jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Incorporation of Phosphorus Guest Ions in the Calcium Silicate Phases of Portland Cement from 31P MAS NMR Spectroscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Portland cements may contain small quantities of phosphorus (typically below 0.5 wt % P(2)O(5)), originating from either the raw materials or alternative sources of fuel used to heat the cement kilns. This work reports the first (31)P MAS NMR study of anhydrous and hydrated Portland cements that focuses on the phase and site preferences of the (PO(4))(3-) guest ions in the main clinker phases and hydration products. The observed (31)P chemical shifts (10 to -2 ppm), the (31)P chemical shift anisotropy, and the resemblance of the lineshapes in the (31)P and (29)Si MAS NMR spectra strongly suggest that (PO(4))(3-) units are incorporated in the calcium silicate phases, alite (Ca(3)SiO(5)) and belite (Ca(2)SiO(4)), by substitution for (SiO(4))(4-) tetrahedra. This assignment is further supported by a determination of the spin-lattice relaxation times for (31)P in alite and belite, which exhibit the same ratio as observed for the corresponding (29)Si relaxation times. From simulations of the intensities, observed in inversion-recovery spectra for a white Portland cement, it is deduced that 1.3% and 2.1% of the Si sites in alite and belite, respectively, are replaced by phosphorus. Charge balance may potentially be achieved to some extent by a coupled substitution mechanism where Ca(2+) is replaced by Fe(3+) ions, which may account for the interaction of the (31)P spins with paramagnetic Fe(3+) ions as observed for the ordinary Portland cements. A minor fraction of phosphorus may also be present in the separate phase Ca(3)(PO(4))(2), as indicated by the observation of a narrow resonance at delta((31)P) = 3.0 ppm for two of the studied cements. (31)P{(1)H} CP/MAS NMR spectra following the hydration of a white Portland cement show that the resonances from the hydrous phosphate species fall in the same spectral range as observed for (PO(4))(3-) incorporated in alite. This similarity and the absence of a large (31)P chemical shift ansitropy indicate that the hydrous (PO(4))(3-) species are incorporated in the interlayers of the calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) phase, the principal phase formed upon hydration of alite and belite.
The Long-term Outcome of Pediatric Kidney Transplantation in Iran: Results of a 25-year Single-Center Cohort Study.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Short-term graft survival still outpaces the long-term outcome. Modifying the mentioned determinants, with more intense immunosuppression for greater prevention of acute and chronic rejection, and increased rate of pre-emptive transplantation and living donor transplantation, long-term graft survival may significantly improve in future.
Root systems and diagram calculus. III. Semi-Coxeter orbits of linkage diagrams and the Carter theorem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A diagram obtained from the Carter diagram $Γ$ by adding one root together with its bonds such that the resulting subset of roots is linearly independent is said to be the {\it linkage diagram}. Given a linkage diagram, we associate the linkage labels vector, which is introduced like the vector of Dynkin labels. Similarly to the dual Weyl group, we introduce the group $W^{\vee}_L$ associated with $Γ$, and we call it the dual partial Weyl group. The linkage labels vectors connected under the action of $W^{\vee}_L$ constitute the linkage system $\mathscr{L}(Γ)$, which is similar to the weight system arising in the representation theory of the semisimple Lie algebras. The Carter theorem states that every element of a Weyl group $W$ is expressible as the product of two involutions. We give the proof of this theorem based on the description of the linkage system $\mathscr{L}(Γ)$ and semi-Coxeter orbits of linkage labels vectors for any Carter diagram $Γ$. The main idea of the proof is based on the fact that, with a few exceptions, in each semi-Coxeter orbit there is a special linkage diagram -- called {\it unicolored}, for which the decomposition into the product of two involutions is trivial.
Correlation between degradation and device characteristic changes in InGaAsP/InP buried heterostructure lasers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Correlations between degradation and device characteristics are investigated in InGaAsP/InP buried heterostructure lasers. The logarithm of threshold-current increase rates is confirmed to be proportional to the voltage decrease at low current when injected carrier lifetime decreases during aging. When leakage current increases during aging, devices having a low initial voltage also tend to degrade to a large extent. These correlations hold within an operating range limited by the device structure and the material used during fabrication.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of The role of Tet3 DNA dioxygenase in epigenetic reprogramming by oocytes.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Sperm and eggs carry distinctive epigenetic modifications that are adjusted by reprogramming after fertilization. The paternal genome in a zygote undergoes active DNA demethylation before the first mitosis. The biological significance and mechanisms of this paternal epigenome remodelling have remained unclear. Here we report that, within mouse zygotes, oxidation of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) occurs on the paternal genome, changing 5mC into 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the dioxygenase Tet3 (ref. 5) is enriched specifically in the male pronucleus. In Tet3-deficient zygotes from conditional knockout mice, paternal-genome conversion of 5mC into 5hmC fails to occur and the level of 5mC remains constant. Deficiency of Tet3 also impedes the demethylation process of the paternal Oct4 and Nanog genes and delays the subsequent activation of a paternally derived Oct4 transgene in early embryos. Female mice depleted of Tet3 in the germ line show severely reduced fecundity and their heterozygous mutant offspring lacking maternal Tet3 suffer an increased incidence of developmental failure. Oocytes lacking Tet3 also seem to have a reduced ability to reprogram the injected nuclei from somatic cells. Therefore, Tet3-mediated DNA hydroxylation is involved in epigenetic reprogramming of the zygotic paternal DNA following natural fertilization and may also contribute to somatic cell nuclear reprogramming during animal cloning.© 2011 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved PMID: 21892189 Funding information This work was supported by: NIGMS NIH HHS, United States Grant ID: GM078458
Getting to What Matters: The ICERD, Racism in the United States, and the Moral Language of Human Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) represented one of the first attempts to give the concept of international human rights the force of law. Like all human rights treaties, enforcement of the ICERD is difficult, particularly in the United States, which has ratified the treaty but rendered it essentially null in domestic law. This thesis therefore follows the argument that human rights serve as a moral language for international politics, and asks what in turn the ICERD might offer to the United States. The ICERD appears to see recognition of group difference as essential to equality, and allows special measures to be taken for certain racial groups, bringing forth the problem of defining race in America. It also seems rooted in beliefs of race as inborn and universal, which ignores important realities about racism and race in the United States. The language of disparate impact contained in the treaty might allow for Americans to better probe their history and present, but it has shortcomings as well. Ultimately, this thesis hopes to enter into important conversations about racism, America’s history and future, and the role of human rights as an international language of justice.
Virulence factors and resistance profile of Shigella isolated during infectious diarrhea in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

