jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Protein Energy Malnutrition Related to Diarrhea in Thai Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) continues to be a major public health problem in Thailand. It affects physical growth mental development learning ability and immune response to infections. In this discussion of PEM related to diarrhea in the children of Thailand attention is directed to the following: intrauterine malnutrition; the practice of breast feeding; the prevalence of PEM in the early infancy period; the prevalence of PEM in preschool children; diarrhea in infants and children; and possible solution to the problem of PEM and diarrhea. For some infants PEM occurs during the intrauterine period. In the urban slum areas of Bangkok where breast feeding practice was about 34-45% the prevalence of PEM based on weight for age was very high among infants under 6 months of age. 3rd degree PEM in the 2 urban slum areas was 13 and 17% as compared to 0% in the semi-rural area of Bang-Pa In where breast feeding practice was about 62-65%. The total prevalence of PEM in the urban-slum areas ranged from 71-79% which was approximately 3-4 times that of the semi-rural area. The decline of breast feeding practice the improper handling and unhygienic preparation of artificial feedings are the major contributing factors to PEM associated with diarrhea during early infancy. The prevalence of PEM among preschool children in Thailand during 1979-1980 was approximately 56% with 39.5 14.2 and 2.3% of 1st 2nd and 3rd degree respectively. The highest prevalence of PEM was observed in preschool children of the northeast which has been considered the poorest region in the country. Diarrheal disease has been for many years the 1st or 2nd leading cause of death in Thai infants. Infants and children who are suffering from moderate and severe diarrhea will result in high mortality and morbidity attributable to PEM. In 1 report all infants with intractable diarrhea were malnourished 70% of them were classified as 3rd degree PEM and 15% each were 1st and 2nd degree PEM. The interrelationship between PEM and diarrhea in infants and children is now recognized as the most critical health problem of the developing countries. In an effort to improve the nutritional status of infants and children by alleviating PEM and diarrhea the National Economics and Social Development Board has developed a set of food and nutrition policies in the 5th National Plan during the period from 1982-1986. Major emphasis will be on parent education in maternal nutrition infant feeding and hygienic handling and preparation of food for infants.
The Impacts of Albania Imports on Innovation, IT, Productivity

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The imports in Albania compared to exports, are in higher levels. Still, the levels of imports compared to the border of Albania aren’t high, meanwhile the level of exports is increasing day by day. To measure the real levels and to compare the reports they have with each other, we study their effect in the innovation, technology, productivity and other factors related to the total economic situation in Albania. This paper aims to examine and study the impact that imports of Albania have towards productivity, innovation and technology (IT) of the country, using descriptive method of showing data and conclusions, by the research work made in different sources of information from the author herself. How the import from other Balkan countries affects the up-mentioned factors(Macedonia is taken as example to be based on for this group of countries) and how the import from Western Europe countries effects these factors (Germany is taken as example to be focused on for this group of countries).By studying these two cases of how importing from different groups of countries, effects the innovation, IT and productivity of Albania, we will reach the conclusion that our country benefits more from importing from different countries. This happens because the products that enter our country from Germany let us say, have better quality-price report compared to Macedonian products. We will see how these products impact positively by improving all3 up-mentioned factors (productivity, innovation and technology) more in details in the following pages of this paper.
Standardized Protocol for Resazurin-Based Viability Assays on A549 Cell Line for Improving Cytotoxicity Data Reliability

