jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Consequences of Plasticity: \nHow do Individual Conditions Affect Physiology, Survival and Copulatory Behaviours in Drosophila? \n

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Drosophila melanogaster are a polygamous species: males and females repeat copulation with multiple mates. When more than one male’s sperm have to compete to fertilise the same female’s eggs, sperm competition occurs. This has driven individuals to develop physiological and behavioural plastic responses to enable them to outcompete others and increase their chances of siring successful offspring. But what effect do variable environmental conditions have on these responses? Plasticity comes with a cost, often causing reproductive-survival trade-offs to occur. Previous experiments have failed to show how stress impacts reproductive terminal investment, and other plastic responses, so this study aims to contribute knowledge to this field. \n \nThe experiments were completed using a combination of stresses to weaken Drosophila: a two-day starvation period and either age (three, 14 and 28 days) or varying sperm competition levels (solitary males, pairs, groups of eight and solitary males in the presence of pheromones). Evidence of trade-offs and plastic reproductive terminal investment was investigated by monitoring behavioural responses (courtship behaviours, rejection responses and copulatory durations), physiological responses (spermatogenesis, egg production and fat reserve levels), as well as activity and starvation resistance as a proxy for longevity. Aged and starved flies, and flies that were not placed under sperm competition, were less active and had a shorter lifespan. These weaker males also tended to exert less energy into courtship behaviours; however they also copulated for longer. This suggests that they were investing in reproductive terminal investment. When males were placed with females that had been continuously fed, copulation lasted significantly longer. This could be to enable him to transfer more sperm, or as a method of mate guarding. In addition to this, older females spent less time rejecting males, suggesting that they were more willing to succumb to copulation. Despite efforts, both males and females produced significantly fewer offspring when placed in stressful environments. \n
Factors influencing personal saving in Thailand / Nurul Fathiyah Ghazali

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Personal saving is the portion of personal income that is left over after personal current taxes and outlays for personal consumption expenditures, non mortgage interest payments, and net current transfers to government and the rest of the world. It excludes capital gains because capital gains represent changes in the prices of assets that are already owned, not unspent portions of income receipts. Personal saving represents the contribution from persons to national saving, which is the total amount that is available to fund investment in fixed assets, inventories, or foreign assets. This paper empirically analyzes the Factors Influencing Personal Saving in Thailand. The data are collected from Malaysia Economic Report, Bank Negara, Bank of Thailand, International Financial Statistics, Bursa Malaysia and Valuation and Services Department. The study used multiple regression analysis to see the relationships between dependant and independent variables. Personal saving was used as dependant variable and stock return, home ownership, and disposable income as independent variables. From the analysis that has been done, there is sufficient evidence to conclude that there is a relationship between disposable income, home ownership and stock return with personal saving in Thailand.
Month of Birth, Early Academic Achievement, and Parental Expectations of University Completion: A New Test on Sticky Expectations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Previous studies have shown that educational expectations of individuals with high socioeconomic status (SES) are relatively unaffected by low academic performance, a phenomenon called “sticky expectations.” However, this result might be biased by endogeneity and reverse causality between academic achievement and educational expectations. Using data from the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study from 11 countries with a strict school-entry rule and building on the well-established finding that children born in the months before the school-entry cutoff underperform at school, we use birth month as an instrument to identify the causal effect of early academic achievement on parents’ expectations of university completion by parental education. Our findings based on the instrumental variable (IV) regression show that the moderation of social origin in the relationship between children’s performance and parental expectations is moderately overestimated in cross-sectional data. Nonetheless, the stickiness of high-SES parental expectations is confirmed in the IV model, proving that parental expectations are less affected by children’s early achievement when the parents are highly educated.
