jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Therapeutic Regimens in the Treatment of Hypothyroidism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypothyroidism is a chronic medical condition that results in the inadequate production of thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are essential for the metabolism of almost every organ in the body. The prominent symptoms of hypothyroidism include lack of energy, weight gain, constipation, and intolerance to cold temperatures. Medical therapies aim to replenish thyroid hormones enough to meet the body's metabolic demands. Unfortunately, many individuals experience persistent symptoms despite stable thyroid hormone levels. Current treatment options for hypothyroidism include Levothyroxine, Liothyronine, and Desiccated Thyroid Extract (DTE). Levothyroxine contains synthetic T4 and is the current gold-standard medical therapy in hypothyroid patients. Liothyronine, synthetic T3, can be added to Levothyroxine to improve symptomatology. DTE is a natural form of T3 and T4 and the historical first-line medical treatment. Combination therapy with Liothyronine or DTE is an option for symptomatic euthyroid patients on Levothyroxine monotherapy. Unfortunately, most primary care providers do not feel comfortable managing alternative regimens. This article’s focus is to review hypothyroidism treatment modalities while discussing their efficacy and reviewing current practice guidelines.
Yellow River ice flood prediction based on SVR

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Ice flood occurs almost every year in Inner Mongolia reach of Yellow River,so ice flood prediction has become an important tool to support engineers to deal with ice flood problem.However,there is still not a satisfied model to deal with this problem until now.So an ice flood prediction model based on support vector machine regression(SVR) model is proposed which is a kind of machine learning model based on statistics learning theory.Especially,SVR does well in dealing with small stylebooks and can acquire good generalization ability with limited information(stylebooks).The case study shows that SVR′s training speed and generalization ability are better than those of ANN prediction,which is meaningful to the ice flood prevention and water resources′ sustainable development of Yellow River.
CCM and DCM operation analysis of cascaded quasi-Z-source inverter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the steady-state analysis of the voltage-fed quasi-Z-source inverter (qZSI) with cascaded (two-stage) quasi-Z-source network (qZS-network). Cascaded qZS-network is derived by the adding of one diode, one inductor and two capacitors to the traditional qZSI. Main focus of this paper is on mathematical models of the cascaded qZS-converter. Static models were elaborated and analyzed for the continuous (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) of the converter. In order to verify the theoretical assumptions a prototype has been built. The experimental results are presented and analyzed.
Application of peripheral magnetic stimulation in physiotherapeutic practice. (A literature review)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Search and development of new physiotherapeutic technologies of regenerative medicine for the treatment of patients with different diseases is an urgent task of modern medicine. Objective. To analyze scientific data on the effectiveness of the peripheral magnetic stimulation (PMS) application in patients with different diseases. Material and methods. An analysis of publications in databases of electronic resources (PEDro, PubMed, Embase, eLibrary, Cochrane Library) over the past 20 years was carried out, the results of PMS application in patients with different nosologies were presented. Results. The majority of the presented articles confirm the clinical effectiveness of PMS application mainly in patients with diseases of the nervous system, spine and genitourinary system. Conclusion. Further research to confirm the effectiveness of the therapeutic impact of magnetic stimulation in patients with other nosologies is needed.
Process and Device Modeling for VLSI Structures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Accurate and efficient simulation of VLSI processes and device electrical characteristics can complement and in some cases eliminate costly experimental evaluation of proposed new structures. Such techniques are also potentially very useful in optimizing existing processes. The utility of process and device simulators like SUPREM, GEMINI and others depends, however, on the accuracy of their predictions. This accuracy is fundamentally linked to the physical models employed by such computer tools. This paper assesses the present status and capabilities of such programs and demonstrates by way of examples both what they can and cannot presently do. Future improvements in such simulators must come from improved physical models, especially if such tools are to be successful in predicting structural and electrical characteristics of micron and submicron size devices. Future trends and problem areas are also surveyed.
Schlesinger Karl (1889–1938)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Karl Schlesinger was born in Budapest; in 1919, after Béla Kun's communist revolution in Hungary, he moved to Vienna, where he committed suicide when Hitler occupied Austria in March 1938. As early as 1914 he had published his important work on monetary theory, Theorie der Geld- und Kreditwirtschaft, which went, however, more or less unnoticed at that time because it used mathematical tools and was written in German – a forbidding combination at a time when the only German-speaking economists interested in theory, the Austrians, were rather adverse to mathematical economics. Schlesinger was also an exceptional figure in so far as he was not a university teacher but a banker and influential member of the financial community. Nevertheless, he became a respected member of the Vienna Economic Society and, in the 1930s, one of the most active participants in Karl Menger's mathematical colloquium.
