jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Forecasting growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) with a dynamic simulation model ‘PNUTGRO’ under Punjab conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The dynamic simulation model ‘PNUTGRO’ was used to predict groundnut growth and yield from 1989 to 1993 at Ludhiana, India. The simulated flowering, pegging and physiological maturity dates, leaf area index (LAI), pod and seed yields and shelling percentage of groundnut were compared with actual observations for the commonly grown cultivar, M-335. The simulated phenologic events showed deviations of only −3 to +3 days for flowering, −3 to +2 days for pegging and −4 to +2 days for physiological maturity of the crop. The model estimated the LAI to be within 95–108% (mean 101·5%) and shelling percentage to be within 93–108% (mean 100·5%) of the actual values. The model predicted the pod yields from 89 to 111% (mean 100%) and seed yield from 90 to 110% (mean 100%) of the observed yields. The results obtained with the model for the five consecutive crop seasons revealed satisfactory predictions of phenology, growth and yield of groundnut and hence the model ‘PNUTGRO’ can be used for prediction of groundnut production in the central plains of the Indian Punjab.
Metrics to Evaluate Multi-Stakeholder Airport Control Center Decision-Making Processes - a Critical Discussion

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the beginning of the century, airport management decision-making processes have been under scientific discussion. The introduction of Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A CDM) has set an operational standard which is a about to be succeeded by Total Airport Management and Performance Based Airport Management. Within the design and validation of these concepts and the necessary tools multiple assessments of the decision-making processes have been made. Although being under research for almost 20 years, the right selection of metrics to evaluate the decision-making processes remains still a challenge. Reflecting the different stakeholder objectives and the intricate dependent working processes into metrics and performance indicators is complex and was in some cases not sensitive to the introduced operational improvement.Summarizing the experiences of the past, this paper suggests a novel approach towards the evaluation of airport control centre decision-making processes. This approach assesses performance on bases of comprehensive indicators such as costs and decision time which are valid for all stakeholders. It allows the application of computational power to calculate reliable reference values as well as to identify optimization potentials. Moreover, this paper suggests to encounter objective metrics for human factors aspects as well as to consider additional communication and personality indicators. Last but not least recurrence analysis and cross-lagged panel designs are introduced to analyse effects over time and causal relationships between human factors and performance indicators.This novel approach to decision-making evaluation leads away from single performance indicator selection and assessment to a more comprehensive evaluation of the airport in connection with highly sophisticated communication pattern analysis.
Electron microscopic studies on Vibrio cholerae O139.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

We conducted studies to investigate the surface architecture of V. cholerae O139 using electron microscopy and compared it with O1 and other serogroups of V. cholerae. The bacterium is comma-shaped and has a single polar flagellum and morphologically resembles the classical and E1Tor biotypes of V. cholerae O1. High power electron microscopy showed a few pili, 5 to 7 nm in diameter, and 2 to 3 in number per bacterium. The presence of a capsule on electron microscopy of ultrathin sections of V. cholerae O139 treated with polycationic ferritin clearly distinguished the O139 serogroup from the O1 serogroup which are not encapsulated. Immunoelectron microscopy further revealed that an anti-O139 monoclonal antibody of the IgG2a isotype bound specifically only to an O139 strain but not to any other serogroup of V. cholerae indicating that O139 has unique epitopes not found in other serogroups of V. cholerae.
The Empire of Liberty: The Conflict between Means and Ends

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Why was the president so persistent over the possession of the Floridas? Why did he make the issue of West Florida so central for his administration that he was prepared to subordinate most other concerns to it? There is no clear answer to these questions. Certainly, a search of Jefferson’s utterances-public and private-on the Floridas affords no clear answer. In striking contrast with his analysis of the interests at stake in the Louisiana crisis, in the case of the Floridas he is curiousiy silent. Only his determination to possess them is clear.
Scope of Cloud Computing in Television Broadcasting Industry: A Study

