jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS RELATED TO CURVE SQUEALING IN THE RAILWAY SYSTEM

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

LONG-TERM-MEASUREMENTS Studies of literatures and discussions with operators, showed that often only a distinction between wet, moist, smeared and dry conditions were made. Differentiations between different trains, wheels and speeds were not discussed. Long-term-observations showed an important influence of these factors. The database consists of more then a thousand train passages of accelerating or passing by trains. Trains slowing down were not considered, as break noise could falsify the results. For this purpose specific measurement equipment was designed [2]. The equipment recorded: meteorological data (air temperature, rail temperature, air humidity), acoustic noise, rail vibrations, train speed, running direction and recording time. More over the composition of the single train was collected. Rail traffic was quite homogeneous, consisting of mainly four types of suburban trains and a few freight trains crossed the automatic measurement plant. Because suburban trains of one particular type were the loudest and at the same time the most frequently passing trains, four representative trains of this type were selected for further signal investigation, corresponding to 524 train passages. The intuitive expectation has been to obtain a clear dependence of squealing on humidity and rainfall, but the recorded data didn’t validate these expectations. Moreover some trains squealed during a period while others didn’t. This meant that different trains, although consisting of the same type of vehicles, differed in a relevant way from each other. By use of the Doppler effect, it could be established whether a wheel set squealed at the measurement location or not. The analysis showed that only a few wheels were subjected to squeal. The analyses of the acoustic signals show that the considered trains commonly squealed at a frequency in the range from 4000 to 4700 Hz.
“You’re not smart enough for it. You can’t do it anyway.” - Experiences and Coping Strategies of Female System Administrators

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The profession of system administration is currently very male-dominated. This is also reflected in research on system administrators which largely relies on male-dominated samples as well. We conducted and analyzed 8 interviews with female system administrators working in Germany and investigated the experiences they encounter in their professional and private environments. Our findings show that female system administrators make negative as well as positive gender-specific experiences. To deal with the negative experiences the female system administrators have developed certain coping strategies. These include adapting to their male-dominated environment in terms of language and dress choices, confronting misbehaving colleagues or clients and even exploiting existing gender stereotypes to their advantage. Furthermore, our results highlight the huge impact that both professional and personal environment can have on female system administrators.
Digital Multimedia Television System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper provides a functional solution for design and implementation of multimedia TV systems from a technical and practical aspect. The multimedia TV system can be used as the educational laboratory and in the TV content production. The paper shows structure of a TV system, functional block diagram of implemented video and audio system with enabled connections of the devices in the system. In paper is presented a method for connecting TV equipment for professional production and broadcasting but also can be used as educational laboratory. The implemented TV system is designed to produce content of various video formats, so that content can be transmitted and produced up to 4K resolution. The laboratory is designed in that way where all signals that are received and sent can be analyzed and measured. The laboratory is implemented at a higher education institution and also can be implemented in other educational institutions, as well as in professional television stations.
Factors associated with bone marrow stem cell yield for pediatric allogeneic stem cell transplantation: The impact of donor characteristics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of donor characteristics on CD 34 + cell yield in BM harvest. Between April 2010 and November 2013, consecutive donors who underwent BM harvesting in our BM transplantation unit were retrospectively investigated. Donors were classified into two groups: those who donated BM without mobilization (steady‐state BM donors) and those who received G‐ CSF for stem cell mobilization (G‐ CSF ‐primed BM donors). Donor characteristics (age, gender, race, body weight, BMI, and laboratory factors including donor's leukocyte, platelet, and monocyte) and their relationship with total nuclear cell and CD 34 + cell numbers has been evaluated. A total of 64 healthy related donors (29 males/35 females, median age 11.2 years; 49 [76.6%] younger than 18 and 36 [56.3%] younger than 12 years) were included in the study. The median CD 34 + cell yield in the harvest was 0.12×10 6 /L (0.02‐0.21) in SS ‐ BM donors and 0.18×10 6 /L (0.09‐0.67) in GP ‐ BM donors ( P =.03). Median of CD 34 + cell count given to recipients was 2.6×10 6 /recipient body weight (1.3‐19.3) in SS ‐ BM yields and 3.8×10 6 /recipient body weight (1.1‐10.2) in GP ‐ BM yields, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that donor height and pre‐G‐ CSF platelet were the most important parameters to obtain a sufficient BM harvest. Our data suggest that the shorter donors and the donors with higher thrombocyte counts may offer more hematopoietic stem cell. The height and thrombocyte count of the donors should be taken into consideration before planning the targeted CD 34 + cell count especially for pediatric donors.
Controlling Grain Size and Continuous Layer Growth in Two-Dimensional MoS<sub>2</sub> Films for Nanoelectronic Device Application

