jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fast data-driven spectrometer with direct measurement of time and frequency for multiple single photons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present a single-photon-sensitive spectrometer, based on a linear array of 512 single-photon avalanche diode detectors, with 0.04 nm spectral and 40 ps temporal resolutions. We employ a fast data-driven operation that allows direct measurement of time and frequency for simultaneous single photons, time- and frequency-stamping each single-photon detection. Our results combine excellent temporal and spectral resolution. We benchmark our result against the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle limit of hbar/2 for time and energy, and we are only a factor of 10 above it, despite the simplicity of our experimental setup, including room temperature operation. This work opens numerous applications in both classical and quantum photonics, especially when both spectral and temporal properties of single photons are exploited.
Analisis Perlindungan Hukum bagi Pelaku Usaha Penyedia Sistem Pembayaran Qris (Quick Response Indonesian Standard) berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Technological developments have changed the paradigm of payment systems from cash to non-cash, including in the form of electronic money (e-money) and QR-Code. QR-Code has become a popular payment method, especially with the implementation of Quick Response Indonesian Standard (QRIS). However, with technological advances also come new challenges related to legal protection for businesses that provide QRIS payment systems. This paper discusses the urgency of legal protection for business actors providing QRIS payment systems based on Law Number 8 Year 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. In this context, the concepts of freedom of contract, consent, sale and purchase, and consumer protection are elaborated to understand the rights and obligations of the parties in electronic payment transactions. The importance of the application of law as a preventive and repressive measure to prevent and overcome violations is also discussed. In addition, the relationship with Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and the implementation of Bank Indonesia regulations related to QRIS are highlighted in enforcing the rules and ensuring security and legal certainty in electronic payment transactions.
A Qualitative Assessment of Trauma Care at Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation in Guyana

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective:The purpose of this study was to gain qualitative feedback on trauma team performance at the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation (GPHC), Guyana.Awareness of participants' self-identified strengths, weakness and areas for improvement can guide future trauma team training (TTT) programmes and local interventions.Methods: This was a qualitative study.Ten health professionals working in trauma care at GPHC participated voluntarily.Participants filled out an anonymous questionnaire using the components of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis, and took part in a focus group discussion.Two researchers reviewed the qualitative data individually.Coding was agreed upon and data reduction occurred. Results:The SWOT questionnaires identified a lack of material and human resources as barriers to optimal care during trauma scenarios.The focus group discussion identified issues related to team communication, cooperation, organization and training.Participants acknowledged the need to address hierarchies and pre-existing attitudes between different health professionals.They agreed that to maintain consistency in performance and patient care, a TTT course or an equivalent should be mandatory for all team members.Conclusions: Qualitative feedback from trauma team members revealed that poor inter-professional communication and limited teamwork skills are considered major barriers to optimal team performance in trauma scenarios at GPHC.In addition to having all trauma staff complete a team training programme, an additional focus on communication skills and inter-professional collegiality will address participants' self-identified areas for improvement.
Analysis of the effect of noise on blacksmith performance using linear regression

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Noise in itself can be harmful or dangerous to health. The research objectives were to determine the noise value generated by blacksmiths and analyze the effect of noise levels on blacksmith performance. The research was conducted by direct observation and giving questionnaires to respondents. Data processing using the t-test to determine the level of noise and its effect on blacksmiths. This study's conclusion is the level of significant difference with the Threshold Value (NAV) set by the government, which is 99.328 dB (A). Meanwhile, the government's NAV for the work area (industry) is 85 dB (A). The simple linear regression analysis results indicate that noise in the blacksmith's work area has no significant effect on employee performance. This is shown from the test results of simple linear regression analysis through the t-test, obtained t count of -0.365 smaller than t table of 2.069 or the number sig. equal to 0.719, which is greater than α of 0.05.
X-Ray Residual Stress Measurements in Notched Test Specimens

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract X-ray residual stress measurements were made in notched test specimens of 7475-T651 aluminum and annealed Ti-6Al-4V in a configuration designed to simulate fatigue testing in a tensile testing machine. An automated and portable X-ray stress analysis system with a position-sensitive proportional counter was used for making the measurements. Sources of error in the measurements resulted from counting statistics, grain size, and preferred orientation in the specimen, and the radius of curvature of the notch. The feasibility of in situ residual stress measurements during brief pauses in fatigue testing is demonstrated.
Performance of Four Strains of Commercial Layers With Major Changes in Dietary Energy

