jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Multi‐site rainfall simulation at tropical regions: a comparison of three types of generators

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Rainfall modelling is an essential component of different hydrological studies. However, rainfall modelling in tropical regions, especially urban areas, remains inadequate. To determine the applicability of different types of rainfall modelling approaches, simulations by two Markov models (Matlab‐based weather generator ( MulGETS ) and multi‐site rainfall simulator ( MRS )) and a Neyman–Scott based Poisson cluster model ( RainSim ) were compared with a proposed modified k ‐nearest neighbour ( KNN ) model for 30 years rainfall in Singapore. The MRS model was determined to be suitable for single‐site applications in tropical regions. However, for multi‐site conditions, RainSim was adjudged the most suitable given its accuracy in preserving observed spatial information, despite its performance lagging in few statistical indicators. The KNN model was found to perform satisfactorily during the wet seasons, and was the only model that could repeat the extreme precipitation values closely. Although typical studies evaluate the performance of models based on a set of criteria, there exists a lacuna in understanding the quality of simulations by these models. Therefore, uncertainty analysis based on two different criteria was implemented to understand the performance of the stochastic processes within. Although the MulGETS model exhibited the lowest differences between Prediction Intervals, RainSim 's Prediction Intervals were found to subsume observed data more often. The proposed study would be useful for users examining rainfall models for differing objectives.
siRNA Delivery into Tumor Cells by Cationic Cholesterol Derivative-Based Nanoparticles and Liposomes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Previously, we reported that cationic nanoparticles (NP) composed of diamine-type cholesteryl-3-carboxamide (OH-Chol, N-(2-(2-hydroxyethylamino)ethyl)cholesteryl-3-carboxamide) and Tween 80 could deliver small interfering RNA (siRNA) with high transfection efficiency into tumor cells. In this study, we synthesized new diamine-type cationic cholesteryl carbamate (OH-C-Chol, cholesteryl (2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate) and triamine-type carbamate (OH-NC-Chol, cholesteryl (2-((2-((2-hydroxyethyl)amino)ethyl)amino)ethyl)carbamate), and prepared cationic nanoparticles composed of OH-C-Chol or OH-NC-Chol with Tween 80 (NP-C and NP-NC, respectively), as well as cationic liposomes composed of OH-C-Chol or OH-NC-Chol with 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) (LP-C and LP-NC, respectively) for evaluation of their possible use as siRNA delivery vectors. LP-C and LP-NC/siRNA complexes (lipoplexes) exhibited larger gene silencing effects than NP-C and NP-NC/siRNA complexes (nanoplexes), respectively, in human breast tumor MCF-7 cells, although the NP-C nanoplex showed high association with the cells. In particular, LP-NC lipoplex could induce strong gene suppression, even at a concentration of 5 nM siRNA. From these results, cationic liposomes composed of OH-NC-Chol and DOPE may have potential as gene vectors for siRNA transfection to tumor cells.
The state of the art of marine natural products research in Europe and the perspective for the research and development of Chinese marine drugs

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Over last years, a world wide interests are increasing for searching for new drugs from marine resources which have hardly been explored. It becomes a new hot point of the competition for the developed countries in this new field of high technology. The present paper reviews the research status and the up date developments of marine natural products research in Europe. A discussion and a perspective are made for the strategies of China in the field.
Ethical implications of blockchain technology in biomedical research

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Definition of the problem Biomedical research based on big data offers immense benefits. Large multisite research that integrates large amounts of personal health data, especially genomic and genetic data, might contribute to a more personalized medicine. This type of research requires the transfer and storage of highly sensitive data, which raises the question of how to protect data subjects against data harm, such as privacy breach, disempowerment, disenfranchisement, and exploitation. As a result, there is a trade-off between reaping the benefits of big-data-based biomedical research and protecting data subjects’ right to informational privacy. Arguments Blockchain technologies are often discussed as a technical fix for the abovementioned trade-off due to their specific features, namely data provenance, decentralization, immutability, and access and governance system. However, implementing blockchain technologies in biomedical research also raises questions regarding consent, legal frameworks, and workflow integration. Hence, accompanying measures, which I call enablers, are necessary to unleash the potential of blockchain technologies. These enablers are innovative models of consent, data ownership models, and regulatory models. Conclusion Blockchain technologies as a technical fix alone is insufficient to resolve the aforementioned trade-off. Combining this technical fix with the enablers outlined above might be the best way to perform biomedical research based on big data and at the same time protect the informational privacy of data subjects.
Spectral Component Geologic Modeling: An Improved Method for Integrating Seismic Data into Geologic Models

