jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The “Social” Impact of Private Messaging Applications

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Private or end-to-end encrypted messaging platforms like WhatsApp and Telegram have begun to occupy an important space in digital regulation across the world. Yet, they receive limited attention in emerging legal research on the societal impact of social media. The public-facing elements of these platforms have emerged as critical vectors for hate speech and manipulated content. This has become a focal point for regulatory discussions across the globe, including in the EU. This article focuses on the regulatory landscape for messaging applications particularly in the emerging European context. It explores how the Digital Services Act applies to messaging platforms like WhatsApp and Telegram. It examines definitional concerns associated with their regulatory classification, particularly through the lens of Recital 14 and the evolving concept of “dissemination to the public.” It points out how some platform functions remain in a regulatory grey zone despite the Digital Services Act’s articulation of content publicity on messaging platforms. It also discusses how the Digital Services Act seeks to regulate large and influential messaging applications as Very Large Online Platforms. The article then places the Digital Services Act’s outlook toward such applications in the context of broader European legal and policy perspectives. It also discusses some comparative global responses to map out key trends associated with messaging platform regulation. Using Recital 14 and ongoing debates around the Digital Services Act as a framework, the article highlights the potential questions that can arise in the enforcement of these regulations on messaging platforms.
Brain death in the newborn.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To the Editor.— Drs Ashwal and Schneider in their article, Death in the Newborn, 1 do a commendable job of presenting some of the data the Task Force on Brain Death in Children felt were lacking. 2 Other centers should be encouraged to perform a similar review in order to corroborate these findings. We agree that a declaration of brain death in the newborn is a relatively rare phenomenon. We also understand the pressing need for brain death to be determined accurately, ethically, and in a timely fashion.
Development of\nHDAC Inhibitors Exhibiting Therapeutic\nPotential in T‑Cell Prolymphocytic Leukemia

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Epigenetic targeting\nhas emerged as an efficacious therapy for\nhematological cancers. The rare and incurable T-cell prolymphocytic\nleukemia (T-PLL) is known for its aggressive clinical course. Current\nepigenetic agents such as histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are\nincreasingly used for targeted therapy. Through a structure–activity\nrelationship (SAR) study, we developed an HDAC6 inhibitor KT-531,\nwhich exhibited higher potency in T-PLL compared to other hematological\ncancers. KT-531 displayed strong HDAC6 inhibitory potency and selectivity,\non-target biological activity, and a safe therapeutic window in nontransformed\ncell lines. In primary T-PLL patient cells, where <i>HDAC6</i> was found to be overexpressed, KT-531 exhibited strong biological\nresponses, and safety in healthy donor samples. Notably, combination\nstudies in T-PLL patient samples demonstrated KT-531 synergizes with\napproved cancer drugs, bendamustine, idasanutlin, and venetoclax.\nOur work suggests HDAC inhibition in T-PLL could afford sufficient\ntherapeutic windows to achieve durable remission either as stand-alone\nor in combination with targeted drugs.
Overexpression of the cancer-related DUSP1 gene in human obesity and its modulation by physical exercise

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Meeting abstracts Obesity is a major risk factor for metabolic diseases and cancer. Lifestyle interventions in obesity reduce the risk for cancer. Aberrant regulation of dual specificity protein phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) was linked to obesity and cancer representing an attractive therapeutic target and
Hip fractures: current review of treatment and management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hip fractures are one of the most common major orthopaedic injuries in the United States, with an incidence that is growing with the aging population. These fractures vary significantly in anatomy, pathogenesis, and treatment. Orthopaedists must be able to carefully distinguish between femoral neck, intertrochanteric, and subtrochanteric femoral fractures because diagnosis is essential in guiding treatment. The extent of complex decision-making and management is often underappreciated in this diverse group of fractures. In this review, the relevant background, anatomy, and current treatment considerations essential to optimize management of these common and significant injuries are discussed.
Evaluation on three methods to detect helicobacter pylori infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To evaluate the significance of enzyme immunoassay(EIA) for detecting Hp stool antigen (HPSA) in the diagnosis of Helicobacter Pylori infection(HP).Methods HPSA in stool specimens of 89 patients were detected by rapid urease test,histologic Warthin-Starry method and ELISA,three methods were preliminarily evaluated.Results The sensitivity,specificity and positive predictive value of the stool ELISA were 96.7% and 96.4% and 98.3% respectively.The indexes of ELISA were higher than those of histologic technique.Conclusions The ELISA for detecting HPSA in stool is rapid,noninvasive with high sensitivity and high specificity.It is suitable for the screening and diagnosis of HP infection,and monitoring the effectiveness of treatment and for epidemiological surveying.
Christian Wolff

