jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Forecasting extreme events: making sense of noisy climate data in support of water resources planning

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Global climate model (GCM) projections are generally considered the best source of information for predicting future climate and hydrologic conditions in the face of a changing climate. Understanding and interpreting GCM projections is therefore critical for water resources planning. Unfortunately, this can be a challenging task as climate model data, particularly precipitation data, are notoriously noisy with large scatter and lacking in apparent patterns or trends. There is also usually large projection variability between models and model scenarios. This paper demonstrates a simple, practical method for synthesizing climate model data into more informative metrics using case studies of Atlanta, Georgia and Austin, Texas. Monthly and daily GCM projections, as well as historical observations, were translated into commonly used summary metrics for extreme event planning: peak 24-hour storm events and the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI). Statistical trend analyses on these two metrics were used as a simple means to better understand the data. As expected, results identified significant, increasing, trends in projected 21st century temperatures for most GCM projections. Less expectedly, significant trends were also identified for projected future monthly and 24-hour maximum precipitation and drought severity. Implications of this work for water resources planning are discussed.
Mass spectra and wave functions of the doubly heavy baryons with JP=1+ heavy diquark cores *

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Mass spectra and wave functions of the doubly heavy baryons are computed assuming that the two heavy quarks inside a baryon form a compact heavy ‘diquark core’ in a color anti-triplet, and bind with the remaining light quark into a colorless baryon. The two reduced two-body problems are described by the relativistic Bethe-Salpeter equations (BSEs) with the relevant QCD inspired kernels. We focus on the doubly heavy baryons with heavy diquark cores. After solving BSEs in the instantaneous approximation, we present the mass spectra and the relativistic wave functions of the diquark cores, and of the low-lying baryon states and with flavors , and . A comparison with other approaches is also made.
Lessons Learned and Questions Raised by an Atypical Case of Clozapine-Induced Myocarditis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A Caucasian male in his early twenties suffering from treatment resistant schizophrenia was started on clozapine. After three days he developed tachycardia, a common side effect of clozapine induction. He had one temperature spike (38.9°C) on day ten after induction but remained clinically well. An ECG and blood tests were normal. Due to persistent tachycardia and an episode of collapse whilst seated on day 12, he was admitted to hospital for further investigation. A diagnosis of myocarditis was confirmed as a result of elevated cardiac enzyme levels and an echocardiogram. Following withdrawal of clozapine, supportive management, and initiation of cardiac medication, the patient made a successful recovery. He will be followed up with the cardiology team to ensure that his heart function returns to normal. Given the incidence of clozapine-induced myocarditis, the associated mortality risk, and diagnostic difficulties, this case raises questions about whether a formal system for identifying myocarditis should be adopted.
Substrate specificity of Nudix hydrolases from <i>Myxococcus xanthus</i>

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ergy metabolism and signal transduction, it is thought that Nudix enzymes play an important role in metabolic regulation and stress response.Nudix hydrolases are found in all types of living organisms; they are encoded by a different number of genes depending upon the organism, and vary in their substrate specificity.Analysis of the complete M. xanthus genomic sequence indicates that it contains 12 Nudix hydrolases.In this study, we cloned M. xanthus Nudix hydrolase genes (Table S1) in the pCold expression vector (Takara Bio.), expressed them in Escherichia coli Novablue, and determined their hydrolytic activity towards Ap n A and their requirements for metal cofactors.In addition, we addressed the role of Nudix hydrolases in M. xanthus by testing their specificity to 11 substrates [ATP, ADP, GTP, GDP, ADPribose, GDP-glucose, NADH, Ap 4 A, Ap 5 A, ppGpp, and 8-oxo-2¢-deoxyguanosine-5¢-triphosphate (8-oxo-dGTP)].Analysis of the complete M. xanthus genomic sequence revealed that this species encoded 12 Nudix hydrolases; among them, eight contained the conserved Nudix box GX 5 EX 7 REX 2 EEXGU and four (MXAN_1246, 3769, 5418, and 6513) had highly similar motifs (Fig. S1).Except for MXAN_4891, 11 His-tagged Nudix hydrolases were expressed in E. coli and designated Nud1 to Nud11 according to the order of gene accession numbers.To determine the requirements for divalent metal cofactors by M. xanthus Nudix enzymes, we measured their hydrolytic activity towards Ap 4 A in the presence of different metal cations.M. xanthus Nudix hydrolases were stimulated by Co 2+ , Mn 2+ , or Mg 2+ (Fig. 1), whereas Ca 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Fe 3+ did not affect the hydrolytic activity towards Ap 4 A (data not shown).Nudix hydrolases require Mg 2+ or Mn 2+ for activity (McLennan, 2006); however, Co 2+ was the most effective in stimulating Ap 4 A hydrolysis by M. xanthus Nud1, Nud6, and Nud11. Substrate specificity of Nudix hydrolases from Myxococcus xanthus
GUI Development for Defect Visualization of Composite Structures Based on Terahertz Wave

