jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Exploring gender differences in entrepreneurship: how the regulatory environment mitigates differences in early-stage growth aspirations

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines how the regulatory environment affects the relationship between gender and entrepreneurs’ early-stage growth aspirations. To do this, the authors develop a multi-level model that connects feminist theory at the micro-level to institutional theory at the macro-level. It is hypothesized that gender differences in early-stage entrepreneurship are more pronounced in low-quality regulatory environments and less pronounced in high-quality regulatory environments. Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and regulation data from the Economic Freedom of the World Index (EFW), the authors test their predictions and find evidence in support of their model for credit market regulations but not for business or labor market regulations. These findings suggest that, while there are gender differences in entrepreneurs’ early-stage growth aspirations, these disparities are reduced as the credit market regulatory environment improves.
Statistical Errors in a Research of Clothing and Textiles

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

본 연구는 통계적 방법의 올바른 사용을 통해 의류학 분야 연구결과의 과학성과 윤리성을 높이는데 도움을 주고자 실시되었으며, 나아가 본 연구가 통계적 방법을 활용하는 의류학 관련 연구 발전에 기여하는데 의의가 있다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 통계적 방법의 적용이나 통계패키지의 활용과정에서 나타나는 오류는 의류학 관련 연구에서도 예외는 아니었다. 이에 본 연구에서는 한국의류학회지를 대상으로 연구과정에서 자주 발생할 수 있는 통계적 오류에 대해서 알아보았으며, 그 결과 각 단계별로 많은 오류가 있음을 확인하였다. 둘째, 요인분석 등에 있어 올바른 분석방법을 적용하고 있지도 않을 뿐더러, 천편일률적으로 기계적인 기술을 하고 있었다. 또한 교차분석의 경우에도 가설설정이 없으며, 검정의 내용을 혼동하는 경우가 많았다. The purpose of this study is to examine the statistical errors, which may occur in the process of applying statistics, by major stage of research, for greatly contributing to promoting research power through rightly utilizing statistics at the point of time that the application of statistics is increased in the research of clothing and textiles. As a result, it confirmed that there are many errors by each stage. First, it is a point that there was not any research that mentioned on the impact of analysis in the researches, which test the appearance of significance based on the collected data through experiment or survey. Second, the existence of mechanical description which is monotonous as well as not applying right analytical method in factor analysis. Also, even in case of cross tabulation, there was no hypothesis establishment.
Fate of Bacterial and Viral Bio-Warfare Agents in Disinfected Waters

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : The present study sought to evaluate the survival of selected bacterial and viral bio-threat agents in disinfected water. Water matrices tested included formulated tap water with and without chlorine for bacterial agents and formulated tap water with and without chlorine and bromine for viral agents. Agents tested included B. anthracis, Y. pestis, F. tularensis, Brucella spp., vaccinia virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus. Disinfected water samples were spiked with each agent separately to a final concentration of approximately 1 x 10(exp 6) CFU or PFU/mL, and survival was assessed by serial dilution and plating or plaque assay. All agents were killed within minutes by the disinfectants tested with the exception of spores that required a longer contact time for inactivation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that chlorine and bromine are effective disinfectants against agents tested.
The Inhibitory Effect of (2-Chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium Chloride on Chlorophyll and Protein Synthesis in Lettuce Cotyledons, and its Reversal by Potassium

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Germinated seeds of Lactuca sativa (L.) were placed in Petri-dishes in (2-chloroethyl)-trimethyl-ammonium chloride (CCC; 0.005–0.05 M), KN03 (0.01 M), and KC1 (0.01 M) solutions, and incubated for 2 or 5 days under continuous light. CCC strikingly arrested chlorophyll accumulation, and retarded cotyledon growth relatively little. The retardant inhibited 14C-leucine incorporation into bulk proteins of the cotyledons. KN03 and KC1 promoted cotyledon growth and chlorophyll synthesis per cotyledon by about 150 per cent, and about doubled protein synthesis. Potassium salts completely reversed the inhibitory effects of CCC on chlorophyll and protein synthesis. It is suggested that the inhibition of greening by CCC is dependent on a prior inhibition of protein synthesis.
Dairy fat biomarkers and cardiometabolic health

