jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Predatory Pricing with Personalized Pricing

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We examine how the scope of predatory pricing changes with the availability of personalized pricing. To this end, we consider a simple model based on a deep-pocket theory of predation in which duopoly firms compete in a horizontally differentiated market. More specifically, we consider a scenario in which two firms compete across two periods with different amounts of assets. Each firm goes bankrupt if it suffers a loss and does not have enough assets to cover the loss. If not, the firm can continue production in the second period. Due to the asymmetry in asset size, the firm with more assets may have an incentive to use predatory pricing to secure a monopoly position in the second period, even at the expense of profits in the first period. When analyzing this model, we consider the following price combination policies: (i) in which both firms use uniform pricing; (ii) in which a dominant firm uses personalized pricing whereas its rival uses uniform pricing; and (iii) in which both firms use personalized pricing. We show that it is easiest for the dominant firm to use predatory pricing in case (ii). The scope for predatory pricing by the dominant firm may increase or decrease in one of the two remaining cases relative to the other. More specifically, it is more difficult for the dominant firm to use predatory pricing when the marginal cost of production is relatively low in case (iii) compared to case (i), and vice versa if the marginal cost is relatively high. Holding parameter values equal across cases (i), (ii), and (iii), we also discuss differences in equilibrium outcomes: each firm's profits, consumer surplus, and social welfare. The key factors that drive the aforementioned differences are the market structures (whether the market structure is either a monopoly by firm A or a duopoly) and the degree of competition resulting from differences in the combination of pricing policies.
Pediatric Resident Confidence in Resuscitation Skills Relates to Mock Code Experience

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

To assess confidence in resuscitation skills among pediatric residents and its relationship to training and experience, all pediatric residents at one institution were surveyed regarding their confidence in technical and leadership resuscitation skills and their prior experience with real and mock codes. Respondents (61/82, 74%) reported participation in 4.9 ± 3.6 mock and 3.9 ± 5.0 real codes. Confidence score for all skills was 2.7 ± 0.6 (scale 1-5). Senior residents were more confident than interns (2.8 ± 0.5 vs 2.3 ± 0.5). Residents were more confident in basic (3.9 ± 0.6) than in advanced (2.6 ± 0.6) or expert resuscitation skills (1.6 ± 0.7). Confidence correlated with mock codes ( r = 0.52) and to a lesser degree with real codes attended ( r = 0.36). Performance of active roles and debriefing occurred more commonly with mock than with real codes. The data indicate that pediatric residents have limited confidence in resuscitation skills and that mock code training with active participation and debriefing may be an effective educational tool.
Recognizing driver inattention by convolutional neural networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Driver inattention has long been recognized as the main contributing factors in traffic accidents. Development of intelligent driver assistance systems with embedded functionality of driver vigilance monitoring is therefore an urgent and challenging task. This paper presents a novel system which applies convolutional neural network to automatically learn and predict the state of driver's eye, mouth and ear. The initial inspiration is to predict driver fatigue and distraction by analysing these states. In our works, a CNN model was trained with six classes of labeled data. The Approach was verified using self-specified Driving Dataset, which comprised of four activities, including normal driving, responding to a cell phone call, eating and falling asleep. Experiment results demonstrate that our design achieves a promising performance with a overall accuracy of 95.56% in classifying six states of the driver's eye, mouth and ear.
Infrastructure at the G20

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Concerning infrastructure, which is apparently a core theme of the Group of Twenty (G20) development agenda, Gregory T. Chin and Zhu Jiejin arrive at rather sobering conclusions regarding the substantiality of the G20's outcomes. While the G20 succeeded in setting up a few useful knowledge-exchange platforms, these did not prove to be game-changing catalysts for new infrastructure investment in the developing world. The World Bank and regional development banks have also engaged with the G20 in several policy processes; however, it is hard to identify what the G20 actually changed when it comes to the former's project portfolio. From the beginning of the G20 summitry, emerging economies advocated for prominent placement on the G20 agenda of (publicly funded) infrastructure investment; however, the Group of Seven (G7) countries were lukewarm on this idea, both for ideological reasons and due to strategic considerations, in light of the potential future financial dependence of the rest of the world on surplus countries (such as China). G7 disinterest lingered, and this is part of the explanation for the set-up of alternative bodies, including the Belt and Road Initiative; the New Development Bank of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa; and the Chinese-initiated Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and the limited Chinese effort to push infrastructure during its 2016 G20 presidency. A renewed Australian and G7 interest in infrastructure investment, from 2014 onward, came too late.
Exploitation of 3D Georeferenced Datasets in a GIS

