jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Electrical Muscle Stimulation for Conservative Management of Female Pelvic Floor Muscle Dysfunction: A Scoping Review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background Electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) is a conservative management tool for the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunctions (PFDs). This review aims to: (1) summarize available evidence on various types of EMS treatment and associated outcomes on PFDs in adult women; and (2) investigate the clinical utility of intra-vaginal EMS compared to extra-vaginal; high-intensity parameters compared to low-intensity; and differences in outcomes between EMS with, or without, a magnetic component. As a scoping review, this research aims to facilitate the generation of hypotheses for future investigation. Methods Arksey and O’Malley’s framework supplemented the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology for scoping reviews. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews was used. Three databases were searched. Included studies were analyzed using Arksey and O'Malley’s content analysis and t-tests. Results A total of 40 included studies had low risk of bias (PEDro score = 6.38, SD = 1.47). Low-intensity and intra-vaginal protocols were found to require greater lengths of overall treatment time when compared to high-intensity protocols; however, only magnetic EMS treatments were found to result in significant improvement in symptoms (p < 0.01) when compared to non-magnetic EMS. Due to the heterogeneity of the outcome measures used among the included studies, effect sizes could not be evaluated. Conclusions EMS demonstrates positive effect for improving outcomes related PFDs in adult women. Included studies support the use of EMS for stress, urgency and mixed urinary incontinence. All versions of EMS studied were found to provide significant improvements in symptoms. However, high intensity, extra-vaginal approach and EMS with a magnetic component required less time to achieve significant therapeutic effect.
An optimal control model of neural networks for constrained optimization problems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Optimization neural networks have been studied and applied in the literature, and the mechanism of such neural networks has been investigated from the point of view of optimization theory. Yet, no studies have been found by the authors to investigate the mechanism from a control systems' perspective. In this communication, the mechanism of the optimization neural networks will be studied from the point of view of control systems. It will be shown that an optimization neural network can be modelled as an optimal control problem. Copyright Â© 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Penrose's eight-conic theorem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This article proves the following theorem, first enunciated by Roger Penrose about 70 years ago but never published: In $\mathbb{R}P^{2}$, if conics are assigned to seven of the vertices of a combinatorial cube such that (i) conics connected by an edge are in double contact, and (ii) the chords of contact associated to a cube face meet in a common point, then there exists an eighth conic such that the completed cube satisfies (i) and (ii). The theorem turns out to be a remarkable generalization of many well-known theorems of projective geometry -- Pappus, Desargues, Pascal, Brianchon, Monge, and Poncelet are the best-known ones. This archetypal principle provides a unifying framework in which the myriad specializations of the theorem and their interrelationships can be grasped as an organic whole, enriching the field of projective geometry and opening new vistas for research. The article begins with a series of motivational examples. It then gives a geometric proof assuming that the conics are regular, followed by an algebraic one that removes this restriction. The geometric proof is obtained as a slice of an analogous theorem for quadrics in $\mathbb{R}P^{3}$; the algebraic one is based on the determinants of a special matrix associated to the configuration of conics.
Viral diseases of insects

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This chapter focuses on key virus families that affect wild and cultured insect species and describes current knowledge on the molecular and ecological aspects of these viruses. Insects can be infected by a variety of viruses each with distinct properties and pathologies. Depending on the taxonomic order to which the insects belong, infections with viruses of certain families are more prominent and strong co-evolutionary relationships between insects and particular virus types are often observed. Viral infections may cause diseases that are often lethal, but viruses can also remain in a persistent or latent stage and only cause a disease outbreak under certain circumstances. We illustrate the impact viruses have on particular groups of insects by providing examples of viral infections in insects in their natural environments, the application of insect viruses in biocontrol programmes, and the effect these viruses have on pollinators. Apart from viruses affecting free-living insects, we also include what is known about virus outbreaks in insects reared on an industrial scale. Furthermore, we include a brief viral disease management section for apiculture and mass rearing of other insects. We conclude this chapter with suggestions on how to obtain the necessary knowledge and tools to better control viral diseases in insects in the future.
