jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Validating the accuracy and repeatability of transition analysis for age estimation in South Africa

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transition analysis transforms skeletal traits with an invariant, unidirectional series of \nstages into a likelihood function with a maximum likelihood value and a 95% \nconfidence interval. Boldsen et al. used transition analysis to develop an adult age \nestimation method employing components of the cranial sutures, pubic symphysis \nand ilial portion of the sacroiliac joint, used either in combination or individually. This \nvalidation study aimed to use the 36 transition analysis numerical, categorical scores \nfor the anatomical features in conjunction with the ADBOU computer program to \nassess the accuracy and precision of the age estimates for 149 black individuals \nfrom the Pretoria Bone Collection. In addition, the effect of observer variability in \nscoring of these traits was assessed. Six age estimations were generated by the \nADBOU computer program using 1) the cranial sutures only, 2) the pubic symphysis \nonly, 3) the auricular surface of the ilium only, 4) all three features combined, 5) all \nthree features combined and modified by a forensic prior distribution and 6) all three \nfeatures combined and modified by an archaeological prior distribution. The six point \nestimate categories, calculated from the maximum likelihood values, were evaluated \nfor accuracy using mean absolute values. The 95% confidence intervals were \nevaluated for range width and accuracy. Cohen’s Kappa statistics were used to \nanalyse repeatability of the scoring procedure through inter- and intra-observer \nagreement and Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA statistics to determine the effect of observer \ndifferences on the final age estimates. The usefulness of the age ranges were \ndiminished by large widths encompassing up to 95 years. The accuracy for the point \nestimates fared better for the combined skeletal indicators and overall accuracy was \nimproved by using the archaeological prior distribution. The archaeological prior \ndistribution was also responsible for narrowing the age ranges, especially in the \nolder ages (over 70 years). Age estimates did not differ significantly when using \ninter- and intra-observer scores, but experience with the method did seem to \nimprove results. Overall, age ranges were too wide, but accuracy could potentially be \nimproved by adding more skeletal components to the method and using a \npopulation-specific prior distribution. The method would need considerable \nadjustments to make it usable in a South African setting.
LHD Flxloop #134273.1 (analyzed)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Flux loop array measures the slow and weak magnetic fluctuation which appears when the significantly large magnetic island produced by the RMP (Resonant Magnetic Perturbations) coil changes. Applying the spatial Fourier decomposition to the toroidal profile, toroidal mode number is derived. Flux loop array has 9 flux loops set at 1-O, 2-O, 3-O, 4-O, 5-O, 7-O, 8-O, 9-O, 10-O.
Letter: Hazards of smallpox vaccination.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

time in mice treated with bromocriptine we also started a study on the effect of this drug on platelets, coagulation, and fibrinolysis in man.Ten patients with Parkinson's disease (6 male, 4 female) were given bromocriptine because they had become unresponsive to levodopa.The dosage was started at 5 mg daily and increased every three days by 5 mg up to 20-25 mg, according to the tolerance.It is too early yet to publish the effect on Parkinson's disease.Haematological studies were per- formed on each patient the day before the start of treatment and 15 days later (when they were taking 20-25 mg per day).The following tests were done: bleeding time (Duke's and Ivy's methods), platelet count, thromboplastin time, partial thromboplastin time, euglobulin lysis time, and platelet aggregation with ADP (0-33-0-66-1-09-1-66 ,Lmol/l), adrenaline (0 82-4-10-41 umol/l), and collagen at different dilutions.No significant modification was observed in any of these measurements.In particular, it is to be noted that no enhancement of platelet aggregation was detected, even at low concentrations of aggregating agents.Our results show that patients with Parkin- sonism can take a clinically effective dose of bromocriptine without any change in platelets, coagulation, or fibrinolysis, even at doses twice as high as those used by
Neuroretinal Cell Culture Model as a Tool for the Development of New Therapeutic Approaches for Oxidative Stress-Induced Ocular Diseases, with a Focus on Glaucoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of optic neuropathies characterized by a progressive degeneration of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), leading to irreversible vision loss. Nowadays, the traditional therapeutic approach to glaucoma consists of lowering the intraocular pressure (IOP), which does not address the neurodegenerative features of the disease. Besides animal models of glaucoma, there is a considerable need for in vitro experimental models to propose new therapeutic strategies for this ocular disease. In this study, we elucidated the pathological mechanisms leading to neuroretinal R28 cell death after exposure to glutamate and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in order to develop new therapeutic approaches for oxidative stress-induced retinal diseases, including glaucoma. We were able to show that glutamate and H2O2 can induce a decrease in R28 cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. A cell viability of about 42% was found after exposure to 3 mM of glutamate and about 56% after exposure to 100 µM of H2O2 (n = 4). Label-free quantitative mass spectrometry analysis revealed differential alterations of 193 and 311 proteins in R28 cells exposed to 3 mM of glutamate and 100 µM of H2O2, respectively (FDR < 1%; p < 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the protein changes were associated with the dysregulation of signaling pathways, which was similar to those observed in glaucoma. Thus, the proteomic alteration induced by glutamate was associated with the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. On the other hand, H2O2-induced toxicity in R28 cells was linked to the activation of apoptosis signaling and the inhibition of the mTOR and ERK/MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, the data show a similarity in the inhibition of the EIF2 and AMPK signaling pathways and the activation of the sumoylation and WNT/β-catenin signaling pathways in both groups. Our findings suggest that the exposure of R28 cells to glutamate and H2O2 could induce glaucoma-like neurodegenerative features and potentially provide a suitable tool for the development of new therapeutic strategies for retinal diseases.
USA and ethno-political myths of the Crimean Tatars as a factor of weakening of the USSR and the Russian Federation in the international scene

