jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Promoting Rigour in Blockchains Energy & Environmental Footprint Research: A Systematic Literature Review

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

There is a growing interest in understanding the energy and environmental footprint of digital currencies, specifically in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. These cryptocurrencies are operated by a geographically distributed network of computing nodes, making it hard to accurately estimate their energy consumption. Existing studies, both in academia and industry, attempt to model the cryptocurrencies energy consumption often based on a number of assumptions for instance about the hardware in use or geographic distribution of the computing nodes. A number of these studies has already been widely criticized for their design choices and subsequent over or under-estimation of the energy use. In this study, we evaluate the reliability of prior models and estimates by leveraging existing scientific literature from fields cognizant of blockchain such as social energy sciences and information systems. We first design a quality assessment framework based on existing research, we then conduct a systematic literature review examining scientific and non-academic literature demonstrating common issues and potential avenues of addressing these issues. Our goal with this article is to to advance the field by promoting scientific rigor in studies focusing on Blockchain's energy footprint. To that end, we provide a novel set of codes of conduct for the five most widely used research methodologies: quantitative energy modeling, literature reviews, data analysis \& statistics, case studies, and experiments. We envision that these codes of conduct would assist in standardizing the design and assessment of studies focusing on blockchain-based systems' energy and environmental footprint.
CHANGES THE STRUCTURE AND CAFFEINE ADSORPTION PROPERTY OF CALCINED MONTMORILLONITE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Montmorillonite is widely used as a natural adsorbent. It is generally considered that theadsorption properties of montmorillonite are largely due to its characteristic layer structure. The structure ofmontmorillonite changes under different temperature conditions. In this study, changes in the structure ofmontmorillonite with temperature are analyzed using Synchrotron X-Ray Powder Diffraction (SR-XRD).Observations are made on how montmorillonite with a modified structure is affected by the adsorption ofnonionic organic compounds in a water system. The object of this study is to elucidate the mechanism bywhich montmorillonite adsorbs nonionic organic compounds. It is confirmed that, without calcinationtreatment, adsorption of caffeine on montmorillonite changes its layer structure. Calcination treatment atabove 573 K causes irreversible dehydration in the structure of montmorillonite. Samples of montmorillonitecalcined at 673 K and 873 K show a reduction in the amount of caffeine adsorbed. In addition, calcinationtreatment of montmorillonite at 673 K and 873 K causes less intercalation into the layers. These results showthat adsorption of caffeine on montmorillonite without calcination treatment occurs with the intercalation ofcaffeine between layers of montmorillonite. On the other hand, montmorillonite calcined at 873 K isconfirmed to adsorb approximately 20 % of caffeine compared to untreated montmorillonite. It suggested thepossibility of the adsorption of caffeine even on the surfaces and end faces of layers of montmorillonite.
Four-photon Raman spectroscopy using elastic scattering of pump waves

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

It is shown experimentally for the first time that the Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopy can be used in a remote measurement system when the probe wave is formed in the medium under study as a result of Rayleigh and Mie scattering of one of the pump waves. The panoramic spectrum of a strong Raman band of ethanol was obtained in the 3000–2800 cm−1 range.
Thirty years of physical activity in oncology in Germany—from the birth of the first rehabilitative cancer sports group until today

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Since 1978, exercise and sport therapy for oncological patients is a research and education focus at the German Sport University of Cologne. Back then, the top priority for almost all oncological patients was to “rest”. Therefore, uncharted territory was entered. Aside from acute care hospitals, rehabilitation hospitals especially for oncological patients exist in Germany. In terms of the rehabilitation chain, which consists of acute care hospital, rehabilitation center, and home-based training, and the aspect of exercise therapy for breast cancer patients, the following progress could be observed in the last 30 years: In the 1980s, less than 50 % of the breast cancer patients received supervised exercise therapy during their 2- to 3-week hospital stay. Today, the length of hospital stay was reduced to 4 to 6 days and some hospitals have gym equipment to increase strength and endurance. In the beginning of the 1980s, passive applications (physiotherapy, massages, bubble baths, short hikes) were still dominant. While the rehabilitation stay took 6 weeks back then, it was reduced to 3 weeks today. Further, mainly group-based and active measures are applied today. The aim is to encourage and motivate patients to long-term physical exercise. In the meantime, mainly exercise and sports therapists are employed, in order to meet the holistic bio-psychosocial requirements. The first cancer sports groups for breast cancer patients in the aftercare were founded in 1981 in Germany. Today, nearly 1,000 groups exist. Breast cancer and 15 other entities are represented, however mainly women take part. In the early days, research focused on the influence of physical activities on psychosocial aspects. Lately the effects on molecular, biological, and immunological parameters are also examined, in order to explore canceroprotective mechanisms.
Social security for fishworkers in Brazil: a case study of Pará

