jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Over Expression of the Na,K-ATPase α4 Isoform in Spermatozoa Results in Increased Motility of the Cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Na,K-ATPase is an essential enzyme of the plasma membrane that plays a key role in numerous cell processes that depend on the transcellular gradients of Na+ and K+. Several isozymes of the Na,K-ATPase exist that result from the association of different isoforms of two major polypeptides, the catalytic α and the glycosylated β subunits. Among the α isoforms, a peculiar polypeptide, α4 is selectively expressed in testis, where it is restricted to male germ cells. We have previously shown that α4 has a number of biochemical and functional characteristics that are highly unique and essential to sperm physiology. Most importantly, α4 is required for sperm motility. To continue exploring the role of α4 in sperm function, we have engineered transgenic mice that express the isoform from rat in male germ cells under the protamine-1 promoter. For this, a fusion construct between rat α4 and green fluorescent protein (GFP), placed at the C-terminus of the isoform was prepared (α4:GFP). The construct was cloned into the pPrCExV-1 vector, downstream from the protamine-1 promoter. The cDNA was microinjected into the pronucleus of one-cell embryos, and transgenic animals were generated. The obtained mice showed the expected expression of the α4:GFP construct, as determined by immunoblot and immunocytochemistry. Labeling of testis sections from transgenic animals with anti-α4 and anti-GFP antibodies indicated that α4:GFP was located mainly to the adluminal side of the seminiferous tubules, where the mature spermatozoa are located. In the spermatozoa from these mice, α4:GFP was mainly found at the sperm flagellum, where the native α4 isoform is normally expressed. Animals expressing the α4:GFP transgene exhibited a normal testis morphological appearance and their fertility was similar to that of wild type animals. Interestingly, compared to wild type spermatozoa, male gametes from α4:GFP expressing mice displayed a higher total percent motility as determined by computer assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The progressive motility was also increased in α4:GFP mice. In addition, α4:GFP containing sperm exhibited higher hypermotility under capacitating conditions. Altogether, these results supports the role of the Na,K-ATPase α4 isoform in maintaining the Na+ and K+ gradients that are necessary for the excitability and motility of spermatozoa [Supported by NIH grants HD043044 and U54 HD055763-01].
A comparative study of azithromycin and amoxycillin in paediatric patients with acute otitis media

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this open study, a three-day regimen of azithromycin (single daily dose of 10 mg/kg) was compared with a ten-day regimen of amoxycillin paediatric suspension (30 mg/kg/day in three divided doses; children > 20 kg received 250 mg tid daily) in 154 children (aged 2-12 years) with a clinical diagnosis of acute otitis media (13 recurrent). Full clinical, bacteriological and laboratory safety assessments were performed during and after the study. Of the 77 azithromycin patients, 61 (79%) were considered cured, 15 (19%) improved and one (1%) failed, compared with 45 (58%) cured, 28 (36%) improved and four (5%) failed among the 77 amoxycillin patients. Excluding from analysis the 13 patients with recurrent otitis media, azithromycin was found to be significantly superior to amoxycillin (P = 0.003). The incidence of side-effects was low, with only two (3%) and three (4%) patients reporting adverse events with azithromycin and amoxycillin, respectively. These were gastrointestinal in nature and of mild or moderate severity, except for one case of severe diarrhoea in the amoxycillin group. No treatment-related abnormalities in the laboratory safety tests were observed, and no patients withdrew from therapy. A three-day regimen of azithromycin was therefore shown to be more effective than, and as well tolerated as, amoxycillin in the treatment of children with acute otitis media.
Inheritance of agronomic traits from the Chinese barley dwarfing gene donors ‘Xiaoshan Lixiahuang’ and ‘Cangzhou Luodama’

