jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ischemic Preconditioning in Cardiac Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Murry and colleagues in 1986 described a paradoxical phenomenon that exposure of the heart to repeated brief ischemic episodes delayed the severity of myocardial infarction of a following prolonged myocardial ischemia and termed it myocardial ischemic preconditioning (IP). From then on, IP had been extensively studied in various kinds of experimental models as well as in humans. Besides delaying myocardial infarction, IP has been proved to be a potent endogenous factor in preserving high energy phosphates, suppressing arrhythmias and improving postischemic functional recovery. Delaying myocardial ultrastructure damage, reducing lactate, reducing the utilization of myocardial glycogen and protecting coronary endothelium after IP has also been found. Different experimental models and conditions resembling cardiac surgery have also been investigated. The mechanism of IP is not yet clear, however. The conclusions derived from animal studies could not totally stand for the situation in open heart surgery. IP was found effective in preserving high energy phosphate, improving heart performance and decreasing cardiac troponin T release during open heart surgery. Controversial exists because in same reports there were no effects of IP. The difference in IP protocol, myocardial protective method and study object might be the reason of the controversial results. Several clinical factors may affect IP effects during clinical practice. The purpose of the present study was to review the recent literature on IP, especially the IP mechanism, IP phenomenon in cardiac surgery and the possible influential factors, to summarize whether IP might prefer additional protection of current protective strategy in cardiac surgery.
The role of type 1 vanilloid receptors in protective and pathological mechanisms in the stomach under the action of ulcerogenic stimuli

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ванилоидные рецепторы 1 типа (TRPV1— transient receptor potential vanilloid 1) играют ключевую роль в ноцицепции, а также в воспалении, и являются терапевтической «мишенью» для лечения как хронической боли, так и ряда других патологических состояний, среди которых онкологические и сердечно-сосудистые заболевания, ожирение, диабет, воспаление кишечника. TRPV1-рецепторы, основным агонистом которых является капсаицин, экспрессируются в нервных волокнах капсаицин-чувствительных афферентных нейронов (КЧН). КЧН вовлекаются в поддержание целостности слизистой оболочки желудка при действии ульцерогенных стимулов. КЧН рассматриваются как «система тревоги», обеспечивающая быстрый запуск гастропротективных механизмов. Активация КЧН осуществляется через TRPV1-рецепторы. В настоящем обзоре проанализированы данные о вовлечении КЧН и TRPV1-рецепторов как в защитные, так и в патологические механизмы в желудке в условиях действия ульцерогенных стимулов. Особое внимание уделено сравнению экспериментальных данных, полученных с помощью различных подходов, включающих активацию и выключение из функционирования TRPV1-рецепторов. Обсуждены данные о взаимодействии КЧН и глюкокортикоидных гормонов в поддержании целостности слизистой оболочки желудка. Результаты, полученные авторами, свидетельствуют о вовлечении глюкокортикоидных гормонов в реализацию гастропротективного действия КЧН, а также демонстрируют компенсаторную защитную роль данных гормонов в поддержании целостности слизистой оболочки желудка в условиях выключения из функционирования КЧН.
P4‐362: Brain glucose metabolism in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease before and after six months treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (octagam 10%): A phase II double blind, placebo‐controlled multi‐center study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Octagam® 10% is a human immunoglobulin solution for intravenous administration (IVIG) first developed for treating immune deficiency. We now assess the effect of six months treatment with IVIG versus placebo on cerebral glucose metabolism in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). 58 patients with mild to moderate AD were included, of whom 55 patients received a baseline [18F]FDG PET and MRI scan. This was followed by treatment with Octagam® 10% over 24 weeks, consisting of either (1) six infusions at 4-week intervals of low, medium or high dose (0.2, 0.5, or 0.8 g/kg) or (2) 12 infusions at 2-week intervals (0.1, 0.25, or 0.4 g/kg) (3) or corresponding placebo at 2- or 4-week intervals. After six months, 44 patients had a follow-up [18F]FDG PET scan. After coregistration of the FDG-PET scans to the individual MRI, spatial normalization and uptake scaling using global mean normalization, both automated region of interest analyses and statistical parametric mapping using SPM5 were performed. Voxel-wise analyses (p <0.001, uncorr.) revealed a relative decrease of glucose metabolism in bilateral hippocampal / temporomesial brain regions at six months in patients receiving placebo by 4.3 ± 1.8%. In the same cluster, brain glucose metabolism was unaltered in patients receiving low (0.4 ± 3.5%) or medium dose (-0.9 ± 2.9%), and decreased by 1.8 ± 5.0% in patients receiving high dose IVIG at the follow-up scan. Therefore all treatment patients showed significantly less decrease of glucose metabolism in this brain region during follow-up compared to placebo patients (p <0.01). Furthermore IVIG-treated patients displayed significantly increased glucose metabolism in widespread parietal and frontal brain regions at follow-up relative to baseline (p <0.05, FDR-corrected). Treatment of mild to moderate AD patients with Octagam® 10% for six months significantly attenuated the decline in cerebral glucose metabolism typically seen in the hippocampal / temporomesial brain region, in affected AD patients. Furthermore the IVIG group showed a significant increase in FDG-uptake in the parietofrontal cortex, which in part is usually a preserved brain region in AD patients and might be related to compensatory mechanisms. These results corroborate earlier findings with IVIG in AD and encourage further longer studies with IVIG in larger patient cohorts.
Ecological characteristic of dendrosozophytеs of the dendrological park «Oleksandria» of NAS of Ukraine

