jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The economic condition of Aran and Shervan from entering of islam till end of Safavids

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Provinces of Aran and Shervan are located in the south of the Caucasus. The territories between the Kor and the Aras rivers are called Aran. This province was called Gharabagh later. The territories between the Kor river and the Caucasus mountains are called Shervan. One of the characteristics of the Provinces was the existence of a dynamic economic existence.
Aran was considered a suitable land for agriculture and livestock due to the favorable and suitable climate and numerous water sources such as the Kor and Aras rivers and the Gogchegol Lake. Creating a silkworm as a strategic product was another feature of the economy. This product was produced on all land in this area. The passage of the sub branch of the Silk Road of the Aran provided the possibility of exporting its various products to other lands. The activities of the merchants of this land, especially Armenians, were particularly specific in the periods of history, especially the Safavid era.
Also, Shervan was considered a suitable land for farmers and livestock by providing climate and soil support. Also, this land benefited from the vast water of the Kor river. Caspian sea coastal areas, especially the shores of the islands of the Absheron Peninsula, especially the city of Baku, were considered as the most important sources of oil and salt reservoirs.
Shervan was a land communication bridge between Azerbaijan and Daghestan and was therefore of great importance. Also, the harbors of this province in Baku and in Darband provided trade for the area with the Caspian Sea lands in the south-east and north of the sea. Shervan products, especially oil, were exported to other parts of the areas via water and earth routes. The present research seeks to identify the economics of the two Provinces of Aran and Shervan from the entrance of Islam to the end of the Safavid period using library resources and descriptive methods.
Facile Synthesis of 1,5-Benzothiazepines in Water Using Tetrabutylammonium Tribromide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A simple, environmentally benign, and efficient method was developed for the preparation of 1,5-benzothiazepines via a one-pot condensation reaction of 2-aminothiophenol with 1,3-diaryl- 2-propenones using tetrabutylammonium tribromide as an efficient and versatile catalyst in water.
Effects of intermittent preventive treatment with two doses of sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in malaria infection and its associated adverse pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Malaria in pregnancy is associated with a number of adverse pregnancy outcomes. As a result, Intermittent Preventive Treatment has been recommended as one of the means for reducing the burden of infection and adverse consequences associated with it. This paper aims to evaluate the effectiveness of 2-dose Intermittent Preventive Treatment with Sulphadoxine-Pyrimethamine (IPT-SP) in reducing the risk of these adverse events. A comprehensive literature search of experimental studies was conducted, restricted to papers published from the year 2000 onwards. Thirteen studies were included, each comparing a 2-dose IPT-SP with another regimen and /or placebo. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool was used to assess the quality of included studies and a qualitative synthesis was done. Two-dose IPT-SP showed a consistent superiority over Chloroquine. It also demonstrated non-inferiority to other anti-malarial drugs like mefloquine and proguanil which were considered as ‘gold-standards’. Only higher doses of SP and Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine, showed clear superiority over 2-dose SP. This study shows that the 2-dose IPT-SP is effective in reducing the incidence of malaria in pregnancy and its adverse pregnancy outcomes. This effectiveness is complimented by its relative safety and ease of administration.
Normal Maps Induced by Linear Transformations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study a certain piecewise linear manifold, which we call the normal manifold, associated with a polyhedral convex set, and a family of continuous functions, called normal maps, that are induced on this manifold by continuous functions from R n to R n . These normal maps occur frequently in optimization and equilibrium problems, and the subclass of normal maps induced by linear transformations plays a key role. Our main result is that the normal map induced by a linear transformation is a Lipschitzian homeomorphism if and only if the determinant of the map in each n-cell of the normal manifold has the same (nonzero) sign.
Clinical outcome in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients is not influenced by high peritoneal transport status

