jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Influence of Summer Temperature on Human Mobility during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the San Francisco Bay Area

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Heat related illnesses are one of the leading causes of weather-related mortality in the United States, and heat extremes continue to increase in frequency and duration. Public health interventions include population mobility, including travel to central cooling centers or wellness checks on vulnerable populations. Using anonymized cellphone data from Safegraph’s neighborhood patterns dataset and gridded temperature data from gridMET, we explored the mobility-temperature relationship in the San Francisco Bay Area at fine spatial and temporal scale. We leveraged spatial variability in median income and temporal variability in COVID-19 related policies across two summers (2020-2021) to analyze their influence on the mobility-temperature relationship. We completed quantile regressions for a dataset stratified by income and year. We found that mobility increased at a higher rate with higher temperatures in 2020 than 2021. However, in 2021, the relationship reversed for several wealthier income groups, where mobility decreased with higher temperatures. We then augmented the analysis and calculated a panel regression with fixed effects to characterize the mobility-temperature relationship while controlling for temporal and spatial variability. This analysis suggested that all areas exhibited lower mobility with higher summer temperatures. However, similar to the results of the quantile regression, the rate of decrease in mobility in response to high temperature was significantly greater among the wealthiest census block groups compared with the least wealthy. Given the fundamental difference in the mobility response to temperature across income groups, our results are relevant for heat mitigation efforts in highly populated regions in current and future climate conditions.
Impact of Fermentation and Phytase Treatment of Pea-Oat Protein Blend on Physicochemical, Sensory, and Nutritional Properties of Extruded Meat Analogs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant materials that are used for the production of extruded meat analogs are often nutritionally incomplete and also contain antinutrients, thus there is a need to explore alternative plant proteins and pre-treatments. This study demonstrates application of phytase and fermentation to a pea-oat protein blend with a good essential amino acid profile and subsequent texturization using extrusion cooking. Enzymatic treatment reduced the content of antinutrient phytic acid by 32%. Extrusion also degraded phytic acid by up to 18%, but the effect depended on the material. Differences in physicochemical, sensorial, and textural properties between untreated and phytase-treated extruded meat analogs were small. In contrast, fermented material was more difficult to texturize due to degradation of macromolecules; physicochemical and textural properties of extrudates were markedly different; sensory analysis showed enhancement of flavor, but also detected an increase in some unwanted taste attributes (bitterness, cereal and off-taste). Phytic acid was not degraded by fermentation. Analysis of volatile compounds showed extrusion eliminated volatiles from the raw material but introduced Maillard reaction products. Overall, phytase treatment and fermentation demonstrated the potential for application in extruded meat analogs but also highlighted the necessity of optimization of process conditions.
Bleeding following Oocyte Retrieval

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vaginal bleeding is the most common complication of transvaginal oocyte retrieval, occurring in 1-3% of cases. Intra-abdominal bleeding occurs in less than 1 in 1000 cases, but can be life threatening. Vaginal bleeding is treatable by the application of local pressure or suturing of the bleeding point. Severe abdominal pain, even in the absence of intra-abdominal fluid, must be taken seriously and the possibility of bleeding should to be considered. Laparoscopy or laparotomy may be necessary to identify and secure the source of bleeding, and special surgical precautions are needed to deal with the enlarged hyperstimulated ovaries.
FOXO regulates cell fate specification ofDrosophilaventral olfactory projection neurons

