jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The psychological burden of peanut allergy as perceived by adults with peanut allergy and the parents of peanut‐allergic children

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background Peanut‐allergic patients are affected by a condition which forces them and their families to exercise extreme dietary vigilance and experience constant uncertainty throughout their lives. Objective To compare the quality of life and family relations of children and adults with a peanut allergy to that of children and adults with a rheumatological disease. Methods Patients with a confirmed diagnosis of peanut allergy or a rheumatological disease completed (for children less than 18 years, by proxy) self‐report questionnaires regarding the impact of their condition on their quality of life and family relations. A vertical visual analogue scale and the Impact on Family Questionnaire (IFQ) served as outcome measures. Results One hundred and fifty‐three peanut‐allergic children were compared with 69 children with a rheumatological disease while 37 peanut‐allergic adults were compared with 42 adults with a rheumatological disease. The parents of peanut‐allergic children, compared to the parents of children with a rheumatological disease, reported that their children had significantly more disruption in their daily activities. Furthermore, the parents of peanut‐allergic children reported more impairment in the familial‐social dimension of the IFQ. Conversely, adults with a chronic rheumatological disease reported more disruption in their family relations than peanut‐allergic adults. Conclusion Given the considerable disruption in daily activities and family relations reported by the parents of peanut‐allergic children, accurate diagnosis of peanut allergy is essential. Our work should make health care professionals dealing with children with confirmed peanut allergy more aware of the support that these families may require. Furthermore, we hope to motivate food industries to offer more ‘peanut free’ products to decrease the dietary restrictions of these patients while minimizing their potential for accidental ingestion.
Cornelis Matelief, Hugo Grotius, and the King of Siam (1605–1616): Agency, initiative, and diplomacy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article addresses the proactive agency of the Siamese kings in cementing commercial and diplomatic ties with the Dutch in the first two decades of the seventeenth century. The focus will be on two interrelated developments: one, the first diplomatic mission to the Dutch Republic in 1608–1610 and, two, a scheme hatched by Siamese officials to assist the Dutch in obtaining access to the Chinese market. This was deemed necessary after the Dutch, supported by some overseas Chinese businessmen from Southeast Asia, failed to gain trading access in 1604. On the Dutch side, two men stand in the limelight: Admiral Cornelis Matelief de Jonge, a director of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and supreme commander of its second fleet to Asia, and Hugo Grotius, who at the time was a rising star in the Dutch government and would later be celebrated as one of the pathfinders of modern international law. Both their published and unpublished manuscripts will be examined to ascertain how Matelief and the VOC directors reacted to these Siamese initiatives and how, in turn, the admiral sought to mobilize and co-opt the Siamese into his own commercial and military agenda, with the help of Grotius.
Practical Approach to the Management of the Severely Injured.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Events associated with severely injured victims are common occurrences. These injured patients should be properly managed to achieve good outcome. Trauma algorithm protocols are known to improve therapeutic process and outcome. However, most hospitals in our subregion that attend to severely injured patients are yet to develop an algorithm treatment protocols for the management of these patients. The ambulance system in Nigeria is still un-coordinated and unsupervised. Most of the existing ambulances are not well equipped and usually not manned by experienced paramedics. Therefore, transfer of severely injured victims is fraught with danger during transit. Communication link to inform the trauma centres ahead of transfer is virtually non-existent. Upgrading of the trauma systems in Nigeria is necessary to prevent unnecessary mortality among the resourceful age group that are mostly affected by events causing severely injured patients .
VALUATIVE DOMAINS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A (commutative integral) domain R is said to be valuative if, for each nonzero element u in the quotient field of R, at least one of R ⊆ R[u] and R ⊆ R[u -1 ] has no proper intermediate rings. Such domains are closely related to valuation domains. If R is a valuative domain, then R has at most three maximal ideals, and at most two if R is not integrally closed. Also, if R is valuative, the set of nonmaximal prime ideals of R is linearly ordered, at most one maximal ideal of R does not contain each nonmaximal prime of R, and R P is a valuation domain for each prime P except for at most one maximal ideal. Any integrally closed valuative domain is a Bézout domain. Valuation domains are characterized as the quasilocal integrally closed valuative domains. Each one-dimensional Prüfer domain with at most three maximal ideals is valuative.
Dynamic of Distributed Parameter Systems; From Infinite to Finite Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work focuses on describing the dynamicbehavior of distributed parameter systems by means ofspatial discretization. In control and system theory literature, distributed parameter systems are simply thesystems that are represented mathematically by partialdifferential equations. Thus, the key notion of this work isrepresenting the dynamic behavior of distributed parametersystems by means of spatial discretization of the dynamics ofthe system. Spatial discretization, or lumping, aims totransform a partial differential equation to a set of ordinarydifferential equations. The proposed concept approximatesthe dynamic behavior of the physical system by lumping itto small tranches and then using the finite differencesmethod to interconnect formally these lumps and simulatesthe dynamic of the overall system.
Management of Delayed Onset Postoperative Hemorrhage after Anastomotic Urethroplasty

