jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Proof-of-the-Concept Study on Mathematically Optimized Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Breast Cancer Diagnostics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Magnetic resonance (MR)-based modalities aid breast cancer detection without exposure to ionizing radiation. Magnetic resonance imaging is very sensitive but costly and insufficiently specific. Molecular imaging through magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can provide information about key metabolites. Here, the measured/encoded time signals cannot be interpreted directly, necessitating mathematics for mapping to the more manageable frequency domain. Conventional applications of MRS are hampered by data analysis via the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and postprocessing by fitting techniques. Most in vivo MRS studies on breast cancer rely upon estimations of total choline (tCHO). These have yielded only incremental improvements in diagnostic accuracy. In vitro studies reveal richer metabolic information for identifying breast cancer, particularly in closely overlapping components of tCHO. Among these are phosphocholine (PC), a marker of malignant transformation of the breast. The FFT cannot assess these congested spectral components. This can be done by the fast Padé transform (FPT), a high-resolution, quantification-equipped method, which we presently apply to noisy MRS time signals consistent with those encoded in breast cancer. The FPT unequivocally and robustly extracted the concentrations of all physical metabolites, including PC. In sharp contrast, the FFT produced a rough envelope spectrum with a few distorted peaks and key metabolites absent altogether. As such, the FFT has poor resolution for these typical MRS time signals from breast cancer. Hence, based on Fourier-estimated envelope spectra, tCHO estimates are unreliable. Using even truncated time signals, the FPT clearly distinguishes noise from true metabolites whose concentrations are accurately extracted. The high resolution of the FPT translates directly into shortened examination time of the patient. These capabilities strongly suggest that by applying the FPT to time signals encoded in vivo from the breast, MRS will, at last, fulfill its potential to become a clinically reliable, cost-effective method for breast cancer detection, including screening/surveillance.
Site-Specific A Priori Cancer Risk Estimator for Mixtures and Multiple Sources:  Net Excess Relative Odds

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An essential requirement for effective cancer prevention, cancer surveillance, and cancer "hot-spot" analysis is the ability to evaluate cancer site-specific environmental risk factors associated with the operation of multiple industrial point sources and plumes as mixtures. Here we describe a methodology to make a priori estimates of environmental risk factors for minimal exposure by linking an inventory of releases associated with one of 60 standard industrial codes with an inventory of cancer risks associated with minimal occupational exposure to the same chemical releases. We show that an estimate of the risk of developing one of 10 cancers from living within 5 km of a pulp mill, a refinery, a wood treating plant, a chlorine generator, and a paint factory within a community of 36 000 is easily conducted with net excess relative odds (NERO). While this work is confined to cancer risk, the approach outlined can be expanded to estimate outcomes as diverse from cardiovascular disease to spontaneous abortion. This is the second in a series reexamining environmental risk factors using retrospective exposure assessment with emission inventories.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Hydrobenzoins to Benzils by Ammonium Chlorochromate/Montmorillonite K‐10 under Ultrasound Irradiation.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Reactivity of renal and mesenteric resistance vessels to angiotensin II is mediated by NOXA1/NOX1 and superoxide signaling

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Renal reactivity to angiotensin II (ANG II) is mediated by superoxide signaling produced by NADPH oxidase (NOX)A1/NOX1. Acute vasoconstriction of renal arteries by ANG was blunted in Noxa1 −/− compared with wild-type mice. NOXA1/NOX1/O 2 •− signaling was also observed in ANG II stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cells and isolated mesenteric resistance arteries, indicating that it contributes to ANG II-induced hypertension. A NOXA1/NOX1 assembly inhibitor (C25) has been characterized that inhibits superoxide production and ameliorates the effects of ANG II.
The Comparison of Amplified Fragments,Different Dyes and Instruments in the Analysis of HRM

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

High resolution melting curve( HRM) technology is a new type of technology for genotyping and mutation scanning developing in recent years based on the technology of real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. This study compared several causative agents of animal diseases,including Classical swine fever virus / Eimeria species / Avain leukemia virus.The effects of different amplified regions of pathogens' genomes( C202 /ALV450 / En573 / C965),different fluorescent dyes( SYBR GreenⅠ/ LC Green / SYTO9) and different instruments( Light Scanner96( Idaho) /Light Cycler480( Roche) /Rotor-Gene Q( Qiagen)) on the HRM-based genotyping.The experimental data showed that HRM analysis was mainly affected by different amplified fragments and fluorescent dyes with different properties: nucleic acids with multiple melting range had higher specificity than that of single nucleotide polymorphism( SNP) and were more suitable for differentiation analysis; difference in Tm on multiple melting range influenced HRM results; saturated fluorescent dyes( LC Green and SYTO9) had higher resolution than unsaturated dye( SYBR GreenⅠ); concentration of fluorescent dye had a greater influence on the value of Tm; there was no significant difference in the HRM results from different PCR-HRM analyzers.
Cloning and Expression of Region VP2 Gene of Aleutian Mink Disease Parvovirus and Analysis of Immunogenicity of the Recombinant Protein

