jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study on Springback Properties of 6061 Aluminum in V-Bending

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Sheet metal bending is one of the most commonly applied methods among sheet metal forming operations. In this study, the springback behavior of aluminum alloys of different thicknesses was examined by performing v-bending processes at different die angles and widths. The experiments were carried out on 1 and 1.5 mm thick plates at die angles of 140°, 150° and 160° and three different die widths: 10 mm, 16 mm and 20 mm. In this experimental study, it was observed that springback decreased as the die width increased. As the die angle increased, springback values also increased. It has been observed that sheet thickness has little effect on springback. As the sheet thickness increased, the amount of springback decreased. The lowest springback value of 0.1° was obtained in the 1.5 mm thick specimen with a die width of 10 mm and a die angle of 140°. The highest spring-go value of -2.7° was obtained in the 1 mm thick specimen with a die width of 20 mm and a die angle of 140°. As a result of the variance (ANOVA) analysis, it was seen that the die width had a more significant effect (78.42%) on springback than the die angle. The effect of die angle on springback is 10.73%. As a result of the experiments and statistical analysis, it was seen that the parameter that most affects springback is die width.
Perturbation analysis of transonic wind tunnel wall interference

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

derived from the transonic small disturbance equation. The equation is linear and is solved by satisfying the imposed conditions at the tunnel wall. By checking against the direct nonlinear calculations the method is shown to be accurate and thus can be used for practical calculations of interference corrections. Since it is a perturbation method, the results can be compared directly with those of the subsonic linear theory and consequently provide assessment of the applicability of the latter method in the transonic range. Analysis The airfoil is situated in the middle of the wind tunnel with height 2//. The tunnel walls are perforated for flow ventilation in transonic tests. The restriction induced by the tunnel wall is regarded as a small perturbation to the basic free airflow. The interference potential ; has the order of magnitude of \/Hand is assumed to be one order higher than the free air potential 00. Within the framework of the transonic small disturbance theory,1'5 the governing equations and the boundary conditions for the free air and the interference flows can be derived as follows. Free airflow:
GMOU TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT TRUST: ANY PLACE FOR CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY REGULATION UNDER NIGERIAN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY ACT?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Due to the negative environmental effects from petroleum operations, International oil companies (IOCs) operating in the Niger Delta voluntarily carried out CSR to address the negative impacts of their operations. This led to the adoption of the memorandum of understanding (MOU) or the Global memorandum of understanding (GMOU) as a model for carrying out their CSR. However, with the enactment of the Petroleum Industry Act (PIA), IOCs are mandated to establish a Host Community Development Trust in the communities where they operate. The quesion is: what is the status of the GMOU under the new regime in the PIA and from an environmental standpoint, is there an improvement in the capacity of the new regime to address environmental concerns? Thus this paper seeks to examine the extent to which the new framework for CSR under the PIA addresses the negative environmental externalities of the petroleum industry in Nigeria.
Thermal neutron diffraction determination of the magnetic structure of EuCu2Ge2

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The magnetic structure of EuCu2Ge2 has been determined by flat-plate neutron powder diffraction. Two magnetic phases are present in the neutron diffraction pattern at 3.5 K. They have the same moment, within error, and a common transition temperature. Both 151Eu and 153Eu Mössbauer spectroscopy show that the two magnetic phases belong to the same crystallographic phase. Both phases can be modelled by planar helimagnetic structures: one with a propagation vector of [0.654(1), 0, 0], the other with a propagation vector of [0.410(1), 0.225(1), 0].
Towards a semiotic theory of style in law: a Peircean approach

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper discusses the promises and limits of a Peircean semiotic approach to the concept of style in law. It does so in two steps: first (1) by identifying the place of style within the structure of law as a system of signs, then (2) by conceptualising the link between law and style in the thought of C.S. Peirce and highlighting some of the insights from a Peircean take on legal semiotics that may contribute to our understanding of the role of style in making meaning in law. It is argued that, for a Peircean analysis of law, three levels can be distinguished, from the ‘surface structure’ down to the ‘deep structure’. It is at the middle level (that of the ‘basic structure’) that a semiotic approach can yield coherent insights in terms of style, by examining the symbols and metaphors that make for the expressibility of ‘habits’, namely experience-based patterns of action and interpretation.
Integrating Observational and Traffic Simulation Models for Priority Ranking of Unsafe Intersections

