jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Why Does the ‘Provincial Propertied Class’ Remain Provincial? Reading the Agrarian Question of Capital Through Caste

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

While labour linkages and flows between rural and urban India have been studied, there is little discussion on the implications of the agrarian question of capital for the urban. This is particularly important given the intertwining of caste and capital accumulation in India. If there are caste barriers to entry into accumulation in the urban, what does it mean for pathways of diversification of agrarian capital out of agriculture? In this article, we address this question by comparing the trajectories of capital accumulation in the urban by two agrarian caste groups, the Kongu Vellala Gounders (KVGs) in western Tamil Nadu and the Jats in Haryana. We argue that the dominance of specific caste groups in non-agrarian accumulation erects barriers for transition of agrarian capital into the urban. Such barriers are further aggravated by the increasingly adverse conditions under which capitalist farmers produce in rural India and by new barriers to entry posed by globalising market conditions. Finally, we suggest that differences in subnational politics account for differences in transition pathways between the two agrarian castes. We therefore argue that a caste-based reading is critical to understand how caste intersects with diversification of capital from the rural to the Indian urban.
Targeted Therapies, Novel Antibodies, and Immunotherapies in Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer: Clinical Evidence and Drug Approval Patterns

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Since 2011, the US FDA has approved 30 new drugs for use in advanced non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), mainly comprising tyrosine kinase inhibitors and immune checkpoint inhibitors. NSCLC with oncogene driver alterations is amenable to treatment with targeted drugs, usually small-molecule inhibitors. In these cases, the demonstration of high overall response rates, coupled with a lasting duration of response, has allowed for accelerated approval in the United States, based on single-cohort or multicohort trials. Confirmatory clinical evidence was subsequently provided through postmarketing trials. In NSCLC without such driver alterations, regulatory agencies in both the United States and the European Union set clinical evidence expectations that foster the conduct of studies primarily focused on determining survival or event-free survival, based on randomized controlled trial designs. This review analyzes the approval patterns of novel therapeutics for NSCLC with a focus on small-molecule inhibitors that target driver alterations, as well as biologics. The latter include mAbs inhibiting immune checkpoints like PD-(L)1 or cell surface receptors and antibody–drug conjugates, highly potent biologics linked to a cytotoxic compound. The differentiation of NSCLC into oncogene- and non–oncogene-addicted subtypes determines drug development strategies, the extent of the clinical development program, access to orphan drug development incentives, and regulatory approval strategies.
Equality and justice as the basis for unification of the right of citizens for an insurance labor pension

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The differentiation of the right of citizens of the Russian Federation for an insurance labor pension by gender provided for by the current legislation raises questions in civil society due to the discrepancy between the norms fixing different retirement ages for men and women, the principle of equality guaranteed by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, and ensuring social justice in society. One of the reasons is that a significant proportion of men do not live to the 65-year retirement age fixed by law. Analyzing the current legal norms and comparing them with statistical data and the results of law enforcement indicating a clearly unfair standardization of these relations, the authors offer their own vision of solving the existing problems. The authors substantiate the conclusion on the necessity to unify the right of citizens for an insurance pension by establishing a common retirement age of 60 years for men and women for the period of solving the main demographic problems in the state and creating conditions for increasing life expectancy. At the same time, emphasizing the special role of women, the authors propose to include legislatively the time associated with the birth and upbringing of children in a woman’s insurance experience, regardless of whether a woman had previous employment relationships and insurance experience. It should be done to create a favorable regime for the formation of women’s insurance experience and ensure formal equality with men.
Logistic regression analysis of prognostic factors in 106 acute-on-chronic liver failure patients with hepatic encephalopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To analyze the prognostic factors in acute-on-chronic liver failure ( ACLF) patients with hepatic encephalopathy ( HE) and to explore the risk factors for prognosis. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on106 ACLF patients with HE who were hospitalized in our hospital from January 2010 to July 2013. The patients were divided into improved group and deteriorated group. The univariate indicators including age, sex, laboratory indicators [total bilirubin ( TBil) , albumin ( Alb) , alanine aminotransferase ( ALT) , aspartate amino-transferase ( AST) , and prothrombin time activity ( PTA) ], the stage of HE, complications [persistent hyponatremia, digestive tract bleeding, hepatorenal syndrome ( HRS) , ascites, infection, and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis ( SBP) ], and plasma exchange were analyzed by chi-square test or t-test. Indicators with statistical significance were subsequently analyzed by binary logistic regression. Results Univariate analysis showed that ALT ( P = 0. 009) , PTA ( P = 0. 043) , the stage of HE ( P = 0. 000) , and HRS ( P = 0. 003) were significantly different between the two groups, whereas differences in age, sex, TBil, Alb, AST, persistent hyponatremia, digestive tract bleeding, ascites, infection, SBP, and plasma exchange were not statistically significant ( P >0. 05) . Binary logistic regression demonstrated that PTA ( b =-0. 097, P =0. 025, OR =0. 908) , HRS ( b =2. 279, P =0. 007, OR =9. 764) , and the stage of HE ( b = 1. 873, P = 0. 000, OR = 6. 510) were prognostic factors in ACLF patients with HE. Conclusion The stage of HE, HRS, and PTA are independent influential factors for the prognosis in ACLF patients with HE. Reduced PTA, advanced HE stage, and the presence of HRS indicate worse prognosis.
POS-226 CORTICOSTEROID USE, INFECTION, AND ADVERSE EVENTS AMONG IMMUNOGLOBULIN A NEPHROPATHY (IgAN) PATIENTS IN A US REAL-WORLD SETTING

