jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
International and innovation activities of firms

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The economic environment in which a firm operates is constantly changing. This thesis contains three essays to examine how firms adapt their innovation and international \nactivities to a variety of external changes. The first paper, “Information Frictions and the Law of One Price: ‘When the States and the Kingdom became United’”, shows how information frictions affect the exporting behavior of merchants, exploiting a unique historical experiment: the transatlantic telegraph, established in 1866. Using a newly collected data set on cotton trade based on historical newspapers, I find that information frictions result in large and volatile deviations from the Law of One Price. There are also real effects, because exports \nrespond to information about foreign demand shocks, and average exports increase after the telegraph and become more volatile. I provide a model in which exporters \nuse the latest news about a foreign market to forecast expected selling prices when their exports arrive at the destination. Their forecast error is smaller and less volatile the more recent the available information. The welfare gains from the telegraph are estimated to be around 8% of annual export value. \nThe second paper, “Survive another day: Using changes in the composition of investments to measure the cost of credit constraints” is joint work with Luis Garicano. \nWe introduce a novel empirical strategy to measure the credit shocks that were triggered by the recent financial crisis: Theoretically, we show that credit shocks affect long term investments by more than short term ones. Credit shocks can then be measured within firms by the relative drop of long run relative to short run investments; using firm-times-year fixed effects to absorb idiosyncratic demand shocks. Using data on Spanish \nmanufacturing firms we find that credit constraints are equivalent to an additional tax rate of around 11% on the longest lived investment. \nWhile the trade literature has established a positive impact of globalization on the productivity of firms, there is lacking consensus about the underlying mechanism at work: Trade theory focuses on a market access mechanism, but empirical papers point out that import competition matters as well. The third paper, “The roles of import competition and export opportunities for technical change”, conducts a “horse race” between the two mechanisms. Using Spanish firm level data, I find robust evidence that access to export markets leads to productivity increases, but only for firms that were already highly productive before. The evidence on import competition is weaker and very heterogeneous, pointing towards an omitted variable bias in earlier papers.
Consequences of Climate Change Damages for Economic Growth A DYNAMIC QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This report focuses on the effects of climate change impacts on economic growth. Simulations with the OECD's dynamic global general equilibrium model ENV-Linkages assess the consequences of a selected number of climate change impacts in the various world regions at the macroeconomic and sectoral level. This is complemented with an assessment of very long-run implications, using the AD-RICE model. The analysis finds that the effect of climate change impacts on annual global GDP is projected to increase over time, leading to a global GDP loss of 0.7% to 2.5% by 2060 for the most likely equilibrium climate sensitivity range. Underlying these annual global GDP losses are much larger sectoral and regional variations. Agricultural impacts dominate in most regions, while damages from sea level rise gradually become more important. Negative economic consequences are especially large in South and South-East Asia whereas other regions will be less affected and, in some cases, benefit thanks to adjustments from international trade. Emissions to 2060 will have important consequences in later decades and centuries. Simulations with the AD-RICE model suggest that if emissions continue to grow after 2060, annual damages of climate change could reach 1.5%-4.8% of GDP by the end of the century. Some impacts and risks from climate change have not been quantified in this study, including extreme weather events, water stress and large-scale disruptions. These will potentially have large economic consequences, and on balance the costs of inaction presented here likely underestimate the full costs of climate change impacts. More research is needed to assess them as well as the various uncertainties and risks involved. However, this should not delay policy action, but rather induce policy frameworks that are able to deal with new information and with the fact that by their nature some uncertainties and risks will never be resolved
Noise in Resonators and Oscillators

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This chapter discusses the noise generated in resonators and oscillators. Noise in oscillators, particularly in crystal oscillators, has been studied for some 50 years. The progress is closely connected with perfection of the manufacturing processes on the one hand and reduction of the noise in maintaining electronics on the other hand. In the presented theory of the resonator, particularly the crystal resonator, phase noise is compared with actual measurements performed in the last 30 years. There exists a large number of papers dealing with the fundamental oscillator theory. However, discussion of noise problems is limited mostly to only white noise, with different approaches to the solution of the problem. The chapter discusses only the leading ideas, and compares the theoretical results with experimental findings. Finally it mentions important information about crystal resonators and oscillators, namely, the value of the expected Allan variance in its lowest plateau. Controlled Vocabulary Terms crystal oscillators; crystal resonators; phase noise; white noise
Innovative Therapies: A Major Breakthrough in Combating Multi-Drugresistant Bacterial Infections Using Mixture Design and Multi-Objective Optimization with NSGA-II Algorithm

