jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Social Entrepreneurship: Promoting Sustainable Development of Micro Enterprises in Nepal

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examines the role of social entrepreneurship in advancing sustainable development in Nepal by focusing on the contributions of micro-enterprises to economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social inclusion. Employing a mixed-methods research design, the study integrates qualitative insights from semi-structured interviews with quantitative analysis of secondary data collected from 140 participants across the Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur districts. Statistical tools—including chi-square tests, descriptive statistics, and correlation analyses—were utilized to assess the relationships among the variables. Findings reveal that micro-enterprises play a pivotal role in stimulating economic development by fostering job creation, skill development, and the empowerment of marginalized communities. Environmental sustainability initiatives, such as waste reduction and resource management, were found to have a significant positive impact on sustainable development. However, the relationship between social inclusion and social development was not statistically significant, indicating limited engagement with certain vulnerable groups. Additionally, while social entrepreneurship is positively associated with sustainable development, the strength of this relationship is weak, and a negative association was observed between economic growth and the role of social entrepreneurship in Nepal. These results highlight the need for more structured social inclusion programs and enhanced policy interventions to maximize the impact of social entrepreneurship in resource-limited environments. The study provides valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers aiming to bolster sustainable development through targeted social entrepreneurship strategies in Nepal.
Religion in the Public Sphere

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The priority of public reasons is a necessary component of any plausible account of the legitimacy of the institutions of constitutional democracy. This chapter analyzes the main features of the alternative conception of constitutional democracy that liberal critics endorse. This analysis shows that, in the absence of some version of the priority of public reasons, these critics cannot give a plausible account of the legitimacy of some of the institutions that their own conception relies upon. It then sketches the contours of a conception of the priority of public reasons that more accurately expresses what is at stake. By applying a more realistic and less restrictive interpretation of the priority of public reasons, religious and secular citizens can equally endorse the institutions of constitutional democracy.
Between unity and incommensurability: Dworkin and Raz on moral and ethical values

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Dworkin and Raz reject moral skepticism and offer holistic and non-derivative defenses of the objectivity of value. Furthermore, they acknowledge a role for social practices in the explanation of the emergence and interpretation of values. I discuss here two theses that have an important impact in ethics and morality. First, Dworkin's unity of value; second, Raz's claim that there is room for incommensurability in our rational actions. One may think that if we accept these two theses a dilemma will appear: We need unity to interpret values, but incommensurability leads to pluralism and fragmentation. Is this a real dilemma? Is there a way to get around it? I argue that although there is a tension between these ideas, this tension is not a reason for worry in the realm of personal ethics. It becomes problematic when it comes to interpersonal morality, but even in that domain it does not affect the core of our moral system if two conditions are satisfied: first, if incommensurability (in the domain of interpersonal morality) appears in rare or exceptional cases; second, if we read the thesis of the unity of value more like a methodological assumption than like an ontological claim.
Artificial Intelligence based Early Detection and Timely Diagnosis of Mental Illness - A Review

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Mental health includes the overall well-being of an individual. It affects the daily life style and relationships of an individual. Physical health has always found space in regular discussions, whereas mental health has always been side-lined. Mental health and physical health are equally important and interrelated components of overall health. It is essential to take care of mental health in the same way as physical health. The health industry has successfully found new ways to treat physical diagnoses. There are solutions to all sorts of physical problems. But, the diagnosis of mental health is still a point of research. The turn of the century has witnessed machine learning, data mining, and several other technologies in diagnosing physical health problems like cancer, Arrhythmia. Early identification of mental illness is major setback in providing timely diagnosis. In this paper we aim to explore the pre-existing work of several technologies in the field of psychiatric care. The goal behind writing this paper is to speed up the existing research on early identification of mental disorders and faster and timely treatment of the same.
Social Class and Income Inequality in the United States: Ownership, Authority, and Personal Income Distribution from 1980 to 2010

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study outlines a theory of social class based on workplace ownership and authority relations, and it investigates the link between social class and growth in personal income inequality since the 1980s. Inequality trends are governed by changes in between-class income differences, changes in the relative size of different classes, and changes in within-class income dispersion. Data from the General Social Survey are used to investigate each of these changes in turn and to evaluate their impact on growth in inequality at the population level. Results indicate that between-class income differences grew by about 60% since the 1980s and that the relative size of different classes remained fairly stable. A formal decomposition analysis indicates that changes in the relative size of different social classes had a small dampening effect and that growth in between-class income differences had a large inflationary effect on trends in personal income inequality.
The Function of Immunology, Antigen and Antibody

