jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Points relating to the estimation of saturation coefficient in beet molasses

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Sucrose in molasses is responsible for the largest yield loss in a sugar factory. The amount of sucrose which can be recovered in the last stage of crystallization, after product cooling crystallization, depends on its solubility in the molasses. The impact of the quality and amount of nonsucrose compounds on the sucrose solubility and crystallization kinetics become particularly important in the lower purity of syrups and molasses. A short review about sucrose solubility in sugar beet molasses of widely differing quality was carried out. The saturation coefficients determined by the experimental saturation test was compared with the values predicted on the basis of molasses quality by means of the equations cited by Reinefeld et al. and Bohn et al. There was statistically good relationship between the saturation values estimated by three methods. The impact of nonsucrose compounds on the saturation coefficient was evaluated by statistical analysis. Saturatin coefficient is changed during sugar beet processing and has an important role in the management of industrial crystallization as one of micro kinetic elements.
Near-symplectic 2n–manifolds

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We give a generalization of the concept of near-symplectic structures to\n[math]\ndimensions. According to our definition, a closed\n[math] –form on a\n[math] –manifold\n[math]\nis near-symplectic if it is symplectic outside a submanifold\n[math] of\ncodimension\n[math]\nwhere\n[math]\nvanishes. We depict how this notion relates to near-symplectic\n[math] –manifolds\nand broken Lefschetz fibrations via some examples. We define a generalized\nbroken Lefschetz fibration as a singular map with indefinite folds and\nLefschetz-type singularities. We show that, given such a map on a\n[math] –manifold over a symplectic\nbase of codimension\n[math] ,\nthe total space carries such a near-symplectic structure whose singular locus corresponds\nprecisely to the singularity set of the fibration. A second part studies the geometry around the\ncodimension- [math]\nsingular locus\n[math] .\nWe describe a splitting property of the normal bundle\n[math] that\nis also present in dimension four. A tubular neighbourhood theorem for\n[math] is\nprovided, which has a Darboux-type theorem for near-symplectic forms as a\ncorollary.
GeoT User's Guide: A Computer Program for Multicomponent Geothermometry and Geochemical Speciation, Version 1.4

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

GeoT (Spycher et al., 2011) was developed by automating the multicomponent chemical geothermometry method of Reed and Spycher (1984). As needed, this program can be integrated with parameter estimation software. Without optimization, GeoT is useful for fast geothermometry computations with fluid compositions from single locations, and for independently processing fluids from multiple locations in one single program run.
Two Wittgensteins Too Many: Wittgenstein’s Foundationalism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In deploying the notions of logical form and form of life, Wittgenstein was always clear that despite occupying this fundamental position, neither could be deployed for the purpose of making philosophical pronouncements about 'what there is' or 'what there must be'. Both remain outside the scope of the explicable, sayable or articulable, and in no circumstances could the limits they embody be stated or positively charted. Wittgenstein's central insight, early and late, is that there can be no transcendental setting of limits to sense in advance, or once and for all. One can see a direct reference to Wittgenstein's early view, in a variant of the famous remark in the Investigations in which one may tell that forms of life are given. As a precursor, it is important to clarify what form his foundationalism took, what it amounts to and what allegedly makes it unique.
RNA control in pain: Blame it on the messenger

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract mRNA function is meticulously controlled. We provide an overview of the integral role that posttranscriptional controls play in the perception of painful stimuli by sensory neurons. These specialized cells, termed nociceptors, precisely regulate mRNA polarity, translation, and stability. A growing body of evidence has revealed that targeted disruption of mRNAs and RNA‐binding proteins robustly diminishes pain‐associated behaviors. We propose that the use of multiple independent regulatory paradigms facilitates robust temporal and spatial precision of protein expression in response to a range of pain‐promoting stimuli. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease Translation > Translation Regulation RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Visual and Infrared Detection and Ranging (VAIDAR) for Marine Navigational Hazards

