jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing the history of water ice formation from HDO/H2O and D2O/HDO ratios in protostellar cores

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Recent interferometer observations have found that the D2O/HDO abundance ratio is higher than that of HDO/H2O by about one order of magnitude in the vicinity of low-mass protostar NGC 1333–IRAS 2A, where water ice has sublimated. Previous laboratory and theoretical studies show that the D2O/HDO ice ratio should be lower than the HDO/H2O ice ratio, if HDO and D2O ices are formed simultaneously with H2O ice. In this work, we propose that the observed feature, D2O/HDO > HDO/H2O, is a natural consequence of chemical evolution in the early cold stages of low-mass star formation as follows: 1) majority of oxygen is locked up in water ice and other molecules in molecular clouds, where water deuteration is not efficient; and 2) water ice formation continues with much reduced efficiency in cold prestellar/protostellar cores, where deuteration processes are highly enhanced as a result of the drop of the ortho-para ratio of H2, the weaker UV radiation field, etc. Using a simple analytical model and gas-ice astrochemical simulations, which traces the evolution from the formation of molecular clouds to protostellar cores, we show that the proposed scenario can quantitatively explain the observed HDO/H2O and D2O/HDO ratios. We also find that the majority of HDO and D2O ices are likely formed in cold prestellar/protostellar cores rather than in molecular clouds, where the majority of H2O ice is formed. This work demonstrates the power of the combination of the HDO/H2O and D2O/HDO ratios as a tool to reveal the past history of water ice formation in the early cold stages of star formation, and when the enrichment of deuterium in the bulk of water occurred. Further observations are needed to explore if the relation, D2O/HDO > HDO/H2O, is common in low-mass protostellar sources.
GPS Observations of Post-Seismic Crustal Movements in the Focal Region of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake. Static and Real-Time Kinematic GPS Observations.

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Post-seismic deformations in the focal region of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake (M=7.2), in southwest Japan, which occurred on January 17 (JST), were observed with GPS observations. We deployed more than 30 GPS stations in and around the area of aftershock activity within several days after the occurrence of the earthquake. First the data were stored and manually collected at the observation sites, but by the middle of February the data at most of sites were started to be telemetered through public phone lines to data centers. GPS observations continued until the end of March, except for 4 sites left active for monitoring long-term deformations. We used two types of GPS observations, usual static and real-time kinematic GPS observations. Static day-by-day analyses, which are based on 24-h data sampled every 30 s, show the deformation associated with post-seismic readjustment with a relaxation time of about 70 days and with an amplitude of 1-2 cm in the area close to the epicenter. Also, rapid movements were observed just after the occurrence of the earthquake. However, since our analyses are only preliminary, further analyses are needed to clarify these observations and to investigate models of post-seismic deformations. Real-time kinematic GPS observations, which is a new type of GPS observations, were made every 1 s from February 9 to March 22 for detecting possible rapid relative movements between two sites across the surface fault trace on Awaji Island and across the other fault, the Arima-Takatsuki Tectonic Fault on the Kobe side. Present real-time kinematic GPS observations show scatters with the amplitude of 0.5-3.0 cm depending on components and baseline lengths. Any motions with amplitudes larger than these noise levels could not be detected during the observation period.
The Specificity of Avian Tuberculin Reactions

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Journal Article The Specificity of Avian Tuberculin Reactions Get access Vera B. Dolgopol Vera B. Dolgopol New York Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 49, Issue 3, September 1931, Pages 216–224, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/49.3.216 Published: 01 September 1931 Article history Received: 02 January 1931 Published: 01 September 1931
Burma: The Longest War 1941–45. By Louis Allen. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1984. Pp. xvii, 686. Illustrations, Maps, Acknowledgements, Preface, Appendices, Bibliography, Index.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Burma: The Longest War 1941–45. By Louis Allen. London: J. M. Dent and Sons Ltd., 1984. Pp. xvii, 686. Illustrations, Maps, Acknowledgements, Preface, Appendices, Bibliography, Index. - Volume 18 Issue 2
Preoperative Sizing of Grafts for Transfemoral Endovascular Aneurysm Management: A Prospective Comparative Study of Spiral CT Angiography, Arteriography, and Conventional CT Imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To define the impact of spiral computed tomographic angiography (CTA) with image reconstruction on graft selection for Transfemoral Endovascular Aneurysm Management (TEAM) by comparing it to conventional computed tomography (CT) and contrast arteriography. Methods: Twenty-one candidates for TEAM were included. The diameters of the superior and inferior aneurysm necks and lengths between the graft attachment sites were measured using the three imaging techniques. These measurements and their consequences on graft selection were studied. Results: The difference in length sizing between spiral CTA and arteriography never exceeded 1 cm; however, lengths measured by conventional CT scanning resulted in underestimation of graft length in 91% of patients. Graft diameters were chosen too small in 62% of the patients when based on arteriographic diameter measurements. A graft of similar diameter was selected by spiral CTA and conventional CT scanning in 81% of the patients, while minor oversizing by conventional CT scanning was found in 14%. Conclusions: Neither conventional CT scanning nor arteriography is adequate as a sole preoperative radiological investigation for TEAM graft sizing. Spiral CTA with image processing produces all information required for selection of tho-optimal graft size and should be regarded the method of first choice for this purpose.
EGG MASS INFLUENCES NESTLING QUALITY IN TREE SWALLOWS, BUT THERE IS NO DIFFERENTIAL ALLOCATION IN RELATION TO LAYING ORDER OR SEX