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Observational models based on reported crash history are the most common measures for identifying unsafe sites for priority intervention. Observational models are good for predicting higher-severity crashes but ignore higher-risk vehicle interactions (e.g., near misses) that failed to result in crashes that are reported in historical data. Proponents of microscopic simulation models argue that failure to recognize these higher-risk interactions can significantly understate the safety problem at a given site and lead to misallocation of scarce treatment funds. This paper takes the position that a complete understanding of the safety problem at a given site can emerge only if both crash potential and traffic conflicts are taken into account. A priority-ranking model that integrates estimates from observational crash prediction models into an analysis of traffic conflicts is presented. Traffic conflicts were based on simulated vehicle interactions and deceleration requirements for different traffic scenarios. The suitability of the approach for priority ranking of sites was assessed with six ranking approaches: crash frequency, empirical Bayes, potential for safety improvement, conflict frequency, conflict rate (sum and cross product of traffic volume), and integrated model. Priority ranking was evaluated with five test criteria: site consistency, method consistency, rank difference, total rank score, and sensitivity and specificity. These models were applied to a sample of 58 signalized intersections from Toronto, Ontario, Canada, for the period from 1999 to 2006. The integrated model was found to yield better results for the five evaluation criteria; this result suggests that the proposed approach has promise.
Role of aspirin in the prevention of preeclampsia in previously hypertensive pregnant women: a meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To determine the role of low-dose aspirin in preventing preeclampsia for previously hypertensive pregnant women.The meta-analysis was conducted from February to May 2021 and comprised search on PubMed and Cochrane Library databases for randomised controlled trials consisting of previously hypertensive women aged 18-55 years, aspirin dosage range 60-100mg, and a comparison between aspirin and placebo groups. Duration of intervention till the end of gestation, the dosage of aspirin given, risk ratios or odds ratio with the confidence intervals, and preeclampsia were the main variables recorded. Data was analysed using RevMan 5.4.Of the 144 articles found, 4(%) were included, having 2238 participants. Pooled estimates revealed that aspirin, compared to placebo, did not significantly reduce the manifestation of preeclampsia (p=0.06). Besides, heterogeneity between the different trials was moderate at 59%.Aspirin was not found to substantially diminish the risk of incidence of preeclampsia, but it did show some beneficial effects. .
Allele mining in the gene pool of wild Solanum species for homologues of late blight resistance gene RB/Rpi-blb1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A coiled coil-nucleotide binding site-leucine-rich repeat gene RB / Rpi-blb1 isolated from Solanum bulbocastanum confers broad-spectrum resistance to Phytophthora infestans and is currently employed in potato breeding for durable late blight (LB) resistance. RB homologues were reported in several Solanum species; some of them retained defence function. Here, we report additional evidence on RB -like sequences in 21 Solanum species of the section Petota . The panel of Solanum species was screened with three RB -related PCR markers. RB -like sequences were found in every tested Solanum accession, suggesting universal distribution of RB structural homologues among Solanum genomes, while locus-specific RB-629 was found only in 15 species. Phylogenetic analysis of RB-629 sequences suggested a highly conservative pattern of polymorphisms that was neither species- nor series-specific. Apparently, duplication and evolution of RB -like loci preceded Solanum speciation. Marker presence and particular haplotypes were not immediately associated with high LB resistance.
Influence of surface layer and screw angle on tribological wear of sliding pedicle screws used in a growth guidance system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the type of surface layer (passive vs. diamond-like carbon coated) and the angle of pedicle screw implantation on abrasive wear of sliding screw caps used in spinal growth guidance systems. The scope of the experiment included the performance of high-cycle mechanical tests using reciprocating motion, imitating friction processes that occur during the use of implants. Measurements and identification were also carried out of the type of wear generated by friction (tests of surface topography and changes in chemical composition). Examination of friction surfaces revealed all mechanisms of abrasive wear, i.e., microcutting, scratching, and furrowing. In the case of traditional locking caps, furrowing and scratching were most frequently observed, while for caps coated with diamond-like carbon (DLC), the dominant mechanism was scratching. For most of the friction nodes tested, those with a passive coating showed significantly greater wear than friction nodes with a DLC layer, regardless of the screw implantation angle. On one hand, the use of DLC coatings improves durability owing to increased resistance of the coated surfaces to abrasive wear, but on the other hand, it carries the risk of emergency wear when the DLC coating wears out.
Program Needs of Middle School Agricultural Education Teachers: A Delphi Study

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study examined program needs of middle school agricultural education teachers in North Carolina. A three–round Delphi technique used two open–ended questions to collect information from an expert panel of middle school agricultural education teachers. Each panel member was asked to respond to: Question one: “What can be done on the local, state and national levels to improve middle school agricultural education programs?” Question two: “When looking at the three circle model for agricultural education, what improvements can be made for middle school agricultural education related to FFA, Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE), and classroom instruction?” Panel members identified 29 areas of concern on the local, state, and national level and 19 areas related to FFA, SAE, and classroom instruction. Middle school agricultural education teachers in [State] believe that the curriculum for their students should contain more hands–on activities and should have a stronger agricultural focus. This panel of teachers also revealed that there are many more concerns with FFA activities for middle school students than there are for SAE and classroom instruction.
The Gershwins celebrated linguistic variation famously in Let’s call the whole

