jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SOME CONSIDERATIONS OF THE CHEMICAL LIMNOLOGY OF MEROMICTIC LAKE MARY1

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Some features of the chemical limnology of meromictic Lake Mary were compared to similar features of neighboring dimictic Lake Rose. This dimictic lake and the mixolimnion of Lake Mary exhibited similar seasonal variations in their chemical composition. The chemical composition of the monimolimnetic waters of Lake Mary did not vary throughout the 21‐month study. Methane production in Lake Rose began soon after thermal stratification and concentrations in the anoxic hypolimnion reached about 14 mg liter −1 . Methane concentrations in the Lake Mary monimolimnion increased with depth and ranged up to 21 mg liter −1 . The concentration and vertical distribution of CH 4 , together with an alkalinity increase of 22 mg liter −1 above that in the surface waters and an NH 4 + increase of 4.2 mg liter −1 , indicated that biological activity helps sustain the meromixis of Lake Mary. However, the major factor allowing meromixis is the morphometry of the lake basin.
Public Health Expenditures and Health Outcomes: New Evidence from Ghana

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The effect of government spending on population’s health has received attention over the past decades. This study re-examines the link between government health expenditures and health outcomes to establish whether government intervention in the health sector improves outcomes. The study uses annual data for the period 1980–2014 on Ghana. The ordinary least squares (OLS) and the two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimators are employed for analyses; the regression estimates are then used to conduct cost-effectiveness analysis. The results show that, aside from income, public health expenditure contributed to the improvements in health outcomes in Ghana for the period. We find that, overall, increasing public health expenditure by 10% averts 0.102–4.4 infant and under-five deaths in every 1000 live births while increasing life expectancy at birth by 0.77–47 days in a year. For each health outcome indicator, the effect of income dominates that of public spending. The cost per childhood mortality averted ranged from US$0.20 to US$16, whereas the cost per extra life year gained ranged from US$7 to US$593.33 (2005 US$) during the period. Although the health effect of income outweighs that of public health spending, high (and rising) income inequality makes government intervention necessary. In this respect, development policy should consider raising health sector investment inter alia to improve health conditions.
Regional and local maize seed exchange and replacement in the western highlands of Guatemala

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Regional distributions of crop diversity are important to take into account for the spatial design of in situ , farmer-participatory interventions in crop genetic management. Regional seed flows are an important factor in shaping geographical distributions of crop diversity. This study contributes to the insight in these seed flows, focusing on maize ( Zea mays L.) in Chimaltenango, an area in the western highlands of Guatemala. A social survey of 257 households on different aspects of seed management produced information on cultivar naming, seed sources, reasons and causes of the discontinuation of seed lots, and important explanatory variables associated with different seed sources. A small portion of the reported seed lots originated from regional seed sources. The main motivation of regional seed exchange and the discontinuation of seed lots was to achieve change in plant characteristics of the crop, especially to obtain lower plants and shorter growing cycles. It is argued that farmer selection fails to achieve such change, and in fact leads to an equilibrium with high plants and long growing cycles. Seed exchange functions as an escape to this trend. Other factors of influence on seed exchange are altitude and ethnicity. The study also highlights the issue of geographical directionality in seed exchange patterns.
The Configuration Structure of Service Supply Chain Management

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In spite supply chain management is obtaining more attention from researchers, academics and practitioners still mainly conduct research on manufacturing or traditional supply chain management rather than service supply chain management perspective because of nature of industry's complexity. So, research on service supply chain is immature and there is still some deficiency to study on service supply chain management. The main purpose of this research is to identify the configuration structure of service supply chain management by applying the case study of the shooting range sport center in Northeastern, Thailand. Definitions and concept of service supply chain are suggested in the literature review section. Primary data is mainly collected through semi-structured interviews and secondary data is reviewed systematically from academic journals and database. By exploring the configuration structure of service supply chain, the conceptual framework is illustrated to identify the relationship which consider the nature of service supply chain in the particular case study. Finally, the conclusion section is discussed.
Protestos no Brasil: pós-modernidade e midialivrismo com os #jornalistaslivres e #mídianinja

