jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-assisted leaching of calcium ions from fly ash to mineralize CO2 and fire extinguishing characteristics of products

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The use of fly ash slurry for mineralization to capture CO2, along with utilizing the mineralized slurry to prevent spontaneous combustion in goaf area, can achieve the dual benefits of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, as well as disaster management. Addressing the current issues in the CO2 mineralization process of fly ash, such as slow leaching rate of calcium ions and low mineralization capacity, proposing a new approach to use ultrasound to accelerate the leaching of calcium ions from fly ash and enhance its CO2 mineralization efficiency. Using ion chromatography to study the leaching patterns of calcium ions in low-calcium fly ash and high-calcium fly ash slurries, and employing low-temperature N2 adsorption and SEM-EDS techniques to analyze the changes in structure of fly ash particles under the action of ultrasound, the paper evaluates the enhancement effect of ultrasound on CO2 mineralization of fly ash using a self-built CO2 adsorption and mineralization reaction experimental system. Moreover, the principle of ultrasound-enhanced leaching of calcium ions from fly ash was explored. The experimental results show that the leaching rate of Ca2+ in low-calcium and high-calcium fly ash slurries is very slow under static conditions, reaching leaching equilibrium only after 30 days. After ultrasound-enhanced treatment, the concentration of Ca2+ in both types of fly ash slurries can reach the leaching level of 30 days under static conditions within 30 minutes, indicating that ultrasound significantly enhances the leaching rate of Ca2+ in fly ash slurries. At the same time, after ultrasound-enhanced leaching treatment, the specific surface area of low-calcium and high-calcium fly ash increased by 23.71% and 184.71%, respectively, indicating that the cavitation effect of ultrasound can disrupt the aggregation and adhesion between fly ash particles, leading to particle refinement and further development of pore structure. This promotes mass transfer processes such as Ca2+ leaching from fly ash into water. Mineralization test results show that after ultrasound modification, the mineralization amount of low-calcium and high-calcium fly ash increased by 410% and 22%, respectively, with mineralized carbon sequestration amounts reaching 7.66 g/kg and 82.02 g/kg, respectively, indicating that ultrasound significantly enhances the CO2 mineralization effect of fly ash. Based on this, utilizing the mineralized CO2 product of fly ash slurry for preventing and controlling coal spontaneous combustion. Compared to treating coal samples with original fly ash, the heat release of coal samples treated with mineralized products decreased by 3.32% and 14.24%, respectively, indicating that mineralized CO2 products have superior coal spontaneous combustion inhibition characteristics.
Further Investigations on the Ileum Model as a Possible Alternative to In Vivo Eye Irritancy Testing

