jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Collaborative Pilot Platform for Data Annotation and Enrichment in Viticulture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

It took some time indeed, but the research evolution and transformations that occurred in the smart agriculture field over the recent years tend to constitute the latter as the main topic of interest in the so-called Internet of Things (IoT) domain. Undoubtedly, our era is characterized by the mass production of huge amounts of data, information and content deriving from many different sources, mostly IoT devices and sensors, but also from environmentalists, agronomists, winemakers, or plain farmers and interested stakeholders themselves. Being an emerging field, only a small part of this rich content has been aggregated so far in digital platforms that serve as cross-domain hubs. The latter offer typically limited usability and accessibility of the actual content itself due to problems dealing with insufficient data and metadata availability, as well as their quality. Over our recent involvement within a precision viticulture environment and in an effort to make the notion of smart agriculture in the winery domain more accessible to and reusable from the general public, we introduce herein the model of an aggregation platform that provides enhanced services and enables human-computer collaboration for agricultural data annotations and enrichment. In principle, the proposed architecture goes beyond existing digital content aggregation platforms by advancing digital data through the combination of artificial intelligence automation and creative user engagement, thus facilitating its accessibility, visibility, and re-use. In particular, by using image and free text analysis methodologies for automatic metadata enrichment, in accordance to the human expertise for enrichment, it offers a cornerstone for future researchers focusing on improving the quality of digital agricultural information analysis and its presentation, thus establishing new ways for its efficient exploitation in a larger scale with benefits both for the agricultural and the consumer domains.
The association of cosmetic-related lacrimal sac black deposits with primary-acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction and dry eye disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: To determine the incidence of cosmetic-related lacrimal sac black deposits (LSBDs) in primary-acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) biopsies and the role of LSBD in the pathogenesis of PANDO, in addition to their association with dry eye disease (DED).METHODS: A clinicopathological study included all patients who underwent surgical management of PANDO. We excluded patients in whom lacrimal sac biopsy was not taken during the surgery. Lacrimal sac tissues were evaluated for the presence of LSBD and related inflammation, with correlation to the demographics, clinical presentation, and pre-operative clinical assessment of dry eye. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant.RESULTS: Of the 177 PANDO specimens, black deposit aggregates were noted in the sac stroma of 61 lacrimal sac specimens (34.5%; 95% confidence interval: 27.5–47.5). LSBDs were significantly more common in females (P < 0.001). The age, residence, past ailments, and laterality were not associated with LSBD. Dry eye was more common with LSBD (P = 0.004). Other presenting symptoms were not significantly associated with LSBD. The stromal black deposits in biopsies were mostly extracellular or in macrophages. The LSBD in only 10 specimens demonstrated birefringence. Energy dispersive spectroscopy determined that carbon and sulfur were the main elements in the black aggregates.CONCLUSION: Cosmetic-related LSBD is unlikely to play a role in the pathogenesis of PANDO. However, they were significantly associated with DED.
Measuring Money Growth When Financial Markets Are Changing

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article considers constructing monetary aggregates in the presence of financial market innovations and changes in the relationship between individual assets and output. We propose two procedures for constructing a monetary aggregate with the objective of providing a reliable monetary leading indicator of nominal GDP. In the first, subaggregates discretely switch in and out; in the second, the aggregate's growth is a time-varying weighted average of the growth of the subaggregates, where the weights follow a multivariate random walk. These procedures are used to examine augmenting M2 with stock and/or bond mutual funds. The alternative aggregates are broadly similar to M2, but during 1992–1993 they outperform M2.
Proxy Advisory Firms, Governance, Market Failure, and Regulation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Proxy advisory firms developed due to market failures underlying voting and corporate governance more broadly. However, these firms, which have not been subject to mandatory regulation, reflect their own market failures, emphasizing challenges underlying corporate governance. We highlight underlying frictions, such as economies of scale and public goods aspects to information production, the import of incentive conflicts faced by the advisory firms, their power, and the implications of their recommendations and votes by different types of investors. Asset managers emphasizing stewardship are more supportive of management than are proxy advisors. We highlight the evolving regulatory environment and limitations of one-size-fits-all recommendations. (JEL G34, G38, G24, H4) Received October 31, 2019; editorial decision October 17, 2020 by Editor Andrew Ellul.
Comparative Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationships of Ceriops Species (Rhizophoraceae) and Avicennia lanata (Acanthaceae): Insight into the Chloroplast Genome Evolution between Middle and Seaward Zones of Mangrove Forests

