jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Eight Years' Expeience with Oral Contraception and an Analysis of Use of Low-dosage Norethisterone

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A brief review of a 8 years study of oral contraception is given. In 1956 the Los Angeles Planned Parenthood Center initiated the first United States study of oral contraception and embarked on comprehensive and detailed investigations of this form of birth control very shortly after Pincus began his pioneering work in Puerto Rico. After a few years use of relatively high doses of estrogen-progestogen combinations the Center began using a variety of lower-dosage forms as well as new agents in an attempt to modify some of the side effects and also provide less medication and more inexpensive products. Detailed blood-studies have been carried out on patients using various preparations. In general while some chemical factors were altered it is possible that these are not evidence of a pathological change but rather may be attributable to the pseudopregnancy state. These studies are being continued and expanded. An analysis of over 3 years study of the 2 mg norethisterone product is presented. In 6455 cycles of use by 435 patients side effects were minimal; and there were no pregnancies.
Responses of carbon exchange characteristics to meteorological factors, phenology, and extreme events in a rubber plantation of Danzhou, Hainan: evidence based on multi-year data

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Introduction On Hainan Island, a rubber plantation that occupies a large swath of land plays an important role in the regional carbon budget. However, the carbon exchange of the rubber plantation is poorly understood. Methods In this study, using the eddy covariance methods we measured carbon metrics in the rubber plantation for 13 years from 2010 to 2022. Results We clarified that the rubber plantation is a carbon sink and the annual net ecosystem exchange (NEE), ecosystem respiration, and gross primary production were −911.89 ± 135.37, 1,528.04 ± 253.50, and 2,439.93 ± 259.63 gC·m −2 ·a −1 , respectively. Carbon fluxes differed between interannual years; specifically, rainy season fluxes were nearly double dry season fluxes. Radiation explained 46% of the variation for NEE in rainy season, and temperature explained 36% of the variation for NEE in the dry season. LAI explained the highest proportion of the monthly variation in NEE ( R 2 = 0.72, p &lt; 0.001), indicating that when hydrothermal conditions are sufficient phenology may be the primary factor controlling carbon sequestration of rubber plantation. Due to climate change, there is an increasing probability of extreme climate events, such as typhoons, heat waves, and drought. Thus, we compared NEE before and after such events and results show extreme climate events reduce carbon uptake in the rubber plantation. We found that typhoons reduced NEE to varying degrees on different timescales. Heat waves generally decreased NEE during the day but recovered quickly and increased carbon uptake if there was sufficient precipitation. Drought reduced carbon uptake and continued to decrease even after precipitation. Discussion Estimating the carbon sink capacity of the rubber plantation and studying the response to regional environmental changes are important for both applied research (carbon sink research and market trading, sink enhancement, and emission reduction, etc.) and basic research (land use change, phenology change, etc.).
DIROFILARIOSIS AND ANGIOSTRONGILOSIS IN PET AND HUNTING DOGS IN NOVI SAD, VOJVODINA, SERBIA

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study is to update the data on the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis (D. immitis) and Dirofi laria repens (D. repens) infections inpet dogs, to report a preliminary result of the prevalence of Angiostrongylus vasorum (A. vasorum) in hunting dogs, and to assess the presence ofconcurrent infection with D. immitis and A. vasorum in hunting and pet dogs in Novi Sad. Th e methods used to estimate the prevalence of dirofilaria infections were modifi ed Knott test and detection of antigen of D.immitis. Th e prevalence of A. vasorum was determined using Baermannfecal technique and detection of A. vasorum antigen. Concurrent infection with D. immitis and A. vasorum was assessed only by detection of antigens of each parasite. Overall prevalence values for D. immitis and D. repens were 18.95% (24/143) and 16.32% (27/143), respectively. Th e prevalence of A.vasorum in hunting dogs was 1.96% (1/51). Concurrent infection with D.immitis and A. vasorum did not exist in examined hunting and pet dogs. Further studies with larger number of examined dogs and samples from other region of the country are needed to determine the prevalence of these parasites.
Using life-cycle information for reliability assessment of electronic assemblies

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Life Cycle Information is a valuable information with many benefits for the manufacturer of electronic components. The knowledge about the loads in use support ongoing trends to pay on availability and pay on production. Especially online analysis for condition monitoring is a challenging benefit. Current approaches to life cycle data acquisition and analysis are presented. The principles of condition monitoring are discussed. The concept of a Life Cycle Information Unit and a prototype are presented.
Edge Convection Driven by ICRF

