jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Rapid Three-Step Cleavage of RNA and DNA Model Systems Promoted by a Dinuclear Cu(II) Complex in Methanol. Energetic Origins of the Catalytic Efficacy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A dinuclear Cu(II) complex of 1,3-bis-N(1)-(1,5,9-triazacyclododecyl)propane with an associated methoxide (2-Cu(II)(2):(-OCH(3))) was prepared, and its kinetics of reaction with an RNA model (2-hydroxypropyl-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (1, HPNPP)) and two DNA models (methyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate (3) and iso-butyl p-chlorophenyl phosphate (4)) were studied in methanol solution at (s)(s)pH 7.2 +/- 0.2. X-ray diffraction structures of 2-Cu(II)(2):(-OH)(H(2)O)(CF(3)SO(3)-)(3):0.5CH(3)CH(2)OCH(2)CH(3) and 2-Cu(II)(2):(-OH)((C(6)H(5)CH(2)O)(2)PO(2)-)(CF(3)SO(3)-)2 show the mode of coordination of the bridging -OH and H(2)O between the two Cu(II) ions in the first complex and bridging -OH and phosphate groups in the second. The kinetic studies with 1 and 3 reveal some common preliminary steps prior to the chemical one of the catalyzed formation of p-nitrophenol. With 3, and also with the far less reactive substrate (4), two relatively fast events are cleanly observed via stopped-flow kinetics. The first of these is interpreted as a binding step which is linearly dependent on [catalyst] while the second is a unimolecular step independent of [catalyst] proposed to be a rearrangement that forms a doubly Cu(II)-coordinated phosphate. The catalysis of the cleavage of 1 and 3 is very strong, the first-order rate constants for formation of p-nitrophenol from the complex being approximately 0.7 s(-1) and 2.4 x 10(-3) s(-1), respectively. With substrate 3, 2-Cu(II)(2):(-OCH(3)) exhibits Michaelis-Mentin kinetics with a k(cat)/K(M) value of 30 M(-1) s(-1) which is 3.8 x 10(7)-fold greater than the methoxide promoted reaction of 3 (7.9 x 10(-7) M(-1) s(-1)). A free energy calculation indicates that the binding of 2-Cu(II)(2):(-OCH(3)) to the transition states for 1 and 3 cleavage stabilizes them by -21 and -24 kcal/mol, respectively, relative to that of the methoxide promoted reactions. The results are compared with a literature example where the cleavage of 1 in water is promoted by a dinuclear Zn(II) catalyst, and the energetic origins of the exalted catalysis of the 2-Cu(II)(2) and 2-Zn(II)(2) methanol systems are discussed.
BYG-drop: a tool for enhanced droplet detection in liquid–liquid systems through machine learning and synthetic imaging

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A new image processing machine learning algorithm for droplet detection in liquid–liquid systems is here introduced. The method combines three key numerical tools—YOLOv5 for object detection, Blender for synthetic image generation, and CycleGAN for image texturing—and was named “BYG-Drop for Blender-YOLO-CycleGAn” droplet detection. BYG-Drop outperforms traditional image processing techniques in both accuracy and number of droplets detected in digital test cases. When applied to experimental images, it remains consistent with established techniques such as laser diffraction while outperforming other image processing techniques in droplet detection accuracy. The use of synthetic images for training also provides advantages such as training on a large labeled dataset, which prevents false detections. CycleGAN’s texturing also allows quick adaptation to different fluid systems, increasing the versatility of image processing in drop size distribution measurement. Finally, the processing time per image is significantly faster with this approach.
A Hybrid Approach in the Development of Behavior Based Robotics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we present the development of a method that combines the evolutionary robotics approach with action selection. A collection task is set in an arena where a Khepera robot has to collect cylinders that simulate food. Furthermore, two basic motivations, labeled as ‘fear ’ and ‘hunger’, both affect the selection of the behavioral repertoire. In this paper we propose an initial evolutionary stage where behavioral modules are designed as separate selectable modules. Next, we use evolution for optimizing the motivated selection network employed for behavioral switching. Finally, we compare evolved selection with hand-coded selection, which offers some interesting results that support the use of a hybrid approach in the development of behavior-based robotics.
The Effect on the Steam Gasification Reaction of Low-Rank Coal Mixed with Waste Catalysts

