jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Methods to assess the effectiveness of naturally ventilated classrooms in Gauteng, South Africa

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

There is a tendency to reduce ventilation rates and natural or hybrid ventilation systems to ensure the conservation of energy in school buildings. However, high indoor pollutant concentration, due to natural or hybrid ventilation systems may have a significant adverse impact on the health and academic performance of pupils and students. Reviewed evidence shows that this can be detrimental to health and wellbeing in schools because of the learner density within a small area, eventually indicating that CO2 concentrations can rise to very high levels (about 4000 ppm) in classrooms during occupancy periods. In South Africa’s naturally ventilated classrooms, it is not clear whether the environmental conditions are conducive for learning. In addition, natural ventilation will be minimized given the fact that in cold, wet or windy weather, doors and windows will commonly remain closed. Evidence from literature based studies indicates that the significance of ventilation techniques is not understood satisfactorily and additional information concerning naturally ventilated schools has to be provided for better design and policy formulation. To develop a thorough understanding of the environments in classrooms, many other parameters have to be considered as well, such as outdoor air quality, CO2 concentrations, temperature and relative humidity and safety issues that may be important drawbacks for naturally ventilated schools. The aim of this paper is to develop a conceptual understanding of methods that can be implemented to assess the effectiveness of naturally ventilated classrooms in Gauteng, South Africa. A theoretical concept with an embedded practical methodology have been proposed for the research programme to investigate the relationship between ventilation rates and learning in schools in Gauteng , a province in South Africa. It is important that existing and future school buildings must include adequate outdoor ventilation, control of moisture, and avoidance of indoor exposures to microbiologic and chemical substances considered likely to have adverse effects in South Africa. Adequate ventilation in classrooms is necessary to reduce and/or eradicate the transmission of indoor pollutants.
Temperature, fluid content and rheology of localized ductile shear zones in subsolidus cooling plutons

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Temperature and fluid content are critical parameters that control rock rheology and strain localization in the continental crust. Here, we determine by thermodynamic modelling the of localized ductile shearing during cooling of three different granitoid plutons: the Rieserferner and the Adamello plutons in the Italian Alps, and the Lake Edison pluton in the Sierra Nevada—USA. Shear zones exploited precursor joints, associated veins and alteration zones. and P − T phase diagram sections were computed with Perple_X in the system MnO−Na 2 O−CaO −K 2 O−FeO−MgO−Al 2 O 3 −SiO 2 −H 2 O−Fe 2 O 3 . The phase diagram sections show that the nucleation of the brittle precursors (joints, veins) occurred at T » 450°C at fluid‐saturated conditions. Localized ductile shearing likely occurred at temperature ranging between 420 and 460°C evolving from initially fluid‐saturated to fluid‐undersaturated conditions in a closed system. In this temperature range, granitoid rocks are potentially subject to a series of retrograde metamorphic reactions replacing the load‐bearing feldspars with weaker phyllosilicates. Metamorphic reactions occurred in spatial association with the precursory structures, leading to localized shearing. Decreasing temperature and fluid‐undersaturated conditions likely hampered progressive strain accommodation in shear zones by slowing down metamorphic reactions, thermally activated dislocation creep processes, fluid‐mediated deformation mechanisms and weakening mechanisms. Polyphase granitoid ultramylonite and mylonitic quartz veins have been affected differently by the fluid‐undersaturated conditions of the system, as consequence of different dominant deformation mechanisms and syn‐kinematic paragenesis during localized shearing. Localized ductile shearing in cooling plutons effectively occurs in a limited temperature range (420–460°C) in which the strain accommodation capacity of the shear zone is controlled by the negative feedback between the cooling rate, the kinetics of metamorphic reactions and deformation mechanisms, and the consumption of the limited amount of available fluids.
Probiotics prevent bacterial translocation and improve intestinal barrier function in rats following chronic psychological stress

