jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional feature extraction using local reference frame for detecting human–object interaction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To understand the visual world, a device knows not only the instances but also how they interact. Humans are at the center of such interactions. Detection of human–object interaction (HOI) is one of the growing research fields in computer vision. However, identifying HOIs due to the large label space of verbs and their interaction with various object types still needs much research. We focus on HOIs in images, which is necessary for a deeper understanding of the scene. In addition to two-dimensional (2D) information, such as the appearance of humans and objects and their spatial location, three-dimensional (3D) status, especially in the configuration of the human body and object as well as their location and spatial, can play an important role in learning HOI. The mapping of 2D to 3D world adds depth information to the problem. These issues led us to collect 3D information along with the 2D features of the images to provide more accurate results. We show 3D attributes, such as face transformation, the viewing angle, the position of an object, and its related location to the human face, can improve HOI learning. The results of experiments on large-scale data show that our method has been able to improve the outcome of interactions.
A Compendium of Passenger Vehicle Event Data Recorder Literature and Analysis of Validation Studies

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of original equipment event data recorders (EDR) installed in passenger vehicles, as well as a summary of results from the instrumented validation studies. The authors compiled 187 peer-reviewed studies, textbooks, legal opinions, governmental rulemaking policies, industry publications and presentations pertaining to event data recorders. Of the 187 total references, there were 64 that contained testing data. The authors conducted a validation analysis using data from 27 papers that presented both the EDR and corresponding independent instrumentation values for: <ul class="list disc"><li class="list-item"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Vehicle velocity change (ΔV)</div></li><li class="list-item"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Pre-Crash vehicle speed</div></li></ul></div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The combined results from these studies highlight unique observations of EDR system testing and demonstrate the observed performance of original equipment event data recorders in passenger vehicles.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Review and analysis of the current body of work indicates that original equipment event data recorders accurately measure and record the vehicle wheel (or transmission output) speed and integrated accelerations of the module. Reported values of vehicle velocity change (ΔV) and Pre-Crash vehicle speed tend to be less than the actual values. Numerous factors may contribute to the underreporting of this data. For Pre-Crash vehicle speed, the predominant factors include longitudinal wheel slip and sideslip. For ΔV, factors include off-axis accelerations and hardware or recording limitations. Analysts should consider event recorder data within the context of an accident reconstruction and account for factors that cause discrepancies between the reported and actual values.</div></div>
The digitally preserved old-aged art, culture and artists

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Purpose This paper aims to explore the Google Arts and Culture platform in terms of parameters used for categorizing the digital collections by it; the total number of items and their types; top contributing artists; top ten historical events and figures; and the top ten countries having maximum artworks. Design/methodology/approach An online method was used to collect the relevant data for achieving the objectives of the study. Data were harvested from the official website of Google Arts and Culture ( https://artsandculture.google.com/ ) during the period of 15 May to 31 May 2018, and the same was tabulated in MS Excel for analysis and interpretation. Findings The findings revealed that Google Arts and Culture includes a total of 6,272 artists, 228 media and 121 art movements. Moreover, there are a total of 641 historical movements; 6,250 historical figures; 9,692 places; 3,226 museum views; 1,702 zoom views; 39,607 featured videos; and 5,528 featured stories; 122 items organized by color and 954 organized by time. Originality/value The present study is first of its kind that focuses on exploration of diverse arts and cultural heritages of different countries and by diverse artists made visible by Google Arts and Culture initiative. It will significantly reinforce the art and cultural heritage lovers to acquire the knowledge pertinent to various types of arts and cultures that prevailed in antiquity across the globe and also make aware the conservators about how to use digital technologies for efficient preservation and visibility of unique artworks, artists and the places whom they belong.
Morphology: A Tool for Design and Analysis of Design

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Building design involves multi-disciplinary design teams in order to integrate contributions to solve the complex design task from different disciplines such as architecture, construction, building physics and building services. To support this highly complex process the Integral Design method is used as a framework for structuring the design process and the reflection on the design process itself. By using multi-disciplinary morphological overviews, a combination of mono-dicipline morphological charts, communication can be structured between design team members. Also the morpholocal overviews offer the possibility for reflection on the design results by the design team members. With the help of the C-K ( Concept-Knowledge) theory of Hatchuel and Weil, we especially focus on the generation of new concepts / new design knowledge. This method was tested in workshops for professionals from the Royal Institute of Dutch Architects (BNA) and the Dutch Association of Consulting Engineers (ONRI). During the last 5 years over 250 professionals have participated in these workshops.
A Mechanistic Analysis of Self-thinning in Terms of the Carbon Balance of Trees