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Summary The concentration of six surfactants required to block spontaneous contractions of rabbit isolated ileum by 50% (EC50) correlated well with in vivo eye irritancy (correlation coefficient -0.996) only when fresh ileum was tested at 35°C. Storage of ileum for 2 hr or 4 hr before testing did not significantly alter the potency of five of the surfactants, but the potency of triethanolamine decyl sulphate (TDS), the only C-10 surfactant tested, was significantly reduced as compared to fresh controls. When tested on fresh ileum at 29°C all the surfactants, except TDS, were more potent at blocking contractions while TDS was significantly less potent. It is suggested that the penetration barrier to surfactants is considerably more complex than previously envisaged, possibly involving a transport system capable of concentrating TDS, but not the other agents tested. It would appear that, provided experimental conditions are carefully controlled, the ileum model can yield results which correlate well with in vivo ocular irritancy and as such may provide the basis for the development of a viable screen for irritancy of surfactants and surfactant-based products.
Analysis and detection of IgM to Mycoplasma Pneumoniae in 225 children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To estimate the value of MP-IgM on diagnosis of children respiratory infection.Methods:To measure serum MP-IgM antibody in 225 children with respiratory infection by passive particle agglutination.Results:46 cases of 225 children,27 male and 19 female,were identified positive.The positive rate was 20.4%.Conclusions:The detection of serum MP-IgM antibody can be a valuable clue to diagnosis of children respiratory infection.
Start control of an M 3 C‐based FFTS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The fractional frequency transmission system (FFTS) can multiply increase transmission capacity by using a lower frequency to reduce the reactance of the AC transmission system. The modular multi‐level matric converter (M 3 C) as the new generation of the AC/AC converter is the critical equipment of FFTS. The self‐start control strategy for M 3 C‐based FFTS is proposed and the whole start‐up procedure is divided into the uncontrollable stage and controllable stage. The model of the equivalent circuit in an uncontrollable stage is built and the mathematical relation between the maximum charging current and the current‐limit resistor is obtained. Finally, a digital simulation system of M 3 C‐based FFTS is established, and the effectiveness of the proposed control strategies is verified by simulation results.
ANCIENT MAYA MARKETS AND THE ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF CARACOL, BELIZE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Modeling Classic period social and economic systems of the ancient Maya has proven difficult for a number of reasons, including sampling, preservation, and interpretational biases. As more archaeological research has been undertaken, views about the Classic period Maya ( a.d. 250–900) have become progressively more complex. Because neither Maya art nor hieroglyphic texts contain substantial information on ancient economic systems, some archaeologists have tended to deemphasize the impact of ancient economies in reconstructions of the Classic period Maya civilization. Archaeological research at Caracol, Belize, however, has recovered evidence of the road systems, marketplaces, and production areas that served as the backbone of the site's economic infrastructure. When combined with artifact distributions, these data demonstrate the existence of an economy based on surplus household production with distribution in elite-administered markets. The archaeological data from Caracol not only elucidate how marketplaces were embedded in the Maya landscape, but also how they were used to integrate the site.
Initial evaluation of the patient with suspected dementia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dementia is a common disorder among older persons, and projections indicate that the number of patients with dementia in the United States will continue to grow. Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia account for the majority of cases of dementia. After a thorough history and physical examination, including a discussion with other family members, a baseline measurement of cognitive function should be obtained. The Mini-Mental State Examination is the most commonly used instrument to document cognitive impairment. Initial laboratory evaluation includes tests for thyroid-stimulating hormone and vitamin B12 levels. Structural neuroimaging with noncontrast computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging also is recommended. Other testing should be guided by the history and physical examination. Neuropsychologic testing can help determine the extent of cognitive impairment, but it is not recommended on a routine basis. Neuropsychologic testing may be most helpful in situations where screening tests are normal or equivocal, but there remains a high level of concern that the person may be cognitively impaired.
Isolation and identification of glycinol from Glycine max [L.] Merri

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

As one of the main phytoalexins and phytoestrogens, glyceollin is an important prenylflavonoid in Glycine max [L.] Merri. (soybean). Many kinds of elicitors can be used to induce its accumulation. Its biosynthesis pathway is commonly used to study the characteristics of prenyltransferase, which catalyzes the prenylated reaction happening in a very few plant families in nature. Glycinol, the direct precursor of glyceollin, is necessary to study the prenylated reaction in soybean. In comparing with the other elicitors to elicit the glycinol accumulation in soybean cotyledons, AgNO3 is the most effective elicitor. Exposure of 6-8 days old cotyledons to 0.01 mol/L AgNO3 and incubation for 24 h result in the accumulation of 256 microg (glycinol)/g (fresh weight). The glycinol was extracted by methanol. Then the isolation and purification were conducted by preparative high performance liquid chromatography. Instead of 100% acetonitrile-0.1% formic acid as the elution system, the extract was eluted by 100% methanol-0.1% formic acid. Glycinol eluted earlier than daidzin under this system and decreased the disturbance from the large amount of daidzin. Identification was performed by comparing the mass spectrum (liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight) and ultraviolet spectrum with those of the standard. At last, 100 mg purified glycinol was obtained from 390 g of fresh material
Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. IP 5574

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.
Common name(s): Pearl millet
Other names: P 2870, Guerguera, IP 5574
Conserved by: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India
Local sample unique identifier: IP 5574
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1979-03-22
Other identifiers: n/a,P 2870
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
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Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

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脳梗塞で発症した経過中狭窄部位が拡張に転じbypass術を施行した内頸動脈C2部解離の1例

