jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bet‐hedging and best‐bet strategies shape seed dormancy

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Seed dormancy (i.e. delayed germination even when conditions arefavourable) is a key plant characteristic that occurs among manyspecies worldwide. But, what selective pressures led to seeddormancy? A recent study provides a major analysis of the factorsdriving this trait at the global scale (Zhanget al.,2022). Usingc.12 000 species and 10 million records across the globe, theyconclude that dormancy is a strategy for plants living under‘seasonal/unpredictable’ environments; and suggest that bet-hedg-ing could be the major mechanism behind the pattern. To reachtheir conclusions the authors relate the proportion of species withdormant seeds in a grid-cell global map against climate variablesrelated to annual precipitation, temperature and seasonality. Thenthey showed that the most significant variables were those related toclimate seasonality that they equate with unpredictable climates(although seasonal climates usually are highly predictable in theirseasonal cycles).
Calibrating the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide Rutting Models using Accelerated Pavement Testing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a new method for the local calibration of the rutting models in the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) for Indiana’s pavements using accelerated pavement testing (APT). The study focused on the verification, calibration, and validation of the rutting models in the MEPDG using both field and APT sections. In this study, a new calibration methodology was developed that uses layer rutting distribution. Also, a procedure was developed to provide the most realistic simulations of APT conditions (climate, traffic, and aging) using virtual weather station data generation, a special traffic configuration, and falling weight deflectometer evaluation. The primary benefits of APT are that it uses test sections with high distress levels and low measurement errors and it provides findings about the contributions of each layer to the total rut depth (i.e., pavement surface rutting). The accuracy of the MEPDG’s rutting prediction models was improved significantly following implementation of the new calibration process. The sum of squared errors (SSE) was reduced by 73% and the standard error of estimates was reduced by 38%. No significant differences were found between the predicted and measured asphalt layer, subgrade, and total rut depths at the 95% confidence level. When compared with the conventional calibration method, which uses the total rut depth without knowing the rut depth of each layer, the proposed method provides more reliable predictions for both asphalt mixture and subgrade rutting, most especially for the latter. The bias and SSE of the predicted subgrade rutting were improved by 46% and 62%, respectively.
Race Differences in the Association Between Sleep Medication Use and Risk of Dementia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The effect of sleep medications on cognition in older adults is controversial, possibly dependent upon sleep quality, and may differ by race. Objective: To determine the longitudinal association between sleep medication use and incident dementia over 15 years, and to explore whether the association is independent of nighttime sleep disturbances and if it differs by race. Methods: We examined 3,068 community-dwelling older adults (aged 74.1±2.9 years, 41.7% Black, 51.5% female) without dementia. Sleep medication use was recorded three times by asking “Do you take sleeping pills or other medications to help you sleep?” with the response options: “Never (0)”, “Rarely (≤1/month)”, “Sometimes (2–4/month)”, “Often (5–15/month)”, or “Almost Always (16–30/month)”. Incident dementia was defined using hospitalization records, dementia medication prescription or clinically significant decline in global cognition. Results: 138 (7.71%) of Whites and 34 (2.66%) of Blacks reported taking sleep medications “often or almost always”. Whites were almost twice as likely to take all prescription hypnotics. 617 participants developed dementia over the follow-up. After adjustment for all covariates, participants who reported taking sleep medications ≥ 5/month versus ≤1/month were significantly more likely to develop dementia, and the association was only observed among Whites (HR = 1.79,1.21–2.66) but not Blacks (HR = 0.84,0.38–1.83); p for interaction = 0.048. Further adjustment for nighttime sleep did not appreciably alter the results. The association was similar for the cumulative frequency of sleep medication use and remained after introducing a time lag of 3 years. Conclusion: Frequent sleep medication use was associated with an increased risk of dementia in White older adults. Further research is needed to determine underlying mechanisms.
Consumer Valuation of Organic and Conventional Milk: Does Shelf Life Matter?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The objective of this study is to assess whether shelf life, as indicated by the processor “sell by” date, influences product attractiveness, willingness to purchase and willingness to pay for organic and conventional milk—controlling for the effect of the milk production system. A completely randomized factorial between-subject design is combined with GLM-based ANOVA to assess mean differences for production systems and shelf life values. Experimental results indicate that consumers value the production system. However, consumers also indicated that they value the length of shelf life only after being prompted. Assessment of this attribute provides information relevant to product development and in-store marketing practices, although additional study of this issue appears merited.
Effect of Substituents on Electronic Structure and Photophysical Properties of Re(I)(CO)&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Cl(R-2, 2’-Bipyridine) Complex: DFT/TDDFT Study

