jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Monolithic compliant mechanism for flapping-wing micro air vehicle

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Insects hold tremendous and complex flight capability to perform remarkable flight with high agility and manoeuvrability. No man made attempts can produce the equal flight performance and thus, insects’ flight provides many research opportunities to be further explored. In this FYP, the energetics of flapping wing MAV is analysed with the objective of designing new prototype to give better performance. A compliant mechanism, consisted of tergum and joints, is developed as simplification of insect’s biological thorax. As suggested by previous FYP, crank-slider mechanism is used to actuate the flapping motion. In the earlier part of this report, simple designs are fabricated to have more insights on the variables available before moving on to the creation of new design. Principle of energy storage mechanism inside insect’s thorax is used more in development of the new monolithic prototype. Resonant drive to reduce average battery power consumption is being studied further through having comparison among different stiffness for the same design. Several performance indicators such as natural frequencies, stiffness, flapping angle, power consumption, and thrust produced are provided to help better in the comparison. At the end of this project, the monolithic design with 3 mil polyimide as compliant joint is chosen as the best prototype among others. Weighing only 3.394 grams in total, it is able to be efficiently driven by DC motor to achieve hovering condition at 26.60 Hz with the least power consumption of 1.10 watt, under driving voltage of 4.3 V.
Dead-time effect and compensations of three level neutral point clamp inverters for high performance drive applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Due to the use of high power devices and slow switching frequency in a three level neutral point clamp inverter, the dead-time effect may not be compensated sufficiently fast by using methods developed for the two level inverter. In this paper the dead-time effect in a three level inverter with snubber circuits is analyzed to reveal that it does not only depend on load current direction but also on magnitude. The snubber network also plays an important role in determining the output phase voltage during the dead-time period. Software techniques are proposed to compensate the dead-time effect as soon as it occurs as demanded by the slow switching frequency. Experimental results show their effectiveness.
The Islamic Secular. By Sherman A. Jackson

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Secularism is often defined as the separation between religion and the state and/or politics, whereby state governance, the economy, and other elements closely related to the public sphere are detached from religious authority. Sherman A. Jackson seeks to challenge this, presenting a complex and compelling refutation of this assumption by deconstructing how secularism, religion, and their connection to Islam contribute to his notion of the “Islamic secular.” He writes that The Islamic Secular seeks to break out of this corner, throw off this zero-sum religious/secular opposition, and place the non-sharʿī “secular back into the circumference of Islam as a religion, where it properly belongs” (p. 173). One of the ways he does this is by delving into the linguistic roots of key, intertwined concepts, highlighting how juristic interpretations offer alternative understandings to those provided in other fields. He critically examines terms used to refer to “secular,” highlighting how they serve as translations for the Western secular and thus do not speak to the “essence” of the Islamic secular (p. 19).
The Convocation of May 1385

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Richardus, Dei gratia rex Angliae et Franciae et dominus Hiberniae, venerabili in Christo patri Willelmo, eadem gratia Cantuariensi archiepiscopo, totius Angliae primati, salutem. Quia certitudinaliter intelleximus quod inimici nostri Franciae et alii sibi adhaerentes inter se alligati et undique hostiliter congregati, multimode quaerunt et coniecturant qualiter nos et fideles nostros ecclesiam et regnum Anglicana miserabiliter conterere et destruere valeant, et ea maligna de causa dictum regnum nostrum accumulato toto posse so ad idem regnum et ecclesiam sanctam, nosque et totam linguam Anglicanam subvertenda invadere proponunt infra breve, nisi eis per nos gratia nobis favente divina cautius et virilius resistatur. Nos ex ferventi desiderio quod ad salvationem regni et ecclesiae praedictorum habemus de deliberato consilio praelatorum, magnatum et aliorum fidelium dicti regni nostri cum quibus communicavimus in hac parte, sumpsimus firmum propositum ad partes transmarinas fortiori exercitu et ad citius quo possumus in instanti aestate personaliter transmeare, ut sic impedito dictorum adversariorum nsotrorum imaginato proposito, ipsos magis offendere et debellare, succurrente nobis Altissimo, valeamus per quod sumptus ac census et expensas inaestimabiles effundere nos oportet. Verum quia ad ipsorum onerum et sumptuum supportationem absque maximo iuvamine fidelium nostrorum non sufficimus, sicut scitis; vobis in fide et dilectione quibus nobis tenemini, rogando mandamus quatenus tarn arduitate negotiorum praedictorum, quam grandibus periculis quae ecclesiae et regno praedictis oculata fide imminere conspicitis, attentis et debite consideratis, suffraganeos vestros, decanos et priores ecclesiarum cathedralium, abbates, priores, et alios electivos, exemptos et non exemptos, necnon archidiaconos, capitula, conventus et collegia, totumque clerum vestrarum dioceseos et provinciae ad comparendum coram vobis Londoniis ad certum diem citra mediam Dominicam quadragesimae proximo futuram [12 March 1385], more solito convocari faciatis; et eis dictis negotiis et periculis ibidem plenius expositis et declaratis, ipsos ad subsidium in hoc casu competens et necessarium in supportationem dictorum onerum et sumptuum nobis concedendum, eo specialius et cum efficacia qua magis sciveritis vel poteritis, tanta necessitate causante, inducatis, et partes vestras ad hoc effectualiter apponatis, nos in cancellaria nostra de quantitate subsidii illius, ac de terminis solutionis eiusdem certificantes. Et hoc sicut nos et honorem nostrum ac salvationem et defensionem ecclesiae et regni praedictorum diligitis, nullatenus omittatis. Teste meipso apud Westmonasterium, vicesimo quintodecimo die Ianuarii anno regni nostri octavo [15 January 1385].
The role of norepinephrine in amygdaloid kindling : effects of DSP-4 induced depletion and intracerebroventricular norepinephrine induced repletion

