jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Modernization, World System, and Clash of Civilization Perspectives in Lay Views of the Development–Morality Nexus in the United States and the Middle East

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter examines the relationship between laypeople’s perceptions of national development and morality. The authors studied whether people perceive national development and morality as complementary or conflicting. They situated their research within the theoretical frameworks of modernization, world system, and the clash of moralities, the latter being a modified version of clash of civilization. These frameworks offer different predictions about how people see the relationship between development and morality. Using survey data, the authors examined how these predictions conform to the ways in which morality and development are connected in the perceptions of Egyptians, Lebanese, Saudi Arabians, and Americans. These data suggest that in each country, one or more of these perspectives is reflected in laypeople’s perceptions, but the distribution of perceptions varies across the countries. Most Americans perceive the association between development and morality as positive, suggesting views that are consistent with modernization theory. The data from the three Middle Eastern countries reveal extensive heterogeneity of viewpoints—some consistent with modernization theory, others with world system theory, others with clashes of morality, and others that combine the three perspectives. These findings are important in today’s globalized world; perceptions of diverse cultures shape national priorities and international relations.
Contact toxicity ofAzadirachta indica(Adr. Juss.),Eucalyptus camaldulensis(Dehn.) andLaurus nobilis(L.) essential oils on mortality cotton aphids,Aphis gossypiiGlover (Hem.: Aphididae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Essential oils from three species of plants comprising three plant families were obtained by Clevenger-type water distillation. The major compounds in these essential oils were identified with GC-MS and their insecticidal activity against adult cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover tested with dosage-mortality bioassays. We examined mortality only for viviparous adults because sizeable aphid populations on cucumber (Cucurbitaceae) hosts are largely produced by these wingless, parthenogenic females. Three of the oils were directly applied to aphid females in randomised blocks at 25 ± 2 °C and 60 ± 5% R.H. and under a L16:D8 photoperiod. Essential oils were mixed with a non-toxic emulsifying agent, Tween 80. Results show adverse contact effects of essential oils studied in the control of cotton aphid. Probit analysis and LC50 at concentrations at different exposures showed aphids were incapacitated and killed by aliphatic aldehydes, phenols and monocyclic terpenes contained in Azadirachta indica, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Laurus nobilis. LC50 on cotton aphid, for azadirachtin eucalyptus and laurel essential oils were respectively 5389, 9515 and 13730 ppm. In the current study, efficacy in respect to the contact toxicity (LC50) followed the order: A. indica > E. camaldulensis > L. nobilis after 24 h treatment. Our results show quantitative and qualitative differences in the chemical composition and insecticidal activities of our essential oils. All oils became insect toxic as concentration increased. According to the results, essential oils of all the three plants have the potential to be employed in the pest management programmes that can be used in protection of greenhouse conditions against cotton aphid.
Sistemas agrarios sustentables y transiciones en el metabolismo agrario: desigualdad social, cambios institucionales y transformaciones del paisaje en Catalunya (1850-2010)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

