jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the X-specific block embedded in the human Xq21.3/Yp11.1 homology region

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The region Xq21.3/Yp11.1 represents the largest segment of homology between the sex chromosomes in humans, though no recombination occurs in male meiosis. It presumably arose as a transposition from the X to the Y chromosome; the present-day organization in the latter chromosome indicates a paracentric inversion that disrupted its continuity. Moreover, an X-specific block (defined by the marker DXS214) is embedded in the region. Previously, no hypotheses about the length, origin, or evolution of this X-specific segment have been proposed. Here we report on the refinement of the size and the sequence of the distal boundary of the X-specific block. Furthermore, we have tracked by FISH experiments the evolution of this region in primates. This further clarifies the multistep mechanism of origin for the XY homology region, by demonstrating that the X-specific block was deleted from the Y chromosome after the initial transfer from the X chromosome
Flexural behavior of hybrid GFRP - concrete railway sleepers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper aims to present the flexural behavior of hybrid GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer) concrete beams as sleepers to railway application. It was tried to obtain sleepers with adequate mechanical resistance, not susceptible to corrosion, durable and lighter than the sleepers in prestressed concrete. Pultruded fiberglass and polyester resin profiles were filled with high strength concrete and polyolefin fiber in the following proportions by volume: 1% and 2.5%. The beams were 1.06 meters long and had a 76 mm x 76 mm x 6 mm cross section, corresponding to a reduced model in a 1: 2.64 scale of a 2.80 meters long sleeper. In the bending tests, the load was applied at the center of the sleeper, as provided in the Brazilian standard NBR 11709 (2015) and American standard AREMA (2016). During the tests the applied load, the vertical deflection and the longitudinal tensile and compression deformations were measured in the center of the span. The influence of fiber addition on the strength, rupture mode and flexural modulus of elasticity of the hybrid beams was analyzed. Finally, the hybrid sleeper performance was compared to that of the prestressed concrete monoblock sleeper. The results obtained were satisfactory, indicating that the proposed hybrid sleeper is a constructively and technically feasible alternative.
Advances on the Role and Applications of Interleukin-1 in Tuberculosis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key player in the immune response to pathogens due to its role in promoting inflammation and recruiting immune cells to the site of infection. In tuberculosis (TB), tight regulation of IL-1 responses is critical to ensure host resistance to infection while preventing immune pathology.
NETwork for Excellent Teaching; A Case Study in University Instructional Development

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Establishing a creditable instructional development program on a university campus is a challenging assignment. Analyzing the situation from a performance technology perspective and using established principles of change agentry can help. The NETwork for Excellent Teaching program is an example of how results can be achieved relatively quickly and with limited re sources. Careful program design reduces some of the standard obstacles. Benefits include enhanced student learning, expanded faculty skills, and greater visibility and status for highquality instruction. This article describes features of the program and critical success factors for initiating and implementing similar programs.
The proline analog L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid modifies the neovascularization pattern by inhibiting branching or tortuosity and stimulating spatial expansion in the rat mesentery.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The L-proline analog L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, LACA, systemically inhibited autogenous mast-cell-mediated angiogenesis in normal rats. LACA was injected s.c. at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day and the angiogenic response was assessed in the mesenteric windows. Angiogenesis was induced by the i.p. injection of a highly-selective activator of the mast cells in situ. At these concentrations, LACA appeared to be non-toxic since it affected neither the physiologic body-weight gain nor the mast-cell secretory capacity in the test tissue. The LACA-treatment markedly reduced (p < or = 0.01) microvascular formation in terms of the number of vessels per unit length of tissue (No/mm) but, at the same time, tended to stimulate the spatial expansion of the newly-formed vasculature in terms of the vascularized area (VA). Since No/mm is a measure that reflects the degree of branching, the degree of tortuosity and VA, the findings suggest that LACA inhibited branching/tortuosity and simultaneously stimulated the spatial expansion of the new microvasculature. The difference in response to LACA in terms of No/mm and VA was highly statistically-significant (p < or = 0.0001). The fact that an agent may affect neovascular branching/tortuosity and spatial extension in a distinctly contradictory fashion has not been reported previously.
