jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Industrial Entomology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This book is a compilation of writings focused on conventional and unconventional insect products. Some of these products are commercials successes, while others are waiting to be launched and are the potential produce of the future. In addition to the well known products honey, mulberry silk, and lac, the book primarily concentrates on silk producing insects other than the mulberry silkworm, insects as food, as sources of medicines, pest and weed managers, and as pollinators. The book highlights the all pervasive role of insects in improving human lives at multiple levels. Accordingly, while most books on insects concentrate on how to limit growth in their population, it instead focuses on how to propagate them. In each chapter, the book brings to the fore how insects are far more beneficial to us than their well publicised harmful roles. This book approaches both unconventional and conventional insect products, such as honey, silk and lac in much more depth than the available literature. It investigates different aspects of the production of these insects, such as the related processes, problems and utilities, in dedicated chapters. Because this book deals with the production of insects or their produce, it has been named Industrial Entomology, perhaps the only book that truly reveals the tremendous potential of insects to help humans live better lives. Based on the research and working experience of the contributors, who are global experts in their respective fields, it provides authentic, authoritative and updated information on these topics. The book offers a unique guide for students, teachers, policy planners, small scale industrialists, and government ministries of agriculture and industry across the globe. It will provide a much required stimulus to insect appreciation and generate enthusiasm for research and the broader acceptance for insect produce. Hopefully, it will also present the Indian perspective on these topics to a global readership.
1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine-induced malignant transformation of hamster and rat cells in culture.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The potent antileukemic chemotherapeutic drug, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C), was observed to transform malignantly secondary hamster fetal cells as well as established rat cells in vitro. Results indicated that: (a) hamster cells altered by treatment with ara-C are morphologically indistinguishable from cells transformed with benzo(a)pyrene; (b) the ara-C-induced transformation can be observed under conditions of little or no inhibition of DNA synthesis and little or no cytotoxicity; (c) the transformation can occur with only a 6-hr exposure to ara-C; and (d) the transformation of hamster cells seems to require cellular DNA synthesis for cells in S phase are much more sensitive to ara-C-induced transformation than are G1-arrested cells. Representative transformed colonies of hamster and rat cells produced rapidly growing fibrosarcomas in inoculated newborn hamsters and rats, respectively. Control cells remained nontumorigenic.
Role of Phosphatidyl-Serine in Bone Repair and Its Technological Exploitation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the 1970s, morphological evidence collected by electron microscopy linked mineral deposition (“calcification” or “mineralization”) in newly-forming bone to membrane-encapsulated particles of a diameter of approximately 100 nm (50–200 nm) that were called “matrix vesiscles”. As the characterisation of these vesicles progressed towards their biochemical composition, the role of lipids in the biomineralization process appeared to be crucial. In particular, a group of cell-membrane phospholipids were identified as major players in the crystal formation process. Indeed, in the 1980s it became clear that phosphatidylserine, together with proteins of the annexin family, was among the most important molecules in binding calcium ions and that this phospholipid was involved in the regulation of the early stages of mineralization in vivo. During the same period of time, the number of surgical implantations of orthopaedic, dental and maxilo-facial devices requiring full integration with the treated bone prompted the study of new functionalisation molecules able to establish a stable bonding with the mineral phase of the host tissue. In the late 1990s studies started that aimed at exploiting the potential of calcium-binding phospholipids and, in particular, of the phosphatidylserine as functionalisation molecules to improve the osteointegration of artificial implants. Later, papers have been published that show the potential of the phophatidylserine and phosphatidylserine-mimicking coating technology to promote calcification both in vitro and in vivo. The promising results support the future clinical application of these novel osteointegrative biomaterials.
Update of the list of QPS‐recommended biological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 10: Suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until March 2019