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The A549 cell line has become a cornerstone in biomedical research, particularly in cancer studies and serves as a critical tool in cytotoxicity studies and drug screening where it is used to evaluate the impact of pharmaceutical compounds on cellular viability. One of the most widely adopted methods for viability assessment, which is also used in evaluating drug cytotoxicity, is the resazurin-based assay. This assay exploits the ability of living cells to convert resazurin into fluorescent resorufin, providing a reliable indicator of metabolic activity. By measuring this conversion, cell viability can be estimated. Resazurin assay is extensively used for evaluating cytotoxic effects on various cell lines, including A549 cells, thereby bridging the gap between in vitro experimentation and drug development. However, frequent data inconsistencies in pre-clinical drug screening highlight the critical need for standardization to ensure reliability and reproducibility. This manuscript addresses these challenges by describing the optimization of resazurin-based viability assays for A549 cells in both 2D cultures and 3D fibrin gel models. By optimizing this test, the study aims to enhance the reliability of cytotoxicity results and introduces a new standard operating procedure, thus providing consistent results with minimal measurement uncertainty. This standardization is crucial for advancing drug screening and ensuring robust research findings.
The blood peripheral content of the cells of innate and adaptive immunity in patients with brain tumors of various histogenesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To study the changes in blood content of cells of innate and adaptive immunity in patients with brain tumors of various histogenesis.Materials and metods. The content of leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets in the blood of 105 patients with cerebral tumors: 67 of neuroectodermal, 20 of mesenchymal and 18 of neuroepithelial origin. As a control, 28 patients with chronic diseases of the nervous system were examined.Results. The peripheral blood content of cells of the immune system depended on the histogenesis of tumors. The greatest changes were detected in neuroectodermal tumors, whereas an increased level of neutrophils, platelets and decreased concentration of lymphocyte was revealed, and neuroepithelial tumors demonstrated the smallest changes (pituitary adenomas). The ratio of the platelet count to neutrophils or neutrophils to lymphocytes more informatively reflect the immune system state rather than the absolute content of these cells in the blood.Conclusions. The indicators of the ratio of different cells of the immune system reflects the activation and inhibition of specific parts of the immune system in brain tumors.
Operating Modes Analysis of an Asynchronous Motor in the Pumping Unit Drive Under Increased Load Conditions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A distinctive feature of an asynchronous electric motor operation in unregulated electric drives of continuous hot water supply systems installations is a prolonged operating mode at elevated temperatures, accompanied by overloads. In such operating conditions, exceeding the motor power reduces the risk of emergency conditions due to increased thermal loads appearance. But this operation leads mode to an increase in energy losses, which significantly worsens the economic performance of the technological process as a whole. The most sensitive in this case are the boundary conditions formed by changes in the selection mode of the pumped coolant or its supply circuits. The article presents the expert analysis results of an asynchronous electric motors operating modes under increased load conditions.
GHRELIN AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS: HUMAN, EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL AND CELL CULTURE STUDIES

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular diseases and the leading cause of death globally. Atherosclerosis is a complex, chronic disease characterized by lipid accumulation and inflammation within the intima layer of vessel wall. Novel biomarkers and therapeutics are still being sought to provide both better diagnosis and treatment. Ghrelin represents an attractive target for studies into atherosclerosis. Ghrelin is a gastric peptide hormone, which has multiple functions, including regulation of appetite and energy metabolism. Emerging evidence suggests that it may also have a role in the cardiovascular and immune systems. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of ghrelin in atherosclerosis. The specific aims were 1) to investigate the association between the plasma ghrelin level and early atherosclerosis as determined by carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) in a large (n = 1024) cross-sectional population-based study of middle-aged subjects, 2) to measure the associations between plasma ghrelin levels and already established risk factors of atherosclerosis in human subjects, 3) to assess the effects of ghrelin on atherogenesis in vitro by analyzing monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells, oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) binding and acetylated LDL uptake using macrophages, and 4) to study the influence of ghrelin on atherosclerosis using ghrelin vaccination in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. Plasma total ghrelin levels were positively associated with carotid IMT in male subjects. Association studies demonstrated plasma ghrelin levels to be negatively associated with total and LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations as well as with body mass index (BMI), and positively assocated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration in postmenopausal women and in a population-based study. In addition, estrogen increased plasma acylated ghrelin levels in postmenopausal women. Cell culture studies demonstrated that ghrelin could increase the binding of oxidized LDL and monocytes to endothelial cells. Interestingly, when endothelial cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), then ghrelin prevented monocyte adhesion. The study with LDL receptor knockout mice, revealed that ghrelin vaccination could increase plasma ghrelin levels but had no effects on the development of atherosclerosis. However, the plasma MCP-1 level decreased in mice immunized with ghrelin vaccine. In conclusion, these studies suggest that ghrelin has modulatory functions in the vascular system and atherogenesis though the effect may not be as dominant as that of the known traditional risk factors. Whether this effect of ghrelin is positive or negative in atherogenesis will be clarified in further studies.
Inter-laboratory variation in feedstuff evaluation of two contrasting maize silage samples

