jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Expulsion to torture : the principle of non-refoulement and international human rights law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Tämä tutkielma käsittelee palauttamiskielto-periaatteen sisältöä kolmessa eri ihmisoikeussopimuksessa. Palauttamiskielto-periaate liittyy pakolaisoikeuteen, mutta sitä toteuttaa nykyisin myös yleiset ihmisoikeussopimukset. Valitut kolme ihmisoikeussopimusta ovat sopimus pakolaisten oikeudellisesta asemasta (1951, myöhemmin YK:n pakolaissopimus), Euroopan ihmisoikeussopimus (1950, myöhemmin EIS) ja kidutuksen ja muun julman, epäinhimillisen ja halventavan kohtelun tai rangaistuksen vastainen yleissopimus (1984, myöhemmin KVY). Ensimmäinen ja viimeinen sopimus ovat YK:n alaisuudessa solmittuja sopimuksia, kun taas keskimmäinen sopimus on Euroopan neuvoston alainen. \n \nPalauttamiskielto-periaate merkitsee pääpiirteissään sitä, että henkilöä ei saada siirtää pois maasta, jos häntä siirron kohteena olevalla alueella kohtaisi perusteltu riski vainosta, kidutuksesta taikka epäinhimillisestä tai alentavasta kohtelusta tai rangaistuksesta. YK:n yleissopimus suojaa henkilöä vainolta ja koskee henkilöitä, jotka ovat kotimaansa ulkopuolella eli sillä on selvin kytkös pakolaisiin. EIS suojaa kaikkia henkilöitä kotimaassa olemisesta riippumatta, ja sen tarjoama suoja kattaa niin kidutuksen kuin epäinhimillisen tai halventavan kohtelun tai rangaistuksen. KVY suojaa samaten kaikkia henkilöitä kotimaassa olemisesta riippumatta, mutta sen tarjoama suoja kattaa vain kidutuksen. \n \nTyössä on eroteltu periaatteen sisällöstä eri osa-alueita, jotka ovat suojan alueellinen ja henkilöllinen kattavuus, kielletyn kohtelun sisältö, riskiä koskeva harkinta ja periaatteen absoluuttinen luonne. Näitä osa-alueita käsitellään sekä kussakin sopimuksessa erikseen, että sopimuksia vertailevasti. Täten tarkoituksena on selvittää periaatteen sisältöä kussakin sopimuksessa huomioiden mahdollisia eroja ja yhtäläisyyksiä sekä aukkoja suojelussa, jota periaate etenkin pakolaisille tarjoaa.
On the issue of diagnosing cutaneous forms of lupus erythematosus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) is an autoimmune skin disease characterized by a variety of clinical manifestations and the possibility of progression to systemic lupus erythematosus. Purpose. To study clinical and diagnostic features, as well as trigger factors of CLE to improve diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease progression. Material and methods. A retrospective analysis of the medical records of 60 patients with CLE who were treated at the Moscow Scientific and Practical Center for Dermatovenereology and Cosmetology of the Moscow City Health Department in 2017–2023 was carried out. Results. Discoid lupus erythematosus was detected in 90% of patients. In 51.67% of cases, an incorrect diagnosis was made at the prehospital stage, which led to untimely initiation of therapy. The diagnosis of CLE was pathomorphologically confirmed in 60% of patients, of which in 38.33% the clinical and pathological diagnoses coincided. The most common skin lesions were observed on the face (75%), scalp (50%) and upper extremities (46.67%). The main trigger factors were insolation (18.33%) and psycho-emotional stress (13.33%). Conclusion. The study highlights the need for dermatologists and rheumatologists to work together to more effectively diagnose and treat CLE. It was revealed that a significant number of cases of CLE were incorrectly diagnosed at the prehospital stage, which led to untimely initiation of therapy. Pathological examination plays a key role in confirming the diagnosis and correctness of therapeutic measures. An integrated approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with CLE can significantly improve the quality of medical care and reduce the risk of disease progression and complications.
Effect of porcine hemopoietic microenvironment on differentiation of human hemopoietic stem cells in vitro

