jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Family Memoir and Self-Discovery

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the increasingly popular genre of 'family memoir,' authors take readers with them as they pursue the details of the lives of their parents and other relatives. Emphasising both the painstaking quest for information about a family past they did not know and the highly personal nature of such projects, family memoirs straddle the boundaries between history, biography, and autobiography. Family memoir is an aspect of the graphic-art works of Art Spiegelman and Alison Bechdel, but it has also been pursued by academics and journalists, including Daniel Mendelsohn, Alexander Stille, and Bliss Broyard. Often resented by their authors' living relatives, these chronicles appeal to readers because they pose universal questions about the connections between family history and personal identity.
Study of light scattering and transparency in human edematous corneas and application to corneal grafts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The optical properties of the cornea have been a research subject of great interest for many years. Several early theories have been put forward to explain with more or less success the optical transparency of this tissue, but it was not until Maurice demonstrated in a very elegant way during the 50s that this optical transparency could be explained by the regular ultrastructure of the cornea. When becoming edematous, the cornea's ultrastructure is perturbed and the tissue becomes a strongly scattering medium. With the emergence of ophthalmologic surgery by ultrashort pulse lasers in recent years, a regain of interest in the subject of corneal transparency arose. However, relatively little and no recent data of transparency spectra measurements covering a large wavelength range is available in the literature. The purpose of this study is to provide quantitative values for light scattering and its relation to the degree of edema by measuring the spectrum of transmitted light through corneas presenting different degrees of edema. This paper focus on the comparison of laboratory measurements published earlier with a new simple method we propose We also for eye banks to quantitatively measure the degree of transparency of corneal grafts by measuring the modulation transfer function of a Siemens star viewed through a corneal graft. Indeed, there is no current method to determine the transparency of corneal graft but the subjectivity of the laboratory technician or the ophthalmic surgeon.
Reply to the Correspondence on “How Aromatic Are Molecular Nanorings? The Case of a Six‐Porphyrin Nanoring”**

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A recent article by Anderson and co‐workers challenges our conclusions on the aromaticity of the four oxidation states of a butadyine‐linked six‐porphyrin nanoring, based on the experimental 1 H‐NMR data and some recent calculations they have performed using the BLYP35 functional. Here, we show that BLYP35 should be taken with caution and demonstrate that the indirect evidence of a ring current from experimental 1 H‐NMR data is not a definite proof of aromaticity.
Singular travelling wave solutions of the fifth-order KdV, Sawada-Kotera and Kaup equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We obtain second-order equations of degree four (six), for travelling wave solutions of the KdV (Sawada-Kotera/Kaup) equations, which reduce to first-order equations for monotone solitary waves. For the KdV equation, the singular solutions of this equation with an asymptotic value b consist of the well known solution and a new solution with a non-zero asymptotic value depending on the wave speed. We show that the well known solitary wave solutions are determined uniquely as the singular solutions with asymptotic value b = 0, which are also stationary with respect to the wave speed.
Geneva (1400–1600)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The settlement of human societies on the shore of Lake Geneva, at the mouth of the river Rhône, dates back to prehistorical times. Due to its strategic location and the fact that a bishopric was installed in the city at the beginning of the fifth century, Geneva rapidly developed into an important economic and political center. During the late Middle Ages, and especially from the fifteenth century, the city took advantage of the dominion of the House of Savoy and of the absence of wars in the region. The commercial development promoted by the dukes of Savoy, who supported and protected commercial traffic over the Alps, boosted Geneva’s economic growth. The subsequent development of international trade fairs and the presence of many Italian merchant-bankers (Milanese and Tuscans in particular) made Geneva one of the most important centers of the European Renaissance economy. The city’s economic development was accompanied by substantial demographic growth. The city of 5,000 inhabitants at the beginning of the fifteenth century grew to 10,000 people by the 1460s. The growth continued during the sixteenth century as a result of Protestants taking refuge in the Reformed Republic, and by the beginning of the seventeenth century, Geneva had 17,000 to 18,000 inhabitants. Difficulties faced by the duchy of Savoy and the expansion of the Swiss Confederacy plunged the city, by the 1470s, into economic and political crisis. During the 1520s and 1530s, Geneva allied to the Swiss Cantons, acquired political independence from the bishop, and adopted the Reformed faith (1536). The institution of Calvin’s Church, and the city’s conflicts with Bern and the duchy of Savoy, created a climate of great uncertainty and many conflicts, which ended only with the Peace of Saint-Julien (1603). Traditional Swiss scholarship considers the Reformation to have been the watershed between the medieval city and the early modern independent Republic. This dividing line has influenced historiographic production, with only a few works analyzing a given topic across the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. While economic history generated many important studies during the 1960s and 1970s, religious and social history, especially related to Calvin’s Geneva (roughly 1540–1570), have largely dominated the Genevan bibliography. More recently, political and urban history, especially concerning the late medieval period, have received renewed attention. For more resources on Calvin’s Geneva, see the Oxford Bibliographies article in Renaissance and Reformation on “John Calvin” and “Calvinism.” Given the city’s close ties with the Swiss Confederacy, a valuable bibliography is also provided by the Oxford Bibliographies article in Renaissance and Reformation on “Switzerland.”
Accounting for goodwill

