jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
TURBULENT MIXING IN THE IMPINGEMENT ZONE OF DUAL OPPOSED FREE JETS AND OF THE NORMAL WALL-IMPINGING JET

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Marker nephelometry has been used to study the concentration fields of two jet-mixing systems: (i) equal opposed turbulent round free jets impinging upon each other, and (ii) the turbulent round free jet impinging upon a plane wall normal to its axis. Attention is focussed upon the impingement or deflection zone. The fields of mean concentration, concentration fluctuation intensity, and concentration intermittency were measured. Two-point correlations and frequency spectra were determined at selected points. Integral spatial scales were estimated. In the case of the opposed jets, the extent of mixing between the two jet source fluids was mapped. The results are of interest in relation to chemical reactors and combustors and for applications in heat and mass transfer. KEYWORDS: JetsTurbulenceMixing. Additional informationNotes on contributorsB. OZUMPresent address: Alberta Research Council, 11315, 87th Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2C2.H. TSUJIKAWADepartment of Chemical Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
Faith (f) and presence moment (o) in analytic processes: An example of a narcissistic disorder

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Based on Freud's remark that a neurosis can not be slain in absentia, the thesis is established that presence moments constitute the central points in the analytic process. The interpenetrative dynamics between analyst and analysand creates an analytical field, in which a pre-conception is formed. This pre-conception meets the self-revealing psychic world of the patient. This realization is a moment of presence (O) and the analytic third is determined. In this moment, the presence of psychic reality is irrefutable present and can be called by name. The name, which is seen as a presentational symbol, is a creation of the analytic couple, but has its source in the genetic roots of the patient. The presentational arises from the presence, which can then become the representation. F is central in this process and is part of the analytic couple. Based on detailed case material of a narcissistic disorder it is shown that a dynamic that impresses at first narcissistic, can be understood from a different point of view as a struggle for the analytical attitude and belief (F).
Cerebral blood flow in diabetes mellitus: evidence of abnormal cerebrovascular reactivity.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was studied at normocapnia and after a challenge with 5% CO2 in 59 diabetic patients and 28 controls. There was a significant age-related decline in CBF in both groups, which suggests that diabetes does not affect the rate of decrease of CBF with age. After CO2 challenge CBF increased in most of the controls; in the patients CBF increased in 23, decreased in 26, and remained stable in 10. Thus the reactivity of cerebral blood vessels in diabetics is altered. Diabetics have diminished cerebrovascular reserve and are thus at increased risk of cerebrovascular disease because they are unable to compensate when necessary with an increased CBF.
Assignment of the native Chinese hamster dihydrofolate reductase gene to chromosome 2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The native Chinese hamster DHFR gene was localized to 2pter^-ql4 using a combination of somatic cell hybrid technology and molecular techniques. In addition, <i>PGD, ENOJ, </i>and <i>DTS, </i>previously mapped to Chinese hamster chromosome 2, were localized to 2ql4— > qter. Localization of <i>PGM1 </i>to this region was confirmed. The relationship of the site of the native DHFR gene to the location of the homogeneously staining region in methotrexate-resistant cells is discussed.
Digital Twin Technology: Opportunities and Challenges for Smart Era's Applications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Digital Twin technology is an emerging technology that aims to create a digital replica of a physical entity, allowing for real-time monitoring, analysis, and control of the physical system. This technology is gaining popularity in the context of smart cities, smart factories, and other smart applications. This paper provides an overview of the opportunities and challenges associated with the use of Digital Twin technology in the smart era. The paper first introduces the concept of Digital Twin technology and its applications in different domains. Then, the paper discusses the benefits and challenges of implementing Digital Twin technology in smart applications. The benefits include improved efficiency, reduced costs, increased productivity, and enhanced decision-making capabilities. The challenges include data privacy and security, standardization, and interoperability. The paper concludes with a discussion of the future directions of Digital Twin technology and its potential to transform smart applications.
Soviet Application of Operational Art in the Khalkhin Gol Campaign, May-August 1939.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This monograph analyzes the Khalkhin Gol Campaign, also referred to as the Battle of Nomonhan, from the Soviet perspective to look at the elements of operational art in a historical campaign. The Khalkhin Gol Campaign resulted from the poorly defined border between Outer Mongolia and Manchukuo. The Khalkhin Gol Campaign began when Mongolian cavalry occupied disputed territory between the Khalkhin Gol River and the town of Nomonhan. This undeclared border war between the USSR and Japan lasted from May to August, 1939 and resulted in more than fifty thousand casualties combined. This analysis provides current military planners with a historical vignette to enhance their appreciation for the application of the elements of operational art for future high intensity conflicts.
Patent ductus arteriosus in infants and children: A review of 936 operations (1946-69)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nine hundred and thirty-six consecutive cases of closure of a patent ductus arteriosus in infants and children are reported. Among 789 without any other cardiac anomalies there were 11 deaths, seven of these with severe congenital anomalies other than cardiovascular. There was one incomplete closure. The deaths in this series were mostly associated with additional congenital cardiac anomalies. Forty-eight of the 59 who died had additional cardiac anomalies. Forty-seven of the deaths were in infants. For 691 patients over the age of 1 year the hospital mortality rate was less than 0·5%. Ligation of the ductus using two ligatures of thick plaited silk (1·2 mm diameter) was the technique used in 99% of these cases. There were four cases of recanalization or inadequate ligation but all four survived. This technique seems an acceptable one for the closure of a patent ductus arteriosus.
Identification of mixed hardening parameters for aluminium sheet by cyclic loading tool