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The role of norepinephrine in the development of amygdaloid kindling in rats was investigated. In the first experiment, pretreatment with the noradrenergic neurotoxin, DSP-4 (63 mg/kg, ip), whose action is reportedly specific to locus coeruleus neurons, markedly accelerated the rate of kindling. DSP-4 treated animals and saline controls required 3.8 and 7.5 after-discharges (ADs) to kindle respectively. Furthermore, DSP-4 treatment lengthened the latency of the onset to clonus during the first stage 5 seizure. Norepinephrine levels measured in the telencephalon were lowered by 45% with DSP-4 treatment, whereas dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels were unaffected. -- In an attempt to test the hypothesis that a tonic presence of norepinephrine serves to inhibit kindling development, rats were treated with DSP-4, and chronically infused (icv) with either norepinephrine (5 ug/.5 ul/hr), or the vehicle, via an osmotic minipump. Telencephalic norepinephrine levels were not raised by the infusion of norepinephrine, and consequently there were no significant differences between the two groups on kindling development. Both infusion groups were combined and compared to those groups in experiment 1. The infused groups had lower norepinephrine levels and kindled faster than the saline group, indicating again that DSP-4 treatment accelerates kindling. -- The third experiment represents a second attempt at ascertaining the effects of norepinephrine repletion following DSP-4 treatment on kindling development. Three groups were given DSP-4 treatment and 1 group saline. One DSP-4 group received chronic ventricular infusion of norepinephrine (10 ug/.5 ul/hr -double that in experiment 2) and another the vehicle alone. Once again the infusion of norepinephrine failed to raise norepinephrine levels above the vehicle control; however the infused groups had norepinephrine levels equivalent to the saline (non-infused) control. Despite a marked amount of within group variance, the DSP-4 alone group had a significant reduction of norepinephrine, and all three DSP-4 treated groups kindled significantly faster than the saline group. These results imply that: 1) initial abnormalities induced by DSP-4 were reversed during kindling, 2) the cannulation and/or vehicle infusion procedure itself accelerates kindling, or 3) norepinephrine depletion may not be necessary for kindling acceleration induced by DSP-4 treatment. -- In conclusion, this study demonstrates that administration of the noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4 consistently accelerates kindling. The methods employed, however, failed to indicate whether this depletion-induced acceleration could be reversed by norepinephrine repletion.
Are Chinese stock and property markets integrated or segmented?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the empirical question of whether Chinese stock and property markets are integrated or segmented. We find that, at the national level, investment returns in property and the A-share markets were co-integrated in the long run. In the short run, property price Granger caused A-share prices, but not vice versa. However, the B-share prices were negatively correlated with property prices. Furthermore, the linkage between city-level property prices and stock prices showed significant variations across the country. These findings reveal that property and stock markets were integrated at the national level but the property markets were reasonably segmented among cities. They suggest that investment portfolios pursuing risk diversification should include both A and B shares and properties from different cities.
Identification of Natural inhibitor agianst L1 beta-lactamase present in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Antibiotic resistance is becoming a threat to the medical industry in treating microbial infections. Many organisms are acquiring antibiotic resistance because of the continuous use of the same drug. Gram-negative organisms are developing multi-drug resistance properties (MDR) due to chromosomal level changes that occurred as a part of evolution or some intrinsic factors already present in the organism. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia falls under the category of Multidrug-Resistant organism. WHO has also urged to evaluate the scenario and develop new strategies for making this organism susceptible to otherwise resistant antibiotics. Using novel compounds as drugs can ameliorate the issue to some extent. The beta-lactamase enzyme in the bacteria is responsible for inhibiting several drugs currently being used for treatment. This enzyme can be targeted to find an inhibitor that can inhibit the enzyme activity and make the organism susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics. Plants produce several secondary metabolites for their survival in adverse environments. Several phytoconstituents have antimicrobial properties and have been used in traditional medicine for a very long time. The computational technologies can be exploited to find the best compound from many compounds. Virtual screening, molecular docking, and dynamic simulation methods are followed to get the best inhibitor for L1 beta-lactamase. IMPPAT database is screened, and the top hit compounds are studied for ADMET properties. Finally, four compounds are selected to set for dynamics. After all the computational calculations, Withanolide R is found to have a better binding and forms a stable complex with the protein. This compound can act as a potent natural inhibitor for L1 beta-lactamase.
Cross-lingual Transfer Can Worsen Bias in Sentiment Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Sentiment analysis (SA) systems are widely deployed in many of the world's languages, and there is well-documented evidence of demographic bias in these systems. In languages beyond English, scarcer training data is often supplemented with transfer learning using pre-trained models, including multilingual models trained on other languages. In some cases, even supervision data comes from other languages. Does cross-lingual transfer also import new biases? To answer this question, we use counterfactual evaluation to test whether gender or racial biases are imported when using cross-lingual transfer, compared to a monolingual transfer setting. Across five languages, we find that systems using cross-lingual transfer usually become more biased than their monolingual counterparts. We also find racial biases to be much more prevalent than gender biases. To spur further research on this topic, we release the sentiment models we used for this study, and the intermediate checkpoints throughout training, yielding 1,525 distinct models; we also release our evaluation code.
Central catalytic domain of BRAP (RNF52) recognizes the types of ubiquitin chains and utilizes oligo-ubiquitin for ubiquitylation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Really interesting new gene (RING)-finger protein 52 (RNF52), an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is found in eukaryotes from yeast to humans. Human RNF52 is known as breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1)-associated protein 2 (BRAP or BRAP2). The central catalytic domain of BRAP comprises four subdomains: nucleotide-binding α/β plait (NBP), really interesting new gene (RING) zinc finger, ubiquitin-specific protease (UBP)-like zinc finger (ZfUBP), and coiled-coil (CC). This domain architecture is conserved in RNF52 orthologs; however, the domain's function in the ubiquitin system has not been delineated. In the present study, we discovered that the RNF52 domain, comprising NBP–RING–ZfUBP–CC, binds to ubiquitin chains (oligo-ubiquitin) but not to the ubiquitin monomers, and can utilize various ubiquitin chains for ubiquitylation and auto-ubiquitylation. The RNF52 domain preferentially bound to M1- and K63-linked di-ubiquitin chains, weakly to K27-linked chains, but not to K6-, K11-, or K48-linked chains. The binding preferences of the RNF52 domain for ubiquitin-linkage types corresponded to ubiquitin usage in the ubiquitylation reaction, except for K11-, K29-, and K33-linked chains. Additionally, the RNF52 domain directly ligated the intact M1-linked, tri-, and tetra-ubiquitin chains and recognized the structural alterations caused by the phosphomimetic mutation of these ubiquitin chains. Full-length BRAP had nearly the same specificity for the ubiquitin-chain types as the RNF52 domain alone. Mass spectrometry analysis of oligomeric ubiquitylation products, mediated by the RNF52 domain, revealed that the ubiquitin-linkage types and auto-ubiquitylation sites depend on the length of ubiquitin chains. Here, we propose a model for the oligomeric ubiquitylation process, controlled by the RNF52 domain, which is not a sequential assembly process involving monomers.
Symposium on Quality Control Tenth Anniversary Meeting, American Association of Clinical Chemists Iowa City, Iowa

