jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Visible Light‐Switchable Lattice Oxygen Sites for Selective C−H and C(O)−C Bond Electrooxidation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Lattice‐oxygen is highly oxidizable, ideal for electrocatalytic C−H oxidation but insufficient alone for C(O)−C bond cleavage due to the non‐removable nature of lattice sites. Here, we present a visible light‐assisted electrochemical method of in situ formulating removable lattice‐oxygen sites in a nickel‐oxyhydroxide (ESE‐NiOOH) electrocatalyst. This catalyst efficiently converts aromatic alcohols and carbonyls with C(O)−C fragments from lignin and plastics into benzoic acids (BAs) with high yields (83–99 %). Without light irradiation, ESE‐NiOOH's intrinsic lattice‐oxygen is non‐removable and inert for C(O)−C bond cleavage. In situ characterizations show light‐induced lattice‐oxygen removal and regeneration via OH − refilling. Theoretical calculations identify the nucleophilic oxygen attack on ketone‐derived carbanion as a rate‐determining step, which can be remarkably facilitated by removable lattice‐oxygen to activate α ‐C−H bonds. As a proof‐of‐concept, an “electrochemical funnel” strategy is developed for high‐efficiency upgrading aromatic mixtures with C(O)−C moieties into BA with up to 94 % yield. This in situ removal‐regeneration approach for lattice sites opens an avenue for the tailored design of interfacial electrocatalysts to selectively upcycle waste carbon sources into valuable products.
Policy, theory and research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This essay addresses some issues that can arise in the making, analysis and\nimprovement of public policy, illustrated by my own work on higher education\npolicy in a number of countries. It draws on the work of the philosopher Karl\nPopper, whose thinking has been central to my own work, and which I believe is\nstill under-rated, particularly in relation to the social sciences and policy making.
The Influence of Seismic Input in the Oblique Direction on the Strong-Column Weak-Beam Mechanism for RC Frame

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In current seismic design code of each country in the world, the mainstream of earthquake input for calculating the building is to use X and Y directions conveniently. The X and Y directions are the main axis of the building, and the strong-column weak-beam damage mechanism has been considered only followed to these main axis. However the building response in the oblique direction is higher than in the main axis, and the frequency in the oblique direction of the building is higher than the X or Y direction as well. Moreover the column usually connects with two beams in the orthogonal directions and the strength ratio of the column to beams in the oblique direction is less than in X or Y direction. Therefore it could be the major reason to cause the column-plastic-hinge damage mechanism during the earthquake. In this paper, it is discussed how the seismic input in the oblique direction influence on the strong-column weak-beam damage mechanism for RC frame through the perspectives of the dimensional mechanical analysis, cyclic loading experiment and the finite element analysis for the dimensional column-beam joint, and then proposed that considering the seismic input in the oblique direction is necessary in the future structural design in order to reach the actual strong-column weak-beam mechanism.
The orbit of 203 Pompeja and the mass of Ceres

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

From an analysis of the motion of the minor planet 203 Pompeja a value for the mass of Ceres is determined. The result (4.7±0.3 10 −10 solar masses) is the lowest value obtained up to now. The importance of adding Ceres as a perturbing body in the determination of minor-planet orbits is emphasized, and the value of re-reducing older observations is discussed
The prevalence of insomnia in Spain: A stepwise addition of ICSD-3 diagnostic criteria and notes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Studies on the prevalence of chronic insomnia disorder often show disparate results. Although a consensus now exists among the three main classification systems for diagnostic criteria, most prevalence studies are only based on clinical criteria defining insomnia syndrome (night and daytime symptoms) with time criteria (weekly frequency and duration). The aim of this descriptive study was to thoroughly assess the inclusion and exclusion criteria, notes and differential diagnosis for chronic insomnia disorder according to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, 3rd edition (ICSD-3), and ascertain its current prevalence in the Spanish general adult population. The prevalence of insomnia symptoms was 43.4%, chronic insomnia syndrome was 13.7%, and chronic insomnia disorder was 14.0% (women 14.6%, men 13.4%; 18-34 y.o. 11.1%, 35-54 y.o. 11.5%, 55+ y.o. 17.9%). The latter two definitions showed close prevalence results because figures from inclusion and exclusion criteria and notes practically matched and cancelled each other out. A thorough assessment of the prevalence of chronic insomnia disorder would require that, in addition to clinical and time criteria, inclusion and exclusion criteria and modifiers be considered. These elements differ according to sex and age, and strongly influence the results. They included opportunity for sleep, associated sleep disorders, physical problems such as chronic pain, and, notably, asymptomatic patients dependent on prescription drugs for sleep. Current data suggest that the prevalence of chronic insomnia disorder in Spain has more than doubled in 20 years, with an increase of almost 47%.
An analysis of the effect of the technique of the repair and postoperative rehabilitation protocol on the treatment outcomes of flexor tendon injuries: a review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract This study covers updated information on the methods of the repair of flexor tendon injuries, postoperative rehabilitation protocols and their effect on treatment outcomes. Contemporary techniques of flexor tendon repair are based on combinations of various types of core sutures and circumferential epitenon sutures. Literature shows a tendency of replacing earlier 2-strand core tendon sutures with novel multistrand core sutures, however the results of meta-analyses do not confirm any definitive superiority over traditional techniques. Likewise, literature does not provide conclusive evidence that early active postoperative mobilization results in better outcomes than active-passive and controlled passive mobilization techniques. The choice of the method of flexor tendon repair and postoperative rehabilitation protocol depends only in part on scientific evidence, but more on individual or institutional preference of the surgeon.
The influence of the probiotic compound D-Tryptophan on the differentiation of murine naïve CD4+ spleen cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Current therapies for asthma improve symptoms but cannot cure the disease or its prevalence prompting demands for alternatives. The use of probiotic bacteria to prevent chronic diseases could represent a cost-effective approach. However, clinical studies have shown contradictory findings, possibly explained by the individual and highly complex interaction between probiotics and host. To reduce this complexity, our group investigates the use of isolated probiotic compounds, instead of living bacteria. Recently we identified D-Tryptophan (D-Trp) showing immune modulatory properties. As a next step we plan to investigate D-Trp's influence on particular immune cells.
A high performance prediction system of coiled coil domains containing heptad breaks: SOSUIcoil