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The field of unmanned surface vessels (USVs) has made significant strides in autonomous navigation, yet accurate and reliable perception of the maritime environment, particularly in hazard detection, remains a challenge. Currently utilized technologies, such as radar and global positioning system (GPS), provide valuable data but EO/IR is underutilized due to complexities with processing. To address this problem, our research introduces Visual and Infrared Detection and Ranging (VAIDAR), a comprehensive solution that combines deep learning-based computer vision techniques with a physics-based algorithm for real-time EO/IR data processing that can offer two essential capabilities: hazard detection and hazard localization. VAIDAR has been found to provide a known safe distance of 2 nautical miles (NM) for a target 6.5 NM away, achieving an overall mean average precision (mAP) of 0.91. A true positive (TP) testing metric determined that the proposed method achieved a performance of 97.6% when using a contour overlap threshold of 50%. This indicates a robust congruity between the inference contours and the ground truth annotations across all the evaluated test frames. Together, this system and its findings will enhance USV autonomous navigation in various maritime environments.
In Vivo Study of Pre-treated Pumpkin Flour (Cucurbita moschata) Feeding Substitution on Hyperglycemic Male Wistar Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease caused due to high blood sugar levels. Treatment for Diabetes mellitus patients can be supported through a suitable diet and nutrition intake. One of the potential plants used in a diabetic diet is pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) which contains numerous bioactive compounds such as fiber, beta-carotene, and phenolic compounds. This study was conducted to determine the effect of substitution feeding of pre-treated pumpkin flour, i.e., blanching (90°C, 6 min) or soaking under citric acid solution (0.1%, 60 min), on blood glucose levels of hyperglycemic male Wistar rats. The pre-treatment of results showed that the feeding substitution of 25% pre-treated pumpkin flour had reduced the blood glucose level of the hyperglycemic male Wistar rats group. The highest blood glucose reduction of 23.26% or 45.22 mg/dL was found in the rats fed with the substitution of 25% pumpkin flour treated with citric acid.
Summary of and observations about WIPP (Waste Isolation Pilot Plant) Facility horizon flow measurements through 1986

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Numerous gas flow measurements have been made at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Facility horizon from 1984 through 1986. Almost all tests have been constant-pressure or pressure-decay tests from single boreholes drilled in the underground excavations. Results indicate that beyond about 2 m from an excavation, both halite and interbeds (anhydrite and clay layers) allowed very low gas flows, and calculated permeabilities are below 1 microdarcy. In regions within 2 m of an excavation very high flow rates were measured in the interbeds immediately above and below an excavation when the test hole was drilled from near the center of the excavation. Further, measured flow rates increase with the width of the excavation. The halite also permits substantially greater gas flow within about 1 m of the excavations. Limited tracer measurements reveal that flow paths in both the halite and interbeds in the near field region are significantly larger than those in the presumed undisturbed condition. The gas flow measurements are consistent with the development of a (perhaps partially-saturated) dilatant zone (increased porosity) around the excavations. Considerable uncertainty is associated with permeabilities calculated from these flow measurements, due to unknowns of rock saturation, entry pressure effects, flow homogeneity, etc.
A Mesoclimatological Classification System for Air Pollution Engineers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A method of deriving 3 air pollution potential indexes based on selected climatic data and meso-climate topographic factors have been developed, though not yet adequately field tested, for use by engineers in choosing between alternate factory sites. Three indexes, one for general air pollution, one for photoreac-tive air pollutants, and one for fog-reactive air pollutants, the latter two based on the first one plus sunshine and humidity factors respectively, are presented. These indexes vary with locations, not with air pollutants or time. The first index, called the GSI (General Stagnation Index) is based on a series of national maps which present a variety of climatic parameters pertinent to air pollution potential for the mid-season months of July and October. These maps, useful by themselves, have been derived from climate records from 129 Weather Bureau airport stations and from radiosonde data. The parameters used include wind speed percentages in the 0-3 and 0-12 mile/hr categories, cloud cover percentages, a nighttime stagnation factor, and a vertical ventilation factor. The GSI provides a means of estimating the additional climatic stagnation that occurs in topographically sheltered areas due to width, height and area of the valley (if present), further modified by meso- and micro-climatological factors, such as angle and aspect of slope, solar intensity, sky cover and character of surface. Specialized wind speed summaries from a variety of topographical configurations in West Virginia resulted in a graph which may be helpful in such calculations for any sheltered location from a nearby measurement of relatively unrestricted air flow such as are typically measured at the Weather Bureau airport stations.Weaknesses and possible uses of the various stagnation indexes are discussed.
Occupational Therapy Students' Development of Therapeutic Communication Skills During a Service-Learning Experience

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This qualitative study examined the effect community-based service-learning experiences had upon occupational therapy students' therapeutic communication skills and their application of theoretical concepts. After their semester-long course was completed, six students de-identified and voluntarily submitted their weekly reflective journals for retrospective analysis in accordance with Giorgi's strategies (1985, 1997). Two analysts identified eight themes: developing trust, establishing boundaries, communication, client-centered care, breakdown of preconceptions, increased self-awareness, power of pride, and power of occupation. Educators are urged to use service-learning experiences to facilitate student interpersonal skill development and integration of theoretical knowledge.
Financial effect of limiting pesticide use near schools for almonds in nine counties depends on soils and weather