Empfehlungen für die interdisziplinäre Betreuung von Patienten mit Riesenzellarteriitis: «Giant Cell Arteritis Hospital Quality Standards» (GHOST)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: GCA is the commonest primary systemic vasculitis in adults, with significant health economic costs and societal burden. There is wide variation in access to secondary care GCA services, with 34% of hospitals in England not having any formal clinical pathway. Quality standards provide levers for change to improve services. Methods: The multidisciplinary steering committee were asked to anonymously put forward up to five aspects of service essential for best practice. Responses were qualitatively analysed to identify common themes, subsequently condensed into domain headings, and ranked in order of importance. Quality standards and metrics for each domain were drafted, requiring a minimum 75% agreement. Results: 13 themes were identified from the initial suggestions. Nine quality standards with auditable metrics were developed from the top 10 themes. Patient Access, glucocorticoid use, pathways, ultrasonography, temporal artery biopsy, PET scan access, rheumatology/ophthalmology expertise, education, multidisciplinary working have all been covered in these quality standards. Access to care is a strand that has run through each of the developed standards. An audit tool was developed as part of this exercise.
Non Seminomatous Mixed Germ Cell Tumor of Testis with a Large Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Extension: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary testicular germ cell tumors (PGCT) can be classified as seminomatous and non-seminomatous germ-cell tumor (NSGCT) types. Mixed germ cell tumors (MGCT), a subtype of NSGCT, contain more than one germ cell components. Here, we present a rare case of a MGCT composed of yolk sack tumor and teratoma which had a continuous large abdominal and retroperitoneal extension. A 43 years old male presented with complaints of discomfort and swelling over the right inguinoscrotal region. Ultrasonography (USG) showed a large ill-defined heteroechoic mass in the right inguinoscrotal region with vascularity and without separate visualization of right testis. Subsequent contrast enhanced Computed Tomography (CT) showed large enhancing mass in the right scrotal sac which was continuous with large abdominopelvic and retroperitoneal mass through the right inguinal canal. Tru-Cut biopsy of the scrotal mass showed MGCT with yolk sac and teratoma component. Patient underwent 6 cycles of chemotherapy followed by Right Radical Inguinal Orchidectomy.
Variations in the Community Structure of Fungal Microbiota Associated with Apple Fruit Shaped by Fruit Bagging-Based Practice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The various fungal communities that adhere to apple fruit are influenced by agricultural practices. However, the effects of fruit bagging-based management practice on the fungal microbiota are still unknown, and little is known about the fungal communities of bagged apple fruit. We conducted a study using apple fruit grown in a conventionally managed orchard where pesticide use is an indispensable practice. Fungal communities were collected from the calyx-end and peel tissues of bagged and unbagged fruit and characterized using barcode-type next-generation sequencing. Fruit bagging had a stronger effect on fungal richness, abundance, and diversity of the fungal microbiota in comparison to non-bagging. In addition, bagging also impacted the compositional variation of the fungal communities inhabiting each fruit part. We observed that fruit bagging had a tendency to maintain ecological equilibrium since Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were more distributed in bagged fruit than in unbagged fruit. These fungal communities consist of beneficial fungi rather than potentially harmful fungi. Approximately 50 dominant taxa were detected in bagged fruit, for example, beneficial genera such as Articulospora, Bullera, Cryptococcus, Dioszegia, Erythrobasidium, and Sporobolomyces, as well as pathogenic genera such as Aureobasidium and Taphrina. These results suggested that fruit bagging could significantly increase fungal richness and promote healthy fungal communities, especially the harmless fungal communities, which might be helpful for protecting fruit from the effects of pathogens. This study provides a foundation for understanding the impacts of bagging-based practice on the associated fungal microbiota.
Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty of Transplant Renal Artery Stenosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: This study aimed to assess the outcome of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) as the primary treatment for transplant renal artery stenosis (TxRAS). Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of PTA of TxRAS from April 1999 to December 2008 was performed. Twenty-seven patients (17 males (M):10 females (F)) with the mean age of 49.5 years underwent PTA of TxRAS in the review period. Indications for PTA were suboptimal control of hypertension (n = 12), impaired renal function (n = 6) and both suboptimal control of hypertension and impaired renal function (n = 9). All patients had doppler ultrasound scans prior to their PTA. In addition, 5 of these patients had computed tomography angiography (CTA) and another 7 had magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) evaluation. Mean follow-up period was 57.0 months (range, 7 to 108 months). Results: The stenotic lesions were located proximal to the anastomosis (n = 2), at the anastomosis (n = 15), and distal to the anastomosis (n = 14). Technical success rate was 96.3%. One case was complicated by extensive dissection during PTA, resulting in subsequent graft failure. The overall clinical success rate was 76.9%. Seven out of 26 patients had restenoses (26.9% of cases). These were detected at a mean of 14.3 months post angioplasty (range, 5 to 38 months). All 7 patients underwent a second PTA successfully. Three of these patients required more than 1 repeat PTA. Conclusion: PTA is safe and effective in the management of symptomatic TxRAS and should be the primary treatment of choice. Close surveillance for restenosis is required and when diagnosed, re-angioplasty can be performed. Key words: Post transplant hypertension, Kidney transplantation, Transplanted kidney failure
Rhodium-graphite- aromatic compoundscatalyzed hydrogenation of carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Rhodium-graphite is easily prepared by reaction of anhydrous rhodium trichloride with 3 equivalemts of potassium graphite (C8K) and is active as an active heterogeneous hydrogenation catalyst for the hydrogenation of carbocyclic and heterocyclic aromatic compounds in hydrocarbon or alcoholic solvents at room temperature and 1 atm of hydrogen pressure.
