jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Microglia and neurons in the hippocampus of migratory sandpipers

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The semipalmated sandpiper Calidris pusilla and the spotted sandpiper Actitis macularia are long- and short-distance migrants, respectively. C. pusilla breeds in the sub-arctic and mid-arctic tundra of Canada and Alaska and winters on the north and east coasts of South America. A. macularia breeds in a broad distribution across most of North America from the treeline to the southern United States. It winters in the southern United States, and Central and South America. The autumn migration route of C. pusilla includes a non-stop flight over the Atlantic Ocean, whereas autumn route of A. macularia is largely over land. Because of this difference in their migratory paths and the visuo-spatial recognition tasks involved, we hypothesized that hippocampal volume and neuronal and glial numbers would differ between these two species. A. macularia did not differ from C. pusilla in the total number of hippocampal neurons, but the species had a larger hippocampal formation and more hippocampal microglia. It remains to be investigated whether these differences indicate interspecies differences or neural specializations associated with different strategies of orientation and navigation.
The risk and safety profile of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS): An umbrella review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Balancing electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) health communication between limiting the harm for new users while offering current smokers the benefits of reduced-risk products is challenging. This umbrella review aims to summarize the evidence about ENDS risk and safety health profile to inform ENDS health communication strategies. Methods Six databases were searched for systematic reviews presenting evidence on ENDS health effects. Ninety reviews divided into 5 categories were included: toxicity = 20, health effects = 40, smoking cessation = 24, transition to combustible cigarettes (CCs) = 13, and industry claims = 4. Findings were summarized narratively. Meta-analyses were conducted when appropriate. Quality assessment was conducted using the Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews. The Institute of Medicine's Levels of Evidence Framework was used to classify the evidence into high-level, moderate, limited-suggestive, and limited-not-conclusive. Results We found high-level evidence that ENDS exposes users to toxic substances; increases the risk of asthma; leads to nicotine dependence; causes serious injuries due to explosion or poisoning; increases smoking cessation in clinical trials but not in observational studies; increases CCs initiation; and exposure to ENDS marketing increases its use/intention-to-use. Evidence was moderate for ENDS association with mental health and substance use, and limited-not-conclusive for its association with cardiovascular, cancer, ear, ocular, and oral diseases, and pregnancy outcomes. Conclusions Currently, ENDS communication can focus on high-level evidence related to ENDS association with toxicity, nicotine addiction, respiratory disease, ENDS-specific harm (explosion, poisoning), and anti-ENDS industry sentiment. Further research is needed to assess the full spectrum of ENDS health profiles. Key messages • Further research is needed to establish the risk and safety health profile of ENDS with consideration of the wide variety of ENDS, their frequency of use, and different segments of the population. • More prospective cohort studies that take place over longer time periods and with larger sample sizes are necessary to gauge accurately the short- and long-term health-related risks of ENDS.
Grid-Connected Converter With Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Modes Presenting Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Fault Ride-Through Capability

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Grid-connected converters must remain coupled to the grid during a fault. They have to control the reactive currents injected to the grid because of its limited overload capacity. In particular, grid-forming (GFM) converters ride through the fault either preserving GFM operation or switching from GFM to grid-following (GFL) mode. In the GFM mode, the current cannot be controlled, and therefore, mechanisms as virtual impedances become necessary. This article proposes a converter with GFM and GFL capabilities that demonstrates effective voltage tracking in the GFM mode and current tracking in the GFL mode, good dynamic disturbance rejection response, and wide stability range and robustness in both modes. During a fault, the proposed converter switches from GFM to GFL mode in order to precisely control the injected currents. The current control is able to limit the current at the inception of severe faults. This characteristic is preserved for a wide range of grid impedances, thanks to its good robustness and wide stability margin. As a result, the controller can operate in a stand-alone mode, connected to a weak grid or connected to a stiff grid with a short-circuit ratio of up to 50. The fault ride-through capability of the converter is tested under severe symmetrical and asymmetrical faults.
Thrombomodulin in the treatment of atherothrombotic diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

