jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Christian for the Christians, a Christian for the Muslims! An Attempt at an Argumentum ad Hominem

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Schmidt and Egler's critique of Christianity's exclusivist claim to truth rests on two suppositions: (a) that inter-religious pastoral care for dying patients requires a respect for their cultural backgrounds which necessitates accepting the equal validity of their respective (non-Christian) religions, and (b) that exclusivism is incompatible with the Christian love-of-neighbor commandment. In opposition to this critique, (a) the authors' own “pluralist” understanding of Christianity is refuted on two levels. First, it leads to inconsistencies in the authors' own (and very adequate) understanding of pastoral care, especially with regard to their notion of intolerance, and second, it is irreconcilable with explicit New and Old Testament claims to absoluteness. In addition, (b) the authors' understanding of the way in which “exclusivism” justifies intolerance and missionary violence is shown to rest, first, on a secularized reduction of Christianity, i.e., of Christians' own “religious identity” as well as of the Christian way of “helping those in need,” and second, on a merely theoretical (rather than also practical) view of Christians' commitment to God. As a corollary to that refutation, a reconsideration of the truly Christian sources of obedience and charity is recommended.
Life‐history trade‐offs and senescence in plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract An increasing number of studies have shown that senescence, the functional decline in traits and increased risk of mortality with increasing age, occurs in organisms in wild populations, but there is a wide range of diversity in the patterns of senescence across species. The antagonistic pleiotropy and the disposable soma theories of senescence predict that there will be life‐history trade‐offs between performance at early‐ and late‐life stages. Plants show variation in senescence patterns and thus provide an opportunity to evaluate life‐history trade‐offs and senescence. Many plant species can be easily followed demographically and their environments, resources and allocation to reproduction can be manipulated, which makes them particularly good models to address these questions. We compared the results from 22 studies of plant senescence in the wild and compiled 20 examples of life‐history trade‐offs in plants. Some of the unique features of plants that may influence senescence patterns and trade‐offs in the wild are highlighted through the results. We found all three age‐specific patterns: age decline, age improvement and no change with age for plants in the wild. Most species showed an age‐dependent decline in at least one trait but, even within a species, the age‐specific patterns of traits varied. Results also showed that trade‐offs vary across environments and that plants can manipulate their resource pool through increases in photosynthesis, which will influence the manifestation of trade‐offs. We conclude that aspects of plant biology including dynamic resource pools, the impact of size, dormancy and below‐ground storage may influence both the patterns of senescence and life‐history trade‐offs. The diversity of plant life forms and life cycles provide a wealth of opportunities to experimentally study senescence in the context of life‐history trade‐offs. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Pulsed EPR experiments on radical pairs in photosynthesis: Comparison of the donor‐acceptor distances in photosystem I and bacterial reaction centers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Pulsed EPR spectroscopy is applied to the radical pairs P Q in bacterial reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides R‐26 and P A in photosystem I from Synechococcus elongatus . For both radical pairs an out‐of‐phase echo was observed showing a deep modulation as a function of the spacing between the two microwave pulses. From the modulation frequency the dipolar and isotropic couplings between the radical pair spins were derived. For the bacterial reaction centers a dipolar coupling of D ≈︁ −121 μT was obtained, resulting in a distance of about 28.4 Å between the electron spins of the radical pair. This value is in good agreement with the distance derived from the x‐ray structure of Rhodobacter sphaeroides R‐26. From the faster modulation in the PS I sample we obtained a dipolar coupling of D ≈︁ −170μT, indicating a distance of 25.4 Å between the primary donor P 700 and the acceptor quinone A 1 . For both radical pairs, only a small isotropic coupling of J ≈︁ 1 μT, consistent with transient EPR spectra, was found.
CFART: A New Multi-Resolutional Adaptive Resonance System for Object Recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this report, we propose a cascade fuzzy ART (CFART) neural network which can function as an extensible database in a model-based object recognition system. The proposed CFART network contains multiple layers. It preserves the prominent characteristics of a fuzzy ART network and extends fuzzy ART&apos;s capability toward hierarchical representation of input patterns. The learning process of the proposed network is unsupervised and self-organizing, and includes a top-down searching process and a bottom-up learning process. The top-down and bottom-up learning processes interact with each other in a closely coupled manner. Basically, the top-down searching guides the bottom-up learning whereas the bottom-up learning influences the top-down searching by changing its searching fuzzy boundary. In addition, a global searching tree is built to speed up the learning and recognition processes. The proposed CFART can accept both binary and analog inputs. With fast learning and categorization capabil...
A Pilot Study to Develop the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Audiology

