jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Identification of Historical Mosque as Tourism Destination: comparison between Menara Kudus and Demak Great Mosque in Indonesia and Kobe Muslim and Tokyo Camii in Japan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper explores the identification and management of historical mosques as tourism destinations, comparing the cases of Indonesia and Japan. It examines different management patterns and strategies for developing historical mosques as heritage tourism products, emphasizing the preservation of authenticity and cultural elements. The study employed a qualitative descriptive method to examine the tourism activities of historical mosques in Japan and Indonesia. The data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and open-ended questionnaires. There were 50 respondents from Indonesia’s mosque and 30 respondents from Japan’s mosque. The interviews and open questionnaires were carried out face to face using Indonesian for Indonesia and for Japan using English and Japanese translator assistance. The study highlights the importance of incorporating cultural attractions, festivals, and halal markets to enhance the tourist experience. It also discusses the positive impact of visiting historical mosques on changing perceptions and promoting understanding of Islamic culture. However, the paper has limitations, such as a lack of comprehensive analysis of the economic impact and limited geographic scope.
Blood Pressure Management in Acute Head Injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Head injury remains a major cause of preventable death and serious morbidity in young adults. Based on the available evidence, it appears that a cerebral perfusion pressure of 50 to 70 mm Hg is generally adequate to ensure cerebral oxygen delivery and prevent ischemia. However, evidence suggests that perfusion requirements may not only vary across the injured brain but also differ depending on the time since injury. Such heterogeneity, both within and between subjects, suggests that individualized therapy may be an appropriate treatment strategy. Future studies should aim to assess which groups of patients, and what regional pathophysiological derangements, may benefit with improvements in functional outcome from therapeutic increases or decreases in cerebral perfusion pressure beyond these proposed limits. Such functional improvements may be of immense importance to patients and require formal neurocognitive assessments to discriminate improvements.
Kidney Function Deteriorates at a Similar Rate among Liver-Transplant Patients with Preserved Kidney Function at 1yr and in the General Population: Is Chronic CNI-Nephrotoxicity Overrated?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Chronic calcineurin-inhibitor (CNI) nephrotoxicity is associated with histological kidney lesions, but the contribution of CNIs to the decline over time in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after liver transplantation (LT) remains unclear. Methods: We studied annual changes in estimated GFR among 105 CNI-treated adult LT patients with a GFR between 60-100 ml/min at 1 year post-LT. Transplantations were between 1982 and 2002. The mean follow-up was 7 years (20 years in 20 patients). At 1 year post-transplant, 81% received cyclosporine, 19% tacrolimus, 68% azathioprine, 96% corticosteroids, whereas no patient received mTOR inhibitors. During follow-up, CNIs were discontinued in 2 (2%) patients and mTOR inhibitors were used for a period less than 1 year in 2 (2%) patients. Results: The annual GFR decline >1 year post-transplant was 0.2 ml/min/year (SD 3.8; Figure). This decline rate was unaffected by the decade of LT, follow-up period, GFR at 1 year, and showed no correlation with cyclosporine or tacrolimus trough levels at various post-transplant time points (all correlation coefficients < 0.34). Also, no significant impact on the annual GFR change emerged from indication (chronic liver disease versus acute liver failure versus liver tumor) or whether or not the patient was alive or dead at the end of follow-up. Thirteen (12%) patients had a GFR decline rate >3 ml/min/year, and of these, 77% presented with hypertension, diabetes, and/or dyslipidemia.[Figure]Conclusions: The decline in GFR among the LT patients did not exceed the decline of 0.5-0.8 ml/min/year reported by various studies in the general population. Declines faster than 3 ml/min/year, which occurred no more frequently among patients than in the general population, seemed attributable to co-existent vascular risk factors. Our findings challenge the clinical impact of chronic progressive CNI nephrotoxicity and highlight the importance of a tight control of blood pressures, glucose and lipid levels, and other modifiable risk factors in order to preserve kidney function long-term post-transplant.
Normal HAB after chronic temperature shifts.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>Wild-type flies were raised under a constant temperature of either 24°C (non-heat shock) or 18°C during embryonic and larval development, transferred to 30°C for 5 days after adult eclosion, and then shifted back to 24°C for 12 h before the HAB assay was conducted (heat shock). There were no significant differences in HAB between non-heat shock and heat shock groups in both feeding states (Satiety: <i>P</i>-values: 0.9241, 0.8008, 0.7063, and 0.5931 from left to right; Hunger: <i>P</i>-values: 0.3508, 0.7399, 0.2583, and 0.6540 from left to right). Each <i>N</i> represents a group of 15 flies analyzed together in the behavioral assay. Data are represented as mean ± SEM with dots representing individual values. The data underlying this figure can be found in <a href="http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002332#pbio.3002332.s015" target="_blank">S1 Data</a>. Data were analyzed by unpaired two-tailed <i>t</i> test.</p> <p>(TIF)</p>
The Influence of Katharevousa on the Phonology of Modern Greek

