jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Laws in the social sciences

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The social sciences are often thought to be inferior to the natural sciences because they do not have laws. Bohman writes that “the social sciences have never achieved much in the way of predictive general laws—the hallmark of naturalistic knowledge—and so have often been denied the honorific status of ‘sciences’” (1994, pg. vii). Philosophers have suggested a number of reasons for the dearth of laws in the social sciences, including the frequent use of ceteris paribus conditions in the social sciences, reflexivity, and the use of ‘odd’ concepts. This thesis argues that the scarcity of laws in the social sciences is primarily due to the concepts that social scientists often work with. These concepts are described as Nomadic and are characterised by disagreement about what can reasonably be included within the scope of a concept. The second half of the thesis explores the implications of this analysis. It argues firstly, that counterfactual analysis is problematic when using Nomadic concepts. Secondly, it argues that taking an intentional perspective on behaviour often involves the use of Nomadic concepts so, if social scientists do hope to formulate laws, then they are more likely to succeed if they focus on behaviour that is not intentional.
Integrating Optical Videodisc and CD/ROM Technology to Teach Art History

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study determines the feasibility of combining Level III microcomputer-controlled videodisc instruction with large text-based data searching provided by Compact Disc/Read Only Memory (CD/ROM) technology in an individualized instructional program in Art History. In addition, the project is intended to determine the practicality of repurposing generic videodisc and CD/ROM programs through development of programming macros that can be used by teachers to individualize program content. The National Gallery of Art videodisc and the CD/ROM version of the Grolier Academic American Encyclopedia are used as course software, with a two screen MS-DOS hardware configuration.
Quantitative autoradiography of [3H]norharman [( 3H]beta-carboline) binding sites in the rat brain.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The anatomical distribution of [3H]norharman binding sites was determined by quantitative autoradiography in rat brain slices. They are enriched in hypothalamic, thalamic, accumbens and amygdaloid nuclei as well as in hippocampal, neocortical and olfactory-related structures. The distribution pattern differs from that of other previously described receptors or binding sites (e.g. monoamine oxidase, benzodiazepine, tryptamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C, 5HT2], which suggests that a unique class of [3H]norharman binding sites exists in the rat brain. The findings are consistent with previous experiments which showed high affinity binding sites for [3H]norharman in rat brain membranes (KD 1.552 nM; autoradiography KD 5.5 nM). A correspondence in the displacing activity of drugs was found for both methods (crude membrane fraction: harman much greater than tryptamine much greater than 5-hydroxytryptamine greater than N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG 7142) = diazepam; autoradiography: harman much greater than tryptamine much greater than FG 7142 greater than 5-hydroxytryptamine greater than diazepam). Provided that the binding sites represent functional receptors, the present anatomical findings may explain the biological effects of norharman, e. g. pro-conflict behaviour (limbic-hypothalamic structures), tonic-clonic convulsions (limbic-cortical structures) and alterations of locomotor activity (accumbens nucleus).
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICE MATURITY AND ORGANISATIONAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT MATURITY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT INFRASTRUCTURE DEPARTMENTS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The Project Management Office (PMO) has been associated with organisational project management competence. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence to support this perception. This study examines the relationship of PMO maturity and the nine knowledge areas that describe Organisational Project Management (OPM) by collecting data from 129 PMO executives, staff, and project managers in South African Government Infrastructure Departments (SAGID) using a structured questionnaire. The results show that a PMO’s ‘strategic’ maturity has the highest impact on all nine areas of OPM. It is thus recommended that public organisations need to accelerate the strategic maturity of their PMOs to benefit from them.
Collagen extraction from chicken feet for jelly production

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This work aimed to produce jellies with the collagen extracted from chicken feet. Jelly samples were prepared with flavors of pineapple (GAB) and white chocolate (GCB). Using a hedonic scale, 30 untrained tasters evaluated sensory acceptance and willingness to consume the jellies. Results showed that GCB and GAB samples, respectively, scored 7.8 and 7.4 in the hedonic scale for all sensory attributes; indicating that both products had good acceptance. In relation to the willingness to consume the GCB and GAB samples, 85 and 74% of consumers, respectively, declared that they would consume once a week.
The effect of wheat bran on the intake of energy and nutrients and on serum mineral levels in constipated geriatric patients.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The total intake of energy and nutrients was recorded during 5 consecutive d in ten constipated patients in a geriatric ward. Twenty grams of ordinary or low-phytate wheat bran was then added to their diet and the 5-d food intake was recorded after 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. The intake was generally satisfactory and decreased in only two women on bran treatment. The hospital diet had a high mineral content and calcium, magnesium, zinc and iron levels in serum did not decrease when wheat bran was added to the diet. Consequently no difference was found in serum mineral levels, when ordinary wheat bran was replaced by a low-phytate bran.
Study on the Transmissible Torque of HSK-E50 Toolholder-Spindle Interface

