jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The bounds between negligence and strict liability

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter analyses the ways in which legislatures and courts have defined the foundations of tort liability. It shows that each legal system, embedded in its social, economic and cultural realities, tends to develop its own approach to liability, whether fault-based or strict. At times, laws appear to combine both types of liability and offer a third or a hybrid type of liability. Perhaps faithful to its 18th century revolutionary ideals, one fault-based model suggests that liability must rest solely on an objective lack of care, and hold defendants liable, regardless of their personal capacity. More interested in protecting defendants and free enterprise, another model favours defences, including that of the personal state of mind of defendants. The chapter also shows that for no-fault liability, laws offer a wide spectrum of solutions. In some jurisdictions, strict liability rests on a general norm in the hands of judges, where in others the legislature must have passed a special statute defining specifically the risk that triggers liability. Clearly, the choice is political, and it depends of how society views the means to cover the cost of accidents. Regardless of the type of liability, the availability of insurance mechanisms determines of course the reality and outcome of tort litigation. The chapter includes an appraisal of recent legislative reforms or academic proposals, and it concludes that further reflection is needed to evaluate the shortcomings of tort law as an individualistic means of dealing with certain harms.
THE PERFORMANCE OF PILOT‐SCALE PRIMARY‐FACULTATIVE WASTE‐STABILISATION PONDS IN THE UK

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Three pilot‐scale primary‐facultative waste stabilisation ponds were constructed at Esholt sewage‐treatment works, Bradford. Each pond received screened sewage at different BOD loading rates over a two‐year period. Concentrations of BOD, SS, amm. N and chlorophyll‐a were measured weekly in summer and bi‐weekly in winter, and sludge accumulation was measured after 3, 9, 15 and 20 months. BOD and SS removals were consistently high, although they were lower in summer than in winter due to high levels of algae. The removal of amm, N was generally much better in summer than in winter ‐ the removal mechanism being most likely related to algal activities. Sludge accumulation rates were very low.
Antioxidant PDTC induces stromelysin expression in mesangial cells via a tyrosine kinase-AP-1 pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We found that pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) induces the matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin in cultured glomerular mesangial cells. Although PDTC is a well-known inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), this effect was independent of the NF-kappa B activity, since overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of p50 NF-kappa B subunit repressed activity of the kappa B site, whereas it failed to induce stromelysin. To elucidate the intracellular mechanisms involved, we focused on the role of activator protein 1 (AP-1), since its binding site, the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) response element (TRE), is located in the 5'-flanking region of the stromelysin gene. Northern blot analysis revealed that PDTC upregulated expression of c-jun and c-fos before the expression of stromelysin. Transient transfection studies using a TRE-LacZ reporter plasmid elucidated that activity of AP-1 was significantly increased by PDTC. Stable transfection with a c-jun antisense cDNA or pretreatment with curcumin, a pharmacological inhibitor of c-Jun/AP-1, revealed that inactivation of AP-1 diminished the induction of stromelysin by PDTC. To identify the machinery involved upstream of AP-1 activation, the role of tyrosine kinases was investigated. Western blot analysis showed that PDTC induced phosphorylation of tyrosine kinases. Treatment of mesangial cells with tyrosine kinase inhibitors suppressed activation of AP-1 as well as induction of stromelysin by PDTC. These findings demonstrate that the antioxidant PDTC induces stromelysin expression via stimulation of the tyrosine kinase-AP-1 pathway independent of its suppressive action on NF-kappa B.
Chinese IR Sino-centrism tradition and its influence on the Chinese School Movement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Chinese School Movement, which aims to create a Chinese theory of international relations, has developed over the last 30 years. It is usually portrayed as an ongoing effort by Chinese scholars to provide a theory that accounts for anomalies within Western IR theories. Despite its academic potential, the movement has made extremely slow progress in theory building. This slow progress is attributed to the prevalence of the Sino-centrism in Chinese IR which assumes the superiority of Chinese international experience in knowledge making and evaluation. This epistemological tradition rises, falls, and resurges in Chinese IR disciplinary history and finds its latest expression in the Chinese School Movement, which turns it into a pseudo-scientific enterprise. Under its influence, the Chinese School Movement is constantly applauded by Chinese IR scholars despite the difficulty in yielding scientific output. The most urgent task for Chinese scholars is therefore not to further strengthen the Sino-centrism tradition by searching for a unique Chinese understanding of international relations but to deconstruct it for better communication between Chinese and Western IR scholars.
Quantitative and diversity analysis of biomass collected from Singapore haze 2015

