jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reporting and social role construction in eighteenth-century personal correspondence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Choosing who and what to report, writers adopt a position in interaction that serves their needs and expectations of the situation as well as the addressee’s expected needs. In this paper, we study reporting from a socio-pragmatic perspective with the aim of understanding the function of reporting in the communicative situations in which it occurs in eighteenth-century personal letters. Our analysis pays attention to the role of the reporter vis-à-vis the addressee, the reporting situation, the subject matter of the report, the identity of the person whose speech is reported, and the form of the reporting frame. The results suggest that reporting in eighteenth-century personal correspondence exhibits genre-specific characteristics but also relates to the writer’s role in the situation.
Basin Development Paths: Lessons From the Colorado and Nile River Basins

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Complex societies have developed near rivers since antiquity. As populations have expanded, the need to exploit rivers has grown to supply water for agriculture, build cities, and produce electricity. Three key aspects help to characterize development pathways that societies have taken to expand their footprint in river basins including: (a) the evolution of the information systems used to collect knowledge about a river and make informed decisions regarding how it should be managed, (b) the major infrastructure constructed to manipulate the flows of water, and (c) the institutions that have emerged to decide how water is managed and governed. By reflecting on development pathways in well-documented transboundary river basins, one can extract lessons learned to help guide the future of those basins and the future of other developing basins around the world.
Differential Privacy Enabled Robust Asynchronous Federated Multitask Learning: A Multigradient Descent Approach

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The federated learning (FL) technique can provide a promising solution for the timely training of a deep learning model with the critical requirement of privacy protection. However, the existing FL frameworks still confront challenging issues including heterogeneous data sources, edge device heterogeneity, sensitive information leakage, nonconvex loss, and communication resource constraints which place obstacles in terms of practicality. In this article, first, a federated multitask learning (FedMTL) approach is introduced to reformulate the FL model as a multiobjective optimization problem which results in federated multigradient descent algorithm (FedMGDA) with a better model personalization against data heterogeneity and Byzantine attack. Second, a new semi-asynchronous model aggregation method is developed to asynchronously aggregate small partial clients for compensating impacts of the straggler and staleness. Third, a distributed differential privacy technique is applied to enhance the privacy protection of asynchronous FedMGDA with the convergence guarantee where the convergence analysis of differentially private asynchronous federated multiple gradient descent algorithm (DP-AsynFedMGDA) is studied for both the convex and the nonconvex loss functions. Empirical examples and comparative studies are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed DP-AsynFedMGDA.
The use of portfolios to inform classroom practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Use of Portfolios to Inform Classroom Practice is a case study examining the effects of a portfolio assessment system introduced into a second grade classroom. The research was based on the philosophical analysis of Duschl and Gitomer (1991) who describe the concept of a "portfolio culture": as a result of using literacy portfolios in the classroom, what changes, if any, occur in students' metacognition, attitudes, behaviors, empowerment and engagement? The Elementary Reading Attitude Survey as well as two teacher-constructed semantic differential instruments were used to collect quantitative measures on the effects of portfolio use. These measures were supplemented with interviews of parents and children as well as teacher observations to characterize the changes that occurred in the class as a result of the introduction of the portfolio assessment system. The outcomes from this analysis indicated that there were positive changes in all aspects under study.
Survival strategies of single women in the Bruges countryside, 1814

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the employment opportunities and subsistence strategies of single women in the countryside around Bruges on the basis of the census of 1814. This source enables us to provide an overview of the professions and household situations of more than 5000 single women above the age of 30. At that age, women exceeded the mean age of marriage and presumably had to develop very specific subsistence strategies. The census of 1814 allows us to look at the registered occupations for older single women in two different social agro-systems (polder and inland Flanders), but it also provides us with material to look more into depth at single women without a registered occupation. While these women were officially â€˜without occupationâ€™, they most probably did work. Information on household structures allows us to get an insight into the living arrangements and the activities of these women. From this perspective, the paper contributes to two important discussions, that is on the living conditions of single women, and those of rural women. While women in the city have attracted the most scholarly attention, the living conditions of rural women remain largely unexplored. Length: 16 pages
Theoretical Studies on the Aminolysis Mechanism of Methomyl: Effect of the Catalysis to the Reaction of Carbamate with Ammonia

