jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Decision Making Model of the Allocation of Blame in Product Liability

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

There has been a great deal of research recently into the allocation of blame in product liability cases. Studies have investigated how blame is allocated in a broad variety of situations among parties such as consumers, manufacturers, retailers, children, employers, and others. These studies have provided companies with guidance on how to maximize the effects of their safety efforts and attorneys with advice on how to select jurors and how much information to provide during trial. However, none of these studies has generated a general cognitive model that describes and can predict the allocation of blame. Such a model would enable more detailed analysis of the decision making process that underlies the allocation of blame. This paper will describe the elaboration of a naturalistic decision making model applied to the allocation of blame. The results of several research projects will be explained using this framework. Suggestions for future work that would refine the model are presented.
Factors influencing callus formation in open fixation of fractures.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the treatment of fractures, surgeons are striving for time optiimmummm type of callus, exactly as timey aim at obtaining a perfect skin scar.

The characteristics of an optimum callus are: (1) rapid formation; (2) its quality (solid homogeneous bone); and (3) its quantity, which should be neither large enough to interfere with function (a large callus corresponds to a keloid) nor too small.

Surgeons have at their disposal most of the means of reaching their aim. The most important ones depend upon themselves, their principles, their methods, and their technique,-the timing, the perfection of reduction and immobilization, the discriminating use of bone grafts, and so forth. In spite of attention to all these factors in particular cases of old fractures, surgeons will be confronted with a lack of response on the part of Nature; the bones won't heal. (This should be the object of more research; and the author suggests the study of vaccines and of resorbable alloy.) All the means of effectively increasing the local supply of blood will be of help.
A New WIMP Population in the Solar System and New Signals for Dark-Matter Detectors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We describe in detail how perturbations due to the planets can cause a sub-population of WIMPs captured by scattering in surface layers of the Sun to evolve to have orbits which no longer intersect the Sun. We argue that such WIMPs, if their orbit has a semi-major axis less than 1/2 of Jupiter's, can persist in the solar system for cosmological timescales. This leads to a new, previously unanticipated WIMP population intersecting the Earth's orbit. The WIMP-nucleon cross sections required for this population to be significant are precisely those in the range predicted for SUSY dark matter, lying near the present limits obtained by direct underground dark matter searches using cyrogenic detectors. Thus, if a WIMP signal is observed in the next generation of detectors, a potentially measurable signal due to this new population must exist. This signal, lying in the keV range for Germanium detectors, would be complementary to that of galactic halo WIMPs. A comparison of event rates, anisotropies, and annual modulations would not only yield additional confirmation that any claimed signal is indeed WIMP-based, but would also allow one to gain information on the nature of the underlying dark matter model.
Adaptive boosting-based computational model for predicting potential miRNA-disease associations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Motivation Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical part in several biological processes and dysregulation of miRNAs is related with numerous complex human diseases. Thus, in-depth research of miRNAs and their association with human diseases can help us to solve many problems. Results Due to the high cost of traditional experimental methods, revealing disease-related miRNAs through computational models is a more economical and efficient way. Considering the disadvantages of previous models, in this paper, we developed adaptive boosting for miRNA-disease association prediction (ABMDA) to predict potential associations between diseases and miRNAs. We balanced the positive and negative samples by performing random sampling based on k-means clustering on negative samples, whose process was quick and easy, and our model had higher efficiency and scalability for large datasets than previous methods. As a boosting technology, ABMDA was able to improve the accuracy of given learning algorithm by integrating weak classifiers that could score samples to form a strong classifier based on corresponding weights. Here, we used decision tree as our weak classifier. As a result, the area under the curve (AUC) of global and local leave-one-out cross validation reached 0.9170 and 0.8220, respectively. What is more, the mean and the standard deviation of AUCs achieved 0.9023 and 0.0016, respectively in 5-fold cross validation. Besides, in the case studies of three important human cancers, 49, 50 and 50 out of the top 50 predicted miRNAs for colon neoplasms, hepatocellular carcinoma and breast neoplasms were confirmed by the databases and experimental literatures. Availability and implementation The code and dataset of ABMDA are freely available at https://github.com/githubcode007/ABMDA. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Surveillance and Oral Appliance Therapy Evaluation, Active Duty US Army, 2014-2019

