jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Study for how to reduce highway noise levels using TNM

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Median barriers are widely used on roadways in the US. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate a median barrier performance in reducing traffic noise using the Traffic Noise Model version 2.5. For this study, median barriers were modeled on three different roadway configurations at grade, depressed, and elevated. The analysis results indicated that the range of insertion loss for a median barrier at grade was less than 1.5 dBA with a barrier height of 2.5 ft to 10 ft. The range of insertion loss for a median barrier on a depressed roadway (5 ft, 10 ft, and 20 ft below grade) was 0 dBA to 2.8 dBA with a barrier height of 2.5 ft to 4.5 ft and insertion loss increased up to 4.3 dBA with a taller barrier height of 6 ft to 10 ft. On an elevated roadway (5 ft, 10 ft, and 20 ft above grade), the range of insertion loss for a median barrier was 0 dBA to 1.7dBA with a barrier height of 2.5 ft to 10 ft. Given the results of this research, it is reasonable to conclude that a standard median barrier would not provide a significant level of noise reduction.
Media freedom in Ukraine in the context of constitutional reform

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This paper discusses whether there have been changes to ensure media freedom in Ukraine in the context of constitutional reform. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This is comparative explanatory research. The author uses a process-tracing method and an observation method to analyze media freedom under the presidential-parliamentary republic during the second term of Kuchma’s presidency and under a parliamentary-presidential republic during Yushchenko’s presidency. I summarize descriptive statistics on such indicators of media freedom as political, economic, and legal environment according to the Freedom House data. I also use the analysis of scholars and other non-governmental organizations. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The analysis of the political situation in Ukraine explains the reasons for the constitutional reform and the democratization of the media system. I systematize data from the Freedom House reports on the indicators, present the results in a graphic form, and make conclusions from the comparisons. RESEARCH RESULTS: The study shows that changing the political system to a parliamentary-presidential due to the Orange Revolution intensified reforms guaranteeing media freedom in Ukraine. However, the reforms were not at the level expected by the supporters of the Orange Revolution. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The introduction of the parliamentary-presidential model intensified the competition and conflicts between the presidential and parliamentary-government centers of power. It created polarized and chaotic conditions in journalists’ work. The legal environment for the media has not improved significantly. There was a reduction of political influence on the media. The improvement in the economic environment did not occur because the pressure exerted by the ruling elites on the mass media went from the political to the economic dimension.
Research on cGAS STING Signaling Pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The cGAS-STING signaling pathway serves as a pivotal component of innate immunity, enabling the detection of cytoplasmic DNA to initiate immune responses against pathogens, tumors, and cellular damage. This pathway is activated when cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) binds to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), catalyzing the synthesis of the second messenger 2′3′-cGAMP. cGAMP subsequently binds to the endoplasmic reticulum adaptor STING, triggering its oligomerization, translocation to the Golgi apparatus, and recruitment of TBK1 and IRF3. Phosphorylated IRF3 induces type I interferons (IFN-I), which orchestrate antiviral and antitumor responses. Recent studies highlight the dual roles of this pathway: it not only defends against viral infections (e.g., herpesvirus, poxvirus, and HIV) and suppresses tumorigenesis by recognizing genomic instability but also contributes to autoimmune disorders (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus) due to aberrant self-DNA sensing. In cancer, cGAS-STING activation can paradoxically promote metastasis in certain contexts, underscoring its context-dependent complexity. Clinically, targeting this pathway has emerged as a therapeutic strategy, with cGAS inhibitors (e.g., aspirin-mediated acetylation) and STING agonists/antagonists under development. However, challenges persist, including systemic toxicity, drug delivery efficiency, and balancing immune activation versus suppression. This review synthesizes current advances, unresolved questions, and translational prospects of the cGAS-STING pathway in health and disease.
Bat Ensembles Differ in Response to Use Zones in a Tropical Biosphere Reserve

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biosphere reserves, designated under The United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) Man and Biosphere Programme, aim to sustainably integrate protected areas into the biological and economic landscape around them by buffering strictly protected habitats with zones of limited use. However, the effectiveness of biosphere reserves and the contribution of the different zones of use to protection is poorly known. We assessed the diversity and activity of bats in the Crocker Range Biosphere Reserve (CRBR) in Sabah, Malaysia, using harp traps, mist nets and acoustic surveys in each zone—core, buffer, transition and in agricultural plots outside of the reserve. We captured 30 species, bringing the known bat fauna of CRBR to 50 species, half of Borneo’s bat species. Species composition and acoustic activity varied among zones and by foraging ensemble, with the core and buffer showing particular importance for conserving forest-dependent insectivorous bats. Frugivorous bats were found in all zones but were the most abundant and most species-rich ensemble within agricultural sites. Although sampling was limited, bat diversity and activity was low in the transition zone compared to other zones, indicating potential for management practices that increase food availability and enhance biodiversity value. We conclude that, collectively, the zones of the CRBR effectively protect diversity, but the value of the transition zone can be improved.
Protein Profiling In Alanine Aminotransferase Induced Patient Cohort Using Acetaminophen

