jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Contracting on Violence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Why does the military intervene in the politics of some countries but remain under firm civilian control in others? The paper argues that the origins of military intervention in politics lie in a fundamental moral hazard problem associated with authoritarian repression. Dictators must deter those who are excluded from power from challenging them. When underlying, polity-wide conflict results in threats to the regime that take the particular form of mass, organized, and potentially violent opposition, the military is the only force capable of defeating them. The military exploits this pivotal position by demanding greater institutional autonomy as well as a say in policy, and it threatens to intervene if the civilian leadership departs from a subsequent compromise on these issues. A game-theoretic analysis of such contracting on violence implies that the likelihood of military intervention in politics should be greatest at intermediate levels of mass threats. Original, large- N data on military intervention support these claims.
Fine‐scale seismic structure of the shallow volcanic crust on the East Pacific Rise at 9°50′N

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We use a combination of body wave and interface wave observations from an on‐bottom seismic refraction survey to constrain the fine‐scale seismic structure of the upper crust in a ∼3 × 3 km field area centered on the East Pacific Rise at 9°50′N. We detonated 18 explosive shots (18 sources) in a circular pattern (1.5 km radius) on the rise axis and recorded seismic arrivals with eight ocean bottom seismometers (eight receivers). We observed 30–40 Hz compressional body waves from all shots (144 P waves) and 1–3 Hz Stoneley (interface) waves on a subset of source‐receiver pairs (58 interface waves). Using a station correction inversion, we find that roughly half of the variance in the P wave first‐arrival times results from lateral variations in the thickness of the surface low‐velocity layer (SLVL), a layer of extremely porous lava and basalt breccia with an average P wave velocity of 2.2 km s −1 . The SLVL thickness increases from <20 m along the axial summit trough (AST) to ∼120 m at near‐axis lava depocenters, which are not symmetric about the rise axis. Depocenters are located ∼0.5 km to the west and ∼1.5 km to the east of the rise axis. Tomographic inversion of the Stoneley wave first arrivals reveals that shear velocities in the SLVL covary with the layer thickness, exhibiting a similar asymmetric pattern, with shear velocities increasing from ∼320 m s −1 near the AST to ∼520 m s −1 at the near‐axis depocenters. Our analysis demonstrates that the seismic characteristics of the extrusive layer near the rise axis are related primarily to volcanic features and processes. The thickness and velocity of the SLVL are low on the axis and within channel networks that deliver lava flows away from the axis and then increase rapidly at the distal ends of the channels where the lavas are deposited. We find that azimuthal anisotropy exerts only a weak influence on our P wave first‐arrival times, which we model as weak (4%) seismic azimuthal anisotropy in the upper dikes with a fast axis oriented N23°–32°W. We find no evidence for seismic azimuthal anisotropy in the extrusive layer.
Growth and characterization of aluminum nitride thin films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Pulsed-laser ablation has been widely used for the fabrication of thin films of multicomponent oxide ceramics. More recently the technique has been successfully used to deposit highly oriented thin films of aluminum nitride (AIN). AIN thin films are of interest for a number of potential applications. These applications include heat sinks for high-power microcircuit applications and insulating and passivating layers in semiconductor devices. For all the proposed applications it is important to be able to produce highly oriented, dense crystalline films. It is also important that these films be essentially defect free, as for example, phonon scattering by defects and impurities can severely limit thermal conductivity.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Hand Surgery Volume in Japan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on hand surgery in Japan has not been fully elucidated. This study investigated changes in the volume of hand surgery practiced during the pandemic. Methods: We used the National Database Open Data Japan (NDB-ODJ), a comprehensive repository of healthcare data administered by the government, to investigate changes in the volume of hand surgery services delivered during the COVID-19 pandemic. The type and number of upper extremity surgical procedures was examined during each month of the pandemic to identify associations. Results: During the first wave in the spring of 2020, scheduled surgeries decreased by 44% compared to pre-pandemic levels, with arthroplasties, osteotomies, and polydactyly surgeries experiencing the largest reductions. Trauma surgeries remained relatively stable, and some procedures like tendon repair and replantation even increased. While overall surgical volumes recovered in the second half of the pandemic, certain procedures, including finger pinning and tendon repair, remained below pre-pandemic levels. Interestingly, surgeries for Dupuytren contracture and amputation increased compared with the pre-pandemic period. Many scheduled and emergency procedures shifted to outpatient surgeries during the pandemic, and the proportion of inpatient surgeries decreased. In particular, the proportion of outpatient surgeries increased significantly in open reduction and internal fixation for wrist and forearm fractures, as well as in amputation surgeries. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic had a minimal impact on the volume of hand surgery conducted in Japan, with a decrease in elective surgeries only during the first wave in the spring of 2020. Notably, the pandemic triggered a shift from inpatient to outpatient surgery for many procedures.
