jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND MULTIPLE STRESSORS ON PHYSIOLOGY OF MARINE BIVALVES

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The continuing increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere leads to increase in sea-surface temperature and causes ocean acidification altering seawater carbonate chemistry. Estuarine and shallow coastal areas, which are hotspots for biological productivity, are especially prone to these changes, because of low buffering capacity of brackish waters, biological CO2 production, and large fluctuations of temperature and salinity in these habitats. These additional stressors may exacerbate the acidification trend and significantly affect the physiology of marine calcifiers. Bivalves are a key group of marine calcifiers that serve as ecosystem engineers and key foundation species in estuarine and coastal environments. However, the interactive effects of elevated CO2 and other stressors, including elevated temperature and reduced salinity, are not yet fully understood in bivalves and require further investigation. This study focused on the physiological responses in two ecologically and economically important bivalve species - the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) and hard shell clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). Juveniles and adults were exposed to environmentally relevant salinities at either ~32 or ~16 with different PCO2 levels (~400, 800 and 1500 µatm) and temperature (22°C and 27°C), as predicted by future global climate change scenarios, for 11-21 weeks (in juveniles) and 15 weeks (in adults). Survival, metabolism and calcification were assessed. Elevated PCO2 alone and in combination with either reduced salinity or elevated\ntemperature led to reduced survival and growth, and altered the shell mechanical properties (microhardness and fracture resistance) in juvenile and adult bivalves. Tissue energy reserves (lipid and glycogen) were reduced in juveniles under elevated PCO2 and low salinity. Standard energy metabolism (SMR) increased under the conditions of elevated PCO2 and temperature indicating higher costs of basal maintenance. In adult bivalves, elevated temperature led to the depletion of tissue energy reserves in both species indicating energy deficiency, and resulted in higher mortality in oysters but not in clams. In adult clams and oysters, elevated PCO2 alone had a small effect on the metabolism. No persistent oxidative stress (measured by total antioxidant capacity as well as oxidative markers of proteins and lipids) was seen in the bivalves after prolonged exposure to elevated temperature and PCO2. The results of this study indicate that the interactions between common abiotic stressors (salinity and temperature) and elevated PCO2 are complex, non-linear, and species-specific. Our study shows that elevated temperature and reduced salinity are predominant stressors that affect survival, metabolism, and biomineralization response of the studied bivalves. Furthermore, these stressors modulate the responses of these bivalves to ocean acidification while elevated CO2 levels have a modest impact in the absence of these stressors.
Boom or Bust? U.S. Television News Industry is Booming But Burnout Looms for Some

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Studies indicate that U.S. television newsrooms are booming with increases in staff size, news content and profitability. In light of the changes, a survey of 887 examines burnout levels of television journalists, and their workload and perceived organizational support. Results indicate that TV news workers are experiencing average rates of burnout, however 22% (n = 196) show signs of burnout with high levels of exhaustion and cynicism as indicated by the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey. Results also show that those experiencing signs of burnout are overburdened by their workload and do not perceive high levels of organizational support.
Association between serum total bilirubin levels and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AimTo confirm whether serum bilirubin is an independent risk factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset in patients with impaired fasting glycemia (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study carried out at the Diabetic Identification Center of Tianjin Metabolic Diseases Hospital. Serum total bilirubin (TBIL) was measured at baseline and the patients were grouped according to baseline bilirubin quartiles. The outcome was the confirmation of T2DM by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during the 3-year follow-up. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk factors for T2DM development and whether bilirubin levels are independently associated with T2DM development.ResultsFinally, 523 patients were analyzed. After 3 years, 310 participants were diagnosed with diabetes based on OGTT. Baseline quartiles of total bilirubin were inversely associated with diabetes risk, even after multivariable adjustment. The adjusted ORs for diabetes were 1.0 (reference), 0.83 (95% CI 0.74–0.96), 0.78 (95% CI 0.68–0.90), 0.74 (95% CI 0.64–0.87) for the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th quartiles of baseline serum total bilirubin, respectively (P < 0.001).ConclusionIn patients with IFG or IGT, low levels of serum total bilirubin were associated with a significantly increased risk of T2DM.
DISPERSANTS: COMPARISON OF LABORATORY TESTS AND FIELD TRIALS WITH PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE AT SPILLS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Laboratory tests can demonstrate the effectiveness of dispersants relatively easily but it is far more difficult to assess effectiveness in field conditions. In many oil spills, timely application of dispersants is the best approach. It is therefore necessary to study their use in field trials and actual incidents to see what lessons can be learned about the amounts used relative to the amount of oil spilled, types of oil on which dispersants are relatively effective, methods of application, the period after release into the sea during which dispersants remain effective, and the influence of sea conditions and temperatures. This paper discusses these questions, reviewing published data on the performance of dispersants infield trials and in actual oil spills in which staff of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd. have been involved in recent years. Recommendations are made regarding further work in the laboratory and field that appears necessary to determine the conditions under which dispersants are likely to be most effective.
Bayesian inference analysis of ellipsometry data

