jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Three-Way Comparison of Selected Substrates Used in Wine Labels: Wood-based Paper, Synthetic Paper, and Stone Paper

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Wine labels are one of the most important factors that attract customers to a particular wine bottle. This exploratory study came from an opportunity to expand on the limited material science research published about wine label substrates. It limits its geographic scope to the European and Indian wine label markets. Two synthetic substrates and a stone-based substrate were selected and tested, and their results were compared with test measurements from popular wood-based substrates in this market. When tested, each substrate had an adhesive coating and a liner backing suitable for the substrate. These substrates were tested using six properties: four physical and two optical. A benchmark range was established by considering the highest and lowest measurements of the wood-based substrates. If a substrate property measurement was within the benchmark range or exceeded it in the desirable direction, then that substrate was considered as an alternative for wood-based substrates for that respective property. One of the synthetic substrates (74 Synthetic) was found to be an alternative for four properties tested. The other synthetic substrate (Fasfilm TT) was found to be an alternative for three properties tested. The measurements of stone paper did not indicate that it should be considered as an alternative in any of the tested properties.
Investigation of In vitro Antifungal Activity of Salicornia Iranica Akhani

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Salicornia is one of the halophyte plants that grow in salt marshes and beaches. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of Salicornia iranica, an endemic species of Iran, in two fungal species, including Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. For this purpose, S. iranica 70% of ethanolic extract was prepared and mixed in plates with agar medium containing A. niger and C. albicans separately and allowed to gelatinize. Fungal samples were placed on each plate by the sampler. After absorption of microbial suspension into the agar plates, all of them were incubated at 25 °C for 72 hours. The results showed that S. iranica has no inhibitory effect on tested fungi. Since the antimicrobial activity of Salicornia have been attributed to fatty acid methyl esters, negative antifungal activity may be due to the lack of this compound in ethanolic extract, degradation of them through extraction, or the resistance of tested fungal species to the related compounds.
The Political and Social Views of Mahmud Bayram At-Tunisi: a Colloquial Egyptian Poet.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Mahmud Bayram at-Tunis(')i, an Egyptian colloquial poet, expressed important and engaging views on politics and society in Egypt chiefly in works written between 1919 and 1952. Bayram was born in 1893, eleven years after the British occupation of Egypt began. He experienced the economic hardship of the World War I in his hometown, Alex and ria, and later witnessed the eruption of the 1919 revolution in Cairo. Sent into exile in 1920, he watched closely the developments which accompanied and followed the declaration of independence in 1922 and implementation of the new constitution. He reacted in verse to these events and to the conflicts between the British, the palace and the new political parties. He was finally allowed to return to Egypt in 1938. Other aspects of the poet's life are also treated in the study. Bayram was very involved in the affairs of his country and wrote a variety of works which deal with a wide range of subjects. This study, devoted to his colloquial poetry, surveys Bayram's major themes: the British occupation, the foreign control of the Egyptian economy, Egyptian politicians, women and other groups in Egyptian society; Bayram's lively views on Egyptian mores and behaviors are also treated. The study also provides a sketch of the historical back- ground of the modern Egyptian colloquial poetry, as well as a brief overview of the development of the genre after Bayram.
The Collaborative Online International Learning Network: Online Intercultural Exchange in the State University of New York Network of Universities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 2006, the Office of International Programs (OIP) at the State University of
New York (SUNY) joined with Purchase College (a SUNY campus) to create
the SUNY Center for Collaborative Online International Learning. The COIL
Center’s mission is to develop online and hybrid courses with deeply embedded
international dimensions throughout many of the 64 campuses in the SUNY
system. These courses are structured upon the creation of coequal, team-taught
learning environments where faculty (teachers) from two or more cultures
work together to develop a shared syllabus for the purpose of implementing
an internationalised classroom emphasising experiential and collaborative
student learning.
Influence of Culture on Students’ Awareness of How and Why They Learn

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose – The reason many Asian students fi nd student-centred learning challenging may be due to cultural factors present in every human interaction between individuals. This study attempts to determine the infl uence of these cultural factors on students’ awareness of how and why they learn. Method – A sample of 12 students enrolled in a two year diploma course in a Malaysian university was interviewed, using a semistructured interview protocol, on the students’ perceptions and experiences when learning. The results were analysed qualitatively using the interpretive approach. Findings – The results show that students rely on their teachers for information, implying a high power distance as well as low individualism, and are not inclined to explore on their own. These students readily approach their friends rather than teachers for help with their assignments. They also hold their parents’ opinions in high regard. Significance – The results of this study are important for teachers when implementing student-centred learning. It will be challenging for Malaysian students to respond well to this form of learning strategy as it requires a certain amount of independent learning as well as risk-taking behaviour which these students seem to lack.
Supplementary Figure 1 from <i>MGMT</i>-STP27 Methylation Status as Predictive Marker for Response to PCV in Anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas and Oligoastrocytomas. A Report from EORTC Study 26951

