jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
LHD ICHPXI #112071.5

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) heating system to launch fast waves (Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) waves) to heat plasma particles by wave-particle interaction. Raw data are forward and reflected power and voltage of transmission lines, 3.5 U/L and 4.5 U/L.
The vagina muscles of the blood‐sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus as a model for exploring the physiological effects of proctolin

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Proctolin is a neuroactive pentapeptide first isolated from the cockroach Periplaneta americana in which it has an excitatory effect on contractions on visceral muscles of the hindgut. Subsequently, proctolin is reported in a wide variety of invertebrates, and considerable efforts have been made to determine its mode of action. Its primary role appears to be that of a neuromodulator rather than a classical neurotransmitter, and it may also serve as a neurohormone, depending on the muscles examined. The present study identifies the vagina muscles of the blood‐sucking insect Rhodnius prolixus (Stål) as a proctolinergic system. Physiological doses of proctolin generate prolonged contractions that closely mimic the effects of motor nerve stimulation. This preparation is convenient and robust, warranting its use as an experimental system to further understand the role of proctolin in the regulation of muscle contractions in insects. Moreover, these muscles are innervated by an identifiable inhibitory component providing a means to investigate the interaction between proctolin excitation and neural inhibition.
MEMECAH DORMANSI RIMPANG TEMULAWAK (Curcuma xanthorrhiza ROXB) MENGGUNAKAN LARUTAN ATONIK DAN STIMULASI PERAKARAN DENGAN APLIKASI AUKSIN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Temulawak is a plant propagated vegetatively with rhizomes. Its rhizome undergoes a dormancy phase in dry season and this phase will break up in wet season. The objective of this study is to know the dormancy breaking by soaking the temulawak rhizome in stimulating biology liquid (0, 2, 4, 6 ml/l) and commercial auxin liquid (0, 10, 20, mg/l). The result showed that both liquid could stimulate the dormancy breaking. However those treatments were not different with control (biology liquid 0 g/l and commercial auxin 0 mg/l ). The number of shooting rhizomes, total shoots, rooted rhizomes and total roots in all treatment were not significantly different from the control.
Quantitation of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels in chronic airways obstruction.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The number of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels (defined as vessels of less than 100 mu diameter with two distinct elastic laminae) was calculated in 50 postmortem lungs. The size of the right ventricle, the amount and type of emphysema, and the proportion of small airways lumen in the lung were also quantitated. Eighteen patients had died as a result of chronic airways obstruction, 17 had symptoms of chronic chest disease but died from some unrelated cause, and 15 had no symptoms related to the respiratory system. The mean number of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels (TWPV) was found to be significantly greater in the fatal disease group than in both of the other groups. No significant difference was found between the mean values of the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups. The mean number of TWPV was significantly greater in cases with a right ventricular weight of more than 80 g than in those with a weight of less than 65 g. Positive correlations were found between the number of TWPV and right ventricular weight, total amount of emphysema in the lung, and the amounts of centrilobular and panlobular emphysema. Significant negative correlations were found between the number of TWPV and both the ratio of the weight of the left ventricle to the right ventricle and the proportion of small airways lumen in the lung.
Relevance of abattoir hygiene assessment to microbial contamination of British beef carcases.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Eleven beef abattoirs were visited, each on five separate occasions. On each occasion, an audit was carried out according to the official Hygiene Assessment System (HAS) and 10 carcases were sampled at four different sites to assess total viable counts and counts of presumptive coliform bacteria. The HAS scores ranged from 11 to 84 (maximum 100), and the logarithmic mean total viable counts for all sampling sites on each batch of carcases varied between 1.98 and 4.14 colony forming units/cm2. The mean prevalence of coliform contamination ranged from 0 to 85 per cent. There was a significant negative correlation (P < 0.001) between the mean HAS scores and the mean total viable count for each abattoir, but not between the HAS scores and the numbers of coliforms. Within the HAS, the mean scores for all five categories, before weighting, showed a significant correlation with the mean total viable count (P < 0.001); however, the categories concerned with slaughter and dressing, and personnel and practices were of most value in determining trends in carcase contamination. A new advisory classification is proposed for levels of microbial contamination on beef carcases.
Hidden in Plain Sight

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Invisibility cloaking has attracted a lot of interest from both the general public and the scientific community because of its possible realization. Here we discuss the first realization of invisibility cloaking of a macroscopic object in visible light. The underlining mechanism is based on the incorporation of transformation optics in a conventional optical lens fabrication. A common anisotropic optical material—calcite—is used. This technique may open up the possibility of taking more transformation optics devices from concepts into practical applications.
Effects of reactive ion etching on chemical vapor deposition

