jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Shallow water equations with binary porosity and their application to urban flooding

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Climate change and urbanization, among various factors, are expected to exacerbate the risk of flood disasters in urban areas. This prompts the construction of appropriate modeling tools capable of addressing full-scale urban floods for hazard and risk assessment. In this view, sub-grid porosity models based on the classic shallow water equations (SWE) appear to be a promising approach for full-scale applications in urban environments with reduced computational cost with respect to classic SWE models on high-resolution grids. The present work focuses on the recently proposed two-dimensional binary single porosity (BSP) model, which is a porosity flooding model written in differential form and based on the use of a binary indicator function to locate obstacles and buildings. Several applications (synthetic, experimental, and real-world cases) show that (i) the BSP results tend to the classic SWE solution for sufficiently refined mesh and that (ii) the BSP model can be successfully applied to realistic conditions with complicated terrain and obstacle distribution on coarser grids. Clearly, the adoption of medium/coarse grids makes the BSP model inherently less accurate than the classic SWE model on high-resolution grids, but the corresponding reduction of computational cost makes the use of the BSP model promising in full-scale urban flood applications when (i) multiple simulations are needed to perform stochastic or scenario analysis, (ii) no detailed information of local flow characteristics is required, and/or (iii) for complementing classic SWE models in a nesting cascade.
Mesenteric vascular dysregulation and intestinal inflammation accompanies experimental spinal cord injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cervical and high thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI) drastically impairs autonomic nervous system function. Individuals with SCI at thoracic spinal level 5 (T5) or higher often present cardiovascular disorders that include resting systemic arterial hypotension. Gastrointestinal (GI) tissues are critically dependent upon adequate blood flow and even brief periods of visceral hypoxia triggers GI dysmotility. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that T3-SCI induces visceral hypoperfusion, diminished postprandial vascular reflexes, and concomitant visceral inflammation. We measured in vivo systemic arterial blood pressure and superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and duodenal blood flow in anesthetized T3-SCI rats at 3 days and 3 wk postinjury either fasted or following enteral feeding of a liquid mixed-nutrient meal (Ensure). In separate cohorts of fasted T3-SCI rats, markers of intestinal inflammation were assayed by qRT-PCR. Our results show that T3-SCI rats displayed significantly reduced SMA blood flow under all experimental conditions ( P < 0.05). Specifically, the anticipated elevation of SMA blood flow in response to duodenal nutrient infusion (postprandial hyperemia) was either delayed or absent after T3-SCI. The dysregulated SMA blood flow in acutely injured T3-SCI rats coincides with abnormal intestinal morphology and elevation of inflammatory markers, all of which resolve after 3 wk. Specifically, Icam1, Ccl2 (MCP-1), and Ccl3 (MIP-1α) were acutely elevated following T3-SCI. Our data suggest that arterial hypotension diminishes mesenteric blood flow necessary to meet mucosal demands at rest and during digestion. The resulting GI ischemia and low-grade inflammation may be an underlying pathology leading to GI dysfunction seen following acute T3-SCI.
Regulation of the sperm‐to‐oocyte transition in Caenorhabditis briggsae hermaphrodites by the Cbr‐met‐2 and Cbr‐fem‐3 genes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In Caenorhabditis briggsae hermaphrodites, spermatogenesis begins in the L4 larval stage and persists into early adulthood. Oogenesis begins after spermatogenesis; the sperm‐to‐oocyte transition is irreversible. The timing of this transition is believed to have evolved in response to selection to maximize the intrinsic growth rate. Sperm‐to‐oocyte transitions occurred early in Cbr‐met‐2 and Cbr‐fem‐3 mutants. These early transitions resulted in reduced brood sizes, but had little or no impact on the intrinsic growth rate. In Cbr‐met‐2; Cbr‐fem‐3 doubly mutant hermaphrodites, the transition to oogenesis occurred even earlier and brood size was further reduced, indicating that Cbr‐met‐2 and Cbr‐fem‐3 regulate the sperm‐to‐oocyte transition through separate pathways. Mutations in Cbr‐met‐2 also resulted in an increase in the frequency of males in mutant populations. These increased male frequencies were not caused by increased rates of X nondisjunction during oogenesis in mutant hermaphrodites. Rather, increases in the rates of outcrossing in mutant populations likely were an indirect effect of reduced brood sizes derived from self‐fertilization. Based on these observations, it is possible that the timing of the sperm‐to‐oocyte transition in C. briggsae evolved in response to sexual selection on hermaphrodites to limit rates of outcrossing. Mutations in the orthologous Caenorhabditis elegans gene, Cel‐met‐2 , did not impact the timing of the sperm‐to‐oocyte transition, consistent with the independent evolution of hermaphroditic reproduction in these species. Although brood sizes were reduced in Cel‐met‐2 mutant strains, increased male frequencies were not observed. Cbr‐ and Cel‐met‐2 mutations also differed in terms of germline mortality, observed in C. elegans , but not in C. briggsae .
Blockchain-Based Implementation for Integration of DNA Profiles Information Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Blockchain has been a new technology that involves an emergent evolution of many areas, particularly in finance, healthcare and supply chain. Due to its remarkable features including immutability, decentralization, peer-to-peer networking and capability to corporate with data protection and privacy, it is attractive to system integration. In traditional system integration architecture, a central mediator with a silo to store transactions stands in the center of integration to provide trust and transparency for participated systems. Hence existing central mediator could become a possible target of Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) cyberattack and single point of failure. This paper presents a blockchain-base system architecture and its implementation for system integration which doesn't need a central mediator. The blockchain-based system has been implemented using Ethereum Blockchain in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) standard to support the integration of DNA profiles information systems.
Sulla interpretazione dei parametri dei modelli analitici per la distribuzione del reddito personale

