jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Environmental odor perception: testing regional differences on heterogeneity with application to odor perceptions in the area of Este (Italy)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One way to evaluate the hazard of environmental degradation of the quality of life in a place, because of bad odors, is to consider the heterogeneity of possible types and of possible sources of malodors. In the literature, the problem of comparing heterogeneities of types or of sources of odors in two geographical areas has not yet been dealt with the due attention. The main reason is that methodological proposals for tests for heterogeneity comparisons are very rare. We propose a permutation test based on the comparison of linear combinations of sampling indices of heterogeneity. The good power behavior, especially for small differences of the degrees of heterogeneity of the two compared areas, is proved through a Monte Carlo simulation study. The application of the test for heterogeneity comparisons on the data of the survey on odor perceptions in the region of Este (Italy) performed in 2010 shows the usefulness of the proposed methodology, which can be added, as a complementary analysis, to the classical established techniques for studying the environmental impact of odors like dispersion models, dynamic olfactometry, smell maps determination, and others. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obesity hypoventilation syndrome in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: prevalence, demographic and clinical characteristics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and obesity hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) are two common syndromes that are associated with obesity.They frequently coexist.Patients with combined OSA-OHS have a higher risk of pulmonary hypertension as well as higher morbidity and mortality.The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence of OHS in patients with OSA and to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with pure OSA and those with combined OSA-OHS.Methods: Ninety patients with OSAS were enrolled in this study.For all patients, the STOP BANG questionnaire and Epworth scale (ESS) were calculated, body mass index and neck circumference were measured, CBC, arterial blood gases, thyroid function tests and lipid profile were done.Adiponectin level was measured in all patients.PFT and echocardiography were done and a sleep study was done to confirm the diagnosis of OSA.Results: Patients were divided into two groups: group I included 74 patients with combined OSA-OHS and group II included 16 patients with pure OSA.BMI (P = 0.04), neck circumference (P = 0.001), and ESS (P = 0.03) were all statistically significantly higher in Group I patients.PASP was found to be elevated in both groups, with a statistically significant increase in group I patients.The AHI (P=0.04) and number of desaturations with Spo2 less than 90% (P= 0.016) were significantly higher in group I patients.Conclusion: OHS is a very common association with OSAS.The association of the two syndromes results in a greater increase in comorbidities.
Neuromodulation of Early Multisensory Interactions in the Visual Cortex

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Merging information derived from different sensory channels allows the brain to amplify minimal signals to reduce their ambiguity, thereby improving the ability of orienting to, detecting, and identifying environmental events. Although multisensory interactions have been mostly ascribed to the activity of higher-order heteromodal areas, multisensory convergence may arise even in primary sensory-specific areas located very early along the cortical processing stream. In three experiments, we investigated early multisensory interactions in lower-level visual areas, by using a novel approach, based on the coupling of behavioral stimulation with two noninvasive brain stimulation techniques, namely, TMS and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). First, we showed that redundant multisensory stimuli can increase visual cortical excitability, as measured by means of phosphene induction by occipital TMS; such physiological enhancement is followed by a behavioral facilitation through the amplification of signal intensity in sensory-specific visual areas. The more sensory inputs are combined (i.e., trimodal vs. bimodal stimuli), the greater are the benefits on phosphene perception. Second, neuroelectrical activity changes induced by tDCS in the temporal and in the parietal cortices, but not in the occipital cortex, can further boost the multisensory enhancement of visual cortical excitability, by increasing the auditory and tactile inputs from temporal and parietal regions, respectively, to lower-level visual areas.
Understanding the public perception and satisfaction of a UK police constabulary

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explores the public perception of a community in Britain, towards a police constabulary in the UK. The study sought to explore how the levels of satisfaction between Black and Minority Ethnicities (BME) and non BME communities towards this police force in the UK. Using a mixed-methods approach, data was obtained by the use of self-completion questionnaires of 112 participants in an area in the UK and the use of a total of 31 semistructured interviews. The findings show that participants questioned police competence, the duty of police officers, policing conduct in relation to investigations, experiences of prejudice and expectations communities have of the police. The results for this study showed that there is some support for the idea that the perception of the police during the first contact with a member of the public is likely to be the most powerful predictor of future opinions on the police. This comes from the idea that the public are concerned not only with what the police do in the community, but how they do their work. Finally, as the current study is concerned with policing the local communities, it is important to remember that members of the community will respond positively to being included in police procedure deliberations and audits. The findings suggest that there is still much work to be done by the police service in order to improve the relationship with the communities that they serve. We argue much more emphasis should be placed on community work and increased engagement with younger people in schools and the wider general public.
Temporal Rules Regulating Affiliative Vocal Exchanges of Squirrel Monkeys

