jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Measures to Combat Smuggling of Migrants by Sea

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter addresses Article 8 of the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol, which principally concerns law enforcement action against vessels used for migrant smuggling. As explained in the commentary on Article 7, it does not create new legal rules in this regard; rather, it places obligations on States Parties to cooperate within the framework of the international law of the sea. In particular, States Parties are required to respond to requests to assist in the suppression of smuggling vessels not flying their flag. They must also confirm the registry of vessels reasonably suspected of migrant smuggling when requested and, if they are the flag State, consider authorizing a requesting State Party to take action. To facilitate the making and receiving of requests, States Parties are required to establish administrative mechanisms. Article 8 also reinforces the right to visit stateless vessels on the high seas and, arguably, extends the ability of States Parties to take enforcement action against such vessels.
Conservation Strategy for protecting Crataegus x sinaica against climate change and anthropologic activities in South Sinai Mountains, Egypt

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The genus name Crataegus, is derivative from a Greek word kratos meaning hardness of wood. Crataegus relates to family Rosaceae; it contains about 280 species of deciduous spiny shrubs and small trees where most of these species are grown as ornamentals and hedging plants, they are broadly distributed in Northern temperate zones of Asia, Europe and America. In Egypt, it is confined to mountainous South Sinai; it grows on the high elevated wadis in Saint Catherine area. Many Crataegus species have been traditional used in folk medicine since ancient time for the cure of heart problems such as hypertension, angina, arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure. Researches of Crataegus species usually concentrate on the identification and quantification of flavonoids and anthocyanin, which have been shown to have pharmacological activity. But there is a continuous reduction in habitat quality for this species through time. This reduction observed in Crataegus sinica is likely caused by climate changes in the past few decades and human activities (over cutting for fuel and food, unmanaged collection for scientific researches, uncontrolled tourism and establish of bedouin settlements). We aim to highlights these challenge threatening Crataegus population and suggest conservation plans to protect this species from extinction and finally make further studies about this important threatened species.
The Frenectomy Combined with a Laterally Positioned Pedicle Graft: Functional and Esthetic Considerations

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

In many cases it is necessary to perform a frenectomy to prevent reopening of a midline diastema following closure by orthodontic therapy. Often the loss of the interdental papilla between the maxillary incisiors during the classic frenectomy creates an unacceptable esthetic result. A surgical technique combining a frenectomy with a laterally positioned pedicle graft is presented. The interdental papilla is left surgically undisturbed if it is of physiologic size. If it is enlarged, gingivoplasty is performed to reduce it to an appropriate size. Closure across the midline by laterally positioning gingiva and healing by primary intention results in attached gingiva across the midline. This attached gingiva may have a bracing effect and thus aid in preventing orthodontic relapse (reopening of the diastema). Twenty‐seven cases were treated. No relapse was found in 24 cases and in 3 cases only minimal relapse was noted (less than 1 mm). The esthetic result is superior to that obtained with the classic frenectomy technique.
Histopathological study of the testes in three genetic lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) exposed to different doses of L-Arginine

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The purpose of the study was to investigated the histological effect dietary L-arginine supplementation at 0%, 5%, and 10% above National Research Council recommendations on the testes of 225 male Japanese quail from three genetic lines (white, Brown, and gray). The current study was conducted from December 6, 2022, to July 1, 2023, at the poultry farm of Kirkuk University's animal production department, College of Agriculture. Initially, the Directorate of Agricultural Research-Baghdad. Birds were divided by color into three groups and fed diets containing different arginine levels from age 30 to 90 days. Testes from selected birds were examined histologically after H&E staining. Results showed that 5% arginine (S2) induced significant spermatogenic activity in all groups, with the most notable effect in gray quail (thickened basement membranes, increased spermatogenesis, and fat infiltration). The Brown line showed moderate changes, while the white line exhibited only mild stimulation with no fat infiltration. At 10% arginine (S3), the gray line displayed severe histopathological changes, including basement membrane thickening, Sertoli cell disruption, fat infiltration, and signs of early lipoma formation. The Brown line exhibited signs of hyperplasia, while the white line showed enhanced spermatogenesis and sperm maturation with minimal adverse effects. In conclusion, gray quail were highly sensitive to arginine supplementation, Brown quail showed a moderate response, and white quail demonstrated increased spermatogenic activity with minimal histological damage.
Split-step complex Padé-Fourier depth migration

