jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Audit of Turnaround Time for a Training Oral Histopathology Laboratory in Malaysia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background. Turnaround time (TAT) is the benchmark to assess the performance of a laboratory, pathologists, and pathology services, but there are few articles on TAT of surgical pathology, particularly in relation to oral or head and neck specimens. This study investigates the TAT for oral histopathology reporting in an academic institution’s training laboratory and offers recommendations to achieve better overall quality of diagnostic services. Methods. This study examined data obtained from biopsy request forms for specimens received from the Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Klang in the Oral Pathology Diagnostic Laboratory of the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, over a period of 3 years between January 2012 and October 2014. Results. TAT for surgical and decalcified specimens were increased significantly compared to biopsies. Additional special handling did not influence TAT, but increased specimen volume resulted in greater TAT. Slide interpretation was the most time-consuming stage during histopathology reporting. Overall, mean TAT was acceptable for most specimens, but the TAT goals were less than satisfactory. Conclusion. A TAT goal appropriate for this laboratory may hence be established based on this study. Collective efforts to improve the TAT for various specimens are essential for better laboratory performance in the future.
Tirapazamine, Cisplatin, and Radiation Versus Fluorouracil, Cisplatin, and Radiation in Patients With Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer: A Randomized Phase II Trial of the Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group (TROG 98.02)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose To select one of two chemoradiotherapy regimens for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck as the experimental arm for the next Trans-Tasman Radiation Oncology Group phase III trial. Patients and Methods One hundred twenty-two previously untreated patients with stage III/IV SCC of the head and neck were randomized to receive definitive radiotherapy (70 Gy in 7 weeks) concurrently with either cisplatin (75 mg/m 2 ) plus tirapazamine (290 mg/m 2 /d) on day 2 of weeks 1, 4, and 7, and tirapazamine alone (160 mg/m 2 /d) on days 1, 3, and 5 of weeks 2 and 3 (TPZ/CIS), or cisplatin (50 mg/m 2 ) on day 1 and infusional fluorouracil (360 mg/m 2 /d) on days 1 through 5 of weeks 6 and 7 (chemoboost). Results Three-year failure-free survival rates were 55% with TPZ/CIS (95% CI, 39% to 70%) and 44% with chemoboost (95% CI, 30% to 60%; log-rank P = .16). Three-year locoregional failure-free rates were 84% in the TPZ/CIS arm (95% CI, 71% to 92%) and 66% in the chemoboost arm (95% CI, 51% to 79%; P = .069). More febrile neutropenia and grade 3 or 4 late mucous membrane toxicity were observed with TPZ/CIS, while acute skin radiation reaction was more severe and prolonged with chemoboost. Compliance with protocol treatment was satisfactory on both arms. Conclusion Both regimens are feasible and are associated with significant but acceptable toxicity profiles in the cooperative group setting. Based on the promising efficacy seen in this trial, TPZ/CIS is being evaluated in a large phase III trial.
Bioactive coatings from nano‐biopolymers/plant extract composites for complete protection from mycotoxigenic fungi in dates

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND Contamination of date fruit with mycotoxigenic fungi is a hazardous threat. The present study investigated the effectiveness of natural derivatives for controlling this. Chitosan (Cts) was produced from Aspergillus niger mycelia and characterized and then nanochitosan (NCt) particles were synthesized from fungal Cts. Edible‐coating films were formulated based on Cts, NCt, pomegranate peel extract (PPE) and their composites and these were evaluated as antifungal materials against mycotoxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus , Aspergillus ochraceus and Fusarium moniliforme . RESULTS The Cts produced had 88.7% deacetylation, a molecular weight of 24.5 kDa and 98% solubility in diluted acetic acid, whereas the particle diameters of synthesized NCts ranged from 35 to 65 nm. The inhibition zone assay emphasized the antifungal effectiveness of the entire coating films. The most effective agent for preparing edible film was the blend of NCt + PPE followed by Cts + PPE based films. The practical application of antifungal films for date decontamination with respect to mycotoxigenic fungi demonstrates that the films were very effective for controlling the entire fungal strain and preventing growth on the fruits. CONCLUSION The NCt + PPE and Cts + PPE based films were found to be the most effective because they could completely eliminate the growth of any fungal spore on date fruit after 48 h from the coating experiment. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Unstable flow of molten polymers: A second site of melt fracture

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Instability in melt flow initiates within capillaries for some samples of the two types of polymers linear polyethylene and copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. This behavior contrasts with a previously described instability which initiated at capillary inlets. The instability initiating within capillaries results, initially, in fine-scale surface roughness and, ultimately, in slip or plug flow. Instabilities initiating at both sites appear to result from elastic failure or melt fracture at critical elastic strains of about 5 units. Data supporting these conclusions were obtained from capillary flow and flow birefringence, and rotational viscometry.
