jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Calcium isotopes as a biomarker for vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Calcium balance is abnormal in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with the development of vascular calcification. It is currently not routine to screen for vascular calcification in CKD patients. In this cross-sectional study, we investigate whether the ratio of naturally occurring calcium (Ca) isotopes, 44Ca and 42Ca, in serum could be used as a noninvasive marker of vascular calcification in CKD. We recruited 78 participants from a tertiary hospital renal center: 28 controls, 9 subjects with mild–moderate CKD, 22 undertaking dialysis and 19 who received a kidney transplant. For each participant, systolic blood pressure, ankle brachial index, pulse wave velocity, and estimated glomerular filtration rate were measured, along with serum markers. Calcium concentrations and isotope ratios were measured in urine and serum. While we found no significant association between urine Ca isotope composition (noted δ44/42Ca) between the different groups, δ44/42Ca values in serum were significantly different between healthy controls, subjects with mild–moderate CKD and those undertaking dialysis (P &lt; 0.01). Receiver operative characteristic curve analysis shows that the diagnostic utility of serum δ44/42Ca for detecting medial artery calcification is very good (AUC = 0.818, sensitivity 81.8% and specificity 77.3%, P &lt; 0.01), and performs better than existing biomarkers. Although our results will need to be verified in prospective studies across different institutions, serum δ44/42Ca has the potential to be used as an early screening test for vascular calcification.
Unexpected Reaction of 2-Alkylsulfanylimidazoles to Imidazol-2-ones: Pyridinylimidazol-2-ones as Novel Potent p38α Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

While optimizing the synthesis of 2-alkylsulfanyl-5-(2-aminopyridin-4-yl)imidazoles, we identified an unexpected reaction to pyridinylimidazol-2-ones. 2-Alkylsulfanylimidazoles, bearing a 2-hydroxyethyl or a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl moiety at the imidazole C2-S position, were converted by heating into imidazol-2-ones. These imidazol-2-ones were tested for their ability to inhibit p38alpha MAP kinase and LPS-stimulated TNF-alpha release in HWB. Introduction of an amino moiety at the pyridine C2 position led to compounds showing potent enzyme inhibitory activity with double-digit nanomolar IC(50) values (5a: IC(50) = 23 nM).
Estimated Dietary Intakes of Vitamin A5

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: A new vitamin concept, termed vitamin A5, an umbrella term for vitamin A derivatives being direct nutritional precursors for 9-cis-13,14-dihydroretinoic acid and further induction of RXR-signaling, was recently identified with global importance for mental health and healthy brain and nerve functions. Dietary recommendations in the range of 1.1 (0.5–1.8) mg vitamin A5 / day were suggested by an international expert consortium. The ensuing question arises as to the current daily dietary intake amounts in Western civilization. Methods: Addressing this answer included calculating the intake based on known amounts of vitamin A5 in frequently consumed food items of the human diet that are high in this vitamin, as well as the known daily dietary intake amounts of those selected food components in Westernized countries. Results: Regarding food items, amounts of vitamin A5 in the form of provitamin A5 (i.e., 9-cis-beta-carotene (9CBC)), the predominant form in the diet, were found to range from 0.1 to 39 µg 9CBC / g for individual fruits and vegetables, with the highest concentrations being in leafy vegetables. The average intake amounts of vitamin A5 in adults of the general population following a Western lifestyle in Europe averaged 0.9, with a range from 0.5 (for Austria) to 1.3 (for Italy) mg 9CBC/day. Furthermore, based on our calculations, large parts, i.e., approximately two-thirds, of the population are low, even too low (<1.1 mg/day), in daily vitamin A5 intake. Conclusion: In addition to the importance of nudging the population toward a regrettably non-well-accepted higher intake of fruits and vegetables, an additional fortification and supplementation of vitamin A5 could be considered, similar to other micronutrients that are low in a Westernized diet.
A Simulation Study of the Effects of Additive, Multiplicative, Correlated, and Uncorrelated Errors on Principal Component Analysis

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Measurement errors are ubiquitous in all experimental sciences. Depending on the particular experimental platform used to acquire data, different types of errors are introduced, amounting to an admixture of additive and multiplicative error components that can be uncorrelated or correlated. In this paper, we investigate the effect of different types of experimental error on the recovery of the subspace with principal component analysis (PCA) using numerical simulations. Specifically, we assessed how different error characteristics (variance, correlation, and correlation structure), loading structures, and data distributions influence the accuracy to estimate an error‐free (true) subspace from sampled data with PCA. Quality was assessed in terms of the mean squared reconstruction error and the congruence to the error‐free loadings, using the pseudorank and adjusting for rotational ambiguity. Analysis of variance reveals that the error variance, error correlation structure, and their interaction with the loading structure are the factors mostly affecting quality of loading estimation from sampled data. We advocate for the need to characterize and assess the nature of measurement error and the need to adapt formulations of PCA that can explicitly take into account error structures in the model fitting.
Suitability of Different Materials as Human Tissue Simulating Materials in Co-60 Radiation Energy Beam