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter explores Christian Wolff’s systematic method and how it resonated in later scholarship. Wolff considered his systematic method to be his original contribution to the study of international law. Yet, despite the fact that he was a very renowned scholar in his time, this systematic method apparently remained an episode in international legal thought. Three transitions in international legal thought are already discernible, but not explicit, in Wolff’s writings: a process of an autonomization of international law, a shift from natural law to positivism, and a shifting focus from law to political economy. In a paradoxical manner, Wolff’s specific approach to the study of international law and his scientific method contributed to these transitions in international legal thought and, at the same time, hid them behind ambiguity. Arguably, this ambiguity contributes to explaining limited resonance of Wolff’s writings on international law.
A new visual State Space Model for low‐dose CT denoising

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Background Low‐dose computed tomography (LDCT) can mitigate potential health risks to the public. However, the severe noise and artifacts in LDCT images can impede subsequent clinical diagnosis and analysis. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and Transformers stand out as the two most popular backbones in LDCT denoising. Nonetheless, CNNs suffer from a lack of long‐range modeling capabilities, while Transformers are hindered by high computational complexity. Purpose In this study, our main goal is to develop a simple and efficient model that can both focus on local spatial context and model long‐range dependencies with linear computational complexity for LDCT denoising. Methods In this study, we make the first attempt to apply the State Space Model to LDCT denoising and propose a novel LDCT denoising model named Visual Mamba Encoder‐Decoder Network (ViMEDnet). To efficiently and effectively capture both the local and global features, we propose the Mixed State Space Module (MSSM), where the depth‐wise convolution, max‐pooling, and 2D Selective Scan Module (2DSSM) are coupled together through a partial channel splitting mechanism. 2DSSM is capable of capturing global information with linear computational complexity, while convolution and max‐pooling can effectively learn local signals to facilitate detail restoration. Furthermore, the network uses a weighted gradient‐sensitive hybrid loss function to facilitate the preservation of image details, improving the overall denoising performance. Results The performance of our proposed ViMEDnet is compared to five state‐of‐the‐art LDCT denoising methods, including an iterative algorithm, two CNN‐based methods, and two Transformer‐based methods. The comparative experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ViMEDnet can achieve better visual quality and quantitative assessment outcomes. In visual evaluation, ViMEDnet effectively removes noise and artifacts, while exhibiting superior performance in restoring fine structures and low‐contrast structural edges, resulting in minimal deviation of denoised images from NDCT. In quantitative assessment, ViMEDnet obtains the lowest RMSE and the highest PSNR, SSIM, and FSIM scores, further substantiating the superiority of ViMEDnet. Conclusions The proposed ViMEDnet possesses excellent LDCT denoising performance and provides a new alternative to LDCT denoising models beyond the existing CNN and Transformer options.
Aerobic regulation of isocitrate dehydrogenase gene (icd) expression in Escherichia coli by the arcA and fnr gene products

