jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
First high resolution analysis of the absorption spectrum of propane in the 6.7 μm to 7.5 μm spectral region

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The rotational structure of the v19 (CH2− wagging, A-type band), v18 (CH3− s-deformation, A-type band), v24 (CH3− d-deformation, C-type band), and v4 (CH3− d-deformation, B-type band) vibrational fundamentals of propane, were recorded using a molecular beam coupled to a Fourier-transform spectrometer working at 0.005 cm−1 resolution. The analysis was performed using Watson Hamiltonians for the 191 and 181 states. However, to properly calculate the rotational levels of the 41 and 241 vibrational levels, it is necessary to include in the Hamiltonian matrix not only the strong A-type Coriolis interaction which couples them but also the various interactions (Coriolis or Fermi-type) which link them to the levels of the dark 51 and 171 vibrational states. It is then possible to calculate the upper-state levels to within an average uncertainty of 2 to 5×10−3 cm−1 depending on the state. These results are satisfactory given the fact that (i) possible perturbations with nearby combination states were not considered and (ii) several torsional splittings were not accounted for. The band centers derived from the fits are ṽ0(v19)=1338.965 cm−1, ṽ0(v18)=1376.850 cm−1, ṽ0(v24)=1471.874 cm−1, and ṽ0(v4)=1476.710 cm−1. The standard uncertainties of these values are estimated to be about 0.002 cm−1, which includes the calibration errors as well as the statistical uncertainty of the fittings.
Identification of dynamic latent factor models of skill formation with translog production

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Summary In this paper, we highlight an important property of the translog production function for the identification of treatment effects in a model of latent skill formation. We show that when using a translog specification of the skill technology, properly anchored treatment effect estimates are invariant to any location and scale normalizations of the underlying measures. By contrast, when researchers assume a CES production function and impose standard location and scale normalizations, the resulting treatment effect estimates vary with the chosen normalizations. Access to age‐invariant measures does not solve this problem since arbitrary scale and location restrictions are still imposed in the initial period. We theoretically prove the normalization invariance of the translog production function and then complete several empirical exercises illustrating the effects of location and scale normalizations for different technologies and types of skills measures.
Analisis Hambatan Guru Dalam Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Audio Visual Pada Mata Pelajaran Ekonomi Di SMAN 7 Empat lawang

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research aims to determine teachers' barriers to using audio-visual based learning media in economics subjects at SMAN 7 Empat Lawang. This type of research is descriptive qualitative with the object being teacher barriers in using audio-visual based learning media in economics subjects at SMAN 7 Empat Lawang and the research subjects are 3 teachers in economics subjects. Data collection techniques use observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the research show that there are several obstacles for teachers in using audio-visual based learning media in economics subjects at SMAN 7 Empat Lawang, namely lack of time in making power points, feeling comfortable with other methods, lack of teacher skills and creativity, teachers not being fluent in using IT. , it is difficult to find videos that match the material, and there are problems with the internet network.
Ontology Building Using Data Mining Techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The e-government has an important role to play now and in the future. To compare the readiness of Latvian electronic government in past and present, the Latvian e- government readiness will be evaluated, i.e., the e-government development index changes will be analysed in the period 2008– 2012, as well as main factors influencing this index will be discussed to assess the e-government readiness in future.
Spatial characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal molecular diversity at the submetre scale in a temperate grassland

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Although arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form spatially complex communities in terrestrial ecosystems, the scales at which this diversity manifests itself is poorly understood. This information is critical to the understanding of the role of AMF in plant community composition. We examined small-scale (submetre) variability of AMF community composition (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprinting) and abundance (extraradical hyphal lengths) in two 1 m2 plots situated in a native grassland ecosystem of western Montana. Extraradical AMF hyphal lengths varied greatly between samples (14–89 m g soil−1) and exhibited spatial structure at scales <30 cm. The composition of AMF communities was also found to exhibit significant spatial autocorrelation, with correlogram analyses suggesting patchiness at scales <50 cm. Supportive of overall AMF community composition analyses, individual AMF ribotypes corresponding to specific phylogenetic groups exhibited distinct spatial autocorrelation. Our results demonstrate that AMF diversity and abundance can be spatially structured at scales of <1 m. Such small-scale heterogeneity in the soil suggests that establishing seedlings may be exposed to very different, location dependent AMF communities. Our results also have direct implications for representative sampling of AMF communities in the field.
Ancient Greek Ideas on Speech, Language, and Civilization

