jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Clinical, pathologic, and genomic hallmarks of KRAS-amplified non-small cell lung cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

9118 Background: KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) have unique clinicopathologic and genomic features, and novel therapies are in development to target many KRAS-mutant tumor types. Whether KRAS amplification also defines a unique, potentially targetable, molecular subset of NSCLC is currently unknown. Methods: Clinicopathologic and genomic data were abstracted from multiple independent cohorts of pts whose cancers underwent tumor genomic profiling at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (Cohort 1), AACR Project GENIE v.13, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and 212 other studies (Cohort 2). Patient (pt) outcomes were examined according to KRAS amplification status ( KRAS amplified vs KRAS non-amplified). Whole transcriptome sequencing and quantitative proteomics data from TCGA and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) were used to correlate KRAS amplification with KRAS RNA levels and protein expression. Results: Among 15,341 pts with NSCLC, KRAS amplification was identified in 355 (2.3%) cases (median number of copies [range]: 11 [7-87]); the prevalence was similar in adenocarcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas. Compared to KRAS non-amplified cases, pts with KRAS-amplified NSCLC were more likely to be men (52.4% vs 45.6%, p = 0.01), have a history of smoking (82.1% vs 64.2%, p < 0.01), and higher median pack-years (35 vs 23.5, p < 0.01). However, median age was similar between the two groups (66 vs 66, p = 0.88). KRAS amplification was also associated with higher aneuploidy (median fraction of genome altered 30.4% vs 14.3%, p < 0.01), tumor mutational burden (p < 0.01 across different platforms), and increased median PD-L1 expression (20% vs 5%, p = 0.01). Of the 355 NSCLC samples with KRAS amplification, 152 (43%) had no concurrent oncogene driver mutations. In unbiased mutation enrichment analyses, KRAS-amplified tumors were enriched in concurrent mutations in KRAS, PALB2, POLE, and SLC34A2 (q < 0.1), while KRAS non-amplified tumors were enriched for oncogenic EGFR mutations (q < 0.1). Transcriptomic and proteomic profiling from the TCGA and CCLE cohorts demonstrated that KRAS amplification was associated with significantly increased KRAS mRNA (p < 0.01) and protein expression (p < 0.01), compared to KRAS non-amplified samples. In pts with available clinical outcomes data in the combined cohort (N = 9,335), the median overall survival (OS) from the date of diagnosis was significantly shorter in KRAS-amplified vs KRAS non-amplified cases (adjusted HR: 1.40, p < 0.01). KRAS amplification was confirmed to confer significantly worse survival outcomes in pts with both KRAS wild-type (N = 6,695, adjusted HR 1.37, p = 0.02) and KRAS-mutant (N = 2,640, adjusted HR 1.34, p = 0.02) NSCLC. These results were independently replicated in Cohort 1 and Cohort 2. Conclusions: KRAS amplification defines a novel molecular subset of NSCLC characterized by distinct clinicopathologic and genomic features and worse survival.
Migration Experience and Family Patterns in the "Promised Land"

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The relationship between migration experience and family patterns among resi dents of the North and West is examined for three time periods-1940, 1970, and 1990. In general, an inverse association is observed between duration of residence in the North or West and family stability among African Americans. Although selective return migration to the South contributes to this association, it can account for only a minor part of the variation in family patterns by migration history. It is concluded that there is no evidence to support previous assumptions that southern migrants carried a dysfunctional family culture with them to the North and West, and thereby destabilized the nonsouthern African American family. Rather, changes indigenous to the North and West were responsible, for example, structural changes in the economy or the emergence of an inner-city "oppositional culture" that does not emphasize traditional family patterns or transitions.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Post-Neoadjuvant Treatment Restaging Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Rectal Cancer in the Era of Total Neoadjuvant Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The diagnostic accuracy of a restaging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan after neoadjuvant treatment (NAT), especially total neoadjuvant treatment (TNT), is not well established. We aimed to study the diagnostic accuracy of the restaging MRI after NAT including TNT. This was a retrospective study conducted at a tertiary cancer center of patients undergoing radical surgery after various types of NAT for rectal cancer between 2020 and 2023. The patients were grouped according to the type of NAT received. The findings on the restaging MRI were correlated with the gold standard of the histopathology report of the resected specimen to estimate its diagnostic accuracy overall as well as for the different types of NAT. Among the 131 patients included in this study, 68% received TNT. The restaging MRI showed an overall accuracy of 74.4% for T-stage and 60.1% for N-stage and overestimated the T- and N-stage in 20.6 and 12.2% of patients and underestimated them in 41.2 and 47.3% patients, respectively. MRI had a higher accuracy for T-stage among patients who did not receive TNT compared with those who received it (79.6 vs. 75.2%) but not for N-stage or CRM involvement. The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of the restaging MRI for CRM involvement were 74.1, 73, 26.8, 95.5, and 74%, respectively. We found a moderate level of accuracy for posttreatment MRI in predicting the pathological stage and a high NPV in determining an involved CRM. Use of TNT reduced the diagnostic accuracy of restaging MRI for T-stage but not for N-stage or predicting CRM involvement. Further studies are required to assess the diagnostic accuracy of posttreatment MRI after different regimens of NAT that are currently recommended in rectal cancer.
Sandra Rebok, Humboldt and Jefferson: A Transatlantic Friendship of the Enlightenment (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2014, $30.00). Pp. 232. isbn978 0 8139 3569 0.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

