jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Simplification & supranationality: plain language in EU legislation summaries

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Als eine Form des Englischen fur professionelle Zwecke ist Juristisches Englisch fur Laien, die keine Kenntnis des Rechtsgebiets oder der Rechtsbegriffe haben, manchmal schwer zu verstehen. Die Plain Language Bewegung regte an, dass Rechtstexte fur Nichtfachmanner umformuliert werden sollen, um sie zuganglicher, verstandlicher, einfacher und klarer zu machen. Solche Anstrengung zur klaren Sprache werden vom Amt fur Veroffentlichungen der Europaischen Union, das fur die Veroffentlichung von EU-Dokumenten zustandig ist, mit dem Projekt Zusammenfassungen der EUGesetzgebung verfolgt. Das Projekt zielt darauf ab, Laien Kernpunkte der wichtigsten EURechtsvorschriften zu erlautern: Die Zusammenfassungen der Rechtsvorschriften werden auf der Basis von Abfassungsleitlinien erstellt. Sowohl die Leitlinien als auch eine Auswahl an Zusammenfassungen wurden mithilfe der Bhatianischen (2002;2014b) Multiperspektiven-GenreAnalyse analysiert, die eine Analyse von Text-, Genre-, Berufs- und Sozialpraktiken kombiniert. Die folgenden Forschungsziele wurden verfolgt: Zunachst wurde untersucht, ob Zusammenfassungen der Gesetzgebung ein eigenes Genre darstellen und dabei in ihren institutionellen und Erstellungskontext gestellt. Zweitens wurde festgestellt, ob die Leitlinien allgemein festgelegten Grundsatzen der klaren Sprache entsprechen und ob diese in den analysierten Zusammenfassungen angemessen und wirksam angewandt werden. Daher wurden genreanalytische Elemente wie Move-Struktur und bestimmte sprachliche Elemente mit Kodierungs- und Korpusanalyse-Programmen analysiert, wobei festgestellte generischen Merkmale mit Strategien klarer Sprache, Vereinfachung und Zusammenfassung in Verbindung gebracht wurden. Alles in allem konnte festgestellt werden, dass Zusammenfassungen ein Genre im Genre System der EU Gesetzgebung darstellen. Ebenso wurden Klartextstrategien den Leitlinien identifiziert und in Zusammenfassungen als angemessen umgesetzt befunden. Es wurden jedoch Elemente in Zusammenfassungen gefunden, die auf einen Mangel an beschreibenden Details in den Leitlinien hinweisen, die die generische Integritat der erstellten Texte beeintrachtigen konnten: Auch wenn die Zusammenfassungen den informativen kommunikativen Zweck ausreichend erreichen konnen, indem sie Strategien klarer Sprache, Zusammenfassung und Vereinfachung verwenden, die in den Leitlinien erwahnt werden; wurde gezeigt, dass einige Elemente auch den kommunikativen Effekt fur bestimmte Leser reduzieren konnen. Daher wurde zur zukunftigen Verbesserung und Umsetzung von Erwagungen der klaren Sprache im EU-Kontext vorgeschlagen, dass Richtlinienentwurfe uberarbeitet werden sollten, um die effektive Erreichung des kommunikativen Zwecks der Zusammenfassungen fur das angestrebte breite(re) Publikum zu erreichen.
Ambivalent Fatherhood: On Disobedience and Assaults Against Parental Authority in Munich in the Early Seventeenth Century

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

'Ambivalent Fatherhood: Non-Lethal Assaults and Disobedience Against Parents in the Patriarchal Context of Early Modern Munich', by Satu Lidman, draws on the Munich magistrates' court proceedings from around 1600 concerning non-lethal, minor assaults against fathers. Lidman explores what happened in cases of rebellion against fathers; such rebellions threatened to unsettle the paternal authority underpinning the early modern European ideology of domestic order. This chapter contrasts the ideal perceptions of the father, father figures and fatherhood within the framework of patriarchal ideology and masculinity, and particularly in situations of disobedience challenging the parent–child hierarchy.
12 Reasons You Shouldn't Invest In Pug For Sale Near Me

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Pug puppies It is all-natural that you would enjoy having a Doggy. Pug puppies are actually excellent Animals for Many many years. It really is always a terrific plan to secure a Doggy, but You must understand that you can also be taking up some responsibility when you convey a dog into your own home. Here are several methods you can manage People obligations.
The Chemistry of Phosphinic and Phosphinous Acid Derivatives Containing the t‐Butyl Group as a Single Bulky Substituent: Synthetic, Mechanistic and Stereochemical Aspects

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Flocking together and thinking apart: Gendered friendships and decision-making in adolescence