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Geologic modeling and reservoir simulation provide information critical to successful commercialization of discovered and undeveloped reserves, as well as to the effective management of producing reservoirs. Often, uncertainty associated with the reservoir&s characterization and with the geologic model can be reduced by integrating interpretations from multiple data sources, most commonly from the well and the seismic data. These data types provide very different, yet complementary information to the geologic model. The well data provide information over a broad range of scales, but these data are only sparsely sampled in the reservoir. The seismic data are more densely sampled, but provide only a limited scale of information. The integration of these two data types should properly account for their scale differences. Traditional geostatistical simulation methods do not properly account for the fact that the seismic data and the well data represent very different scales of information. Spectral Component Geologic Modeling (SCGM) properly accounts for the difference in scale between the seismic and the well data. A spectral component is an interpreted map or volume of a rock property. All spectral components contain information over a limited frequency bandwidth. A tentative geologic model is built by mathematically combining spectral components; each component providing information to the model that is limited with respect to its frequency content. The tentative geologic model is then constrained to honor the desired spatial continuity of the modeled property, the statistical distribution (histogram) of that property, and the properties measured at the well locations. Spectral simulation is used to honor the desired spatial continuity of the modeled property. With this method, the exact and non-stationary continuity information contained within the combined spectral components can be preserved in the constrained geologic model. As a result, depositional features such as sinuous channel sands, which are observed in the spectral components, are preserved in the model. An application of SCGM is presented. Results clearly show that the SCGM model honors both the spatial distribution and the spatial continuity of the modeled property, as they are represented in the spectral components.
Morphological and Phylogenetic Characteristics of Tuber himalayense Collected from Rhizosphere of Quercus dentata in Korea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We collected the ascomata of Tuber species from the rhizosphere of Quercus dentata in Danyang, Korea. We observed the morphological characteristics of ectomycorrhizal roots and ascomata, and identified the species based on the results of the phylogenetic analysis conducted using the DNA sequences of an internal transcribed spacer, a large-subunit rDNA, translation elongation factor 1-α DNA (TEF1), and MAT. Finally, we identified the fungal species as Tuber himalayense B.C. Zhang & Minter, which has not been recorded previously in Korea. We evaluated the morphological characteristics and conducted phylogenetic analysis of the ascoma and mycorrhiza (associated with Q. dentata) of T. himalayense.
An Overview Of The Most Relevant Literature On Coding And Computational Thinking With Emphasis On The Relevant Issues For Teachers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The rationale for this literature review is to take the main areas of debate surrounding the teaching of coding to primary aged children and examine the polemic and the different positions that writers and practitioners are taking on these issues. This is intended to be a literature review useful to practitioners rather than academics. In that vein, in addition to published peer referenced journal articles we have decided to make maximum use of blog posts and opinions on social media for our source material as we believe that the most informed debate on kids coding is not actually going on in academic journals!
Heterogeneous multiscale methods for the Landau-Lifshitz equation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present a finite difference heterogeneous multiscale method for the Landau-Lifshitz equation with a highly oscillatory diffusion coefficient. The approach combines a higher order discretization and artificial damping in the so-called micro problem to obtain an efficient implementation. The influence of different parameters on the resulting approximation error is discussed. Numerical examples for both periodic as well as more general coefficients are given to demonstrate the functionality of the approach.
Wi-Fi based smart wireless flipchart

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Notice Board plays a vital role in many places like educational institutes, railway stations, school’s colleges and everywhere. Presently a person will stick a notice on notice board in offices, schools and colleges. This causes a lot of time to stick the information on notice board. So reduce the time to build a new device as wireless flip chart by using this flip chart we reduced the time, manual power, paper and printer ink. The main aim of this paper is to display the information on LCD screen from the user’s mobile device through internet.
Comment on gmd-2022-300

