jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Did Caterus Misunderstand Descartes's Ontological Proof?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The chapter opens with a question involving the differences in understanding the proof of God's existence in the Fifth Meditation between Caterus and Descartes. The debate is premised upon two passages from Descartes regarding the existence of God. As derived here, the first states that: “If I can produce an idea of something from my thought, everything I perceive clearly and distinctly to belong to the nature of that thing really belongs to the thing. … I find in me the idea of God, or a supremely perfect being. … I perceive clearly and distinctly that actual and eternal existence pertains to this nature.” The second on the other hand goes as follows: “God is a (or the) first and supreme being. … A first and supreme being necessarily has all perfections … Existence is a perfection. … Hence, God exists” From these premises, the chapter proceeds to discuss the misunderstanding and disagreements that came from Caterus' reading of the same.
Pharmacogenetics, therapeutic drug management offer new insights into treating pain

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

As the personalized medicine movement continues to slowly build momentum, the field of pain management is among the latest to benefit from technology used to tailor treatments to individual patients. Personalized medicine, in the form of therapeutic drug management and pharmacogenetics, is emerging as a way for pain management specialists to improve patients’ quality of life, said Paul Jannetto, an assistant professor of pathology at the Medical College of Wisconsin in Milwaukee. Pharmacogenetics and therapeutic drug management “provide the only objective measure of pain management physicians have to treat a patient,” he said on July 30 at the American Association for Clinical Chemistry annual meeting in Washington, D.C. Jannetto, citing statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), said 25% of Americans suffered from a daylong bout of pain during the previous month in one survey. About 10% of Americans reported having dealt with pain that lasted over a year, according to CDC statistics.
Covering systems with the sum of the reciprocals of the moduli close to $1$

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In 1952, H. Davenport posed the problem of determining a condition on the minimum modulus $m_{0}$ in a finite distinct covering system that would imply that the sum of the reciprocals of the moduli in the covering system is bounded away from $1$. In 1973, P. Erdos and J. Selfridge indicated that they believed that $m_{0} > 4$ would suffice. We provide a proof that this is the case.
Modeling human echolocation of near-range targets with an audible sonar

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Blind humans echolocate nearby targets by emitting palatal clicks and perceiving echoes that the auditory system is not able to resolve temporally. The mechanism for perceiving near-range echoes is not known. This paper models the direct mouth-to-ear signal (MES) and the echo to show that the echo enhances the high-frequency components in the composite MES/echo signal with features that allow echolocation. The mouth emission beam narrows with increasing frequency and exhibits frequency-dependent transmission notches in the backward direction toward the ears as predicted by the piston-in-sphere model. The ears positioned behind the mouth detect a MES that contains predominantly the low frequencies contained in the emission. Hence the high-frequency components in the emission that are perceived by the ears are enhanced by the echoes. A pulse/echo audible sonar verifies this model by echolocating targets from 5 cm range, where the MES and echo overlap significantly, to 55 cm. The model predicts that unambiguous ranging occurs over a limited range and that there is an optimal range that produces the highest range resolution.
A Unified Approach to Measuring u*

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper bridges the gap between two popular approaches to estimating the natural rate of unemployment, u*. The first approach uses detailed labor market indicators, such as labor market flows, cross-sectional data on unemployment and vacancies, or various measures of demographic changes. The second approach, which employs reduced-form models and DSGE models, relies on aggregate price and wage Phillips curve relationships. We combine the key features of these two approaches to estimate the natural rate of unemployment in the United States using both data on labor market flows and a forward-looking Phillips curve that links inflation to current and expected deviations of unemployment from its unobserved natural rate. We estimate that the natural rate of unemployment was around 4.0 percent toward the end of 2018 and that the unemployment gap was roughly closed. Identification of a secular downward trend in the unemployment rate, driven solely by the inflow rate, facilitates the estimation of u*. We identify the increase in labor force attachment of women, decline in job destruction and reallocation intensity, and dual aging of workers and firms as the main drivers of the secular downward trend in the inflow rate.
Initial Evidence on the Association Between Audit Fees and Client Participation in Underfunded Multiemployer Pension Plans

