jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Using statistical reasoning performance to reveal information parsing preferences in the mind

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Many cognitive tasks require the parsing of information into smaller, discrete units in order to enable effective information processing. This parsing can, broadly speaking, be done along either situationally ad hoc dimensions or done preferentially along ecologically and evolutionarily relevant dimensions. The present research systematically evaluates these two possibilities within a statistical reasoning context. While replicating results that appear to support the partition-edit-count hypothesis (that item parsing is equipotential, based on subtle linguistic cues), this result was found to be in large part due to confounds in the nature of the tasks rather than the partitioning manipulations (Experiment 1). Additionally, a frequency presentation of the same task not only eliminated the earlier confounds but also improved performance directly and as predicted by the alternative hypothesis (Experiment 2). Attempts to reintroduce a biasing partition frame (Experiment 3) and a process study of participants’ task representation (Experiment 4) also both failed to support the partition-edit-count hypothesis. These results favour an ecological rationality perspective and the associated frequency and individuation hypotheses regarding statistical reasoning (i.e., a privileged status for frequency representations to guide parsing of objects, events, and locations into easily countable units).
Stopper-Controller Games embedded in Single-Player Control Problems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In 2002, Benjamin Jourdain and Claude Martini discovered that for a class of payoff functions, the pricing problem for American options can be reduced to pricing of European options for an appropriately associated payoff, all within a Black-Scholes framework. This discovery has been investigated in great detail by Sören Christensen, Jan Kallsen and Matthias Lenga in a recent work in 2020. In the present work we prove that this phenomenon can be observed in a wider context, and even holds true in a setup of non-linear stochastic processes. We analyse this problem from both probabilistic and analytic viewpoints. In the classical situation, Jourdain and Martini used this method to approximate prices of American put options. The broader applicability now potentially covers non-linear frameworks such as model uncertainty and controller-and-stopper-games.
The Clinical Efficacy of Single Morning Doses of Levodopa Methyl Ester

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For many patients with Parkinson disease and levodopa-related motor fluctuations, the latency to onset of action of a single dose of a levodopa preparation may be both long and variable. In an effort to find a more rapidly acting and reliable preparation of levodopa, we therefore studied the efficacy of single doses of an oral solution of 250 mg of levodopa methyl ester (ME) with benserazide, 50 mg and of a molar equivalent dose of dispersible Madopar (DM) (50/200) in 13 patients in the fasting state after overnight drug withdrawal. The response of seven of these patients was compared to that after two Sinemet 25/100. The latency to "on" was equally fast with ME and DM, and significantly faster than after standard Sinemet. The duration of "on" was similar with all three. Because of this more rapid relief of "off" periods, both ME and DM offer a potential clinical advantage over standard preparations of levodopa.
Sex-related errors in job evaluation: A "real-world" test.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The present study investigated the effects of the dominant sex of job incumbents, pay level of a job, and evaluator's sex on job evaluation scores among 103 compensation practitioners. No effects on either the absolute rating or relative standing of the manipulated job were found as a function of dominant sex of job incumbents or evaluator sex. Pay level was associated with substantial effect on the absolute rating and on the relative standing of the manipulated job. Implications for research and for the comparable worth controversy are discussed.
Prospects for Ultra-Stable Timekeeping with Sealed Vacuum Operation in Multi-Pole Linear Ion Trap Standards

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A recent long-term comparison between the compensated multi-pole Linear Ion Trap Standard (LITS) and the laser-cooled primary standards via GPS carrier-phase time transfer showed a deviation of less than 2.7x10(-17)/day. A subsequent evaluation of potential drift contributors in the LITS showed that the leading candidates are fluctuations in background gases and the neon buffer gas. The current vacuum system employs a "flow-through" turbo-molecular pump and a diaphragm fore-pump. Here, we consider the viability of a "sealed" vacuum system pumped by a non-evaporable getter for long-term ultra-stable clock operation. Initial tests suggest that both further stability improvement and longer mean-time-between-maintenance can be achieved using this approach.
Unlocking the Potential of Coelastrella and Scenedesmus Algal Consortium: A New Frontier for Protein Production and Wastewater Bioindicators