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

. Maternal allocation of resources to eggs and nestlings can potentially have a profound influence on offspring phenotype and fitness. However, it is often unclear how much of the variation in offspring quality is due to maternal or environmental effects. We examined the influence of maternal and environmental effects on egg mass and nestling quality (growth and immune function) in Tree Swallows (Tachycineta bicolor). There was no evidence that the allocation of maternal resources to eggs varied with laying order or offspring sex. Thus, there was no evidence of adaptive maternal allocation to eggs in terms of mass. Instead, egg mass in Tree Swallows appeared to be influenced primarily by ambient temperature during egg formation and differences among females. Nonetheless, female Tree Swallows were likely to realize substantial benefits from producing larger eggs because those young were larger at hatching and grew faster. Furthermore, nestlings that grew faster had a stronger immune function at 11 days of age. Our results suggest that the positive relationship between nestling growth and survival may be due, in part, to the effects of an enhanced immune response.
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 11 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "Continent is Africa", "Country is Benin", "HasCoordinate is true", "HasGeospatialIssue is false", "OccurrenceStatus is Present", "TaxonKey is Brassica oleracea L." ] } The dataset includes 11 records from 5 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0087113-230530130749713/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
Control of penetration zone GMAW

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Thermal properties of the base metal, shielding medium and the nature of the electrode metal transfer to a great extent determine the penetration area formation in gas-arc welding. It is not always possible to take into account the influence of these factors on penetration front forming within the existing models. The aim of the work was to research the penetration area forming in gas-arc welding. The research of the penetration area forming in gas-arc welding of CrNi austenitic steels was made. The parameters of the regime as well as the kind of the gaseous medium influence on the formation of the penetration zone were studied. The article shows a linear proportional relationship between the electrode feed rate and the size of the base metal plate. The penetration area formation mode for welding in argon and carbon dioxide have been worked out. Diameter, feed rate and the speed of the electrode movement have been chosen as the main input parameters. Multiple regression analysis method was used to make up the modes. The relations of the third order that make it possible to take into account the electrode metal transfer and thermal properties change of the materials to be welded were used. These relationships show quite good agreement with the experimental measurements in the calculation of the fusion zone shape with consumable electrode in argon and carbon dioxide. It was determined that the shape of the melting front curve can be shown as a generalized function in which the front motion parameters depend on feed rate and the diameter of the electrode. Penetration zone growth time is determined by the welding speed and is calculated as a discrete function of the distance from the electrode with the spacing along the movement coordinate. The influence of the mode parameters on the formation of the fusion zone has been investigated and the ways to manage and stabilize the weld pool formation have been identified. The modes can be used to develop effective ways to manage and control the welding process. Making up of the control systems as well as surfacing control involve the selection of the parameters that directly influence the formation of the melting zone as well as the use of these parameters as control signals in real time regime. The influence of the mode parameters on the formation of the fusion zone has been investigated and the ways to manage and stabilize the weld pool formation have been identified. The penetration zone modes formation for the fixed and moving electrodes have been worked out. The relations were calculated through statistical processing of macrosections penetration zones parameters measurement results, the macrosections being obtained by means of arc welding in shielding gases for various diameters of the electrode and various feed rate ranges (current), according to the arc time and its speed of movement
Molecular Rotation and Ortho—Para Nuclear Spin Conversion of Water Suspended in Solid Ar, Kr, and Xe

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Additional data supporting the nearly free rotation of the water molecule trapped in a rare-gas lattice are presented. Ortho—para spin conversion is strongly induced by adding O2 to the matrix. A simple model is suggested which correlates the intensities observed for H2O, HDO, and D2O suspended in Ar, and which estimates the rate of nuclear spin conversion to within a factor of 5 or 10. The majority of the water molecules occupy substitutional sites in the lattice obtained by removing a single rare-gas atom. Several sharp, intense lines are tentatively assigned to the H bonded OD stretch of HDO and D2O dimers in Ar. They contrast markedly with the corresponding broad band of the OH stretch.
The Management of Public Personnel in Latin America: Scope and Limits of a Modern Civil Service

