jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Impact of “Churn” on Plasma HIV Burden Within a Population Under Care

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Cross-sectional reporting of viral suppression rates within a population underestimates the community viral load (VL) burden. Longitudinal approaches, while addressing cumulative effects, may still underestimate viral burden if “churn” (movement in and out of care) is not incorporated. We examined the impact of churn on the cumulative community HIV viral burden. Methods All HIV+ patients followed in 2016–2017 at the Southern Alberta Clinic (Calgary, Canada) were categorized as follows: (1) in continuous care, (2) newly diagnosed, (3) diagnosed elsewhere transferring care, (4) returning to care, (5) lost-to-follow-up, (6) moved care elsewhere, or (7) died. Patient days were classified by VL as suppressed (≤200copies/ml), unsuppressed (&gt;200 copies/ml), and transmittable (&gt;1500 copies/ml). Results Of 1934 patients, 78.4% had suppressed VL; 21.4% had ≥1 unsuppressed VL, and 18.7% ≥1 transmittable VL. Of 1 276 507 total patient days in care, 92.1% were spent suppressed, 7.9% unsuppressed (101 459 days), and 6.4% (81 847 days) transmittable. 88.7% of category 1 patients had suppressed VL, 11.3% ≥1 unsuppressed VL, and 8.9% ever a transmittable VL. Of category 2 patients, 90% became suppressed on treatment (mean – 62 days). 38.5% of category 3 patients presented with a transmittable VL. Category 4 and 5 patients combined had high rates of unsuppressed (54.5%) and transmittable (51.2%) VL and, while representing only 6.2% of all patients, they accounted for 37.1% of unsuppressed and 41.5% of all transmittable days. Conclusion Focus on VL of patients continuously in care misses those with unsuppressed and transmittable VL in a community. Patients moving in and out of care pose an underappreciated risk for HIV transmissions.
The Prospects for Biogas Systems in Rural China: Incentives, Barriers and Potentials

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to the multiple benefits of biogas systems, the Chinese Government has made great efforts to promote the development of biogas systems in rural China, especially household biogas plants and medium and large scale biogas plants to treat manure and waste water from intensive livestock and poultry farms. This thesis conducts a comprehensive literature review to understand the current situation of biogas systems in rural China in the light of feedstock, technologies and utilization of biogas and digested residue. A number of incentives and barriers affecting the production and utilization of biogas and digested residues are analyzed, in terms of policy, economy, technology and society. Based on the analysis of future social economic development in rural China, the examination of a variety of policies and the comprehensive literature review on the promotion of biogas plants, a number of measures are proposed. The policy advice for the development of household biogas plants in rural China is to slow down development, strengthen the education and training of farmers on the proper utilization of biogas plants, improve the rural biogas service network and ensure the quality of biogas plants as well as the associated facilities, and provide more funding for research and development of household biogas plants. As for medium and large scale biogas plants, in order to promote the further expansion, it is important to strengthen the enforcement of environmental protection law, develop multi-channels to raise the investments, set up the market for the products of medium and large scale biogas plants, and provide more funding for the capacity building of qualified technicians and improve the technology of biogas plants and auxiliary equipment for industrialization. A number of policy instruments are also suggested in this thesis to encourage the use of biogas and digested residue.
Changes in interleukin-17 and transforming growth factor beta 1 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and their clinical significance among children with asthma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Levels of IL-17 and TGF-β1 in serum and BALF are elevated in children with asthma. IL-17 and TGF-β1 may be involved in the occurrence and development of asthma, and they play important roles in asthma attack and aggravation.
Evaluation of Chatbot Responses to Text-Based Multiple-Choice Questions in Prosthodontic and Restorative Dentistry