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The coiled coil structure in proteins is characterized by heptad repeats of hydrophobic amino acids, but many breaks of the heptad repeats are observed within coiled coil regions which are the main cause of the errors in the currently used prediction systems for coiled coils. For understanding the characteristics of coiled coils including heptad breaks, the features of coiled coils were studies focusing on three problems: (1) the determination of appropriate register for the breaks in heptad repeat regions, (2) the discriminations of coiled coil regions using physical properties of amino acid segments which have heptad repeats and (3) the elucidation of the structural difference among several types of heptad breaks. Appropriate registers of heptad repeats and breaks were determined by two steps: first, the typical template of heptad repeats was applied to amino acid sequences and then several types of template for heptad breaks were applied to the segments around inconsistent points of the heptad repeat regions, leading to the most appropriate registers. Then, the coiled coil regions were discriminated from other types of regions by the canonical discriminant analysis, using ten parameters (three physicochemical properties and seven number densities of amino acids). The novel coiled coil prediction system SOSUIcoil showed better performances of coiled coil prediction than other prediction systems. Furthermore, the structures of segments around the heptad breaks were analyzed, indicating that some types of heptad breaks tend to form coiled coil structure whereas the other types are at the end of coiled coils.
STUDIES ON RESILIENCE OF HIGH POLYMERS

