jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Animal Genitalia and Female Choice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

When I was a senior in college I took a course in ichthyology and learned to enjoy thumbing through taxonomic drawings, which displayed the fascinating theme-and-variations patterns that are so common in nature. The various species in a genus were basically similar, but each had a set of seemingly senseless and often surprising and aesthetically pleasing differences. Later that year I became interested in spiders, and I can still remember my disappointment upon finding that similar drawings of whole spiders did not accompany papers on spider tax? onomy. Instead, illustrations in spi? der papers were limited to male and female genitalia, which are generally extremely complex structures lacking the elegant sweep of fish profiles. Even closely related species of spi? ders can usually be distinguished by the genitalia alone. This was my first encounter with a major pattern in animal evolution: among closely related species that employ internal fertilization, the gen italia?especially male genitalia?of? ten show the clearest and most reliable morphological differences. For some reason, the genitalia of most spi? ders have evolved rapidly, becoming distinct even in recently diverged lines. In contrast, animals that employ external fertilization, such as most fish, do not have species-specific genital morphology. These trends are widespread. Groups in which intromittent genitalia (for placing gametes inside the mate) are often useful for distinguishing species include flatworms, nematodes, oligochaete worms, insects, spi? ders, millipedes, sharks and rays, some lizards, snakes, mites, opilionids, crustaceans, molluscs, and mammals (including rodents, bats, armadillos, and primates). In contrast, groups that employ external fertilization all lack species-specific genitalia; they include echinoderms, most polychaete worms, hemichordates, brachiopods, sipunculid worms, frogs, birds, a few insects, and most
Analysis on the results of cerebral B-ultrasound inspection in 110 preterm infants

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To explore the effect factors and characteristics of early clinical manifestations of intracranial hemorrhage of preterm infants in NICU,in order to diagnose timely,direct treatment and predict prognosis. Methods:110 preterm infants(gestational weeks37 weeks) who hospitalized in the hospital from September 2007 to January 2009 received cerebral B-ultrasound inspection within 7 days after birth,at the same time,the clinical manifestations were recorded,then the preterm infants were divided into intracranial hemorrhage group and control group,SPSS11.5 software was used for statistical analysis. Results:Totally,63 preterm infants were diagnosed with intracranial hemorrhage and the incidence was 57.27%.There was significant difference in the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage between the preterm infants with gestational weeks34 weeks,very low birth weight infants,low birth weight infants and the preterm infants with gestational weeks34 weeks,normal birth weight infants(χ2=7.133,P0.01;χ2=11.181,P0.01).The incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants with high risk factors during perinatal period increased significantly(χ2=6.277,P0.05),but there was no significant difference in the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage among the preterm infants with different Apgar scores(χ2=3.211,P0.05);the symptoms of intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants were absent or atypical,compared with control group,there was no significant difference(χ2=4.073,P0.05). Conclusion:The incidences of intracranial hemorrhage in preterm infants with small gestational weeks,low birth weight and related high risk factors during perinatal period increase obviously,but the clinical manifestations have no specificity,there is no significant correlation between abnormal Apgar score and the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage;carrying out regular cerebral B-ultrasound inspection among the preterm infants and early diagnosis have very important significances for direction of treatment and prognosis.
Electroneuromyographic indices of respiratory muscles in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The functional state of respiratory muscles and diaphragm was assessed in 28 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease of 2, 2-3, 3 degrees of severity according to electroneuromyography at the age of 49 to 65 years.The revealed violations of the functional state of the respiratory muscles and the function of external respiration significantly aggravate the progressive nature of the pathological process in the lungs in COPD.
Sawadaea tulasnei . [Distribution map].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Sawadaea tulasnei (Fuckel) Homma. Leotiomycetes: Erysiphales: Erysiphaceae. Hosts: Acer spp., especially Norway maple ( A. platanoides ). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Far East, Siberia, Southern Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK and Ukraine), Asia (Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Hebei, Hubei, Jilin, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Japan, Korea Republic and Turkmenistan) and North America (Canada, Quebec, USA, Idaho, New York, Ohio, Oregon and Wisconsin).
Studies on the viability and storage properties of wild banana pollens in Guangxi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the present study,the germination rate and viability of Guangxi wild banana pollens were evaluated using different culture media,storage temperature and storage period.The results showed that sucrose solution could enhance the germination of wild banana pollens,while the nectar solution from wild banana as well as from other varieties did not showed significant effects.Significant difference had been observed in viability of wild banana pollens under different storage period,the storage temperature of-38℃ was found to be the best,as it showed more than 70% viability of pollens after storing for 25 days.It was followed by the temperature 20-28℃,where the viability of pollen showed lesser declining compared to those kept at 4℃.Further,the viability and storage characteristics of wild banana pollen showed significant differences in different species and also in the different media,therefore the suitable culture and storage conditions must be chosen to get the best storage effects.
Strain test of metalwork using FBG and FEA