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

The handling of wastewater has long been a contentious issue. Microalgal consortia are realistic and sustainable options for advanced wastewater treatment since they produce single-cell proteins in addition to high-value commodities. Unavoidably, this process is already in motion, but it proceeds too slowly to allow for prompt recycling. Microalgae consortia can be more effective at detoxifying organic and inorganic pollutants and removing nutrients from wastewater than single microorganisms. The "bioaugmentation" process entails adding nutrients or other microorganisms with specific degrading abilities to microbial populations that clean wastewater. In this experimental setup of the algal consortium, two strains of algae, Scenedesmus and Coelastrella sp., which are members of Chlorophyceae, were employed. The effluent wastewater of Bengal Chemical, Khardaha, 24 Pgs N, W. B. facility was used as the nutritional media in this investigation. A consortium created with these two alga strains at a 1:1 ratio of biomass achieved maximum growth on the 6th day of cultivation. According to the results, biomass, protein, and chlorophyll contents of 3.71 mg/ml, 500.50 µg/mg, and 111.26 µg/mg, respectively, were produced by this synergistic combination. However, antagonistic effects occurred when both the 2:1 and 1:2 combinations of primary inoculums were used, which resulted in less of the desired product. At a 1:1 ratio, the Coelastrell and Scenedesmus consortia outperformed the other combinations in the removal of phosphate and ammonium from wastewater, with removal rates of 65% and 82%, respectively.
Tax Avoidance and Cost of Debt: the Role of Ownership Structure and Corporate Governance

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study examines the relationship between tax avoidance and the cost of debt capital and the existance of managerial opportunism theory through the moderating effects of corporate governance (family ownership, the ultimate owner, the second largest shareholder, and the effectiveness of board and audit committee) for companies on the Indonesian Stock Exchange between 2008-2012. The results show that tax avoidance has a positive relationship with the cost of debt capital. Furthermore, it is found that concentrated ownership strenghtens the relation between tax avoidance and cost of debt, while the existence of second largest owners weakens the relationship. This study, however, cannot prove that family ownership and the effectiveness of the company’s board commissioners and audit committee gives any impact on the tax avoidance and cost of debt relationship. The study provides a starting point for further research in the monitoring role of company shareholders on its tax compliance. The result of this study provides a better and clearer picture for companies on the consequence of undertaking tax avoidance . This study is the first that probes the role of a firm’s ultimate shareholder and its second largest shareholder on the relationship between tax avoidance and the cost of debt.
Community determinants of COPD exacerbations in elderly patients in Poland: protocol for a retrospective Big Data observational cohort study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Analyses of large sets of electronic health-related data (Big Data), including local community indicators, may improve knowledge of the outcomes of chronic diseases among patients and healthcare systems. Our study will estimate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its exacerbations in elderly patients in the Lodz region, Poland; it will also evaluate local community factors potentially associated with disease exacerbations and rank local communities according to health and local community indicators. Methods and analysis Local community factors, including medical/health, socioeconomic and environmental values potentially associated with COPD exacerbations will be identified. A retrospective analysis of a cohort of about half a million people 65 years old and older, living in local communities of the Lodz region in 2016 will be performed. Relevant data will be extracted from databases, including those of the National Health Fund, Tax Office and National Statistics Centre. This cross-sectional study will include data for a 1 year period, from 1 January until 31 December 2016. The data will first be checked for quality, cleaned and analysed using data mining techniques, and then multilevel logistic regression will be used to discover the community determinants of COPD exacerbations. Ethics and dissemination The study protocol has been approved by the Bioethical Committee of Medical University of Lodz (RNN/248/18/KE, 10 July 2018). Our findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and reports.
Understanding of Japanese in an interactive programming system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

KIPS is an automatic programming system which generates standardized business application programs through interactive natural language dialogue.KIPS models the program under discussion and the content of the user's statements as organizations of dynamic objects in the object*oriented programming sense.This paper describes the statement*model and the program-model, their use in understanding Japanese program specifications, and bow they are shaped by the linguistic singularities of Japanese input sentences.
Frequencies of CCR5-D32, CCR2-64I and SDF1-3’A mutations in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) seropositive subjects and seronegative individuals from the state of Pará in Brazilian Amazonia

