jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Table_1_Mendelian randomization suggests a causal relationship between gut dysbiosis and thyroid cancer.xlsx

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background<p>Alterations in gut microbiota composition and function have been linked to the development and progression of thyroid cancer (TC). However, the exact nature of the causal relationship between them remains uncertain.</p>Methods<p>A bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) analysis was conducted to assess the causal connection between gut microbiota (18,340 individuals) and TC (6,699 cases combined with 1,613,655 controls) using data from a genome-wide association study (GWAS). The primary analysis used the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method to estimate the causal effect, with supplementary approaches including the weighted median, weighted mode, simple mode, and MR-Egger. Heterogeneity and pleiotropy were assessed using the Cochrane Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, and MR-PRESSO global test. A reverse TSMR analysis was performed to explore reverse causality.</p>Results<p>This study identified seven microbial taxa with significant associations with TC. Specifically, the genus Butyrivibrio (OR: 1.127, 95% CI: 1.008-1.260, p = 0.036), Fusicatenibacter (OR: 1.313, 95% CI: 1.066-1.618, p = 0.011), Oscillospira (OR: 1.240, 95% CI: 1.001-1.536, p = 0.049), Ruminococcus2 (OR: 1.408, 95% CI: 1.158-1.711, p < 0.001), Terrisporobacter (OR: 1.241, 95% CI: 1.018-1.513, p = 0.032) were identified as risk factors for TC, while The genus Olsenella (OR: 0.882, 95% CI: 0.787-0.989, p = 0.031) and Ruminococcaceae UCG004 (OR: 0.719, 95% CI: 0.566-0.914, p = 0.007) were associated with reduced TC risk. The reverse MR analysis found no evidence of reverse causality and suggested that TC may lead to increased levels of the genus Holdemanella (β: 0.053, 95% CI: 0.012~0.094, p = 0.011) and decreased levels of the order Bacillales (β: -0.075, 95% CI: -0.143~-0.006, p = 0.033). No significant bias, heterogeneity, or pleiotropy was detected in this study.</p>Conclusion<p>This study suggests a potential causal relationship between gut microbiota and TC, providing new insights into the role of gut microbiota in TC. Further research is needed to explore the underlying biological mechanisms.</p>
Decomposition of Metal Alkylamides, Alkyls, and Halides\nat Reducible Oxide Surfaces: Mechanism of ‘Clean-up’\nDuring Atomic Layer Deposition of Dielectrics onto III–V Substrates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The pairing of high-<i>k</i> dielectric materials with\nhigh electron mobility semiconductors for transistors is facilitated\nwhen atomic layer deposition (ALD) is used to deposit the dielectric\nfilm. An interfacial cleaning mechanism (‘clean-up’)\nthat results in consumption of semiconductor native oxides and in\npractically sharp dielectric/semiconductor interfaces has been observed\nduring ALD of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, HfO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> with various degrees of\nsuccess. We undertake a comprehensive study using density functional\ntheory (DFT) to explain differences in the performance of various\nclasses of precursor chemicals in removing native oxide from III–V\nsubstrates. The study covers the metals Ta­(V), Ti­(IV), Zr­(IV), Hf­(IV),\nAl­(III), Mg­(II) combined with methyl, amide, and chloride ligands.\nOf these, we show that clean-up is most effective when depositing\nMgO. Clean-up with metal alkylamides has a similar mechanism to clean-up\nwith metal methyls insofar as oxygen is scavenged by the metal. The\ndifference in operation of alkylamide and methyl ligands lies in the\naffinity of the ligand to the substrate. Alkylamide is shown to be\nprone to decomposition rather than the migration of the entire ligand\nevinced by methyl. We investigate the multistep chemical processes\nassociated with decomposition of alkylamide. These processes can also\noccur during later cycles of high-<i>k</i> ALD and give\na chemical vapor deposition (CVD) component to the ALD process. These\ntransformations lead to formation of clean-up products such as aziridine,\nethene, N-methyl methyleneimine, hydrogen cyanide, and methane. Somebut\nnot allof the reactions lead to reduction of surface As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (i.e., clean-up). These results explain the\nexperimentally observed accumulation of metallic arsenic and arsenic\nsuboxide at the interface. Such understanding can help achieve control\nof oxide-semiconductor interfaces through the appropriate choice of\nchemical precursor.
Redispatch with power flow decomposition and power transfer distribution factors methods

