jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Web of venom: exploration of big data resources in animal toxin research

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Research on animal venoms and their components spans multiple disciplines, including biology, biochemistry, bioinformatics, pharmacology, medicine, and more. Manipulating and analyzing the diverse array of data required for venom research can be challenging, and relevant tools and resources are often dispersed across different online platforms, making them less accessible to nonexperts. In this article, we address the multifaceted needs of the scientific community involved in venom and toxin-related research by identifying and discussing web resources, databases, and tools commonly used in this field. We have compiled these resources into a comprehensive table available on the VenomZone website (https://venomzone.expasy.org/10897). Furthermore, we highlight the challenges currently faced by researchers in accessing and using these resources and emphasize the importance of community-driven interdisciplinary approaches. We conclude by underscoring the significance of enhancing standards, promoting interoperability, and encouraging data and method sharing within the venom research community.
Immunofluorescence staining of SGNs in different interventions.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>Immunofluorescence staining in cultured SGNs. (A) (B) (C) (D) were treated as previously described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123130#pone.0123130.g002" target="_blank">Fig 2</a>. The AIF staining was distributed in the cytoplasm of the SGNs in the normal condition. Clear translocation into the nuclei of AIF was observed in the 20 mM Glu-treated and 20 mM Glu+Z-VAD-FMK-treated groups. No translocation was observed in the 20 mM Glu+PD150606-treated group. Scale bar = 20 μm.</p>
BUILDING STRONG BRANDS: MANAGEMENT DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The Paper is primarily a review of brand Literature with two aims, to bring together two separate streams of literature, brand literature developed by consumers and the other developed by Management. To achieve these aims, the six stages suggested by Good Year have been described. The Goodyear (1996) brand evolution stage model suggests a possible brand evolution process. It comprises six stages, namely unbranded goods, brand as reference, brand as personality, brand as icon, brand as company, and brand as policy. The model was used because of its conceptual nature. This Paper extends Good year Conceptual model of brand evolution over time by relating different stages to the learning process that consumers engage in.
Assessment of strategies for male involvement in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV services in Blantyre, Malawi

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Despite the documented benefits of prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) services, the uptake remains low in sub-Saharan Africa. The lack of male involvement (MI) may be one of the reasons for this. However, there are limited data on strategies for MI in PMTCT. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify strategies that may promote MI in PMTCT services in antenatal care (ANC) services in Blantyre, Malawi. STUDY DESIGN: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted from December 2012 to January 2013 at South Lunzu Health Centre (SLHC) in Blantyre, Malawi. It consisted of six face-to-face key informant interviews (KIIs) with healthcare workers and four focus group discussions (FGDs) with 18 men and 17 pregnant women attending ANC at SLHC. The FGDs were divided according to sex and age. All FGDs and KIIs were digitally recorded and simultaneously transcribed and translated verbatim into English. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Three major themes with several subcategories emerged. Theme 1 was a gatekeeping strategy with two subcategories: (1) healthcare workers refusing service provision to women accessing antenatal clinic without their partners and (2) women refusing ANC attention in the absence of a partner. Theme 2 comprised extending invitations and had six subcategories: (1) word of mouth, (2) card invites, (3) woman's health passport book invites, (4) telephonic invites, (5) use of influential people, and (6) home visits. Theme 3 was information education and communication, such as health education forums and advertisements. Of all the strategies, an invitation card addressed to the male partner was most preferred by study participants. CONCLUSIONS: There are several strategies by which men may be involved in PMTCT. Healthcare workers should offer a pregnant woman all strategies available for MI for her to select the appropriate one. Further research and consultations with men should continue to achieve higher levels of MI.
Tau (MAPT) haplotypes in Jordan: new evidence on the Middle East as a melting-pot predating Neolithic migration

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Frequencies of H1 and H2 haplotypes of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) gene were examined in two Jordanian samples. The criterion for haplotype assignment was the presence/absence of the intronic 238-bp deletion, located between exons 9 and 10 of the MAPT genomic region. We further compiled MAPT haplotype frequencies in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and European populations to widen the scope of analyses. Jordan MAPT*H2 haplotype frequencies peaked among worldwide samples analysed to date, with the Jordan general population featuring the top value (0.386). AMOVA tests results indicated spatial genetic structuring, as they unveiled significant differences in H2 frequencies between South Asia and Europe, with a hypothetical contact zone in the Middle East. The southeastern region of the Middle East shares low H2 frequencies with South Asia, while the northwestern area shows high H2 frequencies, similar to and even higher than observed in Europe. We suggest that high H2 frequencies could have originated at the beginning of the Neolithic in the western region of the Middle East, most likely through genetic drift episodes associated with founding events. Subsequently, the arrival of Neolithic farmers boosted the H2 haplotype spreading throughout Europe.
Coronavirus pandemic in Vietnam: an effective response model

