jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Protocol for the economic evaluation of a complex intervention to improve the mental health of maltreated infants and children in foster care in the UK (The BeST? services trial)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Children who have experienced abuse and neglect are at increased risk of mental and physical health problems throughout life. This places an enormous burden on individuals, families and society in terms of health services, education, social care and judiciary sectors. Evidence suggests that early intervention can mitigate the negative consequences of child maltreatment, exerting long-term positive effects on the health of maltreated children entering foster care. However, evidence on cost-effectiveness of such complex interventions is limited. This protocol describes the first economic evaluation of its kind in the UK. Methods and analysis An economic evaluation alongside the Best Services Trial (BeST?) has been prospectively designed to identify, measure and value key resource and outcome impacts arising from the New Orleans intervention model (NIM) (an infant mental health service) compared with case management (CM) (enhanced social work services as usual). A within-trial economic evaluation and long-term model from a National Health Service/Personal Social Service and a broader societal perspective will be undertaken alongside the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR)–Public Health Research Unit (PHRU)-funded randomised multicentre BeST?. BeST? aims to evaluate NIM compared with CM for maltreated children entering foster care in a UK context. Collection of Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) and the recent mapping of PedsQL to EuroQol-5-Dimensions (EQ-5D) will facilitate the estimation of quality-adjusted life years specific to the infant population for a cost–utility analysis. Other effectiveness outcomes will be incorporated into a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) and cost-consequences analysis (CCA). A long-term economic model and multiple economic evaluation frameworks will provide decision-makers with a comprehensive, multiperspective guide regarding cost-effectiveness of NIM. The long-term population health economic model will be developed to synthesise trial data with routine linked data and key government sector parameters informed by literature. Methods guidance for population health economic evaluation will be adopted (lifetime horizon, 1.5% discount rate for costs and benefits, CCA framework, multisector perspective). Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval was obtained by the West of Scotland Ethics Committee. Results of the main trial and economic evaluation will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal as well as published in the peer-reviewed NIHR journals library (Public Health Research Programme). Trial registration number NCT02653716 ; Pre-results.
Novel effectors identified in the apoplast of Cladosporium fulvum-infected tomato

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Tomato leaf mold disease is caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum. To colonize the leaf apoplast, C. fulvum secretes a collection of effector proteins that modulate host immune responses, as well as other proteins (e.g., carbohydrate-active enzymes or CAZys) that facilitate nutrient acquisition. In the presence of cognate Cf immune receptors, however, many of these proteins trigger immune responses that render the pathogen avirulent. Characterization of the C. fulvum apoplastic secretome is required to further understand the abovementioned processes, and to identify novel sources of resistance against this pathogen. We have used liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) to identify 141 secreted and surface-associated fungal proteins present in apoplastic fluid harvested from compatible C. fulvum–tomato interactions. In addition to the known effectors identified in previous studies, this collection contains >70 new C. fulvum candidate effector (CfCE) proteins. Using a Potato virus X (PVX)-based expression system, we show that nine of these CfCEs, including Ecp11-1, which has homology to AvrLm3 and AvrLmJ1 of Leptosphaeria maculans, trigger cell death in particular wild accessions of tomato. Thus, our study has likely uncovered novel avirulence effectors of C. fulvum, as well as Cf immune receptors in wild tomato with new specificities against this pathogen. An overview of the C. fulvum apoplastic secretome will be presented.
Comparison of the Orton-Gillingham and a Web-based Program in Children with Reading Difficulties.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The Orton-Gillingham reading-intervention program (OG) is widely used for children with Reading Difficulties (RD). However, few studies have been performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the OG. Here, we examined the effects of the OG on oral and silent reading in children with RD. Children with RD who participated in the OG showed similar improvements in speed and accuracy of oral reading after training as did children with RD who participated in the control program. Both groups showed improvement in oral reading speed. Children in the OG group did show greater accuracy in oral reading compared to silent reading. These results suggest that the gain from the OG was not different from participation in another intervention program in improving oral and silent reading speed.
Openness and Accountability in Turkey in the Context of Accession to the European Union

