jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear Least Squares Estimation for Parameters of Mixed Weibull Distributions by Using Particle Swarm Optimization

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Mixed Weibull distributions are widely used in lifetime modeling of products with multiple failure modes. It is difficult to estimate parameters of the mixed Weibull distribution since it contains multiple parameters. A parameter estimation model for the mixed Weibull distributions is proposed based on nonlinear least squares estimation (LSE). An approach of determining parameters' approximate values and rough bounds is presented for selecting good starting points used in the particle swarm optimization (PSO) procedure. The PSO solution of the nonlinear LSE method is proposed by a step-by-step procedure. A case study is given to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of our proposed method. Compared with the genetic algorithm (GA)-based nonlinear LSE method, our method shows advantages in both accuracy and efficiency. And compared with the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) method, our method shows significant advantages in efficiency.
The Psychoanalyst in the Community of Scholars

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Psychoanalyst have always had the greatest admiration for the deceptively simple essay by Freud, and psychoanalyst continue to hold his formulation in high regard. It is psychoanalyst conviction, however, that it refers to a factor that is in the long run no more decisive than the social and psychological forces of which psychoanalyst spoke earlier. As psychoanalyst have intimated: psychoanalyst think that the present occasion transcends the personal, that it represents a step toward the integration of analysis into the community of scholars. People universities should be the proving ground where scholars test alternative means of support for the survival of human life in its physical, biological, and psychological dimensions. True enough, courage would be required if a university were to make a serious attempt to implement the kind of program psychoanalyst have in mind. Psychoanalyst thinking of the introduction of empathy into the university in two specific, interconnected ways: first, its employment and its employment.
Seed extracts of a Bangladeshi medicinal plant Abrus precatorius L. show antifertility activity in female rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The seed powder of Abrus precatorius L. has traditionally been used as oral contraceptive agent by the women in some rural areas in Bangladesh. The present study aimed to examine the antifertility activity of A. precatorius seed extracts in experimental female rats. Finely ground seeds were extracted with aqueous acetone followed by successive partitioning with n-hexane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), methanol (MeOH) and water. Water suspended crude seed powder, organic fractions of acetone extract and a standard contraceptive drug ($Nordette^{(R)}28$) were separately administered orally to the female rats for 30 days. n-Hexane, EtOAc and MeOH solubles at the doses of 2, 4 and 6 mg/rat/day, respectively and crude seed powder at 100 mg/rat/day exhibited 100% antifertility activity with lowest levels of serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and $17{\beta}$-estradiol. Histological study of ovary and uterus of these rats exhibited reduced number of developing follicles and increased number of atretic follicles in the ovary, and fewer uterine glands with shrunken morphology, reduced endometrial height, poor vascularity and compact stroma in uterus. However, the activities of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase and the body weight of the rats remained almost unaffected in all the seed extract treated rats compared to control. These results suggest that A. precatorius seed extracts reduced the levels of serum FSH, LH and $17{\beta}$-estradiol probably by affecting hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The reduced levels of these hormones might have affected the oestrous cycle, follicular development, and subsequently the establishment of pregnancy in treated rats.
Secondary α-Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects:  Assumptions Simplifying Interpretations of Mechanisms of Solvolyses of Secondary Alkyl Sulfonates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

For solvolyses of 2-propyl and cyclopentyl sulfonates, logarithms of alpha-deuterium kinetic isotope effects (alpha-KIE) correlate linearly with logarithms of nucleophilic solvent assistance (NSA); correlations have the same slopes, but different intercepts, consistent with both solvent and structural effects on alpha-KIEs for heterolysis, further supported by recent theoretical and experimental data. It is argued that alpha- and beta-KIEs cannot yet distinguish between mechanisms proceeding via one or more transition states of similar energies. Structural, solvent, and isotope effects can be rationalized by heterolysis accompanied by NSA.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Alkyl‐1,2,4‐triazoles: A New One‐Pot Regiospecific Procedure.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Alkylation of 4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (I) with the alkyl halides (II) produces regioselectively the 1‐alkyl‐4‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazolium salts (III) which are converted into the title compounds (IV) by deamination with sodium nitrite/hydrochloric acid.
Phenomenon of Average Stock Returns of LQ45 Index Companies in 2017-2022