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Diverse types of neurons must be specified in the developing brain to form the functional neural circuits that are necessary for the execution of daily tasks. Here, we describe the participation of Forkhead box class O (FOXO) in cell fate specification of a small subset of Drosophila ventral olfactory projection neurons (vPNs). Using the two-color labeling system, twin-spot MARCM, we determined the temporal birth order of each vPN type, and this characterization served as a foundation to investigate regulators of cell fate specification. Flies deficient for chinmo, a known temporal cell fate regulator, exhibited a partial loss of vPNs, suggesting that the gene plays a complex role in specifying vPN cell fate and is not the only regulator of this process. Interestingly, loss of foxo function resulted in the precocious appearance of late-born vPNs in place of early-born vPNs, whereas overexpression of constitutively active FOXO caused late-born vPNs to take on a morphology reminiscent of earlier born vPNs. Taken together, these data suggest that FOXO temporally regulates vPN cell fate specification. The comprehensive identification of molecules that regulate neuronal fate specification promises to provide a better understanding of the mechanisms governing the formation of functional brain tissue.
Re-emergence of syphilis in women of reproductive age and its association with the increase in congenital syphilis in Mexico during 2010–2019: an ecological study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection that is re-emerging in different parts of the world. This infection can be transmitted during pregnancy, causing neonatal syphilis. The objective of this study was to examine trend in syphilis, congenital syphilis, and neonatal deaths among the Mexican population during 2010–2019. Methods An ecological study was carried out to collect information about the incidence of syphilis, the incidence of congenital syphilis, and the incidence of neonatal death from congenital syphilis. The variables were described considering age, sex, Mexican state, and year. Trends across time (calendar year) were analyzed using linear regression, increases were estimated with 95% confidence intervals, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The incidence of syphilis increased by an average of 0.336 cases/100,000 per year and was higher among women aged 15–19 years (0.693 cases). Cases of congenital syphilis increased from 62 cases in 2010 to 372 cases in 2019; furthermore, the increase in syphilis cases among women aged 20 to 24 years was associated with an increase in cases of congenital syphilis. In 2010, 50% of Mexican states did not report cases of congenital syphilis, but in 2018, only 10% did not report cases of congenital syphilis. Between 2010 and 2018, 83 neonatal deaths were reported, with the highest incidence in 2018 (0.88 deaths/100,000 newborns). Conclusion The incidence of congenital syphilis is increasing in Mexico. As a consequence of the reemergence of syphilis among the population of reproductive age, it is necessary to address and treat syphilis in various population groups.
Development of Highly Stable Nifedipine Solid–Lipid Nanoparticles

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To improve the solubility of the drug nifedipine (NI), highly stabilized solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) of nifedipine (NI-SLNs) were prepared by high pressure homogenization using two phospholipids, followed by lyophilization with individual sugar moieties (four monosaccharides and four disaccharides). The mean particle diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, drug loading, and the encapsulation efficiency of the NI-SLN suspension were determined to be 68.5 nm, 0.3, -62.1 mV, 2.7%, and 97.5%, respectively. In comparison with the NI-SLNs, the NI-SLNs lyophilized with trehalose (NI-SLN-Tre) showed a slight increase in the particle size from 68.5 to 107.7 nm, but the PDI decreased from 0.38 to 0.33, and no significant change in zeta potential was observed. Aqueous re-dispersibility study demonstrated that NI-SLNs lyophilized with trehalose had the maximum concentration (14.7 µg/mL) at 5 min, compared with lyophilized SLNs using other sugars; the use of other sugars also resulted in significant changes in the particle size, PDI, and zeta potential. A trehalose concentration of 2.5% w/v and a two-fold dilution of the SLN suspension were found to be the best conditions for lyophilization. Data from lyophilized SLNs using differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy indicated eventual transformation of NI-SLN-Tre from a crystalline to an amorphous state during the homogenization process. Finally, a stability study was performed with NI-SLN-Tre for up to 6 months at 30°C and 65% relative humidity, with no significant deterioration observed, suggesting that trehalose might be a useful cryoprotectant for NI-SLNs.
Two-color optical charge-coupled-device–based pyrometer using a two-peak filter