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study explored if adolescents' style of decision-making is related to the sex composition of their friendship groups. Using data on 13,413 members of the Millennium Cohort Study at ages 11 and 14 years, we explored reciprocal associations between decision-making, measured with the Cambridge Gambling Task, and own-sex and other- or mixed-sex companionship. Cross-lagged models showed that girls whose friends at 11 were mainly girls showed better quality of decision-making, more risk adjustment, shorter deliberation time and less delay aversion at age 14, compared to girls in mixed-sex or other-sex friendship groups at 11. For boys, having predominantly male friends was associated only with more risk adjustment. Conversely, decision-making style at age 11 did little to predict keeping own-sex company at age 14. It appears that same-sex friendships may help develop better decision-making in adolescence, but only for girls.
Computational assessment of lipid production in Rhodosporidium toruloides in two‐stage and one‐stage batch bioprocesses

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Oleaginous yeasts are promising platforms for microbial lipids production as a renewable and sustainable alternative to vegetable oils in biodiesel production. In this paper, a thorough in silico assessment of lipid production in batch cultivation by Rhodosporidium toruloides was developed. By means of dynamic flux balance analysis, the traditional two‐stage bioprocess (TSB) performed by the native strain was contrasted with one‐stage bioprocess (OSB) using four designed strains obtained by gene knockout strategies. Lipid titer, yield, content, and productivity were analyzed at different initial C/N ratios as relevant performance indicators used in bioprocesses. By weighting these indicators, a global lipid efficiency metric (GLEM) was defined to consider different scenarios. Under simulated conditions, designed strains for lipid overproduction in OSB outperformed the TSB in terms of lipid title (up to threefold), lipid yield (up to 2.4‐fold), lipid content (up to 2.8‐fold, with a maximum of 76%), and productivity (up to 1.3‐fold), depending on C/N ratios. Using these efficiency parameters and the proposed GLEM, the process of selecting the most suitable candidates for lipid production could be carried out before experimental assays. This methodology holds the potential to be extended to other oleaginous microorganisms and diverse strain design techniques.
Market consolidation, market growth, or new market development? Owner, firm, and competitive determinants

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Market entry decisions are complex and involve high sunk costs with uncertain or risky outcomes. In this study we explore how owner, firm, and competitive pressures shape this decision. Using a large UK data set of SMEs, we find that the preferred form of growth, and growth is not always desired, is expansion in existing markets. Key determinants of the decision to pursue a new market entry strategy are formal education, and large firm based market competition. Further, these decisions are made simultaneously not sequentially.
Cathelicidin (LL-37) and its correlation with pro-oxidant, antioxidant balance and disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional human study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Cathelicidin (LL-37), an endogenous antimicrobial peptide, has recently been involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. To assess whether LL-37 reflects disease activity, we measured serum levels of it in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients with active and inactive disease compared to healthy controls. LL-37 was also compared between new and old cases. Moreover, the correlation of LL-37 and pro-oxidant, antioxidant balance (PAB) was measured. Methods The study population consisted of 50 SLE patients and 28 healthy controls. Of those, 39 patients had active and 11 patients had inactive disease. Serum levels of LL-37 were measured by ELISA and PAB values by a special method. Results There was no difference in levels of LL-37 between patients and healthy controls (50.9 ± 20.8 vs. 67.7 ± 43.3 ng/ml, P = 0.31). LL-37 did not correlate with SLEDAI and its items in total patients. LL-37 had a positive correlation with SLEDAI in active patients ( P = 0.01, r = 0.4). In active patients (78% of patients), multivariate regression analysis showed significant negative correlation between LL-37 and C3 ( P = 0.01, standardized beta –0.50). No difference was found in levels of PAB between patients and controls (90.4 ± 34.1 vs. 86.9 ± 25.6 HK, P = 0.4).There was no difference in the levels of PAB between patients with active and inactive disease (93.2 ± 34.1 vs. 80.2 ± 33.7 HK, P = 0.27). No correlation was found between levels of PAB and SLEDAI items and total score. However, a positive correlation between the levels of LL-37 and PAB in SLE patients was found ( r = 0.3, P < 0.01). Conclusion Based on this study, serum LL-37 and PAB did not increase in lupus compared with healthy individuals. LL-37 serum values rose in parallel with SLEDAI in active disease. Positive correlation between serum PAB and LL-37 could be a great achievement of this study that may suggest the role of antioxidants in controlling NETosis.
On Bracketing the Epoché

