jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and AmoxiciIIin in Therapy of Chloramphenicol-Resistant and ChloramphenicolSensitive Typhoid Fever

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The efficacy of orally administered trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was compared with that of oral amoxicillin in therapy of typhoid fever due to both epidemic chloramphenicol-resistant and endemic chloramphenicol-sensitive Salmonella typhi. Both drug regimens were effective and of comparable value in treatment of chloramphenicol-resistant infections, as measured by duration of fever (124 hr and 115 hr, respectively) and duration of bacteremia (1.0 and 0.4 days, respectively). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy of infections due to chloramphenicol-sensitive S. typhi resulted in more rapid lysis of fever than did amoxicillin therapy. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were not synergistic in vitro against the chloramphenicol-resistant strain of S. typhi, and the role of sulfamethoxazole in treatment of such infections appears to be minimal. Oral administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective therapy of chloramphenicol-resistant, and probably of ampicillin-amoxicillin-resistant, typhoid fever.
Hidden champions: Exploring supportive family relationships of youth experiencing homelessness

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The relationships that youth experiencing homelessness (YEH) have with supportive family members (i.e. those who provide them with social support) may be protective against risk behaviours and buffer adverse health outcomes. However, little is known about the nature of YEH's supportive family relationships and the type of social support that these family relationships offer them. Thus, we conducted in‐depth interviews with 30 YEH to examine the type of social support received from family relationships and to explore the social dynamics of these relationships. We found that many YEH not only continued to maintain relationships with family members after becoming homeless but also received emotional and/or instrumental support from these family members. Beyond providing this type of social support, family members served as a source of motivation for these youth. Additionally, YEH contributed to their family relationships and gained a sense of connectedness in return. Lastly, we found that YEH's family support was influenced by their family circumstances and their need for autonomy. Collectively, our findings suggest there may be a need for interventions designed to strengthen relationships with supportive family members among YEH, who may derive multiple positive benefits from relating with the ‘hidden champions’ in their lives.
Cardiovascular risk profiles and the uptake of the NHS Healthcheck programme in male prisoners in six UK prisons: an observational cross-sectional survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Half of all deaths in custody are due to natural causes, the most common being cardiovascular disease (CVD). National Health Service Healthchecks should be available to all eligible prisoners; it is not clear who receives them. Mental health issues are common in prisoners and may affect how healthcare interventions should be delivered. Current policy is to offer Healthchecks to those serving over 2 years in prison. Objectives, methods, setting and design An observational cross-sectional survey in six male prisons in England between September 2017 and January 2019 in prisoners aged 35–74 to identify who was eligible for a Healthcheck and compare CVD risk data with those that were not, and factors associated with uptake. Outcome measures Characteristics of those accepting a Healthcheck were compared with those declining. Assessments of anxiety and depression were compared with CVD risk factors. Results 1207 prisoners completed a Healthcheck. 21.8% of prisoners were ineligible due to existing comorbidities. 76.4% of those invited took up a Healthcheck, and of those, 12.1% were found to have new significant CVD comorbidity. CVD risk was similar to community levels but this population was 10 years younger. Definite case-level depression or anxiety was present in 20.7% and 18.0%, respectively, of participants. An association was found between ethnicity and those invited (p=0.023, φ=0.1) and accepting (p=0.008, φ=0.1) a Healthcheck. 9.7% of prisoners serving less than 2 years had CVD risk scores of 10% or more, and had similar CVD risk profiles but much higher levels of anxiety (p<0.001, φ=0.2) or depression (p=0.009, φ=0.2) than those serving 2 years or more. Conclusion Cardiovascular risk was comparable with community rates and in some prisons, much higher. Rates of anxiety and depression were high. The national policy for selecting prisoners for Healthchecks may leave many high-risk prisoners without appropriate cardiovascular preventative assessments.
Loess Ecosystems of Northern Alaska: Regional Gradient and Toposequence at Prudhoe Bay