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

High power ICRF fields in the edge plasma generate rf sheaths, and hence a time‐averaged spatially‐varying potential Φ0 (which can be as large as a kV) on field lines in the scrape‐off‐layer (SOL) which link substantial rf magnetic flux. The spatial variation of Φ0 drives E×B convective flow. A modified convective cell equation for the SOL plasma is derived, which explicitly takes into account the finite length of the field lines and the sheath boundary condition for Jni. This equation evolves the field‐line averaged potential Φ(r,θ) driven by Φ0 and contains the usual equation for 2D incompressible Euler flow as a special case. An approximate radial penetration length Lp estimated from this equation gives 1‐2 cm for JET parameters. A numerical solution is presented which confirms that the antenna drives a large convective cell with penetration length Lp bounded by a separatrix; outside this surface the polodial flow reverses direction. The relevance of this work to JET data on ICRF‐driven edge transport, profile modifications, edge electric fields, and ICRF H‐mode transitions is discussed.
Modulation of Saccade Curvature by Ocular Counterroll

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

PURPOSE: On close inspection, most saccadic trajectories are not straight, but curve slightly, i.e. they are not single-axis ocular rotations. We asked whether saccade curvatures are systematically influenced by static ocular counterroll (OCR). METHODS: OCR was elicited by static whole-body roll position. Eight healthy human subjects performed horizontal and vertical saccades (amplitude: 10 degrees ; eccentricity: 0 degrees and 10 degrees ; head-fixed coordinate system) in upright and ear-down whole-body roll positions (45 degrees right, 45 degrees left). Three-dimensional eye movements were recorded with modified dual search coils at 1000Hz. RESULTS: Saccade curvature was systematically modulated by OCR depending on saccade direction. In the horizontal-vertical plane, primarily vertical saccades were modulated with downward saccades curving towards the upper ear and upward saccades curving towards the lower ear. Modulation of saccade curvature in the torsional direction only correlated significantly with OCR in abducting saccades. CONCLUSIONS: No universal mechanism like visual-motor coordinate transformation or kinematical characteristics of the saccadic burst generator alone could explain the complex modulation pattern of saccade curvature. OCR-induced changes of the ocular motor plant, including transient force imbalances between agonist eye muscles (vertical rectus and oblique muscles) and shifting eye muscle pulleys, are suitable to explain the found direction-dependent modulation pattern.
A multiple mating behavioral paradigm reveals discrete amygdala circuitry regulating sexual satiety in the male syrian hamster brain.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Mating Behavior in the male Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is initiated in limbic system brain areas including the medial nucleus of the amygdala (Me), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and medial preoptic area (MPOA). In this thesis, a multiple mating behavioral paradigm revealed regions within these nuclei that may regulate sexual satiety. In this paradigm males mated for rounds of three or four consecutive days. Rested males mate to an average of ten ejaculations (with a range of four to fifteen) on the first day of a round and decrease to an average of four (with a range of zero to five) every subsequent day. By quantifying the production of Fos protein in neurons as a measure of neuronal activation, areas within Me, BNST and MPOA were identified where activation was correlated with the number of ejaculations achieved. In addition, clusters of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) cells within subdivisions of Me and BNST were independent of ejaculations but associated with sexual satiety. To determine whether damage to these cell groups would alter the onset of sexual satiety, discrete bilateral electrolytic lesions were placed in Me. Animals were mated prior to and following surgery for three consecutive days each round. Both the number of males ejaculating and the number of ejaculations before sexual satiety increased in males with histologically verified Me lesions (n = 5). These postoperative changes were not observed in sham-operated controls (n = 6) or animals with bilateral amygdala damage at a more rostral level (n = 5). Analysis of Fos-expression in these Me lesioned males revealed two animals with, and three without, Fos-ir clusters. The three males without clusters exhibited a decrease in the number of postoperative ejaculations before satiety on the initial day of testing that was not observed in the two males with clusters. Additional studies are required to verify this result. The results of these studies are interpreted to reveal limbic regions activated by sexual satiety where damage can delay the onset of sexual satiety.
Global Recession – Human Resources and Regional Development of the Czech Republic

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social and economical development does not have linear course.About tenyear smaller recessions were replaced by global recession at the present time.Reduction of the population purchasing power has an impact on costs reduction, which donated development of the human resources quality and also on costs reduction, which donated regeneration and leisure time activities.Thus cyclic economical recession does not mean only industrial production reduction, reduction of population consumption and reduction of the living standards, but it is also translated into the qualitative level of the regional development, where investments intended for tourism were reduced.
Radiation- and Photo-Induced Degradation of Five Isomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6-Hexachlorocyclohexane

