jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Assassination of Shidibala (r. 1320–1323) Reconsidered: Assumed Identities and Historiographical Erasures in Fourteenth-Century Yuan China

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Article Abstract: Has Shidibala been whitewashed by literati officials, court historians, and later scholars? Who was Tegshi, leader of the assassination plot? What was his relationship to the hated minister Temüder, to Shidibala's empress Sukebala, and to Shidibala's successor, Yisün-Temür? This article seeks to answer these questions in an attempt to show how the political agency of this Mongol qa'an has been framed or obscured in Yuan sources. Portrayals of his grandmother Dagi likewise exemplify how political agency asserted by women in ruling circles is typically decried as wasteful, inappropriate, or as an immoral interference in government. Yet its institutionalization in the Mongol-Yuan government, especially in the empress dowagers' office, demonstrates that the official and unofficial networks of royal women were important channels through which Mongolian imperial sovereignty was constructed and negotiated, increasingly in tension with the Daidu bureaucracy and a throne seeking to centralize power in its own hands.
Emphasizing the Role of Model in Engineering Education.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Practicing engineers, scientists and researchers use models naturally. Students, on the other hand, are presented with models and applications, as if the concept of models and their relationship with objects and applications were obvi-ous and innate. The apparent disconnection between classes and “real world ” is a source of frustration and might be very often related to the lack of knowledge of how and why models are important for us. This importance goes beyond the models found in textbooks. This work presents some ideas that might be used in classes to illustrate and talk about these roles. The experience we have had with students to whom these ideas have been presented shows that understanding these roles helps them.
Dietary Intake and Recommendations for EFA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the human diet, fatty acids can be considered as a significant source of the energy supply. Over the past years, the primary focus of research has been on the total intake of essential fatty acids that could be tolerated and absorbed by every age and gender group of the world population. Also, the composition and dietary supply of essential fatty acids have gained attention for the early stage of childhood as these characteristics are considered major determinants of growth, infant development and long-term health. The daily intake requirements for fatty acids are different for every age group. It always depends upon the diet, habitat and metabolic system of a person. Essential fatty acids are important structural elements of the cell membrane, and they contribute to the formation of tissues. Human beings depend upon outside sources to supply essential fatty acids, as they are not synthesized by the body itself. The present chapter thus focuses on recommendations for the dietary intake of essential fatty acids by human beings at different stages of life.
A fast surface method to model skin effect in transmission lines with conductors of arbitrary shape or rough profile

