jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Photophysical Properties of Pheophorbide-a Derivatives and Their Photodynamic Therapeutic Effects on a Tumor Cell LineIn Vitro

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Pheophorbide-a derivatives have been reported to be potential photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, photophysics of pheophorbide-a derivatives (PaDs) were investigated along with their photodynamic tumoricidal effect in vitro . PaDs were modified by changing the coil length and/or making the hydroxyl group (–OH) substitutions. Their photophysical properties were studied by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic methods. The photodynamic tumoricidal effect was evaluated in the mouse breast cancer cell line (EMT6). Lifetime and quantum yield of fluorescence and quantum yields of triplet state and singlet oxygen were studied to determine the dynamic energy flow. The coil length of the substituted alkyl group did not significantly affect the spectroscopic properties. However, the substitution with the hydroxyl group increased the quantum yields of the triplet state and the singlet oxygen due to the enhanced intersystem crossing. In order to check the application possibility as a photodynamic therapy agent, the PaDs with hydroxyl group were studied for the cellular affinity and the photodynamic tumoricidal effect of EMT6. The results showed that the cellular affinity and the photodynamic tumoricidal effect of PaDs with the hydroxyl group depended on the coil-length of the substituted alkyl group.
ANALYSIS OF LAYERED ELASTIC- VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A method is presented for determining the behaviour of materials which consist of layers having either elastic or viscoelastic properties. The governing equations are simplified by use of Hankel transforms and this means that a very economical solution may be obtained by using numerical methods. A marching type procedure is used to find the solution at any time. Examples are chosen from the soil mechanics field and solutions are presented for the stresses and strains which develop with time in elastic-viscoelastic layered materials loaded with a strip surface loading. (Author/TRRL)
Assigning Energetic Archetypes to a Digital Cadastre and Estimating Building Heat Demand. An Example from Hamburg, Germany

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In view of the relatively large energy consumption of national building stocks, many cities and municipalities start to prepare energetic building stock models to monitor energy efficiency and plan policies at city or regional scales. In many cases, data on individual buildings is not available. A usual approach to this is the “archetype” approach – classifying the building stock into energetic types (archetypes). This classification is usually based on non-energetic properties available in digital cadastres (construction type, year of construction etc.) and can be a large source of error. We present our research into the difficulties and pitfalls associated with such an approach using the city of Hamburg as an example. In the end, we compare the modelled estimates with consumption data at three different levels to evaluate model performance.
Book Review: Leçons de Géométrie Projective Complexe

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This volume has been prepared from the notes of M. F. Marty on a course of lectures given by Cartan at the Sorbonne during the winter of 1929-1930.As Cartan is one of the foremost geometricians of our time, one may, of course, expect that exposition and content of the treatise bear the marks of a master in his field.This is indeed the case, so that one may state without exaggeration that the book under review contains the most comprehensive and scientific treatment of complex geometry in existence.It is hardly necessary to emphasize the importance of geometries in a complex domain.This is evident when we consider for example the transformation
Error Consistency in Acquired Apraxia of Speech With Aphasia: Effects of the Analysis Unit

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose Diagnostic recommendations for acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) have been contradictory concerning whether speech sound errors are consistent or variable. Studies have reported divergent findings that, on face value, could argue either for or against error consistency as a diagnostic criterion. The purpose of this study was to explain discrepancies in error consistency results based on the unit of analysis (segment, syllable, or word) to help determine which diagnostic recommendation is most appropriate. Method We analyzed speech samples from 14 left-hemisphere stroke survivors with clinical diagnoses of AOS and aphasia. Each participant produced 3 multisyllabic words 5 times in succession. Broad phonetic transcriptions of these productions were coded for consistency of error location and type using the word and its constituent syllables and sound segments as units of analysis. Results Consistency of error type varied systematically with the unit of analysis, showing progressively greater consistency as the analysis unit changed from the word to the syllable and then to the sound segment. Consistency of error location varied considerably across participants and correlated positively with error frequency. Conclusions Low to moderate consistency of error type at the word level confirms original diagnostic accounts of speech output and sound errors in AOS as variable in form. Moderate to high error type consistency at the syllable and sound levels indicate that phonetic error patterns are present. The results are complementary and logically compatible with each other and with the literature.
The impact of domain and subject specialization on knowledge organization