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The ecological characteristics of 159 dendrosozophytes of the dendrological park «Olexandria» are given: 61 of the Pinophyta division, 98 of the Magnoliophyta division; the sozological status is determined according to the latest in- ternational, state, and regional data. In addition, ecomorphs of plants were considered as specific displays of their adaptation to certain discrete abiotic factors of the ecotope. According to the ecological analysis, it was found that the dendrososophytes of the dendrological park are represented by 7 hygromorphs, among which mesophytes predominate (77 species — 49%), which are confined to moderately humid and arid ecotopes of Drymo-, Thamno- and Anthropogenophyton. In general, the rarity component is dominated by mezophilic heliophytic microthermophytic, and mezotrophic phanerophytes.
Cattle, Lice Control, 1978

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Y-TexR Tick Tags (Y-Tex Corp., Cody, WY), containing 10% chlorpyrifos were applied to Hereford steer calves on Mar 14’78. The cattle originated at several locations in eastern Wyoming. They were randomly assigned to pens of 10 animals each. Two pens of steers received an ear tag in the right ear, 2 pens received ear tags in both ears, and 1 pen received no treatment. All cattle were inspected prior to treatment on Mar 14 and then Apr 13’78. Lice inspection areas were 3, 6-inch hair parts on the head, brisket, neck, backline and rump-tailhead. Viable lice were determined posttreatment by microscopic examination.
Minority Shareholders’ Remedies by Elizabeth J Boros. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995, xlvi + 329 + (index) 10 pp (hardback £45.00) ISBN 0-19-825975-1

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

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Holistic Semantic Representation for Navigational Trajectory Generation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Trajectory generation has garnered significant attention from researchers in the field of spatio-temporal analysis, as it can generate substantial synthesized human mobility trajectories that enhance user privacy and alleviate data scarcity. However, existing trajectory generation methods often focus on improving trajectory generation quality from a singular perspective, lacking a comprehensive semantic understanding across various scales. Consequently, we are inspired to develop a HOlistic SEmantic Representation (HOSER) framework for navigational trajectory generation. Given an origin-and-destination (OD) pair and the starting time point of a latent trajectory, we first propose a Road Network Encoder to expand the receptive field of road- and zone-level semantics. Second, we design a Multi-Granularity Trajectory Encoder to integrate the spatio-temporal semantics of the generated trajectory at both the point and trajectory levels. Finally, we employ a Destination-Oriented Navigator to seamlessly integrate destination-oriented guidance. Extensive experiments on three real-world datasets demonstrate that HOSER outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by a significant margin. Moreover, the model's performance in few-shot learning and zero-shot learning scenarios further verifies the effectiveness of our holistic semantic representation.
No Cage Can Hold Her Rage? Gender, Transgression, and the World Wrestling Federation’s Chyna

