jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Minimum Disruption Service Composition and Recovery over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The dynamic nature of mobile ad hoc networks poses fundamental challenges to the design of service composition schemes that can minimize the effect of service disruptions. Although improving reliability has been a topic of extensive research in mobile ad hoc networks, little work has considered service deliveries spanning multiple components. Moreover, service composition strategies proposed for wireline networks are poorly suited for wireless ad hoc networks due to their highly dynamic nature. This paper proposes a new service composition and recovery framework designed to achieve minimum service disruptions for mobile ad hoc networks. The framework consists of two-tiers: service routing, which selects the service components, and network routing, which finds the network path that connects these service components. Our framework is based on the disruption index, which is a novel construct that characterizes different aspects of service disruptions, including frequency and duration. For ad hoc networks with known mobility plan, we formulate the problem of minimum-disruption service composition and recovery (MDSCR) as a dynamic programming problem and give its optimal solution. Based on the derived analytical insights, we present our MDSCR heuristic algorithm for ad hoc networks with uncertain node mobility. This heuristic algorithm approximates the optimal solution with one-step lookahead prediction, where service link lifetime is predicted using linear regression. We evaluate the performance of our algorithm via simulation study conducted under various network environments.
Models of Islamic Banking: The Role of Debt and Equity Contracts نماذج الأعمال المصرفية الإسلامية: دور عقود الدين وحقوق الملكية

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In itself, debt is innocuous. In accounting terms, it simply signifies an inter-personal or inter-entity relationship that is a liability of one party, the debtor, and an asset to the other, the creditor. Admittedly, Muslims have distinctive views on the acceptability of interest-bearing debt. Yet, one does not need to be a Muslim economist to attribute interest-based debt financing a major role in the global financial crisis and its aftermath (in fact in most financial crises in the past). Speaking in Hong Kong on 19 March 2012, IMF Deputy Director Zhu Min observed that if one adds together the household debts, the corporate debts, the financial sector debts and the government debts, the total debts among the developed countries vary between 300 per cent and 600 per cent of GDP. Dr. Zhu went on to add that debts are ‘way too high’ and that in this respect the world economy is not experiencing a classic financial crisis but a ‘deleveraging process’, moreover one in which economies are seeking to engineer growth while also deleveraging (Garvey, 2012). In the ‘great slump’ of the 1930s, the United States underwent ‘debt deflation’, in the words of Irving Fisher (1933), with the epicentre being the United States and its banking system. In the current situation, the epicentre of the crisis and downturn was again the United States and its banking system, but the pain of ‘too high’ debt has been borne across the developed world (Iley and Lewis, 2013). --
Integrative Action Process in the Perspective of Globalization

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Transformations of knowledge and collaboration with international R&D experts are becoming increasingly common and an important part of international competitiveness. The object of Integrative Action is to integrate the three statutory tasks set for universities of applied sciences in Finland: education, research and development, and regional development. The constructive research question addressed in this article is: What are the constructions and models contributing to international and global activities, which are used in implementation and actualization by Finnish universities of applied sciences? The case in this article is Laurea University of Applied Sciences. The new proposition involves the Integrative Action model, with its elements and its applications from the perspective of globalization. The main contributions of the integrative action and process model are 1) the creation of a sustainable and linear framework for cyclic innovation activities and 2) the implementation of regional development and globalization perspectives Laurea University of Applied Sciencesâ?? everyday activities. The proposed models were applied and tested in higher education.
The effect of deficit irrigation on irrigation water price and water productivity