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The inheritance of agronomic traits from the barley dwarfing gene donors ‘Xiaoshan Lixiahuang’ and ‘Cangzhou Luodamai’ was studied. The results indicated that dwarf plants, six‐row and short spikes, dense spikelets and naked kernels, respectively, were controlled by one pair of recessive genes, but a toothed awn was determined by one pair of dominant genes in both barley cultivars. The genes for the six characters in ‘Xiaoshan Lixiahuang’ were allelic to those in ‘Cangzhou Luodamai’. Genetic linkage was found among the genes for plant height, spike length and spikelet density. They were located on the long arm of chromosome 3 (3HL) in the order: plant height, spikelet density, spike length. The genes for naked kernels, six‐row spikes and tooth awns were independent of each other, and carried on the long arms of chromosomes 1(7H), 2(H) and 7(5H), respectively. The dwarfing genes were the same as the gene uz in Japanese and Korean barley cultivars.
Compressed Training for Dual-Wideband Time-Varying Sub-Terahertz Massive MIMO

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

6G operators may use millimeter wave (mmWave) and sub-terahertz (sub-THz) bands to meet the ever-increasing demand for wireless access. Sub-THz communication comes with many existing challenges of mmWave communication and adds new challenges associated with the wider bandwidths, more antennas, and harsher propagations. Notably, the frequency- and spatial-wideband (dual-wideband) effects are significant at sub-THz. This paper presents a compressed training framework to estimate the time-varying sub-THz MIMO-OFDM channels. A set of frequency-dependent array response matrices are constructed, enabling channel recovery from multiple observations across subcarriers via multiple measurement vectors (MMV). Using the temporal correlation, MMV least squares (LS) is designed to estimate the channel based on the previous beam support, and MMV compressed sensing (CS) is applied to the residual signal. We refer to this as the MMV-LS-CS framework. Two-stage (TS) and MMV FISTA-based (M-FISTA) algorithms are proposed for the MMV-LS-CS framework. Leveraging the spreading loss structure, a channel refinement algorithm is proposed to estimate the path coefficients and time delays of the dominant paths. To reduce the computational complexity and enhance the beam resolution, a sequential search method using hierarchical codebooks is developed. Numerical results demonstrate the improved channel estimation accuracy of MMV-LS-CS over state-of-the-art techniques.
Effectiveness Test of Saliara Leaf Extract (Lantana camara) on Escherichia coli Bacteria Kirby Bauer Disc Method

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Death due to infection is the most common cause and is a challenge in the health sector. In 2019, 7.7 deaths were due to bacterial infections, 90 to 100 cases were urinary tract infections and Escherichia coli bacteria contributed to 90% of urinary tract infections. This research uses the Kirby Bauer Disc method to determine the effectiveness of Saliara (Lantana camara) leaves against Escherichia coli bacteria. The type of research is a Laboratory experiment using the Kirby Bauer disc method with a post-test-only control group design. Data analysis uses recording of identifying the inhibition zones formed The research showed that a sample's concentration can influence the inhibition zone's resulting diameter. Saliara leaf extract with concentrations of 100%, 150%, and 200% produced an inhibition zone of 8.55 mm; 9.59mm; 12.34 mm in the proliferation of Escherichia coli bacteria. The positive control with the antibiotic ciprofloxacin produced an inhibition zone of 19.56 mm on the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. Control with negative distilled water does not create an inhibition zone because it does not have antibacterial activity. The conclusion is moderate inhibitory activity in Saliara (Lantana camara L.) leaf extract at concentrations of 100% and 150%. It is strong at a concentration of 200% against the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria.
The Reinvention of Atlantic Slavery

