jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
GEOCHEMICAL FINGERPRINTS OF CLIMATIC OSCILLATIONS DURING THE LATE HOLOCENE IN RIA DE VIGO (N SPAIN)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This work studies mineralogical data from X-Ray Diffraction Techniques (XRD) and geochemical data analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) of fine fraction from samples collected along the Ocean Margin Exchange Project (OMEX) core KSGX 24. This core was recovered in the external sector of Ria de Vigo, N Spain. Radiocarbon ages allowed the estimation of an age about 3 ka cal BP for the core base. Core KSGX 24 is a muddy sedimentary sequence with two main sections where the sediments are finer: ≈134-90 cm and ≈26-0 cm. These finer sections are characterized by a relatively low sedimentation rate, and by changes in the geochemical and mineralogical composition of the sediments and their magnetic susceptibility. Basically, they are relatively depleted in carbonates and Ca content, and relatively enriched in detrital minerals, namely phyllosilicates, and in Al, Co and Sc. The slightly coarser grained intercalated sections are marked by the increase of Ce, La and Th content. These results suggests that, despite the prevalence of a weak hydrodynamic regime in the study area during the last 3 ka, it has undergone some changes. The mineralogical and geochemical deviations may have been conditioned by several factors, such as: authigenetic and diagenetic reactions; anthropogenic activities in the nearby continental region; the natural tendency for sea level rise; changes in hydrodynamic conditions regulated by modifications in the pattern of prevailing winds; and alterations in the rainfall regime. The two last factors are related to climate oscillations and probably with the tendency of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) to remain more positive or negative during longer periods in the past than at present. doi: 10.12957/jse.2016.21642
Parameter Optimization in Network Dynamics Including Unmeasured Variables by the Symbolic-numeric Approach ∗

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this report, we propose a new symbolic-numeric method of differential algebra and a numerical parameter optimization algorithm. First, we utilize differential elimination, which is an algebraic approach for rewriting a system of differential equations into another equivalent system, to derive the constraints between the kinetic parameters from the original system. Second, we introduce these constraints to effectively optimize the parameters into a genetic algorithm, Real-Coded Genetic Algorithms (RCGAs), which is a numerical parameter optimizing method. To evaluate the ability of our method, we performed a simulation study for an artificial biological network including one measured and three unmeasured molecules. As a result, our method, the symbolic-numeric method of differential elimination and RCGAs, precisely estimated the kinetic parameters in the simulated network, while RCGAs failed. Thus, our method is useful for analyzing the dynamics of a biological network including unmeasured molecules.
2004 Bader Award LectureMetal-ion-catalyzed acyl and phosphoryl transfer reactions to alcohols: La3+-promoted alcoholysis of activated amides, carboxylate esters, and neutral organophosphorus esters

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Unlike metal-ion-catalyzed hydrolysis processes, metal-ion-catalyzed methanolysis processes have received scant attention in the literature particularly from the standpoint of mechanistic studies. La 3+ , introduced into methanol solution as its triflate or perchlorate salt, is particularly effective in promoting methanolysis reactions of unactivated and activated esters, phosphate triesters, and activated amides such as acetyl imidazoles and lactams. Studies of the kinetics of methanolysis of these substrates as a function of solution pH and [La 3+ ] indicate that the solution comprises lanthanum dimers with one to five associated methoxides (La 2 3+ (  OCH 3 ) 15 ), the most catalytically active form being La 2 3+ (  OCH 3 ) 2 , which is produced at near neutral pH in methanol (8.4). Mechanisms for all the acyl and phosphoryl transfer reactions are proposed where the metal ion serves a dual role of acting as a Lewis acid to activate the C=O or P=O system to nucleophilic attack by a metal-coordinated methoxide nucleophile. In cases where direct comparisons can be made, the La 2 3+ catalyst system is more active for the methanolysis of nonactivated substrates than for activated substrates. Another general characteristic of this system is that the catalytic rate constant for the metal complex exceeds the second-order rate constant for free methoxide, in some cases by as much as 4600-fold. Overall the catalytic effects exhibited by the La 2 3+ system is spectacular for such substrates as paraoxon, where as little as 2 mmol L 1 La(OTf) 3 in the presence of equimolar NaOCH 3 accelerates the methanolysis by 10 9 -fold relative to the background reaction at neutral pH and ambient temperature.Key words: kinetics of methanolysis, metal ion catalysis, lanthanides, methanolysis of carboxylate esters and phosphate esters.
Signals, Systems & Inference [Bookshelf]