Communication Under Strong Asynchronism

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A formulation of the problem of asynchronous point-to-point communication is developed. In the system model of interest, the message codeword is transmitted over a channel starting at a randomly chosen time within a prescribed window. The length of the window scales exponentially with the codeword length, where the scaling parameter is referred to as the asynchronism exponent. The receiver knows the transmission window, but not the transmission time. Communication rate is defined as the ratio between the message size and the elapsed time between when transmission commences and when the decoder makes a decision. Under this model, several aspects of the achievable tradeoff between the rate of reliable communication and the asynchronism exponent are quantified. First, the use of generalized constant-composition codebooks and sequential decoding is shown to be sufficient for achieving reliable communication under strictly positive asynchronism exponents at all rates less than the capacity of the synchronized channel. Second, the largest asynchronism exponent under which reliable communication is possible, regardless of rate, is characterized. In contrast to traditional communication architectures, there is no separate synchronization phase in the coding scheme. Rather, synchronization and communication are implemented jointly. The results are relevant to a variety of sensor network and other applications in which intermittent communication is involved.
Propagation Studies in Pecan Ii. Comparative Success in Different Vegetative Methods

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study on pecan propagation was carried out at Palampur, H. P. during the period 1974–76 to find out appropriate method(s) of vegetative propagation. Air layering, patch budding and root cuttings were found most successful. The success in air layering was greatly dependent on cultivars, IBA showed differential response to cvs and the highest of the three doses tried viz. 5000 ppm proved best giving 77% success. Better success at higher concentration is thus not ruled out. The best time for it was June. The propagation through hardwood leafless cuttings was total failure even with IBA or storage. The root cuttings gave upto 56.9 per cent success. Patch budding and not shield budding was successful and the fresh scion proved almost as suitable as winter cut cold stored. The budding in rainy season gave better success than in dry period June.
Knowledge, perception, and awareness of society regarding (over)abundance of wild ungulate populations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social perception of ungulates and their management depends on both their abundance and the socioeconomic context. However, an approach that addresses this issue is currently unavailable. Our objective was to employ a survey in Spain (n = 440) to evaluate the knowledge and perceptions on the eight species of wild ungulates that inhabit the Iberian Peninsula, and their abundance. The results showed that respondents were unaware of the existence of many of the species. Only wild boar (95% of the surveyed population) and red deer (72%) were widely identified. Respondents perceived that urban, agricultural, and livestock contexts were the most frequent suffering overabundance, with the wild boar as most relevant species (86%). This study illustrates how a better understanding of overabundance and public perceptions is important to ensure effective communication on ungulate population status and to improve public support for their management, thus avoiding bias toward certain species, impacts, or specific contexts.
The Use of Simple Measurements to Determine the Age of Silver Gull Eggs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The fresh weight of silver gull eggs is closely related to the volume, which is calculable from the length and breadth. Since eggs lose weight at a constant rate during incubation, the density (weight/volume) indicates the duration of incubation. Accuracy of the method was k 2 days in 217 of 250 tests. A curve of age against density is provided.
Predicting the skin sensitization potential of small molecules with machine learning models trained on biologically meaningful descriptors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In recent years a number of machine learning models for the prediction of the skin sensitization potential of small organic molecules have been reported and become available. These models generally perform well within their applicability domains but, as a result of the use of molecular fingerprints and other non-intuitive descriptors, the interpretability of the existing models is clearly limited. The aim of this work is to develop a strategy to replace the non-intuitive features by predicted outcomes of bioassays. We show that such replacement is indeed possible and that as few as ten interpretable, predicted bioactivities are sufficient to reach competitive performance. On a holdout data set of 257 compounds, the best model ("Skin Doctor CP:Bio") obtained an efficiency of 0.82 and an MCC of 0.52 (at the significance level of 0.20). Skin Doctor CP:Bio is available from the authors free of charge for academic research. The modeling strategies explored in this work are easily transferable and could be adopted for the development of more interpretable machine learning models for the prediction of the bioactivity and toxicity of small organic compounds.
Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Nosocomial Pathogens in Regional China: A Brief Report from Two Tertiary Hospitals in China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial pathogens has become a worldwide problem that leads to major healthcare and economic burdens. Regional antimicrobial resistance profiles are needed to inform selection of proper antimicrobial agents. MATERIAL AND METHODS In collaboration with the Hospital Infection Control Office at our hospitals, we analyzed the constitution of nosocomial pathogens and the corresponding drug-resistance profiles. We paid particular attention to characteristics of pathogens that were derived from the bloodstream, and summarized the drug-resistance tendency of 2 specific bacteria within the most recent decade to reflect the development of resistance in regional China. RESULTS The most common types of nosocomial pathogens were Escherichia coli (859 isolates, 14.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (763 isolates, 12.7%), Acinetobacter baumannii (681 isolates, 11.3%), Klebsiella pneumonia (660 isolates, 11.0%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (654 isolates, 10.9%). The most common types of bloodstream-derived pathogens were K. pneumoniae (125 isolates, 16.3%), E. coli (118 isolates, 15.3%), A. baumanii (81 isolates, 10.5%), Candida albians (57 isolates, 7.4%), S. aureus (45 isolates, 5.9%), P. aeruginosa (44 isolates, 5.7%), and Enterobacterium spp. (42 isolates, 5.5%). Distinct antimicrobial resistance profiles were observed between different pathogens as well as between bloodstream-derived and other sources of pathogens. The resistant rates of A. baumanii and P. aeruginosa to antimicrobial agents have been increasing during the most recent 10 years at our hospital. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrated the characteristics of nosocomial infections and antibiotic resistance in regional China. The distinct resistance profile of each pathogen can help to tailor individual antimicrobial strategy. The emerging resistant rates to antimicrobials require reinforced actions for infection prevention and control.
Mary Astell, A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (1694), and the Anglican Reformation of Manners in Late-Seventeenth-Century England

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Mary Astell's rationalist critique of John Locke's epistemology, but Astell is generally not considered a theorist worth contemplating with regard to the emerging arena of human subjectivity to which Locke's postulation of a rights-bearing subject, conflicted between desire and will, is seen as an important early contribution. This chapter explores how Astell's conservative critique of the emergent Whig compromise, and in particular of Locke's arguments, can lead us to see aspects of the radical, or at least the modern Mary Astell. It examines Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies as a response to the revived interest, among mainstream Anglican thinkers, in the theory of 'law written in the heart' and as a response to Locke's emerging ideas about subjectivity. The task of political theorists of the seventeenth century was to link philosophy of the mind with a political theory that could guarantee social stability.
Strong Interface via Weak Interactions: Ultratough and Malleable Polylactic acid/Polyhydroxybutyrate Biocomposites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Bio‐based and biodegradable polymer composites, most notably poly( l ‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), represent a promising solution to replace conventional petroleum‐based plastics. However, the brittleness and low miscibility of PLLA and PHB remain two major obstacles to practical applications. In this work, first PLLA/PHB blends are reported by melt mixing with a rigid component, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Driven by favorable entropy, PMMA forms an interfacial nanolayer, which transforms the morphology of resultant blends. The ternary blends show 55‐fold increase in elongation, 50‐fold in toughness, and metal‐like malleability (≈180° bending and twisting), while retaining its high stiffness (3.4 GPa) and strength (≈50 MPa). The mechanical improvement arises from numerous craze fibrils and shear deformation of the matrix, induced by the incorporated PMMA. Furthermore, this generic strategy can be applied to design other mechanically robust biocomposites for advanced green devices.
[Health and indigenous peoples in Brazil: notes on some current policy mistakes].

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article aims to analyze health policies for indigenous peoples in Brazil with reference to the 1988 National Constitution and its consequences for their healthcare. Three components are central to this analysis: the management model, based on the concepts of "autonomy" and "social control", but essentially expressing the forms of indigenous representation and participation in public policies; the concept of "differential care" for establishing an inclusive (but operationally normative) healthcare model; and the relationship between the management model for indigenous healthcare and indigenous therapeutic practices.
Comparison of Plantar Pressure Between Patients With Severe Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability and Healthy Subjects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: The biomechanical pathophysiology of chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) is not fully understood. Planter pressure is susceptible to subtle changes in foot and ankle movement and could be used to detect CLAI. Therefore, this study aimed to compare plantar pressure between patients with CLAI and healthy subjects.Methods: Eighteen patients with CLAI who were scheduled for anterolateral ligament repair (9 women and 9 men) and 100 healthy subjects (50 women and 50 men) were included. Using an in-shoe pressure sensor system with ten plantar pressure sensors, the plantar pressure was recorded at a sampling rate of 200 Hz while walking. Analyses were adjusted for body mass index and gait speed.Results: Patients with CLAI had a significantly lower peak pressure on the hallux and toes than did healthy subjects. However, patients with CLAI had a significantly higher peak pressure on the medial aspect of the foot than did healthy subjects. Conclusions: The planter pressure distribution significantly differed between patients with CLAI and healthy subjects. The difference could have been due to a compensatory mechanism to prevent ankle instability. These findings could be used to elucidate the biomechanical pathophysiology of CLAI.