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RISK ASSESSMENT OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus are the common noncommunicable diseases which causes Chronic Kidney Disease. Aim of the study was to identify subjects with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Adults on treatment for Diabetes or Hypertension or both for 5 or more years were selected for the study. Tools used for data collection were demographic proforma, serum creatinine, Glucometer Random Blood Sugar (GRBS), and blood pressure. Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) was estimated by using Modification of Diet in Renal Disease ( MDRD) equation. Out of 103 participants, 47.6%, 19.4% and 33% of them were Hypertensive, Diabetic and Both Hypertensive & Diabetics respectively. Chronic Kidney Disease stages I, II, III &IV were found in 33% (34), 57.30% (59), 8.70% (09) & 1% (1) of the subjects respectively.
B4GALNT2 and xenotransplantation: A newly appreciated xenogeneic antigen

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Analysis of non‐Gal antibody induced after pig‐to‐baboon cardiac xenotransplantation identified the glycan produced by porcine beta‐1,4‐N‐acetyl‐galactosaminyltransferase 2 (B4GALNT2) as an immunogenic xenotransplantation antigen. The porcine B4GALNT2 enzyme is homologous to the human enzyme, which synthesizes the human SDa blood group antigen. Most humans produce low levels of anti‐SDa IgM which polyagglutinates red blood cells from rare individuals with high levels of SDa expression. The SDa glycan is also present on GM2 gangliosides. Clinical GM2 vaccination studies for melanoma patients suggest that a human antibody response to SDa can be induced. Expression of porcine B4GALNT2 in human HEK293 cells results in increased binding of anti‐SDa antibody and increased binding of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), a lectin commonly used to detect SDa. In pigs, B4GALNT2 is expressed by vascular endothelial cells and endothelial cells from a wide variety of pig backgrounds stain with DBA, suggesting that porcine vascular expression of B4GALNT2 is not polymorphic. Mutations in B4GALNT2 have been engineered in mice and pigs. In both species, the B4GALNT2‐KO animals are apparently normal and no longer show evidence of SDa antigen expression. Pig tissues with a mutation in B4GALNT2, added to a background of alpha‐1,3‐galactosyltransferase deficient (GGTA1‐KO) and cytidine monophosphate‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase deficient (CMAH‐KO), show reduced antibody binding, confirming the presence of B4GALNT2‐dependent antibodies in both humans and non‐human primates. Preclinical xenotransplantation using B4GALNT2‐deficient donors has recently been reported. Elimination of this source of immunogenic pig antigen should minimize acute injury by preformed anti‐pig antibody and eliminate an induced clinical immune response to this newly appreciated xenotransplantation antigen.
[The value of measurements of oscillatory resistance in the evaluation of lung function. A comparative study in adults and children (author's transl)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Measurements of total oscillatory impedance (ROS) together with spirometric and body plethysmographic determinations were made in adults and children and the results were compared. In adults (n = 260) correlation was less close (r = 0.53) than it was in 88 children (r = 0.82). Even if ROS was of similar magnitude the phase shift between pressure and flow tended to be more negative than it was in children. These differences are presumably due to anatomical differences between the adult and the growing lung. In interpretation of the results it is suggested that the differences in the ratio: airways compliance/airways resistance reflect changes arising from age and disease processes.
Environmental Compliance of Indian Leather Firms in the Post-WTO Period

