jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Collapse assessment and performance-based evaluation techniques for concentrically braced frames designed in seismic regions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering necessitates the development of simulation models that can predict the nonlinear behavior of structural components as part of a building subjected to seismic loading. For reliable seismic assessment of buildings, these models need to be calibrated with large sets of experimental data. This thesis advances the state-of-knowledge on the collapse assessment of concentrically braced frames (CBFs) designed in seismic regions. The thesis discusses the development of a database that includes extensive information from more than 300 tests of steel braces that have been conducted worldwide over the past 40 years. Statistical information of various properties of steel braces that can be used for quantification of modeling uncertainties is summarized and implications regarding the expected yield properties of various steel types as part of current design provisions are discussed. The steel brace database is utilized to develop drift-based and dual-parameter fragility curves for different damage states of steel braces. These curves can be used as tools for rapid estimation of earthquake damage towards the next generation of performance-based evaluation methods for new and existing buildings. Through extensive calibrations of an inelastic fiber-based steel brace cyclic model, modeling recommendations for the post-buckling behaviour and fracture of steel braces due to low-cycle fatigue are developed for three different brace shapes. The effectiveness of these recommendations is demonstrated through two case studies including concentrically braced frames (CBFs) subjected to earthquake loading. The emphasis is on the accurate assessment of the collapse capacity of concentrically braced frames with the explicit consideration of strength and stiffness deterioration of various structural components that are part of local story mechanisms that develop in CBFs after the steel braces fracture. The influence of modeling classical damping on the collapse capacity of CBFs is also discussed.
A multicentre prospective cohort study of the accuracy of conventional landmark technique for cricoid localisation using ultrasound scanning

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Summary Cricoid pressure is employed during rapid sequence induction to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Correct application of cricoid pressure depends on knowledge of neck anatomy and precise identification of surface landmarks. Inaccurate localisation of the cricoid cartilage during rapid sequence induction risks incomplete oesophageal occlusion, with potential for pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. It may also compromise the laryngeal view for the anaesthetist. Accurate localisation of the cricoid cartilage therefore has relevance for the safe conduct of rapid sequence induction. We conducted a multicentre, prospective cohort study to determine the accuracy of cricoid cartilage identification in 100 patients. The cranio‐caudal midpoint of the cricoid cartilage was identified by a qualified anaesthetic assistant using the conventional landmark technique and marked. While maintaining the patient in the same position, a second mark was made by identifying the midpoint of the cricoid cartilage using ultrasound scanning. The mean ( SD ) distance between the two marks was 2.07 (8.49) mm. In 41% of patients the midpoint was incorrectly identified by a margin greater than 5 mm. This error was uniformly distributed both above and below the midpoint of the cricoid cartilage. The Pearson correlation coefficient of this error with respect to body mass index was 0.062 (p = 0.539) and with age was −0.020 (p = 0.843). There were also no significant differences in error between male and female patients. Identification of cricoid position using a landmark technique has a high degree of variability and has little correlation with age, sex or body mass index. These findings have significant implications for the safe application of cricoid pressure in the context of rapid sequence induction.
Unwary Purchaser

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Anyone who has occasion to examine the cases involving trade mark infringement and other forms of unfair trading by the imitation of names, labels, packages and the like, must at once be struck by their irreconcilable conflict. While, of course, the facts in no two cases are alike, this diversity cannot account for the variance in result. The rule of law to be applied is not seriously disputed. The Lord Ordinary's definition of infringement, in Smith v. Carron, 13 R. P. C. 109, III, can hardly be improved upon: "A trade mark is infringed when goods are sent into the market so marked, that in passing from hand to hand, they are liable to be mistaken by ordinary purchasers, not applying their minds very closely to the matter, for the goods of the trader who is the proprietor of the mark." There are endless modifications of this statement of the law, some more strict, others even more liberal, but there is substantial agreement that infringement occurs, when the marks, names, labels or packages of one trader resemble those of another sufficiently to make it probable that ordinary purchasers exercising no more care than such persons usually do in purchasing the article in question will be deceived.
Environmental Survey Of Potential Sand Resource Sites, Offshore Delaware And Maryland : Final Report

