jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pharmacovigilance: A public health priority for South Africa.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

South Africa has been engaged in pharmacovigilance (PV) activities to assess the impact of adverse drug reactions on public safety and health for 40 years. Activities have evolved from passive regulatory reporting to encompass active surveillance systems. The HIV and AIDS and TB epidemics stimulated pharmacoepidemiological research into the risks associated with medicines used in the standardised regimens of mass treatment programmes. Specific safety concerns, supported by robust local cohort data, have prompted major changes to national and international treatment policies. This chapter describes the expanding body of local knowledge and the historical and emergent surveillance systems that address the burden of drug-related harms, noting the challenges to health system responsiveness. The South African context presents a unique opportunity to characterise the scale and nature of such harms in mass HIV and AIDS and TB treatment programmes. The use of complex regimens at scale poses new PV challenges. There is an urgent need to develop cohesive, sustainable systems to support evidence-based decisions on appropriate regimen choices, while minimising medicine-associated risks. The increasing use of computerised clinical, laboratory and dispensing records, with unique patient identifiers facilitating data linkage, will increase PV surveillance capacity. A coherent national PV framework is an essential part of medicines policy, encompassing regulatory, programmatic and individual needs. Key pillars of this framework include: (i) consolidation and expansion of active and passive PV surveillance, optimising existing programmes; (ii) prioritising post-marketing monitoring within the new health products regulatory authority; and (iii) instilling a culture of active risk management in clinical practice through the creation of effective channels of communication and feedback into policy and practice.
Continuous clinical improvement of mild‐to‐moderate seborrheic dermatitis and rebalancing of the scalp microbiome using a selenium disulfide–based shampoo after an initial treatment with ketoconazole

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective Scalp seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic, relapsing, and inflammatory scalp disease. Studies indicate a global bacterial and fungal microbiota shift of scalp SD, as compared to healthy scalp. Ketoconazole and selenium disulfide (SeS 2 ) improve clinical signs and symptoms in both scalp dandruff and SD. Aim The main objective of this study was to investigate the changes in the scalp microbiota diversity and counts in subjects with scalp SD during a two‐phase treatment period. Material and methods The scalp microbiota and clinical efficacy were investigated in 68 subjects with mild‐to‐moderate scalp SD after an initial one‐month treatment with 2% ketoconazole, and after a 2‐month maintenance phase, either with a 1% SeS 2 ‐based shampoo or its vehicle. Results Thirty one subjects in the active and 37 subjects in the vehicle group participated. Ketoconazole provided an improvement of clinical symptoms (adherent (−1.75 p < 0.05), non‐adherent (−1.5, p < 0.05)) flakes and erythema (scores 1.67–0.93, p < 0.001), in an increased fungal diversity and in a significant ( p < 0.005) decrease of Malassezia spp. SeS 2 provided an additional clinical improvement (−0.8; p = 0.0002 and −0.7; p = 0.0081 for adherent and non‐adherent flakes, respectively, at Day 84) compared to the vehicle associated with a low Malassezia spp. count and an additional significant ( p < 0.001) decrease of the Staphylococcus spp. level. Conclusion Selenium disulfide provides an additional benefit on the scalp microbiota and in clinical symptoms of SD and dandruff after treatment with ketoconazole. The results confirm the role of Staphylococcus spp. in scalp SD and open possible perspectives for preventing relapses.
Distinct CutaneousManifestations and Cold-Induced Leukocyte Activation AssociatedWith PLCG2Mutations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A lthough themost commoncutaneousmanifestationof primary immunodeficiency (PID) is infection, a varietyofnoninfectiousdermatologic findingsmayoccur.1 Noninfectious cutaneous granulomas, for instance, are relatively frequent in patients with certain PIDs, including commonvariable immunodeficiency (CVID), severe combined immunodeficiency, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), and ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T).2,3 Althoughnot completelyunderstood, cutaneous granulomas in PIDmaybe a consequence of abnormal antigen processing, aberrant cytokine production, enhanced cell-mediated immune activity in the presence of a defectivehumoral system, abnormalneutrophil activation, or impaired macrophage regulation.2,4-6 Cutaneous granulomas are also a feature of a newly described PID, PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (PLAID), caused by genomic deletions in PLCG2. PLAID is characterized by cold urticaria, autoimmunity, atopy, and humoral immune deficiency, resulting in recurrent sinopulmonary infections.7 PLAIDassociated deletions of PLCG2 cause diminished receptormediated activity at physiologic temperatures in B cells and natural killer cells with enhanced spontaneous signaling in mast cells and B cells at subphysiologic temperatures. The cold-induced signaling in mast cells leads to the characteristic cold urticaria observed in all patients with PLAID. Cutaneous granulomas have also been identified in 2 additional IMPORTANCE PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (PLAID) is a newly characterized immunodeficiency syndrome associated with distinct cutaneous features. Awareness of the cutaneous skin findings associated with PLAIDmay facilitate diagnosis and improve patient care.
THE SUBFAMILIAL, TRIBAL, AND SUBTRIBAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE ASCLEPIADACEAE