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and aim: Chronic psychological stress, including water avoidance stress (WAS), induces intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction and impairs mucosal defences against luminal bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the ability of a defined probiotic regimen to prevent WAS induced intestinal pathophysiology. Methods: Male rats were subjected to either WAS or sham stress for one hour per day for 10 consecutive days. Additional animals received seven days of Lactobacillus helveticus and L rhamnosus in the drinking water prior to stress and remained on these probiotics for the duration of the study. Rats were then sacrificed, intestinal segments assessed in Ussing chambers, and mesenteric lymph nodes cultured to determine bacterial translocation. Results: All animals remained healthy for the duration of the study. Chronic WAS induced excess ion secretion (elevated baseline short circuit current) and barrier dysfunction (increased conductance) in both the ileum and colon, associated with increased bacterial adhesion and penetration into surface epithelial cells. Approximately 70% of rats subjected to WAS had bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes while there was no bacterial translocation in controls. Probiotic pretreatment alone had no effect on intestinal barrier function. However, WAS induced increased ileal short circuit current was reduced with probiotics whereas there was no impact on altered conductance. Pretreatment of animals with probiotics also completely abrogated WAS induced bacterial adhesion and prevented translocation of bacteria to mesenteric lymph nodes. Conclusion: These findings indicate that probiotics can prevent chronic stress induced intestinal abnormalities and, thereby, exert beneficial effects in the intestinal tract.
The difficulties of intrauterine contraceptive research

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intrauterine contraception has had a chequered career -from the obscure experiments of Hippocratic times, to the multiplicity of intracervical devices invented by ingenious Victorians, to the gallant but ultimately disappointing experiments of Richter and Grafenberg in the early 20th century. 1,2More successful experience came in the 1950s and 1960s with reports from Ishihama and Oppenheimer. 3,4This resulted in a burst of activity from the Population Council of America who organised conferences on intrauterine contraception in 1962 and 1964. .The optimism of those days was summed up by Bernard Berelson, Vice-President of the Population Council, when he said: 'This simple device can and will change the history of the world'. 5he conferences contained reports from the inventors of new devices 6,7 resulting in increasing use in various countries including the US, Korea, Taiwan, Chile, Pakistan and Nigeria. 8There was a pressing need for serious research.
Separating Local & Shuffled Differential Privacy via Histograms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent work in differential privacy has highlighted the shuffled model as a promising avenue to compute accurate statistics while keeping raw data in users' hands. We present a protocol in this model that estimates histograms with error independent of the domain size. This implies an arbitrarily large gap in sample complexity between the shuffled and local models. On the other hand, we show that the models are equivalent when we impose the constraints of pure differential privacy and single-message randomizers.
ANALYSIS OF RISK FACTORS AND BLOOD BIOMARKERS OF ALLERGY DURING PREGNANCY IN FEMALES

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The role of maternal exposure to environmental contaminants on the developing fetal immune system is not clear. It has been suggested that fetal exposure to some environmental contaminants can promote life-long changes to the developing immune system that would have an effect on immune system responses resulting in an increased risk of an allergic phenotype in childhood and beyond. Aim of the study: The basic aim of the study is to find the risk factors and blood biomarkers of allergy during pregnancy in females. Methodology of the study: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Central Park Medical College, during March 2019 to October 2019. For this purpose, we select the 100 pregnant women which was at different stages of pregnancy. Then we collect the blood samples of each women for further biochemical analysis and antioxidants analysis. We designed a study to associate maternal BMI and GWG with pregnancy outcomes in local women of Pakistan with biomarkers of allergy and antioxidants and examine whether these are predictive of adverse perinatal outcomes in Pakistani population. Result: Serum allergy biomarkers shows that in pregnancy women become more sensitive to allergy as compared to normal condition. The levels of inflammatory biomarkers in blood is at increased level as compared to normal women. The levels of IL-6 and IL-8 was significantly higher in pregnant women. Conclusion: It is concluded that positive, statistically significant association between maternal allergy biomarkers exposure and elevated cord blood concentrations of the epithelial cell derived cytokines TSLP and IL-6 and 8.
BTSC: Binary tree structure convolution layers for building interpretable decision‐making deep CNN