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract All contact calls (chuck vocalizations) occurring in a group of ten captive squirrel monkeys were recorded over 200 minutes. The temporal distribution of inter-chuck intervals was bimodal, with one peak at short intervals (0.1-0.2 sec) and another peak at relatively longer intervals (1.4-1.5 sec). Sequalae analysis revealed that in two consecutive chucks separated by intervals longer than 0.5 sec, the following call took place independently of the preceding chuck. If two chucks occurred at intervals of 0.5 sec or less, on the other hand, the following caller vocalized in response to the preceding vocalization. The results indicate that if squirrel monkeys intend to respond to chucks given by others, they should do so within the next 0.5 sec. Otherwise, they should not vocalize during that period. This temporal rule allows the animals to determine whether a caller of the following chuck really responds to the preceding call or not, when two chucks are heard consecutively.
Vitamin A Modulation of Hepatic Retinoid and Triglyceride Metabolism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Vitamin A is an essential dietary micronutrient and its active metabolite all-trans retinoic acid is a key regulator of both hepatic retinoid and hepatic lipid homeostasis. Retinoic acid is a potent transcriptional regulator with more than 500 proposed target genes, however the tissue, dose, and sex-dependent variation in these genes remains unclear. A protective effect has been proposed for retinoic acid on metabolic-dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease, a disease characterised by the pathophysiological accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver. This study aims to develop a more holistic understanding of retinoic acid responsive genes in the liver and the interaction between hepatic retinoid and lipid metabolism. Methods: Changes in mRNA expression were quantified by whole-genome microarray in male C57BL/6 mice, four hours after a 30 mg/kg dose of retinoic acid. The most up and downregulated genes and key retinoid metabolic genes were then assessed by RT-qPCR in female and male mice following another 30 mg/kg dose of retinoic acid, and female and male mice after long term dietary vitamin A manipulation. The effects of obstructed retinoic acid signalling on gene expression, retinoid, and triacylglycerol homeostasis were examined through a hepatocyte specific, dominant negative retinoic acid receptor mice (Alb-cre+/-:RARdnfl/-). Results and Conclusions: Three-hundred and thirty one genes were identified by microarray as differentially expressed following retinoic acid administration, with downregulation of lipogenic genes. The retinoic acid specific hydrolase CYP26A1 was upregulated by retinoic acid and high dietary vitamin A in both females and males, and downregulated when the retinoic acid receptor was obstructed. Alb-cre+/-:RARdnfl/- mice had increased circulating retinol, decreased circulating triacylglycerol, and did not accumulate triacylglycerol in the liver when fasted.
LASÈGUE SIGN AND KERNIG SIGN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

You will find it very good practice always to verify your references, sir! —Martin Joseph Routh (1755-1854). LASEGUE SIGN THE STRAIGHT-leg-raising sign of Lasegue in sciatica (pain on raising the leg extended at the knee) is one of the best known in neurology. It ranks with those of Babinski and Romberg. Certainly there is no textbook on neurology or neurologic examination that fails to describe this sign. The present interest in the intervertebral disk has brought about a revival of the use of this time-honored sign. How, when and where did Lasegue first describe his famous sign? Ernest Charles Lasegue, of Paris (1816-1883), was an epidemiologist, internist, neurologist, and psychiatrist. In Volume 2 (1864) of the Archives generales de medecine , of which he was editor, he wrote an article, 1 Considerations sur la sciatique. This has become a classic. Naturally, it has been assumed by everyone that the sign was
3D Printing and Fabrication of &#x201C;Smart&#x201D; Responsive Devices: A Comparative Investigation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes methods for the three-dimensional fabrication of smart actuators and responsive devices incorporating functional parts in elastomeric materials. The paper focuses on the fabrication of a bi-stable device which exhibits a dramatic change in shape when subjected to an external pressure load.Two different fabrication methods are described. In the first method, parts are fabricated by casting the elastomer material in moulds produced by 3D printing. In the second method, parts are fabricated directly by 3D printing in a printable elastomer material. Experimental results are presented for devices fabricated by both methods, comparing their response under a pressure load. The effect of changing part geometry (wall thickness) is also investigated.In addition, a working device with two-way actuation is demonstrated, in which a pair of shape memory alloy actuators are employed to bring about changes in the device's shape.Possible applications for such devices include visual and tactile indicators and displays for interactive products. Other areas where they may be employed include robotics and interactive art and design applications.
Spherical stellar systems with spheroidal velocity distributions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Families of anisotropic distribution functions that are consistent with any spherically symmetric density profile are derived by means of a method employing an algorithm which is sufficiently straightforward for the derivation of analytic solutions. Each solution is defined by a single, free, 'anisotropy radius' parameter. The models are isotropic in the center, and become either radially or tangentially anisotropic at large radii. The superposition of two or more solutions with different anisotropies yields models exhibiting any desired velocity structure. Families of line-of-sight velocity dispersion profiles are obtained when the algorithm is applied to a model galaxy with a de Vaucouleurs density law. The algorithm generates physically acceptable solutions with less computational effort than the general linear programming method.
Environmental Inputs, Intake of Nutrients, and Endogenous Molecules Contributing to the Regulation of Energy Homeostasis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In the last 20 years the rapid increase in obesity and associated pathologies in developed countries has been accompanied by intensification of research efforts and subsequently a substantial increase in the knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms regulating body mass.

