jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Does misoprostol given as a single large dose improve its antisecretory effect?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY H 2 ‐receptor antagonists have been shown to be effective in the suppression of nocturnal acidity. This double‐blind, randomized, crossover Latin‐square study of 24‐h intragastric pH in 12 normal volunteers investigated the effect of large single‐dose administration of misoprostol on intragastric acidity. Efficacy of 800 μg misoprostol h.s., 600 μg h.s., 400 μg h.s. and 800 μg after supper was compared to placebo and 200 μg misoprostol q.d.s. Twenty‐four hour mean pH ± s.d. was placebo 2.1 ± 0.3, misoprostol 200 μg q.d.s. Twenty‐four hour mean pH ± s.d. was placebo 2.1 ± 0.3, misoprostol 200 μg q.d.s. 2.2 ± 0.3, 800 μg p.m. 2.6 ± 1.1, 400 μg h.s. 2.6 ± 0.7, 600 μg h.s. 2.6 ± 0.4, 800 μg h.s. 2.6 ± 0.5. The effect of misoprostol on gastric acidity was short and limited to the nocturnal period. Only misoprostol 800 μg and 600 μg reduced 24‐h acidity compared to placebo ( P < 0.04).
Molecular,cellular,andplantmechanismsof ABAcontrolofstomatalaperturesize

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Molecularmechanismsofabscisicacid(ABA)actiononguardcells Fifteenyearsago,Gunar et at. (1975)andZeigerandhiscolleagues(Zeiger et at., 1977; MoodyandZeiger, 1978)showedthatlightcausesahyperpolariza­ tion, and darkness, a depolarization, of guard-cell membrane potential. The potential difference changes were subsequently related to proton movement (Ishikawa et at., 1983), consistent with the well-known fact that guard cells secreteprotonsuponstomatalopening(RaschkeandHumble, 1973).Usingthe patch-clamptechnique, Assmann et at. (1985) reported that low-fluence blue light(astimulusforstomatalopening)activateselectrogenicion pumping.The delay in response to ablue-lightpulse (ca. 25s) andpump activation atlow fluence are inconsistentwithadirecteffecton thepumpby blue light. Blatt (1987), who measured current with an intracellular electrode, found that the pumpactivitywas sufficienttosupportK+ uptake. Using the slow-whole-cell configuration,which,likeconventionalmicroelectroderecording,preservescell
Equality cases in monotonicity of quasi-entropies, Lieb's concavity and Ando's convexity

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We revisit and improve joint concavity/convexity and monotonicity properties of quasi-entropies due to Petz in a new fashion. Then we characterize equality cases in the monotonicity inequalities (the data-processing inequalities) of quasi-entropies in several ways as follows: Let $Φ:\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})\to\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{K})$ be a trace-preserving map such that $Φ^*$ is a Schwarz map. When $f$ is an operator monotone or operator convex function on $[0,\infty)$, we present several equivalent conditions for the equality $S_f^K(Φ(ρ)\|Φ(σ))=S_f^{Φ^*(K)}(ρ\|σ)$ to hold for given positive operators $ρ,σ$ on $\mathcal{H}$ and $K\in\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{K})$. The conditions include equality cases in the monotonicity versions of Lieb's concavity and Ando's convexity theorems. Specializing the map $Φ$ we have equivalent conditions for equality cases in Lieb's concavity and Ando's convexity. Similar equality conditions are discussed also for monotone metrics and $χ^2$-divergences. We further consider some types of linear preserver problems for those quantum information quantities.
Computing the Barometric Efficiency of a Well

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The barometric efficiency of a well may be determined from the slope of a graph of ∑ΔB against ∑ΔW, in which ∑ΔB is the arithmetical summation of the incremental changes, ΔB, of the atmospheric pressure and ∑ΔW is the summation of the incremental changes, ΔW, of the water level in the well, summed according to certain rules. The summing according to these rules eliminates the incremental components in the water level caused by influences other than changes in atmospheric pressure. The method provides a means for determining the barometric efficiency of a well more precisely.
Pengaruh Ekstraksi Hidrotermal dari Limbah Daun Cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) terhadap Komposisi Kimia, Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Hipoglikemik

