jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Returns to Lying? Identifying the Effects of Misreporting When the Truth Is Unobserved

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Consider an observed binary regressor D and an unobserved binary variable D*, both of which affect some other variable Y . This paper considers nonparametric identification and estimation of the effect of D on Y , conditioning on D* = 0. For example, suppose Y is a person¡¯s wage, the unobserved D* indicates if the person has been to college, and the observed D indicates whether the individual claims to have been to college. This paper then identifies and estimates the difference in average wages between those who falsely claim college experience versus those who tell the truth about not having college. We estimate this average effect of lying to be about 6% to 20%. Nonparametric identification without observing D* is obtained either by observing a variable V that is roughly analogous to an instrument for ordinary measurement error, or by imposing restrictions on model error moments.
FIGURE 3 in The Chirostylidae of southern Australia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURE 3. Uroptychus australis (Henderson, 1885), male, 11.7 mm, off Port Jackson, AM P19082. A, dorsum. B, anterior carapace, right lateral. C, cheliped, proximal right ventral. D, telson. E, sternum. F, maxilliped 3, right lateral. G, crista dentata, right. H, antenna, right ventral. A–C = 3.5 mm, D–F = 1.8 mm, G–H = 0.9 mm.
The efficacy and safety of apatinib in the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant alpha-fetoprotein positive gastric cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e16080 Background: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-producing gastric cancer (AFPGC), accounting for 1% to 8% of all gastric cancers is very rare. The prognosis of AFPGC was poor.There is no standard treatment for AFPGC. Apatinib, a highly selective inhibitor of VEGFR-2, perhaps could be used in the treatment of AFPGC because of elevated expression level of VEGF in AFPGC. Methods: Patients with AFPGC followed first- or multi-line failed chemotherapy were collected in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from from January 2015 to January 2017. These patients received continuous treatment of apatinib: qd with initial dose of 500mg, oral administration, 28 days (4 weeks) as a treatment cycle. The dose of apatinib could be reduced to 250mg if adverse reactions in grade 3-4 appeared. Patients received continuous treatment of apatinib until death or progression of disease or intolerable toxicity appeared. Results: Total 26 patients were enrolled in the study and all of them could be evaluated for objective efficacy, safety and survival analysis during use of apatinib. Objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 19.2% and 69.2% respectively. Median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 5.9 months (95% CI, 6.363-6.69 months) and 13.9 months (95% CI, 11.78--16.92 months), respectively. The serum AFP decreased significantly in patients with part response to apatinib treatment(P < 0.01).The dose of apatinib was reduced to 250 mg in 8 patients because of the appearance of adverse reactions in grade 3-4. For others, adverse reactions including hematological and non-hematological toxicities all remained at grade 1-2. The most common hematologic toxicities adverse reactions at grade 3-4 were neutropenia (3.8%) and anemia (3.8%). While the most common non-hematologic adverse reactions at grade 3-4 were hypertension, fatigue, perforation, hypocalcemia, hypothyroidism and the incidence was all 3.8%. No death was occurred during the studies. Conclusions: Apatinib had a certain effect in treating AFPGC following failed chemotherapy with good safety. Furthermore, AFP could be used as an indicator in predicating treatment efficiency.
STUDY ON THE URBAN CHARACTERISTICS AND ALTERATION TRENDS OF TRADITIONAL RESIDENTIAL AREA IN PLOVDIV, BULGARIA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study attempts to examine specific urban features of the Old Town blocks by maps analysis and house/garden typology. Next it examines their transformations as intended by residents and planners. We found that: -Although partial, the fortification wall1 remains affected significantly the urban features and town street pattern. The urban blocks once enclosed by wall retain a suburban character, compared to the periphery blocks' urbanity. -Heritage planners' intentions aim to preserve the blocks' urban character, while residents prefer a suburban character. The similarities of both viewpoints stress the importance of the house facade bay-windows, protruded toward the street and the house/garden proportion (the garden-patio as an extension of the house' living room for summer use), considered as sustainable urban patterns for Plovdiv.
The Destiny of Hawaii