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Effective Jan. 1, 2018, the California Department of Pesticide Regulation enacted a regulation regarding the use of pesticides near public K-12 schools and licensed child day care centers, including a provision that bans specific types of applications, including air-blast and air-assist, during weekday school hours (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) to provide an additional safety margin for pesticide exposure beyond those provided by other regulations. We considered the financial effect on almond growers in nine counties, accounting for four-fifths of total almond production in 2014, if they had been unable to complete a standard spring disease management program on any buffer zone acreage. Results indicated that total annual losses for those counties if such a regulation had been in effect would have been $8.7 million, with per-acre losses ranging from 22% to over 50% of total operating costs, depending on the county. However, using a methodology that took into account historical weather and soil hydrologic group data, we estimated average annual losses in the nine counties among almond growers would have been under $0.2 million because the regulation would have affected the number of sprays completed for relatively few acres in relatively few years.
Thermodynamics of mixing of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylcholine in hydrated bilayers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and egg phosphatidylcholine (egg PC) are not completely miscible at all temperatures. Their phase diagram was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of aqueous mixtures of the two. From the integrated DSC curves we obtained the enthalpy of solution of DPPC in egg PC, Δh s , as a function of the mole fraction of DPPC, X, and using the empirical relationship between Δh s and X, the solubility X sat as a function of temperature, T. The latter could be described by the semiempirical relationship:RlnX sat = a + blnT – c/T, where a = 6.57 × 10 −2 kcal∙mol −1 ∙degree −1 and c = 20.5 kcal∙mol −1 (1 cal = 4.1868 J); the coefficient b was very small and could be ignored. The quantity Δh s can be given as XΔh DPPC + Δh mix , where Δh DPPC is the gel – liquid crystalline transition enthalpy of DPPC (8.74 kcal∙mol −1 ) and Δh mix is the enthalpy of mixing the two liquid crystalline lipids. Δh mix depends on X in approximately a parabolic fashion, having a maximal value of 4.8 kcal∙mol −1 at X = 0.6.It was shown that both the solubility and mixing enthalpy data can be described by the theory of regular solutions (RST). In RST, the activity coefficient of the solute (component 2) of a binary solution is given by RTlnγ 2 = (1 − θ 2 ) 2 ΔU, while the mixing enthalpy is given by Δh mix = θ 1 θ 2 ΔU/v 2 , where θ 1 and θ 2 are the volume fractions of solvent and solute (egg PC and DPPC, respectively), v 2 is the partial molar volume of DPPC, and ΔU is the energy change per mole on interchanging a DPPC and an egg PC molecule between their respective liquid crystalline phases. The thermodynamic data are accurately described by RST, the molar volume of DPPC being found to be about half mat of egg PC solution and the interchange energy ΔU having a value of 10–11 kcal∙mol −1 . There was some evidence that ΔU may be an increasing function of temperature. The large value of the ΔU accounts for the pronounced temperature dependence of the solubility X sat , which decreases from 0.35 at 35 °C to 0.02 at 10 °C.The presence of cholesterol in the mixtures decreases both the transition enthalpy of DPPC and the mixing enthalpy in a linear fashion, so that Δh s is zero at X cholesterol ≥ 0.2. The results are consistent with recent data indicating the formation of a PC–cholesterol complex of stoichiometry approximately 4:1.
Receipt for payment from J. H. Woodward, Birmingham, Alabama, to Doster-Northington Incorporated, Birmingham, Alabama, November 28, 1925

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

A document from an extensive collection spanning four generations of the Woodward family that operated merchant pig iron companies in West Virginia and Alabama. The collection begins with Stimpson Harvey Woodward (S. H. Woodward), a native of Massachusetts, who moved from Pittsburgh to Wheeling, West Virginia in 1852. He had interests in an iron company as early as 1852 in West Virginia and began Alabama operations in 1869. The family business continued in Alabama until the death of S. H. Woodward's great-grandson in 1965.
High-Temperature Oxidation of Zinc Sulfide:  Kinetic Modeling under Conditions of Strict Kinetic Control

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A detailed analysis of the oxidation of zinc sulfide particles was conducted in a thermobalance between 548 and 630 °C with different oxygen concentrations. It was found that, in the presence of external mass-transfer effects, an oxysulfate intermediate was formed. However, when the flow rate was chosen such that this effect was eliminated, no sulfates were formed. Analysis of the controlling regimes indicated that even the use of small particles (<200 mesh) did not eliminate internal diffusional resistance. Thus, using only the initial rate data, the surface reaction model (−r = kKA[O2]/1 + KA[O2]) with no dissociation of oxygen was found to depict the data very well up to 609 °C. Simple power law models were found to be wholly inadequate to represent the data.
Relationship between rain composition in Spain and its sources

