jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Health policy and community pharmacy provision of oncology medications: an assessment of the effect of a changing health policy environment on the medication adherence, cost and safety of oncology medications provided by community pharmacies

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Oral cancer therapy has more than doubled in the past 10 years and all indications are that the pipeline of new and emerging cancer therapies continues to include a higher percentage of oral drugs. With the increased availability of oral oncology products, patients can have access to their medications in community pharmacies and avoid the burden of travel and waiting time in cancer clinics or hospitals. However, this shift in care may also pose some challenges such as adherence to the treatment, safe use of the oncology products and increased costs to patients and the health care system. This study examined the impact of this shift to greater use of oral chemotherapy, looking at adherence, drug interaction management and cost through a series of health policy changes. Methods: Administrative health data between April 1, 2000 and March 31, 2015 from the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy Repository were used for this study. Dispensation records were used to assess drug utilization, measure adherence, analyze drug interactions and calculate medication costs. Results: Adherence was examined using imatinib as the case example. High levels of adherence (>90%) were found throughout the study period regardless of insurance coverage. The clinically important drug interaction between tyrosine kinase inhibitors and proton pump inhibitors was assessed for medication provided by community pharmacies. Over 1/3 of patients received these interacting drugs together with little evidence of interventions to manage this interaction. During the study period, the cost of oral oncology medications rose more than 7 fold from $2,682,805 to $21,311,652, with increases in the rate of prescribing (20 to 29 per 1000 people) and increases in the cost of oncology prescriptions ($113 to $549 per prescription). Conclusion: Although oral therapy provides advantages and greater flexibility for cancer patients which is reflected in a high degree of adherence, additional policy reform and support need to be given to ensure that these medications can be used safely and effectively in the community setting.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE CONDITIONS OF DIETARY HEPATIC INJURY (NECROSIS, CIRRHOSIS) IN RATS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Experimental dietary hepatic injury (diffuse or focal necrosis and cirrhosis in rats, with or without ascites and pleural and pericardial effusion) is determined by the dietary factors instrumental also in the production of fat infiltration of the liver and thus opposed to the lipotropic activity of casein. Accordingly, rats maintained on a diet low in casein with a moderately high or high content of fat and without choline regularly exhibited hepatic injury after between 100 and 150 days. Supplements of l-cystine had an aggravating effect on the production of cirrhosis of the liver, whereas a supplement of choline alone reduced the severity and the incidence of hepatic injury, although not decisively. The combined administration of l-cystine plus choline or of dl-methionine in adequate doses, however, proved to be highly effective in preventing injury to the liver. These conclusions have been corroborated by the use of different modifications of the basal diet. Rats with dietary hepatic injury exhibit, in sequence, changes that vary from diffuse necrosis resembling human acute or subacute yellow atrophy to advanced portal cirrhosis. Diffuse necrotizing nephrosis was a frequent accompaniment of the hepatic injury. Cystine again, proved to be a factor which aggravated this condition.
Pvdf Based Gel Polymer Electrolyte for Applications in Flexible Devices

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In the last years growing interest is being focused on the production of flexible devices including electronics, organic solar cells and displays. Considering specific applications where electrochemical processes take place, e.g. Die Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC), an electrolyte is needed between the electrodes to allow ion diffusion and redox reactions. In this case, relevant issues are related to the fluid, namely liquid, nature of traditional electrolytes. Considering this characteristic, the limitation is twofold: on one hand, considering large area devices, for example DSSC integrated in the façade of buildings, electrolyte flow from the top to the bottom of the system can occur. On the other hand electrolyte leakage may occur in the presence of defects or damage, with significant environmental safety concerns. Finally, considering flexible devices, issues are relative to electrolyte flow during bending, due to pressure gradients inside the device. It’s therefore clear that most of these limitations could be overcome using electrolytes with good ion transport properties but also higher resistance to flow with respect to traditional systems, i.e. electrolytes behaving as much as solids when subjected to external loads/strains. For this reason a process is proposed that allows producing a PVdF network by sol-gel method, this is soaked with electrolyte and allows maintaining good ion conductivity and excellent transparency while highly reducing issues related to leakage and electrolyte flow inside between the electrodes of the device.
Behaviour patterns of the cage-housed breeding flock of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this work was to investigate the behaviour patterns of a cage-housed breeding flock of pheasants during the day in the early stage of laying period, and evaluate the differences in behaviour patterns between male and female pheasants. Observations were carried out with a flock of common pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) consisting of 1 male and 5 female pheasants aged 2 years that showed a minimum rate of aggression in the previous laying. Behaviour patterns of birds were studied using a 15-minute video recording taken at each hour during the day (from 7 a.m. until 7 p.m.). The rates of activities such as feeding, movement, resting, scratching, preening, mating and aggression in female pheasants differed significantly from those in the male, as observed throughout the day. The rate of feeding had 2 peaks in hens (in early morning and late evening). Generally, the feed intake in females was observed throughout the day whereas the male received feed less frequently but at a higher rate, particularly in the afternoon. The highest rate of movement was observed for both male and female pheasants in morning hours followed by a decline in movement activities which was slow in hens and rapid in the cock, with the subsequent second peak before dark. Except for 7 a.m., resting was among behaviour patterns with the highest rate in both genders throughout day, with lower rates in females as compared to the male. The stereotype behaviour was observed in hens more frequently, with a peak in a period from 9 a.m. to 12 a.m. The highest frequency of mating was observed in the evening after 7 p.m.
PARTICIPATORY METHODS IN SOCIOLINGUISTIC SIGN LANGUAGE SURVEY: A CASE STUDY IN EL SALVADOR

