jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Equivalent Monochromatic Wave Height for the Design of Coastal Rubblemound Structures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Coastal structures are subjected to marine environmental forces due to waves, wind and currents. The wave forces are the dominant forces and are decisive in the design of coastal structures. Structural stability as well as functional performance of a coastal structure depends on design wave conditions. Design of these flexible rubblemound structures is complex due to complexity in wave-structure interaction. As such, the design of rubblemound structures is mainly finalised by hydraulic model studies. A major aspect in the design of rubblemound structures is the minimum weight of the armour units required to withstand the design wave condition. A number of empirical formulae are available for the design. The stability of armour unit is related to the wave height in these formulae. The formulae raise a question about a design wave height to be chosen to represent the random sea wave conditions. The design wave height to be used in stability formulae and in the regular wave tests in the laboratory for rubblemound breakwaters is often defined in terms of statistical height related to the ocean waves such as significant wave height (Hs) i.e. average of the highest one third waves in a wave train. It has been commonly assumed that the destructive effect of random waves is equivalent to that of regular waves having a height equal to Hs, and the armour unit's weight is often determined with this assumption, using stability formulae. However, the results of stability tests in a wave flume under random waves and regular waves indicated that the equivalent regular wave height characterizing the random wave spectra may vary between (H1/10) to (H1/5). The design procedures for the coastal rubblemound structures, selection of design wave height and equivalence of the monochromatic and random waves are described in the paper.
Abstract 130: MiR-204 acts as a tumor suppressor in neuroblastoma through down-regulation of the neurotrophic receptor TrkB

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the functional effects of miR-204 in neuroblastoma. Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) is a leading cause of cancer linked mortality in children. Previously, we identified numerous microRNAs, differentially expressed in favourable versus unfavourable tumor subtypes, that are significantly associated with patient overall survival (OS) and event free survival (EFS). In particular, lower miR-204 expression at diagnosis in our NB tumor cohort (n=147) was significantly associated with poor EFS and OS (P &lt; 0.0001), indicating a potential tumor suppressive role. Here we present our findings from the study of functional effects of exogenous miR-204 expression in NB cell lines, and we identify NTRK2/TrkB as a direct target of miR-204. Results: In order to elucidate the mechanism of miR-204 tumor suppression, mature miR-204 mimics were transiently transfected into three NB cell lines (Kelly, SKNAS, SHSY5Y). Ectopic over-expression had no significant effect on cell viability (MTS and Cyquant assays) or apoptosis (Annexin V and Caspase 3/7 assays). In addition, transfection of miR-204 into either NB1691 or SKNAS cells prior to retroperitoneal implantation of the cells into immune deficient mice had no detectable effect on tumor establishment and growth (n=4). Completely counter-intuitive to expectations, ectopic up-regulation of miR-204 in the MYCN amplified (MNA) Kelly cells resulted in a statistically significant increase in motility, invasion, and colony formation (P &lt; 0.05). Based on these observations, we hypothesised that an important target of miR-204 in primary tumors might not be expressed in NB cell lines. Computationally predicted targets included NTRK2/TRKB and its ligand, BDNF, both of which are expressed at high levels in unfavourable NB, and promote cell survival and chemotherapy resistance through the P13K/AKT pathway. TrkB is detectable in 30-40% of primary NBs (∼70% of MNA tumours) but rarely found in NB cell lines. By artificially inducing NB cell lines to express full length TrkB, we determined that miR-204 expression resulted in decreased TrkB protein levels. Direct targeting of miR-204 with the 3’UTR of TrkB (but not BDNF) was validated by a luciferase reporter assay. Consistent with expectations, decreased expression of TrkB by miR-204 targeting resulted in increased sensitivity to cisplatin treatment. Conclusion: We conclude that miR-204 associated survival in NB patients can be attributed in part to TrkB targeting. Our results demonstrate that miR-204 is a candidate prognostic marker and natural occurring regulator of TrkB, which could be exploited to improve response to treatment in NB. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 130. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-130
Regulation of antral gastrin content

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Five groups of rats were fasted for 3 days and injected with either NaCl or 5, 10, 20, or 40 micrograms/kg bombesin every 8 h. The animals were killed, and their serum and antral gastrin levels were compared with those of normally fed rats. Fasting reduced serum gastrin to 14% of control; antral gastrin was reduced to 21% of control. All doses of bombesin significantly increased serum gastrin in fasted rats, and 20 and 40 micrograms/kg significantly increased antral gastrin. A group of normally fed rats was also compared with one fed a liquid diet for 7 days. Half of each of these was injected with 20 micrograms/kg bombesin (3 times/day) and the other half with NaCl. Bombesin significantly increased serum and antral gastrin in the rats fed solid food. The liquid diet lowered serum and antral gastrin to 17 and 59% of control values, respectively. Bombesin injection totally prevented these decreases. These data indicate that food in the gastrointestinal tract is not required for either gastrin release or synthesis. Furthermore, the data suggest that gastrin synthesis is regulated primarily by gastrin release or by direct stimulation by bombesin rather than by specific food products.
New evidence on testosterone and cooperation: reply