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The aminolysis mechanisms of methomyl are systematically investigated through the M06‐2X/6‐311++G(d,p) and MP2/6‐311+G(d,p) methods. The uncatalyzed, base‐catalyzed and water‐catalyzed aminolysis processes are also taken into consideration together with the concerted, B AC 2 (a stepwise channel through a neutral tetrahedral intermediate) and E1cB (a stepwise mechanism via an isocyanate intermediate) pathways. The solvent effects are discussed in detail by using the CPCM (conductor‐like polarized continuum model) with the M06‐2X/6‐311++G(d,p) method. The computational values provide convincing evidence that three alternative pathways possess similar energy barriers for the uncatalyzed aminolysis. It can be concluded that the base‐catalyzed and water‐catalyzed aminolysis processes are more favorable compared with the uncatalyzed reaction. Concerning the base‐catalyzed process, the E1cB pathway is preferable to other channels. However, the water‐catalyzed aminolysis is dominated by the B AC 2 mechanism. In a word, the aminolysis reactions in solution could readily occur and the solvent effects do not remarkably alter the mechanism.
Species diversity and floristic relationships of the understory vegetation in black spruce and trembling aspen stands in the boreal forest of British Columbia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The boreal forest is confined to the Northern Hemisphere and is the most continuous and extensive forest in the world. In North America boreal forest extends from the Pacific to Atlantic coast spanning over 10° latitude. White spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), black spruce (P. mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) are among the dominant tree species. Black spruce and trembling aspen may form pure stands and occupy similar sites as their edaphic amplitudes overlap; however, spruce is rare on water-deficient sites and aspen does not tolerate excess water. Despite many studies conducted in the North American boreal forest, little is known about relationships between the boreal understory vegetation and softwood or hardwood canopy species in different climate regions. Furthermore, the variation in species diversity and succession between the stands dominated by coniferous trees and those dominated by broadleaved trees within the same region is unknown. The objectives of this study are to determine (1) the difference in the species diversity and floristic composition of understory vegetation between black spruce and trembling aspen stands within the same climatic region, and (2) how the species diversity and floristic composition of understory vegetation in each stand type vary with climate, and soil moisture and soil nutrient conditions.
Maffucci's syndrome: A rare case report with unusual location

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Maffucci's syndrome is a rare nonhereditary syndrome characterized by multiple enchondromas and hemangiomas, which is commonly observed over hands and feet. We are presenting a rare case of Maffucci's syndrome in a 13-year-old female with hemangiomas situated over the presternal area, which is an unusual area of involvement.
Revitalising black gram agriculture: A comprehensive review of foliar nutrient strategies for enhanced yield

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Black gram production in Tamil Nadu has been steadily declining due to several challenges like dependence on rainfall, poor farming practices, and low nutrient absorption from the soil. These problems are even more serious in rice fallow areas, where the leftover soil moisture is not enough for the roots to take in nutrients effectively. To overcome these issues, this study looks into foliar nutrient application, a method where nutrients are sprayed directly on the leaves, to improve plant growth and yield. The research focuses on how different foliar nutrients, such as DAP, urea, TNAU Pulse Wonder, borax, ammonium molybdate, salicylic acid, triacontanol, and Polyfeed, can help blackgram plants grow better and produce more. Reviewing earlier studies and results, this manuscript shows that foliar feeding is a promising technique to support pulse farming, especially in areas with limited water and poor soil conditions. It offers useful information for farmers and researchers to improve blackgram production through better nutrient management.
Does Meticulous Blood Glucose Control During Cardiopulmonary Bypass Improves Outcome In Paediatric Patients?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>EAS Journal of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care<br> Abbreviated Key Title: EAS J Anesthesiol Crit Care<br> ISSN: 2663-094X (Print) & ISSN: 2663-676X (Online)<br> Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya<br> Volume-2 | Issue-4 | July-Aug-2020 | DOI: 10.36349/easjacc.2020.v02i04.003<br> *Corresponding Author: Sanjeev Singh 152<br> Research Article<br> Does Meticulous Blood Glucose Control During Cardiopulmonary<br> Bypass Improves Outcome In Paediatric Patients?<br> Sanjeev Singh*1, 2, 3, Yogesh N. Zanwar 2 and Isaac Okyere1, 3<br> 1 Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology; KSMD; CHS; Kumasi; Ghana.<br> 2 Department of Cardiac Anaesthesia; NHIMS; Bangalore; Karnataka; India.<br> 3 Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital; Kumasi; Ghana</p>
Reducing leaching using the threshold nitrate root-uptake phenomena

