jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The role of the European Union in the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian issue: Towards an engagement based on respect for international law and human rights.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis consists in a legal analysis of the involvement of the European Union (EU) in the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian issue. Its object is to investigate whether the EU in its policies directed at Israel and the Palestinians helps fostering, entrenching or decreasing the commission of violations of international law which result from the occupation of the Palestinian Occupied Territories. After having offered an in-depth analysis of the content of Common Article 1 of the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the obligation to cooperate to put an end to a violation arising under a peremptory norm of international law, the obligation not to recognise and the obligation not to aid and assist, the thesis offers a legal framework based on an empirical approach to international law in order to explain how international actors can contribute to the commission or the perpetration of violations of international law. It further details the objectives of the EU in its external relations to promote respect for international law and human rights. The thesis proceeds with an investigation of the diplomatic involvement of the EU in the resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian issue and the relations between the EU, Israel and the Palestinians taken individually. It analyses how violations of international law which derive from the occupation of the Palestinian Territories interfere in the implementation of these relations and how the EU reacts to this interference. The thesis concludes that the EU is incrementally acquiescing in the violations of international law which result from the occupation of the Palestinian Territories, is giving incentives to the perpetuation of this situation, and is also breaching its commitment to base its relations with Israel and the Palestinians on respect for human rights. It ends by offering recommendations for a better-directed involvement of the EU with Israel and the Palestinians.
The Loss of IP-Scrambling in Portugese: Clause Structure, Word-Order Variation and Change

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter deals with the loss of OV order in Portuguese. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 13.2 presents some basic facts about word order in Old Portuguese, identifies the types of structures where OV order arises, discards the ones where the object is topicalized or focused, and gives some preliminary information about the structures with object scrambling. Section 13.3 identifies the structural position of scrambled constituents. Section 13.4 discusses the motivation for the scrambling operation and concludes that it accomplishes an ‘extraction out of focus’ strategy. Section 13.5 addresses the question of why IP-scrambling was lost while Section 13.6 concludes the chapter.
Disparity in the Discipline of Male and Female Inmates in Texas Prisons

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examines disciplinary practices in the two prisons housing all of Texas' female inmates. These practices are compared to those found in the Texas prison for males where, on relevant demographic and criminal history characteristics, the population most closely matches the female prisoners. Findings: women are more often cited for rule violations than men; most citations received by women are less than serious, but women are punished more severely; and certain rules are scrupulously enforced in women's institutions but ignored in men's. The study reveals two distinct institutional forms of surveillance and control. Differences in disciplinary practices at these institutions are best understood as a function of gender-specific interpretation and application of state-wide correctional policy.
Energy Storage Capacity Planning Method for Improving Offshore Wind Power Consumption

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a method of energy storage capacity planning for improving offshore wind power consumption. Firstly, an optimization model of offshore wind power storage capacity planning is established, which takes into account the annual load development demand, the uncertainty of offshore wind power, various types of power sources and line structure. The model aims at the lowest cost of investment, operation and maintenance of the system, and takes lower than a certain abandoned wind level as the strict constraint to obtain two parameters of power capacity and energy capacity of energy storage on the source side. Secondly, taking a coastal power grid as a typical case, the energy storage capacity planning method is verified. Finally, the key factors affecting offshore wind power consumption are summarized, and the sensitivity analysis is carried out from the point of view of the transmission protocol of the transmission lines outside the province and the capacity allocation of the tie lines in the province. This study will be helpful for the planning and operation of the high-proportion of offshore wind energy power systems.
Description of a new genus and six new species of Tachinidae (Diptera) from Asia and New Guinea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This dataset contains the digitized treatments in Plazi based on the original journal article Shima, Hiroshi, Han, Ho-Yon, Tachi, Takuji (2010): Description of a new genus and six new species of Tachinidae (Diptera) from Asia and New Guinea. Zootaxa 2516: 49-67
Colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection in the USA: The current state and future perspectives

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a transformative advancement in the endoscopic management of superficial gastrointestinal lesions. Initially conceived for the treatment of early gastric cancer, ESD has demonstrated proficiency in achieving en‐bloc resection of superficial gastrointestinal lesions. ESD has experienced widespread acceptance in Japan and East Asia; however, its adoption in the USA remains delayed. This initial hesitancy could be attributed to procedural complexity and training demands; nonetheless, recently, ESD has been gaining popularity in the USA. This is due to the advancements in endoscopic technology, tailored training programs, and cumulative evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of ESDs. This review aimed to deliberate the historical progress, current implementation, and prospective trajectory of ESDs in the USA. With ongoing clinical research, technological integration, and educational efforts, ESD is likely to become the gold standard for managing large gastrointesitinal lesions. This progress marks an imperative step toward less invasive, more precise, and patient‐centric approaches regarding advanced therapeutic endoscopy in the USA.
Genetic Analysis and Gene Fine Mapping of Rice Lesion Mimic Mutant c5