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

본 논문에서는 테라헤르츠파를 이용한 복합재료 구조물의 비파괴 검사기술을 소개하고 상용 프로그램을 이용한 결함 가시화 결과의 한계점을 개선하기 위해 개발한GUI에 대한 내용을 다루고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 복합재 구조물의 내부 결함 검사를 위해 PCA 안테나 기반 테라헤르츠 시간영역 분광 시스템(terahertz time domain spectroscopy)를 사용하였고 복합재 결함의 한 종류인 층간박리(delamination)를 GFRP 복합재 시편 내부에 테프론 필름을 사용하여 모사하였다. 또한 CFRP 평판에 플라스틱 카드를 실리콘 테이프로 부착하여 결함 검사를 수행하였고 시간 영역에서 취득된 테라헤르츠 파형을 시간 영역, 주파수 영역에서 결함을 가시화 하였다. 취득된 테라헤르츠 신호분석을 사용자가 손쉽게 할 수 있도록 A-scan, B-scan, C-scan기능을 갖고 사용자가 원하는 데이터를 저장할 수 있도록 MATLAB 기반 GUI를 구축하였다.
Epidemiology of Viral Hepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Most cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are associated with cirrhosis related to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Changes in the time trends of HCC and most variations in its age-, sex-, and race-specific rates among different regions are likely to be related to differences in hepatitis viruses that are most prevalent in a population, the timing of their spread, and the ages of the individuals the viruses infect. Environmental, host genetic, and viral factors can affect the risk of HCC in individuals with HBV or HCV infection. This review summarizes the risk factors for HCC among HBV- or HCV-infected individuals, based on findings from epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses, as well as determinants of patient outcome and the HCC disease burden, globally and in the United States.
Grammarians' languages versus humanists' languages and the place of speech act formulas in models of linguistic competence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The paper begins by observing that the notion of what a language consists of is problematical, reflected in one scholar's comment that, for the interpreter of texts, “language appears to begin where analytical grammar leaves off”. Section 2 describes ‘speech act formulas’ as conventional bundles of eight or nine different features, including several that are not normally considered part of grammar or lexical items, such as discourse function, idiomaticity constraints, special ‘musical’ features such as voice quality and volume, and body language. Section 3, viewing the period before 1970, asks what place was given to speech formulas in analytic grammars, on the one hand, and in treatments of language by conventional lexicographers and other humanists (scholars chiefly interested in language as an expression of human affairs), on the other. Section 4 comments on the circumstances that led some linguists and lexicographers in the 1970s to treat speech formulas as playing a central rather than a peripheral role in linguistic competence. The final section asks whether in recent decades ‘usage-based’ or ‘discourse-based’ approaches, often drawing on large electronic corpora, have led linguists to modify their views of what languages are, or whether most are still working with a grammar-and-lexicon centric model. It seems that certain methodological and theoretical biases act as conservative forces, keeping linguists focused on grammatical and lexical form, while paying relatively little attention to the full complexity of speech formulas and their role in fluency, idiomaticity, coherence, appropriateness, wit and other highly-valued facets of ordinary language use.
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 1073 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "and" : [ "BasisOfRecord is Human Observation", "Country is China", "GadmGid is CHN.27.1_1", "HasCoordinate is true", "HasGeospatialIssue is false", "TaxonKey is one of (Falco peregrinus Tunstall, 1771, Falco cherrug J.E.Gray, 1834, Falco subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758, Falco columbarius Linnaeus, 1758, Falco amurensis Radde, 1863, Falco tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758, Falco naumanni J.G.Fleischer, 1818, Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan, 1763), Asio otus (Linnaeus, 1758), Athene noctua (Scopoli, 1769), Otus sunia (Hodgson, 1836), Buteo japonicus Temminck & Schlegel, 1844, Buteo hemilasius Temminck & Schlegel, 1844, Buteo lagopus (Pontoppidan, 1763), Butastur indicus (Gmelin, 1788), Haliaeetus albicilla (Linnaeus, 1758), Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783), Circus melanoleucos (Pennant, 1769), Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus, 1766), Circus spilonotus Kaup, 1847, Accipiter gentilis (Linnaeus, 1758), Accipiter nisus (Linnaeus, 1758), Accipiter virgatus (Temminck, 1822), Accipiter gularis (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844), Accipiter soloensis (Horsfield, 1821), Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, 1833, Clanga clanga (Pallas, 1811), Pernis ptilorhynchus (Temminck, 1821), Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789), Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758))", "Year 2003-2022" ] } The dataset includes 1073 records from 2 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0007711-240425142415019/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
Aerosol b bolus d dispersion a and e effective a airway d diameters in m mildly a asthmatic c children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The contribution of aerosol techniques, the estimation of aerosol bolus dispersion and effective airway dimensions, to the clinical diagnosis of paediatric asthma was studied. In 47 children, aged 11±2 yrs, with mild asthma (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 83±9% of forced vital capacity (FVC)) effective airway diameters were derived from the recovery of inhaled 1 µm sebacate droplets. Intrapulmo- nary dispersion of inhaled boluses of 0.4 µm droplets was studied, by characterizing the concentration distributions of droplets in the exhaled air by their standard deviation and skewness. Effective airway diameters increased in asthmatic subjects with increasing body size, and did not differ from those obtained in 16 healthy children of similar age and height. Standard deviation and skewness of particle boluses exhaled from shallow lung depths were higher in the asthmatic children than the healthy child- ren (e.g. standard deviation 91±17 ml vs 79±15 ml, skewness 0.38±0.16 vs 0.23±0.16, respectively, for boluses in 140 ml lung depth). The sensitivity and specificity of bolus dispersion to detect alterations in lung function was comparable to that of FEV1/FVC, the most sensitive conventional lung function parameter in the present study. There was no correlation between body height or lung function and bolus parameters. We conclude that aerosol measurements do not provide an obvious benefit for the clinical diagnosis of mild paediatric asthma, but bolus dispersion supplies additional information on alterations in convective gas transport in the diseased lung.
Thermal analysis and dissolution characteristics of nifedipine solid dispersions