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The most recent haze event which occurred in year 2015 was a recurring event in Singapore and it is becoming more of a health concern to the people residing in Singapore. With regards to the escalating health concerns arising from haze, there have been extensive studies conducted on particulate matter but lacking on the biomass aspect of the airborne particles. This report will conduct the comparison study on biomass concentrations in Singapore during haze and non-haze period as well as the quantification of airborne fungi concentrations for further justifications. The conduct of investigation was carried out by sampling of biological content during the haze and non-haze period, with the non-haze period samples acting as a control. During the haze period, biological content was sampled from the 11th to 18th September and 20th, 24th to 27th October 2015. As for the non-haze period, biological content was sampled from the 7th to 12th, 14th to 15th and 22nd to 23rd December 2015. Qubit measurement and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis were then carried out to determine the total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) concentrations and airborne fungi concentrations. Based on the results, lower biomass concentrations were observed during haze period and vice versa for the non-haze period. Contrary to findings during non-hazy period, biomass and fungi concentrations during hazy period were higher in the day as compared to night. Correlations between biomass concentrations and PSI readings for both haze and non-haze period were significantly weak to prove any correlation. Future researches are recommended to carry out the sampling at various locations of different heights and for a longer duration, to achieve higher statistical significance. Parameters such as relative humidity and temperature could also be measured concurrently with the sampling of biological content, to further justify the results obtained. Also, a more efficient filter in trapping particle size of less than 1 micron e.g. MERV 16 HVAC filter could be evaluated to determine its effectiveness by comparing with the MERV 11 HVAC filter used for this study. Specific species of biological particles could be further substantiated by developing a diversity study on bioaerosols during haze and non-haze period and a possible implementation of a toxicology assessment upon identification of potentially pathogenic species.
[A case report of pulmonary actinomycosis presenting as a mass shadow on chest X-ray].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 58-year-old man admitted to hospital because of hemoptysis. Chest X-ray showed a large mass in the right middle lobe. A tumor marker CYFRA was slightly elevated. Despite a detailed examination after admission, no definite diagnosis was made. Lung cancer was suspected and a middle lobectomy was performed. Histopathological specimen of resected lung showed typical "sulfur granule" of actinomycosis. Pulmonary actinomycosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of a pulmonary mass lesion.
THE IMPORTANCE OF GLOMERULAR C3 ACCUMULATION IN ELDERLY PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY MEMBRANOUS NEPHROPATHY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of glomerular C3 accumulation density on clinical, histopathological parameters and outcomes in elderly (&gt;60 years) individuals with primary membranous nephropathy (PMN). Material and Methods: In this study, we examined the patients (n=105) in two groups according to the C3 staining density in kidney biopsy samples as low intensity (C3: 1+; LI group) and high intensity (C3: 2+ or C3: 3+; HI group). The primary endpoint of our study was the end-stage renal disease, and the secondary endpoints were the development of partial remission (PR) or complete remission (CR). Results: At the end of the follow-up (mean 30.6 months), more patients achieved the primary endpoint, and fewer patients achieved the secondary endpoints in the HI group compared to the LI group. (p=0.015 and p=0.016, respectively). Moreover, the glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was lower (p&lt;0.001), and proteinuria was higher in the HI group (p=0.018). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that renal survival (p=0.031) was lower in the HI group compared to the LI group. In the multivariate logistic regression analyses, no predictive parameters could be detected for the endpoints. Conclusion: Intense glomerular C3 deposition in elderly (&gt;60 years) patients with PMN may be related to poor clinical outcomes.
Calcutta, India

