jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Glutathione S-transferases act as isomerases in isomerization of 13-cis-retinoic acid to all-trans-retinoic acid in vitro

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A discovery that rapid enzymic isomerization of 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cRA) to all-trans-retinoic acid (t-RA) can be catalysed by purified hepatic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs; EC 2.5.1.18) from rat is now reported. Rates of cis-trans isomerization were determined quantitatively by HPLC. GST-catalysed reactions reached equilibrium rapidly, in marked contrast with uncatalysed or GSH-catalysed isomerizations. The GST-catalysed reaction exhibited substrate saturation kinetics with a Km of approx. 8 μM. The maximal velocity of the reaction and the catalytic efficiency of GSTs were determined. The initial rate of the reaction increased linearly as a function of enzyme concentration. Catalysis by GSTs was independent of the presence of GSH, indicating that GSTs act as GSH-independent isomerases as well as transferases. Incubation with guanidine (7-8 M) or heat-inactivation of GSTs (100 °C for 3 min) decreased isomerase activities by approx. 50% and 75% respectively. The same heat treatment did not significantly inhibit isomerization catalysed by GSH and apoferritin, indicating that the observed decrease in isomerase activity by heat inactivation was not primarily due to oxidation of protein thiol groups in the GSTs. The specific activity of GSTs was approx. 23- and 340-fold those of GSH and apoferritin respectively when comparisons were made on the basis of free thiol concentrations, indicating that free thiol in GSTs cannot account for the majority of observed isomerase activities and suggesting that specific conformations of GSTs are important for such activities. Complete inhibition of the reaction by low concentrations of N-ethylmaleimide (10 μM) demonstrated that intact protein thiols are required for the isomerase activities of GSTs.
Polylactic Acid (PLA) Melt-Blown Nonwovens with Superior\nMechanical Properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In\ncontrast to the commonly used nondegradable melt-blown nonwovens,\npolylactic acid (PLA) melt-blown nonwovens are renewable and biodegradable,\nmaking them very environmentally friendly at their end of life. However,\nthe strength and toughness of PLA melt-blown nonwovens are generally\ninsufficient for practical applications. Herein, we report a straightforward\nand universal strategy for fabricating PLA melt-blown nonwovens with\nsuperior mechanical properties. In this process, hierarchical controlling\nof the high-temperature and high-speed airflow considerably increases\nthe polymeric chain orientation and crystallization of PLA. High-molecular-weight\n(Mw) PLA polymeric chains can be entangled to reduce the negative\neffect of excessive polymeric chain orientation on elongation, resulting\nin a gain in strength and toughness at the same time. The resulting\nPLA melt-blown nonwovens exhibit enhanced strength (1.8 MPa, up by\n157%), higher elongation (35.6%, up by 256%), and excellent toughness\n(0.59 MJ/m<sup>3</sup>, up by 788%). Additionally, a plausible tensile\nfailure mechanism for melt-blown nonwovens is proposed based on the\ntensile fracture process. Strikingly, the PLA melt-blown nonwovens\nexhibit high particulate matter (PM<sub>0.3</sub>), removal efficiency\n(92.6%), and low pressure drop (12.3 Pa). The successful preparation\nof PLA melt-blown nonwovens with superior mechanical properties will\nsatiate the growing demand for sustainability, personal protection,\nand environmental protection.
The Evaluating Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Risk Management and Fraud Detection in the Commercial Bank in Bangladesh