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Television Broadcasting is the transmission of audiovisual contents through Terrestrial, Direct-to-Operator (DTO) and Direct-to-Home (DTH), most common is the Terrestrial Transmission. Television is the most popular, old electronic media for entertainment and education for masses. Recently cloud computing has shown a phenomenal penetration in every aspect of our life. This paper is intended to find out the scope of cloud computing in television broadcasting.
Oxygen consumption by tumor cells during membrane vesicle shedding

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The incubation of mastocytoma P815 cells at low temperature (0 degrees C/1-2 hr), with a subsequent shift to greater than or equal to 20 degrees C results in the formation and shedding of membrane vesicles from the tumor cell surfaces. This process, when occurring at physiologic temperature (37 degrees C), mimics the morphological and membrane permeability changes occurring during T-lymphocyte mediated cytolysis of tumor cells. The latter is an oxygen dependent event, but it is not known whether this requirement is at the effector T cell or at the tumor cell level. The present study investigated the oxygen consumption rates of mastocytoma P815 cells induced to shed membrane vesicles by a temperature shift (0 degrees C/1-2 hrs----greater than or equal to 20 degrees C). Results showed that cells undergoing the membrane vesicle shedding process had significantly higher oxygen requirements than control non-shedding cells. Inhibition of the shedding process with deuterium oxide and hexylene glycol, reduced the oxygen consumption rates of low temperature treated cells to the level of control cells. The oxygen consumption rates of the latter were unaffected by these microtubule stabilizing agents. These data indicate that the oxygen required for immune T-cell mediated lysis of tumor cells may be at the target tumor cell level.
CHEMISTRY TEXTBOOK APPROACHES TO CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND STUDENT ALTERNATIVE CONCEPTIONS

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the field of chemistry there has been considerable interest in discovering the reasons \nwhy many students have great difficulty in successfully developing a scientifically accepted \nunderstanding of chemical equilibrium. Research projects influenced and inspired by constructivism \nhave been invaluable for identifying alternative conceptions that may turn into obstacles to \nmeaningful learning of fundamental ideas regarding chemical equilibrium. Research findings provide \nevidence that misunderstandings of and related to chemical equilibrium are widespread at various \nlevels of education, including prospective chemistry teachers. Language used in textbooks may give \nrise, or reinforce student alternative conceptions and research findings point to a direct relationship \nbetween language used in textbooks and some of the alternative conceptions students develop at \nvarious levels of school chemistry. Some of the students’ alternative conceptions already identified, \nand available in literature, were the basis of an instrument devised to analyse chemistry textbooks \nused in secondary and tertiary education. This paper presents and discusses typical problematic \nlanguage found in student textbooks in the light of students’ current frameworks of understanding as \ndescribed in literature.
Effects of pH on adrenal angiotensin receptors and responses.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ambient hydrogen ion concentration modulates the effects of angiotensin II (AII) on adrenal aldosterone secretion, but the mechanism of this modulation is unknown. We examined the influence of pH on AII receptors and responses in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. Lowering pH from 7.4 to 6.8 increased AII binding 20.5% and increased maximal All-stimulated aldosterone secretion 43%. By contrast, at pH 8.0, All binding and stimulation of aldosteronogenesis fell by 56.6% and 39%, respectively. Effects on All binding intermediate to these changes were observed at pH 7.1 and 7.7. Similar effects of altered pH were observed on All binding to a crude membrane fraction of bovine glomerulosa cells. Analysis indicated that pH primarily affected receptor number rather than affinity. In studies of proposed postreceptor mediators of All actions, pH had no effect on All stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover or All inhibition of calcium influx. The results show that pH affects All interaction with its receptors. The larger magnitude of the change in aldosterone compared with receptor binding suggests that a postreceptor step is also altered by pH; however, this postreceptor step is not reflected in calcium influx or phospholipid turnover.
Creating and Evaluating Uncertainty Estimates with Neural Networks for Environmental-Science Applications

