jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
CD4+ T cells, without CD8+ or B lymphocytes, can reject xenogeneic skin grafts

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Previous experiments have shown that rejection of xenogeneic skin grafts by mice is particularly dependent on CD4 + T cells. There are two possible explantations for this finding: either 1) “help” provided by CD4 + T cells is essential for CD8 + T cell‐, B cell‐, or NK cell‐mediated effector mechanisms of rejection, or 2) CD4 + cells are themselves responsible for rejection, perhaps by some nonspecific effector mechanism. To examine these two hypotheses, we transplanted pig skin onto SCID mice and then reconstituted the mice with selected subpopulations of lymphocytes. Mice that did not received CD4 + T cells were unable to reject their xenografts, whereas those receiving CD4 + cells could do so in the absence of CD8 + cells or B cells and even when additionally depleted of NK cells by treatment with anti‐Asialo GM1 antibody. Additional experiments were performed both in vivo and vitro to confirm the absence in test mice of CD4 + or CD8 + and B lymphocytes, respectively. These results suggest that CD4 + T cells are not only necessary for rejection of xenogeneic skin grafts by mice, but that they can do so without CD8 + cells or B cells, and probably without NK cells. Since CD4 + cells in mice have been shown to recognize xenogeneic antigens indirectly, this suggests that a nonspecific effector mechanism may be involved in the rejection of xenografts. In these experiments allogeneic skin grafts behave quite differently as they could not be rejected by this mechanism.
Research progress on the relationship between glycemic variability and oxidative stress or cytokines

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Oxidative stress and cytokines have been shown to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. Glycemic variability in patients with type 2 diabetes is clearly associated with oxidative stress, which can be partially explained by epigenetics. The level of oxidative stress in patients with type 1 diabetes is increased, but the relationship between glycemic variability and oxidative stress is not clear, and there may be an autoimmune response involved. Glycemic variability is associated with a variety of cytokines, which play a role in inflammatory response, metabolic disorders, and apoptosis. The effects of glycemic variability on oxidative stress and cytokine and its related mechanisms are reviewed in present paper.\n\t\t\n\t\tDOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2019.12.12
Combining Functional Prototyping of 3D Printed Reactors with a Modular Reactor Setup for Continuous Emulsion Polymerization

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The potential for fast and specific process optimization by functional prototyping with 3D printed reactors was shown for a known continuous emulsion polymerization in a modular setup. Three tubular reactors, two with static mixing elements and a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were printed from polylactic acid. Thermal imaging of the reactors allows to map the basically adiabatic progress of the redox‐started radical polymerization in a space‐resolved way. The application of static mixing elements led to a higher conversion stability and a more uniform product, as expected for a better mass transfer. Polymerization in combinations of CSTR and a tubular reactor showed further improvements of process stability and product uniformity in terms of particle size and mol masses.
Modulatory Effects of a Subinhibitory Concentration of Clindamycin in Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains of Sequence Type 30

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We read with great interest the study by Schilcher et al. ([1][1]) on the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of clindamycin on the biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. The authors highlighted a shift toward S. aureus to form biofilms at subinhibitory clindamycin concentrations, with
Looking Forward, Looking Back: Women's Experience with Waning Fertility during Midlife

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This was a phenomenological investigation undertaken to understand the experience of waning fertility. Twenty-five women were interviewed. They ranged in age from 40 to 50 years and represented diverse socioeconomic, educational, ethnic, and fertility backgrounds. A synthesis of the interviews lead to calling the central process of the study Looking Forward, Looking Back. These words were chosen because of the temporal references that pervaded the interviews. Although our initial question "Do you think you are still fertile?" positioned the women in the present, they quickly answered with "Yes, but...." Then, the participants went on to extend their answers by sharing both their past experiences regarding their fertility and also their future plans. These extended answers gave us the remaining main themes of the study: Reflecting on Childbearing Years, Doing a Midlife Review, and Anticipating Getting Older.
The Return of the Dinosaurs: About Scientific Imagination and its Affects

