jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Advanced endoscopic techniques in the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease: new technology, new era

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Endoscopic assessment of inflammation and mucosal healing is crucial for appropriate management in IBD. Current definition of endoscopic mucosal healing has been derived using previous generation of standard white light endoscopes. New endoscopy technologies widely available provide much more detailed images of mucosal and vascular patterns. Novel endoscopic techniques with high definition image, optical and digital enhancement have enhanced the quality and fine details of vascular and mucosal pattern so that endoscopic images have started to reflect histological changes for lesions and inflammation/healing. These technologies can now define subtle inflammatory changes and increase detection and characterisation of colonic lesions in patients with IBD. The best endoscopic technique to detect dysplasia in IBD is still debated. Dye chromoendoscopy with targeted biopsies is considered by Surveillance for Colorectal Endoscopic Neoplasia Detection and Management in inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: International Consensus Recommendations (SCENIC consensus the standard of care and recommended for adoption by gastroenterologists in practice. In future, it is possible that well-trained colonoscopists using high definition equipment with image enhancements may be able to obtain equivalent yield without pan-colonic dye spraying and characterise lesions. Finally, SCENIC introduced endoscopic resectability of some dysplastic colonic lesions—new techniques may now better characterise endoscopic resectability and limit the number of colectomies. In this review, we will provide a state-of-the-art opinion on the direction of technological advances in the assessment of IBD and how new concepts will refine clinical practice.
Forecasting Sustainability Reports with Financial Performance Indicators using Random Forest for Feature Selection and Gradient Boosting for Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Problems such as excessive population growth, climate change, loss of biodiversity and resource scarcity in the world have led to an increase in global awareness in companies over the years. Lately companies have started to prefer sustainable models instead of existing economy models. As a result, they have started to prepare a sustainability report that includes social and environmental reports instead of just preparing an economic report. In recent years, the data of the circular economy model, which is a new approach for sustainable development to reach its goals, can also be followed through sustainability reports. Research shows that companies that attach importance to sustainability are seen as valuable by investors and sustainability indices are created in the stock markets of countries. This situation has increased the number of studies examining the impact of sustainability reporting or circular economy on financial performance. Firms want to be included in the sustainability indices in order to attract the attention of the potential investor. In this study, time series data of financial performance of companies in XUSRD are used. On the other hand, contrary to the statistical analyses in the literature, to predict whether companies will take part in XUSRD, a combination of two machine learning methods, namely random forest for feature selection and gradient boosting for learning, is used. In addition, to overcome the problem of data scarcity, the column-wise random shuffling method, which is a proven data augmentation technique in predicting stock market indices, has been used. The results show that the combination of random forest and gradient boosting reaches a test accuracy of 94.74% and outperforms state-of-the art models, namely, k-nearest neighbor, random forest, decision tree, support vector, naive Bayes classifiers that have been used in this study for comparison.
Sensitized photooxygenation of Ent-Pimaradiene derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Methyl esters of diterpenoids ent-pimara-9(11),15-dien-19-oic acid (1), ent-pimara-7,15-dien-19-oic acid (2), and ent-pimara-8,15-dien-19-oic acid (3) were submitted to photooxygenation reactions with sensitized singlet oxygen. While compounds 2 and 3 were converted to the products, compound 1 reacted only partially, suggesting an influence of the steric hindrance on the endocyclic double bond of 1. The oxidation products obtained, methyl-7alpha,11beta-dihydroxypimara-8,15-dien-19-oate (5), methyl-7alpha-hydroperoxypimara-8(14),15-dien-19 oate (6), methyl-7alpha-hydroxy-14-oxopimara-15-en-19-oate (8), methyl-7alpha,9alpha-dihydroxypimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oate (9) and methyl-7alpha,14alpha-dihydroxypimara-8,15-dien-19-oate (10), are new and their structures were elucidated by spectral data analysis.
