jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Aetiology of Carcinoma of Lung

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ing those mentioned by Dr. Cochrane, and also in three editions of Leprosy (Rogers and Muir).I need, therefore, only point out that Mercado and Heiser only used the very painful and inefficient intramuscular injections of the whole chaulmoogra oil-as Dr. Heiser, when visiting Calcutta in the middle of 1914, admitted in stating that we were up against a brick wall as regards the treatment of leprosy, and Dr. Wade, in a personal communication-after looking up the records at the Culddon leprosy settlement-informed me that none of Mercado's patients were discharged recovered.On the other hand, in my first papers on the subject (1916)3 4 I reported the preliminary results of the injection of the soluble sodium salts of the lower melting-point fatty acids of hydnocarpus oil (not the higher melting-point ones, as erroneously stated by Dr. Cochrane in his recent paper), and in 1917' I reported on 26 cases with illustrations, with 50%1 of the earlier cases cleared up under hydnocarpates.Later, as many as 90% of early cases were thus cleared up.I then recommended the isolation of only infective advanced cases and the hydnocarpate treatment of all early cases discovered by my plan of isolating the infective ones, com- bined with treatment of all early cases discovered by repeated examination over five to ten or more years of all those who had been exposed to infection as the earliest symptoms appeared.The remarkable results in controlling and reducing the incidence of leprosy in Nauru Island.Southern Sudan, and South Africa are recorded in LeprosY (1946), and have now been confirmed by nearly 20 years of large-scale work by Dr. T. F. Davey in South-east Nigeria, from which Dr. Cochrane himself has stated after a tour in Nigeria that " leprosy as a serious endemic disease has ceased to exist."6-Iam, etc., Falmouth.
Pilot-wire differential-protection characteristics for multiended circuits

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The steady-state characteristics of differential-protection systems for multiended circuits are discussed and alternative characteristics, which appear to give improved performance, are proposed. Circuits for the implementation of these characteristics, incorporating pilot-circuit compensation and amplitude comparators, are presented. A design basis for compensation circuits is given by expressing the comparator performance in terms of its admittance-measurement characteristics and associating these with the input-admittance characteristics of the pilot circuit. By this means it is possible to investigate the various comparator arrangements, and to determine the most suitable arrangement for the protection of a multiended circuit.By a transformation of axis, the admittance-plane characteristics can be presented in terms of the ratio of the comparison quantity at one end to the summated quantity at the remaining ends, making it possible to investigate power-system fault conditions on the same diagram to determine available discriminating margins.
Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Listed for Liver Transplantation: Role on Post-OLT Acute Renal Failure Onset

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Renal failure in patients with cirrhosis is primarily related to disturbances in circulatory function, activation of vasoconstrictor systems and non-osmotic hyper-secretion of antidiuretic hormone leading to sodium and solute-free water retention and eventually to renal failure due to intra-renal vasoconstriction and hypoperfusion. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in end stage liver disease (ESLD) is common in patients with ascites, recognised as hepatorenal syndrome type I (HRS-I) when meeting specific diagnostic criteria. A recent Consensus Conference has adopted AKIN criteria to define AKI in cirrhosis1, including episodes of acute increase in serum creatinine, not meeting the diagnostic criteria of HRS-I. This classification defines 3 degree of AKI: Stage 1, 2 and 3 for a rise of >150%, >200% and >300% from baseline respectively. These episodes are considered reversible but their consequences on hypoperfused kidneys are not clear. Acute renal dysfunction (ARD) is highly prevalent after liver transplantation (OLT), affecting 25% to 50% of recipients. The etiology of renal impairment post-OLT is multi-factorial, including acute tubular necrosis, HRS and pre-transplant chronic renal dysfunction. The role of pre-OLT AKI, as recently defined, on the development of post-operative ARD has never been evaluated. Aim: of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and degree of AKI in patients with liver cirrhosis listed for liver transplantation, and its influence on the onset of ARD post-liver transplantation. Methods: We enrolled 51 patients (36 M/15 F), mean age 57.7±7.9 years, affected by liver cirrhosis listed for liver transplantation, MELD score >10. Median days of listing 226 (range 1-1938). Results: Pre-OLT AKI occurred in 70% of patients (36/51). Of these 58% (21/36) presented Stage1, 19% (7/36) Stage2 and 22% (8/36) Stage3. Post-OLT ARD defined by AKIN criteria occurred in 52% (27/51) patients, of which 59% (16/27) Stage1, 30% (8/27) Stage2 and 11% (3/27) Stage3. Post-OLT ARD Stage2-3 developed in 7/15 (47%) patients with pre-OLT AKI Stage2-3, while only in 4/36 (11%) patients without pre-OLT AKI or Stage1 (p=0.009). Conclusions: The occurrence of pre-OLT AKI on ischemic kidneys in ESLD should be considered as a further risk factor in the development of post-OLT ARD, showing the consequences of acute renal injury on already damaged kidneys. 1. Wong F et al. Working Party proposal for a revised classification system of renal dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 2011
The gravity dual of supersymmetric gauge theories on a biaxially squashed three-sphere