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the banking sector represents a significant leap forward in the realms of risk management and fraud detection. This paper explores the transformative effects of AI in these areas, emphasizing both the improvements and the challenges brought about by its implementation. In risk management, AI's influence is diverse and profound. Advanced algorithms allow for the creation of more sophisticated credit risk assessment models by detecting subtle patterns in large datasets that might be overlooked by human analysts. This capability enhances the accuracy of credit risk evaluations. Additionally, real-time monitoring of transactions helps in the immediate mitigation of risks, which is particularly crucial when dealing with market and liquidity risks. AI also significantly aids in automating compliance with regulatory requirements, reducing the likelihood of human errors and enabling quicker adaptation to changes in regulations. Operational risks are also minimized through AI's ability to automate routine tasks and strengthen cybersecurity measures. AI systems are adept at identifying anomalies that may indicate fraud by scrutinizing transaction data and customer behavior. The predictive capabilities of AI enable banks to anticipate and prevent potential fraud schemes. Moreover, AI systems can adapt and evolve in response to changing tactics used by fraudsters, maintaining their effectiveness over time. AI enhances customer authentication processes through the use of advanced technologies such as biometric verification, providing an additional layer of security. However, the implementation of AI in banking raises significant concerns regarding data privacy and security due to the sensitive nature of banking information. Furthermore, AI models can inherently carry biases that lead to discriminatory outcomes, necessitating ongoing monitoring and adjustments to these models. The complexity and lack of transparency in AI systems also pose challenges, particularly when AI-driven decisions have significant impacts on customers. The evolving regulatory frameworks for AI in banking present another layer of complexity, as banks must continuously adapt to comply with new and changing regulations. This paper highlights the need for a balanced approach to leveraging AI's potential in banking, addressing both its transformative benefits and the ethical and regulatory challenges involved. By doing so, banks can harness AI to enhance their operations while ensuring fairness, transparency, and compliance with regulatory standards.
LDPC-DFH Coded Modulation and System Performance Simulations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Special coded modulation methods for differential frequency hopping (DFH) communication system over HF channel were studied. As an encoder in DFH system, the traditional frequency transition function was replaced by a LDPC code which gave the frequency hopping sequence. A novel LDPC-DFH coded modulation technique was proposed and corresponding decoding algorithms are given. The performances of LDPC-DFH system were simulated under AWGN channel and HF channel model. Simulation results show LDPC-DFH system performs better than conventional DFH system, and it still has good BER performance in HF channel.
Direct observation of lithium polysulfides in lithium–sulfur batteries using operando X-ray diffraction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the on going quest towards lithium-battery chemistries beyond the lithium-ion technology, the lithium–sulfur system is emerging as one of the most promising candidates. The major outstanding challenge on the route to commercialization is controlling the so-called polysulfide shuttle, which is responsible for the poor cycling efficiency of the current generation of lithium–sulfur batteries. However, the mechanistic understanding of the reactions underlying the polysulfide shuttle is still incomplete. Here we report the direct observation of lithium polysulfides in a lithium–sulfur cell during operation by means of operando X-ray diffraction. We identify signatures of polysulfides adsorbed on the surface of a glass-fibre separator and monitor their evolution during cycling. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the adsorption of the polysulfides onto SiO2 can be harnessed for buffering the polysulfide redox shuttle. The use of fumed silica as an electrolyte additive therefore significantly improves the specific charge and Coulombic efficiency of lithium–sulfur batteries.
Pengaruh Green Perceived Value, Green Perceived Risk, Green Trust, danPerceived Price terhadap Green Purchase Intention pada Konsumen Pertamax diKota Payakumbuh dan Bukittinggi

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Green marketing sedang gencar dikembangkan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan besar, namun tidak
semua perusahaan mampu mengintegrasikan dengan baik strategi green marketing tersebut. Tujuan dari
penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui 1) pengaruh green perceived value terhadap green
trust, 2) pengaruh green perceived risk terhadap green trust, 3) pengaruh perceived price terhadap green
purchase intention, 4) pengaruh green perceived value terhadap green purchase intention, 5) pengaruh green
perceived risk terhadap green purchase intention, dan 6) pengaruh green trust terhadap green purchase
intention. Jenis penelitian explanatory research dengan metode penelitiannya survey explanatory dan
penelitian kuantitatif. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah para konsumen yang menggunakan Pertamax
sebagai bahan bakar di Kota Payakumbuh dan Bukittinggi. Ukuran sampel adalah 110 responden, teknik
pengambilan sampel adalah accidental sampling. Data primer didapatkan dengan menyebarkan 110
kuesioner kepada responden. Analisis data dengan statistik deskriptif dan SEM (Stuctural Equation Model)
dan diolah menggunakan software SmartPLS. Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa adanya pengaruh
positif green perceived value terhadap green trust, dan green trust terhadap green purchase intention. Selain
itu ditemukan juga bahwa adanya pengaruh negatif diantara green perceived risk terhadap green trust.
Namun dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa green perceived risk tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap
green purchase intention. Penemuan lain bahwa perceived price juga tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan
terhadap green purchase intention pada konsumen pertamax dikota Payakumbuh dan Bukittinggi. Implikasi
penelitian ini, Pertamax harus terus meningkatkan value dari produknya dan mengurangi resiko yang muncul.
Kata Kunci : Green Purchase Intention, Green Perceived Risk, Green Perceived Value, Green Trust,
Perceived Price.
Bias correction of Sentinel-2 with unmanned aerial vehicle multispectral data for use in monitoring walnut fruit forest in western Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The scope of our work is to compare Sentinel-2 and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) imagery from Western Tian Shan for monitoring applications in walnut fruit forests. Because acquiring field data on walnut fruit forests is difficult due to access limitations in the Tian Shan, remote sensing offers a unique opportunity to increase spatial and temporal coverage of ecological parameters. Sentinel-2 satellites launched in 2015 have been providing images at spatial resolutions of 10 to 20 m; however, difficulties remain as information retrieved from Sentinel pixels result from a mixture of objects that affect reflectance signals. We used submeter multispectral UAV images to assess the sensitivity of Sentinel-2 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to subpixel vegetation. Results showed that Sentinel-2 data overestimates NDVI in regions with open terrain and grass, and underestimates NDVI in areas with trees. By implementing a bias correction method, the accuracy of the Sentinel-2 derived NDVI increased; R2 values increased from 0.59 to 0.88 (p value < 0.001). We also showed that drought index derived from Sentinel-2 vegetation condition index (VCI) is well correlated with the ground-based standard precipitation index (SPI). Using this bias correction method, on average the correlation increased by 3% between VCI and SPI.
A day for preserving things: Activism, technology and the politics of preservation in the Sarah Records archive

