jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nutritional Status of KHAT (CATHA-EDULIS) Chewing Adult Males in Nakawa Division, Kampala City, Uganda

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Khat (Catha edulis) also known as “Mairungi” in Uganda, is a green shrub whose leaves are chewed in social gatherings and designated hotspots mainly for its euphoric effect. The socio-economic and health impacts of khat have been previously reported. However, the nutritional implications of khat chewing need to be investigated. A cross-sectional study with a descriptive approach was done to assess the nutritional status of adult male users of khat in the Nakawa division, Kampala city. Using chain sampling, khat users and hot spots were mapped, identified, and listed. Using simple random sampling, 100 khat users were targeted to consent for structured interviews and an assessment of nutritional status over a 3-month persuasion period. Anthropometric data were used to compute the Body Mass Index (BMI) and dietary information was assessed based on food groups consumed and thresholds of Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). The degree of relationship among variables was statistically evaluated using, chisquare analyses and the ANOVA test. Statistical significance was considered at P < 0.05. Confidentiality was observed by the use of anonymous questionnaires and coded datasheets. The majority of khat users chewed khat daily 56.0% and mixed khat chewing with other intoxicants such as alcohol 35.0%, cigarettes 15.0%, and cannabis 12.0%. The main driver towards khat chewing in Nakawa was peer pressure 60.0%. The Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) was low, medium and high among 20.0%, 57.0% and 23.0% of khat users, respectively. The DDS was significantly associated with the hours spent on khat chewing X2(4) 10.156, P = 0.025 with most users spending more than four hours, and the frequency of khat chewing X2(4)14.423, P = 0.038. Of the 100 respondents, 26.0% were underweight and 3.0% were overweight. The BMI was significantly associated with age P = 0.029, marital status P = 0.023, frequency of khat chewing P = 0.038, the number of meals P = 0.013 and the dietary diversity scores P < 0.001 in khat users. Khat chewing and its associated habits predispose khat users to a double jeopardy of malnutrition and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). There should be tighter control of khat use through policy a
English Historical Geography

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

An introduction to some fascinating but neglected features of the English landscape is provided by Maurice W. Beresford, History on the Ground , which describes six journeys into the history of fields, villages, deserted villages, medieval towns, parks and parish boundaries. The British Association handbooks contain much valuable information on the historical geography of the regions in which the annual meetings of the Association are held, and give fuller pictures of the industrial development of the cities than are available elsewhere. The most important advances in historical geography during the past fifteen years have appeared in professional journals, notably in the Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers. Historians have made notable contributions to the study of historical geography in two directions: in reconstructing the geography of past periods and in tracing the origins and development of particular features in the landscape.
Examining the Impact of the Career Guidance Program on Senior High School Students' Career Decision-Making and Transition at Tomas V. Rivera National High School

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examined the impact of the Career Guidance Program at Tomas V. Rivera National High School on senior high school students’ career decision-making and transition. Grounded in career development theory, the study explored how structured career guidance initiatives support students in making informed career choices and preparing for future career pathways. A survey was administered to senior high school students who participated in the Career Guidance Program to assess their perceptions of its effectiveness. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were conducted to determine the program’s influence on students' confidence, career clarity, and preparedness for postsecondary transitions. Findings indicated that the Career Guidance Program had a significant positive effect on students’ career decision-making and transition readiness. Participants reported increased self-awareness, motivation, and a clearer understanding of career options. Additionally, the program enhanced students’ confidence in their abilities and provided essential knowledge and skills necessary for informed career planning. The results underscore the importance of structured career guidance programs in secondary education. Strengthening such initiatives through additional resources, enhanced counseling services, and practical career exposure opportunities is recommended to further support students' successful career transitions.
Tuning the Magic Size of Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters\nvia Isomeric Methylbenzenethiols