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explores the status of Brazil's social welfare system for the fisheries sector, from the point of view of democratization of access, the methodologies used and the extent to which demands have been taken into account. Brazil's social welfare system is currently the focus of restructuring programmes by the government, which aim to reduce the growing 'deficits' of the system. Reductions in the scope of benefits can be expected from the ongoing reforms. Though the Brazilian social security system has made great progress and acquired universal contours by including every category of workers, in practice, it is still very far from being a truly widespread and egalitarian system. (43pp.)
Pharmacy Review: Osteoarthritis: The Pharmacist's Perspective

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A wide variety of treatment options are available for osteoarthritis pain relief. The pharmacist can serve as a source of information within his or her area of expertise, addressing controversies such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs versus acetaminophen, glucosamine-chondroitin, topical therapies, and herbals. Patients should be encouraged to use pain scales and diaries as they try different therapies.
Effect of Ligand Structure on the Zinc-Catalyzed Henry Reaction. Asymmetric Syntheses of (−)-Denopamine and (−)-Arbutamine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

[reaction: see text] Syntheses of variously modified ligands for the dinuclear zinc catalysts for the asymmetric aldol and nitroaldol (Henry) reactions are reported. Catalytic enantioselective nitroaldol reactions promoted by these modified ligands led to efficient syntheses of the beta-receptor agonists (-)-denopamine and (-)-arbutamine.
Relationship between general attitude towards nature, religion, custom, science and technological progressand attitude towards modern biotechnology

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Modern biotechnology has been classified as a complex emerging issue that exhibits high salience combined with limited knowledge on part of the public. It has been suggested by social scientists that any complex object may be located in a variety of general classes where its evaluation may be strongly affected by extraneous concerns. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between several general classes of attitudes and attitude towards genetically modified soybean as an example of modern biotechnology product available in Malaysia. A survey was carried out on 991 respondents from various interest groups in the Klang Valley region. Results of the survey have confirmed that attitude towards complex issues such as biotechnology should be seen as a multi-faceted/multidimensional process. The most important factors predicting encouragement of GM soybean are the specific application-linked perceptions about the benefits, acceptance of risk and moral concern while risk and familiarity are significant predictors of benefit and risk acceptance. Attitude towards GM soybean is also predicted by several general classes of attitude such as general promise and concern of biotechnology, technology optimism, nature/materialistic value, predisposition towards science and technology, attachment to religion and custom. Researchers, policy-makers and industries interested in developing and marketing GM products in Malaysia should consider the various factors mentioned in this study in order to gain public approval
Pozitif regulator ClaR geninin amplifikasyonuyla yabanıl ve endüstriyel Streptomyces clavuligerus suşlarında klavulanik asit üretiminin artırılması.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Streptomyces clavuligerus is a Gram-positive, filamentous bacterium which produces several important secondary metabolites, including isopenicillin N, cephamycin C and the β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. Among these compounds, clavulanic acid is being used in combination with commonly used β-lactam antibiotics in order to fight against bacterial infections that are resistant to such antibiotics. Among these combinations, Augmentin, composed of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, is the most widely prescribed drug and has a market value of more than one billion dollars per year. There are two genes that act in regulation of clavulanic acid biosynthesis: ccaR located in cephamycin C gene cluster and claR located in clavulanic acid gene cluster. The goal of this study is to improve clavulanic acid production capacities of both wild type and industrial S. clavuligerus strains by integrating extra copies of claR gene into S.clavuligerus genome and its overexpression via a multicopy plasmid. Although previously has shown to be quite effective on wild type S. clavuligerus strains, claR overexpression in the industrial strain used in this study yielded only 1.4-fold increase in volumetric and 1.7-fold increase in specific CA production by the recombinant strains MA28 and MA16, respectively.
A Framework for Lung Cancer Detection at Early Stages with IoT and Decision Support System

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Cancer continues to be a pervasive and alarming threat in today's society, with lung cancer ranking among the most perilous forms of this disease. Fortunately, the rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the healthcare industry, offering promising avenues for lung cancer detection. In this paper, a comparative analysis of existing literature is conducted to provide a deeper understanding of the different approaches utilized in the lung cancer detection process. Drawing upon these findings, an innovative framework based on a decision support system (DSS) and IoT is proposed to facilitate faster and earlier detection of lung cancer to assist physicians in making informed treatment recommendations following the detection. By integrating IoT with a DSS, this paper advocates for improved early detection of lung cancer, leveraging insights from existing literature on machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and IoT-based diagnosis of lung cancer.
Using Artificial Neural Networks to Fill-in Missing Annual Peak Flows