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines the role played by Celso Cesare Moreno in Hawaiian politics and its destiny as a U.S. territory. It discusses the political changes in Hawaii during Moreno's time there, beginning with his 1887 publication of a pamphlet, which included a letter to King David Kalākaua asking for reimbursement of the expenses that Moreno incurred for the maintenance of the three Hawaiian students: Robert William Wilcox, Robert Napu'uako Boyd, and James Kaneholo Booth. In the letter, Moreno also attacked Walter Murray Gibson, whom he said was not qualified to be prime minister of Hawaii. The chapter also considers Moreno's views about the Reciprocity Treaty and the Hawaiian question; Hawaii's Bayonet Constitution; Wilcox's emergence as a revolutionary; the rise of Kalākaua's sister Lili'uokalani as his successor to the throne; and the annexation of Hawaii as a U.S. territory in 1898.
Experimental Constraints on Lithium Exchange between Clinopyroxene, Olivine and Aqueous Fluid at High Pressures and Temperatures

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Clinopyroxene, olivine, plagioclase and hydrous fluid lithium partition coefficients have been measured between 800-1100oC at 1 GPa. Clinopyroxene-fluid partitioning is a function of temperature (ln DLicpx/fluid = -7.3 (+0.5) + 7.0 (+0.7) * 1000/T) and appears to increase with increasing pyroxene Al2O3 content. Olivine-fluid partitioning of lithium is a function of temperature (ln DLiol/fluid = -6.0 (+2.0) + 6.5 (+2.0) * 1000/T) and appears to be sensitive to olivine Mg/Fe content. Anorthite-fluid lithium partitioning is a function of feldspar composition, similar to the partitioning of other cations in the feldspar-fluid system. Isotopic fractionation between clinopyroxene and fluid, ïLicpx-fluid, has been measured between 900-1100oC and ranges from -0.3 to -3.4 â° (Â±1.4 â°). \nLithium diffusion has been measured in clinopyroxene at 800-1000oC and in olivine at 1000oC. The lithium diffusion coefficient is independent of the diffusion gradient as values are the same if the flux of lithium is into or out of the crystal and ranges from -15.19 Â± 2.86 m2/s at 800oC to -11.97 Â± 0.86 m2/s at 1000oC. Lithium diffusion in olivine was found to be two orders of magnitude slower than for clinopyroxene at similar conditions. Closure temperatures calculated for lithium diffusion in clinopyroxene range from ~400 to ~600oC. These results demonstrate that lithium equilibration between fluids and minerals is instantaneous, on a geological timescales.\nThe confirmation of instantaneous equilibration, combined with min-fluid partition coefficients and values for ïLicpx-fluid, permits quantitative modeling of the evolution of lithium concentration and isotopic composition in slab-derived fluids during transport to the arc melt source. Our results indicate that fluids migrating by porous flow will rapidly exchange lithium with the mantle, effectively buffering the fluid composition close to ambient mantle values, and rapidly attenuating the slab lithium signature. Fluid transport mechanisms involving fracture flow are required to maintain a slab-like lithium signature (both elemental and isotopic) from the slab to the melt source of island arc basalts. \nThis study demonstrates that mineral-fluid equilibration is rapid, and as a result the lithium content of minerals can only reliably represent chemical exchange in the very latest stages of the sampleâs history.