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Toward controlling the magic sizes\nof atomically precise gold nanoclusters,\nherein we have devised a new strategy by exploring the para<i>-</i>, meta<i>-</i>, ortho-methylbenzenethiol (MBT)\nfor successful preparation of pure Au<sub>130</sub>(<i>p</i>-MBT)<sub>50</sub>, Au<sub>104</sub>(<i>m</i>-MBT)<sub>41</sub> and Au<sub>40</sub>(<i>o</i>-MBT)<sub>24</sub> nanoclusters. The decreasing size sequence is in line with the increasing\nhindrance of the methyl group to the interfacial Au–S bond.\nThat the subtle change of ligand structure can result in drastically\ndifferent magic sizes under otherwise similar reaction conditions\nis indeed for the first time observed in the synthesis of thiolate-protected\ngold nanoclusters. These nanoclusters are highly stable as they are\nsynthesized under harsh size-focusing conditions at 80–90 °C\nin the presence of excess thiol and air (i.e., without exclusion of\noxygen).
Predictive factors of the long term outcome in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: six year follow up of 107 patients.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is little information concerning the long term outcome of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Thus 109 patients with reflux symptoms (33 with erosive oesophagitis) with a diagnosis of GORD after clinical evaluation and oesophageal testing were studied. All patients were treated with a stepwise approach: (a) lifestyle changes were suggested aimed at reducing reflux and antacids and the prokinetic agent domperidone were prescribed; (b) H2 blockers were added after two months when symptoms persisted; (c) anti-reflux surgery was indicated when there was no response to (b). Treatment was adjusted to maintain clinical remission during follow up. Long term treatment need was defined as minor when conservative measures sufficed for proper control, and as major if daily H2 blockers or surgery were required. The results showed that one third of the patients each had initial therapeutic need (a), (b), and (c). Of 103 patients available for follow up at three years and 89 at six years, respective therapeutic needs were minor in 52% and 55% and major in 48% and 45%. Eighty per cent of patients in (a), 67% in (b), and 17% in (c) required only conservative measures at six years. A decreasing lower oesophageal sphincter pressure (p < 0.001), radiological reflux (p = 0.028), and erosive oesophagitis (p = 0.031), but not initial clinical scores, were independent predictors of major therapeutic need as shown by multivariate analysis. The long term outcome of GORD is better than previously perceived.
Two-color flow-cytometric analysis of the growth cycle of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro: identification of cell cycle compartments.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A previous study (Hare JD, Bahler DW: J Histochem Cytochem 34:215, 1986) has shown that the flow cytometric analysis of acridine-orange-stained Plasmodium falciparum growing in vitro generates a complex two-color display, regions of which correlate with the major morphological stages. In this report, four cell cycle compartments (A-D) are defined by characteristic ratios of red and green fluorescence of cells distributed throughout the erythrocytic cycle as well as by the differential effects of several metabolic inhibitors. The primary characteristic of cells in compartment A is the significant increase in red fluorescence. Inhibition of DNA synthesis by either aphidicolin or hydroxyurea causes the accumulation of cells at the interface between compartments A and B, whereas n-butyrate prevents cells in compartment A from reaching the A-B interface. Cells in compartment A display a small increase in green fluorescence which is independent of DNA synthesis but is enhanced by n-butyrate treatment. Cells in compartment B display a continued increase in red fluorescence coupled with a significant increase in green fluorescence, reflecting the onset of DNA synthesis in compartment B. The transition to compartment C is more abrupt and is associated with a marked increase in green fluorescence and little increase in red fluorescence. Compartment D is characterized by an increase in red fluorescence and a continued rise in green fluorescence. It is postulated that these discontinuities in the two-color display reflect not only changes in the rates of RNA and DNA synthesis but also decondensation of parasite chromatin in compartment A as the organism prepares for DNA synthesis, and re-condensation in compartment D as the newly replicated chromatin prepares for segregation into merozoites. The method described promises to provide a sensitive and rapid technique to study the effects of various factors on the growth cycle of the parasite.
Cooperative Effects of Growth Factors Involved in the Induction of Hematopoietic Mesoderm

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Hematopoietic induction occurs on the ventral side ofXenopus gastrulae and is thought to be triggered by the growth factor bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP-4). To characterize this process, we developed a quantitative and sensitive assay for the induction of erythroid cells from totipotent ectoderm of the embryo. When high doses of BMP-4 were used in this explant assay, few erythroid cells were detected. In contrast, large numbers of differentiated erythroid cells were induced when ectoderm was treated with BMP-4 and the mesoderm inducers, activin, or fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Ectopic expression of GATA-1 also induced abundant erythroid cells in ectoderm treated with bFGF. This induction of erythroid cells by GATA-1 was blocked by coexpression with a dominant negative BMP-4 receptor, showing that GATA-1 requires the BMP signaling cascade to function. These results suggest that BMP-4 requires mesoderm induction to generate a program of gene expression, which regulates the specification of hematopoietic mesoderm by GATA factors.
The importance of being a lumen

