jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Augmenter of Liver Regeneration (ALR) Protects Kidney from Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury via Regulation of TLR4/MAPK Signaling Pathway

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) can mediate innate activation and inflammation, and it is typically expressed within the ischemic kidney. Augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) acts as an immunoregulator with a high expression in the kidney induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Exogenous ALR has indicated a role in protecting the kidney from I/R injury. The protective effect of ALR is due to the immune regulatory function which remains to be elucidated. In this study, rats induced by renal I/R were treated with recombinant human ALR (rhALR) and demonstrated that the animals were protected from kidney I/R injury, implying that the rhALR-treated rats had less tubular damage than those untreated rats. Meanwhile, tubular epithelial cell apoptosis, neutrophil (24 h) and macrophage (72 h) infiltration to tubulointerstitium, and levels of inflammatory cytokines were decreased considerably in the rhALR-treated rats as compared to control. Additionally, rhALR could downregulate mRNA expression of TLR4 endogenous ligands and restrain its activation in renal I/R injury rats. It has also been proved that anti-rhALR antibody blocked the inhibition of rhALR of the immune inflammatory response in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in vitro. In rhALR+anti-rhALR antibody-intervened H/R cells, the expression of inflammatory cytokines was upregulated compared with the rhALR-treated cells. Taken together, rhALR could regulate the TLR4 signaling pathway to relieve inflammatory response, thereby protecting renal I/R injury, indicating that ALR is likely to be introduced to develop novel immune therapies for renal I/R injury.
Food systems and farmers’ bargaining power: The case of "Unfair Trade Practices" in the EU

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

EU agricultural policies have often been formulated from an “orthodox approach”, without directly tackling the issue of markets structure that tend to lower the power and economic welfare of farmers. This situation reveals a need to better comprehend the long-standing dynamics and processes determining the structural position of farmers to find suitable strategies for pushing forward more sustainable food value chain models. Classical and neo-classical economic approaches to the problem often consider Unfair Trade Practices (UTP) as only cyclical phenomenon caused by temporary disequilibrium on the market. Market forces are intended to stabilise prices and to balance power among value chain actors. Such approaches underestimate the role played for example by capital accumulation in EU food systems. Alternative and more complex analytical frameworks, for instance the Marxist or Chayanovian perspectives, need to be developed to better understand factors determining the lack of power and the weak position of farmers in food value chains, including the way the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has been influencing and could be impacting these aspects in the future. New approaches for dealing with UTP should also be developed to find innovative solutions being able to develop a more sustainable food system. This paper raises the crucial need of increasing awareness and informing policy-makers on potential new policy instruments and tools that could be used to address this problem of power imbalance and of inadequate governance schemes weakening the position of farmers in food value chains and causing or aggravating agricultural crises. The paper aims to outline suggestions to bring this research topic into strategic plans for future EU farming systems.
Solvent friction in polymer solutions and its relation to the high frequency limiting viscosity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The rotational relaxation of the solvent Aroclor 1248 (A1248) has been examined in solutions containing either polystyrene (PS), 0≤c≤0.269 g/cc, or polybutadiene (PB), 0≤c≤0.264 g/cc, by oscillatory electric birefringence. Measurements were performed at eight temperatures from −17.31 to 25.00 °C. In all cases the normalized solvent relaxation time τ/τ0, where τ0 was the value in neat solvent, was an exponential function of concentration. For PS/A1248, ∂ ln(τ/τ0)/∂c was independent of temperature and equal to 13±1 cc/g, whereas for PB/A1248, ∂ ln(τ/τ0)/∂c increased steadily with temperature and was negative for measurement temperatures of 2.81 °C and below. These observations were qualitatively consistent with a picture of solvent clustering or ordering, which was enhanced by the addition of PS but disrupted by PB. Although some features of the data were also consistent with changes in solution free volume, as indicated by measurements of the composition-dependent glass transition temperature, such considerations were not sufficient to reconcile all the observed behavior. The ratio τ/τ0 was interpreted as representing an effective, average solvent friction function ζ̂(c,T), which could also be used to define an effective solvent viscosity, ηe(c,T)=ηs(T)⋅ζ̂(c,T). It was shown that ∂ ln ζ̂/∂c, also equivalent to an intrinsic effective viscosity [ηe], was very close in magnitude and sign to the intrinsic high frequency limiting viscosity [η′∞] for both PS/A1248 and PB/A1248. This implies that the measured values of η∞ reflect predominantly polymer-induced changes in solvent friction. Therefore, it may not be necessary to invoke additional sources of energy dissipation, such as chain stiffness or internal viscosity, to describe the high frequency viscoelastic or oscillatory flow birefringence properties of flexible chains. Furthermore, to the extent that η′∞ reflects changes in solvent friction for any polymer/solvent system, measured values of the intrinsic viscosity [η] require reinterpretation, particularly for lower molecular weight polymers. It was also demonstrated that ζ̂(c,T), as inferred from measurements of solvent or probe diffusion in the same systems [von Meerwall, Amelar, Smeltzly, and Lodge, Macromolecules (in press)], was quite different from that reported here, indicating inter alia that the correct method for accounting for changes in local friction in polymer solutions has yet to be established.
CUSTOM-MADE OCULAR PROSTHESIS: A CASE REPORT