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study aims to evaluate the effect of hydrothermal extraction on the phytochemical content and antioxidant activitity, as well as to assess the hypoglycemic effect of clove leaf waste extract (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on blood glucose levels. Clove leaf powder was extracted hydrothermally using water as a solvent for 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours at 180°C. Each extract was tested for total phenolic content, condensed tannins, free radical scavenging activity, α-amylase inhibition, glucose level determination, and chemical component identification. The results showed that the highest total phenolic content was found in the 1-hour extract (95.35±0.78 µg/mL), the highest tannin content in the 1-hour extract (98.94±2.48 µg/mL), the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity in the 1-hour extract (63.18±1.22%), the highest FRAP activity in the 1-hour extract (93.80±1.14%), the highest α-amylase inhibition in the 1-hour extract (98.93±1.48%) and the highest glucose level reduction (52.665±0.29%) were also observed in the 1-hour extract. Therefore, it can be concluded that hydrothermal extraction at 180°C for 1 hour produces an extract with the highest antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic effect. These findings highlight the potential of clove leaf waste as a natural antioxidant agent and a supportive therapy in diabetes management. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek ekstraksi hidrotermal terhadap kandungan fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan serta mengetahui efek hipoglikemik dari ekstrak limbah daun cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum L.) terhadap kadar glukosa darah. Serbuk daun cengkeh diekstraksi dengan cara hidrotermal menggunakan pelarut air selama 1, 2, 3, dan 4 jam dengan suhu 180°C. Masing-masing filtrat dievaporasi sampai kering sehingga diperoleh empat ekstrak. Masing-masing ekstrak diuji kandungan total fenolik, tanin terkondensasi, aktivitas penangkal radikal bebas, penentuan enzim amilase, penentuan kadar glukosa serta identifikasi komponen kimia pada ekstrak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan total fenolik tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak variasi waktu 1 jam (95,35±0,78µg/mL), tanin tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak variasi waktu 1 jam (98,94±2,48 µg/mL), aktivitas penangkal radikal bebas DPPH tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak variasi waktu 1 jam (63,18±1,22%), aktivitas penangkal radikal bebas FRAP tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak variasi waktu 1 jam (93,80±1,14%) penentuan enzim amilase tertinggi terdapat pada ekstrak variasi waktu 1 jam (98,93±1,48%) Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstraksi hidrotermal selama 1 jam pada suhu 180°C menghasilkan ekstrak dengan aktivitas antioksidan dan efek hipoglikemik paling tinggi. Hasil ini menunjukkan potensi pemanfaatan limbah daun cengkeh sebagai agen antioksidan alami dan terapi pendukung dalam pengelolaan diabetes.
Palliative Care Conversations for Heart Failure Nurses: A Pilot Education Intervention

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Heart failure is a progressive condition affecting 6.2 million Americans. The use of palliative and supportive care for symptom management and improved quality of life is recommended for persons with heart failure. However, 91% of nurses believe they need further training to have palliative care conversations. The purpose of this pilot education intervention was to determine if providing nurses with education on the timing and content of palliative care conversations would improve their perceived skill and knowledge. Methods This was a pilot study of an online educational intervention. Data were electronically collected from 13 participants using validated questionnaires delivered via Qualtrics. Participants completed a demographic survey and End-of-Life Professional Caregiver Survey (EPCS) before and after completing an online, asynchronous education module. Results Mean scores were higher on all posttest measures. Independent samples t-tests revealed statistically significant differences on the Effective Care Delivery (ECD) scale ( t[32] = −2, p = .05) and total EPCS scale scores ( t[32] = −2.2, p = .03) from pre- to posttest. Conclusion Scores increased on all dimensions pretest to posttest with statistically significant differences in ECD and total scores. Providing asynchronous online education on timing and content of palliative care conversations to nurses caring for people with heart failure is a feasible and effective way to improve perceived knowledge and skill of palliative care conversations.
[Ethical problems in the use of prenatal diagnosis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The ethical problems of prenatal diagnosis are outlined, with chief emphasis on the procedural level. On the procedural level this involves not only ethical structuring of the type of prenatal investigations on offer, i.e. acquisition of information and care of the patient, but also scientific investigation of the individual procedures and their effects on the fetus and pregnancy experience. Special attention is focused on the question of establishing legitimate indications for the use of prenatal diagnosis. Finally, as part of a discussion on human freedom, the fundamental problem of human selection according to criteria of genetic efficiency is briefly raised.
The latex condom, an efficient barrier against sexual transmission of AIDS-related viruses.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Using a mechanical model, we studied human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leakage through six different trademark condoms. The presence of the recovered virus was determined after passage to MT-2 cells and to cultured mitogen-stimulated normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMC). Only the natural membrane condom showed virus leakage after inside pressure. In addition, the kinetics of virus inactivation at 37 degrees C were followed inside and outside the condom. The virus was partially inactivated after 10 min at 37 degrees C inside the condom, but the degree of inactivation seemed higher in some of the trademark condoms.
Communicating With Physicians About Medical Decisions: A Reluctance to Disagree