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors have attracted a lot of interest for the past few years, and there were number of studies on the use of FEA to forecast and calculate the strain of metalwork. This paper describes the strain test of Aluminum suspension beam used in CRH railway vehicle with FBG and FEA. Strain distribution of the steelwork is predicted through Finite element analysis and fatigue test. FBG sensor and resistance strain gauges are set on the corresponding location of the beam, which is determined by strain cloud with FEA. Gradually increasing loads is added on the beam by hydraulic drive screw. Strain values of the beam can be caught by different sensors when load is stabilized. Then the load added on the steelwork is changed from 0KN to 50 KN and back to OKN, meanwhile the values of strain are recorded respectively. Results of FBG sensors and resistance strain gauges are compared with FEA calculated value. Mesh refinement and local mesh controls are used for optimization of FEA model.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Intrinsic disorder within an AKAP-protein kinase A complex guides local substrate phosphorylation.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Anchoring proteins sequester kinases with their substrates to locally disseminate intracellular signals and avert indiscriminate transmission of these responses throughout the cell. Mechanistic understanding of this process is hampered by limited structural information on these macromolecular complexes. A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) spatially constrain phosphorylation by cAMP-dependent protein kinases (PKA). Electron microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions of type-II PKA-AKAP18γ complexes reveal hetero-pentameric assemblies that adopt a range of flexible tripartite configurations. Intrinsically disordered regions within each PKA regulatory subunit impart the molecular plasticity that affords an ∼16 nanometer radius of motion to the associated catalytic subunits. Manipulating flexibility within the PKA holoenzyme augmented basal and cAMP responsive phosphorylation of AKAP-associated substrates. Cell-based analyses suggest that the catalytic subunit remains within type-II PKA-AKAP18γ complexes upon cAMP elevation. We propose that the dynamic movement of kinase sub-structures, in concert with the static AKAP-regulatory subunit interface, generates a solid-state signaling microenvironment for substrate phosphorylation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01319.001. PMID: 24192038 Funding information This work was supported by: NHLBI NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: HL088366 NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: GM48231
The Administration of Justice Under Emergency Conditions in the District of Columbia, 1973-03

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A report produced by the Committee on the Administration of Justice Under Emergency Condition and presented to the Judicial Conference of the District of Columbia Circuit, 1973 March. PART OF SERIES: In its investigation, the Webster Commission aligned the policies and procedures of the LAPD with those adopted by several other agencies and governmental bodies. The series contains a variety of materials collected by the Commission for this purpose. Included are reports about present and future issues facing the City of Los Angeles; analyses of riots which shook Washington, D.C. in 1968; annual reports issued by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police; emergency plans; housing data; newspaper and journal articles; criminal justice statistics; and summaries and after-action reports which assessed law enforcement's response to the 1992 riots.
Azithro once a week for MAC.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Azithromycin (Zithromax) has been used to treat a number of infections, including mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). A study using Azithromycin to prevent MAC shows the drug's effectiveness in reducing the outbreak of MAC and also protecting from other infections, including PCP. This study involved 180 HIV-positive subjects, of which 89 received 1200 mg of Azithromycin once a week, and 91 received a placebo once a week. Fifteen percent of the treated subjects developed MAC infections compared to 30 percent of the placebo group. In addition, more subjects taking the placebo developed PCP than subjects taking the Azithromycin. Diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain were the most common side effects from Azithromycin.
Reconstructors’ Tales: an Example of the Use of Oral Sources in the History of Reconstruction after the Second World War

