jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Techniques to select site of insertion for a peripheral intravenous catheter with vessel locating devices using light, sounds or tactile actions (or palpations)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Approximately 80% of patients admitted to acute hospitals have at least one peripheral intravenous catheter inserted during their admission, for the administration of fluids and medicines, and/or diagnostic tests, so the failure rate is concerning. New technology may decrease these rates even when used by inexperienced inserters. The choice of insertion site for an intravenous catheter is a known predictor of catheter failure. Therefore, the objective for this study was to evaluate the utility of vessel locating devices for novice clinicians to select catheter insertion sites in the forearm. Methods An inter‐subject incomplete counterbalanced research design was employed with healthy volunteers. Novice clinicians used either a vessel locating device using light or sound waves or they used palpation to identify relatively superficial veins in the forearm. This was compared to site selection performed by an expert clinician using palpation method only. Measurements of differences were analysed from photos of chosen sites. Bland–Altman agreement analysis was used to plot novice expert agreement. The STROBE checklist was followed in reporting this study (Techniques to select site of insertion for a peripheral intravenous catheter with vessel locating devices (Appendix S1)). Results A total of 32 novice clinicians used three vessel locating devices and a palpation technique. Novice clinicians did not choose more veins for optimum catheter placement when assisted with vessel locating devices compared to palpation techniques. All methods had a similar mean difference between novice and expert measurements and a similar percentage difference in distance from the expert choice. Bland–Altman agreement analysis did not identify any advantage for the novice with vessel locating devices over palpation. Conclusion Vessel locating devices do not enhance the ability of novice clinicians any greater than palpation when selecting suitable forearm veins. If vessel locating device approaches are to be adopted in clinical practice to support better insertion outcomes then current PIVC teaching techniques should include structured vessel locating devices theory and practice. Relevance to clinical practice Successful insertion of a peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) on the first attempt is a challenging procedure for nurses. Careful consideration of the selected site of insertion could modify this risk factor for catheter failure. The choice of PIVC insertion site by a novice clinician compared to an expert does not necessarily improve with the use of vein locating technology. While there is a range of technological devices available to assist with locating vessels, there needs to be more emphasis from educators on how to select an appropriate insertion site for intravenous therapy.
Primer registro de insuficiencia cardíaca en la caja nacional de salud

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Heart failure is a disease that affects millions of people around the world. A chronic phase characterization is important in Latin American countries. It is with this motivation that the authors decided to carry out a registry at hospital level to encourage better data and on a larger scale: The First Registry of Heart Failure at the Caja Nacional de Salud Hospital (PRICNASA). Method: All patients older than 18 years admitted to the cardiology ward for decompensated HF at Hospital Obrero # 3 - CNS between September 2018 and September 2019 were prospectively included. The diagnosis of HF was left at the discretion of the investigators and patients with HF were excluded due to myocardial infarction and postoperative cardiac surgery. Results: There were 194 patients admitted; the mean age was 61 years, and about 61% were male. Chagas disease was the most frequent etiology in 49% of the patients. Medication was optimized upon discharge, increasing ACEIs from 12.9% to 27.8%, beta-blockers from 39.2% to 58.8%, furosemide from 41.2% to 79.9%, and spironolactone from 22.7% to 56.2%. Regarding complications, 6.2% presented cardiogenic shock and mechanical ventilation. Patient mortality was 7.2% corresponding to 13 patients who died in the registry.Conclusions: The PRICNASA registry showed similarities in terms of incidence in many factors such as age and comorbidities. Chagas disease stands out as the main etiology in most patients and a mortality that is comparable with other realities worldwide. This first local registry will serve for future contributions to the knowledge of the pathology and its treatment at regional level within the different scenarios of the health systems. It will be a starting point to make.
FREE SUBGROUPS OF THE GROUP OF INFINITE UNITRIANGULAR MATRICES