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) procedure was developed to provide a harmonised generic pre-evaluation to support safety risk assessments of biological agents performed by EFSA's Scientific Panels. The taxonomic identity, body of knowledge, safety concerns and antimicrobial resistance were assessed. Safety concerns identified for a taxonomic unit (TU) are, where possible and reasonable in number, reflected by 'qualifications' which should be assessed at the strain level by the EFSA's Scientific Panels. During the current assessment, no new information was found that would change the previously recommended QPS TUs and their qualifications. The list of microorganisms notified to EFSA from applications for market authorisation was updated with 47 biological agents, received between October 2018 and March 2019. Of these, 19 already had QPS status, 20 were excluded from the QPS exercise by the previous QPS mandate (11 filamentous fungi) or from further evaluations within the current mandate (9 notifications of Escherichia coli). Sphingomonas elodea, Gluconobacter frateurii, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium casei, Burkholderia ubonensis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Microbacterium foliorum and Euglena gracilis were evaluated for the first time. Sphingomonas elodea cannot be assessed for a possible QPS recommendation because it is not a valid species. Corynebacterium ammoniagenes and Euglena gracilis can be recommended for the QPS list with the qualification 'for production purposes only'. The following TUs cannot be recommended for the QPS list: Burkholderia ubonensis, due to its potential and confirmed ability to generate biologically active compounds and limited of body of knowledge; Corynebacterium casei, Gluconobacter frateurii and Microbacterium foliorum, due to lack of body of knowledge; Phaeodactylum tricornutum, based on the lack of a safe history of use in the food chain and limited knowledge on its potential production of bioactive compounds with possible toxic effects.
Comparative analysis of genome composition in Triticeae reveals strong variation in transposable element dynamics and nucleotide diversity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A 454 sequencing snapshot was utilised to investigate the genome composition and nucleotide diversity of transposable elements (TEs) for several Triticeae taxa, including Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vulgare, Hordeum spontaneum and Secale cereale together with relatives of the A, B and D genome donors of wheat, Triticum urartu (A), Aegilops speltoides (S) and Aegilops tauschii (D). Additional taxa containing the A genome, Triticum monococcum and its wild relative Triticum boeoticum, were also included. The main focus of the analysis was on the genomic composition of TEs as these make up at least 80% of the overall genome content. Although more than 200 TE families were identified in each species, approximately 50% of the overall genome comprised 12-15 TE families. The BARE1 element was the largest contributor to all genomes, contributing more than 10% to the overall genome. We also found that several TE families differ strongly in their abundance between species, indicating that TE families can thrive extremely successfully in one species while going virtually extinct in another. Additionally, the nucleotide diversity of BARE1 populations within individual genomes was measured. Interestingly, the nucleotide diversity in the domesticated barley H. vulgare cv. Barke was found to be twice as high as in its wild progenitor H. spontaneum, suggesting that the domesticated barley gained nucleotide diversity from the addition of different genotypes during the domestication and breeding process. In the rye/wheat lineage, sequence diversity of BARE1 elements was generally higher, suggesting that factors such as geographical distribution and mating systems might play a role in intragenomic TE diversity.
Dielectric spectroscopy of the low-losses sugar lyophilises: IV. Comparative study of four disaccharides at different moisture contents and temperatures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this article is to study the effect of moisture content on the molecular dynamics of freeze-dried disaccharide excipients, in the context of understanding the instability of a pharmaceutical product. Four disaccharides were measured by broad band dielectric spectroscopy, over a wide temperature range (−140 to +80 °C) with increasing moisture content from 1 to 7.5%. The two observed sub-Tg relaxation processes (β and γ) were affected by the moisture content, with a dramatic change in relaxation time of the β-process, but only a moderate effect on the γ-process. A suggestion of the likely arrangement of dipoles, and intra-molecular mobility, was performed in the framework of the free-space theory and based primarily on the analysis of the relaxation times, activation energies and Frohlich parameters. This analysis allows for some speculation concerning the disaccharide moisture buffering in freeze-dried formulations.
Endocrine Sequelae of Antineoplastic Therapy in Childhood Head and Neck Malignancies*

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Twelve children, 6-9 yr of age, with primary tumors of the head and neck region, underwent endocrine testing 4 months to 9 yr after completion of antineoplastic therapy. They had received radiation therapy to the primary tumor site, followed by a 2-yr course of chemotherapy. All received incidental hypothalamic-pituitary irradiation (estimated dose, 2520- 7200 rads over 41-109 days) and five patients received thyroid irradiatio(1300-5000 rads over 5-56 days). All patients were free of disease at the time of study Seven patients were below the fifth percentile in height, and all 12 were below the tenth. Eleven of the 12 patients showed subnormal GH responses to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (≤7 ng⁄ml). Five of 6 patients also had deficient GH responses to Ldop (≤6 ng⁄ml). One patient had a subnormal cortisol response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (peak,<20 jug⁄dl). Three patients had primary thyroidal dysfunction, and 1 had evidence of hypothalamic hypothyroidism. One patient had elevated basal PRL levels. Seven patients had elevated basal LH and/or FSH levels. One patient was azoospermic, and 2 postpubertal girls had menstrual abnormalities. In 6 of 8 pubertaland postpubertal subjects, the FSH response to LRH was greater than the LH response. The data show a high prevalence of hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ dysfunction in children treated with both chemotherapy and radiation therapy to the head and neck regionCareful surveillance of endocrine status is warranted in such children responsive to antineoplastic therapy.
Managing Iraq's Water Resources: the Path to Stability and Security