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The primers were designed according to the complete genome sequences of Aleutian mink disease parvovirus(ADV) published in GenBank.The part domains of VP2 gene of ADV strain were amplified by PCR and cloned into pET-28a vector.PCR,restriction endonuclease digestion and sequence analysis proved the insertion position. It was indicated that the prokaryotic expression vectors Pet-28a-VP2 were constructed.The positive recombinant vectors were transformed into recipient germs BL21 for expression by IPTG inducing.The expressed proteins were measured by SDSPAGE and Western blot.Results showed that the proteins could be expressed successfully.The molecular weights of the expressed proteins were separately 21 kD which agreed with the theory presumed.Induced by IPTG at a final concentration of 1 mmol/L,the expressed protein reached the highest quantity after 5 hours of induction.The Western blot results indicated that the expressed antigen proteins could be recognized by the rabbitanti-Mink antiserum and had some immunoreactivity,and could be efficiently expressed in the prokaryotic system with immunological activities.
The role of immersive technologies in increasing labour productivity on the example of augmented and virtual reality

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The article analyses the role of immersive technologies in increasing productivity in enterprises. Economic growth is determined not only by productive forces, but also by the rational use of human labour and achievements of scientific and technological progress. The author has examined the experience of using digital tools relevant to the market that improve productivity – virtual and augmented reality. These technologies have a significant impact on labour productivity and contribute to enhancing performance indicators of production operations. The global practice of applying immersive technologies in enterprises demonstrates a wide range of areas of their use. Thus, augmented and virtual reality are in demand in mechanical engineering, energy extraction, logistics, design of facilities and production lines. In essence, these technologies expand the boundaries of human capabilities in interaction with virtual and augmented spaces, providing unique management tools for solving tasks of varying complexity, and have significant potential in the context of better productivity. Based on the results of the analysis, the key functions of augmented and virtual reality in industry have been identified, and the structure of the functional usage of immersive technologies to increase productivity has been developed.
Mortar of churches

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Mortar of churches Get access F. William Cock F. William Cock 1Appledore, Kent Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume CLXXI, Issue nov21, 21 November 1936, Page 375, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/CLXXI.nov21.375a Published: 21 November 1936
The Relationships among Freshman Nursing Students' Academic Stress, Depression, and Physical Activity

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: This study was conducted to understand the relationships among freshman nursing students' academic stress, depression, and physical activity. Methods: In this descriptive study, Freshman students sampled from 4 nursing colleges were surveyed using a structured questionnaire on academic stress, depression and physical activity during the period from May to June, 2015. Results: A positive correlation was observed between academic stress and depression, but no correlation was found with physical activity. Of the subjects, 24.3% had a moderate or severe level of depression. Depression and physical activity were different according to exercise. Conclusion: The results of this study show the importance of reducing academic stress and depression for freshman nursing students. Thus, it is necessary to develop and apply depression prevention education programs to reduce academic stress and depression so that freshman nursing students lead to a healthy campus life.
Crisis communications methodology and media statements analytics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

U savremenom društvu institucije masovnog komuniciranja preuzimaju ulogu konstruisanja konfliktne paradigme, obavljajući pored informativne i određene bezbedonosne, psihološke i propagandne funkcije i zadatke. Rizici, krize, katastrofe, revolucije, nasilje i sukobi postaju deo globalne svakodnevnice, ali medijske slike o njihovom intenzitetu, dubini, ciljevima, uzrocima i posledicama opredeljuju karakter intervencija i metodologiju konkretnog delovanja. Evropsko okruženje jasno forsira kognitivno-institucionalni pristup koji u fokusu ima bezbednosnu analizu aktivnosti brojnih pojedinaca, grupa, mreža i institucija, čulno opažanje i saznanje ljudi koji se primarno bave krizom, te grupni i institucionalni okvir u kojem se donose odluke. Analizom medijskih iskaza i izvora uočavamo one koji se odnose na prevenciju i pripremu javnosti za krizu, identifikaciju aktera kriznog upravljanja, opažanja krize, krizni menadžment, političko-organizacionu saradnju, krizno komuniciranje (prikupljanje i obrada informacija, digitalni sistemi za prenos informacija, komuniciranje sa javnostima i uloga novih medija u kriznom upravljanju), internacionalizaciju krize, vremenske efekte, troškove krize, te sticanje publiciteta i saglasja javnosti. Analizom statističkih podataka, dedukcijom i komparacijom u skladu sa analitičkim stepenima, temama, varijablama i indikatorima kreiramo celovitu sliku o prirodi krize, rizicima prilikom rešavanja, kao i prioritetima delovanja. Moderno doba i izmenjeni karakter konfliktnih paradigmi ukazuju na potrebu stvaranja specijalizovanih informatičko-komunikacionih ekipa u ključnim bezbedonosnim službama i ustanovama, koje bi mobilnošću, edukovanošću i timskim delovanjem bile obučene da preuzimanjem krizne komunikacije u praksi identifikuju određeni problem, kreiraju ga i usmeravaju ka civilnoj javnosti, nudeći i konkretno rešenje.
Evolutionary Perspectives on the Obesity Epidemic: Adaptive, Maladaptive, and Neutral Viewpoints