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This book builds on the philosophy of a unified signals and systems framework by incorporating probability into the mix. This is reflected in the inclusion of the phrase "inference" in the title, along with the now traditional "signals and systems." The book is not a competitor to other books with a more traditional coverage of the signals and systems area. Rather, the text presupposes that the students have already had such a course, in addition to an introductory course in probability. In the preface, the authors state that the book is based on a course that is populated by advanced undergraduate engineering students as well as undergraduate and graduate students from applied science. Thus, whereas a traditional signals and systems course is usually taught in the third year, a course based on this text would naturally fit into the fourth year.
Constraints on Climate and Habitability for Earth-like Exoplanets Determined from a General Circulation Model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Conventional definitions of habitability require abundant liquid surface water to exist continuously over geologic timescales. Water in each of its thermodynamic phases interacts with solar and thermal radiation and is the cause for strong climatic feedbacks. Thus, assessments of the habitable zone require models to include a complete treatment of the hydrological cycle over geologic time. Here, we use the Community Atmosphere Model from the National Center for Atmospheric Research to study the evolution of climate for an Earth-like planet at constant CO 2 , under a wide range of stellar fluxes from F-, G-, and K-dwarf main sequence stars. Around each star we find four stable climate states defined by mutually exclusive global mean surface temperatures ( T s ); snowball ( T s ≤ 235 K), waterbelt (235 K ≤ T s ≤ 250 K), temperate (275 K ≤ T s ≤ 315 K), and moist greenhouse ( T s ≥ 330 K). Each is separated by abrupt climatic transitions. Waterbelt, temperate, and cooler moist greenhouse climates can maintain open-ocean against both sea ice albedo and hydrogen escape processes respectively, and thus constitute habitable worlds. We consider the warmest possible habitable planet as having T s ∼ 355 K, at which point diffusion limited water-loss could remove an Earth ocean in ∼1 Gyr. Without long timescale regulation of non-condensable greenhouse species at Earth-like temperatures and pressures, such as CO 2 , habitability can be maintained for an upper limit of ∼2.2, ∼2.4, and ∼4.7 Gyr around F-, G-, and K-dwarf stars respectively, due to main sequence brightening.
SUCCESSFUL RESULTS FOLLOWING CARTILAGE REPAIR IN THE KNEE USING A NOVEL SYNTHETIC OSTEOCHONDRAL SCAFFOLD.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: To assess the safety and clinical and radiological outcome of the TruFit CB porous, resorbable scaffold for symptomatic osteochondral and chondral articular defects in the knee. Methods: 11 active sporting patients underwent cartilage repair using TruFit CB plugs (Smith & Nephew) for symptomatic defects on the medial or lateral femoral condyle. All had failed previous treatment (debridement/microfracture) and had persistent symptoms. Postoperatively patients were touch weight bearing for 2 weeks and partial until 4 weeks. Data was collected prospectively. The mean age was 34 (range 19 – 50) and 5 were male. Four lateral femoral condyle defects were treated, all associated with lateral meniscal tears. Four medial defects were associated with ACL injury (1), PCL injury (1) or isolated chondral injury (2). Single plugs were required in 5 (9mm in 3 and 7mm plugs in 2), 2 patients required 2 plugs (9mm and 7mm), and 2 required 3 (2×9mm + 1×7mm). Results: All 11 patients were improved at a mean follow up of 14.5 months (3–21 months) with 4 currently back to full pre-injury level of sport. Subjective IKDC scores improved from 45 pre-op to 79 post-op (p Conclusion: These preliminary results indicate that TruFit CB plugs offer a potential solution for small focal chondral defects, offering an alternative to microfracture or osteochondral grafting with advantages of low morbidity and rapid recovery without the need for prolonged non-weight bearing.
Measurement of crystallization of potassium bromate from its quiescent aqueous solution by differential scanning calorimeter. Homogeneous nucleation rate.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

