jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of MR Myelography of Brachial Plexus Injury with CT Myelography and Conventional Myelography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of study is to assess the accuracy of magnetic resonance myelography (MRM) of the cervical spine in patients with preganglionic Brachial Plexus Injury (BPI) by using CT myelography as the gold standard and comparing this with routine conventional myelography. Patients with a clinically diagnosis of Brachial plexus Injury were studied (9 males, 1 female, aged 16 - 42 years old) [mean age = 25.4 years old]). All patients had undergone clinical evaluation by an orthopedic surgeon and five patients had had additional somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) performed. All patients were investigated by conventional myelography, computed tomography myelography (CTM) and magnetic resonance myelography (MRM). We used CT myelography as the gold standard and the accuracy of MRM and myelography were assessed in relative to this. The sensitivity in detecting a pseudomeningocele by MRM is 100% and the sensitivity in detecting nerve root abnormality is 90% at the level of the C5, C6 roots and 100% for the C7, C8, T1 roots. MR Myelography has many advantages over conventional and CT myelography which include the absence of radiation and the lack of need for intrathecal injection of contrast material.
Growth modes of partially fluorinated organic molecules on amorphous silicon dioxide

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We study the influence of fluorination on nucleation and growth of the organic para-sexiphenyl molecule (p-6P) on amorphous silicon dioxide ($α$-SiO$_2$) by means of atomistically resolved classical molecular dynamics computer simulations. We use a simulation model that mimics the experimental deposition from the vapor and subsequent self-assembly onto the underlying surface. Our model reproduces the experimentally observed orientational changes from lying to upright standing configurations of the grown layers. We demonstrate that the increase in the number of fluorinated groups inside the p-6P leads to a smoother, layer-by-layer growth on the $α$-SiO$_2$ surface: We observe that in the first layers, due to strong molecule-substrate interactions the molecules first grow in chiral (fan-like) structures, where each consecutive molecule has a higher angle, supported by molecules lying underneath. Subsequently deposited molecules bind to the already standing molecules of the chiral structures until all molecules are standing. The growth of chiral islands is the main mechanism for growth of the fluorinated p-6P derivative, while the p-6P, due to the lower interaction with the underlying substrate, forms less chiral structures. This leads to a lower energy barrier for step-edge crossing for the fluorinated molecules. We find that partial fluorination of the p-6P molecule can in this way significantly alter its growth behaviour by modifying the rough, 3D growth into a smooth, layer-by-layer growth. This has implications for the rational design of molecules and their functionalized forms which could be tailored for a desired growth behavior and structure formation.
Is Determinism Self-refuting?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Is Determinism Self-refuting? Get access PATRICIA SMITH CHURCHLAND PATRICIA SMITH CHURCHLAND UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mind, Volume XC, Issue 357, January 1981, Pages 99–101, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/XC.357.99 Published: 01 January 1981
The Ethical Challenges of Globalization

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Globalization has transformed the world from a collection of discrete communities interacting occasionally to an overlapping community of fate. Thus culturally, politically and economically, communities across the world now operate in what is essentially a shared space albeit divided into artificial political condominiums called nation-states. This artificial division, notwithstanding, the intensification of transnational relations occasioned by globalizing forces and processes has opened up novel forms of social bonds and responsibilities. As nations, peoples and communities across the globe become economically, socially and politically connected, the distinction between the global and the local becomes increasingly blurred and events and actions in one locale carries with it the potential to generate transnational and transgenerational consequences. It is precisely because in a globalized world, events and actions are capable of giving rise to transnational consequences, that moral reflection about our responsibilities and obligations has become an imperative. Taking the above observations as a point of departure, this paper seeks to highlight some of the plethora of normative issues and question which are becoming increasingly significant in the age of globalization. These, interestingly, includes the c haracter of globalization itself. Critics have argued that the currently unfolding neoliberal globalization concentrates wealth in the hands of a few while it leaves the majority in the condition of poverty. Other questions relate to the environment, cultural imperialism, human rights, global poverty, the rise of powerful transnational corporations etc.
The Crimean Khan Şahin Giray (1777–1783): The First Modernizer of the Islamic World and his Image in Imperial and Minority Perspectives