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An experiment was conducted to determine how four strains of commercial laying hens would respond to an increase or decrease in dietary energy. Forty of each of Hy-Line Brown, Hy-Line W98, Hy-Line W36, and DeKalb White hens were fed each of three diets from 36 to 44 weeks of age. The energy contents of these diets were 2,519 (low), 2,798 (control) and 3,078 (high) kcal ME/kg. The energy of low and high diets was 10% less and 10% more than the control diets, respectively. Hens fed the low energy diet consumed 8.5% more feed than did hens fed the control diet, and hens fed the high energy diet consumed 1.5% less feed than did hens fed the control diet, which indicated that the hens were more sensitive to lowering the energy than increasing energy in the diet. The Hy-Line W98 and the Hy-Line Brown were more sensitive to the change in energy than the Hy-Line W36 and DeKalb White. Egg production (EP) was not affected by dietary energy level. The high energy diet (containing 5.963% corn oil) significantly increased egg weight (EW). This diet may be beneficial for improving early EW.
Advances and the future trends in Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Over the past three decades, extensive research has been conducted on WAAM (Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing), a production technology that traces its origins back almost a century with its initial patent. This technology has garnered increasing attention due to its capability to fabricate large near-net-shape metal products. The utilization of existing welding equipment for the heat source and material feedstock in WAAM offers the advantage of lower initial investment costs. Originally gaining prominence in the aerospace industry, it primarily focused on the utilization of lightweight metal alloys. However, recent advancements have broadened the scope of WAAM to encompass numerous products, including functionally graded materials (FGMs) and the combination of diverse alloys. This study seeks to unveil the latest breakthroughs and potential avenues in WAAM technology, offering valuable insights and recommendations for future research endeavors.
Proteostasis network alteration in lysosomal storage disorders: Insights from the mouse model of Krabbe disease

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract In Krabbe disease, a mutation in GALC gene causes widespread demyelination determining cell death by apoptosis, mainly in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. Less is known on the molecular mechanisms induced by this deficiency. Here, we report an impairment in protein synthesis and degradation and in proteasomal clearance with a potential accumulation of the misfolded proteins and induction of the endoplasmic reticulum stress in the brain of 6‐day‐old twitcher mice (TM) (model of Krabbe disease). In particular, an imbalance of the immunoproteasome function was highlighted, useful for shaping adaptive immune response by neurological cells. Moreover, our data show an involvement of cytoskeleton remodeling in Krabbe pathogenesis, with a lamin meshwork disaggregation in twitcher oligodendrocytes in 6‐day‐old TM. This study provides interesting protein targets and mechanistic insight on the early onset of Krabbe disease that may be promising options to be tested in combination with currently available therapies to rescue Krabbe phenotype.
How to build an information time machine

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Venice Time Machine project aims at building a multidimensional model of Venice and its evolution covering a period of more than 1000 years. Kilometers of archives are currently being digitized, transcribed and indexed setting the base of the largest database ever created on Venetian documents. Millions of photos are processed using machine vision algorithms and stored in a format adapted to high performance computing approaches. In addition to these primary sources, the content of thousands of monographs are indexed and made searchable. The information extracted from these diverse sources is organized in a semantic graph of linked data and unfolded in space and time as part of an historical geographical information system, based on high-resolution scanning of the city itself.
Empire as Composite: The Ottoman Polity and the Typology of Dominion

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Neither "empire" nor "nation-state" is an easily defined concept.2 The first often is loosely conceived as any political formation that answers to no earthly authority and is neither a city-state nor a nation state; the second is rather sloppily imagined as a state and society that boasts a citizenry that is homogeneous in language and identity.3 The terms come together because many believe that the nation-state is a successor to, and consequently implicitly superior to, the empire as a way of organizing society. The place where this transformation is said to have occurred is Western Europe; the time was the fifteenth through the eighteenth centuries.
From Three-Dimension to Two-Dimension: The Formation of Henri Matisse’s Painting Style

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Through his life as a pupil in his early years and the transformation into a Fauve (wild beast), Henri Matisse learnt that he must forgo the traditional techniques of the masters and understand art in his own way. He first replaced the color scheme in his paintings with purer colors and clearer outlines of color ranges; in his later life, he devoted himself to two-dimensional coloring and finally to two-dimensional paper cut-outs. Therewith, a unique style brought forth by Henri Matisse took shape, ushering the diversification of the drawing medium. Since then, paintings are no more confined to rigid classicism, which only explores the relationship between colors in sketch-based three-dimensional spaces, but a reflection of the painters’ scrutiny of the nature of painting.
High Photoresponse in Conformally Grown Monolayer MoS2 on a Rugged Substrate

