jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Gamma — General Abstract Model for Multiset mAnipulation and dynamic dataflow model: An equivalence study

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract With the increase of the search for computational models where the expression of parallelism occurs naturally, some paradigms arise as options for the current generation of computers. In this context, dynamic dataflow and Gamma— G eneral A bstract M odel for M ultiset m A nipulation—emerge as interesting computational model choices. In dynamic dataflow model, operations are performed as soon as their associated operands are available, without rely on a Program Counter to dictate the execution order of instructions. The Gamma paradigm is based on a parallel multiset rewriting scheme. It provides a nondeterministic execution model inspired by an abstract chemical machine metaphor, where operations are formulated as reactions that occur freely among matching elements belonging to the multiset. In this work, equivalence relations between the dynamic dataflow and Gamma paradigms are exposed and explored, while methods to convert from dataflow to Gamma paradigm and vice versa are provided. It is shown that vertices and edges of a dynamic dataflow graph can correspond, respectively, to reactions and multiset elements in the Gamma paradigm. This work provides the scientific community with the possibility of taking profit of both parallel programming models, contributing with a versatility component to researchers and developers.
Optimization of curing mode of epoxy resin based composites

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this article the techniques for determining the thermos-physical properties of epoxy binders depending on their different state of aggregation are presented. The epoxy composition based on epoxy resin and modified aliphatic polyamine was used as an object of research. Experimental studies were carried out to determine heat capacity and thermal conductivity of epoxy binders, depending on their degree of conversion. Mathematical modeling of the curing process of epoxy binder at different heating rates by the finite element method was carried out. When using the results of mathematical modeling, the kinetics of the curing process was optimized depending on different heating rates by the ideal point method. Moreover, a study was conducted on the effect of limit condition on optimization results.
Green with Envy? Heterogeneous Voter and Parent Preferences for Public School Expenditures and Teacher Salaries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, education policy debates have thrust a heightened focus on the provision of adequate school resources and on educator well-being and turnover, concerns particularly critical for school districts that serve large shares of economically disadvantaged students. In this article, we investigate voter and parent support for school spending initiatives in Missouri by analyzing data from two representative statewide surveys, one of the state’s voters and one of the state’s parents, focusing on total school spending and spending on teacher salaries. Missouri presents an especially salient setting in which to examine issues of equity in school spending, with below-average school spending and bottom-decile average teacher salaries. In this context, we investigate longstanding predictors of school spending support, including political ideology, alongside new hypotheses, including those pertaining to regional spending inequality and differences between voter and parent constituencies. While political ideology predicted school spending and teacher salary preferences, it did so more strongly for voters than for parents, an important consideration amid heightened political tensions in policy debates. Parent preferences, on the other hand, were more likely to be predicted by opinions of local and statewide school quality. Both voters and parents indicated sensitivity to regional spending inequality with respect to total school spending but not with respect to teacher salaries. Collectively, these findings may inform policymaking efforts in Missouri and similar prevailingly conservative contexts to use constituent preferences to guide legislative efforts.
Risk Factors of Type2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing across the world and so is the related academic research. This study undertook a systematic review of extant systematic reviews and meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies, to identify, summarise, and synthesise the available evidence on the factors associated with the risk of T2DM incidence. A systematic literature search across three databases and Google Scholar, as well as hand-searching of reference lists and citations of eligible papers were conducted for systematic reviews that included a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Methodological quality of eligible reviews was assessed with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) recommendations and a Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) technique. Forty eligible systematic reviews and meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies examining factors that may be associated with the risk of T2DM were published between 2007 and 2020. Results suggest that adherence to healthy dietary patterns, coffee intake, tea consumption more than 3–4 cups per day, normal quality and quantity of sleep, regular physical activity, low to moderate alcohol consumption (specially wine) were associated with reduced risk of T2DM, while low socio- economic position, smoking, poor quality and quantity of sleep, unhealthy lifestyles, exposure to some air pollutants and noise traffic were associated with increased risk of T2DM. Further prospective studies with well design and sufficient follow-up period (> 10 years) are needed to confirm the available evidence.
Exploring potential synergistic effects between dietary adenosine and inosine monophosphate on growth performance and acute stress‐induced immune responses of hybrid striped bassMorone chrysops × Morone saxatilis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of dietary adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP) on growth performance and acute stress-induced immune response of hybrid striped bass (HSB). Nine isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were prepared including a basal diet and eight treatments consisting of singular or combined additions of 0.5% AMP and 0.5% IMP, and combinations of 0.25% AMP and 0.25% IMP from each of two suppliers, Sigma-Aldrich and Chem-Impex. The first experiment included two 9-weeks feeding trials in which triplicate groups of HSB (~9.7 g) were fed the experimental diets. Dietary 0.5% IMP (C-Impex) showed significantly higher stimulation index of B-lymphocyte proliferation compared with other dietary treatments. However, no significant synergistic effects between AMP and IMP supplementation were observed in production performance. In a subsequent experiment, HSB (~59.3 g) were fed the diets described previously for 2 weeks and subjected to a standardized acute stress challenge. Fish fed some of the dietary nucleotide treatments had significant enhancement of innate immunity at 0.5 and 12 hr poststress challenge compared with those fed the basal diet. Dietary 0.5% AMP (Chem-Impex) provided the best capability for enhancing innate immunity during poststress and resistance to stress-induced immunosuppression.
Web Soil Survey Launches Latest Version

