jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
India: Context and Trade Liberalization

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Powered by rapid economic growth arising from significant internal reforms in the 1990s, India has developed into an economic force to be reckoned with over the past twenty years. As such, it is a land of contradictions: rapid economic growth co-exists with widespread poverty;1 a world-class information technology sector, with desperate farmers often seeing no outlet but suicide; a political system which holds free and fair elections involving over a billion people but remains regularly rocked by corruption and scandal, as in the telecom disaster of 2010–2011.
Upcoming System Modeling Challenges: Redaktionell betreuter Blog-Beitrag auf https://semiengineering.com, 14.06.2018

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Incorporating reliability information in the concept phase.:In the past, during the concept phase of a design, system models have typically lacked information regarding reliability. If at all, reliability was addressed late in the design phase shortly before tape out. As the functional safety aspect, and with it an extended device lifetime, gains more and more attention for certain applications, things have to change in the design processes. To ensure an effective development of safe systems, reliability information has to be considered right from the beginning of the concept phase.
Respiratory health evaluation by leveraging lung surfactant fluid

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Respiratory health is a critical component of human health. This physiological system allows gas exchange, activates defense mechanisms, detoxifies bioactive materials, and maintains pH. When the system is perturbed, the result is diminished lung capacity. The threshold levels that induce acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and actionable evidence that describes whether the health endpoints are reversible are mainly missing from chemical hazard assessments. In this talk, I will describe our standardized and systematic method to conduct aerosol-to-lung interaction studies in a stand-alone chamber capable of simulating occupational environments. The interaction studies were performed using two different models: the changes in lung surfactant fluid biophysical properties and perturbations in lung cell/tissue biochemical expressions.
Antioxidative Function of Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) binds and translocates many lipophilic substrates within the cytoplasm including long chain fatty acids. Moreover it was reported that L-FABP possesses antioxidative properties within hepatocytes. However, the mechanism of L-FABP’s antioxidative activity remains to be determined. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) agonists and antagonists can regulate L-FABP levels. However, it needs to be investigated how PPAR agonists and antagonists regulate L-FABP expression. And whether the altered expression of L-FABP by these agents will affect its antioxidative properties within hepatocytes remains unclear. In this thesis we employed clofibrate (PPARα agonist), MK886 (PPARα antagonist), and GW9662 (PPARγ antagonist) to elucidate the mechanism whereby PPAR regulate L-FABP expression and what effect such expression has on the antioxidant activity of L-FABP in CRL-1548 hepatoma cells. Clofibrate served to upregulate L-FABP expression while MK886 and GW9662 were employed to inhibit L-FABP expression. The principal findings revealed that clofibrate treatment enhanced L-FABP mRNA stability and transcription, which resulted in increased L-FABP levels, while MK866 and GW9662 reduced these levels. We also demonstrated that increases in L-FABP levels were associated with reduced cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS), while L-FABP siRNA knockdown resulted in a decrease in L-FABP expression and an associated increase in ROS levels. The antioxidant mechanism of recombinant rat L-FABP in the presence of a hydrophilic (AAPH) and lipophilic (AMVN) free radical generators was also evaluated. Recombinant rat L-FABP was produced in E. coli and its amino acid sequence was confirmed by MALDI QqTOF MS. Antioxidant activity was assayed using the thiobarbituric acid method. Ascorbic acid served as a positive control for the AAPH reaction while α-tocopherol was used as a positive control for the AMVN reaction. The antioxidant activity of recombinant L-FABP was greater when free radicals were generated with AAPH than AMVN. Oxidative modification of L-FABP included up to five methionine oxidative peptides with a total of 80 Da mass shift compared to native L-FABP. These findings suggest that the mechanism of L-FABP’s antioxidant activity involved the reaction of methionine with free radicals. In conclusion, L-FABP expression is regulated by PPAR agonists and antagonists through transcription and mRNA stability. Moreover, methionine residues appear to play an important role in the antioxidative activity of L-FABP.
Clinical assessment and management of sleep disorders in multiple sclerosis: a literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The major sleep disorders are common in multiple sclerosis (MS) and are associated with significant morbidity. Despite this, the rate of recognition and management of these conditions are low. All types of sleep disorders are seen in patients with MS: insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, sleep-related movement disorders, sleep-related breathing disorders, hypersomnia (narcolepsy), and parasomnia (REM sleep behavior disorder; RBD). This literature review covers the prevalence, clinical features, and treatment of sleep disorders in MS. Based on clinical experience, the spectrum of symptoms associated with MS, and the current knowledge of MS pathophysiology, we have also enclosed proposed strategies for clinical assessment and investigation of sleep disorders in MS patients.
FIRST RECORD OF CALYPTERATE FLIES IN THE MESOZOIC ERA (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Fossil puparia from the Edmonton Formation (Upper Cretaceous, about 70,000,000 years) at Drumheller, Alta., are assigned to the family Calliphoridae and described as Cretaphormia fowleri new genus, new species. This is the first pre-Tertiary record of muscoid flies.
Transfer of motor learning is associated with patterns of activity in the default mode network.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

