jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mediterranean Diet and Other Dietary Patterns in Primary Prevention of Heart Failure and Changes in Cardiac Function Markers: A Systematic Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Heart failure (HF) is a complex syndrome and is recognized as the ultimate pathway of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Studies using nutritional strategies based on dietary patterns have proved to be effective for the prevention and treatment of CVD. Although there are studies that support the protective effect of these diets, their effects on the prevention of HF are not clear yet. Methods: We searched the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases for studies that examined dietary patterns, such as dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH diet), paleolithic, vegetarian, low-carb and low-fat diets and prevention of HF. No limitations were used during the search in the databases. Results: A total of 1119 studies were identified, 14 met the inclusion criteria. Studies regarding the Mediterranean, DASH, vegetarian, and Paleolithic diets were found. The Mediterranean and DASH diets showed a protective effect on the incidence of HF and/or worsening of cardiac function parameters, with a significant difference in relation to patients who did not adhere to these dietary patterns. Conclusions: It is observed that the adoption of Mediterranean or DASH-type dietary patterns may contribute to the prevention of HF, but these results need to be analyzed with caution due to the low quality of evidence.
Towards Zero Energy Districts developments base on bioclimatic strategies: A Numerical Study in a Developing Country

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The need for more efficient buildings to contribute to more sustainable development has led to the establishment of targets in different countries. European countries have presented energy plans to respond to the guidelines of achieving near-zero energy buildings (nZEB). The concept can be defined at the urban scale (nZED), being a delimited part of a city with high energy efficiency and using renewable energies within its boundaries. This research aims to carry out a numerical study in a residential development in Panama, based on a proposal to redesign it, but using bioclimatic strategies and implementing photovoltaic technology. Thus, to evaluate the feasibility of nZED in the region and to function as a preliminary study to implement regulations of this type in the country. The results indicate that the indoor comfort conditions of each residential building should be evaluated in greater depth, and energy savings of 40% were obtained by implementing the recommended bioclimatic strategies and becoming independent of air conditioning equipment. In addition, photovoltaic generation outstrips demand, making the development net energy positive.
Factors Affecting Response Rates to Natural Resource - Focused Mail Surveys: Empirical Evidence of Declining Rates Over Time

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We analyzed factors that could affect response rates for 105 mail surveys conducted by the Human Dimensions Research Unit at Cornell University between 1971 and 2000. The surveys addressed diverse natural resource-based topics and involved a variety of study populations. We tested the null hypothesis that response rates to natural resource-focused mail surveys are not changing over time. We found the best multiple regression model (adjusted R 2 =.558) to explain differences in response rates incorporated five independent variables: (1) saliency of study topic to surveyed population, (2) the month of the first mailing, (3) the size (font) of print type, (4) the number of complex questions included in the survey, and (5) year of survey implementation. All other variables held constant, the model suggests that response rates dropped on average 0.77% per year over the 30-year period. The scatterplot of response rate versus time suggests a gradual decline in response rates over time.
FoRC@NSLP2024: Overview and Insights from the Field of Research Classification Shared Task

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This article provides an overview of the Field of Research Classification (FoRC) shared task conducted as part of the Natural Scientific Language Processing Workshop (NSLP) 2024. The FoRC shared task encompassed two subtasks: the first was a single-label multi-class classification of scholarly papers across a taxonomy of 123 fields, while the second focused on fine-grained multi-label classification within computational linguistics, using a taxonomy of 170 (sub-)topics. The shared task received 13 submissions for the first subtask and two for the second, with teams surpassing baseline performance metrics in both subtasks. The winning team for subtask I employed a multi-modal approach integrating metadata, full-text, and images from publications, achieving a weighted F1 score of 0.75, while the winning team for the second subtask leveraged a weakly supervised X-transformer model enriched with automatically labelled data, achieving a micro F1 score of 0.56 and a macro F1 of 0.43.
Chapter 5. Encapsulation of [60]Fullerene into Dendritic Materials to Facilitate their Nanoscopic Organization

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Since [60]fullerene (C60) became available in macroscopic quantities in 1990,1 the properties of this fascinating carbon cage have been intensively investigated. Among the most spectacular findings, C60 was found to behave like an electronegative molecule able to reversibly accept up to six electron...
Introduction and Acknowledgements