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplementary figure 1 - PDF file 810K, Comparison of baseline variables on Humanmethylation450 beadchips</p>
Blindness and vision loss in Japan: A spatio‐temporal analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives : To analyze the spatio‐temporal patterns in the prevalence of blindness and vision loss (BVL) across Japanese prefectures from 1990 to 2019. Methods : The spatial Bayesian hierarchical regression model is used to estimate the risks and trends in the prevalence of BVL in Japanese prefectures. Three models are tested: (1) purely spatial model, (2) spatio‐temporal model, and (3) spatio‐temporal interaction model. Results : Overall, the purely spatial results suggest that relative risks do not have a consistent spatial pattern over time. There are a few prefectures with exceptionally high (1.5 to 4.9) and low (0.3 to 0.5) risks that appear to emerge and disappear over time. In addition, an increased risk, characterized by posterior probabilities above 0.8 (excess risk), can be seen in some prefectures in Japan in a very heterogeneous way. On the other hand, the spatio‐temporal results show that the period between 2005 and 2007 seem to work as a spatial transition of BVL prevalence in Japanese prefectures. Conclusions : Overall, no evidence of a spatial pattern is found, such as a north–south divide, either in the purely spatial model or in the spatio‐temporal interaction model.
Social Networks and the Employment Problem of

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Summary. This paper investigat es the link between social networks and the ability to ® nd a job through a personal contact among adult inner-city residents. Using data collected by the National Opinion Research Center that interview ed 2490 adult inner-city residents, the impact of network structure and composition on ® nding a job through word-of-mouth is estimated. Ethnic differ-ences in the rate of ® nding jobs through word-of-mouth were found, as well as interestin g ethnic and racial differen ces in the way social networks operate to connect job-seekers and job vacancies. Overall, the ® ndings suggest that social networks account for some of the employment problems that many inner-city residents face.
Cherry Meadow Gardens, 1932 /

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ALYSSUM.Michell'sBouquet: Its perfect rosette of miniature white flowers makes it a gem for edging.60 cents per tray.ANAGALLIS (Pimpernel): 5-8".This nice little plant has several uses.Pretty for edging, for porch boxes and congenial in a rock planting.Adaptable and pleasing to the eye.We offer Phillipsii, which is a good marine blue and Hybrids running mostly blue and tomato reds.All 60 cents per tray.ANTIRRHINUM (Snapdragon): 1^-2^'.Our finest Snaps are a most desirable purchase.Carefully chosen colors, well grown and most reasonably priced.Indian Summer (copper); Penn Orange; Primrose Queen; .Golden Chamois, our fine apricot with faint pink throat; Mauve Queen; Romance, a most beautiful rich pink, a superb creation from Edinburgh; Pink Perfection, melting pink of lighter tone; White King; Crimson King, very dark self color and an excellent Mixture.All priced this year at 75 cents per tray.ARCTQTIS Grandis: 2'.White daisy-like blossom with steel-blue central disc.Plant, a vigorous grower, decorative, and worth having.60 cents per tray
Microbial Risk Assessment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Beef Imported from the United States of America to Taiwan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Outbreaks of foodborne illness caused by pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7, which are attributable to the consumption of undercooked beef, have occurred in many countries. In Taiwan, the production of domestic beef accounts for only 5% of the total amount of beef sold. Therefore, we applied different contextual assumptions to develop a quantitative microbial risk assessment of E. coli O157:H7 and evaluated the risk of illness in the Taiwanese population consuming beef imported from the United States of America. The probability distribution showed that, in males aged 19–65 years in the Taiwanese population, for example, when rare beef was consumed 100 servings, there was a 90% probability of randomly intaking seven colony forming units of E. coli O157:H7. When medium beef was consumed 10,000 servings, there was a 90% probability of randomly intaking two colony forming units of E. coli O157:H7. When the exceedance risk was 5%, the rate of foodborne illnesses caused by consuming rare beef contaminated with E. coli O157:H7 was 10–28 cases per 1 million individuals. For medium beef, this rate was 6–13 per 100 million individuals. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the amount of E. coli O157:H7 remaining in beef products after cooking was the most important risk factor, followed by the amount of beef products consumed. Proper cooking of imported beef consumed by the Taiwanese public reduces the incidence of foodborne disease to almost zero, without risk of harm to health.
Camus and Sartre: The Story of a Friendship and the Quarrel That Ended It