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVES:\nWe undertook this study to examine the influence of demographics, peritoneal membrane transport characteristics, nutrition indices, dialysis adequacy, and comorbid diseases on patient survival on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), and to identify whether high peritoneal membrane transport is an independent risk factor for mortality on CAPD.\nDESIGN:\nOur retrospective study was carried out in CAPD patients in a large tertiary care teaching hospital.\nMETHODS:\nUntil December 2000, we followed 212 patients who started CAPD between 1994 and 1997 and who underwent a peritoneal equilibration test (PET) within 3 months of CAPD initiation.\nRESULTS:\nBy univariate analysis, comorbid diseases, old age, high peritoneal transport, and serum albumin predicted patient mortality. Independent predictors of mortality as determined by the Cox proportional hazard model included diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, serum albumin, and old age. High peritoneal transport failed to independently influence mortality in our CAPD patients.
Cloning and expression analysis of MADS–box gene BoaAGL6 associated with floral development in kale(Brassica oleracea var. acephala)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Wild type kales(Brassica oleracea var.acephala) and its two mutants which have different petals in number were used as material. One AGL6-homologue from conventional kale varieties denoted as BoaAGL6 was cloned using RACE(rapid amplification of cDNA ends), then expression pattern of BoaAGL6 in each floral organ was examined. The results showed that BoaAGL6 contains a 759 bp open reading frame that encodes a deduced protein with 252 amino acid residues. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that BoaAGL6 belongs to the AGL6-like subfamily. The result from multiple methods(semi-quantitative RT–PCR and quantitative real-time PCR) revealed that the pattern of the expression of BoAGL6 is broader than those of their counterparts in eudicots, with different expression levels in petals, which is high in mutants with the most petals. These results suggest that BoaAGL6 plays important roles in controlling floral organ identity and formation in kale.
A Modified Arbuzov‐Michalis Reaction for Selective Alkylation of Nucleophiles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The alkylation of nucleophiles is among the most fundamental and well‐developed transformations in chemistry. However, to achieve selective alkylation of complex substrates remains a nontrivial task. We report herein a general and selective alkylation method without using strong acids, bases, or metals. In this method, the readily available phosphinites/phosphites, in combination with ethyl acrylate, function as effective alkylating agents. Various nucleophilic groups, including alcohols, phenols, carboxylic acids, imides, and thiols can be alkylated. This method can be applied in the late‐stage alkylation of natural products and pharmaceutical agents, achieving chemo‐ and site‐selective modification of complex substrates. Experimental studies indicate the relative reactivity of a nucleophile depends on its acidity and its steric environment. Mechanistic studies suggest the reaction pathway resembles that of the Arbuzov‐Michalis reaction.
Enhancing the Performance of Library Book Recommendation System by Employing the Probabilistic-Keyword Model on a Collaborative Filtering Approach

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes the probabilistic-keyword CF method for a library book recommendation system. Our focus is to address the sparsity problem commonly occurs on the Collaborative Filtering (CF) approach. The framework of the method consists of four processes. First, building the circulation and keyword matrices respectively based on the book circulation records and the book keyword attribute data. Second, building the keyword model that takes into account both the book circulation records and the book keyword data. Third, building the probabilistic-keyword model that employs a probabilistic technique to calculate the probability of a user to borrow a book conditional to his/her keyword model. Fourth, generating the top-N book recommendations. Experiment results on a library dataset show that our probabilistic-keyword CF method outperforms the traditional user-based and item-based CF methods in terms of all evaluation metrics. This result conjectures that the probabilistic-keyword CF method that employs the probabilistic-keyword model can enhance the recommendation performance and is able to deal with the sparse dataset better than the traditional methods.
Electrical and structural characterization of GaN-based transistor structures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract There are primarily two parts to this project. The first part consists of understanding High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMT), Two Dimensional Electron Gas (2DEG), and Gallium Nitride properties. In the second part, Hall Effect Measurement, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Four Point Probe measurements and analysis are described in order to better understand the electrical properties of the AlGaN or GaN based samples. The second part is the experiment to observe the device’s resistance value under the presence of different gases and at different temperature. In order to proceed with this part, training has been done on the Gas Sensor Characterisation System. The gases used for this portion of the project are Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Ammonia gas (NH3). After testing with the gases, we found that the sample device does not react to carbon dioxide at room temperature. However, the device undergoes changes in resistance value when exposed to ammonia and nitrogen dioxide at room temperature. At 100 oC, the device was found to react to all three gases. The device is then placed under ammonia gas and studied on its behaviour when exposed to high temperature. The device was found to have similar behaviour from 100 oC to 500 oC (albeit at different resistance value) and erratic behaviour at 600 oC. More experimentation should be conducted to uncover the results obtained from the 600 oC test.
Epidemiology of human intestinal nematode infections in Wujiang and Pizhou counties, Jiangsu Province, China.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intestinal nematode infections are considered highly endemic in the Chinese province of Jiangsu. In May 1997, the prevalence of intestinal nematodes infections was determined among all of the inhabitants aged 5 to 65 of the southern Jiangsu village of Yaojiakon (Wujiang County) and the northern Jiangsu village of Jianmiao (Pizhou County). It was determined that the prevalence of ascariasis, trichuriasis and hook worm infection was greatly reduced compared to when it was last measured in 1990. The reduction was noted to be particularly impressive in Yaojiakon village where the prevalence of ascariasis and trichiuriasis fell to 2% and 1.5% respectively. Much of this reduction was attributed to improvements in economic development which have occurred in southern Jiangsu Province at a rapid pace. In contrast, the reduction in nematode infections among villagers living in northern Jiangsu was more modest. The most striking reduction in both villages was in school-aged children who since 1988 have received yearly treatments with anthelminthic drugs. The intensity of nematode infections was investigated for hookworm where 70% of hookworm-infected Yaojiakon villagers were found to harbor light infections (< 400 eggs per gram) compared to 83% of hookworm-infected Jianmiao villagers. Necator americanus was the predominant hookworm in Yaojiakon village (South), whereas Ancylostoma duodenale predominated in Jianmiao village (North). The majority (76%) of hookworm-infected patients developed IgG antibodies against N. americanus antigen, although 20% of uninfected patients living in the village also had circulating antibodies. Intestinal nematode infections continue to be a significant public health problem in Jiangsu Province although their prevalence has decreased since 1990.
The Application of the High-Speed Pixel Clustering Method in Combining Multi-Angle Images Obtained from Airborne Optical-Location Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with the problem of complexing images formed by the onboard equipment of a multi-position optical-location system. The problem of information aggregation is solved quite difficult in airborne optical-location systems. Therefore, in order to combine data received from high-resolution optical sensors into a single information field, the method based on the developed high-speed method of clustering image pixels is proposed. The purpose of present paper is to develop a method for combining multi-angle images, which is characterized by gradual detailing of clustered images. The result of present paper is a data aggregation technique that allows combining high-resolution multi-angle location images into a single information field with high correlation characteristics as compared to classical algorithms of combining. The practical relevance of paper involves the feasibility of applying the technique of combining digital images for modern optical monitoring systems designed for environmental exploration, forecasting and rapid prevention of natural and man-made emergencies.
Design of Nonfullerene Acceptors with Near‐Infrared Light Absorption Capabilities