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry is a nondestructive technique for accurately determining the thicknesses and refractive indices of thin films. Experimentally, the ellipsometry parameters \ensuremath{\psi} and \ensuremath{\Delta} are measured, and the sample structure is then determined by one of a variety of approaches, depending on the number of unknown variables. The ellipsometry parameters have been inverted analytically for only a small number of sample types. More general cases require either a model-based numerical technique or a series of approximations combined with a sound knowledge of the test sample structure. In this paper, the combinatorial optimization technique of simulated annealing is used to perform least-squares fits of ellipsometry data (both simulated and experimental) from both a single layer and a bilayer on a semi-infinite substrate using what is effectively a model-free system, in which the thickness and refractive indices of each layer are unknown. The ambiguity inherent in the best-fit solutions is then assessed using Bayesian inference. This is the only way to consistently treat experimental uncertainties along with prior knowledge. The Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm is used. Mean values of unknown parameters and standard deviations are determined for each and every solution. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry is used to assess the accuracy of the solutions determined by these techniques. With our computer analysis of ellipsometry data, we find all possible models that adequately describe that data. We show that a bilayer consisting of a thin film of poly(styrene) on a thin film of silicon dioxide on a silicon substrate results in data that are ambiguous; there is more than one acceptable description of the sample that will result in the same experimental data.
Music’s Impact on the Sexualization of Black Bodies: Examining Links Between Hip-Hop and Sexualization of Black Women

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The pervasiveness of sexualization in Western societies is harmful to women, regardless of racial or ethnic identity. However, predictors of sexualization among Black women are understudied. To address this gap, we examined whether listening to and liking hip-hop music would each independently relate to the sexualization of Black women in everyday life, and if this relation unfolded through greater exposure to objectification of Black women in music. A sample of 215 college students completed self-report questionnaires that assessed preferences for liking and listening to hip-hop music, exposure to objectification of Black women in music, and biases toward sexualizing Black women in everyday life. Results revealed that more exposure to objectification of Black women in music mediated the relation between increased listening to hip-hop music and greater sexualization of Black women in everyday life, B = 0.08, SE = 0.03, 95% CI [0.03, 0.13]. Similarly, the link between liking hip-hop music and sexualization of Black women in everyday life was mediated by exposure to objectification of Black women in music, B = 0.09, SE = 0.03, 95% CI [0.04, 0.15]. Results provide an initial step in understanding how preferences toward hip-hop music and exposure to objectification of Black women in musiccontributes to sexualization of Black women. Future research should continue contributing to conversations that challenge the hypersexualization of Black women.
Imaging study of coronal structural matching of the distal radius in normal adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: As an important anatomical basis, coronal structural position matching of the distal radius has long been lacking in terms of a quantitative understanding, and such matching is correlated with the postoperative functional recovery of patients with distal radius fracture. The purpose of this study was to explore the degree of coronal structural matching of the distal radius in a normal population and to improve the detailed anatomical knowledge of the distal radius. Methods: The reconstructed 3D data were analysed using 3-matic research software from thin-film CT images of 80 normal adults, and the coronal structural matching of the distal radius was studied from two aspects: 1) self-matching of the distal radius; and 2) matching between the distal radius and ulna (i.e., the joint space of the distal radioulnar joint). Specific research methods: 1) The relative position of the medial wall of the distal radius with respect to the lunate was determined as the percentage (%) of the vertical distance from the medial wall of the radius to the most prominent ulnar point of the lunate in the corresponding plane from the ulna to the radius. 2) A total of 9 sets of data were collected for evaluating the palmar lateral spacing, median spacing, and dorsal lateral spacing at the distal, middle, and proximal levels of the radius. Results: In the study, 9 sets of data were obtained. And the data of self-matching of the coronal structural of distal radius was also obtained, was 45.0%±16.2%. The P values in the above data were all greater than 0.05, showing no statistical significance. Finally, data of coronal bone structural matching of distal radius in 80 normal adults were obtained. Conclusions: Our study refines the anatomical data of the degree of coronal bone structural matching of the distal radius in a normal population. To explore the relationship between coronal alignment and function in cases of distal radius fracture, a standardized approach was established. Thin- film CT may help diagnose patients with dysplasia around the lunate and radioulnar joint that is difficult to diagnose on MRI.
Functional structure and case in Italian absolute clauses