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The distribution of genetic polymorphisms of chemokine receptors CCR5-D32, CCR2-64I and chemokine (SDF1-3 A) mutations were studied in 110 Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) seropositive individuals (seropositive group) and 139 seronegative individuals (seronegative group) from the population of the northern Brazilian city of Belém which is the capital of the state of Pará in the Brazilian Amazon. The CCR5-D32 mutation was found in the two groups at similar frequencies, i.e. 2.2% for the seronegative group and 2.7% for the seropositive group. The frequencies of the SDF1-3 A mutation were 21.0% for the seronegative group and 15.4% for the seropositive group, and the CCR2-64I allele was found at frequencies of 12.5% for the seronegative group and 5.4% for the seropositive group. Genotype distributions were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg expectations in both groups, suggesting that none of the three mutations has a detectable selective effect. Difference in the allelic and genotypic frequencies was statistically significant for the CCR2 locus, the frequency in the seronegative group being twice that found in the seropositive group. This finding may indicate a protective effect of the CCR2-64I mutation in relation to HIV transmission. However, considering that the CCR2-64I mutation has been more strongly associated with a decreased risk for progression for AIDS than to the resistance to the HIV infection, this could reflect an aspect of population structure or a Type I error.
Additional file 4: Figure S3. of Elizabethkingia miricola as an opportunistic oral pathogen associated with superinfectious complications in humoral immunodeficiency: a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pathogenesis of and factors predisposing to opportunistic Elizabethkingia miricola superinfection in humoral immunodeficiency; i.e. common variable immunodeficiency. (DOCX 148 kb)
Diversity and Population Structure in a Geographic Sample of Tomato Accessions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Domesticated tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) dispersed out of Latin America nearly 500 yr ago, but little is known about its global patterns of genetic diversity. To gain insight into these patterns we assembled a panel of 30 accessions that sampled five major geographic regions. All accessions were evaluated for highly heritable horticultural traits and nutritional content. Lycopene (mean = 10.41 ug g −1 ), total soluble solids (mean Brix = 6.03%), and vitamin C (mean = 50.77 ug ml −1 ) varied two‐ to three‐fold among accessions. Lycopene was somewhat low while Brix was typical of tomato varieties. Amplicons from 49 genes (22.9 kbp in total) were sequenced in two plants per accession. Nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00112) was slightly lower than a panel of landraces but higher than a set of fresh‐market and processing varieties. South America was the only region with a significantly higher mean π relative to the other geographic regions. An analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) of gene frequencies showed that large fractions of the total variation were partitioned into accessions within regions (36%) and individuals within accessions (61%). Therefore, targeted sampling of accessions and individual plants, irrespective of geographic source, is an optimal strategy to obtain diverse genotypes. Population structure analysis defined two clusters that were not associated with a priori groups. South American germplasm is promising as a source of new alleles but no geographic region should be viewed as a poor source of tomato genetic variation.
Dynamical Impacts of Rotating Convective Asymmetries on Tropical Cyclones

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Although a tropical cyclone may conceptually be regarded as an axisymmetric vortex, there is substantial evidence that asymmetric dynamics play an important role. In this thesis, dynamical impacts of rotating convective asymmetries are examined in this thesis. Two types of rotating convective asymmetries are considered: rotating eyewall convective maximum which is located in the core region of the storm and spiral bands which are located outside the core. Both of them can be characterized as rotating asymmetric convective heat sources, and they are superimposed on a balanced, axisymmetric vortex to approximate the effect of rotating eyewall convective maximum and spiral bands on tropical cyclone by using a simple nonhydrostatic three-dimensional, but linear model that is based on vortex anelastic equations. The evolution of rotating convective asymmetric heat sources on a balanced, axisymmetric vortex, which is modeled after tropical cyclones, is investigated to examine angular momentum transport by gravity waves that radiate away from the core region. Results show that gravity waves can transport angular momentum away from a tropical cyclone, but a very small amount, which is several orders of magnitude smaller than the estimate by recent studies. The significantly large difference may largely be due to the difference between two-dimensional and three-dimensional adjustment processes. Assuming that the effects of spiral bands on tropical cyclone wind field are caused by the response to diabatic heating in their convection, rotating asymmetric heat sources are constructed to reflect observations of spiral bands. These heat sources are rotated around a realistic but idealized balanced axisymmetric vortex. Simulation results show that the response of tropical cyclone wind field to idealized spiral band heat sources can successfully capture a number of observed well-known features of spiral band circulation, such as overturning secondary circulation, descending mid-level inflow, and cyclonic tangential acceleration. Comparison to full-physics numerical simulations confirms the validity of this method which provides a simple dynamical framework to better understand the impact of spiral bands in tropical cyclone.
Spatial Variation of Temperature and Precipitation in Bhutan and Links to Vegetation and Land Cover