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Rood's book shows how, in an age of industrial growth and expanding antislavery movements, ambitious planters in the Upper US South, Cuba, and Brazil forged a new set of relationships with one another to sidestep the financial dominance of Great Britain and the northeastern United States. Hiring a transnational group of chemists, engineers, and other "plantation experts," they sought to adapt the technologies of the Industrial Revolution to suit "tropical" needs and maintain profitability. These experts depended on the know-how of slaves alongside whom they worked. Bondspeople with industrial craft skills played key roles in the development of new production technologies like sugar mills. While the very existence of skilled enslaved workers contradicted the racial ideologies underpinning slavery and allowed black people to wield new kinds of authority within the plantation world, their contributions reinforced the economic dynamism of the slave economies of Cuba, Brazil, and the Upper South. When separate wars broke out in all three locations in the 1860s, the transnational bloc of masters and experts took up arms to perpetuate the Greater Caribbean they had built throughout the 1840s and 1850s. Slaves played key wartime roles on the opposing side, helping to put an end to chattel slavery. However, the worldwide racial division of labor that emerged from the reinvented plantation complex has proved more durable.
Sustaining continuous improvement upon temporary workers’ shoulders: a tale of survival & tribalism (WITHDRAWN)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Long-term committed workers are expected to play a key role in the continuous improvement of operating routines, a fundamental activity preceding the creation of competitive advantages at the operations level. However, global uncertainty and market instabilities are increasingly pushing firms to increase the use of temporary labor to bypass current operational challenges related to production costs and flexibility. Although this strategy could have benefits at first sight, conventional wisdom in operations suggests it might be also hindering the successful deployment of continuous improvement practices. We therefore explore whether firms can sustain continuous improvement processes while relying on temporary labor by using an Insider Econometric approach on daily panel data (1793 observations across 9 lines gathered over two years). The results are mixed. We find temporary workers can positively contribute to continuous improvement activities especially when they are trained. However, this positive contribution turns negative as the number of temporary workers increases. We resort to evolutionary psychology to argue how continuous improvement outcomes are shaped by differences in hierarchical groups and tribal-like behaviors that aim to protect individuals’ own interests. Overall, our findings questions established theory by offering a nuanced perspective of temporary workers in continuous improvement.
Thailand: Details of non-tax revenue

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Mongolia, Nauru, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, the Solomon Islands, Thailand, Tokelau, Vanuatu and Viet Nam.It also provides information on non-tax revenues for Bhutan, the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kazakhstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, the Maldives, Mongolia, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Thailand, Tokelau, Vanuatu and Viet Nam.Four of these economies are OECD members (Australia, Korea, Japan and New Zealand).The approach used in Revenue Statistics in Asia and the Pacific is based on the well-established methodology of the OECD Revenue Statistics (OECD, 2020), which has become an essential reference source for OECD member countries.Comparisons are also made with the averages for OECD economies, Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries and 30 African countries.In this publication, the term "taxes" is confined to compulsory, unrequited payments to general government.As outlined in the Interpretative Guide to the Revenue Statistics, taxes are "unrequited" in the sense that benefits provided by government to taxpayers are not normally in proportion to their payments.The OECD methodology classifies a tax according to its base: income, profits and capital gains (classified under heading 1000), payroll (heading 3000), property (heading 4000), goods and services (heading 5000) and other taxes (heading 6000).Compulsory social security contributions paid to general government are treated as taxes, and are classified under heading 2000.Greater detail on the tax concept, the classification of taxes and the accrual basis of reporting is set out in the Interpretative Guide in Annex A.Information is also presented on non-tax revenues in 16 economies.The term "non-tax revenue" includes all general government revenue that does not meet the OECD definition of tax revenues.Non-tax revenues include grants (e.g.foreign aid), returns on government market investments, rents on the extraction of resources from public lands, sales of government-produced goods and services, and the collection of fines and forfeits.More details on the definition of these revenues are available in Annex B.Chapter 1 of this report provides an overview of the main tax revenue trends in the 24 economies and nontax revenue trends in the 16 relevant economies from 2010 to 2019.A special feature on the emerging challenges for the Asia-Pacific region in the COVID-19 era is found in Chapter 2, while Chapter 3 contains comparative tables on the level and structure of taxation in the 24 economies since 1990.Chapter 4 contains detailed information on tax revenues on a country-by-country basis.Chapter 5 includes information on the level and structure of non-tax revenues in selected economies.
[The treatment of recent myocardial infarction by prolonged infusion of trinitrin (author's transl)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Seventy four clinically comparable cases of myocardial infarction, admitted on average at the 10th hour were divided at random in two groups: thirty nine were treated with a prolonged intravenous infusion of trinitrin lasting for 24 hours in 12 cases and during 5 at 7 days in 27 cases: 35 served as controls. The results showed the following: a) the good tolerance of the drug used in this way; b) on the basis of precordial cartography, a reduction of 56.2 +/- 14.5% to 30 +/- 7.3% in the index of secondary extension of necrosis; c) clinical signs of left ventricular failure developed in 60% of the controls as compared with 45.8% of the treated group; d) the prevalence of rhythm disturbances was also lower in those treated; e) overall mortality during the first 4 weeks was 8 amongst the 35 controls and 2 of the treated patients (p less than 0.05).
Assessing the Fairness of AI Systems: AI Practitioners' Processes, Challenges, and Needs for Support

