jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Somatosensory cortex activation during electrical stimulation of projected finger map on the stump skin of forearm amputee

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that electrical stimulation of projected finger map (PFM) in the stump skin of forearm amputees activates concurrently the corresponding finger areas in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The technique of magnetoencephalo-graphy (MEG) was used to detect S1 activities, while electrical stimulation pulses or trains were delivered to three sites: (1) the thumb and little finger areas of the PFM on the stump skin of an amputee subject; (2) the thumb and little finger of the contralateral hand of the subject; and (3) the contralateral forearm skin areas matching the PFM in the amputated stump. Result indicated that at single pulse stimulus (1Hz) to the thumb and little fingers in the PFM and contralateral hand, symmetric areas in S1 corresponding to the thumb (more lateral) and little finger (lateral) in both sides could be identified. With stimulation train (50Hz and duty cycle of 50%) to the thumb and little finger in the PFM and contralateral hand, the subject experienced pressure sensations similarly at both sites, and the same symmetric areas of the thumb (more lateral) and little finger (lateral) in S1 were activated. With stimulation at the third site, the activation area in S1 was located towards more medial (elbow) segment. MEG results indicated that PFM stimulation evoked S1 activation consistent with homunculus organization. This may imply that the thumb and little finger areas in the PFM on the stump skin are connected neuroanatomically to the thumb and little finger areas in S1 before amputation.
Acccounting Information System and Digital Marketing Assitance for MSMEs in Rungkut Surabaya

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Nine MSMEs in Rungkut and its surroundings have the same general problems, including production processes that are still not standardized, limited marketing facilities, and an understanding of business management and financial management so that they cannot compete with manufacturers. Even though many products have superior products. This is due to limited capital, equipment, and a lack of understanding of financial management. To overcome the problem of limited understanding regarding financial management and modern media marketing, a simple accounting information system training was held. The objectives of this training are to: 1) increase understanding of SME actors about the income and expenditure cycle; 2) understand modern marketing alternatives using social media and online platforms; and 3) increase understanding of simple financial management. The results of the training show that there is an increased understanding of these three things. SMEs are starting to understand the importance of internal control in their business cycle, knowing various online marketing media that can be used, understanding the concept of business entities, and the importance of recording financial transactions
Morphological varieties of Trichophyton rubrum clinical isolates

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Trichophyton rubrum is the worldwide most frequently isolated anthropophilic dermatophyte causing superficial mycosis. Several morphological varieties of this dermatophyte have been reported, making its identification sometimes difficult. Our aim was to identify and to determine the frequency of the different morphological varieties among the T. rubrum isolates in Mexico. One hundred and thirty one isolates, obtained from patients with dermatophytosis were studied. The different morphological varieties were evaluated by their macroscopic and microscopic features of isolates growing on three different media, by the urease production and by their in vitro hair perforation capability. Using these criteria, six morphological varieties were identified, being the most frequent the Y, typical downy, and flava varieties. In this study we found that although T. rubrum presents several morphological varieties, only three of them were more frequently found among isolates of Mexico, which could indicate differences in their capacity to cause infection.
High field strength magnetic resonance imaging of brain lesion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The primary merit of a 3 tesla (T) magnetic resonance (MR) scanner is the increase in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It can offer high spatial and temporal image resolution and its diagnostic potential for brain lesions can be improved at the magnetic strength of 3T. In addition to the increased SNR, strong prolongation of T1 relaxation time at high field MR leads to overall improvements in enhancing lesions versus non-enhancing tissue on contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images and blood versus tissue contrast on time-of-flight MR angiography. Increased chemical shift and susceptibility can improve the spectral resolution in MR spectroscopy and the sensitivities in the micro-hemorrhage detection of gradient echo image, the perfusion change of perfusion MRI, and the blood oxygen level-dependent effect of functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The short acquisition time of diffusion MRI at 3T can decrease motion artifacts in irritable stroke patients and it can be easier to estimate anisotrophy and to increase the efficiency of tractography in diffusion tensor imaging with high numbers of gradient directions. On the other hand, the regulation of the specific absorption rate due to increased radio-frequency energy deposition and the controls for signal loss and increased artifacts at 3T are the main clinical problems. If the drawbacks can be addressed by parallel imaging or pulse sequence changes, 3T MRI can be a useful diagnostic tool and increase the diagnostic accuracy in various brain lesions, such as stroke, trauma, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, dementia, and brain tumors.
Reply to Nugue and Wion: Targeting cancer stem cells’ hypoxic core

