jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Defining Contemporary Russian Warfare

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article, Robert Seely offers a comprehensive assessment of what has become known as Russian ‘hybrid’ warfare. First, he asks whether ‘hybrid’ is the most appropriate term to use when studying contemporary Russian warfare. Second, he introduces a method of categorisation to help make sense of the considerable diversity of Russian tools of war. Finally, he suggests that contemporary Russian warfare is more than just war; it amounts to a reinvention of strategic art, where the tools of state power are integrated into a single whole.

At the time of writing, in February 2017, three years after the start of the war in eastern Ukraine, Russian troops remained massed on its eastern border. The forces are there either to influence and intimidate Kiev or are positioned as a precursor to further violence. As well as being one of the greatest threats to security in Europe and the Western world, the Ukrainian conflict has been the focus of much media, political and military attention on what has become known as Russian ‘hybrid warfare’. This article follows US academic Frank G Hoffman’s definition: ‘hybrid threats incorporate a full range of different modes of warfare including conventional capabilities, irregular tactics and formations, terrorist acts including indiscriminate violence and coercion, and criminal disorder’.11 Frank G Hoffman, ‘Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hybrid Wars’, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, December 2007, p. 14.View all notes

NATO has admitted that it has been slow to respond. At the organisation’s Warsaw Summit in July 2016, the Alliance belatedly pledged to counter such threats, committing its 28 members to joint analysis, prevention and detection work, as well as intelligence sharing and strategic communication.22 Ibid.View all notes

However, there remain significant barriers to Western attempts to counter Russian hybrid warfare. There is a lack of agreement on what exactly it comprises, beyond generalised definitions that amount to little more than sound bites. In fact, one wonders whether ‘hybrid’ is the right term to use when studying contemporary Russian warfare. This article looks at the debate surrounding the issue in three ways. First, it identifies the range of terms currently in use and provides a brief critique of them. Second, it introduces a clear method of categorisation, with examples, to help make sense of the remarkable diversity of Russian tools of war. Third, it questions whether this form of warfare is ‘new’ and seeks to explain why it is being used. In so doing, the article argues for a holistic understanding of what has become known, rightly or wrongly, as ‘Russian hybrid warfare’.
Management of Primary Dysmenorrhoea by Dry Cupping and Herbal Unani Drug