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cyberculture has caused changes in communication processes in the contemporary world, especially in relation to the poles of information production and diffusion, giving significant visibility to free media and post-mass movements, aided by the communication established through portable devices, (Wi-Fi, 3G, 4G) and other digital tools such as social networking sites as well as streaming and collaborative platforms. This new media communication phenomenon, with P2P communication, carries hybrid, convergent and multimedia elements, through which the subjects carry out new media practices and, in this way, put in tension the relations of power in the mediatic ecosystem by acting in Postmodernity post-mass movements, such as midialivrism. In order to understand how this phenomenon occurs, we analyze the configuration of midialivrism (MALINI; ANTOUN, 2013) in a convergent way to social manifestations that have occurred in Brazil since 2013, with the free collectives Mídia NINJA and Jornalistas Livres (Free Journalists), also converging to cyberculture, ruled by the cyberculture laws (LEMOS, 2003). These collectives emerge from this scenario, which mixes cyber-presence activism, providing the basis for reflecting on the points of tension and connection between free-media practices and corporate media, pointing to post-journalism. From the participant observer method, and with the aid of the grounded theory (DIC, 2005), we collect and analyze the material produced by midialivists in cyberculture. Through analysis and interpretation, it resulted in a mapping of a set of midialivist practices. This path made it easier to identify the midialivist's activities in the internet and street networks, and how the three factors (consumption / sharing / production) conditioned each other, ended up connecting, in a demonstration of what this new relationship of free media with Journalism as an alternative media in the mediatized society and how it interacts, in a collaborative way, on the social protest and movements.
AN OVERVIEW OF PHARMACOECONOMICS AND OUTCOMES RESEARCH

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Application of economic evaluations to the pharmaceuticals is termed as Pharmacoeconomics. There is a prolonged significance in the assessment of economic efficiency of health care programmes which is accomplished through economic evaluation where the costs, benefits and consequences of alternative new drugs, therapies and treatments are compared and contrasted. Various fundamental forms of evaluations such as COL, CBA, CMA, CEA etc are widely used and thereby estimates whether the enhanced significance in economic analysis is promising to the patients, clinicians and the society. Outcomes research deals with the identification, measurement and evaluation of the result of health care researches in general.
Sentencing of White-Collar Offenders in U.S. Federal Courts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper begins by discussing variables influencing sentence severity imposed in white-collar cases in federal courts. Sentence outcomes imposed under indeterminate, presumptive, and advisory federal sentencing policies are discussed in terms of the effect of defendant characteristics, legally relevant case characteristics, and process-related variables on the probability of imprisonment, length of imprisonment, and probability of receiving a suspended sentence. Federal sentencing guidelines legalities are presented, with attention to white-collar crimes of larceny, embezzlement, counterfeiting, fraud and deceit, and forgery. Attention shifts to legal issues relevant to the adjudication and sentencing of white-collar offenders. The blurring of criminal and civil law in statutory law governing criminal prosecution and sentencing of white-collar offenders is dicussed. In addition, attention is given to both the offense-specific features of the federal sentencing guidelines, to mechanisms of discretion, and guideline departures, as they apply to sentencing in economic crimes.
The Cultural Divide in Europe: Migration, Multiculturalism, and Political Trust

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the defining features of modern states is their incorporation of notions of political and social community based on shared language, history, and myths. However, large numbers of citizens in modern states have come to believe their national communities are under threat from several modern forces, including immigration. Using the European Social Survey (2002–9), this article explores the extent to which perceived threats posed by large-scale immigration undermine national political communities by reducing trust in national politicians and political institutions. The findings indicate that even after controlling for other predictors of trust in the political system, concerns about the effect of immigration on the national community have an impact on trust in politics. Moreover, having a lengthy postwar history with mass immigration mediates this effect, while the potentially mobilizing effects of far-right parties on the relationship between concern about immigration and political distrust are somewhat limited.
Curcuma roscoeana: Leong-Skornickova, J., Tran, H.D., Newman, M., Lamxay, V. & Bouamanivong, S.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.
The feasibility of using mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) for detecting endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the freshwater environment

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We evaluated the utility of gene-transcriptional responses in the liver of mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), a species introduced to many countries and therefore widely available, for detecting endocrine-disrupting activity in water. Exposure to β-naphthoflavone, an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist, significantly increased the transcript of the cytochrome P4501A gene (cyp1a), peaking at 24 h, in both sexes at concentrations of 10 µg/L or more. 17β-Estradiol (E2) at 500 ng/L increased the number of males showing gene transcription of precursors of yolk protein, vitellogenin (Vtga, Vtgb, and Vtgc), at 24, 48, and 72 h. Exposure for 48 h to bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogen mimic, also increased vtg-positive males at 1 mg/L or more. Leachate from a Japanese stable-type landfill significantly increased vtg-positive males after 48 h exposure, and the in vitro activity of the leachate against the estrogen receptor (ER) was estimated as an E2 equivalent of 240 ng/L by yeast transfected with the ER. Chemical analysis showed that major contributors to the ER activation were BPA and 4-tert-octylphenol. This leachate and drainage water from a control-type landfill had AhR activities, estimated by yeast with the AhR, but had no significant effect on cyp1a transcription. These results showed that mosquitofish are suitable for detecting in vivo AhR and ER effects, but are insensitive to E2. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011;30:2778–2785. © 2011 SETAC
Entanglement and its relation to energy variance for local one-dimensional Hamiltonians

