jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Multi-Enzymatic Cascade One-Pot Biosynthesis of 3′-Sialyllactose Using Engineered Escherichia coli

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Among the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), one of the most abundant oligosaccharides and has great benefits for human health is 3′-sialyllactose (3′-SL). Given its important physiological functions and the lack of cost-effective production processes, we constructed an in vitro multi-enzymatic cofactor recycling system for the biosynthesis of 3′-SL from a low-cost substrate. First, we constructed the biosynthetic pathway and increased the solubility of cytidine monophosphate kinase (CMK) with chaperones. We subsequently identified that β-galactosidase (lacZ) affects the yield of 3′-SL, and hence with the lacZ gene knocked out, a 3.3-fold increase in the production of 3′-SL was observed. Further, temperature, pH, polyphosphate concentration, and concentration of divalent metal ions for 3′-SL production were optimized. Finally, an efficient biotransformation system was established under the optimized conditions. The maximum production of 3′-SL reached 38.7 mM, and a molar yield of 97.1% from N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc, sialic acid, SA) was obtained. The results demonstrate that the multi-enzymatic cascade biosynthetic pathway with cofactor regeneration holds promise as an industrial strategy for producing 3′-SL.
Effectiveness of Water Jelly Ingestion for Both Rehabilitation and Prevention of Aspiration Pneumonia in Elderly Patients With Moderate to Severe Dysphagia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Aims: We evaluated the effectiveness of water jelly ingestion for both rehabilitation and the prevention of aspiration pneumonia in a retrospective analysis of elderly patients with moderate to severe dysphagia. Patients and Methods: Study 1: consecutive patients with borderline ingestion in an endoscopic swallowing evaluation were enrolled (n=36, 18 men and 18 women: mean age 82±9 y) and categorized into a group with water jelly (50 to 100 mL) ingestion training 3×/day or an untrained control group. Their food intake levels were then compared using a Food Intake Level Scale. Study 2: consecutive patients who were hospitalized because of aspiration pneumonia were enrolled (n=64, 35 men and 29 women: mean age 81±9 y) and categorized into a group with cyclic ingestion of water jelly immediately after each meal or a control group. The incidence of aspiration pneumonia that was newly developed during hospitalization was compared between the groups. Results: In study 1, 36 patients with a Hyodo-Komagane score of 8 were enrolled. Three of the 12 (25%) patients who underwent water jelly ingestion training were able to eat a pureed diet (level 5, 2 patients; level 6, 1 patient) while none of the 24 patients (0%) who did not undergo this training were able to eat any form of diet (levels 5 and 6, no patients) ( P =0.011). In study 2, 64 patients were enrolled. No newly developed aspiration pneumonia was observed in the 34 patients (0%) who received cyclic water jelly ingestion, whereas 17% (5/30) of patients not receiving water jelly after meals newly developed aspiration pneumonia during hospitalization ( P =0.031). Conclusions: Water jelly ingestion was effective for both rehabilitation and the prevention of aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients with moderate to severe dysphagia.
Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase polarity in retinal photoreceptors: a role for cytoskeletal attachments.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We have used isolated embryonic photoreceptor cells as a model system with which to examine the mechanisms responsible for the development and maintenance of asymmetric Na+,K+-ATPase (ATPase) distribution. Photoreceptor precursors, which appear round and process free at culture onset, develop structural and molecular properties similar to those of photoreceptor cells in vivo. ATPase, recognized by an anti-ATPase antibody, is distributed over the entire surface of round photoreceptor precursors. As the cells develop, ATPase becomes progressively concentrated in the inner segment (where it is found in cells of the intact retina). This phenomenon occurs in cells developing in the absence of intercellular contacts. The development of ATPase polarity correlates with a decrease in the fraction of ATPase molecules that are mobile in the membrane (as determined by fluorescence photobleaching recovery), as well as with an increase in the fraction of ATPase that remains associated with the cells after detergent extraction. The magnitudes of the mobile ATPase fractions agree well with those of the detergent-extractable fractions in both the immature and developed photoreceptors. The distribution of alpha spectrin and ATPase-immunoreactive materials appeared qualitatively similar, and quantitative image analysis showed similar gradients of spectrin and Na+,K+-ATPase immunofluorescence along the long axis of elongated photoreceptors. Moreover, detergent extractability of alpha spectrin and the ATPase showed similar modifications in response to changes in pH or KCl concentration. ATPase detergent-extractable and mobile fractions were not changed in cultures treated with cytoskeletal inhibitors such as nocodazole. These data are consistent with a role for an asymmetrically distributed, spectrin-containing subcortical cytoskeleton in the preferential accumulation of Na+,K+-ATPase in the photoreceptor inner segment.
Asserting the Doctrine of Discovery in Aotearoa New Zealand: 1840–1960s