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present the gravity dual to a class of three-dimensional N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories on a biaxially squashed three-sphere, with a non-trivial background gauge field. This is described by a 1/2 BPS Euclidean solution of four-dimensional N=2 gauged supergravity, consisting of a Taub-NUT-AdS metric with a non-trivial instanton for the graviphoton field. The holographic free energy of this solution agrees precisely with the large N limit of the free energy obtained from the localized partition function of a class of Chern-Simons quiver gauge theories. We also discuss a different supersymmetric solution, whose boundary is a biaxially squashed Lens space S^3/Z_2 with a topologically non-trivial background gauge field. This metric is of Eguchi-Hanson-AdS type, although it is not Einstein, and has a single unit of gauge field flux through the S^2 cycle.
Additional file 5 of Pro-myogenic small molecules revealed by a chemical screen on primary muscle stem cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Additional file 5: Supplementary Figure 5. (A) Relative fold change in the mean number of satellite cells/well of wild type or FLT3 knock out (FLT3-/-) mice following 6 days in culture in the presence or absence of 50nM CEP-701 or DMSO control. * p value <0.05 by 1 way ANOVA followed by unpaired t-test with Bonferroni correction. (B) Percentage of satellite cells expressing RET protein post-fiber isolation (0hrs) on single muscle fibers isolated from EDL muscle of adolescent (3 week) Tg:Pax7nGFP mice. Data represent mean ± SD from 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance was evaluated by an unpaired two-tailed t test assuming unequal variance relative to adult (Pax7+/RET+) 0hrs. (***p < 0.001). (C) Quantification of mean GFRα1 intensity per well in CXCR4+/ITGβ1+ satellite cells following 24, 48 and 72hrs of culture. Error bars indicate SD from 3 independent experiments. Statistical significance was evaluated by an unpaired two-tailed t test assuming unequal variance, (**p < 0.01).
Relation Between Repetitive Head Traumas and Academic Performance of Non-Concussed High School Athletes: A Comparison of High And Low Contact Sports

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives: To assess the relation of repeated subconcussive head traumas and the academic performance and neuropsychological functioning of non-concussed high school athletes participating in high and low levels of contact sports. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: High school sports Patients or other participants: A total of 641 non-concussed high school athletes, consisting of 464 males and 177 females participating in a variety of sports. Intervention: The independent variables are the two levels of contact sport groups were identified, High and Low Contact groups, who were assumed to sustain varied degrees of repetitive subclinical head traumas, based on epidemiological concussion data. Main outcome measures: The independent variables were the High and Low Contact Groups. The dependent variables were (1) baseline test results of the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive (ImPACT) and (2) grade point averages (GPA) across four quarters of the school year. Results: High Contact athletes obtained lower GPAs and had significantly poorer scores in ImPACT Visual Motor Speed and Reaction Time than the Low Contact athletes. Conclusions: The findings, with medium effect sizes, suggested that repetitive subconcussive head traumas are associated with significant lowering of school grades and neuropsychological functioning in high school athletes. The clinical relevance of this association is not known and the findings of this study should be cautiously interpreted.
Cortisol Suppression Index in Major Depressive Illness