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Following the first and second partitions of Bengal, in 1905 and 1947, respectively, Hindu East Bengalis, even if not particularly religious, were faced with the urgency to re-house themselves in West Bengal. Many of the areas in South Calcutta were built for the exiled East Bengali middle classes by Bengali builders in what was then wetlands or 'jungle' on Calcutta's urban margins. Traditional values in 19th and 20th-century Indian Calcutta were affected as much by the reactions to being colonised as the prejudices and actions of the colonisers. The urbanity of South Calcutta seems to allude more to the Bengal 'village' than colonial or European city: it is an urbanity set in pre-existent landscape, within a deep cultural and environmental context that has developed in relation to what is available in the landscape and a consequent clearly defined series of artisanal skills and traditions. The chapter suggests that people of the South Calcutta streets work within the Sindhu rhythms.
Sphingomonas yunnanensis sp. nov., a novel Gram-negative bacterium from a contaminated plate

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A Gram-negative bacterium, YIM 003 T , which was isolated from a contaminated plate in the laboratory, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The organism had short-rod-shaped, motile cells, formed yellow-pigmented colonies on ISP2 medium and its optimum growth pH was 7·0–7·5. The major respiratory lipoquinone was ubiquinone Q-10. The phosphate-containing lipids detected in strain YIM 003 T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipid and one unidentified phospholipid. The major fatty acids were C 18 : 1 ω 7 c (59·8 %), C 16 : 0 (9·9 %), ai-C 17 : 0 (5·3 %), i-C 17 : 0 (4·4 %) and C 14 : 0 2-OH (15·8 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 67·5 mol%. Strain YIM 003 T exhibited levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98·2 % to Sphingomonas phyllosphaerae FA2 T and 98·0 % to Sphingomonas adhaesiva DSM 7418 T but showed less than 97·0 % similarity with respect to other species with validly published names. The DNA–DNA relatedness values of the isolate with S. phyllosphaerae FA2 T and S. adhaesiva DSM 7418 T were 59 and 26 %, respectively. The phenotypic characteristics and genotypic data indicate that strain YIM 003 T should be distinguished from S. phyllosphaerae FA2 T and S. adhaesiva DSM 7418 T . Therefore, on the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic data presented, a novel species of the genus Sphingomonas , Sphingomonas yunnanensis sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain YIM 003 T (=CCTCC AB 204064 T =KCTC 12346 T ).
Hedging contingent claims on defaultable assets

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Following the JLT model (Jarrow, Lando and Turnbull), this paper represents a defaultable asset as a continuous stochastic process plus a Poisson jump modelling the bankruptcy event. It is shown that if the recovery condition is known beforehand, a contingent claim can be hedged by a position in the defaultable asset and a risk-free instrument. In addition, the claim must satisfy a jump-diffusion equation and a risk-neutral representation is obtained using this equation. Examples include the price of a risky zero-coupon bond with a fixed recovery value and the prices of risky Call/Put options on corporate instruments (instrument terminates upon default).
Attitudes of NTU undergraduates toward classical music.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Our applied research projects attempts to find out the NTU undergraduates’ attitudes toward classical music. The information generated from the analysis of the survey data would be used to formulate marketing strategies targeted at the tertiary students segment. From our study, we will have better insights on the NTU undergraduates’ attitude and appropriate strategies can be drawn up to influence their negative attitudes toward classical music.
CHANGES IN THE PHOSPHORUS COMPOSITION OF SEEDS OFHAKEA SERICEA(PROTEACEAE) DURING GERMINATION UNDER LOW PHOSPHORUS CONDITIONS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