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

梁国华 3 翟文学 1 江光怀 1,* 1 中国科学院遗传与发育生物学研究所, 北京 100101; 2 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049; 3 扬州大学农学院, 江苏扬州 225009 摘 要: 水稻类病变突变体 c5 是由粳稻品种中花 11 种子经化学诱变剂 EMS (甲基磺酸乙酯)诱变处理得到的。该突 变体叶片在三叶期开始出现近似圆形褐色斑点, 经 DAB 和台酚蓝染色显示这些斑点积累了过多的 H 2 O 2 并引起程序 性细胞死亡。与野生型相比, 突变体 c5 的成熟期株高从 110.4 cm 减少到 74.6 cm, 有效分蘖数和每穗着粒数分别减 少 23.7%和 28.5%, 千粒重和结实率都显著降低, 此外, c5 还表现出对白叶枯病菌的广谱抗病性, 对 10 个菲律宾生理 小种都有强烈的抗性反应。遗传分析表明, c5 的突变性状受单隐性核基因控制。利用 c5 和明恢 86 配组形成的包含
Permeability of water through polymer membranes and porous electrodes

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Water sorption and transport through hydrocarbon (HC)-based polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) and porous electrodes are vital for water management and performance improvements of fuel cells. This thesis is the culmination of three research projects conducted into an extensive water sorption and transport study, including steady-state permeation, transient diffusion, and sorption isotherm on a series of novel HC-based PEMs. Numerical models, such as the Park model for sorption isotherm and the resistance model for steady-state permeation, were chosen and applied to interpret the membranes’ chemical and structural features. Conductive atomic force microscope (AFM) and surface roughness measurement were applied to examine the membranes’ physical properties. Collectively, transport measurements, numerical models, and characterizations were integrated to generate an insightful structure-transport correlation. The first project studies sulfonated phenylated poly(phenylene) biphenyl (SPPB) and compares it to a HC-based reference, sulfonated phenylated poly(arylene ether), and the commercial benchmark, Nafion. At thickness &gt; ~30 μm, SPPB is the most permeable due to its lowest internal resistance coefficient. The second research involves four structurally controlled, one-element-variant, pyridyl-bearing sulfonated phenylated polyphenylenes. An increase in the number of pyridyl groups increases the fraction of neutralized protons in –SO3H groups, and decreases polymer’s ion exchange capacity, proton conductivity, liquid and vaporous water sorption, dimensional swelling, steady-state water permeability, and transient diffusivity. The third investigation expands the research focus to the catalyst layers incorporated with the novel HC-based ionomers. A lower ionomer content of SPPB in the catalyst layer favors a larger water vapor uptake and faster transient diffusion rate. Specifically, the catalyst layer of 15 wt% ionomer SPPB is found possessing the best electrochemical performance with the most hydrophilic and the roughest surface. Insights obtained in this thesis can direct further tuning of the HC-based polymer’s structure for desirable mass transport through both the membrane and the catalyst layers, which subsequently lead to electrochemical performance improvements of the fuel cell.
Exact convergence rates in central limit theorems for a branching random walk with a random environment in time

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Chen [Ann. Appl. Probab. {\bf 11} (2001), 1242--1262] derived exact convergence rates in a central limit theorem and a local limit theorem for a supercritical branching Wiener process.We extend Chen's results to a branching random walk under weaker moment conditions. For the branching Wiener process, our results sharpen Chen's by relaxing the second moment condition used by Chen to a moment condition of the form $ \E X (\ln^+X )^{1+λ}< \infty$. In the rate functions that we find for a branching random walk, we figure out some new terms which didn't appear in Chen's work.The results are established in the more general framework, i.e. for a branching random walk with a random environment in time.The lack of the second moment condition for the offspring distribution and the fact that the exponential moment does not exist necessarily for the displacements make the proof delicate; the difficulty is overcome by a careful analysis of martingale convergence using a truncating argument. The analysis is significantly more awkward due to the appearance of the random environment.
An Intracortical Polyimide Microprobe With Piezoelectric-Based Stiffness Control

