jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Policy Change on Family Doctors: Stress in General Practice under the New Contract

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Investigates the effects of policy change‐the Government New Contract (1990) – on the workload and lives of family doctors, using an open‐ended interview approach and numerical research adapted from it. Provides an account of 20 urban general practitioners′ perceptions of their stresses in general practice under the new 1990 contract. Uses an open‐ended, emic, interview approach in order to reflect the perspectives of the participants rather than the assumptions of the researcher. Considers some of the problems and assets of the methodology. Uncovered many stresses during the interviews but focuses on the main ones which involve the effects of the new contract on being “on call”; nightwork; administration and increased paperwork; financial problems; relationships; inherent practice stresses; and job satisfaction. Involves a quantitative component to the survey, which consisted of a postal questionnaire designed from the findings of the preliminary open‐ended interviews; and includes results from the questionnaire findings. Also notes some of the comments given in answer to two open‐ended questions on the form. The preliminary interviews and quantitative findings suggest that it is important to be aware of the effects of the new contract on the general practitioner′s life and work as it is perceived by the doctors themselves, for many feel it has affected their adaptability and may alter the balance between their stresses and their ability to do their job in the most satisfactory spirit for their patients, staff, the administration and their family and personal life.
Low cycle fatigue analysis of marine structures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Fatigue fracture has affected the aircraft industry largely due to the high cyclic loadings of the airplane. However, in recent years, marine structures are found to fail at loading cycles lower than the design life. This brings to the attention of researchers about low cycle fatigue which occur at cycles lesser than 104 cycles. Fatigue damage accumulated in the lower cycle life can be recorded and assessed, thereby predicting the failure of the structure. The damage is due to the stresses at notches of higher stress concentrations. At these notches, yielding occurs even though the macrostructure may still be in the elastic regions. Therefore, approaches used to obtain the pseudo stresses at the notches are done via the strain values. The first approach using the empirical Neuber’s relationships provide a fast and indicative representation of the pseudo stresses experienced due to the nominal loadings. The other approach is using non-linear finite element analysis. Both of which utilizes ANSYS Parametric Design Language to obtain the required values. The model joint used in this analysis is a cruciform joint which is common in most marine structures due to the use of longitudinal and transverse backings to provide higher sectional modulus. In this report, the approaches will be adopted, compared and discussed. It shows that the empirical Neuber’s approach results in a set of pseudo stress values lower than the non-linear approach and hence a practical fatigue experiment might be needed to justify this. Also, it is derived that that there is minimal effect of modelling the notch radius on the pseudo stress values. However, the effect of variation of Young’s Modulus due to undermatching or overmatching of welds can have considerable effect on the pseudo stresses.
Quantitative Analysis of Normal-Appearing White Matter in Pediatric Phenylketonuria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a metabolic disorder that results in white matter abnormalities with varying degrees of severity. The analysis of brain structure in children with PKU using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been limited by the reliance on qualitative data to characterize white matter abnormalities. In addition, the few brain MRI studies that have used a quantitative approach have treated a wide age range of pediatric and adult cases as a homogeneous group, which fails to address potential developmental differences within the disorder. The current study characterized normal-appearing white matter in a pediatric PKU sample (n = 36) through comparison to a normative sample and a neurologically-normal control sample (n=69). At adolescence, the PKU group showed signs of increased white matter volumes compared to the normative data and control group, which coincided with increased disease severity. At younger ages, no differences between white matter volumes were present. Individuals with PKU also demonstrated decreased total corpus callosum area when compared to the control group, particularly in the posterior midbody area. Although the findings of increased global white matter volumes and decreased corpus callosum areas in PKU are contradictory, they both point to overall white matter abnormalities in a pediatric PKU sample. Furthermore the direction of the discrepancies may be related to differential developmental processes: increased volumes in the global white matter volumes were related to an emerging developmental deficit and decreased corpus callosum area was associated with a continuous developmental deficit. These findings provide evidence that children who have been treated early and continuously for PKU are at risk for neurological disturbance in late adolescence, when Phe-restricted diets are likely to be relaxed.