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Sarah Records was an independent label active in Bristol from 1987 to 1995 famous for its many contributions to the UK indie pop scene from bands like Heavenly, the Field Mice and the Orchids. In 2015, the same year that the New Musical Express named Sarah as the second-best independent label of all time, the founders launched a digital archive to share photographs, press-clippings and other artefacts. While Sarah releases were often dismissed by the popular music press at the time as ‘twee’ – perhaps due to the label’s name and the gender of one of its founders – the archive provides a compelling counterstory (Martinez) of the label as an activist organization advancing political causes through its releases, advertisements and more. This article examines the political legacy of Sarah Records, a label that regularly advocated for feminism and socialism through its releases, by considering how its engagement with the press, its use of technology, and now its archive have worked to enact its political ideals and subvert dominant cultures.
Polyclonal/monoclonal ratio in kidney and bone marrow transplanted patients treated with cyclosporine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

On 296 blood samples obtained from 22 bone marrow and 21 kidney transplanted patients, the concomitant measurements of polyclonal and monoclonal cyclosporine (CSA) were performed and the relative polyclonal/monoclonal (P/M) ratios were calculated. Biochemical profiles of kidney and liver functions were also determined in all patients. For each type of transplant, biochemical data were divided into two subgroups on the basis of P/M ratio: A) data obtained in patients with P/M ratio > 3.0; B) data obtained in patients with P/M ratio ≤ 3.0. While in kidney transplanted patients no difference of biochemical profiles was found between two subgroups, in bone marrow transplant recipients the subgroup A showed a worsening of hepatic function parameters as compared to subgroup B. Therefore, it appears that P/M ratio could represent in bone marrow transplantation an index of hepatic CSA toxicity.
Spectroscopic constants and radiative lifetimes for valence-excited bound states in SiO

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Using the self-consistent polarization propagator approximation we have calculated the spectroscopic constants for the following bound states in silicon monoxide: a 3Σ+, b3Π, d3Δ, e 3Σ-, C 1Σ+, D 1Δ, A 1Π, E 1Σ+, 3Σ+(II), 3Σ+(III), 3Π (III), F 1Σ+, H 1Σ+, and G 1Π. The molecular parameters for the seven lowest states agree very well with experiments, whereas the seven remaining levels were determined less accurately. The electronic transition moments were calculated for the dipole allowed transitions. The calculated radiative lifetime for the A 1Π state was found to be 49.5 nsec. With the experimental potential energy curves the corresponding lifetime was 31.6 nsec.
A Bilingual Encyclopaedia: The Translator’s Challenge