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Iraq is in a difficult position as it tries to rebuild after decades of wars and dictatorial rule. As the United States reduces its military presence in Iraq, the Iraqi and U.S. governments, as well as international organizations, are focused on stabilizing the newly formed democracy, establishing security, and rebuilding Iraqs infrastructure and services. This paper takes the position that effective management of Iraqs freshwater is the key to achieving the nation's security and political and economic stability.
Accreditation of the Iraqi Medical Colleges: Urgent call for action

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The National Council for Accreditation of Medical Colleges (NCAMC) has made some progress towards accrediting Iraqi medical schools. However, to date, NCAMC is not internationally recognized by the World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) which fulfils the requirements of the ECFMG’s Recognized Accreditation Policy (due for initial implementation from 2024). The policy requires that a medical school must achieve a recognized accreditation status by a recognized accrediting agency that in itself is recognized and reviewed by an external quality assurance organization. When the policy is fully implemented, only medical schools accredited in line with the Recognized Accreditation Policy will satisfy the requirements of the ECFMG. Medical graduates intending to pursue work, training, registration, research, volunteering or other opportunities are required to apply for verification of their primary medical qualification (PMQ). Certification and verification of PMQ for international medical graduates (IMGs) in the United States, Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom and an increasing number of countries globally is done via the ECFMG’s online system known as Electronic Portfolio of International Credentials (EPIC). Therefore, the future of Iraqi medical schools’ education standards is at stake as they do not meet the international standards risking the future of new graduates. The Ministry of Higher Education, universities, medical colleges and the Iraqi Medical Association (IMA) need to collaborate with the NCAMC to get it recognized by the WFME in order to safeguard Iraqi medical education and the future of new doctors from 2024.
Assessment of Heavy metal contaminations in agro-ecosystems around distinct pollution sources, its spatial distribution and principal component analysis

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Heavy metal (HM) contamination is one of the serious concerns of the environmental deterioration and health hazards in many countries including India. Different anthropogenic activities have added an unusual higher concentration of many toxic metals in the soil and water including agricultural soil which transfer it into the food chain. We report HMs in the different agricultural soil around the riverside, dumping site, brick kilns etc. in and around the metro city Lucknow in India and analysed it for the levels of Fe, Cr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Se, Mo, Cd, As, Pb, Co and Ni. We observed the metals presence in the increasing pattern as Mo < Se < As < Cd < Co < Pb < Cr< Cu < Ni < Zn < Mn < Fe. The concentration of trace metal Fe was higher than the permissible limits given as per the Indian Standards at all sites and 72 folds higher at Gaughat (GAF) site. Further, one of the most toxic metals Cd was 2 folds higher than the Indian standard limit for the soil at GAF site whereas it was slightly higher than the WHO prescribed limits at Sitapur (SAF) site. The levels of Cu, Pb and As in GAF site were also slightly higher than USEPA recommended limit. The results of principal component analysis indicated that PC1 was mainly affected by the municipal waste dumps, usage of contaminated water and agrochemicals whereas PC2 was mainly affected by phosphatic fertilizers.
The Dynamics of Economic Growth: Policy Insights from Comparative Analyses in Asia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The Journal of Southeast Asian Economies (JSEAE) is a peer-reviewed journal focusing on economic issues pertaining to countries in the region – defined as the ten members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and East Timor. JSEAE welcomes articles using orthodox economic approaches as well as those of a more heterodox nature. Oriented at both researchers and policy-makers, the journal seeks to reconcile the ideals of relevance, methodological rigour, and accessibility. Published by the ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute tri-annually, JSEAE includes: articles based on original research; research notes; review articles; and book reviews. Once a year, the Journal publishes a Special Issue devoted entirely to a topic of import for the region. Up until April 2013, JSEAE was published as the ASEAN Economic Bulletin (AEB). However, following new developments in the regional and global context, as well as the establishment of new multi-lateral trading agreements including countries in the region, the Directorship of ISEAS and AEB’s Editorial Board decided to change the journal’s name. While its name has changed, JSEAE remains committed to being the premier economic journal for Southeast Asian academicians and policy-makers, as well as anyone with an interest in the region. All research articles in the journal have undergone rigorous peer-review. The process consists of initial screening by the Co-Editors and Associate Editor, followed by double-blind refereeing; two reviewers for articles and one reviewer for research notes.
On the three i’s of employment and the Spanish labour market