Brief Report: Complete Genome Sequence of CG-0018a-01 Establishes HIV-1 Subtype L

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: The full spectrum of HIV-1 diversity can be found in Central Africa, including 2 divergent HIV-1 strains collected in 1983 and 1990 in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) that were preliminarily classified as group M subtype L. However, a third epidemiologically distinct subtype L genome must be identified to designate L as a true subtype. Methods: Specimen CG-0018a-01 was collected in 2001 in DRC as part of an HIV diversity study. Previous subgenomic HIV-1 sequences from this specimen branched closely with proposed subtype L references. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and HIV-specific target-enriched (HIV-xGen) libraries were combined for NGS to extend genome coverage. mNGS reads were analyzed for the presence of other coinfections with the sequence-based ultrarapid pathogen identification bioinformatics pipeline. Results: A complete HIV-1 genome was generated with an average coverage depth of 47,783×. After bioinformatic analysis also identified hepatitis B virus reads, a complete hepatitis B virus genotype A genome was assembled with an average coverage depth of 73,830×. The CG-0018a-01 HIV-1 genome branched basal to the 2 previous putative subtype L strains with strong bootstrap support of 100. With no evidence of recombination present, the strain was classified as subtype L. Conclusions: The CG-0018a-01 HIV-1 genome establishes subtype L and confirms ongoing transmission in DRC as recently as 2001. Since CG-0018a-01 is more closely related to an ancestral strain than to isolates from 1983 to 1990, additional strains are likely circulating in DRC and possibly elsewhere.
Fracture treatment for the multiply injured patient.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Multiply injured patients are benefited by an intradisciplinary approach to treatment. Consultants provide expertise in the treatment of particular injured systems. Resuscitation and diagnostic evaluation are life-saving priorities of treatment in the emergency room. Definitive surgical treatment of body cavity injury is combined with careful monitoring while the patient is under anesthesia. The orthopaedic surgeon's responsibility then is to stabilize the fractures, thus minimizing the risk of infection, lung failure, and debilitation so that the patient may be gotten out of bed and rehabilitation started. Prolonged recumbency is probably the worst thing that can happen to a traumatized patient. The goal of fracture treatment is bone union without infection and with stable soft tissue coverage and normal motion of associated joints. It is important to realize that in these multiply injured people, fractures of the femoral or tibial shafts and unstable pelvic fractures threaten survival and should be surgically treated as soon as feasible. The operative treatment of fractures of the humerus, forearm, knee, and ankle can be addressed on an emergent basis. The condition of the skin around the ankle and knee influences the timing of surgery; a 24-hour delay may preclude surgery for weeks because of swelling and blisters. Orthopaedic surgeons now are beginning to understand the concepts of spine instability and have devices to stabilize the fractures. We think that unstable fractures should be given the same priority that fractures of major long bones receive. Free vascularized tissue provides excellent coverage when skin loss occurs over the distal two-thirds of tibial fractures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
New tools for process control of baculovirus-insect cell based production of biopharmaceuticals

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Das Baculovirus/Insektenzell-Expressionssystem wird zunehmend in der biopharmazeutischen Industrie eingesetzt. Um zukünftig noch schnellere und flexiblere Produktion zu gewährleisten, braucht es aber neue Werkzeuge zur Verbesserung von Produkttitern, -reinheit und Prozessrobustheit. Extrazelluläre Vesikel (EVs) sind kleine, der intrazellulären Kommunikation dienende Partikel. Die Freisetzung von EVs ändert sich durch Infektion mit vielen Viren, was deren Verbreitung hemmt oder fördert. Die Produktion im Baculovirus/Insektenzell-System basiert auf Virusinfektion, daher hängt die Leistungsfähigkeit des Prozesses von der Infektionsverbreitung ab und dabei könnten EVs eine Rolle spielen. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit hat sich mit Insektenzell-EVs und deren Änderungen durch Baculovirus-Infektion beschäftigt. Proteom- und bioinformatische Analysen zeigten substanzielle Änderungen der EV-Protein-Zusammensetzung nach Infektion. Unsere Ergebnisse dienen als Basis für weitere Experimente, die zeigen werden, wie EVs zur Verbesserung des Produktionssystems genutzt werden können. Weiters stellen co-produzierte Baculoviruspartikel eine große Herausforderung für die Produktaufreinigung dar. Daher haben sich der zweite und dritte Teil dieser Arbeit mit der Reduktion des Baculovirus-Buddings beschäftigt. Im zweiten Teil wurde ein auf Co-Infektion und CRISPR/Cas9 basierendes, induzierbares Knockout-System entwickelt. Damit konnten virale Titer um über 90 % reduziert werden. Jedoch wurden auch geringere Mengen eines Modell-Proteins festgestellt. In einem weiteren Ansatz wurden zelluläre Proteine, essenziell für den Austritt von Baculoviren, via RNAi down-reguliert. Dabei konnte der Virustiter um 90 % reduziert werden, jedoch wurde auch die Ausbeute des Modell-Proteins abermals verringert. Insgesamt führten beide Ansätze zur Reduktion viraler Titer, aber auch der Produktivität, weshalb eine Verbesserung von Engineering-Strategien sowie Aufreinigungsprozessen nach wie vor nötig ist.
