jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Missed Opportunity: Women and the 2010 UK General Election

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The 2010 UK general election presented a rare opportunity to significantly enhance women's representation in the UK due to the larger numbers of vacant?held seats following the parliamentary expenses scandal of 2009. However, despite encouraging words and commitments from the main political parties, the opportunity was missed. The proportion of women's representation in the UK parliament remains at around 22 per cent, comparing unfavourably with countries as diverse as Rwanda and Sweden, and leaving the UK ranking 52nd in the global league table. Although there is no one single answer for achieving sex parity in politics, many factors can increase women's opportunities. At the 2010 general election, only the Labour party adopted the strategy of‘equality guarantees'; the other two parties preferred ‘equality rhetoric’ and‘equality promotion'; the outcome of the general election demonstrated, once again, the efficacy of the Labour party's equality guarantees.
Improved management in the diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this paper an evaluation is made of the endeavours to improve diagnosis in women named as contacts of gonorrhoea. The problem was approached in three ways. (a) The number of sites sampled was increased. (b) The results of microscopical examination of smears made by clinical staff were regularly evaluated. (c) Cultural examinations by the supporting laboratory were dealt with more efficiently and speedily. It is concluded that the number of tests currently used to establish or exclude a diagnosis of gonorrhoea in women can safely be reduced to two, and that the methods currently in use allow a more cost-effective management of an increasing case load.
Toward Understanding the Failure Mechanism in p-GaN Gate HEMTs Operating in Reverse Conduction Diode Mode

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we investigate the reverse conduction diode mode failure mechanism in p-GaN gate high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) using TCAD simulations and emission microscopy (EMMI). First, we observe a significant increase in gate leakage current when V-DS is swept to -15 V while V-GS = 0 V, indicating gate breakdown occurring with sufficient negative bias. Second, TCAD simulations are conducted to gain further insight into the failure locations and mechanisms. The simulations reveal high electric fields in the Schottky junction close to the interface between the metal and the p-GaN. This finding suggests that the gate region is likely the location leading to increased gate current and breakdown during the reverse conducting operation of the p-GaN gate HEMT. Lastly, EMMI measurements are performed on a device exhibiting high gate leakage current during reverse conduction diode mode operation. The EMMI results show bright spots in the gate region, which align with the failure location identified by the TCAD simulations. These results emphasize the importance of optimizing the Schottky/p-GaN junction to enhance the robustness of the p-GaN gate HEMT under reverse conduction diode mode operation.
Targeted Isolation of a Cytotoxic Cyclic Hexadepsipeptide from the Mesophotic Zone Sponge-Associated Fungus Cymostachys sp. NBUF082

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

LC-MS/MS-based molecular networking facilitated the targeted isolation of a new cyclic hexadepsipeptide, cymodepsipeptide (1), and two known analogues, RF–2691A (2) and RF–2691B (3), from the fungus Cymostachys sp. NBUF082 that was derived from a mesophotic zone Aaptos sponge collected near Apo Island. The constitution and configuration of 1 was elucidated through 1D and 2D NMR-spectroscopy, high resolution mass-spectrometry, and chemical degradations including Marfey’s analysis and chiral HPLC. It was observed that 1 was moderately cytotoxic against CCRF-CEM human acute lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro with the IC50 value of 9.2 ± 1.1 μM.
Removal of abdominal sources of caudal mediastinal node lymph in anesthetized sheep

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We investigated the conditions for and the quantity of abdominal contributions to caudal mediastinal node (CMN) efferent lymph in 15 anesthetized sheep with open thorax and lung lymph fistulas. Contractions of the diaphragm by phrenic nerve stimulation increased lymph flow by 29%. Adding large volumes (10 ml/kg) of 5% albumin solution to the peritoneal cavity increased lymph flow by 19 and 28% during diaphragm contraction. Tracer albumin specific activity in lymph indicated that about half the lymph flow increment came from the peritoneal liquid. Raising hepatic vein pressure 19 cmH2O increased CMN lymph flow 178%. Lymph protein concentration also increased markedly, from 0.72 to 0.91 of the plasma concentration. We devised a simple procedure to cauterize across the pleural surface of the diaphragm to destroy the aberrant lymphatics. This procedure markedly diminished both abdominal cavity and portal system contributions.
A parting of the ways? The diverging nature of mental health social work in the light of the new Acts in Scotland, and in England and Wales