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Increasing scarcity of water resources and its influence on quality and quantity of crop yield motivates farmers to apply deficit irrigation as an approach to overcome the lack of water. On the other hand, the importance of water as an intermediate good in agriculture has increased competition to access water as an economic good. Consequently, determining the irrigation water price under deficit irrigation is necessary to improve water productivity. In order to assess the impact of water price on water productivity, in this study green pepper was cultivated under four different water levels including 50, 70, 100 and 120% of crop water requirement. The crop was cultivated in the writers’ personal greenhouse under controlled and isolated environmental circumstances in Tehran. The crop yield was then harvested and its dry matter measured at the end of growth period. The results showed that after applying deficit irrigation and optimizing irrigation water depth, water price was reached to the maximum which was 183.44×〖10〗^3 Rials per cubic Meter. In addition, under deficit irrigation, water use efficiency was 5.67(kg/m³), physical productivity was 5.1(kg/m³), physical-economical productivity was 191.42×〖10〗^3 (Rls/m³/ha) and economical productivity was 1.04. Furthermore, the deficit irrigation before water depth optimization did not considerably affect irrigation efficiency, while after water depth optimization, deficit irrigation resulted better irrigation efficiency than full irrigation scheme.
Negotiating for nature: Conservation diplomacy and the Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation in the Western Hemisphere, 1929--1976

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 1941, as the United States entered the Second World War, leaders from twenty American nations signed into effect a broad-based treaty for the protection of migratory wildlife at the Convention on Nature Protection and Wild Life Preservation in the Western Hemisphere. This dissertation examines the unique set of questions, problems, and concerns framers of the Convention dealt with in the development of a conservation program to ensure the protection of migratory wildlife as it crossed political borders. Although it provided no solid system of enforcement, the provisions of the Convention opened the door for new, more specific conservation treaties between the United States and other Pan American Union nations as well as fostered a collective effort at conservation between all nations in the hemisphere. This treaty came together as the result of the confluence of the devastating droughts in the 1930s, the severe decline of migratory birds throughout the Americas, and the prevailing policy of isolationism spreading in tandem with the concerns over the tensions in Europe. These stimuli generated enormous concern on the local, state, and federal levels of most governments in the Pan American Union, but nowhere more so than in the United States. This concern encouraged the development of a migratory wildlife treaty that would extend from the northern border of the U.S. to the southern tip of Argentina, and was then also used to establish parks, refuges, and forests to protect habitat, and to promote preservation of natural resources. This Convention marks the first real multi-lateral attempt to forge a coherent conservation plan with the Southern hemisphere and is one of the most long-lasting and successful efforts at conservation diplomacy to date.
Acoustical Studies of Binary Liquid Mixtures of p-Chlorotoluene in Benzene at Different Temperatures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ultrasonic velocities (U), densities (ρ), and coefficient of viscosities (η) are measured for binary mixtures containing (i) p-chlorotoluene and (ii) benzene at 303.15 K, 308.15 K, 313.15 K and 318.15 K to understand the molecular interaction. Various acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (β ad ), free length (L f ), acoustic impedance (Z), free volume (V f ), molar volume (V m ), Rao’s constant (R), Wada’s constant (W) and internal pressure (π i ), are calculated from the measured values of U, ρ, and η. The trend in acoustical parameters also substantiates to asses strong molecular interactions.
Rapid determination of calcium,magnesium in ginseng by flame atomic absorption spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Objective and Methods Treat the ginseng sample with two pretreatment techniques of suspension technique and incomplete digestion method,respectively.A FAAS method for rapid determination of calcium and magnesium in ginseng with suspension technique or incomplete digestion method has been developed. Results and Conclusion The test indicated that in suspension method absorbanses of determined element were markedly increased by adding suitable amount of hydrochloric acid into the test solution, viscosity of test solution is identical with its blank solution and there is not background absorption interference.La 3+ was used as releasing agent.The working curve method was used for the demination.The relative standard deviations were less than 2.6%.The determination results were consistent with those obtained by ashing method.The relative errors between them were less than ±2.3%.This method was convenient and accurate.
The relationship between ESG activities, corporate confidence, and customer loyalty : Moderating role of corporate size