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Is it coincidence that in 1778 Buffon published his Les Époques de la Nature, Friedrich Schiller started writing his Die Räuber and Johann Heinrich Füssli started working on his drawing titled Der Künstler, verzweifelnd vor der Grösse der antiken Trümmer (The despairing artist, viewing the giant debris of antiquity)? What do these three very different works have in common? In a more or less nostalgic mood, they all evoke the energy and great size of a time past. For Buffon, the natural historian, it is gigantism of animal species, for Füssli the monumentalism of ancient works of art and for Schiller's Karl von Moor, the great feats of ancient heroes.
Molecular Dynamics Studies of the Protein–Protein Interactions in Inhibitor of κB Kinase-β

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Activation of the inhibitor of κB kinase subunit β (IKKβ) oligomer initiates a cascade that results in the translocation of transcription factors involved in mediating immune responses. Dimerization of IKKβ is required for its activation. Coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were used to investigate the conformation-activity and structure-activity relationships within the oligomer assembly of IKKβ that are impacted upon activation, mutation, and binding of ATP. Intermolecular interactions, free energies, and conformational changes were compared among several conformations, including a monomer, two different dimers, and the tetramer. Modifications to the activation segment induce conformational changes that disrupt dimerization and suggest that the multimeric assembly mediates a global stability for the enzyme that influences the activity of IKKβ.
English as a very high level language for simulation programming

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An automatic programming system which produces simulation programs from information obtained through natural language dialogue has been implemented under CP/CMS on the IBM 360/67. In the current version the information obtained from an English conversation about a simple queuing problem is used to build a language independent entity-attribute-value data structure. From this structure both an English description of the problem and a GPSS simulation program for it can be produced. This processing is done by a FORTRAN program which interprets sets of decoding and encoding rules written in a specially developed grammar-rule language. The paper includes a complete sample problem with a discussion of its processing and examples of decoding and encoding rules.
Imaging Findings in Three Cases of the Nodular Type of Muscular Sarcoidosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intramuscular hypoechoic well-defined nodules in young patients or patients with a history of sarcoidosis suggest the diagnosis of intramuscular sarcoid. MRI is useful in detecting muscle sarcoid, evaluating the extent and distribution of muscle involvement, and monitoring the patient during follow-up after steroid therapy. MRI showed nodules that were iso- or hyperintense relative to muscle on T1-weighted sequences. On T2-weighted images and STIR sequences, we observed numerous intramuscular nodules of homogeneous high signal intensity. All nodules enhanced homogeneously on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences. Disappearance of all nodules was seen on follow-up sonograms and MR images after patients had received steroid therapy.
A STUDY ON THE CLINICAL FEATURES AND COMPLICATIONS OF TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF SOUTHERN INDIA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The study was carried out to describe the current epidemiology, clinical features, complications and outcomes in patients with tuberculous meningitis (TB Meningitis) in a tertiary care hospital of southern India.SETTING: Sri Chamarajendra District Hospital which is attached to Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences, Hassan, Karnataka, India.STUDY DESIGN: A recordbased retrospective descriptive study.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy cases of confirmed cases of tuberculous meningitis were studied between January 2011 and December 2013.The diagnosis of TB Meningitis was based on clinical and laboratory features.The data on the demographic factors, clinical features, complications, details of treatment and the outcome of these patients were recorded and analyzed.RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 39.27 +/-7.8 years with slight male predominance 39 (55.7%).Most common presenting features were fever (92.8%), altered sensorium (80%), and neck stiffness (77.2%).Among CNS (Central Nervous System) signs 63(90%) had signs of meningeal irritation, 21(30%) had cranial nerve palsies and 13 (18.57%)presented with Hemiplegia.48(68.5%)patients presented in MRC (Medical Research Council) stage 2. The study revealed overall mortality of 11.42%, 38(54.28%)patients recovered completely without any residual deficits and 24(34.30%)patients had residual neurological sequelae.CONCLUSIONS: Tubercular meningitis is a serious central nervous system infection associated with significant mortality and high morbidity among survivors.The only way to reduce mortality and morbidity is by early diagnosis, timely recognition of complications and institution of appropriate treatment strategies.
Ileum Gene Expression in Response to Acute Systemic Inflammation in Mice Chronically Fed Ethanol: Beneficial Effects of Elevated Tissue n-3 PUFAs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chronic alcohol consumption leads to disturbances in intestinal function which can be exacerbated by inflammation and modulated by different factors, e.g., polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The mechanisms underlying these alterations are not well understood. In this study, RNA-seq analysis was performed on ileum tissue from WT and fat-1 transgenic mice (which have elevated endogenous n-3 PUFAs). Mice were chronically fed ethanol (EtOH) and challenged with a single lipopolysaccharide (LPS) dose to induce acute systemic inflammation. Both WT and fat-1 mice exhibited significant ileum transcriptome changes following EtOH + LPS treatment. Compared to WT, fat-1 mice had upregulated expression of genes associated with cell cycle and xenobiotic metabolism, while the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-fibrotic genes was decreased. In response to EtOH + LPS, fat-1 mice had an increased expression of genes related to antibacterial B cells (APRIL and IgA), as well as an elevation in markers of pro-restorative macrophages and γδ T cells that was not observed in WT mice. Our study significantly expands the knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underlying intestinal alterations due to EtOH consumption and inflammation and identifies the beneficial transcriptional effects of n-3 PUFAs, which may serve as a viable nutritional intervention for intestinal damage resulting from excessive alcohol consumption.
Residues of pesticides in dairy cow rations and fly treatments reduce the number of Coleoptera in dung