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Introduction and Acknowledgements Get access GUY S. GOODWIN-GILL GUY S. GOODWIN-GILL Editor-in-Chief Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Journal of Refugee Law, Volume 3, Issue 3, July 1991, Pages 389–395, https://doi.org/10.1093/ijrl/3.3.389 Published: 01 July 1991
Rural–Urban Disparities in Access to Improved Sanitation in Indonesia: A Decomposition Approach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the targets in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is Target 6.2, aims to achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation. The Government of Indonesia targets universal access to improved sanitation in 2019. However, almost two out of five households in Indonesia are without access to improved sanitation. Moreover, access to improved sanitation is lower in rural areas than that in urban areas. Studies examining the drivers of the disparity in Indonesia are also limited. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the characteristics associated with the rural–urban disparity in access to improved sanitation facilities among households in Indonesia. We employed data from the 2016 Indonesian National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS) comprising 290,848 households. The analysis was twofold. First, we fitted multivariate probit regression models using average marginal effects as the measure of association. We then conducted a detailed non-linear decomposition of the rural–urban disparity attributable to all the explanatory variables. The multivariate regression analysis suggested that households living in rural areas were 11.35% (95% confidence interval = [10.97, 11.72]) less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities than those residing in urban areas. The decomposition analysis suggested that 48.78% are attributable to spatial, demographic, housing, and socio-economic factors, which meant that almost half of the inequalities could be reduced by equalizing these factors. The results provide a decomposition of factors amenable to curtail urban–rural inequalities. Hence, equity-oriented approaches to increasing access to improved sanitation should be prioritized to achieve universal access in 2030 in line with SDG Target 6.2.
Computer code CONDIF (release 1) for transient convective-conductive heat transfer (finite element modelling). [LMFBR]

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This report describes the finite element computer code CONDIF developed at J.R.C. Ispra to solve time-dependent natural and forced convection problems in an arbitrary plane or axisymmetric domain. The basic objective in developing CONDIF-01 was to create a flexible tool for the analysis of some aspects of the Post Accident Heat Removal (PAHR) problem following a hypothetical meltdown of a fast-reactor core. Of particular importance in this area is the molten pool cooling problem which requires the analysis of transient conductive-convective heat transfer in a fluid and its enclosing structure. The present report contains three sections. Section 1 deals with the thermal energy equation. A weak variational form of this equation is introduced which forms the basis for spatial discretization using finite elements. Specialized equations are then presented for three-node triangles and four-node quadrilaterals. The explicit time integration scheme is discussed and the combined effects of space and time discretizations are analyzed in detail. Section 2 is concerned with the numerical solution of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Section 3 is devoted to a presentation of numerical applications. Standard problems of natural and forced convection are solved and the solutions obtained with CONDIF are compared to solutions derived in the literaturemore » by means of other numerical techniques.« less
Dynamic metabolic imaging of hyperpolarized [2‐13C]pyruvate using spiral chemical shift imaging with alternating spectral band excitation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose In contrast to [1‐ 13 C]pyruvate, hyperpolarized [2‐ 13 C]pyruvate permits the ability to follow the 13 C label beyond flux through pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and investigate the incorporation of acetyl‐coenzyme A into different metabolic pathways. However, chemical shift imaging (CSI) with [2‐ 13 C]pyruvate is challenging owing to the large spectral dispersion of the resonances, which also leads to severe chemical shift displacement artifacts for slice‐selective acquisitions. Methods This study introduces a sequence for three‐dimensional CSI of [2‐ 13 C]pyruvate using spectrally selective excitation of limited frequency bands containing a subset of metabolites. Dynamic CSI data were acquired alternately from multiple frequency bands in phantoms for sequence testing and in vivo in rat heart. Results Phantom experiments verified the radiofrequency pulse design and demonstrated that the signal behavior of each group of resonances was unaffected by excitation of the other frequency bands. Dynamic three‐dimensional 13 C CSI data demonstrated the sequence capability to image pyruvate, lactate, acetylcarnitine, glutamate, and acetoacetate, enabling the analysis of organ‐specific spectra and metabolite time courses. Conclusions The presented method allows CSI of widely separated resonances without chemical shift displacement artifact, acquiring multiple frequency bands alternately to obtain dynamic time‐course information. This approach enables robust imaging of downstream metabolic products of acetyl‐coenzyme A with hyperpolarized [2‐ 13 C]pyruvate. Magn Reson Med 71:2051–2058, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Flexibility of Permanent Intracardiac Electrode Leads. Achieving a Balance between Perforation and Displacement

