jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Arabs who traversed the Indian Ocean: The history of the al -'Attas family in Hadramawt and Southeast Asia, c. 1600--c. 1960.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It is generally accepted that the emigrants from Hadramawt, a region in South Arabia (currently a part of the Republic of Yemen), in the Indian Ocean operated within family networks. However, few studies of the Hadrami diaspora have focused specifically on family history. The purpose of the present study is to shed new light on the history of Hadramawt and the migration patterns of its population by following the vicissitudes of the al-'Attas family, one of the most famous sada clans from Hadramawt. The history of the family started in the seventeenth century, when its founder 'Umar b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-'Attas established himself as a political and religious authority in the town of Hurayda. Since that time, the al-'Attas family has been producing religious figures (' ulama' and sufis), entrepreneurs, secular scholars, politicians and even professional entertainers. In the world of politics, the members of the al-'Attas family held different government positions in at least four different states (Indonesia, South Yemen, Republic of Yemen and the al-Qu'ayti Sultanate). The present study shows the ability of the members of the al-'Attas family to adapt to changing political and social situations. The most important factor that enabled the family to show great adaptability was the diversity of its members in terms of their career and education. Many of them became prominent in business, political, religious, and academic spheres. This was made possible by the family's emphasis on education, whether traditional or modern, Islamic or Western. In addition, the documents recording their genealogy, their awareness of having the same ancestor, consanguineous marriages, and occasional religious ceremonies have functioned to maintain the family's unity. Despite the diversity of the careers of the members of the al-'Attas family, their historical writings focus only on the achievements of family saints, and this trend has remained virtually unchanged until today. The present study brings to light the biographies of entrepreneurs, political figures, and social activists from the al-'Attas family who were prominent in modern times, but to whom not much attention has been paid in the literature generated by the al-'Attas family.
In-line monitoring of a multi-stage drying process for battery electrodes: vol. 1—applying methods of scattered light measurement

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The drying process of battery electrodes is a crucial and expensive step in the battery manufacturing process as it significantly impacts the performance of the final cell. One major challenge is minimising high scrap rates, which has a marked impact on material efficiency and production costs. One approach is to utilise additional in-line sensors to detect and prevent defects at an early stage. Established sensor technology has been employed primarily to measure parameters prior to and subsequent to the drying process. The objective of this study is to examine the potential of a scattered light sensor for monitoring the electrode surface during drying for the first time. The sensor’s ability to detect surface roughness during drying was demonstrated in initial experiments. Further extensive investigations successfully determined the characteristic point of the onset of pore emptying by the sensor. The results suggest that in-line deployment of the scattered light sensor can be highly beneficial, particularly for multi-stage drying processes. On one hand, the sensor serves as a tool for the straightforward configuration of a multi-stage drying process, and on the other hand, for the in-line utilisation of the sensor with the aim of quality assurance.
A Study on the Agricultural Research and Extension Systems in the USA, Japan, & the Netherlands

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objectives of this study were to review on the characteristics of the Agricultural Research-Extension Systems in the USA, Japan, and the Netherlands, and to draw up its implications on Korean agricultural extension system. This study was conducted by literature reviews. Based on the reviews, the following implications and recommendations should be considered at national and local level for improvement of agricultural extension system in Korea; (1) a systemic approach on the linkages of agricultural research, extension, and farmer education, (2) strengthening on-farm utilization of newly developed agricultural technology so as to promote agricultural research and development, (3) strategic partnership with agricultural administration, (4) close networking with stake-holders, (5) setting up the flexible organizational structure for carry out agricultural extension programs, (6) integration of agricultural extension service domain, (7) introduce a IPM(integrated performance management) system, (8) establish a long-term super-vision and strategic management, (9) setting up the customer-centered extension system.
Noroviruses Represent a Significant Worldwide Disease Burden

