jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thermally induced IC package cracking

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The presence of plastic package cracks due to the thermal stress of assembly procedures in low-cost plastic packages represents a severe long-term reliability hazard. It has been shown previously that the dominant cracking mechanism is moisture expansion due to thermal processing acting on concentrations of water vapor at the back surface of the die paddle and at the front surface of the silicon die. It is also known that the magnitude of the problem is dependent on the thermal gradient, built-in molding stress, plastic yield strength, and silicon die size. Three methods are described that have demonstrated improved resistance to plastic package cracking in integrated circuits. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are detailed and examined in terms of the overall manufacturability of the components. The problems encountered when trying to sidestep the thermal cracking problem by the use of sockets is discussed. Ceramic packages also suffer thermally induced cracks; an example is given by pin grid array packages which only experience the relatively mild thermal exposure of standard wave soldering. The parameters involved in this phenomenon are detailed.< >
Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Skin diseases severely impact quality of life and management of the condition can be exceptionally challenging, particularly when first and second-line treatments have failed. This chapter is written specifically with the focus on the management aspect of frontal fibrosing alopecia, providing the dermatology trainees and junior doctors with the essential information and the different treatment options available to manage patients with this condition. Doctors need to consider a subtype of lichen planopilaris. As with all scarring alopecias, they also need to explain that the aim is to treat active disease to prevent further hair loss and that scarred, 'burnt out' areas will not be reversible.
Can we hear beats with pulsar timing arrays?

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An isolated supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) produces an identical cross-correlation pattern of pulsar timings as an isotropic stochastic background gravitational waves (GWs) generated possibly by inflation. Can there remain the identical cross-correlation pattern in the presence of a secondary SMBHB? To address this issue, the present paper focuses on GWs with similar amplitudes but slightly different frequencies $f_1$ and $f_2$ coming from two different directions. Beats between the two GWs can modify angular correlation patterns. The beat-induced correlation patterns are not stationary but modulated with a beat frequency $f_{beat} \equiv |f_1 - f_2|$. We obtain an analytic solution that allows us to infer $f_{beat}$ from the modulated angular correlations.
Pilot Trial of a Smartphone-Based Intervention to Reduce Alcohol Consumption among Veterans with HIV

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Veterans engage in disproportionate levels of alcohol use, which can impact treatment outcomes among veterans with HIV. The TRAC (Tracking and Reducing Alcohol Consumption) intervention, which combines smartphones, mobile breathalyzers, and motivational interviewing (MI), was developed to help reduce alcohol use among this population. This study reports results of an 8-week pilot trial of TRAC among veterans with HIV (N = 10). Participants attended weekly MI sessions conducted via videoconferencing or phone and completed twice-daily self-monitoring of alcohol consumption using breathalyzers and surveys. They also completed pre- and post-intervention questionnaires and a qualitative interview. Analyses explored adherence to self-monitoring tasks, perceptions of the intervention, and preliminary effects of TRAC on alcohol use and readiness to change drinking behavior. Participants completed 76% of breathalyzer readings and 73% of surveys and completed more daytime than evening monitoring tasks. AUDIT hazardous drinking scores significantly decreased between baseline and post-test. Qualitative interviews revealed positive attitudes toward the technologies and MI sessions. Overall, this pilot demonstrated that the TRAC intervention has potential to reduce alcohol use among veterans with HIV, though additional effort is needed to improve adherence to mobile monitoring. Results were used to refine the intervention in preparation for a randomized controlled trial.
Land Tenure and Productivity: Farm-Level Evidence from Papua New Guinea

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Does land tenure form affect farm-level productivity? The answer, from farm-level data for an oil palm project in Papua New Guinea, is in the affirmative. Analysis of farm-level output, controlling for all measured inputs, shows systematic differences in productivity across three land tenure types, namely, farms under customary purchase agreements, those under the land settlement scheme, and those under village-owned land schemes. The empirics suggest that the higher productivity is due to benefits from economies of scale and absence of income sharing enjoyed by farms with improved tenure security. (JEL Q15)
Additional file 3 of Long-term trends in stream benthic macroinvertebrate communities are driven by chemicals

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Additional file 3: Table S3. Metric correlations (R2) and p-values (in brackets) for overall temporal trends of macroinvertebrate communities based on all nine taxonomic and trait metrics at four study sites in spring and summer seasons from 2007 to 2021.
Ageing in networks: The unbounded geographies of non-migrant and migrant older adults

