jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Eradication Therapies for HIV Infection: Time to Begin Again

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in decreasing mortality for HIV-1-infected patients, ART has not cured the disease. A persistent viral reservoir in the T cells of HIV patients receiving potent ART is a significant barrier preventing eradication of HIV infection. We will briefly review what is known about the mechanisms that establish and maintain persistent HIV infection despite ART, to create a framework in which to consider approaches to the clearance or eradication of infection (“cure”), or to allow clinical stability in the absence of ART (“functional cure”). With regard to eradication therapies, it could be said that as a field our position is analogous to that of ART early in the HIV pandemic. As then we must now simultaneously develop and optimize platforms and paradigms for the discovery and testing of eradication therapies, and begin to advance candidate therapies toward human testing.
Exploration of COVID‐19 related fears deterring from blood donation in India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction The coronavirus pandemic (COVID‐19) has impacted and pushed the healthcare settings to extremes across the globe. It was extremely challenging to sustain blood donation, and strategies could be formulated on knowing fears hindering blood donation. Methods A cross‐sectional survey using Google Forms ® through WhatsApp and email after obtaining the ethical clearance. The survey questionnaire was validated for content using the Delphi technique, and pilot tested for finalization. Results The survey was attempted by 1066 participants, and 749 participants who had not donated since pandemic were included in the study. A little more than half, 415 (55%) reported either one or more than one fear during the pandemic which hindered blood donation. They reported lack of confidence in the safety measures at the hospitals and fear of transmitting infection to family, in 415 (55%) of the participants each, respectively. The fear of COVID‐19 hospital infection risk and hospital entry was statistically significant across the age groups that are eligible for blood donation. Conclusions The clear and dedicated confidence building measures to sustain blood donation using all communication modalities clearly emerge as the most important strategies to augment blood donation in the COVID‐19 pandemic. The measures should include information about implementation of safety measures to mitigate COVID‐19 transmission at the blood centres and that the act of blood donation does not increase risk of COVID‐19 and therefore the risk of transmission of infection to family.
Chemical Characterization on the Aromatic Composition of Cedrus Atlantica from Morocco in Two Geographical Areas will Break

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Essential oils have various properties in different fields of application. This work entitled on the chemical characterization of Cedrus Atlantica of Morocco in two geographical zones will break: Cedrus Atlantica of Ajdir (khenifra region) (CAA) and Cedrus Atlantica of Wiwane (Azrou region) (CAW) which belongs to the family Pinaceae. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation of the aerial parts (stems, leaves and flowers) of Atlantica Cedrus and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The analyzes show that Cedrus Atlantica Ajdir (CAA) has Î²-Himachalene as the major constituent of this essential oil with a content of approximately (31,24)%, followed by Î±-Himachalene (15,63%) and Î³-Himachalene (14.46%), with a percentage of 61.33%. For Wiwane Cedrus Atlantica (CAW) Î²-Himachalene (28.85%), Î±-Himachalene (17.93%) and Î³ -Himachalene (16.52%) are the major constituent, with a percentage of 63.3% .The recorded yields are: 1.94%) for Cedrus Atlantica of Ajdir (CAA) and (2.09%) for Cedrus Atlantica of Wiwane (CAW).
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF SUSHVIKADI VATI IN PURISHAJA KRIMI(PIN WORM) (A STUDY PROTOCOL)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The term "Krimi" in Ayurveda refers to all worms and microbes. The concept of krimi is not new; references to it date back to the Vedic era. The literature on Ayurveda describes the visible and invisible, or macro and micro, organisms that impact both living and non-living objects in the biosphere. In contemporary medical science, worms and bacteria are studied under different branches called helminthology and microbiology, respectively. However, in Ayurveda, the term "Krimi" refers to both types of worms and microbes. All acharyas in Ayurveda used the name "Krimi," and the majority of authors explained the term's classification, causes, symptoms, and treatments. Ayurvedic doctors have an understanding of Krimis and Krimi rogas ; they have identified as different varieties of Krimis.Thus, in the present study Purishaja Krimi(Pin worm) is taken as the subject of intervention with the drug ‘Sushvikadi Vati’ mentioned in a Arogya Raksha Kalpadrumah, krimi rog chikitsa adhyaya 10) MATERIALS AND METHODS : This prospective, open label, randomized clinical trial will be conducted at, School Of Ayurveda D.Y. Patil Deemed To Be University Navi Mumbai. A total of 60 children of aged 4-13 years irrespective of gender with classical symptoms of Purishaja Krimi (Pin worm )will be enrolled in the study. The outcome will be assessed according to the subjective and objective parameters established respective-ly for the study on each visit. Safety will be assessed based on the incidence of adverse events. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Krimi is the disease of GIT, and it has aaharaj and viharaja Nidana and its samprapti involves vitiation of Tridosha . Its samprapti involves agnimandya and mala dravata and the Ayurvedic formulation chosen for this study, “SUSHVIKADI VATI” usually have Krimighna property out-comes of this trial will suggest probable therapeutic options for the effective management of krimi of children.
Data adaptive filtering approach to improve the classification accuracy of motor imagery for BCI