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Health literacy describes an individuals' ability to maximize their potential in health care, including one's ability to understand information needed to make informed health decisions. A variety of general and condition-specific health literacy assessment tools have been created to help health professionals assess patients' health literacy skills and tailor the need for health care communication or education; however, there are no such tools available for the audiology field. Objective: The purpose of the study was to develop an objective reading recognition audiology-related health literacy assessment tool, the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Audiology (REALA). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study ( N = 200). The initial version of the REALA contained 99 words specifically related to audiology. The final version, revised to have improved clinical utility, contained a total of 48 words that were selected based on item difficulty, item discrimination score, and point-biserial index using classical item analysis. Key Results: The total pass rate for the final version of the 48-word REALA was 0.72 (standard deviation = 0.45) and the Cronbach coefficient alpha was 0.93. Once the comprehension component is added to the tool, the REALA can be a valuable health literacy assessment tool that health professionals use to evaluate patients' audiology-related health literacy. Conclusion: Once the comprehension component is added to the tool, the REALA can be a valuable health literacy assessment tool that health professionals use to evaluate patients' audiology-related health literacy. [ HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice . 2022;6(2):e88–e95.] Plain Language Summary: A health literacy assessment tool, the REALA, was developed in the study. The final version of REALA contained 48 words relative to hearing healthcare. The results suggested that REALA can help health professionals assess patients' hearing related health literacy and tailor the need for hearing health care communication or education.
No Global Crisis of Trust: A Longitudinal and Multinational Examination of Public Trust in Nonprofits

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent high-profile scandals suggest the potential for a crisis of trust in charities, which could have negative consequences for the nonprofit sector as a whole. Although widespread, this crisis narrative has not yet been subjected to empirical examination. To assess the extent to which public trust has changed over time, we examined trust in nongovernmental organizations within 31 countries over nine consecutive years using data from the Edelman Trust Barometer ( N = 294,176). Multilevel analysis revealed that, after allowing for differences in absolute levels of trust and trends across countries, there was actually a small increase in global trust in the nonprofit sector. This increase was sharper among men, people aged below 40 years, and people with higher education, income, and media consumption. Overall, we find no evidence of a crisis of trust in nonprofits; scandals within individual organizations have not affected sectoral trust.
Tryptophan Supplementation and Postoperative Delirium—A Randomized Controlled Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives To determine whether the postoperative administration of tryptophan would be beneficial for elderly adults undergoing surgery who are at risk of developing postoperative delirium. Design Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Setting Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Participants Individuals aged 60 and older undergoing major elective operations requiring a postoperative intensive care unit ( ICU ) admission (n = 325). Intervention L‐tryptophan, 1 g orally three times a day or placebo was started after surgery and continued for up to 3 days postoperatively. Measurements Delirium and its motor subtypes were measured using the Confusion Assessment Method–Intensive Care Unit (CAM‐ICU) and the Richmond Agitation and Sedation Scale. The primary outcome for between‐group comparison was the incidence of excitatory (mixed and hyperactive) postoperative delirium. The secondary outcomes for comparison were the incidence and duration of overall postoperative delirium. Results The overall incidence of postoperative delirium was 39% (95% confidence interval = 34–44%) (n = 116). Seventeen percent of participants in the tryptophan group and 9% in the placebo group had excitatory delirium ( P = .18), and the duration of excitatory delirium was 3.3 ± 1.7 days for tryptophan and 3.1 ± 1.9 days for placebo ( P = .74). Forty percent of participants in the tryptophan group and 37% in the placebo group had overall delirium ( P = .60), and the duration of overall delirium was 2.9 ± 1.8 days for tryptophan and 2.4 ± 1.6 days for placebo ( P = .17). Conclusion Postoperative tryptophan supplementation in older adults undergoing major elective operations requiring postoperative ICU admission did not reduce the incidence or duration of postoperative excitatory delirium or overall delirium.
American Angels: Forming the Lafayette Escadrille, RAF Eagles, and Flying Tigers