5 Abstract: The aim of the study was isolation and characterization of species of Shigella genus in the cases of diarrhea in Abidjan. Shigella species were isolated from 1566 stool samples and characterized by serotyping, antibiotyping, determination of virulence genes and plasmid profile. A total of 41 (2.6% ) strains of Shigella were isolated. S. flexneri was the most frequent serogroup (52.8 %), followed by S. boydii (22.2%), S. sonnei (19.4%) and S. dysenteriae serotype 1 (5.6%). The ipaH gene was detected in 37 (90.2%) strains and the ial gene in 19 (46.3%). The strains show a high resistance to Ampicillin and Tetracyclin (90%), to Sulphamide (85%) and to a lesser extent to Cotrimoxazole (65% ). The analysis of the plasmid profile revealed 75% of the strains harbour plasmids whose size vary from 0.5 (0.8 kb) to 10.4 MDa (16.2 kb). The plasmids of size 1.7 MDa, 2.4 MDa and 3.6 Mda are frequent and are found in several species, whereas the plasmids of more than 10 MDa are rare. The analysis of the plasmid profile and the detection of the virulence factors can serve as tools in the characterization of strains and the control of infections associated with Shigella.
287. Stereochemistry of tropane alkaloids. Part IX. Selective quaternisation of tropan-3α-ol and tropan-3β-ol and of their derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

G. Fodor, K. Koczka and J. Lestyán, J. Chem. Soc., 1956, 1411 DOI: 10.1039/JR9560001411
Structural and optical properties of erbium and ytterbium codoped germanoniobophosphate glasses

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Agradecimentos: LBM thanks CAPES for the fellowship. IOM and FAS are grateful to CNPq and FAPESP for financial supports. The authors would like to thank the Multiuser Laboratory of Advanced Optical Spectroscopy (LMEOA/IQ-UNICAMP Fapesp Proc 2009/54066-7) for use of its equipment. This work is also a contribution of the National Institute of Science and Technology in Complex Functional Materials (CNPq-MCT/Fapesp)
Patients teaching patient safety: the challenge of turning negative patient experiences into positive learning opportunities

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Educators have long relied on the use of patient cases to illustrate key patient safety concepts to learners.1–3 These efforts engage clinician learners by harnessing the tradition of clinically based educational fora, such as morbidity and mortality rounds and other such case conferences. Teaching about the systems approach to patient safety in the context of compelling cases—a patient taken for someone else's invasive cardiology procedure, or a patient who died after her arterial line was flushed with insulin instead of heparin1 ,4—will have more impact than just outlining the Swiss cheese model of accident causation and describing the human factors perspective in investigating critical incidents.

Engaging as these case-based approaches to teaching patient safety may be, they tend to focus on the more ‘technical’ aspects of patient safety such as teamwork and communication, principles of human factors engineering or the different stages of the medication management process in which errors can arise. Lost in such learning sometimes is the patient perspective, the voice that emphasises the importance of keeping the patients and families central to conversations about patient safety. More recently, published accounts of patient and provider stories relate their personal experiences with patient safety incidents.5–7 However, having actual patients tell their stories and interact directly with learners is a novel educational approach for patient safety training that warrants consideration for several important reasons.