Quantitative assessment of complex formation of nuclear-receptor accessory proteins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Like other nuclear receptors, steroid hormone receptors form large protein hetero-complexes in their inactive, ligand-friendly state. Several heat-shock proteins, immunophilins and others have been identified as members of these highly dynamic complexes. The interaction kinetics and dynamics of hsp90, hsp70, p60 (Hop), FKBP52, FKBP51, p48 (Hip) and p23 have been assessed by a biosensor approach measuring the complex formation in real time. A core chaperone complex has been reconstituted from p60, hsp90 and hsp70. p60 forms a molecular bridge between hsp90 and hsp70 with an affinity in the range of 105 M-1. Dynamics of hsp90-p60 complex formation is modulated by ATP through changes in the co-operativity of interaction. At low protein concentrations ATP stabilizes the complex. Binding of p23 to hsp90 did not change the affinity of the hsp90-p60 complex and the stabilizing effect of ATP. Saturation of the p48-hsp70 interaction could not be achieved, suggesting multiple binding sites. A picture of the protein complex, including stoichiometric coefficients, co-operativity of interaction and equilibrium-binding constants, has been formed.
The Clinical Significance of Biphenotypia in Blastic Phase CML.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The characteristics and clinical outcomes of CML blast phase (CML-BP) patients whose blasts express antigens from more than one lineage are currently unknown. We systemically assessed lineage fidelity among patients with CML-BP using the definition of biphenotypic leukemia as proposed by the European Group for the Immunological Characterization of Leukemias (EGIL; Leukemia1995; 9:1783). Briefly, individual antigens are assigned scores based on known specificity for one of three lineages (myeloid, B-lymphoid or T-lymphoid); biphenotypic leukemia is defined by a score of &gt;2 points for two lineages. Between 02/97 and 01/06, 163 patients were treated for CML-BP at the MD Anderson Cancer Center, of which 120 had adequate flow cytometric assessment for calculation of EGIL score. The number of patients by lineages was: 89 myeloid (74%), 21 lymphoid (17.5%; B 14%, T 3.5%), 9 biphenotypic (7.5%), 1 unclassifiable (&lt;1%). Four of nine biphenotypic BP patients had a history of antecedent myeloid BP (n=3) or lymphoid BP (n=1). Lymphoid BP patients had lower mean white cell count (p=0.04), lower mean platelets (p=0.007) and higher mean bone marow blast percentage (p&lt;0.001) than myeloid BP patients; those with biphenotypic BP had values between the lymphoid and myeloid groups. Seven imatinib-naïve biphenotypic patients received imatinib as initial therapy for CML-BP, with six regaining a second chronic phase; however, median time to failure was only 2 months and, with the exception of one patient censored for allogeneic transplantation, all patients progressed within 4 months. The patient who underwent allogeneic transplantation died of transplant-related complications. An additional patient who had previously failed imatinib and nilotinib in chronic phase had no response to dasatinib in biphenotypic BP. The final patient developed biphenotypia during resistant relapse of previous B-lymphoid BP, and received supportive therapy only. Overall survival for lymphoid, myeloid and biphenotypic BP were 13, 8 and 6 months respectively (p=0.04). In order to determine the significance of minor degrees of lineage aberrancy, we examined the survival of myeloid and lymphoid BP patients with EGIL score 1.0 – 2.0 in a second lineage. For lymphoid BP patients, minor expression of myeloid antigens did not affect survival; in contradistinction, myeloid BP patients with minor expression of lymphoid antigens had a trend to inferior survival. Biphenotypic BP may either be de-novo or may emerge from previous unilineage CML-BP, highlighting the trend for lineal infidelity in CML-BP. Responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors are short-lived, and survival using current therapeutic strategies is very poor. Overall Survival Overall Survival
How Do We Think about Our Craft?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