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Noroviruses (NoVs), members of the Calicivirus family, are small, positive-polarity RNA viruses and the most important cause of human foodborne viral gastroenteritis worldwide. These viruses cause gastrointestinal disease, resulting in recurrent bouts of vomiting and diarrhea that typically last 24–48 hours. NoVs are transmitted via the fecal–oral route, most commonly through infected food or water or person-to-person contact, and result in 267 million infections [1] and over 200,000 deaths each year, mostly in infants and the elderly [2]. Vaccines and therapeutics are under development but face considerable challenges as there is no cell-culture system or small-animal model for human disease, and these viruses are highly heterogeneous and undergo antigenic variation in response to human herd immunity, further compli-cating our understanding of the complex immune interactions that regulate susceptibility and disease. Despite these limitations, considerable progress has been made in understanding NoV adaptive immunity. This article discusses our current understanding of virus–host immune interactions that regulate host susceptibility, virus evolution, and protective immunity. We focus on virion structure, serologic relationships among strains, molecular mechanisms governing the changing antigenic landscape of human NoVs over time, cellular immunity, and relationships between human herd immunity, antigenic variation, and histoblood group antigen (HBGA) recognition, which are predicted to drive the emergence of new outbreak strains that target different human populations and/or afford escape from protective herd immunity. We discuss the implications of these observations on future vaccine design.
CO2 Separation via a DDR Membrane: Mutual Influence of Mixed Gas Permeation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The permeation properties of DDR zeolite membranes in the separation of mixed gases are strongly affected by the gas species present in the mixture, their concentrations, and the operating conditions used. In this work, we investigated the mass transport properties of a DDR membrane for CO2 separation in the temperature range 25–75 °C up to 700 kPa. The influence of CO2 on the permeation of the other mixed gases as well as how the latter affects CO2 permeation were systematically investigated. The low temperature significantly emphasized the difference between single and mixed gas permeation, reflected in higher CO2 selectivity. In particular, the highest selectivity values were 28 and 17 when CO2 was mixed with N2 and H2, respectively, whereas the CO2 permeance exceeded 1.5 times the single gas value (i.e., 18 nmol m–2 Pa–1 s–1) for a 40:60 CO2/H2 mixture, being about 29 nmol m–2 Pa–1 s–1. The CO2 concentration in mixed gas significantly affected both permeance and selectivity, which was up to 5 times more in the presence of H2 with respect to that with a single gas.
Improvement of noncoherent orthogonal coding by time overlapping

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A simple way to increase the performance of noncoherent orthogonal coding is suggested. The idea is to overlap the transmitted symbols in time using an appropriate set of symbols. The best upper bound of the possible performance improvement in terms of Eb/N0 when transmitting over the AWGN channel is proven to be M/(M-1). An example of a set of orthogonal symbols which can be overlapped to achieve this bound is the Walsh functions. The theory is a generalisation of the relation which exists between binary FSK and differential PSK for M-ary orthogonal noncoherent modulation.
Impact of barometric pressure on adhesive small bowel obstruction: A retrospective study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Adhesive small bowel obstruction (ASBO) is one of the most common causes of postoperative morbidity. According to Boyle’s law, decreased barometric pressure causes the volume of intestinal gas to expand. We aimed to elucidate the relationship between barometric pressure and ASBO. Methods We divided 215 admissions of 120 patients with ASBO into three groups: fasting group with response to fasting (n = 51); decompression group with successful treatment of gastrointestinal decompression (n = 104); and surgery group that required emergency or elective surgery to treat ASBO (n = 60). We compared and examined clinical backgrounds, findings on admission, and barometric pressure during the peri-onset period (29 days: from 14 days before to 14 days after the onset of ASBO). Results There were significant difference among the three groups in gender, history of ASBO, hospital length of stay, and barometric pressure on the onset day of ASBO. Barometric pressure on the onset day was significantly higher in the fasting group than in the decompression group ( p = 0.005). During pre-onset day 5 to post-onset day 2, fluctuations in the barometric pressure in the fasting and decompression groups showed reciprocal changes with a symmetrical axis overlapping the median barometric pressure in Matsumoto City, and the fluctuations tapered over time after onset. In the fasting group, the barometric pressure on the onset day was significantly higher than that on pre-onset days 14, 11, 7, 4, 3, 2; post-onset days 3, 10; and the median pressure in Matsumoto City. Conversely, in the decompression group, the barometric pressure on the onset day was lower than that on pre-onset days 14, 5 − 2; post-onset days 1, 2, 7, 8, 11, 13, 14; and the median pressure in Matsumoto City. In the surgery group, the barometric pressure on the onset day was equivalent to those on the other days. Conclusion ASBO with response to conservative treatment is vulnerable to barometric pressure. Additionally, ASBO successfully treated with fasting and decompression is associated with a different barometric pressure on the onset day and reciprocal fluctuations in the barometric pressure during the peri-onset period.
Immersive E-Learning Resources: Design Methods