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Electric power grids are slowly reaching their transmission limits which is mainly due to the growing use of renewable and distributed energy sources and the phase-out of conventional power plants. This increases power system operation complexity and transmission distances. Consequently, the risk of network congestions has permanently grown especially in central Europe. Nevertheless, line congestions in the power grid must be remedied as soon as possible. Therefore, the control room staff has to apply a suitable remedial action to overcome such critical situations. Redispatching is a very often-used remedial action to avoid line congestions. This paper introduces two different methods of power grid sensitivity calculation for redispatch planning. The first method, so-called Power Flow Decomposition (PFD), uses a specific way to linearize the nonlinear power flow equations in the operation point without virtually leaving it for linearization purposes. The second one, AC Power Transfer Distribution Factors (AC-PTDF) method, provides an accurate prediction of network currents and mathematical approximation of the quadratic power flow equations.
Immobilization of Laccase in Alginate Beads

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The elimination or degradation of micropollutants from wastewater is becoming ever more important nowadays. Using oxidoreductase enzymes to treat different micropollutants seems a promising solution. However, the viability of the process is highly dependent on the availability and stability of the applied enzymes. In order to improve the stability and provide faster reaction rates, enzymes can be immobilized in various carriers. Properties such as simple production, easy retention and biodegradable carrier material are advantageous, e.g. entrapping laccase in alginate beads. This paper shows the results of the preparation and characterization of immobilized laccase entrapped in calcium alginate beads. The technique of adding a mixture of sodium alginate and laccase dropwise into calcium chloride has been applied, improved and standardized to produce laccase-containing beads of uniform size and activity. For the purpose of characterization, a widely used substrate, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, was used to evaluate the performance of the laccase-containing alginate beads. In addition to the characterization of the laccase-containing alginate beads, the enzyme kinetic constants (= 26.43 µM, ax = 0.23 µM/min) were determined. The reduction in the activity during storage has been described by a decay constant (0.26 d−1 ) that provides information concerning the design constraints of the process. Results will be used to test the method in terms of the removal of organic micropollutants in continuous systems.
Structural and functional studies of leukemia-associated mutations in human cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

