jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Photographic Album of Chinese Vistas: On the Question of Attribution

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Russian State Library (RSL) holds a photographic album of 87 Chinese view images, dated 1876 and erroneously attributed to the St. Petersburg photographer N.A. Ermolin. The present article publishes the results of the research which showed that in reality this album was probably collected by the Russian traveller, writer, doctor and amateur artist P.Ya. Pyasetsky (1843—1920) during the scientific and trade expedition of 1874—1875 to China, organized by the Russian government for commercial, reconnaissance and scientific purposes. P.Ya. Pyasetsky, attached to the mission as a scientist and medic, during the journey acquired, by his own admission, a number of pictures from the British photographer W. Saunders, who had settled in Shanghai after the Opium Wars of the mid-century. Upon P.Ya. Pyasetsky’s return home, N.A. Ermolin reshot (with his permission) the photographs purchased in China and began to distribute copies on the market. A collection of such copies is probably in the Russian State Library. The article shows that the authorship of the original photographs from the album actually belongs not only to W. Saunders, but also to many other Western photographers from Great Britain, America and Australia. It is established how they got to P.Ya. Pyasetsky; why he needed to compile such an album, given that the expedition had a staff photographer; how P.Ya. Pyasetsky, being an artist and organizer of art and ethnographic exhibitions, used the photographs he bought.
Using Blended Principles to Bridge the Gap between Online and On-Campus Courses

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Blended learning, and its relative HyFlex (Hybrid Flexible), are garnering up a lot of attention these days from both academics and administrators on college campuses. Organizations like the Sloan Consortium offer training in Blended Course Design; free Massive Online Open Courses (MOOC) such as BlendKit provide ways for educators to start thinking about and begin implementation of blended course design. Despite the pedagogical benefits, not all institutions are equipped to handle blended courses, instructors are not ready to jump on the blended bandwagon if there is no institutional support, and on-campus students are not very comfortable with it yet. One proposed way to ease the transition into blended learning is to combine two sections of the same course, one running online, and one running on-campus. In this chapter, the authors describe a pedagogical trial in which they adopted this proposal as a way, based on HyFlex principles, to get students thinking about the benefits of blending two sections, thus bringing in some benefits of blended learning, while retaining the “safety net” that some students feel they need when they sign up for on-campus courses.
Therapy for Patients with Uncommon Histologic Varieties of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common urologic malignancy affecting approximately 40,000 people annually in the United States (1). One-third to one-half of the patient population with RCC has metastatic disease at presentation. Although the overall survival rate at 5 yr is approximately 50%, patients with metastatic disease have a median survival rate between 7 and 11 mo. Tumor grade and cell type are strong predicting factors of survival in patients with and without metastatic disease (2).
Foot Health and Lower Extremity Function in People With Multiple Sclerosis: A Cross‐Sectional Survey Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Introduction Foot health and lower extremity function are important issues for people with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, relatively little is known about foot health among people with MS. The potential association between foot health and lower extremity function in particular has seldom been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the level of self‐reported foot health and lower extremity function in people with MS and to identify possible associating factors. Methods A cross‐sectional survey study design was applied. The data were collected online April–May 2024 from members of a national patient association with the Self‐administered Foot Health Assessment Instrument, the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) as well as a background information form. The data were analysed with descriptive and inferential statistics. Results The participants ( n = 969, response rate 23%) had many foot problems of which dry skin (73%), cold feet (65%), leg cramps (61%), foot pain (59%) and thickened toe nails (51%) were the most common. Participants experienced mild to moderate lower extremity‐related functional limitation (mean 51, SD 22, range 0–80). Foot health among people with MS associated with gender, being on sick leave due to foot problems, perceived knowledge levels of foot self‐care, and self‐evaluated level of foot health. Moreover, weak but significant correlation between foot health and lower extremity function was found, indicating that a poorer foot health was associated with more difficulties in performing lower extremity‐related actions. Conclusion The results suggest that not only are foot problems among people with MS extremely prevalent, but they also impact functional ability. People with MS could benefit from regular rehabilitative care that includes access to podiatric care. Future research is needed to develop and evaluate strategies to support self‐care in lower extremity health among people with MS.
Reduced in vivo phosphodiesterase-4 response to acute noradrenaline challenge in diet-induced obese rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Altered sympathetic nervous activity has been linked to the development and persistence of obesity, partly relating to overfeeding. Binding of the selective, positron-emitting phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) inhibitor (R)-[ 11 C]rolipram provides a direct index of the cAMP-hydrolyzing enzyme PDE4. This study examines progressive alterations in PDE4 in a high-fat-fed obese animal model. (R)-[ 11 C]Rolipram was injected into diet-induced obese (DIO) and diet-resistant (DR) rats; the animals were killed after 45 min, tissues were extracted, and radioactivity was quantified. Responsiveness of PDE4 to acute noradrenaline (NA) stimulation was determined by 3 h pretreatment with the NA reuptake inhibitor desipramine. There was minimal variance in caloric intake, weight gain, fasting glucose, insulin, and energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry) measures. Basal (R)-[ 11 C]rolipram binding was comparable between DIO and DR rats at 2 or 8 weeks of feeding. The normal increase of PDE4 levels in response to elevated NA by desipramine pretreatment was ablated in PDE4-rich tissues, including brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, of DIO animals after 8 weeks of high-fat diet. Lean DR rats maintained PDE4 responsiveness indicative of a normal NA signal transduction.
Correlación solo de fase limitada en banda y uso de coeficientes cepstrales inversos: aplicación en reconocimiento de voz y bioacústica