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary During the past 150 years, casual nomenclatural practices have obscured what is generally agreed to be a natural system of suprageneric classification in the Asclepiadaceae. An account of all subfamilial, tribal, and subtribal names published within the family is presented here with an evaluation of their nomenclatural status. Some problems of nomenclatural procedure peculiar to levels above the rank of genus and deriving from the nature of the “nomenclatural type” at these levels are discussed with particular regard to the present selection of available names.
Social influences on Cigarette Smoking Among Mainland Chinese and Chinese Americans: A Comparative Study.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this cross-national study was to determine the leading social influences on smoking among Chinese Americans and mainland Chinese adults with the aim of improving prevention and intervention strategies to reduce smoking rates. A comparative cross-sectional design was used and a stratified-cluster sampling technique was employed in identifying the study sample. An 80-item questionnaire was administered in Chinese to 1222 participants, 812 in China and 410 in the U.S. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tests. Results contain comparative data on social influences of smoking among Chinese Americans and mainland Chinese, as well as factors influencing smoking behavior which include cultural beliefs, gender roles, and family relationship dynamics. Grandparents were influential and significantly correlated with current smokers in China. Findings indicate differential effects of social influences on smoking behavior. Similarities and differences provide a basis for improving and/or developing smoking intervention programs of mutual benefit to China and the U.S..
Advancements in irreversible electroporation ablation technology for treating atrial fibrillation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pulsed field ablation (PFA), an emerging treatment method for atrial fibrillation, has demonstrated significant potential in arrhythmia therapy. PFA employs high-intensity, short-duration electric fields to induce irreversible electroporation in myocardial cells, disrupting abnormal cardiac rhythms, and restoring normal heart function. This technique exhibits high success rates and low recurrence rates in animal studies and early clinical trials, offering advantages over traditional methods by reducing damage to adjacent structures such as the esophagus, phrenic nerve, and pulmonary veins. This review examines PFA’s application mechanisms, benefits, key operational parameters and the design and safety of related ablation devices. It emphasizes PFA’s potential to enhance both the efficacy and safety of atrial fibrillation treatment and explores future research directions and technological developments.
Data-driven subspace identification and predictive control for a NIAT process platform

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a data-driven subspace identification method and a model predictive controller are presented for a NIAT platform. First, a data-driven subspace identification method for the process modeling is used. Based on the model, we design a predictive controller. Then considering SISO/ TITO cases of the platform respectively. Both the modeling and control effectiveness of the proposed methods are validated by the experiments' results.
Nicholas Doumanis. Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean: Remembering Fascism's Empire. New York: St. Martin's. 1997. Pp. viii, 243. $65.00

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Nicholas Doumanis. Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean: Remembering Fascism's Empire. New York: St. Martin's. 1997. Pp. viii, 243. $65.00 Doumanis Nicholas. Myth and Memory in the Mediterranean: Remembering Fascism's Empire. New York: St. Martin's. 1997. Pp. viii, 243. $65.00. Alberto Sbacchi Alberto Sbacchi Atlantic Union College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 104, Issue 2, April 1999, Pages 676–677, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/104.2.676 Published: 01 April 1999
‘England Has No Greatness Left Save in Her Industry’: London as a Path to Disharmony

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Whatever specific differences imperial, American, and British tourists found in London, they all generally regarded the capital in a positive fashion. London was, to all three groups, seen as a focal point for the development of a uniquely Anglo-Saxon civilisation, distorted or idealised though it may have been. If we move away from such a context, with its associated cultural baggage, views of London acquire a very different tone. The city is no longer welcoming, scarcely even hospitable. The individualism and privacy of London's citizenry presented a sharp contrast to European models, while the mix of architectural styles, haphazard tangle of streets, and jumble of railways and smoke created the impression of an organic and disorderly system. One anonymous French visitor could note in 1876 that although London was 'a great centre of business, one meets lines of businessmen, grave and silent, no idlers, and the cars, the cabs, the omnibuses, is unheard of! Nothing similar exists in Paris. London, in this respect, is unique in this way.'1 For continental visitors, to whom London was always a rival and competitor, the capital appeared positively distasteful, lacking the warmth and cultural tone of its continental counterparts. In response, these visitors made of London an exaggerated caricature of industrial capitalism run amok.KeywordsUrban LifeModern CityUrban TourismUrban CulturePositive FashionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Knowledge and Practice of Rural Mothers on Oral Hygiene for Children