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Thematic organization is the association of information that is observed within a given time frame or event, and taxonomic organization is characterized by class membership based on featural overlap. Research in cognitive psychology has suggested a developmental progression in preference from thematic organization to taxonomic organization, with a preference for taxonomic organization seen as cognitively more advanced. However, recent research has found thematic preferences in adults and shown that organizational preference can be influenced by context and experience. This study expanded on previous findings of individual differences and explored preferences across different domains. Specifically, preferences for knowledge organization were measured between student type (history and psychology) and across content type (general and history). The results indicated that history material was more likely to be organized thematically than general material.
A frequency reference photonic integrated circuit for WDM with low polarization dependence

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A photonic circuit implementing ten frequency reference filters for narrow-channel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) has been fabricated. A diluted multiquantum-well waveguide structure is shown to yield a very low TE/TM polarization dependence of 1 AA, as well as improved absolute frequency control and reproducibility. A standard deviation in absolute filter wavelength of 3.33 AA is measured on a random set of devices from a 2-in wafer. The ten channels are evenly spaced by 7.2 AA. Such filters can be used to lock tunable lasers to a set of reference frequencies for WDM applications. The demonstrated diluted multiquantum-well waveguide structure with low birefringence and improved absolute wavelength control could potentially be used in other WDM integrated circuits requiring tight wavelength tolerance and polarization insensitivity.< >
Application-Specific Cross-Layer Optimization Based on Predictive Variable-Latency VLSI Design

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Traditional synchronous VLSI design requires that all computations in a logic stage complete in one clock cycle. This leads to increasingly pessimistic design as technology scaling introduces increasingly significant parametric variations that result in an increasing performance variability. Alternatively, by allowing computations in a logic stage to complete in a variable number of clock cycles, variable-latency design provides relaxed timing constraints for average performance, area, and power consumption optimization. In this article, we present improved variable-latency design techniques including: (1) a generic minimum-intrusion variable-latency VLSI design paradigm, (2) a signal probability-based approximate prediction logic construction method for minimum misprediction rate at minimum cost, and (3) an application-specific cross-layer analysis methodology. Our experiments show that the proposed variable-latency design methodology on average reduces the computation latency by 26.80%(14.65%) at cost of 0.08%(3.4%) area and 0.4%(2.2%) energy consumption increase for the interger (floating point) unit of an open-source SPARC V8 processor LEON2 synthesized with a clock-cycle time between 1.97ns(3.49ns) and 5.96ns(13.74ns) based on the 45nm Nangate open cell library, while an automotive application-specific design further achieves an average latency reduction of 41.8%.
Elevating silicon into a high performance nonlinear optical platform through the integration of 2D graphene oxide thin films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Layered two-dimensional (2D) GO films are integrated with silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nanowire waveguides to experimentally demonstrate an enhanced Kerr nonlinearity, observed through self-phase modulation (SPM). The GO films are integrated with SOI nanowires using a large-area, transfer-free, layer-by-layer coating method that yields precise control of the film thickness. The film placement and coating length are controlled by opening windows in the silica cladding of the SOI nanowires. Owing to the strong mode overlap between the SOI nanowires and the highly nonlinear GO films, the Kerr nonlinearity of the hybrid waveguides is significantly enhanced. Detailed SPM measurements using picosecond optical pulses show significant spectral broadening enhancement for SOI nanowires coated with 2.2-mm-long films of 1 − 3 layers of GO, and 0.4-mm-long films with 5 − 20 layers of GO. By fitting the experimental results with theory, the dependence of GO’s n 2 on layer number and pulse energy is obtained, showing interesting physical insights and trends of the layered GO films from 2D monolayers to quasi bulk-like behavior. Finally, we show that by coating SOI nanowires with GO films the effective nonlinear parameter of SOI nanowires is increased 16 fold, with the effective nonlinear figure of merit (FOM) increasing by about 20 times to FOM > 5. These results reveal the strong potential of using layered GO films to improve the Kerr nonlinear optical performance of silicon photonic devices.
COMPARISON OF THERAPEUTIC EFFECTIVENESS OF OXYTOCIN VERSUS OXYTOCIN PLUS TRANEXAMIC ACID IN THE PREVENTION OF POST-PARTUM HEMORRHAGE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To compare mean blood loss with Oxytocin plus Tranexamic acid versus Oxytocin alone in the preven­tion of postpartum hemorrhage. Methodology: This randomized controlled trial was conducted in Department of Obstretrics & Gynaecology, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar on 400 women, distributed into two equal groups. Group A received 10 IU of I/V Oxytocin along with 1g of I/V tranexamic acid during the third stage of labor immediately after birth and Group B received 10 IU of I/V Oxytocin only immediately after birth. The incidence of postpartum hemorrhage was based on weighing dry and soaked pads using a digital weight machine and blood loss was measured. The drug was considered effective in terms of mean reduction of blood loss after 2 hours. Results: Our study shows that in group A (Oxytocin plus Tranexamic acid), the mean age was 30±4.29 years whereas in group B (Oxytocin alone), the mean age was 31±4.71 years. In group A, mean blood loss was 30 ml± 6.02 whereas in group B, mean blood loss was 40 ml ± 7.88. The mean blood loss volume shows a significant difference in between the two groups with a p-value of 0.0001. Conclusion: The study concludes a significant difference in mean blood loss volume after getting treatment for post-partum hemorrhage in both the treatment groups i.e Oxytocin plus Tranexamic (Gorup A) and Oxytocin alone (Group B). Furthermore, mean blood loss volume was much less in Group A as compared to Group B, illustrating effective treatment modality in Group A.
Business Literature and Understandings of Business