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In late December 2019, the World Health Organisation declared that pneumonia of unknown aetiology broke out in China and then expanded to become a pandemic. Vietnam was predicted to be one of the hardest-hit countries of this pandemic. However, this country has written its own exceptional story with a low and contained infection rate and few deaths on its territory. This study seeks to highlight the global significance of the Vietnamese response model in the fight against COVID-19. The study suggests that the Vietnamese Government's procedures, from central officials to grassroots cadre, have significance on three levels with comparative importance. First, attention is given to the use of tracking mechanisms enabled by medical surveillance and record systems. Then, the role of social media in educational epidemiology. Finally, we highlight the adjustment of Vietnamese social practices, behaviours, and cultural habituation, which were crucial in fighting the pandemic. These results of this study suggest an effective, low-cost model in combating pandemic which could be applied by other countries, despite a surprising, but sadly recurrent, the reluctance of international media to represent Vietnam fairly and impartially. The paper draws attention to the importance of Vietnam's experience in tracking systems, health, and education, aiming to illustrate effective measures that have global significance and suggest opportunities for international implementation.
Firms and the Decline in Earnings Inequality in Brazil

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We document a large decrease in earnings inequality in Brazil between 1996 and 2012.Using administrative linked employer-employee data, we fit high-dimensional worker and firm fixed effects models to understand the sources of this decrease.Firm effects account for 40 percent of the total decrease and worker effects for 29 percent.Changes in observable worker and firm characteristics contributed little to these trends.Instead, the decrease is primarily due to a compression of returns to these characteristics, particularly a declining firm productivity pay premium.Our results shed light on potential drivers of earnings inequality dynamics.
Automatic Cow Location Tracking System Using Ear Tag Visual Analysis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nowadays, for numerous reasons, smart farming systems focus on the use of image processing technologies and 5G communications. In this paper, we propose a tracking system for individual cows using an ear tag visual analysis. By using ear tags, the farmers can track specific data for individual cows such as body condition score, genetic abnormalities, etc. Specifically, a four-digit identification number is used, so that a farm can accommodate up to 9999 cows. In our proposed system, we develop an individual cow tracker to provide effective management with real-time upgrading enforcement. For this purpose, head detection is first carried out to determine the cow’s position in its related camera view. The head detection process incorporates an object detector called You Only Look Once (YOLO) and is then followed by ear tag detection. The steps involved in ear tag recognition are (1) finding the four-digit area, (2) digit segmentation using an image processing technique, and (3) ear tag recognition using a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier. Finally, a location searching system for an individual cow is established by entering the ID numbers through the application’s user interface. The proposed searching system was confirmed by performing real-time experiments at a feeding station on a farm at Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. In combination with our decision-making process, the proposed system achieved an accuracy of 100% for head detection, and 92.5% for ear tag digit recognition. The results of using our system are very promising in terms of effectiveness.
Ekstrüde ürünlerde ilave ingrediyenlerin akrilamid seviyesi ve ürün kalitesi üzerine etkisi.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ingredients which are NaCl, CaCl2, ascorbic acid, citric acid, glycine, cysteine and quercetin were blended at two different concentrations with whole wheat flour, mixed with D-glucose monohydrate (100:5, w/w), and fed to twin screw extruder. Effect of these ingredients on acrylamide level and quality characteristics of extrudates were investigated. Set zone temperatures were 80 ± 2, 90 ± 2, 115 ± 2 and 150 ± 2 oC with 180 rpm screw speed and feed flow rate of 30 g/min during extrusion. Feed moisture content was 18.24 ± 0.48%. Drying process was performed at 150 oC for 15 min after the extrusion process. Lower acrylamide level were observed with added ingredients with differences in degree of reduction. Increasing concentration led to further decrease in acrylamide level for all of the ingredients. Among the ingredients studied highest acrylamide reduction was obtained with 5 g/kg cysteine addition while lowest reduction was obtained with 7.26 g/kg citric acid and 13.36 g/kg ascorbic acid. Highest sectional expansion index (SEI) was obtained with 50 g/kg CaCl2 while the lowest was obtained by 66.80 g/kg ascorbic acid when compared to control. Longitudinal expansion index vi (LEI) reached the highest value at the addition of 66.80 g/kg ascorbic acid while the lowest value was obtained by 10 g/kg CaCl2. 50 g/kg CaCl2 or 36.30 g/kg citric acid addition did not cause any significant change in volume expansion index (VEI) compared to control. The highest bulk density found at the addition of 66.80 g/kg ascorbic acid. Addition of 1 g/kg glycine, 10 g/kg NaCl, 36.30 g/kg citric acid or 50 g/kg CaCl2 did not affect the bulk density when compared to control and gave the lowest values of bulk density in extrudates. In terms of lightness, ascorbic acid addition at the level of 66.80 g/kg gave the highest L* value and lowest browning index in extrudates while the lowest L* value was observed with 5 g/kg glycine addition with the highest browning index. In conclusion, data indicated that added ingredients decreased the acylamide level at a certain level while affecting the quality parameters of the extrudates to some extend.
Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Integrasi TIK dalam Proses Pembelajaran pada Pondok Pesantren di Lombok Timur