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. This paper discusses the newly developed Decision Support System version 1.0 (DSS v1.0) for air quality management activities in Delhi, India. In addition to standard air quality forecasts, DSS provides the contribution of Delhi, its surrounding districts, and stubble-burning fires in the neighboring states of Punjab and Haryana to the PM2.5 load in Delhi. DSS also quantifies the effects of local and neighborhood emission-source-level interventions on the pollution load in Delhi. The DSS-simulated Air Quality Index for the post-monsoon and winter seasons of 2021–22 shows high accuracy (up to 80 %) and a very low false alarm ratio (~20 %) from Day 1 to Day 5 of the forecasts, especially when the ambient AQI is > 300. During the post-monsoon season (winter season), emissions from Delhi, the rest of the NCR districts, biomass-burning activities, and all other remaining regions on average contribute 34.4 % (33.4 %), 31 % (40.2 %), 7.3 % (0.1 %), and 27.3 % (26.4 %), respectively, to PM2.5 load in Delhi. During peak pollution events (stubble-burning periods), however, the contribution from sources within Delhi (farm fires in Punjab-Haryana) could reach 65 % (69 %). According to DSS, a 20 % (40 %) reduction in anthropogenic emissions across all NCR districts would result in a 12 % (24 %) reduction in PM2.5 in Delhi on a seasonal mean basis. DSS is a critical tool for policymakers because it provides such information daily through a single simulation with a plethora of emission reduction scenarios.
Synergistic effect of high‐intensity ultrasound and β‐cyclodextrin treatments on browning control in apple juice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary This work evaluated the synergistic effects of combined high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU) with β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) treatments on inhibiting browning of apple juice and explored the mechanism through simulation system. The combined treatment of 300 W HIU with 0.006 g mL −1 β‐CD had a synergistic impact on maintaining juice colour, resulting in a 39.06% reduction in browning degree, only a 36.64% decrease in total phenolic content, and a 17.82% reduction in PPO activity. The inhibition of enzymatic browning in simulated system revealed that HIU suppressed the enzyme (Polyphenol oxidase, PPO) and β‐CD inhibited enzyme (PPO) and embedded substrate (polyphenol). The results of spectroscopic analysis showed that the particle‐size distribution of PPO narrowed, the content of α‐helix in the secondary structure increased, the fluorescence intensity increased, and the maximum wavelength was red‐shifted after HIU and β‐CD treatment. Changes in structure could further result in PPO activity loss. Hence, the combined treatment could synthetically alleviate the browning of apple juice.
Comparison of time-resolved and -unresolved measurements of deoxyhemoglobin in brain.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Continuous (CW) and pulsed light were used for the noninvasive measurement of hemoglobin oxygenation in tissues. A dual wavelength method of continuous illumination spectroscopy used 760 nm (deoxyhemoglobin peak) and 800 nm (an oxyhemoglobin-deoxyhemoglobin isosbestic point) to measure the kinetics and extent of oxyhemoglobin deoxygenation in brains during mild ischemia/hypoxia. Absorption and scattering were modeled in an artificial milk/yeast blood system, which gave an exponential relationship between absorption and optical path length to a depth of 7 cm. Time-resolved spectroscopy (10-ps resolution) afforded a display of the times and distances of arrival of photons emitted by the cat brain in response to a 10-ps input pulse. The emitted photons rose to a peak in a fraction of a nanosecond and declined exponentially over a few nanoseconds. The half-time of exponential decay corresponds to photon migration over a distance of 4 cm. Exponential light emission continued for several more nanoseconds when the brain was encased by the skull, which plays a key role in prolonging light emission. The exponential decline of light intensity has a value [exp(-microL)], where L is the path length determined from the time/distance scale and mu is the characteristic of the migration of light in the brain. The factor mu is increased by increasing absorption, and mu' = epsilon C where epsilon and C are the Beer-Lambert parameters of extinction coefficient (epsilon) and concentration (C). Thus, deoxyhemoglobin can be quantified in brain tissues.
Pengaruh Pembelajaran Blended Learning Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Anak Di Sanggar Pelita

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Early adolescence is a period of many changes in children both physically and mentally. During this period, there were many changes in the interactions experienced by individuals and both their families and their social environment. Usually the child will begin to explore himself more which is usually done with his playmates, but on the other hand he will also begin to feel the need for privacy so that he likes to be alone from his family. In a pandemic situation like this, there is a slight shift in children's social interactions, smartphones are an inseparable part of their daily lives, and even become a necessity because they are needed in their education process at school. So that they can no longer be separated from the internet, smartphones and other related things because it has become a habit for them. In this case, the PKL (Field Work Practice) activities to increase children's learning requests that I do will take advantage of this situation through the blended-learning method, which is a learning method that combines online and offline learning using the casework method through several stages consisting of Engagement intake Contract, Assessment. Planning/planning. Evaluation and Termination of Interventions. The focus in this case is to increase children's interest and motivation in learning by utilizing technological advances which have become an inseparable part since the COVID-19 pandemic began.
Coulomb interaction and stability of CE-type structure in half-doped manganites, reply

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In his Comment (cond-mat/0104353), Shen points out that the on-site Coulomb interaction, that can cause charge order in half-doped manganites, also destabilizes the magnetic CE-phase observed in these systems. This is a valid observation, but it is not a priori clear whether in the relevant parameter regime the C-phase is indeed lower in energy then the CE-phase within our model. We conclude that the proposed model, which correctly captures the interplay of spin, charge and orbital degrees of freedom in the half-doped manganites and gives a reasonable description of their electronic structure, is by itself not sufficient for the precise determination of the regions of stabilities of different phases. For this several other factors should be taken into account.
Evaluating the Mexican Federal District’s integrated solid waste management programme

