jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Finding the Key to a Synapse

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Experimental data have shown that synapses are heterogeneous: different synapses respond with different sequences of amplitudes of postsynaptic responses to the same spike train. Neither the role of synaptic dynamics itself nor the role of the heterogeneity of synaptic dynamics for computations in neural circuits is well understood. We present in this article methods that make it feasible to compute for a given synapse with known synaptic parameters the spike train that is optimally fitted to the synapse, for example in the sense that it produces the largest sum of postsynaptic responses. To our surprise we find that most of these optimally fitted spike trains match common firing patterns of specific types of neurons that are discussed in the literature.
UV‐Assisted Low Temperature Oxide Dielectric Films for TFT Applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Solution-based oxide gate dielectric layers are prepared from metal nitrates using UV-assisted annealing at 150 °C. The leakage current densities of ZrO2 and Al2O3 dielectrics are less than about 10-9 A/cm2 at 1 MV/cm and comparable to those formed by annealing at higher temperatures. High dielectric constants and the low leakage current behavior of the dielectric layers provide excellent ZnO TFT performance, with a field effect mobility of 1.37 cm2/V.s and an off-current density of 10-12 A/cm2. This low fabrication temperature process is compatible with future plastic electronics technology. \n
Proteasome inhibitors blunt myeloma induced osteocyte death targeting autophagy both in vitro and in vivo in multiple myeloma patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by severe bone destruction. Recently it has been shown that an increased osteocyte death is involved in MM‐induced osteolysis. In this study we show that autophagy rather than apoptosis is involved in MM‐induced osteocyte death and that proteasome inhibitors (PI)s, a class of drugs known to stimulate osteoblast formation, significantly blunted MM‐induced osteocyte and pre‐osteocyte death. PIs also reduced osteocyte death induced by high dose of dexamethasone (DEX) and potentiated the anabolic effect of PTH(1‐34). PIs, such as Bortezomib (BOR), are able to block the autophagic process in osteocytes and pre‐osteocytes, as shown by an increased of the level of the autophagic marker LC3 and a decreased of p62. Moreover, both MM‐induced and DEX‐induced autophagic cell death were blunted by PIs. Transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy evaluation confirmed observations. These data were further expanded in vivo by a histological analysis of osteocyte viability on bone biopsies in MM patients. A significant increase in the number of viable osteocytes was demonstrated in patients treated with Bortezomib (BOR)‐based regimen as compared to those treated with other regimen. Our data identify osteocyte autophagy as a potential target in MM bone disease and support the use of PIs to increase osteocyte viability and improve bone integrity in MM patients.
Out‐of‐Pocket Expenditure and its Determinants Amongst the Patients Undergoing Advanced Radiological Procedures in the Public Healthcare Facilities of Tamil Nadu, South India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background Advanced radiological procedures, such as CT, MRI, and PET scans, are crucial for accurate diagnostics and treatment planning but often result in substantial out‐of‐pocket expenditures (OOPE) for patients, especially in developing countries like India. Despite progressive health policies in Tamil Nadu, the financial burden on patients undergoing these procedures in public healthcare facilities remains a concern. Hence, this study was done to assess the OOPE and its determinants amongst patients undergoing CT, MRI and PET scan procedures in public healthcare facilities of Tamil Nadu. Methods This cross‐sectional study analysed OOPE among 2415 patients undergoing advanced radiological procedures in public healthcare facilities across 12 districts in Tamil Nadu. A two‐step sampling strategy was employed to select 23 healthcare facilities. Patient‐level costs were calculated, including direct medical, direct non‐medical, and indirect costs. Determinants of OOPE were assessed using log‐linear regression models. Results PET scans were the costliest procedure, with median total cost per patient of INR 12,150 (USD 147.14), primarily due to direct medical expenses. Median total costs per patient for CT and MRI scans were INR 1460 (USD 17.68) and INR 3250 (USD 39.36), respectively. Factors significantly associated with higher OOPE included urban residence (e^ β = 1.13 for CT; 1.17 for MRI), higher socioeconomic status (e^ β = 1.25 for Class I vs. V in CT; 1.45 for Class I vs. V in MRI), lack of insurance utilisation (e^ β = 1.75 for CT; 3.73 for MRI), absence of insurance (e^ β = 1.89 for CT; 3.85 for MRI), greater travel distance (e^ β = 1.51 for CT; 1.56 for MRI), and longer waiting times (e^ β = 1.21 for CT). Conclusions The study reveals significant financial burdens on patients undergoing advanced radiological procedures, highlighting the need for policy reforms to enhance insurance coverage utilisation, reduce urban‐rural disparities, and improve access to affordable care. Addressing these determinants is crucial for reducing OOPE and ensuring equitable access to essential diagnostic services.
Does modern high standard life style cause type 1 diabetes in children?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Type 1 diabetes is a serious disease which, in spite of intensive treatment, causes serious complications and increased mortality. The incidence is increasing, but the aetiology is unknown. As part of modern lifestyle, increased hygiene has been suspected as one contributing cause but so far there is no evidence. Several large epidemiological studies, mainly restricted to children with increased genetic risk for type 1 diabetes, have so far given no clue. Methods All Babies in Southeast Sweden is unique in its design as it has followed an unselected group of children from birth 1997–1999 and onwards with regular follow‐ups. This report is based on questionnaires from initially 16 051 children of whom 80 have later on developed type 1 diabetes. The parents answered questionnaires at the birth of their child and then after 1, 2–3, 5–6 and 8 years. A number of parameters possibly related to hygiene were analysed with several statistical methods, both with univariate and in regression models. Results Our study cannot identify any crucial environmental factor. This indicates that hygiene‐related parameters traditionally regarded as part of ‘modern life style’ do not play any important role for the aetiology of type 1 diabetes. Conclusions There is no reason to recommend a change of that part of our lifestyle. We find weak associations to previous gastrointestinal infections, which gives a hint that development of type 1 diabetes may be related to problems in the gut and maybe one should look closer into the microbes living in the gut. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of Phytocoris Fallen From Inner Mongolia,China (Hemiptera:Miridae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present paper is reported 14 species of Phytocoris Fallen collected from lnner Mongolia.They are belonging to two subgenus Phytocoris and Ktenocoris.Among them eight species are new to science and Ph.populi,Ph.issykensis,Ph.nowickyi,Ph.insignus and Ph.longipennis are the new record to China.All new species are re-examined by Dr.Kerzhner,I.M.(Zoological Institute of Leningrad,USSR).Excepting allotype and some paratypes of Ph.(K.)caraganae sp.n.are deposited in Zoological Institute of Leningrad.Other types are deposited in Biological Department of Inner Mongolia Teachers University.
Structural-functional relationships in diabetic nephropathy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Renal biopsies in 45 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were examined by semiquantitative light microscopy and quantitative electron microscopic stereologic morphometry. In these 14 males and 31 females, aged 13-52 yr, who had had IDDM for 2.5-29 yr there was no strong relationship between either glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickness or mesangial expansion and duration of IDDM. There was only a weak relationship between the thickness of the GBM and expansion of the mesangium. Thus, GBM thickening and mesangial expansion in IDDM occur at rates that often differ from one another and that vary greatly among patients. The clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy, albuminuria, hypertension, and decreased glomerular filtration rate related poorly or not at all to GBM thickening. In contrast, all light and electron microscopic measures of mesangial expansion were strongly related to the clinical manifestations of diabetic nephropathy, although in the absence of these clinical findings, it was not possible to predict the severity of any of the diabetic glomerular lesions. Mesangial expansion had strong inverse correlations with capillary filtering surface area density. It is hypothesized that mesangial expansion could lead to glomerular functional deterioration in IDDM by restricting the glomerular capillary vasculature and its filtering surface. However, capillary closure, glomerular sclerosis, and interstitial fibrosis could also contribute to the clinical manifestations of this disorder.
Prostitution and Victorian Social Reform

