jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Formation of the American Scientific Community: The American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1848-1860

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We already know a good deal about the Swiss, Felix Platter, the elder (1536-1614), because the account of his experiences as a medical student at Montpellier is available in English (Beloved son Felix.The journal of Felix Platter a medical student in Mont- pellier in the sixteenth century, translated and introduced by S6an Jennett, London, F
Design and development of a versatile robot gripper

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Industrial pick-and-place applications often require a gripper that is capable of handling objects of varying shapes and sizes. Also, the gripper should have a simple mechanical design and control architecture for it to be a practical and cost effective choice to be introduced into production lines. The objective of this project is to design and develop a versatile robot gripper that is capable of pinching and encompassing different object geometries. Through the evaluation of background researches, it was decided that the gripper in this project will be an underactuated mechanical adaptive gripper. This gripper has fingers that are four-bar linkages, rotated by a worm gear drive system. The fabrication of the gripper prototype is done by 3D printing. The assembled gripper prototype is then put through a simulation to grasp common household objects that have cross-sections of standard industrial raw materials. From the test observations, the gripper prototype is able to adapt to the objects’ surface profiles and execute the pinch or encompassing grip appropriately. Hence, the developed gripper is concluded to be a versatile one. However, there are still areas of improvement that can be made to the current design and should be undertaken in future works.
[Cytogenetic studies in clinical diagnosis --analysis of 1611 examination results].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An analysis of the frequency and type of chromosome aberrations found in 1611 cytogenetic studies has been done in relation to the clinical indications. The most frequent reason for referral was: MCM/MR syndrome (15.4% cases), suspicion of sex chromosome abnormality (13.1%), Down syndrome (11.2%) and reproductive wastage (10.6%). The incidence of abnormal karyotypes in these groups of patients was 10.1%, 24.2%, 87.9% and 9.3% per couple, respectively. The lowest percentage of chromosome aberrations was found among patients with nonspecific mental retardation (2.2%) and in the families who lost a baby with MCM Syndrome (3.3% per couple). On the whole, abnormal karyotype was found in 364 patients (22.6%). Among 62 families identified by the affected child with, structural chromosome aberration in 24 families (38.7%) the abnormality was familial in the origin.
Stapes surgery for otosclerosis: Comparison of two techniques

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND. Otosclerosis is a primary disease of the human otic capsule and stapes stage, being a frequent cause of conductive hearing loss in our country. The surgical treatment of choice is stapes surgery and prosthesis placement, performed in a conventional way, with a surgical microscope, for 30 years in our hospital. Recently, the option of performing stapes surgery endoscopically was introduced in our centre. OBJECTIVE. To evaluate the results in stapes surgery for otosclerosis between the conventional microscopic versus endoscopic procedure. MATERIAL AND METHODS. An observational, analytical and retrospective study on patients undergoing stapes surgery with microscopic and endoscopic technique was conducted. Data such as age, sex, state of origin, affected ear, as well as the technique used, duration of surgical intervention, hearing gain and postsurgical complications were taken. Data were taken from the records of patients admitted to the hospital. Descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney U and Pearson’s Ji2, were used, considering a value of p≤ 0.05 as significant. RESULTS. No significant differences were found in surgical time or postoperative hearing between the two surgical techniques. The female sex was the most intervened. There was no significant difference between the post-surgical complications of both groups. CONCLUSION. Both procedures appear to be effective, with similar risks and postoperative results for the surgical treatment of otosclerosis.
Prevention of Restenosis by Gene Targeting