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective To observe the differentiation of human hemopoietic stem cells after bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) through modeling porcine hemopoietic microenvironment in vitro. Methods MSCs were respectively isolated from the healthy volunteer's bone marrow (6 ml) and experimental porcine bone marrow (10 ml) and respectively cultured by medium DMEM/F12. The monolayer adherence MSCs were used as human/porcine hemopoietic microenvironment models in vitro. Human CD34+ cells (5×10~4/ml) were inoculated in modeling human/porcine hemopoietic microenvironment supplemented with rhEPO (3 U/ml). After the culture of 10 d, the suspension cell were collected and detected by flow cytometer on CD71. The rates of CD71+ cell were regarded as the differentiation rates towards erythrocyte. Human CD34+ cells inoculated in the same medium without MSCs were used as negative contrast. Results The (86.15±0.69)% human CD34+ cells were differentiated towards erythrocyte in modeling hemopoietic microenvironments of human and the (82.46±1.46)%in modeling hemopoietic microenvironments of porcine, while only (44.62±1.20)% in the negative contrast (P0.01). Conclusion Compared with the negative contrast, not only the in vitro modeling hemopoietic microenvironments of human, but also of porcine promote the differentiations of human hemopoietic stem cells significantly.
Implementasi Kebijakan Pencegahan Penyebaran Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) di Universitas Jember

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Corona Virus Disease (Covid 19) is a virus is spreads to almost all countries, including Indonesia. The spread of Covid-19 has had an impact on various fields, one of which is education. One of the government's efforts to overcome this impact is to implement policies to prevent the spread of Covid-19 in universities. In accordance with this policy, the Chancellor of the University of Jember issued the rector's circular letter number 4687/UN25/LL/2020 regarding the prevention of the spread of Covid-19. The purpose of this study is to describe the policy of preventing the spread of Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) at the University of Jember. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research with the type of data consisting of primary data and secondary data obtained by interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study indicate that the University of Jember has implemented policies to prevent the spread of Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) well in terms of communication, resources, disposition and organizational structure. So that students can still get the right to carry out learning and still comply with health protocols
Prevalence of Cardiovascular Diseases among Complete Denture Patients

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Cardiovascular diseases are conditions causing blocked or narrowed blood vessels leading to chest pain,myocardial infarction or stroke. Sometimes it can be associated with dental diseases like caries, periodontaldisease leading to tooth loss. In the present study, we assessed the prevalence of cardiovascular diseasesamong Complete denture (CD) Patients. Patient records were collected by complete analysis of data of86000 patients between March 2019 to March 2020. The data on the patient’s medical history and treatmentwere extracted from the patient’s records and reviewed. Totally 421 case sheets were collected and usedfor our study. The collected data were entered in excel and transferred to SPSS for analysis by Chi squaretest. We found that 1.19% of complete denture patients were affected with cardiac problems and all theaffected patients were males. Among them, 0.71% of patients between the age group 51 to 70 years weremore commonly affected with cardiac problems. In the present study, we found that cardiac problems arestatistically not significant (p>0.05). Though the association of cardiac problem between age and gender wasfound to be statistically not significant, we found that patients (especially males) between 51-70 years weremore commonly affected by cardiac problems.
Identification of Dynamic Nonlinearities of Bolted Structures Using Strain Analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work investigates the identification of the nonlinear behaviour of bolted structures through experimental and numerical analysis. Friction joints (especially bolted joints) generate nonlinear dynamic behaviours in a bolted assembled structure subject to dynamic loadings (especially high level vibrations) due to energy dissipation. The causes of nonlinearities are multiple and the ones related to joints will be researched in this piece of work. Although numerical simulation of nonlinear dynamic behaviour is complex, Finite Element models of a bolted flange will be used for strain analysis in order to develop a strategy for test planning of nonlinear vibration testing. Experimental tests and parameters that can be used to identify the joint nonlinearities will be used for developing correlation methods.
Solving Combinatorial Optimization Problems with Fuzzy Weights