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis describes a three-week sociolinguistic survey of El Salvador's Deaf community that was carried out in June and July 2009. The survey utilized various traditional tools that have been used in previous sign language surveys, as well as some new tools derived from participatory research methodology. Results from the various tools were analyzed to form conclusions about the language community and its goals for language development. El Salvador's Deaf community uses Salvadoran Sign Language (LESSA) most commonly, but various subgroups also use American Sign Language (ASL), and Costa Rican Sign Language (LESCO), as well as switching between language varieties when subgroups interact. The highest priority needs identified among the Deaf community were the development of education, interpretation, and sign language resources.\nThe thesis also evaluates how effectively the survey applied methods of participatory research, and examines the trustworthiness of the results from this new approach to sign language survey. The group environment provided by participatory methods during the fieldwork stage was crucial to this survey's identity as participatory research. However, the survey could have better included the community both before and after the fieldwork stage. Triangulation through the use of a variety of research tools was very important in strengthening the survey's trustworthiness, as various tools either confirmed data that was previously gathered or provided additional information that might have been otherwise missed. At the same time, trustworthiness could have been even greater had the community participated in the analysis process. A notable exception was a workshop that we conducted at the request of community members, which was also very helpful in providing further information about the sociolinguistic situation in the country generally.
Effects of Physical Activity on Laboratory Pain

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This chapter reviews the underlying mechanisms for exercise-induced analgesia and exercise-induced pain focusing on animal models. Repeated physical activity or exercise training prevents the development of acute pain behaviors to noxious stimuli, and reverses pain behaviors in animal models of muscle and nerve pain. Voluntary exercise reduces depressive behaviors in mice with concomitant changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus. Cognitive dysfunction and depression are co-morbid symptoms found in people with chronic pain conditions, and thus benefits of regular exercise in people with chronic pain could be to improve learning and reduce depression. Serotonin is a major neurotransmitter found in descending inhibitory pathways and has been implicated in exercise-induced analgesia. Enhanced activity of calcium channels would result in increased nociceptor excitability, which would be manifested as hypersensitivity to noxious stimuli. The role of the sympathetic system in modulating pain behaviors is well known, as is the role of the sympathetic system in exercise effects.
An Orbital Period Investigation of the Semi-Detached Near-Contact Binary DD Monocerotis

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The variations of the orbital period of the near-contact binary system DD Monocerotis were analyzed based on three new CCD times of light minimum together with others compiled from the literature. The general trend of the ($O-C$)$_1$ curve indicates a continuous period increase at a rate of $dP/dt$$=$$+$1.40 $\times$ 10$^{-7}$d yr$^{-1}$. Meanwhile, by using all available photoelectric and CCD data, a small-amplitude period oscillation ($A$$=$ 0.0039 d; $T=$ 18.8 yr) was found to be superimposed on the period increase. The continuous period increase is explained by mass transfer from the less-massive component to the more-massive one ($dM_{2}/dt$$=$$+$6.99 $\times$ 10$^{-8}M_{\odot}$yr$^{-1}$), which is consistent with the semi-detached configuration of the binary with a lobe-filling secondary discovered by Qian et al. (1997, A&AS, 125, 475). We showed that the timescale of the period change is close to the thermal time scale of the secondary, suggesting that DD Monocerotis is undergoing a case A mass transfer. The small-amplitude period oscillation reveals the presence of an extremely cool stellar companion ($M_3$sin${i^{\prime}}$$=$ 0.13$M_{\odot}$) in the system. Accumulation of photoelectric and CCD data will discover small-amplitude cyclic changes in many close binary stars in the future.
NMDA receptors: Biological properties and their roles in neuropsychiatric disorders