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Although deep convolution neural network (DCNN) has achieved great success in computer vision field, such models are considered to lack interpretability in decision‐making. One of fundamental issues is that its decision mechanism is considered to be a “black‐box” operation. The authors design the binary tree structure convolution (BTSC) module and control the activation level of particular neurons to build the interpretable DCNN model. First, the authors design a BTSC module, in which each parent node generates two independent child layers, and then integrate them into a normal DCNN model. The main advantages of the BTSC are as follows: 1) child nodes of the different parent nodes do not interfere with each other; 2) parent and child nodes can inherit knowledge. Second, considering the activation level of neurons, the authors design an information coding objective to guide neural nodes to learn the particular information coding that is expected. Through the experiments, the authors can verify that: 1) the decision‐making made by both the ResNet and DenseNet models can be explained well based on the "decision information flow path" (known as the decision‐path ) formed in the BTSC module; 2) the decision‐path can reasonably interpret the decision reversal mechanism (Robustness mechanism) of the DCNN model; 3) the credibility of decision‐making can be measured by the matching degree between the actual and expected decision‐path .
In Vivo Measurement of Blood Recirculation During “Y” Type Single Needle Dialysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A method has been described and validated for obtaining a sample of blood, without separate venapuncture, which has the same urea and creatinine composition as systemic venous blood during hemodialysis. Using this technique, recirculation in vivo during "Y" type single needle dialysis, measured in 20 bovine fistulas, ranged from 6.9% to 56.5% and averaged 19.4% of blood flow rate as calculated from blood urea nitrogen; and averaged 22.0% with a range of 3.3% to 62.1% of blood flow rate as calculated from serum creatinine concentration. These results suggest that fistula puncture methods and devices that eliminate recirculation in the ex vivo blood circuit should be used to maximize dialysis efficiency.
A review of the evidence for the impact of improving nutritional care on nutritional and clinical outcomes and cost

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: The association between malnutrition and poor clinical outcome is well‐established, yet most research has focussed on the role of artificial nutritional support in its management. More recently, emphasis has been placed on the provision of adequate nutritional care, including nutritional screening and the routine provision of food and drink. The aim of this literature review is to establish the evidence for the efficacy of interventions that might result in improvements in nutritional and clinical outcomes and costs. Methods: A structured literature review was conducted investigating the role of nutritional care interventions in adults, and their effects on nutritional and clinical outcomes and costs, in all healthcare settings. Ten databases were searched electronically using keywords relating to nutritional care, patient outcomes and healthcare costs. High quality trials were included where available. Results: Two hundred and ninety‐seven papers were identified and reviewed. Of these, only two randomised, controlled trials and six other trials were identified that addressed the major issues. A further 99 addressed some aspects of the provision of nutritional care, although very few formally evaluated nutritional or clinical outcomes and costs. Conclusions: This review reveals a serious lack of evidence to support interventions designed to improve nutritional care, in particular with reference to their effects on nutritional and clinical outcomes and costs. The review suggests that screening alone may be insufficient to achieve beneficial effects and thus more research is required to determine the most cost‐effective interventions in each part of the nutritional care pathway, in a variety of healthcare settings and across all age ranges, to impact upon nutritional and clinical outcomes.
APPLICATION OF EDUCATIONAL ROBOTS IN TEACHING

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align: justify;&quot;&gt;Robots in education fall into two categories: robots used to teach children about STEM subjects and the more recent application of robots as teachers. The use of robots in education is largely unknown to both researchers and teachers. Developers and educators have questions about essential applications for robots used in education. Educational robots are used to enable students to acquire skills in a range of science, technology, engineering and mathematics disciplines, which are increasingly important in a world where technology is advancing rapidly. The potential for robotic technology to have a profound impact on society, both economically and socially, is enormous. The way people live and work in the world is largely influenced by technology. In order to make learning more pleasant and easier, the education sector is adopting robot teaching assistants in schools. Robotics can be used in education to help develop new methods and strategies. Robotics makes learning easier and thus introduces students to robotics at a young age. In primary education settings, students can learn how to build and program a robot to perform a range of basic tasks.&lt;/p&gt;
Effect of genotype and season on fertility and hatchability of eggs in Dahlem Red, Native and DND chicken under intensive system in Himachal Pradesh

