jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
METRIC CAMERA DATA: ASSESSMENT AND POTENTIAL USE AT L'INSTITUT GÉOGRAPHIQUE NATIONAL

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A short review is given of the involvement of the Institut Géographique National (IGN) in the European Space Agency Spacelab Metric Camera (MC) experiment. IGN has participated in this project from the early stages of its preparation in 1974. The assessment of MC data has been carried out for both metric and thematic purposes. Using a Matra Traster analytical plotter, a contoured map of Carpentras. included in the European standard test site of Marseille, has been prepared at a scale of 1:100 000 with 100 m and 50 m contour intervals. Preliminary comparison of this map with the topographic data base shows a height accuracy of about 30 m. Orthophotographs have been produced of the same area, at 1:100000 scale and at 1:250000 scale. showing good agreement with the basic line map. An infrared colour pseudo‐orthophotograph has been produced for Khartoum (assuming that the ground was flat) and a space map of a desert area of Algeria has been printed at 1:200000 scale, allowing a good comparison with the drainage shown on the existing line map. Interpretation of the MC photography has also been assessed and compared with conventional IGN aerial photography taken over the European standard test site. Due to the low sun elevation and the apparent image motion which affected the MC photography, the result is not as good as was expected. Some linear features of 6m width are visible (for example, roads and hedges) but for positive identification a width of 18m is necessary. It is difficult to determine the extent of cities and land parcels less than 40 × 40m are not visible. However, the MC data can be used for checking and revising some features of small scale maps (smaller than 1:100000). Two experiments have been performed in thematic interpretation, one concerned with land use and the other with forest mapping. Some improvements of the MC are suggested in order to satisfy the major requirements of users while the possibilities of topographic mapping from these data are summarised.
Recent progress of ZnO hierarchical nanostructure for photovoltaic application

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Highly efficient utilisation of solar energy is regarded as one of the most promising renewable energy solution. Enormous efforts have been dedicated to both the material and configuration to achieve an optimised efficient charge separation, transport and collection processes. Hierarchical nanostructures with controlled morphology and dimensionality have attracted enormous attention for their high specific surface area, tailored topology and distinct electro-optical properties. To date, various advances have been made using hierarchical nanomaterials for photovoltaic applications. Herein, recent advances in the ZnO hierarchical nanostructures for photovoltaic solar cells are reviewed. Three representative solar cell configurations, i.e., DSSC, QDSC, and hybrid solar cells, are discussed. The impact of the ZnO hierarchical nanostructure on the overall performance is highlighted to elucidate the advantages of the high-densely branched nanostructure in efficient light adsorption and transfer. The summary and outlook for the ZnO nanomaterial-based solar cells is provided at the end of the review.
Extrarenal complications of the type 2 diabetic patient with diabetic nephropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a frequent complication of type 2 diabetes as well as a major cause of end-stage renal disease. The predicted natural course of type 2 diabetes is worse for patients with DN even in those with only asymptomatic proteinuria. The poor outcome is related to both renal dysfunction and the extrarenal complications of type 2 diabetes (see Table 11.1).
Effects on sociability after predator scent exposure in early‐life stressed mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Early life stress (ELS) has been shown to affect a variety of brain functions with potential negative consequences in later stages of life. If adverse events occur early in life, the developing brain can be more susceptible to permanent changes. Human and animal studies have shown for example, an increased susceptibility to anxiety, sociability disorders and mood disorders in adults that experienced ELS. However, the mechanisms that underlie these pathological conditions are not fully established. In our study we hypothesized that mice exposed to ELS would have an abnormal response to a threatening experience in adulthood. We used the predator scent test (PST) as a well‐accepted model of fear‐inducing paradigm. The smell of a predator can be perceived by a mouse through their olfactory epithelium in the nose, and this can trigger a stress response by increasing blood corticosterone (stress hormone in mice). 24 hours after PST we performed several tests to probe social behavior in the PST exposed mice. Preliminary data in control mice showed that female mice were significantly more social than males and thus we focused on females for the rest of this project. We probed social behavior in three different experiments, one per day. First, we conducted a social interaction test and observed how much time the subject mouse interacted with either a cage‐mate or an unknown mouse. After that, we proceeded with a 3‐chamber social approach test. The experiment consisted on dividing an open field arena in three compartments, making the subject mouse choose between a non‐social compartment and a social compartment with an unknown female mouse. Decreased time spent in the social compartment compared to the non‐social compartment indicated social avoidance. Finally, we conducted the modified T‐maze for social approach. The arena consisted T‐shaped maze with three arms. We observed the time spent by the target mouse on the social and non‐social arm to identify social avoidance. Two weeks after these behavioral tests, we proceeded to repeat the same behavioral experiments to test for long‐term effects. Our results showed that ELS caused a small short‐term decrease in social interaction with cage mate 24 hours after PST, no differences in 3‐chambers test between control mice and ELS, and a significant change in T‐maze after 2 weeks of PST. Overall our results show an important sex‐dependent difference in sociability and short‐ and long‐term effects of ELS in social behavior in adult female mice. Support or Funding Information I want to thank Dr. Karina Alvina for giving me the opportunity to work in her laboratory at Texas Tech University Department of Biology in Lubbock, TX. Kazi‐Farhana Afroz for teaching me the techniques required for the experiments. To all members of the Alvina lab for all the support and to the UPR‐PRISE PROGRAM (R25GM082406). This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Conflict management in the extractive industries: A comparison of four mining projects in Latin America

