jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Micronutrient Level Among Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious health problem today. Every year there is an increase in the number of cases of COPD around the world, which is accompanied by a deterioration in the quality of life of patients, temporary loss of ability to work, and even death. Deficiencies of macro- and microelements are currently recognized by world medicine as a global problem. These conditions have a significant impact on the body, presenting an urgent need for the development of effective health strategies to address them. According to available data, nutritional deficiencies are quite common in patients with COPD. Numerous studies highlight the impact of micronutrient deficiencies on disease progression. Currently, the connection between bronchopulmonary diseases and low levels of vitamin D and magnesium in the body of patients is being actively studied. Insufficient outdoor activity, infrequent exposure to sunlight, poor diet, alcoholism, smoking, decreased ability of the skin to synthesize vitamin D in smokers, general exhaustion of the body, and the use of certain antibiotics can be the causes of low levels of vitamin D and magnesium. Many studies indicate that deficiencies of these elements may be associated with decreased lung function and increased exacerbations in COPD, which contributes to disease progression. Deficiency conditions, which often remain undiagnosed, can negatively affect the prognosis of the disease. This study identifies the incidence of low blood levels of vitamin D and magnesium and demonstrates the relationship between low levels of these elements and the severity of COPD
Between 'Umma, empire and nation : the role of the 'Ulama in the 'Urabi revolt and the emergence of Egyptian nationalism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis contributes to an ongoing debate on the nature of Islam’s role in the emergence of nationalism in the Muslim world in general, and in Egypt in the years 1879-1882. While theories of nations and nationalism reveal a contested theoretical landscape, many scholars agree that Islam and nationalism are antithetical and expound divergent conceptions of community. For their part, Middle East scholars, view the ‘Urabi Revolt 1879-1882, as a ‘protonationalist’ precursor to the ‘full-blown’ Egyptian nationalism of the early twentieth century. Finally, ‘ulama participation in the ‘Urabi Revolt has been mainly ignored, most likely due to the dominant narrative – increasingly challenged – that ‘ulama were, to a great extent, marginalized over the nineteenth century in Egypt due to reforms that challenged their spheres of influence. \nOn the theoretoical tension between Islam and nationalism and in asserting the nationalism of the ‘Urabi Revolt, I explore the case of Egypt, the ‘Urabi Revolt itself and the role of Islamic clerics, thinkers and activists. These key actors put forward convincing views of how Islamic and nationalist notions of community were in fact reconcilable. Furthermore, I argue that Egypt represents an exception to the dominant scholarly view that sees many nationalisms of the Middle East emerging in the aftermath of the Ottoman defeat of 1918. \nI offer an alternative account of the ‘ulama’s fate during the nineteenth century and explore their role in the ‘Urabi Revolt. While reforms did reduce the ‘ulama’s wealth, economic privileges and political influence this did not, I argue, result in complete marginality because ‘ulama monopoly of the religious and educational sphere remained largely unchallenged. Legal reforms may have displaced ‘ulama from key positions but these were not as comprehensive as some scholars have suggested. \nIn the emerging nationalism of 1879 – 1882 and the British invasion, I argue that ‘ulama played a prominent role, both in the intellectual articulation of nationalism and within the poilitical and revolutionary events. ‘Ulama both defined and were active participants in the nationalist movement’s relationship to contending political forces including the Ottoman Empire, the local Khedive and indeed the invading British forces, imbuing Egyptian nationalism with a distinct Islamic character.
Binary Decay of Light Nuclear Systems

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A review of the characteristic features found in fully energy-damped, binarydecay yields from light heavy-ion reactions with $20\leq A_{target} + A_{projectile}\leq 80$ is presented. The different aspects of these yields that have been used to support models of compound-nucleus (CN) fission and deep-inelastic dinucleus orbiting are highlighted. Cross section calculations based on the statistical phase space at different stages of the reaction are presented and compared to the experimental results. Although the statistical models are found to reproduce most of the observed experimental behaviors, an additional reaction component corresponding to a heavy-ion resonance or orbiting mechanism is also evident in certain systems. The system dependence of this second component is discussed. The extent to which the binary yields in very light systems $(A_{CN} \leq 32)$ can be viewed as resulting from a fusion-fission mechanism is explored. A number of unresolved questions, such as whether the different observed behaviors reflect characteristically different reaction times, are discussed.
On English Translations of Classical Chinese Poetry