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We have investigated the kinetics and activity of waste catalysts for steam-lignite gasification. Waste catalysts I, II, III and reference $K_2CO_3$ were used and physical mixed with a coal. The gasification experiments were carried out with the low rank coal loaded with 1 wt% and 5 wt% catalyst at the temperature range from 700 to $900^{\circ}C$ using thermobalance reactor. It was observed that the carbon conversion reached almost 100% regardless of the kinds of catalysts at $900^{\circ}C$. The shortest time to reach the designated conversion was obtained for 1 wt% waste catalyst II and 5 wt% $K_2CO_3$ at $900^{\circ}C$. The gasification reaction rate constant increased with increasing the temperature. Highest rate constant was obtained with $K_2CO_3$ at $900^{\circ}C$. The lowest activation energy was 69.42 kJ/mol for 5 wt% waste catalyst II. The waste catalyst had an influence on the reduction of activation energy.
[Temperature dependence of kinetic parameters of single potential dependent K+ channels in mollusc neurons. Similarity in the action of potential and temperature].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Using the patch-voltage-clamp method on excised membrane fragments from molluscan neurones temperature dependences of kinetic parameters of the fast and slow K(+)-channels were investigated in the temperature range 1 to 40 degrees C. Temperature dependences of probability of the channel open state (P0) for the slow and fast K(+)-channels are, generally, opposite, that is P0 increases for the slow channel and decreases for the fast channel with temperature. Similar dependences characterize durations of single channel open intervals (tau 0) and burst durations (t(p)). Durations of interburst and interpulse intervals (respectively, t(i) and tau) decrease for the slow channel and increase, in contrast, for the fast channel with temperature. For the channels of both types temperature dependences of P0 (as for other parameters) are essentially nonmonotonous. There are two local extrema, at least: for the slow K(+)-channel-maximum at 15 degrees C (minimum for the fast channel) and minimum at 20-25 degrees C (maximum for the fast channel). In some cases the number of local extrema may be greater than two. Some similarity in the action of temperature and membrane potential on the kinetic parameters was observed. For the slow K(+)-channel P0, tau 0 and t p increase with temperature and membrane potential. For the fast channel these parameters decrease at the same conditions. Moreover, for the channels of both types temperature dependences of the kinetic parameters are slightly pronounced at the potentials where potential dependences of the parameters are least. As a whole, temperature measurements showed that there are, possibly, several points of structural transitions (similar to phase transitions) in the temperature range 0 to 40 degrees C. Primarily, the kinetic parameters are determined by these transitions.
Abstract 955: Single cell sequencing delineates immune features of oncolytic virus therapeutic response in murine high-grade gliomas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) comprises a developing family of cancer treatments that exploit cancer-specific vulnerabilities in viral defense through treatment with therapeutic viruses modified for safety and tumor-selective infection. Beyond direct infection and lysis of cancer cells, OVs are additionally capable of stimulating powerful immune responses that pose an opportunity to redefine the immune system’s behavior in the tumor microenvironment. This may hold particular significance for highly immunosuppressive malignancies, including glioblastoma and other high-grade gliomas (HGG). Our labs developed OV C134, now under evaluation in a phase I clinical trial of recurrent glioblastoma (NCT03657576). While additional refinements to the activity and control of OVs within the tumor microenvironment may lead to superior performance, little is known about the exact features or timing of immune changes undergone in the setting of positive therapeutic response to oncolytic virus treatment. Here, using the widely-adopted C57BL/6 syngeneic high-grade glioma model CT2A modified to express luciferase, we applied bioluminescence imaging to measure tumor progression in vivo and identify therapeutic responders after intracranial treatment with C134, C002 (IL-12-expressing C134), or control (saline). We then performed single cell RNA sequencing of CD45-sorted high-grade glioma immune infiltrate (n=10 mice total; n=3 C002 responder and n=3 C002 nonresponder). Analysis of single cell sequencing data revealed that OV treatment produced diverse changes in gene expression consistent with activation of antigen presentation and antigen-specific immune responses throughout a variety of innate and adaptive immune populations. Further, cell type-specific immune signatures of C002 therapeutic responders as compared to nonresponders were identified, including responder-specific increases in major histocompatibility complex class II in macrophages/monocytes, interferon gamma in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, tumor necrosis factor-alpha in CD4+ T cells, and a decrease in interferon gamma receptor 1 in T regulatory cells. Collectively, our findings contribute to the knowledge of how OV therapy alters tumor immune microenvironments and reveal prioritized candidates whose further study could advance the understanding of how to achieve positive responses to OV therapy in patients. Citation Format: Jack Hedberg, Alexia Martin, Doyeon Kim, Jaye Navarro, Adithe Rivaldi, Yeaseul Kim, Elizabeth Garfinkle, Katherine Miller, Ravi Dhital, Kevin Cassady, Elaine Mardis. Single cell sequencing delineates immune features of oncolytic virus therapeutic response in murine high-grade gliomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2025; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2025 Apr 25-30; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2025;85(8_Suppl_1):Abstract nr 955.
Radar cross section data inversion for snow-covered sea ice remote sensing