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The last Tatar khan in the Crimean Peninsula, Şahin Giray, lived during the period that saw the annexation of this Ottoman suzerainty by the Russian Empire. He is the first recorded Muslim ruler in history who tried to introduce a program of modernization based on contemporary European models, and his reforms concerned all spheres of Tatar society. In spite of his collaboration with the Russian Empire, Russian historiography is generally critical toward this khan and skeptical regarding his reforms. The Ottoman historians saw Şahin as a traitor, therefore his achievements were ignored in their writings. A completely different approach regarding Şahin Giray and his innovations can be found in a little-known Jewish-Karaite chronicle, presenting an additional cultural-historical dimension from the perspective of minorities. The purpose of the present article is to analyze political and socio-cultural factors of these distinctions between the imperial standpoint and minority perspective.
Isolation and characterization of a keratinolytic protease from a feather-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa C11

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A feather-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa C11 was isolated from feather dumping soil with quick plate screening technology and identified based on morphological and biochemical characterization and analysis of 16S rDNA sequences. The keratinolytic protease from P. aeruginosa C11 was purified 17.4-fold through ammonium sulphate precipitation, a sephadex G-75 gel i¬ltration column and a DEAE sepharose fast-i¬‚ow column. The purified keratinolytic protease could deeply degrade raw feathers within 24 h at 37°C. The relative molecular mass of the protease was estimated to be 33 kDa by SDS–PAGE. The protease was stable in pH range 5 to 10 and at temperature below 50°C with optimum pH of 7.5 and optimum temperature of 60°C. Mn2+ stimulated the keratinolytic activity by 21% at 2 mM, while Co2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, Pb2+ and Fe2+inhibited the keratinolytic activity. The keratinolytic activity was strongly inhibited by EDTA, but not by PMSF, which indicated the protease was a metalloprotease. The isolated protease was different from any reported keratinolytic metalloprotease and was worthy of further investigation.

Key words: feather-degrading bacterium, keratinolytic protease, enzymatic characterization, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Acute Rupture of an Aortic False Aneurysm Treated with a Stent-Graft

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To report the use of an aortic endograft to treat a ruptured false aneurysm at the anastomosis of an aortofemoral bypass graft. Methods and Results: A 68-year-old man with a 30-year-old aorto-right femoral bypass and multiple comorbidities was admitted to the hospital complaining of acute abdominal pain. Imaging identified a 60-mm ruptured aortic false aneurysm with associated retroperitoneal hematoma, a 9-cm right femoral false aneurysm, and a calcified 23-mm left common iliac aneurysm. Two slightly overlapping Vanguard straight stent-grafts were implanted in the aorta and left common iliac artery in an emergency procedure owing to the patient's high surgical risk. The anastomotic false aneurysm and the bypass were excluded. A left-to-right femorofemoral bypass was performed to re-establish flow to the right femoral artery with ligation of the external iliac artery. The patient recovered uneventfully. He remained well with a successful repair until his death of a myocardial infarction 6 months after the procedure. Conclusions: Endovascular grafting can be used successfully for the urgent treatment of aortic false aneurysm rupture.
THE FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF MULTIPLE‐LOCUS HETEROZYGOSITY UNDER THE MULTIPLICATIVE OVERDOMINANCE AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION MODELS

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

There is a growing body of literature suggesting that the fitness of an individual increases with the observed number of heterozygous loci. Broad theoretical considerations indicate that under various sorts of balancing selection, this is what one should generally expect in a population of multiple-locus genotypes. To date, however, it has not been possible to distinguish between two potential explanations of the phenomenon. The first explanation is that the loci examined are themselves responsible for the fitness differences observed (or, equivalents, are very closely linked to those that do). The genetic variation in question is thought to be maintained in polymorphic equilibrium by some form of balancing selection. The second explanation assumes that the observed loci are themselves selectively irrelevant but that their heterozygosity reflects that of the total genome. Genomic heterozygosity is thought to be predictive of fitness, being an obverse measure of generalized inbreeding depression. We provide a formal derivation of an explicit relationship between fitness and multiple-locus genotype for a simple form of the first explanation, the multiplicative overdominance model. The inbreeding depression model is a degenerate special case of this more general formulation. A formal estimation and testing framework is constructed that should facilitate evaluation of the two models with empiric data on heterozygosity and fitness.
Breeched and Unbridled: Bifurcated Equestrian Garments for Women in Early Modern Europe

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article discusses the wearing of bifurcated equestrian garments for women in early modern Europe. Considering visual representations as well as documentary sources, the first section examines the fashion for red riding breeches between the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Worn for their comfort and functionality in the saddle, these garments were also invested with powerful symbolic and affective meaning. The second section provides new insights about female equestrian outfits in late seventeenth-century France. Through the close reading of two written accounts, the author sheds light on the use of breeches as undergarments in the saddle and discusses the appearance of a hybrid riding uniform that incorporated knee-length culottes. By presenting horsewomen who wore bifurcated garments in the pursuit of leisure rather than transgression, this study revises historical narratives that cast the breeched woman exclusively as a symbol of gender upheaval.
8-Amino-Adenosine Inhibits Multiple Mechanisms of Transcription