Phase Transformations and Thermodynamic Properties of the Potts Model with q = 4 on a Hexagonal Lattice with Interactions of Next-Nearest Neighbors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The magnetic structures of the ground state, phase transitions, and the thermodynamic properties of a two-dimensional ferromagnetic Potts model with the number of spin states q = 4 on a hexagonal lattice are studied using the Wang–Landau algorithm of the Monte Carlo method, taking into account the interactions of the nearest and the next-nearest neighbors. It is shown that the inclusion of the antiferromagnetic interactions of the next-nearest neighbors leads to the appearance of frustration and disturbance of magnetic ordering. The phase transition characters are analyzed using the method of fourth-order Binder cumulants and the histogram method. It is found that a first-order phase transition takes place in this model.
Placebo Effects on the Enjoyment of Physical Activity and Performance among Kindergarten Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Studies with adults and school children have shown that placebos can enhance motivation and performance in physical activities. This study aimed to investigate whether similar effects are present in kindergarten-aged children. A total of 101 children (58 girls, 43 boys) aged 3 to 6 years were randomly assigned to one of two groups that either received a deceptive placebo (DP: “magic potion”) or a nondeceptive placebo (NDP: “water”) to enhance physical abilities. Each child completed three tasks (sprinting; balancing: standing on a balance board; strength: using a handheld dynamometer) both with and without the placebo. The variables assessed included task performance, enjoyment, and expected and perceived placebo efficacy (measured with nonverbal pictorial rating scales). Results showed that both the DP and NDP increased speed. For strength, balance, and task enjoyment (which was very high), no placebo-induced changes were observed. Expected efficacy was higher for the DP; perceived efficacy did not differ between DP and NDP. In conclusion, reported outcome expectations indicated that kindergarten-aged children were already able to differentiate between the two types of placebos which exhibited positive effects concerning running performance. This encourages further research on using nondeceptive placebos to enhance physical activity, which is crucial for children’s overall health.
Regulatory barriers of circular economy adoption in construction industry: a perspective from Türkiye

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose Embracing circular economy (CE) practices presents a promising pathway to promoting sustainability and improving the efficient use of limited resources and waste management in the construction industry. The purpose of this study is to explore the regulatory barriers that impede the adoption of CE practices in Türkiye’s construction industry and propose actionable strategies to overcome these challenges. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on a comprehensive literature review and a practitioner-focused survey, this study employs Importance-Adoption Quadrant Analysis (IAQA), together with descriptive and inferential statistics, to evaluate participants’ perceptions regarding the significance and current implementation levels of 14 identified regulatory strategies. Findings The research identifies key regulatory challenges in Türkiye, including a lack of supportive legislation, weak enforcement mechanisms and limited institutional support. Findings reveal a misalignment between the perceived importance of CE policies and their actual adoption, highlighting the need for robust financial incentives, clearly defined national targets and strategic infrastructure investments. Furthermore, statistically significant differences in perceptions of regulatory barriers across experience levels, professional backgrounds and company sectors highlight that challenges to CE adoption are highly context specific. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study stem from the selected barriers and strategies used to analyze the adoption of CE in the construction industry, as well as its focus on a single country context, Türkiye. Originality/value This study advances understanding of regulatory barriers to circular economy adoption in Türkiye’s construction industry, offering new insights from a developing country context with evolving policy initiatives. By applying the Importance–Adoption Quadrant Analysis (IAQA) to regulatory strategies, the study introduces a novel methodological approach that prioritizes actionable solutions for overcoming regulatory challenges. The study contributes to theory and practice by providing a benchmark for comparative studies and delivering evidence-based recommendations for policymakers and industry practitioners to accelerate CE adoption.