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

India is one of the major exporters of leather products. However, the exporting firms need to conform to a number of environment-related compliance requirements in foreign markets, which function as a major barrier. For instance, the introduction of the German ban on import of leather products with traces of PCP and azo dyes in late nineties has been followed by similar product and process related standards in other developed countries like the US. The outward-orientation of Indian leather sector firms has gone up over the years, accompanied by rising degree of environmental compliance for exporting units. The objective of the current paper is to analyze the determinants of environmental expense of leather firms in India in the period following the imposition of the stringent environmental standard through an empirical model. The findings underline the reverse relationship between environmental compliance and export orientation, but positive relationship with firm size and ownership structure. The result indicates that smaller players may encounter problems in undertaking of the compliance expenditures, which requires policy intervention. JEL Classifications: L67, F18
PFC Formation in Aluminium Producing Cells during Normal Electrolysis Potentials

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are potent greenhouse gases (GHG) with long lifetimes and high global warming potentials, giving them a high capacity to inflict harm on the environment. The aluminium industry is one of the bigger emitters of these gases and consequently a lot of effort has been put into understanding the mechanism behind the emissions. Aluminium is produced electrochemically by consuming alumina (dissolved in molten cryolite) and carbon. In addition to aluminium this also produces CO 2 with a fraction of CO. The reversible potential for the reaction is about 1.2 V, but due to overpotentials related to the electrodes and IR drops in different parts of the cell, especially from the electrolyte, a regular industrial cell needs to operate at a much higher voltage (3.8 – 4.5 V). If the alumina concentration in the electrolyte gets too low the polarisation increases which opens the possibility for other anode reactions, like the production of the PFC gases CF 4 and C 2 F 6 . The phenomenon is termed anode effect (AE) and traditionally when this occurred the voltage could raise to levels of 20 V or higher, and the current distribution over the anodes would become erratic. In recent years, however, these PFC gases have been discovered at several large, high kA, smelters in China [1-3]. It has been proposed that less uniformity in dissolved alumina for larger cells may elevate individual anode overvoltage sufficiently to produce PFC. The large size gives the cell the ability to distribute the current of the PFC producing anode to the remaining anodes without passing the critical current density. Low cell voltage (LCV) PFC formation was monitored after the dry scrubber on a train of 28 cells at a relatively small Norwegian smelter running at approximately 215 kA. For this work a fourier-transform infrared spectrometer was used. Equipped with a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) detector and retrofitted with a 35 m / 11 l measurement cell it was possible to get the detection limit down in the low ppb range needed for this study. It was discovered that also small cells could emit PFC that was not directly related to the conventional anode effect. Low cell voltage PFC was found to be discrete emissions mostly in the form of CF 4 ; however, the results indicate that C 2 F 6 may also form outside the main anode effect. The emissions can be short lived and self-terminate, but they can also endure for a substantial amount of time and end up in a conventional anode effect, as can be seen from Figure 1. References [1] W. Li, Q. Zhao, S. Qiu, S. Zhang, and X. Chen, "PFC Survey in Some Smelters of China," Light Metals 2011 , pp. 357-360: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. [2] L. Wangxing, C. Xiping, Y. Jianhong, H. Changping, L. Yonggang, L. Defeng, and G. Huifang, "Latest Results from PFC Investigation in China," Light Metals 2012 , pp. 617-622: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012. [3] J. Marks, and C. Bayliss, "GHG Measurement and Inventory for Aluminum Production," Light Metals 2012 , pp. 803-808: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2012.
Artificial Intelligence in Radiology, Emergency, and Remote Healthcare: A Snapshot of Present and Future Applications

