jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Exanthema after lamotrigine use: A clinical case

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Lamotrigine is a phenyltriazine compound that inhibits sodium and potassium channels in presynaptic neurons. Maculopapular exanthema is a common side effect of Lamotrigine therapy, occurring most frequently during the first eight weeks of treatment in approximately 3–10% of patients. Case Report: A 74-year-old female had started Lamotrigine 50 mg due to emotional lability and depression. About 8–9 weeks after the introduction of the drug she presented a rash with exanthema, maculopapular in appearance. The attending physician suggested discontinuation of the medication and reevaluation. Complete regression of the clinical picture occurred. No severe skin rashes, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis were observed. Conclusion: Lamotrigine is effective for a variety of types of conditions involving neuronal excitability, however, such drug exposes the individual to side reactions ranging from mild skin rashes to even those leading to hospitalization. Measures such as adherence to the manufacturer’s dosing guidelines, titration, and intrinsic characteristics of the individual can minimize this effect.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PRODUCTION OF RICE FARMING VARIETY OF SIAM EPANG AT SUB DISTRICT OF SERUYAN HILIR

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Increasing paddy production at Sub-District of Seruyan Hilir is expected to be able to increase income for farmers for increasing the welfare of each farmer family. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the area of land, seed, labor in the family, labor outside the family, fertilizer, and pesticides on the production of paddy of Siam Epang Varieties at Sub District of Seruyan Hiir. Study field was at Subdistrict of Seruyan Hilir, Seruyan Regency. Data in this research are primary and secondary data, sample are 86 farmers is choosen by stratified random sampling technique, data collecting method using interview method, questionnaire and literature study and data processing done using Eviews 7 software, the method used is the least squares method (Ordinary Least Squares) in a regression model that produces the best linear unbias estimator (Best Linear Unbias Estimator). The result of data analysis showsthat the factors that have positive and significant influence on the production level of paddy Siam Epang Varieties in Subdistrict of Seruyan Hilir are land area, fertilizer and pesticide with coefficient value are 1.009, 0.355, and 0,248. While the factors that have negative and insignificant effect on the level of production are seeds, TKDK , and TKLK, with coefficient values are -0.131, -0.210, and -0.080. The R2 value is 0.847 means that 84.7 percent of paddy production can be explained by all factors in this study.
Selection caused by self‐fertilization

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The generally held view that increased self‐fertilization should be advantageous in the absence of counteracting selective forces reducing viability or fertility is reexamined. It is pointed out that the models on which this view is based all imply a gain in male (pollen) fertility with increased selfing. Hence, the postulated advantage may equally well be due to increased fertility, a fact which reopens the discussion on the selective significance of differential selfing. A new model for differential self‐fertilization is presented which avoids built‐in fertility selection by explicitly considering pollen available for self‐ and for cross‐pollination. Plant types are distinguished with respect to their amounts r i of pollen available for self‐pollination, and these types are assumed to be identical with respect to their pollen and ovule fertilities. Moreover, the efficiency of cross‐pollination is allowed to depend, for example, on population density, thus giving rise to a parameter b called “crossing potential”, while the efficiency of self‐pollination is described by a parameter a called “selfing potential”. These parameters may be conceived of as ecological parameters. Increasing r i produces a simultaneous increase in each of the four measures of self‐fertilization (introduced in Part I of the present series) irrespective of the values of the ecological parameters. It is then shown that increased selfing can be both advantageous and disadvantageous in terms of fitness, dependig on the ecological parameters as well as on the mode of self‐fertilization (i.e. where selfing occurs before or after outcrossing). The main result is, roughly, that for both selfing modes high crossing and low selfing potential favour increased cross‐fertilization, while the reverse favours increased self‐fertilization. However, the regions for a and b in which this holds true differ substantially for the two selfing modes. In the complements of these regions strange conditions for the evolution of increased selfing or outcrossing, respectively, exist. The significance of these results for explaining experimental observations is discussed.
[The prognostic evaluation of coronary artery calcification score and CT fractional flow reserve for patients with stable coronary artery disease].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To investigate the prognostic value of coronary artery calcium score (CACS) and computed tomography-derived fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: The data for this prospective study were derived from a prospective clinical trial at a single center. This trial enrolled stable CAD patients who underwent coronary CT angiography (CCTA) in General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command from April 2018 to March 2019 and had coronary artery stenosis of 25%-80%. Patients were assigned to either the control group or trial group according to CCTA time. Patients in control group were provided with only a standard CCTA report, while patients in trial group were provided with both a standard CCTA report and the corresponding CT-FFR results. The study included patients who underwent ECG-gated calcium scoring CT scans in this trial. CT-FFR value at 2 cm distal to the narrowest stenosis of each vessel was calculated. The minimum CT-FFR value was recorded as the patient level and CT-FFR≤0.80 was defined as a positive result. All patients were followed up for MACE, including all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and acute coronary syndrome leading to unplanned revascularization. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with MACE occurrence, and the Concordance index (C-index) was used to represent the performance of the models for predicting MACE occurrence based on clinical, anatomical, and CT-FFR parameters. Results: A total of 783 patients were finally statistically analyzed, with a age of (62.0±10.8) years, of whom 64.6% (506 cases) were male. There were 383 patients in the trial group and 400 patients in the control group, with a median follow-up time of 35.3 months. A total of 81 MACE cases occurred during the follow-up. The incidence of MACE in trial group (8.1%, 31/383) was significantly lower than that in control group (12.5%, 50/400)(χ2=4.095, P=0.043). CACS≥300, stenosis≥70% and CT-FFR≤0.80 [HR (95%CI) were 2.14 (1.01-4.52), 5.38 (3.44-8.42) and 16.91 (9.21-31.04), all P<0.05] showed predictive value for MACE. The predictive ability of the CT-FFR model is significantly better than that of the CACS model and the stenosis degree model [C-index (95%CI) were 0.850 (0.823-0.874), 0.653 (0.618-0.686) and 0.718 (0.685-0.749), all P≤0.001]. The comprehensive model with added CACS and stenosis degree did not significantly improve the predictive value of the CT-FFR model [C-index (95%CI) were 0.867 (0.841-0.890), 0.850 (0.823-0.874), P=0.584]. Conclusions: CT-FFR has a high predictive value for MACE in patients with stable CAD, the combination of CT-FFR and CACS did not increase the predictive power of CT-FFR.
Diversity of autochthonous bacterial communities in the intestinal mucosa of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) (Valenciennes) determined by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

<p>Traditional culture-based technique and 16S rDNA sequencing method were used to investigate the mucosa-associated autochthonous microbiota of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). Twenty-one phylotypes were detected from culturable microbiota, with Aeromonas, Shewanella, Lactococcus, Serratia, Brevibacillus, Delftia, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Enterobacter, Buttiauxella and Yersinia as their closest relatives. Genomic DNA was directly extracted from the gut mucosa of C. idellus originating from six different geographical regions, and used to generate 609 random bacterial clones from six clone libraries and 99 archaeal clones from one library, which were grouped into 67 bacterial and four archaeal phylotypes. Sequence analysis revealed that the intestinal mucosa harboured a diversified bacterial microbiota, where Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were dominant, followed by Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Deinococcus-Thermus. The autochthonous bacterial communities in the gut mucosa of fish from different aquatic environments were not similar (C-s &lt; 0.80), but gamma-Proteobacteria was a common bacterial class. In comparison to bacterial communities, the archaeal community obtained from one library consisted of Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota. These results demonstrate that molecular methods facilitate culture-independent studies, and that fish gut mucosa harbours a larger bacterial diversity than previously recognized. The grass carp intestinal habitat selects for specific bacterial taxa despite pronounced differences in host environments.</p>
Targeted Delivery of puerarin/glycyrrhetinic acid-PEG-PBLA Complex Attenuated Liver ischemia/reperfusion Injury Via Modulating Toll-like Receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB Pathway

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Overall, the results show that GA-PEG-PBLA could be regarded as an underlying puerarin nanoparticle.
A preliminary study of monosaccharide composition and α‐glucosidase inhibitory effect of polysaccharides from pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) fruit

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary In this work, crude polysaccharide extracts were extracted from pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata ) fruit by hot water. After removal of proteins and purification, polysaccharides of pumpkin fruit (PP1‐1) were subjected to structural identification. Gas chromatography analysis indicated that PP1‐1 comprised of galactose (86.4%), and glucose (13.6%). The molecular weight of PP1‐1 was measured to be 0.87 × 10 4 Da by gel permeation chromatography. The inhibitory kinetic evaluation showed that it was non‐competitive inhibition of PP1‐1 on the α‐glucosidase‐catalysed hydrolysis of PNPG. The Michaelis–Menten constant ( K m ) was 0.106 m , and the inhibitory constants ( K i ), 0.435 mg.
Dr. NO and Mr. Toxic – the versatile role of nitric oxide

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is present in various organisms from humans, to plants, fungus and bacteria. NO is a fundamental signaling molecule implicated in major cellular functions. The role of NO ranges from an essential molecule to a potent mediator of cellular damages. The ability of NO to react with a broad range of biomolecules allows on one hand its regulation and a gradient concentration and on the other hand to exert physiological as well as pathological functions. In humans, NO is implicated in cardiovascular homeostasis, neurotransmission and immunity. However, NO can also contribute to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) or septic shock. For certain denitrifying bacteria, NO is part of their metabolism as a required intermediate of the nitrogen cycle. However, for other bacteria, NO is toxic and harmful. To survive, those bacteria have developed processes to resist this toxic effect and persist inside their host. NO also contributes to maintain the host/microbiota homeostasis. But little is known about the impact of NO produced during prolonged inflammation on microbiota integrity, and some pathogenic bacteria take advantage of the NO response to colonize the gut over the microbiota. Taken together, depending on the environmental context (prolonged production, gradient concentration, presence of partners for interaction, presence of oxygen, etc.), NO will exert its beneficial or detrimental function. In this review, we highlight the dual role of NO for humans, pathogenic bacteria and microbiota, and the mechanisms used by each organism to produce, use or resist NO.
Evidence for the history of English: Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The extensive scholarly study over many years of the history of the English language has yielded a well established set of accounts of the histories of English sounds, structures, words and meanings. This article urges the re-examination of the evidence on which these accounts are based, and offers fresh examinations of historical changes in the language before and after 1500. The authors discuss the implications for histories of the English language of different sources of evidence, such as material objects in the form of coins, inscriptions and manuscripts, and the impact on the nature of historical investigation of newly found and available kinds of evidence, such as parish records and court papers. The article introduces the discussion of the ways in which different kinds of evidence are collected in critical research tools, like atlases, thesauruses, dictionaries and historical corpora and addresses the relationships among the data that are drawn from different sources and types of evidence, methodology and theory. Finally, the article serves as an introduction to the articles in this section which examine the methods of selecting, collecting and presenting data from different sources of evidence in different forms and ways in order to inform the best research in the history of the English language.
Secondary healthcare costs after mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction for women with breast cancer in England: population-based cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy can improve the quality of life for women with breast cancer and rates are increasing. Long-term inpatient costs of care were estimated to understand the impact of different immediate breast reconstruction procedures on healthcare expenditure. Methods Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care data were used to identify women undergoing unilateral mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction in English National Health Service hospitals (1 April 2009 to 31 March 2015) and any subsequent procedures performed to revise, replace, or complete the breast reconstruction. Costs were assigned to Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care data using the Healthcare Resource Group 2020/21 National Costs Grouper. Generalized linear models were used to estimate mean cumulative costs for five immediate breast reconstruction procedures over 3 and 8 years, adjusting for covariates (age/ethnicity/deprivation). Results A total of 16 890 women underwent mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: implant (5192; 30.7 per cent), expander (2826; 16.7 per cent), autologous latissimus dorsi flap (2372; 14.0 per cent), latissimus dorsi flap with expander/implant (3109; 18.4 per cent), and abdominal free-flap reconstruction (3391; 20.1 per cent). The mean (95 per cent c.i.) cumulative cost was lowest for latissimus dorsi flap with expander/implant reconstruction (€20 103 (€19 582 to €20 625)) over 3 years and highest for abdominal free-flap reconstruction (€27 560 (€27 037 to €28 083)). Over 8 years, expander (€29 140 (€27 659 to €30 621)) and latissimus dorsi flap with expander/implant (€29 312 (€27 622 to €31 003)) reconstructions were the least expensive, while abdominal free-flap reconstruction (€34 536 (€32 958 to €36 113)) remained the most expensive, despite having lower costs for revisions and secondary reconstructions. This was driven primarily by the cost of the index procedure (€5435 (expander reconstruction) to €15 106 (abdominal free-flap reconstruction)). Conclusion Hospital Episode Statistics Admitted Patient Care Healthcare Resource Group data provided a comprehensive longitudinal cost assessment of secondary care. Although abdominal free-flap reconstruction was the most expensive option, higher costs of the index procedure need to be balanced against ongoing long-term costs of revisions/secondary reconstructions, which are higher after implant-based procedures.
The Singpho agentive - functions and meanings

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the Singpho noun phrase particle i, which functions both as a marker of agentive and also as an adverbial particle, marking locationals, temporals and causals. Based on a careful examination of our text corpus, the distribution of the agentive use of this particle, which is not obligatory, is compared with that of the obligatory anti-agentive, that marks animate patients, recipients/beneficiaries and experiencers. Its use is found to only weakly correlate with either the transitivity of the verb or the definiteness of the agent referent, being slightly more likely to be employed with verbs of stronger transitivity and agents of less definiteness. It is however very frequently employed with speech act verbs.
Identifying the Key Success Factors of Innovation for Improving the New Product Development Process

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This chapter is concerned with the study of success factors identification in product innovation. The critical success factors are identified on the basis of project management software database and questionnaires concerning communication and quality management in new product development. The model of measuring innovation includes the indicators connected with the fields such as research and development, purchasing and materials management, manufacturing, sales and marketing, and communication. The proposed methodology enables merger of objective indices and subjective judgments with the use of fuzzy logic. In order to identify the relationships between product success and project environment parameters, the artificial neural networks are used.
On the Incidence and Variety of Low‐Price Guarantees

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper provides evidence of the incidence and variety of low-price guarantees (promises to match or beat a rival's price) using data obtained from newspaper advertisements in 37 metropolitan areas in the United States. We have a total of 515 low-price guarantees in our sample. We document their features, and we infer firms' motives and effects from these features. The evidence suggests that the majority of low-price guarantees are not consistent with their use as a facilitating device because they tend to apply only to rival firms' advertised prices or they are associated with high hassle costs. The evidence also suggests that price-beating and price-matching guarantees differ significantly in their features. The former are associated with higher hassle costs, apply disproportionately to rival firms' advertised prices, and are more likely to allow postsale search than are price-matching guarantees.
High Risk of Error in Categorizing Treatment Response in Individual CML Patients by Standard Cytogenetic Analysis or PCR Assay with High CV: A Bayesian Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Abstract 3776 Existing therapeutic guidelines for CML are centered on the establishment of cytogenetic/molecular disease response milestones for assessing prognosis and recommendations for treatment decisions. Categorical risk classifications have been established from the analysis of large cohorts of patients on trial and thousands of cytogenetic and molecular analysis. While such analysis can be regarded as robust, little attention has been given to assessing the reliability of correctly assigning a patient to a given disease response category based on a single bone marrow cytogenetic analysis or quantification of BCR/ABL by PCR at a specific time point. More recently, the achievement of a cytogenetic response of ≤ 35% Ph (MCR) or BCR/ABL ≤ 10%IS at three months on first line treatment with imatinib or second generation TKIs has been shown to predict for significant differences in subsequent MMR, PFS,OS, and its adoption as a new milestone has been proposed. In the DASISION trial, the rate of MCR at 3 months for imatinib and dasatinib was 67% and 81%, and BCR/ABL ≤ 10%IS 64% and 84% respectively. The rate of BCR/ABL ≤ 10%IS at 3 months in the ENESTnd trial was 77% and 91% for imatinib and nilotinib respectively. The posterior probability of a patient having achieved an MCR at three months based on the analysis of 20 metaphases (ie. ≤ 7/20 Ph-positive) based on a Bayesian analysis is shown in Fig. A Calculations were based on the apriori probabilities of achieving an MCR at three months of 67% and 81% for imatinib and dasatinib. Conditional probabilities (probability of achieving ≤ 7/20 Ph+ if in MCR or > 7/20 Ph+ if not in MCR) were derived from the cumulative Poisson distribution. Bayesian analysis of the posterior probability of BCR/ABL ≤ 10%IS is shown in Fig. B using apriori probabilities of 64% and 84% for imatinib and dasatinib, and conditional probabilities based on normal distribution of PCR results with a coefficient of variance (CV) of 40%. The analysis demonstrates that the probability of incorrectly assigning a patient as having failed to reach an MCR is surprisingly high for results of > 7/20 Ph+ metaphases (ie. 20% for 12/20 Ph+ for dasatinib), or BCR/ABL ≤ 10%IS (ie. 20% for BCR/ABL ∼ 35%IS for dasatinib). These results signal the need for caution in assigning the categorization of response and risk in individual patients to those of much larger cohorts and highlight the need to acknowledge current limitations in therapeutic guidelines. Accuracy of cytogenetic testing can only be improved by increasing the number of metaphases analyzed, which is often not feasible. With lower achievable PCR assay CVs the accuracy of PCR can exceed that possible with cytogenetic analysis. Details of the analysis and comparative ROC curves will be presented. Disclosures: Laneuville: Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Consultancy, Honoraria, Speakers Bureau.
Contemporary Jurisprudence and International Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

WORLD survival and progress in an atomic epoch depends on an effective international law.Yet several recent students of the subject conclude that any further attempt to improve international relations by legal means is not merely unrealistic and impractical, but also likely to result in more harm than good.Is this to be the final verdict?The purpose of this inquiry is to answer this question by analyzing the major contemporary theories of jurisprudence and their bearing on international law.