jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-12 protects thermally injured mice from herpes simplex virus type 1 infection

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Severe burn injury is associated with increased susceptibility to severe herpesvirus infections. Type 2 cytokines [interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10] released from burn-associated CD8+ type 2 T cells (BA-type 2 T cells) have been shown to play a role in the increased susceptibility of thermally injured mice (TI-mice) to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Because IL-12 has been shown to inhibit the generation of type 2 T cells, murine rIL-12 was injected into TI-mice exposed to HSV-1 to determine whether IL-12 could influence HSV-1 infections in individuals bearing type 2 T cells. rIL-12 improved the resistance of TI-mice or mice inoculated with T6S cells (a BA-type 2 T cell clone) against HSV-1 infection. Type 2 cytokines were detected in sera of TI-mice or mice inoculated with T6S cells (T6S-mice). However, treatment of TI-mice or T6S-mice with rIL-12 inhibited type 2 cytokine production in the sera of these mice. All TI-mice exposed to a lethal dose of HSV-1 survived when they were treated with a mixture of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against type 2 cytokines. Staphylococcal enterotoxin A [an interferon-γ (IFN-γ) inducer] stimulated serum IFN-γ production in TI-mice and T6S-mice treated with rIL-12, whereas no IFN-γ was produced in mice treated with saline. These results suggest that IL-12 has the potential to protect TI-mice infected with a lethal dose of HSV-1 via a shift to type 1 T cell responses from type 2 T cell responses.
Emerging Issues and Future Directions in State Policy Diffusion Research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article analyzes existing scholarship on the diffusion of public policies among the American states, focusing on recent developments in this line of research and suggesting several potential avenues for future work. The analysis is organized around three fundamental questions. First, why does policy diffusion occur? Answering this question will require scholars to devote more attention to concepts such as imitation, emulation, and competition. Second, which political forces facilitate or impede policy diffusion? Answering this question will require scholars to devote more attention to the causal mechanisms at work when states adopt policies like those of other states. Third, what is being diffused? Answering this question will require scholars to think more carefully about the content of public policy, both as an outcome to be explained and as a factor that itself affects the diffusion process.
Photoactivatable carbene-generating phospholipids: Physical properties and use in detection of phase separations in lipid mixtures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotoactivatable carbene-generating phospholipids: Physical properties and use in detection of phase separations in lipid mixturesWilliam Curatolo, Ramachandran Radhakrishnan, Chhitar M. Gupta, and H. Gobind KhoranaCite this: Biochemistry 1981, 20, 5, 1374–1378Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00508a052https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00508a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views54Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Application of double-lableling technique between in situ hybridization with cRNA probe and immunohistochemistry in the paraffin section of skin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore the double-labeling method of in situ hybridization(ISH) with cRNA probe and immunohistochemistry in the paraffin sections of the skin.Methods According to the sequence of Propionibacterium acnes 16sRNA,the cRNA probe was designed and synthesized,after optimizing the conditions for probes penetrating,in situ hybridization was carried out on paraffin sections of patients with acne,then,the mouse anti-human monoclonal antibody CD1a was used for Langerhans cell immunohistochemistry.Finally,the co-existence of the two signals was observed under the microscope.Results The blue-violet positive signals of ISH can be observed in the hair follicle epithelium,sebaceous glands and ducts of paraffin section of skin.Meanwhile,the brown dendritic positive signal also can be seen in the sebaceous glands.Conclusions The use of in situ hybridization with digoxin-labeled cRNA probe combined with immunohistochemistry can locate microbial component and epidermal cells on skin paraffin section exactly.
Unusual Isomers of Disilacyclopropenylidene (Si2CH2)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Nine electronic singlet state structures of Si(2)CH(2) have been systematically investigated by high level theoretical methods. This research employed coupled cluster (CC) methods with single and double excitations (CCSD) and CCSD with perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] using the correlation-consistent polarized valence cc-pVXZ/cc-pV(X+d)Z (X = D, T, and Q) basis sets. Full valence complete active space self-consistent-field (CASSCF) wave functions were used for the interpretation of geometries and physical properties. Among the nine singlet stationary points, six structures (1S-6S) are found to be minima, two structures (7S and 8S) are transition states, and one structure (9S) is a second-order saddle point. The existence of the two peculiar hydrogen bridged isomers, 1S (Si...H...Si) and 4S (agostic CH...Si) is established. Extensive focal point analyses are used to obtain complete basis set (CBS) limit energies. For the six lowest-lying singlet minima, after focal point analyses, the energy ordering and energy differences (in kcal mol(-1), with the zero-point vibrational energy corrected values in parentheses) are predicted to be 1S [0.0 (0.0)] < 3S [14.7 (14.5)] < 4S [25.1 (25.3)] < 5S [28.2 (26.0)] < 6S [45.0 (45.4)] < 2S [73.8 (72.0)]. Their relative energies are strikingly different from those for the isovalent parent C(3)H(2) molecule. Geometries, dipole moments, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and associated infrared (IR) intensities are reported for all equilibrium structures.
Primary Care Physicians’ Perspectives on Identifying Familial Hypercholesterolaemia in Primary Care: A Qualitative Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

