jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Association between subjective oral health and regularity of service use

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The aim was to evaluate the predictive power of two different measures of subjective oral health in relation to regularity of use of oral health-care services. The nationally representative data were collected as part of the Health 2000 Survey on Finnish adults, 30+ yr of age (n=4926). Subjective oral health and regularity of using of oral health-care services were measured using single questions and oral health-related quality of life was measured using the 14-item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire. Those reporting poor oral health or higher impacts in the OHIP-14 were more likely to be irregular users of oral health-care services. Further research is needed to investigate more precisely the applicability of these measures in different settings of oral health-care provision.
Leakage performance evaluation of cloth seal

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Turbomachinery sealing technology is concerned with the crucial tasks of maintaining pressurized regions, leakage control, cooling control, purge flow, and axial force balance. Thus, advances in sealing technology have considerable impact on overall turbomachinery performance, decreasing operational costs, fuel consumption, and NOx emmisions. Cloth seals as a new stationary seal have been used as an alternative to thick metal shim seals to reduce leakage rate and increase wear life. The cloth seal includes one or more metallic-cloth fibers (cloth weave) and a thin metal shim. Measuring actual cloth seal leakage proves difficult with challenging turbine operating conditions. Modeling the flow through the complex weave voids among each warp and shute fiber involves a very complex flow structure, extensive effort, and high CPU time. Therefore, a bulk porous medium flow model with flow resistance coefficients is applied to the model cloth seal weave fibers. CFD analyses need leakage data depending on the pressure load to calibrate flow resistance coefficients. A test rig is built to measure leakage of cloth weave with respect to the pressure load and weave orientation in four directions. The Sutherland-ideal gas approach is utilized to determine the flow resistance coefficients for Dutch twill metallic-cloth fibers as a function of pressure load. Moreover, equations to calculate the porosity of plain and twill weave are developed and compared with available data. Literature reviews indicate that available published data about cloth seal leakage performance are not adequately detailed to derive a closed-form equation defining the relationship between seal design parameters and cloth seal leakage performance. In an effort to fill this gap, the effect of geometric parameters under varying pressure load on the cloth seal leakage performance has been investigated in this study. In order to reduce the number of parameters to a manageable size, some of the parameters are fixed and excluded from the experimental design based on the studies in the literature. The remaining eight parameters are included in the screening experiments. Their levels are determined to cover typical application ranges. Parameters, which have a major impact on leakage rate, are determined in the screening experiments, and analyzed in the main experiments. A closed-form equation is derived based on the data and presented in this study. Leakage rate trends with respect to levels of each parameter are examined. In order to conduct leakage tests of screening and main experiment designs, several cloth seal designs are manufactured, and another custom test rig has been designed.
Gas Hydrates at Seeps

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Gas hydrates have been the focus of intensive research during recent decades due to the recognition of their high relevance to future fossil energy, submarine geohazards, and global carbon and climate changes. Cold seep-related gas hydrate systems have been found in both passive and active margins worldwide. A wealth of data, including seismic imaging, borehole logging, seafloor surveys, and coring, suggest that seep-related gas hydrates are present in the western Taixinan Basin and the Qiongdongnan Basin of the northern South China Sea (SCS). Here, we provide an overview of the current understanding of seep-related gas hydrate systems in the northern SCS and underscore the need for more systematic work to uncover the factors governing the interplay of hydrate dynamics and gas seepage and to quantitatively assess the temporal and spatial variability of gas hydrate and cold seep systems.
Directed projects in a mathematical statistics course