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The latest version of the Web Soil Survey 3.0 (WSS) was recently launched by the USDA's Natural Resources Conservation (NRCS) and can be accessed at http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov. The web-based application provides anyone with computer access a wealth of free soils information along with soil maps, properties, and interpretations aimed at helping with land use decisions. The first and most noticeable change in WSS 3.0 is the maximum size for the Area of Interest (AOI) has been increased from 10,000 to 100,000 acres. The map imagery and map appearance also have been improved, and they're now using imagery from Bing. The number of options for changing map properties has been expanded to include: soil boundary color, soil boundary thickness, soil label size, and background image shading. Plus the “identify” tool can now display information about multiple data layers at the same time. Soil special line features are now labeled according to the type of line feature with an abbreviation such as “ESO,” and viewers can view the corresponding feature name using the map identify tool. SSURGO and STATSGO2 data can now be downloaded directly from WSS without having to first define an area of interest or go to the Soil Data Mart. To make things even better for the viewer, support has been added for Pacific Island Area data as well as for map unit line and point data. The options for tiling printable maps have been improved, and RSS notifications are now available regarding soil data updates. And most importantly, WSS is now online 24/7, eliminating bothersome downtime. To access the latest version of WSS, visit http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov. The latest version of the Web Soil Survey offers a number of enhancements such as improved map imagery and map appearance.
Merger motives and merger prescriptions

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The article surveys theories of merger motives and relates them to prescriptions for merger strategies. The theories of merger motives can be classified into seven groups. Those theories arguing with private information, managerial empire‐building or process influences are better supported by evidence than those tracing mergers back to efficiency gains or monopoly power. The explanations of mergers in terms of raider activity or macroeconomic disturbances carry the least plausibility. Strategy authors have discussed mergers with respect to the choice of acquisition mode, entry mode, and integration mode. The prescriptions on all three topics are dominated by the efficiency theory of mergers. For this reason they are dangerous guides for participants in merger processes. On the other hand they provide an efficient language for communicating one's position. The research in merger motives should be redirected from the efficiency theory to explanations that build on decision processes, conflicting goals, and ambiguous private information.
FMD CASE SERIES FROM AN EASTERN EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY ANGIOGRAPHIC CENTER

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To follow-up patients with angiographically proven fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD). Design and method: Design: These is a case series of 10 Caucasian patients with FMD that are followed from diagnosis and up to the present time. They were diagnosed for one year among the patients who have undergone angiography for other reason. The relative percent of the patients with diagnosed FMD was 0.5% from all who have undergone angiography in University Hospital Alexandrovska. Methods: The mean age at diagnosing FMD was around 60 years and 6 (60%) were females. Full medical history and physical examination were taken, ECG, echocardiography, carotid and renal ultrasound in all, in 9 of the cases coronary and renal angiography, in 8 extra- and intracranial angiography. Results: The clinical presentations were unspecific – only in case there was a clear correlation between poorly controlled arterial hypertension and renal FMD inducing significant renal stenosis. All of the patients with renal FMD had hypertension of various severity. Three of the patients received renal interventions (only one for FMD due to significant stenosis), one – carotid stenting for FMD. One of the patients with coronary angiography had coronary FMD of the LAD. All the others were followed and scheduled for angiography of the other vascular beds at risk. Conclusions: This is the first registry and follow-up of patients with FMD in Bulgaria. Careful screening for subtle symptoms is vital for the early angiographic referral and special treatment if needed. There may be specific local differences in the clinical and angiographic presentation of FMD patients. This is unknown to the moment. The gathered patients through the year prompted the first National FMD Registry and a Nation-wide screening program for FMD.
The Records of Mazu and the Making of Classical Chan Literature

