jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A realistic phantom of the human head for validation of attenuation correction methods in PET-MRI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

389 Background: The combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (PET-MRI) is a unique hybrid imaging modality mainly used in oncology and neurology. The MRI-based attenuation correction (MRAC) is crucial for correct quantification of PET data. A suitable phantom to validate quantitative results in PET-MRI is currently missing. In particular, the correction of attenuation due to bone is usually not verified by commonly available phantoms. The aim of this work was to develop such a phantom and to explore whether such a phantom can be used to validate MRACs.
Methods: Various materials were investigated for their attenuation and MR properties. For the substitution of bone, water-saturated gypsum plaster was used. The attenuation of 511 keV annihilation photons was regulated by addition of iodine. Fatty tissue was imitated by silicone and brain tissue by agarose gel, respectively. The practicability with respect to the comparison of MRACs was checked as follows: A small flask inserted into the phantom and a large spherical phantom (serving as a reference with negligible error in MRAC) were filled with the very same stock solution. The activity concentration was measured and compared using clinical protocols on PET-MRI and different built-in and offline MRACs. The same measurements were carried out using PET-CT for comparison.
Results: The phantom imitates the human head in sufficient detail. All tissue types including bone were detected as such so that the phantom-based comparison of the quantification accuracy of PET-MRI is possible. Quantitatively, the activity concentration in the brain, which was determined using different MRACs, showed a mean deviation of about 5% and a maximum deviation of 11% compared to the spherical phantom. For PET-CT, the deviation was 5%.
Conclusions: The comparatively small error in quantification demonstrates that the phantom can be used to validate MRAC methods. Hence, a cross-system comparison towards standardization of the overall quantification performance of various PET-MRI systems, including their MRAC methods, seems to be possible for the first time for brain imaging.
Supporting data
Light field imaging technology for virtual reality content creation: A review

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The light field (LF) imaging technique can capture 3D scene information in 4D by recording both 2D intensity and 2D direction of incoming light rays. Due to this capability, LF has shown a great interest in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) for enhanced immersion, improved depth perception and reconstruction of realistic 3D environments. This paper presents a comprehensive review of LF imaging technology and other approaches used for VR content creation. The applications of LF technology beyond VR and AR are also discussed. The challenges and limitations of other approaches for VR content creation are examined. State‐of‐the‐art research has focused on how VR experiences benefit from LF technology and identified the challenges to creating comfortable, immersive and realistic VR content such as (1) image size and resolution, (2) processing speed, (3) precise calibration and (4) depth reconstruction. Recommendations that can be considered for creating immersive VR content are provided to enhance user experience. These recommendations aim to contribute to developing more comfortable and realistic VR content, extending the potential applications of LF imaging technology in diverse fields.
Generation of des-(1-3) insulin-like growth factor-I in serum by an acid protease

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Generation of des-(1-3) insulin-like growth factor-I in serum by an acid protease Get access H Yamamoto, H Yamamoto 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L J Murphy L J Murphy 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Endocrinology, Volume 135, Issue 6, 1 December 1994, Pages 2432–2439, https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.135.6.7988428 Published: 01 December 1994
Optimization of cone beam computed tomography scan protocols for the intraoperative detection of residual stones in percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Purpose: The primary surgical treatment modality for large or complex renal stones is percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) allows for intraoperative imaging and can be used to enhance intraoperative assessment of a stone-free status during a PCNL procedure. However, scanning protocols have not yet been optimized for this purpose. The high degree of stone and patient characteristics require a tailored approach. This study aims to select the most suitable CBCT-protocols for imaging stone fragments intraoperatively during PCNL. Methods: A phantom insert with 100 calcifications varying in size and density was placed in an anthropomorphic abdominal phantom. Nine different CBCT protocols were used with varying dose settings, and each scan was repeated 5 times with a small translation between each scan. Detectability of the calcifications was scored by visual assessment and visibility curves were generated for each protocol, depicting the minimum size and density at which calcifications were still detectable. Image noise and contrast-to-noise ratios were calculated for each protocol, as well as estimated effective patient doses per CBCT-scan. Results: Calcification detectability, and contrast-to-noise ratios decreased with a decrease in radiation dose, whereas noise ratios increased. Three suitable scanning protocols were selected, a high-dose or soft-stone CBCT-protocol resulting in an effective dose of 10.7 mSv per CBCT-scan, a medium-dose CBCT-protocol resulting in an effective dose of 4.6 mSv and a low-dose or hard-stone CBCT-protocol resulting in an effective dose of 2.2 mSv. Conclusion: Radiation dose for intraoperative CBCT for imaging calcifications can effectively be lowered whilst maintaining calcification visibility, by implementing low-dose CT-protocols with lowered dose settings and the application of a copper filter. The three proposed scanning protocols provide options to select a scan protocol based on stone type and patient characteristics.
Webcam modelling in Korea: censorship, pornography, and eroticism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The South Korean government enforces strict censorship against pornography. In spite of such regulations, there is a vibrant webcam modelling industry in Korea that operates under the radar. I examine how censorship influences perceptions of Korean webcam models and their viewers. The central questions that drive this article are: how does censorship against pornography impact the ways that individuals engage with their sexual desires in online spaces; and what are the broader sociocultural consequences of such censorship? I explore these questions in conversation with feminist scholarship on webcam modelling, censorship, and erotics. I argue that webcam models and their viewers form an illicit eroticism whereby they derive pleasure from defying the norms of sexual propriety. I argue that the illicit eroticism that forms as a result of censorship against pornography may have negative outcomes for how women's sexuality is conceptualized in the Korean cultural context.
Experimental study of the LED lamp

