jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Individual and Structural Opportunities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Opportunity theories are suited to cross-national research on victimization that incorporates a multilevel approach. Comparative research on non-lethal victimization often combines several types of violence into a single category of expressive crime. While expressive crimes do indeed share some characteristics, opportunities leading to specific types of victimization may vary. The current research uses the International Crime Victimization Survey (ICVS) to examine two types of expressive victimization: sexual and physical assault. These data are limited to female victims, as sexual assault in the ICVS is assessed only for females. These data provide a rich source of comparative information on opportunities leading to victimization. Opportunities have been traditionally examined at the individual level through routine activities and lifestyles theories. Opportunity at the structural level of analysis is less commonly employed; however, routine activities theory offers a framework for measuring structural opportunity. The results indicate a multilevel approach of opportunities on victimization is appropriate. Differences in opportunity leading to sexual and physical assault are most evident in the opportunities provided by the development level of the country. The impact of country development on physical assault victimization is moderated by the involvement in leisure activities outside of the home.
Addressing Secondary Traumatic Stress in Trauma-Informed Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Public schools support, educate, and care for all children who enroll. It is also the charge of public schools to care for the staff members educating these children. Secondary traumatic stress (STS) can impact an individual’s ability to regulate emotions, leading to depression and the manifestation of other anxieties. Numbing, avoidance, hyperarousal, and the re-experiencing of intrusive thoughts are all symptoms of STS that can affect an educator’s ability to perform. Three steps are needed to address STS: knowledge generation, identification, and intervention. Trauma-informed systems including multitiered systems of support can provide a framework within which awareness, identification, and intervention can be defined. Systems for addressing STS must include broad district-level support, building-level school community planning, and individual specific assistance. The “ABCs” identified in this chapter offer strategies for identifying and addressing STS on all three levels of the public education system.
404 REPEATED STRESS MAY ALTER THE ABILITY OF NICOTINE TO ACTIVATE THE HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY ADRENAL AXIS

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective The hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis is intimately involved in the stress response. Similar to other stressors, acute nicotine administration has been shown to stimulate ACTH and corticosterone/cortisol secretion in both rodents and humans, raising the possibility that activation of the HPA axis by nicotine may mediate some of the effects of nicotine. We hypothesized that chronic stress increases the ability of nicotine to activate the HPA axis and that the nature of the stress (mild vs. severe) may be critical in subsequent activation of the HPA axis by nicotine. Method Male C57/BL6 mice (25 g, 8 wks old) were exposed to one of the two stressors (swim in 15°C or 32°C for 3 min/day for 5 days). Controls were not exposed to either stressor. On day 8, half of the mice in each group received saline and the other half received nicotine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.). Fifteen min later, the mice were then sacrificed, trunk blood was collected and assayed for levels of ACTH and corticosterone using radioimmunoassays. Results Acute exposure to either stressor increased serum ACTH and corticosterone levels. Similarly, as compared to saline, nicotine injection increased the level of corticosterone and ACTH. While there was no significant difference in basal ACTH and corticosterone level in stressed groups as compared to non-stressed controls, the group subjected to the severe stressor (swim in 15°C water), had significantly higher levels of ACTH in response to an acute nicotine challenge (15°C = 86.8 pg/mL, 32°C = 54.5 pg/mL, control= 48 pg/mL). Conclusion These results confirm our hypothesis that chronic stress leads to an enhanced sensitivity of the HPA axis to a nicotine challenge and that the severity of the stress is important in this regard. The present results may help to understand how stress may increase the risk of nicotine use and possibly help in the design of novel treatments for nicotine addiction.
o-minimal Flows on Abelian Varieties

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $A$ be an abelian variety over ${\bf C}$ of dimension $n$ and $π\colon {\bf C}^n \rightarrow A$ be the complex uniformisation. Let $X$ be an unbounded subset of ${\bf C}^n$ definable in a suitable o-minimal structure. We give a description of the Zariski closure of $π(X)$.
Cavitating Orifice: Flow Regime Transitions and Low Frequency Sound Production