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary dysmenorrhea is a common menstrual cramps with high prevalence rate is responsible for the highest incidence of absenteeism resulting in loss of working hours.Thus, proper treatment is essential to over the hardship, the objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of Dry Cupping with Herbal Unani drug in the management of Primary Dysmenorrhoea.A randomized, standard controlled clinical trial was conducted in OPD of Deoband Unani Medical College & Research Centre (DUMCH-RC),Saharanpur, UPfrom August 2014 to February 2016.Diagnosed case of primary dysmenorrhoea aged between 12-30 years were included.A total of 60 subjects were assigned randomly to the interventions.The test group A (n=20) received 3gm of herbal drug namely hulba(Trigonella foenumgraecum) twice daily from day 1 to day 3 of menstrual cycle.The test group B (n=20) received same dose of hulba with dry cupping.For hijamah three medium cups were applied below the umbilicus for 15 minutes on day 1 and day 3 of menstruation.Group C (n=20) is controlled group which received standard drug mefanamic acid, 500 mg twice daily for same duration as the test drug.These interventions were given for three consecutive cycles.The results were analyzed and compared statistically by using Analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi-square or Fisher Exact test to find the significance of study parameters.The inter group comparison showed that group A was equally effective as group B and C (P>0.05), whereas group B was more-effective than group C (P=0.02) in reducing pain intensity.The associated symptoms were also improved in all groups.No adverse drug effects were observed.Dry cupping with hulba was more effective than mefanamic acid in reducing pain intensity and discomfort.Overall improvement were also observed in other associated symptoms.The dry cupping with hulba were found to be more effective in the management of primary dysmenorrhoea.
Species diversity of lady beetles in the suburbs of Nanchong City, Sichuan.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The population structure and diversity of ladybeetles in four habitats: the man-made forest, agricultural fields, bushes, and beach plants were surveyed from March 2003 to May 2004. Of the total ~1?216 lady beetle specimens collected,36 species of 22 genera in 7 subfamilies were identified. Two subfamilies predominated: Coccinellinae (genera: Propylea, Harmonia, etc.) and Epilachninae(genera: Epilachna, Henosepilachna, etc.). Among the genera, Epilachna had the most abundant species. The subfamily Coccinellinae was the most abundant in terms of individuals, and Epilachninae was the next. Afidentula was the least abundant in terms of number of species or individuals. Species richness decreased in the following sequence: bushes, beach plants, the man-made forest, and agricultural fields.
Genomic profiling of the residual disease of advanced high‐grade serous ovarian cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The goal of our study was to demonstrate the spectrum of genomic alterations present in the residual disease of patients with advanced high‐grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), including matched pretreatment biopsies. During the study period between 2006 and 2017, we collected pre‐NAC and post‐NAC tumor tissue samples from patients with advanced HGSOC. We performed combined next‐generation sequencing and immunohistochemistry to identify actionable targets and pathway activation in post‐NAC residual tumors. We also examined whether post‐NAC profiling of residual HGSOC identified targetable molecular lesions in the chemotherapy‐resistant component of tumors. Among 102 post‐NAC samples, 41 (40%) of patients had mutations in homologous recombination repair (HRR) genes (HRR deficiency). Patients with HRR mutations had higher tumor mutation burdens ( p < 0.001) and higher alterations in the PI3K–AKT–mTOR pathway ( p = 0.004) than patients without these HRR mutations. Nevertheless, we found no significant differences in progression‐free survival ( p = 0.662) and overall survival (OS; p = 0.828) between the two groups. Most patients (91%) had alterations in at least one of the targetable pathways, and those patients with cell cycle ( p = 0.004) and PI3K–AKT–mTOR signaling ( p = 0.005) pathway alterations had poorer OS (Bonferroni‐corrected threshold = 0.0083, 0.05/6). We showed the genomic landscape of tumor cells remaining in advanced HGSOC after NAC. Once validated, these data can help inform biomarker‐driven adjuvant studies in targeting residual tumors to improve the outcomes of patients with advanced HGSOC after NAC.
Teaching basic chemistry concepts with the overhead projector

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTeaching basic chemistry concepts with the overhead projectorRuth A. Walker Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1964, 41, 12, 663Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1964Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 December 1964Published inissue 1 December 1964https://doi.org/10.1021/ed041p663RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views56Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Grain-Orientation and Paleocurrent Systems in Medina Formation: ABSTRACT

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Several sedimentological parameters were examined to define the paleoenvironments of the Formation (Lower Silurian; outcrops along the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario and New York State). The diverse sedimentological parameters change regionally as well as vertically in a quasi-regular manner. The trends of such changes are similar in all the properties examined. The consistency within the basin of the variations of the variables suggests a deltaic paleoenvironment for the sediments. Two of the sedimentological parameters, grain orientation and directional sedimentary structures, were studied in the Thorold and Grimsby Sandstone Members of the Formation. Determination of grain orientation yielded a complex pattern of directions hardly explainable except by a mixed environment model. It was found that the total sampled population of the grain orientations of the Thorold and Grimsby Sandstones was nonhomogeneous. Utilizing a trial and error methodology homogeneous subpopulations were distinguished: 1. Subpopulations related to the type of sedimentary structure present in the sampled bed: (a) cross-bedded (subpopulation); (b) laminated (subpopulation); and (c) massive (subpopulation). 2. Subpopulations related to the stratigraphic location of the samples: (a) Thorold plus upper third of the Grimsby; and (b) lower two thirds of the Grimsby. 3. Subpopulations related to the geographic location of the samples: (a) east of the Niagara River (New York region); and (b) west of the Niagara River (Ontario region). The various subpopulations evidently are interrelated and they are partly duplicated in the behavior of the azimuths of the cross-beds and other directional sedimentary structures. The directional data obtained from the Thorold and Grimsby Sandstones suggest the existence of two major paleocurrent systems: 1. A first system, trending northwest, was measured in the azimuths of cross-beds and in the cross-bedded grain orientation subpopulation of primarily the New York region. 2. A second system, trending northeast, was measured in the azimuths of cross-beds in the Ontario region and in the laminated grain orientation subpopulation. The characteristics of the paleocurrent systems and the results obtained from other sedimentary properties which better define the subenvironments composing the Medina delta, suggest that the first paleocurrent system is related to distributary channel complexes and the second to marine currents. End_of_Article - Last_Page 540------------
Pattern-aware shape deformation using sliding dockers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper introduces a new structure-aware shape deformation technique. The key idea is to detect continuous and discrete regular patterns and ensure that these patterns are preserved during free-form deformation. We propose a variational deformation model that preserves these structures, and a discrete algorithm that adaptively inserts or removes repeated elements in regular patterns to minimize distortion. As a tool for such structural adaptation, we introduce sliding dockers, which represent repeatable elements that fit together seamlessly for arbitrary repetition counts. We demonstrate the presented approach on a number of complex 3D models from commercial shape libraries.
Alcohol Impairs Bioenergetics and Differentiation Capacity of Myoblasts from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Female Macaques

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Alcohol misuse and HIV independently induce myopathy. We previously showed that chronic binge alcohol (CBA) administration, with or without simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), decreases differentiation capacity of male rhesus macaque myoblasts. We hypothesized that short-term alcohol and CBA/SIV would synergistically decrease differentiation capacity and impair bioenergetic parameters in female macaque myoblasts. Myoblasts from naïve (CBA−/SIV−), vehicle [VEH]/SIV, and CBA/SIV (N = 4–6/group) groups were proliferated (3 days) and differentiated (5 days) with 0 or 50 mM ethanol (short-term). CBA/SIV decreased differentiation and increased non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) versus naïve and/or VEH/SIV. Short-term alcohol decreased differentiation; increased maximal and non-mitochondrial OCR, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and aldolase activity; and decreased glycolytic measures, ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and pyruvate kinase activity. Mitochondrial ROS production was closely associated with mitochondrial network volume, and differentiation indices were closely associated with key bioenergetic health and function parameters. Results indicate that short-term alcohol and CBA non-synergistically decrease myoblast differentiation capacity. Short-term alcohol impaired myoblast glycolytic function, driving the bioenergetic deficit. Results suggest potentially differing mechanisms underlying decreased differentiation capacity with short-term alcohol and CBA, highlighting the need to elucidate the impact of different alcohol use patterns on myopathy.
Creating a Relational Participatory Space:Insights from a Youth Participatory Action Research Project

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

<p><b>Since the ratification of Article 12 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, there has been a heightened focus on youth participation as a way of upholding young people’s right to have their say on decisions that affect them. However, programmes that attempt to engage young people in decision-making processes have often been poorly enacted and have failed to adequately address the barriers that limit young people’s ability to participate meaningfully and therefore rarely result in sustained change. This study examined processes with a youth participatory action research [YPAR] project in order to identify and explore processes and practices that might serve to sustain young people’s involvement and support authentic and meaningful participation. The research used an instrumental case study approach to examine an 18-month-long YPAR project operated through an existing youthwork programme. Data were collected through autoethnography, artefact analysis and participant interviews and reflections with youth participants. </b></p> <p>The study found that peer-to-peer and peer-to-leader relationships were foundational to youth participants’ ongoing involvement over the 18-month period. Such relationships appeared to drive much of the momentum of the action research and enable at times dynamic flows of power between youth participants and adults that encouraged an inter-generational space within the YPAR project. Young people stepped into leadership roles at different phases of the project while adult leaders managed the pace and progress of the project. The study identified five factors that helped to create this relational participatory space: reduced leader direction; valuing youth voice; openness of other participants, reworking adult-centric processes and the implementation of a variety of sharing activities. A number of factors that constrained youth voice were also identified. The study highlights how strong relationships were an integral part of the processes and practices of YPAR, rather than merely a positive outcome of participatory processes. These findings challenge traditional individualistic models of youth participation that frequently fail to acknowledge the importance of intergenerational and collective relationships within youth participatory action research projects. The study therefore calls for a heightened focus on relationship building within participatory processes both at a policy and practical level.</p>
THE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF N-ACETYLIMIDAZOLE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF N-ACETYLIMIDAZOLEE. R. Stadtman and F. H. White Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 8, 2022Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01104a533https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01104a533research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views94Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Nutrition in Strengthening the Immunity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Coronavirus is one of many viruses that can cause symptoms like pneumonia, lung infection, difficulty in breathing, fever, etc. (1).This virus is a sub-family of the coronavirus family, which occurs as a large ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that infects the human respiratory tract (2).These viruses are fatal for those with immunocompromise, particularly elderly people.They are known to infect human airways from the luminal side, and progeny viruses are released from the same side.This makes it easier to spread through coughing and sneezing (2).
Brain-Stem Structures and Catecholamines in the Control of Arterial Blood Pressure in the Rat