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Much has been written on Greek diglossia and the language struggle (between katharevousa and dhimotiki ). Defenders of katharevousa have emphasized the importance of the language's roots in ancient Greek, opponents of katharevousa have emphasized the idea that the Greek language should be first and foremost ‘the language of the people’. More recently, the focus of the discussion has shifted to what constitutes ‘true’ dhimotiki and the extent to which certain katharevousa elements are acceptable to the modern language; see for instance G. Babiniotis, (Athens 1979) and A Linguistic Approach to the ‘Language Question’ in Greece (BMGS 5, 1979), E. Kriaras' reactions to Babiniotis' views in his ‘(Athens 1979) and Mesevrinos' H (Nicosia 1973). All of these writers are more concerned with determining what should be considered correct or acceptable to the modern language than with analysing actual usage. In general, very little of the discussion is concerned with the spoken language. M. Setatos' article (1973) is particularly interesting because it sets out to analyse the place of katharevousa in the modern language (both written and spoken) rather than arguing for or against katharevousa. Setatos has also written the most detailed analysis of modern Greek phonology (, Athens 1974). Other interesting articles on katharevousa elements in the spoken language have been written by Philippaki-Warburton, Tsopanakis, and Petrounias. However, there has in fact been scarcely any empirical research on modern Greek phonology and the extent to which spoken Greek has been influenced by katharevousa. It is perhaps understandable, given the social and historical context, that there has been so much emphasis on theory; the priority has been establishing norms on an acceptable theoretical basis, in the midst of the confusion caused by diglossia, and the question ‘what is actual practice in spoken Greek now, at the end of the twentieth century?’ has had to wait.
Heritability Estimated Using 50K SNPs Indicates Missing Heritability Problem in Holstein Breeding

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Previous studies in Holstein have shown 35% to 51.8% heritability in milk production traits, such as milk yield, fat, and protein, using pedigree data. Other studies in complex human traits could be captured by common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and their genetic variations, attributed to chromosomes, are in proportion to their length. Using genome-wide estimation and partitioning approaches, we analyzed three quantitative Holstein traits relevant to milk production in Korean Holstein data harvested from 462 individuals genotyped for 54,609 SNPs. For all three traits (milk yield, fat, and protein), we estimated a nominally significant (p = 0.1) proportion of variance explained by all SNPs on the Illumina BovineSNP50 Beadchip (h (2) G ). These common SNPs explained approximately most of the narrow-sense heritability. Longer genomic regions tended to provide more phenotypic variation information, with a correlation of 0.46~0.53 between the estimate of variance explained by individual chromosomes and their physical length. These results suggested that polygenicity was ubiquitous for Holstein milk production traits. These results will expand our knowledge on recent animal breeding, such as genomic selection in Holstein.
PERSPECTIVES

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

instead they observed two. Although this result may not be exciting from a statistical point of view, it has been met with excitement in the fi eld. For years, experiments have pro-duced null results, providing only upper lim-its on cross sections of WIMP-nucleon inter-actions. The two detection events have raised hopes that more sensitive detectors may soon shed light on dark matter. Because target materials can be made very pure, most radioactive backgrounds come from the surface of a detector, and instrumental effects are also stronger near detector edges. Continuing their two-decade long effort building improved detectors, the
Dante's Sympathy for the Other, or the Non-Stereotyping Imagination: Sexual and Racialized Others in the Commedia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

God is not otherness but sameness, never aliud but always ipsum: "qui non es alias aliud et alias aliter, sed idipsum et idipsum et idipsum" ("who art not one thing in one place and another thing in another place but the Selfsame, and the Selfsame, and the Selfsame" [12.7]). So writes Augustine in the Confessions, in a haunting phrase whose hammering repetition--"sed idipsum et idipsum et idipsum"--performs what it signifies: sameness. Against this backdrop of belief as a rejection of the other, as the ultimate identity, I want to consider Dante's sympathy for the other.
The explanatory project of Gricean pragmatics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Gricean paradigm in pragmatics has recently been attacked for its alleged lack of explanatory import, based on the claim that it does not seek accounts of how utterance interpretation actually works, but merely of how it might work. This article rebuts this line of attack by offering a clear and detailed account of the explanatory project of Gricean pragmatics according to which the latter aims for rationalizing explanations of utterance interpretation. It is shown that, on this view, Gricean pragmatics seeks psychological explanations of utterance interpretation that are “cognitively real” in a perfectly clear and robust sense.
Genetic variability of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica (Temminck & Schlegel) related to latitude