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We report that control over the grain size and lateral growth of monolayer MoS 2 film, yielding a uniform large-area monolayer MoS 2 film, can be achieved by submitting the SiO 2 surfaces of the substrates to oxygen plasma treatment and modulating substrate temperature in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images and Raman spectra revealed that the MoS 2 lateral growth could be controlled by the surface treatment conditions and process temperatures. Moreover, the obtained monolayer MoS 2 films showed excellent scalable uniformity covering a centimeter-scale SiO 2 /Si substrates, which was confirmed with Raman and photoluminescence mapping studies. Transmission electron microscopy measurements revealed that the MoS 2 film of the monolayer was largely single crystalline in nature. Back-gate field effect transistors based on a CVD-grown uniform monolayer MoS 2 film showed a good current on/off ratio of ~10 6 and a field effect mobility of 7.23 cm 2 /V·s. Our new approach to growing MoS 2 films is anticipated to advance studies of MoS 2 or other transition metal dichalcogenide material growth mechanisms and to facilitate the mass production of uniform high-quality MoS 2 films for the commercialization of a variety of applications.
Covalent Modifications as Targets and Means for Research in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A reported 33% of eukaryotic proteins are predicted to contain intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) over 30 residues in length. IDRs are regions of protein which natively exist in an unfolded conformation. Due to their highly dynamic nature, many common methods of inquiry such as crystallography and NMR can be thwarted. As a result, valuable analysis such as probing function, dynamics and binding interfaces are unable to be performed. To minimize these problems, researchers typically study shorter IDRs. We probed fragments of plant protein villin 4 (VLN4) for covalent modifications to explore its regulation and degradation. Disordered regions of proteins have greater solvent accessibility compared to their folded counterparts. This results in various post translational modifications, a common method of protein regulation. The protein VLN4 is vital to the development of roots and understanding its regulation could greatly benefit agriculture. Thus, VLN4 was examined for degradation, ubiquitination, and phosphorylation.\nComplimentarily, overcoming challenges of IDR research can be done by targeting the IDR with covalent modification via sortase-mediated ligation (SML). In NMR, large IDRs create substantial spectral overlap in the 1H dimension for backbone amide protons. By introducing isotopically labeled residues with SML, this overlap can be greatly reduced and allow for characterization of longer IDRs. Through the use of authentic IDRs with extreme pentapeptide residue properties on N- and C- terminal flanking regions of LPXTG motifs, ligation efficiencies were characterized, followed by identification and optimization of problematic sortase ligation sequences.
Correlation of P300 ERPs with visual stimuli and its application to vigilance detection

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Vigilance or sustained attention is defined as the ability to maintain concentrated attention over prolonged time periods. It is an important aspect in industries such as aerospace and nuclear power, which involve tremendous man-machine interaction and where safety of any component/system or environment as a whole is extremely crucial. Many methods for vigilance detection, based on biological and behavioral characteristics, have been proposed in the literature. Nevertheless, the existing methods are associated with high time complexity, unhandy devices and incur huge equipment overhead. This paper aims to pave an alternative solution to the existing techniques using brain computing interface (BCI). EEG device being a non-invasive BCI technique is popular in many applications. In this work, we have utilized P300 component of ERPs of EEG signal for vigilance detection task as it can be detected fast and accurately. Through this work, we aim to establish the correlation between P300 ERP and vigilance. We have performed a number of experiments to substantiate the correctness of our proposal and have also proposed an approach to measure the vigilance level.
Transient behavior of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone associated with eastward eddy shedding

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Earth and Space Science Open Archive This work has been accepted for publication in Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. Version of RecordESSOAr is a venue for early communication or feedback before peer review. Data may be preliminary. Learn more about preprints. preprintOpen AccessYou are viewing the latest version by default [v1]Transient behavior of the Asian summer monsoon anticyclone associated with eastward eddy sheddingAuthorsXinyueWangiDWilliam J.RandeliDLaura LPaniDYutianWuPengfeiZhangSee all authors Xinyue WangiDCorresponding Author• Submitting AuthorNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchiDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1848-1933view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressWilliam J. RandeliDNational Center for Atmospheric Research (UCAR)iDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5999-7162view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressLaura L PaniDNational Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)iDhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7377-2114view email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressYutian WuLamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia Universityview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email addressPengfei ZhangUniversity of California Los Angelesview email addressThe email was not providedcopy email address
What Does Hope Mean to People? The Lay Construct of Hope under Achievement-Oriented Settings in Australia, Italy and South Korea