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

There is a global pattern of a decline in insect abundance and diversity. The presence of residues of pesticides in animal feed and fly treatments results in polluted animal dung, which may hamper the survival of insects feeding and breeding in and on dung. To study the route from pesticide contamination in the feed and the dung to insect survival in dung pats, two experiments were performed. In Experiment 1, the feed and dung of dairy cows were collected on eight Dutch dairy farms (six conventional, two organic). All the feeds in the ration as well as the dung were analysed for the presence of pesticides. In Experiment 2, dung was collected from a herd of dairy cows and was spiked with four concentrations of deltamethrin. In both experiments, a field experiment was implemented with artificial dung pats of 2 kg of fresh dung. The dung pats were retrieved after 7 and 14 days (Experiment 1), or 7, 14, 21, and 35 days (Experiment 2), and invertebrates in the dung were counted. A total of 70 pesticides were detected in the different types of feed of the eight farms. The concentration of pesticides in the dung was on average 423 µg kg−1 DM (range of 112–1980 µg kg−1 DM). In Experiment 1, the number of Coleoptera present in dung was negatively correlated with the pesticide concentration, and more Coleoptera were present in the dung of organic farms (23.7 on organic farms vs. 11.4 Coleoptera on conventional farms, per 500 g freshly deposited dung). In Experiment 2, the dung which was not spiked with deltamethrin contained more than twice as many Coleoptera larvae and adults (5.6 Coleoptera per 500 g freshly deposited dung on treatment without deltamethrin vs. 2.2 with highest concentration of deltamethrin). We conclude that pesticides are widely present in feed for dairy cows and that a number of these pesticides are transferred to dung. The pesticides have a negative effect on the number of Coleoptera and as a consequence may also affect ecosystem services such as the disappearance of dung pats and the presence of insects in dung pats as feed for farm birds or bats.
Unsupervised Brain Anomaly Detection in MR Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many brain anomalies are associated with abnormal asymmetries. To detect and/or segment such anomalies in brain images, most automatic methods rely on supervised learning. This requires a large number of high-quality annotated training images, which is lacking for most medical image analysis problems. In contrast, unsupervised methods aim to learn a model from unlabeled healthy images, so that an unseen image that breaks priors of this model, i.e., an outlier, is considered an anomaly. This paper addresses the development of solutions to leverage unsupervised machine learning for the detection/analysis of abnormal brain asymmetries related to anomalies in magnetic resonance (MR) images. Experimental results on 3D MR-T1 images from healthy subjects and patients with a variety of lesions show the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed unsupervised approaches for brain anomaly detection.
PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS THROUGH ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF Cabomba furcata IN DIGESTER BATCH SYSTEM