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The importance of feedstuff evaluation as part of ration formulation is recognised by UK farmers, with the number of silage samples analysed increasing annually. These can be undertaken by the UK advisory services or feed companies, with several commercial laboratories offering similar services. However, as discussed by Beever [1993], there is concern over the authenticity of some estimates of feeding value, in relation to the analytical techniques used, the lack of agreed standardised procedures, and the apparent variation in results which exists between laboratories. This study examined the extent of this variation when 2 maize silage samples were independently analysed by 9 different laboratories, and compared laboratory based estimates of metabolisable energy [ME] contents with those derived by feeding the same diets to lactating cows.
Defining the priorities and challenges for the adoption of Information Technology in HealthCare: opinions from an expert panel.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Harvard Interfaculty Initiative developed a tool to assess the level of Information Technology adoption at healthcare organizations and asked an expert panel to rate the clinical functions where IT-based solutions can impact quality of care. The experts were asked to identify high priority areas where IT might impact quality, and to rate the difficulty in implementation associated with that solution. While scores from the expert panel varied widely in assessing difficulties in implementation of IT, there was broad consensus on high priority areas.
Mediation Contract in The Saudi Legal system

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study deals with the rules contained in the commercial mediation contract and other contracts in which one party uses the skills of the other party, as this contract is considered one of the most important commercial contracts, especially in the fields of real estate, whether buying or selling, as well as other fields, whether commercial or economic, This study aimed to clarify the concept of the commercial mediation contract and the mediator, whose final function is summarized in the mediation contract by bringing the points of view between the two parties closer together in order to conclude the required deal. The mediation contract is a consensual contract that is binding on both parties, and the mediator’s obligation is to complete the implementation of the contract and not just conclude it. In exchange for a specific commission that he receives by agreement of both parties, the brokerage contract ends with the completion of the work assigned to the mediator, and sometimes it ends before its implementation due to the impossibility of implementation. The study concluded that for the contract to be valid, the general objective elements must be present. The work of the mediator is considered a permanent commercial work for the mediator, whether this work is related to commercial or civil transactions in Saudi commercial law
Production and physical-chemical characterization of walnut shell-derived activated carbons for hydrogen storage application

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A series of activated carbons have been produced from walnut shells by pyrolysis and physical activation in an oxidizing atmosphere. The effects of the activation time on the porosity formation and physicochemical characteristics, then hydrogen storage properties, were investigated. The synthesized samples reveal highly microporous structures with large specific surface area values that strongly influence the hydrogen adsorption capacity. The highest values of specific surface area (1163 m2/g), total pore volume (0.491 cm3/g), and micropore volume (0.450 cm3/g) were obtained with an activation time of 90 min, allowing hydrogen uptake at 77 K of 1.7 and 2.6 wt% at a pressure of 1 and 80 bar respectively. Adsorption-desorption cycles were performed to test the reversibility and reproducibility of the process. The results confirm the key role of ultra-micropores (<0.7 nm) and suggest walnut shell-derived activated carbons as promising and cost-effective materials for hydrogen storage.
Occurrence Download

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A dataset containing 1753 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "BasisOfRecord is one of (Living Specimen, Occurrence evidence, Specimen, Material sample, Human Observation, Observation, Machine Observation)", "Continent is Africa", "Country is Algeria", "DatasetKey is iNaturalist Research-grade Observations", "Issue is Coordinate rounded", "PublishingOrg is 28eb1a3f-1c15-4a95-931a-4af90ecb574d", "TaxonKey is Orchidaceae" ] } The dataset includes 1753 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0073564-240321170329656/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
Isolated Triterpenes from Stingless Bee Lisotrigona furva Propolis in Vietnam

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Stingless bees of the genus Lisotrigonaare uncommon species found in India and South East Asian countries. Several Lisotrigonaspecies including L. cacciae, L.carpenteri and L. furva fromVietnam have been described. There has been no information on the chemicalconstituents and bioactivity of Lisotrigona stingless bee propolis inVienam. Our goal of this work is to investigate the chemical constituents ofthe stingless bee Lisotrigona furva propolis collected in Binhdinhprovince, Vietnam. Using combined chromatographic methods, several triterpenesincluding mangiferolic acid (1), occotilones I (2) and II (3),dipterocarpol (4), hydroxyhopanone (5) and (13E,17E)-polypoda-7,13,17,21-tetraen-3β-ol(6) were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Lisotrigona furvapropolis. The chemical structures of isolated compounds were identified byMS, NMR spectral analysis. Compound 5 and 6 were isolated for the firsttime from stingless bee propolis.Acknowledgements: This research isfunded by Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology under grant numberVAST.HTQT.BULGARIA.02/17-18.&amp;nbsp;
Legal Harmonization with the EU acquis: Public Procurement as a Challenge for Croatia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper analyzes the public procurement as a sector where the governance weaknesses of the most transitional states are very obvious. Future EU states, including Croatia have to implement necessary reforms in that sector and introduce principles of transparency, equal treatment, free competition and non-discrimination in the process. First part of the paper addresses the importance of the public procurement in the EU as an essential part of the internal market. Additionally, WTO rules and EU acquis determine the institutional architecture of the public procurement rules on the global and regional scene that have gained renewed importance for the Lisabon agenda and the EU public policies. Second part of the paper focuses on Croatian efforts to adopt its legal and policy framework to the acquis in the negotiation process. Croatia has developed required institutional capacities and legal instruments. Nevertheless, main challenges in the fields of fight against the corruption and improvement of human potential and institutional building are crucial prerequisites for the sound functioning of this sector and Croatian entrance to the EU.
Effects of different methods of cooking on mineral and vitamin (A and E) content of yellow fin sea bream (Acanthopagrus latus) fish fillets