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract There have been numerous classical Chinese poems translated into English since the 18th century, and many of them enjoy more than one version. This article discusses some prominent aspects of English translation of classical Chinese poetry, such as choice of words, syntax, metre and form, and allusion, based on comparative analysis of different versions. In the language of classical Chinese poetry, the prevailing monosyllabic word often tends to be polysemous and the grammatical function of a word more flexible. There are also many grammatical ellipses in its syntax. How does a translator choose the right word and decipher the sentence? In addition, classical Chinese poetry enjoys strict verse forms and rhyme schemes, and has a tradition to employ literary allusions. How can an English version achieve an equivalent effect? To solve such problems, translators in different times and places have made various experiments. But the swing of the pendulum seems not to go beyond the two extremes, rigidly imitating the original form or freely rewriting in another language. Under proper modulation, both methods may score some points. Résumé Il y a eu de nombreux poèmes classiques en langue chinoise traduits vers la langue anglaise depuis le 18ème siècle, et plusieurs d'entre eux ont plus d'une version. Cet article discute de certains aspects particuliers de la traduction anglaise de la poésie classique chinoise tels que le choix des mots, la syntaxe, la versification et la forme ainsi que les allusions, basées sur l'analyse comparative des différentes versions. Dans le langage de la poésie classique chinoise, le mot monosyllabique qui prévaut tend à avoir plusieurs significations et la fonction grammaticale du mot à être plus souple. Il existe aussi beaucoup d'ellipses grammaticales dans sa syntaxe. Comment un traducteur choisit-il le mot exact et décompose-t-il la phrase? En outre. la poésie classique chinoise nous offre une structure en vers et un agencement de rimes très strictes et possède une tradition de l'emploi d'allusions littéraires. Comment une version anglaise peut-elle atteindre un effet équivalent? Pour résoudre ce type de problèmes, les traducteurs à différentes époques et lieux ont effectué des expériences différentes. Mais le pendule ne balance pas en dehors des deux extrêmes, l'imitation rigide de la forme originale ou sa réécriture libre dans une autre langue. Selon la modulation appropriée, chacune des deux méthodes pourrait présenter certains avantages.
Immune privileges as a result of mutual regulation of the immune and stem systems

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Accumulating evidence shows that both normal and cancer stem cells exhibit immune privileges. This review focuses on stem cell immune privileges as a function of non-pathological stem cells related to autoimmunity control and regeneration. Based on the diversity in the regulation of stem cells, their microenvironment and the immune system, I propose the use of the term "stem system".
I. Transfer of DNA from parent to progeny cell. II. A study of the possible role of DNA in viral RNA synthesis during the multiplication of an animal virus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This work considered two approaches to the general problem of information transfer between molecules.

The first approach dealt with one aspect of the mechanism of deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) reproduction. In 1953 Watson and Crick proposed a structure of DNA which more recent work has essentially confirmed. The key postulate of the Watson-Crick structure is that DNA consists of two complementary chains of which either one may serve as a template for the formation of the other. This structure suggested three general models for DNA reproduction. In this work a test was devised to distinguish among these models by labeling cellular DNA with the thymine analog 5-bromouracil for one and/or two cell divisions. The results indicate that the semi-conservative model for the DNA replication originally proposed by Watson and Crick is valid for mammalian DNA.

