jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Usefullness of Percutaneous Transarterial Embolization in Patients with Severe Multiple Traumas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

사고로 인해 응급실을 내원한 중증외상환자로 등록된 환자 중 혈관조영술을 시행 받고, 동맥 출혈이 진단되어 동맥색전술을 시행 받은 환자를 대상으로 생존군과 사망군을 비교하여 생존의 영향을 미치는 인자와 치료방법으로 혈관조영술 및 색전술의 유용성과 적절한 시행 시점을 연구하였다. 2006년 7월부터 2010년 12월에 경기도에 위치한 H병원 응급실에 중증외상환자로 분류된 환자 중 혈관조영술과 동맥색전술을 시행한 환자 45명을 대상으로 하여 후향적 분석을 실시하였다. 주요 지표로 ISS(Injury Severity Score)와 RTS(Revised Trauma Score), 적혈구 용적률 (Hematocrit)를 삼았다. 다발성 손상의 의한 중증외상환자의 경피적 동맥색전술은 모두 성공적으로 시술되었고, 환자의 사망률과 합병증을 줄이는데 도움을 줄 수 있으며, RTS, ISS, Hematocrit, 쇼크 등이 사망률 조기 인자로써 예측이 가능하였으며 생체활력증후가 안 좋은 환자는 색전술 시행 시점을 가능한 빠르게 진행시켜야 한다. The study was conducted in patients who had undergone angiography and arterial embolization after being diagnosed with arterial bleeding among those registered with severe trauma at the admission to the department of emergency due to accidents. In the study, comparison was done between the survived group and the nonsurvived group to investigate the usefulness and the optimal performance timing of angiography and embolization as the survival-affecting factors and treatment methods for patients. The study was performed as a retrospective analysis in 45 patients who had undergone angiography and arterial embolization among those categorized as severe trauma patients from the emergency department of H hospital located in Gyeonggi-do from July, 2006 until December, 2010. The Injury Severity Score (ISS), the Revised Trauma Score (RTS), the hematocrit were the main outcome measurements. Arterial embolization was technically successful in all cases, transcatheter arterial embolization of arterial bleeding is a useful procedure in lowering the mortality and complication in severe trauma patients. and RTS, ISS, Hematocrit were the predictable early mortality factors. So bad vital sign patients must be progressed rapidly.
Personal communities and safer sex: a qualitative study of young gay and bisexual men in Scotland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: Successful HIV prevention efforts among gay men have been linked to strong ‘community’ responses to HIV and adherence to safer sex practices. Research has found that gay men are increasingly ambivalent about ‘gay communities’, leading some to suggest that using the lens of ‘personal communities’ (PCs) may offer a more useful way of exploring gay men’s personal and social relationships. This qualitative research study set out to explore young gay and bisexual men’s PCs, and the role people within them may play in shaping men’s understandings of, and approach to, ‘safer sex’.
Methods: The findings of this qualitative study are based on data drawn from 30 semi-structured interviews with young (aged 18-29) gay and bisexual men living in Scotland. Spencer and Pahl’s (2006) method of exploring PCs using ‘affective maps’ was applied. Two interconnected phases of analysis were conducted: 1) analysis of the ‘maps’ developed by participants; and 2) thematic analysis of interview data using principles of the Framework approach.
Findings: The findings suggest that men’s PCs are complex and diverse. Patterns were observed in terms of overall composition of the men’s PCs. Many of the men had ‘mixed’ friendship groups in terms of gender and sexual orientation. Although the men’s PCs were not wholly shaped by connection to ‘gay communities’, men nevertheless articulated the importance of support around safer sex from their gay male friends.
Understandings of safer sex were based primarily on the need to protect against sexual infection. A novel finding was that some men framed safer sex as the need to protect against non-sexual risks. Men drew on a range of resources, from within their PCs, gay communities, and beyond, in developing understandings of safer sex. Social norms of condom use among the men’s PCs shaped men’s responses to risk in sex, specifically their approach to condom use. Consistent condom use with new and casual partners was framed as ‘normal’, however many of the young men reported a desire to discontinue condom use in the context of a relationship. Condomless sex in this context was not generally framed as ‘unsafe sex’. A novel finding was that many of the men articulated the need for HIV testing prior to ceasing condom use, not only as a response to risk of infection, but also as a way of building trust within a relationship.
