jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A study of the antiviral activity of cyclopentene β,β′-triketone disodium salt in the leaves of two Nicotiana tabacum L. cultivars infected with tobacco mosaic virus

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effect of disodium salt of 2-acetyl-4-hydroxycarbonylmethylthio-5-chlorocyclopent-4-en-1,3-dione on development of the infection caused by tobacco mosaic virus in the leaves of two Nicotiana tabacum L. cultivars--an oversensitive cultivar Xanthi-nc and systemically affected Samsun--was studied. The results suggest that this compound interferes with reproduction of the virus. This antiviral displayed the highest activity when applied in a mixture with the virus, presumably due to its action on both the plant and the virus.
Adolescent moral development ;: effects of sex role variables in projective stories.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Projective stories have been the measuring instruments most commonly used in studies of moral development. Although sex differences in moral development have been reported, the importance of sex role variables in story design have been given little consideration. Stories have often appeared male biased. In the present study projective stories were used to examine the effects of three variables: sex of protagonist, sex orientation of context, and sex appropriateness of protagonist in context, on the moral maturity scores of 192 eighth , tenth , and twelfth grade females and males. The experimental measure consisted of four moral conflicts, presented in story form. Each story was accompanied by a set of standard questions. Stories and questions were designed to integrate cognitive and affective aspects of moral development. Overall, females scored higher than males. Results showed a developmental effect such that moral maturity scores increased as a function of grade level. As predicted, there was a significant interaction such that males scored higher on stories with male oriented contexts, and females scored higher on stories with female oriented contexts. The sex of protagonist and sex appropriateness of protagonist in context factors had no significant effects on moral maturity scores. A significant main effect of story was noted.
How does the Human Brain Differentiate? —Normal and Abnormal Development—

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Three Primary Brain Vesicles Convert into Five Secondary Brain Vesicles The central nervous system (CNS) appears during the 3rd week as a neural plate growing out from the ectoderm of the germ disc. The lateral edges elevate to form the neural folds, and finally fuse, forming the neural tube. Neurulation begins on day 22, and the cranial neuropore, which is an opening at anterior end of the embryonic neural canal, closes on day 24. The future eyes appear as outpouchings from the forebrain neural folds by day 22. Before neurulation begins, the primordia of the three primary brain vesicles are visible as broadenings in the neural plate as shown in Fig. 1, called the prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain). During the 5th week, the prosencephalon subdivides into a telencephalon (the future cerebrum) and a diencephalon, and the rhombencephalon subdivides into a metencephalon (the future pons and cerebellum) and a myelencephalon (the future medulla oblongata), thereby creating, along with the mesencephalon, five secondary brain vesicles (Fig. 2). Between the 4th and 8th week, the elongation of the brain occurs at the same time as the appearance of three flexures; two are concave ventrally and one concave dorsally (Fig. 3). The first of these folds to develop is the cranial (mesencephalic) flexure in the midbrain region. The procencephalon rotates ventrally and then posteriorly around this hinge during the 4th and 5th weeks until it is folded back under the mesencephalon. A bend (cervical flexure) also appears at the junction of the rhombencephalon and spinal cord. This increases from the 5th to the 7th week. However, after the 7th week, extension of the head takes place, and the cervical flexure diminishes and eventually disappears. During the 5th week, reverse, dorsal flexion (pontine flexure) begins at the location of the developing pons. By the 8th week, the 3rd bend may form as a result of differential growth in the ventral part of the metencephalon.
Using the Community of Practice Framework to Examine Informal Science Educators' Epistemological and Pedagogical Beliefs in Informal Science

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

When ranked and compared to students in other countries, students in the United States of America consistently rank below their peers in science knowledge. Among the many recommendations for increasing the science knowledge of students is a merge of informal science education (ISE) and public and private science classrooms. There is limited research focused on (1) the historical trends of research conducted in informal science education including the methodologies employed and pedagogical practices revealed and (2) the epistemological and pedagogical beliefs of formal science educators, who hold dual positions in the classroom and in an informal science setting. This dissertation includes two studies which are written as articles: (1): the completion of a content analysis of 30 peer-reviewed journal articles from 2006-2021 and one book (Preparing Informal Educators) and (2): a qualitative exploratory case study using photo-elicitation, semi-structured interviews, and an open-ended questionnaire. The results from Article 1 (the content analysis) revealed that informal science educators are often not equipped to implement the needed hands-on active educational methods, creative experiences, and memorable experiences to reach young learners. Article II (a qualitative exploratory case study) examined the epistemological and pedagogical beliefs of 10 science educators working at a local science museum. This two-article dissertation revealed harmonized pedagogical and epistemological beliefs between formal science educators and informal science educators using CoPs.
Heparan sulfate is essential for neuron migration and axon outgrowth in Caenorhabditis elegans

