jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Intersex condition and the construction of gender identity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intersexuality is conceptualized as a disorder of sexual development (DSD), which includes congenital conditions associated with atypical chromosomal, gonadic and anatomic sexual development. DSD can be diagnosed at birth as a result of observation of ambiguous genitalia, or, in adolescence, if sexual development diverges from the assigned gender. Some DSD can only be recognized in adulthood as a consequence of reproductive difficulties. In children and adolescents with DSD, gender identity is strongly influenced by atypical sexual development. The comparison between two management models of DSD, the optimal gender policy and a holistic perspective focused on the individual, highlighted their differences with regard to effects on individuals with DSD.
Gender/Género in Latin America

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The term "gender" (género) is fundamental to understanding Latin American, Caribbean, and US Latina/o culture, politics, and society, even when the term itself is the site of debates, disagreements, and tensions. It has been deployed since the 1970s by feminists, scholars, activists, and others to analyze categories of differentiation based on sex (male/female, man/woman) and appearance or conducts (masculine/feminine), mostly challenging essentialist dualistic understandings that see fixed and immutable correspondences between bodies and behaviors. Leading scholars have argued for the need to analyze gender in a historically specific, localized, intersectional framework; in relation to other categories such as race, ethnicity, and class; and in relation to multiple types of sexuality and to sex and gender systems that can account for change and transformation, operating as a grid or spectrum rather than as two fixed poles.1 Gender analysis has been a key tool used to challenge the unequal status of women in society and the diverse types of exploitation and abuse on the grounds of a person's sex (e.g., misogyny), as well as discrimination due to sexual orientation or gender expression, such as homophobia, lesbophobia, and transphobia.
Functional autonomy, bone mineral density and risk of falls in older women with two distinct body composition profiles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objetive: Evaluate the functional autonomy, bone mineral density and risk of falling in older women of two different body composition profiles. Methods: The study was carried out as a correlational study with a quantitative analytical approach. The older women participants (n=114) were submitted to a diagnostic evaluation, consisting of: Functional Autonomy (FA) assessment GDLAM protocol; Bone Mineral Density (BMD) and Body Composition (BC) - tested by bone densitometry by means of dual X-ray emission (DXA) and the Risk of falls was used the Falls Risk Assessment Battery (BARQ). Results: 114 older women were evaluated ( = 66.7 ± 6.27 years), distributed into two groups according to Body Mass Index (BMI), being normal body composition group NBC (n=39; up to 24.9 kg/m2) and overweight and obese (OO) (n=75; ≥ 25 kg/m2). The overall group studied is in overweight nutritional status ( =27.23 ± 4.5 kg/m2). For FA, the studied group obtained a predominance of the classification "regular" preceded by "good", a total of 63.2% of the participants, with the best result for the group NBC presenting GDLAM index (GI) ( = 29.45 ± 4.14). The Mann-Whitney test showed a significant result only with the standing up from prone position (RPP) test for the obese and overweight (OO) group when compared to the NBC group ( % = 12,81; p=0.027). For BMD a significant result was found for the femoral neck region (BMDNF) (Δ% = 5,88; p=0.047) and significant correlation of the 10-meter walk test (C10m) with the Index of Fall Risk (IRQ) (rho = -0.191; p=0.042). Conclusions: The results allow us to conclude that older women participating in the study, from the OO, present better results in the prone position elevation test (RPP) and in the femoral neck BMD, probably due to the higher body mass, since the BMI does not differentiate fat mass from lean mass
Magnesium-Based Bioactive Composites Processed at Room Temperature

