jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Methodology to Model the Execution of Communication Software for Accurate Network Simulation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Network simulation is commonly used to evaluate the performance of distributed systems, but these approaches do not account for the performance impact that protocol execution on nodes has on performance, which can be significant. We provide a methodology to extract from real devices models of communication software execution that can be used to extend network simulators to improve their accuracy. The models are obtained by instrumenting the target devices to obtain the events necessary to describe software execution. We specify which events must be captured, how to capture them, and how to transform the event traces into models that can be used to extend network simulators. The obtained models are based on high-level abstractions that can be used to describe the execution of a wide range of communication software, and the design principles to extend network simulators are not restricted to any specific network simulator. The same model of communication software execution can be used without modification in all discrete event-based network simulators that are extended according to our principles. The models are represented in a human-readable format that is suitable for modification and can therefore be used to predict how software modifications impact performance. We evaluate our models with two proof-of-concept extensions of Ns-3 that execute the models of two modern smartphones: the Google Nexus One (GN1) and the Nokia N900. We measure the accuracy of our models by comparing results from real experiments with those from simulations with our models and analyze the simulation overhead of our approach.
Activated Mesoporous N-Doped Carbon Nanospheres As Scaffolds for Li-S Battery Cathodes with High Capacity Retention

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Currently, lithium-ion batteries rely on critical metals from third-world countries, which raises environmental and ethical concerns despite their popularity due to long device life and high capacity. Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSB) with sulfur as a cathode material, provide a compelling alternative. They offer high theoretical capacity and energy density, 3-5 times greater than lithium-ion batteries [1]. Sulfur, the fifth most abundant element on Earth, make LSBs cost-effective and environmentally friendly. However, LSBs have some critical drawbacks, such as low conductivity, volume expansion and cathode degradation, and irreversible loss of active materials due to polysulfides shuttle. To overcome these challenges, our group has developed activated nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon nanospheres (MPNC) with high surface area [2,3] to load and encapsulate sulfur. In this work, we systematically explored the impact of the MPNC pore sizes, i.e. in meso- and micropore size range, on the performance of LSBs cathodes. The S@MPNC cathodes exhibited excellent cycling stability, retaining between 92 to 97% of the initial capacity over 200 cycles with a coulombic efficiency higher than 96 %, even at a high current density of 0.5 mAh·cm −2 , among the best results reported to date. Cathode materials based on smaller pore sizes resulted in an increased initial capacity. However, larger pore sizes of MPNC can operate with higher sulfur loadings, better retaining their capacity than smaller pore S@MPNC nanocomposites due to the facilitated ion diffusion. In summary, the MPNC porous carbon structure provides enough space to host large amounts of sulfur to enhance the stability, accommodate the volume change of sulfur during cycling, and mitigate the dissolution of polysulfide intermediates.
The impact of interaction between an effective audit committee and audit quality on earnings management in banks

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to observe the combined impact of the effectiveness of audit committee and the external audit quality in improving the financial reporting quality in the Tunisian context. More specifically, we tested the benefits, separately and simultaneously, of these two governance mechanisms in the mitigation of earnings management. The empirical study carried out with a sample containing all the commercial banks in Tunisia, that are listed on the stock market and which spans a period of 11 years since 2007 until 2017, shows that the introduction only of an effective audit committee increases earnings management. Similarly, introducing only a well-reputed external audit increases discretionary provisions. Finally, and surprisingly, we find that even the interaction of this committee and this auditor favors accounting manipulations.
Review Biodiversity in grassland