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the mid-nineteenth century many parts of England and Wales were still subjected to a system of regulated prostitution which, by identifying and detaining for treatment infected prostitutes, aimed to protect members of the armed forces (94 per cent of whom were forbidden to marry) from venereal diseases. The coercive nature of the Contagious Diseases Acts and the double standard which allowed the continuance of prostitution on the ground that the prostitute 'herself the supreme type of vice, she is ultimately the most efficient guardian of virtue', aroused the ire of many reformers, not only women's rights campaigners. Paul McHugh analyses the social composition of the different repeal and reform movements – the liberal reformists, the passionate struggle of the charismatic Josephine Butler, the Tory reformers whose achievement was in the improvement of preventative medicine, and finally the Social Purity movement of the 1880s which favoured a coercive approach. This is a fascinating study of ideals and principles in action, of pressure-group strategy, and of individual leaders in the repeal movement's sixteen year progress to victory. The book was originally publised in 1980.
Room-Temperature Electroluminescence from Ge Quantum Dots Embedded in Photonic Crystal Microcavities

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Room-temperature electroluminescence (EL) was successfully observed from current-injected light-emitting diodes formed on photonic crystal (PhC) microcavities with Ge self-assembled quantum dots (QDs). The Ge QDs were grown on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate by solid-source molecular beam epitaxy (SS-MBE), and two-dimensional PhC microcavity was used to enhance the light emission efficiency. A vertical PIN diode was fabricated on the microcavity for carriers injection. At an injected current larger than 50 µA, EL peaks corresponding to the cavity modes were clearly seen in the wavelength range of 1.2–1.4 µm.
Tapio Rautavaara's Archery Wrist Pad

