jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Studying the Context Effect of Family Norms on Gender Role Attitudes: an Experimental Design

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The measurement of gender role attitudes has been found to be problematic in previous studies, especially in comparative perspective. The present study adopts a novel approach and investigates the position of the gender role attitudes scale in the questionnaire as a potential source of bias. In particular, the present study aims at assessing the context effect of the family norms question on the measurement of gender role attitudes by adopting the theoretical perspective of the construal model of attitudes, according to which the adjacent questions constitute the context for interpreting and answering a stimulus. The study employs data from the CROss-National Online Survey panel, which was fielded in 2017 and contained an experiment where the order of the questions under investigation varied. The reliability, validity and invariance of the measurement of gender role attitudes across experimental settings and countries (Estonia, Great Britain and Slovenia) are explored adopting several analytical techniques, such as regression models and multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. Differences between experimental settings emerged, suggesting that the questionnaire context matters for the validity and stability of the gender role attitudes items; however, the lack of patterns hinders general conclusions on what is the order of questions yielding better measurement of the gender role attitudes scale. Clear differences among the countries indicate that the cultural context may interact with the question context. Finally, we stress that the measurement is overall poor, urging to find a better formulation of the items measuring gender role attitudes.
A general semiparametric hazards regression model: efficient estimation and structure selection

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider a general semiparametric hazards regression model that encompasses the Cox proportional hazards model and the accelerated failure time model for survival analysis. To overcome the nonexistence of the maximum likelihood, we derive a kernel‐smoothed profile likelihood function and prove that the resulting estimates of the regression parameters are consistent and achieve semiparametric efficiency. In addition, we develop penalized structure selection techniques to determine which covariates constitute the accelerated failure time model and which covariates constitute the proportional hazards model. The proposed method is able to estimate the model structure consistently and model parameters efficiently. Furthermore, variance estimation is straightforward. The proposed estimation performs well in simulation studies and is applied to the analysis of a real data set. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amanda Ciafone. Counter-Cola: A Multinational History of the Global Corporation.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Through the in-depth study of a single organization, the Coca-Cola Company, Amanda Ciafone uncovers and explains some fundamental dynamics in the evolution of capitalism in the last hundred years. Less in the business of producing drinks than in the one of orchestrating the franchising of bottling production across the world, the Coca-Cola Company exemplifies, writes Ciafone, key characteristics that we have learned to identify with contemporary global capitalism, such as the commodification of culture, the financialization of the portfolio of activities, and the commercialization of knowledge.
Full Moon Farm Builds High Tunnels: A Case Study in Site Planning for Crop Production Structures

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This decision case presents the issues a grower would face when deciding where to place and how to orient a high tunnel structure on a specific farm site. It provides a tool to teach site planning concepts on a small scale that are easily transferable to issues addressed when planning for construction of all sizes and types of protected-environment structures. In this case, the owner of Full Moon Farm must decide the placement of her high tunnels on a given farm site. Factors to consider include wind, snow, and ice loads as well as structural integrity, labor efficiency, and optimizing light levels. Ultimately, no one solution meets all recommended criteria, so the grower must prioritize the importance of various factors to come to a decision. This case study is intended for use in upper-level undergraduate horticulture courses, and although the principles are broadly applicable to site planning across geographic regions, it is most appropriate for climates above lat. 35°N. In particular, it may prove useful in courses such as greenhouse management and production courses for vegetables, cut flowers, and small fruits, where students assume the role of grower/farmer in the site planning process. This case study is supported by a website version with digital images, digital video, and maps that can be used both inside and outside of the classroom; all are downloadable from the website http://www.hightunnels.org/planningcasestudy.htm . The teaching notes present an unorthodox solution to the Full Moon Farm site planning dilemma.
NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BILATERAL TRADE EFFECTS

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study evaluates the effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on bilateral trade between the United States and Canada and between the United States and Mexico. Trade flow estimates are from a vector autoregression (VAR) model. The VAR methodology allows modeling bilateral trade in a flexible manner that incorporates both the interaction between different variables and the dynamics of trade, output, prices, and the exchange rate. After testing the outside sample forecasting ability of the models, the study produces dynamic forecasts of bilateral trade. It then compares forecasts incorporating the effects of the NAFTA with baseline forecasts. The results suggest expanded trade for all three countries and an improvement in the U.S. trade position with both Canada and Mexico.
Detection of quantum phases via out-of-time-order correlators