ADMINISTRATION IN A PEASANT STATE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The peasantry in a peasant state is characterized by a great diversity of local customs and by defensive strategies. Both are related to peasants' semi‐autarkic household production. Under these conditions the central government lacks information and the means of control. Administration by intermediaries and despotism becomes widespread because it is well adapted to this situation. In order not to be infected by the “chaotic diversity” in the countryside, the bureaucracy maintains its distance from the peasants. But on the other hand, it also tries to penetrate the peasantry. Bureaucratic administration requires the collection and storing of information, so a precise census is a basic tool for bureaucratic work. It is interesting to note that with regard to census‐taking twentieth century African peasant states compare unfavourably with eighteenth century Prussia. Résumé Dans un Etat agraire, la paysannerie se caractérise par une grande diversité de coutumes et par le caractére défensif de ses stratégies, ces traits étant liés àľautarcie relative des groupes domestiques. Dans pareil contexte, le pouvoir central est privé?informations et de moyens de contrôle, et ľadministration se développe jusqu'au niveau local par une série ?inter‐médiaires. Le pouvoir central bureaucratique poursuit une double statégie: se maintenir à distance des paysans pour éviter la “diversité chaotique” des sociétés paysannes, et ?autre part chercher à y pénétrer. Dés lors ľexécution des recensements constitue une tâche cruciale de ľadministration. La comparaison entre ľ Afrique Occidcntale française et ľEtat prussien du 18 o siécle montre que ce dernier était mieux équipé pour accomplir cette tâche. Kurzfassung In Bauernstaaten beobachten wir eine große Vielfalt lokaler Bräuche und defensive Strategien von Bauern. Beide hängen mit der particllen Subsistenzwirtschaft der Bauern zusammen. Unter diesen Bedingungen besitzt eine Zentralmacht nur wenig Informationen und Kontrollmittel. Mittelsmänner und Despotismus sind Formen der Verwaltung, die dieser Situation angepaßt sind. Bei der Bürokratie lassen sich zwei entgegengesetzte Stratcgicn festsrellen. Auf der einen Scire schließt sic sich “auristisch” gegenüber dcr “chaotischen Vielfalt” dcr Agrarwclt ab, auf der anderen Seite versucht sie, dorr die Grundlagen einer bürokratischen Verwaltung zu schaffen. Dabei kommr den Volkszäh‐lungcn eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Überraschcndcrweise zeigt sich, daß die heutigen afrikanischen Bauernstaaten weniger erfolgrcich bei der Schaffung dieser Grundlagen sind als der preußische Bauemstaat des 18. Jahrhunderts.
Improving plasma confinement in the Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor using a ring ferromagnet and a toroidal cathode

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Fusor is a term used to refer to nuclear fusion devices using only electrostatic confinement. In traditional fusors, the cathode is in the form of a spherical grid and the anode is the surrounding chamber. Upon application of high voltage, positive ions are accelerated towards the spherical cathode and fuse if their energies are high enough. This experiment investigates the use of a toroidal grid combined with a ring-shaped ferromagnet to enhance plasma confinement within a fusor, potentially increasing the chances of nuclear fusion. A single ring magnet is placed beneath the toroidal grid, whose magnetic field interacts with the positive ions being accelerated towards the cathode. This interaction is hypothesized to induce a spiralling motion in ions perpendicular to the magnetic field and compression of plasma towards the magnet. There will be an anode wire which runs through the gap in the toroid to keep ions confined within the toroidal cathode and prevent excessive spiralling. The experiment compares plasma behaviour under two conditions: with and without the magnetic field from the ring magnet. Without the magnetic field, the setup behaves in a comparable way to a standard fusor. Measurements include the temperature of the plasma which is qualitatively assessed by the voltage produced by a solar panel due to intensity of light emitted, distribution of plasma within the enclosure, measurement of the temperature of the enclosure, measurement of voltage produced by a homemade Geiger-Muller tube. Results indicate that the setup with the magnet leads to a more concentrated plasma towards the center as evidenced by a reduced temperature on the glass surface, increased temperature within the central region of the device, and more x-ray radiation production. These outcomes would demonstrate an improvement in the confinement of plasma, potentially advancing the feasibility of achieving nuclear fusion within a fusor framework.
