jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Direct observation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate in the .alpha.-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of a specific substrate at neutral pH

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect observation of an acyl-enzyme intermediate in the .alpha.-chymotrypsin-catalyzed hydrolysis of a specific substrate at neutral pHCharles G. Miller and Myron L. BenderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 24, 6850–6852Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01026a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01026a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views64Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Application of Water‐Swollen Thin‐Film Composite Membrane in Flue Gas Purification

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A water‐swollen thin‐film composite membrane, which was a reverse osmosis membrane with a thin polyamide layer, was used to separate a model mixture of N 2 , CO 2 , and SO 2 . The polyamide swells with water, and thus, becomes more permeable to polar gases. The flue gas contains water vapor, which must be removed before it is subjected to SO 2 removal. Here moisture is employed to keep the membrane swollen. Using the model mixture, the humidified feed stream is brought to the membrane, where it is cooled below the dew point, so that water condenses on the membrane to keep the polyamide swollen. The membrane showed high CO 2 and SO 2 permeance, but low selectivity, so it could be applied to separate these two gases from N 2 , and thus, is suitable for flue gas purification.
Introduction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter begins with a discussion of how Iran’s support for Russia’s war on Ukraine evinces Iran’s ambitions to check Western hegemony, the shifting geopolitical orientation of Middle East states, and their growing importance in great power competition. It then outlines the central arguments of the book. It examines leading explanations for why the Middle East seems prone to conflict (foreign involvement, the resource curse, and weak state capacity), and suggests such explanations do not account for the role of agency of states, leaders, and non-state groups. It then discusses unsolved issues that attract outside intervention (Palestinian-Israeli conflict, Kurdish dilemma, and Iran’s nuclear program) and the major fault-lines in regional competition. It further explores how defense spending underpins competition, reveals power disparities, and shapes grand strategies (especially that of Iran) and provides context by discussing major conflicts and turning points of the 20th century that continue to reverberate in the 21st century.
Exhaust Tailpipe Fuel Spray Optimization and Fuel Usage Rates for Operating an Exhaust Aftertreatment System on a Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Powered Vehicle

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Exhaust tailpipe fuel injection is required for many diesel engine aftertreatment systems including diesel particulate filter (DPF) systems, fuel reforming systems and lean NOx trap (LNT) systems. The design objective of this work was to develop an exhaust tailpipe fuel injection spray that promoted high aftertreatment conversion efficiencies with low fuel usage. A fuel injection system utilizing a pulse-width modulated (PWM) pressure swirl atomizer was first evaluated in a spray laboratory using drop size and spray patternation diagnostic equipment. The fuel system was later evaluated as part of an aftertreatment system consisting of a fuel reformer, LNT, DPF and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts. The aftertreatment system was sized to meet EPA 2010 emission standards for an on-highway heavy-duty diesel engine. A high turn-down ratio injection system (16.5:1) with a flow range from 30 to 500 grams per minute was developed for this application. This fuel flow range was required to operate the fuel reformer in both lean and rich modes. Low fuel flow rates were used during lean mode operation for catalyst heating and DPF regeneration. During rich mode operation, diesel fuel was converted to hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the fuel reformer. The fuel spray consisted of drop Sauter mean diameters (SMD) that ranged between 55 and 70 microns within a fuel supply pressure that ranged between 4.8 and 7.0 bar. The fuel injection and aftertreatment systems were evaluated using a heavy-duty diesel engine during dynamometer and on-highway vehicle testing. Test results showed the ability to meet EPA 2010 emission levels with low fuel usage rates.
Application of direct transcranial current as non-invasive therapy in eating disorders: an intervention proposal