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Silicon surfaces were exposed to reactive ion etching with CCl2F2, followed by low pressure chemical vapor deposition of silicon nitride. Examination with transmission electron microscopy shows a 5-nm homogeneous layer with interfacial roughness about the order of the layer thickness between the nitride and the silicon substrate. Analysis with spatially resolved electron energy loss scattering indicates that this phase is Si2N2O. The causes for the formation of this layer and its implication on very large scale integration technology are discussed.
The subjective anticipation and evaluation of childbirth and anxiety

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Anticipated evaluations of childbirth and a state anxiety measure were completed by 25 women in the last trimester of pregnancy. These women and an additional 34 were contacted within a week after the birth when their actual experiences and state anxiety were measured. Anticipated and actual evaluations of childbirth were significantly correlated. Prenatal anxiety was not related to the actual experience, but actual evaluation was related to satisfaction and anxiety after the birth.
Histological and immunohistochemical practical studies of canine cutaneous tumors

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A total of one hundred and fifty-three canine cutaneous tumors were examined and analyzed using the standard haematoxylin-eosin staining method. Additionally, tumors were examined immunohistochemically (41.4%) with antibodies LP34, AE1/AE3, V9 and histochemically (24.8%) with toluidine blue. Epithelial and melanocytic tumors of the skin accounted for 52.3% and mesenchymal tumours constituted 47.7%. All epidermal and follicular tumors demonstrated positive immunostaining for “LP34” antibodies. Fibromas and fibrosarcomas, which were immunohistochemically positive for antibodies “V9”, demonstrated negative immunostaining for antibodies “LP34”. As many as 47.4% of all round cell tumors showed positive staining with toluidine blue. Antibodies “LP34” are helpful for the differential diagnosis of epithelial cells of tumors in canine skin, skin adnexal and subcutaneous tissues. Antibodies “AE1/AE3” could be helpful for detecting metastatic glandular epithelial cells in the skin. Moreover, antibodies “V9” could be a useful tool to diagnose the cutaneous tumors consisting of fibrous tissue cells. Staining round cell tumors with toluidine blue may give valuable information on regarding mast cell tumors.
Mate selection among online daters in Shanghai: Why does education matter?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Prior studies of assortative mating have shown that people tend to marry someone of the same educational level, but why individuals value a mate’s education and the process of mate selection itself remain a black box in predominantly quantitative studies. With online dating’s growing popularity, research needs to examine how online daters navigate dating markets given educational preferences they hold and “freedom of choice” offered by technologies. This study aims to investigate individuals’ educational preferences and how educational preferences shape mate selection processes in online dating. In-depth interviews were conducted with 29 university-educated, heterosexual online daters (13 men, 16 women) in Shanghai. Data were analyzed through a combination of abductive and inductive coding strategies. Results showed that both educational levels and university prestige were primary mate selection criteria in online dating. Both genders considered educational sorting essential for achieving cultural matching, but only men emphasized the importance of spouse’s education for their future children’s education. Furthermore, guided by their educational preferences, online daters deliberately chose dating platforms and screened dating candidates. We argue that online daters’ emphasis on university prestige is rooted in China’s hierarchical higher education system, and gendered rationales for educational preferences stem from ingrained gender roles in Chinese families. Seemingly “personal” preferences are therefore shaped by cultural norms and institutional contexts. Moreover, results suggest that online dating may reinforce social closure among China’s educational elites.
An Incidental Finding of Primary Colonic Tuberculosis Disguising Itself as Colon Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intestinal tuberculosis (TB) is common among the extrapulmonary spectrum of TB seen in developing countries, with the ileocecal region being the most common site involved. Isolated colonic TB is rare among intestinal TB. The usual presentation of intestinal TB is transverse ulceration, which should be differentiated from other causes of intestinal ulcers. The diagnosis of isolated colonic TB is challenging due to a lack of typical clinical presentations and nonspecific colonoscopy findings. There are myriad histomorphological features seen in the intestinal tuberculosis, including epithelioid cell granulomas with or without necrosis and extensive fibrosis with stricture formation and sometimes only show dense mixed inflammatory cells comprising polymorphs and histiocytes. It can also be presented as spindle cell pseudotumors. The acid-fast bacilli in biopsy specimens are not frequently encountered. Hence, the diagnosis of intestinal TB is missed most of the time in the early stages, and the patient lands up in an emergency. Here, we would like to add another case of colonic TB to the literature, wherein a 60-year-old female who was asymptomatic for 1 month suddenly presented with acute symptoms of intestinal obstruction and was misdiagnosed clinically as well as radiologically as colonic carcinoma. The diagnosis of tubercular colitis was later confirmed on histopathological examination of the hemicolectomy specimen.
Geologic map of the Neogene deposits of Mejillones Peninsula, northern Chile