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Conformal growth of atomic-thick semiconductor layers on patterned substrates can boost up the performance of electronic and optoelectronic devices remarkably. However, conformal growth is a very challenging technological task, since the control of the growth processes requires utmost precision. Herein, we report on conformal growth and characterization of monolayer MoS2 on planar, microrugged, and nanorugged SiO2/Si substrates via metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. The continuous and conformal nature of monolayer MoS2 on the rugged surface was verified by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Strain effects were examined by photoluminescence (PL) and Raman spectroscopy. Interestingly, the photoresponsivity (∼254.5 mA/W) of as-grown MoS2 on the nanorugged substrate was 59 times larger than that of the planar sample (4.3 mA/W) under a small applied bias of 0.1 V. This value is record high when compared with all previous MoS2-based photocurrent generation under low or zero bias. Such enhancement in the photoresponsivity arises from a large active area for light-matter interaction and local strain for PL quenching, wherein the latter effect is the key factor and unique in the conformally grown monolayer on the nanorugged surface.
Diffusion between groups: the influence of social brokers on content adoption in social networks

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce and investigate social brokers who belong to and connect multiple groups in a social network. This paper also reveals the differential effects of innovative and following social brokers on content diffusion in terms of adoption timing, speed and size. Design/methodology/approach The paper collected field data related to 69,086 users on the largest social network platform in China and analysed their adoption behaviours of 2,492 pieces of content. Findings The analysis reveals that social brokers encourage content diffusion and accelerate the speed of content adoption in a social network. Specifically, following social brokers play a greater role than innovative social brokers in accelerating the speed of content adoption and expanding the size of content adoption. However, in the early stage of content diffusion within the social network, innovative social brokers could predict the success of content adoption more effectively than following social brokers. Research limitations/implications This research extends the current diffusion literature by introducing the social broker and examining the effect of social brokers on the process of content adoption. Practical implications The findings provide suggestions to marketing managers on how to improve the diffusion of marketing-related content, such as by seeding specific people – that is, social brokers – with content, so they can serve as content transmitters in marketing campaigns. In addition, the findings suggest that to optimise content adoption in a social network, managers should strategically target innovative social brokers or following social brokers at various stages of content seeding-based marketing campaigns. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this research is the first to test the effects of social brokers on content adoption and identify innovative and following social brokers. The findings enrich the literature on content marketing by providing new perspectives on social structures in social networks.
Health policy and systems research training: global status and recommendations for action

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Training in health policy and systems research is important to improve local capacity to conduct quality research in this field. We provide six recommendations to improve the content, accessibility and reach of training. First, create a repository of information on courses. Second, establish networks to support training. Third, define competencies in health policy and systems research. Fourth, encourage multidisciplinary collaboration. Fifth, expand the geographical and language coverage of courses. Finally, consider alternative teaching formats.
Inverse design and experimental realization of plasma metamaterials

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We apply inverse design methods to produce two-dimensional triangular-lattice plasma metamaterial (PMM) devices which are then constructed and demonstrated experimentally. Finite difference frequency domain simulations are used along with forward-mode automatic differentiation to optimize the plasma densities of each of the plasma elements in the PMM to perform beam steering and demultiplexing under transverse magnetic polarization. The optimal device parameters are then used to assign plasma density values to elements that make up an experimental version of the device. Device performance is evaluated against both the simulated results and human-designed alternatives, showing the benefits and disadvantages of in-silico inverse design and paving the way for future fully in-situ optimization.
ASSESSING THE REGIONAL ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF DEFENSE ACTIVITIES: A SURVEY OF METHODS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Defense activities exercised in a specific region may alter the region's economic performance. An accurate assessment of the potential economic impacts of defense activities is a valuable undertaking to enable regional planners to prepare for changes. The variety in the methods (among others, input–output models, economic base models, Keynesian regional multipliers, fixed‐effects estimators, and case‐study approaches) inspired by geography, sociology, and political science can pose a dilemma. We detail the historical and theoretical background of each method, as well as select exemplary cases where these methods were applied. By examining old and “new” methods, we aim to construct a typology that could be valuable to all stakeholders. In this sense, defense economics can also contribute to the allied social sciences by outlining evaluation methods that may be applicable to other fields.
ROLE OF N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE RECEPTOR IN THE MAINTENANCE OF LEARNING-DEPENDENT LONG-TERM POTENTIATION ON RAT HIPPOCAMPAL CA_3 AREA