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It has become increasingly clear that cancer stem cells (CSCs) flourish in response to low oxygen levels. We recently presented evidence that antiangiogenic therapy stimulated the CSC population in breast cancer by generating intratumoral hypoxia, and we suggested that the addition of CSC-targeting agents was warranted to increase the efficacy of antiangiogenics (1). Therefore, it seems that no matter which therapeutic strategy is used to treat a malignancy (whether it be chemo-, radio-, or antiangiogenic therapy), there is need for the use of CSC-targeting agents in combination. In their work “Angiogenesis and the tumor space–time continuum,” Nugue and Wion (2) make a valid central assertion that, even in the absence of therapeutic agents, the innate defects in tumor vasculature generate areas of cyclic hypoxia. This observation means that, as angiogenesis allows tumors to grow in size, their faulty blood vessels concurrently fuel the CSC population. Naturally, we are compelled to ask how we can use this observation to our advantage. CSCs are known to possess an impressive arsenal of defenses, allowing them to survive under stress and evade traditional therapies, including increased expression of drug transporters and intracellular detoxification enzymes and enhanced DNA damage checkpoint responses (3). It is, therefore, enticing to take advantage of our knowledge of CSCs biology, including their relationship with low oxygen, to target CSCs and combat their defensive mechanisms. The first line of attack may be to directly target the cellular oxygen sensing system, which is predominantly controlled by hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). In our studies, we showed that one specific isoform, HIF-1a, was fully necessary for hypoxia to stimulate the CSC population in breast cancer cells (1). In accordance, HIF proteins have also been shown to regulate the tumorigenic potential of glioma cells under hypoxia (4). Blocking HIF signaling, therefore, represents a strong candidate strategy for weakening the hypoxic affect on CSCs. In fact, the work by Wang et al. (5) validated the use of the small-molecule inhibitor of HIFs, echinomycin, in the elimination of acute myeloid leukemia CSCs, in which HIF-1a is selectively activated under all oxygen levels. A second line of attack may be to raise intracellular levels of oxygen in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CSCs are believed to have enhanced free radical scavenging systems, resulting in low levels of ROS (6). Moreover, in addition to low oxygen tension, low levels of ROS are believed to be important components of the CSC niche. Therefore, therapies that can increase ROS within this population may, indeed, be advantageous. Overall, CSCs pose as worthy opponents in the war against cancer, but their dependence on hypoxia may prove to be a lethal flaw in their defenses.
Is Multi-Modal Necessarily Better? Robustness Evaluation of Multi-modal Fake News Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The proliferation of fake news and its serious negative social influence push fake news detection methods to become necessary tools for web managers. Meanwhile, the multi-media nature of social media makes multi-modal fake news detection popular for its ability to capture more modal features than uni-modal detection methods. However, current literature on multi-modal detection is more likely to pursue the detection accuracy but ignore the robustness of the detector. To address this problem, we propose a comprehensive robustness evaluation of multi-modal fake news detectors. In this work, we simulate the attack methods of malicious users and developers, i.e., posting fake news and injecting backdoors. Specifically, we evaluate multi-modal detectors with five adversarial and two backdoor attack methods. Experiment results imply that: (1) The detection performance of the state-of-the-art detectors degrades significantly under adversarial attacks, even worse than general detectors; (2) Most multi-modal detectors are more vulnerable when subjected to attacks on visual modality than textual modality; (3) Popular events' images will cause significant degradation to the detectors when they are subjected to backdoor attacks; (4) The performance of these detectors under multi-modal attacks is worse than under uni-modal attacks; (5) Defensive methods will improve the robustness of the multi-modal detectors.
Diffuse elastic magnetic scattering of neutrons from a Mn0.68Zn0.32F2single crystal