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this chapter we present a model for using case studies for the core of an undergraduate theoretical statistics course. These case studies have more depth than most examples found in typical mathematical statistics texts. Each case study provides a real-world question to be addressed as well as background information on the question, data to address the problem, and suggestions for investigating the problem. An important goal is to encourage and develop statistical thinking. This chapter provides both a sample case study on quality control and analysis of variance and a directed project on experimental design that includes a discussion of how we have changed the class to fit these activities into the course. In essence, the case studies become the centerpiece of the course, and as a result, the curriculum, lectures, and assignments are significantly different from a traditional mathematical statistics course.
Effects of a highly controlled carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet on markers of oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications and inflammation in weight stable participants with type 2 diabetes; a randomized controlled trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Carbohydrate-restricted diets are increasingly recognized as options for dietary management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We investigated the effects of a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein (CRHP) and a conventional diabetes (CD) diet on oxidative stress and inflammation in weight stable individuals with T2DM. We hypothesized that the CRHP diet would improve markers of oxidatively generated RNA and DNA modifications as well as inflammatory parameters. Thirty participants with T2DM were randomized to 6 weeks of CRHP or CD dietary treatment (30/50 energy percentage (E%) carbohydrate, 30/17E% protein, 40/33E% fat), followed by a cross-over to the opposite diet for a subsequent 6-week period. All meals were provided during the study and body weight was controlled. Diurnal urine samples were collected after 4 weeks on each diet and oxidatively generated RNA and DNA modifications were measured as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanosine (8-oxoGuo) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG), respectively. Fasting concentrations of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6 were measured before and after 6 weeks of interventions. Compared with the CD diet, the CRHP diet increased 24-hour urinary excretion of 8-oxoGuo by 9.3% (38.6 ± 12.6 vs. 35.3 ± 11.0 nmol/24 h, p = .03), whereas 8-oxodG did not differ between diets (24.0 ± 9.5 vs. 24.8 ± 11.1 nmol/24 h, p = .17). Changes in plasma inflammatory parameters did not differ between CRHP and CD diets, all p ≥ .2. The clinical implications of increased RNA oxidation following a CRHP diet as well as long-term effects of carbohydrate-restriction on markers of oxidatively generated nucleic acid modifications should be a field of future study.
Reversal of Streptozotocin Diabetes with Nicotinamide

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Animals given nicotinamide either as a pretreatment or as long as 2 hr (but not 4 hr) after streptozotocin were protected from diabetes. Nicotinic acid and NAD pretreatment were ineffective in preventing streptozotocin diabetes. It was postualted that streptozotocin may interfere with NAD formation in the beta cell and that treatment with nicotinamide reverses the streptozotocin effect by reversing its effect on levels of NAD within beta cells.
Fetuin-A and Cystatin C Are Endogenous Inhibitors of Human Meprin Metalloproteases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Meprin α and β, zinc metalloproteinases, play significant roles in inflammation, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), possibly by activating cytokines, like interleukin 1β, interleukin 18, or tumor growth factor α. Although a number of potential activators for meprins are known, no endogenous inhibitors have been identified. In this work, we analyzed the inhibitory potential of human plasma and identified bovine fetuin-A as an endogenous meprin inhibitor with a K(i) (inhibition constant) of 4.2 × 10(-5) M for meprin α and a K(i) of 1.1 × 10(-6) M meprin β. This correlated with data obtained for a fetuin-A homologue from carp (nephrosin inhibitor) that revealed a potent meprin α and β inhibition (residual activities of 27 and 22%, respectively) at a carp fetuin concentration of 1.5 × 10(-6) M. Human fetuin-A is a negative acute phase protein involved in inflammatory diseases, thus being a potential physiological regulator of meprin activity. We report kinetic studies of fetuin-A with the proteolytic enzymes astacin, LAST, LAST_MAM, trypsin, and chymotrypsin, indeed demonstrating that fetuin-A is a broad-range protease inhibitor. Fetuin-A inhibition of meprin α activity was 40 times weaker than that of meprin β activity. Therefore, we tested cystatin C, a protein structurally closely related to fetuin-A. Indeed, cystatin C was an inhibitor for human meprin α (K(i) = 8.5 × 10(-6) M) but, interestingly, not for meprin β. Thus, the identification of fetuin-A and cystatin C as endogenous proteolytic regulators of meprin activity broadens our understanding of the proteolytic network in plasma.
Biochemical Isolation and Identification of Mycobacteria