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;Reducing nitrate leaching from agricultural land to aquifers is a high priority concern for more than a half a century. Theory and observations of a threshold concentration of nitrate in the root-zone (Cmax), from which the leachate concentration increases at higher rates with increasing root-zone nitrate concentration, are presented. Cmax is derived both by direct results from container experiments with varying nitrogen (N) fertigation, and as calibration parameter in N-transport models beneath commercial agricultural plots. For five different crops, Cmax ranged between 20-45 mg/l of NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-N derived from experiments and models. However, for lettuce, which was irrigated with a large leaching fraction, a Cmax could not be defined. For the crops irrigated and fertilized in the warm/dry season (corn and citrus) experiments show a dramatic change in leachate concentrations and simulations reveal a wide range of sensitivity of leachate NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-N concentration to Cmax. Annual crops that are irrigated and fertilized in the cool/wet season (e.g. potato in Mediterranean climate) showed a distinct Cmax yet less dramatic than the summer-irrigated crops in the container experiment, and smaller impact of Cmax in models. Simulations showed that for summer-irrigated crops maintaining fertigation at C&lt;Cmax has a significant effect on deep leachate concentrations, whereas for the winter annual crops the simulations revealed no threshold. It is suggested that for summer-irrigated crops fertigation below Cmax robustly serves the co-sustainability of intensive agriculture and aquifer water quality, for the winter crops it is suggested but benefits are not robust. For short season, small root-system crops (lettuce) efforts should be made to detach the crop from the soil.&lt;/p&gt;
Zinc Spray for Treatment of Acrodermatitis Enteropathica: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acrodermatitis enteropathica is a rare disorder caused by zinc deficiency. The classic triad of symptoms includes perioral dermatitis, diarrhea, and alopecia. A rare cause of the acquired form is zinc deficiency due to total parenteral nutrition. Diagnosis can be challenging due to nonspecific symptoms. This paper presents a case of acrodermatitis enteropathica in a 5-month-old infant who had been on total parenteral nutrition since birth. Unlike the literature, the patient’s clinical improvement was observed with zinc spray and zinc cream treatment.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF INCENTIVE SPIROMETRY AND INSPIRATORY MUSCLE TRAINING ON THE RESTORATION OF PULMONARY FUNCTION AFTER CARDIAC SURGERY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: to compare the effect of flow-oriented incentive spirometry (IS) and inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on spirography parameters among cardiac surgery patients.Materials and methods. The study involved 90 patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to the ІS group and the IMT group (1:1 ratio). Patients received the same physical therapy in terms of early mobilization, therapeutic exercises, walking, coughing. The groups differed in respiratory physical therapy: ІМТ group – breathing exercises with Respironics Threshold IMT; group SS – simulator Tri-Ball. Before surgery and on the 7th postoperative day (PОD), patients of all groups underwent spirography.Results. The statistical analysis did not confirm the benefits of any of the used respiratory techniques of physical therapy. The initial values of vital capacity of the lungs were 104.29±14.06% in the ІS group and 104.91±19.42% in the IMT group (p=0.853), and after surgery were 74.93±16.90% and 77,84±14.68%, respectively (p=0.385). Lung vital capacity decreased by 29.36% in the CC group and 27.07% in the IMT group. The dynamics of forced vital capacity of the lungs was 27.69% and 26.27%, respectively.Conclusions. No differences between the effect of ІS and ІМТ on pulmonary function in cardiac surgery patients were found.
Memory Retrieval Tasks Determine the Serial Position Curves of Linear Orders with Categorical Structures

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract I examined 2 different views on organization of linear order information in memory: the linear schema view and the hierarchical structure view. The linear schema view holds that there is a strong tendency in memory to organize an array of transitively related elements into a unidimensional order. The hierarchical structure view maintains that the transitively related elements are organized in memory in a hierarchy of items. I proposed an input structure and retrieval compatibility hypothesis as a coherent explanation for the contradictory views on the memory organization of serial elements. I argue that the organization of linear order information in memory is determined by the nature of the memory retrieval task used. For example, a comparative judgment task is more compatible with a unidimensional structure, whereas a sequential recall or serial position identification task is more compatible with a hierarchical organization. The input structure and retrieval compatibility concept can also explain why dichotomous categories imposed on a linear order play very little role in comparative judgments.
Changes in the Effect of Social Background on Educational Attainment Over Time: Does Method Matter?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social background has a direct impact on educational choice and attainment, but also influences choices and attainment indirectly by affecting performance in school. Boudon (1974) described this relationship as primary (indirect) and secondary (direct) effects of social stratification. Based on this approach and Mare’s sequential transition model, we decompose the impact of social background on educational choices and attainment into primary and secondary effects to analyze the relative importance of these effects at various stages over the school career. Using panel data of three birth cohorts, we can assess whether the relative importance of primary and secondary effects has been stable over time. We use different statistical methods to assess the robustness of these results. Our findings show a decreasing impact of secondary effects at the first transition over time, but a rather stable and in some cases increasing impact of secondary effects at later stages of the education career. As a result, the cumulative share of secondary effects of social stratification on educational attainment is pretty stable over time. When using OLS or counterfactual models secondary effects amount to some 55% of the total effect of social background. However, using structural equation modeling that allows taking measurement error in the performance tests into account, the relative importance of secondary effects amounts to some 40%. It suggests that method matters for numerical closeness. Nevertheless, the findings of all models used in this study point to the same direction and suggest that preferences and expectations of aspiring higher educational levels are still strongly associated with social background.
DISCORDANT CLINICOPATHOLOGIC PHENOTYPES IN A JAPANESE KINDRED OF FATAL FAMILIAL INSOMNIA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The GAC→AAC mutation at codon 178 (D178N) of prion protein (PrP) gene ( PRNP ) results in 2 distinct clinicopathologic phenotypes dependent on codon 129 polymorphism of the mutant allele: fatal familial insomnia (FFI) with methionine encoded in codon 129 and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) with valine.1,2 However, some D178N patients who had homozygosity for methionine at codon 129 (D178N-129MM) were reported recently to have the CJD phenotype.3–5 The cause for these clinicopathologic diversities is unclear. We report a Japanese son–mother pair who presented with FFI and CJD phenotypes.

