jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Drug Resistance in Malaria Parasites: Does “Specific Antidrug Substance” Exist?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Development of drug-resistant lines in rodent malaria parasites left us a deep impression on antidrug specificity of antimalarial drug-resistant lines, which is similar to antigen-induced antibody.Based on this comparison, "specific antidrug substance" was proposed to explain antidrug specificity of drug-resistant lines.If "specific antidrug substance" refers to a protein that is quite like antibody, the concept of "specific antidrug substance" is wrong because no such protein has been discovered.However, if "specific antidrug substance" refers to a "specific antidrug group of protein combinations", the concept of "specific antidrug substance" might be true.A detailed explanation of "specific antidrug substance" is presented in this paper.
Textual and Visual Selves in Autobiographical Writing

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I. The body of writing and the photograph (of the body) This paper can only pretend to be the beginning of a reflection on the place of photographs within the body of contemporary autobiographies that display a dialogue between "family pictures" and the autobiographical textual "self". Indeed, modern autobiography enacts more than ever a relationship between photographs and captions, or as the French put it "legends", between autobiographical narratives and reproductions of framed family phot...
EFFECTS OF STABLY EXPRESSING shRNA TARGETED TO bcl-2 ON MULTIPLICATION OF SGC-7901 CELLS IN GASTRIC CANCER

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective To explore the long-term effect of stable expression shRNA targeted to bcl-2 on SGC-7901 cells in gastric cancer. Methods A shRNA expression vector targeting bcl-2 was created and transfected into SGC-7901 cells,the cells with stable transfection were screened and continuously cultured.The expression of bcl-2 mRNA of SGC-7901 and its effects on cell multiplication and apoptosis were detected by RT-PCR. Results After stable transfection with shRNA,the expression of bcl-2 mRNA in SGC-7901 cells fell dramatically,but the changes of cell reproductive activity and apoptosis were not significant. Conclusion Stable transfection of shRNA has long-term inhibition on expression of bcl-2 mRNA in SGC-7901 cells,which provides an experimental evidence for further study of gene therapy.
Impaired left ventricular function in obesity?: reply

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We read with interest the letter from Barker et al . on our work ‘Effects of insulin on left ventricular function during dynamic exercise in overweight and obese subjects’.1 We thank Barker et al . for their comments that need our reply.

First, it is clear from our manuscript that the metabolic hypothesis for cardiac impairments in overweight/obese people is only a suggestion. We observed a significant correlation between insulin resistance and myocardial dysfunction, as we have already described in Type 2 diabetic subjects,2 …
CONGENITAL ERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIA: The Effect of Light Shielding

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary The effect of various types of measures taken for light shielding against daylight in a recently detected case of CEP, has been followed for more than a year. It has been found that the celluloid film, “Para‐Sol”, which has a good translucency for wavelengths above 550 nm, but is not translucent to wavelengths below 510 nm, not only removes the troublesome skin lesions seen in this disease, but also. brings about an almost complete compensation of the anemia, disappearance of the splenomegaly and marked changes in the blood and urinary porphyrin patterns. In blood the erythrocyte porphyrins change from predominantly proto‐porphyrin with trace amounts of copro‐ and not detectable uroporphyrin, to high amounts of both proto‐, copro‐ and uroporphyrins. The plasma porphyrins remain essentially unchanged. The urinary pattern changes from predominantly free porphyrins to predominantly porphyrinogens. It is suggested that the present case of congenital erythropoietic porphyria represents a new type of CEP, and that the hemolytic anemia with splenomegaly seen in CEP is due not to the inborn error itself, but to its tissue location and photochemical effect of light of wavelengths below 510 nm, when the porphyrin/porphyrinogen‐rich erythrocytes are exposed to daylight in the skin, while the skin lesions have been shown to depend primarily on the presence of an increase in the amounts of porphyrin/porphyrinogen in plasma. Cattle and the species Sciurus niger are mentioned as examples of species in which the light‐shielding effect of the fur has allowed the CEP‐gene to spread.
Formulation and evaluation of an alcohol free mouth-refreshing product

