jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Assessment of different MCNP Monte Carlo codes in electron absorbed dose

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Summary Background MCNP is a general-purpose Monte Carlo code for simulation of neutrons, photons and electrons or coupled neutron/photon/electron transport. This code is based on ETRAN/ITS codes. There are different versions of this code. Aim This work aims to compare the more recently released MCNP codes with the earlier version in terms of the central axis absorbed dose (CADD), the energy spectrum and the computational efficiency. MCNP codes 4A, 4B, 4C, X and 5 were compared for a 10 MeV electron beam in water. Materials/Methods The energy spectra of electrons were scored on the phantom surface and planes 3 and 5cm deep using F2 tally subdivided into 0.1 MeV energy bins. This tally also was repeated for 4A, 4B, 4C and X with smaller energy bins (0.05 MeV). The simulated geometry and other input parameters were kept the same. Both the default and ITS energy indexing algorithms (EIA) were used in 4B, 4C and X, while only the default EIA was employed in 4A and 5. Results With default indexing, X and 5 showed no difference in CADD compared to 4B and 4C and were within 3% of 4A. We found no differences in CADD between codes when 4B, 4C and X were used with ITS indexing. The ITS algorithm improved computational efficiency. For the energy spectrum at the phantom surface, all codes except X show very similar results (within 2%). However, changing the energy indexing to ITS as well as using a 0.05 MeV bin removed this discrepancy at the surface for X code. Conclusions While, under the examined conditions, versions 4B and later behaved similarly in terms of the resulting CADD, the ITS indexing should be used due to its agreement with measurements and computational efficiency.
Root Growth Patterns in Cranberries

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract.\nUnderstanding root growth dynamics in cranberry vines can help growers adjust and target production practices (e.g., irrigation, fertilization, agrochemical applications, disease control, etc.) to period of active root growth, thus increasing production efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. The main objective of this study was to characterize cranberry root growth dynamics and root morphological traits, and develop a root phenology model to increase production efficiency and sustainability. A total of sixteen minirhizotron root observation tubes were constructed and installed in an angled position (30Â°) in the root zones of selected beds of âStevensâ and âGH1â at a farm in the Tomah, Wisconsin area during the fall of 2014. Root images were recorded from April 2015 to January 2016, and from April 2016 to November 2016. Root image analysis was performed using WinRhizo Tron analysis software (Regent Instruments, Quebec, Canada) and JMP statistical analysis software. During 2015 and 2016, new root production began during bloom time, and continued until after harvest. The highest rate of root production happened during and after harvest, which corresponds to the cessation of vegetative growth on the above ground portion of the plants. Root activity and production extends past harvest into mid-late fall, which might suggest that more attention should be paid to soil moisture levels during fall given that roots are still up taking water and nutrients. Over 90% of new roots observed were located in the first 4 inches (10 cm) of soil, which could be related to irrigation management in the marsh where the study was located.\nNote: The presentation is not available to download.
Review on Results of Vestibular Rehabilitation in Patients with Vestibular Abnormalities as Consequence of Head Trauma and Related Abnormalities

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Head trauma is common in adults because of different reasons such as car crash and work related accidents. Headache, vertigo and imbalance are the most common consequences of head trauma and patients suffer from many vestibular disorders including BPPV, rupture of round window membrane, labirynthine damage, endolymphatic hydropse and perilymphaticfistule. These disorders involve different places of vestibular system. The purpose of the present article is a review on results of vestibular rehabilitation in patients with head trauma and vestibular system abnormalities. Related articles from different data bases including PubMed, Web of science, Scopus, Magiran and SID were evaluated during January 1980 to December 2017. The key words were vestibular rehabilitation, head trauma, vertigo and imbalance. Total 37 articles were evaluated. Vestibular rehabilitation showed good therapeutic success in treatment and management of acute and chronic head trauma patients but some patients needs longer treatment and some may be challenging.
The Utility of a Consortium of Microbial Enzymes as an Early Warning Tool for Monitoring Soil Pollution with Heavy Metals