NT5C2 relapse-associated mutations, K359Q and R367Q, are correlated with large gains in their enzymatic profiles. Crystal structures obtained in this study provide insights to the allosteric regulation mechanism of the enzyme by the disorder-to-order transition of a regulatory helix, which forms part of the active site. In addition, the mutant enzymes possess an increased basal level of activity and sensitivity to activation by effectors. In this study, the structural aspects of how each mutation potentially gains an advantage over the wild-type protein is revealed, with supporting evidence from biochemical and biophysical assays.
The African citrus psyllid Trioza erytreae:Anefficient vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Huanglonbing (HLB) is the most serious disease of citrus in the world, associated with three non-cultivable phloem-restricted bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), Ca L. africanus (CLaf) and Ca L. americanus (CLam). CLas is transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, and has spread to several countries. The African psyllid Trioza erytreae, the vector of CLaf occurs in Africa and neighbouring islands. Only two major citrusgrowing regions - Australia/New Zealand and the Mediterranean Basin - are still HLB-free in the world. However, T. erytreae has recently been introduced into continental Europe (Portugal and Spain) and has become a potential threat to citrus production. The transmission of CLas by T. erytreae had been postulated but never tested. To evaluate the risk of T. erytreae transmitting CLas, comparative transmissions of CLas by T. erytreae and D. citri were assessed.
Methods: Transmission tests were performed on excised leaves and seedlings of Citrus volkameriana with different inoculation access periods (in series) for both insect species. Quantifications of bacterial titers were made in excised leaves, seedlings three and six months after inoculation and on individual insects.
Results: Our results showed that T. erytreae was able to efficiently acquire CLas. Furthermore, T. erytreae carried significantly higher bacterial titers than D. citri, and was able to efficiently transmit the bacteria to seedlings at a similar rate that D. citri highlighting the high risk of spread of the most aggressive variant of HLB (CLas) by T. erytreae in Europe.
Discussion: Thus, extreme precautions to prevent any entry of CLas into Europe should be adopted.
Merging Religiosity on Social Media: Indonesian Millennial Youth's Understanding of the Concepts of Jihad and Religious Tolerance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study qualitatively sought to investigate Indonesian millennial youth's understanding of the concepts of jihad and religious tolerance based on what they have learned from social media. Twenty students from a university in Bengkulu, Indonesia, were purposely engaged as the participants. The data were garnered from interviews, documentation, and focus group discussions. After learning Islamic materials through social media, the findings revealed that Indonesian millennial youth tended to interpret various points regarding jihad and religious tolerance using their cognitive sectorial ego. They consumed raw materials with their inability to comprehend those materials. Consequently, they were easily provoked to blame the diverse emerging perspectives in light of resistance to accept other views excluded from the Islamic teachings they watched in social media. This condition inferred that Indonesian millennials' understanding of jihad and religious tolerance as they learned from social media was considered low. Penelitian kualitatif ini berusaha untuk menyelidiki pemahaman pemuda milenial Indonesia tentang konsep jihad dan toleransi beragama berdasarkan apa yang mereka pelajari dari media sosial. Sebanyak 20 mahasiswa perguruan tinggi dari sebuah universitas di Bengkulu, Indonesia, diikutsertakan sebagai partisipan. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, dokumentasi, dan focus group discussion. Temuan mengungkapkan bahwa setelah mempelajari materi agama Islam melalui media sosial, remaja milenial Indonesia cenderung memaknai berbagai hal terkait jihad dan toleransi beragama dengan menggunakan ego sektoral kognitif individu mereka sendiri. Mereka mengkonsumsi materi secara mentah dengan ketidakmampuan mereka untuk memahami materi tersebut. Akibatnya, mereka mudah terprovokasi untuk menyalahkan beragam perspektif yang muncul karena adanya penolakan untuk menerima pandangan, kecuali sejalan dengan ajaran Islam yang mereka tonton di media sosial. Kondisi ini menunjukkan bahwa pemahaman generasi muda Indonesia tentang jihad dan toleransi beragama dari media sosial dinilai masih rendah.
The effect of co-patenting as a form of knowledge meta-integration on technological differentiation at Siemens

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The paper proposes an answer to one of the most important questions in corporate innovation management: what mechanisms of technological diversification exist within multinational companies? It is ascertained that research and development (R&D) intra-firm co-invention or co-patenting is one of those mechanisms. Co-invention implies knowledge-sharing, which should lead to unique combinations of knowledge and expertise and hence technological diversification of patent applications. Design/methodology/approach This paper offers a novel conceptual framework exploring the relationship between patents’ technological diversification and a detailed classification of different forms of international co-invention. Based on the case of Siemens’ Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) applications, the revealed technological advantage (RTA) index is utilized to measure the extent of the technological diversification of patent output. Findings The results show that patent applications generated by subsidiaries in advanced economies in cooperation with other subsidiaries feature unique technological areas that deviate from the company's overall technological specializations. These results provide a strong argument in favor of inter-subsidiary or horizontal co-patenting as a mechanism of new knowledge creation. Research limitations/implications On the conceptual level, the results accentuate inter-subsidiary patenting being an important mechanism of knowledge meta-integration boosting technological diversification. The obvious limitation of this paper lies in exploring a single company case, which restricts the generalizability of our findings. Due to the dynamic nature of technological change, the author’s dataset also suffers from a lack of temporal external validity. Future research can expand the scope in both regards in applying our co-invention mode typology. Practical implications Based on the results, to diversify knowledge portfolio, companies should strengthen the co-patenting effort and reinforce horizontal (inter-subsidiary) R&D collaborations. Originality/value To the author’s knowledge, this is the first time when such a nuanced typology of co-invention modes is being utilized to understand the effect of different co-invention categories on knowledge diversification.
The Infrared Footprint Tracks of Io, Europa and Ganymede at Jupiter Observed by Juno-JIRAM