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Neural networks (NN) have become an important tool for prediction tasks—both regression and classification—in environmental science. Since many environmental-science problems involve life-or-death decisions and policy making, it is crucial to provide not only predictions but also an estimate of the uncertainty in the predictions. Until recently, very few tools were available to provide uncertainty quantification (UQ) for NN predictions. However, in recent years the computer-science field has developed numerous UQ approaches, and several research groups are exploring how to apply these approaches in environmental science. We provide an accessible introduction to six of these UQ approaches, then focus on tools for the next step, namely, to answer the question: Once we obtain an uncertainty estimate (using any approach), how do we know whether it is good or bad? To answer this question, we highlight four evaluation graphics and eight evaluation scores that are well suited for evaluating and comparing uncertainty estimates (NN based or otherwise) for environmental-science applications. We demonstrate the UQ approaches and UQ-evaluation methods for two real-world problems: 1) estimating vertical profiles of atmospheric dewpoint (a regression task) and 2) predicting convection over Taiwan based on Himawari-8 satellite imagery (a classification task). We also provide Jupyter notebooks with Python code for implementing the UQ approaches and UQ-evaluation methods discussed herein. This article provides the environmental-science community with the knowledge and tools to start incorporating the large number of emerging UQ methods into their research. Significance Statement Neural networks are used for many environmental-science applications, some involving life-or-death decision-making. In recent years new methods have been developed to provide much-needed uncertainty estimates for NN predictions. We seek to accelerate the adoption of these methods in the environmental-science community with an accessible introduction to 1) methods for computing uncertainty estimates in NN predictions and 2) methods for evaluating such estimates.
Morphological Observation and Pilot Study on Growth Traits of Staphylococcus aureus under High-salt Condition

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

In order to understand mechanisms for peculiar salt-tolerant growth property of Staphylococcus aureus,the bacteria were separately cultured in Luria-Bertani(LB) liquid medium as well as egg yolk agar medium containing low-salt(1.0% NaCl) or high-salt(10.0% NaCl),and it was found that the former grew in a flocculent manner and had a bigger body size in the liquid medium,and showed smaller colony size and produced less colony forming units(CFUs) in the solid medium;the cell lysates from the bacterial cultures were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE),resulting in discrepancy of electrophoretic patterns of proteins,namely,at least one more protein band(MW 22 ku) inductively expressed in the high-salt bacterial culture;the bacteria were also cultured on egg yolk agar medium with a final concentration of 0.5 IU/mL penicillin as an inhibitor for cell wall synthesis and different NaCl concentrations(1.0%,2.5%,4.0%,5.5%,7.0%,8.5% and 10.0%),and it turned out that the counting of CFUs decreased with the increase of NaCl concentrations.The findings above demonstrated that intact cell wall and the salt-inducible protein contributed to the salt-tolerance of S.aureus,which in turn made its colonial and individual shapes change.
Perceptions of Mobile Technologies and Associations with Attitudinal Outcomes in a Tertiary Environment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

From extensive research conducted over the past 40 years it is clear that there is a connection between the quality of the learning environment and student learning. The learning environment can have a strong influence on students ’ attitudes and learning outcomes. Attitudes have also been shown to be improved when there is a similarity between the actual classroom environment and students ’ preferred classroom environment. Given the increased use of instructional technology and technology rich environments, it is important to gain an understanding of how the use of these technologies is influencing students ’ attitudes towards learning. This paper describes the results of a study carried out from 2009 to 2011 in a New Zealand tertiary institution to investigate associations with the mobile learning environment and attitudes using a newly developed and validated Mobile Enhanced Learning Environment Instrument (MOBLEI). The analyses showed a strong association between students’ perception of their learning environment and their attitude to their course along with a positive association between students ’ perception of their learning environment and their attitude to technology. The association of students ’ perceptions of their learning environment with self-efficacy was reasonably strong indicating that students’ perceptions of how they feel about the course, in terms of enjoyment and satisfaction, had an impact on their self-efficacy.
Is Big Digital Data Different? Towards a New Archaeological Paradigm

