jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of the Virginity Beliefs Scale

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Past research on first sexual intercourse experiences and virginity has largely focused on using demographics such as age at first intercourse as predictors of future sexual behaviors and beliefs. Carpenter ( 2002 , 2005 ) suggested a model of three virginity metaphors that describe how individuals perceive their virginity: gift, stigma, and process. Using Carpenter's framework as a starting point, scale items were developed based on the conceptual understanding of the three metaphors. In Study 1 (N = 223, mean age = 19.9, SD = 2.4), 50 items were factor analyzed, yielding 22 items found to be strong indicators of the three metaphors; ten items for gift, eight for stigma, and four for process. The three subscales were validated using measures of gender-role beliefs and affective reactions to first intercourse. In Study 2 (N = 359, mean age = 19.7, SD = 2.4), confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the 22-item factor breakdown. The resulting Virginity Beliefs Scale is discussed in terms of how it applies to Carpenter's original framework and its future research potential.
An Eigenvector-Based Method of Radio Array Calibration and Its Application to the Tianlai Cylinder Pathfinder

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We propose an eigenvector-based formalism for the calibration of radio interferometer arrays. In the presence of a strong dominant point source, the complex gains of the array can be obtained by taking the first eigenvector of the visibility matrix. We use the stable principle component analysis method to help separate outliers and noise from the calibrator signal to improve the performance of the method. This method can be applied with poorly known beam model of the antenna, is insensitive to outliers or imperfections in the data, and has low computational complexity. It thus is particularly suitable for the initial calibration of the array, which can serve as the initial point for more accurate calibrations. We demonstrate this method by applying it to the cylinder pathfinder of the Tianlai experiment, which aims to measure the dark energy equation of state using the baryon acoustic oscillation features in the large-scale structure by making intensity mapping observation of the redshifted 21 cm emission of the neutral hydrogen (H i ). The complex gain of the array elements and the beam profile in the east–west direction (short axis of the cylinder) are successfully obtained by applying this method to the transit data of bright radio sources.
Regulation of Enkephalin, VIP, and Chromogranin Biosynthesis in Actively Secreting Chromaffin Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Enkephalins, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and chromogranin A are all contained in the secretory vesicles of chromaffin cells in culture, and are all released from this compartment by secretagogues in a calcium-dependent way. The biosynthesis of each of these peptides, however, is under quite independent regulation. The synthesis and secretion of enkephalin is tightly coupled to acetylcholine and elevated potassium stimulation by calcium influx. Once calcium enters the cell, calcium acts at pharmacologically distinct sites to elicit secretion and enhanced biosynthesis of Metenkephalin. This is demonstrated by the calcium-independent stimulation of enkephalin secretion by 1 mM barium, in contrast to the dependence on extracellular calcium of barium-stimulated biosynthesis of this peptide. The synthesis and secretion of VIP is also coupled to acetylcholine and elevated potassium stimulation by calcium influx. Treatment with barium demonstrates that calcium acts at distinct sites to stimulate secretion and biosynthesis of this peptide; however induction of VIP by barium and veratridine shows greater sensitivity to the calcium channel blocker methoxyverapamil (D600) than does the induction of Met-enkephalin by these agents. These differences in D600 sensitivity may be due to differences in calcium metabolism or voltage-dependent calcium channels in enkephalin-producing and VIP-inducible subpopulations of chromaffin cells. Chromogranin A levels are essentially unaffected by any of the agents which increase enkephalin and VIP levels, although it is secreted in parallel with enkephalins and catecholamines from chromaffin cells in response to secretagogues. We suggest that peptide hormones such as VIP and enkephalins are regulated by calcium-dependent stimulus-secretion-synthesis coupling in the chromaffin cell. Cyclic AMP is a positive regulator of enkephalin and VIP biosynthesis, but does not affect acute release of these peptides. The cAMP/protein kinase A system may be a distal mediator of peptide biosynthesis stimulated by secretagogues. Alternatively, cAMP may be involved in early developmental establishment of phenotype or long-term regulation of peptide biosynthesis by other hormones or neurotransmitters. Chromogranin A may represent a class of intravesicular, soluble proteins that are expressed constitutively by the chromaffin cell in the presence or absence of positive regulators of other systems. The biosynthesis of chromogranin A may be coupled to the production or assembly of the secretory vesicle itself.
[Comparison of Retinal Detachment Associated with Atopic Dermatitis with that of a Blunt Trauma].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Retinal detachment associated with atopic dermatitis had many similarities to the detachment with blunt trauma in types of retinal breaks. However, it was distinct in featuring higher incidence of bilateral retinal detachment, cataracts, and ciliary breaks at the superotemporal quadrant.
Two-layer saturated PID controller for the trajectory tracking of a quadrotor UAV