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Introduction/Objective: The increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics poses a major public health challenge. This study aims to develop an innovative approach to combat this resistance by exploring synergies between standard antibiotics and marine metabolites. Methods: The methodology combines disk diffusion testing and mixture design to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of the combinations. Results: The results demonstrate promising synergies between carotenoids, polyphenols, and alkaloids with standard antibiotics, offering potential targeted use in the fight against clinical multidrug-resistant bacteria. Specifically, Gram-negative bacteria (BGN) showed increased resistance to antibiotics such as amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (AMC), ceftazidime, cefotaxime, tetracycline, and cefazolin. These antibiotics, when combined with marine compounds, exhibited substantial inhibitory effects against specific isolates, circumventing antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Similarly, substantial synergies were observed in Gram-positive bacteria. Leveraging advanced algorithms such as multi-objective optimization, notably the NSGA-II algorithm, we accurately predicted minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against clinically resistant bacterial isolates. Optimal conditions against Escherichia coli, characterized by carotenoids = 0.6335, total polyphenols = 0, indole alkaloids = 0.1723, and AMC = 0.1941, yielded a predicted MIC of 41.1126 mg/L, closely mirroring the experimental MIC of 41.66 ± 0.18 mg/L. Similarly, for Staphylococcus aureus, optimal conditions produced a predicted MIC of 30.8304 mg/L, closely aligning with the experimental MIC of 30.69 ± 1.80 mg/L. Conclusion: The consistent and reliable predictions for bacterial strains affirmed the robustness of the applied methodology. These results not only pave the way for further exploration but also offer valuable insights for optimizing pharmaceutical and medical interventions, presenting innovative avenues for combating antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
Victorian realism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

At first glance, realism seems easy to grasp and define. Even the most casual readers have a strong sense of what feels lifelike to them, and consider themselves perfectly within their rights to object to implausible plots and exaggerated characters. Many critics would broadly agree that realist writers rejected allegory and symbol, romantic and sensational plots, supernatural explanations and idealized characters, and opted instead for the literal, credible, observable world of lived experience. And yet, no consensus has ever emerged among scholars about the essential qualities of a realist novel. Critics have produced a lengthy and various list of definitions over the past half-century, and new scholarly characterizations appear with remarkable frequency. The year 2008 alone saw two major contributions: Richard Menke's Telegraphic Realism, which makes the case for the realist novel as an expression of crucial shifts in Victorian media, and Daniel Novak's Realism, Photography, and Nineteenth-Century Fiction, which argues that Victorian realist writers drew from photography, yet, surprisingly, understood the photograph as a highly constructed, artful form rather than a transparent window onto the world. Realism has variously been associated with the ordinary, the middle class, the present, historical consciousness, industrialization, the city, and the nation; it has been linked to omniscient narration, free indirect discourse, vernacular dialogue, extended description, open-ended narrative, the panoramic, and the detail; it has been seen as a way to explore the interior lives of characters and the exterior movement of objects; it has been cast as totalizing or particularizing, as naïvely invested in transparency or as highly self-conscious about the problem of representation. Realism has also constantly crossed boundaries, claiming English, French, US, Brazilian, Japanese, Indian, and African traditions – among others – and spanning centuries, media, and genres.
Decentralized adaptation in interconnected uncertain systems with nonlinear parametrization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose a technique for the design and analysis of decentralized adaptation algorithms in interconnected dynamical systems. Our technique does not require Lyapunov stability of the target dynamics and allows nonlinearly parameterized uncertainties. We show that for the considered class of systems, conditions for reaching the control goals can be formulated in terms of the nonlinear L_2-gains of target dynamics of each interconnected subsystem. Equations for decentralized controllers and corresponding adaptation algorithms are also explicitly provided.
Category-Based versus Attribute-Based Processing in Different-Aged Adults

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Adaptive social functioning requires flexibility in processing operations in response to the characteristics of specific situations. Three experiments were conducted in which the ability of different-aged adults to appropriately use category-based versus attribute-based information in making affective judgments was examined. Contrary to expectations, we found that performance was minimally related to age or to working memory efficiency. Adults of all ages made affective judgments based on category information when such information resulted in appropriate inferences, whereas attribute-based information was used when category-based inferences were inaccurate. We interpret these results to be consistent with the hypothesis that the processing of evaluative information occurs at a preconscious level with little drain on processing resources.
Aproximación al Sistema de contabilidad ambiental y económica integrada SCAEI de la ONU

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The System of Integrated Environmental and Economical Accounting SIEEA the UN United Nations (1994) and revised in 2002, has been prepared in accordance with the System of National Accounts of the UN SNA (1993) and their respective of the environmental satellites, which aim to analyze the overall behavior of a market economy, based on an ideal of economic and ecological sustainability. The system set will be analyzed in accordance with the proposal "pure theory, models and accounting systems" (Montes and Mejia, 2011), which establishes the general accounting concepts and taxonomy.
A study of archivists' perceptions of reference service

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To identify the relationships between particular characteristics of archivists and their perceptions of users and reference service, data was collected from two surveys distributed to two survey populations of archivists. One survey asked archivists' own perceptions of reference service, the other asked archivists' perceptions of their colleagues' perceptions of reference service. Five hypotheses were developed, drawing upon models of reference process from the literature of library science and upon ideas expressed by authors of archival reference service literature. These hypotheses are that archivists' perceptions of reference service relate to 1) the type of repository with which archivists are most familiar, 2) the functions (e.g. arrangement and description) with which archivists are most familiar, 3) the forms of records (such as government records) with which archivists are most familiar, 4) the amount of time archivists have spent in reference service, and 5) the education level of archivists. The results suggest that the type of repository with which the archivist is most familiar relates to his or her perceptions of reference service. While the other categories also exhibited significant relationships, the overall analysis of the results of the other categories was less interesting than the results obtained from the category regarding the type of repository. Determining the existence of such relationships was the preliminary investigation upon which to base further research. The results of this study suggest that likely areas for further examination of this topic are the methods of reference service used in particular repositories.
Amikacin-induced apoptosis in cochlear hair cells in guinea pigs

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the cochlear hair cell apoptosis induced by the ototoxic aminoglycoside antibiotic amikacin. Methods Fifteen guinea pigs were treated with amikacin. The apoptosis of cochlea hair cells was examined by TUNEL technology after drugs were given at different time. Results In normal cochlear hair cells, no apoptic cells were generally noted. In the drug group, morphological changes of outer cell apoptosis were noted after 1, 3, 6 days of treatment with amikacin. Conclusion Amikacin could induce the apoptosis of cochlear outer hair cells in guinea pigs. Cellular apoptosis is a modality of hair cell loss after treatment with amikacin in guinea pigs; The ototoxin mechanism of the aminoglycoside antibiotic may be related to the apoptosis of the cochlear outer hair cells.
PERAMALAN INDEKS HARGA SAHAM GABUNGAN (IHSG) DENGAN METODE RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION NEURAL NETWORK MENGGUNAKAN GUI MATLAB

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Capital market Indonesia is one of the important factors in the development of the national economy, proved to have many industries and companies that use these institutions as a medium to absorb investment to strengthen its financial position. The recent years, Jakarta Composite Index (JCI) in Capital Market tend to strengthen. JCI data are the time series data obtained from the past to predict the future with caracteristics of JCI data are non stationary and non linier. Neural network is a computational method that imitate the biological neural network. There are several types of methods that can be used in neural network that is: Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN), dan Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN). Model of Radial Basis Function Neural Network is suitable for time series data. This model has a network architecture in the form of input layer, hidden layer and output layer. This research is done with the help of GUI as a computation tool. The results of analysis by using GUI conducted on the size sample of data as much as 1211 taken as 100 the data thus obtained value of 2315,6 MSE training and training MAPE value of 0,72%, while for the testing of 28886,7 MSE and MAPE testing value is 0,70%. Based on the results of forecasting, JCI values on January 02, 2018 until January 08, 2018 at 6499,922 every day. Keywords: Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), Jakarta Composite Index (JCI), MSE, MAPE, Time Series, GUI.
Youth Experiencing Homelessness: Finding Unmet Needs, Barriers and Facilitators of the Transition to Stability

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In spite of the growing population of young adults (ages 18 to 24) experiencing homelessness, relatively little research has been done on youths’ experiences with transitions out of homelessness. Utilizing remote individual interviews with ten youth participating in a Transitional-Living Program in Hawaii, thematic content analyses were used to investigate the barriers and facilitators of successful transitions out of the street and into stability, as well as factors contributing to homelessness and the unmet needs of homeless youth in this age group. Results of thematic content analyses are presented relative to each research question, including barriers to success, facilitators of success, contributors to youths’ experiences with homelessness, and youths’ unmet needs. Results are discussed relative to their contributions to increasing understanding of youth homelessness, factors contributing to it, and factors which ease their transitions into independence and stability. Recommendations for policy and practice are discussed.
PENGARUH PELATIHAN DAN MOTIVASI TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI PADA BAGIAN PELAYANAN KESEHATAN RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH (RSUD) MAJALAYA KABUPATEN BANDUNG

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Employee performance is an important factor in the organizational goals to be achieved. The good or bad performance of an employee in an organization will be determined by many factors including ability which is the result of knowledge and skills including personality attitudes which are influenced by education, training experience and interest and motivation as a result of the interaction of forces in physical conditions. work, social conditions of work and individual needs. This research was conducted in the Health Services Section of the Majalaya Regional General Hospital (RGH), the method used in this research was the descriptive analysis method, with a sample size of 60 people. The analysis method uses regression with SPSS software version 25. The results of this research support the hypothesis made, namely that training and work motivation have a positive and significant influence on employee performance. The results of the determination test show that the Training and Work Motivation variables can influence employee performance by 61.7%, while the remaining 38.3% is influenced by other variables not examined by the author. Based on the results of the research above, the Health Services Section of the Majalaya Regional General Hospital (RGH), Bandung District needs to improve its human resources in mastering knowledge and skills and increasing work motivation so that it will improve employee performance
Screening for Colorectal Cancer: The Accuracy of Fecal Occult Blood

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.

—Ahlquist et al1studied 1217 postresection colons and concluded that fecal occult blood testing "in a screening setting is a poor marker." Colon carcinomas are characterized by long doubling times and small growth fractions. The malignancies in the study by Ahlquist et al were less than 3 years of age. Also, no emphasis was placed on the inclusion of high roughage (bran and peanuts) in the 5-day test diet. Considering all of this, I find a 33% detection rate to be very good.
How Does Internationalization Help Reputation? The Role of the Learning Gap

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study delves into the intangible effects of internationalization on reputation, and proposes a mechanism by which internationalization can lead to improved reputation. Grounded in institutional and signaling theories, we begin by proposing that internationalization signals learning advantages deriving from experience in host environments and responses to foreign institutional pressures. Then, we derive the learning gap construct from two principal dimensions of the diversity of location portfolio, namely home—host cognitive distance and power asymmetry; and posit that this learning gap explains the link between internationalization and reputation. Analyses based on the legal service industry demonstrate that while international diversification is important in predicting reputational benefits at home, its effect is mediated through the learning gap deriving from each firm's internationalization, underscoring potential advantages of home—host differences.
CT study of dynamics of the gallbladder and its clinical significance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To study the dynamic changes of the gallbladder, its machanism and clinical significance. Methods: To use helical CT to measure the GBEF(gallbladder ejection fraction). Results: Of cholecystitis patients and cholelithiasis patients, there were no changes in fasting gallbladder volume compared with that of the control group but obvious decrease in GBEF. In liver cirrhosis group the fasting gallbladder volume was much larger than that in the control group, with no significant difference in GBEF. Conclusion: The results provide a objective basis for the diagnosis of chronic acalculous cholecystitis and the differential diagnosis of the hepatic gallbladder and in flammatory gallbladder.
The compressible viscous surface-internal wave problem: local well-posedness

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper concerns the dynamics of two layers of compressible, barotropic, viscous fluid lying atop one another. The lower fluid is bounded below by a rigid bottom, and the upper fluid is bounded above by a trivial fluid of constant pressure. This is a free boundary problem: the interfaces between the fluids and above the upper fluid are free to move. The fluids are acted on by gravity in the bulk, and at the free interfaces we consider both the case of surface tension and the case of no surface forces. We prove that the problem is locally well-posed. Our method relies on energy methods in Sobolev spaces for a collection of related linear and nonlinear problems.
Transformation by Bovine Papillomavirus Type 1 E6 Requires Paxillin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Papillomavirus E6 proteins are adapters that change the function of cellular regulatory proteins. The bovine papillomavirus type 1 E6 (BE6) binds to LXXLL peptide sequences termed LD motifs (consensus sequence LDXLLXXL) on the cellular protein paxillin that is a substrate of Src and focal adhesion kinases. Anchorage-independent transformation induced by BE6 required both paxillin and BE6-binding LD motifs on paxillin but was independent of the major tyrosine phosphorylation sites of paxillin. The essential role of paxillin in transformation by BE6 highlights the role of paxillin in the transduction of cellular signals that result in anchorage-independent cell proliferation.