CONTEXT: Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH) is a common autosomal dominant disorder, causing elevated cholesterol from birth, premature heart disease, and early death. OBJECTIVE: This study explored primary care physicians’ experiences and perspectives on identifying FH in Malaysian primary care. STUDY DESIGN AND ANALYSIS: A qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with 22 primary care physicians (PCPs) in two primary care clinic settings. The interviews and focus group discussions were audio recorded, and the recordings were transcribed verbatim. The data in the transcripts were analysed using thematic approach. SETTING: Primary Care Clinics POPULATION STUDIED: Primary Care Physicians in two primary care clinics. INTERVENTION: A qualitative study involving semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary Care Physicians’ perceptions and experiences of identifying individuals at high risk of FH in their clinical practice, and the acceptability and perceived challenges of trying to do this were explored during the interviews and focus group discussions. FINDINGS: PCPs felt there was potential for FH to be identified earlier in primary care. They had some existing knowledge and awareness of diagnostic criteria for FH but highlighted several challenges. In their practice, this included limited time in routine clinical care, availability of medication and clinical expertise; and critical lack of family history and physical examination findings in health records. The barriers on a systemic level were shortage of lipid specialist services and the absence of local care pathways for FH. The PCPs recommended a user-friendly case-finding tool for FH, and establishing FH registry and clinical practice guideline in Malaysia, alongside a national FH screening strategy and awareness campaigns for both clinicians and general public. CONCLUSIONS: PCPs are positive about improving the identification of FH in primary care. However greater support in their practice and wider system developments and change are needed.
Pressure dependence of intramolecular and intermolecular mode frequencies in solid oxygen determined by Raman studies