TLRs have been extensively studied over the past decade for their ability to recognize microbial molecular patterns and activate innate immune cells to fight infections. They have also been described to provide a link between innate and adaptive immunity, as TLR signals also enhance the antigen presenting capacity of innate immune cells to T cells. In recent years, a contribution of TLR pathways to immune responses elicited by ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI), allografts and xenografts has been uncovered, although the ligands that bind TLRs in these settings remain to be revealed. Such research has the potential to identify novel therapeutic targets that may facilitate allograft acceptance. In this review, we will summarize the results published to date on the role of TLRs in experimental and clinical transplantation.
Calcium and Vitamin D Deficiency in Vietnamese: Recommendations for an Intervention Strategy

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In recent years, reports have described various roles of vitamin D in human health. Vitamin D deficiency has emerged as a significant public health problem throughout the world. Even in the Vietnamese context, it has been reported to be present in a majority of the population in spite of the wide availability of sunlight. Vitamin D and calcium are essential nutrients for bone health. The proposed health benefits of vitamin D and calcium have attracted increased interest from health care professionals, the media, and the public. The aim of this paper is to summarize the published data on vitamin D and calcium intake as well as on the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the Vietnamese population, and to provide recommendations for a proper strategy to control calcium and vitamin D deficiency in this population. The national authorities should adopt policies aimed at improving vitamin D and calcium status by using measures such as dietary recommendations, food fortification, vitamin D supplementation, and judicious sun exposure.
A Front-end to LBTest for Conformance Testing of Embedded Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This report presents the work creating and evaluating a front-end for conformance testing with the LBTest software and the viability of a tool of this kind. LBTest is a tool designed for learning-based testing of embedded systems using model checking. In order to reach a verdict the model checking uses a specification written in linear temporal logic. The front-ends desired functionality is to translate NuSMV-files into linear temporal logic. A .dot-file should also be generated in order to render a visual representation of the Nu- SMV-file. A case study where the front-end translates a model's specification and testing it on a program with LBTest is successful and shows that a frontend is possible to create and use in order to achieve conformance testing in LBTest.
Species Survey of Landscape Plant Nematodes and Studies on Nematode Community Dynamics in Liaocheng City

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The paper carried out a systematic survey on landscape plant nematodes in Liaocheng from 2001 to 2004,and 11 kinds of herbivorous nematodes,3 kinds of saprophitic nematode and 1 kind of rapacious nematode were identified by isolation from soil and media in Bellman funnel.Through studying the dynamic change,it is found that there was an increasing trend for nematode population from spring to autumn,at the same time group structure is being diversified developed,numbers and species reach the summit in late autumn.
Life in the Gupta Age

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The Gupta kings adopted pompous titles such as parameshvara, maharajadhiraja, and paramabhattaraka. Kingship was hereditary, but royal power was limited by the want of a firm adherence to primogeniture. The Guptas organized a system of provincial and local administration. There was a decline in long-distance trade. The striking development of the Gupta period was the emergence of priestly landlords at the cost of local peasants. Buddhism stopped to receive royal patronage during the Gupta period. This religion was also not as important during the Gupta period as it had been in the days of Ashoka and Kanishka. Bhagavatism originated in post-Maurya times and centred on the worship of Vishnu or Bhagavata. Bhagavatism was marked by bhakti and ahimsa. Bhagavatism or Vaishnavism overshadowed Mahayana Buddhism by Gupta times. This period is remarkable for the production of secular literature. The Gupta craftsmen distinguished themselves by their work in iron and bronze.
A soluble divalent class I major histocompatibility complex molecule inhibits alloreactive T cells at nanomolar concentrations.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Genetically engineered or chemically purified soluble monovalent major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which have previously been used to study T cells, have not blocked cytotoxic T-cell responses. Here we describe a genetically engineered divalent class I MHC molecule which inhibits lysis of target cells by alloreactive cytotoxic T cells. This protein, H-2Kb/IgG, was generated as a fusion protein between the extracellular domains of a murine class I polypeptide, H-2Kb, and an immunoglobulin heavy chain polypeptide. The chimeric protein has serological and biochemical characteristics of both the MHC and IgG polypeptides. Nanomolar concentrations of H-2Kb/IgG inhibited lysis of H-2Kb-expressing target cells not only by alloreactive H-2Kb-specific T-cell clones but also by alloreactive H-2Kb-specific primary T-cell cultures. A direct binding assay showed high-affinity binding between the H-2Kb/IgG molecule and an H-2Kb-specific alloreactive T-cell clone. Unlabeled H-2Kb/IgG displaced 125I-labeled H-2Kb/IgG from T cells with an IC50 of 1.2 nM.
The application of Microtremor Survey Method in investigating the geological formation of Singapore