Continuous Psychological Nursing Based on Grey Clustering Algorithm in Patients after Transurethral Resection of Prostate

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective. To explore the effect of continuous psychological nursing based on the grey clustering algorithm on erectile function, bad psychological emotion, and complications in patients after transurethral resection of prostate (TURP). Methods. 98 patients who underwent TURP were randomly divided into observation and control groups (routine nursing). The observation group first used the grey clustering algorithm to evaluate the psychological intelligence, found patients with abnormal psychological behavior, and then implemented continuous psychological nursing combined with pelvic floor muscle exercise. The patients were followed up for 4 months. The International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5), the incidence of complications, the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) scores, and the nursing satisfaction were analyzed and compared between these two groups. Results. The grey clustering algorithm can accurately reflect the characteristics of patients’ psychological changes. After targeted nursing, compared with the control group, the IIEF-5 in the observation group was higher [( 24.87 ± 1.85 ) vs. ( 22.24 ± 1.47 ), P < 0.05 ], the incidence of total complications was lower (10.20% vs. 26.53%, P < 0.05 ), the score of HAMA was lower [( 6.11 ± 2.57 ) vs. ( 10.98 ± 2.29 ), P < 0.05 ], the score of HAMD was lower [( 6.97 ± 2.85 ) vs. ( 11.35 ± 2.19 ), P < 0.05 ], and the nursing satisfaction was higher (100% vs. 85.71%, P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Mental intelligence evaluation based on the grey clustering algorithm combined with pelvic floor muscle exercise can significantly improve the rehabilitation effect of erectile function in patients after TURP, reduce the incidence of postoperative complications, and alleviate patients’ anxiety and depression.
The Survival Probability for a Class of Multitype Subcritical Branching Processes in Random Environment

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study the asymptotic behaviour of the survival probability of a multi-type branching processes in random environment. The class of processes we consider corresponds, in the one-dimensional situation, to the intermediately subcritical case. We show under rather general assumptions on the form of the offspring generating functions of particles that the probability of survival up to generation $n$ of the process initiated at moment zero by a single particle of any type is of order $λ^{n}n^{-1/2}$ for large $n,$ where $λ\in (0,1)$ is a constant specified by the Lyapunov exponent of the mean matrices of the process.
Wortmannin Inhibits Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Irradiated Normal Human Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of PI-3 kinase, was recently found to be an effective radiosensitizer in cells of various human and murine cell lines. Another study indicated that wortmannin inhibited repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in irradiated Chinese hamster ovary cells using the neutral elution assay. To further clarify the mechanism behind radiosensitization by wortmannin, we have studied DSB repair in gamma-irradiated normal human fibroblasts using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The rejoining of DSBs in irradiated cells was significantly inhibited when 20 microM or more of wortmannin was added to the cells. The colony formation assay in cultures treated with wortmannin showed that the radiosensitization occurred in a manner that was dependent on the drug concentration. However, significant sensitization was observed only with a concentration of wortmannin of 20 microM or higher, reflecting the results of DSB rejoining studies. No marked reduction in plating efficiencies was observed for cells treated with wortmannin alone. The studies of the levels of expression of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) indicated that, while there were no significant changes in expression of Ku protein, the expression of the DNA-PK catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) was reduced markedly in cultures treated with wortmannin using an antibody against the C-terminus region of DNA-PKcs. In addition, no reduction in the levels of expression of DNA-PKcs was observed in cells treated with wortmannin using an antibody which recognizes a mid-region of this large protein. These results together with those of related studies suggest that wortmannin radiosensitizes normal human cells by inhibiting DSB repair and that this inhibition is a consequence of an inactivation of kinase activity and/or a structural change caused by binding of wortmannin to the C-terminus region of DNA-PKcs.
