jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Tree species for urban parks and roadside based on carbon storage, sequestration and maintenance in Iskandar Malaysia

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Urbanisation triggers high carbon emission and exacerbates global warming. Trees play a significant role to tackle these problems as they provide vital ecosystem services including carbon storage and sequestration. However, trees vary in their ability to provide these services and there is little information on how actual carbon storage and sequestration by trees could be estimated particularly in the tropical region. Furthermore, trees with low endurance rate and unhealthy ones can be harmful to properties and human lives as well as overhanging branches can obscure streetlights, signs and traffic signals and affect road users’ vision in the vicinity. These situations contribute to the cumulative maintenance burden to the local authority. This research aims to select types of urban tree species suitable for urban parks and roadsides based on their capacity to store and sequester carbon, and ease of maintenance in Iskandar Malaysia. Field data of 2,245 urban trees were collected from two local authorities, namely Johor Bahru City Council and Pasir Gudang Municipal Council. Allometric equations were used to estimate carbon storage and sequestration. The findings showed that Pterocarpus indicus, Alstonia angustifolia, Syzygium grande, Pongamia pinnata and Hopea odorata stored (2,019, 1,531, 615, 321 and 244 kg tree-1, respectively) and sequestered (78, 61, 30, 17 and 13 kg tree-1 year-1, respectively) the highest carbon in comparison to other species. In addition, a questionnaire survey was also conducted to gain detailed information about tree maintenance from professionals including urban planners, landscape architects and certified arborists. Results showed that Pongamia pinnata had the highest score of 94, followed by Syzygium grande (91), Alstonia angustifolia (90), Hopea odorata (90) and Pterocarpus indicus (83). Hence, these are the most suitable tree species to be planted at urban parks and roadsides because of their high capacity to store and sequester carbon and their low maintenance as shown by the local authorities. This study has shown ways to assess the actual role of urban trees in reducing carbon and mitigate climate change as well as reduce the burden of maintenance for local authorities and decision makers. The implication would be better management plans for urban forestry in Malaysia for the future.
Puzzles in quarkonium hadronic transitions with two pion emission

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The anomalously large rates of some hadronic transitions from quarkonium are studied using QCD multipole expansion (QCDME) in the framework of a constituent quark model which has been successful in describing hadronic phenomenology. The hybrid intermediate states needed in the QCDME method are calculated in a natural extension of our constituent quark model based on the Quark Confining String (QCS) scheme. Some of the anomalies are explained due to the presence of an hybrid state with a mass near the mass of the decaying resonance whereas other are justified by the presence of molecular components in the wave function. Some unexpected results are pointed out.
Beyond the enhanceosome: cluster of novel κB sites downstream of the human IFN-β gene is essential for lipopolysaccharide-induced gene activation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The expression of interferon-β (IFN-β) in virus-infected HeLa cells established a paradigm of multifactorial gene regulation, in which cooperative assembly of transcription factors (TFs) at the composite DNA element (enhanceosome), is central for amplification of weak activating signals provided by individual TFs. However, whether the same TFs and the same DNA element are essential for IFN-β induction in response to bacterial stimuli are less well understood. Here we report that rapid and transient transcription of IFN-β in response to TLR4 stimulation with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) follows nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) RelA activation and recruitment to the IFN-β genomic locus at multiple spatially separated regulatory regions. We demonstrate that the IFN-β enhanceosome region is not sufficient for maximal gene induction in response to LPS and identify an essential cluster of homotypic κB sites in the 3′ downstream of the gene. The cluster is characterized by elevated levels of histone 3 lysine 4 mono-methylation, a chromatin signature of enhancers, and efficiently binds RelA-containing NF-κB complexes in vitro and in vivo. These findings demonstrate that IFN-β gene activation via multifactorial enhanceosome assembly is potentiated in LPS-stimulated cells by NF-κB interactions with all functional κB sites in the locus.
Osmańscy specjaliści polskiego pochodzenia, Karol Bonkowski i Alfred Bieliński, w okresie transformacji Imperium Osmańskiego i ich rola jako „utajonych pośredników” idei modernizacyjnych

