jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
PS8:153 Subtypes and location of myocardial infarctions in systemic lupus erythematosus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction

Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are affected by morbidity and premature mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) – commonly defined as myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke and/or peripheral arterial disease (PAD). To date, neither MI subtypes, locations nor risk factors for MI specifically have been fully investigated in SLE.

Aims

To study the subtypes, locations and risk factors of the first-time MI in patients with SLE.

Material and methods

SLE patients with a first-time MI (SLE-MI), meeting the Third Universal Definition of MI, were included in a cross-sectional investigation of our SLE cohort (n=650). As comparators, MI-free SLE patients (SLE-nonMI) from the same cohort were individually matched for age and gender. Data were collected through retrospective medical record review, including reports on ECG, echocardiography and coronary angiography. Potential risk factors for MI were investigated; previous CVD, including CAD (comprising stable CAD and unstable angina), ischaemic stroke and PAD, venous thromboembolism, diabetes, smoking habits, anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS), lupus nephritis, estimated glomerular filtration rate, prednisone equivalent dosage at MI, plasma/serum albumin, CRP and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Paired tests, McNemar's and Wilcoxon's signed rank tests, were used as appropriate.

Results

MI was diagnosed in 43/650 patients, 41/43 had a non-iatrogenic MI – i.e. MI not related to percutaneous coronary intervention, stent thrombosis or coronary artery bypass grafting. Of these, non-ST-elevation MI (NSTEMI) and MI with significant coronary atherosclerosis were the most prevalent subtypes (69% and 89%, respectively). Furthermore, atherosclerosis in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was present in 75% of patients. The following factors differed between SLE-MI and SLE-nonMI: CVD (43% versus 20%; p=0.03), CAD (30% versus 0%; p=0.0002), diabetes (15% versus 0%; p=0.001), and albumin levels (35 g/L versus 40 g/L; p=0.0004). 23% of SLE-MI and 10% of SLE-nonMI patients met the criteria for definite APS prior to MI (p=0.17); post-MI, APS prevalence increased in patients with SLE-MI (43% versus 10%; p=0.0009).

Conclusions

NSTEMI with angiography-verified atherosclerosis, most commonly in LAD, was the most prevalent MI subtype. Previous CVD (especially CAD), APS, diabetes, and decreased albumin levels distinguished SLE patients with MI from SLE patients without MI.
Effect of Phosphate-Deficiency Stress on the Biological Characteristics and Transcriptomics of Panax ginseng

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The low availability of phosphorus has become a common problem worldwide. Phosphorus is essential for phenotypic morphology and ginsenoside synthesis. However, the effects of Pi stress on ginseng phenotype and ginsenoside synthesis remain unclear. Phenotypic analyses and transcriptomics revealed the phenotypic construction and regulation of differential genes involved in the physiological metabolism of ginseng under low-Pi stress. Root length and stem length were found to be significantly inhibited by phosphate-deficiency stress in the half-phosphate (HP) and no-phosphate (NP) treatment groups; however, the number of fibrous roots, which are regulated by phytohormones, was found to increase. In ginseng leaves, the indexes of physiological stress, superoxide anion (221.19 nmol/g) and malonaldehyde (MDA) (0.05 μmol/min/g), reached the maximum level. Moreover, chlorophyll fluorescence images and chlorophyll content further confirmed the inhibition of ginseng photosynthesis under low-Pi stress. A total of 579 and 210 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were shared between NP and total phosphate (TP) and HP and TP, respectively, and only 64 common DEGs were found based on the two comparisons. These DEGs were mainly related to the synthesis of phosphate transporters (PHTs), phytohormones, and ginsenosides. According to KEGG analyses, four DEGs (Pg_s 0368.2, Pg_s3418.1, Pg_s5392.5 and Pg_s3342.1) affected acetyl-CoA production by regulating glycometabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). In addition, related genes, including those encoding 13 PHTs, 15 phytohormones, and 20 ginsenoside synthetases, were screened in ginseng roots under Pi-deficiency stress. These results indicate that changes in the ginseng phenotype and transcriptional regulation of DEGs are involved in the Pi-deficiency stress environment of ginseng, thereby providing new information regarding the development of ginseng for low-Pi tolerance.
Design of 'minimum energy' culvert sections