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cooking methods including steaming, frying and grilling on the amounts of vitamin (A and E) and mineral (iron, phosphorus, copper, zinc, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium) content of Yellow-fin sea bream (Acanthopagrus latus) fish fillets. This study was performed with four treatments and replicated three times. Results were compared with the amounts of vitamin and mineral contents of raw samples. The vitamin content of samples was measured by the method of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mineral content was evaluated by the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The comparison of examined mineral elements in cooked samples with raw samples, showed no significant differences (p>0.05). The vitamin A content of cooked samples was compared with their amounts in raw samples. Results indicated that vitamin A was significantly decreased in cooked samples (p˂0.05). The lowest amounts of vitamin A were observed in fried samples (7.6 ± 0.66 mg/kg of wet weight). The vitamin E content of cooked samples was compared with their amounts in raw samples. Results indicated that vitamin E was significantly decreased in cooked samples (p˂0.05). The lowest levels of vitamin E were observed in grilled samples (0.293 ± 0.02 mg/kg wet weight). These results showed that the mineral content of samples cooked with three methods including steaming, grilling and frying was not significantly different from row samples. Therefore, various methods of cooking can be applied based on the diet. However, the vitamin A and E contents of yellow fin sea bream fish fillets were significantly decreased in cooked samples.
Characterization of anα-amylase from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) obtained under optimized conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sorghum malt α-amylase can compete with bacterial α-amylase in industrial applications, if sufficiently stable and produced in a large enough quantity. Conditions for maximal α-amylase production in sorghum malt and the physico-chemical properties of the α-amylase so produced are reported in this study. Sorghum grains were steeped in buffers with varying pH (4.0–8.0) for 24 h, at room temperature, and germinated for another 48 h to obtain the green malt. The buffer that induced the highest quantity of α-amylase was chosen as the optimal pH and served as the medium for further steeping experiments conducted at different temperatures (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60°C). The α-amylase activity in the extract was determined in order to obtain the optimum temperature for α-amylase induction at this particular pH. For the purpose of comparison, the α-amylase produced at the optimum pH and temperature was purified to apparent homogeneity by a combination of ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography, and further characterized. Eight-fold higher α-amylase activity was induced in pH 6.5 buffer at 20°C compared with water, the traditional steeping medium. The Km and Vmax were estimated to be 1.092 ± 0.05 mg mL−1 and 3516 ± 1.981 units min−1, respectively. The activation energy of the purified amylase for starch hydrolysis was 6.2 kcal K−1 mol−1. Chlorides of calcium and manganese served as good activators, whereas CuSO4 inhibited the enzyme with a 42% loss in activity at 312 mm salt concentration. Copyright © 2012 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling
A model of respiratory rhythm generation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A new hypothesis is proposed to explain the generation of respiratory rhythm by the respiratory neurons of the medulla. The basis of the oscillator is a mutual inhibition between early-burst inspiratory, propriobulbar neurons and Bötzinger complex expiratory, bulbospinal neurons, with only the early burst inspiratory neurons possessing adaptive properties. Only one theoretical connection, unsupported by experimental observations, needs to be assumed for this model, that of an inhibitory connection from Bötzinger complex expiratory neurons to early-burst inspiratory neurons. A mathematical simulation of the model was used to test the hypothesis. The oscillating patterns of activity produced by the model were similar to those observed experimentally in these neurons. It is therefore concluded that, based on reasonable assumptions, the proposed hypothesis will produce oscillations similar to those of respiration.