jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis and Adjustment of the Mass/Energy Balances of Processes

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

An improved technique for data adjustment to satisfy mass/energy balances for single or multiple processing unit systems has been developed. The method was successfully tested on examples from the literature. With this technique, biased data can be detected and sources of error identified and isolated. A multivariate normal distribution for the measurement vector x, was assumed and used to derive a test function vector w, with univariate normal distribution. A chi-square test on w is proposed for detecting biased data. An algorithm for identifying and isolating sources of bias was developed, using standard normal two-sided tests on each element of vector w and using the imbalance of the constraints, e. In the absence of bias, adjusted values of the measurement vector and/or the estimates of missing variables can be obtained. When chemical reactions take place, the extents of the independent reactions are also estimated. The main requirements of this technique are the knowledge of the process constraints and measurement statistics. Implementation of the technique is straightforward and it is suggested that the method be used as a diagnostic aid in process analysis.
Open cell technology paves the way to single chip MOSFETs, IGBTs, and MCTs for very high power applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Open single-cell technology is currently employed to fabricate power MOSEET and IGBT chips in sizes from (5.05 mmx5.16 mm) to (14.86 mmx18.75 mm). The largest chip yields an IGBT of 200 A at 1000 V, or 300 A at 600 V. As a MOSFET it gives 36 A at 1000 V. At present, these monolithic MOS-controlled chips are the largest produced commercially today. While the original process was optimized for the production of 500 V or greater devices, more recent developments have extended its validity downwards to 100 V. Extension upwards to 1200 V and above is currently underway. The nature of the process, in particular the topside topology, is also conducive to the fabrication of very large diameter high voltage MCTs. Such chips could be encapsulated in double-side cooled press-pack housings for optimum thermal management and silicon utilization.
A managerial perspective on international marketing research

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Marketing research is the primary mechanism through which companies understand their current, as well as potential, customers. As companies contemplate the global marketplace, they must consider how domestic market research differs when conducted in international markets. Designing a specific research methodology is the way to achieve this aim. This article discuss the context for international market research and provide a framework for conducting international market research projects. Additionally, there will be presented several factors that should be considered by marketers who engage in global market research studies. Particular attention is paid to the nuances related to primary data collection, measurement issues and questionnaire construction.
In vitro activation of specific helper and suppressor T cells by the type 2 antigen polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP).

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Although type 2 antigens, such as PVP, generally do not activate specific TH, previous studies have established that low doses of PVP (0.0025 microgram) can activate TH in vivo which provide help in primed B cells for PVP-specific IgG responses. Doses of PVP that are optimally immunogenic for IgM antibody production (0.25 to 25 micrograms) preferentially activate PVP-specific TS, which suppress IgG antibody production. In the studies reported here, TH and TS that regulate PVP-specific IgG antibody responses were activated in vitro by culturing normal spleen cells for 4 days with PVP. Induction of the TH and TS is dependent upon the amount of PVP in culture: 10(-4) micrograms PVP activates TH, whereas 10(-2) micrograms PVP preferentially activates TS. TH induced in vitro express Thy-1, L3T4, and I-A determinants and help provided by these TH is similar in magnitude to that provided by TH from mice primed with 0.0025 microgram PVP in vivo. TH can also be activated in vitro if donor mice are treated with Cy before culture of their spleen cells with 10(-2) micrograms PVP. Cy pretreatment prevents TS activation, and TH are then induced in these cultures. The presence of TS does not prevent activation of TH by 10(-2) micrograms PVP, because removal of TS by treatment of T cells with anti-Lyt-2 + complement at the end of culture uncovers TH activity. This TH activity is comparable with that of TH obtained after culture with 10(-4) micrograms PVP. The ability to activate PVP-specific TH and TS in vitro should allow determination of the mechanisms involved in activation of T cells by type 2 antigens and the mechanisms by which TS and TH interact with one another.
Benzimidazole/Pyridoimidazole‐Based Organic Sensitizers for High‐Performance Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A new series of benzimidazole ( BIm )‐based dyes ( SC32 and SC33 ) and pyridoimidazole‐( PIm ) based dyes ( SC35, SC36N and SC36 ) were synthesized as sensitizers for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The N‐substituent and C‐substituent at the BIm and PIm cores were found to be the dominating factor in determining the electronic properties of the dyes and their DSSCs performance. The efficiency of BIm ‐based dyes ( SC35 and SC36 ) was found to be higher than that of the PIm ‐based dyes ( SC32 and SC33 ) due to better light harvesting. The C‐substituents in SC36 , a 4‐hexylloxybenzene and a hexyl chain, are beneficial to dark current suppression, and hence SC36 achieves the best efficiency of 7.38 % (≈85 % of N719 ). The two BIm dyes have better cell efficiencies than their congeners with a bithiophene entity between the BIm and the anchor due to better light harvesting of the former.
Human Rights in the Framework of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Overcoming the Culturalist-Universalist Divide

