jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
P3‐391: Statins for the treatment of dementia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There is accumulating evidence that cholesterol may be implicated in the pathogenesis of dementia and this has led investigators to assess the possible role of lipid lowering agents in the treatment of dementia. This Cochrane review evaluated the efficacy of statins in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VaD). Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trials in which a statin was given for at least 6 months to patients with a diagnosis of AD or VaD were identified by a complete search of the Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group Specialized Register, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsyclINFO, CINAHL and LILACS, trials databases and grey literature sources. Any type of statin (hydrophilic and lipophilic) given in appropriate dose compared to placebo was considered. Primary outcome measures were a change in MMSE and ADAS-Cog in patients with a diagnosis of AD/VaD on treatment with statins. 3 studies with 730 participants were identified - Simons 2002, ADCLT 2005, LEADe 2008. The 3 studies assessed change in ADAS-Cog from baseline in patients with AD. Mean change was entered into a meta-analysis; when the 3 studies were combined there was no significant difference in ADAS-Cog between the statin group and the placebo group [mean difference 0.18, 95% CI -1.11, 1.48, p = 0.78]. 2 studies assessed change in MMSE from baseline (Simons 2002, ADCLT 2005); there was a significant difference in MMSE between the statin group and the placebo group (favouring statins) when the two studies were combined [mean difference1.81, 95% CI 0.69, 2.98, p = 0.002]. There were no studies identified assessing changes in cognition in patients with VaD. There was no evidence that statins were detrimental to cognition. There is some evidence from the smaller trials (Simons 2002, ADCLT 2005) that statins may be beneficial in treatment of dementia but this is not borne out in the larger LEADe study. Further studies are required to be certain.
P0035URINARY CITRATE AS A MARKER OF RENAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITH AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background and Aims In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is frequent to find low urinary citrate levels. Recently it has been suggested that urinary citrate could be a marker of covert metabolic acidosis. Our aim was to analyze relationship between urinary citrate levels and renal functionality in ADPKD patients. Method We determined citrate, calcium and uric acid in 24-hour collected urine from 91 ADPKD patients Results Urinary citrate/creatinine ratio was 214±158 (range 5.3-678) mg/g Cr with levels significantly higher in females. When considering chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages we observed a progressive decrease in urinary osmolality and in urinary citrate, calcium and uric acid elimination. Low levels of citrate (&lt;300 mg/g Cr) were present in 40% in CKD-1 stage, in 69.7% in CKD-2 stage, 92% in CKD-3 stage and 100% in CKD-4 + 5 stages. Urinary citrate was correlated with serum creatinine (r= -0.66, p&lt;0.001) and eGFR (r= 0.56, p&lt;0.001). Urinary citrate significantly correlated with urinary calcium but correlation with urinary uric acid was weaker. We did not find any correlation with serum bicarbonate. Using multiple lineal regression analysis we found as predictors of urinary citrate to glomerular filtration rate, female gender and urinary calcium levels. In a subgroup of patients we measured total kidney volume and we found an inverse correlation with urinary citrate levels that dissappeared when it was corrected with glomerular filtration rate. We did not also find a relationship between urinary elimination of calcium or uric acid and TKV after adjusting with eGFR. Conclusion Urinary citrate is very frequently reduced in ADPKD patients being present from very early CKD stages. Their levels are inversely correlated with glomerular filtration rate and directly with urinary calcium excretion. We did not found a relathionship with serum bicarbonate. We think that it would be interesting to study urinary citrate in other nephropathies and verify if it could be a marker of covert metabolic acidosis.
[Microbial flora and odor of the healthy human skin].