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A new 1:50,000 geological map of the Mejillones Peninsula (northern Chile) displays relationships between the various Neogene units present. The Neogene evolution of the peninsula, reconstructed on the basis of distribution of these units, suggests a complex interplay between sea-level changes and tectonics and indicates that basin-bounding faults propagate from north to south.
Spatial effects of an electrically generated plasma on the interior ballistics of electrothermal-chemical (ETC) guns

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Electrothermal-chemical (ETC) guns offer the prospect of significantly increased muzzle kinetic energy over conventional solid propellant gun systems as evidenced by experimental data collected over the past several years. To support the various experimental programs, codes developed specifically for ETC interior ballistic processes have matured including 0D, 1D, and 2D/3D models. Although these models in general have been successfully applied to simulate experimental data, prediction of gun interior ballistic performance at high gun energies has been more difficult. In this paper we examine comparisons of 0D and 1D model results with experimental data in order to gain a clearer understanding of the way that electrothermal energy input modifies the interior ballistics in ETC guns. These comparisons suggest that both axial and radial effects must be considered, necessitating development of first-principles 2D/3D models. Results from one such model, CRAFT, are presented in the paper.< >
Meta‑analysis of the effect of antithrombotic drugs on perioperative bleeding in BPH surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Effects of antithrombotic agents on the bleeding risk after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) were assessed in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Controlled clinical trials on the effects of perioperative anticoagulant therapy on postoperative bleeding in BPH patients published during January 1990 and February 2019 were searched in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library. Two independent reviewers screened the studies according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted the data, evaluated the quality, and conducted a meta-analysis using the RevMan 5.3 software. A total of 20 studies were included. Analysis of these studies found that compared with interrupted use of antithrombotic agents, continuous use of antithrombotic drugs led to more frequent post-TURP bleeding (OR=4.34, 95% CI=2.29-8.23), and higher transfusion rate (2.96, 1.19-7.36). Compared with patients who never used antithrombotic agents, those who used antithrombotic agents continuously had higher bleeding risk (5.52, 1.64-18.66). Those who continued using antithrombotic agents during laser treatment had higher transfusion rate than those who stopped using them before the operation (5.39, 1.49-19.53), but it had no significant difference in clot retention, blood transfusion rate, intraoperative hemoglobin decrease and postoperative catheter-indwelling time compared with those who never used antithrombotic agents (P>0.05). Those who continued using antithrombotic agents during TURP showed less intraoperative hemoglobin decrease (-0.46, -0.58-0.35) than the patients who underwent low molecular weight heparin substitution. Interruption of antithrombotic agents during TURP can prevent the risk of postoperative bleeding; continuous use of antithrombotic agents is safe and feasible during laser treatment of BPH; whether low molecular weight heparin substitution is necessary during the discontinuation of antithrombotic agents is controversial.
Aortic events and reoperations after elective arch surgery: incidence, surgical strategies and outcomes†

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AEs after elective arch surgery are not irrelevant and mostly involve the distal aspects of the adjoining aorta. In accordance with the underlying pathology, open or endovascular REDO may be performed with an acceptable outcome. Preparation of an adequate proximal landing zone at the time of primary arch surgery is advisable.
Radiological Management of Infections in Immunocompromised Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Immunocompromised status is defined as a condition of impaired or dysfunctional immune system, which is unable to protect the body from external pathogens. The causes of immunocompromised status can be congenital or acquired, with the most notable example worldwide being the human immunodeficiency virus. An immunocompromised patient has an increased susceptibility to infections, which can be caused by pathogens such as fungi, parasites, bacteria, or viruses.The use of appropriate radiological methods in diagnostic purpose plays an important role in the early detection and treatment of various infections and other diseases characteristic for immunocompromised patients.Immunocompromised patients most commonly develop opportunistic infections of the neurological system. Since neurological changes in the early stages of development can be undetectable on CT scans, magnetic resonance imaging is primarily used for promt disease detection, as it is the most specific and sensitive method for these conditions. During MRI imaging, it is crucial to use multiple different pre-contrast and additional post-contrast sequences to reliably confirm highly specific neurological infections and differentiate them based on the type of etiological factor. Besides neurological complications, immunocompromised patients are also highly prone to developing respiratory infections. The method of choice for such complications is undoubtedly multislice CT, which can detect even the smallest changes within the respiratory system in the early stages of the disease. After the initial detection of the disease, radiographic imaging of the thoracic region represents an extremely powerful and accessible tool for further monitoring, with significant sensitivity that can guide the subsequent course of treatment.
The IBA's Investor-State Mediation Rules and the ICSID Dispute Settlement Framework