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Loess—dominated ecosystems cover ≈14%(11 000 km 2 ) of the Arctic Coastal Plain and much of the northern portion of the Arctic Foothills. Knowledge of this poorly known ecosystem is important for sound land—use planning of the expanding developments in the region and for understanding the paleoecological dynamics of eolian systems that once dominated much of northern Alaska. A conceptual alkaline—tundra toposequence includes eight common vegetation types and associated soils that occur near the arctic coast. A model of the regional loess gradient describes soils and vegetation downwind of the Sagavanirktok River. The addition of calcareous loess affects numerous soil properties, including bulk density, pH, water retention properties, concentrations of soil nutrients, and seasonal thaw depths. Many plant taxa, particularly cryptogams, increase in abundance downwind of the river, apparently in response to higher amounts of nutrients and moisture associated with finer soil—particle sizes and greater organic content. For example, the highest extractable P values (8—12 µg/g) occur in areas with circumneutral pH and finer grained soils, and low P values (<2 µg/g) occur in acidic soils north of the loess region. Early, minerotrophic stages of tundra succession are maintained by loess blown from the Sagavanirktok, Canning, and other large braided—river floodplains. Areas downwind of these rivers provide analogues for vegetation that existed in unstable areas of the Alaskan Coastal Plain during and following full glacial conditions. Total aboveground phytomass in wet acidic sites at Prudhoe Bay (163 ± 21 g/m 2 ) is close to values from similar sites at Barrow and Devon Island. Only a small amount of data is available for alkaline areas, but there is indication of lower biomass near the major rivers, suggesting a response to lower nutrient regimes. Properties of loess tundra important for land—use planning include: (1) its high ice content, which contributes to its susceptibility to thermokarst; (2) high salinities, which hamper revegetation efforts; and (3) presence of certain plant species such as Dryas intergrifolia, which are particularly sensitive to disturbance. The loess gradient provides a natural analogue for road dust, an extensive disturbance associated with oil—field development.
Preparation and Use of Liposomes in Immunological Studies