S ummary Seeds of Hakea sericea Schrad belonging to the subfamily Grevilleoideae of the Proteaceae greater P reserves than those belonging to the Proteoideae indigenous to South Africa. The main P‐containing compounds in seeds of H. sericea are phytic acid with smaller proportions consisting of lipid‐P, RNA, DNA, protein‐P, polyphosphate and orthophosphate Hakea sericea grew on sterile acid washed sand for up to 125 d after sowing before signs of mineral deficiency symptoms appeared. Proteoid roots were produced by seedlings grown in Clovelly sand from 60 d after sowing and their numbers appeared to be related to the accumulation of P in the seedling. It is concluded that the P reserves of seeds of H. sericea may provide a competitive advantage over those of the Proteoideae for establishment and growth in the acidic sandy soils of the south‐western Cape, South Africa.
Insuring the unknown

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Uncertainty is the central element in insurance. This article examines how insurers evaluate and price risks that can present very high levels of uncertainty, and which many underwriters regard as especially hazardous in insurance terms. These are the risks associated with new medical devices, new pharmaceutical products and others substances for human consumption, such as food additives. Insurance is likely to be needed for these products both during their research and development phases, including insurance for clinical trials, and also once the device, drug or other substance gains approval and is in regular use. The article examines the types of insurance that are available to cover these risks, the organizations that provide insurance and how the insurance is organised. It discusses the basic principles that insurers use to price insurance before considering the difficulties presented by novel and complex risks generally. The article concludes with a description of the techniques that insurers employ to analyse and price the particular risks that are our subject and a discussion of how underwriters seek to overcome the special problems associated with them.
Visualizing Legitimation: Photographic Strategies in the Autobiographies of Pakistani Military Dictators

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Political autobiographies, especially those written by military dictators, have rich political agendas, as they are carefully crafted narratives designed to legitimize their power. This paper examines the use of photographs in the autobiographies of two Pakistani military dictators: Ayub Khan’s Friends Not Masters (1967) and Pervez Musharraf’s In the Line of Fire (2006). The analysis focuses on the role of visual elements in cultivating a favorable image of these leaders, emphasizing their patriotism and heroism. Using a qualitative approach, this analysis incorporates aspects of Machin’s (2013) multimodal framework and Van Leeuwen’s (2017) strategies of multimodal legitimation. The results indicate that Ayub Khan and Musharraf utilized imagery to influence public perceptions of their leadership and legacy, intentionally situating themselves within symbolic or historically significant contexts. This study makes a significant contribution to the field of political discourse by revealing that visual elements are not merely illustrative but are central to the process of political legitimation.
La Isla de Crono y los habitantes del Gran Continente: notas criticas a Plu., de facie 941α y 941b-c

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The fact that the treatise De facie quae apparet in orbe lunae has only been transmitted in two Parisian manuscripts, one of which depends on the other, has been no advantage for the editors of the text. My reflections here focus only on two points of chapter 26: Cronus’ prison on an island near Ogygia, including the enigma about his watchman (941A), and the textual question referring to the inhabitants of the Great Continent and the other considered by them islanders (941B-C). In both cases I make proposals not contemplated by the editors so far.
Serious Games Design Principles Using Virtual Reality to Gamify Upper Limb Stroke Rehabilitation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Stroke is a debilitating condition that impairs one's ability to live independently while also greatly decreasing one's quality of life. For these reasons, stroke rehabilitation is important. Engagement is a crucial part of rehabilitation, increasing a stroke survivor's recovery rate and the positive outcomes of their rehabilitation. For this reason, virtual reality (VR) has been widely used to gamify stroke rehabilitation to support engagement. Given that VR and the serious games that form its basis may not necessarily be engaging in themselves, ensuring that their design is engaging is important. This chapter discusses 39 principles that may be useful for engaging stroke survivors with VR-based rehabilitation post-stroke. This chapter then discusses a subset of the game design principles that are likely to engage stroke survivors with VR designed for upper limb rehabilitation post-stroke.
Polyploidy in Industrial Crops: Applications and Perspectives in Plant Breeding