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

van Honk and colleagues have taken our findings on the role of testosterone in ultimatum gamebargaining1 a step forward by showing that the hormone has important prosocial effects beyondthe ultimatum game by increasing cooperation in the public goods game (PGG)2. In contrast to theultimatum game, participants in the PGG decide simultaneously about their cooperation levels andare not confronted with a rejection threat from other participants, suggesting a much moreuniversal effect of testosterone on prosociality than revealed by our study1. As the PGG captures alarge class of evolutionarily and contemporaneously important situations, their findings are ofgreat interest, and considerably extend our knowledge about the causal effect of testosterone onsocial behaviour. In addition, their results raise intriguing questions regarding the motivationaland biological mechanisms through which testosterone increased cooperation levels, suggestingthat the study will trigger further important experiments.
PHYSICAL REGISTRATI o N: CON FIGU RI NB; ELECTRON IC DIRECTORIES USING HANDHELD DEVICES

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An important problem in pervasive computing is how to create and maintain manageable collections of pervasive resources appropriate for disparate and typically nomadic users. This article describes physical registration, a new, human-centric mechanism for constructing collections of resources in the form of electronic directories. Users identify physical objects using sensor-equipped wirelessly networked handheld devices to build directories of virtual “entities” associated with those objects. The entities can be Web resources accessible over a network, like printers, projectors, picture frames, or storage devices. They can also be Web resources correare not themselves accessible over a network. Our article describes and motivates the method, then compares two implementations we have constructed. lated with objects like books or telephones that
The complementary effect of melatonin in accelerating ovulation and spawning of the Javaen barb Systomus rubripinnis (Valenciennes 1842)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The Javaen barb Systomus rubripinnis is an endemic fish not domesticated in Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of gonadotropin and melatonin hormones in inducing ovulation of female Javaen barb. A total of 12 female fish (BW: 142.12 ± 18.08 g; egg diameter 1.0-1.2 mm) were selected to be injected with a combination of different hormones. The treatments were ovaprimTM at a dose of 0.6 mL/kg without melatonin (L0.6M0), ovaprimTM at 0.3 mL/kg with 0.25 mg/kg melatonin (L0.3M0.25), 500 IU/kg of human chorionic gonadotropin with 0.25 mg/kg melatonin (H500M0.25), and 0.25 mg/kg melatonin (M0.25). The L0.6M0 and L0.3M0.25 treatments were injected twice. The first injection was 40% of the total dose, while the rest (60%) was injected 6 hours after the first injection. Melatonin injection was carried out at the same time as the first injection. In the H500M0.25 treatment, melatonin injection was carried out 24 hours after HCG injection. Fish injected with ovaprimTM with and without melatonin had the fastest latency period, and ovulation occurred in all fish. The H500M0.25 treatment had an ovulation rate of 66.7%, while those injected with only melatonin (M0.25) did not ovulate. The number of ovulated eggs, fertilization and hatching rate from ovaprimTM injected broodstock were higher than those of HCG. In contrast, the larvae’s survival rate, body weight, and length were similar. In conclusion, ovaprimTM is practical in inducing ovulation of Javaen barb, and melatonin has a complementary effect on Javaen barb ovulation.
Mesoporous Pt/N−TiO2/Ti Photocatalytic Plate for Highly Efficient Hydrogen Production

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Monolithic plate‐type photocatalyst with excellent light absorption, abundant active sites and strong mechanical adhesion is the growing trend of photocatalysis application, as referring to a photovoltaic panel. In this study, we report a large‐scale Pt/N−TiO 2 / Ti photocatalytic plate with granular and mesoporous structure, which shows a superior photocatalytic performance and adhesion than nanowires and nanosheets photocatalysts. The outstanding photocatalytic performance of Pt/N−TiO 2 / Ti is attributed to the large exposed surface area, enhanced light absorption, high separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and excellent surface activity induced by single Pt atom cocatalyst. The best Pt/N−TiO 2 / Ti sample could exhibit an outstanding photocatalytic hydrogen production activity of 72547.9 μmol ⋅ h −1 ⋅ g −1 , and a high apparent quantum efficiency of 47.07 % under a 350 nm light irradiation. It can be anticipated that the proposed method and insights would pave a solid way on the development and application of superior TiO 2 based photocatalytic plate.
Time of Draining and Harvest Effects on Rice Grain Yield and Quality

