jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Characterization of spinal motoneuron degeneration following different types of peripheral nerve injury in neonatal and adult mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Experimental lesions have been used widely to induce motoneuron (MN) degeneration as a model to test the ability of different trophic molecules to prevent lesion-induced alterations. However, the morphological mechanisms of spinal MN death following different types of lesions is not clear at the present time. In this study, we have characterized the morphological characteristics of MN cell death by examining DNA fragmentation and the ultrastructural and light microscopic morphological features of MNs following different types of spinal nerve injury (i.e., axotomy and avulsion) in the developing and adult mouse. In neonatal mice, axotomy induced cell death as well as the atrophy of MNs that survived the injury. DNA fragmentation could be detected by using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNEL) method during the cell death process following neonatal axotomy, whereas TUNEL labeling was not observed following either neonatal or adult avulsion. However, with the exception of TUNEL labeling, the morphological characteristics of MN death following neonatal axotomy and avulsion were similar, and both resembled most closely the form of programmed cell death termed cytoplasmic or type 3B, which exhibits similarities as well as differences with currently accepted definitions of apoptosis. By contrast, adult avulsion resulted in a type of degeneration that resembled necrosis more closely. However, even there, the morphology was mixed, showing characteristics of both apoptosis and necrosis. These results indicate that the mode of MN degeneration is complex and is related to developmental age and type of lesion.
Anti-Toxoplasma gondii and Anti-Neospora caninum Antibodies in Urban Traction Equids in Northeast Brazil: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum antibodies in equids that carry out traction work in Northeastern Brazil, and to establish the potential risk factors associated with seropositivity for these agents. Blood samples were collected from 322 traction equids (horses, donkeys and mules) in urban areas of 16 municipalities in the State of Paraíba, Brazil. The samples were sent for serological diagnosis using the Immunofluorescence Antibody Test (IFAT). Epidemiological questionnaires were given to the owners to assess the possible risk factors associated with infections. It was observed that 13.7% (44/322, CI: 10.9–16.5) of the equids tested positive for anti-T. gondii antibodies and 5% (16/322, CI: 2.6–7.4) tested positive for anti-N. caninum antibodies. Conducting traction work for over four years was considered a risk factor associated with T. gondii infection (odds ratio: 6.050; CI: 4.38–8.54, p = 0.025). There were no risk factors associated with N. caninum infection. It was concluded that traction equids have a significant prevalence of anti-T. gondii and anti-N. caninum antibodies in urban areas in the State of Paraíba, with an identified risk factor for seropositivity for anti-T. gondii as conducting traction work for more than four years.
Transnational migration, gender and educational development of children in Tajikistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In Tajikistan, a Central Asian country with high rates of emigration, there is little systematic empirical research on the education of children in transnational households. In this study, I use national representative data from 2011 to examine the number of years lag in education of boys (N=1110) and girls (N=1140) aged 7 to 17 who live in different transnational care arrangements compared with those living in non‐migrant households. I demonstrate that being in a transnational household reduces the risk of an educational lag, although there are gender differences when measuring this relationship. In particular, girls are less likely to have an educational lag if the mother or both parents migrate, if the duration of parental absence is shorter rather than longer, and if migrants send remittances home. The legal status of parents abroad and maternal migration are advantageous for boys’ education. These findings highlight the importance of looking at complex transnational forms of living and at gender when assessing the educational outcomes of children in migrant sending contexts.
Synthesis, Insecticidal Activity and Nanoencapsulation Studies of Alkoxy Alcohols from Eugenol

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The synthesis of three alkoxy alcohols with different chains was carried out from eugenol oxirane. These derivatives were evaluated against their effect on the viability of the insect cell line Sf9 (Spodoptera frugiperda). The molecules under study displayed mild-cytotoxic activity towards insect cells, equivalent to the commercial insecticide chlorpyrifos. Nanoencapsulation studies of the most active compound against Sf9 were performed using liposomes of egg-phosphatidylcholine containing 30% cholesterol. The encapsulation efficiency is around 93%, and the release profile for 24 h follows a Korsmeyer&ndash;Peppas model.
Statutory General Anti-Avoidance Rules of Income Tax Law and Comparable Judicial Rules of the Common Law and the Civil Law