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Researchers seeking new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular disease have turned their attention to the genetic basis of both normal and pathologic cardiovascular growth and function (Berg and Singer, 1995; Dzau et al., 1993). Various molecular and biochemical pathways are known to play critical roles in the control of cell cycle progression and cell division, and these pathways can be influenced by the expression of certain genes. Control of cell growth is, in turn, an important determinant in the natural history of proliferative disorders of the cardiovascular system, such as the phenomenon of restenosis after balloon angioplasty. It has therefore become possible to identify genes that are important in disease progression, and to target the expression of these genes for modification in an attempt to alter cardiovascular pathobiology.
Abstract 6755: The impact of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on survival outcomes of pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with significant morbidity and mortality. RAS (renin-angiotensin system) inhibitors have been used for hypertension, and the potential role of using RAS inhibitors in pancreatic adenocarcinoma have been investigated in pre-clinical models by enhancing drug delivery and reducing hypoxia. However, the clinical benefit of RAS inhibitors in pancreatic cancer patients was still unclear. Methods We retrospectively investigated the impact of RAS inhibitors on survival outcomes of pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients in Taichung Veterans General Hospital between January 2014 and July 2021. Patients with histologically proven pancreatic adenocarcinoma were included in the study. Clinical feature with drugs exposure and survival outcome were analyzed. Results A total of 384 pancreatic cancer patients were analyzed. Among them, 70 patients had concurrent use of RAS inhibitors and 314 patients had no concurrent medication use. Among patients with RAS inhibitors use, the diagnosed age was significantly older (70.0 vs. 68.0, p = 0.023), and a higher proportion of hypertension (100.0% vs. 51.0%, p &lt; 0.0001), chronic kidney disease (27.5% vs. 9.1%, p &lt; 0.0001), and diabetes (64.3% vs 39.5%, p &lt; 0.0001) than those without RAS inhibitors use. The 12-month progression-free survival were 22.9% and 13.7% in the RAS inhibitors and control group (p = 0.008), respectively. The Overall survival was not significantly different in the both groups (p = 0.356). In the multivariate analysis, the use of RAS inhibitors had a significantly better progression-free survival outcome (Hazard ratio = 0.025, CI:0.52-0.96). The advanced disease status, poor ECOG performance status and the elevated level of CA19-9 were correlated with poor progression-free survival. Conclusion In our study, although higher percentage of existed comorbidities in the RAS inhibitor group, we demonstrated that the use of RAS inhibitors among pancreatic cancer patients might provide a better progression-free survival outcome. Further prospective study and investigation are warranted. Citation Format: Kuan-Yu Tseng, Cheng-Wei Chou. The impact of renin-angiotensin system inhibitors on survival outcomes of pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6755.
First-Line Prescribing Preferences of U.S. Hematology-Oncology Physicians for Patients with CLL: Impact of Novel Agents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: In November, 2013 obinutuzumab (obin) was approved in combination with chlorambucil (chlor), as 1st line therapy (Rx) for patients (pts) with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In February, 2014, ibrutinib was approved in CLL for pts who had received > 1 prior therapy. In April, 2014 ofatumumab (ofa) + chlor was approved as 1st line Rx for pts with CLL for whom fludarabine-based therapy is considered inappropriate. During 2014 we studied PPrefs of 180 U.S-based hematology-oncology physicians (HOPs) for 1stline Rx across a range of clinical scenarios varying by age, co-morbidities, and selected laboratory features. Methods: PPrefs were assessed through a validated, proprietary, live, case-based market research tool (Challenging Cases®). Assessment dates were 3/08/14 and 4/26/14. Data were acquired using blinded, audience-response technology. A core scenario (CS) and 3 variant scenarios (VS) were utilized to evoke physician PPrefs. CS: 63-year-old male; 1-2 cm diffuse adenopathy, spleen 3 cm below costal margin. Presented with recent fatigue/ low grade fevers; no relevant co-morbidities; CD 38=12%. No FISH abnormalities. PS1. VS1: All equal except 17p deletion and CD 38 = 42%; VS2: CS (age 63; no abnormal FISH) plus co-morbidities (medication-controlled hypertension, type II diabetes, and mild COPD); VS3: VS2 BUT age 73 with same co-morbidities. Results: PPrefs by scenario shown below: Abstract 4676. Table 1PPref CS VS1 VS2 VS33/8/144/26/143/8/144/26/143/8/144/26/143/8/144/26/14Bendamustine + rituximab[BR]61%63%52%51%72%68%66%64%Bendamustine + Obinutuzumab0%2%2%6%0%1%3%2%Chorambucil + Obinutuzumab1%3%2%3%2%5%8%17%FCR20%16%25%19%5%8%1%2%Ibrutinib + additional agent(s)2%3%11%16%7%8%6%7%Other2%2%4%2%2%2%3%2%Observe14%10%3%3%11%6%12%5% Conclusions: As of March-April 2014 BR is the 1st line PPref of 51% -72% of US-based HOPs across 4 plausible newly diagnosed CLL scenarios. In VS1 (age 63; 17p deletion) ibrutinib based Rx is emerging despite lack of 1st line indication. In VS 3 (age 73, multiple co-morbidities present, neither high risk FISH nor CD 38 positivity) 1st line PPref for Chlor + Obin is emerging. Prior to ASH 2014, we will assess PPrefs of approximately 180 additional HOPs related to these scenarios (with ofatumumab + chlorambucil added as a treatment option) and have aggregate PPref data (N > 350) across all of 2014 for ASH. Disclosures Williams: Pharmacyclics, Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding.
Africa’s trade arrangements with the United States, the United Kingdom, and other prominent partners