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We explore the relation between the entanglement of a pure state and its\nenergy variance for a local one dimensional Hamiltonian, as the system size\nincreases. In particular, we introduce a construction which creates a matrix\nproduct state of arbitrarily small energy variance $\\delta^2$ for $N$ spins,\nwith bond dimension scaling as $\\sqrt{N} D_0^{1/\\delta}$, where $D_0>1$ is a\nconstant. This implies that a polynomially increasing bond dimension is enough\nto construct states with energy variance that vanishes with the inverse of the\nlogarithm of the system size. We run numerical simulations to probe the\nconstruction on two different models, and compare the local reduced density\nmatrices of the resulting states to the corresponding thermal equilibrium. Our\nresults suggest that the spatially homogeneous states with logarithmically\ndecreasing variance, which can be constructed efficiently, do converge to the\nthermal equilibrium in the thermodynamic limit, while the same is not true if\nthe variance remains constant.\n
Quality of anticoagulation and outcome of bleeding in cirrhosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Potential conflict of interest: Nothing to report. To the Editor: We read with great interest the Spanish multicenter study comparing the outcomes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) between patients with cirrhosis with and without anticoagulation therapy.1 Anticoagulation did not significantly impact the 5‐day treatment failure or 6‐week mortality in the whole cohort. However, the quality of anticoagulation was lacking. The international normalized ratio was above the therapeutic range in 35% of patients with UGIB receiving vitamin K antagonist, but the outcomes of UGIB were not separately reported for patients with international normalized ratios within or above the therapeutic range. Indeed, little attention has been paid to this issue in other studies. In a retrospective study, the international normalized ratio was within the therapeutic range in two‐thirds of bleeding events, but the data in the subgroup of patients with liver cirrhosis were not reported.2 A prospective study demonstrated that liver cirrhosis was associated with an increased risk of major bleeding, but the quality of anticoagulation in patients with cirrhosis and bleeding events was unavailable.3 Atrial fibrillation was the most common reason for anticoagulation (46%, 24/52).1 Notably, anticoagulation control was closely associated with the mortality of patients with atrial fibrillation. In the SPORTIFF III trial, the poor anticoagulation control group had a significantly higher annual mortality than the moderate and good anticoagulation control groups (4.2% versus 1.84%, P < 0.01; and versus 1.69%, P < 0.01).4 In another study, the poor anticoagulation control group had a significantly higher cumulative risk of major adverse cardiovascular events than the moderate and good anticoagulation control groups (P < 0.001, by log‐rank test).5 More notably, the quality of anticoagulation is poor in about one‐third of the general population with atrial fibrillation.4 If patients had a concomitant diagnosis of liver cirrhosis and a risk of variceal bleeding, the proportion of those with poor anticoagulation control would be increased. Additionally, as shown in Cerini et al.'s Tables 3 and 4,1 the subgroup analysis of patients treated with anticoagulation for cardiovascular diseases demonstrated that anticoagulation significantly increased the 6‐week mortality.1 Thus, the quality of anticoagulation, which is evaluated according to the time in the therapeutic range, should be taken into account to clarify how anticoagulation impacts the outcomes of UGIB in liver cirrhosis.
Linear and nonlinear phase accumulation of backward volume magnetostatic spin waves in yttrium-iron-garnet spin-wave waveguides