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Business is not just sets of activities and relationships.It is also a cultural category, an aspect of people's understanding of the world and what is in it.Such understandings are interesting in their own right.In addition, however, they are useful for helping us to make sense of people's actions and orientations in various parts of their lives.My purpose here is to illustrate how we might approach those understandings, the sorts of questions we can ask about them, and the sorts of things we might learn from them.A simple example of those understandings springs from the fact that, for many people, the realm of business is associated with a set of values and practices that is taken to be characteristic of the realm of economy generally.Social scientists have long been interested in people's experiences and views of that economic realm, and especially the ways that they contrast with the social realm.Talcott Parsons (e.g.1959: 261) pointed to an aspect of that contrast when he argued that these two realms are organised on radically different principles and entail radically different sorts of relationships.David Schneider (1980 [1968]) applied Parsons's argument to American culture when he described how people's understandings of the economic realm, the realm of business, are crucial for their understanding of the family, the essence of the social realm.Less grandly, this distinction can help account for the attraction of fair-
Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the O2cost of walking and running: a placebo-controlled study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dietary supplementation with beetroot juice (BR) has been shown to reduce resting blood pressure and the O 2 cost of submaximal exercise and to increase tolerance to high-intensity cycling. We tested the hypothesis that the physiological effects of BR were consequent to its high NO 3 − content per se, and not the presence of other potentially bioactive compounds. We investigated changes in blood pressure, mitochondrial oxidative capacity (Q max ), and physiological responses to walking and moderate- and severe-intensity running following dietary supplementation with BR and NO 3 − -depleted BR [placebo (PL)]. After control (nonsupplemented) tests, nine healthy, physically active male subjects were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to receive BR (0.5 l/day, containing ∼6.2 mmol of NO 3 − ) and PL (0.5 l/day, containing ∼0.003 mmol of NO 3 − ) for 6 days. Subjects completed treadmill exercise tests on days 4 and 5 and knee-extension exercise tests for estimation of Q max (using 31 P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy) on day 6 of the supplementation periods. Relative to PL, BR elevated plasma NO 2 − concentration (183 ± 119 vs. 373 ± 211 nM, P < 0.05) and reduced systolic blood pressure (129 ± 9 vs. 124 ± 10 mmHg, P < 0.01). Q max was not different between PL and BR (0.93 ± 0.05 and 1.05 ± 0.22 mM/s, respectively). The O 2 cost of walking (0.87 ± 0.12 and 0.70 ± 0.10 l/min in PL and BR, respectively, P < 0.01), moderate-intensity running (2.26 ± 0.27 and 2.10 ± 0.28 l/min in PL and BR, respectively, P < 0.01), and severe-intensity running (end-exercise O 2 uptake = 3.77 ± 0.57 and 3.50 ± 0.62 l/min in PL and BL, respectively, P < 0.01) was reduced by BR, and time to exhaustion during severe-intensity running was increased by 15% (7.6 ± 1.5 and 8.7 ± 1.8 min in PL and BR, respectively, P < 0.01). In contrast, relative to control, PL supplementation did not alter plasma NO 2 − concentration, blood pressure, or the physiological responses to exercise. These results indicate that the positive effects of 6 days of BR supplementation on the physiological responses to exercise can be ascribed to the high NO 3 − content per se.
Analysis and experimental study of hollow ring ultrasonic motor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to obtain a low-speed output for micro drive applications, a hollow ring ultrasonic motor is proposed and designed. The operation principle and structure of the motor are introduced. The structure of stator is analyzed with modal analysis, harmonic response analysis and transient response analysis by using the finite element analysis software. The resonant frequency and the relation curve of frequency and displacement and the relation curve of time with displacement about the working mode are obtained. The prototype of ultrasonic motor is fabricated according to its design scheme. The torque of the motor is tested through the experimental platform. The above work provides theoretical guidance for the further study of traveling wave ultrasonic motors.
An enhancement in classifier support vector machine to improve plant disease detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This proposed work is about automatic detection of diseases and diseased part present in the leaf images of plants and even in the agriculture Crop production. It is done with advancement of computer technology which helps in farming to increase the production. Mainly there is problem of detection accuracy and in neural network approach support vector machine (SVM) is latest classifier of that approach. In this paper, SVM is implemented which contains two datasets; one is training dataset and train dataset. Firstly original image is captured and then it is being used for processing. Secondly it gives us the black and background pixels of image segmented and also separate the hue part and saturation part of image. Thirdly detection of disease and diseased part of image is detected and healthy part is segmented from it. This work will also provide % of area in which diseases is present and give us the name of disease. As in the results of one image diseased area is 5.56%. This work provides accuracy which is better as in proposed algorithm results.
Heterozygous CELF4 variants in the N-term region crucial for the RNA-binding activity, leads to neurodevelopmental disorder and obesity.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract

