jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Peace-Loving State?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Soviet Union would be the Jewish Agency's most ardent supporter at the United Nations as the Jewish Agency pressed for acceptance of the statehood of Israel. The support would show when admission of Israel to the United Nations was requested. In September 1948, Moshe Shertok urged the provisional government to let him apply for membership for Israel. The provisional government agreed. Shertok chose November 29, the first anniversary of Resolution 181, to send a letter to Secretary-General Lie, signing it as Foreign Minister of Israel, and applying for the membership for Israel in the United Nations. Shertok wrote to Lie that Israel's admission to the United Nations would be “an act of international justice to the Jewish people.” So Shertok was justifying UN membership as a means of reparation for the Holocaust. It was a risky strategy, because he was putting Israel forward as a state that saw itself representing not only its present inhabitants, but a people scattered around the world. As an indication of Israel's consolidation as a state, Shertok recited in his letter that Israel had gained diplomatic recognition from nineteen states. Whether Israel could be considered a state in part of the territory of Palestine while UN mediation was still taking place was unclear, however.
Isolation and characterization of effective microorganism (phosphate solubilizing bacteria) from oil palm rhizhopheric soil and evaluation of their potential to be act as bio fertilizer / Ahmad Solehin Alias

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The methods that are not only efficient, but also have low cost of agricultural input, supplementary, renewable, safe and environmental friendly are now being the priority in agricultural industry. This research is focusing on identifying either with the inoculations of phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) give effects to solubilisation of phosphorus in soil and become available for plant uptake or there is no significance at all. To address this, two treatments are set up which are Merlimau soil with Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) as T1 while Merlimau soil without Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria as T2. Available P for the treatments and the value of soil pH are being taken for before and after running the research. Other than that, the growth performance of oil palm seedlings was also recorded with the measurement of oil palm seedling height, number of leaves and the width of oil palm seedling leaves on once in four days within two months. The soil analysis for available P and the soil pH was found to have significant increase when treated with PSB as shown for the result of T1. The plant analysis for the growth performance of oil palm seedlings also shows that better growth of plant for the soils that have been treated with PSB. Thus, the application of PSB to the soil can increase the availability of P and reduce the soil acidity. In addition, it gives effect to the performance of the oil palm seedlings growth where this research showed an increased of plant height, larger width of leaves and increase number of leaves compared to the soils that does not treated with PSB. However, to ensure this application of this can produce significant effects, several effective considerations must be taken.
Overexpression Of Chitotriosidase-1 Modulates Macrophage Function And Alters Plaque Morphology In Hyperlipidemic Mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of mortality in the world. Responsible for nearly 1/3 of all deaths globally, CVD poses extreme public health challenges and a growing economic burden. Atherosclerosis is fundamental to CVD, and is characterized by the accumulation of plaque within arterial blood vessels. Atherosclerotic plaques are the result of lipid deposition in the subendothelial space, which initiates monocyte infiltration and formation of lipid-laden foam cells derived from macrophages. The inflammatory cascade that follows, promotes plaque formation and development. Disease progression ultimately leads to a number of atherosclerotic pathologies including myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Clearly, our greatest efforts are required in exploring novel therapeutic perspectives that ameliorate inflammation and prevent dysfunctional cholesterol metabolism. My work has been directed at investigating the potential role of macrophage chitotriosidase-1 (CHIT1) overexpression in dampening production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibiting macrophage foam cell formation. We generated an atherosclerotic mouse model constitutively overexpressing CHIT1 by crossing hyperlipidemic Ldl-r-/- mice with transgenic, CHIT1 overexpressing mice. We carried out in vitro experiments aimed at elucidating the effect of CHIT1 overexpression on macrophage inflammatory mechanisms, cholesterol metabolism, and invasion. In vitro, macrophage overexpression resulted in diminished mRNA transcription of important pro-inflammatory mediators and increased expression of cytokines involved in immune cell migration and anti-inflammatory processes. We also observed that CHIT1 overexpression in BMDM enhanced macrophage invasiveness. The CHIT1-overexpressing, atherosclerotic mouse model (Ldlr-/--CHIT1-OE) facilitated a long-term in vivo mouse study. Animals in the study were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks which resulted in robust atherosclerotic progression. Although CHIT1 overexpression in Ldlr-/- mice did not affect plaque development when compared to control mice, we were able to observe significant differences in plaque morphology related to the deposition of ECM components. This unexpected finding may suggest that CHIT1 overexpression affects plaque stability in atherosclerotic mice. The possibility of CHIT1 mediated athero-protection may in fact lie in its ability to augment ECM composition in atherosclerotic plaques.
The Discourses and Politics of Migration: Policy, Methodology, and Theory