Conclusions: The findings suggest that future community-level interventions need to take into account changing patterns of sociality among young gay and bisexual men, and suggest that HIV prevention interventions could capitalise upon supportive relationships between men and other people within their PCs.
Comparison of Clinicopathological Features and Survival Outcomes Associated with HER2-Zero and HER2-Low Breast Cancers: A retrospective, Observational Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite being classified as HER2-negative, HER2-zero and HER2-low subtypes are considered distinct entities due to their varying clinicopathological features and survival outcomes. This study was designed to evaluate the sociodemographic, clinical, survival and prognostic differences between HER2-zero and HER2-low patients who were evaluated as HER2 negative. This retrospective singlecenter study included patients with HER2-negative non-metastatic breast cancer between 2003 and 2022. Patients were analyzed in two groups as HER2-zero and HER2-low. Of 680 patients, 484 (71%) were included in the HER2-zero group and 196 (29%) in the HER2-low group. Statistically significant differences were found between the groups in terms of histopathologic subtyping (p< 0.001), ER (p< 0.001) and PR status (p= 0.005), and presence of lymphovascular invasion (p= 0.023). When survival results were analyzed according to HER2 status, overall survival and disease-free survival were not statistically different for all patients. This result was also supported in luminal A, luminal B and triple negative patients (p>0.050). HER-2 status was not observed as a factor affecting OS and DFS in univariant and multivariant analyses (p> 0.050). There were no clinically and pathologically significant differences between HER2-low and HER2-zero, except that HER2-low patients had more ER and PR positivity, more luminal subgroups and more lymphovascular invasion. When evaluated together with histopathologic subgroups, no survival difference was detected between both groups. HER2 status could not be determined as a prognostic factor. Keywords: Breast cancer, Epidermal growth factor receptor, Survival analysis, Overall, Disease-free survival
Participation in the TOMS Science Team

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Because of the nominal funding provided by this grant, some of the relevant research is partially funded by other sources. Research performed for this funding period included the following items: We have investigated errors in TOMS ozone measurements caused by the uncertainty in wavelength calibration, coupled with the ozone cross sections in the Huggins bands and their temperature dependence. Preliminary results show that 0.1 nm uncertainty in TOMS wavelength calibration at the ozone active wavelengths corresponds to approx. 1% systematic error in O3, and thus potential 1% biases among ozone trends from the various TOMS instruments. This conclusion will be revised for absolute O3 Measurements as cross sections are further investigated for inclusion in the HITRAN database at the SAO, but the potential for relative errors remains. In order to aid further comparisons among TOMS and GOME ozone measurements, we have implemented our method of direct fitting of GOME radiances (BOAS) for O3, and now obtain the best fitting precision to date for GOME O3 Columns. This will aid in future comparisons of the actual quantities measured and fitted for the two instrument types. We have made comparisons between GOME ICFA cloud fraction and cloud fraction determined from GOME data using the Ring effect in the Ca II lines. There is a strong correlation, as expected, but there are substantial systematic biases between the determinations. This study will be refined in the near future using the recently-developed GOME Cloud Retrieval Algorithm (GOMECAT). We have improved the SAO Ring effect determination to include better convolution with instrument transfer functions and inclusion of interferences by atmospheric absorbers (e.g., O3). This has been made available to the general community.
Studies of type I collagen (COL1A1) α1 chain in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Nucleotide sequences of exon 51, adjacent intron areas, and regulatory region of the alpha1 chain of type I collagen (COL1A1) gene were analyzed in 41 patients with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) from 33 families and their 68 relatives residing at Bashkortostan Republic (BR). Six mutations (four nonsense mutations c.967G > T (p.Gly323X), c.1081C > T (p.Arg361X), c.1243C > T (p.Arg415X), and c.2869C > T (p.Gln957X)) in patients of the Russian origin and two mutations with open reading frame shift c.579delT (p.Gly194ValfsX71), and c.2444delG (p.Gly815AlafsX293)) in patients with OI of Tatar ethnicity as well as 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the COL1A1 gene were revealed. Mutations c.967G > T (p.Gly323X) and three alterations in the nucleotide sequence c.544-24C > T, c.643-36delT, and c.957 + 10insA were described for the first time.