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Despite the development in accounting theory and the substantial amount of literature that has been written, a common prescribed method for the accounting of goodwill has still not been identified. This has resulted in a potpourri of accounting methods, practised by accounting practitioners the world over. In a bid to harmonise these global practices, the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) has issued the Exposure Draft (ED 32) to reduce the number of acceptable goodwill accounting practices. Against this background, this study was undertaken in the form of a postal questionnaire survey to: (i) investigate the extent of goodwill accounting practices, and the impact of ED 32 on companies in Singapore. (ii) test the hypothesis as to whether managers of companies in Singapore utilise goodwill accounting practices to influence earnings.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome without the recognized risk factors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary We report two cases of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), apparently without the usual exposure factors, in whom a temporal association was detected after detailed epidemiological investigation. The index case, a 45 year old housewife, had provided terminal home-nursing care for a 33 year old African man, who died from an undiagnosed encephalitis. At that time she had fissures of the skin of both her hands. Review of post-mortem pathology specimens of the African man allowed a retrospective diagnosis of AIDS with cerebral toxoplasmosis to be made. The type of home-nursing care given by the index case was quite different from that normally provided by health care workers with the training and facilities to prevent the spread of infection.
Setting the Stage: Ideas in Progress

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Chapter four describes and analyses two parallel developments that form crucial backgrounds to the work of Awakening. First, it details the growth of a theology inclusive of popular culture among intellectual, conservative Muslims, and explicates on the concept al-fann al-hadif (purposeful art). The discussion of thinkers such as Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Abdullah Al Judai and Tariq Ramadan are stressed. This conversation is developed simultaneously as the rise of a new form of nashid originating among political Islamic activists in the Arab world in the 1970s that soon spread to similar circles worldwide. The style metamorphoses into pop music and becomes a global trend from the mid 1990s and onwards pioneered by British Yusuf Islam, Malaysian Raihan, South African Zain Bhikha and Canadian Dawud Wharnsby. Their respective music careers and productions are introduced and the connections with Awakening are emphasized. The chapter ends with the mentioning of other musicians and music styles that have influenced Awakening artists.
Podzolization - an additional paradigm

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Present models of podsolization emphasize the mobilization and precipitation of dissol- ved organic matter, together with Al(-silicates) and Fe. Such models cannot explain the dominance of pellet-like organic matter in most zonal podzols, and the discrepancy between the chemistry of percola- ting organic matter (DOC) and the organic matter accumulated in podzol-B horizons. The present paper offers an explanation in which dynamics of the rooting system of the vegetation, and the decay of its litter is combined with leaching by organic acids. Such a model can explain the domi- nance of root-derived organic matter podzol-B horizons. It is suggested that organic matter derived from roots is dominant in zonal podzols while illuvial organic matter may dominate in (nutrient-poor of hydro- morphic) intrazonal podzols.
Muscle Spindle Distribution in the Masticatory Muscle of the Tree Shrew