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Detailed data are provided for the broadband noise in a cavitating pipe flow through a circular orifice in water. Experiments are performed under industrial conditions, i.e., with a pressure drop varying from 3 to 30 bars and a cavitation number in the range 0.10 ≤ σ ≤ 0.77. The speed of sound downstream of the orifice happens to vary spontaneously for a given set of hydraulic conditions. In the intermediate ‘developed cavitation’ regime, whistling associated with periodic vortex shedding is observed. In the ‘super cavitation’ regime, a vapor cloud develops itself and the whistling disappears. The broadband noise in each regime is presented and its dimensionless representation is discussed.
Pyelonephritis with Vasculature Suggesting Renal Cell Carcinoma: Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Nov 1970Pyelonephritis with Vasculature Suggesting Renal Cell Carcinoma: Case Report R.E. Land and D. Rosen R.E. LandR.E. Land and D. RosenD. Rosen View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)61805-6AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Pyelonephritis with Vasculature Suggesting Renal Cell Carcinoma: Case Report." The Journal of Urology, 104(5), pp. 663–664 © 1970 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 104Issue 5November 1970Page: 663-664 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1970 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.Metrics Author Information R.E. Land Current address: Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114. More articles by this author D. Rosen More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Some observations on hyphal growth and host responses in leaf-sheath of rice cultivars inoculated with Pyricularia fungi.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Hyphal growth and host responses were investigated in rice leaf-sheaths inoculated with Pyricularia oryzae and other Pyricularia spp. When the sheaths of the nine rice cultivars, having different genes of resistance to P. oryzae, were inoculated with the incompatible race of rice blast fungi, there were large differences in hyphal growth among the cultivars. In the cvs. Kanto 51 and Toride 1, the growth of most intercellular hyphae of the incompatible races was very poor in the values of both the average and highest indices; all invading hyphae were located in the first invaded cells. In the cvs. Ishikari-shiroke and Yashiro-mochi, however, most invading hyphae of the incompatible races developed well into the sheath cells; fungal behaviors and morphological changes of host cells showed almost same tendency as those in the compatible race-cultivar interactions. When non-detached sheaths of those cultivars were inoculated with the incompatible races of P. oryzae, blast lesions similar to susceptible lesion were formed on the surface of leaf-sheath 10 days after inoculation. On the other hand, in case of non-host interactions with non-pathogenic Pyricularia spp., hyphal growth was very poor in all combinations.
[Use of the preparation essential and hemosorption in the complex treatment of chronic alcoholism].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The results of the treatment of three groups of patients with chronic alcoholism are compared. Group I (n = 26) received essential combined with hemoperfusion, group II (n = 18) placebo combined with hemoperfusion and group III (n = 20) was on teturam. It has been established that as compared with other treatment measures, essential combined with hemoperfusion contributed to the occurrence of long remissions and disappearance of somatic complications of alcoholism to a greater degree.
Comparative study of refractive errors in West Malaysia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In West Malaysia, there are three major ethnic groups, Malays, Chinese, and South Indians.Interesting features emerge when the refractive errors of the Malaysians, as a whole and as separate ethnic entities, are compared with the Caucasians.Methods and material This is a study of 750 cases (I ,5oo eyes) which were refracted at the Eye Clinic of University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, during a 4-year period (I967 to I970).All cases in which a refraction was undertaken as part of a routine investigation, whether the patients complained of visual loss or not, are included in this series.This is therefore a non-visually selected sample but not a random selection from the general population.They belonged to one of the three main ethnic groups: 223 Malays, 292 Chinese, and 235 Indians.Minor groupings, which accounted for 2 per cent. of the cases, were excluded from this study.The ages ranged from 5 to 65 years.The data for those above 65 years of age are less valid because they may be associated with pathological conditions (Chandran and Ooi Eu-Sen, I97I).Cycloplegia was routinely used in children under the age of
Thromboembolic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND Patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses may experience valve thrombosis and subsequent systemic embolism for which they are treated with oral anticoagulant therapy. It is essential to know reliable estimates of the risks and benefits of this therapy in order to answer a number of clinical questions rationally. We sought to obtain more precise estimates of the risks and benefits by combining the data from individual studies by using meta-analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS We searched for studies in which the incidences were reported of embolic or bleeding complications in patients with mechanical heart valve prostheses. They were collected from the Medline and Current Contents database and by cross-references between 1970 and 1992. Since most studies vary greatly in many respects, we used a number of inclusion criteria, thus selecting comparable studies of acceptable quality only. The influence of antithrombotic therapy, valve position, and valve type was analyzed by univariate and by multivariate analysis with Poisson regression techniques. Forty-six studies were found, including 13,088 patients studied for 53,647 patient-years. We found an incidence of major embolism in the absence of antithrombotic therapy of 4 per 100 patient-years. With antiplatelet therapy this risk was 2.2 per 100 patient-years, and with coumarin therapy it was reduced to 1 per 100 patient-years. This risk varied with the type and the site of the prosthesis. A prosthesis in mitral position increased the risk almost twice as compared with the aortic position. Tilting disc valves and bileaflet valves showed a lower incidence of major embolism than caged ball valves. An incidence of major bleeding was found in patients treated with coumarin derivatives of 1.4 per 100 patient-years. The incidence of bleeding became significantly higher with the addition of antiplatelet therapy, although this did not decrease the risk of thromboembolism any further. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a reference for future studies and give adequate risk estimates for clinical decision making.
Recent observations on the entry of trees by larvae of the puriri moth, Aenetus virescens (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Development of Aenetus virescens larvae involves two distinct feeding stages – mycophagy (fungal feeding) and phytophagy (plant feeding). The mycophagous stage occurs on the forest floor where larvae graze the fruiting bodies of polypore fungi, usually those that grow as encrustations on the underside of logs or other dead wood. After about 2-3 months the larvae then migrate to host trees where they bore into stems or branches and graze on callus tissue at the tunnel entrance for the next 1-4 years or more. These ‘tree phase’ larvae complete development in at least 17 New Zealand native and two exotic angiosperm species. Larval growth and survival has been the subject of recent ecological investigations.
Game-Optimization Modeling of Shadow Carbon Pricing and Low-Carbon Transition in the Power Sector

