jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Correlation between Stroke Risk and Systolic Blood Pressure in Patients over 50 Years with Uncontrolled Hypertension: Results from the SYSTUP-India Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives. To assess mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP) levels in patients ≥50 years with uncontrolled hypertension (HTN) and evaluate the correlation between BP and stroke risk. It also assessed therapeutic drug classes prescribed in these patients. Methods. A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted at 176 outpatient centers across India, including patients aged ≥50 years with elevated SBP (≥140 mmHg). The relationship between stroke risk, calculated using Stroke Riskometer™, and mean SBP, mean DBP, and other risk factors was evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficient and logistic regression analysis. Results. The study included 3791 patients (men, 60.0%; mean age: 62.1 ± 8.3 years; mean BMI: 27 kg/m2) with mean SBP 157.3 ± 12.8 mmHg and mean DBP 89.8 ± 9.7 mmHg . Five-year stroke risk in 33.9% and 10-year stroke risk in 70% patients were moderate to severe. A ~4% increase in both 5- and 10-year stroke risk with each 1 mmHg increase in mean SBP ( p < 0.0001 ) was seen. However, mean DBP did not exhibit any significant correlation with 5-year ( p = 0.242 ) or 10-year ( p = 0.8038 ) stroke risk. There was a positive correlation between mean SBP and patient age, comorbid diabetes, and smoking and alcohol habits ( p < 0.0001 ). Comorbid diabetes and smoking increased 5- and 10-year stroke risk by 2- to 5-fold. Irrespective of the risk category, most patients received antihypertensive therapy with an angiotensin receptor blocker. Conclusion. Findings corroborate an association between stroke risk and mean SBP. These real-world clinical findings indicate that efforts are required to improve primary prevention of stroke and reduce the prevalence of recurrent stroke in India.
Type 2 cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis C virus: its recognition and treatment.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Type 2 mixed cryoglobulinemia is a relatively common although rarely recognized consequence of chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Its detection should be pursued in individuals with lower extremity vasculitis which occurs in association with other signs of systemic disease such as proteinuria or a peripheral neuropathy. Importantly, HCV-associated cryoglobulinemia can occur in individuals with clinical evidence for cryoglobulinemia but without any evidence of detectable liver injury. Two cases recently seen in Oklahoma demonstrating these points are reported.
Cumulative incidence of metachronous colorectal cancer risk for mismatch repair gene mutation carriers is overestimated: Figure 1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Parry and colleagues1 described the long-term follow-up in a large cohort of mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation carriers and estimated that among the 332 subjects who had segmental resections, the risk of metachronous colorectal cancer (CRC) was 62% at 30 years after segmental colectomy. In this setting, the appropriate estimate of the probability of failure (ie, metachronous CRC) is cumulative incidence, but as illustrated by Gooley et al ,2 the complement of a Kaplan–Meier estimate (1-KM), as used in this paper, is often inappropriately used. In using 1-KM, the failures from a competing event (eg, …
DESIGNING AN EASILY MODIFIABLE CIPHER FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

People like solving puzzles. Most people prefer those puzzles to have visual clues that can lead to the solution. This paper describes a pair of easily implemented ciphers that can be used to teach the basics of cryptanalysis using character frequency analysis. Each cipher builds from the previous and the implementer can choose to keep contextual clues such as spacing and capitalization. These ciphers are designed to both hide letter frequencies and to be broken easily. The pitfalls of developing one's own ciphers are described along the way. The hope is that this approach could be used to excite students about the field of cryptanalysis and steer them toward open standards of encryption.
