jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning\nPromotes Profiling of Multiple miRNAs\nin Single Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Diagnosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Extracellular vesicle microRNAs (EV miRNAs) are critical\nnoninvasive\nbiomarkers for early cancer diagnosis. However, accurate cancer diagnosis\nbased on bulk analysis is hindered by the heterogeneity among EVs.\nHerein, we report an approach for profiling single-EV multi-miRNA\nsignatures by combining total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF)\nimaging with a deep learning (DL) algorithm for the first time. This\ninnovative technique allows for the precise characterization of EV\nmiRNAs at the single-vesicle level, overcoming the challenges posed\nby EV heterogeneity. TIRF with high resolution and a signal-to-noise\nratio can simultaneously detect multi-miRNAs in situ in individual\nEVs. DL algorithm avoids complicated and inaccurate artificial feature\nextraction, achieving automated high-resolution image analysis. Using\nthis approach, we reveal that the main variation of EVs from 5 cancer\ncells and normal plasma is the triple-positive EV subpopulation, and\nthe classification accuracy of single triple-positive EVs from 6 sources\ncan reach above 95%. In the clinical cohort, 20 patients (5 lung cancer,\n5 breast cancer, 5 cervical cancer, and 5 colon cancer) and 5 healthy\ncontrols are predicted with an overall accuracy of 100%. This single-EV\nstrategy provides new opportunities for exploring more specific EV\nbiomarkers to achieve cancer diagnosis and classification.
EMPOWERING CHILDREN THROUGH CIRCLE TIME: AN INTERVENTION TO PROMOTE LANGUAGE INTERACTION IN PRIMARY ESL CLASSROOM IN MALAYSIA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As Malaysian English curriculum changes in accordance to the needs and demands of education all across the world, so must the teaching of English as the second language (L2) in Malaysian schools. Every year there are many approaches and innovations introduced to the community of educators to cater to these changes and amongst many is the use of Circle Time. This paper investigates the use of Circle Time in supporting ESL pupils’ language interactions in classroom by looking at the types and frequencies of language interactions that occur during lessons. This is to determine if Circle Time is indeed beneficial in supporting second language interaction in the classroom. Classroom observations were conducted on two classes of Year Three which utilized Circle Time. Besides the frequency, the kind of interactions that occurred during Circle Time were also observed using an observation checklist. Lastly, two English teachers were interviewed to find out their perspectives on the implementation. Findings of this study showed that there were trends in the frequency of seven of the types of language interaction that occurred during Circle Time. Besides, the interviewed teachers identified two advantages of Circle Time on their pupils’ interactions and to sum up, Circle Time is a suitable intervention strategy to promote language interactions of English as a Second Language among Malaysian primary schools.
Does chromic oxide (Cr2O3) affect faecal lipid and intestinal bacterial flora in Arctic charr. Salvelinus alpinus (L.)?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract. Arctic charr. Salvelinus alpinus (L.), were fed a commercial diet with or without a supplement of 1% chromic oxide (Cr2O3) in fresh water at 8°C for 70 days. Supplementation of the diet with 1% chromic oxide did not affect the lipid composition of stomach contents, but did affect that of the faeces. Highest total lipid content in faeces was observed when fish were fed on the diet supplemented with chromic oxide. The proportion of triacylglycerols and free fatty acids increased in the neutral lipid fraction. The level of the dietary fatty acids 16:0, 16:1 and 18:1 increased, while 20:1 (n-9), 22:1 (n-11) and 18:2 (n-6) decreased significantly (P < 0·05) compared to the unsupplemented diet. Total viable counts (TVC) of aerobic microorganisms were somewhat higher in stomach contents when the charr were fed on the unsupplemented diet. In faeces from charr fed the unsupplemented diet, TVC were higher, by a factor of 10 compared to fish fed diet supplemented with chromic oxide. Bacterial composition in stomach content of both rearing groups were dominated by Pseudomonas sp. and Agrobacterium