jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Behavior of Mild Steel in Sour Environments at Elevated Temperatures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The objective of this work was to determine the corrosion rate of mild steel and characterize the corrosion products in sour environments at temperatures ranging from 80°C to 200°C. First, a H2S-H2O water chemistry model was developed based on available literature for a closed system at high temperature. Then, H2S corrosion tests were conducted at 80°C, 120°C, 160°C and 200°C with an exposure time of 4 days. Linear polarization resistance (LPR) and weight loss (WL) methods were used to measure the corrosion rates. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy microanalysis (SEM/EDS) were employed to characterize the corrosion products and surface morphology. The results show that the initial corrosion rates increased with temperature then decreased as they achieved steady-state. The corrosion product was comprised of two distinct layers. The inner corrosion product was always an iron oxide layer (hypothesized to be Fe3O4), while mackinawite, troilite, pyrrhotite and pyrite were identified as the main components of the outer layer at 80°C, 120°C, 160°C and 200°C, respectively. Pourbaix diagrams generated based on the analysis of water chemistry corroborated the experimental characterization of the corrosion products.
396. Factors Affecting Retroviral Gene Transfer to Human CD34+ Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer is a useful technology in studying the biology of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as well as in developing gene therapy products for a variety of human diseases. One of the most important factors determining the success of these studies is the number of HSCs receiving the gene of interest. We tested various parameters for their influences on gene transfer efficiency to CD34+ cells derived from bone marrow. Based on literature survey, three medium formulations of CD34+ cells have been compared for their effects on gene delivery efficiency and differentiation of them. We also tested whether FBS that used in medium formulation, could be replaced with human serum or synthetic material. Formulation A, consisting of stem cell factor, Flt-3 ligand, thrombopoietin, and IL-3, provided optimum results in that it maintained the highest percentage of CD34+ cells during the culture as well as produced the highest gene delivery efficiency. It was found that the synthetic serum substitute containing bovine serum albumin, insulin and human transferrin could replace the fetal bovine serum present in original formulation A without compromising gene transfer efficiency. When the transduction procedure was repeated three times, the gene could be delivered in up to 60% of the cell population. Gene delivery efficiency was comparable between CD34+ cells derived from bone marrow and mobilized peripheral blood. Our data could be useful in designing the procedure for stem cell gene therapy and providing a basis for further improving the conditions for gene transfer to various HSCs.
Fourier transform infrared/Raman differentiation and characterization of cis- and trans-2,5-dimethoxy-4,beta-dimethyl-beta-nitrostyrenes: precursors to the street drug STP.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Fourier transform Raman and infrared spectra of pure cis(Z)- and trans(E)-2,5-dimethoxy-4,beta-dimethyl-beta-nitrostyrene (precursors of the psychotomimetic street drug STP or DOM) were recorded in the solid state. The spectra show characteristic features of the ethylene moiety and of the aryl and nitro substituents which permit ready differentiation and identification of these isomers. A very strong Raman line at 1670 cm-1 from the cis isomer for the C=C stretching mode, in comparison with a strong Raman line at 1641 cm-1 for the trans isomer, affords primary differentiation of these substances. A second characteristic, of both the Raman and infrared (IR) spectra, is that the frequency of the strong symmetric nitro (NO2) stretching band is about 40 cm-1 higher in the cis (1346 cm-1) than the trans isomer (1301 cm-1). All major IR and Raman bands are reported and given vibrational assignments.
Spectroscopic Monitoring of Symbiotic Stars from the Vainu Bappu Observatory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present here the preliminary results of the long term monitoring of the optical spectrum of symbiotic stars from the Vainu Bappu Observatory. Spectra of EG and, AX Per, BX Mon, RX Pup, Rw Pup, RW Hya, AS 210, and StHα 149, were obtained during 1999-2002. The spectral type of the secondary is estimated on the basis of the observed absorption indices.
