jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Non-stationarity of solute travel time distribution observed in a controlled hydrologic transport volume

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Experimental data were collected over a year-long period in a transport experiment carried out within a controlled transport volume (represented by a 2m-deep, 1m-diameter lysimeter fitted with bottom drainage). The soil surface was shielded from natural rainfall, replaced by an artificial injection (Poisson process) at the daily timescale. Bottom drainage out-flows were continuously monitored with leakage tipping bucket and evapotranspiration (prompted by a willow tree growing within the system) was measured trough precision load cells, which also allow an accurate and continuous reading of the total water storage. Five artificial soluble tracers (species of fluorobenzoic acid, FBAs, mutually passive) were selected based on low-reactivity and low-retardation in our specific soil and used to individually mark five rainfall inputs of different amplitudes and occurring at various initial soil moisture conditions. Tracer discharge concentration and hydrologic fluxes measurements provide a direct method for the assessment of the bulk effects of transport on the (backward and forward) travel time distributions in the hydrological setting. The large discrepancies observed in terms of mass recovery in the discharge (supported by ex post FBAs quantification in the soil and in the vegetation) and tracer out-fluxes dynamics emphasized the dependence of the forward travel time on the various injection times and the stages experienced by the system during the migration of the pulse. Rescaling the measured travel time distribution by using the cumulative drainage volume as an independent variable instead of the time elapsed since the injection also fails to yield to stationary distributions, as it was argued by Niemi (1997). Our experimental results support earlier theoretical speculations centered on the key role of non-stationarity on the characterization of the properties of hydrologic flow and transport phenomena. A travel time based model, with all in- and out- hydrological fluxes imposed by the experimental measurements, could accurately reproduce the large divergences of the five tracersâ behavior and recovery, using adequate assumptions on the mixing processes occurring within the controlled volume, thus discrediting simple plug-flow (old-water first) and well-mixed processes which fail at this aim.
Ataxia‐telangiectasia: recommendations for multidisciplinary treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ataxia‐telangiectasia is a rare, neurodegenerative, and multisystem disease, characterized by cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, progressive respiratory failure, and an increased risk of malignancies. It demands specialized care tailored to the individual patient's needs. Besides the classic ataxia‐telangiectasia phenotype, a variant phenotype exists with partly overlapping but some distinctive disease characteristics. This guideline summarizes frequently encountered medical problems in the disease course of patients with classic and variant ataxia‐telangiectasia, in the domains of neurology, immunology and infectious diseases, pulmonology, anaesthetic and perioperative risk, oncology, endocrinology, and nutrition. Furthermore, it provides a practical guide with evidence‐ and expert‐based recommendations for the follow‐up and treatment of all these different clinical topics.
Public reason as a basis of political culture in liberal democracies: Ideas and problems

