jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Insulin Assays in Two Cases of Spontaneous Hypoglycaemia Due to Retroperitoneal Mesothelioma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The hypoglycaemia can be prevented by the surgical removal of the tumour, but the exact mechanism of the production of the hypoglycaemia is not understood.We report here two cases in which assays for insulin-like activity in the plasma and tissues may have helped to elucidate the mechanism.Case 1 A spinster aged 67 had been well until August 1962, when she felt dizzy on rising one morning.Two days later she became dysphasic and had a fit with limb movements and incontinence.In a similar episode about two weeks later she was unconscious for 24 hours and a cerebrovascular accident was suspected.Recovery was rapid, and there was no residual weakness.During the next two months it was reported that her manner was infantile and that she was unrousable in the mornings until she was given sweet drinks.She was admitted to Hammersmith Hospital in November 1962 for investigation.On examination she was lethargic and had obviously lost weight.The blood-pressure was 200/110 mm.Hg.The peripheral blood- vessels were atherosclerotic.A firm mobile mass, which could be pushed forward from the loin, was palpable just below the spleen, and the kidney could be felt below it.There was resonance on percussion over the mass.Investigations, including liver-function tests and urinary steroid measurements, showed nothing abnormal, except for the blood-glucose results (Table I).Radiological studies confirmed the presence of a large mass that was separate from the spleen and filled the left side of the abdomen.
Phytochemical properties and effect of aqueous extract of Jatropha caucus root bark on some bacterial isolates

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Phytochemical properties and effect of aqueous extract of Jatropha caucus root bark on some bacteria isolates was investigated. The root bark extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and terpenes/steroids. The extract applied in graded concentrations of 200, 400 and 600 mg/ml inhibited the multiplication of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis,Corynebacterium pyogenes, Candida albicans, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Conclusively, the root bark extract of this plant has exhibited good antibacterial activity especially on organisms such as B. subtilis, C. albicans, S. pyogenes, Proteus species, E. coli and S. typhi that are incriminated in causing diseases such as anthrax, reproductive tract infection, skin infection and various gastrointestinal disorders.

Key words: Jatropha curcas, phytochemical properties, in vitro antibacterial activity, aqueous root bark extract.
Begonia (sect. Hydristyles) A. DC.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Begonia sect. Hydristyles A.DC. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique, Série 4 11: 132 (de Candolle 1859). – Type: lectotype: Begonia bridgesii A.DC., designated by Barkley & Baranov (1972: 4). Synonymy notes For a full list of sectional synonyms, see Moonlight et al. (2018). Notes This section was erected to include species with multifid styles, five tepals on the pistillate flowers, and two tepals on the staminate flowers (de Candolle 1859: 132). Since the description of several species considered members of B. sect. Ruizopavonia or B. sect. Cyathocnemis with multifid styles (see Doorenbos et al. 1998; Moonlight & Reynel 2018), the delimitation of this section has become less clear. This lack of clarity is only exacerbated by the fact that almost half of species now included in B. sect. Cyathocnemis have five tepals on the pistillate flower. Few members of B. sect. Hydristyles have been included in molecular phylogenies and we suspect its current circumscription will not survive contact with rigorous phylogenetic analysis. The centre of diversity of B. sect. Hydristyles is Bolivia and only two species reach Peru. Both are newly recorded for Peru herein, but we also newly synonymise Peruvian endemic B. peltigera Irmsch. with B. unilateralis.
The impacts of climate change and human activities on biogeochemical cycles on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract With a pace of about twice the observed rate of global warming, the temperature on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (Earth's ‘third pole’) has increased by 0.2 °C per decade over the past 50 years, which results in significant permafrost thawing and glacier retreat. Our review suggested that warming enhanced net primary production and soil respiration, decreased methane ( CH 4 ) emissions from wetlands and increased CH 4 consumption of meadows, but might increase CH 4 emissions from lakes. Warming‐induced permafrost thawing and glaciers melting would also result in substantial emission of old carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) and CH 4 . Nitrous oxide ( N 2 O ) emission was not stimulated by warming itself, but might be slightly enhanced by wetting. However, there are many uncertainties in such biogeochemical cycles under climate change. Human activities (e.g. grazing, land cover changes) further modified the biogeochemical cycles and amplified such uncertainties on the plateau. If the projected warming and wetting continues, the future biogeochemical cycles will be more complicated. So facing research in this field is an ongoing challenge of integrating field observations with process‐based ecosystem models to predict the impacts of future climate change and human activities at various temporal and spatial scales. To reduce the uncertainties and to improve the precision of the predictions of the impacts of climate change and human activities on biogeochemical cycles, efforts should focus on conducting more field observation studies, integrating data within improved models, and developing new knowledge about coupling among carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus biogeochemical cycles as well as about the role of microbes in these cycles.
Surgical approaches of embedded supernumerary teeth in anterior maxilla