Molecular Physiology of Low-Voltage-Activated T-type Calcium Channels

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

T-type Ca 2+ channels were originally called low-voltage-activated (LVA) channels because they can be activated by small depolarizations of the plasma membrane. In many neurons Ca 2+ influx through LVA channels triggers low-threshold spikes, which in turn triggers a burst of action potentials mediated by Na + channels. Burst firing is thought to play an important role in the synchronized activity of the thalamus observed in absence epilepsy, but may also underlie a wider range of thalamocortical dysrhythmias. In addition to a pacemaker role, Ca 2+ entry via T-type channels can directly regulate intracellular Ca 2+ concentrations, which is an important second messenger for a variety of cellular processes. Molecular cloning revealed the existence of three T-type channel genes. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a similar four-repeat structure to that found in high-voltage-activated (HVA) Ca 2+ channels, and Na + channels, indicating that they are evolutionarily related. Hence, the α 1 -subunits of T-type channels are now designated Ca v 3. Although mRNAs for all three Ca v 3 subtypes are expressed in brain, they vary in terms of their peripheral expression, with Ca v 3.2 showing the widest expression. The electrophysiological activities of recombinant Ca v 3 channels are very similar to native T-type currents and can be differentiated from HVA channels by their activation at lower voltages, faster inactivation, slower deactivation, and smaller conductance of Ba 2+ . The Ca v 3 subtypes can be differentiated by their kinetics and sensitivity to block by Ni 2+ . The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive description of T-type currents, their distribution, regulation, pharmacology, and cloning.
The epidemiology of infections in blood donors and assessment of the risk of transfusion transmitted infections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Surveillance of infections in \nblood donors \nand \nblood \nrecipients \ncan \nbe \nuseful for both transfusion medicine and \npublic \nhealth. This thesis \ndescribes \nhow an enhanced surveillance system \nfor transfusion-transmissible infections \nhas been established in England and \nWales. \nData from the surveillance system \n(1995 to 1999) \nhave been \nused \nto \nmonitor test performance and to \ndescribe the \nepidemiology \nof \nHBV, \nHCV \nand \nHIV in blood donors. The prevalence and \nincidence \nof \nHBV, \nHCV \nand \nHIV \ninfections in blood donors have been \nmonitored \nand were generally \nstable, \nand \nlow compared to other countries and \nto \nother \ngroups \nin the \nUK. \nHCV \nprevalence decreased throughout the 1990s. \nThe \nexposure \nhistories \nreported \nby infected donors indicate that \ndonor \nselection \nlargely \nsucceeds \nin \nexcluding \nhigh-risk groups, but also identify some \nfailures in \ncommunication \nof, \nor \ncompliance with, exclusion criteria. \nDiagnosed, reported, post-transfusion \ninfections \nwere \nrare and \nafter \ninvestigation only 20% (21) were shown \nto \nhave been transmitted \nby \ntransfusion. The majority (52%) of reported transfusion-transmitted infections, \nand resulting deaths (3 of 4) were \ndue to \nbacteria. \nThe \nnumber \nof undiagnosed \ninfections is not known but was \nestimated \nfor \nHIV, \nHBV \nand \nHCV \nby \ncalculations of the probability of \ninfectious \ndonations \nentering \nthe \nblood \nsupply \ndue to true or false negatively to tests \nperformed \non \ndonations \nprior \nto \nrelease. \nVarious methods and assumptions \nhave \nbeen \nused \nto investigate the \nrobustness of these estimates and to \ndevelop \nan appropriate \nmethod \nfor \nongoing use in England and Wales. \nAn enhanced surveillance system \nfor transfusion-transmissible \ninfections, that works in collaboration with \nnational surveillance \nof \ninfectious \ndiseases and of non-infectious complications \nof \ntransfusion, \nhas \nbeen \nshown \n- \ndespite some limitations \n- \nto provide \ndata \nand analyses \nthat \nhave \naided \ntransfusion medicine and public \nhealth in \nEngland \nand \nWales. \nThis \nsurveillance \ncontinues to develop and improve and \nfurther \nrelated \nwork \nis \nplanned.