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper comprises a transcript of the oral addresses and discussion at a colloquium that compared the general anti-avoidance rule of income tax law with the civil law doctrine of Rechtsmissbrauch (abuse of law) and similar doctrines in eight jurisdictions: Germany, Croatia, New Zealand, Australia, the European Union, the United States, France, and the United Kingdom. The speakers addressed the statutory and judge made approaches of each jurisdiction to tax avoidance, illustrating the different approaches of common law and civil law jurisdictions. The addresses were followed by discussion with members of the audience on issues raised during the speakers’ addresses and avoidance issues in general. The colloquium concluded with an envoi to draw together the various approaches to avoidance and to see some approaches to avoidance and to see some of the issues that remain in the future for those seeking to prevent avoidance.
Coordination mechanisms for multi-agent manufacturing systems: applications to integrated manufacturing scheduling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The advent of information technology (IT) has made today's manufacturing systems increasingly distributed. Typically such a system consists of a complex array of computer-based decision units, controllers and databases. Rather than dealing with each component individually, it is necessary to have a new paradigm for management of manufacturing systems, so that all the components and their operations can be managed in an integrated fashion. The multi-agent framework presented in this paper is such a paradigm for achieving system integration. The authors specifically emphasize the coordination mechanisms needed for ensuring the orderly operations and concerted decision making among the components-i.e., agents-of the manufacturing systems. The application of the framework to a printed circuit board manufacturing system and the performance results are also described.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic in cancer diagnosis in the first and second waves in one of the most affected cancer areas in the city of Madrid (Spain)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Supplementary Table 1. Number and kind of successive visits in our center during the two first waves of COVID-19. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Bio-Inspired End-Stopped Neuron Model for the Curves Segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This article is dedicated to modeling the end-stopped neuron. This type of neuron gives the maximum response at the end of the line and is used to refine the edge. The article provides an overview of different models of end-stopped neurons. I have proposed a simpler and more accurate model of an end-stopped neuron based on the use of Gabor filters in antiphase. For this purpose, the models of simple and complex cells whose output is used in the proposed model are also described. Simple cells are based on the use of a Gabor filter, the parameters of which are also described in this article. The proposed model has shown its effectiveness.
[Preventive value of vitamin D in various doses based on a prospective study of healthy infants].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Authors have kept under review two groups of healthy full-term infants born from undisturbed pregnancy, who lived in good social conditions from birth to one year of age. One of the groups was given 500IU/die and the other 1200 IU/die vitamin D. Authors evaluated the effect of the different doses of vitamin D on the prophylaxis of the rickets. 100 infants were reviewed in both groups. The clinical, laboratory and radiological examination revealed symptoms referring to rickets at the half of infants in both groups as early as 3 month of age. In the group of infants having been given low prophylactic dose of vitamin D there was significantly larger number of patients showing clinical evidence for rickets in both ages. Also significant differences were found at the age of one year in the size of the anterior fontanelles and the head circumferences, the developing of dentition and walk and the disturbed rank of eruption of teeth.
Expression in yeast of antisense RNA to ADE1 mRNA.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The utility of antisense RNA as a means of regulating gene expression in yeast has been explored by inserting into a high copy number yeast expression vector an ADE1 gene fragment in such an orientation so as to produce antisense RNA in vivo which could hybridize to natural ADE1 mRNA. Northern blotting analysis of total cellular RNA extracted from transformed yeast cells confirmed the presence of high levels of antisense RNA to ADE1 mRNA within cells. However the high level of expression of antisense RNA did not result in production of Ade- cells.
Recovery of multi-drug resistant, multiple antibiotic resistance genes-carrying non-typhoidal Salmonella from antibiotic-free and conventional chicken meat: A comparative study in Delhi, India