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Ocular prostheses are essential for helping people who have lost their sight through acquired or congenital defects to regain both the appearance and functionality of their eyes. Treatment includes implants and acrylic eye prosthesis. Although implant eye prosthesis has superior outcome, due to economic factors it may not be advisable for all patients. Therefore, a custom-made ocular prosthesis was fabricated in this case report for a patient with an enucleated left eye. The outstanding visual t, increased comfort, and boosted condence of the patient were all made possible by the custom-made prosthesis, which eventually resulted in an improved quality of life.
Studies on the allergenicity of various tuberculoprotein derivatives and the adjuvanticity of wax D fractions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The allergenicity of tuberculin-active peptide, bis-diazotized benzidine tuberculin-active peptide, and purified protein derivative (PPD-S) was studied in guinea pigs. Two types of adjuvant-active subfractions were obtained from acetylated wax D; neither had the ability to induce tuberculin hypersensitivity. Tuberculin active peptide alone or in combination with an adjuvant-active subfraction of wax D did not induce tuberculin allergy, nor was the allergenicity of tuberculin active peptide restored by coupling with bis-diazo benzidine. One tenth mg of PPD-S did not induce tuberculin allergy whereas the same dose of PPD-S plus adjuvant-active wax D showed marked activity in the production of tuberculin hypersensitivity.
PWR Transition to a Higher Power Core Using Annular Fuel

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The internally and externally cooled annular fuel is a new type of fuel for PWRs that \nenables an increase in core power density by 50% within the same or better safety \nmargins as traditional solid fuel. Each annular fuel assembly of the same side dimensions \nas the 17x17 solid fuel assembly has 160 annular fuel rods arranged in a 13x13 array. \nEven at the much higher power density, the fuel exhibits substantially lower temperatures \nand a Minimum Departure From Nucleate Boiling (MDNBR) margin comparable to that \nof traditional solid fuel at nominal (100%) power. The major motivation for such an \nuprate is reduction of electricity generation cost. Indeed, the capital cost per kWh(e) of a \nnew reactor would be smaller than the standard construction of a new reactor with solid \nfuel. \nElaborating on previous work, we study the economic payoff of an uprate of existing \nPWRs given the expected cost of equipment and also cost of money using different \nassumptions. The fate of the already bought solid fuel is investigated. It is demonstrated \nthat the highest return on investment is obtained by gradually loading annular fuel in the \nreactor core such that immediately before shutting the reactor down for the uprate \nconstruction, two batches in the core are of the annular fuel. \nThis option implies running a core with a mixture of both annular and solid fuel \nassemblies. In order to prove the technical feasibility of such an option, the thermalhydraulics \nof this mixed core is investigated and the MDNBR is found to be either \nunaffected or improved. Consequently, a neutronic model is developed to verify and \nvalidate the neutronic feasibility of the transition from solid to annular fuel. This \ninvolvements assessment of the peaking factors and capability to provide control poisons \nwithin allowable concentrations \nThe overall conclusion of this work is that annular fuel is a very promising option for \nexisting reactors to increase their power by 50%, as it enables a significant uprate with an \nattractive return on investment. We show that, by a smart management of the transition, \nan internal return on investment of about 22–27% can be achieved.
Enhanced Dementia Severity Discrimination through Deep Learning Assisted Methodology