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Resumen.La estimulación transcraneal de corriente directa constituye una técnica prometedora para el tratamiento de trastornos psiquiátricos como puede ser la anorexia nerviosa.La forma de actuación es a través de la regulación de la actividad cerebral aplicada principalmente en la zona de la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral.En el presente trabajo se revisan los principios de la estimulación transcraneal de corriente directa a través de los electrodos y cómo influye la intensidad, la duración y el tipo de procedimientos de aplicación en los resultados; la patogenia de la anorexia nerviosa, las diferentes áreas que se encuentran alteradas en cuanto a su funcionamiento, asi como lo estudios llevados a cabo en la corteza prefrontal dorsolateral y los diferentes estudios experimentales de tratamiento en esta tipología de pacientes mediante esta técnica en los últimos años.Se expone también una posible propuesta de intervención basándonos en las evidencias encontradas en los diferentes trabajos revisados introduciendo algunas mejoras, con lo que se pretende dar a conocer con mayor profundidad la efectividad del tratamiento mediante tDCS en futuras investigaciones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Terephthalic Acids Containing Polyfluoroalkyl Groups.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Bromination of the mixture of polyfluoroalkyl‐substituted 1,4‐cyclohexa‐dienes (III) and (IV), obtained by Diels‐Alder reaction of the polyfluoro‐2‐alkynoic acids (I) with isoprene (II), gives an unseparable mixture of the dibromides (V) and (VI).
The Localization of Phytate in Tofu Curd Formation and Effects of Phytate on Tofu Texture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT: The localization of phytate on tofu making and its effects on tofu texture were investigated. Thirty‐eight percent and 3% of phytate in soymilk were bound to soluble protein and particulate protein, respectively, and the others were in free form. In the early stage of curd formation, phytate bound to particulate proteins and then a large part of phytate was taken into the tofu curd. Increase of phytate contents in soymilk resulted in the increase of coagulant requirement to make firm tofu. Optimal coagulant concentration (OCC) for making tofu was influenced by phytate contents. The increase of phytate in tofu caused decrease of hardness at OCC and resulted in the increase of brittleness and viscosity of tofu. We concluded that the phytate content is one important factor that contributes to tofu texture.
“Confronting incivilities” : a study on the strategies employed in the negotiation of civility on the MRT train

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is inevitable for conflicts in any social setting, especially one that boasts of high levels of social interaction to be completely eradicated. The MRT train in Singapore is a typical example where people from different backgrounds come together in a confined and often overcrowded space. Existing literature on the lack of social graces on the MRT train are plentiful. In a BBC Viewpoint piece, Singapore was branded as a country with a ‘massive compassion deficit’ by an expat after her ‘vulnerable’ encounter on the MRT train. This prompted the government to launch yet another national campaign – ‘Bring out the thoughtfulness in you’ – as strategy in confronting incivilities. This paper aims to look beyond this, to explore different strategies such as through the use of STOMP and the act of intervention in addressing the issue on civility on the MRT train.
Spinal cord cysticercosis: neurosurgical aspects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Object The authors report their experience in the treatment of 12 symptomatic patients with intradural spinal neurocysticercosis. Methods The mean age of the 12 patients was 33 years. There were eight female and four male patients. Cysticercosis was present in association with hydrocephalus in nine cases. In nine of 12 patients the spinal lesion was confined to the thoracic or lumbar spinal cord, and in three the cysticerci occupied the cervical region. In all patients with hydrocephalus nerve root symptoms developed seven to 48 months later (mean 27.6 ± 15.5 months). In one patient hydrocephalus was absent, but he presented with cysticercal meningitis 24 months before spinal cord compression developed. Presenting symptoms suggesting spinal cysticercosis included muscular weakness (67%), pain (67%), and sphincter disturbance (25%). Neurological examination demonstrated a motor deficit in nine patients, sensory deficit in four, and radicular pain in three. The prognosis was worse in patients with moderate-to-severe arachnoiditis and spinal cord compression compared with those with isolated nerve roots involvement in whom outcome was favorable. Ten patients underwent laminectomy, after which neurological status improved in 44%, remained unchanged in 33%, or worsened in 22.2%. Conclusions The authors discuss their findings in these cases. Additionally they briefly review the literature, patho-physiology, and therapeutic and/or surgical strategies involved in this disease.
Entoloma griseopileum M. Q. He & X. Liu 2025, sp. nov.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Entoloma griseopileum M. Q. He & X. Liu sp. nov. Fig. 4 Etymology. the epithet “ griseo ” means gray, the name refers to the grayish pileus. Holotype. China • Qinghai Province Mutual Aid County, Beishan National Forest Park, Langshidang, 10 July 2023, MQ He, ZRL 20230583 (HMAS 300884). Diagnosis. This species is characterized by its gray basidiomes and fibrillose pileus. Original description. Pileus is 26–32 mm in diameter, broadly convex, umbonate on the disc, margin slightly decurved when young, getting straight or slightly uplifted when mature; surface dry, fibrillose, background gray, fibrils light brown, denser and darker on the disc. Lamellae up to 3 mm broad, adnate or slightly sinuate, eroded, white, slightly pink, getting brown or dark brown near the pileus edge. Stipe 33.53–42.20 × 3.2–3.5 mm, concolor with the pileus, darker toward base, cylindrical, equal, surface dry, smooth, silky, occasionally with the same fibrils as on pileus. Basidiospores 6.8–10.1 × 5.9–7.7 μm [x ̄ = 8.9 ± 0.7 × 6.7 ± 0.4 μm, Q = 1.0–1.6, Q m = 1.3 ± 0.1, n = 20], heterodiametric, with 5–7 angles in side-view. Basidia 31.8–40.6 × 9.3–13.8 μm, 4 - spored. Cheilocystidia absent. Pileipellis a cutis with a transition to a plagiotrichoderm and a trichoderm of cylindrical to slightly inflated hyphae 4.6–11.1 μm wide, with membranous brown pigment. Clamp connections absent. Lamellae edge is fertile. Habitat. Wood-inhabiting. Notes. Morphologically, E. griseopileum resembles E. bisporigerum in the field which also can be found in northern China (Li et al. 2015). Both species have grayish small basidiomes (pileus smaller than 4 cm in diameter). But under microscope, E. bisporigerum can be distinguished from E. griseopileum by its larger basidiospores (11.5–13.5 × 7.5–9 μm). Furthermore, E. bisporigerum grows on soil, while E. griseopileum grows on wood. Other specimens examined. China • Qinghai Province, Beishan National Forest Park, Langshidang, 10 July 2023, MQ He, ZRL 20230545 (HMAS 300885), ZRL 20230575 (HMAS 300883).
Low-Temperature-Aged Synthesis of CeO2-Coated Li-Rich Oxide as Cathode for Low-Cost High-Energy Density Li-Ion Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Co-free Li-rich oxide shows promise as a cathode for low-cost high-energy density Li-ion batteries but presents poor cyclic stability. To address this issue, a novel CeO2-coated Li-rich oxide composite is developed by applying a layer of CeO2 onto Co-free Li-rich oxide through a low-temperature-aged process. With this uniform coating, the resulting composite presents improved cyclic stability as well as rate capability as the cathode of a Li-ion battery. The capacity retention of the resulting composite is increased from 67% to 85% after 100 cycles, and its capacity retention of 5 C/0.05 C is enhanced from 10% to 23% compared with the uncoated sample. Such significant improvements indicate that this low-temperature-aged process is promising for preparing Co-free Li-rich oxides as cathodes of low-cost high-energy density Li-ion batteries.
Sample allocation method for maintainability test based on extended FMECA information