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Where do migration discourses and politics come from? This volume highlights the value of a focus on discourse and politics in the field of migration studies that looks beyond migration issues. We observe that migration discourse and politics are related to a range of other issue areas and are dealt with at multiple levels of governance. Roma immigration and their securitization; gendered and informal immigration; perceptions of integration by migrants themselves; the role of economic interests and economic nationalism in shaping migration preferences; ideology and entry policies, as well as the linguistic and institutional evolution of asylum systems: these are all examples in which migration discourse and politics are charged with concerns about other issue areas as well.KeywordsEuropean UnionImmigration PolicyVoter OpinionMigration IssueHost SocietyThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Infection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis in sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Chiang Rai province using nucleic acid hybridization technique (GEN-PROBE)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Among sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), nonspecific urethritis (NSU) is the most frequently cause found. Most cases are asymptomatic and patients do not come for treatment, which lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility. Furthermore, Chlamydia trachomatis infection also enhances HIV infection. This study focuses on the infection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis at the STDs clinic in Chiang Rai province from October 2004 to September 2006 using nucleic acid hybridization technique ( GEN-PROBE TM ). One thousand three hundred seventeen cases were included. Ninety seven (7.4 %) cases were positive including 74 cases (76.3 %) from the commercial sex workers group, 14 cases (14.4 %) from the youth group (less than 20 years old) and 9 cases (9.3 %) from the general patient group. In summary, the study shows that commercial sex workers had the highest risk of Chlamydia trachomatis infection as compared to other groups. The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection should be considered and monitored for further HIV prevention.
Models based on chronological data correctly predict the spread of freshwater aliens, and reveal a strong influence of river access, anthropogenic activities and climate regimes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Alien species constitute one of the main threats to freshwater ecosystems, negatively impacting biodiversity, economy, biosecurity and ecosystem services. Predicting the arrival and spread of alien species is of paramount importance to prevent new introductions and control the expansion and establishment of already introduced species. We modelled the distribution of four freshwater invaders in Great Britain, using environmental and anthropogenic predictors, to help focus management actions. The species grouped different taxa including signal crayfish ( Pacifastacus leniusculus ), the marsh frog ( Pelophylax ridibundus ), the red-eared slider ( Trachemys scripta ) and the pike-perch ( Sander lucioperca ). The modelling approach accounted for methodological limitations and implemented two evaluations, a temporal evaluation using data corresponding to 70% of the oldest records to calibrate models and the remaining 30% for evaluation using various performance metrics (the common AUC, TSS and also null models) and an independent evaluation using the most recent range expansion of the species in the last six years. The distribution of the species was facilitated by multiple environmental and anthropogenic predictors. Road density was the second most important predictor of the occurrence of signal crayfish and red-eared slider preceded by the distance to ports and isothermality for each species respectively. Human population density was the most important predictor of marsh frog presence whereas pike-perch was mostly related to the proximity of boat ramps and precipitation regimes. Our distribution models were accurate and predicted the most recent range expansion of all of the species, highlighting their usefulness for preventing alien species spread and the value of using historical projections, usually available for non-native species, to calibrate and evaluate Species Distribution Models.
Evidence for direct methyl transfer in betaine: homocysteine S-methyl-transferase.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We described recently the purification and preliminary characterization of human hepatic betaine: homocysteins S-methyltransferase (Skiba, W. E., Taylor, M. P., Wells, M. S., Mangum, J. H., and Awad, W. M., Jr. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 14944-14948) where it was shown that isovalerate and 3,3-dimethylbutyrate, analogs of dimethylglycine and betaine, respectively, were good inhibitors. The present study demonstrates that butyrate is a modest competitive inhibitor, binding at the betaine site. This led to the consideration and synthesis of a putative dual-substrate analog, S(delta-carboxybutyl)-DL-homocysteine, which bound with high affinity to the active site of the methyltransferase; presumably this effect is due to the L-isomer only. Homologs, S(gamma-carboxypropyl)-DL-homocysteine and S(beta-carboxyethyl)-DL-homocysteine, do not inhibit at concentrations 100-fold higher than where inhibition is noted with the dual-substrate analog, indicating the latter's specificity. These findings support the hypothesis that methyl transfer in this enzyme occurs directly from one substrate to the other.
Intraspecific changes in forest canopy allometries during self‐thinning