These efforts have resulted in the recent discovery of new peripheral hormonal signals as well as new neuropeptides, involved in body-weight homeostasis.

This review summarizes new research findings in the area of energy balance regulation, starting from the original classical hypotheses proposing metabolite sensing, through peripheral tissue–brain interactions, and coming full circle to the recently discovered pathways regulating energy homeostasis.

Understanding these molecular mechanisms will provide new pharmacological targets for the treatment of obesity and eating disorders and associated comorbidities.
The Co-Occurrence of Autism Spectrum Disorder and Aarskog–Scott Syndrome in an Accomplished Young Man

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives/Background: Aarskog–Scott syndrome (AAS), also known as faciogenital dysplasia, is a rare X-linked genetic disorder primarily characterized by its diverse physical manifestations. Previous evidence suggests a potential association between AAS and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: This case study presents a male adolescent with ASD and a novel genetic variant in FGD1 underlying AAS. We conducted comprehensive clinical, genetic, and behavioral assessments to characterize the neurodevelopmental presentation. Moreover, we examined the existing literature on AAS and comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders. Results: The patient demonstrated features consistent with both AAS and ASD, presenting with characteristic physical features of AAS and meeting diagnostic criteria for ASD on both ADI-R and ADOS-2. Cognitive assessment revealed above-average nonverbal IQ (Leiter-3, NVIQ = 115), while adaptive functioning was notably impaired (Vineland composite score = 65). Executive function deficits were identified through several assessments, though ADHD diagnostic criteria were not met. The literature review considered 64 studies, including 151 individuals with AAS. ASD was observed in 4.0%, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in 10.6%, and Intellectual Disability (ID) in 14.2% of cases. Conclusions: The combination of ASD with preserved nonverbal intelligence but impaired adaptive functioning in this AAS case demonstrates the complex neurodevelopmental manifestations possible in this rare genetic condition. The prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders among people with AAS may be higher than their prevalence in the general population. However, a comprehensive assessment of developmental progress was rarely performed in previous studies, which may lead to systematic underestimation of co-occurring neurodevelopmental difficulties in AAS.
Walls Formation, Western Shetland: distal alluvial plain deposits within a tectonically active Devonian basin

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Synopsis The Walls Formation of western Shetland is a severely deformed, structurally isolated sequence of sandstones and siltstones of probable middle Devonian age. The sequence is probably extremely thick, and can be subdivided into a number of distinct sedimentary lithofacies. These include: trough and planar cross-stratified sandstones; very low angle to horizontally stratified sandstones; small scale trough cross-laminated sandstones; ripple cross-laminated silty sandstones; alternating siltstones and sandstones; and siltstones. The lithofacies occur in three distinct lithofacies associations, which represent deposition within high sinuosity (meandering) streams, sheltered floodplains and low sinuosity (braided) streams respectively. The braided stream sequences are the most common, and include sheet flood deposits which may indicate that the streams were ephemeral in nature. The sandstones are generally finegrained, and arkosic to subarkosic in composition; in places they contain high proportions of a varied suite of heavy minerals. Syndepositional seismicity is reflected by overturned and convolute lamination which is abundant throughout the succession. The Walls Formation represents first-cycle erosion of the emerging Caledonian mountains, and deposition upon a distal alluvial braidplain within a rapidly subsiding basin. Basin development may have been controlled by strike-slip tectonics, related to movement on the transcurrent Melby and Walls Boundary Faults.
Phenotypic diversity and litter chemistry affect nutrient dynamics during litter decomposition in a two species mix