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter focuses on the assertion of the Doctrine of Discovery in Aotearoa/New Zealand. First discovered by Maori, Aotearoa/New Zealand had been their home for hundreds of years before the British began to visit and eventually claim sovereignty of the lands via a treaty of cession that was steeped in a Discovery mindset. The chapter discusses the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 and traverses the early case law.
Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Attitudes of Students Towards Entrepreneurship

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Entrepreneurship has become an international interest of students. The economic and social relevance of entrepreneurship is established across the world and many offerings are available by the universities. This has resulted into an increased focus of university teachers on entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial activities. The purpose of this paper is to study and evaluate the impact of entrepreneurship education on attitude of students to become an entrepreneur. Relationship between the education and student in development of entrepreneurial attitude is proposed.Review of the literature also shows the importance of entrepreneurship education in development of entrepreneurial attitude. This study was carried out in universities of Pakistan and data was collected from 10 different universities in which entrepreneurship is available as a course or discipline. Sample of 329 students was collected and statistical tests were used to evaluate the relationship. It is found that a strong relationship and positive correlation exist between attitude towards entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship education.
Case Investigation Form from Contact tracing performance during the Ebola virus disease outbreak in Kenema district, Sierra Leone

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Contact tracing in an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak is the process of identifying individuals who may have been exposed to infected persons with the virus, followed by monitoring for 21 days (the maximum incubation period) from the date of the most recent exposure. The goal is to achieve early detection and isolation of any new cases in order to prevent further transmission. We performed a retrospective data analysis of 261 probable and confirmed EVD cases in the national EVD database and 2525 contacts in the contact line lists in Kenema district, Sierra Leone between 27 April and 4 September 2014 to assess the performance of contact tracing during the initial stage of the outbreak. The completion rate of the 21-day monitoring period was 89% among the 2525 contacts. However, only 44% of the EVD cases had contacts registered in the contact line list, and 6% of probable or confirmed cases had previously been identified as contacts. Touching the body fluids of the case and having direct physical contact with the body of the case conferred a 9- and 20-fold increased risk of EVD status, respectively. Our findings indicate that incompleteness of contact tracing led to considerable unmonitored transmission in the early months of the epidemic. To improve the performance of early outbreak contact tracing in resource poor settings, our results suggest the need for prioritized contact tracing after careful risk assessment and better alignment of contact line listing with case ascertainment and investigation.This article is part of the themed issue ‘The 2013–2016 West African Ebola epidemic: data, decision-making and disease control’.
Membrane-Type 5 Matrix Metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP): Background and Proposed Roles in Normal Physiology and Disease

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family includes several membrane-bound enzymes. Membrane-type 5 matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP) is unique amongst the MMP family in being primarily expressed in the brain and during development. It is proposed to contribute to synaptic plasticity and is implicated in several pathologies, including multiple cancers and Alzheimer’s disease. In cancer, MT5-MMP expression has been correlated to cancer progression, but a distinct mechanistic role has yet to be uncovered. In Alzheimer’s disease, MT5-MMP exhibits pro-amyloidogenic activity, functioning as an η-secretase that cleaves amyloid precursor protein (APP), ultimately generating two synaptotoxic fragments, Aη-α and Aη-β. Several intracellular binding partners for MT5-MMP have been identified, and of these, N4BP2L1, EIG121, BIN1, or TMX3 binding to MT5-MMP results in a significant increase in MT5-MMP η-secretase activity. Beyond direct effects on APP, MT5-MMP may also facilitate APP trafficking to endosomal/lysosomal compartments and enhance proinflammatory responses. Overall, the substrate profile of MT5-MMP has not been well defined, and selective inhibitors of MT5-MMP have not been described. These advances will be needed for further consideration of MT5-MMP as a therapeutic target in Alzheimer’s disease and other pathologies.
Anxieties over Resources in Sixteenth-Century Jingdezhen

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on the question of resources. Who owned the wood required for firing the kilns, and who could set the price of that wood? Who had access to the equipment and tools that furnished the various workshops, and who controlled the expensive pigments required in the production of fine ceramics? Questions over ownership and price, access and control arose in all of the stages of the production process. For the representatives of the imperial administration, i.e. the officials who were posted in the local county capital, Fuliang, and had supervisory responsibilities over the production of the porcelains that would go on to make up the imperial tribute, there was most at stake. For these administrators, the fluidity that characterised the movement of resources amounted to a loss of control over the costs of production and thereby over the goods they needed to supply. The flows of natural resources brought about the desire of the administrators to stem those flows and assert their control over them, but ultimately, their control was entirely elusive.
Detection of Pathological Functional Connectome in Brains with Low-grade Gliomas Using Graph Convolutional Network

