jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Use with caution: developmental systems divergence and potential pitfalls of animal models.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Transgenic animal models have played an important role in elucidating gene functions and the molecular basis development, physiology, behavior, and pathogenesis. Transgenic models have been so successful that they have become a standard tool in molecular genetics and biomedical studies and are being used to fulfill one of the main goals of the post-genomic era: to assign functions to each gene in the genome. However, the assumption that gene functions and genetic systems are conserved between models and humans is taken for granted, often in spite of evidence that gene functions and networks diverge during evolution. In this review, I discuss some mechanisms that generate functional divergence and highlight recent examples demonstrating that gene functions and regulatory networks diverge through time. These examples suggest that annotation of gene functions based solely on mutant phenotypes in animal models, as well as assumptions of conserved functions between species, can be wrong. Therefore, animal models of gene function and human disease may not provide appropriate information, particularly for rapidly evolving genes and systems.
Impact of COVID-19 on Global Dairy Supply Chain: A Review

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Background: Disruption through present pandemic is applicable to almost all the sectors of economy. However, impact on Indian food and dairy industry is largely experienced considering it as the livelihood of sizable stakeholders emphasizing small and marginal farmers. Present study is undertaken to examine the global assessment of dairy supply chain with emphasizing on India, USA and Canada, which will be important to observe positive and negative trends of Covid-19 and suggesting appropriate measures for dealing with present and similar situations in near future.Methods: Systematic literature review assessment had been followed from major web platforms like Jgate, Ebsco database and popular news articles were explored since December 2019 to April 2020 for the study purpose. Conclusion: Along with supply chain assessment through its various components, it was observed that although different countries have negative effect on the dairy communities, but these adverse situations can be converted into new possibilities for expansion. It was also observed that dairy industry has the potential to convert present crisis into opportunity thereby not only concentrating on health part of consumers but also contributing towards generating employment.
System Size and Administrative Component in the American States: A Longitudinal Analysis of Economies of Scale Hypothesis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study challenges economies of scale hypothesis as a useful way of explaining the effects of increasing system size on the administrative component of systems at the societal level (e.g., states). The proposition to be tested is the inverse relationship between state population and the relative size of government. More importantly, this study examines whether the relationship observed in cross-sectional studies can also be obtained from a longitudinal design. I collected data about the population and government employees of the American states from 1952 to 1990 and analyzed them by trend and time-series analyses. Findings show that the size of government grows at a faster rate than the increasing population of the states. These findings indicate that the different result is not simply a matter of how to define concepts (e.g., the administrative component in the states), but of how to model the basic process underlying the relationship between population and government structure. They also suggest that coordination and complexity hypothesis may be more promising at the societal level. Furthermore, I discuss the assumed isomorphism between organizations and social systems (e.g., states).
Thomas Wylton Against Minimal Times

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In his Physics commentary, Thomas Wylton reports and rejects an opinion about time that posits the existence of minimal times conceived of as indivisible parts of time. This opinion is in contrast with the view that time is continuous, the predominant view in the late Middle Ages. In this paper I first explain the notion of minimal time. I then focus on the relation between the existence of minimal times and the existence of minima naturalia in the extension of natural bodies. In particular, I present the two ways in which the author of the opinion in question deduces the existence of minimal times from the existence of minima naturalia in the extension of natural bodies. I also briefly present the reaction of Wylton against this opinion. I finally explain how in this opinion the position of minimal times is relevant to the problem of the existence of time. The Appendix to the paper contains Wylton's report of the opinion about minimal times.
The Expression of Pattern-Recognition Receptors Is Diminished after Paediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Increased 48 Hours Later

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: Immune dysregulation and infection frequently complicates the recovery process after cardiac surgery and is a major challenge for pediatric intensive care medicine. Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRR), especially Toll-Like Receptors (TLR), play a key role in the neutrophil and monocyte mediated innate immune response. This study aims at providing a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms to identify new prevention strategies and therapy approaches. Therefore, changes and clinical interrelations of TLR-2, TLR-4, Dectin-1 and other receptors are described.
Esterified-Glucomannan in Broiler Chicken Diets-Contaminated with Aflatoxin, Ochratoxin and T-2 Toxin: Evaluation of its Binding Ability (in vitro) and Efficacy as Immunomodulator

