jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Oral contraceptives prescribed by the physician].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

67 patients for whom pregnancy had been medically contraindicated mainly for reasons of diabetes repeat Caesareans or RH sensitization were given daily doses of .1 mg of mestranol and 3 mg of chlormadinone acetate on a 3 week on 1 week off basis for a total of 683 cycles of observation. Menstrual cycles were within normal limits. In 32 patients volume of flow was unchanged in 32 it decreased and in 3 it increased. 9 had previously experienced dysmenorrhea; in 8 of those it disappeared under treatment and in 1 it improved. Nausea and vomiting occurred in 31 and 15 cases respectively but disappeared in most after the 1st 4-6 cycles. Treatment for nausea was required in 13 cases. Continual vomiting was cause for discontinuation in 1 case. Headache was the most commonly experienced side effect but it too disappeared in 1/2 the affected cases after 6 months of treatment. In all 20 patients had no side effects 12 experienced 1 9 had 2 11 had 3 10 had 4 and 5 had 5. 1 pregnancy occurred to a patient who had forgotten 2 pills. Incidence of breakthrough bleeding was slight. Chloasma was present in 6 patients after 4-8 months of treatment. It is concluded that the drug is useful when fertility control is recommended.
Distributions of Euphausia Superba, Euphausia Crystallorophias, and Pleuragramma Antarcticum with Correlations to Environmental Variables in the Western Ross Sea, Antarctica

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba), crystal krill (Euphausia crystallorophias), and Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) are key mid-trophic level species in the Ross Sea food web that provide connectivity between primary production and the upper trophic levels. Distributions of these species were constructed from net-based and acoustic observations collected in the western Ross Sea from 1988-2004. Distributions of environmental conditions in the Ross Sea were obtained from a high-resolution circulation model (temperature, mixed layer depth, surface speed) and satellite-derived observations (chlorophyll, sea ice cover). These distributions were analyzed with a range of statistical methods to determine the extent to which species distributions are determined by environmental conditions. The results showed that each species occupies a localized habitat defined by different environmental characteristics. Antarctic krill are concentrated along the northwestern shelf break and prefer deep areas overlying warm water at depth, slow surface speeds, and proximity to the shelf break. Within this habitat, krill biomass is associated with deeper mixed layers. Crystal krill and Antarctic silverfish are concentrated in Terra Nova Bay and prefer southwesterly locations, coastal proximity, cold water temperatures, and slow surface speeds. Within Terra Nova Bay, crystal krill biomass is associated with cold temperatures and northerly latitudes. Antarctic silverfish biomass is associated with low chlorophyll. The Antarctic krill habitat off the shelf break coincides with the occurrence of Circumpolar Deep Water at depth, which is important for early life stages. The crystal krill and Antarctic silverfish habitat in Terra Nova Bay coincides with the coastal polynya, sea ice, cold water temperatures, and slow surface speeds that are needed for their early life stages. The habitat characteristics obtained for the three species provide a basis for projecting potential changes resulting from climate change. The habitats identified for the three species delineate regions of the Ross Sea that deserve focused management and inform the selection of regions for marine protected areas that support ecosystem level conservation plans.
A deletion of proximal 20p inherited from a normal mosaic carrier mother in a newborn with panhypopituitarism and craniofacial dysmorphism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We describe a newborn male with a constitutional deletion of proximal chromosome 20p involving band p11.2. The phenotype included panhypopituitarism, craniofacial dysmorphism, a small phallus with a semi bifid scrotum, and bilateral widely separated first and second toes. The deletion was inherited from his mother, a mosaic carrier of the same deletion in peripheral lymphocytes. The only other similar case with a deletion of 20p11.22-p11.23 exhibited a phenotype that also included abnormal neural development (autism, craniofacial dysmorphism, and Hirschsprung disease). Our patient expands the spectrum of neurodevelopmental abnormalities associated with haploinsufficiency of band 20p11.2, and is the second deletion of 20p inherited from a normal mosaic carrier mother.
Clinical Value of Visually Identifiable 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose Uptake in Primary Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective This study evaluates the relationship between visually identifiable 18 F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in primary papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) and tumor aggressiveness. Study Design Historical cohort study. Setting Tertiary care center. Methods Clinicopathological factors and PET/CT findings of 219 PTMC surgical patients who underwent preoperative 18 F‐FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) were retrospectively reviewed. Results 18 F‐FDG uptake was observed in the tumors of 124 (56.6%) patients. Tumor size (odds ratio [OR] = 1.774; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.416‐2.223; P <. 0001) and Hashimoto thyroiditis (OR = 2.815; CI, 1.237‐6.404; P =. 014) independently predicted 18 F‐FDG uptake. Tumor size (OR = 1.495; CI, 1.217‐1.835; P <. 0001) and BRAF V600E mutation (OR = 3.320; CI, 1.056‐10.432; P =. 040) independently predicted extrathyroidal invasion. Multiplicity (OR = 2.375; CI, 1.278‐4.415; P =. 006) independently predicted central lymph node metastasis. Conclusion 18 F‐FDG uptake in PTMC depends on tumor size and Hashimoto thyroiditis. Therefore, preoperative PET/CT for PTMC may not help in evaluating tumor aggressiveness.
Morphological innovation, diversification and invasion of a new adaptive zone