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

LEDs are widely used light sources. Their main advantages are low power consumption, mechanical strength, high luminous efficacy, and a lifetime exceeding 50 000 hours. However, compared to other light sources, they are more sensitive to high temperatures. Heat is generated by converting electrical energy into radiant energy. The share of heat in this transformation describes the efficiency, but in the case of light sources, efficiency is not one of the basic parameters because only a part of the radiation produced is visible light, which interests the recipients. However, the temperature has a big influence on the properties and lifetime of LEDs. This article presents the results of temperature measurements of the LED lamp.
Entanglement properties of the harmonic chain

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study the entanglement properties of a closed chain of harmonic\noscillators that are coupled via a translationally invariant Hamiltonian, where\nthe coupling acts only on the position operators. We consider the ground state\nand thermal states of this system, which are Gaussian states. The entanglement\nproperties of these states can be completely characterized analytically when\none uses the logarithmic negativity as a measure of entanglement.\n
Pengaruh Orientasi Kewirausahaan Dan Orientasi Pasar Terhadap Kinerja Umkm Pada Bidang Kuliner Di Pasar Lama Tangerang

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to find out 1) whether entrepreneurial orientation had a significant effect and positively related to the performance of MSMEs in the culinary field in Tangerang Old Market, 2) whether market orientation had a significant effect and positively related to the performance of MSMEs in the culinary field at Tangerang Lama Market. The population in this study is Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Tangerang. The sample used in this study was 50 respondents of UMKM owners in the culinary field at Tangerang Old Market. The sampling technique used was nonprobability sample with purposive sampling sampling method. Overall the results of this study, namely 1) entrepreneurial orientation have a significant effect and positively related to the performance of MSMEs in the culinary field in Tangerang Old Market, 2) market orientation has a significant effect and positively related to the performance of MSMEs in the culinary field at Tangerang Old Market.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui 1) apakah orientasi kewirausahaan berpengaruh signifikan dan berhubungan positif terhadap kinerja UMKM pada bidang kuliner di Pasar Lama Tangerang, 2) apakah orientasi pasar berpengaruh signifikan dan berhubungan positif terhadap kinerja UMKM pada bidang kuliner di Pasar Lama Tangerang. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah di Tangerang. Sampel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu 50 reponden pemilik UMKM pada bidang kuliner di Pasar Lama Tangerang. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan yaitu nonprobability sample dengan metode pengambilan sampel purposive sampling. Secara keseluruhan hasil dari penelitian ini yaitu 1) orientasi kewirausahaan berpengaruh signifikan dan berhubungan positif terhadap kinerja UMKM pada bidang kuliner di Pasar Lama Tangerang, 2) orientasi pasar berpengaruh signifikan dan berhubungan positif terhadap kinerja UMKM pada bidang kuliner di Pasar Lama Tangerang.
Design of Fixed-off-time Controlled PFC Pre-regulators with the L6562