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This project is about identifying mixed hardening parameters of aluminium alloy AA 1100 by cyclic loading tool. The identified parameters are useful as input data in sheet metal forming simulation. It helps to improve the performance of the simulation to solve forming problem such as springback. The cyclic loading tools are fabricated to perform bending-unbending. Software Mastercam is used to generate G-code for advance machining on the fabrication process. The newly developed tool is installed on the tensile test machine for cyclic bending-unbending experiment. The experimental data acquired are converted into stress- strain data which are further analysis by using Matlab for parameters identification. The mixed hardening parameters for various thicknesses are obtained at the end of the project. R-square error are used to justify the accuracy of the parameters. The mixed hardening equation which is the combination of isotropic hardening law and kinematic hardening rule are fitting to the experimental data very well. Improvements in the newly developed tools are suggested to reduce friction and hence obtain better results.
A novel role of the vaccinia virus mRNA capping enzyme in determining virus host range

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

E3 family proteins are a poxvirus defense gene that have a significant role in host range determination. Their biological function has largely been attributed to the ability of the protein to bind double-stranded RNA. Increasing evidence indicates this mechanism is more complex. For example, the ortholog, SPPV034, is unable to rescue replication of a recombinant virus even though it retains the ability to bind dsRNA. The Vaccinia virus capping enzyme (the D1-D12 heterodimer) is a cofactor for E3 protein in determining host range. A D1-G801S mutation rescued replication of the SPPV034 recombinant virus and inhibited activation of host responses. A D12-S131N partially rescue replication, but could not fully antagonize host responses. These results indicate that E3 proteins operate on a threshold mechanism determined by intrinsic properties. The D1-D12 heterodimer mutations altered the quantity of dsRNA produced during infections so that the upper limit of the SPPV034 protein was not reached.
SYNTHESIS AND PREFORMULATION STUDIES OF A PRODRUG OF LOMEFLOXACIN

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A prodrug of lomefloxacin was synthesized by reacting the free base with aqueous formaldehyde solution in a 1:1 mixture of methylene chloride and methanol. The colourless, crystalline N-hydroxy methyl derivative, m.p. 220o showed a two-fold increase in solubility and a three fold increase in the dissolution rate over the parent drug. The degradation kinetics, pH-rate profile, antimicrobial activity, LD50 and physical characteristics such as particle size distribution, angle of repose of the prodrug were studied. The prodrug showed increased solubility and dissolution and gets easily converted to parent drug.
Abnormal Hemispheric Blood Flow and Metabolism in Cerebrovascular Disease. I. Disordered Patterns of Hemispheric Metabolism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hemispheric blood flow (HBF) and metabolism were studied in 46 patients with various types and stages of ischemic cerebrovascular disease and were found to be abnormal in all patients, including those with transient ischemic attacks. Bilateral depression of HBF and metabolism was observed in association with acute unilateral cerebral infarction. Hemispheric respiratory quotient (HRQ) was higher in the ischemic hemisphere than in the healthy side. The degree of elevation of HRQ on the diseased side correlated well with the acuteness of infarction, increasing age of the patients, and the severity of the neurological deficit. However, the HRQ in the healthy hemisphere was lower than unity, which suggests that substances other than glucose were being metabolized. The high hemispheric glucose:oxygen ratio (HG:O) correlated well with the severity of infarction and the age of the patient. Patients with brain stem ischemia had the lowest HBF values, suggesting that central neurogenic vasomotor control had been impaired or that diaschisis was greater in those with brain stem lesions than in patients with other types of lesions. A significant uptake of β-hydroxybutyrate was observed in both the healthy and diseased hemispheres but was highest in the healthy side. Evidence for abnormal cerebral metabolic patterns, such as anaerobic glycolysis, in patients with cerebrovascular disease, and oxidation of nonglucose substances such as β-hydroxybutyrate, are discussed.
Noble Warriors and Battlefronts by Muhammad Tahir Naqqash

