jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of crude Ganoderma applanatum polysaccharides as a renoprotective agent against carbon tetrachloride-induced early kidney fibrosis in mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background and Aim: Interstitial fibrosis is the final stage of chronic kidney injury, which begins with an inflammatory process. Crude Ganoderma applanatum polysaccharides are known to have anti-inflammatory properties. The potential role of crude G. applanatum polysaccharides in renal fibrosis through pro-inflammatory cytokines needs further investigation. This study aimed to determine the renoprotective effect of crude G. applanatum polysaccharide extract in mice with carbon tetrachloride (CCL4)-induced early kidney fibrosis. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted for 4 weeks using 24 male BALB/c mice selected for their metabolic stability. The mice were randomly divided into six groups, including control (CG), model (MG), silymarin group and crude G. applanatum polysaccharide extract groups comprising doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight. After sacrificing the mice, whole blood was analyzed for urea and creatine levels, and kidney tissue was prepared to assess tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), hyaluronic acid (HA), and laminin levels, both using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Kidney histology was determined using hematoxylin and eosin staining, while the extracellular matrix (ECM) components were stained using Masson's trichome staining. The α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) concentration was determined using immunohistochemistry. These parameters were measured to determine the effectiveness of the crude G. applanatum polysaccharide extract in preventing interstitial fibrosis. Results: Administration of crude G. applanatum polysaccharides effectively prevented increases in kidney weight and physiological enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and ECM production compared with those in the MG, as evidenced by the low levels of urea, creatinine, TNF-α, IL-6, HA, and laminin. Histopathological results also showed that crude G. applanatum polysaccharides prevented the occurrence of inflammatory infiltration, desquamated nuclei, cytoplasm debris, rupture at the brush border, dilatation of the glomeruli space and lumen of the proximal tubule, and necrotic cells compared with the MG. Masson's trichrome staining revealed lower collagen levels in the interstitial tubules of kidney tissue than those in the MG. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed low α-SMA expression in the crude G. applanatum polysaccharides treatment groups than that in the MG. Conclusion: The crude polysaccharide extract of G. applanatum has a protective effect that prevents the progression of kidney fibrosis in mice.
Optical lens designed for speckle measurement based on human eyes resolution cells on speckle pattern induced by laser projector

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents an optical lens design for laser projector induced speckle measurement, based on resolution cells of human eyes. While the speckle pattern at the image plane was split up into hundreds of cells of human eyes resolution and formed cells pattern, its contrast become lower than that was calculated based on individual pixels. To evaluate the sensation of human eyes on the speckle pattern and perform a standardized speckle measurement, resolution of human eyes at the objective plane should be taken into consideration. Different lenses of a camera sensor usually have different field of views, therefore each pixel presents different size at the objective plane. The relationship between pixel size on the objective plane, human eyes resolution and F-number of camera lens was deduced, which is important for the optical design for speckle measurement. An optical design around an Aptina's MT9P001 imaging sensor was developed, optimized and analyzed using Zemax. The results show that the MTF is above 0.3 when spatial frequency is 113.5 lp/mm, distortion is less than 1%, relative illumination is more than 90% at the max field of view, and the radius of the spot size is less than 2um, which has met the requirements for speckle pattern measurement based on human eyes resolution cell. Finally, we performed a sensitivity analysis of tolerance and Monto Carlo simulation to confirm that the lens could be fabricated.
Characterization of tumor cell biology and development of potential treatment in human cholangiocarcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an often fatal primary cancer of the liver that can be classified anatomically into intrahepatic and extrahepatic CCA (I-CCA and E-CCA subtypes). Human I-CCA and E-CCA have different growth features, responses to treatment and propensity to metastasize. In this research we hypothesized that these differences could reflect intrinsic differences in tumor cell biology; the prevalence of cancer stem cell (CSC) within the tumor; and/or expression profiles of multidrug resistance associated proteins (MRPs) and chemokine receptors (CRs) within the two cell types. Tumor cell growth features, CSC prevalence, and stem cell surface markers (SCSMs) were documented in six CCA and one non-malignant cholangiocyte cell line in vitro. Cell proliferation was determined by the WST-1 assay, colony formation by soft-agar colony formation, spheroid formation by 3D sphere-forming, cell migration by wound healing and invasion by Transwell invasion chambers. CSC prevalences and SCSM expression were examined by flow cytometry. MRP inhibition was achieved by lentivirus-based shRNA knockdown and CR activity influenced by a specific pharmaceutical CR agonist and antagonist. The results revealed that I-CCA cells had significantly increased proliferative activity, shortened doubling times, and were more invasive than E-CCA cells, but colony/spheroid formation and migration rates were similar. There were no clear differences in the prevalence of CSCs or SCSM expression within the I-CCA and E-CCA cell population. Regarding chemoresistance, following gemcitabine exposure, MRP5 and/or MRP6 expression were significantly upregulated in CCA cells. MRP6 knockdown in I-CCA and MRP5 in E-CCA significantly increased gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity. Finally, the CCR5 antagonist, Maraviroc significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in I-CCA cells, and spheroid formation and invasion in E-CCA cells. The CCR5 agonist RANTES had no effect on I-CCA cells but increased proliferation, migration and invasion of E-CCA cells. In conclusion, certain features of I-CCA cells are intrinsically more aggressive than E-CCA cells, but the differences cannot be explained by differences in the prevalence of CSCs or SCSM expression profiles. Inhibition of MRP5 and/or MRP6 expression and inactivation of CCR5 should be explored as potential treatments for CCA.
Investigation on the Crystal Structures of Molecules Related to 2‐(Benzylsulfinyl)Benzoic Acid, As a Support to the Studies on the Inhibition of Human Carbonic Anhydrases