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We propose ‘ageing in networks’ as an optic that shows how the social networks of older adults extend beyond their residential neighbourhoods to extra-local and transnational settings. The paper brings together literature on ageing and social networks in mobilities and migration research to identify shared thematic framings between non-migrant and migrant older adults. Our approach broadens the analytical frame to encapsulate how ageing individually and in communities takes place through local and international mobility and via digital technologies. Ageing in networks also illuminates the importance of connecting their social protection needs with those of the people in their care assemblages.
REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) as an Early Marker for Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

REM behavior disorder (RBD) is a parasomnia characterized by emergence of purposeful complex motor activity with an enactment of dream related activities. This condition is associated with vivid often violent dreams. In normal adults during REM, diffuse hypotonia of muscles occur and on polysomnography the limb and chin electromyographic (EMG) channels demonstrate a low voltage or even flat signal. In RBD, the EMG demonstrating intermittent loss of electromyographic atoniais one of the criteria for diagnosis. Diagnostic polysomnographyrequire capturing the complex dream behaviors on video and electroencephalography monitoring confirms that the behavior originated out of REM sleep. RBD can be either idiopathic or symptomatic of various underlying conditions and may in fact be a prodromal symptom of neurodegenerative disease. It can present acutely which is almost always induced by medications; or develop gradually over months to years. More than half of those with RBD will eventually exhibit signs and symptoms of a degenerative neurologic disorder. A Polysomnogram (PSG) is necessary to diagnose RBD, showing absence of REM sleep atonia and related abnormal behavior.
Comparative analysis of synthetic and nutraceutical antioxidants as possible neuroprotective agents.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Damage caused by oxidative stress in cases of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's has been proven to be irreversible. However, diet supplementation of antioxidants can be beneficial to the total antioxidant status of the human body. Given that oxidative stress is a principal cause of neurodegenerative disease, effective natural antioxidants could provide therapeutic options for these disorders. Therefore we investigated the antioxidant properties of two natural extracts and five synthetic compounds in lipid rich environment of liposomes with oxidation induced by Fenton's reagent. Antioxidant activity has been quantified using the Klein peroxidation index and oxygen uptake. Both natural extracts from Acai berry and Ginseng as well as all synthetic compounds - N-acetyl-L-cysteine, tocopherol, huperzines, caffeic acid and lipoic acid displayed good antioxidants properties, which confirm their suitability as neuroprotective agents.
Hemoglobin mass and performance responses during 4 weeks of normobaric “live high–train low and high”

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose To investigate whether 4 weeks of normobaric “live high–train low and high” (LHTLH) causes different hematological, cardiorespiratory, and sea‐level performance changes compared to living and training in normoxia during a preparation season. Methods Nineteen (13 women, 6 men) cross‐country skiers competing at the national or international level completed a 28‐day period (∼18 h day −1 ) of LHTLH in normobaric hypoxia of ∼2400 m (LHTLH group) including two 1 h low‐intensity training sessions per week in normobaric hypoxia of 2500 m while continuing their normal training program in normoxia. Hemoglobin mass (Hb mass ) was assessed using a carbon monoxide rebreathing method. Time to exhaustion (TTE) and maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ) were measured using an incremental treadmill test. Measurements were completed at baseline and within 3 days after LHTLH. The control group skiers (CON) (seven women, eight men) performed the same tests while living and training in normoxia with ∼4 weeks between the tests. Results Hb mass in LHTLH increased 4.2 ± 1.7% from 772 ± 213 g (11.7 ± 1.4 g kg −1 ) to 805 ± 226 g (12.5 ± 1.6 g kg −1 ) ( p < 0.001) while it was unchanged in CON ( p = 0.21). TTE improved during the study regardless of the group (3.3 ± 3.4% in LHTLH; 4.3 ± 4.8% in CON, p < 0.001). VO 2max did not increase in LHTLH (61.2 ± 8.7 mL kg −1 min −1 vs. 62.1 ± 7.6 mL kg −1 min −1 , p = 0.36) while a significant increase was detected in CON (61.3 ± 8.0–64.0 ± 8.1 mL kg −1 min −1 , p < 0.001). Conclusions Four‐week normobaric LHTLH was beneficial for increasing Hb mass but did not support the short‐term development of maximal endurance performance and VO 2max when compared to the athletes who lived and trained in normoxia.
Evaluation of Segregation Ratio and Hereditability of Gastric Cancer in Taixing County

