jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Beyond the Surface: Measuring Self-Preference in LLM Judgments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent studies show that large language models (LLMs) exhibit self-preference bias when serving as judges, meaning they tend to favor their own responses over those generated by other models. Existing methods typically measure this bias by calculating the difference between the scores a judge model assigns to its own responses and those it assigns to responses from other models. However, this approach conflates self-preference bias with response quality, as higher-quality responses from the judge model may also lead to positive score differences, even in the absence of bias. To address this issue, we introduce gold judgments as proxies for the actual quality of responses and propose the DBG score, which measures self-preference bias as the difference between the scores assigned by the judge model to its own responses and the corresponding gold judgments. Since gold judgments reflect true response quality, the DBG score mitigates the confounding effect of response quality on bias measurement. Using the DBG score, we conduct comprehensive experiments to assess self-preference bias across LLMs of varying versions, sizes, and reasoning abilities. Additionally, we investigate two factors that influence and help alleviate self-preference bias: response text style and the post-training data of judge models. Finally, we explore potential underlying mechanisms of self-preference bias from an attention-based perspective. Our code and data are available at https://github.com/zhiyuanc2001/self-preference.
Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Temporally Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Symptoms in Iran

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: We report two cases of pediatric patients diagnosed and treated for pediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2 (PIMS-TS) symptoms. Materials & methods: Two previously healthy 3- and 4-year-old boys were referred to the hospital after 5 days of 39°C fever, with symptoms such as erythema multiform in the lower extremities, irritability, refusal to eat, restlessness, lymphadenopathy, conjunctivitis and abnormal echocardiography. Results: After 8 days of hospitalization, the patients showed normal laboratory tests, improvement of clinical condition and were discharged from the hospital. Conclusion: This study raised several issues for physicians about SARS-CoV-2, its complications, diagnosis and treatment. Based on our results, pediatrics with PIMS-TS should be first screened for SARS-CoV-2, then treated with a combination of antivirals, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics and intravenous immune globulin.
Analysis of mixing in modified single screw extruders

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A numerical model of mixing in single‐screw extrusion is developed which uses a two‐dimensional unsteady analogue to three‐dimensional continuous mixing. This two‐dimensional unsteady analogue uses the transverse and axial velocities to calculate an apparent tránsverse streamline velocity which is used to simulate mixing. The mixing calculations are rigorously correct for continuous mixing of well‐metered streams of equal‐viscosity Newtonian fluids in continuous mixers of constant envelope. This scheme is applied to the analysis of singlescrew extruders with stepwise varying cross‐section, particularly beginning and ending flights. The numerical simulation produces patterns qualitatively similar to those observed in mixing experiments and predicts behavior for unmodified extruders in close quantitative agreement with experiments.
Eocene-Oligocene southwest Pacific Ocean paleoceanography new insights from foraminifera chemistry (DSDP site 277, Campbell Plateau)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Despite its major role in the Earth’s climate regulation, the evolution of high-latitude ocean dynamics through geological time remains unclear. Around Antarctica, changes in the Southern Ocean (SO) circulation are inferred to be responsible for cooling from the late Eocene and glaciation in the early Oligocene. Here, we present a geochemical study of foraminifera from DSDP Site 277 (Campbell Plateau), to better constrain thermal and redox evolution of the high latitude southwest Pacific Ocean during this time interval. From 56 to 48 Ma, Mg/Ca- and δ 18 O-paleothermometers indicate high surface and bottom water temperatures (24–26°C and 12–14°C, respectively), while weak negative Ce anomalies indicate poorly oxygenated bottom waters. This is followed by a cooling of ∼4° between 48 and 42 Ma, possibly resulting from a weakening of a proto-EAC (East Australian Current) and concomitant strengthening of a proto-Ross gyre. This paleoceanographic change is associated with better ventilation at Site 277, recorded by an increasing negative Ce anomaly. Once this proto-Ross gyre was fully active, increasing biogenic sedimentation rates and decreasing Subbotina sp. δ 13 C values indicate enhanced productivity. This resulted in a shoaling of the oxygen penetration in the sediment pile recorded by increasing the foraminiferal U/Ca ratio. The negative Ce anomaly sharply increased two times at ∼35 and ∼31 Ma, indicating enhanced seawater ventilation synchronously with the opening of the Tasmanian and Drake Passage gateways, respectively. The Oligocene glaciation is recorded by a major increase of bottom seawater δ 18 O during the EOT (Eocene-Oligocene Transition) while Mg/Ca-temperatures remain rather constant. This indicates a significant ice control on the δ 18 O record.
Efficient hydrogen production from carbon-doped gap compounds