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Motivation: Alterations in the functional connectome may serve as new biomarkers to infer the disease profile of glioma. Goal(s): To detect the pathological functional connectome (Patho-FCN) that characterizes the functional plasticity due to low grade glioma. Approach: Dynamic functional connectivity-based graph convolutional network (dFC-GCN) models were constructed to distinguish patients from healthy controls. Class activation mapping was utilized to identify the top 5% salient nodes constituting the Patho-FCN, where the information flow was assessed using the time-delay and probabilistic flow estimation. Results: The dFC-GCN model identified a contralesional Patho-FCN with altered information propagation patterns, and achieved an averaged classification accuracy of 96.1%. Impact: The pathological functional connectome detected with the proposed methodology in this study provides a novel biomarker to characterize cerebral glioma. Theranostic scheme targeting pathological connectome may innovate the management of glioma.
REVIEW Asthma Control: The Right Inhaler for the Right Patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Inhaled therapy is the cornerstone of asthma management in that it optimizes the delivery of the medication to the site of action. The effectiveness of inhaled therapy is affected by the correct choice of the device and proper inhalation technique. In fact, this influences the drug delivery and distribution along the bronchial tree, including the most peripheral airways. In this context, accumulating evidence supports the contribution of small airways in asthma, and these have become an important target of treatment. In reality, the ‘‘ideal inhaler’ ’ does not exist, and not all inhalers are the same. Advances in technology has highlighted these differences, and have led to the design of new devices and the development of formulations characterized by extrafine particles that facilitate the distribution and deposition of the drug particles along the respiratory tract. In addition, efforts have been made to implement adherence to chronic treatment, which translates into clinical benefit. Taken together, the optimal control of asthma depends on the drug that is selected, the device that is employed and the removal of factors that reduce patient’s adherence to therapy.
Correction: Synthesis and properties of push–pull porphyrins as sensitizers for NiO based dye-sensitized solar cells

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Correction for ‘Synthesis and properties of push–pull porphyrins as sensitizers for NiO based dye-sensitized solar cells’ by Antoine Maufroy et al., J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 3908–3917.
Expression Profiling and Bioinformatic Analyses of a Novel Stress-Regulated Multispanning Transmembrane Protein Family from Cereals and Arabidopsis,

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Cold acclimation is a multigenic trait that allows hardy plants to develop efficient tolerance mechanisms needed for winter survival. To determine the genetic nature of these mechanisms, several cold-responsive genes of unknown function were identified from cold-acclimated wheat (Triticum aestivum). To identify the putative functions and structural features of these new genes, integrated genomic approaches of data mining, expression profiling, and bioinformatic predictions were used. The analyses revealed that one of these genes is a member of a small family that encodes two distinct groups of multispanning transmembrane proteins. The cold-regulated (COR)413-plasma membrane and COR413-thylakoid membrane groups are potentially targeted to the plasma membrane and thylakoid membrane, respectively. Further sequence analysis of the two groups from different plant species revealed the presence of a highly conserved phosphorylation site and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchoring site at the C-terminal end. No homologous sequences were found in other organisms suggesting that this family is specific to the plant kingdom. Intraspecies and interspecies comparative gene expression profiling shows that the expression of this gene family is correlated with the development of freezing tolerance in cereals and Arabidopsis. In addition, several members of the family are regulated by water stress, light, and abscisic acid. Structure predictions and comparative genome analyses allow us to propose that the cor413 genes encode putative G-protein-coupled receptors.
Comparative analysis of consumer attitudes in Croatia and Serbia according to domestic and foreign brands