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The main purpose of this work is to present the idea of public reason as we can find it in John Rawls's Political Liberalism, partly from the perspective of Joseph Raz's critique which he presented in his work 'Facing Diversity: The Case of Epistemic Abstinence'. Raz critiqued Rawls, who tried to ground his political liberalism on the basis which does not need the truth - which means that his theory is epistemically abstinent. Raz considers that this is not possible and that theory must have its foundation in some objective values. This paper will show a difference between objective values and values constituted by concord, in order to differentiate from the terminology of Joseph Raz and to point out his problematic assumptions. I will also represent standpoint from which Raz criticism of epistemic abstinence is justified, which means that Rawls has to find some objective values although that does not mean, as Raz concludes, that a theory of justice must be true to be a theory of justice.
Facile Synthesis of Biofunctional Oligosaccharides of Chondroitin Sulfate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is present in many animal tissues with various sulfation patterns and is important in biological events. Mechanisms of interaction between CS and signal proteins have been widely investigated to allow the chemical synthesis of CS oligosaccharides. Sophisticated synthetic approaches adopting de novo synthesis starting from the corresponding monosaccharide have mainly been performed. This strategy usually employs stepwise glycan elongation, protecting group manipulation, and regio­specific sulfate formation to systematically obtain different types of bioactive CS oligosaccharides. On the other hand, the semi-synthetic method via optimized hydrolysis of CS polymer was performed for obtaining repeating disaccharide as an alternative strategy. The disaccharide unit obtained was again manipulated to form the desired CS oligosaccharides equipped with sulfates at specific positions. In addition, chemical re­construction including regiospecific sulfate formation of natural CS and CS-like polysaccharides has recently been explored. This review overviews the synthetic approaches to obtain biofunctional CS oligosaccharides emphasizing these aspects.
Therapeutic and maintenance regimens of vitamin D3 supplementation in healthy adults: A systematic review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Studies carried out assessing the effect of different doses of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on correcting serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in healthy adults are limited and review studies are lacking. Moreover, the maintenance dose and its duration offered by these few studies are inconsistent. We performed a systematic review of randomized clinical controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effect of different doses of vitamin D3 on serum 25(OH)D in healthy adults. PubMed database was searched from 2010 to 2018 using the following search terms: "vitamin D deficiency”, "Cholecalciferol”, "vitamin D3 dose”, "vitamin D supplement”, "vitamin D therapy”. RCTs and original articles that evaluated different doses of vitamin D3 were identified. A total of sixteen (out of 3016) acceptable studies fulfilling our inclusion criteria were included in the current systematic review. Our results revealed that supplementation with vitamin D3 had a significant positive effect in raising serum 25(OH) D concentrations. Our findings indicated that the best regimen of vitamin D3 supplement consisted of an initial large bolus dose either IM injection of 600.000 IU monthly or oral dose of 200.000 IU monthly or 50.000 IU weekly for 8 weeks, followed by a maintenance dose of 50.000 IU monthly or bimonthly. A large bolus therapeutic dose of vitamin D3, frequently or infrequently for 8 weeks, followed by long-term oral maintenance dose of 50.000 IU monthly or bimonthly optimiz and manitain vitamin D serum levels year round.
Interaction between vascular prostheses and rifampicin in the prevention of the grafts infection. An experimental study.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Infections caused by synthetic prostheses are relatively rare (1.5-6%) but serious complication in vascular surgery. There is no doubt that during and immediately after surgery bacterial contamination may occur. An in vitro study was carried out in the Vascutek laboratories, which revealed a high affinity between prostheses in Dacron gel and Rifampicin. This affinity, the result of an ionic bond, was demonstrated by the fact that after 5 days Rifampicin was still present on the prostheses. Encouraged by this result, an experimental study was carried out in sheep. Five sheep were operated on making a prosthetic graft in both of the common carotid arteries: on one side a Gelseal Dacron prosthesis was implanted after being soaked for 15 minutes in a solution containing 1 mg/ml Rifampicin. A Knitted Dacron prosthesis was implanted in the contralateral carotid artery, again after pretreatment with Rifampicin. Explants were made after 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, and the concentration of Rifampicin on the prostheses was assessed on the basis of the diameter of the inhibition area on Staphylococcus aureus cultures. The results showed that the Gelseal Dacron prostheses maintained Rifampicin concentrations with an antibacterial activity up to 72 hours; this property disappears with the Knitted Dacron prostheses after only 24 hours. These results confirm the high affinity of Gelseal Dacron and Rifampicin also in in vivo experimental models.
The relationship between the expression of MMPs and TIMPs and metastasis and prognosis in no-small cell lung cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To determine the expressions of MMPs and TIMPs and their correlation with biology factors in 138 human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients at protein and mRNA level. Methods Immunohistochemistry S-P method was used to determine the expressions of MMPs and TIMPs in 138 NSCLC,and detect the expressions of MMP9 and TIMP3 in 14 NSCLC tissues by RT-PCR. Results The positive expression rates of MMPs and TIMPs in NSCLC were higher significantly than normal tissue and hyperplastic or dysplastic epithelium; The positive expression rates of MMPs and TIMPs in NSCLC were associated with TNM stage、lymphatic node metastasis, but without association with cell differentiation of NSCLC and tumor types and tumor size. The expression of mRNA of MMP9 and TIMP3 was associated with lymph node metastasis. Negative correlation was observed between the expression of MMP2 and survival time of NSCLC,but the expression of TIMP3 was positively associated with survival time. Conclusion MMPs and TIMPs are associated with infiltration and metastasis of lung cancer and thus they are the important indexes for determination of lymph node metastasis,TNM stage and prognosis of lung cancer.
Endogenous uveitis: experiences in Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute anterior nongranulomatous uveitis was the most common endogenous uveitis, while VKH was the most common panuveitis in this series. As infectious origin contributes a significant proportion of endogenous uveitis, infectious etiology should be considered in any type of uveitis that responds poorly to conventional treatment.
Ether and Aesthetics in the Dialogue between Relativists and Their Critics in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter pairs a study of ether and aesthetics in exploring dialogues between relativists and critics in two different periods. In the 1880s, Ernst Mach argued against absolute time and space but also offered new perspectives on aesthetic phenomena and speculated on a gravitational ether. In 1905, Albert Einstein announced the superfluity of the luminiferous ether, but by 1918 had described space without the ether as ‘unthinkable’. Responding to his friend H. A. Lorentz and critics Ernst Gehrke and Philipp Lenard, Einstein both used the literary form of a dialogue between a relativist and a critic and defined a new gravitational ether that might have disarmed criticism. Neither strategy was successful, however, and the chapter concludes with an examination of social and aesthetic dimensions of the environment of political debate, commercial publishing and disciplinary discussions that marked the emergence of relativity in the public sphere in the post-war period.
Efficient asymmetric transmission for wide incidence angles using chiral s plit‐ring‐resonators

