jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A characterization of the geometric distribution

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let X 1 , X 2 , …, X n be independent identically distributed positive integer-valued random variables with order statistics X 1: n , X 2: n , …, X n : n . We prove that if the random variable X 2: n – X 1: n is independent of the events [X 1:n = m ] and [X 1: n = k ], for fixed k &gt; m &gt; 1, then the X i 's are geometric. This is related to a characterization problem raised by Arnold (1980).
Ileo-ileal Intussusception Due to Meckel's Diverticulum and Complicated by Volvulus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

are chosen by the current machinery of selection to meet the national need for leadership in industry; after obtaining a university degree they not unnaturally prefer a niche with academic freedom to the more strenuous daily demands of industrial life.Somatotype estimates of Oxford undergraduates were made while I was physician in charge of a pilot student health service at the Institute of Social Medicine, Oxford.Measurements on Birmingham students were made by kind permission of the senior university medical officer, Dr. R. H.
Moving from the Old to the New: Research on Reading Comprehension Instruction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article is an attempt to integrate findings from research about comprehension processes, comprehension strategies, and teaching strategies in order to inform instructional practice in reading comprehension. The article begins with a discussion of traditional views about reading and how those views have shaped the current comprehension curriculum in American schools. A view of comprehension based on recent models of the reading process is presented next as a basis for reconceptualizing the comprehension curriculum as a set of five effective comprehension strategies. From research on teaching comes a foundation for establishing a new view of instruction, one that focuses on the negotiation of meaning among students and teachers through teachers’ instructional actions. Instructional recommendations, based on the research synthesized in this article, and questions for future research bring the article to a close.
Nanocomposite Synthesis: Embryonic States of Fluorapatite–Gelatine Nanocomposites and Their Intrinsic Electric‐Field‐Driven Morphogenesis: The Missing Link on the Way from Atomistic Simulations to Pattern Formation on the Mesoscale (Adv. Funct. Mater. 22/2009)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Fractal aggregates of fluorapatite–gelatine nanocomposites (SEM image taken by Yigit Öztan, MPI CPfS)—which bears a strong resemblance to the biosystem hydroxyapatite–collagen, a key material in human bones and teeth–are formed from bundles of calcified protein molecules representing the first (embryonic) states of shape development and leading to extended processes of self-organisation. This process has been studied in detail by P. Simon et al., and is reported on page 3596.
Magnetic Curvature and Existence of a Closed Magnetic Geodesic on Low Energy Levels

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract To a Riemannian manifold $(M,g)$ endowed with a magnetic form $\sigma $ and its Lorentz operator $\Omega $ we associate an operator $M^{\Omega }$, called the magnetic curvature operator. Such an operator encloses the classical Riemannian curvature of the metric $g$ together with terms of perturbation due to the magnetic interaction of $\sigma $. From $M^{\Omega }$ we derive the magnetic sectional curvature $\textrm{Sec}^{\Omega }$ and the magnetic Ricci curvature $\textrm{Ric}^{\Omega }$ that generalize in arbitrary dimension the already known notion of magnetic curvature previously considered by several authors on surfaces. On closed manifolds, under the assumption of $\textrm{Ric}^{\Omega }$ being positive on an energy level below the Mañé critical value, with a Bonnet–Myers argument, we establish the existence of a contractible periodic orbit. In particular, when $\sigma $ is nowhere vanishing, this implies the existence of a contractible periodic orbit on every energy level close to zero. Finally, on closed oriented even dimensional manifolds, we discuss about the topological restrictions that appear when one requires $\textrm{Sec}^{\Omega }$ to be positive.
MEASURING TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT LEVELS: A METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK TO INCORPORATE THE USER INTO MODELLING

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Worldwide, many cities have embraced the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD), as it is one of the most prominent approaches to land use and public transport integration.It is believed that measuring the existing TOD levels -'TOD-ness' -of an area quantitatively is critical for TOD planning.However, a literature review reveals that spatial studies and quantitative methods that measure TOD-ness comprehensively are still limited and fragmented.Furthermore, recent research has opened the door to further investigation of methods and model development, which could bridge the gap between planning decisions and practical application.Due to the multidimensional aspects of the transport decision process and the involvement of many stakeholders, often with different points of view, the process has become more complex.Unfortunately, most of the spatial studies reviewed did not express the outcomes in terms of the impact on users, which can often prevent the realization of TOD implementation.To fill these knowledge gaps, this paper aims to suggest an integrated methodological framework that measures TOD-ness (including all stakeholders' perceptions) and also considers the users' opinions within their local context.The method developed extends from an existing framework commonly used by researchers, drawn from reviewing relevant studies published between 2000 and 2020.This paper reviews the studies in relation to TOD-ness measurement from a 'methodological focus', in which an overview of the dominant methods used is presented, in addition to their pros and cons.First, the paper introduces a theoretical review of the background of the concept, its evolution and the methods employed.An analytical review of the selected literature from different databases is then conducted.Finally, it is expected that the outcomes of the research will present the best-adopted methods and provide a developed model that measures TOD-ness quantitatively.
Eastern Jin