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Biogas is produced from decomposition of organic waste such as sewage sludge, animal manure, and municipality solid wastes by microorganisms in anaerobic conditions.Biogas, which consist mainly of methane is a renewable energy source.It can be used for heating, power generation or upgrading to natural gas quality.In this study, the anaerobic treatability and biogas generation potential of Cabomba furcata (C.furcata) were examined in batch digesters.C. furcata collected from Chini Lake, Pahang was utilized as a substrate in biogas production.Slurry samples of C. furcata were prepared in 2 different mixture i.e., C. furcata/water ratio (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) and C. furcata/inoculums ratio (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3).Throughout the experiment, the pH range was 5.5 to 7.0 while temperature range was 25 to 30 °C to enable anaerobic digestion in mesophilic condition for a retention time of 28 days.The results showed that the maximum methane production achieved at ratio of 1:3 for both mixture C. furcata/water and C. furcata/inoculums with production percentages up to 1.1 and 11.9%, respectively.Moreover, the result indicated that the production of methane increased as the retention time increased.Therefore, native plant of C. furcata is a great potential as a substrate in the production of biogas for future renewable energy.
A Review on Supercapacitor Materials and Developments

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Energy storage is a big problem today in the world for humanity depend on the challenges of conventional storage devices. So the researchers are studying to invent new energy storage devices and materials for many years. The supercapacitor (SC) is invented and presented as an alternating storage device recently. There were a lot of studies about SC in literature. These studies are focused on materials of SC components, modeling of SC, and applications of SC. In this paper, the working principle of SC, the advantages of SC, the classification of SC, and new developments of SC are investigated. Some material applications of SC are presented in this study also. The manufacturing developments are investigated for some SC materials and presented some novel applications also.
Energy-dependent solar neutrino flux depletion in the exact parity model and implications for SNO, SuperKamiokande, and BOREXINO

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Energy-dependent solar neutrino flux reduction caused by the\nMikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein (MSW) effect is applied to the Exact Parity Model.\nSeveral scenarios are possible, depending on the region of parameter space\nchosen. The interplay between intergenerational MSW transitions and vacuum\n``intragenerational'' ordinary-mirror neutrino oscillations is discussed.\nExpectations for the ratio of charged to neutral current event rates at the\nSudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) are estimated. The implications of the\nvarious scenarios for the Boron neutrino energy spectrum and BOREXINO are\nbriefly discussed. The consequences of MSW-induced solar neutrino depletion\nwithin the Exact Parity Model differ in interesting ways from the standard\n$\\nu_e - \\nu_{\\mu, \\tau}$ and $\\nu_e - \\nu_s$ cases. The physical causes of\nthese differences are determined.\n
Study of Photoisomerization in Cis-Retinal as a Natural Photo Switch in Vision Using Density Functional Theory

