jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
MicroRNA Target Prediction: Problems and Possible Solutions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small non-coding RNA molecules involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs bind specifically to the 3 untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and induce translational repression or mRNA degradation. Potential miRNA targets can be predicted by various computational algorithms that take several parameters into consideration and calculate probability scores for each miRNA-mRNA interaction. In this review, three of the most frequently used algorithms (TargetScan, PicTar and miRBase) are compared, and their strengths and weaknesses are highlighted. These algorithms use different input databases and mathematical models that may lead to discrepancies of the outputs. As currently there is no unambiguous evidence for the preference of any of these algorithms, simultaneous analysis by all can be an effective approach. For this purpose a novel software was developed which is capable of collecting all available data about each miRNA-mRNA interaction retrieved by these databases and identifying common putative targets. Another major problem is related to difficulties of experimental validation, therefore only a minority of in silico predicted targets could be validated to date. Following a brief description of the available experimental target validation methods, the authors attempt to provide suggestions for designing in vitro validation approaches. Keywords: microRNA, mRNA, target, seed region, prediction algorithm, target validation
Assessing the Effect of Humic Acid Redox State on Organic Pollutant Sorption by Combined Electrochemical Reduction and Sorption Experiments

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Natural Organic Matter (NOM) is a major sorbent for organic pollutants in soils and sediments. While sorption under oxic conditions has been well investigated, possible changes in the sorption capacity of a given NOM induced by reduction have not yet been studied. Reduction of quinones to hydroquinones, the major redox active moieties in NOM, increases the number of H-donor moieties and thus may affect sorption. This work compares the sorption of four nonionic organic pollutants of different polarities (naphthalene, acetophenone, quinoline, and 2-naphthol), and of the organocation paraquat to unreduced and electrochemically reduced Leonardite Humic Acid (LHA). The redox states of reduced and unreduced LHA in all sorption experiments were stable, as demonstrated by a spectrophotometric 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol reduction assay. The sorption isotherms of the nonionic pollutants were highly linear, while paraquat sorption was strongly concentration dependent. LHA reduction did not result in significant changes in the sorption of all tested compounds, not even of the cationic paraquat at pH 7, 9, and 11. This work provides the first evidence that changes in NOM redox state do not largely affect organic pollutant sorption, suggesting that current sorption models are applicable both to unreduced and to reduced soil and sediment NOM.
Decoding Organization

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

How was Bletchley Park made as an organization? How was signals intelligence constructed as a field? What was Bletchley Park's culture and how was its work co-ordinated? Bletchley Park was not just the home of geniuses such as Alan Turing, it was also the workplace of thousands of other people, mostly women, and their organization was a key component in the cracking of Enigma. Challenging many popular perceptions, this book examines the hitherto unexamined complexities of how 10,000 people were brought together in complete secrecy during World War II to work on ciphers. Unlike most organizational studies, this book decodes, rather than encodes, the processes of organization and examines the structures, cultures and the work itself of Bletchley Park using archive and oral history sources. Organization theorists, intelligence historians and general readers alike will find in this book a challenge to their preconceptions of both Bletchley Park and organizational analysis.
Human neutrophil heterogeneity: subsets, markers and autoantibodies

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT\nNeutrophils are phagocytic white blood cells that play essential roles in innate im-munity and inflammation. Neutrophils have traditionally been viewed as a homog-enous cell population, where all cells carry the same molecular cargo and have iden-tical functions. Lately, this view is changing and distinct subsets of neutrophils are being recognized. The aim of this thesis was to characterize neutrophil subsets and investigate the role of their markers as anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic (ANCA) anti-gens.\nThe first paper investigated the recently discovered neutrophil subsets defined by the presence or absence of Olfactomedin-4 (OLFM4). We found that OLFM4 is indeed expressed by only a portion of the neutrophils from a given individual and that OLFM4 is a specific granule protein that can be exposed on neutrophil extracel-lular traps (NETs). We did not find any functional differences between the subsets in vitro, and the subsets migrated equally well into tissue in vivo, both to synovial fluid of arthritis patients and to aseptic experimental skin chamber on healthy skin.\nDuring routine testing for the presence of ANCA in the circulation of patients with suspected autoimmune disorders, we found sera from two patients with diffuse in-flammatory symptoms that displayed unusual staining patterns, reacting with only a subset of neutrophils. In the second paper, we identified the target antigen as OLFM4, and this was the first report of autoantibodies towards this subset marker.\nThe third study began with two additional patient sera that gave rise to subset-restricted ANCA staining patterns. This time, we identified the target antigen as CD177, which is a known neutrophil subset marker and a known target of alloanti-bodies. CD177 has previously been shown to be of importance for trans-migration of neutrophils in vitro. However, using synovial fluid from arthritis patients and the experimental skin blister model, we found no evidence for a major general role of CD177 in in vivo neutrophil transmigration. In summary, we have characterized two bona fide neutrophil subsets and identified OLFM4 and CD177 as ANCA anti-gens.
The Precision Associated with the Sampling Frequency of Log-Normally Distributed Air Pollutant Measurements