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Many of those who participated in the rebirth of towns destroyed during the Second World War are still alive today and quite willing to satisfy historians' curiosity. Because France had declared her intention of directing the entire reconstruction work from the moment of the first destruction in the spring of 1940, we can identify among the many participants in rebuilding a specific category of 'state reconstructors' appointed by the government to carry out its orders. Town planners, architects and civil engineers, both practitioners and theoreticians, formed a homogeneous nucleus, identifiable by the positions they occupied within the ruling classes during the years 1940-50.1 This is why, apart from the abundance of written material available for the study of the period of reconstruction that followed the conftict,2 a corpus of oral statements is gradually being formed, describing the beginnings of the big building sites and the creation at the Liberation of the Ministère de la reconstruction et de l'urbanisme (MRU) (Ministry for Reconstruction and Town Planning) for the purpose of conducting such an unprecedented operation. As a contribution to the discussion on the use of evidence in contemporary history, I should like to describe one way of using these oral sources for the period of reconstruction.3KeywordsTown PlanningContemporary HistoryHousing CrisisGerman OccupationTown PlannerThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Antarafacial, Suprafacial

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This Glossary contains definitions, explanatory notes, and sources for terms used in physical organic chemistry. Its aim is to provide guidance on the terminology of physical organic chemistry, with a view to achieving a consensus on the meaning and applicability of useful terms and the abandonment of unsatisfactory ones. Owing to the substantial progress in the field, this 2021 revision of the Glossary is much expanded relative to the previous edition, and it includes terms from cognate fields.
Recovery of microstructure properties: random variability of soil solid thermal conductivity

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this work, the complex microstructure of the soil solid, at the microscale, is modeled by prescribing the spatial variability of thermal conductivity coefficient to distinct soil separates. We postulate that the variation of thermal conductivity coefficient of each soil separate can be characterized by some probability density functions: f Cl ( λ ), f Si ( λ ), f Sa ( λ ), for clay, silt and sand separates, respectively. The main goal of the work is to recover/identify these functions with the use of back analysis based on both computational micromechanics and simulated annealing approaches. In other words, the following inverse problem is solved: given the measured overall thermal conductivities of composite soil find the probability density function f (λ) for each soil separate. For that purpose, measured thermal conductivities of 32 soils (of various fabric compositions) at saturation are used. Recovered functions f (λ) are then applied to the computational micromechanics approach; predicted conductivities are in a good agreement with laboratory results.
Essential Relationships: The Shared Worlds of Friendship

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In an era of rapidly shifting social patterns, friendships have retained a stable and essential place in our notions of positive adult develop­
ment. Yet despite their widely acknowledged role in individual growth
and well-being (Tesch, 1983), the specific nature of this role, and even
the nature of friendship itself, have been difficult to define. A descrip­
tive framework for adult friendships and an analysis of how they
contribute to individual well-being are two separate, if interrelated,
issues (cf. Werner's, 1940/1980, distinction between form and function).
A descriptive base for different kinds of friendship is necessary to set the
terms for exploring the role of friendship in our lives; the functions
different friendship types serve in adult development impart meaning
and significance to a descriptive typology.
Some generalized open sets in ideal topological spacesé

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we introduce generalized open sets, namely [Formula: see text]-pre-I-open, [Formula: see text]-semi-I-open, and [Formula: see text]-b-I-open sets in ideal topological spaces. We explain these notions thoroughly in the light of examples. Then, we give some of their properties and explore the relationships between these generalized open sets. Moreover, we define the [Formula: see text]-b-I-Hausdorff space in ideal topological spaces.
Review Article Bacteriophages for Detection and Control Pathogens