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The aims of the study is the function of , imonology, antigen and antibody. The discussion is the function of antigen and also the types of antigen The type of antigen is based on its determinant: (a) Unideterminant, (b) Unideterminant, (c) Multideterminant (d) Multideterminant. The type of antigen based on the specifics : (a) Heteroantigen (b) Xenoantigen (c) Alloantigen (d) Specific organ antigens (e) Autoantigen . Types of antigens based on their chemical content: (a) Carbohydrates, (b) Lipids (c) Nucleic (d) Protein . (Antibodies have the ability to recognize and attach / attach to antigens that are thought to cause disease by the body and recognizing and attaching themselves to antigens, the antibody substance always acts as a marker, and then sends a signal to other white blood cells to attack the foreign substance
Calculation of Azimuthally Dependent Thermal-Neutron Albedos for Slab by Method of Invariant Embedding

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The method of invariant embedding has been applied to the calculation of differential thermal-neutron albedos for a semi-infinite ordinary concrete slab. The calculations have been performed in both cases of isotropic and anisotropic scattering in the laboratory system. The calculated albedo data are compared with those obtained by the experiments and the semi-empirical formula fitted the detailed data obtained by Monte Carlo method. The calculated results assuming isotropic scattering are in good overall agreement with the values obtained by Monte Carlo and SN methods, but there are some errors for azimuthally anisotropic scattering when azimuthal angle becomes large. In this method, much less computing times within given accuracy are required for azimuthally isotropic scattering, but it is pronounced that the necessary computing times are heavily dependent on N in DP (N/2)-1 (ξ)TN(μ) quadrature sets when the azimuthally anisotropic scattering is considered. It is found that, except for large N for the case of azimuthally anisotropic scattering, the calculation of differential albedo data by using invariant embedding method is much faster than those by using the Monte Carlo and the discrete ordinates methods. KEYWORDS: albedothermal neutronsinvariant embeddingslabsconcretesshielding materialsisotropic scatteringanisotropic scatteringexperimental datacomparative evaluations
APPRAISING THE LAW OF WILLS IN A CONTRACT

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>Contracts play a significant role in both economic and commercial transactions, whether internal contract within a national legal system of a State or contract with international nature due to there is more than one legal system would be involved. As a tool that runs international trade and a means of economic exchanges across the border, it can not be denied that many practitioners have high stakes and interest through a contract. The internationality of the contract may impose its subordination to a law other than the law of the judge, and may be subjected to the international substantive rules represented in the most common rules of international law or common principles of international trade rules. Therefore, the definition of the concept of an international contract is a critical issue for the consequences of this limitation. Therefore, the appraisal between domestic and international contract is crucial to do as well as the role of the will in internationalizing the contract.</p>
Abstract A92: Effects of lenvatinib on tumor-associated macrophages enhance antitumor activity of PD-1 signal inhibitors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract [Background] Lenvatinib mesylate (lenvatinib) is an orally administrated multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that selectively inhibits the kinase activities of VEGFR1-3, FGFR1-4, KIT, PDGF-Rα and RET, which are involved in tumor angiogenesis and proliferation of several cancer types such as thyroid cancer. In order to investigate whether lenvatinib has effects on immune cell population in tumors, we examined antitumor effects and immune modulating abilities of lenvatinib in syngeneic murine tumor models. [Materials and methods] We examined antitumor activity of lenvatinib against BNL 1ME A.7R.1 murine hepatocellular carcinoma cell line in syngeneic and immune-deficient mice model. Combination treatment with lenvatinib at 10mg/kg (qd) plus anti-PD-1 mAb at 500μg/ml (twice weekly) was conducted in LL/2 murine Lewis lung carcinoma cell line syngeneic model. For immune population analyses, lenvatinib at 10mg/kg was orally administrated in BNL 1ME A.7R.1 or LL/2 mice model. On Day 7 after starting treatment, percentages of immune populations were analyzed by flow cytometer. For cytokine analysis, IFNγ in CD8+ T cells was intracellularly stained and analyzed by flow cytometer. The expression of immune related molecules in tumors was analyzed by quantitative PCR. [Results] Lenvatinib showed more potent inhibition of BNL 1ME A.7R.1 tumor growth in immune functional mice than in immune-deficient mice when given the same dose. A flow-cytometry analysis of immune populations in both BNL 1ME A.7R.1 and LL/2 tumors indicated that lenvatinib significantly decreased the percentage of tumor associated macrophages (TAM) with CD45+CD11b+Ly6GlowLy6ClowF4/80+ markers. In addition, immune inhibitory molecules were downregulated in tumors. Lenvatinib significantly increased the percentage of IFNγ-secreting CD8+ T cells in regional lymph node. In LL/2 tumor model, the combination effect of lenvatinib with anti-PD-1 mAb showed a superior antitumor activity to each monotherapy. [Conclusion] These results indicate that lenvatinib has more potent antitumor effect in immune functional environment. It was noteworthy that lenvatinib decreased TAM population in tumors. Furthermore, lenvatinib enhanced antitumor activity of PD-1 signal inhibitors with combination treatment. Citation Format: Yu Kato, Kimiyo Tabata, Yusaku Hori, Sho Tachino, Kiyoshi Okamoto, Junji Matsui. Effects of lenvatinib on tumor-associated macrophages enhance antitumor activity of PD-1 signal inhibitors. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference: Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2015 Nov 5-9; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(12 Suppl 2):Abstract nr A92.
The Violence of Light in the Land of Desire; Or, How William Jones Discovered India

