jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
DIVERGENT DEFENSIVE STRATEGIES OF YOUNG LEAVES IN TWO SPECIES OF INGA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the recently radiated genus Inga (Fabaceae), few nucleotide substitutions have accumulated among species, yet large divergences have occurred in defensive phenotypes, suggesting strong selection by herbivores. We compared herbivory and defenses of young leaves for I. goldmanii, a more derived species that follows a "defense" strategy, and I. umbellifera, a more basal species that follows an "escape" strategy. The two species suffered similar rates of herbivory (22% of the leaf area eaten during expansion) but were attacked by different communities of herbivores. I. goldmanii relied heavily on extra-floral nectaries and on a diversity of effective secondary metabolites, while I. umbellifera minimized damage through rapid leaf expansion and synchronous flushing. The major classes of secondary compounds in both species were flavanoids and non-protein amino acids; however, there were large differences in structure, biosynthetic pathways, and efficacy against herbivores. Growth rates of lepidopteran larvae were significantly lower when fed artificial diets with crude extracts from I. goldmanii as compared to I. umbellifera. Flavanoids accounted for the majority of growth reduction in both species. I. umbellifera had more unusual flavanoids and a non-protein amino acid not reported from plants, but the more common flavanoids found in I. goldmanii were more bioactive against herbivores. I. goldmanii also had greater ant visitation to extrafloral nectaries, suggesting that there was no trade-off between biotic and chemical defenses. In contrast, young leaves of I. umbellifera expanded more rapidly, minimizing the window of vulnerability before toughening. Resources for rapid expansion may have been reallocated from chloroplast development as I. umbellifera delayed the greening process until after full leaf expansion. Leaves were also produced synchronously, which can satiate herbivores and reduce damage. These defense differences are reflected in almost completely nonoverlapping herbivore faunas and the more frequent occurrence of generalists on I. umbellifera. To understand why defenses have evolved, it is important to view them in light of the herbivore community as well as in the context of the other co-occurring traits. We hypothesize that the effectiveness of chemical defenses determines whether a species follows the evolutionary path of "defense" or "escape" strategies.
Additional file 1: of Effect of a four-week ketogenic diet on exercise metabolism in CrossFit-trained athletes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Table S1. Detailed nutritional value of customary and ketogenic diets ( https://figshare.com/s/4f9dd5d1a6c706c49d9e ; doi: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.7539233 ). (PDF 112 kb)
On Nonlinear Coupled System with Nonlocal Boundary Conditions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We discuss the existence, uniqueness and stability exponential andpolynomial of global solutions for a nonlinear coupled system with nonlocal boundary conditions. We show that such dissipation is strong enough to produce uniform rate of decay. Besides, the coupled is nonlinear which brings up some additional diﬃculties, which makes the problem interesting.
Islamic Religious Education Strategy Learning for Special Needs Children at Primary Education Level

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to describe some learning strategy and its implementation in the learning of Islamic religious education for children with special needs, as well as supporting factors and obstacles in implementing the strategy.Research was conducted on students with special needs in primary schools outstanding public and private.Data collection techniques in this study using questionnaires, interviews, and observations.Data analysis techniques used in this research is the analysis of qualitative data, in accordance with the concept of data analysis model of Miles and Huberman which consists of three stages of data reduction, data presentation and conclusion.Test the validity of the data in this study using triangulation techniques and triangulation.The results of the research are: (1) the strategy used is to use methods and tools to customize the circumstances at the time of the learning process is done, (2) implementation strategies that performed well in its implementation, according to the indicators in question.(3) supporting factor lies in the professional teacher educators in teaching students with special needs and supported by state of the class that is conducive to learning and inhibiting factor lies in the students and parents of students.
Single antiferromagnetic skyrmion transistor based on strain manipulation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Magnetic skyrmions are envisioned as ideal candidates as information carriers for future spintronic devices, which have attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. In this paper, we design a spintronic device based on antiferromagnetic skyrmions, which is a single antiferromagnetic skyrmion transistor. The transistor consists of a source, a skyrmion island, a barrier region, and a drain. The barrier region is controlled by strains. We demonstrate the feasibility of the transistor by micromagnetic simulations. We find that the number of skyrmions that can pass the barrier region can be controlled by adjusting the strength of strain in the barrier region and the current density. In an appropriate current-strain region, skyrmions can flow from the skyrmion island to the drain one by one. This mechanism offers a promising route for designing tunable skyrmionic-mechanic devices.
Insight into Indole‐Based Heterocyclic Scaffolds: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The importance of indole‐based heterocycle scaffolds in medicinal chemistry has increased as a result of their significant pharmacological and biological characteristics. These compounds′ importance in the discovery and creation of cutting‐edge medications to treat a variety of diseases is an instance of their worth. The current study highlights the numerous methods available to create different indole‐based heterocycle scaffolds and their favourable medical uses with the literature that has been published up to 2023.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Behavior on 2,2,3‐Trisubstituted 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroquinoline Alkaloids, Virantmycin, Benzastatins, and Their Congeners, Evaluated by Semi‐Empirical Molecular Orbital Calculations.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A change in the asymmetry coefficient of Light-Scattering phase function in natural waters that contain organic particles