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dissecting aneurysms in the intracranial internal carotid artery are uncommon. In case of cerebral infarction, conservative therapy was commonly provided. We have successfully treated a case of dissecting aneurysm of the intracranial internal carotid arte
Viddy and Slooshy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter looks at how the assemblages that characterise a society of control intervene at the level of speech and thought. It takes up Anthony Burgess's A Clockwork Orange (1962), a meditation on control over language, expression, and thought, but also technoscientific control, namely, through the ‘Ludovico technique’ — an assemblage of cinematic technology and pharmaceutical innovation the State uses to resubjectivise the criminal class. The novel is as famous for its ultra-violent aesthete, Alex, as for its fabrication of Nadsat, a fictional argot spoken by delinquent youths. Though Deleuze never cited Burgess, he wrote at length about Stanley Kubrick, who adapted Burgess's novel in 1971. Hence, this chapter shows how Burgess and Kubrick illuminate Deleuze's thoughts on literature and language, cinema and control, and allows us to trace their affinities with SF criticism and the genre's linguistic creations.
A Practical Finite Element Modeling Strategy to Capture Cracking and Crushing Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Structures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Nonlinear finite element (FE) analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is characterized by numerous modeling options and input parameters. To accurately model the nonlinear RC behavior involving concrete cracking in tension and crushing in compression, practitioners make different choices regarding the critical modeling issues, e.g., defining the concrete constitutive relations, assigning the bond between the concrete and the steel reinforcement, and solving problems related to convergence difficulties and mesh sensitivities. Thus, it is imperative to review the common modeling choices critically and develop a robust modeling strategy with consistency, reliability, and comparability. This paper proposes a modeling strategy and practical recommendations for the nonlinear FE analysis of RC structures based on parametric studies of critical modeling choices. The proposed modeling strategy aims at providing reliable predictions of flexural responses of RC members with a focus on concrete cracking behavior and crushing failure, which serve as the foundation for more complex modeling cases, e.g., RC beams bonded with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates. Additionally, herein, the implementation procedure for the proposed modeling strategy is comprehensively described with a focus on the critical modeling issues for RC structures. The proposed strategy is demonstrated through FE analyses of RC beams tested in four-point bending—one RC beam as reference and one beam externally bonded with a carbon-FRP (CFRP) laminate in its soffit. The simulated results agree well with experimental measurements regarding load-deformation relationship, cracking, flexural failure due to concrete crushing, and CFRP debonding initiated by intermediate cracks. The modeling strategy and recommendations presented herein are applicable to the nonlinear FE analysis of RC structures in general.
Mycotoxin incidents associated with cereals: lessons learnt and risk reduction strategies

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This paper explores the occurrence and impact of mycotoxins linked to cereals and their indirect impact on human food safety. Epidemiological cases are used to evaluate the impact of mycotoxins on food and feed supply chains. It is shown that mycotoxins pose significant problems and, the implementation and enforcement of legislation, and the development of efficient supply chain strategies including private standards to reduce the risks of contamination and subsequent health issues are considered. Further, the paper identifies the different challenges faced by developing and developed nations in relation to managing the risks associated with mycotoxins relative to local, regional and global trading systems
Difficulties and Challenges in the Management of Market Access for Innovative Oncological Therapies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The market access of current/future innovative therapies is linked to the capability of payers and industry of negotiating price and reimbursement agreements that reflect drug value for patients and health care systems. Clinical research has provided therapeutic options quite effective, but complex from the perspective of market access management. An example are biological drug combinations, or therapies tailored to the patient, with different therapeutic indications. From this point of view, drugs approved for multiple indications are a great challenge for the definition of an appropriate price; each indication is related to a different value, which in its turn is related to the clinical benefit and to the availability of therapeutic alternatives. If new mechanisms for drug pricing are not implemented, the only possible trade-off is to keep out of the market the indications with lower value, or reduce the price of indications with higher value to the level of indications with lower value. In Italy, the AIFA Register was established in order to guarantee appropriate utilization of costly innovative drugs, i.e. pharmacoutilization patterns able to reduce resources misuse (inappropriate utilization) and to optimize the clinical benefit for patients. In addition to this primary goal, during the last few years innovative price agreements were introduced through the AIFA Register, based on different approaches, such as cost-sharing and payment-by-results. The rationale was to minimize the risk that the Italian National Health Service (NHS) pays for therapeutic failures. Among these examples, it is worth mentioning bevacizumab that, given its seven different indications, negotiated with AIFA a different agreement for each of them. Every agreement reflects bevacizumab value in a different setting; this allows to the drug complete access to the market, though the cost for NHS is differentiated. The challenge/opportunity for the future will be to reassess drugs values taking into account clinical practice data extracted from population registries, that is from populations much larger than those enrolled in pivotal clinical trials.
Interventions for improving the uptake of HIV testing among men who have sex with men in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