### Case reports.

#### Patient 1 (proband).

A 54-year-old man, born to nonconsanguineous parents, developed dysphagia and loss of appetite. Later, he showed peculiar movement in sleep, followed by insomnia and hypersomnolence. Diplopia, intention tremor, ataxic gait, sleep apnea, fluctuant low-grade fever, tachycardia, hyperhidrosis, constipation, and impotence also followed. He was admitted to hospital 7 months after the onset of symptoms.

Neurologic examination showed mild memory disturbance, cerebellar ataxia, myoclonus, brisk deep tendon reflexes, sleep apnea, and dysautonomia. He did not show akinetic mutism. He moved continuously during sleep. EEG showed no periodic synchronous discharge (PSD), and polysomnography showed loss of deep sleep and marked reduction of REM sleep. Brain MRI showed only mild atrophy. In the cerebral cortex and thalamus, hypoperfusion and hypometabolism were detected by SPECT with 99mTc-ECD and PET with 18F-2-fluorodeoxy-d-glucose. He died 13 months after the onset of symptoms. PRNP analysis, with informed consent, on leukocyte DNA showed D178N-129MM. Histologic examination showed spongiform changes limited to the cingulate gyrus and subiculum, and severe neuronal loss and fibrillary gliosis in the centromedian and dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and in the inferior olivary nucleus (figure, A, D, and G). Immunohistochemical analysis showed no pathologic PrP (PrPSc) deposition in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, or inferior olivary nucleus. Western blot analysis (WB) showed very …
Forget cars in Wadhurst: 3 Replacements You Need to Jump On

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Information on the history of used vehicles You just have to get in the vehicle identification number (VIN) as well as you get a comprehensive background report about your lorry. This history report gives information about all substantial occasions which had taken place in the life of the vehicle. You can be familiar with the amount of times the possession changed and if the car met a crash or had actually gone for any type of significant fixing with the car background report.
Percutaneous Transcatheteral Biliary Biopsy PTBB -A Report of Two Cases-

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In two patients with obstructive jaundice, percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) were performed. During PTBD, the percutaneous transcatheteral biliary biopsy (PTBB) with the biopsy forceps of the gastrofiberscope was performed through the biliary stent catheter. Biopsy specimens were successfully obtained and histopathologic findings were satisfactory in both cases.
NMR diffusion spectroscopy for the characterization of multicomponent hydrogen-bonded assemblies in solution

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

NMR diffusion measurements on 10 different multicomponent hydrogen-bonded assemblies, viz. the three single rosettes SR1–SR3 ( 13· 2a3, 13· 2b3, 13· 2c3) the double rosettes DR1–DR5 ( 3a3· 2a6, 3b3· 2b6, 3c3· 2a6, 3d3· 2a6, 3e3· 2a6), and DR6 ( 4a3· 16), and the tetrarosette TR ( 53· 2a12) are described. Some of the above rosettes have been previously identified as well-defined assemblies (viz. SR1, DR1–DR3, and TR) using established characterization techniques (1H NMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and MALDI-TOF MS after Ag+-labeling). The diffusion coefficients of these assemblies were studied and used as a reference for the identification of three new assemblies ( DR4–DR6), the characterization of which could not be established unequivocally using other characterization tools. A good correlation was found between the experimental and calculated diffusion coefficients when DR1 was used as a reference. A relatively good correlation was obtained between the effective hydrolytic radii calculated from the diffusion data and those extracted from gas phase-minimized structures with SR1 and DR2 being exceptions. The diffusion measurements show that assembly DR4 is a thermodynamically stable species, while assemblies DR5 and DR6 are less stable and only present to a minor extent.