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Culverts are expensive structures to construct, especially if their construction entails tunnelling through high grounds. The conventional practice in Singapore is to design a culvert to have the same section as the storm channels upstream and downstream of the culvert, so as to maintain uniform flow through the culvert section. Hydraulically it is possible to design a culvert with a smaller section, allowing the flood flow to pass through at a higher velocity and Froude number, without causing substantial flow back-up upstream. This can be achieved by designing the culvert with a slightly depressed bed. The culvert width can also be reduced further, which in turn could reduce the overall cost of culvert construction. The culvert section can be optimally reduced by passing the flood flow through at near critical flow conditions, or at near minimum specific energy. However steps must be taken to ensure that the flow will not reach super critical flow and turbulent which is undesirable. This project is to investigate the feasibility of adopting such ‘minimum energy’ culvert design sections in Singapore. This is done by running a simulation program using a software called Hydraulic Engineering Centre – River Analysis System (HEC-RAS). The final aim is to propose the optimum design of the culverts in achieving the objective of this project. Finally, the results of the simulation, the problems encountered during the study, a review of the application and future enhancement are discussed in details in several chapters of this report.
Bacteriological Examination of Urine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

must be inhaled in order to produce asbestesis ?" Although we have no answer directly applicable to man, we do have some indirect evidence that fairly heavy concentrations of asbestos dust are required to produce alveolar fibrosis in animals.Thus, in one experimental investigation' exposure to inadequate concentra- tions of asbestos dust has been held responsible for the dictum that short- fibred asbestos dust was non-pathogenic,' a concept now believed erroneous.4'-Wehave found 10 mg. of short-fibred chryso- tile dust injected intratracheally in rats to produce only transient focal fibrosis' and exposure of guinea-pigs and rats to ex- tremely fine chrysotile dust (19 mg./ c.mm.) for three and a half months resulted in barely perceptible fibrosis in some animals and none in others as long as 10 months later.The implications in Professor Thom- son's communications point up the need for more direct data than are now avail- able on the minimal amount of asbestos dust required for the production of recog- nizable asbestotic alveolar fibrosis.Our present information, although indirect, suggests that asbestos dust is less patho- genic than is quartz dust on a weight for weight basis.-Iam, etc.,
Learning and being as cultural producers in online fan-based remix affinity spaces

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter will explore some dimensions of participation by young people within new kinds of structures and settings for collaborative endeavour built around shared interests and causes. These new kinds of structures and settings are what James Gee (2007) calls affinity spaces, of which there are many kinds. The kinds of online affinity spaces we will be concerned with here are ones that support and showcase cultural production on the part of fans of popular cultural icons and artifacts. These are fans who enact their “fandom” by remixing original material through acts of writing fanfiction, creating fan art, and producing multimedia artifacts that combine music, images, text, and other media in varying proportions. We will argue that such activity has some interesting and important implications for understanding relationships between learning, identity and power from an educational perspective.
What’s that stuff? Marshmallows

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Marshmallows seem simple when you look at their powdery, sugary surface. "A marshmallow is a yummy, chewy, airy confection that takes advantage of many unique food-science properties," says Linda Wright, director of food research and discovery at t he Hershey Company . "All the ingredients contribute to the delightful texture and flavor of the experience of a marshmallow." And whether you make them yourself or pop them from a bag, these puffy little sweets have magic to them because of the chemistry of the ingredients and how they interact. A typical marshmallow contains sugar, corn syrup, and gelatin, plus some air. That's it. "A marshmallow is basically a foam that's stabilized by gelatin," says Richard Hartel , a food engineer at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. In marshmallows, the foam is made up of air suspended in the liquid sugar mixture. Gelatin is probably the most important part of a marshmallow
Research Article