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This thesis reports on my Ph.D. research in the area of microwave remote sensing of the Arctic. The main objective of this research is to reconstruct the dielectric profile of the snow-covered sea ice, and indirectly retrieve some of its geophysical and thermodynamic properties. To meet this objective, a nonlinear electromagnetic inverse scattering algorithm is developed that consists of forward and inverse solvers. The input to this algorithm is the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) data collected by radar systems from the snow-covered sea ice profile. The proposed inversion algorithm iteratively minimizes a discrepancy between the measured and simulated NRCS data to achieve an accurate reconstruction. Two main challenges associated with this inverse problem are its ill-posedness and its limited available scattering data. To tackle these, the utilization of appropriate regularization and weighting schemes as well as the incorporation of prior information into the inversion algorithm are employed. These include the utilization of (i) appropriate weighting factors for the misfit cost function, (ii) more sensitive NRCS data with respect to the unknown parameters, (iii) further parametrization of the profile based on the expected distribution, (iv) time-series NRCS data to better initialize the inversion process, and (v) NRCS data collected by the satellite and on-site scatterometer to be inverted simultaneously for profile reconstruction. The experimental data utilized are collected by the author in collaboration with the Centre for Earth Observation Science. These measurements are performed on (i) the artificially-grown sea ice in the Sea-ice Environmental Research Facility, located at the University of Manitoba during winter 2014, and (ii) the landfast sea ice located in the Arctic (Cambridge Bay, Nunavut) during May 2014. The measurement procedure includes NRCS data collection through an on-site C-band scatterometer and a spaceborne SAR satellite and physical sampling of the snow and sea ice. The proposed electromagnetic inverse scattering algorithm is utilized to invert these experimental data sets, as well as some synthetic data sets. It will be shown that the use of various techniques developed in this thesis in conjunction with the developed inversion algorithm results in reasonable snow-covered sea ice profile reconstruction.
Clinical Experience with Orthocor II Antitachycardia Pacing System for Recurrent Tachyarrhythmia Termination