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In this study, we examine the association between audit fees and client participation in underfunded multiemployer pension plans. Consistent with our hypothesis, our regression results find that audit fees for firms with underfunded balances in multiemployer pension plans (MEPPs) are consistently higher and statistically significant compared with firms without MEPPs after controlling for other factors known to influence audit fees. The fee premium for firms with a net underfunded plan balance is 6.2%. Thus, the magnitude of the economic effect appears to be an average increase in audit fees of about $280,240. Furthermore, we find a significant inverse relationship between audit fees and estimated MEPP underfunding when firms with higher unionization levels. Our findings are likely to be of interest to standards-setters, regulators, and policymakers in the United States, European Union, and other countries as appropriate.
sj-doc-1-mso-10.1177_20552173221133262 - Supplemental material for Bright light therapy as a non-pharmacological treatment option for multiple sclerosis-related fatigue: A randomized sham-controlled trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Supplemental material, sj-doc-1-mso-10.1177_20552173221133262 for Bright light therapy as a non-pharmacological treatment option for multiple sclerosis-related fatigue: A randomized sham-controlled trial by Lisa Voggenberger, Marion Böck, Doris Moser, Gudrun Lorbeer, Patrick Altmann, Fritz Leutmezer, Thomas Berger and Stefan Seidel in Multiple Sclerosis Journal – Experimental, Translational and Clinical
Habituation of the GVS-evoked lower leg muscle response during free standing

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) modulates the firing of vestibular afferents (Goldberg et al. 1984) and consequently results in whole-body postural responses (Fitzpatrick & Day 2004). Similar to other sensory systems, the vestibular system habituates to repeated stimuli in both animals and humans. The habituation phenomenon is characterized by a response decrement to a repeating stimulus that is not associated with adaptation or fatigue. Although adaptation to GVS has been observed (St. George et al. 2011), there is limited evidence demonstrating habituation of postural responses associated with repetitive GVS. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the vestibular-evoked myogenic responses habituate in lower leg muscles. Participants stood upright with their eyes closed and head turned 90° to the right while surface electromyography was recorded from the left medial gastrocnemius and soleus. Participants were exposed to a predetermined order (balanced latin square) of sinusoidal GVS consisting of eight different frequencies (0.125–16.0Hz) presented over 6-min trials (single frequency per trial). Habituation of the muscle responses to the vestibular signal was quantified using frequency (coherence) and time (cumulant density) domain correlations. The GVS-induced myogenic responses decreased in both muscles throughout the trials. Myogenic responses elicited by 4 and 8Hz stimuli habituated to a greater extent than other frequencies tested. Our findings indicate that GVS-evoked myogenic responses habituate and that the habituation process is frequency-dependent. Considering that GVS provides a way to quantify vestibular control of muscles, future experiments should take into account the possibility of habituation while analyzing GVS-evoked responses.
The Bavadi and Their Bakhtiari Dialect

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper provides a sociolinguistic and grammatical synopsis of Bavadi Bakhtiari, spoken in Chahar Mahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran. The results presented here are based on the collection of linguistic and cultural data through field research, including ethnographic research, recording of oral texts, elicitation of a language data questionnaire, and follow-up interviews with speakers of the language. In addition to providing a linguistic snapshot of the Bavadi variety of Bakhtiari in its social context, this study offers a novel contribution to the documentation of Iran’s linguistic heritage through the presentation and analysis of culturally important oral texts of various genres. While one text belongs to the controlled and formulaic genre of the folktale, two other texts are based on free conversation among groups of speakers.
Surveillance of healthcare-associated infection in hospitalised South African children: Which method performs best?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Repeated PPSs, laboratory surveillance and/or antimicrobial prescription tracking are feasible HAI surveillance methods for low-resource settings. Combined laboratory-antimicrobial surveillance achieved the best sensitivity and PPV. SA paediatric healthcare facilities should individualise HAI surveillance, selecting a method suited to available resources and practice context.
S. Frederick Starr (ed.), Xinjiang. China's Muslim Borderland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cet ouvrage est le produit d’un programme de recherche lancé par l’East West Center (Washington) en 1998. Il rassemble les contributions de 16 spécialistes. Les plus jeunes ont profité de la relative ouverture de la région aux cours des deux dernières décennies pour y conduire des recherches de longue durée. Ils en sont revenus avec une connaissance du terrain et une maîtrise linguistique qui ont régénéré la recherche sur le Xinjiang. Le caractère novateur de cet ouvrage et sa rigueur sont la...
Investigation of passive bearing in biomedical application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This report explores on the different designs of a squeeze flow bearing. The load-carrying capacity of different bearing designs will be examined. The parameters of a Spiral Groove Bearing were optimized and used as a basis for comparison. Three different designs of squeeze flow bearing, Design Bearing_1, 2 and 3, were created to test the squeeze flow effects. Experiments on all bearings were tested at 4 different film thicknesses. Positive pressures were achieved at film thickness of 0.15mm. Optimum SGB and Design Bearing_1 met the target by displaying positive pressure at film thickness of 0.15mm. On the other hand, Design Bearing_2 showed negative pressure at all film thickness regardless of rotational speed. Despite Design Bearing_3 being slightly better than Design Bearing_2 by displaying positive pressure at lower rotational speeds, the performance was way below that of Optimum SGB and Design bearing_1. As such, a study was done in search for an explanation for the trends displayed by Design Bearing_2 and 3, which was suggested that it might be due to cavitation. Lastly, ranking on bearing was done to differentiate the performance in their load-carrying capacity.
Comparison of the Direct Agglutination and Indirect Hemagglutination Tests in the Determination of Blood Serum Titers to Escherichia coli Organisms

