jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
AN INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC THEORY AND LANGUAGEACQUISITION. Stephen Crain and Diane Lillo-Martin. Oxford: Blackwell,1999. Pp. xii + 424. $36.95 paper.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This enjoyable, informative book would serve as an excellent introductory text in a beginning course on language acquisition or linguistics. The content is somewhat narrower than the title suggests: The book deals exclusively with L1 acquisition, and its focus is Chomskyan syntax and Universal Grammar, with a bit of semantics presented toward the end (i.e., phonology is not addressed). Most of the data is from English, though other languages are explored (e.g., French, Japanese), with three very interesting chapters on American Sign Language.
The cloud cover and meteorological parameters at the Lenghu site on the Tibetan Plateau

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT The cloud cover and meteorological parameters serve as fundamental criteria for an astronomical observatory working in optical and infrared wavelengths. In this paper, we present a systematic assessment of key meteorological parameters at the Lenghu astronomical observing site on the Tibetan Plateau. The data sets adopted includes the meteorological parameters collected at the local weather stations at the site and in the Lenghu Town, the sky brightness acquired by the Sky Quality Meters and all-sky images from a digital camera, the ERA5 reanalysis data base, and global climate monitoring data. From 2019 to 2023, the fractional observable time of photometric condition is 69.70 per cent, 74.97 per cent, 70.26 per cent, 74.27 per cent, and 65.12 per cent, respectively, which is influenced by a variety of meteorological parameters. Large-scale air–sea interactions affect the climate at Lenghu site, which in fact delivers a clue to understand the irregularity of 2023. Specifically, precipitable water vapour at Lenghu site is correlated to both the westerly wind index and the summer North Atlantic Oscillation index, the yearly average temperature of Lenghu site is observed to increase significantly during the occurrence of a strong El Niño event, and the relative humidity anomaly at Lenghu site is correlated to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index. The decrease of fractional observing time in 2023 was due to the ongoing strong El Niño event and relevant global climate change. We underscore the substantial role of global climate change in regulating astronomical observing conditions and the necessity for long-term continuous monitoring of the astronomical meteorological parameters at Lenghu site.
Infeasibility driven approach for bi-objective evolutionary optimization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Infeasibility driven approach is proposed in this paper for constrained bi-objective optimization using evolutionary algorithm. The idea is motivated from one of the constraint handling techniques in which infeasible solutions are preserved in the population for focusing the optimal solution lying on the boundary of feasible region. In the proposed approach, extreme solutions of the current non-dominated front are allowed to recombine only with extreme infeasible solutions. This restricted mating is expected to generate offspring towards the "Paretooptimal" front and reduces number of generations required to evolve comparative results against existing multi-objective evolutionary algorithm (MOEA). Although the proposed approach is generic and can be coupled with any MOEA, but for bench-marking purpose it is coupled with NSGA-II (refer as IDMOEA) and is tested on four engineering optimization problems. On an average for 30 different runs, IDMOEA shows quicker convergence than NSGA-II with equivalent quality of solutions assessed by indicator analysis.
Origin of oxygen-redox and transition metals dissolution in Ni-rich LixNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathode

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, Ni-rich LiNixCoyMn1−x−yO2 (x ≥ 0.8) draw significant research attention as cathode materials in lithium-ion batteries due to their superiority in energy density. However, the oxygen release and the transition metals (TMs) dissolution during the (dis)charging process lead to serious safety issues and capacity loss, which highly prevent its application. In this work, we systematically explored the stability of lattice oxygen and TM sites in LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811) cathode via investigating various vacancy formations during lithiation/delithiation, and properties such as the number of unpaired spins (NUS), net charges, and d band center were comprehensively studied. In the process of delithiation (x = 1 → 0.75 → 0), the vacancy formation energy of lattice oxygen [Evac(O)] has been identified to follow the order of Evac(O–Mn) &gt; Evac(O–Co) &gt; Evac(O–Ni), and Evac(TMs) shows a consistent trend with the sequence of Evac(Mn) &gt; Evac(Co) &gt; Evac(Ni), demonstrating the importance of Mn to stabilize the structural skeleton. Furthermore, the |NUS| and net charge are proved to be good descriptors for measuring Evac(O/TMs), which show linear correlations with Evac(O) and Evac(TMs), respectively. Li vacancy plays a pivotal role on Evac(O/TMs). Evac(O/TMs) at x = 0.75 vary extremely between the NiCoMnO layer (NCM layer) and the NiO layer (Ni layer), which correlates well with |NUS| and net charge in the NCM layer but aggregates in a small region in the Ni layer due to the effect of Li vacancies. In general, this work provides an in-depth understanding of the instability of lattice oxygen and transition metal sites on the (104) surface of Ni-rich NCM811, which might give new insights into oxygen release and transition metal dissolution in this system.
Differential enhancement of early and late components of the cerebral somatosensory evoked potentials during forced‐paced cognitive tasks in man