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The microflora resident on human skin shows great interindividual and intraindividual differences. It is essentially composed of micrococci, staphylococci, aerobic and anaerobic coryneforms as well as pityrosporum species which, in accordance with the different environment in the different regions of the body, are in a steady state. With increasing age, human skin microflora undergoes qualitative changes: the streptococci, which are found in infants, disappear and coryneform bacteria occur, which are mainly responsible for odor production. Anaerobic propionibacteria are more numerous in juveniles and young adults, a fact that may be explained by increased sebum production. Only the coryneform bacteria are able to produce the typical axillary odor by decomposition of apocrine sweat. Cocci, however, obviously do not have this capacity. It remains to be established which substances participate in odor production. With sensitive chromatographic methods amino acids, steroids and free fatty acids were detected, which could be related to body odor. There are possibly only a few commonly occurring odorous substances. The necessity of analyzing these substances is stressed.
[Population dynamics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Xishuangbanna of Southern Yunnan].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the study, an all year round monitoring through lure-traps in 1997, 2000 and 2003 was conducted on the population dynamics of oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Xishuangbanna of Southern Yunnan, and the factors in relation with its population fluctuation, including temperature, rainfall, and host species were analyzed. The fruit fly occurred year-round in Xishuangbanna, with a low population level from November to February, and increased steadily from March to July or August. An increasing peak appeared in July or August, depending on the rainfall amount in that year. Afterwards, the fly population declined markedly until to October. Temperature, rainfall, and host fruits were supposed to be the major factors affecting the population fluctuation. The monthly average temperature in Xishuangbanna was in the ranges suitable for the development and reproduction of the fly, but the monthly average minimum temperature from December to February appeared to be lower than the suitable temperature, which was suggested to be responsible for the low populations in the winter months. Rainfall was another essential factor affecting population fluctuation. The population was depressed when the monthly rainfall amount was lower than 50 mm, but increased when the amount ranged between 100 and 200 mm. Under conditions the monthly rainfall amount was higher than 250 mm, the fruit fly population was reduced markedly, which explained the decreasing population in July or August when the heavy rain occurred. Mango, orange, pear, longan, and peach were the main host species of the fly, among which, mango and longan were most preferred by the fly. Therefore, their planted area, fruiting period and productivity exerted essential effects on the fly population fluctuation, and regarded as another major factor affecting the fly population in this area.
A new approach towards the synthesis of Transtaganolides/Basiliolides: C-19 Terpenolides from Thapsia with SERCA-inhibiting Activity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The Transtaganolides/Basiliolides (T/B) are C-19 terpenolides found in the plants Thapsia Garganica L., Thapsia Transtagana Brot and Thapsia Villosa var. Villosa L. from the Umbelliferae family. Reports suggest that these compounds have reversible SERCA-inhibiting properties and therefore are of great interest for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease. The ground structure of the T/B is tetracyclic and has 6 contiguous stereocenters, suggesting a difficult and very challenging synthesis. This of course attracted synthetic chemists who saw a great challenge in finding a synthetic path for the total synthesis of these C-19 terpenolides. Several groups from around the world have been working towards the total synthesis, and most of them used an Ireland-Claisen rearrangement/intramolecular Diels-Alder reaction sequence as a key step. An intermediate with all carbon-carbon bonds from the T/B carbon skeleton has been obtained so far, however the total synthesis is yet to be completed as the introduction of a methyl ester needed for the last step proved very hard.28 A new approach for synthesizing a key intermediate for the total synthesis of Transtaganolides/Basiliolides has been attempted in order to reduce the amount of steps. This reaction path includes an alkynylation (addition of a terminal alkyne to an aldehyde), followed by a Tandem reaction (Stille like coupling followed by a cyclization reaction to get the important 2-pyranone derivative). The starting material for the alkynylation reaction was made by TBDMS protection of 3-butyn-1-ol and the addition to the ethyl glyoxalate was catalyzed by the use of a rhodium-phosphine complex. This alkynylation returned a secondary alcohol which was activated by mesylation. The last step (the Tandem reaction) is yet to be performed as time was insufficient.
Cross-linking Mass Spectrometry Analysis of the Yeast Nucleus Reveals Extensive Protein–Protein Interactions Not Detected by Systematic Two-Hybrid or Affinity Purification-Mass Spectrometry

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has the most comprehensively characterized protein-protein interaction network, or interactome, of any eukaryote. This has predominantly been generated through multiple, systematic studies of protein-protein interactions by two-hybrid techniques and of affinity-purified protein complexes. A pressing question is to understand how large-scale cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) can confirm and extend this interactome. Here, intact yeast nuclei were subject to cross-linking with disuccinimidyl sulfoxide (DSSO) and analyzed using hybrid MS2-MS3 methods. XlinkX identified a total of 2,052 unique residue pair cross-links at 1% FDR. Intraprotein cross-links were found to provide extensive structural constraint data, with almost all intralinks that mapped to known structures and slightly fewer of those mapping to homology models being within 30 Å. Intralinks provided structural information for a further 366 proteins. A method for optimizing interprotein cross-link score cut-offs was developed, through use of extensive known yeast interactions. Its application led to a high confidence, yeast nuclear interactome. Strikingly, almost half of the interactions were not previously detected by two-hybrid or AP-MS techniques. Multiple lines of evidence existed for many such interactions, whether through literature or ortholog interaction data, through multiple unique interlinks between proteins, and/or through replicates. We conclude that XL-MS is a powerful means to measure interactions, that complements two-hybrid and affinity-purification techniques.
Traditional Chinese Yuekou locks

