jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
External clustering validation in big data context

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Procedures that evaluate the results of clustering algorithms are known as clustering validation (CV) indexes. There are several (CV) indexes usually classified into two broad classes namely external and internal clustering validation indexes depending on whether on ground truth or optimal clustering are known in advance or not respectively. Traditional cluster validation indexes are even impossible to perform especially when the size of the data set is very large. In this paper, we are interested in external validation of clustering large data sets. To solve the issue of CV in a big data context, we propose in this paper a parallel external clustering validation especially F-measure (MR_F-measure) model that is based on MapReduce. The experimental results reveal that MR_F-measure scales very well with increasing data set sizes.
Hot-air ballooning injuries

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The sport of hot-air ballooning is generally safe, but does place its participants in certain unique circumstances which may predispose them to injury. Fractures of the ankle and compression fractures of the lumbar spine are among the most common skeletal injuries that require ortho paedic care. Attention to basket design, proper education of the passenger, and careful consid eration of terrain and prevailing weather condi tions may help make ballooning a safer sport.
VARIABILITY IN TRANSVERSE VOLUMETRIC ASYMMETRY MEASUREMENTS IN ISIS2

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Scoliotic deformity has been traditionally measured by Cobb angle using radiography. This parameter gives a measure of the lateral curve in the spine in the coronal plane. However, patients are often more concerned about their rib humps or other volumetric asymmetries in the surface of their backs. There is often little relation between Cobb angle and the magnitude of the asymmetry. A method of quantifying volumetric deformity, especially if it requires no radiation, would therefore be useful for spinal surgeons and patients alike. Methods: The three dimensional shape of the back is measured using structured light and digital photography with ISIS2, a non-commercial surface topography system. Markers are placed on bony landmarks so that the surface can be related to body axes. A zero plane is defined through the sacrum and the vertebra prominens, parallel to the line between the markers on the dimples of Venus. A curve is fitted through the markers on the spinous processes on the measured surface and is used as the line of symmetry. The difference in the areas between the surface and the zero plane on each side of the symmetry line is then calculated for each horizontal (transverse) section. The left and right volumetric asymmetry parameters are then calculated by summing the area differences on each side and normalising for back length. These parameters range from zero for a perfect straight back with no transverse asymmetry to over 70 for extreme transverse asymmetry. The variability in these parameters was investigated using pairs of photographs of 59 patients. Two photographs were taken with the patient walking around the room between them. Left and right volumetric asymmetry was then calculated for each measurement and Bland-Altman analysis was carried out. Results: The mean difference between pairs of measurements was −0.10, the standard deviation was 2.03 and the 95% tolerance limits covering 95% of the population were −4.8 to 4.6 for left volumetric asymmetry; the mean difference was 0.46, standard deviation was 3.13 and the 95% tolerance limits covering 95% of the population were −6.8 to 7.7 for right volumetric asymmetry. There was no evidence of bias from the Bland-Altman plots. Conclusions: The variability in the volumetric asymmetry was low in comparison to the levels found for subjectively classified ‘moderate’ deformity. Change in degree of volumetric deformity can be monitored by ISIS2 volumetric asymmetry.
A comparative study between infertile males and patients with Turner syndrome to determine the influence of sex chromosome mosaicism and the breakpoints of structurally abnormal Y chromosomes on phenotypic sex

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Y chromosome is important for male development as it contains the sex determining gene SRY 1 and many spermatogenesis genes.2 Structural abnormalities of the Y chromosome include rings, deletions, inversions, and dicentrics.3,4 These types of abnormalities are common in infertile males (1.5%), especially those with azoospermia.5,6 However, such rearrangements are unstable and an additional 45,X cell line is frequently present.3 The 45,X cell line has been shown to influence phenotypic sex so that these chromosome constitutions may also be found in patients with ambiguous genitalia and in female patients with gonadal dysgenesis and Turner syndrome.4,7 In fact, from cytogenetic studies about 4-6.2% of female Turner patients show Y chromosome mosaicism8–10 irrespective of the presence of SRY .4,11,12

Mosaicism varies widely between tissues and accurate interpretation depends on the number of cells examined and the number and types of tissues studied.13,14 It has been reported that phenotypic sex is strongly influenced by the percentage and distribution of Y chromosome containing cells in the gonads.15,16 However, studies on gonadal tissue are hindered by the fact that it is rarely available for analysis and alternative, more easily accessible tissue is usually studied.

It has also been suggested that the structure of the Y chromosome may indirectly affect phenotypic sex. The repetitive sequences at the euchromatin/heterochromatin boundary of the Y chromosome long arm are thought to have an important stabilising role and loss of this region loses this effect, resulting in mosaicism with a 45,X cell line.17 In dicentrics, which are the most common abnormality of the Y chromosome,3 it has been suggested that the position of the q arm breakpoint in dicentric Yp chromosomes can influence Y chromosome stability. The more proximal the …
A Behavioral Assay to Measure Responsiveness of Zebrafish to Changes in Light Intensities

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is a basic visual reflex exhibited by most vertebrates and plays an important role in stabilizing the eye relative to the visual scene. However, the OKR requires that an animal detect moving stripes and it is possible that fish that fail to exhibit an OKR may not be completely blind. One zebrafish mutant, the no optokinetic response c (nrc) has no OKR under any light conditions tested and was reported to be completely blind. Previously, we have shown that OFF-ganglion cell activity can be recorded in these mutants. To determine whether mutant fish with no OKR such as the nrc mutant can detect simple light increments and decrements we developed the visual motor behavioral assay (VMR). In this assay, single zebrafish larvae are placed in each well of a 96-well plate allowing the simultaneous monitoring of larvae using an automated video-tracking system. The locomotor responses of each larva to 30 minutes light ON and 30 minutes light OFF were recorded and quantified. WT fish have a brief spike of motor activity upon lights ON, known as the startle response, followed by return to lower-than baseline activity, called a freeze. WT fish also sharply increase their locomotor activity immediately following lights OFF and only gradually (over several minutes) return to baseline locomotor activity. The nrc mutants respond similarly to light OFF as WT fish, but exhibit a slight reduction in their average activity as compared to WT fish. Motor activity in response to light ON in nrc mutants is delayed and sluggish. There is a slow rise time of the nrc mutant response to light ON as compared to WT light ON response. The results indicate that nrc fish are not completely blind. Because teleosts can detect light through non-retinal tissues, we confirmed that the immediate behavioral responses to light-intensity changes require intact eyes by using the chokh (chk) mutants, which completely lack eyes from the earliest stages of development. In our VMR assay, the chk mutants exhibit no startle response to either light ON or OFF, showing that the lateral eyes mediate this behavior. The VMR assay described here complements the well-established OKR assay, which does not test the ability of zebrafish larvae to respond to changes in light intensities. Additionally, the automation of the VMR assay lends itself to high-throughput screening for defects in light-intensity driven visual responses.
Religion in the Anthropological background of E. Schillebeeckx: Human as Homo Religiosus

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

kteří svou teologii budují na lidských zkušenostech -"zdola", nebo také "zevnitř".Všeobecně lidská zkušenostní rovina je přístupovou cestou k člověku a k fenoménu náboženství s ním spojenému.Když se Schillebeeckx zamýšlí nad tím, jakým způsobem se člověk stává náboženským, kde se v něm bere víra v Boha, či "odkdy" můžeme mluvit o tom, že je někdo věřící, vychází ze základního přesvědčení o autonomii lidské kompetence pro lidské záležitos-
Optrode arrays for infrared neural stimulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Penetrating waveguide arrays made of glass (SiOO) and silicon were fabricated for infared (IR) neural stimulation to provide 3D access to the brain or peripheral nerves for selective deep-tissue stimulation with different spatiotemporal patterns. Comprehensive bench characterization was performed to determine light delivery and loss mechanisms. Fused silica/quartz arrays have optrodes of constant geometry with a pyramidal tip at the end of a straight-edge shank; length, width, and tip angle of each optrode can be varied independently from array to array. Undoped silicon arrays are similar in form to the Utah Slant Electrode Array, which has tapered microneedles of varying length in one direction. Light transmission efficiency was investigated with input from different optical fibers. With a 120-μmm wide and 1.5-mm long glass optrode having a tip taper angle of 45° with respect to the optical axis, 70% of IR light from a butt-coupled 50-μm fiber is transmitted out of the tips; shank length and tip taper does not affect the output power. However, transmission is only 39% for a 1.5- mm long Si optrode, and less for shorter more tapered optrodes. Similar beam profiles were obtained for both arrays when glass optrodes have a 45° tip taper; decreasing the glass optrode tip angle to 30° increases the full-angle divergence from 15° to 55°, which leads to a wider yet shallower illumination volume. Results reveal that the dominant source of loss in both devices is from total internal reflection within the tips. Additional losses in silicon include tapered shank radiation and reflection from its high refractive index.
Analysis of Farmers' Vulnerability to Climate Change in Niger State, Nigeria

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This research evaluates the farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in Niger State. Strategies for reducing the effect of climate change have regularly been made without experimental foundations and adequate information on farmers’ vulnerability to climate change in the study area. Thus, integrated farmers’ vulnerability assessment approach was employed by classifying socioeconomic and biophysical indicators of vulnerability into adaptive capacity, sensitivity and exposure to determine the farmers’ vulnerability to climate change. This is based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s definition of vulnerability. The study adopted a survey design and the method utilized for the study was questionnaire administered to 400 households in the study area. The results indicate that the farmers’ vulnerability was low in zone A with a mean index of 2.86, very low in zone B with a mean index of 3.74, and high in zone C with a mean index of 1.95 (the higher the value of the index the lower the vulnerability of farmers). It is recommended that measures should be taken to integrate climate change adaptation into Niger State development process. These measures should include improvement in adoption of good agricultural practices (GAP).
Data from Detection of Recurrence through microRNA-371a-3p Serum Levels in a Follow-up of Stage I Testicular Germ Cell Tumors in the DRKS-00019223 Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>AbstractPurpose:<p>Surveillance of clinical stage I (CSI) testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) is hampered by low sensitivity and specificity of current biomarkers for detecting relapses. This study evaluated if serum levels of microRNA371a-3p (M371 test) can: (i) Accurately detect relapses, (ii) detect relapses earlier than conventional technology, and (iii) if elevated postoperative M371 levels may predict relapse.</p>Experimental Design:<p>In a multicentric setting, 258 patients with testicular CSI GCT were prospectively followed by surveillance for a median time of 18 months with serial measurements of serum M371 levels, in addition to standard diagnostic techniques. Diagnostic characteristics of M371 for detecting relapses were calculated using ROC curve analysis.</p>Results:<p>Thirty-nine patients recurred (15.1%), all with elevated M371 levels; eight without relapse had elevations, too. The test revealed the following characteristics: area under the ROC curve of 0.993, sensitivity 100%, specificity 96.3%, positive predictive value 83%, negative predictive value 100%. Earlier relapse detection with the test was found in 28%, with non-significant median time gain to diagnosis. Postoperative M371 levels did not predict future relapse.</p>Conclusions:<p>The sensitivity and specificity of the M371 test for detecting relapses in CSI GCTs are much superior to those of conventional diagnostics. However, post-orchiectomy M371 levels are not predictive of relapse, and there is no significant earlier relapse detection with the test. In all, there is clear evidence for the utility of the M371 test for relapse detection suggesting it may soon be ready for implementation into routine follow-up schedules for patients with testicular GCT.</p></div>
Introduction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Unlike settler societies such as the United States or Australia, European nation-states generally do not perceive of themselves as countries of immigration. The politics of migration has been a fashionable research topic in the last 40 years or so, with Zolberg (1978) initiating the line of inquiry in the North American context. In European political discourse, 'migration' and 'mobility' represent two entirely different things. Across the continent, migration has been portrayed as a problematic and mostly negative phenomenon, whereas mobility tends to be viewed positively as an important element increasing people-to-people contacts and economic growth. Europe perceives of itself as the birthplace of human rights. It has a powerful human rights framework, formulated in the European Convention of Human Rights, executed through the European Human Rights Court. The chapter also presents the scope and organisation of the book.
Cutaneous Melanoma-Associated Retinopathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To define further the syndrome of cutaneous melanoma-associated retinopathy, of which only five affected patients have been reported previously. Methods: Three men with melanoma-associated retinopathy were examined and studied electrophysiologically. Two were studied in detail psychophysically. Results: Visual symptoms consisted of flickering black and white spots, shimmering patches of colors, and night blindness. The onset was acute and nonprogressive. Reduced amplitudes were observed in the flash electroretinographic b-wave and the pattern electroretinogram. Color vision, contrast sensitivity, and light- and dark-adapted perimetric sensitivities were abnormal. In one patient, the rate of dark adaptation was normal with elevated final cone and rod thresholds. Conclusions: Melanoma-associated retinopathy is a paraneoplastic syndrome distinct from cancer-associated retinopathy with a different visual prognosis. It may preferentially affect men.
Incremental Bundle Methods using Upper Models

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We propose a family of proximal bundle methods for minimizing sum-structured convex nondifferentiable functions which require two slightly uncommon assumptions, that are satisfied in many relevant applications: Lipschitz continuity of the functions and oracles which also produce upper estimates on the function values. In exchange, the methods: i) use upper models of the functions that allow to estimate function values at points where the oracle has not been called; ii) provide the oracles with more information about when the function computation can be interrupted, possibly diminishing their cost; iii) allow to skip oracle calls entirely for some of the component functions, not only at "null steps" but also at "serious steps"; iv) provide explicit and reliable a-posteriori estimates of the quality of the obtained solutions; v) work with all possible combinations of different assumptions on how the oracles deal with not being able to compute the function with arbitrary accuracy. We also discuss the introduction of constraints (or, more generally, of easy components) and use of (partly) aggregated models.
Spillovers, Linkages, and Productivity Growth in the US Economy, 1958 to 2007

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

I speculate that technological spillover effects may have become more important over time as IT penetrated the U.S. economy.The rationale is that IT may speed up the process of knowledge transfer and make these knowledge spillovers more effective.Using US input-output tables for years 1958, 1967, 1977, 1987, 1997, and 2007, I compare my new results with Wolff and Nadiri (1993) covering years 1947-1977and Wolff (1997) covering 1958-1987.I estimate that the direct rate of return to R&D is now 22% and the indirect rate of return to R&D is 37%.The former is higher than in the previous studies.The indirect rate of return to R&D is now significant at the one percent level, in comparison to a 10 percent significance level in Wolff (1997).The newly estimated social rate of return to R&D is 59%, compared to 53% in Wolff (1997).In contrast to the earlier studies, the coefficients of R&D embodied in new investment are now statistically significant at the five percent level.Separate regressions on the 1958-1987 and 1987-2007 periods and the addition of successive periods to the sample also suggest a strengthening of R&D spillovers between the 1958-1987 and 1987-2007 periods.A decomposition of TFP growth also indicates a higher contribution from R&D spillovers in the later period.These results suggest a strengthening of the R&D spillover effect over time.
The impact of a mobile dental system on a school community. Part III--Teachers and parents response to a mobile dental system at school.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

According to the principles of the Primary Health Care Approach, planning and implementation of community health programmes should be carried out with the full participation of the community concerned (WHO, 1978). The introduction of the Mobile Dental System to the school environment is an example of a "Community health care/technology approach" where the programme was determined by the professionals for the community and not by the community for itself. Teachers play an important role in the implementation of oral health care programmes in the school, while parents provide the vital and appropriate context and continuity for the success of such programmes. This paper, therefore, deals with the responses of teachers and parents to an introduction of a mobile dental system at their school. A self-administered mostly open-ended questionnaire was distributed to all teachers in the four schools that participated in preventive programmes and were served by the Mobile Dental System. Based on the results it seems that both the teachers and the parents were apathetic in their commitment to the programme although they were quite willing to participate. Their participation was confined to compliance with instructions or suggestions given by the health professionals. It is clear that under these conditions the potential to sustain the momentum created by the introduction of the MDS is limited. It seems that only if the community is involved in the determination of their preferential needs, planning of the appropriate programme and playing an active role in its implementation, will the programme have a chance of long term success.
Do Caregiver Perceptions of the Virtual More Than Words® Program Differ Based on Autistic Children's Attributes?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose: More Than Words® (MTW) is a caregiver-mediated intervention program led by a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who teaches caregivers strategies to support their autistic child's early social communication and play development. The program includes group sessions composed of multiple families with children of varying profiles. We explored whether caregiver experiences and perceived outcomes of the virtual MTW program differed depending on the child's age and social communication stage. Method: As part of a program evaluation of virtual MTW delivered to over 2,000 families in Ontario, Canada, between 2020 and 2021, we randomly selected 31 families across four social communication stages and two age groups using stratified sampling ( n = 4, in all but one subgroup). The Final Reflection and Evaluation form was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively, and a modified RE-AIM framework guided our analyses, including theme development. Results: Child attributes did not appear to impact caregivers' experiences, but perceived child skill improvements varied by children's social communication stage. The majority of caregivers reported changes in how they interact with their child. Four themes emerged: (a) perceived child skill improvements differed by social communication stage, (b) caregivers gained new knowledge and strategies regardless of child attributes, (c) SLPs effectively managed families' individual needs, and (d) program components were appropriate for a variety of families. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the content taught in the MTW program was relevant for a variety of children, including those beyond the program's intended age of 5 years and under. Grouping families of children with varying profiles does not appear to negatively influence caregivers' experiences or perceived outcomes. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.25237009