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background/Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the response accuracy and quality of three AI chatbots—GPT-4.0, Claude-2, and Llama-2—in answering multiple-choice questions in prosthodontic and restorative dentistry. Methods: A total of 191 text-based multiple-choice questions were selected from the prosthodontic and restorative dentistry sections of the United States Integrated National Board Dental Examination (INBDE) (n = 80) and the United Kingdom Overseas Registration Examination (ORE) (n = 111). These questions were inputted into the chatbots, and the AI-generated answers were compared with the official answer keys to determine their accuracy. Additionally, two dental specialists independently evaluated the rationales accompanying each chatbot response for accuracy, relevance, and comprehensiveness, categorizing them into four distinct ratings. Chi-square and post hoc Z-tests with Bonferroni adjustment were used to analyze the responses. The inter-rater reliability for evaluating the quality of the rationale ratings among specialists was assessed using Cohen’s Kappa (κ). Results: GPT-4.0 (65.4%; n = 125/191) demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of correctly answered multiple-choice questions when compared to Claude-2 (41.9%; n = 80/191) (p < 0.017) and Llama-2 (26.2%; n = 50/191) (p < 0.017). Significant differences were observed in the answer accuracy among all of the chatbots (p < 0.001). In terms of the rationale quality, GPT-4.0 (58.1%; n = 111/191) had a significantly higher proportion of “Correct Answer, Correct Rationale” than Claude-2 (37.2%; n = 71/191) (p < 0.017) and Llama-2 (24.1%; n = 46/191) (p < 0.017). Significant differences were observed in the rationale quality among all of the chatbots (p < 0.001). The inter-rater reliability was very high (κ = 0.83). Conclusions: GPT-4.0 demonstrated the highest accuracy and quality of reasoning in responding to prosthodontic and restorative dentistry questions. This underscores the varying efficacy of AI chatbots within specialized dental contexts.
Natural and lactic acid bacteria fermentations of pastes of soybeans and soybean-maize blends : effect on nutritional quality, microbial diversity, food safety and consumer acceptance

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Traditional Malawian diets are predominantly maize-based and have been associated with widespread inadequate intakes of several nutrients. In addition to maize, legumes are an important source of protein and other nutrients in diets of many people in developing countries. Soybeans have the highest protein content among legumes and when consumed together with cereals, a high quality protein is provided because cereals and legumes are complementary in terms of limiting amino acids. However, soybean utilization in Malawi is minimal due to limited knowledge in processing. In an effort to increase utilization and consumption of soybeans by all age groups in Malawi, solid-state fermented pastes of soybeans and soybean-maize blends were developed. The fermented pastes were to be used as relish and to serve as major sources of protein in maizebased diets. Spontaneous solid state fermentation of soybeans favors growth of Bacillus subtilis, a highly proteolytic organism that produces high amount of ammonia. High ammonia levels result in strong odor which some people find objectionable. On the other hand, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are weakly proteolytic and do not lead to accumulation of high levels of organoleptically unpleasant metabolic products. \nIn this study, thobwa, a Malawian fermented cereal gruel prepared from maize flour and cofermented with malt flour from finger millet was used as a back – slopping material to facilitate lactic acid bacteria fermentations in LAB fermented pastes (LFP). Whereas pastes fermented without inoculum were referred to as naturally fermented pastes (NFP). Pastes composed of 100% soybeans, 90% soybeans and 10% maize, and 75% soybeans and 25% maize. Naturally fermented pastes were designated 100S, 90S and 75S, while LFP were designated 100SBS, 90SBS and 75SBS. Metabolite changes, microbial diversity, growth and survival of enteropathogens, sensory properties and consumer acceptance of paste of soybeans and soybean-maize blends fermented naturally and by LAB were compared.
Analyzing and Comparing Data Forwarding Components in POX Software Defined Networking Controller