A Survey of the Effectiveness of Existing Marsh Toe Protection Structures in Virginia Final Report to the Keith Campbell Foundation for the Environment, Inc.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Using tidal marshes and other vegetated treatments for upland erosion control has been an accepted practice for years, yet the scientific understanding and established guidelines for this approach are limited. This survey was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of existing marsh toe protection structures, a particular type of erosion control treatment associated with tidal marshes on Chesapeake Bay shorelines. Field evaluations were conducted at 36 sites in 6 localities on the Middle Peninsula and Northern Neck of Virginia. General dimensions of each structure were recorded and observations made of erosion evidence, structural integrity, construction access impacts, and adjacent landscape settings. Most of the projects provide effective erosion protection for the tidal marsh and adjacent upland bank. Twenty projects (55%) were also determined to be effective as living shoreline treatments based on tidal marsh condition and because the riparian and wetland vegetation cover was interconnected. Common design standards from these projects have been incorporated into advisory guidelines. INTRODUCTION Shoreline modifications for erosion control have been traditional along Virginia’s tidal shorelines. Accepted justifications for erosion control structures, such as bulkheads and rock revetments, include protecting private property from coastal hazards and reducing sediment input from natural and anthropogenic sources. Other motivating factors for tidal shoreline modifications include flood reduction, improving riparian access & landscape aesthetics, improving navigation, and to create recreational beaches. There is a growing concern among regulatory agencies, scientists, citizens and others that extensive shoreline stabilization and hardening for these purposes results in cumulative adverse impacts to coastal habitats (Burke et al, 2005). The private and public benefits of shoreline modification for erosion control and other purposes should be weighed against the adverse effects on ecological services provided by the riparian, wetland, and shallow water habitats. According to the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (VIMS) permit records database, Virginia regulatory agencies have permitted new “hardening” of an average 18.5 miles of tidal shoreline per year since 1993. In 2004, this average was surpassed when 19.8 miles of new erosion control structures were permitted (Duhring, 2005). Much of this shoreline development in recent years is associated with coastal population growth and the conversion of waterfront property from forested, rural and agricultural uses to single family and commercial recreation uses like marinas. Shoreline protection and stabilization is an integral component of this land use conversion in Virginia.
COOEE bitumen. Chemical aging

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We study chemical aging in "COOEE bitumen" using molecular dynamic simulations. This model bitumen is composed of four realistic molecule types: saturated hydrocarbon, resinous oil, resin, and asphaltene. The aging reaction is modelled by the chemical reaction: "2 resins $\rightarrow$ 1 asphaltene". Molecular dynamic simulations of four bitumen compositions, obtained by a repeated application of the aging reaction, are performed. The stress autocorrelation function, the fluid structure, the rotational dynamics of the plane aromatic molecules, and the diffusivity of each molecule, are determined for the four different compositions. The aging reaction causes a significant dynamics slowdown, which is correlated to the aggregation of asphaltene molecules in larger and dynamically slower nanoaggregates. Finally, a detailed description of the role of each molecule types in the aggregation and aging processes is given.
