jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Feeding on compatible solutes: A substrate‐induced pathway for uptake and catabolism of ectoines and its genetic control by EnuR

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary Ectoine and 5‐hydroxyectoine are widely synthesized microbial osmostress protectants. They are also versatile nutrients but their catabolism and the genetic regulation of the corresponding genes are incompletely understood. Using the marine bacterium Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS‐3, we investigated the utilization of ectoines and propose a seven steps comprising catabolic route that entails an initial conversion of 5‐hydroxyectoine to ectoine, the opening of the ectoine ring, and the subsequent degradation of this intermediate to l ‐aspartate. The catabolic genes are co‐transcribed with three genes encoding a 5‐hydroxyectoine/ectoine‐specific TRAP transporter. A chromosomal deletion of this entire gene cluster abolishes the utilization of ectoines as carbon and nitrogen sources. The presence of ectoines in the growth medium triggers enhanced expression of the importer and catabolic operon, a process dependent on a substrate‐inducible promoter that precedes this gene cluster. EnuR, a member of the MocR/GabR‐type transcriptional regulators, controls the activity of this promoter and functions as a repressor. EnuR contains a covalently bound pyridoxal‐5’‐phosphate, and we suggest that this co‐factor is critical for the substrate‐mediated induction of the 5‐hydroxyectoine/ectoine import and catabolic genes. Bioinformatics showed that ectoine consumers are restricted to the Proteobacteria and that EnuR is likely a central regulator for most ectoine/5‐hydroxyectoine catabolic genes.
Development of a Liquid Crystal Smart Reflector.

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : We present results concerning the development of liquid crystal smart reflectors, consisting of a cholesteric liquid crystal with temperature sensitive helix pitch, in combination with a light absorbing dye. Light entering the liquid crystal is absorbed by the dye, generating heat which raises the temperature of the liquid crystal. The resulting change in the helix pitch of the cholesteric causes an increase in its reflectivity, reducing the intensity of light that can be absorbed by the dye. This negative feedback stabilizes the reflector for a given light intensity. The smart reflector thus achieves a reflectivity which increases with increasing intensity of of incident light. We report on two configurations of the device, with both experimental measurements and mathematical models of the system.
Binary quantile regression: a Bayesian approach based on the asymmetric Laplace distribution

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

SUMMARY This paper develops a Bayesian method for quantile regression for dichotomous response data. The frequentist approach to this type of regression has proven problematic in both optimizing the objective function and making inferences on the parameters. By accepting additional distributional assumptions on the error terms, the Bayesian method proposed sets the problem in a parametric framework in which these problems are avoided. To test the applicability of the method, we ran two Monte Carlo experiments and applied it to Horowitz's (1993) often studied work‐trip mode choice dataset. Compared to previous estimates for the latter dataset, the method proposed leads to a different economic interpretation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics of fructose-1, 6-diphosphate in the rat.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The pharmacokinetics of fructose-1, 6-diphosphate administered to the rat by intravenous injection was studied. Labelled fructose-1, 6-diphosphate was measured in blood, where it reaches the highest amount 10 min after administration, and in different organs. Residual radioactivity was measured in organs 20 min after administration, the highest values being found in the kidney and the lowest in the brain. The hydrolytic activity of the various organs toward fructose-1, 6-diphosphate was measured in organ extracts and was found to be maximal in the kidney and minimal in the brain.
Shoulder Dysfunction Assessment: Self-report and Impaired Scapular Movements

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background and Purpose. Shoulder dysfunction is common in various patient populations. This investigation was performed to assess shoulder dysfunction with self-report and performance-based functional measures. Subjects. Fifty men (25 with shoulder dysfunction and 25 without shoulder dysfunction) participated in this study. Methods. Self-report functional disabilities were assessed with the Flexilevel Scale of Shoulder Function (FLEX-SF), and electromagnetic tracking sensors were used to monitor 3-dimensional scapular movements during 4 functional tasks. Results. Relative to the control group, the group with shoulder dysfunction showed significant alterations in scapular movements (averages of 6.9° less posterior tipping, 5.7° less upward rotation, and 2.3 cm more elevation). Scapular kinematics correlated significantly (r) with the Self-report FLEX-SF measure during functional tasks (posterior tipping=.454 to .712, upward rotation=.296 and .317, and elevation=−.310). Discussion and Conclusion. Functional disabilities were identified with self-report and performance-based functional measures. The inadequate scapular posterior tipping and scapular upward rotation as well as the excessive elevation may have implications in planning intervention strategies for people with shoulder dysfunction.
#WeAreNotWaiting DIY artificial pancreas systems and challenges for the law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Commercial hybrid closed‐loop systems are becoming more readily available, yet the number of DIY artificial pancreas system (DIY APS) users continues to rise. These DIY systems have not gone through the usual regulatory approvals processes, and, thus, present a number of legal difficulties for a number of actors, including clinicians, parents who build DIY APS for their children, and users themselves. These issues have so far received insufficient attention. Due to the complex constellation of actors involved in both development of DIY APSs and in its deployment, it is not currently clear who, and to what extent, different parties might (successfully) be held liable if something goes wrong. Despite this uncertainty, unless and until clearer guidance is issued by relevant bodies, or a case appears before the courts which clarifies the situation, existing legal principles apply. In this article, we examine some of these to shed light on how the law would likely be applied if harm were to result from the use of a DIY APS.
HERNIOTOMY WHILE VENTRAL HERNIA AND ABDOMINOPLASTY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The paper presents materials of investigations directed to improvement of results of ventral herniotomy. Traditional hernial gate plasty supplemented with abdominoplasty is needed and grounded. This combination allows to decrease significantly the number of nearest and remote complications and to reach better esthetic operative results. The opportunity of using apparatus HAEMO-MENTICS PCS-2 for perfection of treatment was studied. The suggested technique permits to reduce the number of nearest postoperative complications by 2,5 times and to receive good cosmetic result in 84% of patients.
Entry of the membrane-containing bacteriophages into their hosts

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Viruses are biological entities able to replicate only within their host cells. Accordingly, entry into the host is a crucial step of the virus life-cycle. The focus of this study was the entry of bacterial membrane-containing viruses into their host cells. In order to reach the site of replication, the cytoplasm of the host, bacterial viruses have to traverse the host cell envelope, which consists of several distinct layers. Lipid membrane is a common feature among animal viruses but not so frequently observed in bacteriophages. There are three families of icosahedral bacteriophages that contain lipid membranes. These viruses belong to families Cystoviridae, Tectiviridae, and Corticoviridae. During the course of this study the entry mechanisms of phages representing the three viral families were investigated. We employed a range of microbiological, biochemical, molecular biology and microscopy techniques that allowed us to dissect phage entry into discrete steps: receptor binding, penetration through the outer membrane, crossing the peptidoglycan layer and interaction with the cytoplasmic membrane. We determined that bacteriophages belonging to the Cystoviridae, Tectiviridae, and Corticoviridae viral families use completely different strategies to penetrate into their host cells.
AM project gains momentum

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Superplasticity in microcrystalline Ti–6Al–4V (mass%) alloys is exhibited under high temperatures more than 1123 K and low strain rates less than 10−3 s−1, thereby restricting their practical application to specialized areas such as aerospace. We herein identify a new type of Ti–6Al–4V alloy exhibiting low-temperature (below 973 K)–high-strain-rate (10−2 s−1) superplasticity. The ultrafine-grained Ti–6Al–4V alloy was produced by simple hot orking of an α′-martensite microstructure alloy, and it has a great potential for application as cost-affordable superplastic Ti alloy.
Integrated care pathways—A strategy towards better care coordination in municipalities? A qualitative study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction One of the main strategies in the Coordination Reform in Norway is implementing integrated care pathways. Most studies on integrated care pathways are conducted in hospital settings or across the hospital–primary care continuum. There are few studies on how such pathways are experienced in primary care. We have conducted a formative evaluation in a primary care setting. The research questions are “What assessments and understanding of integrated care pathways exist in primary care?” “To what extent do integrated care pathways appear as a suitable strategy to handle care coordination challenges from a primary care point of view?” Methods A total of 72 qualitative interviews with chief municipal executives and healthcare management from 36 municipalities in one county of Norway were conducted. Results Even though integrated care pathways were promoted as a strategy to accommodate the intentions of the Coordination Reform, the concept is perceived as diffuse and ambiguous among informants in our study. Only one of four municipalities reported use of integrated care pathways. Discussion Our empirical findings show that municipal management is skeptical and negatively minded to disease-specific integrated care pathways. However, they are positive towards patient-centered care pathways which are flexible, adaptable to individual needs and local conditions. We found that there is no golden strategy for handling challenges in care coordination in primary care. On the contrary, what our informants find as “appropriate” strategies vary and change, but the complexity in problem solving could never be reduced to enforce standardized diagnose-specific integrated care pathways.
Evaluating school-based psychological and counselling services in Macao using a qualitative approach

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to explore the status of psychological services in schools in Macao, and the role of school counsellors providing these services. At present, school psychology is not a recognized profession within the territory and school counsellors appointed by the Direcção dos Serviços de Educação e Juventude (DSEJ) through their designated agencies provide the only psychological services to children and families. Adopting a qualitative approach, the researchers collected the viewpoints from three teachers and seven school counsellors regarding the central question: ‘How do school counsellors “serve” the Macao school children and their families, and what are the most common services required?’. An interpretative phenomenological analysis revealed three themes: (a) School counselling services; (b) psycho-education and mental health services; and (c) perceived needs. Also discussed were recommendations for the development of the field, including the provision of additional school-based child and family interventions in Macao.
Pastoral Livelihoods and Household Water Management in the Central Argentine Andes

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Pastoralists tend to occupy highlands and drylands lands with uncertain climates and are experienced at coping with climatic variability and drought. Increasingly, however, the speed with which climate patterns are changing has become an issue of concern. This study examines household water management strategies of pastoralists in western Argentina. In this semi-arid region, pastoralists rely primarily on streams and springs fed by snow and glacier melt from the Andes, and have developed various strategies to meet their water needs. They also deal with myriad challenges posed by climate, economic, and socio-cultural change and work vigorously to maintain their herds – a combination of cattle, goats, and sheep – in this water scarce region. The goal of this study is to understand: 1) different household water management strategies; 2) the ways pastoral livelihoods are changing in response to changes in water supply; and 3) the socio-economic changes that affect pastoral livelihoods. Information from interviews, household surveys, and participant observations reveals that climate fluctuation impacts water supplies and use, herd size, and expenses made on tanks, technology, and infrastructure for the storage and transport of water, food for animals, and subsistence crops. Understanding the micro-scale, water practices of pastoral households provides insight into the ways rural populations in semi-arid and arid environments respond to changes in climate and meet their water needs. Moreover, these findings can contribute to scholarship on traditional and local knowledge and resource management systems, and may potentially inspire the development of adaptive management solutions.
Scientific competencies around the study of physics in secondary school students. A review of knowledge

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This research seeks to analyze the degree of promotion and development of scientific competences based on the document Basic Standards of Competences in Natural Sciences proposed by the Ministerio de Educación Nacional, Colombia, specifically the competences associated with Physics. To this end, a twenty-item questionnaire is designed with a dichotomous response scale. The reliability analysis showed that the proposed scale had a good internal consistency regarding the measurement of scientific competences. The research adopts a quantitative descriptive approach based on the processing of data provided by 87 students from a private educational institution with emphasis on natural sciences in the city of San José de Cúcuta and enrolled between the ninth and eleventh grades. The results identify as a weakness in the teaching process, that teachers do not promote the use and articulation of diverse registers of semiotic representation of a set of data, a situation that limits the process of reasoning and resolution of problematic situations in everyday scenarios where the concepts of physics are present. Likewise, it was observed as a strength that teachers promote attitudinal skills in their students based on mutual respect, cooperative work and good communication. This type of research expands the knowledge that is available on the process of developing scientific competencies in the courses prior to entering higher education, so it is suggested to replicate this research process in students from different social contexts in order to improve the robustness of the questionnaire and provide valuable information to educational institutions on the design of improvement plans.
Management of Cervical Dysplasia in Pregnancy

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Nurse practitioners who provide women's health care play an important role in the screening and evaluation of cervical dysplasia. The pregnant woman who presents for prenatal care provides an excellent opportunity for cervical cancer screening. However, the evaluation and management of cervical dysplasia during pregnancy is complicated by numerous factors, including concern for the fetus and hormonal changes in the pelvic structures. The pathophysiology, evaluation and management of cervical dysplasia during pregnancy are presented.
to the Suppression of Acute Hypertensive Responses In Vivo

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Permissions: Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally published in Circulation Research can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the Editorial Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located, click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. Further information about this process is available in the Permissions and Rights Question and Answer document. Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online at:
[How can we prevent teenage smoking ?]

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Smoking rates in Europe are falling steadily among teenagers. The main reasons why young people start smoking are highlighted. Preventing young people from starting to smoke is based on a combination of three approaches: firstly, interventions in schools, incorporating educational programs from an early age; secondly, comprehensive tobacco control measures, such as bans on sales to minors and higher taxes on tobacco products; -thirdly, targeted communication campaigns. Finally, parents and families play an important role in providing a smoke-free environment and setting an example by giving up smoking. Many prevention programmes have been validated, but are still too infrequently deployed. We also need to prevent new modes of consumption that bring nicotine. In this way, we can work by accelerating progress to curb the tobacco epidemics and moving towards the ultimate goal of a smoke-free generation.
Elevated neutrophil-to-hemoglobin ratio as an indicator of poor survival in hepatitis B virus-related decompensated cirrhosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: Our goal was to explore the prognostic value of the neutrophil-to-hemoglobin ratio (NHR) in HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis (HBV-DC) patients. Methods: 172 HBV-DC patients were enrolled. Multivariate analyses were used to identify risk factors influencing 30-day mortality. Results: The 30-day mortality was 12.8% (22/172). nonsurvivors exhibited a higher NHR than survivors. On multivariate analysis, NHR and model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score were the only independent predictors of mortality. Notably, the predictive capabilities of NHR were found to be comparable to those of the MELD score. Conclusion: High NHR was associated with poor prognosis in HBV-DC patients, and NHR can serve as an effective and readily available indicator for the prediction of mortality in these patients.
[The content of somatotropic hormone and prolactin in the blood of patients with brain meningiomas].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The content of somatotropic hormone and prolactin was assessed in patients with cerebral meningiomas. It was established that patients harbouring meningiomas of the cerebral hemispheres showed a high content of prolactin indicating hormone dependence of this tumour. The level of somatotropic hormone in meningiomas was insignificantly elevated.
Transition in swollen polymer networks induced by intramolecular condensation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract It is predicted that the net repulsion between the segments of a polymer network and a poor solvent can cause a phase transition marked by a sudden change in the degree of swelling. This is analogous to the “coil–globule” transition recently predicted by Ptitsyn to occur for a macromolecule in solution. The critical conditions for the transition. as well as phase diagrams, are calculated for the gel in free swelling and under uniaxial tension, which facilitates the transition. The transition depends on the gel being formed of chains crosslinked while greatly swollen by a diluent and also having a high degree of crosslinking. It is concluded that it would be difficult to attain the conditions necessary for the transition in the free‐swelling case, but that it should be possible for gel under tension.
Validation Studies in European Blood Centers To Evaluate Processing Whole-Blood-Derived or Apheresis Plasma Using the INTERCEPT Blood System Intended for Commercialization.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction: INTERCEPT plasma (I-FFP) for transfusion is prepared with a photochemical treatment (PCT) system using amotosalen (S-59) and long-wavelength UVA light to inactivate a broad spectrum of blood-borne pathogens. For Phase 3 clinical trials, 6 US blood centers prepared an inventory of ~10,000 I-FFP units by processing ~250 mL whole blood-derived (WB) or apheresis (APH) plasma units using a prototype PCT system. In these trials, I-FFP effectively supported patients with congenital and acquired coagulopathies or TTP. The prototype PCT system has been modified to treat up to 635 mL of plasma in a single PCT process, yielding up to three ~200 mL doses while maintaining pathogen inactivation efficacy. This modified PCT system intended for commercialization was evaluated in process validation studies in 3 European blood centers under routine operating conditions. After processing with the commercial PCT system, the effect on coagulation factor activity and retention was assessed in APH plasma (Blood2004;104:746a) and, as reported here, in WB plasma. Methods: Whole blood and/or APH plasma units were collected at 3 European blood centers. Three-unit pools (~600 mL) of WB plasma were prepared. APH plasma (~600 mL) was collected using Autopheresis C (Baxter) or MCS+(Haemonetics) devices. Blood bank personnel processed a total of 60 WB plasma pools and 90 APH plasma units using the commercial PCT system. Baseline and I-FFP plasma samples were collected, frozen below -60°C, and sent to Cerus for assay of factors I (fibrinogen), II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XIII, proteins C (PC) and S (PS), and antithrombin III (AT). Alpha-2 antiplasmin (AP) was assayed by a reference laboratory. Comparative data from a representative subset of I-FFP units prepared for the Phase 3 trials using the prototype PCT system were obtained from samples collected during PCT processing and stored at ≤−70°C. Retention of activity is expressed as the proportion (%) of pre-treatment (baseline) activity remaining after PCT. Results: Retention of coagulation factor activity in WB and APH I-FFP prepared with the commercial PCT system (Comm) was 73–76% of baseline fibrinogen and FVIII activity, and 80–97% of baseline for factors II, V, VII, IX, X, XI, XIII, PC, PS, AT, and AP (Table). Retention of activity in I-FFP prepared with the commercial PCT system was similar to that of I-FFP prepared with the clinical prototype. Conclusion: The PCT system intended for commercialization provides multiple I-FFP doses with a single PCT process. Retention of coagulation factor activity in WB and APH plasma processed with the commercial PCT system was similar to that of I-FFP used in Phase 3 trials to effectively support patients with congenital and acquired coagulopathies or TTP. Retention of Coagulation Factor Activity in I-FFP