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the dry‐seeded, flooded rice ( Oryza sativa , L.) production areas of the southern USA, a flood is normally maintained until shortly before harvest to minimize rice yield or milling quality reduction due to water deficits. Research conducted in Arkansas on Crowley (fine, montmorrillonitic, thermic Typic Albaqualfs) silt loam and Sharkey (very‐fine, montmorillonitic, nonacid, thermic Vertic Haplaquepts) clay soils indicated no reduction in rough rice yields when flooding was ceased at heading, but effects of early cessation of flooding on rice milling quality were not assessed. The primary objective of this research was to determine if early cessation of flooding would reduce rice grain yield or milling quality. Field experiments were conducted at three Arkansas locations in 1987 and 1988. The experimental design was split‐plot, randomized complete block. Main plot treatments were times of draining (TD) which were 0, 2, and 4 wk after the 50% heading date. Subplot treatments were times of harvest (TH) which were 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk after heading. Draining at 2 wk after heading did not reduce rough rice yields or head rice yields over draining at 4 wk after heading at any location in any year. On the Crowley soil, draining at heading reduced rough rice by 15 to 40 cwt/acre and head rice yields by 0 to 40% depending on year and TH. In 1987, draining at heading on the Sharkey soil reduced rough rice yields from 0 to 25 cwt/acre, and reduced head rice yields 0 to 30% depending on TH. Draining at heading decreased neither rough rice yields nor head rice yields on the Calhoun soil or in 1988 on the Sharkey soil. It appears that rice growers producing rice in the Mid‐South on these or similar soils may safely cease flooding 2 wk after heading.
Reproductive Success of Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó at the Northern Border of Its Distribution Range

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Data on the population structure, morphometric features of plants and seeds, and some features of reproductive biology (fruit set and seed productivity) of Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó (Orchidaceae) on the northern border of the species distribution range (Komi Republic, northeast Russia) are presented. The seed size and flower number per inflorescence decrease significantly from south to north within the species range. In the Komi Republic, the seed productivity of Dactylorhiza fuchsii is lower compared to the southern parts of its range: one fruit contains, on average, 2900 ± 80 seeds, the average real seed productivity of the generative plant is 24 800 seeds. Despite the decrease in some indicators of reproductive success, the species forms quite large, well-renewing populations in the northern part of the areal.
Use of Biomaterials in 3D Printing as a Solution to Microbial Infections in Arthroplasty and Osseous Reconstruction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The incidence of microbial infections in orthopedic prosthetic surgeries is a perennial problem that increases morbidity and mortality, representing one of the major complications of such medical interventions. The emergence of novel technologies, especially 3D printing, represents a promising avenue of development for reducing the risk of such eventualities. There are already a host of biomaterials, suitable for 3D printing, that are being tested for antimicrobial properties when they are coated with bioactive compounds, such as antibiotics, or combined with hydrogels with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, such as chitosan and metal nanoparticles, among others. The materials discussed in the context of this paper comprise beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), hydroxyapatite, lithium disilicate glass, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF), poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC), and zirconia. While the recent research results are promising, further development is required to address the increasing antibiotic resistance exhibited by several common pathogens, the potential for fungal infections, and the potential toxicity of some metal nanoparticles. Other solutions, like the incorporation of phytochemicals, should also be explored. Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) in the development of certain orthopedic implants and the potential use of AI against bacterial infections might represent viable solutions to these problems. Finally, there are some legal considerations associated with the use of biomaterials and the widespread use of 3D printing, which must be taken into account.
Pain syndromes and their treatment.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Neurogenic pain (encompassing all types of neuropathic and central pain) is discussed. Experimental work is presented in a model in which the rat sciatic nerve is loosely ligatured. In painful human neuropathies, tricyclic antidepressants have been found to be effective in proportion to the degree they facilitate monoaminergic activity. Several papers also stress the importance of early treatment with amitriptyline or desipramine, and the ineffectiveness of analgesics, including narcotics. In nociceptive pain, recent findings in humans emphasize the importance of both the retroinsular (SII) and the anterior cingulate cortices in the conscious appreciation of pain. Opioid studies have revealed individual differences in the metabolism of morphine to its 3- and 6-glucuronosides; patients with nociceptive pain who respond poorly to morphine or diamorphine probably have a high 3:6 ratio. It has been pointed out that methadone may be useful in such cases, as it is not broken down to glucuronosides.
G030131 Fatigue crack observation by Synchrotron Radiation CT and industrial X-ray CT