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Under China’s ‘Dual Carbon’ strategy, the power sector plays a central role in achieving carbon neutrality. This study develops a bi-level game-optimization model involving the government, power producers, and technology suppliers to explore the dynamic coordination between shadow carbon pricing and emission trajectories. The upper-level model, guided by the government, focuses on minimizing total costs, including emission reduction costs, technological investments, and operational costs, by dynamically adjusting emission targets and shadow carbon prices. The lower-level model employs evolutionary game theory to simulate the adaptive behaviors and strategic interactions among power producers, regulatory authorities, and technology suppliers. Three representative uncertainty scenarios, disruptive technological breakthroughs, major policy interventions, and international geopolitical shifts, are incorporated to evaluate system robustness. Simulation results indicate that an optimistic scenario is characterized by rapid technological advancement and strong policy incentives. Conversely, under a pessimistic scenario with sluggish technology development and weak regulatory frameworks, there are substantially higher transition costs. This research uniquely contributes by explicitly modeling dynamic feedback between policy and stakeholder behavior under multiple uncertainties, highlighting the critical roles of innovation-driven strategies and proactive policy interventions in shaping effective, resilient, and cost-efficient carbon pricing and low-carbon transition pathways in the power sector.
Perceptual dimensionality of manual key clicks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The present study investigated the perceptual dimensions associated with manual key clicks, with the goal of developing realistic haptic key-click feedback signals for virtual keys. We first harvested eight adjective pairs for describing the haptic feel of button and key presses from native English speakers. We then conducted the main experiment where participants provided adjective ratings and grouping data for twenty-three buttons and keys. An MDS analysis of the grouping data led to either a 2-D or 3-D solution. By projecting adjective ratings onto the MDS solution spaces, we found the 2-D perceptual space to be an adequate representation of human perception of manual key clicks. The two perceptual dimensions are determined to be shallow-deep and rough-smooth. Future work will explore the physical parameters corresponding to the perceptual dimensions and ways to simulate realistic key clicks by designing feedback signals using the relevant parameters.
Application of complex function solution methods to determine the exciting load required for vibratory compaction of metal powder

