jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Impact of Vitamin D in Prophylaxis and Treatment in Tuberculosis Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in many infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB), that remains one of the world’s top infectious killers with 1.5 million deaths from TB in 2021. Vitamin D suppresses the replication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and showed a promising role in TB management as a result of its connection with oxidative balance. Our review encourages the possible in vivo benefit of a joint administration with other vitamins, such as vitamin A, which share a known antimycobacterial action with vitamin D. However, considering the low incidence of side effects even at high dosages and its low cost, it would be advisable to assess vitamin D level both in patients with active TB and high-risk groups and administer it, at least to reach sufficiency levels.
Use of recombinant human parvovirus B19 antigens in serological assays.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AIMS--To compare the sensitivity, specificity, and practicality of recombinant proteins in serological tests for the detection of human parvovirus B19 IgG and IgM. METHODS--Indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assays using B19 structural proteins expressed in Escherichia coli were developed for the detection of B19 specific IgG and IgM (rELISA-G and rELISA-M). Cells infected with baculovirus expressing B19 structural proteins were also used in an indirect immunofluorescence assay for IgG and IgM antibodies (IFA-G and IFA-M). Antibody capture radioimmunoassays for IgG and IgM (GACRIA and MACRIA) were used as comparative assays. RESULTS--Twenty nine pools of intravenous immunoglobulin were clearly positive for B19 IgG by rELISA-G and contained low IgG titres by GACRIA. From 113 samples tested by all methods, sensitivities of 92% (77/84) and 97% (68/70) were obtained for ELISA and immunofluorescence, respectively, when compared with GACRIA. One hundred and sixteen samples from patients presenting with rash or arthralgia were compared by MACRIA, rELISA-M, and IFA-M. Sensitivities of both recombinant tests were more than 95%. Despite pretreatment to remove IgG or rheumatoid factor, false positive results were a problem in the rELISA-M but were not seen with the IFA-M. CONCLUSIONS--The limited supply of native antigen has severely restricted the wide application of serology for parvovirus B19. The use of recombinant antigens permitted the introduction of local screening tests which had many advantages, including quicker results and relief of the burden on the Reference Laboratory. The use of rELISA-M for sensitivity and IFA-M for specificity and confirmation proved a useful and practical combination for diagnosis of recent infection with B19, and rELISA-G allowed the immune response to be determined in selected populations.
Vegetation and Sediment Migration in the Henry Mountains Region, Utah

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the desert region adjacent to the Henry Mountains, there are several plant species adapted to survival in unstable habitats characterized by migrating sediment. The erosion, transportation, and deposition of sediment may be by either wind or water, and each situation has its characteristic suites of plants. Drift sand vegetation varies profoundly from site to site, depending primarily upon local rates of sediment migration, and depth of the unstable layer. Some of the longer-lived species, such as oak and tamarisk, form complex systems within the flow of sediment, in which feedback loops operate between the maturing vegetation and the geomorphic development of the site. The study of such plants and their habitats provides clues to local geomorphic process and history.
UNDERSTANDING CELLULAR INNOVATION AND COMPLEXITY WITH A NETWORK PERSPECTIVE

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Biological systems are composed of numerous interconnected elements that form intricate networks, facilitating the proper functioning of living organisms. By examining these networks, we can uncover the mechanisms through which genotypes give rise to diverse phenotypes. As these networks evolve, new genes and proteins emerge, while existing ones are repurposed, duplicated, or lost, leading to the continuous reshaping of genotype-phenotype landscapes. While certain properties of genetic networks remain conserved across species, the integration of clade- or species-specific genes is critical for understanding unique phenotypes and adaptations to diverse environments and stressors. Furthermore, thousands of noncanonical open reading frames (nORFs), which have been omitted from genome annotations have been shown to be transcribed and translated, potentially impacting cellular network structures and phenotypes. However, nORFs have been less studied compared to canonical ORFs, leaving a significant knowledge gap in our understanding of their biological roles. In this dissertation, we first delve deeper into the complex relationships and conserved properties of genetic interaction profile similarity networks, which represent functional similarities based on gene deletion phenotypes in similar biological backgrounds. We pinpoint modules that are vital for information transfer and the indirect relationships between these modules, demonstrating a preserved hierarchical structure of cellular networks enabling efficient signal propagation. Next, to study the transcription of nORFs, we construct an extended coexpression network in yeast and investigate the mechanisms by which nORFs get integrated into coexpression networks, as well as the genomic context influencing their emergence and cellular functions. Finally, we investigate a specific evolutionarily novel ORF, YBR196C-A, dissecting its transcriptional and structural evolution to study YBR196C-A’s potential cellular roles. This thorough examination illuminates the ORF’s origin, its transcriptional regulation, and the folding process resulting in stable tertiary structures, while also providing insights into its possible roles within cellular membranes. Our findings significantly enhance our understanding of communication within cellular networks, the incorporation of new genetic components into these networks, and the interplay between gene transcription, protein folding, and cellular functionality. This knowledge offers valuable insights into the mechanisms of adaptation and evolution, laying the foundation for future research in evolutionary systems biology.
Simulation of high strain rate behaviour of magnesium alloy AZ31B

