jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effects of Vortices With Different Circulations on Heat Transfer and Injectant Downstream of a Single Film-Cooling Hole in a Turbulent Boundary Layer

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Results are presented that illustrate the effects of single embedded longitudinal vortices on heat transfer and injectant downstream of a single film-cooling hole in a turbulent boundary layer. Attention is focused on the changes resulting as circulation magnitudes of the vortices are varied from 0.0 to 0.15 m2/s. Mean temperature results are presented that show how injectant is distorted and redistributed by vortices, along with heat transfer measurements and mean velocity surveys. Injection hole diameter is 0.952 cm to give a ratio of vortex core diameter to hole diameter of about 1.5–1.6. The free-stream velocity is maintained at 10 m/s, and the blowing ratio is approximately 0.5. The film-cooling hole is oriented 30 deg with respect to the test surface. Stanton numbers are measured on a constant heat flux surface with a nondimensional temperature parameter of about 1.5. Two different situations are studied: one where the injection hole is beneath the vortex downwash, and one where the injection hole is beneath the vortex upwash. For both cases, vortex centers pass well within 2.9 vortex core diameters of the centerline of the injection hole. To quantify the influences of the vortices on the injectant and local heat transfer, the parameter S is used, defined as the ratio of vortex circulation to injection hole diameter times mean injection velocity. When S is greater than 1.0–1.5, injectant is swept into the vortex upwash and above the vortex core by secondary flows, and Stanton number data show evidence of injectant beneath the vortex core and downwash near the wall for x/d only up to 33.6. For larger x/d, local Stanton numbers are augmented by the vortices by as much as 23 percent relative to film-cooled boundary layers with no vortices. When S is less than 1.0–1.5, some injectant remains near the wall beneath the vortex core and downwash where it continues to provide some thermal protection. In some cases, the protection provided by film cooling is augmented because of vortex secondary flows, which cause extra injectant to accumulate near vortex upwash regions.
Consideration of primary molar&apos;s root and root canal for pulpectomy treatment

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The purpose of the pulp treatment is to make the function of the primary molar in the oral cavity possible for as long as possible until the exfoliation of the tooth or the development of the occlusion is as long as possible. The pulpectomy is a relatively common procedure for the pediatric dentist in the clinic with dental care of the children nowadays. Primary molar is morphologically more susceptible to dental caries than permanent tooth, and the dental pulp treatment is frequently performed. Furthermore, unlike permanent teeth, the root canal has a large degree of curvature and morphological diversity and complexity, careful consideration is needed. Therefore, it is very important to comprehensively understand the morphological characteristics and diversity of the root and root canals for the successful pulp treatment of the primary molars.
Anthropogenic sediment starvation forces tidal dominance in a mega-delta

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

The world’s major river deltas provide bountiful ecosystem services to hundreds of millions of people1,2, but there are widespread concerns that their ability to support these critical functions is being threatened by increases in salinity and the extent of tidal zones3, forced by sea-level rise4. Changes in the position of the fluvial-marine interface are governed not only by climate-driven sea-level rise, but by other factors including variations in river discharge and channel geometry5,6. However, the relative contributions of different driving factors to shifting tidal extent remains unconstrained. Here we use new field data and hydrodynamic modelling to quantify the influence of these different driving factors on accelerating tidal extension in the Mekong delta, both for the recent past and projected into the future under a range of policy, regulation and climate change scenarios. Our results indicate that, within the next two decades, tidal extension into the delta will increase by up to 56 km due to channel deepening, primarily driven by anthropogenic sediment starvation, which accounts for almost all (92%) of this incursion. Eustatically rising sea-levels are found to contribute only modestly. These findings will be transferable to other large sediment starved deltas that are facing similar challenges.
[Improved camptothecin production by cell lines of Camptotheca acuminata].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The concentration of camptothecin was determined in different tissues of Camptotheca acuminata seedling. The concentrations of camptothecin in new leaves and roots were significantly higher than in other tissues. However, the concentration of camptothecin declined with leaves becoming old. The induction of callus and cell suspension cultures from younger leaves of Camptotheca acuminata was observed. Cell lines were selected with improved camptothecin production as 0.02%.
Expression of Ezrin in Human Embryonic, Fetal, and Normal Adult Tissues