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

F. Leymarie, of 3D Georeferenced Datasets in a GIS, Proc. International Workshop on HPCN Exploitation of Multimedia Databases, Ispra, Italy, European Commission - JRC, no EUR 17349 EN, pp.10-29. Keynote speaker. March 1997
Chronic Skin Lesions in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Data from this study show a different etiology among diabetic subjects than nondiabetic subjects. In fact, in the "B" group, more poly microbial bacteriological findings are found in positive culture studies with subjects in group "A". This phenomenon confirms an alteration of the skin microbiome of diabetic subjects with modification of the "opportunistic role" of some species of the skin bacterial flora.
Purification and Concentration of the Total Saikosaponins Extracted fromRadix Bupleuriusing Foam Fractionation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of foam fractionation to recover saikosaponins. First, the solvent extraction method was applied for the extraction of saikosaponins from radix bupleuri using ethanol or deionized water. Then, the foam fractionation technique in batch mode was used for the recovery of the total saikosaponins from the extract. The effects of initial concentration, air flow rate, liquid loading volume, pH, and operating time on the process performance were investigated. The recovery percentage 77.2% and an enrichment ratio 3.68 of total saikosaponins with one-stage separation were obtained under the optimal conditions of initial saikosaponin concentration 0.18 mg/mL, air flow rate 50 mL/min, liquid loading volume 200 mL, pH 5.5, and operating time of 2 h. A two-stage foam fractionation technology was also designed, which was effective for improving both the recovery percentage and enrichment ratio simultaneously.
Helicobacter pylori Standard Triple Therapy Outcomes in Iranian Population: A Retrospective Population-based Study in Mashhad, Northeast of Iran

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the most prevalent infections in many areas of the world, which is treated with different combinations of medications. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the response rate and outcomes of H. pylori-infected Iranian patients treated with triple therapy. Methods: The current study examined the records of patients with dyspepsia referred to Imam Reza hospital's gastroenterology clinic in Mashhad, Iran, diagnosed with H. pylori from 2017 to 2019. The patients received the triple therapy for H. pylori and were divided into responsive and non-responsive groups. Results: Out of the 750 patients, 477 were included in the study. The response rate to H. pylori standard triple therapy was 79% after 14 days of treatment. Patients aged 30 - 39 years had the highest rate of treatment response. There was no significant relationship between the response rate to treatment and smoking (P = 0.74), alcohol consumption (P = 0.91), opium addiction (P = 0.89), history of aspirin (P = 0.46) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use (P = 0.66), diabetes (P = 0.18), renal failure (P = 0.054), and family history of GI malignancies (P = 0.51). Furthermore, patients with gastric ulcer (P = 0.43), duodenal ulcer (P = 0.66), and gastric precancerous lesions (P = 0.93) showed no significant difference in response to treatment. Conclusions: The H. pylori triple therapy regimen can be an effective medication strategy for H. pylori infection in the Iranian population.
The spatial sorting and matching of skills and firms

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this paper we make use of a matched employer‐employee database for Italy to look at the spatial distribution of wages. Using this rich database we aim to open up the black box of agglomeration economies exploiting the micro dimension of interaction among economic agents, both individuals and firms. We provide evidence that firm size and, especially, skills are sorted across space and account for a large portion of the spatial wage variation. Our data also support the assortative matching hypothesis, which we show not to be driven by co‐location of good workers and firms. Finally, we point out that assortative matching is negatively related to local market size.
Vagus Nerve Sensory Neurons Respond Distinctly to Specific Inflammatory Mediators

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The peripheral nervous system communicates with the immune system in response to injury or infection. In the case of inflammation, sensory signals travel up to the brain via the vagus nerve, which is a major pathway for neuro‐immune communication. While previous work from our group showed that cytokines administered systemically were associated with specific patterns of vagus nerve activity, we did not know how individual vagal sensory neurons encoded this immune information. Here, we use in vivo calcium imaging to monitor the neural activity of individual vagal sensory neurons in response to specific inflammatory mediators. Using mice that express the calcium sensor GCaMP6f in glutamatergic neurons, we imaged neurons of the nodose ganglion in situ using a 1‐photon miniature microscope (Miniscope). During imaging, the inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1β (IL‐1β) were applied directly to the vagus nerve. The raw fluorescence data was analyzed with a Python‐based calcium imaging analysis (CaImAn) software and a customized pipelines to output the neural activity (change in fluorescence: ∆F) of individually detected neurons. An average of 69±16.3 neurons were recorded per 1 hour imaging session. Our results reveal that specific vagal sensory neurons respond to differentially to specific immune mediators. The average amplitude, integral, and delay of TNF‐responsive neurons was significantly higher than IL‐1β‐responsive cells (TNF vs IL‐1β, p < 0.01). This result suggests that TNF application triggers responses later and with higher firing rates in responsive neurons compared to IL‐1β. Neuronal responses to IL‐1β had a significantly higher number of peaks when compared to TNF responses (IL‐1β vs TNF, p < 0.05). When compared to responses for the TRPV1‐specific agonist capsaicin, the cytokine responses were found to have significantly lower number of peaks (capsaicin vs IL‐1β, p < 0.05), which suggests that immune mediators produce different neural activity than canonical activators. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that individual vagal sensory neurons encode information about distinct inflammatory stimuli and provide insight into the neural sensing of inflammation. Further investigation into this type of neuro‐immune signaling may identify novel neural targets for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.
Critical Analysis on the Thoughts of Ibn Jarir al-Tabari about Jilbab in the Quran Surah al-Aḥzab Verse 59

