jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Oxygen Vacancy Piezoelectric Nanosheets Constructed by a Photoetching Strategy for Ultrasound “Unlocked” Tumor Synergistic Therapy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Piezoelectric dynamic therapy (PzDT) is an effective method of tumor treatment by using piezoelectric polarization to generate reactive oxygen species. In this paper, two-dimensional Cu-doped BiOCl nanosheets with surface vacancies are produced by the photoetching strategy. Under ultrasound, a built-in electric field is generated to promote the electron and hole separation. The separated carriers achieve O2 reduction and GSH oxidation, inducing oxidative stress. The bandgap of BiOCl is narrowed by introducing surface oxygen vacancies, which act as charge traps and facilitate the electron and hole separation. Meanwhile, Cu doping induces chemodynamic therapy and depletes GSH via the transformation from Cu(II) to Cu(I). Both in vivo and in vitro results confirmed that oxidative stress can be enhanced by exogenous ultrasound stimulation, which can cause severe damage to tumor cells. This work emphasizes the efficient strategy of doping engineering and defect engineering for US-activated PzDT under exogenous stimulation.
Detection of Acetylcodeine in Urine as an Indicator of Illicit Heroin Use: Method Validation and Results of a Pilot Study

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: Acetylcodeine (AC), an impurity of illicit heroin synthesis, has been suggested as an interesting biomarker of illicit heroin use. Methods: Procedures were developed for quantification of (a) morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-AM), and codeine in urine and (b) diacetylmorphine and AC in urine. Solid-phase extraction of the analytes was performed, and the extracted analytes were analyzed by selected-ion monitoring with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. This procedure required prior derivatization with propionic anhydride. Results: Different validation parameters were determined, such as linearity, reproducibility, extraction recoveries, and cutoffs. Seventy-one urine specimens of illicit heroin abusers and 44 urine specimens of subjects in a heroin maintenance program were analyzed. AC was detected in 85.9% of the samples of the first group but not in any of the samples from subjects taking medical heroin. In the two groups, there were 94.4% and 84.1% 6-AM positive urine specimens, respectively. Detection times were determined for AC and codeine by parallel administration of heroin containing various percentages of AC to four voluntary patients in a heroin maintenance program. The measured detection times were 8 and 23 h for AC and codeine, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate that, together with detection of 6-AM in urine, AC is a suitable marker of illicit heroin use.
A new combination treatment for lupus vulgaris

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A new method of combined treatment for lupus vulgaris is offered by Demuth (Dermal. Ztschr. Bd. 56, H. 2/3, 29), which he tested on "large material" and which consists in the fact that the patient is lubricated from the outside with the composition: ac. pyrogall., resorcini albi, ac. salicyl aa 7.0, talci ven., gelanthi Unna aa 5.0, and in addition, intravenous infusions of sulfates (Godyl, Plospanine) at a dose of 5 kb are used. see 2% solution daily. The author points out that the ointment treatment works quite vigorously in small lesions, but in large lesions, the proposed combination is recommended, the action of which is based on the fact that the pyrogall ointment is better tolerated, the convalescent tissue granulates more intensively and, finally, relapses are very rare.
Mental Health Legislation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter gives an overview of the mental health legislation of England and Wales as it applies to inpatient psychiatric wards, discusses some key concepts such as capacity and deprivation of liberty, and highlights the principles underpinning the Human Rights Act 1998, the Mental Capacity Act 2005, and the Mental Health Act 1983. The use of legislation at the point of admission and in the provision of treatment particularly in the absence of consent will be considered. The safeguards protecting the patient detained under the Mental Health Act will be highlighted and the use of community treatment orders on leaving hospital will be briefly touched upon. Finally, governance of the use of the Mental Health Act and some future challenges to the basis of legislation will be discussed.
Fever of War