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Increasing global demand for minerals has led to increasing socio-environmental conflicts in the mining sector. To understand why mining company managers (especially those in the areas of community relations, corporate affairs, social performance, and corporate social responsibility) fail to adequately manage conflict, we examined the conflict management approaches used by managers of large mining operations in Latin America. We interviewed a few managers per mine and analysed secondary data relating to the conflicts associated with the Nueva Unión (Chile), Peñasquito (Mexico), Vazante (Brazil), and Yanacocha (Peru) mines. We found that the conflict management style being used did not incorporate understandings from political ecology or environmental justice. We consider these perspectives could improve conflict management in the extractive industries, which would reduce the environmental and social impacts experienced by host communities, the cost of conflict borne by companies and communities, and would increase the social licence to operate of companies and their operations. We discuss various key issues including: worldviews and ontological differences; the distribution of costs and benefits from the extractive industries; power imbalance; corporate structure and strategy towards community and environmental issues; and the adequacy of the response of the national and international social justice systems.
Epidemiological Mapping of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Infections in Saudi Arabia: A Descriptive and Observational Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease affecting people worldwide. An epidemiological observational population-cohort study was conducted based on comprehensive research on CL incidence in Saudi and non-Saudi residents. Data on CL incidences were recorded by the Ministry of Health between January 2020 and December 2022. The chi-square test was used to analyze the data and determine CL incident rates in age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs) and gender between Saudi and non-Saudi residents in Saudi Arabia (KSA). The study found that between 2020 and 2022, there were 2280 cases of CL in KSA, 1367 cases in males and 913 cases in females. 64.26% of Saudi nationals were male patients and 12.91% were females. The frequency of CL was greater (87.09%) among non-Saudi residents than among Saudi nationals, with a statistically significant difference (P0.001) between the two groups. The ASIRs for CL were higher in patients aged between 15 and 45. This study revealed variations in CL incident rates among the 13 administrative regions; Al-Qassem, followed by Aseer, Ha'il, and Al-Madinah, showed higher rates than other regions. These findings suggest the need for targeted interventions and public health strategies to reduce the burden on CL, particularly among non-Saudi residents.
Crimes against Women: A Study of National Dailies on Coverage of Rape Cases

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recently the world has witnessed an upsurge in relation to crimes against women especially in reference to Nirbhaya's Rape Case in December 2012. Over the ages, women have been subjected to victims of any of the general crimes such as murder, robbery, cheating etc., According to Indian Penal Code (IPC) 'Crimes against women' are: rape kidnapping & abduction for specific purposes, homicide for dowry, dowry deaths or their attempts, torture-both mental & physical, molestation, sexual harassment and importation of girls. Whereas Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act 1956, Dowry Prohibition Act 1961, Indecent Representation of Women (Prohobition) Act 1986 & Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act 1987, all come under crimes under the Special & Local Laws (SLL).A total of 2,13,585 incidents of crime against women (both under IPC & SLL) were reported in the country during 2010. High profile cases of assault of women amounting to rape are have been in news whether it is snoopgate scandal, cases against Ashram Bapu and his son, Tejpal Singh of Tehalka or Justice Ganguli' s case of assault of an intern. High profile cases of assault of women amounting to rape are have been in news whether it is snoopgate scandal, cases against Ashram Bapu and his son, Tejpal Singh of Tehalka or Justice Ganguli' s case of assault of an intern. Media did play a very important role in coverage of Nirbhaya's Rape Case and brought the issues of crime against women to the forefront. In the backdrop of this context the present research is the study of the National Dailies in terms of their coverage of news stories of crimes against women. The study not only puts light on the coverage of news stories along with their follow ups but also analyzes the editorial page. It will look into the types of crimes against women reported, the space given by newspapers to them i.e. on which page & column wise study; state wise, the language used, photographs / data / graphs used. The present study is carried out on Four National Dailies: Two English Dailies-Times of India & Hindustan Times and Two Hindi Dailies: DainikJagran&NavBharat Times. The study will be spread over a period of one month i.e. October 2013 (1st – 30th October, 2013). Content Analysis method of research is applied for the present study. The data tabulation will be done using the percentile method & analysis will be present in descriptive manner. The research will present both the qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Zhang J: Evolutionary dynamics of nematode operons: easy come, slow go