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The frequency of air monitoring necessary to characterize an air pollutant for a given time period and area is an important problem. This paper deals with the precision of measuring an air pollutant concentration. Past research has shown that the distribution of many air pollutants can be described as log-normal. Using this result equations have been developed that predict the precision of the sample mean of the air pollutant as a function of: the frequency of sampling, the standard deviation of the logarithms of the air pollution measurements, and the level of confidence. An illustration is given to demonstrate their use. The equations are used to compare sampling plans. Tables are presented showing the precision associated with five sampling plans, for three geometric standard deviations, for three levels of confidence, and five periods of time over which the sampling plan is employed. In an Appendix a mathematical development is presented showing the theoretical derivation of the equations. With these equations the precision of a sampling plan can be determined for any level of confidence or period of time. All that is needed is an estimate of the geometric standard deviation for the air pollution measurements. Finally, the theoretical model is applied to air monitoring data that were collected at Roselawn School in Cincinnati, Ohio, between January 3, 1968, and April 1, 1968. The 90-day period was divided into three 30-day periods. All possible samples of size three were taken from each of the 30-day periods and their means and confidence intervals were calculated. The number of times the confidence intervals contained the true means was determined. The actual number of samples accepted as having contained the true mean, for the 80, 90, 95, and 9 9% level of confidence compared favorably with the theoretical. It is concluded that the model adequately described the behavior of air pollutants.
SH1018610.10FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
A Study to Improve Recovery Ratio of Deleted File Using the Parsing Algorithm of the HFS + Journal File

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

최근 MAC 시스템의 점유율 증가로 MAC 기반 디지털 포렌식 기술의 필요성이 증대되고 있다. 디지털 포렌식 분석 과정에서 시스템 사용자가 의도적으로 증거를 삭제한 경우, 시스템에서 삭제된 파일을 복구하여 혐의를 입증하기도 한다. 이를 위해 파일시스템으로부터 삭제된 파일을 복구하기 위한 연구가 꾸준히 이루어져 왔으며, MAC 기반 파일시스템인 HFS+ 또한 이에 대한 연구가 수행되어왔다. HFS+의 운영 및 구조적 특성상 파일이 삭제되면 해당 파일의 메타데이터가 다른 파일 또는 폴더의 메타데이터에 의해 삭제되기 때문에 주로 시그니처를 활용한 카빙 기법이 사용되어왔다. 하지만 File Content가 파일시스템 상에 분할되어 저장되는 경우, 카빙 기법 또한 파일의 일부분만을 복구하거나 파일 전체를 복구할 수 없었다. 본 논문에서는 HFS+ 저널을 이용한 삭제된 파일의 복구 기법에 대해 소개한다. 이는 기존 연구를 통해 제안된 기법으로 HFS+ 저널에 남아있는 메타데이터를 이용하여 삭제된 파일을 복구하는 기법이다. 하지만 해당 기법은 특정 파일이 복구 대상에서 배제되기 때문에 이에 대한 개선의 여지가 남아있다. 본 연구에서는 HFS+ 저널을 상세히 분석할 수 있는 알고리즘을 제시한다. 또한 해당 알고리즘을 기반으로 추출한 메타데이터를 통해 복구 대상에서 배제되는 파일 없이 삭제된 파일을 복구할 수 있음을 실험을 통해 입증한다. With the growing demand for MAC-based system, the need for digital forensic techniques of these system has been increasing. In the digital forensic analysis process, sometimes analysts have recovered the deleted files when they prove the allegations if system user try to remove the evidence deliberately. Research and analysis that recover the deleted files from a file system constantly been made and HFS+ that is a file system of MAC-based system also has been researched. Carving techniques primarily has been used to recover the deleted file from HFS+ a file system because metadata of folder or file overwrite metadata of a deleted file when file is deleted from a file system on HFS+ characteristic. But if the file content is saved by separated state in a file system, Carving techniques also can't recover the whole or a part of the deleted file. In this paper we describe technique the deleted file recovery technique using HFS+ file system a journal. This technique that is suggested by existing research and analysis result is the technique that recover the deleted file by metadata that is maintained in a journal on HFS+ file system. but this technique excludes specific files and this problem needs to be reformed. In this paper we suggest algorithm that analysis a journal of HFS+ file system in detail. And we demonstrate that the deleted file cat be recovered from the extracted metadata by this algorithm without the excluded file.
The fist in the velvet glove.

