jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evolution of large eyes in stromboidea (Gastropoda): Impact of photic environment and life history traits

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Eyes within the marine gastropod superfamily Stromboidea range widely in size, from 0.2 to 2.3 mm, the latter being the largest known eyes of any gastropod. However, the evolutionary pressures underlying this variation remain unknown. Here, we use the wealth of material available in museum collections to explore the impact of ecological factors that affect light availability (ocean depth, turbidity and diel activity) on the evolution of eye size and structure within Stromboidea. We construct the most taxonomically extensive phylogeny of Stromboidea to date as a framework to investigate these relationships. Our results suggest that depth is a key light-limiting factor in stromboid eye evolution; here, increasing water depth is correlated with increasing aperture width relative to lens diameter (p = 0.043), and therefore an increasing investment in sensitivity in dim light environments. In the clade containing all large-eyed families (Strombidae, Rostellariidae and Seraphsidae), cathemeral species had wider eye apertures relative to lens sizes than diurnal species (p = 0.002), thereby prioritising sensitivity over resolution. These cathemeral species also had smaller body sizes than diurnal species (p = 0.002); this may suggest that animals with smaller shells are more vulnerable to shell-crushing predators, and therefore avoid the higher predation pressure experienced by animals active during the day. Within the large-eyed stromboid clade, ancestral state reconstruction estimates that absolute eye size increased above 1 mm twice independently. Due to the high energetic investment associated with large eye sizes, this repeated increase in eye size suggests that higher performance vision is important in behavioural tasks within these families. In addition, we note that species with more robust escape responses tend to have larger eyes than those that do not: for example, strombids have 1.79 ± 0.31 times the eye size that would be expected from their body size (based on Stromboidea as a whole) and are known to display either a rapid escape response from an approaching predator or withdrawal into the shell. By contrast, the small-eyed xenophorids have 0.59 ± 0.30 times the expected eye size, and are only known to withdraw when threatened.
Fish from a polluted lake (Lake Chivero, Zimbabwe): a food safety issue of concern

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Objectives A study to determine food safety hazard status of fish products from Lake Chivero was conducted in selected high density suburbs of Harare. Lake water and fish were tested for E. coli O157:H7, total bacterial, fungal counts, mercury (Hg) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) to determine contamination levels and assessing human health hazard exposure. Materials and Methods Membrane filtration method was used to determine E. coli O157:H7 viable counts using CHROM agar. Plate count and Potato dextrose agar were used for determination of total viable bacterial and fungal counts. Concentrations of Hg and AFB1 in fish and water were determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 136 adult fish consumers to determine the fish consumption patterns to assess hazard exposure against international standards. Results Significant levels of microbial contamination above international standards in both fish and water were recorded. Mean E. coli O157:H7 counts were 106 ± 10 (cfu/cm2) in fish and 52 ± 14 (cfu/100ml) in water. Mean Log10 TBC were 8.98 ± 0.26 (cfu/cm2) in fish and 9.05 ± 0.05 (cfu/ml) in water. Mean Log10 TFC were 4.83 ± 0.02 (cfu/cm2) in fish and 4.56 ± 0.03 (cfu/ml) in water. Hg and AFB1 were 0.018 (µg/kg) and 0.025 (µg/kg) in fish and 0.008 (µg/kg) and 0.005 (µg/kg) in water, both with a hazard quotient (HQ) <1 using CODEX STAN 193-1995 of 2015. Conclusion Fish and water are contaminated with E. coli O157:H7, contain bacterial and fungal loads above international food safety guidance levels. Fish were caught already contaminated with pathogens together with toxigenic Hg and carcinogenic AFB1 although their concentration levels are within international food safety toxicological levels. Levels of Hg and AFB1 in water were almost double that of fish, implying bio-accumulation occurred in fish. Thus, fish consumers are exposed to food safety hazards and are at risk of contracting foodborne illnesses from consuming contaminated fish.
Semi-autonomous tactical robots for urban operations