Biocompatibility of acetazolamide pastes in the subcutaneous tissue of rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This aim of this study was to investigate the biocompatibility of two experimental acetazolamide (AZ)-based pastes in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. Both pastes contained AZ as the main component in similar concentration. The vehicle in experimental paste 1 was saline, while experimental paste 2 was prepared with propylene glycol. Sixty polyethylene tubes were sealed at one end with gutta-percha (GP), which served as a control. Half of the tubes were filled with paste 1 and half with paste 2. The tubes were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of 15 rats, being 4 tubes for each animal. The animals were killed 7, 15 and 45 days after surgery and the specimens were processed in laboratory. The histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and were analyzed by light microscopy. Scores were assigned to level of inflammatory process: 1- none; 2- mild; 3- moderate; 4- severe. The data were analyzed statistically by the Kruskal-Wallis test (p≤0.05). Paste 1 produced an inflammatory process at 7 days. However, the intensity of this inflammation decreased with time and was nearly absent at 45 days. No statistically significant difference (p>0.05) was observed between the control (GP) and paste 1. However, paste 2 produced inflammatory response at all study periods and differed significantly (p<0.05) from the control. In conclusion, in the present study, the experimental AZ-based paste 1 was considered as biocompatible as the control matrial (GP), while experimental paste 2 was irritating to rat subcutaneous tissue.
The Vatican Vergil: A Masterpiece of Late Antique Art

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Made in Rome around A.D. 400, the Vergil is the most famous and the most attractive illustrated book surviving from classical antiquity. David H. Wright introduces this masterpiece of late antique art and shows why it is such an impressive example of the new form of book, the codex, that replaced the traditional papyrus roll and permitted more elaborate illustrations. Here are thirty-two of the most interesting illustrations from the Vatican Vergil, reprinted in full color from the 1980 facsimile published in Graz, Austria, in collaboration with the Vatican Library.Facing each reproduction is the appropriate text from Vergil, in Latin and in English, together with explanatory comments. Wright discusses how the manuscript was made, describing the style of the capital script and of the illustrations as well as their sources in older classical traditions. He examines the Vergil as an example of the revival of classical culture in pagan circles in Rome at a time when Christian authority was systematically suppressing pagan religion. Finally, he surveys the afterlife of the codex, tracing how the work was studied and copied first in the Carolingian era and then in the Italian Renaissance. All the illustrations not reproduced in color are given at full size in black and white in a concluding list of the illustrations that have survived in this unique masterpiece.
A COMPREHENSIVE COLLECTION OF LAK WORDS (BOOK REVIEW: ABDULLAEV I.Kh. LAK-RUSSIAN DICTIONARY)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In September 2018, a new Lak-Russian dictionary was published in Makhachkala. Its author, an outstanding Dagestan linguist, Isa Halidovich Abdullaev, an excellent connoisseur of the Lak word, devoted several decades to the work on this dictionary, starting it soon after the publication of the first Lak-Russian dictionary. We present to your attention a review of this book.
Sensitivity and teaching by dysphoric and nondysphoric women in structured versus unstructured situations.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study compared the sensitivity and teaching strategies of dysphoric and nondysphoric women working with unfamiliar 5-and 6-years-olds. Interactions of 20 dysphoric and 20 nondysphoric mothers and an unfamiliar child were observed during 2 classification tasks and 3 unstructured activities staged as breaks. Nondysphoric women were more sensitive to children's level of understanding than dysphoric women and were more likely to use a variety of teaching strategies. Dyads with nondysphoric women were also more likely to share decision making than dyads with dysphoric women. There differences between dysphoric and nondysphoric women significant only in the structured classification tasks. The findings indicate that in some situation dysphoric and nondysphoric women wary in their sensitivity to children's cues and in the teaching strategies they use with children
Technology-enhanced learning (TEL) of finite state machines (FSMs)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Repetitively question practicing is observed to be a highly effective learning technique. This technique trains the learner to retrieve and apply knowledge learnt. Being able to apply the knowledge is a sign of great understanding to a learning topic. For the technique to be truly beneficial, new question should be attempted at each repetition. The need for new questions may be problematic for topics taught in University as the questions may be limited and difficult to find. This hassle in search of questions often lead to the negligence of such effective learning technique. Educator might help by setting questions for learner to practice on. However, the manual creation of question might be time-consuming and worse if the question consists of multiple parts or require graphical representation such as table, figure or chart. Finite State Machine is one topic with questions that, in most case, has many parts and graphical representation to draw. To ease the creation of Finite State Machine questions and provide many of such question for learner revision, this project aims to develop an automatic question generator specifically for Finite State Machine Question. The generator will be able to create various type of questions in the topic. By implementing randomization algorithm in the question generation, a large pool of questions can be set for learner to try out. With this question generator, the time required to create the question can be saved and learner can create and practice on the question anytime and anywhere.