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the surgical approaches of the embedded supernumerary teeth in maxilla. Methods There were 4 approaches for 86 cases: lip approach, palate approach, united approach and the top of alveolar bones approach. Results The 4 approaches were used successfully in the 86 cases. All patients healed primarily, and no serious complication occurred. Conclusion The 4 approaches are especially useful to the embedded supernumerary teeth in anterior maxilla.
Protein Subcellular Relocalization in the Evolution of Yeast Singleton and Duplicate Genes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Gene duplication is the primary source of new genes, but the mechanisms underlying the functional divergence and retention of duplicate genes are not well understood. Because eukaryotic proteins are localized to subcellular structures and localization can be altered by a single amino acid replacement, it was recently proposed that protein subcellular relocalization (PSR) plays an important role in the functional divergence and retention of duplicate genes. Although numerous examples of distinct subcellular localizations of paralogous proteins have been reported, it is unknown whether PSR occurs more frequently after gene duplication than without duplication. By analyzing experimentally determined and computationally predicted genome-wide protein subcellular localization data of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two other fungi (Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Kluyveromyces waltii), we show that even singleton genes have an appreciable rate of relocalization in evolution and that duplicate genes do not relocalize more frequently than singletons. These results suggest that subcellular relocalization is unlikely to have been a major mechanism for duplicate gene retention and functional divergence at the genomic scale.
MATHEMATICAL METHODS AND MODELS FOR STUDYING CORRUPTION IN ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Context. In the process of functioning of various organizational expert systems – economic, social, militarized – the task of detecting,localizing and measuring the level of corruption in the system arises. These tasks are solved on the basis of various data obtainedduring observations and experiments on the system. However, there is no single method for processing information to solve these problems.This paper proposes such a technique, based on a comparison of assessments of the same indicators of evaluated objects, givenby various experts.Objective. The purpose of the article is to develop a fully formalized method for detecting, localizing and measuring the level ofcorruption in an organizational system consisting of experts, based on the assessments given to objects.Method. The method proposed in the article consists in the presentation of an organizational system of m experts conducting anexamination of the object with n indicators by means of a (m× n) -matrix B = bij . Here bij – is the assessment given by the i -thexpert to the j-th indicator of the object. In this case a system with ideal (non-corrupted) experts corresponds to a matrix B with equalelements in any column and, accordingly, with matching lines. In a system with non-ideal (corrupt) experts, the matrix B does not havethis property. This allows you to enter an indicator of the absolute level of corruption in the system as the sum of the distances betweenthe results of the examination of various experts.Result. A general analytical expression is obtained for absolute level of corruption in systems with arbitrary B,m and n . The maximumpossible value of this indicator is found. An algorithm for detecting corruption in organizational systems is given, based on acomparison of calculated absolute level of corruption and its maximum allowable level. The problem of detecting corruption in a complexsystem, where objects with several indicators pass the examination, is also solved. Examples of detecting and measuring corruptionin real expert systems are given.Conclusions. A new approach to mathematical modeling of corruption processes in organizational expert systems, based on the useof a matrix of assessments of various indicators of evaluated objects by different experts of the system, is proposed. This approach, incontrast to the established practice, allows us to find uniform solutions of various problems of studying corruption in systems of thistype. These are tasks of detecting, localizing and measuring corruption. The direction as a whole is proposed to be called corrumetry.
Leveraging Educational Technology to Meet the Needs of 21st Century Learners

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter is on leveraging technology for education and includes models for adoption as well as possible barriers. The chapter includes information on how educators need to conduct an internal audit for personal bias, attitude, and perceptions. The idea of adopting a growth mindset when using technology in education is explored. Questions regarding why and how technology should be integrated into education are analyzed. Technology integration frameworks are compared, and some digital applications are discussed. Social equity and access, along with culturally relevant teaching strategies, are examined as to why and how these may be employed to close the digital divide for all students. There are sections detailing the implications for educators and administrators.
A Comprehensive Review of 3D Printing Applications in Drug Development and Delivery