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Italian absolute clauses have been treated as small clauses under previous analyses (Belletti, 1990; Bruno, 2011), meaning they have been claimed to feature reduced functional structure. Additionally, the way in case assignment within absolute clauses has been analyzed has not been uniform, featuring a range of case assignment mechanisms which are not independently motivated such as case assignment via C (Belletti, 1990) or AspP (Bruno, 2011) In the present study, we develop an non-small clause analysis of Italian absolute clauses, based on adverb and clitic placement, the presence of negation, and certain facts about the C-domain of these clauses. Crucially, under our account, these clauses project both CP and TP. Finally, we account for case assignment within these clauses via a default case mechanism (Egerland 2022; Caha, 2024), thus eschewing ad hoc case assignment mechanisms.
Studies on thein VitroUptake of Polyamines by Girardi Heart Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The uptake of spermine and spermidine in human heart cells in culture has been studied. Spermidine was accumulated to a higher degree than spermine whereas more spermine was absorbed to the cell surface. The results indicate that the uptake of spermidine and spermine is mediated by a common carrier. In addition, spermine enters the cells by several other transport mechanisms. The accumulated polyamines were not removed by washing with spermine or spermidine solutions, but they were released by treatment of the cells with butanol.
On the Performance of Three Suboptimum Detection Schemes for Binary Signaling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The penalties incurred in using the sample-and-sum, weighted partial decision, and binary Partial decision detectors are analyzed. Even though these schemes are inferior to the digital matched filter detector, they could be used in systems with more modest computational capabilities. Analytic expressions are obtained for the losses when the number of samples M is large. Examples are also given which indicate how these losses vary with M .
CAN A LETHAL PARASITE BE LIFE SAVOR FOR CANCER PATIENTS?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cancer is a fatal hereditary illness produced by an unexpected alteration in genes that has the destructive potential to degrade healthy human cells in a healthy individual. This disease is distinguished by an uncommon molecular alteration that promotes unregulated cell proliferation in the human body, which can quickly spread to other sites in the body. Several variables can cause cancer in humans; these factors might be biological or environmental. Cancer-causing agents are found in biological elements such as viruses, parasites, bacteria, and protozoans, which are responsible for producing carcinogenic agents in human healthy cells. They are also referred to as cancer cell promoters. Carcinogenic agents are those that contribute to the growth of abnormal cells and the eventual death of healthy cells, a condition known as carcinogenesis.
Territorial aggression by dwarf hamster females (Phodopus campbelli): A hormonal approach