How did farmers maintain soil fertility as they cultivated the same land over decades and centuries? How did they transfer energy and nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, phosphorous) across the landscape to fertilize crops? How did farmers structure landscapes (field, pasture, woodland) to sustain communities, ensure long-term productivity, and produce profits? We summarize in this article the results of the ongoing research on the last stage of organic agriculture in Catalonia carried out by our project. We also outline the forthcoming steps to continue our research.
Upcrossing‐based time‐dependent resilience of aging structures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The time-dependent resilience of an in-service aging structure provides quantitative measure of the structural ability to prepare for, adapt to, withstand and recover from disruptive events. Resilience models have been proposed in the literature to evaluate the resilience of aging structures subjected to discrete load processes, which are, however, not applicable to handle resilience problems considering continuous load processes. In this paper, a new method is developed to evaluate the time-dependent resilience of aging structures subjected to a continuous load process. The proposed method serves as the complement of the existing resilience models addressing discrete load processes, and takes into account the aging effects of the structural resistance/capacity and the nonstationarity in loads as a result of climate change. A structure suffers from a damage state upon the occurrence of an upcrossing of the load effect with respect to the resistance/capacity, leading to the reduction of the performance function, followed by a recovery process that restores the performance. The proposed method enables the time-dependent resilience to be evaluated via a closed form solution. It is also revealed that, the proposed resilience model takes an extended form of the existing formula for upcrossing-based time-dependent reliability, thus establishing a unified framework for the two quantities. The applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated through examining the time-dependent resilience of a residential building subjected to wind load. The effects of key factors on resilience, including the nonstationarity and correlation structure of the load process, as well as the resistance/capacity deterioration scenario, are investigated through an example. In particular, the structural resilience would be overestimated if ignoring the potential impacts of climate change, which is a relatively non-conservative evaluation.
Electromagnetic wave propagation in concretes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The interpretation of results of radar testing of structural concrete has been hampered by a lack of knowledge of the fundamental dielectric properties of the material. Efforts have been made by a number of researchers to develop theoretical models taking account of the known properties of concrete constituents and their proportions. These have considered inter-relationships between moisture content, voids and test frequency. Other work has examined parameters such as coupling effects on beam spread angle and effective signal frequency in concrete for some commercially available antennas with nominal centre frequencies between 500 MHz and 1 GHz. However, it must be concluded that whilst measurements at discrete frequencies provide a valid approach for comparison of materials compositions, they are not directly applicable to interpretation of field measurements using antennas of similar nominal centre frequency. (2 pages)
Prognostic Value of Colony‐stimulating and Colony‐forming cells in Peripheral Blood in Acute Non‐lymphoblastic Leukemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Colony‐forming cells (CFC) and colony‐stimulating activity (CSA) in peripheral blood cells have been studied before and repeatedly during treatment of 30 patients with acute non‐lymphoblastic leukemia. WBC obtained after Isopaque‐dextran separation were cultured in vitro by a double‐layer agar technique. Before treatment 16 patients out of 30 had CSA and 22 out of 29 had CFC; both CSA and CFC were found in 15 patients. In follow‐up studies during treatment, CSA was mainly unaffected during the leukopenic phase, while CFC were suppressed. No CFC were found at WBC counts below 900/mm 3 . This seems to imply that CFC are more sensitive to cytotoxic agents than colony‐stimulating cells. Twelve patients entered remission; all of them had CSA and all the 11 who were investigated for CFC had CFC before treatment. Fourteen out of 18 non‐responders lacked one or both types of cells. The presence of CSA and CFC in peripheral blood therefore appears to be a sign of favorable prognosis, while the absence of CSA and/or CFC implies lack of response to treatment.
On the Energy Spectrum of Strong Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The energy spectrum of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence attracts interest due to its fundamental importance and its relevance for interpreting astrophysical data. Here we present measurements of the energy spectra from a series of high-resolution direct numerical simulations of MHD turbulence with a strong guide field and for increasing Reynolds number. The presented simulations, with numerical resolutions up to 2048^3 mesh points and statistics accumulated over 30 to 150 eddy turnover times, constitute, to the best of our knowledge, the largest statistical sample of steady state MHD turbulence to date. We study both the balanced case, where the energies associated with Alfvén modes propagating in opposite directions along the guide field, E^+ and $E^-, are equal, and the imbalanced case where the energies are different. In the balanced case, we find that the energy spectrum converges to a power law with exponent -3/2 as the Reynolds number is increased, consistent with phenomenological models that include scale-dependent dynamic alignment. For the imbalanced case, with E^+>E^-, the simulations show that E^- ~ k_{\perp}^{-3/2} for all Reynolds numbers considered, while E^+ has a slightly steeper spectrum at small Re. As the Reynolds number increases, E^+ flattens. Since both E^+ and E^- are pinned at the dissipation scale and anchored at the driving scales, we postulate that at sufficiently high Re the spectra will become parallel in the inertial range and scale as E^+ ~ E^- ~ k_{\perp}^{-3/2}. Questions regarding the universality of the spectrum and the value of the "Kolmogorov constant" are discussed.
High performance microshield line components

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Several millimeter-wave passive components have been fabricated using the microshield transmission line geometry, and their performance is presented herein. Microshield is a quasi-planar, half-shielded design which uses a thin dielectric membrane (1.5 /spl mu/m) to support the conducting lines. This approach provides a nearly homogeneous, air-filled environment and thus allows extremely broad-band TEM operation. This paper examines the conductor loss and effective dielectric constant of microshield lines and presents results on transitions to conventional coplanar waveguide, right-angle bends, different stub configurations, and lowpass and bandpass filters. Experimental data is provided along with numerical results derived from an integral equation method. The microshield line is shown to be very suitable for high performance millimeter and submillimeter-wave applications.< >
Patterning on Cyanine-Dye-Doped Conductive Polymer Films by Ink Jet Method

