jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On An Evolutionary Developmental Methodology For Pin-joint Framework Optimization

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The formal investigation into optimal structures, called topology optimization, commenced from the 1904 paper of A.G.M. Michell. While impractical for real constructions, the criteria considered therein allow for a determination of the limit of material economy attainable for truss structures, called Michell structures. These analytical solutions are a useful tool for benchmarking, but have been solved only for a small number of simple cases. The usual computational approaches for identifying these optima rely on a presupposed ground structure, which covers the design space with an initial assemblage of members and joints. While denser ground-structures provide for more refined optima, the stipulation of an initial structure (i.e., topology) artificially restricts the allowable optima. In the present work, we are concerned with the development and application of a biologically inspired methodology for the study of layout (size, shape, and topology) optimization in pin-jointed frameworks. The methodology is based on the formalism of map L-systems, whose grammar generates purely topological information. This topology is encoded and optimized using an evolutionary algorithm coupled to a non-linear programming method for sizing and shape optimization. Three benchmark test cases are examined which show the gains attainable when a ground-structure is not presupposed.
Effect of chronic kidney disease on the association between hyperuricemia and new‐onset hypertension in the general Japanese population: ISSA‐CKD study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract We aimed to investigate the association between serum uric acid (SUA) level and development of hypertension as well as the interaction effect of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on this relationship in the general Japanese population. We included 7895 participants aged ≥30 years from the ISSA‐CKD study, a population‐based retrospective cohort study that used annual health check‐up data of residents from Iki Island, Japan. After the exclusion of 1881 with l < 1‐year follow‐up, 2812 with hypertension at baseline, and 165 with missing information on SUA, a total of 3037 participants were enrolled in this analysis. Participants were divided into four groups according to the quartiles of SUA level at baseline, and multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios for new‐onset hypertension were calculated. Stratified analyses were performed for each subgroup (defined by sex, age, alcohol intake, and CKD) to assess the interaction effects. During a mean follow‐up period of 4.4 years, 943 participants developed hypertension. The first quartile group was set as the reference group, and the multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for new‐onset hypertension were 1.11 (0.90–1.36) in the second quartile, 1.25 (1.02–1.54) in the third quartile, and 1.35 (1.07–1.70) in the fourth quartile compared with those in the reference group ( p = .007 for trend). The stratified analyses showed that the association between SUA and hypertension was significantly stronger in participants with CKD than in those without CKD ( p = .035 for interaction). SUA level is an independent risk factor for new‐onset hypertension. This tendency was significantly stronger in participants with CKD.
A Review on A Study of Meta-Analysis of Research Methods in Intellectual Property

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Intellectual property (IP) research crosses numerous fields and requires a variety of approaches for thorough investigation. This meta-analysis examines the many research approaches used in intellectual property studies to understand current trends, their benefits, and limits. We examine quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method approaches to intellectual property research using a comprehensive literature review. Quantitative tools, such as surveys, econometric analysis, and patent data examination, predominate in empirical research, delivering robust statistical insights. Qualitative approaches, such as case studies, interviews, and content analysis, provide nuanced insights into intellectual property phenomena while contextualizing quantitative data. Mixed-method techniques combine these methodologies, resulting in triangulated perspectives and increased explanatory power. These approaches' strengths stem from their versatility, which allows for specialized research in a variety of IP scenarios. However, limitations include methodological constraints, data availability, and ethical problems, which necessitate careful interpretation. Emerging trends highlight the impact of technology, interdisciplinary collaboration, and globalization on intellectual property research. Case studies demonstrate methodological applications in various IP sectors, ranging from digital rights protection to cultural heritage preservation. Data access, quality assurance, and interdisciplinary integration remain challenges, necessitating collaborative efforts to develop methods. This meta-analysis provides a road map for future IP research, emphasizing methodological diversity, technological integration, and ethical rigor in dealing with the numerous dynamics of intellectual property
ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE ONTO CARBONS MADE OF RESIDUES FROM THE BIODIESEL INDUSTRY

