jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Formation of taste-active pyroglutamyl peptide ethyl esters in sake by rice koji peptidases

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Formation of taste-active pyroglutamyl (pGlu) peptide ethyl esters in sake was investigated: 2 enzymes (A and B) responsible for the esterification were purified from a rice koji extract. MADLI-TOF/TOF analysis after deglycosylation identified enzyme (A) as peptidase S28 (GenBank accession number OOO13707.1) and enzyme (B) as serine-type carboxypeptidase (accession number AO090010000534). Both enzymes hydrolyzed pGlu peptides and formed ethyl esters under sake mash conditions: acidic pH (3-4) and in ethanol (5%-20% v/v) aqueous solutions. Enzyme (A) formed pGlu penta-peptide ethyl esters from pGlu undeca-peptides by a prolyl endo-type reaction. Enzyme (B) formed (pGlu) deca-peptide and its ethyl esters from pGlu undeca-peptides in an exo-type reaction. We are the first to report the enzymatic ethyl esterification reaction in the formation of pGlu peptides by rice koji peptidases.
population

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The evolutionary conservation of a housekeeping gene such as G6PD is greater than that of tissue-specific genes, presumably because the latter may require more specific adaptation to the physiology of individual organisms. The abundance of distinct mutation sites and their clinical manifestations make G6PD ideal for structure-function analysis. Therefore, it is of interest to screen of G6PD deficiency in the blood donors in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We report the mean and variation of enzyme activity in a huge set of Suadi to non-Saudi population with reference to the entire population. The sequence level conservation of G6PD among distant species is demonstrated using phylogenetic trees. These observations have implications in the sequence-structure-function understanding of G6PD with reference to its association to several human diseases.
‘Because it matters’

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Basic economic logic, which often simplifies assessments and explanations of agricultural policy issues, is vitally important in communicating with policy‐makers. Resources are limited, and there is a premium on getting decisions at least approximately right first time. Examples from southern Africa illustrate the importance of parity pricing, and its links to household food security (Lesotho), price risk, the emergence of an agricultural futures market, and its central role in allocating scarce agricultural resources (South Africa). Insights derived from an appreciation of parity pricing are relevant in other national contexts and also help explain how international grain markets operate. The parity pricing concept provides a framework for sense‐checking complicated debates relating to two issues that have been prominent in recent years; first, whether and to what extent speculation in futures markets has been a driver of agricultural price spikes, and second, how far indirect land use change (ILUC), triggered by the use of agricultural feedstocks to produce renewable energy, is a material issue. These issues are likely to be of heightened importance in the face of climate change. Each emphasises that agricultural economics matters, and that it matters that we get the economics right.
An Expert Elicitation Analysis for Vessel Allision Risk Near the Offshore Wind Farm by Using Fuzzy Rule-Based Bayesian Network

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper develops an expert based framework for analysing and synthesising the ship allision risk near the offshore wind farm (OWF) on the basis of a generic Fuzzy Bayesian network and FMEA analysis. This framework is specifically intended to overcome the difficulty of using traditional risk assessment methods in OWF allision. Under the introduced framework, subjective belief degrees are assigned to model the incompleteness encountered in establishing the knowledge base. The fuzzy transformation technology is then used to introduce all judgements results under various situations. Fully, a Bayesian network is established to aggregate all relevant attributes to the conclusion and to prioritise potential allision risk level of each ship categories. A series of case studies of different ship categories are studied to illustrate the application of the proposed framework. Results show that the fishing vessel and the service vessel have a higher allision risk than the merchant vessel due to insufficient risk detection. The collision consequence of the tanker is significantly higher than other types of vessel. The framework facilitates subjective risk assessment when historical failure data is not available in their practice, which provides support to OWF-safeguarding and decision-making.
Mechanism design and simulation about the Exoskeleton Intelligence System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The current research status and the problems had been summarized about the exoskeleton intelligence systems in worldwide. Human lower limbs movement data had been collected by using the VICON 460 infrared motion capture system, NOVEL pedar insole plantar pressure measure system and CASIO high speed camera. After the data had been researched, the key characteristics parameters were obtained for the human motion recognition. The results indicated that the optimal knee joint ankle was at 157°, as the assisted power was added. Foot arch GHI peak force was at 80N when hopping upward occurred, but foot arch GHI peak force was less when hopping forward occurred. The Lower Limb Exoskeleton Intelligence System model(LLEIS) had been accomplished under UG NX6.0 and exported into ADAMS R3 for the kinematics and dynamics simulation. The agreement of the final computation results with the experimental data indicates this system could be used to assist human hopping intelligently and enhance the effect of the hopping in the field of the human performance augmentation.
Relationship between occupational commitment and ascribed importance of organisational characteristics