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The book explores the historical growth, makeup, and transformation of Chan (Zen) Buddhist literature in late medieval China. It also surveys the distinctive features and the contents of particular types of texts and analyzes the forces, milieus, and concerns that shaped key processes of textual production. While the main emphasis is on a range of written sources that deal with a celebrated Chan tradition that developed and rose to prominence during the Tang era (618–907), the coverage extends to the Five Dynasties (907–960) and Song (960–1279) periods, when many of the best-known Chan collections were compiled. The book also presents a range of primary materials that are important for the historical study of Chan Buddhism, some of them translated for the first time into English. At a basic level, the book's primary focus is on the earliest extant records about the life, teachings, and legacy of Mazu Daoyi (709–788), one of the principal figures in Chan history. Some of these texts are well known and form a central part of classical Chan (or more broadly Buddhist) literature in China, but until fairly recently other texts have been largely ignored, forgotten, or glossed over. At the same time, the book is also concerned with the Chan School's creative adaptation of classical literary forms and experimentation with novel narrative styles, which led to the creation of several distinctive Chan genres that exerted notable influences on the subsequent development of Buddhism in China and the rest of East Asia.
Understanding Biotic Stress and Hormone Signalling in Cassava (Manihot esculenta): Potential for Using Hyphenated Analytical Techniques

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biotic stresses often constitute major factors limiting global crop yields. A better understanding of plant responses to these stresses will facilitate efforts to improve stress tolerance and yields, especially in a climatically changing world. Numerous attempts have been made to confer tolerance/resistance to biotic stresses using both traditional and modern breeding methods. Mechanisms of biotic stress tolerance controlled by signalling networks and the analysis of genes controlling the yield and biotic stress tolerance are discussed. This review presents a report on the hormonal response of cassava to biotic stresses and the potential use of hyphenated analytical techniques to understand biotic stress hormonal responses. Hyphenated analytical techniques are reliable tools for understanding the response of cassava to biotic stresses, thereby accelerating the process of the development of biotic stress-tolerant/resistant genotypes for breeding purposes.
A Preparation of Enantiomerically Enriched Axially Chiral β-Diketimines: Synthesis of (−)- and (+)-IAN Amine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The preparation of an enantiomerically enriched β-diketimine composed of isoquinoline and 2-aminonaphthalene (IAN amine) is described, thereby offering new opportunities in the synthesis of nonracemic β-diketimine- and pyridine-based chiral catalysts.
Energy characteristics for nanosecond current interrupter of semiconductor-magnetic pulse generator’s terminal stage

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Introduction. A semiconductor diode based on reverse current interruption is used to increase a pulse amplitude and peak power delivered on the process load. Usually, a current interrupter is located in the last stage of semiconductor-magnetic pulse generator (SMPG) and is connected in parallel to the load. Problem. Most of publications on this topic mostly concern with analysis of physical processes in the diode structure itself within its oscillating circuit, which is separated from previous SMPG’s pulse compression stages under condition of unidirectional energy transfer from the generator to the load. In this sense, the efficiency of conversion should be determined by the joint of electromagnetic interaction between non-linear compression stages, current interrupter and process load. Goal. Develop a mathematical model of nanosecond current interrupter to determine its electrical and energy characteristics as part of a high-voltage parallel circuit with magnetic pulse compression, depending on the duration and moment of current interruption, the equivalent circuit for load resistance, and to set the most optimal modes of its operation. Methodology. In this work, it is proposed to use a comprehensive approach aimed at the study of electromagnetic processes in the SMPG circuit with a nanosecond current interrupter, which takes into account the topology of circuit, the design parameters of switching reactor, the magnetization curve, the equivalent load resistance, as well as the time parameters of power switches. Results. Analytical expressions describing the electrical and energy characteristics of the interrupter when it operating on the active load are obtained. A numerical simulation of interrupter in the SMPG’s double-loop pumping circuit is carried out, taking into account a nonlinearity of SR’s magnetization curve. Three operation modes of interrupter is described, depending on the initial moment of reverse conduction current interruption. The analysis of interrupter operation on the load with an active-capacitive component is carried out. Practical meaning. The results of the research can be applied in the development of high-voltage SMPG scheme with improved energy-dynamic parameters.
Targeting Macrophage Polarization in Infectious Diseases: M1/M2 Functional Profiles, Immune Signaling and Microbial Virulence Factors