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The three models (Biotronik IE-85-K-10-0, Tesla LES 165, Vitatron MIP 2147 LOES) of standard intracardiac electrodes with varying degrees of flexibility were tested in 655 patients during postoperative period. Twenty two cases (8.3%) of displacement and one case (0.3%) of myocardial wall perforation were observed in 264 patients with Biotronik leads. Fourteen displacements (4.2%) and six perforations (1.6%) occurred in 328 patients with Tesla leads. Eight perforations (12.6%) and one displacement (1.5%) were observed in 63 patients with Vitatron leads. The flexibility of the leads was determined by measurements of the bending and buckling forces in a developed mechanical model and by evaluation with Young's modulus and electrode unit pressure. It seems evident that in the case of the less flexible leads, higher number of perforations and a lower incidence of displacements may be expected. Accurate evaluation of the bending and buckling forces and a determination of electrode unit pressure is also useful for a comparison of the flexibility of different leads and a prediction of the eventual clinical complications.
The Printed Book on the Iberian Peninsula, 1500–1540

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the epilogue to his Coronica de España, first published in Seville in 1482, Diego de Valera (b.1412-1488) commented on the scarcity and inaccessibility of manuscript texts. 1 He went on to speak of a new and 'marvellous art of writing which takes us back to the golden age, restoring to us in multiplied codices all that the wit of man can learn of the past, present, and future'. 2 Printing had arrived in Spain relatively quickly, with the first known press established in Segovia around 1472. 3 Valera's comments, written a decade later, undoubtedly capture the almost naive sense of wonder and expectation that accompanied these early years.As the industry matured, however, it would become clear that the new technology would service many markets.It would not function solely as an agent of intellectual regeneration.Forty years after Valera's statement, in 1525, the printer Miguel de Eguía, based in Alcalá de Henares, lamented in a preface addressed to the Archbishop of Toledo Alonso III Fonseca (b.1475-1534), 'how accursed we are in Spain, where our printing offices ceaselessly pour out common and sometimes even obscene doggerel, tasteless ditties, and works which are yet more worthless than these'. 4 Eguía was evidently frustrated at the seemingly unfulfilled potential of the Spanish presses.Our own ability to understand the different cultures of print on the Iberian Peninsula -even in very broad terms -has been seriously hindered by the 1 On Valera's life, see Lucas de Torre, 'Mosén Diego de Valera.
Cereal Dietary Fibre - Physicochemical Properties and Suitability for Addition to Low-Fat Meat Products

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

It is well known that dietary fibre is good for the health. Cereals, and in particular the outer parts of the cereal kernels, are rich in dietary fibre. Rye bran, wheat bran, oat bran and barley fibre have been investigated regarding their suitability as additives in low-fat meat products. Two types of meat products, frankfurter-type sausages and meatballs have been evaluated in this thesis. In the sausages the meat protein network governs the texture and water-holding properties, whereas the meatballs have a more particulate structure, where a more crumble texture is perceived and the water-holding capacity is lower. Cereal bran particles can be difficult to add to a food-system without also adding a disagreeable sensation of grittiness. Evaluations of how the size and concentration of small rye bran particles in a continuous phase of varying viscosity influence the sensory perception of grittiness were performed. The threshold for the sensation of grittiness resulting from rye bran particles in a starch gel was very low and independent of the particle size. The particles were detected already at concentrations of 0.1-0.3%, despite the fact that they were so small (20-180 μm). The rheological properties of the suspension medium did not influence the detection threshold. One reason for this obvious perception of grittiness of rye bran particles could be their irregular shape and hardness. One way of altering these adverse properties of the bran particles could be by treating them with hydrolytic enzymes. The xylanases and endoglucanases evaluated in this thesis did not increase the water-holding capacity of the rye or wheat bran or the viscosity of the aqueous phase. The water-holding capacity was probably reduced because of the lower amount of insoluble material after solubilization by the enzymes, while the lower viscosity showed that the solubilized dietary fibre were degraded into smaller molecules which could no longer contribute to the viscosity. Due to the gelling ability of the inherent β-glucan of the oat bran upon heating, it was found to be the most suitable for addition to low-fat sausages. These sausages exhibited low process and frying losses, together with high values of both firmness and sensory acceptance. The barley fibre gave a poor texture of the sausages and was the least preferred. This barley β-glucan could not form a gel, probably because of a smaller molecular weight and a less favourable structure, compared to the oat β-glucan. Rye bran is suitable for addition to meatballs, probably due to its particulate nature, which is more acceptable in this type of meat product, where the gelling properties are not as important as in sausages.
Investigation of Electrochemical Behavior of Lipid Lowering Agent Atorvastatin Calcium in Aqueous Media and its Determination from Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Biological Fluids Using Boron-Doped Diamond and Glassy Carbon Electrodes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The electrochemical behavior of atorvastatin calcium at glassy carbon and boron-doped diamond electrodes has been studied using voltammetric techniques. The possible mechanism of oxidation was discussed with model compounds. The dependence of the peak current and potentials on pH, concentration, scan rate and nature of the buffer were investigated for both electrodes. The oxidation of atorvastatin was irreversible and exhibited a diffusion-controlled fashion on the diamond electrode. A linear response was obtained within the range of 9.65 x 10(-7) - 3.86 x 10(-5) M in 0.1 M H(2)SO(4) solution for both electrodes. The detection limits of a standard solution are estimated to be 2.11 x 10(-7) M with differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and 2.05 x 10(-7)M with square wave voltammetry (SWV) for glassy carbon electrode, and 2.27 x 10(-7) M with DPV and 1.31 x 10(-7)M with SWV for diamond electrodes in 0.1 M H(2)SO(4) solution. The repeatability of the methods was found good for both electrodes. The methods were fully validated and successfully applied to the high-throughput determination of the drug in tablets, human serum and human urine with good recoveries.
Dynamic detection of atomic-set-serializability violations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Previously we presented atomic sets, memory locations that share some consistency property, and units of work, code fragments that preserve consistency of atomic sets on which they are declared. We also proposed atomic-set serializability as a correctness criterion for concurrent programs, stating that units of work must be serializable for each atomic set. We showed that a set of problematic data access patterns characterize executions that are not atomic-set serializable. Our criterion subsumes data races (single-location atomic sets) and serializability (all locations in one set).
Revenue Malmquist productivity index and application in bank branch