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Effective patient-physician communication is essential for shared decision making, considered by some to be the “pinnacle” of patient-centered care.1 Many health care decisions have multiple options and no correct choice. These are called preference-sensitive decisions, and the optimal decision is one that takes into account patient preferences and values in a collaborative process with the physician, known as shared decision making. We sought to describe patients' intentions to engage in shared decision-making communication behaviors in response to a hypothetical preference-sensitive clinical scenario and to examine the effects of underlying patient beliefs on these behaviors.
Cost-effectiveness of surgical interventions for the management of osteoarthritis: a systematic review of the literature

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The primary purpose of this study is to assess the existing evidence on the cost-effectiveness of surgical interventions for the management of knee and hip osteoarthritis by systematically reviewing published economic evaluation studies. A systematic review was conducted for the period 2004 to 2016. Electronic databases were searched to identify both trial and model based economic evaluation studies that evaluated surgical interventions for knee and hip osteoarthritis. A total of 23 studies met the inclusion criteria and an assessment of these studies showed that total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and total hip arthroplasty (THA) showed evidence of cost-effectiveness and improvement in quality of life of the patients when compared to non-operative and non-surgical procedures. On the other hand, even though delaying TKA and THA may lead to some cost savings in the short-run, the results from the study showed that this was not a cost-effective option. TKA and THA are cost-effective and should be recommended for the management of patients with end stage/severe knee and hip OA. However, there needs to be additional studies to assess the cost-effectiveness of other surgical interventions in order for definite conclusions to be reached.
The Hasmonean revolt and the Hasmonean dynasty

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Great and sudden were the changes which the Hasmonean family brought to the character and religion of the Jews. Yet the members of the family never saw themselves as breaking with tradition. Their first revolutionary acts were in response to an unprecedented challenge, the persecution of the Jews by Antiochus IV, and they always took the patterns for their deeds from Scripture. To understand the changes which the Hasmoneans brought, we must consider what most believing Jews then seem to have taken for granted.
Impact of Promotional Tools on Marketing of Library Services: An Exploratory Study of Polytechnics in Ghana

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The study investigates the impact of promotional tools on marketing of library services. The study explores the relationship between promotional tools constructs: personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and advertising on marketing of library services among selected Polytechnics in Ghana. With the aid of SPSS, the following statistical method were employed: supporting literature for measurement scales, values of cranach’s alpha for construct values, descending means of constructs, skewness and kurtosis on the constructs, correlations and regression analyses on a sample of 402 obtained through convenience sampling method. The study revealed that, all the constructs of the promotional tools thus personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and advertising have significant positive relationship with marketing of library services. The study suggests that the professional training of library staff should include courses such as personal selling, sales promotion, public relations and advertising. . Library staff should be trained and develop skills on how to handle users request and establish a good personal relationship with users of the library. Library staff should be oriented on the procedures to handle complaints and find lasting sloutions to them. Users should be updated with the list of new databases, online services and new journals via notice board, leaflets and newsletters as well as the institutional websites. Library staff should collaborate with professional markerters on the application of the marketing mix in the promotion of their services. Keywords: Advertising, Personal selling, Sales promotion, Public relations, Academic libraries
Carbon Monoxide Emissions From Gas Turbines as Influenced by Ambient Temperature and Turbine Load