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract. In the Qing dynasty (1644–1911 CE), the town of Yuekou, in Hubei Province, was an important and renowned lock production center. Yuekou locks produced there won high acclaim for their use of quality materials. Transported via water routes, they were marketed in other provinces in China and other Southeast Asian countries. Even today, Yuekou locks are the favorites of antique collectors. After the introduction of the Western-style pin tumbler lock in the 1950s, the popularity of traditional Chinese locks began to decline, and they disappeared from the market. Receiving no attention from people, they were forgotten. From 2009 to 2016, the research team visited Yuekou eight times to conduct field research and interview surviving locksmiths and their descendants, achieving significant results. There are six main types of Yuekou locks, including combination locks, regular locks, pull-back locks, maze locks, multi-stage locks, and hidden-keyhole locks. The crafting of Yuekou locks is conducted in four stages: material preparation, molding, shaping, and assembling. The entire process is operated manually. This work introduces the historical development of Yuekou locks, summarizes the verbatim interviews, explores the production of Yuekou locks, and analyzes the types and structures of Yuekou locks.
“Summonses to Awareness": A Meditation upon Wisdom and Artful Inquiry

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In his writings Thomas Merton ponders the relation of contemplative experience and the arts within a meditation upon the spiritual life; one whose seminal character is “a life of wisdom” (Merton, 1972, p.141). With Merton as a guide post, my inquiry explores whether the kinship of wisdom and spirituality with the aesthetical, which is offered in his writings, can be extended to reinforce a relation of wisdom and artful inquiry. While the inquiry into the relation of the art and wisdom is informed by the discourse of wisdom studies (Curnow, 2015; Baltas, 2004; Walsh, 2015) it also departs from it by pondering wisdom not in relation to the text, but to the artful. Such different alignment in turn underscored by the question: While we speak of texts that are wise can we, in kindred spirit, speak of art that is wise? \n\tThe exploring of such question departs from rational and empirical methodologies and instead is nested within a contemplative approach (Hart, 2004; Miller, 2006; Palmer, 1993; Zajonc, 2006); one which immerses inquiry within the life of the researcher and embraces strategies for research which are seeded by an aesthetical presence. Amongst such strategies narrative is embraced in tandem with visual retellings of aesthetical encounters both within and outside the classroom and intermingled with dialogical conversations with Merton; the latter strategy inspired by Merton’s own way of engaging with his readers and writings. \n\tThe emergence into this inquiry is nested within this writer’s narrative and reflections upon the work of Merton; and draws upon the fields of holistic studies, narrative and arts based inquiry in curriculum studies and their kindred view of the presence of the personal in inquiry. While informing my methodology and nurturing reflections upon its principal question, their presence within inquiry also enriching the thesis that the promise of wisdom is one which flowers from within our selves through the unity of the personal and the aesthetical.
Bruce Reichenbach. Is Man the Phoenix? A study of Immortality. Pp. 190. (University Press of America1983.) $9.50 - Stanley Krippner (ed.). Advances in Parapsychological Research, vol. 3. Pp. 338. (Plenum Publishing Corporation.) $32.50

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

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Presence of ApoE epsilon 4 Allele Associated with Thinner Frontal Cortex in Middle Age

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The presence of an ApoE ε4 allele (ε4+) increases the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies support an adverse relationship between ε4+ status and brain structure and function in mild cognitive impairment and AD; in contrast, the presence of an ε2 allele may be protective. Whether these findings reflect disease-related effects or pre-existing endophenotypes, however, remains unclear. The present study examined the influence of ApoE allele status on brain structure solely during middle-age in a large, national sample. Participants were 482 men, ages 51-59, from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA). T1-weighted images were used in volumetric segmentation and cortical surface reconstruction methods to measure regional volume and thickness. Primary linear mixed effects models predicted structural measures with ApoE status (ε3/3, ε2/3, ε3/4) and control variables for effects of site, non-independence of twin data, age, and average cranial vault or cortical thickness. Relative to the ε3/3 group, the ε3/4 group demonstrated significantly thinner cortex in superior frontal and left rostral and right caudal midfrontal regions; there were no significant effects of ε4 status on any temporal lobe measures. The ε2/3 group demonstrated significantly thicker right parahippocampal cortex relative to the ε3/3 group. The ApoE ε4 allele may influence cortical thickness in frontal areas, which are later developing regions thought to be more susceptible to the natural aging process. Previous conflicting findings for mesial temporal regions may be driven by the inclusion of older individuals, who may evidence preclinical manifestations of disease, and by unexamined moderators of ε4-related effects. The presence of the ε2 allele was related to thicker cortex, supporting a protective role. Ongoing follow-up of the VETSA sample may shed light on the potential for age-and disease-related mediation of the influence of ApoE allele status. © 2011 The authors and IOS Press. All rights reserved.
REGULAR ARTICLE Soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type affect pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Jacobaea vulgaris