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ceriops and Avicennia are true mangroves in the middle and seaward zones of mangrove forests, respectively. The chloroplast genomes of Ceriops decandra, Ceriops zippeliana, and Ceriops tagal were assembled into lengths of 166,650, 166,083 and 164,432 bp, respectively, whereas Avicennia lanata was 148,264 bp in length. The gene content and gene order are highly conserved among these species. The chloroplast genome contains 125 genes in A. lanata and 129 genes in Ceriops species. Three duplicate genes (rpl2, rpl23, and trnM-CAU) were found in the IR regions of the three Ceriops species, resulting in expansion of the IR regions. The rpl32 gene was lost in C. zippeliana, whereas the infA gene was present in A. lanata. Short repeats (<40 bp) and a lower number of SSRs were found in A. lanata but not in Ceriops species. The phylogenetic analysis supports that all Ceriops species are clustered in Rhizophoraceae and A. lanata is in Acanthaceae. In a search for genes under selective pressures of coastal environments, the rps7 gene was under positive selection compared with non-mangrove species. Finally, two specific primer sets were developed for species identification of the three Ceriops species. Thus, this finding provides insightful genetic information for evolutionary relationships and molecular markers in Ceriops and Avicennia species.
Unﬁnished business: Peacebuilding, accountability, and rule of law in Lebanon

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Much of the time, transitional justice measures are developed alongside the implementation of peace agreements and peacebuilding efforts, and are expected by their framers and advocates to contribute to peace. The claim is that accountability measures can help to deter future violence and prevent revenge attacks, demonstrate and help to reinstall the rule of law and democracy, and contribute in so doing to longer-term stability. And indeed, transitional justice measures are expected to work alongside specific measures of peacebuilding, such as rule of law promotion, security sector reform, and disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of excombatants, and increasingly those developing such measures of peacebuilding are expected to take transitional justice measures into account. What happens, however, when a transitional justice measure is developed decades after the end of the conflict, where such standard measures of peacebuilding were not pursued, or are incomplete? Can a transitional justice mechanism have the desired effects? And what if that mechanism is not designed to address the wide range of past crimes, but a more recent subset? This chapter considers the prospects for the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) to have any serious impact on the country itself, against the backdrop of long-term, but unconsolidated, peacebuilding or reconstruction efforts. It argues that while Lebanon has undergone extensive reconstruction since the end of its brutal civil war, no serious peacebuilding efforts were undertaken, meaning that many of the changes a post-conflict society is expected to undergo, arising from demobilization of large numbers of fighters, reform of the justice and security sector, did not take place. In this context, accountability for the abuses of the war and in the 15 years after it in which the country was under Syrian occupation has yet to take place and seems unlikely. The STL is nonetheless often expected to operate as a mechanism analogous to ordinary transitional justice mechanisms, yet it does not have the remit to address the legacy of conflict and occupation, but rather only the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri and related assassinations. It seems unlikely that it can have the effect expected of transitional justice mechanisms and ascribed by its advocates to it as well, of promoting human rights and accountability, and even peacebuilding, in the affected country. Rather, after two decades of reconstruction, the tribunal is unlikely to contribute to peace, and may run the risk of promoting conflict should it try defendants, whether in person or in absentia.
The Helmholtz resonator revisited

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Helmholtz resonances are cavity resonances. They have played an important role in the development of acoustics and are now used in technical applications. They also contribute to the sound quality of some musical instruments. Investigations of resonance frequencies are fundamental in the field of physics education and didactics. Using conventional equipment, we have explored the resonances of several cavity resonators. The resonances were excited in different ways and we have compared our observations with theoretical results. Especially end corrections and the transition from volume resonators to linear pipes were investigated and are discussed. The presented experiments are well suited for classroom demonstrations and student projects.
Dryopterin, ein neuartiges C17-Flavan aus Dryopteris filix-mas / Dryopterin, a Novel C17-Flavan from Dryopteris filix-mas

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, Polypodiaceae, Flavan, Dihydrocoumarin, Lactone From acetone extracts of fresh aerial parts of Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott a flavan-3-ol was isolated. Its structure was elucidated as 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-4,8-dihydro-xy-2H-pyrano[4,3,2-ife]-l-benzopyran-2-one by means of spectroscopic methods including l3C-NMR.
Gauge phonon dominated resistivity in twisted bilayer graphene near magic angle

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Recent experiments on twisted bilayer graphene (tBG) close to magic angle show that a small relative rotation in a van der Waals heterostructure greatly alters its electronic properties. We consider various scattering mechanisms and show that the carrier transport in tBG is dominated by a combination of charged impurities and acoustic gauge phonons. Charged impurities still dominate at low temperature and densities because of the inability of Dirac fermions to screen long-range Coulomb potentials at charge neutrality; however, the gauge phonons dominate for most of the experimental regime because although they couple to current, they do not induce charge and are therefore unscreened by the large density of states close to magic angle. We show that the resistivity has a strong monotonically decreasing carrier density dependence at low temperature due to charged impurity scattering, and weak density dependence at high temperature due to gauge phonons. Away from charge neutrality, the resistivity increases with temperature, while it does the opposite close to the Dirac point. A non-monotonic temperature dependence observed only at low temperature and carrier density is a signature of our theory that can be tested in experimentally available samples.
An Integrity System Framework for the FIFA World Cups