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) How ecological opportunity relates to diversification is a central question in evolutionary biology. However, there are few empirical examples of how ecological opportunity and morphological innovation open new adaptive zones, and promote diversification. We analyse data on diet, skull morphology and bite performance, and relate these traits to diversification rates throughout the evolutionary history of an ecologically diverse family of mammals (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae). We found a significant increase in diversification rate driven by increased speciation at the most recent common ancestor of the predominantly frugivorous subfamily Stenodermatinae. The evolution of diet was associated with skull morphology, and morphology was tightly coupled with biting performance, linking phenotype to new niches through performance. Following the increase in speciation rate, the rate of morphological evolution slowed, while the rate of evolution in diet increased. This pattern suggests that morphology stabilized, and niches within the new adaptive zone of frugivory were filled rapidly, after the evolution of a new cranial phenotype that resulted in a certain level of mechanical efficiency. The tree-wide speciation rate increased non linearly with a more frugivorous diet, and was highest at measures of skull morphology associated with morphological extremes, including the most derived Stenodermatines. These results show that a novel stenodermatine skull phenotype played a central role in the evolution of frugivory and increasing speciation within phyllostomids.
An Austrian Paradox: The Contribution of the Austrian School to the Development of Marx’s Labour Theory of Value

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Ever since the origin of the Austrian School in the latter part of the nineteenth century, a paradox has existed in its relation to Marx’s economic theory.1 Ironically, even though the school led an irreconcilable ideological fight against Marx’s economic theory and particularly against his labour theory of value, its adherents unknowingly advanced research on its central category, that is, ‘socially necessary labour’. In this article, it is posited that the scientific interrelation between these schools is based on how they reveal the structure of the process of forming socially necessary labour. This argument contrasts with numerous prior attempts, over more than a century, to understand the relations between these two antagonistic schools of thought (Mill 1848; Marshall 1890; Frunk 1900; Dmitriev 1904 [1974]; Tugan-Baranovskii 1909). To make the Austrian paradox clear, we start off by examining the evolution of the category of socially necessary labour, as well as its content. Classical bourgeois political economists who preceded Marx made some important steps forward in initiating research into this problem. However, they were unable to develop a category of socially necessary labour and to reveal a process for its formation.To the Advanced Austrian School
2D Metal Phosphorous Trichalcogenides (MPCh3) for Sustainable Energy Storage and Conversion: Nanoarchitectonics and Advanced Applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

2D metal phosphorous trichalcogenides (MPCh3) have attracted considerable attention in sustainable energy storage and conversion due to their distinct physical and chemical characteristics, such as adjustable energy bandgap, significant specific surface area, and abundant active sites. However, research on 2D MPCh3 primarily focuses on electrocatalysis, and understanding its energy conversion and storage mechanisms remains incomplete. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advancements in energy storage and conversion using 2D MPCh3-based materials of various structures. It begins with a discussion of the distinctive properties and preparation techniques of 2D MPCh3, followed by a focus on the rational design and development of these materials for diverse energy-related applications, including rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and desalination. Finally, it outlines the key challenges and prospects for future research on 2D MPCh3 materials.
Aspiration Biopsy of Bone

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

From the Department of Gynecology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, State University of New York at Buffalo, School of Medicine, Buffalo, N. Y. Presented at the Armed Forces District Meeting of The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Las Vegas, Nev., Oct. 25, 1967. Submitted for publication Oct. 13, 1967.
BIM1Encodes a Microtubule-binding Protein in Yeast