Psychological and oxidative stress induce apoptosis through TRPV1 channel activation in granulosa cells of oocyte during in vitro fertilization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Several physiological and pathophysiological functions such as mitochondria and phagocytosis induce oxidative stress. Oxidative stress results in excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). There is a high amount of psychologically and chemically stress in in vitro fertilization (IVF), because of presence stressful permanent infertility and treatment procedures (An et al. 2013). Oocytes are surrounded by granulosa cells. It is well-known that there is a direct relationship between oxidative stress contents of granulosa cells and oocyte quality (Tola et al 2013). Excessive Ca2+ influx induces excessive mitochondrial ROS production and apoptosis through activation of caspase activations. Involvement of voltage gated Ca2+ channels on oocyte quality and apoptosis in the granulosa cells has been clarified by results of several studies (Platano et al. 2013; Tola et al 2013). Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel is a calcium permeable and non-selective cation channel. The similar effects of voltage gated calcium channels may present between oxidative stress and TRPV1 channel activation in the oocyte, because the TRPV1 channel is activated by excessive production of ROS. The importance of TRPV1 channel on the oocyte maturation was recently reported (Cecconi et al. 2019).&nbsp; In the oral presentation, I will review recent studies on apoptosis through TRPV1 channel activation in granulosa cells of oocyte during IVF.&nbsp; In conclusion, current literature data indicated that&nbsp;psychological and oxidative stress-induced ROS, apoptosis and Ca2+ contents of oocyte and granulosa cells have very important roles on the oocyte maturation in patients with infertility during the IVF. There are some involvement clues of TRPV1 channels on the oocyte maturation and apoptosis, but the subject needs future studies.&nbsp;
Introgressive Hybridization and a Natural Barrier: Molecular Analyses Lay Out a Conservation Blueprint for the Critically Endangered Vietnamese Pond Turtle (Mauremys annamensis)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The critically endangered Vietnamese Pond Turtle (Mauremys annamensis), an endemic species occurring in a small lowland area in central Vietnam, has been virtually extirpated from its natural range. As a result, reintroduction of held individuals worldwide, especially from Europe, the United States, and Vietnam, will play a vital role in species recovery programs. Nevertheless, the discordance between different molecular markers in inferring the placements of two closely related species, M. annamensis and M. mutica, and the existence of two distinct mitochondrial lineages within M. annamensis, have hindered conservation strategies to properly maintain the genetic integrity of held populations to release individuals back to their natural habitat in the future. In this study, we sequenced 732 bps of a mitochondrial gene (ND4) and 1038 bps of an intron fragment of the RNA fingerprint protein 35 (R35) gene for 18 samples collected from the local trade in five provinces in Vietnam and 20 samples from founders in the Turtle Conservation Centre, Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam. DNA sequences analyzed by Bayesian Inference, Maximum Likelihood, and NeighborNet methods show that the Vietnamese Pond Turtle is a well-defined species and that the population of M. mutica from Hainan Island likely evolved through introgression between a lineage distantly related to true M. mutica and M. annamensis and a lineage closely related to the two mitochondrial haplotypes of M. annamensis. Interestingly, our analyses of samples collected from the local trade and those with known localities reveal that the two extant mitochondrial lineages within M. annamensis are geographically isolated and evolutionarily significant. Based upon the new findings, we recommend genetic screening for all held populations in Vietnam and elsewhere and that animals with different genetic histories be managed separately. In addition, it is important to use other molecular markers, such as microsatellites and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), to determine potential hybrids between the two mitochondrial haplotypes and remove them from conservation breeding programs before releasing the turtles back to their natural habitat.