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The translator's challenge can be most simply situated at two levels: terminology and ideas. What does this word mean? What is the author trying to say? This means that the translator's field of action has two major frontiers, structurally linked by grammar and syntax: the objective, lexical frontier, to a great extent accessible through reference documents, particularly dictionaries, and the subjective frontier of the 'argument', the author's ideas, only fully accessible in the author's mind! The task, as in the case of the present encyclopaedic survey, of translating a multiplicity of contributions to a general theme casts a significant light on this polarisation.
Animal models of primary myocardial diseases.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Feline and canine cardiomyopathies (primary myocardial diseases) were reviewed and divided into three groups based on the clinical, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic, and pathologic findings: (1) feline and canine hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, (2) feline and canine congestive (dilated) cardiomyopathy, and (3) feline restrictive cardiomyopathy. All three groups consisted predominantly of mature adult male cats and dogs. Cardiomyopathy in the hamster and turkey was also reviewed. The most common presenting signs were dyspnea and/or thromboembolism in the cat, systolic murmurs with gallop rhythms on auscultation, cardiomegaly with (groups 1 and 3) or without (group 2) pulmonary edema, abnormal electrocardiograms, elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressures, and angiocardiographic evidence of mitral regurgitation with left ventricular concentric hypertrophy (group 1), left ventricular dilatation (group 2), or midventricular stenosis (group 3). Some cats in groups 1 and 3 also had evidence of left ventricular outflow obstruction. The principal pathologic findings in all of the cats and dogs were left atrial dilation, hypertrophy, increased septal:left ventricular free wall thickness ratio with disorganization of cardiac muscle cells (group 1); dilatation of the four chambers with degeneration of cardiac muscle cells (group 2); and extensive endocardial fibrosis and adhesion of the left ventricle (group 3). Aortic thromboembolism was commonly observed in the cats of all three groups. These clinical and pathologic findings indicate that cardiomyopathy in the cat or dog is similar to the three forms of cardiomyopathy in humans (hypertrophic, congestive, and restrictive).
Polarization of employment and wages in China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract In China, between 1995 and 2018, the proportion of workers employed in unskilled job categories grew, while the share holding middle‐skilled jobs declined. The resulting income polarization magnified a major redistribution of wages within job categories, which is not only the main component of total income inequality but is also the driving factor contributing to changes in total income inequality over the 1995–2018 period. Our counterfactual simulation results support our conjecture that the large employment shift from middle‐skilled to unskilled jobs reflects the adoption of labor‐saving technologies and the response to increased demand for services. We believe that our study sheds light on similar transformations in other developing economies.
Recent developments in euro area food prices

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Food prices are an important driver of euro area HICP due to their sizeable share in the consumption basket and their volatility. This box reviews the food price increases in April 2020 and finds that they were unusual in terms of their size and the circumstances surrounding them. The developments in April 2020 most likely reflected strong increases in demand combined with supply-side effects related to the lockdown and containment measures caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Owing to strong food sector supply linkages within the euro area, the disruption of supply chains within the euro area observed during the COVID-19 pandemic may have had important implications for the food supply and consumer prices. To conclude, the box highlights that, while the May and preliminary June data show signs of normalisation in price changes, the possibility remains of upside price pressures in the short term and downside price pressures in the medium term. JEL Classification: E31
Soil carbon stocks in natural and man-made agri-hortisilvipastural land use systems in dry zones of Southern India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A study was undertaken to assess the soil carbon stocks in 0-50 cm soil depth, under natural and man-made land use systems in the eastern dry zones of Karnataka in India. The carbon (C) stocks in soils ranged from 26.46 t ha-1 in dry land agricultural systems (without manure) to 89.20 t ha-1 in a mixed forest. Among natural systems, mixed forest (89.20 t ha-1) and ungrazed grassland (71.78 t ha-1) recorded higher levels of C stock than other systems, while grazing in grassland and litter removal in teak plantations correlated to reduced carbon stocks to 39.32 and 32.74 t ha-1, respectively. Intensively managed horticultural systems namely, grapes plantation (85.52 t ha-1) and pomegranate plantation (78.78 t ha-1) maintained higher levels of C stock. However, agricultural systems recorded moderate to lower levels. Total carbon stocks in top 0-50 cm soils of agricultural systems was in the order: irrigated lands with manure application (52.77 t ha-1) > irrigated lands without manure application (44.47 t ha-1) > dry lands with manure application (37.79 t ha-1) > dry lands without manure application (26.46 t ha-1). It was observed that adoption of appropriate soil and crop management practices such as conservation tillage, good irrigation, incorporation of crop residues and application of manure etc. could enhance soil C pool by reducing existing carbon loss and promoting C accumulation in the soil.
[The use of absorbers to optimize the surface dosage in treatment using ultrahard x-rays].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The surface dose in megavoltage x-ray therapy can be modified using two different techniques: either varying the thickness of an absorber positioned directly on the surface of the patient or varying the distance to the surface of an absorber with constant thickness. Surface dose as a function of distance and absorber thickness has been measured at 4 MV and 8 MV x-rays. Both methods yield sufficiently and well-defined dose enhancements at the surface of the patient as desired clinically. The variation of the absorber-surface distance however has been proved to be the more simple and practicable method, offering the additional advantage of no contacting the patients skin.