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Technical summary / Carl H. Hobbs Non-technical summary / Carl H. Hobbs Part. 1. Benthic mapping and resource evaluation of potential sand mining areas, offshore Mayland and Delaware, 1998-1999 / G.R. Cutter and R.J. Diaz Part. 2. Transitory species (vertebrate nekton) / John A. Musick Part. 3. Literature survey of reproductive finfish and ichthyoplankton present in proposed sand mining locations within the Middle Atlantic Bight / John Olney, Donna Marie Bilkovic Part. 4. Potential modifications to waves due to dredging and other oceanographic considerations / Jerome P.-Y. Maa, Sung C. Kim Part. 5. Maryland-Delaware shoreline : long-term trends and short-term variability / C.S. Hardaway, D.A. Milligan, R.C.H. Brindley, C.H. Hobbs.
Clinical and Laboratory Variables Related to Small Bowel Obstruction in Crohnʼs Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Small bowel obstruction (SBO) in Crohn's disease (CD) results from disease exacerbation or adhesions from previous surgery (OR). Management may require OR or Medical (Con) therapy (Rx). We evaluated clinical and laboratory variables in patients who presented to the emergency with SBO and compared them with or without CD to aid decisions about Rx. Methods: Charts of 205 patients (147 CD, 58 NonCD) with SBO for a 5-year period were reviewed. Four groups were identified: CD OR (N81), CD Con (N66), NonCD OR (N31) and NonCD Con (N27). Variables abstracted were sex, age, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, previous OR, duration of CD (< or > 10yr), previous medical Rx, temperature, pulse, abdominal tenderness, signs of perforation, results of abdominal X-ray, CT abd, Hgb, MCV,WBC, PMNL, lymph, platelets, MPV, iron levels, and albumin. Three broad questions were analyzed: (1) Any distinguishing markers of CD (censoring history and imaging) vs. NonCD; (2) Any distinguishing features pre-OR for OR vs. Con therapy within CD and NonCD; and (3) In CD, any features pre-OR favoring findings of CD or Adhesions (A). ANOVA, chi-square and exact tests were utilized. Results: 1) The following variables were significant for CD (p<0.001): age<50 (72% vs. 22%), smoking history (68% vs. 14%) and low MPV (8.4±1.3 vs. 10.2±1.5). Modest increase of WBC favoured NonCD (11.6±4.5 vs. 9.6±4.0, p=0.002). 2) The following were associated with surgical treatment: In CD (p<0.001), smoking (96% vs. 32%), previous medical Rx (70% vs. 29%), temperature (38.1±0.4 vs. 36.8±0.8), pulse (104±15 vs. 79±9), positive abdominal CT (90% vs. 41%), and CD duration >10 years (63% vs. 46%, p=0.046); In NonCD (p<0.001), history of previous OR (100% vs. 37%), temperature (38.2±0.4 vs. 36.5±0.7), pulse (102±12 vs. 75±10) and elevated WBC (15.0±2.3 vs. 7.8±3.1). 3) In the CD OR group, only 2 variables were significant. Jewish ethnicity favoured finding CD (56% vs. 33%, p=0.03) and history of previous surgery favoured adhesions (94% vs. 2%, p<0.001). Preoperative perforation, abdominal examination, abdominal X-rays and CT abd were non-distinguishing. Conclusion: While clinical judgement remains the main tool for decisions, several parameters may help in management of SBO. A young smoker with low MPV should raise suspicion of CD in naive patients. In CD patients, smoking, previous medical Rx, perhaps long standing CD and a positive CT abd may portend a higher likelihood to intervene surgically. A toxic patient with or without CD may also be at higher risk. In CD patients there are no obvious pre-OR features which reliably predict OR findings. The conclusions need to be validated in a prospective cohort.
The Bacterial Community Composition of the Bovine Rumen Detected Using Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA Genes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The rumen bacterial composition of both pre- ruminant dairy calves and cows and beef steers was surveyed using pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Sequences were analyzed using taxonomy-dependent and -independent clustering methods. The core rumen microbiome, regardless of the rumen developmental status or breeds, consisted of 8 phyla, 11 classes, 15 families, and 17 genera. Principal component analysis and clustering demonstrated that the bacterial communities in the rumen of pre-ruminant dairy calves, dairy cows, and beef steers were clearly distinguishable. Approximately 66% of phyla and 41% of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) in a typical rumen bacterial community differed in relative abundance between the developing and mature rumen. Greater abundance of Fibrobacteraceae and Ruminococaceae in the rumen of beef steers likely reflected the need for enhanced fiber-digesting capacity in beef cattle. Our results should facilitate understanding of the structural and functional relationships in the rumen microbial ecosystem.
STRING: a database of predicted functional associations between proteins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Functional links between proteins can often be inferred from genomic associations between the genes that encode them: groups of genes that are required for the same function tend to show similar species coverage, are often located in close proximity on the genome (in prokaryotes), and tend to be involved in gene-fusion events. The database STRING is a precomputed global resource for the exploration and analysis of these associations. Since the three types of evidence differ conceptually, and the number of predicted interactions is very large, it is essential to be able to assess and compare the significance of individual predictions. Thus, STRING contains a unique scoring-framework based on benchmarks of the different types of associations against a common reference set, integrated in a single confidence score per prediction. The graphical representation of the network of inferred, weighted protein interactions provides a high-level view of functional linkage, facilitating the analysis of modularity in biological processes. STRING is updated continuously, and currently contains 261 033 orthologs in 89 fully sequenced genomes. The database predicts functional interactions at an expected level of accuracy of at least 80% for more than half of the genes; it is online at http://www.bork.embl-heidelberg.de/STRING/.
Questing America & Marianne Moore

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract H.D. headed with Bryher and infant to America to introduce them to her recently widowed mother. They visited Marianne Moore and her mother. The chapter focuses on the dual relationships Bryher developed with Moore, her boyish double, the other with bisexual Robert McAlmon, then a male model working on a low-budget journal, Contact, with William Carlos Williams. McAlmon fell for Bryher. While traveling to California and back through Chicago, Bryher composed West, an autobiographical travelogue and portrait of her crush on Moore. In Carmel, H.D. and Bryher posed nude. In New York again, Bryher announced at tea with the Moores and Scofield Thayer, editor of the Dial, that she had married McAlmon at a registry office. She did it to shield H.D. and Perdita, and in exchange, McAlmon could pursue his great wish to write and explore Europe. The marriage wounded Moore, who thought him unsuitable for the fencing, adventurous Bryher.
Discrimination Against the Kashubians

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article focuses on the discrimination against Kashubians and the Kashubian language since 1772, since the first partition of Poland. The author argues that Kashubians were always the people of the Polish-German borderland and thus were heavily influenced by the dominant state, yet they kept their Kashubian identity, language, and literature. However, today many Kashubians are in danger of losing working knowledge of their native language.
Stranded assets, the social cost of carbon, and directed technical change:

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The tractable general equilibrium model developed by Golosov et al. (2014), GHKT for short, is modified to allow for stock-dependent fossil fuel extraction costs and partial exhaustion of fossil fuel reserves, a negative impact of global warming on growth, mean reversion in climate damages, steady labour-augmenting technical progress, specific green technical progress driven by learning by doing, population growth, and a direct effect of the stock of atmospheric carbon on instantaneous welfare. We characterize the social optimum and derive simple rule for both the optimal carbon tax and the renewable energy subsidy, and characterize the optimal amount of untapped fossil fuel.
The Impact of Music on Student Concentration: Exploring Genre and Productivity

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Concentration is one of the most important factors in determining a person’s efficiency and work ethic. There has not been much study done on the manipulation of concentration to determine its direct effects on efficiency. Listening to music while studying has also become prominent in Generation Z. This paper strives to explore the correlation between listening to music and adolescents’ concentration levels. A literature review was conducted using Google Scholar and a study was conducted on 25 high school students from the same school in Georgia. The Mozart effect and Arousal Mood hypothesis were explored within the literature review to help understand why music affects people. The results indicated that those with higher productivity tend to listen to music less. This negative finding as obtained from the study does not support the current trend of listening to music while studying. This study enriches the research on music and sparks necessary future investigations on specifics such as genre. These specifics would deepen our understanding which could make music an even more powerful tool.
Unstable behavior of anodic arc discharge for synthesis of nanomaterials

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A short carbon arc operating with a high ablation rate of the graphite anode exhibits a combined motion of the arc and the arc attachment to the anode. A characteristic time scale of this motion is in a 10<sup>-3</sup> sec range. The arc exhibits a negative differential resistance before the arc motion occurs. Thermal processes in the arc plasma region interacting with the ablating anode are considered as possible causes of this unstable arc behavior. It is also hypothesized that the arc motion could potentially cause mixing of the various nanoparticles synthesized in the arc in the high ablation regime.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND SEDIMENT-WATER FLUXES OF HEAVY METALS IN COASTAL MARINE SEDIMENTS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The relationship between benthic oxygen demand and the sediment–water flux of six heavy metals (cobolt [Co], nickel [Ni], copper [Cu], zinc [Zn], cadmium [Cd], and lead [Pb]) was examined at two locations: New Bedford Harbor and Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA. Dissolved metal fluxes were measured in laboratory microcosms incubated in the dark at in situ temperatures, and microcosms were collected over different seasons to examine temporal and spatial variability in the fluxes. The net flux of all metals was generally out of the sediments. However, at low rates of benthic oxygen demand, net flux of Pb and Co was into the sediments. When data from the two sites are combined, regression of metal fluxes (normalized to sediment metal content) against benthic oxygen demand was significant for all metals (r2 = 0.58-0.85), with all slopes significantly different from zero. The flux values (normalized to sediment metal content) ranged from -1.4 (mmole/m2/d)/(mole/mole C)sediment for Zn during winter to 42 (mmole/m2/d)/(mole/mole C)sediment for Cd during summer months. The magnitude of the fluxes generally showed the following relationship: Cd < Zn < Co, Ni, Cu < Pb, indicating higher relative mobility for Cd and lower mobility for Pb. The estimated annual fluxes of metals to New Bedford Harbor and Buzzards Bay amount to ˜0.06% (Pb) to 25% (Cd) of the inventory of metals in the top 2 cm of sediments and can equal the inventory of metals in the water column on a time scale as short as 7 d for Zn.
Need for early, minimally invasive cancer diagnosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We have read the article in PNAS by Mittal et al. (1) and would like to congratulate the authors on an excellent piece of work demonstrating spectroscopy’s capability for accurately subtyping epithelial cells and the tumor-associated microenvironment. Herein, we would like to add some insight and to comment on how this work could take the field forward.