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The source and nature of earliest speech and civilization are puzzles which have intrigued people for many centuries. This study explores ancient Greek views on the source and nature of the world's first society and first language. Two of the book's chapters are based on close readings of passages in Homer and Herodotus, while the remaining chapters are broader surveys of a variety of Greek literary texts. Topics covered include the nature of the language used both by men and animals in the idyllic golden age, accounts of humans' ascent to civilised life and their acquisition of language, and exotic creatures and peoples who have only limited linguistic capacities. Discussions of Enlightenment thinkers and modern theories of glottogenesis and language acquisition set Greek assumptions in a wider perspective.
Magnetic Dirichlet Laplacian in curved waveguides

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

For a two-dimensional curved waveguide, it is well known that the spectrum of the Dirichlet Laplacian is unstable. Any perturbation of the straight strip produces eigenvalues below the essential spectrum. In this paper, a magnetic field is added. We explicitly prove that the spectrum of the magnetic Laplacian is stable under small but non-local deformations of the waveguide.
Electronic structure, chemical bonding, and electronic delocalization of organic and inorganic systems with three-dimensional or excited state aromaticity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Aromaticity is a key concept in chemistry, used by chemists to explain the structure, stability, and reactivity of many compounds. Aromatic compounds are present in industrial processes as well as in living systems. Initially, the realm of aromatic molecules was limited to cyclic benzenoid systems. Over the years, this concept has been expanded to heterosystems, metal clusters, fullerenes, and more exotic molecules. In this thesis, the analysis of electronic structure, chemical bonding, and electronic delocalization of organic and inorganic systems that possess three-dimensional or excited state aromaticity is studied in detail using state-of-the-art computational tools. We mainly focus our attention on the study of the aromaticity of different polycyclic conjugated hydrocarbons, fullerenes and small inorganic clusters. Yet, we also analyze the chemical bonding of different inorganic clusters
Molecular Marker Linked to High Solanine/Chaconin (Nil/Low Leptin) in Solanum chacoense, and Implications for Leptine Biosynthesis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Solanum chacoense , a wild relative of the cultivated potato, contains several glycoalkaloids, including solanine, chaconine, and leptine. The foliar-specific leptine glycoalkaloids are believed to confer resistance to the Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB). Data from segregating F 1 populations developed from crosses of high × nil and high × high leptine producers were consistent with control of leptine production by a single recessive gene; however, data from subsequent generations strongly suggests the presence of additional factors affecting the inheritance and expression of leptine glycoalkaloids in this population of S. chacoense . Using two bulked DNA samples composed of high- and low-percent leptine individuals from a segregating F 1 population of S. chacoense , a 1500-bp RAPD product, UBC370-1500, was identified that is closely linked to high percent solanine+chaconine, and conversely to low percent leptine. This marker mapped to the end of the short arm of potato chromosome 1, near the location of a previously mapped major QTL for solanidine. The observed distribution of the UBC370-1500 marker, in conjunction with these QTL data, suggest that hydroxylation of a common precursor to form leptinidine occurs prior to formation of the solanidine aglycone. Implications of these findings for the development of CPB-resistant potato varieties will be discussed.
J‐difference‐edited MRS measures of γ‐aminobutyric acid before and after acute caffeine administration