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ezrin, which cross-links the cytoskeleton and plasma membrane, was involved in a wide variety of cellular processes. Here, to investigate the distribution of ezrin, tissue microarray technology was employed to perform immunohistochemical experiments on human embryos, fetuses at 4 to 22 weeks’ gestation, and adult tissue specimens. Results showed that ezrin was widely expressed in the gastrointestinal tract throughout the human developmental stages studied. At 6 to 8 weeks’ gestation, ezrin was found in epithelial cells, and this staining pattern was particularly pronounced in the brush border of mature absorptive cells lining the villus in later developmental stages and adult tissues. Throughout neural development, ezrin was only expressed in the neural tube at 4 weeks’ gestation. Ezrin was also detected in the cortex and medulla of the adrenal gland at 8 to 12 weeks’ gestation, whereas its immunoreactivity was increased from the zona glomerulosa through the zona reticularis and was essentially undetectable in the adrenal medulla of adult tissues. Significant expression of ezrin was seen throughout development in the kidney, spleen, lymph nodes, and cells of stratified squamous epithelia. However, ezrin was undetectable in lung, liver, heart, and blood vessels. These results demonstrated that the expression pattern of ezrin was highly time specific and tissue specific.
Theoretical study on back-scattering model of laser′s transmission underwater based on frequency domain

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The creative high-pass filter technology to eliminate the light-wave′s back-scattering underwater was put forward.To validate this technology,the back-scattering′s mechanism based on frequency domain was studied.And this study consisted of four steps.Firstly,the multiple-scattering′s effect on transmissing was analyzed.Secondly,the back-scattering′s physical model of laser′s transmission underwater was established,and the back-scattering′s relation with time was gained.Thirdly,the back-scattering′s frequency characteristic and some useful equations were attained.Finally,the actual values were added to these equations to calculate their actual band-widths,and the result testifies that high-pass filter can eliminate the back-scattering′s effect obviously.
The Effects of Egg Weight and Storage Time on Egg Weight Loss and Hatchability Traits in Japanese Quail

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study examined the effects of egg weight and storage time on egg weight loss and hatchability traits. Egg were stored for 1, 3, 5. 7. 9 and 11 days, and collected into 3 egg weight groups (light, medium and heavier). Storage room temperature was 18-20°C and relative humidity was 55-58%. Eggs were weighted individually at laying, before placing into hatching, on days 5, 10, 14 and 18 of the hatching period to determine egg weight loss. Fertility and hatchability values decreased with the storage time. Higher fertility and less hatching were observed in heavier egg weight group. There was no significant differences between egg weight groups in terms of egg weight loss, while egg weight loss was higher in especially 9 and 11 days storage time groups (P
The Use of Design In Business Networks: A Case Study

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The paper defines design and design as a business competency to be used within the framework of a business network. It introduces a case-study and asks the questions whether a company with an expertise in one context (a well established toy product) can preserve its credibility vis-a-vis its distributors when the technology and the behaviour of its customers are likely to change radically.
Relationships and Evidence-Based Theoretical Perspectives on Persisting Symptoms and Functional Impairment Among Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Behavioral Health Conditions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of this study is to characterize and describe the relationships between symptoms and functional impairment following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and behavioral health conditions (BHCs) in order to inform evidence-based theories on why symptoms and functional impairments persist in some individuals but not others. This is a retrospective, multi-site, cross-sectional study utilizing data collected from a total of 289 Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom Veterans who were classified into diagnostic groups using the symptom attribution and classification algorithm and the VA clinical reminder and comprehensive traumatic brain injury evaluation. The Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory was used to assess mTBI symptom number and severity. The World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 was used to assess functional impairment. Symptom profiles differed between diagnostic groups irrespective of symptom attribution method used. Veterans with both mTBI and BHCs and those with BHCs alone had consistently greater number of symptoms and more severe symptoms relative to no symptom and symptoms resolved groups. Symptom number and severity were significantly associated with functional impairment. Both symptom number and functional impairment were significantly associated with the number of mTBI exposures. Together, these results informed evidence-based theories on understanding why symptoms and functional impairment persist among some OEF/OIF Veterans.
Communicating natural hazards: marine extreme events and the importance of variability and forecast errors