A non-destructive methodology for estimating leaf biomass in Morus alba and Platanus hispanica in the urban area of central-western Argentina

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Most allometric equations to estimate tree biomass have been established in a forest context. However, trees living in an urban environment and trees living in a forest one are confronted with very different constraints that have consequences, among others, on their morphology. It is thus necessary to establish specific allometric equations to estimate the biomass of urban trees. We here explore morphological parameters from two species of trees (Morus alba L. and Platanus hispanica Mill. ex Münchh.), located in an arid urban environment in central-western Argentina, to develop a non-destructive methodology for estimating leaf biomass. Our results show that, for the studied urban trees, crown parameters are better estimators than the diameter at breast height, and allowed us to propose allometric equations using crown height for estimating their leaf biomass.
Breed and Heterosis Effects on Testicular Development and Endocrine Function of Puberal Boars2

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Purebred and two-breed cross Duroc, Landrace, Spotted and Yorkshire boars were evaluated at 218 ± 6 d of age to determine the influence of breed on testicular development and on concentrations of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone in blood serum after treatment with gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Concentrations of LH and testosterone were determined in serum samples obtained from the vena cava of 139 boars just before and 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after an im injection of 200 μg of GnRH. The right testes of 136 boars were removed and sperm numbers were determined in homogenates of testicular parenchymae, capita-corpora epididymides and caudae epididymides. Crossbred boars weighed 7 kg more (P<.05) than purebred boars. Testes, capita-corpora and caudae epididymides were heavier (P<.01) for crossbred boars (46.4 ± 10.8, 3.8 ± 1.4 and 4.8 ± 1.4 g, respectively) than for purebred boars. Crossbred boars had more testicular sperm (33.7 ± 2.0 × 109 vs 25.4 ± 2.3 × 109, P<.01), more capita-corpora epididymidal sperm (28.9 ± 1.7 × 109 vs 20.8 ± 2.1 × 109, P<.01) and more caudae epididymidal sperm (53.6 ± 2.9 × 109 vs 43.8 ± 3.8 × 109, P<.05) than purebred boars. Breed of boar influenced (P<.05) testicular weight, capita-corpora weight and sperm numbers and caudal weight and sperm numbers. Concentrations of LH and testosterone in serum were similar (P>.10) for crossbred and purebred boars at all but one sampling time. At 3 h after treatment with GnRH concentrations of LH were greater (P<.05) in crossbred than purebred boars and concentrations of testosterone were greater (P<.05) in crossbred than purebred boars at 4 h after GnRH. There was a significant breed × time interaction for concentrations of LH and testosterone. Breed of boar influenced (P<.05) concentrations of LH at 1, 2 and 3 h after treatment with GnRH, and concentrations of testosterone were affected by breed at 2 and 4 h after treatment. However, breed of boar did not influence either LH or testosterone in serum before treatment with GnRH (0 h) and LH in serum at 4 h and testosterone in serum at 1 and 3 h after GnRH. These results indicate that breed of boars influences testicular characteristics and concentrations of testosterone and LH in serum after GnRH. Heterosis was detected for testicular and epididymidal weights and sperm numbers, but heterosis was not observed for concentrations of LH and testosterone in serum.