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

To ensure the accuracy of military equipment maintainability verification results, a sample allocation method for maintainability test based on extended failure mode, effects and criticality analysis (FMECA) information is proposed to address the problem that the influence factors are relatively one-sided and the weighting is subjective in the current test sample allocation method. The influence factors are analyzed and determined from three aspects: the fault occurrence characteristics, fault impact, and test economy. A method for calculating the fault propagation intensity based on the improved LeaderRank is proposed, which is introduced into the FMECA for expansion. It is proposed to use the CRITIC method to determine the objective weights of the influence factors, determine the subjective weights based on the relative importance of the influence factors, introduce game equilibrium to weigh and determine the combination weights, and then complete the sample allocation. Finally, an example showed that the influence factors determined by this method are more comprehensive, the weight results are more scientific, and the sample structure is more reasonable.
A Study on the Advanced Inference Routing Network Scheme for RODMRP

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Ad hoc network is a multi-hop wireless network formed with non-infrastructure. The fact that limited resource could support the network of robust, simple framework and energy conserving etc. In this paper, we propose a new ad hoc multicast routing protocol for based on the ontology scheme called inference network. Ontology knowledge-based is one of the structure of context-aware. And ontology clustering adopts a tree structure to enhance resilient against mobility and routing complexity. This proposed multicast routing protocol utilizes node locality to be improve the flexible connectivity and stable mobility on local discovery routing and flooding discovery routing. Also attempts to improve route recovery efficiency and reduce data transmissions of context-awareness. We also provide simulation results to validate the model complexity. We will have developed an algorithm that will design multi-hierarchy layered networks to simulate a desired system.
Quantization for uniform distributions on equilateral triangles

