jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Work of Medical Research Council

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The above committee is one of Parliament's select committees that undertake enquiries of considerable depth in their particular fields. Its latest enquiry looked at the MRC in general, and also specifically at how it is handling the Biobank project. Its general findings are scathing of the MRC's performance and mismanagement of its funds, concluding that 'the anger of the research community at MRC's funding problems is not only understandable but entirely justified.' The following are the committee's conclusions and recommendations on Biobank--the collection of blood samples, lifestyle details and medical histories from 500,000 middle-aged Britons, and its general conclusions.
Flowing from rheology to tribology. Resolving the rub in food friction

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

There is an increasing need to understand the behaviour of foods in terms of their mouthfeel, in which both rheological and tribological aspects play a role. Rheology is able to capture the first parts of oral food processing, where there is a large fluid pressure separating the surfaces of the tongue and the palate. This would correspond to the hydrodynamic regime of the friction or Stribeck curve [1, 2, 3]. As the fluid film becomes thinner, sample behaviour moves towards themixed regime of the Stribeck curve and can no longer be described by rheology. This regime therefore requires tribological interpretation. The tribology lens gives more insight into sensory attributes such as creaminess, fattiness or smoothness of the food system [2, 3]. However, the different friction meters or tribometers currently being used have their limitations. The frictional behaviour of soft solids depends on both the physicochemical characteristics of the gel and on the conditions used during measurement, making it more complex than the frictional behaviour of solids [4]. We aim to add microscopic insight to the tribology field by a combination of novel rheotribology tools and optical tweezer experiments. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, we perform friction measurements on different soft solids and reveal the role of adhesion, electrostatics and lubrication. These new advances in rheology and tribology both give more insight into gel friction and may lead to the development of new (food) materials with previously unattainable characteristics.
Does Public Opinion Affect Trade Policy?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Although scholars have begun to explore the determinants of public attitudes toward trade policy, we still do not know whether these attitudes have policy consequences. This paper presents the first systematic analysis of this question. I find that higher public support for free trade leads to lower tariffs, but only in democracies. I also find that democracy leads to lower tariffs only where public support for free trade is relatively high. Hence, although both public opinion and regime type are important, neither matters independently of the other. This finding suggests a need for further research on the conditional effects of both.
Lymphadenectomy and health-related quality of life after oesophageal cancer surgery: a nationwide, population-based cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective The purpose of this study was to clarify whether more extensive surgical lymph node resection during oesophageal cancer surgery influences patients' health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Setting This was a nationwide Swedish population-based study. Participants A total of 616 patients who underwent curatively intended oesophageal cancer surgery in 2001–2005 were followed up at 6 months and 5 years after surgery. Outcome measures HRQOL was assessed with the validated European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core-30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) and the oesophageal cancer-specific module (EORTC QLQ-OES18). The number of removed lymph nodes in relation to HRQOL was analysed using multivariable linear regression, providing mean score differences in HRQOL scores with 95% CIs. The results were adjusted for age, comorbidity, body mass index, tumour stage, tumour histology, postoperative complications and surgeon volume. Results The study included 382 and 136 patients who completed the EORTC questionnaires at 6 months and 5 years following surgery, respectively. In general, HRQOL remained stable over time, with only improvements in role function and appetite loss. A larger number of removed lymph nodes did not decrease the HRQOL measure at 6 months or 5 years after surgery. Conclusions More extensive lymphadenectomy during oesophageal cancer surgery might not decrease patients' short-term or long-term HRQOL, but larger studies are needed to establish this potential lack of association.
Trusteeship, control and breach of trust

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This latest edition of Moffat's Trusts Law has been fully revised and updated to cover recent statutory developments and explores the impact of a wealth of new cases including the Supreme Court decisions in Pitt v. Holt (2013), FHR European Ventures v. Cedar Capital Partners (2014) and Williams v. Central Bank of Nigeria (2014). It has been restructured to incorporate a new chapter on the internationalisation of the trust which provides an understanding of the new directions being taken in the areas of trust law and equitable remedies. Supplementary material includes an online chapter on occupational pension schemes. With suggestions for further reading guiding the student to contemporary debates, this leading textbook retains its hallmark combination of a contextualized approach and a commercial focus, and remains the serious student's textbook of choice.
Changes in electronic structure of copper films in aqueous solutions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The possibilities for using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) to probe the Cu oxidation state and changes in the electronic structure during interaction between copper and ground-water solutions were examined. Surface modifications induced by chemical reactions of oxidized 100 Å Cu films with Cl−, SO42− and HCO3− ions in aqueous solutions with various concentrations were studied in situ using liquid cells. Copper corrosion processes in ground water were monitored for up to nine days. By comparing Cu 2p–3d, 4s transitions for a number of reference substances previously measured, changes in electronic structure of the Cu films were analysed. The XAS and RIXS spectral shape at the Cu edge, the chemical shift of the main line for Cu2+, and the energy positions of the observed satellites served as a tool for monitoring the changes during the reaction. It was found that the pH value and the Cl− concentration in solutions strongly affect the speed of the corrosion reaction.
Congenic Interval Mapping of RNO10 Reveals a Complex Cluster of Closely-Linked Genetic Determinants of Blood Pressure