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter feature the authors’ translations of excerpts from Muhammad Tahir Naqqash’s 2001, 590-page volume titled Ghaziyan-i-Saf-Shikan (Noble Warriors and Battlefronts)—a accounts of LeT’s various operations, including the 2000 fidayeen attack on the Red Fort in New Delhi and the Srinagar airport attack in October 2001. These accounts provide vivid, action-packed details of the life and adventures of various LeT mujahideen stationed in Kashmir and elsewhere in India, emphasizing both the heroism of Muslim mujahideen and the incessant victimized subject position of Muslims. Hindus are depicted as both craven but also violence-prone perpetrators. The forward was written by Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, LeT’s chief of operations and supreme commander of operations in Kashmir. Like many of the items included in this compilation, this text also belies any of Pakistan’s claims that Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (or any of its other operational names) does not engage in the production of violence.
Spectral effects and determining the solar spectral distribution for Mugla and Ankara

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Not only is the theoretical calculation of the amount of solar radiation but also the characteristics of the light so significant in deciding the spectral sensitivity of the PV modules. The amount of radiation reaching on the earth depends on many atmospheric parameters such as wavelength and air mass. Spectral 2 is a model that calculates the amount of radiation for any region depending on the wavelength and atmospheric parameters. There are no theoretical and experimental studies on this subject in Turkey until now. In this study, the amounts of radiation coming to the surface having horizontal and different tilt angles were calculated for Mugla and Ankara. Due to the different climatic characteristics of Mugla and Ankara, the amount of radiation varies. According to the results, in winter and autumn, the amount of radiation which comes to Ankara and Mugla, is different each other. Due to the different climatical and geographical characteristics of Mugla and Ankara, the amount of radiation varies. The model, which is used in this study, due to atmospheric effects that have, is more comprehensive than any other empirical models made in Turkey.
Spatial and temporal evolutions of ozone in a nanosecond pulse corona discharge at atmospheric pressure

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This paper deals with the experimental determination of the spatial and temporal evolutions of the ozone concentration in an atmospheric pressure pulsed plasma, working in the nanosecond regime. We observed that ozone was produced in the localized region of the streamer. The ozone transport requires a characteristic time well above the millisecond. The numerical modelling of the streamer expansion confirms that the hydrodynamic expansion of the filamentary discharge region during the streamer propagation does not lead to a significant transport of atomic oxygen and ozone. It appears therefore that only diffusional transport can take place, which requires a characteristic time of the order of 50 ms.
Long-term Results of Mitral Valve Repair for Non-Rheumatic Mitral Regurgitation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The durability of mitral valve repaired with reconstructive techniques is variable. If the durability continues to be good, mitral valve repair may be the procedure of choice in many patients with mitral regurgitation. Between December 1970 and June 1993, 54 patients had mitral valve repair for non-rheumatic mitral regurgitation. There were 38 men and 16 women with a mean age of 46.8 (range 19–68) years. The pathology which required surgical treatment was torn chordae in 38 patients, elongation of the chordae in five, valve prolapse without elongation or rupture of the chordae in six, infective endocarditis in three, and annular dilatation in two. Forty-four patients had triangular or quadrangular resection of the mitral leaflet, and seven had annuloplasty alone. Choral reconstruction was performed on three patients. There were no operative deaths. Five patients (9%) died late after operation. The actuarial survival rate and the valve-related death-free rate at 10 years were 83.9% and 90.0%, respectively. Seven patients (13%) required reoperation. Freedom from reoperation at 10 years was 84.5%. Improper evaluation of residual regurgitation during operation and suture dehiscence were the principal causes of reoperation. It was concluded that mitral valve repair for non-rheumatic mitral regurgitation showed low operative mortality and stable long-term results. It is suggested that intraoperative transoesophageal colour Doppler echocardiography provides accurate assessment of mitral valve competence and may be helpful in reducing the need for reoperation.
Additional file 2: of Transcriptomic profiles of aging in naïve and memory CD4+ cells from mice

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Genes differentially expressed in young and old, memory and naïve CD4+ T cells. list of gene symbols, Illumina probe IDs, log2 fold change, p-values and FDR for all genes differentially expressed between young and old naïve (CD44 Low) and young and old memory (CD44 high) at a FDR of ≤ 0.1. (XLSX 125 kb)
Humanitarian Intervention and State Sovereignty: Case Study of Darfur