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

For continuos and non-negative random variables, Zenga specifies a partial ordering using ratio between population quantiles of income distribution as a fruitful device to obtain a partial ordering of Lorenz's and Zenga's concentration curves respectively. The purpose of this paper is to use Zenga's contribution to investigate the concentration curves behaviour when one inequality parameter changes while the others remain constant. An important feature of this ratio between population quantiles is that it gives a straightforward information about the Lorenz' and Zenga's concentration curves behaviour without requiring the numerical knowledge or estimation of their mathematical forms. The quantiles ratio is used to analyse the concentration behaviour resulting from changes of each inequality parameter at a time for the following income distribution models lognormal, Singh and Maddala, Dagum Type I, and the generalized-Pareto specified by Stoppa.
Multifractal treatment of free volume and diffusion of gases in polyethylene

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

It is demonstrated that the multifractal model of processes of gas transport and the associated treatment of the part of amorphous phase accessible for diffusion enable one to make a correct quantitative description of the diffusion coefficient of various gases in polyethylene and of its temperature dependence. The physical meaning is revealed of the exponent m in the equation for determining the diffusion coefficient of gases in amorphous-crystalline polymers. The boundary value is obtained of the diameter of molecule of penetrant gas, which defines the mono-to-multi-fractal transition of the mechanism of gas transport.
Effective Comparison of Lomefloxacin and Ciprofloxacin in Treating Acute Bacterial Infection

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of lomefloxacin injection and ciprofloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial infections. Methods:A total of 144 patients were divided into 2 groups. 72 patients of the therapy group received lomefloxacin injection 0.2-0.4 g, iv grip, qd, for 7-10 d. 72 patients of the control group received ciprofloxacin injection 0.2- 0.4 g, iv grip, bid, for 7-10 d. Results:The effective rate and the bacterial clearing rate of the therapy group were 88.9% and 86.1 % respectively, and those of the control group were 84.7% and 80.6% respectively. The adverse reaction of the therapy group was 5.6% , and that of the control group was 6.9%. Conclusion: Lomefloxacin is an effective and safe antibacterial drug in the treatment of bacterial infections. The usage of lomefloxacin injection is convenienter than ciprofloxacin's.
Influence of volume medium on growth and ginsenoside level in adventitious root culture of Panax ginseng CA Meyer