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

It highlights nuclear, cytoplasmic, and cell surface receptors (pattern recognition receptors/PPRs), microenvironmental mediators, and immune signaling. MФs polarize into phenotypes: M1 MФs, activated by IFN-γ, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs, e.g. lipopolysaccharide) and membrane-bound PPRs ligands (TLRs/CLRs ligands); or M2 MФs, induced by interleukins (ILs-4, -10 and -13), antigen-antibody complexes, and helminth PAMPs. Polarization toward M1 and M2 profiles evolve in a pathogen-specific manner, with or without canonicity, and can vary widely. Ultimately, this can result in varying degrees of host protection or more severe disease outcome. On the one hand, the host is driving effective MФs polarization (M1 or M2); but on the other hand, microorganisms may skew the polarization through virulence factors to increase pathogenicity. Cellular/genomic reprogramming also ensures plasticity of M1/M2 phenotypes. Because modulation of polarization can occur at multiple points, new insights and emerging perspectives may have clinical implications during the inflammation-to-resolution transition; translated into practical applications as for therapeutic/vaccine design target to boost microbicidal response (M1, e.g. triggering oxidative burst) with specifics PAMPs/IFN-γ or promote tissue repair (M2, increasing arginase activity) via immunotherapy.
Recent advances in wide field and ultrawide field optical coherence tomography angiography in retinochoroidal pathologies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: With the advent of wide field (WF) and ultra-wide field (UWF) imaging in color fundus photography and fluorescein angiography (FA), the importance of an expanded field-of-view (FOV) has been illustrated for early detection of several chorioretinal disorders. The need to bring similar utility to optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is imperative.Areas covered: For this review, we explored all research items with WF or UWF on Pubmed Central and Google Scholar. Software-based methods included algorithms for motion correction, artifact reduction, image pre-processing, post-processing and montage protocols while hardware methods included swept-source OCTA, faster scanning sources, hardware-based motion tracking and image registration, scanning sources with faster speeds and lower resolution. For various disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, uveitis, vascular disorders, among others, the increased FOV showed demonstrably increased detection rates and diagnostic yield.Expert opinion: Increased FOV in OCTA imaging is a meaningful and impactful step in ophthalmic imaging. Overcoming the hardware-based limitations can potentially yield higher FOV without loss of important details. In addition to improvements in the hardware and available equipment, better software tools and image processing algorithms may greatly enhance the utility of UWF OCTA in care of patients with various retinochoroidal diseases.
Downloaded from

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The design, control and performance of the Cobotic Hand Controller, a novel, six-degree-of-freedom, admittance controlled haptic display is examined. A highly geared admittance architecture is often used to render high impedances with reasonable sized actuators for a haptic display. The Cobotic Hand Controller is an extremely faithful realization of an admittance display, since it is capable of obtaining an infinite gear ratio and can render infinite impedances (up to its own structural stiffness). The incorporation of continuously variable transmissions utilizing hardened steel elements in dry-friction rolling contact provide the Cobotic Hand Controller with high bandwidth, low power requirements, and an extremely wide stable dynamic range. Here, an admittance based control algorithm for powered cobots, a novel solution to the actuation redundancy of this device, and a heuristic to avoid slip in the transmissions are described. The
P‐106: Gender, age, and APOE genotype effects on CSF Aβ42 in cognitively normal adults

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neurodegenerative changes of Alzheimer's disease (AD) may begin many years prior to clinical manifestations, and women have an increased risk of AD compared to men. We recently showed that CSF levels of Aβ42, a sensitive AD biomarker, are significantly lower in cognitively normal apolipoprotein E*4 (APOE*E) allele carriers vs. non-carriers starting as early as 50–60 years of age. Here we examined gender effects on this relationship. Subjects were 184 cognitively normal persons aged 21–88. CSF Aβ42 was measured by sandwich ELISA. APOE genotype was determined. The relationship among Aβ42, age, gender and APOE genotype was examined using a linear regression model. Age was modeled as an orthogonal quadratic polynomial to separate our linear from quadratic trends in the Aβ42-age relationship. Among APOE*4 allele carriers, CSF Aβ42 levels in women remained stable until the early postmenopausal period (age 55–60) and then declined sharply, while in male APOE*4 allele carriers, CSFAβ42 levels declined linearly from age 21 (age X gender interaction p = 0.007), with the relationship between age and Aβ42 being mainly negative and linear for men, but quadratic for women. In APOE*4 negative subjects, the Aβ42-age curve was not significantly different between genders—there was no significant interaction between age and gender (p = 0.2) and no difference in mean Aβ42 levels between genders (p = 0.2). Preclinical neuropathologic changes associated with AD may begin later (after menopause) in women compared to men, suggesting a possible protective effect of estrogen against Aβ42 deposition in women.