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

γ-Isomer of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (BHC) showed greater decomposition on γ or UV irradiation of five isomers of BHC in crystalline state or in 2-propanol solution. The α- and δ-isomer of BHC and known la, 2a, 3e, 4e, 5e-pentachlorocyclohexane were separated from the irradiation product of crystalline γ-BHC. Four compounds were isolated from the irradiation product of γ-BHC in 2-propanol. Two compounds were tetrachloro-cyclohexenes (C6H6C14): γ-isomer (mp 86 ~87°C) and ∊-isomer (mp 99 ~ 100°C). The other two were isomers of pentachlorocyclohexane (C6H7C15). One of them (mp 78 ~ 8.5°C) was consistent with known meso-1e,2a,3a,4a,5e isomer. The molecular structure of the other (mp 75°C) established by X-ray crystal structure analysis was 1α, 2α, 3α, 4β, 5α configuration or le 2a 3e 4e 5e conformation of CI atoms. A reaction mechanism was proposed that included a radical chain reaction and chlorine atom migration.
A pore-forming toxin enablesSerratiaa nonlytic egress from host cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Several pathogens co-opt host intracellular compartments to survive and replicate, and they thereafter disperse progeny to prosper in a new niche. Little is known about strategies displayed by Serratia marcescens to defeat immune responses and disseminate afterwards. Upon invasion of nonphagocytic cells, Serratia multiplies within autophagosome-like vacuoles. These Serratia-containing vacuoles (SeCV) circumvent progression into acidic/degradative compartments, avoiding elimination. In this work, we show that ShlA pore-forming toxin (PFT) commands Serratia escape from invaded cells. While ShlA-dependent, Ca2+ local increase was shown in SeCVs tight proximity, intracellular Ca2+ sequestration prevented Serratia exit. Accordingly, a Ca2+ surge rescued a ShlA-deficient strain exit capacity, demonstrating that Ca2+ mobilization is essential for egress. As opposed to wild-type-SeCV, the mutant strain-vacuole was wrapped by actin filaments, showing that ShlA expression rearranges host actin. Moreover, alteration of actin polymerization hindered wild-type Serratia escape, while increased intracellular Ca2+ reorganized the mutant strain-SeCV actin distribution, restoring wild-type-SeCV phenotype. Our results demonstrate that, by ShlA expression, Serratia triggers a Ca2+ signal that reshapes cytoskeleton dynamics and ends up pushing the SeCV load out of the cell, in an exocytic-like process. These results disclose that PFTs can be engaged in allowing bacteria to exit without compromising host cell integrity.
A MEMS Coriolis Mass Flow Sensing System with Combined Drive and Sense Interface

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<p>This paper describes an interface circuit for a MEMS Coriolis mass flow sensor that combines both drive and sense circuitry. The MEMS sensor consists of a suspended resonant tube, which is read-out by comb capacitors and driven into oscillation by current flowing through a drive coil in a magnet field. The interface circuit comprises a low-noise front-end that performs capacitance-to-voltage (C/V) conversion, and a drive-loop with automatic amplitude control. Drive motion can also be detected from the output of the front-end, allowing both drive and sense functions to be combined. The front-end is chopped to mitigate its 1/ f noise. When implemented with commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components, the proposed interface draws 250 mA from a single 5-V supply. Mass flow measurements with Nitrogen gas (N2) show that the sensor's drive frequency drifts by less than 1 mHz (rms) per hour, while its zero stability is less than 2.6 mg/h during an 80s measurement.</p>
URI@SPACECUCUMBER: An Intimate Look at Gender and Societal Issues in Japanese Tattooing

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This narrative provides a powerful feminist aspect in terms of the struggles and successes of being an independent female tattoo artist in the thriving hub of Osu-­‐Kannon, Nagoya. This narrative also tackles the issue of the recent developments facing tattooing that seek to threaten artists such as Uri and seeks to drive them underground. I can find no website that offers such insight as this narrative provides or offers a thorough compilation of the culture of tattooing in Japan and the challenges foreign tourists might face -­‐ much less in English. With the Olympics coming to Tokyo in 2020, a spotlight will fall onto the heart of Japan as millions of tourists and athletes from around the world come together for the games. Few are aware of the limitations they may face based solely on their tattoos, their means of expression. According to a Harris Poll taken in October 2015, as of then, 3 out of 5 Americans have tattoos -­‐ and this number is only growing. This does not take into account the rest of the world.The audience for such a project is as wide and varied as tattoo art itself. Young or old, for the love of a pop star or for the sake of their own expression, athlete, tourist, Japanophile, there is no limit to the type of individual who may take interest in such a project.
Evaluation of compost produced commercially from oil palm biomass