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The study aims to determine the effect of stock beta and financial performance on stock returns by using stock beta, current ratio (CR), debt to equity ratio (DER), price to book value (PBV), net profit margin (NPM) as measuring instruments for the dependent variable and using stock return as measuring instrument for the independent variable. The sample population of the study was 32 companies in the LQ45 Index for the period 2017-2022. Purposive sampling is the sampling technique for this study. The results of the study found that there were differences in research results before and during the Covid-19 pandemic. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, stock beta, current ratio (CR), price to book value (PBV), Net Profit Margin (NPM) had a significant positive effect on stock returns and debt to equity ratio (DER) had a significant negative effect on stock returns. During the Covid-19 pandemic, stock beta, current ratio (CR), price to book value (PBV), net profit margin (NPM) had a significant negative effect on stock returns and debt to equity ratio (DER) had a significant positive effect on stock returns.
Morphology and Dry Matter Accumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seedlings Under Drought Conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Drought is one of the main limitations of rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and is a severe problem in many regions in the world. In Vietnam, drought affects approximately 22% of the area under rice cultivation and usually occurs during the vegetative stage. One of the difficulties in breeding rice for drought tolerance is the lack of genotypic variation among rice populations. In this study, seedlings of 172 rice varieties from different regions around the world were screened under drought and non–drought conditions in order to explore response to drought stress among different rice genotypes. Considerable variation in the leaf rolling index (LRI), shoot dry weight, root dry weight (RDW), shoot length (SL), root length (RL), and drought resistance index (DRI) was found between rice varieties over two screening periods. There were positive correlations between DRI and drought to control ratios in RDW, SL, and RL. A negative correlation between DRI and LRI among varieties suggested that LRI might be useful a drought tolerance indicator in rice seedlings. These negative correlations were greater in early afternoon observations than in morning observations. Correlations were also greater in the early stages of drought stress than under severe drought. These results indicate that leaf rolling should be observed in the early afternoon (when drought stress is at its daily maximum) and in the early stages of drought development, before stress becomes severe.
Fauna of Horseflies (Diptera, Tabanidae) of the South of the Middle Russian Forest-Steppe and Adjoining Steppe Territories

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The available data on horsefl ies of the south of the Middle Russian forest-steppe and adjoining steppe territories within Belgorod and Voronezh provinces of Russia and Kharkov Province of Ukraine are summarized, analyzed, and clarified
CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN RABBIT (ORYCTOLAGUS C. CUNICULUS L.) AN EXPERIMENT TO COMPARE THE EFFICIENCY OF GIN TRAPPING, FERRETING AND CYANIDE GASSING

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two similar adjacent areas of grass‐heath were enclosed by rabbit‐proof netting and the bulk of the rabbits on one area removed by gin trapping (in the holes) and on the other by ferreting. Trapping was followed by pump gassing and ferreting in its turn by spoon gassing, with a cyanogenetic powder. Gin trapping yielded a higher return of rabbits per man hour (1.5) than ferreting (1.0), particularly during the initial stages of clearance. Ferreting gave a steady return. Pump gassing of burrows, when surface‐living rabbits were present, proved ineffective, owing to re‐opening of holes from the outside. Spoon gassing of burrows, integrated with the removal of surface‐living rabbits by ‘dog and gun’, was successful but expensive in time (0.5 rabbits per man hour), compared with gin trapping and ferreting. The valuable place of ‘dog and gun’ in planned rabbit clearance was clearly demonstrated. Trapping yielded equal numbers of bucks and does. Ferreting yielded a higher proportion of does. Spoon gassing (after ferreting) yielded more bucks than does when the holes were dug out. Surface‐living rabbits were predominantly bucks.
Oral-facial-digital type 1 syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This chapter discusses oral-facial-digital type 1 syndrome (OFD1), which represents a rare syndromic form of inherited renal cystic disease associated with dysfunction of primary cilia. The disease is transmitted as an X-linked dominant male lethal trait. Embryonic lethality in affected hemizygous males is usually reported in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. The clinical spectrum for this disease includes malformation of the face, oral cavity, and digits with a high degree of phenotypic variability, even within the same family, possibly due to X-inactivation. Renal cystic disease is present in over 65% of adult cases and is usually observed in the second and third decades of life.
PDAKE: A Provably Secure PUF-Based Device Authenticated Key Exchange in Cloud Setting