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A comparison of the direct agglutination test and the indirect hemagglutination test for the detection of blood serum antibodies to Escherichia coli organisms indicated that these serological tests were comparable. In some instances the indirect hemagglutination test provided higher endpoint readings. Preparation of the antigens for the indirect hemagglutination test was more time consuming than for the direct agglutination test. Crude extract and purified polysaccharides were comparable as red blood cell sensitizing agents.
Uterine neoplasms: MR imaging.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Magnetic resonance (MR) studies were performed on 20 healthy volunteers and 41 patients with proved cervical and uterine neoplasms. MR imaging demonstrated normal uterine landmarks in all patients. On T2-weighted images, the normal uterine wall could be differentiated into three distinct layers: a central high-intensity zone, a junctional low-intensity band, and a peripheral medium-intensity area. While most of the normal cervices had only two distinct zones (central high-intensity zone and peripheral low-intensity zone), a small percentage had three layers of signal intensity, similar to the uterine body. Primary cervical and uterine neoplasms could be identified on MR images. In 18 of 22 patients with proved carcinoma, a mass with a signal intensity higher than that of normal cervical lips was seen on T2-weighted images. Endometrial carcinoma was most often identified as expansion of the central high-intensity area; discrete tumor nodules were visible in nine of 15 patients. Mixed müllerian sarcoma appeared as a large pelvic mass with complete obliteration of normal uterine landmarks. MR imaging delineates primary cervical and endometrial carcinoma better than computed tomography does.
Through an Anticolonial Looking Glass: On Restitution, Indigenismo, and Zapatista Solidarity in Raiders of the Lost Crown

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay examines Raiders of the Lost Crown (2013), by Fran Ilich (b. 1975, Tijuana), as an example of current experimental artistic-literary production that uses transmedial narrative forms to articulate a capacious anticolonial critique and trace historical connections between (neo)colonial and (neo)imperial formations. Raiders took the form of an alternate reality game whose players were charged with recapturing a legendary pre-Columbian Mexica (Aztec) headdress from an Austrian museum. The gameplay unfolded across myriad platforms, including an intervention at the museum, epistolary exchanges, a petition campaign, and participation in a solidarity economy. With mordant wit and calculated deception, Raiders puts on display the colonial character of museums, neoliberal economic regimes, and the geopolitical determinations that define debt and property while ironizing and provincializing Eurocentric humanism's universalizing claims and the moral feelings founded on these. Raiders critiques the neocolonial character of the Mexican state and its indigenismo in a manner that attests to the influence that Zapatista discourse and the history of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation have had on the politics and aesthetics of Ilich's work. Finally, in a speculative and utopic register, Raiders invokes the possibility of a future beyond European colonial modernity.
Exosome Imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Exosomes have played fundamental roles in conveying specific biomolecules to the relevant target cells. The plausible nontoxicity of exosomes and their inherent biological roles as endogenous nanocarriers in cell–cell communication brings the promise of using exosomes as drug delivery vehicles in vivo in animals and even in clinical situations. Despite vigorous exosome research in progress on their biogenesis and biological significance, in vivo imaging and investigation of in vivo distribution of exosomes and/or their clearance has lagged, hampering the verification of possible clinical translation. In vivo molecular imaging of exosomes helps us to understand in vivo behavior of exosomes after systemic or local administration by visualizing the location, distribution, and excretion pattern over time in live animals and possibly in humans. Especially, in vivo radionuclide imaging has provided quantitative and tomographic information to better understand in vivo characteristics of exosomes. In this chapter, we have summarized the current progress in in vivo imaging of exosomes in animal models and highlighted their labeling methods and the successful examples of image-based elucidation of biological and physiological roles of exosomes.
Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase inMaturing OilSeeds of

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Diacylglycerol acyltransferase (EC2.3.1.20) activity wasdetected in themicrosomal fractions ofmaturing maize scutellum, soybean cotyledon, peanut cotyledon, andcastor beanendosperm. Theactivity detected was highenough toaccount fortheinvivo rateoftriacylglycerol synthesis. Theactivity ofthemaize enzyme wascharacterized using diolein micelles prepared bysonication inTween20asthesubstrate. Theactivity was highest atpH values of6to7.Theactivity wasproportional tothe amountofenzymeadded, andthereaction ratewaslinear forabout 2 minutes. Theenzyme wasnotinactivated byTween20,Zwitterion 3-08, Triton-X 100,andcholate, butwasinactivated completely bysodium dodecyl sulfate. Theenzyme wasactive onlinoleoyl coenzyme A(CoA), palmitoyl CoA,andoleoyl CoA,although theactivity washighest on linoleoyl CoA.Endogenous diacylglycerol waspresent inthemicrosomes, andtheenzymeactivity wasonly partially dependent ontheaddition of external diolein. Subcellular fractionation ofthetotal scutellum extract insucrose density gradients wasperformed. Bycomparing themigration oftheenzyme between rateandequilibrium centrifugation, andbetween equilibrium centrifugation inthepresence andabsence ofmagnesium ions inthepreparative media, theenzyme wasshowntobeassociated with theroughendoplasmic reticulum. Someoftheabovefindings onthe maize enzyme wereextended totheenzymes fromcastor bean, soybean, andpeanuts.
TWO C-GLYCOSIDE FLAVONES FROM CORN (ZEA MAYS) SILK