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Advances in tissue engineering and microtechnology have enabled researchers to more easily generate in vitro tissue models that mimic the tissue geometry and spatial organization found in vivo ( e.g. , vessel or mammary duct models with tubular structures). However, the widespread adoption of these models for biological studies has been slow, in part due to the lack of direct comparisons between existing 2‐dimensional and 3‐dimensional cell culture models and new organotypic models that better replicate tissue structure. Using previously developed vessel and mammary duct models with 3‐dimensional lumen structures, we have begun to explore this question. In a direct comparison between these next generation organotypic models and more traditional methods, we observed differences in the levels of several secreted growth factors and cytokines. In addition, endothelial vessel geometry profoundly affects the phenotypic behavior of carcinoma cells, suggesting that more traditional in vitro assays may not capture in vivo events. Here, we seek to review and add to the increasing evidence supporting the hypothesis that using cell culture models with more relevant tissue structure influences cell fate and behavior, potentially increasing the relevance of biological findings.—Bischel, L. L., Sung, K. E., Jiménez‐Torres, J. A., Mader, B., Keely, P. J., Beebe, D. J., The importance of being a lumen. FASEB J. 28, 4583–4590 (2014). www.fasebj.org
Sunspot Prediction Based on The Adaptive ARIMA Model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The sun is closely related to human beings, and any change in its activities may have a huge impact on human beings. The study and prediction of solar activities is particularly important for the survival and development of human beings. Humans often learn about solar activity by studying sunspots. In this paper, the study predicts the start time, end time, sunspot number, and area size of the next sunspot. In this paper, we predict the length and sunspot number and area of the next solar activity cycle based on the ARIMA time series model, the BP neural network model, and the trend model. In this paper, the ARIMA-BP neural network hybrid model is predicted that the next sunspot start time is 2031 and the end time is 2042. The trend model, the number of time and sunspot, predicts that the number of the next sunspot is 12462.58 and the area is 1640.68.
Homogenization of Parabolic Equations with a Continuum of Space and Time Scales

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper addresses the issue of the homogenization of linear divergence form parabolic operators in situations where no ergodicity and no scale separation in time or space are available. Namely, we consider divergence form linear parabolic operators in $\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^n$ with $L^\infty(\Omega \times (0,T))$-coefficients. It appears that the inverse operator maps the unit ball of $L^2(\Omega\times (0,T))$ into a space of functions which at small (time and space) scales are close in $H^1$ norm to a functional space of dimension n. It follows that once one has solved these equations at least n times it is possible to homogenize them both in space and in time, reducing the number of operation counts necessary to obtain further solutions. In practice we show under a Cordes-type condition that the first order time derivatives and second order space derivatives of the solution of these operators with respect to caloric coordinates are in $L^2$ (instead of $H^{-1}$ with Euclidean coordinates). If the medium is time-independent, then it is sufficient to solve n times the associated elliptic equation in order to homogenize the parabolic equation.
Hierarchy Of Values In The First Year Students In Connection with The Family Bringing Up Style

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The article contains the research of values’ hierarchy of fist year students girls and boys due to mother’s and father’s bringing up style. It’s revealed that the most signifiant values are hedonism, self-direction and security; Culture Specifi values have the least signifiance. Girls and youths see the prevailing mother’sbringing up style is positive interest, but father’s bringing up styles combines positive interest and autonomy. Correlations between values and family bringing up styles were obtained for girls and boys separately.
Social transfers and poverty in middle- and high-income countries – A global perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigates an old question that has re-emerged in social policymaking and in analyses of global social development: to what extent does targeting and size of social transfers matter for poverty? Using multilevel logistic regression and Cross-National Data Center in Luxembourg (LIS) income data for 40 middle- and high-income countries, we show that the size of transfer income has greater explanatory value for cross-country differences in poverty than the degree of targeting of transfer income. The results are remarkably robust in terms of estimated individual-level and country-level compositional and confounding factors.
Tandem Double Intramolecular [4+2]/[3+2] Cycloadditions of Nitroalkenes. The Fused/Bridged Mode

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new class of tandem [4+2]/[3+2] cycloadditions of nitroalkenes is described in which both pericyclic processes are intramolecular. Two subclasses of intra [4+2]/intra [3+2] cycloadditions have been explored in which the dipolarophile is tethered at either C(5) or C(6) of the nitronate. For both families of precursors, the cycloadditions occur in good yield and are found to be highly regio- and stereoselective. This method converts linear polyenes to functionalized polycyclic systems bearing up to six stereogenic centers.
Maidin Cornwall

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract While the research literature on regional dialect levelling is substantial (e.g. Williams and Kerswill 1999 ; Britain 2002 ; Watt 2002 ; Jansen 2019 ), this process is under-explored and under-theorised when it comes to patterns of lexical usage. Using maid as a case-study, in this article I provide a detailed account of processes of lexical levelling in Cornwall. I consider the usage of maid from two perspectives, that of onomasiology and semasiology. From an onomasiological perspective, maid , as a variant of the concept woman , exhibits socio-stylistic reallocation, with attested usages of maid in this study being limited to older speakers in careful speech styles. From a semasiological perspective, two senses of maid , ‘woman’ and ‘female servant or attendant’, have undergone structural reallocation in apparent-time with maid ‘woman’ being the prototypical sense for older speakers but a more peripheral sense for their younger counterparts.
Studies of Aβ aggregation, toxicity and cellular uptake