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

• Summary: This article uses the concept of citizenship to explore the recent mental health statutes within England and Wales and within Scotland. It argues that differences in the content, and practice context, herald a parting of the ways in mental health social work in the United Kingdom. • Findings: The author focuses on three key differences: the reciprocity principle, the grounds for compulsory treatment and the place of social work within compulsory intervention to demonstrate how the statutes have led to more limited legal, procedural and social rights in England and Wales than in Scotland. The result for social work is that the practice context created in England and Wales may become more risk averse and that social work services may have a more residual role within statutory mental health work. The differences described in this article may also reflect increasing post-devolution divergence in the provision of social work services across the four countries that make up the United Kingdom. • Applications: Further research is needed to explore if these divergences, within mental health law and policy, are in practice supporting or limiting citizenship.
Time-resolved turbulent dynamo in a laser plasma

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Understanding magnetic-field generation and amplification in turbulent plasma is essential to account for observations of magnetic fields in the universe. A theoretical framework attributing the origin and sustainment of these fields to the so-called fluctuation dynamo was recently validated by experiments on laser facilities in low-magnetic-Prandtl-number plasmas (Pm<1). However, the same framework proposes that the fluctuation dynamo should operate differently when Pm≳1, the regime relevant to many astrophysical environments such as the intracluster medium of galaxy clusters. This paper reports an experiment that creates a laboratory Pm≳1 plasma dynamo. We provide a time-resolved characterization of the plasma’s evolution, measuring temperatures, densities, flow velocities, and magnetic fields, which allows us to explore various stages of the fluctuation dynamo’s operation on seed magnetic fields generated by the action of the Biermann-battery mechanism during the initial drive-laser target interaction. The magnetic energy in structures with characteristic scales close to the driving scale of the stochastic motions is found to increase by almost three orders of magnitude and saturate dynamically. It is shown that the initial growth of these fields occurs at a much greater rate than the turnover rate of the driving-scale stochastic motions. Our results point to the possibility that plasma turbulence produced by strong shear can generate fields more efficiently at the driving scale than anticipated by idealized magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) simulations of the nonhelical fluctuation dynamo; this finding could help explain the large-scale fields inferred from observations of astrophysical systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Conformationally Restricted Substrate Analogues and Their Interaction with 3‐Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase Derived from Thermus thermophilus.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Image3_ELK1 Enhances Pancreatic Cancer Progression Via LGMN and Correlates with Poor Prognosis.TIF

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers and its prognosis is extremely poor. Clarification of molecular mechanisms and identification of prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed. Though we previously found that LGMN was involved in pancreatic carcinoma progression, the upstream regulation of LGMN remains unknown. We used reliable software to search for the potential transcription factors that may be related with LGMN transcription, we found that ELK1 could be a new regulator of LGMN transcription that binded directly to the LGMN promoter. Moreover, knocking down of ELK1 reduced pancreatic cancer cells proliferation, invasion and survival, while LGMN restored the malignancy of pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of ELK1 further increased cancer cells proliferation, invasion and survival. Clinically, ELK1 and LGMN were positively correlated with clinical stage, degree of differentiation and Lymph node infiltration. ELK1 and LGMN were identified as independent prognostic factors for overall survival. The patients with low expression of ELK1/LGMN survived an average of 29.65 months, whereas those with high expression of ELK1/LGMN survived an average of 16.67 months. In conclusive, our results revealed a new mechanism by which ELK1 promoted the progression of pancreatic cancer via LGMN and conferred poor prognosis.</p>
Incidence And Significance Of Black Aspergilli In Agricultural Commodities: A Review, With A Key To All Species Accepted To-Date

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Black aspergilli (Aspergillus species of Section Nigri) present dark colonies, often black, and uniseriate or biseriate conidial heads. Currently 26 species and one variety are accepted within this section. They have been isolated from a wide variety of food worldwide and are considered as common causes of food spoilage and biodeterioration of other materials. They are commonly present in cereals and vineyards and have the ability to cause Aspergillus rot of black berry. Some species of this section, like A. niger and A. awamori, are a common source of extracellular enzymes such as amylases and lipases, and organic acids, such as citric and gluconic acid, used as additives in food processing and are used for biotechnological purposes. These products hold the GRAS (Generally Recognised as Safe) status. Other species are able to produce ochratoxins (OTA) and fuminisins. This review briefly shedlighted on the taxonomy of this important group of Aspergillus along with the species incidence, mycotoxin production in agricultural commodities as well as their significance as plant pathogens. A provisional key for identification (based on phenotypic characteristics) is provided for all described species to-date.
Skin calcium-binding protein: distribution in other tissues