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

SUMMARY We present a split-step complex Pade-Fourier migration method based on the one-way wave equation. The downward-continuation operator is split into two downward-continuation opera- tors: one operator is a phase-shift operator and the other operator is a finite-difference operator. A complex treatment of the propagation operator is applied to mitigate inaccuracies and in- stabilities due to evanescent waves. It produces high-quality images of complex structures with fewer numerical artefacts than those obtained using a real approximation of a square-root operator in the one-way wave equation. Tests on zero-offset data from the SEG/EAGE salt data show that the method improves the image quality at the cost of an additional 10 per cent computational time compared to the conventional Fourier finite-difference method.
1.3.4 The Systems Challenge Posed by the Desire for Re‐Usability

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Shortened product cycles, reduced development costs and increased market share are conceptual benefits of system component re‐usability. Applying this approach to certain classes of complex systems without appropriate safeguards incurs substantial risk of system failure. There are steps that can be taken in the initial phase of a program to minimize this risk and predict that performance of the system will be within the customer's window of expectation. This paper describes the types of system where re‐usability can be a problem and discusses the system engineering steps that can be taken to ensure expected benefits from re‐use.
Orthogonal Frames in Krein Spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In the present paper we introduce the concept of orthogonal frames in Krein spaces, prove the independence of the choice of the fundamental symmetry, and from this we obtain a number of interesting properties that they satisfy. We show that there is no distinction between orthogonal frames in a Krein space and orthogonal frames in its associated Hilbert. Furthermore, we characterize frames dual to a given frame, which is a useful tool for constructing examples.
A numerical study of large‐scale ionospheric modulation due to the thermal process by powerful wave heating

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We present a three‐dimensional numerical model of large‐scale ionospheric electron density and temperature modulation by powerful electromagnetic waves by incorporating the transport equations and the three‐dimensional ray‐tracing algorithm. Based on this numerical model, the changes of ionospheric electron density and temperature at nighttime are investigated. The simulation results present (1) the ionospheric electron temperature enhancement due to the energy absorption; (2) the ionospheric electron density depletion at the reflection region and enhancement at the upper/lower region along the field line due to the thermal pressure; and (3) large‐scale field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs) due to the thermal self‐focusing instability with transverse scale of ~10 km. The results are quantitatively consistent with the previous theoretical predictions and experimental observations, which indicate that the thermal processes play an important role in the ionospheric electron density/temperature modulation and large‐scale FAI generation.
Old Gallo-Romance (OGR) Corpus : annotation phonologique et métrique des plus anciens textes gallo-romans

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The goal of the Old Gallo-Romance (OGR) Corpus is to unite in a single corpus all Gallo-Romance texts copied before 1130 in a form as faithful as possible to the base manuscript and annotated in depth. In particular, the corpus contains both phonological and metrical layers of annotation. In this article, we present the main innovations implemented in the OGR corpus, with special focus on the creation of a technical infrastructure which assists in the creation of this annotation and exports it in an XML format.
Aerosol trace element solubility and deposition fluxes over the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea basins

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Aerosol samples collected during summer 2013 on GEOTRACES cruise GA04 in the Mediterranean and Black seas were analysed for their soluble and total metal and major ion composition. The fractional solubilities (soluble divided by total concentrations) of the lithogenic elements (Al, Ti, Mn, Fe, Co and Th) varied strongly with atmospheric dust loading. Solubilities of these elements in samples that contained high concentrations of mineral dust were noticeably lower than at equivalent dust concentrations over the Atlantic Ocean. This behaviour probably reflects the distinct transport and pollutant regimes of the Mediterranean basin. Elements with more intense anthropogenic sources (P, V, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) had a variety of largely independent sources in the region and generally displayed higher fractional solubilities than the lithogenic elements. Calculated dry-deposition fluxes showed a west-to-east decline in the N/P ratio in deposition over the Mediterranean, a factor that contributes to the P-limited status of the eastern basin. Atmospheric deposition may make a significant contribution to the surface water budgets of Mn and Zn in the western Mediterranean.
Design of heart valve holder

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Every year, about millions of patients in the world diagnosed with heart valve disease, and is one of the leading causes of death killing approximately more than 600,000 Americans each year. It can happen in any single or a combination of four valves in human’s heart, but the most commonly occurrences is at the aortic valve, where this disease known as aortic stenosis. Therefore, mechanical and tissue valve are currently used as an aortic valve replacement. Currently, the surgeon is having difficulties holding the surgical clipper to hold the tissue valve, and various methods and designs of the holder to replace over the surgical clipper is proposed for this project. Initially, the design of the holder with the ball clamps that I have proposed is not appropriate as the contact surface area is rather small, then the holder with the linkages is complexed. And eventually, the simple and yet easy to make holder is achievable for this design project.
2,2′‐Dimethoxy‐6‐Formylbiphenyl