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Various tools and practices have been developed to support practitioners in identifying, assessing, and mitigating fairness-related harms caused by AI systems. However, prior research has highlighted gaps between the intended design of these tools and practices and their use within particular contexts, including gaps caused by the role that organizational factors play in shaping fairness work. In this paper, we investigate these gaps for one such practice: disaggregated evaluations of AI systems, intended to uncover performance disparities between demographic groups. By conducting semi-structured interviews and structured workshops with thirty-three AI practitioners from ten teams at three technology companies, we identify practitioners' processes, challenges, and needs for support when designing disaggregated evaluations. We find that practitioners face challenges when choosing performance metrics, identifying the most relevant direct stakeholders and demographic groups on which to focus, and collecting datasets with which to conduct disaggregated evaluations. More generally, we identify impacts on fairness work stemming from a lack of engagement with direct stakeholders or domain experts, business imperatives that prioritize customers over marginalized groups, and the drive to deploy AI systems at scale.
The Effect of Yttrium Addition on the Microstructure and Irradiation Hardening in V-4Cr-4Ti Alloy under Self-Ion Irradiation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Microstructure and irradiation hardening of V-4Cr-4Ti alloys with different yttrium (Y) contents were studied by self-ion irradiation at 550 °C via TEM and nano-indentation test technology. The peak damage of the V-4Cr-4Ti-xY alloy (x = 0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1, wt.%) irradiated by 2.5 MeV self-ion (V2+) is 8 dpa. Dense dislocation loops were observed in all vanadium alloy samples after irradiation. With the increase of Y content, both average size and number density of dislocation loops using g = <110> near the pole [001] decreased, while the irradiation hardness increment first decreased and then increased. In order to better reduce the irradiation hardening, it is considered that the addition of 0.1 wt.% Y in V-4Cr-4Ti alloy is reasonable.
T/E Nuclear-Bound

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We show that the QCD van der Waals interaction due to multiple gluon exchange provides a new kind of attractive nuclear force capable of binding heavy quarkonia to nuclei. The parameters of the potential are estimated by identifying multi-gluon exchange with the pomeron contributions to elastic meson-nucleon scattering. The gluonic potential is then used to study the properties of CC nuclear-bound states. In particular, we predict bound states of the qc with He3 and heavier nuclei. Production modes and rates are also discussed. 2
Study on Friction and Wear Properties and Mechanism at Different Temperatures of Friction Stir Lap Welding Joint of SiCp/ZL101 and ZL101