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract&amp;mdash; The aim of this paper is to review the role of biodiversity and the underlying mechanisms in managed grassland and to present new results. Modern farming methods have been criticised for their negative effect on species-richness and their impact on environment and landscape. There is an increasing wide-spread desire to promote biodiversity and attractive landscapes as well as to retain rural communities. Conservation of biodiversity is primarily a regional goal, not a goal of individual farmers. Grassland management to favour biodiversity will require compromise. Agricultural man-agement influences sward structure vertically and horizontally over space and time. Insights into these relationships are important to understand the mechanisms responsible for changes in the tloris-tic composition and the productivity of grassland. Two case-studies with Trifolium repens L. (white clover) and Festuca pratensis Huds. (meadow fescue) are summarised to identify driving forces for the changes of the yield contribution of selected species in grassland. Canopy structure and growth form of white clover determine the foraging for light, and the weak competitive ability of meadow fescue is caused by a smaller proportion of leaf area in the upper layers of the canopy in interspecific shoot competition. Long-term experiments show that management also influences surprisingly rapid microevolution within individual species. It is concluded that management for habitat heterogeneity
AB054. PS02.18: Thymic epithelial tumours and additional malignancies: an unresolved enigma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Recent literature data have confirmed a rate of about 17% of second malignancies in patients with thymoma. Most cases of second malignancies appear metachronously. Adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract and thyroid cancers are detected most frequently. A precise pathogenic mechanism linking thymoma to an increased incidence of cancer remains unclear, although the finding of multiple malignancies in the same patient including often a haematological neoplasm, has brought to assume a direct role of the T-lymphocytes stimulated by the thymoma epithelium in the genesis of other cancers. However, according to our knowledge, no association between the development of further neoplasms, the presence or not of parathymic immunological disorders and the histological subtypes has been found and, although cytogenetic abnormalities have been reported in thymoma, no molecular or cytogenetic mechanisms adequately explain the tendency of thymoma patients to acquire additional neoplasms.
Diversity and volume of international trade in Old World pitcher plants

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In global trade analyses, plants are neglected in comparison to animals. Controlling and monitoring international trade in threatened species contributes to their overall conservation. Here, an in-depth look at the dynamics of the international trade in attractive and widely traded carnivorous Old World pitcher plants (Nepenthes spp.) from their first appearance in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Trade Database in 1983 until 2017 is presented. The current trade of Nepenthes is rapidly growing in terms of the total volume traded and the number of both species and importing countries. Most of pitcher plants are globally traded as artificially propagated live plants. The share of wild-originated live plants was only 0.09%. Hybrids and Nepenthes spp. dominated the trade, representing 61 and 15% of the total traded volume respectively, followed by N. alata and N. mirabilis. The latter species was also the most traded species from the wild. Sri Lanka is a hotspot, exporting the highest volume and number of species of live pitcher plants. Monitoring of the trade is complicated by (1) the absence of a permit obligation for seeds, seedlings and in vitro cultures, and (2) the outdated list of valid species in the CITES Checklist. Using a holistic approach with a focus on the permanent monitoring, recording and assessing of international trade is desirable.
Strategies for marine tidal energy systems

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Marine tidal energy is still a relatively new form of renewable energy. To harness the marine tidal energy, the methods used were similar to that of wind energy. Both involved the conversion of the kinetic energy of a flowing medium to useable electricity. Thus, many Marine Tidal Energy System (MTES) have their design based on wind energy systems. However, as MTES faced much harsher working environment there is a need for a holistic design of tidal generator and transmission system to allow considerable reduction in its complexity while being reliable and efficient. The purpose of this project was to review the existing MTES and available transmission systems before proposing an optimal MTES. After which the focus was on the marine tidal generator, where a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) was designed, simulated and optimized using RMxprt. The PMSG was further integrated with relevant power electronics in Simplorer to verify its workability. The optimal MTES that was proposed was to have a direct-drive PMSG connected to the grid through a HVDC-VSC transmission system. And the PMSG designed was found to be feasible with its efficiency above 90%. The results from this project have been encouraging and with further studies, the MTES can be further improved.
Rapid Authentication and Quality Evaluation of Cinnamomum verum Powder Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Multivariate Analyses