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Magnesium alloy is the lightest metal which is widely used as engineering materials. The static loading at room temperature from magnesium alloy properties is mainly focused in at present, but the mechanical properties of magnesium alloy under high strain rate have been studied rarely. However, for real life application, it is very significant to investigate the mechanical properties of magnesium ally under high strain rate. In this paper ANSYS Mechanical APDL (LS-DYNA Explicit) was used for the modelling and simulation of Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) experiment, which was carried out in laboratory. Comparison was made to investigate dynamic mechanical properties of magnesium ally AZ31B. In the simulation, 2D model of striker bar, incident bar, specimen and transmitter bar are built up according to experiment SHPB set-up. Plasticity is the main concern, so Plastic Kinematic model was chosen for specimen. Striker bar was simulated to impact with different speed. Stress-Strain curve and Strain rate curve are final output. Comparison also made between simulation results and experimental results carried out in laboratory.
Influenceof Type of Marriage and Gender on Marital Satisfaction among Couples in Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aimed at investigating the influence of type of marriage and gender on marital satisfaction among couples in Ghana.The study applied the cross-section design, and used the stratified samplingand simple random, the lotteryprocedure to select 576 participants for the study. The Marital Satisfaction Inventory (MSI) developed by Essuman (2010) was used to collect data on marital satisfaction and structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data collected. The study revealed that inter-ethnic marriages were more satisfied than those in intra-ethnic marriages were. Also,it was found that female spouses in inter-ethnic marriages were more satisfied than females in intra-ethnic marriages. Based on the results, it was concluded that spouses in inter-ethnic marriages enjoy satisfaction in their marriages than those in intra-ethnic.It is therefore, recommended that marriage counsellors in collaboration with pastors in the various religious organizations such as churches andmosques should focus on such variables in their pre-marital counselling and during the spouses’ marriage counselling sessionsto help spice up their marriagesto bring about marital satisfaction.
Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Iron Release from the Emulsifier Interface and on the Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Fish Oil Enriched Mayonnaise

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This research examines the effect of ascorbic acid (0-800 ppm) on the sensory perception of mayonnaises containing 16% fish oil and on the levels of iron and copper in the aqueous phase. Ascorbic acid increased the formation of fishy off-flavors in fresh mayonnaise. Simultaneously, the iron concentration increased from below the detection limit (1.8 microM) to 34 microM in the aqueous phase of mayonnaises. Model mayonnaises with various concentrations of egg yolk (1-7% w/w) and ascorbic acid (0-8000 ppm) were prepared. Iron concentrations in the aqueous phase increased with increasing ascorbic acid levels, whereas iron concentrations in the assumed interfacial layer decreased. It is proposed that ascorbic acid is able to complex and reduce Fe(3+) to Fe(2+) from phosvitin in the egg yolk, whereby iron is released from the interface. The ascorbic acid-iron complex subsequently reacts with lipid hydroperoxides, resulting in increased lipid oxidation and in the immediate formation of rancid and fishy off-flavors.
Finding an upper bound on the increase in execution time due to contention on the memory bus in COTS-based multicore systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Contention on the memory bus in COTS based multicore systems is becoming a major determining factor of the execution time of a task. Analyzing this extra execution time is non-trivial because (i) bus arbitration protocols in such systems are often undocumented and (ii) the times when the memory bus is requested to be used are not explicitly controlled by the operating system scheduler; they are instead a result of cache misses. We present a method for finding an upper bound on the extra execution time of a task due to contention on the memory bus in COTS based multicore systems. This method makes no assumptions on the bus arbitration protocol (other than assuming that it is work-conserving).
Signatures of high-redshift galactic outflows in the thermal Sunyaev Zel’dovich effect

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Anisotropies of the Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect serve as a powerful probe of the thermal history of the universe. At high redshift, hot galactic outflows driven by supernovae (SNe) can inject a significant amount of thermal energy into the intergalactic medium, causing a strong y-type distortion of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) spectrum through inverse Compton scattering. The resulting anisotropies of the y-type distortion are sensitive to key physical properties of high-z galaxies pertaining to the launch of energetic SNe-driven outflows, such as the efficiency and the spatio-temporal clustering of star formation. We develop a simple analytic framework to calculate anisotropies of y-type distortion associated with SNe-powered outflows of galaxies at $z\gt 6$. We show that galactic outflows are likely the dominant source of thermal energy injection, compared to contributions from reionized bubbles and gravitational heating. We further show that next-generation CMB experiments such as LiteBIRD are likely to detect the contribution to y anisotropies from high-z galactic outflows through the cross-correlation with surveys of Lyman-break galaxies by e.g. the Roman Space Telescope. Our analysis and forecasts demonstrate that thermal SZ anisotropies can be a promising probe of SN feedback and outflows in early star-forming galaxies.
Effect of pH and calcium chloride on the thermal inactivation kinetics and stability of chlorophyllase in mulberry leaves

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study assessed the effect of pH (5.7, 6.8, and 8.0, adjusted using phosphate buffer) and calcium chloride (0.2 g kg-1, 0.6 g kg-1, and 1.0 g kg-1) on the chlorophyllase (Chlase) activity and thermal inactivation in mulberry leaves at temperatures ranging from 75 ℃ to 100 ℃. The overall lethality was calculated, and the subsequent data were described using a two-fraction kinetics model. The results showed that the Chlase activity displayed an initial increase at a higher pH level and calcium chloride concentration, followed by a decline. Furthermore, the pH and calcium chloride also affected the Chlase inactivation kinetics. Weak acidity (pH 5.7) distinctly promoted Chlase inactivation during thermal treatment, while weakly alkaline conditions (pH 8.0) enhanced heat stability. The presence of calcium chloride increased the Chlase thermal stability, while the response to thermal processing (TP) varied depending on the calcium chloride concentration.
The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat Interpreted as the Angular Momentum of Thermons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

There were derived many forms of theories of heat during the past three hundred years. At its origins, thermodynamics was the study of heat and engines and therefore, we should be connected to these roots. In this model we present thermons as carriers of heat from hot bodies to cold bodies. The flow of heat is modelled as the transfer of angular momentum of these thermons in the direction from the higher angular momentum to the lower angular momentum of thermons. The mechanical equivalent of heat J is defined as the ratio of the angular momentum of thermons to the temperature of the surrounding. This model newly defines the quantity of heat – entropy S – as the ratio of the angular momentum of thermons to the temperature of the surrounding. This model can open a new window to the microworld where quantum particles transfer their heat content in one direction. However, this direction can be changed via the work done on these quantum particles and to reverse the flow of the angular momentum from lower angular momentum to higher angular momentum of those quantum particles. It will be shown that these very well-known formulae of S to all scholars might still keep some hidden surprising properties.
Organoboron Compounds. V. The Preparation of an Unsymmetrical Diarylborinate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganoboron Compounds. V. The Preparation of an Unsymmetrical DiarylborinateRobert L. Letsinger and Nathaniel RemesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 9, 2489–2491Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01614a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01614a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views404Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A text-book of the principles and practice of veterinary medicine /