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Nowadays the use of refreshing mouthwashes is considered as a need in different societies. Malodor could be affects badly people personality and if it is severely bad, it may cause seclusion and depression. In order to remove malodor, consuming the antiseptic refreshing mouthwashes is recommended. Triclosan is an antiseptic that is used for disinfecting of the mouth and throat, and it has also anti-inflammatory effect. Aloe vera is an old medical plant with the new hygienic and cosmetic indications. Wound healing is one of its therapeutic effects; it has also antimicrobial and moisturizing effect. In this study the possibility of the formation of an alcohol free mouthwash wick Aloe vera gel, glycerin, menthol, triclosan, peppermint oil, tween 80 and water have been investigated. The physical stability of the product was evaluated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of triclosan has been determined for staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The results showed that this product has refreshing and antiseptic properties. It is also an alcohol free, sacharin free product with anti-inflammatory effects. The presence of Aloe vera gel and triclosan could increase its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effect. The in vitro evaluations of the product revealed that the product is effective against Escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus and could inhibit normal flora growth at the in vivo conditions. The results showed that however this product is unable to prevent of Candida albicans growth at in vitro condition.
Economy of Description for Basic Constructions on Rational Transductions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The state complexities of basic constructions on rational transductions are investigated. Given rational transductions, described by rational transducers, and an operation thereon we consider the number of states that is sufficient and necessary in the worst case to describe the resulting transduction. In particular, tight bounds are shown for inversion, union, weak intersection, concatenation, reversal, homomorphism, and composition, i. e., for some of those operations under which rational transductions are closed.
Heart Rate and Blood Pressure Responses to Sympathomimetic and Parasympathomimetic Drugs in the Rats Exposed to Simulated High Altitude

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

自律神経機能に対する慢性的な高地環境暴露の影響を調べるため,コントロールチャンバーを用いて実験を行なった.Wistar系雄ラット26匹を被検動物とし,そのうちの4匹を5週齢で試験し,11匹を暴露群として標高2,500m相当の低圧低酸素分圧条件(気圧561mmHg,酸素分圧117mmHg)下に,また同数を対照群として海面相当の常圧常酸素分圧条件(気圧760mmHg,酸素分圧159mmHg)下に5週齢から暴露し,両群とも3および6週間暴露した後にそれぞれ6匹,5匹ずつを試験に供した.試験は常圧常酸素分圧条件下で行ない,動物をウレタン麻酔した後,NE(10μg/kg),Isp(3μg/kg),ACh(200μg/kg)の静脈内投与に対する心拍数および血圧の反応を観察した.暴露により成長にともなう血圧低下は抑制された.Isp投与に対する血圧反応は暴露前と比べ,暴露3週目には対照群が小さく,6週目には逆に暴露群が小さくなった.NEおよびACh投与により圧反射によると考えられる心拍数変化が観察されたが,その変化のしかたには暴露期間による相違が認められた.対照群では,暴露前と比べ,暴露3週目にIsp投与時の心拍数増加が大きく,ACh投与時の心拍数減少が小さくなったが,暴露群ではそのような変化は認められなかった.本実験の成績から,動物の自律神経系の活動は,高地環境への暴露により影響を受け,暴露の時間経過に伴い,交感および副交感両神経の活動性に相反的な変化の生じることが示唆された.
The UK experience of liver transplantation in patients receiving opiate replacement therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction There is limited outcome data on patients undergoing liver transplantation (LT) while receiving opiate replacement therapy (ORT). In 2008 the UK transplant centres adopted consensus guidelines for the assessment and management of patients on ORT prior to LT. We report the collated UK experience of LT in patients receiving ORT. Methods All UK transplant centres submitted retrospective data, using a standardised proforma. Results 75 LT assessments were undertaken between 2001 and 2010 in patients using ORT, 36 pre and 39 post introduction of national guidelines. 51/75 (68%) were listed. Detailed information on aetiology was available for 44 patients listed. 38/44 (86%) were male, median age was 47 (32-61). Aetiology of liver disease was Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 27/44 (61%), HCV and alcohol in 14/44 (32%) and alcohol in 3/44 (7%). 13/44 patients had hepatocellular carcinoma. Pre-2008 14/28 (50%) underwent formal substance misuse assessment prior to listing, compared to 13/14 (93%) post-2008. 42/44 patients injected (39/42 heroin) and 2/44 inhaled/smoked illicit drugs for a median duration of 15 years. The median abstinence from illicit drug use and duration of ORT were both 60 months. ORT was methadone in 40/44, buprenorphine 2/44, dihydrocodeine 1/44 and methadone combined with diamorphine (1/44). The median dose of methadone was 40 mg at assessment and 50mg after LT. 29/51 (57%) listed received LT, 12/51 (24%) died or deteriorated, 5/44 (11%) were delisted for substance misuse, 1/51 improved and was removed from the list and 4/51 remain active. Median ITU and total hospital stay was 2 and 16.5 days respectively. Overall survival after LT was 86% at 1 year, 76% at 3 years and 62% at 5 years. Details of subsequent substance misuse post LT were available for 18/29 patients: 9/18 (50%) reported illicit drug use. Return to illicit drug use after LT was not associated with reduced survival (66% vs 78%; p>0.05). Conclusion To date only a minority of patients assessed in the UK on ORT have undergone LT (29/75), however outcomes are acceptable given the indications. The introduction of guidelines has improved the rates of formal drug misuse assessment and while return to substance misuse is common, this does not adversely affect survival.
Chromatic Aberration Effect in Refraction of Spin Waves