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Scientific knowledge has to meet some necessary conditions. Among these, it has to be properly communicated. Usually, scientists (mis)understand this requirement and believe that publishing their results in peer-reviewed journals is enough. Society demands the availability of information in other formats. This is particularly relevant when dealing with natural hazards, which affect the life and fate of human beings. Natural hazards and extreme events are becoming more frequent and energetic, and future scenarios sustain that this tendency will remain or even increase. Furthermore, in trying to explain scientific results to untrained members of society, scientists usually focus more on forecasts than on the prediction errors. Talking about our forecast limitations outside of academia seems shameful, rather than being a logical limitation of sciences and regardless of the fact that discussing limitations is not something of which to be ashamed. Using numerical modelling combined with field observations to predict extreme marine events we hope to show here that it is possible to be less cryptic. Also, the general public needs to know enough to properly deal with variability and uncertainties. Scientists have the ethical responsibility of communicating the uncertainties of our results to society because these limitations are neither obvious nor irrelevant.
Association of daily selenium intake and glaucoma: A cross-sectional study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The association between dietary selenium intake and glaucoma remains unclear. Using data from the 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), this study aimed to investigate the relationship between glaucoma and dietary selenium intake. The study included subjects aged 40 years or older who participated in the NHANES dietary intake interview and vision health questionnaire. Diagnosis of glaucoma based on self-reporting or fundus imaging. To investigate the relationship between daily selenium consumption and glaucoma, logistic regression analyses were employed. The potential linear relationship was found using smooth curve fitting. Subgroup analyses were also used. We found higher dietary selenium intake was associated with an increased risk of glaucoma (odds ratio, 1.39; 95% confidence intervals,1.07–1.81) on multivariable analysis. A linear association was found between dietary selenium intake and the occurrence of glaucoma in this population ( P non-linearity = 0.951). Subgroup analyses showed a stable correlation between dietary selenium intake and the occurrence of glaucoma (all P for interaction > .05).This is the first study to look at the connection between dietary selenium intake and glaucoma based on the data from the 2005 to 2008 NHANES. Our findings suggested that dietary selenium intake maybe positively correlated with the risk of glaucoma in adults older than 40 years old. To find out the potential relationship between dietary selenium intake and glaucoma, More longitudinal studies are required.
Fuzzy logic as a method of analysis of hot forging process of 80MnSi8-6 steel

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A novel approach was proposed, based on the application of the fuzzy logic (FL) method for the fast analysis of the hot deformation process of 80MnSi8-6 steel. In the first stage, the curves developed from plastometric tests and the results of studies of the microstructure of the deformed samples were used as input data for the analysis. Input and output variables were adopted and a set of rules based on cause-and-effect relationships was defined, defining the interactions between the variables. A fast FL-controller was designed, and the correctness of its operation was verified by comparison with experimental results and the results of finite element method (FEM) analysis, carried out taking into account the evolution of the microstructure. The process of hot compression under isothermal conditions of 80MnSi8-6 steel specimens was simulated on the Warmumformsimulator (WUMSI), assuming such parameters and other conditions as were used in real tests. It was confirmed that the proposed method, based on the analysis of flow curves and prior austenite grain size using a fuzzy controller, gave satisfactory results. Subsequently, a novel FL-controller was developed to analyze the kinetics of dynamic recrystallization (DRX), using data obtained from the author’s model of this phenomenon for its construction and calibration. The correctness of the controller was confirmed by comparing the results of its DRX volume fraction calculations with the distributions of this value determined by the model and the model-based FEM analysis method, respectively. It was shown that FL is applicable also when a model of the analyzed phenomenon is available. Unlike model-based calculations, a properly designed controller allows the indication of deviations from general trends that can be pointed out and interpreted by a human expert, but significantly faster. It can also serve as a component of a system analyzing complex processes, such as hot multi-stage forging. Fuzzy controller can be used in parallel with modeling or replace models in calculations.
Psychosocial Barriers After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: A Clinical Review of Factors Influencing Postoperative Success

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Context: Psychosocial factors arising after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury may have a direct influence on an individual’s decision to return to sport after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). While there is ample evidence to suggest that deficits in quadriceps strength, neuromuscular control, and clinical functional tasks exist after ACLR, the root and contribution of psychological dysfunction to an individual’s success or return to sport after ACLR is still largely uncertain and unexplored. Given the discrepancy between successful functional outcomes and the percentage of athletes who return to sport, it is important to thoroughly address underlying factors, aside from physical function, that may be contributing to these lower return rates. Evidence Acquisition: Articles that reported on return to sport, psychological factors, and psychosocial factors after ACLR were collected from peer-reviewed sources available on Medline (1998 through August 2018). Search terms included the following: anterior cruciate ligament OR ACL AND return-to-sport OR return-to-activity, anterior cruciate ligament OR ACL AND psychological OR psychosocial OR biopsychosocial OR fear OR kinesiophobia OR self-efficacy, return-to-activity AND psychological OR psychosocial. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: Psychosocial factors relative to injury are important components of the rehabilitation process. To fully understand how psychosocial factors potentially influence return to sport, an athlete’s emotions, experiences, and perceptions during the rehabilitation process must be acknowledged and taken into consideration. Conclusion: Acknowledgment of these psychosocial factors allows clinicians to have a better understanding of readiness to return to sport from a psychological perspective. Merging of the current ACLR rehabilitation protocols with knowledge related to psychosocial factors creates a more dynamic, comprehensive approach in creating a positive and successful rehabilitation environment, which may help improve return-to-sport rates in individuals after ACLR.
US agricultural policy, land use change, and biofuels: are we driving our way to the next dust bowl?