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, the conducting polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), doped with a cyanine dye, 5-phenyl-2-(2-{[5-phenyl-3-(3-sulfopropyl)-2-(3H)-benzoxazolylidene]methyl}-l-butenyl)-3-(3-sulfopropyl) benzoxazolium hydroxide, inner salt, compound with triethylamine (NK-1952) was used to fabricate J-type aggregated thin films, using piezoelectric ink jets with desirable shape, size, and patterns on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The effects of the cyanine dye and polymer concentration, UV exposure time, and other fabrication parameters of the ink jet such as nozzle size, pulse voltage, pulse duration, and the second pulses on the J-aggregate formation, spot size, and morphology have been investigated and the related mechanisms have also been discussed.
Kernel Methods in Computer Vision

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Few developments have influenced the field of computer vision in the last decade more than the introduction of statistical machine learning techniques. Particularly kernel-based classifiers, such as the support vector machine, have become indispensable tools, providing a unified framework for solving a wide range of image-related prediction tasks, including face recognition, object detection and action classification. By emphasizing the geometric intuition that all kernel methods rely on, Kernel Methods in Computer Vision provides an introduction to kernel-based machine learning techniques accessible to a wide audience including students, researchers and practitioners alike, without sacrificing mathematical correctness. It covers not only support vector machines but also less known techniques for kernel-based regression, outlier detection, clustering and dimensionality reduction. Additionally, it offers an outlook on recent developments in kernel methods that have not yet made it into the regular textbooks: structured prediction, dependency estimation and learning of the kernel function. Each topic is illustrated with examples of successful application in the computer vision literature, making Kernel Methods in Computer Vision a useful guide not only for those wanting to understand the working principles of kernel methods, but also for anyone wanting to apply them to real-life problems.
Forging and Paving a Future: Immigrant Status and Academic Achievement in Luxembourg

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the United States, much has been written about the upward or downward social mobility of the so-called, “New Second Generation”. In Europe, this topic has only recently begun to take shape; mostly in regard to the Netherlands, Germany, France and the UK. In the context of Luxembourg, however, there is very little literature on this topic even though nearly 50% of its population is now of immigrant status. Though small in geography and population, Luxembourg is a founding member of the E.U. and quite literally in the heart of continental Europe. It hosts a diverse set of immigrant groups, continuously attracting economic and some political immigrants, most notably from Italy, the former Yugoslavia and Portugal. Each of these groups arriving at a specific sociohistorical moment: Italians at the height of the steel industry, former Yugoslavians fleeing war, and Portuguese to meet construction and service industry needs. Consequently, Luxembourg is truly a multilingual and multicultural country that makes for a fascinating microcosm to test and explore existing theories of immigrant integration. Its context presents a unique opportunity to study and extrapolate from to anticipate the needs of immigrants elsewhere. Using 2016 data from Luxembourg’s school monitoring programme (ÉpStan), we investigate existing and emerging differences in academic achievement among 1st, 2nd, and later generation immigrant groups in Luxembourg. We analyse math and language proficiencies (German and French) among a cohort of secondary school students (9th grade, N=6286). Preliminary results indicate clear generational differences. These are interpreted in relation to immigrant group characteristics and acculturation in Luxembourg. Implications for the new second generation in the European context will be discussed.
The application of supine bicycle exercise stress echocardiograph for identification of susceptibility to acute mountain sickness

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Exposure to high altitude is likely to lead to acute mountain sickness (AMS). At present, there are no definite parameters that can accurately predict the occurrence of AMS. Objectives The purposes of this study are (1) to assess the relationship between stress echocardiographic parameters and AMS, (2) to identify the predictors of AMS at sea level by exercise stress echocardiography. Methods A total of 36 healthy adults were enrolled and underwent resting and exercise stress echocardiography on a supine bicycle at sea level. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were monitored during stress echocardiography. Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and E/e’ were calculated at rest and peak stage. Other right ventricular systolic function parameters and pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) were calculated at the same time, which included tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV), tricuspid annular peak systolic excursion (TAPSE), systolic PAP (sPAP), right ventricular (RV) dimension by 2D, right ventricular area at the end of diastole (RVAD), right ventricular area at the end of systolic (RVAS),RV fraction of area change (FAC), right ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (RVOT VTI).Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was calculated. All subjects ascended to 3600m within 24 hours by bus. AMS was identified by 2018 Lake Louise Questionnaire Score. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis assessed independent factors associated with AMS. Results At the altitude of 3600m, 13 of 36 subjects had AMS, which defined as AMS (+) group. And the rest was AMS (-) group. There were no significant differences in HR, BP, and LV systolic and diastolic function between the two groups (P &gt; 0.05). TRV, sPAP, and PVR were much higher at peak stage in AMS (+) group (P &lt; 0.05). No significant differences were found in RV systolic function at rest and peak stage between the two groups. By multivariable logistic regression model, PVR and RVAD at peak stage were significantly associated with AMS occurrence (PVR-OR =1.962,95% CI: 0.689-0.973,p =0.002; RVAD-OR =1.962,95% CI: 0.638-0.967,p =0.005;). The cutoff value to predict AMS were 1.55 for PVR (AUC: 0.831) and 11.45 cm2 for RVAD (AUC: 0.802). Conclusions Supine bicycle exercise stress echocardiography is a useful and noninvasive technique to identify subjects susceptible to AMS. Subjects with higher PVR and RVAD at peak stage were associated with susceptibility to AMS.
Contribution of rumen protozoa to fibre degradation and cellulase activity in vitro