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a data adaptive pre-filtering method to enhance the motor imagery (MI) classification for brain computer interface (BCI) implementation electroencephalography (EEG). The filtering is implemented using multivariate empirical mode decomposition (MEMD). The MEMD decomposes multivariate EEG signal into a finite set of time varying basis functions called intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Several IMFs are suppressed to improve the intelligibility of the EEG for better classification. The features from pre-filtered EEG are extracted by using common spatial pattern (CSP) which is a spatial filtering approach. The two class MI classification is performed by support vector machine (SVM). The proposed method is evaluated by BCI competition III of dataset IVa. Its performance is higher compared to that of the recently developed algorithm.
The role of community libraries in the alleviation of information poverty for sustainable development

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This literature review focused on the role of rural community libraries in minimizing information poverty. The potentials of rural community libraries in promoting sustainable development are discussed in this article. The necessity of information poverty alleviation for sustainable development is also discussed. The study found that information poverty is an obstacle whereas information is a key to achieving sustainable development. The study also found that community library is not only a library of few shelves of books but also a hub of the local communities, particularly of the rural and disadvantaged communities offering a continuously changeable information resource for the community. It empowers individuals and communities to help them reach their goals. It lays down the foundation stone for sustainable development. Key words: Community library, information poverty, sustainable development.
Performance evaluations of SRMTP for reliable multicasting over satellite networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A wide variety of network applications require the use of reliable multicast protocols to disseminate data from one source to a potentially large number of receivers simultaneously. Broadband satellite is an ideal transmission medium to support such applications. Although several reliable multicast protocols have been proposed for the Internet, they are not optimized for satellite networks, and the only known protocol developed specifically for reliable multicasting over satellite networks is MFTP. In this paper, we propose a novel set of window-based satellite reliable multicast transport protocols (SRMTPs) for bulk data transfer over broadband satellite networks, with and without the aid of satellite onboard processing (OBP) and buffering (OBB). These protocols employ a judicious combination of negative and positive acknowledgment sent over the shared return satellite channel in a round-robin fashion. Performance evaluation by simulations shows that SRMTP generally outperforms MFTP, especially when it is enhanced by OBP and OBB.
Evaluating key factors influencing the development of multi-country consolidation for ocean freight forwarders in Taiwan

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The development of multi-country consolidation services has become a major feasible direction for major ocean freight forwarding firms in Taiwan. However, ocean freight forwarding firms must ponder which factors are most important when considering with the development of multi-country consolidation services. Therefore, the main purpose of this article was to apply the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method to evaluate the key factors influencing the development of multi-country consolidation services for ocean freight forwarding firms in Taiwan. Based on the literature and experts’ opinions, a hierarchical structure with 4 assessment aspects and 16 assessment factors was first constructed, and the steps of fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method then proposed. Finally, based on the analytic hierarchy process experts’ questionnaires, we used the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process method to evaluate the key factors. The results showed that (1) “cost” is the most important aspect influencing the development of multi-country consolidation services for ocean freight forwarding firms in Taiwan; (2) in order of relative importance, the top eight key factors influencing the development of multi-country consolidation services for ocean freight forwarding firms in Taiwan are “cargo accuracy and tracking management,”“consolidation cost,”“deregulation of operations,”“transport cost,”“integrated logistics information management,”“high frequency of ship sailings,”“logistics-related operating costs,” and “convenience of customs clearance,” respectively. Furthermore, some discussions and recommendations concerning practical implications are provided for ocean freight forwarding firms operating in the multi-country consolidation market.
Production of a manual on testing methods for the use of bamboo in engineering applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Tests on different properties of bamboo are being conducted in many laboratories in bamboo-growing countries. In the absence of standards that prescribe definite methods, the laboratory staff often has to improvise and innovate to find clever methods or tools. In many cases, such useful information stays inside the originating lab owing to lack of exchange of such knowIedge. To remedy this, a laboratory manual is proposed with the purpose of publishing testing methods being practiced in laboratories in different parts of the world. Such a publication will also form a practical how-to-do manual, explaining the steps involved in performing tests according to the International Standard on Testing of Bamboo for the Determination of Mechanical Properties (see this volume).
[Sarcoidosis presenting as symptomatic myopathy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report the case of a 46-year old man who presented with symptomatic myopathy. Muscle biopsy revealed epithelioid granulomas consistent with sarcoidosis. The patient had no symptoms other than those of muscle involvement. He responded well to a moderate dose of corticosteroid. We discuss the differential diagnosis of this rare illness.
Michigan-style fuzzy GBML with (1+1)-ES generation update and multi-pattern rule generation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A variety of fuzzy genetics-based machine learning algorithms have been proposed in the frameworks of Michigan and Pittsburgh approaches. Since each individual is a single rule, Michigan-style algorithms need much less computation time than Pittsburgh-style algorithms where each individual is a rule set. For the same reason, Michigan-style algorithms cannot directly optimize rule sets. Rule set optimization is indirectly performed by optimizing each rule. In this paper, we propose the use of the (1+1)-ES generation update in Michigan-style algorithms. This is for directly performing rule set optimization without losing their high computational efficiency. We also propose a multi-pattern-based rule generation method to generate a fuzzy rule from multiple patterns in a heuristic manner. We demonstrate high efficiency and high generalization ability of our newly proposed Michigan-style algorithm through computational experiments on 19 data sets with 4-310 attributes and 2-15 classes.
[Methanol from ethanol? On cleavage of the ethanol carbon bond and methanol formation within the scope of microbial metabolic processes].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