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Sensitive and predictive DILI (Drug Induced Liver Injury) biomarkers are needed in drug R&D to improve early detection of hepatotoxicity. The discovery of DILI biomarkers that demonstrate the predictive power to identify individuals at risk to DILI would represent a major advance in the development of personalized healthcare approaches. In this healthy volunteer acetaminophen study (4g/day for 7 days, with 3 monitored nontreatment days before and 4 after), 450 serum samples from 32 subjects were analyzed using protein profiling by antibody suspension bead arrays. Multiparallel protein profiles were generated using a DILI target protein array with 300 antibodies, where the antibodies were selected based on previous literature findings of putative DILI biomarkers and a screening process using pre dose samples from the same cohort. Of the 32 subjects, 16 were found to develop an elevated ALT value (2Xbaseline, responders). Using the plasma profiling approach together with multivariate statistical analysis some novel findings linked to lipid metabolism were found and more important, endogenous protein profiles in baseline samples (prior to treatment) with predictive power for ALT elevations were identified.
Dietary fiber monosaccharide content alters gut microbiome composition and fermentation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Members of the mammalian gut microbiota metabolize diverse complex carbohydrates that are not digested by the host, which are collectively labeled “dietary fiber.” While the enzymes and transporters that each strain uses to establish a nutrient niche in the gut are often exquisitely specific, the relationship between carbohydrate structure and microbial ecology is imperfectly understood. The present study takes advantage of recent advances in complex carbohydrate structure determination to test the effects of fiber monosaccharide composition on microbial fermentation. Fifty-five fibers with varied monosaccharide composition were fermented by a pooled feline fecal inoculum in a modified MiniBioReactor array system over a period of 72 hours. The content of the monosaccharides glucose and xylose was significantly associated with the reduction of pH during fermentation, which was also predictable from the concentrations of the short-chain fatty acids lactic acid, propionic acid, and the signaling molecule indole-3-acetic acid. Microbiome diversity and composition were also predictable from monosaccharide content and SCFA concentration. In particular, the concentrations of lactic acid and propionic acid correlated with final alpha diversity and were significantly associated with the relative abundance of several of the genera, including Lactobacillus and Dubosiella . Our results suggest that monosaccharide composition offers a generalizable method to compare any dietary fiber of interest and uncover links between diet, gut microbiota, and metabolite production. IMPORTANCE The survival of a microbial species in the gut depends on the availability of the nutrients necessary for that species to survive. Carbohydrates in the form of non-host digestible fiber are of particular importance, and the set of genes possessed by each species for carbohydrate consumption can vary considerably. Here, differences in the monosaccharides that are the building blocks of fiber are considered for their impact on both the survival of different species of microbes and on the levels of microbial fermentation products produced. This work demonstrates that foods with similar monosaccharide content will have consistent effects on the survival of microbial species and on the production of microbial fermentation products.
Nicotine exposure and bronchial epithelial cell nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression in the pathogenesis of lung cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nonstandard abbreviations used: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAchR); acetylcholine (Ach); N′Nitrosonornicotine (NNN); 4(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1butanone (NNK); normal human bronchial epithelial cell (NHBE); small airway epithelial cell (SAEC); protein kinase B (PKB); B cell lymphoma 2 (BLC2); trans-retinoic acid (RA); retinoic acid receptor (RAR); Janus kinase 2 (JAK2); mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK); retinoid X
A Forum for Researchers: A Reply to “Formal Thinking Strategies: A Prerequisite for Learning Basic Facts?”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Two questions were posed and examined to elucidate how thinking strategies relate to basic facts instruction. The first of the two questions was “Are thinking strategies indeed necessary for learning basic facts?” The answer to this question historically depended on whether one was a drill theorist or a meaning theorist. The drill theorist would answer in the negative, and the meaning theorist would answer in the affirmative. Obviously, the question has no answer solely in empirical research because the empirical research always stands to be interpreted. A prime example is the interpretation of the Brownell and Chazal (1935) study. Brownell {1935) presented this study as being disconfirmatory of a major assumption made in the administration of drill. The assumption is that when the teacher administers flash-card drill on number combinations such as 4 + 3 = 7, “she expects all pupils to think silently or to say aloud ‘4 and 3 are 7,’ ‘8 less 6 are 2,’ and so on. It is her belief that by such repetition the children will come eventually to respond only and always ‘7,’ ‘2,’ etc. on presentation of the corresponding combination items” (p. 8).
New perspectives on viable microbial communities in low-biomass cleanroom environments