To examine the validity of the procedures for measurementof homogeneous nucleation rate in the previous work1^the rate of potassium bromate from its quiescent supersaturated aqueous solution was measured in terms of the waiting time by using a differential scanning calorimeter and analyzed by the rate expression proposed previously.
A quantitative estimation of the extent of compatibilization in heterogeneous polymer blends using their heat capacity increment at the glass transition

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper a new method based on the determination of heat capacity increment at the glass transition (ΔCp) is presented to quantify the effectiveness of compatibilizers for immiscible polymer blends. In order to show the validity of the method, two immiscible blends, polypropylene–poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PP–PET) and PP–polyamide-6,6 (PP–PA66), and two compatibilizers, N, N-dihydroxyethyl monomaleic amide–grafted PP (g–PP) alone and together with a phenolic resin (PR), were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations prove that the two compatibilizer systems are both effective for compatibilizing the blends, and the combined use of g–PP and PR is more effective than g–PP alone. Modulated-temperature differential-scanning calorimetry (M-TDSC) determinations reveal that the ΔCp varies with the extent of compatibilization. For the uncompatibilized blends, the ΔCp for the PET component in PP–PET or for the PA66 component in PP–PA66 was found to be almost unchanged. After compatibilization these quantities become smaller. Also, the combined use of g–PP and PR results in the smallest ΔCp values for both blends. This ΔCp change with different compatibilizers is in very good agreement with the corresponding morphological variation observed by SEM. Thus, ΔCp can be taken as a new parameter for quantifying the extent of compatibilization, since it is a direct measure of interfacial content. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2868–2876, 1999
[Effect of the synthetic heparin antagonist, conidine oligomer 25, on the synthesis of nucleic acids in regenerating liver cells].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Localization of 14C-conidine oligomer (the synthetic antagonist of heparin) and of polyelectrolyte complex heparin-conidine oligomer 25 was studied in cells of regenerating liver tissue within 20 hrs after partial hepatectomy in rats. Effects of heparin, conidine oligomer 25 and of their polyelectrolyte complex on synthesis of nucleic acids were studied. Conidine oligomer 25 penetrated from circulation into hepatocytes and subcellular organelles of regenerating liver cells and was localized mainly in cytosol (75-88%). In nuclei and mitochondria of the hepatocytes 14C-conidine oligomer 25 was mostly found in the fraction of low density of the organelles. Polyanion heparin, polycation conidine oligomer 25 and their polymeric complex impaired replication and transcription processes.
Tennis Racket Head-Size Comparisons and Their Effect on Beginning College Players’ Achievement and Self-Efficacy

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 95-in. and 110-in. racket head-sizes in relation to beginning player skills test, daily playing achievement, and self-efficacy over a 13-day tennis unit. Participants ( n = 35) were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups within one of two instructional classes. From the analysis of the data, it was concluded that students who used the larger 110-in. head-sized racket attained greater skill test scores and daily practice achievement for the forehand and backhand groundstrokes. In addition, participants using the 110-in. head-sized rackets improved their tennis self-efficacy to a larger degree and reported significantly less negative feeling states when compared to those using the 95-in. headsized racket.
Penggunaan Fisikal Model dalam Perancangan Arsitektur