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementNEXTThe fist in the velvet glove.Cite this: Chem. Eng. News 1978, 56, 24, 44Publication Date (Print):June 12, 1978Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 12 June 1978https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v056n024.p044Copyright © 1978 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (448 KB) Get e-Alerts
Reclassification of omeprazole: a survey of community pharmacists' early experiences and views

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To describe community pharmacists' views and early experiences of over-the-counter (OTC) omeprazole. Method A cross-sectional pre-piloted postal questionnaire was sent to 2000 randomly selected community pharmacy premises in Great Britain (approximately 15%). The questionnaire comprised items on: attitudes to OTC omeprazole; continuing education; sales; and general views and experiences. Two reminders were sent. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results Questionnaires were returned by 1156 community pharmacists (57.8%). Sixty-eight per cent of respondents had not sold any omeprazole in the previous 14 days and a further 12% had sold only a single pack in this period. In total 920/1147 pharmacists (80.2%) had participated in continuing education on omeprazole, 73.4% agreed or strongly agreed that they were entirely confident in selling it, and 78.0% viewed omeprazole as a welcome addition to OTC medicines. Some 17.6% of respondents had recommended purchase of omeprazole in the last 14 days and the vast majority of these recommendations (92.8%) were accepted by the customer. Forty-one pharmacists (3.5%) had refused sales on the basis that it was inappropriate for the presenting condition, or due to a potential drug interaction. Conclusion Many responding community pharmacists welcome omeprazole availability OTC and are willing and able to supply it.
Comparison of the Mg2+ and Ca2+ Binding Properties of Troponin Complexes P1‐TI2C and TI2C

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The phosphoserine present in troponin T of freshly isolated skeletal muscle troponin P 1 ‐TI 2 C was dephosphorous by alkaline phosphatase and the resulting troponin TI 2 C characterized by phosphorous content and gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecylsulfate Both complexes bind Ca 2+ in an identical manner with a K 0.5 of 5.3 × 10 −9 M for the Ca 2+ / Mg 2+ binding sites and of 1.1 × 10 −6 M for the Ca 2+ ‐specific sites. 3.5 mM Mg 2+ lower the K 0.5 value at the Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ binding sites to 1.3 × 10 −7 M in the phospho‐troponin P 1 ‐TI 2 C and leaves nearly unchanged the value of the dephosphorylated troponin TI 2 C at 1.2 × 10 ×8 M. At 10 mM Mg 2+ only one dissociation constant of about 1.0 −6 M is determined with both complexes. In analogy dephosphorylation of troponin P 1 ‐TI 2 C reduces the affinity for Mg 2+ at the Ca 2+ /Mg 2+ binding sites from 6.7 × 10 −5 M to 2.0 × 10 −3 M. Again the Mg 2+ ‐specific sites are uninfluenced. The possibility is discussed that removal of the phosphate group from troponin T allows the interaction of the N‐terminal domin of troponin T with other amino acid side chains of troponin.
Association Between 5‐Item Modified Frailty Index and Short‐term Outcomes in Complex Head and Neck Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives To evaluate the impact of preoperative frailty on short‐term outcomes following complex head and neck surgeries (HNSs). Study Design Cross‐sectional database analysis. Setting American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS‐NSQIP) database. Methods The 2005 to 2017 ACS‐NSQIP was queried for patients undergoing complex HNS. Five‐item modified frailty index (mFI) was calculated based on functional status and history of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and chronic hypertension. Results A total of 2786 patients (73.1% male) with a mean age of 62.0 ± 11.6 years were included. Compared to nonfrail patients (41.2%), patients with mFI ≥1 (58.8%) had shorter length of operation ( P =. 021), longer length of stay (LOS) ( P <. 001), and higher rates of 30‐day reoperation ( P =. 009), medical complications ( P <. 001), discharge to nonhome facility (DNHF) ( P <. 001), and mortality ( P =. 047). These parameters remained statistically significant when compared across all individual mFI scores (all P <. 05). After adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking, and American Society of Anesthesiologists score via multivariate logistic regression, patients with mFI ≥1 were significantly more likely to undergo reoperation (odds ratio [OR], 1.39), surgical complications (OR, 1.19), medical complications (OR, 1.55), prolonged LOS (OR, 1.29), and DNHF (OR, 1.56) (all P <. 05). Multivariate logistic regression also demonstrated that after adjusting for confounders, compared to patients with mFI = 1, patients with mFI = 2‐5 (18.7%) were more likely to undergo shorter operations (OR, 0.74), have medical (OR, 1.46) or any complications (OR, 1.27), and have DNHF (OR, 1.62) (all P <. 05). Conclusion The 5‐point mFI can independently predict short‐term surgical outcomes following complex HNS. This simple and reliable metric can potentially lead to improved preoperative counseling and postoperative planning for complex HNS patients.
Phosphorus-containing cyclodextrins. Characteristics of the synthesis and chemical behaviour