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Excision with primary anastomosis (EPA) urethroplasty is generally the preferred method for short strictures in the bulbar urethra, given its high success rate and low complication rate compared to other surgical interventions. Bleeding is a presumed risk factor for any surgical procedure but perioperative hemorrhage after an EPA requiring hospitalization and/or reintervention is unreported with no known consensus on the best course for management. Through our experience with three separate cases of significant postoperative urethral hemorrhage after EPA, we developed an algorithm for treatment beginning with conservative management and progressing through endoscopic and open techniques, as well as consideration of embolization by interventional radiology. All the three of these cases were managed successfully though they did require multiple interventions. We theorize that younger patients with more robust corpus spongiosum and more vigorous spontaneous erections, patients that have undergone fewer prior urethral procedures and therefore have more prominent vasculature, and those patients managed with a two-layer closure of the ventral urethra without ligation of the transected bulbar arteries are at a higher risk for this complication.
MALE SEX HORMONE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The numerous claims and conflicting reports concerning treatment with male sex hormone make it desirable to define its use more precisely. The testis consists essentially of two parts: (1) the seminiferous tubules, the most important function of which is to produce spermatozoa, and (2) the interstitial cells of Leydig, the most important function of which is to produce male sex hormone.1What relationship, if any, exists between these two structures is unknown. On the production of the male sex hormone depends the development of secondary sex characteristics, namely the growth of the penis, scrotum, prostate, seminal vesicles, epididymis, vas deferens, body hair, beard, pitch of the voice and, to some extent, skeletal growth, including the contour of the body. Observations of the last few years have demonstrated conclusively that a delicate balance exists between the anterior lobe of the pituitary and the testis.2The pituitary apparently stimulates the
Traffic forecasting risk study update 2005: through ramp-up and beyond

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Over the past three years the credit rating agency Standard & Poor's has published a series of reports reflecting on the performance of traffic forecasts. The original study concentrated on toll roads however, in 2004, data became available to allow for a comparative analysis of the traffic forecasting performance of toll roads with that from toll-free roads. Standard & Poor's 2005 traffic risk study ('Through Ramp-Up and Beyond') further extends our analysis. Until now, our focus has been on the first year of operations - typically a very sensitive time in terms of the generation of project cash flows robust enough to meet construction-related debt repayment obligations. Our 2005 study looks beyond this first year, at forecasting performance in years 2, 3, 4 etc. Some industry observers have commented that our earlier focus on Year 1 of highway operations may have generated results that failed to represent project performance over the longer term. Our 2005 study addresses this issue head-on, with results that may surprise some readers. For the covering abstract please see ITRD E135207.
A regional magnitude scale für Central Europa based on crustal wave attenuation

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Using Sg-amplitudes measured at GDR and Czechoslovak stations from earthquakes in Central Europe and the surrounding area, and magnitudes given by various stations and agencies for the same events, calibration functions modelled to contain separated components of geometrical spreading (r"SUP -n") and anelastic attenuation (e"SUP -br/T") have been derived. Obtained b-values show significant variation for different spreading types, but surprisingly small scatter, for any given spreading type, for different geographical regions (sectors). Derives a magnitude formula applicable to short-period vertical-component seismograph readings at stations BRG, CLL, MOX, KHC and PRU. Epicentral distances should be greater than 100 km. The attenuation of Sg- waves in the Central European crust can be described by a mean value of Q = 230. -after Authors
Farmers' knowledge towards aerobic rice cultivation in Muktsar district of Punjab.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In Punjab rice is cultivated mainly through transplanting method which is more laborious, time consuming and water demanding. Aerobic rice is becoming popular among the farmers to overcome these problems and Muktsar district has adopted maximum area under this technology in the state. Therefore a study was conducted to assess the knowledge of farmers regarding agronomic practices of aerobic rice cultivation covering four villages viz Chattiana, Guri sangar, Dhulkot and Kauni of selected district. A sample of 30 farmers was selected in each village by using random sampling technique. Therefore the total samples size for study was 120 farmers. A knowledge test was developed with 11 items related to different agronomic practices of aerobic rice cultivation. One score was given to correct answer and zero score was assigned to incorrect answer. Majority of the farmers had medium level of knowledge. So, more training programmes should be organized to increase knowledge level of farmers regarding aerobic rice cultivation which will help to make a change in present traditional rice cultivation practices. The tvalue of correlation coefficient indicated that education, operational land holding, annual income, innovativeness and risk taking capacity characteristics of the farmers were positive significantly correlated with their knowledge level regarding aerobic rice cultivation
Farmed Fish Feeds: Use of Non-Conventional Feed as Fishmeal Replacement in Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fish feeds are an integral part of commercial and personal aquaculture, which provides a balanced diet and nutrition for farmed fish. High cost and competition with human food of fish feed is a major concern amongst the livestock and aquaculture feed industries. The objective of this paper is to analyze the current state of understanding on the use of non-conventional feed to replace normal fish feeds in Nigeria using information from secondary data. The mastery and use of substitute sources of fishmeal at all stages of fish development is crucial to reducing the demand on aquatic resources caused by the use of fishmeal in fish feed. Non-conventional feed ingredients are not usually the traditional ingredients used for commercial fish feed production. Many unconventional sources are of very good nutrient profiles which when incorporated into feeds can meet parts of the protein and energy requirements of the fish. Most of these indigenous fish feed resources are non-competitive in terms of human consumption, their prices are relatively very low and sometimes are of no cost value. They are usually byproducts or waste products from agricultural industries, domestic waste, and wild plants, thus their utilization as feed resources can help to reduce the cost of fish feeds and fish production in Nigeria.
The Impact of President Reagan's Foreign Policy Efforts in Chile and Nicaragua