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The identification of the species that comprise the Mycobacterium genus is one of the best documented examples of scientific development and technology. Approximately 150 species are currently recognized that, besides comprising a genus because of structural and biochemical similarities, exhibit a great variety of characteristics that permit the establishment of differential patterns in order to identify and characterize them, or to establish clusters or complexes. At the present time it is insufficient for the performance of tests that would determine if a given specie belongs to the Mycobacterium genus. There is clearly a pressing need to establish its membership in a group or complex, and to determine its specie and genetic characterization so as to permit a comparison of characteristics such as frequency and distribution at a global level.
Famine Vulnerability in the Contact-Era Basin of Mexico

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study simulates vulnerability to famine and food poverty among peasant households in the Basin of Mexico two decades after the Conquest. Using demographic and cadastral data recorded in the Códice de Santa María Asunción (Tepetlaoztoc), vulnerability is assessed by comparing household and patio-group (household compound) food production to consumption needs at the same scales, Modeling of food production of the principal subsistence crops (maize, beans, and maguey) uses the soil types noted for each field in the Asuncion document and a production model that accounts for soil-productivity differences. Both typical and poor years are modeled. Household and patio-group food needs are based on the codex data for each individual in the community. The study reveals that 60% of the population was at risk of famine in a poor year and that up to 16% would have suffered food poverty in a typical year. Nevertheless, even in a poor year, 40% of the population would have had adequate-or-better nutrition. Thus, this analysis supports contrasting views of early Contact-period nutrition. Because of the unequal distribution of food-production resources in Nahua society, some commoner households were usually adequately fed, while others normally suffered chronic undernutrition. Patio groups represent a possible response to this situation, as analysis by patio group indicated reduced vulnerability to food poverty. Land per capita ratios appear to be the best explanation of the differences in food poverty and famine risk among the households or patio groups.
Current Uses of the Transtrochanteric Approach to the Hip

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The indications and technique for the transtrochanteric approach to the hip have evolved greatly since its initial popularization in the 1960s. The purpose of this systematic review was to assess current uses of this approach on the basis of indications, osteotomy technique, trochanteric fixation method, complications, and functional outcome. Methods: A comprehensive search of MEDLINE and Embase databases from January 2000 to July 2017 was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Articles were divided into 3 major categories on the basis of the type of hip surgery performed: (1) primary arthroplasty, (2) revision arthroplasty, and (3) joint-preserving procedures. Patient data were then analyzed according to these 3 categories. Results: Seventy-six studies (5,028 hips), mainly of Level-IV evidence, were included. Four types of osteotomy were reported for a variety of indications. Rates of nonunion were 6.0% (303 of 5,028) across all studies, 4.2% (39 of 921) for primary arthroplasty, 6.7% (114 of 1,690) for revision arthroplasty, and 4.4% (56 of 1,278) for joint-preserving procedures. Rates of dislocation were 1.5% (14 of 921) for primary arthroplasty and 4.6% (77 of 1,690) for revision arthroplasty. The rate of osteonecrosis after joint-preserving procedures was 1.1% (14 of 1,278). Rates of deep infection were 1.1% (55 of 5,028) across all studies, 0.1% (1 of 921) for primary arthroplasty, 2.1% (36 of 1,690) for revision arthroplasty, and 0.6% (8 of 1,278) for joint-preserving procedures. Conclusions: The transtrochanteric approach remains useful in cases requiring extensile exposure of the acetabulum or femoral medullary canal. However, trochanteric complications continue to pose a clinical challenge. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Quantitative Measurements of Bubbles and Foam Flow Generated From Two-Phase Subcooled Flow Boiling of Seawater in a Vertical Annulus