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate potential effects of acute caffeine intake on J ‐difference‐edited MRS measures of the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Methods J ‐difference‐edited Mescher‐Garwood PRESS (MEGA‐PRESS) and conventional PRESS data were acquired at 3T from voxels in the anterior cingulate and occipital area of the brain in 15 healthy subjects, before and after oral intake of a 200‐mg caffeine dose. MEGA‐PRESS data were analyzed with the MATLAB‐based Gannet tool to estimate GABA+ macromolecule (GABA+) levels, while PRESS data were analyzed with LCModel to estimate levels of glutamate, glutamate+glutamine, N‐acetylaspartate, and myo‐inositol. All metabolites were quantified with respect to the internal reference compounds creatine and tissue water, and compared between the pre‐ and post‐caffeine intake condition. Results For both MRS voxels, mean GABA+ estimates did not differ before and after caffeine intake. Slightly lower estimates of myo‐inositol were observed after caffeine intake in both voxels. N‐acetylaspartate, glutamate, and glutamate+glutamine did not show significant differences between conditions. Conclusion Mean GABA+ estimates from J ‐difference‐edited MRS in two different brain regions are not altered by acute oral administration of caffeine. These findings may increase subject recruitment efficiency for MRS studies.
A new species of the genus Paranthrenopsis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from China with a catalogue of the genus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new species, Paranthrenopsis sichuanensis sp. nov. from the province of Sichuan, China, is described and figured. A preliminary catalogue of species of the genus Paranthrenopsis Le Cerf, 1911 is provided. The catalogue contains updated taxonomic information including the references to the original descriptions, information on name-bearing types, nearly complete bibliography, and the data on the known distribution of species.
How the stimulus defines the dynamics of vesicle pool recruitment, fusion mode, and vesicle recycling in neuroendocrine cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The pattern of stimulation defines important characteristics of the secretory process in neurons and neuroendocrine cells, including the pool of secretory vesicles being recruited, the type and amount of transmitters released, the mode of membrane retrieval, and the mechanisms associated with vesicle replenishment. This review analyzes the mechanisms that regulate these processes in chromaffin cells, as well as in other neuroendocrine and neuronal models. A common factor in these mechanisms is the spatial and temporal distribution of the Ca 2+ signal generated during cell stimulation. For instance, neurosecretory cells and neurons have pools of vesicles with different locations with respect to Ca 2+ channels, and those pools are therefore differentially recruited following different patterns of stimulation. In this regard, a brief stimulus will induce the exocytosis of a small pool of vesicles that is highly coupled to voltage‐dependent Ca 2+ channels, whereas longer or more intense stimulation will provoke a global Ca 2+ increase, promoting exocytosis irrespective of vesicle location. The pattern of stimulation, and therefore the characteristics of the Ca 2+ signal generated by the stimulus also influence the mode of exocytosis and the type of endocytosis. Indeed, low‐frequency stimulation favors kiss‐and‐run exocytosis and clathrin‐independent fast endocytosis, whereas higher frequencies promote full fusion and clathrin‐dependent endocytosis. This latter type of endocytosis is accelerated at high‐frequency stimulation. Synaptotagmins, calcineurin, dynamin, complexin, and actin remodeling, appear to be involved in the mechanisms that determine the response of these processes to Ca 2+ . image In chromaffin cells, a brief stimulus induces the exocytosis of a small pool of vesicles that is highly coupled to voltage‐dependent Ca 2+ channels (A), whereas longer or high‐frequency stimulation provokes a global Ca 2+ increase, promoting exocytosis irrespective of vesicle location (B). Furthermore, low‐frequency stimulation favors kiss‐and‐run exocytosis (A), whereas higher frequencies promote full fusion (B). In this review, we analyze the mechanisms by which a given stimulation pattern defines the mode of exocytosis, and recruitment and recycling of neurosecretory vesicles. This article is part of a mini review series on Chromaffin cells (ISCCB Meeting, 2015) .
Kaempferol Inhibits Lipid Accumulation in HepG2 Cells through AMPK-Mediated Autophagy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is closely associated with metabolic syndrome. Currently, it is considered as a global health concern. Kaempferol (a flavonoid) exhibits extensive pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of kaempferol on free fatty acid (FFA)-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. To establish an in vitro model of MASLD, we treated the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 with FFAs. Subsequently, we performed Western blot analysis to analyze the expression levels of essential proteins associated with lipogenesis and autophagy. Vital lipogenesis-related proteins (e.g., acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) were downregulated by kaempferol treatment. Concurrently, the expression of proteins involved in fatty acid oxidation (e.g., carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha) was upregulated. These changes indicate that kaempferol promotes a shift toward enhanced fatty acid oxidation and reduced lipogenesis, thereby mitigating lipid accumulation in liver cells. Our findings suggest that kaempferol exerts a protective effect against MASLD by modulating lipid metabolism via autophagy activation.
Study on Composite Enzymatic Hydrolysis Technology for Soybean Peptide from Yuba Wastewater

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

After the protease hydrolysis,separation and purification,the soybean peptide was obtained from yuba wastewater.Through orthogonal test analysis,the optimum composite enzymatic hydrolysis conditions were determined as follows:the complex enzyme was made by alkaline protease,papaya protease and pineapple protease with a ratio of 1∶2∶4,the substrate content was 3%,pH value was 8.0 and hydrolysis time was 4 h.Above these conditions the peptide enzyme conversion could reach 94.56%.
Immunohistochemical localization of Haptoglobin in the Bovine Mammary Gland