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Departing from a so-called "modern civil service" as an ideal type, this chapter evaluates the status of public personnel management in Latin America. Such an ideal model is considered a mix between the organizational principles of the traditional civil service and those of the new public management perspective. First, the chapter presents the different phases that public management practices have undergone in some developed countries. Secondly, following several studies and data provided by the IADB, the level of development of several civil service systems in Latin America is analyzed and several of their construction–destruction–reconstruction patterns are presented. Lastly, the cases that most approach a modern civil service are discussed and some recommendations offered to reformers in this region.
Osteopontin–CD44v6 Interaction Mediates Calcium Deposition via Phospho-Akt in Valve Interstitial Cells From Patients With Noncalcified Aortic Valve Sclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective— The activation of valve interstitial cells (VICs) toward an osteogenic phenotype characterizes aortic valve sclerosis, the early asymptomatic phase of calcific aortic valve disease. Osteopontin is a phosphorylated acidic glycoprotein that accumulates within the aortic leaflets and labels VIC activation even in noncalcified asymptomatic patients. Despite this, osteopontin protects VICs against in vitro calcification. Here, we hypothesize that the specific interaction of osteopontin with CD44v6, and the related intracellular pathway, prevents calcium deposition in human-derived VICs from patients with aortic valve sclerosis. Approach and Results— On informed consent, 23 patients and 4 controls were enrolled through the cardiac surgery and heart transplant programs. Human aortic valves and VICs were tested for osteogenic transdifferentiation, ex vivo and in vitro. Osteopontin–CD44 interaction was analyzed using proximity ligation assay and the signaling pathways investigated. A murine model based on angiotensin II infusion was used to mimic early pathological remodeling of the aortic valves. We report osteopontin–CD44 functional interaction as a hallmark of early stages of calcific aortic valve disease. We demonstrated that osteopontin–CD44 interaction mediates calcium deposition via phospho-Akt in VICs from patients with noncalcified aortic valve sclerosis. Finally, microdissection analysis of murine valves shows increased cusp thickness in angiotensin II-treated mice versus saline infused along with colocalization of osteopontin and CD44 as seen in human lesions. Conclusions— Here, we unveil a specific protein–protein association and intracellular signaling mechanisms of osteopontin. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of early VIC activation and calcium deposition in asymptomatic stage of calcific aortic valve disease could open new prospective for diagnosis and therapeutic intervention.
10. Modernising the Kenyan dairy sector?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The track record of livestock development interventions in promoting sustained poverty reduction is believed to be meagre. Could it be that the track record of livestock development interventions is so meagre because of the influence of a reductionistic worldview? The Cartesian worldview has been extremely influential in Western culture and broader. Central in this worldview is a thinking in terms of traditional versus modern and subject(ive) versus object(ive). It has been argued that in development cooperation this has given rise to projectivistic thinking and acting where reality, including the realities of farmers and others, is only meaningless material, to be freely given shape based on a rational design. This is accompanied by an attitude in which our by and large individualistic Western society with its (presumed) institutional mechanicism – such as the market mechanism – is seen to be the model for other societies as well. Finally, we can note a marginalisation of religion and worldview in the public debate. The aim of this contribution is thereforeto analyse in a qualitative way whether such traces of the Cartesian worldview can be linked to development programmes’ successes or failures in achieving impact. To this end, a set of eight impact evaluations of dairy development interventions in Kenya are considered, spanning the period 2007-2014. We (1) analyse what positive and negative effects – as emerging from the evaluation documents – have resulted from these interventions; (2) normatively reflect on what the evaluation documents posit as positive and negative effects; (3) analyse whether we can speak of a significant influence of the Cartesian worldview in such interventions; and (3) establish whether there is a relationship between the degree to which projects and programs embody a Cartesian worldview and their respective success or failure. Even though results are not available yet, and the relationship between the influence of a Cartesian worldview and a project or program’s success is hypothetical, we at least expect to provide a typology of positive and negative effects of Kenyan dairy development interventions, and be able to show to which degree projects and programs are influenced by the Cartesian worldview.
Additional file 10: of Physical mapping of QTL for tuber yield, starch content and starch yield in tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by means of genome wide genotyping by sequencing and the 8.3 K SolCAP SNP array

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Identical genes detected by differential SolCAP and RADseq SNPs in the QUEST case-control populations. (DOCX 24 kb)
Estimating the Relative Water Content of Leaves in a Cotton Canopy