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Introduction The importance of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) has been highlighted by a number of human genetic disorders associated with mutations in genes encoding for HSPG protein cores or biosynthetic enzymes required for heparan sulfate assembly. Materials and methods We have studied the role of HS and HSPGs in the nervous system development using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Our focus has been on the single C. elegans homologues of the vertebrate syndecans, sdn‐1 and heparan 2‐ O ‐sulfotransferase, hst‐2. Results and discussion C. elegans syndecan, sdn‐1 and heparan 2‐ O ‐sulfotransferase, hst‐2, expressions coincide with the start of morphogenesis in mid‐embryonic stages after most cell divisions have occurred. Sdn‐1 is expressed primarily in neuronal cells, whereas hst‐2 is more widely expressed in neurons, hypodermis (epidermis), pharynx and the gonad leader cells (DTC). A deletion mutant of sdn‐1 which lacks the putative heparan sulfate (HS) attachment sites has specific neuron migration and axon pathfinding defects. Hst‐2 mutants have partially overlapping yet diverse neuronal migration defects. In both sdn‐1 and hst‐2 mutants, the serotonergic hermaphrodite‐specific neurons (HSNs) fail to migrate to their correct position in the vicinity of the vulva and hence fail to innervate the vulval muscles causing sdn‐1 and hst‐2 mutants to become egg‐laying defective (egl) and accumulate embryos within the mother. Canal‐associated neurons (CANs) that, like the HSNs, have a stereotyped long‐distance postembryonic migration pattern also fail to migrate to their correct position in sdn‐1 mutants, whereas in hst‐2 mutants the CANs migrate normally. These results suggest that specific 2‐ O ‐sulfation of sdn‐1 HS is essential for HSN migration, whereas it is dispensable for CAN migration. Hst‐2 mutants have additional cell migration defects that are not detected in sdn‐1 mutants suggesting that other HSPGs such as perlecan/unc‐52 and glypican/gpn‐1 may be responsible for these defects.
Abstract 169: Activation of the Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase/Akt Pathway is Responsible for Cardioprotection Induced by Modulation of TLR2

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Activation of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) signaling pathway protects cells from ischemic injury. We have reported that the immune modulator, glucan, rapidly induces cardioprotection. Dectin-1 is a specific receptor for glucan and Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) is required for transmitting the signal from Dectin-1 into cells. However, the role of modulation of TLR2 in cardioprotection has not been investigated. We hypothesized that modulation of TLR2 will induce cardioprotection through a PI3K/Akt-dependent mechanism. To evaluate our hypothesis, we examined the effect of modulation of TLR2 on myocardial ischemic injury. TLR2 knockout (KO) (n=8) and wild type mice (n=8) were treated with glucan (1 mg/25g) or peptidoglycan (PDG, 75 μg/25g), a specific TLR2 ligand, one hr before the hearts were subjected to ischemia (1 hr)/reperfusion (4 hrs). Untreated mice (n=8) were also subjected to I/R. Myocardial infarction was determined by TTC staining. Infarct size was significantly reduced in glucan (11.6 ± 2.38% vs 36.1 ± 3.48%, p<0.01) and PDG (10.5 ± 3.03% vs 30.1 ± 7.59%, p<0.01) treated mice vs untreated mice. The levels of phospho-Akt (0.80 ± 0.10 vs 0.45 ± 0.09) and phospho-GSK3β (0.66 ± 0.14 vs 0.33 ± 0.10) were significantly increased in the myocardium of glucan treated mice compared with untreated mice. However, both glucan and PDG-induced cardioprotection were completely abolished in TLR2 KO mice. To investigate whether PI3K/Akt signaling is involved in cardioprotection induced by modulation of TLR2, we administered glucan (1 mg/25g) or PDG (75 μg/25g) to kdAkt (kinase deficient Akt) transgenic mice (n=8) one hr before myocardial I/R. Both glucan and PDG-induced cardioprotection were completely abolished in kdAkt mice. The results suggest that modulation of TLR2, either directly or indirectly, will induce cardioprotection through a PI3K/Akt dependent mechanism and that there is a critical link between TLR2 and PI3K/Akt signaling during myocardial I/R.
Ultrastructural differentiation of a clonal human embryonal carcinoma cell line in vitro.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A cloned human embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line 2102Ep derived from a testicular teratocarcinoma was characterized by means of electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. These EC cells when plated at high cell density grow mostly as undifferentiated cells displayed relatively little pleomorphism. Eighty-five to 90% of these cells contain keratin in the form of peridesmosomal tonofilaments. Cell populations of the same clonal line plated at a low cell density contain, in addition to undifferentiated EC cells, large cells displaying complex cytoplasmic architecture, more complex junctions, and intracytoplasmic keratin in the form of bundles. Some of these cells also react with antibodies to human chorionic gonadotropin indicative of trophoblastic differentiation. Furthermore, some cells form "morules" which are multicellular aggregates composed of a core of EC cells and an attenuated, more differentiated outer cell layer. These data thus point out not only some similarities but also even more prominent differences between human and mouse EC cells.
Design of corossion sensor based on Sms (single mode multi mode-single mode) coated Fe thin film optical fiber