First, there is an obvious appeal to involving patients and families in health professions education because they provide an authentic perspective on avoidable harm resulting from patient safety incidents. Beyond that however, their involvement may serve to address some important challenges that educators face when implementing a patient safety educational programme. Some programmes struggle to make leaning about patient safety engaging or interesting, or find that learners fail to see the …
Ignition Interlocks As a Component of the Judicial and Treatment Systems

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper describes how evaluation studies have indicated that the effects of interlock programs are quite robust. However, there are little if any residual effects in terms of preventing impaired driving once the device is removed. There have been two approaches that have been utilized to overcome the temporary nature of the interlock effect. These are: (1) improving the ability of the Judicial system, primarily probation departments and motor vehicle authorities in predicting which DWI offenders pose the highest risk to public safety if they become fully re-licensed and no longer controlled by the interlock, or those offenders who choose to drive impaired even while under restraint; and (2) improving the quality of DWI treatment programs while the offender is still required to be on an interlock.
Antihypertensive therapy and de-stiffening of the arteries

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Importance of the field: There is no doubt as to the existence of a significant relationship between the pulsatile blood pressure component and cardiovascular risk. In hypertensive subjects, cardiovascular event risk reduction is mainly associated with the normalization of systolic blood pressure. Systolic blood pressure and pulse pressure in the ascending aorta exceeds brachial systolic and pulse pressure significantly.
Vaccine coverage and compliance in Mexico with the two-dose and three-dose rotavirus vaccines

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Worldwide, rotavirus infection has been a leading cause of severe diarrhea morbidity and mortality. Two rotavirus vaccines have been used in the National Immunization Program (NIP) in Mexico; two-dose Rotarix from 2006 to 2011 and three-dose RotaTeq since 2011. This study assessed coverage (receiving at least one dose or full dose series) in eligible infants, compliance (% completing dose series and % completing series on schedule) in eligible infants vaccinated with Rotarix (2010) versus RotaTeq (2012), using Mexican Social Security Institute data nationwide and by regions. In 2010, 80.7% received at least one dose of Rotarix, 75.6% received both doses and 57.0% received both doses on schedule. In 2012, 85.7% received at least one dose of RotaTeq, 61.0% received all three doses and 43.2% received all three doses on schedule. More eligible infants received all doses with Rotarix versus RotaTeq (p < 0.001). Among infants vaccinated with Rotarix versus RotaTeq, 93.7% versus 71.1% completed full series (p < 0.001), and 75.5% versus 70.9% completed full series on schedule (p = 0.105), respectively. The full series coverage and compliance decreased in all regions with RotaTeq compared with Rotarix. In conclusion, rotavirus vaccination has successfully reduced morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years in Mexico. This study found significant differences in full series coverage and compliance among infants and a higher proportion of completed scheduled at an earlier age in Mexico when comparing a two-dose vaccine in 2010 with a three-dose vaccine in 2012. Such differences might need to be taken into consideration to maximize NIP benefits, including early protection of the rotavirus vaccination program.
Shock Induced Ignition in a Model Scramjet

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Preliminary tests were performed on shock induced ignition, to investigate the possibility in flight of injecting fuel upstream of a scramjet combustion chamber, where it could mix but not burn. Ignition of the premixed fuel and air mixture would subsequently occur due to shock heating at the combustion chamber intake. The experiments were performed in the shock tunnel laboratory of the Australian National University. Hydrogen was injected at a condition where it could not sustain combustion, and it was then heated by the passage of an oblique shock wave. In the central injection mode ignition followed rapidly after shock reflection. In the wall injection mode it was not possible to induce ignition under conditions where hydrogen would not burn without compression. Moreover, under conditions where combustion was possible, the passage of the shock did nothing to enhance combustion. The failure of shock stabilized combustion with wall injection is attributed to the quenching effect of the cold model walls. Numerical modelling of the fuelmixing region was found to give qualitative agreement with some of the effects observed.
Method for self-mixing interference signal analysis based on Kalman filter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a new signal processing method based on Kalman filter is presented for self-mixing displacement sensor. Based on the approximate linearized model of a LD, the robust Kalman filter is designed for an estimation of system parameters and target displacement. The proposed signal processing algorithm increases the resolution well beyond half-wavelength, without any external optical components, preliminary separate measurements, or target surface preparation. Simulation analysis and experiments have been done to illustrate the validity and the effectiveness of the method. These results show that the displacement estimation is good with little noise and the estimated accuracy of about λ/20 is achievable.
Subsequent cardiac surgery after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Indications and outcomes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Subsequent open-cardiac surgery after TAVI is rare, but may urgently become necessary due to TAVI related complications or progressing other cardiac pathologies. Despite a substantial early attrition rate clinical outcome is acceptable and a relevant number of these high-risk patients can be discharged even after emergency conversions. The option of subsequent surgical conversion remains.
Eastman increases plasticizer capacity in Estonia, posts 29% sales rise in 3Q 2010