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The authors have investigated the temperature variation of the cross section of the magnetic elastic diffuse neutron scattering from a single crystal of Mn0.68Zn0.32F2. The experiment was performed with the scattering vector along (100) and (110) directions, at temperatures of 4.2, 20 and 30K. Neutron polarisation analysis, with a time-of-flight technique, was used to separate the elastic magnetic diffuse scattering from the accompanying scattering. The modulation of the magnetic diffuse cross section was related to the fluctuation in magnetisation due to the impurity present. The parameters extracted were compared with those obtained from a mean-field theory of dilute impurities in a Heisenberg magnet.
Transient neonatal autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy (AAG) is an acquired reversible neuroimmunologic disorder of autonomic ganglia in the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. Antibodies specific for ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (gAChRs) impair fast synaptic transmission between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.1
Imaging the distribution of bitumen contaminants in shallow coastal plain sands in Southwestern Nigeria using electrical resistivity

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Naturally occurring bitumen seeps within the shallow subsurface contaminates soil and groundwater in communities within the eastern segment of the Dahomey Basin in southwestern Nigeria. Managing these contaminations require an understanding of the distribution of the bitumen seeps to isolate contaminated regions to avoid farming activities or drilling shallow drinking water wells within them. Several studies have assessed the shallow occurrence of bitumen in the region, focusing on their economic potentials and ignoring current challenges with soil and groundwater contamination in these communities. This study focuses on using electrical resistivity techniques with limited soil cores to delineate the distribution of bitumen seeps within the shallow subsurface in Imakun-Omi community in southwestern Nigeria. We used both 1D and 2D numerical and field approaches in this study. 13 vertical electrical soundings using a Schlumberger electrode array were first acquired to obtain the bulk resistivities and layer thicknesses. The 1D resistivity alongside well lithologic data served as prior data for a forward modelling study to assess the capability of resolving the bitumen seeps within electrically resistive coastal sands. Results of the forward modelling studies guided the acquisition of five 2D electrical resistivity profiles used to image the distribution of bitumen seeps using a Wenner electrode array with a unit electrode spacing of 2 m. Results of this study show that bitumen seeps with resistivities greater than 3, 000 Ohm-m are distributed within the top 4 m in the area and extends down to 10 m in some locations. Our numerical studies show that despite difficulties in imaging bitumen seeps within sediments overlain by higher electrical resistivity layers, reliable results can be derived, thus proving the versatility of electrical resistivity in delineating areas contaminated by bitumen seeps within shallow coastal sands.
The development of a remote wireless meter reading system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes a remote utility meter reading system providing multi-point to point data transfer within residential areas. It comprises meter located transmitters and base station receivers used to receive and relay the transmitted data. Packet transmissions from the meters are at a nominal data rate of 870 bps with payloads typically in the range 32-64 bytes. The system uses narrow band, phase modulation. Transmissions from the meter are on a randomised time and frequency basis, which ensures that the risk of a collision in time and frequency at the receiver is minimised and avoids the need for the additional complexity of synchronising all of the meters. The basestation receiver utilises an advanced, wideband multichannel DSP architecture able to decode up to twenty simultaneously received signals allowing a single base station to support several thousand remote terminals. The system was designed for a maximum capacity of 6500 terminals per cell, a transmitter battery life of 10 years and a 1/2 km range for 99% probability of communication. (9 pages)
Adaptative disorder: Relationship between RAHE and PHQ in primary care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