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Software Defined Network (SDN) decouples networks control plane and data plane, make the controller gain the global network topology view which can be utilized by the controller's forwarding applications to forwards the packets between hosts with the helping of openflow protocol.The POX controller and Mininet tool has been used to simulate the underlying SDN infrastructure.This paper analyze a different data forwarding components currently supported by the POX controller, where three components are compared, hub, l2_learning, and l2_multi, by measures the Round Trip Time (RTT) and CPU usage.
Evaluating distribution of the left branch of the middle colic artery and the left colic artery by CT angiography and colonography to classify blood supply to the splenic flexure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction CT angiography has gained widespread acceptance for preoperative evaluation of blood supply in patients with colorectal cancer. However, there have been few reports that pertain to the splenic flexure, for which surgery is technically difficult. We used preoperative CT angiography and CT colonography to evaluate blood supply to the splenic flexure. Methods We defined the splenic flexure as the junction of the distal third of the transverse colon and the proximal third of the descending colon. We reviewed 191 cases and considered the descending colon as divided into the proximal third and the distal two‐thirds; we then determined which part of the descending colon the left colic artery (LCA) entered. We also considered the transverse colon as divided into the proximal two‐thirds and the distal third, and evaluated which part of the transverse colon the left branch of the middle colic artery entered. Result We classified blood supply to the splenic flexure into six types, described by the feeder vessels: type 1, the LCA (39.7%); type 2, the left branch of the middle colic artery (17.8%); type 3, the LCA and the left branch of the middle colic artery (9.9%); type 4, the accessory left colic artery (4.1%); type 5, the LCA and the accessory left colic artery (2.6%); and type 6, the marginal artery (25.6%). Conclusion We classified blood supply to the splenic flexure into more complex types than previous reports had. Because we dissect the lymph nodes according to the type of blood supply, knowing the type before splenic flexure surgery is crucial.
COVID-19-Related Symptoms Among Cancer Patients and Healthcare Workers— First Results From the PAPESCO-19 Prospective Cohort Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Cancer patients may fail to distinguish COVID-19 symptoms such as anosmia, dysgeusia/ageusia, anorexia, headache, and fatigue, which are frequent after cancer treatments. We aimed to identify symptoms associated with COVID-19 and to assess the strength of their association in cancer and cancer-free populations. Methods: The prospective multicenter cohort study PAPESCO-19 included 878 cancer patients and 940 healthcare workers (HCWs) systematically tested for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. Participants reported the results of routine screening RT-PCR and thirteen COVID-19 symptoms. Backward logistic regression identified the symptom combinations significantly associated with COVID-19. Results: COVID+ proportions were similar in patients (8%) and HCWs (9.5%, p=0.26), whereas symptomatic proportions were lower in patients (32%) than HCWs (52%, p&amp;lt;0.001). Anosmia, anorexia, fever, headache, and rhinorrhea together accurately discriminated (c-statistic=0.7027) COVID-19 cases in patients. Anosmia, dysgeusia/ageusia, muscle pain, intense fatigue, headache, and chest pain better discriminated (c-statistic=0.8830) COVID-19 cases in HCWs. Anosmia had the strongest association in patients (OR=7.48, 95% CI: 2.96&ndash;18.89) and HCWs (OR=5.71, 95% CI: 2.21&ndash;14.75). Conclusions: COVID-19 symptoms and their diagnostic performance differ in cancer patients and HCWs. Anosmia is associated with COVID-19 for patients, while dysgeusia/ageusia are not. Cancer patients deserve tailored preventive measures due to their particular COVID-19 symptom pattern.
Optimal Time of Single Static PET Scan to Determine Tumor Hypoxia with 18F-FMISO in Glioblastoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glioblastoma Multiform (GBM) is the most aggressive tumor in the brain. The tumor is characterized by extremely rapid growth, hypoxia (reduced availability of oxygen) and necrosis. This study aimed to determine the best optimal time (or minimal time) for 18F-FMISO PET single scan imaging with the help of spectral analysis (SA). Imaging protocols involved a 15 min dynamic scan followed by 10 min static scans at 2 h, 3 h, and 4 h in order to allow uptake of 18F- FMISO in the tumors. We applied SA to decompose the PET images into their essential components of perfused tissue, hypoxic tissue and tissue blood volume. The ratio of hypoxia to the input function (IF) and the ratio of hypoxia to contralateral normal tissue at 180 min were defined as Tumor-to-Blood ratio (TBR180), and as Tumor-to-Normal tissue ratio (TNR180). The intersection of hypoxia component time-activity curve (TAC) with IF and with contralateral TAC determined the demarcation between perfusion and hypoxia, and the time corresponding to these intersections corresponded to the minimum of the times to acquire a single PET scan in the clinic to delimit hypoxia with enough contrast. The results showed the image at 15 min with multifocal uptake in different regions while at 2 h and above the volume of the tumor appeared confined to the same region. The mean of the minimal optimal time between blood and hypoxia and between perfusion and hypoxia were found as 89 ± 59 min and 105 ± 69 min, respectively. At this average of minimum of optimal times, TBR89 and TNR89 in the 9 subjects were almost similar, meaning that, the optimal time of 89 min gave a good discrimination of hypoxia with mean TBR89 and TNR89 as 1.72 ± 0.22 and 1.74 ± 0.19. For the comparison, TBR180 and TNR180 were 2.6 ± 0.49 and 2.0 ± 0.23. In conclusion, based on different tumor status, we demonstrated that the optimal time for 18F-FMISO single scan measurement is around 90 min instead of times of 3 h and above.
Bloodstream Infections with Opportunistic Pathogens in COVID-19 Era: A Real Challenge Necessitates Stringent Infection Control