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose This purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between dimensions of commitment to the profession of business, and ascribed importance of various organisational characteristics to the first full‐time job following graduation. Design/methodology/approach Business administration students ( n =446) completed surveys on dimensions of their commitment to the profession of business and the importance they ascribed to having certain organisational characteristics in their first full‐time job ( n =132). Confirmatory factor analysis of commitment scales, principal component analysis of organisational characteristics, and canonical correlations were used. Findings Affective occupational commitment was differentially, positively associated with the importance ascribed to working in an organisation that offers opportunities for professional development. Normative occupational commitment was differentially, positively associated with the importance ascribed to working in a reputable organisation that is devoted to diversity and social responsibility. Research limitations/implications Additional evaluation using multi‐source and behavioural data would be useful. Practical implications Knowledge of the relationship between types of occupational commitment and desired organisational characteristics among university students could inform organisational positioning relative to recruitment. Originality/value Results reported in this paper demonstrate the potential relevance of occupational commitment components into the processes of recruitment and applicant attraction among university students.
Grapevine Virology in the Third-Generation Sequencing Era: From Virus Detection to Viral Epitranscriptomics

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Among all economically important plant species in the world, grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) is the most cultivated fruit plant. It has a significant impact on the economies of many countries through wine and fresh and dried fruit production. In recent years, the grape and wine industry has been facing outbreaks of known and emerging viral diseases across the world. Although high-throughput sequencing (HTS) has been used extensively in grapevine virology, the application and potential of third-generation sequencing have not been explored in understanding grapevine viruses and their impact on the grapevine. Nanopore sequencing, a third-generation technology, can be used for direct sequencing of both RNA and DNA with minimal infrastructure. Compared to other HTS methods, the MinION nanopore platform is faster and more cost-effective and allows for long-read sequencing. Due to the size of the MinION device, it can be easily carried for field viral disease surveillance. This review article discusses grapevine viruses and their diagnostic methods, the principle of nanopore sequencing technology and its application in grapevine virus detection, virus&ndash;plant interactions, as well as the characterization of viral RNA modifications.
High-Temperature Tribology of Silicon Nitride Lubricated with Cesium-Based Inorganic Films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The sliding friction and wear of silicon nitride was investigated in 600 deg C air using a ball-on-disk configuration. Two cesium-based inorganic films were studied as potential high-temperature solid lubricants for limited-life turbine engine bearing applications: a sodium silicate bonded Cs2WOS3 coating and a cesium silicate chemical reaction film. Wear surfaces were characterized using various analytical techniques. The best tribological performance was obtained with thin chemical reaction films annealed in sulfur-rich air. Friction coefficients (f) and wear factors as low as 0.04 and 4 x 10(exp -9) cu mm/N.m respectively, were obtained at 600 deg C with this system. These are comparable to boundary liquid lubricating films at much lower temperatures. The data provide conclusive evidence that neither tungsten nor molybdenum is necessary for low friction at 600 deg C. The results also suggest that sulfur and cesium play important roles in the formation of a lubricious silicate film by chemically reacting with the silicon dioxide scale that naturally forms on silicon nitride surfaces. This occurs via a complex hot-corrosion mechanism involving the inward diffusion of oxygen from the surrounding air and cesium from the coatings and the outward diffusion of nitrogen and magnesium from the silicon nitride substrate. It is believed that sulfur provides a reaction path for the hot-corrosion mechanism.
A Weak Deleterious Effect of the Avirulent Pinewood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), on the Longevity of Its Vector, Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The age-related changes in the number of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus within its vector, adult Monochamus saltuarius, and an effect of B. mucronatus on the vector life span were investigated. Forty-three vectors were reared individually in containers under outdoor conditions. Pine twigs were supplied as food, and were renewed at five-day intervals. The number of nematodes carried by a vector continued to decrease as the vector aged. When a vector had carried 1, 000 or more nematodes at emergence, a rapid decrease was observed during a period between the 15th and 40th days after the emergence. It was observed earlier for some vectors carrying less than 1, 000 nematodes. The life span of the vectors ranged from 1 to 118 days. The life span was not affected by the number of nematodes carried, although there was an insignificant, negative correlation between them. B. mucronatus, which is avirulent against pine trees, usually has a low density of susceptible pine hosts in the forest because it can reproduce itself only in declining and newly killed trees. High transmission efficiency is necessary for the pathogen to persist at low host density. Effective transmission of B. mucronatus occurs after reproductive maturation of the vector. Thus, the absence of ill effect of B. mucronatus on vector longevity plays an important role in keeping transmission efficiency high.
Replication Data for: Charles Cameron and Jonathan P. Kastellec. "Are Supreme Court Nominations a Move-the-Median Game?"