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The advent of phylogenetic DNA microarrays and high-throughput pyrosequencing technologies has dramatically increased the resolution and accuracy of detection of distinct microbial lineages in mixed microbial assemblages. Despite an expanding array of approaches for detecting microbes in a given sample, rapid and robust means of assessing the differential viability of these cells, as a function of phylogenetic lineage, remain elusive. In this study, pre-PCR propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment was coupled with downstream pyrosequencing and PhyloChip DNA microarray analyses to better understand the frequency, diversity and distribution of viable bacteria in spacecraft assembly cleanrooms. Sample fractions not treated with PMA, which were indicative of the presence of both live and dead cells, yielded a great abundance of highly diverse bacterial pyrosequences. In contrast, only 1% to 10% of all of the pyrosequencing reads, arising from a few robust bacterial lineages, originated from sample fractions that had been pre-treated with PMA. The results of PhyloChip analyses of PMA-treated and -untreated sample fractions were in agreement with those of pyrosequencing. The viable bacterial population detected in cleanrooms devoid of spacecraft hardware was far more diverse than that observed in cleanrooms that housed mission-critical spacecraft hardware. The latter was dominated by hardy, robust organisms previously reported to survive in oligotrophic cleanroom environments. Presented here are the findings of the first ever comprehensive effort to assess the viability of cells in low-biomass environmental samples, and correlate differential viability with phylogenetic affiliation.
Enhanced inflammation in subgroups of metabolic syndrome irrespective of glycaemic status

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objectives of this study were toinvestigate the inflammation and endothelial activationbiomarkers in subjects with metabolic syndrome (MS)subgroups irrespective ofstatus. Subjects (n=319) were categorized into MS subgroups [diabetes mellitus (MSDM),impaired fastig glucose (MSIFG) and normoglycemia (MSNG)] and normal controls (NC).Inflammatory biomarkers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6) andendothelial activation (soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesionmolecule-1 and E-selectin) were measured and compared between the groups. MS subjectshad significant increase in all biomarkers compared to NC subjects. Glycaemic status in MS subgroups did not show any association with the quartiles of all biomarkers, except forinterleukin-6. This may partially explain their increased coronary risk.Keywords: metabolic syndrome; glycaemic status; inflammation; endothelial activation
Health Tourism and Alternative Medicine: a Study on the Offer and Profile of Establishments nearby Two Hospitals in the City of Porto Alegre-Brazil

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Alternative medicine is a term that describes medical treatments that are used instead of traditional therapies. About 40% of adults in the United States say they use some form of alternative medicine. We analyze establishments that offer alternative treatments and are located in the vicinity of hospitals that receive health tourists. We found 10 establishments (through Google search) but only 04 responded to the survey. The reason for not performing in the other 06 was: 01 was not in attendance, in 03 it was not possible to contact, 01 was not found and 01 refused to respond. Among those who answered, 03 were not aware of health tourism. All attend patients from outside Porto Alegre and 03 from other states and countries. The percentage of out-of-town patient visits ranged from 0 to 10% in two establishments and 31 to 40% in two others. Chiropractic and Reike were the most commonly offered therapies, followed by Bach Flowers and others such as Orthomolecular Medicine, Chromotherapy and Aromatherapy. All the establishments have pages in the internet but only in 01 it is possible to obtain information in another language (in English, in the page of the parent company). We conclude that health tourism is still unknown by alternative medicine establishments and that even among those who receive patients from other sources, the movement can be considered small in half of them. Lack of sites in other languages may be a barrier to foreign tourists.
End-diastolic velocity mediates the relationship between renal resistive index and the risk of death