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Solid dispersions of nifedipine prepared with two hydrophilic carrier systems, Gelucire (44/14)/PEG 600 and PVP (K12-K25)/PEG 6000 by fusion or fusion/solvent method were characterized by thermal analysis for comparisons. Results demonstrated that both carrier systems were able to prohibit the crystallization of nifedipine after the mixture melted at a higher temperature at a ratio exceeding 50%. The extent of forming amorphous nifedipine due to the inhibition of crystallization, also raised with the increasing ratio of the carrier. When mixing with PEG 6000 at a ratio of 3:1, the melting temperature of nifedipine dropped to 110°C. Dissolution tests further demonstrated that nifedipine, once fused with these carriers, possessed an enhanced dissolution rate. As to the Gelucire (44/14)/PEG 600 system, the dissolution rates from those samples prepared at a higher temperature were faster than those prepared at the melting point of Gelucire. The dissolution rate increased with the amount of Gelucire added in the preparation. For the PVP/PEG 6000 carrier system, the dissolution rate of nifedipine increased with the amounts of both PVP and PEG 6000. However, a slower dissolution rate was also noted resulted from higher molecular weight of PVP.
143 An ethical analysis of evidence-based medicine

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Background

(Evidence-based medicine is a clinical decision making framework which makes claims about what physicians ought to do. Though heralded as the cutting edge of medical science evidence-based medicine is a value laden normative theory which implicitly depends on substantive views regarding what is morally good or right.