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The November 2000 issue of Playboy features a muscular woman dressed in black leather, standing with hands on hips, glaring out at the reader. She is not the typical cover girl. Her aggressive stance, her confident and direct gaze out at the reader, and her muscular body do not conform to the ideal of femininity usually promoted by Playboy. The woman is Joanie Laurer, otherwise known as World Wrestling Federation superstar Chyna. Since her first appearance on the WWF in February 1997, Chyna made the transition from an oddity in the traveling freak show of the WWF to a household name. As professional wrestling moved from alternative entertainment to the mainstream during the last few years, she also traveled from the fringes to the center, appearing on mainstream magazine covers, prime-time TV series like Third Rock from the Sun, and even The Tonight Show. Her best-selling autobiography, If They Only Knew, was published in 2001.1 Chyna, like other “powerful” women in the media such as Xena and Buffy, is “cool.”
Auto-focusing technique used in CCD digital imaging

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To enhance the velocity and definition of auto-focusing,some effective methods are put forward based on the principle that retina owns the space variation of resolution to draw the image area.In addition,based on the characteristic of singlet curve of sharpness function,the best focus position is found by the unidirectional hill-climbing research.It may not only process image rapidly but also find the correct focus position.
[The combined procedure of limbal transplantation (LT) and penetrating keratoplasty (PK) for severe ocular obsolete chemical or thermal burns].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Combined procedure of LT and PK is an effective treatment for severe ocular chemical or thermal burns. It can reduce persistent corneal epithelial defect and prevent neovascularization and conjunctival epithelial from growing into cornea thus maintaining graft transparent and improving visual acuity.
Comparison of VSB PAM4 and OOK Signal in an EML-Based 80-km Transmission System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A comparison between 51.84-Gb/s vestigial sideband 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) and ON-OFF keying (OOK) signals at a transmission distance of 80 km is experimentally demonstrated for the first time. An electro-absorption modulated laser-based intensity-modulation and direct-detection 80-km transmission is achieved using both modulation formats without dispersion compensating fiber. The relative frequency between single sideband filter and signal is adjusted to find an optimized condition for both carrier to signal power ratio and sideband suppression ratio. The experimental results show that with linear equalization and without bandwidth limitation, the OOK signal has a 4-dB better sensitivity compared with PAM4 after 80-km standard single-mode fiber transmission.
Adaptasi Mahasiswa Asal Indonesia di Amerika Serikat

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study measures the adaptation level of Indonesian students in the United States. The research using a quantitative approach. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the distribution of research data. The results showed that students from Indonesia were able to adapt quite well when studying in the U.S. Students from Indonesia show good ability to socialize, mix culturally, have high English language skills and are able to overcome psychological disorders in the transition period. However, students from Indonesia have a longing for a family while studying in the U.S. This research has implications for the novelty of reference theory about higher education. The formulation of higher education policies that are more sensitive to the social characteristics of immigrant students. Penelitian ini mengukur tingkat adaptasi mahasiswa asal Indonesia di Amerika Serikat. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif. Statistik deskriptif digunakan untuk menganalisis sebaran data penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mahasiswa asal Indonesia dapat beradaptasi cukup baik ketika menempuh studi di A.S. Mahasiswa asal Indonesia menunjukkan kemampuan yang baik untuk bersosialisasi, melakukan bauran budaya, memiliki kemampuan bahasa Inggris yang tinggi, dan mampu mengatasi gangguan psikologis dalam masa transisi. Namun, mahasiswa asal Indonesia memiliki kerinduan pada keluarga selama menempuh studi di A.S. Penelitian ini memiliki implikasi untuk kebaruan referensi teori tentang pendidikan tinggi. Perumusan kebijakan pendidikan tinggi yang lebih sensitif pada karakteristik sosial mahasiswa pendatang.
The anatomically preserved stemZhongmingellagen. nov. from the Upper Permian of China: evaluating the early evolution and phylogeny of the Osmundales

