jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Clinical value in quantitative and qualitative detection of Fhit protein in esophageal carcinomatous change

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the change of Fhit protein expression in esophageal carcinoma and precancerous lesions(atypical hyperplasia tissues),and to explore the relationship between Fhit protein and esophageal carcinoma.Methods On the basis of mucosal iodine staining and histological diagnosis,expression of Fhit protein in specimens from 94 cases were measured qualitatively by immunohistochemical method and quantitatively by flow cytometry analysis method.Results ①With the increase of histopathologic grade,the expression Fhit protein reduced gradually.②The result of immunohistochemical method showed there was no remarkable correlation between normal group and atypical hyperplasiaⅠgroup(P(0.05)).Fhit protein expressions in normal group and other groups were respectively with significant statistical differences(P(0.05)).There was no remarkable correlation between atypical hyperplasiaⅡ,Ⅲ group,carcinoma in situ group and squamous cell carcinoma(P(0.05)).Fhit protein expression in squamous cell carcinoma and normal group,atypical hyperplasiaⅠgroup were respectively with significant statistical differences(P(0.05)).③The result of flow cytometry analysis showed Fhit protein expressions in atypical hyperplasiaⅠand atypical hyperplasia Ⅱ were respectively with significant statistical differences(P(0.001)).The expression in atypical hyperplasiaⅡand atypical hyperplasia Ⅲ were respectively with significant statistical differences(P(0.05)).The expressions in atypical hyperplasiaⅡand normal group were respectively with significant statistical differences(P(0.001)).There was no remarkable correlation between atypical hyperplasia Ⅲ group and squamous cell carcinoma(P(0.05)).Conclusion With the increase of histopathologic grade,the expression of Fhit protein reduced gradually.The negative expression of Fhit protein takes place early and possibly plays an important role in occurrence of esophageal cancer.
0.15 &amp;#181;m Channel-length MOSFETs fabricated using e-beam lithography

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We have fabricated MOSFETs with channel lengths as short as 0.1 µm by a modified NMOS process. The devices have been designed according to parameters obtained from numerical simulation. Electron-beam lithography has been used to define patterns at all levels with the negative resist GMC in a tri-level configuration. Heat treatments have been as short as possible to preserve very shallow source-drain junction depths (<0.1µm). We observe quasi-long channel behavior for low bias voltages. Measured values for the transconductance are among the highest ever reported. For a channel length L = 0.14 µm, we obtain g m = 180 mS/mm for a gate oxide thickness of 160 Å.
Synthesis of 1,2,4,-Triazino[3,4-d]-[1,3,4]oxadiazine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Organic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Ramnarayan Ruia College, Matunga, Bombay·400 019 Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Bombay·400 078 Manuscript received 26 February 1991, revised 18 September 1997, accepted 20 September 1991 Synthesis of 1,2,4,-Triazino[3,4-d]-[1,3,4]oxadiazine.
Prevention of Petersen’s hernia using jejunal mesentery fixing (Mefix)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to compare the 1 year incidence of Petersen’s hernia between individuals who were treated with the jejunal mesentery fixing (Mefix) method and those with the closure of Petersen’s space method. We retrospectively collected clinical data of patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancers with the closure of Petersen’s space defect (N = 49) and Mefix (N = 26). The Mefix method was performed by fixing the jejunal mesentery (jejunojejunostomy below 30 cm) to the transverse mesocolon using nonabsorbable barbed sutures. The procedure time for mesentery fixing (3.7 ± 1.1 mins) was significantly shorter than that for Petersen’s space closure (7.5 ± 1.5 mins) (p We found no occurrence of Petersen’s hernias postoperatively in either group. We also found that the Mefix method was faster and easier to perform than the closure method. The Mefix method is an excellent alternative method to prevent the occurrence of Petersen’s hernia after B-II or Roux-en-Y reconstruction.
Globalization and employment in Latin America: some issues and challenges REGINA M . A . A . GALHARDI

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the last few years Latin American economies have undergone a remarkable transformation in their economic policies. Nations that sneered at the market system and pursued protectionist policies have suddenly embraced structural reforms aimed at deregulating business practices and becoming integrated with the rest of the world. Macroeconomic policies have taken a radical turn in the past decade, which has boosted economic growth in the region from 2.7 per cent in the latter half of the 1980s to 3.5 per cent between 1990 and 1997, reduced the inflation rate to below 30 per cent in nearly every country, and opened up new opportunities for private investment in the most diverse economic activities. However, despite macroeconomic stabilization and structural reforms, employment problems have persisted in Latin America. During the 1990s, employment has grown at a slower pace than in the second half of the 1980s, unemployment rates have not declined in a sustained manner, informal sector activity has increased and employment in non-tradable goods has escalated. In many countries, wages have stagnated and the rate of job creation has seen a slowdown. Where earnings have risen, enormous wage gaps have opened up between skilled and unskilled workers. These achievements have disappointed and confounded economists and policy-makers, who predicted that the macroeconomic reforms and gross domestic product (GDP) growth of the 1990s would lower unemployment and help to raise the wages of lowskilled workers.
The Australian National Blood Pressure Study: A Test of the Effectiveness of Antihypertensive Therapy on the Incidence of Ischaemic Heart Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: The Australian National Blood Pressure Study: A test of the effectiveness of antihypertensive therapy on the incidence of ischaemic heart disease. Although hypertension is an acknowledged risk factor in ischaemic heart disease (IHD) the question remains whether antihypertensive therapy is necessarily beneficial. A priori, because coronary atherosclerosis is probably irreversible, the time for effective intervention would seem to be well before the development of clinical manifestations. The Australian National Blood Pressure Study, a long term clinical trial of the treatment of mild hypertension, is in principle better suited than previous trials to answer the question because the trial population selected (4000 subjects aged 30–69) contains substantial proportions ui yuunycr dye groups (26% below 45) and of females (37%) and none had manifest IHD at entry. Sensitivity to the emergence of IHD in the trial population is increased by including as diagnostic indices angina and ischaemic ECG changes, using suitably objective methods, as well as myocardial infarction and sudden death. Thus morbidity and mortality from IHD which currently accounts for 71% of trial end points (cf 19% for stroke) will effectively determine the outcome of the trial. The occurrence of a substantial proportion of subjects withdrawn from randomised treatment will mean that the question will be answered necessarily in two ways: firstly in respect of those subjects remaining on their assigned treatments and secondly in terms of all subjects initially assigned one treatment or other irrespective of the subsequent need to change treatment on ethical grounds or of the degree of compliance.
Initial Concentration of Staphylococcus epidermidis in Simulated Pediatric Blood Cultures Correlates with Time to Positive Results with the Automated, Continuously Monitored BACTEC Blood Culture System

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The relationship of initial concentration of Staphylococcus epidermidis in blood cultures and time to positivity (TTP) in an automated, continuously monitored blood culture system was assessed. Blood and 1 to 1,000 CFU of S. epidermidis per ml in stationary or exponential phase were inoculated in BACTEC Pediatric Plus F bottles and incubated. The TTP was inversely proportional to the initial inoculated concentration. Blood culture bottles with initial bacterial densities of <10 CFU/ml had a TTP of >20 h (upper limit of 95% prediction interval, 20.7 h) and bottles with initial bacterial densities of ≥50 CFU/ml had a TTP of ≤15 h (lower limit of 95% prediction interval, 13.4 h).
Modelling of Multicomponent Diffusion and Swelling in Protein Gels