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a transformative technology in the pharmaceutical industry, offering unprecedented opportunities for personalized medicine and advanced drug delivery systems. This review explores the diverse applications of 3D printing in drug development and delivery, highlighting its potential to revolutionize pharmaceutical manufacturing. The primary 3D printing technologies employed in this field include fused deposition modeling (FDM), stereolithography (SLA), and powder bed fusion (PBF), each with unique strengths suited for different aspects of drug production. 3D-printed pharmaceuticals offer numerous advantages, including customized dosing, complex geometries for controlled release, and improved patient compliance. The technology enables the creation of personalized dosage forms, polypills, and novel drug delivery systems such as microneedle patches and implants. Additionally, 3D bioprinting shows promise in developing organ-on-a-chip models for drug testing, potentially reducing the need for animal studies. Despite its potential, the widespread adoption of 3D printing in pharmaceuticals faces challenges, including regulatory hurdles, material limitations, and scalability issues. As the technology continues to evolve, it is poised to significantly impact the pharmaceutical industry, advancing personalized medicine and improving patient outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state, challenges, and future prospects of 3D printing in pharmaceutical applications
Investigation on corner stall prediction and flow control by blended blade and end wall technology in a compressor cascade based on modified Spalart–Allmaras model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Corner stall has a significant impact on the performance of compressor cascades, but it is difficult to predict precisely using conventional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models. In view of this, first, the Spalart–Allmaras (SA) turbulence model modified with helicity is recalibrated to predict corner stall accurately. The internal reasons why the modified SA model does not overestimate the extent and intensity of corner stall as the original SA model is further explored through the analysis of turbulence transport nature. The investigation of corner stall control in a modified National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 65 cascade by the blended blade and end wall (BBEW) technology is then carried out using the recalibrated MSA model. The numerical results indicate that the BBEW technology can eliminate the separation vortex on the end wall and change the flow field from corner stall to corner separation. The best BBEW scheme reduces the total pressure loss coefficient by 14.13%. The BBEW technology can most significantly enhance the aerodynamic performance of the compressor cascade when the maximum BBEW thickness is close to the trailing edge. When the maximum BBEW thickness is in the same position, the control effect rises first and subsequently falls as the maximum BBEW thickness grows. These research results serve as a guide for choosing turbulence models and designing the BBEW schemes.
Asset Insulators

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract We construct a new data set tracking the daily value of life insurers’ assets at the security level. Outside of the 2008–2009 crisis, a ${\$}$ 1 drop in the market value of assets reduces an insurer’s market equity by ${\$}$ 0.10. During the ?nancial crisis, this pass-through rises to ${\$}$ 1. We explain this pattern by viewing insurance companies as asset insulators, institutions with stable, long-term liabilities that can ride out transitory dislocations in market prices. Illustrating the macroeconomic importance of insulation, insurers’ market equity declined by ${\$}$50 billion less than the duration-adjusted value of their securities during the crisis.
Hedging exposure to foreign exchange risk in the presence of rudimentary forward market

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Four hedging decisions are evaluated when the KD is the base currency using historical data involving five foreign currencies. Using the mean-variance criterion as applied to the domestic currency value of foreign currency payables, it is found that staying unhedged, direct forward hedging, cross forward hedging, and money market hedging produce similar results. This finding, which is confirmed by results based on the Phillips-Hansen fully-modified OLS, is attributed to the validity of the unbiasedness hypothesis and the cyclical movements of exchange rates, which cause the extreme domestic currency values of the payables to cancel out over a long period of time. The finding that cross forward hedging and money market hedging lead to similar results as those obtained from direct forward hedging is due to the high correlation of the KD exchange rates and to the fact that covered interest parity holds precisely. The results suggest that if hedging is felt to be necessary on certain occasions then the unavailability of forward contracts should not be considered a problem.
Finance-growth nexus and banking efficiency: The impact of microfinance institutions

