jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Contextualization of cost-efectiveness evidence from literature for 382 health interventions for the Ethiopian essential health services package revision

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background\nCost-effectiveness of interventions was a criterion decided to guide priority setting in the latest revision of Ethiopia’s essential health services package (EHSP) in 2019. However, conducting an economic evaluation study for a broad set of health interventions simultaneously is challenging in terms of cost, timeliness, input data demanded, and analytic competency. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesize and contextualize cost-effectiveness evidence for the Ethiopian EHSP interventions from the literature.\n\nMethods\nThe evidence synthesis was conducted in five key steps: search, screen, evaluate, extract, and contextualize. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE research databases for peer-reviewed published articles to identify average cost-effectiveness ratios (ACERs). Only studies reporting cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY), quality-adjusted life year (QALY), or life years gained (LYG) were included. All the articles were evaluated using the Drummond checklist for quality, and those with a score of at least 7 out of 10 were included. Information on cost, effectiveness, and ACER was extracted. All the ACERs were converted into 2019 US dollars using appropriate exchange rates and the GDP deflator.\n\nResults\nIn this study, we synthesized ACERs for 382 interventions from seven major program areas, ranging from US$3 per DALY averted (for the provision of hepatitis B vaccination at birth) to US$242,880 per DALY averted (for late-stage liver cancer treatment). Overall, 56% of the interventions have an ACER of less than US$1000 per DALY, and 80% of the interventions have an ACER of less than US$10,000 per DALY.\n\nConclusion\nWe conclude that it is possible to identify relevant economic evaluations using evidence from the literature, even if transferability remains a challenge. The present study identified several cost-effective candidate interventions that could, if scaled up, substantially reduce Ethiopia’s disease burden.
Studies on the Electrolytic Analysis Using Chelating Reagents. III. Determination of Zinc in the Presence of Nic kel, and Successive Determination of Cadmium and Zinc Using EDTA

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

EDTAを含む電解液から定量的に亜鉛を電着させる方法について研究した。電解液150～200 ml中に水酸化ナトリウムを10～20g加えた強アルカリ性EDTA溶液申では亜鉛のEDTAキレート化合物の一部は亜鉛酸イオンとなっており,亜鉛が定量的に電解析出する。浴電圧1.5～2V,電流密度5～10mA/cmzで30～60分間電解すれば灰白色の緻密な亜鉛の電着がえられる。また強アルカリ性EDTA溶液申ではニッケルはEDTAキレロト化合物となっており,水酸化物として沈殿しないのでニッケルと共存する亜鉛の電解分析法に,本溶液を電解液として用いる方法を検討した。250mgのニッケルを含む電解液から亜鉛を電着させる場合に,電着した亜鉛中に共析出するニッケルは0.05～0.1mg程度である。さきにEDTA電解液を用いてカドミウムを亜鉛から電解分離する方法を報告したが,カドミウムを電着させた残液に水酸化ナトリウムを加えて亜鉛を電着させ定量することができる。
Hemodynamics of Collateral Vasodilatation following Femoral Artery Occlusion in Anesthetized Dogs

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dilatation of collateral blood vessels was studied following occlusion of the femoral artery in anesthetized dogs. This was achieved by measuring pressure and flow in the anterior tibial artery distal to the occlusion and pressure in the femoral artery proximal to the occlusion. Dilatation of the collateral vessels to the anterior tibial artery was estimated by the increase in the conductance of the collaterals from the minimum value measured 8 to 10 seconds following onset of the occlusion. Conductance rose 277 ± 67 (SEM)% during the first 70 seconds following occlusion and an additional 178 ± 66% during the ensuing hour. When the femoral artery was reopened after a 2-minute period of occlusion, the collaterals reconstricted to their preocclusion size in 12 to 14 minutes. Elimination of circulatory reflexes by total spinal anesthesia did not alter the course of collateral vasodilatation. However, when systemic arterial pressure was lowered to approximately 45 mm Hg for 8 minutes prior to occlusion, the collaterals dilated almost completely even before the occlusion was instituted, indicating that tissue ischemia is in some way related to collateral vasodilatation.
Research and application flow-based live-streaming shopping towards compulsive buying