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A recent interest attaches to the derivatives of the (2‐benzylsulfinyl)benzoic acid as inhibitors of human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs), an action that can be applied in innovative therapies. A set of crystal structures of six sulfides and six enantiopure sulfoxides related to this scaffold, taken from the literature, or derived from the work on the asymmetric synthesis of sulfinyl compounds, is investigated. The lattice energies of these structures are estimated by means of the Crystal Explorer 21 program. The weak interactions building up the crystal structures are identified, and their contributions are analyzed in comparison with the calculated lattice energies. The most stable conformations in the solid phase are identified. It is worth observing that the sulfides of the scaffold under investigation behave almost in the same manner; on the other hand, the presence of the sulfinyl group of the sulfoxides adds complexity, that shall be taken into account in future docking calculations of these molecules with the hCAs enzymes.
Art in the Shade

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

When Marcel Brion ascribes to 'Mosaism, Islam and the Reformation', 'the absolute proscription of every image' he is wheeling out an old canard.1 Talk of 'iconophobia' is no less misleading.2 Between the innocent image and the illegitimate idol that is indeed deserving of utter destruction, especially if erected in the land promised to the Israelites (Dt.12:3), the Bible is well able to distinguish. A comprehensive policy of iconoclasm has no part in the Biblical aesthetic.3KeywordsNormative DemandAesthetic AppealStringed InstrumentRoman EmperorLyric PoetryThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
A possible neurophysiological basis of the octave enlargement effect

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Although the physical octave is defined as a simple ratio of 2:1, listeners prefer slightly greater octave ratios. [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 73, 1694–1700 (1983)] suggested that a temporal model for octave matching would predict this octave enlargement effect because, in response to pure tones, auditory-nerve interspike intervals are slightly larger than the stimulus period. In an effort to test Ohgushi’s hypothesis, auditory-nerve single-unit responses to pure-tone stimuli were collected from Dial-anesthetized cats. It was found that although interspike interval distributions show clear phase-locking to the stimulus, intervals systematically deviate from integer multiples of the stimulus period. Due to refractory effects, intervals smaller than 5 msec are slightly larger than the stimulus period and deviate most for small intervals. On the other hand, first-order intervals are smaller than the stimulus period for stimulus frequencies less than 500 Hz. It is shown that this deviation is the combined effect of phase-locking and multiple spikes within one stimulus period. A model for octave matching was implemented which compares frequency estimates of two tones based on their interspike interval distributions. The model quantitatively predicts the octave enlargement effect. These results are consistent with the idea that musical pitch is derived from auditory-nerve interspike interval distributions.
Cu-Cu Bonding Challenges with ‘i-ACF’ for Advanced 3D Integration

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we demonstrated Cu-Cu bonding with an inorganic anisotropic conductive film called `i-ACF' composed of an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) film with a huge number of 60-nm-diameter Cu nano-pillars (CNPs). Lower-temperature/pressure Cu-Cu bonding conditions below 250°C/50 MPa were achieved. When we employed a daisy chain consisting of 5,096 Cu electrodes with a size of 28 μm, the resulting resistances of each joint were found to be 0.1 Ω. The key process was Cu-Cu bonding through the `i-ACF' under a reducing atmosphere, which inhibited the oxidation of the CNPs. Consequently, the bonding temperature was able to be lowered down to 200°C.
Genome-wide association analysis identifies a meningioma risk locus at 11p15.5