sp., but the number of Lactobacillus sp. and Streptococcus sp. enhanced in stomach content when the fish were fed on the chromic oxide enriched diet. The faecal bacterial flora were also different between the rearing groups. The predominant bacterial species present in the faeces of fish fed unsupplemented diet were identified as Pseudomonas sp. and Aeromonas sp. Other bacterial species isolated included Lactobacillus sp., Streptococcus sp., Agrobacterium sp., Flavobacterium sp. and Vibrio sp. In contrast, the bacteria flora in faeces of fish fed the chromic oxide diet was dominated by the Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus and Lactobacillus. It is suggested that the use of chromic oxide as a marker in digestibility studies in Arctic charr may not be ideal.
A study of bilingual children reading in a second language.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research tested the hypothesis that bilingual children, using their second language and matched with monolingual children on a word recognition test, may differ significantly from them in the miscues made when reading and in attitudes to reading. Some prior research has indicated ethnic minority pupils underachieving in British schools. However, much research in the teaching of reading has been based on standardised tests which may be culturally biased and which may be sometimes less than specific about the particular minority groups involved. It gives little indication about how teaching might be made more effective and the children's reading skills enhanced. The research analysed the miscues made in the reading of a story, the retelling and the answers to questions about the story. It analysed the results of a cloze test and an attitudes to reading measurement. The subjects were 41 monolingual English children and 41 bilingual Pakistani children in four Sheffield primary schools. They were matched in pairs for sex, schools, chronological ages and reading ages from a word recognition test. Each child was taped reading and retelling a story that had been matched in a pilot study to the reading ages of the children. Using the Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Signed Ranks Test, the data was analysed for older and younger children, for less and more able readers and for a group of bilingual girls and boys. The results of the analysis were ambiguous. Only 25 of the 200 variables examined showed statistically significant differences between groups. These did, however, suggest some disruption to comprehension in reading, especially among the younger and less able bilingual readers. However, this disruption was not apparent among the more able bilingual readers, suggesting that they had reached parity with their monolingual peers. The possible implications of the research results for the classroom are discussed.
Children and Decision-Making.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Research suggests that children influence family vacation decision-making. However, with few exceptions parents act as respondents in studies of family vacation decision-making and furthermore, children’s role is often defined as a rather passive one. Thus, it is often assumed that although children might explicate wishes pertaining to holidays, they generally submit to whatever choices their parents make. In recent years, marketing researchers have taken a keen interest in the so-called ‘tweens’, people who are 8 to 12 years old and in between childhood and the teenage years. One key finding of research on tweens is that tweens are consumers in their own rights – especially in regard to consumption of products such as cellular phones, clothing, magazines, music and movies. However, little research focuses on tweens and vacations and accordingly, we know very little about tweens as consumers of tourism. Drawing on 89qualitative interviews, we suggest that tweens as consumers of tourism differ profoundly from the traditional role of children in tourism consumption. The paper shows that tweens are highly experienced tourists; very active during up-front vacation decision-making; and wish for (and have) a say in regard to issues such as destination choice. Consequently, we argue that tweens should be given voice in future research on tourism consumption if we wish to gain knowledge on families as consumers of tourism.
PENGEMBANGAN MODUL MULTIMEDIA MOBILE LEARNING DENGAN ANDROID STUDIO 4.1 MATERI KEANEKARAGAMAN HAYATI BAGI SISWA SMA KELAS X

