jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pyrroloquinoline quinone: a potential neuroprotective compound for neurodegenerative diseases targeting metabolism

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a quinone described as a cofactor for many bacterial dehydrogenases and is reported to exert an effect on metabolism in mammalian cells/tissues. Pyrroloquinoline quinone is present in the diet being available in foodstuffs, conferring the potential of this compound to be supplemented by dietary administration. Pyrroloquinoline quinone’s nutritional role in mammalian health is supported by the extensive deficits in reproduction, growth, and immunity resulting from the dietary absence of pyrroloquinoline quinone, and as such, pyrroloquinoline quinone has been considered as a “new vitamin.” Although the classification of pyrroloquinoline quinone as a vitamin needs to be properly established, the wide range of benefits for health provided has been reported in many studies. In this respect, pyrroloquinoline quinone seems to be particularly involved in regulating cell signaling pathways that promote metabolic and mitochondrial processes in many experimental contexts, thus dictating the rationale to consider pyrroloquinoline quinone as a vital compound for mammalian life. Through the regulation of different metabolic mechanisms, pyrroloquinoline quinone may improve clinical deficits where dysfunctional metabolism and mitochondrial activity contribute to induce cell damage and death. Pyrroloquinoline quinone has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective properties in different experimental models of neurodegeneration, although the link between pyrroloquinoline quinone-promoted metabolism and improved neuronal viability in some of such contexts is still to be fully elucidated. Here, we review the general properties of pyrroloquinoline quinone and its capacity to modulate metabolic and mitochondrial mechanisms in physiological contexts. In addition, we analyze the neuroprotective properties of pyrroloquinoline quinone in different neurodegenerative conditions and consider future perspectives for pyrroloquinoline quinone’s potential in health and disease.
Can a Doctrine of Precedent Be Justified in Investment Treaty Arbitration?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Can a Doctrine of Precedent Be Justified in Investment Treaty Arbitration? Get access Zachary Douglas Zachary Douglas *Matrix Chambers & University of Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ICSID Review - Foreign Investment Law Journal, Volume 25, Issue 1, Spring 2010, Pages 104–110, https://doi.org/10.1093/icsidreview/25.1.104 Published: 01 March 2010
Analysis of Pathogen Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance in Bone and Joint Infections Among Young Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Regional variations existed in the distribution of pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in children under four years old with BJIs. In our hospital, the most common pathogen is S. aureus, with MRSA accounting for approximately one-fourth of all S. aureus patients. Additionally, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing G- bacteria have been identified, underscoring the importance of careful consideration during empirical antibiotic therapy.
Sequences in the intergenic spacer influence RNA Pol I transcription from the human rRNA promoter

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In most eucaryotic species, ribosomal genes are tandemly repeated about 100-5000 times per haploid genome. The 43 Kb human rDNA repeat consists of a 13 Kb coding region for the 18S, 5.8S, 28S ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and transcribed spacers separated by a 30 Kb intergenic spacer. For species such as frog, mouse and rat, sequences in the intergenic spacer other than the gene promoter have been shown to modulate transcription of the ribosomal gene. These sequences are spacer promoters, enhancers and the terminator for spacer transcription. We are addressing whether the human ribosomal gene promoter is similarly influenced. In-vitro transcription run-off assays have revealed that the 4.5 kb region (CBE), directly upstream of the gene promoter, has cis-stimulation and trans-competition properties. This suggests that the CBE fragment contains an enhancer(s) for ribosomal gene transcription. Further experiments have shown that a fragment ({approximately}1.6 kb) within the CBE fragment also has trans-competition function. Deletion subclones of this region are being tested to delineate the exact sequences responsible for these modulating activities. Previous sequence analysis and functional studies have revealed that CBE contains regions of DNA capable of adopting alternative structures such as bent DNA, Z-DNA, and triple-stranded DNA. Whether these structures aremore » required for modulating transcription remains to be determined as does the specific DNA-protein interaction involved.« less
Variated Cultural Imagery of the Daodejing in the German-Speaking World Based on “Foreignization”: The Case of Dao and De

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

“Foreignization” (taguohua, 他国化) is an important concept in the Variation Theory of Comparative Literature. Through the collision, fusion and heterogeneous absorption of cross-heterogeneous cultural exchanges, the culture and discourse principles of one country are adapted through localization by the receiving country, resulting in what this theory calls “foreignization”. Global Laozegetics continues its traditional interpretive-oriented stance by examining translations of the Daodejing from a Laozegetics perspective, demonstrating a new development in the study of Laozi’s doctrine. Thus, there is a need to explore new perspectives in the research on the German translations of the Daodejing. Taking the cultural imagery Dao and De as examples, this paper explores the background and causes of “foreignization” in German translations of the Daodejing and its impact on the dissemination of Laozi’s doctrine in the German-speaking world, summarizing its formation path and possible problems, with the goal of shedding light on the overseas dissemination of Chinese classics represented by the Daodejing.
Cascade pathway of filopodia formation downstream of SCAR

