jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Can Traditional Terrestrial Applications of Gravity Gradiometry Rely Upon Quantum Technologies ? A Side View

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The era of practical terrestrial applications of gravity gradiometry begun in 1890 when Baron Lorand von Eötvös, a Hungarian nobleman and a talented physicist and engineer, invented his famous torsion balance - the first practical gravity gradients measuring device. It was credited for the major oil discoveries later in Texas (USA). A 100 years later Kasevich and Chu pioneered the use of quantum physics for gravity gradient measurements. Since then cold-atom gravity gradiometers, or matter-wave gravity gradiometers, had been under development at almost every physics department of top-rated universities around the globe. After another 30 years since the Kasevich and Chu publication in 1992, which had led to the first ever quantum gravity gradiometer, the corresponding research and development ceased from being profoundly active a few years back. This article is an attempt to understand and explain what may have happened to the Quantum Invasion into the area of applied physics and precision engineering that traditionally has been occupied by non-quantum technologies developed for about a 130 years of the history of gravity gradiometry.
Applications of dynamic functional connectivity to pain and its modulation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Since early work attempting to characterize the brain's role in pain, it has been clear that pain is not generated by a specific brain region, but rather by coordinated activity across a network of brain regions, the “neuromatrix.” The advent of noninvasive whole-brain neuroimaging, including functional magnetic resonance imaging, has provided insight on coordinated activity in the pain neuromatrix and how correlations in activity between regions, referred to as “functional connectivity,” contribute to pain and its modulation. Initial functional connectivity investigations assumed interregion connectivity remained stable over time, and measured variability across individuals. However, new dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) methods allow researchers to measure how connectivity changes over time within individuals, permitting insights on the dynamic reorganization of the pain neuromatrix in humans. We review how dFC methods have been applied to pain, and insights afforded on how brain connectivity varies across time, either spontaneously or as a function of psychological states, cognitive demands, or the external environment. Specifically, we review psychophysiological interaction, dynamic causal modeling, state-based dynamic community structure, and sliding-window analyses and their use in human functional neuroimaging of acute pain, chronic pain, and pain modulation. We also discuss promising uses of dFC analyses for the investigation of chronic pain conditions and predicting pain treatment efficacy and the relationship between state- and trait-based pain measures. Throughout this review, we provide information regarding the advantages and shortcomings of each approach, and highlight potential future applications of these methodologies for better understanding the brain processes associated with pain.
Analog hardware implementation of the random neural network model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Presents a simple continuous analog hardware realization of the random neural network (RNN) model. The proposed circuit uses the general principles resulting from the understanding of the basic properties of the firing neuron. The circuit for the neuron model consists only of operational amplifiers, transistors, and resistors, which makes it candidate for VLSI implementation of random neural networks with feedforward or recurrent structures. Although the literature is rich with various methods for implementing the different neural networks structures, the proposed implementation is very simple and can be built using discrete integrated circuits for problems that need a small number of neurons. A software package, RNNSIM, has been developed to train the RNN model and supply the network parameters which can be mapped to the hardware structure. As an assessment on the proposed circuit, a simple neural network mapping function has been designed and simulated using PSpice.
Responses of Fine Roots at Different Soil Depths to Different Thinning Intensities in a Secondary Forest in the Qinling Mountains, China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fine roots make critical contributions to carbon stocks and terrestrial productivity, and fine roots with different diameters exhibit functional heterogeneity. However, the changed characteristics of fine roots with different diameters at different soil depths following thinning disturbances are poorly understood. We investigated the biomass, production, mortality and turnover rate of <0.5 mm, 0.5–1 mm, and 1–2 mm fine roots at 0–20 cm, 20–40 cm, and 40–60 cm soil depths under five thinning intensities (0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, and 60%) in a secondary forest in the Qinling Mountains. The biomass, production and turnover rate of <0.5 mm fine roots fluctuated with increasing thinning intensities, while the 0.5–1 mm and 1–2 mm fine-root biomass significantly decreased. The thinning intensities had no effects on the fine-root necromass or mortality. The change in the fine-root characteristics in deeper soils was more sensitive to the thinning intensities. The principal component analysis results showed that increased <0.5 mm fine-root biomass and production resulted from increased shrub and herb diversity and biomass and decreased soil nutrient availability, stand volume, and litter biomass, whereas the 0.5–1 mm and 1–2 mm fine-root biomass showed the opposite trends and changes. Our results suggest that different thinning intensities exhibit varied influential mechanisms on the changed characteristics of fine roots with different diameters.
粉体の静電混合に関する研究