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

While the U.S. initially abstained from battle in the Twentieth Century's two greatest conflicts, the Lafayette Escadrille, Royal Air Force (RAF) Eagle Squadrons, and Flying Tigers served as all-American volunteer fighter units in foreign air forces. During World War I the Escadrille flew with the French and in World War II the Eagles signed on with the British while the Tigers fought alongside the Chinese. Their similarities, however, were only superficial, demonstrated particularly during their formation periods. Foreign need, bureaucratic resistance, and unit support highlighted the groups' efforts to gain foreign or American approval. The recruiting process differed in support, method, and volunteers' motivations and qualifications. Publicity informed men of the Escadrille, and volunteers crossed the Atlantic predominately motivated by romantic idealism. Word of mouth carried the RAF recruiting drive and pilots desiring to fly Spitfire and Hurricane fighters flocked to the call. Hired Government recruiters enlisted the Tigers, and the trip to China was an opportunistic adventure to fulfill a military career, fly fighters, earn money, or see an "enchanted land." While the Escadrille and Eagles were selective and completely incorporated into foreign air forces, the Tigers enlisted whoever would join and were civilian soldiers of fortune. Finally, the background of the men and the level of support affected the training process. The Escadrille flyers were predominantly college educated, upper-class individuals who entered a complete aviation training program in France. The Eagles were experienced pilots, mostly from blue-collar backgrounds, and underwent an intermediate "refresher" training program before entering advanced fighter training. The Flying Tigers were all former military aviators and directly entered advanced training, although many have never flown a fighter.
Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Innate and adaptive immune responses exert their role in CIDP pathogenesis through cytokine production. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may alter cytokine gene expression, with a potential influence on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, cytokine gene SNPs have not been assessed in CIDP patients yet. We assessed functional SNPs in the genes encoding IL-10 (rs1800896, rs1800871, rs1800872 and rs3024505), IL-6 (rs1800795), TNF (rs1800629 and rs361525), IL-12B (rs3212227), IFN-γ (rs2430561), GM-CSF (rs25882) and IL-17F (rs11465553) in a cohort of 88 CIDP patients and 486 healthy controls (HCs) via qPCR. We found an association of SNP in the IL10 promotor and CIDP occurrence. Major homozygotes (AA) were more frequent in the HCs compared to CIDP patients (p = 0.049), but the GA genotype prevailed among the patients (p = 0.032). A lower frequency of the C allele was observed for rs1800871 and rs1800872 in CIDP patients compared to the HCs (p = 0.048). A higher proportion of A carriers at position -1082 (rs1800896) (presumed to be a low IL-10 producer) was noted in patients with milder disability (low INCAT). All mild-INCAT patients were C carriers for rs1800871 and rs1800872 in IL10 (p = 0.038). Furthermore, the IL6 rs1800795 GG genotype was more frequent in patients (p = 0.049) and the CG heterozygote in the HCs (p = 0.013). Among the CIDP patients, being a G carrier for this SNP was associated with a higher frequency of type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared to being a non-carrier (p = 0.032). Our data indicate a possible association of the IL10 and IL6 SNPs with CIDP, but also with disease severity and T2D occurrence. Given the paucity of CIDP patients, multicentric studies are necessary to draw definite conclusions on these associations.
Tagungsbericht: Rethinking the Histories and Legacies of Industrial Cities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The history of (Western) European industrial cities is often told as a tragic tale of rise and decline: from rapid industrialisation in the late 19th century and economic prosperity during the Trente glorieuses to the structural changes of the late 1970s and the subsequent deindustrialisation of the 1980s and 1990s – decades in which most mines and steelworks closed down, unemployment rates went up, new social problems emerged, workers’ identities eroded, and once prosperous urban centres became faced with shrinking populations and empty stores in their shopping streets. Finally, since the 2000s, former industrial towns have tried to reinvent themselves as creative and cultural centres. If we take a closer look, however, we can see that the socio-economic, demographic and cultural transitions were more complex than suggested by a simple rise-and-decline narrative.
Assembly of Poly(ethylene glycol)ylated Oleanolic Acid on a Linear Polymer as a Pseudomucin for Influenza Virus Inhibition and Adsorption