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The electronic structure, absorption and emission spectra, as well as phosphorescence efficiency of Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes of a general formula fac-[Re(I)(CO)3(L)(R-N^N)](L = Cl; N^N = 2, 2'-bipyridine; R = -H, 1; -NO2, 2; -PhNO2, 3; -NH2, 4; -TPA (triphenylamine), 5) were investigated by using density functional theory(DFT) and time dependents density functional theory (TDDFT) methods. The calculated results reveal that introductions of the Electron with drawing group (EWG) and Electron donating group (EDG) on the R position of 2, 2'-bipyridine ligand. When EWG (-NO2 and -PhNO2) are introduced into complex 2 and 3, the lowest energy absorption and emission bands are red shifted compared with that of complex 1. On the contrary, the introduction of the EDG (-NH2 and -TPA) in complex 4 and 5 cause corresponding blue shifted. The solvent effect on absorption and emission spectrum indicates that the lowest energy absorption and emission bands have red shifts with the decrease of solvent polarity. The electronic affinity (EA), ionization potential (IP) and reorganization energy (λ) results show that complex 5 is suitable to be used as an emitter in phosphorescence organic light emitting diodes (PHOLEDs). Meanwhile the emission quantum yield of complex 5 is possibly higher than that of other complexes.
Generalized Entropy Theory of Glass Formation in Polymer Melts with Specific Interactions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Chemical structure has been long recognized to greatly influence polymer\nglass formation, but a general molecular theory that predicts how chemical\nstructure determines the properties of glass-forming polymers has been slow to\ndevelop. While the generalized entropy theory (GET) explains the influence of\nvarious molecular details on polymer glass formation, the application of the\nGET has heretofore been limited to the use of the simplest polymer model in\nwhich all united atom groups within the monomers of a species interact with a\ncommon monomer averaged van der Waals energy. However, energetic\nheterogeneities are ubiquitous within the monomers of real polymers, and their\nimplications for polymer glass formation remain to be investigated\ntheoretically. This paper uses an extension of the GET to explore the influence\nof energetic heterogeneities within monomers upon the nature of polymer glass\nformation. The present paper focuses on establishing general trends for the\nvariation of characteristic properties of glass formation, such as the isobaric\nfragility parameter $m_P$ and the glass transition temperature $T_g$, with\nmolecular details, such as the specific interactions and chain stiffness. Our\ncomputations confirm that the previously used model with monomer averaged\ninteractions correctly captures general trends in the variation of $m_P$ and\n$T_g$ with various molecular parameters. More importantly, adjustment of the\nenergetic heterogeneities within monomers alone are shown to provide an\nefficient mechanism for tailoring the properties of glass-forming polymers. The\nvariations of polymer properties along iso-fragility and iso-$T_g$ lines are\nillustrated as important design tools for exhibiting the combined influence of\nspecific interactions and chain stiffness.\n
The Performing Art of Concertmaster: The Methodological Principles for Ensemble Pianist Training

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The aim of this article is to identify the basic methodological principles of professional concertmaster’s activities. The article examines a number of publications spanning the consideration of this subject in methodological and applied perspective. The author reveals main stages of the work of concertmaster — a fully-fledged ensemble artist. This differentiates them from accompanists, who perform the function of harmonic support for the soloist (soloists). With this approach, the concertmaster should possess all the quality characteristics of a professional musician, having developed the ear for tone and texture, possessing the competence in editing the musical text, being able to navigate instantly in emergency situations on stage. An important role is played by the ability of the concertmaster to find the general conception of the composition’s interpretation, without which it does not seem possible to form the complete artistic image.
Brief Therapy ASSIP Influences Coping Among Patients with a History of Attempted Suicide

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ObjectiveThe development of individual coping strategies for suicidal crises is essential. But the association between risk reduction after a brief intervention and the effect on coping strategies are largely unknown. This study aims to investigate the influence of the brief therapy ASSIP (Attempted Suicide Short Intervention Program) on the development of new, personalized coping strategies.MethodIn a 24-months follow-up randomized controlled study, 120 patients (55% female; mean age of 36) with a history of suicide attempts were randomly allocated to the intervention group ASSIP or to a control group. Subjects completed the Brief COPE Inventory at baseline and every six-months for two years. ResultsWe found a 10% reduction in dysfunctional coping in the ASSIP group (W = 1316, p = 0.011), and a 6.3% increase in problem-focused coping (W = 2217, p = 0.029) compared to the control group at 24-months follow-up. A significant interaction regarding dysfunctional coping (F4, 472 = 1.52, p = 0.049), with the largest effects in self-distraction (F4, 472 = 2.88, p = 0.022), and self-blame (F4, 472 = 2.60, p = 0.036). In the ASSIP group, active coping and substance use were associated with a reduction in BSS scores. Whereas in the control group, behavioral disengagement and positive reframe were positively related to suicidal ideation.Conclusion:These results indicate that ASSIP influences individual coping behavior. Although the adoption of new coping strategies for future suicidal crises is important, the reduction in dysfunctional coping may be a necessary supplement.
THE EFFECT OF ONLINE COUNSELING USING PUZZLE AND POSTER MEDIA ON DENTAL CARRIES KNOWLEDGE

