jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reticulate evolution as a management challenge: Patterns of admixture with phylogenetic distance in endemic fishes of western North America

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Admixture in natural populations is a long‐standing management challenge, with population genomic approaches offering means for adjudication. We now more clearly understand the permeability of species boundaries and the potential of admixture for promoting adaptive evolution. These issues particularly resonate in western North America, where tectonism and aridity have fragmented and reshuffled rivers over millennia, in turn promoting reticulation among endemic fishes, a situation compounded by anthropogenic habitat modifications and non‐native introductions. The melding of historic and contemporary admixture has both confused and stymied management. We underscore this situation with a case study that quantifies basin‐wide admixture among a group of native and introduced fishes by employing double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing. Our approach: (a) quantifies the admixed history of 343 suckers (10 species of Catostomidae) across the Colorado River Basin; (b) gauges admixture within the context of phylogenetic distance and “ecological specialization”; and (c) extrapolates potential drivers of introgression across hybrid crosses that involve endemic as well as invasive species. Our study extends across an entire freshwater basin and expands previous studies more limited in scope both geographically and taxonomically. Our results detected admixture involving all 10 species, with habitat alterations not only accelerating the breakdown of reproductive isolation, but also promoting introgression. Hybridization occurred across the genus despite phylogenetic distance, whereas introgression was only detected within subgenera, implicating phylogenetic distance and/or ecological specialization as drivers of reproductive isolation. Understanding the extent of admixture and reproductive isolation across multiple species serves to disentangle their reticulate evolutionary histories and provides a broadscale perspective for basin‐wide conservation and management.
Fluparoxan in male erectile disorder: a case report

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

During a protocol study for the efficacy of fluparoxan (a noradrenergic α 2 -antagonist) in depression, a positive effect on male erectile impotence has been observed in one case, with no important secondary effects. This result confirms the involvement of α 2 -antagonists in the handling of male impotence. The action on the erectile disorder appeared slightly before the antidepressive effect (2-3 weeks) and lasted for 6 weeks after the discontinuation of treatment, suggesting that the effects on impotence were not a mere reflection of the antidepressive action.
Design and Realization of Assessment System for Giant Panda's Habitat

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Wenchuan earthquake led to serious damage to the ecological environment of giant pandas' habitat in the western Sichuan Plateau.For scientific,fast and real-time assessment of giant pandas' habitat,an assessment system,based on the landscape ecology and spatial analysis,was represented to estimate giant pandas' habitat with the VB.NET platform and the ArcEngine software.In this system,a new method was proposed to extract core patch and potential corridor with a suitable size in grids.The research provides a convenient way for better decision-making about giant panda protection by the habitat assessment and landscape pattern design of nature reserve.
Classical density functional theory for methane adsorption in metal‐organic framework materials

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Natural gas is considered as a promising alternative to petroleum as the next generation of primary transportation fuel owing to relatively smaller carbon footprint and lower SO x /NO x emissions and to fast developments of shale gas in recent years. Since the volumetric energy density of methane amounts to only about 1% of that of gasoline at ambient conditions, natural gas storage represents one of the key challenges for prevalent deployment of natural gas vehicles. In this work, we present a molecular thermodynamic model potentially useful for high‐throughput screening of nanoporous materials for natural gas storage. We investigate methane adsorption in a large library of metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) using four versions of classical density functional theory (DFT) and calibrate the theoretical predictions with extensive simulation data for total gas uptake and delivery capacity. In combination with an extended excess entropy scaling method, the classical DFT is also used to predict the self‐diffusion coefficients of the confined gas in several top‐ranked MOFs. The molecular thermodynamic model has been used to identify promising MOF materials and possible variations of operation parameters to meet the Advanced Research Projects Agency‐Energy (ARPA‐E) target set by the U.S. Department of Energy for natural gas storage. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J , 61: 3012–3021, 2015
Francesco Cupani’s Panphyton Siculum. The rediscovery of a copy with handwritten corrections by his pupil Antonio Bonanno