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Focusing on the hydrogen production from methanol liquid-phase reforming, carbon-doped interstitial compounds were prepared and their performances were investigated concerning the problems of traditional catalysts. The compounds, such as Pt 3 InC 0.5 , Pd 3 InC, and Ni 3 InC 0.5 , were successfully prepared by direct liquid-phase synthesis using N, N - dimethylformamide as a solvent and reducing agent. The experiments showed that Pt 3 InC 0.5 / SiO 2 had excellent performance in methanol liquid-phase reforming hydrogen reaction, and the carbon doping significantly improved the catalytic activity of Pt 3 In, which provided a new idea for the design of high-efficiency methanol liquid-phase reforming hydrogen catalysts.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Bortezomib and SAHA Synergistically Induce ROS-Driven Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma and Block Replication of Epstein–Barr Virus

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>PDF File - 2531K, Effects of bortezomib/SAHA on expression of tumor suppressor genes.</p>
Payroll Tax, Federal: From The Encyclopedia of Taxation and Tax Policy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Payroll taxes are a group of taxes based on the earnings of employees and self-employed persons. As a revenue source, federal payroll tax revenues have grown substantially in the past 60 years. Federal payroll taxes, or social insurance contributions, consist of tax revenues from Social Security, Medicare hospital insurance, unemployment insurance, railroad retirement, and other retirements. This article explains each component of payroll taxes and their incidence in total.
Pietoso stile: Italian Translations of Gray's Elegy to 1900

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The popularity of Thomas Gray's Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard in Italy is evident in the Italian translations of the poem that appeared between 1772 and 1889. From Melchiorre Cesarotti and Giuseppe Torelli in the 1770's to Giacomo Zanella and Emilio Teza in the 1880's, translators stake a claim for Gray as a poet of Italy by placing the Elegy in dialogue with Italian literature. At once influenced by classic Italian authors and in turn influencing the Italian Romantics, Gray's poem owes its appeal in Italy to its historical position between tradition and innovation in Italian poetry.
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 3/fork head Homolog 11 Is Expressed in Proliferating Epithelial and Mesenchymal Cells of Embryonic and Adult Tissues

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The hepatocyte nuclear factor 3alpha (HNF-3alpha) and 3beta proteins have homology in the winged helix/fork head DNA binding domain and regulate cell-specific transcription in hepatocytes and in respiratory and intestinal epithelia. In this study, we describe two novel isoforms of the winged helix transcription factor family, HNF-3/fork head homolog 11A (HFH-11A) and HFH-11B, isolated from the human colon carcinoma HT-29 cell line. We show that these isoforms arise via differential splicing and are expressed in a number of epithelial cell lines derived from tumors (HT-29, Caco-2, HepG2, HeLa, A549, and H441). We demonstrate that differentiation of Caco-2 cells toward the enterocyte lineage results in decreased HFH-11 expression and reciprocal increases in HNF-3alpha and HNF-3beta mRNA levels. In situ hybridization of 16 day postcoitus mouse embryos demonstrates that HFH-11 expression is found in the mesenchymal and epithelial cells of the liver, lung, intestine, renal cortex, and urinary tract. Although HFH-11 exhibits a wide cellular expression pattern in the embryo, its adult expression pattern is restricted to epithelial cells of Lieberkühn's crypts of the intestine, the spermatocytes and spermatids of the testis, and the thymus and colon. HFH-11 expression is absent in adult hepatocytes, but its expression is reactivated in proliferating hepatocytes at 4, 24, and 48 h after partial hepatectomy. Consistent with these findings, we demonstrate that HFH-11 mRNA levels are stimulated by intratracheal administration of keratinocyte growth factor in adult lung and its expression in an adult endothelial cell line is reactivated in response to oxidative stress. These experiments show that the HFH-11 transcription factor is expressed in embryonic mesenchymal and epithelial cells and its expression is reactivated in these adult cell types by proliferative signals or oxidative stress.
Derivatives of Methylphenylarsine1

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDerivatives of Methylphenylarsine1E. J. Cragoe Jr., R. J. Andres, R. F. Coles, Bill Elpern, J. F. Morgan, and Cliff S. HamiltonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 4, 925–926Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01196a056https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01196a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views66Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Control of Human Tumor Dissemination by Anticoagulant Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Microscopic foci of tumor cells present in distant organs that are imperceptible by available diagnostic techniques counter attempts to eradicate tumors at their site of origin. It is apparent that the ability of neoplastic cells to metastasize represents, together with uncontrolled proliferation, a fundamental feature of malignancy, and attempts to control cancer that ignore the metastatic properties of tumor cells may meet with limited success. Evidence obtained from certain tumor systems in experimental animals indicates that inhibition of host coagulation reactions by means of anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs forestalls tumor dissemination. A similar interaction may exist for human malignancy, but prospective randomized, clinical trials of antithrombotic drugs have only recently been initiated. Most intriguing are a number of clinical studies that have provided evidence suggestive of a beneficial effect of coagulation inhibitors in cancer. In conclusion, neoplastic cells in certain human tumor types appear to initiate coagulation reactions ordinarily reserved for hemostasis and wound healing.
HDR Video: Capturing and Displaying Dynamic Real-world Lighting