While making investigations into microbiological literature, the following question was looked into: Are microorganisms able to generate methanol from the basic carbon frame of ethanol? Due to carbon monoxide dehydrogenase complexes some methanogens and acetate oxidisers are able to cleave the carbon bond of acetyl-CoA. Coenzyme bonded methyl groups (methyl-H4MPT, methyl-CoM, methyl-THF) are generated both by means of reduction (methano-genesis) and by means of oxidation (CO2 evolution) of the C2-unit. Usually these are looked at as precursors of methanol. Methanotrophs and certain methylotrophs are able to oxidise methane to methanol by means of oxigenase complexes. The C1-unit supplies coenzyme bonded CO; carbon monoxide can be reduced to methanol very effectively by several Clostridia. Both in vivo analysis of intestinal gases of alcoholised individuals and incubation experiments with certain intestinal groups with marked alcohol, might contribute in judging the real importance of the intestinal micro flora with regard to the problems of ethanol congeners.
Long-term mortality rates and associated risk factors following primary and revision knee arthroplasty

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims The aim of this study was to determine the long-term mortality rate, and to identify factors associated with this, following primary and revision knee arthroplasty (KA). Methods Data from the Scottish Arthroplasty Project (1998 to 2019) were retrospectively analyzed. Patient mortality data were linked from the National Records of Scotland. Analyses were performed separately for the primary and revised KA cohorts. The standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated for the population at risk. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards were used to identify predictors and estimate relative mortality risks. Results At a median 7.4 years (interquartile range (IQR) 4.0 to 11.6) follow-up, 27.8% of primary (n = 27,474/98,778) and 31.3% of revision (n = 2,611/8,343) KA patients had died. Both primary and revision cohorts had lower mortality rates than the general population (SMR 0.74 (95% CI 0.73 to 0.74); p < 0.001; SMR 0.83 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.86); p < 0.001, respectively), which persisted for 12 and eighteight years after surgery, respectively. Factors associated with increased risk of mortality after primary KA included male sex (hazard ratio (HR) 1.40 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.45)), increasing socioeconomic deprivation (HR 1.43 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.50)), inflammatory polyarthropathy (HR 1.79 (95% CI 1.68 to 1.90)), greater number of comorbidities (HR 1.59 (95% CI 1.51 to 1.68)), and periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) requiring revision (HR 1.92 (95% CI 1.57 to 2.36)) when adjusting for age. Similarly, male sex (HR 1.36 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.49)), increasing socioeconomic deprivation (HR 1.31 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.52)), inflammatory polyarthropathy (HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.12 to 1.37)), greater number of comorbidities (HR 1.64 (95% CI 1.33 to 2.01)), and revision for PJI (HR 1.35 (95% 1.18 to 1.55)) were independently associated with an increased risk of mortality following revision KA when adjusting for age. Conclusion The SMR of patients undergoing primary and revision KA was lower than that of the general population and remained so for several years post-surgery. However, approximately one in four patients undergoing primary and one in three patients undergoing revision KA died within ten years of surgery. Several patient and surgical factors, including PJI, were associated with the risk of mortality within ten years of primary and revision surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2022;104-B(1):45–52.
Quantitative and Instrumental Measurements of Grape Flesh Texture as Affected by Gibberellic Acid Application