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

최근 ESG는 전 세계적인 트랜드로 확산되고 있다. 이에 따른 소비자, 투자자, 정부 등 모든 사회 구성원의 관심이 고조되면서 선택이 아닌 기업의 생존과 성장의 핵심적인 요소로 부상하고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 기업의 ESG 활동에 대한 소비자 평가가 기업 신뢰도를 매개하여 고객 충성도에 미치는 영향에 대해 베이커리 업종을 중심으로 한 연구이다. 또한 기업규모에 따른 분석과, 기업 신뢰도의 매개효과를 검증하였다. 그리고 베이커리 매장에서 제품을 구매해 본 경험이 있는 212명의 소비자를 대상으로 설문조사를 하여 Smart PLS 3.0 통계 프로그램을 활용해 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 첫째, ESG 평가항목 중 환경(E), 사회(S), 지배구조(G)는 기업 신뢰도에 긍정적인 영향을 주었으며, 기업 신뢰도는 고객 충성도에 긍정적인 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 기업 신뢰도의 매개효과 검증결과 기업 신뢰도는 환경(E), 사회(S), 지배구조(G)와 고객 충성도 간의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 기업 규모에 따른 집단 간 조절 효과는 대기업과 중소기업 간에 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 기업 신뢰도와 고객 충성도와의 관계에서는 집단 간에 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 중소기업에서 기업 신뢰도가 더 높게 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 기업의 ESG 마케팅 전략과 관련된 이론적, 실무적 시사점을 논의하였다.
Delayed postglacial colonization of Betula in Iceland and the circum North Atlantic

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

As the Arctic continues to warm, woody shrubs are expected to expand northward. This process, known as ‘shrubification,’ has important implications for regional biodiversity, food web structure, and high-latitude temperature amplification. While the future rate of shrubification remains poorly constrained, past records of plant immigration to newly deglaciated landscapes in the Arctic may serve as useful analogs. We provide one new postglacial Holocene sedimentary ancient DNA ( sed aDNA) record of vascular plants from Iceland and place a second Iceland postglacial sed aDNA record on an improved geochronology; both show Salicaceae present shortly after deglaciation, whereas Betulaceae first appears more than 1000 y later. We find a similar pattern of delayed Betulaceae colonization in eight previously published postglacial sed aDNA records from across the glaciated circum North Atlantic. In nearly all cases, we find that Salicaceae colonizes earlier than Betulaceae and that Betulaceae colonization is increasingly delayed for locations farther from glacial-age woody plant refugia. These trends in Salicaceae and Betulaceae colonization are consistent with the plant families’ environmental tolerances, species diversity, reproductive strategies, seed sizes, and soil preferences. As these reconstructions capture the efficiency of postglacial vascular plant migration during a past period of high-latitude warming, a similarly slow response of some woody shrubs to current warming in glaciated regions, and possibly non-glaciated tundra, may delay Arctic shrubification and future changes in the structure of tundra ecosystems and temperature amplification.
Efficient p53 gene targeting by homologous recombination in rat‐induced pluripotent stem cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Objectives To generate rat induced pluripotent stem cells ( iPSC s) using the PiggyBac (PB) transposon system, and to explore whether these iPSC s would be amenable to genetic manipulation. Materials and methods The PB transposon system was used to reprogramme rat embryonic fibroblasts (EF) to become iPSC s. Cells were identified with regard to pluripotency and differentiation capacity in vitro and in vivo , population growth characteristics and gene expression; furthermore, targeting vector was electroporated into them. Correct recombination colonies were acquired by positive and negative selection, and then phenotype confirmed by Southern blotting. Results The rat EF cells were reprogrammed into iPSC s successfully, using the PB transposon system. Cell morphology was found to display characteristics of rat embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and results of immunofluorescence staining and PCR indicated that they expressed pluripotency markers. In vivo and in vitro differentiation experiments proved that the cells could differentiate into all phenotypes from three germ layers, and to form chimaeras with high rat iPSC contribution. After electroporation with p53 targeting vector, approximately (5.44 ± 0.74) × 10 −6 colonies tolerated selection. Southern blotting confirmed that p53 gene was targeted successfully in the colonies. Conclusion The PB transposon system proved to be an effective method for reprogramming of rat EF cells into iPSC s. The rat iPSC s were amenable to gene targeting mediated by routine homologous recombination.
The allosteric effect of the upper half of SENP1 contributes to its substrate selectivity for SUMO1 over SUMO2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SUMOylation regulates various cellular process and SENP1 (SUMO-specific protease 1) serves as a SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) specific protease that participates in the SUMO cycle. Given its extensive influences on metabolic activities, SENP1 has gained more and more attentions in clinical treatments. However, there remains a question on why does the SENP1 prefer to process SUMO1 rather than SUMO2. Here, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of SENP1-SUMO1, SENP1-SUMO2, and apo SENP1 systems and observed distinct conformational dynamics in the upper half of the clamp and the three loops in the catalytic center of the SENP1. Principal component analysis revealed that the most prominent canonical variable represented the spatial distribution of the upper half of the clamp, while the openness of the cleft was closely related to the catalytic ability of SENP1. Further analysis of the SENP1-SUMO interactions revealed that the extensive and strong interactions between the SENP1 and SUMO1 were both in the interface of the upper half region and the catalytic center. Dynamic cross-correlation matrix analysis demonstrated that the inter-residue correlations in the SUMO1 system was much stronger, especially in the two essential regions belonging to the upper and lower half of cleft. Based on these observations, we proposed an allosteric propagation model and further testified it using the community analysis. These results revealed the propagation pathway of allosteric communication that contributed to the substrate discrimination of SENP1 upon SUMO1 and SUMO2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
1,2-Rearrangements of β-Nitrogen-Substituted (Porphyrinato)rhodium(III) Ethyls