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

One important factor in architectural design process that are used is physical model. Information and design solutions for the architectural design process can be obtained using physical model. It is a tool that can be used to visualize the architecture design process from the conceptual to the final design. This paper explains the types and the use of physical model with their characteristics. It also describe information and solutions from the physical model that can be used during the architectural design process.
Identification of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa O17 and O15 O-Specific Antigen Biosynthesis Loci Reveals an ABC Transporter-Dependent Synthesis Pathway and Mechanisms of Genetic Diversity

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

P. aeruginosa is a problematic opportunistic pathogen that causes diseases in those with compromised host defenses, such as those suffering from cystic fibrosis. This bacterium produces a number of virulence factors, including a serotype-specific O antigen. Here, we identified and characterized the gene clusters that produce the O15 and O17 O antigens and show that they utilize a pathway for synthesis that is distinct from that of the 18 other known serotypes. We also provide evidence that these clusters have acquired mutations in specific biosynthesis genes and have undergone extensive horizontal gene transfer within the P. aeruginosa population. These findings expand on our understanding of O antigen biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria and the mechanisms that drive O antigen diversity.
Three Visions of Masculine Success on American Farms

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Anthropological, sociological, historical, and psychological approaches are combined to explore three divergent orientations to masculine success among American farmers. With a focus on the moral economy of the family, we link dimensions of work, livelihood, and marital partnership to the emotional consequences of women’s off-farm work. We contrast agrarian and industrial ideals found in Georgia, Iowa, and Illinois and connect their emergence to the transformation of the American economy over the last 100 years. Psychological and survey data from an Iowa study show some preliminary support for the Georgia findings that a more industrial notion of farmers’masculinity, emphasizing income and lifestyle and an expectation that a man will be the sole breadwinner of the family, confers a heavier emotional burden in a time of financial crisis. The Midwestern sustainable agriculture movement has given rise to a “third wave” of masculinity, a less competitive and individualistic ideology, emerging from a more global ecological awareness.
Invasion of Melanoma Cells byMycoplasma hyorhinis: Enhancement by Protease Treatment

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Mycoplasma hyorhinis (strain MCLD) was recently isolated from a melanoma cell culture. Growth of MCLD was considerably improved by 24 serial passages in a modified Hayflick's mycoplasma medium. Transmission electron microscopy showed that MCLD exhibits a polymorphic appearance, with ovoid or elongated cells frequently harboring an electron-dense core at one of the poles. Adherence of M. hyorhinis to melanoma cells followed saturation kinetics. Furthermore, although M. hyorhinis has been considered to remain attached to the surface of the host cells, we show for the first time, qualitatively by confocal laser scanning microscopy and quantitatively by a gentamicin resistance assay, that MCLD is able to invade melanoma cells. The ingested mycoplasmas were randomly distributed in the cytoplasm, tending to concentrate near the plasma membrane. Both adherence to and invasion of melanoma cells by M. hyorhinis strain MCLD were dramatically enhanced by mild proteolytic digestion with proteinase K (2.5 μg/mg cell protein for 2.5 min at 37°C) that affected the surface-exposed proteins of this organism, mainly the major 47-kDa lipoprotein. We suggest that the intracellular location of M. hyorhinis strain MCLD is a privileged niche, which may explain the survival of M. hyorhinis in tissue cultures. The enhanced binding to and invasion of melanoma cells by protease treatment may be due to either the activation or the enhanced exposure of an adhesin(s) on the mycoplasmal cell surface.
Maternal pre-pregnancy underweight as a risk factor for mother and child: analysis of the birth cohort Survey of Neonates in Pomerania I