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract The purposes of this research were: (1) to study and justify customer behaviors in live-streaming e-commerce; (2) to study the flow state drivers and post-flow state mediators as crucial factors influencing compulsive buying; (3) to analyze a quantitative survey is used to collect the data. Artificial neural networks and structural equation modeling (SEM) provide the analysis for evaluating the validity of the hypotheses; and (4) to find both theoretical and practical implications provide many insights to help expand the understanding of consumer behaviors in live-streaming e-commerce. The samples used in this study were 517 valid persons who are frequently watching live-streaming e-commerce in China. The stimulus-organism-response (SOR) model captures the stimuli (both personal and flow activity levels), the organism (trust, enjoyment, and flow experience), and the responses (represented by loyalty, addiction, and compulsive buying). Theoretical Contributions is that the validated SEM structure shares the pattern of the SOR model, capturing the stimuli (both personal and flow activity levels), the organism (trust, enjoyment, and flow experience), and responses (represented by loyalty, addiction, and compulsive buying). Practical Implications is that Consumer behavior should be guided by notions of social capital, social exchange, and trust. The social context is an essential stimulant in a socio-commercial environment like live streaming e-commerce. This study gives several examples, such as the capacity of perceived social values to increase consumer trust predictably; and the social influence on consumers to elicit affective emotions like enjoyment through interactions and support from others throughout the decision-making process and in the environment of live-streamed shopping.
Latent Dirichlet Allocation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This extraordinary three-volume work, written in an engaging and rigorous style by a world authority in the field, provides an accessible, comprehensive introduction to the full spectrum of mathematical and statistical techniques underpinning contemporary methods in data-driven learning and inference. This second volume, Inference, builds on the foundational topics established in volume I to introduce students to techniques for inferring unknown variables and quantities, including Bayesian inference, Monte Carlo Markov Chain methods, maximum-likelihood estimation, hidden Markov models, Bayesian networks, and reinforcement learning. A consistent structure and pedagogy is employed throughout this volume to reinforce student understanding, with over 350 end-of-chapter problems (including solutions for instructors), 180 solved examples, almost 200 figures, datasets and downloadable Matlab code. Supported by sister volumes Foundations and Learning, and unique in its scale and depth, this textbook sequence is ideal for early-career researchers and graduate students across many courses in signal processing, machine learning, statistical analysis, data science and inference.
Abolition in the Clutch: Shifting through the Gears with Anthropology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Abolition is not a metaphor, and it is essential that our notion of “abolition” not get defanged and deracinated within the self‐evident boundaries of a discipline or even the academy. Amidst the tangle of complicity that is anthropology, there are also parts of the disciplinary toolkit that are useful for worldmaking: listening deeply, bearing witness, challenging the inevitability of the state, and building deep transnational and cross‐diasporic relation. In particular as surveillance, policing, and imprisonment become globalized as techniques of repression, anthropology can help disrupt US‐centrism while cultivating thicker solidarities. In this essay, I draw on Chela Sandoval's theory of differential political consciousness to roughly sketch five interlocking ideology‐praxes – five gears of abolition that at times are complementary, and at times contradictory. Within each gear, I lift up organizers and scholars whose work is shaping the theory and practice of abolition. Following the lead of activists, artists and movement builders, I invite academics to bring abolition home by contributing to ongoing campaigns happening on their campuses and in their neighborhoods.
Molecular Hydrogen Formation on Dust Grains in the High‐Redshift Universe

