jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Warts, cancer and ubiquitylation: lessons from the papillomaviruses.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Certain human papillomaviruses (such as HPV-16 and HPV-18) are associated with specific anogenital cancers, most notably cervical cancer. These viruses encode two oncoproteins, E6 and E7, which are expressed in the HPV positive cancers. E7 functions in cellular transformation, at least in part, through inactivation of pRB, and the other pRB related "pocket proteins" p107 and p130. The major target of the E6 oncoprotein encoded by the genital tract, cancer-associated human papillomaviruses is the p53 tumor suppressor protein. E6 binding to p53 is mediated by a cellular protein, the E6-associated protein (E6AP). In the presence of E6, E6AP catalyses the ubiquitylation and proteolysis of p53. E6AP is an E3 ubiquitin protein ligase and is not normally involved in the regulation of p53 stability in the absence of E6. E6AP is the prototype for the HECT domain family of E3 ubiquitin protein ligases.
Thermodynamics "beyond" local equilibrium

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics has shown its applicability in a wide variety of different situations pertaining to fields such as physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering. As successful as it is, however, its current formulation considers only systems close to equilibrium --those satisfying the so-called local equilibrium hypothesis. Here we show that diffusion processes that occur far away from equilibrium can be viewed as at local equilibrium in a space that includes all the relevant variables in addition to the spatial coordinate. In this way, nonequilibrium thermodynamics can be used and the difficulties and ambiguities associated with the lack of a thermodynamic description disappear. We analyze explicitly the inertial effects in diffusion and outline how the main ideas can be applied to other situations.
Mesozoic Evolution of the Margins of Tethys in Indonesia and the Philippines

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A major difficulty in interpreting the pre-Cainozoic palaeogeography of the Indonesia-Philippine region results from the Cainozoic tectonics which have considerably altered the original distribution of the pre-Cainozoic rocks. These tectonic effects ary of two kinds, plate margin deformations and the extensional development of marginal basins with associated migration of island arcs. The remarkable similarity between the para-autochthonous and authochthonous Mesozoic facies of the Outer Banda Arc, Spur and Australian NW Shelf indicate that they were on the same plate throughout the Mesozoic, These areas represent part of Australian Gondwanaland. Stratigraphical and structural analysis of eastern Indonesia reveals the presence of overthrusts composed of Permian and Mesozoic rocks that can be correlated with those of western Indonesia and the Philippines. Western Indonesian Mesozoic rocks may be related to a marginal trench and magmatic arc that characterised the northern margin of Tethys in SE Asia. This active margin extended south of the Philippines and Ryukyu Arc to Japan. Late Mesozoic extensional tectonics are thought to have initiated the development of the marginal seas of Indonesia and the Philippines. These Mesozoic extensional tectonics were associated with the migration of the island arcs towards the Tethys Ocean, a process that became more important during the Cainozoic. The Philippines appear to have migrated away from the continental margin of SW China during the Late Mesozoic extension of the South China Sea so that they formed a Mesozoic island arc on the northern margin of Tethys. The western Indonesian Sundaland Peninsula appears to have developed into a mobile accretionary shelf as a result of cratonisation of the continental margin behind the oceanward migrating Sunda Arc. In contrast the Sula Peninsula, of eastern Indonesia, which formed part of the southern margin of Tethys and was part of Australian Gondwanaland, appears to have behaved as a passive rifted-type shelf throughout the Mesozoic.
Interrelations between iron content and immune dysfunctions in frequently ill children of the Aral Sea Region