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The performance of carbons produced from the cold-pressed cake of Raphanus sativus (L. var.), a residue from the biodiesel industry, was evaluated for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from synthetic aque-ous solutions. The study has focused on the following three topics: (i) physical and textural characterization of the carbon, (ii) batch investigation of equilibrium and kinetics of MB adsorption at room temperature, and (iii) analysis of MB adsorption mechanism onto such carbonaceous structures. Regarding the fi rst topic, carbon was characterized using several methods such as Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy. A microporous carbon was found thus indicating that MB adsorption may occur predominantly at the surface of the carbon. Regarding the second topic, equilibrium tests revealed that Langmuir-based maximum MB uptake capacity was 19.8 mg g–1 and that MB kinetics onto carbon was best described by a pseudo second-order model. Data fi tting analysis confi rmed that MB adsorption onto such carbons was predominantly superfi cial. And fi nally, regarding the third topic, MB adsorption may probably occur by bonding of monomer MB through the central nitrogen atom of its molecule and through sulfur atom while MB bonding through amino nitrogen atom does not seem probable. The study reveals that carbons made of R. sativus are suitable materials for the removal of dyes from aqueous solutions, mainly if fi ner fraction of carbons is used, because MB adsorption was found to be predominantly superfi cial.
Designing Transit Agency Job Descriptions for Optimal Roles: An Analytical Text-Mining Approach

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In an effort to help the transit industry prepare better job descriptions for staff positions, this study looks at various job descriptions posted by the human resources department of a transit agency. The goal of the study was to establish a baseline for developing the job descriptions for each staff position. The implemented method identified the major keywords and concepts within the job descriptions. By detecting the keywords and keyword frequency within the job descriptions, the split of responsibilities between each position is visualized. The study then performed a causality analysis to identify the patterns between ranking within the organization and the corresponding keywords. This nested analysis has been rarely utilized in the literature, and the hierarchical organization is the best-matched algorithm for applying these methods to create meaningful patterns. The methodology is applied to a case study, a transportation sub-department within a county government department in Texas housing nine administrative, managerial, or supervisory roles. The results of this analysis help transform the data into knowledge for decision-makers and transit agencies. Comparison of the analysis outcomes highlights complementary staff positions (to facilitate effective teaming and project management) and/or overlap in duties and responsibilities that may present an opportunity for increased efficiency.
Measurements of the Velocity and Turbulence Structure

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The turbulent ow structure of a tip vortex generated by a hovering rotor was investigated with the use of three-dimensional laser Doppler velocimetry. The velocity ® eld was measured at ® ve wake ages, with the three components of turbulence being measured at the three earliest ages. The tangential (swirl) velocity component inside the tip vortex was found to have a self-similar behavior for all wake ages. The viscous core size was estimated to be approximately 2.5% of the blade chord just after formation, growing with the square root of vortex age to about 13% of blade chord at one rotor revolution. At early wake ages, radially symmetric peaks in the turbulence intensities were measured inside the vortex core, whereas onlya single peak appeared in the turbulence distribution at later ages. The radial component of turbulence was found to be the most dominant, with the axial component being the smallest. Additional turbulence quantities, such as Reynolds’ stress, were also measured. Finally, the evolutionary features of the turbulent kinetic energy production are discussed.
Coevolution of social norms and cooperation in public and private situations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cooperation in human society is sustained by reputation. In general, the reputation of an individual is determined by others who observe his behavior, but this rarely happens in private situations. This may cause people to behave inconsistently, cooperating in public and not cooperating in private. A previous experiment showed that people gave a lower reputation to an individual who cooperated in public but defected in private rather than a consistently uncooperative individual regardless of public and private situations. However, the reason behind this is unclear. Here, we study how cooperation and the reputational mechanism co-evolve on the condition that two types of interaction (public and private) exist. The simulation results show that the evolved social norm is characterized by at least one of the following: preference for consistent or aversion of inconsistent behavior in both interactions when the risk that behaviors in private interactions are observed exceeds a certain threshold. We also find that such social norms promote cooperation in private situations as well as in public ones.
Analysis of AI Ethical Competence to Computational Thinking