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Brand management is an effective tool in today's market conditions. In some markets there are numerous brands that can be seen as domestic and foreign. Domestic brands are a broad category and they can represent brands which own domestic products, thus representing brands that are present on some part of the national market, or they may be national brands that are present throughout the entire national market. Successful brand management implies a necessary focus on the appropriate market segment of the consumer and that the brand has an appropriate exchange value (viewed through the functional, emotional and symbolic component of that value). The assumption of seeing what value brands have and what value consumers demand refers to the perception of consumer attitudes about it. This paper examines consumer attitudes by looking at brands through two generic groups (domestic and foreign brands) as well as covering two markets (Croatia and Serbia). Primary research which has been carried out on a sample of 555 consumers (n = 291 in Croatia, n = 264 in Serbia) shows that there are numerous similarities as well as some differences regarding consumer attitudes about domestic and foreign brands.
Elementary school teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning mathematics : selected case studies in Taiwan.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Mathematics curriculum innovation has been launched in Taiwan recently in order to reflect the changing needs of the 21st century. The underlying assumptions of reform are: a learner-centered approach, emphasis on confluent education, and a problem-solving & reasoning approach. Research has revealed that teachers' beliefs can negatively interact with curriculum reform. On the other hand, some studies document that beliefs have little effect on instructional behavior. Therefore, this study attempts to investigate three questions: (1) what are the teachers' beliefs about the teaching and learning of mathematics in Taiwanese elementary schools and in what ways are teachers' beliefs congruent with the ongoing trend of reform; (2) what is the general picture of teachers' mathematical instructional practices in Taiwanese elementary schools and in what ways are these instructional practices congruent with the ongoing trend of reform; and (3) what is the relationship between teachers' beliefs and their instructional practices? Basically, this study combines qualitative and quantitative methods in collecting and analyzing data. That is, teacher interviews and questionnaires were administered in order to understand teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning mathematics while observational checklists and naturalistic field observations were used to portray instructional behavior. The major findings of this study are: (1) Elementary school teachers' beliefs tend to hold with the traditional absorption learning theory and seem incongruent with the undergoing curriculum reform. (2) The instructional practices tend to reflect a traditional teacher-centered classroom and also seem incongruent with the launched reform. (3) Teachers' beliefs about teaching and learning play a vital role in shaping their instructional behavior; the situational constraints merely play a minor role. In light of the above findings, some implications such as teacher education were drawn to broaden teachers' beliefs.
Foreign Language Anxiety in Taiwanese Student Interpreters

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although anxiety has been found to be a key variable in both interpretation performance and second language (L2) acquisition, there has been virtually no dialogue between these two fields. In order to bridge this gap, this study investigated Taiwanese undergraduate student interpreters’ foreign language (FL) anxiety using Horwitz, Horwitz et al. ’s (1986) Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale . Results showed that (1) Taiwanese student interpreters did have FL anxiety despite the language facility expected from them; (2) the scope of their FL anxiety was slightly less prevalent than regular Asian L2 learners, as widespread as American L2 learners, and more far-reaching than European L2 learners; and (3) the level of their FL anxiety was slightly less severe than in most of the university students from several cultural groups with various L2s, except for American college students of Arabic and Russian. Implications for pedagogy and future research are suggested.
Spray deposited thin uniform NiO/Spiro-OMeTAD composite hole transport layer with top carbon nanotube electrode

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Thin Spiro-OMeTAD and NiO nanoparticles layers, as well as their composite layer was formed by layer-by-layer spray deposition as hole-transport layer (HTL), with followed carbon nanotubes (CNT) deposition to form Ti/TiO 2 /HTL/CNT structures. Layers’ uniformity was estimated by Raman intensity maps, AFM and current-voltage characteristics of the CNT layer and between CNT and Ti contacts. The possibility of formation of thin, less than 100 nm, pinhole-free uniform composite NiO/Spiro-OMeTAD layer by spray-deposition was shown, which manifests itself as continuous HTL even after top CNT layer deposition.
Baseline Psychological Treatment Reduces the Effect of Coaching in a Randomised Trial of a Depression Self-Care Intervention

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To explore the effects of baseline psychological and antidepressant medication treatment in a trial of lay telephone coaching in a low-intensity, supported depression self-care intervention. Method: A single blind, individually randomised, pragmatic trial was conducted among primary care adults with chronic physical conditions and comorbid depressive symptoms. Eligible subjects were randomised to receive a depression self-care toolkit with (intervention group) or without (control group) telephone coaching provided by trained lay coaches. For this brief communication, a secondary analysis of the trial data focused on the effects of baseline psychological and antidepressant treatments on mental health outcomes (Patient Health Questionnaire 9 [PHQ-9], SF-12 Mental Component Summary [MCS], Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 [GAD-7]) and satisfaction with the intervention. Results: In total, 223 patients were randomised, and 165 (74.0%) completed both 3- and 6-month follow-ups. There were 2 significant interactions of baseline treatment and study group for 6-month mental health outcomes. A significant benefit of coaching on 6-month PHQ-9 was seen only among participants who were not receiving baseline psychological treatment. A smaller interaction was found for baseline antidepressant medications and 6-month mental health. There was a significant main effect for baseline psychological treatment and lower 6-month satisfaction. Conclusions: Depressed patients receiving baseline psychological treatment may not benefit from lay coaching offered as part of a low-intensity depression self-care intervention.