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper introduces a methodology to evaluate and calculate the transmissible torque of the HSK-E tool system based on FEM. Calculation method of the transmissible torque and building of the FEM analysis model was first introduced. Using the model to analyze the effect of the interference, spindle speed, and drawbar force on the stress distributions of the contact surfaces of toolholder-spindle interface, then the transmissible torque is finally calculated. The results show that the HSK-E tool system satisfies high speed cutting requirements provided that reasonable parameters of the interference and the drawbar force are designed.
Cryptanalyze shift register based-Stream Cipher Using Innovative DNA Trees Clustering Model to

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper presents a novel approach that merges the abilities of the biological environment with the concept of hierarchical trees to attack a specific stream cipher. The model being presented introduces a systematic method that targets a group of stream ciphers, such as the GCM family, these devices are composed of components that are suitable for the proposed method. A restricted set of binaries for the final key sequence is required to implement this technique as an input. The attacked algorithm comprises feedback shift registers, memories, delays, and so on. The stream ciphers are widely used in modern encryption to secure communication devices, so any attempt to analyze or attack it is of the utmost importance. The results of this method have been confirmed to lead to the destruction of the cipher's security. Many novelties and contributions of the present work can be summarized as follows: firstly, the key generator's components are attacked individually, disrupting the cohesion between them. This was not possible previously except in rare cases and under difficult conditions. Secondly, the method of verifying the correct initial values is unrelated to the generator's operation. Thirdly, the technique applies biological concepts and processes to laboratory test tubes for genetic engineering, it can be said that the prepared model targets a broad class of stream key generators, rather than a single algorithm. The proposed technique requires a specific and deterministic number of final key sequence bits, which are easy to provide. The proposed technique creates a search ℇ-tree in the style of hierarchical clusters, in which the first level contains ℇ nodes. Then each successive level contains the square of ℇ nodes of the number of nodes in the previous level, and the root is composed of the total solution space of the stream key generator and produces the nodes of each level from the intersection of the cluster contents in the test tubes for all clusters in the level above it. The contribution and novelty of the present work is cryptanalyzing and attacking shift register-based stream key generators involves fragmentation. The attacking principle entails disassembling generator components from registers and individually attacking them. DNA logic clustering aids in this process, as the strength of these generators relies on component cohesion. Because the components are cryptanalyzed individually, the time complexity of the attack is equal to O(C2N), where N is the length of the largest component, and C is a constant.
Predicting the geographic distribution of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae) and visceral leishmaniasis in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

To understand the geographic distribution of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul (MS), Brazil, both the climatic niches of Lutzomyia longipalpis and VL cases were analysed. Distributional data were obtained from 55 of the 79 counties of MS between 2003-2012. Ecological niche models (ENM) of Lu. longipalpis and VL cases were produced using the maximum entropy algorithm based on eight climatic variables. Lu. longipalpis showed a wide distribution in MS. The highest climatic suitability for Lu. longipalpis was observed in southern MS. Temperature seasonality and annual mean precipitation were the variables that most influenced these models. Two areas of high climatic suitability for the occurrence of VL cases were predicted: one near Aquidauana and another encompassing several municipalities in the southeast region of MS. As expected, a large overlap between the models for Lu. longipalpis and VL cases was detected. Northern and northwestern areas of MS were suitable for the occurrence of cases, but did not show high climatic suitability for Lu. longipalpis . ENM of vectors and human cases provided a greater understanding of the geographic distribution of VL in MS, which can be applied to the development of future surveillance strategies.
High surface area hypercrosslinked microporous organic polymer networks based on tetraphenylethylene for CO2 capture