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Eastman Chemical has completed an expansion of its Benzoflex™ plasticizer line at the Kohtla-Järve site in Estonia, increasing capacity for the product by 11 000 tonnes. Benzoflex is a benzoate ester plasticizer used in polyvinyl chloride applications such as vinyl flooring as well as in adhesives, sealants and caulks.
Arbitrary phase shift of a semiconductor quantum dot charge qubit on a short time scale

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present an experimental technique to better control the phase of an electron charge qubit, formed by a GaAs double quantum dot. A standard non-adiabatic gate pulse is used to generate the qubit rotation around the x-axis of the Bloch sphere. To gain good control of the z-rotation (the phase) on a short time scale, a fast 130 ps tipping pulse is superimposed on the non-adiabatic pulse. The two-axis gate operation is exhibited in the composite pulse excited qubit evolution spectrum. We demonstrate that the dynamic phase can be varied continuously from 0 to by varying the amplitude of the tipping pulse. The understanding of the spectrum is validated through simulation of the von Neumann equation.
Legal Protection of Well-known Trademark Rights in China : History, Current Situation and Challenge

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The legal term of “Well-Known Trademark” first appeared in the 1883 Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, which sets forth the principles for granting special protection to well-known trademarks. In recent years, Sino-US disputes over intellectual property protection have the trend to upgrade, and among these disputes, well-known trademark protection is an important cornerstone. In recent years in China, the well-known trademark protection system is still relatively week comparing to developed countries, so the protection of well-known trademark becomes particularly urgent and necessary under the threat of trade sanctions and market access losses from external pressure from the United States. Compared to the USA, the Europe and other Asian countries, we shall make some improvements including: (1) Proposed the establishment of a special law to protect well-known trademarks, (2) Clear definition of well-known trademark, (3) Clear identification of institution for recognition of well-known trademark, (4) Strengthen the protection of well-known trademarks on the network, (5) Establish a joint trademark and defensive trademark system, (6) Increase legal enforcement. Moreover, the time is ripe for adopting anti-dilution provisions to afford greater protection to truly well-known trademarks.
Sensitivity Analysis of Mechanical Parameters of Collapse Roof of Carbonate Rock Deep Buried Oilfield

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Carbonate rock oilfields account for two-thirds of proven marine carbonate oilfield reserves, which are the primary way to increase future oil and gas energy reserves. Cave collapses occur during the process of oil reservoir development, seriously affecting oil production. In order to reveal the collapse failure mechanism of carbonate karst caves and predict whether the fracture cave type oil reservoir will collapse before drilling, a binary depth reduction method for determining the critical collapse depth of karst caves is proposed based on the Tahe fracture cave type oil reservoir. The sensitivity of karst cave collapses to multiple factors is analyzed, and a prediction formula for the critical collapse depth of karst caves with changes in the deformation modulus, the internal friction angle, and the cohesion is established through multiple regression analysis. By calculating and analyzing the numerical values of a large number of operating conditions under different mechanical parameters, the failure process, failure mode, and the change law of collapse depth during the Tahe oilfield destruction process were obtained. We used the established formula for predicting the collapse depth of karst caves to predict and analyze the actual distribution of karst caves in the Tahe oilfield. The calculation and analysis results showed that in the karst cave failure mode characterized by vertical shear failure, the cohesive force is the most sensitive factor affecting cave collapse, followed by the internal friction angle. The deformation modulus is hardly sensitive to the influence of the karst collapse. Through the geomechanical model test, the result verified the accuracy and reliability of the calculation results. The research results will provide necessary theoretical support for the large-scale safe extraction of deep petroleum resources, increase oil production in China, and have important theoretical significance and engineering application value.
Reduction of RIE Induced Ge Surface Roughness by SF6-CF4 Cyclic Etching Method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The SF 6 -CF 4 cyclic RIE etching method is proposed in this work to effectively control the surface roughness and morphology of Ge Fins, aiming at the fabrication of superior Ge FinFETs for future CMOS applications. It is found that the surface roughness of Ge after RIE etching can be sufficiently suppressed by introducing SF 6 -O 2 etching steps into CF 4 -O 2 etching, with remaining a relatively large selectivity of vertical etching to horizontal etching of Ge. As a result, with a SF 6 -O 2 proportion of 60%, an optimized RMS roughness of 0.9 nm has been revealed for Ge surfaces after etching with a selectivity of over 4 for vertical etching to horizontal etching of Ge.