HIV testing is the foundation of the HIV cascade, informing treatment initiation and viral load sup-pression. It is particularly critical for key populations such as men who have sex with men (MSM), who face a disproportionate burden of HIV due to systemic barriers including stigma, discrimination, and legal hindrances. These challenges limit access to HIV testing and necessitate tailored interven-tions. This systematic review aimed to assess innovative strategies to improve HIV testing uptake among MSM in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Guided by the “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)” guidelines, a comprehensive search of databases, organisa-tional websites, and manual sources was conducted for studies published from January 2000 onward. The review was registered with “International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews” (CRD42022346821). Twenty-three studies focusing on MSM aged 18 and above in SSA were included from an initial pool of 4,248 records. The findings revealed effective approaches such as point-of-care testing, self-testing, and community-based models. Peer-led and community-driven strategies signifi-cantly enhanced testing uptake by improving accessibility and acceptability. However, persistent bar-riers such as stigma, discrimination, cost, limited counselling, and negative provider attitudes, under-mined intervention effectiveness. Hence, addressing these barriers is essential to ensure the success and sustainability of HIV testing strategies among MSM in SSA. The review contributes to the litera-ture by consolidating existing evidence, identifying critical gaps, and informing the development of effective, contextually appropriate interventions.
Late Eocene shoreline volcanism along the continental margin:the volcanic succession at Kabuki Iwa, Oga Peninsula, NE Japan

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Kabuki Iwa (Rock) at the northwestern shore of Oga Peninsula is composed of Late Eocene basaltic andesite aa lava flows and pillowed lava flows, dacitic pyroclastic flows, debris flows and other epiclastic rocks. This close association of the subaerial and subaqueous volcanic products demonstrates a transitional environment between land and shallow water. NE-SW-trending parallel dikes and normal faults are also associated with these rocks in the surrounding areas, and the volcanic succession at Kabuki Iwa is interpreted to have accumulated in an extensional basin which slowly subsided with volcanism before the rapid opening of the Japan Sea.
Cabbage and fermented vegetables: From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1 R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT1 R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.
The Roots of Urbanization: Early Middle Preclassic Transformations to a Sedentary Lifestyle at Ceibal, Guatemala

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

After decades of debate, most scholars accept Classic Maya centers as the hearts of spatially expansive, low-density urban settlements.The recent incorporation of models derived from comparative urban research is a positive step for Maya archaeology, since it confronts the view that Maya cities were not only political capitals but also true urban phenomena, and must be treated as such.This volume seeks to explore the dynamics of Maya cities primarily as socioeconomic agglomerations that emerged out of politico-religious centers.Although a worn-out paradox, the now largely acknowledged existence of numerous Preclassic (400 BCE-150 CE) and Classic (150-950 CE) cities and towns of remarkable size was not expected in the forested tropical lowlands, an environment considered by several generations of scholars to be unfit for supporting large population concentrations.Nor can one deny that most Classic cities in the southern and northern lowlands were indeed abandoned in perhaps less than one hundred years during the ninth and tenth centuries CE.This "extraordinary" occurrence of Classic urbanization deserves wide-ranging, yet tightly focused research efforts to elucidate this paradox and its seemingly logical Copyrighted material, not for distribution