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In vitro binding efficacy of esterified glucomannan (E-GM) (0.1%) on aflatoxin B 1 (AF) (300 ppb), ochratoxin A (OA)(2 ppm) and T-2 toxin (T-2) (3 ppm), when present alone or in combination, was evaluated in toxin-contaminated feed at pH 4.5 and 6.5.Esterified glucomannan showed significantly (p<0.01)higher binding with AF (81.6%), whereas those recorded with T-2 (27.8%) and OA (25.6%) were moderate.Binding of each toxin decreased as the number of toxins in feed increased.pH of medium showed no effect on mycotoxin binding ability of E-GM.A 2×2×2×2 factorial experiment of 5 week duration was conducted to study the effects of two dietary levels each of AF (0 and 300 ppb), OA (0 and 2 ppm), T-2 (0 and 3 ppm ) and E-GM (0 and 0.1%) on the immune competence of a total of 960 day-old commercial broilers.Reductions in size of thymus (by AF and T-2) and bursa (by AF) and antibody titers against Newcastle disease and Infectious Bursal disease (by all the toxins) were noted.Additive and antagonistic interactions were seen among the toxins on certain parameters.Esterified glucomannan significantly (p<0.01)improved antibody titers and weights of bursa of Fabricius and thymus indicating its counteracting efficacy against immunosuppression in mycotoxicosis of multiple origin.(
Space commerce - Preparing for the next century

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The role of NASA in space commerce is discussed in terms of providing direct assistance to the private sector and in terms of the most suitable industrial areas for such support. The primary mechanism for such support is the program of Centers for the Commercial Development of Space (CCDS) which selects industrial high-technology projects to help make them viable. The research spans such fields as remote sensing, crop forecasting, and microgravity materials processing. The collaboration of NASA and private industry is discussed in terms of sounding-rocket projects, the Commercial Experiment Transporter, and academic/industrial programs designed to generate enthusiasm for commercial space research. The future of such research is expected to focus on CCDSs for microgravity-developed products, commercial infrastructure, SEI, and commercial use of the Space Station Freedom.
Singlet-triplet transition in a lateral quantum dot

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We study transport through a lateral quantum dot in the vicinity of the\nsinglet-triplet transition in its ground state. This transition, being sharp in\nan isolated dot, is broadened to a crossover by the exchange interaction of the\ndot electrons with the conduction electrons in the leads. For a generic set of\nsystem's parameters, the linear conductance has a maximum in the crossover\nregion. At zero temperature and magnetic field, the maximum is the strongest.\nIt becomes less pronounced at finite Zeeman splitting, which leads to an\nincrease of the background conductance and a decrease of the conductance in the\nmaximum.\n
Secale sp., R 3105

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

PGRFA accession of IPK Gatersleben Plant Genetic Resource Taxon: Secale sp. Accession number: R 3105 Conserved by: DEU146 Acquisition: 2005-04-05 Origin country: PAK Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace MLS status: Included AEGIS status: Not included Historic: No
First-order Phase Transition in Na_1.5_CoO_4_

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The heat capacity of Na 1 . 5 Co 2 O 4 was measured from 10 to 330 K using a high-precision adiabatic calorimeter, and heat capacity anomalies were found around room temperature. The anomalies show three peaks at 288.7, 296.3, and 302.1 K, and the total enthalpy and entropy values are 675.7 J mol - 1 and 2.24 J K - 1 mol - 1 , respectively. As the high-temperature phase could he undercooled below the peak temperatures, the three peaks should be related to the first-order phase transitions. However, magnetic susceptibility showed no anomaly at corresponding temperatures. On the other hand, an unknown diffraction peak was found in the x-ray diffraction measurement at 123 K, which indicated a new phase.
The internationalization of African fintech firms: marketing strategies for successful intra-Africa expansion

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore how African fintech firms adapt their marketing strategies for successful market expansion into new African countries. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory study is qualitative in nature and utilizes semi-structured interviews at 14 African fintech firms. Findings The study reveals that, during intra-Africa expansion, firms adapt their marketing strategies by working with local people, prioritizing customer education, creating personal relationships with customers, adapting their communication strategies and pricing strategies and using social media. The strategies that have been most effective involve including the community in the marketing process, prioritizing relationships, segmenting customers geographically, educating customers about products, using local distribution partners and having a flexible approach to strategy adaptation. Practical implications It has been argued that technological innovation in Africa in areas such as financial services is a critical driver of its future development, because of the opportunity it presents to promote financial inclusion. Through an increase in venture capital investment on the continent, technological innovations in financial services have grown exponentially, and this study contributes to the understanding of the marketing strategies employed to gain market traction. Originality/value This study proposes that African fintech firms adopt a bottom-up, value proposition-driven marketing strategy to successfully navigate the environment. The proposed framework provides a lens through which to understand the components of successful strategy adaptation in Africa, against the backdrop of the unique market challenges inherent in this emerging market continent.
Effect of weak boundaries on the body and guided waves