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article examines the participation of representatives of the second-generation Polish émigrés in the Ottoman political and social transformations at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries (Karol Bonkowski [1841–1905] and Alfred Bieliński [1862–1934]). Drawing on archival research, this paper analyses a syncretic education model, which equipped these individuals with competencies that allowed them to actively participate in Ottoman reforms based on the European models. These high-level professionals – educated abroad and dedicated to the Ottoman-Turkish mission of reforming a multi-ethnic state – became practically and ideologically involved in constructing a new Ottoman identity in the spirit of a national narrative. Their activities took various forms of transcultural mediation and brokerage. They often constituted a ‘side-effect’ of these individuals’ main professional activities, making them “latent brokers”. By performing their tasks in an environment based on the interaction of different worldviews – where the balance between the various ethnic groups was that of ‘antagonistic coexistence’ – the examined historical actors also negotiated their raison d’être throughout this process.
Management of alternaria blight of senna (Cassiaangustifolia) through fungicides and plant extracts

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

All the fungicides tested caused significant reduction in mycelial growth and conidial germination of Alternaria alternata. Mancozeb proved most effective in reducing mycelial growth and spore germination followed by copper-oxychloride and difoltan. Mancozeb, copper-oxychloride and difoltan were found effective in reducing the disease intensity also. Garlic clove extract was found most effective plant extract in inhibiting the mycelial growth and conidial germination followed by neem and datura leaf extracts. All the plant extracts were found effective in checking the disease significantly over check.
Adaptive charging network for electric vehicles

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We describe a snapshot of an adaptive charging network (ACN) for electric vehicles at Caltech. We overview the system design, from the power distribution system to advanced charger design to control and communication system and the software system that integrates the overall network. We present a simple mathematical formulation of the charging problem. We have collected three months' of baseline charging data from the Caltech ACN. We demonstrate, by simulating a charging algorithm on the baseline data, the large potential benefit of ACN in saving infrastructure costs.
Spatial differences in fatigue‐associated electromyographic behaviour of the human first dorsal interosseus muscle.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Fatigue‐associated electromyographic (EMG) reactions of intrinsic hand muscles were studied during maintained isometric voluntary contractions of normal subjects. Most measurements concerned actions of the first dorsal interosseus (FDI). In a smaller number of subjects, complementary measurements were obtained for adductor pollicis (AP). 2. Measurements were made of isometric force (thumb adduction, index finger abduction and flexion) and of surface EMG amplitudes (AP and FDI) after rectification and smoothing (rsEMG). 3. In the analysis of fatigue, the subjects were required to maintain a steady isometric force (index finger abduction or thumb adduction) of half their maximum voluntary contraction (1/2MVC test) for as long as possible. Average endurance times were 88 +/‐ 19 s (mean +/‐ S.D.) for FDI and 119 +/‐ 29 s for AP (Student's t test, P < 0.02). 4. Pronounced differences in fatigue‐associated EMG behaviour were observed between AP and FDI. In AP the reaction was as expected: a rise of EMG during maintained force (mean rsEMG at end of fatigue test/mean rsEMG at start of test (rsEMG‐FI): 181 +/‐ 64%). In FDI this reaction was seen in half of the recorded cases, the remainder displaying bidirectional changes or a more or less marked decrease of EMG during the endurance task (mean for all cases together: rsEMG‐FI, 103 +/‐ 15%; difference between AP vs. FDI significant, P < 0.01). 5. The unexpected EMG variability of the FDI reactions was further analysed with multiple bipolar recordings of surface EMG. For all the four thoroughly studied subjects, recordings were obtained which showed simultaneously occurring EMG changes in opposite directions (decrease and increase) at different sites of FDI while force was kept constant at 50% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). 6. Further observations on FDI showed that EMGs simultaneously obtained from different recording sites could show dramatic differences in their responses depending on ‘synergistic context’ (e.g. in relation to changes in index finger extension force during maintained abduction at 50% MVC). Evidence for ‘task switching’ (shift in rsEMG distribution, shift in hand muscle synergy) was frequently observed during the performance of the 1/2MVC test. 7. The results indicate that FDI is not handled in a topographically homogeneous manner during the execution of an isometric constant force endurance test. Furthermore, the results suggest that this seemingly simple motor performance can be executed in several alternative manners associated with the activation of different muscle synergies and with different distributions of activity within the FDI.
Numerical Modeling of Pulse-Periodic Nanosecond Discharges

