jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Connection of Thought, Culture and Language: Revoking Myth Unveiling Truth

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Scholars and laymen alike are interested in understanding how thought, culture and language are related. Misunderstanding of this relatedness may have serious consequences: legislators make misleading constitutions, judges impose wrong legal rulings and imprisonment on the innocent, and educators apply ineffective pedagogy. Relativism and mentalism, the two leading linguistic schools of thought, have been around in sharp differences explaining about the relation between thought, culture and language. Relativism believes that language precedes, determines, and influence or shapes though, whereas mentalism hypothesizes the contrary that it is thought that creates and changes language. This article describes the theoretical concepts and empirical proofs underlying the two views of linguistic views. By using literature comparative analysis, this study has found that mentalism has strong standpoints in comparison with relativism’s which have weak standpoints. This study also presents implications for language learning that are rooted in the mentalism conception.
Lifestyle and prevention of ischaemic heart disease in Denmark

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During the period 1982–1992 changes in lifestyle and knowledge of the risk factors for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in Danish adults were assessed by comparing questionnaire data collected in 2 independent cross-sectional studies. In 1982 the participation rate was 79% from 4,807 randomly selected men and women aged 30, 40, 50 and 60 years. In 1992 it was 73% from 2, 226 randomly selected men and women of similar ages. From 1982 to 1992 the proportion of participants stating that exercise, eating a low-fat diet, avoiding being overweight and not smoking reduces the risk of IHD increased. During the same period, the proportion of smokers, of men who did not eat vegetables daily and of men and women who used butter, fat or margarine daily decreased. The changes were seen predominantly among salaried employees and those with a vocational education and social differences were enhanced. The changes in knowledge and lifestyle reflect the topics on which the general educational effort has focused and are in accordance with results from comparable studies in the USA. Apparently, however, only in the higher social classes is the acquired knowledge associated with a change in lifestyle.
Developmental aspects of NMDA receptor agonists and antagonists in the central nervous system.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Electrophysiologic responses to the glutamate agonist analogue N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) are enhanced in the developing nervous system compared to responses in the adult. Neurotoxicity mediated by comparable amounts of NMDA and its endogenous analogue quinolinate is more than 50 times greater in the 7-day-old rat brain than in the adult. NMDA antagonist drugs reduce this neurotoxicity with the same spectrum of activity with which they prevent injury from hypoxic-ischemic damage. The greater vulnerability of the immature brain to NMDA mediated injury is probably related to the enhanced role that NMDA mechanisms play in long-term potentiation and activity-dependent plasticity during development.
Larvicidal Activity of Sweet Wormwood (Artemisia annua L.) Extracts on Aedes aegypti (Tiger Mosquito)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>The control of mosquito using synthetic insecticides has some negative impacts such as environmental pollution and problem<br>of resistance. Thus this work was aimed at evaluating the larvicidal activity of sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua L.) against<br>Aedes aegypti mosquito. Hydrothermal extraction method was used to obtain leave extracts using 200 ml of ethanol, methanol<br>and distilled water, respectively. Larvicidal bioassay was carried out using twenty five fourth instar larvae at 0.1 ml, 0.2 ml and 0.3<br>ml concentrations for each solvent extract. Set of control experiments using only the solvents were also set up. Mortalities were<br>recorded from the first 15 minutes to 24 hours of exposure. The ethanol and methanol extracts of A. annua show a significant<br>difference (P<0.05) in the mortality rates of Ae. aegypti larvae. However, there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the<br>mortality rates of Ae. aegypti larvae in relation to water extract of A. annua. The larvicidal activity of ethanol, methanol and water<br>extracts of A. annua gave LC50 values of 0.131 ml, 0.602 ml and 0.25 ml, respectively. The result of this study reveals that ethanol<br>extract of A. annua is considered the best in terms of LC50 compared to methanol and water in causing mortality of the larvae.<br>Thus, it has great potential as a bio pesticides against Ae. aegypti.</p>
Protective role of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and erdosteine on activities of purine-catabolizing enzymes and level of nitric oxide in red blood cells of isoniazid-administered rats*