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Oral health is a condition in which the mouth and the teeth are healthy and free from any diseases. Improper maintenance of hygiene of the mouth is one of the risk factors for oral diseases. Researches showed that parents are responsible for inculcating good oral hygiene habits in children and mothers are considered to be the most accountable in educating the children about proper oral hygiene. This study was undertaken to explore the knowledge and practice of mothers regarding the importance of oral hygiene for children. A non-experimental descriptive research design was used, and 100 mothers of under-five children were randomly selected from the rural areas of Rajpura in Patiala District, Punjab. A self-structured knowledge questionnaire and practice checklist was used to collect the data. Analysis and interpretation of the data was done according to the objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics. The present study revealed that 58 (58%) respondents had good knowledge and 57 (57%) mothers had average practices regarding the importance of oral hygiene for children. No significant relationship was observed between knowledge and practice scores. There was no significant association between the level of knowledge and the level of practice and socio-demographic variables. The study concluded that there is a lack of knowledge and practice regarding the importance of oral hygiene for children amongst the mothers residing in rural areas.
Regression of Liquorodynamic Disorders and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Overdrain Syndrome Clinic in a Patient After Severe Brain Injury with Posttraumatic Hydrocephalus and a Giant Cranial Bones Defect After Cranioplasty: Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction. The frequency of post-traumatic hydrocephalus is 3.9%. The incidence of post-traumatic defects of the skull is 10.46 per 100,000 per year. Overdrain syndrome occurs in 1012% of cases in patients with long-term ventricular shunting. The presence of a cranial defect causes a violation of blood flow and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics in the area of the defect, a displacement of brain structures under the influence of gravity and atmospheric pressure, which can cause a deterioration in the patients condition and a significant slowdown in recovery after a severe head injury. Both craniotomy syndrome and excessive shunting can impede the verticalization and rehabilitation of patients with post-traumatic hydrocephalus and post-traumatic defects of the bones of the cranial vault. Description of the clinical case. Clinical case demonstrates an example of a differential approach and an algorithm for deciding on surgical treatment in a patient with post-traumatic hydrocephalus and cranial bones defect in case of deterioration during attempts at verticalization in a complex of rehabilitation measures. Conclusion. The clinical manifestations of trephine skull syndrome and syndrome of shunt overdrain in the patient after severe traumatic brain injury combines post-traumatic hydrocephalus, may be similar. And not always, as demonstrated in this clinical case, narrowed ventricles and the relationship of deterioration to verticalization should be interpreted as a syndrome of excessive drainage of the shunt system. The plastic surgery of the defect of the bones of the cranial vault performed in this case made it possible to improve the patients condition and regress symptoms.
Small-area estimates using model-based methods

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In small areas, the number of sample plots is usually small, and the classical estimators have a large variance. Information from nearby areas can be utilized to improve the subarea estimates using either nonparametric or parametric models. In this study, a number of model-based estimators for small-area estimation are presented. To illustrate the presented methods a numerical example in a real inventory situation is given. The auxiliary information used in this study is pure coordinate information, but the methods are applicable also for other kinds of auxiliary information. The object of this study is to compare the features of the presented small-area estimation methods and to discuss the applicability of these methods in different situations.
Slavery, Priesthood Denial, and Brigham Young versus Orson Pratt

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In 1856, Latter-day Saint leaders made a second application for statehood and debated a proposal to apply as a slave state. Delegates soundly defeated that proposal, but it indicated the strength of the pro-slavery faction in the territory. Latter-day Saint leaders also began to publicly defend the faith’s newly articulated racial priesthood restriction and offered a variety of rationales to justify it. In the end, Latter-day Saint leaders Brigham Young and Orson Pratt represented two competing strands of thought in the antebellum period. Brigham Young looked backward to various unfree labor categories from the early decades of the nineteenth century, and Orson Pratt looked forward to advocate a free labor ideal. In the long sweep of history, Pratt’s vision won out.
Mechanical properties of adhesive system with a silver nanoparticulate filler: an experimental study

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In the present study nanoparticulate silver filler influence on adhesive system mechanical properties has been researched. In the course of laboratory experiments it has been shown that adhesive system mechanical properties are changing in a different manner as soon as silver percentage in adhesive system is increasing. It has been established that 0,5 –1% silver nanoparticle embedding into adhesive system that is enough to make the material X-Ray-sensitive holds its mechanical properties close to the optimum. Thus, the mechanical properties are enhancing in comparison with those of adhesive system without silver nanoparticles. Research findings point to the opportunity to use nanoparticulate silver as a filler while producing X-ray adhesive systems.
Complexes of Eu(III), Tb(III) and Cu(II) with proton transfer compound between 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid and 2-aminobenzothiazole: characterization of the structures and physical properties