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The self-thinning behavior of a monoculture forest is examined from a mechanistic viewpoint, in terms of the carbon balance of trees at the stand level. Two approaches are described: the first is based on simple assumptions concerning the balance between growth, photosynthesis and respiration; the second uses the process-based I.T.E. EDINBURGH FOREST model, extended to include tree birth and death, to examined the assumptions of the first approach at a more mechanistic level and to interpret the observed variation in the responses to shading and soil fertility in terms of a single model. The first approach leads to a power law relation m ∝ n-1/y between mean biomass per tree (m) and the number of trees per unit ground area (n), where y is the exponent characterising the rate at which respiration (r) scales with biomass (i.e. r ∝ my). For values of y less than 1, m and n are predicted to increase and decrease, respectively, as powers of time (t) such that the biomass per unit ground area (M) increases linearly with t for any value of y. When y equals 1, m and n vary exponentially with t and M remains constant. When r is assumed to be proportional to stem cambium surface area, the value of y is shown to lie in the range 0·5 to 1 depending on the rate of stem taper. This leads to slopes on a log m vs. log n self-thinning plot in range -1 to -2 and typically around -1·5 for rates of taper based on mechanical requirements. For the second approach, the I.T.E. EDINBURGH FOREST model, a previously published mechanistic model of plantation growth at the stand level (Thornley, 1991), is extended to natural stands by introducing average stem birth and death rates that are functions of the carbon and nitrogen substrate status of trees. Growth of even-aged and mixed-age forest over about 500 years is simulated under a variety of environmental and physiological conditions. In general, the forest model predicts a curved log m vs. log n thinning line, but has a reasonably well-defined linear section under most conditions. The slope of the linear portion flattens as the rate at which cambium surface area scales with structural biomass increases, in qualitative agreement with the analytical prediction of the first approach. Quantitative differences between the two approaches are interpreted in terms of the process represented in the forest model. In general, the height of the thinning line increases with irradiance, but is relatively insensitive to soil nitrogen, with no change in slope in either case. However, at very low irradiance or soil nitrogen levels, the slope flattens continuously and the entire thinning line becomes markedly non-linear. Even-aged stands and mixed-age stands have different thinning slopes.Copyright 1993, 1999 Academic Press
Lifestyle values of adolescents: results from Minnesota Heart Health Youth Program.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

As a part of the Minnesota Heart Health Program (MHHP), a seven-year cohort study of adolescents in two different communities was conducted. A school-based intervention was implemented in one of the communities which addressed aspects of cardiovascular health promotion and risk-factor prevention. This paper focuses on changes in the adolescents' values and the importance of their behaviors and lifestyle patterns over the study period. Physical appearance was found to be the most valued characteristic of adolescents in both communities, the only value which grew in importance over time. The least valued behavior was the amount of TV they were allowed to watch. Students who participated in the intervention community tended to retain their positive values about physical exercise, whereas the reference community demonstrated gradual reductions. Girls in the intervention community tended to value the kinds of food they eat to a greater extent than did girls in the reference group. The study data might contribute to the search for more meaningful incentives in future preventive programs.
ECONOMIC POLICY UNCERTAINTY INDEX MEETS ENSEMBLE LEARNING