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Histological study of the masticatory muscles of the tree shrew showed that 140 muscle spindles are concentrated in the restricted areas of the inner lowermost layer of the horizontal and vertical portions of the temporal muscle (48 and 47 spindles, respectively), the profundus portion of the masseter muscle (42 spindles), and the zygomaticomandibular muscle (3 spindles). The medial and lateral pterygoid muscles are devoid of spindles.
Nutritional Viscosity Management for Renal Stones (Nephrolithiasis) Prevention According to Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The prevalence of renal stones in industrialized countries is about 10 to 12%, and its incidence has increased in recent years. Renal stone is strongly dependent on dietary habits, so dietary changes are the most promising intervention to reduce renal stone production. Nutrition from the perspective of traditional Persian medicine is one of the important pillars of prevention and treatment of diseases such as renal stones. In this article, we intend to outline the nutritional managements indicated in Avicenna’s book of canon of medicine on renal stones. According to Avicenna, renal stone producing foods are concentrated and viscous foods, including some dairy products, meats, cereals, fruits, pastries, breads and some foods. Many such foods discriminated by Avicenna to be viscous and thus stone forming are also shown by modern science to increase the risk of renal stone production although based on diverse mechanisms. This issue may be an example that traditional medicine may suggest experienced-founded phenotype-based shortcuts for better research hypothesis designs.
A continum analysis of cellular growth for a model of immune response relevant to HIV\ninfection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

\nA continuum approach is proposed to study the population dynamics of an immune response model relevant to HIV infections. Effects of dysfunction of the helper/inducer T cells are taken into account by a failure probability $p$ of interleukins. Using the numerical analysis of the inhomogeneous coupled differential equations, it is shown that the incubation time for the viral growth can be increased by reducing the failure probability $p$. Despite the differences, both the continuum and discrete methods lead to a common result.\n
The structure of the endodermis during the development of pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

It is shown on the basis of cytological studies that during the development of the pea root endodermis, the following structures were formed (in order of appearance): proendodermis, Casparian strips, suberin lamellae and secondary cell walls. The proendodermis cells had, in addition to the commonly occurring cell components, small vacuoles filled with phenols. The Casparian strips developed in the radial walls and accounted for no more than 1/3 of their length. The suberin layer, found on all of the endodermis walls, was deposited last over the Casparian strips. The secondary cell wall was formed only in the cells located over the phloem bundles. Its thickness was uniform over the entire circumference of the cell.
A hard stone people : social relations and the nation state in the Vaturanga District, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Studies of nation-states have tended to emphasize how they form a common national culture and the systems and institutions involved. This has included notions about the past, territory, language, and popular culture, among others. Many such studies hypothesize the role of media and publishing in establishing the modern nation-state as a sort of "imagined community" or a "creolized culture." This study, which looks at a local people called the Vaturanga, who live in northwestern Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, approaches the subject from the point of view of economic and communicative behaviours. It is my contention that the dynamic events and features frequently seen in modern and especially post-colonial nation-states can best be explained by reference to a constellation of relationships or associations: the divergent social networks to which people have access. The Vaturanga and their neighbours in rural Guadalcanal and their distant kin in town, illustrate these divergent social networks in such matters as economic change, ethnic relations, language and communication, and the mass media. Economic behaviours must be maintained by communication. This includes both the avenues of communication, and the meanings and symbols employed. This study especially focuses on the latter as a means to understand and comprehend the lives of the Vaturanga.
FAMILY SYSTEM AND GROWTH OF DALIAN POPULATION OF MANILA CLAM RUDITAPES PHILIPPINARUM