Objectives

In this paper, I provide an ethical analysis of evidence-based medicine.

Method

I consider its normative underpinnings in three ethical theories: utilitarianism, Kantian deontology, and virtue ethics.

Results

In the face of uncertainty, evidence-based medicine endorses expected utility theory using the best available evidence in order to avoid doing more harm than good. In accordance with the Kantian respect for individuals as ends in themselves, evidence-based medicine calls for integrating the values and preferences of the patient. De-emphasizing intuition, clinical expertise, and pathophysiologic rationale emphasizes the need for the intellectual virtues of curiosity, critical thinking, and courage.

Conclusions

Evidence-based medicine is a successful clinical practice that can be morally justified by all three major ethical theories. Although its focus on maximizing good health outcomes and integrating respect for individual patients has been emphasized, the role of the intellectual virtues in evidence-based medicine remains highly under-explored.
Radiological Determination of the Level of the Diaphragm in Emphysema

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A radiological method of assessing the level of the diaphragm is described. In all cases of moderate or severe emphysema in subjects of normal build, the diaphragmatic level was low. In obese asthmatics, in whom some degree of emphysema was thought to be present, the diaphragm was at a normal level.
Taxation Earnings of New Zealand Residents Overseas

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Section 242(b) of the Income Tax Act 1976 provides that all income derived from New Zealand shall be assessable for income tax, whether or not the recipient is resident in New Zealand. In Geothermal Energy New Zealand v. Commissioner of Inland Revenue [1979] 2 NZLR 324 the court held that where income is for personal services it derives from the place the service is performed, not where the payment comes from.
Alfred M. Oxner's Contribution to Lichenology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In February, 1998, scientists of Ukraine celebrated the 100-yr anniversary of the birth date of ALFRED MYCOLAYOVYCH OXNER (Feb. 22, 1898Nov. 20, 1973), a prominent Ukrainian lichenologist (Fig. 1). He was the founder of the National Lichenological Herbarium of Ukraine; Professor; Doctor of Biological Science; Member-Correspondent of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine; and Honored Scientist of Ukraine. He was representative of the generation of Ukrainian intellectuals associated with the flourishing of the national culture. In 1998, S. Ya. Kondratyuk prepared a biographical sketch for this occasion using Alfred Oxner's published and archival material (some just found during the last 10 yrs-Kondratyuk 1990b; Kondratyuk & Mikhailova 1990; Oxner et al. 1989; Wasser & Kondratyuk 1989, 1990). He also made available an index of proposed lichen names (Kondratyuk 1992). This biography is kept in the Institute of Archives of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the M.H. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Also some papers are kept in Oxner's son's family (Sergey A. Oxner and his wife Natalia M. Oxner). Biography.-Alfred M. Oxner was born on February 22, 1898 in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd), Ukraine to a German noble family. During the former socialist regime, Oxner kept secret his noble origin and his real nationality (dating from the 1930's, he was Russian according to all his papers). On his birth certificate his real parents are mentioned (his father Nicolay Ochsner, an ensign in the reserve and a farmer, and his mother Wilgelmine, maiden name Schwartz). However, he grew up in the family of his foster mother Zinaida Lazarevna Solomonova in Elisavetgrad and her brother's family Mozyrj Lazarevich Solomonov. Oxner considered M. L. Solomonov as his father.
Environment data processing for a data centre