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper outlines the advantages enjoyed through the employment of miniature man-packed robotic vehicles in urban environments, and calls for a redirection of unmanned systems development toward low cost semi-autonomous portable platforms. A review of ground robotic platforms is provided first, followed by a discussion of operational voids posed by military operations in urban terrain (MOUT). A review of machine competencies and limitations follows next. Portable (man-packed) mobile robots are then presented as a means to address MOUT voids as well as other problem areas for other government agencies outside the Department of Defense. The paper concludes that human launched and supervised miniature robots possess enormous potential to compensate for the many daunting challenges involved with urban operations.
A Case of Breast Intraductal Papilloma in Tree Shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis)

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

报告一例树鼩乳腺导管内乳头状瘤。患病树鼩为雌性，3岁。肿块位于腹部皮下乳腺部位，直径约为1.0 cm，椭圆形不规则，表面光滑。组织病理学观察发现肿块含有乳腺特有的乳腺终末导管结构和少量乳腺小叶结构，由导管乳头和小叶状增生细胞组成，乳头分支少，较为粗大，细胞体积较大，细胞界限清晰，核分裂少见，伴有大汗腺样化生。核仁明显，细胞核位于细胞中央一侧，胞浆丰富并且呈红色，伴有坏死。诊断为乳腺导管内乳头状瘤。 A case of breast intraductal papilloma of tree shrews is described. Masses in the breast area were found in a 3-year-old female tree shrew. The lump diameter is about 1 cm, irregular oval and smooth surface. Histopathological examination with H.E staining showed that mass contained breast specific terminal ductal structures and a small amount of breast lobules, which was composed of ductal papillary and lobular hyperplasia. The nipple was less branching and more bulky; the cell volume was bigger; the cell boundary was clear; the nuclear division was rare, and accompanied by sweat gland metaplasia. The nucleus is located in the side of the cell, and the cytoplasm is rich and red with necrosis. The pathological feature of case supported the diagnosis of breast intraductal papilloma.
A Ligand‐Protected Golden Fullerene: The Dipyridylamido Au328+ Nanocluster

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A golden fullerene Au 32 cluster has been synthesized with amido and phosphine ligands as the protecting agents. Single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis revealed that this gold nanocluster, [Au 32 (Ph 3 P) 8 (dpa) 6 ] (SbF 6 ) 2 (Hdpa=2,2′‐dipyridylamine), has a stable pseudo‐ I h Au 32 8+ core with S 6 symmetry, which features an Au 12 @Au 20 Keplerate cage co‐protected by Ph 3 P and dpa ligands. Quantum‐chemical studies were conducted to elucidate the origin of the special stability of this cluster, and suggest that it is electronically stabilized through metal–ligand interactions.
Using Hungarian \nLanguage to Clarify Language-thought Relations in Impaired Populations

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The paper argues that even in studying genetically \ndisordered populations, taking a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural approach \nseems to be fruitful. Using data from several languages, including Hungarian, \nmight help to clarify the real nature of some cognitive and linguistic \ndisorders. Data from the longitudinal Hungarian Williams Syndrome Project, \nwhich included mainly children between five and eighteen, are presented. Williams syndrome is an extremely rare (1: 25,000 live births) \ngenetic disorder, that shows serious impairments in spatial cognition, with a relatively intact language. However, many claims were made regarding qualitative peculiarities within the language area as well. The Hungarian data helped to clarify \nsome of the controversies around these issues. Most notably there were no signs in \nHungarian for morphological overgeneralizations being more characteristic of Williams syndrome people. Regarding spatial language, using the rich Hungarian system of suffixes and postpositions, it was observed that while their spatial term use is \nlimited, as expected on the basis of their constrained spatial cognition, the qualitative pattern is similar to typically developing children. On the whole, our data support the use of cross-linguistic comparisons to support a more refined theory of development in genetic impairments, with a role for the individual life path.
A High School Kendo-team Survey of Bekesy's Audiogram and EOAE.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