An often-desired feature of motor learning is that it generalizes to untrained scenarios. Yet, how this is supported by brain activity remains poorly understood. Here we show, using human functional MRI and a sensorimotor adaptation task involving the transfer of learning from the trained to untrained hand, that the transfer phase of adaptation re-instantiates a highly similar large-scale pattern of brain activity to that observed during initial adaptation. Notably, we find that these neural changes, rather than occurring at the level of sensorimotor regions, predominantly occur across distributed areas of higher-order transmodal cortex, specifically in regions of the default mode network (DMN). Moreover, we show that these learning-related neural changes relate to the structural properties of transmodal cortex (its myelin content and neurotransmitter receptor density), and that intersubject differences in DMN activity relate to both adaptation- and transfer-phase task performance. Together, these findings suggest that the transfer of learning across the hands is supported by the re-expression of the same activity patterns in the DMN as those that support initial learning. Collectively, these results offer a unique characterization of the whole-brain macroscale changes associated with sensorimotor learning and generalization, and establish a key role for higher-order brain areas, such as the DMN, in the transfer of learning to untrained scenarios.
Women and their ‘uncontrollable impulses’: The medicalisation of women's crime and differential gender sentencing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This present study was initiated to explore the general consensus of opinion that female offenders are medicalised more frequently than male offenders and receive a relative excess of psychiatric intervention in the judicial response to their crimes. A comparison was drawn between 29 female and 29 male homicide offenders sentenced in the Supreme Court of Victoria during the period 1985–1991 to determine if differential gender sentencing patterns were evident. While a clear indication of a discrepancy was found, it did not affect all women. A significantly large number of women who had killed their spouse or child received a psychiatric or noncustodial order (62%) while the majority of women who killed non familial victims (38%) and committed more male‐like crimes (gain, revenge, confrontation) went to gaol. This latter group, however, with few exceptions, received lower custodial sentences than the males in either group almost all of whom were incarcerated (90%). None of the male offenders in the sample received a psychiatric disposition with medical orders. Two intellectually disabled males received bonds.
Cu(II)-Catalyzed Decarboxylative (4 + 2) Annulation of Coumarin-3-Carboxylic Acids with In Situ Generated α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds from tert-Propargylic Alcohols

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Cu(II)-catalyzed decarboxylative oxidative (4 + 2) annulation of coumarin-3-carboxylic acids with tert-propargylic alcohols, via the in situ generated α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds by the Meyer-Schuster rearrangement, has been developed. This protocol involving indirect C-H functionalization offers access to diverse naphthochromenone architectures with good to excellent yields.
Rubik's Dilemma: Partial Knowledge and the Efficacy of Learning