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This wrist pad was used by Tapio Rautavaara. He was the Olympic javelin throw champion from London 1948 and even better known in Finland as a popular singer and film star. After finishing his javelin career in the early 1950's Rautavaara took up archery. He won his first Finnish championship title in 1955 and crowned his second sports career with World Champonship gold in team competition in Brussels 1958. The leather pad protects the archer's wrist from impact of the released string. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Vertical Distribution of Northern Shrimp (Pandalus borealis) Larvae in the Gulf of St Lawrence; Implications for Trophic Interactions and Transport

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the northwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence in spring 1987 and 1988, stage I and II northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) larvae were concentrated in the upper (<30 m) layers above the permanent pycnocline and coincident with subsurface chlorophyll a and suspended particle concentration maxima; this was above other macrozooplankton taxa in the daytime. Shrimp larvae maintained their vertical position relative to the maximum density gradient in the water column in daytime but moved towards the surface at night. Estimation of larval residual transport (~66 km) during the first developmental stage (12 d) corresponded to the horizontal scale of patches of stage I shrimp larvae in the northwest sector of the Gulf. The result is consistent with the suggestion of localized and short-duration larval emergence in the sector. The direction of mass transport and current speed were similar throughout the upper layers of the water column; consequently, the direction and magnitude of larval shrimp transport were not dependent on their vertical position. We suggest that the vertical distribution maintained by shrimp larvae is a mechanism to ensure maximum food availability and to optimize development time in the stratified water of the northwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Characteristics of Proteins and Peptides In Situ

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In my contributions to this book I shall consider proteins and peptides as functional biological units, rather than as chemical compounds. I shall try to show that, from the point of view of a biologist, proteins should not be considered as individual entities, but rather as components of complex interacting cyclical control systems that involve not only multitudes of other proteins, but also non-protein-components of cells and of the extracellular environment. I have in mind, for example, the phospholipids of the cell membrane, nonproteinacious chemical messengers (steroids and neurotransmitters), and drugs and toxins of low molecular weight.
Localization-delocalization transition of a reaction-diffusion front near a semipermeable wall

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The A+B --> C reaction-diffusion process is studied in a system where the\nreagents are separated by a semipermeable wall. We use reaction-diffusion\nequations to describe the process and to derive a scaling description for the\nlong-time behavior of the reaction front. Furthermore, we show that a critical\nlocalization-delocalization transition takes place as a control parameter which\ndepends on the initial densities and on the diffusion constants is varied. The\ntransition is between a reaction front of finite width that is localized at the\nwall and a front which is detached and moves away from the wall. At the\ncritical point, the reaction front remains at the wall but its width diverges\nwith time [as t^(1/6) in mean-field approximation].\n
Motives and Consequences of White Knight Takeovers

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Previous studies have shown that shareholders of acquiring firms experience negative returns during takeover contests. Our investigation of white knights confirms these results using both short‐term and long‐term abnormal returns around such contests. Our results suggest that white knight bidders experience performance similar to other friendly bidders after making a bid. However, we find no significant effect of financial strength and ownership structure on the likelihood of a white knight takeover attempt. Instead, we find that having a classified board is an important determinant in predicting whether a firm will make a bid as a white knight. We find that white knight bidders are more likely to succeed as they offer a higher transaction value to target firms' shareholders.
A taxonomy and results from a comprehensive review of 28 maternal health voucher programmes.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