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Commonly held dietary guidelines discourage full-fat dairy consumption due its to high levels of saturated fatty acids, which are believed to aversely influence cardiovascular disease risk. Cardiovascular diseases cause more than one third of deaths in the developed world. With dairy often providing a large part of energy and nutrients in Western diets, research into its effects on human health is warranted. \n \nSeveral recent studies have suggested a protective role of dairy in the development of cardiometabolic disease. However, many of these have used imprecise methods of dietary assessment, based on questionnaires or interviews. Biomarkers are emerging as a means of evaluating diet in a more objective way. \n \nCurrently used dairy fat biomarkers are minor fatty acid constituents of dairy that preferably are unique to dairy and not influenced by endogenous metabolism. These compounds can be measured in blood or adipose tissue \nsamples, and can be good indicators of short (weeks) and long (years) term intakes, depending on the sampling medium. The most reliable indicator of dairy fat intake seems to be pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), however research in \nthis area is somewhat lacking. \n \nStudies where these biomarkers have been evaluated in relation to cardiometabolic disease endpoints (incident cardiovascular disease or type-2 diabetes) have generally found dairy to elicit a protective effect. Crosssectional \nstudies evaluating indices of the metabolic syndrome suggest that dairy fat may slow down disease progression. \nFurther standardization of methodologies and validation of biomarker concentrations in relation to intake could improve reliability of biomarkerbased dietary assessments. Furthermore, combining chemical and traditional methods could provide even better precision than using either method alone.
Prevalence of Fetal Heart Rate Decelerations in Self-Referred Low-Risk Patients in the Third Trimester

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We tested the hypotheses that fetal heart rate decelerations are present during the third trimester in most low risk pregnant women, the prevalence of decelerations is a function of the length of time fetal heart rate monitoring occurs and their presence is not associated with an adverse prognosis.We performed a retrospective chart review of 114 self-referred low-risk pregnant patients who presented to the labor and delivery triage area of a tertiary care hospital at 26–41 weeks gestation. None required admission to the hospital. The control group consisted of patients who delivered immediately before and after the delivery of the study patient.Normal long-term variability and fetal baseline heart rate were found in all electronic fetal monitoring tracings. Accelerations were present in 91% and decelerations in 65% of patients. There was no correlation between length of time of monitoring and the incidence of decelerations. At delivery, there were no differences in birthweight, gestational age, 5-min Apgar scores or cord pH between the control and study patients.Variable decelerations were a common finding in the third trimester of low-risk pregnant patients who self referred to labor and delivery triage. They were not prognostic of an adverse perinatal outcome.
Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy: A Recovery-Oriented Treatment Approach for Psychosis

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Paul H Lysaker,1,2 Emily Gagen,3 Reid Klion,4 Aieyat Zalzala,5 Jenifer Vohs,2 Laura A Faith,1,6 Bethany Leonhardt,2,7 Jay Hamm,7 Ilanit Hasson-Ohayon8 1Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 2Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 3Providence VA Medical Center Department of Psychology, Providence, RI, USA; 4MERIT Institute, Boulder, CO, USA; 5Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA; 6University of Missouri - Kansas City, KS, USA; 7Eskenazi Health- Midtown Community Mental Health, Indianapolis, IN, USA; 8Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, IsraelCorrespondence: Paul H LysakerRichard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry 116A, 1481 West 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN IN 46202, USAEmail plysaker@iupui.eduAbstract: Recent research has suggested that recovery from psychosis is a complex process that involves recapturing a coherent sense of self and personal agency. This poses important challenges to existing treatment models. While current evidence-based practices are designed to ameliorate symptoms and skill deficits, they are less able to address issues of subjectivity and self-experience. In this paper, we present Metacognitive Insight and Reflection Therapy (MERIT), a treatment approach that is explicitly concerned with self-experience in psychosis. This approach uses the term metacognition to describe those cognitive processes that underpin self-experience and posits that addressing metacognitive deficits will aid persons diagnosed with psychosis in making sense of the challenges they face and deciding how to effectively manage them. This review will first explore the conceptualization of psychosis as the interruption of a life and how persons experience themselves, and then discuss in more depth the construct of metacognition. We will next examine the background, practices and evidence supporting MERIT. This will be followed by a discussion of how MERIT overlaps with other emerging treatments as well as how it differs. MERIT&amp;rsquo;s capacity to engage patients who reject the idea that they have mental illness as well as cope with entrenched illness identities is highlighted. Finally, limitations and directions for future research are discussed.Keywords: schizophrenia, psychosis, metacognition, rehabilitation, psychotherapy, recovery
DIEUDONNÉ RINGS ASSOCIATED WITH K(n)∗ k(n)