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Archaeological data is always incomplete, frequently unreliable, often replete with unknown unknowns, but we nevertheless make the best of what we have and use it to build our theories and extrapolations about past events. Is there any reason to think that digital data alter this already complicated relationship with archaeological data? How does the shift to an infinitely more flexible, fluid digital medium change the character of our data and our use of it? The introduction of Big Data is frequently said to herald a new epistemological paradigm, but what are the implications of this for archaeology? As we are increasingly subject to algorithmic agency, how can we best manage this new data regime? This paper seeks to unpick the nature of digital data and its use within a Big Data environment as a prerequisite to rational and appropriate digital data analysis in archaeology, and proposes a means towards developing a more reflexive, contextual approach to Big Data.
Analysing the Links Between Index-Based Crop Insurance Adoption and Agricultural Investments in Burundi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This paper analyses the links between index-based crop insurance (IBI) adoption and agricultural investments based on a cross-sectional sample of 40 crop insurance adopters and 40 non-adopters from two communes located in Gitega province in Burundi. Analysed agricultural investments variables included use of fertilizers, applying crop diversification, and use of land and crop management practices in the most recent year and in the year before IBI implementation started. The results from multivariate analysis indicate that adopters use 36% more chemical fertilizers and invest 18% more in chemical fertilizers than non-adopters (p≤0.01). Adopters apply more land management practices also, in which they invest 15% more than non-adopters (p≤0.01). Furthermore, adopters change crop management practices over time by 38% and their knowledge in crop management practices increased by 23% (p≤0.01). Differences between adopters and non-adopters are however not statistically significant for crop diversification strategies and for the use of organic fertilizers. Hence, in order to be more effective and beneficial to farmers, other actions are also needed to encourage farmers to invest in their farm. Particularly promising in Burundi in this respect is to empower and train farmers by means of the Integrated Farm Planning approach, as well as to enhance farm inputs availability and to promote smart agri-entrepreneurial programs. In order to enhance agricultural development, the Burundi government should have a more prominent role in fostering farmers’ agricultural investments and in supporting IBI adoption.
A proof method for the six-valued logic for incomplete information

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

O. Garcia and M. Moussavi (1990) proposed a six-valued logic to model incomplete information. Although their logic is promising, it lacks a proof theory to serve as a basis for automated reasoning. We describe a sequent style proof method for the logic and show that the consequence relation in the logic is equivalent to the one by N.D. Belnap's (1977) four-valued logic. We also suggest alternative formal interpretations for the logic.
Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae Involved in Healthcare-Associated Infections in Dakar, Senegal

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Background: Virulent and resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strains are considered as one of the most significant causes of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). The aim of this study was to investigate the phenotypic and genotypic factors of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors of ESBL K. pneumoniae strains isolated from healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Dakar, Senegal. Methods: Twenty-eight strains of K. pneumoniae isolated from HAIs were collected from 2018 to 2021 in 2 main hospitals in Dakar. Antibiotic susceptibility and molecular characterization were studied using disk diffusion by the Kirby-Bauer method and PCR, respectively. Virulence factors were also determined by PCR. Results: These ESBL K. pneumoniae isolates showed high resistance to antibiotics such as bêta-lactams, aminoglycosides, cyclins, fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Among these strains, ten (10) were resistant to carbapenem and cefoxitin (17.8%, n=5), chloramphenicol (25%, n=7) and fosfomycin (28.5%, n=8) considered as the most active antibiotics against ESBL-KP isolates. Eighteen (18) strains were considered as MDR and ten (10) strains as XDR. For the genes associated to phenotypic resistance, bêta-lactams resistance was conferred through bla SHV (24/28), bla TEM (20/28) and mainly by blaCTX-M. All strains carried the blaCTX-M15 gene. OXA-48 (6/28) gene was found responsible for carbapenem resistance and other genes like IMP, VIM, NDM, OXA-23 were not detected. Plasmids-mediated resistance genes qnrB (16/28), qnrS (11/28) and aac(6')-Ib (21/28), were mostly responsible for resistance to fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. Also 3 of 6 virulence genes searched that are the most associated to the pathogenicity of Klebsiella pneumoniae were found on these strains with uge (19/28), mrKD (21/28) and fyuA (13/28). Conclusion: The ESBL K. pneumoniae strains isolated in this study showed a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance and virulence genes The combination of these factors poses a potential risk for infections that could be highly virulent and difficult to treat. These findings demonstrated the importance of closely monitoring the resistance patterns of K. pneumoniae in hospitals seetings and emphasize the need to monitor effective antibiotic treatments for K. pneumoniae infections. Aditionnally, the scarcity of available data on HAIs, especially the prevalence of Multidrug resistance bacteria and virulence factors associated with these HAIs in Senegal, further emphasizes the significance of implementing surveillance programs to better know their prevalence, impact on patient health and on length of hospital stays.
The intrinsic stability of the second intermediate following the dioxygen‐bound form in the O2 reduction by cytochrome c oxidase