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The future competence of the 21st century requires students to be able to utilize Information and Communication Technology (ICT). One of ICTs used by students is smartphone. To get the smartphone benefits used by students, a medium of learning is needed in the form of modules on smartphone operating system. Hopefully, it can make the students feel more interested and motivated in learning biology. The purpose of this study was to develop multimedia mobile learning modules based on android operating system which contains biodiversity material for senior high school students of class X. The research was conducted in September 2015 to January 2016. The research method used was a research and development. The validation test results of subject expert, a linguists and media experts testing obtained scores of 84%, 80.57% and 63%. The trial test results of initial and primary use of students was 81,41% and 81,15%. Next result was a trial test from biology teachers with 87.50%. Pre test obtained an average score 83.98 while the post test gained an average score of 87.23. The conclusion of this research and development was the multimedia mobile learning modules of biodiversity material based on android operating system for senior high school students of class X has been developed, got a good interpretation score and increase student learning outcomes.
Measuring the Effect of Uncertainty in Unit Cost and Pre-Treatment Condition on Pavement Maintenance and Rehabilitation Decisions

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

A pavement maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) project normally extends over 2-10 mile long roadway segment. At the M&R planning stage, these projects are called pavement management sections, which are often comprised of multiple data collection sections. The fact that a management section is comprised of multiple data collection sections introduces variability into the condition of the pavement within each M&R project. Also, variability is often found in the cost of M&R projects of the same M&R type. These variability are poorly understood and qualified in the pavement management literature. Accounting for these uncertainties in pre-treatment pavement condition and in the M&R treatment cost is essential for obtaining realistic estimate of needed funding. This research addresses this knowledge gap by a) developing probability density functions for pavement pre-treatment condition indicators and M&R unit cost, and b) developing a novel probabilistic methodology for estimating M&R funding needs for pavement networks that accounts for these uncertainties.\n\nData was obtained from the Bryan district pavement management plan for 2012 and from the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) Pavement Management Information System (PMIS). Probability distribution functions were fitted for distress score, ride score, and unit cost using the @Risk software. Also, a simplified decision tree was developed to help simulate the maintenance and rehabilitation treatment selection process. This decision tree considers ride score, distress score, and traffic volume. After fitting the probability distributions of pavement condition indicators and unit cost, the impact of uncertainty in them on funding needs estimate was investigated using Monte Carlo simulation, The analysis shows that the needs estimate produced by TxDOT for the studied projects falls within the 90 percent confidence interval of the simulated need estimate.
New method for the fluorimetric determination of guanidino compounds with benzoin.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new fluorimetric method for the precise and rapid determination of guanidino compounds with benzoin is described. This is based on their reaction in an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution with benzoin (dissolved in methylcellosolve), in the presence of β-mercaptoethanol and sodium sulfite, while the pH of the reaction mixture is maintained at 9.2 after the reaction. This method requires heating at 100° for only 10 min. The excitation and emission maximum wavelengths of the fluorescence from these compounds are at around 325 and 435 nm, respectively. The method is simple, selective for guanidine and monosubstituted guanidino compounds (including peptides with one or two arginyl residues) and sensitive ; almost all the compounds can be determined at concentrations as low as 40-170 pmol/ml.
Improved Normalized Collinearity DV-Hop Algorithm for Node Localization in Wireless Sensor Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, collinearity theory is widely used in large-scale sensor network. When the anchor nodes are located at almost a straight line, the collinearity phenomenon will happen and usually cause negative influence on positioning accuracy. From detailed analysis of the relation between DV-Hop localization error and the collinearity, we proposed to select the anchor nodes which can meet the condition of hop count threshold and collinearity to participate in the localization procedure. Since there is uncertain situation that the anchor node's region is hard to be decided for the sensor nodes in one hop area, Voronoi diagram is adopted to divide the sensor network into several regions. Then, we can get the anchor node information in each Voronoi polygon. With this information and the collinearity condition, we can estimate the unknown node's position with relatively higher accuracy. Compared with the traditional DV-Hop and collinearity algorithm, our proposed algorithm can get better positioning accuracy in both homogeneous network and anisotropic network.
HLA matching at the epitope level: the way to go.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches are important risk factors for antibody-mediated rejection and transplant failure. With the realization that HLAantibodies recognize epitopes rather than antigens, it has become apparent that donor-recipient compatibility should be assessed at the epitope level. Recent developments have increased our understanding of the structural basis of HLA antigenicity (i.e. the reactivity with specific antibody) and immunogenicity (i.e. the ability to induce an antibody response). HLAMatchmaker is a computer algorithm that considers each HLA antigen as a series of small configurations of polymorphic residues, referred to as eplets, as essential components of HLA epitopes. This chapter addresses the relevance of determining epitope specificities of HLA antibodies in the identification of acceptable mismatches for sensitized patients considered for transplantation. Permissible mismatching for non-sensitized patients aimed to prevent or reduce HLA antibody responses could consider epitope loads of mismatched antigens and the recently developed concepts about the physiochemical basis of immunogenic epitopes and the nonself-self paradigm of eplet immunogenicity.
Finite Element Modeling of Natural Vibration Problems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Finite element models of Modified Rayleigh-Ritz, Galerkin, Least Square, Hybrid (Pian's) and Collocation methods are presented for natural vibration problems. A compara­ tive assessment is made of these methods with Rayleigh-Ritz finite element models. This study brings out that the Galerkin model is relatively superior. A method of improving the accuracy in the estimation of eigenvalues is also included.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Disease Characteristics and Prognostic Implications of Cell-Surface FLT3 Receptor (CD135) Expression in Pediatric Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Report from the Children's Oncology Group

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Figure 1. Distribution of CD135 expression. Quantitative CD135 MFI varied among the cohort ranging from 2-232.</p>
Measurement of the cross-sectional area of the hamstring muscles during initial and stretch positions with gravity magnetic resonance imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

