jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Immune checkpoint inhibitors and neuromuscular adverse events

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Neuromuscular adverse events (AEs) associated with cancer treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) include diverse clinical subsets. The general features of neuromuscular AEs have not been elucidated because the frequency is generally low, ranging from 1%-2% of cancer patients undergoing ICIs therapy. The diseases affect the central nervous system, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, and muscle. Disease onset and progression may be rapid with a critical clinical course. The clinical presentation may be different from that of patients unrelated to drugs. Brain MRI images or laboratory findings do not always yield useful information, even if cancer patients suffer from severe neurological symptoms. Prior treatment including cytotoxic chemotherapies and radiation may have been factors in causing neuromuscular damage. Metastatic lesions potentially produce new neurological symptoms. In addition, paraneoplastic syndrome, a remote effect of malignancy on neuromuscular organs, is always considered as a differential diagnosis. Stroke and epilepsy are serious events requiring the permanent termination of ICIs treatment. Headache, dizziness, and dysgeusia were relatively common and mild treatment-related AEs. In contrast, representative immune-related AEs such as autoimmune encephalitis, demyelinating polyneuropathy, myasthenia, and myositis were serious. There was a tight association between myasthenia, myositis, and myocarditis. There are guidelines for the treatment of neuromuscular immune-mediated AEs. For all but the minimum neurological symptoms, checkpoint inhibitor therapy should be withheld until the nature of the AEs is identified. Immune-modulating medication is generally effective for neuromuscular AEs. Both CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells and autoantibodies are involved in the pathogenesis of neuromuscular AEs. Correct understanding of neuromuscular AEs is required for the best management of cancer patients.
Levitation or suspension: Which one is better for the heavy-load HTS maglev transportation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Because of the limitation of permanent magnet (PM), the efficient of bulk high-[Formula: see text] superconductor (HTSC) in a high-[Formula: see text] superconducting (HTS) maglev system is not very high. It is better to magnetize the bulk HTSC with a high trapped field to increase the force density. The different application type of magnetized bulk HTSC in a maglev system, namely, levitation or suspension type, will bring quite different operation performance. This paper discusses the influence of application type on operation performance of magnetized bulk HTSC by experiments and simulations. From the discussion, it can be found which application type is better for the heavy-load HTS maglev system.
Use of Physical Restraints in Nursing Homes: Current Practice in Singapore

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: One of the indicators of quality care in nursing homes is the proper use of physical restraints. Restraints have been associated with multiple complications, such as pressure ulcers, incontinence and immobility. The aim of our study was to assess the indication, use and complications related to physical restraints in Singapore nursing homes. Materials and Methods: All residents aged >65 years old from 3 nursing homes were included in the study. A geriatrician reviewed the medical records of all elderly residents on restraints. Nursing staff interviews were also done to assess their knowledge regarding restraint use. A brief medical record review was also done for the elderly residents without restraints. Results: Out of 390 elderly residents, 91 were on physical restraints. The mean age of these residents were 80.1 years; 67% were female, 90.1% were Chinese and 82.4% belonged to functional category IV. Both urinary and faecal incontinence were observed in 97.8% of residents. Forty-six (50.5%) residents had no documented indication for restraints. It was noted that 20 (22%) residents were restrained to prevent dislodgement of the feeding tube, 17 (18.7%) were restrained to prevent falls and 8 (8.8%) were restrained for agitation. There were documented trials of removal of restraints for only 21 (23.1%) residents. Alternative approaches, such as diversion technique, were used for 31 (34.1%) residents to avoid restraint use. Conclusion: Our study revealed a high rate of restraint use in the nursing homes. A restraint protocol should be available in every nursing home, requiring physician approval for the long-term application of physical restraints and intermittent reviews by physicians to assess the continued need for restraints.
Blended diet in enteral feeding: current guidance

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The practice of administering blended food via enteral feeding tubes has been growing in popularity in recent years. Concerns have been raised as this practice was perceived to increase risk of gastrointestinal intolerance, allergic reactions, nutritional insufficiency, tube blockages, and infection compared with using commercial enteral feed (CEF), the gold standard, as well as risk of litigation against the professional due to their support of practice that is not evidence-based. However, research has shown that the physical, social and emotional benefits from receiving blended diet may outweigh the previously suggested risks. Guidance has been updated to encourage discussions around blended diet while informing the tube-fed individuals, families and carers of potential risks, potential benefits, barriers, considerations for training, safety and contraindications.
Martian crater degradation by eolian processes: Analogy with the Rio Cuarto Crater Field, Argentina

