jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pricing barrier stock options with discrete dividends by approximating analytical formulae

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Deriving accurate analytical formulas for pricing stock options with discrete dividend payouts is a hard problem even for the simplest vanilla options. This is because the falls in the stock price process due to discrete dividend payouts will significantly increase the mathematical difficulty in pricing the option. On the other hand, much literature uses other dividend settings to simplify the difficulty, but these settings may produce inconsistent pricing results. This paper derives accurate approximating formulae for pricing a popular path-dependent option, the barrier stock option, with discrete dividend payouts. The fall in stock price due to dividend payout at an exdividend date is approximated by an accumulated price decrement due to a continuous dividend yield up to time . Thus, the stock price process prior to time and after time can be separately modelled by two different lognormal-diffusive stock processes which help us to easily derive analytical pricing formulae. Numerical experiments suggest that our formulae provide more accurate and coherent pricing results than other approximation formulae. Our formulae are also robust under extreme cases, like the high volatility (of the stock price) case. Besides, our formulae also extend the applicability of the first-passage model (a type of structural credit risk model) to measure how the firm's payout influences its financial status and the credit qualities of other outstanding debts.
Accidental Injury of Chinese Children: Priorities and Actions.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In China, there are more than 200 million children at present, which is the nation with largest amount of children in the world. The severity of accidental injury among children in China shall be noticed. Accidental injury among children is an important global public health problem. At present, it has become the first killer of children in the world and the main health problem, which threatens life and survival qualities of children. In China, there are about 10 million children injured by all kinds of accidents every year, among them there are 100 thousand children died and 400 thousand children crippled because of accidental injuries (1). Drowning, traffic accident, falling off, animal bite and burns are main reasons of accidental injury death among children at the age of 1 to 14. The drowning death rate of Chinese children is 8.77 per 100 thousand, among them children at the age of 1 to 14 accounts for 56.58% (1). There are more than 18500 children under the age of 14 died of road traffic accidents in China every year, and the death rate caused by traffic accidents is 2 times higher than Europe and 2.6 times higher than America (2). Accidental injuries among children make complete families become fragmented, which not only create heavy social burdens and economic losses, but also influence the psychological and physical development of children who are crippled by accidental injuries, then lead to serious psychological and developmental disorder of children. Additionally, the following four points should be given high priority and put into practice as soon as possible. Firstly, laws, regulations, and policy measures that protect children from all kinds of accidental injuries shall be made and perfected actively. Secondly, the nation needs to establish a cooperative mechanism, which is participated by multi-sectors together to prevent and control accidental injuries among children. Preventing and controlling accidental injuries among children is not a simple health prevention or medical problem, it is a comprehensive social system engineering, which involves the cooperation of multi-disciplines and participation of multi-sectors, and it can achieve good results with the support and cooperation of governments and related departments. Thirdly, the nation needs to establish regular accident record and report system of accidental injuries among children to understand and grasp the situation of accidental injuries among children accurately, which provides bases for making decisions of the nation. At last, we need to learn and absorb foreign successful experiences on preventing and controlling accidental injuries among children and explore an effective intervening mode which is suit for China’s national condition, thus to improve health levels and life qualities of Chinese children continually.
Progress in the Design of a Fast-Cycling Cos-style Dipole based on High Current Hollow Superconducting Cable

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The progress in the design of a fast-ramped, fast-cycling Cos-style 4 T dipole based on high current hollow superconducting cable is presented. New results obtained in the optimization of both the 40 kA hollow cable and the magnet coil structures are discussed. Experimental data from recent tests of the model dipole coil made from the NbTi keystoned wire are reported. The joint optimization of the angular distribution of the coil turns and the internal shape of iron boundary makes it possible to achieve a relative non-linearity of the magnetic field better than 5 • 10−4 within 82% of the coil aperture over a dynamic range from 0.3 T to 4.5 T. The diameter of the new hollow cable is 8.92 mm. It consists of 40 keystoned NbTi composite wires and a 3mm bore coolant tube. The designed operating current is 40.1 kA at 4.5 T. Full scale tests of the model dipole coil will be performed after completion of the necessary test facility upgrade. The actual maximum of 11.4 kA for the operation current is limited by the power supply and current leads of the test stand. The new current leads aimed at a current of 20 kA have been designed and manufactured.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of the Influence of Cavitation on the Head Drop Curves of Centrifugal Pumps