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Isocitrate dehydrogenase, the icd gene product, has been studied extensively regarding the regulation of enzymatic activity and its relationship to the metabolic flux between the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the glyoxylate bypass. In this study, the transcriptional regulation of icd gene expression was monitored by using an icd-lacZ gene fusion and shown to vary over a 15-fold range in response to changes in oxygen and carbon availability. Anaerobic cell growth resulted in fivefold-lower icd-lacZ expression than during aerobic growth. This negative control is mediated by the arcA and fnr gene products. When different carbon compounds were used for cell growth, icd-lacZ expression varied threefold. The results of continuous cell culture studies indicated that this control may be due to variations in cell growth rate rather than to catabolite repression. DNase I footprinting at the icd promoter revealed a 42-bp ArcA-phosphate-protected region that overlaps the start site of icd transcription. Phosphorylation of ArcA considerably enhanced its binding to DNA, while ArcA-phosphate exhibited an apparent dissociation value of approximately 0.1 microM. Based on these studies, ArcA appears to function as a classical repressor of transcription by binding at a site overlapping the icd promoter during anaerobic cell growth conditions.
The significance of chest ultrasound and chest X-ray in the diagnosis of children clinically suspected of pneumonia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the most prevalent diseases and a significant determinant of morbidity and death global. This study intended to compare and evaluate the benefits and importance of chest X-ray and chest ultrasound in the investigation of CAP in children. Methods. Study Population. One hundred children of one-month to five-years of age who suggested to the Children's Hospital in Bandar Abbas for pneumonia were evaluated by chest ultrasound and chest X-ray by different radiologists. Results. Evidence of involvement was recognized in 96% of the chest X-rays of those children, and also in 9% of the chest ultra-ultrasounds (6% opacity, 3% effusion). Pleural effusion was recognized in three of the children only by ultrasound. Conclusion. The utilization of ultrasound is a suitable method to estimate the complication of pneumonia.
A Practical and Efficient Synthetic Route to Dihydropipercide and Pipercide1

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Dihydropipercide 1 and Pipercide 2 are examples of hydrophobic insecticidal isobutylamide derivatives isolated from Piper Nigrum L. which have received synthetic attention over the past decade. Novel structural features combining the N-isobutyldieneamide array, found in related natural products such as Pellitorine, with the 3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl moiety, found in insecticide synergists including Piperonyl Butoxide and Sesamex, render these as attractive targets for synthesis. Although a variety of synthetic routes to related natural products have appeared in the literature, practical methods for the preparation of the title compounds were lacking. Convenient and convergent 10−11-step protocols were developed which provided access to gram quantities of the targets. Methyl 6-oxohexanoate 4 was prepared from cyclohexanone enol acetate 3 via a tandem ozonolysis, methanolysis, hydrolysis process. Subsequent olefination and olefin isomerization steps followed by further elaboration provided the targets 1 and 2. Noteworthy features of this methodology include the convenient synthesis of oxoester intermediate 4 and the phenythio radical-induced olefin isomerization of intermediate 6 which afforded high yields of >99.5% E-olefin 13. These are both somewhat uncommon but potentially useful processes which may find further application in organic synthesis.
Humanity's Place in Nature