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

(Porphyrinato)rhodium(III) ethyls containing β-nitrogen substituents have been showed to undergo clean, thermal 1,2-rearrangements into the α-nitrogen-substituted rhodium ethyls. The rates and the equilibrium positions were found to be dependent on the electronic nature of the N substituents. Complexes 1a−3a were characterized by X-ray crystallography.
The Association Between Companion Animal Attachment and Depression: A Systematic Review

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

There is significant literature related to companion animal attachment and depression, but to date, there has not been a systematic review of it. The aims of this systematic review were threefold: (1) to compare depression outcomes between pet and non-pet owners; (2) to identify the prevalence of how attachment is operationalized within the human–pet relationships literature, as it is defined in two distinct, divergent ways: as an attachment bond or as an attachment orientation; and (3) to review and synthesize the existing literature related to the association between pet attachment and depression. A search of five databases (Pubmed, Medline, Web of Science, Embase, and PsycInfo) was conducted in January 2024 to locate articles (journal articles, dissertations) focusing on pets, attachment, and depression or depressive symptoms that met predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. In total, 40 studies were included in the review. Eighteen studies compared depression outcomes in pet owners and non-pet owners; of these, 14 found no significant difference in depression between the two groups, while four found that pet owners were significantly less depressed than non-pet owners. Most studies measuring attachment bond revealed a positive or non-significant relationship with depression, while the majority of studies measuring attachment orientation indicate that higher levels of secure attachment are negatively associated with depression, while higher levels of attachment insecurity are typically positively associated with depression. We conclude that the field needs more clarification regarding the definition of attachment so that meaningful conclusions regarding the impact of pet attachment on mental health can be drawn.
EFFECT OF ELICITATION ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PRODUCTION OF TROPANE ALKALOIDS IN HYOSCYAMUS RETICULATUS HAIRY ROOT CULTURES