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A semiempirical model is constructed for the relationship between the coefficient of asymmetry of Light Scattering phase function in water K and the scattering coefficient σ, which shows a mechanism of an increase in the asymmetry coefficient as the scattering coefficient grows as a result of an increase in the concentration of organic particles. The mechanism of this relationship lies in the presence in all natural waters of molecular scattering and scattering by mineral particles that create background scattering in water medium, which is overlaid by scattering by organic particles. This relationship has a regional character caused by the regional features of background scattering and the average size of organic particles in those regions. The model relationships K = f(σ) are plotted properly to the experimental ones in the various regions.
Convenience Store Crime in Georgia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, and South Carolina, 1991-1995

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For this study, convenience store robbery victims and offenders in five states (Georgia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Michigan, and South Carolina) were interviewed. Robbery victims were identified by canvassing convenience stores in high-crime areas, while a sample of unrelated offenders was obtained from state prison rolls. The aims of the survey were to address questions of injury, to examine store characteristics that might influence the rate of robbery and injury, to compare how both victims and offenders perceived the robbery event (including their assessment of what could be done to prevent convenience store robberies in the future), and to identify ways in which the number of convenience store robberies might be reduced. Variables unique to Part 1, the Victim Data file, provide information on how the victim was injured, whether hospitalization was required for the injury, if the victim used any type of self-protection, and whether the victim had been trained to handle a robbery. Part 2, the Offender Data file, presents variables describing offenders' history of prior convenience store robberies, whether there had been an accomplice, motive for robbing the store, and whether various factors mattered in choosing the store to rob (e.g., cashier location, exit locations, lighting conditions, parking lot size, the number of clerks working, weather conditions, the time of day, and the number of customers in the store). Found in both files are variables detailing whether a victim injury occurred, use of a weapon, how each participant behaved, perceptions of why the store was targeted, what could have been done to prevent the robbery, and ratings by the researchers on the completeness, honesty, and cooperativeness of each participant during the interview. Demographic variables found in both the victim and offender files include age, gender, race, and ethnicity.
The AMA and the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.

—Let me correct a statement in the December 25,1991, issue ofTHE Journal1in which Dr Loeb stated that the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) had been "officially censured." Censure is used by the American Medical Association (AMA) for specific purposes, and PCRM has never been the subject of any such proceeding. The AMA and PCRM have had strong differences. In 1989, the AMA released its Animal Research Action Plan and has devoted substantial expenditures to pushing animal experimentation. Because PCRM has successfully promoted inquiry into and alternatives to animal experimentation, the AMA is increasingly sniping at PCRM. In 1990, the AMA House of Delegates considered a resolution brought by the California delegation that objected to PCRM for "implying that physicians who support the use of animals in biomedical research are irresponsible, for misrepresenting the critical role animals play in research and teaching, and for
Inducement and Identification of Yellow Flesh Tetraploid Watermelon

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We induced tetraploid watermelon by treating the seedling growingpoints of yellow flesh diploid watermelon with 0.3% and 0.4% solution of colchicines.Autotetraploid plants were selected and identified on morphology,flow cytometry,hybridization and quality.After 3 successive quarters cultivation and observation,we gained a stable tetraploid.The results showed that the most effective treatment was extirpating interior-leaf at the 8th day after sowing,then treating the seedling growing points with 0.3% colchicine for 6 days.The survival rate of seedlings could reach over 80% and the induction frequency of tetraploid watermelon could be stabled above 16%.The treatment can improve the accuracy of selection high-quality tetraploid material combined with other identification methods.
Noncausal modeling and closed-loop optimal input design for cross-directional processes of paper machines