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this article, a chiral metasurface is proposed for controlling the linear polarization over broadband which consists of simple circular split-ring-resonator based unit cells on both sides of ultrathin (0.05λ at the operating frequency of 20 GHz) substrate. Across the large operating band (19.4–22.7 GHz), the structure is highly efficient with transmission efficiency greater than 0.94 and asymmetric transmission magnitude more than 0.8. Moreover, the structure exhibits stable response up to 45°, which is desirable for many K-band applications in radar and small satellite communication systems. The proposed metasurface acquires direction-dependent propagation with 90° linear polarization plane rotation, as depicted by simulated and experimental results. Furthermore, the structure is insensitive to circular polarized propagation within the operating band.
Solve train stowage planning problem of steel coil using a pointer-based discrete differential evolution

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Train stowage planning problem of steel coil (TSPP) is to determine loading locations of the coils on train railcars, which is rarely studied, and an important optimisation problem in real iron and steel industry. In this paper, first, according to the actual situations of a steel products transportation department, the problem is formulated as an integer programming (IP) mathematical model in which multiple destination stations, varied stowing modes and different railcar types are considered. Then, on the basis of a general discrete optimisation algorithm framework, i.e. pointer-based discrete differential evolution (PDDE), a novel variant (T-PDDE) is proposed for effectively solving the TSPP. In particular, to deal with the issue of transformation between stowage plan and algorithm individual, a problem-based coding method is designed. To further enhance the algorithm performance, a double levels evolution strategy and an opposite-based local search are developed based on the features of problem. Finally, with the practical and simulative data, extensive comparison experiments are carried out to evaluate the proposed algorithm. The numerical results demonstrate the superiority of T-PDDE on solving TSPP.
Fluid Forces on a Circular Cylinder Oscillating Sinusoidally in Otherwise Still Fluid