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Operons are widespread in prokaryotes, but are uncommon in eukaryotes, except nematode worms, where ∼15 % of genes reside in over 1100 operons in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. It is unclear how operons have become abundant in nematode genomes. The “one-way street ” hypothesis asserts that once formed by chance, operons are very difficult to break, because the breakage would leave downstream genes in an operon without a promoter, and hence, unexpressed. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the presence and absence of C. elegans operons in Caenorhabditis briggsae, Caenorhabditis remanei, and Caenorhabditis brenneri, using Pristionchus pacificus and Brugia malayi as outgroups, and identified numerous operon gains and losses. Coupled with experimental examination of trans-splicing patterns, our comparative genomic analysis revealed diverse molecular mechanisms of operon losses, including inversion, insertion, and relocation, but the presence of internal promoters was not found to facilitate operon losses. In several cases, the data allowed inference of mechanisms by which downstream genes are expressed after operon breakage. We found that the rate of operon gain is ∼3.3 times that of operon loss. Thus, the evolutionary dynamics of nematode operons is better described as “easy come, slow go, ” rather than a “one-way street. ” Based on a mathematic model of operon gains and losses and additional assumptions, we projected that the number of operons in C. elegans will continue to rise by 6%–18 % in future evolution before reaching equilibrium between operon gains and losses. [Supplemental material is available online at www.genome.org.] An operon is a cluster of linked genes that are under the control of a single promoter and are transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA (Jacob et al. 1960). Operons are prevalent in prokaryotic genomes (Salgado et al. 2000; Ermolaeva et al. 2001), but are uncommon in eukaryotes, with the exception of the phylum
Long-term Hematopoietic Stem Cells as Sanctuary Niche during Treatment Failure in Visceral Leishmaniasis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The increasing frequency of treatment failure in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has already resulted in discontinuation of various first-line drugs. Although most studies focus on associations with parasitic drug resistance, a knowledge gap remains about other factors determining cure versus relapse. The present study used double bioluminescent/fluorescent Leishmania infantum and L. donovani reporter lines to study relapse at the tissue and cellular level. In combination with 123 different treatments in golden Syrian hamsters, the observations provide evidence of parasites surviving in the bone marrow (BM), identifying this tissue as a sanctuary site from where the host can be recolonized. Long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC; Lin- Sca1 + cKit + CD48- CD150+) were found to become readily infected through invasion rather than phagocytosis. Compared to other BM cells and macrophages, LT-HSCs constitute a hospitable cellular niche with low nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species levels and harbouring enormous parasite burdens. Moreover, we found that infected LT-HSCs are less sensitive to antileishmanial reference drugs in comparison to macrophages. Given the important clinical implications for the current field situation of increasing post-treatment relapse rates, this study represents an essential step by identifying the BM cellular niches responsible for Leishmania persistence and treatment failure.
A Solid Phase, Sandwich-Type Radioimmunoassay forAntithyroglobulin: Elimination of False Positive Resultsand Semiquantitative Measurement of Antithyroglobulinin the Presence of Elevated Thyroglobulin*

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thyroid disorders can be associated with elevated concentrations of serum antithyroglobulin antibodies (anti-Tg) and/or thyroglobulin (Tg), but none of the available anti-Tg assays deals with anti-Tg measurements in the presence of abnormally high Tg levels. The competitive binding radioassay produces falsely elevated values for anti-Tg if serum Tg is elevated and either falsely elevated or depressed values if both Tg and anti-Tg are abnormally high. The falsely elevated anti-Tg values can be identified by measuring the formation of Tg[125I]anti-Tg complexes in the supernatant of the anti-Tg assay (supernatant assay). For screening purposes, we modified the original anti-Tg RIA into a solid phase, sandwich-type RIA. Anti-Tg in serum or standard is first bound to plastic cups coated with Tg and then quantitated by binding of [125I]Tg. This assay has a detection limit of 2 U/ml serum, intra- and interassay coefficients of variation of 9--15%, and a normal range of less than 2 U/ml. When sera with normal Tg concentrations were analyzed, the results for anti-Tg obtained by the competitive binding RIA and the new sandwich RIA were comparable as far as positives and negatives were concerned, and the numerical values for positive sera correlated moderately well (r = 0.79); the sandwich assay, in general, gave lower values for anti-Tg. The major advantages of the sandwich anti-Tg RIA are the elimination of false positive results and its applicability to sera containing high levels of both Tg and anti-Tg. In the latter case, the results indicate the level of free anti-Tg present, as opposed to antibody present in the form of Tg-anti-Tg complexes.
Piaget’s Developmental Epistemology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Developmental epistemology is not to be confused with developmental psychology and the latter is not identical with child psychology. (Instead) it bridges the gap between developmental psychology and epistemology in general, which it helps to enrich. . . . Developmental epistemology is thus by nature an interdisciplinary research, where developmental psychology plays a necessary but not sufficient role.Adapted from Jean Piaget (1966/1973)
Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29): relation to established measures of impairment and disability