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Francesco Cupani, a pre-Linnaean Sicilian botanist, would have liked to produce a volume of "Natural History" of Sicily. Since 1692 he had been preparing the drawings and the engravings that were destined to constitute the illustrations of Panphyton Siculum. This particularly ambitious work was not completed partly because of the author's premature death. During the eighteenth century a number of attempts were made to complete and publish this work, but none succeeded. The various exemplars of these limited trial editions were made up of collections of variously collated printed papers with differences of layout and content. At present, few exemplars of Panphyton are known to exist. The aim of this article is to indicate the presence in the Civica and A. Ursino Recupero joint Libraries of Catania of a hitherto unregistered four-volume copy, which reveals significant handwritten annotations. The comparison with the one volume edition, which is kept in the same library, with the one volume edition in the Palermo Municipal Library and with that of the Catania Regional University Library allows us to eliminate the uncertainties of the literature concerning a hypothetical Panphyton in four volumes. Moreover, it provides us with useful elements for reconstructing the history of the book after Cupani's death. This copy is of particular importance in that it constitutes documentary proof of the re-elaboration of Cupani's work on the part of Antonio Bonanno, his pupil, in an attempt to bring about its definitive publication.
VARIATION IN PIGLET WEIGHTS: RELATIONSHIP TO SUCKLING BEHAVIOR, PARITY NUMBER AND FARROWING CRATE DESIGN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Suckling behavior and weight change of piglets were studied during the first 2 wk after birth. Thirty-six litters comprised a balanced comparison of parity number (first or second), litter size (8, 10 or 12), and two farrowing crate designs, one of which had a low horizontal bar that tended to impede the piglets' access to the udder. Piglets showed the expected preference for the anterior teats although the preference was more apparent in the second parity than in the first. Teat fidelity was most pronounced at the two ends of the udder; piglets occupying the middle positions did more fighting during suckling and missed the milk ejection more often. Within-litter variation in 14-day weight increased with increasing parity number of the dam. Initial weight explained 30–40% of within-litter variation in 14-day weight. Behavioral variables explained 2.6% of additional variation in first-parity litters, 18.1% in second-parity litters, and 22.9% in litters of older sows. Suckling position (anterior to posterior) and teat fidelity (consistency of suckling position) were the two behavioral factors most closely associated with 14-day weight. Mean litter 14-day weight showed the expected effect of litter size, but showed no differences attributable to parity number or farrowing crate design. However, within-litter variation in 14-day weight was greater (P < 0.025) in the type of crate that impeded access to the udder. This may have been due to the somewhat higher levels of fighting, and to higher within-litter variance in fighting scores, seen in these crates. Key words: Piglet, weight gain, suckling behavior, farrowing crate design, parity number
FEASIBILITY EVALUATION OF UTILIZING HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE IN DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF HIGHWAY BRIDGE STRUCTURES. INTERIM REPORT

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the feasibility of using high-strength concrete in the design and construction of highway bridge structures. A literature search was conducted; a survey of five regional fabrication plants was performed; mix designs were studied in the laboratory and in the field; and three series of tests consisting of a total of nine full-scale specimens were conducted. The first series included three pile specimens tested in flexure. Each of the pile specimens had a 24-in. (610-mm) square cross section with a 12-in. (305-mm) diameter void running its full length. All the pile specimens were 24 ft (7.31 m) long. The pile specimen concrete, at the time of testing, had an average compressive strength of 8,067 psi (55 MPa). The second series consisted of three full-size bulb-tee specimens. Flexural tests of two bulb-tee specimens are reported. The third specimen is being used for determination of long term static-load behavior. Results will be given in a separate report. The specimens were standard 54-in. (1,372-mm) bulb-tee sections with a 6 in. (152 mm) thick web. One of the test specimens had a slab 9 1/2 in. (241 mm) thick and 10 ft (3,048 mm) wide cast on top of it. The slab had an average concrete compressive strength of 4,037 psi (48 MPa). The second specimen was tested without a slab. The concrete of each bulb-tee specimen had an average 28-day compressive strength of 9,800 psi (68 PMa). Each girder specimen contained the same number and configuration of longitudinal prestressing strands and the same amount of web reinforcement. Three shear tests are also reported. These shear tests were performed using the ends of the two flexural test specimens. Since the shear specimens were taken from the flexural specimens, they had the same cross-sectional configuration and concrete strength as the flexural specimens. The third series consisted of the fabrication and driving of a single 130-ft (38.6-m) pile specimen. The pile specimen had the same cross-sectional configuration as the pile specimens tested in the laboratory. The concrete of the pile specimen had an average 28-day compressive strength of 10,453 psi (72 MPa). A fourth series of tests is scheduled to be completed in the fall of 1993. This series of tests will consist of fatigue testing two full-size bulb-tee specimens. The results of the fatigue tests and the long-term behavior of specimen BT3 will be the subject of a separate report to be completed in January of 1994.
Vasopressors, Vasodilators, and Antithromboticsin The Catheterization Laboratory