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the possible role of nitric oxide (NO) and the activities of adenosine deaminase (ADA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) in the pathogenesis of isoniazid (INH)-induced oxidative damage in red blood cells (RBCs), and also to show the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and erdosteine, antioxidants, in decreasing this toxicity. A total of 25 adult male rats were divided into four experimental groups as follows: control group ( n = 7), INH-treated group ( n = 6), INH + CAPE–treated group ( n = 6), and INH + erdosteine–treated group ( n = 6). INH, INH-CAPE, and INH-erdosteine–treated groups were treated orally with INH 50 mg/kg daily and with the tap water for 15 days. Control group was given only tap water. CAPE was intraperitoneally injected for 15 days at a dose of 10 μmol/kg. Erdosteine was treated orally for 15 days at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. The injection of INH led to a significant increase in the activities of ADA, XO, and NO levels in RBCs of rats. Co-treatment with CAPE caused a significant decrease in the activities of ADA and XO and the levels of NO in RBCs. In addition, co-treatment with erdosteine caused a significant decrease in the activities of ADA and XO and the levels of NO in RBCs. The results of this study showed that ADA, XO, and NO may play an important role in the pathogenesis of INH-induced oxidative stress in RBCs. CAPE and erdosteine may have protective potential in this process and they may become a promising drug in the prevention of this undesired side effect of INH.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics in healthy volunteers of razaxaban, an orally-active, potent, selective inhibitor of factor XA

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In this study, the PK characteristics and PD effects of razaxaban were evaluated after administration of single- (10–200 mg) and multiple-doses (25–100 mg either Q12h or Q24h during 5 days) in healthy subjects. Subjects were confined to a study unit where samples were obtained for determination of the razaxaban PK/PD profile. Study evaluations included adverse experiences monitoring, bleeding time (BT), Factor X deficiency (FXD), Factor Xa inhibition (FXI), and standard tests of antithrombotic activity. Razaxaban was well absorbed reaching maximal plasma concentrations between 1 and 6 h after oral administration. There were dose-related proportional increases in Cmax, AUC and AUCt. Steady state plasma concentrations were achieved within 3–4 days. Razaxaban administration was well tolerated with concentration and dose-related changes in markers of antithrombotic activity but without clinical significant changes in BT. The maximal percent changes in FXD and FXI were observed at the 200 mg Q24h dose (median of 96 and 93%, respectively), followed by the 100 mg Q12h dose (median 90 and 83%, respectively). At the highest levels of percent change in FXD and FXI no major bleeding was observed. These results indicate that once- or twice-daily oral administration of razaxaban are well tolerated producing predictable dose-related changes in antithrombotic markers and support further clinical studies to assess efficacy in patients at risk of venous and arterial thromboembolism. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 75, P6–P6; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.11.022
[Changes in the spectra of lipoproteins and phospholipids in the blood serum of patients with chronic renal failure placed on programmed hemodialysis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lipid metabolism was examined over time in patients with chronic renal failure placed on programmed hemodialysis. Altogether 22 patients were examined, with the times of dialysis treatment lasting from 6 months to 3 years. In addition to routine studies of lipid metabolism, this patients' group was assessed for changes in the spectra of lipoproteins and phospholipids. It was revealed that the content of total lipids in blood serum increased because of the rise of the content of cholesterol and triglycerides, the content of low density and very low density lipoproteins and the cholesterol coefficient of atherogeneity also rose. During typing according to Friedereichson IIA, IIB and IV hyperlipidemia types were defined. During typing of normolipidemia according to T. F. Pirogova and B. L. Dundure, alpha 3A and alpha 3C normolipidemia types were identified. According to diffuse electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, redistribution of lipoprotein fractions towards increase of low density lipoproteins was discovered, accompanied by the reduction of the percentage of phospholipids in these fractions.
Imaging the complexity of neuron behavior with fluorescent ion indicators

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Individual neurons have an elaborate architecture. These cells receive electrical and chemical signals over their extensive dendritic fields and send action potentials along axons that often branch before reaching their targets. Electrical recordings usually reveal information about the response in only one location in the cell and indicate little about the complexity of intracellular molecular signaling. Imaging techniques have been developed that can reveal aspects of the spatial heterogeneity of the neuron's behavior. Many of these techniques take advantage of fluorescent molecules that have been designed to change their emission intensity when the concentration of different ions or small molecules in their environment changes. Sensors for Ca2+ and Na+ are popular and indicators for Cl" and cAMP have been developed. These indicators can be injected into individual living neurons in the brain or in a piece of the brain. They spread throughout the cell and their fluorescence can be detected with sensitive cameras. High-speed movies of the fluorescence changes correspond to dynamical changes in ion concentration in different parts of the neuron. Typical imaging devices are cooled scientific grade CCD cameras and confocal microscopes.
Anti-phlogistic and Immunocompetent Effects of Acupuncture Treatment in Women Suffering from Chronic Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thirty-nine women of reproductive age suffering from chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) for at least two years, previously treated pharmacologically with no effect, were enrolled in a four-week therapeutic protocol consisting of 12 acupuncture treatments performed with the frequency of three per week. In each female patient at baseline and after the study, pain score and the following parameters in blood serum were evaluated: concentration of immunoglobulin M (IgM), albumins, α 1 -globulins, α 2 -globulins and γ-globulins, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and white blood cell (WBC) count. During the study, we obtained a significant drop in ESR and IgM levels together with a rise in γ-globulin concentrations. A significant decrease (from 4.89 ± 0.82 to 0.63 ± 1.05) in pain score was obtained. The other parameters remained unchanged. These results suggest that acupuncture treatment of PID exhibits a clear anti-inflammatory and immunocompetent effect.
<title>True emission and absorption anisotropies for the study of protein rotation obtained from fluorescence depletion measurements in various experimental geometries</title>