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract 2,2′‐Dimethoxy‐6‐formylbiphenyl intermediate: 2,3‐dimethoxybenzoyl chloride intermediate: amido alcohol intermediate: 2‐(2,3‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐oxazoline (1) intermediate: 2,2′‐Dimethoxy‐6‐(4″,4″‐dimethyloxazolinyl)biphenyl product: 2,2′‐Dimethoxy‐6‐formylbiphenyl
On the mathematical hypothesis of phenomena like the confinement

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Wick rotation provides the standard technique of computing Feynman diagrams by means of Euclidean propagators. Let us suppose that quantum fields in an interaction zone are really Euclidean. In contrast with the well-known Euclidean field theory dealing with the Wightman and Schwinger functions of free quantum fields, we address complete Green's functions of interacting fields, i.e., causal forms on the Borchers algebra of quantum fields. They are the Laplace transform of the Euclidean states obeying a certain condition. If Euclidean states of a quantum field system, e.g., quarks do not satisfy this condition, this system fails to possess Green's functions and, consequently, the S-matrix. One therefore may conclude that it is not observed in the Minkowski space.
THE TENSION BETWEEN LAW AND POLICY IN IRAQ WAR

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Pertarungan antara kepentingan hukum dan politik dalam perang melawan terror sangat komplek dan ambigu. Dalam perang Irak tarik menarik kepentingan antara Resolusi PBB dan kepentingan politik sangat menarik untuk dicermati. Pada kajian ini pertarungan kepentingan antara penggunaan kekuasaan militer dan konstitusi, Resolusi PBB, U.N. Charter dan War Power Act of 1973 menjadi sangat kentara dalam perang Irak.
Challenges in Water Migration Modeling for Expansive Soils

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The depth and degree of wetting of subsoils is a critical parameter for the design of foundations on expansive soils. Numerical modeling provides an opportunity for allowing a wide variety of factors to be considered when evaluating the depth and degree of wetting. However, numerical modeling of migration of the wetting front in expansive soils has not yet received general acceptance in routine geotechnical engineering practice. One of the main reasons for that is because numerical modeling of water migration in expansive soils is made complex by the number of factors that influence water movement. These include volume change due to wetting soils, state of stress and its effects on unsaturated soil properties, surface boundary conditions, and patterns of bedding planes and fractures of the bedrock. The complexity of these factors increases the effort that needs to be put into numerical modeling of water migration in expansive soils. Challenges regarding these factors are discussed in this paper. A sensitivity analysis of selected factors was conducted to determine reasonableness of the input and output of the numerical models. The results of the sensitivity analysis were utilized to determine critical input parameters for modeling of water migration in expansive soils.
Pomegranate

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1. The pomegranate fruit has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times, but extensive research on the bioactive substances in the pomegranate has potential applications in the chemoprevention of common forms of cancer. 2. Pomegranates have been shown to contain 124 different phytochemicals, and some of these act in concert to exert antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on cancer cells. Pomegranate juice made by squeezing whole fruit has the highest concentration of ellagitannins of any commonly consumed juice and contains the unique ellagitannin, punicalagin. 3. Punicalagin is the largest molecular weight polyphenol known. Pomegranate ellagitannins are not absorbed intact into the blood stream but are hydrolyzed to ellagic acid over several hours in the intestine. They are also metabolized by gut flora into urolithins which are conjugated in the liver and excreted in the urine. These urolithins are also bioactive and inhibit prostate cancer cell growth. Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-B activation has been shown in prostate cancer cells and in human prostate cancer xenografts in mice. Inhibition of angiogenesis by inhibition of HIF-1 alpha activation of VEGF has also been demonstrated in animals with xenografts. 4. In clinical studies, pomegranate juice administration led to a decrease in the rate of rise of prostate-specific antigen after primary treatment with surgery or radiation. Continued translational research on the chemopreventive potential of pomegranate ellagitannins is ongoing.
Detecting and ordering adjectival scalemates