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Haptoglobin (Hp), an acute phase protein has been recognized as an important indicator of intramammary infections that can be assessed in milk. In this study, we utilized immunohistochemical techniques on naturally infected and healthy bovine mammary glands in order to determine the source of Hp found in milk during bovine mastitis. Mammary glands sections were harvested from udder of two cows, one showing signs of clinical mastitis and the other healthy. Hematoxylin and eosin as well as immunohistochemistry (IHC) for anti-Hp staining were carried on these sections. It was revealed that the mammary epithelial cells around the alveolar ducts of the gland as well as with infiltrating neutrophils had dense staining for Hp in mastitic sections while in the healthy section there was minimal cytoplasmic positivity for Haptoglobin on the ductal epithelial cells. These observations support the conclusion that Hp arises locally from mammary epithelial cells and from circulation from migrating neutrophils during episodes of mastitis, and can therefore serve as a sensitive indicator of bovine mastitis.
Orthotopic SCID mouse model with two newly established human lung squamous carcinoma cell lines.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective of this study was to present an orthotopic SCID mouse model using two newly established human cell lines derived from squamous cell carcinomas of the lung. GO-LCC1 cells (1 x 10(6)) and GO-LCC2 cells (3 x 10(6)) were implanted orthotopically into the right lungs of 10 C.B. 17 scid/scid mice. In both groups, aggressive tumor growth with partial infiltration of the thoracic wall, heart and diaphragm was observed. In only one case distant metastases in the contralateral lung were detected, while all animals developed tumors at the site of inoculation. Xenografted GO-LCC1 cells showed enhanced tumor propagation compared to GO-LCC2 cells. Our data underscore the usefulness of the SCID mouse model to study the biological behaviour of cultuved human tumor cells and furthemore demonstrate the clinical applicability of xenograft techniques using human tumor cell lines derived from pneumonectomy specimens of squamous lung carcinomas.
Growth Performance, Immune Response, Blood serum parameters, Nutrient Digestibility and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chicken as Affected by Dietary Supplementation of Garlic Extract (Allicin)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two hundred day old chicks were used and allotted into equal five groups fed on the basal diet supplemented by 0.0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg allicin/Kg diet respectively for five continuous weeks. Dietary allicin supplementation at 25, 50 and 75mg/kg diet significantly (P≤0.05) improved final body weight and total gain by about (6.87%, 12.76% and, 10.13%) and (6.9%, 13.03% and 10.3%) respectively when compared with control broiler chick group. In contrast high level (100mg/Kg) addition of allicin non significantly (P≥0.05) decreased final body weight and total gain of broiler chicks by about 1.13 % and 1.2% respectively, when compared with control one. Allicin supplementation increased feed intake of broiler chicken while, 25, 50 or 75 mg allicin/Kg diet improved feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, efficiency of energy utilization and performance index when compared with control. In contrast high inclusion rate of allicin deteriorate the mentioned parameters. Allicin supplementation at different levels in broiler chicken ration had no significant effect on WBCs counts, and increased RBCs, Hb%, PCV%, blood serum units and reduced blood serum triglycerides and total cholesterol concentrations when compared with the control. On the other hand, allicin supplementation at 25, 50 or 75 mg/Kg diet improve kidney and liver functions through reduction of blood serum creatnine, GOT, GPT and ALP concentrations when compared with the control, while higher level showed adverse effect. Moreover, it was observed that allicin supplementation improved broiler chicken immune response through increased nutrophil percentage and weight of immune organs when compared with the control one. Dietary allicin supplementation at 25, 50 or 75 mg/Kg diet improved organic matter, crude protein and ether extract digestion, while high inclusion level exhibited lower digestibility percentage and numerically improved dressing percentage of broiler chicken, while had no effect on liver, gizzard, heart weight when compared with the control. Allicin supplementation at 50 mg/Kg diet improved economic efficiency of broiler chick's production.
TRIM5 Acts as More Than a Retroviral Restriction Factor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The retrovirus restriction factor TRIM5α blocks post-entry infection of retroviruses in a species-specific manner. As a cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase, TRIM5α binds to the retroviral capsid lattice in the cytoplasm of an infected cell and accelerates the uncoating process of retroviral capsid, thus providing a potent restriction to HIV-1 and other retrovirus infections. The precise mechanism by which this restriction is imposed remains under scrutiny, and evidence is lacking to link the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of TRIM5α to its ability to restrict retrovirus infection. In a recent study, Pertel and colleagues have uncovered the link between the two, providing compelling evidence to suggest that following the interaction with the retroviral capsid, TRIM5 triggers an antiviral innate immune response by functioning as a pattern recognition receptor [1]. This unique function of TRIM5 is dependent on its association with the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme complex UBC13-UEV1A and subsequent activation of the TAK1 kinase complex and downstream genes involved in innate immune responses. These findings have defined a novel function for TRIM5 as a pattern recognition receptor in innate immune recognition and provided valuable mechanistic insight into its role as a retroviral restriction factor. Here we discuss the significance of these new findings in understanding TRIM5-mediated HIV restriction.