jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Quantification of c-erbB-2 gene expression in breast cancer by competitive RT-PCR

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract We adapted competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for quantitative evaluation of c-erbB-2 expression in breast cancer. A fixed amount of cDNA target was coamplified with dilutions of a nonhomologous DNA sequence used as an internal standard (IS). The IS and the target shared the same primer sequences but yielded PCR products of different sizes (348 and 340 bp, respectively). A fluorescent sense primer was used so that the PCR products separated on denaturing polyacrylamide gels could be quantified with an automated DNA sequencer. In human breast cancer cell lines, c-erbB-2 expression was found to range from 0.151 to 652 zmol/μg total RNA (i.e., 91 to 391 200 molecules/μg total RNA; 1 zmol = 10−3 amol), with the two highest values corresponding to the c-erbB-2 overexpressing cell lines MDA-MB-453 and SK-BR-3. In a series of 39 breast cancer biopsies, the concentrations ranged from 0.117 zmol/μg to 1.15 amol/μg total RNA (i.e., 70 to 690 000 molecules/μg total RNA). The c-erbB-2 oncoprotein (p185) was determined in 30 samples by an enzyme immunoassay. A close correlation was found between c-erbB-2 gene and oncoprotein expression (P = 0.0067). Thus, this competitive RT-PCR method appears to be a reliable way to evaluate the expression of c-erbB-2 in small tumor samples.
Various Aspects of a Gene Editing System—CRISPR–Cas9

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The discovery of clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and their cooperation with CRISPR-associated (Cas) genes is one of the greatest advances of the century and has marked their application as a powerful genome engineering tool. The CRISPR–Cas system was discovered as a part of the adaptive immune system in bacteria and archaea to defend from plasmids and phages. CRISPR has been found to be an advanced alternative to zinc-finger nucleases (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN) for gene editing and regulation, as the CRISPR–Cas9 protein remains the same for various gene targets and just a short guide RNA sequence needs to be altered to redirect the site-specific cleavage. Due to its high efficiency and precision, the Cas9 protein derived from the type II CRISPR system has been found to have applications in many fields of science. Although CRISPR–Cas9 allows easy genome editing and has a number of benefits, we should not ignore the important ethical and biosafety issues. Moreover, any tool that has great potential and offers significant capabilities carries a level of risk of being used for non-legal purposes. In this review, we present a brief history and mechanism of the CRISPR–Cas9 system. We also describe on the applications of this technology in gene regulation and genome editing; the treatment of cancer and other diseases; and limitations and concerns of the use of CRISPR–Cas9.
Supplementary Figure S4 from Prognostic Impact of Circulating Tumor Cells for Breast Cancer Patients Treated in the Neoadjuvant "Geparquattro" Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Figure S4: Dynamics of CTCs: Each line corresponds to one or more patients connecting the number of CTCs per 7.5 mL before and after therapy. The width of a line is proportional to the number of patients having the same number of CTCs before as well as after therapy.</p>
Lateral insulated gate transistors with improved latching characteristics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Lateral insulated gate transistors (LIGT's) were fabricated to study their applicability for power integrated circuits. Three independent techniques for improving LIGT latching current are described in this paper. Devices that latch at 510 A/cm 2 have been fabricated; devices that current-limit at 475 A/cm 2 without latching have also been demonstrated.
The Effect of Catalyst Isomerization on Polypropylene Properties

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Two C 2 -symmetric metallocene catalysts in solution were exposed to light, and the rac-meso conversion followed by NMR spectroscopy. Both exposed and unexposed catalyst solutions were used, in conjunction with a suitable cocatalyst, to polymerize propylene. The polymers were characterized with respect to their microstructure and fractionated according to crystallinity. The relationship between the catalyst isomerization and the polymer structure is illustrated. The effect of pre-activation of the catalyst before exposure to light was also studied and is reported on.
Synthesis and Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Activity of S-Oxidized Variants of\n(−)-4-Amino-2-thiabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate:  Identification of Potent, Selective,\nand Orally Bioavailable Agonists for mGlu2/3 Receptors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