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Radiotherapy calibration for precise dose delivery traditionally relies on water phantom systems, but this approach poses challenges of heterogeneous corrections or the use of anthropomorphic phantoms which most underdeveloped nations find expensive. In this study, the suitability of some tissue simulating materials were investigated within the Co-60 photons energy range. This study explores the identification of locally sourced materials to simulate human tissue behavior in Co-60 energy beams. By considering effective atomic numbers and physical densities, we evaluate materials for simulating soft tissue, lung, and bone. Water, aluminum metal, and polystyrene (Styrofoam) were selected for simulating soft tissue, bone, and lung, respectively, as they have values 7.96 and 1.00 g/cm3; 13.00 and 2.6989 g/cm3 ; and 6.01 and 0.016 g/cm3 respectively for their effective atomic numbers and densites. This research provides valuable insights for resource-constrained regions aiming to improve radiotherapy calibration methods.
Study on Mechanism of Strawberry Fusarium Wilt Resistance Induced by Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Taking strawberry‘Totonka'as material,Glomus mosseae which had better inducing effect of disease resistance as mycorrhizae fungus,the changes of lignin content,HRGP content,SOD,POD,CAT activities and electric conductivity in the root of strawberry after isolated arbuscular mycorrhizae fungu were studied with pot experiment,in order to investigate the mechanism of strawberry fusarium wilt resistance induced by arbuscular mycorrhizae fungus.The results showed that the fungus could effectively improved content of lignin,HRGP content and activities of SOD,POD and CAT,meanwhile,electric conductivity effectively decreased.
Emotional Intelligence and Its Relationship to Basic Psychological Needs: A Structural Equation Model for Student Athletes

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This paper analyses the relationship between emotional intelligence (attention, clarity and repair) and motivational mediators (relationships, autonomy and perceived competence) of students of different degrees related to physical activity and sports science. A structural equation model was estimated with a sample of university students. The results of the model are representative of this case study only and are not very generalizable due to the sample size. In any case, the results obtained show that emotional intelligence predicts the satisfaction of psychological needs for autonomy and competence in student athletes. Therefore, these demonstrations point to a relationship between both variables and highlight the importance of addressing this type of content in university classrooms in order to increase the positive effects on the psychosocial development and personal well-being of students.
Color in Projection Displays

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents how full-color is created and optimized in rear projection television systems. It discusses briefly how color is quantified and considers a general method for choosing primary red, green,, and blue for maximum corrected brightness in common three-panel projection systems. It uses the commercially successful CQ90 architecture as an example. An external passive approach to white correction using tunable double notch polarization filters is also introduced before considering color optimization in single and two-panel projectors.
Tradition (re)visited: from place to presence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Three ways of encountering objects belonging to our cultural heritage can be distinguished. We may encounter an object in its traditional environment, we may encounter an object in an environment of preservation, and we may encounter an object in an environment of representation. These three ways of encountering objects provide a framework for addressing the question of how we relate to cultural heritage by means of digital media. Digital reproductions of our cultural heritage belong to the third way of encountering objects. In our present day, we first and foremost relate to tradition by representing it, whereas before we first and foremost related to tradition by remembering it. Places of memory are exchanged for the presence of representation in a culture driven by information technology.
High Enthalpy Testing of UHTCMC Materials for Space Application