In their recent paper, Mittal et al. (1) employ a high-definition Fourier transform infrared imaging method using …

[↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: mparaskevaidi{at}uclan.ac.uk.

[1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Utopian Kinetic Structures and Their Impact on the Contemporary Architecture

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper delves into relationships between twentieth century utopian concepts of movable structures and the kinematic solutions implemented in contemporary architectural projects. The reason for conducting this study is to determine the impact of early architectural conceptions on today's solutions. This paper points out close links that stem from the imagination of artists and architects working in 1960s and 70s and the solutions implemented by contemporary architects of that era. The research method of this paper is based on comparative analyses of architectural forms with adopted kinematic solutions. It is based on archive drawings' studies and the examination of theoretical concepts. The research pertains to different forms of such mobility that evolved in 1960s and 70s. Many of them, usually based on the simple forms of movement were realized. The more complicated ones remained in the sphere of utopian visionary architecture. In this case, projects often exceed technical limitations and capabilities of design tools. Finally, after some decades, with the development of innovative architectural design tools and new building technologies many early visions materialized into architectural forms. In conclusion, this research indicates that modern kinematic design solutions are often based on conceptual designs formed from the beginning of the second half of the twentieth century.
Corrigendum to : Phylogeny, major clades and infrageneric classification of Corymbia (Myrtaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal DNA and morphology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phylogenetic relationships of sections and species within Corymbia (Myrtaceae), the bloodwood eucalypts, were evaluated by using combined analyses of nuclear rDNA (ETS + ITS) and morphological characters. Combining morphological characters with molecular data provided resolution of relationships within Corymbia . The analyses supported the monophyly of the genus and recognition of the following two major clades, treated here as new subgenera: subgenus Corymbia , including informal sections recognised by Hill and Johnson (1995), namely Rufaria (red bloodwoods), Apteria and Fundoria ; and subgenus Blakella , including sections Politaria (spotted gums), Cadagaria , Blakearia (paper-fruited bloodwoods or ghost gums) and Ochraria (yellow bloodwoods). Hill and Johnson's section Rufaria is monophyletic if Apteria and Fundoria are included. It is evident that, among the red bloodwoods, series are not monophyletic and several morphological characters result from convergent evolution. There was strong morphological and molecular evidence that the three species of red bloodwoods that occur in south-western Western Australia (series Gummiferae : C. calophylla and C. haematoxylon , and series Ficifoliae : C. ficifolia ) form a monophyletic group, separate from the eastern C. gummifera (series Gummiferae ), which is probably sister to the clade of all other red bloodwoods. Phylogenetic results supported recognition of new taxonomic categories within Corymbia , and these are formalised here.
Relationship among anxiety, depression, social and self-eﬃcacy in night-shift nurses

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Night shift disturbs normal circadian rhythm, thus leads to several psychological problems. We aim to investigate the anxiety, depression, social support and self-efficacy of night-shift nurses compared with day-shift nurses and explore the association between emotional status and social support as well as the combined influence of social support and self-efficacy on emotional status. We conducted this quantitative comparative study in a hospital from January 1, 2019 to August 31, 2020, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES). The HADS-A and HADS-D scores were higher for the night-shift nurses than for the day-shift nurses (7.38 ± 3.228 vs. 5.81 ± 3.180 and 6.79 ± 3.444 vs. 5.43 ± 3.155, respectively, P < 0.01). The family support, friend support, other support and total social support scores were lower for the night-shift nurses than for the day-shift nurses. In both groups, these scores were lower for nurses with suspected anxiety than for those without anxiety (61.16 ± 12.208 vs. 66.35 ± 9.976, P < 0.01) and were lower for nurses with suspected depression than for those without depression (59.91± 11.606 vs. 66.77 ± 10.320, P < 0.01). The item scores, total scores and total mean score for the night-shift nurses were significantly lower than those for the day-shift nurses (P < 0.01). Social support and self-efficacy had noticeable regression effects on nurses’ anxiety and depression, and both variables had significant negative effects on anxiety and depression. This study suggests that night-shift nurses may have higher anxiety and depression than day-shift nurses. Nurses with suspected anxiety and depression nurses may have lower social support than those without anxiety and depression.