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

典型的無定形ゴム状物質であるポリイソブチレンおよびブチルゴムのレジリエンスを, -70～200°Cの温度範囲で測定した.レジリエンスの温度変化は単調で, 均一な分子構造をもつことが推察された. ガラス転移は広い温度範園にわたっておこり, その中点は-30～-20°Cで砕け温度よりはるかに高い. このため常温付近におけるレジリエンスはいちじるしく小さいが, 高温領域では高いレジリエンスをあたえ, 耐熱性もよい.ガラス化温度の測定振動数依存性から, 転移の見掛けの活性化エネルギー28.3kcal を求め, 転移状態におけるセグメントの大きさを推定した.
[A high concentration of itraconazole in an aspergilloma].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 66-year-old woman was given 100 mg/day of itraconazole for eight months to treat pulmonary aspergillosis with an aspergilloma. The amount of purulent sputum decreased, but open drainage was done because the fever continued and because no improvement was seen on the chest X-ray film. No aspergillus was cultured from the surgical specimen, but fungi were observed microscopically. The concentration of itraconazole in plasma was 249 ng/ml. The concentrations in specimens of the lung and of the aspergilloma obtained by thoracotomy were 81 ng/g and 837 ng/g, respectively. The high concentration in the aspergilloma had made the fungus inactive. The itraconazole concentration may have been very high for three reasons: (1) the concentration increased in purulent fluid, (2) itraconazole easily entered the aspergilloma through the root at the cavity wall, and (3) itraconazole dissolved in lipid derived from destroyed fungus.
Platelet aggregation inhibitors in primary and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The ischaemic stroke (IS) is one of the most frequent cause of death in Germany. Besides of non-drug many drug-based interventions are used in primary or secondary prevention of IS, among them the thrombocyte aggregation inhibitors (TAI). Objectives: The evaluation addresses the questions on medical efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the TAI administration in the prevention of IS as compared to the management of risk factors alone as well as to the use of anticoagulant drugs. Methods: The literature search for articles published after 1997 was conducted in December 2003 in the most important medical and economic databases. The medical analysis was performed on the basis of the most up-to date meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCT) as well as of new published RCT. The data from the studies for stroke, bleeding complications as well as for the combined endpoint "severe vascular events" (SVE: death or stroke or myocardial infarction) were summarised in meta-analyses.In order to include grey literature contact has been taken up with the pharmaceutical manufacturers of TAI. Results are presented in a descriptive way. Results: The medical analysis included data from 184 RCT (vs. placebo) and from 22 RCT (vs. anticoagulant drugs). The absolute reduction of IS (4.8% vs. 6.6%; p<0,00001) and SVE (10.0% vs. 12.4%; p<0,00001) were definitely higher than the absolute increase of bleeding complications (1.6% vs. 0.9%; p<0,00001), but relatively similar to this absolute increase in a subpopulation with a low risk for SVE. With regard to the stroke prevention, evidence of efficacy could be yielded for acetylsalicil acid (ASA), dipyridamole, cilostazol, ridogrel and the combination ASA with dipyridamole. ASA is less effective than anticoagulants in the prevention of ischaemic stroke in atrial fibrillation, however, it causes fewer bleeding complications.Low dosed ASA can be considered cost-effective in secondary prevention of ischemic stroke, which is not the case for clopridogrel. Dipyridamole/ASA being more effective compared with ASA alone is connected with higher acquisition costs. Discussion: The exclusive consideration of stroke prevention is limited, as well as physicians by allocation to TAI expect to avoid all thrombotic events. Since no pharmacoeconomic studies exist for the German context, the economic assessment had to be based on international evidence. Conclusions: From the medical point of view, TAI may be recommended for primary and secondary prevention of IS in patients with a high risk of severe vascular events and with low risk for bleeding complications. ASA may be also administered in patients with atrial fibrillation in case of contraindication to anticoagulation drugs. From the health economic point of view a systematic primary prophylaxis of IS with ASA cannot be recommended, whereas in secondary prophylaxis savings can be made. Neither the use of Dipyridamole/ASS nor Clopidogrel is advisable for a systematic secondary prophylaxis of IS.
Where do pharmaceutical inqredient suDDliers meet the CHINESE market

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementNEXTWhere do pharmaceutical inqredient suDDliers meet the CHINESE marketCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2002, 80, 18, 42Publication Date (Print):May 6, 2002Publication History Published online13 November 2010Published inissue 6 May 2002https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v080n018.p042Copyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (227 KB) SUBJECTS:Pharmaceuticals Get e-Alerts
Practices of Censorship of Statistical Works in Pre-reform Russia (late XVIII – first half of XIX centuries)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The object of the study is the history of the relationship between state power and statistical science in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries. The author examines the practices of censorship supervision over the publication of research papers in the field of state studies – an early descriptive direction of statistical science. The article analyzes the main stages of the development of legislation in the field of the civil press and highlights the key claims that the censorship authorities had against the authors of statistical works. Special attention is paid to the study of the social and political context in which the evolution of censorship restrictions on the dissemination of statistical data took place. It is noted that the tacit ban on the publication of any statistical information, which existed in the middle of the XVIII century, was replaced by the liberalization of censorship legislation at the beginning of the Alexander reign. In the future, with the formation of statistics-state studies as a political science, the attention of the state to the content of these works became more and more intense. The growth of conservative tendencies in domestic politics led to the fact that the government increasingly suppressed the free interpretation of statistical materials. The formation of the institution of departmental censorship in the mid-1820s gave rise to the problem of the plurality of censorship authorities, which became a serious barrier to the development of state studies. It is concluded that a broad interpretation of the norms of censorship statutes made it possible for interested ministries to delay the publication of statistical works for a long time, or not to allow them to be printed at all under the pretext of inaccuracy or secrecy of data.
Fairness and future generations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the most shocking aspects of the new Coalition’s first Budget was the sheer scale of the cuts affecting the young. Much has rightly been made of the impact of the budget on women, but children and young people were also amongst the big losers. Among the announcements were an end to Child Trust Funds, the scrapping of plans to offer free school meals to half a million families on low incomes, and restrictions on Sure Start. Planned new schools under the Building Schools for the Future programme have been axed, fewer families will receive Child Tax Credits, and in the pipeline are changes to higher education that are widely expected to make it harder for many children who are now of school age to get to university. Despite the mooting of a graduate tax by business secretary Vince Cable, unions like the University and College Union (UCU) remain deeply sceptical about the government’s plans. Children are not the only losers; young people have also lost out in a very immediate way. With the demise of the Future Jobs Fund and Working Neighbourhoods Renewal Fund the guarantee of a lasting, paid job has disappeared for those young people who were expecting to start their apprenticeships as soon as this September. These are just a handful of examples of ways in which children and young people have already been hit hard.
Study of the distributed thermal lens of LD end pumped rectangular gain