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Bloodstream infections (BSI) due to opportunistic microbes in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic lead to high morbidity and mortality among hospitalized patients. Thus, it is vital to find out the risk factors of BSI and to learn the ways to mitigate it. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate important risk factors of BSI due to opportunistic pathogens and to assess the role of the rigid infection control program to deal with this issue. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was performed for 6 months on 150 patients admitted in both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 intensive care units of our hospital. BSI was confirmed by the BACTEC and Vitek 2 compact system. Prospective surveillance and environmental sampling were carried out for source tracking along with rigorous infection control measures and the outcome was analyzed. Findings: Burkholderia cepacia, Elizabethkingia meningoseptica, Candida auris, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, and Achromobacter xylosoxidans were the common opportunistic pathogens isolated from a single or paired blood sample(s) in our study. Key risk factors were prolonged intensive care unit stay, central venous access, mechanical ventilation, immune-compromised condition, and use of biologics. Reverse osmosis water and used normal saline bottles were the common environmental source of infection. Following the implementation of precise infection control measures, there was a sharp decline in BSI cases, which was not attributed to the downfall of COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: Combined prospective surveillance and environmental sampling helped to find out the sources and implementation of an intensive and insistent infection control program that are needed to control opportunistic pathogens mediated BSI.
Relationship of H-FABP Genotypes with the Related Productive Traits in Hubei White Pig and Its Crossbred

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

【Objective】 The heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) genotype and its effect on related productive traits were studied in Hubei white pig and its crossbred. These studies were performed in order to provide a theoretial foundation for molecular marker assistant breeding in the breeding proceding of Hubei White High Grade Line. 【Method】The genetic variation of 5,-Up stream Region and the Second Intron of H-FABP gene in 282 pigs including Hubei white pig and its crossbred were detected by PCR-RFLP with HinfⅠ, HaeⅢ and MspⅠ. Meanwhile, effects of different PCR-RFLP genotypes of H-FABP gene of crossbreed on related productive traits were analyzed by least square analysis. 【Result】 Hubei white pig had no polymorphism at HinfⅠ-RFLP site which had only HH Genotype, but it had polymorphisms at HaeⅢ-RFLP and MspⅠ-RFLP site. Crossbred F1 and F2 had polymorphisms at these three site; Hubei white pig had low polymorphism at HinfⅠ-RFLP and HaeⅢ-RFLP site (PIC0.25) while it had mediate polymorphism (0.25PIC0.5) at MspⅠ-RFLP site. Crossbred F1 and F2 had mediate polymorphism at these three site; The effect of different H-FABP genotype on IMF (Intramuscular fat) content tended to be HHHhhh, ddDdDD,aaAaAA. IMF content of dd genotype was significantly higher (P0.05) than that of DD and Dd genotype at the HaeⅢ-RFLP site. IMF content of aa and Aa genotype was significantly higher (P0.01) than that of DD and AA genotype at the MspⅠ-RFLP site. Weight of 20 days of HH genotype was significantly higher (P0.05) than that of hh genotype at the HinfⅠ-RFLP site, but groupsdivided by any other genotypes had no significant differences among other productive performance. 【Conclusion】Porcine Intramuscular fat content might be improved by increased dominant genotype aa-dd-HH frequency in breeding group, while that did not influence others productive traits.
The influence of thermal modification on lignite structure by FT-IR