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remains the leading cause of dementia worldwide. It gradually progresses from mild -severe, limiting one's capacity to do any task without help. It begins to outpace owing to population ageing and the diagnostic schedule. It has a significant negative impact on affected individuals and their quality of life. An early diagnosis can help them manage their healthcare demands much more effectively. In the past few years, there has been an increased focus on the development of automated approaches for the identification of different illnesses, leveraging advances in artificial intelligence. This study focuses on Alzheimer’s disease detection, which combines U-Net for segmentation and CNNs for classification, has the potential to significantly advance Alzheimer's disease diagnostics. ADNI dataset is used in this study and the model achieves an accuracy rate of 93% after the process of pre-processing and segmentation.
COVID-19 and outreach: the challenge and the response

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Those from disadvantaged backgrounds are likely to be most adversely affected by the current pandemic and the consequent closure of schools and colleges. The longer-term economic consequences of COVID-19 and the potential for a recession may also have an especially detrimental impact on the educational aspirations of widening participation students. Under these circumstances it can be argued that the need for outreach is greater than ever. Yet, with schools and colleges closed to visitors, this is also a very challenging time for those seeking to widen access. This article discusses how outreach might respond to the crisis.
Cross-Cultural Biases of Emotion Perception in Music

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objectives: Emotion perception in music is shaped by cultural background, yet the extent of cultural biases remains unclear. This study investigated how Western listeners perceive emotion in music across cultures, focusing on the accuracy and intensity of emotion recognition and the musical features that predict emotion perception. Methods: White-European (Western) listeners from the UK, USA, New Zealand, and Australia (N = 100) listened to 48 ten-second excerpts of Western classical and Chinese traditional bowed-string music that were validated by experts to convey happiness, sadness, agitation, and calmness. After each excerpt, participants rated the familiarity, enjoyment, and perceived intensity of the four emotions. Musical features were computationally extracted for regression analyses. Results: Western listeners experienced Western classical music as more familiar and enjoyable than Chinese music. Happiness and sadness were recognised more accurately in Western classical music, whereas agitation was more accurately identified in Chinese music. The perceived intensity of happiness and sadness was greater for Western classical music; conversely, the perceived intensity of agitation was greater for Chinese music. Furthermore, emotion perception was influenced by both culture-shared (e.g., timbre) and culture-specific (e.g., dynamics) musical features. Conclusions: Our findings reveal clear cultural biases in the way individuals perceive and classify music, highlighting how these biases are shaped by the interaction between cultural familiarity and the emotional and structural qualities of the music. We discuss the possibility that purposeful engagement with music from diverse cultural traditions—especially in educational and therapeutic settings—may cultivate intercultural empathy and an appreciation of the values and aesthetics of other cultures.
Trends in teacher education: a review of papers published in the European journal of teacher education over 40 years