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This book's metaphorical zoom lens scans out in this chapter to focus on the US, the UK and other selected trading partners.These are all significant but not dominating partners within Africa's trade, with each accounting for up to 5 per cent of Africa's trade.They are, however, countries with substantial and evolving trade policies with Africa.The US's importance to Africa's trade goes far beyond the modest level of trade flows.Not only does US trade policy shape its bilateral trade and investment relationship with African countries, it also influences the global trade policy environment in which African countries operate.The centrepiece of US-Africa trade policy is America's 2001 African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA).For all its shortcomings, it provides a model that could be emulated by other partners to allow the sequencing of trade reforms and building of productive sector capacities (including through implementation of the AfCFTA and other trade reforms) before Africa enters reciprocal trade deals.For the UK, Brexit, or its withdrawal from the European Union on 31 January 2020, is the pivotal event that is driving its trade with Africa.While inside the EU, the UK was bound by the former's trade policy, the main pillars of which were discussed in Chapter 3.With Brexit, the UK can design its own trade policies and strategies.Disappointingly, the UK mainly replicated these agreements to which it had been a party in the EU to ensure continuity in its trading arrangements.Besides Africa's trade relations with the EU, China, the US and the UK, it is also worth highlighting some notable features in other bilateral trade relationships.India, Turkey, Japan, Russia and Brazil are considered in brief notes in this chapter.
681 Controlling Stress in Container-grown Plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The controlled water table irrigation system (CWT) consists of a capillary mat placed on a level bench so one side extends over the edge of the bench into a trough containing a nutrient solution maintained at a controlled distance below the bench. The nutrient solution is drawn by capillarity up to and over the bench surface. As plants use the nutrient solution or as water evaporates from the media, it is replaced from the trough. The automatic system maintains a constant air/water ratio in the growing media. Study 1: Geraniums were grown in 15-cm pots at 0, 2, and 4 cm CWT. Geraniums at 0 and 2 cm CWT had the greatest leaf area and dry weight. Plants at 0 and 2 cm CWT were more than 25% greater at 4 cm CWT. The roots of plants at 0 cm CWT were concentrated at 2 to 4 cm above the bottom of the container; whereas roots at 2 cm CWT uniformly extended from the center to the bottom. Study 2: Water potential in a coarse and fine textured media was determined at the bottom, middle and top of the container at 0, 2, and 4 cm CWT every 2.5 h during the light period. Water potential was about the same in each media within each CWT treatment. At the container bottom at 0 CWT water potential was 0; whereas the water potential at 2 and 4 CWT was lower. The water potential from top to bottom decreased slightly about mid afternoon on a sunny day when water demand was the greatest. The CWT system is potentially a commercially adaptable irrigation system for container crops. It also is a cheap, reliable tool for studying water stress on the crop growth and quality.
Genetic Variability and Its Vulnerability in Tuberculosis Infection