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We propose to use noncausal transfer functions to model the spatial behavior of cross-directional (CD) processes so as to circumvent the high-dimensionality of a causal transfer function. This noncausal representation is shown to have a causal-equivalent form. We prove that the covariance of maximum likelihood estimate of the causal-equivalent model asymptotically converges to that of the noncausal model. This result is then used to design optimal inputs in closed-loop for the original noncausal model of the CD process. An illustrative example is provided to highlight the advantage of using optimally designed excitation signal for CD closed-loop identification over white noise excitation or the current industrial practice of spatial bump excitation.
Operational pattern and contribution of urban farming in an emerging megacity: evidence from Lagos, Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Urban farming is rapidly growing in many cities in Nigeria including a leading African megacity Lagos, although urban stakeholders have paid little attention to the trend over time. The rate of growth of urban farming and its contributions to Lagos state's food supply strategy is worthy of note. In Lagos farming activities are practiced and performed by some able bodied migrants from all parts of the country, who for many reasons could hardly have been absolved by the aggressive urban economy of the city. A close watch on the practitioners reveals a pattern of operation which requires deeper inquiry. A total of 202 urban vegetable farmers were interviewed in four areas of Lagos state to provide primary data for this study. Results from the study showed that an average farmer owns a farm plot of below 120 m by 60 m usually linear and along the expressway, the green vegetable (Celosia argientes) alone constitutes about 97% of what is grown, beds are arranged in sizes of about 1.8 m long by 0.9 m wide and 0.3 m high with furrows in between. The farmers use the simplest local tools, chemical fertilizers, and strategically located irrigation wells. It was also found that the farmers use some part of the vegetables for household consumption, sell others to the local marketers, and contribute their own quota to stem the rising prices of vegetable produce in the local markets. It is therefore imperative on the stakeholders to re-examine the relevance of urban farming in the city and provide support for its growth.
A revised Tobit procedure for mitigating bias in the presence of non‐zero censoring with an application to milk‐market participation in the Ethiopian highlands

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Fixed transactions costs that prohibit exchange engender bias in supply analysis due to censoring of the sample observations. The associated bias in conventional regression procedures applied to censored data and the construction of robust methods for mitigating bias have been preoccupations of applied economists since Tobin [Econometrica 26 (1958) 24]. This literature assumes that the true point of censoring in the data is zero and, when this is not the case, imparts a bias to parameter estimates of the censored regression model. We conjecture that this bias can be significant; affirm this from experiments; and suggest techniques for mitigating this bias using Bayesian procedures. The bias‐mitigating procedures are based on modifications of the key step that facilitates Bayesian estimation of the censored regression model; are easy to implement; work well in both small and large samples; and lead to significantly improved inference in the censored regression model. These findings are important in light of the widespread use of the zero‐censored Tobit regression and we investigate their consequences using data on milk‐market participation in the Ethiopian highlands.
Diagnostic accuracy of color Doppler in diagnosis of Hepatocellular carcinoma taking histopathology as gold standard

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world and the third most common cause of cancer mortality. Despite the high numbers of patients diagnosed worldwide, HCC continues to pose challenging clinical problems. Good-quality ultra sound with careful evaluation of the entire liver can be a screening examination for HCC in patients at risk. The aim of the study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Doppler sonography for differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from other focal liver lesions by taking histopathology as a gold standard. It was a cross-sectional survey, conducted in the Department of Diagnostic Radiology, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore in one year from 13-12-2010 to 12-12-2011. A total of 70 patients were included in this study with focal lesions on ultrasound are included while pregnant patients are excluded. After evaluating by Doppler sonography and doing core biopsy, the patients were sent to the Department of Pathology, Mayo Hospital for histopathological examination. Histopathology was assessed for confirmation of positive and negative cases. Mean age of the patients was 60.9 ± 4.7 years. Out of 70 patients, 47 patients (67.1%) were male while remaining 23 patients (32.9%) were female. On Doppler sonography 37 cases were positive for hepatocellular carcinoma and 33 cases were negative while 36 cases were positive and 34 negative on histopathology. On Doppler sonography, sensitivity (94.4%), specificity (91.1%), diagnostic accuracy (92.8%), positive predictive value (91.8%) and negative predictive value was 93.9%. We concluded that Doppler sonography is a useful method for differen- tiation of Hepatocellular carcinoma from other focal liver lesions, detection and characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Enhancing resistance to bacterial blight in rice using CRISPR-based base editing technology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bacterial blight (BB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pathovar oryzae (Xoo), poses a significant threat to rice production, particularly in Asia and West Africa. Breeding resistance against BB in elite rice varieties is crucial to advancing rice breeding program and supporting smallholder farmers. Transcription Activator-Like effectors (TALes) are key virulence factors in Xoo, with some targeting the susceptibility (S) genes such as the sugar transporter SWEET genes in rice. Among these, SWEET14 is an important S gene, with its promoter bound by the TALe TalC which exists across all sequenced African Xoo isolates. In the present study, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9-based cytidine and adenine base editors to alter the effector binding element (EBE) of TalC in the promoter of SWEET14 in rice cultivars Kitaake, IR24, and Zhonghua 11. Mutations with C to T changes in EBE led to reduced SWEET14 induction by TalC-containing Xoo strains, resulting in resistance to African Xoo isolates reliant on TalC for virulence. Conversely, A to G changes retained SWEET14 inducibility and susceptibility to Xoo in edited lines. Importantly, no off-target mutations were detected at predicted sites, and the edited lines exhibited no obvious defects in major agronomic traits in Kitaake. These results underscore the effectiveness of base editing systems for both molecular biology research and crop improvement endeavors.
Computing by Temporal Order: Asynchronous Cellular Automata