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Beside Transition Mode (TM) and fixed-Frequency Continuous Conduction Mode (FF-CCM) operation of PFC pre-regulators a third approach is proposed that couples the simplicity and affordability of TM operation with the high current capability of FF-CCM operation: it is a peak current-mode control with fixed-OFF-time. After showing advantages and limits of this technique, in both its basic and advanced implementation, design equations will be given and a practical design will be illustrated and evaluated.
Dissociation of Locomotor Activation and Suppression of Food Intake Induced by CRF in CRFR1-Deficient Mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems are involved in locomotor and feeding behaviors. Two distinct CRF receptor subtypes, CRFR1 and CRFR2, are thought to mediate CRF actions in the central nervous system. However, the role for each receptor in locomotor activity and feeding remains to be determined. Using CRFR1 null mutant mice, the present study examined the functional significance of this receptor in ambulation and feeding. CRF treatment of wild-type mice resulted in increased levels of locomotion whereas no change was observed in CRFR1-deficient mice as compared to vehicle-treated mutant mice. In contrast, CRF decreased food-water intake in both wild type and CRFR1-deficient mice equally. These results support an important role for CRFR1 in mediating CRF-induced locomotor activation, whereas other receptor subtypes, likely CRFR2, may mediate the appetite-suppressing effects of CRF-like peptides.
Genetic peculiarities of Pinus pallasiana D. Don trees with high and low rate of ovule pollination in artifical stands of Kriviy Rig

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

During 3 years from 4 stands of 100 Pinus pallasiana D. Don plants ovule rate of pollination was defined. As a result of this trees with constantly high (80.8–98.4 %) and low (41.6–68.6 %) values of this reproductive index were selected. Genetic distinctions of the given trees were assessed by 22 allozyme loci. Sample of trees with high ovule rate of pollination was characterized by lower polymorphic loci portion (Р99 = 0.773), and by lower values of observed (НО = 0.213) and expected (НЕ = 0.228) heterozygosity, than that alternative one (Р99 = 0.818, НО = 0.281, НЕ = 0.272).
Suppression of somatostatin release by duodenogastric reflux in dogs.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effect of duodenogastric reflux on systemic and portal venous blood concentrations of somatostatin has been studied in the dog. Duodenogastric reflux suppressed somatostatin concentrations in both systemic and portal venous blood, but this did not occur when bile alone was diverted into the stomach. The suppression was also much less marked when truncal vagotomy accompanied the reflux. These findings suggest that altered somatostatin activity may play a part in the production of the pathophysiological changes occurring in clinical conditions such as peptic ulceration, in which there is an increase in duodenogastric reflux.
Two unprecedented outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytinae) in Austria since 2015: Different causes and different impacts on forests

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Austria has been facing two outbreaks of the European spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus L., in the last ten years. In this study, we compile data of damage caused by I. typographus L. as well as storm and snow breakage from 2002 to 2022 in two regions affected by these bark beetle outbreaks based on the Documentation of Forest Damaging Factors in Austria and analyze them in context of climatic factors. The first outbreak started in 2015 and affected Norway spruce forests at low elevation (< 600 m) in the north of Austria. Annual damage peaked in 2018 at 3.3 million m 3 (representing 2.6% of total growing stock in the area). The second outbreak started in 2021 and affected mountainous spruce forests in the south of Austria. In this case extensive damage by storm in 2018 and snow breakage in the two following winters preceded the bark beetle outbreak. Annual damage by I. typographus L. reached 1.7 million m 3 (2.4% of growing stock) in 2022. Most forests are located on steep mountain slopes and have important protective function against natural hazards. High temperatures allowed completion of two generations up to 1,400 m elevation. Linear regression models showed that damage by I. typographus L. was significantly affected by climatic water balance. This effect was stronger in the north than in the south. We discuss the different patterns of the outbreaks and challenges for bark beetle management in the context of climate change.
What Constitutes "Appropriate Care" for Low Back Pain?: Point-of-Care Clinical Indicators From Guideline Evidence and Experts (the STANDING Collaboration Project).