A comparative study based on surgical and functional outcome of proximal tibia fractures between unicondylar and bicondylar fractures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Tibia plateau fractures constitute 1%of all fractures. Bicondylar fractures account for 10-30%, whereas isolated medial and lateral condyle fractures constitute the remaining injuries. Although only 3% of these fractures are open injuries, many of them have closed degloving, deep abrasions or severe soft tissue injuries which require careful consideration in deciding the timing and the nature of surgery. Proximal tibia fractures may be difficult to treat even in experienced hands due to intraarticular extension, comminution, cartilage damage and soft tissue injuries of the cruciate ligaments and menisci. Aim: To compare the functional and surgical outcomes of operative treatment of unicondylar and bicondylar fractures.Materials and Methods: It was a prospective and comparative study of Surgical and functional outcome of proximal tibial fractures in the department of orthopaedics from July 2019 to December 2019. Clearance was obtained from the hospital ethical committee. Fifty patients were taken into consideration for the study. All patients are selected on the basis of history, clinical examination and radiography. The Schatzker’s classification was used to classify these fractures. The patients were followed up for an average period of 6 to 12 months. The patients were divided into two groups. Twenty-five patients in the unicondylar fracture group 1and 25 patients in the bicondylar fracture group 2.Results: The mean age of group 1 patients was 45.7210.85 years, and that of group 2 patients was 46.408.602 years (p>0.05). In group 1 there were 18 (72%) males and 7 (28%) females, in group 2 there were 21 (84%) males and 4 (16%) females. In group 1, the mean union time was 3.04 0.351 and in group 2 was 3.1 0.433(p>0.05). In group 1, the mean follow-up time was 12.81 2.09 and in group 2 was 13.04 2.28 (p>0.05). The mean functional score of group 1 was 91.212.27, and in group 2, it was 8718.2 (p>0.050). In group1 mean WOMAC score was 12.2 21.179, and in group 2 was 16.72 16.923 (p>0.05). 2 patients had hypertension, and none of the patients had diabetes. While in group two, three patients had diabetes, and two patients had hypertension.Conclusion: In the light of the aforementioned results, it was found in the surgical and functional outcomes of both unicondylar and bicondylar fractures of the proximal tibia are satisfactory and comparable to each other. Furthermore, it was identified that Factors such as age, gender and the fracture type did not influence the outcome in both the study groups. Additionally, most fractures occurred in the middle age group with male preponderance in both unicondylar and bicondylar fractures.
Assessment of the Jason-2 Extension to the TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 Sea-Surface Height Time Series for Global Mean Sea Level Monitoring

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Jason-2 (OSTM) follow-on mission to Jason-1 provides for the continuation of global and regional mean sea level estimates along the ground-track of the initial phase of the TOPEX/Poseidon mission. During the first several months, Jason-1 and Jason-2 flew in formation separated by only 55 seconds, enabling the isolation of inter-mission instrument biases through direct collinear differencing of near simultaneous observations. The Jason-2 Ku-band range bias with respect to Jason-1 is estimated to be −84 ± 9 mm, based on the orbit altitudes provided on the Geophysical Data Records. Modest improved agreement is achieved with the GSFC replacement orbits, which further enables the isolation of subtle (<1 cm) instrument-dependent range correction biases. Inter-mission bias estimates are confirmed with an independent assessment from comparisons to a 64-station tide-gauge network, also providing an estimate of the stability of the 17-year time series to be less than 0.1 mm/yr ± 0.4 mm/yr. The global mean sea level derived from the multi-mission altimeter sea-surface height record from January 1993 through September 2009 is 3.3 ± 0.4 mm/yr. Recent trends over the period from 2004 through 2008 are smaller and estimated to be 2.0 ± 0.4 mm/yr.