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We have previously demonstrated that the intraspecific diversity of leaf litter can influence ecosystem functioning during litter decomposition in the field. It is unknown whether the effects of phenotypic diversity persist when litter from an additional species is present. We used laboratory microcosms to determine whether the intraspecific diversity effects of turkey oak leaf litter on nutrient dynamics are confounded by the presence of naturally co‐occurring longleaf pine litter. We varied the phenotypic diversity of oak litter (1, 3, and 6 phenotype combinations) in the presence and absence of pine litter and measured fluxes of carbon and nitrogen over a 42‐week period. The average soil C:N ratio peaked at intermediate levels of oak phenotypic diversity and the total amount of dissolved organic carbon leached from microcosms decreased (marginally) with increasing oak phenotypic diversity. The soil carbon content, and the total amount of ammonium, nitrate, and dissolved organic carbon leached from microcosms were all influenced by initial litter chemistry. Our results suggest that the effects of phenotypic diversity can persist in the presence of another species, however specific litter chemistries (condensed and hydrolysable tannins, simple phenolics, C:N ratios) are more important than phenotypic litter diversity to most nutrient fluxes during litter decomposition.
Full-Scale Testing of Grooved Polymer Liners for Downhole Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Corrosion control in downhole casing and tubing is a major concern for operators using carbon dioxide (CO2) in enhanced oil recovery schemes. A potential life-cycle cost advantage can be realized by utilizing polymeric liners in these applications. Conventional liners, however, have been shown to be problematic due to their propensity to collapse when the bore is rapidly de-pressurized. A novel solution to this problem has been the development of a grooved liner system. Grooved liners facilitate the venting of gases which permeate through the liner wall, thereby reducing the chance of liner buckling and collapse during blowdown. The objective of the current study was to verify the performance of a grooved liner system subjected to a supercritical CO2 environment. Full-scale tests were performed on liners made from three candidate thermoplastic polymers including high density polyethylene, cross-linked polyethylene and modified nylon. The test sequence consisted of a series of repeated pressurization cycles with extended hold times to allow for steady-state gas permeation. In general, the tests on all grooved liner specimens were successful in that no liners collapsed during rapid de­pressurization of the bore. However, the grooved cross-linked polyethylene liner was clearly the most suitable candidate for the supercritical CO2 environment due to its ability to properly collect and vent the permeated gas products over the entire test period. In addition to the experimental results, a finite element model of the permeation behavior in the grooved liner system was developed. The predicted permeation rates of CO2 were found to be similar to those measured in the experiments.
Larval emergence from cysts of Heterodera avenae and H. cajani as affected by plant leaf extracts.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Besides toxicity to the second stage larvae of cyst nematodes (Heterodera avenae and H. cajani), larval emergence from cysts was also influenced by some plant leaf extracts. Two dilutions of leaf extracts, i.e., 1:5 and 1:20 at 3, 6 and 9 days intervals greatly enhanced/retarded larval emergence. Although plant leaf extracts revealed non-significant larval hatch, yet plants, viz., Euphorbia hirta and Oxalis corniculata effectively reduced hatch in H. avenue and Solanum xanthocarpum in H. cajani.
[Clinical effect of sirolimus in treatment of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome in children: a report of 2 cases and literature review].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To study the clinical effect of oral sirolimus in the treatment of children with blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) in the gastrointestinal tract, a retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data and follow-up results of two children with BRBNS treated by sirolimus. The two children with BRBNS had gastrointestinal bleeding and anemia and were treated with sirolimus at a dose of 1 mg/day as part of treatment. The plasma concentration of the drug was maintained between 2.5-12.0 ng/mL. The children showed disappearance of gastrointestinal bleeding and improvements in anemia and coagulation function, and blood transfusion could be stopped during treatment, with no obvious adverse drug reactions. PubMed, Wanfang Data, and CNKI were searched for related articles on sirolimus in the treatment of BRBNS. A total of 26 cases of children with BRBNS, aged 0-18 years, were obtained. With the addition of the 2 cases in this study, sirolimus treatment achieved a satisfactory clinical effect in all 28 cases. Sirolimus may be effective and safe in the treatment of children with BRBNS, and further prospective studies are needed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of this drug.
Implementation of Business Process Re-Engineering in the Service Sector

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Achieving successful performance for the organizations is a choice of each and every organization. In this competitive age every organization needs to improve its performance as much as possible. Business process re-engineering (BPR) is no more an innovative technique and many organizations including service sectors are using this as a technique in their originations. Enterprise Resources Planning is a complex piece of software and the contemporary organizations are using this as a source in order to implement the BPR. It is believed that, hospitals are one of the most challenging organizations to implement the change in their business processes. This research is conducted by using quantitative approach to analyze the implications of BPR in a private hospital in Saudi Arabia. It is concluded that after the implementation of ERP system the both stakeholders’ patients as well as employees including doctors are much satisfied with the new system.