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Accurate models for on-chip interconnects are required to study signal integrity issues in electronic systems. This paper presents a fast surface method to calculate the impedance of transmission lines with conductors of arbitrary shape, including those with irregular profile because of roughness. The presented technique is over 140 times faster than finite elements, which makes it an ideal tool to perform sensitivity analyses. The method is used to study the impact of conductors' geometrical variations and conductors' surface roughness on the impedance parameters.
Requirement of Zn to demonstrate HCO3-stimulated ATPase activity of rat small intestinal brush border.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The existence of a membrane-bound HCO3-stimulated ATPase in intestinal mucosa is controversial. A crude brush border fraction of rat small intestinal homogenates contained HCO3-ATPase activity which was inhibited by preincubation with 3 mM EDTA. Alkaline phosphatase activity of this preparation was also inhibited in a parallel, time-dependent fashion by preincubation with EDTA. When 5 mM ZnSO4 accompanied 3 mM EDTA in the preincubation mix, preservation of both enzyme activities occurred, demonstrating a requirement of Zn for the activity of both these phosphatases. These studies support the earlier contention that HCO3-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase activities may be different properties of the same enzyme, and raise the possibility that the ATPase could play a role in intestinal ion transport. The failure to identify a membrane-bound HCO3-ATPase by other workers could be due to the exposure of EDTA which occurred in their tissue preparation.
Acute pelvic inflammatory disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Directed to the health care professional, this review covers the current concepts of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) affecting adolescent and young adult women. It defines PID and discusses the magnitude of the problem, risk factors (sexual activity, age, method of contraception, history of previous PID, history of gonococcal of chlamydial lower genital tract infection, and uterine instrumentation), etiologic agents (N. gonorrhea, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, chlamydia trachomatis, genital mycoplasmas, and other pathogens), pathogenesis, clinical and laboratory features, diagnostic evaluation, differential diagnosis, treatment, and sequelae. The Centers for Disease Control define acute PID as "the acute clinical syndrome (unrelated to pregnancy or surgery) attributed to the ascent of microorganisms from the vagina and endocervix to the endometrium, fallopian tubes, and/or contiguous structures." The true incidence and prevalence of PID in women is uncertain. Recent data show an increase to 267,200 in the average annual number of hospitalizations for PID during the 1975-81 period for women 15-44 years of age. PID occurs rarely in sexually inactive women. The large number of PID cases among adolescents reflects in part the high proportion of sexually active females in that group. The risk of developing PID in sexually active females is inversely related to age; 1/3 of all patients in Westrom's series were 19 years of age or younger at the time of their 1st PID episode, and 69% of all women with PID were younger than 25 years. Women who have had 1 episode of PID have a 20-25% chance of developing subsequent episodes. A large series of PID cases verified by laparoscopy has shown that only a small proportion of patients (3%) present with a severe clinical illness. Low abdominal pain is the most common symptom and may be present for variable periods of time prior to diagnosis. Other common symptoms include vaginal discharge (55%), irregular vaginal bleeding (36%), urinary symptoms (19%), nausea and vomiting (10%), and proctitis symptoms (7%). The major goals of therapy in PID are to prevent infertility and other long-term sequelae. About 15% of patients fail to respond to initial antibiotic therapy, 20% experience recurrences, 20% develop involuntary infertility, and 8% of post-PID patients who conceive have an ectopic pregnancy. Early diagnosis and treatment reduces the risk of residual tubal damage.
Characterization of endothelial cells isolated by human meningiomas.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The establishment of a new and suitable technique to isolate endothelial cells from human cancers can be useful to learn more on angiogenic mechanisms in tumor progression. Furthermore, the data shown underline the possible pathogenic role in meningioma progression of infiltrating macrophages triggered by monocyte chemotactic peptide-1 released by tumor endothelial cells.
Impacts of a Short-Term International Engineering and Business Consulting Practicum

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Increase in short-term programs is one of the biggest shifts in study abroad over the past twenty years. With prior research in this area showing many positive but also mixed impacts, skepticism persists about the ability of short-term study abroad to change students’ views on cultural differences. The aim of this study is to characterize if and how students’ views on cultural differences in the context of international client work change after a practicum-based faculty-led short-term study abroad program in Argentina. Twenty-four students who participated in the program responded to short-answer questions before and after the program. These responses were open-coded, and themes were identified. Results show that, before the program, students largely identified surface-level cultural differences from an ethnocentric perspective. After the program, students were more ethnorelative as evidenced by their discussing the deeper cultural context and values of Argentina and their willingness to adapt.
Surface coordination chemistry of well-defined platinum electrodes: surface polyprotic acidity of platinum(111)(2 .sqroot. 3 .times. 2 .sqroot. 3)R30.degree.-hydrogen isocyanide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSurface coordination chemistry of well-defined platinum electrodes: surface polyprotic acidity of platinum(111)(2 .sqroot. 3 .times. 2 .sqroot. 3)R30.degree.-hydrogen isocyanideBruce C. Schardt, John L. Stickney, Donald A. Stern, Douglas G. Frank, James Y. Katekaru, Stephen D. Rosasco, Ghaleb N. Salaita, Manuel P. Soriaga, and Arthur T. HubbardCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1985, 24, 10, 1419–1421Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00204a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00204a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views88Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Review of: Oncogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells by autocrine human growth hormone