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A series of hypercrosslinked microporous organic copolymer networks was synthesized via Friedel–Crafts alkylation of tetraphenylethylene (TPE) and/or 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane-1,2-diol (TPD) promoted by anhydrous FeCl3.
Association of learning environment and self-directed learning ability among nursing undergraduates: a cross-sectional study using canonical correlation analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives This study explores the relationship between the perception of the learning environment and self-directed learning (SDL) ability among nursing undergraduates. Design, setting and participants A cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2020 with 1096 junior and senior undergraduate nursing students (aged 16–22) from Wannan Medical College in Anhui Province, China. Outcome measures The Chinese version of the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure questionnaire and a validated Chinese version of college students’ SDL ability scale were used to assess students’ perceptions about their learning environment and their SDL ability. Canonical correlation analysis was performed to evaluate their correlation. Results The total score for the learning environment was 120.60 (scoring rate: 60.30%), and the score for SDL ability was 89.25 (scoring rate: 63.75%). Analysis indicated that the first canonical correlation coefficient was 0.701 and the contribution rate was 94.26%. The perception of the learning environment was mainly determined by students’ perception of learning (SPL) and academic self-perceptions (SASP), with SDL ability mainly determined by self-management ability and cooperative learning ability. SPL and SASP were positively correlated with self-management ability and cooperative learning ability. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that SPL, SASP, students’ perceptions of atmosphere and students’ social self-perceptions had a significant impact on SDL ability. Conclusions The SDL ability of nursing undergraduates was not high. SPL and SASP were positively correlated with self-management ability and cooperative learning ability. Nursing educators can improve students’ SDL ability by changing their learning environment, using, for example, new student-centred teaching methods.
Velocity measurements in the nip region of a co-rotating twin-screw extruder using laser Doppler anemometry

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The laser Doppler anemometer (LDA) technique has been successfully applied to measure the local velocities in the nip region of a twin-screw extruder. Tangential and axial components of velocity for heavy corn syrup were measured below and on either side of the nip. The experimental data show that the flow in the nip region is asymmetric and highly three dimensional. Highest velocity gradients were observed below the nip, and the maximum tangential velocity occurred 2 to 3 mm below the nip. Leakage flow between flights was also detected. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Adv in Polym Techn 16: 97–104, 1997
OCCURENCE OF PHALLOTOXINS IN AMERICAN COLLECTIONS OFAMANITA VIROSA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A thin–layer Chromatographie method usig silica Gel, Silicar–7GF in ethyl acetate-isopropyl alcohol-water-conc. ammonium hydroxide (45:35:15:5) proved suitable for the rapid detection of phalloidin and phallacidin in Amanita virosa Lam. ex Secr. extracts. This is the first time a phallotoxin was ever reported to be present in American collections of deadly Amanitas. The phalloidin spot was present in higher concentration, whereas phallacidin was relatively less. Purification of the extracts enhanced the appearance of phallotoxins several of which were masked by many impurities in the crude extract. Such impurities did not affect visualization of the amanitins because of their greater sensitivity to color reagents. This purification technique, however, eliminated β-amanitin (acidic), and much of α-amanitin (neutral). Prolonged exposure of the chromatograms to the fumes of hydrochloric acid vapor is very essential for visualization of the phallotoxins.
The germline p53 activation syndrome: A new patient further refines the clinical phenotype

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The tumor suppressor p53 has well known roles in cancer development and germline cancer predisposition disorders, but increasing evidence supports the role of activation of this transcription factor in the pathogenesis of inherited bone marrow failure and chromosomal instability disorders. Here we report a patient with red cell aplasia, which was steroid responsive, as well as intellectual disability, seizures, microcephaly, short stature, cellular radiosensitivity, and normal telomere lengths, who had a germline heterozygous C‐terminal frameshift variant in TP53 similar to others that activate the transcription factor. This is the third reported individual with a germline p53 activation syndrome, with several unique features that refine the clinical disease associated with these variants.
Iran’s Strategic Behaviour Against ISIS: Religio-Cultural Context of Shrines and Martyrdom

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The killing of Qassem Soleimani in 2020 again brought the religio-cultural significance of ‘martyrdom’ into limelight in Iran. He got recognized as the ‘Defender-Martyr of Holy Shrine’ given his role against ISIS in protecting the Shi’i holy shrines. This article analyses the relationship between ‘shrines and ‘martyrdom’ in Iran’s strategy against ISIS. It uses the strategic culture approach to understand Iran’s threat perception of ISIS and how the narratives of ‘defence of shrines’ and ‘martyrdom-seeking’ reinforce each other in Iran’s support to the ‘Defenders of Holy Shrines’. It analyses socialization in the Shi’i religious culture on the part of the Iranian policy elite, which influenced Iran’s strategic preferences against ISIS.
Two new records of inquiline wasp of the genus Saphonecrus Dalla Torre & Kieffer, 1910 from Turkey, their associated galls and hosts (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Synergini)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Gazi University Scientific Research Project Unit (BAP-05/2007-40), Pamukkale University Scientific Research Project Unit (2010BSP016)
Facilitating Visitation in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Examining the Influence of Parental Feeding Involvement