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

(Communicated by Paul Goerss) Abstract. We use Dieudonné theory for periodically graded Hopf rings to determine the Dieudonné ring structure of the Z/2(p n − 1)-graded Morava K-theory K(n) ∗ (−), with p an odd prime, when applied to the Ω-spectrum k(n) (and to K(n)). We also expand these results in order to accomodate the case of the full Morava K-theory K(n)∗(−). 1.
Habitat use by wisents Bison bonasus of the Białowieska Primeval Forest

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Spatial distribution and habitat preferences of wisents (European bison) Bison bonasus (Linnaeus 1758), were studied in Białowieska Primeval Forest (north−eastern Poland) composed of 94% broadleaved and mixed tree stands, on the basis of telemetric data obtained from 11 individuals (4 males and 7 females). Data was collected between 2012−2015 within the area of over 98 thousand ha. A majority of records for both sexes’ presence was from the forested area, regardless of the season, compared to open areas (forest meadows, openings and agriculture neighbouring the forest). Outside of the forest in vegetative seasons, 36% of presence records of males and 26% of females were registered, and respectively about 39% and 41% in winter. This confirms the importance of an access to open areas for this species. Considering the availability of both types of habitats within home ranges occupied by wisents, the non−forest category was generally preferred over the forest; however, those differences were the highest regarding the data on MCP area (the value of Ivlev’s index 0.64), but were the lowest for the area representing concentrated use (kernel 50%) of a habitat. Regarding forest habitats, wisents selected against broadleaved stands but selected towards riparian vegetation. Although this species is not territorial, the degree of overlap between home ranges of particular mixed groups (consisting of cows, youngsters and calves) was very low. Data obtained in this study reveals patterns of the spatial structure of this wisent population, the oldest in the world, and therefore truly well established in its environment, free ranging population of this species. Hence, the data for this population on trends in habitat selection may be a credible basis for the evaluation of habitat suitability of sites either already inhabited by this species or being considered for its future reintroductions and be useful in further management of its free ranging populations.
Biology Student Perceptions of Information Literacy Instruction in the Context of an Essential Skills Workshop Series

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The University Libraries at the University of New Mexico reconfigured their established library instruction program for biology as part of a broader grant-funded essential skills workshop series for STEM students. This initiative standardized supplementary instruction through seven in-person and online workshops delivered to students through the Biology Department’s four core undergraduate laboratory courses. Post-workshop feedback data were gathered from students throughout the two-year grant period. The present study analyzes this data set—including 3,797 completed student surveys from both library and non-library workshops over the course of four semesters—with the goal of understanding STEM student perceptions of the value of information literacy skills as compared to the general and disciplinary value of other essential intellectual and practical skills. The findings suggest that undergraduate biology students generally perceive information literacy to be among the most valuable and relevant skills introduced through the workshop series. The results have the potential to inform information literacy instruction practices and collaborative efforts with broader essential skills education programs.
The female psychiatrist: professional, personal and social issues