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. Cerebral potentials evoked by random sequences of electrical stimuli to four fingers were recorded in intact man performing selective attention tasks. Eye movements and other artifacts were excluded from the averaged traces. Different finger stimuli were designated as targets to be mentally counted in alternate runs of each experiment. The high mean random rate of stimuli (150/min) fully involved the processing capacities of the subject. Vigilance changes or differential expectancy effects were excluded by the reciprocal random design with four different sensory channels. Task‐related enhancements of somatosensory evoked potentials (s.e.p.) components were estimated by comparison with the s.e.p.s to physically identical finger stimuli recorded in runs when the subject attended signals in the opposite hand. The experimental design avoided subject's fatigue. 2. The primary s.e.p. components N 20 and P 45 were not significantly influenced and this excluded centrifugal gating of the corticipetal signals as a mechanism. 3. The earliest task‐related changes in s.e.p. occurred 55‐135 msec (mean 77·7 msec) after the target finger stimuli. In most cases the negative N 140 component was markedly enhanced both for target signals and for non‐targets in the adjacent finger of the same hand. However, in several subjects the targets elicited a positive P 100 component instead. Both N 104 and P 100 were larger at the contralateral parietal focus than ipsilaterally. They were definitely smaller at the vertex and frontal scalp locations. 4. Enhancements of N 140 were not observed in similar random four‐finger experiments carried out at a 4 times slower mean rate, but they occurred in a bisensory paradigm with finger shocks and acoustic clicks at that slower rate. 5. A large positive P 400 component was only elicited by target stimuli. Its voltage was maximum over the parietal region and was equal on both sides. 6. At least three categories of components can be differentiated in the cortical s.e.p. on the basis of their time domains (roughly 18‐70 msec, 70 to 200‐250 msec and over 200 msec after the finger stimuli), cerebral hemispheres topography and cognitive parameters. Verbal instructions defining specific perceptual tasks can to a large extent switch on and off the components of the second and third categories when the processing resources of motivated subjects are fully committed in a well designed forced paced paradigm. In certain individuals physiological evidence for a different ‘stimulus set’ processing of target ( P 100 ) and non‐target ( N 140 ) signals was documented for the first time.
Terahertz coherent radiation from steady-state microbunching in storage rings withX-band radio-frequency system