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The European Union H2020 project C3HARME has been established for investigations on fibre reinforced ultra-high temperature ceramics with regard to their detailed mechanical and thermal characterization and further qualification for application in harsh propulsion and space environments. This paper is focusing on the qualification of these materials for use as a surface layer of a thermal protection system for atmospheric entry. Test requirements, the test facility, details of experimental setup and test conditions are being discussed in particular.
Murine lupus nephritis. A structure-function study.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This report examines the correlation between glomerular injury and glomerular dysfunction in murine lupus nephritis. Glomerular filtration rate was measured by the clearance of inulin in conscious NZB/W female mice and shown to vary 12-fold in the animals tested. Detailed morphometric measurements were made on the perfused fixed kidneys. As disease progressed the surface density (Sv) of the open capillary loops decreased by 73%. This drop in Sv correlated with a 4-fold increase in mean glomerular volume (MGV, r = -0.79, p less than 0.0001). The "compensating" increase in MGV maintained or increased filtration surface area despite the loss of some capillary loops to proliferating and/or infiltrating cells. Filtration slit length/glomerulus and the filtration slit number/micron glomerular basement membrane varied 10-fold and were found to correlate directly with glomerular filtration rate (r = 0.64, p less than 0.0007 and r = 0.70, p less than 0.0001, respectively). When linear and multiple regression analyses were applied, all other structural measures, including filtration surface area, correlated with glomerular filtration rate poorly if at all. Glomerular permselective dysfunction (proteinuria) was measured as the fractional clearance of albumin (fractional clearance of albumin) and of IgG. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed the percentage of the glomerular basement membrane occupied by dense deposits, slit number/glomerular basement membrane, and glomerular basement membrane thickness statistically explained most (81%) of the variation in fractional clearance of albumin and IgG. These results suggest that epithelial slit length is the most important structural determinant of GFR and that the increase in MGV maintains filtration surface area despite evidence of an extensive inflammatory insult. The mechanism(s) of proteinuria in this model of lupus nephritis are consistent with either a focal increase in GBM permeability due to immune deposits and/or a diffuse increase in permeability due to GBM charge neutralization. The study provides insight as to why previous structure-function reports failed to find correlates of glomerular injury to glomerular dysfunction.
Application of Trichoderma Isolate consortium in organic fertilizer for controlling shallot twisted disease

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of the research was to determine the effect of applying a consortium of Trichoderma spp. isolates to a type of organic fertilizer that is effective in controlling twisted disease and on the growth and yield of shallot plants. The study utilized a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of eight treatments with four replications. The treatments examined werea= as follows: P0 = control, P1 = 5 tons per ha of chicken manure fertilizer, P2 = 5 tons per ha of chicken manure fertilizer and consortium of two Trichoderma spp. isolates, P3 = 5 tons per ha of chicken manure fertilizer and consortium of three Trichoderma spp. isolates, P4 = 5 tons per ha of chicken manure fertilizer, 20 tons per ha trichocompost, and a consortium of two Trichoderma spp. isolates, P5 = 5 tons per ha of chicken manure fertilizer, 20 tons per ha trichocompost, and consortium of three Trichoderma spp. isolates, P6 = 20 tons per ha of trichocompost and a consortium of two Trichoderma spp. isolates, and P7 = 20 tons per ha of trichocompost and a consortium of three Trichoderma spp. isolates. The results showed that the twisted disease incidence in treatment P4 was the lowest (14.52%) at 8 weeks after planting. The plant height was of 39.10 cm, with 29.8 leaves per clump at 7 WAP, and the dried bulb weight was 112.4 g per clump. In conclusion, the application of chicken manure fertilizer at a dose of 5 ton per ha, combined with 20 tons per ha of trichocompost and a consortium of two Trichoderma spp. isolates, could control twisted disease in shallot.
Development of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes certified gaseous reference materials