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia observed in the elderly. The symptoms of the disease are provoked by neuronal loss caused by neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques. The molecular processes that underlie AD’s pathology are at this day not well understood. Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) appears to be one of the causes of neuronal toxicity. 42-residue Aβ (Aβ42) forms insoluble oligomers and fibrils which seem to be one of the leading causes of AD. To study the different molecular processes behind aggregation, toxicity and cellular uptake of Aβ42, monomer purification and labeling with a fluorescent dye are crucial. More successful fluorescent labeling without disrupting the structure and aggregation of Aβ, would increase accuracy and reliability of a wide variety of cellular studies. \nThis study aims to improve the protocol for monomer purification and labeling. Aβ with an introduced Cys for labeling (Aβ MC1-42) was labeled with ATTO Oxa11 (ATTO-TEC) dye to a degree of labeling between 11 and 13%. Different conditions were explored and the labeling was most successful with 7 M guanidinium hydrochloride buffer, pH 8 and an incubation time of 3 hours. The labeled Aβ (MC1-42), that had been purified under sterile conditions, was added to HEK 293 cells at three different concentrations and studied under the confocal microscope. Aβ is visible in the cells, which suggests that the peptide was internalized and/or interacting with the plasma membrane. \nThioflavin T (ThT) and pentameric formyl thiophene acetic acid (pFTAA) assays were performed to study the aggregation kinetics of labeled Aβ (MC1-42) compared to wild-type Aβ42 and unlabeled Aβ (MC1-42). The assays showed a lower fibrillation rate for Aβ (MC1-42), both labeled and unlabeled. The ThT assay showed that addition of dye seemed to give a slightly lower fibrillation rate, which could mean that the dye interferes with the assay. The pFTAA assay didn’t show any signal for Aβ (MC1-42), and needs therefore to be rerun with more controls before any conclusion could be drawn. \nA preliminary experiment was carried out, in which labeled Aβ42 at a concentration of 2.1 μM was added to human CHME3 microglial cells and studied under the confocal microscope. Aβ seemed to be internalized by the cells. \nThese findings provide a promising point of entry for further research on Aβ42 labeling techniques and cellular studies.
Dynamics of the RING Domain from Human TRAF6 by 15N NMR Spectroscopy: Implications for Biological Function

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB requires Lys63-linked polyubiquitination of the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF6 via protein-protein interactions mediated by a RING domain. In this study, intra- and intermolecular chemical exchange processes of the TRAF6 RING domain were analyzed by (15)N NMR spectroscopy. Micro- to millisecond time scale motions were assessed through R 1, R 2, NOE, and cross-correlated relaxation measurements, and the kinetics of these motions were quantified with relaxation dispersion. The relaxation experiments indicate that the protein core is rigid, consistent with the functional requirement that RING domains form a binding scaffold for E2 ubiquitin conjugation enzymes. Chemical exchange is observed at the C-terminal end of the main alpha-helix of the RING domain. The C-terminal end of the main alpha-helix from the RING domain is involved in E2-E3 interactions, and modulation of slow motions for this region of the helix may be a general mechanism by which these interactions achieve ubiquitin transfer. Chemical shift mapping indicates that the TRAF6 RING domain does not self-associate in solution. Numerous RING domains are homo- or heterodimeric, and this is thought to be a functional necessity for recruitment of substrates for ubiquitination, or recruitment of multiple E2 enzymes for efficient substrate ubiquitination. However, lack of self-association for the RING domain from TRAF6, and the observation that the intact protein is a trimer, suggests that close association of RING domains within a homodimeric scaffold may not be a fundamental requirement for biological function.
To appear in: Proceedings Amer. Math. Soc. BASIC DIFFERENTIAL FORMS FOR ACTIONS OF LIE GROUPS, II

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. The assumption in the main result of [2] is removed Let G be a Lie group which acts isometrically on a Riemannian manifold M. A section of the Riemannian G-manifold M is a closed submanifold Σ which meets each orbit orthogonally. In this situation the trace on Σ of the G-action is a discrete group action by the generalized Weyl group W(Σ) = NG(Σ)/ZG(Σ), where NG(Σ): = {g ∈ G: g.Σ = Σ} and ZG(Σ): = {g ∈ G: g.s = s for all s ∈ Σ}. A differential form ϕ ∈ Ωp (M) is called G-invariant if g∗ϕ = ϕ for all g ∈ G and horizontal if ϕ kills each vector tangent to a G-orbit. We denote by Ω p hor (M)G the space of all horizontal G-invariant p-forms on M which are also called basic forms. In the paper [2] it was shown that for a proper isometric action of a Lie group G on a smooth Riemannian manifold M admitting a section Σ the restriction of differential forms induces an isomorphism Ω p hor (M)G ∼ =