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To validate the newly developed Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale (MSIS-29) in a large, well characterized, independent group of MS patients by investigating the relation between the MSIS-29 and the Guy’s Neurological Disability Scale (GNDS), the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the MS Functional Composite (MSFC). Methods: Two hundred MS patients were recruited at our outpatient department. At the same visit GNDS, EDSS, MSFC and MSIS-29 were assessed. Data obtained from GNDS, EDSS and MSFC assessment were compared to both physical and psychological impact scores of the MSIS-29. In addition the contribution of GNDS subcategories, EDSS functional systems and MSFC components to the physical and psychological impact scores of the MSIS-29 was studied. Results: Median scores were 37.5 for the physical and 22.2 for the psychological impact score of the MSIS-29, 13.0 for GNDS and 4.0 for EDSS. Mean MSFC was 0.07. The physical impact score showed good correlations with both GNDS (0.79) and EDSS (0.68) and a moderate correlation with the MSFC (- 0.53). The psychological impact score showed weak correlations with EDSS (0.22) and MSFC (-0.30) and a moderately strong correlation with the GNDS (0.58). In 50 (25%) patients, scores on physical and psychological impact scales diverted, i.e., a relative high score on one scale combined with a relative low score on the other scale. This was related to the clinical disease course. Conclusion: Our study supports the use of the MSIS-29 as a measure for the assessment of physical impact of MS on normal daily life. In addition, our data provides a deeper understanding of the factors that determine both physical and psychological disease impact. Discrepancies between the latter two aspects deserve further attention.
LDL and HDL in Human Arteries — Role in Atherogenesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) are considered to be the major source of cholesterol in atherosclerotic lesions (Adams, 1967; St. Clair, 1967). Since deposition of cholesterol is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and positive correlations have been shown between plasma LDL levels and atherosclerosis (Heinle, et al., 1969), the deposition of LDL in arteries has to be considered a critical event in atherogenesis. By contrast, even though containing a major fraction of total plasma cholesterol (Havel, et al., 1955), plasma high density lipoproteins (HDL) are considered to be anti-atherogenic, based to a large degree on epidemiological studies demonstrating a negative correlation between plasma HDL levels and atherosclerosis of coronary arteries (Gordon, et al., 1977), and on a number of in vitro studies demonstrating that HDL can remove excess cholesterol from membranes of cultured cells (Stein, et al., 1975; Ho, et al., 1980).
Basic Life Support (BLS): critical issues in expert and inexperienced trainees.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: critical issues in expert and inexperienced trainees.Purpose of the study: Sudden cardiac arrest is a leading cause of death in developed countries. Survival rates are higher when cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is well-performed, hence the importance of improving CPR abilities. We aimed to evaluate the acquisition of practical abilities in non-expert and expert trainees in order to identify the relative critical issues during training.Materials and methods: Thirty-seven CPR courses were held for 122 expert and 104 inexperienced student nurses (age: 19-34, median=21), randomly assigned to each course. After lessons, practical work was conducted on Resusci-Anne manikins with training defibrillators. Finally, instructors used the skill test form by Italian Resuscitation Council to evaluate practical abilities. The 16 items were grouped in 4 categories (A:Airways, B:Breathing, C:Circulation, D:Defibrillation) and summed in four categorical scores. R program was used for statistical analysis.Results: A significant difference exists among the 4 categorical scores of skill test (Friedman test, P<.001). Post-hoc test according to Nemenyi for multiple joint samples identifies differences between skills. u201cCu201d skill differs highly significant (P<.01) to u201cAu201d, u201cBu201d and u201cDu201d skills. Other contrasts are not significant. Furthermore, Friedman and Nemenyi tests identify a different behavior among nurses with or without previous CPR courses. u201cAu201d skill differs significantly to u201cBu201d (P=.05), u201cCu201d (P<.001) and u201cDu201d skills (P=.05) in the inexperienced group. u201cCu201d skill differs significantly to u201cAu201d, u201cBu201d and u201cDu201d skills (P=.05) in the expert group. Conclusions: Overall, scores related to circulation support are lower than other skills. Therefore, during training, instructors should always pay attention to abilities referring to circulation. u201cAu201d skills are well acquired also by inexperienced students, for whom abilities related to breath, circulation and defibrillation are more difficult. The expert group reaches high scores in u201cAu201d, u201cBu201d and u201cDu201d skills, confirming that u201cCu201d abilities should be enhanced also in trainees with previous CPR courses.