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Digital signal processing is the application of mathematical operations to a piece of certain\ninformation. Because of its close relationship with other sciences, signal processing is the\nbase of other science methodologies: automatic speech recognition and bioacoustics. Digital\nsignal processing in this context is a solution tool. One of the most urgent problems is climate\nchange. In this context, birds play a significant role where their identification and conservation\nare essential tasks. Even though automatic speech recognition provides specific solutions in\nbioacoustics, some of the traditional techniques fail in the capability of real field recognition.\nSince digital signal processing is a solution tool in a few contexts and bird species have acoustic\npatterns, it is possible to develop a new methodology in automatic speech recognition applied\nfor recognition of species and individuals of birds (proposed efficiency over 70%). On the first\nphase of this research was to propose a new method for the speaker verification under limited\ndata using the BLPOC function. After experiments, the BLPOC function confirmed to be an\neffective method. Taking these results into account, in the second phase a new technique for the\nindividual identification of birds using the BLPOC function was proposed. The experiments\nconfirmed that the BLPOC function is also an effective method for the individual identification\nof birds. Finally, in the same phase, another method for the automatic classification of species\nbased on the IMFCC features was offered. Experiments conclude that the acoustic information\nof vocalizations in the high frequencies (captured by the IMFCC features) is as significant as\nthe information in the low frequencies (captured by the traditional MFCC features).
Ethical Management in Companies in the Czech Republic and Ukraine - Comparison of the Presence of a Code of Ethics

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

\nThe aim of the study is to compare the commonness of a code of ethics as the most important ethical management tool in the business sector in two post-communist countries, namely the Czech Republic and Ukraine. The hypothesis that a code of ethics is much more widespread in the economically more developed country, which is the Czech Republic, and also the assumption that the occurrence of a code of ethics is in relation to the company size, were examined on the base of a questionnaire survey. The results definitely confirmed that a code of ethics is much more widespread in the Czech Republic than in Ukraine. The survey results have also confirmed that the commonness of a code of ethics grows with the company size. This was not confirmed in micro and small companies in Ukraine.\n
Volatile Constituents ofPilocarpus trachyllophusHolmes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT The chemical composition of the volatile oils from several plant parts of two Pilocarpus trachyllophus specimens from two different geographical regions of the Northeast of Brazil were compared by GC and GC/MS. 2-Tridecanone (67.75–84.38%) was the major component of the oils obtained from all plant parts, except for the leaf oil, followed by 2-pentadecanone (7.76–15.41%). In contrast, the leaf oil was rich in β-caryophyllene (20.04–21.09%), germacrene D (2.03–22.25%) and spathulenol (3.23–33.23%).
Hotel Employee Resilience in Medan, Indonesia

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Tourism is one of the economic activities most affected by changes and uncertain conditions. This is evidenced by the COVID-19 pandemic which has affected tourism and travel activities, resulting in a decrease in hotel occupancy rates. While hospitality performance is expected to take several years to recover, the industry landscape has likely changed forever. Hotels that have actively used resilience strategies are the most likely to survive the pandemic and shape the future of the industry. The main predictor of organizational resilience is employee resilience. The aim of this study is to determine the level of hotel employee resilience in Medan, Indonesia. We used One-Way ANOVA analysis and descriptive statistics. Using sample data obtained from 362 hotel employees in Medan, Indonesia, we found that the majority of the subjects are highly resilience.
Preferential attachment growth model \nand nonextensive statistical mechanics