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The existing conceptualisation of hope in psychology generally emphasises the cognitive aspects of achievement-related hope, such as goal settings, agency, and goal pursuit. However, this cognitive approach has been criticised because it tends to neglect the situational, emotional, and relational aspects of hope. Therefore, it is necessary to ask whether the existing conceptualisation of hope fails to account for all aspects of achievement-related hope. The present chapter explores how lay people conceptualise hope under achievement-oriented settings and whether aspects of such hope not captured in current psychological research can be illuminated. Data was obtained from undergraduate students across three countries with different historical and cultural backgrounds (Australia, Italy, and South Korea). Qualitative analyses revealed interesting similarities and differences across these countries. Results regarding situational qualities of hope suggested that understanding hope merely as a personal trait is a limited view. Additionally, personal, relational, and social motivations for hope were found in all three countries. However, differences across countries regarding how each type of motivation varied in frequency suggested cultural differences inconsistent with academic theories of cultural values. Furthermore, attributions participants associated with their achieved and failed hopes suggested that personal difficulties sometimes drove people to achieve their hopes, implying that people can hold hopes sometimes without actually expecting to achieve them. Finally, behavioural consequences of hope that participants currently held, previously achieved, or failed to achieve were further investigated. The findings supported the view that the purely cognitive focus on hope in psychological research is limited even under achievement-oriented settings. We recommend that future research into hope be conducted without any particular constraints (such as hope for goal achievement only, as in this study) in order to further reveal the various ways people construct and experience hope in their lives.
Three‐dimensional printer use in the Australian and New Zealand radiation therapy setting

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction This cross‐sectional survey aimed to collect data from radiation therapy departments around Australia and New Zealand to establish a baseline of 3D printer and product use. Methods Each department in Australia and New Zealand was contacted to determine the most appropriate person to answer the survey. A Microsoft Forms link to the survey was sent to the individual. The survey contained 47 questions in relation to what 3D printing device departments had (if any), how it was being utilised, and what 3D printed products were in use. Results A total of 112 departments completed the survey (100% response rate), with 22.3% reporting 3D printer ownership, and thirty‐four departments (30.4%) outsourcing 3D printed products. The primary use of 3D printers was bolus production (60.9%). Public departments represented 84% of printer ownership, while private departments were the greatest users of outsourced 3D printed products (91.4%). 3D Slicer was the most common software used for Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) file conversion (42.3%), while polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were the most common filaments in use, 46% and 14%, respectively. Conclusion This research established a baseline for 3D printer and product use within the Australian and New Zealand radiotherapy setting.
Risk Loadings in Classification Ratemaking

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The risk premium of a policy is the sum of the pure premium and the risk loading. In the classification ratemaking process, generalized linear models are usually used to calculate pure premiums, and various premium principles are applied to derive the risk loadings. No matter which premium principle is used, some risk loading parameters should be given in advance subjectively. To overcome this subjective problem and calculate the risk premium more reasonably and objectively, we propose a top-down method to calculate these risk loading parameters. First, we implement the bootstrap method to calculate the total risk premium of the portfolio. Then, under the constraint that the portfolio's total risk premium should equal the sum of the risk premiums of each policy, the risk loading parameters are determined. During this process, besides using generalized linear models, three kinds of quantile regression models are also applied, namely, traditional quantile regression model, fully parametric quantile regression model, and quantile regression model with coefficient functions. The empirical result shows that the risk premiums calculated by the method proposed in this study can reasonably differentiate the heterogeneity of different risk classes.
II. Separation and Delegation of Powers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Montesquieu may have been inaccurate in his description of the English system of government of his time and a poor prophet of the developments that were to take place in it, but he certainly proved an excellent forecaster of one of the major trends in American political development. Montesquieu believed that in order to safeguard liberty it was necessary to separate the powers of government and to vest them in legislative, executive, and judicial departments. When the framers of the Constitution of the United States vested the legislative, the judicial, and the executive powers of government in the three departments, they were doubtless following the ideas of Montesquieu as well as generalizing from the hard experiences of early state and Confederation years. The doctrine that a department to which certain powers of government have been assigned may not grant them to another department and thus frustrate the principle of the separation of powers is often called the doctrine of the delegation of powers. This doctrine is a corollary of the doctrine of the separation of powers. It might also be thought of as a sanction of that doctrine. To think of the doctrines of separation and delegation of powers without reference to their qualifications may give one a misleading idea of both Montesquieu and the American system of government, and it is important to remember that Montesquieu himself introduced the idea of checks and balances in his formulation of the doctrine of the separation of powers. He also seems to have anticipated the charge that a rigid separation would be unworkable. Practical observer and reformer that he was, he saw the necessity for making it possible to have the legislative and executive branches of government work together, and he believed that in his proposed system of government he not only had protected liberty, but had made it easy for the government to function effectively. In his discussion of the constitution of England, he stated that: “These three powers should naturally form a state of repose or inaction. But as there is a necessity for movement in the course of human affairs, they are forced to move, but still in concert.”
How Oscillations persist through chains of Excitable cells and in large noise-driven Excitable systems