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This chapter provides an overview of medications commonly used during cardiac catheterization and interventional procedures. It focuses on medications that provide hemodynamic optimization during procedures, as well as agents used to prevent thrombotic complications. In critically ill patients, hemodynamic stability can be achieved using mechanical support with intra-aortic balloon pumps and mechanical assist devices. Vasodilator therapy is most frequently used in the treatment of hypertension. During cardiac catheterization, it may be necessary to provide temporary hemodynamic support for a patient in shock or experiencing severe hypotension. This sometimes requires use of vasopressors, most commonly dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, or phenylephrine. The chapter examines currently approved US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) antithrombotic medications that are used to manage acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and support cardiac catheterization. Antiplatelet medications can protect against platelet activation, aggregation, adhesion, and platelet-induced vasoconstriction.
Picogram Fourier transform-Infrared (FT-IR): Ultramicrosampling And Gas Chromatograph-Infrared (GC-IR)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The commonality between ultramicrosampling and GC-IR is far deeper than the desire for picogram detection levels in both cases. Both techniques also need small area light spots: in ultramicrosampling, for spatial resolution; and in GC-IR, to match limited sample volumes. Fast response is needed for real-time measurements on the fly GC-IR, and for mapping analysis of extended samples in a finite line in ultramicro-sampling. And finally, the fly fast processing is required for real-time recognition of significant success in GC-IR (presence of peaks) and in ultramicrosampling (presence of local anomalies in sample). A small FT-IR interferometer benefiting from the counter-Jacquinot advantage (and some less awkward nomenclature is clearly required here), immersion optics for microsampling and optimized sample cells for GC-IR, high efficiency sources and detectors (and detector electronics!), and the systematic application of information,theory to data processing algorithms can be used to bring both these techniques into the middle picogram domain. Progress from here will require cryogenic sampling GC-IR (giving only small improvements over an optimized light pipe) or non FT-IR techniques, such as grating (shudder!) scanned CO2 lasers (capable of a >100 fold gain).
Colony Development of Two Bumblebees, Bombus eximius and B. sonani, Reared in Captivity in a Subtropical Area of Taiwan (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombini)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two bumblebee species, Bombus eximius and B. sonani, were reared artificially to investigate the characteristics of colony development under laboratory conditions in Taiwan. A total of 53 queens of B. eximius and 37 queens of B. sonani were collected in the field during 2007 and 2008. B. eximius has a longer period for colony initiation, immature stages in each caste, and a larger colony size (63 - 271 workers) than B. sonani (21 - 68 workers). Under the laboratory conditions, queens of B. eximius laid 4-6 eggs in each eggcup, while B. sonani laid 2 - 3 eggs. The queen production point (QP) of B. eximius started before the switch point (SP), and the queen production eggs were laid in Phase 3. However, queen production eggs of B. sonani were probably laid during the Phase 2 and Phase 3. It was found that B. eximius has a longer period of colony development than B. sonani, and the main difference between the two species was the number of third worker brood during Phase 3. In the field, the endemic species B. sonani is considered to adapt to the temperate climate, while B. eximius is adapted to the subtropical climate in Taiwan. The colony development and seasonal occurrence of B. eximius is expected to be from September -/October to April or later, and from April to August or later in B. sonani. The results showed no differences between the two species in the queen nesting rate, successful colonization rate, successful mating rate of laboratory-reared queens, and egglaying rate of laboratory-reared queens. We strongly suggest that B. eximius has great merit for pollination programs of commercial utilization, while B. sonani can only serve as a substitute species for pollinations in Taiwan.
Current research interests in learner errors

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Despite numerous controversies concerning Error Analysis as a procedure, errors in learner language continue to attract both researchers’ and teachers’ attention. The present paper discusses the recent research interests in learner errors, such as computer-aided error analyses of learner corpora, evaluation of corrective feedback in teaching L2 writing, and learner response to feedback. Th e review of published research is then followed by a presentation of selected unpublished MA projects conducted by Jagiellonian University graduate students (2007–2010). As teachers of English, they not only recognised errors as a valuable research area, but they were truly interested in possible pedagogical implications of their studies. Th e projects fall into three thematic areas: cross-linguistic infl uence (comparison of errors in L2 English produced by Polish and Spanish learners, the infl uence of L2 English on Polish learners’ L3 Russian), perception of error gravity (expert vs. novice teachers, native speaker vs. non-native speaker teachers), and response to written and spoken errors (native speaker vs. non-native speaker teachers). Th e paper concludes with suggestions for possible research areas which are both relevant and accessible to Polish graduate students.
Proactive Resilient Scheduling for Networked Microgrids With Extreme Events

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a risk-constrained adaptive robust optimization approach to provide proactive resilient scheduling decisions for multiple networked microgrid central controllers under potential extreme events. Our objective is to minimize both risks of false judgement made by microgrid central controllers and damage done to networked microgrids by extreme events through a proactive resilient scheduling process. A risk-constrained adaptive robust optimization approach is developed to handle risks and uncertainties associated with: (i) extreme events that may occur and contingency issues linked to influential buses; (ii) renewable energy sources power generation; (iii) human reactions when faced with an extreme event; and (iv) status of combined cooling, heat and power units. “Budget of uncertainty” and risk-management parameters are utilized together to overcome both overconservative issues of conventional robust optimization and human errors that may occur when making decisions. Extensive simulation results from real-world data sets show that the risk-constrained adaptive robust optimization approach we propose can ensure the resilience of networked microgrids under extreme events.
The special court for Sierra Leone: testing the waters: conjoined twins of transitional justice? The Sierra Leone Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Examines the Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission 2004. Considers the relationship between the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Special Court including competition for resources and staff, jurisdiction and witness issues. Discusses the case of Hinga Norman who had been indicted before the Special Court and who was requested to appear before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
Quality of Sexual Life Before and After Pelvic Organ Prolapse Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Importance Although surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is generally associated with an improvement in sexual function, knowledge on specific changes is limited. Objectives The aim of this study was to describe and compare changes in sexual activity and function during a 5-year follow-up period after POP surgery. Study Design This was a nationwide cohort study of 3,515 women operated on for POP in 2015 in Finland. Sexual activity and function were assessed preoperatively and 6 months, 2 years, and 5 years after native tissue and mesh-augmented surgery using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire Short Form (PISQ-12). Results The PISQ-12 score improved significantly at 6-month follow-up, regardless of surgical approach. Negative emotional reactions (relative risk [RR], 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13–0.36), orgasm intensity (RR, 4.23; 95% CI, 2.94–6.07), and avoidance of sexual intercourse due to fear of incontinence (RR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.15–0.43) or bulging (RR, 0.11; 95% CI, 0.07–0.17) improved remarkably at 6 months and remained up to 5 years after surgery. Satisfaction (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04–1.18), coital pain (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51–0.99), and coital incontinence (RR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.15–0.43) improved only at 6-month follow-up. Among women with deteriorated sexual function, the decline was associated with loss of excitement and satisfaction, increased coital pain, and partner’s erectile problems. Partner-related factors and lack of sexual desire were main reasons for sexual inactivity both preoperatively and postoperatively. Conclusions Considering patient’s sexual wellbeing and informing them of the expected changes in individual sexual function items are important aspects of preoperative counseling. This may reduce false hopes regarding the effect of surgery on sexual function and improve postoperative patient satisfaction.
Terrorism, Geopolitics, and Multinational Security Cooperation in Central Asia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

On 22-24 February 2006, the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies(APCSS) held this conference on the complex security environment ofCentral Asia as the region continues to struggle with the phenomena of terrorismand religious extremism, poverty and corruption, political instabilityand authoritarian governance, as well as great power (China, Russia, and theUnited States) suspicion and rivalry. These challenges are not uniquelyCentral Asian, but the region seems to be particularly vulnerable to them asits young nations are undergoing a significant political, social, and economictransformation. How the region copes with these issues will extend importantlessons to the world as a whole.This forum examined the trilemma posed for Central Asia and thebroader Asia-Pacific region. First, for the war on terror in the region to besuccessful, it must evolve into well-implemented stabilization and reconstructionefforts as well as dramatic improvements in governance andhuman rights. Second, no country on its own can alter the situation inCentral Asia, for such an effort requires cooperation between all of the majorpowers and stakeholders in the region (India, Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey).The magnitude of the problem of terrorism, which affects most if not allcountries in the region, should preclude another variation of the Great Game.Finally, while the number of regional organizations and security forums inCentral Asia has been growing, the low degree of coordination among themtriggers counterproductive rivalries and plays into the hands of extremistelements. Since terror knows no borders, what happens in Central Asia significantlyimpacts developments elsewhere.Although the counterterrorist effort in Central Asia has successfullymarginalized the Taliban and al-Qaeda, the localization of the terrorist threatmeans that new autonomous extremist cells continue to emerge in CentralAsia. The sources of proliferation of radical Islam can be found in socioeconomicdeprivation, widespread corruption, and political ...
Structural Symmetry and Optical Properties of Dielectric Multilayers

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have investigated the structural symmetry and optical properties of the dielectric multilayers. By using the transfer-matrix method, the propagation of electromagnetic wave in the dielectric multilayer film is obtained. It is shown that if a mirror symmetry is induced to the structure, perfect transmissions will definitely happen. And the perfect transmission can be controlled at certain wavelengths if the special structure with symmetry is achieved. Experimental observations are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. This finding will have potential applications to optoelectric devices, such as the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system.