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The modification experiment of Inner Mongolia Baiyinhua lignite by hot air at 200 ℃ for 1 h was carried out. Thestructural changes of Baiyinhua lignite before and after thermal modification were analyzed by infrared spectrum. Theresults show that the moisture and oxygen content in lignite are greatly reduced by thermal modification, and the carboncontent and calorific value are also increased to varying degrees. In the process of thermal modification, variousoxygen-containing functional groups in lignite are reduced in different degrees due to thermal decomposition. Thermalmodification also causes substitution reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons in lignite, CH2 in aliphatic hydrocarbonstructure breaks, but hydroxyl group in lignite does not change significantly before and after thermal modification.
Metaheuristics for Index-Tracking with Cardinality Constraints

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

As one of the passive investment strategies, index-tracking aims to replicate market indexes to reproduce market performance. It is widely used for long-term investment. Full replication and partial index-tracking are common approaches for index-tracking problems. Although full replication tracks the chosen market index perfectly, the transaction cost is relatively high in practice. Therefore, partial index-tracking is desired that can reduce the transaction cost and avoid illiquid assets. The partial index-tracking approach selects the subset of a benchmark index and applies restrictions for the numbers of stocks with cardinality constraints. The constrained problem is converted into an unconstrained problem by adding the penalty term. This paper is concerned with the sparse index-tracking problem with cardinality constraints by various metaheuristics. Various metaheuristics are used to deal with the sparse index-tracking problem, and their performances are compared. Also, various penalty values are adopted to test the performance of the compared algorithm.
Reconstruction of tropical cyclone boundary layer wind field using physics-informed machine learning

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A physics-informed machine learning model is proposed in this paper to reconstruct the high-fidelity three-dimensional boundary layer wind field of tropical cyclones. The governing equations of the wind field, which incorporate a spatially varying eddy diffusivity coefficient, are derived and embedded within the model's loss function. This integration allows the model to learn the underlying physics of the boundary layer wind field. The model is applied to reconstruct two tropical cyclone events in different oceanic basins. A wide range of observational data from satellite, dropsonde, and Doppler radar records are assimilated into the model. The model's performance is evaluated by comparing its results with observations and a classic linear model. The findings demonstrate that the model's accuracy improves with an increased amount of real data and the introduction of spatially varying eddy diffusivity. Furthermore, the proposed model does not require strict boundary conditions to reconstruct the wind field, offering greater flexibility compared to traditional numerical models. With the assimilation of observational data, the proposed model accurately reconstructs the horizontal, radial, and vertical distributions of the wind field. Compared with the linear model, the proposed model more effectively captures the nonlinearities and asymmetries of the wind field, thus presents more realistic outcomes.
Lectures on Bridgeland Stability

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In these lecture notes we give an introduction to Bridgeland stability conditions on smooth complex projective varieties with a particular focus on the case of surfaces. This includes basic definitions of stability conditions on derived categories, basics on moduli spaces of stable objects and variation of stability. These notes originated from lecture series by the first author at the summer school "Recent advances in algebraic and arithmetic geometry", Siena, Italy, August 24-28, 2015 and at the school "Moduli of Curves", CIMAT, Guanajuato, Mexico, February 22 - March 4, 2016.