El presente estudio tiene como objetivos conocer la prevalencia del hábito tabáquico de los residentes en la provincia de Granada y estudiar algunos componentes de la actitud de dicho colectivo frente al problema del tabaquismo. En un estudio descriptivo transversal y en él se ha administrado una encuesta a una muestra de 1537 individuos mayores de 16 años de esta provincia, seleccionada mediante muestreo bietápico con estratificación de las unidades de primera etapa (secciones censales) y de segunda etapa ("viviendas familiares™ utilizadas como residencia habitual).La prevalencia de fumadores en varones fue del 51,8% y en mujeres del 17,5%. La prevalencia de exfumadores fue del 11,1% (19,0% en varones y 3,4% en mujeres). El 32,5% de la población fumadora y el 75,0% de la exfumadora reconocía que el tabaco perjudicaba su salud. El 45%de los fumadores han intentado al menos en una ocasión abandonar el hábito tabáquico. Los motivos alegados con mayor frecuencia para hacerlo fueron el diagnósticos de enfermedad y la presencia de sintomatología.Con este estudio se pone de manifiesto la elevada prevalencia del hábito tabáquico en la provincia de Granada.The aims of this study are to reveal the prevalence of smoking habit amongst the residents in the Granada province and to study some components of the general attitude towards the tobacco habit. The study was a cross-sectional design which is the result of a survey based on a sample of 1537 subjects (all of them being 16 years or over and residents in this province). The participants were chosen by stratified sampling which was realized in two stages: the units of the first stage were censual sections and the second ones were usual familiy houses.The percentage of smokers was 51.8% male and 17.5% female. The ex-smokers' prevalence was 11.1% (19.0% and men and 3.4% women). 32.5% smokers and 75.0% ex-smokers identified tobacco as a health problem. 45% of smokers had attemped to drop tobacco one or more times. The most frequent motive being the diagnosis of disease or the smoking-related symptoms.This study has revealed the high prevalence of the smoking habit in the province of Granada.
Maintenance of ecosystem nitrogen limitation by ephemeral forest disturbance: An assessment using MODIS, Hyperion, and Landsat ETM+

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Ephemeral disturbances, such as non‐lethal insect defoliations and crown damage from meteorological events, can significantly affect the delivery of ecosystem services by helping maintain nitrogen (N) limitation in temperate forest ecosystems. However, the impacts of these disturbances are difficult to observe across the broad‐scales at which they affect ecosystem function. Using remotely sensed measures and field data, we find support for the hypothesis that ephemeral disturbances help maintain landscape‐wide ecosystem N limitation. Specifically, a phenology‐based defoliation index derived from daily MODIS satellite imagery predicts three ecosystem responses from oak‐dominated forested watersheds: elevated stream water N export (R 2 = 0.48), decreased foliar N (R 2 = 0.69, assessed with Hyperion imagery), and reduced vegetation growth vigor (R 2 = 0.49, assessed with Landsat ETM+ imagery). The results indicate that ephemeral disturbances and other forest stressors may sustain N limitation by reducing the ability of trees to compete for –and retain‐ soil available N.
S68 | HSDBTPS | Transformation Products Extracted from HSDB Content in PubChem

