jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
CATIONIC POLYMERIZATION OF a, 1-DISUBSTITUTED OLEFINS

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

It is well known that a,/3-disubstituted olefins cannot usually be polymerized to high polymers, especially by free-radical-type polymerization. The difficulty of polymerization has been attributed to the steric repulsion induced by the /3-substituted group in the transition state of the propagating reaction1. It can be presumed, however, that the introduction of an alkyl group at the /3-position of the vinyl double bond increases the electron density of the carbon—carbon double bond and thus the olefins become more reactive, especially by cationic polymerization. Experimental results, however, showed these monomers to have rather low reactivity. For instance, C. 0. Overberger and his colleagues (1958)2 concluded that the steric effect of the /3-alkyl group in styrene derivatives was so large that these monomers could not be polymerized into high polymers even by the cationic mechanism, in spite of the electron-donating property of the /3-alkyl substituerit. Usually, the electronic effect of the /3-substituted group combines with the steric effect in the monomer reactivity and separation has not been previously tried. We should like to discuss first the effect of the /3-methyl group of /3-methylstyrenes and propenyl ethers (/3-methyl vinyl ethers) in the copolymerization technique. It is also interesting to study the reactivities of cisand trans-isomers in the polymerization of a,$-disubstituted olefins. In the free-radical polymerization of fumaric and maleic esters, as already reported by F. R. Mayo and his colleagues (1948), the trans-isomer was more reactive than the cis-isomer. This fact was explained by the large resonance stabilization of the propagating radical formed from the trans-isomer at the transition state of the propagating reaction. In the cationic polymerization of a,/3-disubstituted olefins a few experimental results have been reported. C. G. Overberger found that in the cationic polyrrierization of /3-methyistyrenes the trans-isomer was a little more reactive than the cis-isomer. P. H. Plesch and his colleagues (1958)4 observed that the less stable cis-stilbene was more reactive than the transisomer in cationic polymerization. Recently, J. Furukawa and his coworkers studied the reactivity of a,j9-unsaturated ether by hydrolysis and suggested that the trans-isomer was more stable than the cis-isomer. Many
Toward the Adi Granth

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter and the two previous chapters examine in detail the extant Sikh scriptural manuscripts in relation to the compilation of the Adi Granth (the primary Sikh scripture). Here, an analysis is made of the seventeenth‐century manuscripts in order to reconstruct the history of the text up to the compiling of the Adi Granth in the l680s. The existing classification of these manuscripts is examined and a modified picture of their mutual relationships proposed. Next, the Adi Granth itself is addressed, and its production is reconstructed in a way that radically revises the current understanding of the surrounding time and circumstances, as well as the relationship between its contents and those of textural antecedents, such as the Kartarpur Pothi (described in the last chapter) and other seventeenth‐century manuscripts.
Genetic analysis of adult-plant resistance to leaf rust in a double haploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) population

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A genetic analysis of adult plant resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) was performed in in vitro obtained double haploid progenies from a cross between the Brazilian wheat cultivar Trigo BR 35, which, under the high inoculum pressure of the southern region, has been resistant to leaf rust for more than 12 years, and the susceptible cultivar IAC 13-Lorena. Haplodiploidization via in vitro gimnogenesis was done by somatic elimination of the pollen donor genome after maize pollination of the F1 plants. The advantages and usefulness of double haploids (DH) for genetic analysis of complex inherited traits like durable adult-plant resistance to wheat leaf rust were evident: it was possible to analyze inheritance patterns in this cross by using only the 35 DH homozygous segregant lines obtained by in vitro embryo culture of F1 flowers pollinated by maize, this number being equivalent to 1,225 conventional F2 lines because of lack of heterozygosity. After being infected with MCG and LPG races, the results indicated that Trigo BR 35 has two resistance genes. One of the genes expressed resistance only after the intermediate stage of plant development (5-6 leaves).
personification

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Personification, or '…the representation of an abstract quality in human form' (OED) was a notable cognitive and linguistic aspect of antiquity, expressed through a wide variety of media. The practice of personification is apparent in the earliest ancient Greek literature, continuing into the Hellenistic period; among the Romans, we find it flourishing during the Republic. And crucially, across both Greek and Roman cultures personification also acquires a religious aspect, and numerous such entities, emerging at different times in different places, were the recipients of cult.
Expansion microscopy: enabling single cell analysis in intact biological systems