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The electromagnetic coupling between the Galilean satellites at Jupiter and the planetary ionosphere generates an auroral footprint, whose ultimate source is the relative velocity between the moons and the corotating magnetospheric plasma. The footprint can be detected in the infrared L band (3.3-3.6 microns) by the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) onboard the Juno spacecraft, which can observe the footprint position with high precision. Here, we report the JIRAM data acquired since August 27th 2016 until May 23rd 2022, corresponding to the first 42 orbits of Juno. The dataset is used to compute the average position of the footprint tracks of Io, Europa and Ganymede. The result of the present analysis can help to test the reliability of magnetic field models, to calibrate ground-based observations and to highlight episodes of variability in the footprint positions, which in turn can point out specific conditions of the Jovian magnetospheric environment.
Ethical considerations for artificial intelligence in dermatology: a scoping review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The field of dermatology is experiencing the rapid deployment of artificial intelligence (AI), from mobile applications (apps) for skin cancer detection to large language models like ChatGPT that can answer generalist or specialist questions about skin diagnoses. With these new applications, ethical concerns have emerged. In this scoping review, we aimed to identify the applications of AI to the field of dermatology and to understand their ethical implications. We used a multifaceted search approach, searching PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar for primary literature, following the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews guidance. Our advanced query included terms related to dermatology, AI and ethical considerations. Our search yielded 202 papers. After initial screening, 68 studies were included. Thirty-two were related to clinical image analysis and raised ethical concerns for misdiagnosis, data security, privacy violations and replacement of dermatologist jobs. Seventeen discussed limited skin of colour representation in datasets leading to potential misdiagnosis in the general population. Nine articles about teledermatology raised ethical concerns, including the exacerbation of health disparities, lack of standardized regulations, informed consent for AI use and privacy challenges. Seven addressed inaccuracies in the responses of large language models. Seven examined attitudes toward and trust in AI, with most patients requesting supplemental assessment by a physician to ensure reliability and accountability. Benefits of AI integration into clinical practice include increased patient access, improved clinical decision-making, efficiency and many others. However, safeguards must be put in place to ensure the ethical application of AI.
Recent Progress in Primary Aldosteronism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

原発性アルドステロン症（primary aldosteronism：PA）に関する米国内分泌学会による診療ガイドラインが改訂され，日本内分泌学会によりコンセンサスステートメントが発表された．スクリーニング，確定診断，サブタイプ診断の3つのステップで診断を行い，治療を選択する手順の変更はない．スクリーニングの対象が収縮期血圧＞150 mmHg，拡張期血圧＞100 mmHg，睡眠時無呼吸症候群やPA患者の第一度近親者の高血圧患者まで拡大された．低カリウム血症，低レニン血症，血漿アルドステロン＞200 pg/mlを示す明らかなPA症例では確定診断検査を省略可能とされた．また，顕性若年のPAでCTにて片側腫瘍を示す症例では副腎静脈サンプリングの省略が可能とされた．また，PAの精査希望がない症例では，PA未確定でも公衆衛生的な観点からミネラルコルチコイド受容体拮抗薬の投与が推奨された．
Perfectionism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

State interference with personal preferences is usually defended on the basis of a soft paternalism which curtails choices with the goal of satisfying the individual's deep preferences. Barriers to free contracting based on judgment biases or akrasia are examples of soft paternalism. However, perfectionism suggests another basis for interfering with personal choices. The perfectionist would restrict individual choice to vindicate a theory of the good by impeaching immoral or ignoble choices. This article distinguishes between the self-regarding private perfectionism which restricts the individual's choices for his own good from an other-regarding social perfectionism which restricts his choices to prevent him from imposing moral externalities on third parties. Both kinds of perfectionism are opposed by neutralists such as John Stuart Mill, and today neutralism is the dominant legal theory. However, the case for perfectionism, especially a non-intrusive liberal perfectionism, is stronger than many neutralists have conceded.
Revisiting Alice and Gwendoline Cave, Co. Clare: new light on the 1902 excavations