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The effect of microinjection of 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV),a selective NMDA receptor antagonist, into the rat hippocampal CA_3 area on thesynaptic efficacy and related conditioned behavior during the acquisition andconsolidation of discrimination learning behavior was examined. The results showed: (1) After population spike (PS) amplitude had just increas-ed to the maximum through training i.e. learning-dependent LTP had just fromed,APV 1 μl (2 mmol/L) was injected into CA_3 area, then the rats were trained dur-ing the time of efficacy of the drug in every experimental block. The result dem-onstrated that the PS amplitude could not be maintained at the highest level butdecreased to the pre-experiment level after 8 blocks. Correct response percentageof rats could not be consolidated with further training but decreased to less than 10%.(2) After the PS amplitude had kept up at the highest level, APV 1 μl (2 mmol/L)was injected into CA_3 area, then the rats were trained during the time of efficacy ofthe drug in every experimental block, in which case the PS amplitude also couldnot be maintained at the highest level but decreased to the pre-experiment levelafter 14 blocks. Correlatively, when the correct response percentage of rats de-creased gradually to less than 10%, the conditioned response of the animals extin-guished, but its extinction speed was slower than it was in result (1). These results suggest that the NMDA receptor in CA_3 area plays an impor-tant role in the maintenance of the learning-dependent long-term potentiation.
The Influence of Plasma Prekallikrein Oligonucleotide Antisense Therapy on Coagulation and Fibrinolysis Assays: A Post-hoc Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Congenital prekallikrein deficiency has been associated with increased risk of thrombosis in a few uncontrolled studies. Prekallikrein levels were reduced by 36-94% (median 75%) in a phase 2 study with the prekallikrein specific antisense oligonucleotide, donidalorsen, in patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE). Objectives To estimate the effects of plasma prekallikrein reduction on coagulation and fibrinolysis. Methods Plasma samples were obtained from 16 HAE patients treated with donidalorsen and six placebo-treated patients. Calibrated automated thrombogram (CAT), clot lysis time, high-molecular-weight kininogen activity, factor XI activity, prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin-antithrombin complexes, D-dimer, plasminogen activity, plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complexes, and α2-antiplasmin activity were measured before and after four months of treatment. Results No significant changes following donidalorsen treatment were observed between baseline and after four months of treatment: CAT lag time 3.0 min and 3.0 min, CAT peak thrombin concentration 109% and 129%, CAT endogenous thrombin potential 98% and 108%, factor XI activity 110% and 115%, F1+2 levels 251 pMol/L and 161 pMol/L, thrombin-antithrombin complexes 2.6 μg/L and 1.9 μg/L, high-molecular-weight kininogen activity 87% and 93%, clot lysis time 92% and 99%, D-dimer levels 0.65 μg/L and 0.36 μg/L, plasminogen activity 116% and 125%, plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complexes 533 ng/mL and 328 ng/mL, and α2-antiplasmin activity 122% and 127%, respectively. There were also no differences between donidalorsen and placebo treatment. Conclusions Reduction of plasma prekallikrein by donidalorsen in HAE patients neither affected thrombin formation nor fibrinolytic activity. Our data suggest that partial plasma prekallikrein reduction does not influence thrombotic risk.
A 119dB Dynamic Range Charge Counting Light-to-Digital Converter For Wearable PPG/NIRS Monitoring Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a low power, high dynamic range (DR), reconfigurable light-to-digital converter (LDC) for photoplethysmogram (PPG), and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensor readouts. The proposed LDC utilizes a current integration and a charge counting operation to directly convert the photocurrent to a digital code, reducing the noise contributors in the system. This LDC consists of a latched comparator, a low-noise current reference, a counter, and a multi-function integrator, which is used in both signal amplification and charge counting based data quantization. Furthermore, a current DAC is used to further increase the DR by canceling the baseline current. The LDC together with LED drivers and auxiliary digital circuitry are implemented in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process and characterized experimentally. The LDC and LED drivers consume a total power of 196 μW while achieving a maximum 119 dB DR. The charge counting clock, and the pulse repetition frequency of the LED driver can be reconfigured, providing a wide range of power-resolution trade-off. At a minimum power consumption of 87 μW, the LDC still achieves 95 dB DR. The LDC is also validated with on-body PPG and NIRS measurement by using a photodiode (PD) and a silicon photomultiplier (SIPM), respectively.