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study the formation of molecular hydrogen on dust grain surfaces and apply our results to the high redshift universe. We find that a range of physical parameters, in particular dust temperature and gas temperature, but not so much dust surface composition, influence the formation rate of H$_2$. The H$_2$ formation rate is found to be suppressed above gas kinetic temperatures of a few hundred K and for dust temperatures above 200-300 K and below 10 K. We highlight the differences between our treatment of the H$_2$ formation process and other descriptions in the literature. We also study the relative importance of H$_2$ formation on dust grains with respect to molecular hydrogen formation in the gas phase, through the H$^-$ route. The ratio of formation rates of these two routes depends to a large part on the dust abundance, on the electron abundance, and also on the relative strength of the FUV (extra-)galactic radiation field. We find that for a cosmological evolution of the star formation rate and dust density consistent with the Madau plot, a positive feedback effect on the abundance of H$_2$ due to the presence of dust grains can occur at redshifts $z\\ge 3$. This effect occurs for a dust-to-gas mass ratio as small as 10$^{-3}$ of the galactic value.
Pathologic Characteristics and Prognosis of Pathologic T0 Prostate Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: We evaluated the pathologic characteristics and prognosis of pathologic T0 (pT0) prostate cancer (PC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 1,196 consecutive men who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) between January 1992 and November 2008, 34 patients (mean age, 68.8+/-7.9 years; range, 48-85) had pT0 PC. They were categorized into 4 groups according to neoadjuvant hormone therapy (NHT) and diagnostic methods. The initial PSA, 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor (5alphaRI), Gleason score of prostatic needle biopsy (PNB) or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), clinical stage, and presence of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia were evaluated. Clinical and biochemical progression were also evaluated. RESULTS: 34 patients were categorized into 4 groups (Group I: 9 without NHT, diagnosed by PNB [1.1%]; Group II: 8 without NHT, diagnosed by TURP [11.3%]; Group III: 16 with NHT, diagnosed by PNB [5.5%]; Group IV: 1 with NHT, diagnosed by TURP [3.8%]). Group I had serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA)<15.0 ng/ml, one positive biopsy core, and a Gleason score< or =7. Group II had serum PSA<10.1 ng/ml, chips involved with cancer<10.0%, and a Gleason score< or =6. There were more patients taking 5alphaRI and high-grade PIN among patients without NHT. None of patients with pathologic pT0 PC had clinical or biochemical progression during follow-up, except 3 patients with NHT (mean, 22 months; range, 2-105 months). CONCLUSIONS: Patients without NHT had more favorable clinical and pathologic results. In our study, except for 3 patients with NHT, all patients had undetectable PSA levels after RP. We need more time for follow-up to conclude whether the prognosis of pT0 PC is favorable.
Intraoperative Blood Conservation Using Cell-Saver

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Despite meticulous surgical technique a significant blood loss still occurs in routine cardiac surgery. In the past this was routinely replaced with a "banked" blood transfusion. Concerns about the well known complications of the bank blood transfusion, including those of transmitted disease recognized recently, have led to the development of various perioperative blood conservation techniques. Our initial experience in 225 selected patients using Hemanetics-cell-saver equipment has been reported previously [2]. Since 1987, this method of intraoperative blood conservation has been used routinely in all of the approximately 900 cardiac surgery procedures performed in our service. The present study details our most recent experience with this technique in 100 consecutive and unselected cardiac surgical procedures performed by several surgeons.
SV40 virion formation functions as a novel epigenetic switch controlling early and late transcription