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Dental and oral health is an integral part of overall health that can affect a person's quality of life so that it becomes a very important concern in Indonesia's health development, especially in elementary school-aged children. One way to increase children's knowledge is through online counseling using puzzles and posters. Research objective: to determine the effect of online counseling using puzzle media and posters on dental caries knowledge in students of Naikoten State Elementary School, Kupang City. The research design used a Quasi Experiment with a nonequivalent control group research design. Sampling was saturated sampling. The research instrument used a questionnaire and the analysis used SPSS with the Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney tests. The results of the study: there is an influence between the level of knowledge of students who are given counseling using puzzle media is greater than poster media. This is evidenced by the results of the Mann-Whitney test, which obtained a p-value of 0.001 <0.05. From the results of the above study it was concluded that there was an effect before and after online counseling using pulzze media and posters.
Prevalence of Breastfeeding Practices Among Cuban Women in 2014

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Breastfeeding is the first measurement of nutrition and food security and considered to be a key element of infant health. The benefits of breastfeeding on the infant and maternal health are well documented in the literature. In Cuba the most recent survey was developed in 2014 and provides a document on indicators for assessing infant and young child feeding programs and strategies. Objective: To analyze the breastfeeding practices and associated factors among mothers of children less than 24 months in rural and urban areas of Cuba. Methods: A complex, stratified, multi-stage cluster sampling design was used. The questionnaire was administered to the mothers by trained personnel of different statistic division in the country and collected information on the general characteristics of the household, men and women between 15 to 49 years and children below five years. Information related to initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding for up to six months, and continuation of breastfeeding until 24 months of age, among others were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the outcome variables and other variables of interest using the SPSS package version 21. Results: Most respondent have between 20-24 years age. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 33,2% with a limit of confidence 95% between de 18-48, from 0 to 1 monththe prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding shows 93,3% but from 2 to 3 months this dropped sharply to 28,7%. Data from this survey suggest that the biggest percent of mother who initiated breastfeeding within one hour of birth corresponded with the secondary level of education (59,4%) while the biggest percent of mother who initiated breastfeeding in the first day after delivery was in correspondence with the university level. Conclusion: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding until 6 months of age in Cuba continues to be suboptimal, this findings indicate that is necessary to support breastfeeding and increases promotional activities.
EFFECT OF INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT ON THE PARAMETERS OF TASAR SILK COCOON PRODUCTION ON ASAN PLANTATION

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment was carried out at Central Tasar Research & Training Institute, Nagri, Ranchi.To study the effect of integrated nutrient management (INM) on Cocoon parameters.The treatments consist of different levels of nutrient management in an integrated manner with either organic manure or biofertilizer or a combined manner imposed with three replications in RBD design.The results revealed a significant effect shown on the various cocoon parameters.A higher Single cocoon weight (19.604 g), Shell weight (2.854 g ), Shell ratio (15.45%),Silk filament length (1248.15 ) and Denier (10.82 )were observed as compared to control.
Measuring Nursing Sensitive Outcomes in Patient with Acute Myocardial Infarction: Tool Development and Validation