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Copyright © 2013 Amirhossein Azarnava et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Bacteriophages are viruses infecting bacteria, they are obligate intracellular parasites and lack their own metabolism. Phages are extremely host-specific, able only to infect specific species or even strains. After their discovery early in the 20 th century, phages were widely used to treat various bacterial diseases in people and animals. Now, as the problem of antibiotic resistance becomes ever more acute, a number of scientists and clinicians are looking again at bacteriophages as a therapeutic option in the treatment of bacterial infections. The aim of this review is to consider the current evidence on the effects of bacteriophages for detection and control pathogens.
Castration effects on tumor specific immunity.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Using two immunogenic methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcomas in CD2F1 male mice, initial observations suggested that the rate of tumor growth might be enhanced by castration. For confirmation, tumor transplantation experiments using more than 500 mice were carried out in order to compare tumor specific transplantation immunity in castrate and in control male mice. Inbred mice bearing a 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma transplant underwent surgical excision of the tumor; and specific resistance to subsequent challenges using varying doses of that tumor cell line were compared in castrate and in noncastrate groups of mice. Although castration influenced the rate of tumor growth, castration had no apparent effect on tumor specific immunoresistance. Mechanisms of host-tumor immunorelationships are discussed.
Diabetes and Chronic Infections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Journal of the Ceylon College of Physicians (JCCP) is a peer-reviewed, open access journal published bi-annually by the Ceylon College of Physicians (CCP) in the last week of June and December.The objective of the Journal is to promote good clinical practice and influence policy making across the medical world through publication of original research and peer reviewed articles on current issues and to foster responsible and balanced debate on issues that affect medicine and health care in Sri Lanka. Contributions to the JCCP reflect its national and multidisciplinary readership and include current thinking across a range of medical specialties.
The Prognostic Role of MET Protein Expression Among Surgically Resected Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients: A Meta-Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: MET protein expression has been reported to be in relevance with the survival of NSCLC patients in various studies, yet the results were inconsistent. The purpose of our study set out to determine the prognostic role of both c-MET and p-MET expression among NSCLC that underwent surgical resection.Methods: Data were obtained from retrospective cohort studies by searching on PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Web of Science, and a meta-analysis was performed to assess the prognostic role of MET expression among NSCLC.Results: Totally 18 literatures including 5,572 surgically resected NSCLC cases staged I-IV were included for data synthesis. The positive rate of c-MET and p-MET was 1,753/4,315 and 135/1,257. The pooled hazard ratios (HRs) regarding c-MET and p-MET expression for overall survival (OS) was 1.623 (95% CI: 1.176–2.240, p = 0.003) and 1.710 (95% CI: 0.823–3.533, p = 0.15), respectively. Subgroup analysis results on Asian (HR = 2.115, p < 0.001), adenocarcinoma (HR = 2.220, p < 0.001) and rabbit polyclonal antibodies (HR = 2.107, p < 0.001) etc. were also indicative.Conclusion: C-MET over-expression among NSCLC patients that underwent surgical resection is a prognostic factor that indicated adverse survival on OS. Whereas, p-met didn't appear to have an impact on the prognosis of NSCLC. The studies are need and the topic could be re-valued by then.
Possible Efficient Generation ofsub-MMwave signals by heterodyning twooptical signals inaUTC-TW photodetector

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Inthispaperthegeneration ofsub-MM wavesignals byheterodyning twooptical signals inaphoto detector isconsidered. Previous workexhibits verylow powerefficiency (<1%)andlowoutput powerlevel (<1mw) forfrequencies intheMM waverange. We havedeveloped a simplified modeltosimulate theheterodyning process inthe UTC-TW photodetector. Themodelhasbeenvalidated by comparison between simulation andmeasurement results of anexisting MM wavedevice. Special attention isgiven tothe dependence ofbandwidth onoptical powerlevel. Themodel hasbeenusedtodesign andsimulate theperformance ofa sub-MMwavedevice. Goodperformance isexpected at frequencies wellinto thesub-MMregion. IndexTerms- photodetectors, mm waves, sub-mm waves, THz,microwave photonics.
Glucono-Delta-Lactone: An In Vitro Inhibitor of Hyperglycemia-Induced Coagulation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Diabetes is a disease in which premature development of conditions which increase blood coagulation are the leading cause of death. A reduction in the consequences of elevated glucose levels is the main focus of clinical treatment. It has been determined that the addition of glucose to anti-coagulated human blood, followed by incubation for 24 hours results in the generation of a hypercoagulable state, which is evaluated by reduction in whole blood clotting time. Incubation for 2 hours did not show the same change in clotting. Furthermore, the addition of glucono-delta-lactone, a low-toxicity food additive mitigated the hypercoagulable state which may, in part, be produced by tissue factor generated by up-regulated monocytes. This demonstration of in vitro glucose toxicity may broaden our clinical knowledge of the diabetic state. Also, glucono-delta-lactone warrants additional studies to confirm its anticoagulant properties.
The concept of on-board diagnostics, prognosis and correction of pilot condition under the action of high level G-load complex

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The development of an airborne automated system which provides diagnostics, prediction and correction of the pilot's dangerous condition in flight, is described. Significant factors of flight and possible dangerous conditions which affect pilot's performance are outlined. The main directions and approaches to diagnostics, prediction and correction of dangerous deviations of the psychophysiological crew condition are discussed and environment parameters in the ergonomic system 'pilot aircraft-environment' under the high-level G-load action, are considered. Some results of airborne complex operation during semi-natural (centrifuge) tests and flight tests, are presented.