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper a combinatorial optimization problem with fuzzy weights is discussed. In order to choose a solution the concept of a necessary soft optimality is adopted. It is shown that the fuzzy problem can be reduced to solving a family of interval problems with the maximal regret criterion. Two general methods of solving the interval problems are presented. The first one is based on a branch and bound technique and the second method is based on a mixed integer programming formulation. Both techniques are general and can be applied if the underlying interval problem is NP-hard.
Phelligridimer A, a Highly Oxygenated and Unsaturated 26‐Membered Macrocyclic Metabolite with Antioxidant Activity from the Fungus Phellinus igniarius.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Kidnapping and the Nigerian society: A sociological insight

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Kidnapping as a form of criminal behaviour is not entirely new around the world. However, its current dimension has become a serious menace especially in the Nigerian society. This is particularly disheartening given that kidnapping now assumes a renewed criminal dimension that is enabled by socio-economic, political and religiousdiscontents. From a sociological perspective, the paper attempts to determine the socio-economic and psychological impact of kidnapping as well as the nexus between security and kidnapping, which has continued to undermine the wellbeing of the society.The paper rests on the theoretical assumptions of functionalism to explain the problem and why it persistsin the country. Secondary method of data collection which involved in-depth content analysis was employed in the course of gathering information. The data collected were analyzed using qualitative models that involved conceptual and thematic narratives. Findings revealed kidnapping generates conditions that further undermine the socio-economic, political, psychological wellbeing and religious security as well as safety of persons in the country. It is therefore, the position of this paper that hard drugs, adverse socio-economic conditions, youth unemployment, social injustice as well as frustration arising from social strain, all contribute to the menace of kidnapping in Nigeria. The paper made some recommendations that if adopted by the relevant stakeholders would go a long way to mitigate the problem of kidnapping in Nigeria. Keywords : Kidnapping, Security, Safety, Sociological insight, Nigeria.
Reflecting on medical liability in Colombia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To the Editor: It is extremely satisfactory from the professional perspective, to see the results of the efforts made to fill part of the information gap that exists in the area of medical professional liability in Colombia. This has led to a judicious reflection from different perspectives. Such is the case of Ms. González - attorney at law - who in her article “Medical liability. Reflection on the expert's opinion”,1 contributes with additional conceptual considerations to continue to make headway at the political, legislative, educational and transformative level of Colombian culture, in search for the best professional practices in medicine, in order to secure the best level of health for everyone. However, it must be acknowledged that the motivations and the processes for filing a professional liability claim are usually based on ignorance on the part of society as a whole, disregarding the motives, the scope and the results of the practice of medicine over a disrupted mind or a sick body. From this approach, medical doctors are called to use every possible opportunity in their professional activities to provide clear and relevant information to patients and to the community as a whole, in addition to discussing the rights and duties of both the Moreover, every citizen is entitled to receive appropriate legal guidance to express his/her own needs and wants with the participation of attorneys; and the judicial and health care sectors should receive relevant feedback from the information gathered as a result of the cases managed, as mentioned in the article previously published.2 Conflict of interest None. Financing: Research project 708 Scientific Research and Technological Development Division, National Insitute of Legal Medicine and Forensic Sciences.
The Refugee Jurist and American Law Schools, 1933-1941

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper documents an important episode in the development of the “modern” American law school. Starting in 1933, law schools were invited to “host” or permanently welcome onto their faculties European jurists displaced by the German National Socialist government. At first, law schools sensed an opportunity to affiliate themselves with some of the leading lights of German “scientism.” Over time, however, these same institutions concluded that younger émigré scholars were more capable than their older counterparts were of embracing “American” practices of law teaching and scholarship. This article, drawing upon various archival sources, traces this transition, its causes, and its consequences.
A REALISTIC TWO-LANE CELLULAR AUTOMATON MODEL FOR TRAFFIC FLOW