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The contribution of ciliates to rumen fermentation was estimated by determination of overall fibre degradation and cellulase activities (determined as carboxymethylcellulase activity) in faunated and defaunated ‘artificial rumen’ cultures. Experiments performed at loading rates of 22.5 and 35 g per liter per day of a grass-grain substrate revealed that fibre degradation was significantly lower in the absence of ciliates only at the high loading rate. This effect of defaunation was smaller at dilution rates below 1.7 fermenter volume turnovers per day. Bacterial numbers were higher in all experiments after removal of ciliates. Fractionation studies demonstrated that ciliates accounted for 19–28% of the total cellulase activity in faunated cultures fed on filter paper cellulose.
Fabrication of Ge-Se-Sb chalcogenide glass with large size and its MTF performance

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the methods of preparation of Ge-Se-Sb glasses with low impurity content were developed, and a large Ge-Sb-Se glass rod (φ85×80mm) with good quality was obtained. The physical and optical properties of the glass were measured. The optical homogeneity (Δn) at 2μm at different places inside the same bulk was less ±2×10-4. In order to accurately evaluate the infrared resolution of our prepared glass, a lens of f 19mm F/#1.3 was used to evalue its modulation transfer function (MTF) performance. The MTF value at 20cycles/mm for 20°C was 0.52. The area under MTF curve covers 82.466% of the image space, and has a value of 21.8 cycles/mm.
Capsid expansion mechanism of bacteriophage T7 revealed by multistate atomic models derived from cryo-EM reconstructions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Significance T7 phage has been used as a model system to study dsDNA virus capsid assembly and maturation. Yet, atomic capsid models and details of capsid transformations are not elucidated. From our cryo-EM study we have derived near-atomic resolution reconstructions of the DNA-free procapsid, a DNA packaging intermediate, and the DNA-packaged, mature phage capsid. From these structures, we have derived the first near-atomic-level model of T7 capsid maturation. The structural knowledge obtained from this study can serve as a platform for analysis of other dsDNA viruses as well as a platform for the development of molecular tools such as improved phage display systems.
A HISTORY OF RECENT INFESTATIONS OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM IN NORTHWESTERN ONTARIO, AND AN ESTIMATE OF RESULTANT TIMBER LOSSES

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The build-up and course of severe infestations of the spruce budworm in the Lac Seul and Lake Nipigon regions of northwestern Ontario is traced from recorded data between 1937 and 1955; the forest cover of the areas is described in general terms; and it is estimated that some 17 million cords of pulpwood were destroyed. The methods employed in this study allow deductions to be made which indicate that the first severe defoliation within the epicenters of the infestations probably occurred in 1939 in the Lac Seul region and in 1937 or 1938 in the Lake Nipigon region; that expansion beyond the epicenters did not occur until the mortality of balsam fir had commenced; and that the increase of the budworm population to the infestation level occurred abruptly. It is also shown that the relatively small and scattered representation of the primary hosts gave no protection from severe damage, and that the potential for future losses within the areas affected by 1955 is almost double the amount destroyed.
Optimal control of a variable speed wind turbine under dynamic wind conditions

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Variable speed wind turbine systems have the potential for significantly increasing the energy that is extracted from the wind compared to constant speed turbines, since they allow the rotor to continue to operate with maximum efficiency as the wind speed varies. However, such systems require back-to-back inverters, or specially wound motors, to achieve the variable frequency to constant frequency conversion that is required. Since this adds to the cost and complexity of the system, it is desirable to make sure that the net energy gain outweighs the increased cost. This paper explores this issue, by presenting control strategies for operating a variable wind speed turbine under varying wind conditions, and determining the increase in energy that can be achieved using these strategies. The results are verified both by simulation and laboratory experiments using a model turbine systems, and show that a 9 to 15% improvement in net energy extraction from the wind is achievable. Further improvements can also be obtained optimizing the generator excitation voltage for the varying speed conditions to reduce losses.