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 311, the Western Jin dynasty capital Luoyang fell to “rebel” forces. In 316, the alternate capital, Chang’an, also fell, and the Western Jin was finished. One sixth-century history claimed, undoubtedly with some exaggeration, that “weeds luxuriated in the deserted fields of China” and half the population had perished. A contemporary lamented that marauding nomads now watered their horses in the Yangzi river, deep in central China. Amid gathering indications of dynastic doom, in 306, Sima Yue (d. 311), the final victor in the vicious “Disturbances of the Eight Princes” (bawang zhi luan), that had been the immediate cause of much of this dynastic collapse, appointed his nephew Sima Rui (276–323) to a garrison command at Xiapei, near the modern city of Xuzhou, toward the south.
p53 Polymorphism and Age of Onset of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer in a Caucasian Population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is an autosomal dominant syndrome of familial malignancies. Colorectal and endometrial cancers are most frequently observed. The syndrome results mainly from germ-line mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes. A common G-to-C polymorphism at codon 72 in the p53 gene has been associated with increased risk for lung, nasopharyngeal, oral, prostate, and breast cancers and may be a marker for genetic susceptibility to colorectal cancer. We studied the influence of this p53 polymorphism on HNPCC age of onset. Experimental Design: We determined the p53 genotype of 92 Caucasian mismatch repair mutation carriers, of which, 47 had colorectal cancer. The subjects were genotyped by single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis. We tested the association between age of onset and the p53 genotypes by comparing Kaplan-Meier survival curves, evaluating the homogeneity of the curves using the log-rank test and Wilcoxon’s test, and estimating the association using the Cox proportional hazards regression model to adjust for potential demographic confounding factors. Results: The HNPCC patients who were heterozygous developed their colorectal cancer 13 years earlier than HNPCC patients who were homozygous for the wild-type allele. Conclusions: Combining knowledge of an individual’s p53 genotype with information on other genetic and environmental risk factors may improve risk estimates and help to identify individuals who are genetically susceptible to developing HNPCC at an earlier age.
Electroreduction of 3 - Hexyne -2,5- Diol on Nickel Electrode

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The recently developed chemometric resolution methods, such as heuristic evolving latent projections (HELP), have been successfully used for the qualitative and quantitative resolution of mixture obtained from electroreduction of 3 - hexyne -2,5- diol on nickel electrode. The mass spectra and concentration profiles of the pure components in the mixture could be obtained. The results are supported by chemical reaction kinetics, which illustrate that the application domain of mass spectrometry could be significantly extended with the help of chemometrics methods.
THE EFFECT OF ELECTROSHOCK ON A "NORMAL" PERSON UNDER RECENT STRESS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

After an experimental application of electroshock a prior stressful event was disregarded—Stripped of its associative connections—in the manner consistent with the defensive operation known as isolation. Neutral events that occurred both before and after the stressful event were clearly remembered after the electroshock. Clinical studies to be reported elsewhere (I) indicate that the arousal or enhancing of active defensive operations appears to be the most decisive effect of convulsive electroshock treatment. It is probably for that reason that ECT is helpful in those conditions in which defensive operations are at a low ebb, ineffective or exhausted, such as in depression and other severely regressive psychotic states, but that it is ineffective—in fact disturbing—in those conditions in which defensive operations are already too disturbingly alerted, constituting an obstacle to treatment and recovery, such as in anxiety states.
The Vanguard Sperm Cohort of the Boar Ejaculate is Overrepresented in the Tubal Sperm Reservoir In Vivo