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Conventional corrosion detection methods have some disadvantages for instance. It is impractical, affected by electromagnetic fields and weather, unable for real time monitoring uses, invasive to the steel structure, involving dangerous radiation, etc. In this research, Fe thin film was deposited onto the entire of surface of optical fiber by using RF-Sputtering technique at the frequency of 13.56 MHz. This SMS fiber optics, that was coated by Fe thin film, was then immersed in a solution of 3ml of HCl for 9 hours complying ASTM-G31-72 standard. The best result is obtained by SMS fiber optic cladded by 461 nm thick of Fe.
Stereospecific 1,4‐Metallate Shift Enables Stereoconvergent Synthesis of Ketoximes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Reported herein is a stereospecific 1,4‐metallate rearrangement for single‐geometry ketoxime synthesis from oxime chlorides and arylboronic acids. This strategy exhibits broad substrate scope with excellent stereoselectivity under mild reaction conditions. In comparison with the conventional approaches, each configuration of unsymmetric diaryl oximes, as well as the thermodynamically less stable Z isomer of aryl alkyl ketoximes can be selectively and exclusively obtained. The reactivities of unsymmetric diaryl oximes and the Z isomer of aryl alkyl oximes, a class of underexplored molecules, enables efficient access to the corresponding isoquinolines, isoquinoline N ‐oxides, and amides having a single configuration.
Necrotising Sweet’s syndrome: a rare presentation of Sweet’s syndrome with unilateral painful swelling of the neck

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This case describes the first documented clinical presentation of Sweet’s syndrome with unilateral swelling of the neck, severe pain and fever. The clinical and radiological manifestation resembled necrotising fasciitis and the patient underwent acute neck dissection. The patient was ultimately diagnosed with a new subtype of Sweet’s syndrome called necrotising Sweet’s syndrome, and quickly recovered after treatment with intravenous administration of prednisolone.
A Strategic Financial Management Evaluation of Private Hospitals’ Effectiveness and Efficiency for Sustainable Financing: A Research Study

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the performance οf private hospitals and identify conditions that secure sustainable financing οf the sector. Design/Methodology/Approach: The Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used as the main tool to measure efficiency and effectiveness among fifteen (15) major private hospitals in Greece. Audited financial statement data were analyzed as a basis for the assessment of their performance. Αn input oriented model was applied due to the fact that assets and employee expenses are more likely to be under the control of management in private hospitals, compared to revenues and CFFO. The latter were used as outputs that represent measures of effectiveness and efficiency respectively which secure sustainability. We opted for the Variable Return to Scale (VRS) version of DEA (in connection with the CRS one), since hospital are systems extremely depended on the human capital and the knowledge management, as a means of creating value and are characterized by non-linear dynamics. Findings: The great majority of the hospitals in the sample exhibit increasing and decreasing returns scale. Inefficiencies found to emanate from a non-optimal scale of the hospitals rather, than from management’s lack of capability to transform inputs to outputs. Practical Implications: The study aspires to frame options and help management to make informed choices that promote sustainable development of the private sector, which are also applicable to the public one. It is essential for public authorities to judge the meaningful performance of the private hospitals, to administer accordingly the level of its subsidies through public insurance funds, the claw back and rebate policies in a period of fiscal austerity and act accordingly to attract or deter the inflow of scalable private funds in healthcare to promote human wellbeing. Originality/Value: Performance differences, can be leveraged to guide improvements in the operation of the private hospitals and reforms in the health care system.
A measurable approach for risk justification of explicit and tacit knowledge assessment