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Simian Virus 40 (SV40) is a small double‐strand DNA virus, which exists in the form of chromatin throughout its lifecycle. Because of its chromatin structure, the virus is expected to undergo the typical forms of epigenetic regulation, including differential nucleosome location and histone modifications. In order to characterize the epigenetic changes occurring during the formation of virions from late‐stage SV40 minichromosomes (encapsidation), we have compared the location of nucleosomes containing acetylated or methylated lysines from the histone tails of H3 and H4 present in the chromatin from late‐stage minichromosomes, encapsidation intermediates, and disrupted virions. In late‐stage minichromosomes, we found that nucleosomes carrying histone modifications were primarily found in the SV40 regulatory region within the enhancer and at the early and late transcription start sites. Significantly, the nucleosome containing modified histones within the enhancer would be expected to repress early transcription by overlying regulatory sequences in the SP1 and enhancer regions required for early transcription while still allowing for late transcription. In contrast, in chromatin from virions the nucleosome found in the enhancer has been shifted approximately 70 base‐pairs toward the late region uncovering the regulatory sequences necessary for early transcription and likely repressing late transcription. This encapsidation‐dependent epigenetic switch was associated with the final stages of virion formation. Support or Funding Information This work was funded by grants from the National Institutes of Health, AI094441 (to B.M.) and GM098328 (to L.B.) and P20 GM113123 (to Epigenetics Core) This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Phase Change Nanodroplets and Microbubbles Generated from Them as Sources of Chemically Active Cavitation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aiming at a multidisciplinary tumor treatment with thermal and chemical mechanisms, the effect of phase change nanodroplets (PCNDs) on inducing reactive chemical species through cavitation was evaluated in vitro. By using the reaction yield of the oxidation of iodide ions to tri-iodide ions as a measure, the effect of PCNDs and PCND-derived microbubbles were investigated. The presence of PCNDs reduced the intensity threshold for chemical reaction by at least 40%. Furthermore, the threshold with PCND-derived microbubbles was 5 times lower than that with PCNDs alone. The interval of exposing the phase change trigger, which is used to generate microbubbles from PCNDs, was found to be shorter than 0.01 s for efficient induction of a chemical reaction. The reaction yields were independent of PCND concentration, thus PCND-derived microbubbles are not considered to work directly in the generation of chemical species undergoing the reaction.
Students' Motivation in Learning English through Ubiquitous Learning (Video-Based Learning)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigates the accessibility and flexibility of ubiquitous learning (u-learning) that influences students’ motivation in learning English. The participants were a cohort of 57 students enrolled in a one-year English program. U-learning uses seamless access to the materials that can be accessed anytime and anywhere. The data of the study were collected through a combination of observations, interview, and a likert scale based questionnaire. The observation was conducted in real-time interactions to observe students’ behaviors and engagement. While semi-structured interviews used to get deeper insights into their experiences, find the obstacles and benefits of u-learning implementation in English learning. While, the questionnaire used to know the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The analysis of the collected data revealed that the combination of u-learning and video-based learning significantly enhanced learner autonomy, engagement, and intrinsic motivation are fostering English language skills. The obstacles such as inconsistent internet access and other distractions were found. So, it is necessary to maximize the effectiveness of video-based learning in English learning. In addition, these findings emphasize the role of u-learning in fostering motivation in English language learning.Keywords: motivation, ubiquitous learning, video-based learning.
Fate Of Compostable Products During Industrial Composting Of SSO – Part I

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The central aim of the study, “The fate of (compostable) plastic products in a full scale industrial organic waste treatment facility,” was to gather more empirical data on whether the disintegration rate of compostable products is sufficient to be compatible with current organic waste treatment practices in the Netherlands. In an industrial organic waste treatment trial, nine different compostable plastic products were tested: organic waste collection bags, plant pots, tea bags, coffee pads, coffee capsules, and fruit labels. The authors studied how compostable plastics behave in the current Dutch treatment system for source separated municipal organic waste (GFT) and came to the conclusion that compostable products can be processed well with GFT. Part I of this article summarizes the scope and research methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrocatalysis of Anodic Oxygen‐Transfer Reactions. Effect of Groups IIIA and VA Metal Oxides in Electrodeposited β‐Lead Dioxide Electrodes in Acidic Media.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Rate constants have been measured for the anodic oxidation of Mn 2+ in 1.0 M HClO 4 at PbO 2 ‐based mixed oxide electrodes as a function of high doping levels of Group IIIA and VA metal oxides.
La non-prolifération nucléaire au XXIe siècle