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Genetic dissection of the rat genome for identifying alleles that cause abnormalities in blood pressure (BP) resulted in the mapping of a significant number of BP quantitative trait loci (QTLs). In this study we mapped at least one such BP QTL on rat chromosome 10 (RNO10) as being within the introgressed segment of a S.LEW congenic strain S.LEWx12x2x3x8 spanning 1.34 Mb from 70 725 437 bp to 72 063 232 bp. BP of 3 congenic strains that span shorter segments of this region was additionally examined. Results obtained indicate that LEW alleles that comprise a 375-kb introgressed segment of the congenic strain S.LEWx12x2x3x5 (70 725 437 bp to 71 100 513 bp) increase BP. The magnitude of change in BP exhibited by the 2 strains, S.LEWx12x2x3x8 and S.LEWx12x2x3x5, is the net phenotypic effect of the underlying genetic determinants of BP. In this respect, the current data are superior to previous QTL localization of BP QTL1, which was hypothesized based on differential congenic segments. Genetic dissection using these 2 congenic strains as tools is expected to facilitate further dissection of the regions. Meanwhile, differential congenic segments were used to predict and thereby prioritize regions for candidate gene analysis. Using this approach, 2 distinct regions of 401 kb and 409 kb within S.LEWx12x2x3x8 and a 104 kb region within S.LEWx12x2x3x5 were prioritized for further consideration. Because all of these genetic elements are located within a 1.06-Mb region of RNO10, our study has revealed a remarkable insight into a genomic module comprising very closely-linked, opposing genetic determinants of BP.
Off-Grid Space-Frequency Environment Sensing for Next Generation Cognitive Radars

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a novel 2-D spectrum sensing method to improve environmental awareness capabilities compared with traditional grid-based techniques. Instead of using fixed angles of arrival (AOA), as dictated by a grid of points, the off-grid approaches allow for flexibility in estimating angle displacements at a reduced computational complexity increase. The recovery process is formulated as a regularized maximum likelihood (RML) estimation, leveraging block-sparsity. The optimization is tackled with a maximum block improvement (MBI) method to estimate noise power, the 2-D profile, and angular displacements. Moreover, two refinement strategies are used to improve the angle estimation accuracy. The method is validated through numerical simulations modeling realistic environments.
Just think: The challenges of the disengaged mind

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Don't leave me alone with my thoughts Nowadays, we enjoy any number of inexpensive and readily accessible stimuli, be they books, videos, or social media. We need never be alone, with no one to talk to and nothing to do. Wilson et al. explored the state of being alone with one's thoughts and found that it appears to be an unpleasant experience. In fact, many of the people studied, particularly the men, chose to give themselves a mild electric shock rather than be deprived of external sensory stimuli. Science , this issue p. 75
Dietary Flavonoids in the Management of Huntington’s Disease: Mechanism and Clinical Perspective

