jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Frequency Discrimination of Pulsed Tones

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

If a 2200-cps tone is pulsed 150 times/sec under appropriate conditions, a low pitch (periodicity pitch) will be heard corresponding to that of a 150-cps tone although there is little or no energy present at 150 cps in the signal. To account for the perception of this low pitch, it has been postulated that either (1) the cochlea acts as a mechanical envelope “detector” resulting in neural activity in a peripheral “low-frequency or pitch” channel, or (2) the cochlea performs a Fourier-like analysis resulting in neural activity in a peripheral “high-frequency or pitch” channel with this neural activity undergoing a central temporal analysis where the low periodicity pitch is “detected.” Absolute threshold measures were obtained for three stimuli: a 2200-cps sinusoid, a 150 cps sinusoid, and a 2200-cps tone pulsed 150 times/sec. Frequency discrimination measures were obtained for the same three stimuli at various sensation levels. The measures obtained for the pulses were compared, by analysis of variance and correlation techniques, to those measures for each of the sinusoids. The cochlear detection hypothesis would demand close relation between the pulse and 150-cps measures although none was found. Conversely, the central detection hypothesis would demand closer relation between the pulse and 2200-cps measures, which was found. Furthermore, a lack of monotonic relation between perceived pitch and repetition rate and a large “atonal range” was found for the pulses, indicating their perception involved mechanisms not involved in the perception of the sinusoidal stimuli, i.e., a central temporal analysis.
The Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Language Production of Healthy Adults and Individuals With Alzheimer's Disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive form of brain stimulation that is a technique for modulating cognitive and linguistic functions. Researchers employ tDCS as a way of examining the language system and related memory systems. Although the field is in its infancy, there is evidence to suggest that tDCS applied to language-related brain regions has the potential to exert a beneficial influence on the language and memory functioning of healthy adults as well as individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of the present review is to critically evaluate the current body of literature on the impact of tDCS on language production in healthy adults and the related memory performance of individuals with AD.
Neutrophil functions in patients with myelodysplasia: implications of impaired

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mensen met myelodysplasie (MDS) hebben een tekort aan verschillende types bloedcellen in het bloed. Bovendien functioneren de bloedcellen die er wel zijn niet naar behoren. Dat laatste is het geval bij granulocyten, een bepaald type witte bloedcellen dat een rol speelt in de afweer. MDS-patienten zijn daardoor erg gevoelig voor bacteriele infecties. Gwenny Fuhler ontrafelde een aantal cellulaire en moleculaire mechanismen die hierbij een rol spelen. Normaal trekken granulocyten bij een infectie het weefsel binnen, waar ze de bacterien opsporen en vervolgens 'opeten'. Bovendien produceren ze zuurstofradicalen die giftig zijn voor de bacterien. Voordat de granulocyten tot actie overgaan, moeten ze een signaal krijgen waar de infectie precies plaatsvindt. Deze signaalstoffen worden afgegeven door de bacterien en weefselcellen rondom de infectie. Fuhler ontdekte dat de granulocyten van MDS-patienten minder goed reageren op deze signaleringsstoffen. Daardoor kunnen ze de infectie minder goed bereiken en produceren ze minder zuurstofradicalen. Ook de activatie van de signaleringsmoleculen in granulocyten blijkt verstoord.
Telluride glass fibres for all optical switching: - nonlinear optical properties and fibre characterisation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We report on the development of telluride glass fibres as a suitable medium for nonlinear optical switching at telecommunications wavelengths. Nonlinear properties of bulk TeO/sub 2/ based glasses were measured with non-resonant nonlinearities an order of magnitude greater than that of silica. Nonlinear absorption was found to be negligible. Recently, low loss single mode fibres have been drawn from the TeO/sub 2/ glass with losses approaching 1 dBm/sup -1/. A dual-channel picosecond laser system has been developed in order to demonstrate nonlinear optical Kerr switching in the fibres providing pulse widths of 20 ps at repetition rates up to 2 GHz.
Development of a psychoeducational workshop for patients with cancer cachexia and their carers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Cancer cachexia has a negative impact on the quality of life (QOL) of patients and their informal caregivers but there are few psychoeducational interventions to address this. Aim To develop a brief supportive group-based intervention for patients with cancer cachexia and their carers Methods Workshop development followed the Coventry Intervention Development Process. 1 Reasons why unintentional weight loss is difficult for patients and carers were mapped from interviews with 5 patients, 5 carers and 5 health care professionals (HCPs). A summary map was supplemented with data from systematic reviews of the patient and carer literature and by previously conducted interviews with patients and HCPs about the effect cancer cachexia has on QOL. Project advisory panel members rated the importance and changeability of each reason in the context of a workshop. The highest scoring reasons were grouped to form intervention targets. Reviews of the literature informed the information provided to address the targets and the methods used to do this. Results Underpinning the intervention is the Integrated Theory of Health Behaviour. 2 The workshop has three intervention targets: providing information about eating well with cancer, addressing conflict and addressing negative emotions. Activities were devised to inform how cancer can cause unintentional weight loss, what to eat, strategies to maximise intake and conflict self-management. The underlying assumption is that negative emotions will be alleviated by providing clear information and advice. Conclusion We have developed a workshop to educate, aid coping and provide relationship support for patients with cancer cachexia and unintentional weight loss. References Martin F, Turner A, Bourne C, Batehup L. Development and qualitative evaluation of a self-management workshop for testicular cancer survivor-initiated follow-Up. Oncol Nurs Forum 2013; 40 :E14–E23 Ryan P. Integrated theory of health behavior change: background and intervention development. Clinl Nurse Spec 2009; 23 :161–170
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Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

