict accurately these key food crop agricultural commodity prices is important in stabilizing markets, supporting policymaking, and informing stakeholders’ decisions. To this aim, machine learning (ML), ensemble learning (EL), deep learning (DL), and time series methods (TS) have been increasingly used for forecasting due to the rapid development of computational power and data availability. This study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of peer-reviewed original research articles focused on forecasting the prices of wheat, corn, and rice using machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), ensemble learning (EL), and time series techniques. The results of the study help uncover suitable forecasting methods, such as hybrid deep learning models that consistently outperform traditional methods, and they identify important limitations in model interpretability and the use of region-specific datasets, highlighting the need for explainable and generalizable forecasting solutions. This systematic review adheres to the PRISMA 2020 reporting guidelines.
PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM ASSOCIATED WITH CRI DU CHAT SYNDROME

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case is reported in which features of pseudohypoparathyroidism were found in association with the cri du chat syndrome. This association may throw some light on the localization of the chromosomal abberration which underlies pseudohypoparathyroidism, since deletion of the short arm of chromosome 5 has been clearly established in the cri du chat syndrome.
Duncan Black MacDonald's Intellectual Odyssey: A Critical Analysis of his Theological and Philosophical Contributions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

From the very early days of Islam, its opponents tried to suppress the call for truth. Despite receiving an adequate and reasonable response, few of these opponents went beyond the limit instead of accepting the truth. This is still in practice by the people of same school of thought in modern times. But especially among Westerns, it took a form of irrational allegations. Most prominent of them were William Muire, and Margoliouth. Duncan Black MacDonald who tried to create misunderstandings through self-created assumptions upon the basic pillars of Islam as the very personality of Prophet Muhammad (SAW), state of revelation and Quran being a divine source. The Present research study is an analysis of the objections raised by D. B. MacDonald. He was a pioneering Scottish-American scholar whose work in Islamic studies and comparative theology left a significant mark on the academic landscape. His intellectual journey spanned a wide collection of disciplines, including theology, philosophy, and Islamic studies, positioning him as a crucial figure in the understanding of Islamic thought and its interactions with Western religious traditions. This research paper aims to present critical analysis of MacDonald’s theological and philosophical contributions, examining the status of his irrational allegations.
Sir John Bowring and the Chinese and Siamese commercial treatise

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Judging from repetitious appearances of her marital arms in the painted line-endings, the Psalter-Hours John Rylands Library Latin MS 117 probably belonged to Jeanne of Flanders (c.1272–1333), daughter of Count Robert III of Flanders and in 1288 second wife to Enguerrand IV of Coucy. Yet the line-endings also contain some 1,800 diminutive painted escutcheons, many of which refer to other members of the local nobility active during the 1280s. This study, based on an exhaustive survey of the total heraldic and codicological evidence, suggests that the majority of the extant Psalter predated the Hours and that the two parts were combined after the 1288 marriage. The ‘completed’ manuscript bears witness to major events that unfolded in and around the Coucy barony over the course of the decade. It suggests a complex relationship between Jeanne of Flanders and a lesser member of the local nobility, a certain Marien of Moÿ, who may have served as her attendant.
Botox injections and monitoring neuromuscular blockade – a reminder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During general anaesthesia for a patient undergoing an urgent intra-abdominal procedure under general anaesthesia with neuromuscular blockade, the surgeon reported surgical access had become difficult due to apparent muscle contraction. No twitches occurred in response to neuromuscular stimulation via electrodes placed pre-operatively over the facial nerve. As the procedure continued, the surgeon voiced further concerns about access and the patient began to breathe against the ventilator. A further dose of neuromuscular blocker was administered. At the end of surgery, the nerve stimulator electrodes were repositioned over the patient's ulnar nerve to guide reversal of neuromuscular blockade, before uncomplicated emergence. Postoperative discussion with the patient revealed that they had recently received Botox (Botulinum type-A) injections to the forehead, for aesthetic purposes. Surprisingly, there are only two other documented account of monitoring complications secondary to Botox use 1, 2. Ward and Harrop-Griffiths offer two pieces of sensible advice that is worth re-iterating given the increasingly common use of Botox; firstly, to routinely use the ulnar nerve for neuromuscular monitoring (as advocated in the 5th Edition of the AAGBI 2015 Recommendations for standards of monitoring during anaesthesia and recovery 3); and secondly, to “routinely ask youthful looking patients of either sex whether they have had recent Botox injections”.
Macro-micro-morphological diagnosis of leaves of two species of Cinnamomum (C. sulphuratum and C. verum) used as resource of bay leaf

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Cinnamomum verum (true cinnamon or Tejpatra) is a well‑known spice with immense medicinal properties. Its adulteration with leaf and bark of other species belonging to genus Cinnamomum is found to be a common practice in India. AIMS: Cinnamomum sulphuratum is used as a substitute of C. verum owing to its apparent macroscopic similarities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fresh leaves of C. verum and C. sulphuratum growing in South India were collected and studied to establish their macro–microscopic identity with pharmacognostical perspective. RESULTS: Detailed microscopic evaluation by transverse section, maceration, and powder microscopy was conducted to delineate the two species. Detailed macroscopic identification served the purpose of identification of the entire drug on the spot, and microscopy has helped in the identification of fragmented and powdered form of the drugs. CONCLUSION: Further chemical and biological studies may be necessary to confirm whether these leaves can be used as a substitute or adulterant for other species Cinnamon.