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people in one year than the Great War killed in four, sickening at least one quarter of the world's population. In Fever of War, Carol R. Byerly uncovers the startling impact of the 1918 influenza epidemic on the American army, its medical officers, and their profession, a story which has long been silenced. Through medical officers' memoirs and diaries, official reports, scientific articles, and other original sources, Byerly tells a grave tale about the limits of modern medicine and warfare. The tragedy begins with overly confident medical officers who, armed with new knowledge and technologies of modern medicine, had an inflated sense of their ability to control disease. The conditions of trench warfare on the Western Front soon outflanked medical knowledge by creating an environment where the influenza virus could mutate to a lethal strain. This new flu virus soon left medical officers' confidence in tatters as thousands of soldiers and trainees died under their care. They also were unable to convince the War Department to reduce the crowding of troops aboard ships and in barracks which were providing ideal environments for the epidemic to thrive. After the war, and given their helplessness to control influenza, many medical officers and military leaders began to downplay the epidemic as a significant event for the U. S. army, in effect erasing this dramatic story from the American historical memory.
Comparative analysis of dural reconstruction methods in open brain surgery for prevention of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim. A comparative evaluation of dural reconstruction results using different material: patient’s own tissues (periosteal fragments, m. temporalis fascia or fascia lata), dural graft implants, collagen matrix, as well as evaluation of adhesive compositions effect for dural sutures sealing. Methods. Results of different types of dural reconstruction used in 243 patients operated between 2009 and 2012 were analyzed. Additional materials were required to complete dural reconstruction in 91 cases. Three patient groups were formed depending on the type of plastic material: patient’s own tissues, artificial materials and collagen matrix without suture fixation. In first two groups, sutures fixed plastic material, adhesive compositions or collagen materials were used as sealant in some cases. Effect in postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage preventing was assessed for different plastic materials, as well as for additional dural sealants. Results. Cerebrospinal fluid leakage frequency was similar (p 0.05) regardless of the type of plactic material (patient’s own tissues, dural graft implants, collagen matrix) use and was assessed as 26.2, 29.0 and 27.8% accordingly. In subgroups where sutures between dura mater and graft were additionally strengthened by adhesive compositions or collagen stripes, cerebrospinal fluid leakage rate (23.3%) was lower (p 0.05) compared to subgroups without sealant (44.4%). Conclusion. The type of plastic material does not matter for effective cerebrospinal fluid leakage prevention. Additional sealing of recovered dura mater reduces the risk of postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leakage.
Comparison of the use of LigaSure versus a standard technique for tonsillectomy in dogs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The principal aim of this study was to document the effectiveness of tonsillectomy in dogs using a vessel‐sealing device compared with a standard technique with tonsillectomy forceps. A secondary aim of the study was to document histopathological changes of the excised tonsillar tissue in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. 20 dogs were studied. The time taken to remove a tonsil using LigaSure was a mean of 44.8 seconds (sd 15 seconds, 95 per cent CI 40 to 57 seconds) and with the standard technique a mean of 305.9 seconds (sd 67 seconds, 95 per cent CI 272 to 349 seconds). Significantly less haemorrhage occurred using LigaSure compared with the standard technique. Histopathology of the tonsils was characterised by multifocal neutrophilic and lymphocytic inflammation, and 1–2 mm of heat‐induced coagulation necrosis at the cut edge of LigaSure tonsils. This study shows that LigaSure is significantly faster and resulted in less bleeding than the standard technique.
Automating the determination of low-temperature fracture resistance curves of normal and rubberized asphalt concrete in single-edge notched beam tests using convolutional neural networks

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

As materials undergo large-scale yielding or exhibit large sizes of fracture process zone in the crack tip region, multi-parameter fracture concepts should be employed to describe the complex crack-tip stress-strain fields. Fracture resistance curves (R-curves) are an established tool in characterizing the entire fracture process of such materials. However, for complex materials such as bituminous mixtures, the development of these curves is subject to experimental and computational intricacies. In this research, a framework is developed to automate the construction of R-curves for normal and rubberized asphalt concrete (AC) mixtures. AC mixtures are produced using PG58–22 and PG58–28 binders. Limestone and siliceous aggregates are used, and three binder contents are considered for the mixtures. Single-edge notched beam (SE(B)) fracture testing is conducted on AC beams with two different notch patterns. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model is developed and trained over 1260 test images with varying temperatures, notch geometries, and setups. The CNN model was used to detect the growing crack on the beam surface and each crack-detected image was sent to an image processing framework to measure the crack length. Crack extension increments were calculated and synchronized with test time and magnitude of load, load-line displacement, and cumulative fracture energy, and the R-curve could be constructed. A training accuracy of 0.91 was obtained for the model and a loss of below 0.10 as a result of a hyperparameter tuning indicating reliable classifications by the CNN architecture. The R-curves showed desirable agreement for control mixtures at temperatures of 0 °C and −15 °C. As the mixtures are rubberized, the R-curves showed favorable agreement in the crack blunting phase, transition zone, as well as the unstable propagation phase at −20 °C. Cohesive energy magnitudes were compared for the two methods with a Pearson coefficient of 0.81 while fracture rate and fracture energy magnitudes showed favorably close magnitudes with coefficients of 0.89 and 0.98 respectively.
Soil conservation on the Loess Plateau and the regional effect: impact of the ‘Grain for Green' Project