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The objectives of this project were to: 1) develop Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) models to fill-in missing data from the peak annual flowrate records for the Santa Clara River watershed, and 2) compare the ANN results with results from linear regression. The purpose of this work was to provide estimates of the missing data so that a frequency analysis would be more accurate in predicting various flood events. The Santa Clara River Watershed in Southern California has a total drainage area of approximately 1,630 square miles. Peak annual flow data was available for nine stations throughout the watershed since 1933. Eight of the nine stations had some missing data. Each station was modeled and inputs to the ANN model consisted of: peak flow from nearby stations, precipitation data, and temporal data. Inputs were studied to determine their importance to modeling success and either kept or discarded. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to help determine the input parameters: one to four neighboring station peak flows, 10-day precipitation data, and the year. While it is easy to understand the explicit relationship between missing streamflow and neighboring station peak flows as well as precipitation data, the relationship between missing streamflow and the year is implicit. This might reflect the changes of watershed characteristics (landuse, regulated dams, etc.) over time and possibly the long-term change of weather patterns. Model characteristics (number of nodes and layers, transfer functions, data pre-processing methods, number of epochs, etc.) were also studied to optimize the ability of the ANN to learn relationships between the inputs and the peak flow. In general: the models performed well with one to four neighboring station peak flows, 10-days precipitation data, and the year; and it was common for testing results to be within about 20% of the target. Linear regression using the same data sets was also performed. The ANN models had a sum of the squared error value 2 to 400 times less than the respective linear regression models.
Additional file 1 of Long-term clinical course and outcomes in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Additional file 1: Table S1. Comparison of baseline characteristics between the sirolimus and non-sirolimus groups among patients with LAM. Table S2. Comparison of baseline characteristics between propensity score-matched and unmatched groups among patients with LAM. Figure S1. Comparison of survival curves between the sirolimus and non-sirolimus groups among the matched patients with LAM.
Target inhibition on GSK-3 beta by miR-9 to modulate proliferation and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta) can negatively regulate Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway via degrading beta-catenin protein, and plays suppressing roles in various tumors. Its role in bladder cancer pathogenesis is still unclear. In bladder cancer tissues, expression of microRNA-9 (miR9) is significantly elevated. This study investigated the effect of miR-9 in modulating GSK3 beta expression, Wnt/beta-catenin pathway activity, and proliferation or apoptosis of bladder cancer cells.
Gender wage gap in Serbia: Inheritance and sources of the wage gap

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The aim of this paper is to determine the size, structure, and significance of the differences in wages between men and women during the early transition in Serbia in the 2000s. During that period, a new legislative framework was established in the field of labour relations, which enabled greater liberalisation in the labour market and resulted in a reduction in the activity rate, especially of women. Following the experiences of other post-transition countries, it may be expected that economic and social changes caused by the transitional shocks may stimulate different behaviours in the labour market of both the employers, through their impact on determination of wages, and the labour force, through workers? choice to remain or to permanently exit the labour market. This could affect not only the deepening of gender differences, but also the emergence of discrimination in wage setting. The paper applies the parametric sample selection model, on the basis of which the probability of women?s participation in the labour market is estimated, as well as the wage functions of men and women. Data from the Living Standards Measurement Survey for 2002 and 2007 are used. Theoretically expected results are obtained; children and marital status with a negative sign, and sources of non-working income with a positive sign influence the probability of women?s participation in the labour force. The estimated equations of wages of men and women indicate differences in the structure of wages, which provides the basis for the application of the statistical procedure for the decomposition of the gender wage gap. Examination of the initial hypothesis revealed the presence of a significant gender wage gap, which was the largest in 2002 (10.96%), falling to 5.97% in 2007. The gender wage gap in Serbia cannot be explained by the differences in the observed characteristics of men and women, since they act in the direction of reducing the overall gap and their effect is stable, amounting to between -5.51% (2002) and -5.43% (2007). Therefore, the decline in the gender wage gap is the result of reducing the gap in the unexplained part from 17.43% (2002) to 12.06% (2007). Over the observed period, the unexplained part of the gender wage gap remains persistent and leaves room for consideration of the potential effects of discrimination and possible directions of public policy.
Visually guided gradation of prey capture movements in larval zebrafish