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper extends a recently proposed single-lane cellular automaton model [Li et al., Phys. Rev. E64, 066128 (2001)], which considers the velocity effect of the preceding car, to two-lane traffic system. The traffic behaviors in both homogeneous system and inhomogeneous system are investigated. For homogeneous traffic, it is shown that the velocity effect enhances the maximum flux but does not change the qualitative properties of the fundamental diagram. Nevertheless, the qualitative changes of the lane changing frequency and congested pattern occur. In the inhomogeneous system, the honk effect is studied. It is found that the honk effect first strengthens then weakens with the increase of R, the ratio of slow cars to all cars.
Modulation speed improvement in a Fabry–Perot thermo-optical modulator through a driving signal optimization technique

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A three-power-level method for obtaining efficient thermo-optical modulation in an all-silicon waveguide-integrated Fabry-Perot thermo-optic modulator is discussed by means of a thermo-optical analytical model and demonstrated. The thermal system is represented as a two-pole model where, at every time, the temperature in the waveguide core is modified by means of a heater. This temperature is calculated and used in turn for calculating the refractive index. In this way, the impact of the driving signal shape on the device speed performance is assessed. Results clearly indicate that the application of a thermal bias holding the modulator at a higher average temperature with respect to the substrate heat sink allows increasing the modulator speed. An application-specific integrated circuit has been designed and developed in order to test the new modulation logic. The system's electronics is implemented in a 0.8 µm, 5 V, CMOS process. The experimental results of this new three-power-level driver method are reported, showing the shortening of the characteristic transient times.
Microplastics-resistant FO membranes: Zwitterionic MOF nanoparticles for superior fouling control

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The increasing contamination of water by microplastics (MPs) underscores the need for efficient tertiary treatments such as forward osmosis (FO). Developing advanced, low-fouling membranes is essential for enhancing FO system effectiveness. This work studies an innovative modification of FO membranes by the incorporation of a synthesized hybrid nanoparticle comprising metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and sulfobetaine zwitterions into the thin layer of thin-film composite (TFC) membranes. The ZW/MOF (UiO-66-NH2), nanoparticles were synthesized using a post-synthetic free-radical copolymerization method, resulting in a uniform polymer shell around the MOF nanoparticles. The incorporation of ZW/MOF nanoparticles into the membranes enhanced the hydrophilicity of the membranes by 73 % and imparted a more negatively charged membrane surface. Moreover, the performance tests indicated that the incorporation of ZW/MOF nanoparticles into the TFC membranes significantly enhanced their water flux by 28 % while reducing their reverse salt flux (RSF). Fouling tests employing organic foulants and MPs demonstrated a substantial improvement in the antifouling capabilities of the modified membranes with 17 % flux decline compared to 60 % flux decline for the pure membrane. Notably, the modified membranes showed almost full flux recovery after fouling, indicating a reversible fouling, whereas the control membrane only demonstrated 70 % flux recovery after fouling tests with combined MPs and organic foulants. This highlights the suitability of FO membranes modified with ZW/MOF nanoparticles for treating complex wastewater, particularly in environments with emerging pollutants like MPs. This study provides new insights into the positive contributions of MOFs and their hybrid nanoparticles on the sustainable development of membrane technology dealing with emerging pollutants.
Effect of Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Polysaccharides on the Surface Molecule Expression Level of Dendritic Cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