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The new interest expressed by Europe in its Mediterranean rim is linked to its
perception of the risks to its security and stability. Once the Cold War was over
and the corresponding threat, which was purely military in character, had been
defused, the West spotted new risks of a ‘multi-dimensional’ and ‘multidirectional’ nature1 stemming mainly from the South and taking different forms:
the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, terrorism or Islamism. Claims
that a ‘green peril’ has supplanted the ‘red peril’ have been propounded not only
in intellectual circles (Huntington, 1993b; 1996:367) but also in western official
fora and in particular NATO.2 On the other side of the Mediterranean, the Gulf
War has hardly contributed to improving the image of the western world as
perceived in the South. Besides criticizing the West for its arrogance and its
attempts to impose a new dominant international order, ‘double standards’ are
traditionally denounced in the application of international law, cultural
hegemony and political interference.
Castles and Landscapes: Power, Community and Fortification in Medieval England

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Castles were among the most dominant features of the medieval landscape and many remain impressive structures to the present day. This paperback edition of a book first published in hardback in 2002 is a fascinating and provocative study which looks at castles in a new light, using the theories and methods of landscape studies. For the first time castles are examined not as an isolated phenomenon, but in relation to their surrounding human as well as physical landscapes. Taking a thematic approach, the study examines a broad range of evidence – archaeological, documentary and topographical – to put castles back into the medieval landscape and assess their contribution to its evolution. Far more than simply a book about castles, this is a study of the impact of power and authority on the landscape.
Bottleneck management: theory and practice

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Advocates of TOC believe that bottleneck resource restricts an operation's ability to make money, and the best way to maximise income is to fully exploit the bottleneck resource. Almost all TOC literature focuses on situations where 100% bottleneck utilisation is applied. Based on the implementation experience, the finding is that the optimal level of bottleneck utilisation should be less than 100% and any attempt to increase utilisation beyond the optimal level brings disastrous results for a door manufacturing plant. In order to improve and maintain the performance of the plant effective bottleneck management is critical. The experience provides a deeper understanding of how to design such plants, which could be beneficial for practising managers and academics working with TOC concepts.
Effect of Temperature on Rehydration of Cornelian Cherry Fruit: A Kinetics Study

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cornelian cherry is an important resource for human health and nutrition. Cornelian cherry is very rich in contains many mineral substances such as vitamin C. For this reason, it is important that cornelian cherry can be dried and used later. This was studied investigated the rehydration capacity and the kinetics of dried cornelian cherry fruit under certain conditions. Drying was carried out in a thin layer using a convective dryer. The drying conditions were determined as the different temperatures of air (50, 60, and 70°C) and the constant velocity of air of 1 m/s. The rehydration experiments of dried cornelian cherry were actualized in a hot water bath with a water circulator. The experiments were made with rehydration water temperatures of 25, 50, and 75°C. The rehydration characterization of dried cornelian cherry was evaluated in terms of rehydration curves, rehydration rate curves, final moisture content, and rehydration coefficient (COR). Fick’s 2nd law was employed to determine the coefficients of effective diffusivity of the rehydration process. The kinetics models of Peleg, the Weibull, the first-order, and the exponential were used to determine the kinetics of rehydration. The model of Weibull was determined to be the most suitable model for investigating the kinetics of rehydration of cornelian cherry samples. The Model fit was evaluated by considering statistical parameters such as R2, χ2, RMSE, and P%. In addition, the energy of activation of rehydration was figured with the rate constants of the most suitable models.
"Germany and the European Community: the State and Integration"

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The juxtaposition of the two Intergovernmental Conferences, on Economic and Monetary Union and on Political Union, and German unification raises important questions about the process of integration in Europe. In particular it throws in sharp relief the dynamics of integration - both at the formal government level and the more informal, economic levels - and conceptions of the state as epitomised by the reappearance of a single Germany. The reactions of several EC member governments in the helterskelter of moves to unity were markedly 'realist', most notably the British, who emphasised the likely nationalist aspirations of the new Germany and therefore seeking safety both in national solutions and a balance of power in Europe. Others, characterised eventually by France, and basing themselves on not dissimilar assumptions, sought the safer anchorage of the Germany within a more close-knit European Community. To a significant extent the confusion of reactions allowed the European Commission to take the initiative. Its immediate impact may appear to have been limited but, when set against the political and economic contest in which German unification has to be set, it remains a central actor. Moreover, the paper suggests that that wider and deeper framework of transnational ties and relationships provides the more appropriate background against which to ask the question of how Germany might change because of unification. And finally, it poses rather than answers questions about the possible insights the German case has for integration theory.
Partial colour matching: A new method to measure unique hues