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Numerous degraded and rimless craters occur across broad areas of the Martian surface that are mantled by thick, unconformable deposits. These regions include Arabia, Mesogaea, Electris, Tempe, the interior and surface to the northwest of Isidis Basin, southern Ismenius Lacus, and the polar layered terrains. Occurrence of the deposits and low regional thermal inertias indicate that at least some accumulated fine-grained sediment (effective particle diameters of 0.1-0.5 mm or coarse silt to medium sand) to a thickness of 100's to 1000's of meters. Most unconformable deposits experienced some eolian modification that may be recent in some locales. Despite the presence of these deposits, simple eolian deposition appears incapable of creating the numerous degraded and rimless craters occurring within their limits. Nevertheless, terrestrial analyses of the Rio Cuario craters formed into loessoid deposits demonstrates that eolian redistribution of fine-grained sediment in and around craters produces degraded morphologies that are analogous to some found in mantled regions on Mars.
Reflections on the Iudicare Limb of the Grave Breaches Regime

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article addresses the <it>iudicare</it> limb of the grave breaches regime. While the Hague formula of <it>aut dedere</it> aut iudicare must certainly be considered when construing the <it>iudicare</it> limb of the grave breaches regime, this article shows that the <it>iudicare</it> limb applicable to grave breaches is independent of other similar conceptions. Moreover, we see that there is no absolute duty to arrest, nor can there be an absolute duty to prosecute and to punish. What the <it>iudicare</it> limb in fact entails is a duty to investigate and, where so warranted, to prosecute and to convict. In some circumstances, immunities influence this obligation. There are, in addition, certain implications arising from the procedural safeguards implicit in the <it>iudicare</it> limb. Finally, this article concludes with a word of caution concerning amnesties in hybrid accountability systems, querying whether international practice might slowly come to accept a less categorical regime, as it does in the field of war crimes committed in non-international armed conflicts and crimes against humanity. This would perhaps better reflect the political complexities of the transition from armed conflict to peace.
A preliminary survey on the distribution of rare and endangered plants of Abies in China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A survey of the natural habitats and conservation status of several rare and endangered Abies species discovered in the last two decades from East,South and Southwest of China was made. Based on field investigation,it was found that these species were heavily threatened because of environmental factors and their declined survival ability. A reasonable explanation on the special distribution pattern of these species is proposed based on the literature. According to the result of affinity among these species and other species of Abies,the relationship of the ecology type and affinity was discussed.
Effect of lipoic acid on Aβ1-42-induced damage in PC12 cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To investigate the protective effects of lipoic acid on the damage induced by amyloid-β peptide1-42(Aβ1-42) in PC12 cells.Methods: PC12 cells were treated with Aβ1-42 and lipoic acid.The viability of PC12 cells was detected by MTT assay.The loss of membrane integrity and the cell lysis were measured by assaying the release of lactic dehydrogenase(LDH).The activity of caspase-3 in cells was measured by means of the cleavage of fluorogenic substrate Ac-DEVD-MCA.Results: Aβ1-42 induced apoptosis of PC12 cells and decreased cell viability.Lipoic acid improved the viability of PC12 cells,decreased LDH level in the culture media,and reduced the increase in caspase-3 activity.Conclusion: Lipoic acid can inhibit the cellular toxicity of Aβ;it may protect nerve cells.
SH0897377.09FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
The Iraq War on Al-Jazeera Websites: Did the English- and Arabic-language users experience different online coverage?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Arabic-language users experience different online coverage? Abstract / This study examined the online coverage of the Iraq War in the English-and Arabic-language Al-Jazeera websites. By content analyzing prominence of news stories, use of sources, and tone of coverage, this study tested whether Al-Jazeera news websites significantly differed in covering the conflict. Results showed a significant difference regarding the proportion of Iraqi news stories between the two websites. By and large, however, our analysis suggested no differences between the English-and Arabic-language Al-Jazeera websites. Furthermore, the reporting in both sites relied heavily on U.S. sources and Iraqi sources in covering the conflict. 2
Agreement between social problem-solving scripts of aggressive and sociable adolescents and their parents