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Hydroxyapatite and bioactive glass particles were added to pure magnesium and an AZ91 magnesium alloy and then consolidated into disc-shaped samples at room temperature using high-pressure torsion (HPT). The bioactive particles appeared well-dispersed in the metal matrix after multiple turns of HPT. Full consolidation was attained using pure magnesium, but the center of the AZ91 disc failed to fully consolidate even after 50 turns. The magnesium-hydroxyapatite composite displayed an ultimate tensile strength above 150 MPa, high cell viability, and a decreasing rate of corrosion during immersion in Hank’s solution. The composites produced with bioactive glass particles exhibited the formation of calcium phosphate after 2 h of immersion in Hank’s solution and there was rapid corrosion in these materials.
Effects of fertilizers and soil amendments on the degradation rate of allyl isothiocyanate in two typical soils of China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Background Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) is a soil fumigant that protects plants against soil‐borne pathogens, weeds and insects when present in the root‐zone. However, the degradation of AITC under different fertilizers and soil amendments affects its emission and pest control efficacy. Degradation rates of AITC in soil amended with organic and inorganic fertilizers, zeolite and biochar were determined in the laboratory to improve its field applications. Results The degradation half‐lives of AITC were 24.4 and 35.4 h in Fangshan and Yongzhou soils, respectively, without any added fertilizer or soil amendment. Nitrogen fertilizer and organic fertilizer accelerated the degradation rate of AITC, while phosphorus fertilizer had the opposite effect. The degradation rate of AITC on adding unsterilized chicken manure was over 3.5 and 1.1 times higher than that of sterilization in Fangshan and Yongzhou soil. Inorganic and organic fertilizers affected the degradation of AITC by affecting soil microbial activity on the basis of CO 2 cumulative release. The degradation rate of AITC increased more than 0.4 times in response to zeolite, but this was independent of particle size. The AITC degradation rate increased 1.0–2.6 and 0.3–9.7 times in response to biochar made from corn stalk and pine wood, respectively. Cow manure biochar manufactured at different pyrolyzation temperatures had different effects on the degradation rate of AITC. Conclusion Soil type, fertilizers and soil amendments differentially affect the degradation rate of AITC by changing soil physicochemical characteristics, microorganisms, etc., which shows great potential in reducing AITC emissions and increasing pest control efficacy when AITC is applied commercially. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Pergamon Press plc Physical and biological effects of Los Ninos in the eastern tropical Pacific, 1986-1989

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract-The eastern tropical Pacific Ocean was surveyed in August-November 1986,1987,1988 and 1989 as part of a long-term program to monitor dolphin stocks. Temperature, salinity, chlorophyll and nutrients were monitored to help interpret variability in dolphin stock estimates. The four surveys reveal major environmental changes during the moderate 1987 El Nido and the cold La Nida episode that followed in 1988. During the “onset ” phase of El Nido in fall 1986, surface temperatures were up to 1.5”C above normal in equatorial water, but near normal in tropical water north of the equator. The equatorial thermocline ridge was deepened by 10-30 m. During the “mature ” phase of El Nirio in fall 1987, surface temperatures anomalies were up to +2.5”C in equatorial water and about +1”C in tropical water. Thermocline topography was anomalously flat. Surface chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations declined by 1148 % compared to 1986, with the greatest declines occumng in coastal and equatorial upwelling systems and along the countercurrent thermocline ridge. During La Nida 1988, equatorial surface temperatures were up to 2.5”C below normal and the equatorial thermocline ridge was 10-50 m more shallow than normal. Chlorophyll and nitrate concentrations increased by 58-65 % compared to 1987. In 1989, surface temperature was within?l”C of normal throughout the study area and chlorophyll concentrations were similar to those observed in 1986. Changes in nutrient availability and biological productivity during the El NidoLa Niria cycle were caused by variations in both the rate of wind-driven upwelling and in the nutrient content of subsurface water entrained by upwelling.
Enhanced Stone Sizing for Overtopping Flow

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Rock riprap is one of the most widely used erosion control techniques for protecting embankments, levees, spillways, and in-stream structures subjected to overtopping flow conditions. The literature indicates that over 21 riprap design expressions exist to appropriately size the stone. However, each of these relationships was developed from limited databases with narrow bands of boundary conditions. A power regression analysis was performed using 102 overtopping observations from 10 separate investigations; the analysis related median stone size to slope, unit discharge, coefficient of uniformity, rock layer thickness, and stone specific gravity. A unique, riprap-sizing expression was developed with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.97 and a variance of 11%. The resulting design relationship expands the boundary conditions of the independent variables beyond earlier efforts, thereby reducing the need for extrapolating previous relationships.
IPARD in Macedonia, a Chance for Farmers and private Consultants