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In order to achieve the goal of lightening the braking system of urban rail trains, SiCp/ZL101 and ZL101 plates were welded by friction stir lap welding (FSLW) to prepare a new type of brake disc material. The friction and wear properties of the friction-stir-processed composite material were studied at different temperatures (30 °C, 100 °C, 150 °C, 200 °C, 250 °C, 300 °C) to provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation of braking performance. The experimental results showed that the sliding friction processes at each temperature were relatively stable, the friction coefficients did not vary much and the average friction coefficients changed slightly, stabilizing at about 0.4. The wear extent and the depth of wear scars increased with the increase in the temperature, reaching the highest at 150 °C and then began to decrease. At room temperature, the wear forms were mainly oxidative wear and abrasive wear; as the temperature rose, under the cyclic shearing action of the grinding ball, the abrasive debris fell off under the expansion of fatigue cracks and fatigue wear was the main form at this stage. When the temperature reached 200 °C, it began to show the characteristics of adhesive wear; after 250 °C, due to the gradual formation of a mechanical mixed layer containing more SiC particles and oxides on the wear surface, it exhibited high-temperature lubrication characteristics, and the wear extent was equivalent to 35% of the wear extent at normal temperature, indicating that the composite material had good high-temperature friction and wear properties.
Windfall for African Studies: Some Forthcoming Reprints

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The rising demand for out-of-print Africana, and indeed all rare scholarly books, is stimulating unprecedented interest and reprinting activity among publishers. With programs and courses springing up all over the United States, Africa, and other parts of the world, librarians and scholars have found themselves in fierce competition for scarce materials on African subjects. Simultaneously, booksellers, at pains to meet this tremendous increase in demand, have found the supply of Africana dwindling and near depletion. However, because of the proliferation of publishing houses specializing in scholarly reprints, the solution to this problem seems to be close at hand.
Cyclic organophosphorus compounds. Part 21. Crystallographic and spectroscopic assignments of configuration at phosphorus in 2-chloro-4-isopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2λ5-dioxaphosphorinan-2-ones and in 2-methoxy-4-isopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The crystal and molecular structures of cis- and trans-2-chloro-4-isopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2λ5-dioxaphosphorinan-2-ones have been determined by single-crystal X-ray analyses. In the solid state, these structures possess equatorial and axial phosphorus–chlorine bonds, respectively, with (S)P and (R)P configurations. The temperature-independent formation of the cis-phosphorochloridate by chlorination of the thermodynamically more stable 2-methoxy-4-isopropyl-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane suggests that the latter has the trans geometry with the (R)P configuration. The geometries thus assigned to the diastereoisomeric methyl phosphites are consistent with the 31P n.m.r. data for the corresponding 2-selenides.
Indirect Effects of COVID-19 on Maternal, Neonatal, Child, Sexual and Reproductive Health Services in Kampala, Uganda

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: COVID-19 has impacted global maternal, neonatal and child health outcomes. We hypothesised that the early, strict lockdown which severely limited the movements of individuals in Uganda will have impacted access to services.
Methods: An observational study, using routinely collected health data from Electronic Medical Records was carried out, utilising data from July 2019 to December 2020 in Kawempe district, Kampala. The mean and 95% confidence intervals were calculated pre-COVID (July 2019 – February 2020) and post-COVID (March-December 2020). The means were compared using t-tests, and the monthly totals analysed as to whether they lay within or outside the normal range, compared to the previous 9 months.
Results: Antenatal attendances decreased 96% in April 2020 and remain below pre-COVID levels. We found a rise in adverse pregnancy outcomes for Caesarean sections (5%), haemorrhages related to pregnancy (51%), stillbirths (31%) and low-birth-weight (162%) and premature infant births (400%). We noted a drop in neonatal unit admissions, immunisation clinic attendance and delivery of all vaccinations except measles. There was an immediate drop in clinic attendance for prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (now stabilised) and an increase of 348% in childhood malnutrition clinic attendance. Maternal and neonatal deaths, immediate post-natal care and contraceptive provision remained within normal limits.
Conclusion: The response to COVID-19 in Uganda has negatively impacted maternal, child and neonatal health, with the biggest and longest lasting impact seen in complications of pregnancy, stillbirths and low-birthweight infants likely due to delayed care-seeking behaviour. The decline in vaccination clinic attendance has implications for all vaccine-preventable diseases, with a cohort of infants currently unprotected. Further consideration of the impacts of restricting movement and limiting access to preventative services must be undertaken in responding to future pandemics if key maternal and child health services are to be maintained.