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This archive contains data and code necessary to replicate the results in: Charles Cameron and Jonathan P. Kastellec. (2016). "Are Supreme Court Nominations a Move-the-Median Game?" American Political Science Review, 110(4), 778-797.
Rational Choice in Abortion: A Case Study of Urban Children

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abortion by children is not only an impulsive act but also a rational choice, which is crucial to explain and evaluate. However, this phenomenon has been overlooked in previous scholarly discussions. In addition, responding to the gaps in previous studies, this study aims to explain the forms, factors, and implications of abortion by children in urban areas as a rational choice. Using a qualitative descriptive approach based on case studies, this study reveals three important findings. First, the practice of abortion by children in urban areas is carried out in various ways, both medical and non-medical. Second, abortions performed by children in urban areas are often influenced by social pressures such as their partners, parents, and the community. Third, abortion among children in urban areas has long-lasting implications for their physical, mental, and social well-being. Based on these findings, this study also recommends the importance of future studies that conduct intensive interviews to reveal the motives and modes of children in having more reflective abortions.
Pathology of the Palatal Aponeurosis in Cleft Palate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective The palatal aponeurosis is a controversial structure, both in terms of its anatomy and its function. This article points out a pathologic finding in the cleft palate condition that has not been previously described. Design and Method By means of surgical dissections, this study demonstrates in detail that the palatal aponeurosis exists even in cleft palates, but it is disrupted, malpositioned, and folded in two layers. Patients This dissection method has been performed on more than 150 patients with cleft of the hard and soft palate, with or without cleft of the lip and alveolus. At the time of operation, the children were between 6 and 8 months of age. Results It is possible to dissect the two layers of the palatal aponeurosis, to unfold the aponeurosis, and to form a tough tendinous plane. Conclusion For a functional physiologic reconstruction of the cleft palate, it is necessary not only to reconstruct the levator veli palatini and palatopharyngeus muscle slings, but also to approximate and suture the fibers of the palatal aponeurosis to the corresponding fibers of the opposite side after unfolding them in a medio-dorso-cranial direction. In this manner, a continuous palatal aponeurosis can be created, which subsequently can serve as a transmitter of the muscle forces.
The 'art' of successful breastfeeding education.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Breastfeeding education must motivate a complete workforce in such a way that they are equipped with the fundamentals and extended skills to carry out their role as infant feeding gurus, throughout their career. To achieve this with any success, there is an intrinsic need to establish a total understanding of both the physiology and emotional importance which underlies the art of breastfeeding. Only when this is attained will passion and longevity for the 'art' be fully embraced and respected.
Comparative karyological analysis of some Turkish Cuscuta L. (Convolvulaceae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study investigated the somatic chromosome numbers and morphometric properties of 11 different taxa belonging to the genus Cuscuta L., which is one of the parasitic flowering plants and causes significant economic losses on agricultural products. For this purpose, the species were examined karyologically and compared statistically. Belonging to the genus Cuscuta, C. campestris Yunck., C. hyalina Roth, C. kotschyana Boiss., C. babylonica Aucher ex Choisy, C. europaea L., C. kurdica Engelm., C. brevistyla A.Braun ex A.Rich, C. planiflora Ten., C. approximata Bab., C. lupuliformis Krock. C. palaestina Boiss. the chromosome number and morphology of the species were investigated using karyological techniques. Chromosome numbers of the species; C. kotschyana, C. babylonica, C. europaea, C. kurdica, C.planiflora 2n=14; C. campestris, C. hyalina, C. approximata, C. lupuliformis, and C. palaestina 2n=28 and C. brevistyla 2n=42 is determined. Also, the species’ chromosome number, total chromosome length, relative length, arm ratio, centromere index and centromere states, and karyotype asymmetry values were determined. Chromosome numbers of C. kotschyana and C. kurdica taxa were defined for the first time in this study. Thus, new data on the systematics of these species have been revealed.
Mesures de Rapports d'Embranchement et de Vies Moyennes dans 30Si

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Gamma rays from the decay of 30 Si levels with excitation energies less than 6.0 MeV have been studied by the 27 Al(α, pγ) 30 Si reaction. The γ rays were detected in a Ge(Li) detector in coincidence with protons observed in an annular detector placed at 180°. Branching ratios and lifetimes have been extracted. The lifetimes have been measured by the Doppler-shift attenuation method.The electromagnetic matrix elements for some of the observed levels were compared with recent many-particle shell model and core-coupling calculations.
Implicitly learned temporal association between targets attenuates AB effect