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Proper design is the basis for the success of any application development, regardless of industry and field of application. This fully applies to both software design and learning design. Designing e-learning resources is a hybrid activity that significantly increases risks due to the speed of technological change. The risks are even greater when it comes to technologies of increased attention - immersive. In this regard, it is important to develop design methods for immersive e-learning resources – educational, scientific, informational, reference materials and tools used in an immersive environment, reproduced by immersive technical tools, and necessary for effective organization of the educational process.
Treatment of Cellulite Using a 1440-nm Pulsed Laser With One-Year Follow-Up

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Cellulite is characterized by a thickened hypodermal fat layer, along with hypodermal fat lobules that extend upward into the dermis, expanding and stretching the fibrous septae that separate the fat lobules. Eventually, the septae sclerose, contract, and harden, holding the skin at an inflexible length while the surrounding tissue continues to expand.
Media Preparation for E. coli growth for Cell-free Protein Synthesis v1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cell-free protein synthesis reactions require cell-free extract derived from rapidly dividing E. coli cells to produce high yields of protein therapeutics, antigens, enzymes, vaccines, and other proteins. Standard protocols use 2xYTPG media for cell growth. This protocol is for making 1 L of 2xYTPG media. Read more on cell-free protein synthesis here: https://www.swiftscalebio.com/blog/cell-free-protein-synthesis
Techno-Economic Feasibility of Producing High-Protein Tofu from Chickpeas: Process Design and Nutrient Recovery

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study presents a comprehensive assessment of tofu production from whole chickpeas as a plant-based protein alternative for sustainable food systems and humanitarian use. A novel process comprising soaking, wet milling, starch sedimentation, thermal coagulation, and optional drying yielded tofu with 56.2% protein (dry basis). Byproducts, including starch and okara, were also recovered and characterized. Nutrient recovery analysis, relative to seed nutrient content, showed that tofu retained most of the protein (59.1%) and fat (43.2%), okara accounted for the majority of fiber (34.5%) with residual protein (13.5%) and fat (16.7%), while the starch fraction primarily contained net carbohydrates (21.6%). Techno-economic modeling showed that fresh tofu can be produced with minimal inputs and an estimated thermal requirement of 0.798 kWh/kg, while tofu powder required 4.109 kWh/kg; both represent idealized values assuming no heat loss or system inefficiency. Theoretical energy minima were estimated under idealized assumptions, and broader environmental and food security implications are discussed as perspectives. Unlike soy, chickpeas carry a low allergenic risk, which may enhance suitability for population-wide feeding interventions. Broader implications for sustainable development goals (hunger, health, climate action) and humanitarian applications are discussed as perspectives. Chickpea tofu may represent a viable shelf-stable protein platform for local and emergency food systems.
Experimental characterization of a laboratory centrifugal separator

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A 7.5 cm (3″) Knelson centrifugal separator was used to recover free gold from a high grade stock sample. Feed rate, density, size distribution and fluidizing water pressure were systematically tested.Operated at the suggested water pressure (33 kPa), gold recovery at low to intermediate feed rate (0.3–0.6kg/min) was 89 or 95% of what was found recoverable by amalgamation. Gangue density was the most significant input variable, as gold recovery dropped to 66% at high flow rate (2.1 kg/min) with a gangue of 4.0 g/cm3 , compared to 87–88% at the original density, 3.2 g/cm3 , and low flow rate (0.4 kg/min). Recovery decreased slightly with decreasing fluidizing water pressure, and increased slightly as gangue size increased, at the low gangue density. Recoveries were high for most size classes, with slight decreases for the –37 and 105–300 μm classes. These are attributed to fines recovery and particle shape problems, respectively.The implications of the study are discussed both for plant and lab operation. Résumé On a déterminé l'effet du taux, de la granulométrie et de la densité spécifique d'alimentation et de la pression de fluidisation d'un concentrateur Knelson de 7.5 cm sur la récupération de l'or contenu dans un échantillon à haute teneur (150 g/t).Le Knelson, à une pression d'eau de fluidisation de 33 kPa, a donné une récupération d'or de 89%, soit 95% de l'or amalgamable. La densité de la gangue s'est avérée la variable d'opération la plus importante, surtout à taux d'alimentation élevé ainsi, la récupération chute de 87–88 à 66% lorsque la densité de la gangue passe de 3.2 à 4.0 g/cm3 , et le taux d'alimentation augmente de 0.4 à 2.1 kg/min. La récupération baisse légèrement si la pression d'eau diminue de 30–40 à 13 kPa, ou la granulométrie de l'alimentation augmente d'un F80 de 200 à 800 μm (lorsque la densité spécifique de la gangue augmente est peu élevée, 2.8 g/cm3). Pour la plupart des essais, la récupération de chacune des classes granulométriques était élevée, saufpour le –37 μm et le 105–300μm. Pour ces classes, on attribue la baisse de récupération à deux causes diffèrentes, soit un probléme de récupération des fines et un autre de récupération des flocons. On discute de l'impact de ces résultats sur l'opération des Knelsons en usine et en laboratoire.
Validation of the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Third Edition in patients with stroke