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Parallel to the growing global interest in alternative medical therapies, high measures of counterfeit pharmaceuticals enter the global market and, therefore, detection of such marketed products is essential. This article throws an illuminating spot on the adulteration of Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) with Cinnamomum cassia and exhaustively extracted C. verum. A speedy and nondestructive near-infrared method in conjunction with the mathematical tools of chemometrics was used to distinguish between genuine cinnamon and its common adulterants. The principal component analysis and the hierarchical cluster analysis models successfully discriminated between unadulterated and adulterated samples. In the second part of the work, soft independent modeling of class analogy was implemented to construct a chemometric model to authenticate C. verum samples. The constructed model could successfully predict and judge the quality of C. verum powder without any misleading predictions. Finally, partial least squares regression was approached to establish the correlation for adulterated samples regarding their cassia and exhausted cinnamon content. The R2 of calibration and validation were all higher than 0.9, while the root mean square errors were all lower than 0.05, indicating that the established models were successful. Overall, the developed models were shown to have significant potential as time-saving and accurate methods for identification of true cinnamon powder, which can help guarantee both quality aspects of identity and purity of the herbal drug by avoiding its adulteration and could be implemented as a routine screening in its quality control with no need for any sample preparation.
3×Tg-AD Mice Overexpressing Phospholipid Transfer Protein Improves Cognition Through Decreasing Amyloid-β Production and Tau Hyperphosphorylation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background: Phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) belongs to the lipid transfer glycoprotein family. Studies have shown that it is closely related to Alzheimer’s disease (AD); however, the exact effect and mechanism remain unknown. Objective: To observe the effect of PLTP overexpression on behavioral dysfunction and the related mechanisms in APP/PS1/Tau triple transgenic (3×Tg-AD) mice. Methods: AAV-PLTP-EGFP was injected into the lateral ventricle to induce PLTP overexpression. The memory of 3×Tg-AD mice and wild type (WT) mice aged 10 months were assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle-box passive avoidance test (PAT). Western blotting and ELISA assays were used to quantify the protein contents. Hematoxylin and eosin, Nissl, and immunochemistry staining were utilized in observing the pathological changes in the brain. Results: 3×Tg-AD mice displayed cognitive impairment in WMW and PAT, which was ameliorated by PLTP overexpression. The histopathological hallmarks of AD, senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, were observed in 3×Tg-AD mice and were improved by PLTP overexpression. Besides, the increase of amyloid-β42 (Aβ42) and Aβ40 were found in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of 3×Tg-AD mice and reversed by PLTP overexpression through inhibiting APP and PS1. PLTP overexpression also reversed tau phosphorylation at the Ser404, Thr231 and Ser199 of the hippocampus in 3×Tg-AD mice. Furthermore, PLTP overexpression induced the glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inactivation via upregulating GSK3β (pSer9). Conclusion: These results suggest that PLTP overexpression has neuroprotective effects. These effects are possibly achieved through the inhibition of the Aβ production and tau phosphorylation, which is related to GSK3β inactivation.
Intracranial Hemorrhage Detection in CT Scans using Deep Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In intracranial hemorrhage treatment patient mortality depends on prompt diagnosis based on a radiologist's assessment of CT scans. In this paper, we investigate the intracranial hemorrhage detection problem and built a deep learning model to accelerate the time used to identify the hemorrhages. To assist with this process, a deep learning model can be used to accelerate the time it takes to identify them. In particular, we built a convolutional neural network based on ResNet for the classification. Using 752,803 DICOM files collected from four international universities by the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) [1], we trained and tested a ResNet- 50 based model for predicting the hemorrhage type. Our model has an accuracy of 93.3% in making the correct multiclass prediction and an average per-class recall score of 76%. We show it is possible to achieve an average recall of 86% while maintaining 70% precision via tuning the prediction thresholds. Lastly, we show real-world applicability by deploying a simple web application. The source code for training, metrics evaluation and web application is available at [2].
Measuring Cultural Value.docx