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Symptoms.-Thegeneral condition of the patient is usually somewhat disturbed; it seems stupid, languid, and shows slight fever.The mucous membrane of the nose is swollen and reddened and at first drier than normal; later an irritant, watery discharge appears, which in a day or two becomes turbid and more profuse.In the earlier stages the patient sneezes frequently and rubs its nose against objects.The nasal discharge dries and forms crusts at the openings of the nostrils.In exceptional cases small round superficial erosions are noted on the mucous membrane, which usually heal in a few days.In severe cases there is conjunctivitis present.If the larynx is involved there is cough; if the pharynx, difficulty in swallowing.The submaxillary lymph glands in the horse are slightly swollen.Course.-The course is usually rapid and the termination favorable.The condition in ordinary cases disappears in seven to ten days.Treatment.-Theacute catarrh seldom requires treatment.Protecting the patient from draughts and dust is all that is necessary in the average case.When, however, the discharge is profuse or the patient shows fever, injections into the nostrils of 1 to 2 per cent.creolin solution are recommendable.Inhalations of volatile substances are of value.Turpentine or benzoin (1 to 5 per cent. in form of steam) may be tried.The crust on the nostrils may be greased with vaseline.In man the "snuffing" of the fluidextract of hamamelis every two or three hours is much employed.Chronic Nasal Catarrh (Chronic Rhinitis, Ozena).-Chronicrhinitis rarely develops from the acute.This form is nearly always secondary to some other disease involving the respiratory tract.Etiology.-Badteeth with filling of the maxillary or frontal sinuses with pus.It may also accompany glanders, tumors (polypi) in the nostrils, animal parasites (estrus larve in sheep), chronic bronchitis, verminous bronchitis.In surgical conditions of the head such as necrosis of the turbinated bone, empyema of the sinuses, etc., nasal catarrh is noted.Symptoms.-Theprincipal symptom is nasal discharge, which varies greatly in quantity and character.The
Risk of Venous and Arterial Thromboembolism among Japanese Users of Oral Contraceptives

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Scientific Research Question: The risk of thromboembolism related to oral contraceptives (OCs) in Japanese women is not clear. The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and arterial thromboembolism (ATE) among Japanese OC users.
Environmental factors promoting the effective use of a computer-assisted clinical case for second-year osteopathic medical students

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Computer-aided clinical cases (CACC) have the potential to complement and/or supplement other types of problem-based learning exercises in modern medical curricula. Deploying a CACC learning experience requires institutional commitment to technology and a belief by administration, faculty, and students that “climbing a steep growth curve” is worth the effort. Several aspects of the institutional environment at the Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine (KCOM) led to the development of the CACC exercise described in this article, including the need to design a uniform, supplemental, Internet-based learning experience and assessment exercises for students doing clinical rotations at off-site facilities. The CACC learning experience was enthusiastically accepted by second-year medical students as an integrative and clinically relevant educational experience. The success of this CACC exercise has helped to promote the development of other innovative applications of technology to medical education at KCOM.
VALUATION OF HYBRID FINANCIAL AND ACTUARIAL PRODUCTS IN LIFE INSURANCE BY A NOVEL THREE-STEP METHOD

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Financial products are priced using risk-neutral expectations justified by hedging portfolios that (as accurate as possible) match the product’s payoff. In insurance, premium calculations are based on a real-world best-estimate value plus a risk premium. The insurance risk premium is typically reduced by pooling of (in the best case) independent contracts. As hybrid life insurance contracts depend on both financial and insurance risks, their valuation requires a hybrid valuation principle that combines the two concepts of financial and actuarial valuation. The aim of this paper is to present a novel three-step projection algorithm to valuate hybrid contracts by decomposing their payoff in three parts: a financial, hedgeable part, a diversifiable actuarial part, and a residual part that is neither hedgeable nor diversifiable. The first two parts of the resulting premium are directly linked to their corresponding hedging and diversification strategies, respectively. The method allows for a separate treatment of unsystematic, diversifiable mortality risk and systematic, aggregate mortality risk related to, for example, epidemics or population-wide improvements in life expectancy. We illustrate our method in the case of CAT bonds and a pure endowment insurance contract with profit and compare the three-step method to alternative valuation operators suggested in the literature.
A Smart Contract based Spectrum Trading System for Elastic Virtual Optical Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An Elastic Optical Network (EON) nowadays usually accommodates multiple Virtual Optical Networks (VON) by allocating orthogonal spectrum resources for them. A fixed resource allocation pattern may result in a low quality of service since data traffic on VONs may fluctuate with time. Spectrum trading (ST) among VONs could solve this problem by moving spectrum resources between them and blockchain-based ST has recently gained much interest since it avoids the traditional centralization concern. In this paper, we propose a smart contract based decentralized ST scheme for VONs. The system is built on a private blockchain which can be implemented with the off-shelf Ethereum platform at a low development cost. A frequency slot (FS) trading contract (FSTC) is designed to trade unoccupied spectrum resources among VONs. Compared with existing schemes, FSTC explicitly addresses the virtual link brokerage (VLB) problem by trading in the granularity of virtual links. Furthermore, FSTC ensures FS information authenticity and enables FS recyclability via mechanisms based on Ethereum smart contract features. We implement FSTC with Solidity and evaluate its costs which demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed solution.