To observe the effect of Cyclocarya paliurus(Batal.)polysaccharides(CPC)on differentiation and development of murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells(DCs)in vitro.Monocytes generated from Balb/c mouse were cultured in completed RPMI1640 medium containing 10%FBS,rmGM-CSF and rm IL-4.The morphology development was observed by invented microscope and transmission electron microscope.DCs on the 6th day were analyzed by flow cytometry(FCM)to determine the expression levels of CD80,CD86 and MHC II.CPC was added to cells on day 6 of culture for 24 h,then the surface molecules expression level of MHC II on DCs were analysis by FCM.The results showed that DCs induced by rmGM-CSF and rm IL-4 possessed typical morphology and phenotype on the 6 day,which can be used in the following experiments.Compared to untreated DCs,DCs treated with CPC increased the expression leves of MHC II,which indicated that CPC could promote the phenotypic maturation of DCs.
Use of SPAC, HSVR and strong ground motion analysis for site hazard study over the Tamar Valley in Launcestion, Tasmania

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The geology of Launceston (Tasmania) is characterised by the presence of soft Tertiary and Quaternary sediments filling the Tamar rift valley. Damage has occurred to buildings in the city due to earthquake activity in the Bass Strait. We use microtremor (passive seismic) survey methods, and strong ground motion analysis to characterize the resonance pattern over the Tamar valley. The spatially averaged coherency method (SPAC) gives a shear wave velocity to depth profile at two sites; site GUN located over an assumed 1D geology, and site KPK located inside the Tamar valley. We then use horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) to estimate the period of resonance at GUN and KPK. We finally compare HVSR observations with ellipticity modelling and strong ground motion analysis using the shear wave velocity profile obtained by SPAC. HVSR observations at GUN fit the ellipticity curve calculated with a layered model, while some discrepancies between HVSR and modelled strong ground motion analysis can be explained by the input of damping and modulus reduction factors in the strong ground motion analysis. HVSR observations at KPK do not fit the ellipticity curve computed with the shear wave velocity profile. 2D effects from the Tamar valley could be the cause of this difference. We explain the difference between HVSR and strong ground motion analysis at KPK by a combination of potential 2D effects from the valley, and the use of damping and modulus reduction curves in the strong ground motion analysis. Keywords: microtremor, shear-wave velocity profile, period of resonance, amplification factors, strong ground motion.
Exploring suitability to electrical storm ablation in patients in waiting list for heart transplantation: A single center experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Electrical storm (ES) is among the most fearsome events in patients in waiting list for heart transplantation (HT) and catheter ablation (CA) demonstrated to be effective in reduce the arrhythmic burden. However, selection criteria for CA suitability in this specific population have never been addressed before. We retrospectively enrolled 36 patients (mean age 51 ± 8 years; 83% men) waiting HT referred to our department for ES resistant to antiarrhythmic drugs and percutaneous stellate ganglion blockade. Twenty patients were judged suitable for VT ablation according to specific criteria including absence of increased arrhythmic burden secondary to volume overload and hemodynamic decompensation; expected CA outcome favorable due to etiology of the cardiomyopathy, no need for coronary revascularization and technical feasibility of the procedure. The pre‐emptive use of mechanical circulatory supports (MCS) were discussed integrating the PAINESD score with additional clinical and hemodynamic parameters. Acute procedural success was accounted in 85% of cases with only two major complications. The CA group reported lower length of in‐hospital stay after CA suitability evaluation (56 ± 17 vs. 131 ± 64 days, p = .004). Furthermore, at a mean follow‐up of 703 ± 145 days, this group showed reduction of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) recurrence leading to implantable cardioverter defibrillator shock (4 vs. 8, p = .051) and underwent HT with a lower level of urgency (0 vs. 6 patients needed for UNOS1 status upgrade). Respectively, one patient of the CA group and two patients of the conservative group died ( p = .839). At the end of follow‐up, eight patients underwent heart transplantation ( p = .964) while four patients underwent Left Ventricular Assist device (LVAD) implantation ( p = .440). This pilot study should be a proof for further studies exploring CA of VAs as a possible bridge therapy to HT.