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Data centres have become essential with the increasing popularity of cloud computing. Server overheating is a major problem faced by these computing infrastructures. Overcooling server rooms is a common practice to prevent overheating. However, this strategy results in excessive power consumption. This project aims to build an analytical model which can accurately predict server temperature. With an earlier indication of potential server overheating, preventive strategies can be adopted. The objective is to reduce the reliance on overcooling and improve temperature control systems to make them more energy efficient. The environment data used in this project was collected in a data centre using various wireless sensors (Chen, et al., 2014). Linear regression and random forest regression techniques were applied to understand the relationship between central processing unit (CPU) utilisation, CPU power consumption and data centre environment temperature. These analytical models were used to predict temperatures at varying points of time in the future (time horizons). The models were fairly accurate in predicting the environment temperature. Random forest regression performed better with an average root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.369 at a time horizon of 10 minutes, compared to linear regression’s 0.412. Although a decent indication of the risk of overheating, the temperature predictions are limited by the restricted number of independent variables analysed. The thermal environment is affected by various factors, more of which should be included in the analysis to better understand the interrelationships and increase the prediction accuracy.
Testing for wage leadership processes in the Chilean economy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of government regulations on wage determination as well as the existence of a wage leadership process by public sector wages on private sector wages. Specifically, the hypothesis to be tested, by applying Granger-type causality test, is that private sector wages have followed those of the public sector in a time path. The results obtained show that the leadership role of public wages has graducally become weaker as state intervention in the labour market declined.
From the Bargaining Table to the Ballot Box: Political Effects of Right to Work Laws

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Labor unions directly affect wages, employment, industrial structure, and inequality.But unions also influence the economy and labor market indirectly through their effects on politics, providing candidates with voters, volunteers, and contributions, and lobbying on public policy.We use the enactment of right-to-work laws---which weaken unions by removing agency shop protections---to estimate the effect of unions on politics and policy from 1980-2016.Comparing counties on either side of a state and right-to-work border to causally identify the effects of the state laws, we find that right-to-work laws reduce Democratic Presidential vote shares by 3.5 percentage points.We find similar effects in Senate, House, and Gubernatorial races, as well as on state legislative control.Turnout is also 2 percentage points lower in right-to-work counties after passage.Exploring the mechanisms, we find that right-to-work laws dampen organized labor contributions to Democrats and that potential Democratic voters are less likely to be contacted to vote.The weakening of unions also has large downstream effects: fewer working-class candidates serve in state legislatures and Congress, while state policy moves in a more conservative direction.
Socio-endocrinology revisited: New tools to tackle old questions

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Animals’ social environments impact their health and survival, but the proximate links between sociality and fitness are still not fully understood. In this thesis, I develop and apply new approaches to address an outstanding question within this sociality-fitness link: does grooming (a widely studied, positive social interaction) directly affect glucocorticoid concentrations (GCs; a group of steroid hormones indicating physiological stress) in a wild primate? To date, negative, long-term correlations between grooming and GCs have been found, but the logistical difficulties of studying proximate mechanisms in the wild leave knowledge gaps regarding the short-term, causal mechanisms that underpin this relationship. New technologies, such as collar-mounted tri-axial accelerometers, can provide the continuous behavioural data required to match grooming to non-invasive GC measures (Chapter 1). Using Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) living on the Cape Peninsula, South Africa as a model system, I identify giving and receiving grooming using tri-axial accelerometers and supervised machine learning methods, with high overall accuracy (~80%) (Chapter 2). I then test what socio-ecological variables predict variation in faecal and urinary GCs (fGCs and uGCs) (Chapter 3). Shorter and rainy days are associated with higher fGCs and uGCs, respectively, suggesting that environmental conditions may impose stressors in the form of temporal bottlenecks. Indeed, I find that short days and days with more rain-hours are associated with reduced giving grooming (Chapter 4), and that this reduction is characterised by fewer and shorter grooming bouts. Finally, I test whether grooming predicts GCs, and find that while there is a long-term negative correlation between grooming and GCs, grooming in the short-term, in particular giving grooming, is associated with higher fGCs and uGCs (Chapter 5). I end with a discussion on how the new tools I applied have enabled me to advance our understanding of sociality and stress in primate social systems (Chapter 6).