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Celebrated as greatest of the Orientalists' and undisputed founder2 of Orientalism, William Jones is best remembered for his discovery of an Indo-European family of languages. Although he was not the first to notice that Sanskrit resembled Greek and Latin, he was the first to be credited with the comparative method that gave birth to a modern science of philology. Jones's so-called discovery, and the science to which it gave birth, signals the emergence of a discourse sanctioning a colonial expansion into Asia. British colonizers were now able to trace their own heritage back to an ancient civilization of the Indian subcontinent they happened to occupy. The translation of Sanskrit manuscripts prompted the Oriental renaissance of Romantic thought and a European fascination with everything Indian.3
Improved Detection of Hotspots using the AVHRR 3.7-um Channel

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The 3.7-μm channel on-board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) provides the unique capability to detect small, but hot, surface features. We present an image-processing technique based on a pixel-by-pixel subtraction of 10.8 μm from 3.7 μm brightness temperatures. We also develop an automated technique which classifies hotspots based on: 1) the brightness temperatures at 3.7 and 10.8 μm at a given pixel, and 2) a background temperature based on the immediately surrounding pixels.
Multi-Objective Optimization: a Mathematical Model to Help Manage the Crop-Livestock-Forestry Integration System

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objective: The objective of this study is to develop a mathematical model based on multi-objective optimization to assist farmers who have adopted the Crop-Livestock-Forest Integration (ILPF) system, aiming to maximize production with resource limitations. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, sustainable agriculture, rural management, and mathematical optimization tools are discussed, providing a solid basis for understanding the research context. Method: It comprises an applied approach, considering the main inputs, costs and production revenues necessary to power the model. Microsoft Corporation's Excel Solver computational tool, version 7.3.5.2(x64)/LibreOffice Community, was used due to its accessibility and practicality for rural producers. Results and Discussion: The proposed mathematical model provides assistance in decision making, considering the distribution of areas for different productions with a view to achieving efficient results. In the discussion, these results are contextualized in light of the theoretical framework, highlighting the implications and relationships identified. Discrepancies and limitations of the study are also considered. Research Implications: The results can be applied to rural management and sustainable agriculture. These implications may include optimizing resources and improving the productive efficiency of farmers who use the ILPF system. Originality/Value: Considers the balance of economic, social and environmental aspects in the use of the ILPF system. The relevance and value of this research are evidenced by its potential to improve decision-making and maximize the efficient use of resources in sustainable agriculture.
Jewish Destiny in the Novels of Albert Cohen