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this note we give simple explicit examples of free subgroups of rank 2 in the group of infinite upper unitriangular matrices over integers. The proofs that the given subgroup is free are elementary. Using canonical projections mod p (p — any odd prime) we obtain also free subgroups in the group of finite state automata on alphabet of size p, extending results of Aleshin [1], Brunner–Sidki [2] and Olijnyk–Sushchansky [8, 9] in this direction. As application, we give the simple proofs of two classical results on free groups.
Production of extracellular proteinases—protein C activators of blood plasma—by the micromycete Aspergillus ochraceus during submerged and solid-state fermentation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The conditions for the submerged and solid-state cultivation of the micromycete Aspergillus ochraceus VKM F-4104D, producing extracellular proteinases that activate protein C in human blood plasma, were optimized. It is shown that the protein C-activating activity of the micromycete in a solid-state culture was 1.5-3.5 times higher than in a submerged culture (as calculated per milliliter of culture medium). Among the extracellular proteins secreted by A. ochraceus VKM F-4104D during submerged and solid-state cultivation, a protein C-activating proteinase with a pI of 6.0-6.3 was identified.
Individual and Time Effects in Nonlinear Panel Models with Large N, T

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

We derive fixed effects estimators of parameters and average partial effects in (possibly dynamic) nonlinear panel data models with individual and time effects. They cover logit, probit, ordered probit, Poisson and Tobit models that are important for many empirical applications in micro and macroeconomics. Our estimators use analytical and jackknife bias corrections to deal with the incidental parameter problem, and are asymptotically unbiased under asymptotic sequences where $N/T$ converges to a constant. We develop inference methods and show that they perform well in numerical examples.
The background of the PERT algorithm

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the continuous production of manufactured goods it is generally considered worth while to plan in detail every operation and every flow of material so as to prevent delays occurring and avoid the accumulation of material on the line. For “one-off” projects such an approach is not feasible, although it is equally important to carry out the tasks at the right pace and in the right order so that they dovetail correctly to form a good total project plan. PERT (Programme Evaluation and Review Technique) provides the planner of such projects (whether manufacturing, design, research, sale promotion, construction, or whatever) with a technique for recording and analysing his project plan. This enables him to compare alternative plans and select the best before the project begins, and its gives him up-to-date information at regular intervals as to how achievement compares with the schedule, what parts of the project special attentions, and what future progress to expect. These results are the product of a standard computation for which a wide variety of computers have been programmed. Recent developments of the technique extend further into the planning function but are of less general application.
A non-LTE analysis of a sample of O stars selected from galactic OB associations

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The tables of non-LTE line profiles and equivalent widths published by Mihalas and his collaborators [33], [7], [35] have been revised and extended to four different values of the abundance ratio He/H. Bolometric corrections have been calculated for V magnitudes. The theoretical line profiles have been fit to echelle spectrograms of 22 galactic O stars by X2 minimization. It is found that the stars with the lowest surface gravities are fitted best by theoretical spectra with unexpectedly high helium abundances (He/H~0.50), while the stars with higher surface gravities are fitted best by theoretical spectra with He/H~0.10, the accepted cosmic ratio. This suggests a systematic failure of conventional non-LTE, plane-parallel models for the more luminous O stars, probably as a result of the neglect of geometrical dilution. The formula, log He/H = 1.1234-0.4791 log g, gives a good fit to the relation between the apparent helium abundance and log g. Using this relationship, the apparent abundances have been reduced to what are probably true abundances relative to the normal cosmic abundance. It is found that there is no significant difference in the average helium abundances of the associations observed. However, the stars HD 12993, HD 242908, and HD 193595 may be blue stragglers with moderately enhanced helium abundance (He/H~0.19). Relative carbon abundances have been determined empirically by comparison of the CIV 5812A and HeII 4542A equivalent widths. It is found that the association Cyg 0B2 is overabundant in carbon by ~50%. Likewise, the blue straggler HD 236894 is underabundant in carbon by a factor of two. The estimated effective temperatures of the sample are compared to the previously accepted calibration of MK spectral types to the effective temperature. Estimates of the radii and masses of the stars in the sample have been calculated from their physical parameters and their absolute visual magnitudes.
Non-coding RNAs in Lung Cancer Chemoresistance