純音聴力検査におけるディップ型聴力損失と誘発耳音響放射 (EOAE) の持続の延長 (C-EOAE) との間に関係があり, C-EOAEが内耳の音響易傷性を表現しているらしいことを示唆されている。そのような関係を実証するための一連の研究の一つとして某高等学校剣道部員の聴覚検査とEOAEの測定が行われた。自記オージオグラム上において, 規定した小ディップは44耳中34耳に見られ, C-EOAEは44耳中24耳に認められた。C-EOAEのある耳における小ディップのある頻度は95.8%であり, 両者の間にはユールの連関係数Q=0.90で強い関連性のあることが示された。この成績は以前に報告した中学校吹奏楽部員における調査結果に近いものであった。今までの一連の研究結果から, C-EOAEは音響易傷性の内耳素因を表わしているという考えが支持され, EOAEの測定は音響障害の易傷性の予知に役立つ可能性が示唆された。
La regulación aversiva en las interacciones madre-niño en díadas con historia de maltrato infantil

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

We observed the interaction between mother-child dyads with history of physical abuse under two conditions: free and academic. Our aim was to gather further evidence with regard to aversive regulation processes in coercive relationships. Mother and children’s behavior were coded on different categories and analyses of sequential dependencies and temporal sequences were run. These analyses are sensitive to thenegative and positive reinforcement processes that are supposed to operate in coercive relationships as proposed by the obedience and maternal indiscrimination hypotheses. The results indicate the role of negative reinforcement as an important factor in physical abuse, because it was observed that the behavioral episodes were more adjusted tothe mother’s demands than to the child’s demands. In general, the study additionally suggested that the mothers are inconsistent before the child’s behavior, and that they usually fail in supervising the completion of instructions.
Quantum Information, Irreversibility and State Collapse in Some Microscopic Models of Measurement

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The quantum measurement problem considered for measuring system (MS) model which consist of measured state S (particle), detector D and information processing device O. For spin chains and other O models the state evolution for MS observables measurements studied. It's shown that specific O states structure forbids the measurement of MS interference terms which discriminate pure and mixed S states. It results in the reduction MS Hilbert space to O representation in which MS evolution is irreversible, which in operational formalism corresponds to S state collapse. In radiation decoherence O model Glauber restrictions on QED field observables results in analogous irreversible MS + field evolution. The results interpretation in Quantum Information framework and Rovelli Relational Quantum Mechanics discussed.
Theory and Simulation of DNA Charge Transfer:  From Junctions to Networks

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we address charge transfer within complex arrangements of nucleobases from a theoretical and numerical point of view. We study dendrimers constructed from T-shaped double-stranded DNA three-way junctions (3WJs). The electronic structure of these junctions is computed on an atomistic level using a chemically specific Su-Schrieffer-Heeger Hamiltonian, which has been extended by a nonretarded reaction field to take solvent polarization effects into account. Hopping rates through isolated 3WJs are derived by analyzing the emerging potential energy surfaces using Marcus' theory of charge transfer. We find highly anisotropic transport; the corresponding rates are used to compute the global trapping kinetics on DNA dendrimers with a central absorbing core. As a potential application, we discuss a DNA-based drug delivery system.
Antiprotozoal activity of synthetic amino substituted 1-methyl-1 H-alpha-carbolines.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The antiprotozoal properties of a series of amino substituted 1-methyl-1 H-alpha-carbolines were investigated in a broad panel of parasites. Various substituents were systematically introduced at various positions on the carbocyclic ring of the parent 1-methyl-1 H-alpha-carboline. Most compounds showed a potent antiprotozoal activity, although mostly accompanied by cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cells. One compound, containing the same amino-substitution as chloroquine, showed an IC50 against Plasmodium falciparum of 2.37 microM and was reasonably selective.
Simple Network Simulator: Web based simulator for creating and visualizing Computer Networks and related algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Network visualization is used widely and the existing network simulators severely are esoteric to intellects that possess a technical understanding of complex programming languages. Simple Network Simulators bridges the prerequisite knowledge gap by facilitating a web interface that demands no setup. It is easy to understand, custom-tailored and requires minimal operating knowledge. This software can be used to simulate concepts involving network protocols, packet sniffing attacks and key exchange algorithms in a visual manner that is simple to comprehend by a dilettante. This simulator also allows tracing of a packet from source to destination using colour marking, so can be used to develop and test new algorithms, and see how they process the packets.
Investigation of forward looking SONAR for intelligent underwater robot navigation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Ever since the Japanese began an aggressive research and development in the 1980s, Automated Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) have been gaining its popularity exponentially. However, as technology progresses, so much more can be done to develop the AUVs such that it can be used to execute more intricate tasks, especially to thwart the mortality rate caused during underwater missions. One concern here though, would be to ensure that the cost is low, but it is still maintained to be highly efficient. This project aims to utilise readings collated from an Oculus M1200d Dual-Frequency Multibeam Forward-Looking SONAR (FLS) and characterise it such that it can produce an AUV capable of Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (SLAM) in real time. It explores various factors such as the walls of the water body environment, the distance of robot from SONAR and quality of readings attained from the SONAR. This project aims to provide a summary and guidelines for the usage of the FLS in future developments of the autonomous underwater robot system.
A Different Method in the Treatment of Placenta Previa: A Comparison of Lower Uterine Segment Transverse Suture Technique and Bakri Balloon Application