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A two-color optical charge-coupled-device (CCD)–based pyrometer was developed using a multipeak interference filter with a color CCD sensor to measure multicolor signals with specified wavelengths. The effective and simple method adjusts the fixed spectrum response characteristics of a color CCD to allow improved temperature measurements. This pyrometer system not only has the advantage of traditional two-color (two-wavelength) pyrometry, but also overcomes the restrictions of color CCDs that can only be applied in waveband measurements. The measurement performance of the system using a two-peak filter \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$(\lambda _1 = 643\,{\rm nm,}\;\lambda _2 = 564\,{\rm nm})$\end{document}(λ1=643 nm ,λ2=564 nm ) was evaluated by blackbody experiments. The results show that the low temperature detection limit is increased about 200 K with an increase in the sensitivity of the measured signals compared with the original system without two-peak filter [Fu, et al., Opt. Laser Technol. 42, 586 (2010)]. And the effective temperature range is also increased when T &gt; 1233 K. The measured ratio \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$C_{\rm R} /C_{\rm G} $\end{document}CR/CG is monotonically relative to the temperature, which simplifies the measurements. The temperature sensitivity of 2.49 is larger and more uniform than the temperature sensitivity of 1.36 in the previous original system. Thus, the measurement performance of the new system is greatly improved. Finally, as an application, the surface temperature distribution of stainless steel sample in hot environments was determined by this new CCD-based pyrometer. The results agree well with the spectrometer-based results and further verify the applicability of the new system.
Immunopathological studies on guinea pigs experimentally infected with Egyptian strain of Leishmania d. infantum.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Forty Guinea pigs were experimentally infected with Egyptian strain of Leishmania d. infantum. At necropsy, materials for histopathological studies were taken from spleen, liver & lymph nodes and for smears from the same organs and bone marrow as well. Also, serum samples were examined for the elevation of immunoglobulins (IgG., IgM. & IgA.). Amastigotes of Leishmania parasites were demonstrated in the kupffer cells in the liver and in the macrophages in the spleen and lymph nodes as well as the smears of the bone marrow. The immunoglobulins showed varying levels. The IgG increased with the decrease in number of tissue amastigotes. The splenic materials were positive in all the experimentally infected Guinea pigs which means that splenic puncture is the best method of diagnosing VL. However, it may be dangerous in soft spleen. The results were photographed and discussed.
Estimating the impact of bias in causal epidemiological studies: the case of health outcomes following assisted reproduction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Researchers interested in causal questions must deal with two sources of error: random error (random deviation from the true mean value of a distribution), and bias (systematic deviance from the true mean value due to extraneous factors). For some causal questions, randomization is not feasible, and observational studies are necessary. Bias poses a substantial threat to the validity of observational research and can have important consequences for health policy developed from the findings. The current piece describes bias and its sources, outlines proposed methods to estimate its impacts in an observational study, and demonstrates how these methods may be used to inform debate on the causal relationship between medically assisted reproduction (MAR) and health outcomes, using cancer as an example. In doing so, we aim to enlighten researchers who work with observational data, especially regarding the health effects of MAR and infertility, on the pitfalls of bias, and how to address them. We hope that, in combination with the provided example, we can convince readers that estimating the impact of bias in causal epidemiologic research is not only important but necessary to inform the development of robust health policy and clinical practice recommendations.
Sustainable development of the Nile River at Greater Khartoum

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Sudan is the largest country in Africa, but there is poverty and a lack of infrastructure, skills and opportunity despite its substantial natural resources. The capital of Sudan is Khartoum City,
located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile Rivers. Unfortunately development on Nile
River Front is limited due to the risk of flooding and erosion. There is a danger that rapid
economic development may take place in this unique area without sustainable development
planning. This research project aims to develop strategies to protect the Nile River banks by
suitable stabilization methods so that development can take place safely.

Data has been collected about hydrology, morphology, geotechnical factors, soil classifications, river pattern systems, driving forces, and the main problems restricting sustainable development and engineering works for the Nile River. In addition the following have been reviewed: historical background, existing land uses, current environmental situations, and the economic and social conditions of the study areas. Research identified Cairo, Egypt as a similar case study, where data collected by the author included historical background, current situations, strategic visions and development plan for Nile River Shores. Further information was collected about sustainable development from a general literature review.

From these collected data a set of guidelines and indicators for sustainable development was
established related to environmental, economic and social factors. Based on those guidelines and
indicators, methods of stabilization of the banks for each shore were specified and a proposed
development plan was established. Methods of stabilization of banks and the development plan
were refined and evaluated to establish a final version of the development plan: Sustainable
Development of the Nile River Front (SDNRF) at Greater Khartoum. From refinement and evaluations, barriers and constraints for implementation were specified with their suggested
solutions. Finally, conclusions and recommendations related to the SDNRF Manual about
development and regulations were established.
Estimation and inference in inventory models with integrated technology shocks

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper shows that the presence of integrated technology shocks will prevent input prices and sales from being cointegrated with inventories. It is further shown that the commonly used cointegration tests are not applicable to the inventory equation arising from a dynamic linear‑quadratic (LQ) model, because of the long run endogeneity of the regressors and the moving‑average error term. The paper examines suitable estimation methods for the LQ inventory model in the presence of endogenous regressors and moving-average errors. Using appropriate estimation methods, cointegration is found among inventories, material prices, and sales for two-digit sectoral data, thus, providing evidence against the presence of integrated technology shocks. The results also indicate that the implausible parameter estimates obtained by previous researchers are the result of inappropriate estimation methods and ignored structural changes.
Does Halothane Really Preserve Cardiac Baroreflex Better Than Sevoflurane? A Noninvasive Study of Spontaneous Baroreflex in Children Anesthetized With Sevoflurane Versus Halothane

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Survey of Anesthesiology: February 2005 - Volume 49 - Issue 1 - p 33-34 doi: 10.1097/01.sa.0000151226.21888.2e
Spectroscopy, actinometry, and simulation of a DC discharge in CO/H 2 gas mixtures