[Biological availability of ophthalmic preparations. 2. Ophthalmic therapeutic systems].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Ophthalmic therapeutic systems, which rank among the drugs of the second and third generation, make possible prolonged and controlled drug release, or the introduction of the drug direct into the site of action (a specific eye tissue) with minimal distribution into the adjacent tissues. The group mainly consists of solid ophthalmic preparations, in a lesser extent there are systems developed from hydrogels, colloidal carriers, etc. The present review lists both insoluble ophthalmic therapeutic systems and those soluble in water (degradable, erodible). Insoluble systems include membrane-controlled ophthalmic therapeutic systems (e.g. Ocusert), therapeutic eye lenses, eye implants, and other insoluble preparations. In the group of soluble preparations, topical inserts and systems are described, which are introduced into eye tissues as implants or injections.
An Autopsy Case of Testicular Embryonal Carcinoma with Positive Cytology of the Sputum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

原発巣確定以前に喀痰中に腫瘍細胞の出現した睾丸原発胎児性癌の1例を経験し, 剖検時採取された原発巣, 転移巣の捺印細胞像ならびに組織の免疫組織化学的検索所見を喀痰細胞像と比較検討した.喀痰中に出現した腫瘍細胞は20～40μの多形性を有する細胞であり核細胞質比は大, 核クロマチンは顆粒状散在性であり明瞭な核小体が1～2個観察された. これら腫瘍細胞は孤立散在性ないし10数個の細胞よりなる集簇巣として観察され, 剖検時採取された原発巣, 転移巣の組織およびその捺印標本との比較では組織学的特徴をよく反映していると考えられた. 免疫組織化学ではAFPは原発巣, 転移巣の定型的胎児性癌部分およびより未分化な細胞よりなる部分にも証明されたのに対して, HCGとそのサブユニットは原発巣においては短紡錘形ないし多形細胞に, また肝転移巣内に稀に存在するsyncytiotrophoblast様の巨細胞にのみその局在が証明された. CEAは原発巣, 転移巣ともに陰性であった.以上より喀痰細胞像は胎児性癌の組織学的特徴をよく反映し不規則な腺管様ないし乳頭状パターンに特徴づけられると考えられた. しかし, 胚細胞性腫瘍の診断には詳細な細胞学的検索はもちろん, 患者の性, 年齢, および血清中のtumor markerの検索が必須であると考えられる. さらに今後細胞診領域における免疫組織化学の応用は胚細胞性腫瘍の診断に有用な手段になると考えられる.
Treatment of Gestational Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) should consider both the maternal, fetal, and neonatal effects of the disease, line of treatment, and physiological changes during pregnancy. Women with GDM are classified into two categories according to their fasting blood glucose levels. Dietary control is mandatory in both classes, and the addition of pharmacological agents in those with fasting and 2-h postprandial plasma glucose levels <95 and 120 mg/dL is controversial (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2013). Individualization of the diet in GDM according to women weight and height is recommended by the American Diabetes Association (ADA), and restriction of carbohydrate to a level that maintains normal glucose level is mandatory with individualization of the caloric intake according to women BMI and weight gain during pregnancy.
Consequences of Adolescent or Adult Ethanol Exposure on Tone and Context Fear Retention: Effects of an Acute Ethanol Challenge During Conditioning

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background An acute ethanol (EtOH) challenge prior to fear conditioning typically disrupts fear retention to contextual cues to a greater degree than fear retention to a discrete tone cue, and adolescent rats are less sensitive than adults to these EtOH‐induced disruptions of context fear memory. Given that some research suggests that repeated EtOH exposure during adolescence may “lock‐in” adolescent‐typical EtOH sensitivity into adulthood, the purpose of this study was to determine whether adults exposed to EtOH as adolescents would be less sensitive to EtOH‐induced disruptions of context fear. Methods Male Sprague–Dawley rats were given 4 g/kg intragastric EtOH (25% v/v) or water every 48 hours for a total of 11 exposures during adolescence (postnatal day [P] 28 to 48) or adulthood (P70–90). After a 22‐day non‐EtOH period, animals were acutely challenged with 1 g/kg intraperitoneal EtOH or saline 10 minutes prior to tone or context (noncued) fear conditioning. Tone and context fear retention was subsequently examined. Results Regardless of age or exposure history, typical deficits in context fear retention were evident after EtOH challenge during conditioning. Similarly, tone fear retention was disrupted in all animals that were trained in the presence of EtOH, which was somewhat surprising given the relative resistance of tone fear retention to an acute EtOH challenge. Conclusions These results do not support the notion of a “lock‐in” of adolescent‐typical EtOH sensitivity as there was no influence of exposure age on sensitivity to the disruptive effects of an acute EtOH challenge. Thus, it appears that not all adolescent‐like EtOH sensitivities persist into adulthood after prior EtOH exposure during adolescence.
