jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Risk of Damage to Plants in the Family Gramineae at Various Growth Stages from the 2019 Invasion of the Fall Armyworm, <i>Spodoptera frugiperda</i>（Lepidoptera: Noctuidae）, in Kagoshima, Japan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda（J. E. Smith）（Lepidoptera: Noctuidae）, invaded Kagoshima, Japan, in July 2019. This moth is a dangerous pest of grain crops including corn and sorghum in regions including the US, Africa, Australia, and Asia（e.g., China and India）. We evaluated the risk of damage posed by the fall armyworm to different species in the family Gramineae at various growth stages in 2019. The moth larval densities and damage caused were higher in forage maize, Zea mays（L.）, and sweet corn, Z. mays（L.）var. saccharata, compared to Sorghum bicolor（L.）Moench. Furthermore, we clarified that the moth species is likely to prefer young corn plants.
Hegemony and the Global Political Economy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Hegemony emerged as an analytical term to conceptualize different historical periods out of the combined post-1945 historical context of two key events: the dissolution of an international political order founded upon European colonial empires, and the establishment and evolution of a postwar liberal international economy under U.S. leadership. Within the subdiscipline of International Political Economy (IPE), the genesis of the concept of “hegemony” or “leadership” has two sources: the idea of hegemonic order or dominance within the world economy as articulated in Immanuel Wallerstein’s World-Systems Theory in the early 1970s, and the publication of Charles Kindleberger’s analysis of the Great Depression that initiated a debate involving neorealist and liberal-oriented scholars around what subsequently become known as “hegemonic stability theory.” John Ikenberry also articulated a nuanced understanding of hegemony from a liberal-institutionalist perspective with regard to the post-1945 international order. There exists a substantial amount of literature on the theory and history of hegemony within IPE, and much of this discussion has been fueled by ongoing developments in the world economy. Critics of hegemony situate and embed state power and behavior within the socioeconomic structure of capitalism, and also focus on class agency as central to the establishment and evolution of hegemonic orders. To varying degrees these scholars have drawn on the theory of hegemony developed by Antonio Gramsci.
Urban planning practices for bikeable cities – the case of Copenhagen

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cities are increasingly looking to cycling as a means to promote sustainability, liveability, and public health. Denmark is one of the European countries where cycling has remained significant - even in the motor age, and national strategies now aim to support and further increase cycling. The article presents the state of cycling in Denmark and Copenhagen - as well as the cycling promoting efforts of the city of Copenhagen which is one of the forerunners in the field.
Formal theory-driven, psycholinguistic data and corpus-driven study confirms the absence of a basic colour term for ORANGE in Modern Standard Mandarin and elaborates the syntaxico-semantic ‘distributional potential’ criterion for basicness

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper deploys formal, experimental, and corpus-based evidence to demonstrate that, despite being psychologically salient in Modern Standard Mandarin, orange is not yet encoded by a monomorphemic monosyllabic single-character colour term, and the possible candidates do not possess the entire set of the criteria to become ‘basic’. It also suggests an additional analysis of the syntaxico-semantic ‘distributional potential’ criterion, which is a precondition for colour terms’ basicness.
Scattering Lengths in the Quark Model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A set of predictions concerning scattering lengths is obtained by means of the quark model. The results, however, hold also for some form of U(6)⊗U(6) invariance at rest.Received 10 February 1967DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.18.417©1967 American Physical Society
Multiport Interface Converter with an Energy Storage for Nanogrids

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Nanogrid is a small-scale microgrid that consists of loads, sources and storages interfaced with power electronic converters. Conventionally, the droop control provides power sharing. To establish autonomous operation with stable voltage and reliable power quality, an energy management system (EMS) in the form of a bidirectional multiport converter with energy storage at the PCC is used. Unlike typical approach, this paper proposes an EMS concept for nanogrids based on a single grid-forming voltage source. This allows using a simple voltage control algorithm instead of the droop control; in addition, it is compatible with all conventional power electronic interfaces. The EMS concept, its operation modes and control strategies are described. Some case studies are presented and analyzed by computer simulations.
Effect of Mineral Admixture on Physical and Mechanical Properties of CLC Concrete Masonry Brick