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The distribution of epidermal calcium-binding protein was examined in rat tissues using immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence techniques to investigate its possible physiological role. Epidermal calcium-binding protein was demonstrated in the basal proliferative cell layer of all Malpighian epithelia and related tissues (epidermis, sebaceous glands, cornea, esophagus, and vagina) as well as in ependyma of brain and in the epithelia of the lens. No immunoreactivity for epidermal calcium-binding protein was found in other tissues including dermis, muscle, cartilage, blood vessels, nerve tissue, liver, endocrine glands, urogenital tract, and intestinal and respiratory epithelium. The presence of a protein immunologically indistinguishable from epidermal calcium-binding protein in proliferative cells suggests that it may be involved in the control of calcium-dependent processes perhaps related to mechanical damage and continued proliferation.
Quality Function Deployment—The Technique: State of the Art and Future Directions

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Quality Function Deployment (QFD), a technique which was developed in Japan, has often been claimed to be the fundamental tool which helped the Japanese industry to achieve supremacy over the industries in the West QFD was introduced in the West in the mid 1980's and a decade has passed since its introduction Since its inception, varying degrees of success have been reported on its use This paper describes the technique, looks at the published material on the applications of QFD and analyses them From the analysis, ensuing discussions focus on ways to enhance this already powerful tool in the future, in order to extend its capabilities
Design Issues in Personalized Nutrition Advice Systems (Preprint)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

UNSTRUCTURED

The current health status of the general public can substantially benefit from a healthy diet. Using a personalized approach to initiate healthy dietary behavior seems to be a promising strategy, as individuals differ in terms of health status, subsequent dietary needs, and their desired behavior change support. However, providing personalized advice to a wide audience over a long period is very labor-intensive. This bottleneck can possibly be overcome by digitalizing the process of creating and providing personalized advice. An increasing number of personalized advice systems for different purposes is becoming available in the market, ranging from systems providing advice about just a single parameter to very complex systems that include many variables characterizing each individual situation. Scientific background is often lacking in these systems. In designing a personalized nutrition advice system, many design questions need to be answered, ranging from the required input parameters and accurate measurement methods (sense), type of modeling techniques to be used (reason), and modality in which the personalized advice is provided (act). We have addressed these topics in this viewpoint paper, and we have demonstrated the feasibility of setting up an infrastructure for providing personalized dietary advice based on the experience of 2 practical applications in a real-life setting.
Diseases and causes of death among the Popes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The causes of death of popes are reviewed in the light of existing knowledge, and analysed in terms of four periods: First Period (64-604) Early Middle Ages (604-1054), Late Middle Ages and Renaissance (1054-1492), and Post-Renaissance (1492-2000). Among those who died of natural causes, multi-disease pathology was commonly present as is to be expected in an older population group, and acute terminal febrile illnesses, malaria, stroke, severe heart disease, gout or poly-arthritis, terminal kidney disease, gallstones, cancer, dysentery, the plague, lung infection, gangrene of a leg, abscesses, depression or debilitating psychiatric illness. Unnatural causes comprise inter alia assassination, death in prison or in exile, casualties of war or public violence, poisoning and stoning during street violence. This study covers the time period up to the year 2005.
Testing the GRACE follow-on triple mirror assembly

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report on the successful testing of the GRACE follow-on triple mirror assembly (TMA) prototype. This component serves to route the laser beam in a proposed follow-on mission to the Gravity Recovery and Climate Explorer (GRACE) mission, containing an optical instrument for space-based distance measurement between satellites. As part of this, the TMA has to meet a set of stringent requirements on both the optical and mechanical properties. The purpose of the TMA prototype testing is to establish the feasibility of the design, materials choice and fabrication techniques. Here we report on co-alignment testing of this device to the arc second (5 μrad) level and thermal alignment stability testing to 1 μrad K-1.
Rock Physics and Seismic Inversion Modeling Guided by its Detailed Geological Model

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

From the structural-stratigraphic patterns in the study area, it’s possible to identify main deposits distribution and behavior of the carbonates, unite to seismic inversion and rock physics for unconventional reservoirs enabled to establish sweet spots areas.
Identify the best prospective in the sweet spot areas, using seismic, petrophysical and rock physics information for the unconventional plays of the Upper Jurassic.
The deepest structural events play an important role in the carbonate basins formation, especially for the producer’s plays in the geological objective. Among them, highlight Upper Jurassic Tithoniano and Oxfordiano plays as the best unconventional to explore in this kind of reservoirs.
The present project corresponds to the Upper Jurassic Characterization in the Tampico Misantla Basin
Establish prospective areas using the sweet spot methodology
Obtain iso-properties cubes, as elastic impedances (P & S), density, effective porosity, TOC and brittleness among them
Attitude and Propensity to Divorce in Iran: Structural and Ideational Determinants