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In historical retrospect, the United States uses various mechanisms of influence regarding the Crimean Tatars. One of the mechanisms is the construction of ethno-political myths, which can have both constructive and destructive social effects. The process of constructing destructive ethno-political myths in relation to the Crimean Peninsula is particularly revealing in this context. As Crimea, because of significance its military-strategic position, serve as a platform for testing various forms of social destabilization, by the USA, Turkey and European countries, including through the actualization of Crimean Tatar issues. American technologies for constructing the “eternal” foe image in the mythonarrative of the Crimean Tatars based on materials of the US State Department, nonprofit organizations, analytical centers, publications of the American scientific and expert community, mass media, data of Crimean Tatar organizations is considered by the authors in this article.
The Roles of SPOP in DNA Damage Response and DNA Replication

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Speckle-type BTB/POZ protein (SPOP) is a substrate recognition receptor of the cullin-3 (CUL3)/RING type ubiquitin E3 complex. To date, approximately 30 proteins have been identified as ubiquitinated substrates of the CUL3/SPOP complex. Pathologically, missense mutations in the substrate-binding domain of SPOP have been found in prostate and endometrial cancers. Prostate and endometrial cancer-associated SPOP mutations lose and increase substrate-binding ability, respectively. Expression of these SPOP mutants, thus, causes aberrant turnovers of the substrate proteins, leading to tumor formation. Although the molecular properties of SPOP and its cancer-associated mutants have been intensively elucidated, their cellular functions remain unclear. Recently, a number of studies have uncovered the critical role of SPOP and its mutants in DNA damage response and DNA replication. In this review article, we summarize the physiological functions of SPOP as a “gatekeeper” of genome stability.
Functions of short-term partial hospitalization in a comprehensive system of care.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

An increasing number of short-term partial-hospital programs are being created as alternatives to standard inpatient care in the treatment of acutely ill patients. Despite this increase, both referring clinicians and partial-hospital staff are often unclear about the capabilities and limitations of such programs. The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinical functions of a short-term partial hospital within a comprehensive system of care. The findings include a description of the five functions identified for the program under study and a review of the process by which these clinical functions were accomplished over the partial-hospital stay. Implications of the findings for program planning, patient selection, and clinical training are discussed.
Al-Qaeda’s Persistent Sanctuary

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With growing instability across the Arab world, it has become de rigueur to argue that the primary al-Qaeda threat now comes from the Persian Gulf or North Africa. While these regions certainly present a threat to Western security, al-Qaeda’s primary command and control structure remains situated in the Pakistan-Afghanistan border regions. \n \nSince the mid-1990s, al-Qaeda’s senior leadership has enjoyed a sanctuary in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Today, al-Qaeda continues to present a grave threat from this region by providing strategic guidance, overseeing or encouraging terrorist operations, managing a robust propaganda campaign, conducting training and collecting and distributing financial assistance. As demonstrated over the past year, key al-Qaeda operatives such as Ilyas Kashmiri have been involved in plots to conduct Mumbai-style attacks in Europe, target a newspaper in Copenhagen that published cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad and bomb New York. The US, for example, has narrowly escaped several imminent attacks. Faisal Shahzad, who was trained in Pakistan, constructed several bombs, placed them in the back of his Nissan Pathfinder sports utility vehicle and drove into Times Square in New York City on a congested Saturday night in 2010. Only fortune intervened, since all three bombs malfunctioned. It may be tempting to focus predominantly on terrorist threats to the West from Libya, Yemen, Somalia, Egypt and other countries in the Arab world because of the widespread unrest and on-going violence, but this would be a dangerous mistake.
[Late result of the surgical treatment of focal lesions of the femur head by using figured bone-cartilage homografts].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The author reports late result of focal buried homoplasty of the femoral head performed after the author's technic in 84 patients: for tuberculous coxitis (72), aseptic necrosis of the femoral head (7) and other lesions of the coxa (5). The terms of the follow-up postoperatively in 78 patients are from 3 to 11 years. An estimation of functional result of treatment was made by a 4-grade system, adopted by the majority of authors. Excellent results were gained in 18 patients, good--in 26, satisfactory--in 29 and poor--in 11.
Bandwidth Enhancement of Comparator Applied in W-Band Circularly Polarized Monopulse Antenna