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The human growth hormone (hGH) gene is expressed in the normal human mammary epithelial cell and its expression increases concomitant with the acquisition of proliferative lesions. Herein we demonstrate that autocrine production of hGH in human mammary carcinoma cells dramatically enhances anchorage-independent growth in a Janus kinase 2-dependent manner. Forced expression of the hGH gene in immortalized human mammary epithelial cells increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, altered the cellular morphology and resulted in oncogenic transformation. Autocrine hGH was therefore sufficient to support anchorage-independent growth of immortalized human mammary epithelial cells and tumor formation in vivo. Moreover, autocrine hGH disrupted normal mammary acinar architecture with luminal filling and deregulated proliferation in three-dimensional epithelial cell culture. Autocrine hGH utilized homeobox A1 to govern the transcriptional program required for autocrine hGH-stimulated oncogenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells, including transcriptional up-regulation of c-Myc, cyclin D1, and Bcl-2. Forced expression of a single orthotopically expressed wild-type gene is therefore sufficient for oncogenic transformation of the immortalized human mammary epithelial cell.
Functional Characterization of Arcanobacterium pyogenes Pyolysin in an Oligomeric Form, and the Binding of CAMP Factor to IgG.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The work described in this thesis deals with two pore forming toxins, namely Arcanobacterium pyogenes pyolysin and Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP factor. Pyolysin (PLO) belongs to the homologous group of cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. In chapter 2, it is shown that PLO can form small oligomers in solution, without the requirement for any membranes or membrane lipids. These small oligomers may aggregate into larger ones on membranes; however, in solution, they apparently do not grow by addition of further monomers, as their size is virtually unaffected by variations of incubation time or toxin concentration. The small, solution-derived oligomers retain hemolytic activity. The membrane lesions observed by electron microscopy are similar to those that are formed by monomeric PLO, except that they are mostly incomplete and arc-shaped, as opposed to the predominantly ring-shaped ones formed by monomeric PLO when directly incubated with membranes. This structural difference corresponds to a detectable difference in functional pore size, as determined by marker release experiments. Thus, arc-shaped PLO oligomers may form functional pores of reduced size. In chapter 3, we show that liposomes that contain phosphatidylcholine and ceramide but no cholesterol or other sterol are susceptible to the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin pyolysin. Pyolysin, at a low rate, forms small oligomers in solution. The solution-derived oligomers are more effective on ceramide-containing liposomes than the monomeric toxin. In contrast, they have much lower activity on liposome membranes that contain cholesterol but no ceramide. Our findings therefore show that at least one member of the ‘cholesterol-dependent cytolysins’ is in fact not strictly dependent on the sterol. In addition, in conjunction with previous data, they suggest that the requirement for cholesterol involves early or intermediate stages of oligomer formation, rather than the final event of membrane insertion. Chapter 4 of this thesis concerns Streptococcus agalactiae CAMP factor. CAMP factor has previously been reported to bind the Fc fragments of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and has therefore also been called ‘protein B’, in analogy to protein A of Staphylococcus aureus. We attempted to characterize the interaction of protein B with IgG in more detail. In contrast to protein A, CAMP factor does not inhibit the activation of complement by hemolysin antibodies bound to sheep red cell surfaces. IgG also failed to inhibit the cohemolytic activity of CAMP factor, which it displays on sphingomyelinase-treated sheep red cells; this is in disagreement with previous findings. After co-incubation, CAMP factor and IgG were cleanly separated by gel filtration. Therefore, CAMP factor does not detectably bind to IgG.
Analysis of financial statements of statutory boards

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of our study is to investigate the extent of uniformity and disclosure of financial statements in statutory boards , draw conclusions and make recommendations as to how greater uniformity can be achieved. Formulated questions were applied to samples of annual reports from various statutory boards. Investigations showed that there were general compliance in the areas of fixed assets, long term receivables, staff loans, long term investments, long term liabilities and the equity section, with some exceptions which were g1ven further attention m our study. Recommendations were also made in the areas of donated assets, accumulated surplus reserves, funds and grants.
[Dermatological emergencies. Prospective and multicentric study in Argentina].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dermatological emergencies are a frequent reason for emergency departments consultation. In order to determine the prevalence of dermatological emergencies, to describe the kind of dermatological diseases that present as emergencies, to analyze the coincidence between the diagnoses received by the patients in those cases with a previous consultations for the same cutaneous manifestation, and to analyze the behavior according to the health system segment in which they were attended: public segment and private segment; a prospective, observational, analytical, cross-sectional and multi-center study was carried out. Two thousand eight hundred one patients were included. The prevalence of consultations for dermatological emergencies in adults was 15% in the same time period (public segment: 10.6 and private segment: 22.5%, p < 0.05). The consultation was due to an infectious disease in 35.5%, allergic in 29.6% and neoplastic in 8.6%; 0.7% of patients were hospitalized. In 31.7% of patients who had a previous consultation, a coincidence was found between the diagnoses made in 80.7% of those attended by a dermatologist, and 52.6% evaluated by non-dermatologist physician. The high prevalence of dermatological consultations and the existing differences in the probability of receiving an appropriate diagnosis according to the specialization of the intervening professional, show the importance of the presence of dermatology-trained physicians in the emergency area.
Optimization of operative wave forecasting by artificial intelligence