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We numerically investigated the refraction property of spin waves (SWs) at thickness step in films with out-of-plane magnetization, in which the SWs propagate isotropically in the film plane. It was confirmed the isotropic SWs were refracted at a thickness step by following the Snell's law. We also found that the refraction angle of SWs of the dipole-exchange mode depends on the resonant frequency, indicating that the chromatic aberration effect should be taken into account in designing magnonic devices.
Should Combination Chemotherapy Serve as the Backbone in Clinical Trials of Advanced Pancreatic Cancer?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate whether building upon multidrug chemotherapy regimens represents a viable strategy in pancreatic cancer clinical trial design.MethodsWe performed a pooled analysis of all single-arm phase II studies in which a specific targeted agent (the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody bevacizumab) was added to gemcitabine-based cytotoxic doublets. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points included objective response rate, CA-19-9 biomarker response rate, and adverse event frequencies. Kaplan-Meier methods estimated time-to-event end points, whereas the Cox proportional hazard model estimated univariate hazard ratios of death.ResultsFor the 300 patients included in the pooled analysis, median OS was 9.1 months (95% confidence interval, 8.3-10.2). Differences in OS were observed according to patients' baseline performance status (median OS, 10.4 vs 8.6 months for Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0 vs 1, respectively). Moreover, bevacizumab-related adverse events were not observed at increased frequency with gemcitabine-based doublets compared with historic data.ConclusionsRecognizing the limitations of cross-study comparisons, these results compare favorably to those from Cancer and Leukemia Group B 80303, a phase III trial testing bevacizumab in combination with gemcitabine alone. This is the largest data set available to demonstrate the feasibility of building upon more intensive chemotherapy backbones in clinical trials of novel targeted agents in pancreatic cancer.
“I thought in order to get to God I had to win their approval”: a qualitative analysis of the experiences of Muslim victims abused by religious authority figures

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The abuse of individuals by religious authority figures has generated considerable political, civic and media attention. To date, much of this focus has been on Catholic and Anglican priests, although instances in the Buddhist community have also emerged. This paper presents an analysis of the experiences of individuals (n=6) who were victims of abuse by Imams (Muslim leaders) and/or Muslim faith teachers. Participants were interviewed and their accounts analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). This paper presents two superordinate themes that emerged from the rich data set: (i) Toxicity of silence and (ii) Barriers to the acknowledgement of abuse. Findings and implications of the research are discussed in relation to facilitating the reporting of abuse perpetrated by religious authority figures in the Muslim community. The authors argue that the difficulties for victims in reporting abuse has exacerbated the impact of the abuse on them, affecting their wellbeing and their relationships with their families and their faith.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectra of Eye Lens Pigments

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been applied to study lenticular pigments that are present in the eyes of certain diurnally active animals. Using Ag hydrosols pre-aggregated with NaClO 4 , we have obtained SERS spectra from dilute solutions of various model pigment compounds, including kynurenine, N-formylkynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, β-carboline, bityrosine, anthranilic acid, 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid, and oxindole. The results obtained from these model compounds show that SERS is a particularly sensitive technique for the identification of lens pigments. We also report a procedure that enables high-quality SERS data to be obtained for the yellow pigments in the lens homogenates of grey squirrels, ground squirrels, and chipmunks. The surface Raman results confirm the identity of the low-molecular-weight, water-soluble pigment in the grey squirrel lens as a derivative of 3-hydroxykynurenine, but reveal that lens pigmentation in ground squirrels and chipmunks involves new chromophores. The significance of this finding in relation to the metabolic/photochemical generation of lens pigments is discussed.
A Divisia Measure of the Money Supply for Mexico

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract We produce the first measure of Divisia money for Mexico. Various structural VAR identifications with Divisia M4 as an indicator of monetary policy yield responses of production and prices that are in every case at least as sensible as—and generally offer an improvement over—their counterpart specifications with a short‐term offer rate as the indicator. Importantly, we find that our Divisia specifications do not require expanding the model's information set with commodity prices or the real exchange rate for a resolution of the price puzzle. We reach similar conclusions for Mexico to those Keating et al. (2019) arrive at for the U.S. economy.
Secrets of victory: the Office of Censorship and the American press and radio in World War II