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Albert Camus and Jean-Paul Sartre first met in 1943, during the German occupation of France. Intellectual as well as political allies, they grew famous overnight after Paris was liberated. But East West tensions began to strain their friendship as they evolved in opposing directions, disagreeing over philosophy, the responsibilities of intellectuals, and what sorts of political changes were necessary or possible. And while Sartre embraced violence as a path to change, Camus sharply opposed it, leading to a bitter and very public falling out in 1952, after which they never spoke again. Ronald Aronson chronicles this riveting story while demonstrating how Camus and Sartre developed first in connection with and then against each other, each keeping the other in his sights long after their break. Combining biography and intellectual history, philosophical and political passion, Camus and Sartre will fascinate anyone interested in these great writers or the world-historical issues that tore them apart.
Modeling of the tumor microenvironment to highlight nonlinear interactions between chemotherapeutic response and macrophage polarization state.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e24120 Background: The influence of tumor microenvironment characteristics on cancer progression and efficacy of chemotherapy has been the focus of intensive research. In particular, macrophages are a dynamic cell population that can assume various phenotypes based on tumor microenvironment characteristics. The influence of macrophage phenotype on therapeutic efficacy remains poorly understood. Macrophages can either aid or hinder tumor growth, with disease prognosis hinging on the proportion of pro-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic M1 vs. anti-inflammatory and pro-tumorigenic M2 phenotypes. Repolarization of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment from the M2 to M1 phenotype has emerged as a potential approach that harnesses the body's own immune system to fight cancer. Methods: Understanding the complex interactions between chemotherapy and macrophage populations in the tumor microenvironment could benefit from mathematical and engineering principles. We implement a modeling framework to evaluate tumor response to chemotherapy, including the effect of macrophage phenotypes in the tumor microenvironment on tumor growth and therapeutic outcome. M1 and M2 phenotypes are integrated into a model of tumor growth representing a metastatic lesion in a highly vascularized organ such as the liver. Behaviors simulated include M1 release of cytotoxic nitric oxide and M2 release of growth-promoting factors. Results: We simulate a hypothetical therapy-induced macrophage repolarization regimen from the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype to the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype in conjunction with chemotherapy administration. Surprisingly, the model predicts that chemotherapy applied in a tumor microenvironment that contains mixed M1 and M2 macrophage phenotypes is more effective than with only M1 macrophages. Conclusions: Fine-tuning the ratio of macrophage phenotypes in the tumor microenvironment during chemotherapy may be therapeutically beneficial. A proposed mechanism is that M2 macrophages potentiate the chemotherapy effect by promoting tumor cell proliferation that sensitizes these cells to agents acting on dividing cells.
Investing near the National Security Black Hole