(−)-4-Amino-2-thiabicyclo-[3.1.0]hexane-4,6-dicarboxylate (LY389795, (−)-<b>3</b>) is a highly potent and selective\nagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 (mGlu2) and 3 (mGlu3). As part of our ongoing research\nprogram, we have prepared S-oxidized variants of (−)-<b>3</b>, compounds (−)-<b>10</b>, (+)-<b>11</b> (LY404040), and\n(−)-<b>12</b> (LY404039). Each of these chiral heterobicyclic amino acids displaced specific binding of the mGlu2/3\nreceptor antagonist <sup>3</sup>H-2<i>S</i>-2-amino-2-(1<i>S</i>,2<i>S</i>-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl)-3-(xanth-9-yl)propanoic acid (<sup>3</sup>H-LY341495) from membranes expressing recombinant human mGlu2 or mGlu3 and acted as potent agonists\nin cells expressing these receptor subtypes. Docking of the most potent of these derivatives, (+)-<b>11</b>, to\nmGlu2 revealed the possibility of an additional H-bond interaction between the sulfoxide oxygen of (+)-<b>11</b>\nwith tyrosine residue Y236. Pharmacokinetic analysis of mGlu active enantiomers (+)-<b>11</b> and (−)-<b>12</b> in\nrats showed each to be well absorbed following oral administration. Consistent with their mGlu2/3 agonist\npotency and pharmacokinetic properties, both (+)-<b>11</b> and (−)-<b>12</b> blocked phencyclidine-evoked ambulations\nin a dose-dependent manner, indicating their potential as nonclassical antipsychotic agents.
[A 24 month evaluation of zinc oxide pulpotomy on primary canines].

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Pulpotomy is the most performed and controversial therapeutic in pediatric dentistry. Since formocresol is known to have a toxic effect on living tissues, plus a mutagenic and carcinogenic potential with a systemic uptake of formocresol via pulpotomized teeth, other alternative products have been investigated. Twenty-five decayed primary canines and twenty-five healthy primary canines necessitating disking for orthodontic purposes were pulpotomized using non modified Zinc Oxide Eugenol. The effects of this material were evaluated both clinically and radiographically. Post operative control examinations were performed at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months trying to detect spontaneous or stimulated pain, pathological tooth mobility, abscesses or fistulas, internal or external pathological tooth resorption, periapical bone destruction, or canal obliteration. Pain was absent at 24 months post operatively. Half of the treated canines presented with a mobility, while internal and external resorptions were more frequent in decayed teeth and their number increased with time. On the other hand, abscesses and fistulas were equally found in both treated groups. The observations were compared to others related to formocresol ferric sulfate, MTA, and laser pulpotomies, using the binominal law, or the comparative test of an observed proportion to a reference proportion. In this study, and based on the excessive negative results in both groups, we demonstrated that non fixative pulpotomies on temporary canines were not a promising technique.
KNOWLEDGE HETEROGENEITY, KNOWLEDGE SHARING AND TEAM CREATIVITY: A CASE STUDY OF 'INTERNET PLUS' COLLEGE STUDENT INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP TEAMS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Based on team cooperation theory, this study establishes a mediation model involving knowledge heterogeneity, knowledge sharing, and team creativity. Drawing on knowledge innovation theory and social identity theory, it explores the process mechanism through which knowledge heterogeneity influences team creativity. The knowledge heterogeneity of "Internet Plus" college student innovation and entrepreneurship teams is categorized into three dimensions: explicit, pseudo-implicit, and true implicit. Using questionnaire data from 136 "Internet Plus" innovation and entrepreneurship competition teams, the research model is empirically tested using SPSS and AMOS software. The results show that different dimensions of knowledge heterogeneity have significant effects on knowledge sharing: explicit and pseudo-implicit knowledge heterogeneity exert significant positive effects, while true implicit knowledge heterogeneity has a significant negative effect. Knowledge sharing significantly promotes team creativity. Furthermore, knowledge sharing plays a mediating role in the relationship between knowledge heterogeneity and team creativity—partially mediating the effects of explicit and pseudo-implicit knowledge heterogeneity, and fully mediating the effect of true implicit knowledge heterogeneity.
Safety Evaluation of a Transfer Station Based on Gray Incidence Appraisal Method