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

When viewed from the aspect of the definition of the jilbāb (long, loose-fit outer garment worn by some Muslim women), the issue of jilbāb is a social-religious problem that is often used as a material for discussion among experts of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) and tafsir (exegesis, interpretation), both classic and contemporary. This research focuses on the interpretation of the jilbāb in the Quran Surah al-Aḥzab verse 59 based on the view of al-Tabari. The researcher conducts a critical study of his thoughts by using the library research method and the sociological-historical approach. The findings proved that al-Tabari was a very careful person in interpreting the Quran based on the hadith (the record of the words, actions, and the silent approval of the Islamic prophet Muhammad) and the atsar (the words or actions) of the sahabah (the companions of the prophet). The jilbāb, according to him, was something that covered the head, face, and one of the eyes (the left one). Such interpretation of al-Tabari certainly cannot be separated from the aspects of socio-historical phenomena that occurred in the past where the Abbasid Caliphate’s seizure of territory took place to have implications for human freedom, especially for women. Such a condition of insecurity for a woman that made al-Ṭabari interpreted jilbāb as such in order to protect women. However, if the definition of jilbāb is contextualized today, then it is no longer relevant because the conditions are safe, and women are free to fulfill their needs. Still, a woman must maintain her honor and cover her aurat (intimate parts in Islam), except for something that can be seen which are the palm of the hands, and the face.
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 69 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "TaxonKey is Boana caiapo Pinheiro, Cintra, Valdujo, Silva, Martins, Silva & Garcia, 2018", "HasCoordinate is true", "HasGeospatialIssue is false" ] } The dataset includes 69 records from 3 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0003082-250325103851331/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
Fishing and Harvesting

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

As the efficiency and reach of the global fishing industry has grown, overfishing has unwittingly undermined the industry's future while at the same time depriving poor people of a dietary staple. Several challenges face efforts to ensure sustainability in fisheries management: marine ecosystems transcend national boundaries and therefore national oversight is of limited value, climate change and pollution make aquatic ecosystems increasingly more fragile and susceptible to collapse in unprecedented ways, and the international business interests that seek to exploit fish populations for monetary gains operate on short-term time scales more concerned with immediate economic gain than long-term benefit from healthy aquatic ecosystems. I examine how creative institutional measures could avert total collapse of ocean ecosystems despite the complexity of enacting marine ethics in a globalized economy. I look at companies that work with the Marine Stewardship Council's criteria as well as more creative measures, including revamped marketing and changes in how members of the industry work together in order to encourage long-term environmental and economic sustainability.
Relationship Between the Effect of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Peripheral Differential Leukocyte Counts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