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Insertion of a microprobe into the brain is challenging because it needs to have a minimum stiffness to be successfully implanted and a maximum softness to exhibit compliance with surrounding neural tissue during operation. A microprobe’s critical buckling force not only dictates the microprobe resistance to buckling during insertion but also reveals the corresponding compliance during operation. The methods that are currently used to insert flexible microprobes into the brain are far from perfect because they may adversely affect the microprobe intrinsic softness. In this article, a piezoelectric-based mechanism is presented, theoretically modeled, and simulated to precisely adjust the critical buckling force of a polyimide microprobe during insertion into the brain. Two parallel piezoelectric layers are extended along the length of a polyimide microprobe and connected to a voltage source. Based on analytical modeling and simulation results, placing the piezoelectric layers closer to the neutral axis of the structure leads to a microprobe with higher buckling capacity and greater compliance during insertion and operation, respectively. Depending on the applied voltage and the configurations of the microprobe and piezoelectric layers, the critical buckling force of the modified polyimide microprobe can be adjusted from less than 0.02 mN to higher than the minimum brain penetration force of 0.5 mN, compared to a fixed critical buckling force of a polyimide microprobe without the piezoelectric layer.
Toward the Enhancement of Non-Traditional Security in North Korea

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This concluding chapter challenges the traditional belief that diplomats should ignore the internal affairs of states in order to preserve international stability and posits that the lack of internal justice may actually increase international disorder. Regarding states as unitary rational actors—with the capacity to coerce the behavior of the other actors—misses alternative explanations for the behavior of statesmen, leads to the adoption of self-fulfilling worst-case-scenario planning, is inherently confrontational, and contributes to the likelihood of the emergence of a traditional security dilemma whereby an increase in one state’s military capabilities is automatically considered a threat to the security of its neighbors.
Enzymatic characterization of purified NS3 serine proteinase of hepatitis C virus expressed in Escherichia coli

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Non‐structural protein 3 (NS3) of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been shown to be a serine proteinase which cleaves the HCV polyprotein thus activating its replicative machinery. To characterize enzymatic activities of NS3 serine proteinase, the proteinase region was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The purified proteinase specifically cleaved a purified fusion protein sandwiching the NS5A/5B cleavage sequence. In addition to serine proteinase inhibitors, some chelators also inhibited the cleavage activity. Metal ions were not required for its activity, suggesting that the proteinase may be a novel serine proteinase having a unique binding site for chelators.
Mortality Rate of CNS neoplasms in childhood in Brazil

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The variety of tumors of the Central Nervous System (CNS) during childhood is related to heterogenous clinical manifestations and to an important mortality rate (MR). In Brazil, CNS tumors represent the second most incident cancer during childhood and the main cause of death of children between ages 0-9. Objectives: To describe the number of hospitalizations and the MR of CNS neoplasms by childhood age group in Brazil. Design and Methods: This is a descriptive ecological study based on secondary data, obtained from DATASUS. Data were collected regarding the number of hospitalizations and MR by childhood age group due to neoplasm of the CNS in Brazil between the years 2009-2019. Results: A total of 38192 hospitalizations happened, resulting in 5.91% of MR. The highest value of brain’s neoplasms MR was found in children up to 1 year old (9,34%), but when it comes to number of hospitalizations, the group between ages 5-9 had the highest number, both in neoplasms of the brain (9364) and of other parts of the CNS (1767). Conclusions: The present study pointed out that the childhood age group with the lowest number of hospitalizations (less than 1 year) presented simultaneously the highest MR of CNS tumors.
DYNAMIC WEB DOCUMENT CLASSIFICATION IN E-CRM USING NEURO-FUZZY APPROACH