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The mixings of powders have hitherto been done by the\n\tmechanica1 churning， the flowing of air stream and the\n\tdropping and the development of powders due to the gravity.\n\tHowever，they depend upon the mechanical method in any\n\tcase a1so.\n\tIn this study，the mixing is tried e1ectrica11y app1ying\n\tthe e1ectrostatic phenomena.\n\tE1ectrostatic mixer was manufactured on tria1 and the\n\texperiments on mixing were done. The comparable good mixtures\n\twere derived in these experiments.\n\tPowders used were of a great dea1 of species.\n\tGenerally，they were the dried one and one with a few\n\tmoisture.\n\tA specia1 feature of e1ectrostatic mixing is that the\n\tmixing is done in short time and as the operation such as\n\tthe churning, etc. is e1iminated，the impa1pab1e powders\n\tare few，especia1ly it is thought to be superior in the\n\tmixing of tea leaves，etc.\n\tMoreover， it is a1so a special feature that the equipment\n\tis simple and the mixing is done only by consuming\n\tthe sma11 electric power.
Multilevel Monte-Carlo methods and lower-upper bounds in Initial Margin computations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The Multilevel Monte-Carlo (MLMC) method developed by Giles [Gil08] has a natural application to the evaluation of nested expectation of the form E [g(E [f (X, Y)|X])], where f, g are functions and (X, Y) a couple of independent random variables. Apart from the pricing of American-type derivatives, such computations arise in a large variety of risk valuations (VaR or CVaR of a portfolio, CVA), and in the assessment of margin costs for centrally cleared portfolios. In this work, we focus on the computation of Initial Margin. We analyze the properties of corresponding MLMC estimators, for which we provide results of asymptotical optimality; at the technical level, we have to deal with limited regularity of the outer function g (which might fail to be everywhere differentiable). Parallel to this, we investigate upper and lower bounds for nested expectations as above, in the spirit of primal/dual algorithms for stochastic control problems.
Quantitating Asbestos Content in Friable Bulk Samples: Development of a Stratified Point-Counting Method

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Intralaboratory and interlaboratory investigations were used to evaluate the precision and accuracy of point counting versus visual estimation of asbestos in friable bulk materials. Interlaboratory analyses revealed that the commonly used "equivalent" visual-estimation methods were significantly less accurate than the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 400-point-count method, especially at low asbestos concentrations. In an effort to produce a method that is statistically "equivalent" yet less time consuming than the EPA method, several strategies were assessed to reduce preparation and analysis time. False negatives were produced by schemes that unconditionally reduced the number of slides/points analyzed. The best modification was a stratified scheme in which effort was inversely proportional to the Percentage of asbestos in a sample, Although precision was sacrificed at higher concentrations, that precision was deemed superfluous because such materials were categorically asbestos-containing materials (ACMs). A nonpoint scan Option was also developed for non-ACMs. Thus, the time required for preparation and analysis of ACMs by the stratified method can be less than 20% of the time required for the full EPA point count, with only ACMs in the 1% range requiring the full 400 points counted. A series of formulated- Weight bulk samples were analyzed by outside laboratories using the EPA method, the stratified method, and visual estimation. The stratified method produced results that were not significantly different than results by the EPA method. Visual-estimation results were less accurate when compared to formulation values and were usually significantly different than results from either point-count method.
Trans-governmental regulatory networks and the European Union’s involvement in global governance: an occasional instrument?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The European Union (EU) has actively promoted the establishment of national regulatory agencies (NRAs) in its member states since the 1990s. In parallel, the EU has supported the establishment of trans-governmental regulatory networks (TRNs) to facilitate the harmonization of regulatory frameworks within the EU. In most cases, these TRNs had a very light organization but allowed an intense interaction and collaboration among officials from the different national regulatory agencies. In this paper, we examine the involvement of EU institutions and NRAs in trans-governmental regulatory networks in Europe and beyond. Based on a mix of quantitative and qualitative approaches, we corroborate the extensive use of TRNs on the European continent beyond the EU in many fields, often supported by EU institutions or emerging as bottom-up initiatives of NRAs. We can only document some occasional attempts beyond the European neighborhood. Among possible reasons, we examine the institutionalization of global governance in many sectors, geographical considerations, and EU strategies to support TRNs development.
Reply on RC2