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The work describes the production of certified gaseous reference materials of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) in nitrogen from the gravimetric production up to the long term stability tests followed by the certifying step. The uncertainty in the amount fractions of the compounds in these mixtures was approximately 4% (relative) for the range studied from 2 to 16 µmol/mol. Also the adsorption of the BTEX on the cylinder surface and the tubing were investigated as potential uncertainty source.
Yield performance of Clearfield corn hybrids.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mississippi Branch Experiment Station; Ivy, agronomist, Prairie Research Unit; and Kenty, nutritional product specialist, Helena Chemical Company. For more information, contact Larson at (662) 325-2311; e-mail, elarson@pss.msstate.edu. This research report was published by the Office of Agricultural Communications, a unit of the MSU Division of Agriculture, Forestry, and Veterinary Medicine. It was edited and designed by Robert A. Hearn, publications editor. Many herbicide-resistant crops are being introduced for commercial use in the United States. The first herbicide-resistant technology developed through nonclassical breeding methods was imidazolinoneresistance (IR) (Greaves et al. 1993). Considerable research has focused on weed control evaluation, crop injury, and systems using imidazolinone herbicides on imidazolinone-resistant corn (Monks et al. 1996; Krausz and Kapusta 1998). Several studies (File et al. 1998; Hooks et al. 1998; Walker et al. 1998) indicate Lightning herbicide (imazepthapyr + imazaquin), an imidazolinone product of American Cyanamid Company, is capable of controlling many problem southern weed species when used on imidazolinoneresistant corn. American Cyanamid Company, a producer of imidazolinone herbicides, has introduced a global brand name encompassing imidazolinone-resistant (IR) and imidazolinone-tolerant (IT) seed products from all companies. All IR and IT seed products will be identified by the “CLEARFIELD” name and symbol beginning in 2000. The profitability of the CLEARFIELD corn production system compared to a conventional production system (conventional hybrids and weed control) will also depend upon hybrid yield performance and several economic inputs, including seed, herbicide, and application expenses. There is a lack of research performance data of herbicide-resistant corn hybrids. Our objective was to evaluate hybrid yield performance and agronomic characteristics of several CLEARFIELD corn hybrids in Mississippi environments where corn is commonly produced. A well-adapted conventional hybrid, which is an isoline of one of the CLEARFIELD hybrids, was grown for comparison. Vol. 22, No. 13 Research Report November 2000
Synthesis and characterization of Ti-Si-C compounds for electrical contact applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a growth study of Ti-Si-C thin films on Cu and Al substrates for contact resistance studies. The films were grown by magnetron sputtering from Ti/sub 3/SiC/sub 2/ compound targets at temperatures from 100 /spl deg/C to 300 /spl deg/C. The films consist of TiC/sub x/ nanocrystallites embedded in an amorphous SiC matrix. Mechanically, the Ti-Si-C films exhibit a nanoindentation hardness of 20 GPa and an elastic modulus of 290 GPa, reflecting a carbidic nature but with a remarkable ductile behavior. In electrical contact studies, the contact resistance of the Ti-Si-C films, deposited on Ni-plated Al washers at 300 /spl deg/C, against Ag was comparable to that of Ag against Ag at high contact forces (6 /spl mu//spl Omega/, and 3.2 /spl mu//spl Omega/, respectively, at 800 N). At lower forces the difference is significant due to the formation of surface oxides. In a crossed cylinder setup, the contact resistance of Ti-Si-C films deposited on Ni-plated Cu cylinders is typically a factor 5 higher than that of Ag against Ag. Encouragingly, Ti-Si-C films deposited at 100 /spl deg/C exhibited contact resistances less than double of that of films deposited at 300 /spl deg/C. We conclude that, while significant work remains on process optimization and analysis, Ti-Si-C has high potential in general electrical contact applications.
Evaluating the Progress and Challenges of Environmental Sustainability in the Nigerian Construction Industry: A Comprehensive Literature Review

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive literature review of sustainable construction practices in Nigeria, examining the progress, challenges, and opportunities within the sector over the past two decades. Through a systematic review of scholarly articles, this study identifies significant advancements in technological innovations and policy development aimed at promoting sustainability in the construction industry. However, the review also highlights persistent barriers that hinder broader adoption, including economic constraints, cultural resistance, and regulatory challenges. The findings reveal a growing trend towards the adoption of sustainable technologies and materials, supported by evolving governmental policies. Despite these positive developments, the high costs associated with green technologies, cultural preferences for traditional construction methods, and inconsistent regulatory enforcement remain substantial obstacles. The review employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses to provide a nuanced understanding of the dynamics at play. Based on the results, the study offers recommendations for future research, emphasizing the need for economic analyses of sustainability investments, cultural studies on construction practices, comparative international studies, and longitudinal research to track policy effectiveness.
Science libraries consolidated/departmental?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Argument over the degree of centralization of technical library facilities in universities, industrial organizations, or governmental institutions is widespread. The lines of difference are fairly clear. Library administrators claim that centralization is required for economical, efficient acquisition and management of the huge numbers of publications involved in an up-to-date, well-stocked library. Users, on the other hand, argue that they cannot read and study effectively and efficiently unless frequently used documents are within easy reach.
Are oncogenes involved in invasion and metastasis?

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In carcinogenesis, the acquisition of invasiveness and metastatic capability are the key steps towards malignancy. Clinical and experimental data suggest that invasion and metastasis necessitate cellular functions other than growth and by implication the activation of separate cellular genes. We review here data about the rôle of known oncogenes in the acquisition of invasive and metastatic capabilities. Major importance is paid to the question whether actual techniques for DNA-transfection, selection, and testing of invasion and metastasis are valid for the study of the rôle of oncogenes in invasion and metastasis. We conclude that, so far, such a rôle of oncogenes is uncertain, because the majority of cell populations used as recipients in transfection experiments are able to acquire invasiveness and metastatic capability in an apparently spontaneous manner.