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There are many indicators showing the need for restructuring of the Turkish public administration. The basic nature and problems of the administrative functioning are mostly related to the bureaucratic culture from the past. Turkey has made important public administration reforms in recent years in order to change this bureaucratic culture, which is based on centralization and secrecy. The European Union (EU) is the most important external dynamic of these reforms aiming at openness, transparency, accountability, participation and ethical structuring in public administration. These principles are also an element of the European Administrative Space (EAS), EU governance and the subject of Europeanization in public administration. Among these principles, openness and accountability constitute the subject of this paper. Openness, transparency and accountability of government bear critical importance for the proper functioning of accession process. Within this period, a number of regulations have been passed to ensure institutionalization of an open and accountable administration, resulting in the establishment of new agencies in Turkey. However, although essential steps were taken in terms of openness and accountability before the accession negotiations began on October 3, 2005, the reforms entered into a phase of deceleration thereafter. Therefore, the reforms appear to have been affected by the development course of Turkey-EU relations and slowed down as the relations deteriorated. In this context, these reforms are examined under the following dimensions based on EU progress reports and relevant legal regulations: (i) openness and right to information, (ii) financial transparency and accountability, (iii) ethical principles for public officials.
[The surgical treatment of patients with colonic cancer complicated by perifocal inflammation of the tissues].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the clinic, at preoperative preparation of the patients with cancer of the colon complicated by perifocal inflammation, the irrigation of a tumour area, using antibacterial preparations, is employed. After laparoscopy, a drainage tube with microirrigator for perfusion of the antibacterial solution is introduced to the region of tumour location. Using the method described, 25 patients were prepared for the operation. Their state improved after 7-8 days. One-stage radical operation was performed in 20 patients. Of them in 17, primary intestinal anastomosis was created.
Clonidine and Growth Hormone Response-Reply

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In Reply.—This is in reply to the letter of Englehart and his colleagues, who report their experience with clonidine as a stimulus for GH release and conclude that smaller dosages of clonidine (below 100 μg/sq m of surface area [SA]) are insufficient to provoke an adequate GH response in healthy, short children. Such data are in agreement with our experience.1Since the publication of our report, we have screened 21 other children with short stature by the administration of a tablet of 100 μg of clonidine hydrochloride and by obtaining a single blood sample for the GH level at 60 minutes. With this simple screening test, we found that of 14 children who received 100 μg or more of clonidine hydrochloride per square meter of SA, five failed the test (serum GH level lower than 8.0 ng/mL). On the other hand, none of the seven patients who received
Interactions between law enforcement and women of color at high-risk of lethal intimate partner violence: An application of interpersonal justice theory

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Research suggests that women of color (WOC) survivors are often dissatisfied with police response to their calls for intimate partner violence (IPV) assistance due to disrespectful, apathetic, and rude treatment. A strong empirical relationship exists between severity of abuse and police help-seeking among WOC survivors more generally; however, scarce literature exists examining the nature of interactions between officers and WOC survivors during life-threatening abuse situations. This study contributes to the literature by examining WOC's satisfaction with law enforcement response within an interpersonal justice framework, and how survivors' "severe abuse contexts" contribute to police help-seeking decision-making. In-depth interviews were conducted with high-risk WOC IPV survivors. Results revealed two themes that describe participants' perceptions of police treatment as dismissive/lethargic (T1) and hostile/callous (T2). Findings suggest that unfair treatment from officers has dangerous implications for ongoing survivor safety among WOC. Non-carceral IPV prevention and survivor safety enhancement perspectives are also discussed.
Potential use of Mussel farms as Multitrophic on-growth sites for American lobster, Homarus americanus (Milne Edwards)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mussel (Mytilus edulis) farms in Newfoundland, Canada were investigated as potential sites to hold adult lobsters Homarus americanus in inshore benthic cages. The goals of this project were to determine if lobsters can be maintained for prolonged periods in cages and survive and grow by feeding on mussels dropping-off culture lines. The effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the moulting, growth rates and serum protein concentrations were monitored at regular intervals in both the field and the lab over 6 months. Although survival rates were high under mussel lines, the moulting rate was low and analysis of serum protein concentration showed they were in a poorer condition than fed lobsters in lab experiments. In the laboratory diet type, temperature, feeding frequency and compartment size were manipulated to determine possible factors influencing survival and growth of the lobsters in the field. In the lab, moulting was highest at 15°C and survival lowest at 5oC; lobsters fed a mixed versus a mussel only diet were healthier. In a separate lab experiment, lobsters that were fed twice weekly attained a larger size at post-moult than those fed once per month. However, feeding frequency did not affect survival or the number of animals moulting. The lab experiments suggested that the combination of low temperature and infrequent food input was the cause of the low moulting rate and overall quality of the lobsters in the field. This project showed although lobsters can be stored in benthic cages in the field for up to 6 months, relying on mussel drop-off alone is limited, and lobsters may need supplemental feeding in order to produce a larger, higher quality product for market. Initial results also suggest the promise of incorporating lobsters into a multitrophic aquaculture system as a means to remove moribund mussels underneath culture lines.
Does accumulative childhood trauma affect adult depression? Exploring the mediating effects of substance misuse experience and gender differences