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This is the collection associated with list S68 HSDBTPS Transformation Products Extracted from HSDB Content in PubChem on the NORMAN Suspect List Exchange. https://www.norman-network.com/nds/SLE/ HSDBTPS is a list of metabolites / transformation products extracted from the "Metabolites/Metabolism" section from HSDB (Hazardous Substance Data Bank) in PubChem (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/11933). Dataset DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3827487. Entries automatically extracted from HSDB are manually validated to remove mismatching CIDs, and add additional CIDs not captured using the descriptions provided. Files are created with a default to not import any data until this has been checked. Please report any mismatches, despite best efforts it is possible that errors are present, all files are under version control so that entries can be corrected/updated/enhanced over time and recommitted. Code associated with this deposit is located here: https://gitlab.lcsb.uni.lu/eci/pubchem/-/tree/master/annotations/tps/ Updates: 16 May 2020: Added the source file (extract of all HSDB Metabolites/Metabolism entries as is from JSON file), plus an updated S68_HSDBTPS_StructInfoOnly.csv with one new structure and renamed to include S68, plus the first draft of the Transformations table. 28 May 2020: added InChIKey and DIXSID files. 11 June 2020: added updated Transformations and Structure files to contain new CIDs and resulting reactions from new PubChem registrations. Dec 23, 2022: first dataset from Emma Palm added, using her TP curation app. DTXSID file dropped. 23 Mar 2023: added Biosystem and Enzyme columns, filling in biosystem where appropriate. 24 Mar 2023: new azo dye reactions from Emma Palm added. 1 Apr 2023: more azo dye reactions from Emma Palm. 4 Apr 2023: added new CIDs. 27 June 2023: added many new substances, including new CIDs. 28 June 2023 added transformations, 30 June 2023 added new CIDs.11 July added missing DOIs to transformations table
Cercopithecus preussi Matschie 1898

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cercopithecus preussi Matschie 1898 Cercopithecus preussi Matschie 1898, Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin: 76. Type Locality: Cameroon, Victoria. Vernacular Names: Preuss's Monkey. Subspecies:: Subspecies Cercopithecus preussi subsp. preussi Matschie 1898 Subspecies Cercopithecus preussi subsp. insularis Thomas 1910 Distribution: Region of Mt. Cameroon; Bioko (Equatorial Guinea). Conservation: CITES – Appendix II; IUCN – Endangered as C. p. preusii and C. p. insularis. Discussion: C. lhoesti species group. Not a subspecies of C. lhoesti; see Harrison (1988:562).
Milk production in the post-genomic era

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Milk plays an important role in human nutrition. Nowadays, dairy industry is oriented in the production of increasing number of different milk products and technological properties of milk are gaining more and more attention. Introduction of recombinant DNA technology in the early 1970 and development of molecular genetics enabled studies of the organization of milk protein genes and mechanisms involved in their expression. Genome research in farm animals was oriented in production of low-density genetic maps with the emphasis on the genetic variation in some functionally important regions. In the public databases, 1598 cattle genes have already been mapped and partially sequenced by the end of 2003. In addition, numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL) were mapped for economically important traits. Typical examples include milk yield and milk composition in dairy cattle. The availability of genomic DNA sequences for a number of potential candidate genes with an impact on production traits allowed construction of cattle genome microarrays. Functional studies of milk protein genes revealed the impact of different genetic variants on technological properties of milk. Genomics approach thus offers an entirely new way to identify complex interactions among milk protein genes other genes involved in milk production and elucidation of the complex regulatory network allowing efficient milk production in the mammary gland.
WELFARE GAINS FROM STABILIZATION IN A STOCHASTICALLY GROWING ECONOMY WITH IDIOSYNCRATIC SHOCKS AND FLEXIBLE LABOR SUPPLY

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Stochastic models with economywide shocks imply that the welfare costs of aggregate volatility are negligible. Empirical evidence suggests that the volatility of idiosyncratic shocks is several times that of aggregate shocks. This paper introduces both types of shocks. We find that if in the process of eliminating aggregate risk the policymaker can reduce idiosyncratic risk by an amount suggested by available empirical evidence, the welfare gains from stabilization can become significant. The introduction of idiosyncratic risk has important implications for asset pricing, and in particular may reduce the risk-free rate substantially, through the precautionary savings motive. Many of our results are sensitive both to the degree of risk aversion and to the flexibility of labor supply. The paper highlights the trade-offs involved in analyzing the effects of risk on growth and welfare and on asset pricing, clarifying the need to examine these issues within a unified stochastic general equilibrium framework.