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

After Hering, colour is described in terms of six unique hues (white, black, red, green, yellow, and blue). Yet, there is no objective psychophysical procedure for establishing the nomenclature of unique hues. It is still unclear whether, say, purple is unique or not. A new method has been developed to ascertain the set of unique hues. The procedure was as follows. Trichromatic human observers were presented with pairs from a set of 21 Munsell chips with an instruction to evaluate whether they share any hue (partial colour match). Sets of chips that have identical partial colour match (matching classes), and largest sets of chips all of which partially match each other (chromaticity classes), were derived from the matrix of responses. A chromaticity class is proved to consist of all chips which contain a particular hue (referred to as component hue). Thus, the number of chromaticity classes shows how many component hues an observer employed in their decision making. A matching class is proved to contain all the chips with identical component hues. We found four matching classes which contained only one component hue. Moreover, these classes consisted of just one chip. We concluded that these four Munsell chips (5Y, 10B, 5R, 10G) represented four unique hues. While our results are in line with the previous studies of unique hues, the partial colour matching technique has an advantage that it is based on the data of type A, in terms of Brindley's classification.
Electromagnetic Diffraction of a very Obliquely Incident Plane Wave Field by a Wedge with Anisotropic Impedance Faces

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An asymptotic solution in the format of the uniform geometrical theory of diffraction (UTD) for the field diffracted by an anisotropic impedance wedge has been presented, when the wedge is illuminated by an arbitrarily polarized plane wave impinging at very skew incidence on its edge. The surface impedance tensor principal anisotropy axes are along directions parallel and perpendicular to the edge. The solution is derived by resorting to the perturbation technique with respect to the oblique incident angle based on an exactly solved special case: grazing to the edge incidence. The numerical examples provide a uniform and continuous behaviour of the field with respect to the observation angle.
The necessary "GMO" denialism and scientific consensus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

"Genetically Modified Organisms" are not a consistent category: it is impossible to discuss such a miscellaneous bunch of products, deriving from various biotech methods, as if they had a common denominator. Critics are too often pre-emptively suspicious of peculiar risks for health or the environment linked to this ill-assorted ensemble of microorganisms, plants or animals: yet, even before being unscientific, the expression "GMO(s)" has very poor semantic value. Similarly, claims that recombinant DNA technology is always safe are a misjudgement: many unsatisfactory "GMOs" have been discarded, as has happened also for innumerable agri-food outcomes, obtained via more or less traditional field and lab methods. The scientific consensus, i.e. the widespread accord among geneticists, biologists and agriculturalists, maintains that every biotech invention has to be examined case by case, evaluating the unique profile of each new organism ("GMO" or otherwise): to assess its safety, the technique(s) used to produce it are irrelevant. Therefore, in considering "green" biotechnologies, a triple mantra should be kept in mind: 1. product, not process; 2. singular, not plural; 3. a posteriori, not a priori. Both people's and law-makers' attitude to agricultural biotechnologies should be reoriented, and this is an interesting task for science communicators: they should explain how meaningless and misleading the "GMO" frame is, debunking a historical, ongoing socio-political blunder, clarifying to the public what most life scientists have been recommending for several decades.
DDOST‐CDG: Clinical and molecular characterization of a third patient with a milder and a predominantly movement disorder phenotype

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) are a group of heterogeneous inherited metabolic disorders affecting posttranslational protein modification. DDOST‐CDG, caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in DDOST which encodes dolichyl‐diphospho‐oligosaccharide‐protein glycosyltransferase, a subunit of N‐glycosylation oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex, is an ultra‐rare condition that has been described in two patients only. The main clinical features in the two reported patients include profound developmental delay, failure to thrive, and hypotonia. In addition, both patients had abnormal transferrin glycosylation. Here, we report an 18‐year‐old male who presented with moderate developmental delay, progressive opsoclonus, myoclonus, ataxia, tremor, and dystonia. Biochemical studies by carbohydrate deficient transferrin analysis showed a type I CDG pattern. Exome sequencing identified compound heterozygous variants in DDOST : a maternally inherited variant, c.1142dupT (p.Leu381Phefs*11), and a paternally inherited variant, c.661 T > C (p.Ser221Pro). Plasma N‐glycan profiling showed mildly increased small high mannose glycans including Man 0‐5 GlcNAc 2, a pattern consistent with what was previously reported in DDOST‐CDG or defects in other subunits of OST complex. Western blot analysis on patient's fibroblasts revealed decreased expression of DDOST and reduced intracellular N‐glycosylation, as evident by the biomarkers ICAM‐1 and LAMP2. Our study highlights the clinical variability, expands the clinical and biochemical phenotypes, and describes new genotype, which all are essential for diagnosing and managing patients with DDOST‐CDG.
Anomaly Detection for Time Series Using VAE-LSTM Hybrid Model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we propose a VAE-LSTM hybrid model as an unsupervised approach for anomaly detection in time series. Our model utilizes both a VAE module for forming robust local features over short windows and a LSTM module for estimating the long term correlation in the series on top of the features inferred from the VAE module. As a result, our detection algorithm is capable of identifying anomalies that span over multiple time scales. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our detection algorithm on five real world problems and find our method outperforms three other commonly used detection methods.
The Labor of the Good: Sustaining Berlin’s Temporal Infrastructure in Turkish-Run Corner Shops