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this letter, a novel wideband comparator for W-band circularly polarized (CP) monopulse antenna is proposed and analyzed. The comparator mainly consists of four 3 dB waveguide couplers and a novel wideband phase shifter (PS). The bandwidth of the comparator is greatly enhanced by combining the sequential rotation feeding technique with the wideband PS technique for the first time. To verify its wideband performance, the CP monopulse antenna consisting of the comparator and a 2 × 2 CP horn array is fabricated and measured. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation. For the measured sum (Σ) channel, the reflection coefficient lower than −10 dB, the realized gain not less than 11.5 dBi, and the axial ratio better than 0.45 dB are realized in the whole W-band (75–110 GHz). For the measured azimuth and elevation difference (Δ) channels, the null depths of the difference patterns are less than −25.8 dB at 80, 92.5, and 105 GHz, and the difference patterns are symmetrical and stable.
Climate change impacts on high rise buildings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Global climate change has been a major concern for the built environment nowadays. On the other hand, currently, high rise buildings have become the major construction trend due to land constraint in Singapore. Hence, the climate change impacts especially due to temperature, rainfall and wind on high rise buildings has become a serious issue. This report focuses on literature review on works done in other countries to analysis the condition of Singapore. Climate change mitigation and adaption are also made in order to strengthen the climate resilience of high rise buildings and therefore a more sustainable built environment in the future.
Die Wertigkeit der Positronenemissionstomographie bei der Differentialdiagnose pankreatischer Erkrankungen unklarer Dignität aus chirurgischer Sicht

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: The pancreatic carcinoma is associated with a poor prognosis in spite of improved surgical technique and differential diagnosis to chronic pancreatitis is very difficult. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of positron emission tomography (PET) with regard to the difference between pancreatic carcinoma and benign tumour as well as the importance of PET for surgical therapy and prognosis in patients. METHOD: With 124 patients with unknown pancreatic process FDG-PET was used in addition to the standard preoperative techniques and 103 patients had to undergo surgical therapy. RESULTS: With a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 65% in identifying pancreatic masses FDG-PET is a valid instrument. Besides PET simplifies detecting lymphnodes and is able to detect early carcinoma. The mortality during operation was 1,9%. The median of survival of patients with pancreatic carcinoma was only 5 month. CONCLUSION: FDG-PET presents a method with high correctness in pancreatic diagnostics, but there is no necessity to use it as a standard technique. Prognosis in patients could not be improved if pancreatic carcinoma was found and the situation remains discouragable.
Value chain analysis of pea: A case study in Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study entitled “Value chain analysis of Pea in Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh”. Among different commercial vegetables in Kullu district, pea occupied maximum area with 34.38 per cent of total vegetable area. The annual transaction of pea (Pisum sativum) was 3146.50 MT from major production pockets of Kullu district. In this study, value chain map highlighted the involvement of diverse actors, who participated directly or indirectly in the value chain. Four channels were identified in the marketing system of Pea in the study area. Out of four channels, channel-C (Producer-Local trader/commission agent-Wholesaler-Retailer-Consumer) was found most preferred channel by the sample vegetable growers since 58.23 per cent of pea was traded through this channel. Degree of value addition in pea varied from 2.20 per cent to 5.85 per cent among different chain actors. There is a potential niche for Himachal Pradesh to develop off-season pea pocket by leveraging the small scale tomato processing units, cooperative societies and self-help groups in the pea growing temperate region- Naggar, Banjar, Lag valley and Manikaran valley of Kullu block.
Biomarkers of Parkinson's disease in perspective of early diagnosis and translation of neurotrophic therapies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of dopamine neurons and aberrant deposits of alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) in the brain. The symptomatic treatment is started after the onset of motor manifestations in a late stage of the disease. Preclinical studies with neurotrophic factors (NTFs) show promising results of disease‐modifying neuroprotective or even neurorestorative effects. Four NTFs have entered phase I–II clinical trials with inconclusive outcomes. This is not surprising because the preclinical evidence is from acute early‐stage disease models, but the clinical trials included advanced PD patients. To conclude the value of NTF therapies, clinical studies should be performed in early‐stage patients with prodromal symptoms, that is, before motor manifestations. In this review, we summarize currently available diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers that could help identify at‐risk patients benefiting from NTF therapies. Focus is on biochemical and imaging biomarkers, but also other modalities are discussed. Neuroimaging is the most important diagnostic tool today, but α‐syn imaging is not yet viable. Modern techniques allow measuring various forms of α‐syn in cerebrospinal fluid, blood, saliva, and skin. Digital biomarkers and artificial intelligence offer new means for early diagnosis and longitudinal follow‐up of degenerative brain diseases.
Logistics Service E-Procurement Mechanism Affected by Information Resources Sharing Attribute