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Ginseng ( Panax ginseng , Family Araliaceae) is a traditional herbal plant that is pretty well known and has been widely used in various countries, such as Korea, China, and Japan. Ginseng contains ginsenoside secondary metabolites that have been shown to have therapeutic effects, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer. Ginseng production by traditional cultivation methods is long and produces inconsistent results. Therefore, in vitro culture is an alternative method to produce ginseng and ginsenoside consistently. In 2018, PT Bintang Todjoe collaborated with the University of Surabaya (UBAYA) and the Hanbang-Bio Inc. (holding company of Kyung Hee University) to establish the Kalbe Ubaya Hanbang-Bio Laboratory (KUH Lab). From previous studies, the dry weight achieved was only 109.758 g, which did not reach the target (120 grams). Therefore, the media was modified by adding media volume from 13L to 15L. The increase in media volume increased fresh weight to 2728.7 g, dry weight to 137.6 g, and yield up to 5%. However, this increase in media volume has not increased ginsenoside levels.
Theatre, dance and liturgy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The "Węgajty" Theatre School /Schola/ which operates in Warmia under the management and supervision of Wolfgang Niklaus, tries to reconstruct the medieval liturgical plays. After a few centuries of absence from the public scene in the Middle Ages (or else of concealed presence in the form of folk and ritual spectacles), the medieval theatre became reborn precisely within the Church. - In all likelihood, before the 10th century, short dramatized forms, known as liturgical plays, were presented as part of the liturgy. Like all ceremonial liturgy, they were meant to be sung, nearly in their entirety. Gradually, they were extended to form fully-fledged liturgical plays. When reforming the liturgy and tidying up liturgical books the Council of Trent (1545-1563) at the same time banished liturgical plays from Church interiors. No doubt, it was a legitimate decision on behalf of the Church as more and more lay and even satirical elements began to appear in the church liturgy. Yet, records of liturgical plays, in many cases accompanied by a musical notation and precise "stage" directions, have also been preserved until the present day. Towards the end of the 20th century, many singers, particularly those specializing in old music, tried to reconstruct this form, yet they did so exclusively by adopting the concert form (sometimes even the form of plays, but not those of liturgical spectacles). The international team grouped in the Theatre School /Schola/ has embarked on an extremely risky task - for after a few centuries of its absence from the public scene, it tried once again to incorporate the liturgical play into its natural environment - by performing it in the course of the liturgy. In order to fully comprehend this phenomenon, it is worth taking a closer look at Christianity’s attitude towards the theatre. In the present article, I focus chiefly on the liturgical context associated with the activity of the "Węgajta" Theatre School. I write about the theatre in the Bible and I try to describe how the attitude towards it evolved throughout centuries; I also write about dance in the Church and finally about the most important Christian "spectacle" - the Holy Mass.
Realization of Miniature Air Data System Based on Silicon Micro Pressure Sensor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, miniature air data system is designed based on thermally excited resonant silicon micro structural pressure sensor. The system employs thermally excited resonant silicon micro structural pressure sensor for the pressure measurement. Using miniature embedded computer, calculation of the parameters such as height, airspeed and mach number and real-time display by LCD are realized. The volume and weight of this system is only one-twelfth of the original. In addition, it has the characteristics of high accuracy, high resolution, high stability and repeatability.
Coproduction of inulinase and invertase by Galactomyces geotrichum in whey-based medium and evaluation of additional nutrients

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the suitability of whey as an effective medium for the coproduction of inulinase and invertase by an oleaginous yeast Galactomyces geotrichum and to investigate the effects of some additional carbon and nitrogen sources. The nutritional factors and composition of the medium have a great impact on the production pathways of microbial enzymes. To deepen the research, a Taguchi design was employed to quickly scan the best conditions. First, the cheese whey was partly deproteinized and investigated as the sole medium for the yeast. The next step was performed to study the effects of inulin, sucrose and lactose as carbon sources and ammonium sulfate, yeast extract and casein as nitrogen sources. All analyses (Taguchi and ANOVA) were performed using Minitab software. Whey-based medium without any additional carbon and nitrogen sources gave inulinase and invertase activities as 54.6 U/mL and 47.4 U/mL, respectively. Maximum inulinase activity was obtained as 77.9 U/mL using inulin as the carbon source without any nitrogen source. The highest I/S ratio was found as 2.08. On the other hand, the highest invertase activity was carried out as 50.85 U/mL in whey-based medium using lactose as carbon source without any additional nitrogen source. This is the first report about partly deproteinized whey-based medium utilization for simultaneous inulinase and invertase production by G. geotrichum TS-61. Moreover, the effects of carbon and nitrogen sources were investigated in detail.
Optical phase conjugation in dyes embedded in polymer films

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Studies on low power optical phase conjugation (OPC) in three saturable dyes, viz., eosin, erythrosin B, and rose bengal, embedded in two polymer films, viz., gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol, are presented. Experiments are performed using the 514.5 nm line of an argon-ion laser. Saturation intensities are determined from the transmission versus intensity plots, and triplet lifetimes are estimated from the phosphorescence decay curves. OPC experiments are performed, and the variation of OPC reflectivity with intensity and absorption length is studied. Experimental results are compared with the theory of degenerate four-wave mixing in absorbing media proposed by R. L. Abrams and R. C. Lind [Opt. Lett. 2(4), 94 (1 978)]. There is fair agreement between the theory and the experimental observations. The limitations in using these films for cw OPC applications are briefly discussed.
The Attentive Spider: Search‐Image Use by a Mosquito‐Eating Predator