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We elucidate the relation between out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs) and quantum phase transitions via analytically studying the OTOC dynamics in a degenerate spectrum. Our method points to key ingredients to dynamically detect quantum phases via out-of-time-order correlators for a wide range of quantum phase transitions and explains the existing numerical results in the literature. We apply our method to a critical model, XXZ model that numerically confirms our predictions.
Sentencing Complexities in National Security Cases

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Military national security courts-martial infrequently occur. When they do occur, military counsel, judges, and court personnel endeavor to perform their function at a high level. Unfortunately, the process by which the U.S. government conducts classification reviews and the military’s inexperience in national security cases often results in the form of safeguarding classified information trumping the substantive function of the underlying trial process. And by the time the sentencing phase is reached, understandable but unfortunate focus is placed on simply concluding the trial without mishandling classified information.\nThis article examines the sentencing complexities in military national security cases, first defining a national security case and then distinguishing Department of Defense prosecutions from those by the Department of Justice. Following that, this article explains the challenges national security cases present, including the introduction of classified information and the difficulty in correlating degrees of potential harm to national security to a level of punishment.
Resolution enhancement of video sequences using motion compensation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Improving the spatial resolution of an image sequence critically depends upon the accuracy of the motion estimator. The problem is complicated by the fact that the motion field is prone to significant errors since original high resolution images are not available. In earlier work, bilinearly interpolated images were used as initial conditions for the proposed algorithm. In this paper, the use of other initial conditions, such as previously estimated images, is experimentally investigated. Furthermore, various forms of the iterative video resolution enhancement algorithm are studied experimentally.
Positive Theology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Bernard did not want theology to be novel. He wanted it to be right, that is, true to the faith, helpful to the salvation of the faithful. He was not a ‘reformer’ in any sense which involved seeking improved clarity and exactitude in the official formulation of statements of the faith, nor in seeking to challenge at any point what the Church had been teaching. His is the theology of ‘damage limitation’; he strove to place a check on what others had done and said, which he feared would injure the confidence of the faithful, their simple trust in what the Church taught them.
Categorisation of the One Welfare Practices in Beekeeping

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Honey bees are vital to ecosystem conservation, agricultural production, and biodiversity, yet their welfare has often been overlooked. This study introduces the integration of Honey Bee Welfare Practices (HBWPs) into the One Welfare framework, addressing the interconnectedness of honey bee welfare, environmental welfare, and human wellbeing. We analysed and re-evaluated the 243 HBWPs already identified and categorised within the context of the Five Domains model in 2024 by Giovanni Formato et al., and we explored their broader impacts. By incorporating the One Welfare approach, we assessed each practice’s effect on bee welfare both as individuals and as a superorganism, human wellbeing, and environmental welfare, as well as their economic and time-related implications for beekeepers. The aim of this study was to obtain a list of One Welfare Practices in Beekeeping, considering all stakeholders as equally important. The analysis highlights the multidimensional nature of beekeeping, with 280 practices positively affecting honey bee welfare, while also considering their potential impact on human wellbeing, environmental health, and production. Challenges such as balancing beekeeper time constraints and welfare goals are discussed, with recommendations for practical compromises. This approach can offer a holistic and sustainable model for apiculture, ensuring that welfare is maintained across all stakeholders, and provides a flexible framework applicable to various beekeeping systems worldwide.
LHD NB2arm #124612.11

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The neutral beam (NB) shine-through profile is routinely monitored on the Large Helical Device (LHD) both to calibrate the port-through power of the NB and to evaluate the NB-deposition power to LHD plasmas. The profile is measured with a calorimeter (CM) array on an armor plate of the NB counter wall inside the LHD vacuum vessel.
Proposals for Future Trilateral Cooperation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article suggests proposals for future Trilateral Cooperation between China, India and Russia. The meeting of ministers of foreign affairs of China, India and Russia should constitute a regular consultation mechanism. Meetings between ministers of science and technology and ministers of energy should also be arranged. Trilateral consultation could also continue within other broader multilateral forums and organisations. Prior to each academic trilateral meeting each delegation should formulate its own proposals for trilateral interaction. During the meeting the proposals on which all three are in agreement can be identified. This latter set of proposals agreed to by all three delegations must then be presented by each delegation to their respective governments. The delegations would then have to prevail on their governments to consider, adopt and implement this set of proposals. Those proposals that are not agreed to by all three can be set a side for further research and consultation.
Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk produced in dairy farms in São Paulo state, Brazil.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in milk produced in 37 farms located in the regions of Ribeirão Preto and São Carlos, state of São Paulo, Brazil. Two-hundred and eight samples of milk from individual cows showing subclinical mastitis, and 37 samples of bulk tank milk were analyzed. S. aureus strains were detected in 18 (7.3%) milk samples: 14 (6.7%) from samples of individual cows, and 4 (10.8%) from bulk tank milk. Two individual milk samples (14.3%) and two bulk milk samples contained enterotoxigenic S. aureus. PFGE analysis revealed the genetic heterogeneity of the strains isolated from raw milk, which presented to 13 S. aureus patterns. Results confirmed the potential transmission of staphylococcal food poisoning to consumers via milk of cows affected by subclinical mastitis, mainly when raw milk is ingested.
Data, Competition, and Consumer Privacy in Digital Markets