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Lark et al (2015 Environ. Res. Lett. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044003 10 http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/4/044003 ), analyze recent shifts in US agricultural land use (2008–2012) using newly-available, high-resolution geospatial information, the Cropland Data Layer. Cropland expansion documented by Lark et al suggests the need to reform national agricultural policies in the wake of an emerging, new era of US agriculture characterized by rapid land cover/land use change.
TO THE DEFINING OF THE OBLIQUE BREAKDOWN MECHANISM IN THE BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE AT MACH 2

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Experimental study of the mechanisms of disturbances interaction in boundary layers is an important task for the theoretical description of wave processes of laminar-turbulent transition (LTT) [1, 2]. Two essential methods are applicable for modeling LTP: direct numerical simulation and calculations based on the wave approach of the hydrodynamic stability theory. For comparison with numerical results, experimental data, which can be obtained by introducing controlled disturbances into the supersonic boundary layer, are required [3]. This paper presents the results of oblique breakdown mechanism identification in a supersonic boundary layer on a flat plate, the flow in which is distorted by a longitudinal disturbance generated at the sharp leading edge by a pair of weak shock waves. This work is a follow of the research cycle begun in [4].
Clinical and metabolic profiles of very severely obese pregnant women and their associations with birth weight

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction During gestation diminished maternal insulin sensitivity (IS) increases the availability of fuels allowing fetal growth. Class III obesity (OB; BMI≥40kg/m2) is associated with reduced IS but it is not known how nutrient availability differs and how this impacts on birth-weight versus normal pregnancies (CON). Methods 213 OB (median(interquartile range) 43.2(41.1-46.3)kg/m2) and 87 CON (BMI 22.6(21.2-23.5)kg/m2) pregnant Caucasians had maternal anthropometrics, fasting glucose, NEFA and insulin concentrations recorded at 16, 28 and 36 weeks(wk). Premature births (4 OB, 1 CON) were excluded. Results Weight gain (WG) was greater in CON vs. OB (10.4(7.6-13.0)kg vs. 5.2(2.4-8.3)kg; p<0.0001; 16-36wk). Glucose, NEFA and insulin were higher in OB vs. CON throughout pregnancy (p<0.0001). IS was lower in OB vs. CON (p<0.0001), decreasing with gestation (all p<0.02). Glucose peaked at 28wk: OB (16wk 4.5(4.2-4.7)mmol/l; 28wk 4.6(4.3-4.9)mmol/l; 36wk 4.5(4.1-4.8)mmol/l; p=0.05) and CON (16wk 4.2(4.1-4.4)mmol/l; 28wk 4.2(4.0-4.5)mmol/l; 36wk 4.1(3.9-4.3)mmol/l; p=0.0003). NEFA troughed at 28wk: OB (16wk 0.49(0.41-0.60)mmol/l; 28wk 0.44(0.37-0.55)mmol/l; 36wk 0.50(0.39-0.61)mmol/l; p=0.005) and CON (16wk 0.31(0.25-0.40)mmol/l; 28wk 0.29(0.22-0.36)mmol/l; 36wk 0.33(0.27-0.46)mmol/l; p=0.03). Birth weights after adjusting for gestational age, gender, parity, smoking and social-class were greater in OB 3610(3280-3980)g vs. CON 3600(3260-3860)g (p=0.03). In multivariate regression, 36wk glucose in OB (p=0.03) versus 28wk NEFA, BMI and WG in CON were associated with birth-weight (all p<0.05). Conclusion OB women were more insulin resistant vs. CON during pregnancy, with greater glucose, NEFA and insulin concentrations and greater adjusted birth-weights. Glucose was associated with birth weight in the OB and NEFA in the CON which may indicate altered fetal preference for metabolites during these pregnancies.
THE EFFECTS OF TRAINING METHODS AND ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION TOWARD OF FOOTBALL PASSING SKILLS

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the training methods of structured and play as well as achievement motivation on the passing skills of football. Research was conducted on athletes at the Muspan FC Football School of Padang. This type of research is experimental design was used treatment by the level of 2x2. The study population was all athletes the Muspan FC Football School of Padang, amounting to 134 athletes. Determination of the sample using purposive sampling technique is to set a midlevel athletes aged 13-15 years amounted to 74 athletes. Samples treated in this study were 40 athletes. The data obtained and analyzed by analysis of variance (ANAVA) and two lanes. and subsequently followed by Tuckey's test at a significance level a = 0, 05. The results showed that (1). Results of passing skills of football in the treatment of structured training method (A1) is higher than the results of play method (A2). (2). There is the influence of the interaction between training methods (A) and achievement motivation (B) the passing skills of football. (3). Results of passing skills of football on the treatment method structured exercise high achievement motivation (A1B1) higher than the results of the play method high achievement motivation (A2B1). (4). Results of passing skills of football in the treatment of structured training method low achievement motivation (A1B2) is lower than the play method low achievement motivation (A2B2).