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

There is a need for single cell analysis methods that enable the identification and localization of different kinds of biomolecules throughout cells and intact tissues, thereby allowing characterization and classification of individual cells and their relationships to each other within intact systems. Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a technology that physically magnifies tissues in an isotropic way, thereby achieving super‐resolution microscopy on diffraction‐limited microscopes, enabling rapid image acquisition and large field of view. As a result, ExM is well‐positioned to integrate molecular content and cellular morphology, with the spatial precision sufficient to resolve individual biological building blocks, and the scale and accessibility required to deploy over extended 3‐D objects like tissues and organs.
Crop Response to Disease and Water Scarcity Quantified by Normalized Difference Latent Heat Index

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Early detection and quantification of plants’ response to disease and water shortage conditions are very important for the agricultural management. This study represents the first utilization of Normalized Difference Latent Heat Index (NDLI) as a dimensionless indicator to assess plant health. By integrating NDLI with thermal infrared and surface energy balance (SEB) components, we aim to enhance the analysis of crop conditions and water scarcity in rice-growing areas. The integration between NDLI and land surface temperature exhibits a strong correlation (r = −0.82) with crop evapotranspiration (ET) derived from the widely used residual Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land model. Besides, the performance of NDLI- and SEB-based ET method proved its ability to provide the precise information of paddy field conditions by showing the significant correlations with the crop canopy biophysical properties that are traditionally represented and inferred by the multispectral remote sensing indices. The correlation coefficients of NDLI- and SEB-derived ET with Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalize Difference Water Index (NDWI), and Optimization of the Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI) were 0.84, 0.55, and 0.84, respectively. Also, NDLI- and SEB-derived ET exhibits a high degree of consistency with the ET determined through the SEBAL method, with difference less than 10% of the observations over 98.1% of the paddy fields of concern. Interestingly, the abnormally low ET signatures over the confirmed disease-infected regions of paddy fields are obviously observed in the NDLI- and SEB-derived ET maps, but not in the SEBAL-derived ET map. The findings of this work suggest that NDLI can be considered as a valuable indicator to provide information of the water stress status and health of the crop plants for advanced food-supply management.
Effects of Exertion Variability on the FDI Muscle Fatigue during Intermittent Contractions

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Many current workplace tasks involve prolonged and/or repetitive physical exertion, which can result in localized muscle fatigue (LMF). LMF has been shown to reduce a worker’s performance and increase the chance of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). Exertion variation is an approach known to impart a generally positive impact to reduce LMF. In this study, our main goal was to observe how exertion variability under specific laboratory working conditions affects the fatigue and recovery of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle. Twelve participants performed finger abduction task during four different experimental conditions: 1) baseline intermittent contractions (20% MVC); 2) active rest with low exertion (5% MVC); 3) short increases of muscle contraction to 25% MVC; and 4) brief large contractions during rest (60% MVC). Measures of discomfort (subjective), force fluctuations, reduction in the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), root mean square (RMS) and mean power frequency (MPF) of the electromyography (EMG) were collected. After performing the fatiguing task for one hour, the participants’ overall %MVC and MPF were reduced by 19.3% and 9.1%, respectively. Additionally, RMS, Ratings of perceived discomfort (RPD) and COV values increased by 28.7%, 49.5%, and 18.7%, respectively, indicating the presence of FDI fatigue. Even when subjected to slightly higher workloads during short increases of muscle contraction to 25% MVC, and brief large contractions during rest (60% MVC), no significant differences were seen in the %MVC and RMS values of these conditions compared to the baseline intermittent contraction (20% MVC). While these conditions present larger physical demand, the existence of non-significantly different levels of LMF could indicate positive effects of exertion variability. Meanwhile, the participants’ %MVC increased by 13.7% during the 30-minute recovery session, and the rate of recovery was not affected by the experimental conditions. Results of our study could be useful in developing a range of interventions in occupational settings that involve repetitive low to moderate exertion levels.
Qualifying Health Plan Selections by Age Group and County