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In digital markets personal information is pervasively collected by firms.
In the first chapter I study data ownership and
product customization when there is exclusive access
to non rival but excludable data about consumer preferences. I show that an incumbent
firm does not have an incentive to sell an exclusively held dataset with a rival
firm, but instead it has an incentive to trade a customizing technology with the other
firm. In the second chapter I investigate the effects of consumer information on the
intensity of competition. In a two dimensional model of product
differentiation, firms use information on preferences to practice price
discrimination. I contrast a full privacy and a no privacy benchmark with a
regime in which firms are able to target consumers only partially. When data
is partially informative, firms are always better-off with price discrimination and an
exclusive access to user data is not necessarily a competition policy concern. From
a consumer protection perspective, the policy recommendation is that the regulator
should promote either no privacy or full privacy. In the third
chapter I introduce a data broker that observes either only one
or both dimensions of consumer information and sells this data to competing
firms for price discrimination purposes. When the seller exogenously holds
a partially informative dataset, an exclusive allocation arises. Instead, when the
dataset held is fully informative, the data broker trades information non exclusively
but each competitor acquires consumer data on a different dimension.
When data collection is made endogenous, non exclusivity is robust if
collection costs are not too high.
The competition policy suggestion is that exclusivity should
not be banned per se, but it is data differentiation in equilibrium that rises
market power in competitive markets. Upstream competition is sufficient to ensure
that both firms get access to consumer information.
Tuning of catalytic behaviors in ethanol dehydration with oxygen cofeeding over Pd-HBZ catalyst for ethylene production at low temperature

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The catalytic ethanol dehydration with oxygen cofeeding over different pretreated Pd-HBZ catalysts was investigated. The catalyst was pretreated with different gas including air, nitrogen, and hydrogen. It was tested in ethanol dehydration in the presence and absence of oxygen cofeeding. It was significantly found that with the presence of oxygen cofeeding, the complete ethanol conversion was obtained at very low temperature (ca. 200 °C) and ethylene was a major product. This can be attributed to increased moderate and strong acid sites of catalyst by oxygen cofeeding. In addition, the different gas pretreatment seemed to have less effect on catalytic behaviors.
Biomonitoring of heavy metals and organo-chlorinated compounds in a pulp mill effluent using introduced mussels

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A bleached kraft pulp mill discharges a vast array of substances and special attention should be given to heavy metals and organo-chlorinated compounds. They can persist in nature for a long period of time, are toxic to the wildlife community in certain concentrations, and can be incorporated into the food chain. The aim of this work is to monitor the quality of a bleached kraft pulp mill effluent using filter-feeding molluscs. Transplanted mussels were collected seasonally and analyzed for copper, zinc, cadmium, lead, manganese, iron, dioxins, furans and pentachlorophenol. All of the concentrations in mussels were low even when the mill operated different process types and production, and also during maintenance shut-downs.
Differentiation of Alzheimer’s Disease from Frontotemporal Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment Based on Arterial Spin Labeling Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Pilot Cross-Sectional Study from PUMCH Dementia Cohort

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is helpful in early diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), with advantages including no exposure to radioactivity, no injection of a contrast agent, more accessible, and relatively less expensive. Objective: To establish the perfusion pattern of different dementia in Chinese population and evaluate the effectiveness of ASL in differentiating AD from cognitive unimpaired (CU), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Methods: Four groups of participants were enrolled, including AD, FTD, MCI, and CU based on clinical diagnosis from PUMCH dementia cohort. ASL image was collected using 3D spiral fast spin echo–based pseudo-continuous ASL pulse sequence with background suppression and a high resolution T1-weighted scan covering the whole brain. Data processing was performed using Dr. Brain Platform to get cerebral blood flow (ml/100g/min) in every region of interest cortices. Results: Participants included 66 AD, 26 FTD, 21 MCI, and 21 CU. Statistically, widespread hypoperfusion neocortices, most significantly in temporal-parietal-occipital cortices, but not hippocampus and subcortical nucleus were found in AD. Hypoperfusion in parietal lobe was most significantly associated with cognitive decline in AD. Hypoperfusion in parietal lobe was found in MCI and extended to adjacent temporal, occipital and posterior cingulate cortices in AD. Significant reduced perfusion in frontal and temporal cortices, including subcortical nucleus and anterior cingulate cortex were found in FTD. Hypoperfusion regions were relatively symmetrical in AD and left predominant especially in FTD. Conclusion: Specific patterns of ASL hypoperfusion were helpful in differentiating AD from CU, MCI, and FTD.
Cushion Effect Analysis of Pile-Net Composite Foundation Based on Field Tests