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Our goal is to understand how excitable cells and oscillatory cells interact with each other and, ultimately, decide if excitable cells can generate macroscopic oscillations that persist in these networks. We begin by studying a one-dimensional chain model of this: oscillatory cells coupled indirectly with excitable cells in between. We have three main systems: OE, OEO, and OEEO. We show that with the right coupling strength, one can get the two oscillators on the ends to synchronize (or not synchronize) and the system exhibits $m$:$n$ locking patterns. \n \nIn our second project, we remove the chain constraint and focus on just all-to-all coupled excitable cells. However, these will not create oscillations alone so we added noise to these cells so the cells can oscillate randomly in the network. We perform mean-field theory (MFT) methods on this system and chose Gaussian white noise as well as different heterogeneous noise distributions. We find that macroscopic oscillations can occur as long as one has the right set of parameters, the right noise distribution, and/or the right coupling function. \n \nIn the final project, we combine the first two projects: we take the noisy excitable cells, which we know can create oscillations, and we couple each cell to a single oscillator. When the noise level is zero, this is equivalent to one oscillator and one excitable cell coupled to each other (our OE model from the first project). Hence, we find $m$:$n$ locking patterns again. This last project investigates how large the noise level can become before the $m$:$n$ locking patterns become unstable. We notice that using heterogeneous noise allows for the noise threshold to be larger than when using Gaussian noise.
Correction: Household Transmission of Rotavirus in a Community with Rotavirus Vaccination in Quininde, Ecuador

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background:We studied the transmission of rotavirus infection in households in peri-urban Ecuador in the vaccination era.Methods: Stool samples were collected from household contacts of child rotavirus cases, diarrhea controls and healthy controls following presentation of the index child to health facilities.Rotavirus infection status of contacts was determined by RT-qPCR.We examined factors associated with transmissibility (index-case characteristics) and susceptibility (householdcontact characteristics).Results: Amongst cases, diarrhea controls and healthy control household contacts, infection attack rates (iAR) were 55%, 8% and 2%, (n = 137, 130, 137) respectively.iARs were higher from index cases with vomiting, and amongst siblings.Disease ARs were higher when the index child was ,18 months and had vomiting, with household contact ,10 years and those sharing a room with the index case being more susceptible.We found no evidence of asymptomatic infections leading to disease transmission. Conclusion:Transmission rates of rotavirus are high in households with an infected child, while background infections are rare.We have identified factors associated with transmission (vomiting/young age of index case) and susceptibility (young age/sharing a room/being a sibling of the index case).Vaccination may lead to indirect benefits by averting episodes or reducing symptoms in vaccinees.
Cassettes, Films, and the Partner System: Adding a New Dimension to the Conversation Class

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT A one‐unit conversational module of an elementary German class was used as a pilot for an innovative method which sought to increase the student's fluency and interest by deemphasizing the role of the teacher as drill‐master and stressing student communication on a one‐to‐one basis. The class was divided into pairs of students who worked together as partners throughout the semester. Each set of partners received an audio cassette containing ‘personalized’ dialogues which focused on each partner's life and interests. The dialogues were learned at home and practiced in class. The roles of the partners in the dialogues were played by native speakers. Each cassette also contained a set of humorous variation drills based on the dialogues. For variety, there was visual reinforcement in the form of super‐8 films, which depicted the situations recorded on cassette.