jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
حكم تعزير مانع الزكاة بأخذ المال عند المذاهب الأربعة

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Zakat obligation is matter in religion that are logically already known. Refusing to pay zakat due to ignorance and greed is one of the great sins in afterlife law, and is among the most heinous crimes in worldly law. This research discusses the law of takzir against people who are reluctant to pay zakat by taking their property according to the four schools. This research aims to find out the opinions of the four schools of jurisprudence about the law of takzir against people who are reluctant to pay zakat by taking their property (forcibly), and to know the understanding of disputes of opinion about the takzir against people who are reluctant to pay zakat by taking their property according to four schools. The research methods used in research are inductive-deductive and comparative methods. The results showed that the four schools of jurisprudence agreed to impose takzir on people who are reluctant to pay zakat by taking their property forcibly according to the obligatory zakat rate on it without additional. While some scholars consider that takzir for people who are reluctant to pay zakat is to take their property forcibly according to the obligatory zakat rate on it accompanied by additional punishment that takes half of its property. This is the opinion of the old Shafii (qaul qadīm), one of the narration of Imam Ahmad, as well as the opinion of some scholars such as al-Auzāʿī, Isḥāq bin Rāhūyah, Ibn al-ʿUṡaimīn, in addition to the opinion of the permanent of Fatwa Commission of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. As for the understanding of dissent in this matter is the knowledge that every school of jurisprudence has a proposition as a guideline to strengthen its opinion, so that the difference should not be the cause of division and hostility among the Muslims.
26‐3: Difference in Optical and Hole‐injection Properties between Organic Material/Molybdenum Oxide Composite (OMOx) Layer and Hole‐injection Layer with Organic Acceptor

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A composite of an organic material and molybdenum oxide (OMOx) serves as a hole‐injection layer (HIL) in an OLED device even when the organic material has a deep HOMO level. Such “deep‐level OMOx” compounds exhibit several advantages in their optical and hole‐injection properties over general HILs that use organic acceptors.
PRK1, a receptor‐like kinase of Petunia inflata, is essential for postmeiotic development of pollen

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary A pollen‐expressed gene of Petunia inflata that encodes a receptor‐like kinase named PRK1 was previously identified. The extracellular domain of PRK1 contains leucine‐rich repeats which have been implicated in protein—protein interactions, and the cytoplasmic domain was found to autophosphorylate on serine and possibly tyrosine. To investigate the function of PRK1 in pollen development, P. inflata plants were transformed with a construct containing the promoter of a pollen‐expressed gene of tomato, LAT52 , fused to an antisense PRK1 cDNA corresponding to part of the extracellular domain of PRK1. Three transgenic plants were found to each produce approximately equal amounts of normal and aborted pollen. Analysis of the inheritance of the transgene inserts in two of the transgenic plants, ASRK‐13 and ASRK‐20, to their progeny revealed that certain transgene inserts co‐segregated with the pollen abortion phenotype. Microscopic examination of the aborted pollen grains showed that their outer wall, the exine, was essentially normal, but that their cytoplasm contained only starch‐like granules. Staining of the nuclei of the microspores at different stages of anther development revealed that the microspores of the transgenic plants developed normally until the uninucleate stage. However, in subsequent stages half of the microspores completed mitosis and developed into normal binucleate pollen, but the other half initially remained uninucleate and subsequently lost their nuclei. Analysis of the amounts of PRK1 mRNA and the antisense PRK1 transcript suggested that the pollen abortion phenotype most likely resulted from downregulation of the PRK1 gene by the antisense PRK1 transgene. These results suggest that PRK1 plays an essential role in a signal transduction pathway that mediates postmeiotic development of microspores.
Heat transfer in syntactyc carbon porous materials

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Heat transfer in the syntactic carbon porous materials is considered. A number of assumptions regarding the microstructure of these materials and the corresponding mechanisms of heat transfer are made. Relations to estimate the effective density, heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the materials taking into account the radiant heat exchange between the matrix elements are given. The behavior of these parameters depending on the structure, properties, and components of syntactic porous material is analyzed.
Enteroliths of Small Intestine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ANTI-S AGGLUTININ BRMSH bodies were not higher with the albumin/serum method and the indirect anti-human-globulin test.After heat- ing the serum for 10 minutes at 700 C. incomplete anti- bodies anti-C and anti-D were found, titre 1: 256, but no incomplete antibodies of the type anti-S could be detected with the albumin/serum inethod, indirect anti- human-globulin, or trypsin technique.In the period from October 26 to November 7, 1950, the patient received 4,500 ml. of A, Rh-negative, Snegative blood.No -reaction occurred, and the haemoglobin level increased from 35 to 60%.The titre of the antibody anti-S had decreased from 1: 16 to 1: 4.Apart from the transfusions of A, Rh-negative, Snegative blood, the patient received on October 26 20 ml. of A, Rh-negative, S-positive blood, which resulted in a febrile reaction (39' C.).Four days later the titre was 1: 32.Twelve days after this first attempt of artificial immunization 10 ml. of Rh-negative S-positive blood was given again, this time without causing any reaction.Five days later the titre had increased to 1: 64.Reinvestigation of the serum on December 21 revealed.a decrease in titre to 1: 4.Determination of the blood groups of husband and children revealed the following facts.
Application of a bilingual faceted terminological system for specialized information retrieval