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The widespread occurrence of immune-dependent diseases and disturbances in iron metabolism, as well as their co-occurrence and the impact of iron deficiency on the immune system, underscore the relevance of this study. Modern data also indicate the involvement of iron in regulating cytokine production and protein synthesis by lymphocytes. In addition to the age-related characteristics of the child’s immune system, a significant factor in the development of inadequate course of the infectious process is the disruption of immune system adaptation, which can be caused by frequent infections, other somatic diseases such as anemia, and environmental factors. The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between iron levels and immune dysfunction in children with frequent acute respiratory diseases living in the Aral Sea region. A total of 127 children, who are native residents living at the epicenter of the ecological crisis, were examined. The children’s ages ranged from 1 to 5 years old. Among them, there were 105 frequently ill children (with 6 or more episodes of acute respiratory infections per year) with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), and 22 healthy children of the same age. All children underwent clinical examination and standard laboratory tests, including complete blood count, relative content and ratio of T and B lymphocytes, as well as the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-2 and 4) and ferritin in the serum. According to the results of the conducted research, it was found that among frequently ill children with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), there is a moderate positive correlation between the relative quantity of T lymphocytes and the hemoglobin level (r = +0.62), as well as a strong positive correlation with the serum iron level (r = +0.78). This indicates a significant influence of iron deficiency on the level of cellular immunity. Clinical data also indicate a higher risk of respiratory infections development in children with IDA compared to the control group. Ferritin, hemoglobin, lymphocytes, and cytokines act as positive regulators of hematopoiesis in IDA conditions and contribute to the compensation of anemia during iron deficiency replenishment.
Flow behavior of partially crosslinked low‐density polyethylene

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The viscosity of low‐density crosslinked polyethylene was studied as a function of gel content and shear rate (3.75–33 sec −1 ). A simple model relating viscosity with gel content is suggested. It is shown that sol viscosity decreases with cross‐linking propagation. The rheological parameters of the sol fraction are changed as a result, and it is natural that this effect should be utilized for flow calculations. Experimental data indicate a high degree of interaction between the sol molecules and the gel, and an experimental technique is presented for measuring it. The rheological parameters of crosslinked polyethylene are closely dependent on the gel content, viscosity and pseudoplasticity increasing with the latter.
Closing the Deep Space Communications Link with Commercial Assets

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Growing commercial and governmental interest in lunar and asteroid resource extraction, as well as continuing interest in deep space scientific missions, means an increase in demand for deep space communications systems. Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s MarCo demonstrated the viability and usefulness of cubesats as relay stations for deep space communications. Given their relatively low cost of construction and launch, cubesats can decrease the cost of building deep space communication systems. This has the potential to make it feasible for a group without a large budget, such as a university cubesat team, to build such a system. However, while minimizing the cost of the satellite is important, it is only one part of the communications link. The ground station is the other. The cost of accessing the Deep Space Network puts it out of reach for most operations that are not NASA programs, including our student-designed and built University of Colorado Earth Escape Explorer (CU-E3) 6U cubesat. This means that a project such as ours has to look at options provided by commercial ground station services.\nAs a competitor in the NASA Cubequest Challenge Deep Space Derby, the CU-E3 team’s goal is to demonstrate it is possible to build a deep space communications system that is small, powerful, and (relatively) low cost. This means not just the hardware on the satellite but also the ground station. On the satellite side, we have developed custom hardware to interface with an AstroDev Li-2 radio for C-band uplink. For downlink, we will be using an X-band radio developed for low earth applications at the University of Colorado Boulder under the NASA Small Satellite Technology Development program. For ground station services, we will be partnering with a commercial provider, ATLAS.\nThis paper describes the architecture of the CU-E3 communications system, the challenges of developing a communications system small enough to fit in a 6U cubesat yet powerful enough for deep space, and the process we used to research and partner with a commercial ground station service to help us fulfill our mission.
Urban Layout and Public Space