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A genetic epidemiologic case-control study with 297 pedigrees (79 genealogies and 198 controls) was carried out to estimate the segregation ratio and hereditability (h2) of gastric cancer by the methods of Li-Mantel-Gart and Falconer.The results showed that the segregation ratio of gastric cancer was 0.1206,significantly less than 0.25,and the genetic model belonged to polygenetics.The h2 of gastric cancer was 21.42%,with 18.23% for male and 31.53% for female.It is indicated that genetic factor is one of the risks for gastric cancer,but it is not a main risk for high incidence of gastric cancer in Taixing County.
The sensitivity of Demodex canis (Acari: Demodicidae) to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia – an in vitro study

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract The essential oil of the Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) (tea tree oil) has been effective in previous studies, in the treatment of infestation by Demodex mites in humans. The present study aimed at evaluating the in vitro acaricidal effect of this herbal medicine on Demodex canis. For the parasitological examination, samples were collected from a dog’s skin and examined using optical microscopy. Only samples with intact mites and with evident movement of chelicerae and tarsi were selected. Twenty-one samples were tested with the oil, in seven different concentrations: 100%; 50%; 25%; 12.5%; 6.25%; 5.0% and 3.13%. Three samples were tested with the positive control amitraz, and three with the negative control neutral shampoo. The interval between the time the solution was added and the moment the movement of the last mite ceased defined the survival time in the sample. By comparing the times at different concentrations and controls, the results showed that the higher the concentration of the oil, the more quickly its lethal effect occurred, and that the survival times in the controls were longer than in the different concentrations of melaleuca oil.
Accuracy of pleural fluid c-reactive protein in differentiating between tuberculous and malignant pleural effusions: a meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Determining whether a pleural effusion is tuberculous (TPE) or malignant (MPE) is an important dilemma. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory marker which has been shown to be markedly elevated in the TPE compared to MPE but results of diagnostic accuracy seem to vary across studies. Objective: Determine the diagnostic accuracy of pleural fluid CRP in differentiating between TPE and MPE. Methods: We performed a systematic search in Medline and Embase. Screening and extraction were done by two authors independently following PRISMA guidelines. We utilized a linear mixed effects modelling approach (diagmeta package in R 3.5.2) to pool results since studies used different p-CRP cut-offs. We calculated a summary receiving operation characteristic curve (SROC) and an optimal cut-off. Results: We found 31 articles and included 9 in the meta-analysis. Pooling results of 9 data points, we estimated an SROC with an AUC of 0.91. We calculated an optimal cut-off of 21.9 mg/dL (values higher than the cut-off is classified as TPE) with a sensitivity of 0.91 (0.73 to 0.98) and a specificity of 0.82 (0.7 to 0.9). Sensitivity analysis using traditional bivariate pooling approaches suggested robustness of results. Conclusion: p-CRP determination is a relatively accurate test for discriminating TPE from MPE. The samples included in this study were only those with a definitive diagnosis. Further studies evaluate whether p-CRP has utility for effusions which are non-diagnostic for the gold-standard diagnostic tests.
Convergence Results of Forward-Backward Algorithms for Sum of Monotone Operators in Banach Spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

It is well known that many problems in image recovery, signal processing, and machine learning can be modeled as finding zeros of the sum of maximal monotone and Lipschitz continuous monotone operators. Many papers have studied forward-backward splitting methods for finding zeros of the sum of two monotone operators in Hilbert spaces. Most of the proposed splitting methods in the literature have been proposed for the sum of maximal monotone and inverse-strongly monotone operators in Hilbert spaces. In this paper, we consider splitting methods for finding zeros of the sum of maximal monotone operators and Lipschitz continuous monotone operators in Banach spaces. We obtain weak and strong convergence results for the zeros of the sum of maximal monotone and Lipschitz continuous monotone operators in Banach spaces. Many already studied problems in the literature can be considered as special cases of this paper.
Adaptive procedures for discriminating between arbitrary tensor-product quantum states

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Discriminating between quantum states is a fundamental task in quantum information theory. Given two quantum states ρ+ and ρ-, the Helstrom measurement distinguishes between them with minimal probability of error. However, finding and experimentally implementing the Helstrom measurement can be challenging for quantum states on many qubits. Due to this difficulty, there is great interest in identifying local measurement schemes which are close to optimal. In the first part of this work, we generalize previous work by Acin et al. [Phys. Rev. A 71, 032338 (2005)10.1103/PhysRevA.71.032338] and show that a locally greedy scheme using Bayesian updating can optimally distinguish between any two states that can be written as a tensor product of arbitrary pure states. We then show that the same algorithm cannot distinguish tensor products of mixed states with vanishing error probability (even in a large subsystem limit), and introduce a modified locally greedy scheme with strictly better performance. In the second part of this work, we compare these simple local schemes with a general dynamic programming approach which finds both the optimal series of local measurements as well as the optimal order in which subsystems are measured. © 2022 American Physical Society.
Keistimewaan Tikrar Al-Qur'an