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Agile IT Outsourcing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Agile methods are lightweight, iterative software development frameworks used predominantly on small and mid-sized software development projects. This chapter introduces a project structure and management practices creating agile conditions for large software projects outsourced either offshore or onshore. Agility is achieved by slicing a large project into a number of small projects working in agile settings. Development is divided into research and development activities that are located on-site, and production activities located off-site. The proposed approach makes agile methods applicable to the stressed conditions of outsourcing without compromising the quality or pace of the software development effort. Creating an agile environment in an outsourcing project relies on maintaining a balance between the functions and sizes of on-site and off-site teams, on redefining the developers’ roles, and on reorganizing the information flow between the different development activities to compensate for the lack of customers on-site, team colocation, and tacit project knowledge.
Harnessing Local Governance for Sustainable Urban Development

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rapid urbanization and the increasing energy demand of the 21st century put pressure on local governments, especially in emerging economies such as Türkiye, to articulate economic relationships. As urban areas expand, challenges related to sustainable development, energy management and environmental protection become more pronounced. On the other hand, with the growth of urban populations, the sustainability of the urban environment has become an issue that needs to be addressed in terms of its impacts on public health and social welfare.
Theoretical Studies of N2O Adsorption and Reactivity to N2 and NO on Rh(111)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Periodic DFT calculations have been performed to investigate the adsorption, activation, and reactivity of N2O on a Rh(111) surface. Several adsorption modes in a narrow range of energies have been found. The most stable situation corresponds to a weak bonding (0.39 eV) via the N-terminal atom on top of a Rh atom, with the lineal N2O molecule situated nearly perpendicular to the surface. Other flat adsorption modes via the two N atoms or the terminal N and O atoms have also been identified, with adsorption energies around 0.20 eV. These modes activate the molecule by weakening the N−O or N−N bonds, leading to its dissociation and subsequent formation of N2 or NO. Mechanisms leading to these products have been analyzed, identifying the intermediates and transition states. Both pathways were found to be exothermic but decomposition to N2 presents significantly lower activation barriers and higher kinetic constants.
[Vesico-uterine fistula after cesarean section].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Les auteurs rapportent un cas de fistule vesico-uterine apparue sept jours apres une cesarienne et dont la fermeture s'est faite apres drainage vesical aspiratif. Il s'agit d'une complication obstetricale rare qui comporte deux principaux signes cliniques : la fuite urinaire et la menourie. Le diagnostic est confirme par la cystographie et l'hysterographie. Le traitement est chirurgical, differe si la fistule s'est declaree apres une cesarienne. Dans ce cas, le drainage vesical peut apporter la fermeture de la fistule.
Making the best interests of the child a substantive human right at the centre of national level expulsion decisions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The best interests of the child has become an central facet of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in expulsion cases. This article argues that the indirect application of the best interests of the child as an interpretive benchmark for Article 8 ECHR is not the end point of State’s responsibilities under Article 3 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC). This article argues that the ECtHR’s case law presents significant limitations in the subject matter scope of the best interests of the child, and limitations to the way in which it incorporates them into the Article 8 ECHR balancing exercise. This article acts as a thought experiment by modelling an alternative mode of decision-making. It asks what the best interests of the child might look like as the substantive human right at the centre of decisions about the expulsion of foreign nationals.
Induced biotic responses to herbivory and associated cues in the Amazonian ant‐plant Maieta poeppigii