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We present an evaluation model that aims at developing a comprehensive index of employment. This index involves what, by analogy, we call the three i’s of employment: Incidence (the employment rate), Intensity (the average number of months actually worked by the employed), and Inequality (a measure of dispersion in the distribution of employment lengths). We apply our methodology to Spanish data, comparing the situation between 2013 and 2017, both for types of workers and for regions. We find that incidence and intensity move in the same direction, increase with age within each level of educational attainment, both for males and females, and with the average level of educational attainment. These outcomes indicate that, in spite of high levels of growth and employment creation, the incidence of employment has not improved very much (2.7% for males and 1.2% for females), while the increase in the employment lengths of employed workers has been even smaller (the increase of men being three times that of women). The combined effect of the three factors, incidence, intensity and inequality, yields more encouraging results but also shows large differences between men and women (6.6% vs. 2.7%). Finally, we also find that those Spanish regions that are below the mean in terms of employment (Andalusia, Castilla la Mancha, Valencia and Murcia) are further below in terms of the joint evaluation.
Wavenumber Dependence of Multipolar Interactions in the Anderson Lattice

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Multipolar interactions are derived in the orbitally degenerate Anderson\nlattice with a spherical Fermi surface and one conduction electron per unit\ncell of the simple cubic lattice. As the crystalline-electric-field (CEF)\nground state of $f^1$ configuration, the four-fold degenerate $\\Gamma_8$ is\nmainly studied. Intersite interactions up to a sufficiently distant pair are\nFourier transformed to the wavenumber space. For the $\\Gamma_8$ case,\nquadrupolar and octupolar interactions favor the staggered order with $\\mib{q}\n= (1/2,1/2,1/2)$, while the dipolar interaction favors an incommensurate\nmagnetic structure with a long modulation period. The latter is due to a Kohn\nanomaly which is found to be sharply peaked for interaction channels with large\nangular momenta. Implications of results are discussed for multipole orders in\nCeB$_6$, and the incommensurate magnetic structure in a quasi-cubic system\nCeB$_2$C$_2$.\n
Oligodendrocyte precursors originate at the ventral ventricular zone dorsal to the ventral midline region in the embryonic rat spinal cord

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The precursors for oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the vertebrate CNS, appear to be initially restricted to ventral regions of the embryonic rat spinal cord. These cells subsequently populate dorsal spinal cord regions where they acquire the mature characteristics of oligodendrocytes. To determine the location and timing of proliferation of oligodendrocyte precursors in the ventral spinal cord, and to map their pathways of migration in vivo, an assay that identifies mitotic cells was used in conjunction with antibodies that distinguish astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and their precursors. Between E16.5 and E18.5, two hours after a maternal injection of BrdU, the majority of proliferating cells were located in a discrete cluster at the ventral ventricular zone dorsal to the ventral midline region of the developing spinal cord. By contrast, 12 – 24 hours following a BrdU injection at E16.5, increasing numbers of labeled cells were seen in the dorsal and more lateral locations of the spinal cord. These observations suggest that BrdU-labeled ventral ventricular cells, or their progeny migrate dorsally and laterally during subsequent spinal cord development. To determine the nature of these proliferating cells, cultures of dorsal and ventral spinal cord from BrdU-labeled animals were doublelabeled with antibodies that identify oligodendrocytes or astrocytes and anti-BrdU. In dorsal spinal cord cultures derived from animals that had received a single injection of BrdU at E16.5, the majority of proliferating cells differentiated into astrocytes while, in ventrally derived cultures from the same animals, the majority of proliferating cells differentiated into oligodendrocytes. In dorsal cultures prepared from animals that received multiple injections of BrdU between E16.5 and E18.5, many more cells were labeled with BrdU and approximately half of these differentiated into oligodendrocytes. These observations suggest that during embryonic development proliferating oligodendrocyte precursors are initially located at the ventral ventricular zone dorsal to the ventral midline region of the spinal cord and during subsequent maturation these cells or their progeny migrated dorsally in the ventricular region of the spinal cord, and laterally to reside in the developing white matter.
Model-Based Underwater 6D Pose Estimation From RGB

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Object pose estimation underwater allows an autonomous system to perform tracking and intervention tasks. Nonetheless, underwater target pose estimation is remarkably challenging due to, among many factors, limited visibility, light scattering, cluttered environments, and constantly varying water conditions. An approach is to employ sonar or laser sensing to acquire 3D data, however, the data is not clear and the sensors expensive. For this reason, the community has focused on extracting pose estimates from RGB input. In this work, we propose an approach that leverages 2D object detection to reliably compute 6D pose estimates in different underwater scenarios. We test our proposal with 4 objects with symmetrical shapes and poor texture spanning across $33{,}920$ synthetic and 10 real scenes. All objects and scenes are made available in an open-source dataset that includes annotations for object detection and pose estimation. When benchmarking against similar end-to-end methodologies for 6D object pose estimation, our pipeline provides estimates that are $\sim \!8{\%}$ more accurate. We also demonstrate the real-world usability of our pose estimation pipeline on an underwater robotic manipulator in a reaching task.