Sub-optimal gluten free diet adherence in coeliac disease: reinforcing the link between gut inflammation and irritable bowel syndrome?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Symptoms consistent with the ROME Criteria for Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) have been reported in patients with Coeliac Disease. Treatment for Coeliac Disease is a Gluten-Free Diet (GFD), which aims to dampen inflammation, restore small bowel architecture and reduce symptoms. We questioned whether patients with less than, or no adherence to a GFD – and therefore, we assumed, active gut inflammation – were more likely to report IBS type symptoms than patients with full adherence. We also recorded the prevalence of reflux symptoms to determine whether small bowel inflammation is specifically associated with IBS or symptoms of wider gut dysmotility. Methods 224 histologically proven Coeliac Disease patients (5% 18–25 years, 4% 26–35 years, 18% 36–45 years, 19% 46–55 years, 26% 56–65 years, 28% >66 years) of which 26% were male. Mean disease duration 8 years, range 0.5–52 years. The ROME II Criteria for IBS symptoms, a reflux symptom questionnaire and an assessment of GFD adherence were completed. Reflux questionnaire included the type (heartburn, belching, regurgitation, retrosternal pain, dysphagia) and severity (mild, moderate, severe) of symptoms. Full GFD adherence (FA) was described as following a GFD for everyday of the previous twenty-eight with no dietary transgressions. Partial/no GFD adherence (PNA) was any level of GFD adherence below FA. Results Age and sex were not confounding factors. 158 patients (71%) reported FA versus 66 (29%) who were PNA. The ROME II Criteria was fulfilled by 52 (23%) of Coeliac Disease patients. 11% of FA patients fulfilled the criteria versus 52% of PNA patients. The Relative Risk of IBS in PNA patients in comparison to FA patients was 1.828 (95% CI 1.41 to 2.36, p≤0.0001). Reflux symptoms were reported by 147 (66%) of Coeliac Disease patients. 62% of FA patients reported reflux versus 74% of PNA patients (p≥0.05). Comparison of reflux severity: Mild: FA 28%, PNA 29% (p≥0.05); Moderate: FA 25%, PNA 23% (p≥0.05); Severe: FA 9%, PNA 13% (p≥0.05). Conclusion We have observed that the prevalence of ROME II consistent IBS is almost five times greater in patients with sub-optimal GFD adherence in comparison to consistently adherent patients (52% versus 11%). We found little difference in either the prevalence or severity of reflux between these patient groups which may oppose an association of poor adherence and widespread gut dysmotility. While symptomatic responses to dietary gluten may be consistent with the ROME II Criteria, our findings suggest the development of IBS may be attributed to gut inflammation. This finding would have implications in our management of IBS in Coeliac Disease and other chronic inflammatory GI disorders and promote a view of IBS as inflammatory and not functional.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF COMPLEMENT. III. SPECIFIC INACTIVATION OF CELL-FIXED COMPONENTS OF GUINEA-PIG COMPLEMENT BY ANTI-COMPLEMENT.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Evidence is presented to show that on EAC′(1) cells the activity of cell-fixed guinea-pig C′(1) can be abolished by exposure to an agglutinating anti-C′(1) serum. The function of cell-fixed guinea-pig C′(4) on EAC′(1,4) cells can be blocked by an agglutinating anti-C′(4). It is concluded that the activities of both fixed C′(1) and fixed C′(4) are bound to the structural integrity of two distinct antigenic substances. No functional blocking and no agglutination could be observed with respect to fixed guinea-pig C′(2). A specific treatment with anti-C′(4) not only inactivates EAC′(1,4) cells with respect to C′(2) but also abolishes the reactivity of EAC′(1,4,2) cells with respect to C′(3). These findings suggest that C′(2) may act upon EAC′(1,4) like an enzyme, i.e. without being bound materially; as a result of the reaction, fixed C′(4) may be converted chemically into a form which itself acts as a receptor site for the fixation of C′(3).