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have studied the gas heating and dissociation processes in the direct current (DC) discharge CVD reactor with the closed gas circuit where the working gas mixture is used repeatedly by circulation through the discharge area. Experiments were carried out in mixtures of CO with hydrogen at overall gas pressure of 20 kPa and gas flow up to 40 m/s. The discharge plasma was analyzed by actinometry and optical emission spectroscopy. Twodimensional model of DC discharge CVD reactor has been used to study reactive gas flow, electrodynamics and surface processes. The 2D calculations show that the most important radical production reactions are the CO and H2 dissociation due to electron impact. Calculated results are compared with the experimental ones.
Common origin for black holes in both high mass X-ray binaries and\n gravitational-wave sources

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Black-hole (BH) high-mass X-ray binary (HMXB) systems are likely to be the\nprogenitors of BH-BH mergers detected by LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA (LVK). Yet merging\nBHs reach higher masses ($\\sim 100M_{\\odot}$) than BHs in HMXBs ($\\sim 20\nM_{\\odot}$) and exhibit lower spins ($a_{\\rm BH}\\lesssim 0.25$ with a larger\nvalues tail) than what is often claimed for BHs in HMXBs ($a_{\\rm BH}\\gtrsim\n0.9$). This could suggest that these two classes of systems belong to different\npopulations, but here we show that this may not necessarily be the case. The\ndifference in masses is easily explained as the known HMXB-BHs are in galaxies\nwith relatively high metallicity, so their progenitor stars are subject to\nstrong mass loss from winds, leading to relatively low-mass BH at core\ncollapse. Conversely, LVK is also able to detect BHs from low-metallicity\ngalaxies that produce more massive stellar-origin BHs. The difference in spin\nis more difficult to explain. Models with efficient angular momentum transport\nin stellar interiors produce slowly spinning progenitors for both LVK and HMXB\nBHs. Known HMXBs have orbital periods that are too long for tidal spin-up and\nare unlikely to have undergone significant accretion spin-up. Instead, we show\nthat the derived value of the BH spin depends strongly on how the HMXB\naccretion disc emission is modelled. We argue that since Cyg X-1 is never\nobserved in a soft state, the appropriate spectral models must take into\naccount the Comptonisation of the disc photosphere. We show that such models\nare consistent with low spin values, namely: $a_{\\rm BH}\\sim 0.1$. This was\nconfirmed by other teams for both Cyg X-1 and LMC X-1 and we show this is also\nthe case for M33 X-7. We conclude that all HMXB BHs can exhibit low spins, in\naccordance with stellar evolution models. Hence, the observations are\nconsistent with the LVK BHs and HMXB BHs belonging to the same population.\n
Public Perception of Tourism Cities before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic through the Lens of User-Generated Content

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The COVID-19 pandemic (coronavirus disease of 2019) sent the world into disarray and devastated the global tourism economy. In 2020 alone, the number of international tourists dropped by roughly 1.1 billion. This study examines user-generated content (UGC) on social media to elucidate the shift in people’s perceptions of popular tourism cities from before the pandemic to during the pandemic. This paper analyzes the characteristics of the cues in tourism-city-related UGC (particularly those related to the pandemic) and identifies the cues that resonate most with the public. This paper collected the data using Instagram’s application programing interface and then sorted the UGC based on content, type, time, likes, share, and comments. Between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2019, it collected a total of 207,752 pre-pandemic posts and 173,131 peri-pandemic posts. The findings reveal that, during the pandemic, the interactivity of city-related UGC dropped, and only pandemic-related keywords gained public attention. By comparison, pre-pandemic positive posts mentioned local features and contained calls to action that were generally well-received. The findings also validate that UGC effectively reflects and enhances overall public perceptions, suggesting that, in a future which is forced to co-exist with SARS-CoV-2 in the long term, it is important to understand the positive and negative influences of UGC on tourism cities.
Writing the History of an Arabian Holy City: Ibn Zabāla and the First Local History of Medina*

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study is an investigation into the lost Aḫbār al-Madīna attributed to Ibn Zabāla (d. after 199/814). Ibn Zabāla was the first scholar to write a local history of Medina—he was possibly the first to write a local history for any town in the Ḥigāz—and his work is extremely important for our understanding of the development of Arabic historiography and of early ideas concerning Medina’s status as a holy place. A large number (hundreds) of citations apparently from this work have been preserved by later works, especially in the later local histories of Medina. These citations do not allow us to reconstruct the lost work with great precision, but they do permit us to study Ibn Zabāla’s ambition for his work, how it fitted into the historiographical context of the late second century AH, and how it was used as a source by later scholars. I suggest that Ibn Zabāla wrote his Aḫbār al-Madīna to put forward the case for Medina’s sanctity and unique position within the Islamic world. In doing so, he pioneered a distinct way of writing local history.