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract— Isozyme genotypes of 400 glass eels recruiting to 4 localities along the east Asian coast, stretching from Taiwan to the Yalu River of northeastern China, were studied using starch gel electrophoresis. Geographic cline was found to exist in two loci: NADP‐isocitrate dehygenase‐1 and 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. Frequencies of the most common allele of these two loci increased from south to north. In the latitudinal range of 25°N to 40°N, the magnitude of difference of IDH100 and PGD100 was 13% and 9% respectively. However, deviations from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium were found to be insignificant in both loci at three of the four localities. The cline was, therefore, unlikely to have resulted from selection. Migration time‐lag from different parts of the continent to the spawning ground in the western Pacific was suggested to be a possible reason for the formation of the cline.
Biomass resources in California

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The biomass resources in California which have potential for energy conversion were assessed and characterized through the project funded by the California Energy Commission and the US Department of Energy`s Western Regional Biomass Energy Program (WRBEP). The results indicate that there is an abundance of biomass resources as yet untouched by the industry due to technical, economic, and environmental problems, and other barriers. These biomass resources include residues from field and seed crops, fruit and nut crops, vegetable crops, and nursery crops; food processing wastes; forest slash; energy crops; lumber mill waste; urban wood waste; urban yard waste; livestock manure; and chaparral. The estimated total potential of these biomass resource is approximately 47 million bone dry tons (BDT), which is equivalent to 780 billion MJ (740 trillion Btu). About 7 million BDT (132 billion MJ or 124 trillion Btu) of biomass residue was used for generating electricity by 66 direct combustion facilities with gross capacity of about 800 MW. This tonnage accounts for only about 15% of the total biomass resource potential identified in this study. The barriers interfering with the biomass utilization both in the on-site harvesting, collection, storage, handling, transportation, and conversion to energy are identified. The question whether these barriers present significant impact to biomass {open_quotes}availability{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}sustainability{close_quotes} remains to be answered.
Sports Injuries and Illnesses After Implementation of the Web-Based Surveillance System in World Taekwondo

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Context Taekwondo epidemiology studies have been in short supply since the rule changes introduced by World Taekwondo in 2017. Objective To describe injury and illness patterns at the 2017 World Taekwondo Championships (WTC) in Muju, South Korea, after the implementation of the web-based surveillance system by World Taekwondo. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting All injuries and illnesses were recorded during the 2017 WTC using a web-based system developed by the International Olympic Committee. Patients or Other Participants A total of 971 athletes who participated in the 2017 WTC. Main Outcome Measure(s) Profiles and mechanisms of injury and illness in the 2017 WTC. Results We analyzed a total of 131 injuries and 26 illnesses, corresponding to an overall clinical incidence of 13.5 (95% CI = 11.2, 15.8) injuries and 2.7 (95% CI = 1.6 3.7) illnesses per 100 athletes and an overall incidence rate of 19.3 (95% CI = 16.0, 22.6) injuries and 3.8 (95% CI = 2.4, 5.3) illnesses per 1000 athlete-days. Most injuries occurred in the lower extremities (n = 61, 46.6%), and knee injuries were most frequent (n = 26, 19.8%). Among head and trunk injuries (n = 39, 29.8%), face injuries (n = 32, 24.4%) were most common, whereas among upper extremity injuries (n = 31, 23.7%), finger injuries (n = 8, 6.1%) were seen most often. Contusions (n = 44, 33.6%) were the most frequent injury type, followed by fractures and ligamentous ruptures or sprains. The most common injury mechanism was contact with another athlete (n = 97, 74.0%), whereas the least common was concussion (n = 5). The major affected system was the respiratory system (n = 11, 42.3%), with major symptoms being pain (n = 11, 42.3%) and fever (n = 7, 26.9%). Environmental factors were the most typical cause of illness (n = 15, 57.7%). Conclusions The web-based surveillance system used at the 2017 WTC revealed that 13.5 per 100 athletes (77.8/1000 athlete-exposures, 13.9/1000 minute-exposures) had new or recurrent injuries, whereas 2.7 per 100 athletes became ill.
Class Formation, Politics, and Institutions: Schooling in the United States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent studies of education in the United States have explained schooling as a consequence of either capitalist class domination or class conflict. What is distinctive about the structure of U.S. schooling is its limited degree of stratification. The ways in whih class analyses have explained this pattern are reviewed critically. Class anlayses have failed because (1) they neglect the role of the political process in transforming class interests into institutional patterns, and (2) they neglect the process by which political structures themselves become important determinants of class formation. The role of class forces on U.S. schooling has been very limited when compared with Europe. This minimal effect of class has been a function of the political system, which has operated to limit the extent to which class interests and conflicts could be politically transformed into those political decisions that shaped schooling. The American "exceptionalism" in Schooling is traced to the "exceptionalism" of its class formation, and then back to the character of the political process in the United States.
The poetic museum: reviving historic collections