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis presents a critical analysis of international law on humanitarian intervention using Darfur, Sudan, as a case study. In the 20th century, international law was the perceived hurdle to humanitarian intervention. The international legal debate frames state sovereignty against humanitarian intervention. Within this legal framework, civilians are unprotected from atrocities that remain inside state territorial lines. States could conduct acts of genocide against their own population with impunity. After the intervention in Kosovo and the genocide in Rwanda, international law evolved to allow humanitarian intervention. The international legal debate shifted from state sovereignty against humanitarian intervention to a "Responsibility to Protect." The United States declared the atrocities in Darfur, Sudan, to be genocide in 2004. Four years later, there is still no protection of civilians and over 2 million displaced civilians remain in camps. Where the law has changed there is still a requirement for state interest. Until the genocide in Darfur is a vital state interest, the United States and other western countries will not intervene, regardless of what international law authorizes. If the only limitation on humanitarian intervention in Darfur is the perception that the genocide is not a United States vital interest, the U.S. military should be prepared for the view to change. With the creation of Africa Command, the U.S. military is beginning to view the continent of Africa with more interest. The U.S. military will be more effective if its leaders understand the evolution of the legal framework for humanitarian intervention, how to work within it, and the repercussions for working outside it when state interests change.
No sex-specific effects of artificial selection for relative telencephalon size in detour learning and spatial discrimination in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Over recent decades, substantial research has focused on fish cognitive evolution to increase our understanding of the evolution of the enormous diversity of cognitive abilities that exists in fishes. One important but understudied aspect of cognitive evolution is sexual dimorphism in cognitive abilities. Sex-specific variation in brain region morphology has been proposed to be an important mechanism in this context. However, it is also common to find sex-specific variation in behaviour and cognition without associated differences in brain morphology among the sexes. The telencephalon is the major cognitive center in the vertebrate brain and variation in telencephalon size has been associated with variation in cognition. Here we utilize recently developed guppy artificial selection lines with ca 10% differences in relative telencephalon size to investigate if similar responses to selection of the size of this region may affect cognitive abilities differently in males and females. We compared two ecologically relevant aspects of cognition, detour learning and binary spatial discrimination. We tested the significance of the interaction between telencephalon size and sex, and found no sex-specific effects of evolutionary increases in telencephalon size in the cognitive abilities tested. This study indicates that no clear cognitive sex-specific responses occur in response to rapid selection on telencephalon size. We suggest that future research on sexual dimorphism in cognitive abilities in fish could examine various cognitive tests and telencephalic subregions to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their evolution.
The ‘social history’ of popular music: a label without a cause?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During the coffee break at a recent conference, I described myself to a new acquaintance as ‘a social historian of music’. He replied that he was glad to meet me as he now knew all four of us. The ‘club’, of course, has never been quite that exclusive, but the joke highlighted the essentially submerged and inchoate nature of work in this field. What follows is a decidedly personal article, designed not as a polished, final argument but as a review of some recent developments within the social history of popular music and as a stimulus to further work and argument. Aimed most particularly at those, whether they define themselves as musicologists or historians, taking relatively early steps into this field, it reflects the biases and preoccupations of a social historian with decidedly Anglo-centric interests and for whom history tends to ‘begin’ about 1750; I have a sense, however, that some of my comments may be relevant to the study both in and of other countries and of other historical periods. ‘Popular’ music is broadly defined here to accommodate both ‘aesthetic’ and ‘social’ usages of the term, but given my particular interests, and perhaps because of the methodological imperatives of social history, the latter application undoubtedly receives the closest attention.
Regression Analysis of Preoperative Chest Radiographs to Predict Intraoperative Location of Esophageal Foreign Body (Coin) in Pediatric Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To provide a guide to estimate the location of coins within the esophagus based on the pre-operative radiographic image among pediatric patients seen at the East Avenue Medical Center Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery (ORL-HNS) between January 2018 and December 2020. Methods: Design: Retrospective Case Series Setting:Tertiary Government Training Hospital Participants: The records of 99 pediatric patients aged 6 months to 13 years who were diagnosed with esophageal foreign body (coin) impaction and underwent rigid esophagoscopy from January 2018 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: A predictive model was derived from the data using linear regression analysis. The model shows that we can predict the intraoperative location of coin within the esophagus if provided with the patient’s age and vertebral level of the coin on chest radiograph. Prediction values were reported for patients in three age categories (less than 3 years old, 3 to 7 years old, 8 to 13 years old), at 10 radiographic locations (C2, C4, C5, C6, C7, T1, T2, T3, T7, T8), except for these (C1, C3, T4-T6) because of lack of data. For example, the table predicts that a coin will be located 13 cm (or between 11.4cm to 14.8cm) from the central maxillary incisors (CMI) intraoperatively if the coin was located at level C6 vertebrae on chest radiograph, for patients less than 3 years old. Conclusion:This study provides a novel guide that may serve as a practical tool for ENT surgeons to estimate the intraoperative location of coin foreign bodies in the esophagus of pediatric patients based on preoperative radiographic imaging.