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite inconsistent data on effectiveness and well-known severe side-effects including infections, corticosteroids are often used to treat IgAN due to a lack of alternative options. The aim of this study is to characterize rates of infection and other adverse events (AEs) among IgAN patients who received steroids versus those who did not.
Decision support methods for the electric power industry: New tools for power generation planning and management

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The First EPRI Conference on Decision Support Methods for the Electric Power Industry was hosted by Boston Edison Company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, on May 29--31, 1990. The more 150 than conference participants included representative of both domestic and foreign utilities, as well as government agencies, regulatory bodies, vendors, and consultants to the electric power industry. Among the countries represented in this conference were the United States, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The Conference began with a General Session on the role of decision support methods in the electric power industry, and was followed by seven technical sessions focusing on decision support methods for power generation planning and management. These proceedings include 55 papers from the following technical sessions: general session; power plant investment; power system investment; power plant operation and maintenance; power system operation; power plant fuel management; environmental analysis; and advanced topics. These papers have been catalogued separately.
Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology of politics: A humanism in extension

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Merleau-Ponty’s phenomenology also extends to politics, which he does not only understand from a Marxist point of view. In his articles on Montaigne and Machiavelli, he operates a reduction of the political subject in order to show how it is always already involved in the world, in history and in political affairs, how these phenomena appear to it, and how it can act. In this light, the ‘Preface’ to Humanism and Terror presents both a description of the demands of political judgment and action, and a statement of Merleau-Ponty’s position as a political subject in postwar France.
Students challenged to make ethics part of their 'habit of thought'

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

FOR 100 YEARS, Creighton University School of Medicine, has had to deal with a challenge to which the majority of medical schools haven't had to devote one moment of thought: how to remain faithful to the specific religious tradition upon which the school was founded and at the same time prepare students-from a variety of religious and nonreligious perspectives—for a secular world. One of the most distinguishing characteristics of this medical school is that, as one of only four Jesuit medical schools in the country, it continuously seeks to define its Roman Catholic identity and the way this is manifested in contemporary medical education. Perhaps one of the most evident manifestations is Creighton's heavy emphasis on medical ethics, in both teaching and research. Creighton's Center for Health Policy and Research has seven faculty members, a remarkably large program for a school of this size. The faculty comes from a broad
The didactic and pedagogical design of e‐learning in higher education: A systematic literature review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Background Since about 2010 e‐learning has been embedded in educational practice and has become, surely due to the Covid‐19 pandemic, increasingly important. Objectives Although much has been written about e‐learning, little is known about crucial didactic and pedagogical design principles for e‐learning. This review tried to fill that gap. Methods Based on a systematic literature review, 42 studies (out of 1857 unique hits) were included that address e‐learning design in higher education. Open and axial coding was used for analysis. Results and conclusions There were two continuums distinguished as important for e‐learning: (1) the active learning continuum and (2) the authentic learning continuum. Those continuums appear to be useful to give a visual representation of included studies through an active and authentic learning continuum. This resulted in four clusters with (slightly) different properties. These properties vary from a relatively low to a high level of authenticity, and from teacher to student centred. Analysis also revealed four crucial aspects for e‐learning design: (1) content scaffolding, (2) process scaffolding, (3) peer‐to‐peer learning, and (4) formative strategies. In general, most of the e‐learning approaches demand an educational design that facilitates authentic learning and self‐regulation. Takeaways To help practitioners in realizing e‐learning design, this paper will provide some concrete suggestions and tips for e‐learning design. Furthermore, this research shows that more well‐founded research is necessary to gain more insight in didactic and pedagogical design principles for e‐learning.
The Mirrlees Approach to Mechanism Design with Renegotiation (with Applications to Hold-up and Risk Sharing)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The paper studies the implementation problem, first analyzed by Maskin and Moore (1999), in which two agents observe an unverifiable state of nature and may renegotiate inefficient outcomes following play of the mechanism. We develop a first-order approach to characterizing the set of implementable utility mappings in this problem, paralleling Mirrlees's (1971) first-order analysis of standard mechanism design problems. We use this characterization to study optimal contracting in hold-up and risk-sharing models. In particular, we examine when the contracting parties can optimally restrict attention to simple contracts, such as noncontingent contracts and option contracts (where only one agent sends a message).
UM-164, a Dual Inhibitor of c-Src and p38 MAPK, Suppresses Proliferation of Glioma by Reducing YAP Activity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