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis explores whether President Ronald Reagan's policies on Chile and Nicaragua met his intended goals of promoting the spread of liberal democracy and countering Soviet influence in the region. Using a case studies approach to analyze Reagan's foreign policies in Chile and Nicaragua, the thesis seeks to inform conclusions about his success and failure in U.S. foreign policy in Latin America. The study examined whether Reagan achieved success in these two countries by using the key tenets of the Reagan Doctrine, the principal expression of the campaign to gain public support for the strengthening of governments and anti-government forces on the side of free democratic capitalism and the weakening of governments and anti-government forces on the side of Marxist-Leninism. The tenets of the Reagan Doctrine include: regimes that were not aligned with communism; national economies that did not rely upon the Soviet Union and that had open trade with the U.S. and stronger private sectors; and regimes that cooperated with the U.S. government. This thesis is both relevant and timely as U.S. presidents continue to involve themselves in the affairs of other nations. It seeks to contribute to the ongoing debate on the necessity and practicality of influencing affairs in countries around the world so that they will align themselves politically and ideologically with the United States and to provide lessons for future U.S. presidents as they create their own foreign policy agendas.
Phase I trial of BMS-247550 and gemcitabine in patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

2098 Background: BMS 2247550 (BMS) is a semi-synthetic analog of the natural non-taxane product Epothilone B, one of a new class of tubulin polymerizing agents. Preliminary trials demonstrate BMS has a broad range of anti-tumor activity. Based on our previous study evaluating Gemcitabine and Docetaxel we have pursued the investigation of Gemcitabine with this promising micro-tubulin stabilizer. Method: phase I trial to establish MTD and evaluate pharmacokinetics of BMS over 3 hours day 8 with GEM infused over 90 minutes day 1 and 8 of 21 day cycle. Patients (pts) were evaluated for response via RECIST criteria. To date 18 pts (median age 63 years [range 46–75]; Male 7: Female 11; median PS 1) have been treated with various solid tumors at 3 dose levels. A total of 44 cycles have been given with median = 2. Results: 6 pts were initially treated at dose level 1(BMS/GEM 20/900 mg/m2). Three pts were treated at dose level 2(BMS/GEM 30/900 mg/m2): 2 pts experienced gr (grade) 4 neutropenia, but did not have fever or require hospitalization. Of the 2 pts with DLT hematologic (heme) toxicity, 1 also experienced gr3 ALT elevations after cycle 1. Thus, level 1 was expanded to 9 pts and determined to be MTD. Of these 9 pts at level 1 heme toxicity was notable for gr4 neutropenia: 2, gr3 neutropenia: 4, gr3 thrombocytopenia: 3 and non heme toxicity: gr4 constipation:1, gr3 bilirubin:1, gr4 constipation:1. One patient had a severe allergic reaction to BMS associated with reversible EKG changes, chest pain and negative cardiac work up. Four pts were treated at level 3(BMS/GEM 30/750 mg/m2): 1 pt experienced gr4 heme toxicity (neutropenia and thrombocytopenia) and 2 pts experienced gr3 heme toxicity (neutropenia). 1 patient was admitted for fever without neutropenia. Of 12 evaluable pts, 5 (1 leiomyosarcoma, 2 ovarian, 2 uterine) demonstrated stable disease. No partial responses have been observed. In addition, 2 pts with ovarian cancer followed with non-evaluable lesions and CA125 elevation had > 50% decrease in their CA125. Conclusion: This promising trial continues to accrue. Updated information and pharmacokinetic data will be presented. (NCI sponsored trial) Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Lilly
冬期における茄の保温, 加温育苗の研究と琉球における果菜類育苗の必要性の考察