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A previously uncharacterized yeast gene (YER016w) that we have named BIM1 (binding to microtubules) was obtained from a two-hybrid screen of a yeast cDNA library using as bait the entire coding sequence of TUB1 (encoding α-tubulin). Deletion of BIM1 results in a strong bilateral karyogamy defect, hypersensitivity to benomyl, and aberrant spindle behavior, all phenotypes associated with mutations affecting microtubules in yeast, and inviability at extreme temperatures (i.e., ≥37°C or ≤14°C). Overexpression of BIM1 in wild-type cells is lethal. A fusion of Bim1p with green fluorescent protein that complements the bim1Δ phenotypes allows visualization in vivo of both intranuclear spindles and extranuclear microtubules in otherwise wild-type cells. A bim1deletion displays synthetic lethality with deletion alleles ofbik1, num1, and bub3 as well as a limited subset of tub1 conditional-lethal alleles. A systematic study of 51 tub1 alleles suggests a correlation between specific failure to interact with Bim1p in the two-hybrid assay and synthetic lethality with thebim1Δ allele. The sequence of BIM1shows substantial similarity to sequences from organisms across the evolutionary spectrum. One of the human homologues, EB1, has been reported previously as binding APC, itself a microtubule-binding protein and the product of a gene implicated in the etiology of human colon cancer.
Interspecies Design

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The design of the artificial – including products, infrastructure, land-use and information – is directly responsible for the onset of the Anthropocene. Yet, there is insufficient understanding of the mechanisms that can support design in addressing the resulting crisis. One constraining factor is a misapprehension of designers as hired hands of commerce. Design's impact and potential are much broader. Humans make plans in all fields. Other lifeforms, including animals and plants, engineer and build too. All live with the outcomes. This chapter connects the discourse in design with literature in environmental humanities and natural sciences. It analyses cities as examples of modified habitats that are simultaneously biological and cultural. 'Human-centred design' is useful in inviting the perspectives of affected humans, but it fails to include non-human interests. In response, this chapter highlights the existence of non-human cultures and offers 'interspecies design' as a useful frame for the preservation or reconstitution of equitable habitats.
Exploring the Relationship between Social Isolation, Oral Health, and Cognitive Function in Elderly Residents of Guangxi: A Cross-Sectional Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Social isolation is a state of active or passive detachment from society that accelerates the decline of physical and mental functions of the elderly and leads to various adverse consequences. However, the relationship between social isolation and oral health as well as cognitive function has not yet been established. Methods This was a cross-sectional survey conducted on an older population, where we collected data from 530 older adults using the General Information Questionnaire, LSNS-6, OHAT, and MoCA-B. The purpose of the survey was to investigate the current status of social isolation and its influencing factors, as well as to explore the relationship between oral health, cognitive function, and social isolation among the elderly. Results In Guangxi, the incidence of social isolation among the elderly was 10.38%, with the high risk of social isolation accounting for 53.77%. Marital status, place of residence (urban or rural), cognitive function, and oral health status were identified as factors influencing social isolation among the elderly. The study found a negative correlation between the oral health score and social isolation score (r = -0.373, P < 0.001), with unhealthy oral status showing the strongest correlation with social isolation (r = -0.448, P < 0.001). Additionally, cognitive function scores were positively correlated with social isolation scores (r = 0.377, P < 0.001), with dementia showing the strongest association with social isolation (r = 0.324, P < 0.001). Furthermore, oral health demonstrated a high screening capacity for social isolation (AUC 95% CI = 0.823 (0.757, 0.890)), with an optimal cut-off value of 9.5, sensitivity of 67.3%, specificity of 90.1%, and Yoden index of 0.574. Conclusion The social isolation status of the elderly is influenced by various factors, including marital status, residence (urban or rural), cognitive function, and oral health status. Moreover, the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) can be utilized as an effective objective tool for screening social isolation among the elderly.
Mouse Model of Cerebral Aneurysm