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Each year thousands of infants in the United States are admitted to a Neonatal intensive Care Unit (NICU). These units exist to provide highly specialized care to a wide array of newborns in critical condition. However, the care provided by hospitals must be coupled with care and involvement from the infantâ€™s family in order for there to be a truly successful outcome. This study aimed to determine if parents who were more actively involved in the feeding of their infants were more likely to visit their children in the NICU. As part of a larger multi-methods study, this project analyzed medical chart data, visitation logs, and questionnaires completed by 30 parents of children admitted to a large Level III/ Level IV NICU in the southeastern US. Findings indicated that parents who reported higher levels of participation in feeding rituals during their childâ€™s NICU stay were more likely to spend longer periods of time in the NICU than the parents who reported lower levels of participation. As more and more children are admitted to the NICU each year, it is important for healthcare providers to improve their methods for facilitating visitation. This research indicates that when hospitals take action to involve parents in caregiving, there is potential for increased visitation.
Eastern European Development and Soviet Subsidies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter discusses the development of Eastern Europe and the Soviet subsidies. It details the emerging strains in the Soviet welfare empire by the early 1970s, as policymakers across Eastern Europe turned to debt-driven development. Eastern European plans irritated the Soviet Union due to their reliance on Western credit and their success turned on the Kremlin's willingness to deliver extensive material support, especially fuel to power the industries. The chapter notes that Soviet socialism proved effective at promoting extensive economic development during the first two decades of the Cold War. It explains how the global oil crisis of 1973 challenged Soviet tolerance.
SOME BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS FOR ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS, AND THE LIE ALGEBRAS ASSOCIATED WITH THEM

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The results presented in this paper are connected with the solvability of boundary value problems for second-order elliptic differential equations in a bounded region with smooth boundary. A typical feature of these problems is that the Lopatinskiĭ conditions for them can fail to hold on very massive subsets of the boundary. The solvability properties of the problems under study turn out to be closely connected with the behavior of certain vector fields on the boundary of the region, with not only the leading homogeneous part of the boundary operator but also its first-order terms involved in the formation of the fields.Bibliography: 21 titles.
Knobby Eye Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Irregular equatorial or posterior staphylomata are common in strabismic axial high myopes, acting, like "cams" affixed to the normally spherical globe so that they may have no mechanical effect until rotating eccentrically against muscles. After rotational contact, staphylomata would nonlinearly increase muscle tension with further duction. Imaging may be clinically informative about this "knobby eye syndrome."
Numerical Renormalization Group Study of non-Fermi-liquid State on Dilute Uranium Systems

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the non-Fermi-liquid (NFL) behavior of the impurity Anderson model (IAM) with non-Kramers doublet ground state of the f$^2$ configuration under the tetragonal crystalline electric field (CEF). The low energy spectrum is explained by a combination of the NFL and the local-Fermi-liquid parts which are independent with each other. The NFL part of the spectrum has the same form to that of two-channel-Kondo model (TCKM). We have a parameter range that the IAM shows the $- \ln T$ divergence of the magnetic susceptibility together with the positive magneto resistance. We point out a possibility that the anomalous properties of U$_x$Th$_{1-x}$Ru$_2$Si$_2$ including the decreasing resistivity with decreasing temperature can be explained by the NFL scenario of the TCKM type. We also investigate an effect of the lowering of the crystal symmetry. It breaks the NFL behavior at around the temperature, $δ/10$, where $δ$ is the orthorhombic CEF splitting. The NFL behavior is still expected above the temperature, $δ/10$.
Deep brain stimulation of both subthalamic nucleus and internal globus pallidus restores intracortical inhibition in Parkinson's disease paralleling apomorphine effects: a paired magnetic stimulation study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We investigated the effect of bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) and internal globus pallidus (GPi) deep brain stimulation (DBS) on intracortical inhibition (ICI) in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD).
Identification of diesel-tolerant rhizobacteria of Scirpus mucronatus

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, rhizobacteria were isolated from the roots of Scirpus mucronatus grown in diesel-contaminated soil. In a range finding test, microorganisms were isolated from soils contaminated with diesel in concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 100, and 200 g/kg. The number of colonies isolated was 38. After morphological and chemical tests, the number of bacteria colonies isolated was reduced from 38 to 35 bacteria. Of these, 23 bacterial isolates survived on 9 and 15% diesel-spiked mineral salt medium (MSM) after 5 days of exposure. Vitek® 2 Compact (France) identified three species of bacteria that could survive in the diesel-spiked plates, namely, Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Rhizobium radiobacter, andBacillus pumilus.

Key words: Rhizobacteria, diesel-tolerant, Scirpus mucronatus, phytoremediation, range finding test.