Social conformity and prejudice toward immigrants: the role of political messaging

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Can targeted messages from political elites impact the relationship between valuing conformity and prejudice? We answer this question in a survey experiment on a national probability sample from the Netherlands by exposing respondents to a favorable vs. unfavorable statement about East European immigrants. We find that individuals attaching relatively high importance to the value of conformity express greater agreement with the statement, independently of its content or partisanship. Further, the positive association between valuing conformity and prejudice is significantly decreased when individuals are presented with a favorable statement about East European immigrants. Thus, valuing conformity is not only associated with higher prejudice but can also reduce prejudice because it makes individuals susceptible to elite normative pressure to respond positively.
SPECIAL INVITED PAPER ON THE CONSISTENCY OF BAYES ESTIMATES

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We discuss frequency properties of Bayes rules, paying special attention to consistency. Some new and fairly natural counterexamples are given, involving nonparametric estimates of location. Even the Dirichlet prior can lead to inconsistent estimates if used too aggressively. Finally, we discuss reasons for Bayesians to be interested in frequency properties of Bayes rules. As a part of the discussion we give a subjective equivalent to consistency and compute the derivative of the map taking priors to posteriors. 1. Consistency of Bayes rules. One of the basic problems in statistics can be put this way. Data is collected following a probability model with unknown parameters; the parameters are to be estimated from the data. Often, there is prior information about the parameters, for example, their probable sign or order of magnitude. Many statisticians express such information in the form of a prior probability over the unknown parameters. Estimates based on prior probabilities will be called Bayes estimates in what follows. This paper studies points of contact between frequentist and Bayesian statistics. We derive frequency properties of Bayes estimates and suggest a Bayesian interpretation for some frequentist computations. Our main concern is consistency: as more and more data are collected, will the Bayes estimates converge to the true value for the parameters? If the underlying probability mechanism has only a finite number of possible outcomes (tossing a coin or die) and the prior probability does not exclude the true parameter values as impossible, it has long been known that Bayes estimates are consistent. As will be discussed below, if the underlying mechanism allows an infinite number of possible outcomes (e.g., estimation of an unknown probability on the integers), Bayes estimates can be inconsistent: as more and more data comes in, some Bayesian statisticians will become more and more convinced of the wrong answer. The class of tail-free and Dirichlet priors was introduced to insure consistency in such settings. We present examples showing that mechanical extension of such priors to other very similar settings leads to inconsistent estimates.
Maternal obesity upregulates fatty acid and glucose transporters and increases expression of enzymes mediating fatty acid biosynthesis in fetal adipose tissue depots1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Maternal nutrient restriction leads to alteration in fetal adipose tissue, and offspring from obese mothers have an increased risk of developing obesity. We hypothesized that maternal obesity increases fetal adipogenesis. Multiparous ewes (Columbia/Rambouillet cross 3 to 5 yr of age) carrying twins were assigned to a diet of 100% (Control; CON; n = 4) or 150% (Obese; OB, n = 7) of NRC maintenance requirements from 60 d before conception until necropsy on d 135 of gestation. Maternal and fetal plasma were collected and stored at -80°C for glucose and hormone analyses. Fetal measurements were made at necropsy, and perirenal, pericardial, and subcutaneous adipose tissues were collected from 7 male twin fetuses per group and snap frozen at -80°C. Protein and mRNA expression of fatty acid translocase [cluster of differentiation (CD) 36], fatty acid transport proteins (FATP) 1 and 4, insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT-4), fatty acid synthase (FASN), and acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC) was evaluated. Fetal weight was similar, but fetal carcass weight (FCW) was reduced (P < 0.05) in OB versus CON fetuses. Pericardial and perirenal adipose tissue weights were increased (P < 0.05) as a percentage of FCW in OB versus CON fetuses, as was subcutaneous fat thickness (P < 0.001). Average adipocyte diameter was greater (P < 0.01) in the perirenal fat and the pericardial fat (P = 0.06) in OB fetuses compared with CON fetuses. Maternal plasma showed no difference (P > 0.05) in glucose or other hormones, fetal plasma glucose was similar (P = 0.42), and cortisol, IGF-1, and thyroxine were reduced (P ≤ 0.05) in OB fetuses compared with CON fetuses. Protein and mRNA expression of CD 36, FATP 1 and 4, and GLUT-4 were increased (P ≤ 0.05) in all fetal adipose depots in OB versus CON fetuses. The mRNA expression of FASN and ACC was increased (P < 0.05) in OB vs. CON fetuses in all 3 fetal adipose tissue depots. Fatty acid concentrations were increased (P = 0.01) in the perirenal depot of OB versus CON fetuses, and specific fatty acid concentrations were altered (P < 0.05) in subcutaneous and pericardial adipose tissue because of maternal obesity. In conclusion, maternal obesity was associated with increased fetal adiposity, increased fatty acid and glucose transporters, and increased expression of enzymes mediating fatty acid biosynthesis in adipose depots. These alterations, if maintained into the postnatal period, could predispose the offspring to later obesity and metabolic disease.