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Knowledge has become a central organizing principle in society to the extent that knowledge management has become a mainstream activity in organizations. Nevertheless, knowledge-related risks remain relatively neglected in the risk management domain. Whilst knowledge reduces uncertainty and the associated risks, the increased knowledge intensity in organizations also represents a risk factor that has to be assessed. The paper describes and validates an organizational risk assessment approach that considers knowledge-related and knowledge management risks in an integrated manner. The approach makes it possible to calculate risk ratings in terms of vulnerability and likelihood for 50 threats to all activities and phases of the knowledge life cycle. These risk ratings are plotted against 24 potential risks in the human, organizational, and technical domains. To impress on management the significance of these knowledge-related risks, the risk ratings are transformed to approximated financial figures. The approach is applied to 10 Slovenian organizations, two of which are discussed in detail in the paper, to demonstrate that it can be successfully used in a wide variety of organizations. It is concluded that the approach offers a way to assess both knowledge-related and knowledge-management-related risks, that the costs that individual risks potentially hold can be approximated, and that for a diversity of organizations mitigation strategies can be suggested for the identified risks.
THERMODYNAMICS OF THE PLASMA

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

摘要 本文利用不可逆过程热力学讨论了在均匀磁场作用下的等离子体,得到了电流方程并指出了磁场对电流的影响。同时讨论了部分游离的等离子体中的电流、扩散和热扩散对电流的影响以及磁场对扩散的影响。 Abstract In this paper, thermodynamics of irreversible processes has been applied for investigating the plasma in a uniform magnetic field. The current equations are derived and the effect of the magnetic field on the current is discussed. Effects of the magnetic 作者及机构信息 乔登江 1. 江苏师范学院 Authors and contacts CHIAO TEN-CHIANG 1. 江苏师范学院 参考文献 [1] 施引文献
Two-Step Phase Unwrapping Coupled With Facet Kernel for Mining-Induced 3-D Displacements Retrieval From Dual InSAR Geometries

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) is the preferred technique for monitoring three-dimensional (3-D) surface displacements. However, conventional InSAR phase unwrapping (PhU) methods face challenges in interpreting local low-coherence regions and dense fringe patterns, reducing the reliability of subsequent 3-D decomposition. In addition, the North-South (N-S) displacement retrieved from InSAR measurements is often inaccurate due to the near-polar orbits of radar satellites. To address these issues, this article presents a novel method for retrieving mining-induced 3-D displacements from dual InSAR geometries. First, we propose a two-step PhU approach based on the central difference information filter phase unwrapping (CDIFPU), which can generate a complete deformation field. Subsequently, vertical and East-West (E-W) displacements are separated using InSAR measurements from dual imaging geometries. Finally, we use an extensible subsidence facet kernel to retrieve the N-S displacement based on random medium theory. Simulated experiments show that the two-step PhU improves unwrapping accuracy by approximately 78.4%, 64.8%, and 59.5% over the branch-cut, MCF, and CDIFPU methods. The accuracy of the two-step PhU in retrieving vertical and E-W displacements is 65.8% and 71.3% higher than that of the MCF. Moreover, the subsidence facet kernel further improves the N-S displacement accuracy by 68.5% compared to the conventional first-order difference operators. Experiments with RADARSAT-2 and TerraSAR-X images from the Fengfeng Mining Area, China, demonstrate that the two-step PhU is more effective than SNAPHU, PUMA, and one-step deep learning PhU in retrieving absolute phase in local low-coherence regions, enhancing the quality of vertical and E-W displacements. Ultimately, its N-S displacement is successfully extracted using the subsidence facet kernel.
Investigation of low-level supergeostrophic wind and Ekman spiral as observed by a radar wind profiler in Beijing

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The supergeostrophic flow remains seldomly reported from an observational perspective. Here, 1 year record of radar wind profiler measurements and ERA-5 reanalysis collected at Beijing observatory station are used to characterize the vertical structures of supergeostrophic wind and Ekman spirals in the lower troposphere. It is found that supergeostrophic flow shows significant diurnal variation, with lowest frequency for the supergeostrophic wind forming during daytime under clear-sky conditions, largely due to strong turbulent mixing and friction in the daytime. By comparison, the planetary boundary layer at night is stably stratified, the supergeostrophic wind occurs more frequently due to friction-induced decoupling from the ground surface. Furthermore, the presence of cloud makes the supergeostrophic wind occur more often in the daytime. Also, the geostrophic wind deviation within 1 km of atmosphere is found to be more negatively associated with the difference between surface temperature and 2-m air temperature compared with that in the altitude range of 1–3 km, indicating that the supergeostrophic wind near ground surface is more subject to the influence of heat flux. Intriguingly, most of the vertical wind profiles in the PBL are found not to follow Ekman spiral under neutral atmospheric conditions. The supergeostrophic winds contribute significantly to the magnitude of Ekman spirals in the upper mixed layer. Overall, the profiles and evolution features of the supergeostrophic wind and Ekman spirals observed in the lower troposphere in Beijing are much complicated than expected. The findings lay a solid foundation for better elucidating the low-level atmospheric dynamics in Beijing.