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we study on how to construct an authenticated key exchange protocol in a device based authentication setting where an user who has a PUF-based device and its multi-factor authenticators desires to mutually authenticate a server. Generally, in a secure multi-factor authentication schemes, any adversary cannot impersonates a valid users unless A fully corrupts all multi-factor authenticators. However, in recent PUF-based device authenticated key exchange schemes, we observe a new impersonation attack that any adversary with only PUF's output is always able to impersonate any user. We first analyze how recent schemes are vulnerable against the new attack. Then we build a secure PUF-based device authenticated key exchange (PDAKE) with provable result. Since in our PDAE, user's device is an important authenticator, it is well applicable to establish a secure channel in multi-factor based FIDO (fast identification online) or cloud setting service like storage and e-mail services.
The North Texas Regional Institute For Educators On The Visual Arts, A Proposal to: The Amon G. Carter Foundation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A proposal to the Amon G. Carter Foundation by the University of North Texas, DFW public schools, DFW museums, and regional and state art councils, inviting Amon G. Carter to participate in the establishment of the North Texas Regional Institute for Educators on the Visual Arts through a three-year grant. The grant will be devoted to leadership training, staff development, and the implementation of a discipline-based visual arts program at the elementary school level. Included in the proposal is a broken down budget about the division of money through NTIEVA's consortia. The authors believe that the arts are an important component of a well-balanced educational program after studying educational reform.
A Study on 28 Cases with Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We investigated the data of 28 patients (23 men and 5 women) with sinonasal inverted papilloma who were treated at our hospital between January 2002 and December 2015. The average age of the patients was 60.1 (range, 38–77 yo). The most common presenting symptom, unilateral nasal obstruction, was seen in 75% of cases. Of the 28 patients, one case had inverted papilloma accompanied by squamous cell carcinoma. The tumors were classified by the Krouse staging system based on the findings in computed tomographic (CT) images, as follows; T1, 3 cases; T2, 16 cases; T3, 6 cases; T4, 2 cases (1 case with no data on the imaging findings was excluded). Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed in 8 patients, and we considered that the MRI was useful to evaluate the tumor extent. According to the result of preoperative biopsy or intraoperative rapid diagnosis, 15 cases were diagnosed as having inverted papilloma before or during surgery. All patients were treated by surgery. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) was mainly performed for the T1 and T2 cases, while ESS combined with other procedures was performed for the T3 and T4 cases. Postoperative recurrence occurred in 8 cases (29.6%).
Non-Sequential Striping for Distributed Storage Systems with Different Redundancy Schemes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Modern distributed storage systems often store redundant data in multiple replications or erasure coding according to their access frequencies. Multiple replications scheme is well-performance for hot data while erasure coding scheme is storage-efficient for warm and cold data. When hot data turn cold, an encoding procedure starts to do the conversion. However, due to sequential striping, current conversion methods do not perform well for different data layouts, and cause risky blocks and expensive network consumption.In this paper, we propose Sice, a new encoder which deploys non-sequential striping. It constructs non-sequential stripes according to the data layout, performs conversion quickly with low overheads and ends to no reduction of system reliability. The results of both simulation and evaluation show that Sice gains almost the same good performance for different data layouts and has a great scalability. Sice helps HDFS-RAID reduce network consumption by about 65% and reduce influence on concurrent I/O-intensive applications by about 60%.
Preparation and Characterization of the PVA/TiO2 Composite Polymer Membrane and its Application on Alkaline DMFC

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel poly(vinyl alcohol)/titanium dioxide (PVA/TiO2) composite polymer membrane was prepared by a sol-gel method. The characteristic properties of PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite polymer membranes were systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), methanol permeability and AC impedance spectroscopy. It was found that the addition of the TiO2 fillers into the PVA polymer matrix was improved their ionic conductivities, thermal and mechanical properties, and dimensional stability. It was also found that alkaline DMFC with the PVA/TiO2 composite polymer membrane showed excellent electrochemical performance at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. As a result, the maximum power density of alkaline DMFC in a mixture solution of 8M KOH + 2M CH3OH is 18.42 mW cm-2 at 60oC and ambient air.
Beyond model answers: learners’ perceptions of self-assessment materials in e-learning applications

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The importance of feedback as an aid to self-assessment is widely acknowledged. A common form of feedback that is used widely in e-learning is the use of model answers. However, model answers are deficient in many respects. In particular, the notion of a ‘model’ answer implies the existence of a single correct answer applicable across multiple contexts with no scope for permissible variation. This reductive assumption is rarely the case with complex problems that are supposed to test students’ higher-order learning. Nevertheless, the challenge remains of how to support students as they assess their own performance using model answers and other forms of non-verificational ‘feedback’. To explore this challenge, the research investigated a management development e-learning application and investigated the effectiveness of model answers that followed problem-based questions. The research was exploratory, using semi-structured interviews with 29 adult learners employed in a global organisation. Given interviewees’ generally negative perceptions of the model-answers, they were asked to describe their ideal form of self-assessment materials, and to evaluate nine alternative designs. The results suggest that, as support for higher-order learning, self-assessment materials that merely present an idealised model answer are inadequate. As alternatives, learners preferred materials that helped them understand what behaviours to avoid (and not just ‘do’), how to think through the problem (i.e. critical thinking skills), and the key issues that provide a framework for thinking. These findings have broader relevance within higher education, particularly in postgraduate programmes for business students where the importance of prior business experience is emphasised and the profile of students is similar to that of the participants in this research.DOI: 10.1080/09687760601129539
Antibacterial Activity of Chitooligosaccharides Derived from the Hydrolysis of Complex Consisting of Chitosan and Hyaluronic Acid