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In the LD end pumped rectangular laser gain medium, the thermal induced refractive index is not only non-uniformly transversely, but also non-uniformly and distributed along the pumping beam propagation, the effect of thermal lens is a distributed not a lumped lens effect as previously considered. In this paper, the effect of a distributed thermal lens is analyzed.
Impact of Covid-19 on the Visit of Pediatric Patients with Injuries to the Emergency Department in Korea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The total number of pediatric emergency department (PED) visitors has decreased worldwide since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. We hypothesized that this might also affect the number of PED visits due to injuries. Therefore, we investigated these changes in PED visits after the COVID-19 outbreak through a long-term multicenter observational study. We assessed the changes in the proportion of injured pediatric patients’ weekly visits and the trend in the rate changes since the COVID-19 epidemic began by segmented regression analysis. We also evaluated the weekly change in the distribution of detailed diagnostic codes among pediatric patients with injuries before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of injury-related PED visits increased when COVID-19 was first confirmed in Korea. After the COVID-19 epidemic, the proportion of foreign body ingestions and fracture patients among all pediatric patients with injuries increased significantly every week. The changes in the proportion of injured pediatric patients after the COVID-19 outbreak may have been the result of social distancing to prevent the spread of the virus. The risk of pediatric infections decreased but the risk of injury remained. Therefore, parents should take precautions to prevent infectious diseases and be careful to prevent children’s injuries at home.
Study of the effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on growing <i>Escherichia coli</i> bacteria using electrochemical sensors

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Background. The study of the mechanisms of action of antibiotics requires the integrated use of traditional microbiological and physicochemical methods. The aim. To study the response of Escherichia coli bacteria to the action of four antibiotics, inhibitors of protein synthesis, using combined approach. Methods. Bacteria were grown under aerobic conditions on minimal M9 medium with glucose. Tetracycline, kanamycin, streptomycin and chloramphenicol have been tested. The effect of antibiotics on survival (CFU) and growth rate was determined. Respiratory activity, sulfide production, extracellular potassium, as well as pH and Eh of the medium were measured using electrochemical sensors directly in a growing culture in the “real time”, membrane potential was measured using a DiBAC dye and a Leica DM2000 fluorescent microscope. Results. The tested antibiotics were divided into two groups according to their properties. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol showed a pronounced bacteriostatic effect, growth inhibition began immediately after the addition of antibiotics and occurred at a high rate. Both antibiotics inhibited respiration, stimulated sulfide production and an Eh jump. Bacteria treated with tetracycline and chloramphenicol retained the ability to maintain membrane potential and intracellular potassium better. Inhibition of respiration led to a decrease in glucose catabolism, as evidenced by a lower rate of acidification of the medium compared to the control. Growth inhibition with streptomycin and kanamycin was initiated with a 30-minute delay. Both antibiotics showed a bactericidal effect, did not stimulate sulfide production and Eh jump, did not inhibit respiration, but caused a drop in membrane potential and intracellular potassium. High respiratory activity promoted glucose catabolism, as evidenced by the rapid acidification of the medium. Of interest is the detection of kanamycin-induced sulfide production during E. coli growth on MOPS medium. Conclusion. An analysis of the data obtained indicates that the use of electrochemical sensors in combination with traditional methods is a promising approach to studying the mechanisms of action of antibiotics.
Rna structural alignment using stochastic context-free grammars

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Noncoding RNAs are any transcript that functions directly as RNA rather than being translated into protein. Many noncoding RNAs conserve intramolecular secondary structure. When a lot of data is available, comparative sequence analysis is a powerful approach to predicting RNA secondary structure. More frequently, only a small number of structurally homologous RNA sequences are known. In this case some evolutionary information is available, but insufficient for a pure comparative analysis. Predicting consensus RNA secondary structure for small datasets is an open problem. In this work we approach the problem by examining the case of predicting the consensus structure between two RNA sequences. We use a pairwise stochastic context-free grammar to model secondary structure and alignment simultaneously. The resulting algorithm is computationally expensive, so we also develop a method of constraining the algorithm to reduce memory and runtime requirements.