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The trend of information and communication technology (ICT) in education has become something that is very much needed for the development of education and learning in Indonesia. The integration of ICT in the learning process in Islamic boarding schools is still not optimal. Therefore, this study aims to determine the factors that influence ICT integration in the learning process in Islamic boarding schools in the East Lombok. The method used in this study is a qualitative method using several case studies. The data sources on the research were 32 Islamic Boarding School in east Lombok. While the technique of collecting data used survey, interview, and focus group discussion The results of this study revealed two main themes, barriers and support. Barriers are classified into two groups: teacher factors and institutional support factors (Islamic Boarding school). Teachers include lack of time, lack of qualified human resources and the complexity of ICT integration. At the same time, the factors are limited infrastructure, lack of training, lack of access, and lack of technical support. The use of ICT can increase students' creativity. As for the carrying capacity that they believe ICT use during teaching practice can improve their performance, leadership support is also a key factor determining the integration of ICT during the learning process.
Materials Data on Er4OsBr4 by Materials Project

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Er4OsBr4 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Er sites. In the first Er site, Er is bonded to two equivalent Os and four Br atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge, face, and corner-sharing ErOs2Br4 pentagonal pyramids. There are one shorter (2.87 Å) and one longer (2.88 Å) Er–Os bond lengths. There are a spread of Er–Br bond distances ranging from 2.96–3.12 Å. In the second Er site, Er is bonded to two equivalent Os and four Br atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge, face, and corner-sharing ErOs2Br4 pentagonal pyramids. There are one shorter (2.87 Å) and one longer (2.88 Å) Er–Os bond lengths. There are a spread of Er–Br bond distances ranging from 2.95–3.09 Å. Os is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Er atoms. There are two inequivalent Br sites. In the first Br site, Br is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Er atoms. In the second Br site, Br is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Er atoms.
Socialisation and character education in the Muslim world: exploring the role, impact, and necessity of indoctrination

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This investigation seeks to understand the importance of imparting character education to students across the educational spectrum. It examines the intricate nexus lying between shared boundaries that form the provision of education, socialisation, and indoctrination. It delves into the multifaceted elements of character education, emphasising the transmission of moral, social, religious, and ethical values. By analysing the role of educators as key influencers, the research underscores the challenges in fostering positive characteristics amidst the modern digital landscape and diverse cultural contexts, particularly in the Muslim world. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, utilising a narrative literature review to understand the subjective aspects of morality and social values and appreciate the importance of character education within religious and secular frameworks. There is no doubt that education has a profound impact on students, especially in their formative years, shaping them into moral, well-behaved, and intelligent members of society. It should equip students with the knowledge and character to thrive as contributing citizens, both locally and globally, in the digital age. This study found that teachers are somewhat reluctant to be accused of ‘indoctrination’, but this is inherently an integral element of education, and should therefore be embraced, acknowledged, and used for good: instilling critical thinking, along with a moral compass and the values needed to be upstanding and successful members of society.
Direct Injection Ethanol Boosted Gasoline Engines: Biofuel Leveraging For Cost Effective Reduction of Oil Dependence and CO2 Emissions