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a pattern-based method that can be used to infer adjectival scales, such as , from a corpus. Specifically, the proposed method uses lexical patterns to automatically identify and order pairs of scalemates, followed by a filtering phase in which unrelated pairs are discarded. For the filtering phase, several different similarity measures are implemented and compared. The model presented in this paper is evaluated using the current standard, along with a novel evaluation set, and shown to be at least as good as the current state-of-the-art.
Ensuring the accuracy of the location of the shaft axes of gearboxes using the compensation method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To ensure the accuracy of the shaft axes location of the H.094.44.000-323 and H.090.20.000-121 gearboxes of the КПК-2-01 potato harvester, a dimensional chain diagram is constructed. The analysis of tolerances and deviations of the dimensional chain links showed that the accuracy of the master link can be ensured by the compensation method, using sets of four fillers of the same thickness or three fillers of different thickness. It is recommended to use a compensator of three fillers. Their sizes are determined taking into account the deviations. Keywords gearbox, shaft, assembly quality, dimensional chain, incomplete interchangeability, compensation method oaleonov@rgau-msha.ru, shkaruba@rgau-msha.ru, agrinchenko@rgau-msha.ru
Effect of Prior Perpetration and Victimization upon Assignment of Criminal Responsibility

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A mock juror-simulation was utilized to determine the effect of observers' prior perpetration and victimization upon attributions of responsibility for an illegal act. 386 student subjects were presented a newspaper article depicting a court case of an individual being tried for one of two crimes, petty larceny or armed robbery. As predicted, prior victimization was significantly correlated with attributed responsibility. However, a significant relationship was not found between prior perpetration and attributed responsibility.
A Case of Palmoplantar Hyperkeratosis and Strong Family History of Esophageal Cancer: Tylosis or Not?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, in the setting of a strong family history of esophageal cancer, has been linked with Tylosis syndrome, which is a rare disorder. We present a male with palmoplantar hyperkeratosis, also present in his son, and family history of esophageal cancer in two generations but without a RHBDF2 mutation. Case: A 60-year-old male with celiac disease, GERD, and Barrett's esophagus presented for routine EGD surveillance with a complaint of thickening of his palms and soles, which his son also has. History revealed death of his father from esophageal and stomach cancer and his grandfather from esophageal. Both were diagnosed in their late-60s and the specific types of malignancies are still unknown. He quit smoking 30 years ago and drinks 1-3 beers daily for 20 years. His only medication was pantoprazole. Examination revealed hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles, present since childhood, and basic labs were unremarkable. EGD revealed long segment Barrett's and a 3mm distal esophageal nodule with biopsy showing intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus with the nodule demonstrating extensive low-grade dysplasia with focal high-grade dysplasia. Imaging did not show any metastatic lesions. He then underwent repeat EGD with complete EMR of the nodule revealing high-grade dysplasia with clear margins. Genetic testing for RHBDF2 mutation eventually done but was negative. Despite negative genetic testing, there was still high suspicion for Tylosis syndrome. He was counseled on smoking/alcohol cessation and recommended to follow up yearly with EGD surveillance. Discussion: Tylosis is a very rare autosomal dominant disorder that occurs in less than 1:1,000,000 persons. It is diagnosed clinically in the setting of palmoplantar hyperkeratosis with a significant family history of similar features. It is strongly associated with esophageal SCC by the seventh-decade of life, which is thought to be due to a gain-of-function mutation in the RHBDF2. Although our patient had a negative genetic testing, we were still highly suspicious for Tylosis given his very strong family history of esophageal cancer and hyperkeratosis. This case provides an interesting clinical dilemma on how aggressive these patients should be surveilled and managed.1771 Figure 1. Hyperkeratosis and cracking of palms.
Improved estimates of the efficiency of traps for Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae), with a note on the effect of the concentration of accompanying host odour on efficiency

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The efficiencies of five mechanical traps and an electric trap for tsetse flies were measured by estimating the numbers of flies which approached the devices but were not captured by them. With this method, it was possible to discern significant differences in efficiencies even if the means differed by as little as 25%. Three biconical traps had estimated efficiencies of 40–70% for Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and 50–80% for G. pallidipes Aust. when used in the presence of the odour of one ox. The efficiency of a small electric net was estimated at 70–75% for all tsetse under this test condition, and a modification of one of the biconical traps had an estimated efficiency of 55–85%. The efficiency of this trap increased by a factor of 1·2–2·2 when used with the odour of six oxen, compared to the efficiency in the absence of host odour. Preliminary results suggested that, when used in the presence of ox odour, the efficiency of this trap for teneral tsetse was at least as high as for mature flies.