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Methods are described for preparation of liposomes for use in immunological assays or for immunization; for complement-dependent immune lysis of liposomes assay; for purification of antibodies by affinity binding to liposomes; for preparation of lipid A and insertion of lipid A into liposomes; and for use of liposomes for immunization. Liposomes, Lipid A, Vaccines
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE MUSCLE STRETCHING ON MAXIMAL VOLUNTARY ISOKINETIC TORQUE PRODUCTION IN OLDER ADULTS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Flexibility exercises are often included in warm-up procedures prior to a training session or an athletic event. Recent research studies on acute stretching in young populations have shown a strength decrement for up to one hour after performing flexibility exercises. However, sound scientific evidence on the effects of acute stretching activities performed before an activity in various populations is still limited. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of acute stretching performed prior to a strength activity in older adults. More specifically, the effect of stretching on maximal voluntary isokinetic torque production was measured. Participants included 15 young (19–27 yrs) and 14 older adults (62–79 yrs). Maximal voluntary isokinetic torque was measured at two different movement velocities (120° ● sec−1 and 60° ● sec−1) before and after stretching using a Biodex System 3 Isokinetic Dynamometer (Biodex Medical Systems, Shirley, NY). Only one leg was stretched and the non-stretched leg served as control. The stretching regimen included four stretches designed to stretch the quadriceps muscle group with the total stretching time being eight minutes. After stretching the subject was allowed to rest 10 minutes before the strength tests were repeated. The data revealed no significant differences between the pre- and post-treatment maximal voluntary torque production values (Nm) at either of the two movement velocities in the young group (120° ● sec−1; p = 0.29, and 60° ● sec−1; p = 0.58) or in the old group (120° ● sec−1, p = 0.15; and 60° ● sec−1, p = 0.7). Reliability coefficients for the above tests ranged from 0.91 to 0.98 (test-retest method) and 0.98 to 0.99 (same-day test-retest method). It was concluded that the magnitude of stretching was not sufficient enough to cause a significant change in torque production in old or young test subjects.
Impaired Angiogenic Potential of Human Placental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Intrauterine Growth Restriction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Human placental mesenchymal stromal cells (pMSCs) have never been investigated in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). We characterized cells isolated from placental membranes and the basal disc of six IUGR and five physiological placentas. Cell viability and proliferation were assessed every 7 days during a 6-week culture. Expression of hematopoietic, stem, endothelial, and mesenchymal markers was evaluated by flow cytometry. We characterized the multipotency of pMSCs and the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial content and function. Cell viability was high in all samples, and proliferation rate was lower in IUGR compared with control cells. All samples presented a starting heterogeneous population, shifting during culture toward homogeneity for mesenchymal markers and occurring earlier in IUGR than in controls. In vitro multipotency of IUGR-derived pMSCs was restricted because their capacity for adipocyte differentiation was increased, whereas their ability to differentiate toward endothelial cell lineage was decreased. Mitochondrial content and function were higher in IUGR pMSCs than controls, possibly indicating a shift from anaerobic to aerobic metabolism, with the loss of the metabolic characteristics that are typical of undifferentiated multipotent cells. Significance This study demonstrates that the loss of endothelial differentiation potential and the increase of adipogenic ability are likely to play a significant role in the vicious cycle of abnormal placental development in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). This is the first observation of a potential role for placental mesenchymal stromal cells in intrauterine growth restriction, thus leading to new perspectives for the treatment of IUGR.
Supplementary Figure 3 from Quantitative DNA Repair Biomarkers and Immune Profiling for Temozolomide and Olaparib in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Figure 3: Changes in MGMT expression, yH2AX and CD8+ T cells in pre-treatment and post-treatment biopsies of patients who derived clinical benefit from the trial.</p>
Oxidation of Heme to β- and δ-Biliverdin byPseudomonas aeruginosaHeme Oxygenase as a Consequence of an Unusual Seating of the Heme

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The origin of the unusual regioselectivity of heme oxygenation, i.e. the oxidation of heme to δ-biliverdin (70%) and β-biliverdin (30%), that is exhibited by heme oxygenase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (pa-HO) has been studied by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and resonance Raman spectroscopies. Whereas resonance Raman indicates that the heme-iron ligation in pa-HO is homologous to that observed in previously studied α-hydroxylating heme oxygenases, the NMR spectroscopic studies suggest that the heme in this enzyme is seated in a manner that is distinct from that observed for all other α-hydroxylating heme oxygenase enzymes for which a structure is known. In pa-HO, the heme is rotated in-plane ∼ 110°, so the δ-meso-carbon of the major orientational isomer is located within the HO-fold in the place where the α-hydroxylating enzymes typically place the α-meso-carbon. The unusual heme seating displayed by pa- HO places the heme propionates so that these groups point in the direction of the solvent-exposed heme edge and appears to originate in large part from the absence of stabilizing interactions between the polypeptide and the heme propionates, which are typically found in α-hydroxylating heme oxygenase enzymes. These interactions typically involve Lys-16 and Tyr-112, in Neisseriae meningitidis HO, and Lys-16 and Tyr-134, in human and rat HO-1. The corresponding residues in pa-HO are Asn-19 and Phe-117, respectively. In agreement with this hypothesis, we found that the Asn-19 Lys/Phe-117 Tyr double mutant of pa-HO exists as a mixture of molecules exhibiting two distinct heme seatings; one seating is identical to that exhibited by wild-type pa-HO, whereas the alternative seating is very similar to that typical of α-hydroxylating heme oxygenase enzymes and is related to the wild-type seating by ∼ 110° in-plane rotation of the heme. Furthermore, each of these heme seatings in the pa-HO double mutant gives rise to a subset of two heme isomeric orientations that are related to each other by 180° rotation about the α-γ-mesoaxis. The coexistence of these molecules in solution, in the proportions suggested by the corresponding area under the peaks in the 1H NMR spectrum, explains the unusual regioselectivity of heme oxygenation observed with the double mutant, which we found produces α- (55%), δ- (35%), and β-biliverdin (10%). α-Biliverdin is obtained by oxidation of the heme seated similar to that of α-hydroxylating enzymes, whereas β- and δ-biliverdin are formed from the oxidation of heme seated as in wild-type pa-HO.
Mathematical Identity and the Role of the Educator

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Mathematical identity is a socio-motivational construct known to be a predictor of mathematical achievement. Students who identify positively with mathematics are more likely to pursue advanced courses and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)-related occupations. Although mathematical identity is shaped by a myriad of internal and external factors on both a small and large scale, educators play a significant role in the formation of their students’ mathematical identities. This paper presents an overview of research regarding those pedagogical practices for teaching mathematics that can foster the formation of positive mathematical identities.
ACTIVE TRANSMISSION OF Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Dutton, 1902 SLEEPING SICKNESS IN ABRAKA, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Active surveillance of Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) or sleeping sickness was undertaken in 3 agrarian villages in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. Card Agglutination Trypanosomiasis Test (CATT) was used qualitatively for mass screening with undiluted fresh whole blood (WB) and quantitatively for diagnosis in serum dilution tests. Thereafter, palpation for enlarged cervical lymph gland (ECLG) was followed by parasitological examination of aspirate using wet film, haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) and mini-anion exchange centrifugation technique (mAECT). Only one confirmed case of sleeping sickness was diagnosed out of the 491 samples screened. The results showed 43 (9.8%) serological positive cases in WB/ CATT test. 12 (27.9%) suspected cases that reacted at 1/4 titre in serum dilution test were highly suspected serological positive but parasitological negative cases. The study indicates that there is ongoing active transmission of Gambian type sleeping sickness in Abraka focus of Nigeria. The highly suspected cases will be followed up. Many cases might have gone undetected and more villages within the same focus were not covered. Moreover, a large-scale multi-disciplinary disease surveillance, vector and animal reservoir studies are required to determine the true situation of HAT in this focus.
MatrixWorld: A pursuit-evasion platform for safe multi-agent coordination and autocurricula