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The prevalence of obesity in modern societies has two major contributory factors—an environmental change that has happened in historical times and a genetic predisposition that has its origins in our evolutionary history. Understanding both aspects is complex. From an evolutionary perspective, three different types of explanation have been proposed. The first is that obesity was once adaptive and enabled us to survive (or sustain fecundity) through periods of famine. People carrying so-called thrifty genes that enabled the efficient storage of energy as fat between famines would be at a selective advantage. In the modern world, however, people who have inherited these genes deposit fat in preparation for a famine that never comes, and the result is widespread obesity. The key problem with this, and any other adaptive scenario, is to understand why, if obesity was historically so advantageous, many people did not inherit these thrifty genes and in modern society are able to remain slim, despite the environmental change favoring fat storage. The second type of explanation is that obesity is not adaptive and may never even have existed in our evolutionary past, but it is favored today as a maladaptive by-product of positive selection on some other trait. An example of this type of explanation is the suggestion that obesity results from variation in brown adipose tissue thermogenesis. Finally, a third class of explanation is that most mutations in the genes that predispose us to obesity are neutral and have been drifting over evolutionary time—so-called drifty genes, leading some individuals to be obesity prone and others obesity resistant. In this article, I review the current evidence for and against these three different scenarios and conclude that the thrifty gene hypothesis is untenable but the other two ideas may provide a cogent explanation of the modern obesity phenomenon.
Culture, Context, Violence: Eurasia in Comparative Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The links between culture and violence are as old as theorising about the concepts themselves.1 From Thucydides to Weber to Samuel Huntington, problems of social order and the cultural transformations produced by violent behaviour have been perennial subjects of concern. Despite this long tradition, political scientists have normally shied away from thinking systematically about their connections. Culture seems too slippery a concept to be easily grasped, and implying that there is a cultural dimension to large-scale organised violence — from riots to genocide to full-scale war — seems dangerously close to a kind of crude determinism: that some societies are simply fated to live in more violent ways than others because of their imponderable cultural proclivities. Even when writers have taken a slightly different tack, such as in Huntington's (1998, 2004) argument about the durability of social conflict along broad cultural cleavages, empirical analysis has usually shown the idea of some fundamental consonance between culture and conflict to be bunk (Fox, 2002; Henderson, 2004).KeywordsPolitical CultureComparative PerspectiveViolent EventMass ViolenceAssociational LifeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Sensitivity of Alabama Freshwater Gastropod Species to Nickel Exposure