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Отражение и преломление упругих волн на жестких границах между средами, на которых напряжения и смещения непрерывны, является обычным предметом исследования при изучении распространения упругих волн. В условиях низких и умеренных напряжений, существующих на глубинах в несколько километров, контакт между средами может быть нежестким. В инженерной геологии и горной механике существует понятие ослабленной границы (ОГ), т.е. границы, вдоль которой жесткая связь между соседствующими блоками нарушена, что в ряде случаев приводит к опасным ситуациям при проведении геофизических работ. Ослабленными границами могут быть границы слоев с различной литологией, тонкие слои мягких пород, гидравлические разломы и проч. Диагностика и локализация ОГ может быть решена эффективно при детальном исследовании волновых процессов в средах с ОГ.
The first Cotangent Cohomology Module for Matroids

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We find a combinatorial formula which computes the first cotangent cohomology module of Stanley-Reisner rings associated to matroids. For arbitrary simplicial complexes we provide upper bounds for the dimensions of the multigraded components of T^1. For specific degrees we prove that these bounds are reached if and only if the simplicial complex is a matroid, obtaining thus a new characterization for matroids. Furthermore, the graded first cotangent cohomology turns out to be a complete invariant for nondiscrete matroids.
Understanding Predictive Coding as an Adaptive Trust-Region Method

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Predictive coding (PC) is a brain-inspired local learning algorithm that has recently been suggested to provide advantages over backpropagation (BP) in biologically relevant scenarios. While theoretical work has mainly focused on showing how PC can approximate BP in various limits, the putative benefits of "natural" PC are less understood. Here we develop a theory of PC as an adaptive trust-region (TR) algorithm that uses second-order information. We show that the learning dynamics of PC can be interpreted as interpolating between BP's loss gradient direction and a TR direction found by the PC inference dynamics. Our theory suggests that PC should escape saddle points faster than BP, a prediction which we prove in a shallow linear model and support with experiments on deeper networks. This work lays a foundation for understanding PC in deep and wide networks.
WE‐C‐BRB‐12: Comprehensive Image‐Based Dosimetric Analysis of Alpha Particle Dose in Bone Marrow

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: In this study, a comprehensive analysis of alpha particle dose to bone marrow was developed. Using autopsy spongiosa samples and an in house Monte Carlo program, dosimetry data was calculated for macroscopic dosimetry (MIRD schema) to microdosimetric methods. This investigation provides a uniform comparison of these different methodologies. Methods: Autopsy samples of spongiosa from two bone sites (iliac crest and vertebrae) were sectioned and immunohistochemically stained (anti‐CD34) to identify hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Digitized 2‐dimensional image was segmented based on pixel intensity to differentiate between bone trabeculae, red bone marrow and adipocytes. Individual HSPC were also identified. The processed image was used as input for an alpha‐particle Monte Carlo radiation transport program where dosimetric data was calculated for absorbed fractions, hit probabilities and z‐values. Results: Energies of 0.5‐10 MeV were investigated. Source distributions (bone, fat, red bone marrow and bone surface) of alpha particles were obtained. Absorbed fraction of each tissue region and HSPC were obtained. Probability of receiving hit of alpha particles of HSPC and nucleus were also calculated. Data for each source and target combination indicated significant dose differences to the HSPC depending on the methodology used to calculate the final dose estimate. Conclusions: Results of this study indicate the discrepancy between macroscopic and microscopic dose methods. While the microscopic methods provide a more detailed assessment of HSPC dosing they lack clinical utility. Additional work is required to bridge these two dosimetric spatial domains before bone marrow dose calculations may be clinically implemented.
A Kantian Perspective on the Characteristics of Ethics Programs