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The journal of the Association for Teacher Education in Europe (ATEE) was first published in 1978. At that time it was known as Revue ATEE Journal (1978–1982). It began by inviting members of the ATEE to publish papers and by inviting authors of note-worthy papers presented at the ATEE Annual Conferences to submit papers to the journal. In 1982 the journal became known as the European Journal of Teacher Education. For the purposes of this Special Issue, which is the last issue focused on the theme of all the issues in the 40th Volume of ETJE – Looking back, Looking forward in Teacher Education – we have undertaken an analysis of all the papers that have been published since the inception of the journal in 1978. The analysis has given a fascinating insight into the topics of the papers published, the context(s) in which the particular topic was considered and the methodologies used in the research reported in the papers. We were particularly interested in the trends emerging: similarities and differences in the topics considered over the 40 volumes of the journal; topics that were re-visited and those that were not; changes within and across countries in Europe and beyond; and similarities and differences in the methodologies used.
Mapping Technology in Visual SLAM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is a major challenge in the field of robotics. Existing literature reviews are classified according to the localization technology or sensors. However, there are no reviews based on the map construction technology in SLAM currently. As another goal of SLAM, map construction is also very important and is the main resource that can provide significant information for applications in upper layers. This paper summarizes fundamentals of map construction technology involved in Visual SLAM (V-SLAM). In addition, this paper reviews state-of-the-art typical visual SLAM systems, with a major focus on the mapping. Various issues and applications based on SLAM are discussed.
Salicylate effects on a monolayer culture of gastric mucous cells from adult rats.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Aspirin, acetyl salicylic acid, damages gastric mucosal cells. This effect is considered related to its inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. On the other hand, sodium salicylate has been reported to be cytoprotective against drug damage to gastric mucosa in vivo. One reason for this difference is that salicylic acid, unlike acetyl salicylic acid does not inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by gastric mucosa in vivo. Previous studies on tissue culture cells from our laboratory have required gastric mucosa from fetal rats; this was time consuming and expensive. The purpose of this study was to develop a primary cell culture of adult rat fundic epithelial cells and to test the effect of sodium salicylate on: (1) prostaglandin (PGE2) production, (2) cell viability, (3) reducing cell damage by sodium taurocholate. Gastric epithelial cells were isolated from adult rat stomachs and cultured on collagen gel. Cells reached confluency on day 4 at which stage fibroblasts were rarely seen (less than 1%). Autoradiographic study showed that cultured cells incorporated [3-H] thymidine into nuclei. In histochemical studies, 94% of the cells contained PAS positive granules (mucous cells). Mucous granules were observed in the cytoplasm of the majority of cells by electronmicroscopy. These cells synthesised prostaglandin E2 as determined by radioimmunoassay. Indomethacin 10(-4) M strongly suppressed PGE2 production after 30 minutes while 10(-3) and 10(-4)M sodium salicylate had no effect. Pharmacologic concentrations of 10 mM sodium salicylate had no effect on PGE2 production at 30 minutes and only weakly inhibited production after one hour incubation. Sodium salicylate up to 30 mM had no effect on cell viability, a concentration of 50 mM being necessary to produce significant cell damage. Sodium salicylate 10 mM significantly protected cells against damage induced by 10 mM sodium taurocholate. We conclude: (i) adult rat gastric mucous epithelial cells can be successfully cultured in vitro; (ii) prostaglandin synthesis is inhibited by indomethacin but not by low doses of sodium salicylate; (iii) sodium salicylate does not damage gastric mucosal cells except at very high concentrations; (iv) sodium salicylate protects against damage to cells induced by sodium taurocholate.
A flow band model of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Response to CO2‐induced climatic warming

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A time‐dependent model is applied to the Ross Ice Shelf flow band discharging ice stream B, West Antarctica. The model includes the effects of temperature, depth‐dependent density, and backpressure from the coasts of the Ross embayment and Crary Ice Rise. Data from the Ross Ice Shelf Geophysical and Glaciological Survey and the Siple Coast Project are used as input data. Accuracy and stability are verified by reproducing the flow band for 10,000 model years with equilibrium distributions of accumulation, surface temperature, and basal balance. Sensitivity is tested by forcing the model with increasing accumulation rates, surface temperatures, and basal melt rates, respectively, while other factors are held constant. The response of the ice shelf to three climatic scenarios that may result from increasing carbon dioxide and trace greenhouse gases is simulated. The results range from slight thickening with moderately increased backpressure in the grounding zone to rapid thinning accompanied by rapidly decreasing backpressure during 175‐ to 600‐year simulations, depending primarily upon whether increasing surface temperatures and accumulation rates are accompanied by increased rates of basal melting. The central ice shelf, about 400 km upglacier from the calving front, thins by 22% in 600 years when basal melting is increased linearly to a maximum of 0.5 m/yr after 150 years, then held steady. The ice shelf thins by 40% in 175 years at the same location when basal melting is increased linearly to 2.0 m/yr after 150 years, then held steady. The present calculated equilibrium rate of basal melting, averaged over the bottom surface of the flow band, is 0.17 m/yr.
Tone of Writing on Fashion Retail Websites, Social Support, e-Shopping Satisfaction, and Category Knowledge

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Quality customer-company dynamics contributes to a satisfactory in-store shopping experience, and lacking this social element in virtual retail contexts can be a critical negativity. In attempting to address the social role of the text-based content in fashion e-tail contexts, this study tested the effect of tone of writing of web content on website socialness and e-shopping satisfaction, the intervening mechanism of social support, and the moderating effect of customers' category knowledge. A fictitious e-tail site selling women's fashion accessories was developed as the stimuli for the main study to reflect two different tone of writing conditions (conversational versus formal). The results indicated the positive, significant effect of conversational tone of the text-based content on website socialness, which subsequently increased e-shopping satisfaction through the social support benefits. The positive effects of emotional and informational supports on e-shopping satisfaction were stronger with the participants of low category knowledge than high category knowledge. Implications and ideas for future research are discussed.