It is increasingly clear that Millennium Development Goal 4 and 5 will not be achieved in many low- and middle-income countries with the weakest gains among the poor. Recognizing that there are large inequalities in reproductive health outcomes, the post-2015 agenda on universal health coverage will likely generate strategies that target resources where maternal and newborn deaths are the highest. In 2012, the United States Agency for International Development convened an Evidence Summit to review the knowledge and gaps on the utilization of financial incentives to enhance the quality and uptake of maternal healthcare. The goal was to provide donors and governments of the low- and middle-income countries with evidence-informed recommendations on practice, policy, and strategies regarding the use of financial incentives, including vouchers, to enhance the demand and supply of maternal health services. The findings in this paper are intended to guide governments interested in maternal health voucher programmes with recommendations for sustainable implementation and impact. The Evidence Summit undertook a systematic review of five financing strategies. This paper presents the methods and findings for vouchers, building on a taxonomy to catalogue knowledge about voucher programme design and functionality. More than 120 characteristics under five major categories were identified: programme principles (objectives and financing); governance and management; benefits package and beneficiary targeting; providers (contracting and service pricing); and implementation arrangements (marketing, claims processing, and monitoring and evaluation). Among the 28 identified maternal health voucher programmes, common characteristics included: a stated objective to increase the use of services among the means-tested poor; contracted-out programme management; contracting either exclusively private facilities or a mix of public and private providers; prioritizing community-based distribution of vouchers; and tracking individual claims for performance purposes. Maternal voucher programmes differed on whether contracted providers were given training on clinical or administrative issues; whether some form of service verification was undertaken at facility or community-level; and the relative size of programme management costs in the overall programme budget. Evidence suggests voucher programmes can serve populations with national-level impact. Reaching scale depends on whether the voucher programme can: (i) keep management costs low, (ii) induce a large demand-side response among the bottom two quintiles, and (iii) achieve a quality of care that translates a greater number of facility-based deliveries into a reduction in maternal morbidity and mortality.
Pulsar Nulling and Vacuum Radio Emission from Axion Clouds

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Nonrelativistic axions can be efficiently produced in the polar caps of pulsars, resulting in the formation of a dense cloud of gravitationally bound axions. Here, we investigate the interplay between such an axion cloud and the electrodynamics in the pulsar magnetosphere, focusing specifically on the dynamics in the polar caps, where the impact of the axion cloud is expected to be most pronounced. For sufficiently light axions ma≲10−7 eV, we show that the axion cloud can occasionally screen the local electric field responsible for particle acceleration and pair production, inducing a periodic nulling of the pulsar’s intrinsic radio emission. At larger axion masses, the small-scale fluctuations in the axion field tend to suppress the backreaction of the axion on the electrodynamics; however, we point out that the incoherent oscillations of the axion in short-lived regions of vacuum near the neutron star surface can produce a narrow radio line, which provides a complementary source of radio emission to the plasma-resonant emission processes identified in previous work. While this Letter focuses on the leading order correction to pair production in the magnetosphere, we speculate that there can exist dramatic deviations in the electrodynamics of these systems when the axion backreaction becomes nonlinear. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Ograniczenia importu równoległego produktów leczniczych. Uwagi na tle wyroku Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej w sprawie C-602/19 Kohlpharma

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>The judgement in case C-602/19 <em>Kohlpharma</em> is another decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union, which sets legal framework for marketing medicinal products from parallel import. By doing so, the Court continues the adjudicative tradition whereby key aspects of the issue of parallel imports of medicinal products are regulated at the level of EU law through rulings that interpret Articles 34 and 36 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), issued in specific cases referred to the Court by the referring courts of the Member States. In the commented judgement, the Court upheld the interpretation of Articles 34 and 36 TFEU, according to which these provisions exclude the application of national regulations of a Member State, according to which the withdrawal of a reference authorisation in the importing country automatically results in the expiration of the parallel import licence. The Court also defined more precise limits to the exception contained in Article 36 TFEU concerning the protection of human health and life. This is so because it ruled that the objective of pharmacovigilance may be achieved through actions consisting in the cooperation of the competent authorities of the Member States. The commented judgement is of key importance for the assessment of compliance of Article 21a (3a) of the Polish Act – Pharmaceutical Law with the EU law. In the light of the position of the Court, this provision of the Polish law should be assessed as an excessive restriction on the freedom of movement of goods.</p>
TREND: S&P Dow Jones Indices (US). Dow Jones Industrial Average (US): Dow Jones Industrial Average (US) - Close, 01/02/1980 - 10/01/2020. Data Planet™ Statistical Datasets: A SAGE Publishing Resource Dataset-ID: 039-001-001

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

S&P Dow Jones Indices (US). Dow Jones Industrial Average (US): Dow Jones Industrial Average (US) - Close, 01/02/1980 - 10/01/2020. Data Planet™ Statistical Datasets: A SAGE Publishing Resource Dataset-ID: 039-001-001 Dataset: Reports the value of the Dow Jones Industrial Average at market's close. The Dow Jones Industrial Average is a price-weighted measure of 30 US blue-chip companies. The index was launched on May 26, 2896 and covers all industries except transportation and utilities. https://www.quandl.com/data/BCIW-Barchart-Global-Index-Prices Category: Banking, Finance, and Insurance Subject: Stock Indexes, Stocks, Stock Markets, Publicly Traded Companies, Stock Prices Source: S&P Dow Jones Indices (US) In July 2012, in a joint venture between McGraw Hill Financial, CME Group, and News Corp, S&P (Standard and Poor) Indices and Dow Jones Indexes joined together as a major provider of financial market indices. http://www.dowjones.com.proxy01.its.virginia.edu/