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The first results of the numerical simulation of the Pulse-Periodic Nanosecond discharge in pin-to-pin configuration in 2Dt approximation of the full self-consist system of Navier-Stocks equation for real thermo-chemically non-equilibrium gases, drift-diffusion approximation of the low temperature plasma evolution in external electric and magnetic field and, alternative – arc (spark) discharge model of high-density energy input discharge. The intuitive criteria of the alternative discharge models re-switch are proposed and tested. The pin-to-pin the pulse-periodic nanosecond 5-MHz discharge has been considered for 1 microsecond interval. It was found that rather strong longitudinal non-uniformities of main physical parameters are created at the first corona stage of the interelectrode conducting channel. These nonuniformities reveal long-lived features that have define strong effect on the discharge performance
Well-Defined BisMETAMORPhos PdI–PdI Complex: Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Reactivity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The formation of a bisMETAMORPhos PN-bridged dimeric PdI complex (3) from ligand 1 and Pd(dba)2 is described. The addition of 1 to Pd(dba)2 initially leads to the formation of Pd0 complex 2, which has a highly distorted tetrahedral environment and binds two neutral ligands 1. Complex 2 converts to {PdI}2 complex 3 upon heating. Complex 3 consists of a completely flat Pd-Pd core, with a Pd-Pd bond length of 2.6199(4) Å, and the Pd centers display a highly distorted square planar coordination environment. The formation of complex 3 from 2 is suggested to proceed via an in situ comproportionation pathway. Initial decoordination of one ligand from 2 followed by oxidative addition of one neutral coordinated ligand arm leads to a 1-PdIIH complex. Insertion of free dba into the Pd-H bond generates a 1-PdIIdba complex that releases 1,5-diphenylpent-1-en-3-one via intra- or intermolecular protonolysis. Concomitantly, comproportionation with 1-Pd0 yields 3. Complex 3 was found to function as a precatalyst in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of p-chloroacetophenone with good conversions.
Constraints on the representation of anaphoric definiteness in Mandarin Chinese

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There is increasing evidence that languages may use distinct forms to encode definiteness in instances of anaphoric and non-anaphoric definiteness, for example, distinct determiners, or bare classifier vs. bare noun patterns. This chapter considers a recent, prominent claim in Jenks (2018) that such distinctions are systematically encoded in Mandarin Chinese via the presence vs. absence of demonstratives with a noun, and regulated by a principle Index!, which requires the use of overt marking of referential indices. The chapter argues that there is greater optionality in the forms used to represent definite NPs in Mandarin than assumed in Jenks' characterization, and that alternations between definite bare nouns and demonstrative-marked nouns are affected by issues of discourse coherence and parsing expectations.
Wittgenstein and Moore

