jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Exploring Mind Wandering in a Technological Setting

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study investigates the moderating role of mind wandering in influencing the relationships between on-task thought and two functional outcomes of interacting with technology (i.e., creativity and knowledge retention). The study extends the content regulation hypothesis of mind wandering by differentiating mind wandering into two categories—technology-related and nontechnology-related. The scales to measure mind wandering and on-task thought were first developed and validated. After that, the structural model was tested. The findings suggest that mind wandering (technologyrelated) positively moderates the relationship between on-task thought (technologyrelated) and creativity and mind wandering (nontechnology-related) positively moderates the relationship between on-task thought (nontechnology-related) and knowledge retention. The results also show that creativity is positively associated with knowledge retention. By acknowledging the potential benefits associated with mind wandering, this study is able to show that mind wandering is not always destructive; it can offer some unique benefits for technology users.
Aloe-Emodin/Carbon Nanoparticle Hybrid Gels with Light-Induced and Long-Term Antibacterial Activity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Development of effective antimicrobial wound dressings has drawn wide attention in the wound care market. Here, we synthesized a natural antibiotic (aloe-emodin, AE) and a carbon nanoparticle coembedded polymer hybrid hydrogel as a novel wound dressing in the fight against potent skin infections. We systematically evaluated the properties of the obtained hydrogels, including physico-chemical characteristics, photothermal conversion efficiency, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, AE-released profile, antibacterial activity, and wound-healing capability. The hybrid gels can initially reduce the number of bacteria in a short time through the near-infrared-light (NIR) triggered photothermal/ROS route and continuously kill the remaining live cells by releasing AE from gels after turning off the NIR source with a long-term antibacterial effect. These two antibacterial mechanisms that complement each other lead to excellent antibacterial performance toward various bacterial strains including multidrug-resistant bacteria. Moreover, in vivo Staphylcoccus aureus-infected animal experiments indicate that the hybrid gels upon NIR irradiation have a striking ability toward wound infection. These studies demonstrate that the AE and carbon nanoparticle coembedded hybrid polymer hydrogels with NIR exposure may have applications in wound combined care for bacterial infections.
Membrane Remodelling in Phosphorus‐Deficient Plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Phosphate deficiency results in alterations in the membrane lipid composition of plants, because phospholipids are replaced with nonphosphorous glycolipids. During phosphate deprivation, phospholipids are degraded by phospholipase D ( PLD ) and phosphatidate phosphatase ( PAP ), or by phospholipase C ( PLC ), resulting in the release of diacylglycerol, which is made available for glycolipid synthesis. Free phosphate is employed for essential cellular processes, including DNA and RNA synthesis. Expression of genes of galactolipid synthesis is induced in an auxin‐dependent manner during phosphate limitation. The galactolipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol ( DGDG ) accumulates under phosphate deprivation in plastidial and extraplastidial membranes. Furthermore, the two anionic glycolipids sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol and glucuronosyldiacylglycerol accumulate in the chloroplast, as surrogates for phosphatidylglycerol. Further phosphate‐free glycolipids (glucosylceramide, sterol glucosides, acylated sterol glucosides) accumulate in the plasma membrane under phosphate deprivation. The replacement of phospholipids with glycolipids during phosphate starvation has already been established in some bacteria, and therefore represents an ancient, essential adaptation process to low‐phosphate conditions in the environment.
Chemoselective Hydroalumination of 1-Aza-but-1-en-3-ynes (C-Iminoalkynes): Formation of Propargylamines by Imine Reduction and of 5-Aluminazoles and 1-Aza-butadienes by Anti-Michael Attack

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Hydroalumination of 1-aza-but-1-en-ynes 1 provides facile access to propargylamines 4 by reduction of the C═N bonds or alternatively to 1-aza-buta-1,3-dienes 6 by reduction of the triple bond. The chemoselectivity depends not only on the steric properties of both the hydroalumination agent (di-iso-butylaluminum (DIBAL-H, iBu2AlH) versus di-tert-butylaluminum hydride (tBu2AlH)) and the substrates but also on the reaction temperatures. In several cases, initial aluminum species of 5-aluminazole type 5 could be isolated and characterized by X-ray diffraction, indicating an "anti-Michael" addition of the hydride to the triple bond. Aqueous workup of those species led to 1-azabutadiene derivatives 6. High-level DFT calculations indicate that the observed chemoselectivity is only compatible with a dimeric nature of the hydroaluminating agent. Using such a dimer, the imine reduction corresponds to the kinetically controlled pathway, whereas the triple bond reduction leads to the thermodynamically much more stable 5-aluminazoles, 5.
Synthesis of (WZrNbTaM)C (M = Cr, Ni, Ti) ceramic powders and the electromagnetic wave absorption in 2–18 GHz

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract With the advent of the 5G era, while enjoying the convenience of information in our daily lives, we also face the challenge of dealing with increased and more complex electromagnetic (EM) radiation issues. Therefore, finding EM wave absorbing materials for the operating frequency range (2–18 GHz) of most electronic products has become an important aspect of ensuring human health and environmental safety. In this study, a variety of elements were incorporated into (WZrNbTaM)C powders by calculation and design, where M is Ni, Cr, or Ti. Phase and microstructural analysis demonstrated the successful preparation of a single‐phase solid solution with uniform elements distribution. The magnetic properties of the powders containing Ni and Cr elements exhibited significant improvement. Further analysis revealed that both the impedance matching and EM wave attenuation capabilities of (WZrNbTaCr)C and (WZrNbTaNi)C were enhanced, thereby improving their absorption performance. Compared to (WZrNbTaTi)C, (WZrNbTaCr)C and (WZrNbTaNi)C exhibit a significant improvement in minimum reflection loss (RL), with an increase of 27.1% and 37.2%, reaching −45.21 and −48.79 dB, respectively. The maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) has also increased by 22.9% and 48.6%, reaching 3.44 and 4.16 GHz, respectively. It is noteworthy that (WZrNbTaCr)C and (WZrNbTaNi)C achieved these excellent absorption properties while maintaining a matching thickness of 1.07 and 1.17 mm. This lightweight and thin performance meets the requirements for use in special scenarios while ensuring the outstanding absorption performance.
Advanced Technology in Field Applied Thermoplastics for Corrosion Protection Superior to Thermoset Coating Systems

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The control, mitigation and prevention of corrosion in environments ranging from mildly corrosive to severe atmospheric conditions to underground exposures (such as pipelines) to chemical spill and fume exposures has long been focused on the use of thermosetting polymers such as epoxies, polyesters, vinyl esters and urethanes. For the most part these materials have worked reasonably well in applications such as structural steel and equipment coatings, architectural paints, vessel linings, concrete coatings, secondary containment linings, and floor toppings. However, these thermosetting materials also have major limitations such as service temperature, lack of tolerance for a wide range of field conditions including humidity, temperature and substrate preparation, cure time, ease of repair, and related installation issues. Thermoplastics have known advantages over thermosets in water resistance, flexibility, higher temperature capability, and film integrity. Until recently, the use of thermoplastics as corrosion resistant coatings has been limited to shop application in controlled environments where electrostatic application and oven curing allow for proper particle distribution, controlled film thickness and integrity and substrate encapsulation. Heretofore, field application of thermoplastics has been impractical and only marginally successful in a few limited applications. Development of new technology in the areas of thermal bonding agents and more dimensionally stable thermoplastic powder coating materials has resulted in significantly increased potential for use in field applications in a wide variety of uses.
When the specialization is a curse: distribution of Lolium remotum Schrank in Slovakia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Distribution of Lolium remotum in Slovakia, a typical linicolous weed, is presented in this paper. The species was recorded in 30 quadrants of the Central European mapping grid; the most of localities were found in the Carpathians which is related to the areas of flax cultivation for the linen industry. While in the 19th century it was relatively common in flax fields, after the First World War it began to decline (flax sown areas decreased by three quarters in former Czechoslovakia during the world economic crisis of 1929-1933). In the second half of 20th century, the synergistic effect of several agrotechnical measures (precise cleaning of the seed, simplification of crop rotation, deep autumn plowing and application of herbicides) manifested; only single locality was documented. At present, it belongs to the extinct species of Slovak flora (RE), it has not been detected for over 60 years.
Neural systems for preparatory control of imitation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Humans have an automatic tendency to imitate others. Previous studies on how we control these tendencies have focused on reactive mechanisms, where inhibition of imitation is implemented after seeing an action. This work suggests that reactive control of imitation draws on at least partially specialized mechanisms. Here, we examine preparatory imitation control, where advance information allows control processes to be employed before an action is observed. Drawing on dual route models from the spatial compatibility literature, we compare control processes using biological and non-biological stimuli to determine whether preparatory imitation control recruits specialized neural systems that are similar to those observed in reactive imitation control. Results indicate that preparatory control involves anterior prefrontal, dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal and early visual cortices regardless of whether automatic responses are evoked by biological (imitative) or non-biological stimuli. These results indicate both that preparatory control of imitation uses general mechanisms, and that preparatory control of imitation draws on different neural systems from reactive imitation control. Based on the regions involved, we hypothesize that preparatory control is implemented through top-down attentional biasing of visual processing.
Feasibility of CCHP System in Certain Large-Scale Public Building

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

According to the information of a large-scale public building in Shanghai, annual hourly loads of cooling, heating and power are calculated separately on the basis of Hourly Load Apportionment Ratio Method. Based on load characteristics and local practical condition, three cases are proposed for further comparison and selection by PRUE, ESR, CRR and PBP, and then the optimal case is to be determined. Moreover, the impact of installed capacity and gas price on the effect of applying CCHP system would be discussed. The result shows that both hotel and office area are appropriate for utilizing CCHP system; the combination of electro-refrigerator and absorption refrigerator is more economically preferable; PBP increases at first and then decreases while the capacity of electric generator rises, and when the capacity of generator and refrigerator are 4000kW and 4500RT, the PBP is lowest; The PBP will be 3 to 5 years if the price of natural gas could be fixed between 2.5 Yuan/m3 and 3Yuan/m3, which is a remarkable indicator of economical efficiency.
A case study on the possible altitude‐dependent effects of collisions on sodium airglow emission

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Simultaneous observations of a narrowband sodium (Na) airglow photometer corresponding to the D 2 line in conjunction with a Na lidar from Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), India, reveal episodic enhancements in Na airglow intensity during 1930–0142 Indian standard time (IST; IST = UT + 5.5 h) on 18–19 March 2007. This variation is drastically different from the average Na airglow intensity variation for that duration during that month. Interestingly, the Na airglow intensity variation is found to be well correlated with the Na atom concentration variation only at 93.6 km during the period 2312–0142 IST, a period closer to the measurement of mesospheric ozone by the Sounding of Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument on board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite. Moreover, the correlation coefficient is not significant at 88.5 km, where the Na concentration is maximum. Estimations of the altitude profiles of the volume emission rate of Na airglow corresponding to the D 2 line using measured parameters during local postmidnight hours reveal that the peak of volume emission rate is different from 93.6 km. It is suggested that the altitude variation in collisional quenching is needed to match the peak altitude of emission to the altitude where correlation between the Na atom concentration and Na airglow intensity is maximum. The fact that the measured atmospheric pressure reduces by a factor of ∼2.5 as altitude changes from 88.5 to 93.6 km supports this proposition. The case study brings out the sensitivity of Na airglow intensity to the altitude dependence of the collisional quenching that eventually affects Na airglow emission.
7- raseodymium-Based Solid-state Laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report the first demonstration of laser emission from the 3F3 to 3F2 transition in the rare earth praseody. This new 7-pm solid-state laser operates with an optical efficiency of 2.3% at 293 K and 10% at 150 K using an upconversion pumping mechanism. A discussion of the dynamics in this new laser material is included.
A cryptic tubulin-binding domain links MEKK1 to curved tubulin protomers

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Significance The protein kinase MEKK1 activates stress-signaling pathways in response to various cellular stressors, including chemotherapies that disrupt dynamics of the tubulin cytoskeleton. We show that MEKK1 contains a previously uncharacterized domain that can preferentially bind to the curved tubulin heterodimer—which is found in soluble tubulin and at sites of microtubule assembly and disassembly. Mutations that interfere with MEKK1−tubulin binding disrupt microtubule networks in migrating cells and are enriched in patient-derived tumor sequences. These results suggest that MEKK1−tubulin binding may be relevant to cancer progression, and the efficacy of microtubule-disrupting chemotherapies that require the activity of MEKK1.
Determinants of foreign direct investment

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Empirical studies of bilateral foreign direct investment (FDI) activity show substantial differences in specifications with little agreement on the set of included covariates. We use Bayesian statistical techniques that allow one to select from a large set of candidates those variables most likely to be determinants of FDI activity. The variables with consistently high inclusion probabilities include traditional gravity variables, cultural distance factors, relative labour endowments and trade agreements. There is little support for multilateral trade openness, most host‐country business costs, host‐country infrastructure and host‐country institutions. Our results suggest that many covariates found significant by previous studies are not robust.
Sliding sports

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There are three distinct sliding sports, performed on what would popularly be termed types of sledge, gliding at high speed, against the clock, downhill on an iced track. These are skeleton, luge and bobsleigh racing. Skeleton is always an individual sport, luge can be individual or in pairs while bobsleigh is usually for two or four persons although in para-bobsleigh a single-person monobob is used. After a running start, Skeleton riders travel head-first lying on their front on the sledge while luge is performed with the rider lying on their back, travelling feet first. Bobsleighs are easily distinguished as they are covered machines that the riders sit inside after running to push off, although monobobs may be driven by a seated athlete throughout the run. Technology is important in the sports for the aerodynamic design and materials of the sledges, athletes' costumes, track design and refrigeration and mountain transport infrastructure. The infrastructure of the three sliding sports, skeleton, luge and bobsleigh, is expensive to maintain, especially if artificial refrigeration is used. The different disciplines, especially bobsleigh and skeleton, therefore often share the same track. In competition race results are determined by timed runs, often over a couple of days. Rules about the weight, materials, type of steel used for runners, enforced by testing procedures, also ensure fair play. The three disciplines share the same origins as a sport in the toboggan clubs and races of late nineteenth century Switzerland.
Improvement in Mechanical Method of Oil Absorption Test

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

顔料の吸油量測定は練り合わせ法で行なわれているが, エンドポイントが感覚的, 主観的であるため個人差が生じやすく, 客観性のある機器測定法への転換が望ましい。現行の機器測定法としては, ゴム用カーボンブラックのstructureの目安にするため, アブソープトメーターによるDBP吸油量の測定法がJIS K 6221に規定されているが, これを他の顔料に汎用しようとしても, 混練トルクが小さくて不可能である。そこで微小なトルク変化をも測定できるように機器の改造を行なったところ, すべての顔料の吸油量を精度よく測定できるようになった。なお吸油量と関係の深い充テン粉体の空隙量の測定を水銀ポロシメーターによって試みた。
Evaluation of selected natural and synthetic products as house fly repellents

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Twenty natural and synthetic substances, known or reported to be repellent to insects, were evaluated for repellency to adult house flies, Musca domestica L., by a new laboratory test method. Fourteen materials completely repelled the flies during a 30‐min test period. The most active material was 2‐phenylethanol.
MD simulation of martensitic transformations in TiNi alloys with MEAM

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The martensitic transformations in TiNi alloys were studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The modified embedded atom method was used with the pseudo monoatomic potentials, which included angular dependence of each atoms. The thermally induced B2 → B19′ martensitic and B19′ → B2 reverse martensitic transformations have been obtained in the present molecular dynamics simulations with a bulk (no surface) computational model. The martensitic transformation temperature of TiNi varies very rapidly with composition in the range 35∼60 at.%Ni in the present MD simulations.
Cloning and expression analysis of a transcription factor gene BoWRKY3 from Brassica oleracea var. italica

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A WRKY transcription factor gene, designated BoWRKY3 (accession number: JN120758), was amplified from leaves of Brassica oleracea var. italica, and the sequence analysis was performed. The expression patterns of BoWRKY3 in leaves before and after downy mildew challenge were analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Sequencing results indicated that the genomic DNA was 1 136 bp in length with 3 introns of 81, 101 and 96 bp, respectively. The complete coding sequence was 858 bp encoding 285 amino acids, including a conserved WRKYGQK domain and a CX5CX23HX1H zinc finger structure. RT-PCR analysis showed that the highest expression levels of BoWRKY3 were observed at 6-36 h induced by Hyaloperonospora parasitica, suggesting that its function was possibly related with downy mildew resistance. Sequence alignment results showed that there were very little differences between BoWRKY3 and homologous genes of Cruciferae plants, however, major differences were observed between BoWRKY3 and those of Gramineae plants, revealing their large genetic distance.
Does Health Insurance Coverage of Office Visits Influence Colorectal Cancer Testing?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective: To assess the effect of differing health insurance coverage of physician office visits on the use of colorectal cancer (CRC) tests among an employed and insured population. Method: Cohort study of persons ages 50 to 64 years enrolled in fee-for-service (FFS) or preferred provider organization (PPO) health plans, where FFS plan enrollees bear disproportionate share of office visit coverage, for the period 1995 through 1999. Results: Compared with FFS plans, enrollees in PPO plans were significantly more likely to obtain CRC tests [adjusted relative risk (RRa), 1.27; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.21-1.24]. The association was more pronounced among hourly individuals (RRa, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.41-1.45) than among salaried individuals (RRa, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.05-1.10), consistent with a greater differential in office visit coverage among the hourly group. Conclusions: Disproportionate cost-sharing seems to have a negative effect on the use of CRC tests most likely by discouraging nonacute care physician office visits.
Security Based Processed Video Distribution on Multi-Core System

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

During real time there are problems in transmitting video directly to the client. One of the main problems is, intermediate intelligent proxy can easily hack the data as the transmitter fails to address authentication, and fails to provide security guarantees. Hence we provide steganography and cryptography mechanisms like secure-code, IP address and checksum for authentication and AES algorithm with secret key for security. Although the hacker hacks the video during transmission, he cannot view the information. Based on IP address and secure-code, the authenticated user only can get connected to the transmitter and view the information. For further improvement in security, the video is converted into frames and these frames are split into groups and separate shared key is applied to each group of frames for encryption and decryption. This secured communication process is applied in image processing modules like face detection, edge detection and color object detection. To reduce the computation time multi-core CPU processing is utilized. Using multi-core, the tasks are processed in parallel fashion.