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The central aim of this poster is to describe the development of a virtual resources library with specialized contents on the field of cardiovascular diseases, organized according to a faceted organisation of categories. We understand facets as the classes of the different categories of one specific subject field. The information of our e-library is classified following two main different criteria: On one hand depending on the subject(s) of the documents, ordered by an onomasiological structure. For instance, we sorted the cardiovascular diseases into more specific subfields like cardiovascular abnormalities (vascular malformations, heart defects, etc.); heart diseases (arhythmias, heart failure, heart neoplasms, etc.); vascular diseases (hypertension, stroke, etc.). \n \nOn the other hand we take into consideration the characteristics and attributes of the more usual information in the biomedical areas. The classification was made depending on the form, the structure or the type of content of the document and we had classes like reference documents (atlas, books, clinical practice guidelines, databases, dictionaries and glossaries, etc.); information about congresses and other meetings; health and medical portals or associations. In addition, all the different categories and classes (subjects as well as document types) have been labelled in two languages, Spanish and English, to allow the recovery of the information no matter which language is used. \n \nWithout a doubt one of the most important aspects for the quality of information resources is the accuracy of the retrieval of the contents, avoiding the silence and the documental noise and more precisely the faceted classification methodology gives us the possibility to deal with more than one category and so increasing the relevancy of the search results.
Ranges of low-energy heavy ions in beryllium, boron, carbon, and silicon

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Based on a theory of the passage of low-energy, heavy ions through matter, simple analytical expressions are obtained for calculating the average projected ranges of the ions and the rms deviations of the projected ranges. The theoretical and experimental ranges of heavy ions with atomic numbers 29⩽Z 1⩽83 in targets of Be, B, C, and Si are compared. The theory is found to be in good agreement with experiment.
Clinical outcome of ventricular tachycardia ablation using a novel 3D cardiovascular navigation system

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: With an increasing number of long and complex procedures for the treatment of ventricular arrhythmias, fluoroscopy reduction plays an important role in the safety of patients, physicians and medical staff. We describe the clinical outcome of using a novel fluoroscopy-imitating 3D cardiovascular navigation system for VT ablation.
Analysis on the Molecular Interactions between Tobramycin, an Aminoglycoside Antibiotic and Periplasmic Glucans Isolated from Pseudomonas syringae

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The chemical structures of these molecules are shown in Figure 1. Tobramycin (Figure 1A) consists of three rings of nebrosamine (a), 2-deoxystrapt-amine (b), and kanosamine moiety (c). Linear β-glucans (Figure 1B) are β-1,2 linked and β-1,6 branched glucans containing 6-12 glucose residues.NMR spectroscopic analysis is a technique providing the evidence of complexation
Contrast in larval sensitivity to low pH in sea urchins from neighbouring seagrass meadows at Inhaca Island, Mozambique

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Ocean acidification presents a major threat to marine life, and a large body of evidence has documented its negative effects on various marine species and ecosystems. Recent meta-analyses highlight the key role of local adaptation and have linked species’ sensitivity to extremes of the present range of pH variability. More specifically, ‘physiological tipping points’ can be correlated with the lowest experienced pH where the organisms live. We verified this hypothesis by comparing the responses of larvae of the collector urchin Tripneustes gratilla originating from two neighbouring seagrass meadows at Inhaca Island in southern Mozambique. The two seagrass meadows experience different conditions: the site at the Inhaca Marine Biology Research Station (Estação de Biologia Marítima de Inhaca, EBMI) is subtidal, and the site at Banguá is intertidal. Larvae of adults collected from the two sites were cultured in the laboratory under four different target pH treatments (8.04, 7.67, 7.46 and 7.29) for 7 days. The results showed an overall negative effect of lower pH on survival and growth as well as on an index of symmetry. Larvae originating from the intertidal seagrass habitat at Banguá which experiences large pH fluctuations were more sensitive to a lower pH than those from the subtidal seagrass habitat at EBMI. This finding suggests that different mechanisms for pH tolerance and local adaptation may apply in subtidal versus intertidal environments. Consequently, the unifying principle that physiological tipping points are correlated with the extreme low pH in the present range of variability, may reach its limit in increasingly extreme environments under natural conditions.
A study on the design and performance of a tactile display by tactile feeling discrimination