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Soil conservation on the Loess Plateau is important not only for local residents but also for reducing sediment downstream in the Yellow River. In this paper, we report a decrease in soil erosion from 2000 to 2010 as a result of the ‘Grain for Green' (GFG) Project. By using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation and data on land cover, climate and sediment yield, we found that soil erosion decreased from 6579.55tkm –2 yr –1 in 2000 to 1986.66tkm –2 yr –1 in 2010. During this period, there was a major land cover change from farmland to grassland in response to the GFG. The area of low vegetation coverage with severe erosion decreased dramatically, whereas the area of high vegetation coverage with slight erosion increased. Our study demonstrates that the reduction in soil erosion on the Loess Plateau contributed to the decrease in the sediment concentration in the Yellow River.
Citra Perempuan dalam Novel Sujud Nisa di Kaki Tahajjud Subuh Karya Kartini Nainggolan: Tinjauan Kritik Sastra Feminis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study aims to describe the image of women in the novel Sujud Nisa Di Kaki Tahajjud Subuh by Kartini Nainggolan and to describe the form of women's resistance in the novel Sujud Nisa Di Kaki Tahajjud Subuh by Kartini Nainggolan. The method used in this study is a qualitative method to describe the image of women and the forms of women's resistance contained in the novel. The data collection techniques for this research are library research techniques, note-taking techniques, and data cards. From the results of the analysis carried out, it is obtained that the image of women in the novel is in the form of a self-image that is realized physically and psychologically as well as the social image of women in the family and social image in society. Physical self-image as an adult woman who has experienced pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, and caring for her child. Psychological self-image as a psychological woman who thinks, feels, and has aspirations. While the social image in the family is as a member of the family, as a child, a wife, and a mother. The social image in society is women who have influence in society and women who need other humans to achieve their perfection. In addition, data on the forms of women's resistance were also found in the form of being independent women, refusing to marry young, and refusing arranged marriages.Keywords: image of women, women's resistance, literary works, novels, feminist literary criticismAbstrak Penelitian ini betujuan mendeskripsikan citra perempuan dalam novel Sujud Nisa di Kaki Tahajjud Subuh karya Kartini Nainggolan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif untuk mendeskripsikan citra perempuan yang terdapat dalam novel. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian ini adalah teknik studi pustaka, teknik simak catat, dan kartu data. Dari hasil analisis yang dilakukan diperoleh citra perempuan dalam novel berupa citra diri yang diwujudkan secara fisik dan psikis serta citra sosial perempuan dalam keluarga dan citra sosial dalam masyarakat. Citra diri secara fisik sebagai perempuan dewasa yang telah mengalami kehamilan, melahirkan, menyusui, dan merawat anaknya. Citra diri secara psikis sebagai perempuan pikologi yang berpikir, berperasaan, dan beraspirasi. Citra sosial dalam keluarga yaitu sebagai salah satu anggota keluarga, sebagai anak, seorang istri, dan seorang ibu. Citra sosial dalam masyarakat yaitu perempuan yang memiliki pengaruh dalam masyarakat dan perempuan yang memerlukan manusia lain untuk mencapai kesempurnaan dirinya.Kata kunci: citra perempuan, deskriminasi gender, karya sastra, novel, kritik sastra feminis
On the issue of preventing personnel corruption risks in the organization

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The example of a service company demonstrates the need to prevent corruption risks, develop and implement a Regulation on Anti-Corruption Policy (hereinafter – the Regulation) and its implementation even in small companies. Potential corruption risks have been analyzed. The occurrence probability and the risks impact on a company’s goals and results have been assessed. The corruption risks map before and after the Regulation implementation have been developed and the expected results presented. The purpose of the study is to assess the importance of implementing anti-corruption policy for organizations of different sizes in the framework of modern socio-economic realities. The following objectives have been set: to disclose the corruption risks essence based on the analysis of the current crime situation in Russia; to analyze the specifics of a service company’s activities from the point of view of anti-corruption policy; to draw up a risk map based on a predetermined list of potential corruption risks typical for a service company; to develop a Regulation on anti-corruption policy; to assess the expected effect on the organization from its implementation. In order to achieve the stated goal and solve the specified tasks, such research methods as social audit, literature review, documentary sources study, analysis, analogy, description, synthesis, and generalization of the obtained data were used. The application of the above mentioned research methods allowed the most objective and comprehensive study and assessment of the HR corruption risks impact on a company’s objectives, its development trajectory, and the social responsibility degree to all stakeholders (employees, partners, customers, etc.).
Feared, Forgotten, or Forbidden: Sexual orientation topics in secondary teacher preparation programs in the USA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examined the coverage of sexual orientation topics within 77 public university secondary teacher preparation programs across seven US states, and represented programs preparing 8,300–11,500 teachers annually. Findings indicated that 40% of programs did not address sexual orientation as a diversity topic. Further, even programs that did address sexual orientation tended to abandon the topic in practica courses, perhaps limiting students' abilities to apply the information to practice. Further findings outlined the types of sexual orientation topics covered in programs and the challenges to addressing sexual orientation topics as reported by coordinators. Conclusions suggest that secondary teacher programs may passively sustain homophobic and heterosexist school cultures through the omission of sexual orientation topics.
PENGEMBANGAN DIGITAL MARKETING PADA UMKM ARTSYA LAUNDRY KOTA BATAM