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Productivity growth is one of the major sources of economic development. In recent years the owners and analysis of productivity have had several scientific developments in firm and industry performances. These studies have been focused on data gathering of productivity and their experiences. This has been resulted better efficiency and providing useful information for owners and designers of public and private sectors.In the last, only efficiency change was used for progress and regress studies [1], but it has been shown that the technical change has effects in productivity, too. Hereof MPI was determined [2]. Fare et al. (1992, 1994a) developed MPI, which was suggested initially by Malmquist (1953) [3]. He assimilated Fare’s views for efficiency measurements and Caves et al. (1983) recommendations for productivity evaluation; and defined MPI for each unit based on inputs disposal and outputs products [4, 5]. Hereafter many researches were completed for calculation of this index and several applications were procured [6, 7]. Cost Malmquist productivity index was reported, where instead technical efficiency, the cost efficiency for every unit was prevented. This index is useful when the costs and the demand of any unit’s input and the value of the output are available [8]. In this paper, the
[Study of cation binding to myosin subfragment I using the fluorescent probe Eu3+].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

It was shown that binding of the cation Eu3+ to myosin subfragment I (SI) results in fluorescence with a maximum at 595 nm which is increased as EuCl3 concentration rises. The ATPase activity of SI is simultaneously enhanced. An addition of bivalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) causes quenching of fluorescence of the bound Eu3+ by 8-12%, which corresponds to Eu3+-ATPase inhibition by Mg2+. At low (down to 0.1 mM) concentrations of Eu3+ no fluorescence quenching by Mg2+ or Ca2+ takes place; under these conditions Mg2+ activate ATPase of SI in the presence of Eu3+. Eu3+ activate SI ATPase in the presence of low (down to 0.1 mM) concentrations of Ca2+, but exerts an inhibition action at high concentrations of Ca2+. NaCl does not affect the fluorescence intensity of bound Eu3+ but considerably inhibits the ATPase activity of SI in the presence of EuCl3. An existence of a bivalent cation binding site in the vicinity if the SI active center is postulated. Eu3+ whose ionic radius is close to that of Ca2+ interacts with protein surface and occupies this site as well, thus determining the activation of SI ATPase and can be replaced from it by Ca2+ and Mg2+, but not by Na+. Hence bivalent and monovalent cations are bound at different sites. The data obtained provide another proof in favour of a hypothesis suggesting that the regulation of myosin ATPase activity by bivalent and monovalent cations can be mediated by binding of these cations to the protein.
Synthesis and photophysical characterisation of long alkyl side-chain derivatives of benzo[a]phenoxazinium salts

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Several fluorescent benzo[a]phenoxazinium chlorides possessing a long hydrocarbon chain terminated with methyl, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid or ester groups as substituent at the 5-amino function of the heterocycle were efficiently synthesised. Studies of their photophysical properties revealed that all compounds absorbed and emitted at longer wavelengths with moderate to good fluorescent quantum yields.