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Processing of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) to extract its oil at the same time produced biomass namely mesocarp fibre, shell, empty fruit bunches (EFB) and palm oil mill effluent (POME). EFB and POME were the most abundance among the oil palm biomass. Composting was proposed as one of the potential alternatives to the management of EFB and POME. However, production of compost from oil palm biomass may adversely affect the environmental quality. To date, there is no detail study conducted to evaluate the production of compost from oil palm biomass. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the compost produced commercially from oil palm biomass namely EFB and POME. Further objectives are to identify environmental impacts related to composting of oil palm biomass and to determine chemical characteristics of compost produced from oil palm biomass. In this study, life cycle assessment (LCA) was the chosen tool to identify the potential environmental impacts related to composting of oil palm biomass while the chemical characteristics of compost produced from oil palm biomass were determined using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Life cycle inventory (LCI) was obtained from three commercial oil palm biomass composting projects in Malaysia. The LCI was calculated based on the functional unit of one tonne of compost produced. Composting 2.0 - 2.5 t of EFB and 5.0 – 7.5 t of POME required diesel from 218.7 – 270.2 MJ and electricity from 0 – 6.8 MJ. Life cycle impact assessment was carried out using the SimaPro software version 7.2 and the Eco-indicator 99 methodology. The results showed that the environmental impact from the production of compost is related to the use of diesel which contributes to the impact categories of fossil fuel, respiratory inorganics, acidification or eutrophication and climate change. It is estimated that the composting emitted from 0.01 - 0.02 tCO2eq / tcompost mainly from diesel used to operate machineries. Based on the FT-IR spectra and TGA thermogram, the composting of oil palm biomass is affected by factors including pretreatment of raw material and the use of microbes. The most efficient process consisted of the use of shredded EFB for composting. FT-IR spectra and TGA showed that composting resulted in the loss of aliphatic structures by enrichment of amide and aromatic structures and subsequently increasing the stability of the compost. The production of compost of the three plants showed very minimal impact to environment and chemical characteristics as a potential soil conditioner.
Gamma photoconductivity of Al2O3

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The electrical conductivity of single-crystal and sintered Al 2 O 3 which occurs during bombardment with y rays has been measured in radiation fields up to 10 6 R/h, using a 60 CO source. The conductivity was different for different crystals and the largest value observed was 0.7 × 10 −16 (Ω-cm-R/h) −1 ; the value for ruby (Al 2 O 3 + 0.05 % Cr 2 O 3 ) was 100 times smaller. The filling of traps by electrons (or holes) manifested itself during the initial radiation of a specimen as a reduced conductivity until the traps were filled: the density and cross section of these traps were ~10 17 per cm 3 and ~10 −17 cm 2 , respectively. The shape of the conductivity vs. time curve during the initial radiation is explained by a model which takes into account the excitation of electrons from traps into the conduction band by the energetic electrons resulting from the gamma radiation. It is shown that this model is able to account quantitatively for the observations, if it is assumed that the time required for a secondary electron to lose energy from 10 to 2 eV is somewhat longer than the time associated with the ionization of a filled trap. Conductivity glow curves were observed in all specimens using internal polarization of the specimens and at least four distinct traps were observed with energies in the range 1–2 eV; these are thought to arise from crystal structure defects.
Parallell-Plate Electron Multipliers

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A review is given of the properties of parallel plate electron multipliers and present development work is described. In particular the type of multiplier fabricated by RF-sputtering of separate potential divider and secondary emission layers is discussed. This allows optimization of the two functions. Typical plate dimensions are 2O×2O mm, with a separation of 4326706 0.3 mm. The theories for the straight pipe-shaped multiplier and the parallel plate multipliers are discussed and a comparison is made with measurements, The influence of the geometry is discussed, including optimum plate spacing. A difference compared with tubular multipliers is that electron avalanches spread sideways, because of statistics and electric repulsion effects. Studies of pulse shapes and timing properties are reported. Current pulses at the oultput are about 10 nsec long, for each electron avalanche, Severlal superimposed avalanches caused by ionic feedback build up the integrated voltage pulse to a length of a few tenths of a μsec.
Lanthanide Ion-Doped Bismuth Titanate Nanocomposites for Ratiometric Thermometry with Low Pump Power Density

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The sensing of temperature is closely related to human life. The noncontact ratio temperature measurement method has extensive applications in biochemical monitoring and industrial production. However, optical detection techniques based on fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) still face many challenges, such as laser thermal effects, accuracy, and reversibility. In this article, the Yb3+/Er3+-codoped Bi4Ti3O12 nanocrystalline composite has been developed for thermometer. The introduction of Bi4Ti3O12 nanocrystals into the glass matrix exceptionally enhances the upconversion emission of Er3+ ions. The Yb3+/Er3+-codoped Bi4Ti3O12 nanocrystalline composite enables online temperature measurement under low power excitation density (0.75 W/cm2), which can reduce the thermal effect of the laser. In addition, Yb3+/Er3+-codoped nanocrystalline composite has excellent precision of temperature measurement in the temperature range of 293–573 K. The value of absolute sensitivity Sa is 5.2 × 10–3. The maximum value of the relative error between the measured temperature and the actual temperature does not exceed 0.4% in the reliability test, and temperature measurement has excellent repeatability. Therefore, the developed Yb3+/Er3+-codoped nanocrystalline composite is a promising candidate for ratiometric thermometry.