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Secondary metabolites like pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) play a crucial part in plant defense. We studied the effects of soil-borne microorganisms and soil-type on pyrrolizidine alkaloids in roots and shoots of Jacobaea vulgaris. We used clones of two genotypes from a dune area (Meijendel), propagated by tissue culture and grown on two sterilized soils and sterilized soils inoculated with 5 % of non-sterilized soil of either of the two soil-types. Soil-borne micro-organisms and soil-type affected the composition of PAs. By changing the composition rather than the total concentration below and aboveground, plants have a more complex defense strategy than formerly thought. Interestingly, a stronger negative effect on plant growth was found in sterilized soils inoculated with their ‘own ’ microbial community suggesting that pathogenic and/or other plant inhibiting microorgan-isms were adapted to their ‘own ’ soil conditions.
Emotion Approach Coping and Adjustment Challenges Among Students in Higher Education Institutions

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The majority of university first-year students are young adults. They experience salient developmental changes as they transition from adolescence to young adulthood. The changes are less dramatic relative to the adolescence stage; hence, the stage is underestimated by the researchers. In young adulthood, the brain is not fully matured despite adult-like social function expectations. Their cognitive and social-emotional immaturity states are linked to poor decision-making, social-emotional problems, sensational behaviours, and risk-taking behaviours, which aggravate adjustment challenges in higher education. Young adults are experiencing academic, cultural, emotional, financial, intellectual, and social challenges. It is observed that the mental health of university students is a rising concern and is associated with their social functioning demands. This chapter explores young adults' biopsychosocial development, their challenges at higher education, and appropriate emotion coping approaches deemed appropriate for the stage and in yielding adaptive coping.
Microwave surface resistance in BSCCO crystal: magnetic field and angular measurement

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report on measurement of the microwave surface resistance R-s at 48 GHz on a BSCCO (2212 phase) crystal. We describe the procedure developed to perform measurements on crystals by the use of a resonant cavity with end-wall-replacement technique. The measurements are taken as a function of the temperature, magnetic field and angle theta between the field orientation and the (a,b) planes. The measured R-s is strongly anisotropic. The overall angular behavior reasonably follows the sin theta scaling rule, but deviation from this simple behavior appears approaching the parallel orientation. When the field is parallel to the (a,b) planes, a local maximum is observed in R-s, instead of a minimum. Finally, we show that the magnetic field dependence of R-s cannot be easily reconciled with existing theories for the motion of rigid flux lines.
Indica by L.D. Barnett - 6. Report of the Archæological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions, 1334 f./1924–5 a.d. 13¼ × 10¼ xi + 44 pp.; 9 plates (2 col.). Hyderabad, Calcutta printed: Baptist Mission Press, 1927.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Indica by L.D. Barnett - 6. Report of the Archæological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam's Dominions, 1334 f./1924–5 a.d. 13¼ × 10¼ xi + 44 pp.; 9 plates (2 col.). Hyderabad, Calcutta printed: Baptist Mission Press, 1927. - Volume 60 Issue 2
Laboratory Studies on the Coupled Oscillations between an Internal Density Interface and a Shear Layer

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The results from experiments conducted in a 2m high flow compartment at large Reynolds numbers are reported in this paper. Flow entered the compartment through an opening at the base on one side of the compartment and exited from an opening at the bottom of the opposite wall of the compartment. A shear layer is formed at the boundary between the incoming flow and the ambient fluid in the compartment. The impingement of the shear layer on the opposite wall of the compartment gives rise to periodic vortex formation and highly organized oscillations in the shear layer. When a density interface is present inside the compartment, resonance conditions were set up when the oscillations of the internal standing waves were “locked in” with the shear layer oscillations. Under resonance conditions, internal standing waves with amplitudes of up to 0.1m were observed. The formation of the internal standing waves is linked to the shear layer oscillations. Resonance conditions result when the shear layer is oscillating close to the natural frequency of the stratified fluid system in the compartment. The results of this investigation are applicable for fresh water storage in floating bottom-opened tanks in the sea, where under resonance conditions, entrainment rates could be significantly increased.
DTM-BF TECHNIQUE FOR FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OF A NANOFLUID OVER A NON-LINEARLY STRETCHING/SHRINKING SHEET IN PRESENCE OF THERMAL RADIATION AND PARTIAL SLIP

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The present paper investigates the problem of flow and heat transfer in a two dimensional boundary layer flow of a nanofluid over a non-linear, permeable stretching/shrinking sheet by considering the effects of suction/blowing, momentum slip, thermal slips and thermal radiation. Three different types of spherical nanoparticles such as , and are considered by taking water as the base fluid. With the aid of suitable similarity transformations, the governing non-linear partial differential equations are transformed to ordinary ones. A new analytical method namely DTM-BF, based on the differential transformation method (DTM) and base function (BF), has been applied to get approximate analytic solutions of these equations in an unbounded domain. Comparison of the present numerical results has been done with the corresponding results available in the literature and they have been found to be in good agreement. The effects of different physical parameters on the flow and temperature profiles have been presented graphically.