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1 Leaves are the key active sites for energy and matter transfer in plants, and therefore the total one-sided area of leaves per square metre of ground (leaf area index, LAI) is a critical variable used for scaling up from plant to ecosystem level properties. 2 A commonly held belief is that LAI remains constant during the self-thinning phase of stand development, and allometric relationships between tree density, mean tree size and leaf area (or leaf mass) are frequently used to provide a mechanistic explanation for the observed thinning relationships. 3 We investigated variations in leaf allometry, stand LAI and other canopy properties along a developmental sequence of naturally occurring mono-specific self-thinning stands of mountain beech (Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides) in New Zealand. 4 Stand age had a consistent significant effect on both the slope and the intercept of both the leaf mass and the leaf area allometric relationships (increasing slope, decreasing intercept). This was due to trees of a given basal area having more leaf area (or leaf mass) when growing in a neighbourhood of smaller trees, than equivalently sized individuals surrounded by a lower density of trees larger than itself. 5 A peaked (non-constant) relationship was observed between LAI and stand age during self-thinning, with the mean LAI values peaking in intermediately aged large sapling stands (7·08) compared with the small sapling stands (5·42) and older pole stands (5·70). Stand level leaf mass per unit area (LMA) varied with canopy height and stand age, being highest at the top of canopies and in older stands. 6 We propose that the observed increase in canopy depth during the early stages of stand development (but after canopy closure has occurred) could be driving the increase in stand LAI due to a more even distribution of light within the canopy. 7 Our findings suggest that the commonly held assumption of constant LAI should be abandoned in favour of the notion of leaf area being at a dynamic maximum during self-thinning, with the maximum possible leaf area being influenced by age-related changes in canopy structure that occur during stand development.
Intellectual property rights, quality of institutions and FDI into developing countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is one of the key factors enhancing economic growth. In this paper, we study the possible determinants of FDI, specifically institutional readiness in terms of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection and the size of informal economy. Twelve OECD countries (source) and forty-eight developing countries (host), generating a total of 1603 observations, across the regions of Africa, South America, and Asia are included in the study over the period of 2000 to 2007. Our hypothesis is that strong IPR protection and a small informal economy in the host country will attract greater inward FDI from the source country. The empirical results, however, highlight different factors affecting FDI inflows to the different regions. In particular, IPR protection is significant in Africa, while the size of informal economy matters most in South America. In Asia, the domestic GDP is the most significant.
Comparative evaluation of drying methods on kinetics, biocompounds and antioxidant activity of Bacillus subtilis-fermented dehulled adlay

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of five drying methods on kinetics, biocompounds and antioxidant activity of Bacillus subtilis-fermented dehulled adlay (BDA) were evaluated in this study. The Page model (MR = Ae−ktB) was the best-fit model to describe the drying kinetics of all dried BDA. The shortest drying time and highest drying rate were observed in microwave-vacuum drying (MVD). The highest contents of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), triterpenoids, coixol, and coixan were detected in freeze-vacuum dried samples. However, the highest levels of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity were found in hot air-dried BDA. Moreover, higher retention ratios of TMP (71.90%), GABA (94.56%), coixol (63.38%), and coixan (94.29%), as well as the highest coixenolide content were obtained in MVD samples. In conclusion, MVD should be given first priority in large-scale industrial practice due to shorter drying time and high health-beneficial components.
P‐7.22: Research of EHD Ultra‐precision Printing Process in Industrial Application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