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Solid molecular oxygen was investigated in a diamond anvil cell by Raman spectroscopy in the region of 6--300 K with pressures up to 14 GPa. Characteristic spectral features in the different crystalline phases of oxygen allow conclusions to be drawn about the p-T phase diagram. The splitting of the vibrational Raman line in \ensuremath{\gamma}-${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is explained by a vibration-vibration resonant transfer between molecules on different sites in the lattice. In addition, the effect of pressure on intermolecular and intramolecular forces, which causes a pressure dependence of mode-Gr\"uneisen parameters, is investigated. Finally, anharmonic contributions to the potential are calculated from independent measurements of (\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\nu}/\ensuremath{\partial}p${)}_{T}$ and (d\ensuremath{\nu}/dT${)}_{p}$, allowing the separation of the anharmonicities into pure volume and multiphonon contributions.
1090. Does calculation method matter for targeting vancomycin AUC?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Recent vancomycin (VAN) guidelines recommend targeting an area under the curve (AUC) concentration of 400-600 for treatment of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Multiple strategies for calculating AUC exist, including first order pharmacokinetic (foPK) equations and Bayesian models. Most clinical applications of foPK assume unchanged patient status and project ideal administration times to estimate exposure. Bayesian modeling provides the best estimate of true drug exposure and can incorporate changing patient covariates and exact doses. We compared two commonly used foPK methods to Bayesian estimates of VAN AUC. Graphs depict calculated AUCs using the three different methods: 1) Population PK estimated (foPOPPK) 2) Two-level first dose estimated (foFDPK) 3) Bayesian estimated. Methods First order equations were performed using population PK estimates (foPOPPK) to estimate steady state (SS) AUC and initial doses. Two concentrations after first dose were used to estimate SS AUC (foFDPK). A 2-compartment Bayesian model allometrically scaled for weight and adjusted for creatinine clearance was used to determine 24-48 hour AUCs. Differences between AUCs were compared using a mixed-effects analysis, and correlation of foPK equations to Bayesian estimates was described using Spearman’s correlation. Patient results from each method were classified as below (&lt; 400), within (400-600), or above ( &gt;600) targets. Results 65 adult patients were included. The median and IQR for calculated AUCs using foPOPPK, foFDPK, and Bayesian methods were 495.6 (IQR: 76.6), 498.2 (IQR: 107.4), and 472.1 (IQR: 177.9), respectively with p &gt;0.65 for both foPK methods vs. the Bayesian method. AUCs predicted by foPK equations were poorly correlated with Bayesian AUCs (Spearman’s rho= -0.08, p=0.55), while AUCs from foFDPK better correlated with Bayesian AUCs (Spearman’s rho= 0.48, p=0.00). AUCs were within, above, and below target for 54%, 20%, and 26% for the Bayesian model; 95%, 5% and 0% for foPOPPK; and 74%, 12%, and 14% for foFDPK. foPK AUC estimates concurred with Bayesian estimates only 52% of the time. Conclusion AUCs calculated by the three methods did not differ on average, but dosing recommendations for foPK at the patient level varied substantially compared to the Bayesian method. This difference is because Bayesian estimation incorporates actual patient exposures while foPK equations rely on idealized dose timing to predict AUCs. Disclosures Kimberly C. Claeys, PharmD, GenMark (Speaker’s Bureau) Marc H. Scheetz, PharmD, MSc, Nevakar (Grant/Research Support)SuperTrans Medical (Consultant)US Patent #10688195B2 (Other Financial or Material Support, Patent holder)
The Digital Sous Chef -- A Comparative Study on Fine-Tuning Language Models for Recipe Generation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We established a rigorous benchmark for text-based recipe generation, a fundamental task in natural language generation. We present a comprehensive comparative study contrasting a fine-tuned GPT-2 large (774M) model against the GPT-2 small (124M) model and traditional LSTM/RNN baselines on the 5-cuisine corpus from RecipeDB. Our key contribution is a targeted tokenization strategy that augments the vocabulary with 23 common fraction tokens and custom structural markers. This approach addresses a critical limitation of generic tokenizers by preserving essential recipe structures and precise numerical quantities, thereby enhancing domain specificity. Performance is evaluated using a comprehensive suite of seven automatic metrics spanning fluency (BLEU-4, METEOR), coherence (ROUGE-L), semantic relevance (BERTScore), and diversity. Our experiments show that the large transformer-based approach yields a >20% relative improvement in BERTScore (F1) (0.92 vs 0.72) over the best recurrent baseline, while reducing perplexity by 69.8%. We conclude with a discussion of remaining challenges, particularly regarding factual accuracy, and outline how this foundational study paves the way for integrating real-world constraints and multi-modal inputs in advanced recipe generation research.
Experimental evidence that pollution with urea can degrade water quality in phosphorus‐rich lakes of the Northern Great Plains

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Urea is the most abundant nitrogen (N) fertilizer used on agricultural soils, yet its effects on adjacent aquatic ecosystems are largely unknown. Here 21‐d, 3000‐liter mesocosm experiments were conducted monthly in a hypereutrophic lake during July–September 2007 to quantify how addition of urea might affect phytoplankton abundance, gross community composition, and algal toxicity in a phosphorus (P)‐rich lake. Repeated measures analysis of variance demonstrated that addition of sufficient urea to increase ratios of soluble N: P from ~ 15 : 1 to > 24 : 1 (by mass) also increased algal biomass (as Chlorophyll ά ) and microcystin concentrations 200–400%, as non–N 2 ‐fixing but toxic cyanobacteria ( Microcystis , Planktothrix ) and less harmful chlorophytes ( Micractinium , Oocystis ) replaced colonial N 2 ‐fixing cyanobacteria ( Anabaena , Aphanizomenon ). No significant effects of urea amendment were recorded for trials in which N: P ratios were elevated at the start of the experiment, or in which ambient light levels were reduced to 25 µmol quanta m −2 s −1 , although preliminary evidence suggests that urea addition stimulated growth of heterotrophic bacteria irrespective of light regime. Development of toxic non–N 2 ‐fixing cyanobacteria by N pollution of P‐rich lakes is consistent with findings from whole‐lake experiments and paleolimnological studies of deep lakes, and suggests that the fertilization needed to feed 3 billion more people by 2050 may create conditions in which future water quality in P‐replete regions is degraded further by urea export from farms and cities.
Local hypersensitivity reaction in transgenic mice with squamous epithelial IL-5 overexpression provides a novel model of eosinophilic oesophagitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the oesophagus with limited treatment options. No previous transgenic model has specifically targeted the oesophageal mucosa to induce oesophageal eosinophilia. Design We developed a mouse model that closely resembles EoE by utilising oxazolone haptenation in mice with transgenic overexpression of an eosinophil poietic and survival factor (interleukin (IL)-5) in resident squamous oesophageal epithelia. Results Overexpression of IL-5 in the healthy oesophagus was achieved in transgenic mice ( L2-IL5 ) using the squamous epithelial promoter Epstein–Barr virus ED-L2. Oxazolone-challenged L2-IL5 mice developed dose-dependent pan-oesophageal eosinophilia, including eosinophil microabscess formation and degranulation as well as basal cell hyperplasia. Moreover, oesophagi expressed increased IL-13 and the eosinophil agonist chemokine eotaxin-1. Treatment of these mice with corticosteroids significantly reduced eosinophilia and epithelial inflammation. Conclusions L2-IL5 mice provide a novel experimental model that can potentially be used in preclinical testing of EoE-related therapeutics and mechanistic studies identifying pathogenetic features associated with mucosal eosinophilia.
Macrophage heterogeneity in human carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques: identification of novel markers for M1 and M2 that are independent of the activation status