Open abdomen: a comprehensive review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

When the abdominal viscera are visible due to a defect in the abdominal wall, which is usually caused intentionally or as a result of abdominal compartment syndrome, it is referred to as an open abdomen. As a protracted open abdomen can result in problems including fluid and protein losses, intestinal fistulization, and loss of abdominal dominance, the main goals of temporal abdominal closure techniques are to prevent fluid losses and loss of dominance. There are several techniques for short-term abdominal closure, each having advantages and disadvantages. These techniques include patch closure, silo closure, and negative pressure systems based on towels and sponges. After temporary abdominal closure, the patient is monitored in the critical care unit while any required adjustments are made to the abdominal dressings. Observational studies have shown that the Wittmann Patch has the highest average rate of primary fascial closure when compared to other operations. Yet, a temporary closure of this sort might not be adequate to stop fluid loss on its own. To monitor fluid loss, a negative pressure device (sponge- or towel-based) is advised. It can be used either on its own or in combination with other techniques for closing the temporal abdominal cavity. When the sign of an open abdomen has been removed, the abdomen is closed, ideally using a major fascial closure. If primary fascial closure cannot be achieved, functional closure may be accomplished using a biological mesh inlay method. While there is a good probability of developing a posterior hernia, this treatment adds new fascial tissue where the natural fascial limits are located. The fascia defect may be filled in with primary skin closure or skin grafts once a layer of granulation tissue has developed over the consolidated visceral mass if the space between the fascia's borders is too large for functional closure. Effective abdominal closure and the prevention of issues ultimately depend on proper management and supervision of temporary abdominal closure.
Vesical endosalpingiosis: a case of probable metaplastic origin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Here we present an incidental case of pure endosalpingiosis in a 50-year-old woman that supports a metaplastic mode of development, and review the recommended management for this unusual diagnosis. Authors: Duncan Rogers, Louise Dickinson, Alastair Ironside, Soha El Sheikh, Amir Kaisary Departments of Urology and Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, NW3 2QG, UK […]
Effects of Group Exercise on Motor Function and Mobility for Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with a predictable decline in motor function and mobility that is commonly managed with exercise. There is a limited understanding of the effects of group exercise compared to individual exercise (IE) and usual care (UC) on motor function and mobility. Our purpose was to investigate the effects of group exercise compared to IE and UC on motor function and mobility for people with PD. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed with randomized control trials that investigated the effects of group compared with IE and UC on motor function and mobility for people with PD. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, EBSCO, and Science Direct databases. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. Results Twenty-three studies assessed at least 1 mobility-related outcome measure, met our inclusion criteria, and were included in quantitative analysis. There was no significant difference on motor function and mobility between group exercise and IE for all standardized outcome assessment meta-analyses. Motor function and mobility were significantly improved with group exercise compared to UC in 9 of 11 standardized outcome assessment meta-analyses. Results were based upon low to moderate quality of evidence. Conclusion Based upon low to moderate quality of evidence, group exercise has a similar to larger effect as IE and UC on improving motor function and mobility for people with PD. When used in combination with skilled physical therapy, group exercise may be an appropriate adjunct to individualized physical therapy to maximize mobility and function. Impact Long-term adherence to exercise is essential to maintain mobility and motor function for people with PD. Our study suggests group exercise is as effective as IE and may be an appropriate option to encourage long-term adherence related to increased access, socialization, and accountability.
Comparison of angiographic results and clinical outcomes of no-reflow after stenting in left anterior descending (LAD) versus non-LAD culprit STEMI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: No-reflow is a complication that frequently occurs after stenting during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. In this study, we focused on angiographic results and clinical outcomes after no-reflow in the left anterior descending (LAD) artery versus non–left anterior descending artery ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: In this prospective study, a total of 201 patients who had developed no-reflow during primary percutaneous coronary intervention were enrolled. The patients were divided into left anterior descending artery culprit and non-left anterior descending artery culprit groups. The primary endpoints were final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction flow, corrected thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count and final myocardial blush grade. Secondary endpoints were major adverse cardiovascular events in-hospital and at 1 month. Results: Out of the 201 patients, 60.19% had culprit left anterior descending artery. Pulse rate, baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, single-vessel disease, left ventricular ejection fraction <30%, baseline thrombolysis in myocardial infarction I flow and final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction II flow (24.8% vs 11.3%, p = .017), and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count (28.17 ± 11.86 vs 24.38 ± 9.05, p = .016) were significantly higher in the left anterior descending artery group. In contrast, baseline Killip Class I, three-vessel disease, baseline thrombolysis in myocardial infarction II flow, final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction III flow (74.4% vs 87.5%, p = .024) and left ventricular ejection fraction >40% were significantly greater in the non–left anterior descending artery group. However, for both in-hospital and at 30 days, overall major adverse cardiovascular event was similar in the two groups. The demographics, clinical and medication profiles and the routes used to treat no-reflow were all comparable in both groups. Conclusions: No-reflow in left anterior descending artery ST-elevation myocardial infarction is associated with lower final thrombolysis in myocardial infarction III flow, higher thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count and relatively lower Grade III myocardial blush than non-left anterior descending artery ST-elevation myocardial infarction with subsequent lower left ventricular ejection fraction and a higher frequency of in-hospital heart failure and hospitalisation due to heart failure.
Failure Modes of Domain Generalization Algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Domain generalization algorithms use training data from multiple domains to learn models that generalize well to unseen domains. While recently proposed benchmarks demon-strate that most of the existing algorithms do not outperform simple baselines, the established evaluation methods fail to expose the impact of various factors that contribute to the poor performance. In this paper we propose an evaluation framework for domain generalization algorithms that allows decomposition of the error into components capturing distinct aspects of generalization. Inspired by the prevalence of algorithms based on the idea of domain-invariant representation learning, we extend the evaluation framework to capture various types of failures in achieving invariance. We show that the largest contributor to the generalization error varies across methods, datasets, regularization strengths and even training lengths. We observe two problems associated with the strategy of learning domain-invariant representations. On Colored MNIST, most domain generalization algorithms fail because they reach domain-invariance only on the training domains. On Camelyon-17, domain-invariance degrades the quality of representations on unseen domains. We hypothesize that focusing instead on tuning the classifier on top of a rich representation can be a promising direction.
Recent Advances in Management of Acquired External Punctal Stenosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acquired external punctal stenosis (AEPS) denotes anatomical narrowing of lacrimal punctum, which clinically manifests as epiphora. AEPS may be asymptomatic in a patient with dry eye. Under conditions of normal or excessive tear production; AEPS can produce symptomatic epiphora, which is an indication for intervention. Chronic blepharitis and idiopathic stenosis are the most common etiological factors. Preventable punctal stenosis in patients on long term taxanes or 5-fluorouracil occurs due to systemic absorption of these drugs and secretion in tears. In such cases, AEPS may be prevented by prophylactic lacrimal intubation. AEPS may have associated canalicular stenosis in 45% of cases. This review deals with the etiology, clinical diagnosis and management of AEPS, which has evolved over the years from the earliest description of simple punctal dilatation to present day use of monocanalicular and bicanalicular silicone stents.
Table_1A_2A – Supplemental material for Nurses’ self-efficacy, rather than their knowledge, is associated with their engagement in advance care planning in nursing homes: A survey study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Supplemental material, Table_1A_2A for Nurses’ self-efficacy, rather than their knowledge, is associated with their engagement in advance care planning in nursing homes: A survey study by Joni Gilissen, Lara Pivodic, Annelien Wendrich-van Dael, Wilfried Cools, Robert Vander Stichele, Lieve Van den Block, Luc Deliens and Chris Gastmans in Palliative Medicine
Characteristics and Ideotype Formulation of Pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake) Fruit Landrace from West Java, Indonesia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pulasan (Nephelium ramboutan-ake) is a unique tropical fruit, but its morphological variations have not been well characterized. This study was conducted to obtain data on the characteristics of pulasan landrace in West Java, Indonesia, and to formulate the ideotype of pulasan with superior characteristics, such as high fruit weight, sweet taste, and thick and easily peelable aril from the seed. Based on the descriptors of rambutan, 61 fruit variants were observed. The results showed that the average fruit weight was 46.0 g, with the highest at 103.5 g and the lowest at 23.1 g. The °Brix level variation of pulasan fruit was 16.8–29.6, and its vitamin C content was 14.0–24.0 mg/100 g. Five variants with superior fruit characters were identified among the sample collections used in the study.
Clinical study of dorsal ulnar artery flap in hand reconstruction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Soft tissue defects of hand with exposed tendons, joints, nerves and bone represent a challenge to plastic surgeons. Such defects necessitate early flap coverage to protect underlying vital structures, preserve hand functions and to allow for early rehabilitation. Becker and Gilbert described flap based on the dorsal branch of the ulnar artery for defects around the wrist. We evaluated the use of a dorsal ulnar artery island flap in patients with soft tissue defects of hand. Twelve patients of soft tissue defects of hand underwent dorsal ulnar artery island flap between August 2006 and May 2008. In 10 male and 2 female patients this flap was used to reconstruct defects of the palm, dorsum of hand and first web space. Ten flaps survived completely. Marginal necrosis occurred in two flaps. In one patient suturing was required after debridement and in other patient wound healed by secondary intention. The final outcome was satisfactory. Donor areas which were skin grafted, healed with acceptable cosmetic results. The dorsal ulnar artery island flap is convenient, reliable, and easy to manage and is a single-stage technique for reconstructing soft tissue defects of the palm, dorsum of hand and first web space. Donor site morbidity is minimal, either closed primarily or covered with split thickness skin graft.