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

One of the methods used to reduce the weight of a construction is by reducing the weight of the walls of the building. In such a case, a wall made of red brick has a volume weight of 1,500–2,000 kg/m3, and concrete masonry bricks made of CLC have a volume weight of 400–900 kg/m3. So, in comparison, concrete masonry bricks have a volume weight that is ≤ 50% of that of red brick. In the manufacturing of concrete masonry bricks, one variant is CLC (Cellular Lightweight Concrete), produced using a mixture of cement, sand, chemical admixture and water, with the filler material in the form of air generated as microscale soap bubbles (microbubbles), also known as foam agent. In the manufacturing of concrete masonry bricks, the mineral admixture as a filler material clearly affects the physical and mechanical properties of the bricks produced. This research is conducted to investigate the effect of the amount or composition of the mineral admixture (gypsum) on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete masonry bricks. The composition is varied among 15 kg/m3, 30 kg/m3, 60 kg/m3, 75 kg/m3 and 120 kg/m3 of gypsum in the making of CLC masonry concrete brick.
Finding a suitable hop-to-hop busty traffic transmission approach for underwater acoustic networks: handshake-based vs. handshake-free MAC protocols

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Any medium access control (MAC) protocol designed for underwater acoustic networks (UANs) must take some unique characteristics of underwater channels into consideration for apt functioning, such as long propagation delay, high bit-error rate, limited bandwidth and so forth. Already, many MAC protocols are designed for UANs, which have fully or partially taken these characteristics into account and could be classified as handshake-free and handshake-based protocols. In this paper, these two classes are investigated through a comprehensive simulation campaign by employing their prominent representative protocols, namely ALOHA, carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) and multiple access with collision avoidance based adaptive packet train (MACA-APT) protocol. The contribution of this paper lies as follows: (i) unearthing the optimum values of various parameters on which the performance of a protocol relies; (ii) investigating the performance of all three protocols through a realistic channel model simulator by varying a couple of network parameters, and iii) discovering their effectiveness on various applications.
Capacity-Focused Community Development, A Case Study in Operating Areas of Unocal Indonesia Company

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Community Development (CD), most of the time, is problematic. The way CD problems are addressed may lead us to two divergent paths. One approach, which is practiced by many institutions, focuses on a community's needs, deficiencies, and problems. This approach is then translated into local programs and activities. This approach makes local communities begin to see themselves as people with special needs that can only be met by outsiders. The local communities become consumers of services, and see themselves as fundamentally deficient, incapable of taking charge of their lives and of their community's future. An alternative approach starts by focusing on a community's capacities and assets. This alternative leads toward the development of policies and activities based on the capacities, skills, and assets of the community. This approach starts with what is present in the community, the capacities of its residents and workers, and the institutional base of the area (not with what is absent, or with what is problematic, or with what the community needs). In a community whose capacities and assets are being fully recognized and mobilized, the local community will be part of the action, not as clients or recipients of aid, but as full contributors to the community-building process. Unocal Indonesia Company - Balikpapan has applied Capacity-Focused Community Development since 2000. The concept has been developed, tested, and evaluated in several different pilot projects within a limited local community. The results have been very positive. The application of this concept is now being further implemented, involving more local communities near Unocal operating areas.
Expanding the network of crossdated tree-ring chronologies for Sequoia sempervirens

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Crossdated tree-ring chronologies for the Arcata Community Forest (ACF) and Muir Woods National Monument (Muir Woods) expand the spatial coverage of dated coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl.) series. Crossdating relies on the common pattern of ring-width variation among tree populations, and dated chronologies have many applications, including climate analysis, growth analysis, tree age calculations, reconstructing fire histories, and archeological dating. While coast redwood poses many challenges to crossdating (e.g., ring wedging, locally-absent rings, and discontinuous rings), recent work established a network of chronologies at eight locations along the species’ latitudinal distribution upon which we build. Here we used a combination of methods including coring standing live trees at multiple heights, cutting cross-sections from already exposed ends of downed trees along trail crossings, coring downed trees, and removing wedges from stumps using chainsaws. The ACF chronology is currently composed of six standing second-growth trees (1882-2015) and three stumps (1273-1714). We crossdated the stumps using existing chronologies > 36 km away as references (r = 0.40, p < 0.001, with the composite northern redwood chronology). The Muir Woods chronology is preliminary with only three trees sampled but spanned 1318-2013 and captured the oldest extent of any crossdated coast redwood south of Mendocino County. The ACF and Muir Woods chronologies showed synchrony with other chronologies in their sub-regions of the range, reflecting a shared climate signal. ACF correlated strongest with Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park (r = 0.47), Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park (r = 0.47), and Humboldt Redwoods State Park (r = 0.46), and Muir Woods correlated strongest with Montgomery Woods State Natural Reserve (r = 0.50) and Samuel P. Taylor State Park (r = 0.48) (common period 1882–2009; p < 0.001). These chronologies add to an increasing inventory of dated redwood tree-ring series for use in research and management.
Nanotechnology-Enhanced Face Masks: Future Scopes and Perspectives