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Between June 1986 and December 1988, eight patients were treated with an Orthocor II 284 A antitachycardia pacemaker (Cordis Corp., Miami, FL, USA) forsupraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and ventricular tachycardia (VT) termination. Four patients had intra‐AV nodal reentrant tachycardias; 1 patient had AV reentrant tachycardia with an atrio‐nodal accessory bypass tract; 2 patients had AV reentrant tachycardias with concealed Kent bundle, and 1 patient had ventricular tachycardia. All patients had been treated with three or more drugs and were considered to be drug refractory. The programmed antitachycardia mechanism used for patients with SVT were: automatic overdrive in five patients and burst scanning in two patients. In the patient with VT, a critically timed double extrastimulus with fixed coupling interval was programmed. Follow‐up ranged from 2 to 30 months. The pacemaker proved to be effective in terminating tachycardias in all cases with SVT; in the patient with VT, the programmed antitachycardia mechanism was effective for a long time, but after an episode of sustained VT not interrupted by the pacemaker, the patient underwent automatic cardioverter/defibrillator (AICD) implantation. Additional antiarrhythmic therapy was required in 3 patients to control their maximum sinus rate, in 1 patient to reduce tachycardia episodes and to enable termination, and in 2 patients to prevent spontaneous atrial fibrillation. It is concluded that Orthocor II is a flexible and versatile antitachycardia pacemaker providing a safe and effective control of recurrent tachycardia in selected patients.
An Evidence-Based Approach on Public Health Decisions in Low-Middle Income Countries: Use Case of Senegal at the Verge of COVID-19

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The advent of health crises like COVID-19 in West Africa, and more particularly in Senegal, led the MoHSA, with the support of several development partners, to set up a real-time alert and information reporting system through the mInfoSante project. These informations are retrieved from Chief Nursing Officers, Chief Veterinary Officers, and more than 2,000 Community Watch & Alert Committees dispatched throughout the national territory. The ease of use of mInfoSante and its advantages has seduced professionals in the health sector. However, one will quickly realize that the exploitation of information can be tedious without the support of a system dedicated to this task. Due to the specificity of the sector as well as the technical and institutional environment, we had to adapt to a certain number of constraints in the identification and implementation of such a solution. To do this, we have studied a set of open-source and powerful Business Intelligence and Dashboarding solutions. According to the performed analysis, our solution, which make use of REST-based service composition, presents advantages of having functionalities related to the distributed storage & processing of large data sets, a capacity for rapid processing of all data types, good computing power offered by its optimized components, and fault tolerance due to integration of distributed infrastructure model.
[Patient expectations from lumbar intervertebral disk operations-- an analysis of a questionnaire survey of 200 patients].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Using a questionnaire 200 patients with lumbar disc herniation syndrome were asked preoperatively about important aspects of care during their hospitalisation. They had to answer 17 questions using a classification system of 7 points. The most important point for patients was the qualification of the head of the clinic, followed by a distinct explanation about risks during operation. Aspects of discharge from clinic, recovery in fitness for work or the extent of the scar were of minor interest.
Linking people to watershed protection planning with a gis: A case study of a central American Watershed

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the Pacuare River Watershed in Costa Rica, farm size, ownership, and production data were collected and spatially referenced through global positioning surveys and farmer assessments of property boundaries in relation to cadastral maps and air photographs. Using geographic information system (GIS) based spatial overlays, these data were integrated with previously collected land use and land degradation data. The resulting integrated database allowed for land use and degradation data to be classified by alternative farm sizes in order to assess the individual needs and relative priority of a soil conservation program for different farms. In spite of limited funding and many technical and data constraints in Central America, such GIS‐based methodologies linking farms and people to biophysically based land use and degradation are seen as a feasible and cost‐effective approach to plan and implement soil conservation and other types of natural resource management projects. Keywords: Central Americafarm‐level ownership and production dataGISland use and degradationsoil conservation
William E. Wiethoff.Crafting the Overseer's Image.:Crafting the Overseer's Image.(Studies in Rhetoric/Communication.)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