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background: There is a growing global concern of depression, especially notable in South Korea, where childhood trauma significantly elevates the risk of depression and substance misuse in adulthood. This study aims to explore the mediating role of substance misuse within this relationship, emphasizing gender differences. The insights gained from this research aim to inform the development of effective intervention strategies and public health policies. Methods: This study utilizes data from the 2021 Life Events and Trauma Experience Survey conducted in South Korea to explore gender differences in the mediating effects substance misuse on the relationship between childhood trauma and adult depression. The sample comprises 1331 adults who experienced childhood trauma, and depression is assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). Childhood trauma is categorized into 23 life events. Results: The findings indicated that both childhood trauma and substance misuse were significantly associated with increased levels of adult depression, with substance misuse intensifying this effect. Gender differences were observed, as females reported higher levels of both depression and experiences of childhood trauma. However, gender did not influence the mediating effect of substance misuse on depression. Furthermore, factors such as having a spouse, chronic illness, and economic status influenced levels of depression and substance misuse. Conclusions: The findings suggest the need for preventive efforts for childhood trauma and substance misuse interventions, emphasizing a comprehensive approach rather than a gender-specific one in mental health programs.
Linkage of an Alcoholism-Related Severity Phenotype to Chromosome 16

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

There is substantial evidence for a significant genetic component to the risk for alcoholism. In searching for genes that contribute to this risk, the diagnostic criteria for alcohol dependence may not be the optimal phenotype; rather, creation of a more homogeneous phenotype will lead to a more homogeneous genetic etiology. Items from the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism collected from 830 individuals in 105 alcoholic families were used in a latent class analysis to identify a more homogeneous alcoholism-related phenotype. A four-class solution was chosen: class 1, unaffected group; class 2, mildly problematic group; class 3, moderately affected group; and class 4, severely affected group. Classes 3 and 4 had higher symptom endorsement probabilities than classes 1 and 2 for items reflecting severe alcohol dependence, and were combined to provide enough sibling pairs for genetic linkage analysis. A total of 291 markers distributed throughout the genome, with an average intermarker distance of 14 cM, were genotyped. Linkage analysis was performed to detect loci underlying classes 3 and 4, the moderately and severely affected alcoholics, of whom 88% met the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism, and >99% met ICD-10 criteria for alcohol dependence. Evidence for a locus on chromosome 16, near the marker D16S675, was found with a maximum multipoint lod score of 4.0. Analysis of additional markers on chromosome 16 yielded a lod score of 3.2, narrowed the critical region, and placed the gene between D16S475 and D16S675 in a 15 cM interval.
Artificial Photosynthesis: Is Computation Ready for the Challenge Ahead?