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Polyploidisation is an important process in the evolution of many plant species. An additional set of chromosomes can be derived from intraspecific genome duplication (autopolyploidy) or hybridising divergent genomes and chromosome doubling (allopolyploidy). Special forms of polyploidy are autoallopolyploidy and segmental allopolyploidy. Polyploidy arises from two basic processes: spontaneously occurring disturbances of meiotic division and induced by antimitotic agents’ disruption of mitosis. The first involves the induction and fusion of unreduced gametes, resulting in the formation of triploids and tetraploids. The second process uses antimitotics that disrupt cellular microtubules and prevent chromosome’s sister chromatids motion during anaphase. Colchicine, oryzalin, and trifluralin are the most commonly used antimitotics for inducing polyploids in plants. The exposure time and concentration of the antimitotics and the species, cultivar, genotype, and tissue type affect the efficiency of genome duplication. Polyploids are distinguished from diploids by increased cell size and vegetative parts of plants and increased content of secondary metabolites. Genome duplication generates several changes at the epigenetic level resulting in altered gene expression. Polyploidisation is used in plant breeding to overcome the non-viability and infertility of interspecific hybrids, obtain seedless polyploid cultivars and increase resistance/tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors.
Dyspnoea, disability, and distance walked: comparison of estimates of exercise performance in respiratory disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Forty-four patients with airway obstruction and 18 with pulmonary infiltration were studied in an attempt to correlate exercise tolerance, as assessed by a simple walking test, with basic respiratory function values and differing subjective assessments of exercise performance. The distance walked in 12 minutes was significantly correlated with the response to a structured questionnaire and with the patients' assessment of performance using an oxygen-cost diagram. The distance walked did not agree well with simple subjective estimates obtained in the clinical history. It was better correlated with forced vital capacity than with forced expiratory volume in one second in both groups of patients, and was well correlated with carbon monoxide transfer factor in those with pulmonary infiltration. The scatter of results, however, was such that exercise performance could not usefully be predicted from the respiratory function values or from subjective assessments. Simple exercise tests are an essential part of assessing disability and response to treatment in patients with respiratory impairment.
Metal Complexes with Very Large Dipole Moments: the Anionic Carborane Nitriles 12-NC–CB11X11– (X = H, F, CH3) as Ligands on Pt(II) and Pd(II)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The anionic nitriles 1-R-12-NC-CB11H10(-) (R = H, CH3, I, COOH), 12-NC-1-H-CB11Me10(-), and 12-NC-1-H-CB11F10(-) were prepared, and three of them were examined for complex formation with (Et3P)2Pt(II) and (Et3P)2Pd(II). Several stable internally charge-compensated zwitterionic complexes were obtained and characterized. RI-BP86/SV(P) calculations suggest that their dipole moments exceed 20 D. An attempt to measure the dipole moments in solution failed due to insufficient solubility in solvents of low polarity.
New Advanced Strategy for Controlling the Charging and Discharging of a Storage Unit in a Microgrid Using a Finite Control Set Predictive Model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Storage units are critical in microgrids to ensure stable operation, making optimal and robust control during charging and discharging essential. In this work, we propose a novel finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) strategy to manage the charging and discharging of a battery in a DC microgrid powered by renewable energy. Unlike traditional Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers, the FCS-MPC approach optimizes control actions in real-time, considering system constraints and providing enhanced dynamic response. This work demonstrates the superiority of FCS-MPC in controlling a bi-directional DC/DC converter under various test scenarios, ensuring continuous power supply to a 15W DC load. Simulations in Matlab/Simulink validate the proposal, showing that the FCS-MPC delivers higher efficiency and better performance compared to the PI controller.