jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A PROSPECTIVE RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF HYALURONIC ACID IN PATIENTS WITH SYMPTOMATIC ANKLE OSTEOARTHRITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Symptomatic treatment of ankle osteoarthritis (OA) with corticosteroid injections is well established. Hyaluronic acid is also reported as an effective symptomatic treatment for ankle OA but these two treatments have not been compared directly. Methods: A prospective randomised controlled trial in patients with symptomatic ankle osteoarthritis. Twenty patients per group were required based on a significance level of 0.05, and a drop out rate of 5%. Patients were blindly allocated to the treatment or control group. Injections were carried out by the clinician in the outpatient department. Treatment group received Ostenil 20 mg and control group received Depomedrone 40 mg (both as single injections). The treatment arm was allocated by computer generated block randomization to match treatment allocation with grade of arthritis. The primary outcome measure was the change in Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) pain score at 6 months. Secondary outcome was the change in AOFAS score at 6 months. Research ethics committee approval was obtained. Results: A total of 42 patients were recruited of which 38 completed the study. Male recruits predominated (79%; 33 recruits). More than 70% had radiographic OA of grade 3 or more. Both groups demonstrated statistically significant improvements in VAS at weeks 3, 6, and 3 months over baseline, but the Ostenil group faired better at 6 months follow-up. (difference in VAS scores of 3.5 Ostenil VAS − 4; Steroid VAS − 7.5; Mann Whitney test (p Conclusion: The Ostenil group revealed similar clinical efficacy to steroid group, however the benefits provided by Ostenil lasted longer. Ostenil provided sufficient mid-term pain-relief whilst patient awaits further definitive intervention.
Study of Functional Changes in the Liver of Male Hamsters Treated with the Antibiotic Amoxicillin and the Possible Protective Effect of Sidr Honey

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The present study aimed to identify the functional changes in the liver of male hamsters treated with the antibiotic amoxicillin and to investigate the potential preventive and therapeutic effect of Sidr honey against the hepatotoxicity induced in experimental animals by the antibiotic. (28) male hamsters were used in this study, divided into 4 groups, the first group (negative control) was dosed with distilled water - the second group (positive control) was dosed with antibiotic only at a concentration of (50 mg/kg) - the third group (treated with honey as a treatment with antibiotic) was dosed daily with honey at a concentration of (2 g/kg) simultaneously with antibiotic at a concentration of (50 mg/kg) - the fourth group (treated with honey as a preventive measure then antibiotic) the individuals of this group were dosed daily with honey at a concentration of (2 g/kg) and then they were dosed with antibiotic at a concentration of (50 mg/kg) three times a week simultaneously with honey. The results of the current study showed a significant increase in the activity level of liver enzymes AST, ALT, ALP, and GGT, as well as albumin, bilirubin, urea, and uric acid in the positive control group (treatment with the antibiotic amoxicillin only). As for the third group, in which honey was used as a treatment, some vital parameters improved (AST, albumin, bilirubin, and uric acid), while other vital parameters remained high (ALT, ALP, GGT, and urea). As for the fourth group, which was treated with honey as a preventive measure for 3 weeks before dosing the animals with the antibiotic, there was a noticeable improvement in most vital parameters, as AST, GGT, albumin, bilirubin, uric acid, and urea decreased significantly (p<0.05). The results of microscopic examination of liver tissue in the group treated with antibiotics only showed severe damage to liver tissue, which appeared in the form of severe cellular necrosis, dilation of the walls of blood vessels, especially in the central vein, and widening and protrusion of the prominent sinusoidal blood vessels and their congestion with blood. As for the fourth group, the histological examinations improved significantly compared to the second and third groups.
The variables influencing consumer information search strategies

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of the study is to examine the personal, situational and socio‐demographic factors influencing consumer information search strategies whilst Christmas shopping in a religiously‐diverse Middle Eastern country: Lebanon. Design/methodology/approach A structured questionnaire (adopted from Laroche, Saad, Browne, Cleveland, and Kim) was employed as the data collection procedure. Respondents were chosen by systematic random sampling in malls, department stores and retail outlets in the Lebanese capital, Beirut for over a three‐week period immediately prior to Christmas Day, 25 December 2008. The study sample comprised 400 respondents: 188 female and 212 male. Findings The study identified the effects of some personal and situational factors on the different consumer information search strategies. Of the personal factors, it was found that the bargain hunters sought general and specific information as well as information from sales staff, whilst the leader type looked for general and specific information. The study also determined that risky and costly gifts, strict budgets and the amount of money spent on gifts were the main situational factors influencing each type of consumer information search. Originality/value Most of the literature has focused on Christmas shopping in Western countries, yet this study attempts to investigate it in the Middle East. It is hoped that by enhancing the understanding of the impact of Christmas shopping in non‐Western countries the findings will contribute to the literature on this subject.
The paradox of the Birds-of-Paradise: persistent hybridization as a signature of historical reinforcement

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The birds-of-paradise (Paradisaeidae) exhibit some of the most diverse color patterns and courtship displays among species. Paradoxically, birds-of-paradise hybridize more frequently than other birds, even hybridizing across species and genera with remarkably divergent color patterns. Hybridization among such distinctly colored species might suggest that reinforcement was unimportant for color pattern divergence because reinforcement favors trait divergence that reduces the likelihood of hybridization over time, and is expected to eliminate hybridization between species. Here I present an alternative view: that persistent but infrequent hybridization among species that differ markedly in prezygotic isolating traits, such as color pattern in birds, represents the signature of historical reinforcement, and occurs when (i) divergence in single traits can reduce, but not prevent, hybridization, (ii) trade-offs constrain the divergence of prezygotic isolating traits, and (iii) selection against hybrids is weak when hybrids are rare. Considering these factors, the paradox of the birds-of-paradise—where species with distinct prezygotic isolating traits are more likely to hybridize at low frequencies—is the expected outcome of reinforcement. Sexual selection by female choice could further intensify the effects of reinforcement, particularly if reinforcement directs sexual selection to different traits in hybridizing populations. This latter process could potentially explain the exceptional diversity of extravagant ornaments in the birds-of-paradise.
Self decomposability and option pricing

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The risk-neutral process is modeled by a four parameter self-similar process of independent increments with a self-decomposable law for its unit time distribution. Six different processes in this general class are theoretically formulated and empirically investigated. We show that all six models are capable of adequately synthesizing European option prices across the spectrum of strikes and maturities at a point of time. Considerations of parameter stability over time suggest a preference for two of these models. Currently, there are several option pricing models with 610 free parameters that deliver a comparable level of performance in synthesizing option prices. The dimension reduction attained here should prove useful in studying the variation over time of option prices.
The Laws of London? IV Æthelred in Context

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The law-code known as ‘IV Æthelred’ has been identified since the mid-nineteenth century as a text concerned with tolls, trading and currency in London, dated to around the year 1000. This contribution argues that ‘IV Æthelred’ may have had little if anything to do with Æthelred II (978–1016). By re-evaluating the law-code’s transmission, contents and date, it is proposed that the text consists of two distinct segments, probably put together around 1100 and surviving only in Latin translation. One part is a series of tenth-century decrees on currency crimes, and represents the most detailed statement on this topic to survive from Anglo-Saxon England. The other relates more specifically to London, laying out the tolls incurred by merchants coming to the city from across northern Europe. Frequent use of French terminology marks this portion of the text out, and suggests a date in the aftermath of the Norman Conquest.
Relaxation of porcine coronary artery to bradykinin. Role of arachidonic acid.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Bradykinin-induced relaxation of precontracted, porcine coronary artery (PCA) rings is mediated by distinctly different endothelium-derived relaxing factors depending on the contractile agent used. Thus when contracted with KCl, bradykinin-induced relaxation of PCA rings is mediated solely by nitric oxide (NO), whereas when contracted with the thromboxane mimetic U46619, a small component of the relaxation is attributable to NO and a large component is attributable to a non-NO mechanism that is independent of cyclooxygenase activity. We hypothesized that the non-NO component was mediated by arachidonic acid (AA) or by a non-cyclooxygenase product of AA metabolism. Bradykinin-induced relaxations of PCA rings precontracted with U46619 in the presence of indomethacin (10 mumol/L) were moderately attenuated by the NO synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 mumol/L), whereas when precontracted with KCl, L-NAME abolished the relaxations. AA produced endothelium-dependent relaxations of rings precontracted with U46619 that were unaffected by L-NAME, whereas AA did not relax rings precontracted with KCl. In rings precontracted with U46619, in the presence of L-NAME and indomethacin the phospholipase inhibitors quinacrine (50 mumol/L) and 4-bromophenacyl bromide (10 mumol/L) attenuated bradykinin- but not AA-induced relaxations. Inhibitors of both lipoxygenase (BW 755c [100 mumol/L] and nafazatrom [20 mumol/L]) and cytochrome P-450 (proadifen [10 mumol/L] and clotrimazole [10 mumol/L]) pathways did not eliminate bradykinin- or AA-induced relaxations, although clotrimazole partially attenuated AA-induced relaxations. These findings suggest that bradykinin-induced relaxation of PCA rings is mediated by AA through a mechanism that is not dependent on cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase, or cytochrome P-450 pathways.
Study of tin whisker growth accelerated by rare earth phase and the mechanism of tin whisker growth

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Alloying with a suitable amount of rare earth (RE) elements in Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu solder alloy has been reported to have beneficial effects on their physical and mechanical properties. However, large sized RE-Sn phases, when adding excessive RE elements, will precipitate in the matrix of the solder. It is interesting to note that RE-Sn phases, when exposed in air, will be oxidized and rapid tin whisker growth will simultaneously appear on the surface of the oxidized RE-Sn phase. Moreover, it can be interpreted that the compressive stress resulting from the oxidation of RE-Sn phases provides the driving force for tin whisker growth, and the tin atoms released from the oxidation of RE-Sn phases becomes the growing source for tin whisker growth. So the mechanism for tin whisker growth on the surface of the oxidized RE-Sn phases can be established as follows: firstly “tin whisker nuclei” are formed, secondly “tin whisker nuclei” are pushed out of the surface to form baby tin whiskers, and finally baby tin whiskers will grow into the tin whiskers. Besides the past-reported rod-like, needle-like, thread-like tin whiskers, some tin whiskers with very special morphology, such as chrysanthemum-shaped whisker; spiral whisker; plate-like whisker; branch-type whisker; joint-type whisker and whiskers with a non-constant cross section were also found in this study. Importantly, the finding of tin whiskers with a non-constant cross section break the consensus of the past research, in which tin whisker should present constant cross section. Because the famous energy equations for tin whisker growth proposed by K.N. Tu could not explain the cross section changing phenomenon with some limitations. By analyzing the growing characteristic of tin whiskers on the surface of the oxidized RE-Sn phases, Tu's energy equations were modified and one kind of mechanism for cross section changing of tin whisker was proposed as follows: the incoordination between the growth rate and the tin atoms supply results in the cross section changing phenomenon. Finally, based on the study of tin whisker growth mechanism on the surface of the oxidized RE-Sn phase, and combined with recrystallization mechanism and oxide layer rupture mechanism, a “double stress zone” model for tin whisker growth was proposed as follows: the “low stress zone” and the “high stress zone” are required for tin whisker growth. The stress zone located around the root is “low stress zone” and the stress zone connected with the “low stress zone” is the “high stress zone”. The “low stress zone” will provide the driving force for tin whisker growth, and the stress gradient between “low stress zone” and “high stress zone” will provide the tin atoms for tin whisker growth.
A Novel Assay for RNA Polymerase I Transcription Elongation Sheds Light on the Evolutionary Divergence of Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Eukaryotic cells express at least three nuclear RNA polymerases (Pols), each with a unique set of gene targets. Though these enzymes are homologous, there are many differences among the Pols. In this study, a novel assay for Pol I transcription elongation was developed to probe enzymatic differences among the Pols. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a mutation in the universally conserved hinge region of the trigger loop, E1103G, induces a gain of function in the Pol II elongation rate, whereas the corresponding mutation in Pol I, E1224G, results in a loss of function. The E1103G Pol II mutation stabilizes the closed conformation of the trigger loop, promoting the catalytic step, the putative rate-limiting step for Pol II. In single-nucleotide and multinucleotide addition assays, we observe a decrease in the rate of nucleotide addition and dinucleotide cleavage activity by E1224G Pol I and an increase in the rate of misincorporation. Collectively, these data suggest that Pol I is at least in part rate-limited by the same step as Pol II, the catalytic step.
CosmoNote: A Web-based Citizen Science Tool for Annotating Music Performances

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

CosmoNote is a web-based citizen science tool for annotating musical structures, with a focus on structures created by the performer during expressive musical performance. The software interface enables the superimposition of synchronized discrete and continuous information layers which include note data representations, audio features such as loudness and tempo, and score features such as harmonic tension in a visual and audio environment. The tools provide the means for users to signal performance decisions such as segmentation and prominence using boundaries of varying strengths, regions, comments, and note groupings. User-friendly interaction features have been built in to facilitate ease of annotation; these include the ability to zoom in, listen to, and mark up specific segments of music. The data collected will be used to discover the vocabulary of performed music structures and to aid in the understanding of expressive choices and nuances.
Determination of Enantioselectivities by Means of Chiral Stationary Phase HPLC in Order to Identify Effective Proline-Derived Organocatalysts

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The pyrrolidine fragment is a privileged scaffold within chiral ligands employed in coordination complexes exhibiting catalytic activity in asymmetric reactions and, more recently, as enantioselective organocatalysts per se.Likewise, the employment of (S)-proline as starting material constitutes the most direct form to synthesize those chiral derivatives.Afterwards, a preliminary evaluation of the catalytic performance of proline-derived compounds consists of screening many prochiral substrates in well standardized model reactions such as Michael additions and Mannich reactions, with the aim of identifying "broad spectrum" catalysts for more complex synthetic applications.Therefore, a central part of this process involves the fast and direct measurement of enantioselectivities of optically active adducts.The growing development of chiral stationary phases and thus, the wide commercial availability of chiral columns have consolidated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as the preferred technique to identify the most effective catalysts.
LINC00403 Acts as a Decoy of HDAC10 to Promote SOX1-dependent Human Embryonic Stem Cell Neuronal Differentiation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundantly expressed in the nervous system, but the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in neuronal differentiation are poorly understood. Using a human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-based 2D neural differentiation approach and a 3D cerebral organoid system, we determined that LINC00403, a SOX1 overlapping noncoding RNA, plays essential roles in both dorsal cortical neuron and ventral GABAergic neuron differentiation by regulating SOX1 expression. Mechanistic studies showed that LINC00403 physically interacts with HDAC10 through its 5' region, acts as a decoy to block HDAC10 binding to the SOX1 promoter, and then maintains the histone acetylation level in the SOX1 promoter. Furthermore, SOX1 activated ASCL1 expression and in turn promoted neuronal differentiation. Overall, we identified the LINC00403/HDAC10-SOX1-ASCL1 axis, which promotes neurogenesis, highlighting the role that lncRNAs can play in hESC neuronal differentiation.
Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among women with genital infection in northeast of Iran in 2013

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

appropriate policies to prevent and control these infections, at first, the epidemiology of this infection should be determined in various populations, therefore, this study was performed with aim to evaluate the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis according to different variables in the city of Mashhad. Methods: This basic-applied study was performed on 92 women referred to the maternity clinics. In this study, after completing the questionnaire, cervical samples of 70 patients were evaluated by cell culture and PCR methods. Analysis of data was performed by SPSS statistical software (version 16). Results: Among 70 patients evaluated by cell culture method, 6 patients (8.6) were positive and by PCR molecular methods, 7 patients (10) were positive. The most common symptom in positive patients was vaginal discharge. Conclusion: Chlamydia prevalence in the city of Mashhad is significantly high and it is necessary to screen and treat it. Therefore, tests for detection of Chlamydia in genitourinary infections should be considered as one of the routine tests for evaluation of genital infections.
Identification and Quantification of Heavy Metals Concentrations in <i>Pistacia</i>

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The levels of heavy metals are very important in pistachio nuts, because the edible nuts have an important and increasing role in human nutrition. Pistachio is one of the native nuts of Iran which contains high genetic resources, but there is insufficient information regarding nutritional properties and other elements like heavy metals. The objective of the present study was to investigate and compare heavy metals contents in the kernels of various pistachio samples including; ‘Daneshmandi’, ‘Sephid’, ‘Garmeh’, ‘Momtaz’, ‘Ahmad Aghaei’, ‘Badami Zarand’, Pistacia atlantica Desf. (‘Baneh’), Pistacia vera ‘Sarakhs’ and chance seedling as ‘Non-grafted 1’, ‘Non-grafted 2’ and ‘Non-grafted 3’. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometer (ICP) was used for the determination of aluminium, chromium, nickel, copper, strontium, arsenic, cadmium and cobalt concentrations in pistachio kernels. This study showed that there were significant differences among the samples in all measured heavy metals except the arsenic, cadmium and cobalt. The content of aluminium varied from 3.22 to 9.59 (mg kg-1 of dry matter) and chromium concentration from 0.60 to 1.86 (mg kg-1 of dry matter). The nickel content of examined pistachio samples was found between 0.43 and 3.63 (mg kg-1 of dry matter) and copper ranged from 3.20 to 12.33 (mg kg-1 of dry matter). The strontium content was observed between 4.96 and 24.93 (mg kg-1 of dry matter). The contents of arsenic, cadmium and cobalt not reported, because their amounts were lower than the detection limit of the applied measuring method (ICP). These data demonstrated that the concentrations of heavy metals in pistachios varied by cultivar.
Figure 137 in The dacine fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacini) of Oceania

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Figure 137. Mean (±SE) daily captures of Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) in cue-lure traps maintained: A) in Hawaii (Oahu Island) between April 2009 and December 2013, based on 359 trapping sites (n = 19,148, mean FTD = 25.65) (previously published in Leblanc et al. (2014)), and B) in Papua New Guinea between November 1998 and February 2000, based on five trapping sites (n = 77, mean FTD = 7.74).
Gunnar H. Østenstad, Patterns of Redemption in the Fourth Gospel. An Experiment in Structural Analysis (Studies in the Bible and Early Christianity 38), Lewiston, N.Y./Lampeter (The Edwin Mellen Press) 1998, XX u. 370 S., $ 109,95; ISBN 0-7734-8396-9.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"Gunnar H. Østenstad, Patterns of Redemption in the Fourth Gospel. An Experiment in Structural Analysis (Studies in the Bible and Early Christianity 38), Lewiston, N.Y./Lampeter (The Edwin Mellen Press) 1998, XX u. 370 S., $ 109,95; ISBN 0-7734-8396-9." published on 05 Apr 2000 by Brill | Schöningh.