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Published data on the preparation of phosphorus-containing cyclodextrins are summarized. It is demonstrated that some significant features of their synthesis and chemical behaviour are caused by specific supramolecular interactions involving the inner chiral cavity of cyclodextrins capable of incorporating various guests, which often leads to alteration of customary routes of chemical transformations. The possibilities of practical applications of phosphorus-containing cyclodextrins are briefly analyzed. The bibliography includes 89 references.
Morrey regularity results for asymptotically convex variational problems with (p, q) growth

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We prove some global Morrey regularity results for almost minimizers of functionals of the form u 7→ Ω f(x,∇u)dx. This regularity is valid up to the boundary, provided the boundary data is suffi-ciently regular. The main assumption on f is that for each x, the function f(x, ·) behaves asymptotically like a convex function with (p, q) growth. Some discontinu-ous behavior in the first argument is allowed. As a main application, we establish analogous regularity results for a broad class of systems of non-homogeneous partial differential equations.
Letters to the Editor

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

I have read with great interest and delight your recent editorial in Pediatrics, "Can The New Pediatrics Be Practiced?" Nowhere have I seen the issues so clearly defined, and it was particularly refreshing to see one who is not in "full time practice" focussing attention on the problem. Your admonition to the "conscientious practicing pediatrician" is very apropos but I firmly believe that every individual interested in the field of pediatrics, regardless of the affiliation, had best put his shoulder to the wheel.
428-P: The Association between Monocyte to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio and Diabetic Retinopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Retinal chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (MHR) is associated with inflammatory and oxidative stress status. Some studies suggest that an elevated MHR can be a biomarker for diabetic complications. However, there are not adequate studies on MHR and DR. A total of 771 patients with T2DM and 607 healthy controls were included in this cross-sectional study. MHR and eye examination were checked. The predictive role of MHR on the development of DR in T2DM patients was analyzed. The MHR in patients with DR was significantly higher than that of both the non-DR diabetic patients (P &lt; 0.05) and the healthy controls (P &lt; 0.01). No significance were observed in the MHR of different DR severity grades. Moreover, MHR was similar between patients with non-macular edema and macular edema. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that MHR was independently associated with the development of DR in diabetic patients [OR =1.377, 95% CI: 1.176-1.613, P &lt; 0.01]. MHR can be an independent predictor of the development of DR in patients with T2DM. Disclosure Y. Tan: None. X. Tang: None. Y. Chen: None.
Non-pharmacological treatment for depression

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In treatment of depression, non-pharmacological treatment is as important as pharmacological treatment. However, in clinical practice in Korea, non-pharmacological treatment is not provided sufficiently and patients are not satisfied with psychiatric interviews. Accordingly, patients ask for more information from clinicians. Clinicians should be aware of the characteristics of depression in Korean patients, because the manifestations of symptoms are influenced by cultural factors. In particular, depressed patients complain about somatic symptoms more frequently than they complain about depressed mood itself. In order to establish a therapeutic relationship with depressed patients, clinicians should be aware of these characteristics of depressed patients and clinicians should also address the needs of their patients. The author introduces evidence-based self-care methods for Korean patients with depression. St. John's wort, acupuncture, air ionization, light therapy, massage bibliotherapy, exercise, meditation, relaxation, and yoga can be helpful for overcoming depression. Among them, the Clinical Research Center for Depression, an organization supported by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, has recommended several non-pharmacological treatments for depression. First of all, exercise, such as walking more than 30 min. everyday, is strongly recommended. Other recommendations include bibliotherapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and short-term psychodynamic supportive psychotherapy. For the nationwide management of depression, social bias against the treatment of depression should be reduced and non-pharmacological treatment for depression should be encouraged.
Electrical features of bay shore generating station

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

ELECTRIC POWER is provided by the Toledo Edison Company to a 2,500-square-mile area of northwestern Ohio, which currently demands a peak load of 425,000 kw. This service area is supplied by a 69,000-volt double-belt line loop emanating from the older Acme Station and a 138-kv transmission system originating at the new Bay Shore Station, located on the south shore of Maumee Bay, just east of Toledo.