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Digital marketing is marketing services or products using digital technology, especially in digital, this marketing can be done via cellphones, digital advertising, and other digital media. With digital marketing, people can get information and communication quickly and easily. This research uses a qualitative method in the form of a case study that focuses on an object with in-depth observation. This type of qualitative research data covers the opinions, characteristics, attitudes, and experiences of the informants on the object phenomenon. Through digital marketing, Artsya Laundry can reach consumers more broadly and effectively. By adopting digital marketing, Artsya Laundry can increase brand visibility, increase the number of customers, and expand market reach.
Thidiazuron'un seçilmiş Türk ekmeklik ve makarnalık buğday çeşitlerinin olgun embriyolarından elde edilmiş kallus ve organ gelişimine etkisi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of cytokinin-like Thidiazuron growth regulator on the regeneration responses of callus cultures of Turkish bread Triticum aestivum L. cv. (Basak 95, Gerek 79, and Bezostaja 1) and durum Triticum durum Desf. cv. (Kunduru, Çakmak 79, and Kirmizi 5132) wheat varieties have been investigated in this study. High callus induction frequencies are found to be independent of bread and durum wheat varieties ( > 96%) whereas the callus weight is found to be variety-dependent. For bread wheat, Basak 95 and for the durum wheat Kunduru is found to be the best performers. TDZ treatments are found to be negatively affecting the regeneration capacity of all the tested bread wheat varieties whereas for the durum wheat variety of Kunduru positive effect is observed. Since the culture efficiency is a derivation from the regeneration capacity, this parameter yielded very similar results as in the case of regeneration capacity for both bread and durum wheat varieties. In bread wheat varieties, the TDZ treatments increased the number of regenerated plants more than 2-fold when compared with the control and likewise very similar results were obtained from durum wheat varieties. Unfortunately, following their transfer to soil, plants that were treated with various concentrations of TDZ displayed reduced vigor probably due to underdeveloped roots. In addition, majority of these plants did not sufficiently develop above the ground parts when compared with the control plants. The simplicity and rapid development of shoots using mature embryos could potentially be used for regenerating superior plants following gene transfer studies in the future.
ChemInform Abstract: Baeyer‐Villiger Oxidation of β‐Aryl Substituted Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with Hydrogen Peroxide and Catalytic Selenium Dioxide.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The occipital artery for posterior circulation bypass: microsurgical anatomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Object The microsurgical anatomy of the occipital artery (OA) was studied to describe the diameter, length, and course of this vessel as it pertains to revascularization procedures of the posterior cerebral circulation. Methods The authors studied 12 OAs in 6 cadaveric heads that had been injected with colored latex. They evaluated the OA's ability to serve as a conduit for extracranial–intracranial (EC–IC) bypass in the posterior circulation. They measured the length of the OA and its diameter at common sites of anastomosis and compared these values with the diameters of the recipient vessels (V 3 and V 4 segments of the vertebral artery, caudal loop of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery [PICA], and anterior inferior cerebellar artery [AICA]). Results The mean thickness of the suboccipital segment of the OA was found to be 1.9 mm. The mean distance of the OA from the external occipital protuberance was found to be 45 mm. The mean length of the suboccipital segment of the OA was 79.3 mm. The mean thickness of the largest trunk of the V 3 segment, the V 4 segment, the caudal loop of the PICA, and the AICA were 3.3 mm, 3.1 mm, 1.2 mm, and 1 mm, respectively. Conclusions The length, diameter, and flow accomodated by the OA make it an ideal choice as a conduit for posterior circulation bypass. The bypass from the OA to the caudal loop of the PICA demonstrates the least difference in vessel diameter, and is therefore best suited for EC–IC bypass procedures in the posterior circulation.