Comparative Study of Survival Effects of Moschus and Muscone on Rat Retinal Neurons in vitro

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The present study was to performed to compare the survival effects of Moschus and muscone on rat retinal neurons in vitro.For experiments,Moschus solutions and muscone solutions were added into the cell suspension,respectively.Then,the optical density(OD)was tested by MTT assay.The effects of Moschus and muscone on rat retinal neurons were to be evaluated.In the same way,the cell suspension was treated by Moschus or muscone associated with a certain quantity of m-NGF,and their effects were to be evaluated.The results showed that Moschus and moscone had no significant effects on the living of rat retinal neurons(P0.05).When associated with m-NGF,Moschus and muscone in some certain concentration can promote the living of rat retinal neurons significantly.Thus,the results suggested that by enhancing the biological efficacy of nerve growth factor(NGF),both Moschus and muscone could promote the living of retinal neurons indirectly;among all of Moschus ingredients,muscone may be one of the most effective one to enhance the biological effect of NGF.
High-Precision Trace Element and Organic Constituent Analysis of Oil Shale and Solvent-Refined Coal Materials

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Materials from a solvent-refined coal pilot plant and two simulated in situ oil shale retort facilities have been characterized for trace inorganic and organic compounds. The techniques used allowed the determination of some 30 elements, the chemical and physical forms of arsenic and mercury, and a large number of organic compounds. Satisfactory balances were obtained for most trace elements except mercury in effluents from the solvent-refined coal plant and one of the oil shale retorts. Approximately 60 organic compounds were determined quantitatively in process streams from the solvent-refined coal plant, and 20 organic compounds were determined in the crude shale oil from an oil shale retort pilot plant.
MACROARRAY GENE EXPRESSION PROFILING OF ACUTE VASCULAR RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Driscoll, Carolyn1; Cashion, Ann1; Hathaway, Donna1; Thompson, Carol1; Conley, Yvette2; Riely, Caroline1; Xu, Lijing1; Homayouni, Ramin1 Author Information
PERIPHERAL IMMUNIZATION AGAINST MALIGNANT RAT GLIOMA CAN INDUCE EFFECTIVE ANTITUMOR IMMUNITY IN THE BRAIN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Using two malignant rat glioma cell lines, we tested to what extent peripheral immunization could affect tumor growth in the brain of syngeneic rats. Peripheral subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization was performed with autologous Newcastle-disease-virus (NDV)-infected or non-infected live tumor cells. Thus immunized rats or non-immunized controls were intracerebrally implanted with increasing numbers of the respective malignant glioma cells. Without immunization the mean survival time after intracerebral implantation of 1x10(4) TZ363 or RG2 glioma cells was 9 and 29 days respectively. After s.c. immunization with either NDV-infected or non-infected TZ363 cells only 25% or less of challenged animals developed tumors in the brain. Immunization with NDV only had no effect. In RG2 glioma, s.c. immunization had no effect on tumor growth in the central nervous system and on survival time, no matter what kind of vaccine was used. These results clearly show, that in principle the efferent arm of the anti-tumor response can be effective accross the blood-brain barrier and extend into the microenvironment of the central nervous system. Whether or not glioma lines can induce this immunity and respond to it, seems to depend on their individual immunobiological characteristics.