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive loss of neurons, which leads to behavioral systems and mental decline. HD is linked to repeat expansions of cytosine, adenine, and guanine in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene that give rise to mutation, leading to the formation of the HTT protein product. Oxidative stress also provokes the initiation and progression of HD as it leads to protein misfolding that results in the formation of inclusion which clumps together and alters neurotransmission. Despite the advancement in the field of pharmaceutical sciences, current therapeutic approaches suppress only the severity of symptoms and no therapy exists that can cure HD from its root cause. Flavonoids are the most abundant polyphenols widely present in daily dietary sources. Dietary flavonoids have a wide range of pharmacological bioactivities and many therapeutic applications. Dietary flavonoids including hesperidin, naringin, quercetin, rutin, fisetin, myricetin, luteolin, and epigallocatechin 3‐ O ‐gallate can prevent and manage HD through exerting antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities, altering intracellular pathways, genetic alterations, and metal ion chelation. This review highlights flavonoids as therapeutic options for HD and will open new dimensions for flavonoids as safe and effective therapeutic agents in diminishing HD.
COMPUTATIONAL JUSTIFICATION OF THE USE OF COMPOSITE METAL-METAL POLYMER PARTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Additive manufacturing of metal parts occupies an increasing number of areas of mechanical engineering, but still remains too expensive for mass use. Based on the experience in the production of combined metal-metal polymer forming parts of molds, a new method for the production of composite parts from a metal shell filled with metal polymer is proposed. The strength calculations by the finite element method of the exoskeleton part and a sample of simplified geometry are given as the basis of the study. A comparison of the strength characteristics of parts made of various materials and their combinations showed high strength characteristics of a composite part made of a metal shell and a metal polymer filler. The metal-metal polymer composite part is distinguished not only by its high strength, but also by a significantly lower cost due to the reduction in the volume of 3D printing with metal. The article substantiates the main problems facing researchers and technologists in the development of a practically applicable technology for producing such composite parts.
Relation between bone mineral density and serum zinc,serum copper and blood lead in 0～6 years old children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To explore the relation between low bone mineral density (BMD) and serum zinc, serum copper and blood lead levers of children aged 0～6 years,offering basis for the prevention of clinical child with low bone density. 204 children aged 0～6 years without bone metabolism disease were elected randomly from the child health care outpatient service in our hospital. All the children were measured the BMD of the middle point at the tibia with ultrasonic bone density instrument. All the children were divided as the low BMD group and the controlling group according to the percentage of the BMD value dependent on age and gender. All children's serum zinc, serum copper and blood lead levers were measured. The average serum zinc level of the low BMD group was lower than that of the controlling group[(1 270.5±146.0 μmol/L and 1 322.1±166.0)μmol/L].The incidence of low zinc in low BMD group was significantly higher than the controlling group (30% and 18%)( P 0.05). Comparing the controlling group,the average serum copper value was lower [(1 498.6±216.8) μmol/L and (1 534.4±230.6) μmol/L],but the difference was not significant( P 0.05).The difference of copper and lead level between the two groups was not significant ( P 0.05). [Conclusion] The occurring of low BMD in 0～6 years old children is related with zinc deficiency.The prevention and treatment of zinc deficiency are strengthened in order to reduce the occurring of child suffered with low BMD.
Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Dissimilar Metal Weld A508/52M/316L Used in Nuclear Power Plants

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The microstructures and mechanical properties of a dissimilar metal weld A508/52M/316L used in the primary water system of pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plants were investigated. The weld exhibits complicated microstructures, with significant change around the interfaces A508/52M and 52M/316L. The variations of main elements in 52M weld metal are greater than those in the A508 and 316L, with significant changes in the zones closed to the interfaces. The bulk 52M weld metal has higher and more uneven hardness than both of the base metals A508 and 316L. The HAZ of A508 exhibits the highest hardness value in the weld. The area around the A508/52M interface is the most weak part for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) resistance of the weld in simulated PWR primary water at 290°C. SCC was only found in the specimens tested at +200mV(SHE) but not in those tested at both -780mV and Ecorr (about -500mV).
Control of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in pepper

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nematode gukavosti korjena roda Meloidogyne su jedne od najznacajnijih stetnih nematoda u proizvodnji povrca. Na podrucju Baranje sve je vise obiteljskih gospodarstava koje uzgajau povce na otvorenom kao i u plastenicima. Na obiteljskom gospodarstvu Katarine Farkas paprika se uzgaja na otvorenom polju i u plastenicima. Iz plastenika povrsine 80 m2 uzeti su uzorci tla i pregledani na nematode. Nematode su izdvajane metodom boca. Utvrđeno je 601 individua Meloidogyne/100 ccm tla, a za suzbijanje se primjenio pripravak Basamid Granulat (dazomet) u dozi od 60g/m2, koji je inkorporiran u tlo. Tretirana povrsina je prekrivena PVC folijom, a nakon mjesec dana skinuta je plasticna folija, tlo je dobro izrahljeno motokultivatorom radi prozracivanja. Mjesec dana nakon aplikacije pripravka, a prije sadnje paprike utvrđeno je 40 individua/100ccm tla, a u slijedecem uzorkovanju nisu utvrđene nematode roda Meloidogyne. U uzorkovanju na kraju vegetacije utvrđeno je 18 individua/100ccm tla. Primjena pripravka Basamid Granulat smanjila je prisustvo nematoda roda Meloidogyne za 93%.
Caloric restriction attenuates apoptosis in larger type II fibers with aging