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

“What is phenomenology? It may seem strange that this question has still to be asked half a century after the first works of Husserl. The fact remains that it has by no means been answered.” Merleau-Ponty made this observation in 1945. It is still substantially correct, except that it is now three-quarters of a century after the first works of Husserl.
Health on the Nineteenth-Century U.S. Great Plains: Opportunity or Displacement?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A population’s average stature reflects its cumulative net nutrition and provides important insight when more traditional measures for economic well-being are scarce or unreliable. Heights on the U.S. Central Plains did not exhibit the antebellum paradox instantiated in the eastern urban areas; they increased markedly during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, becoming the tallest in the world. Whites were taller than blacks on the Central Plains where slavery was not the primary source of labor, but whites were also taller than blacks in the American South where it was. Immigrants from industrialized Europe were shorter than black and white Americans but taller than Latin Americans and Asians.
DESIGN OF ELECTRONIC CONTROL GOVERNOR FOR A SINGLE CYLINDER GASOLINE ENGINE BASED ON AN INTELLIGENT SENSING ALGORITHM

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT At present, most large machinery and vehicle engines are electronically controlled but their electronic control systems are too expensive to be popularised and applied in small gasoline engines with relatively low prices. Therefore, small gasoline engines still use mechanical speed regulators. Mechanical speed regulators not only have the defects of inertia lag, friction resistance, inherent speed regulation and the like, but also have the disadvantage that dynamic performance and steady performance cannot be combined, which is not suitable for the increasingly improved speed regulation performance of gasoline engines. This paper describes the design of an electronically controlled intelligent governor for small gasoline engines. Starting from a low cost, it adopts the idea of “replacing part of the hardware with an intelligent sensing algorithm” and proposes an intelligent sensing algorithm scheme. It combines the “coarse tuning” of MAP and the “fine tuning” of adaptive expert PID. The system is proved experimentally and it not only overcomes the inherent defects of a mechanical governor and realises programmable speed regulation, but it also obtains good dynamic and steady performance, improves the power output of the engine, relieves the trouble of engine travelling and improves the freedom of carburetor matching.
Nationalism and Beyond: Writings on Nüjie and the Emergence of a New Gendered Collective Identity in Modern China

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study focuses on nüjie , as a new conceptualization of women’s public identity, and the transformations in its meaning in early twentieth-century China. Rather than merely perceiving nüjie as a term for collective womanhood in the context of Chinese nationalism and feminism, this essay reinterprets it as a conceptual totality as well as a powerful category to redraw Chinese women’s links to those connections between the Chinese nation and women, gendered social relations, and more broadly, the relationship of women to the modernizing world. By examining writings – in particular women’s writings on nüjie in late Qing women’s feminist journals, this essay argues it was through the empowering category of nüjie that women writers constructed feminist critiques within – and against – the nationalist discourse, and ultimately, envisioned a new collective identity for Chinese women.
Amphotericin B induces apoptosis-like programmed cell death in Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Naegleria fowleri and Naegleria gruberi belong to the free-living amoebae group. It is widely known that the non-pathogenic species N. gruberi is usually employed as a model to describe molecular pathways in this genus, mainly because its genome has been recently described. However, N. fowleri is an aetiological agent of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, an acute and fatal disease. Currently, the most widely used drug for its treatment is amphotericin B (AmB). It was previously reported that AmB has an amoebicidal effect in both N. fowleri and N. gruberi trophozoites by inducing morphological changes that resemble programmed cell death (PCD). PCD is a mechanism that activates morphological, biochemical and genetic changes. However, PCD has not yet been characterized in the genus Naegleria. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the typical markers to describe PCD in both amoebae. These results showed that treated trophozoites displayed several parameters of apoptosis-like PCD in both species. We observed ultrastructural changes, an increase in reactive oxygen species, phosphatidylserine externalization and a decrease in intracellular potassium, while DNA degradation was evaluated using the TUNEL assay and agarose gels, and all of these parameters are related to PCD. Finally, we analysed the expression of apoptosis-related genes, such as sir2 and atg8, in N. gruberi. Taken together, our results showed that AmB induces the morphological, biochemical and genetic changes of apoptosis-like PCD in the genus Naegleria.
Role of Phase Nanosegregation in the Photoluminescence\nSpectra of Halide Perovskites