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Biomimicry of the mucin barrier function is an efficient strategy to counteract influenza. We report the simple aminolyzation of poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) (PM) using amine-terminated poly(ethylene glycol)ylated oleanolic acid (OAPEG) to mimic the mucin structure and its adsorption of the influenza virus. Direct interactions between influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and the prepared macromolecule evaluated by surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration calorimetry demonstrated that the multivalent presentation of OAPEG on PM enhanced the binding affinity to HA with a decrease in KD of approximately three orders of magnitude compared with monomeric OAPEG. Moreover, hemagglutination inhibition assay, viral growth inhibition assay, and cytopathic effect reduction assay indicated that the nonglycosylated polymer could mimic natural heavily glycosylated mucin and thus promote the attachment of the virus in a subnanomolar range. Further investigation of the antiviral effects via time-of-addition assay, dynamic light scattering experiments, and transmission electron microscopy photographs indicated that the pseudomucin could adsorb the virion particles and synergistically inhibit the early attachment and final release steps of the influenza infection cycle. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of the macromolecule in the physical sequestration and prevention of viral infection. Notably, due to its structural similarities with mucin, the biomacropolymer also has the potential for the rational design of antiviral drugs, influenza adsorbents, or filtration materials and the construction of model systems to explore protection against other pathogenic viruses.
Relaying Kalman filters for sensor networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to limited sensing range for sensors, moving object tracking has to be realized by relaying from one sensor to the other in sensor networks, and so the tracking procedure can be modelled as a Markov chain system. Based on the Bayesian theory, we propose the relaying Kalman filter(RKF) algorithm which introduce the equations of updating sensor probability, and reconstruct the innovation equation. Furthermore, the extension of the proposed method can be applied in nonlinear dynamic system. Finally, simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed RKF algorithm.
Modular symmetry in magnetized/intersecting D-brane models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study the modular symmetry in four-dimensional low-energy effective field theory, which is derived from type IIB magnetized D-brane models and type IIA intersecting D-brane models. We analyze modular symmetric behaviors of perturbative terms and non-perturbative terms induced by D-brane instanton effects. Anomalies are also investigated and such an analysis on anomalies suggests corrections in effective field theory.
LINKAGE AND ALLELIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GENES FOR RESISTANCE IN TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) AGAINST MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Linkage and allelic relationships among genes for resistance in tomato (Mi, LMiR 1 , LMiR 2 and LMir 3 ) against Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) were investigated. Two of the resistance genes, LMiR 1 possessed by the cultivar Nematex and LMiR 2 possessed by the cultivar Small Fry-1, are closely linked and are approximately 5.65 morgan units apart, while the resistance genes LMiR 1 and Mi were found to be either identical or allelic. No relationship could be established between the recessive gene for resistance LMir 3 possessed by the cultivar Cold Set-1 with other genes which may be due to cytoplasmic and temperature factors affecting the cultivar Cold Set-1.
Occurrences of large sharks in the open waters of the southeastern Mediterranean Sea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Based on the most recently updated literature, 25 species of large pelagic sharks inhabit the south-eastern Mediterranean Sea. However, analyzing data collected during 1998 to 2005, we failed to identify even half the number of these species. At least 10 species of large\npelagic sharks were observed. Sharks were the most abundant incidental catch (landed but 6 not specifically targeted, or discarded). Blue shark Prionace glauca was the predominant species, comprising approximately 70% of all large pelagic sharks encountered. Milk shark Rhizoprionodon acutus was observed for the first time in the south-eastern Mediterranean region. Based on their capture location, a series of maps depicting the spatial distribution of large pelagic sharks is provided. It seems as if currently the continuity of the presence of some species in the region may be questionable or that some species may have become extremely rare to be detected in the course of a conventional monitoring survey.
Learning from machines: How negative feedback from machines improves learning between humans

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Prior studies on learning from failure primarily focus on how individuals learn from failure feedback given by other individuals. It is unclear whether and how the advent of machine feedback may influence individuals’ learning from failures. We suggest that failure feedback provided by machines facilitates learning in two ways. First, it focuses individuals’ attention on their failures, leading them to learn from these failures. Second, it serves as a catalyzer, motivating individuals to learn more from failure feedback given to them by other individuals as well. In addition, this catalyzing effect is stronger if the failure feedback from machines and by other individuals pertain to related tasks. Using a dataset of 1.5 million observations from an online programming contest community, we find support for our predictions. We contribute to the learning literature by demonstrating both the direct effect and the catalyzing effect of machine failure feedback on individuals’ learning.
Extensive study of magneto-optical and optical properties of Cd1−xMnxTe between 675 and 1025 nm

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We determine Faraday rotations and measure the optical reflection and transmission from magneto-optical Cd1−xMnxTe crystals with various stoichiometric ratios. For wavelengths between 675 and 1025 nm, we derive Verdet constants, optical loss coefficients, and the complex indices of reflection that are relevant measures to find suitable stoichiometric ratios of Cd1−xMnxTe for the realization of miniaturized optical isolators. By reflection and transmission measurements, we determine the stoichiometric ratios of several different Cd1−xMnxTe crystals and discuss the observed dependence of the optical properties on the stoichiometric ratio with respect to their use in optical isolators. Finally, we show the relevant figure of merit, i.e., the ratio of Verdet constants and optical loss coefficients for Cd1−xMnxTe crystals with Mn contents ranging from x = 0.14 to x = 0.50.