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Integrity has been a long-standing issue for many international sports bodies (Pielke, 2016). FIFA, the international governing body of world football, represents no exception. For many commentators, FIFA has regularly indicated a lack of ethical and good governance practices over its past (Bason et al., 2018; Tomlinson, 2014). For instance, FIFA only introduced a code of ethics for the first time in 2004 and an independent ethical committee in 2006 after controversies with the company International Sport and Leisure (Bayle and Rayner, 2018; Tomlinson, 2014). In comparison, the IOC, forced by the Salt Lake City scandal, adopted substantial governance reforms in 1999 by setting up an ethics commission, drawing up a code of ethics to sanction unacceptable behaviours, limiting terms of office and stakeholders’ representation (Chappelet, 2016). This led (Tomlinson, 2014, p. 1161) to note that “ethical issues have been peripheral to FIFA's concerns for most of its history” and “the culture of corruption and personal gain has long been endemic in the FIFA ‘family” (p. 1162).
The Role of BIM in Integrating Digital Twin in Building Construction: A Literature Review

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Today, construction is essential to every economy since it employs many workers and significantly contributes to GDP. The construction industry’s efficiency has lagged behind other industries for decades due to low productivity, a lack of research, and poor adoption of advancements. Fortunately, the successful development of digital technologies such as Digital Twin (DT) has facilitated growth in many sectors, and DT has the potential to address challenges in building construction projects. While DT is a virtual replica that provides real-time data and analysis of a physical asset to optimize its performance, Building Information Modeling (BIM) is a collaborative process for creating, managing, and exchanging information throughout a construction project. BIM is the most efficient way to create an accurate, high-value DT and support industry transformation. An integrated DT and BIM platform can improve building design, construction, and performance in the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) sectors. Based on a literature review, this research aims to clarify and differentiate DT from other advanced 3D modeling technologies, such as BIM. Related publications from articles about DT and BIM in the construction industry were selected, identified, and organized after careful research of the relevant scientific databases. The research has three primary objectives: (1) to examine the present applications of DT and BIM in the construction industry; (2) to emphasize the similarities and differences between the two; and (3) to develop solutions and design methods for BIM and DT integration in building construction.
Make it easy: the effect of prospectus readability on IPO performance

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose Understanding the determinants of a corporate initial public offering (IPO) success is essential for reducing investors' valuation uncertainty when participating in share offerings. In this sense, this study contributes to the existing debate by examining IPO prospectus readability. The authors specifically investigate how clear and more informative insights into pure corporate key financial numbers can lead to a higher valuation for the company after the listing process. Design/methodology/approach Through a sample of European IPOs, the authors employ a cross-sectional regression to test the relationship between prospectus readability through the Flesch reading ease (FRE) score and companies' market-to-book ratio at the period end date after the listing process. Findings The study findings show a positive impact of higher readability on the post-IPO market-to-book ratio. Thus, clear and more informative communication results in stocks being traded at a premium to their book value. This study presents a concrete call for firms to increase corporate documents’ readability to mitigate the risk of withdrawing or spoiling corporate market access. Specifically, enhanced clarity and transparency increase investors' confidence, facilitating a better understanding of companies' intrinsic value and the overall IPO process. The authors conducted several tests to validate the results. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is among the first works to explore the relationship between the readability of corporate prospectus and the sustained IPO success in the European context.
The Development of Confederate Ship Construction : An Archaeological and Historical Investigation of Confederate Ironclads Neuse and Jackson

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Southern shipbuilding in 1861 was comparable to construction throughout the United States. Confederate ships early in the war show continuity of these traditions, but beginning in 1862, wartime stimuli created a distinct Confederate shipbuilding style. This thesis examines changes in the Confederacy's conceptual approach to construction by tracing pre-war shipbuilding traditions and popular trends in naval architecture. As a consequence of shipbuilders' conservative nature, ships' structural systems and assembly order change gradually, allowing traditions to be traced. A decentralized shipbuilding program led to high levels of variability between Confederate ships, even among vessels of the same class. Local shipbuilders used vernacular methods to expedite construction. Historical and archaeological examination of the CSS Neuse and Jackson, two diamond hull ironclads today housed in museums, identified the progression of Confederate shipbuilding and the non-traditional features in their construction.
Propagation and source of Pc5 frequency range pulsation at cusp latitude