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Journal Article Symposium on Quality Control Tenth Anniversary Meeting, American Association of Clinical Chemists Iowa City, Iowa: Symposium on Quality Control in Clinical Chemistry Get access Lloyd A Knowler Lloyd A Knowler Department of Mathematics and Astronomy, State University of Iowa Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 5, Issue 4, 1 August 1959, Pages 297–299, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/5.4.297 Published: 01 August 1959
Modelling of blast-induced rock mass damage

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Blast-Induced rock mass damage is studied through field Investigations andnmodelling. Relevant aspects of blast-Induced rock mass damage are examined, includingnrock mass structural and mechanical properties, blasting mechanics and practice, damagenIndefinitions, observations, measurements and mechanisms, and modelling processes andnstrategies. It is evident that a systematic approach is needed for effective rock mass damagenresearch. Reliable damage prediction is essential for post-blast rock mass classification andnsupport assessment, and is also important to provide input, such as effective Young'snmodulus, for numerical modelling.n n A framework of rock mass damage modelling is established based upon field andnlaboratory observations of damage and upon the damage mechanisms identified. Thenframework includes in situ rock mass characterisation, rock mass damage classification andnmeasurement, loading and unloading mechanisms, damage mechanisms and modellingnstrategies.n n The fracturing and irreversible deformation of rock masses, especially surfacendegradation and displacement along discontinuities, are identified as the elemental damagenforms. The other measurable changes in a rock mass originate from these elemental damagenforms. Methods of damage measurement are adapted or developed. Borehole televisionncamera surveys and associated data processing techniques are modified and developed fornquantifying rock mass damage. The discontinuity surface density concept and itsncalculation method are used in rock mass damage evaluation and modelling. Two models,nthe rock mass fracturing model and the discontinuity degradation and displacement model,nare developed within the framework.n n The rock mass fracturing model is based on the global energy balance principle ofnfracture mechanics. A modified relationship between energy density and discontinuitynsurface density is derived. The model calculates the 1n situ discontinuity and blast energyndistributions, and uses the post-blast fracturing measurement data to provide a fit for thenmodel parameters. Then the fragmentation distribution and the extent and degree ofndamage to the remaining rock mass can be calculated.n n The conceptual model of discontinuity degradation and displacement is based on thenBarton-Bandis shear model. The effects of the dynamic and cyclic nature of blast loading arentaken into account in the model. Another important modification to the Barton-Bandisnshear model is that both the effective stresses and the available energy determine thenresultant degradation and displacement. The model calculates the reduction of discontinuitynstrength parameters and the relative displacement. The model results are evaluated by fieldnobservation and monitoring. n The modelling framework and the models help to investigate further the mechanismsnof rock mass damage. A better understanding of damage mechanisms and damagenmodelling allows an objective evaluation of blast design to minimise damage and to optimisenfragmentation.n
Modeling and Estimating Simulated Burn Depth Using the Perfusion and Thermal Resistance Probe

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A new thermal perfusion probe operates by imposing a thermal event on the tissue surface and directly measuring the temperature and heat flux response of the tissue with a small sensor. The thermal event is created by convectively cooling the surface with a small group of impinging jets using room temperature air. The hypothesis of this research is that this sensor can be used to provide practical burn characterization of depth and severity by determining the thickness of nonperfused tissue. To demonstrate this capability the measurement system was tested with a phantom tissue that simulates the blood perfusion of tissue. Different thicknesses of plastic were used at the surface to mimic layers of dead tissue. A mathematical model developed by Alkhwaji et al. (2012, “New Mathematical Model to Estimate Tissue Blood Perfusion, Thermal Contact Resistance and Core Temperature,” ASME J. Biomech. Eng., 134, p. 081004) is used to determine the effective values of blood perfusion, core temperature, and thermal resistance from the thermal measurements. The analytical solutions of the Pennes bioheat equation using the Green's function method is coupled with an efficient parameter estimation procedure to minimize the error between measured and analytical heat flux. Seven different thicknesses of plastic were used along with three different flow rates of perfusate to simulate burned skin of the phantom perfusion system. The resulting values of thermal resistance are a combination of the plastic resistance and thermal contact resistance between the sensor and plastic surface. Even with the uncertainty of sensor placement on the surface, the complete set of thermal resistance measurements correlate well with the layer thickness. The values are also nearly independent of the flow rate of the perfusate, which shows that the parameter estimation can successfully separate these two parameters. These results with simulated burns show the value of this minimally invasive technique to measure the thickness of nonperfused layers. This will encourage further work with this method on actual tissue burns.
Hypergeometric systems in two variables, quivers, dimers and dessins d’enfants

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents some parallel developments in Quiver/Dimer Models, Hypergeometric Systems and Dessins d'Enfants. The setting in which Gelfand, Kapranov and Zelevinsky have formulated the theory of hypergeometric systems, provides also a natural setting for dimer models. The Fast Inverse Algorithm, the untwisting procedure and the Kasteleyn matrix for dimer models are recasted in this setting. There is a relation between triangulations in GKZ theory and some perfect matchings in the dimer models, so that the secondary polygon coincides with the Newton polygon of the Kasteleyn determinant. Finally it is observed in examples and conjectured to hold in general, that the determinant of the Kasteleyn matrix with suitable weights becomes after a simple transformation equal to the principal A-determinant in GKZ theory.
Centrality bias in inter-city trade

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Large cities (central places) excessively export to smaller cities in their surrounding hinterland. Using Japanese inter-city trade data, we identify a substantial centrality bias: Shipments from central places to their hinterland are 50%-125% larger than predicted by gravity forces. This upward bias stems from aggregating across industries, which are hierarchically distributed across large and small cities, and therefore does not arise in sectoral gravity estimations. When decomposing the centrality bias along the margins of our data, we find that the by far largest part of this aggregation bias can be attributed to the extensive industry margin.