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The utility of fluorescence depletion methods for the measurement of slow protein rotational diffusion has been limited by the lack of a rigorous mathematical model to obtain, from depletion data, anisotropies directly comparable to those obtained from phosphorescence emission or triplet absorption measurements. A generalized theory to meet this need is described. The experimental method requires the acquisition of, at most, three separate measurements to calculate absorption or emission anisotropies. Each measurement is made with a different orientation of either the probe beam polarization, pump beam polarization, or emission polarizer. The results of the theory are applied to two experimental configurations. The first of these involves collecting emission at 90 degree(s) to colinear pump and probe beams. From such data we are able to calculate the absorption anisotropy, the emission anisotropy, and the interdipole angle. The second configuration represents a system where all polarization axes lie in a single plane as would occur in a microscope-based system. For this configuration we are able to calculate, given the interdipole angle derived from the 90 degree(s) case, the true absorption anisotropy, the true emission anisotropy, or both.
Applications of Nanomaterials in Nuclear Waste Management

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

With the rapid development of nuclear power energy and increasing use of radioisotopes in recent years, large volumes of nuclear waste have been inevitably released into the environment, thereby posing a significant threat to human health and ecological systems due to their high toxicity, even at very low concentrations. Therefore, much attention has been attracted to highly efficient and selective removal, separation, and recovery of man-made radionuclides in nuclear wastes. With benefit from rapid developments in the synthesis of nanomaterials and explorations of applications of nanomaterials, we believe that nanomaterials can promote a variety of interface reactions due to their large specific surface area and high reactivity, and thus they are expected to play an important role in radionuclide contamination governance. Even though nuclear waste includes gaseous and solid radioactive wastes in which nanomaterials have been approved as promising material candidates in nuclear waste management, practical applications of nanomaterials in aqueous waste are mainstream in research and in nuclear waste management. Therefore, here we focus on reviewing the recent advances of various nanomaterials in the sorption of radionuclides from aqueous systems and hope to spawn new ideas for further research and applications. It is evident to conclude that nanomaterials have potential in nuclear waste management. However, it is necessary to carry out more research works focusing on the development of highly efficient, environmentally friendly, and lower-cost nanomaterials for applications in nuclear waste.
Behaviour of reinforced concrete beam under drop-weight impact loading

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Impact loading on reinforced concrete structure has been an important topic for many decades. The study described in this report including assessment of numerical analysis by using FEM software, LS-DYNA on a set of experimental results and efforts on finding the relationship between maximum mid-span displacement, maximum load, and input energy over static shear or bending capacity. Maximum mid-span displacement can be roughly predicted by using the proposed equation method. Asides from that, two empirical formulas for impact resistant design procedure of shear and flexural failure type reinforced concrete beam are derived. By using these equations, the required static bending or shear capacity of an RC beam may be determined by specifying the limit state of maximum mid-span deflections and input impact energy. Recommendation for future research on impact loading is included at the end of the report.
A Comparative Analysis of Feature Extraction Methods for Classifying Colon Cancer Microarray Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Feature extraction is a proficient method for reducing dimensions in the analysis and prediction of cancer classification. Microarray procedure has shown great importance in fetching informative genes th at needs enhancement in diagnosis. Microarray data is a challenging task due to high dimensional-low sample dataset with a lot of noisy or irrelevant genes and missing data. In this paper, a comparative study to demonstrate the effectiveness of feature ext raction as a dimensionality reduction process is proposed, and concludes by investigating the most efficient approach that can be used to enhance classification of microarray. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) as an unsupervised technique and Partial Least Square (PLS) as a supervised technique are considered, Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier were applied on the dataset. The overall result shows that PLS algorithm provides an improved performance of about 95.2% accuracy compared to PCA algorithms.
Peer Review #1 of "Ocean acidification alters morphology of all otolith types in Clark’s anemonefish (Amphiprion clarkii) (v0.2)"