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We utilize two specific ensemble learning methods (ensemble linear regression model (LM) and random forest (RF)), in a data-rich environment of the Newsbank media database to scrutinize the possibilities of enhancing the predictive accuracy of Economic Policy Uncertainty (EPU) index.LM procedure mostly outperforms both RF-based assessments and the original EPU index.We find that our LM estimate behaves more like an uncertainty indicator that the RF-based uncertainty or the original EPU index.It is strongly correlated to other standard uncertainty proxies, it is more countercyclical, and it has more pronounced leading properties.Finally, we considerably widen the scope of search terms included in the calculation of EPU index.We find that the predictive precision of EPU index can be considerably increased using a more diversified set of uncertainty-related terms than the original EPU framework.
Folate receptor‐targeted aminoglycoside‐derived polymers for transgene expression in cancer cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics can potentially overcome the limitations associated with current chemotherapeutic regimens. Folate receptors are overexpressed in several cancers, including ovarian, triple‐negative breast and bladder cancers, making them attractive for targeted delivery of nucleic acid therapeutics to these tumors. This work describes the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of folic acid‐conjugated, aminoglycoside‐derived polymers for targeted delivery of transgenes to breast and bladder cancer cell lines. Transgene expression was significantly higher with FA‐conjugated aminoglycoside‐derived polymers than with Lipofectamine, and these polymers demonstrated minimal cytotoxicty. Competitive inhibition using free folic acid significantly reduced transgene expression efficacy of folate‐targeted polymers, suggesting a role for folate receptor‐mediated uptake. High efficacy FA‐targeted polymers were employed to deliver a plasmid expressing the TRAIL protein, which induced death in cancer cells. These results indicate that FA‐conjugated aminoglycoside‐derived polymers are promising for targeted delivery of nucleic acids to cancer cells that overexpress folate receptors.
Efficient Synthesis of Fmoc-Protected Azido Amino Acids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The efficient two-step synthesis of Fmoc-protected l-azidoalanine and l-azidohomoalanine from readily available Fmoc-protected asparagine and glutamine, respectively, is reported. The synthetic route proceeds in good yield, requires no extra purification steps, and can be carried out on gram scale. The resulting azido amino acids are of sufficient purity for solid-phase peptide synthesis, as demonstrated in the synthesis of a model pentapeptide.
Alcohol pricing and criminal harm: a rapid evidence assessment of the published research literature.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This rapid evidence assessment (REA) of the published research literature provides a specific Home Office focus after previous independent reviews on the effects of pricing and taxation on alcohol consumption and alcohol-associated harms. It looks specifically at the effects on crime-related outcomes.

The REA covers
•	primary studies examining a direct association between alcohol pricing/taxation and crime–related outcomes (4,975 studies were reviewed and 36 papers met the inclusion criteria)
•	review-level evidence for associations between pricing and consumption and between consumption and crime (58 reviews or meta-analyses)
•	new primary research examining the association between pricing and consumption.

The latter two areas provided an update to the recent review by Booth et al. (2008). This report examines the first of the three areas, and attempts to answer the following research question: To what extent does the research evidence support a direct association between the price of alcohol and crime, disorder and anti-social behaviour?

Conclusions and points for consideration:
Evidence from this review is consistent with previous forecasts that levels of crime are reduced following tax/price increases (Purshouse et al., 2009). Significantly, more recent evidence from Scandinavia examined tax/price reductions.

This review concluded that it was not possible to demonstrate a symmetrical effect between the effects of price increases and corresponding effects from price reductions for specific crime-related outcomes. On the whole, US evidence is more supportive of links between alcohol price and crime than the more variable Scandinavian evidence base. The role of policy and cultural contexts in explaining inconsistent effects remains unclear. Few evaluations of actual price or tax changes in the UK have been carried out but several modelling studies are specific to England and Scotland. UK evaluation studies showed significant associations between lower alcohol prices and higher rates of hospital admissions for violence-related injuries.

Most studies support an association between higher alcohol taxation/pricing and decreased crime. Available evidence typically focuses on average patterns of consumption and is unable to clarify whether specific pricing policies are differentially related to patterns of drinking.
Decline and Fall: the causes of group failure in cooperatively breeding meerkats

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In many social vertebrates, variation in group persistence exerts an important effect on individual fitness and population demography. However, few studies have been able to investigate the failure of groups or the causes of the variation in their longevity. We use data from a long-term study of cooperatively breeding meerkats, Suricata suricatta, to investigate the different causes of group failure and the factors that drive these processes. Many newly formed groups failed within a year of formation and smaller groups were more likely to fail due to collapse. Groups that breed successfully and increase their size, could persist for several years, even decades. For long lived groups, the principal cause of failure for was infection with tuberculosis, Mycobacterium suricattae, a fatal disease that commonly spread throughout the group and killing group members. Infection risk was higher in groups with mobile individuals, that were small or experienced immigration.
Strategic Service Change: Development of Core Services in Wales, 1983–19951