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Proper signal transmission is the fundamental process of the brain activity. Changes and adaption of neuroplasticity based on the strength of synaptic transmission are essential for the information propagation in the central nervous system, which contribute to cognition, learning, and memory. Being the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, glutamate acts primarily through binding to the glutamate receptors, the glutamate-gated ion channels localized on post-synaptic membrane. The ionotropic glutamate receptors, pharmacologically grouped into &alpha;-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors, and kainate receptors, have been shown to play distinct roles in excitatory neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. Due to their high permeability to Ca2+, the NMDA receptors have very unique function in neurotransmission and particular importance in the induction of long-term synaptic plasticity. Dysfunction of NMDA receptors causes impairment in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. In recent years, with the development of genome-wide association studies and next-generation sequencing technology, mutations of NMDA receptor subunits have been in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as cognitive impairment, schizophrenia, autism or epilepsy. In clinical practice, NMDA receptors are known as the targets for the treatment of many neuropsychiatric disorders. In current review, we summarize current knowledge of NMDA receptors with different subunit compositions in the context of expression pattern, channel properties, protein trafficking, and synaptic plasticity as well as their roles in neuropsychiatric disorders.
Social capital and management commitment

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study examines the role of social capital in fostering beneficial managerial behaviour that serves the interests of shareholders. Specifically, this research focuses on the effects of social capital on managerial ownership and dividend payout policy. We document evidence demonstrating that firms with headquarters in high social capital regions are associated with higher managerial ownership and greater dividend payouts to shareholders. Our findings are consistent with the notion that social capital induces cooperative norms and alleviates agency frictions between managers and shareholders. Additional analysis indicates that managerial ownership increases after a firm moves its headquarters to a county with higher social capital, while dividend payouts do not exhibit a significant change after relocation. In further tests, we find that the association between social capital and managerial ownership weakens after SOX, but that the association between social capital and dividend payouts does not. Finally, we show that both civic norms and associational networks influence the level of managerial ownership and dividend payouts. Overall, our study adds to the literature by deepening the understanding of the impact of social capital in shaping good managerial behaviour at the individual and corporate levels.
Thermal Comfort Properties of Wearing Caps from Various Textiles

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this research was to explore the effects of textile properties on the microclimate inside caps and on subjective wearing sensations. Physical tests on heat and moisture transfer properties of cap fabrics were conducted, as well as tests on the sensations from subjects wearing the caps. The temperature and humidity inside caps were influenced by the thickness, moisture retention properties, water absorption properties, and thermal conductivity of cap fabrics. High water absorbency property was the most important factor in lowering the temperature inside caps. Air permeability and water vapor transmission rate did not affect the microclimate. It seemed to be difficult for air or water vapors to move from the skin to the outer environment because the hair was densely packed between the skin and the cap, forming a stable air layer. Thermal sensation and thermal comfort were influenced by the thickness, water absorption properties, thermal conductivity, and Qmax of fabrics. Subjective sensations were closely related to the temperature inside caps. In the temperature range of 30 to 33°C, no change in wearing sensation was found. In the temperature range above 33°C, however, subjects started feeling uncomfortable.
Producing the News: Reporting on Myanmar’s Rohingya Crisis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since communal violence erupted in Myanmar’s Rakhine State in 2012 between Buddhist and Muslim communities, the plight of the Rohingya Muslims has received much media attention both inside and outside of the country. Rarely, however, do we get critical analyses of how such reporting is constructed. Research on communal conflict and journalism tends to focus on the how-to of conflict-sensitive reporting and the dangers of employing local fixers and interpreters whose influence is seen to reduce the objectivity of news, rather than on the actual news gathering strategies used in specific conflicts. Based on personal observations of a freelance reporter in Myanmar, and interviews with journalists and “fixers” working in the country, this article analyses the news production processes in reporting on the conflict. The article maps out the various actors involved in the production of news, such as foreign and local journalists, local producers (the “fixers”) and interpreters, and the various challenges and limitations they face. These challenges function to perpetuate a familiar set of reporting routines and “us vs them” or binary narratives, with consequences for the de-escalation or perpetuation of the conflict.
Use of multiple sclerosis disease-modifying therapies during pregnancy in France: Nationwide study between 2010 and 2021