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In recent decades the professional life of the psychiatrist has become increasingly difficult. Several reports have highlighted the problems, which lead to disenchantment, low morale, sick leave, anxiety, depression and even early retirement (Ramirez et al, 1996; Kendell & Pearce, 1997; Pattani et al, 2001). Changes in the National Health Service (NHS), the difficulties in daily practices, the climate of litigation and the culture of blame have all contributed to an atmosphere where lack of empathy and appreciation has become the norm.
Excited state properties of a new photoinitiating system for laser imaging applications

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The design of an efficient photosenzitizer/photoinitiator combination is partly governed by a better understanding of the excited state processes involved. In the present paper, the photochemistry of a thiopyrylium salt (TP) as photosensitizer and of a tetraperester of benzophenone, tetra t‐butyl peroxycarbonylbenzophenone (BTTB) as initiator, used in laser imaging applications has been investigated. The reactivity of the triplet states of both compounds BTTB and TP was studied by time‐resolved laser absorption spectroscopy. The laser excitation of TP leads to a long‐lived triplet state (lifetime 20–25 μsec) and a second species arising from the triplet state which cannot yet be characterized. Under laser excitation, BTTB gives a longlived transient arising from the cleavage of the peroxy bond. The short‐lived triplet state cannot be observed on the nanosecond timescale. The triplet state lifetime has been evaluated from quenching experiments and found to be about 1 ns in acetonitrile. The deactivation of the TP triplet state by BTTP was considered, the deactivation constant was found to be equal to 6.6 × 10 7 m −1 /sec in acetonitrile. The initiation mechanism is discussed.
Discovery of Second-Generation NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, and Biological Characterization

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

NLRP3 inflammasomes have recently emerged as an attractive drug target for neurodegenerative disorders. In our continuing studies, a new chemical scaffold was designed as selective inhibitors of NLRP3 inflammasomes. Initial characterization of the lead HL16 demonstrated improved, however, nonselective inhibition on the NLRP3 inflammasome. Structure-activity relationship studies of HL16 identified a new lead, 17 (YQ128), with an IC50 of 0.30 ± 0.01 μM. Further studies from in vitro and in vivo models confirmed its selective inhibition on the NLRP3 inflammasome and its brain penetration. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic studies in rats at 20 mg/kg indicated extensive systemic clearance and tissue distribution, leading to a half-life of 6.6 h. However, the oral bioavailability is estimated to be only 10%, which may reflect limited GI permeability and possibly high first-pass effects. Collectively, these findings strongly encourage development of more potent analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties from this new chemical scaffold.
The role of losartan and enalapril in the protection against stress-induced gastric mucosal ulceration in rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Angiotensin II (ANG II) is a stress hormone and its level dramatically increases in the stomach during stress. In addition, it generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) with cellular damage and inflammation. So the aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanism of losartan and enalapril in the prevention of stress-induced gastric ulcer through their action on mucosal prostaglandin (PGs) and antioxidant enzymes and compare between them.Methods: Thirty- six adult male wistar albino rats weighing 180-200 g were divided into 6 groups; n= 6. Groups 1, 2, and 3 were received saline (normal control), losartan (3 mg/kg/day) and enalapril (10 mg/kg/day) i.p respectively for 4 weeks. Groups 4, 5, and 6 were pretreated with saline (ulcer control), losartan (3 mg/kg/day) and enalapril (10 mg/kg/day) i.p respectively for 4 weeks duration. On 29th day, group 4, 5 and 6 were submitted to gastric ulcer by water immersion method, then animals of all groups were sacrificed, stomachs were excised for gross and microscopic examination and determination of the mucosal levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO) and catalase (CAT).Results: Stress produced gastric ulcer and a significant decrease in all measured gastric parameters compared to normal control group. Pre-treatment of rats with losartan or enalapril decreased the stress-induced alterations in mucosal parameters, but only losartan caused a significant increase in CAT activity in addition.Conclusions: Antagonize the action of ANG II by losartan and enalapril have preventive advantages in stress-induced gastric ulcer and losartan has better influence as it has an additional effect on CAT activity.
String techniques for the computation of scattering amplitudes in fleld theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