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Roscovitine and flavopiridol suppress cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) and CDK9 activity resulting in transcription inhibition, thus providing an alternative mechanism to traditional genotoxic chemotherapy. These agents have been effective in slow or nonreplicative cell types. 8-Amino-adenosine is a transcription inhibitor that has proved very effective in multiple myeloma cell lines and primary indolent leukemia cells. The objective of the current work was to define mechanisms of action that lead to transcription inhibition by 8-amino-adenosine. 8-Amino-adenosine is metabolized into the active triphosphate (8-amino-ATP) in cells. This accumulation resulted in a simultaneous decrease of intracellular ATP and RNA synthesis. When the effects of established ATP synthesis inhibitors and transcription inhibitors on intracellular ATP concentrations and RNA synthesis were studied, there was a strong correlation between ATP decline and RNA synthesis. This correlation substantiated the hypothesis that the loss of ATP in 8-amino-adenosine–treated cells contributes to the decrease in transcription due to the lack of substrate needed for mRNA body and polyadenylation tail synthesis. RNA polymerase II COOH terminal domain phosphorylation declined sharply in 8-amino-adenosine–treated cells, which may have been due to the lack of an ATP phosphate donor or competitive inhibition with 8-amino-ATP at CDK7 and CDK9. Furthermore, 8-amino-ATP was incorporated into nascent RNA in a dose-dependent manner at the 3′-end resulting in transcription termination. Finally, in vitro transcription assays showed that 8-amino-ATP competes with ATP for incorporation into mRNA. Collectively, we have concluded that 8-amino-adenosine elicits effects on multiple mechanisms of transcription, providing a new class of transcription inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(1); 236–45
Development of a piloted lean burner for an aero-engine combustor: influence of liquid fuel placement on pollutant emissions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Detailed investigations of different liquid fuel injectors for the main stage of a lean burnner were carried out. The main injector follows a jet in cross flow arrangement. Two other concepts with a prefilmer and trailing edge injection were additionally derived. It was found that the fuel split between main and pilot injector has a significant influence on flame structure. Low NOx emissions are observed with main burners with a low fuel penetration into the central recirculation zone.
Partitioning of Regulatory Sites in Bufo Marinus During Hypercapnia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Ureters were cannulated in specimens of Bufo marinus (L.) in order to partition the regulatory contributions of the kidney and skin. The in vivo roles of the kidney, skin and internal calcareous deposits in the response of these animals to chronic hypercapnia were then evaluated. There was no compensatory adjustment by the skin and only a minimal regulatory response by the kidney. Major adjustments which have been attributed to combined skin and urinary tract in previous studies must therefore come from the urinary bladder. Removal of the bladder as a regulatory site in these animals completely eliminated the compensatory elevation of HCO3− in the extracellular fluid. Mobilization of internal calcareous deposits as a source of HCO3− was found to contribute 50% of the compensatory response of these animals during hypercapnia.
Career Development in Nursing: Identifying the Career Anchors of Nurses at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Nurses are the largest providers of care services in the health care system who play an important role in the community health by providing health care. Therefore, maintaining and developing them is an integral part of human resource management in the health system. Considering that one of the tools for career development is determining job anchors, this study was conducted in 2020 to identify the career anchors of nurses from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in order to develop their career path. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 268 nurses working in hospitals and educational centers of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences who were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected using the standard Schein questionnaire and analyzed by independent t-test and ANOVA in SPSS 23 software. Results: Among career anchors, service and dedication (24.74 ± 1.72) had the highest, and managerial competence (16.35 ± 2.32) had the lowest mean score. Furthermore, the average entrepreneurial creativity in women was significantly higher than men (p = 0.04). And in men, the average of pure challenges was significantly higher than women (p = 0.04). In addition, people with undergraduate degree showed a greater tendency to technical/functional competence (p = 0.02). Clinical nurses were more likely to become managers (p = 0.04), and corporate nurses were more inclined to have a lifestyle anchor (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Regarding service and dedication anchor, which had the highest average score among the interviewed nurses, individuals are motivated by pursuing valuable goals and meeting the needs of others. Whilest managerial competencies were not the priority of the studied nurses. Therefore, the opportunity for promotion in nurses is not just focused on reaching a managerial position. Therefore, it is suggested that the management of human resources in university define the career path of people based on their anchors and specific interests to people in terms of mental and mental health for creating a favorable atmosphere and better performance.
The US Federal Income Taxation Treatment of Insurance‐Linked Securities