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Study Objectives: Determine the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) among United States Army soldiers from 2014 through 2019 and assess self-reported impacts of the disorder and one of its treatments-oral appliance therapy.Methods: Surveillance data were obtained from the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division; remaining data were self-reported through an electronic survey.Results: There were 87 404 cases of OSA from 2014 through 2019; incidence rates ranged from 274.3 to 330.3 cases per 10 000 personyears (p-yrs).Male incidence rates (from 294.3 to 355.9/10 000 p-yrs) exceeded female incidence rates (from 155.2 to 189.2/10 000 pyrs).Soldiers ≥40 years old had the highest incidence rates (from 820.1 to 973.2/10 000 p-yrs).The survey was completed by 8740 soldiers.The majority reported positive airway pressure therapy as their current treatment method; 9% (n=795) reported treatment with an oral appliance.Comparing pretreatment to post-treatment, respondents treated with the oral appliance reported statistically significant improvements in sleep quality, duration, and various aspects of daily life.The predominance (76%) of those treated with anything other than the oral appliance reported they were not aware of the oral appliance as a treatment method.Conclusion: Results suggest soldiers are satisfied with the oral appliance; it has significantly improved their sleep quality, duration, and various aspects of daily life.Clinical Implications: Military dentists can support a streamlined process to diagnose and treat OSA.The required yearly dental exam provides an opportunity to screen soldiers for OSA and discuss the lesser-known treatment-oral appliance therapy.
E105 THE CLARIFICATION OF FUEL-VAPOR CONCENTRATION ON THE PROCESS OF INITIAL COMBUSTION AND SOOT FORMATION IN A DI DIESEL ENGINE

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The authors have conducted experimental studies to clarify the combustion characteristics of unsteady turbulent diffusion flames in relation to the soot formation and oxidation process in a DI diesel engine. In the present study, the effect of fuel vapor concentration on the process of early combustion and soot formation has been investigated using several optical measurements. Laser-induced incandescence (LII) has been used to obtain the 2-D distribution of soot particles in a sooting field. Furthermore, planar laser-induced exciplex fluorescence (LIEF) has been applied to simultaneous visualization of the liquid and vapor phases of the fuel jet in a DI diesel engine. The experimental results present the effect of fuel vapor distribution on the initial soot formation process subsequent to autoignition in addition to its spatial dependence.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Natural Killer Cells: A Complex Story of Love and Hate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), characterized by both multidifferentiation potential and potent immunomodulatory capacity, represent a promising, safe and powerful cell based-therapy for repairing tissue damage and/or treating diseases associated with aberrant immune responses. Natural killer (NK) cells are granular lymphocytes of the innate immune system that function alone or in combination with other immune cells to combat both tumors and virally infected cells. After their infusion, MSCs are guided by host inflammatory elements and can interact with different immune cells, particularly those of the innate immune system. Although some breakthroughs have been achieved in understanding these interactions, much remains to be determined. In this review, we discuss the complex interactions between NK cells and MSCs, particularly the importance of improving the therapeutic value of MSCs.
Geometry of E-Optimality