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Measuring Cultural Value and Cultural Impact using technology-enhanced methods – REPORT By Professor Mike Phillips, Professor of Interdisciplinary Arts, Plymouth University, Dr Jan Bennett, Director, Bennett Project Services. Commissioned by Dr Eric Jensen, University of Warwick, for the Arts and Humanities Research Council the Cultural Value Project.The need to determine the Return on Investment (ROI) or ‘bank for buck’ associated with publicly funded arts and cultural programmes has, especially in austere economic times, come to dominate the discourse between those funding such activities and those who are being funded. However, it is apparent that current methods of measuring impact and outcomes are increasingly being challenged[1], not only in terms of the multiplicity and relative utility of the methodologies and toolkits available, but also with respect to the high costs associated with such studies, and the lack of capacity, especially within smaller arts organisations, to undertake the necessary measurements on an ongoing basis.
Association between metabolic risks and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Menopause is associated with osteoporosis and an increased risk of metabolic disorders, including obesity, abdominal adiposity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, which may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent studies have demonstrated a correlation between fat, glucose, and bone metabolism which could contribute to CVD and osteoporosis. This study examined the association between metabolic risk factors and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: The authors determined the anthropometric values [waist-hip ratio (WHR), visceral fat area (VFA), body fat mass (BFM), and skeletal muscle mass (SMM)], lipid profile, fasting plasma glucose levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) scores, serum leptin and adiponectin levels, serum osteocalcin level [total osteocalcin (tOC) and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC)], and BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck in 137 postmenopausal women. Results: There was a positive correlation between BFM, HOMA-IR score, serum leptin level, and BMD of the lumbar spine, and a negative correlation between BFM, total cholesterol, serum adiponectin, and BMD of the lumbar spine after adjusting for age, years since menopause, current alcohol consumption, and current smoking status. In a multiple regression analysis, serum adiponectin level and SMM were the most important predictors of the BMD of the lumbar spine. Conclusion: There were several metabolic risk variables that had a harmful effect on the BMD of the lumbar spine, but not the femoral neck. However, higher serum adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with BMD of the lumbar spine as adiposity decreased.
Revisiting the progression of competitive capabilities: results from a repeated cross-sectional investigation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The progression of capabilities according to the sand cone model is a commonly accepted notion in production and operations management. However, this progression, which implies development over time, has only been tested with cross-sectional data from single time periods. In this paper, we investigate competitive capability progression (CCP) using a repeated cross-sectional design, approximating the temporal dimension inherent in the concept. The contributions of our paper are threefold. First, we test whether the sand cone model of CCP can be replicated in a repeated cross-sectional design. Second, we examine the cumulative reinforcement patterns among capabilities by investigating the links between them, thereby assessing the robustness of the configuration prescribed by the sand cone model over time. And third, we examine whether the configurations in which cumulative capabilities are pursued differ across the two time periods, and how they influence improvements in manufacturing plant performance.
A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Clonidine vs Atenolol in Providing Optimal Surgical Field in Nasal Surgeries under General Anaesthesia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: The present study was done to evaluate the role of oral clonidine and atenolol in providing optimal surgical field in nasal surgeries under general anaesthesia.
Material and methods: 60 patients of ASA grade I & II posted for elective nasal surgeries were randomly divided into two groups of 30 each. Patients received 50 mg oral atenolol in group A and 100 ug oral clonidine in group B two hours prior to surgery. Induction and maintainence of anaesthesia was performed by the same standard protocol. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded during the intra-operative and post-operative period. The surgeon, blinded to group allocation, evaluated the quality of surgical field using a predefined Average Category Scale (ACS). The amount of total blood loss was also recorded.
Results: The heart rate and blood pressure were within normal range from induction to the end of the surgery in the both groups. However the difference in blood loss between groups was highly significant being less in group B (117.77 ± 7.59 ml) as compared to group A (155.73 ± 14.90 ml). This resulted in a better surgical field in group B compared to group A.
Conclusion: We conclude that oral clonidine is better than atenolol in providing optimal surgical field in nasal surgeries under general anaesthesia.
Plasma Concentrations of Clonazepam Therapy in Epileptic Children.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We discuss the correlation between plasma concentration and clinical dose of Clonazepam (CZP) combined with other anticonvulsants in epileptic children. The plasma concentrations were measured in 610 samples from 141 children (73 males and 68 females) by HPLC method. We found that the clinical doses of CZP in our hospital were lower than those directed in “Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics” and in “United States Pharmacopoeia Dispensing Information”, and that therefore the plasma concentrations were distributed at the low range correspondingly with doses. A correlation between plasma concentration and clinical doses of CZP was observed and the relationship depended on sex and age of the patients. The plasma concentration of CZP in the older group (over 11 years old) was higher than that in the younger group (from 0 to 10 years old) and that in the male group was higher than that in the female group.We surveyed the relationship between the plasma concentration and dose of CZP in two patients over the longterm. The results indicated the necessity for frequent therapeutic drug monitoring of CZP over the longterm at the changes of dose and patient weight.