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The incidence of placenta previa (PP) has been increasing due to the rise in cesarean rates. The aim of this study is to determine the success of lower uterine segment compression suture and bakri balloon applications in patients diagnosed with placenta previa. Materials and Methods: 257 patients who underwent cesarean section due to placenta previa totalis (PPT) between the years of 2010-2018 in Ondokuz Mayis University were screened retrospectively. The patients were evaluated in four groups according to their treatment method: medical treatment, bakri balloon application, compression suture and hysterectomy. Results: In the study, between the years 2010-2015, postpartum hysterectomy was performed in the cases of adherent placenta previa, and hysterectomy was performed in 33 patients. Between the years of 2015-2018, first, bakri balloon or compression suture was applied; and if bleeding control was not achieved despite these, then, hysterectomy was performed. Between 2015 and 2018, a total of 27 patients underwent compression suture and 1 patient had a hysterectomy after all. The success rate was 96.3% with compression suture and 91.7% for bakri balloon application. Totally, 24 patients were treated with bakri balloon and yet, two patients underwent hysterectomy. When all the cases were examined, complications caused by urinary bladder and ureteral injury were seen in 5.6% of patients, and all of these complications were also seen in hysterectomy patients. Conclusion: Lower uterine segment transverse suture technique and bakri balloon application should be considered as a good alternative to prevent hysterectomy in patients with placenta previa totalis. In addition, they are effective treatment methods that can be used without increasing maternal morbidity.
Commodification and Co-Modification

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent organizational research suggests an emerging trend in which some women of color choose to quit their jobs, head smaller firms, or start their own organizations. Other emergent trends reveal a decline of women of color in executive positions. As reasons for this trend, women managers of color often cite pervasive sex- and race-based stereotypes and the inability of organizations to deal with subtle racism. In this study, the author examines Black women's experience of such sexual politics in organizations. Drawing on interviews and written narratives from nine Black women, the author argues that organizational discourse sexualizes Black women through commodification, experiences of invisibility, and tensions of ownership and consumption of their bodies, which consequently elicits a paradoxical dialectic of accommodation and resistance: co-modification. The analysis both explicates current trends of Black women's declining participation and exit from organizations and suggests how organizations might transform their discursive practices.
Secondary student teachers' personal values and perceptions of Teaching as Inquiry