To speak of craft is to presume a knowledge of a certain range of skills and proficiencies. It is to imagine an educated capacity to attain a desired end-inview or to bring about a desired result. Where teachers are concerned, the endin-view has to do with student learning; the desired result has to do with the “match” between what students have learned and what their teachers believe they have taught. We differ considerably among ourselves, of course, on the ends we actually have in mind and on the degree to which they can be predefined. Some of us focus on measurable competencies; others, on the process of coming to know, or on “knowing how” rather than “knowing that.” Some of us confine our attention to the cognitive domain; others try to cultivate imaginative capacities as well as cognitive ones; still others place equal stress on the affective domain. Many of us are uncertain about how much of our craft we have learned and about how much “comes naturally.” We wonder how much of our understanding can be put into words. How much of what we do is purely habitual and routinized? To what degree are choice and imagination involved? Is there a frame of reference to which most of us refer, what has been called “procedural lore”?1 How often, in any case, do we reflect on what we are doing, given our incessant involvement in the activity of teaching, maintaining order, meeting needs, making plans? To ask how we think about our craft is not to ask what we know about it. Following Hannah Arendt, I would describe thinking as a “soundless dialogue,“2 an internalized dialogue through which (as it were) we talk things over with ourselves. In order to engage in it, we have to “stop and think”; and, inevitably, it interrupts ordinary activities. To proceed unthinkingly is to be caught in the flux of things, to be “caught up” in dailyness, in the sequences of tasks and routines. Of course we have to proceed that way a good deal of the time, but there should be moments when we deliberately try to draw meaning out of particular incidents and experiences. This requires a pause, a conscious effort to shake free of what Virginia Woolf called “the nondescript cotton wool” of daily life.3 She associated such moments of awareness with “moments of being”: and she knew how rare they are in any given day and how necessary for the development of a sense of potency, of vital being in the world. Thinking about our craft often brings conscience to bear on the actions we
Native nation building through the lens of political science

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Native American governance is a political science matter, yet mainstream political science has largely neglected Native nations. Critical assessment of mainstream political theory shows that the dominant misconception about Native peoples as ethnic minorities has shaped political thinking in the United States since the nineteenth century to the present. Ideologies of pluralism, liberalism, and neoliberalism perpetuate colonial dominance over Native peoples and pose a threat to their survival as separate political entities. To contribute to political science theorizing about Native American nation building, I propose a case-specific theoretical framework that is sensitive to the different nature of the Native political world. It uses an eclectic combination of Native American studies perspectives, genealogical method, and new institutionalist approaches. I apply this theoretical framework to the case of the White Earth rebuilding process.
Analyzing Dynamics of MVNO Market Using Evolutionary Game

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In many countries, mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs) provide mobile network services to users by leasing the wireless bandwidth from mobile network operators (MNOs). To attract many users and increase the number of subscribers, some MVNOs introduce the strategy called zero rating (ZR) which exempts traffic of specific content providers (CPs) from usage-based charging. The ZR differentiates traffic of specific CPs from that of other CPs, so the ZR violates the principle of network neutrality, and the ZR is prohibited in some countries. However, to clarify the desirable rules against the ZR, we need to analyze its impact on end users. In this paper, we investigate the charging strategy of ZR MVNOs by analyzing the price plans of major MVNOs in Japan. Moreover, we model the dynamics of the MVNO market consisting of low-price (LP) MVNOs and ZR MVNOs by the evolutionary game which can model the dynamics of social environment described by strategic distribution. We show that the MVNO market will be monopolized by MVNOs using either strategy, and the monthly fee of users will increase at the steady state. Therefore, we conclude that ZR MVNOs are required to introduce a service plan for users who do not benefit from the ZR.
Highly efficient monovalent ion transport enabled by ionic crosslinking‐induced nanochannels

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Charge‐governed ion transport is of significant importance to industrial development, and advanced membrane materials with fast and selective ionic transport are essential components. In cell membranes, ionic transport is mainly determined by the charge‐governed protein channels, representing an architecture with functional differentiation. Inspired by this, a novel class of membranes was developed by ionically crosslinking sulfonated (poly[ether ether ketone]) and quaternized poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) to construct the cationic conductive biomimetic nanochannels. Ionic crosslinking was tailored to realize nanophase separation and efficient ion transport mainly based on surface chemistry without altering the scaffold feature of polymeric pore channels. The best‐performing ionic crosslinking membrane exhibited a high ionic permeation (2.23 mol·m −2 ·h −1 for K + ) and high cationic selectivity (7.91 for K + /Mg 2+ ), which were comparable with the commercial monovalent cation permselective CIMS membrane, owing to the negligent surface resistance toward monovalent cations but strong positively charged repulsion against divalent cations.
Wastu Citra as an Indonesia Regionalism Local Wisdom