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

\n \nWe introduce a two-dimensional growth model where every new site\nis located, at a distance r from the barycenter of the\npre-existing graph, according to the probability law\n$1/r^{2+\\alpha_G}$ $(\\alpha_G > 0)$, and is attached to (only) one\npre-existing site with a probability\n$\\propto{k}_i/r^{\\alpha_A}_i$ ($\\alpha_A\\ge0$; ki is the number\nof links of the i-th site of the pre-existing graph, and ri\nits distance to the new site). Then we numerically determine that\nthe probability distribution for a site to have k links is\nasymptotically given, for all values of $\\alpha_G$, by\n$P(k)\\propto e_q^{-k/\\kappa}$, where\n$e_q^x\\equiv[1+(1-q)x]^{1/(1-q)}$ is the function naturally\nemerging within nonextensive statistical mechanics. The entropic\nindex is numerically given (at least for $\\alpha_A$ not too\nlarge) by $q=1+(1/3)e^{-0.526\\;\\alpha_A}$, and the characteristic\nnumber of links by $\\kappa\\simeq0.1+0.08\\,\\alpha_A$. The\n$\\alpha_A=0$ particular case belongs to the same universality\nclass to which the Barabasi-Albert model belongs. In addition to\nthis, we have numerically studied the rate at which the average\nnumber of links $\\langle k_i\\rangle$ increases with the scaled\ntime $t/i$; asymptotically,\n$\\langle{k_i}\\rangle\\propto(t/i)^{\\beta}$, the exponent being\nclose to $\\beta=\\frac{1}{2}(1-\\alpha_A)$ for $0\\le\\alpha_A\\le1$,\nand zero otherwise. The present results reinforce the conjecture\nthat the microscopic dynamics of nonextensive systems typically\nbuild (for instance, in Gibbs Γ-space for Hamiltonian\nsystems) a scale-free network.\n\n
Smooth Muscle Cell–Specific Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Overexpression in Apoe −/− Mice Does Not Alter Atherosclerotic Plaque Burden but Increases Features of Plaque Stability

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective— Growth factors may play a permissive role in atherosclerosis initiation and progression, in part via their promotion of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) accumulation in plaques. However, unstable human plaques often have a relative paucity of VSMC, which has been suggested to contribute to plaque rupture and erosion and to clinical events. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine growth factor that is a mitogen for VSMC, but when infused into Apoe −/− mice it paradoxically reduces atherosclerosis burden. Methods and Results— To determine the effect of stimulation of VSMC growth on atherosclerotic plaque development and to understand mechanisms of IGF-1’s atheroprotective effect, we assessed atherosclerotic plaques in mice overexpressing IGF-1 in smooth muscle cells (SMC) under the control of the α-smooth muscle actin promoter, after backcrossing to the Apoe −/− background (SMP8/ Apoe −/− ). Compared with Apoe −/− mice, these SMP8/ Apoe −/− mice developed a comparable plaque burden after 12 weeks on a Western diet, suggesting that the ability of increased circulating IGF-1 to reduce plaque burden was mediated in large part via non-SMC target cells. However, advanced plaques in SMP8/ Apoe −/− mice displayed several features of plaque stability, including increased fibrous cap area, α-smooth muscle actin–positive SMC and collagen content, and reduced necrotic cores. Conclusion— These findings indicate that stimulation of VSMC IGF-1 signaling does not alter total atherosclerotic plaque burden and may improve atherosclerotic plaque stability.
Structural Representation of Object Shape in the Brain

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In Chapter 1, Dickinson analyzes the complex history of theoretical and computational vision. With some exceptions, the trend in recent decades is away from explicit structural representation and toward direct mapping of image features to semantic categories based on machine learning. The best-known formulations of the older, structural paradigm are those of Marr (Marr and Nishihara 1978) and Biederman (1987), although the central idea that objects are represented as configurations of parts has a long history (Barlow 1972; Binford 1971; Dickinson, Pentland, and Rosenfeld 1992; Hoffman and Richards 1984; Hubel and Wiesel 1959, 1968; Milner 1974; Palmer 1975; Selfridge 1959; Sutherland 1968). A configural representation would be carried by ensembles of processing units or neurons, each encoding the shape and relative position of a constituent part. This coding format is appealing because it solves three major problems in object vision. The first problem is the enormous dimensionality (on the order of 106) of retinal activity patterns. A signal of this complexity is too unwieldy to communicate between brain regions (owing to wiring constraints) or store in memory (owing to limited information capacity of synaptic weight patterns). Compression of this signal into a list of part specifications on the order of 101 to 102 would make communication and storage more practical. The second problem is the extremely variable mapping between retinal images and object identity. The same object can produce an infinity of very different retinal images depending on its position, orientation, lighting, partial occlusion, and other factors.
Optimization of Surface Roughness and Recast Layer Thickness in the Wire-EDM Process of AISI D2 Tool Steel using Taguchi-Grey-Fuzzy