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Factor analysis is used to evaluate relationships among inorganic ions to provide a qualitative determination of the kind of ion sources Spanish wet deposition. This procedure identifies four factors: sea, soil, aerosol, and industrial. The factor that reproduces a larger fraction of the variance is the soil or soil/aerosol and the factor reproducing a lower fraction of the variance is the industrial. The conditional probability function (CPF) [ Ashbaugh et al. , 1985] is used to identify possible sources for each ion, in geographical terms. The Mediterranean region is the most important source of inorganic ions and the British Isles the single source, although intermediate, of acid rain.
Regularizing invertible neural networks for airfoil design through dimension reduction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This work examines how dimension reduction can improve the performance of invertible neural networks (INN) for airfoil design. Design workflows are typically expensive, relying on many evaluations of high fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. Furthermore, the inverse design problem is typically ill-posed. That is, multiple valid solutions exist that satisfy the design criteria. Regularization can reduce this inverse design space and simplify the problem. We study the use of subspace-based input dimension reduction to act as a regularizer for the INN model and improve the recovery of new airfoil shapes with desired performance characteristics. We find that the dimension reduction identifies two dominant modes, relating to airfoil thickness and camber, that optimally determine the airfoil's aerodynamics. We demonstrate the capability of the proposed INN model to generate 100 airfoils that satisfy the specific aerodynamic and structural characteristics.
Best Practices for the Coordinated Care of Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors Undergoing Peptide Receptor Radionuclide Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare, diverse malignancies; approximately two thirds originate in the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas and are known as gastroenteropancreatic NET. Most cases are diagnosed in the advanced or metastatic setting and overexpress somatostatin receptors. Recommended first-line treatment is somatostatin analogs; however, disease progression is common. [ 177 Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE is a radiolabeled peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) indicated for the treatment of adult patients with somatostatin receptor-positive foregut, midgut, and hindgut gastroenteropancreatic NETs and progression on first-line somatostatin analogs. Many primary oncology practices may lack the staff, expertise, and infrastructure to treat patients with PRRT and primary oncologists may therefore refer their patients to a NET specialist at a tertiary center for treatment. Given the amount of organization required, PRRT treatment may seem to be complex; however, this process will be managed by a care coordinator who acts as a consistent point of contact for primary physicians regarding the care of their patients and ensures blood tests and scans are scheduled. In this article, we share our opinions, procedures, workflow, best practice, and roles and responsibilities when caring for patients receiving [ 177 Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE and focus on the role of the primary oncologist before, during, and after PRRT treatment.
Effectiveness of training program to develop the skills of home economics students designed to make use of some of the remnants of the home environment to produce innovative products for a small project

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The objective of this research is to build and implement a training program to develop the skills of students of home economics of Faculty of Specific Education Damietta, Mansoura University to make use of some of the remnants of the environment and home to start a small project to increase the income of the family, by limiting the remnants of the family and the house and make innovative products of their remnants instead of the disposal using the traditional methods, which result in some damage to the environment and human health, this research where these two approaches descriptive analytical and empirical. The basic sample has included 35 students, the fourth year students of Home Economics Department, Faculty of Specific Education, Damietta, in the academic year 2009/2010.18 students of the rural province of Damietta and 17 students of the urban province of Damietta. - A questionnaire form has been designed containing a number of themes, they are: Limit the amount of waste in the family and home. Identify the method of disposal of waste. Understand the manual skills of the students and the degree of mastery. Identifying the willingness of respondents to participate in the program to take advantage of the various remnants of the environment. Identifying the desire of members of the sample in a small project depends on the remnants of the environment.
THE INVESTIGATION OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE DIFFICULTIES AT NINETH JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

English learning in Indonesia, especially at the junior high school level has various obstacles. One of these obstacles is that students find it difficult in learning present continuous tense because students think that present continuous tense is similar to present tense. The aimed of this research is to describe students' difficulties in learning present continuous tense. This type of research is descriptive qualitative. The research subjects of this study were 4 students consist of 2 female and 2 male nineth grade students of Al-Fattah Junior High School, Jember The instruments used include observation, interview and document review. The data obtained were analyzed using source triangulation and technique triangulation methods. The results of this study show that students have difficulty in making example sentences using the present continuous tense, difficulty in understanding the meaning of the present continuous tense pattern.