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Generation of solid waste is a problem of great environmental significance in the Mexican Federal District. With an estimated daily generation of 12 500 tons, waste management is a priority for the district government. Integrated waste management programmes have been implemented in the Mexican Federal District in the past. They have failed. This research has examined the most recent initiative in an effort to discover the causes of failure, using a case study approach. In addition to identifying barriers to and opportunities for implementation of an effective integrated waste management system in the Federal District, this research recommends options for a newly proposed waste management system with the aim of achieving the objectives desired by the government, while aiding in the pursuit of sustainable development.
Counter Corporate Litigation: Remedy, Regulation, and Repression in the Struggle for a Just Transition

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Hundreds of human rights and environmental cases against corporations have been launched in countries around the world in the past two decades. This body of counter corporate litigation—legal actions that involve attempts to enforce legal or normative standards against business entities—forms a significant part of the legal struggles shaping the transition to a sustainable economy. However, the question remains—how does litigation against companies fit with the larger patterns of reform? In this paper, I draw on a taxonomy of sustainability litigation to describe three functions of counter corporate litigation: remedy, the search for justice through legal action; regulation, the enforcement of legal standards through the courts; and repression, the proscription of predatory business models. I argue that research into counter corporate litigation helps to illuminate the priorities for legal reform, including the integration of human rights and the environment into legal instruments governing corporate activities, transnational approaches to corporate accountability, and a willingness to challenge unsustainable business models.
TOWARD A UNIFICATION OF CONCEPTS AND TERMS USED IN INTEGRAL LANDSCAPE INVESTIGATIONS

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A discussion of the concepts and terms of landscape research developed and applied for more than a decade at the field stations of the Institute of Geography of Siberia and the Far East (Irkutsk). The key concepts are geosystems, which represent the sphere of interaction between animate and inanimate nature; ecosystems, which focus on the biotic aspect of geosystems. Geosystems are said to fall within the sphere of interest of the landscape geographer, while ecosystems are viewed as the study objects of ecology, a biological discipline. Although the two approaches are said to be distinctive, the interests of geographers and ecologists overlap, and a common terminology for both disciplines is proposed.
“From Behind The Plow”: Agrarianism And Racial Uplift In African American Literature, 1881-1917

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

My study challenges our current valorization of movement and flow in readings of African American literature. I do so through an exploration of the representations of the black agrarian masses who either choose to remain or could not afford the spectacular forms of escape to urban life which many essentialized as freedom. In the dramatic and pivotal decades following emancipation, African American leaders attempted to check the growing apartheid by the “combination” of diverse African American communities: North and South, professional and working class. This required that they move beyond the question of whether one was free or slave to the more tangled questions of freedom related to economic class, access to and distinctions of culture, and the opportunities of the city versus the country. Their writing was one means to seek out a more nationally defined community, but their efforts towards racial unity had to resolve the conspicuous differences regarding region and class. A difficult negotiation of difference ensued. In this negotiation, I argue, an agrarian form of freedom manifests itself in the literature of the professional class despite the intraracial pressures of “uplift” ideology which skewed representation toward middle-class life. The politics as well as the values and culture of the agrarian class surface. The agrarian themes of community, remaining, and an environmentalism of the poor contest the valorization of urban industrialism and self-made man ideology which are linked to presentations of a city-life as a life of freedom.
Develop a fashion based sustainable business strategy to protect the latest threat of minimum wages in Bangladesh garments industry

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In the most recent year, Bangladesh's clothing industry is contributing 84 percent of yearly fare with a commitment of more than 32 billion to the absolute economy. To precede, this achievement the lowest pay permitted by law and specialist distress is the most recent danger. Bangladesh market is ahead against some remaining contenders like India, Vietnam, Pakistan, Srilanka because of the low work cost of our nation. Then again, the lowest pay permitted by law is an appealing approach apparatus for neediness decrease and social equity in the eye of the public authority. Yet, European and American purchasers are thorough to choose the all-out FOB on one computer piece of clothing for their business strategy. In the present circumstance, we need to support this serious market. In this study, the author builds up an applied exploration structure for getting away from the pursuer. As per the reasonable system, information has been gathered from various useful sources in Bangladesh. For gathering information, the creators have taken 05 composite processing plants of Bangladesh. This exploration shows various ways for feasible extravagant sort of trendy items to conquer this test. The outcomes can be actualized by the industrial facility of Bangladesh for the future turn of events.