Ena/VASP processive elongation is modulated by avidity on actin filaments bundled by the filopodia cross-linker fascin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ena/VASP tetramers are processive actin elongation factors that localize to diverse F-actin networks composed of filaments bundled by different cross-linking proteins, such as filopodia (fascin), lamellipodia (fimbrin), and stress fibers (α-actinin). Previously, we found that Ena takes approximately threefold longer processive runs on trailing barbed ends of fascin-bundled F-actin. Here, we used single-molecule TIRFM (total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy) and developed a kinetic model to further dissect Ena/VASP’s processive mechanism on bundled filaments. We discovered that Ena’s enhanced processivity on trailing barbed ends is specific to fascin bundles, with no enhancement on fimbrin or α-actinin bundles. Notably, Ena/VASP’s processive run length increases with the number of both fascin-bundled filaments and Ena “arms,” revealing avidity facilitates enhanced processivity. Consistently, Ena tetramers form more filopodia than mutant dimer and trimers in Drosophila culture cells. Moreover, enhanced processivity on trailing barbed ends of fascin-bundled filaments is an evolutionarily conserved property of Ena/VASP homologues, including human VASP and Caenorhabditis elegans UNC-34. These results demonstrate that Ena tetramers are tailored for enhanced processivity on fascin bundles and that avidity of multiple arms associating with multiple filaments is critical for this process. Furthermore, we discovered a novel regulatory process whereby bundle size and bundling protein specificity control activities of a processive assembly factor.
Learn WebGL by Building a 3D Molecule Viewer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Are you curious about WebGL and want to learn more? The Signals Blog, is running a series of tutorials on WebGL for Chemistry. The goal: build a 3D molecular viewer for the Web browser using WebGL and no plugins. Each lesson builds on the last one, leading - hopefully - to an MIT-licensed component suitable for further open- or closed-source development.
Interdisciplinary Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Theory and Practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Forward, Sally Brown, Leeds Metropolitan University Introduction, Balasubramanyam Chandramohan and Stephen Fallows Part I: Horizontal 1. Problems may cut right across the borders: why we cannot do without interdisciplinarity, Dick Ellis, University of Birmingham, England 2. Ethics of Interdisciplinarity: theory and practice, Susan Illingworth, University of Leeds, England 3. Supporting interdisciplinary studies using learning technologies, Allison Littlejohn, Glasgow Caledonian University & Dr David Nicol, University of Strathclyde, Scotland 4. Assessment in Interdisciplinary and Interprofessional Programmes: Shifting Paradigms, Lorraine Stefani, University of Auckland, New Zealand 5. Understanding `how students learn, both generally and in the subject', Shan Wareing, University of the Arts, London 6. Cross-faculty Interdisciplinary Work - or How to Work with the `Others', Susana Lorenzo-Zamorano, University of Manchester, England 7. Staff development for Interdisciplinary Programmes, Gwen van der Velden, University of Bath, England 8. Work based learning as interdisciplinary study: a discussion of pedagogy and practice, Kate Irving, University of Chester, England 9. Student feedback on interdisciplinary programmes, Lee Harvey, Higher Education Academy, York, England Section B: Vertical 10. Interdisciplinary Tourism Education, Tazim Jamal and Dawn Jourdan, Texas A&M University, USA 11. Five Strategic Imperatives for Interdisciplinary Study in Mass Communications/Media Studies in the U.S.and U.K., Robert J. Petrausch, Iona College, New Rochelle, NY, USA 12. Interdisciplinary Science: A Case Study in the Management of Innovation, Derek Raine, University of Leicester 13. Theory and Practice of Interdisciplinarity in Future Studies, A. Sundaram, Madurai Kamaraj University, India 14. Interdisciplinarity in Learning and Teaching in Religious Studies, Melanie J. Wright & Justin Meggitt, University of Cambridge Conclusion: Towards Interdisciplinarity in the 21st Century, Balasubramanyam Chandramohan and Stephen Fallows
The treatment of cervical carcinoma in the Sardinian population.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of cervical carcinoma in Sardinia were examined, with particular regard to the low incidence (6.47/100,000 women) of these neoplasias. Postsurgical adjuvant Radiotherapy in the high-risk cases has allowed a constant improvement in therapeutic results, with a low relapse-incidence and a high percentage of survival, especially in first and second stage treated cases.