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In the usual linear model $y=\\theta'f(x)$ we consider the E-optimal design problem. A sequence of generalized Elfving sets $\\mathscr{R}_k\\subseteq\\ mathbb{R}^{n \\times k}$ (where n is the number of regression functions) is introduced and the corresponding in-ball radii are investigated. It is shown that the E-Optimal design is an optimal desing for $A'\\theta$, where $A\\in\\mathbb{R}^{n \\times n}$ is any in-ball vector of a generalized Elfving set $\\mathscr{R}_n\\subseteq\\mathbb{R}^{n \\times n}$. The minimum eigenvalue of the E-optimal design can be identified as the corresponding squared in-ball radius of $\\mathscr{R}_n$. A necessary condition for the support points of the E-optimal design is given by a consideration of the supporting hyperplanes corresponding to the in-ball vectors of $\\mathscr{R}_n$. The results presented allow the determination of E-optimal designs by an investigation of the geometric properties of a convex symmetric subset $\\mathscr{R}_n$ of $\\mathbb{R}^{n \\times n}$ without using any equivalence theorems. The application is demonstrated in several examples solving elementary geometric problems for the determination of the E-optimal design. In particular we give a new proof of the E-optimal spring balance and chemical balance weighing (approximate) designs.
Increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol predict the risk of progressive structural but not functional cardiac damage in youth: a 7-year follow-up study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Childhood low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) has been associated with cardiovascular events in mid-adulthood. Recent evidence suggests that cumulative LDL-c may not contribute to sub-clinical atherosclerosis progression during growth from mid-adolescence through young adulthood. However, whether increasing LDL-c associate with premature cardiac damage in youth remains unclear. Purpose To investigate the longitudinal association of changes in LDL-c with the risk of progressive structural and functional cardiac damage in youth. Methods From Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), UK birth cohort, 1595 adolescents aged 17 years who had fasting plasma LDL-c estimated with Friedewald equation at 17- and 24-year clinic visits were included. Repeated echocardiography measured LVM indexed for height2.7 (LVMI2.7), relative wall thickness (RWT), LV diastolic function from mitral E/A ratio (LVDF), and LV filling pressure from E/e´ ratio (LVFP) were available at baseline and follow-up. LVMI2.7 ≥51g/m2.7, RWT ≥0.44, LVDF &lt;1.5, and LVFP ≥8 were categorised as LV hypertrophy, high RWT, LVD dysfunction, and high LVFP, respectively. Multivariable adjusted associations were examined using generalized linear mixed-effect models and generalized logit mixed-effect models and adjusted for sex, and time-varying covariates measured at both baseline and follow-up such as age, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, glucose, fat mass, lean mass, smoking status, family history of hypertension/diabetes/high cholesterol/vascular disease, socioeconomic status, sedentary time, light physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride. Results Among 1595 adolescents (mean [SD] age at baseline, 17.74 [0.38] years; 955 [59.8%] females]) LDL-c increased in males from 1.97 mmol/L to 2.37 mmol/L and in females from 2.23 mmol/L to 2.37 mmol/L, over 7 years. The prevalence of LV hypertrophy increased in males from 3.6% to 11.9% and in females from 1.6% to 4% over 7 years. The prevalence of LVD dysfunction increased in males from 7.8% to 16.6% and in females from 10.3% to 15.4%. In a fully adjusted model, a 1-mmol/L increase in LDL-c was significantly associated with higher odds of LVH progression (odds ratio 1.19; [95% CI, 1.08 – 1.32]) and high RWT (1.14; [1.01 – 1.29]), but not LVD dysfunction (0.96 [0.85 – 1.09]) and high LVFP (1.07; [0.97 – 1.19]) over 7 years. Among females, a 1 mmol/L increase in LDL-c was associated with 0.005cm [0.002 – 0.007], p&lt;0.001) increase in RWT but not in males after full adjustments. In both males and females, increased LDL-c was not significantly associated with changes in LVMI and cardiac function. Conclusion Increased LDL-c was associated with progressive structural but not functional cardiac damage during growth from adolescence through young adulthood.
A Long Surviving Case with Undifferentiated Pancreatic Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 70-year-old man presented with abdominal pain.Enhanced CT revealed a hypodense mass with peripheral enhancement in the pancreatic body (Picture 1).Endoscopic ultrasonography confirmed a well-defined hypoechoic mass measuring 20 mm in size (Picture 2).Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography showed a smooth narrowing of the pancreatic duct with displacement (Picture 3).Surgical resection was performed.The resected specimen measured 20×18 mm in size with a thick fibroid capsule.The histopathological results confirmed it to be undifferentiated carcinoma, with osteoclast-like giant cells (UCOGC) and no vascular invasion (Picture 4).There had been no further recurrence for over five years following surgery.UCOGC is a rare pancreatic malignancy that has been reported to have a more favorable prognosis than pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (1).The good outcome in such patients might be attributable to following factors.The presence of osteoclast-like giant cells has been associated with
Solid-Phase Microextraction in the Analysis of Virgin Olive Oil Volatile Fraction:  Characterization of Virgin Olive Oils from Two Distinct Geographical Areas of Northern Italy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