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Most studies of language variation proceed from the geographic or social distribution of single elements (features), and find it difficult to proceed further. Data-driven dialectology, and more generally, data-driven variationist studies, begin instead from an aggregate view of language variation and reap immediate benefits in dealing with well-known exceptions in the distributions of single features and in avoiding the need to select which features to use as the basis of characterizations. But the major advance is the opportunity to characterize general tendencies in linguistic variation.
In-situ bioconjugation in stationary media and in liquid flow by femtosecond laser ablation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In-situ functionalization of gold nanoparticles with fluorophore-tagged oligonucleotides is studied by comparing femtosecond laser ablation in stationary liquid and in biomolecule flow. Femtosecond laser pulses induce significant degradation to sensitive biomolecules when ablating gold in a stationary solution of oligonucleotides. Contrary, in-situ conjugation of nanoparticles in biomolecule flow considerably reduces the degree of degradation studied by gel electrophoresis and UV–Vis spectrometry. Ablating gold with 100 μJ femtosecond laser pulses DNA sequence does not degrade, while the degree of fluorophore tag degradation was 84% in stationary solution compared to 5% for 1 mL/min liquid flow. It is concluded that femtosecond laser-induced degradation of biomolecules is triggered by absorption of nanoparticle conjugates suspended in the colloid and not by ablation of the target. Quenching of nanoparticle size appears from 0.5 μM biomolecule concentration for 0.3 μg/s nanoparticle productivity indicating the successful surface functionalization. Finally, increasing the liquid flow rate from stationary to 450 mL/min enhances nanoparticle productivity from 0.2 μg/s to 1.5 μg/s, as increasing liquid flow allows removal of light absorbing nanoparticles from the ablation zone, avoiding attenuation of subsequent laser photons.
PROBLEMS FACED BY THE STAFF OF LOKAWISATA BATURRADEN IN USING ENGLISH

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Tourism in Indonesia develops from time to time to attract foreign tourists with various types of tourist attractions. Currently the most visited tourist attraction and a favorite of tourists is nature tourism. Lokawisata Baturraden is located in Dusun I Karangmangu, Kec. Baturaden, Kab. Banyumas, Central Java.The purposes are to find out the difficulties in serving foreign tourists, the obstacles, and the solutions from the staff of the foreign Lokawisata Baturraden. The method used is observation, shows that there are still tourist attractions that do not yet provide tour guides who can speak English and many tourist staff do not understand English.
Expression analysis of sex-determining pathway genes during development in male and female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We studied the expression of 28 genes that are involved in vertebrate sex-determination or sex-differentiation pathways, in male and female Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) in 11 stages of development from fertilization to after first feeding. Gene expression was measured in half-sibs that shared the same dam. The sire of family 1 was a sex-reversed female (i.e., genetically female but phenotypically male), and so the progeny of this family are all female. The sire of family 2 was a true male, and so the offspring were 50% male and 50% female. Gene expression levels were compared among three groups: 20 female offspring of the cross between a regular female and the sex-reversed female ( family 1, first group), ∼10 females from the cross between a regular female and a regular male ( family 2, second group) and ∼10 males from this same family ( family 2, third group). Statistically significant differences in expression levels between males and the two groups of females were observed for two genes, gsdf and amh/mis, in the last four developmental stages examined. SdY, the sex-determining gene in rainbow trout, appeared to be expressed in males from 58 days postfertilization (dpf). Starting at 83 dpf, ovarian aromatase, cyp19a, expression appeared to be greater in both groups of females compared with males, but this difference was not statistically significant. The time course of expression suggests that sdY may be involved in the upregulation of gsdf and amh/mis and the subsequent repression of cyp19a in males via the effect of amh/mis.
Physical and biopharmaceutical properties of quercetin emulgels for dermal drug delivery