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Although the origin of Palmyra goes back to at least the Bronze Age, it is from the Hellenistic period that archaeological evidence from this site becomes more frequent. The process of monumentalization of the settlement peaked between the first and third centuries, when the majority of the public monuments known at this site were constructed. The aim of this chapter is to provide the reader with a brief overview of some of the most important public monuments of Palmyra before and after the events of 272–273 that brought the settlement to its knees. These include the agora complex, the theatre, the amphitheatre, colonnaded streets (with a specific focus on the Great Colonnade), and marketplaces.
Effect of early regional anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function and the perioperative stress response in patients with hip fractures: a randomized controlled trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background This study aimed to compare the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) in patients with regional nerve blocks performed at different times, i.e., regional block performed the day before surgery and the hour before surgery. Methods This prospective, partially unblinded, randomized, clinical trial included 76 patients aged ≥ 65 years who were admitted to the hospital for primary unilateral total hip replacement due to hip fractures between December 2022 and February 2024. All patients were randomly assigned to either the day before surgery (D group, n = 37) or the hours before surgery (H group, n = 39). The primary objective of this study was to compare the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction between the two groups. The secondary outcomes included postoperative pain scores at specific time points, the time to first rescue analgesia, cumulative opioid consumption during hospitalization, the postoperative recovery time of motor function, the time to hospital discharge, sleep quality, QoR-15, and associated laboratory tests. Results The incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction did not significantly differ between the two groups. Compared with that of the hour before surgery group, the pain score in the resting and moving states of the day before surgery group was significantly lower. No significant difference in quadriceps strength or postoperative complications was observed between the two groups. Conclusions Compared the treatment effects of primary unilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) with those of a single AIMSE block on the day and hour before surgery, the incidence of postoperative cognitive dysfunction was similar in both groups. This study supports the idea that early anterior iliopsoas muscle space block (AIMSB) can improve postoperative pain in patients undergoing THA. Trial registration ChiCTR2200066797, 17/12/2022.
Total Saikosaponins Attenuates Depression-Like Behaviors Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Rats by Regulating the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB Signaling Axis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background. Depression is a major cause of disability and most antidepressant medicines are ineffective owing to their high toxicity and numerous adverse effects. As a result, there is an urgent need to find new effective treatment methods. This paper aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of total saikosaponins (TSS) on depression-like behaviors induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) in rats. Methods. Twenty-four male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, CUMS group, TSS group, and fluoxetine (Flu) group. Then, the following tests were conducted: sucrose preference test, open field test, and elevated plus maze test. Additionally, ELISA was used to detect the levels of corticosterone (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the serum of the rats as well as the levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampus, and Western blot was used for measuring the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein and related proteins of the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway in the hippocampus. Results. TSS could significantly improve rat behaviors, specifically indicated by increases in sucrose preference, total movement distance, stay time in the central area, number of entries into open arms, time spent in open arms, and a decrease in stay time in the peripheral area. TSS acted to significantly reduce BDNF protein expression and increase the contents of ACTH and CORT in serum as well as the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the hippocampal tissue in rats. In addition, it was able to raise the ratios of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-AKT/AKT and decrease the ratio of p-p65/p65 in tissues, which in turn regulated the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathway. Conclusions. TSS, through regulating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling axis, can alleviate depression-like behaviors and elevate neuroendocrine hormone levels and inflammatory factor levels.
Brain Region-Specific Monoaminergic Correlates of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Alzheimer's Disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are present during the disease course of nearly all AD patients and consist of psychosis, agitation/aggression, and depression, among others. Given their detrimental consequences regarding life expectancy, cognition, and socio-economic costs, it is essential to elucidate their neurochemical etiology to facilitate the development of novel and effective pharmacotherapeutics. This study attempted to identify brain region-specific monoaminergic correlates of NPS by measuring the levels of eight monoamines and metabolites in nine relevant postmortem brain regions of 40 behaviorally characterized AD patients, i.e., dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), (nor)epinephrine and their respective metabolites 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), using RP-HPLC-ECD. Likewise, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score correlates of monoaminergic neurotransmitter alterations were calculated. As a result, MMSE scores, used as a measure of dementia severity, correlated positively with hippocampal 5-HIAA levels as well as with 5-HT levels of the superior temporal gyrus and cerebellar cortex. Furthermore, hippocampal 5-HIAA levels inversely correlated with agitation scores, whereas thalamic MHPG levels comparably did with the presence of hallucinations. Finally, in the cerebellar cortex, DOPAC/DA ratios, indicative of DA turnover, correlated with physically agitated behavior while MHPG levels correlated with affective disturbances. These findings support the assumption that specific NPS features in AD might be (in)directly related to brain region-specific monoaminergic neurotransmitter alterations. Additionally, the effect of AD pathology on neurochemical alterations in the cerebellum requires further examination due to its important but underestimated role in the neurochemical pathophysiology of NPS in AD.
On Rural Landscapes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Looking at the planning for agriculture from the perspective of information processing the logical structure can be looked upon as a feedback process of reasoning: reasoning mainly based on data, or reasoning mainly based on hypotheses. In this paper, I give my own experience in the construction of the logic of the data processing system for a personal computer by means of the above-mentioned reasoning, which we can apply to the analysis of present conditions, regional diagnosis, regional classification, selection of villages that should be included in the Regional Agricultural Promotion Project and so on, using the data of '1980 World Agricultural and Forestry Census'. This work is in preparation for the utilization of prospective artificial intelligence data processing for the planning of regional agriculture.
Cooperation in a non-ergodic world on a network - insurance and beyond