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The protrusion of two distinct actin-containing organelles, lamellipodia and filopodia, is thought to be regulated by two parallel pathways: from Rac1 through Scar/WAVEs to lamellipodia, and from Cdc42 through N-WASP to filopodia. We tested this hypothesis in Drosophila, which contains a single gene for each WASP subfamilies, SCAR and WASp. We performed targeted depletion of SCAR or WASp by dsRNA-mediated interference in two Drosophila cultured cell lines expressing lamellipodial and filopodial protrusion. Knockdown was verified by laser capture microdissection and RT-PCR, as well as western blotting. Morphometrical, kinetic and electron microscopy analyses of the SCAR-depleted phenotype in both cell types revealed strong inhibition of lamellipodial formation and cell spreading, as expected. More importantly, filopodia formation was also strongly inhibited, which is not consistent with the parallel pathway hypothesis. By contrast, depletion of WASp did not produce any significant phenotype, except for a slight inhibition of spreading, showing that both lamellipodia and filopodia in Drosophila cells are regulated predominantly by SCAR. We propose a new, cascade pathway model of filopodia regulation in which SCAR signals to lamellipodia and then filopodia arise from lamellipodia in response to additional signal(s).
Radiation Damage of Support Films

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The goal of imaging the finest detail possible in biological specimens leads to contradictory requirements for the choice of an electron dose. The dose should be as low as possible to minimize object damage, yet as high as possible to optimize image statistics. For specimens that are protected by low temperatures or for which the low resolution associated with negative stain is acceptable, the first condition may be partially relaxed, allowing the use of (for example) 6 to 10 e/Å 2 . However, this medium dose is marginal for obtaining the contrast transfer function (CTF) of the microscope, which is necessary to allow phase corrections to the image. We have explored two parameters that affect the CTF under medium dose conditions. Figure 1 displays the CTF for carbon (C, row 1) and triafol plus carbon (T+C, row 2). For any column, the images to which the CTF correspond were from a carbon covered hole (C) and the adjacent triafol plus carbon support film (T+C), both recorded on the same micrograph; therefore the imaging parameters of defocus, illumination angle, and electron statistics were identical.
Solution Structure of an RNA Internal Loop with Three Consecutive Sheared GA Pairs,

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Internal loops in RNA are important for folding and function. Many folding motifs are internal loops containing GA base pairs, which are usually thermodynamically stabilizing, i.e., contribute favorable free energy to folding. Understanding the sequence dependence of folding stability and structure in terms of molecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and base stacking, will provide a foundation for predicting stability and structure. Here, we report the NMR structure of the oligonucleotide duplex, 5'GGUGGAGGCU3'/3'PCCGAAGCCG5' (P = purine), containing an unusually stable and relatively abundant internal loop, 5'GGA3'/3'AAG5'. This loop contains three consecutive sheared GA pairs (trans Hoogsteen/Sugar edge AG) with separate stacks of three G's and three A's in a row. The thermodynamic consequences of various nucleotide substitutions are also reported. Significant destabilization of approximately 2 kcal/mol at 37 degrees C is found for substitution of the middle GA with AA to form 5'GAA3'/3'AAG5'. This destabilization correlates with a unique base stacking and hydrogen-bonding network within the 5'GGA3'/3'AAG5' loop. Interestingly, the motifs, 5'UG3'/3'GA5' and 5'UG3'/3'AA5', have stability similar to 5'CG3'/3'GA5' even though UG and UA pairs are usually less stable than CG pairs. Consecutive sheared GA pairs in the 5'GGA3'/3'AAG5' loop are preorganized for potential tertiary interactions and ligand binding.
HPB SO76 - Is there a difference in liver transplant outcomes between daytime vs nighttime transplants?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Liver transplantation (LT) is the most effective treatment for end-stage liver disease. Night-time transplantations are often scheduled to minimize cold ischemia time (CIT), but they may pose challenges due to potential fatigue and circadian rhythm disruptions among surgical teams. This study aims to investigate the effect of transplant timing on the outcomes of liver transplant patients. Method A preliminary retrospective analysis was conducted on liver transplants performed between January and May 2018. Surgeries were categorized into daytime (8:00 am–8:00 pm) and nighttime (8:00 pm–8.00 am) groups. Outcomes examined included operative time, early mortality, complications (wound, vascular, biliary, and other) occurring within 30 days post-surgery, CIT, re-transplantation, length of ITU stay and length of hospital stay. Results The nighttime group, the mean recipient age was 50.17 years (SD 10.86). Surgery duration averaged 5.67 hours (SD 1.57) with a mean CIT of 8.08 hours (SD 2.41). The average hospital stay was 14days, with 1-year and 3-year survival rates of 100% and 95.68%. Acute rejection occurred in 8.7% of patients. The daytime group, the mean recipient age was 51.83 years (SD 10.86). Surgery duration averaged 5.05 hours (SD 1.20) with a mean CIT of 7.31 hours (SD 1.97). Hospital stays averaged 12.88days, with 1-year and 3-year survival rates of 97.2% and 91.67%. Acute rejection occurred in 13.9% of patients. Conclusion The preliminary results suggest slight differences in outcomes between the two groups, but a larger cohort of patients needs to be analyzed to determine statistical significance. This study will be expanded to include 400 transplant patients for a more comprehensive analysis.
Comprehensive Overview of Uterine Fibroids: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Uterine fibroids, also known as leiomyomas, are benign tumors that develop in the uterus, affecting many women during their reproductive years. This article provides an in-depth overview of fibroids, including their types, causes, symptoms, diagnostic methods, and treatment options. It explores the role of hormones, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle factors in their development. Various treatment approaches, ranging from watchful waiting to medication, minimally invasive procedures, and surgical interventions, are discussed. The article emphasizes the importance of individualized treatment based on symptom severity and reproductive goals.
Genetically engineered drugs for treatment of bronchial asthma: recent achievements

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Current population of patients with asthma is characterized by increasing resistance to standard pharmacotherapeutic agents such as inhaled corticosteroids, antileukotriene agents and anti-IgE antibodies. These findings were confirmed by international statistic data and indicate insufficient efficacy of the treatment. Asthma phenotyping encompassing a role of certain biomarkers for bronchial inflammation could contribute to achieving better response to treatment. Genetically engineered drugs could directly impact on mediators and modulators involved in the inflammation and bronchoconstriction. This is one of the most promising directions of the modern pharmacotherapy, particularly considering severe and difficult-to-treat asthma. A comparative analysis of efficacy and safety of currently available genetically engineered drug groups (monoclonal anti-IgE antibodies, monoclonal antibodies against interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 and IL-5, and prostaglandin D2 receptor antagonists) was performed by the authors of this article on the basis of results of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCT). According to RCT results, omalizumab is still the leading genetically engineered drug. Moreover, evidence of efficacy and safety of novel agents has been published that allowed implementation these drugs in the routine clinical practice for treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma.
A Conceptual Analysis of Cognitive Distraction for Transit Bus Drivers

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The growing transit bus ridership nationally coupled with proliferation of advanced in-vehicle technologies is causing more distractions for the drivers. For transit vehicles, some distractions are caused by factors beyond the driver’s control such as operating equipment or attending to passengers. Earlier distraction studies have predominately explored the visual and physical distractions that prevented drivers from fully concentrating on the road. Though visual and physical distractions are a major cause for automobile accidents, driver inattention is thought to be responsible for many automobile accidents as well, but is not documented as such because of a lack in capability to collect relevant data. Driver distraction data from an earlier study at a regional transit agency revealed that cognitive distraction was perceived by the drivers as the highest form of distraction. This could be due to multitasking of driving and secondary tasks not directly related to driving such as passengers talking to driver, passengers talking on mobile phones, listening to broadcast messages etc. The driver’s cognitive state is important because though a person may be in the physical and visual state to drive efficiently; if their mind is inattentive that puts the driver and passengers at risk of an accident. The reason that this area has yet to be properly researched is not because the importance of one’s cognitive state while driving is questioned, but because identifying a way to properly obtain and analyze the data appears to be difficult. Most legislation focuses on visual and physical distraction such as handheld phones. Some states permit use of hand-free cell phone use while driving, ignoring the fact that cognitive distraction can still occur. The purpose of this concept paper is to analyze cognitive distraction data to determine its impact on transit bus drivers’ capability. Much of the theory and results applied in this paper are from the work of researchers working on similar projects. In order to understand cognitive distraction and how it can be mitigated, a Cognitive Distraction Model is outlined. The model was analyzed to evaluate the correlation between driver capability, and demographics and driving patterns. A model that provides an understanding about cognitive workload and driver capability could provide better psychological solutions to mitigate the number of accidents due to cognitive distraction. One might also be able to properly document other causes of automobile accidents (i.e. physical, visual, or cognitive), and inform drivers on the best cognitive state to embody in order to lessen the probability of having a vehicle accident. As more information is gained, this research could be expanded to better equip drivers in defensive driving and help regulators to formulate effective policies on driver distraction. Also, through additional research from the neurological and behavioral sciences, regulators could develop a better understanding of the causal factors and ways to prevent cognitive distraction.
Cell expansion rate, temperature and turgor pressure in growing leaves of Lolium temulentum L.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Leaf growth rate and the turgor pressure of cells in the expanding zone of leaves of Lolium temulentum were measured simultaneously. Growth rate was reduced over a range from 30μm min −1 to zero by reducing the temperature of the expanding zone from 20 to 2 °C. Turgor pressure remained constant at 05 MPa. This implies that growth reduction by low temperature is due to changes in cell wall rheology. Cell membrane hydraulic conductivity (L p ) was reduced with temperature as expected, but this was not sufficient to influence growth rate detectably.
The Genome of Thermosipho africanus TCF52B: Lateral Genetic Connections to the Firmicutes and Archaea