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The tactile display is a man-machine interface that can transmit information through the skin by the sense of touch. It can reproduce, as closely as possible, the tactile parameters of an object, such as shape, surface texture, roughness and temperature. The tactile sensations are made achievable by stimulating numerous tactile receptors/mechanoreceptors which are embedded in the skin. An understanding of the functional characteristics of these mechanoreceptors is essential to the development of effective tactile displays. Among the many types of tactile displays that have been developed, most researches and applications have focused on the “pin-based” concept. This report aims to investigate the performance of an existing 3 x 3, pin-based tactile display prototype based on the experimentation of tactile feeling discrimination. To enhance the results of its performance, minor physical modification has been implemented to the design. The viability of the presentation of various tactile sensations by the proposed tactile display design will be validated through emulating relevant experiments performed in previous research studies and comparing the results obtained. From which, the development of software programming required to fulfil the desired outcomes of the experiments will be illustrated in detail. In addition, a new quantification method for roughness representation will be introduced. With respect to analysis, coorelations are determined to be established between the control parameters involved and the output of tactile feeling generated. Both the comparison of results and analysis would help to identify any underlying limitations exhibit by the tactile display prototype. Finally, the report will suggest some future works that could be carried out in this area of work.
EFFECTS OF FLEA BEETLE FEEDING ON TRANSPLANTED AND DIRECT-SEEDED BROCCOLI

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of flea beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) feeding on transplanted and direct-seeded broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Pl.) were studied for 2 yr in field plots in south central Manitoba. Flea beetle populations were monitored in biweekly broccoli plantings and the plots were assessed for stand loss, plant damage and yield. Transplants of 4-, 3-, or 2-wk-old seedlings, direct-seeded plants and direct-seeded plants with carbofuran granules in furrow were compared. The earliest plantings had the greatest mortality, delayed harvest and most prolonged harvest period because of high beetle populations early in the season. Small transplants and newly emerged seedlings were the most severely defoliated by the beetles while broccoli plants beyond the 6- to 8-leaf stage suffered negligible damage. Direct-seeded plants without insecticide had the fewest and generally lowest-quality heads. Over both years direct-seeded broccoli yielded only 37% of the marketable harvest of direct-seeded, insecticide-protected broccoli. The old transplants were the most tolerant to flea beetle attack. Feeding on bud florets of the mature heads by the large summer generation of flea beetles in the second year of the study reduced marketable yields of all treatments.Key words: Flea beetle, broccoli, transplant, direct seed, carbofuran, Brassica oleracea var. italica Pl.
Random Rates for 0-Extension and Low-Diameter Decompositions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Consider the problem of partitioning an arbitrary metric space into pieces of diameter at most Δ, such every pair of points is separated with relatively low probability. We propose a rate-based algorithm inspired by multiplicatively-weighted Voronoi diagrams, and prove it has optimal trade-offs. This also gives us another logarithmic approximation algorithm for the 0-extension problem.
Post-Revolutionary Uses of Pascal

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I propose to explore a convergence of influences in the period following the French Revolution, when Christian discourse weakens in some respects and is renewed in others. At the dawn of the nineteenth century, counter-revolutionary and neo-Catholic writers acclaim religious and political authority and decry the Enlightenment, whose contribution to the Revolution and effects on social life (as seen from their viewpoint) they denounce. And so the Enlightenment is blamed for the Terror, the persecution of the clergy and the corrosion of society by an all-pervasive scepticism. This denunciation is fed by a revisiting of the great figures of tradition — Montaigne, Descartes, Bossuet, Rousseau — with a view to finding, in given aspects of their thought, explanations or arguments in the struggle to defend authority from dissolution. The place of Pascal within this historical context is a decisive one, recently highlighted by Antoine Compagnon, who identifies in the movement from Rousseau to Pascal the 'usual route' taken by 'antimodern' writers.1 Having been influenced by reading the philosophers of the Enlightenment, especially Rousseau, to an important extent the counter-Revolutionaries use their own arms against them.
Strain Gage Test Results of Band-Type Locking Rings for a Typical Drum Type Radioactive Material Package