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) from gas turbines are typically below 100 ppmvd @ 15% O2 at design full-load operating conditions. The use of water/steam to reduce NOx emissions from gas turbines results in an increase in CO emissions from gas turbines. This is particularly true when increased rates of water/steam injection are used to meet stringent NOx limits. Regulations limiting CO emissions from stationary gas turbines were first initiated in the late 1980’s by the Federal Republic of Germany and the state of New Jersey in the United States. Since these regulations are silent on ambient and load corrections, these CO limits could be the limiting factor in the current development of dry low NOx combustion systems by gas turbine manufacturers. In addition, since manufacturers are usually quite specific regarding the conditions for CO guarantees, a conflict for the gas turbine user, who is responsible for the permit application, is readily apparent. This paper attempts to characterize the CO emissions from gas turbines as a function of ambient temperature and turbine load. An ambient temperature correction equation for CO emissions, based on previous work, is presented. The intent is to provide more extensive information on CO emissions such that better defined CO limits can be adopted. Ultimately, this should help the combustion design engineers in developing improved dry low emissions combustion systems for the gas turbine industry.
Polytherapy and Multimorbidity Pattern of Users of Anti-VEGF Drugs and Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration and other Vascular Retinopathies in Clinical Practice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Our aim was to describe the polytherapy and multimorbidity pattern of users of anti-VEGF and dexamethasone drugs for the treatment of these conditions, and to investigate their polytherapy and multimorbidity profiles, together with adherence and the burden of care. Methods: Descriptive, population-based, pharmacoepidemiology study on the users of anti-VEGF drugs, and secondarily intravitreal dexamethasone, for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration and other vascular retinopathies in clinical practice, using administrative databases of Lazio region, Italy. We used a cohort of 50,000 residents in Lazio in 2019 with same age as comparison. Polytherapy was assessed using databases of prescribed drugs intended for outpatient use. Multimorbidity was investigated with additional sources, such as hospital discharge records, outpatient care records, and disease-specific exemptions from co-payment. Each patient was followed for 1 to 3 years from the first intravitreal injection received. Results: 16,266 residents in Lazio who received the first IVI from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2019, with at least 1 year of observation before index date, were included. The proportion of patients with at least one comorbidity was 54.0%. Patients used an average 8.6 (SD 5.3) concomitant drugs other than anti-VEGF used for injections. A large percentage of patients (39.0%) used 10 or more concomitant drugs, including antibacterials (62.9%), drugs for peptic ulcers (56.8%), anti-thrombotics (52.3%), NSAIDs (44.0%), and anti-dyslipidaemics (42.3%). The same proportions were found across patients of all ages, probably due to high prevalence of diabetes (34.3%), especially in younger age groups. When stratified by diabetes, a comparison of multimorbidity and polytherapy with a sample of 50,000 residents of the same age found that patients receiving IVIs used more drugs and had more comorbidities, particularly in non-diabetics. Lapses of care, whether short (absence of any type of contact for at least 60 days in the first year of follow-up and 90 in the second year) or long (90 days in the first and 180 days in the second year) were common: 66% and 51.7%, respectively. Conclusions: Patients receiving intravitreal drugs for retinal conditions have high multimorbidity and polytherapy rates. Their burden of care is aggravated by the large number of contacts with the eye care system for examinations and injections. Pursuing Minimally Disruptive Medicine to optimise patient care is a difficult goal for health systems, and more research on clinical pathways and their implementation is warranted.
Relationships between modifiable lifestyle factors and indicators of cardiovascular risk

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The global demographic, socio-economic and technological changes linked with lifestyle modifications are widely considered to be the underlying cause of the increased prevalence of CVD and other non-communicable disease worldwide. Understanding the role of the lifestyle factors in associations with these problems is important for treatment and prevention. The aims of the present thesis were: 1) To evaluate the associations between some lifestyle factors, body weight and shape, and CVD risk factors. 2) To determine the combination association between lifestyle factors and body weight and CVD risk factors. 3) To evaluate the effects of a smoking cessation program on energy balance. To achieve these aims a secondary analysis of Scottish Health Survey (SHS) 1998 and an observational study have been carried out. The relationships between smoking status and body size and shape have been examined using the SHS data from those aged 16-74 years. After adjustment for some confounding factors, BMI was lower in current smokers and higher in ex-smokers (p<0.001) when compared to non-smokers in the survey population as a whole.

Smoking was associated with a lower BMI in the sample as a whole, but not for the youngest age group. Smoking cessation was associated with weight gain. Smoking and obesity were the two major risk factors, which showed the strongest associations with the CVD risk factors, and their combination exaggerated CVD risk factors. Achievement of currently recommended physical activity levels were associated with lower BMI and prevalence of obesity, and a smaller WC and WHR. However, approximately 50% of active subjects were overweight and obese. These levels of activity were associated with lower CVD risk factors, however the joint associations of physical activity and BMI showed that obese active people still had higher CVD risk factors than inactive people with BMI < 25 kg/m2. Smoking and inactivity were two major modifiable behaviours that showed the strongest associations with unhealthy dietary habits. Smoking cessation was associated with increased body weight and WC within weeks of cessation, particularly in females with NRT. Attrition rates were high and effective weight maintenance strategies may improve this.
Nature's Apportionment and the Open Market: A Promising Solution to the Arab-Israeli Water Conflict

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT The populations and consumption levels of countries throughout the Middle East are steadily increasing and, correspondingly, their water demands. Water resources available to most of these countries remain more or less the same, if not being reduced by abusive utilization or pollution. Many now speculate that the region's next war will be fought over water Today's international legislative structure is incapable of solving complex water disputes such as that of the Middle East. However principles of international legitimacy provide the basis for solutions. This paper presents a pragmatic, practical, and dispassionate formula compatible with the principles of international law and legitimacy for dealing with international water resources allocation problems. The presented formula is built around resolving the Middle East's water conflict according to natural apportionment of resources and the open market approach.