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A series of narrow bandgap electron acceptors is designed and synthesized for efficient near‐infrared (NIR) organic solar cells. Extending π‐conjugation of donor frameworks leads to an intense intramolecular charge transfer, resulting in broad absorption profiles with band edge reaching 950 nm. When blended with an electron donor polymer PTB7‐Th, IOTIC‐2F exhibits efficient charge transfer even with a small energetic offset, so as to achieve a large photogenerated current over 22 mA cm −2 with small energy losses (≈0.49 eV) in solar cell devices. With an intense NIR absorbance, PTB7‐Th:IOTIC‐2F‐based cells achieve a power conversion efficiency of 12.1% with good visible transparency (52% transmittance from 370 to 740 nm). Analysis of film morphology reveals that processing with solvent additives enhances crystalline features of acceptor components, while keeping an appropriate level of donor:acceptor intermixing in the binary blends. The incorporation of the third component, ITIC‐2F, into the PTB7‐Th:IOTIC‐2F blends increases the device efficiency up to 12.9%. The improvement is assigned to the cascaded energy‐level structure and desirable nanoscale phase separation of the ternary blends, which is beneficial to the photocurrent generation. This work provides an efficient molecular design strategy to optimize nonfullerene acceptor properties for efficient NIR organic photovoltaics.
A comparative study between two techniques of subtotal laparoscopic cholecystectomy in goats

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A comparison between two techniques of subtotal laparoscopic cholecystectomy was studied to find the best technique for treating severe cholecystitis and to study the fate of the remaining part of the gallbladder. All experimental animals had inducing cholecystitis by clipping the cystic duct for five days which was enough for inducing cholecystitis in goats. 24 adult female goats were used in this study, which were divided randomly into two equal groups; subtotal laparoscopic cholecystectomy with cystic duct and cystic artery clipping by titanium clips (group A) and laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy with cystic duct clipping only (group B). Operations were performed under general anesthesia by using thiopental sodium at a dose of 15 mg/Kg. B.W. intravenously to maintain the inhalation anesthesia by endotracheal tube with a mixture of halothane (1.5- 2.5 %) and oxygen (2-3 %). The intraabdominal pressure with CO2 was used at a low pressure 8-10 mmHg. The liver function tests including; alkaline phosphates (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total serum bilirubin and C- reactive protein were measured in different intervals; before operation (zero day) and at 1hr, 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th postoperative day. The liver function tests showed a significant elevation (P< 0.05) in alkaline phosphates (ALP) and in the total bilirubin values in group B (P> 0.05) comparison with group A and no significant difference in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and C- reactive protein between all experimental groups as well as time intervals. The biopsies were taken at the 3rd, 7th and 15th postoperative day for histopathological of the remaining part of gallbladder which showed that subtotal cholecystectomies could be performed successfully with the two techniques, appeared degeneration in the remaining part of the gallbladder and offers best in the healing stages.
Aquatic organisms provide insight into environmental problems: From genes to communities