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Ocean acidification, the ongoing decline of surface ocean pH and [CO 32-] due to absorption of surplus atmospheric CO 2 , has far-reaching consequences for marine biota, especially calcifiers.Among these are teleost fishes, which internally calcify otoliths, critical elements of the inner ear and vestibular system.There is evidence in the literature that ocean acidification increases otolith size and alters shape, perhaps impacting otic mechanics and thus sensory perception.Here, larval Clark's anemonefish, Amphiprion clarkii (Bennett, 1830), were reared in various seawater pCO 2 /pH treatments analogous to future ocean scenarios.At the onset of metamorphosis, all otoliths were removed from each individual fish and analyzed for treatment effects on morphometrics including area, perimeter, and circularity; scanning electron microscopy was used to screen for evidence of treatment effects on lateral development, surface roughness, and vaterite replacement.The results corroborate those of other experiments with other taxa that observed otolith growth with elevated pCO 2 , and provide evidence that lateral development and surface roughness increased as well.Both sagittae exhibited increasing area, perimeter, lateral development, and roughness; left lapilli exhibited increasing area and perimeter while right lapilli exhibited increasing lateral development and roughness; and left asterisci exhibited increasing perimeter, roughness, and ellipticity with increasing pCO 2 .Right lapilli and left asterisci were only impacted by the most extreme pCO 2 treatment, suggesting they are resilient to any conditions short of aragonite undersaturation, while all other impacted otoliths responded to lower concentrations.Finally, fish settlement competency at 10 dph was dramatically reduced, and fish standard length marginally reduced with increasing pCO 2 .Increasing abnormality and asymmetry of otoliths may impact inner ear function by altering otolith-maculae interactions.
What Matters Is What Works? - The Management of Regeneration

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

When, in 1998, 18 Policy Action Teams (PATs) were set up to ‘fast track’ policy initiatives in the most deprived neighbourhoods three key aims were cited (Education and Employment Committee, 2001). First, to work  exibly with local unemployed people and employers. Second, to help overcome barriers preventing jobless people taking up nearby vacancies. Third, to act in a coordinated manner in light of local circumstances. The very presence of PATs has been about taking into account local circumstances as policy of cers try to ‘join-up’ the many regeneration programmes in existence. Likewise, reports from the National Strategy for Neighbourhood Renewal have clearly identi ed a problem in the way public sector professionals engage with those communities in need of regeneration (Social Exclusion Unit, 2000). Joining-up initiatives and widening participation are in many ways a re ection on the limits to regeneration and its ‘management’ as experienced by many local communities. If these developments represent what Oatley (2000) calls the resurrection of managerialism in revitalizing deprived neighbourhoods, then surely the way we conceptualize and put into practice regeneration ‘management’ needs to be considered in much more detail than at present. This is not to argue for more management in regeneration but to critically consider what it is that is being managed and to question what the processes of management in regeneration are achieving and what they are displacing. Why this has become such an important matter now is due to the many intermediaries acting in the  eld of regeneration. The desire to put communities at the centre of regeneration is severely challenged by the need to put into operation schemes that work. Regeneration managers have to pay attention to ‘what works’ and this can quite easily con ict with other aspects of regeneration. What Matters Is What Works? – The Management of Regeneration
Left Ventricular Non-compaction Associated With Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Isolated Left Ventricular Non-Compaction (LVNC) is a rare congenital anomaly which is characterized by numerous prominent ventricular trabeculations and deep intertrabecular recesses. The incidence of associated cardiovascular complications and congenital heart disease is high. It is associated with congestive heart failure, ventricular arrhythmia and embolic events. It is believed to represent an arrest in endomyocardial morphogenesis. We report a 23-year-old female with Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA) and incidental finding of PDA and LV non-compaction. As far as we know this is the second report of LV non-compaction associated with PDA.
Investigation of the obtaining process copper ferrite by a modified coprecipitation method

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Copper ferrite has been synthesized by modified co-precipitation method. A comparative analysis of the pH-static and pH-dynamic modes of ferrite copper production has been carried out. The kinetics of the processes has been investigated. The use of plasma technology for the production of copper ferrites is shown. It was found that the use of the pH-static method leads to the formation of non-magnetic phases. The use of the pH-dynamics mode at pH = 11 leads to the production of magnetic copper ferrite with a saturation magnetization of 103.3 Emu/g and a coercive force of 25 Oe.
[Syndromes with manifestations of genomic imprinting].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Genomic imprinting is one of epigenetic factors, which influences expression of genes. It represents specific marking of some chromosome segments depending on the parental origin of the mutation. Imprinted genes are for some time inactive; such period varies in different developmental stage and in different tissues. Such inactivation is manifested as expriming genes and represents an exception to the 3rd Mendel's rule. In the last 10 years, a large group of disorders was recognised, the clinical manifestation of which depends on the parental origin of the mutation, such as Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy, progressive osseous hyperplasia. Curschmann-Steinert myotonic dystrophy, Huntington disease, Beckwith-Wiedemann EMG syndrome, Silver-Russell syndrome, Angelman syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome. Genomic imprinting contributes to the clarification of mechanisms of the variable expressivity, incomplete penetration, generation anticipation etc.