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract: The literature contains many recommendations, both explicit and implicit, that suggest how an ethics program ought to be designed. While we recognize the contributions of these works, we also note that these recommendations are typically based on either social scientific theory or data and as a result they tend to discount the moral aspects of ethics programs. To contrast and complement these approaches, we refer to a theory of the right to identify the characteristics of an effective ethics program. We draw from Kant’s ethical theory to identify three guiding principles of a moral ethics program and then apply those principles to the specific components of ethics programs as discussed in the Federal Sentencing Guidelines. Doing so provides insights as to how an ethics program ought to be designed from a moral point of view and sparks discussion of the moral aspects of ethics programs.
Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome: case report of a rare disease requiring prompt detection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is a rare congenital abnormality of the pituitary gland, which consists of the triad of thin or interrupted pituitary stalk, small or absent anterior pituitary gland, and an absent or ectopic posterior pituitary lobe. Clinical presentation depends on the age at the time of diagnosis and PSIS should always be suspected in children with delayed puberty, short stature, and/or anterior pituitary deficiency. Reported incidence of PSIS is increasing because of the growing use in clinical practice of Magnetic Resonance (MR) as a primary radiological modality in patients with hypopituitarism, and MR findings are pathognomonic of this disease. Neuroradiological investigations may also reveal other abnormalities, as PSIS can be associated with various extra-cerebral midline defects. Without early diagnosis and treatment, mortality and morbidity in these patients is high. On the other hand, early treatment of this rare disease can prevent complications and permanent short statue of the patients. In this paper, we presented a classic case of PSIS in an 11-year-old male, with emphasis to imaging findings and differential diagnosis of this rare syndrome, which requires prompt detection to gain the maximum therapeutic benefit.
Optimization of Process Conditions for Pectin Extraction from Citrus Peel

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Pectin is a complex polysaccharide and natural food additive extracted from citrus peel and apple pomace in the form of brownish powder.It is widely used as a jelling and thickening agent and the food industry especially in jams and jellies.It is also recommended for use as fat replacer and also lowers blood cholesterol by increasing viscosity in the intestinal tract thus lowering cholesterol absorption.Peel of sweet oranges was chopped to small pieces in a vegetable cutter and dried in an electrical drier to 8-10% moisture contents.The dried peel was ground and then subjected to pectin extraction using water as solvent.Three treatments with different levels i.e., pH (1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5 and 5), temperature of solvent (70, 85 and 95°C) and extraction time (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 h) were evaluated.Development of an economical processing method for pectin extraction from citrus peel, that offers energetic properties nearly identical to those prepared by other methods (soxhlet method and microwave) using other substrates, is reported.Dried citrus peel contains about 30% pectin It has been found that 30 min heating at 70°C and pH level 2.5 resulted in 21% pectin extraction followed by 1 h heating at 85°C at pH level 3.0 and a similar pectin yield.Up to 17% yield was obtained for heating at 95°C at pH level 1 irrespective of the time of heating.It can be inferred from these experiments that pH range between 2.0-2.5 and heating at temperature of 70°C for 30 min seems to be the most suitable condition for pectin extraction as time and energy efficient process conditions.
Analysing Corporate Identity in Office Design With a Case Study Model

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Considering the historical process, many commercial enterprises today use the concept of corporate identity to raise awareness. The concept articulates the expression of the armies' identity during the hot war period with pictogram-based and symbolic elements. Corporate identity is now one of the most crucial aspects of reputation management for many businesses, owing to the intensifying competition in the global commercial market. Beyond graphic design, which contains business cards, logos, ads, etc., corporate design now includes the interior design of buildings, which highlights implementing interior design in office spaces by creating a context with corporate identity. Analysing office interior design with corporate identity is the study's goal. The methodology involved the results of student-made interior architecture projects with an office theme from Selçuk University's Faculty of Architecture and Design, Department of Interior Architecture's Project-III course to look at interior architecture projects. The context of the design phases and outputs in process with the corporate identity was established using a case study model. The findings indicate that office interior designs are more qualified when incorporating visual components that accentuate the institution's brand and image value. It is therefore advised that corporate identity be integrated into the office interior design process.
Pulmonary Surveillance Strategies Following Sarcoma Excision Vary Among Orthopedic Oncologists: A Survey of the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Significant clinician variability exists in terms of pulmonary surveillance of sarcomas, most notably in low-grade lesions. The results of this study represent an area in need of further study to develop an evidence-based protocol for sarcoma pulmonary surveillance.
What Are the Leading Bank-Specific and Macroeconomic Factors Influencing Islamic Bank Performance?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Despite the proven sustainability and growth of Islamic banks during the financial crisis period, many scholars criticise the current performance of Islamic banks. Therefore, policymakers are continuously getting worried due to inconclusive finding of different research related to Islamic bank profitability. To shed the light of raising concern, this study investigates the issue from considering both macroeconomic and bank-specific factors. The annual cross-sectional data has been collected from 46 Islamic banks in 10 selected MENA countries over the period 2015-2019. The standardized pooled ordinary least square (OLS) approach's findings revealed that bank size, capital adequacy, GDP, and inflation have a significant positive impact on Islamic banks' return on asset, but asset quality has no significant effect on ROA. In contrast, most of the variables have an insignificant effect of ROE. Investors, financial analysts, and policymakers will get benefits from this study's results to secure their investment by successfully controlling the above-mentioned leading factors.