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

As numerous passengers gather in a transfer station, ensuring the safety of the transfer station is of great significance. Through the analysis of the traditional safety evaluation of transfer station and the evaluation index system based on the safety assessment of the changes in passenger traffic of the transfer station, the proposed gray correlation degree evaluation method based on the coefficient of variation empowered is proposed. The method is a variation coefficient method, gray relational degree evaluation method combining method. Empowerment with a coefficient of variation of the evaluation index is an objective method of empowerment and will not be influenced by subjective factors. Gray relevant coefficient evaluation did not ask how much of the sample size and does not need the typical distribution of a small amount of calculation, and for the safety assessment of the transfer station indicators there may be overlapping or related issues such as gray correlation degree evaluation method not be affected. This paper takes the safety evaluation method of combining gray correlation grade analysis and the coefficient of variation method to evaluate the safety of the transfer station. And a transfer station is taken for evaluated. Based on the results of local investigation, conduct the safety evaluation by applying the methods above and obtain transfer station's final evaluation results.
Analysis of Red Tourism Demand and Marketing Strategy in the Old Revolutionary Base Area of Liaoning Anti Japanese Federation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Red tourism, as a characteristic tourism product in the current society, is of great significance for strengthening patriotic atmosphere and carrying forward revolutionary tradition. For the old revolutionary base area of Liaoning Anti Japanese Federation, actively developing the local red tourism resources can not only promote the local economic development, but also inherit the red classic culture. Therefore, the relevant departments in Liaoning must integrate their own tourism resources comprehensively, analyze the local red tourism demand in depth, and then put forward the red tourism marketing countermeasures, improve the popularity of tourism products, so as to provide a good platform for the inheritance and development of the characteristic tourism culture in the old revolutionary base area of Liaoning Anti Japanese Federation.
Increased expression of HIST1H1D in esophageal carcinoma predicts poor survival: A study base on TCGA database

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Expression level of HIST1H1D, a linker histone H1 gene, was reported to be associated with poor prognosis in some malignant tumors. Online database showed that HIST1H1D was increased in esophageal carcinoma. The current study aimed to evaluated the role of HIST1H1D in esophageal carcinoma using online data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Methods. Wilcoxon signed-rank test, cox regression analysis and multivariant analysis were used to analyze the relationship between clinical characteristic and HIST1H1D expression level. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the association of HIST1H1D and overall survival. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to identify HIST1H1D-related signaling pathway. Results. Compared to normal sample, HIST1H1D was significantly increased in esophageal carcinoma sample ( p =0.000). High HIST1H1D expression was associated with poor survival ( p =0.035). Univariate analysis showed that high HIST1H1D expression was associated with a poor overall survival (HR:1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.05-1.34, p =0.01). Multivariate analysis indicated that HIST1H1D remained an independent prognostic predictor of overall survival (HR:1.18, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.36, p =0.03). GSEA revealed that alpha linolenic acid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, histidine metabolism, vascular smooth muscle contraction, primary bile acid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism and ether lipid metabolism were enriched in HIST1H1D high expression phenotype. Conclusions: HIST1H1D may sever as a potential prognostic predictor of poor survival in esophageal carcinoma. Lipid metabolism, histidine metabolism, vascular smooth muscle contraction, primary bile acid biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism and ether lipid metabolism may be the key signaling pathway regulated by HIST1H1D.
News from the Border Policy Research Institute