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In the recent study of seismic activities, the Microtremor Survey Method (MSM) has become a very much interesting tool in estimating subsurface soil structure for better understanding of the ground response by amplification factor. This research has been undertaken by many around the world mainly because of the advantages it offers as oppose to conventional site investigation such as boring. The method is also known to be low in cost and non-destructive in nature. The entire project will plan to investigate the geological formation of Singapore as well as estimating subsurface soil profile using the MSM. Moreover, the Spatial Autocorrelation (SPAC) method will be applied to show how the recorded data will be selected and processed to estimate Rayleigh wave dispersion curve, thereafter estimating the subsurface soil layers. A comparison between the results obtained from SPAC analysis as well as borehole information will also be shown to check for consistency. Apart from that, a short research on the selection analysis of data segment lengths will be discussed as to whether there will be significant impact towards generating the phase velocity profile diagrams. Comparison between smaller and larger number of data will be illustrated and explained to show any crucial significant effect on the potential end result. The data lengths that will be chosen are 4096, 8192 and 16384 number of data. Finally, a summary findings as well as a discussion on some of the result inconsistencies will be presented. This research can be used in future study such as identifying the amplification factor as well as the simulation of hazardous effect during a potential earthquake event.
Global antiphospholipid syndrome score (GAPSS) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction. The Global Antiphospholipid Syndrome Score (GAPSS) is a tool proposed to quantify the risk of clinical manifestations associated with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and certain cardiovascular risk factors. Objective. To validate GAPSS in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in Russia. Material and methods. 115 patients with SLE were included in the study, including 51 (44%) patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), 14 (12%) – SLE with aPL, and 50 (44%) – SLE. Results. There was a history of thrombosis in 58 (50%) patients with 115, of them 14 (24%) had arterial thrombosis, 29 (50%) – venous, 15 (26%) – combined. Pregnancy against the background of the disease occurred in 43 women included in the study. Of them, 29 (67%) had obstetric pathology. Patients with thrombosis and obstetric pathology had a GAPSS score of 7.17±5.64, versus 4.48±4.55 without these manifestations (p=0.0003). There was a significant association between GAPSS levels and thrombosis – patients with thrombosis had a GAPSS of 7.31±5.70, those without thrombosis – 4.00±4.81 (p=0.001). GAPPS values were higher in arterial thrombosis compared to venous thrombosis (10.40±25.30 versus 5.82±5.28; p=0.01). GAPSS levels ≥6 and ≥10 were analyzed to select GAPSS values at which a high risk of recurrent thrombosis and/or obstetric pathology could be indicated. All GAPSS levels had a significant association with clinical manifestations of APS. The quality of GAPSS by ROC analysis showed an area under the curve (AUC) for GAPSS of 0.697. Conclusion. GAPSS can be used to assess the risk of recurrence or development of thrombosis and/or obstetric pathology in patients with SLE in the Russian Federation. The GAPSS ≥6 values should be used to stratify patients with SLE into high risk group for recurrence of vascular complications. Further prospective follow-up is needed to confirm the value of GAPSS.
ULF geomagnetic power at cusp latitudes in response to upstream solar wind conditions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Energy densities are computed for geomagnetic field fluctuations in the Pc 3–4 range using H component magnetometer data recorded at South Pole station over a three‐month period from June 3 to September 4, 1982. Hourly values of the energy densities in the Pc 3 and Pc 4 period bands are found to be highly correlated during geomagnetic local daytime hours. The results of multivariate analyses between geomagnetic energies and upstream solar wind quantities show that the most important quantity in controlling the magnitude of the field fluctuations is the solar wind speed, with the IMF B z component being of next importance. We conclude that the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at the dayside magnetopause is, statistically, the dominant energy source that contributes to ULF hydromagnetic wave activity at cusp latitudes.
The correspondence between contractual and tort liability in the Civil law of Ukraine, Germany, and France