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Meningiomas are adult brain tumors originating in the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord, with significant heritable basis. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have previously identified only a single risk locus for meningioma, at 10p12.31. Methods To identify a susceptibility locus for meningioma, we conducted a meta-analysis of 2 GWAS, imputed using a merged reference panel from the 1000 Genomes Project and UK10K data, with validation in 2 independent sample series totaling 2138 cases and 12081 controls. Results We identified a new susceptibility locus for meningioma at 11p15.5 (rs2686876, odds ratio = 1.44, P = 9.86 × 10–9). A number of genes localize to the region of linkage disequilibrium encompassing rs2686876, including RIC8A, which plays a central role in the development of neural crest-derived structures, such as the meninges. Conclusions This finding advances our understanding of the genetic basis of meningioma development and provides additional support for a polygenic model of meningioma.
A characterization of L3(4)

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let G be a group and ω(G) be the set of element orders of G. Let k ∈ ω(G) and s k be the number of elements of order 7) is uniquely determined by nse(G).In this paper, we prove that if G is a group such that nse(G) = nse(L3(4)), then G ∼ = L3(4).
ICP: Volmume 18, n° 1 & 2, 2017 - Full Issue

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Contents Editors note/Le mot des rédacteurs-en-chef A first cut at understanding young people's attitudes towards politics in Kenya Fiona W. Ngarachu .....................................1 Contested ldentity: The Ahmadiyya Community of Bangladesh Ainoon Naher ............................................16 Responsibility to Protect from 'inappropriate action' to 'appropriate 36 inaction': A reflection on the Rohingya crisis M Mizanur Rahman ...............................................36 Rohingya Refugee Education, Social Relations and Governmentality in Bangladesh lshrat Z. Sultana .......................................................56 Cultural Policy and the Heritagization in Senegal: From lnstitutional Prescriptions to the Re-Evaluation of Values Adama DJIGO ..............................................................77
Performing the Politics of Non-Alignment in Cold War Germany

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article discusses the history of postcolonial student migration and the under-researched repertoire of decolonial protest performances in Cold War Germany. It shows how the recruitment of hundreds of African and Asian students in the mid-1950s to visit universities in the two Germanies led to political and performative interventions of the Global South students across the Iron Curtain and to political coalitions with the nascent West German student movement. From a specific theatre and performance studies approach, this article explores these decolonial protests through the lens of performance and argues for a new approach to protest culture, one that goes beyond static and reified conceptions and instead allows us to understand the immediate and material effects such protest techniques had for those protesting.
Polyimide-Free Planar Alignment of Nematic Liquid Crystals: Sequential Interfacial Modifications through Dual-Wavelength in Situ Photoalignment

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

High-quality alignment control of liquid crystals (LCs) for ultrahigh-definition large-sized display is a challenging task. A conventional rubbing method has obvious limitations for fabricating large-sized displays with a small pixel size and an uneven inner surface. To comply with the current trend, we propose a simple and reliable polyimide-less in situ photoalignment. It was achieved using a visible-light-sensitive azo-dye and a mesogenic acrylate, both doped to host LCs. Without using a pretreated alignment layer, mono- and multidomain uniaxial alignments of LC molecules were induced by linearly polarized visible light (LPVL) and subsequently stabilized by unpolarized UV-light irradiation. The stepwise process was monitored by adopting a fluorescent indicator. By loading the mixture into a confined cell, azo-dyes were spontaneously adsorbed at inner surfaces of the cell, whereas reactive mesogens (RMs) were homogeneously dissolved in an LC host. The molecular orientational anisotropy of dyes at the surface, induced by LPVL, aligned the LC director perpendicular to the polarization direction. Upon the second step, UV-irradiation, the RMs in an LC host were photopolymerized into thin interfacial layers, stabilizing the aligned LC director. The overlaid cross-linked RM layers secured a thermal and a radiative stability of LC alignment. The RM layers completely screened the effect of azo-dyes, which can be easily randomized by heat and irradiation. The interfacial RM layer functioned as a permanently stable alignment layer. It provided sufficient azimuthal anchoring strength together with heat and light stabilities, which are essential for practical applications. Such sequential interfacial modifications through dual-wavelength processes can completely avoid interference between forming alignment and stabilization layers, inevitable if the same wavelength light is used. The proposed method provides a simple fabrication process and reliable alignment characteristics by employing effective in situ photoalignment and without using a traditional alignment layer. Therefore, it meets a current trend in the display market toward ultrahigh-resolution and large-area displays.
Studi Nuzulul Qur’an dalam Kajian Al-Qur’an Surat Al-Baqarah Ayat 185