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Bhutan, located in the Himalayas in the South Asian monsoon region, has extremely high variation in elevation, climatic conditions, and land cover despite its small geographical area, as well as great biodiversity. This paper provides the first comprehensive description of climatic conditions in Bhutan. It assesses the spatial variation of temperature and precipitation across the country and evaluates the causes for this variation based on daily data from 70 meteorological stations that have been recording data for time spans ranging from 3 to 21 years. Temperature and precipitation show contrasting spatial variation, with temperature primarily affected by elevation and precipitation by latitude. Models were developed using mixed linear regression models to predict seasonal and annual mean temperature and precipitation based on geographical location. Using linear regression we found that temperatures changed by about 0.5°C for every 100 m of change in elevation, with lapse rates being highest in February, March, and November and lowest from June to August. The lapse rate was highest for minimum temperatures and lowest for maximum temperatures, with the greatest difference during winter. The spatial distribution of precipitation was mainly controlled by latitude, having a quadratic relationship, with the highest rates in the southern foothills of the Himalayan range and the lowest at midlatitudes. The land cover is affected by topography and local climate, with variations in temperature being a main deciding factor for vegetation types; most human settlements and associated land uses are concentrated at lower elevations.
Rediscovery of Otters on the Tsushima Islands, Japan by Trail Cameras

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Otters are thought to be extinct in Japan, although they were widely distributed there until the early 20th century. Records of otters on Tsushima Islands, located between Kyushu and the Korean Peninsula, were found only in two sources from about 1735 and 1809, and there has been no evidence of their existence since the middle of 19th century until now. We set infrared trail cameras to monitor the Tsushima leopard cat on the northern island of Tsushima. Otter(s) were recorded by these cameras four times, on February 6 and July 16, 2017 in the Tanohama area and on October 1 and 3, 2017 in the Sago area of the island. This is the first record of an otter in Japan since the last record was made in Kochi Prefecture in 1979. The otters recorded on the islands could not be identified to species level based on the footage feed from the trail cameras. Based on historical information about otters in Tsushima and the surrounding areas, the origin of the otters is thought to have been natural dispersal from the Korean Peninsula, the nearest habitat of the Eurasian otter.
Evaluating and Engaging: Using Participatory Video With Kenyan Secondary School Students to Explore Engagement With Health Research

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The growing ethical requirement to engage communities with health research has yielded diversification in approaches and targeted audiences. Conventional approaches like community "town-hall meetings," laboratory open-days and focus group discussions, have evolved into new methods and audiences such as community drama and school engagement with health research (SEHR) involving learning interactions between researchers and school students. While engagement practices are diversifying, evaluations of these initiatives are rare in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMIC). This article focuses on the use of Participatory Video (PV) to explore the influence of the KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme's (KWTRP) School Engagement Programme (SEP) on the views and understandings of science and research among Kenyan state secondary school students.Twelve male and twelve female students from four coeducational schools were provided with film-making kits (1 per school), and a one-day PV training workshop. They prepared 22 short films over 8 weeks depicting their experiences and views of research and engagement and conveying their career aspirations. Schools were selected based on prior SEP participation; two schools having experienced different engagement approaches, and the others with no prior school engagement. Study data comprised footage and participant observation notes.PV provided an opportunity to simultaneously engage and evaluate to inform practice. Through student-led filmmaking, PV stimulated conversations with students about research and engagement, enabling them to share their views in a way they felt was appropriate. These interactions offered an understanding of student gains from engagement, the depth of interaction required to address perceptions held about research and the potential unintended consequences of engagement. PV also provided insights into the context and complexity of life in which engagement is situated. Understanding this context is important because of its potential influence on participation in engagement activities. We draw on these insights to make two recommendations for school engagement practice. First is that PV can provide an enjoyable and insightful means of combining engagement with evaluation. Second, given that time for SEHR is competed for against other important curricular and extracurricular activities, SEHR practitioners must ensure that activities are as beneficial and enjoyable as possible to students.
RpoS is required for natural transformation of Vibrio cholerae through regulation of chitinases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary Vibrio species naturally reside in the aquatic environment and a major metabolite in this habitat is the chitinous exoskeletons of crustacean zooplankton. In addition to serving as a nutrient, chitin‐derived oligosaccharides also induce natural genetic competence in many Vibrio spp., a physiological state in which bacteria take up DNA from the extracellular environment and can integrate it into their chromosome by homologous recombination. Another inducing cue required for competence are quorum‐sensing autoinducers. The alternative sigma factor RpoS is critical for natural transformation in Vibrio cholerae , and it was previously presumed to exert this effect through regulation of quorum sensing. Here, we show that RpoS does not affect quorum sensing‐dependent regulation of competence. Instead, we show that an rpoS mutant has reduced chitinase activity, which is required to liberate the soluble chitin oligosaccharides that serve as an inducing cue for competence. Consistent with this, we demonstrate that RpoS is required for growth of V. cholerae on insoluble chitin. RpoS also regulates the mucosal escape response in pathogenic strains of V. cholerae . Thus, in addition to promoting egress from its human host, RpoS may also prime this pathogen for successful reentry into the aquatic environment.