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Natural flavonoid quercetin is widely present in fruits and vegetables. It is a lipophilic compound that exerts various pharmacological effects such as anticancer, antiinflammatory, antioxidation, antianemic, antiplatelet, hypolipidemic and cardioprotective action. Emulgels (emulsion gels) are semisolid dosage forms which consist of a mixture of emulsion and gel, used for dermal delivery of lipophilic drug substances such as quercetin. Nowadays emulsion gel formulations are commonly used because they are easy to use, which enhances patient compliance. Physical characteristics of emulgels depend on proper selection of oil phase, emulsifier and gelling agent. The objective was to formulate a quercetin emulsion gel for topical application with satisfactory physical properties and to examine the influence of gelling agent, oil phase and emulsifier on the emulsion gel characteristics. Eight emulsion gel formulations containing 0.5% quercetin were prepared with concentrations of carbomer 940 as a gelling agent of 0.25% and 0.75%, concentrations of castor oil as an oil phase of 10% and 20%, and concentrations of Tween® 20/Span® 20 mixture (1:2) as an emulsifier of 1,5% and 3%. Emulgels were evaluated for their physical appearance, type of emulsion, pH, spreadability, occlusive properties, quercetin content and its release from formulations. The prepared emulgels had soft creamy consistency, homogenous texture, shiny appearance and favorable tactile properties. Quercetin emulsion gels contained O/W type of emulsion with variable homogeneity and consistency, but all having adequate pH values (6.3-6.5) and quercetin contents (0.50-0.52%). The proportion of gelling agent was the predominant factor in determining the spreadability and the release of quercetin from the formulation. Emulgels exerted mild to moderate occlusive effect and the concentration of oil phase had the greatest impact on occlusivity, although the other components contributed as well. In conclusion, the formulation composition significantly affects the physical characteristics of quercetin emulsion gels. Emulgel with 0.75% gelling agent, 10% oil phase and 1.5% emulsifier can be considered as the optimal quercetin formulation for dermal delivery.
Measurement of Cough Aerodynamics in Healthy Adults

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Importance: Cough is a critical human reflex and also among the most frequent symptoms in medicine. Despite the prevalence of disordered cough in laryngeal pathologies, comprehensive and quantitative evaluation of cough in these patients is lacking. Objective: Herein we seek to establish normative values for cough aerodynamics to provide a population standard for reference in future studies. Design, Setting, and Participants: Healthy subjects were recruited from an outpatient clinic to perform voluntary cough. Subjects were instructed on the technique for maximal voluntary cough production with measurements recorded on pneumotachograph. Fifty-two subjects were studied, including 29 women and 23 men with a mean age of 51.6 and 52.3 years, respectively. Main Outcomes and Measures: Cough peak airflow, peak pressure, and expiratory rise time. Results were stratified by age, gender, and height. Results: Peak airflow demonstrated significant differences across age, gender, and height, with flow increasing according to increasing height. Peak cough pressure also increased with height and was significantly greater in males versus females. Expiratory rise time, the time from glottal opening to peak airflow, did not vary with age or height but was statistically significantly longer in women. Conclusions: Cough aerodynamics can be readily measured objectively in the outpatient setting. Expiratory rise time, peak flow, and peak pressure are important aspects of each cough epoch. Normative data provided herein can be used for future studies of patients with laryngotracheal disorders, and these cough parameters may prove to be simple, accessible, and repeatable outcome measures.
Effects of Increased Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium Ion Concentrations on Survival Conditions, Growth Performance, and Physiological Parameters in Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study examined the effects of calcium, magnesium, and potassium ion concentrations on Strongylocentrotus intermedius through seven experimental rearing groups: two calcium ion levels (550 mg/L and 733 mg/L), two magnesium ion levels (1727 mg/L and 2302 mg/L), two potassium ion levels (533 mg/L and 710 mg/L), and a control. After 45 days of cultivation, 733 mg/L of calcium ions significantly reduced the S. intermedius survival rate, while 550 mg/L of calcium ions had no significant adverse effects on survival, growth (SGR), the feed conversion ratio (FCR), gonad colour, or immune enzyme activity, and it significantly increased the gonad index (GI). Meanwhile, 2302 mg/L of magnesium ions caused 100% mortality within 2 days, and 1727 mg/L of magnesium ions significantly reduced the survival rate and SGR while increasing the FCR. Additionally, 710 mg/L of potassium ions had no significant impact on the survival rate but significantly reduced SGR, the GI, and gonad colour while increasing the FCR, whereas 533 mg/L of potassium ions showed no significant adverse effects on survival, SGR, the FCR, gonad colour, digestive enzyme activity, or immune enzyme activity. The study results indicate that when formulating artificial seawater using source water with elevated calcium, magnesium, and potassium ion concentrations for S. intermedius aquaculture, calcium ions under 550 mg/L and potassium ions under 533 mg/L are biologically acceptable. However, magnesium ions require adjustment to a narrow optimal range to ensure survival and physiological performance.
Accurate quantification of carboplatin adducts with serum proteins by monolithic chromatography coupled to ICPMS with isotope dilution analysis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This work demonstrates for the first time the potential of monolithic chromatography coupled to double species-specific isotope dilution analysis (IDA) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) for the detection and accurate quantification of adducts of plasma/serum proteins with carboplatin, an anti-cancer drug.