Controllable Water-Triggered Degradation of PCL Solution-Blown Nanofibrous Webs Made Possible by Lipase Enzyme Entrapment

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Polymers in nanofibrous forms offer new opportunities for achieving triggered polymer degradation, which is important for functional and environmental reasons. The polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous nonwoven polymer webs developed in this work by solution blow spinning with entrapped enzymes were completely, rapidly and controllably degraded when triggered by exposure to water. Lipase (CALB) from Candida antarctica was successfully entrapped in the PCL webs via an enzyme-compatible water-in-oil emulsion in the PCL–chloroform spinning solution with added surfactant. Protein (enzyme) in the nanofibrous webs was detected by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), while time of flight-secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS) and laser confocal microscopy indicated that enzymes were immobilized within solid fibers as well as within microbead structures distributed throughout the webs. Degradation studies of CALB-enzyme functionalized solution-blown nonwoven (EFSBN)-PCL webs at 40 °C or ambient temperature showed that EFSBN-PCL webs degraded rapidly when exposed to aqueous pH 8 buffer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of partially degraded webs showed that thinner fibers disappeared first, thus, controlling fiber dimensions could control degradation rates. Rapid degradation was attributed to the combination of nanofibrous web structure and the distribution of enzymes throughout the webs. CALB immobilized in the solid dry webs exhibited long storage stability at room temperature or when refrigerated, with around 60% catalytic activity being retained after 120 days compared to the initial activity. Dry storage stability at ambient conditions and rapid degradation upon exposure to water demonstrated that EFSBN-PCL could be used as fibers or binders in degradable textile or paper products, as components in packaging, for tissue engineering and for controlled-release drug or controlled-release industrial and consumer product applications.
Absorption Spectra of Aromatic Disulfides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The effect of solvents and tempera ture on the optical absorption spectrum of a number of substituted aromatic disulfides i s reported. Theproblems offered by the disulfide link and the exchange r e a c tions between disulfides, and between disulfides and thiols, a r e receiving increasing attention. Recently the base-catalyzed exchange between va r ious alkyl disulfides and the corresponding thiols was studied by means of a radioactive t r ace r technique. Our initial purpose was to extend these investigations to a large number of compounds in a var iety of experimenta l conditions using a spectrophotometric technique that, i f applicable, would have been incomparably f a s t e r . To evaluate the possibilities of this approach, i t was, in the f i r s t place, necessary to determine the absorption spec t ra of a number of disulfides. Because the l i te ra ture gives l i t t le data on this subject, we undertook the determination of the spectra . Aromatic disulfides were chosen for consideration since they a r e likely to exhibit upon substi tution the la rges t spec t ra l variations. The p-dimethylamino derivative was prepared by the react ion of sulfur rnonochloride with pdimethyl aniline. Other dis ulfide s were prepared by oxidation of the corresponding thiol. Some were Eas tman Kodak products that had been recrystal l ized. A Cary Model14 spectrophotometer was used. Spectra were taken 0 a t room temperature and a t 150 . F o r the low-temperature spec t ra , the absorption cell was placed in a Dewar f lask equipped with an optical' Fava, Iliceto, and C a m e r a . , J . Am. Chem. Soc . , in p res s . V, Mertz and W. Weith., Ber . 19, 1571 (1886). -
Inhomogeneous superconducting states in two weakly linked superconducting ultra thin films

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A sufficiently large parallel magnetic field will generate staggered supercurrent loops and superfluid density wave in two weakly linked superconducting (SC) ultrathin films, resulting in an inhomogeneous Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov (FFLO) state. The SC order parameter of such an FFLO state is characterized by Bloch wave functions, called the "Bloch SC state". The staggered supercurrent loops form an array of Josephson vortex-antivortex pairs, instead of the usual Josephson vortex lattice. Enclosing a unit cell of the array, the London's fluxoid is quantized as $Φ^{\prime}=Φ_0=hc/2e$, while the net orbital magnetization caused by the staggered supercurrent is zero. Meanwhile, a small parallel magnetic field gives rise to an Fulde-Ferrell (FF) state that has uniform superfluid density. The phase transition between the Bloch SC state and the FF state belongs to the universality class of two-dimensional commensurate-incommensurate transitions. An analytical solution in terms of Jacobian elliptic functions is found to be an excellent approximation to the Bloch SC order parameter.