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Copyright © 2011 Ida Perrotta et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The word autophagy broadly refers to the cellular catabolic processes that lead to the removal of damaged cytosolic proteins or cell organelles through lysosomes. Although autophagy is often observed during programmed cell death, it may also serve as a cell survival mechanism. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species within tissues and cells induces various defense mechanisms or programmed cell death. It has been shown that, besides inducing apoptosis, oxidative stress can also induce autophagy. To date, however, the regulation of autophagy in response to oxidative stress remains largely elusive and poorly understood. Therefore, the present study was designed to examine the ratio between oxidative stress and autophagy in macrophages after oxidant exposure (AAPH) and to investigate the ultrastructural localization of beclin-1, a protein essential for autophagy, under basal and stressful conditions. Our data provide evidence that oxidative stress induces autophagy in macrophages. We demonstrate, for the first time by immunoelectron microscopy, the subcellular localization of beclin-1 in autophagic cells. 1.
Thermographic changes following steroidal administration to patients with mammary cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 27 post-menopausal patients with soft-tissue lesions of advanced breast cancer, temperature changes in skin-over tumour have been evaluated for their ability to predict response to additive hormone therapy. The thermoprofile across the tumour and its bed was selected for measuring purposes in preference to other thermographic methods. Serial measurements were carried out before and during therapy, and the observations correlated with the clinical response to therapy. Of the 14 patients who showed decrease of at least 1 degree C in the thermoprofile peak value within 2 weeks of initiating hormonal therapy, 57% showed clinical evidence of tumour regression 3 months later. Of 13 patients who did not show this change, none showed tumour regression later.
A gyro-enhanced smart-phone framework to develop motion-based user interfaces for animation and virtual environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the mobile phone is presented as an alternative device to interact with animation systems and virtual environments, including video games. Basically, we show how the gyroscope of a mobile device can work as a sensor to control the pose and motion of a mobile device controlled object or character in a 3D virtual world. More specifically, we introduce a framework that enables the development and rapid prototyping of motion-based user interfaces for animation systems and virtual environments. This framework provides tools to capture and control the motion of mobile devices-binded objects in a 3D virtual scene over a wireless communication channel via a simple, fast and efficient protocol named Open Sound Control (OSC).
Design rule optimization for 65-nm-node (CMOS5) BEOL using process and layout decomposition methodology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With downscaling of dimensions, essential challenges on layout printability significantly increase. The design rule cannot be shrunk with linearity any more. Historically, in the early development stage, simple test patterns like snake/comb or border/borderless via chains were used for identifying design and process issues electrically. However it is unclear how much these patterns represent the sensitive patterns for the real critical failures. The lack of these kinds of critical patterns would always cause yield problems in the volume production. In this paper, we show the result of evaluating 65-nm BEOL process by using the test patterns that can cover critical layout situations. Especially, it was focused on the line end via hole, which is believed to cause the systematic yield degradation. The key steps in our process/design decomposition methodology are design attribute and process space analysis. By exploring the process space for a given design, the method allows to find the most challenging patterns to print due to various process issues. The test patterns were