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper critically examines artificial intelligence in the healthcare sector and aims to identify concrete points of challenges and business value propositions first in radiology and then across healthcare more broadly. It discusses current applications in radiology and future uses of AI in healthcare, focusing on three main areas: (i) emergency incidents handling, (ii) intensive care unit treatment and (iii) augmented telemedicine, to which emergency radiology is a critical success factor. Despite some risks and compliance issues that need to be taken care of, this paper clearly shows that AI has the potential (a) to reengineer the business processes of the healthcare sector, using AI-assisted radiology as a driver and (b) to improve the effectiveness of the healthcare system as well as (c) to increase the quality provision of healthcare services. Despite its slow adoption, AI-assisted healthcare can indeed offer business/operational solutions that benefit all healthcare stakeholders.
A comment on Intersecting Families of Permutations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Ellis, Friedgut and Pilpel proved that for large enough $n$, a $t$-intersecting family of permutations contains at most $(n-t)!$ permutations. Their main theorem also states that equality holds only for $t$-cosets. We show that their proof of the characterization of extremal families is wrong. However, the characterization follows from a paper of Ellis, as mentioned already by Ellis, Friedgut and Pilpel.
Association Between Thyroid Autoantibodies and Miscarriage and Preterm Birth

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

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Increasing the voluntary and community sector's involvement in Integrated Offender Management

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Home Office Research Report 59 summarises findings from an evaluation of an initiative to support Voluntary and Community Sector (VCS) involvement in Integrated Offender Management. As part of the initiative, a national voluntary sector umbrella body was appointed to develop a grants programme to VCS bodies. The use of a combination of national and local voluntary sector bodies to administer funding was viewed positively by local voluntary organisations. \n \nThe initiative helped foster positive links between the voluntary and statutory sector bodies. VCS bodies were felt to have successfully addressed specific gaps in offender provision. Several challenges to increasing VCS involvement in Integrated Offender Management were identified, including setting up information sharing agreements and securing the buy in of front-line staff.
Abstract T P221: Anti-amyloid Immunotherapy Results in Exacerbation of Cerebrovascular Disease Through Activation of Matrix Metalloproteinases

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Cerebrovascular disease is frequently co-morbid with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and we hypothesize this co-morbidity could complicate the development of disease-modifying therapies. The amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide has been the intense focus of therapeutic development for the treatment of AD. One therapeutic approach uses passive immunization against Aβ using anti-Aβ antibodies. We further hypothesize that inflammation mediated activation of MMP9 and MMP2 lead to the exacerbation of cerebrovascular pathologies following immunotherapy. To test our hypothesis we took aged 21 month old APP transgenic mice (PDAPP mice) that have cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and disruptions of the blood-brain barrier and administered anti-Aβ antibody or control IgG2a for 8 weeks at a dose of 12.5mg/kg. Expression of the MMP2 and MMP9 families were measured by qPCR and Western blot, total Aβ, CAA and albumin for vasogenic edema were measured using immunohistochemistry, and finally, microhemorrhages were assessed with Prussian blue staining. Treatment with the anti-Aβ antibody resulted in significantly decreased Aβ in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Further, we found increased microhemorrhage associated with increased gene expression of MMP9, MMP2 and MMP14 (the activator of MMP2). Assessment of vasogenic edema, as well as CAA and inflammatory states is currently ongoing. Overall, while anti-Aβ treatment leads to decreased Aβ, cerebrovascular pathologies, most notably microhemorrhages, are increased by immunotherapy. This increased microhemorrhage is associated with increased MMP2 and MMP9 expression. These data suggest that co-morbidity of cerebrovascular pathologies with AD will significantly impair efficacy of therapeutics for AD and could potentially lead to adverse events.
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INTRA-ABDOMINAL PRESSURE DURING GYNAECOLOGICAL LAPAROSCOPY AND POSTOPERATIVE PAIN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In gynaecology, various technical innovations and surgical methods have introduced that play a very important role in an increasing range of medical indications; one of these methods include laparoscopy. Doctors need to opt for high-quality surgical techniques to assure the provision of maximum patient care. The purpose of this paper to highlight the association between intra-operative CO2 pressure and postoperative pain of gynaecology laparoscopy. A randomized, mono-centric, single-blind study was carried out in the hospital of Multan at the department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. Patients who were scheduled for different laparoscopic procedures were included in the study. They were divided into six groups and pain was measured by the nurse using a visual analogue scale after surgery. Total of 540 patients was included in the study from a period from June 2016 to January 2019. The analysis showed a relationship between postoperative pain and CO2 levels. The patients with 12 mm Hg showed less pain score in comparison to those having 15 mm Hg pressure. The result of this study showed the advantage of less CO2 pressure levels. However, clinical relevance remained ambiguous because of slight differences in pain scale between different groups of patients.