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Noradrenaline, adrenaline and α-methylnoradrenaline administration into the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) of anaesthetized rats decreased blood pressure and heart rate in a dose-dependent fashion. 2. Bilateral injections were effective in lower doses than unilateral administration. α-Methylnoradrenaline given bilaterally produced hypotension in a dose of 0·08 nmol whereas after unilateral injection a dose of 0·32 nmol was needed to obtain the same degree of hypotension. 3. Electrical stimulation of the NTS caused hypotension and bradycardia. Conversely, bilateral electrolytic lesions or deafferentation of the NTS led to acute hypertension. Chronically such lesions caused neurogenic hypertension. 4. In spontaneously hypertensive rats increased concentrations of noradrenaline, adrenaline and dopamine were measured in the part of the NTS located just caudal to the obex (A2 region).
Validity of Arch Relationship Measurements in Digital Dental Models

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the validity of orthodontic measurements including tooth width, Bolton ratio, overjet and overbite on the digital dental models. Dental models of the subjects aged 12 to 18 were obtained in 3 different forms, which were conventional stone model, digital model created with Freedom HD model scanner, and digital model produced with CS3600 intraoral scanner. After measurements were made on the models, reliability and reproducibility of the measurements were evaluated by using intraclass correlation coefficient, while validity was assessed with paired t-test. As a result, significant reliability and reproducibility were verified, with intraclass correlation coefficient exceeding 0.750 in all groups. Measurements of the model scanned group showed an adequate validity in overall and anterior Bolton ratio, overjet, and overbite. Intraoral scanned models showed an adequate validity in anterior Bolton ratio, and overjet. Measurement on intraoral scanned digital models can be considered as an alternative for young children who have difficulty in taking impression. Furthermore, careful considerations on measurement error should be made in clinical situations.
The mechanism of substitution reactions of pentamminecobalt(III) complexes. Product distributions in the induced aquation of some [Co(NH3)5X]2+ ions in the presence of added anions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe mechanism of substitution reactions of pentamminecobalt(III) complexes. Product distributions in the induced aquation of some [Co(NH3)5X]2+ ions in the presence of added anionsDavid A. Buckingham, I. I. Olsen, Alan M. Sargeson, and H. SatrapaCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1967, 6, 5, 1027–1032Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1967https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50051a038RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views285Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (664 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Star-shaped and planterian vaults between Seventeenth and Eighteenth century in the entrance halls of Turin. From the contributions of the treatises, to the geometric modeling, to the survey of artifacts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Turin baroque palaces, at the end of the seventeenth century, develop a new type of representative hall with a single covering: a vaulted space, masonry structured, whose radiocentric star-shaped matrix evolves and changes, over a period of less than a century, in double axial orthogonal schemes, particularly through the work of Plantery. Star-shaped and planterian vaults are generated by a wide mail vault, that cover the entire hall, combined, through intersections and cuts, with secondary radiocentric vaults (in star-shaped vaults) or axial and angular vaults (in planterian vaults). The study of treatises and manuals bring out interesting considerations on formal conception and construction techniques of these vauls that are reflected in 3D digital modeling and survey