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Berlin’s spätis (businesses that are similar to corner shops and open late hours and on Sundays) provide their customers with temporal flexibility. Amidst globally-rising xenophobic sentiments, Turkish owners and workers of these shops utilize this temporal quality and organize their work to accommodate the temporal needs of their diverse customers. They synchronize with the life of their neighborhoods and engage in speedy transactions. This temporal arrangement provides a powerful lens to consider how minorities’ labor forms the temporal infrastructure of their cities and make minorities vital for their countries. Whereas this case might appear as an example of good things happening in the midst of today’s overwhelming negativity, the article encourages research into the labor behind such “good things.” Thus, the essay adds to the “anthropology of the good” by showing that things that appear to be “good” might necessitate certain forms of labor, in this case, that of minorities.
LHD ECEI1 #144739.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The electron cyclotron emission (ECE) imaging to determine the electron temperature profile by measuring the intensity of each frequency of ECE. This system uses a wide-band two-dimensional horn-antenna mixer array (HMA) whose frequency response is between 50 and 110 GHz and the ECE signal is selected using a 95 GHz local oscillator and a 93 GHz high-pass filter.
They're Solving the Mysteries of Birth Defects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this 1964 article for a general audience, Apgar reviewed the progress being made in prevention, early detection, and treatment of birth defects. She emphasized that with new diagnostic and surgical techniques, many congenital problems could be found and treated, and their effects minimized soon after birth. These included hydrocephalus, cleft palate, phenylketonuria, and Rh factor incompatibility. The increasing use of her newborn scoring method, which ensured that medical personnel would take a close look at babies just after birth, provided a template for expanded routine testing and intervention.
Up-Goer Five challenge: cell biology

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cells move around inside us. They use tiny feet that stick to all the not-cell stuff around them. These tiny feet kind of help cells if they are alone. But not really that much. Do the tiny feet help cells if they are in a group? My work asked this question outside of a body. I put cells inside the same not-cell stuff from our body, and I watched if they moved in a group or not. They really needed the tiny feet in order to move through the not-cell stuff from our body. To make the tiny feet strong, cells use the same little bits that make a body strong to lift heavy things. Those little bits are in every cell in your body! They put together the tiny feet and hold them together. Without all that a group of cells can't move around inside our bodies. This is important for when cells don't stop growing and make a bad spot that keeps getting bigger.
Impact of Microcomputers on Navionics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

the recent development of the microcomputer has already significantly affected the electronics industry. It is expected to have an even more profound effect on many industries as its use proliferates. What will be its impact on Navigation Avionics? This paper reviews the development of the microcomputer and discusses the current state–of–the–microcomputer art. The capabilities and limitations of current microcomputers are summarized and expected future developments are identified. Several applications of microcomputers are discussed to illustrate the wide variety of applications which have already been realized. Using this information, including several current applications in navigation equipment, several predictions are advanced on the future impact of microcomputer use in navigation equipment. The mutual interdependence of common MUX communication and the use of local processors is highlighted. These developments are expected to have a significant effect on the cost and performance of future navigation systems and the source of these improvements is identified.
Oxidation of tertiary homoallylic alcohols by thallium trinitrate: fragmentation vs. ring contraction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The oxidation of tertiary homoallylic alcohols with thallium trinitrate (TTN) was investigated. The alcohols bearing an allylic methyl group lose a molecule of acetone via a fragmentation reaction that leads to isomeric secondary allylic alcohols as major products, together with their corresponding acetylated derivatives. On the other hand, treating analogous tertiary alcohols without the allylic methyl group with TTN gives indans, through a ring contraction reaction.