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. In this paper, the optimization of surface roughness and recast layer thickness of a WEDM process of AISI D2 steel was investigated by using Taguchi method, grey relational analysis and fuzzy logic. The experiments were conducted under varying flushing pressure, on time, open voltage, off time and servo voltage. An orthogonal array, signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, grey relational analysis, grey-fuzzy reasoning grade and analysis of variance were employed to the study of the multiple performance characteristics. Experimental results have shown that machining performance characteristics in WEDM process of AISI D2 steel can be improved effectively through the combination of Taguchi method, grey relational analysis and fuzzy logic.
Hemispheric specialization for global and local processing: the effect of stimulus category

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neuropsychological evidence indicates that the global aspect of complex visual scenes is preferentially processed by the right hemisphere, and local aspects are preferentially processed by the left hemisphere. Using letter-based hierarchical stimuli (Navon figures), we recently demonstrated, in a directed-attention task, lateralized neural activity (assessed by positron emission tomography) in the left prestriate cortex during local processing, and in the right prestriate cortex during global processing. Furthermore, temporal-parietal cortex was critically activated bilaterally in a divided-attention task that involved varying the number of target switches between local and global levels of letter-based hierarchical stimuli. Little is known about whether such stimulus categories influence such hemispheric lateralization. We now present data on brain activity, derived from positron emission tomography, in normal subjects scanned during either local or global processing of object-based hierarchical stimuli. We again observe attentional modulation of neural activity in prestriate cortex. There is now greater right-sided activation for local processing and greater left-sided activation for global processing, which is the opposite of that seen with letter-based stimuli. The results suggest that the relative differential hemispheric activations in the prestriate areas during global and local processing are modified by stimulus category.
Joint Cluster Head Selection and Trajectory Planning in UAV-Aided IoT Networks by Reinforcement Learning with Sequential Model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Employing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has attracted growing interests and emerged as the state-of-the-art technology for data collection in Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks. In this paper, with the objective of minimizing the total energy consumption of the UAV-IoT system, we formulate the problem of jointly designing the UAV's trajectory and selecting cluster heads in the IoT network as a constrained combinatorial optimization problem which is classified as NP-hard and challenging to solve. We propose a novel deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with a sequential model strategy that can effectively learn the policy represented by a sequence-to-sequence neural network for the UAV's trajectory design in an unsupervised manner. Through extensive simulations, the obtained results show that the proposed DRL method can find the UAV's trajectory that requires much less energy consumption when compared to other baseline algorithms and achieves close-to-optimal performance. In addition, simulation results show that the trained model by our proposed DRL algorithm has an excellent generalization ability to larger problem sizes without the need to retrain the model.
Curcuminoids in Turmeric Roots and Supplements: Method Optimization and Validation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Curcuma longa L. rhizomes are used extensively as a spice in food preparations and dietary supplements for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. An expert review panel (ERP) evaluated analytical methods for the quantitation of individual curcuminoids for the purpose of identifying a method for official method status. It was requested that several modifications be undertaken to improve method performance prior to subjecting the chosen method to a single-laboratory validation. Two separate Plackett-Burman factorial studies were used to identify factors that contributed to the chromatographic separation and extraction of curcuminoids. Significant factors were further optimized to produce the improved HPLC method for curcuminoid separation. This method was then subjected to a single-laboratory validation according to the AOAC International guidelines for linearity, detection limits, precision, and accuracy. The two most significant factors impacting the quantitation of curcuminoids were column temperature and extraction solvent, which were optimized to 55 °C and 100 % methanol, respectively. The validation was performed on 12 raw materials and finished products containing turmeric roots. The method precision was reported using HorRat values which were within recommended ranges of the AOAC guidelines. Overall accuracy of the method was accessed at three separate levels for each analyte and ranged from 99.3–100.9 %. The validated method is suitable for quantitation of individual curcuminoids in turmeric raw materials and finished products and is recommended for consideration as an official method by the AOAC International.