Design of connected component analysis based clustering of CFAR image in pulse Doppler radars

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we discuss the design of clustering scheme of CFAR image map to identify distinct targets present in the coherent processing interval (CPI). Detections out of a CFAR are conventionally grouped together using a fixed size window. This window scans over the set of detections and groups all those that lie in proximity to the peak detections. This clustering process is carried out till all detections lie in any one cluster, and each cluster is used for further processing. The major limitation of the approach comes from the use of fixed correlation window for clustering CFAR image. The process does not ensure the possibility that an extended return or two targets with overlapping returns are clustered and processed together. In this paper we propose the application of connected component labeling for clustering CFAR image to form final distinct detections. Connected component labeling is a classical algorithm used in image processing for segmentation of binary images. The algorithm groups pixels of a binary image based on 4 or 8 connectivity. Thus connected component analysis is most suitable algorithm for segmentation of CFAR image to identify distinct clusters or targets. The algorithm does not require the prior knowledge of number of clusters/targets present and the correlation window to form clusters. The modifications to the classical CCA algorithm is carried out to fold the Doppler edge to take care of periodic spectrum behavior in Doppler direction. The algorithm allows the clustering of range extended returns or overlapped target returns in to single cluster if the returns are connected. The valley detection algorithm is devised to identify the cause for extended range clusters. If the extended range cluster is formed the valley detection algorithm works on the return strength from the detected range cells and the trough in between indicates the returns are from two nearby range targets. This information is used to improve range resolution performance of the radar. The resulting scheme does not require a fixed window. The scheme provides for a robust method for clustering extended or arbitrary target returns on the CFAR map. Simulation studies have been carried out to evaluate the improvement achieved in resolving targets in range axis. The simulation studies show that the target return peaks separated by a range cell is resolvable as against conventional approach where in the peaks shall be separated by multiple range cells.
Progressive Cl− channel defects reveal disrupted skeletal muscle maturation in R6/2 Huntington’s mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Huntington’s disease (HD) patients suffer from progressive and debilitating motor dysfunction. Previously, we discovered reduced skeletal muscle chloride channel (ClC-1) currents, inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir) channel currents, and membrane capacitance in R6/2 transgenic HD mice. The ClC-1 loss-of-function correlated with increased aberrant mRNA processing and decreased levels of full-length ClC-1 mRNA (Clcn1 gene). Physiologically, the resulting muscle hyperexcitability may help explain involuntary contractions of HD. In this study, the onset and progression of these defects are investigated in R6/2 mice, ranging from 3 wk old (presymptomatic) to 9–13 wk old (late-stage disease), and compared with age-matched wild-type (WT) siblings. The R6/2 ClC-1 current density and level of aberrantly spliced Clcn1 mRNA remain constant with age. In contrast, the ClC-1 current density increases, and the level of aberrantly spliced Clcn1 mRNA decreases with age in WT mice. The R6/2 ClC-1 properties diverge from WT before the onset of motor symptoms, which occurs at 5 wk of age. The relative decrease in R6/2 muscle capacitance also begins in 5-wk-old mice and is independent of fiber atrophy. Kir current density is consistently lower in R6/2 compared with WT muscle. The invariable R6/2 ClC-1 properties suggest a disruption in muscle maturation, which we confirm by measuring elevated levels of neonatal myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in late-stage R6/2 skeletal muscle. Similar changes in ClC-1 and MyHC isoforms in the more slowly developing Q175 HD mice suggest an altered maturational state is relevant to adult-onset HD. Finally, we find nuclear aggregates of muscleblind-like protein 1 without predominant CAG repeat colocalization in R6/2 muscle. This is unlike myotonic dystrophy, another trinucleotide repeat disorder with similar ClC-1 defects, and suggests a novel mechanism of aberrant mRNA splicing in HD. These early and progressive skeletal muscle defects reveal much needed peripheral biomarkers of disease progression and better elucidate the mechanism underlying HD myopathy.