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has shown that a disposable surgical face mask is a good protective wall against infection due to its ability to prevent virus transmission from sick to healthy people. Nevertheless, these surgical masks are disposable, not ecofriendly, and are single-use items. The use and disposal of traditional masks lead to high secondary risks such as environmental pollution, pathogen transmission, overload demands, and user discomfort. Nanotechnology is one of the most investigated strategies to safely and economically reuse masks in the 21st century. These strategies are based on four key elements as follows: (1) super mechanical properties that give masks flexibility, durability, and good lifetime storage; (2) high thermal properties that give masks heat self-sterilization; (3) an electric charge controller that gives masks triboelectric (TE) filtration; and (4) response to the antimicrobial effect that stays in the mask before, during, and after safe use. These properties give new-generation masks the ability to remove the drawbacks of traditional surgical masks, such as microbial growth and low filtration efficiency. The graphene family has introduced the self-sterilization and TE effects of surgical masks. Silver nanoparticles have supported antimicrobial effects. Nanofiber membranes are fabricated to have a high surface area that improves the fiber diameter and porosity ratio. A traditional mask could only block a maximum of 50% of the exhaled viruses, but a nanofiber-based mask has been tested to intercept 90% to 99% of particle viruses while breathing during use. Complex nanocomposite materials have succeeded in collecting all these advantages.
Video Surveillance of the Employees Between the Right to Privacy and Right to Property After López Ribalda and Others v. Spain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The tension between safety and privacy has become an important issue in the modern world. Video surveillance systems are indeed powerful tools for fighting crime on the one hand, and for the protection of property from theft on the other. The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has examined the issue of video surveillance in many of its decisions. In this work, the author analyses the issue of video surveillance over employees and its influence on fundamental human rights and freedoms. He elaborates upon the ECtHR’s case of López Ribalda and Others v. Spain in order to identify the balance between the right to privacy and the right to property. This is a case from the civil law, but with elements that could may be used in the criminal proceedings. Furthermore, it is important to determine when exactly the video footage of employees may be used as evidence in criminal proceedings. After the introductory remarks, the author briefly deals with the facts of the above case and explains the basic applicable international legal acts. He then observes the issue of video surveillance from two points of view – those of Article 8 and Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR). Finally, he concludes that the ECHR took the right direction in establishing the balance between the protection of property and the right to privacy.
Gavra – A social history of a Greek village and its emigrating villagers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Gavra - A social history of a Greek Village and its emigrating Villager, written by Gunnar Olofsson and Thoams Thomell, was originally published as a book in Swedish in late 2012. The Swedish version of the book has 316 pages, including maps, graphs, tables, photos, endnotes and bibliographies. This is a short summary of the book, its key arguments and the kind of data and conclusions it contains.
SITE OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULPHATE BIOSYNTHESIS IN THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE PREVIABLE FOETUS

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY The localization of enzymes required for dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) biosynthesis from pregnenolone in human foetal adrenal glands was investigated using a microtechnique to obtain serial tissue sections through the glands. Both zones of the adrenal glands converted pregnenolone to pregnenolone sulphate and to 17α-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and their sulphates. A higher conversion to the steroid sulphates was found in the foetal compared with the adult zone tissue incubations. In two experiments, the highest conversion to DHAS occurred with tissue from the foetaladult border zone. The relative amounts of the steroids formed during incubation with whole gland homogenates were similar to those formed in the incubations of the foetal zone.
Measures to Improve the Performance of Socially Innovative Companies using live commerce

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

본 연구는 코로나19 및 포스트 코로나 시대를 맞이하여 사회혁신기업의 신시장 개척 및 고객 확보, 실질적인 매출성과를 위한 실질적인 방안을 모색하고자 라이브 커머스의 핵심 요인과 최근의 타 기관에서 활용하고 있는 라이브 커머스 운영 대행 입찰에 대하여 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 라이브 커머스의 개념과 특성을 정리하면서, 라이브 커머스를 모바일에서 실시간으로 상품을 소개하고 고객과 소통하며 상품을 판매하는 방송 채널이라고 정의내리고, 라이브 커머스의 특성은 어떤 것을 파는가?’인 제품 요소와 ‘누가 어떻게 진행하는가?’인 라이브 커머스 BJ의 요소와 ‘라이브 커머스시스템은 얼마나 편리한가?’인 라이브 커머스 플랫폼 요소 및 ‘어떤 재미 요소와 유용한 정보 등이 있는가?’인 콘텐츠 요소로 구성된다고 정의하였다. 또한, 사회혁신기업의 라이브 커머스 활용을 위한 방안으로 서울시설공단과 농수산식품거래소의 입찰 내용을 사례로 제시하면서 이에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. 현재의 입찰 내용을 분석해보면 라이브 커머스의 특성을 고려한 차별화된 입찰 요소에 대하여 언급되지 않은 상태이다. 다만 전체 입찰가격이 약 2억 원 대로 형성되어 있다는 점을 고려할 때, 지자체 및 지역사회의 사회혁신기업들은 라이브 커머스라는 유통 채널을 활용하여 다양한 품목을 효율적으로 알리고, 고객과 직접 소통하는 성과 증진방안을 모색할 수 있을 것이다.
Metabolic alterations and X-ray chlorophyll fluorescence for the early detection of lead stress in castor bean (Ricinus communis) plants