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Lateral gene transfers (LGT) (also called horizontal gene transfers) have been a major force shaping the Thermosipho africanus TCF52B genome, whose sequence we describe here. Firmicutes emerge as the principal LGT partner. Twenty-six percent of phylogenetic trees suggest LGT with this group, while 13% of the open reading frames indicate LGT with Archaea .
A Critical Review of Writings on The Vocabulary of Australian English

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It is more than sixty years since Morris's Austral English was published, yet this, deficient in many respects and dated as it is, remains the only historical dictionary of Australian English. A number of shorter vocabularies, none of which includes historical information, have been published this century and there have been articles and book-length studies of varying quality. But few of these have been based on a fresh scrutiny of evidence from primary sources, and it is pleasing to note that, with the establishment of the Australian Language Research Centre under the direction of Professor G. H. Russell, a beginning has now been made on a full-scale investigation of the sounds and vocabulary of Australian English.
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimates Using the Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Events Equations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Importance In 2023, the American Heart Association (AHA) developed the Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Events (PREVENT) equations to estimate 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), as an update to the 2013 pooled cohort equations (PCEs). The PREVENT equations were derived from contemporary cohorts and removed race and added variables for kidney function and statin use. Objective To compare national estimates of 10-year ASCVD risk using the PCEs and PREVENT equations and how these equations affect recommendations for primary prevention statin therapy. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study included adults aged 40 to 75 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2017 to March 2020. Adults were defined as eligible for primary prevention statin use based on the 2019 AHA/American College of Cardiology guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Data were weighted to be nationally representative and were analyzed from December 27, 2023, to January 31, 2024. Main Outcomes and Measures The 10-year ASCVD risk and eligibility for primary prevention statin therapy based on PREVENT and PCE calculations. Results In the weighted sample of 3785 US adults (mean [SD] age, 55.7 [9.7] years; 52.5% women) without known ASCVD, 20.7% reported current statin use. The mean estimated 10-year ASCVD risk was 8.0% (95% CI, 7.6%-8.4%) using the PCEs and 4.3% (95% CI, 4.1%-4.5%) using the PREVENT equations. Across all age, sex, and racial subgroups, compared with the PCEs, the mean estimated 10-year ASCVD risk was lower using the PREVENT equations, with the largest difference for Black adults (10.9% [95% CI, 10.1%-11.7%] vs 5.1% [95% CI 4.7%-5.4%]) and individuals aged 70 to 75 years (22.8% [95% CI, 21.6%-24.1%] vs 10.2% [95% CI, 9.6%-10.8%]). The use of the PREVENT equations instead of the PCEs could reduce the number of adults meeting criteria for primary prevention statin therapy from 45.4 million (95% CI, 40.3 million-50.4 million) to 28.3 million (95% CI, 25.2 million-31.4 million). In other words, 17.3 million (95% CI, 14.8 million-19.7 million) adults recommended statins based on the PCEs would no longer be recommended statins based on PREVENT equations, including 4.1 million (95% CI, 2.8 million-5.5 million) adults currently taking statins. Based on the PREVENT equations, 44.1% (95% CI, 38.6%-49.5%) of adults eligible for primary prevention statin therapy reported currently taking statins, equating to 15.8 million (95% CI, 13.4 million-18.2 million) individuals eligible for primary prevention statins who reported not taking statins. Conclusions and Relevance This cross-sectional study found that use of the PREVENT equations was associated with fewer US adults being eligible for primary prevention statin therapy; however, the majority of adults eligible for receiving such therapy based on PREVENT equations did not report statin use.