The second approach considers the problem of whether in RNA-containing animal viruses the RNA is able to reproduce itself without interaction with cellular DNA. Various methods were used which either prevented the synthesis of DNA or led to the synthesis of abnormal DNA during the growth of the RNA-containing virus. These experiments led to the conclusion that viral RNA is able to multiply without interaction with newly synthesized DNA and probably without interacting with pre-existing cellular DNA.
Abstract 3649: Correlation of expression data and SNPs associated with aggressiveness of prostate cancer identifies specific associations.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) encompassing 83,975 patients and 96,376 controls have identified more than 40 low-penetrance susceptibility loci for prostate cancer. The majority of the loci are located in regions of unknown function. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis may be used to study the association between gene expression and risk loci and provides a potential way to understand the functional consequences of risk loci. In the current study, we collected 32 prostate cancer samples with biochemical recurrence and 41 prostate cancer samples without biochemical recurrence for an eQTL association study. The Illumina HumanHap 1M platform was used to get SNP data from each patient. We used 559 SNPs previously associated with prostate cancer risk as candidate risk loci in the association analysis. This included the 40+ most susceptible loci reported in GWAS articles and 500+ loci with weaker associations, reported in their supplemental documents. The Affymetrix U133plus2 platform was used to get transcript expression profiling data from a tumor-enriched portion of the prostate in the same patients. We selected 4030 transcripts previously identified in prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis studies as candidate expression quantitative traits. We developed a Bayesian clustering method to analyze these expressed transcripts and risk variants jointly in a single model. The model assumed that a risk variant can be associated with multiple transcripts and a transcript can be associated with multiple risk variants. An Expectation-Maximization algorithm was used to estimate each variable in the model. From the model, we observed 356 statistical significant linkages between 76 risk variants and 255 transcripts. Risk variants rs10163421 and rs14656182 are of the greatest interest because they were associated with 81 and 53 transcripts respectively. The two identified variants were also reported as common variants associated with aggressiveness for prostate cancer in two separate studies3, 4. We propose to do further analyses in order to verify the associations between the two risk variants and the associated transcripts, and also seek themes among the correlated transcripts, which might facilitate understanding the functions of the two risk variants in the genetic etiology of prostate cancer. 1. Gudmundsson et al. 2007 Nature Genetics, 39(5): 631 - 637 2. Eeles et al. 2009 Nature Genetics, 41(10): 1116-1121 3. Pal et al. 2009 The Prostate, 69(14):1548-1556 4. Catalona et al,, manuscript in preparation Citation Format: Xin Chen, Zhenyu Jia, Michael McClelland, Dan Mercola. Correlation of expression data and SNPs associated with aggressiveness of prostate cancer identifies specific associations. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3649. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3649
UNITED STATES AND IRAN INTERVENTION IN THE POST-ARAB SPRING CONFLICT IN YEMEN

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

<p>This article describes the involvement of the United States and Iran in the conflict that occurred in Yemen after the Arab Spring. The conflict occurred due to political turmoil between the government and the opposition, in which America is a supporter of the government regime along with their ally, namely Saudi Arabia. In the opposition camp, Iran gave their support to the Houthi group that had the same ideology, namely Shi'ah. This research was conducted to answer the question of what are the interests of the United States and Iran in the proxy war in Yemen? The theory used in this research is the concept of national interest. This concept is closely related to the view of realism in international relations. The research method used is descriptive analytical by analyzing the relevant variables from various sources that have been filtered according to research needs. After conducting research, it can be concluded that the involvement of the United States and Iran in the Yemen conflict can be seen from four factors of national interest, namely defense interests, economic interests, world order interests, and ideological interests. Of these four interests, both the US and Iran want to show their dominance, existence, strength and influence in global politics of eyes world through intervention in the Yemen conflict after the Arab Spring.</p>
Hysteresis Effect of Tangential Force Field on Deformation of Single Cell Migrating Between Different Micro-Striped Topography Patterns

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The hysteresis effect of the tangential force field (perpendicular to the cell major axis) on cell activity (deformation, migration) has been studied in vitro. Cell orientation was aligned by microtopography patterns (striped ridgelines; height 0.7 μm, width 3 μm, spacing 3 μm) on the scaffold plane. Three compartments with different angles (0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees) between the longitudinal direction of the ridges and the direction of the tangential force field were designed. Osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1; osteoblast precursor cell line derived from mouse calvaria) were used in the experiment. After applying a tangential force field for 5 hours, the position and contour of each cell was tracked by time-lapse microscopic images for 48 hours. Experimental results show that the tangential force field perpendicular to the cell major axis affects subsequent action (deformation, migration) of cells. The effect is maintained for 48 hours even if the cell moves to different areas of the topography pattern.
Studies on the salts of planar metal dithiolate anions with the redox active 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium cation (methylene blue)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The preparation of two series of 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium (methylene blue, mb) salts with [M{S2C2(CN)2}2]2– and [M{S2C2(CN)2}2]–(M = Ni, Pd, Pt, or Cu) is described. Compressed pellets of all these compounds exhibit conductivities of less than 10–5Ω–1 cm–1 at room temperature. Single crystals of [mb][Pt{S2C2(CN)2}2] behave as semiconductors with an activation energy of 238 meV and a room-temperature conductivity of 10–5Ω–1 cm–1.
Generation 5+ Multifunction 4- and 8-Channel Instruments for Resistivity Surveys