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Divorce has been increasing worldwide, even in societies where religious impediments to it are strongest. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, divorce rates have risen rapidly since the mid-1990s. In this article, we investigate the attitude and propensity of young Iranians toward divorce and relate these attitudes and propensities to structural and ideational factors. The data are drawn from a survey of 720 married people ages 15 to 29 conducted in the city of Tehran in 2014. The results show that almost half of respondents approved of divorce as a solution for marital problems and one fifth of them have high propensity to divorce. Multivariate analyses indicate that approval of and high propensity toward divorce are significantly associated with ideational factors—namely individualism, secularism, and gender egalitarian views—and structural factors—including education, wife's employment, and household economic insecurity—even after controlling for demographic variables. We discuss the implications of these findings for the understanding of marital stability in this rapidly changing context.
comp_pg_dfix.csv from The effect of network topology on optimal exploration strategies and the evolution of cooperation in a mobile population

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We model a mobile population interacting over an underlying spatial structure using a Markov movement model. Interactions take the form of public goods games, and can feature an arbitrary group size. Individuals choose strategically to remain at their current location or to move to a neighbouring location, depending upon their exploration strategy and the current composition of their group. This builds upon previous work where the underlying structure was a complete graph (i.e. there was effectively no structure). Here, we consider alternative network structures and a wider variety of, mainly larger, populations. Previously, we had found when cooperation could evolve, depending upon the values of a range of population parameters. In our current work, we see that the complete graph considered before promotes stability, with populations of cooperators or defectors being relatively hard to replace. By contrast, the star graph promotes instability, and often neither type of population can resist replacement. We discuss potential reasons for this in terms of network topology.
Release of aroma compounds in binary and ternary carbohydrate model systems.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The release of volatile compounds from food matrices is governed by kinetic and thermodynamic phenomena; both of them are affected by several compositional and environmental factors. Simple model systems are in general used to evaluate the impact of a single chemical (e.g. composition) or physical properties (e.g. viscosity) on the kinetics of the aroma release, especially in the case of saccharides. This study is thus, aimed to evaluate the release kinetics of aroma compounds added to binary and ternary model systems made with disaccharide and maltodextrins and the effects of their physical (viscosity) and physico-chemical (in particular, aw) properties.Sucrose (S), trehalose (T) and Maltodextrines (MD, DE 7-9) were used in different concentrations to make up binary (water-sugar, S or T) and ternary (water-sugar-maltodextrin) model systems. Moreover, the ternary systems were prepared to keep the same molarity of the disaccharide as in the correspondent binary system. A mix of 4 esters at different molecular weight and hydrophobicity (ethyl acetate-EA, ethyl butirate-EB, isopentyl acetate-IA, and ethyl hexanoate-EE) were added in the model system to achieve a final concentration in the solution of 0,01% v/v for EA, EB and IA and 0,005% v/v for EE. The kinetic curves of the release of the volatiles up to the equilibrium were evaluated by gas-chromatografic analysis. The initial apparent rate of release, Rappi (min-1) of each aroma compound was computed in agreement to Seuvre et al. (2007) as well as to Anese et al. (1999). The latter model allowed to determine the a kinetic index of the release in the gas phase (d) of the aroma compounds in the various model systems.Binary model systems made with disaccharides with a concentration up to 50% of solute vary their aw values from 0.999 to 0.946 and 0.950 for T and S. The presence of MD in the ternary systems did not meaningfully affected the water activity of the binary system made with the same sugar whilst it significantly increased their viscosity. The kinetics of the aroma release resulted to be influenced differently by the nature of the aroma compound, the molecular complexity and concentration of the saccharide as well by the viscosity and water activity of the model systems. In binary solutions made with increasing concentration of T or S, where limited aw decrease and viscosity increase occurred, only EE and EA showed a slower release rates, while EB and IA were not affected. On the other hand, binary systems made with increasing concentration of MD besides a negligible aw change showed a significant decrease in the release rate. In ternary model systems in presence of both the saccharide and MD, competitive and/or synergic effects occurred and it differently increased or decreased the rate of the aroma release.Anese M. et al. (1996). In Ricerche e innovazioni nell’industria alimentare. Vol. 2 Chiriotti Editore, Torino, 891-899.Seuvre A-M. at al. (2007). Food Research International 40, 480-492.[...]