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1. It is said that it is not necessary to raise seedlings of solanaceous and cucurbitaceous vegetables in the cold frame or in the hotbed in the Ryukyus. This idea is an obstacle to the improvement of Ryukuys agriculture. This report aims to prove that it is beneficial to raise seedlings of these vegetables in the hotbed or in the cold frame in winter, through studies of the eggplant. 2. The main purposes of raising seedlings of the vegetables in the Ryukyus are (1) to intensify the use of land, by a rational rotation system and by shortening the period during which the vegetables occupy land, and (2) to market them in April and May when the unit prices of these vegetables are high. The unit prices of them are extraordinarily high in the early market, but drop rapidly in June. 3. The studies were conducted at University of the Ryukyus, using nine small concrete frames, 72.7cm. in length, 45.5cm. in width, and 45.5cm. in depth. 4. As sowing beds, the nine frames were divided into three classes in accordance with the sash and cover used , and into three groups in accordance with the source of heat. The classes of treatments consisted of: Class 1 (frames A, B, & C)-frames with glass-sash and old matting cover at night; Class 2 (frames D, E, & F)-frames with only glass-sash: and Class 3(frames G, H, & I)-frames without sash and cover. The groups of treatments consisted of: Group 1 (frames A, D, & G)-manure heated hotbeds; Group 2(frames B, E, & H) cold frames in which soil for plant bed was placed on 3 cm. of straw, so that radiant heat might be stored in the bedding soil, preventing its escape to the soil underneath, and Group 3 (frames C.F. & I)-untreated cold frames. 5. Eggplant seeds, variety "Nakate-kitshin", were sown on January 19, 1957. On February 19, seedlings were measured as to height and weight, and were transplanted in the same nine frames-two seedlings from each frame, a total of 18 plants, plus 6 seedlings which were raised in the same condition as those in frame A, were transplanted in each transplanting bed. On March 19, the average weight of the 2 seedlings raised in a combination of treatments in the sowing and transplanting beds, a total of 81 combinations were measured. And the 6 seedlings from each frame, a total of 54 plants were transplanted to the experimental farm. The data had been collected up to May 13. All tests were made in randamized blocks.
Genomic fingerprinting of "Haemophilus somnus" isolates by using a random-amplified polymorphic DNA assay

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The random-amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay was used to generate DNA fingerprints for 16 isolates of "Haemophilus somnus," and one isolate each of "Haemophilus agni," "Histophilus ovis," "Actinobacillus seminis," Pasteurella haemolytica, and Escherichia coli. The RAPD assay differentiated among "H. somnus" isolates, which shared similarity coefficients of 0.46 to 1.00 on the basis of pairwise comparisons of RAPD markers produced with nine random decamer primers. Three virulent encephalitic "H. somnus" isolates exhibited identical banding patterns, suggesting a common clonal ancestry. The RAPD assay clearly distinguished between the "H. somnus"-"H. agni"-"H. ovis" group and the other bacterial species tested. The results of the present study suggest that DNA fingerprinting of "H. somnus" isolates by the RAPD assay could be valuable in revealing subspecific divisions within this largely unexplored species.
Ruth Iyob and Gilbert Khadiagala. Sudan: The Elusive Quest for Peace. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 2006. 224 pp. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $15.95. Paper.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

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Drug Passage across the Cell Membrane

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Many drugs need to pass through one or more cell membranes to reach their site of action. A common feature of all cell membranes is a phospholipid bilayer, about 10 nm thick, arranged with the hydrophilic heads on the outside and the lipophilic chains facing inwards. This gives a sandwich effect, with two hydrophilic layers surrounding the central hydrophobic one. Spanning this bilayer or attached to the outer or inner leaflets are glycoproteins, which may act as ion channels, receptors, intermediate messengers (G-proteins) or enzymes. The cell membrane has been described as a ‘fluid mosaic’ as the positions of individual phosphoglycerides and glycoproteins are by no means fixed (Figure 1.1).
Refugee children in a virtual world: intercultural online communication and community

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

CHICAM (Children in Communication about Migration) is a European wide three-year action research project (2002-5) funded by the European Commission. CHICAM aims to explore the ways in which media production and communication might allow refugee and migrant children to share, compare and express their experiences of migration. The more political objective is to explore how the content and processes of this communication could inform policy initiatives in the areas of migration and children. Indeed, three of the specific research themes are closely connected to relevant policy areas in the social arena: friendship and peer relations, school or work and family. The fourth theme is designed to examine how audio-visual language is used by the children in the project in intercultural communication and could be used to promote intercultural communication. This theme is particularly important considering the number of different languages represented in the project – encompassing the European languages of the partnership and also the languages of origin for the children.