Protein synthesis-dependent and protein synthesis-independent secretion of lysosomal hydrolases from rabbit and human macrophages.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Rabbit alveolar macrophages and human monocyte-derived macrophages released lysosomal enzymes in response to a variety of stimuli. The release of these enzyme appeared to be under the control of at least two distinct mechanisms. The first involved a rapid release of preformed granule constituents in response to a phagocytic load. This release reaction was concentration- and time-dependent, was not affected by the protein synthesis inhibitors cycloheximide and puromycin, and resulted in a concomitant loss in intracellular enzyme levels. The second mechanism involved a prolonged secretion in response to lower concentration of stimuli, which increased with time, and was inhibited by cycloheximide and puromycin. The secretion did not result in the loss of intracellular enzyme stores; rather an induction of enzyme was seen following such stimulation, which resulted in increases in the total concentration within the cultures. This protein synthesis-dependent secretion of acid hydrolases from human macrophages varied for each lysosomal hydrolase and each stimulus. beta-Glucosaminidase synthesis and secretion was induced by low-dose opsonized zymosan, by latex particles, and by formaldehyde-treated SRBC. However, only the last mentioned stimulus caused release of acid phosphates although all three particles induced synthesis of the enzyme. None of the stimuli at these concentrations (10:1 particle to cell ratio) caused the release of beta-glucoronidase, although the enzyme was releasable if higher stimulus concentrations were used. In addition the enzyme was not inducible under these conditions. It is concluded that each of the acid hydrolases studied may be under different control in the human macrophage and that the cells may respond in a qualitatively different way to different types of phagocytosable stimuli.
Integrated mRNA and lncRNA expression profiling for exploring metastatic biomarkers of human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) is crucial for various human cancers, but the function and mechanism of lncRNAs is largely unknown in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), the second most common liver cancer. In this study, we performed transcriptomic profiling of ICC and normal tissues, and found 2148 lncRNAs and 474 mRNAs were significantly upregulated, whereas 568 lncRNAs and 409 mRNAs were downregulated in ICC tissues. Enrichment analysis suggests these differentially expressed genes mainly focus on response to stimulus, development, and cell proliferation. Further, potential lncRNAs involved in five signaling pathways (ERBB, JAK/STAT, MAPK, VEGF and WNT) were constructed by highly co-expressed with mRNAs in these signaling pathways. The differentially expressed lncRNA-mRNA co-regulated signaling pathways in ICC were further confirmed by lncRNA target prediction. Finally, the differentially expressed lncRNAs were confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR in 32 paired ICC and adjacent tissues. The correlation analysis between the expression levels of lncRNAs and clinicopathologic characteristics showed that EMP1-008, ATF3-008, and RCOR3-013 were observed significantly downregulated in ICC with tumor metastasis. These findings suggested that lncRNA expression profiling in ICC is profoundly different from that in noncancerous tissues, and lncRNA may be used as a potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for ICC metastasis.
Effects of the Essential Oils from Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Phellodendron chinense on Hyphal Morphology and Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes of Rhizoctonia solani

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The median inhibition concentration (IC50) of the fruit essential oils from Zanthoxylum bungeanum and Phellodendron chinense against Rhizoctonia solani mycelial growth were screened as 0.24 and 2.35 μL/mL respectively by the method of mycelial radial growth inhibition.Both the oils did not affect the breadth of R.solani hyphae,but made hyphal branches manifold and led the distance between two close hyphal branches to be short.The inhibition rates against enzymatic activities of three cell wall degrading enzymes of R.solani mycelia,including polygalacturnase (PG),pectin methyl-galacturonase (PMG) and pectin methyl trans-eliminase (PMTE),were 95.12%,85.94%,100% respectively at 1.5 μL/mL of the Z.bungeanum oil,and 87.65%,86.70%,100% respectively at 20.0 μL/mL of the P.chinense oil.
The Spirituality of Watchman Nee from a Neo-Confucian Perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Watchman Nee (Ni Tuosheng, 1903-1972) is one of the most influential Chinese theologians. His theology formed in the early twentieth century and still attracts Chinese people today. This thesis undertakes an innovative twofold-perspective investigation into Nee’s idea of sanctification. By clarifying Nee’s synthesizing of the Holiness Movement theologies and examining his view of sanctification through the lens of the neo-Confucian idea of moral cultivation, this work argues that the practical pursuit of living in holiness and the synthesis of rational thinking and mystical intuition of Nee’s spirituality both deeply resonated within the Chinese spiritual neo-Confucian mindset. Viewing Nee’s theology as a bridge connecting profound Western theological traditions and potential Chinese cultural elements, this thesis deepens the understanding of Nee’s theology, suggests possible spiritual interactions between Christianity and Chinese culture, and explores the future viability of Charismatic Chinese Christianity in relation to Nee’s vision of Chinese Christianity.