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In boars, sperm cohorts are sequentially emitted in epididymal cauda fluid and resuspended in different mixtures of accessory sex gland secretions while ejaculated in various fractions. During natural mating, these ejaculate fractions sequentially enter the cervix-uterine lumen, are quickly transported towards the tips of the uterine horns and colonize the oviductal sperm reservoirs (SR). Using a simple experiment, we tested the hypothesis that the first ejaculated sperm subpopulation (fortuitously present in the peak portion of the sperm-rich fraction [SRF], the so-called Portion 1, P1) is, by reaching first the SR, overrepresented there. Spermatozoa from P1- and of P2- (last portion of the SRF and the Post-SRF) were collected from 3 fertile boars. P1-spermatozoa were fluorophore DNA-stained, while P2-spermatozoa were kept unstained. Weaned estrous sows were conventionally inseminated (12 h after onset of estrus) with similar sperm numbers (approx 10 x 10(9) spermatozoa) per portion but in different orders as follows: (i) a mix of P1 and P2 aliquots (control, P1+P2, n=5), or testing (ii) a sequential order (P1-P2, Treatment A, n=5) or (iii) an inverse order (P2-P1, Treatment B, n=5) of cohort AI. Sows were euthanized approx 3 h post-AI, and the SRs were flushed to recover the spermatozoa, which were accounted for as stained or unstained. The total number of spermatozoa flushed did not differ between groups or boars (NS, ranging 0.9 to 2.0 x 10(9)). Sequential, in vivo-like, sperm deposition (P1-P2, Treatment A) yielded the highest proportion of stained P1-spermatozoa in the SRs (59.8 +/- 5.66%, means +/- SEM) compared with when the order was reversed (P2-P1, Treatment B; 15.6 +/- 2.1% P1-spermatozoa, P<0.05) or P1 and P2 sperm suspensions were mixed (control, 36.9 +/- 2.70% P1-spermatozoa, P<0.05). The tested hypothesis proved valid; if inseminated in the same order as ejaculated in vivo, P1-spermatozoa become overrepresented in the SR. The physiological consequences of this skewed SR-colonization are discussed in this paper alongside the advantageous use of P1-spermatozoa for handling, including cryopreservation.
Medical student’s perception of their academic performance in emergency remote teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Due to the pandemic related to the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). which causes the disease entitled "Covid-19". And the effects of the quarantine and social distancing taken by the population the face-to-face classes of about 1.5 billion students in 165 countries were suspended. This study therefore is aimed to evaluate the perception of medical students about academic performance in emergency remote teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic. A descriptive quantitative cross-sectional study was carried out with 226 medical students from 4 medical institutions in Alagoas. The research uses as a data collection instrument a virtual questionnaire on Google Forms®️ of an anonymous and voluntary nature being disseminated through applications and social networks and intended for all medical students in Alagoas. The results obtained highlight students' interest in maintaining their studies remotely. However the lack of means to access and use such technologies as well as socio-economic situations and the lack of motivation and influence of the home environment proved to be determinant factors for the continuity and effectiveness of the studies.
A Precise Determination of the Half-Life and Average Energy of Tritium Decay

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A precise determination of the half-life of tritium and of the average energy released by the decay has been carried out. The half-life was determined from measurements of the quantity of tritium contained in a sample and the rate at which that quantity gave rise to ${\mathrm{He}}^{3}$. The average energy release was determined from additional measurements on the same sample of the rate at which the sample liberated heat. The value found for the half-life was 12.46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 years. That found for the average energy released by decay of neutral tritium to neutral helium was 5.69\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 kev.
Preserving Data Management Security through Fog to Cloud Computing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Organizations like Amazon, Netflix, eBay, and Gameloft are forced to use cloud computing due to a lack of storage space. Flexibility, scalability, multi-portability, and elasticity are all advantages of cloud computing. Despite the fact that attempts have been made to improve cloud security, it still contains flaws like security and data availability that prevent individuals from using it. The term "fog computing" denotes to the extension of cloud computing with respect to network's edge. Fog computing expands storage in cloud computing, networking, and processing capabilities. Data access security is improving day by day, despite the fact that data is kept remotely. The volume of data is likewise growing by the day. Data secrecy is maintained by securing data utilizing multiple behaviour parameters. The technique of encrypting and modifying messages in order to build data securely and to protect from attacks is known as cryptology (secret writing). NIST recommends AES as a symmetric encryption standard. AES has been shown to be a very secure, quick, and powerful encryption method. AES is widely utilized due to its high level of competency and ease of use. This paper introduce a system that will provide capabilities such as automatic text encryption and decryption. For this, the AES -256 bit method is utilized. AES is used for encryption and decryption, in the proposed system it can encrypt both textual data and IoT sensor data collected from different sensors and decryption can be done with an secret key.
Transmembrane sodium and potassium gradients modulate histamine secretion induced by ionophore A23187

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Histamine secretion was induced from rat peritoneal mast cells by calcium ionophore A23187 in the presence of various extracellular calcium concentrations. Transmembrane sodium and potassium gradients were altered by cold pretreatment of mast cells or through the inhibition of sodium‐potassium ATPase by the use of ouabain or potassium‐deprivation. Such pretreatments led to a parallel shift to the left of the extracellular calcium concentration‐histamine secretion curve, i.e. to an apparent decrease of extracellular calcium requirement for the ionophore‐induced histamine release. These effects were fully reversed by warming mast cells, by washing out ouabain or by adding potassium. Metabolic inhibition of mast cells prevented the ionophore‐induced secretion in all the experimental conditions described. Secretion observed in the absence of added calcium was inhibited by short term treatment of cells with 5 times 10 −6 M EGTA or EDTA provided magnesium was absent from the assay medium. Data show that ionophore A23187 was able to induce secretion in the presence of micromolar concentrations of extracellular calcium, when the efficiency of the ionophore was not decreased by extracellular magnesium and when transmembrane sodium and potassium gradients were altered.
Thymocyte-Intrinsic Genetic Factors Influence CD8 T Cell Lineage Commitment and Affect Selection of a Tumor-Reactive TCR