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Does superior knowledge today engender enhanced learning and superior performance in the future? While popular managerial wisdom might typically answer in the affirmative, the strategy literature is circumspect, pointing to the benefits of knowledge for future performance, but also to costs such as competency traps and cognitive rigidities. We argue that opposing views on the implications of knowledge derive from the fact that knowledge has not one, but two mechanisms by which it alters future firm performance: an endowment effect because it enhances the efficacy with which new knowledge is accumulated, and a behavioral effect because it alters the search strategy a firm employs in seeking to build upon and supplement its prior knowledge. Consider a firm endowed with partial knowledge good answers to a subset of problems within a larger multi-dimensional problem. The firm naturally focuses its search on the dimensions of the problem for which it does not have solutions. Using a computational model, we examine the efficacy of this focus heuristic and implications of initial knowledge for future performance. By considering the dual consequences of knowledge, our theory is able to reconcile opposing accounts of the benefits of initial knowledge. Specifically, we identify conditions under which initial knowledge is negatively or positively correlated with future performance.
[Quantification of fish starvation treatments and randomization test for the contribution rates of treatment factors by BP network].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this paper, four feeding treatments including continuous feeding (SR00), recycling of 2 days starvation and 2 days refeeding (SR22), recycling of 7 days starvation and 2 days refeeding (SR72), and recycling of 7 days starvation and 7 days refeeding (SR77) were designed, and the feeding treatments were quantified as two treatment factors, i. e., starvation stress (SS) and starvation frequency (CF). Combining these two factors with the factors dry matter feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), water temperature (TE), water salinity (SA), water pH (PH) and growth time (GT), three BP artificial neural networks were constructed to predict the weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of Lateolabrax japonicus, respectively. The results showed that the WG, SGR and FCR of L. japonicus were significantly affected by different feeding treatments. Throughout a 8-week trial, the WG and SGR of starved fish couldn't catch up to those of control fish. Except for SR72 group whose FCR was markedly higher than that of control group, no differences in FCR were observed between control group and experimental groups SR22 and SR77. The study also indicated that artificial neural network could well predict WG and SGR, but was unavailable for FCR. Among the eight factors, FI, SS, CF and GT had significant contributions to both WG and SGR. Furthermore, WG and SGR were predominantly dependent on FI and SS, respectively. Based on 4999 randomizations, the contribution rate of the treatment factors (including related FI) to WG and SGR was 64.9% and 79.7% , respectively.
Comparative Study of Bacteremias Caused by Enterococcus spp. with and without High-Level Resistance to Gentamicin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT A prospective, multicenter study was carried out over a period of 10 months. All patients with clinically significant bacteremia caused by Enterococcus spp. were included. The epidemiological, microbiological, clinical, and prognostic features and the relationship of these features to the presence of high-level resistance to gentamicin (HLRG) were studied. Ninety-three patients with enterococcal bacteremia were included, and 31 of these cases were caused by HLRG (33%). The multivariate analysis selected chronic renal failure, intensive care unit stay, previous use of antimicrobial agents, and Enterococcus faecalis species as the independent risk factors that influenced the development of HLRG. The strains with HLRG showed lower levels of susceptibility to penicillin and ciprofloxacin. Clinical features (except for chronic renal failure) were similar in both groups of patients. HLRG did not influence the prognosis for patients with enterococcal bacteremia in terms of either the crude mortality rate (29% for patients with bacteremia caused by enterococci with HLRG and 28% for patients not infected with strains with HLRG) or the hospital stay after the acquisition of enterococcal bacteremia. Hemodynamic compromise, inappropriate antimicrobial therapy, and mechanical ventilation were revealed in the multivariate analysis to be the independent risk factors for mortality. Prolonged hospitalization was associated with the nosocomial acquisition of bacteremia and polymicrobial infections.
Human coagulation abnormalities during acute exposure to hypobaric hypoxia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Multiple coagulation studies were carried out in eight healthy young menat sea level (SL) and after 1, 24, and 48 h at a simulated altitude of 4,400 m. Platelet aggregation, as induced by ADP, epinephrine, and collagen, was not significantly altered by high-altitude (HA) exposure. Mean 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, a physiological inhibitor of platelet aggregation, rose (P less than 0.001) after 24 h at HA and remained elevated while no changes in circulating catecholamines were observed. Platelet count, factor 3 availability, and membrane lipid peroxide formation were likewise unaltered at HA, as were prothrombin and thrombin times and protamine paracoagulation test. However, mean partial thromboplastin time was significantly shortened (P less than 0.01) after 1 and 24 h at HA, recovering to SL control by 48 h. Fibrinogen and factor VIII levels also fell (P less than 0.01 and P less than 0.02) after 1 h at HA but returned to the preexposure values by 24 h. Fibrin degradation products were transiently detectable in three subjects at HA. Thus, although normal platelet function did not appear to be modified by short-term exposure to simulated high altitude, evidence for a coagulopathy was obtained.
LHD ICHVOLT #194649.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) heating system to launch fast waves (Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) waves) to heat plasma particles by wave-particle interaction. Raw data are forward and reflected power and voltage of transmission lines, 3.5 U/L and 4.5 U/L.
Protein‐Based Nanocomposites for Food Packaging

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This chapter focuses on the ability of protein‐based materials for preserving food quality and safety. First, it presents the structure of proteins and the possible processing routes to preparing protein‐based nanocomposites. Next, the chapter discusses how the incorporation of nanofillers can modulate mechanical and barrier properties of protein‐based materials. After that, some examples of the use of protein‐based nanocomposites as controlled delivery systems for active packaging are given. Finally, the chapter deals with food safety aspects by presenting the possibility of considering protein‐based nanocomposites as food contact materials.
Der Einfluß von Bor auf das Kationen‐Anionen‐Gleichgewicht von Tomatenpflanzen

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Influence of Boron on the Cation Anion Balance in Tomato Leaves . Tomato plants were grown in nutrient solutions containing 10 ‐3 to 1 ppm B. Maximum yield was obtained at 10 ‐1 ppm B. Boron deficiency resulted in a yield depression of about 60%. The boron content of the leaves increased from 5 ppm at low to 89 ppm at high boron supply. Nitrogen and ion contents of the leaves were affected by boron deficiency in the following way: 1. Total and organic N, K. the sum of cations, and the sum of inorganic anions were depressed. 2. The (C‐A)‐value, i.e. the toal content of organic ions, remained almost unchanged. The citrate and malate contents were increased, oxalate and pectinate decreased. . In plants of adequate boron supply the amount of organic nitrogen and sulphur exceeded the organic anion content by 97 to 114 meq./100 grs.d.m., — in deficient plants only by 25 meq. This is explained by the assumption that the transport of carboxylates from the leaves to the root via phloem is reduced by B‐deficiency.
On the Confidence of Gc Type Determinations