Self-Assembly of Pentanuclear Mesocate versus Octanuclear Helicate: Size Effect of the [MII3(μ3-O/X)]n+ Triangle Core

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The first cluster mesocate (H(3)O)[{Fe(2)(μ-L)(3)}{Fe(3)(μ(3)-O)(μ-Cl)(3)}]·3EtOH (1) and a new series of cluster helicates, [{Mn(μ-L)(3)}(2){Mn(3)(μ(3)-Cl)}(2)](ClO(4))(2)·2MeOH·6H(2)O (2), [{Cd(μ-L)(3)}(2){Cd(3)(μ(3)-Br)}(2)]Br(2)·2DMF·14H(2)O (3), and [{Cd(μ-L)(3)}(2){Cd(3)(μ(3)-I)}(2)](CdI(4))·3H(2)O (4), have been synthesized by the self-assembly of a C(2)-symmetric tritopic ligand, 2,6-bis[5-(2-pyridinyl)-1H-triazol-3-yl]pyridine (H(2)L) with different metal halogen salts. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry measurements were carried out on these complexes. 1 was crystallized as a triple-stranded pentanuclear mesocate in which a [Fe(II)(3)(μ(3)-O)](4+) triangle core was wrapped by a [Fe(II)(2)(μ-L)(3)](2-) shell. 2-4 have similar octanuclear helicate structures in which two propeller-shaped [M(II)(μ-L)(3)](4-) units embrace two [M(II)(3)(μ(3)-X)](5+) triangles inside. The [M(II)(3)(μ(3)-O/X)](n+) triangle core were found to play an important role in the selective synthesis of the two architectures: the smaller [Fe(II)(3)(μ(3)-O)](4+) triangle core prefers a mesocate structure because it matches the small cavity imposed by the [Fe(II)(2)(μ-L)(3)](2-) shell, while the bigger [M(II)(3)(μ(3)-X)](5+) induces a screwed arrangement of the ligands, thus stabilizing the helicate structure. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements indicate that both 1 and 2 display an overall antiferromagnetic coupling. Density functional theory calculations for 1 confirm the strong antiferromagnetic interaction in the central [Fe(II)(3)(μ(3)-O)](4+), while interaction through the triazole bridging ligands is slightly ferromagnetic. For 2, three interaction pathways were considered and all sets of J values reveal the presence of weak antiferromagnetic interaction.