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Bubbly flow or foam flow could prevail in the subcooled flow boiling of seawater in an annulus. Compared with the bubbly flow of de-ionized water in the subcooled flow boiling, the bubble size of seawater is smaller. Further, bubbly flow with small bubbles or foam flow in a subcooled flow boiling of seawater would be affected by different heat fluxes, mass fluxes and inlet subcooling. The change in the boiling behaviors due to different conditions can be reflected in terms of variations of bubble characteristics. However, details of the characteristics of bubbles in seawater generated by the two-phase subcooled flow boiling are still limited. In the present study, bubble characteristics are measured and detailed by an image analytic method in the software Image J. The subcooled flow boiling experiments with different heat fluxes are conducted in a vertical upward annulus with artificial seawater at the inlet temperature of 90°C and mass flux of 1200 kg/m2s. The two-phase flow patterns are recorded by the high-speed camera in 6000 frame/s. To conduct measurements of bubble characteristics using Image J, images are selected as one set of measurement from the videos recording under different heat fluxes. After preprocessing of images, measurements of bubbles and fitting procedures with ellipses are conducted. Averaged values of descriptors of bubbles are obtained, including areas, perimeters, lengths of major axes, lengths of minor axes, circularities, angles, solidities, and aspect ratios, etc. It provides a possible way to investigate the details of bubbly flow or foam flow in the subcooled flow boiling of seawater.
Disparities of Trastuzumab Use in Resource-Limited or Resource-Abundant Regions and Its Survival Benefit on HER2 Positive Breast Cancer: A Real-World Study from China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Trastuzumab is a key component of therapy for human epidermal growth receptor 2 (HER2) positive breast cancer. Because real-world data are lacking, the present research was conducted to evaluate the actual use of and the effectiveness of trastuzumab in the real world in China. Methods Inpatients with HER2 positive invasive breast cancer from 13 hospitals in Eastern China (2010–2015, n = 1,139) were included in this study. We aimed to assess the actual use of trastuzumab and to evaluate potential efficacy from trastuzumab in real-world research. Results Of 1,017 patients with early stage breast cancer (EBC), 40.5% (412/1,017) received trastuzumab therapy. Patients with EBC in resource-abundant regions (gross domestic product per capita &gt;$15,000 and trastuzumab included in Medicare) are more likely to receive trastuzumab than those in resource-limited regions (37.3% vs. 13.0%, p &lt; .05). After metastasis, 50.8% (366/720) patients received trastuzumab as their first-line therapy. More than 10% of patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) continued trastuzumab therapy after twice progression in resource-abundant regions, whereas more than 40% of patients never received any trastuzumab therapy during the whole course of therapy in resource-limited regions. Overall, the improvement in survival for trastuzumab versus non-trastuzumab was substantial in EBC (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.609, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.505–0.744) and in MBC (HR = 0.541, 95% CI: 0.418–0.606). This association was greater for patients with MBC who had never received trastuzumab (HR = 0.493, 95% CI: 0.372–0.576) than for those who had received adequate trastuzumab therapy in EBC stage (HR = 0.878, 95% CI: 0.506–1.431). Conclusion This study showed great disparities in trastuzumab use in different regions and different treatment stages. Both EBC and MBC patients can benefit from trastuzumab, as the survival data show; however, when trastuzumab is adequate in the early stage, a further trastuzumab-based therapy in first-line treatment of MBC will be ineffective, especially for those with short disease-free survival, and a second line of anti-HER2 therapy will be recommended. (Research number: CSCO-BC RWS 15001).
American Indian Traditions and Religious Ethics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT The Journal of Religious Ethics has published only two full‐length articles focusing on American Indian religious ethics in the last decade. This may signal that the field is uneasy about integrating American Indian religious ethics into its broader discourse. To fill this research lacuna and take a step toward normalizing religious‐ethical engagement with American Indian ethics, this article argues that the field needs an intentionally anticolonial, self‐aware approach to understanding American Indian religious ethics—one that decenters methods and approaches that may facilitate the analysis of Christian texts, groups, and phenomena, yet limit insights into the religious‐moral beliefs and practices of Native Americans. The article first shows examples of how religious‐ethical methods, definitions, and epistemological starting points can obfuscate rich and accurate understandings of Native American religious‐ethical systems and phenomena. Next, it turns to historical and anthropological studies and Native American philosophy and ethics to outline an interdisciplinary framework for integrating American Indian traditions into the discourses of religious ethics.
Humanism in Medicine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