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the present study, theoretical chemical reactivates Photo isomerization in Cis-Retinal as a Natural Photo switch in Vision. DFT hybrid functional, B3LYP and, post-HF method, were the theoretical methods applied utilizing G09 software. 6-31G+ (d,p) basis set employed for structural optimizations, and single point computations performed using B3LYP/6-31G+(d,p). The isomers cis molecule retinal from 0 to 180 ° in steps of 10 degrees to the trans isomers convert and we calculate the energy in each step, we determined that the most appropriate angle for the conversion of isomers of cis to trans angleq = 90.11 ° the energy barrier less be.It identified that transmission S0® S1 is the most likely transmission
A Photodynamic and Photochemotherapeutic Platinum‐Iridium Charge‐Transfer Conjugate for Anticancer Therapy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The novel hetero‐dinuclear complex trans , trans , trans ‐[Pt IV (py) 2 (N 3 ) 2 (OH)(μ‐OOCCH 2 CH 2 CONHCH 2 ‐bpyMe)Ir III (ppy) 2 ]Cl ( Pt‐Ir ), exhibits charge transfer between the acceptor photochemotherapeutic Pt(IV) ( Pt‐OH ) and donor photodynamic Ir(III) ( Ir‐NH 2 ) fragments. It is stable in the dark, but undergoes photodecomposition more rapidly than the Pt(IV) parent complex ( Pt‐OH ) to generate Pt(II) species, an azidyl radical and 1 O 2 . The Ir(III) * excited state, formed after irradiation, can oxidise NADH to NAD⋅ radicals and NAD + . Pt‐Ir is highly photocytotoxic towards cancer cells with a high photocytotoxicity index upon irradiation with blue light (465 nm, 4.8 mW/cm 2 ), even with short light‐exposure times (10–60 min). In contrast, the mononuclear Pt‐OH and Ir‐NH 2 subunits and their simple mixture are much less potent. Cellular Pt accumulation was higher for Pt‐Ir compared to Pt‐OH . Irradiation of Pt‐Ir in cancer cells damages nuclei and releases chromosomes. Synchrotron‐XRF revealed ca . 4× higher levels of intracellular platinum compared to iridium in Pt ‐ Ir treated cells under dark conditions. Luminescent Pt‐Ir distributes over the whole cell and generates ROS and 1 O 2 within 1 h of irradiation. Iridium localises strongly in small compartments, suggestive of complex cleavage and excretion via recycling vesicles (e.g. lysosomes). The combination of PDT and PACT motifs in one molecule, provides Pt‐Ir with a novel strategy for multimodal phototherapy.
Platelet-Derived GARP Induces Peripheral Regulatory T Cells—Potential Impact on T Cell Suppression in Patients with Melanoma-Associated Thrombocytosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Platelets have been recently described as an important component of the innate and adaptive immunity through their interaction with immune cells. However, information on the platelet–T cell interaction in immune-mediated diseases remains limited. Glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP) expressed on platelets and on activated regulatory T cells (Treg) is involved in the regulation of peripheral immune responses by modulating the bioavailability of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). Soluble GARP (sGARP) exhibits strong regulatory and anti-inflammatory capacities both in vitro and in vivo, leading to the induction of peripheral Treg. Herein, we investigated the effect of platelet-derived GARP on the differentiation, phenotype, and function of T effector cells. CD4+CD25− T cells cocultured with platelets upregulated FoxP3, the master transcription factor for Treg, were anergic, and were strongly suppressive. These effects were reversed by using a blocking anti-GARP antibody, indicating a dependency on GARP. Importantly, melanoma patients in different stages of disease showed a significant upregulation of GARP on the platelet surface, correlating to a reduced responsiveness to immunotherapy. In conclusion, our data indicate that platelets induce peripheral Treg via GARP. These findings might contribute to diseases such as cancer-associated thrombocytosis, wherein poor prognosis and metastasis are associated with high counts of circulating platelets.
Pluripotent hemopoietic progenitors (CFU-GEMM) in polycythemia vera: analysis of erythropoietin requirement and proliferative activity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pluripotent hemopoietic progenitors (CFU-GEMM) give rise to multilineage hemopoietic colonies in culture. We have examined the erythropoietin requirements of CFU-GEMM-derived erythroid progeny in patients with polycythemia vera (PV) and studied their proliferative activity by short-term exposure to 3HTdR. Mixed colonies with erythroid components were observed in all bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from patients with PV that were cultured without addition of exogenous erythropoietin. This response is consistent with previously reported growth patterns for CFU-E and BFU-E. The frequency of mixed colonies increased regularly when erythropoietin was added to the cultures. Short-term exposure of peripheral blood specimens to 3HTdR prior to plating yielded a reduction of the plating efficiency by 20%- 70% when compared to cells that were not exposed to 3HTdR. The observation of cycling CFU-GEMM in PV contrasts with the usually quiescent behavior of CFU-GEMM in peripheral blood of normal individuals under steady-state conditions. These results support the view that the increased proliferative rate observed for CFU-GEMM may be responsible for the increased formation of blood cells in PV.