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We approximate the uniform measure on an equilateral triangle by a measure supported on $n$ points. We find the optimal sets of points ($n$-means) and corresponding approximation (quantization) error for $n\leq4$, give numerical optimization results for $n\leq 21$, and a bound on the quantization error for $n\to\infty$. The equilateral triangle has particularly efficient quantizations due to its connection with the triangular lattice. Our methods can be applied to the uniform distributions on general sets with piecewise smooth boundaries.
EFFECT OF ROOM TEMPERATURE AND ICED INJECTATES ON MEASUREMENT OF THERMODILUTION CARDIAC OUTPUT.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An experimental study was conducted to compare cardiac output determinations obtained by two different techniques in adults. The convenience sample consisted of 13 patients in the Medical, Surgical, Cardiothoracic, and Coronary Care units who were 18 years of age or older and had a Swan Ganz catheter inserted. Thirty pairs of cardiac output determinations were obtained by utilizing both iced and room temperature injectate. A mean cardiac output was determined for each sample and a t-test was used to compare the results between techniques. Findings revealed that there was no significant statistical difference between techniques.
Effects of some amphizoic amoeba spread in human environments - new incidences of the emerging threat with the vision-threatening disease of public health significance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Some strains of free-living amoebae, ubiquitous in various natural and man-made environments, are causative agents of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), the vision-threatening disease mainly related to improper contact lens hygiene. Currently, AK incidences occur with increasing frequency in various parts of the world, also in Poland. A corneal epithelial injury and exposure of eye to water containing amoeba trofozoites or cysts are apart from contact lens wear other factors predisposing to AK. Clinical symptoms are similar to occurring in viral, fungal or bacterial keratitis; cysts of amoebae are exceptional resistance to chemicals thus the disease is often misdiagnosed and difficult therapeutically. Our studies have been performed for monitoring of in vitro dynamics of the new isolated corneal Acanthamoeba strains in regard to intensity of AK symptoms and management efficacy. Methods & Materials: The slit-lamp and in vivo confocal microscopy were applied for clinical diagnosis. Corneal scraping material deriving from 25 patients with eye inflammations, contact lens wearers, suspected of AK were examined microbiologically, by culture and PCR technique. Changes in overall number of amoebae, trophozoites/ cysts proportion, status of amoeba morphology and survival time in cultures were monitored; all assays were repeated on twice, results analyzed statistically. Results: Mixed bacterial-fungal-amoebic infections, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Fusarium spp, Acanthamoeba spp. in four corneal isolates and amoebic only infections in six isolates were detected. All Acanthamoeba sequenced isolates showed 98-100% homology with those available in GenBank belonging to the T4 genotype. The highest overall number of amoebae, their intensive multiplication and long, more than 20 month surviving time in culture medium indicating the strong strain viability were revealed for six strains deriving from severe AK incidences. Conclusion: AK is serious medical problem as emerging threats of the public health. Despite advances in pharmacotherapy, treatment is often unsuccessful due to diagnostic mistakes delaying appropriate therapy and resulting in serious course of this vision-threatening disease. In vitro monitoring of dynamics/surviving time of cultivated Acanthamoeba strains isolated from affected eyes in relation to intensity of AK course may be hopeful tool for proper diagnosis and prognosis of management efficacy.
Stress Process Among Mothers of Infants

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Maternal employment, cesarean birth, and infant difficultness were used to test the mediating effect of perceived stress and the stress-buffering role of health practices on maternal identity. One hundred seventy-three mothers returned a parenting survey that focused on: stressors, perceived stress, health practices, maternal identity, and a demographic profile. Work status and infant difficultness were related to perceived stress. Neither had direct effects on maternal identity, but were related to it through the mediating effects of perceived stress. While health practices did not show buffering effects between stressors and perceived stress, these did contribute additively to the prediction of stress perception. Also, health practices contributed additively to the prediction of identity. Notable among the health practices predicting identity were self-actualizing expression, nutrition, interpersonal support, and stress management. These findings support a stress process model of parenting in which: (a) effects of stressors on maternal identity are mediated by perception of stress, and (b) health practices contribute positively and directly to maternal identity.
Effect of N2 Replacement by CO2 in Coaxial-Flow on the Combustion and Emission of a Diffusion Flame

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In this study, a double concentric burner burning methane with an annular coaxially-flowing oxidizer was adopted to operate the diffusion flame in lifted flame regime. The effects of coaxial-flow velocity, coaxial-flow composition variation through total and partial replacement of N2, and coaxial-flow oxygen enrichment were experimentally investigated in terms of the resultant changes in the flame stability, and thermal and emission characteristics. Consistent with the triple flame theory, the current stability tests show a linear increase in flame lift height with increasing coaxial-flow velocity and the blowout of lifted flames occurred at constant flame tip height. Replacement of N2 by CO2 in the coaxial-flow deteriorated the flame stability by significantly reducing the threshold coaxial-flow velocity. Due to combustion enhancement that is caused by oxygen enrichment, the threshold coaxial-flow velocity increased and this increase is more significant for the N2-diluted flame than CO2-diluted. Two of the most important NOx formation mechanisms, Zeldovich and Fenimore, were analyzed under the relatively low temperature flame conditions, generally below 1300 °C in this study. Results show that NOx is principally produced via the Fenimore mechanism for both N2- and CO2-diluted flames. NOx productions can be significantly affected by coaxial-flow composition and coaxial-flow velocity. An increase in the velocity of N2-diluted coaxial-flow increases NOx emissions, while a reverse trend occurred, as N2 in the coaxial-flow was replaced or partially replaced by CO2, which is ascribed to the strong combustion-resisting behavior of CO2. For all cases, CO emissions vary in the opposite direction of NOx emissions. Due to the strong thermal and chemical effects of CO2 on combustion in comparison to N2, total or partial replacement of N2 by CO2 results in a steep increase in CO emissions.