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Agreement between social problem-solving scripts of aggressive and sociable adolescents and their parents was studied in the sample of a total of 282 subjects (94 adolescents 94 mothers, and 94 fathers). Social problem-solving scripts were assessed by describing the subjects' three stories in which a hero was pressured by his peers into criminal or immoral behavior. The subjects were subsequently asked a series of questions focusing on their problem-solving scripts and the motivation of those scripts. In addition to their own scripts the parents were asked how they thought their children are likely to think and behave. The statistical analysis used was a personality-oriented pattern approach. The results indicated extremely low if there was any congruence be tween adolescents' and their parents' social decision-making scripts. Parents' expectations were, however, in line with the peer-rated behavior of their children, i. e., aggressive children were expected to have aggressive scripts while sociable children were expected to be totally “good.” This was not true with the children's own scripts. The findings are discussed in terms of appropriate reinforcement, perceived self-efficacy, and supportive parent-child relationship. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Laser-stimulated modification of the impurity energy spectrum of gallium selenide intercalated with cobalt

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of laser radiation on the impurity energy spectrum of intercalated structures is studied by the example of 〈Co〉0.015GaSe. By the variations in frequency dependences of resistivity measured normally to the layers of the obtained structure and by the transformation of the Nyquist diagrams consisting of two connected in series parallel R ‖ C units, a conclusion is made on the laser-stimulated compensation of the intercalant. The obtained values of the real part of permittivity are characteristic of doped semiconductors or their alloys in the radio-frequency range. The experimental results showed that the pulsed laser irradiation is an effective method to affect the energy impurity spectrum of intercalated compounds.
Upstream R&D Competition and Cooperation in a Two-Tier Supply Chain

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper derives a two-tier supply chain model with many firms in each tier. The upstream firms engage in cost-reducing R&D activities. Under the case of R&D competition, the paper discusses how the changes in R&D spillover, R&D efficiency and the numbers of the manufacturers and the suppliers affect the R&D expenditures, the quantities and the profits. Then, R&D cooperation is considered. And what effects arise with the changes in the R&D spillover and the degree of cooperation are studied.
CRP Present within Colorectal Cancer Cells is Taken Up from the Circulation and not Produced by the Tumour; Evidence of a Complex Relationship Between Host and Tumour

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AIM: Preoperative raised serum CRP (sCRP) is now widely accepted as being an independent predictor of poor survival. Although CRP is known to made by the liver, whether the tumour is a site of CRP production remains unknown. The aim if this study was to determine, in colorectal cancer, if the tumour or liver is responsible for CRP production and what is the relationship between tumoural CRP and survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To establish if the tumour produces CRP, reverse transcriptase PCR for CRP mRNA expression was performed on 30 malignant colorectal specimens, 19 non-malignant colorectal specimens from the resection margin and 30 healthy liver specimens from patients with no radiological evidence of liver metastasis. Tumour protein expression of CRP was assessed in a cohort of 147 parraffin embedded colorectal tumours. RESULTS: This study demonstrates that colorectal tumours are not a site of CRP production. Tumours do however, express CRP and high cytoplasmic CRP was associated with necrosis (P=0.028) and high nuclear CRP was associated with increasing T-stage (P=0.022). Tumoural CRP was not associated with disease free or cancer-specific survival. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that despite colorectal tumours expressing CRP, there is no evidence of CRP production at this site. Understanding the mechanism whereby CRP enters the cancer cells may offer a novel therapeutic target for patients presenting with a systemic inflammatory response.
Korean heritage children's language use and maintenance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines Korean migrant children’s language use and maintenance as well as whether “Hallyu” or Korean Wave, a vigorous socio-cultural phenomena in Asia and beyond, has impacted on the maintenance of language and cultural practices, and how if it has. Specifically Shin’s survey study investigates whether and to what extent Korean migrant children have maintained their first language (L1), and in what ways the Korean community, as individuals and as a corporate group, has attempted to maintain its L1; to what extent the community resources to that end have been utilised. He finds that Korean children has an integrative inclination towards the maintenance of their family’s L1, but their integrative orientation is limited to certain specific circumstances (parents and adults in particular) and interprets such a trend might be natural in that it reflects the children’s separate identity as Korean-Australian within the wider Australian society. Shin argues that to maintain the language and its cultural identity in the multilingual community, however, children need to be encouraged to use Korean more and participate in community functions more often for such motivation.
Causes and Effects of Social Media Engagement in Luxury Fashion Marketing: A Comparative Study Over the COVID Pandemic