Crystallization and Chemical Strengthening of Stuffed β‐Quartz Glass‐Ceramics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Metastable solid solutions with the β‐quartz structure can be crystallized from most glasses in the system SiO 2 ‐Mg(AlO 2 ) 2 ‐LiAlO 2 as well as from many containing the additional components Zn(AlO 2 ) 2 Al(AlO 2 ) 3 , Li 2 ZnO 2 , and Li 2 BeO 2 . Internal nucleation is afforded by additions of ZrO 2 or TiO 2 . Either transparent or opaque crystalline materials can be formed from glasses containing about 70% SiO 2 . The transparency is due to a combination of low birefringence in the major stuffed β‐quartz phase and minute crystal size. Thermal expansions vary from ‐20 to +50 × 10 −7 /°C. Thermal stability is highly variable. Breakdown products include spinel, cordierite, β‐spodumene, willemite, mullite, and cristobalite. Magnesian compositions can be strengthened by a 2Li + ⇌ Mg 2+ ionexchange reaction. Abraded flexural strengths range from 30,000 to 160,000 psi.
Le Syndome de Gougerot-Sjogren primitif:A propos de 30 cas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction : Primary Gougerot Sjögren’s syndrome is an autoimmune exocrinopathy with various extraglandular complications. Purpose : The aim of this study is to determine the epidemiological, clinical and biological characteristics and the evolution of patients with primary Gougerot Sjögren’s syndrome. Patients and methods : We performed a retrospective study of 30 patients followed for primary Gougerot Sjögren’s syndrome in the Internal Medicine Department of Taher Sfar Hospital Mahdia during a period of 4 years (January 2008-December 2011). The inclusion criteria were the European criteria of Vitali. Results : There were 18 women and 2 men, with a mean age of 56.9 years ± 15.9. The average time to diagnosis was 27.4 months ± 5.3. The glandular manifestations were the main circumstance of discovery (90%). Extra-glandular signs and biological inflammatory syndrome were observed as the inaugural sign in 63.3% and 6.6% of cases, respectively. Glandular manifestations were constant. Extra-glandular manifestations were observed in 93.3% of cases : joint involvement in 93.3%, neuropsychiatric involvement in 46.6%, pulmonary involvement in 36.6%, gastrointestinal involvement in 33.3%, renal involvement in 10% and skin lesions in 6.6%. Antinuclear antibodies were found in 76.6% of cases. Anti-SSA and anti-SSB were positive in 70% and 43.3% of cases, respectively. The treatment consisting of symptomatic treatment prescribed for all patients associated with antimalarials (70%), corticosteroids (40%), anti-inflammatory drugs (30%) and immunosuppressive agents (3.3%). The mean follow-up was 27,9 months ± 9,9. The evolution was favorable in 83.3% of cases. Three patients were died : two cases from respiratory failure and one case from a septic shock. Conclusion : The primary Gougerot Sjögren’s syndrome is a common disease in internal medicine, characterized by a delay in diagnosis and systemic dissemination.
Antinociceptive local effect of the combination of dexketoprofen trometamol and chlorhexidine gluconate in a formalin test: an additive effect

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT A drug delivery system (DDS) with analgesic and antibacterial properties would be desirable for the local control of post-operatory pain and the prevention for surgical site infection (SSI). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of the combination between dexketoprofen trometamol (DXT) and chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) in the formalin pain model. Different doses of CHX were combined with DXT and were locally administered in rats paw simultaneously with 5% formalin dilution. Flinches were documented and the antinociceptive effect was calculated. The area under the curve of each experimental group were calculated and the % of antinociception were compared. The groups of CHX and DXT showed similar antinociceptive effect. The combination groups (DXT-CHX) showed higher antinociceptive effect that the one obtained with individual molecules. Besides the confirmation of DXT local antinociceptive properties, CHX also showed a positive effect; and an additive effect when combined with DXT.
Data from: Does perceived predation risk affect patterns of extra-pair paternity? A field experiment in a passerine bird

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1. Non-consumptive predator effects have been shown to influence a wide range of behavioural, life history, and morphological traits. Extra-pair reproduction is widespread among socially monogamous birds and may incur predation costs. Consequently, altered rates of extra-pair reproduction are expected in circumstances characterized by increased adult perceived predation risk. 2. Additionally, extra-pair reproduction is expected to be most affected for birds with phenotypes that generally increase predation risk (such as more active individuals). 3. In two consecutive years, perceived predation risk was manipulated for great tits, Parus major breeding in 12 nest-box plots by broadcasting sounds of their main predator (European sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus; 6 plots). As a control treatment, sounds of a sympatric, avian non-predator species were broadcasted (Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula; 6 plots). 4. Levels of extra-pair paternity did not differ between plots with different predation-risk treatments. Males that moved more in a novel environment (more active or ‘faster exploring’) tended to have offspring with fewer partners, but this effect did not vary with predation-risk treatment. 5. From an adaptive viewpoint, predation costs associated with extra-pair reproduction may be small and may not outweigh the benefits of extra-pair behaviour. Research on a broader range of taxa with different mating strategies is now needed to confirm the generality of our findings.