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Ants inhabiting ant‐plants can respond to cues of herbivory, such as the presence of herbivores, leaf damage, and plant sap, but experimental attempts to quantify the dynamic nature of biotic defenses have been restricted to a few associations between plants and ants. We studied the relationship between certain features of the ant‐shrub Maieta poeppigii Cogn. (Melastomataceae) and the presence or absence of ant patrolling on the leaf surface in plants occupied by the ant Pheidole minutula Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). We also carried out field experiments to examine ant behavior following plant damage, and the potential cues that induce ant recruitment. These experiments included clipping of the leaf apex, as well as the presentation of a potential herbivore (live termite worker) and a foliar extract from Maieta on treatment leaves. The presence of ants patrolling the leaves of M. poeppigii is influenced by the number of domatia on the plant. Ant patrolling on the leaves of M. poeppigii was constant throughout a 24 h cycle, but the mean number of patrolling ants decreased from young to mature leaves, and from leaves with domatia to those without domatia. There was an overall increase in the number of ants on experimental leaves following all treatments, compared to control leaves. Visual and chemical cues associated with herbivory are involved in the induction of ant recruitment in the Maieta–Pheidole system. The continuous patrolling behavior of ants, associated with their ability to respond rapidly to foliar damage, may result in the detection and repellence/capture of most insect herbivores before they can inflict significant damage to the leaves.
Comparison of Outcomes of Nailing Versus Plating in Humeral Diaphyseal Fractures in Adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Humeral shaft fracture accounts for approximately 3% of all the types of fractures and is the most common type of fracture occurring in adults. A surgical intervention for a humeral shaft fracture is controversial whether as to intervene or not but for other types of fractures like multiple fractures, severely displaced fractures, a comminuted fracture and fractures where there is vascular and nerve injury surgical intervention is definitely required. Aim: Outcomes of comparison between I/M interlocking nail and plating in fractures of humerus shaft in adult patients. Methodology: A randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Sh. Zayed Hospital, Lahore over a period of six months. 190 patients (divided in two equal groups by lottery method) were included. Informed consent was taken. Demographics like age, gender, duration of fracture were obtained. In group A patients underwent surgery by using IMN fixation. In group B, patients underwent surgery by using plate. Patients were followed-up in OPD of 10 days. Then patients were followed-up further in OPD for 24 weeks. If union achieved in 24 weeks, then success was labeled. Results: Total of 190 patients, mean age was calculated as 39.57±8.09 years in group A and 40.01±8.79 years in group B. There were 62(32.6%) males whereas 48(25.3%) were females in group A and that 63(33.2%) were male whereas 32(16.8%) were females in group B. Frequency of success was 94(49.5%) in group A and 92(49.4%, in group B. Frequency of infection was 1(0.5%) in group A and 2(1.1%) in group B Conclusion: It is concluded that there was no significant difference in both groups. Intramedullary nail and plate provides good outcome with no complications in the treatment of humerus shaft fractures. Keywords: Humerus shaft Fracture, Intramedullary nail, Plate.
Alumina gel-casting using chitosan

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes a novel kind of gel-casting system,using chitosan solved in diluted acetic acid and polymerized with glutaraldehyde.The imine(—C=N—) bonds facilitates the gelation of chitosan and giutaraldehyde.The ceramic powder added does not destroy the bonding structure of the gel.The physical properties of the slurry,gel and green body are characterized by FTIR,SEM,and strength meter,respectively.The results indicate that at room temperature,alumina slurry is prepared by regulating the slurry pH value from 3 to 4,mixing 0.4% PAANH_4 and ball-milling for 2 hours.Solid concert of alumina slurry(volume fraction) is up to 52% and viscosity,up to(550MPa·s).A body of 25.8MPa in strength is obtained by solidication molding after room temperature ageing and heating.
Colonial Nesters in a Deteriorating Habitat: Site Fidelity and Colony Dynamics of Lesser Snow Geese

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Birds that exhibit a high degree of natal and breeding philopatry and normally breed in stable environments may suffer costs of philopatry if their habitat deteriorates. Female Lesser Snow Geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) are highly site faithful; however, recent increases in numbers of breeding birds have resulted in widespred habitat destruction in some colonies. Using capture-recapture modeling techniques on multiple resightings of marked individuals, we examined whether breeding-site fidelity of adult Snow Geese has changed over time in a colony that has grown rapidly and in which habitat quality has declined severely during the past two decades. In addition, we examined the age structure of breeding birds to investigate natal-site fidelity to formerly central areas of the colony. Only slight changes in adult breeding-site fidelity were detected over 10-year periods, despite the deterioration of nesting and brood-rearing habitats in and near the investigated areas. However, increasing mean ages of breeding birds in formerly central areas of the colony indicated a lack of recruitment into those areas; young birds must have preferred to settle at the colony periphery even when vacant spaces in the center were available. Together with a small amount of movement by adult birds, the settlement pattern of young birds has led to a long-term shift in the colony location as a whole.
Multidimensional Item Response Theory Models in Vocational Interest Measurement