Teacher Learning in the Workplace: Processes and Influencing Factors.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examined findings from a larger study that investigated how a cohort of 14 new teachers learned and developed over the first 2 years of teaching. Data collection involved interviews, questionnaires, and reports. Findings suggested an idiosyncratic, practical, and context-specific conception of learning. Respondents undervalued the formal contexts of learning, such as preservice education and field experiences, and they highlighted the strong influence of workplace norms and values on the process of (re)learning in practice. Results noted the powerful effect of students' reactions within the classroom, day-to-day experience at school, and significant others (relatives and former teachers) on teacher learning in the workplace. Certain perceptions of school culture and leadership impacted the ways in which new teachers learned and developed over time. A narrow understanding of teacher professional development prevailed. They saw learning more as an individual and lonely business than a joint venture. Teachers emphasized that they learned alone, from their mistakes, and by analyzing their students' reactions within the classroom. (Contains 56 references.) (SM) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Title: Teacher Learning in the Workplace: Processes and Influencing Factors' PAPER PRESENTED AT THE HAWAII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON EDUCATION, HONOLULU, HAWAII, 7-10 JANUARY 2003 Author Maria A. Flores, University of Minho, Portugal
A New Algorithm for Rapid Tracking of Approximate Maximum Power Point in Photovoltaic Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a new algorithm for tracking maximum power point in photovoltaic systems. This is a fast tracking algorithm, where an initial approximation of maximum power point is (MPP) quickly achieved using a variable step-size. Subsequently, the exact maximum power point can be targeted using any conventional method like the hill-climbing or incremental conductance method. Thus, the drawback of a fixed small step-size over the entire tracking range is removed, resulting in reduced number of iterations and much faster tracking compared to conventional methods. The strength of the algorithm comes from the fact that instead of tracking power, which does not have a one-to-one relationship with duty cycle, it tracks an intermediate variable β, which has a monotonically increasing, one-to-one relationship. The algorithm has been verified on a photovoltaic system modeled in Matlab-Simulink software. The algorithm significantly improves the efficiency during the tracking phase as compared to a conventional algorithm. It is especially suitable for fast changing environmental conditions. The proposed algorithm can be implemented on any fast controller such as the digital signal processor. All the details of this study are presented.
Genetic variation in the population of three Polish cattle breeds included into the programme of genetic resources protection and Holstein-Friesian breed, estimation on the basis of polymorphism of 24 microsatellite DNA sequences

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study focused on determining and characterizing genetic variation of three Polish cattle breeds [Whiteback (WB), Polish Red (PR) and Polish Black-and-White (PBW)] included in the programme of genetic resources conservation. The obtained results were related to the genetic variation within the Holstein-Friesian (PHF) breed of Black-and-White variety. Overall, 214 alleles were identified within four examined breeds, including 189 in WB, 178 in PR, 168 in PBW and 158 in PHF. Almost 13% of the identified alleles were the specific ones and the majority of them were determined within WB and PR cattle, 10 alleles in each breed. The greatest genetic distance of 0.013 was established between PR breed and PHF. PR and WB cattle were located in the same clad of neighbour-joining tree which proves their distinction from PBW and PHF cattle.
A high gain, high CMRR two-stage fully differential amplifier using g<inf>m</inf>/I<inf>d</inf> technique for bio-medical applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a well-defined method for the design of a high gain, high CMRR two-stage CMOS operational amplifier using 0.18μm CMOS technology for Bio-medical applications. The Op-amp consists of a cascade of Folded-cascode differential amplifier in first stage followed by a fully differential amplifier with PMOS current source load in second stage. The g m /I d technique is employed in designing the Op-amp. Trade-offs among the factors such as bandwidth, gain, phase margin, bias currents, signal swing, slew rate and power dissipation are explained. Common mode feedback is employed in the design for high CMRR. The designed Op-amp has a gain of 106.31dB, CMRR of 131.02dB, phase margin of 57.53°, power consumption of 685μW and a Slew rate of 3.87 V/μs for a 3.3V power supply in the design corner TT. As the number of stages increase, stability of op-amp is a concern. So, Frequency compensation techniques are employed for the proposed design. This design provides a considerable insight into the overall operation and advantages of CMFB network. This design obtains a high gain and high CMRR which makes it suitable for Biomedical applications.