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper examines cross-country heterogeneities and over-time changes of the role of social media marketing (SMM) in the luxury fashion industry. A comprehensive literature review is conducted on customer value, purchase intention, and engagement motivation to understand the causes and effects of SMM. Based on the survey data in China and the United Kingdom, probit and oprobit regressions are employed to estimate the models of SMM. Results show that affectional and cognitive motives are the two primary drivers of SMM engagement in both countries. Chinese customers are more susceptible to SMM than their British counterparts, suggesting significant potential benefits of developing SMM strategies in China. Over time, SMM has become an irreversible trend of luxury brand management after the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Identified heterogeneities and changes call for differentiated international marketing strategies in different countries at different times.
Preparation and Characterization of Sulfonated Polyphenylquinoxalines

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Poly(phenylquinoxaline)s.(PPQs) are a family of aromatic condensation polymers known for their outstanding thermal and chemical stability. The pendant phenyl groups and chains isomerism improve the solubility and processing characteristics of these polymers. PPQs have also been shown to possess excellent thermo-oxidative stability and thermohydrolytic stability. This stability makes these polymers candidates for development as proton exchange membranes (PEMs) to be used in fuel cells. In addition to thermohydrolytic stability, PEMs require high protonic conductivity and, in order to achieve this they also require high water uptake. Aromatic condensation polymers do not possess these properties, but ionomers derived from them may. The usual method to derivatiziting these polymers is through sulfonation. In the frames of the present investigation we have carried out sulfonation of two PPQs using an H 2 SO 4 —oleum mixture (4 : 1) as sulfonating agent at 125 3 C. As a quinoxaline ring is readily formed in acidic medium synthesis of sulfonated PPQs (SPPQs) was also carried out directly from monomers using an H 2 SO 4 —oleum mixture as solvent, catalyst and as sulfonating agent. Depending on the conditions of the reaction (temperature, duration, and the ratio of components in a sulfonating mixture) the polymers containing 0.2—6.7% S were prepared. SPPQs are soluble in polar organic solvents1 from the solutions of SPPQs high strength films ( 3 = 80—100 MPa) were cast. On the basis of sulfonated PPQs new cation-exchange membranes were prepared and investigated. Among the cation-exchange membranes developed those of the greatest interest are proton-exchanging membranes for fuel cells. Proton conductivity of the membranes prepared strongly depends on relative humidity and comparable with the conductivity of Nafion 117.
Folic acid and neural tube defect: can't we come to closure?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a series of nonrandomized and randomized intervention trials and case-control and cohort studies, women using multivitamins or folic acid supplements during the first 6 weeks of pregnancy experienced a three- to fourfold reduction in neural tube defects among their offspring. Viewed collectively, these data provide strong evidence that an important subset of US women do not receive sufficient folic acid to minimize their risk of a defective pregnancy. Further, the amounts of folic acid contained in multivitamins (usually 200-400 micrograms per day) appear adequate to greatly reduce, and probably eliminate, the excess risk.
Utilization of Web-Based Madrasah E-Learning For Economic Subject Learning Media

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Student learning outcomes remain an important aspect that serves as a standard for the success of learning in schools. Therefore, it is important to understand student learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to determine the utilization of Madrasah e-learning as a learning media for the economics subject at the State Islamic Senior High School in Demak and to determine the effectiveness of the utilization of Madrasah e-learning in improving student learning outcomes. This research was a quantitative descriptive study. The population in this study consisted of 403 students from the twelfth grade of State Islamic Senior High School of Demak. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The data processed in the study used primary data obtained from observations, questionnaires, and learning outcome data distributed directly to Grade XII students of State Islamic Senior High School of Demak. The data analysis method used was descriptive analysis and the difference test between the experimental class and the control class using the Mann-Whitney U statistical test. The results of this study indicate that madrasah e-learning has been proven effective in increasing student learning outcomes, with the percentage of improvement in the experimental class being higher than that of the control class. Learning through web-based media is more effective in increasing student learning outcomes. A suggestion for future research is to examine the differences in the use of madrasah e-learning between young and senior teachers.
Analysis and Computational Schemes for p-Median Heuristics

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper is concerned with solution procedures for the p-median problem: the well-established heuristic of Teitz and Bart, and the GRIA (Global/Regional Interchange Algorithm) technique developed more recently by Densham and Rushton. A computational scheme is presented which facilitates efficient implementations in both cases. The mathematical basis for the computational scheme is explained concisely by means of set-theory notation, and implementation of the Teitz—Bart heuristic is discussed with particular reference to search and storage considerations in large networks and in trees. In addition, it is shown that the two procedures in general do not terminate at solutions of equivalent local optimality.