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study compares the utility of a cortisol suppression index with the standard dexamethasone suppression test as a diagnostic aid for major depressive disorder. In 50 patients the cortisol suppression index was found to have similar sensitivity while also having greater specificity and diagnostic confidence than the dexamethasone suppression test. By avoiding the need for a late-evening blood sample, the cortisol suppression index may be an acceptable alternative to the current procedure.
A game theoretic approach to control IDS sensitivity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Nowadays, computer networks especially the Internet as a prime example, become a separable part of our social lives. The security is the most important concepts that must be considered in computer networks. Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is a security tool that enhances the information security paradigm beyond traditional reactive and protective network security. It monitors and analyses the received packets in network systems and signs the security problems. Controlling the degree of security is one of the most challenges with IDS. An excessive increase in the IDS sensitivity may cause increasing the system costs and difficulties in accessing to the system. On the other hand, an excessive reduction in the IDS sensitivity may cause damages to system duo to not detecting most of the attacks. Making balance between these tradeoffs is a problem that the system administrator is unable to handle. In this paper, we propose a game theoretic approach to address the IDS sensitivity degree in the system. Our approach in comparison to the previous methods which model the behavior of the attacker and IDS, models the system and attacker as two-players, noncooperative game. We conduct our model on the famous data set in security area and obtained result is promising.
Integrable symplectic maps associated with discrete Korteweg‐de Vries‐type equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, we present novel integrable symplectic maps, associated with ordinary difference equations, and show how they determine, in a remarkably diverse manner, the integrability, including Lax pairs and the explicit solutions, for integrable partial difference equations which are the discrete counterparts of integrable partial differential equations of Korteweg‐de Vries‐type (KdV‐type). As a consequence it is demonstrated that several distinct Hamiltonian systems lead to one and the same difference equation by means of the Liouville integrability framework. Thus, these integrable symplectic maps may provide an efficient tool for characterizing, and determining the integrability of, partial difference equations.
Effects of frozen fly pupae on the parasitization and reproduction of Nasonia vitripennis.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Objective To study on the methods of breeding Nasonia vitripennis using the frozen fly pupae.MethodsThree kinds of fly pupae,Boettcherisca peregrine,Musca domestica and Lucilia sericata were stored at-20 ℃ and-70 ℃ for different days.Based on laboratory,the parasitic and reproductive capability of Nasonia vitripennis was observed.ResultsThe parasitic rate of frozen fly pupae,emergence rate and female rate of progeny of Nasonia vitripennis were decreased significantly.The decreased ratio had positive relationship with the frozen time.Conclusion Fly pupae frozen at -20 ℃ is better than the pupae frozen at-70 ℃ in breeding Nasonia vitripennis.
Aluminium metallic glass mechanical testing and characterisation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The discovery of metallic glasses has opened up many new and exciting frontiers to materials science research. One of the most enduring attractions of these amorphous alloys is their unique set of mechanical properties. The amorphous alloys are found to have room-temperature strengths higher than polycrystals with the same composition. Along with their unique traits, the novel properties that these metallic glasses possess yield promising applications in a wide area of industries. In addition, the ability to make bulk metallic glasses (>1mm) has further enhanced their applications for commercial uses. The project aims to develop novel Al-based metallic glass (Al90Ni2Y8, Al88Ni4Y8 and Al85Ni5Y10) with melt spinning method and to study their related mechanical properties. The influence of alloy composition as well as various processing parameters, including melting temperature, wheel speed and chamber gas pressure, on the glass forming ability (GFA) and ribbon production are investigated in details.
Trajectory tracking of high speed maneuvering target in air by composite particle filter

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

High speed maneuverable aerial vehicle has the characteristics of strong maneuverability, fast flight speed and long combat distance. It is difficult for the existing defense system to track its flight trajectory effectively. The filtering algorithm is the key technology to improve the accuracy and reliability of maneuvering target trajectory tracking. A single observer can't accurately track a target over long distances. The single nonlinear filtering algorithm has a large error in tracking the motion state information of the target, such as angular velocity and velocity. In this paper, a composite particle filter method is proposed. Firstly, a multi-observer cooperative tracking method is adopted to solve the problem of low tracking accuracy of a single observer for high maneuvering target in near space. Secondly, an interactive multi-model quadratic particle filtering method is used to accurately fit the motion state information of high maneuvering target in near space. The trajectory tracking method of composite particle filter proposed in this paper achieves accurate and stable tracking of the target flight state. In the simulation environment of this paper, the angular velocity tracking error and velocity tracking error are reduced by at least 25% and 20%.
Localization of Microbial L-Tyrosine Degradation in the Intestine of Coprophagy-Prevented Rats

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The urinary excretion of simple phenols was studied in coprophagy-prevented rats fed a casein-sucrose diet containing added L-tyrosine. After neomycin administered intracaecally the excretion of p-cresol and phenol was only 4% and 20%, respectively, of the amount in sham-operated controls. The excretion of phenols was reduced after prevention of coprophagy, but a similar reduction occurred in rats wearing sham-cups. In rats given 3H-L-tyrosine intragastrically or intracaecally through identical abdominal incisions, the recovery of radioactivity in the simple phenol fraction was 0.5 ± 0.1% and 34 ± 3%, respectively. These findings indicate that the large bowel is capable of absorbing simple phenols and that it is the most important site of microbial L-tyrosine degradation.
Comment on essd-2023-306