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

cms has released new information on qualified health plan selections by county for the 37 states that use the healthcare gov platform including the federally facilitated marketplace state partnership marketplaces and supported state based marketplaces for the marketplace open enrollment period from november 15 2014 through february 15 2015 including additional special enrollment period sep activity reported through february 22 2015 the data represent the number of unique individuals who have been determined eligible to enroll in a qualified health plan and had selected a marketplace plan by february 15 2015 including sep activity through february 22
A Novel Feature Selection Method Based On Discrete Bee Colony Algorithm for Palm Vein Authentication.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Vein pattern recognition is one of the newest biometric technologies that competes with well-known biometric techniques such as fingerprint, face, and iris recognition. However, feature extraction of the palm vein feature, which seeks to collect the most distinctive features that uniquely identify individuals, might have redundant and useless features, which would reduce the performance of the biometric system and cause a dimension issue. This paper presents an improved feature selection technique based on a bio-inspired artificial intelligence algorithm called Discrete Artificial Bee Colony (DABC) for palm vein biometric authentication. The best set of features from those offered by the Gabor feature extractor are selected using the DABC algorithm. A variant of the Opposition-Based Learning (OBL) concept is introduced to increase diversity and efficiently explore the search area. The proposed approach, termed Modified Opposition-based DABC (MODABC), has been evaluated using the CASIA palm vein database in comparison to full feature, Discrete Particle Swarm (DSPO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Discrete Artificial Bee Colony (DABC), and Discrete Guided Artificial Bee Colony (GDABC) based feature selection. The experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed method performs better than the DPSO, GA, DABC, and GDABC-based feature selection by improving the accuracy from 90.81 \% to 97.61 \% and reducing the feature vector size from 3200 to 1520. The proposed method provides a suitable balance between the feature vector size and the authentication rate.
Egg excretion in the initial phase of experimental murine schistosomiasis mansoni: stability and association with worm burden

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Stability of faecal egg excretion and correlation with results related to worm burden at the initial phase of schistosomiasis mansoni were observed in two groups of mice infected with different Schistosoma mansoni cercarial burdens, by means of analysis of quantitative parasitological studies and schistosome counts after perfusion. Thus, it may be stated that few quantitative parasitological stool examinations could be sufficient to express the infection intensity at the initial phase, on the same grounds that it was already demonstrated at the chronic phase. Furthermore, it is confirmed that the use of the number of eggs passed in the faeces as a tool to estimate the worm burden at the initial phase of schistosome infection is adequate.
Gas hydrate pingoes: Deep seafloor evidence of focused fluid flow on continental margins