Estimating the extent of influence of two intrinsic fuelwood properties on acceptance/retention of some woody species in agroforestry practices in southwest Nigeria.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biofuel is presently still central to survival and sustenance of livelihoods in many parts of sub-Sahara African region. Demand for woodfuel in the form of firewood and charcoal is continuously increasing in this region, and it is therefore necessary to devise and sustain feasible production methods bearing in mind the influence of native intelligence, indigenous/traditional knowledge and/or users’ perspectives on their success. In line with this, a survey was carried out by administering questionnaire to 240 respondents in 8 rural communities of Akinyele and Ido Local Government Areas of Oyo State, Nigeria, where the predominant type of agroforestry system practiced is that of scattered trees in croplands, to elicit information on wood species used as fuelwood and preferred by the respondents for incorporation into or retention in most agroforestry plots, out of which 179 (i.e. 75% of the total number of questionnaires administered) were successfully retrieved for statistical analyses. Twelve woody species were selected on the basis of respondents’ preference and prioritization. The mean specific gravity (SG) and net calorific values (NCV) of the species were found to range between 0.42-0.84 g · cm and 14.65-21.88 MJkg respectively. The linear regression equation developed predicting cumulative numerical values (CNV) attached to each ranking position indicating respondents’ preference using SG and NCV together as predictors gave a coefficient of determination (R) of 77.1% with an ANOVA result showing a significant relationship between CNV and SG. Predicting CNV using only SG as a predictor gave R of 75.7% while that for using NCV alone as a predictor gave R of 67.7% with ANOVA showing significant relationship between CNV and each predictor for both equations, respectively. Based on the outcome of the study, it was recommended that users’ perspective, native intelligence and indigenous/traditional knowledge should be part of the criteria for selecting potential fuelwood species for incorporation into or retention in agroforestry systems in this study area and others with similar characteristics. DRVNA INDUSTRIJA 60 (4) 209-218 (2009) 209 ... Erakhrumen: Estimating the Extent of Influence of two Intrinsic Fuelwood Properties... 1 Author is professor at Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria. 1 Autor je profesor u Zavodu za upravljanje {umskim resursima Sveu~ili{ta Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigerija.
Safety training to reduce wood dust : a work method

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Air contaminants remain a problem in SMEs (Karlsson et al., 2006). Research has shown that short-term exposure to air contaminants can cause health risks, and short-term exposure has received low attention compared to long-term measured mean values of different air contaminants. Yet peak exposures often explain a large part of the mean exposure. The aim of this paper is to develop a work method that can be used to control wood dust and improve the work environment of SMEs. The work method was developed by earlier research in the field of safety training and occupational health, but also through interviews with regional safety representatives in wood industries. The work method illustrates several steps, such as risk and control identification of short term exposure, safety training (creation and implementation), and evaluation of safety training, collaboration in safety training, adaptation and implementation of safety training. The work method can be used by safety representatives to control wood dust primarily through safety training, but also to create conditions for further studies on risks and safety in SMEs.
A human in vivo method for assessing reduction of the irritation potential of sodium lauryl sulfate by mild surfactants : validation with an ether carboxylate with two different degrees of ethoxylation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

An in vivo method devised for studying reduction of the irritation potential of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) by added surfactants was validated using an ether carboxylate with two different degrees of ethoxylation. The method involved a two-hour occlusive patching procedure on five consecutive days accompanied by multiple instrumental measurements. Various aqueous solutions combining 1.0% SLS with sodium laureth-5 carboxylate (SLEC-5) or sodium laureth- 13 carboxylate (SLEC- 13) in molar ratios from 1:0.08 to 1:1.00 were applied using Hill Top © chambers on the panelists' lower backs. Measurements of transepidermal water loss, electrical conductance, laser Doppler flowmetry and skin color reflectance were performed. In addition, the skin was visually graded for erythema. A data reduction system was devised to handle the large number of data points. To accomplish this, the degree of skin response caused by 1.0% SLS was used as the reference standard. For each evaluation method, on each day and for each panelist, the molar ratio which induced 50% of the SLS value was used to derive a mean molar ratio for each group of six panelists. The mean molar ratio (i.e., the proportion of SLEC-5 or -13 to neutralize 1.0% SLS) reflects the effectiveness of the ether carboxylate in reducing the SLS irritancy potential. The molar proportions that induced signs of irritation changed with successive patch applications, and increasing amounts of the ether carboxylate were needed to overcome the effects of SLS. Although both SLEC-5 and -13 exerted beneficial effects in reducing SLS irritancy potential, it was clearly demonstrated that SLEC-13 (i.e., the higher ethoxylated surfactant) was more effective in modifying the irritancy potential of SLS than SLEC-5. The various evaluation methods generally showed good correlation but differed somewhat in sensitivity. The method appears to provide the requisite specificity and sensitivity to discriminate differences in the irritancy potential of surfactant mixtures containing SLS.
Determinants of Tobacco Use and Nicotine Dependence Among HealthcareStudents and Their Undergraduate Peers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Global estimates suggest that tobacco will account for 8 million deaths per year by 2030. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2016-17) reported that more than half of men and one in ten women aged 15 years and above smoke in India. Introduction: Health science courses students (HCS), being the future of our health care system, are expected to be more knowledgeable regarding the hazards of tobacco and are considered less likely to use it compared to their peers (non-HCS) from other fields. The aim of the study is to determine the prevalence and determinants of tobacco use and levels of nicotine dependence amongst HCS and non-HCS students. Methods: Web-based survey (response rate of 72%) employing Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) and Fagerström standardized questionnaires (n = 4770 [21.5 (SD: ± 1.61) years: 62% male] was filled by HCS (43.5%) and non-HCS (56.3%) students from three universities. A descriptive, comparative and multivariate analysis was performed. Results: Half of non-HCS and a third of HCS used tobacco, with a higher proportion of male users in both groups. 70% of overall participants showed ‘low nicotine dependence’ with a higher proportion of ‘high dependence’ within the non-HCS group (13.89% vs. 9.2%). There were crucial differences in specific determinants and ages of initiation of tobacco use between the two groups. Conclusion: Tobacco use in HCS, apart from personal health risks, may potentially affect their future commitment to support patients in tobacco cessation programs. There is a need for further research into tobacco prevention and cessation programs tailored to the needs of student groups based on the determinants affecting them.
BMP4 promotes human Sertoli cell proliferation via Smad1/5 and ID2/3 pathway and its abnormality is associated with azoospermia.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Sertoli cell plays critical roles in regulating testis development and spermatogenesis. Any change in the number or biological functions of Sertoli cells can affect the normal formation of spermatozoa. However, the roles and molecular mechanisms of factors in controlling the fate determinations of human Sertoli cells and underlying male infertility remain unknown. Here we have for the first time explored the function and signaling pathway of BMP4 in regulating adult human Sertoli cells and their association with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) patients. Immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry revealed that BMP4 and its multiple receptors were present in human Sertoli cells. Cell proliferation and BrdU incorporation assays showed that BMP4 promoted DNA synthesis and proliferation of Sertoli cells. In contrast, BMP4 antagonist noggin and BMP4 knockdown reduced the division of Sertoli cells. Moreover, BMP4 knockdown inhibited the synthesis of FGF2, SCF, zonula occludens 1, and claudin 11 but enhanced p27kip1 transcription. BMP4 activated Smad1/5 phosphorylation and upregulated ID2 and ID3 transcription, whereas noggin counteracted these increases. Significantly, tissue arrays disclosed that overexpression of BMP4 may be associated with Sertoli cell-only syndrome and maturation arrest in spermatogonia or spermatocytes. BMP4 was identified as the first autocrine factor that regulates the proliferation and protein synthesis of human Sertoli cells via Smad1/5 and ID2/3 and its abnormality is associated with human non-obstructive azoospermia patients. This study thus provides novel insights into molecular mechanism underlying adult human Sertoli cell growth and offers new targets for gene therapy of male infertility.