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article explores the regulation of civil legal relations between parties arising from breaches of contract terms and causing harm in Ukraine, Germany, and France. Specifically, it analyzes the relationship between the grounds for the emergence of these legal relations. Although the topic of the correspondence between contractual and tort liability has been raised by scholars many times, there are still no unified approaches to addressing this issue in the legal doctrine of Ukraine. Furthermore, there are no established approaches to the correlation of these two types of civil liability in a comparative context with international experience in resolving this issue There are numerous contradictions and uncertainties in Ukrainian legal doctrine today, negatively impacting the level of legal science, which is reflected in the quality of national civil legislation. Due to the legal uncertainty arising from theoretical approaches in correlating contractual and tort liability, there is still a need to study this issue. The Civil Code of Ukraine is undergoing recodification, and this process is irreversible. Ukraine is moving towards closer alignment with the EU, harmonizing its legislation with EU law in accordance with EU principles and standards. The uncertainty of the doctrine only creates obstacles for quality recodification and harmonization with EU norms. Therefore, it is proposed to specify and unify approaches to understanding contractual and tort liability within the doctrine, taking into account the direct experience gained by Germany and France, whose Civil Codes are exemplary for all of continental Europe. Therefore, there is a need for a broader disclosure of the specifics of the relationship and regulation of contractual and tort liability, the definition of approaches to such a relationship, as well as ways to improve Ukrainian legislation.
Managing the business-to-business customer’s experience using engagement insights

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Digital transformation has made today’s business environment more global, dynamic, complex and competitive. Customers have higher expectations than ever and are more likely to interact with firms through a wide range of omni-channel touch points. To remain relevant and target growth effectively, business practitioners must leverage these omni-channel engagement insights and deliver efficiently with agile and innovative execution. In the business-to-business (B2B) professional services environment, where the business relationship traditionally hinges on service, how does the customer’s experience across the firm’s human and digital touch points ultimately impact their engagement with the firm? Leveraging the fundamental propositions of Brodie’s customer engagement framework, service-dominant logic and its associated lexicon, this paper presents a management approach that focuses on customer engagement as a business outcome and discusses the associated challenges particular to practitioners in B2B professional services organisations.
Electric and Magnetic Field Effects on Optical Properties of Excitons in Parabolic Quantum Wells and Quantum Dots

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We show how to compute electro- and magneto-optical spectra resulting from the scattering of a plane electromagnetic wave on quantum well (QW) and cylindrical quantum dot (QD) nanostructures with parabolic confinement, in the region of the excitonic resonances. In the case of QWs we consider two configurations of the applied fields: one with both fields perpendicular to the growth planes, the other with both fields parallel to the QW planes. In the first case we observe how the diamagnetic shift and the Stark shift influence the shape and the positions of the excitonic peaks. For both fields parallel to the plane we observe Franz-Keldysh oscillations above the Landau states. In the case of cylindrical QDs we consider the effects of the magnetic field applied parallel to the symmetry axis and the electric field applied perpendicular to it. Again we observe displacements of the peaks and the variation of the peak hights depending on the relative strengths of the fields. Results are given for InxGa1—xAs/InP QWs, and cylindrical InxGa1—xAs/GaAs and GaAs/Ga1—xAlxAs QDs. Fair agreement with experiments is obtained.
Crosslinking of concanavalin A with glutaraldehyde.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Crosslinking of Concanavalin A with low concentrations of glutaraldehyde gives a mixture of products. A specific product having about 66% of the biological activity of the native molecule was characterized. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis showed the presence of monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, and a small amount of pentamers as products. The presence of alpha-methyl mannoside during crosslinking changed the nature of the products, yielding a product retaining 80% of the biological activity. The crosslinked products showed greater stability than the native molecule at alkaline pH. However, the greatest stability under alkaline conditions was shown by the native molecule itself where alpha-methyl mannoside was present.
Becoming Tsimshian: The Social Life of Names

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A Note on the OrthographyAcknowledgments 1. Introduction 2. Names as People 3. Names as Wealth 4. History and Structure in Tsimshian Lineage Consciousness 5. Decent, Continuity, and Identity under Colonialism Appendix A. GlossaryAppendix B. Tshimshian HousesNotesBibliographyIndex