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research examines analytically about tikrār or repetition of verses in the Koran. This thesis is an answer to some people who do not like the Koran where they think that the repetition of verses contained in the Koran is something that is not systematic. This research uses a type of qualitative research where the data comes from the library (Library Research) which includes primary and secondary data. Then, the discussion in this study is descriptive-analytical in nature, namely by explaining the concept of tikrār in the Qur'an. The results of this study are: In terms of terminology, it can be concluded that the definition of al-tikrar in the Qur'an is the repetition contained in the Qur'an in the form of recitations, verses, or certain topics such as: stories of the prophets; discussion of heaven and hell; glad tidings and warnings, as well as the repetition of verses or letters, with specific purposes, which is a form of I'jaz al-Qur`an, in terms of style of language and content of meaning. In general, the phenomenon of al-tikrar in the Qur'an is divided into two types, namely repetition of pronunciation and meaning (tikrar al-lafdz wa al-ma'na) and repetition of meaning only, without pronunciation (tikrar al-lafdz duna al- ma'na). The functions of al-tikrar in the Qur'an include li al-taqrir (determination and affirmation) li al-ta`kid (strengthening meaning), li al-ta'zhim (glorifying), li al-tahwil (giving an overview bad and scary).
Complete mitochondrial genome of the Yangtze grenadier anchovy,Coilia Brachygnathus(Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) from the upper Yangtze River

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Yangtze grenadier anchovy, Coilia brachygnathus, is a commercial fishery species in the middle and lower Yangtze River of China. Here, we describe a complete mitochondrial genome from the newly found population of C. brachygnahus in the upper Yangtze River. It was 16,857 bp in size and encodes for 2 rRNAs, 22 tRNAs, 13 protein-coding genes as well as a D-loop control region. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the evolutionary relationship of the C. brachygnathus in the upper Yangtze to other five species of the genus Coillia. The mitochondrial genome would help to elucidate the origin of the new population of C. brachygnathus.
Evaluation of health resources expenditure in two groups of psychotic patients treated with olanzapine and typical neuroleptics in a Italian Mental Health Department in Calabria Region

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Numerous Italian and international trials have studied the global costs of treatment with olanzapine and typical neuroleptics. Our analysis confirms those results. In our study, treatment with olanzapine, as compared to typical neuroleptics, was associated with a greater reduction in emergency interventions (hospitalisations), with an increased use of rehabilitation services and with a small increase in the number of working days. The differences between the two groups for this variable were not great, while the differences in the assessment scores appeared important and statistically significant. The results of present study are relative to the practice of one Italian Mental Health Department and, for this reason, cannot be generalized. Anyway, they are another indication of increased efficiency of atypicals treatment over older neuroleptics in schizophrenia.
Chemical Constituents of Sabina vulgaris Antoine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

9 Compounds were isolated From the branches and leaves of Sabina vulgaris Antoine,and their structures were determined on the spectral evidences as hinokiflavone(1),apigenin(2),podophyllotoxin(3),coniferin(4),propionic acetate myristic acid(5),β-sitosterol(6),sabinal(7),trans-communic acid(8)and sucrose(9).Compounds 1～4 were isolated from the plant for the first time.
A Study to Assess the Self-Efficacy, Health Related Quality of Life and Attitude towards Hospitalization among Re-Admitted Patients in Selected Hospitals, Vijayapur

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

We sought to examine the relationship between health-related quality of life (HRQL) and a first emergency rehospitalization and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) having a wide variation in ventricular ejection fraction and functional status1 .  Aim The present study was aimed to evaluate the self- efficacy, health related quality of life and attitude towards hospitalization among re-admitted patients  Materials and Methods Hospital patients who have been readmitted are the study's source of data. A sample 142 obtained from hospitals for the correlation descriptive research design and quantitative methodology.  Results Out of 142patients majority 79(55.6%) had very high self efficacy, 58(40.8%) had high self efficacy and remaining 5(3.5%) patients had very low self efficacy out of 142 patients majority 121(85.2%) had good health related QOL, 19(13.4%) had moderate QOL and remaining 2(1.4%) patients had very good QOL out of 142 patients majority 79(55.6%) had positive attitude, 39(27.5%) had strongly positive attitude and remaining 24(16.9%) patients had fairly positive attitude.  Conclusion The aim of the study to assess quality of life among readmitted patients and some of the study subjects has the moderate quality of life and majority of the study subject is good quality of life and some of the participats fairly positive attitude towards the hospitalization and self efficacy.