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Alice and Gwendoline Cave, Co. Clare, has produced the first evidence for human occupation on the island of Ireland during the Palaeolithic. A butchered brown bear patella discovered in the cave during excavations by the Committee Appointed to Explore Irish Caves in 1902 was recently dated by AMS to the Late Upper Palaeolithic (LUP) period. As part of current investigations into the cave, this paper presents hitherto unpublished data on the archaeological and palaeontological context of the antiquarian discoveries based on detailed analysis of an unpublished notebook related to the 1902 excavation. A GIS reconstruction of the original antiquarian grid system has facilitated a visualisation of the spatial distribution of artefacts, human bones and faunal remains found at the cave. This provides a more nuanced understanding of human activities at this multi-period site and highlights the role of natural formation processes at the cave, particularly with regard to the bones of extinct fauna. Preliminary results of a recent excavation inform our interpretation of the antiquarian data. The information extracted from the unpublished notebook provides an essential foundation for any future investigations of the site or any re-evaluation of material recovered there in 1902.
Photoinactivation of Hepatitis A Virus by Synthetic Porphyrins¶

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Porphyrins are photosensitizers and may be applicable in situations where viral inactivation is required, as for in vitro inactivation of nonenveloped viruses in blood components or in other aqueous media. No study has examined the efficacy of porphyrin inactivation on human pathogens such as hepatitis A virus (HAV) in plasma or other liquids. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of synthetic porphyrins on HAV in porphyrin-containing human plasma and phosphate-buffered saline exposed to long-wavelength (365 nm) UV light. Inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 (MS2) also was determined in some trials. Solutions containing cationic, anionic or amphiphilic porphyrins irradiated with an average light dose of 4.3 J/cm(2) for 90 min resulted in >3 log(10) (>99.9%) to >4 log(10) (>99.99%) inactivation of both HAV and MS2. Viral inactivation may have been greater than observed because the limits of detection of the assay had been reached. Under ambient lighting conditions, none of the porphyrins was mutagenic in the Ames assay and only the congener with the longest chain-length, tetrakis (N-[n-hexadecyl]-4-pyridiniumyl) porphyrin, was appreciably toxic to mammalian cells. Disinfection by photoactivated synthetic porphyrins therefore can offer an effective and relatively safe approach to removal of nonenveloped viruses from aqueous media.
Callous‐unemotional traits and impulsivity: distinct longitudinal relations with mind‐mindedness and understanding of others

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background Problems in understanding other people's mental states may relate to distinct personality traits that are associated with early externalizing behavior. A distinction between theory of mind (ToM) and empathy has proven important in shedding light on the problems in understanding other minds encountered by children high on callous‐unemotional ( CU ) traits and exhibiting impulsivity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether children's early ToM and emotion understanding abilities predicted CU traits and impulsivity at age 10. A further aim was to explore whether the quality of the parent–child relationship very early in the development indirectly or directly predicted the children's CU traits and impulsivity. Method We examined whether ToM and empathy skills might differentially relate to personality traits associated with externalizing behaviors (i.e., impulsivity and CU traits). We examined these relations over time in a longitudinal cohort of 96 boys and girls using follow‐back analyses, incorporating measures of maternal mind‐mindedness (appropriate mind‐related talk) to examine the possible role of parent–child interaction quality. Results Appropriate mind‐related talk indirectly predicted CU traits (at age 10 years) via its effect on children's emotion understanding. ToM predicted impulsive/irresponsible traits, but ceased to be significant when controlling for externalizing behaviors. Conclusion The present findings demonstrate that parents who remark appropriately on their infant's mental states may help the child to understand emotions and may mold an empathic understanding of others, thereby preventing CU traits.