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The complex of chitosan and hyaluronic acid was treated with enzyme to obtain chitosan oligosaccharide designated to COS hereafter. The degree of decomposition was confirmed by reducing sugar quantitative method, and the molecular weight size was confirmed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry analysis. Based on the fact that the substrate specificity of the enzyme is highly dependent on temperature, substrate concentration, and pH, etc, the COS obtained by treating a mixture of chitosan and hyaluronic acid, which physically mixes well, under the non-optimal reaction conditions of the chitosanase. Accordingly, it exhibited very significant antibacterial activity against Meticillin Resistant Stapylococcs aureus (MRSA). As a method for controlling molecular weight of COS, it was intended to propose a new enzyme usage as a study to identify the characteristics of the hydrolysates according to the reaction delay and enzyme activity through complex formation.
Federalism and the Commerce Clause: A Comparative Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The U.S. Supreme Court has on numerous occasions addressed the constitutionality of state taxes under the U.S. Constitution (most often under the Commerce Clause, but sometimes under the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses). In general, the Supreme Court has granted wide leeway to the states to adopt any tax system they wish, only striking down the most egregious cases of discrimination against out-of-state residents. Thus, for example, the Court has generally refused to intervene against state tax competition to attract business into the state. It has twice upheld a method of calculating how much income of a multinational enterprise can be taxed by a state that is widely seen as both incompatible with the methods used by the Federal government and other countries, and as potentially producing double taxation. And it has allowed states to impose higher income taxes on importers than on exporters through the use of so-called "single factor sales formulas," under which a business pays tax to the state only if it makes sales to residents of the state, but not if it makes sales outside the state. Most recently, the Supreme Court has refused to intervene in two cases in which states imposed income taxes on an "economic nexus" theory on taxpayers with no physical presence in the taxing state.
Overview of the Genus Pseudocercospora on Vitaceous Plants in Korea with Introduction of Pseudocercospora neovitis sp. nov.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Several Pseudocercospora species were recognized as leaf spot pathogens on various vitaceous plants worldwide. Of them, Pseudocercospora vitis on Vitis spp. and Ps. ampelopsidis on Ampelopsis glandulosa var. heterophylla were reported to occur in Korea to date. The species diversity of the genus Pseudocercospora associated with vitaceous plants in Korea was revised in the scope of multigene sequence analyses and detailed morphological examinations. This study includes the introduction of new host finding for Ps. vitis, Vitis labrusca × Vitis vinifera "Campbell Early" in Korea, and one new species, Ps. neovitis sp. nov. on Vitis flexuosa. Illustrations of diseased plants with micrographs of pathogens, generated phylogenetic trees, and a discussion, including comparisons with related Pseudocercospora species are presented here.
Abrupt Withdrawal of Maintenance Methadone

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Sudden withdrawal from high levels of methadone hydrochloride can be anticipated when patients in methadone maintenance programs are arrested, hospitalized, or stopped in their treatment by other extraneous reasons. While there is general concern that such abrupt withdrawal can be dangerous, the four cases which are presented indicate that the principal responses are subjective, with little in the way of objective physical reactions.
Threshold values of characteristics of atmosphere instability during thunderstorms

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The peculiarities of the development of strong convection in the atmosphere of Western Siberia, Gorny Altay and the Far East were studied on grounds of some characteristics. First of all, it is dynamics of parameters describing temperature stratification of the atmosphere up to the height of 5 km. The integrated characteristics, which, in addition to temperature stratification, include the estimation of humidity of different atmospheric layers, make up the second group. The third group of characteristics is indices evaluating the energy of convective potential of atmosphere. The forth group comprises indices describing vertical and horizontal flows in the atmosphere. The threshold values of some indices at which the thunderstorms are formed are defined.
In Search of Acyclic Analogues as Universal Nucleosides in Degenerate Probes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Five acyclic nucleoside analogues with unnatural base moieties have been synthesized of which three successfully were incorporated into oligonucleotides. The acyclic analogue containing the base 5-nitroindazole was the least discriminating and should be further pursued for use as a universal nucleoside analogue.