Fossil Tetraploa redefinition and potential contribution of dark pigments for the preservation of its spores in the fossil record

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The establishment of affinities of fossil fungal spores with extant fungal taxa based mainly on the detailed analysis of morphological traits is difficult.Thus, it is necessary to use mycological terms to properly describe fossil fungi.In this work, we transfer five species of Frasnacritetrus Taugourd.(1968) to Tetraploa Berk.& Broome (1850) because the spores of the fossil and extant species share the same morphological traits.Here, we also discuss how dark pigments of extant spores of Tetraploa are synthesized to assess their potential contribution to the preservation of these diaspores in the fossil record, including their role in the fossilization process.In this work, we conclude that Frasnacritetrus should be considered a synonym of Tetraploa.Our results also shed light on how melanins have played a role in the preservation of fungal spores and other remains in the fossil record to thus, 1) understand how different burial histories and thermal maturation influenced long-term melanin survival, 2) to study the evolution of fungi lineages such as Tetraploa, and 3) to assess how fungal melanins can be used as biomarkers for palaeoecological purposes.
The Mental Health System and the Law

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Perhaps more than any other field within psychiatry, community psychiatry relates closely to the law and the courts in a number of ways. Public programs receive their mandate from legislated governmental policies, which are in turn strongly influenced by the actions of the courts. The care of psychiatric patients has traditionally been accepted as a public responsibility. Public laws are invoked to provide for psychiatric care, to regulate the manner in which it is provided, and to protect the interests and rights of those who receive care. The disturbed behavior of psychiatric patients may cause them to commit antisocial or criminal acts. Every modem country addresses these issues within its system of laws. This chapter deals with United States law in relation to the mentally ill, but it will be found that, while details may vary, at least within the English-speaking nations the underlying principles are similar everywhere.
Classification of unsequenced Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains in a high-burden setting using a pairwise logistic regression approach

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Over the past three decades, molecular epidemiological studies have provided new opportunities to investigate the transmission dynamics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . In most studies, a sizable fraction of individuals with notified tuberculosis cannot be included, either because they do not have culture-positive disease (and thus do not have specimens available for molecular typing) or because resources for conducting sequencing are limited. A recent study introduced a regression-based approach for inferring the membership of unsequenced tuberculosis cases in transmission clusters based on host demographic and epidemiological data. This method was able to identify the most likely cluster to which an unsequenced strain belonged with an accuracy of 35%, although this was in a low-burden setting where a large fraction of cases occurred among foreign-born migrants. Here, we apply a similar model to M. tuberculosis whole-genome sequencing data from the Republic of Moldova, a setting of relatively high local transmission. Using a maximum cluster span of ~40 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a cluster size cutoff of n ≥10, we could best predict the specific cluster to which each clustered case was most likely to be a member with an accuracy of 17.2 %. In sensitivity analyses, we found that a more restrictive (~20 SNPs threshold) or permissive (~80 SNPs) threshold did not improve performance. We found that increasing the minimum cluster size improved prediction accuracy. These findings highlight the challenges of transmission inference in high-burden settings like Moldova.