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide with limited treatment options. The major available treatment options are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and combinations of these treatments. In chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and taxol are the first lines of chemotherapeutics used for the treatment of lung cancer. Often drug resistance in the clinical settings hinders the efficiency of the treatment and intrigues the tumor relapse. Drug-resistance is triggered either by intrinsic factors or due to the prolonged cycles of chemotherapy as an acquired-resistance. There is an emerging role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including notorious microRNAs (miRNAs), proposed to be actively involved in the regulations of various tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes. Result: The altered gene expression by miRNA is largely mediated either by the degradation or by interfering with the translation of targeted mRNA. Unlike miRNA, other type of ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), can target the transcriptional activator or the repressor, RNA polymerase, and even DNA-duplex to regulate the gene expressions. Many studies have confirmed the crucial role of ncRNAs in lung adenocarcinoma progression and importantly, in the acquisition of chemoresistance. Recently, ncRNAs have become early biomarkers and therapeutic targets for lung cancer. Conclusion: Targeting ncRNAs could be an effective approach for the development of novel therapeutics against lung cancer and to overcome the chemoresistance.
Coupling Analysis of Deformation and Flow in Jointed Rock Mass during Cavern Excavation

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Mechanical behaviors of geological material are governed by the existences and behaviors of microstructures such as joints or microcracks in rock mass. During cavern excavation, not only the mechanical properties but also permeability of jointed rock mass are changed due to joint deformation. In this article, the coupled modeling of deformation and flow of the jointed rock mass is carried on the basis of the Micromechanics-Based Continuum approach (MBC approach). The derived model is implemented into the MBC analysis, which enables us to carry the excavation analysis of a cavern and obtain the distribution of displacement, stress, strain and permeability of rock mass and the deformation of joints.
Video Conference Technology as a Tool for Pair Introduction in Rhesus Macaques

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Pair housing is known to promote welfare for macaques in captivity. However, finding compatible partners can be challenging, particularly when animals are not located near one another. Because macaques show interest in videos of conspecifics, we examined the use of video conference technology (Zoom) as a potential tool to assess compatibility in 84 rhesus macaques (2–22 years old) prior to pair introduction. Monkeys involved in the pairs (12 female–female, 21 male–male, 9 female–male) were unfamiliar with each other. We set up a 10 min Zoom session between potential partners (on an iPad in front of the cage). We scored attention to the screen, anxiety, and prosocial behaviors and examined whether these behaviors predicted future pair success. Monkeys spent relatively little time attending to the tablet (median = 13.3%), and attention did not predict pair success (B = −0.06, NS). However, pairs in which attention was primarily shown by one animal had a higher chance of success than those in which both individuals showed similar levels (B = −4.66. p = 0.03). Neither prosocial (B = 0.89, NS) nor anxiety (B = −1.95, p = 0.07) behavior correlated with pair success. While preliminary, our data suggest that video conferencing technology may be useful as a tool for introducing unfamiliar partners prior to a socialization attempt.
Challenges of extreme load hexapod design and modularization for large ground-based telescopes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The hexapod is a parallel kinematic manipulator that is the minimum arrangement for independent control of six degrees of freedom. Advancing needs for hexapod performance, capacity and configurations have driven development of highly capable new actuator designs. This paper describes new compact hexapod design proposals for high load capacity, and corresponding hexapod actuator only mechanisms suitable for integration as structural motion elements in next-generation telescope designs. These actuators provide up to 90 000N load capability while preserving sub-micrometer positional capability and in-position stability. The design is optimized for low power dissipation and incorporates novel encoders direct manufactured with the nut flange to achieve more than 100000 increments per revolution. In the hexapod design we choose cardan joints for the actuator that have axis offsets to provide optimized stiffness. The additional computational requirements for offset axes are readily solved by advanced kinematic algorithms and modern hardware. The paper also describes the hexapod controller concept with individual actuator designs, which allows the integration of hexapod actuators into the main telescope structure to reduce mass and provide the telescope designer more design freedom in the incorporation of these types of motion systems. An adaptive software package was developed including collision control feature for real-time safety during hexapod movements.
The New Problems in the Ideological and Political Work on College Students and Its Solution

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper analyses the new problems occuring in the ideological and political work on college students in new situation, such as the ineffectiveness of that work and the unsteadiness of the staff, and points out that, in that ideological and political work, we should adhere to the right direction of higher education, keep on developing, change conception, update the content, improve the mothods and make innovation.
Making light work of early gastric cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

See article on page 345

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) should win the beauty contest between the differing endoscopic treatments for malignant or premalignant gastrointestinal mucosa with ease. The name could have been dreamed up by an advertising agency and the technique is based on the elegant theoretical advantage of dual selectivity resulting from the combination of a designer drug and laser light. Throw in local oxygen radical induced cytotoxicity and several unique safety features and you have an unbeatable product. However, although there is increasing interest in the use of PDT in gastroenterology, it is not new and remains experimental.