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Anthropogenic emissions are the result of many different activities, related to transportation, power generation, industrial, residential and commercial activities, waste treatment and agriculture practices. Air quality models are used to forecast the atmospheric composition, analyse observations and reconstruct the chemical composition of the atmosphere during the previous decades. In order to drive these models, gridded emissions of all compounds emitted at the surface need to be provided. This paper describes a new global inventory of emissions called CAMS-GLOB-ANT, developed as part of the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS). The inventory provides monthly averages of the global emissions of 36 compounds, including the main air pollutants and greenhouse gases, at a spatial resolution of 0.1x0.1 degree in latitude and longitude, for 17 emission sectors. The methodology to generate the emissions for the 2000–2023 period is explained, and the datasets are analysed and compared with publicly available global and regional inventories for selected world regions.
Topological magneto-electric effects in thin films of topological insulators

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We propose that the topological magneto-electric (ME) effect, a hallmark of topological insulators (TIs), can be realized in thin films of TIs in the $ν=0$ quantum Hall state under magnetic field or by doping two magnetic ions with opposite signs of exchange coupling. These setups have the advantage compared to previously proposed setups that a uniform configuration of magnetic field or magnetization is sufficient for the realization of the topological ME effect. To verify our proposal, we numerically calculate ME response of TI thin films in the cylinder geometry and that of effective 2D models of surface Dirac fermions. The ME response is shown to converge to the quantized value corresponding to the axion angle $θ=\pm π$ in the limit of the large top and bottom surface area of TI films, where non-topological contributions from the bulk and the side surface are negligible.
Comparative Study of Graham Harvey Measure of Portfolio Performance over Sharpe Ratio

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we have calculated Graham Harvey measures for top 10-equity linked saving scheme (ELSS) funds in India according to their asset under management. ELSS funds are selected as they have more than 95% composition of equity component and lock-in a period of 5 years. Graham and Harvey in their research paper discuss the methodology to predict market timing to alter their investments for portfolio managers. They introduced two new performance measures for a portfolio. Both measures provide different relative performance valuation, with respect to market index's return-risk. Sharpe ratio, although a useful metric, suffers lack of benchmarking information. Sharpe ratio is absolute measure of performance. As the Graham-Harvey research is based on long-term prospect of the portfolio investment, ELSS funds are taken for research. The performance of ELSS funds has been evaluated with the help of Graham and Harvey measure and Sharpe ratio. Our finding suggests that Graham and Harvey measures are superior to Sharpe ratio for performance grading. Because of paucity of time and resources, the paper research is limited to evaluating performance of ELSS funds for period of April 2007 to December 2012 using Graham Harvey measure.
Isospin dependent kaon and antikaon optical potentials in dense hadronic matter

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Isospin effects on the optical potentials of kaons and antikaons in dense hadronic matter are investigated using a chiral SU(3) model. These effects are important for asymmetric heavy ion collision experiments. In the present work the dispersion relations are derived for kaons and antikaons, compatible with the low energy scattering data, within our model approach. The relations result from the kaonic interactions with the nucleons, vector mesons and scalar mesons in the asymmetric nuclear matter. The isospin asymmetry effects arising from the interactions with the vector-isovector $ρ$- meson as well as the scalar isovector $δ$ mesons are considered. The density dependence of the isospin asymmetry is seen to be appreciable for the kaon and antikaon optical potentials. This can be particularly relevant for the future accelerator facility FAIR at GSI, where experiments using neutron rich beams are planned to be used in the study of compressed baryonic matter.
Keeping in Touch: Tablets Use by Older Adults

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article is based on a qualitative research conducted during 2012-2013, documenting the process of adjustment to tablet computers by males and females aged 65+.The purpose of the study was to characterize the lifestyle of the population commonly called "the Third Age" regarding the use of touch-screen technology.From an analysis of the data accumulated through ethnographic observations in the homes of the participants and through in-depth interviews with them, a multilayered model emerged, including four dimensions relevant to living with a tablet at the third age: Activity, Learning, Independence, and Barriers.This led to proposing a new model of aging which combines extensive use of devices with integrated touch-screen technology, referred to as "Aging Model 2.0".The research suggests that the use of advanced technology may contribute to a new representation of older adults in society, which, in turn, may lead us to reevaluate our relationship with our parents and grandparents.
Realising the Potential: The Research Evidence Base for Unpaid Work

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter reviews and integrates the research evidence base for unpaid work. It begins by examining national reconviction data relating to the adult Community Service Order (CSO), before exploring the quality and findings of the few studies which have investigated the re-integrative potential of this sanction. The chapter then turns to the youth justice Reparation Order (RO), examining recidivism rates from official statistics and previous research studies. It concludes by identifying both the extent to which policy and practice match the evidence base, and the extent to which they are lacking. It also concludes that there is a paucity of high quality research into community reparation for young offenders.