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Background: Corn silk, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine in China, has been used to remedy nephritis, hepatitis, measles, hyperglycemia, tumor, etc. In this study, flavonoid monomers in corn silk were isolated and identified. This study could serve as a basis for determining the curative effects of these monomers on human diseases. Method: Corn silk flavonoids were extracted using 80% (v/v) ethanol and isolated by repeated polyamide column and Toyopearl HW-40 column chromatography. Corn silk flavonoids were identified by UV spectroscopy, liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results: Two C-glycoside flavones, namely, ax-4″-OH-3′-methoxymaysin and a 3′-methoxymaysin isomer, were isolated from corn silk and identified. Conclusion: The two C-glycoside flavones were successfully isolated from corn silk and identified. This study is the first to report 3′-methoxymaysin in corn silk.
APPLICATION OF HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY TO STUDY TRANSPORT AND METABOLISM OF NUCLEIC ACID DERIVATIVES BY RAT JEJUNUM IN VITRO: ENDOGENOUS WASHOUT

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology 68–1 (1983) On page 40 paragraph 7 should read Enzymes were purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) (E.C. 2.4.2.1.), uricase (E.C. 1.7.3.3.), hexokinase (E.C. 2.7.1.1.), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.1.1.49.), alanine dehydrogenase (E.C.1.4.1.1.), glutamate dehydrogenase (E.C.1.4.1.3.) all from Boehringer, and xanthine oxidase (XOD) (E.C.1.3.2.) from Sigma.
Alteration in Abundance and Compartmentalization of Inflammation-Related miRNAs in Plasma After Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose— We tested the hypothesis that circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) present in plasma might display a specific signature in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Methods— Global miRNA profiles were determined with the Agilent Human miRNA Microarray platform, and validated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results— A subset of 30 miRNAs were selectively upregulated in both male and female patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Network analysis revealed that the most significantly overrepresented biological process associated with these miRNAs was inflammation. Unlike the plasma miRNAs in healthy controls, which were detected exclusively in the microvesicle fraction, the deregulated plasma miRNAs after intracerebral hemorrhage were present in both the microvesicle and the supernatant fractions. Conclusions— Intracerebral hemorrhage altered both the abundance and the compartmentalization of several inflammation-related miRNAs in plasma.
Ashwagandha Does Not Enhance the Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Selected Energy Metabolism Parameters in Young Healthy Men

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background/Objectives: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is considered an effective way in improving aerobic capacity and selected health parameters. Ashwagandha is an herb with possible health-promoting properties that may affect metabolism and performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of ashwagandha supplementation (600 mg/day) during an 8-week HIIT on body composition, lipid profile and hormone levels related to energy homeostasis in healthy young men. Methods: The study was randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled (Placebo group, PL, n = 20; ashwagandha, A, n = 18). HIIT was conducted on a rowing ergometer (3 times per week, 5–7 series of 1.5 min at 85–95% of maximum power, with intervals of 1.5 min at 70 W). Body composition (BIA, Tanita TBF 300P), serum lipid profile (tChol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TG) and serum levels of adiponectin, asprosin and irisin were analysed before (term 1) and after the8-week study (term 2). Both the lipid and hormonal profiles were measured in three time points: pre- and post-graded exercise test and after 24 h recovery period. Results: Analysis showed no effect of training or supplementation on body composition and lipid profile (p > 0.05). In turn, the 8-week HIIT decreased resting levels of adiponectin and increased irisin levels post-exercise and after 24 h (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In young, healthy men, an 8-week HIIT programme significantly affects selected hormones related to energy metabolism of adipose (adiponectin) and muscle (irisin) tissues, but ashwagandha supplementation did not significantly affect any of the hormonal parameters analysed.
The Good, The Bad, and The Oxytocin: context-specific facilitation of helping.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Evidence suggests that oxytocin might facilitate helping behavior. Participants (N =122) were tested in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial with intranasal oxytocin. Helping behavior was 1) shaped by stimulus valence, 2) triggered by social stimuli and 3) sensitive to social group (animals vs. humans).