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recent studies suggest the presence of both “classically activated” M1 and “alternatively activated” M2 macrophages in human atherosclerotic tissue, yet due to the lack of validated markers the reported localization patterns of these macrophage phenotypes within plaques are ambiguous. In the present study, we searched for markers that indisputably can identify differentiated M1 and M2 macrophages independently of stimuli that affect the activation status of the two subpopulations. We used these validated markers to assess the presence of M1 and M2 macrophages in different zones of human carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques obtained from 12 patients. Using microarray and qPCR technology we show that the frequently used macrophage subpopulation markers MCP-1 and CD206 do not discriminate between M1 and M2 macrophages. However, we confirm the subtype specificity of the classical M2 marker CD163 and we report that the genes INHBA and DSP (both M1) and SEPP1 and MARCKS (both M2) are highly suitable for macrophage phenotyping. mRNA expression of the pan-macrophage marker CD68 in the shoulder zones of the plaques and in adjacent tissue segments correlated positively with mRNA expression levels of SEPP1, MARCKS and CD163 (r=0.86, 0.94 and 0.96, and r= 0.86, 0.98 and 0.69, respectively) but not with the expression of the M1 markers DSP and INHBA. In contrast, mRNA expression of CD68 in the core of the plaques correlated positively with expression of DSP and INHBA (r=0.73 and 0.49) but not with SEPP1, MARCKS and CD163. These findings suggest that M1 macrophages predominate in the core of human carotid atherosclerotic plaques while M2 macrophages prevail at the periphery of the plaque.
Perception of workplace discrimination among immigrants and native born New Zealanders

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Despite considerable research on differences in labour market outcomes between native born New Zealanders and immigrants, the extent of discrimination experienced by the foreign born in the workplace remains relatively unexplored. We use micro data from the Confidentialised Unit Record File of the 2008 New Zealand General Social Survey (n = 8, 721) to examine the determinants of self-reported discrimination in the workplace. We find that immigrants are significantly more likely than New Zealand-born employees to report that they experience discrimination in the workplace. There are noticeable gender differences in determinants of perceived discrimination, which interact with birthplace. The highest likelihood of self-reported workplace discrimination is found amongst migrants from Asia and the Pacific Islands. Discrimination is more likely to be reported by those with higher education and those who are mid-career. We test and correct for selection bias in measuring the impact of factors influencing perceived discrimination and find such bias to be present for men but not for women.
Estimating Risk

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper considers the process by which individuals estimate the risk of adverse events, with particular attention to the social context in which risk estimates are formed. We compare subjective probability estimates of crime victimization to actual victimization experiences among respondents from the 1994 to 2002 waves of the Survey of Economic Expectations ( Dominitz and Manski 2002 ). Using zip code identifiers, we then match these survey data to local area characteristics from the census. The results show that: (1) the risk of criminal victimization is significantly overestimated relative to actual rates of victimization or other negative events; (2) neighborhood racial composition is strongly associated with perceived risk of victimization, whereas actual victimization risk is driven by nonracial neighborhood characteristics; and (3) white respondents appear more strongly affected by racial composition than nonwhites in forming their estimates of risk. We argue these results support a model of stereotype amplification in the formation of risk estimates. Implications for persistent racial inequality are considered.
Monoidal category of C*-algebras

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider the category of C*-algebras equipped with actions of a locally compact quantum group. We show that this category admits a monoidal structure satisfying certain natural conditions if and only if the group is quasitriangular. The monoidal structures are in bijective correspondence with unitary R-matrices. To prove this result we use only very natural properties imposed on considered monoidal structures. We assume that monoidal product is a crossed product, monoidal product of injective morphisms is injective and that monoidal product reduces to the minimal tensor product when one of the involved C*-algebras is equipped with a trivial action of the group. No a priori form of monoidal product is used.