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Potentially Toxic Substances (PTS) in soils are of increasingly growing concern worldwide. Heavy metals are acting as one of the most serious groups of environmental contaminants, and their release into the environment has strongly increased over the last decades. Heavy metals can cause acute and long-term toxic effects on both human health and the ecosystems around. Toxic effects of heavy metals reach soil biota in general and affect the microbial community biomass and metabolic activities related to such communities. Although all members of the soil biota respond relatively to soil pollution, microbial communities are considered to be the first and most swift responders to such environmental pollutants. This study focused on the state of the art of developing a consortium of different enzymes and how their collective activities could be used for the assessment and monitoring of soil in response to heavy metal pollution. By measuring microbial community biomass and activity from soil samples from Imperina Valley; an abandoned mine in Italy. Measurements covered heavy metal concentrations; soil physiochemical parameters, and enzymatic activity and biomass of soil’s microbial community. Results showed significant contamination at the sampled sites with different heavy metals (p 0.05). With averages above the allowed limits in Italy: 2.12 mg Cd kg 1, 2.3^3 mg Cu kg 1, 9.6^3 mg Pb kg 1, 1.2^3 mg Zn kg 1 and 3.0^5 mg Fe kg 1. Enzymatic activities varied widely among the sampled sites, and were positively correlated with organic matter content. Strong positive correlation was observed between leucyl aminopeptidase/chitinase, leucyl aminopeptidase/ ‐ glucosidase, and ‐glucosidase/chitinase, (0.999), (0.992), and (0.992), respectively. The above enzymes showed positive linear correlation with the organic carbon content of the sampled soils, with alkaline phosphatase showing the most significant correlation (0.726) among all. This study clearly highlights in situ interactions between different patterns of PTS, represented by different combinations of heavy metals, and enzymatic activity of soil microbial communities’. Showing that changes in the activities of microbial community can precede some detectable changes in soil chemo-physical properties, and strongly supported the utility of using enzymatic activity of soil microbial communities’ as an early warning tool for monitoring soil pollution with heavy metals, and demonstrating the type of interactions taking place between heavy metals, soil properties, and enzymatic activities.
Structural design of DEALS magnet

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A design for the extraneous magnet structure to support all the magnet loads was developed. The structure consists of two demountable structural systems designed to support the in-plane and out-of-plane loads, respectively. The in-plane loads are resisted by a cold central bucking cylinder and pin connected, plate-beam structural members following the outer periphery of each coil. The out-of-plane, torsional loads are resisted by the concerted action of the central bucking column and a continuous plate structure interconnecting all the coils. The adequacy of the structures were assessed by application of finite element analysis methods. The design study proved the feasibility of resisting the magnetic loadings with a demountable support structure extraneous to the superconducting coil. The resulting magnet system, although estimated to be higher in cost than a continuous coil, incorporates a means for complete coil replacement in a time scale commensurate with conventional nuclear power plant repairs and without the dismantling of the toroidal blanket and plasma shell systems.
Signal Transduction in Maize and Arabidopsis Mesophyll Protoplasts

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Plant protoplasts show physiological perceptions and responses to hormones, metabolites, environmental cues, and pathogen-derived elicitors, similar to cell-autonomous responses in intact tissues and plants. The development of defined protoplast transient expression systems for high-throughput screening and systematic characterization of gene functions has greatly contributed to elucidating plant signal transduction pathways, in combination with genetic, genomic, and transgenic approaches.
Occurrence of Tyrosinase in Horse and Fish Melanomas

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

1. A crude extract with marked tyrosinase activity has been prepared from melanomas of the horse and certain species of hybrid fish. These extracts catalyzed the oxidation of both tyrosine and dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (dopa) to melanin. In addition. dopa has a catalytic role in the enzymatic oxidation of tyrosine by these extracts.
Molecular docking studies of YKT tripeptide and drug delivery system with poly(ε‐caprolactone) nanoparticles

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Tyrosyllysylthreonine (YKT) is a peptide structure that contains three different amino acids in its structure and has anticancer properties. The main purpose of this study is to reveal the structural interactions of the peptide and to increase the efficiency of the peptide with nanoformulation. For these purposes, YKT‐loaded poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using the double‐emission precipitation method and the obtained NPs were characterized with a Zeta Sizer, UV‐Vis, Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflection spectrometers, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The in vitro release profile of the peptide‐loaded PCL NPs was determined. In molecular modeling studies, PCL, PCL–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and PCL–PVA–YKT systems were simulated in an aqueous medium by molecular dynamics simulations, separately. The information about the interactions between the YKT tripeptide and the epidermal growth factor and androgen, estrogen, and progesterone receptors were obtained with the molecular docking study. Additionally, the ADME profile of YKT was determined as a result of each docking study. In conclusion, tripeptide‐based nanodrug development studies of the YKT tripeptide are presented in this study.
StrainInfo SI-ID 77157.1

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

StrainInfo dataset 77157 about a strain of Sydowia polyspora. StrainInfo is a service developed to provide a resolution of microbial strain identifiers by storing culture collection numbers, their relations, and culture-associated data. StrainInfo is part of NFDI4Microbiota consortium.
Study of the Influence of the Reprocessing Cycles on the Final Properties of Polylactide Pieces Obtained by Injection Molding