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

European perspective of Macedonian agriculture and rural development became viable on 17th of December 2005, with Macedonia gaining candidate status for European Union (EU) membership. The new outlook allowed the Country access to the Union’s Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance in Rural Development (IPARD). This Instrument is a major chance for Macedonian farmers and private consultants to understand how EU agriculture and rural development works.
I.V. APD421 (Amisulpride) Prevents Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Kranke, P.*; Eberhart, L.†; Motsch, J.‡; Chassard, D.§; Wallenborn, J.∥; Diemunsch, P.¶; Liu, N.#; Keh, D.**; Bouaziz, H.††; Bergis, M.*; Fox, G.‡‡; Gan, T. J.§§ Author Information
Coordinate Regulation of Contraction Signal-Induced GLUT4 Transcription by CaMK and AMPK Signaling Pathways in Cultured Skeletal Muscle Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), a major contributor to glucose transport in skeletal muscle, is closely related to diabetic treatment. Exercise regulates apparently GLUT4 gene expression which produces many beneficial metabolic adaptations for diabetic patients. Study has shown that both AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) and CaMK (calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase) signaling pathways are involved in regulation of exercise-induced GLUT4 gene expression in skeletal muscles, but the relationship between these two signaling pathways in regulating the GLUT4 gene is unclear. The purpose of the following study was to investigate the relationship of these two pathways in Caffeine- and AICAR-stimulated skeletal muscle cells GLUT4 gene expression. Muscle contractile activity results in increases in both cytosolic Ca2+ and AMPK activity. To mimic this response, primary cultured rat skeletal muscle cells were treated with Caffeine to raise cytosolic Ca2+ and with AICAR to activate AMPK. The muscle cells were divided into different groups (Control, AICAR, Caffeine, AICAR/Caffeine, Caffeine +Compound C, AICAR/Caffeine +Compound C, AICAR +KN93, AICAR/Caffeine + KN93), which were used for experiments of stimulation by AICAR and Caffeine, inhibition by AMPK inhibitor, Compound C and CaMK inhibitor, KN93 respectively. The results showed that both AICAR and Caffeine induced about 2- and 3-fold increases respectively (P 0.05, AICAR vs. Control; P 0.05, Caffeine vs. Control) in GLUT4 mRNA in muscle cells, but the effect of GLUT4 mRNA induced by the combined stimulation of raising cytosolic Ca2+ and activating AMPK was not additive. Moreover, the Compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, decreased the Caffeine-induced increases in GLUT4 mRNA (P 0.05, Caffeine+Compound C vs. Caffeine), and also attenuated an increase in GLUT4 mRNA induced by the combined stimulation of AICAR and Caffeine (P 0.05, AICAR/Caffeine+Compound C vs. AICAR/Caffeine). Similarly, the Caffeine induced an increase in α1-AMPK phosphorylation (P 0.05, Caffeine vs. Control) and furthermore the Compound C reduced apparently such an increase (P 0.05, Caffeine+Compound C vs. Caffeine); however, KN93, a CaMK inhibitor, was completely able to inhibit the Caffeine-induced increase in GLUT4 mRNA, but failed to inhibit the AICAR-induced 2-fold increases in GLUT4 mRNA (P 0.05, AICAR+KN93 vs. Control) and also failed to block an increase in GLUT4 mRNA induced by the combined stimulation of AICAR and Caffeine (P 0.05, AICAR +Caffeine +KN93 vs. Control). These results demonstrate that the CaMK and AMPK signaling pathways are not complete independent, but are cooperative in the regulation of Caffeine-induced GLUT4 gene expression in cultured skeletal muscle cells. Collectively, based on our results and the other results this paper suggests that the GLUT4 gene expression in contracting skeletal muscle cells may be regulated through a CaMK-AMPK signaling pathway.
A Summary of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trials With a Focus on the Role of Vitamin E