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This research presents a complete control scheme for the trajectory tracking of a quadrotor UAV, based on a twolayer saturated PID approach. The Newton-Euler formulation is used to model the complete dynamics of the aircraft, extracting two sets of interconnected equations; this is, the orientation and position dynamics. Two main control layers are designed where the inner fast loop deals with the orientation dynamics, getting reference from the outer loop, controlling the translational dynamics. The orientation control layer is designed with saturated torques, as well as saturated motor-speed outputs, while the position controller saturates the control forces. Simulation results of a quadrotor aircraft, performing the tracking of an elliptical spiral trajectory, are presented as a validation tool for the proposed scheme.
A Scalable Nonoverlapping and Nonconformal Domain Decomposition Method for Solving Time-Harmonic Maxwell Equations in $\mathbb{R}^3$

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We present a novel nonoverlapping and nonconformal domain decomposition method (DDM) for solving the time-harmonic Maxwell equations in $\mathbb{R}^3$. There are three major technical ingredients in the proposed nonconformal DDM: (a) a true second order transmission condition (SOTC) to enforce fields continuities across domain interfaces; (b) a corner edge penalty term to account for corner edges between neighboring subdomains; and (c) a global plane wave deflation technique to further improve the convergence of DDM for electrically large problems. It has been shown previously that a SOTC, which involves two second order transverse derivatives, facilitates convergence in the conformal domain decomposition method for both propagating and evanescent electromagnetic waves across domain interfaces. However, the discontinuous nature of the cement variables across the corner edges between neighboring subdomains remains troublesome. To mitigate the technical difficulty encountered and to enforce the needed divergence-free condition, we introduced a corner edge penalty term into the interior penalty formulation for the nonconformal DDM. The introduction of the corner edge penalty term successfully restored the superior performance of the SOTC. Finally, through an analysis of the DDM with the SOTC, we show that there still exists a weakly convergent region where the convergence in the DDM can still be unbearably slow for electrically large problems. Furthermore, it is found that the weakly convergent region is centered at the cutoff modes, or electromagnetic waves propagate in parallel to the domain interfaces. Subsequently, a global plane wave deflation technique is utilized to derive an effective global-coarse-grid preconditioner to promote fast convergence of the cutoff or near cutoff modes in the vicinity of domain interfaces. Finally, the strength of the proposed method is illustrated by means of three numerical examples.
STAT3 as a potential molecular target to sensitize colorectal cancer cells to chemoradiotherapy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

434 Background: Resistance to preoperative chemoradiotherapy represents a major clinical problem in the treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Therefore, the identification of molecular biomarkers that differentiate responsive and resistant tumors is exceedingly important, because this may lead to the identification of novel molecular targets whose modification could be harnessed to sensitize a priori resistant tumors to multimodal treatment. Methods: We recently established an in vitro model for 5-FU based chemoradiotherapy, and correlated differences in treatment sensitivity of 12 colorectal cancer cell lines with pretherapeutic gene expression profiles. One gene the expression of which correlated positively with treatment resistance was the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, STAT3. To test the functional relevance of this observation, we first determined STAT3 mRNA and protein expression levels in all cell lines. Next, we established doxycycline-inducible stable shRNA single-cell clone (SCC) populations. Successful silencing of STAT3 was detected by Western blot analysis. The induced SCCs were treated with 3 µM 5-FU, and subsequently exposed to 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 Gy of X-rays. In addition, STAT3 was inhibited using two different siRNAs, and a small-molecular inhibitor (STATTIC). Results: STAT3 was significantly overexpressed in resistant cells. In SW480 and SW837 cells, both shRNA- and siRNA-mediated silencing as well as STATTIC-induced inhibition of STAT3-phosphorylation resulted in a significantly increased chemoradiosensitivity, with dose-reduction factors of 1.8 to 2. Conclusions: These results highlight the potential relevance of STAT3 as a novel molecular target to sensitize a priori resistant tumor cells to chemoradiotherapy.
Influencing Factors of Crystallization Rate Constant of CaCO_3 in High Salt Content Water

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In consideration of mechanism of the forming of CaCO 3 crystal,the effects of concentration,temperature and salt content of the crystal core formation and its particle growing on the constant of generating rate of crystal and the growing rate of crystal particles are studied during the forming of CaCO 3 crystal in water of high salt content Laws are given that the constant of crystal core forming rate and the crystal particle growing rate are not changed with the variation of concentration and are enhanced with increasing of temperature,and reduced with the increasing of salt content,which provides the theoretical basis for preventing water from scaling in oilfields
Information Age Innovations: A Case Study of Online Professional Development.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