SPME was employed to characterize the volatile profile of virgin olive oils produced in two geographical areas of northern Italy: the region of the Gulf of Trieste and the area near Lake Garda. There are as yet no data on the headspace composition of virgin olive oils from these regions, characterized by particular conditions of growth for Olea europaea. Using the SPME technique coupled to GC-MS and GC-FID, the volatile components of 42 industrially produced virgin olive oil samples were identified and the principal compounds quantitatively analyzed. Significant differences in the proportion of volatile constituents from oils of different varieties and geographical origins were detected. The results suggest that besides the genetic factor, environmental conditions influence the volatile formation.
A case report on metastatic ileal neuroendocrine neoplasm to the breast masquerading as primary breast cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Rationale: Metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) to the breast are very rare entities comprising only 1% to 2% of all metastatic breast tumors. In this article, we describe a case of a neuroendocrine ileal neoplasm metastatic to breast and liver, with breast metastatic tumor to be the initial manifestation of the disease. Patient concerns: We herein report a rare case of a female patient admitted to our department with a palpable painful mass on her left breast. Diagnosis: The surgical and histological investigation revealed a metastatic neuroendocrine neoplasm to the breast originated from terminal ileum. Interventions: A left lumpectomy, right hemicolectomy, cholecystectomy, left hepatectomy along with liver metastasectomies (V, VI, VIII) plus radiofrequency ablation of lesions to the right liver lobe plus standard lymphadenectomy was performed. Outcomes: Considering the advanced stage of the disease, the patient received an adjuvant therapy of somatostatin analog plus everolimus. Under the guidance of oncological consultation, patients follow-up with CT and MRI scan and clinical re-evaluations in the first 3 and 6 months, substantiates no evidence of recurrence and she presents herself asymptomatic. Lessons: An appropriate level of suspicion and selective immunohistochemistry in these cases, particularly where no prior history of a known primary neuroendocrine neoplasm occurs, may help to diagnose a previously undetected neuroendocrine tumor elsewhere in the body and provide guidance for the appropriate treatment selection.
Optometry in the hospital.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Optometry Section of the Kansas City Veterans Administration Medical Center (KCVAMC) is an example of "optometry in the hospital" that encompasses three distinct areas: the Optometry Patient Care Program, Optometry Residency Program, and VICTORS Program (Visions Impairment Center to Optimize Remaining Sight). This article will explore the relationships between these areas and how they relate to the medical center's structure, patient care services, and ophthalmology.
A deep bag-of-features model for the classification of melanomas in dermoscopy images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep learning and unsupervised feature learning have received great attention in past years for their ability to transform input data into high level representations using machine learning techniques. Such interest has been growing steadily in the field of medical image diagnosis, particularly in melanoma classification. In this paper, a novel application of deep learning (stacked sparse auto-encoders) is presented for skin lesion classification task. The stacked sparse auto-encoder discovers latent information features in input images (pixel intensities). These high-level features are subsequently fed into a classifier for classifying dermoscopy images. In addition, we proposed a new deep neural network architecture based on bag-of-features (BoF) model, which learns high-level image representation and maps images into BoF space. Then, we examine how using this deep representation of BoF, compared with pixel intensities of images, can improve the classification accuracy. The proposed method is evaluated on a test set of 244 skin images. To test the performance of the proposed method, the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) is utilized. The proposed method is found to achieve 95% accuracy.
The Third Year Anesthesiology Residents’ Knowledge Regarding Pediatric Postoperative Pain Management

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: There are six Anesthesiology training centers in Thailand that are approved to operate the training program. An evidence of residents’ knowledge about pediatric postoperative pain management is needed for improving the program. Objective: To assess the third year anesthesiology residents’ knowledge about pediatric postoperative pain management. Materials and Methods: The questionnaire was adapted from previous studies. The questionnaire has 35 questions consisted of 17 multiple choice questions and 18 true or false questions to cover 2 domains: 1) use of age-appropriate pediatric pain assessment (10 questions) and 2) pediatric pain treatment (25 questions). Minimal passing level of the questionnaire rated by three young anesthesiology staffs was 76.2%. All 62 participants were the 3rd year anesthesiology residents from 6 training centers. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. Results: The response rate was 95.2%. Seventy-one percent of participants reported that they had learned about pediatric pain treatment. Of those, 55.9% rated their remaining knowledge at median level. The proportion of the correct score was 67.7% (mean 23.7 ± 2.9 SD) which was lower than the minimal passing level. The highest score was 29 and the lowest score was 16. For pain assessment domain; the mean proportion of correct score was 65% (range 90%-40%). For pain treatment domain; the mean proportion of correct score was 68.8% (range 88%-44%). Conclusion: Anesthesiology residents’ knowledge about pediatric postoperative pain management needs to be improved.
Effect of Mahabbah Package to Increase Breast Milk Production in Postpartum Mothers after The Covid-19 Pandemic: A Case Study in Indonesia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Postpartum mothers in the Covid-19 era have greater challenges in the case of early prevention.Birth mothers experience a difficult adaptation process from pregnancy to delivery and the breastfeeding period.Unsuccessful adaptation can cause anxiety and the production of breast milk needed by the baby as the main food in early life.Non-optimal breast milk production will pose a risk to the baby's health, especially to the body's immunity to prevent infection.This study aims to determine the effect of the Mahabbah package intervention on the increase of breast milk production in postpartum mothers.The study is a quasiexperiment designed with a pre-post test with a control group.33 postpartum mothers on the first day were the sample.Instruments for increasing breast milk production are measured using standardized measuring cups, educational media, standard operating procedures for oxytocin massage, breast care, and breast milk measurement observation sheets.The Mahabbah package tool was designed by combining the three methods, namely breast care, oxytocin massage using an electric device, and education on how to breastfeed properly.The intervention results showed a difference in breast milk production before and after the treatment of the Mahabbah package.The results of the analysis with the t-test showed a significance value (p=0.001).Thus, the Mahabbah package intervention is recommended as an easy and inexpensive way without side effects in optimizing the health of postpartum mothers and their babies.