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The study of MAPbI<sub>3</sub> phase transitions based on temperature-dependent\noptical spectroscopy has recently gained a huge attention. Photoluminescence\n(PL) investigations of the tetragonal–orthorhombic transition\nsuggest that tetragonal nanodomains are present below the transition\ntemperature and signatures associated with tetragonal segregations\nare observed. We have studied the impact of phase nanosegregation\nacross the orthorhombic–tetragonal phase transition of MAPbI<sub>3</sub> on the system’s properties employing a tight binding\n(TB) approach. The particle swarm optimization has been used to obtain\na consistent set of TB parameters, where the target properties of\nthe system have been derived by first-principles calculations. The\ntheoretical results have been compared with the measured PL spectra\nfor a temperature range going from 10 to 100 K. Our model effectively\ncaptures the carriers’ localization phenomenon induced by the\npresence of residual tetragonal nanodomains and demonstrates that\nthe assumption of phase nanosegregation can explain the low-energy\nfeatures in the PL spectra of MAPbI<sub>3</sub>.
Abstract 152: Effect Of Calcium On Patient Outcomes In Pulseless Electrical Activity With Wide QRS-Complexes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The Calcium for Out-of-hospital Cardiac Arrest (COCA)-trial recently found no benefit of administering calcium during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in an unselected adult population. Still, calcium is recommended for cardiac arrest caused by hyperkalemia. Higher potassium levels have been found in cardiac arrest patients with wide QRS-complexes which may act as an indicator of hyperkalemia. Objectives: 1) To describe characteristics of patients with baseline PEA in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and 2) to determine the effect of calcium on return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in patients displaying PEA with wide and normal QRS-complexes. Methods: COCA was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of calcium administered immediately after the first and second epinephrine dose of adults in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Of the 391 included patients, this abstract included those with PEA at the last rhythm analysis prior to first trial drug administration. PEA was defined as any rhythm that was not ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, or asystole. Wide QRS-complexes were defined as > 110 ms. Results: 104 patients had baseline PEA and available electrocardiograms. Demographics and electrocardiographic characteristics are presented in Table 1. The median heart rate was 42, half presented with an escape rhythm, and 70% had wide QRS-complexes. Half exhibited ST-elevation. The overall ROSC-rate was 31%. The relative risk of ROSC for patients receiving calcium as compared to placebo was 0.75 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33-1.72) in the normal QRS-group and 0.82 (95% CI 0.47-1.41) in the wide QRS-group. Conclusion: In adults with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, baseline PEA rhythms often included bradycardia, escape rhythms, wide QRS-complexes, and/or ST-elevation. The effects of calcium administration on ROSC were similar in a subgroup analysis of normal vs. wide QRS-complexes.
Cognitive Memory

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Taking inspiration from life experience, the authors have devised a new form of computer memory. Certain conjectures about human memory are keys to the central idea. This paper presents a design of a practical and useful “cognitive” memory system in which the new memory does not function like a computer memory where specific data is stored in specific numbered registers; retrieval is done by reading the contents of the specified memory register, or done by matching key words as with a document search. Incoming sensory data would be stored at the next available empty memory location and could be stored redundantly at several empty locations. The stored sensory data would neither have key words nor would it be located in known or specified memory locations. Retrieval would be initiated by a prompt signal from a current set of sensory inputs or patterns. The search would be done by a retrieval system that makes use of auto-associative artificial neural networks. In this paper, the authors present a practical application of this cognitive memory system to human facial recognition.
Using Markets to Measure Pre-War Threat Assessments: The Nordic Countries facing World War II

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Nordic historians have asserted for a long time that in the Nordic countries only few people, if any, perceived increased threats of war prior to the World War II outbreak. This would explain, and possibly excuse, why their governments did not mobilize their armies until it was too late. This paper questions this established notion by deriving new estimates of widely held war threat assessments from the fluctuations of sovereign market yields collected from all Nordic bond markets at this period. Our results show that the Nordic contemporaries indeed perceived significant war risk increases around the time of major war-related geopolitical events. While these findings hence question some, but not all, of the standard Nordic World War II historiography, they also demonstrate the value of analyzing historical market prices to reassess the often tacit views and opinions of large groups of people in the past.
Ana Lucia Araujo. Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic. Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic. By Ana Lucia Araujo. Amherst, Mass.: Cambria Press, 2010. Pp. xix, 500. Figures. Tables. Bibliography. Index. $134.99 cloth.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Ana Lucia Araujo. Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic - Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic. By Ana Lucia Araujo. Amherst, Mass.: Cambria Press, 2010. Pp. xix, 500. Figures. Tables. Bibliography. Index. $134.99 cloth. - Volume 69 Issue 2
Educating the Children of Migrant Workers in Beijing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Educating the Children of Migrant Workers in Beijing is a timely book that addresses the gap in the provision of basic education to migrant children in China. It examines the case of Beijing, with a focus on policy implementation at the municipal and district levels and its impacts on migrant schools and their students. Rural migrant workers in the cities usually lack local hukou (household registration) and face serious obstacles in accessing basic social services, including schooling for their children. The educational situation of these children, however, can vary both across and within localities, and, despite policies and regulations from the central government, there have emerged broad and sometimes even extreme differences in the implementation of these policies at the local levels. This book uses evidence from qualitative interviews and the analysis of policy documents and materials to provide readers with a rare glimpse into the local politics surrounding migrant children's education in China's political center, including the nature of and motives behind policy implementation at the municipal and district levels and the implications for the survival and development of migrant schools in the city. Educating the Children of Migrant Workers in Beijing is a unique and in-depth contribution to an important area and will appeal to scholars and students across a range of disciplines, including China studies, migration studies, education, social policy, and development studies, as well as to practitioners and policymakers working on migrant issues and social welfare provision in China.