An online professional development course, Telecommunications and Information Access, offers educators the opportunity to earn graduate credit, learn about an emerging technological field, and interact using a telecommunication network. This independent study course offered by the University of Oregon and the International Society for Technology in Education is designed to introduce educators to current classroom and personal uses of computer mediated communication (CMC), databases, and distance learning. Offered entirely online, the course uses the information technologies being studied, including electronic mail, computer conferencing, remote database searching, and information about distance education by satellite. Students reported positive response to the course and the technology as an effective way to learn material otherwise unavailable to them. They were pleased with the immediate feedback for their lessons. However, they expressed concerns about costs, technical difficulties, and general lack of support for implementation for telecommunications in education. (9 references) (Author/BBM) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. ***************%*******.*********************************************** U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Rsearch and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) r This document has boon reproduced as received horn th.. Nerson or organization originating It t Miner changes 115,e been made to improve reproduction qualdy Points ot view or opinions Slat ed 0 this docu merit do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy Information Age Innovations: A Case Study of Online Professional Development Lynne Schrum Internet: Lschrum@oregon.uoregon.edu. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA., April, 1992 BEST COPY HAILABLe PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ER)C1.Information Age Innovations: A Case Study of Online Professional Development Lynne Schrum, University of Oregon
Determine Ramie Chemical Components by Microwave Rapid Test Method

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The content of ramie ceride,hydrotrope,pectin and hemicellulose were determined by microwave rapid test method,and the result was compared to that obtained by current national standard method GB 5889-1986 Method of quantitative analysis of ramie chemical components(GB,as following). The difference between these two results were inspected(by F inspection and T inspection)and analyzed. No significant difference was found between two test methods results,and thus the method of microwave rapid test was proved to be reliable.
Religious Education and Atheism. Analyzing the Ineffectiveness of Catechesis in Poland

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Catechesis and atheism are two polarizing words. Catechesis is meant to deepen one’s faith and strengthen one’s relationship with God, while atheism entirely negates the existence of God. The purpose of this article is to show that despite the fact that these two phenomena are so completely oppositional, yet there is an occasion of their encounter. In Polish society it may take place in catechesis—colloquially called religious instruction, which is conducted at schools. That is why this article is concentrated on outlining ineffective moments of catechesis which may have something to do with atheism. It does not mean, though, that the whole process of catechesis should be deemed ineffective and inefficacious. The main priority is to list those elements that are imperfect, causing aspects of the redemptive ministry of the Church to falter. In addition to this, vital recommendations are provided in order to run the catechesis process more effectively, providing more care for the faith and salvation of man.
Synthesis and characterisation of polyaniline / cetyltrimethyl bromide / camphorsulfonic acid in ammonia detection / Syafariza Tun Farvin Mohamed Mustafa

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline by using ammonium persulfate in a solvent. Then, PANI was doped with camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) in the presence of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as a surfactant. Next the PANI/CTAB/CSA film was cast to be used for characterization. The functional group present in the PANI/CTAB/CSA was observed using fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and structural properties of PANI as conductive polymer was studied using ultraviolet visible (UV-vis). Moreover, the morphology of the PANI/CSA/CTAB film was observed using optical microscope. The fibrillar or rod-like structure was obtained. In addition, conductivity of the PANI/CTAB/CSA was carried at room temperature using mutimeter to investigate the enhancement in conductivity value. The ammonia gas-sensing characteristics of the prepared PANI/CTAB/CSA film were studied by measure the change in electrical conductivity on exposure to ammonia gas. The PANI salt was converted to base form by treatment with ammonia. Therefore, at minute 4th, it shows high response.
Mortality of hospitalized patients with Candida endophthalmitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background:

Candidais becoming an important nosocomial pathogen as the incidence of hospital-acquired candidemia is rising.Candidaendophthalmitis is a good indicator of systemic candidiasis in hospitalized patients.

Methods:

Thirteen (17%) of 76 ophthalmologic consultations forCandidaendophthalmitis in our institution had positive findings during a 12-month period. We studied these 13 patients withCandidaendophthalmitis to evaluate their outcomes.

Results:

All 13 patients were admitted to a large tertiary care hospital, and 10 (77%) were in an intensive care unit. The overall mortality was 77% for all patients and 80% for the intensive care patients. This mortality was higher than the overall mortality for all patients in the surgical intensive care unit in our institution (17%), as well as the mortality for our patients with candidemia in the surgical intensive care unit (61%).