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This research work aims to study the influence of the reprocessing cycles on the mechanical, thermal, and thermomechanical properties of polylactide (PLA). To this end, PLA was subjected to as many as six extrusion cycles and the resultant pellets were shaped into pieces by injection molding. Mechanical characterization revealed that the PLA pieces presented relatively similar properties up to the third reprocessing cycle, whereas further cycles induced an intense reduction in ductility and toughness. The effect of the reprocessing cycles was also studied by the changes in the melt fluidity, which showed a significant increase after four reprocessing cycles. An increase in the bio-polyester chain mobility was also attained with the number of the reprocessing cycles that subsequently favored an increase in crystallinity of PLA. A visual inspection indicated that PLA developed certain yellowing and the pieces also became less transparent with the increasing number of reprocessing cycles. Therefore, the obtained results showed that PLA suffers a slight degradation after one or two reprocessing cycles whereas performance impairment becomes more evident above the fourth reprocessing cycle. This finding suggests that the mechanical recycling of PLA for up to three cycles of extrusion and subsequent injection molding is technically feasible.
Decomposition of herbicides in the soil by non‐biological chemical processes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Velocity constants of the decomposition reactions undergone by six herbicides when present in aqueous slurries of soils and clay were determined at 85°, 95° and 107°. It was assumed that biological action would not occur at these temperatures. Velocity constants at 20° were estimated by extrapolation. The results show that decomposition by purely chemical means is unlikely to be an important pathway of degradation for the herbicides studied, atrazine, chlorpropham, diuron, linuron, paraquat and picloram, as the half‐lives at 20° would be in the range 9 to 116 years.
MIC26 and MIC27 cooperate to regulate cardiolipin levels and the landscape of OXPHOS complexes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Homologous apolipoproteins of MICOS complex, MIC26 and MIC27, show an antagonistic regulation of their protein levels, making it difficult to deduce their individual functions using a single gene deletion. We obtained single and double knockout (DKO) human cells of MIC26 and MIC27 and found that DKO show more concentric onion-like cristae with loss of CJs than any single deletion indicating overlapping roles in formation of CJs. Using a combination of complexome profiling, STED nanoscopy, and blue-native gel electrophoresis, we found that MIC26 and MIC27 are dispensable for the stability and integration of the remaining MICOS subunits into the complex suggesting that they assemble late into the MICOS complex. MIC26 and MIC27 are cooperatively required for the integrity of respiratory chain (super) complexes (RCs/SC) and the F 1 F o –ATP synthase complex and integration of F 1 subunits into the monomeric F 1 F o –ATP synthase. While cardiolipin was reduced in DKO cells, overexpression of cardiolipin synthase in DKO restores the stability of RCs/SC. Overall, we propose that MIC26 and MIC27 are cooperatively required for global integrity and stability of multimeric OXPHOS complexes by modulating cardiolipin levels.
An Analysis of the Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Advance directives (ADs) provide a way to express medical care preferences at the end of life, yet they are underutilized. This article analyzes the effect of the Patient Self-Determination Act and presents recommendations for the improvement of AD legislation. Although the Patient Self-Determination Act was intended to educate patients, clinicians, and the public about ADs, more work is needed to improve involvement in end-of-life care decision making for individuals who may be disenfranchised in this process.
Ultrastructural changes in the crayfish abdominal ganglia after axotomy

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Using electron microscopy, we studied ultrastructural changes in neurons and glia cells of ganglia abdomibal 4 and 24 hours after transection of interganglionic connectives. Experiments on such model objects as ganglia of invertebrates provide information on the general biological mechanisms of the nervous system's reactions to mechanical damage. In the control samples, the bodies and nuclei of neurons had a rounded shape, the nuclear chromatin of neurons differed in the degree of condensation. The cytoplasm contained numerous Nissl bodies, the Golgi apparatus, located mainly in the perinuclear region, various elements of the cytoskeleton, ribosomes, elongated and rounded mitochondria with a moderately dense matrix and normal cristae filling the entire volume of mitochondria. Glial cells surrounded the bodies of neurons or unmyelinated axons of the neuropil and formed a multilayer sheath tightly attached to the neuron soma or axons. 4 hours after axotomy, disorganization of Nissl bodies and mitochondrial cristae was observed in the cytoplasm of neurons. 24 hours after the axotomy, ultrastructural changes in neurons intensified: compression of nuclei and compaction of nuclear chromatin were observed. There was a further disorganization of Nissl's substance, the appearance of voids and the loss of organelles. The internal structure of neuropil axons was completely destroyed. However, the ultrastructure of glial cells was found to be more preserved, and the presence of a certain amount of intact mitochondria in them indicated the continuation of synthetic processes in them. Some of the described ultrastructural changes in the ganglia of the abdominal nerve cord of crayfish indicate early stages of necrosis, but taking into account such changes as the contraction of nuclei and condensation of chromatin, these changes should be attributed to a mixed type of cell death.
Discovering the Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potential of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives through In vitro, Molecular Docking, Kinetics, and Dynamics Studies