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Remotely sensing plant canopy water status remains a long-term goal of remote sensing research. Established approaches to estimating canopy water status the Crop Water Stress Index, the Water Deficit Index and the Equivalent Water Thickness involve measurements in the thermal or reflective infrared. Here we report plant water status estimates based upon analysis of polarized visible imagery of a cotton canopy measured by ground Multi-Spectral Polarization Imager (MSPI). Such estimators potentially provide access to the plant hydrological photochemistry that manifests scattering and absorption effects in the visible spectral region.Twice during one day, +- 3 hours from solar noon, we collected polarized imagery and relative water content data on a cotton test plot located at the Arid Land Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Maricopa, AZ. The test plot, a small portion of a large cotton field, contained stressed plants ready for irrigation. The evening prior to data collection we irrigated several rows of plants within the test plot. Thus, ground MSPI imagery from both morning and afternoon included cotton plants with a range of water statuses. Data analysis includes classifying the polarized imagery into sunlit reflecting, sunlit transmitting, shaded foliage and bare soil. We estimate the leaf surface reflection and interior reflection based upon the per pixel polarization and sunview directions. We compare our cotton results with our prior polarization results for corn and soybean leaves measured in the lab and corn leaves measured in the field.
Research on the Ship Lifecycle Configuration Management and Main Code Mapping Technology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The configuration views of the ship lifecycle are not only the result of the lifecycle optimum design but also the key technology to execute the ship functions and to guarantee its efficiency.The ship configuration is usually expressed by various main codes in order to keep its only meaning and to conveniently deal with it.The mapping algorithm proposed in this paper among the various configurations is the basic to automatically implement the configuration.The ship lifecycle configuration management applies many techniques,such as generating configuration views,mapping,changing configuration and tracing ship situation, therefore,it can guarantee the ship quality,efficiency and lifecycle information share.
Education Reform in China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Introduction - Janette Ryan Part I: Curriculum policy and practice 1. Reflection in action: Ongoing K-12 curriculum reform in China - Changyun Kang and Jian Liu 2. Constructing a cross-cultural teacher Professional Learning Community in the context of China's basic education curriculum - Changyun Kang, Gaalen Erickson, Janette Ryan and Ian Mitchell 3. Collaborative narration: Our story in a cross-cultural professional learning community - Keqin Liu, Yuping Li and Changyun Kang Part II: Educational quality and access 4. Methods to evaluate educational quality and improvement in China - Sally Thomas and Wen-Jung Peng 5. Education in the Tibetan Autonomous Region: Policies and Practices in Rural and Nomadic Communities - Gerard Postiglione, Ben Jiao and Melvyn C. Goldstein Part III: Educational values and beliefs 6. The changing landscapes of a journey: Educational metaphors in China - Martin Cortazzi and Lixian Jin 8. English language teachers as moral guides in Vietnam and China: Maintaining and re-traditionalising morality - Phan Le Ha, Paul McPherron and Phan Van Que Part IV: Reform and internationalisation in the disciplines 8. Ten years of curriculum reform in China: A soft knowledge perspective - Wee Tiong Seah 9. Multi-dimensional citizenship education reform: Is this the future trajectory for schools in China and Australia? - Libby Tudball Part V: Mutual learning and adaptation 10. Mutual learning and adaptation between China and the West through learning each other's language - Jiewen Zhong 11. Bridging the East and West dichotomy: Harmonising Eastern learning with Western knowledge - Shijing Xu
Field experiments on the magnesium requirement of cereals, potatoes and sugar beet in relation to nitrogen and potassium application

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In 43 experiments on a range of soils there was little indication that magnesium sulphate applied to the seedbed increased yield of cereals, potatoes or sugar beet. In one experiment only, on potatoes, a very high rate of muriate of potash induced magnesium deficiency. Different rates of ammonium sulphate, compared on cereals only, did not affect crop response to magnesium. The magnesium content of barley foliage and the effects of magnesium sulphate and ammonium sulphate on this content were shown to be related to soil potassium and magnesium levels.
Formation of a Hydroxymethylfurfural–Cysteine Adduct and Its Absorption and Cytotoxicity in Caco-2 Cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Adducts of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)-amino acids are formed during food processing and digestion; the elimination capacity of in vitro intestinal digests of biscuits, instant noodles, and potato crisps for HMF is 652, 727, and 540 μg/g, respectively. However, the safety of these adducts is unknown. In this study, an HMF-cysteine adduct named 1-dicysteinethioacetal-5-hydroxymehtylfurfural (DCH), which was found to be produced in the gastrointestinal tract after HMF intake, was prepared to test its effect toward Caco-2 cells. Compared with HMF, the adduct displayed lower cytotoxicity against Caco-2 cells with an IC50 value of 31.26 mM versus 14.95 mM (HMF). The DCH did not induce cell apoptosis, whereas HMF significantly increased the apoptosis rate after incubation at concentrations of 16, 32, and 48 mM for 72 h. DCH showed an absorption rate considerably lower than that of HMF by Caco-2 cells. Lower absorption of DCH may result in lower toxicity compared with HMF against Caco-2 cells. Intracellular transformation of DCH has been observed.