EHD (Electro Hydrodynamics) ultra‐precision printing technology, as a new type of ultra‐precision machining technology, has the advantages of high precision, high efficiency, and low energy consumption, and has gradually become a research hotspot in the field of ultra‐precision machining in China. However, in mass production applications such as high viscosity adhesive printing in the display field, EHD printing faces challenges in optimizing process parameters such as dispensing straight lines and arcs, filling screen side grooves, printing micro lens arrays, and printing with ultimate glue width, as well as ensuring adhesive stability. This article mainly discusses these key technologies, aiming to provide optimization strategies and solutions for the mass production application of EHD printing technology in the display field.
[Mechanism of action of neurotoxins acting on the inactivation of voltage-gated sodium channels].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This review focuses on the mechanism(s) of action of neurotoxins acting on the inactivation of voltage-gated Na channels. Na channels are transmembrane proteins which are fundamental for cellular communication. These proteins form pores in the plasma membrane allowing passive ionic movements to occur. Their opening and closing are controlled by gating systems which depend on both membrane potential and time. Na channels have three functional properties, mainly studied using electrophysiological and biochemical techniques, to ensure their role in the generation and propagation of action potentials: 1) a highly selectivity for Na ions, 2) a rapid opening ("activation"), responsible for the depolarizing phase of the action potential, and 3) a late closing ("inactivation") involved in the repolarizing phase of the action potential. As an essential protein for membrane excitability, the Na channel is the specific target of a number of vegetal and animal toxins which, by binding to the channel, alter its activity by affecting one or more of its properties. At least six toxin receptor sites have been identified on the neuronal Na channel on the basis of binding studies. However, only toxins interacting with four of these sites (sites 2, 3, 5 et 6) produce alterations of channel inactivation. The maximal percentage of Na channels modified by the binding of neurotoxins to sites 2 (batrachotoxin and some alkaloids), 3 (alpha-scorpion and sea anemone toxins), 5 (brevetoxins and ciguatoxins) et 6 (delta-conotoxins) is different according to the site considered. However, in all cases, these channels do not inactivate. Moreover, Na channels modified by toxins which bind to sites 2, 5 and 6 activate at membrane potentials more negative than do unmodified channels. The physiological consequences of Na channel modifications, induced by the binding of neurotoxins to sites 2, 3, 5 and 6, are (i) an inhibition of cellular excitability due to an important membrane depolarization (site 2), (ii) a decrease of cellular excitability due to an important increase in the action potential duration (site 3) and (iii) an increase in cellular excitability which results in spontaneous and repetitive firing of action potentials (sites 5 and 6). The biochemical and electrophysiological studies performed with these toxins, as well as the determination of their molecular structure, have given basic information on the function and structure of the Na channel protein. Therefore, various models representing the different states of Na channels have been proposed to account for the neurotoxin-induced modifications of Na inactivation. Moreover, the localization of receptor binding sites 2, 3, 5 et 6 for these toxins on the neuronal Na channel has been deduced and the molecular identification of the recognition site(s) for some of them has been established on the alpha sub-unit forming the Na channel protein.
Novel cascaded H-bridge sub-multilevel inverter with reduced switches towards low total harmonic distortion for photovoltaic application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The main objective of this paper is to develop a novel inverter to produce multilevel output voltage. This paper proposes the cascaded H-bridge with sub-multilevel inverter (CHBSMLI) using three unequal DC sources in order to get 15-level output voltage. The unequal DC sources can be obtained from photovoltaic cell. The proposed CHBSMLI reduces the number of switches which in turn reduces the switching losses. The multicarrier sine Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique is proposed to obtain pure sinusoidal signal with reduced total harmonic distortion (THD). The performance analysis of the proposed three-phase CHBSMLI carried out using MATLAB/simulink with minimised THD and switching loss. The gating signals are generated using a Spartan-3E FPGA processor. The single-phase 15-level CHBSMLI with PWM developed to validate the simulation result.
Validation of the Copper(I)-Catalyzed\nAzide−Alkyne Coupling in Ionic Liquids.\nSynthesis of a Triazole-Linked <i>C</i>-Disaccharide as\na Case Study

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The first study of a copper(I)-catalyzed azide−alkyne click\nreaction in ionic liquids (ILs) is reported. The cycloaddition\nof a sugar azide with a sugar acetylene (CuI, <i>i</i>-Pr<sub>2</sub>EtN,\n80 °C) was carried out in 10 ILs as well as in standard\nmolecular solvents (toluene and DMF) to give the 1,4-disubstituted triazole-linked <i>C</i>-disaccharide. The highest\nyields (84 and 95%) were registered in Ammoeng 110 and\n[C<sub>8</sub>dabco][N(CN)<sub>2</sub>]. The latter solvent was recycled in four\nsubsequent reactions without loss of the reaction efficiency.\nReactions carried out in the absence of the Hünig's base\nafforded mixtures of 1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted triazole\nregioisomers.
Updated Constraints on the Dark Matter Interpretation of CDMS-II-Si Data

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present an updated halo-dependent and halo-independent analysis of viable light WIMP dark matter candidates which could account for the excess observed in CDMS-II-Si. We include recent constraints from LUX, PandaX-II, and PICO-60, as well as projected sensitivities for XENON1T, SuperCDMS SNOLAB, LZ, DARWIN, DarkSide-20k, and PICO-250, on candidates with spin-independent isospin conserving and isospin-violating interactions, and either elastic or exothermic scattering. We show that there exist dark matter candidates which can explain the CDMS-II-Si data and remain very marginally consistent with the null results of all current experiments, however such models are highly tuned, making a dark matter interpretation of CDMS-II-Si very unlikely. We find that these models can only be ruled out in the future by an experiment comparable to LZ or PICO-250.
Making rights effective: Institutions, procedures and remedies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Equality and Discrimination Law in Australia: An Introduction explores four decades of anti-discrimination laws in Australia. Beth Gaze and Belinda Smith argue that effective laws protecting against and deterring discrimination are vital for a fair future, and emphasise the theoretical and social contexts that underpin this area of the law. The text is divided into three sections: the first addresses the social and conceptual context, history and framework of anti-discrimination laws; the second analyses the main elements of the law and the processes of enforcement; and the third explores broader avenues for pursuing equality beyond simply prohibiting discrimination. Written in a clear and concise style, Equality and Discrimination Law in Australia: An Introduction is a vital resource for students.