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Summary The immuno‐electrophoretic technique of Gc type determination has been studied, and a standard technique has been developed which provides reproducible Gc patterns. The antisera should preferably give distinct Gc precipitates but few other lines in the alpha 2 ‐globulin area. The reliability of the technique has been tested by duplicate examinations of serum samples, and no discrepancies as to the Gc types have been observed. Observations by earlier authors and in the present study show that the Gc type of a child is developed at birth, and that a change of type in later life by disease or other influence is highly improbable. The Gc characters are not easily destroyed by exposure of blood samples to unfavourable storage conditions within practical limits. It may be concluded that the confidence of Gc type determinations is satisfactory and justifies the application of the Gc system in cases of disputed paternity. Résumé L'analyse immunoélectrophorétique pour la détermination des types Gc a été étudiée, et une technique standard a été mise au point qui permet d'obtenir des lignes Gc reproductibles. Les anti‐sérums doivent, si possible, donner des lignes de précipitation Gc distinctes mais peu d'autres lignes de précipitation au niveau des alpha 2 ‐globulines. La fidélité de la technique a été éprouvée en pratiquant des examens à double avec les échantillons de sérums, et il n'a pas été constaté de discordance dans les résultats des types Gc obtenus. En accord avec les observations d'autres auteurs, la présente étude démontre que le type Gc de l'enfant est développé à la naissance et qu'une modification de ce type au courant de la vie soit par des maladies soit par d'autres phénomènes est hautement improbable. Les caractères Gc ne se détruisent pas facilement lorsque le sang est conservé dans des conditions défavorables. On peut conclure que la sécurité des déterminations des types Gc est satisfaisante et que leur utilisation dans les cas de paternité contestée se justifie. Zusammenfassung Die immunoelektrophoretische Bestimmungstechnik der Gc‐Typenbestimmung wurde untersucht. Es wurde eine Standardtechnik entwickelt, die reproduzierbare Ergebnisse ergibt. Die hiezu verwendeten Antiseren sollten deutliche Gc‐Präzipitationslinien, aber auch einige zusätzliche Linien im α 2 ‐Globulinbereich erscheinen lassen. Die Zuverlässigkeit der Technik wurde durch Doppelbestimmung zahlreicher Serumproben überprüft. Unterschiedliche Ergebnisse wurden nie festgestellt. Beobachtungen früherer Autoren wie auch die hier vorgelegten Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Gc‐Typ beim Kind bereits anläßlich der Geburt voll ausgeprägt ist. Eine änderung im künftigen Leben, sei es durch Krankheit oder andere Einflüsse, erscheint als höchst unwahrscheinlich. Die Gc‐Merkmale sind gegenüber unzulänglichen Lagerungsbedingungen der Seren bemerkenswert resistent. Aus dem Gesagten geht hervor, daß die Zuverlässigkeit von Gc‐Bestimmungen einen Grad erreicht hat, der die Verwendung des Gc‐Systems in Fällen von strittiger Vaterschaft rechtfertigt.
The dilemma of Third World defense industries: supplier control or recipient autonomy? and The Israeli arms industry: foreign policy, arms transfers and military doctrine of a small state

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article The dilemma of Third World defense industries: supplier control or recipient autonomy? and The Israeli arms industry: foreign policy, arms transfers and military doctrine of a small state Get access The dilemma of Third World defense industries: supplier control or recipient autonomy?Edited by Kwang Il-Baeket al. . Boulder, CO: Westview. 1989. 278pp. Index. (Pacific and World Studies 3.) £24.95; ISBN 0 8133 0582 9. Pb.: £10.95; ISBN 0 8133 0586 1.The Israeli arms industry: foreign policy, arms transfers and military doctrine of a small state. By Stewart Reiser. New York: Holmes & Meier. 1989. 252pp. Index. $55.00. ISBN 0 8419 1028 6. Yezid Sayigh Yezid Sayigh 1St Antony's College, Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 67, Issue 1, January 1991, Pages 147–149, https://doi.org/10.2307/2621236 Published: 01 January 1991
Managing Climate-Driven Zoonotic Risk Interagency Workshop Report

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In July 2022, Sandia National Laboratories hosted a workshop in Washington, D.C., bringing together representatives from eleven Federal Government agencies, responsible for public health, environmental security, and biodefense, as well as six Department of Energy (DOE) National Laboratories, to discuss how to work together to address climate-driven zoonotic disease risk. The primary goal of this workshop was to provide a forum for Federal and DOE National Lab attendees to share their missions, programs, and capabilities relevant to zoonotic disease emergence, to discuss how to best leverage these collective resources, identify key gaps, and to determine an effective path forward.