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Snails are effective bioindicators due to their prolific distribution, high level of endemism, and capacity to accumulate contaminants. Freshwater snails have unique ecological niches which are imperiled by land-use change and the introduction of hazardous chemicals. To assess how environmental alterations affect gastropods, lab-based studies are needed to characterize the toxicity of specific stressors. This can help guide policy decisions and remediation efforts. The aim of this research was to characterize acute toxicity of nickel (Ni) on endemic snails (Somatogyrus georgianus [Walker, 1904], Elimia cahawbensis [Lea, 1861], and Elimia spp.) and measure the accumulation of Ni and mineral elements including calcium (Ca), magnesium, potassium, and sodium (Na). Snails were exposed to six concentrations (25–800 µg/L) of Ni for 96 h. Among the studied snail species, E. cahawbensis was the most sensitive to Ni, with the lowest lethal concentration where 50% of the organisms died (LC50) at 88.88 µg/L Ni after 96 h. The LC50 at 96 h for S. georgianus was 167.78 µg/L Ni, and 393.13 μg/L Ni for Elimia spp. Except for Elimia spp., mortality of the other two snail species corresponded to the whole-body uptake of Ni. Nickel exposure also influenced Ca and Na uptake for Elimia spp. All three endemic species are potential candidate species for evaluating localized effects of human activities, and the present study provides a first step in characterizing how snails would be affected by environmental alterations. More research could further characterize potential effects of other human stressors on these endemic snail species. Future research into subindividual responses and routes of exposure can further elucidate variations in species sensitivity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2578–2588. © 2024 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Potency of partially purified anthocyanin from leaf extract of <i>Guiera senegalensis</i> against carbon tetrachloride-induced lipoperoxidation in rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Anthocyanin was extracted and partially purified from the ethanolic leaf extract of Guiera senegalensis (GS). The recovered anthocyanin extract was found to have a concentration of 8mg/cm3 and an absorption spectrum with peak at 268nm. In order to assess the preventive action of the anthocyanin against lipoperoxidation, serum malondialdehyde (MDA) was analyzed in rats administered with 1mg/kg of the anthocyanin before induction of lipoperoxidation in the rats using carbon tetrachloride (CC14). Serum MDA was also analyzed in rats administered with 1 and 2 mg/kg of anthocyanin for up to seven (7) days after induction of lipoperoxidation in the rats in order to determine the curative effect of the extract. The results suggest that anthocyanin extracted from GS leaves are more effective in the cure than prevention of lipoperoxidation, and the most effective daily dose of treatment is 1mg/kg for 7 days. Key words: Guiera senegalensis, Anthocyanin, Potency, Lipoperoxidation
Derivation of Serum Transferrin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor:—

We would like to comment briefly on the article by Eriksson and Douglass (1980; 243:2049). Our findings are in agreement with their general conclusion that transferrin is useful as an indicator of nutritional status and that it has prognostic value. Unfortunately, their investigation is predicated on an assumption that, if wrong, challenges the validity and clinical applicability of their results. The method used in their study for determining transferrin (serum transferrin=0.8 total iron-binding capacity [TIBC]—43) is a widely propagated formula.1-3It has become a commonly accepted conversion owing to the fact that actual serum transferrin quantification requires equipment not yet routinely available. We respectfully wish to question this calculation. In our preliminary investigation, 93 studies were carried out in 33 burn patients. Actual serum transferrin measurements were determined by radial immunodiffusion. Transferrin was also derived in the same group of patients by determining the serum TIBC
Visuo-haptic interactions in the occipito-temporal cortex: a TMS study of the Muller-Lyer illusion

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The Müller-Lyer illusion occurs both in vision and touch, and transfers cross-modally from vision to haptics (Mancini, Bricolo, & Vallar, 2010). Recent evidence suggests that the neural underpinnings of the Müller-Lyer illusion in the visual modality involve the bilateral Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC), and the right Superior Parietal Cortex (SPC). Conversely, the neural correlates of the haptic and cross-modal illusions have never been investigated before. Here we used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to address the causal role of the regions activated by the visual illusion in the generation of the visual, haptic, and cross-modal visuo-haptic illusory effects, investigating putative modality-specific vs. cross-modal underlying processes. rTMS was administered to the right and the left hemisphere, over the occipito-temporal or the superior parietal cortex (SPC). rTMS over the left and the right occipito-temporal cortex impaired both unisensory (visual, haptic), and cross-modal processing of the illusion in a similar fashion. Conversely, rTMS interference over the left and the right superior parietal cortex did not affect the illusion in any modality. These results demonstrate the causal involvement of the bilateral occipito-temporal cortex in the representation of the visual, haptic, and cross-modal Müller-Lyer illusion, in favor of the hypothesis of shared underlying processes. This indicates that the occipito-temporal cortex plays a cross-modal role in perception both of illusory and non-illusory shapes.
Random Projections and Sampling Algorithms for Clustering of High-Dimensional Polygonal Curves

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We study the $k$-median clustering problem for high-dimensional polygonal curves with finite but unbounded number of vertices. We tackle the computational issue that arises from the high number of dimensions by defining a Johnson-Lindenstrauss projection for polygonal curves. We analyze the resulting error in terms of the Fréchet distance, which is a tractable and natural dissimilarity measure for curves. Our clustering algorithms achieve sublinear dependency on the number of input curves via subsampling. Also, we show that the Fréchet distance can not be approximated within any factor of less than $\sqrt{2}$ by probabilistically reducing the dependency on the number of vertices of the curves. As a consequence we provide a fast, CUDA-parallelized version of the Alt and Godau algorithm for computing the Fréchet distance and use it to evaluate our results empirically.