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

These 27 LBP clinical indicators can be used by healthcare consumers, clinicians, researchers, policy makers/ funders, and insurers to guide and monitor the provision of "appropriate care" for LBP.Level of Evidence: 4.
The use of ICT in Mazovian agriculture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The main objective of this paper is the diagnosis and evaluation of ICT use in farming. The area of research presented in the study covers the region of Mazovia, which represents different types of rural areas and diverse forms of agriculture. Mazovia region is characterised, on the one hand, by the highest value of GDP per capita indicator in Poland and, on the other, the biggest internal differentiation. In our analyses, a variety of research methods were used as well as data sources - both commonly available (secondary source), as well as data from own studies. For detailed identification of farm equipment level in ICT and its use by farmers, primary research was conducted among farmers and local authorities in 20 deliberately selected municipalities. In each municipality, individual in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives of local government. The second research method was a survey aimed to be completed by individual farmers – almost 1300 were completely filled by farmers. Own research carried out among farmers in Mazovia showed that nowadays infrastructural determinants still remain the crucial problem in access to the Internet – a significant majority of farmers does not have the possibility of choosing the Internet services provider or is forced to use the forms of access that do not ensure a stable connection and high-speed data transmission. Most farmers use a computer and the Internet, if the household is equipped in them. However, there are used primarily in a passive way - mainly to obtain information. Active forms of computer and Internet use, requiring user interaction, are much less common. Education is a very strong factor in differentiating the level of ICT use by farmers - poorly educated farmers are less able to acquire information from the Internet, while the transfer of knowledge with the use of ICT to best educated farmers is facilitated. Other characteristics of the economic situation of farms, the dominant production profile, size and location do not differentiate the levels of computer and Internet use by farmers as clearly as education, although these factors are important regulators of the frequency of Internet use for strictly occupational purposes.
SLC35E3 identified as a target of novel‑m1061‑5p via microRNA profiling of patients with cardiovascular disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are considered to be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). To understand the underlying mechanism of miRNAs and target genes associated with CVD, deep sequencing of blood samples from three patients with CVD and three controls was performed using the Illumina HiSeq 2000 system. The results of the present study revealed that 65 abnormal hsa‑miRNAs targeted 2,784 putative genes in patients with CVD; 59 upregulated miRNAs targeted 2,401 genes and six downregulated miRNAs targeted 383 genes. In addition, a total of 49 Gene Ontology (GO) biological processes and were enriched, and the target genes of downregulated miRNAs were enriched in 12 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Most of these pathways are responsible for lipid and glycan metabolism. In particular, three downregulated miRNAs, hsa‑miR‑1268b, hsa‑miR‑1273d, hsa‑miR‑3187‑5p, were involved in a‑linolenic acid metabolism. The target genes of upregulated miRNAs were enriched in 15 KEGG pathways, mainly in the 'neurodegenerative diseases and cancers' class. In the present study five novel upregulated miRNAs, including m0499‑5p, m0970‑5p, m1042‑5p, m1061‑5p and m1953‑5p, and a downregulated miRNA, novel‑m1627‑5p, were identified in patients with CVD. Novel‑m1627‑5p was demonstrated to target 146 human genes. Additionally, Novel‑m1061‑5p targeted four genes, including fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase domain containing 2A, potassium voltage‑gated channel, Shaw‑related subfamily, member 4, coiled‑coil domain containing 85C and solute carrier family 35 member E3 (SLC35E3). The GO term, 'carbohydrate derivative transport involving in biological process', was associated with SLC35E3. Novel‑m1061‑5p in patients with CVD may repress the expression levels of SLC35E3, a member of the nucleoside sugar transporter subfamily E, which is known to cause defective glycol‑conjugation in the Golgi complex and/or the endoplasmic reticulum. Further investigation is required to understand the underlying mechanisms of the novel miRNAs. Novel‑m1061‑5p may serve as a marker for prognosis or a potential target for the treatment of CVD.
Stress intensity factor of cracks in lugs

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This project explores the experimental determination of the stress intensity factor of straight aircraft attachment lugs made of aluminium alloy Al7075-T651. The specimen used for tests has two initial quarter corner elliptical part through cracks fabricated diametrically opposite each other at the sides of the lug hole. As such, the crack propagation can be estimated by applying a load. Three crack configurations were experimented on such that the results can be compared for various cases. The experimental process was design to follow the realistic loading conditions of an aircraft attachment lug closely. A tensile test was conducted on each crack configuration until it fails, giving the ultimate tensile strength of each configuration. After that, fatigue tests were conducted using specific percentages of the ultimate load, following a marker load history. This loading leaves striation marks on the fracture surface of the specimen as the crack propagates from the initial fabricated crack. These lines correspond to differing amplitudes of the periodic load sequence of the fatigue test. Pictures of the fracture surface were taken using a digital microscope camera, and its clarity enhanced using Photoshop. The lines were measured and analysed. The data obtain were processed through known equations and values to obtain the stress intensity factor of the various cracks.
The Effects of Cognitive Style on Rating Accuracy With an Overall Rating Scale

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

It was hypothesized that raters whose cognitive style was more articulated would respond more accurately than raters whose cognitive style was more global when an overall rating scale was used. Ninety-five undergraduates participated as raters. They read vignettes describing four hypothetical psychology instructors, rated the instructors on an overall rating scale, and completed the Group Embedded Figures Test, a measure of cognitive style. The correlation between cognitive style and rating accuracy (r = -24) was significant, p > .05, suggesting that cognitive style may significantly affect rating accuracy.