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Vocational interest inventories are commonly analyzed using a unidimensional approach, that is, each subscale is analyzed separately. However, the theories on which these inventories are based often postulate specific relationships between the interest traits. This article presents a multidimensional approach to the analysis of vocational interest data, which takes these relationships into account. Models in the framework of Multidimensional Item Response Theory (MIRT) are explained and applied to a widely used German vocational interest inventory based on the RIASEC model, the AIST-R. MIRT models were more appropriate to describe the data than unidimensional models. It follows that responses to some items were not only influenced by the interest type they were designed to measure but also by another dimension. The advantages of MIRT models are discussed.
Introducing novel protein foods in the EU: economic and environmental impacts.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper utilizes an applied general equilibrium model to investigate the impacts of increased consumption of novel protein foods (NPFs: plant protein-based GM food products) in the EU. The simulation indicates that the introduction of NPFs will substantially decrease the production and consumption of pigmeat in the EU. The model also suggests that this will result in improved quality of the environment. Interestingly, NPFs are an example of GM food products that are actually preferred for environmental quality reasons.
Insecticidal compounds from Phellodendron amurense active against Drosophila melanogaster

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In the course of screening for novel naturally occurring insecticides from Chinese crude drugs, the methanolic extract of the bark of Phellodendron amurense Rupr was found to show insecticidal activity against larvae of Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. Two alkaloids, berberine (1) and palmatine (2), were isolated by bioassay‐guided fractionation of the extract. Insecticidal activity against larvae of D melanogaster was demonstrated; 1 and 2 gave LC 50 values of 2.44 and 8.45 µmol ml −1 diet respectively. Acute toxicity against adult D melanogaster was also found; 1 had the more potent activity, with an LD 50 value of 19.0 µg per adult. However, 2 had weak activity in this study. Therefore 1 was identified as an insecticidal compound from the bark of P amurense Rupr. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Attenuation of Doxorubicin Induced Cardiotoxicity in Wistar Rats by Extracts of Fruits of <i>Ziziphus jujuba</i> Lam

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the cardioprotective activity of fruits of Ziziphus jujuba Lam. in doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats. The ethanolic and aqueous extract of fruits of Z. jujuba has been prepared. Male Wistar rats were divided into seven groups. Vehicle control was Group 1. Doxorubicin 5 mg/kg i.p. was administered to Group 2 animals on the 7th and 14th day. Animals in groups 3 and 4 were dosed with ethanolic extracts of 200 and 400 mg/kg p.o. while groups 5 and 6 received aqueous extracts of 200 and 400mg/kg i.p. Animals from group 7 were given nebivolol 5 mg/kg p.o. All the animals were treated for 28 days. Doxorubicin (2.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to group 2 to group 7 on day 7th and day 14th. Body weight, ECG, blood pressure, CK-MB, Cardiac troponin-I and LDH were the study parameters. The histology of the heart was performed at the end of the study. Doxorubicin showed cardiotoxicity manifested by changes in serum marker enzymes, ECG and hemodynamic parameters which were further confirmed by histology of the heart. These changes induced by doxorubicin were attenuated by treatment with extracts of the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Lam. It is concluded that aqueous extract of the fruit of Ziziphus jujuba Lam. (400 mg/kg p.o.) treatment for 28 days protects the heart of rats in doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity.
Green shipping in Singapore : issues and challenges ship owners and operators

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Currently, the environmental impact of shipping becomes an increasingly significant problem in international trade. Shipping industry is under pressure to improve their green shipping performance, which requires the collaboration of ship owners and operators, port side and maritime authority. This report focuses on the green shipping issues and challenges faced by ship owners and operators. It aims to explore the current condition of green shipping practices by ship owners and operators and to give recommendations based on the research and survey. The survey results show that the most important incentive for them to go green is the saving on energy costs while the most important obstacle is the economic feasibility. The most frequently used green practices and technologies by them mainly involve little investment or less operation costs. Through analysis it is found that although ship owners and operators in Singapore have a supportive attitude toward green shipping, their actual green performance is limited by economic considerations.