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: The current study explored the cholinesterase inhibitory activities of some thiosemicarbazone derivatives bearing 2,4-dichloro phenylacetic acid scaffold. Objective: This study aimed to screen the synthesized derivatives for their in vitro acetylcholine and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition. Methods: These compounds were synthesized by refluxing 2,4-dichloro phenylacetic acid with sulfuric acid in ethanol to get the ester, which was further refluxed with thiosemicarbazide in ethanol to get the desired compound (2). Different benzaldehydes were treated with compound (2) in ethanol having a catalytic amount of acetic acid to get thiosemicarbazones. Results: In the series, seven compounds, including compounds 2c, 2a, 2b, 2d, 2g, 2e, and 2f, displayed excellent acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities in the range of IC50 values from 41.51 ± 3.88 to 95.48 ± 0.70 µM, surpassing than the standard galantamine (IC50 = 104.5 ± 1.20 µM). Also, compounds 2a, 2g, 2h, 2f, 2b, and 2d with IC50 values ranging from 64.47 ± 2.74 to 80.62 ± 0.73 µM exhibited potent inhibition against butyrylcholinesterase enzyme, being similar to the standard galantamine (IC50 = 156.8 ± 1.50 µM). The molecular docking investigation was performed to assess the binding affinity of the compounds with the active site of the enzyme. These compounds, along with the docked complexes, specifically AChE-compound 2a and BuChE-compound 2g, were chosen and subjected to 100-nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations demonstrated strong stability of the ligands within the active pockets of AChE and BuChE enzymes. Conclusion: These derivatives exhibited superior acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities compared to galantamine, with molecular docking and dynamic simulations confirming their strong binding affinity with the active sites of the enzymes.
Electrohydraulic lithotripsy combined with laparoscopy and endoscopy for managing difficult biliary stones.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Large or impacted bile duct stones can be difficult to manage with endoscopic and laparoscopic techniques. Electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) seems to be ideally suited for these difficult cases. We report our experience and review the literature. Adjunctive use of EHL was attempted in seven patients with complicated stones. In six, preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was unsuccessful. Five were accessed with laparoscopic transcystic technique, one by T-tube tract, and one with open common bile duct (CBD) exploration. EHL was successful in six. The unsuccessful attempt was with a 5-cm CBD stone. No complications of EHL were encountered. In review of the literature, we have found 256 cases of biliary lithiasis successfully treated with EHL without bile duct perforation. Based on our own experience and review of the literature, we conclude that properly used EHL is safe and effective in managing complicated biliary lithiasis.
Brief report: Exploring the benefits of a peer‐tutored physical education programme among high school students with intellectual disability

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background The purpose of this study was to explore possible benefits of a peer‐tutored physical education programme ( PTPE ) in comparison with school physical education ( SPE ) in high school students with intellectual disability. Method Nineteen students with intellectual disabilities (15 boys, mean age 17.4 ± 1.7 years) were monitored during three PTPE and three SPE classes. A factorial RM ‐ ANOVA was used to test differences on objective measured physical activity (PA), enjoyment and exertion during the two conditions, considering participants’ weight condition as independent factor. Results During PTPE , participants reported higher light intensity PA, enjoyment and exertion than during SPE . Participants with overweight showed less inactive time and higher light intensity PA during PTPE than during SPE . Conclusions The peer‐tutored programme was beneficial for adolescents with intellectual disability, particularly for those in overweight condition. The higher enjoyment found during PTPE may encourage exercise participation of students with intellectual disability.
Quantitative determination of medium chain triglycerides in infant formula by reverse phase HPLC

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Two methods were developed for the separation of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) using reverse phase HPLC. Both methods employed a C18 microbond HPLC column as the stationary phase and an isocratic solvent system. The first method described consists of acetonitrile/acetone as the mobile phase with a differential refractometer as the detector. In the second method, acetonitrile/water was used as the mobile phase and a UV detector at 210 nm. Trinonanoin was used as the internal standard for quantitative determination. This method is suitable for milk‐, whey‐ and soy protein‐based matrices. With minor modification, it is applicable to MCT levels ranging from 10 to 50% of total fat.