Insects in Pet Food Industry—Hope or Threat?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Due to the increasing global population, the world cannot currently support the well-known techniques of food production due to their harmful effects on land use, water consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions. The key answer is a solution based on the use of edible insects. They have always been present in the diet of animals. They are characterized by a very good nutritional value (e.g., high protein content and contents of essential amino acids and fatty acids, including lauric acid), and products with them receive positive results in palatability tests. Despite the existing literature data on the benefits of the use of insects as a protein source, their acceptance by consumers and animal caregivers remains problematic. In spite of the many advantages of using insects in pet food, it is necessary to analyze the risk of adverse food reactions, including allergic reactions that may be caused by insect consumption. Other hazards relate to the contamination of insects. For example, they can be contaminated with anthropogenic factors during breeding, packaging, cooking, or feeding. These contaminants include the presence of bacteria, mold fungi, mycotoxins, and heavy metals. However, insects can be used in the pet food industry. This is supported by the evolutionary adaptation of their wild ancestors to the eating of insects in the natural environment. The chemical composition of insects also corresponds to the nutritional requirements of dogs. It should be borne in mind that diets containing insect and their effects on animals require careful analysis. The aim of this article is to discuss the nutritional value of insects and their possible applications in the nutrition of companion animals, especially dogs.
Action Grammars of Human Behavior – Measurement, Evolution, and Neural Representation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Human behaviors from tool-making to language are thought to rely on a uniquely evolved capacity for hierarchical action sequencing. Testing this idea will require objective, generalizable methods for measuring the structural complexity of real-world behavior. Here we present a data-driven approach for extracting action grammars from basic ethograms, exemplified with respect to the evolutionarily-relevant behavior of stone tool-making. We analyzed sequences from the experimental replication of ~2.5 Mya Oldowan vs. ~0.5 Mya Acheulean tools, finding that, while using the same “alphabet” of elementary actions, Acheulean sequences are quantifiably more complex and Oldowan grammars are a subset of Acheulean grammars. We illustrate the utility of our complexity measures by re-analyzing data from an fMRI study of stone tool-making to identify brain responses to structural complexity. Beyond specific implications regarding the co-evolution of language and technology, this exercise illustrates the general applicability of our method to investigate naturalistic human behavior and cognition.
Family Planning in London Teaching Hospitals

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

lower incidence of cervical carcinoma prob- ably was related to the universal practice of male circumcision amongst the Muslim com- munity.That male circumcision is unlikely to be the only factor involved in reducing cervical carcinoma is evident from the con- flicting literature on the subject.As Elliott3 points out, " No more can be said for the argument than that it is a hypothesis which fits the facts."As such it deserves consideration.-I am, etc.,
Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on the Establishment of the Alien Plant Oenothera laciniata (Onagraceae) on a Japanese Coastal Sand Dune

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We conducted field and culture experiments to study the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on the establishment of the alien plant Oenothera laciniata (Onagraceae) in a coastal sand dune in Japan. We examined the distribution of plants, AM fungal colonization of their roots, and fungal spore density in the soil of a coastal sand dune at Keinomatsubara, Hyogo Prefecture, western Japan. Of the nine dominant plant species at the study site, six species, including O. laciniata, were heavily colonized by AM fungi. The spore density tended to decrease from inland toward the shoreline, but there were no significant relationships between the level of AM fungal colonization and spore density. Seedlings of O. laciniata inoculated with AM fungi, as well as uninoculated seedlings, were transplanted to the study site. No significant difference in survival rates was detected between the two groups of seedlings. We also examined the effects of AM infection and nutrient (N and P) application on plant growth in a pot culture experiment. The results suggested that the growth of O. laciniata was limited mainly by N availability and that AM mycorrhizae had little effect on the establishment of the plant on the coastal sand dune.
Endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitors: their application in cardiovascular diseases.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor first described in 1988 by Yanagisawa, is an important regulator of cardiovascular function. Hyperactivation of the endothelin system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular disorders including myocardial infarction, restenosis, hypertension, heart failure and Chagas cardiopathy. Various attempts have been made to suppress this axis. Although promising, the results of clinical trials on endothelin receptor antagonists have been disappointing. There is growing interest in blockade of endothelin formation. Several selective and non-selective endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE) inhibitors have been developed, the latter with the possibility of simultaneously blocking angiotensin-converting enzyme and neutral endopeptidase, combining inhibition more than one axis. This article reviews the different ECE inhibitors, with particular emphasis on their potential clinical application in cardiovascular diseases.