The initial step in PDT is the administration of a photosensitiser, most of which have been based on porphyrins. The photosensitiser is inert until activated by light, when localised cytotoxicity is produced—due to the production of oxygen radicals with most agents that have been used. An additional property of several photosensitisers has been their preferential retention in different tissues, particularly mucosa or neoplasms. By endoscopy most of the lesions suitable for PDT can be reached through the intestinal lumen and laser light directed at the abnormal area with sparing of adjacent normal mucosa. PDT possesses an important advantage over other techniques of tissue ablation, especially thermal destruction, in that while there is cytotoxicity and tissue necrosis, collagen remains intact,1 and hence the risks of perforation are reduced.2 Sunlight will also activate photosensitisers causing skin photosensitivity which has been the principal side effect of treatment and patients need to avoid natural light until the drug has been cleared. The other disadvantage of PDT is the limited penetration of light into tissue which restricts treatment to a depth of 10 mm …
Formulation and evaluation of ethyl cellulose microspheres prepared by the multiple emulsion technique.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to formulate and evaluate microencapsulated controlled release preparations of metformin hydrochloride using ethyl cellulose as the retardant material with high entrapment efficiency and extended release. Microspheres were prepared by the double emulsion solvent diffusion method. A mixed solvent system consisting of acetonitrile and dichloromethane in 1:1 ratio and light liquid paraffin were chosen as the primary and secondary oil phases, respectively. Span 80 was used as the surfactant for stabilizing the secondary oil phase. The prepared microspheres were characterized by drug loading, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro release studies were performed in a series of buffer solutions with variable pH. The drug loaded microspheres showed 55-85% of entrapment and the release was extended for up to 12 h. SEM studies revealed that the microspheres were spherical and porous in nature. Data obtained from in vitro release studies were fitted to various kinetic models and high correlation was obtained with the Higuchi model. The drug release was found to be diffusion controlled. Oral administration of the microspheres to the albino mice provided decreased plasma glucose for more than 10 h.
Knowledge discovery from forum data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Advancement in information retrieval and data mining techniques has provided more and more useful mechanisms for the retrieval of most relevant information from documents, as well as for knowledge discovery from the same. The knowledge embedded in online forums, a kind of knowledge-rich data source, has yet be fully utilized because of the limited search functionalities provided by most existing forum platforms. This project provides a prototype solution to improve search functions of online forums. More specifically, a multithreaded Crawler and a Parser have been implemented to download and parse the posts published in a local forum in HTML format. A Topic Modeler which is built based on the MALLET package is used to generate the high-level topics of the forum data. An Indexer and a Searcher are then developed based on Lucene, to support searching over the forum data. A web search interface which supports sophisticated search requests and search result facet visualization is developed for users to discover knowledge in online forums. As the result, the solution provided by this project allows users to search relevant information by simple (e.g. single-keyword) as well as sophisticated queries. It also shows users a high-level view of the search results in aggregative and multi-facet visualized form. Furthermore, it enables users to understand the high-level topics of the search results by topic modeling. This search interface helps users to find the relevant information more effectively and efficiently. This study ends with a few limitations identified but not tackled due to the project scope and time constraint. Nevertheless, recommendations on addressing these limitations are made as future work.
Crustal‐Scale Fault Interaction at Rifted Margins and the Formation of Domain‐Bounding Breakaway Complexes: Insights From Offshore Norway

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The large‐magnitude faults that control crustal thinning and excision at rifted margins combine into laterally persistent structural boundaries that separate margin domains of contrasting morphology and structure. We term them breakaway complexes. At the Mid‐Norwegian margin, we identify five principal breakaway complexes that separate the proximal, necking, distal, and outer margin domains. Downdip and lateral interactions between the faults that constitute breakaway complexes became fundamental to the evolution of the 3‐D margin architecture. Different types of fault interaction are observed along and between these faults, but simple models for fault growth will not fully describe their evolution. These structures operate on the crustal scale, cut large thicknesses of heterogeneously layered lithosphere, and facilitate fundamental margin processes such as deformation coupling and exhumation. Variations in large‐magnitude fault geometry, erosional footwall incision, and subsequent differential subsidence along the main breakaway complexes likely record the variable efficiency of these processes.