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Two induction magnetometers have been installed at Chinese Zhongshan Station and Australia Davis Station, Antarctica respectively. We adopt the cross-spectral analysis technique to analyze the data of the two induction magnetometers, in June, September, December 1996 and March 1997, and to investigate Pc5 frequency range pulsation (150 600 s) occurrence and propagation in cusp latitude. The results are summarized as follows: At Zhongshan-Davis Station, the magnetic pulsations in Pc5 frequency band can occurs over a wide time, but more frequently at pre local magnetic noon and pre local magnetic midnight. The Pc5 pulsations have no significant seasonal variation in the amplitude, occurrence and propagation. The amplitude has a small peak at pre local magnetic noon and large value sometimes at pre local magnetic midnight. In daytime, the Pc5 pulsations propagate westward in morning and eastward in afternoon, and reversal at local magnetic noon. In nighttime, the Pc5 pulsations propagate westward before 20:00 MLT and eastward after 20:00 MLT. Near dusk time, the Pc5 pulsations propagate irregularly. These characteristics indicate that the Pc5 pulsations have different source at different local magnetic time.
PGE1 and E3 show lower efficacies than E2 to β‐catenin‐mediated activity as biased ligands of EP4 prostanoid receptors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The 2‐series of prostaglandin E ( PGE 2 ) is regarded as a pro‐cancer prostanoid, whereas the 1‐series ( PGE 1 ) and the 3‐series ( PGE 3 ) are considered to act as anti‐cancer prostanoids. In the present study, we provide possible reasons why PGE 1 and PGE 3 , but not PGE 2 , exert anti‐cancer effects by focusing on each diverged E‐type prostanoid ( EP )4 receptor‐mediated signaling pathway. PGE 1 , PGE 2 and PGE 3 function as full agonists in terms of G αs ‐ and G αi ‐protein‐mediated signaling. However, PGE 1 and PGE 3 function as partial agonists of T‐cell factor ( TCF )/β‐catenin (β‐cat)‐mediated activity, the well‐known cancer‐related signaling pathway. Furthermore, pretreatment with PGE 1 or PGE 3 almost completely reduces PGE 2 ‐induced TCF /β‐cat activity. These results provide a plausible reason why PGE 1 and PGE 3 function as anti‐cancer prostanoids as a result of novel biased activity for EP 4 receptors.
Efficacy of the murine version of E2814 in a validated AD brain seed‐injection model in hTau mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background As Alzheimer’s disease progresses, pathological tau spreads through the brain via synaptically connected pathways. Tau proteins containing the microtubule binding region (MTBR) may be essential to form extracellular ‘seeds’ that initiate and propagate pathology. To simulate this process preclinically, we have further characterised an AD brain‐derived seed‐injection in vivo model using hTau mice that overexpress all six isoforms of human wild‐type tau (Andorfer et al., 2003). In further follow up studies, mice were treated with the 7G6‐IgG2a antibody, which is the murine counterpart of E2814, an anti‐tau antibody currently in clinical trials that recognises the MTBR (Roberts et al., 2020). Method In a validation study, insoluble fraction or whole homogenate from human AD brain (‘seed’) was directly injected into the left hippocampus of 6‐month‐old hTau mice or their tau null littermates. At different times after seed injection, the generation of insoluble tau was quantified in selected brain regions (hippocampus and cortex) by western blotting following tissue fractionation with detergents. In a subsequent therapeutic intervention study, animals were treated peripherally with a control mouse IgG2a antibody or 7G6‐IgG2a at different doses (3, 10, and 40 mg/kg). Levels of insoluble tau in the hippocampus and cortex were quantified as described above. Terminal CSF was also collected to measure target engagement of antibody. Additionally, immunohistochemistry using the AT8 antibody that detects pathological forms of phospho‐tau proteins was performed on brains from a limited number of animals receiving the highest dose of control IgG2a or 7G6‐IgG2a. Result AD brain insoluble fraction was superior to homogenate when used as a seed in the hTau mouse. Peripheral treatment of seeded hTau mice with the 7G6‐IgG2a antibody (40 mg/kg) resulted in a significant reduction of insoluble tau in multiple brain regions. Antibody target engagement also increased in the CSF from treated animals in a dose‐dependent manner. Conclusion AD seed‐injection in hTau mice has been further validated and can be used in therapeutic intervention studies. The murine version of E2814, 7G6‐IgG2a, reduced pathological tau seeding and spreading in this model. The nonclinical data obtained here further supports E2814 being tested in clinical trials.
Supplemental material for: Sublethal hyperthermia transiently disrupts Cortisol steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells. Mendeley Data Repository 2022. Deposited November 7th 2022

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Supplemental material for publication 'Sublethal hyperthermia transiently disrupts Cortisol steroidogenesis in adrenocortical cells'