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a world-wide infectious disease. It caused 10.4 million deaths in 2016. The study was aimed to describe some of the genes involved in the progression of the TB disease in the human population. This study is not only useful in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease and identifying the risk of population, but also paving way for the better treatment of the diseased individual.
Alicyclobacillus vulcanalis sp. nov., a thermophilic, acidophilic bacterium isolated from Coso Hot Springs, California, USA

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A thermo-acidophilic Gram-positive bacterium, strain CsHg2 T , which grows aerobically at 35–65 °C (optimum 55 °C) and at pH 2·0–6·0 (optimum 4·0), was isolated from a geothermal pool located in Coso Hot Springs in the Mojave Desert, California, USA. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this bacterium was most closely related to the type strains of Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (97·8 % identity) and Alicyclobacillus sendaiensis (96·9 %), three Japanese strains denoted as UZ-1, KHA-31 and MIH 332 (96·1–96·5 %) and Alicyclobacillus genomic species FR-6 (96·3 %). Phenotypic characteristics including temperature and pH optima, G+C composition, acid production from a variety of carbon sources and sensitivity to different metal salts distinguished CsHg2 T from A. acidocaldarius , A. sendaiensis and FR-6. The cell lipid membrane was composed mainly of ω -cyclohexyl fatty acid, consistent with membranes from other Alicyclobacillus species. Very low DNA–DNA hybridization values between CsHg2 T and the type strains of Alicyclobacillus indicate that CsHg2 T represents a distinct species. On the basis of these results, the name Alicyclobacillus vulcanalis sp. nov. is proposed for this organism. The type strain is CsHg2 T (ATCC BAA-915 T =DSM 16176 T ).
Understanding the Performance, Survival and Collapse of African Ad Hoc Military Coalitions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article provides a comparative study of two ad hoc coalitions: the Multinational Joint Task Force, which has endured, and the G5 Sahel Joint Force, which has collapsed. To explain these divergent outcomes, we assess their performance capabilities and review the ‘classic account’ of their (under)performance, which focuses on the role of external support in sustaining coalitions. We then use an organised hypocrisy lens to show how external funding only ensures a coalition’s sustainability if, firstly, political relations between participating countries and between them and donors align; and secondly, the decoupling between discourse and performance does not become too great.
A comparison study of the auroral lower thermospheric neutral winds derived by the EISCAT UHF radar and the Tromsø medium frequency radar

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A comparative study of the neutral wind in the polar upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere is conducted using two radars, the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) UHF radar (ν = 931 MHz) and the Tromsø MF radar (ν = 2.8 MHz) colocated in northern Scandinavia. Comparisons of winds are made in case studies as well as on a statistical basis. On the basis of simultaneous observations obtained by the two radars, comparisons over a height range from ∼90 to ∼100 km are made for about 20 days between February and October 1999. In these comparisons we directly compare temporal wind variations. On the other hand, mean winds as well as diurnal and semidiurnal components are derived using 1‐month‐averaged wind data obtained by the medium frequency (MF) radar for 1999. They are compared with those derived from 56 days of EISCAT data studied by Nozawa and Brekke [1999a , 1999b] . In the case studies, we have also utilized altitude profiles of electron density obtained by the EISCAT radar at and above 62 km height to determine the total reflection height as well as to estimate the effect of group retardation for 2.8 MHz radio wave. It can be seen that the effect of particle precipitation sometimes penetrates into the D region (down to ∼84 km). Generally, wind velocities derived by EISCAT with the monostatic method exhibit significant scatter with time below 100 km, while the number of the MF radar wind data sharply decreases above 90 km except for summer. These facts make the comparison difficult, but no significant departures between different radar winds are identified on an instantaneous basis. In the statistical studies, generally both altitude profiles are well connected, or continuous, but significant disagreements are observed for the mean wind and the tidal components for summer. On the basis of these comparisons, we raise strong concerns regarding the use of summer wind data above 91 km obtained by MF radar located at high latitude under high solar activity conditions. The wind values during the winter and equinox observed by the two radars are complementary. Thus here is a good opportunity to utilize wind data from the two different radars through a year, which then enables us to cover a wide height range (approximately 70–120 km). This wide range gives us good opportunities to examine the mesosphere/lower thermosphere coupling processes based on observational data.
Processes in formation of mucus by the body wall of Ariolimax columbianus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The mucus secreted by the body surface of the terrestrial pulmonate slug, Ariolimax columbianus, is a variable mix of products of the giant mucous and channel cells of the skin. An in vitro sac preparation allows the study of control and products of these two cell types. Mucins in membrane-bound granules are released by the mucous cells on mechanical or electrical stimulation of the skin. The product of the channel cells is a blood ultrafiltrate, modified by reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions and transfer into the fluid of K+ and HCO3- ions (processes of secretion inhibited by ouabain, amiloride and furosemide; and by other epithelial blocking agents). Rates of secretion can be increased or decreased by gastropod neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, serotonin, and others), and by prostaglandin E2 and indomethacin.
[Terpenoids from leaves of Chinese hawthorn].