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a driving force leading the intelligent information society. Major advanced countries have established AI into key policy projects and made continuous efforts to nurture and develop future talents through AI education. Unlike conventional software, AI can infer results through training with data, and if there is a data bias, it may cause social and ethical problems. These problems incur extensive damage to society, so ethical consideration is essential in terms of effectiveness and efficiency in implementing AI. Computational thinking aims to perform effective and efficient problem-solving to address real-life problems using computing technology such as AI. Therefore, ethical considerations in AI education can be regarded as an important element of computational thinking. This study aims to analyze the relationship between computational thinking and AI ethical competence from problem-solving using AI. To this end, evaluations and analyses of computational thinking and AI ethical competence were performed based on the evaluation results of the education program with the integration of AI and AI ethics. The analysis demonstrated that the group with relatively high computational thinking skills also showed high AI ethical competence. The findings of this study are expected to facilitate research on nurturing computational thinking through AI-integrated education with sufficient consideration of AI ethics. To increase the effectiveness of the AI-integrated education program, it is necessary to develop a mid-to-long-term education program to systematically examine the process-focused evaluation by systematizing observational and portfolio assessments.
Establishing normal gallbladder volume: a comparative study of dual energy computed tomography and ultrasound measurements in a North Indian population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The gallbladder, a critical component of the biliary system, plays a vital role in bile storage and digestion. Dysfunction in the gallbladder often results in gallstone formation, leading to significant healthcare burdens worldwide. Gallstone disease and gallbladder carcinoma are major health concerns, particularly in regions like India, where prevalence is high and poorly understood. Methods: This study aims to establish the normal baseline volume of the gallbladder using dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) and compare it with measurements obtained via ultrasound (USG). The cross-sectional study conducted at Era's Lucknow medical college and hospital involved 265 individuals aged 18-80 years with non-gallbladder-related abdominal conditions. Results: Final results showed the mean gallbladder volume to be 29.33±8.70 cm3 by DECT and 27.40±8.58 cm3 by USG, with DECT measurements being on average 1.93 cm3 higher. A significant association was found between gallbladder volume and obesity, but not gender. Conclusions: The findings suggest DECT provides slightly higher and potentially more accurate measurements of gallbladder volume compared to USG. These insights contribute to a better understanding of gallbladder physiology and the implications of its volume in various pathologies, emphasizing the need for further studies with larger sample sizes to validate these observations.
Thermal groundwater movement and radionuclide transport in SW England

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Heat flow in SW England is well above average for the UK as a whole, but northwards towards Bath and Bristol the values decrease rapidly. However, hot springs occur both in the Bath-Bristol area and in mines in Cornwall. The development of hydrothermal circulation systems is thus not controlled entirely by geothermal gradient: the presence of a suitable fracture permeability is the main requirement. The thermal ‘head’ produced, which nevertheless depends upon the temperature and volume of water in the system, theoretically can exceed local topographic heads even in areas of low geothermal gradient. Thermal groundwaters usually carry above average quantities of radioelements in solution because of the long residence times involved. 222 Rn values are often particularly high. High concentrations of 222 Rn in surface waters arise from the discharge of groundwater. The results of a survey of 222 Rn in streams in SW England have established areas of high values which are interpreted as rising limbs of convection cells with dimensions in the order of 5–10 km. In SE Devon γ-ray spectrometry of soils shows two E.-W. belts of high activity. The northern is coincident with the faulted southern margin of the Crediton Trough, while the southern is coincident with the westerly extension of the Abbotsbury fault system. Groundwater movement along deep-seated fracture systems is considered to be the explanation of these features. The horizontal scale of the area involved suggests that a thermal rather than local topographic head is the driving force. Groundwater circulation within fractures, driven by a thermal head, may therefore occur even in areas of low geothermal gradient and should be considered when selecting waste disposal sites.
Scapegoat and magic charm: law in development theory and practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Ever since I first read the above aperçu I have been thinking of it in relation to lawrelated planning and analysis of social and economic change in developing countries.1 Law-related development planning-and there is little development policy and implementation which does not involve law-but also large parts of what goes under the name of development theory, seem to prove the above statement. The idea of legal engineering, of achieving social and economic change through government law, still ranks foremost in the arsenal of development techniques. Law, as 'desired situation projected into the future' (F.von Benda-Beckmann 1983a), is used as a magic charm. The law-maker seeks to capture desired economic or social conditions, and the practice supposed to lead towards them, in normative terms, and leaves the rest to law enforcement, or expressed more generally, to the implementation of policy.2
Antibody Targeted Against P2Y 12 Receptor Reduces Platelet Activity In vitro and In vivo

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Platelet hyperactivity is known to give rise to thrombotic disorders, and many antiplatelet therapies are designed to reduce the risk of thrombogenesis. ADP is an important platelet activator and activates platelets by binding to the P2Y 1 receptor or P2Y 12 receptor, both of which are G‐coupled protein receptors located on the platelets’ surface. To this end, although the involvement of the P2Y 12 platelet receptor in thrombosis is well characterized, there are currently no parenteral drugs targeting these receptors in clinical use to complement existing antiplatelet therapies. In this study, we designed a parenteral agent, namely an antibody targeted against the P2Y 12 receptor ligand biding domain (abbreviated as P2Y 12 Ab). In vitro studies revealed that the addition of P2Y 12 Ab could effectively inhibit aggregation induced by ADP. P2Y 12 Ab was also found to inhibit aggregation activated by U46619 and thrombin. Using FACS analysis, reduced P selectin and Annexin V exposure and reduced integrin activation was also evident in the presence of P2Y 12 Ab. As for its in vivo activity, the P2Y 12 Ab also demonstrated inhibitory effects in a FeCl 3 ‐induced thrombosis model, producing a prolonged occlusion time; however, a lengthened bleeding time was also observed. Overall, our findings suggest that P2Y 12 Ab functionally blocks platelet activity, further indicating that the P2Y 12 platelet receptor plays a central role in thrombogenesis. These studies also validate the use of P2Y 12 Ab as a purposed parenteral antiplatelet agent to be implemented in conjunction with or as an alternative to current antiplatelet strategies. Support or Funding Information This research was supported by funds provided by College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences (to F.T.K).
An application ofG-minimax techniques to the problem of fixed precision estimation of the binomial

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Estimation of the binomial probability θ is considered for the loss function in which the loss is zero if the estimate θcirc;(x) is within a predetermined distance △,△/2 from θ, and the loss is one if θcirc;(x) is more than △,△/2 from θ. An estimator that is optimal within a specified class G of symmetric beta priors isfound, using criteria of minimax risk and minimax integrated risk. The behavior of this G-minimaxestimator, which turns out to be the Bayes estimator based on the uniform prior, is then compared with that of the maximum likelihood estimator.
A Comparison of Alternative Approaches to the Scoring of Clock Drawing

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although a number of scoring procedures for clock drawing have emerged in the literature, no systematic comparison of the psychometric properties of various approaches has yet been conducted on a large sample of persons over 64 years of age diagnosed with dementia or deemed cognitively intact. The present study examined the reliability and validity of five scoring approaches (Doyon, Bouchard, Morin, Bourgeois, & Cote, 1991; Shulman, Shedletsky, & Silver, 1986; Tuokko, Hadjistavropoulos, Miller, & Beattie, 1992; Watson, Arfken, & Birge, 1993; Wolf-Klein, Silverstone, Levy, Brod, & Breuer, 1989) among the 493 participants of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging who completed clock drawing and who had a final diagnosis assigned at the conclusion of a comprehensive clinical examination. Inter- and intra-rater reliabilities were highest for the Tuokko et al. method. The Tuokko and Shulman scoring procedures had the highest sensitivities and relatively low specificities. The Wolf-Klein procedure had relatively low sensitivities and high specificities. Estimated areas under receiver operating curves were relatively high for all scoring methods. However, the area under the curve for the Watson procedure was significantly lower than the other procedures. All claims to the utility of clock drawing for differentiating between normal persons over 64 years of age and those with dementia appear validated.
Manipulation of and sustained effects on the human brain induced by different modalities of acupuncture: an fMRI study. PloS one 2013

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The javascript:void(0)manipulation and sustained effects of acupuncture have been investigated in multiple studies, but several findings are inconsistent with one another. One possible explanation for these discrepancies is that different modalities of acupuncture were utilized in these studies. In the present study, we investigated both the manipulation and sustained effects of acupuncture in different modalities, including manual acupuncture (MA), electroacupuncture (EA) and transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation (TEAS). MA, EA, TEAS and sensory control stimulation were applied to 18 healthy subjects, and combined block-designed and resting-state fMRI scans were performed. In analyzing these data, the block-designed datasets were used to assess the manipulation effect by employing a modified general linear model. The data from the resting states, before and after stimulation, were used to explore the brain networks involved in the sustained effect. The results showed that the two 1-min stimulation periods produced similar activation patterns in the sensory control with positive activation in the sensorimotor areas and negative activation in the default mode areas. Although similar patterns could be detected in the first stimulation period in MA, EA and TEAS, no positive activation result was observed in the second stimulation period, and EA showed a more extensive deactivation compared to MA and TEAS. Additionally, all three of the modalities of acupuncture stimulation could increase the instinct brain network in rest. A more secure and spatially extended connectivity of the default mode network was observed following MA and EA, and TEAS
Molecular markers applying in forest trees gene pool conservation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Many studies performed during the last years demonstrated the usefulness of neutral molecular markers in the field of conservation and population genetics of forest trees, in particular to understand the importance of migration patterns in shaping current genetic and geographic diversity and to measure important parameters such as effective population size, gene flow and past bottleneck. During the next years, a large amount of data at marker loci or at sequence level is expected to be collected, and to become excellent statistical power for the assessment of biological and evolutionary value.