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background and objectives: Hyoscyamus reticulatus contains two distinguished tropane alkaloids, hyoscyamineand scopolamine and both of the compounds possesspotential acute or chronic toxicity. In the present study, a simple and efficient transformation system was established for in vitro hairy roots induction in Hyoscyamus reticulatus. Methods: Effect of different factors including Agrobacterium rhizogenes strains (A7, 15834, A13 and D7), various explant types (cotyledon, hypocotyl, two weeks old leaf, four weeks old leaf, two weeks old internode and four weeks old internode), two inoculation methods (immersion and injection) and four types of culture media (MS, ½ MS, ¼ MS and B5) on hairy roots induction efficiency in Hyoscyamus reticulatus were tested. In the second part of the experiments, elicitations with different concentrations of colchicine (0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05% w/v) and different UV-B exposure time (0, 3, 6 and 9 min) were used to analyze hyoscyamineand scopolamine production. Transgenic status of hairy roots was confirmed by PCR using specific primers of the rolB gene. The total antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH) method. Results: Induction of hairy roots in H. reticulatus was affected by bacterial strain and explant type. A7 strain and cotyledon explants were detected as the best strain and explants for induction of hairy root in H. reticulatus. Hairy roots growth was significantly affected by medium type. The highest fresh weight was produced in MS and B5 medium.Fresh and dry weight of hairy root reached 1.44 and 0.134 mg at 0.05 percentage of colchicine after 48 h, respectively but in UV-B treatment fresh weight was decreased. In addition, antioxidant activity of hairy root samples treated with colchicine and UV-B increased to 27% (0.05 colchicine) and 26% (UV-B 9 min), respectively compared to the antioxidant activity level in non-transgenic roots (12%) and transgenic roots (18%). The highest amount of hyoscyamine and scopolamine (0.58% and 1.9 %) found in elicited hairy root cultures was 3.2 and 5.1 folds higher than the non-transformed roots (0.18% and 0.37%), respectively. B5 and MS medium were detected as the best appropriate medium for growth of H. reticulatus hairy roots. Antioxidant activity in elicited hairy roots with elicitors increased in comparison to the antioxidant activity level in transgenic and non-transgenic hairy roots. Conclusion: Hairy root lines developed and elicited in this study can be used to investigate the production of pharmaceutically important metabolites of H. reticulatus.
Modelling the effect of tourism disturbance on hatching rate of the Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) by using artificial neural network

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The endangered Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) is an endangered species among the conserved Chinese amphibians. Tourism-related pressures have increased for this species recently. The effect of tourism on the hatching rate of the target species was determined by experimentally observing the influences of different intensities of tourism disturbance on salamander in the Zhangjiajie Chinese Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve. Water quality factors (e.g. total nitrogen, total phosphorus, dissolved oxygen and Escherichia coli abundance) were analysed, and hatching rate was estimated. Results showed that high levels of tourism disturbance (500,000–1,200,000 visitors per year) had active effects on the hatching time and negative effects on the hatching rate. The prediction performance of artificial neural network models was validated by the low root mean square error values of 2.2539 and 3.2612 for the training and testing data and high determination coefficient values of 0.9732 and 0.9508 for the training and testing data, respectively. The potential for positive or negative feedback mechanisms in such relationships between tourists and wildlife highlights the importance of considering both sides of the complex interaction to find a balance between the development of tourism and wild animal protection. High tourism disturbance deteriorated the water quality. Artificial neural network model was successfully used in predicting the hatching rate. A mutual relationship was observed between salamander and tourists.
GROWTH PROCESS FOR DIAMOND THIN FILMS

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

High quality diamond thin films were grown by hot finament chchcal vopr dopsition.Their microstructure and growth processes were studied by means of high-magnification scatring clectron miorosoopy. The study showed that nucleation of diamond was detetrined mainly by the sharp degree of deposition sites. The growth of diamond thin films consisted of growth of primary diamond nuleus, second nucleation and their growth onto the diamond thin films, can be described by gradahonal growth. The growth processes of diamond particles consisted of the epitaxial growth stage and second nucleation and their growth stage, can also be decribed by gradational growth. Gradational growth leaded to larer up layer struc-ture of diamond particles and thin filIns because of second nucleation and their growth.