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The TVPS-3 has acceptable convergent validity, ecological validity, and discriminative validity and is useful to assess the visual perception in patients with stroke. Implications for rehabilitation The Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Third Edition is a motor free visual perception test, which is an adequate tool for use in patients with stroke. The Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Third Edition showed acceptable ecological validity, convergent validity, and discriminative validity in patients with stroke.
[Multidrug or pleiotropic resistance].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The resistance to cytotoxic drugs represents a major obstacle to successful cancer therapy. The intrinsic resistance of tumoral cells is one of major causes of treatment failure. The overexpression of a membrane associated glycoprotein, P-glycoprotein, in tumoral cell lines, resistant to a wide range of drugs, permitted the description of a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. This P-glycoprotein, which appears to play a role in drug efflux is encoded by the mdr1 gene in humans. The frequent mdr1 gene overexpression in clinically resistant tumours suggest that this gene may be the cause of treatment failure in human cancer. This review summarizes recent developments in this area, which suggest that both the activity of the pump and its genetic regulation are potential targets for new anticancer therapies.
Outcomes of Acute Pancreatitis Treatment in the Cannabis Users: A Nationwide Propensity Matched Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Cannabis is most commonly used illicit drug in the world and is also one of the most commonly abused drugs among alcohol drinkers. Experimental studies have shown conflicting results on the effects of cannabis on the severity and outcomes of acute pancreatitis (AP). The purpose of this study is to ascertain the clinical effects and outcomes in AP in cannabis users by using the largest nationwide propensity-matched cluster. Methods: We assessed the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from Jan. 2010-Dec. 2014 and identified adult AP patients and relevant comorbidities with and without cannabis use using ICD-9 CM codes (Table 1). Propensity-score matching was performed using multivariate analysis while adjusting for potential confounders, and categorical & continuous variables were compared in matched cohorts using Chi-square and Student’s T-test, respectively. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and other complications, whereas secondary outcomes were the length of stay (LOS) (days) and total hospital charges. Results: The propensity-matched clusters comprised of 5576 patients in both the groups(Table 2). Results were non-significant for all-cause mortality (11%vs. 15% p=0.432) but they were significant for lesser need for total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (1.6% vs. 2.5% p=0.001) in the cannabis-AP group. There were no significant differences in complication rates of SIRS (1.7% vs. 2.0%, p=0.265), acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) (1.4%vs.1.7% p=0.164), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) (0.00%vs.0.1% p=0.095), peritonitis (0.3%vs. 0.3% p=0.857), pancreatic pseudocysts/necrosis (8.3%vs.9.3% p=0.057) between both the groups. The hospital stay was shorter (mean 4.0 vs 4.4 days) and total hospital charges were lower (mean $26,107.40 vs $29,756.74) in cannabis-AP group (p<0.001) Conclusion: This study is our attempt to compare outcomes in AP patients in relation to cannabis use using the largest US inpatient database where we found a lesser need for TPN, shorter LOS and lower hospital charges, which appear to be inter-related. Complication rates tended to be lower but non-significant for the presence of SIRS, lower all-cause in-hospital mortality, development of pancreatic pseudocyst/necrosis, ARDS, and DIC. The results should be interpreted with caution because of inability to adjust multiple other confounding factors and lack of information about type, timing, route, amount, and duration of the cannabis consumption.93_A Figure 1. No Caption available.93_B Figure 2. No Caption available.
natural experiments and quasi-natural experiments

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Natural experiments or quasi-natural experiments in economics are serendipitous situations in which persons are assigned randomly to a treatment (or multiple treatments) and a control group, and outcomes are analysed for the purposes of putting a hypothesis to a severe test; they are also serendipitous situations where assignment to treatment ‘approximates’ randomized design or a well-controlled experiment.