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Context: The outcomes movement is a young science, improving care by determining the outcomes of nursing interventions will give scientific validity to strategies that are used by nursing in a variety of venues. Cardiovascular nurses contribute significantly to health outcomes and frequently assume responsibility for the clinical and organizational processes to ensure positive outcomes for patients and families Aims: The aims of this study were to identify nursing-sensitive outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction, to develop a tool to measure nursing-sensitive outcomes of caring patients with myocardial infarction, and to evaluate the content, face validity, reliability and nursing sensitivity of 46 nursing sensitive-outcomes concerning bio-psycho-socio- educational aspects of care for patients with myocardial infarction from the Nursing Outcomes Classification (NOC). Methods: A survey research design was used in this study to assess the content and face validity of the designed instrument and inter-rater reliability was utilized to assure its reliability. Thirty patients with acute myocardial infarction subjected to measuring their nursing-sensitive outcomes during their stay in the CCUs or intermediate units. Fifty-nine experts were invited to participate in this study. Nursing-Sensitive Outcomes Measuring Scale was developed and subjected to testing reliability, validity, and sensitivity Results: Most of the studied outcomes showed a high degree of consistency as indicated by ICC that was above 0.900. 100% of the experts rated 14 out of 46 outcomes as very important; the remaining outcomes were assessed by more than 75% of the experts as important. Also, 18 out of 46 outcomes were rated by the 100% experts as very sensitive to the contribution of nursing intervention; no one outcome was rated as not important or not sensitive for nursing contribution. Conclusions: The study provided evidence of outcomes content validity, reliability, and nursing sensitivity of the studied outcomes. The study recommended the testing of NOC outcomes in various clinical settings with appropriate training for nurses, and the inclusion of NOC into nursing curricula to utilized in clinical education as a continuum for nursing diagno- ses classification.
Obstetrician, Family Physician, or Midwife: Preferences of the Next Generation of Maternity Care Consumers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the views of a cohort of Canadian university students related to maternity care provider preferences and the reasons for these preferences. Relationships between care provider preferences, childbirth attitudes, and desire for epidural anesthesia and cesarean section (CS) were also examined. Methods: This was a large cross-sectional survey (N = 3,680) of male and female university students at the University of British Columbia (male, 991; female, 2,676). Students were invited to participate via an electronic letter of invitation containing a link to this online survey.Results: Approximately half of all participants (51.8% for women and 43.7% for men) selected an obstetrician as one of their preferred care providers; somewhat fewer selected a family physician (40.1% for women and 32.8% for men), and even fewer selected a registered midwife (30.1% for women and 18.0% for men). Among the 11 reasons for these preferences (coded from open-ended responses), the most common were expert/specialist, safety, and quality of relationship with care provider. Attitudes toward vaginal birth as well as mode of delivery and pain management preferences were found to relate to caregiver preferences.Conclusion: Provider preferences among university students are largely driven by perceived risk, level of confidence in birth, and attitudes toward obstetric interventions. These preferences, in combination with the current shortage of maternity providers in Canada, indicate a need for restructuring maternity care human resources.
Japanese Wartime Economics and Economists

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The Japanese prewar intellectual and policy environment was dominated by officials with law degrees and increasingly by the military. There were important schools of economics, both Marxist, and neoclassical, but their influence was mainly confined to academia. During wartime they suffered severe intellectual repression. The wartime economy relied on an allocation policy led by technocratic planners working under the “reform bureaucrats.” Immediately postwar there was a revival: economists were able to display moral leadership and play a leading role in adapting the MacArthur reforms and devising the formula for modern Japanese growth.
The Effect of Gender on the Rate of Metabolism of Midazolam in Humans using Liver Microsomes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract : Midazolam (MDZ) is a short-acting benzodiazepine used in anesthesia for its anxiolytic, sedative, and amnestic properties. MDZ has a variable and unpredictable effect among individuals, which has the potential to complicate patient care and prolong hospital stay. It has been reported that inter-individual differences in the rate of metabolism are the primary cause of variances in the drug's therapeutic effect. MDZ is metabolized almost exclusively by the cytochrome P-450 3A subfamily (CYP3A). The drug is eliminated to a major metabolite, 1'-hydroxymidazolam, which accounts for at least 70% of an administered dose. MDZ forms a minor metabolite, 4-hydroxymidazolam, which comprises about 4% of an administered dose, and is also metabolized by CYP3A. The objective of this study is to determine, using human liver microsomes, if there is a gender difference in the rate of MDZ metabolism to both 1' and 4-hydroxymidazolam.
Mapping the Structure of Oxygen-Doped Wurtzite Aluminum Nitride Coatings From Ab Initio Random Structure Search and Experiments

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Machine learning is changing how we design and interpret experiments in materials science. In this work, we show how unsupervised learning, combined with ab initio modeling, improves our understanding of structural metastability in multicomponent alloys. We use the example case of Al-O-N alloys where the formation of aluminum vacancies in wurtzite AlN upon the incorporation of substitutional oxygen can be seen as a general mechanism of solids where crystal symmetry is reduced to stabilize defects. The ideal AlN wurtzite crystal structure occupation cannot be matched due to the presence of an aliovalent hetero-element into the structure. The traditional interpretation of the c-lattice shrinkage in sputter-deposited Al-O-N films from X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments suggests the existence of a solubility limit at 8at.% oxygen content. Here we show that such naive interpretation is misleading. We support XRD data with a machine learning analysis of ab initio simulations and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy data, revealing no signs of a possible solubility limit. Instead, the presence of a wide range of non-equilibrium oxygen-rich defective structures emerging at increasing oxygen contents suggests that the formation of grain boundaries is the most plausible mechanism responsible for the lattice shrinkage measured in Al-O-N sputtered films.