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Conventional ReâOs isochrons are based on mass spectrometric estimates of 187Re/188Os and 187Os/188Os, which often exhibit strong error correlations that may obscure potentially important geological complexity. Using an approach that is widely accepted in 40Ar/39Ar and UâPb geochronology, we here show that these error correlations are greatly reduced by applying a simple change of variables, using 187Os as a common denominator. Plotting 188Os/187Os vs. 187Re/187Os produces an âinverse isochronâ, defining a binary mixing line between an inherited Os component whose 188Os/187Os ratio is given by the vertical intercept, and the radiogenic 187Re/187Os ratio, which corresponds to the horizontal intercept. Inverse isochrons facilitate the identification of outliers and other sources of data dispersion. They can also be applied to other geochronometers such as the KâCa method and (with less dramatic results) the RbâSr, SmâNd and LuâHf methods. Conventional and inverse isochron ages are similar for precise datasets but may significantly diverge for imprecise ones. A semi-synthetic data simulation indicates that, in the latter case, the inverse isochron age is more accurate. The generalised inverse isochron method has been added to the IsoplotR toolbox for geochronology, which automatically converts conventional isochron ratios into inverse ratios, and vice versa.
Co-designing an integrated care pain management service in Ealing with those of lived experiences, family, carers, and various healthcare professionals, to improve delivery of care.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The International Journal of Integrated Care (IJIC) is an online, open-access, peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes original articles in the field of integrated care on a continuous basis.IJIC has an Impact Factor of 5.120 (2020 JCR, received in June 2021)The IJIC 20th Anniversary Issue was published in 2021.
Environmental strategies in emerging markets as a source of competitive advantage

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Within the same industry and market, it is possible to see firms adopting different types of environmental position. This paper examines differences in the environmental position of firms that operate in an emerging market context. Based on a literature review, we propose a framework that combines the external and internal factors that have an influence on the environmental positions of firms. The external factors of the framework are industry structure and the country of origin's image. Internal factors comprise the organisational characteristics-company size, degree of internationalisation, managerial attitude and position in the value chain. Using a case study strategy, we analyse the LED lighting market in Brazil, its interactions and competitive opportunities and the challenges associated with environmental strategy options. Our exploratory qualitative study reveals that companies can fully implement proactive environmental strategies if their orientation is directed towards satisfying local market demands. However, the literature review and data analysis show that the industry presents some challenges for scale LED lighting, such as the offer of low quality products. We also show that firm-specific advantages can be offset by market forces and that local players may develop more fitting business models in order to respond to local market demands.
Effect of hypoxia on pulmonary artery pressure of dogs

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The mechanism by which the pulmonary artery pressure rises in response to hypoxia has never been clearly demonstrated. This problem was reinvestigated in experiments utilizing separate pulmonary and systemic perfusion systems. These vascular beds were perfused in such a fashion that a change in pulmonary artery pressure could only result from changes in vasomotor tone. Alveolar-pulmonary vein hypoxia was usually associated with a slight fall in pulmonary artery pressure. Systemic hypoxia resulted in elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure in 10 of the 12 animals tested with a constant-flow and constant-pulmonary venous pressure. In addition, all animals with systemic desaturation showed an increased venous return. When the "cardiac output" (pump output) was increased to match this return, the elevation in pulmonary artery pressure increased. It was concluded that the pulmonary arterial pressure elevation seen with hypoxia is the result of active pulmonary vasoconstriction coupled with an increased pulmonary blood flow.
The minipig intraoral dental implant model: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objectives The objective of this report was to provide a review of the minipig intraoral dental implant model including a meta-analysis to estimate osseointegration and crestal bone remodeling. Methods A systematic review including PubMed and EMBASE databases through June 2021 was conducted. Two independent examiners screened titles/abstracts and selected full-text articles. Studies evaluating titanium dental implant osseointegration in native alveolar bone were included. A quality assessment of reporting was performed. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were produced for bone-implant contact (BIC), first BIC, and crestal bone level. Results 125 out of 249 full-text articles were reviewed, 55 original studies were included. Quality of reporting was generally low, omissions included animal characteristics, examiner masking/calibration, and sample size calculation. The typical minipig model protocol included surgical extraction of the mandibular premolars and first molar, 12±4 wks post-extraction healing, placement of three narrow regular length dental implants per jaw quadrant, submerged implant healing and 8 wks of osseointegration. Approximately 90% of studies reported undecalcified incandescent light microscopy histometrics. Overall, mean BIC was 59.88% (95%CI: 57.43–62.33). BIC increased significantly over time (p<0.001): 40.93 (95%CI: 34.95–46.90) at 2 wks, 58.37% (95%CI: 54.38–62.36) at 4 wks, and 66.33% (95%CI: 63.45–69.21) beyond 4 wks. Variability among studies was mainly explained by differences in observation interval post-extraction and post-implant placement, and implant surface. Heterogeneity was high for all studies (I2 > 90%, p<0.001). Conclusions The minipig intraoral dental implant model appears to effectively demonstrate osseointegration and alveolar bone remodeling similar to that observed in humans and canine models.
The success of e-Learning implementation for engineering courses: Case study - EIT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Globally, the ease of internet access has had a positive effect on the education sector. Many higher education institutions are leveraging this opportunity and are strongly investing in e-Learning systems offering courses in various disciplines. Engineering courses are challenging on their own, but to teach and engage e-learners' in first year cohorts requires creativity and innovation from the teaching teams and providers. This paper aims to evaluate the success and learning quality by considering the implementations of new technologies available, as well as the students' knowledge gain and professional qualification via online courses. The paper evaluates the success of e-Learning for various engineering units at the Engineering Institute of Technology (EIT) by analyzing core units offered in EIT Bachelor of Engineering programs both online and on-campus. Grades from past two years of the online and on-campus cohorts were used. The main findings indicate stronger commitment from the online students as compared to the on-campus students. Furthermore, it was observed that over time with greater experience, lecturers were able to engage and motivate students more effectively.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE VESTIBULAR NEURONS OF THE RAT