The history of Arabic lexicography and terminology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract After the death of the Prophet Mohammad in 632 A.D., Moslem scholars were in need of understanding certain verses in the Holy Qur’an and some of the Prophet’s oral tradition and sayings. This need motivated a linguistic movement including grammar and lexicography. In the eighth century, Arabic linguists used to leave cities such as Basra and Kūfa for the desert to meet the Bedouins and record their “pure” language, which was not influenced by the non-Arabic-speaking, new converts to Islam who had settled in the cities. Based upon their manual corpus, those linguists produced several monographs or specialized vocabularies on various topics such as: men, horses, camels, houses, weapons, snakes, plants, etc., before they embarked upon compiling a full-fledged dictionary. One can safely say that terminology preceded lexicography in the history of Arabic linguistics. As Islam expanded from Gaul in Europe to Turkistan in just one century after the Prophet’s death and Arabic became the world’s language, Arabic dictionaries and terminologies, monolingual and bilingual, were compiled in various parts of the world. Through the ages, Arabic lexicography underwent quantitative and qualitative changes, notably in the following areas: arrangements of entries: phonetically-based alphabetical arrangement with root permutation, normal alphabetical order with root permutation, rhyme order, thematic arrangement, ordinary alphabetical arrangement of roots, alphabetical arrangement of words, combinations of those arrangements, etc.; arrangements of sub-entries; arrangements of the senses of the entry word; definitions of entries; the inclusion of encyclopedic information. Although Arabic speakers have produced about two thousand dictionaries of all sorts and varieties, there is not yet any dictionary that documents the historical changes in the Arabic language. In the twentieth century, there have been a few unsuccessful attempts to compile such a dictionary. However, at present, there are two hopeful projects using computerized text corpora: (1) the Federation of Arab Academies’ Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language in Cairo and (2) the Doha Historical Dictionary of the Arabic Language in Qatar.
Early Complement Activation and Decreased Levels of Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-Anchored Complement Inhibitors in Human and Experimental Diabetic Retinopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Diabetic retinal microangiopathy is characterized by increased permeability, leukostasis, microthrombosis, and apoptosis of capillary cells, all of which could be caused or compounded by activation of complement. In this study, we observed deposition of C5b-9, the terminal product of complement activation, in the wall of retinal vessels of human eye donors with 9 ± 3 years of type 2 diabetes, but not in the vessels of age-matched nondiabetic donors. C5b-9 often colocalized with von Willebrand factor in luminal endothelium. C1q and C4, the complement components unique to the classical pathway, were not detected in the diabetic retinas, suggesting that C5b-9 was generated via the alternative pathway, the spontaneous activation of which is regulated by complement inhibitors. The diabetic donors showed a prominent reduction in the retinal levels of CD55 and CD59, the two complement inhibitors linked to the plasma membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, but not in the levels of transmembrane CD46. Similar complement activation in retinal vessels and selective reduction in the levels of retinal CD55 and CD59 were observed in rats with a 10-week duration of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Thus, diabetes causes defective regulation of complement inhibitors and complement activation that precede most other manifestations of diabetic retinal microangiopathy. These are novel clues for probing how diabetes affects and damages vascular cells.