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

粘性流体中で正弦振動する円柱に働く流体抵抗を測定し, フーリエ解析によって振動の一周期にわたる平均の付加質量係数kavおよび抵抗係数CDavを算出して, それぞれの値と操作条件との関係について検討した.1) 抵抗係数CDavは, 振動のレイノルズ数aωd/νおよび振幅比a/dの関数であり, 1≦aωd/ν≦20の範囲内でCDavに関する新たな実験式を見い出した (a: 振幅, ω: 角振動数, d: 円柱の直径, ν: 動粘度).2) 修正レイノルズ数dd2ω/νが比較的小さい場合, kavの実験値とStokesによる理論値との一致は良好である. kavに理論値を適用できるdd2ω/νの最大値, すなわち臨界修正レイノルズ数はa/dが約2で最小値をとる.3) 高レイノルズ数領域では, a/dが2近傍でkavは最小値, CDavは最大値をとる. a/dが小さい場合は, kavはほぼポテンシャル理論の値1をとり, 付加質量による力が抵抗力より卓越するため準定常の近似が成り立つ.
A Multilocus Approach to Harvestman (Arachnida: Opiliones) Phylogeny with Emphasis on Biogeography and the Systematics of Laniatores

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The internal phylogeny of the arachnid order Opiliones is investigated by including molecular data from five molecular markers for ca. 140 species totalling 43 families of Opiliones. The phylogenetic analyses consisted of a direct optimization (DO) approach using POY v. 4 and sophisticated tree search algorithms as well as a static alignment analysed under maximum likelihood. The four Opiliones suborders were well-supported clades, but subordinal relationships did not receive support in the DO analysis, with the exception of the monophyly of Palpatores (=Eupnoi + Dyspnoi). Maximum-likelihood analysis strongly supported the traditional relationship of Phalangida and Palpatores: (Cyphophthalmi ((Eupnoi + Dyspnoi) Laniatores)). Relationships within each suborder are well resolved and largely congruent between direct optimization and maximum-likelihood approaches. Age estimates for the main Opiliones lineages suggest a Carboniferous diversification of Cyphophthalmi, while its sister group, Phalangida, diversified in the Early Devonian. Diversification of all suborders predates the Triassic, and most major lineages predate the Cretaceous. The following taxonomic changes are proposed. Dyspnoi: Hesperonemastoma is transferred to Sabaconidae. Insidiatores: Sclerobunidae stat. nov. is erected as a family for Zuma acuta.
Monitoring the Sustainability of a Breastfeeding Guideline During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Mixed‐Methods Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Aim To analyse the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the sustainability of a breastfeeding (BF) clinical practice guideline (CPG) for women without COVID‐19, throughout the 5 waves of the pandemic. Desing A mixed‐methods design was utilised. Methods For the quantitative approach, an interrupted time series design was utilised, as well as the analysis of CPG sustainability reports as a qualitative approach. The study setting was in a health area in the Spanish health system from April 2019, until October 2021. The sample was composed of 2239 mother–infant dyads. Results The exclusive‐BF rate at hospital discharge obtained values between 90% and 94.8%, without statistically significant changes. A significant increase in the risk of not starting BF in the first feeding was observed (adjusted odds ratio = 9.36; 95% CI: 1.04–84.13), between the pre‐pandemic period and the first wave. Skin‐to‐skin contact (SSC) decreased in the first wave to 82.20%, and the oscillations observed throughout the pandemic were not statistically significant. In general, the qualitative indicators were maintained. A decrease was observed in the spaces used for postpartum care due to the re‐assigning to the intensive care unit. Also, the acquisition of materials and equipment decreased. Conclusions The measures implemented for the sustainability of the BF CPG during the 5 waves of the pandemic were positive. The programmes of implementation of BF guidelines were shown to resist the COVID‐19 pandemic. Impact Our findings contribute to the understanding and evolution of the main indicators of the sustainability of a BF CPG on COVID‐19 context, providing details on the magnitude of the effect and the process of change. Reporting Method The Preferred Reporting Items for observational studies (STROBE) checklist was followed. Patient or Public Contribution No Patient or Public Contribution.
SH1576219.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Effects of Prayer and Meditation on Circadian Dysfunction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Prayer, meditation and mindfulness have been commonly used for healing in Vedic, Jainism, Buddhism, Egyptian, Greek and Mesopotemian cultures [1]. In Buddhism, mindfulness is a component of Eight Fold Path, therefore using mindfulness in the modern science is not absolutely correct. A definition of prayers of Mesopotamia was “praise to god followed by request.” The ancient mystic Hinduism wrote Rigveda prayer, Figure 1. Meditation and prayer appear to be important practices for the management of emotional and spiritual wellbeing [1-4]. Prayer may also influence the physiology of circadian rhythms in our body and it has evolved possibly as adaptation to the rotation of the earth around its axis [4]. Circadian rhythms account for increased activity of the sympathetic nerves of the autonomic nervous system with marked releases of cortisol, catecholamines (norepinephrine and adrenaline), testosterone and thyroid hormones. In turn, these neurotransmitters and hormones occur at a circadian stage when endogenous melatonin level is decreased to low values in the morning [4]. There is a need to prevent the circadian rhythm of adverse biological functions observed between 6.00 to 12.00 hours during the day, because circadian dysfunction can predispose to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The circadian dysfunction may worsen due to risk factors, although protective factors such as prayer, meditation and moderate physical activity may prevent circadian dysfunction [2-4]. The aim of the present study is to emphasize the beneficial role of prayer, mindfulness and meditation in the protection against circadian dysregulation in the body, thereby preventing CVDs, especially sudden cardiac death (SCD).
Phenolic Glycosides and Pyrrolidine Alkaloids from Codonopsis tangshen