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter investigates how Darwinism alters the perception of humanity's place in the universe. It addresses how a number of Victorian poets responded to the decentring of humanity, before homing in on Robinson Jeffers, in particular on his poem ‘Night’. It then addresses the poems by A. R. Ammons, Philip Appleman and Robert Pack, who extrapolate from a Darwinian world view towards an environmental ethic on the one hand and the humane solidarity epitomised by Thomas Hardy in ‘The Plaint to Man’ on the other. Jeffers' use of alliteration and assonance is subtly suggestive throughout his poem. Appleman's poem is a joyful incitement to love one another. His poem is a tonic, a jubilant affirmation of humanity's due importance to ourselves, even in the void. Few things could be further from Jeffers' Inhumanism, with its desire for human extinction, yet they share the same roots.
CTNI-23. IDH1/2wt ANAPLASTIC GLIOMAS OF THE EORTC RANDOMIZED PHASE III INTERGROUP CATNON TRIAL: OVERALL SURVIVAL RELATED TO TREATMENT, MGMT STATUS AND MOLECULAR FEATURES OF GLIOBLASTOMA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND The phase III CATNON trial randomized 751 adult patients with newly diagnosed 1p/19q non-codeleted anaplastic glioma to 59.4 Gy radiotherapy +/- concurrent and/or adjuvant TMZ. Here, we present the molecular analysis of the IDH1/2wt subgroup, and associations between molecular characteristics and patient outcomes. METHODS CNV data and MGMT promoter methylation status were assessed from EPIC methylation array data. IDH1/2 and H3F3A mutation status were determined with a glioma tailored next-generation sequencing panel and TERT promoter mutation status using a SNaPshot assay. Overall survival (OS) was measured from date of randomization. RESULTS Of 654 assessed tumors, 211 (32%) were IDH1/2wt. An H3F3A mutation was present in 14 tumors (K27M: n=10; G34R: n=4). Of the remaining 197 patients, 154 tumors had molecular features of glioblastoma according to cIMPACT-NOW 3 criteria (‘IDH1/2wt astrocytomas WHO IV’), 39 tumors did not (‘IDH1/2wt astrocytomas WHO III’), and 4 had inconclusive molecular data. IDH1/2wt astrocytomas WHO III patients had significantly better survival than WHO IV patients: median OS of 2.83 yrs vs 1.43 yrs respectively [log-rank test: p&lt; 0.001]. Of the 154 IDH1/2wt astrocytoma WHO IV, 55 (36%) were found MGMT promoter methylated. MGMT promoter methylation was prognostic in IDH1/2wt astrocytomas WHO IV patients, with a median OS of 1.86 yrs for methylated vs 1.34 yrs for unmethylated [HR 1.62, p=0.006]. In the IDH1/2wt astrocytomas WHO IV, no effect of concurrent and/or adjuvant TMZ was observed; the HR for OS after RT with any TMZ vs RT alone was 1.31 [95% CI 0.73–2.36, p=0.4] for MGMT promoter methylated and 0.90 [95% CI 0.55–1.45, p=0.7] for unmethylated glioma patients. CONCLUSIONS Our study validated the prognostic value of the cIMPACT-NOW 3 criteria. MGMT promoter methylation is prognostic but not predictive for outcome to TMZ treatment in this cohort of IDH1/2wt anaplastic gliomas with molecular features of glioblastoma.
A construction method for orthogonal Latin hypercube designs

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The Latin hypercube design is a popular choice of experimental design when computer simulation is used to study a physical process. These designs guarantee uniform samples for the marginal distribution of each single input. A number of methods have been proposed for extending the uniform sampling to higher dimensions.We show how to construct Latin hypercube designs in which all main effects are orthogonal. Our method can also be used to construct Latin hypercube designs with low correlation of first-order and second-order terms. Our method generates orthogonal Latin hypercube designs that can include many more factors than those proposed by Ye (1998). Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
Self-Validating Inferential Sensors with Application to Air Emission Monitoring

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Inferential sensors, or soft sensors, refer to a modeling approach to estimating hard-to-measure process variables from other easy-to-measure, on-line sensors. Since many sensors are used as input variables to estimate the output, the probability that one of the sensors fails increases significantly. In this paper, we propose a self-validating inferential sensor approach based on principal component analysis (PCA). The input sensors are validated using a fault identification and reconstruction approach proposed in Dunia et al. AIChE J. 1996, 42, 2797−2812. A principal component model is built for the input sensors for sensor validation, and the validated principal components are used to predict output variables using linear regression or neural networks. If a sensor fails, the sensor is identified and reconstructed with the best estimate from its correlation to other sensors. The principal components are also reconstructed accordingly for prediction. The number of principal components used in sensor validation and prediction are chosen differently based on different criteria. The typical input correlation or collinearity is utilized for sensor validation and removed in predicting the output to avoid ill-conditioning. The self-validating soft sensor approach is applied to air emission monitoring, where continuous monitoring of the air pollutants is required for environmental regulations.
Draft Genome Sequence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi IMR_TP298/15, a Strain with Intermediate Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin, Isolated from a Typhoid Outbreak