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Sea state forecasting is of primary importance for marine operations related to offshore oil&gas industry. Operative decisions are based on marine weather forecasts. For this reason, at least once a day a bulletin of marine weather forecasts is delivered on board. Bulletins give a very good general overview of weather for the next days, while sometime they are not accurate relatively to the forecasted seastate values or their time of occurrence. In this work has been developed an Artificial Intelligence model named time delayed neural networks (TDNN) to improve the accuracy of short term sea state forecasting, combining bulletins forecasts with buoy measurements. The TDNN parameters are optimized by Genetic Algorithms. It has been found that the optimized TDNN produces very good forecasts, always outperforming bulletins, at least up to 24 hours ahead. Two configurations of TDNN are analyzed: in the first one, TDNN is trained with only buoy measurements, while in the second one TDNN is trained with both buoy and bulletin data. For 24 hours lead time, the combined use of buoy measurements and bulletins as input has been demonstrated to give better results than the use of only buoy measurements.
Fluorescent Light Emitting Diode (LED) Microscopy for the Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a Systematic Review &amp; Meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In most of the world, the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) continues to rely primarily on traditional microscopy to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli in patient specimens. Efforts to maximize the yield and sensitivity of smear microscopy have led to changes in specimen collection, processing, and microscopy techniques (1-4). The development of fluorescent microscopy (FM) using auramine staining
Biaxial deformation of collagen and elastin fibers in coronary adventitia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The microstructural deformation-mechanical loading relation of the blood vessel wall is essential for understanding the overall mechanical behavior of vascular tissue in health and disease. We employed simultaneous mechanical loading-imaging to quantify in situ deformation of individual collagen and elastin fibers on unstained fresh porcine coronary adventitia under a combination of vessel inflation and axial extension loading. Specifically, the specimens were imaged under biaxial loads to study microscopic deformation-loading behavior of fibers in conjunction with morphometric measurements at the zero-stress state. Collagen fibers largely orientate in the longitudinal direction, while elastin fibers have major orientation parallel to collagen, but with additional orientation angles in each sublayer of the adventitia. With an increase of biaxial load, collagen fibers were uniformly stretched to the loading direction, while elastin fibers gradually formed a network in sublayers, which strongly depended on the initial arrangement. The waviness of collagen decreased more rapidly at a circumferential stretch ratio of λθ = 1.0 than at λθ = 1.5, while most collagen became straightened at λθ = 1.8. These microscopic deformations imply that the longitudinally stiffer adventitia is a direct result of initial fiber alignment, and the overall mechanical behavior of the tissue is highly dependent on the corresponding microscopic deformation of fibers. The microstructural deformation-loading relation will serve as a foundation for micromechanical models of the vessel wall.
Additional file 3: Figure S1. of Temporal migration patterns between natal locations of ruby-throated hummingbirds (Archilochus colubris) and their Gulf Coast stopover site

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Natal population assignment probability surfaces for each sampled female, hatch-year ruby-throated hummingbird captured in 2010. Feathers were collected in Fort Morgan, Alabama, USA during autumn. (PDF 1313Â kb)
055 Audit of the use of array CGH in epilepsy patients seen at a tertiary clinic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Microdeletions or duplications, also known as copy number variants (CNVs), identified using array comparative genome hybridisation (array CGH) constitute the commonest known genetic cause of the epilepsies. Yet, this technique remains underutilised in most clinical services. We audited the yield of array CGH in a tertiary epilepsy clinic before mid August 2010. Until then, this test was only requested in selected cases with epilepsy of unknown aetiology, where there was also a personal or family history of learning difficulty, developmental delay or mental health problems including autism. CGH array was performed in 30 cases in this time period. Three with 15q13.3 microdeletion were related to a previously diagnosed case and are thus excluded from the results. In remaining 27 cases the findings were as follows. In 17 (63%) no abnormality was found. In 3 (11%) an imbalance of uncertain significance was detected and was considered most likely a ‘benign variant’. In 7 (26%) significant changes were found, sometimes more than one variant per individual. These included variants in 1p22.1, 7q35, 15q11.2 (detected in 2 cases), 15q13.1, 15q13.2 (3 cases), 16p12.1, 16q13.11 and 17q12. Our results indicate the usefulness of this test in this setting. Identifying underlying genetic susceptibility has value not only in determining the aetiology and aiding clinical management but also in genetic counselling.