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Chemical examination of the n-butanol extract of the root of Codonopsis tangshen led to the isolation of four new compounds named codonosides A (1) and B (2) and codonopyrrolidiums A (3) and B (4), with seven known compounds [(Z)-2-(beta-glucopyranosyloxy)-3-phenylpropenoic acid (5), lobetyolin (6), lobetyol (7), luteolin (8), friedelin (9), 5,6,9-trihydroxy-octadec-7-enoic acid (10), and adenosine (11)]. Based on spectroscopic evidence, the structures of codonosides A (1) and B (2) were established as phenolic glycosides, and those of codonopyrrolidiums A (3) and B (4) as pyrrolidines. The relative configuration of 3 was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
From Energy Security to Environmental Protection: Understanding Swings in the Energy Policy Pendulum

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Energy policies of petroleum-importing countries are not determined only by the price of oil. Since 1973 energy policy has also responded to changing perceptions of externalities associated with the energy system and the appropriate role for government in the economy. In that spirit, this article explores the parallels between the quest for energy security 20 years ago and for global environmental protection at present. The latter explains why the argument that government intervention in the energy sector should be minimized is once again viewed critically.
Altered expression of T lymphocyte surface markers in children with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

CTLA-4 and CD28+ are regulators of T cell activation. The CTLA-4 gene is associated with variety of autoimmune diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in basic T cell subpopulations, and the expression of CD152+ and CD28+ before and after T cell stimulation in children with autoimmune thyroiditis (AT), as compared with control subjects. Blood samples were obtained from 35 AT children and 25 healthy children. CD markers were evaluated by flow cytometry at baseline, after the culture with phytohemagglutinin and without stimulation. At baseline, CD152+ expression was lower in patients than in controls (P<10(-6)). After stimulation, there were an increase in CD152+ T cells and decreases in CD28+ and CD4+ cells in controls (P<0.01). In AT children, CD152+ T cells remained stable. CD4+CD152+ T cells correlated inversely with antithyroglobulin antibodies. We conclude that alterations in lymphocyte markers are associated with AT. Stimulation leads to differing changes in T-lymphocyte subsets in both examined children populations.