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter discusses the US federal income tax treatment of a foreign corporation that enters into one or more 'insurance-linked instruments' relating to a natural catastrophe risk with an unrelated counterparty, and the US federal income tax consequences to the US and foreign investors that purchase notes issued by the foreign corporation. The total coupon paid on the catastrophe bonds is equal to the periodic payments received by the issuer under the insurance-linked instrument and the total return swap, less the issuer's administrative costs. As discussed in this chapter, the insurance-linked instruments are most similar to notional principal contracts, insurance, and options. As discussed in this chapter, an insurance-linked instrument that is written as a reinsurance or retrocession agreement is typically treated as insurance for federal income tax purposes.
Mythic origins of moral evil: moral fatalism and the tragic self-conception of the Mekeo

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The author documents and interprets versions of key Mekeo myths that tell of the origins of moral evil, suggesting that, where such myths exist, they may be seen as evidence of an evolving moral consciousness in which subjective awareness of guilt begins to displace feelings of shame and loss of face. He identifies the components of a complex socio-moral order with two distinct types of moral behaviour, a semi-institutionalised anti-morality, and two largely implicit principles of action that inform everyday actions and transactions. The author shows how these various components are grounded in the personalities, actions and interactions of mythic personages.
IDENTIFICATION HERPES INFECTION, RUBELLA VIRUS IN THE FETUS AND NEWBORN WITH MALFORMATIONS AND SIGNS OF INTRAUTERINE INFECTION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The examination of smears prints 79 dead fetuses, miscarriages, babies with abnormalities and signs of intrauterine infection in order to determine the frequency of infection with herpes viruses: human herpes virus type 6 (HHV-6), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and rubella virus clarify features of current ante- and neonatal period, causes of death, the definition of histological markers of intrauterine infection.
Resistance to activated protein C caused by the R506Q mutation in the gene for factor V is a common risk factor for venous thrombosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The protein C system is an important natural anticoagulant pathway. Protein C is the key component of the system and it is activated by thrombin bound to thrombomodulin on the surface of endothelial cells. Activated protein C (APC) inhibits coagulation by cleaving and inactivating coagulation factors factor Va and factor Villa. Until recently, the major genetic causes of familial venous thrombophilia were inherited deficiencies of protein C, protein S or antithrombin, but together they were found in less than 5‐10% of patients with thrombosis. In 1993, the situation changed drastically with the description of inherited APC‐resistance as a novel risk factor for venous thrombosis. APC‐resistance is characterized by a poor anticoagulant response to APC. Inherited APC‐resistance is the most common genetic risk factor for this disease and it is found in 20‐60% of patients. The condition is caused by a single point mutation in the gene for factor V which predicts substitution of arginine (R) at position 506 with a glutamine (Q). Mutated factor V (FVR 506 Q, FV:Q 506 or FV Leiden) expresses normal procoagulant properties but is partially resistant to APC. The resulting hypercoagulable state confers a life‐long increased risk of venous but not arterial thrombosis. The FVR 506 Q mutation is common in Caucasians with a prevalence of 1‐15%, whereas it is not found in other human races. The FVR 506 Q mutation may, due to its high prevalence, be an additional risk factor in individuals carrying other inherited defects such as deficiency of protein S, protein C or antithrombin. Such individuals have a high incidence of thrombosis and severe thrombophilia is a multigenetic disease. The high prevalence of inherited APC‐resistance and the availability of easy functional and genetic tests will stimulate the development of prophylactic regimens and hopefully result in a decreased incidence of thrombosis.
Effects of pulsing of a target tone on the ability to hear it out in different types of complex sounds

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Judgments of whether a sinusoidal probe is higher or lower in frequency than the closest partial (“target”) in a multi-partial complex are improved when the target is pulsed on and off. These experiments explored the contribution of reduction in perceptual confusion and recovery from adaptation to this effect. In experiment 1, all partials except the target were replaced by noise to reduce perceptual confusion. Performance was much better than when the background was composed of multiple partials. When the level of the target was reduced to avoid ceiling effects, no effect of pulsing the target occurred. In experiment 2, the target and background partials were irregularly and independently amplitude modulated. This gave a large effect of pulsing the target, suggesting that if recovery from adaptation contributes to the effect, amplitude fluctuations do not prevent this. In experiment 3, the background was composed of multiple steady partials, but the target was irregularly amplitude modulated. This gave better performance than when the target was unmodulated and a moderate effect of pulsing the target. It is argued that when the target and background are steady tones, pulsing the target may result both in reduction of perceptual confusion and recovery from adaptation.