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Summary Appearance at the turn of the century of the 5th generation multifunction electroprospecting instruments has made significatant contribution to the development of electroprospecting techniques. New properties of the equipment include - light weight, compact, low power consumption, simple operation, high accuracy of the recorded parameters. One of the defining features is the application of 24-bit ADC. Technological advancements in the microprocessor development and computer technology allowed to significantly improve hardware capabilities of the 5th generation instruments, i.e. go to 5+. Super multifunction 4 and 8 channel receivers can be used in both autonomous mode and manual mode (operator control). Receivers have intuitive user interface implemented on touch-screen display and several communication modes with a PC, touchpads, and smartphone. Instruments have flexible configuration of electric and magnetic channels (channels are interchangeable), which allows to use same receiver for such seemingly incompatible methods - Electrical Profiling, IP, Electrotomography, TDEM, MT and MVP. Application of wideband highfrequency ADCs and corresponding processors can significantly improve the frequency range of field investigations, as well as noise filtering capabilities. Data acqusition systems are equipped with a wideband electric and magnetic components EM field sensors, as well as a wideband portable transmitter.
Effect-directed analysis of Pimpinella saxifraga L. root extract via HPTLC–UV/Vis/FLD–EDA–MS

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A method was developed for effect-directed analysis (EDA) of the root extract of Pimpinella saxifraga L. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) was hyphenated with microchemical, biochemical, and biological assays as well as electrospray ionization– mass spectrometry (ESI–MS). This HPTLC–UV/Vis/FLD– EDA–MS method directly pointed to multi-potent compounds in the P. saxifraga L. root extract. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavengers, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, estrogen-effective compounds, antimicrobials against Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis bacteria, and Gram-negative Aliivibrio fischeri bacteria were discovered in the root extract. A first targeted characterization of four unknown multi-potent compounds was performed by HPTLC–ESI–MS and microchemical derivatizations. This highly streamlined effect-directed profiling is recommended for a fast and cost-efficient natural product search.
UNLOCKING THE SECRETS OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract This study illuminates Vitamin D's complex role in bone health and cardiovascular physiology. Vitamin D metabolites regulate nonskeletal tissue pathways via local synthesis and paracrine/autocrine mechanisms, according to evidence. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D interacts with the Vitamin D receptor to regulate several genes involved in cardiovascular disease-related biological processes. Cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, oxidative stress response, membrane transport, extracellular matrix homeostasis, and cellular adhesion have been identified. Vitamin D receptors in cardiovascular cells are well documented. Inflammation, thrombosis, and the renin-angiotensin system are also regulated by Vitamin D metabolites. Clinical studies suggest a link between low vitamin D levels and a variety of degenerative cardiovascular disease symptoms, highlighting the vulnerability of cardiovascular health. Vitamin D supplementation as a cardiovascular disease treatment needs more research. A comprehensive review of randomized controlled trials is needed to determine vitamin D's effect on cardiovascular events. This investigation found an unexpected result. This study suggests prioritizing severe vitamin D deficiency clinical trials. This is important because vitamin D supplementation benefits this subset of the population most and has the greatest clinical potential. Medical research must identify Vitamin D deficiency as a cardiovascular disease risk factor. Even at recommended dosages, vitamin D supplements' effects on cardiovascular disease are unclear, according to medical research. This finding emphasizes the need for more research into vitamin D's complex relationship with cardiovascular health.
Scientific methodological laboratory for personal growth: pedagogical assistance and support

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The subject of this research is the phenomenon of mystical viewed in context of the history of religion and culture of mankind. Reference to the mystical experience attains special meaning at the current stage of civilizational development &ndash; the search for exiting the spiritual crisis. The &ldquo;mystical&rdquo; is typified as the &ldquo;internal religion&rdquo; opposite to the &ldquo;external religion&rdquo; &ndash; the religious cult and religious organization. Mysticism, being the inner part of religion, is identified with the most sacred knowledge and human feelings aimed at cognizing the Absolute. Mysticism is a conceptual core of the religious experience and the overall goal of any religious practice. Based on the conducted research, the author concludes that the evolution of religions took a path from magical to mystical. The magical (primal) religions are deprived of mystical beginning. The phenomenon of mystical occurs only within the national and world religions that recognize a human as a carrier of the absolute beginning. The peculiarity of current situation consists in the return to pre-mystical religious representations. The author determines the two types of mystical teachings &ndash; the immanent and the transcendent immanent. The importance of mystical religious first and foremost lies in development of the gnoseological abilities of a human, and then in the revolutionary psychological transformations of mind and personality.