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy in men. It is an excellent target for primary prevention. Vitamin E trials conducted for prevention of prostate cancer have had conflicting results with a lower incidence of prostate cancer in the ATBC trial and a higher incidence in the vitamin E arm of the SELECT trial. Most of the clinical trials with vitamin E have been limited to the alpha-tocopherol isoform alone. An increasing body of evidence suggests, however, that the gamma- and delta-isoforms of tocopherol and tocotrienols are more promising with regard to cancer prevention. This review tries to justify our assertion that the gamma- and delta-isoforms of tocopherol and tocotrienol might be superior as prostate cancer preventers.
Motor Responses of Cyproterone Acetate-Treated Rat Vas deferens to Electrical Field Stimulation, Noradrenaline and Barium Chloride

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The effect of cyproterone acetate (CA) was studied on the autonomic transmission and smooth muscle function of the rat vas deferens. In the CA-treated vas deferens, the endogenously released noradrenaline (NA) in response to electrical field stimulation or exogenously administered NA produced rhythmic contractions (lacking a tonic component) which were abolished by prazosin - a preferential postjunctional alpha-adrenoceptor blocker. The biphasic nature of the nonadrenergic response elicited on electrical field stimulation in CA-treated rats remained unaltered. Like in controls, yohimbine potentiated this response thereby demonstrating the presence of functional presynaptic alpha-adrenoceptors (inhibitory in nature). The postjunctional alteration on the membrane function appears to be specific to adrenergic stimulation alone, since both tonic and phasic components were demonstrated in the responses resulting from nonadrenergic stimulation or those produced by barium chloride.
Advances in Neuropsychological Assessment of Attention

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Attention is one of the most basic cognitive processes and is a prerequisite for the use of more complex functions, since it is not possible to evaluate perception or memory processes without keeping in mind attention issues (Amador, Forns, & Kirchner, 2006). The ability to maintain an appropriate level of attention is basic for education and learning, especially during childhood and school age. With the aim of studying attention separately from other cognitive functions, the so-called continuous performance tests (CPT) were created. The first series of CPTs were developed by Rosvold, Mirsky, Sarason, Bransome, and Beck (1956) to study vigilance in adults with acquired brain injury (Riccio, Reynolds, & Lowe, 2001), more specifically, persons with seizures (Amador, Forns, & Kirchner, 2006). Nowadays, CPTs are still one of the most widely used measures for the assessment of attention and processing speed. Briefly, it can be said that a CPT is a group of paradigms to evaluate attention, inhibitory response or disinhibition (a component of executive control that provides information about the subject’s impulsivity), and processing speed. Basically, CPTs rely on the rapid, random presentation of a series of stimuli to which the subject must respond following instructions given at the beginning of the test. The main value of CPTs is their empirical support. Diverse CPT paradigms have consistently demonstrated their sensitivity for a great variety of both neurological and psychiatric disorders, in adults and in children. Frequently, CPTs also use a continuous vigilance task, in order to obtain quantitative information about the individual’s ability to sustain attention in time. From its creation, the CPT paradigm has been used with many variants of its task component. Greenberg and Walkman (1993) found up to 100 different versions of CPT in use. Historically, when Rosvold and his collaborators introduced the test, they had the goal of measuring correct answers provided by the subject as an indicator of selective attention. With subsequent experimentation, other measures, such as processing speed, impulsivity, inattention, and sustained attention, divided or alternate, have been included.
THE WAYS TO REDUCE THE RISK OF DANGER TO THE PUBLIC IN FIRES IN SHOPPING MALLS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The article provides an analysis of statistical data on the number of fires and material damage at the facilities of trade and the problem of ensuring the safety of the population when visiting especially shopping and entertainment centers in cases of fires in them. This is justified by the specifics of the functioning of such objects and the simultaneous visit to the large contingent of people, as well as the content of goods in them capable of ignition and isolating toxic gases. Statistical data on human losses and material damage in large fires in shopping and entertainment centers in recent years are given. Features of ensuring the fire safety of such objects related to the placement of centers and entertainment zones are considered on the top floors. Based on the analysis of the causes of fires in the nightclub «Lame horse» and shopping and entertainment center «Winter cherry» shopping and entertainment center, ways to improve prevention and fire safety measures to improve the safety of visitors are considered: Surgical-planning solutions in the design associated with the use of materials during the construction of increased fire resistance, developed on the basis of nanotechnology, the placement of film centers and entertainment zones on the lower floors, the improvement of the complex of detection systems and alerts about fire and automatic fire extinguishing, evacuation methods.
TEACHING FROM THE CRITICAL THINKING, PROBLEM-BASED CURRICULAR APPROACH: STRATEGIES, CHALLENGES, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article describes professional development efforts in a large, Midwestern state that aimed to enhance teacher’s use of a critical-thinking, problem-based curricular approach in family and consumer sciences (FCS). A total of 25 Teacher Leaders who self-selected to continue in a professional development Teacher Leader Institute for follow-up sessions in fall 2000 and spring 2001 and complete a mailed questionnaire in 2002 are the participants whose discussions and reflections are included in this study. Their perceptions of their success in using the techniques, and ongoing challenges are discussed. Recommendations include 1) teachers ’ need a solid understanding of the critical thinking, problem-solving approach and the value it has for themselves and their students; 2) teachers must learn to think critically and model and practice the techniques consistently with students; and 3) support and continued professional development for current and future teachers in the critical thinking, problem-solving approach is needed. Critical thinking is an important life skill for people today. Teachers need to model
Acid-base regulation in the Dungeness crab (Metacarcinus magister): effects of predicted future changes in environmental pCO2