Groundwater–Stream Connectivity Mediates Metal(loid) Geochemistry in the Hyporheic Zone of Streams Impacted by Historic Mining and Acid Rock Drainage

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

High concentrations of trace metal(loid)s exported from abandoned mine wastes and acid rock drainage pose a risk to the health of aquatic ecosystems. To determine if and when the hyporheic zone mediates metal(loid) export, we investigated the relationship between streamflow, groundwater–stream connectivity, and subsurface metal(loid) concentrations in two ~1-km stream reaches within the Bonita Peak Mining District, a US Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site located near Silverton, Colorado, USA. The hyporheic zones of reaches in two streams—Mineral Creek and Cement Creek—were characterized using a combination of salt-tracer injection tests, transient-storage modeling, and geochemical sampling of the shallow streambed (&lt;0.7 m). Based on these data, we present two conceptual models for subsurface metal(loid) behavior in the hyporheic zones, including (1) well-connected systems characterized by strong hyporheic mixing of infiltrating stream water and upwelling groundwater and (2) poorly connected systems delineated by physical barriers that limit hyporheic mixing. The comparatively large hyporheic zone and high hydraulic conductivities of Mineral Creek created a connected stream–groundwater system, where mixing of oxygen-rich stream water and metal-rich groundwater facilitated the precipitation of metal colloids in the shallow subsurface. In Cement Creek, the precipitation of iron oxides at depth (~0.4 m) created a low-hydraulic-conductivity barrier between surface water and groundwater. Cemented iron oxides were an important regulator of metal(loid) concentrations in this poorly connected stream–groundwater system due to the formation of strong redox gradients induced by a relatively small hyporheic zone and high fluid residence times. A comparison of conceptual models to stream concentration–discharge relationships exhibited a clear link between geochemical processes occurring within the hyporheic zone of the well-connected system and export of particulate Al, Cu, Fe, and Mn, while the poorly connected system did not have a notable influence on metal concentration–discharge trends. Mineral Creek is an example of a hyporheic system that serves as a natural dissolved metal(loid) sink, whereas poorly connected systems such as Cement Creek may require a combination of subsurface remediation of sediments and mitigation of upstream, iron-rich mine drainages to reduce metal export.
Role of the Zeta Method in Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcomes in High Sperm DNA Fragmentation in Oligoasthenozoospermic Men

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: New methods are needed to optimize intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcomes in oligoasthenozoospermic (OAS) men. We evaluated the level of DNA fragment index (DFI) in OAS men and its impact on ICSI outcomes. In addition, we used the zeta potential method for sperm selection to investigate the efficacy of this technique in improving ICSI outcomes. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 95 couples. Sperm parameters and sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) were measured. The couples were divided into the following 3 groups: group I (n=30) where SDF was between 15% and 30%, and routine sperm was selected on the basis of motility and morphology; group II (n=34) where SDF was more than 30%, and the routine sperm selection method was applied on the basis of motility and morphology; and group III (n=31) where SDF was more than 30%, and the sperm selection was performed on the basis of the zeta method. The fertilization rate, embryo development, embryo quality, and implantation rate were evaluated in these 3 groups. Results: The fertilization rate was significantly higher in group I compared with group II (P<0.05). The embryo development rate in group I was significantly higher than that in group II (P<0.001) and group III (P<0.05), and it was significantly lower in group II compared with group III (P<0.05). The embryo quality was higher in group III compared with group II (P<0.01). The implantation rate in group I was significantly higher than that in group II (P<0.05) and group III (P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study indicated that a higher level of SDF has an adverse effect on the ICSI outcome. Furthermore, the zeta potential technique can be a useful method for sperm selection in OAS men. [GMJ.2018;7:e1107]
The Prediction of Clinical Outcome from Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy by Pressure-Flow Analysis: A European Multicenter Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A total of 100 patients treated with a single session of microwave thermotherapy at 4 European centers was stratified according to 2 different types of obstruction (constrictive and compressive) and compared to clinical outcome at 6 months. Patients had a Madsen-Iversen score of 8 or more, maximum flow rate of 15 ml. per second or less and residual urine volume of 300 ml. or less at entry. The change in Madsen-Iversen score was the same in the 2 groups. Maximum flow rate increased from 8.71 +/- 2.62 to 14.73 +/- 4.04 ml. per second in the constrictive group, and from 8.54 +/- 2.26 to 10.41 +/- 4.52 in the compressive group (p < or = 0.0001). Residual urine decreased from 96.00 +/- 72.85 to 40.34 +/- 56.33 ml. in the constrictive group and from 109.86 +/- 67.09 to 84.65 +/- 81.45 ml. in the compressive group (p < or = 0.0001). Success, as defined by an increase of 50% or more in maximum flow rate and Madsen-Iversen score, was noted in 68% of the constrictive but only 15% of the compressive groups (p < or = 0.0001 chi-square test for trend). Selection by pressure-flow criteria for patients being considered for thermotherapy should improve the overall clinical results.