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the rush to modernize, this book argues, some museums have replaced almost all their collections with interactive exhibits and computers, while others have put everything they can on display, turning their museums into pastiche cabinets of curiosity. Author Julian Spalding maintains that both approaches devalue visiting museums and galleries. The frontiers of knowledge, he argues, are no longer collectible as they were during the Enlightenment, when museums became a central way of understanding natural and human history. Using examples as varied as the Louvre in Paris, the Holocaust Museum in Washington, DC, the State Museum of Political History in St Petersburg and the Asian Civilizations Museum in Singapore, Spalding illustrates how to use objects and artefacts to create profound and poetic insights into the past. Writing for the visitor as well as the professional, Spalding investigates every aspect of museum work from collecting to financing, buildings to displays, revealing entrenched habits which must be reformed to reach a wider and increasingly sophisticated public. Most importantly, Spalding describes how his own ideal, the Poetic Museum, would transform traditional museums and greatly extend their audiences. Jonathan Spalding has served as director of numerous museums in Great Britain, most recently Glasgow Museums and Galleries. He is the founder of such award-winning museums as the Ruskin Gallery, the St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art, and the Glasgow Gallery of Modern Art.
Supplemental Figures S1-9 from Nrf2 Activation Protects against Solar-Simulated Ultraviolet Radiation in Mice and Humans

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>Supplemental Figure S1. Spectral characteristics of UVA 340 lamps. Figure S2. Nrf2 disruption leads to an increase in the mRNA of Nrf3, but not Nrf1, in skin of SKH-1 hairless mice. Figure S3. TBE-31 treatment induces NQO1 in dermis and epidermis of WT SKH-1 hairless mice, but has no effect in Nrf2-KO animals. Figure S5. The architecture of the skin is similar among WT, Nrf2-KO and Keap1-KD SKH-1 hairless mice. Figure S6. Dose optimization for the use of TBE-31 as a pharmacological agent for protection against cutaneous carcinogenesis mediated by solar-simulated UV radiation. Figure S7. Optimization of azathioprine treatment in SKH-1 hairless mice. Figure S8. HPLC analysis of the sulforaphane (SF, active)- and glucoraphanin (GR, placebo) extracts used in the human study. Figure S9. NQO1 inducer activity of the sulforaphane (SF, active)- and glucoraphanin (GR, placebo) extracts used in the human study.</p>
Oriental Jewry and the Holocaust: A Tri-Generational Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article deals with one of the most dominant elements in Israeli national identity—the Shoah. The paper asks how the Mizrahim in Israel related to it, since for most of them it was a remote historical chapter. The answer is given through an analysis of three generations of Mizrahim—those who lived during the Second World War and immigrated to Israel during its formative years; their children, most of whom were born in the Jewish State and educated in the Israeli educational system; and their grand children. The first generation viewed the destruction of the European Jews with profound compassion, but felt that the Shoah was a chapter in the history of the European Jews. Their children attempted to connect, facing, to a large extent, resentment and alienation. Their grand-children already have the Shoah burnt in their souls—being an integral part of their self-definition as Israelis.
Immunomodulatory Properties of Antifungal Agents on Phagocytic Cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Phagocytic cells, particularly neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages, are the first line and the most effective form of innate host defence against pathogenic fungi. During antifungal therapy these phagocytic cells are also exposed to antifungal agents. In the phagocyte-fungus-antifungal agent interplay, drugs may directly interact with phagocytes through specific pattern recognition receptors, leading to altered antifungal activities. Antifungal agents, through modulation of fungal virulence, may initiate different immune response programs in the phagocytes, leading to antifungal synergism/antagonism or up-regulation of gene expression for a pro-inflammatory response. Additionally, indirect modulation of phagocyte behavior by pretreatment of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages with cytokines and exposure to antifungal agents have shown promising findings for combined drug-cytokine therapy that may improve treatment of life-threatening fungal diseases. In this review, we discuss the main in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory effects of antifungal agents on phagocytes in response to pathogenic fungi, as well as we address underlying immunopharmacologic mechanisms and their potential impact on clinical outcome.
A case of unusual persistent pupillary membrane with total anterior capsular pigmentation

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A 5-year-old castrated male poodle presented with blindness. Ophthalmic examinations including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, tonometry, ultrasonography, and electroretinography were performed. The anterior lens capsule of the right eye (OD) was totally pigmented, with persistent pupillary membranes (PPMs). Ultrasonography of the same eye showed severe lens atrophy and retinal detachment. Electroretinography revealed flat a- and b-waves in OD, but normal amplitudes in the left eye (OS). No ocular defects were detected in OS except mature cataract. In this case, it was determined that hypermature cataract with PPMs caused both lens-induced-uveitis and total anterior lens capsule pigmentation. This condition needs to be differentiated from absent pupil. Notably, PPMs with total anterior lens capsular pigmentation are extremely rare in dogs.