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Ludwig Wittgenstein first encountered G. E. Moore when he came to Cambridge in autumn 1911. Despite the fact that Moore was considerably older than Wittgenstein, they became friends and their relationship soon became one in which Wittgenstein was the teacher and Moore the pupil. But while they met regularly for philosophical discussion and Wittgenstein greatly valued Moore's presence at his lectures, he did not engage much with Moore's philosophical position, presumably because he still judged Moore's general approach to philosophy to be unprofitable. He did, however, think that Moore had had some important insights whose value he (Moore) had not been able to exploit properly, and On Certainty shows Wittgenstein separating out Moore's mistakes from his insights concerning knowledge and certainty and then developing the latter. It is Moore's proof and Moore's defence which provide the initial dialectical context for Wittgenstein's accounts of knowledge and certainty. It is worth mentioning some of the main themes of Moore's position, and then bringing in his debates with Norman Malcolm, before concentrating on Wittgenstein's discussion.
Precision and Accuracy of Visual Foliar Injury Assessments

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study compared three measures of foliar injury: (i) mean percent leaf area injured of all leaves on the plant, (ii) mean percent leaf area injured of the three most injured leaves, and (iii) the proportion of injured leaves to total number of leaves. For the first measure, the variation caused by reader biases and day‐to‐day variations were compared with the innate plant‐to‐plant variation. Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Pinto’), pea ( Pisum sativum ‘Little Marvel’), radish ( Rhaphanus sativus ‘Cherry Belle’), and spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ‘Northland’) plants were exposed to either 3 µ L L −1 SO 2 or 0.3 µ L L −1 ozone for 2 h. Three leaf readers visually assessed the percent injury on every leaf of each plant while a fourth reader used a transparent grid to make an unbiased assessment for each plant. The mean leaf area injured of the three most injured leaves was highly correlated with all leaves on the plant only if the three most injured leaves were <100% injured. The proportion of leaves injured was not highly correlated with percent leaf area injured of all leaves on the plant for any species in this study. The largest source of variation in visual assessments was plant‐to‐plant variation, which ranged from 44 to 97% of the total variance, followed by variation among readers (0–32% of the variance). Except for radish exposed to ozone, the day‐to‐day variation accounted for <18% of the total. Reader bias in assessment of ozone injury was significant but could be adjusted for each reader by a simple linear regression ( R 2 = 0.89–0.91) of the visual assessments against the grid assessments.
Dynamic Modeling of Spatially Varying Shape Memory Alloy Unimorph Actuators

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Shape memory alloys are a class of soft actuators that can recover strain through a phase change and are capable of biomimetic motion. Despite the advantages of these alloys (e.g., high strength-to-weight ratios, inexpensive cost, and small form factor), their major drawbacks (e.g., limited deformation, complex modeling, and low operating frequency) have limited their practical use. Incorporating these alloys into morphing structures increases their deformation profile but also increases the complexity of modeling. Here, continuous shape memory alloy phase kinetic equations are used to calculate the state of the material and are paired with a dynamic beam model in order to model the dynamic response of these morphing structures. A constant cross section, varying cross section, and series combination actuators are experimentally tested in order to assess the model’s accuracy for varying actuator dimensions. The root mean square errors were 1.60 mm and 1.65 mm for a constant cross section and varying cross section actuator, respectively. Additionally, two unimorph actuators were combined in series and experimentally tested with a payload mass of 10 g and 30 g resulting in an average root mean square error of 1.00 mm and 0.73 mm with a displacement of 21.14 mm and 10.48 mm, respectively. This model proves to be accurate for a variety of actuator configurations and external conditions, which enables shape memory alloy morphing actuators to be more easily designed and implemented in soft robotics and other systems.
The characteristics of the heavy rainfall-induced landslides in Izumozaki area, Niigata, Japan-GIS using comparison between 2004 July failures and the past ones-