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Rising seawater pCO2 (ocean acidification) presents a challenge for marine organisms. To counteract disturbances, many aquatic crustaceans excrete/accumulate acid-base equivalents through their gills; however, not much is known about the role of ammonia in this response. The present study investigated the effects of elevated pCO2 on acid-base and ammonia regulation in the Dungeness crab, Metacarcinus magister on the whole animal and the isolated gill level. Hemolymph pCO2 and [HCO3-] increased in M. magister acclimated to elevated pCO2 while pH remained stable. Additionally, hemolymph [Na+], [Ca2+], and [SO42-] were significantly increased. When challenged with varying pH during gill perfusion, the pH of the artificial hemolymph remained relatively unchanged. Overall, ammonia production and excretion were reduced in crabs acclimated to elevated pCO2, demonstrating that either amino acid metabolism is reduced in response to this particular stress, or nitrogenous wastes are excreted in an alternative form.
Naturalness and Supersymmetry

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Supersymmetry solves the gauge hierarchy problem of the Standard Model if the masses of supersymmetric partners of the SM particles are close to the weak scale. In this thesis, we argue that the supersymmetric Standard Model, while avoiding the fine tuning in electroweak symmetry breaking, requires unnaturalness/fine tuning in some (other) sector of the theory. For example, Baryon and Lepton number violating operators are allowed which lead to proton decay and flavor changing neutral currents. We study some of the constraints from the latter in this thesis. We have to impose an R-parity for the theory to be both natural and viable. In the absence of flavor symmetries, the supersymmetry breaking masses for the squarks and sleptons lead to too large flavor changing neutral currents. We show that two of the solutions to this problem, gauge mediation of supersymmetry breaking and making the scalars of the first two generations heavier than a few TeV, reintroduce fine tuning in electroweak symmetry breaking. We also construct a model of low energy gauge mediation with a non-minimal messenger sector which improves the fine tuning and also generates required Higgs mass terms. We show that this model can be derived from a Grand Unified Theory despite the non-minimal spectrum.