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The spring edition of the Border Policy Brief is now available on our website, www.wwu.edu/bpri. Titled “Testing a Reconfiguration of FAST at the Blaine POE," the article provides an early glimpse of the results of a pilot test conducted by USCBP at the Pacific Highway truck crossing in Blaine, WA. At the invitation of USCBP, the BPRI partnered with the Whatcom Council of Governments, the Washington State Department of Transportation, and the B.C. Ministry of Transportation to conduct a fie...
Albuminuria estimated from proteinuria in diabetics. Is it a real alternative in clinical practice?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

While proteinuria detectable by dip-sticks is the hallmark of overt diabetic nephropathy, urinary albumin excretion (UAE) above normal but Albustix-negative (so-called microalbuminuria) is the main characteristic of the preproteinuric phase of the diabetic renal disease. Reliable measurement of UAE requires very sensitive and accurate methods, such as radioimmunoassay (RIA), which, however, are not suitable for routine UAE analysis. The Coomassie Brilliant Blue dye binding method has been suggested to be a simple and economical way of indirectly measuring albuminuria in diabetic patients. In the present paper, we compared the chemico-clinical characteristics of a RIA method with those of the Coomassie dye binding method, in order to verify if it is really possible to calculate albuminuria from proteinuria (and vice versa) by a simple linear regression equation, as previously suggested. The RIA has shown a better sensitivity and accuracy in comparison to the dye binding method. Our study suggests that there is not a linear relationship between proteinuria and albuminuria in diabetic patients. Indeed, the ratio between the total proteinuria, as measured with the dye method, and the albuminuria, as measured by a specific and sensitive RIA, varies greatly in diabetic patients with or without glomerular nephropathy. While the dye binding method appears the best procedure for the assay of total microproteinuria, since it is precise, cheap and feasible, the RIA, due to its high sensitivity and specificity, is more suitable for early and accurate detection of microalbuminuria, as well for the close follow-up of subjects at risk of developing overt diabetic nephropathy.
Search for Origin of Room Temperature Ferromagnetism Properties in Ni doped ZnO Nanostructure

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The origin of room temperature (RT) ferromagnetism (FM) in Ni doped ZnO samples are systematically investigated through physical, optical, and magnetic properties of nanostructure, prepared by simple low-temperature wet chemical method. Reitveld refinement of X-ray diffraction pattern displays an increase in lattice parameters with strain relaxation and contraction in Zn/O occupancy ratio by means of Ni-doping. Similarly scanning electron microscope demonstrates modification in the morphology from nanorods to nanoflakes with Ni doping, suggests incorporation of Ni ions in ZnO. More interestingly, XANES (X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy) measurements confirm that Ni is being incorporated in ZnO as Ni2+. EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) analysis reveals that structural disorders near the Zn sites in the ZnO samples upsurges with increasing Ni concentration. Raman spectroscopy exhibits additional defect driven vibrational mode at 275 cm-1, appeared with Ni-doped sample only and the shift with broadening in 580 cm-1 peak, which manifests the presence of the oxygen vacancy (VO) related defects. Moreover, in photoluminescence (PL) spectra we observed peak appears at 524 nm, indicates the presence of singly ionized VO+, which may activate bound magnetic polarons (BMPs) in dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs). Magnetization measurements indicate weak ferromagnetism at RT, which rises with increasing Ni consolidation. It is therefore proposed that effect of the Ni-ions as well as the inherent exchange interactions rising from VO+ assist to produce BMPs, which are accountable for the RT-FM in Zn1-xNixO (0
Selected Amplification of the Cell Division Genes ftsQ-ftsA-ftsZ in Escherichia coli