RNA-binding proteins play a key role in post-transcriptional events, such as mRNA splicing, transport, stability, translation and decay. Dysregulation of RNA life can have dramatic consequences. CELF RNA-binding proteins appear to be essential during embryo development. In this study, we identified fifteen patients with heterozygous missense or loss-of-function variants in the CELF4 gene by exome or genome sequencing. All variants affecting the N-terminus of the protein are essential and sufficient for the RNA-binding and splicing activity or RRM domains. Most patients presented with neurodevelopmental disorders including global developmental delay/intellectual disability (11/14), seizures (9/15), and overweight/obesity (10/14) that began in childhood. Clinical features are similar to the reported celf4-mouse mutant phenotype. This study highlights the essential role of CELF4 in development and its involvement as a novel etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders with obesity.
How Does the Octopus Efficiently Control Its Flexible, Multi-Armed Body?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The eight flexible arms of an octopus’s body allow it to perform a wide range of actions. Octopi use their arms to perform several types of movement, such as walking, crawling, and swimming. They use different objects, such as empty coconut and clam shells, to create shelters, and they have the amazing ability to change their skin color and body texture to camouflage themselves in their environments. Simultaneously, the flexible body structure of the octopus creates a problem for its motor control system, because it needs to control and manage a nearly infinite number of body states. In this article, we will the interesting mechanisms octopi have developed to allow control over their unique bodies.
Arctic Operations: Don't Forget Cultural Intelligence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract : The rush for Arctic natural resources and their economic benefits, combined with disputed claims to territory in the region, has driven some Arctic nations to begin establishing a more robust military presence in the area. As the U.S. military increases such operations to keep the Arctic safe from internal and external threats, cultural intelligence cannot be forgotten. The paper will argue that in order to ensure U.S. success in future Arctic operations, the U.S. Northern Command (NORTHCOM) Commander must establish Arctic cultural intelligence as an integral part of the planning process. It will define what cultural intelligence is and why it is an important operational consideration. It will also explain why having cultural intelligence is specifically needed in the Arctic as a planning consideration. Finally, this paper will explore avenues the NORTHCOM Commander can use to gain cultural intelligence on the Arctic indigenous people.
Expression of CD44 variant proteins in human colorectal cancer is related to tumor progression.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Specific CD44 variant glycoproteins are overexpressed at particular stages of colorectal tumor progression. Some variants of the CD44 glycoprotein without exon v6 sequences appear at the earliest stage of tumorigenesis, i.e., in early adenomas. Expression of variants containing exon v6 sequences is largely restricted to the advanced stages of tumor development and in addition is more prevalent and intense in metastatic (Dukes C/D) than in nonmetastatic (Dukes A/B) carcinomas. The observation that CD44 variants containing a protein domain of CD44 that confers full metastatic potential to rat carcinoma and sarcoma cell lines is increasingly expressed during colorectal tumor progression indicates that this domain may have an important role in tumor progression and metastasis in humans. Information on v6 expression, which can be obtained by routine immunohistochemistry, may prove of important prognostic value, particularly in carcinomas (Dukes A and B) that have not yet given rise to detectable metastases.