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

An understanding of environmental responses to current and emerging problems and the capacity to forecast future threats requires appropriate indicators. The temporal scale of impact to animal health and species biodiversity can vary from centuries in the case climate change, to immediate, such as chemical spills. This dissertation uses genetics, physiology, and community ecology to understand current and emerging environmental threats and appropriate biomonitoring responses across a range of temporal scales. Patterns of genetic diversity across a species range can suggest past glacial refugia and recolonization, dispersal barriers, and evidence of vulnerabilities to future change. However, population genetic structure and historical refugia among co-occurring species is not well characterized for many groups of aquatic organisms. Therefore, I compared phylogeographies of five, large bodied co-occurring aquatic insect species (four stoneflies: Calineuria californica, Hesperoperla pacifica, Pteronarcys californica, and Pteronarcys princeps and one caddisfly: Dicosmoecus gilvipes) across their ranges.Widespread and persistent environmental contaminants may be monitored in the marine environment using top predators such as marine mammals. I sampled serum, inner blubber, and outer blubber and determined predictive equations between tissues for a suite of persistent organic pollutants in northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris), which indicated strong relationships, particularly between serum and inner blubber POP concentrations.Although benthic macroinvertebrate communities respond to natural environmental fluctuations they can still serve as indicators of acute anthropogenic stressors. Multiple years of macroinvertebrate sampling (2004, 2010-2013) in an urban creek quantified the community response to an accidental, 3000 L, oil spill using a Before-After Control-Impact approach. Taxa richness and sensitive taxa decreased immediately, but recovered one year later, likely aided by drift from upstream reference sites and winter rains. Additionally, I identified five indicator taxa that will enhance future biomonitoring efforts.To better understand population dynamics and response to drought in seasonal wetlands, I investigated successional changes in macroinvertebrate occurrence and abundance in northern California. The early-season predator assemblage was dominated by dytiscid beetles and late-season by Lestes damselflies. The phenology of taxa and life history strategies may affect how macroinvertebrate populations respond to increased annual variation in hydroperiod as a result of future climate change.
Evaluating the COVID−19 impact on tourism and access routes to Spain: A counterfactual analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research examines the impact of COVID-19 on Spanish international tourism, focusing on the routes of access to the country. Using data from October 2015 to March 2024, a counterfactual analysis was conducted to calculate the severity of the impact on Foreign Tourism Access to Spain by Air Transport, Road, Railway, and Maritime Transport. Benchmark series were calculated using the SARIMA model and validated with Machine Learning methods. Results show significant increases in Air and Road access post-pandemic, with even larger increases in Railway and Maritime routes, indicating early recovery trends since May 2023. These findings highlight the need for adaptive marketing strategies to align with new travel preferences for sustainable and health-conscious travel options.
A Passion to Preserve: Gay Men as Keepers of Culture

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

From large cities to rural communities, gay men have long been impassioned pioneers as keepers of culture: rescuing and restoring decrepit buildings, revitalizing blighted neighborhoods, saving artifacts and documents of historical significance. This penchant to preserve, though widely observed, is typically ignored or dismissed as a stereotypical gay cliché, even by many gay men themselves. A Passion to Preserve explores this authentic and complex dimension of gay men’s lives by profiling early and contemporary preservationists from throughout the United States. This eye-opening and provocative book illuminates neglected facets of what it means to be gay and highlights contributions to the larger culture that gays are exceptionally inclined to make.
Evaluation of response reduction factor by pushover analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Estimation of seismic forces plays a vital role in the design of the structure and generally these forces are computed using the linear static method with aid of response reduction factor. Response reduction/modification factor (R) incorporates the nonlinear response of any structure during a seismic event, allowing the designer for a linear force based design while reckoning the nonlinear behaviour and deformation limits of the structure. This research focuses on estimation of the response modification factor for realistic RC moment frame buildings laid out as per norms mentioned in the Indian standard. The importance is given to computation of R at a rather component-wise level with the effects and consideration included by various analyses. The result shows that the value suggested by IS1893 focuses upon a general consideration for the value of R which actually shall vary with a storey height of the structure, thus the value of R being either underestimated or overestimated.