jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reaction Kinetics and Critical Phenomena:  Rates of Some First Order Gas Evolution Reactions in Binary Solvents with a Consolute Point

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We have measured the rate of carbon dioxide evolution in the aniline catalyzed decomposition of acetone dicarboxylic acid in a mixture of isobutyric acid + water near its consolute point. Within a temperature interval of 1 degrees C, which included the critical solution temperature, the first-order rate constant oscillated in magnitude by about 10% as it passed through three complete cycles of slowing down followed by speeding up. Whereas we can find no ready explanation for the speeding up, we suggest that, because the mixture contained no inert components, the slowing down should belong to the Griffiths-Wheeler class of strong critical effects [Phys. Rev. A 1970, 2, 1047]. As a check on this conclusion, we have measured the rate of the SN1 decomposition of benzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate in 2-butoxyethanol + water near the lower critical solution temperature and also the rate of the acid-catalyzed decomposition of ethyl diazoacetate in isobutyric acid + water near the upper critical solution temperature. Both of these reactions evolve nitrogen. In the first reaction, 2-butoxyethanol is inert, whereas in the second, isobutyric acid is inert. In both cases, because there was one inert component, we regarded the response of the rate constant to temperature in the critical region to be representative of the Griffiths-Wheeler class of weak critical effects. Within our accuracy of measurement of about 2% in the rate constant and about 1 mK in the temperature, we could detect no effect of the critical point on the rates of either of these reactions, suggesting that a weak effect may be too small to be seen with our experimental apparatus. The successful observation of a critical effect in the rate of decomposition of acetone dicarboxylic acid proves, however, that kinetic critical phenomena are observable in heterogeneous reactions.
I Am that I Am: Subjectivity and World View in the Science Fictions of Philip K. Dick

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>In this account of American science fiction writer Philip K. Dick's work, the aim has been to describe the involvement of assumptions inherited from philosophical and scientific discourse in both the understanding and experience of subjectivity. It is argued that Dick's representations of identity both picture the tensions engendered by the prevalent reality standard with which he had to deal and, in their development, come to articulate a path beyond the impasse this standard presents. The fundamental insufficiency of the world view Dick's fiction both encounters and embodies is epitomised by the twin questions with which he characterised his work: 'what is human?' and 'what is real?' In coming to terms with the significance of these questions the work of the Austrian philosopher and scientist Rudolf Steiner has been engaged as a critical foil to Dick's fictionalising. Special attention is given to the epistemological basis of Steiner's anthroposophy and its account of the world and our peculiar situation in it that, far from asserting any external and unvarying standard of truth, describes a process essentially evolutionary and unfixed. It is claimed that in Steiner, as in Dick, the human contribution to both identity and reality constitutes the validity of each, a matrix of subject and object from which one's self is delivered, in each instance a new beginning.</p>
New derivatives of 6-nitrocoumarin-3-thiosemicarbazone exhibit improved antiparasitic activity in the placenta against Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Congenital infections by Trypanosoma cruzi and Toxoplasma gondii pose significant clinical challenges due to the lack of safe and effective treatments. This study evaluates eight novel 6-nitrocoumarin-3-thiosemicarbazone derivatives in an ex vivo human placenta model, assessing their antiparasitic activity and impact on tissue integrity. Two therapeutic approaches were tested: pre-infection (preventive) and post-infection (therapeutic). In vitro and ex vivo assays revealed strong activity trends. Compound 7 was the most effective against T. cruzi (IC 50 = 22.4 ± 0.8 µM, logP = 2.49), while compound 1 exhibited the highest activity against T. gondii (IC 50 = 17.3 ± 0.5 µM, logP = 1.44). Unlike current treatments, none of the compounds induced placental tissue damage, preserving trophoblast function. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis identified an inverse correlation between lipophilicity and antiparasitic activity in T. gondii , where polar compounds were more effective. In T. cruzi , higher lipophilicity favored trypanocidal activity, suggesting differential cell permeability mechanisms. Mechanistic studies using electrochemistry and electron spin resonance (ESR) demonstrated that nitro group bioreduction promotes ROS generation, explaining activity against T. cruzi . By contrast, lower ROS levels in T. gondii suggest alternative mechanisms. This study validates the ex vivo human placenta model as a clinically relevant platform for antiparasitic drug screening. The findings highlight 6-nitrocoumarin-3-thiosemicarbazones as promising early-stage candidates that warrant further optimization to develop safer and more effective therapies for congenital infections.
Prebiotic Efficiency of Blue Green Algae on Probiotics Microorganisms

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Blue green algae also called cyanobacteria are considered to be the photosynthetic prokaryotes.Their similarities with both higher plants and simple bacteria have made them ideal model systems for intensive research in varied spheres of biology.Their role in nitrogen fixation is well known but their role as prebiotics to support the growth of probiotic bacteria is an upcoming field of study.Prebiotics includes indigestible carbohydrates mainly oligosaccharides that benefit the host organism by selectively stimulating the growth or activity of one or a limited number of probiotic bacteria in the colon.Spirulina, a cyanobacterium is a photoautotrophic microorganism, widely distributed in nature and is consumed as human food supplement for centuries because of its best known nutritional value.It contains 78% proteins, vitamins, 4-7% lipids, minerals, carbohydrates and some natural pigments.Due to the presence of these phytonutrients, it has corrective properties against several diseases like cancer, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, anaemia etc. Research studies have reported that the extracellular products produced by Spirulina platensis significantly promotes the growth of lactic acid bacteria such as Lactococcus lactis, Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Lactobacillus bulgaricus.The present paper would focus on the prebiotic efficiency of certain blue green algae on probiotic microorganisms.
Covert Action and Grand Strategy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Throughout history, covert action has been a critically important instrument used by states to achieve their strategic aims without the use of military force. This chapter explores the little-known role that covert action played during the rise of the United States from the American Revolution to the First World War, as well their use by Great Britain and Germany to influence US foreign policy after the United States had become a great power. The chapter explores how covert operations aided US efforts to expand across North America and European covert missions to block America’s rise through exploiting divisions within US society and derailing American plans to expand its borders to the Pacific Ocean. The chapter then explores how prior to the First World War, Britain and Germany used covert psychological operations to sway American opinion to their respective sides. Once war broke out, these operations intensified as Britain sought to convince the United States to enter the conflict as their ally while German operations sought to encourage American neutrality. Once America entered the war, Germany switched to sabotaging American operations to derail US war production. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the future of covert action in the digital age and the role of cyberattacks in light of the Russian attack on the 2016 US presidential election.
Nanocomposites based on biocompatible polymers and graphene oxide for antibacterial coatings

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, antibacterial coatings based on graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposites have attracted many studies around the world. The use of polymers as the matrices of GO nanofillers in the nanocomposites has been explored to produce efficient coatings against bacteria. One of the most prospective applications is the incorporation of GO into biocompatible polymers, which can produce antibacterial coatings. Here, recent progresses on the antibacterial coatings of nanocomposites based on biocompatible polymers and GO are reviewed. The effect of GO filler concentrations, biocide materials, and biocompatibility are discussed to find the most efficient antibacterial activity and biocompatibility of nanocomposites. Among biocompatible polymers, chitosan (Cs), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), and poly lactic acid (PLA) are the most popular matrices used for the nanocomposites. This review also elaborates challenges in the use of other biocompatible polymers. Future works on biocompatible antibacterial coatings should be conducted by considering the concentration of GO nanofillers or adding other materials such as essential oils to suppress the toxicity toward functional cells.
Subclinical Hypothyroidism during Valproic Acid Therapy in Children and Adolescents with Epilepsy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of thyroid dysfunction during valproic acid (VPA) therapy in children and adolescents with epilepsy. The serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine, and triiodothyronine were evaluated in 61 children with epilepsy who received VPA monotherapy for more than 6 months and in 144 controls. We analyzed the effect of age, seizure type, duration of VPA treatment, dose of VPA, and serum level of VPA on thyroid function. The incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism was significantly higher in patients with VPA therapy than in controls (52.4 vs. 16.7%; p < 0.001). In addition, of the 61 patients, 5 (8.1%) exhibited TSH levels that were >10 μIU/mL. However, none of the patients and controls showed overt hypothyroidism. Serum VPA level and daily dose of VPA were correlated with TSH level. Subclinical hypothyroidism developed frequently in children and adolescents during VPA therapy.
Shell-dependent electroluminescence from colloidal CdSe quantum dots in multilayer light-emitting diodes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We report electroluminescence (EL) of colloidal CdSe/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, and CdSe/CdS/CdZnS/ZnS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) in multilayer light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated by spin coating a near monolayer of the core/shell QDs on cross-linkable hole transporting layers. It is found that CdSe/CdS QD-LEDs exhibit a faster decrease in EL quantum efficiency (∼2% at a brightness of 100 cd/m2) with increasing current density and lower maximum brightness than those of CdSe/ZnS QD-LEDs. A more significant redshift and spectral broadening of the EL observed in CdSe core/shell QDs with a CdS or CdS/CdZnS/ZnS shell than with a ZnS shell indicate that the electron wave function can penetrate into the shell under electric field. The difference in device performance and EL spectra results from conduction band offsets between the CdSe cores and CdS or ZnS shells, suggesting the existence of the exciton ionization in the QD-LEDs.
Tropical Deforestation and Pasture Development

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Journal Article Tropical Deforestation and Pasture Development Get access Robert J. Buschbacher Robert J. Buschbacher Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar BioScience, Volume 36, Issue 1, January 1986, Pages 22–28, https://doi.org/10.2307/1309794 Published: 01 January 1986
Using Coronal Loops to Reconstruct the Magnetic Field of an Active Region Before and After a Major Flare

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The shapes of solar coronal loops are sensitive to the presence of electrical currents that are the carriers of the nonpotential energy available for impulsive activity. We use this information in a new method for modeling the coronal magnetic field of AR 11158 as a nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF). The observations used are coronal images around time of major flare activity on 2011/02/15, together with the surface line-of-sight magnetic field measurements. The data are from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager and Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (HMI and AIA, respectively) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). The model fields are constrained to approximate the coronal loop configurations as closely as possible, while also subject to the force-free constraints. The method does not use transverse photospheric magnetic field components as input, and is thereby distinct from methods for modeling NLFFFs based on photospheric vector magnetograms. We validate the method using observations of AR 11158 at a time well before major flaring, and subsequently review the field evolution just prior to and following an X2.2 flare and associated eruption. The models indicate that the energy released during the instability is about $1\times10^{32}$ erg, consistent with what is needed to power such a large eruptive flare. Immediately prior to the eruption the model field contains a compact sigmoid bundle of twisted flux that is not present in the post-eruption models, which is consistent with the observations. The core of that model structure is twisted by $\approx0.9$ full turns about its axis.
The new luxury equation: consumer values and market preferences

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This article identifies consumer segments based on their intentions to purchase different luxury products, categorized as functional and lifestyle luxury. Two studies compare them across countries distinct in their cultural and sustainable orientations. In the first study, respondents from Kuwait are clustered into functional luxury and lifestyle luxury consumers, with their motives compared across the identified segments. The second study applies the same methodology to respondents in the UK, resulting in similar consumer segments as those found in Kuwait. Logistic regression is then used to identify the motives for each segment and each country. This country-specific approach reduces potential biases from a one-size-fits-all methodology and helps identify distinct patterns and motivations unique to each cultural setting. The research suggests practical value-based positioning frameworks that can directly assist brand managers in making informed decisions about brand positioning and developing marketing strategies that effectively target the right segments. The current research fills a significant gap in the literature by introducing a novel approach to understanding the differences or similarities in the values consumers attach to various luxury categories across countries. This paper introduces the concept of perceived compatibility between luxury and sustainability as a novel component within consumer profiles.
Association of deoxyribonuclease I with the pointed ends of actin filaments in human red blood cell membrane skeletons.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have characterized the interaction of bovine pancreatic deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I) with the filamentous (F-)actin of red cell membrane skeletons stabilized with phalloidin. The hydrolysis of [3H]DNA was used to assay DNase I. We found that DNase I bound to a homogenous class of approximately equal to 2.4 X 10(4) sites/skeleton with an association rate constant of approximately 1 X 10(6) M-1 S-1 and a KD of 1.9 X 10(-9) M at 20 degrees C. Phalloidin lowered the dissociation constant by approximately 1 order of magnitude. The DNase I which sedimented with the skeletons was catalytically inactive but could be reactivated by dissociation from the actin. Actin and DNA bound to DNase I in a mutually exclusive fashion without formation of a ternary complex. Phalloidin-treated red cell F-actin resembled rabbit muscle G-actin in all respects tested. Since the DNase I binding capacity of the skeletons corresponded to the number of actin protofilaments previously estimated by other methods, it seemed likely that the enzyme binding site was confined to one end of the filament. We confirmed this premise by showing that elongating the red cell filaments with rabbit muscle actin monomers did not appreciably add to their capacity to bind or inhibit DNase I. Saturation of skeletons with cytochalasin D or gelsolin, avid ligands for the barbed end of actin filaments, did not reduce their binding of DNase I. Furthermore, neither cytochalasin D nor DNase I alone blocked all of the sites for addition of monomeric pyrene-labeled rabbit muscle G-actin to phalloidin-treated skeletons; however, a combination of the two agents did so. In the presence of phalloidin, the polymerization of 300 nM pyrenyl actin on nuclei constructed from 5 nM gelsolin and 25 nM rabbit muscle G-actin was completely inhibited by 35 nM DNase I but not by 35 nM cytochalasin D. We conclude that DNase I associates uniquely with and caps the pointed (slow-growing or negative) end of F-actin. These results imply that the amino-terminal, DNase I-binding domain of the actin protomer is oriented toward the pointed end and is buried along the length of the actin filament.
The absorption, distribution and utility of nitrogen in plant of high-yielding rice.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In 1995 and 1996,six different high-yielding rice varieties were separately planted in subtropical(Taoyuan Township in Yongsheng County in Yunnan province) and tropical(IRRI) area,to investigate the difference and physiological efficiency in absortion,distribution and utility of nitrogen in rice plant.Results indicated that,49 % more grain yield was harvested at Taoyuan than that at IRRI correspondingly,25 % more nitrogen was absorbed.The difference of nitrogen absorption was mainly shown in vegetative stages,during which period 62 % of total nitrogen was absorbed at Taoyuan,but only 42% at IRRI,and in flowering stage 71 % nitrogen in leaf was transferred to panicle at Taoyuan.At IRRI,2.15 kg nitrogen was required to produce every 100 kg grain rice,but at Taoyuan only 1.8 kg required,which indicated that the nitrogen physiological efficiency at Taoyuan was 20 % higher than that at IRRI.
Energy efficiency, rationalization of energy and water consumption in popular houses

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This paper's purpose is to investigate the energy efficiency with the installation of the photovoltaic system in residences of social interest, seeking mainly to meet the demands of higher consumption of electric energy such as the showerhead. An estimatedproposal of the Energy Efficiency Program carried out by the Goiana Housing Agency in which it will install 1,199 photovoltaic systems in the housing units of social interest located in the state of Goiás-Brazil. The study estimated the monthly consumption of inputs (water, electricity and gas) in the electric showerhead, gas heater, hybrid shower, solar heater and electric boiler; the total monthly costs for a daily bath per inhabitant were calculated by using the average of 4.9 inhabitants per household. To this comparison was inserted the proposed system of photovoltaic production with the use of electric showerhead. Considering the inputs, the installation cost divided by the life expectancy of the equipment, it was proven that the solution with the lowest cost per bath it the photovoltaic with an expense of 9.38U$. month-1, favorable economic result if compared, for example, to solar heating with an expense of 26.62U$. month-1. The factorssuch asthe average volume of water used per system, average bath time, life expectancy of the equipment, determine the result.
X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Electrical Characteristics of Na2S-Passivated GaAs Surface: Comparison with (NH4)2Sx-Passivation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis was performed for the Na 2 S-passivated GaAs surface. The XPS data indicated that oxidation of GaAs was not suppressed by Na 2 S passivation, and fair amounts of As 2 O 3 and Ga 2 O 3 were observed after exposure to air for 3 days in contrast with the case of (NH 4 ) 2 S x passivation. However, segregation of elemental arsenic was found to be substantially suppressed by this passivation. Both As x S y (probably AsS) and As 2 S 3 were observed at the Na 2 S-passivated surface. This is due to diffusion of elemental As through the thick Na 2 S film and its reaction with S to produce As x S y and As 2 S 3 , and this is probably the mechanism of suppression of As segregation. After an exposure to air, the XPS signal from As x S y substantially decreased. This is probably due to the reaction of As x S y →As 2 O 3 +SO 2 ↑. The XPS measurement for the (NH 4 ) 2 S x -passivated GaAs samples indicated that oxidation was strongly suppressed, but segregation of elemental As was not effectively suppressed by this passivation, consistent with the previous data. As-S bonds were found to disappear upon annealing after (NH 4 ) 2 S x passivation. Elemental sulfur was observed after the exposure to air for 3 days for the (NH 4 ) 2 S x -passivated samples. This may be due to breakdown of both As-S and Ga-S bonds accompanying oxidation of As and Ga. Schottky diodes were fabricated on the substrates treated in various ways, and I-V characteristics were measured. From the point of view of degradation due to air exposure, the best result was obtained for the (NH 4 ) 2 S x -passivated sample with annealing.
Notes on Variation in Parastrongylaspis thomasi Giesbert, 1992 and Description of a New Species and New Distribution Records of Parandrinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Santos-Silva, Antonio, Nascimento, Francisco E. de L., Tirant, Stéphane le (2018): Notes on Variation in Parastrongylaspis thomasi Giesbert, 1992 and Description of a New Species and New Distribution Records of Parandrinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 72 (4): 751-757, DOI: 10.1649/0010-065X-72.4.751, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/0010-065x-72.4.751