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Nuclear Non-Proliferation in the 21st Century, by Jasjit Singh The NPT legitimises the possession of nuclear weapons. It may have limited the horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons, but neither their vertical nor geographical proliferation. The 1995 Conference has only confirmed this trend, by establishing no link between extension ind disarmament (though they are indissociable), and by stressing the NPT's extension at the expense ofits review. India, though outside the NPT, is favourable both to a complete test ban and to the prohibition of fissile material production for military uses. Indian deterrence rests upon a non-weaponised nuclear posture in the face of China's conventional superiority (and despite an improvement of bilateral relations since 1987). The element of ambiguity in the nuclear status of India and Pakistan is more conducive to a modus vivendi between India, Pakistan, and China than explicit nuclear postures would be. Short of the complete and global elimination of nuclear weapons, the existing regional situation does provide for some strategie stability.
Development of a high-resolution mid-infrared spectroscopy apparatus for the study of methane and other astrochemical molecules.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This research documents steps towards building a novel spectroscopic technique, namely, cavity-enhanced double-resonance (CEDR) spectroscopy, for investigating methane (CH4) and other molecules with significance in astrochemistry. These efforts focus on tackling the complexities of their ro-vibrational energy levels and the inefficiencies in analyzing vibrational spectra, particularly for molecules with high symmetry and strong intramolecular interactions. In the CEDR spectroscopy, the first photon, generated by a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator (CW-OPO) locked to a Doppler-free saturation absorption line, excites the molecule from its ground level to a selected excited ro-vibrational (rotational-vibrational) level, e.g., that of the asymmetric CH-stretch mode. The second photon then detects transitions from this intermediate level to a higher one with high-sensitivity spectroscopic techniques like cavity ring-down (CRD). The saturation absorption spectrum of the Q branch of CH4's ν3 = 1 band has been recorded with an average linewidth (FWHM) of 4.5 MHz and a frequency accuracy of ~3 MHz, achieved using previous optical-frequency-comb-based frequency measurement of selected lines and a home-built etalon. The new CW-OPO-based Doppler-free saturation spectroscopy system enables unprecedented scan capabilities, spectral resolution, and frequency accuracy in the mid-infrared. for 12 transitions. Proof-of-principles CW-CRD spectra of atmospheric water (H2O) have also been recorded. The ongoing research project aims at supporting the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations in the infrared region and guide observations of ground-based radio telescope such as Green Bank and ALMA in the microwave and millimeter-wave regions.
The Right of Representation in a Foreign Venue

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

‘WITH exceedingly insignificant exceptions … the whole world has accepted the right for parties in international arbitrations to be represented by advocates without subjecting them to any formal or material requirements as to their competence … In legal systems permeated by the monopoly of lawyers, this is nothing but a quiet revolution1.’

Ideally, international arbitration is a moveable feast which provides the same nourishment wherever the table is set. Accordingly, much has been written about the trend toward internationalisation of legal norms applied by arbitrators2 and, indeed, of awards themselves.3 This theoretical evolution has been accompanied by similar developments in practice, in particular the removal of idiosyncratic traps for the unwary contained in provisions of national laws affecting international arbitrations,4 and the increased acceptance of arbitration by parties outside the traditional mainstream of commerce.5 There is, however, a more prosaic development supportive of these trends which has not received the attention it perhaps requires. That is the internationalisation of the corps of advocates who represent parties in arbitration. This corps of arbitration experts is internationalised, at least in part because of the general lack of national obstacles to their participation as advocates in arbitration proceedings, wherever they occur. The members of such a corps have, as one commentator noted ‘shared values and viewpoints, which in turn promotes the growth of a new unitary international law of arbitration.’6

Yet one should not be entirely sanguine about an internationally-accepted unobstructed right to be represented by such advocates. A poignant illustration of the proposition that all may not be well is that of ‘ In the matter of an Arbitration between Builders Federal (Hong Kong) Limited and Joseph Gartner & Co, and Turner (East Asia) Pte Ltd (No. 90 of 1987)7 (“the Turner Case”), in …