Reply on RC1

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Understanding the thermal behavior of lakes is crucial for water quality management. Under climate change, lakes are warming and undergoing alterations in their thermal structure, including surface and deep-water temperatures. These changes require continuous monitoring due to the possible major ecological implications on water quality and lake processes. With the scarcity of long-term in situ water temperature datasets, we present a regional long-term water temperature dataset (LakeTSim: Lake Temperature Simulations) produced over 401 French lakes by combining numerical modelling and satellite thermal data. The dataset consists of daily epilimnion and hypolimnion temperatures for the period 1959–2020 simulated with the semi-empirical OKPLM (Ottosson-Kettle-Prats Lake Model). We also describe this model and its performance. We present the uncertainty analysis of simulations with default (parametrized with satellite thermal data over all lakes and in situ measurements) and calibrated (with in situ temperature measurements for each lake) model parameters as well as the sensitivity analysis of the latter. Overall, the 90 % confidence uncertainty range is largest for hypolimnion temperature simulations with a median of 8.5 ºC and 2.32 ºC respectively with default and calibrated parameter values. There is less uncertainty associated with epilimnion temperature simulations with a median of 5.42 ºC and 1.85 ºC before and after parameter calibration. This dataset will help provide insight into the thermal functioning of French lakes. It provides over six decades of epilimnion and hypolimnion temperature data, crucial for climate change studies at a regional scale. The dataset will also be of great advantage for decision making by stakeholders.
A Comparative Study of Heating Rates in Arboreal and Nonarboreal Frogs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Heating rates and time constants of heating were determined for similarly sized green tree frogs, Hyla cinerea, and southern leopard frogs, Rana sphenocephala exposed to step changes in ambient temperature from 15 to 30?C. Whereas the initial body temperatures were not significantly different (15?C), equilibration body temperatures were significantly higher in H. cinerea (26.6?C) than in R. sphenocephala (18.1?C). Rates of temperature change were 2.5 x higher in H. cinerea and are explained by the presence of reduced cutaneous evaporative heat loss in this species. The thermal time constant is inappropriate for interspecific comparisons of heating in anurans. lo , ol. 23, No. 2, pp. 141-145, 1989 ciet for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles of eating Rates in a oreal Frogs During the nearly twenty years since reduced cutaneous evaporative water loss (CWL) was first reported in an arboreal frog (Loveridge, 1970), some degree of waterproofing has been found to be present among species belonging to at least nine tree frog genera (see Wygoda, 1988b). Because anuran hydroand thermoregulation are closely linked (Tracy, 1976; Bundy and Tracy, 1977; Beuchet et al., 1984), profound differences in thermoregulatory strategies are expected to be present between these frogs and non-waterproof frogs. However, little is known of the thermal consequences of CWL reduction because, with few exceptions (McClanahan et al., 1978; Wygoda, 1984, 1988a, b; Shoemaker et al., 1987), simultaneous water loss and body temperature measurements have not been performed. It is known that body temperatures (Tbs) of waterproof arboreal frogs approximate air temperature (Ta) up to around 40?C (Shoemaker et al., 1987), but remain constant when Ta is further increased (McClanahan et al., 1978; Shoemaker et al., 1987). TbS of non-thermally stressed moderately waterproof arboreal frogs are intermediate between Ta and the Tb of nonwaterproof frogs (Wygoda, 1984) and are less coupled to relative humidity (RH) changes than are those of non-waterproof frogs (Wygoda, 1988b). In addition to providing elevated Tbs, rel., 1987), simultaneous water loss and body e perature measurements have not b e perormed. It is known that body temperatures (Tbs) f waterproof arbo eal frogs approximate air e perature (Ta) up to around 40?C (Shoemaker t al., 1987), but remain constant whe Ta is 141 This content downloaded from 40.77.167.54 on Thu, 06 Oct 2016 04:20:27 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms