jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Between Russian and European Hegemony: Current Language Policy in the Baltic States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There has recently been significant intensification of conflict over issues of language and citizenship in the Baltic. After giving a brief historical background to the language situation in this region, this article examines the recent politics of the Baltic language laws — which restored the national languages as the sole official language of each country — and, in the case of Estonia and Latvia, the citizenship laws which required Soviet period settlers to pass a language test for citizenship. In the early 1990s this was essentially an international relations conflict between the Baltic countries and Russia, which strongly defends the former status and privileges of 'Russian speakers' and continues to exert pressure on these issues today. However, in recent years a perhaps even more serious conflict has arisen between the Baltic states and Western European organisations, particularly the OSCE, which defines the conflict as one of national minorities, and whose recommendations may have a bearing on acceptance of the Baltic states into wider European structures. Research shows the conflict has only to a limited extent been a local conflict between the different language communities: contrary to the urgings of some leaders, Soviet period settlers overwhelmingly accept the legitimacy of language laws, and language use patterns have now progressively changed from those of the Soviet period. Despite this, there has continued to be intense pressure on the Baltic states, which culminated in the OSCE forcing changes to citizenship laws upon Latvia, leading to a closely fought referendum in that country in October 1998. The OSCE campaign has been based upon invocations of international norms in language and citizenship which are found to be poorly jurisprudentially based, and concerned to impose a single model for language relations quite unsuited to the Baltic situation.
Treatment of vertebral pathological fractures by percutaneous vertebroplasty

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a consecutive series of patients undergoing vertebroplasty for pain control, according to results and complications in the short and medium follow-up. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of medical records of 26 patients undergoing vertebroplasty from January 2007 to December 2010. Patients were evaluated by the questionnaire of assessment of low back pain (Oswestry Index) and the visual analog pain scale (VAS) on the day before surgery, on the second day and 12 months after the procedure. RESULTS: Significant improvement of pain symptoms within 48 hours after surgery was reported in 22 patients (91.6%), two patients (8.32%) showed moderate improvement. Of the 22 patients with significant pain relief, 21 (95.4%) maintained the benefit and one (4.6%) had intense pain (new fracture in the body of L1) at a mean follow up of 12 months. Regarding the Oswestry Index, preoperative average was 52.9%. On the second day and 12 months after surgery this average was 23.6% and 24.5%, respectively; good results according to this index. Two patients were excluded from the study due to incomplete medical records. CONCLUSION: Despite the small sample size and short follow-up, the results of vertebroplasty were effective for the relief of pain symptoms and were safe as regards the risks of complications.
Effect of Shape and Size of Amidoxime-Group-Containing Adsorbent on the Recovery of Uranium from Seawater

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract An amidoxime-group-containing adsorbent for the recovery of uranium from seawater was synthesized by radiation-induced graft polymerization of acrylonitrile onto polypropylene fiber of round and cross-shaped sections. The tensile strength and elongation of the synthesized adsorbent, both of which were one-half those of the raw material, were not affected by the shape of the fiber. The deterioration of the adsorption ability induced by immersing the adsorbent in HC1 was negligible because of the short immersion time required for the desorption with HC1. The concentration factors for uranium and transition metals in 28 days were in the order of 105, while those for alkali metals and alkaline earth metals were in the order 10−1-101. The recovery of uranium with the cross-shaped adsorbent was superior to that of the round-shaped one. XMA line profiles show that the distribution of uranium is much restricted to the surface layer when compared with that of alkaline earth metals. Diminishing the diameter or increasing the surface area was effective for increasing the adsorption of uranium.
Cytotoxicity of Metanilic Acid and its Degradation Products

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Moraxella osloensis, a bacterium with dye degrading ability was screened for its ability to degrade metanilic acid, an intermediate in the synthesis and a biodegradation product of azo dyes. The organism was capable of removing 72% of 20 mg l-1 of metanilic acid. Cytotoxicity studies using HCT15, Hep2 and 3T3 cell lines clearly indicated the toxicity of the metanilic acid. The culture filtrate containing the degradation product of metanilic acid after degradation by Moraxella osloensis was found to be comparatively less toxic indicating that the metanilic acid has undergone structural and chemical changes during biodegradtion. The cancer cell lines were found to be more resistant to metanilic acid and their degradation products than their normal counterparts.
Plasma Rotation Measurements by Passive Spectroscopic Method in the HYBTOK-II using a Dynamic Ergodic Divertor

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Plasma rotation or its shear is important in the formation of a transport barrier. It is believed that a rotating helical magnetic field generated by a dynamic ergodic divertor (DED) can generate a rotational torque in tokamak plasmas, and therefore control the rotation profiles. To measure the plasma rotations and investigate the effect of DEDs on them, we developed a passive spectroscopic measurement system for the small tokamak HYBTOK-II. A spontaneous toroidal plasma rotation in the co-current direction and poloidal plasma rotation in the electron diamagnetic drift direction have been observed without using a DED. Considerable changes in the plasma flow have been obtained using a DED for reducing toroidal and poloidal rotation velocities near the resonant magnetic surface. The change in the plasma rotation velocity was found to couple with the change in the radial electric field.
Bioavailability and bioequvilence of bezafibrate capsule in human

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

AIM:To study the bioavailability and bioequvilence of bezafibrate capsule and tablet in health human.METHODS:20 health volunteers were given bezafibrate capsules and tablets 400 mg once with the interval of one week.Plasma samples were obtained and determined with HPLC method.Pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated and compared with DAS software.RESULTS:The main pharmacokinetics parameters of bezafibrate capsules and tablets were as follow:t1/2(1.9±0.5)、(2.0±0.6)h;Cmax(12±4)、(11±3)μg/mL;tmax(1.7±0.9)、(1.9±0.7)h;AUC(0-12)(36±10)、(33±7)μg·mL-1·h;AUC(0-∞)(37±10)、(34±7)μg·mL-1·h.The biovailability of bezafibrate capsule campared to tablet was 92.3% and 92.9%.CONCLUSION:The test bezafibrate capsule is bioequivalent to the reference talbet in health human.
MECKEL'S DIVERTICULUM AS A CAUSE OF SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION : A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The leading causes of small bowel obstruction in developing countries such as India include adhesions followed by carcinoma and strictures (mainly due to Tuberculosis) (1). Meckel's diverticulum is one of the most common congenital malformation of the gastrointestinal tract (2) which presents most commonly in childhood. In adults, it remains asymptomatic. When symptomatic, gastrointestinal bleeding is the most common presentation.(3) It is difcult to diagnose radiologically and in most asymptomatic individuals, it cannot be distinguished from the normal bowel.
Plasma IgG pool is not defended from urinary loss in nephrotic syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the nephrotic syndrome, the plasma level of some proteins of hepatic origin is partially defended by an increase in their synthetic rate. The plasma levels of several liver-derived proteins, as well as immunoglobulin G (IgG) are increased in one condition where plasma albumin concentration and oncotic pressure (II) are reduced, i.e., hereditary analbuminemia. To determine whether the urinary loss of IgG, a protein derived from the immune system, is compensated for by an increased synthetic rate, we measured IgG synthesis in normal Sprague-Dawley rats (SD); two models of the nephrotic syndrome: Heymann nephritis (HN) and Adriamycin treatment; and in Nagase analbuminemic rats (NAR), a model of decreased II without urinary protein loss. Plasma IgG and total IgG mass were significantly reduced in both HN and Adriamycin, yet IgG synthesis was nearly identical in HN, Adriamycin, and SD. In contrast, plasma and total IgG and IgG synthesis were all markedly increased in NAR. We derived a pathogen-free colony of NAR by Caesarean section and found that plasma IgG was not increased in pathogen-free NAR, despite reduced II. Thus, unlike proteins of hepatic origin (e.g., albumin) where synthesis increases following urinary loss, no compensatory increase in IgG synthesis occurs. Increased plasma IgG as well as IgG synthesis in the NAR is not a compensatory response to the absence of albumin or reduction in II, but rather is due to subclinical infection. Profound hypogammaglobulinemia of nephrotic syndrome occurs in part because no compensatory synthetic mechanisms balance urinary loss, and alteration in plasma II does not modulate IgG synthesis.
Book reviews

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The City in Conflict. Edited by C. Johnson. (London: Mansell, 1985.) [Pp. 123.] £30. China, the Transport Sector. (Annex 6 to China, Long‐term Development Issues and Options, a World Bank Country Study.) (The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1985.) [Pp. xviii + 122, appendices maps.] ISBN 0 8213 06057, ISSN 0253 2123.
Optimization in the now: Dynamic peephole optimization for hierarchical planning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

For robots to effectively interact with the real world, they will need to perform complex tasks over long time horizons. This is a daunting challenge, but recent advances using hierarchical planning [1] have been able to provide leverage on this problem. Unfortunately, this approach makes no effort to account for the execution cost of an abstract plan and often arrives at poor quality plans. This paper outlines a method for dynamically improving a hierarchical plan during execution. We frame the underlying question as one of evaluating the resource needs of an abstract operator and propose a general way to approach estimating them. We ran experiments in challenging domains and observed up to 30% reduction in execution cost when compared with a standard hierarchical planner.
Paraoxonase-2 Silencing Enhances Sensitivity of A375 Melanoma Cells to Treatment with Cisplatin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Melanoma represents the most aggressive skin cancer, being responsible for the majority of deaths related with these neoplasms. Despite chemotherapy represents a frontline approach for management of the advanced stages of the disease, it displayed poor response rates and short-term efficacy due to melanoma cell resistance. Therefore, the discovery of molecules that can be used for effective targeted therapy of melanoma is crucial. In this study, we evaluated the impact of paraoxonase-2 (PON2) silencing on proliferation, viability, and resistance to treatment of the A375 melanoma cell line with chemotherapeutic drugs dacarbazine (DTIC) and cisplatin (CDDP). Due to the enzymes ability to counteract oxidative stress, we also evaluated the effect of enzyme knockdown on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cells treated with CDDP. The data reported clearly demonstrated that PON2 knockdown led to a significant reduction of cell proliferation and viability, as well as to an enhancement of A375 sensitivity to CDDP treatment. Moreover, enzyme downregulation was associated with an increase of ROS production in CDDP-treated cells. Although further analyses will be necessary to understand how PON2 could influence melanoma cell metabolism and phenotype, our results seem to suggest that the enzyme may serve as an interesting molecular target for effective melanoma treatment.
Grading Class I Preparations in Preclinical Dental Education: E4D Compare Software vs. the Traditional Standard

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a novel assessment software system with the traditional grading protocol used in the University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston operative dentistry preclinical curriculum. In the study, conducted in 2016, 98 Class I preparations were evaluated both traditionally and digitally by two teams of calibrated preclinical faculty members (two evaluators for each team). Scores from each faculty pair were averaged for the traditional and the digital grading systems, and the scores for the two grading systems were compared. The analysis found no significant difference between the two grading systems with respect to isthmus width (p=0.073) and remaining marginal ridge (p=0.5841), but there was a significant difference with respect to pulpal floor depth assessment (p<0.0001). The data suggested that both grading techniques can be used with repeatable confidence for two out of three grading criteria: isthmus width and remaining marginal ridge. In addition, the software offers a self‐assessment tool for students to perfect their psychomotor skills while promoting independence and immediate feedback.
On the field of meromorphic functions on a Stein surface

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We prove that fields of meromorphic functions on Stein surfaces have cohomological dimension 2, and solve the period-index problem and Serre's conjecture II for these fields. We obtain analogous results for fields of real meromorphic functions on Stein surfaces equipped with an antiholomorphic involution. We deduce an optimal quantitative solution to Hilbert's 17th problem on analytic surfaces.
[Buccal mucosa graft augmented anastomotic urethroplasty for the treatment of bulbar urethral strictures].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Augmented anastomotic urethroplasty using dorsal onlay buccal mucosa graft enables correction, in one time, of long segment urethral strictures with severe spongiofibrosis and/or obliterated lumen. Our outcomes are comparable with those of previously reported in international series.
The Curative Effect of the Combination of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Chronic Sinusitis in Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To observe the curative effect of the combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine on chronic sinusitis in children. Methods 112 cases of children with chronic sinusitis were randomly divided into two groups:the treatment group, oral amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium, ephedrine hydrochloride nitrofurazone nasal drops 3 times/day, irrigation of maxillary sinus once a week, oral pueraria nasal combination; the control group, oral amoxicillin and clavulanate potassium,ephedrine hydrochloride nitrofurazone nasal drops 3 times/day. Then compare the curative effect of the two groups. Results The curative rate of the treatment group was 60.71% and that of the control group was 32.14%. The effective rate of the treatment group was 87.5%, and that of the control group was 62.5%. The differences of the curative effect between the two groups had statistical significance(P0.01). Conclusion The combination of traditional Chinese and western medicine has good curative effect on children with chronic sinusitis.
Automatic Classification and Mapping of Regional Landforms Based on Fusion of DEM and TM Image

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

With the rapid development of technologies in computer, digital image, geographical information system and relevant commercial softwares, great progress has been made in the field of automatic classification and mapping of regional landforms since the 1980s. However, two methods have been employed till now. One is visual interpretation using digital images, and the other is the automated extraction of landform characteristics from DEM. Because of the difference in personal visual perceptions, different boundary lines of the same landform unit often appear in two workers' interpretation results. Thus, the results obtained from the first method are difficult for future use. As to the second method, it is difficult to get detailed classifications (for example, to distinguish a valley plain from an open plain) by using DEM alone due to the complex nature in landform characteristics. In fact, DEM and digital image contain different, yet complementary, informations related to landform features. Therefore, a new method to integrate landform information of both DEM and TM image by digitizing signing lines in TM image is presented in this paper. With this approach, six types of basic landforms were successfully classified and mapped automatically in Guyuan county of Hebei province. In addition, the spatial variability of accuracy in classification was also evaluated by an application of fuzzy set theory using the notion of entropy in Guyuan case studies.
NLRB Slows Pace of Quickie Election Rules

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Most labor relations professionals will recall the sea change in union election procedures announced by the National Labor Relations Board in 2014. Commonly referred to as the “quickie election rules,” the new procedures added significant information‐disclosure burdens on employers. They also significantly reduced the time between when a union filed a petition for an election and the Board ordered the election to be held. For example, in one recent case, the NLRB scheduled an election to take place less than a week after it directed the election.
A BASE ISOLATION DEVICE WITH BARS IN SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

By using a base isolation approach, the structure is decoupled from the ground. This result is usually obtained by an inverse pendulum designed to give the building a much lower fundamental frequency than the ones predominant in the excitation. Thus the building moves and deflects without absorbing energy. Base isolation solutions are discussed in detail in (Soong-Dargush, 1997). This book makes evident how a dissipative component is also welcome. A new concept of base isolator realized by metallic bars instead of the commonly used rubber-steel layers was presented in (Casciati et al., 2006 a) and is discussed in this paper. More sophisticated solution can be reached in a semi-active framework (Casciati et al., 2006 b). In the concept of the isolator system presented in this paper, the inverse pendulum consists of a number of bars that are made in a Cu-base shape memory alloy (SMA) and assembled in a special geometry. The energy dissipation is guaranteed here by the SMA hysteresis within the super-elastic constitutive law characterizing the selected alloys. (Tahirji et al., 2004) The claimed self-healing aspect is its recovering capability.
Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) in its generic form has a long needle shaped structure, which hinders higher solid loading. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to optimize its crystal morphology into octagonal shapes. Moreover, the low critical humidity level of ADN renders it unusable in a humid climate. Hence, encapsulation with a hydrophobic polymer is necessary. In the present work, ADN was synthesized by nitration of potassium sulfamate with mixed acid nitration. The product was then mixed with toluene, graphene, citryl ammonium butyl, Cab-o-sil, and coating polymer (Polystyrene or HTPB) and treated with ultrasound to obtain semi-spherical ADN-coated particles. The method offers a reduction in operating temperature and elimination of ADN melting in the shape-altering process. In addition, the ADN product has a similar particle size and thermal stability compared to those in a conventional ADN melt-prilling method. The ADN product investigated under SEM confirms the particle morphological change from long needles into semi-spherical shapes. The particle size obtained, in the micrometer range, is ideal for higher theoretical maximum density. Furthermore, the ultrasound-treated ADN particles show significant reduction in moisture absorption, from 68% to 16% at 65% relative humidity. The DSC result shows no degradation of thermal stability of the coated particles.
Measurement of the flux-weighted average cross section for the \(^{186}\)W\((\gamma,p)^{185}\)Ta reaction at the bremsstrahlung end-point energy of 70 MeV

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. The flux-weighted average cross section for the 186W(γ,p)185Ta reaction induced with 70 MeV bremsstrahlung end-point energy was measured using the activation method in combination with off-line gamma activity measurement. The 27Al(γ,2pn)24Na monitor reaction was used for the determination of the bremsstrahlung flux. The bremsstrahlung photons used to produce the photonuclear reactions were generated from a thin tungsten (W) converter by bombardment with a 70 MeV electron beam. The experimental flux-weighted average cross section is compared with the theoretical prediction, for which the absolute cross section was calculated using the TALYS 1.95 code and the bremsstrahlung spectrum was simulated using the computer program MCNPX. The present experiment was carried out at the 100 MeV electron linac of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Korea.
Psychodynamic psychotherapy for children and adolescents: an updated narrative review of the evidence base

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

While the evidence base for psychodynamic therapy with adults is now quite \nsubstantial, there is still a lack of research evaluating the effectiveness of \npsychodynamic therapies with children and young people. Those studies that have been \ncarried out are also not widely known in the field. To help address the second point, in \n2011, we carried out a review of the evidence base for psychodynamic psychotherapy \nfor children and adolescents, which identified 35 studies which together provided some \npreliminary evidence for this treatment for a range of childhood disorders. The present \nstudy is an updated review, focusing on research published between March 2011 and \nNovember 2016. During this period, 23 additional studies were published, of which 5 \nwere reports on randomised controlled trials, 3 were quasi-experimental controlled \nstudies and 15 were observational studies. Although most studies covered children \nwith mixed diagnoses, there were a number of studies examining specific diagnostic \ngroups, including children with depression, anxiety and disruptive disorders. whilst \nthe quality of studies was mixed, some were well-designed and reported, and overall \nindicated promising findings. Nevertheless, further high-quality research is needed \nin order to better understand the effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy \nacross a range of different disorders, and to ensure that services can provide a range of \nevidence-based treatments for children and young people.