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study assessed the effect of genotype, season and period on fertility and hatchability of chicken eggs during five year period (April 2017 to March 2022). The eggs for hatching were collected from birds belonging to three genotypes viz. Dahlem Red (DR), Native and cross of (Dahlem Red × Native) with Dahlem Red (DND). Average fertility percentage was observed highest in DND followed by native and Dahlem Red. Hatchability percentage on fertile egg set and total egg set was 80.91 & 70.20, 80.83 & 70.29 and 76.78 & 66.52 in native, DND and Dahlem Red respectively. Significant difference in hatchability percentage of Dahlem Red with native and DND was observed. Hatchability percentage was found better in native and DND bird. Season wise, fertility percentage was observed highest in winter (87.40) followed by rainy (86.34) and summer (86.01). Hatchability percentage on fertile egg set and total egg set was observed highest in rainy (81.22 & 70.09) followed by summer (80.60 & 69.36) and winter (77.31 & 67.63). Mean difference in hatchability on fertile egg set in winter was significant from rainy and summer season. Dead embryo percentage was observed significantly higher in winter than summer and rainy season. Hatchability percentage on fertile egg set and total egg set was highest in 2021-22 (83.73 & 76.54) followed by 2017-18 (80.91 & 69.48), 2018-19 (80.58 & 70.19), 2019-20 (76.76 & 66.08) and 2020-21 (76.38 & 65.93). The hatchability operations under sub temperate condition of the region can be carried out efficiently throughout the year without a significant drop in fertility and hatchability. However, greater care and managerial precision are required in winter season during the hatching.
Zika Virus Disease and Pregnancy Outcomes in Colombia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed ZVD, brain or eye defects in infants or fetuses were more common during the Zika virus outbreak than during the periods immediately before and after the outbreak. The frequency of such defects was increased among women with a symptom onset early in pregnancy. (Funded by the Colombian Instituto Nacional de Salud and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
The concept of cellular “fight-or-flight” reaction to stress

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

As animals respond to environmental stress with a set of default reactions described as the “fight-or-flight” response, so do epithelial and endothelial cells when they are confronting stressors in their microenvironment. This review will summarize a growing body of data suggesting the existence of a set of stereotypical cellular reactions to stress, provide some examples of diseases that are characterized by excessive flight reactions, describe the cellular mechanisms whereby the fight-or-flight reaction is accomplished, as well as cellular mechanisms triggering either fight or flight. It is proposed that cell-matrix adhesion is a sensitive indicator of the severity of stress. This indicator is interfaced with several default programs for cellular survival or death, thus dictating the fate of the cell. Some diagnostic and therapeutic applications of the concept, presently used and potentially useful, are outlined. The essential feature of this concept is its ability to categorize cellular events in terms of either type of default reaction, predict the details of each, and potentially exploit them clinically.
Effect of Starvation on Pituitary and Serum Follicle-Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Following Ovariectomy in the Rat

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The concentration of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum and pituitary glands was studied in intact female rats and rats that were ovariectomized on day 0 of the experiment and then starved or fed for 2, 4, 7, or 9 days. Ovariectomy resulted in enhanced rates of synthesis and release of FSH and LH as indicated by the significant (P < 0.01) rises in the concentration of both hormones in the pituitary gland and serum.Starvation resulted in a decrease in body and pituitary weight. The concentration of FSH and LH in pituitary glands of starved rats was higher (P < 0.05) than that in fed rats on days 7 and 9. The concentration of FSH and LH in serum of starved rats was increased after ovariectomy but the levels on days 7 and 9 were lower than those of fed rats.These results suggest that the synthesis of FSH and LH was enhanced in both starved and fed rats following ovariectomy while the rate of release of both hormones was decreased at 7 and 9 days of starvation in comparison with rats fed ad libitum.
Resonance Light Scattering by Optical Phonons in Diamond Crystal with Nitogen-Vacancy Centres