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Cavitation is a major problem in pump operation because this phenomenon may lead to hydraulic performance loss, increased noise levels, and various types of instabilities. Therefore, fast and robust calculation methods that the industry can confidently use to predict cavitation are being actively studied. In the present work, the cavitation performance of pumps designed at two specific speeds is studied numerically and experimentally. Net positive suction head (NPSH) measurements for the pumps are performed over their operating ranges. Moreover, Q-NPSH3 and head drop curves are obtained for the pumps at metric specific speeds of 22.4 (rotating at 2950 rpm) and 12.5 (rotating at 1475 rpm), respectively. Cavitation is visualized by a stroboscopic light source and recorded at various NPSH levels for three different flow rates. The relationship between cavity length and head drop is revealed. The Singhal [18] model, a homogeneous mixture cavitation model, is typically used in numerical calculations. A turbulent viscosity correction for the multiphase calculations of cavitating flow around hydrofoils is proposed in the literature. In the present work, this correction is applied to modify the Singhal [18] cavitation model, and the head drop curve of the pump with ns = 22.4 is computed using this modified model. Consequently, the compatibility between the numerical and experimental results is found to improve. Accordingly, the cavitation calculations for the pump with ns = 12.5 are performed using the modified model. The computed cavitation structures at various points on the head drop curves are compared with experimental images. Geometrically similar forms are achieved.
TOTAL PRODUCTIVE MAINTENANCE FOR MODELING THE ENABLERS IN THE PERFORMING OF ISM ACCESS

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Total Productive maintenance (TPM) is increasingly conceded out by numerous organizations to get better their equipment competence and to attain the competitive benefit in the worldwide market concerning cost and quality. But, creating TPM is not a trouble-free task. There are specific enablers, which assist in the performing TPM. The uppermost need is to analyses the behavior of these enablers for their successful utilization in the performing of TPM. The reason of this study is to recognize the shared contact of these enablers and be familiar with the ‘driving enablers’ and the ‘dependent enablers’. In this work, these enablers have been documented all the way through the task their ranking is completed by a questionnaire-based evaluation and interpretive structural modeling (ISM) loom has been make the most of in analyzing their mutual contact. An ISM model has been approved to be familiar with several significant enablers and their decision-making implications in the performing of TPM.
Selling Salvation: Priests and Charlatans

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

From a historical perspective it becomes clear that there is
fierce competition between the official churches and the
various agents of popular culture with regard to the
relationship between their mise-en-scenes and their promises of
salvation. The seminar will investigate this relationship from
a comparative perspective, looking both at historical
performances of the Religious in churches and popular culture
during the 16th through the 19th century, and at correlating
phenomena in present day Europe and North America. Regarding
contemporary culture, specific attention will be paid to the
media through which these promises of salvation are
distributed, as for instance in the case of the televised
(Catholic) urbi et orbi blessing or Home Shopping Channels. How
do the performative strategies in both institutionalized
religion and popular culture correlate with the symbolical
capital that serves as a base for their respective promises of
salvation?
Designing LBP-descriptor for reconfigurable computing environments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The article outlines a new approach to constructing Local Binary Patterns (LBP-descriptors) for implementation on computers with parallel-pipeline architectures. This approach can be effectively applied to pedestrian detection. The new algorithm is optimized for the original model of the reconfigurable computing environment, which allows it to be implemented in the form of combinational logic with high speed. A mathematical model for the new LBP - descriptor is also presented.
Ankylosing spondylitis presenting as PUO.

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We suggest a decoding algorithm of q-ary linear codes, which we call supercode decoding. It ensures the error probability that approaches the error probability of minimum-distance decoding as the length of the code grows. For n¿8 the algorithm has the maximum-likelihood performance. The asymptotic complexity of supercode decoding is exponentially smaller than the complexity of all other methods known. The algorithm develops the ideas of covering-set decoding and split syndrome decoding.
Instrumentation for monitoring the Skarnsundet cable-stayed bridge

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Skarnsundet bridge, currently the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world, is located on the west coast of Norway in an area characterized by severe weather conditions. The bridge was extensively instrumented to monitor critical construction stages and to document the performance of the completed structure. A total of 37 sensors and a fully automatic data acquisition system were used to monitor wind, acceleration, inclination, strain, temperature and dynamic displacements. Instrumentation techniques, methods used to process and analyze data, and reporting procedures are discussed. Selected data is presented to illustrate typical results of the monitoring program. Some comparisons are made with design predictions.
DIFFERENTIAL ROLES FOR DOPAMINE D1-LIKE AND D2-LIKE RECEPTORS IN LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR OF HONEYBEE AND OTHER INSECTS