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Renal resistive index predicts the risk of death in many populations but the mechanism linking renal resistive index and death remains elusive. Renal resistive index is derived from end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and peak systolic velocity (PSV). However, the predictive value of EDV or PSV considered alone is unknown. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 2362 consecutive patients who received a kidney transplant from 1985 to 2017. EDV and PSV were measured at 3 months after transplantation, renal resistive index was calculated, and the risk of death was assessed [median follow-up: 6.25 years (0.25–29.15); total observation period: 13 201 patient-years]. Results: Doppler indices were available in 1721 of 2362 (78.9%) patients (exclusions: 113 who died or returned to dialysis before, 427 with no Doppler studies, 27 with renal artery stenosis, 74 missing values). Among them, 279 (16.4%) had diabetes before transplantation. Mean age was 51.5 ± 14.7, 1097 (63.7%) were male. During follow-up, 217 of 1721 (12.6%) patients died. Renal resistive index and EDV shared many determinants (notably systolic, diastolic and pulse pressure, recipient age and diabetes) unlike renal resistive index and PSV. EDV used as a binary [lowest tertile vs. higher values: (hazard ratio: 2.57 (1.96–3.36), P < 0.001)] and as a continuous (the lower EDV, the greater the risk of death) variable was significantly associated with the risk of death. This finding was confirmed in multivariable analyses. Prediction of similar magnitude was found for renal resistive index. No association was found between PSV used as a binary or a continuous variable and the risk of death. Conclusion: Low EDV explains high renal resistive index, and the mechanism-linking renal resistive index to the risk of death is through low EDV.
Driver Distraction and Inattention

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In UDRIVE, the major focus of the work on driver inattention and distraction has been focused on obtaining a better understanding of whether and how drivers manage their secondary task activities — when they choose to engage, what tasks they select, whether they adjust their activity to different situations and whether they are willing to surrender secondary task activities as the primary task of driving becomes more demanding. In other words, the focus is on self-regulation, on how drivers manage their secondary task activity in the context of the dynamics of the traffic and road situation. That management includes the determination not to engage in such tasks in the first place or only to engage in some particular activities. NDS are particularly suited to such an investigation, since experimental studies in driving simulators and even on test tracks tend to suffer from an instruction effect, in that participants are typically instructed to carry out an activity at a given moment. Thus such experimental studies provide insight into how driver attention, driver information processing and driving performance are affected by secondary tasks, but are less useful when research is focused on driver management of task activity.
The ‘Shame of America’: African-American Civil Rights and the Politics of Childhood

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

African Americans, from former slaves like Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs to twentieth-century activists like W. E. B. Du Bois and Martin Luther King, Jr., commonly used ideas about childhood to explain the meaning of America's struggle for racial equality (Douglass, 1845; Du Bois, 1903; Jacobs, 1861). But unlike participants in that struggle, historians have not recognised the centrality of ideas about childhood to the civil rights movement. The recent explosion of interest in the history of childhood, however, has encouraged scholars to explore changing notions of childhood and the lived experiences of children in the past, and to connect the history of childhood to larger historiographical subjects and debates. This chapter suggests that ideas about childhood and children's rights in the post-WWII era significantly influenced the political culture of the United States and were central to the struggle for African-American civil rights and to public perceptions of that struggle. During this period, the politics of childhood encouraged America to protect its future and to prove its political fitness, and even legitimacy, by extending to all American children the rights of childhood.
Downregulation of the HCN1 Channel Alleviates Anxiety‐ and Depression‐Like Behaviors in Mice With Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury by Suppressing the NLRP3 Inflammasome

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background Post‐stroke depression (PSD) is a prevalent neuropsychiatric complication of stroke. However, the mechanisms underlying PSD are still unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of HCN1 (hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated cation channel 1) in the pathogenesis of PSD and its underlying mechanisms. Methods The PSD mice model was established by middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo. Four weeks after middle cerebral artery occlusion, anxiety‐ and depression‐like behaviors of mice were evaluated by various behavioral tests. HCN channels were downregulated by pharmacological inhibitor or neuron‐specific adeno‐associated virus. The oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation model in SY5Y cells was used to study the pathogenesis of PSD in vitro. Results Mice exhibited anxiety‐ and depression‐like behavior 4 weeks after middle cerebral artery occlusion, along with a significant increase in HCN1 protein expression in the ischemic hippocampus. Furthermore, the I h current on neurons in the hippocampus was notably enhanced, whereas neuronal excitability was decreased in PSD mice. Treatment with HCN channel selective inhibitor ZD7288 protected SY5Y cells against oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation injury by suppressing K + efflux. Additionally, we observed a significant increase in protein expressions of NLRP3 (nucleotide‐binding domain‐like receptor protein 3) inflammasome pathway‐related molecules in the ischemic hippocampus of PSD mice. Knockdown of HCN1 channels via virus injection into the hippocampus resulted in decreased protein expressions of NLRP3 inflammasome‐related molecules and improvement in anxiety‐ and depression‐like behaviors in PSD mice. Conclusions Downregulation of HCN1 channels has a beneficial effect on PSD by suppressing the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway, thus offering promise as a strategy for preventing and treating PSD.