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Reinvestigation of the anatomically preserved stem Palaeosmunda plenasioides from the Lopingian (Late Permian) of China has led to the establishment of Zhongmingella gen. nov. within the extinct family Guaireaceae (Osmundales). Zhongmingella has a rhizomatous stem with heterogeneous pith and cortex comprising parenchyma and uniformly distributed secretory cells, and is dictyostelic. In order to evaluate the systematic and phylogenetic position of Zhongmingella within Guaireaceae, and Guaireaceae within Osmundales, we conducted a preliminary cladistic analysis of a broad range of Osmundales and related taxa based on 18 extinct and six extant genera and subgenera. Results do not support the traditionally defined family Thamnopteroideae (Bathypteris, Chasmatopteris, Iegosigopteris, Thamnopteris, Zalesskya) and demonstrate that Thamnopteroideae is not a subfamily of Osmundaceae as previously thought. Guaireaceae is monophyletic but in addition to its traditionally defined members (Guairea, Lunea, Donwellicaulis, Itopsidema, Shuichengella, Zhongmingella) includes the stratigraphically younger genus Osmundacaulis previously placed in Osmundaceae. Guaireaceae is sister to Osmundaceae, Millerocaulis, Ashicaulis, Palaeosmunda and Aurealcaulis in the strict consensus, but in the majority-rule consensus Palaeosmunda, Aurealcaulis, Ashicaulis and Millerocaulis form the Osmundaceae stem group, with (Aurealcaulis, (Ashicaulis + Palaeosmunda)) sister to the extant genera. Stratigraphical analysis of the selected most parsimonious tree demonstrates that Osmundales underwent primary radiation during the Pennsylvanian and Permian, terminating abruptly around the time of the end-Permian mass extinction. Radiation within Osmundaceae occurred in the Triassic-Cretaceous and stratigraphically overlaps staggered extinctions in Guaireaceae and Osmundaceae from the Late Jurassic to mid-Cretaceous alongside the earliest angiosperm radiation. Our results identify the Osmundaceae stem and sister groups for the first time, and represent an important step in unravelling the evolutionary history of Osmundales. However, reconstructed whole-plant species are imperative to improve understanding of the relationships within the clade in deep time.
Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Trial of Labor Compared With Elective Cesarean Delivery According to Predicted Likelihood of Vaginal Delivery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

(Abstracted from J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2022;35(26):10487–10493 In 2007, the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit (MFMU) Network developed the vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) calculator to help optimize the likelihood of a successful vaginal delivery. One study found that the risk of maternal and neonatal morbidity is no greater than that of elective repeat cesarean delivery (CD)—specifically when the likelihood of successful VBAC is >70%.
ABSTRACT Software Libraries and Their Reuse:

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We analyze software reuse from the perspective of information theory and Kolmogorov complexity, assessing our ability to “compress ” programs by expressing them in terms of software components reused from libraries. A common theme in the software reuse literature is that if we can only get the right environment in place — the right tools, the right generalizations, economic incentives, a “culture of reuse ” — then reuse of software will soar, with consequent improvements in productivity and software quality. The analysis developed in this paper paints a different picture: the extent to which software reuse can occur is an intrinsic property of a problem domain, and better tools and culture can have only marginal impact on reuse rates if the domain is inherently resistant to reuse. We define an entropy parameter H ∈ [0, 1] of problem domains that measures program diversity, and deduce from this upper bounds on code reuse and the scale of components with which we may work. For “low entropy ” domains with H near 0, programs are highly similar to one another and the domain is amenable to the Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) dream of programming by composing large-scale components. For problem domains with H near 1, programs require substantial quantities of new code, with only a modest proportion of an application comprised of reused, small-scale components. Preliminary empirical results from Unix platforms support some of the predictions of our model.
The Raft-Promoting Property of Virion-Associated Cholesterol, but Not the Presence of Virion-Associated Brij 98 Rafts, Is a Determinant of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infectivity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Lipid rafts are enriched in cholesterol and sphingomyelin and are isolated on the basis of insolubility in detergents, such as Brij 98 and Triton X-100. Recent work by Holm et al. has shown that rafts insoluble in Brig 98 can be found in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virus-like particles, although it is not known whether raft-like structures are present in authentic HIV-1 and it is unclear whether a virion-associated raft-like structure is required for HIV replication. Independently, it was previously reported that virion-associated cholesterol is critical for HIV-1 infectivity, although the specific requirement of virion cholesterol in HIV-1 was not examined. In the present study, we have demonstrated that infectious wild-type HIV-1 contains Brij 98 rafts but only minimal amounts of Triton X-100 rafts. To directly assess the functional requirement of virion-associated rafts and various features of cholesterol on HIV-1 replication, we replaced virion cholesterol with exogenous cholesterol analogues that have demonstrated either raft-promoting or -inhibiting capacity in model membranes. We observed that variable concentrations of exogenous analogues are required to replace a defined amount of virion-associated cholesterol, showing that structurally diverse cholesterol analogues have various affinities toward HIV-1. We found that replacement of 50% of virion cholesterol with these exogenous cholesterol analogues did not eliminate the presence of Brij 98 rafts in HIV-1. However, the infectivity levels of the lipid-modified HIV-1s directly correlate with the raft-promoting capacities of these cholesterol analogues. Our data provide the first direct assessment of virion-associated Brij 98 rafts in retroviral replication and illustrate the importance of the raft-promoting property of virion-associated cholesterol in HIV-1 replication.
Enhanced Subthreshold Slopes in Large Diameter Single Wall Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistors

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The performance of single wall carbon nanotube field effect transistors (SWNT FETs) is greatly affected by the quality of its contacts. The presence of Schottky barriers imposes a strong scaling of the gate dielectric thickness. Here, we employ large diameter SWNTs in order to fabricate ohmically contacted FETs when a lower work function but higher adhesion strength metal such as Cr is used. A subthreshold slope as low as 113 mV/dec is obtained even when employing a thick, 200 nm SiO$_{2}$ dielectric. The result is examined in light of the positive effects of exposure to air and underlines the possibility for less stringent device fabrication techniques.
Reversing the Substrate Specificities of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Hydroxylase:  Aspartate 425 of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Is Essential for l-DOPA Formation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The catalytic domains of the pterin-dependent enzymes phenylalanine hydroxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase are homologous, yet differ in their substrate specificities. To probe the structural basis for the differences in specificity, seven residues in the active site of phenylalanine hydroxylase whose side chains are dissimilar in the two enzymes were mutated to the corresponding residues in tyrosine hydroxylase. Analysis of the effects of the mutations on the isolated catalytic domain of phenylalanine hydroxylase identified three residues that contribute to the ability to hydroxylate tyrosine, His264, Tyr277, and Val379. These mutations were incorporated into full-length phenylalanine hydroxylase and the complementary mutations into tyrosine hydroxylase. The steady-state kinetic parameters of the mutated enzymes showed that the identity of the residue in tyrosine hydroxylase at the position corresponding to position 379 of phenylalanine hydroxylase is critical for dihydroxyphenylalanine formation. The relative specificity of tyrosine hydroxylase for phenylalanine versus tyrosine, as measured by the (V/K(phe))/(V/K(tyr)) value, increased by 80000-fold in the D425V enzyme. However, mutation of the corresponding valine 379 of phenylalanine hydroxylase to aspartate was not sufficient to allow phenylalanine hydroxylase to form dihydroxyphenylalanine at rates comparable to that of tyrosine hydroxylase. The double mutant V379D/H264Q PheH was the most active at tyrosine hydroxylation, showing a 3000-fold decrease in the (V/K(phe))/(V/K(tyr)) value.