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background and Purpose — Rupture of cerebral aneurysm (CA) is the major cause of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Molecular mechanisms of this disease, however, remain unknown. To make possible genetic analysis of CA formation with genetically altered mice, we have successfully established a mouse model of saccular CA that recapitulates the essential features of human saccular CA. Methods — In C57black/6 male mice, various stages of CAs were experimentally induced at the right anterior cerebral artery–olfactory artery bifurcations by ligations of left common carotid arteries and posterior branches of bilateral renal arteries with high salt diet. Both light and electron microscopic studies were performed with the longitudinal sections of anterior cerebral artery–olfactory artery bifurcations. Results — In the treated group, various aneurysmal changes were detected in 14 of 18 mice. On the other hand, in the control group, no aneurysmal changes were found in 15 mice. In microscopic studies, aneurysmal changes were shown to include mainly fragmentation of internal elastic lamina, thinning of the smooth muscle cell layer, and degeneration of adventitial tissue, which were very similar to critical changes in human saccular CA. Conclusions — This mouse model of CA will be useful for studying the effects of complex determinants on CA formation and makes it possible to understand the pathogenesis of CA at the molecular level.
Peroxidase activity as a marker for estrogenicity: studies in uterus and mammary tumors.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We examined the possibility that peroxidase activity might be a marker for estrogen activity in established estrogen-dependent tissues: dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumors and human breast cancer. In DMBA-induced tumors undergoing regression after ovariectomy or tamoxifen treatment, tumor size decreased by 50%, estradiol receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) decreased by 25 and 20%, respectively, but peroxidase activity paradoxically increased six- to sevenfold. In DMBA tumors stimulated by estradiol treatment or by the cessation of tamoxifen administration in intact rats, tumor size increased threefold. ER and PgR increased two- and threefold, respectively, while peroxidase activity decreased 50%. These data indicate an inverse relation between tumor growth, ER and PgR on the one hand, and peroxidase activity on the other. In the human breast cancers there was a significant negative relation between the presence of ER and peroxidase activity. By using a calibrated Sephadex G-100 column it was shown that uterine peroxidase differs in molecular weight from the peroxidase of rat mammary tumors and that of human breast cancer.
An autoradiographic analysis of nucleic acid synthesis in the presumptive primordial germ cells of Xenopus laevis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Microinjection of [3H]thymidine into Xenopus laevis embryos between late blastula (stage 10) and early tadpole (stage 44) showed that the presumptive primordial germ cells synthesise DNA between stages 10-33. The percentage of labelled cells was highest between stages 10 and 16, declined sharply between stages 22 and 26 and rose again between stages 26 and 33. The fluctuations in the labelling patterns together with increase in the number of presumptive primordial germ cells and direct observation of germ cells in mitosis suggested that the germ cells divide three times between stages 10 and 44. The first divisions probably take place during gastrulation (stages 10-12), the second relatively synchronously at about stages 22-24 and the third series again relatively synchronously about stages 37-39. This period of proliferative activity is distinguishable on the one hand from the cleavage divisions in which the number of germ cells does not increase and on the other hand from the next proliferative phase by a period of mitotic inactivity. Microinjection of [3H]uridine showed that the presumptive primordial germ cells synthesize RNA only in mid-gastrula to early tail-bud-stage embryos. There is no obvious simple causal relationship between RNA synthesis and the movement of the germ plasm to the nucleus, or with division of the germ cells or with their migration out of the endoderm.
Gesture recognition using recurrent neural networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A gesture recognition method for Japanese sign language is presented. We have developed a posture recognition system using neural networks which could recognize a finger alphabet of 42 symbols. We then developed a gesture recognition system where each gesture specifies a word. Gesture recognition is more difficult than posture recognition because it has to handle dynamic processes. To deal with dynamic processes we use a recurrent neural network. Here, we describe a gesture recognition method which can recognize continuous gesture. We then discuss the results of our research.
Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of urban slums of Berhampur, Odisha, India: a community a community based cross-sectional study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Under five children constitute the most vulnerable segment and their nutritional status and mortality rate is a sensitive indicator of the community’s health and nutrition. Prevalence of underweight is 35.7%, wasting is 21% and stunting 38.4% in India and for Odisha, it is 34.4%, 20.4 % and 34.1% respectively. Health indices of slum children are worst among all urban groups and are even poorer than rural average. Severe PEM is often associated with infection contributing to high child mortality in underprivileged communities of slum dwellers. Objectives of present study were to find out prevalence of under nutrition and its severity among the study population and to identify socio-demographic factors associated with malnutrition.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 September2016 in urban slum area of Berhampur city. Data were collected from 300 mothers of children aged 6-59 months using pre-tested semi structured questionnaires and measuring weight, height and MUAC of the children. Analysis was done using spss version- 20, Chi-square values and proportions were calculated.Results: 69% of 300 children were having under nutrition in the form of underweight (55.3%), wasting (75%) and stunting (42%). Overlapping of different type of malnutrition was seen. Maximum number of underweight children belongs to age group 37-60 months (52.6%) followed by other two age groups. 21.3% were severely wasted and 20% were severely underweight. Factors found to be significantly associated with prevalence of malnutrition were maternal education, hygienic and feeding practices of mother.Conclusions: Malnutrition is widely prevalent among study population more than the state and national prevalence. With increasing age cumulative increase in prevalence of malnutrition is seen perhaps due to persistence and addition of causative factors. Maternal education, faulty feeding practice and hygienic practice are contributory factor of this high prevalence of disease.
Hope for the Heart: MikeS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A former alcoholic interviews with Bill Southrey, President and CEO of the Atlantic City Rescue Mission, about his life-long struggle. Once the “blessing” of a barren couple, Mike speaks about disappointing his parents when his addiction was so powerful he didn’t care enough for himself to even shower. Now the former addict is thankful for the Mission’s help in his recovery and restoring a relationship with his family.