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This ongoing Doctor of Education study explores the personal and professional values of a sample of four secondary student teachers in the Masters of Teaching and Learning degree at the University of Otago, New Zealand. The study aims to understand student teachers’ personal and professional values when learning to teach, and provides insights into their thinking and practices in relation to Teaching as Inquiry. The study is framed by the interpretive paradigm, uses social constructivist theory and case study methodology. Data are gathered through individual semi-structured interviews and journal writing, and are analysed using the constant comparative method. Findings show that student teachers in the sample vary in their motivation and capacity to implement Teaching as Inquiry, since they are influenced by uniquely converging priorities, processes, and practices encountered in their university and school contexts. However, their core personal values guide the sense they make of Teaching as Inquiry, and the extent to which it is an individual professional priority or not. For some, Teaching as Inquiry is a university assignment to be completed by stitching together classroom events. For others, Teaching as Inquiry makes professional sense, and despite contextual challenges, it underpins their teacher identity and practice.
Open Trial of an Acceptance-Based Behavior Therapy Intervention to Engage Newly Diagnosed HIV Patients in Care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Successful linkage and retention in care of newly diagnosed individuals in the United States remains a significant gap in the HIV care continuum. This study assessed the acceptability and feasibility of an acceptance-based behavior therapy (ABBT) intervention to engage patients newly diagnosed with HIV in medical care. Nine patients were recruited over 4 months for this brief ABBT intervention, which consisted of two brief sessions, each lasting less than 20 min. The intervention was developed to promote psychological acceptance of the HIV diagnosis, thereby increasing patients’ willingness to make informed disclosure of their status. Eight patients completed a 1-month follow-up assessment, and all approved of the intervention and its components. Over the 1-month period, participants showed increased acceptance, reduced perceptions of HIV stigmatization, and increased disclosure of HIV status to social supports. This pilot study provided support for the continued investigation of ABBT as an adjunctive intervention for newly diagnosed HIV patients who are at high-risk of dropping out of HIV care.
From the Fishbowl to the Mission Field: Katie Baker | We Are Foursquare | The Foursquare Church

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A pastor’s kid in a small town, Katie Baker felt like she was living in a fishbowl. But she eventually found God’s call on her life apart from others’ expectations, and has recently been appointed as a Foursquare Missions International (FMI) missionary to El Salvador.
Efforts, Purposes, and Practical Reason

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The task of constructing an indeterminist account of free will without appeal to obscure or mysterious notions of agency or causation (begun in Ch. 8) is continued in this chapter. The theory is extended to additional topics beyond free choices in moral and prudential contexts, for example, to “efforts of will sustaining purposes” that may be involved in different human activities where resistance in the will must be overcome, to acts of attention, to self‐control and self‐modification, practical deliberation, creative problem solving and changes of intention in action. Along the way, a number of other topics are discussed: evolution and rationality, the role of chance in problem solving, self‐deception, the role of “effort” in Eastern philosophies, such as Taoism, and the relation of incommensurability of values to free will.
Inductance – loop and partial (Paul, C.R.) [book review]

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

There are a number of text-and reference-book "gems" that I keep in multiple copies in my office library to lend to students, and still have a copy readily available on my own desk for reference.Several of these books are standard for us in EMC and SI/PI, and I often see them on colleagues' desks throughout academia and industry.One of my personal, and well-used favorites, is Clayton Paul's, Inductance -Loop and Partial.It was, and remains a favorite reference of mine, because in EMC and SI/PI we deal with inductive pieces and parasitics from complex current paths all the time.For me, it took years to be comfortable with inductance concepts.I surmise this is because currents flow in loops, and produce closed magnetic field lines, from which we calculate inductance.Mapping and understanding magnetic fields have always been a bit of a struggle for me, and possibly most people.I understood early that the concept of loop inductance alone was insufficient for the parasitic EMI coupling path equivalent circuit models that I wanted to construct.However, the concept of partial inductance at the time was a struggle for me to grasp; though, it turns out, for what I needed to calculate, would be most useful to me.I read many times Albert Ruehli's seminal papers on inductance [1], [2], and have had many discussions with Al over the years when he was at IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, and the past 15 years working together in the Missouri S&T EMC Laboratory.Paul's Inductance -Loop and Partial, brings all of these concepts together in one place.Very typical of all of his books, it is detailed and complete (379 pages), and leads the reader through difficult concepts in a very thoughtful and straightforward manner.