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Observation of the resonance enhancement of the intensity of light scattering by optical phonons in a diamond crystal with nitogen-vacancy centres is reported. It is established that the unusual resonance with electronic transitions for optically active nitrogen impurities with both zero-phonon-lines plays the determining role in the increase in intensity of such scattering: at 575.468 nm for a neutral NV0 center and at 637.874 nm for a negatively charged NV– center. The obtained experimental data indicate the detection of a strong resonant-intensity amplification in the input scattering channel for the NV0 center and in the output channel for the NV– center.
The main trends in the development of Ukrainian song and pop creativity in the context of modern socio-historical changes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

International scientific conference «The influence of culture and art on the value orientations of civilization in war and post-war times» : conference proceedings (August 30–31, 2022. Riga, the Republic of Latvia). Riga, Latvia : «Baltija Publishing», 2022. 148 pages.
Human Capital Management

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

FÃ¼hrungskrÃ¤fte und Management-Experten fordern eine neue Denk- und Herangehensweise im Management der Talente oder des Humankapitals, insbesondere in wissensbasierten Organisationen. Unternehmen, welche Â dafÃ¼r Ã¼berschaubare, integrierte und strategisch ausgerichtete AnsÃ¤tze implementiert haben, sind erfolgreicher als andere. Dieses Buch beschreibt und begrÃ¼ndet einen solchen praxiserprobten Ansatz im Detail. Die Basis dazu bildet eine wissenschaftlich fundierteÂ Architektur eines Human Capital Management.Â Sie betont und definiert elementareÂ MessgrÃ¶ssen wie Kompetenzen, Potenzial oder Engagement und zeigt, wie diese in standardisierten Prozessen bei allen Mitarbeitenden erhoben werden kÃ¶nnen. Die Vorteile dieses Ansatzes fÃ¼r eine Ãberschaubarkeit und inhaltliche Konsistenz der praktischen Instrumente und Massnahmen wie auch fÃ¼r eine Ã¼berprÃ¼fbare strategische Ausrichtung auf den Unternehmenserfolg werden deutlich. Beispiele und TippsÂ zum Messen von Humankapital erleichtern die Umsetzbarkeit in die Praxis. Die 2. Auflage vertieft die wissenschaftliche Basis der Architektur und der strategischen Ausrichtung. Alle Kapitel sind aktualisiert und mit Beispielen angereichert. Â Aus dem Inhalt Eine Architektur des Human Capital Management schafft Ãbersicht und Klarheit. Definierte MessgrÃ¶Ãen, standardisierte Prozesse und gezielte Interventionen gewÃ¤hrleisten ein wirkungsvolles Management des Humankapitals und der Talente Interne Konsistenz und strategische AusrichtungÂ kreiert Wettbewerbsvorteile Methodisch durchdachte Metriken und Analysen vermitteln handlungsrelevante faktenbasierte Einsichten zur WertschÃ¶pfung des Humankapitals Die Zielgruppe Personalfachleute â FÃ¼hrungskrÃ¤fte â Unternehmensleitung - Dozenten und StudentenÂ Der Autor Dr. Raimund Birri war Ã¼ber 25 Jahre bei der Credit Suisse, ZÃ¼rich, in verantwortlichen Positionen tÃ¤tig, zunÃ¤chstÂ in den Bereichen Software-Ergonomie, Software-Entwicklung und Assessment Center,Â zuletzt als Head of Human Capital Evaluation and Processes. Er war Mitglied des globalen Management-Teams HR der Credit Suisse. Seit 2008 ist er freischaffend tÃ¤tig.