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There is a theory about regionalism from Kenneth Frampton, “Critical Regionalism”. This theory is from western culture, and have some mismatch with eastern culture, especially Indonesia. In other side Indonesia had some theory from Mangunwijaya, “Wastu Citra”. The main question is what the connection between “Wastu Citra” and “Critical Regionalism”. This research will be held qualitative from phenomenology studies to test Butet’s House which is designed by Eko Prawoto. The theory become the parameter for the test. The purpose of this research is to enhance Indonesia regionalism theory. As the result, WastuCcitra theory enhance Frampton regionalism theory in the context of Indonesia. As a conclusion Manguwijaya ideas Wastu Citra could be the parameter of Indonesian Regionalism Architecture. Keyword: Wastu Citra, Regionalism, Critical Regionalism, Architecture Theory.
Lateglacial/early Holocene palaeoenvironments in the southern North Sea Basin: new data from the Dudgeon offshore wind farm

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT It is well known that the North Sea conceals an extensive former landscape of Late Pleistocene and Holocene date that was progressively submerged as result of rising post‐glacial sea levels. Although an increasingly detailed picture is emerging of these submerged palaeolandscapes, well‐dated palaeoenvironmental reconstructions from the North Sea Basin remain few and far between. Pollen, foraminifera, ostracod, plant macrofossil and molluscan data are presented from a radiocarbon‐dated core retrieved from the site of the Dudgeon offshore wind farm, located in the southern North Sea Basin. The palaeoenvironmental analysis provides new data on changing local physical and vegetation environments in the southern North Sea Basin, occurring against a background of global climate change and rising sea levels. Subalpine plant communities gradually gave way to hazel‐dominated woodland during the early Holocene, with freshwater environments replaced by increasing signs of estuarine influence from ca . 9500 to 9000 cal a BP. The thin upper peat (8411–8331 cal a BP) raises the possibility that the final inundation of the Dudgeon site may be linked to meltwater pulses following the collapse of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and the draining of the proglacial Lakes Agassiz and Ojibway.
A hierarchical ensemble model for automated assessment of stroke impairment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Assessment of sensory, motor and cognitive function of stroke subjects provide important information to guide patient rehabilitation. As many of the currently used measures are inherently subjective and use course rating scales, here we propose a hierarchical ensemble network that can automatically identify stroke patients and assess their upper limb functionality objectively, based on experimental task data. We compare our neural network ensemble model with ten combinations of different classifiers and ensemble schemes, showing that it significantly outperforms competitors. We also demonstrate that our measure scale is congruent with clinical information, responsive with changes of patients motor function, and reliable in terms of test-retest configuration.
Insight into cations substitution on structural and electrochemical properties of nanostructured Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C cathodes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Structural instability is the major obstacle in the Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C cathode during charge and discharge process, which can be improved by the substitution of cations in the host cage. In this study, the transition metal ions with different valence (Ag 1+ , Zn 2+ , Cr 3+ , and Ti 4+ ) have been substituted in Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C via modified sol‐gel method and the impact on the structural, electrical, and electrochemical performances has been systematically explored. The Rietveld‐refined XRD pattern and HR‐TEM (SAED) result reveal that all the prepared samples maintain orthorhombic structure (S.G‐ Pmn 2 1 ). The FE‐SEM and TEM micrographs of bare and doped Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C display nanoparticle formation with 20‐40 nm size. Among different cation‐substituted silicates, Li 2 Fe 0.9 Ti 0.1 SiO 4 /C sample exhibits an excellent total conductivity of 1.20 × 10 −4 S cm −1 which is one order of magnitude higher than the bare Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C sample. The galvanostatic charge‐discharge curves and cyclic voltammetric analysis reveal that the Li 2 Fe 0.9 Ti 0.1 SiO 4 /C material provides an excellent initial specific capacity of 242 mAh g −1 and maintains a capacity of 226 mAh g −1 after 50 cycles with capacity retention of 93.38%. The Ti doping is a promising strategy to overcome the capacity fading issues, by preventing the structural collapse during Li‐ion intercalation/de‐intercalation processes in the Li 2 FeSiO 4 /C electrode through the strong hybridization between the 3 d and 4 s orbitals in titanium and 2 p orbital in oxygen.