Tracking Automotive Electronics Related Sensory and Their Traceability by Boundary Scan Technology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes several Python-based test methods to study a series of MCU-associated sensors. In light of today's automotive electronics, many electric systems are involved in modularized bare dies such as power management ICs along with embedded programming. As to the application of autonomous driving like the ADAS system, having many Multiple-Chips Modules (MCM) which are popular in SoC related functional boards. It is necessary to have these electrical systems follow stringent safety standards and regulations by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). That is to ensure the electronic systems to be designed, implemented, operated within safety range. That is traceable according to the prerequisite Safety Integrity Level (SIL) besides the Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL) towards five classes. These classes further evolved into higher requirements such as IEC-61508 and more recently the ISO-26262. All of these, have driven many companies to research and develop a suite of methods and strategies to solve some of the “reliability” associated issues, especially in the area of autonomous driving. This paper proposes the boundary scan based test methodology to cop with government’s regulations by tracking some of the major sensors in responses to motion, temperature and dynamic forces based on a JTAG’s sensor board in case study A. Thereafter, using an NXP’s automotive board to trace on board electronics, mainly the CPU and MCU via the MODBUS is made possible to log and record test results through VB.XML.NET. These languages speak uniformly to the relational data base in one “DataSet” by in-memory cache of the data retrieved from a database, in case study B. Both are realized by the JTAG’s Functional Test (JFT) system, to log the “pass or fail” results in a sequential execution. This paper illustrates how-to reach this goal through the process in use of the public-domain based open frame-ware, and to demonstrate them on a JTAG’s Provision platform throughout the development stages.
DETERMINATION OF PILE DRIVEABILITY AND CAPACITY FROM PENETRATION TESTS. VOLUME III: LITERATURE REVIEW, DATA BASE AND APPENDIXES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Research has been conducted on the potential improvement of dynamic wave equation analysis methodology using in-situ soil testing techniques. As a basis for this investigation, the literature was reviewed and a summary was compiled of efforts made to date on the development of models and associated parameters for pile driving analysis. Furthermore a data base was developed containing more than 150 cases of test piles with static load tests, dynamic restrike tests, soil information, driving system data and installation records. One hundred data base cases were subjected to correlation studies using both wave equation and CAPWAP. This work yielded dynamic soil model parameters which did not indicate a specific relationship with soil grain size. The in-situ soil testing device utilized was a Modified SPT which yielded data from both static and dynamic measurements. Either static uplift or torque tests yielded static ultimate shaft resistance, and uplift tests also indicated a shaft resistance quake. Static compressive tests on a special tip indicated ultimate end bearing and associated toe quake. Indirectly, by signal matching, soil damping parameters were calculated. These quantities were then used for the prediction of full-scale pile behavior. Data from the Modified SPT were gathered and analyzed on six sites with previous full-scale static pile tests and on three sites where static load tests were to be performed at a later date. Recommendations derived from these tests pertain to the current soil model and to proposals for future changes. In general, the current approach was found to yield, on the average, very reasonable results for end of installation situations. For restrike tests, standard parameters may be misleading. Any necessary modifications to the current approach, for example, the use of particularly large toe quakes or low toe damping factors, should be based on Modified SPT measurements. Differences between prediction and full-scale pile field behavior were attributed to soil strength changes over relatively small distances which cannot be detected with standard SPT spacings of 5 ft (1.5 m).