jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Homozygous hemoglobin Monroe (codon 30 G>C) in a child of Goan (Indian) origin: A case report and family study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

India has a huge burden of β-thalassemia with an estimated 100,000 patients and a prevalence of 3%–4% carriers. The five common mutations reported in the India are IVS 1–5 (G->C), IVS 1-1 (G->T), codon 41/42 (-TCTT), codon 8/9, and 619 bp deletion. We report this rare case of IVS 1-1 G>C variant (hemoglobin [Hb] Monroe) in homozygous form in a child of Goan origin. The propositus presented at 3 months with pallor, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. Diagnostic workup of the child was suggestive of β-thalassemia major, the parents Hb electrophoresis revealed β-thalassemia trait in the mother, whereas the father had elevated HbF levels. Initial polymerase chain reaction by ARMS (amplification-refractory mutation specific) was negative for the common five mutations. β-globin full gene sequencing revealed the presence of IVS-1-1G>C (Hb Monroe) in the homozygous form and also c.-92 C>G in the homozygous form, the mother was heterozygous for both the mutations, whereas the father was negative. STR marker studies did not indicate uniparental disomy to be the reason for IVS-1-1 G>T homozygosity in the child in the absence of the same mutation in the father. The father showed a possibility of δβ deletional mutation. This report highlights the importance of molecular studies in participants with borderline HbA2 levels, including spouse of a typical β-thalassemia carrier. Assaying for only the common five mutations may not yield complete answers. Full gene sequencing should be performed in those individuals with a strong phenotype of β-thalassemia. The prenatal diagnosis should be offered to couples at risk.
Congenital coronary artery aneurysms.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two patients, aged 4 and 23 years, with congenital aneurysms of the coronary arteries are described.The pathology was different in each and required different surgical techniques involving obliteration of the aneurysm or establishing coronary flow with a saphenous vein graft.The clinical and radiologicalfeatures are described.Aneurysms of the coronary arteries are rare, and it is only after the advent of coronary arteriography that they have been diagnosed in life.They may be due to atherosclerosis, necrotizing arteritis, myocotic emboli, syphilis, or trauma, and occasionally they are congenital.The prognosis appears to be poor and death can occur suddenly from rupture, peripheral coronary embolism, or bacterial endo- carditis (Packard and Wechsler, I929; ScOtt, I948;
On building very large naming systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This position paper draws attention to the construction of very large scale distributed naming systems. Some existing systems of this kind include the Domain Name System (DNS) and the DEC Distributed Name Service (DEC DNS) [10,11]. One of the most important requirements for the system is high availability. Replication is therefore of particular interest in structuring such a system.It is difficult to implement replication for a large and still growing distributed system. Although replication promises attractive properties such as high availability and enhanced reliability, the cost for maintaining consistency is substantial. Many replication control methods have been developed and studied, but few keep a good balance between high availability and reliability. Although replication has been used for large naming and authentication systems [1,10], it is only successful in situations in which the application can handle stale naming data. If an application must keep close track of some key naming data, it may be badly interrupted if the naming data is out of date. In such situations, the standard replication process is not adequate. In the following sections, I will explain the problem in further detail and describe a solution to it based on the experience of designing a global naming system - the Universal Name Service at Cambridge University Computer Laboratory [9].
Advances in Spoken Discourse Analysis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This collection reviews 20 years of research into Spoken Discourse by the Birmingham group, allowing, for the first time, a developmental perspective. It combines previously published but unavailable work with new research. Bringing together recent theories of discourse structure, with a new and detailed analytic framework, the book emphasises both historical context and new developments. The articles are comprehensive, ranging from the theoretical to the highly applied. Practical applications include language teaching, literary stylistics and forensic linguistics with examples taken from literature and language classrooms, telephone conversations, disputed witness statements and corpuses of spoken English.
Skin resident T cells producing TNFalfa but not TH1, TH2, or Th17 cytokines: their posible role as immune sentinels in skin.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT BODY: The skin of a normal individual contains nearly 20 billion memory T cells, nearly twice as many as are present in the circulation. These T cells are polarized effector memory T cells that, from our current understanding, have arisen from recognition of their antigens within the skin. We previously reported that human skin contains significant numbers Th1, Th17 and Th2 cells. We report now that these T cell subsets are quiescent with respect to cytokine production when isolated from unstimulated skin and that additional signals (e.g., cellular proliferation) are required to unlock cytokine production. TNFα is a cytokine produced by both APC and subsets of effector T cells. We describe here a novel and previously undescribed population of skin resident T cells that produces TNFα alone, without concurrent production of IFNγ, IL-4 or IL-17. These cells comprise a mean 48% of the skin T cells resident in normal human skin. These T cells are CD45RO+ memory T cells, express CLA, CCR4 and CCR6 and have a diverse TCR repertoire. This T cell subset differs from the other cutaneous effector T cells in that half of these cells produce TNFα upon TCR triggering without a requirement for additional activating signals. TNFα T cells are the most numerous subset in normal human skin, outnumbering Th1, Th2 and Th17 T cells. TNFα has pleiotropic effects in the skin. TNFα induces maturation of dendritic cells, enhancing antigen presentation, and induces endothelial activation and chemokine production, leading to enhanced leukocyte recruitment. Skin TNFα T cells, specific for pathogens previously encountered in skin, may serve as antigen-specific immune sentinels. These T cells have the ability to rapidly produce TNFα upon re-exposure to cognate antigen, leading to activation and recruitment of both innate immune cells and other T cell subsets. Thus, they may serve to both initiate and amplify immune responses in skin.
Transdermal Patch Medication Delivery Systems and Pediatric Poisonings, 2002-2006

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Transdermal drug delivery systems are an increasingly popular method of medication delivery containing large quantities of medication and presenting new opportunities for toxicity. To provide a description of exposures to transdermal medications in a pediatric population, we studied exposures in individuals less than 12 years of age. This is a retrospective database study in which the Texas Poison Center Network database from 2002 to 2006 was reviewed. In all, 336 poison control center records of patch exposures over the 5-year period were identified. Of those, 110 cases involved children less than 12 years old. A majority of cases resulted in no significant clinical effects. One death resulted from opioid toxicity. Although a majority of patch exposures in children less than 12 years of age resulted in no significant clinical toxicity, practitioners and the public must be made aware of the available patch-based medications and their potential for toxicity in children.
Do Demographic and Disease Structures Affect the Recurrence of Epidemics ?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

\n In this paper we present an epidemic model affecting an age-structured population. We\n show by numerical simulations that this demographic structure can induce persistent\n oscillations in the epidemic. The model is then extended to encompass a stage-structured\n disease within an age-dependent population. In this case as well, persistent oscillations\n are observed in the infected as well as in the whole population.\n
Primordial helium recombination. I. Feedback, line transfer, and continuum opacity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Precision measurements of the cosmic microwave background temperature anisotropy on scales ℓ>500 will be available in the near future. Successful interpretation of these data is dependent on a detailed understanding of the damping tail and cosmological recombination of both hydrogen and helium. This paper and two companion papers are devoted to a precise calculation of helium recombination. We discuss several aspects of the standard recombination picture, and then include feedback, radiative transfer in He i lines with partial redistribution, and continuum opacity from H i photoionization. In agreement with past calculations, we find that He ii recombination proceeds in Saha equilibrium, whereas He i recombination is delayed relative to Saha due to the low rates connecting excited states of He i to the ground state. However, we find that at z<2200 the continuum absorption by the rapidly increasing H i population becomes effective at destroying photons in the He i 21Po-11S line, causing He i recombination to finish around z≃1800, much earlier than previously estimated.
Meteorological limits to winter wheat productivity in the U.S. southern Great Plains

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Although the U.S. southern Great Plains accounts for approximately 30% of total U.S. wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production, yields in the region have rarely surpassed 3.0 Mg ha−1 and quantification of the wheat yield gap (YG) and meteorological factors associated with potential wheat productivity are scarce. Our objectives were to identify spatial gradients in key weather variables and to assess the meteorological drivers of wheat productivity and resource-use efficiency, and to quantify the wheat YG across Texas, Oklahoma, Colorado, and Kansas. Water-limited wheat grain yield (Yw) was simulated for 30 consecutive years at 68 locations across the southern Great Plains using Simple Simulation Modeling-Wheat (SSM-Wheat), and actual soil and weather data, sowing date, and population density. Regional gradients in meteorological variables were determined for (i) the entire crop cycle, (ii) pre- and post-anthesis, or (iii) jointing-anthesis interval, and Yw were related back to these variables using linear and stepwise multiple-regression. Boundary function analysis determined water productivity (WP) and transpiration-use efficiency (TE). Strong latitudinal gradients occurred for temperatures and longitudinal gradients for precipitation (P), evapotranspirative demand (ETo), and solar radiation (Rs). Wheat Yw averaged 5.2 Mg ha−1 and followed the longitudinal P gradient increasing from west (3.6 Mg ha−1) to east (6.9 Mg ha−1). Interannual Yw variability was large with coefficient of variation (CV) increasing from 13 to 51% east to west. Meteorological variables accounting for major portions of the Yw variability were water supply (P + PAWs) in the west [82% of regression sums of squares (SS)] and cumulative solar radiation (Rs) during the anthesis − physiological maturity in the east (73% of SS). Temperatures during the anthesis-physiological maturity phase negatively affected grain yields across all locations and years (7% of SS). Wheat WP (17.2 kg ha−1 mm−1) and TE (20.8 kg ha−1 mm−1) benchmarks derived in this study align well with values reported for wheat grown in other regions of the world.
Characteristics and factors associated with morbidity of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis: a cross-sectional study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives To better understand the characteristics of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis in China, and the factors that contribute to their morbidity. Design A cross-sectional study. Setting This study was conducted in Shanghai, Nanning and Shenzhen, China, between December 2020 and December 2021. Participants There were 601 questionnaires that were analysed involving 198 migrant workers with pneumoconiosis, 205 workers with pneumoconiosis in state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and 198 other migrant workers with non-pulmonary occupational diseases. Outcome measures Epidemiological characteristics of pneumoconiosis among migrant workers were determined. Using logistic regression, we examined the factors related to the morbidity of pneumoconiosis in migrant workers. Results The response rate was 93.27%. In comparison with pneumoconiosis among SOE workers, the number of migrant workers with pneumoconiosis who first encountered dust exposure between the ages of 30 and 44 years and had an accumulated dust exposure of 1–10 years was proportionately greater. Migrant workers who developed pneumoconiosis between 18 and 32 years and those who had stage III pneumoconiosis were proportionately greater (p<0.05). Compared with migrant workers with non-pulmonary occupational diseases, six factors were associated with the morbidity of pneumoconiosis in migrant workers. Risk factors were dust exposure (OR=499.25, 95% CI: 68.33 to 3647.59) and someone smoking in the workplace (OR=5.67, 95% CI: 2.18 to 14.78). Protective factors were regular sleeping hours per night, (OR=0.23, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.60), excellent ventilation (OR=0.09, 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.65), rules and regulations (OR=0.22, 95% CI: 0.07 to 0.66) and post-departure medical examinations (OR=0.24, 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.63). Conclusions Compared with SOE workers with pneumoconiosis, migrant workers are exposed to dust at an earlier age, but for shorter duration, display morbidity at an earlier age and have a higher proportion of tertiary pneumoconiosis. They are predominantly male and have inadequate employment stability and medical insurance. Occupational health check-ups and management systems are inadequate.
Birthing Black Mothers: Birth Work and the Making of Black Maternal Political Subjects

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper traces three tensions that undergird contemporary doula practice: questions about training and professionalization, questions about the meanings of medicalization, and questions about the exceptionality of birthing. In all three cases, while doulas are called upon to be agents of crisis mitigation, particularly in relationship to black women, and to use togetherness to mediate obstetric violence, these tensions complicate efforts to "resolve" the crisis black mothers face, and at times further suture black maternal bodies to crisis, placing black maternal bodies as the space in need of remediation, repair, and transformation.
New mean dynamic topography of the Mediterranean calculated from assimilation system diagnostics

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The use of sea surface height (SSH) measurements by altimeter satellites in the Mediterranean requires an accurate mean dynamic topography (MDT) field with a high horizontal resolution which must be added to observations. This study presents a new Mediterranean MDT estimate calculated from the diagnostics of an existing operational assimilation system in the Mediterranean. The calculation starts from the assumption that the error in the MDT field appears in the assimilation system as a temporally constant and spatially variable observational bias. Therefore, we can reduce this error by calculating long‐term averages of dynamic topography departures and by subtracting them from the previous MDT field. The analysis system statistics show that the assimilation of the SSH in the Mediterranean is more accurate with the new MDT estimate.
Modification of Fibroins: Approaches to Get Optimise Scaffolds for Musculoskeletal Tissue Engineering

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The components of musculoskeletal system that consists of bone, ligament tendons and muscles are most vulnerable to injury from sports and related activities. Replacing the injured tissues more specifically the bone is a challenge to tissue engineers. Aiming at regeneration of bone tissues, silk fibroin from Bombyx mori, a novel biocompatible natural polymer has been explored either alone or as organic/inorganic composites for optimal growth of bone cells or differentiation of stem cells to bone cells in vitro. In the process, raw silk fibroins need to be were degummed, usually by alkali treatment method, to ameliorate the cytotoxicity from sericin. Most recently, the nanofibers of silk from electrospinning has shown a promise for bone tissue engineering. To get nanofibers, the degummed silk is usually dissolved in compatible solutions i.e. CaCl2 in H2O or LiBr in C2H5OH at different concentrations followed by dialysis to remove toxic ions. The ion free silk solution can be Electrospun alone or can be blended with various biopolymers for the fabrication of nanofibre biodegradable composite. Other approaches like crosslinking an array of biopolymers with silk or freeze drying the silk fibroins are also in pipeline to develop a novel silk based scaffold for bone tissue engineering.
Excited-State Dynamics of Melamine and Its Lysine Derivative Investigated by Femtosecond Transient Absorption Spectroscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Melamine may have been an important prebiotic information carrier, but its excited-state dynamics, which determine its stability under UV radiation, have never been characterized. The ability of melamine to withstand the strong UV radiation present on the surface of the early Earth is likely to have affected its abundance in the primordial soup. Here, we studied the excited-state dynamics of melamine (a proto-nucleobase) and its lysine derivative (a proto-nucleoside) using the transient absorption technique with a UV pump, and UV and infrared probe pulses. For melamine, the excited-state population decays by internal conversion with a lifetime of 13 ps without coupling significantly to any photochemical channels. The excited-state lifetime of the lysine derivative is slightly longer (18 ps), but the dominant deactivation pathway is otherwise the same as for melamine. In both cases, the vast majority of excited molecules return to the electronic ground state on the aforementioned time scales, but a minor population is trapped in a long-lived triplet state.
Monoclinic Tungsten Oxide with {100} Facet Orientation and Tuned Electronic Band Structure for Enhanced Photocatalytic Oxidations

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Exploring surface-exposed highly active crystal facets for photocatalytic oxidations is promising in utilizing monoclinic WO3 semiconductor. However, the previously reported highly active facets for monoclinic WO3 were mainly toward enhancing photocatalytic reductions. Here we report that the WO3 with {100} facet orientation and tuned surface electronic band structure can effectively enhance photocatalytic oxidation properties. The {100} faceted WO3 single crystals are synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method. The UV-visible diffuse reflectance, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy valence band spectra, and photoelectrochemical measurements suggest that the {100} faceted WO3 has a much higher energy level of valence band maximum compared with the normal WO3 crystals without preferred orientation of the crystal face. The density functional theory calculations reveal that the shift of O 2p and W 5d states in {100} face induce a unique band structure. In comparison with the normal WO3, the {100} faceted WO3 exhibits an O2 evolution rate about 5.1 times in water splitting, and also shows an acetone evolution rate of 4.2 times as well as CO2 evolution rate of 3.8 times in gaseous degradation of 2-propanol. This study demonstrates an efficient crystal face engineering route to tune the surface electronic band structure for enhanced photocatalytic oxidations.
Reassessing public expenditure priorities: The case of education in South Africa

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper highlights one of the central challenges facing the present South African government - meeting the strong demands for increased and more equitable provisions of education and maintaining fiscal discipline. This task need not be daunting, as theory and evidence suggest that there is considerable scope for rationalising the existing state provision of social services in South Africa to make them more equitable and efficient. We employ an economic theory of clubs and argue that the provision of basic education should be prioritised while the subsidisation of sophisticated and higher levels of education should be reconsidered. More specifically, the qualitative upgrading of basic schooling deserves more priority from the state while subsidies to exclusive schools and to university students need review. Such rationalisations should encourage sustained economic growth and enable the state to meet its RDP objectives without compromising its commitment to fiscal discipline. However, to achieve this the state will have to resist the strong pressures for the continued provision of services which bestow large private benefits on privileged groups.
Flunarizine and Cinnarizine as Vestibular Depressants

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The authors analysed the vestibular depressant activity of flunarizine and cinnarizine, as compared to a placebo, in 58 patients with peripheral labyrinthine disorders. The activity of the medications was judged by the reduction of the average velocity of the slow phase of the post-caloric nystagmus, before and after treatment. In spite of being administered in a smaller dosis, flunarizine appeared to have a more intense vestibular supressant activity, as judged by different statistical tests.