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Our concern is the behaviour of the elementary cellular automata with state set 0,1 over the cell set Z/nZ (one-dimensional finite wrap-around case), under all possible update rules (asynchronicity). Over the torus Z/nZ (n<= 11),we will see that the ECA with Wolfram rule 57 maps any v in F_2^n to any w in F_2^n, varying the update rule. We furthermore show that all even (element of the alternating group) bijective functions on the set F_2^n = 0,...,2^n-1, can be computed by ECA57, by iterating it a sufficient number of times with varying update rules, at least for n <= 10. We characterize the non-bijective functions computable by asynchronous rules.
Prediction of cardiac mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients based on T-wave Principal Component Analysis (PCA-T)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Almost every dialysis patient has underlying cardiac disease, placing them at risk for cardiac death. The QT interval (a measure of repolarization) is often prolonged in dialysis patients and has been found to be a predictor of sudden death as well as for the QT dispersion. Recently, a prolonged PCA-T (> 0.246 for men and > 0.320 for women) applied to 12-lead recordings is found to predict three year mortality in the general population (Okin et al 2002). The aim of this retrospective study was to explore the predictive value of PCA-T for all-cause and cardiac mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. We analyzed data from 164 patients (67 women and 97 men) in whom digital ECG recordings were available from previous clinical studies. Standard 12-leads Holter ECGs (H-12 Holter, Mortara Instrument Inc.) were recorded starting 10 minutes before the dialysis session and lasting for at least 4 hours. A median value of PCA-T was computed for each patient throughout the whole ECG recording. The optimal threshold for PCA-T was defined by ROC analysis as 0.366 in women (accuracy= 0.88) and as 0.320 in men (accuracy= 0.76). Deaths were classified as cardiac if caused by myocardial infarction, sudden death from CHD, or congestive heart failure. After a follow-up of 2 years, patients were censored as dead or alive considering the days from the date of the ECG recording. Patients were then divided in two groups depending on the median PCA-T value respect to the above thresholds. Endpoints were all-cause (ACM) and cardiac (CM) mortality. Survival was computed by the Kaplan-Meier analysis (significant if p <0.05). \n63% percent of the patients were hypertensive and 23% were diabetics. During the followup, there were 54 deaths (33% of the population ), of which 27 (16,5%) for cardiac causes. The log rank test showed a significant difference between the two groups both for ACM and CVM (p= 0.047, p= 0.039 respectively). Repolarization abnormalities measured by PCA-T seems to predict cardiac death in HD patients. Probably only grossly abnormal values , outside the range of the general population may potentially have a practical purpose. Nonetheless, our results represents the basis for future research addressing the relationship between abnormalities of ventricular repolarization, PCA-T and underlying patients comorbidities as a risk factor for cardiac death.
Forecasting barley yellow dwarf virus in autumn-sown cereals in 1998

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Aphid vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) were sampled from three 7.5 m high suction traps in Canterbury from April to October 1998.Aphid numbers were very high (up to 193 aphids per trap per week) in April and May and medium to low (0 to 44 aphids per trap per week) from June to September.A BYDV forecast based solely on numbers of aphids caught in traps (aphid flights), or primary infestation, accurately predicted high virus incidence for wheat sown before mid-May.However, an exceptionally mild winter encouraging the secondary spread of aphids within crops was implicated in the high level of BYDV found in wheat crops sown after mid-May that was not predicted by aphid flights.A measure of secondary aphid infestation and virus infection may need to be included in future BYDV forecasts.