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A tremendous effort is currently devoted to the generation of novel hybrid materials with enhanced electronic properties for the creation of artificial photosynthetic systems. This compelling and challenging problem is well-defined from an experimental point of view, as the design of such materials relies on combining organic materials or metals with biological systems like light harvesting and redox-active proteins. Such hybrid systems can be used, e.g., as bio-sensors, bio-fuel cells, biohybrid photoelectrochemical cells, and nanostructured photoelectronic devices. Despite these efforts, the main bottleneck is the formation of efficient interfaces between the biological and the organic/metal counterparts for efficient electron transfer (ET). It is within this aspect that computation can make the difference and improve the current understanding of the mechanisms underneath the interface formation and the charge transfer efficiency. Yet, the systems considered (i.e., light harvesting protein, self-assembly monolayer and surface assembly) are more and more complex, reaching (and often passing) the limit of current computation power. In this review, recent developments in computational methods for studying complex interfaces for artificial photosynthesis will be provided and selected cases discussed, to assess the inherent ability of computation to leave a mark in this field of research.
Reproductive strategies of bats in Africa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The reproduction of 37 species of bats from Malawi was investigated, and the strategies (litter size and chronology) of seven species were determined. Reproduction was then related to rainfall and (if possible) abundance of food. Strategies of Malawian bats were compared with strategies of bats from six other African environments with different patterns of rainfall and availability of food. Monotocous species are numerous and found in all environments, but there are few polytocous species and polytocy has not been recorded in some environments. Ten reproductive chronologies (distinguished by the timing of parturition in relation to season, the presence of reproductive synchrony, the number of pregnancies/year, and the presence or absence of postpartum oestrus) were recognized in African bats. The number and kind of chronologies occurring in different environments is variable. Four chronologies have been recorded in fruit‐bats; intraspecific variability is rare, possibly because fluctuations in the abundance of fruit are comparatively small in the environments where most species of fruit‐bats are found. Reproductive inflexibility may explain why most fruit‐bats do not exploit diverse environments. Eight chronologies have been recorded in insect‐eating bats. These bats show more interspecific and intraspecific variability than fruit‐bats, probably because seasonal differences in the availability of insects are great enough to impose considerable selective pressure on reproduction. Species capable of reproductive flexibility exploit diverse environments.
Predicting lean blow-off of bluffbody stabilized flames based on Damköhler number

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Lean Blow-Off (LBO) prediction is important to propulsion system design. In this paper, a hybrid method combining numerical simulation and Da (Damköhler) model is proposed based on bluffbody stabilized flames. In the simulated reacting flow, Practical Reaction Zone (PRZ) is built based on OH radical concentration, and it is considered to be the critical zone that controls LBO. Da number is obtained based on the volume-averaged parameters of PRZ. The flow time scale (τf) indicates the residence time of the fresh mixture flowing through the PRZ. It is obtained based on the characteristic length and volume-averaged axial velocity of the PRZ. The chemical time scale (τc) indicates the shortest time needed to trigger the reaction of the mixture. It is obtained by commercial software CHEMKIN through monitoring the transient variation of the reactor temperature. The result shows that the average Da number under different LBO conditions is 1.135 (the Da number under each LBO condition ranges from 0.673 to 1.351). This indicates that the flow time scale and chemical time scale are comparable. The combustion is in a critical state where LBO is easy to occur. With the increase of the fuel mass flow rate (the global fuel/air ratio increases from 0.004761 to 0.01095), τf increases from 0.001268 s to 0.007249 s, and τc decreases from 0.00124 s to 0.00089 s. Accordingly, Da number increases from 1.023 to 8.145, which shows that the combustion becomes more stable. The above results show that the method proposed in the present study can properly predict the LBO limits of combustors, which provides important technical supports for combustor design and optimization. Keywords: Bluffbody stabilized flames, Damköhler number, Hybrid method, LBO, Time scales
Compliance and compensation: money as a currency of human rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This Chapter explores the tight link between money and compliance in the European human rights system. On one side, I reveal how important compensation is as a remedy in ECtHR case law and how the desire to facilitate implementation influences the European Court to set damages at values that appear realistic and payable. The ECtHR's decision to offer a discount on quantity to repetitive violators is examined further and I assess whether in practice it actually leads to faster compliance. On the other side, the Chapter investigates how compensation awarded by the European Court of Human Rights is implemented in member states of the Council of Europe. By focusing exclusively on damages, I show how often and how quickly states pay damage awards and how the ECtHR enjoys much better compliance rates than other international courts. I also show that if our focus is on securing the fastest implementation possible, then friendly settlements offer an even better option than judgments with monetary awards. But speed is not always the solution. The article shows that when individual states have to introduce large compensation schemes to comply with ECtHR judgments, these require concrete changes in domestic legal system and take time and effort. Especially when structural changes are sought, monetary incentives need to operate on multiple levels, including in relation to officials and public servants, to facilitate them to enable systemic changes in domestic law and thus bring about successful implementation of an ECtHR judgment.