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates the relative importance of microfinance institutions (MFIs) at both the macro (financial development, economic growth, income inequality, and poverty) and micro levels (efficiency of traditional commercial banks). We observe a significant impact on most of the fronts. MFIs’ participation increases overall savings (total bank deposits) and credit allocation (loans to private sector) in the economy. Their involvement enhances economic welfare by reducing income inequality and poverty. Additionally, their active presence helps to discipline the traditional commercial banks by subjecting them to more competition triggering higher efficiency.
EQUATION OF ENERGY BALANCE FOR TURBULENT FLUCTUATIONS IN THE THEORY OF A FREE TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Semiempirical formulas are proposed for the coefficient of turbulent viscosity and the scale of turbulence which appear in the system of equations of a free turbulent boundary layer in an incompressible fluid where this system includes equations of continuity, motion, and balance of the average energy of turbulent pulsations. An advantage of this formula over others is that the two empirical constants which are a part of the system of equations have close values for circular and plane turbulent jets, and also for a turbulent boundary layer on the edge of a semi-infinite uniform flow with a stationary fluid. The distributions of average velocity and average energy of turbulent fluctuations calculated in the work agree satisfactorily with experimental data.
The One-Sector Growth Model With Idiosyncratic Shocks

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates the one-sector growth model where agents experience idiosyncratic endowment shocks and face a borrowing constraint. It is shown that a steady-state capital level lies strictly above the steady state in the model without shocks. In addition, the capital stock increases monotonically when it is sufficiently far below a steady state. However, near a steady state there can be interesting (nonmonotonic) economic dynamics.
Persons and Pronouns: Exploring Clitics in Judeo-Spanish

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Optional versus obligatory clitic doubling and the person-case constraint (PCC) repair constitute two puzzles researchers haven’t fully addressed. In Judeo-Spanish, doubling is obligatory for third person accusative strong pronouns; for all other arguments, doubling is optional. This analysis contends arguments are generated with corresponding clitics in the syntax. The realization of clitics is regulated by functional heads: v and X, a head located beneath v. X is hypothesized to be a probe specified only for person; critically, third person accusative strong pronouns lack person features (Anagnostopoulou 2003), while other arguments bear person features. Optional doubling is regulated by alternations in Agree with v or X. An argument that appears without a co-referring clitic is derived via agreement with X. This interaction triggers deletion of clitics’ phi-features, which causes them to be null. Overt cliticization is derived via agreement with v. Obligatory doubling is derived via Agree strictly with v; third person accusative strong pronouns cannot be potential goals for X since they lack person features. Apart from doubling, X generates the PCC repair by blocking Agree between v and dative clitics, causing dative arguments to appear without a matching clitic, and by eliminating intervention effects between v and accusative clitics
MELD: A Logical Approach to Distributed and Parallel Programming

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : With the industry-wide shift to multi-core processors and the rise of large-scale clusters as the engines for web services, it is clear that the future is all about exploiting parallelism. Unfortunately, writing parallel or concurrent software has long been a notoriously difficult task for programmers. In particular, the goals of maintaining correctness while also achieving high performance are far more challenging in a parallel or concurrent environment compared with a single-threaded system. Meld is a logic-based programming language that has proven effective for programming massively distributed systems. In this report, we describe Meld and how it can also be used to program more traditional parallel machines. We evaluate Meld on a small set of benchmarks and describe some of the methods we use to make it an effective tool for parallel programming. While more work needs to be done, it is clear that the use of a single language for describing both computation and coordination can lead to clear, concise, and efficient implementations.
Automated Verification for Real-Time Systems via Implicit Clocks and an Extended Antimirov Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This is the artifact for paper "Automated Verification for Real-Time Systems via Implicit Clocks and an Extended Antimirov Algorithm" The latest code can be found in https://github.com/songyahui/Timed_Verification Our benchmark contains three folders: - Validation: We manually annotate TimEffs specifications for a set of synthetic examples (for about 54 programs), to test the main contributions, including: computing effects from symbolic timed programs written in C^t ; and the inclusion checking for TimEffs with the parallel composition, block waiting operator and shared global variables. - Experiment1: For 16 C^t programs, and the annotated temporal specifications are in a 1:1 ratio for succeeded/failed cases. We record the evaluation results in Table 3 in the paper. - Experiment12: comparison with the PAT [16] model checker using real-life Fischer’s mutual exclusion algorithm.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Public Space: A Review of the Emerging Questions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Restrictions on the use of public space and social distancing have been key policy measures to reduce the transmission of SAR-CoV-2 and protect public health. At the time of writing, one half of the world’s population has been asked to stay home and avoid many public places. What will be the long term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on public space once the restrictions have been lifted? The depth and extent of transformation is unclear, especially as it relates to the future design, use and perceptions of public space. This article aims to highlight emerging questions at the interface of COVID-19 and city design. It is possible that the COVID-19 crisis may fundamentally change our relationship with public space. In the ensuing months and years, it will be critical to study and measure these changes in order to inform urban planning and design in a post-COVID-19 world.