UM-164 is a dual inhibitor of c-Src and p38 MAPK, and has been a lead compound for targeting triple-negative breast cancer. UM-164 shows stronger binding to the active sites of Src compared with the conventional Src inhibitor Dasatinib. While Dasatinib has displayed some inhibitory effects on glioma growth in clinical trials, whether UM-164 can suppress glioma growth has not been reported. Here we show that UM-164 suppressed the proliferation, migration and spheroid formation of glioma cells, and induced cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Moreover, UM-164 triggered YAP translocation to the cytoplasm and reduced the activity of YAP, as evidenced by a luciferase assay. Accordingly, UM-164 markedly decreased the expression levels of YAP target genes CYR61 and AXL. Importantly, ectopic expression of wild-type YAP or YAP-5SA (YAP constitutively active mutant) could rescue the anti-proliferative effect induced by UM-164. Intriguingly, p38 MAPK appears to play a greater role than Src in UM-164-mediated inhibition of YAP activity. Furthermore, the in vitro anti-glioma effect mediated by UM-164 was confirmed in a xenograft glioma model. Together, these findings reveal a mechanism by which UM-164 suppresses the malignant phenotypes of glioma cells and might provide a rationale for UM-164-based anti-glioma clinical trials.
THE ATTITUDE OF THE ROMAN AUTHORITIES TO CHRISTIANITY DURING THE REIGN OF THE SEVERAN DYNASTY

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article describes the attitude of the Roman authorities to Christianity during the reign of the Severan dynasty. It is well proved that under the Severan dynasty the legal status of Christians did not change. Christianity remained a forbidden religion. The persecution of Christians in 197 was limited in scope and was probably based on the initiative of the crowd. The catalyst of the persecutions in 203 was the edict of Septimius Severus, which forbade the conversion to Judaism and Christianity, but in truth was directed primarily against Christians. The most likely reasons for the publication of that edict were: firstly – a sharp increase in the number of Christians and activation among them of the supporters of Montanism; secondly – the growth of the proportion of non-Jews among the proselytes; and thirdly – the identification of Christians as proponents of magic and divination. The peculiarity of this wave of persecution was that they probably occurred throughout the whole Empire and among numerous martyrs there were many neophytes. Another distinguishing feature of the persecution of 203 was that its initiative came from the emperor himself. The edict of Septimius Severus mentioned simultaneously Jews and Christians but it was the last act of the Roman government, directed against Jews and Christians at the same time. The duration and intensity of persecution was uneven in different provinces. There is much evidence about Alexander Severus’ tolerance towards Christians. But the reign of Alexander Severus did not bring any improvement to the legal status of Christians.From the second half of the 2nd century one can speak of an increase among Christians for more active participation in the official institutions of the Roman state, including the army. We can state that Christians came to a compromise with the Roman government. It is this very practice that contributed to the fact that in the relations between Christians and authorities in the second – third centuries there were long non-conflict periods.
CFAR Knowledge-Aided Radar Detection With Heterogeneous Samples