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cooperation between individuals is emergent in all parts of society; yet, mechanistic reasons for this emergence are ill understood in the literature. A specific example of this is insurance. Recent work has, though, shown that assuming the risk individuals face is proportional to their wealth and optimizing the time average growth rate rather than the ensemble average results in a non-zero-sum game, where both parties benefit from cooperation through insurance contracts. In a recent paper, Peters and Skjold present a simple agent-based model and show how, over time, agents that enter into such cooperatives outperform agents that do not. Here, we extend this work by restricting the possible connections between agents via a lattice network. Under these restrictions, we still find that all agents profit from cooperating through insurance. We, though, further find that clusters of poor and rich agents emerge endogenously on the two-dimensional map and that wealth inequalities persist for a long duration, consistent with the phenomenon known as the poverty trap. By tuning the parameters that control the risk levels, we simulate both highly advantageous and extremely risky gambles and show that despite the qualitative shift in the type of risk, the findings are consistent.
A qualitative exploration of the use of player loans to supplement the talent development process of professional footballers in the under 23 age group of English football academies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A range of literature has contributed to talent development and career transition in professional football. Recently, attention has shifted to the under 23s age group of English football academies, highlighting limitations in the efficacy of this age group in developing professional footballers. Such limitations have led to players going on loan to football clubs in lower divisions to supplement their development; however, we have yet to develop a scholarly understanding of this approach. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of an under 23s player loan in developing professional footballers. Using a qualitative design, data were collected through the use of semi-structured interviews with nine participants. Following a process of thematic analysis, findings highlighted the potential of a loan in contributing to a player's physical and psycho-social development. Positive performances whilst on loan were also perceived to be contributing factors in increased first team selection opportunities at the player's parent club. However, an emphasis was also placed on the need to provide consistent pastoral support to under 23s players during their loan period. Finally, more longitudinal methodologies are required to understand the individual and temporal nature of positive and negative loan experiences of under 23s players.
Measurement of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, leukotriene B4, and interleukin 8 in the exhaled breath condensate in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

EBC TNF-alpha level was low in patients receiving systemic steroid and antibiotic therapy for AECOPD. These findings suggest a potential role for serial EBC TNF-alpha for non-invasive monitoring of disease activity.
Realization of all-pass transfer function using a differential amplifier

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A class of active RC networks is presented with which an all-pass transfer function of arbitrary order, having simple negative real poles, has been realized by combining the output of a threeterminal RC network with a portion of its input in a differential amplifier. A synthesis procedure for such an all-pass function is also indicated. This class of networks has the advantage that the gain constant of the all-pass function may be varied by varying the gain of the differential amplifier.
Four-Coordinate Phosphinidene Complexes of Titanium Prepared by α-H-Migration:  Phospha-Staudinger and Phosphaalkene-Insertion Reactions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

alpha-Hydrogen migration in the phosphide (Nacnac)Ti=CHtBu(PHR) (Nacnac- = [Ar]NC(Me)CHC(Me)N[Ar], Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, R = C6H11, 2,4,6-iPr3C6H2, 2,4,6-tBuC6H2), prepared from salt metathesis of (Nacnac)Ti=CHtBu(PHR) with LiPHR, generates terminal and four-coordinate phosphinidene complexes (Nacnac)Ti=PR(CH2tBu), one of which was structurally characterized (R = 2,4,6-tBu3C6H2). Phosphinidene intermediate (Nacnac)Ti=PR(CH2tBu) (R = C6H11, 2,4,6-iPr3C6H2) transform to ([Ar]NC(Me)CHC(Me)P[R][CH2tBu])Ti=NAr(OEt2) through "phospha-Staudinger" and subsequent phosphaalkene-insertion reactions.
Electrodeposition of Bi‐Te Alloy Films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Electrochemical deposition of Bi‐Te alloy films from acidic solutions containing and has been investigated. The thickness, compound, and composition of the Bi‐Te alloy films have been examined using stylus‐type surface profiling techniques, x‐ray diffraction peak measurement, and inductively coupled plasma/Auger electron spectroscopy measurements. At potentials where limiting current was observed, the compositions of films were controlled by the mole ratio in the solutions and the relationship between the composition of electrodeposited films and the composition of electrolyte solutions was derived.