Bias-temperature degradation of pMOSFETs: mechanism and suppression

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We investigated pMOSFET Bias-Temperature (BT) degradation by using carrier separation analysis. Electrons tunneling from gate electrode to substrate were found to cause impact ionization at the SiO/sub 2//Si interface and result in the creation of trapped charges and interface states. A higher-concentration boron incorporation into the SiO/sub 2/ film was found to suppress BT degradation. This is considered to be a result of tunneling electron current suppression. Degradation due to BT can also be suppressed by reducing the electric field in the oxide between the gate electrode and drain. In other words, BT degradation is lower for the ON-state than the OFF-state. The electric field between the gate electrode and drain can also be reduced by changing the side wall formation process.
Effect of different surface treatments and adhesive cementation on the surface topography and flexural strength of translucent and ultra‐translucent monolithic zirconia

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments and adhesive cementation on the miniflexural strength (MFS) of monolithic zirconia. Materials and Methods Two‐hundred and forty (240) sintered bars of translucent zirconia (Z T ) and ultra‐translucent zirconia (Z UT ) were obtained (8 mm ×2 mm ×1 mm). The bars were divided into 16 groups ( n = 15) according to the factors “Zirconia” (Z T and Z UT ), “Cementation” (Cem) and “surface treatment” (Ctrl:Control, Al:Aluminum oxide/Al 2 O 3 50 µm, Si:Silica/SiO 2 coated alumina particles oxide 30 µm, Gl:Glazing+hydrofluoric acid). Half of the bars received an adhesive layer application, followed by application of resin cement and light curing. The surface roughness was measured in non‐cemented groups. All the bars were subjected to the MFS test (1.0 mm/min; 100 kgf). Scanning electron microscopy was used for qualitative analyses. MFS data (MPa) and roughness (µm) were statistically evaluated by three‐way and two‐way ANOVA respectively and Tukey's test (5%). Results The surface treatment and the interaction were significant for roughness. Glazing promoted less roughness compared to silicatization. Regarding MFS, only the zirconia and surface treatment factors were significant. For Z T , the sandblasted groups had an increase in MFS and glazing reduced it. There was no difference between the groups without cementation for the Z UT ; however, Z UT .Si/Cem, and Z UT .Al/Cem obtained superior MFS among the cemented groups. Conclusions Sandblasting increases the flexural strength for Z T , while glaze application tends to reduce it. Applying resin cement increases the flexural strength of Z UT when associated with sandblasting. Sandblasting protocols promote greater surface roughness.
Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell-free supernatant on the physiology, quorum sensing, and protein synthesis of lactic acid bacteria

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In the food industry, the competition and reciprocity between lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts in co-culture and the interactions of their metabolites affect product quality. Quorum sensing (QS) is a communication mechanism between bacterial cells, which participates in multiple physiological behaviors. The effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae YE4 cell-free supernatant (CFS) on LAB were explored from the aspects of growth and metabolism, QS, and protein expression. The results showed the CFS inhibited not only the growth of Enterococcus faecium 8–3 and Lactobacillus fermentum 2-1 but also their acid production and biofilm formation. The acid production and biofilm amount was significantly decreased by 18.4% and 12.8% in L. fermentum 2–1 and E. faecium 8–3, respectively. The effect of CFS on QS was shown in the changes of Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) activity, luxS and pfs genes expression. Moreover, a total of 136 proteins of E. faecium 8-3 differed significantly in co-cultured with CFS, which involved in metabolic pathways including oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate metabolism, metabolic pathways, mismatch repair, QS system, two-component system, and ABC transporters. Therefore, S. cerevisiae YE4 CFS might affect the physiological metabolism of E. faecium 8-3 by affecting the energy metabolism and QS system.