Vibration Response Law of Aircraft Taxiing under Random Roughness Excitation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Understanding the vibration response patterns of aircraft taxiing under runway roughness excitation is crucial for aircraft design and runway performance evaluation. In this paper, we establish pavement roughness models for both asphalt and concrete surfaces, taking into account their unique structural characteristics. We construct a six-degrees-of-freedom aircraft model using multi-rigid-body system dynamics theory and employ the pseudo-excitation method to examine the influence of pavement roughness types on the steady vibration response of aircraft taxiing at constant speeds. Furthermore, we analyze the non-stationary vibration response patterns of aircraft during takeoff and landing taxiing using the method of instantaneous frequency response function with space frequency. Lastly, we explore the effect of stochastic structural parameters on aircraft vibration response using the Monte Carlo method. Our findings reveal that the roughness power spectrum differs between asphalt and concrete pavements, and the established roughness models in this paper demonstrate a strong fit (R2 > 0.95). The type of pavement roughness has a relatively minor impact on the power spectral density distribution of the aircraft vibration response, suggesting that the same roughness model can be used for both asphalt and concrete pavements when high accuracy is not required. The power spectral density distribution of aircraft vibration response varies across different motion attitudes, with the vibration response during landing being significantly larger than that during takeoff. Among the aircraft structural parameters, the randomness of the sprung mass has the most substantial effect on the aircraft vibration response, potentially causing the variation coefficient of dynamic load on the front landing gear to exceed 0.11. Tire stiffness comes next, which can lead to the variation coefficient of dynamic load on the main landing gear reaching 0.07. The results have a guiding role in optimizing aircraft structure design and ensuring pavement performance.
Vitamin E Mitigates Chronic Chlorpyrifos-Induced Oxidative Changes in Pituitary Glands and Testes in Wistar Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<b>Problem statement:</b> The sperm counts of men have declined by about 50% in the last few decades. The contribution of environmental contaminants to this decline cannot be overemphasized. Pesticide is one of the most pervasive environmental chemical contaminants that have been of increased use due to the compelling need to feed the ever-growing world human and animal population and protect their health. Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a widely used Organophosphate (OP) insecticide has been reported to alter male reproductive hormones and semen characteristics. Apart from acetyl cholinesterase inhibition, the induction of oxidative stress is one of the molecular mechanisms implicated in CPF poisoning. <b>Approach:</b> The present study was aimed at evaluating the effect of vitamin E in mitigating oxidative damage to the pituitary gland and the testis, induced by chronic CPF administration in Wistar rats. Methodology: Twenty adult male Wistar rats divided into 4 groups of 5 rats in each group were used for this study. Group I received soya oil (2 mL kg<sup>-1</sup>), while Group II was administered vitamin E (75 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>); Group III was administered CPF only (10.6 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>~1/8th LD<sub>50</sub>), while group IV was pretreated with vitamin E (75 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) and exposed to CPF (10.6 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) 30 min later. The regimens were administered orally by gavages once daily for a period of 15 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, the rats were sacrificed and the pituitary glands and testicular tissues were assayed for the concentrations of Malonaldehyde (MDA) and the activities of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalane (CAT). <b>Results:</b> The result showed that the increase in concentrations of pituitary and testicular MDA and a decrease in the activities of SOD and CAT recorded in the group exposed to CPF were ameliorated by pretreatment with vitamin E. <b>Conclusion:</b> This indicates that vitamin E mitigates reproductive toxicity induced by chronic CPF exposure due to its protective antioxidant activity on pituitary glands and the testes.
Brain Mechanisms of Musical Learning and Performing

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Perceiving and producing music is one of the most complex human accomplishments, involving almost all brain regions. The first part of this chapter covers the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological foundations of music perception, performance, and learning. These three functions rely on individually variable, widely distributed neuronal networks in cortical and subcortical structures of the brain. Subsequently, the functional and structural adaptations of brain networks—brain plasticity—will be explained, with particular attention to their role in music skill acquisition. For example, learning to play an instrument initially results in temporary expansion of sensory-motor and auditory neuronal networks, which then shrink with increasing automation and lead to stable, highly functionally optimized neuronal cell assemblies and connections. Structural brain adaptations are observed following long-term practice in professional musicians, in particular enlargements of brain regions involved in auditory and sensory-motor skills. Maladaptive brain plasticity can be caused by overuse, trauma, and other triggering factors and lead to degradation of sensory-motor skills including specific conditions such as musician’s dystonia, a loss of motor control of long-term practiced movement patterns. Finally, practice strategies based on neuroscientific findings are briefly summarized.