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Biogenic amines and neuropeptides are important neurotransmitters and modulators in the peripheral and central nervous systems of several invertebrate species.Biogenic amines play essential roles in modulating physiological and behavioral processes as neuromodulators, neurotransmitters, and neurohormones.Biogenic amines such as octopamine, dopamine, tyramine, or even serotonin can act as slow neuromodulator or fast transmitters.In both invertebrates and vertebrates, dopamine found in the central nervous system.Dopamine receptors (D1-like family -D1, D5) and (D2-like family-D2, D3, D4) directly modulate and regulate other neurotransmitters, the release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), differentiation, and cell proliferation.Here, we highlighted the essential role of dopamine and dopamine receptors in the control of cognition, locomotion, attention, memory formation, and behavioral plasticity in the central nervous system (CNS).In CNS, D1-like and D2-like are the most abundant dopamine receptors.Dopamine receptors contribution in several aspects of motor function, cognition besides reinforcement/reward and complex behavior.Behavioral and mental diseases associated with major neurotransmission disruptions of dopamine as well as hyperactivity/attention-deficit disorder, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and Huntington's disease cause a major neuropsychological deficiency in attention, memory, and learning besides to other major symptoms.
under a Creative Commons License. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Density representation of Long’s equation

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Long’s equation describes two dimensional stratified atmospheric flow over terrain. Its solutions using regular first order perturbations and linear approximation were investigated analytically and numerically by many authors. Special attention was paid to the properties of the gravity waves that have been predicted to be generated as a result. In this paper we derive a new representation of this equation in terms of the atmospheric density. This new equation is used then to study the steady state that results from some ideal upstream density profiles and the generation of gravity waves. Furthermore we compare the new formulation with the stream function formulation of Long equation and develop new criteria for the stability of the flow.
Evolutive equilibrium selection I: symmetric two player binary choice games

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The aim of the paper is the construction of a distributional model which enables \nthe study of the evolutionary dynamics that arise for symmetric games, and the equilibrium \nselection mechanisms that originate from such processes. The evolution of probability \ndistributions over the state variables is studied using the Fokker-Planck diffusion \nequation. Equilibrium selection using the ��basin of attraction�� approach, and a selection \nprocess suggested by Pontryagin are contrasted. Examples are provided for all generic \n2-person symmetric binary choice games.
A Study on the Psychological Frustration of College Students in Entrepreneurship—Evidence from In-depth Interviews with College Entrepreneurs

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study aims to investigate the influencing factors of college students' frustration psychology during entrepreneurship and entrepreneurship competitions. Through literature analysis and in-depth interviews, interviews were conducted with 6 college students who participated in entrepreneurship competitions and 3 college students who started their own businesses. The results showed that individual resilience to setbacks, team cohesion, family and social support, and market demand were the most important influencing factors. Based on this, college students can alleviate the negative impact of entrepreneurial setbacks by improving their personal resilience to setbacks, communicating and collaborating more, assessing the situation and controlling the direction of market demand, and apply this approach to overcoming setbacks in life.
ISOPEROXIDASES PATTERN OF ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA VAR. OLTENICA IN VITRO CULTURE ON DIFFERENT MEDIA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this work is studied the isoperoxidase pattern of the in vitro subculture of Robinia pseudoacacia var. oltenica, on various culture media, with various content of myo-inositol, humic acids and magnetic fluids. The electrophoretic separation of the isoperoxidases was performed from extracts obtained from 30 days’old vegetal material. The isoperoxidase fractions were characterized in terms of quantity and quality and a study of their thermal stability was performed. The obtained data show that the isoperoxidase activity is modulated in various ways by the presence of the studied factors into the culture medium.
Copper-(I) and -(II) complexes with tertiary linear polyamines of the type Me2NCH2(CH2NMeCH2)nCH2NMe2(n= 1–4)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

2,5,8,11-Tetramethyl-2,5,8,11-tetraazadodecane, 2,5,8,11,14-pentamethyl-2,5,8,11,14-pentaazapentadecane, and 2,5,8,11,14,17-hexamethyl-2,5,8,11,14,17-hexaazaoctadecane, form stable complexes with CuI in aqueous solutions. On the other hand 2,5,8-trimethyl-2,5,8-triazanonane, does not. This indicates that the stabilization of CuI by tertiary amine ligands in aqueous solutions requires at least four nitrogens. The electronic spectra and the electrochemical properties of the [CuLi]2+ complexes over a wide pH range were studied and potentiometric titrations were made of solutions containing equimolar concentrations of CuII and Li. The nature of the complexes present in these solutions is discussed.
Assessing the Severity of Missing Data Problems with the Interval Discrete Fourier Transform Algorithm

