jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dual-radioisotope PET data acquisition and analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study experimentally evaluates a novel approach for dual radioisotope PET imaging. The method relies on one radioisotope being a pure positron emitter and the other radioisotope emitting a prompt high energy gamma along with the positron. Using the differential count rates of dual and triple coincidences allows for quantitative reconstruction of the individual radioisotope activities. The objective of the present study was to perform an experimental proof-of-principle test of the method. We used two cMiCE detector modules (with 400 keV lower energy threshold) mounted directly across from one another and a third module (850 keV threshold) at 90 degrees to the first two modules. Coincidence logic was set to either monitor a coincidence between modules 1 and 2 and NOT 3, or a coincidence between all three modules. These were used to measure dual and triple coincidence count rates from 22 Na and 68 Ge point sources, scanned either separately or together. While 68 Ge was considered to be a pure positron emitter, for 22 Na, 90.4% of decays produce a positron and a 1.275 MeV prompt gamma. In addition to the count rate test, full tomographic data were collected and images reconstructed for both dual and triple coincidence data sets. Reconstructed images demonstrate the ability of the method to clearly distinguish between 22 Na and 68 Ge sources based on triple-coincidence criterium. For both dual and triple coincidence event modes, the coincidence rates for simultaneous acquisition of the 22 Na and 68 Ge sources were 10-19% higher than the sum of the coincident rates for the radioisotopes acquired individually. We speculate this is due to energy pulse-pile up and are continuing evaluations of this effect. We were able to demonstrate the basic validity of differentiating the individual activity levels of 22 Na and 68 Ge sources even when acquired at the same time. Quantitative accuracy can likely be improved using normalization methods, and evaluations of this approach are ongoing.
A Novel Interaction-based Methodology Towards Explainable AI with Better Understanding of Pneumonia Chest X-ray Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the field of eXplainable AI (XAI), robust “black-box” algorithms such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are known for making high prediction performance. However, the ability to explain and interpret these algorithms still require innovation in the understanding of influential and, more importantly, ex-plainable features that directly or indirectly impact the performance of predictivity. A number of methods existing in literature focus on visualization techniques but the concepts of explainability and interpretability still require rigorous definition. In view of the above needs, this paper proposes an interaction-based methodology – Influence Score (I-score) – to screen out the noisy and non-informative variables in the images hence it nourishes an environment with explainable and interpretable features that are directly associated to feature predictiv-ity. We apply the proposed method on a real world application in Pneumonia Chest X-ray Image data set and produced state-of-the-art results. We demonstrate how to apply the proposed approach for more general big data problems by improving the explainability and in-terpretability without sacrificing the prediction performance. The contribution of this paper opens a novel angle that moves the community closer to the future pipelines of XAI problems.
[Epidemiology of epilepsy in the U.S.L. 34, Copparo, Emilia-Romagna].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Incidence and prevalence investigations on childhood epilepsy, throughout the world, have suggested wide variations in the frequency of convulsive disorders. Also the few studies presently available from Italy mirror such a disagreement. However, these studies cannot be completely comparable owing to a marked methodological dishomogeneity in definition of epilepsy, classification of seizures, and ascertainment, collection, and selection of the cases. Therefore, to verify the true frequency of childhood epilepsy in our country, we performed an epidemiologic study of convulsive disorders in 0-14 age children of the U.S.L. 34 (Copparo, Northern Italy). The prevalence per 1.000 children on October 24, 1981 was 6.14 (6.4 if standardized to the Italian population). The average annual incidence for the period 1964 through 1980 was 95.1 per 100,000 (98.9 if standardized). These results, similar to those found in other Western countries, support the view that the frequency of childhood epilepsy in Italy as a whole is higher than that indicated by previously published Italian studies and furthermore suggest that epilepsy is evenly distributed in Europe and the United States. Antecedents which could be considered potential causes of seizures were found in 40.2% and 43.6% of the incidence and prevalence cases, respectively; for both groups, perinatal brain injuries were the most frequent event. These results point out the urgency of planning precautionary measures in Italy to improve prenatal and perinatal medical care.
Linear thermal expansion of SrTiO3