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The IBA's Investor–State Mediation Rules and the ICSID Dispute Settlement Framework Get access Frauke Nitschke Frauke Nitschke 2 2 Legal Counsel, International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) Washington, DC, USA. The views expressed in this article are those of the author and should not be attributed to ICSID. Email: fnitschke@worldbank.org . Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal, Volume 29, Issue 1, Winter 2014, Pages 112–132, https://doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/sit049 Published: 04 March 2014
Ne2, a typical CC–NBS–LRR‐type gene, is responsible for hybrid necrosis in wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Hybrid necrosis, caused by complementary genes Ne1 and Ne2 , is a serious barrier for combining desirable traits from different genotypes of wheat, affecting the full utilisation of heterosis. To date, both Ne1 and Ne2 are still not isolated although they were documented decades ago. We report here the map‐based cloning and functional characterisation of Ne2 , encoding a coiled coil–nucleotide‐binding site–leucine‐rich repeat (CC–NBS–LRR) protein. Homozygous frameshift mutations generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 approach confirmed the Ne2 ‐inducing hybrid necrosis in wheat. Upregulated expression of Ne2 induced by Ne1 and excess hydrogen peroxide accumulation are associated with the necrosis formation. Genetic analyses of a Ne2 allele ( Ne2 m ) and leaf rust resistance gene LrLC10 / Lr13 revealed that they might be the same gene. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the frequency of the Ne2 allele was much lower in landraces (2.00%) compared with that in modern cultivars (13.62%), suggesting that Ne2 allele has been partially applied in wheat genetic improvement. Our findings open opportunities of thoroughly investigating the molecular mechanism of hybrid necrosis, selecting Lr13 and simultaneously avoiding hybrid necrosis in wheat breeding through marker‐assisted selection.
Alzheimer's Disease and Oral Care

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest form of dementia, closely associated with age, but also with other causative factors. AD affects half a million people in the UK, and presents dentists with numerous behavioural and clinical challenges. The aetiology, diagnosis and medical treatment for persons with AD are discussed, together with communication strategies and issues related to families and care-givers. Realistic dental treatment planning for patients in early, moderate and late stage AD is considered in conjunction with relevant ethical issues. Dentists have the potential to improve markedly the quality of life for people with AD.
Internalism and the frege: Geach problem

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

According to the established understanding of the Frege-Geach problem, it is a challenge exclusively for metaethical expressivism. In this paper, I argue that it is much wider in scope: The problem applies generally to views according to which moral sentences express moral judgments entailing that one is for or against something, irrespective of what mental states the judgments consist in. In particular, it applies to motivational internalism about moral judgments. Most noteworthy, it applies to cognitivist internalism according to which moral judgments consist in motivating beliefs. Hence, in order for a metaethical view to evade the Frege-Geach problem, it should avoid stating that moral judgments are motivating.
Quantitative Effects of Global Tempo on Expressive Timing in Music Performance: Some Perceptual Evidence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study examines whether global tempo and expressive timing microstructure are independent in the aesthetic judgment of music performance. Measurements of tone interonset intervals in pianists' performances of pieces by Schumann ("Traumerei") and Debussy ("La fille aux cheveux de lin") at three different tempi show a tendency toward reduced relative variation in expressive timing at both faster and slower tempi, relative to the pianist's original tempo. However, this could reflect merely the pianists' discomfort when playing at an unfamiliar tempo. Therefore, a perceptual approach was taken here. Experimental stimuli were created artificially by independently manipulating global tempo (three levels) and "relative modulation depth" of expressive timing (RMD, five levels) in MIDI-recorded complete performances of the Schumann and Debussy pieces. Skilled pianists rated the quality of the resulting two sets of 15 performances on a 10-point scale. The question was whether the same RMD would receive the highest rating at all three tempi, or whether an interaction would emerge, such that different RMDs are preferred at different tempi. A small but significant interaction was obtained for both pieces, indicating that the listeners preferred a reduced RMD when the tempo was increased, but the same or a larger RMD when the tempo was decreased. Thus, they associated an increase in tempo with a decrease in (relative) expressive timing variation, which, in general agreement with the performance data, suggests that the two temporal dimensions are not independent.