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

National strategies for the development of services for specific client groups are rare in Britain, particularly strategies to which governments pledge significant long term financial investment. This paper attempts to guage the impact of one such strategy, the All Wales Strategy for the Development of Services for Mentally Handicapped People (AWS) (Welsh Office, 1983) by comparing the goals of the AWS with changes in the nature and coverage of services which have followed its inception. Data on the provision of residential, day, education and family support services in Wales were collected in 1995 from county annual plans, Welsh Office statistical returns and questionnaires to county officers. These sources were cross referenced and the data compared with those reported in a companion paper (Beyer et al ., 1991) for 1983 (the first year of the AWS) and 1988. Between 1983 and 1995, deinstitutionalisation accelerated, residential services were reprovided by combined statutory and independent sector action, size of residential settings reduced considerably, the range of day activities diversified, mainstream education was available to more children with learning disabilities, respite care became largely community based and the availability of domiciliary support increased significantly. Although the pace of change quickened between 1988 and 1995 compared to that in the first five years of the AWS, a wholesale reorientation of traditional services is far from complete. Changes in service provision in Wales during the course of the AWS are compared where possible to development elsewhere in Britain.
Can Human Development Bonds Reduce the Agency Costs of the Resource Curse?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Especially in resource rich countries with weak institutions of governance, the interests of governments often diverge from those of their citizens and creditors. Sovereign bond contracts can potentially help align these interests, to the benefit of all parties, by indexing payment obligations to improvements in the health and education of the issuer’s citizenry. To that end, this Article proposes a Human Development Bond (HDB) with a variable coupon schedule that both insures issuers against recessions and incentivizes them to encourage investment in human capital when economic growth is strong. The potential benefits of such an instrument can only be realized, however, with significant support from the international community. Moreover, further empirical research is needed to calibrate the HDB’s coupon schedule to provide well-timed and appropriately sized debt relief.
Poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): Poly (styrene sulfonate) Modified Laser Scribed Graphene for Flexible and Wearable Bioelectronics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The rapid development of flexible and wearable electronic devices has increased the demand for highly flexible, conductive, and durable materials for device circuits. Over the past decade, laser-scribed graphene (LSG) has been widely employed for the contact-free and mask-free fabrication of conductive carbon circuits or patterns from polyimide or other precursors due to its excellent physiochemical properties. On the other hand, conducting polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly (styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT: PSS) has also been extensively studied for fabricating flexible electronics thanks to its excellent electronic/ionic conductivity and flexibility. However, both materials have their limitations, making them still difficult to use directly for manufacturing high-performance electronic devices. For example, the LSG is fragile and easily damaged, and PEDOT: PSS is easily clustered in aqueous solutions, reducing the conductivity. To overcome the limitations, in this paper, we report a facile and cost-effective LSG modifying method with PEDOT: PSS to enhance the performance, which combines the exceptional sensing properties of the PEDOT: PSS with the electronic advantages of the LSG. The modification method can be readily extended using inkjet printing or screen printing. The characterization and comparison experiments demonstrate that the electric conductivity can be improved to three times as that of the original LSG by PEDOT: PSS modification. The modified LSG has better flexibility, which is more suitable for flexible and wearable electronics.
In vitro performance of QLF system and conventional methods for detection of occlusal caries around tooth‐colored restorations in primary molars

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background Secondary caries is the main reason for restoration replacement, and therefore, an accurate detection of this type of condition is fundamental. Aim To compare in vitro the performance of different conventional and quantitative light‐induced fluorescence‐based ( QLF ) methods in detecting occlusal caries around resin composite restorations in primary molars. Design Two examiners evaluated independently 42 sites adjacent to tooth‐colored restorations using visual inspection ( ICDAS ‐ CARS ), radiographic examination, and QLF . Histological examination was used as reference standard method. Area under the ROC curve (Az), sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the methods were calculated at enamel (D1) and dentin caries (D3) lesions thresholds. Intra‐ and interexaminer reproducibility were calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient ( ICC ) and kappa statistics. Results There was no difference among the methods considering Az at D1 threshold. Visual inspection, radiograph, and QLF (scores) methods presented similar sensitivities and significantly higher than those obtained with the QLF (∆F%). At D3 threshold, there were no differences among the methods regarding sensitivities, specificities, and accuracy, except for the examiner 2 with the QLF (∆F%) who achieved a very low sensitivity value. Conclusion Conventional methods are similar to QLF methods for detecting caries around tooth‐colored restorations in primary teeth.
Reservoir quality determination by using critical porosity and volume of clay: a case study in the Talang Akar Formation in the NW Java Basin, Indonesia

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Disclaimer Text and Data Mining. Any automated analytical technique aimed at analysing text and data in digital form in order to generate information including - but not limited to - patterns, trends and correlations (so-called Text and Data Mining) may only be applied if it is done by a research organisation or cultural heritage institution solely for the purpose of (non-commercial) scientific research as mentioned in Clause 3 of Directive (EU) 2019/790 (the Digital Single Market Directive) and Clause 15n of the Dutch Copyright Act [Auteurswet]. Text and Data Mining for commercial purposes is not allowed; all rights in this respect are reserved pursuant to Clause 4 paragraph 3 of the Digital Single Market Directive and Clause 15o paragraph 1 of the Dutch Copyright Act.