"Osler is Alive and Well." This is the message one gets from this excellent new book. The 13 essays in it stem from a symposium held at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston in 1970. The three heartwarming papers by Osler's American students at Oxford during World War I—Emile Holman, Wilburt C. Davison, and Wilder Penfield—would alone make this volume valuable. Its value is doubled, however, by the well-turned essays of senior medical scholars with broad humanistic interests. The opening contributions by Dr. Lester S. King, contributing editor ofJAMA, entitled "Humanism and the Medical Past," ably sets the stage for the enlightening and refreshing articles of Palmer Howard, William Bean, Alfred Henderson, Charles G. Roland, James Knight, George Harrėll, Donald Bates, and Hebbel Hoff. Osler in the flesh and Osler in spirit provided the theme for this very interesting and readable symposium. Medical students and teachers, practitioners,
1397 Alport syndrome in children: a 15-year single centre experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background

Alport syndrome (AS) accounts for 0.2%-0.6% adult and 2–3% paediatric patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD), with increased risk of chronic kidney disease in those with heterozygous mutations. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition (ACEi), the current first line therapy, can delay the onset of ESRD. Clinical trials of newer therapies eg, bardoxolone methyl and anti-microRNA-21 are underway. Recent classifications adopt an inclusive genetic-based approach to help early diagnosis, monitoring and treatment.

Objectives

The objectives of this study are to review the characteristics in our cohort of patients with AS, and to compare patient characteristics between the different genetic-based classifications.

Methods

A retrospective review of all patients with pathogenic COL4A3, COL4A4 and COL4A5 variants followed up at Great Ormond Street Hospital between 2005 and 2020 was undertaken. Patients were classified as: (i) males with X-linked AS (XLAS); (ii) autosomal recessive AS (ARAS); (iii) autosomal dominant AS (ADAS); and (iv) females with XLAS. Demographics, genetics, presenting symptoms, length of follow up, clinical parameters at the last follow up were collected.

Results

Twenty-eight children with AS were included. The median age of presentation was 5.4 years (IQR 4.5–11.1) with a median follow up of 3.0 years (IQR 1.3–7.3). Median age at latest follow-up was 11.8 years (IQR 8.1–14.6). The median urine albumin-creatinine ratio at latest follow-up was 38.6mg/mmol (IQR 3.3–127.4), with median serum albumin of 41.5g/L (IQR 38.0–44.0) and median eGFR of 115.4ml/min/1.73m2 (IQR 99.2–138.3). The most common presenting symptom was isolated microscopic haematuria (39%). Eight patients transitioned to adults: 3 had male XLAS, 4 had female XLAS and 1 had ADAS. The median age of these patients at last follow-up was 15.9 years (IQR 14.6–16.4), with a median follow up time of 4.8 years (IQR 3.0–9.1). The median eGFR at last follow-up was 100.8 ml/min/1.73 m (IQR 95.6–107.5), median serum albumin was 46.0g/L (IQR 39.0–42.0), median urine albumin creatinine ratio was 45 mg/mmol (IQR 5.3–201.0). One patient with male XLAS progressed to ESRD at the age of 14.

Conclusions

Microalbuminuria was the earliest event observed in the progression of AS in this cohort of patients, most significant in male X-linked and autosomal-recessive AS patients. Majority of children had normal serum albumin and eGFR during the study period but we have identified 2 patients for consideration of enrolment in clinical trials.

References

Kashtan CE, Gross O. Clinical practice recommendations for the diagnosis and management of alport syndrome in children, adolescents, and young adults-an update for 2020. Pediatr Nephrol 2021;36:711–9. Vos P, Zietse R, van Geel M, Brooks AS, Cransberg K. Diagnosing alport syndrome: lessons from the pediatric ward. Nephron 2018;140:203–10. Weinstock BA, Feldman DL, Fornoni A, et al. Clinical trial recommendations for potential Alport syndrome therapies. Kidney Int 2020;97:1109–16.