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Rapidly growing Escherichia coli is unable to divide in the presence of the antibiotic mecillinam, whose direct target is penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2), responsible for the elongation of the cylindrical portion of the cell wall. Division can be restored in the absence of PBP2 activity by increasing the concentration of the cell division proteins FtsQ, FtsA, and FtsZ. We tried to identify regulators of the ftsQ-ftsA-ftsZ operon among mecillinam-resistant mutants, which include strains overexpressing these genes. By insertional mutagenesis with mini-Tn10 elements, we selected for insertions that conferred mecillinam resistance. Among 15 such mutants, 7 suppressed the thermosensitivity of the ftsZ84(Ts) mutant, strongly suggesting that they had increased FtsZ activity. In all 7 cases, however, the mutants resulted from a duplication of the ftsQAZ region. These duplications seemed to result from multiple events, suggesting that no simple insertional inactivation can result in a mutant with sufficiently amplified ftsQAZ expression to confer mecillinam resistance. The structure of the duplications suggests a general method for constructing directed duplications of precise sequences.
The Historical Evolution of the Concept of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Table IV schematically summarises the models of some important theoreticians in order to indicate the heterogeneity of the conceptual basis for the distinction between positive and negative forms of schizophrenia. Thus, in different terminologies, positive and negative symptoms by Reynolds and Jackson are related to different mental and somatic disturbances. Bleuler mainly judges associations and their possible alterations, particularly by affect. When Berze, through the insufficiency of mental activity, places a negative element into the centre of his schizophrenia theory, he is interested in the conscious mental acts and intentionality. Gruhle, on the other hand, considers the different activity of hyper- and hypo-phases and, as an additional dimension, the comprehensibility of motives. Janzarik, in his dynamistic conception, first of all analyses the positive and negative conditions from the viewpoint of energy and emotion. This simple review advises caution when composing historical positions to a unitarian concept of positive and negative psychoses. Considering the present discussion, however, we find a similar situation with quite different areas, which serve as support for the division into a positive and negative form of schizophrenia. The logic of these tendencies corresponds with the present trend to a multiaxial or multidimensional registration of clinical, psychopathological and biological data. However, the various levels of explanation have questionable relations to each other. According to the clinical model based on natural sciences, we expect an approach to valid entities by an optimisation of the defining criteria which are derived from psychological, somatological and clinical sources (Sass, 1987).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effect of potassium application on growth, yield and quality of chickpea cultivars

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A Field experiment was conducted during rabi season 2018-19 at experimental farm of Department of Soil Science and Agril. Chemistry, College of Agriculture, Badnapur using chickpea as a test crop to study effect of potassium on Chickpea varieties. The experiment was conducted in factorial randomized block design with two factors viz., four varieties (V1-Digvijay, V2-BDNG-797, V3-JAKI-9218 and V4-Phule Vikram) and four fertilizer levels (Control i.e.RDF -25:50:00 kg NPK ha-1(F1), RDF + Potassium @ 30 kg ha-1 (F2), RDF+ 2 Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1% at flowering and pod formation stage (F3), RDF+ Potassium @ 30 kg ha-1 + 2 Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1% at flowering and pod formation stage (F4)) with 16 treatments combinations. Each experimental unit was replicated two times. Amongst different varieties Phule Vikram was effective in recording highest growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of chickpea. Digvijay recorded maximum protein and seed index. The results emerged out clearly indicated that various parameters like plant height, number of pods, number of nodules, dry matter kg ha-1, protein, seed yield and straw yield was increased due to application of potassium. It was inferred from the results that application of RDF+ Potassium @ 30 kg ha-1 + 2 Foliar spray of KNO3 @ 1% at flowering and pod formation stage showed synergistic effects on nutrients (N, P and K) uptake. Soil fertility was also found to be improved due to application of potassium to chickpea varieties.
A Kabul Music Diary

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Ethnomusicologist John Baily returns to Kabul to see what is happening in the world of music one year after the defeat of the Taliban. The film documents a variety of musical activities, including performances of rubab lute music by Kabul's traditional musicians, songs of Afghan orphans,the Music Department of Kabul University and a student pop group playing electric guitars and keyboard. Implicitly, the film identifies some of the dilemmas facing those seeking to help Afghans rebuild their music culture.