Conclusions:

The strikingly high mortality in our group of patients withCandidaendophthalmitis reflects the fact that they are a seriously ill group with multiple risk factors forCandidainfection. This information suggests that the presence ofCandidaendophthalmitis is a good indicator of high mortality in seriously ill patients in intensive care units. (Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:2093-2097)
How Web 2.0 Shapes Patient Knowledge Sharing

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Web 2.0 has totally changed the health communication world. In particular, it has reconfigured peer exchanges about health. These exchanges are important because they allow knowledge sharing and construction between patients, in particular chronic patients. Although their importance is well established, this field of study brings together a variety of theories not uniformly shared or understood. It is not clear how patients use Web for knowledge processes: what kind of knowledge processes happen in Web 2.0 between patients? How does Web 2.0 sustain or impede these processes? The aim of this research is to map virtual exchanges about diabetes in Italy by developing a systematic exploration of Web using the main search engines (Google, Yahoo) and analyzing the site that hosts posts and exchanges about diabetes. According to a psychosocial perspective, findings highlight the main features of online knowledge processes among patients.
HOMOGENEOUS PERTURBATION BETWEEN THE $C'_{4}(v = 0)$ $^{1}\Sigma^{+}_{u}$ (or $p'$) AND THE $b'(v = 1)$ $1\Sigma^{+}_{u}$ LEVELS OF $N_{2}$

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

$^{1}$ I. Kovacs, Rotational Structures in the Spectra of Diatomic Molecules, American Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, 1969.
Kinetics of C60 Fullerene Dispersion in Water Enhanced by Natural Organic Matter and Sunlight

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The industrial-scale production of Buckminster fullerene C60 elicits concerns over its impact on human health and ecosystems because of the reported, albeit debatable, toxicity. Assessment of the overall environment risk requires a good estimate of the level of exposure and careful characterization of the physicochemical properties of C60 in natural aqueous environments. The reported study investigates the role of various environmental factors, i.e., ionic composition, natural organic matter (NOM), and light in dispersion of C60 in the aqueous phase by simple mixing. The presence of NOM greatly enhances C60 dispersion, and the dispersion process is further accelerated by sunlight. At typical NOM concentrations found in natural waters, C60 concentrations of a few to tens of milligrams per liter can occur within 10 days of mixing, regardless of its extremely low water solubility. The rate of dispersing decreases with the increase of ionic strength. However, calcium ions significantly increase C60 concentration in the aqueous phase. Results from UV/vis absorbance characterization strongly suggest that C60 may have been chemically modified when dispersed in an NOM solution in the presence of sunlight. This reaction pathway has significant implication on the fate, transport, and environmental impact of C60 fullerene.
Alterations of Riparian Ecosystems Caused by River Regulation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A n estimated two-thirds of the fresh water flowing to the oceans is obstructed by approximately 40,000 large dams (defined as more than 15 m in height) and more than 800,000 smaller ones (Petts 1984, McCully 1996).Many additional rivers are constrained by artificial levees or dikes.These hydrological alterations-to ensure water for agricultural, industrial, and domestic purposes; for hydroelectricity; or for flood protection-have changed ecosystem structures and processes in running waters and associated environments the world over.In this article, we discuss the global-scale ecological changes in riparian ecosystems resulting from dam operations.Comparative studies of free-flowing and regulated rivers have increased our understanding of the environmental effects of dams (Rosenberg et al. 1995).The first studies concentrated on large reservoirs; reaches downstream from dams were of subsequent concern.Early work also focused on aquatic systems.By the 1980s rivers were viewed in a larger perspective, as central elements in entire catchment areas (Ward 1997).In this process, the importance of riparian ecosystems successively attracted more attention (Naiman and Décamps 1997).Riparian ecosystems occupy the ecotone between upland and aquatic realms (Figure 1).More precisely, the riparian ecosystem can be defined as the stream channel between the low-and high-water marks plus the terrestrial landscape above the high-water mark (where vegetation may be influenced by elevated water tables or extreme flooding and by the ability of the soils to hold water; Naiman et al. 1993).Natural riparian ecosystems include a variety of community types, including strips of spruce forest on periodically frozen ground with dense moss carpets, floodplain landscapes with deciduous trees and shrubs on heterogeneous substrates, and deltas with distinct plant zonation and well-developed forests having diverse animal communities.Some floodplain landscapes, such as those in South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia, cover tens of thousands of km 2 of land (Welcomme 1979, Petts 1984).Riparian areas are particularly sensitive to variation in the hydrological cycle and serve as good indicators of the environmental change that is caused by dam operations.Moreover, riparian processes have a central ecological role in most landscapes.Riparian ecosystems offer habitats for many species, function as filters between land and water, and serve as pathways for dispersing and migrating organisms (Naiman and Décamps 1997).Riparian ecosystems also have many economic and recreational values.Dams are affecting riparian ecosystems all over the world.Consider the 139 regulated and free-flowing rivers in the United States, Canada, Europe, and former USSR that exceed 350 m 3 /s in mean annual discharge.Eightyfive of them, representing 77% of the total water discharge, were strongly or moderately regulated and fragmented by dams (Dynesius and Nilsson 1994).