目的．肺癌患者の腫瘍微小環境（TME）の免疫状態が免疫チェックポイント阻害剤（ICI）の効果に影響している．末梢血白血球分画とTMEでの腫瘍浸潤白血球分画との関係を文献的に調べ，末梢血白血球分画でICIの有効な免疫状態を探索した．方法．2016年2月～2019年10月までに当院にてICI単剤を投与された非小細胞肺癌83症例において，ICI投与時（Day 1）とICI投与後42日（Day 43）の末梢血白血球分画を無増悪生存期間（PFS）と全生存期間（OS）に対してCox回帰解析を行った．結果．Day 1の末梢血において，好酸球数が高いほどPFSを有意に良好にし，単球数が高いほどPFSとOSを有意に不良にした．Day 43の末梢血において，好酸球数とリンパ球数が高いほどPFSとOSを有意に良好にし，好塩基球数と単球数が高いほどPFSとOSを有意に不良にした．Day 1に比べDay 43の末梢血好中球数が高いほど，PFSとOSを有意に不良にした．結論．ICI治療の効果と末梢血白血球分画は関連している．
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS’ EXPOSED UNINFECTED NEWBORNS: A VULNERABLE POPULATION WITH SOME DEFECTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM ELEMENTS AT BIRTH IN YAOUNDE-CAMEROON, CENTRAL AFRICA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction/Objective The reduction in vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Cameroon, thanks to the success of Option B+ prevention measures, has favored the increase in the rate of HIV exposed uninfected (HEU) infants. The latter, however, present a threefold higher morbidity and mortality than their HIV unexposed and uninfected (HUU) counterparts. With multiple causes, a dysfunction of the immune system would be incriminated but the evidence to demonstrate this and to advocate for a specific follow-up is lacking. This study objective was to determine the effect of in utero exposure to HIV-1 on certain immune elements of HEU newborns. Methods/Case Report A Case-control study was carried out in three reference hospitals in Yaounde. From June 2022 to July 2023, demographical characteristics of 62 HEU newborns of positive parturients with undetectable viral load who gave their consent (cases), and 65 HUU (controls) were taken. Then samples of umbilical cord blood were collected under ethical authorization no. BTC-JIRB2022-021. Then, blood count and differential leukocytes count were performed using DF55 DEMIND and May-Grünwald Giemsa Kit. Excel 2007 and R v4.1.3 softwares were used to record and analyze the data, with significance level for a p-value &lt; 0.05. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) The average APGAR vitality score (appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration) at 1, 5 and 10 min of life was reduced, but not significantly (p = 0.3) in the HEU (8/10, 9/10 and 10/10), compared to the HUU (9/10, and 10/10); as well as head circumference: (33.16 ± 1.64) cm and (34.8 ± 1.52) cm (p = 0.8) respectively. Unlike leukopenia (p=0.24), umbilical monocytosis (p=0.04) and lymphopenia (p=0.001) were significantly linked to HIV exposure in HEU, signs of inflammation from birth. Conclusion HIV exposed uninfected newborns present a drop in immunity and an inflammatory sign at birth, materialised clinically and biologically with a highly significant lymphopenia.
Design and fabrication of 3D flapping mechanism

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Hovering was one of the flying method that was inspired by humming bird. The flying method has been described as figure of eight flapping movement from their downstroke and upstroke movement. It was a special flight mode that the wings were rotating and twisting during the downstroke and upstroke. To mimic the flying method, a mechanism has been designed and the process of designing has been documented in this report. This report consists of the study of the understanding of the animal’s wings function to excute certain kind of flight movement. In here, the hovering technique of humming bird would be discussed and realised with a numerical simulation followed by a physical moch-up showing the figure-of-eight flight movement. The idea of differential design with special gearing combination would be used to control the two axes of rotating movement. The mechanism has been modelled by using NX Unique Graphic and simulated using NX Motion Simulation to create the figure-of-eight movement. In addition, polyjet 3D printer was used to fabricate the parts that were responsible for the structure aspect, the gear systems and the wing. Although the mechanism was able to mimic the figure –of-eight movement, but there were rooms for improvement for the designed prototype.
Natural Resource Wealth in the Construction of Neoliberal Economies in Southern Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter draws on the three country experiences to offer more general observations about economic reforms, governance and natural resource wealth in southern Africa. The authors have organized these conclusions around two basic questions: In closing, they offer some general observations about the reform process, notably regarding the consequences of implementing economic and institutional reforms without a national consensus to establish priorities and ensure public support. While macroeconomic and sectoral policies have been the focus of national and international attention, the wide range of institutional reforms accompanying the economic policies have been equally significant in changing access to and control over natural resource wealth. Whether seeking to gain access to village lands, mining sites, forests or wildlife, political authorities at these various levels have established privileged relations with new economic agents as they seek to invest in natural resource wealth while bypassing established authorities.
The Effect of Multimedia Education Given Before Gynecological Examination on the Anxiety, Fear and Pelvic Pain Levels of Patients: A Single‐Blind Prospective Randomized Controlled Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of multimedia education given before gynecological examination on the anxiety, fear and plevic pain levels of patients. Method: This single-blind prospective randomized controlled study included 80 volunteer women aged 18-50 years who applied to the gynecology and obstetrics clinic. 80 women were randomized into two groups as study (n=40) and control group (n=40). The women in the study group were given information and training via multimedia before gynecological examination. The anxiety of the patients was assessed using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-1-2) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Fear of gynecological examination and pelvic pain were assessed with VAS. All assessments were repeated before and after the examination. Results: In the training group, the intragroup change analysis showed a statistically significant improvement in the STAI-1, pelvic pain (VAS), anxiety (VAS) and fear (VAS) scores (p=0.002; p=0.001; p=0.001; p=0.001). There was a significant difference in the anxiety level between groups (p=0.005). The STAI-1, pelvic pain (VAS), anxiety (VAS) and fear (VAS) of the patients in the training group decreased in the course of time. Conclusion: Multimedia patient information training before the gynecologic examination is thought to be a very effective method to reduce the anxiety, fear and pelvic pain of patients.