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Females of many vertebrate species are territorial. However, few studies have been performed on territorial aggression and its hormonal bases in females. The present study determined whether dwarf hamster females ( Phodopus campbelli ) display territorial aggression and the role that estradiol (E 2 ) and progesterone (P 4 ) play in this behavior. Two experiments were carried out. First, 28 virgin females were mated with sexually inexperienced males. The females were submitted to oviduct ligation 2 weeks before mating to prevent pregnancy. After 15 days of mating, 16 out of 28 females were submitted to resident‐intruder tests, whereas the remaining 12 females were nonconfronted. Blood samples were collected 30 min after the aggression tests to determine E 2 and P 4 by ELISA. In the second experiment, 40 females were mated with vasectomized males. Thirty days after mating, 30 dwarf hamsters were subjected to ovariectomy; 10 were nontreated, 10 were treated with E 2 , and 10 with P 4 . The remaining 10 were sham‐operated. All females were submitted to resident‐intruder tests, and blood samples were taken to quantify E 2 and P 4 . In the first experiment, 87.5% of dwarf hamster females displayed territorial aggression, and in the second, 100% of females were aggressive. Ovariectomy and ovariectomy plus E 2 or P 4 replacement did not affect aggressive territorial behavior. These results showed that this species' females are territorial, and this behavior is not dependent on ovarian steroid hormones.
Identification, Morphological Characterization and Distribution of Fusarium species in Moroccan Wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Wheat Fusarium root rot is a common worldwide disease that occurs in a wide range of environmental and temperature conditions. Understanding morphological and molecular variations, as well as the geographic distribution of the fungi responsible is very important for a better disease control. Seventy-two Fusarium isolates were recovered from infected wheat plants collected in seven wheat production regions of Morocco. Five different species of Fusarium were isolated: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum, F. equiseti, and F. graminearum. For laboratory cultures, the potato dextrose agar is commonly used and gives good results for growth rate and morphological typical structures of the pathogen. In this study, Malt-extract and Potato dextrose Agar media were tested. The latter had shown higher growth rate for most of the Fusarium species and diverse morphological structures and pigmentations. The most common species in the regions of study is F. culmorum (59.72%), present in all of the studied areas followed by F. equiseti (11.11 %) and F. graminearum (8.33%) which were mainly restricted to North-Western Morocco, while F. sambicunum and F. avenaceum, with a percentage of 1.39% each, were only found in Central-Morocco.
Do guard cells have single or multiple defense mechanisms in response to flg22?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Bacterial flagellin (flg22) induces rapid and permanent stomatal closure. However, its local and systemic as well as tissue‐ and cell‐specific effects are less understood. Our results show that flg22 induced local and systemic stomatal closure in intact tomato plants, which was regulated by reactive oxygen‐ and nitrogen species, and also affected the photosynthetic activity of guard cells but not of mesophyll cells. Interestingly, rapid and extensive local expression of Ethylene response factor 1 was observed after exposure to flg22, whereas the relative transcript levels of Defensin increased only after six hours, especially in systemic leaves. Following local and systemic ethylene emission already after one and six hours, jasmonic acid levels increased in the local leaves after six hours of flg22 treatment. Using immunohistochemical methods, significant defensin accumulation was found in the epidermis and stomata of flg22‐treated leaves and above them. Immunogold labelling revealed significant levels of defensins in the cell wall of the mesophyll parenchyma and guard cells. Furthermore, single cell qRT‐PCR confirmed that guard cells are able to synthesise defensins. It can be concluded that guard cells are not only involved in the first line of plant defense by regulating stomatal pore size, but can also defend themselves and the plant by producing and accumulating antimicrobial defensins where phytopathogens can penetrate.
An imbalance of netrin-1 and DCC during nigral degeneration in experimental models and patients with Parkinson's disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Multiple guidance cues, such as netrin-1 (NTN-1)/deleted in colorectal carcinoma (DCC), control the guidance of axons and help establish functional neural circuits during development. However, the function of these guidance molecules in the adult brain, particularly during the neurodegenerative process, is unclear. NTN-1 and its receptor DCC play a critical role in the development and function of the midbrain dopamine circuitry. To access the alterations of NTN-1 and DCC during the onset and progression of PD, we first established two subacute and one chronic PD model and found that the imbalance of NTN-1 and DCC was a common feature of nigral DA neuron injury in the early stages of neurodegeneration. Moreover, we investigated the relationship between the NTN-1/DCC pathway and cell death in SH-SY5Y cells. MPP + inhibited NTN-1 expression and increased DCC expression in both a concentration and time-dependent manner, accompanied by reduced phosphorylation levels of FAK and Src. We further discovered a significant decrease in plasma NTN-1 levels and a positive correlation with UPDRS scores in PD patients. Our findings confirmed the imbalance of NTN-1/DCC signaling during nigral degeneration in experimental PD models and found for the first time a correlation of plasma NTN-1 with PD symptoms in patients.
Implementing GF Resource Grammar for Sindhi - A subtitle that can be quite long if necessary

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, demand for getting data through the world wide web has been dramatically increased. People with different languages can find information in languages which are varied with their own. But if we can manage somehow to translate information from one language to another language, then it might become possible to use the complete information. Grammatical Framework makes it easier to translate text from one language to another.
Grammatical Framework is a functional programming language that can be used to develop multilingual natural language processing applications. Grammatical Framework programs
implement the grammatical rules of natural language. The resource grammar library is an important part of the Grammatical Framework. The multilingual Grammatical Framework resource library contains a language-independent abstract syntax and a set of languagedependent
concrete syntaxes.
The main focus of this thesis work is to develop a resource grammar of Sindhi language using Grammatical Framework. This work tries to cover in detail the morphology and the syntactic structure of Sindhi language. The developed Sindhi resource grammar can be used for
multilingual applications, such as translation, language teaching and software localization.
Extracellular magnesium and calcium reduce myotonia in isolated ClC‐1 chloride channel‐inhibited human muscle

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Introduction : Experimental myotonia induced in rat muscle by ClC‐1 chloride channel‐inhibited has been shown to be related inversely to extracellular concentrations of Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ ([Mg 2+ ] o and [Ca 2+ ] o ) within physiological ranges. Because this implicates a role for [Mg 2+ ] o and [Ca 2+ ] o in the variability of symptoms among myotonia congenita patients, we searched for similar effects of [Mg 2+ ] o and [Ca 2+ ] o on myotonia in human muscle. Methods : Bundles of muscle fibers were isolated from abdominal rectus in patients undergoing abdominal surgery. Myotonia was induced by ClC‐1 inhibition using 9‐anthracene carboxylic acid (9‐AC) and was assessed from integrals of force induced by 5‐H z stimulation for 2 seconds. Results : Myotonia disappeared gradually when [Mg 2+ ] o or [Ca 2+ ] o were elevated throughout their physiological ranges. These effects of [Mg 2+ ] o and [Ca 2+ ] o were additive and interchangeable. Conclusions : These findings suggest that variations in symptoms in myotonia congenita patients may arise from physiological variations in serum Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ . Muscle Nerve 51 : 65–71, 2015