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to visualize fatigue cracks inside a specimen, computed tomography (CT) was carried out using synchrotron radiation at SPring-8 and industrial X-ray CT scanner. The images of the crack were reconstructed by both CTs under conditions as similar as possible. Refraction contrast effect is the major difference between reconstructed slice images by Synchrotron Radiation CT and industrial X-ray CT. The refraction contrast effect was prominent in the slice images of the Synchrotron Radiation CT, however it could not be observed in the image of the industrial X-ray CT. It is easier to evaluate the whole image of fatigue cracks by including the refraction contrast effect.
Geometrical Issues on the Structural Analysis of Transmission Electricity Towers Thanks to Laser Scanning Technology and Finite Element Method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a multidisciplinary approach to reverse engineering and structural analysis of electricity transmission tower structures through the combination of laser scanning systems and finite element methodology. The use of laser scanning technology allows the development of both drawings and highly accurate three-dimensional geometric models that reliably reproduce geometric reality of towers structures, detecting imperfections, and particularities of their assembly. Due to this, it is possible to analyze and quantify the effect of these imperfections in their structural behavior, taking into account the actual geometry obtained, different structural models, and load hypotheses proposed. The method has been applied in three different types of metal electricity transmission towers with high voltage lines located in Guadalajara (Spain) in order to analyze its structural viability to accommodate future increased loads with respect that which are currently subjected.
Determination of Residues of Azamethiphos in Salmon Tissue by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method with fluorescence detection (FLD) is described for determining residues of the pesticide azamethiphos (AZA) in salmon tissue. The sample is extracted with ethyl acetate, centrifuged, dehydrated with anhydrous sodium sulfate, evaporated, reconstituted in water, and defatted with hexane. The aqueous phase is passed through a C18 solid-phase extraction (SPE) column. The SPE column is eluted with methanol, and the eluate is evaporated to dryness and then taken up in 10% acetonitrile (ACN) in water. The analyte is determined by LC using a C18 column, ACN-H2O (32 + 68) mobile phase, and FLD with excitation at 230 nm and emission at 345 nm. Composited salmon tissues were fortified with AZA at 5,10,21, 42, and 83 ng/g or ppb (target level, X = 10 ng/g). Overall recoveries were 86%, with between-day variability of 5.3%. The method detection limit was calculated as 1.2 ppb AZA based on a 5 g sample. The limit of quantitation as determined empirically by this method is the lower limit of the standard curve, approximately 5 ppb.
Analysis of Enterovirus evolution in Canada over a 23-year period

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The non-polio Enteroviruses (NPEV) cause a glut of severe diseases which are especially burdensome in the pediatric population. This study uses a novel approach to evaluate the relationship between recombination amongst non-polio enteroviruses and circulation. The National Centre for Enterovirus (NCEV) surveillance system showed that from 1991-2013 there were 2628 Enterovirus positive samples surveyed including 2167 (83.9%) Enterovirus B strains, 326 (12.6%) Enterovirus A strains, 85 (3.3%) Enterovirus D strains and 5 (0.2%) Enterovirus C strains. Echovirus 30 (Enterovirus B) was the most prevalent serotype followed by Coxsackievirus A16 (Enterovirus A) followed by several other Enterovirus B serotypes. To evaluate the genetics of these species 269 strains from 17 Enterovirus B serotypes, 2 Enterovirus A serotypes and 1 Enterovirus D serotype were chosen for full genome sequencing. These serotypes were representative of 93.4% of Enterovirus B strains, 91.1% of Enterovirus A strains, and 100% of Enterovirus D circulating. Phylogenetic analysis was used to genotype strains and used to identify hundreds of recombination events between serotypes. Comparisons between VP1 average pairwise identities between serotypes and recombination events did not show a definitive association between the two. However, a significant association between temporal co-circulation and recombination events was identified, as well as an association between geographic co-circulation and recombination events. Enterovirus B genotypes were evaluated chronologically by serotype and compared to surveillance data to test the hypothesis that outbreaks were associated with recombination events. However, outbreaks strains were identified in years preceding the outbreaks and identified recombination events were not associated with any outbreaks. Recombination events between Canadian strains within the Enterovirus A species or the Enterovirus D species were not found. This study presents new information about the dynamics of NPEV circulation and recombination. It also highlights complexities of genetics analyses through genotyping and tracking genotypes through the surveillance period. Finally, this study sets the stage for future pairings of full genomic analyses with surveillance and stresses the importance of continued surveillance.