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Aeration of a two‐electron reduced cytochrome c oxidase provides a species with two Raman bands at 804 and 356 cm −1 , identifying it as the second intermediate following the O 2 ‐bound species in the enzymatic O 2 reduction process. It degrades directly to the fully oxidized form with a half‐life time of 70 min at pH 8.0. The stability suggests an effective insulation for the active site in an extremely high oxidation state (Fe 4+ with one oxidative equivalent nearby) against spontaneous electron leaks, which would dissipate proton motive force. The formation and degradation of the second intermediate are pH‐dependent.
Deformation features and history of the Yangsan Fault Zone in the Eonyang-Gyeongju area, SE Korea

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

최근 경부고속도로 경주-언양 구간의 도로확장공사로 인해 새롭게 노출된 양산단층대의 주요 노두들을 바탕으로 단층대의 내부 구조와 다중변형사를 해석하였다. 노출된 양산단층대는 수십 m 폭으로 발달하는 단층핵/혼합대 그리고 수백 m 폭의 단층손상대로 구분된다. 단층핵 내에 북북동 방향으로 병치되어 분포하는 단층암은 백악기 퇴적암류(암회색 셰일, 자색 이암, 회백색 미사암) 기원과 안산암질 화산암류 기원으로 구분되며, 이들은 뚜렷한 변형의 차이를 보인다. 단층대 내의 퇴적암은 주 단층면에 가까워질수록 단층면의 자세와 거의 평행하게 고각으로 경동되는 경향을 보이며, 경동된 층간을 따라 전단이 집중되어 형성된 수 cm에서 수 m 폭의 단층비지대가 확인된다. 이들은 서로 연결되면서 망상으로 발달하여 렌즈상으로 남아있는 사암을 에워싸기도한다. 이러한 단층암의 입자 또는 암편의 크기는 엽층이 발달하는 세립질 퇴적암이 괴상의 조립질 퇴적암에 비해 기계적으로 쉽게 파쇄됨을 암시한다. 한편, 단층핵 내의 안산암류는 수 cm에서 수십 cm 직경의 단층각력 형태로 분포하며, 2 cm 이내 두께의 좁은 비지대를 가지는 단층들에 의해 절단되어 있다. 단층조선, S-C 조직, 평면에서 Z-형태 단층암의 분포, 입자들의 시계방향 회전, 북서 방향 축을 가지는 안행상 습곡 그리고 단층비지의 자기미세구조는 양산단층의 우수향 주향이동운동이 이전에 발생한 좌수향 주향이동운동에 의한 변형(북서 방향 공액상 정단층군)을 압도하였음을 지시한다. 이번 연구에서 확인된 변형양상과 이들의 선후관계 그리고 양산단층계 일원의 기존 연구들을 종합하면, 양산단층은 백악기말 북서-남동 압축환경 하에서 좌수향 주향이동운동을 겪었으며, 이후 43~25 Ma의 북동-남서 압축환경 하에서 광역적인 우수향 주향이동운동을 겪었던 것으로 추정된다. 또한 이러한 지구조적 사건의 사이 또는 이후에도 응력환경의 변화에 의해 비교적 작은 규모의 변형이 단층대를 따라 남겨져 있는 것으로 판단된다.