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this letter, we consider the problem of constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection in heterogeneous scenarios. We assume that the covariance matrices of the training samples are different from that of the cell under test and employ prior statistical knowledge to describe the degree of heterogeneity. We derive an approximate expression of the average signal-to-clutter-noise ratio loss of the adaptive detector constructed with the maximum likelihood estimate of the covariance matrix obtained by solving the fixed-point equation. We validate the CFAR property of the detector and derive the asymptotic expression of the probability of false alarm. Exploiting such prior knowledge can significantly reduce the adverse effects of the heterogeneous training samples. Simulations validate the proposed theoretical results.
Studies on Leaf Epidermis Micromorphology of uphorbia from Anhui Province

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The leaf epidermis structures of seven species in the genus Euphorbia from Anhui province in China,have been examined with LM and SEM.The shapes of leaf epidermal cells are usually irregular or polygonal and the anticlinal walls are straight,arched,sinuolate,sinuous or sinuate.The stomata apparatus is anomocytic type and some species have simple or multicellular hairs which have neoplasitic process under SEM.And the cuticular membrane of leaf epidermis is scaly or granular under SEM.The result shows significant micromorphological differences of leaf epidermis of the seven species and it is taxonomically helpful for the identification of some species with similar leaf morphology.
Effect of integrated fertilization and cover cropping on N2O losses in an irrigated mediterranean maize field

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Agronomical and environmental benefits are associated with replacing winter fallow by cover crops (CC).
Yet, the effect of this practice on nitrous oxide (N2
O) emissions remains poorly understood. The objective
of this study was to evaluate the effect of two different CC species (barley and vetch) and fallow on N2O
emissions during the CC period and during the following maize cash crop period in an Integrated Soil Fertility
management (ISFM) system. We also aimed to study the contribution of synthetic fertilizer and other N
sources to N2O emissions through a parallel 15N labelled fertilizer experiment.
Quasi-Martingales

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Statistics meetings at the University of Washington in WSóí1).In this paper we investigate necessary and sufficient conditions for a stochastic process XT to have a decomposition into the sum of a martingale process and a process having almost every sample function of bounded variation on T. Such a process is called a quasi-martingale.Necessary and sufficient conditions for such a decomposition have already been obtained by P. Meyer [3] when the process is a sub-martingale.Johnson and Helms [4] have given conditions equivalent to Meyer's when the sub-martingale is sample continuous.Our main result, Theorem 3.3, gives necessary and sufficient conditions for a sample continuous process XT to have the above decomposition, where both the processes in the decomposition are sample continuous and the process of sample bounded variation has finite expected variation.When the process is a sample continuous sub-martingale, the conditions reduce to those given in [4].It is further proved that the decomposition of Theorem 3.3 is unique.The uniqueness follows from Lemma 3.3.1 where we have proved that a martingale which is sample continuous, and of sample bounded variation has constant sample functions.This property, known true for Brownian motion, is seen to be true for all sample continuous martingales.The dominating technique used throughout the paper is random stopping times defined in terms of the sample functions of the process.The major result involving stopping times is Theorem 2.2 which allows us to approximate a sample continuous process by a sequence of sample equicontinuous and uniformly bounded processes.1. Notation, definitions and examples.Let (Q,F,P) be a probability space on which is defined a family of random variables (r.v.'s) {X(t); teT} where Tis a subset of the real line.Let {F(t); te T} be a family of sub cr-fields of F with
Rotational tunneling of orientationally coupled methyl groups: Molecular field approximation versus numerically exact solution

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The orientational coupling of methyl groups leads to a split rotational tunneling line. We study the dependence of this splitting on the type and strength of the interaction. Two types of pair potentials are considered (M1) cos 3φi cos 3φj and (M2) cos 3(φi+φj). The tunneling spectra are calculated numerically exact for N=2 and N=3 rotors by using a sparse matrix method (SMM). For model M1 we also probe the molecular field approximation (MFA). For both, N=2 and N=3, not even qualitative agreement is found between MFA and SMM. But a trend can be seen towards MFA-like behavior; with increasing N, the dependence of the splitting on the coupling strength qualitatively resembles the MFA prediction. However, by our SMM results, we are led to the conjecture, that for moderate coordination numbers a considerable splitting should occur within a much broader range of coupling strengths than predicted by MFA.