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Using the newly developed phase-sensitive Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy technique we investigate the nonlinear influence of the spin-wave amplitude on the spin-wave phase. Nonlinear phase splitting between the peak and the tail of nonlinear spin-wave pulses was observed for dipolar-dominated spin-wave pulses propagating in yttrium-iron-garnet spin-wave waveguides. A model to describe this effect is presented. Copyright (c) EPLA, 2007.
Rapport de cas Mononuclear pleocytosis and meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in an adult horse.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Clinical disease caused by infection with Listeria monocytogenes is rare in adult horses, and there is a paucity of ante-mortem clinicopathologic changes for this species reported in the literature. Confirmatory diagnosis is difficult and often requires post-mortem sampling of the brainstem. This report details a case of meningoencephalitis caused by Listeria monocytogenes in an adult American quarter horse gelding presenting with central neurologic signs. Pre-mortem analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid revealed a mononuclear, primarily lymphocytic, pleocytosis, which is a reported finding in other species with listeriosis. Post-mortem histopathologic changes of the brainstem were characteristic of listeriosis, and infection was confirmed with immunohistochemical labeling and bacterial culture. Key clinical message: Listeriosis should be included as a differential diagnosis in neurologic horses with mononuclear pleocytosis identified on cerebrospinal fluid analysis.
International Experience and Enlightenment of Promoting the Regularization of Stall Economy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The stall economy exists in most parts of the world, and it is an important part of the urban economy. Modern cities pursue a clean and hygienic environment, but urban vendors are excluded from urban spatial governance and planning because of their mobility and "chaos". The composition of urban street vendors is complex, and their existence is also related to the lives of many people. How to deal with the informal economy and the development of modern cities in urban planning has become an international problem. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is how to obtain the experience reference of the regularization of the stall economy in the world.
Modelling in environments without numbers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In order to study how students are handling modelling situations, we address the type of tasks without an obvious mathematical character. The mathematical elements are somehow hidden and are to be elaborated by the students, if their solving strategy goes in that direction. The main reason why we elected such a kind of task is that we wanted to prevent students from concentrating on calculations, but to challenge them getting involved in argumentation processes. In mathematics classrooms students can face such situations, when the task they are given to work on does apparently not fit into any of the subfields they know or that were previously dealt with. Therefore they are not able to decide which method could be appropriate for finding a solution. Moreover, it is not often the case that students are asked to work on mathematical tasks where there is nothing to be calculated. Also for this reason, it is even questionable whether this kind of tasks belongs to mathematics. „How do the students tackle these problems?“ and „to which extent do they use mathematics?“ are challenging questions which indubitably deserve attention and study. The overall goal of our study is to reconceptualise the term 'mathematising' in the context of classroom tasks, by empirical means, looking at what students see as being mathematics.
Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Pentadiplandra brazzeana Powder on Growth Performances, Gut Microbiota and Haemato-Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chickens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was designed to assess the rearing performances of broiler chickens under two Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder feeding diets.A total of 256 day-old Cobb 500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups with 4 replicates of 16 birds each in a completely randomized design.This trial involved administrating Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder to broiler chickens via drinking water (2 g/l) or dry feed (2 g/kg) and comparing the result to those obtained from chickens fed on antibiotic (1 g/kg) and chickens fed without additive.The results revealed that the incorporation of Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder in chickens' diet and drinking water could decrease feed intake, compared to the negative control diet.The inclusion of Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder in water and antibiotic in diet recorded the high live weight and weight gain, compared to the birds fed with the powder in feed and the negative control diet.The low feed conversion ratio was reported with the water supplemented with P. brazzeana powder.The carcass yield was significantly higher with the inclusion of the powder via drinking water, compared to the inclusion via feed and with the control diet.The feeding method did not affect the haematobiochemical parameters, compared to the control diet.Chickens fed with a diet containing Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder in water recorded the highest (p<0.05)lactic acid bacteria count, compared to E. coli and Salmonella.In conclusion, dietary supplementing with Pentadiplandra brazzeana powder through drinking water at a rate of 2 g/l can be used as an alternative to antibiotics to improve the growth performances of broiler chickens.
Layer-2 security for PLC - a comparison between ITU-T G.9903 and IEEE 1901.2

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the layer-2-security functions of two narrow-band power line communication standards, namely ITU-T G.9903 and IEEE 1901.2. We describe how access control, authentication, confidentiality and integrity for network devices are achieved in both standards. We compare the approaches by using two practice-oriented installation scenarios and by evaluating the security methods.
Late Holocene sea-level changes seen from prehistoric settlements

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Helskog, K. 1978. Late Holocene sea-level changes seen from prehistoric settlements. Norsk geogr. Tidsskr. Vol. 32, 111–119. ISSN 0029-1951. Radiocarbon dates from prehistoric human settlements in Varanger, Finnmark, North Norway, are used to examine Holocene relative sea-level changes. The altitudes and the dates of these settlements indicate that the Holocene tide levels reconstructed by Donner, Eronen & Jungner in Norsk geogr. Tidsskr., vol. 31, pp. 103–128, should be at a lower altitude than these authors have suggested. An alternative mean tide line which is, at a maximum, approximately 4 metres lower than indicated by Donner et al., is proposed for this span.