generated from critical pattern extracted from standard cells library by considering our preliminary opc and mask design flow. Simulation of all test patterns are performed to ensure that DOE range is sufficient to cover the entire process/design space. These patterns are generated from the 65nm node ground design rule. It used a size of 90nm as metal minimum width and space, and a size of 100nm for fixed via hole diameter. It was confirmed by simulations that all the test pattern represent for the original design on each module process/design space. All the test patterns were measured by the standard parametric e-test setup. The amount of line end pull back can be inferred from the via resistance, and the amount of line end widening can be inferred from the leakage current between via chains and neighboring lines. Thus the meaningful information about the OPC and litho process can be obtained quickly without extensive use of SEM measurements. More than 200 test patterns considering logic randomness were designed and fabricated by using 65-nm node BEOL process. We found that 50nm or more line extension is necessary to suppress the pull back issue caused by the defocus effect. To prevent the metal short of the isolated pattern next to or surrounding by the wide metal, the minimum space with wide neighboring metal was defined. Using this methodology, our 65-nm design rule has been successfully evaluated and optimized.
Familial Occurrence of Dermatitis Herpetiformis and Associated Conditions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ihokeliakia (dermatitis herpetiformis) on elinikäinen rakkuloita aiheuttava ja voimakkaasti kutiseva ihosairaus. Suomessa se on yleisempi kuin muissa maissa ja potilaita on yhteensä noin 5000. Ihokeliakia kuuluu tavallisen keliakian tautikirjoon, vaikka suolioireet ovat ihokeliakiapotilailla harvinaisia. Gluteeniton ruokavalio on ihokeliakian ensisijainen hoito. Keliakian tiedetään esiintyvän suvuittain, mutta ihokeliakiasta on niukasti tietoa. Tässä väitöskirjatyössä osoitettiin, että taipumus kulkea suvuittain on ihokeliakiassa yhtä suuri kuin keliakiassa. Tässä kyselytutkimuksessa ihokeliakiapotilaiden lähisukulaisista 5.4% sairastui joko ihokeliakiaan tai tavalliseen keliakiaan keskimäärin 15 vuoden seuranta-aikana. Lähisukulaisten sairastavuus oli sama keliakiassa (5.5%) ja myös heillä esiintyi sekä ihokeliakiaa että keliakiaa. Identtisiä kaksosia tutkimalla varmistui, että perinnöllinen alttius ihokeliakian ja keliakian synnyssä on hyvin voimakas. Kuusi identtistä kaksosparia tutkittiin sekä kliinisesti että perintötekijöiltään, ja viidessä tapauksessa kuudesta molemmat kaksosista olivat sairastuneet joko ihokeliakiaan tai sitten ihokeliakiaan ja tavalliseen keliakiaan. Keliakiaa sairastavilla tiedetään olevan normaaliväestöä enemmän autoimmuunitauteja, kuten tyypin 1 diabetesta, ja heillä on myös riski sairastua pahanlaatuisiin kasvaimiin, erityisesti ohutsuolen lymfoomiin. Tämä väitöskirjatyö varmisti että myös ihokeliakiapotilaat sairastuvat normaalia useammin tyypin 1 diabetekseen ja lymfoomiin. Heidän lähisukulaisensa sairastuivat myös tavallista useammin tyypin 1 diabetekseen, mutta lymfoomien esiintyvyys ei lähisukulaisilla ollut kohonnut. Lymfoomaan sairastuneet ihokeliakiapotilaat noudattivat verrokkeja huonommin gluteenitonta ruokavaliota. Tämä tulos vahvistaa aiempaa näkemystä siitä, että huolellisesti noudatettu gluteeniton ruokavaliohoito poistaa ihokeliakiapotilaiden kohonneen riskin sairastua lymfoomaan.\n\nTämän väitöstutkimuksen tuloksia käytäntöön sovellettaessa ensimmäinen huomio on se, että ihokeliakiapotilaiden lähisukulaiset olisi syytä seuloa verikokein piilevän keliakian toteamiseksi. Seulonnan tekee tärkeäksi se, että gluteenittomalla ruokavaliohoidolla voidaan estää keliakian komplikaatioita, kuten osteoporoosia ja lymfoomia. Toiseksi, koska ihokeliakiapotilailla esiintyy runsaasti tyypin 1 diabetesta, joka puhkeaa useimmiten ennen ihottuman alkamista, diabeetikkoja hoitavien lääkäreiden tulisi tunnistaa myös ihokeliakian oireet, jotta nämä potilaat voitaisiin diagnosoida ja hoitaa gluteenittomalla ruokavaliohoidolla mahdollisimman varhain. Kolmanneksi, hoitavien lääkäreiden olisi erityisesti huomioitava mahdolliseen lymfoomaan viittaavat oireet ja löydökset niiden ihokeliakiapotilaiden kohdalla, jotka eivät syystä tai toisesta noudata gluteenitonta ruokavaliohoitoa kuten pitäisi.