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The theory of procurement auction of production traditionally assumes that the bidder profit is affected by his own attribute, such as cost and quality. In our paper, we consider a logistics service e-procurement mechanism affected by information resources sharing attribute of both sides, which is based on a simple multidimensional auctions model. We also discuss an application framework of our mechanism in real logistics network.
Differentiation of Biliary Atresia from the Intrahepatic Etiology of Infantile Cholestasis with Alagille Criteria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Biliary atresia (BA) is an important etiology of liver disease in pediatric patients which manifests as extrahepatic cholestasis. Alagille criterion is a combination of noninvasive findings for the diagnosis of BA. In this regard, the current retrospective study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Alagille criteria for BA.\nMethods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Ghaem Hospital, affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences during 2009-2014. All infants less than 2 years old with cholestasis referred to the pediatric gastrointestinal ward were included in this study. Alagille criteria were evaluated for each patient, and BA was confirmed with intraoperative cholangiography. Finally, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of Alagille criteria were determined according to the final diagnosis.\nResults: In general, 92 patients were included in this study. The male-to-female ratio and the mean age of patients were 54/38 and 42±5 days (ranging between 1 and 5 months), respectively. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of gender, onset time of jaundice, and the presence of the acholic stool (P=0.02, 0.04, and 0.005, respectively). Eventually, the acholic stool had the highest sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values.\nConclusion: Based on the findings, the presence of the acholic stool was the most valuable criterion for the diagnosis of BA among all Alagille criteria.
"Very Cheerful and Clean and Sane and Lovely": Hemingway’s "Very Pleasant Land of France"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Relies on letters, short stories, and sketches to prove the importance of all of France to Hemingway’s life and work. Compares the descriptions of France and Spain in The Sun Also Rises to counter critics who dismiss Hemingway’s affinity for France, and points to The Garden of Eden as a text that proves his lasting devotion.
481. Modified steroid hormones. Part XIV. 17α-Acetoxy-16-methylenepregn-4-ene-3,20-dione

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

D. N. Kirk, V. Petrow, M. Stansfield and D. M. Williamson, J. Chem. Soc., 1960, 2385 DOI: 10.1039/JR9600002385
Towards a Robust Classifier: An MDL-Based Method for Generating Adversarial Examples

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We address the problem of adversarial examples in machine learning where an adversary tries to misguide a classifier by making functionality-preserving modifications to original samples. We assume a black-box scenario where the adversary has access to only the feature set, and the final hard-decision output of the classifier. We propose a method to generate adversarial examples using the minimum description length (MDL) principle. Our final aim is to improve the robustness of the classifier by considering generated examples in rebuilding the classifier. We evaluate our method for the application of static malware detection in portable executable (PE) files. We consider API calls of PE files as their distinguishing features where the feature vector is a binary vector representing the presence-absence of API calls. In our method, we first create a dataset of benign samples by querying the target classifier. We next construct a code table of frequent patterns for the compression of this dataset using the MDL principle. We finally generate an adversarial example corresponding to a malware sample by selecting and adding a pattern from the benign code table to the malware sample. The selected pattern is the one that minimizes the length of the compressed adversarial example given the code table. This modification preserves the functionalities of the original malware sample as all original API calls are kept, and only some new API calls are added. Considering a neural network, we show that the evasion rate is 78.24 percent for adversarial examples compared to 8.16 percent for original malware samples. This shows the effectiveness of our method in generating examples that need to be considered in rebuilding the classifier.
Hydrazine poisoning.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

When the diathermy is applied to the thorax or neck of an insulated patient the shortest electrical path is through the anaes- thetic tubing and machine or the anaesthetist, who usually has bare hands and conducting boots.When patients are intubated, the endotracheal tube is non-conducting when dry, and electrical contact is first made with the metal connector, which can easily make contact with the skin of the face but is often