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Apoptosis has been implicated in the age‐related decline in skeletal muscle mass known as sarcopenia. Similarly, an attenuation of apoptosis is thought to contribute to the attenuation of sarcopenia by caloric restriction (CR). On this basis, we examined markers of apoptotic activation in cross‐sections of gastrocnemius muscle (Gas) from young adult (YA) and senescent (SEN) ad libitum fed (AL) and CR rats. Although CR markedly attenuated Gas atrophy (27% vs 51% for CR vs AL) and fiber atrophy (26% vs 40% in CR vs AL) with aging, CR did not affect the proportion of nuclei that were TUNEL positive (1.9±0.2% vs 3.0±0.2% for AL vs CR, respectively). Similarly, the number of TUNEL positive nuclei per 100 fibers was not different in SEN CR (11.0±1.1) vs SEN AL (8.3±0.8). On a fiber type basis, type IIa (58%) and IIb/x (51%) fibers exhibited more atrophy with aging in AL than type I fibers (31%), whereas fiber atrophy was less severe and more uniform among fiber types in CR (21%, 11% and 25% for type I, IIa and IIb/x, respectively). Interestingly, whereas fibers with TUNEL positive nuclei were larger than the mean for both type IIa and IIb/x in SEN AL, this was not the case for CR. Collectively, these results suggest that the apoptosis of nuclei in larger type II fibers of AL may contribute to their greater atrophy with aging and that this process may be attenuated by CR.
Functional morphology, paleoecology, and systematics ofdinogymniumtests

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Nine species of Dinogymnium [including D. elongatum n. sp., D. lanceolatum n. sp., D. pustulicostatum n. sp., and D. westralium (Cook‐son and Eisenack) Evitt et al 1967 emended herein] from the Upper Cretaceous Monmouth Group of Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey, are discussed. Scanning electron microscopy reveals in detail the fine structure of D. pustulicostatum and D. westralium. Wall canals (Evitt, Clarke, and Ver‐dier, 1967) pass through the single‐layered wall, and their arrangement at the surface appears to be of taxonomic value. Flagellar pore structures and associated curved ridges and grooves suggest motili‐ty and that the fossil tests are not cysts (Evitt and Davidson, 1964, p. 8). The type of flagellar pore structures present on a given species also appears to be of taxonomic value. Dominance of D. pustulicostatum (45–64 percent) combined with low phytoplankton species diversity (19 species average per sample) suggests an estuarine paleoenvironment for the upper Mount Laurel Sand (samples 204–206). Wall canals and the corrugate structure of some Dinogymnium tests may have functioned to prevent cell damage caused by cell volume change during rapid and extreme fluctuations in salinity which occurred in the estuarine paleoenvironment.
Nano‐hydroxyapatite and nano‐hydroxyapatite/zinc oxide scaffold for bone tissue engineering application

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This research aims to evaluate the mechanical properties, biocompatibility, and degradation behavior of scaffolds made of pure hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA‐modified by ZnO for bone tissue engineering applications. HA and ZnO were developed using sol‐gel and precipitation methods respectively. The scaffolds properties were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic absorption (AA), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The interaction of scaffold with cells was assessed using in vitro cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assays. The obtained results indicate that the HA/ZnO scaffolds possess higher compressive strength, fracture toughness, and density—but lower hardness—when compared to the pure HA scaffolds. After immersing the scaffold in the SBF solution, more deposited apatite appeared on the HA/ZnO, which results in the rougher surface on this scaffold compared to the pure HA scaffold. Finally, the in vitro biological analysis using human osteoblast cells reveals that scaffolds are biocompatible with adequate ALP activity.
Comparison of the Outcomes of Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Portal Hypertension After Liver Resection Versus Radiofrequency Ablation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The aim of this study was to compare the outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) stages 0 and A, and portal hypertension (PHT) who underwent liver resection (LR) or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Methods The study population consisted of 121 patients with PHT and HCC of BCLC stage 0 and A who underwent LR ( n = 81) or RFA ( n = 40). To reduce bias in patient selection, the different covariate distributions in two groups were adjusted using inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW). The prognostic outcomes of LR‐ and RFA‐treated patients were then analyzed. Results Before IPTW adjustment, the 5‐year overall survival (OS) of LR and RFA patients was comparable. Five‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS) was significantly better in the LR group than in the RFA group ( P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that RFA was an independent predictor of worse RFS ( P = 0.0004). The local recurrence rate was higher in the RFA than in the LR group, with recurrences in each group tending to be treated with the same modality as initially. After IPTW adjustment, the OS of patients in the LR and RFA groups did not significantly differ, whereas the RFS of the LR group remained significantly better than that of the RFA group ( P = 0.00014). However, the RFA group had fewer postoperative complication rates and a shortened length of hospital stay. Conclusions By reducing postoperative complications, LR may be a treatment option for patients with BCLC stage 0 or A HCC and PHT.