The influence of age and comorbidities in semi-flexible local anesthetic pleuroscopy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: When combined with local anesthetic (LA) strategies, semi-flexible pleuroscopy (SfP) is usually regarded as a seemingly less invasive procedure with a potential advantage in older and frailer patients. Aim: To assess the influence of age and number of comorbidities in the operational characteristics of SfLAP. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis (2015-2018) of the clinical records of patients submitted to SfLAP. Fisher's test was applied to compare groups of age (< 75; ≥75) and number of comorbidities (0-1; ≥2) in diagnostic yield, complications and death. Linear regression model was used to ascertain whether an estimate could be made for time of pleural drainage and discharge. Results: From a total of 52 pleuroscopies, 44 were included, mainly male (70.5%), with median age of 70 years (range, 19-87) and mean comorbidities of 2.28 (SD ±1.80). Global diagnostic yield was 77.3%. The main complication was subcutaneous emphysema (11.4%). No deaths were associated with the procedure. Fisher's test revealed no differences in diagnostic yield (85.7%/76.9% p=0.659 and 85.7%/80.8% p=1.00, for age and comorbidities, respectively); nor for complications (17.2%/15.4% p=1.00 and 21.4%/14.8% p=0.673, respectively). Mean drainage time and time until discharge was 4.67 (SD ±3.02) and 7.71 (SD ±4.30) days. Linear regression model showed a significant correlation of age with drainage time (B=0.07; IC 0.01-0.13; p=0.027). Conclusion: In our series, pleural drainage time was longer in older patients (with a linear increase of 0.07 days per each year of age). Other than that SfLAP was equally feasible and safe regardless of age and number of comorbidities.
A unified model for informetrics based on the wave and heat equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The function g(r,t) = p(r+q)^(-β). e^(kt) is introduced as a basic informetric function describing the classical informetric laws (through its Mandelbrot part) and a time evolution. It is shown that this function is a solution of a wave-type and of a heat-type partial differential equation. It is suggested that our approach may lead to a description of informetrics in a partial differential equation setting, formally similar to that for well-known physical laws.
Protein expression of transmembrane protease serine 4 in the gastrointestinal tract and in healthy, cancer, and SARS‑CoV‑2 infected lungs

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In addition to the angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a number of host cell entry mediators have been identified for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2 (SARS‑CoV‑2), including transmembrane protease serine 4 (TMPRSS4). The authors have recently demonstrated the upregulation of TMPRSS4 in 11 different cancers, as well as its specific expression within the central nervous system using in silico tools. The present study aimed to expand the initial observations and, using immunohistochemistry, TMPRSS4 protein expression in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and lungs was further mapped. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue arrays and lung tissues of patients with non‑small cell lung cancer with concurrent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) infection using TMPRSS4 antibody. The results revealed that TMPRSS4 was abundantly expressed in the oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, jejunum, ileum, colon, liver and pancreas. Moreover, the extensive TMPRSS4 protein expression in the lungs of a deceased patient with COVID‑19 with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchial carcinoma, as well in the adjacent normal tissue, was demonstrated for the first time, at least to the best of our knowledge. On the whole, the immunohistochemistry data of the present study suggest that TMPRSS4 may be implicated in the broader (pulmonary and extra‑pulmonary) COVID‑19 symptomatology; thus, it may be responsible for the tropism of this coronavirus both in the GI tract and lungs.