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Gas hydrates in the shallow subsurface form one of the largest reservoirs of methane in the global organic carbon cycle. Seafloor seeps and associated features represent the venting points of methane released from the shallow lithosphere to the hydrosphere and atmosphere. Here we document the discovery of seep-related seafloor mounds in the Kwanza Basin, offshore Angola, and employ high-resolution three-dimensional seismic analysis to unravel the subsurface plumbing system and the origin of mounds. Mounds with distinct morphologies and geophysical signatures illustrate different development stages associated with the formation and dissociation of shallow gas hydrate, linked to thermogenic fluid migration along salt diapir flanks draining deeply buried salt minibasins. The mounds are more than an order of magnitude larger than previously described submarine hydrate pingoes, and comparable to hydraulic pingoes commonly found in terrestrial periglacial environments, suggesting hydrate volumes of individual mounds up to 1.1 × 106 m3 (equivalent to 2.0 × 108 m3 of methane gas). The interpretation of seismically well-defined seep-related seafloor mounds brings new insight to the occurrence and development of concentrated near-surface gas hydrate accumulations and their relationship with thermogenic fluid migration and host sediment properties along continental margins. © 2012 Geological Society of America.
Laser-induced damage and periodic stripe structures of a CaF2 single crystal by an ArF excimer laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The laser-induced damage threshold of a calcium fluoride (CaF2) single crystal was obtained by a 193 nm ArF excimer laser. The damage morphology of the crystal was analyzed. The results showed that the surface of CaF2 single crystal broke along the natural cleavage plane under ArF excimer laser irradiation, some fragments fell off, and Newton's rings were observed on the curved fragments. Laser-induced periodic stripe structures (LIPSS) appeared on the surface layer beneath the fragments that peeled off. The spacing of LIPSS was measured, and the formation mechanism of LIPSS was analyzed based on the interference model.
Interaction Concepts for Multi-Touch User Interfaces: Design and Implementation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Interaktive, berührungssensitive Tische (Tabletops) verbreiteten sich immer mehr. Durch den Einsatz von direkter Touch-Interaktion auf Tabletops eröffnen sich vielfältige Möglich-keiten für eine natürlichere Gestaltung visueller Benutzeroberflächen. In dieser Arbeit beleuchten wir die Vorteile direkter Touch-Interaktion, genauso wie wir mögliche Einschränkungen behandeln. Da die Eingabe durch Touch-Interaktion besondere Eigenschaften aufweist, müssen Benutzeroberflächen speziell auf deren Bedürfnisse zugeschnitten werden. Die meisten traditionellen Anwendungen sind jedoch auf Maus-Interaktion ausgerichtet. Diese traditionellen Anwendungen sind in einer großen Zahl von Alltagstätigkeiten unverzichtbar. Trotzdem wurde bisher nur wenig Forschungsaufwand für die Entwicklung von Touch-Interaktionstechniken für traditionelle Benutzeroberflächen aufgebracht. Die Zielsetzung dieser Arbeit war, geeignete Interaktionstechniken zu entwerfen und zu implementieren, welche die Vorteile von direkter Touch-Interaktion nutzen, um traditionelle WIMP-Benutzeroberflächen zu bedienen. Hierbei haben wir drei Dimensionen von Interaktionsaufgaben identifiziert, die für WIMP-Nutzerschnitt-stellen essentiell sind. Dimension 1 konzentriert sich auf die Abwägung zwischen Effektivität und Effizienz bei der Selektion von verschieden großen Zielen. Wir stellen ZoomTap vor, eine neue Interaktionstechnik, die die schnelle Selektion großer Ziele genauso wie die präzise Selektion kleiner Ziele ermöglicht. Ein weiterer essentieller Teil von WIMP-Anwendungen ist die Texteingabe. Hierbei muss das Fehlen des taktilen Feedbacks einer echten Tastatur berücksichtigt werden. In Dimension 2 adressieren wir diese Problemstellung durch den Entwurf und die Implementierung von zwei alternativen Texteingabetechniken. Unsere virtuelle Qwerty Tastatur lässt Nutzer von bestehender Erfahrung mit dem Qwerty-Layout profitieren. Unser zweiter Entwurf, "Column Typing"', bietet explizites Feedback über die zuletzt eingegebenen Buchstaben an. Eine informelle Nutzerstudie mit sechs Teilnehmern zeigte, dass Nutzer sowohl von dem gewohnten Qwerty-Layout profitierten, als auch Column Typing's Feedback nutzen konnten. Um WIMP-Interfaces effektiv nutzen zu können, müssen Techniken für Dragging und Scrolling, so wie zum Aufruf von Kontextmenüs bereitgestellt werden. In der dritten Dimension stellen wir Interaktionstechniken vor, die eine natürliche und ergonomische Durchführung dieser Aufgaben ermöglichen. Alle Entwürfe wurden in einem funktionsfähigen Prototyp implementiert und auf unterschiedlichen Tabletops verwendet. Zusammengefasst bilden unsere Techniken ein konsistentes Interaktionskonzept, das Nutzer, neben der Kontrolle aller wichtiger Bestandteile von WIMP-Benutzeroberflächen, von den Möglichkeiten direkter Touch-Interaktion profiteren lässt.
Impact of Ethanol Mandates on Corn Prices in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of U.S. and Canadian ethanol mandates on com prices in the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. Ethanol mandates were enacted to create viable alternate energy sources to oil and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Since the majority of ethanol production comes from com, it has led to corn being diverted from a food and feed source to an energy source. While food diversion causes relatively little concern for Canada and US, the rising corn prices have produced social unrest in Mexico where com is a staple food and spending on food forms a large part of consumption spending. Our results indicate that both the US and Canadian ethanol mandates resulted in an increase in com prices in the U.S. as well as in Mexico (Q02 Q17, Q18, Q38, F13). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Economics (0361-6576) is the property of Missouri Valley Economic Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
RESEARCH ARTICLE Are Lipases Still Important Biocatalysts? A Study of Scientific Publications and Patents for Technological Forecasting

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The great potential of lipases is known since 1930 when the work of J. B. S. Haldane was published. After eighty-five years of studies and developments, are lipases still important biocatalysts? For answering this question the present work investigated the technological development of four important industrial sectors where lipases are applied: production of detergent formulations; organic synthesis, focusing on kinetic resolution, production of bio-diesel, and production of food and feed products. The analysis was made based on research publications and patent applications, working as scientific and technological indi-cators, respectively. Their evolution, interaction, the major players of each sector and the main subject matters disclosed in patent documents were discussed. Applying the concept of technology life cycle, S-curves were built by plotting cumulative patent data over time to monitor the attractiveness of each technology for investment. The results lead to a conclu-sion that the use of lipases as biocatalysts is still a relevant topic for the industrial sector, but developments are still needed for lipase biocatalysis to reach its full potential, which are expected to be achieved within the third, and present, wave of biocatalysis.
Virtual screening on SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14_testing of 5474 hits in a Nsp14 biochemical assay and an A549-hACE2 SARS-CoV-2 infected cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This report describes the most relevant results of virtually screening the Janssen Pharmaceutica compound collection for potential activity against SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 and confirmation of potential hits in a SARS-CoV-2 Nsp10/Nsp14 biochemical exonuclease assay and in a A549-hACE2 cell-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay.