jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Production of Conducting Polymer Nanowires for Use as Intravascular Neural Recording Electrodes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A crucial factor limiting the adoption of brain-machine interfaces is the invasiveness of conventionally implanted cortical microelectrode arrays. Recently, Llinas et al. proposed a new, less invasive type of multielectrode neural recording, using sub-micrometer insulated nanowires placed in the capillary bed of the central nervous system [1]. Initial experiments using platinum wires were plagued by wire stiffness and metal fatigue. We report the production of conductive, insulated polymer nanowires with a doped polyaniline core and a poly(ethylene oxide) shell by coaxial electrospinning. These fibers have continuous insulated conducting polymer lengths over 10 mm, and a core polymer conductivity of 3 S/m.
Effects of Potassium Fertilizer Application Rates on Plant Potassium Accumulation and Grain Quality of Japonica Rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A three-year experiment was conducted in order to examine the effects of potassium (K) application rates on plant K accumulation, K use efficiency and grain quality of japonica rice (Wuxiangjing14 and Wuyujing3) from 2000 to 2002 in Dongtai, Jiangsu, China. When K fertilizer was applied as basal dressing, K uptake of rice population amounted to maximum at the K2O application rate of 12.8 kg/667m2 and excessive-fertilization decreased population K uptake, grains K absorption always increased with the increase of K fertilizer application rate, only the increment extent decreased gradually. Potassium uptake by rice population peaked in the growth season from the elongation stage to the heading stage. Non-fertilization and excessive-fertilization enhanced the proportion of plant K uptake before the elongation stage, but reduced effective panicles. With one-time application of K fertilizer as basal dressing, the highest grain yield and quality occurred at the level of 1∶0.8 of N∶K2O ratio, which significantly increased the percentage of earbearing tiller and setting percentage and K physiological and agronomy efficiencies. Also, low chalkiness degree and amylose content were found at this level. Compared to one-time application of K fertilizer as basal dressing, fertilization as panicle fertilizer caused increases in plant K uptake and proportion from elongation stage to heading stage, the number of filled grain, the setting percentage and gel consistency. Moreover, K fertilization as panicle fertilizer significantly decreased chalkiness degree and amylose content, resulting in considerable high grain yield and quality.
Green and Red Light Reduces the Disease Severity byPseudomonas cichoriiJBC1 in Tomato Plants via Upregulation of Defense-Related Gene Expression

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Light influences many physiological processes in most organisms. To investigate the influence of light on plant and pathogen interaction, we challenged tomato seedlings with Pseudomonas cichorii JBC1 by flood inoculation and incubated the seedlings under different light conditions. Tomato seedlings exposed to green or red light showed a significant reduction in disease incidence compared with those grown under white light or dark conditions. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we investigated the effects of each light wavelength on P. cichorii JBC1 and tomato plants. Treatment with various light wavelengths at 120 µmol m –2 s –1 revealed no significant difference in growth, swarming motility, or biofilm formation of the pathogen. In addition, when we vacuum-infiltrated P. cichorii JBC1 into tomato plants, green and red light also suppressed disease incidence which indicated that the reduced disease severity was not from direct influence of light on the pathogen. Significant upregulation of the defense-related genes, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and pathogenesis-related protein 1a (PR-1a) was observed in P. cichorii JBC1-infected tomato seedlings grown under green or red light compared with seedlings grown under white light or dark conditions. The results of this study indicate that light conditions can influence plant defense mechanisms. In particular, green and red light increase the resistance of tomato plants to infection by P. cichorii.
DETERMINANTS OF PARTICIPATION OF FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN NON-FARM ENTERPRISE ACTIVITIES IN RURAL NIGERIA

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper uses the Nigerian nationally representative household level data to examine the factors influencing the decision of farm household to engage in non-farm enterprise (NFE) activities in rural Nigeria. The model was estimated using Tobit regression, and the result shows that NFE participation decision of the household significantly depends on its head’s education, household size, community level infrastructures and its distance to market. Unique to this study, we found that households having access to social and financial capital can overcome the NFEs entry barriers. This suggests that for the development of rural entrepreneurship in the country, the farm households need to be provided with basic education, community infrastructures, effective micro-credit and social network.
Legal Compatibility between the Farmers' Professional Cooperatives and the Farmland Contractual Right Investment for Stock Sharing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to study the legal compatibility between the farmers professional cooperatives and the farmland contractual right investment for stock sharing.Methods employed include theoretical and empirical analysis.The results indicate that (1)currently the so-called inputting the contractual right of farmland into farmers' professional cooperatives for stock sharing purpose is only nominal because it is essentially a lease of right;(2)the so-called effectiveness of avoiding farmers losing their land through the land investment for stock sharing is questionable; (3)the capitalization essence of inputting land for stock sharing is hardly compatible with the legal characteristic of farmers' professional cooperatives.The choice of the organizational form of land input for stock sharing not only needs to be consistent with policy,but also needs to be more legal compatible.The policy-oriented is not feasible if the legal feasibility is not considered.From the legal perspective,farmers professional cooperative is not the suitable organizational form of land investment for stock sharing.
Adaptive Monte Carlo Simulation for Time-Variant Reliability Analysis of Brittle Structures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An efficient simulation-based methodology for estimating the time-dependent reliability of a brittle structural system is presented. In the proposed method, a branch-and-bound method is used to identify the most probable failure sequence of a system. This defines the initial failure domain to start the simulation. As the simulation progresses, the initial failure domain is refined adaptively to incorporate information about the other possible dominant failure sequences, to estimate the true failure probability of the system. The simulation is continued until there is a convergence in the failure probability estimate.
The Platelet Count and Mean Platelet Volume

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

S ummary. The Coulter Model S‐Plus Counter provides a measure of the platelet count and the mean platelet volume (MPV). An analysis of 5000 unselected blood specimens showed an inverse relationship between the number of circulating platelets and their MPV. In nearly 95% of normal adults the platelet count varied from 150 to 450 × 10 9 /1 and the MPV from 7·0 to 10·5 fl. Thrombocytosis was found in iron deficiency anaemia, after trauma and acute blood loss and in rheumatoid arthritis. Although there is a normal platelet distribution in pregnancy, patients with pre‐eclampsia and uncomplicated hypertension in late pregnancy tended to have lower platelet counts and larger platelets than controls. A variable platelet pattern was found in infection, renal failure and treated malignant disease.
Contact simulation for the calculation of the kinematic excitation of vibrations from surface roughness of wheel and rail

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A simulation method has been developed to predict the sound emission of the railway wheelsets due to the excitation of wheelset vibrations by surface roughness of wheel and rail. This model treats the contact in a linearized manner and is therefore not capable of modelling the local effects of the roughness in the wheel‐rail contact zone. These effects are very important since the contact acts as a low pass filter which is calculated within a contact simulation. (© 2010 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
THE EVERYDAY USE AND EXPERIENCE OF COMPUTER-MEDIATED COMMUNICATION

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Communication has become one of the most popular applications of information technology. A considerable body of work addresses both theoretical and applied aspects of computer-mediated communication. However, much of this work has not been able to capture the complexity and significance of everyday communication activities and the mutual shaping of technologies and their use. This study uses a qualitative methodology based on interviews with undergraduates to explore how the properties of communication technologies, user motivations and social contexts interact to influence use and experience. The three specific technologies addressed are email, \ninstant messaging and text messaging. Factors identified as relevant during interviews are presented, and their interactions explored. Findings suggest that use and experience of communication technologies are shaped by a variety of factors and their interactions, and that \nstudy of information and communication technologies cannot validly be removed from the personal and social contexts in which they are used.
Development of Watershed Segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Image segmentation is the process of dividing images according to its characteristic like color and objects present in the images. A number of images segmentation techniques are available and proposed ,but there is no one single technique that is suitable to all applications. in this paper a novel and simple segmentation algorithm will be introduced by using the concept of arrow representation method, the preprocessing of this method are enhancing the image by using mean filter to remove noise, and reducing the color dimension linearly. For each pixel in the image we will draw arrows to the 8 neighboring pixels which have value greater than it has. The pixels received more than two arrows will be flooded, and the reminding arrows will represent the wanted dams between segments, finally, all the pixels in the image will be labeled with specific numbers starting from one to number of segment, so each segment can be separated by exploited this label. This method tested and gives promised results.
Trauma mortality in six university hospitals: Tehran, IRAN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Trauma is the most common cause of mortality in the first four decades of life. In our country, cardiovascular diseases and trauma are leading causes of mortality, respectively. By gathering information on trauma mortalities, we can learn more about causes, and that knowledge can lead to prevention. Methods: This is a prospective descriptive study in Tehran during 12 months period (Sep 1999- Sep 2000). Two hundred and forty five trauma deaths in six hospitals were evaluated. The data was collected through a questionnaire, designed in Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center (STSRC) used for the study. The questionnaires were completed by trained physicians visiting trauma patients in emergency room and wards round the clock. Data obtained included patient demographics, level of prehospital care, medical and operative procedures performed in emergency rooms (ER) and wards (according to ICD-10 coding), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and vital signs at time of presentation to emergency rooms, Injury Severity Score (ISS), length of hospital stay and outcome of patients.Results: Twenty and forty five (3%) of 8000 trauma patients was died.&nbsp; Mean age was 40.7 (&plusmn;23.5) years old and 208 (84.9%) patients were male. The highest mortality rate was seen in the age group of 25 to 30 years. Road Traffic Accident was the main cause of death followed by falling with 174(71%) and 41(16.85), respectively. Among victims of road traffic accident, pedestrians and motorcyclists were prominent with 119 and 28 cases respectively. The majority of cases were dead due to head injuries (69%) and abdominal trauma was the second cause with 19 (7.8%) cases.Conclusions: Based on our findings the mechanism of injury have the positive effect on trauma outcome .Traffic accidents and assault is preventable and must be attended.
Cerebral Dysfunction of Rolling Mouse Nagoya—A Study with Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Rolling mouse Nagoya (rolling) is a neurological mutant mouse that shows an incoordination of the hind limbs and gait disturbance. Morphological studies of the brain have not revealed any definite abnormalities in rolling. Mainly due to resemblance of the gait disturbance to cerebellar ataxia, rolling has been regarded as an animal model of hereditary cerebellar ataxia.In order to elucidate the neural mechanism of the motor disturbance of rolling, local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) was studied in rolling (genotype rol/rol), its heterozygote (+/rol) and normal mice (+/+), as well as in weaver mouse (weaver) that has a definite degeneration of the granule cells of cerebellar cortex. Pharmacological effects of dopamine agonist, apomorphine, and antagonist, haloperidol, were also studied. LCGU has been proved to be an excellent parameter for observing local brain activity.Rolling showed a markedly increased LCGU in the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata, bilaterally, compared to +/rol and +/+. A part of the cerebellar cortex showed a tendency to reduction of LCGU when compared with +/+, but not with +/rol. Weaver showed a decreased LCGU in the granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, a consistent finding with the morphological studies. The basal ganglia of weaver, however, did not show any abnormalities. These results suggested that rolling has a primary dysfunction in the basal ganglia, not secondary to disturbance of the cerebellum. Clinical observation also supported that the motor disturbance of rolling is probably due to extrapyramidal dysfunction.LCGU studies with apomorphine and haloperidol in rolling and its control mice suggested that the effect of apomorphine on LCGU was reduced or abolished in the basal ganglia of rolling, and this alteration was brought about by a dysfunction of the striatum, consequently affecting the functions of the globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata.These observations indicated a possibility that rolling is an animal model of hereditary extrapyramidal diseases.
Managing Grief: An Analysis of Rene Saklikar's poem "un/authorized interjection"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper examines “un/authorized interjection,” written by Canadian author Renée Saklikar. The poem is part of a compilation titled Children of Air India, which deals primarily with the crash of Air India Flight 182 in 1985. “un/authorized interjection” is the only poem in the anthology that focuses on Inderjit Reyat, the bomber of Flight 182. The poem presents a juxtaposition of Reyat’s childhood and adulthood, which we analyze in the context of the larger narrative of Children of Air India. We argue that the author uses this focus to discuss the consequences of the attack and the extent to which it affected Canada. Aside from causing the suffering of the crash victims and their families, the attack also led to marginalization of the Canadian immigrant community and tarnished the historical reputation of the country as a welcoming, multicultural society. In addition, we also examine how the poem’s focus on Reyat presents a unique opportunity for those individuals especially affected by the event to come to terms with the Air India crash.
The HARMONY Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background— Atrial fibrillation (AF) requires arrhythmogenic changes in atrial ion channels/receptors and usually altered atrial structure. AF is commonly treated with antiarrhythmic drugs; the most effective block many ion channels/receptors. Modest efficacy, intolerance, and safety concerns limit current antiarrhythmic drugs. We hypothesized that combining agents with multiple anti-AF mechanisms at reduced individual drug doses might produce synergistic efficacy plus better tolerance/safety. Methods and Results— HARMONY tested midrange ranolazine (750 mg BID) combined with 2 reduced dronedarone doses (150 mg BID and 225 mg BID; chosen to reduce dronedarone’s negative inotropic effect—see text below) over 12 weeks in 134 patients with paroxysmal AF and implanted pacemakers where AF burden (AFB) could be continuously assessed. Patients were randomized double-blind to placebo, ranolazine alone (750 mg BID), dronedarone alone (225 mg BID), or one of the combinations. Neither placebo nor either drugs alone significantly reduced AFB. Conversely, ranolazine 750 mg BID/dronedarone 225 mg BID reduced AFB by 59% versus placebo ( P =0.008), whereas ranolazine 750 mg BID/dronedarone 150 mg BID reduced AFB by 43% ( P =0.072). Both combinations were well tolerated. Conclusions— HARMONY showed synergistic AFB reduction by moderate dose ranolazine plus reduced dose dronedarone, with good tolerance/safety, in the population enrolled. Clinical Trial Registration— ClinicalTrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT01522651.
Plurilingualism in China and Inner Asia in the 12th Century CE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The sprawling collection of anecdotes Record of the Listener (Yijian zhi 夷堅志) by Hong Mai 洪邁 (1123-1202) contains an entry titled "Khitan reciting poetry" (see Figure 1.8.1).The anecdote describes how children of non-Chinese ancestry in the Jurchen empire learned Chinese poetry.To understand the meaning of the classical Chinese, they changed the order of the words and indeed replaced the words themselves.Hong Mai found the practice hilarious.The story presents a rare discussion of plurilingualism in northern China in the twelfth century, but exactly what kind of sociolinguistic situation he described remains debated among specialists.What language were the Khitan speaking, and why did their pedagogy make the Chinese literatus laugh?In the twelfth century, China and its northern periphery were divided among the Song state in the South and the Jin state in the North.The Song were Chinese.They had once controlled all of China but were pushed out of the northern plain by the Jurchen, ancestors of the later Manchus.The Jurchen ruled the Jin empire, which controlled not only the former northern territories of the Song, but also the Inner Asian forests and steppes that had once been ruled by the Khitan.The Song and the Jin had a tense relationship that needed managing through diplomacy.In 1162, Hong Mai travelled with a Song embassy to Jin territory.Once there, the party was greeted by Wang Bu 王補, a Khitan from Manchuria with a Chinese name.Wang appears to have realized that the Southerners would be unfamiliar with and interested in the culture of this foreign land.He relied on it to joke around with Hong during the long journey.Hong Mai was the son of an official who had been stranded in the North after the Jurchen invaded and pushed the Song armies out of the Chinese heartland.Upon his arrival in the South, Hong's father told Mai many stories.The son, the "listener" of the title of Yijian zhi, recorded them, and thus began the collection of anecdotes that Hong Mai worked on for many decades until the end of his life.1 Hong travelled widely in the Song realm and beyond, where he relied on
Science Process Skills Based on Genders of High School Students

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The 21 st -century learning emphasizes the students’ ability to find out for a variety of sources, formulate a problem, think analytically, cooperation and collaborate in solving problems. Science process skills are essential competencies that must be achieved in the 21 st century. These skills can also assist students in logical thinking, asking rational questions, and solving problems in their everyday life. The current research aimed to investigate the level of senior high school students’ science process skills. This research was a survey which involved four public senior high schools (SMAN), namely SMAN 4 Malang, SMAN 7 Malang, SMA 8 Malang, and SMAN 1 Turen. The research data were analyzed using an unpaired t-test. The results of the analysis showed that there was a difference between the male students’ science process skills and the female students’ science process skills (p 0.002). It was reported that 23% of the female students had achieved criteria 1 and around 34% had accomplished criteria 2. On the other hand, 26% of the male students had attained criteria 1 and only 17% of them had performed criteria 2. These findings suggest that an innovative learning model needs to be applied to empower the students’ science process skills.
The FinTech Revolution

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to determine the drivers of financial technology (FinTech) adoption and specifically to examine if African Americans will do business with technology-based virtual banks, which operate digitally, provide basic banking services, and share a significant cost advantage, or if they will continue banking with traditional branch-based banks. Many financial service firms are moving towards FinTech models, which will likely widen the financial literacy and racial wealth gap between African Americans and members of the majority group.
Sudden deaths due to respiratory diseases in a metropolitan city of south India: A three year prospective autopsy study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Forensic pathologists not only deal with criminal, accidental and suicidal deaths, but also with a wide range of deaths from natural causes. Many of them are sudden, unexpected, clinically unexplained or obscure. Very few studies exist solely focusing on sudden deaths due to respiratory diseases. Hence a 3 year duration prospective study was undertaken on sudden deaths at KIMS hospital Bangalore, India. Among these 176 sudden deaths, 42 deaths (23.8%) were due to respiratory causes. Majority of the victims (71.4%) died due to bronchopneumonia. Maximum period of survival after onset of terminal symptoms was less than 1 hour (16.6%).