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research aims to analyze the concept of Nuzulul Qur'an in the context of Al-Baqarah verse 185, which concerns the obligation to fast in the month of Ramadan. Nuzulul Qur'an refers to the gradual decline of Allah's revelations to the Prophet Muhammad SAW over 23 years. Surah Al-Baqarah verse 185 explains the rules for implementing fasting during the month of Ramadan, as well as the wisdom behind this obligation. This research uses a historical interpretation approach (tafsir asbabun nuzul) to explore the background to the revelation of this verse and its relevance in the social and religious context of that time. Apart from that, this research also examines the application of this verse in the lives of Muslims from a theological and practical perspective. The research results show that this verse was revealed as a response to the situation of the people of Mecca who at that time needed practical guidance regarding fasting. This research also highlights the deep meaning behind fasting as a means of spiritual formation, building self-discipline, and increasing social awareness. Thus, it is hoped that this research can provide a more comprehensive understanding of the importance of the values ​​contained in this verse and their relevance in the lives of Muslims today.
Local Recurrence and Survival in Patients With Melanoma >2 mm in Thickness at Difficult Sites Treated With 1-cm Versus 2-cm Margins

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Melanoma guidelines recommend surgical excision with 2-cm margins for melanomas >2 mm in thickness. However, this procedure may be problematic at critical anatomic sites. We aimed to compare the outcomes of wide (2 cm) versus narrow (1 cm) excision margins in patients with melanoma >2 mm in thickness near critical structures. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively examined 736 patients undergoing excision with wide versus narrow margins at the National Cancer Institute in Milan, Italy, between 2001 and 2015. Results: A total of 265 (36.0%) patients received a wide local excision—82 (30.9%) with linear repair and 183 (69.1%) with flap or graft reconstruction. A total of 471 (64.0%) patients received a narrow excision—320 (67.9%) with linear repair and 151 (32.1%) with flap or graft reconstruction ( P <.001). The 10-year overall survival rate was 69.5% (95% CI, 63.3%–76.2%) in the wide group and 68.7% (95% CI, 63.8%–74.0%) in the narrow group ( P =.462); 10-year crude cumulative incidence (CCI) of local recurrence was 5.4% (95% CI, 3.2%–9.2%) in the wide and 8.8% (95% CI, 6.4%–12.1%) in the narrow group ( P =.150). Multivariable Fine-Gray modeling of the CCI of local recurrence showed that Breslow thickness ( P =.010) was the only statistically significant parameter. Multivariable Cox models for overall survival showed that age ( P <.001), Breslow thickness ( P <.001), and sentinel lymph node status ( P =.019) were statistically significant covariates. Excision margin was not a significant parameter affecting patients’ outcome. Conclusions: Wide local excision with 1-cm margins for melanoma >2 mm in thickness was not associated with an increased risk of local recurrence and did not affect overall survival.
Dermatoscopic features of pyogenic granuloma in children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The clinical appearances of Pyogenic granuloma (PG) in children are not as typical as in adults. Meanwhile, skin biopsy is hard to accept for parents in most of time. Therefore, data of PG in children has been deprived. To analyze the dermoscopic features of PG in children in order to improve the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment and to reduce the probability of invasive examination. A single‐center retrospective study conducted from 1 January 2022 to 30 August 2022 summarized and analyzed the clinical data and dermoscopic features of patients clinically diagnosed with PG. A total of 36 patients were involved, 61.11% were males, 72.22% occurred in the face. Over 50% patients had the following dermoscopic patterns: reddish homogeneous area (100%), white collarette (91.7%), yellow‐white scales (69.4%), vascular structures (52.8%), and white rail lines (55.6%). Regression analysis found that gender and courses of disease had a statistically significant impact on part of the dermoscopic patterns. The proportions of dermoscopic features with yellow‐white scales (69.4%), dark red scabs (27.8%), and bleeding (27.8%) in this study were higher than in previous studies (26.7%, 10%, and 10%, respectively). Dermoscope is a practical diagnostic tool for PG in children. It is necessary to consider gender, disease course and lesion locations when PG is diagnosed using dermoscope. The characteristics of yellow‐white scales, dark red scabs, and bleeding are the microscopic features that distinguish pediatric patients with PG from adult patients, which should be given special attention to in pediatric patients.
Software design for automation and simultaneous control of photonic measurement systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This project is to create a software that can automate and control two different systems – Source/Measurement Unit (SMU) and spectrometer - which are used in performing the photonic measurement. The software will be created using the LabVIEW programming, a graphical programming language, which will provide a common platform to control both systems. Each system will be communicated via the Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection from the respective system to the computer. The SMU, which is one of the systems, will receive the commands from the computer via the software, to generate voltage and measure current. For the other system, the spectrometer, will receive the commands to measure and display the spectrum of the photonic measurement that is taking place. Detailed breakdown of the LabVIEW code implemented in creating the software will be elaborated in this report, as well as the photonic measurement results taken using the LabVIEW program created