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Vestibular neuronal response to pendular rotation was examined over the frequency range of 0.15-0.35 Hz and the amplitude of 110- Neuronal activity was picked up by a glass microelectrode filled with lithium carmine solution, amplified by a conventional circuit and displayed on an oscilloscope. Firing frepuencies through an analogue counter were recorded by a pen recorder. Response pattern was computed by the on-line computer and stimulus-frequency curve was photographed on a polaroid film from an oscilloscope display.During the rotation, cellular firing waxed and waned around the resting level in an approximately sinusoidal manner. Response patern was either all-round or threshold cut-off depending on the strength of the angular acceleration and the rate of the resting discharge.The firing frequency of most vestibular neurons (112 out of 126 neurons) tended to be in phase with angular velocity (phase lag re angular acceleration was about 90-). Whereas, that of 14 neurons was corresponded to angular acceleration rather than the velocity (phase lag was almost 0-). Physiological meanings of wide ranged phase lag of rat vestibular neuron were discussed referring to the studies of the cat and monkey. Then the frequeacy range of 0.15-0.35 Hz was presumed to be the transitional frequency range from angular acceleration to velocity. It was, therefore, inferred that the resonant frequency of rat horizontal canal was higher than 0.35 Hz.Directionality of the cellular firing was examined in 115 units, of which 59 were type I (e.g. cells on left side excited by left-going velocity), 53 were type II (reversed type with type I neuron), 2 were type III (cells excited by bidirectional rotation) and 1 belonged to type IV (cells inhibited during rotation). From the finding that type III and IV neurons were probably related to reticular formation, these neurons were assumed to take part in producing such reactions as vertigo, nausea and paleness etc. during rotation
Development of new adaptive materials based on spiropyran molecular photoswitches

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Spiropyrans are a family of photochromic compounds that can be reversibly switched between two states: a colourless, non-polar, uncharged spiro form (SP) and a highly coloured, polar, conjugated, zwitterionic merocyanine form (MC), i.e. SP → MC (UV light), MC → SP (green, white light). Furthermore, the MC form possesses a phenolate group that can reversibly bind metal ions and this ion binding is also photo-reversible, as when the MC-ion complex reverts to the passive SP form (upon green/white light exposure), it releases the bound ions. Using molecular-switches based on spiropyran-like molecules, new materials were produced whose properties such as metal-ion uptake/release and polarity can be controlled under external photonic stimulation. \nSpiropyran derivatives were immobilised on polystyrene and silica microbeads and evaluated for their reversible photoswitchable metal ion binding behaviour. When in the MC form, in the presence of metal ions such as Cu2+ and Zn2+, further spectral and colour changes occurred that were found to vary according which metal ion was bound. Subsequent irradiation with white light caused reformation of the SP form and release of the metal ion. This process was shown to be repeatable at least several times. The spiropyran functionalised silica microbeads were packed into a capillary column and the new stationary phase demonstrated to form the basis of a photodynamic system for retention, detection and release of metal ions pumped into the capillary. \nIn parallel other spiropyran derivatives were incorporated into monolithic stationary phases. The spiropyran-functionalised polymer was switched between a protonated MC form and a neutral SP form upon white light irradiation. The monoliths were encased on a microfluidic chip and the system filled with an acid electrolyte. When a voltage was applied at the two ends of the encased monolith, electro-osmotic flow was generated and the flow rate shown to be variable upon white light exposure as a consequence of the formation of the SP form and the formation/disruption of the surface charge necessary for efficient electro-osmotic pumping. \nIn this thesis the synthesis and the characterisation of these new materials is described and the switchable optical properties evaluated.