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin is increasingly being reported globally. An outbreak caused by Salmonella Typhi with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility has not been reported before in Malaysia. We present here the annotated draft genome of a Salmonella Typhi strain involved in a typhoid outbreak.
Narcotic use and pain control after cesarean section

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Opioid use and dependence have markedly increased in recent years which has led to an opioid epidemic. Various factors that have contributed to this crisis, one being the over prescription of opioid medication to post-surgery patients. In the United States cesarean section deliveries accounted for 31.8% of all births in 2020. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate pain control and narcotic use in the postpartum period. Most studies on postpartum pain control focus primarily on the immediate inpatient postoperative period. This study investigates pain control and Percocet use in the 3-day post-discharge period of women who underwent Cesarean delivery at The Brooklyn Hospital Center (TBHC) from January to June 2021. This study evaluated 100 women; the data shows that patients took on average 4 out of 36 Percocet pills; only 11% of the total prescribed dose. Additional factors were taken into consideration including pain scale up to 3 days post-discharge, pain management alternatives, home childcare, family size, and prior opioid use. This study concludes that post cesarean delivery patients were overprescribed narcotics upon discharge from the hospital. Considerations should be made for smaller doses, spaced-out hourly doses, and shorter interval of days. Patients should be advised that if additional pain medication is required to contact their provider and be educated on the importance of properly disposing unused opioid medications.
Atypical presentation of Kawasaki disease resembling a retropharyngeal abscess

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Kawasaki disease is an acute systemic inflammatory disorder, the etiology of which has not yet been established. The clinical manifestations are non-specific and are common to many pediatric infectious and immunologic diseases. In 2 cases presenting fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and retropharyngeal abscess-like lesions on the neck shown in a computerized tomography (CT) scan, the diagnosis of Kawasaki disease was delayed. The patients were not responsive to antibiotic therapy, and fluid collection was not found during retropharyngeal aspiration. They showed typical Kawasaki manifestations over time and atrioventricular valve regurgitation in the echocardiogram. A diagnosis of Kawasaki disease should be considered in similar cases of fever and cervical lymphadenopathy. A CT scan that shows a retropharyngeal abscess-like lesion on the neck can be a false positive finding, and other laboratory exams, including echocardiography, should be performed as early as possible to avoid unnecessary medical and surgical procedures.
Problem Based Learnıng Model wıth Blended Learnıng Approach to The Effectıveness of Student Learnıng Outcomes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The low completion of student learning in a subject is the reality of the quality of education in schools. The model in learning is one of the factors that can cause an impact on students' learning achievements. The use of the learning model must be adjusted to the characteristics of the student himself and the subjects taught. This article is intended to reveal the differences in blended-based Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning and Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning to the learning outcomes of students of Class X at SMK Negeri in Bangkalan and describe the influence of interaction between blended-based Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model and learning motivation for the learning outcomes of students of Class X at SMK Negeri in Bangkalan.. This research used quantitative research with experimental methods. In this case, it used two tools, namely questionnaire survey and learning result test. The experimental classes in this study used the blended-based Problem Based Learning (PBL) model conducted online learning and offline and face-to-face learning, while the control classes used the PBL (Problem Based Learning) model for face-to-face learning. This quantitative research used the data analysis technique through the two-way variant analysis (ANOVA) technique. The results showed that the baseline estimate of student learning outcome using the PBL learning model was 40, the highest score was 90, the average score was 72.33, and the standard deviation was 16,439. Compared to the learning outcome of students who used the problem-based learning (PBL) model the lowest score was 45, the highest score was 95, the average score was 80.67, and the standard deviation was 11,502. Seeing from the results of the exploration, it can be concluded that the results of the blended-based Problem Based Learning model are higher, or in other words, students' learning outcomes become more effective by using the approach.