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT. The remediation of lead-contaminated areas poses a serious challenge to soil chemists because Pb has low solubility in soil. Thus, Pb phytostabilization is considered to be an attractive remediation technique. Castor bean (Ricinus communis) is an oilseed crop known for its tolerance to heavy metals, and our aim was to assess the early detection of Pb toxicity and the effects of Pb on the biomass, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative enzyme activities, and total soluble proteins of this plant. Specimens were grown in a nutrient solution spiked with Pb concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, or 200 µmol L-1. A control without Pb was also grown. The results show that X-ray chlorophyll fluorescence is an efficient technique for the early detection of photosystem II alterations driven by Pb toxicity. Castor bean was tolerant to the Pb doses tested; plants presented no changes in photosynthetic pigments, defense enzyme activities, or total soluble proteins in leaves. Given its ability to tolerate and accumulate Pb in its roots, castor bean is a viable alternative for phytostabilization and phytoattenuation of lead-contaminated areas. It is also economically attractive for industrial and biofuel oil production while being used for remediation.
In the Eyes of the Law: Women, Marriage, and Property in Nineteenth-Century New York

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article In the Eyes of the Law: Women, Marriage, and Property in Nineteenth-Century New York. By Norma Basch. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1982. 255 pp. Tables, appendix, notes, selected bibliography, and index. $19.50.) Get access Joan H. Hollinger Joan H. Hollinger University of Detroit School of Law Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 70, Issue 4, March 1984, Pages 883–884, https://doi.org/10.2307/1899774 Published: 01 March 1984
Efficient technique to measure the concentration value of a scattering suspension using Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The efficient technique based on the Bouguer-Lambert-Beer law for experimental measurement of the concentration value of an optically scattering medium is presented. The software for batch analysis of intensity distributions of scattered laser beam is developed and tested. An experimental laboratory setup to measure the concentration value of a scattering suspension of polystyrene microbeads is assembled.
Body size, ethnicity and gender: The effects of target and perceiver variables on impressions of figures

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Both target effects (characteristics of the person being judged) and perceiver effects (characteristics of the perceiver) have been found to be important in forming impressions and perceptions of others. In many situations with no interaction between perceiver and target, physically identifiable characteristics (e.g., body size, race, and gender) of targets and corresponding characteristics of perceivers (e.g., body image, gender, and race) may be important in social perception. In past research body image was used as a dependent variable, however, it may act as a cognitive framework used to understand others. The present studies investigated effects of target and perceiver variables on impression formation. In Study 1, White perceivers rated twelve photographs varying on three target effects: body size (overweight, average, and underweight), race (White and Asian), and gender (male and female). In Study 2, Asian and White perceivers rated the twelve photos and these perceiver groups were compared. Results from Study 1 showed that extreme body size targets (overweight and underweight figures) were perceived more negatively than average size figures. Previous studies purport society's preference for thinness, however, this general preference may not be as pervasive as once thought. Also, Study 1 results showed overweight female targets were more positively perceived than overweight male, yet underweight males were not perceived as positively as underweight females. These findings support previous studies where the ideal male body is muscular in build but not thin. However, since overweight female figures were rated higher than overweight male figures, this may indicate changing perceptions of the ideal female body. Additionally, Study 1 participants rated Asian figures more positively in some cases than White figures, indicating that the ideal image is not necessarily a White image. Finally, Study 1 results showed that body image did not significant relate with social perception ratings, contrary to hypothesized. In Study 2, results comparing Asian and White perceivers revealed more positive perceptions of Asian targets by White perceivers than by Asian perceivers. Cultural values and other differences may explain this finding, but it is uncertain why these patterns appear, therefore these effects need to be considered further. Implications of this research on the study of social perception were discussed and suggestions for further research were also explored.
Supplementary Figure S4 from STAT3/IRF1 Pathway Activation Sensitizes Cervical Cancer Cells to Chemotherapeutic Drugs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>HeLa cells were transfected with 10 pmol/1.5 x 105 cells of human STAT3-specific siRNA (#8 or 9) or mock siRNA.</p>