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Food-associated Salmonella spp. are regularly implicated in diarrhoeal illnesses. Emergence of antibiotic resistance (AR) among Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) has become a global healthcare problem, necessitating an AR risk assessment along the food-chain network. Considering the growing trend of selling alternatively labelled meat products in low- and middle-income countries like India, a comprehensive evaluation of AR in non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates associated with antibiotic-free (AF) labelled chicken meat was carried out. Additionally, the resistance profile of AF chicken meat-derived microbes was compared to the conventional (CL) chicken meat-derived ones. Results highlighted high degree of resistance in AF-derived NTS isolates to tetracycline (87.0 %), nalidixic-acid (53.0 %) and ampicillin (41.0 %), and moderate degree of resistance to imipenem (28.0 %), co-trimoxazole (27.0 %), cefazolin (23.0 %) and ciprofloxacin (15 %). Horizontally-transmissible AR genes (ARGs), such as, tetA (77.0 %), qnrS (53.0 %), ampC (41.0 %), sul3, (21.0 %) etc. were also prevalent among screened isolates. Overall, 74.0 % of S. enterica were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and 45.0 % harboured ≥ 3 ARGs. There was no difference in resistance profile and multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of isolates derived from AF and CL chicken meat (two-way ANOVA, unpaired t-test, respectively; p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed a positive relationship between various AR phenotypes and ARGs that provide the corresponding resistance (p < 0.05). This means that the prevalence of positively correlating ARGs could be used to predict physical resistance. Our study illustrates that choosing AF chicken meat in markets of Delhi may not effectively minimise the exposure of resistant NTS to consumers. Observations also recommend a systematic AR risk assessment of foodstuffs across the region for a more informed assistance to the authorities in distributing relevant labels to food products.
Hydrogeological characterization of the Salinas-Los Hoyos evaporitic karst (Malaga province, S Spain) using topographic, hydrodynamic, hydrochemical and isotopic methods

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Salinas-Los Hoyos karst system is a geological diapiric structure formed by materials of diverse nature (clays, sandstones, evaporites, volcanic rocks, dolostones, etc.) placed between Malaga and Granada provinces (S Spain). The abundance of evaporite rocks (gypsum, anhydrite and halite) and their high solubility contribute to the development of exokarstic features (dolines, uvalas, sinkholes). Grande and Chica lakes are dolines located in the western border of the diapir that are intersected by the piezometric level. Close to the first wetland is the Aguileras spring, which is the main discharge point of the west sector of the system. To assess the wetland-spring relation and the general functioning of the system, the geomorphologic framework has been analyzed and hydrogeological controls have been performed, consisting in limnimetric and discharge logging and in situ measurements of physico-chemical parameters (EC and water temperature). Furthermore, spring, wetland and rain water samples have been taken for subsequent chemical and isotopic analysis. Preliminary results show that wetland water level and spring discharge follow a similar trend, consistently with the inertia of the system. However, their hydrochemical evolution and isotopic values differ, thus wetland groundwater interaction has not been fully determined. Nevertheless, present research suggests that the hydrogeological connection would be more likely during wet periods, when the water table is at higher altitude.Key words: Evaporitic (karst) aquifer, Hydrological and hydrogeological behaviours, Natural responses, South Spain, Wetlands.
Correction: Changing Use of Surgical Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Thika Hospital, Kenya: A Quality Improvement Intervention with an Interrupted Time Series Design

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction:In low-income countries, Surgical Site Infection (SSI) is a common form of hospital-acquired infection.Antibiotic prophylaxis is an effective method of preventing these infections, if given immediately before the start of surgery.Although several studies in Africa have compared pre-operative versus post-operative prophylaxis, there are no studies describing the implementation of policies to improve prescribing of surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in African hospitals.Methods: We conducted SSI surveillance at a typical Government hospital in Kenya over a 16 month period between August 2010 and December 2011, using standard definitions of SSI and the extent of contamination of surgical wounds.As an intervention, we developed a hospital policy that advised pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis and discouraged extended post-operative antibiotics use.We measured process, outcome and balancing effects of this intervention in using an interrupted time series design.Results: From a starting point of near-exclusive post-operative antibiotic use, after policy introduction in February 2011 there was rapid adoption of the use of pre-operative antibiotic prophylaxis (60% of operations at 1 week; 98% at 6 weeks) and a substantial decrease in the use of post-operative antibiotics (40% of operations at 1 week; 10% at 6 weeks) in Clean and Clean-Contaminated surgery.There was no immediate step-change in risk of SSI, but overall, there appeared to be a moderate reduction in the risk of superficial SSI across all levels of wound contamination.There were marked reductions in the costs associated with antibiotic use, the number of intravenous injections performed and nursing time spent administering these. Conclusion:Implementation of a locally developed policy regarding surgical antibiotic prophylaxis is an achievable quality improvement target for hospitals in low-income countries, and can lead to substantial benefits for individual patients and the institution.
Analisis Korelasi Desain Karakter Video Game dan Loyalitas Video Game Pada MMO Studi Multi-method