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The unity of Cohen's novels is due to their common theme of Jewish destiny. This is traced in the lives of the Valeureux and of Solal. The Valeureux are caricatures of the Jew, and demonstrate that Jewish identity and destiny are imposed by others. Their lives are precarious because Jews are always persecuted, a message also conveyed by other persecuted characters and by Cohen's direct interventions. But the Valeureux cling to their Jewishness and exalt their religion because it teaches the need to tame man's instincts. Solal seeks success in Gentile society, but learns it is a cruel society that exploits man's instincts. He is sickened by the hypocrisy of this society, by its frivolity and by the realisation that death makes all ambition pointless. Unable to escape his Jewish background, he defends Jewish victims of Hitler, and is ostracised. He now encounters the same fate as other Jews and becomes a victim of anti-Semitism. He finally commits suicide. Neither the Valeureux nor Solal have the solution to anti-Semitism, which Cohen sees only in the State of Israel. But, while seeing Israel as the solution, Cohen is interested mainly in Jews like the Valeureux, who have preserved the Jewish identity for centuries.
Audiences and Television Soap Operas(Women’s Readings of Parvaz- Dar- Hobab)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research is an attempt to explain how audiences read and decode the dominant or preferred reading of television soap operas ( here, one of them named : Parvaz Dar Hobab ). The main problem of this research is that in what way TV soap operas prefer or make dominant some meanings, ideas and values and how audiences interpret and decode these meanings and ideas and values. From this viewpoint, a soap opera is an articulation constructed of different, and sometimes contrast, elements which are unified around a nodal point. In other words, a television soap opera is an articulatory discourse which is constructed through some technical, social and ideological codes by hegemonic system. In a TV soap opera, as a discourse, some ideas and meanings are preferred over the others. The question is that how social subjects, who have an objective position in the social structure, read and decode these dominant ideas and meanings? In this research, in the first part we have used the semilogical- structuralist method to explain the preferred reading of TV soap operas, and in the second part we used focused group interview to study women readings. To mention one of the conclusions of this research, we can say that this soap opera attempts to hide that social nihilism which is the main factor of addiction. Most of the audiences have an oppositional reading of this problem.
Parallel Multi-Step/Multi-Rate Integration of Two-Time Scale Dynamic Systems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Increasing demands on the fidelity of simulations for real-time and high-fidelity simulations are stressing the capacity of modern processors. New integration techniques are required that provide maximum efficiency for systems that are parallelizable. However many current techniques make assumptions that are at odds with non-cascadable systems. A new serial multi-step/multi-rate integration algorithm for dual-timescale continuous state systems is presented which applies to these systems, and is extended to a parallel multi-step/multi-rate algorithm. The superior performance of both algorithms is demonstrated through a representative example.
PERAN AKTIF PEMUDA ERA GLOBALISASI DALAM PEMBANGUNAN DESA MUARA SEMERAH KECAMATAN AIR HANGAT KABUPATEN KERINCI

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the Active Role of Youth in the Era of Globalization in the Development of the Muara Semerah Air Warm Village in Kerinci Regency, using data collection techniques through field studies namely conducting direct interviews with Youth in the Development of the Muara Semerah Air Warm Water Village in Kerinci Regency and literature study by reading documents relating to the problem under study to look for concepts, theories, opinions or findings related to the subject matter. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded, about the Active Role of Youth in the Era of Globalization in the Development of the Muara Semerah Air Warm Village in Kerinci District, the lack of active role of young people in various village activities such as Musrenbang, mutual cooperation, management of the village community, and so forth. Young people are also not involved in the ranks of village administrators, resulting in the estuarine genreta as red as a vacuum, on the other hand genreta also does not carry out activities such as recitation, holding inter-household tournaments, social activities. From these phenomena the researcher has obtained the answer, namely from the results of the study with the interview above, namely the authority of the active role of the globalization era youth in Muara Semerah, the warm water district of Kerinci district which is still very low, due to the lack of active youth in village activities and village government. Involving youth organizations in village development. Here it is clear that inactive youth organizations then become vacuum without any activities and lack of synchronization between village government and youth organizations.
Fitness to practise for doctors and medical students with mental issues in Malaysia / Muhammad Darwiis Abdullah … [et al.]

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Mental illness is expected to become the second biggest health problem affecting Malaysians by 2020. Doctors and medical students are more prone to mental illness compared to the general population. However, they are often reluctant to and resist seeking help because of stigma and a (strong) sense of shame. This can lead to detrimental consequences for themselves and their patients. That said, a doctor with a mental illness receiving appropriate treatment and who is in a stable condition may still be permitted to practise provided patient safety is not compromised. Determining this is a key responsibility of a healthcare regulator like the Malaysian Medical Council (MMC). Using some prominent cases to illustrate this point, this article reviews the MMC guideline on ‘Managing Impaired Registered Medical Practitioners’. In the absence of similar local guidelines for medical students, we also allude to the UK General Medical Council’s guideline on ‘Supporting Medical Students with Mental Health Conditions’. The article recommends that doctors and medical students with mental illness should seek help; outlines a number of factors to consider in deciding whether a doctor should continue practising; and explores alternative career paths in instances where they should not. The article concludes that appropriate support goes a long way for doctors and medical students who grapple with mental health issues in that there is hope and a way through a seemingly devastating situation.