While yeomen and small slaveholders have commanded their share of scholarship in recent years, the last thorough account of overseers is over four decades old (William K. Scarborough, The Overseer: Plantation Management in the Old South[1966]). As a study of the rhetoric through which the overseer's image was constructed, this book by William E. Wiethoff does not seek to provide a definitive study of this shadowy figure. The author does not systematically explore questions of interest to most historians of the Old South, such as the relationship between whites and the enslaved or the capitalist and/or modern nature of plantation economies. Nevertheless, his book is an interesting, accessible, and informative study of the processes by which the public, professional, and personal images of the overseer emerged. Wiethoff's book will be of interest to historians principally because he seeks to discover the degree to which the overseer's image conformed to reality. Concerning the first image treated, the Taskmaster, Wiethoff finds quite a lot of convergence. Looking at overseers state by state (a pattern followed in every chapter), Wiethoff finds that they largely deserved their reputations as hard-driving, violent men with their eyes on the bottom line. But the overlap between image and reality is fuzzier in the overseer's other incarnations. The image of the Scoundrel, for example, owed as much to overseers' actual sexual and ethical misdeeds as to planters' prejudices toward ordinary whites. Behaviors giving rise to the images of the Scoundrel and Taskmaster produced a hitherto unappreciated image, the Rival. Competing with slaves for work and respect, overseers had ample reasons to drive slaves mercilessly. Professionally, the overseer's image bobbed between those of the Subaltern and the Colleague. Class prejudices, the nature of overseers' work, and their association with slaves fueled the first image; overseers' contributions to their employers' wealth, as well as the family relationships that often bound overseer to employer, fed the second. This contrast presents Wiethoff with an opportunity to contribute to ongoing arguments about social class relationships in the antebellum South, but he does not engage them. That is a pity, because his evidence points to real unease with subordination and social mobility among slaveowners wealthy enough to engage overseers.
Experimental investigation on dynamic model testing of a deep-water Riser Support by truncated hybrid method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

AbstractA device Riser Support is designed for Chinese S-Lay vessel 'HYSY-201'. The device is used to install risers as well as subsidiary structures, such as pipeline end termination (PLET), pipeline end manifold (PLEM), in-line sled (ILS) and so on for submarine pipelines. The paper mainly elaborates the finite element analysis and dynamic experiment of the deep-water Riser Support based on a truncated hybrid model. To test the mechanical property and verify the reliability of the Riser Support, some dynamic tests with the scale 1:10 are done to simulate the installation process of risers in the South China Sea. A truncation method is used to solve the problem that 3000 m riser model is still too long though it is reduced to one-tenth of the original size. Six degrees of freedom platform (SDFP) is used to simulate the movement of 'HYSY-201' vessel while a boundary control system (BCS) is also used to control and simulate the motion state of cut-off point of the riser model. SDFP and BCS together make the model test more accurate and reliable. Testing results show that stress values based on 24 kinds of typical working conditions and calculated values are accordant in the range of allowable inaccuracy, but the small error is considered reasonable because of the difference between virtual model and scaled reality model. Then, truncated hybrid method is verified to be very useful in simplifying models during the research of large-size thin tube, rod-shaped or linear model experiment, and especially the 3000 m truncated dynamic hybrid riser model experiment is a good example.Keywords: riserriser supportinstallation systemsimilar modelequivalent depth truncation AcknowledgementsThis work is supported by the Major Project of Chinese National High Technology Research and Development (863 Program) 'Deep-water submarine pipeline laying technology' (2006AA09A105) and Major Project of Chinese National Programs for Fundamental Research and Development (973 Program) 'Extreme environmental effects of deep-water engineering structures and the whole life in service safety' (2011CB013702).
Organophotoredox Hydrodefluorination of Trifluoromethylarenes with Translational Applicability to Drug Discovery

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Molecular editing such as insertion, deletion, and single atom exchange in highly functionalized compounds is an aspirational goal for all chemists. Here, we disclose a photoredox protocol for the replacement of a single fluorine atom with hydrogen in electron-deficient trifluoromethylarenes including complex drug molecules. A robustness screening experiment shows that this reductive defluorination tolerates a range of functional groups and heterocycles commonly found in bioactive molecules. Preliminary studies allude to a catalytic cycle whereby the excited state of the organophotocatalyst is reductively quenched by the hydrogen atom donor, and returned in its original oxidation state by the trifluoromethylarene.