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

RPG is a game genre where a player can play a role in the game. RPG genre games have various genres, one of which is MMO which offers players to interact with many players at the same time. The Indonesian game industry does not yet have a role in competing with foreign products. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to examine character design. which can affect one's interest in playing. The method used in this study is a multi-method, namely a mixture of quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative used is distributing questionnaires and qualitatively collecting data by interview. The results of the quantitative study showed that the appearance of the facial features and good looks of a character influenced the player's interest in playing, while the qualitative results were not significant in terms of the appearance of the facial features and good looks of a character.
Concurrent engineering: evolution and application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

When a new complex electronic product is being developed, an approach is chosen, either directly or indirectly, to obtain the final design. Once the approach is chosen or implied, it is followed throughout the design and development phase. This is done to ensure that it will meet the specified requirements within the mechanical, electrical, and other environmental constraints. One approach allows all ingredients crucial of a successful product to be considered, such as: design, manufacturing, testing, reliability, human factors, producibility, and cost, as well as customer's needs and satisfaction. This approach-Concurrent Engineering-can be defined as a systematic team approach in which all disciplines participate in the design and development of products and related processes simultaneously to obtain common objectives. This paper delineates the detailed processes and procedures to implement concurrent engineering effectively and makes specific recommendations to obtain the desired results. In the process, it compares concurrent engineering to a symphony orchestra to illustrate the profit to be realized when all of the involved disciplines cooperate to produce the final product.
Lights and Camera: Intelligently Controlled Multi-channel Pose Estimation System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Guiding the spacecraft docking process requires the use of sensors that estimate the relative position of the two vessels. This task is complicated by the widely variable on-orbit illumination. To combat this, controllable docking cameras are augmented by computer-controlled illuminants. But how should these illumination and capture parameters be controlled and how should the images obtained under different conditions be combined in order to estimate the relative pose of the vessels? We address these issues in the "Lights and Camera" system. Images captured with the same camera and scene geometry but under different lighting conditions are merged, and the resulting edges are used to estimate the target's pose. A high level controller monitors the imaging process and determines the set of images to capture and use for pose estimation. This paper describes the "Lights and Camera" system architecture and initial results of its operation on mockups of space hardware.
Contribution of Ethylene Biosynthesis for Resistance to Blast Fungus Infection in Young Rice Plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The role of ethylene (ET) in resistance to infection with blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) in rice (Oryza sativa) is poorly understood. To study it, we quantified ET levels after inoculation, using young rice plants at the four-leaf stage of rice cv Nipponbare (wild type) and its isogenic plant (IL7), which contains the Pi-i resistance gene to blast fungus race 003. Small necrotic lesions by hypersensitive reaction (HR) were formed at 42 to 72 h postinoculation (hpi) in resistant IL7 leaves, and whitish expanding lesions at 96 hpi in susceptible wild-type leaves. Notable was the enhanced ET emission at 48 hpi accompanied by increased 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) levels and highly elevated ACC oxidase (ACO) activity in IL7 leaves, whereas only an enhanced ACC increase at 96 hpi in wild-type leaves. Among six ACC synthase (ACS) and seven ACO genes found in the rice genome, OsACS2 was transiently expressed at 48 hpi in IL7 and at 96 hpi in wild type, and OsACO7 was expressed at 48 hpi in IL7. Treatment with an inhibitor for ACS, aminooxyacetic acid, suppressed enhanced ET emission at 48 hpi in IL7, resulting in expanding lesions instead of HR lesions. Exogenously supplied ACC compromised the aminooxyacetic acid-induced breakdown of resistance in IL7, and treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene and silver thiosulfate, inhibitors of ET action, did not suppress resistance. These findings suggest the importance of ET biosynthesis and, consequently, the coproduct, cyanide, for HR-accompanied resistance to blast fungus in young rice plants and the contribution of induced OsACS2 and OsACO7 gene expression to it.