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to provide a reference for the cushion design of pile-net composite foundation,four groups of field tests with different pile cap sizes were carried out,and data of foundation settlement,foundation pressure and cushion bar tension were obtained.The test result shows that pile cap can significantly decrease the pressure on pile top,the cushion bar tension and the settlement difference between piles and soil.The height of soil arches is related to the clear distance between piles and is about 0.9 to 1.3 times the clear distance between piles' axes.The pressure on pile top is uneven,and the pressure at the center of pile top is about 67% to 79% of the pressure at the edge.The maximum value of cushion bar tension is on pile top,and the cushion bar tension at the pile cap edge is bigger than that in the pile center.
[Modern diagnostic methods for thyroid gland diseases].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The paper overviews the role of diagnostic procedures in evaluating patient with thyroid gland disease. It focuses on the diagnostics of functional disturbances and on the modern approach to the nodular goitre. The role of supersensitive, immunoenzymatic assay of TSH (sTSH) in the diagnostics of functional disturbances in underlined, particularly in subclinical course of thyroid gland diseases, or in diagnostically difficult cases. The complimentary role of tests' triangle-ultrasound, scintigraphy and fine needle biopsy in the evaluation of focal changes of the thyroid (nodular goitre) is discussed and the diagnostic algorithm of patient's qualification to surgery is proposed.
Endemic Typhus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The map showing the recent distribution of the fevers of the typhus group in the Epidemiological Report of the Health Section of the League of Nations, 1936, suggests that these have not been recorded in Madagascar, and the local French public health report, 1940, states that this group of diseases does not occur on the island.It is therefore felt that the following series of cases among Service units, though small, justifies a special record.The general hospital was functioning with limited equipment in Madagascar for several months after May, 1942.There were a considerable number of cases with pyrexia of uncertain origin, with and without a rash, to which an accurate label could not be attached, as no agglutinable suspensions were available.Soon after the arrival of the suspensions a patient was admitted to hospital suffering from severe headache, drowsiness, backache, pains in chest, and a productive cough.This case was first diagnosed as bronchopneumonia, but sulphapyridine had no effect, for his fever continued and he remained seriously ill.For this reason, and despite negative blood films, it was thought that he might have malaria as well, and so was given quinine.On the seventh day a macular rash developed, and his bloated appearance with suffused eyes, taken in conjunction with the course of his illness, led to a suspicion that the case was one of typhus (C.G. Baker).This was confirmed by the Weil-Felix test (G.T. L. Archer).Patients in the hospital with indefinite fever-in some cases with a rash and severe malaise, in others only slightly ill, but all from the same unit and area-were immediately examined again, and blood agglutination performed.The early results of Weil-Felix examination were as follows:Case 1: OX19, OX2, OXK, 1/100 on 11th day ,, 2: OX19 1/400, OX2=0, OXK=0, on 12th day
Three-Dimensional Optical Tomography and Correlated Elemental Analysis of Hybrid Perovskite Microstructures: An Insight into Defect-Related Lattice Distortion and Photoinduced Ion Migration

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Organic lead halide perovskites have recently been proposed for applications in light-emitting devices of different sorts. More specifically, regular crystalline microstructures constitute an efficient light source and fulfill the geometrical requirements to act as resonators, giving rise to waveguiding and optical amplification. Herein we show three-dimensional laser scanning confocal tomography studies of different types of methylammonium lead bromide microstructures which have allowed us to dissect their photoemission properties with a precision of 0.036 μm3. This analysis shows that their spectral emission presents strong spatial variations which can be attributed to defect-related lattice distortions. It is also largely enhanced under light exposure, which triggers the migration of halide ions away from illuminated regions, eventually leading to a strongly anisotropic degradation. Our work points to the need for performing an optical quality test of individual crystallites prior to their use in optoelectronics devices and provides a means to do so.