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Evarcha culicivora , a jumping spider from East Africa, feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by choosing blood‐carrying female mosquitoes as prey. It also has an unusually complex mate‐choice system. Here, we show that both sexes of E . culicivora can use mate‐finding search images and also use prey‐finding search images. In experiments, individuals were primed by seeing blood‐carrying mosquitoes, primed by seeing potential mates or not primed (control: saw neither). They were then introduced into an arena where the task was to find a blood‐carrying mosquito or a potential mate. In all instances, the prey or potential mates were dead individuals used as lures. The lure in the arena was either cryptic (i.e. hidden behind nylon netting and accompanied by distractors) or conspicuous (i.e. netting and distractors absent). When lures were conspicuous, the identity of the priming stimulus appeared to be irrelevant. However, when lures were cryptic, significantly more spiders found the lure that was congruent with the priming stimulus and significantly fewer spiders found the lure that was incongruent with the priming stimulus. On this basis, we conclude that the spiders were using search images for finding the lures and that search images were relevant only when the lure to be found was cryptic.
Globally monitoring translation one codon at a time through ribosome profiling (231.1)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The ability to sequence genomes has far outstripped approaches for deciphering the information they encode. We have developed a suite of techniques based on ribosome profiling (deep sequencing of ribosome protected fragments) that dramatically expand our ability to follow translation in vivo . I will present recent applications of our ribosome profiling approach including the following: (1) Development of ribosome profiling protocols for a wide variety of eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. (2) Uses of ribosome profiling to globally monitor when chaperones, targeting factors or processing enzymes engage nascent chains. (3) Deciphering the driving force and biological consequences underlying the choice of synonymous codons.
Data from Voxel Level Radiologic–Pathologic Validation of Restriction Spectrum Imaging Cellularity Index with Gleason Grade in Prostate Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Purpose:</b> Restriction spectrum imaging (RSI-MRI), an advanced diffusion imaging technique, can potentially circumvent current limitations in tumor conspicuity, <i>in vivo</i> characterization, and location demonstrated by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) techniques in prostate cancer detection. Prior reports show that the quantitative signal derived from RSI-MRI, the cellularity index, is associated with aggressive prostate cancer as measured by Gleason grade (GG). We evaluated the reliability of RSI-MRI to predict variance with GG at the voxel-level within clinically demarcated prostate cancer regions.</p><p><b>Experimental Design:</b> Ten cases were processed using whole mount sectioning after radical prostatectomy. Regions of tumor were identified by an uropathologist. Stained prostate sections were scanned at high resolution (75 μm/pixel). A grid of tiles corresponding to voxel dimensions was graded using the GG system. RSI-MRI cellularity index was calculated from presurgical prostate MR scans and presented as normalized <i>z</i>-score maps. In total, 2,795 tiles were analyzed and compared with RSI-MRI cellularity.</p><p><b>Results:</b> RSI-MRI cellularity index was found to distinguish between prostate cancer and benign tumor (<i>t</i> = 25.48, <i>P</i> < 0.00001). Significant differences were also found between benign tissue and prostate cancer classified as low-grade (GG = 3; <i>t</i> = 11.56, <i>P</i> < 0.001) or high-grade (GG ≥ 4; <i>t</i> = 24.03, <i>P</i> < 0.001). Furthermore, RSI-MRI differentiated between low and high-grade prostate cancer (<i>t</i> = 3.23; <i>P</i> = 0.003).</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> Building on our previous findings of correlation between GG and the RSI-MRI among whole tumors, our current study reveals a similar correlation at voxel resolution within tumors. Because it can detect variations in tumor grade with voxel-level precision, RSI-MRI may become an option for planning targeted procedures where identifying the area with the most aggressive disease is important. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 22(11); 2668–74. ©2016 AACR</i>.</p></div>
All-fiber low-frequency shifter based on acousto–optic interaction and its heterodyne vibration response

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate two all-fiber low-frequency shift schemes based on the acousto–optic interaction in a few-mode fiber (FMF). Two acoustically induced fiber gratings (AIFGs) are cascaded in reverse to achieve an efficient cycle conversion between LP 11 and LP 01 core modes in the FMF while obtaining a frequency shift of 1.8 MHz. In addition, a long-period fiber grating (LPFG) is employed to replace the AIFG, which achieves a lower frequency shift of 0.9 MHz, and its tunable wavelength range exceeds 100 nm. Both schemes show the characteristics of an upward frequency shift. Moreover, we also present a heterodyne detection system based on the above frequency shift schemes, which is verified in response to micro-vibration signals ranging from tens to hundreds of kilohertz, as well as speech signals in a lower frequency range. The experimental results show that these all-fiber frequency shift schemes have potential applications, such as in fiber optic hydrophones, laser speech detection, and fiber optic sensors.