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Ethanol biofuel could play an important role in reducing petroleum consumption by enabling a substantial increase in the fuel efficiency of gasoline engine vehicles. This ethanol boosted engine concept uses a small amount ethanol to increase the efficiency of use of a much larger amount of gasoline by approximately 30%. Gasoline consumption and the corresponding CO2 emissions would thereby be reduced by approximately 25%. In combination with the additional reduction that results from the substitution of ethanol for gasoline as a fuel, the overall reduction in gasoline consumption and CO2 emissions is greater than 30%. The concept uses appropriately controlled direct injection of ethanol into the engine cylinders. The direct injection provides suppression of engine knock at high pressure. This allows high pressure operation of a much smaller, highly turbocharged engine with the same performance as a larger engine. The engine can also use a higher compression ratio. The engine downsizing and higher compression ratio results in a large increase in fuel efficiency. This approach involves only modest changes to the present gasoline engine systems and fueling infrastructure. The increase in vehicle cost could be modest (approximately $600) and the fuel savings payback time could be approximately 2 years. This leveraged use of ethanol to increase gasoline engine efficiency could substantially increase its energy value and help to alleviate concerns about a low energy output/ input ratio (energy provided by the ethanol/energy needed to produce the ethanol). Thus the ethanol boosting concept can facilitate increased use of biofuel in addition to providing a cost-effective way to increase gasoline engine efficiency.
Teacher education policies, practices, and reform in Scotland: Implications in the Indian context

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

India, a country of 1.27 billion, nowadays needs reforms, improvements, and new approaches in teacher education to cater to the demands of changing economy and society. This call to improve teacher education becomes more significant considering the fact that 50% of India’s current population is below the age of 25 and over 65% below 35. There are two ways to proceed in this direction. First, making an internal review and assessment of present scenario of teacher education and suggesting need-based measures. The second one is to learn from those countries that have recently reviewed their teacher education systems and are continuously working for the betterment of teacher education. Following second approach, present paper analyzes teacher education policies, practices, and reform in Scotland, argues that concerns and commitments to reform teacher education in India and Scotland are similar, and suggests implications of Scottish experiences in the Indian context.
Human emotion recognition through short time Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Human emotion recognition plays a vital role in psychology, psycho-physiology and human machine interface (HMI) design. Electroencephalogram (EEG) reflects the internal emotional state changes of the subject compared to other conventional methods (face recognition, gestures, speech, etc). In this work, EEG signals are collected using 62 channels from 20 subjects in the age group of 21~39 years for determining discrete emotions. Audio-visual stimuli (video clips) is used for inducing five different emotions (happy, surprise, fear, disgust, neutral). EEG signals are preprocessed through Butterworth 4 th order filter with a cut off frequency of 0.5 Hz-60 Hz and smoothened using Surface Laplacian filter. EEG signals are framed into a short time duration of 5s and two statistical features (spectral centroid and spectral entropy) in four frequency bands namely alpha (8 Hz-16 Hz), beta (16 Hz-32 Hz), gamma (32 Hz-60 Hz) and alpha to gamma (8 Hz-60 Hz) are extracted using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). These features are mapped into the corresponding emotions using two simple classifiers such as K Nearest Neighbor(KNN) and Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN). In this work, KNN outperforms PNN by offering the maximum mean classification accuracy of 91.33 % on beta band. This experimental results indicates the short time duration of EEG signals is highly essential for detecting the emotional state changes of the subjects.
Electrochemical Sensor for Detection of Sequence Related to Breast Cancer Based on Target Cycle and Long-range Self-assembled DNA Nanostructures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A high sensitive and specific electrochemical sensor based on Exo Ⅲ assisted target cycle and long-range self-assembled DNA nanostructures was developed for the detection of the sequence related to breast cancer. Firstly,a stem-loop hairpin probe was immobilized on the surface of a gold electrode(GE). In the presence of target DNA,it could switch on a cycle including hybridization,digestion and rehybridization as the first signal amplification. Then the addition of two assisted probes could trigger the formation of super sandwich DNA nanostructures on the electrode surface by long-range self-assembly. The above prepared structure could absorb a large number of electrochemically active molecules RuHex on the surface of GE,resulting in an intense electrochemical response as the second signal amplification. Under the optimum conditions,the sensor showed a good linear relationship in the range of 10 amol / L- 10 pmol / L with a detection limit as low as 8 amol / L. Furthermore,the sensor exhibited an ultra-high discrimination ability even against single-base mismatch sequence. All above properties make it a promising candidate for the ultra-low detection of DNA in clinical real samples.