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The interval discrete Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm can propagate in polynomial time signals carrying interval uncertainty.By computing the exact theoretical bounds on signal with missing data, the algorithm can be used to assess the worst-case scenario in terms of maximum or minimum power, and to provide insights into the amplitude spectrum bands of the transformed signal.The uncertainty width of the spectrum bands can also be interpreted as an indicator of the quality of the reconstructed signal.This strategy must however, assume upper and lower values for the missing data present in the signal.While this may seem arbitrary, there are a number of existing techniques that can be used to obtain reliable bounds in the time domain, for example Kriging regressor or interval predictor models.Alternative heuristic strategies based on variable (as opposed to fixed) bounds can also be explored, thanks to the flexibility and efficiency of the interval DFT algorithm.This is illustrated by means of numerical examples and sensitivity analyses.
Cortical enhanced tissue segmentation of neonatal brain MR images acquired by a dedicated phased array coil

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The acquisition of high quality MR images of neonatal brains is largely hampered by their characteristically small head size and low tissue contrast. As a result, subsequent image processing and analysis, especially for brain tissue segmentation, are often hindered. To overcome this problem, a dedicated phased array neonatal head coil is utilized to improve MR image quality by effectively combing images obtained from 8 coil elements without lengthening data acquisition time. In addition, a subject-specific atlas based tissue segmentation algorithm is specifically developed for the delineation of fine structures in the acquired neonatal brain MR images. The proposed tissue segmentation method first enhances the sheet-like cortical gray matter (GM) structures in neonatal images with a Hessian filter for generation of cortical GM prior. Then, the prior is combined with our neonatal population atlas to form a cortical enhanced hybrid atlas, which we refer to as the subject-specific atlas. Various experiments are conducted to compare the proposed method with manual segmentation results, as well as with additional two population atlas based segmentation methods. Results show that the proposed method is capable of segmenting the neonatal brain with the highest accuracy, compared to other two methods.
The persistence of subjective wellbeing: permanent happiness, transitory misery?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper disentangles the roles played by state dependence and unobserved heterogeneity in self-assessed happiness. It estimates a dynamic nonlinear model of subjective well-being on longitudinal data, primarily from France, but also from Australia, Germany, and the UK. Life satisfaction is persistent over time, which static models ignore. This persistence is heterogeneous across individuals: it concerns mostly those already happy with their lives while, in contrast, unhappiness seems more transitory. The impact of initial conditions is large in comparison with usual determinants of happiness, or with state dependence.
A Simplified Technique for the Serum-Neutralization Test in Infectious Bronchitis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The classic serum-neutralization test for Infectious Bronchitis (IB), as described by Cunningham (1), Fabricant (2), Hofstad (3), and others, consists of comparing the infective titer of a reference egg-adapted virus with the infective titers of different mixtures of the same virus and the serum to be tested. This difference is expressed in logs;, and is significant only when above 2. Two series of embryonated eggs are necessary, one for the live virus and the other one for each serum-virus mixture, each series including six dilutions (10-1 to 10-6). Four or more embryos are inoculated with each dilution, and six uninoculated eggs are kept as controls. In addition to the series of eggs for titration and control with an accurately titrated virus, when only 3 dilutions are used, 12 eggs are necessary for each serum tested. This method is expensive and time-consuming. We describe below a simplified technique that, in one year of use, has been accurate enough for zootiological surveys.
Studies on transfer pricing systems and profit shifting: impact of the international regulation on the shifting behaviour of Brazilian firms

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

\n This study investigates the effect of the transfer pricing (TP) rules on tax-induced profit shifting by firms. It is composed by three parts. The first part analyses the characteristics of TP rules across countries to create a classification of TP systems based on regulatory similarities. Hierarchical clustering method is applied for the analysis of 57 qualitative and quantitative TP characteristics. Results indicate the existence of four distinct TP systems, of which the largest group is composed of countries with TP rules that are consistent with the OECD TP guidelines. The second part analyses the relation between the characteristics of TP rules and the perception of tax enforcement across countries. Current tax research assumes that more extensive tax rules imply in higher tax enforcement, for this study focuses in testing this assumption. Results indicate that different measures for the tax enforcement perception are associated with different characteristics of TP rules. The third part investigates the profit shifting in Brazil and the effect of different TP systems applied to the foreign related parties. The Brazilian context provides a novel case for analysis, since it combines an extreme tax burden, a highly complex tax system, and a unique set of TP rules, thus to represent a relevant set of shifting incentives. As expected, this study finds strong evidences of profit shifting in Brazilian firms. Moreover, results suggest that some rules are more effective in curtailing the profit shifting, but firms are still able exploit vulnerabilities in TP systems towards the shifting strategy\n