[Purpose] We aimed to investigate the change rate in the cross-sectional area of each hamstring component to evaluate muscle extensibility and to contribute to the studies on hamstring strain prevention. [Participants and Methods] Fifteen healthy young males volunteered to participate in this study. They performed a knee extension test. For the measurements, we used multi-posture magnetic resonance imaging (gravity magnetic resonance imaging), the open shape of which allows performing body scanning in various positions. We measured the maximum cross-sectional area of the hamstring during the initial and stretch positions from the obtained images. Then, for each muscle, we calculated the maximum cross-sectional area change rate relative to the initial position. [Results] For all hamstring muscles, the maximum cross-sectional area during stretching was significantly smaller than that in the initial position. The maximum cross-sectional area change rate of the semimembranosus was significantly smaller than that of the other 3 muscles (there were no significant differences among these 3 muscles). [Conclusion] The results suggest that the semimembranosus has higher resistance to morphological change than the other muscles, which could be an important limiting factor for the extensibility of the hamstring muscle group.
Modular chemical mechanism predicts spatiotemporal dynamics of initiation in the complex network of hemostasis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This article demonstrates that a simple chemical model system, built by using a modular approach, may be used to predict the spatiotemporal dynamics of initiation of blood clotting in the complex network of hemostasis. Microfluidics was used to create in vitro environments that expose both the complex network and the model system to surfaces patterned with patches presenting clotting stimuli. Both systems displayed a threshold response, with clotting initiating only on isolated patches larger than a threshold size. The magnitude of the threshold patch size for both systems was described by the Damköhler number, measuring competition of reaction and diffusion. Reaction produces activators at the patch, and diffusion removes activators from the patch. The chemical model made additional predictions that were validated experimentally with human blood plasma. These experiments show that blood can be exposed to significant amounts of clot-inducing stimuli, such as tissue factor, without initiating clotting. Overall, these results demonstrate that such chemical model systems, implemented with microfluidics, may be used to predict spatiotemporal dynamics of complex biochemical networks.
A Note on the History of the Cantor Set and Cantor Function

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A search through the primary and secondary literature on Cantor yields little about the history of the Cantor set and Cantor function. In this note, we would like to give some of that history, a sketch of the ideas under consideration at the time of their discovery, and a hypothesis regarding how Cantor came upon them. In particular, Cantor was not the first to discover “Cantor sets”. Moreover, although the original discovery of Cantor sets had a decidedly geometric flavor, Cantor's discovery of the Cantor set and Cantor function was neither motivated by geometry nor did it involve geometry, even though this is how these objects are often introduced (see for example [24]). In fact, Cantor may have come upon them through a purely arithmetic program. The systematic study of point set topology on the real line arose during the period 1870–1885 as mathematicians investigated two problems: conditions under which a function could be integrated, uniqueness of trigonometric series. It was within the framework of these investigations that the two apparently independent discoveries of the Cantor set were made; each discovery was linked to one of these problems. Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866) spent considerable time on the first question, and suggested conditions he thought might provide an answer. Although we will not discuss the two forms his conditions took ([16], pp. 17–18), we note that one of these conditions is important as it eventually led to the development of measure-theoretic integration (see [16], p. 28).
A case study of the conservation value of a small tourist resort island: Birds of Rottnest Island, Western Australia 1905-2007

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The avifauna of Rottnest Island, off the southwest coast of Western Australia, has been studied by three authorities from 1953?1963, 1980?1992 and 1998?2007. In addition, several annotated bird lists have been published since 1905. Over the period 1905 to 2007, 101 species have been recorded from the island, including 41 species of vagrant (species rarely seen with no pattern of occurrence) that have not changed in status over the 102 years. Of the 60 species recorded as part of the island?s avifauna, 24 have apparently not changed in status over that period. Thirty-five species have changed in status and/or abundance, including nine species of transequatorial migrant; all Charadriiformes. Seven of these species were formerly absent or vagrants but now are regular visitors, several possibly as a result of range extensions. Two species of transequatorial migrant, formerly regarded as members of the island?s avifauna, have become vagrants. Six passerine and one non-passerine species have resident populations that are isolated on the island with no populations on the adjacent mainland. Populations of three of these species are sufficiently different from mainland populations to constitute conservation management units. Rottnest Island is managed as a holiday resort. In the past this management has compromised some of the conservation values. Recommendations for dedicated monitoring programmes and management for the conservation of the island?s avifauna are provided.
Italo Calvino’s if on a winter’s night a traveller and Flann O’Brien’s the third policeman as vital models of the empirical world

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Contending with realist fiction’s claims to verisimilitude, this essay posits that postmodern metafictions such as Calvino’s If on a Winter’s Night a Traveller (Iwn) and Flann O’Brien’s The Third Policeman render a connection between life and art that goes beyond mere surface similarity. While realist fictions offer a perfect condensed representation – offering the artistic illusion that life is represented as it is – postmodern fictions avoid any such attempts. Instead, through foregrounding the processes of creating fiction, they demonstrate themselves as vital “models” (John Barth) of the empirical world – that which is concerned with experience rather than pure logic. Through foregrounding their linguistic machinery, postmodern fictions render the activity of reading an intimate experience wherein readers glean of the frustrating process a writer/narrator undergoes in his ordering of fictional worlds. This way, the reader receives more than just a version of the world through the writer’s/narrator’s eyes, but also a glimpse into another’s experience of ordering the world. Consequently, postmodern fiction offers readers a more intimate understanding of human experience (life).