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

During World War II, the civilian Office of Censorship supervised a huge and surprisingly successful programme of news management: the voluntary self-censorship of the American press. In January 1942, censorship codebooks were distributed to all American newspapers, magazines and radio stations with the request that journalists adhere to the guidelines within. Remarkably, over the course of the war no print journalist, and only one radio journalist ever deliberately violated the censorship code after being informed of its intent. Secrets of Victory examines the World War II censorship programme and analyzes the reasons for its success. Using archival sources, including the Office of Censorship's own records, Michael Sweeney traces the development of news media censorship from a pressing necessity after the attack on Pearl Harbour to the centralized yet efficient bureaucracy that persuaded thousands of journalists to censor themselves for the sake of national security. At the heart of this often dramatic story is the Office of Censorship's director Byron Price. A former reporter himself, Price relied on the cooperation rather than coercion of American journalists in his fight to safeguard the nation's secrets.
The effect of a constructivist learning environment for field-dependent/independent students on achievement in introductory computer programming

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Research was conducted to determine the effect of a constructivist learning environment upon field dependent (FD) and field independent (FI) students' achievement in an introductory computer programming course. Prior research in traditional environments had established a correlation between field dependence / independence (FD/I) and the design stage of programming. A correlational design was followed, using introductory computer science students in their first programming course. A pretest of BASIC programming ability was given to assess baseline proficiency. The Group Embedded Figures Test (GEFT) was given to assess each subject's measure of FD/I. A constructivist model for learning programming was implemented. Achievement tests in two of the stages of programming, design and coding were administered. As additional dependent variables, student construction of programming elements — the design (semantic) elements, and the language-specific coding (syntax) elements - were collected in a portfolio and examined for both qualitative and quantitative differences. No significant correlations were found between FD/I and the achievement scores of design and coding. No correlation was expected between FD/I and coding. There was no interaction between FD/I and design versus coding. The correlation between FD/I and the quantity of reconstructed programming elements was not significant. The correlation between FD/I and the quality of reconstructed programming elements was not significant. No interaction was found between FD/I and the quantity or quality of semantic versus syntactic elements. Stepwise multiple regression identified two predictors, for design, the predictor was the pretest. Coding was predicted by the quantity of syntactic programming elements. The principal finding of this research, in contrast to findings in traditional environments is that within this constructivist environment, the cognitive style of FD/I was not found to influence programming achievement.
Comparative precautionary saving under higher-order risk and recursive utility

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Measuring and comparing the precautionary saving motive rest almost exclusively on the expected utility framework, and only focus on income risk or coefficients of the Arrow–Pratt type. We generalize the standard approach by characterizing comparative precautionary saving under recursive utility for increases in income risk and increases in risk on the saving return, including higher-order risk effects. We express the comparisons in terms of precautionary premia. In addition, we define a new class of preference coefficients, and derive the associated conditions to predict a stronger precautionary motive. The coefficients provide a detailed picture of the preferences sustaining precautionary saving and could be useful in applications.
Influnce of Environmental Hydro-Meteorological Conditions to Enteromorpha prolifera Blooms in Yellow Sea,2009

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In 2008 and 2009,enteromorpha prolifera blooms in the mid-western Yellow Sea producing green tide.By using EOS/MODIS remote sensing data,the densely distributed enteromorpha areas are detected.The environmental hydro meteorological conditions in 2009,such as wind speed and direction,precipitation,cloud liquid water content(CLW),sea surface temperature(SST) and current are analyzed and compared with it in 2008.The concentrations of enteromorpha coverage and their drift paths are also discussed.The result shows that,the more precipitation occurs may lead the enteromorpha occurs earlier,because after the precipitation,there are plenty of nutritious and less CLW which lead there are more solar energy to come into the sea water producing strong photosynthesis.Two results both benefit to the enteromorpha blooming.15 days later of much precipitation in 2009 than that in 2008 may lead the enteromorpha blooming 15 days later.The wind is the strongest factor of the enteromorpha drifting.In 2008,large and steady east wind or southeast wind lead the enteromorpha area to drift along the coast of Shandong province in Yellow sea,in 2009 southwest wind make the enteromorpha area drift to north.The SST does not show much influence to the enteromorpha bloom occuring between 2008 and 2009.Quantitative analysis shows that,algal-intensive areas tend to move in line with the prevailing wind direction,or 5~40(°) difference right to the direction of the wind direction,the speed of the enteromorpha intensive areas is more consistent with the ocean currents,or about 0.8 times in the speed of ocean currents.