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In the Attentional Blink (AB) effect, the identification of Target 2 (T2) in a stream is impaired when presented 200-500ms after Target 1 (T1). Recent studies suggest that higher-order relationships between targets (e.g., semantically associated pairs) modulate the AB effect (Potter et al., 2005; Ferlazzo et al., 2007). In this study, we ask whether an implicitly learned temporal association among targets modulates the AB effect. To test this question, we manipulated the temporal association between targets through statistical learning before an AB task. The experiment consisted of two phases: Training and Letter Detection (AB task). During training, all participants saw a stream of 1000 letters while performing a one-back task. Participants were randomly assigned to view a stream of letters in random order (Random group), or a letter stream with an embedded triplet structure (Statistical group) consisting of 12 random letters organized into four triplets with non-uniform transitional probabilities within and across triplets (e.g., A-K-T, F-J-N). After training, participants performed a letter detection task by reporting two letter targets among a stream of rapidly presented digits (ISI = 100ms). Critically, we manipulated, within subject, whether targets were drawn from the same (within-) or different (across-) triplets. For each trial type, T2 was presented downstream from T1 with lag of 2 or 8 intervening digits. Both groups showed a clear AB effect (Lag8 identification > Lag2). However, only the Statistical group showed a modulation of the AB effect for within-triplet trials compared to across-triplet trials: Lag2 accuracy for within-triplet trials was significantly higher than across-triplet trials in Lag2 (t(14)=2.63, p< .05), but not in Lag8 (t(14)=0.86, p>.05). The interaction between lag and condition was marginally significant. No such pattern was observed for the Random group. The results suggest that implicitly learned temporal structure among targets attenuates the AB effect. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2016
The Art of Laughing: A Study of the Tempo-Spatial Matrix in Oliver Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Oliver Goldsmith’s She Stoops to Conquer (1773) was staged only two weeks after the publication of his Essay on the Theatre, in which he famously compared sentimental comedies with what he described as laughing comedies. The play thus illustrates Goldsmith’s principles for his ideal laughing comedy. One of the aspects of this type of comedy, which has rarely been addressed, is its representation of the matrix of temporal and spatial elements, or what Mikhail Bakhtin calls a chronotope. The present study is thus aimed at investigating She Stoops to Conquer in terms of Bakhtinian chronotope. The study argues how different chronotopes have influenced the behaviours as well as the decisions of characters in the play. Moreover, it shows that the chronotopic framework can shed new light on the play’s portrayal of the class divisions in the eighteenth century, when the middle class was emerging in England’s social system.
The political governance of urban peripheries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper introduces the challenges of this theme issue with regards to the dilemmas of political governance in upcoming urban peripheries. While becoming more and more topical in processes of urban transition and ongoing rescaling, urban peripheries struggle with the gap between the potential of new centrality and the consolidated sociopolitical marginality. The authors highlight the dilemmas of transforming subjects in the urban periphery positioned in asymmetric contexts of political power (the central city, the state, and the market). Furthermore, they set the agenda for the investigation of politically constructing cross-border planning within metropolitan areas.
Gaseous-dielectrics research and applications. Semiannual report, October 1, 1981-March 31, 1982

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The principal mission of this program continues to be the study of basic physics and mechanisms of gaseous dielectrics and the systematic use of this knowledge to develop improved gaseous dielectrics tailored to all practical needs. The program comprehensively addresses all the basic and applied aspects of gaseous dielectrics research and applications. Current areas of thrust include: improving overall characteristics of binary and ternary dielectric mixtures through increased knowledge of fundamental physics and testing in practical contamination; study of practical problems of applying improved dielectrics, such as economics, availability, dew points, heat transfer, particle control, and gas handling; and study of decomposition of stressed gas dielectrics and the implications for toxicity, corona detection, and long-term reliability. In addition to power apparatus applications, the area of gaseous dielectrics tailored for pulsed power applications has begun to receive attention in the program. Work also continues on liquid dielectrics at a reduced level. Progress in each of these areas of study is reported and experimental results with a variety of gases and gas mixtures are presented.
Overview of General Turnover Taxes and Tax Rates – January 2021

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Almost all countries levy a general turnover tax, i.e. a tax on essentially all goods and services supplied by manufacturers, traders and service providers. Those turnover taxes are mostly levied under a VAT type of tax system and, in a decreasing number of cases, as a multi or single-stage (retail) sales tax. This article presents an overview of those general turnover taxes and the tax rates applicable on 1 January 2021.