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

High Dynamic Range (HDR) video offers the possibility, for the first time, of capturing, storing, manipulating, and displaying dynamic real-world lighting. This gives a step change in viewing experience, for example the ability to clearly see the football when it is kicked from the shadow of the stadium into sunshine. An HDR video camera now exists which is capable of capturing 20 f-stops at full HD resolution (1920 × 1080) at 30 frames per second and commercial HDR displays are available. However, there are many significant challenges that still need to be overcome if HDR video is to be widely adopted and move from a niche research area into mainstream use. These include the need for high quality compression algorithms to cope with the enormous amount of data generated, the development of a common interface standard to facilitate widespread uptake, and even a definition of exactly what HDR is and what dynamic range might be considered “enough“. This paper investigates these challenges and highlights some of the key endeavours being undertaken to ensure HDR is the future of imaging technology.
An improved He-CO interaction potential from a multiproperty analysis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Following previous tests of the existing potential energy surface (PES) for the He-CO gaseous mixture (F. A. Gianturco, N. Sanna and S. Serna, 1993, J. Chem. Phys., 98, 3833) that used quantum and classical calculations of several non-equilibrium properties, the present work modifies specific parts of that interaction in order to improve agreement with experimental diffusion and viscosity coefficients while leaving unaltered the existing good accord with molecular beam data. It is finally shown that the modified PES thus obtained agrees very well with existing experimental data and provides the best available description of the interaction potential for the title system.
Air-Sea Interactions and Marine Meteorology

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Marine meteorology is a subfield of meteorology which deals with the monitoring, analysis, modeling, and forecasting of the weather and associated oceanographic conditions in marine and coastal environments.The fundamental processes which distinguish marine meteorology from other subfields of meteorology are the interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere.The challenges in advancing the understanding and forecasting of marine weather lie in the complexities of different marine environments from the open ocean to the coastal zone and from tropical islands to highlatitude marginal seas and the broad dynamic scales in air-sea interactions from microscales to local, regional, and global scales.This special issue publishes a collection of 12 articles covering a wide range of topics of growing importance in our understanding of "air-sea interactions and marine meteorology" from tropical cyclones to polar lows, from the impact of climate change on the marine environment in the vicinity of the Galapagos islands to deep convections over the Barbados island, from the processes that occur within the ocean skin layer to the entire mixed layer, from typhoons affecting East Asia to landfalling hurricanes affecting the US southeast coast, and from weather support for summer Olympics and Paralympics to weather analysis on oil platforms.These articles reflect the recent advances and applications in "air-sea interactions and marine meteorology" from a set of unique angles.The subject of tropical cyclones has always been a trendy topic in both air-sea interactions and marine meteorology.
Glucose and hormonal profiles of Meishan-derived and Large White gilts in early and late gestation

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Jugular catheters were inserted non-surgically in eight Large White (LW) and nine Genex-Meishan (GM, with 50% Meishan genes) gilts on days 37 and 106 of gestation to obtain serial blood samples on days 38 and 107. Meal time was 0805. Three preprandial samples (baseline) were obtained at 0740, 0750 and 0800 as well as samples every 20 min thereafter until 1100. Glucose and insulin concentrations were measured in all samples and values for cortisol and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were determined on preprandial samples and hourly samples thereafter. All gilts were weighed and their backfat thickness measured at mating and on days 17, 34 and 109 of gestation. Gilts of the GM line were lighter (P = 0.03) and fatter (P = 0.004) than LW. Postprandial values for cortisol and IGF-I were greater in GM than LW gilts in early gestation only (P < 0.05). The same was true for baseline IGF-I (P < 0.001). Postprandial insulin was not affected by breed or stage of gestation (P > 0.1), yet glucose values were greater in LW than in GM gilts (P < 0.05) and postprandial glucose was greater in late compared to early gestation in both breeds (P < 0.001). In conclusion, both cortisol and IGF-I concentrations varied differently between genotypes depending on the stage of gestation. Furthermore, even though postprandial insulin was not affected by breed, concentrations of glucose were lower in GM gilts. A metabolic adaptation to gestation was observed in both breeds, with glucose values increasing in later gestation. Key words: Meishan, Gestation, Pigs, Hormones, Insulin, Glucose
Fast inspirals and the treatment of orbital resonances

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Extreme mass ratio inspirals (EMRIs), where a compact object orbits a massive black hole, are a key source of gravitational waves for the future Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Due to their small mass ratio, ($ε\sim 10^{-4}$--$10^{-7}$), the binary evolves slowly and EMRI signals will be in-band for years. Additionally, astrophysical EMRIs are expected to have complex dynamics featuring both spin-precession and eccentricity. A standard approach to modelling these inspirals is via the method of osculating geodesics (OG) which we employ along with a toy model for the gravitational self-force. Using this method requires resolving tens of thousands radial and polar orbital librations over the long duration of the signal which makes the inspiral trajectory expensive to compute. In this work we accelerate these calculations by employing Near-Identity (averaging) Transformations. However, this averaging technique breaks down at orbital resonances where the radial and polar frequencies are an integer ratio of each other. Thus, we switch to a partial averaging transformation in the vicinity of the resonance where the dynamics are characterised by the slow evolution of the so-called "resonant phase". Additionally, we develop an optimal switching criterion to minimise the computation time while maximising accuracy. We find the error in the waveform phase is improved from $\mathcal{O}(ε^{-1/2})$ in the fully averaged scheme to $\mathcal{O}(ε^{4/7})$ in the switching scheme. At the same time, this scheme improves the scaling of the computation time from being inversely proportional to $ε$ using OG, to a very weak scaling with $ε$. This results in a speed-up of at least two orders of magnitude for LISA EMRIs with room for further optimisation.
Comparison of Reference Values in Whole Blood of DMD[sup mdx]∕J and C57BL∕6J Mice Using Neutron Activation Analysis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The Br, Ca, Cl, K, Na and S concentrations in whole blood of DMDmdx/J and C57BL/6J mice were determined using Neutron Activation Analysis technique. Reference values obtained from twenty one whole blood samples of these strains were analyzed in the IEA‐R1 nuclear reactor at IPEN (São Paulo, Brasil). These data contribute for applications in veterinary medicine related to biochemistry analyses using whole blood as well as to evaluate the performance of treatments in muscular dystrophy.
Thermal Analysis of Solar Thermal Energy Storage in a

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

A comprehensive, two-temperature model is developed to investigate energy storage in a molten-salt thermocline. The commercially available molten salt HITEC is considered for illustration with quartzite rocks as the filler. Heat transfer between the molten salt and quartzite rock is represented by an interstitial heat transfer coefficient. Volume-averaged mass and momentum equations are employed, with the Brinkman-Forchheimer extension to the Darcy law used to model the porous-medium resistance. The governing equations are solved using a finite-volume approach. The model is first validated against experiments from the literature and then used to systematically study the discharge behavior of thermocline thermal storage system. Thermal characteristics including temperature profiles and discharge efficiency are explored. Guidelines are developed for designing solar thermocline systems. The discharge efficiency is found to be improved at small Reynolds numbers and larger tank heights. The filler particle size strongly influences the interstitial heat transfer rate, and thus the discharge efficiency.
John Dewey

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book argues that John Dewey should be read as a philosopher of globalization rather than as a 'local' American philosopher. Although Dewey's political philosophy was rooted in late nineteenth and early twentieth century America, it was more importantly about the role of America in a globalized world. The book highlights how Dewey's defence of democracy in the context of what he denotes as the Great Society leads him to confront the problems of globalization and global democracy. Then, it explores how Dewey's conception of creative democracy had global connotations. The book examines how Dewey problematized his own conception of democracy through arguing that the public within modern nation states was 'eclipsed' under the regime he called 'bourgeois democracy'. Then, it shifts the terrain of Dewey's global focus to ideas of global justice and equality. The book demonstrates that Dewey's idea of global democracy was linked with an idea of global equality, which would secure social intelligence on a global scale. It outlines the key Deweyan lessons about the problem of global democracy. The book shows how Dewey sets out an evolutionary form of global and national democracy in his work. Finally, it also outlines how Dewey believed liberal capitalism was unable to support social intelligence and needed replacing with a form of democratic socialism.
SPECIAL ISSUE &ldquo;Nonnative Species and Vegetation Management&rdquo; Alien vegetation area in riparian zones of Japan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

主に 2001～2005年度の期間に実施された河川水辺の国勢調査の植生図より植生タイプ別面積を集計した。その結果，全国 109水系における外来植物が優占する群落の面積は，調査範囲における陸域の 8％を占めることが明らかになった。また，外来植物が優占する群落面積の 4割以上を緑化植物の優占する群落が占めていた。外来種別の優占群落面積では，上位 10種のうち 6種が緑化植物 (ハリエンジュ，カモガヤ，シナダレスズメガヤ，オオアワガエリ，オニウシノケグサ，イタチハギ) で占められており，日本の河川域において，外来の緑化植物が広範囲に拡大していることが明らかになった。