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) achieves encouraging performance in solving complex tasks. However, the safety of MARL policies is one critical concern that impedes their real-world applications. Popular multi-agent benchmarks focus on diverse tasks yet provide limited safety support. Therefore, this work proposes a safety-constrained multi-agent environment: MatrixWorld, based on the general pursuit-evasion game. Particularly, a safety-constrained multi-agent action execution model is proposed for the software implementation of safe multi-agent environments based on diverse safety definitions. It (1) extends the vertex conflict among homogeneous / cooperative agents to heterogeneous / adversarial settings, and (2) proposes three types of resolutions for each type of conflict, aiming at providing rational and unbiased feedback for safe MARL. Besides, MatrixWorld is also a lightweight co-evolution framework for the learning of pursuit tasks, evasion tasks, or both, where more pursuit-evasion variants can be designed based on different practical meanings of safety. As a brief survey, we review and analyze the co-evolution mechanism in the multi-agent setting, which clearly reveals its relationships with autocurricula, self-play, arms races, and adversarial learning. Thus, MatrixWorld can also serve as the first environment for autocurricula research, where ideas can be quickly verified and well understood.
When the body does not fall: Śaṃkara, Sureśvara and Ānandagiri on living while liberated: Table 1.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Many Advaita Ved<a><ac>a</ac><ac>¯</ac></a>ntins hold that full liberation occurs at the moment of realising the identity of self and Brahman from the <it><a><ac>s</ac><ac>´</ac></a>ruti</it> texts. The ‘living while liberated’ one then continues to exist until the fall, that is next death, of the body. Through a close reading of the commentaries of <a><ac>S</ac><ac>´</ac></a>amkara, Sure<a><ac>s</ac><ac>´</ac></a>vara and <a><ac>A</ac><ac>¯</ac></a>nandagiri, I explore the problems this notion creates and the commentarial strategies deployed to deal with these. I argue that, while <a><ac>S</ac><ac>´</ac></a>amkara’s pedagogical concern generates a solution to the problem of apparently continuing false cognitions which is based on memory, Sure<a><ac>s</ac><ac>´</ac></a>vara’s agenda leads him to ignore this possibility and dismiss the post-liberation existence of false cognitions entirely. <a><ac>A</ac><ac>¯</ac></a>nandagiri, unlike Sure<a><ac>s</ac><ac>´</ac></a>vara, develops <a><ac>S</ac><ac>´</ac></a>amkara’s insight that such ‘false cognitions’ are mere semblances, but, due to his post-Citsukha intellectual context, also ignores memory in his solution.
Inhibition of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) by an Orally Bioavailable Inhibitor of Syk Kinase Activity.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterised by the destruction of platelets by pathogenic autoantibodies. Clearance of platelets by phagocytic cells such as macrophages occurs through activating receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcγR). A central tyrosine kinase in this activation pathway is Syk, which is required for FcγR-mediated phagocytosis; thus, we questioned whether inhibition of Syk would ameliorate ITP. R406 is an orally bioavailable Syk-kinase inhibitor which is well tolerated by human volunteers. Using a well-described murine model of ITP, we tested the ability of R788 (the prodrug of R406) to ameliorate thrombocytopenia. Mice injected with an antibody directed to integrin αIIβ were profoundly thrombocytopenic when platelets were enumerated 24 hr post injection. However, mice pre-treated with 25 or 40 mg/kg R788 were protected from thrombocytopenia. Mice pre-treated with the vehicle alone displayed no protection. It has been demonstrated that chimeric Syk deficient mice display a bleeding diathesis; it was therefore questioned whether treatment of mice would demonstrate prolonged tail vein bleeding time. In independent experiments, mice treated with the with the bioavailable inhibitor R406 had no significant difference in bleeding time compared to untreated mice or mice treated with vehicle alone. Syk is also involved in collagen-induced platelet secretion and aggregation. To further the potential use of this drug in humans, the ability of platelets derived from human volunteers treated with R788 to respond to in vitro collagen-induced aggregation was analysed. Platelets from volunteers treated with the drug displayed normal collagen (as well as ADP)-induced platelet aggregation compared to untreated volunteers or those treated with the vehicle alone. These data suggest that future investigation of Syk inhibition in autoimmune diseases such as ITP is warranted.
Determining an optimal cut-off point for TikTok addiction using the TikTok Addiction Scale

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract

OBJECTIVE To identify an optimal cut-off point for the TikTok Addiction Scale (TTAS). METHOD We performed a cross-sectional with a convenience sample. We collected our data in Greece during July 2024. We used a sample of TikTok users among the general population. We employed the Receiver Operating Characteristic analysis to identify an optimal cut-off point for the TTAS by using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) as external criterions. We used the suggested cut-off points from the literature to develop dichotomous variables for BSMAS and PHQ-4. RESULTS We found a significant predictive power of TTAS for social media addiction, anxiety, and depression. We found that the best cut-off point for the TTAS is 3.23 (p-value < 0.001, Youden’s index = 0.72). In that case, the area under the curve was 0.91 (95% confidence interval = 0.86 - 0.97). Sensitivity and specificity of the TTAS were 0.76 and 0.96 respectively. Thus, mean TTAS score ≥3.23 suggested TikTok use disorder, while mean score from 1.00 to 3.22 suggested healthy users. The positive predictive value of the TTAS was 0.61, while the negative predictive value 0.98. CONCLUSIONS The best cut-off point for the TTAS was 3.23. TikTok users with mean TTAS score ≥3.23 should be further examined by mental health professionals. Further research should be conducted to validate our results.