String theory provides a surprisingly e‐cient tool for the computation of scattering amplitudes and correlation function in a variety of fleld theories, including QCD. This is illustrated by describing brie∞y the computation of multiloop bosonic string amplitudes, and then taking difierent fleld theory limits. Examples of one{loop gluon amplitudes and two{loop scalar amplitudes are discussed. Based on: A. Frizzo, L.M., R. Russo: hep-ph/0012129, hep-th/9912183.
Identification of a Single-Nucleotide Insertion in the Promoter Region Affecting the sodC Promoter Activity in

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Brucella neotomae is not known to be associated with clinical disease in any host species. Previous research suggested that B. neotomae might not express detectable levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), a periplasmic enzyme known to be involved in protecting Brucella from oxidative bactericidal effects of host phagocytes. This study was undertaken to investigate the genetic basis for the disparity in SOD expression in B. neotomae. Our Western blot and SOD enzyme assay analyses indicated that B. neotomae does express SOD, but at a substantially reduced level. Nucleotide sequence analysis of region upstream to the sodC gene identified a single-nucleotide insertion in the potential promoter region. The same singlenucleotide insertion was also detected in the sodC promoter of B. suis strain Thomsen, belonging to biovar 2 in which SOD expression was undetectable previously. Examination of the sodC promoter activities using translational fusion constructs with E. coli b-galactosidase demonstrated that the B. neotomae and B. suis biovar 2 promoters were very weak in driving gene expression. Site-directed mutation studies indicated that the insertion of A in the B. neotomae sodC promoter reduced the promoter activity. Increasing the level of SOD expression in B. neotomae through complementation with B. abortus sodC gene did not alter the bacterial survival in J774A.1 macrophage-like cells and in tissues of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. These results for the first time demonstrate the occurrence of a single-nucleotide polymorphism affecting promoter function and
Effect of nutrient management on productivity and economics of sorghum-groundnut cropping system.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment was conducted to asses the fertilizer requirement of sorghum (Sorghum blcolor (L) Moench) - groundnut (Arachis hypogea L) cropping system on wertisols of western Maharashtra plain zone. Sorghum yield was not affected due to residual effect of fertilizers applied to the summer groundnut. Dry pod and haulm yield of the summer groundnut were increased significantly due to the fertilizer treatments Maximum and significantly higher dry pod (5178 kg/ha) and haulm (8448 kg/ha) yiekls were recorded due to the application of recommended dose of fertilizer (25 kg N + 50 kg P 2 O 5 ) and 250 kg gypsum + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha. Maximum and significantly higher groundnut equivalent yield (7350 kg/ha), net returns (Rs. 72199/ha) and benefit cost ratio (4.63) of the groundnut-sorghum cropping system was observed due to the application of recommended dose of fertilizer to kharif sorghum i.e. 120 kg N + 60 kg P 2 O 5 + 60 kg K 2 O and application of RDF i.e. 25 kg N + 50 kg P 2 O 5 and 250 kg gypsum + zinc sulphate @ 25 kg/ha to summer groundnut.
Surgical Orthodontic treatment of Skeletal Class II malocclusion

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Traditional technique for correcting Class II in a growing patient is by growth modulation.In adults Class II discrepancy are treated either by orthodontic or comaflauge or by surgical correction.Class II discrepancies with mandibular deficiency are treated surgically by mandibular advancement surgery.Mandibular advancement by BSSO is found to be a stable procedure.An 18year old patient reported to the department with complains of forwardly placed upper front teeth.On examination patient had a retrognathic mandible with Class II relation.Intra orally patient had a Class II molar and incisor relation with increased overjet and overbite.The treatment plan of combination of orthodontics and surgery was employed to correct the discrepancy and obtain an aesthetic, harmonious facial profile.The mandibular advancement surgery was done which accomplished the objectives of the treatment.