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background : The prevalence of pre-pregnancy underweight (BMI (body mass index) <18.5 kg/m²) varies between 3% in Europe and 17% in Asia. Illness and low socioeconomic status may be associated with pre-pregnancy underweight which then may result in adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Methods : We analysed pre-pregnancy BMI categories using data from the population-based birth cohort Survey of Neonates in Pomerania 2002-2008 (SNiP) in north-eastern Germany. Multivariable regression analyses adjusted for confounding were used to investigate a) socio-economic risk factors for underweight before pregnancy and b) associations of underweight with pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. Results : Chronic pre-pregnancy diseases were not more frequent in underweight pregnant women. Bivariate analyses showed that underweight women were younger by three years (p<0.001), smoked twice as often (p<0.001), and less likely graduated from high school (p<0.001) compared to women with normal weight. The former were more often unemployed (p<0.001) and had lower available net-income (p<0.001). However, multivariable regression analysis adjusted for confounders revealed that only a younger age (0.90 (0.88-0.92) and smoking (RR 2.52 (1.89-3.41) remained associated with underweight. Compared to women with normal pre-pregnancy BMI, underweight women had an increased risk of premature labour (OR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.29-2.36) and a reduced placental weight. No association was found between pregnancy-induced hypertension, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, mode of birth and pre-pregnancy underweight. The offspring of underweight women had an increased risk of late preterm birth (OR = 1.79; 95% CI: 1.17-2.73) or birth with birth weight <2500g (OR = 1.99; 95% CI: 1.24-3.21). Conclusions : Smoking during pregnancy and a younger age were identified as risk factors for maternal pre-pregnancy underweight which then was associated with preterm birth and low birth weight. Targeted measures like smoking cessation programs and counselling young women about the risk of staying too slim particularly for the offspring may improve outcome.
Localization of cerebral vasculopathy following bacterial meningitis: What can we learn about postinfective ischemic sequelae?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cerebrovascular complications of bacterial meningitis account for a high incidence of mortality and postinfective neurologic sequelae. Cerebrovascular complications occurring during acute bacterial meningitis are evident from angiographic evidence demonstrating arterial occlusion and vessel wall narrowing, histopathological studies demonstrating vessel wall changes, and radiographic studies demonstrating the presence of brain infarcts. Cerebrovascular disease during bacterial meningitis has been demonstrated in of Haemophilus influenzae , Streptococcus pneumonia , Group B Streptococcus, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis models of meningitis. Despite models of bacterial meningitis showing variable patterns of cerebral vasculopathy as a contributor to different aspects of postinfectious neurological decline, very few studies describe the predominant localization of cerebral vasculopathy with different meningitis causing pathogens. Thus, this review attempts to analyze the different locations of cerebral vasculopathic changes occuring in response to different microbial pathogens and provide a pathophysiologic basis for such an observation.
Differential Effects of Dopaminergic Therapies on Dorsal and Ventral Striatum in Parkinson's Disease: Implications for Cognitive Function

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Cognitive abnormalities are a feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Unlike motor symptoms that are clearly improved by dopaminergic therapy, the effect of dopamine replacement on cognition seems paradoxical. Some cognitive functions are improved whereas others are unaltered or even hindered. Our aim was to understand the effect of dopamine replacement therapy on various aspects of cognition. Whereas dorsal striatum receives dopamine input from the substantia nigra (SN), ventral striatum is innervated by dopamine-producing cells in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In PD, degeneration of SN is substantially greater than cell loss in VTA and hence dopamine-deficiency is significantly greater in dorsal compared to ventral striatum. We suggest that dopamine supplementation improves functions mediated by dorsal striatum and impairs, or heightens to a pathological degree, operations ascribed to ventral striatum. We consider the extant literature in light of this principle. We also survey the effect of dopamine replacement on functional neuroimaging in PD relating the findings to this framework. This paper highlights the fact that currently, titration of therapy in PD is geared to optimizing dorsal striatum-mediated motor symptoms, at the expense of ventral striatum operations. Increased awareness of contrasting effects of dopamine replacement on dorsal versus ventral striatum functions will lead clinicians to survey a broader range of symptoms in determining optimal therapy, taking into account both those aspects of cognition that will be helped versus those that will be hindered by dopaminergic treatment.