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Band type closure rings are commonly used for securing the drum lid on radioactive material packages of lower weight classifications. Lid installation is achieved by placing the band around the perimeter of the lidded drum and tightening the single bolt in stages until a designated torque value is obtained. The band is subjected to heavy rapping with a soft hammer during installation to equilibrate the band strains around the drum perimeter. The study described here investigated the strain distributions in the band throughout the installation process. The results show that a uniform strain distribution is achieved during installation and that the hammering of the band aids in achieving the uniform distribution. The results of the strain levels after the drop test indicate that the locking rings maintain some pre-tension, even after severe targeted drops that crush a portion of the drum top.
Electronic Control Unit for Automatic Control of Torque Vectoring

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Torque vectoring for automobiles is used to increase cornering speeds and improve road safety by manipulating the car's wheel-speeds. One method of torque vectoring for a rear-wheel-drive Formula Student race car is using a dual-clutch to slip the inner wheel thus create a yaw moment during cornering. The goal of this thesis was to develop and design an electronic control unit to automatically control the two clutches to achieve the target yaw moment. By building on the previous development of a dual-clutch and a theoretical control model, this thesis was delimited to the implementation of a control algorithm on the hardware used to control the dual-clutch. Ulrich and Eppinger's product development method was used to develop an initial alpha-prototype for proof-of-concept development. A beta-prototype was then developed to control the dual-clutch via a Controller Area Network (CAN), before being packaged into a final product, the Torque Vectoring Electronic Control Unit (TVECU). The final product resulted in an electronic control unit capable of being mounted to a mechanical dual-clutch and regulating two Gen6 clutch actuators, thereby controlling the yaw moment. It can then be used to test, validate and further develop a dual-clutch torque vectoring system, and lays the foundations for a next-generation commercial model.
Adder Bites in Aldershot

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Each summer cases of adder bite occur in Aldershot and its surrounding areas. Many of these are brought to the Cambridge Military Hospital. This paper reports three cases that together illustrate the commonest clinical signs and symptoms. These include rapid swelling, malaise and anxiety. An important diagnostic indication is an early and marked leucocytosis. Treatment regimes are also reviewed with the advice ultimately being to "admit and monitor". The danger of early resort to antivenom is also examined and the principles of both treatment and first aid are developed.
CREDIT RESOURCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES (SME) IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The article is devoted to the study of lending to small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation, including the emergency situation related to the pandemic in 2020. The creditworthiness of small and medium-sized businesses was assessed. Measures of state credit policy affecting the volume of attracted credit resources were considered.
Evaluation of Capillary Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Through Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to the ability of carbon nanotubes, they are used to transport and deliver drugs and antibodies without poisonous effects in cells. The internal flow of carbon nanotubes shows a better result of biological function than water channels. Thus, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out for calculation of the speed of water delivery in nanotubes considering the capillary properties of Single-walled, Zigzag, chiral and Armchair carbon nanotubes arrangements, using discharge calculation (Q). It was found that the speed of water delivery in nanotubes is in the order of armchairs, chiral and finally zigzags. In other words, it is to argue that the adhesion between water molecules and the inner wall of Armchair nanotubes is stronger, and its capillary property functions faster than other arrangements.
From Consultation—Liaison Psychiatry to Psychosocial Advocacy: Maintaining Psychiatry's Scope

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To review the status of consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry and the forces shaping it, and to propose strategies for dealing with the crisis in which it finds itself. Method: A Medline search of C-L psychiatry and related terms, together with hand-searching of C-L psychiatry and psychosomatic journals and bibliographies of found articles, was used for the literature base. The experience of membership of the committees of national and international C-L psychiatry organisations and their interaction with health care administrators was used as the basis for the discussion of strategies. Results: It is argued that patients with physical/psychiatric comorbidity and somatisation have been marginalised by application of narrow definitions of what constitutes ‘serious mental disorder’ in the public sector. Evidence is presented to support the argument that physical/psychiatric comorbidity is the most common form of psychiatric presentation in the community, that such comorbidity has serious consequences in terms of morbidity, mortality and health-care costs, and that even subthreshold psychiatric symptoms have serious implications when physical comorbidity exists. Conclusion: It is concluded that a number of strategies, including pre-admission screening, integrated discharge planning, liaison, as well as shared care with general practitioners, advanced training in C-L psychiatry and more research to establish practice guidelines, are required if psychiatry is to remain a broad-based discipline rather than retreat to being a specialty for psychosis. Consultation-liaison psychiatrists must become the advocates for the psychosocial system.