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The linear thermal expansion of SrTiO3 in the temperature range 10 to 150 K is measured with a relative accuracy of 5 × 10−7 by using a three-terminal capacitance dilatometer. The dilation δL/L of a single-domain crystal is converted to the ratio of the pseudo-cubic cell constants a(T)/a(Ta) by the equation a(T)/a(Ta) = (1 + (δL/L) T}/{1 + (δL/L)Ta}, where L is the specimen length, Ta is the cubic-to-tetragonal transition temperature and T ≦ T,. The present a(T)/a(Ta) curve shows a coincidence with the temperature dependence of cos φ between 40 and 108 K, and reveals a clear difference with it below 40 K, where. φ is the rotation angle of the TiO6 octahedra around the [001] axis. The temperature at which the dilation shows a minimum, 37.5 K, is very close to the transition point Tc = (32 ± 5) K predicted by Cowley. Es wird die lineare thermische Ausdehnung von SrTiO3 im Temperaturbereich zwischen 10 und 150 K mit einer relativen Genauigkeit von 5 × 10−7 mittels eines Dreipunkt-Kapazitanzdilatometers gemessen. Die Ausdehnung δL/L eines Eindomänenkristalls wird durch die Gleichung a(T)/a(Ta) = (1 + (δL/L)L}/{l + (δL/L)Ta} mit dem Verhaltnis der pseudokubischen Zellen-konstante a(T)/u(Ta) verknüpft, wo L die Probenlänge, Ta die Übergangstemperatur kubisch tetragonal ist und T ≦ Ta. Die vorgelegte a(T)/a(Ta)-Kurve zeigt Übereinatimmung mit der Temperaturabhängigkeit von cos φ zwischen 40 und 108 K und eine deutliche Differenz unterhalb 40 K, wobei φ der Drehungswinkel der TiO6-Oktaeder um die [001]-Achse ist. Die Temperatur bei der die Ausdehnung ein Minimum zeigt, 37,5 K, liegt sehr dicht am Ubergangspunkt Tc = (32 ± 5 K), der von Cowley vorhergesagt wird.
Impact of STAT1 cooperative DNA binding on genomic binding site selection and subcellular dynamics

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play an important role in the protection against pathogens and tumour cells. Transcription of most IFN target genes requires DNA binding of activated STATl dimers (pSTA Tl). In addition, cooperativity of pSTATl dimers on DNA, enabled by N-Domain (ND) interactions, has also been reported, but its biological significance has not been resolved. On the other hand, the study of protein dynamics in living cells has brought significant advances in systems biology, by disclosing molecular mechanisms that could only be perceived when the molecules are in their natural environment. Thus, this work presents a global analysis of STATl subcellular dynamics in living cells with major focus on the effects associated with STA T1 cooperative DNA binding, using a range of methodologies, including live-cell microscopy, kinetic modelling, biochemical experimentation and gene array technologies. Firstly, the implications of chromatin hyperacetylation and consequent relaxation on pSTATl nuclear mobility and vice-versa were studied, but no effects were found in either case. Moreover, STAT1 signalling regulation by a phosphorylation-acetylation switch mechanism was invalidated.
Meta-analysis of prophylactic antibiotic use in acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Death from infected necrosis in acute pancreatitis is common and prevention has focused on prophylactic antibiotics. This study assesses whether intravenous prophylactic antibiotic use reduces infected necrosis and death in acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Methods A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials was carried out. Medline, Web of Science, the Cochrane controlled trials register and international conference proceedings were searched, with a citation review of relevant primary and review articles. Results Six of 328 studies assessed were included in data extraction. Primary outcome measures were infected necrosis and death. Secondary outcome measures were non-pancreatic infections, surgical intervention and length of hospital stay. Prophylactic antibiotic use was not associated with a statistically significant reduction in infected necrosis (relative risk (RR) 0·77 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·54 to 1·12); P = 0·173), mortality (RR 0·78 (95 per cent c.i. 0·44 to 1·39); P = 0·404), non-pancreatic infections (RR 0·71 (95 per cent c.i. 0·32 to 1·58); P = 0·402) and surgical intervention (RR 0·78 (95 per cent c.i. 0·55 to 1·11); P = 0·167). It was, however, associated with a statistically significant reduction in hospital stay (P = 0·040). Conclusion Prophylactic antibiotics do not prevent infected necrosis or death in acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
A Stiboranyl Platinum Triflate Complex as an Electrophilic Catalyst

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

With the view of developing electrophilic late-transition-metal catalysts, we have now synthesized [(o-(Ph2P)C6H4)2Sb(OTf)2]Pt(OTf) (2) and [(o-(iPr2P)C6H4)2Sb(OTf)2]Pt(OTf) (4) by treatment of the corresponding trichlorides ([(o-(R2P)C6H4)2SbCl2]PtCl (R = Ph, iPr)) with 3 equiv of AgOTf. The crystal structures of 2 and 4 confirmed that the chloride ligands have been fully substituted by more labile triflate ligands. Despite structural similarities in the dinuclear cores of 2 and 4, only 2 acts as a potent carbophilic catalyst in enyne cyclization reactions. The high activity of 2 is also reflected by its ability to promote the addition of pyrrole and thiophene derivatives to alkynes. Structural and computational analyses suggest that the superior reactivity of 2 results from both favorable steric and electronic effects. Finally, a comparison of 2 with the previously reported self-activating catalyst [(o-(Ph2P)C6H4)2Sb(OTf)2]PtCl underscores the benefits of triflate for chloride substitution.
Motion of a rod pushed at one point in a weightless environment in space

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We analyze the motion of a rod floating in a weightless environment in space when a force is applied at some point on the rod in a direction perpendicular to its length. If the force applied is at the centre of mass, then the rod gets a linear motion perpendicular to its length. However, if the same force is applied at a point other than the centre of mass, say, near one end of the rod, thereby giving rise to a torque, then there will also be a rotation of the rod about its centre of mass, in addition to the motion of the centre of mass itself. If the force applied is for a very short duration, but imparting nevertheless a finite impulse, like in a sudden (quick) hit at one end of the rod, then the centre of mass will move with a constant linear speed and superimposed on it will be a rotation of the rod with constant angular speed about the centre of mass. However, if force is applied continuously, say by strapping a tiny rocket at one end of the rod, then the rod will spin faster and faster about the centre of mass, with angular speed increasing linearly with time. As the direction of the applied force, as seen by an external (inertial) observer, will be changing continuously with the rotation of the rod, the acceleration of the centre of mass would also be not in one fixed direction. However, it turns out that the locus of the velocity vector of the centre of mass will describe a Cornu spiral, with the velocity vector reaching a final constant value with time. The mean motion of the centre of mass will be in a straight line, with superposed initial oscillations that soon die down.
Corruption and Development in Africa: Challenges for Political and Economic Change

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract: Development is seen as the process by which a type of (social) change is introduced into a system in order to produce a better production method and improved social arrangement. It involves a structural transformation of the economy, society, polity and culture of a country. The level and rate of development of any particular society is influenced by so many variables such as the political culture, leadership and corruption. In Africa, corruption has been at the centre of development an impediment of true and real development in the society. Corruption has ravaged the entire African system, causing the continent to be the most corrupt in the world. If Africa is to be saved from this infection, the endemic presence of corruption must be dealt with. This paper therefore addresses the implication and impact of corruption in Africa and on African development; and suggested a way forward for the desired change.
MOST Based Solutions for Implementing Digital Video in Vehicle Multimedia Applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Recent trends in automotive electronics point towards a growing demand for sophisticated audio and video systems in new vehicles. These systems are being driven by several factors including a migration of consumer electronic devices to vehicles and a need to control these devices in the vehicle's driver and passenger environment. The incorporation of digital network buses, such as MOST (Media Oriented Systems Transport), build the digital data infrastructure in the vehicle for these advanced audio/video systems. However, additional considerations must be given to the constraints around the deployment of the audio and video devices into the vehicle and adapting them to the vehicle's digital infrastructure bus. This paper will explore these constraints and discuss some of the approaches that are being taken to deploy digital video systems on the MOST optical network bus in emerging vehicle multimedia applications.</div>
Nuclear Localization and DNA Binding Properties of a Protein Expressed by Human c- myc Oncogene

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Antisera to the human cellular myc oncogene product were used to identify a human c-myc specific protein with a molecular weight of 65,000. Subcellular fractionation showed that the human c-myc protein is predominantly found in the cell nucleus. The p65K c-myc protein binds to double- and single-stranded DNA as measured by a DNA affinity chromatography assay.
Large Pore‐Sized Hollow Mesoporous Organosilica for Redox‐Responsive Gene Delivery and Synergistic Cancer Chemotherapy

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A stability-difference-selective bond-breakage strategy for the fabrication of largepore-sized hollow mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles (HMONs) is successfully developed. Moreover, surfacefunctionalized HMONs are successfully constructed to simultaneously deliver P-gp modulator siRNA and anticancer drug doxorubicin to reverse the multidrug resistance of cancer cells.
Household Responses to Food Shortages in Western Nepal

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Food shortages occur periodically and predictably in over- populated areas of the foothills of the Himalaya, leading to extensive outmigration and to indebtedness of farmers. A survey of four administrative areas and in-depth interviews of 120 households (a sample of diverse caste and ethnic groups, stratified by land area) was undertaken in two districts of western Nepal to document the severity of shortfall in local agricultural production and the range of household coping strategies. The duration of food shortages averaged 5 months of the year, but ranged enormously across households, with 4% of sample families being entirely landless. Out-migration, wage labor, petty trade, high-interest loans, and land mortgage were well-established coping strategies, beneficial for some families in generating income and the possibility for investment, but for others leading to progressively greater debt, economic marginalisation and impoverishment. This study highlights the importance of encouraging diversified strategies for subsistence farmers to ensure cash revenue, much of which is derived from debt and emigration, and reviews the geographical and socioeconomic factors influencing both constraints on household subsistence and responses to seasonal food deficits.
Support mission to the coconut agronomy and farming system section of the Cocoa and Coconut Institute, Papua New Guinea Stewart Research Station, Madang

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Under 2002 programming by the French Embassy in Port Moresby, a multidisciplinary mission by an entomologist, Dr L. OLLIVIER and an agronomist, Mr J. OLLIVIER from the CIRAD-CP Coconut Programme, took place from 16 to 28 March 2003 at the Cocoa and Coconut Research Institute's Stewart Research Station in Madang province, Papua New Guinea. For agronomy aspects, the purpose was to provide scientific and technical support to the agronomy and farming system activities under way at the Stewart Station, and discuss further collaboration between CCI and CIRAD for that work. Preliminary analyses of the data gathered in 2001 and 2002 from the different trials give very interesting results, and these trials are worth continuing, respecting the protocols and applying the recommended treatments. Field visits made it possible to fine-tune recommendations and observe certain production limiting factors linked to the presence of pests. Dr. S. Laup, Acting Director of CCI, expressed a wish to continue working with CIRAD in the form of regular support missions and trainee visits to CIRAD. This solution would make it possible to continue supporting the section in its management and processing of experimental data from the trials, discuss the results obtained and continue observations, assist in presenting the results obtained, and jointly draw up future research activities.
Analysis and prediction of sinter yield and strength based on mathematical programming model

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article proposes a method for a comprehensive analysis of the controlled parameters of the technological process and the dynamics of sinter cake disintegration during mechanical processing, taking into account the transport lag of the measured output characteristics (fines yield 0-5 mm when sinter cake is destroyed within the sinter plant and along the conveyor path for transporting sinter to the blast furnace shop) from the current composition of the charge and the parameters of the sintering process. On the basis of the specified output characteristics, an assessment of the sinter yield and strength was carried out. To analyze and predict the physical and mechanical properties of iron ore sinter, a new method of constructing regression equations based on linear programming problems with partially Boolean variables was used. The most significant drawback of the standard approach is the strong dependence of the regression equation coefficients on random anomalous observations (outliers), which in practical problems can be quite large and it is impossible to filter them out. The proposed MILP Regression method improves the forecast quality by automatically excluding atypical observations from consideration. The method is compared with other regression models. The method of mixed integer linear programming (MLIP) was used to process the current information about the operation of the sinter shop No. 3. The most significant parameters that affect the formation of the total amount of fines during the destruction of sinter were established: the component composition of the charge, sinter machine pallets speed, pressure gas and temperature in collectors, temperature in ignition furnaces and behind them, temperature in last vacuum chambers of sintering machines. The obtained regression equations quite accurately reflect the influence of the initial data array on the yield of recycled sintering products and they can be used to predict the output parameters of the sinter quality. A. A. Eliseev, manager on raw materials research (PJSC Severstal), Yu. A. Malygin, director (JSC Ferroks), N. P. Chernavin, assistant of the department “Big data analytics and video analysis methods” (Ural federal university), F. P. Chernavin, associate professor, department “Simulation of managing systems” (Ural federal university) participated in preparation of this article.
Long‐term regional convergence in Mexico: A new look

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper explores the convergence hypothesis of Mexican states with the national level and with one another from 1940 to 2015. Interpreting convergence as catching‐up, we also capture other types of regular evolution, namely, invariance of the income gap over time, permanent absence of the gap, and steadily increasing gap (deterministic divergence). As a tool of econometric analysis, we use a novel model that describes convergence by asymptotically decaying trends and covers other types of evolution as particular cases. The results obtained suggest one or other type of regularity to be peculiar to roughly ca. 40% of income gaps both with the national level and between states. However, convergence is observed only in 6% to 15% of cases. Regarding convergence at the national level, an additional analysis by three 50‐year subperiod shows that in many cases the type of evolution changes for the same state from one subperiod to another. Analyzing convergence between states, we find that convergence between neighboring states is more frequent than between other states; however, the effect of the neighborhood is not too strong.
Accelerated MRI near metallic implants at 0.55T using hexagonal sampling

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Metallic implants cause severe distortions in the magnetic field that are best mitigated using multi-spectral acquisitions that require longer scan time. At conventional field strengths, this is compensated by aggressive use of parallel imaging. However, at low-field strengths (<1.5T), available parallel imaging factors are reduced because body noise dominance prevents the use of dense arrays with smaller elements. Hexagonal sampling (in ky,kz space) was previously proposed as a way to achieve 2-fold reduction in imaging time without introducing additional artifacts. In this work, we demonstrate applicability of the hexagonal sampling for 0.55T multi-spectral imaging near metal.