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Internet technology enables companies to capture new customers, track their performances and online behavior, and customize communications, products, services, and price. The analysis of customers and customer interactions for electronic customer relationship management (eCRM) can be performed by data-mining (DM), optimization methods, or combined approaches. Web mining is defined as the discovery and analysis of useful information from World Wide Web (WWW). Some of web mining techniques include analyses of user access patterns, web document clustering and classification. Most existing methods of classification are based on a model that assumes a fixed-size collection of keywords or key terms with predefined set of categories. This assumption is not realistic in large and diverse document collections such as World Wide Web. The researchers here propose a new approach to obtain category-keyword sets with unknown number of categories. On the basis of the training set of Web documents, the approach is used to classify test documents into a set of initial categories. Finally evolutionary rules are applied to these new sets of keywords and training documents to update the categorykeyword sets to realize dynamic document classification.
Farm Performance: 2001-02 a Very Good Year for Broadacre and Dairy Farmers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Farmers in the broadacre and dairy sectors of Australian agriculture are forecast to record one of their best financial performances in the past twenty-six years, in 2001-02. Increases in saleyard prices for beef cattle have been particularly important in boosting farm profit because of the high proportion of Australian farms that carry beef cattle. Higher farm profits in the past two years have resulted in a large number of land transactions, providing substantial scope for adjustment of farm size.
A Functional Alternative Oxidase Modulates Plant Salt Tolerance in Physcomitrella patens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Alternative oxidase (AOX) has been reported to be involved in mitochondrial function and redox homeostasis, thus playing an essential role in plant growth as well as stress responses. However, its biological functions in nonseed plants have not been well characterized. Here, we report that AOX participates in plant salt tolerance regulation in moss Physcomitrella patens (P. patens). AOX is highly conserved and localizes to mitochondria in P. patens. We observed that PpAOX rescued the impaired cyanide (CN)-resistant alternative (Alt) respiratory pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) aox1a mutant. PpAOX transcription and Alt respiration were induced upon salt stress in P. patens. Using homologous recombination, we generated PpAOX-overexpressing lines (PpAOX OX). PpAOX OX plants exhibited higher Alt respiration and lower total reactive oxygen species accumulation under salt stress condition. Strikingly, we observed that PpAOX OX plants displayed decreased salt tolerance. Overexpression of PpAOX disturbed redox homeostasis in chloroplasts. Meanwhile, chloroplast structure was adversely affected in PpAOX OX plants in contrast to wild-type (WT) P. patens. We found that photosynthetic activity in PpAOX OX plants was also lower compared with that in WT. Together, our work revealed that AOX participates in plant salt tolerance in P. patens and there is a functional link between mitochondria and chloroplast under challenging conditions.
Scattering of energetic electrons through nonlinear cyclotron resonance with coherent whistler-mode hiss emissions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Recent observations have revealed that plasmaspheric hiss consists of many discrete waves called “hiss elements.” However, the interaction of energetic electrons (10 keV to several MeV) with the plasmaspheric hiss has only been simulated by the quasilinear (QL) diffusion theory, which does not take the fine wave structure into account. The QL theory cannot address nonlinear particle motions determined by the inhomogeneity factor, which influences the scattering of electrons in pitch angle and energy. This study aims to identify differences between the nonlinear wave–particle interaction and QL theory for plasmaspheric hiss emissions. We conduct test particle simulations to demonstrate the nonlinear interactions between hiss waves and electrons. The nonlinear theory is used to model hiss elements consisting of discrete frequencies and continuous phases. Unlike the other theories, the frequency and amplitude variations in time of the hiss packet are taken into account. Frequencies of the packets are determined to satisfy the separability criterion; when the criterion is met, resonance overlapping is absent, and the electrons can generate each wave element independently. The realistic simulation model of hiss waves reproduces the scattering of electrons by both first- and second-order resonances. We also evaluate the efficiency of electron scattering by calculating nonlinear diffusion coefficients. The diffusion coefficient of equatorial pitch angle is of the same order of magnitude as those calculated by the QL diffusion theory, while we find the effective acceleration of resonant electrons by successive nonlinear trapping, which is not evaluated by the QL theory.
Arylation and Heteroarylation of Thienylsulfonamides with Organotrifluoroborates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A mild, practical protocol has been developed for the Suzuki cross-coupling of unprotected thienylsulfonamides from air- and bench-stable organotrifluoroborates in the absence of a protecting group on the sulfonamide nitrogen. The developed synthetic method can be applied to the preparation of various arylated and heteroarylated thienylsulfonamides under conditions that are tolerant of a broad range of functional groups.
Simulations of Supersonic Turbulence in Molecular Clouds: Evidence for a New Universality

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We use three-dimensional simulations to study the statistics of supersonic turbulence in molecular clouds. Our numerical experiments describe driven turbulent flows with an isothermal equation of state, Mach numbers around 10, and various degrees of magnetization. We first support the so-called 1/3-rule of Kritsuk et al. 2007 with our new data from a larger 2048^3 simulation. We then attempt to extend the 1/3-rule to supersonic MHD turbulence and get encouraging preliminary results based on a set of 512^3 simulations. Our results suggest an interesting new approach to tackle universal scaling relations and intermittency in supersonic MHD turbulence.