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A proton transfer compound, (ABTH)+(PydcH)− (1), obtained from 2-aminobenzothiazole (ABT) and 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid (Pydc) as well as its Eu(III), Tb(III), and Cu(II) complexes (ABT)3[Eu(Pydc)3]·5H2O (2), (ABT)3[Tb(Pydc)3]·5H2O (3), and (ABT)[Cu(Pydc)(PydcH)]·3H2O (4) were obtained under ambient conditions and structurally verified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by elemental analyses, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and magnetic measurements. Compounds 2–4 are the first known solids containing complex anions with Pydc ligands, 2-aminobenzothiazole cations (ABT), and solvate water molecules. During the synthesis of 3, a secondary phase with the formula ABTCl∙H2O was obtained and characterized by elemental analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The asymmetric unit of 5 consists of six symmetry independent ABT cations, six chlorides, and six water molecules. The two lanthanide complexes showed characteristic emissions of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions. The good solubilities of these complexes in water and their luminescence properties make them attractive luminescent labels of biological molecules.
An Absent City: Enigmatic Spatial Representations Of Buenos Aires In Literature, Film And Comics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The objective of this dissertation is to analyze uncanny and enigmatic manifestations of space in representations of Buenos Aires. This analysis delineates the metaphysical nature of the spaces described and enables me to formulate an epistemic negative of urban ontology. The primary focus of this approximation is the enigmatic representations of Buenos Aires found in narrative, comics and film. I employ the term 'enigmatic' to describe urban phenomena that do not fall within the expected and logical behavior of spatial configuration within an urban matrix. While the causality and volition of these phenomena remains hidden due to their metaphysical nature, the observable events that manifest themselves in the representations allow an approximation to that which is not analyzable. The combination of the observable events assembles to create an ontological silhouette or epistemic negative. This dissertation will analyze three different phenomena in particular that are reiterated frequently within enigmatic representations of Buenos Aires: (1) inescapable cities, (2) shadow cities and (3) anthropomorphic and topomorphic cities. Inescapable cities are those that confine the inhabitant within Buenos Aires due to a number of phenomena; from labyrinthine topologies and infinite mathematical systems to limitless urban matrixes that repeat themselves unendingly. Shadow cities are the doppelgangers of urban space; spaces that share uncanny similarities and traits that trigger recognition, but the cognitive process remains incomplete. Shadow cities can be stable and palimpsestic, as well as unstable and anachronistic. Anthropomorphic cities are those that acquire certain characteristics of their inhabitants, whether it is physiological or psycho-topological. In the case of topomorfosis, the process and ontological flow is reversed; the inhabitants acquire spatial traits. In this manner the individual acts as an anthrotopological record, registering aspects such as volition and the extension of urban representation.
On Vertex Cover with Fractional Fan-Out Bound

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we consider a new variant of the minimum weight vertex cover problem (MWVC) in which each vertex can cover a fractional amount of edges incident on it. For example, if the degree of a vertex is five and the designated fraction is 2/3, then it can cover at most ? (2/3) × 5 ? = 4 edges among five incident edges. This problem is motivated by a sustainable monitoring of the environment by a set of agents placed at the vertices of graph G so that the failure of agents can be easily recovered by its nearby agents within a short time. This paper investigates the computational complexity of this optimization problem. More specifically, we show that the number of vertices of odd degree, denoted as no, plays a key role in determining the hardness of the problem, so that when the given fraction is 1/2, the complexity of the problem increases as no increases, i.e., It can be solved in polynomial time when no = O (1), although it cannot be approximated within an arbitrary constant factor when no = n, where n is the total number of vertices in the given graph.
Expansion, Efficiency and Teaching Quality: The Experience of British Geography Departments 1986-91

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

British higher education is being transformed from an elite towards a mass higher education system. This expansion is being achieved through increased class sizes and higher student staff ratios. A questionnaire survey sought to determine the change in student/staff ratios (SSRs) in British geography departments in the period 1986-91 and the perceived impact of these changes on the quality of undergraduate teaching. The returns showed an overall change in SSRs from 12.1:1 in 1986 to 17.4:1 in 1991. By 1991, SSRs in university geography departments approximated those in the former polytechnics in 1986. The evidence as to the perceived impact on teaching was contradictory. Both the quantitative and qualitative results of the survey showed that many senior geographers saw increased class size and higher SSRs adversely affecting many aspects of undergraduate teaching. Yet few saw that these changes had adversely affected the overall degree results obtained in their department. Indeed, many emphasized that the overall degree classification had improved. Tentative suggestions are made to explain this apparent contradiction and to suggest how geographers should respond to the expected further increase of SSRs and class sizes in the 1990s.