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fifteen half-sib families and 45 full-sib families were established by using the nest design of ♂: ♀ = 1 : 3,in June 2008.Phenotypic growth traits,such as shell length,shell width,shell height,and fresh weight,were compared among different families by using the ANOVA.The results show that the shell length was significantly different among 45 full-sib families at the age of 3,4,5 months;however,the growth tendency of those 3-month-old ones were nearly the same.The growth traits of the 5-month ones showed strong enhancement in F2,G2,G3 having the shell length increased by 28.43%,24.72%,and 30.53%,the shell width by 21.14%,22.3%,and 25.58%;the shell height by 30.88%,26.96%,and 25.25%;the fresh weight by 50.00%,68.42%,and 44.12%,respectively.E3 is best in anti-adversity having the smallest phenotypic growth traits and the largest survival rate among all the 45 full-sib families;while F2 was the poorest in anti-adversity.The yields of family systems N3,I1,E3,C1,N1,and G2 were improved with 77.8%,75.61%,75%,69.45%,53.96%,50.19%,respectively.The results suggest that G2,G3,N3,E3,I1,C1,and N1 are good candidates of breed.
High performance liquid chromatographic separation of insulin, glucagon and somatostatin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHigh performance liquid chromatographic separation of insulin, glucagon and somatostatinL. J. Fischer, R. L. Thies, and D. CharkowskiCite this: Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 14, 2143–2144Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50036a046https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50036a046research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views159Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
716. In vitro and In vivo Nonclinical Efficacy of AR-501 (Gallium Citrate)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Gallium nitrate citrate exhibits strong antibacterial activity and was recently shown to be safe and efficacious when intravenously administered to cystic fibrosis patients in a Phase 2 clinical study conducted by the University of Washington. We are developing an inhaled formulation of gallium citrate (AR-501), which is being tested in a Phase 1/2a clinical study. The in vitro antimicrobial activities, drug resistance profile, activities in combination with selected antibiotics, and in vivo animal efficacy if the inhaled vs. IV formulation is being presented. Methods MIC tests were performed on strains using the CLSI susceptibility test standards. Resistance testing exposed bacteria to 20 cycles at ranges above and below the MIC level of the drug used.SPF mice (C57BL/6J, 7–9 weeks) were inoculated intranasally with P. aeruginosa under ketamine/xylazine anesthesia. Inhalation of AR-501 used an Aeroneb Solo nebulizer. Gallium levels were determined by elemental analysis using atomic absorption spectroscopy. CFU levels were measured by enumeration of bacterial colonies following serial dilution of tissue homogenates. Results In vitro efficacy: MIC testing demonstrates the efficacy of AR-501 against gram (−), gram (+) and several species of mycobacteria of clinical isolates and the comparative antibacterial response with antibiotics. Resistance testing showed that AR-501 exhibited lower propensity to develop resistance than the antibiotics tested. In vivo efficacy: AR-501 Inhalation also increased the median survival time compared with IV dosing in the murine model. Bacterial clearance was increased when Tobramycin and AR-501 are co-administered. Comparative analysis of AR-501 after IH route demonstrate increased gallium levels in BAL and reduced levels in the kidney in contrast to IV route. Conclusion In vitro studies demonstrate the susceptibility of gram (−), gram (+) and mycobacteria pathogens and the dose range of AR-501 compared with SOC antibiotics. In vivo studies confirm the therapeutic efficacy of AR-501 in bacterial pneumonia by IH delivery and demonstrate that bacterial clearance is enhanced when SOC antibiotics are used in combination with AR-501. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Amorphous magnesium carbonate precipitation under the influence of different additives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Since global warming has been a key concern in the environmental field, the study of carbon capture and reuse has attracted great interest for researchers in the fields of science and engineering.The crystallization of magnesite (MgCO3) is a promising strategy for this purpose, though limited by the slow kinetics of MgCO3 precipitation.Additionally, formation of magnesite requires of moderate temperatures to avoid the formation of hydrated phases.Amorphous magnesium carbonate (AMC) is a transient phase in the formation of magnesium carbonate, which may play a key role in the final water content and structure of the crystalline MgCO3 polymorph precipitated.In this study, AMC precipitation experiments were conducted to clarify the role of different additives in the water content and kinetics of AMC formation.These additives included NaCl, Na2SO4, Na2O3Si, sodium acetate and sodium citrate.The precipitation of amorphous magnesium carbonate -AMCwas investigated experimentally with 80 potentiometric magnesium titration experiments at room temperature pH 11.00 and room temperature, kept constant by continuous NaOH addition.Here we show, using XRD, FTIR, TG and TEM that the presence of organic additives such as acetate or citrate in the reaction media can reduce the amount of water present in the AMC precipitated.They also have an impact on the onset of AMC nucleation.On-going experiments are focussed on exploring whether these findings translate into an effect of such additives on the final crystalline MgCO3 polymorph precipitated.
Neutral Sphingomyelinase 2 Is an Important Mediator of Cellular Stress Responses

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (NSMase 2) belongs to the class of enzymes (EC.3.1.4.12) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to form ceramide and phosphocholine. Recent studies have shown that the expression level and activity of NSMase 2 is altered upon exposure to a number of stressors, including oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, tumor necrosis factor a, and anticancer drugs. This altered activity directly translates into changes in ceramide levels, which ultimately lead to the appropriate cellular response, such as growth arrest or apoptosis. Overall, this implies that NSMase 2 plays an important role in mediating the proper stress response, and inappropriate activation or inhibition of NSMase 2 could contribute to the development of pathological conditions such as cancer and endothelial dysfunction. In this review, we focus on recent findings in the field of NSMase 2−mediated cellular stress response.