Evaluation of Some Bread Wheat Cultivars under Different Seeding Rates and Weed Control Treatments

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An experiment was conducted during 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 growing seasons at Shandaweel Agriculture Research Station, Sohag Governorate, Egypt to study the effect of two seeding rates (50 and 60 kg/fed), three bread wheat cultivars (Shandaweel-1, Sids-12 and Giza-168) and six weed control treatments (Atlantis (T 1 ), Garnstar + Tpik (T 2 ), Garnstar + Axial (T 3 ), Garnstar + Traxos (T 4 ), hand weeding twice (T 5 ) and unweeeded control (T 6 ) )on weeds growth, yield and yield components of wheat.Split-split plot design with four replications was used.Results indicated that seeding rates were significantly on annual weeds (g/m 2 ) and yield and yield components in both seasons.Increased seeding rate to 60 (kg/fed) significantly decreased the dry weight of total weeds (g/m 2 ) by 23.48 and 36.81% in first and second seasons, respectively compared to seeding rate of 50 (kg/fed).Seedingrate at 60 (kg/fed)give highest values of spike/length,No. of spikes/m 2 and grains yield (arad/fed) in both seasons.Wheat cultivars were significantly effect on dry weight of weeds in both seasons.Giza-168 cultivar decreased the dry weight of broad, grassy and total weeds by 19.98, 23.22 and 21.7% in the first season and by 25.02, 30.58 and 35.67% in the second season, respectively as compared to Sids-12cultivar.Wheat cultivarswere significantly effect of spike/length, No.of spikes/m 2 , grains weight/spike,weight of spike and grains yield (arad/fed) in both seasons.Weed control treatments were significantly reduced dry weight of grassy, broad-leaved and total weeds (g/m 2 ) in both seasonscompared to(T 6 ).Using of (T 2 ), (T 4 )and (T 5 ) twice gave the highestreduction the dry weight of grass, broad-leaved weed and total weeds in both seasons.Weed control treatments were significanteffect of spike length,No. of spikelets/spike,No. of spikes/m 2 ,No. of grains/spike,spikeweight,seed index and grains yield (arad/fed) in both seasons.The interactions among highest seeding rate of 60 kg/fed, wheat Cultivar Giza 168 and (T 5 ) reduced dry weight of the grassy weeds by 94.9 and 97.3% in 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 seasons, respectively, and the dry weight of total weeds by 97.5% in 2015/2016 season as compared to sowing Sids-12 cultivar by seeding rate at 50 kg/fed and unweededtreatment.Correlation analyses weresignificantly negative correlation with weight of grassy, broad-leaved and total weeds and yield in the first and second seasons, andsignificantly positive correlation between yield and its components in both seasons.Economic evaluation of the results indicated that seeding rates 60kg/fed with wheat cultivars Giza 168 and using of (T 2 ), (T 4 )and (T 5 ) gave the highest economic values, gross income, net income and profitability in the average of two seasons.Generally, cultivation Giza-168 at a rate 60kg/fed seed and application of (T2), (T4) and (T5)obtained by better crop of wheat under the experiment conditions.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced change of ADP-ribosylation of a cytosolic protein in bone-marrow-derived macrophages

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Treatment of bone-marrow-derived macrophages with nanogram quantities of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or with the synthetic bacterial lipopeptide analogue N-palmitoyl-(S)-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl] (Pam3)Cys-Ala-Gly results in a change of ADP-ribosylation of a cytosolic 33 kDa protein. The immunostimulant-induced change is both dose- and time-dependent. It is not observed in macrophages from an LPS-unresponsive C3H/HeJ mouse strain upon treatment with LPS. Non-endotoxic LPS from Rhodopseudomonas pallustris, the inactive lipopeptide analogue Pam3CysOH, and LPS in the presence of polymyxin B fail to induce the change of ADP-ribosylation of the protein. These observations indicate that reversible protein modification by ADP-ribosylation might play a role in macrophage activation.