Associations between amyloid-β load and cognition in cerebrovascular disease beyond cerebral amyloid angiopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of positron emission tomography studies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background There is growing interest in the comorbidity of vascular and neurodegenerative pathologies in patients with cerebrovascular disease (CVD) beyond cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). However, the relationship between amyloid-β and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) remains debated. Objective To investigate the association between VCI and amyloid-β deposition in non-CAA CVD patients. Methods PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO and CENTRAL databases were systematically searched. Observational studies, including case–control and cohort studies, associating cognitive scores with amyloid load measured by positron emission tomography were selected. Meta-analyses were performed to assess the strength of amyloid–cognition associations across CVD subtypes and cognitive domains. A random-effects model using the inverse variance method was used, with heterogeneity evaluated by Q-statistics and I2 statistics. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to examine the influence of moderators, and publication bias was assessed using funnel plots and Egger’s test. All statistical analyses were performed using StataMP 18. Results Twenty-seven eligible studies encompassing 2894 participants were included. Among non-CAA CVD patients, global cognitive performance was significantly lower in those with higher amyloid-β deposition (standardized mean difference = −0.43, P &lt; 0.001). The correlation strength varied across cognitive domains (executive function: r = −0.41; language: r = −0.36; memory: r = −0.29; all P &lt; 0.001). The correlation was significant in patients with subcortical vascular disease (r = −0.43, P &lt; 0.001) but not post-stroke patients (r = −0.19, P &gt; 0.05). Conclusions Amyloid-β load is associated with cognitive decline in non-CAA CVD patients. This is more pronounced in patients with subcortical vascular disease than in post-stroke patients. Executive function is the most susceptible domain in VCI when the level of amyloid-β increases.
Finite-time consensus control of multi-agent systems for vessel steering with unmeasurable velocity and input saturation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The finite-time consensus problem of multi-agent system with Nomoto dynamics is considered in this paper. Based on the unmeasurable velocity and input saturation, a novel finite-time protocol is proposed with a second-order sliding mode observer. With the aid of both homogeneous systems theory and finite-time Lyapunov stability theorem, this paper demonstrates multiple vessels can achieve consensus under the given protocol within finite time. Finally, the effectiveness of the protocol is illustrated by numerical simulations.
Mathematical modelling of population dynamics of khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae), generally known as the khapra beetle, is found in the hot and dry regions of North Africa, the Middle East, and India. It is not established elsewhere and is classified as a quarantine pest in Canada and several other countries. It is one of the economically important quarantine pests that mainly feeds on food grain and proteinaceous materials. Its total lifespan lasts approximately 40 to 45 d under favourable environmental conditions. Extreme temperatures, high RH, high larval densities, or low food quality can induce a larval diapause, where the insect can survive for up to a few years, occasionally feeding and molting. The diapausing larvae are resistant to heat, cold, and insecticides, that aids in surviving the adverse conditions. Ecological modelling is a helpful tool to study the population dynamics of biological systems. The objective of this study was to develop mathematical models to calculate the survival and development of the khapra beetle under different environmental conditions such as temperature, RH, and food quality. The developed models were used to estimate the development and survival of the khapra beetle under Canadian grain storage conditions. The factors affecting the development and mortality of the khapra beetle were reviewed, and appropriate assumptions were made for developing the mathematical equations using the Physi-Biological age method. This method is based on temperature-driven development rate, and factors such as RH and food quality were considered as multipliers. Mathematical equations were developed to calculate the development and mortality of adults, eggs, larvae, pupae, and oviposition and diapause under different environmental conditions. Algorithms were developed to simulate the population dynamics for each day and coded in C++. The developed models were validated against the literature data and evaluated using linear regression, R2 and MSE. Population dynamics were simulated under Canadian grain storage conditions, and it was found that the diapausing larvae survived the extremely cold conditions found in Canadian grain. In contrast, insects in other stages did not survive. The surviving larvae developed to pupae and adults, and females began laying eggs once the temperature became warmer in the grain bins.
Emotional Labor Beyond the Frontlines: Work Settings, Interactions, and Coping Strategies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Emotional labor theories and studies have focused on identifying the nature of emotion work and related consequences in frontline or crisis response. We extend theory development by considering that work settings and responsibilities are often multidimensional in practice within a single profession. We expand the definition of emotional labor to include different degrees of interaction, not just direct personal or voice-to-voice contact. We consider how work settings and interactions may be incorporated into emotional labor theoretical frameworks. We then develop a case study of child protective services to examine how emotional labor beyond the frontlines may affect levels of emotion work, false face acting, and burnout. Degrees of interactions and work settings vary within the child protective services profession and are associated in different ways with false face acting and burnout. Additional research is recommended to operationalize and test differences in emotional labor within public service professions. Additional research is also needed on coping strategies, including status shields.