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Multinational corporations dominate the global economy. Their aggressive business expansion has led to occasional conflicts with some sovereign governments’ core interests. The most irreconcilable one is probably between foreign direct investments by multinationals and the need of sovereign states to safeguard their national security. This article empirically explores the tension in its most manifested case, i.e. the reactions of China-based multinationals to the highly confidential national security review system of the United States, also known as the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) review. I find that, contrary to conventional wisdom, most Chinese investors know little about CFIUS and are content to remain ignorant. The majority of those who have some knowledge about it consider the process politicized and non-transparent. A minority reported to have abandoned contemplated investments in the United States due to concerns with CFIUS. Variations in the perception and the reactions of the China-based multinationals generally turn on their government ownership, sectoral sensitivity, and investment size. In addition, the recent landmark decision in Ralls v. CFIUS has a profound impact on the investors’ perception of the system, but has not altered their filing behavior. The findings make several important theoretical and policy contributions.
Small intestinal mucosal abnormalities in relatives of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Jejunal biopsy has been carried out in 19 relatives of patients with dermatitis herpetiformis and stereomicroscopic abnormalities have been found in seven. The majority of the relatives in whom these abnormalities were found had no bowel symptoms: one had the rash of dermatitis herpetiformis. All but one of the propositi of the relatives in whom were found small intestinal mucosal abnormalities themselves had the coeliac syndrome. It is concluded that a genetic factor is involved in the production of the enteropathy of dermatitis herpetiformis as in other forms of the coeliac syndrome.
gamma-Glutamyltranspeptidase in liver homogenates of rats of different ages: enzyme kinetics and age course of Km and Vmax.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Optimum incubation conditions for the determination of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase with liver homogenates from rats of different ages have been determined: about 1 mg protein/assay, 4.4 mM L-gamma-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide, 40 mM glycylglycine, 9.6 mM MgCl2 in 0.1 M Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0; final volume 1.3 ml. The enzyme activity is very high at birth, the increase before birth is not continuous. After birth the enzyme activity decreases quickly over the first postnatal days. The ENDRENYI-KWONG-plot was linear with homogenates from newborn and 3-day-old animals. For all other age groups the graphs showed an angle. Statistical analysis carried out that a two-enzyme model plots the experimental data only insignificantly better than a one-enzyme model. It may be concluded that there are different GGT isozymes which show different affinities towards the substrate and which show different developmental patterns.
Judicial Remedies in Public Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Availability of judicial review. Choice of forum and the exclusivity of judicial review proceedings in public law. Acts and omissions in respect of which judicial review is available. Invalidity, partial invalidity and severance. The prerogative remedies: certiorari, prohibition and mandamus. Declarations. Injunctions. Machinery of judicial review. Standing. The discretion of the court to refuse relief and the exclusion of judicial review. Habeas corpus. Appeals and statutory applications. Damages and the principles governing public authority liability. Remedies for the enforcement of EC law in national courts. References to the European Court for a preliminary ruling under Article 177. Tables and index.
Polyamidoamine Dendrimers: Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems in Glioma Therapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Glioma is the most common primary intracranial tumor, which is formed by the malignant transformation of glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. It has the characteristics of high incidence, high recurrence rate, high mortality and low cure rate. The treatments for glioma include surgical removal, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to the obstruction of the biological barrier of brain tissue, it is difficult to achieve the desired therapeutic effects. To address the limitations imposed by the brain’s natural barriers and enhance the treatment efficacy, researchers have effectively used brain-targeted drug delivery systems (DDSs) in glioma therapy. Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers, as branched macromolecular architectures, represent promising candidates for studies in glioma therapy. This review focuses on PAMAM-based DDSs in the treatment of glioma, highlighting their physicochemical characteristics, structural properties as well as an overview of the toxicity and safety profiles.
The Origins of Modern Notation in Early Keyboard Music

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"The Origins of Modern Notation in Early Keyboard Music." Modern notation, which is based on absolute note values and organized in time units of equal duration (measures) separated by vertical lines (bar lines), can only partially be traced back to earlier mensural notation. Whereas the mensural system is associated with the structure of vocal polyphony as a hierarchy of relative note values, the earliest examples of keyboard notation from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries represent an entirely different approach to writing music. This contains the basic ingredients of the modern notational concept, which, accordingly, is not primarily a product of the leading medieval and renaissance practice, but rather of a notational sidetrack which later moved into the center and opened up new possibilities of composition.
Teaching in times of COVID-19: determinants of teachers' educational technology use

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We conduct a large and nationwide survey among German teachers to investigate the determinants of teachers' adaption to an increased use of educational technology during the COVID-19 school closures. We find that higher levels of technical affinity and higher perceived learning effectiveness of distance teaching are positively associated with using at least one (new) educational technology solution while teachers' age and the digital infrastructure of the school have no predictive power.
Light dependent activation of CO2 assimilation and the ratio of Rubisco activase to Rubisco during leaf aging of rice (Oryza sativa)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of the ratio of Rubisco activase to Rubisco (activase/Rubisco ratio) on light dependent activation of CO 2 assimilation were investigated during leaf aging of rice. Changes of photosynthetic CO 2 gas exchange rates in relation to step increases of light intensity from two photon flux densities of 60 µmol m −2 s −1 (low initial PFD) and 500 µmol m −2 s −1 (high initial PFD) to saturated PFD of 1 800 µmol m −2 s −1 were measured. These photosynthetic activation processes were considered to be limited by the Rubisco activation rate when analyzed by the relaxation method. The relaxation time of low initial PFD gradually declined from 3 to 33 days after leaf emergence and showed high and negative correlation to the activase/Rubisco ratio. The initial rate of Rubisco activation under low initial PFD linearly correlated to the amounts of Rubisco activase, whereas these were almost constant from 3 to 23 days after leaf emergence. But these correlations could not be recognized in the case of high initial PFD. Moreover, the relaxation times were more sensitive to intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i ) under high initial PFD than under low initial PFD, especially, at C i below 300 µl l −1 . These results suggest the involvement of the activase/Rubisco ratio in the photosynthetic activation under relatively low initial PFD, and the limitation of photosynthetic activation under relatively high initial PFD by Rubisco carbamylation during leaf aging of rice.