Rapid tissue culture and microbiochemical methods for analyzing colonially grown fibroblasts from normal, Lesch‐Nyhan and Tay‐Sachs patients and amniotic fluid cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A means of reducing the time interval between amniocentesis and biochemical analysis for the prenatal diagnosis of biochemical diseases is presented. Fibroblasts from nomal individuals, patients with Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome and patients with Tay‐Sachs disease, and normal amniotic fluid cells, were grown in isolation in MicroTest II tissue culture plates. Hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRTase) and hexosaminidase A were studied in independently derived colonies arising after a median culture period of 14 days. Colony six ranged from 2,000 to 8,000 cells. HGPRTase activity, expressed as the ratio of hypoxanthine‐C14 to adenine‐113 uptake, was assayed using differential scintillation spectrometry. Hexosaminidase A was investigated by micro‐electrophoresis. Discrimination of enzyme deficient from non‐deficient colonies was accomplished in each case and both enzymes were detectable in amniotic fluid cell colonies. The potential of the method for prenatal diagnosis of the two diseases studied and of biochemical diseases in general is discussed.
Fluoride Directly Stimulates Proliferation and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Bone-Forming Cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fluoride is one of the most potent but least well understood stimulators of bone formation in vivo. Bone formation was shown to arise from direct effects on bone cells. Treatment with sodium fluoride increased proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of bone cells in vitro and increased bone formation in embryonic calvaria at concentrations that stimulate bone formation in vivo.
Impact of Macroeconomic Factors on Stock Returns in the Nepalese Market: A Comprehensive Analysis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In numerous countries, such as Nepal, financial markets have become absolutely necessary component of their national economies. The significance of a country’s stock market can be estimate from the fact that stock market indices are now utilized as a barometer of the country’s financial health. Macroeconomic factors have a significant impact on economic activity and they also influence the success of the stock market. The study has used time series data from 1994 to 2022 in multiple linear regression of OLS approach. The stock market’s performance is influenced by several macroeconomic factors, including the gross domestic product (GDP) as a Quantify of economic expansion, inflation as a constraining factor on spending, overall interest rates and broad money supply. Multiple regression analysis has revealed that both real GDP and broad money supply positive and statistically significant impact the rise in stock return. However, in Nepal, inflation and interest rates negatively affect stock returns, with interest rates exhibiting a significant impact on stock returns, as indicated by this study. Whenever the stock market undergoes a substantial downturn, it raises worry of an upcoming trouble. Consequently, government officials and policy-makers must be mindful of this issue.
Effects of smoking and asthma in pregnant women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease with risk factors inclusive of intrinsic (genetic predisposition) and extrinsic variables (environmental exposures) in early life. Studies have postulated towards probable adverse effects on maternal and child health owing to asthmatic status of the mother and in utero exposure to smoke. The ELFE cohort aimed to describe the characteristics of asthmatic and smoking mothers and compare them to non smoking non asthmatic mothers. 16,030 mothers and infants were enrolled from the general population in 2011. Interviews were conducted for collection of the variables. A descriptive analysis followed by a univariate analysis of asthmatic and smoker mothers was performed. Asthmatic women who smoked were younger (29.3 years vs 31.1 p<0.0001) and more likely to be threatened with preterm birth (11.4% vs 7.6% p=0.01). This group was also more likely to develop gestational hypertension (4.9% vs 3.6% p=0.007), experience gestational weight abnormalities (12.8% vs 6.1% p < 0.0001) and at a higher risk of receiving corticosteroids during pregnancy (8.4% vs 4.5% p < 0.0003). Male births were higher in this risk group (56.7% vs. 51.1%, p=0.03) with a higher proportion of children transferred to the neonatal ICU at birth (9.2% vs. 5.3%, p=0.003) owing to prematurity (66.7% vs 51.7 %, p=0.003). Apgar index of less than 7 at 1 minute was also a prominent feature (7.5% vs 4.5 %, p = 0.007) along with lower birth weight (3.2% vs 3.3 %, p< 0.0001) and small for gestational age (48.9% vs 49.7%, p<0.0001). Asthmatic mothers who smoked were at a greater risk of adverse gestational issues and in utero exposure to smoke posed risks of premature birth, low birth weight and small for gestational age to the infant.