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

2004年7月13日に新潟県中越地域では強い前線の活動による集中豪雨が発生した。その雨量は24時間で400mmに達し, 堤防の破堤による河川氾濫をもたらし, アジア航測による空中写真判読では3, 359箇所以上の崩壊も発生させた。写真判読と現地調査により二つのタイプの崩壊が確認された。つまり, ひとつは表層崩壊であり, 2つは深層崩壊で, 後者は特に泥流をともなうものであった。本研究ノートでは, 出雲崎地域に焦点をあてて議論する。なぜなら, この地域は2004年7月豪雨による代表的な崩壊発生地域のひとつであることと, 1961年8月と1976年, 1978年にも豪雨崩壊が発生したためである。そこで, 筆者らは, 出雲崎地域の空中写真の1962年撮影 (1961年豪雨の1年後) , 1982年撮影 (1976-1978年豪雨崩壊を含む) , および2004年撮影 (7月豪雨直後) のそれぞれを判読し, GISを使用して, それぞれの年代の崩壊の分布を比較し, その分布と地形や地質との関連を検討した。
Localization using signals of opportunity from FM transmitters

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The focus of this project, Localization Using Signals of opportunity from FM Transmitters, is to write up a graphic user interface (GUI) for displaying the localization information available from test results obtained from FM radio signals. The objective is to make use of time difference of arrival (TDOA) concepts to calculate and display the expected location of the user. The tools used for collecting various FM signals include GNU radio, Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) and the respective receiver antennas for FM radio signals. GNU radio is used together with USRP to receive and convert the RF signals from FM radio spectrum and which in turn is analyzed using MATLab to process the spectrum and to identify the TDOA of the respective signals. With the calculation of TDOA of a set of signal records, an imaginary hyperbola would be generated around the 2 reference points used for the set and the localization information of the user during the set of tests would be identified.
Hey Building! Novel Interfaces for Parametric Design Manipulations in Virtual Reality

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Parametric Design enables designers to formulate and explore new ideas through parameters, typically by manipulating numerical values. However, visualising and exploring the design space of an established parametric design solution is natively difficult through desktop displays for designers due to screen space constraints and requiring familiarity with visual-language programming interfaces. Thus, we sought to explore Virtual Reality (VR), inspired by Natural User Interfaces (NUI), to develop and explore new interfaces departing from traditional programming interfaces, that could complement the spatial and embodied affordances of contemporary VR devices. Informed by two industry-led focus groups with architects we developed and examined the usability of three different interfaces: 1) Paramaxes , an axes-based interface that allows designers to distribute and manipulate parameter visualisations around them in physical space; 2) ParamUtter , a Voice-based User Interface (VUI) that allows designers to manipulate parameter visualisations through natural languages; 3) Control Panel , which presents the parameters as sliders in a scrollable pane and acts as baseline comparison. We ran an exploratory study with experts and found that the Control Panel was ultimately the preferred interface for a design manipulation task. However, participants commented favorably towards qualities in the unconventional interfaces, with ParamUtter scoring highest in System Usability Scores (SUS), and participants valuing the potential of using physical space to explore design spaces with Paramaxes .
LLM Platform Security: Applying a Systematic Evaluation Framework to OpenAI's ChatGPT Plugins

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Large language model (LLM) platforms, such as ChatGPT, have recently begun offering an app ecosystem to interface with third-party services on the internet. While these apps extend the capabilities of LLM platforms, they are developed by arbitrary third parties and thus cannot be implicitly trusted. Apps also interface with LLM platforms and users using natural language, which can have imprecise interpretations. In this paper, we propose a framework that lays a foundation for LLM platform designers to analyze and improve the security, privacy, and safety of current and future third-party integrated LLM platforms. Our framework is a formulation of an attack taxonomy that is developed by iteratively exploring how LLM platform stakeholders could leverage their capabilities and responsibilities to mount attacks against each other. As part of our iterative process, we apply our framework in the context of OpenAI's plugin (apps) ecosystem. We uncover plugins that concretely demonstrate the potential for the types of issues that we outline in our attack taxonomy. We conclude by discussing novel challenges and by providing recommendations to improve the security, privacy, and safety of present and future LLM-based computing platforms. The full version of this paper is available online at https://arxiv.org/abs/2309.10254