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Some protein gels are products of the dairy industry and some are used as pH-sensitive gels for the controlled delivery of biologically active substances. To understand the dynamics of drug delivery it is very important to establish a mathematical model of protein gel swelling. This required the identification and integration of theory and equations from a wide range of topics. The aim of this research was to develop a mathematical model of transport in polyelectrolyte gels (using the example of β-lactoglobulin protein gels). A complete mathematical model of protein gel swelling was established. The swelling process of protein gels in this thesis involved multicomponent diffusion, chemical ionisation and mechanical deformation. Diffusion of electrolyte solutions through protein gels was modelled using the generalised Maxwell-Stefan (GMS) equation. The swelling pressure as a driving force in the GMS equation was described by rubber elasticity theory. Thermodynamic factors including the charged protein effect were considered in the GMS equation. The model included pH as a variable so it could be applied to both acidic and alkaline cases. The model yielded a set of partial differential equations with algebraic equations for which COMSOL was selected as the simulation software. Although it was found that COMSOL could not always solve the model equations, numerical solutions were obtained for several cases. The model predicted that the equilibrium swelling degree of the gel decreased with high concentration of salts in the bulk solution. The model also predicted that the non-ideal effects were not always small and they depended on the activity coefficients of the species. Satisfactory solutions could not be obtained for all cases using commercial software such as COMSOL Multiphysics. It was shown that COMSOL did not conserve mass but conservativeness was critical in this application because pH and hence the net protein charge is very sensitive to the mass of hydrogen present. In the future, research should be carried out to improve the pressure model in the GMS equation. Theoretical research on Manning condensation theory should be done to modify Manning’s model for more robust prediction of activities of water and ions with protein, and experiments should be done to validate the performance of the modified Manning model. Efforts should be made to write the programming code for a finite volume method to solve the system in three dimensions.
Modeling of droplet and bubble detachment assisted by electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work reports both theoretically and numerically a novel mechanism of electrowetting-induced jumping droplet and bubble detachment. Six different chapters were explored in this work. Chapter 1 gives the overview of the various works that have been done in the field and the applications of this work. Chapter 2 discusses the numerical method. Chapter 3 discusses the computational setup and experimental validation of the jumping droplet. Chapter 4 analyzes the jumping droplet and bubble detachment induced by EWOD. The flow field and various dynamics of droplet, bubble and interfacial wave have been discussed. Chapter 5 discusses the experimental setup and fabrication of electrowetting devices. The experiments proved that electrowetting driven interfacial wave can be achieved. Chapter 6 summarizes the EWOD principle and the future application. Electroweting-on-dielectric (EWOD) can be used to induce the detachment of micro-water droplet from hydrophobic surface. The level set method has been used to track the interface of water and air. The capillary wave on the droplet interface could be seen during the electrowetting effect. The sudden variation of the droplet base creates a disturbance that propagates along the surface in the form of a capillary wave. As the wetted area is reduced during this transformation, the excess surface energy is converted into kinetic energy which stretches the droplet vertically and eventually leads to the detachment from the substrate; the results have been validated with available experimental data. The physics of stretching, recoiling and detachment of the droplet have been investigated. Inspired by the potential demonstrated by electrowetting-controlled droplets, this work also investigates the potential advantages of electrowetting to disrupt bubble dynamics to improve phase change heat transfer. Electrowetting-on-dielectric is used to modulate the contact point movement at the water-air interface in a thin liquid film. Rapid oscillation of the contact line is achieved by a swift change of voltage under an AC signal. When disturbed with such contact angle changes, the interfacial wave between two immiscible fluids disrupts bubble dynamics. Numerical modeling reveals that an air bubble on a hydrophobic surface can be detached by the trough of such a wave. The frequency of interfacial wave is twice the voltage frequency. A higher voltage frequency leads to a smaller amplitude and higher celerity of the wave, while a lower voltage frequency leads to a larger wave amplitude and lower celerity. The bubble can easily detach when the voltage frequency from 2Hz-10Hz. However, the bubble fails to detach when the voltage frequency is 100Hz. This approach can be useful to improve two-phase cooling performance.
Land Use/Cover and Naturalness Changes for Watershed Environmental Management (Southeastern Brazil)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Driving forces on the landscape require regional management and/or local actions, together with other external factors. To operationalize this approach, this paper carried out a comparative analysis of the naturalness dynamics of the Jacaré-Guaçu and Jacaré-Pepira watershed, based on land use/cover changes and a structural indicator of the landscape, over the 10-year (2004-2014), as support opportunities for improving its environmental planning and management. Land use/cover dynamics were obtained based on screen digitizing of LandSat imagery, using polygon manual digitalization. Naturalness scenarios of the watersheds, over the 10-year (2004-2014), were obtained based on Urbanity Indicator, which evaluates how much the natural landscapes are dominated by altered systems. The total area of watersheds showed a predominantly scenario, induced by anthropogenic agricultural and non-agricultural expansion areas, mainly by conversion of other land use/cover types in sugarcane cultivation. Despite the increase in natural vegetation areas, over the 10-year (2004-2014), Jacaré-Guaçu and Jacaré-Pepira watersheds are far from a sustainable condition. However Jacaré-Guaçu watershed presents a scenario of more committed naturalness due to the increase in Urbanity Index values ≥ 0.7. The historical process of land use occupation for agricultural production remains the main driving force of naturalness changes, occupying more than 70% of the total area of watersheds. These results have significant implications for fast urbanizing municipalities in providing key information about long term land use impact on the watershed structure and function, making it possible for policy makers, scientists and stakeholders to identify land uses which are hindered or enhanced under various scenarios of land use change over the time, and making it possible to explore the trade-offs between them to improve watershed management.
p33 (gC1q Receptor) Prevents Cell Damage by Blocking the Cytolytic Activity of Antimicrobial Peptides

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The innate immune system is the first line of defense against invading microbes. Its specificity relies a great deal on host pattern recognition molecules that sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns of the invading pathogen. However, full protection is not always guaranteed, and some early defense mechanisms involved in bacterial killing, such as the complement system, can also exert cytolytic activity against host cells. Although these cascades are tightly regulated, the host has to take additional precautions to prevent its cell destruction. In this study, we describe that p33, a negatively charged surface protein found on endothelial cells also known as gC1q receptor, protects host cells from a cytolytic attack by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as LL37 and β-defensin 3. To this end, we characterized the interaction of p33 with AMPs by biochemical and functional means. Our data show that p33 forms a doughnut-shaped trimer that can bind up to three AMPs, and we identified a segment in p33 forming a β-sheet that mediates the binding to all AMPs. Moreover, our results show that p33 abolishes the lytic activity of AMPs at an equimolar ratio, and it protects endothelial cells and erythrocytes from AMP-induced lysis. Taken together, our data suggest a novel protective mechanism of p33 in modulating innate immune response by neutralizing cytotoxic AMPs at the host cell surface.
The exploitation quality digital estimation method of stopes based on actual surveys

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

According to the data collected from the precision laser detection---the cavity monitoring system(CMS),and with the help of three-dimension visual mine modeling software SURPAC for processing of the stope cavity's data,this paper establishes stope cavity three-dimension digital-model.And by a series of analysis and calculation based on 3D solid model,quality assessment indicators system of stoping,such as over-excavation and under-excavation,dilution and ore loss rates,and the blasting design of the pillar with complicated irregular boundaries,is got into shape.Then by statistically comparing these indicators with the correlative approach of AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) and expert investigation,this paper proposes an effective method for evaluation of exploitation quality,which renders possible the optimization design and the improvement of exploitation quality,both from the fund and the technical aspects.
Dissecting the role of the unfolded protein response during lipid perturbation in C. elegans

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Metabolic diseases such as obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are emerging disorders that affect the global population. One facet of the disorders is attributed to the disturbance of the membrane phospholipid ratio. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main organelle for protein and lipid synthesis. Perturbation of ER homeostasis through change in membrane phospholipid composition results in activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) and causes translational and transcriptional changes in an organism. There are three UPR transducers in mammals, which are ATF6, IRE1, and PEK1 that mediate cellular processes related to the UPR. Most studies have implicated roles of UPR in proteotoxic stress caused by misfolded protein accumulation and little has been done on lipid perturbation mediated ER stress. We utilized DNA microarray to identify changes in UPR signaling during lipid perturbation induced by silencing phosphoethanolamine methytransferase (pmt-2) gene in C. elegans. Preliminary data show that a distinct group of UPR related genes are activated during lipid perturbation and absence of one UPR sensor may lead to compensation by alternative UPR transducers.
The involvement of opioid delta receptor in restraint-induced antinociception in mice.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Restraint for 1 h induced significant antinociceptive activity in both male and female mice. The restraint animals all showed an increase in response time to the hot plate test at 55 degrees C. The antinociceptive activity decreased with time after restraint but was still apparent at 1 h post restraint. In the male animals, prior administration of opioid delta receptor antagonist naltrindole (0.5-2.0 mg/kg s.c.) 15 min before restraint for 1 h did not affect the degree of antinociceptive activity induced by restraint. In addition, the same doses of naltrindole administered s.c. immediately after restraint for 1 h also did not affect the degree of antinociceptive activity in male mice. However, for female mice the same doses of naltrindole administered s.c. before restraint dose-dependently suppressed the antinociceptive activity induced by restraint. When administered immediately after restraint for 1 h, naltrindole also reversed the antinociceptive activity in female mice. The response times measured 10 min after restraint were significantly reduced when compared with the saline restraint controls. It is concluded that restraint can induce antinociceptive activity in mice; however, different mechanisms may be involved in the antinociception observed. In male mice the endogenous opioid systems did not seem to play a significant role in restraint-induced antinociception, whereas for female animals blockade of opioid delta receptors greatly diminished the antinociception observed after restraint.
Meiotic Behaviour and Fertility of Cultures Derived From Crosses of Wheats With Agropyron and Elymus Species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Seven cultures derived from Trittcum aestivum × Agropyron elongation crossses and four lines developed from T. aestivnum × Elymus giganteus hybrids backcrossed to T. aestivum were evaluated for their meiotic stability, fertility and rust resistance. Somatic chromosome number was found to be 42 in nine cultures and 56 in the remaining two. Low spike fertility appeared to be caused largely by incidence of meiotic abnormalities as observed in pollen mother cells. All the four lines derived from Triticum × Elymus hybrids backcrossed to wheats were characterised by a high degree of resistance to both leaf and stem rusts but showed poor seed setting.
[A simple method for the comparative evaluation of the rate of reparative synthesis in cultured mammalian cells].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A sensitive method for estimating the rate of repair synthesis is proposed. The method is based on the capacity of long-wave UV light to inactivate cells having minor amounts of bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) incorporated. This treatment is absolutely nontoxic for cells lacking BUdR. The efficacy of the treatment is achieved by sensitizing cells with a fluorescent dye Hoechst 33258. The proposed method has proved to be effective in studying the repair synthesis in HeLa cells after exposure to short-wave UV light and gamma rays.