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To compare the texture of GA3-treated and untreated berries, the deformation at the first major peak (DFP), an indicator of sensory difficulty of breakdown in mastication and the maximum force (MF), an indicator of firmness in a series of puncture tests, were measured using 14 genotypes of American grapes (Vitis labruscana Bailey), European (Vitis vinifera L.) grapes and interspecific hybrids (V. labruscana × V. vinifera). GA3 was applied to clusters of each cultivar at full bloom and 10-16 days after full bloom. While the effect of the GA3 treatment was insignificant for the DFP, GA3-treated berries had a significantly higher MF than the control, indicating that GA3 treatment increased flesh firmness. The genotype × treatment interaction for both DFP and MF was significant, suggesting that the response to the application of GA3 varied, depending on the genotypes. It was possible that GA3 treatment to a cultivar with soft flesh results in a change to crisp flesh (2.5 mm ≥ for DFP and 0.9 N ≤ for MF), which is a desirable texture for table grapes. Soluble solid concentration and titratable acidity in GA3-treated berries were not different from those in untreated berries. Therefore, the effect of GA3 on flesh firmness was suggested to be direct and not the result of a delay in berry ripening.
Molecular and electronic structure of PTCDA on bilayer graphene on SiC(0001) studied with scanning tunneling microscopy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Epitaxial growth of graphene on SiC surfaces by solid state graphitization is a promising route for future development of graphene based electronics. In the present work we study the morphology and molecular scale structure of monolayer films of 3,4,9,10‐perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydrid (PTCDA) on bilayer graphene on SiC(0001) by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). First we discuss how the PTCDA molecules adsorb on bilayer graphene. We specially regard the density of PTCDA molecules at monolayer coverage. From the comparison with experiments on HOPG (Au(111) and Ag(110) from literature) we infer a non‐planar adsorption geometry of PTCDA molecules on bilayer graphene. The electronic structure of the surrounding bilayer graphene substrate is investigated via scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) and reveals n‐type doping of bilayer graphene during adsorption of PTCDA. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Incidence of thromboembolic complications in patients with atrial fibrilation in anamnesis depending on the anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The atrial fibrilation represents one of the most common clinically indicated disorders of the cardiac dysrhythmia. Its increasing incidents correlates with increasing polymorbidity, age and sex of the patients. Nowadays, the number of patients in Czech Republic counts around 1 % of the total Czech Republic population. A prevention of arterial complications represents an important aspect in treating the possible future worsening of a patient health state. The treatment is normally based on the anticoagulant or antiaggregant therapy. The sample size involved 66 patients cured for six months in the Second Department of Surgery, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno. Patients indicated with the increased risk of the arterial fibrillation were distributed into five groups (four groups according to the farmacotherapy of the blood coagulation and one more group of patients for whom the anticoagulant/antiaggregant therapy has not been indicated). A correlation between all the five groups has been investigated with respect to the applied therapy and the incidence of the thromboembolic events. In the full investigated ensemble of patients, the thromboembolic complications were indicated for 23 persons. In the group treated with warfarin, which in total involved 23 patients, seven persons were diagnosed with the arterial complications what represents 30.4%. In the second group, which in total included 29 persons treated with antiaggregation therapy by means of acetylsalicylic acid were 9 patients diagnosed with the thromboembolic complication. In this group, the relative number of impacts represents 31%. Finally, it has been found that in the group with no anti-coagulant therapy the risk of the thromboembolic events increased up to 70%. The obtained results suggest that the risk of the complications is similar in both groups treated by either warfarin or acetylsalicylic acid, which are both common drugs applied in the situations where blood coagulation is an issue. While in the most cases that, in spite of the warfarintreatment, lead to the complications, the reason of the unsuccessful therapy could be associated with the nonoptimal level of INR. Moreover, we cannot also exclude a high rate of the drug therapy interactions as a reason of the anticoagulant or antiaggregant failure.
Crop pest control in China: Advances and perspectives

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

There are many different kinds of crop pests widely distributed in China, which are very complex in occurrence and difficult in prevention and control. They may outbreak suddenly, causing serious damages to crops, and thereby have a significant impact on food security and safety. In the past 70 years, the development of basic research in plant protection in China has made great progress and profound changes, starting from simple agricultural intervention measures to current integrated, biologically-based and environment-friendly protection measures to effectively prevent and control crop pests. These measures are mainly dependent on the progress of innovation in the following fields: better understanding of the epidemic and migration patterns of major crop pests and diseases, elucidation on mechanisms for causing damages to crop by pests, discovery of novel technology and products for control of crop diseases and pests, and establishment of surveillance, early warning and control systems for management of crop pests. With the improvement of the scientific and technological progress in plant protection, the innovation of the future plant protection research will focus on discovery of new epidemic pattern for crop pests; establishment of effective pest detection, monitoring and early warning system; development of green and effective pesticides, biological control products. Thus, sustainable management of crop pests and disease could be reached at local, regional and global levels. In conclusion, development of a full-scale national plant protection technical support system would meet the requirements of the food security and safety and natural environment and contribute to the global Sustainable Development Goals.