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Summary A mechanistic understanding of goal directed behavior in vertebrates is hindered by the relative inaccessibility and size of their nervous systems. Here, we have studied the kinematics of prey capture behavior in a highly accessible vertebrate model organism, the transparent larval zebrafish (Danio rerio), to assess whether they use visual cues to systematically adjust their movements. We find that zebrafish larvae scale the speed and magnitude of turning movements according to the azimuth of one of their standard prey, paramecia. They also bias the direction of subsequent swimming movements based on prey azimuth and select forward or backward movements based on the prey's direction of travel. Once within striking distance, larvae generate either ram or suction capture behaviors depending on their distance from prey. From our experimental estimations of ocular receptive fields, we ascertain that the ultimate decision to consume prey is likely a function of the progressive vergence of the eyes that places the target in a proximal binocular "capture zone". By repeating these experiments in the dark, we demonstrate that paramecia are only consumed if they contact the anterior extremities of larvae, which triggers ocular vergence and tail movements similar to close proximity captures in lit conditions. These observations confirm the importance of vision in the graded movements we observe leading up to capture of more distant prey in the light and implicate somatosensation in captures in the absence of light. We discuss the implications of these findings for future work on the neural control of visually guided behavior in zebrafish.
Evaluation of Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease on Hypertensive PostMenopausalWomen and Aged-matched Hypertensive Males

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study compared plasma lipids and glucose levels in hypertensive post-menopausal
women with age-matched hypertensive men. Methods: This is a cross sectional study that involves 100
subjects attending out-patient department of Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching hospital hypertensive
clinics and control subjects. 25 hypertensive post-menopausal women and 25 hypertensive male subjects
both within the same age range of 50-60 years. Also 25 hypertensive pre-menopausal women and 25 nonhypertensive
controls both within the age range of 30-40 years. The lipid profile parameters (Total
Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG), Low density Lipoprotein (LDL-C), and High Density Lipoprotein
(HDL-C)) and fasting plasma glucose were determined using standard methods. The study also assessed
the anthropometric indices such as BMI, SBP and DBP in each group. Results: The mean levels of TC
and TG were significantly lower in post-menopausal hypertensive females when compared with the
hypertensive males (p<0.05). However, the mean plasma HDL-C and LDL-C did not show any significant
difference between the two groups. The comparison of the mean levels of all the parameters in
hypertensive males with the non-hypertensive controls showed a significant difference (P < 0.05). The
mean levels of TC and LDL-C were significantly higher in hypertensive post-menopausal women when
compared with hypertensive pre-menopausal females (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that
menopause had altered the plasma lipids of the hypertensive post-menopausal women, but not to the
extent of putting them at the same atherosclerosis scale as their male counterpart.
Estimation of Approximate Entropy of Heart Rate Variability of Healthy Subjects and Investigation of the Effect of Meditation on It

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The human heart is a nonlinear system because the heart rhythm is modulated by the Autonomic nervous system (ANS). The modulation of the heart rate about its mean value is called Heart rate variability (HRV). Nonlinear analysis of HRV is helpful to assess the cardiac health noninvasivly. The autonomic dysfunction also causes cardiac malfunction. The effect of ANS on cardiac functioning is investigated by estimating Approximate entropy (ApEn) of HRV data of a few healthy subjects before and after meditation. It has been found that the entropy parameters indicate improved cardiac health after meditation. Which means the heart rhythm was more dynamic after meditation ApEn is estimated by assuming that the data is stationary.
The Musicality of Birds: From Charles Darwin to Hermeto Pascoal

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Traditionally, music is studied from an anthropocentric point of view, which neglects the wealth of knowledge that can be learned from considering the role of the natural world in the creation of music. One of the most notable contemporary jazz composers to draw inspiration from the natural world is the Brazilian composer Hermeto Pascoal. Throughout Hermeto’s prolific career, he has written numerous compositions that were inspired by nature. This essay explores several compositions by Hermeto that were directly inspired by birds and examines the musicality of birds through the lens of evolutionary biology and aesthetics. To demonstrate the intricacies of bird songs, I will explore Charles Darwin’s theory of sexual selection, aesthetic mate choice, and his ideas concerning aesthetic evolution. By understanding the function of bird songs and how they have evolved, new insights can be gained that will offer a new way to appreciate Hermeto Pascoal’s music. I argue that the complexity of aesthetic mate choice is manifested in the intricacies of bird songs and has subsequently influenced the compositional output of contemporary musicians such as Hermeto Pascoal, which has led to a deeper appreciation of biotic art in the jazz idiom.