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study presents a novel approach to analyzing the vibratory compaction of metal powder using the generalized Kelvin medium rheological model and complex function solution methods. The research derives a theoretical solution for determining the excitation load required for effective compaction, considering key parameters such as oscillation amplitude, frequency, and material properties. The work extends existing analytical methods to accurately represent the damping effects due to internal friction in metal powders. A formula is provided to calculate the necessary surface excitation amplitude for complete compaction, and the theoretical predictions are validated through experimental tests. The findings offer a robust framework for vibratory compaction in industrial applications, significantly advancing the field of powder metallurgy. This research bridges the gap between theoretical models and practical applications, providing valuable insights for improving powder compaction processes.
THE CRANIOFACIAL INJURY IN THE CHILDREN COMPLICATED BY ORBITAL ENCEPHALOCELE AND PROLAPSE OF THE UPPER FORNIX CONJUNCTIVA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The cranio-orbital injuries are considered to be the most serious consequences of the combined craniofacial trauma. They are characterized by the complicated clinical picture and are responsible for the high rates of disability among the affected patients. It accounts for the necessity of recruiting the highly specialized multi-disciplinary teams of specialists to assure the comprehensive approach to the treatment of the victims. The analysis of the relevant literature publications has demonstrated that the cranio-orbital injuries account for 6% up to 64% cases of craniocerebral damages and 34% of all combined traumas. The children at the age under 7 years more frequently experience fractures of orbital bones than the adult subjects due to the peculiar structural features of the children’s skulls. Encephalocele is an extremely rare complication of the cranio-orbital injuries that can either acquire the acute form or develop gradually within a few years after the injury. Orbital hernia may be associated with the following complications for the organs of vision and their accessory apparatus: exophthalmos, diplopia, rupture of the optic nerve, oedema of the periorbital tissues, retinal detachment, enophthalmos, subconjunctival hemorrhage, complete loss of vision, and the rupture of the eyeball. Prolapse of the upper fornix conjunctiva is an equally rare complication of the injury to the orbital structures. To the best of our knowledge, the available literature publications contain only a single report of such condition. The present article describes the original clinical observations of orbital encephalocele accompanied by the prolapse of the upper fornix conjunctiva in the children who experienced a severe combined craniofacial injury. One patient (a 10 year old boy) suffered from the serious combined trauma resulting from his fall from the fifth floor. Orbital hernia developed within 5 days after the accident. The second case was that of a girl presenting with a severe combined injury inflicted to her during the road traffic accident. She developed the complication in the form of orbital encephalocele on day 13 after the accident. In both cases, the patients suffered from the well apparent paraorbital oedema, exophthalmos with the downward displacement of the eyeball, and the prolapse of the upper fornix conjunctiva.
Synthesis of Ni-YSZ cermets for SOFC by glycine nitrate process

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

SOFC용 Ni-YSZ(Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) composite powders를 glycine nitrate process를 이용하여 만들었다. $ZrO(NO_3)_2{\cdot}2H_2O$, $Y(NO_3)_3{\cdot}6H_2O$, $Ni(NO_3)_2{\cdot}6H_2O$와 glycine을 출발원료로 하였으며 Ni의 부피비를 변화시켜 각기 그들의 소결 및 환원 특성을 알아보았다. Ni과 YSZ 상들이 상호 연결된 균질하게 분포된 다공성 미세구조를 관찰 할 수 있었으며 Ni의 첨가량에 따라 가공률이 민감하게 변화함을 알 수 있었다. 35 vol% 이상의 Ni를 함유한 Ni-YSZ cermet가 SOFC용 전극재료로 사용되는데 필요한 30% 이상의 공극을 갖는 조성임을 알 수 있었다. Ni-YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) composite powders for SOFC were fabricated by glycine nitrate process. $ZrO(NO_3)_2{\cdot}2H_2O$, $Y(NO_3)_3{\cdot}6H_2O$, $Ni(NO_3)_2{\cdot}6H_2O$ and glycine were chosen as the starting materials. The structural properties of the sintered Ni-YSZ cermets have been investigated with respect to the volume contents of Ni. A porous microstructure consisting of homogeneously distributed Ni and YSZ phases together with well-connected grains was observed. The sintered Ni-YSZ cermets showed a porous microstructure consists of homogeneously distributed Ni and YSZ phases and the grains were well-connected. It was found that the open porosity is sensitive to the volume content of Ni. The Ni-YSZ cermet containing 35 vol% Ni seems to be suitable for the electrode material of SOFC since it provides sufficient open porosity higher than 30%.
EFFICACY OF NEOADJUVANT TARGETED THERAPY IN TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LOCALISED CLEAR-CELL RENAL CELL CARCINOMA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype of kidney cancer, accounting for approximately 75-80% of all renal malignancies. Objectives: The main objective of the study is to find the efficacy of neoadjuvant targeted therapy in the treatment of patients with localised clear-cell renal cell carcinoma. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at Mardan Medical Complex from June 2023 to January 2024. Data were collected from 85 patients. Patients aged>18 years and have a histologically confirmed diagnosis of localized ccRCC were included in the study. Tumor size was required to be 4 cm or larger, but confined to the kidney, corresponding to Stage I to III disease. Results: Data were collected from 85 patients with an average baseline tumour size for the entire cohort was 7.5 cm, and after 12 weeks of treatment, tumours shrank to an average of 5.6 cm, resulting in a mean tumour reduction of 25%. In the sunitinib group, the tumour size decreased from 7.5 cm to 5.55 cm, reflecting a 26% reduction. Similarly, in the pazopanib group, the tumour size was reduced from 7.5 cm to 5.65 cm, with an average reduction of 24%. Conclusion: It is concluded that neoadjuvant targeted therapy, using agents such as sunitinib and pazopanib, effectively reduces tumour size and improves surgical outcomes in patients with localized clear-cell renal cell carcinoma.