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Fifteen compounds were isolated from the 70% EtOH extract of leaves of Chinese hawthorn(Crataegus pinnatifida var. major) by various purification steps, and their structures were determined as 2α,3α,12β,19α,-tetrahydroxyursan-13β,28-olide(1),euscaphic acid(2), tormentic acid(3), ursolic acid(4), pomolic acid(5), corosolic acid(6), maslinic acid(7), linalyl rutinoside(8),(Z)-3-hexenyl β-D-glucoside(9),(3S, 6S)-cis-linalool-3,7-oxide-β-D-glucopyranoside(10), pisumionoside(11), icariside B6(12), byzantionoside B(13),(6R,7E,9R)-9-Hydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(14) and(6S,7E,9R)-6,9-dihydroxy-4,7-megastigmadien-3-one 9-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(15) mainly based on the mass spectrum(MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) spectroscopic techniques, of which compound 1 was a new pentacyclic triterpene, and compounds 2, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13 and 15 were isolated form this plant for the first time.
Involvement of the Rice <i>OsSAUR51</i> Gene in the Auxin-related Field Resistance Mechanism against Bacterial Blight Disease

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pathogenic infection causes auxins to accumulate in plant cells and suppresses plant defense systems. We isolated the OsSAUR51 (Oryza sativa small auxin-up RNA 51) gene as one of the rice field resistance-related genes from a retrotransposon Tos17-tagged 'Nipponbare' mutant (XC20) in which field resistance was reduced against several races of bacterial blight pathogens. OsSAUR51 expression was induced by infection of the pathogen and exogenous auxin treatment, whereas the OsSAUR51 gene in the XC20 insertion mutant lost its function due to the Tos17 insertion. We transformed the OsSAUR51 gene with the 1.0 kb OsSAUR51 native promoter into XC20 for complementation analysis and also introduced the OsSAUR51 gene controlled by RexPhi, an enhanced CaMV 35S promoter, into the rice cultivar 'Dontokoi' to make transgenic plants with enhanced expression of the OsSAUR51 gene. The OsSAUR51-transformed XC20 recovered its bacterial blight resistance, and the RexPhi::OsSAUR51-transformed 'Dontokoi' showed enhanced bacterial blight resistance as compared to untransformed 'Dontokoi'. Auxin accumulation after the bacterial blight inoculation of XC20 was comparatively higher than that of 'Nipponbare', but the auxin levels of OsSAUR51-transformed XC20 were lower than those of untransformed XC20. Auxin accumulation after bacterial blight infection in the RexPhi::OsSAUR51-transformed 'Dontokoi' plants was repressed as compared to untransformed 'Dontokoi'. These results suggest that the OsSAUR51 gene induces a field resistance mechanism and represses auxin accumulation after bacterial blight pathogen infection.