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Selection of immature CD4CD8 double-positive (DP) thymocytes for CD4 or CD8-lineage commitment is controlled by the interaction of the TCR with stromal cell-expressed peptide/MHC. We show that thymocyte-intrinsic genes influence the pattern of expression of a MHC class I-restricted transgenic (tg) TCR so that in DBA/2 mice, DP thymocytes with a characteristically high expression of tg TCR, infrequently transit to CD8 single-positive thymocytes. In contrast, in B10.D2 mice, the same tg TCR is expressed at lower levels on a subpopulation of DP thymocytes that more frequently transit to CD8 single-positive thymocytes. These characteristics were not influenced by thymic stromal components that control positive selection. Radiation chimeras reconstituted with a mixture of BM from tg TCR mice of the two genetic backgrounds revealed that the relative frequency of transit to the CD8 lineage remained thymocyte-intrinsic. Identifying the gene products whose polymorphism controls CD8 T cell development may shed new light on the mechanisms controlling T cell commitment/selection in mice other than the most studied “C57BL/6”-based strains.
Alliance not compliance: a philosophy of outpatient care.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Over the last decade, our clinical research team has evolved effective methods for forming a strong treatment alliance with mood disorder patients. These methods, in turn, have been associated with very low rates of patient dropout (< 10%) and high rates of objectively measured medication compliance (> 85%) over multiyear treatment trials. We have every reason to believe that our technique for alliance building would be equally effective in general clinical practice. The cornerstones of our methods are education of, information for, and active participation by the patient in the treatment process. We begin by educating the patient about his or her disorder and its treatment, giving patients as much information as their clinical condition will allow them to absorb. As patients begin to improve, we provide additional information. We continuously inform patients about what to expect in treatment and when, both with respect to amelioration of symptoms and with respect to the medication side effects they may experience. We present the treatment experience as an experiment in which clinician and patient are coinvestigators, each with his or her own expertise. The clinician is the expert on the disorder and its treatment in general; the patient is the expert on his or her own disorder and his or her own experience of the treatment. We try to keep the experiment interesting and, whenever possible, to inject some humor into it. We work to engage family members as adjunct members of the experimental team by educating them as well and keeping them informed throughout the treatment process.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Shield Agent as A Middleman Agent to Increase Brand Awareness of BPJS Employment and The Number of Participants Who Are Not Wage Earners (BPU)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The social security system is designed to provide social protection, ensuring that every individual can meet basic, decent living needs. However, in 2022, BPJS Ketenagakerjaan covered less than 50% of the workforce in Indonesia. BPJS Ketenagakerjaan launched the PERISAI Program to reach potential participants in hard-to-access areas. This research aims to analyze the marketing strategies and efforts of BPJS in increasing and maintaining membership in the Non-Wage Recipients (BPU) segment through the application of the STP marketing strategy, the 7P Marketing Mix, Brand Awareness, and the role of PERISAI Agents. The method used is descriptive qualitative data analysis, utilizing interviews with key informants to gather direct data. The study results show that the "PERISAI" strategy has proven to be quite effective in increasing BPU membership, as evidenced by its success in acquisition and more interactive and intensive communication with participants. Additionally, it was found that BPJS Ketenagakerjaan still needs to focus more on improving brand awareness, as some Non-Wage Recipients (BPU) are not sufficiently familiar with BPJS Ketenagakerjaan.
Developmental Improvements in Perceptual Restoration: Can Young Children Reconstruct Missing Sounds in Noisy Environments?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Young children are frequently exposed to sounds such as speech and music in noisy listening conditions, which have the potential to disrupt their learning. Missing input that is masked by louder sounds can, under the right conditions, be ‘filled in’ by the perceptual system using a process known as perceptual restoration. This experiment compared the ability of 4‐ to 6‐year‐old children, 9‐ to 11‐year‐old children and adults to complete a melody identification task using perceptual restoration. Melodies were presented either intact (complete input), with noise‐filled gaps (partial input; perceptual restoration can occur) or with silence‐filled gaps (partial input; perceptual restoration cannot occur). All age groups could use perceptual restoration to help them interpret partial input, yet perception was the most detrimentally affected by the presentation of partial input for the youngest children. This implies that they might have more difficulty perceiving sounds in noisy environments than older children or adults. Young children had particular difficulty using partial input for identification under conditions where perceptual restoration could not occur. These findings suggest that perceptual restoration is a crucial mechanism in young children, where processes that fill in missing sensory input represent an important part of the way meaning is extracted from a complex sensory world. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.