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) frequently affects women of childbearing age and pregnant women. Objective: To assess the use of MS disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) during pregnancy in France over the last decade, marked by an increasing DMTs availability. Methods: All pregnancies ended from April 2010 to December 2021 in women with MS were identified based on the nationwide Mother–Child Register EPI-MERES, built from the French National Health Data System ( Système National des Données de Santé (SNDS)). Results: Of a total of 20,567 pregnancies in women with MS, 7587 were exposed to DMT. The number of DMT-exposed pregnancies markedly increased from 1079 in 2010–2012 to 2413 in 2019–2021 (+124%), especially those exposed to glatiramer acetate, natalizumab, dimethyl fumarate, and anti-CD20. Among pregnancies of women on DMT 6 months before pregnancy, 78.0% underwent DMT discontinuation and 7.6% switched DMT, generally before (33.0% and 77.0%, respectively) or during the first trimester of pregnancy (58.3% and 17.8%, respectively). DMT discontinuation decreased from 84.0% in 2010–2012 to 72.4% in 2019–2021 and was less frequent among women aged ⩾35 years and those socioeconomically disadvantaged. Conclusion: Despite MS therapeutic management adaptations to pregnancy, exposure during pregnancy to treatments whose safety profile has not yet been clearly established has increased sharply over the last decade.
Invariant Berezin integration on homogeneous supermanifolds

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let G be a Lie supergroup and H a closed subsupergroup. We study the unimodularity of the homogeneous supermanifold G/H, i.e. the existence of G-invariant sections of its Berezinian line bundle. To that end, we express this line bundle as a G-equivariant associated bundle of the principal H-bundle G over G/H. We also study the fibre integration of Berezinians on oriented fibre bundles. As an application, we prove a formula of `Fubini' type: the invariant integral over G can be expressed (up to sign) by a succesive invariant integration over H and G/H. Moreover, we derive analogues of integral formulae for the transformation under local isomorphisms of unimodular homogeneous superspaces G/H and S/T, and under the products of subsupergroups of Lie supergroups. The classical counterparts of these formulae have numerous applications in harmonic analysis.
Cardiac Function in Uncomplicated Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) is a myocardial disease characterized by myocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, protein glycosylation and intra-myocardial micro-angiopathy due to prolonged exposure of myocardial tissues to hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients. Alteration in cardiac function can be non-invasively assessed via echocardiography. The early recognition of cardiac dysfunction can prevent the symptomatic heart failure in DM patients. The study aimed at evaluating cardiac function in uncomplicated type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials And Methods: Sixty Type 2 DM patients without any feature of the coronary arterial disease (CAD), hypertension, nephropathy and respiratory illness were enrolled in the study and compared with the sixty age matched healthy controls. Echocardiographic assessment was done in all subjects to evaluate the cardiac function. Results: Diastolic dysfunction was more common in diabetic patients when compared with normal healthy population. Systolic dysfunction progresses with age of the diabetic patient. Conclusion: Echocardiography is a simple noninvasive cost effective test for detecting cardiac dysfunction in Type 2 DM patients and should be applied to detect early Left ventricular(LV) dysfunction so that corrective measures may be initiated early and cardiac functions may be preserved for long. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.18(2) 2019 p.211-215
Pinning by a Macroscopic Spherical Cavity in a Type II Superconductor

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The magnetic field created by a vortex line located near a macroscopic spherical cavity as well as the magnetic field within the superconductor are calculated by solving London equations using the generalized spherical function technique. The interaction energy between the flux line and the cavity and consequently the pinning force are also calculated. It is shown that one possible cause of the pinning is that an attractive image force exists at the superconductor sphere boundary.
Recent Advances in Phosphatization of Metals for Corrosion Protection

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Corrosion of metals is a broad-based issue that has significant economic and ecological consequences.It is a surface treatment method that is popularized for its promising results in inhibiting corrosion and increasing the life span of metal components.The review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the phosphatization process, its mechanisms, and the resistance properties offered by coated metals.After thorough investigations, the impact on various metals, including steel, aluminum, and zinc of phosphating has been explored.The study further explored the influence of key factors such as composition, pH, temperature, and immersion time of the metal in chemical acid.Additionally, the paper also examines the interaction between the metal surface and the chemical solution of phosphoric acid in which it has been immersed which leads to the formation of a phosphate layer over the surface.The paper also discusses the effectiveness of different phosphate types such as zinc, iron, and manganese phosphates in providing corrosion resistance.Further the paper analyses the role of phosphate coatings in altering the surface properties, including adhesion, wettability, and microstructure, to enhance the metal's resistance to corrosive environments.Finally, this review summarizes the current challenges and future directions in phosphatization research.The findings of this research contribute to the development of efficient corrosion protection strategies, fostering advancements in the field of chemistry.