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The mechanism of steady-state microbunching (SSMB) has been proposed [D. F. Ratner and A. W. Chao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 154801 (2010)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.105.154801] to produce steady-state microbunched beams by using laser modulations in a storage ring for generating coherent radiation with high repetition rate at wavelengths from the submillimeter to extreme ultraviolet range. In the present paper, we analyze the dynamics of the SSMB system with a Hamiltonian and Jacobi matrix approach and identify the original proposal of SSMB as a mechanism with period-1 fixed point in phase space. We then propose an alternative SSMB mechanism with period-2 fixed point, which is able to produce microbunched beams with shorter bunch length and, hence, higher harmonic. Taking the SPEAR3 storage ring as an example, we illustrate the application of the period-2 SSMB to generate terahertz (THz) steady-state coherent radiation in a storage ring using an X-band radio-frequency (rf) system instead of a more technically demanding laser system. Issues covered include choice of rf parameters, system errors, beam lifetime, collective effects, and radiation power evaluation. Compared to the more traditional low-momentum-compaction operation mode, the proposed SSMB scheme potentially promises higher beam current, larger bunching factor, and hence brightness increase of at least 1 order of magnitude.
From front-line defence to back‑foot retreat: the diminishment of local government’s role in social health outcomes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter investigates the diminishment of local government's role in social health outcomes. The 20th century led to radical improvements in public health across England and the United Kingdom (UK). Modern local government in the UK was born out of a growing concern about the links between social conditions and the state of public health. Yet while 'social determinants of health' has become a global discipline, local government has ceded its role over the last decade as its capacity has withered during the time of austerity. The COVID-19 crisis of 2020 has shown the capacity of local government to mobilise anew around public health issues, but its fundamental fiscal and constitutional weaknesses show that a new settlement is needed more than ever.
Improving Reliability of Supercomputer CFD Codes on Unstructured Meshes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper describes a particular technical solution targeted at improving reliability and quality of a highly-parallel computational fluid dynamics code written in C++. The code considered is based on rather complex high-accuracy numerical methods and models for simulation of turbulent flows on unstructured hybrid meshes. The cost of software errors is very high in largescale supercomputer simulations. Reproducing and localizing errors, especially “magic” unstable bugs related with wrong memory access, are extremely problematic due to the large amount of computing resources involved. In order to prevent, or at least notably filter out memory bugs, an approach of increased reliability is proposed for representing mesh data and organizing memory access. A set of containers is proposed, which causes no overhead in the release configuration compared to plain arrays. At the same time, it provides throughout access control in the safe mode configuration and additional compile-time protection from programming errors. Furthermore, it is fully compatible with heterogeneous computing within the OpenCL standard. The proposed approach provides internal debugging capabilities that allow us to localize problems directly in a supercomputer simulation.
Energy-Efficient Transmission for Uplink NOMA in Wireless-Powered D2D Communications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We study energy-efficient resource allocation of overlaying device-to-device (D2D) communication in wireless cellular network. In this system, two D2D users first harvest wireless energy from a base station (BS) and then the far D2D user transmits information to the near D2D user. Besides, the near D2D user transmits information of both two users to the BS via NOMA scheme. Due to the interference of NOMA scheme, maximizing energy efficiency (bits/Joule) of the D2D system is a non-convex problem. We formula the problem taking into account the quality-of-service requirements of the D2D users. Exploiting the fractional programming theory and difference of convex (DC) programming, we obtain a sub-optimal resource allocation policy. Our solution reveals that the optimal energy-efficient D2D communication should occur if the far D2D user transmits information to the near D2D user with the minimal required rate. Simulation results are provided to demonstrate the advantage of energy efficiency of the proposed algorithm comparing with two baseline schemes.
A Mama for Owen: re-addressing adoption creatively in an accordion of visual parallelism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article critically explores the concept of ‘adoption’ via the semiotic analysis of the picture book A Mama for Owen (Bauer and Butler, 2007), which stands here as a testimony of adoption narratives and the ways in which they are creatively re-addressed in the context of children’s literature – as children’s books challenge traditional stories, establishing a contrastive dialogue, they are able ‘to sow and nurture the seeds of social change’ (see Reynolds, Children’s Literature, 2011: 5). The study proposes the application of textual tools of analysis developed in the area of stylistics (see Short, Exploring the Language of Poems, Plays, and Prose, 1996; Simpson, Stylistics: a Resource Book for Students, 2004; Toolan, Language in Literature: An Introduction to Stylistics, 1998) to the examination of the visual mode. In particular, it suggests (partial) visual repetition and visual parallelism as creative tools that are essential here in the process of meaning-making and re-assessment of adoption. The analysis of the visual mode is completed drawing on visual grammar (see Kress and Van Leeuwen, Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design, 2006[1996] and Painter, Children’s Picture Book Narratives: Reading Sequences of Images, 2009) and pictorial metaphors (see Forceville, Pictorial Metaphor in Advertising,1996, and Non-Verbal and Multimodal Metaphor in a Cognitivist Framework: Agendas for Research, 2006). The investigation identifies the semiotic choices at play and their multimodal display in terms of storytelling and narrative progression (see Labov, Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular, 1972) in an accordion-like structure that results in the cognitive power of a work of art. The article ultimately embraces picture books as enriching multimodal narratives that can build more inclusive communities, in this case celebrating the family unit beyond the genetic bond or gender roles.
New trends in warfare and their regulation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The history of warfare would be incomplete without considering the various forms of involvement of private citizens. From ancient mercenaries to free lances in the Middle Ages, private citizens were prevalent in many conflicts that shaped our modern societies. A brief look at the history of the private security industry and its evolution helps understand the phenomenon. The work of private contractors is no longer limited to the provision of static and mobile security. Instead, private contractors are also performing roles such as analyzing intelligence data, operating UAVs and programming weapon systems. Understanding how they are regulated is thus key to addressing potential gaps with regards to state responsibility. The perceived lack of regulation is a key criticism, yet, PMSCs are addressed in international and regional regulatory efforts, through self-regulatory and voluntary initiatives as well as in national regulation.
Euthanasia for Unbearable Psychological Suffering

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this chapter, we focus on the problem of euthanasia because of unbearable psychological suffering. We explain that there are fundamental problems with euthanasia for psychological suffering and that the criteria for euthanasia in the current Belgian legislation are open to much interpretation and (thus) not suitable for euthanasia for psychological suffering. In addition, there are many concerns about the functioning of the Belgian Committee for the evaluation and monitoring of euthanasias carried out.
Known-Groups Validity of the Translated Version of Self-Monitoring: A Comparison of Conservatoire Students and University Students

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The aim of this study was to test the known-groups validity of the Turkish translation of Snyder's 1974 Self-monitoring Scale by administering a translated version to 151 first-year university students (85 men, 66 women) and 39 first year conservatoire students from the School of Theatre (18 men, 21 women). The mean score of the latter group was higher than the mean for regular university students. The finding was regarded as an indicator of known-groups validity.
Microglial Cytokine and NO Production in Hypothermia and Hyperthermia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

炎症性サイトカインや一酸化窒素（NO）は脳障害増悪に関与することが知られている．活性化マイクログリアはこれらの細胞傷害性（炎症性）因子産生を介しニューロン傷害を引き起こす．よって，脳（ニューロン）保護を目的とする脳低温療法の一作用機序に，活性化マイクログリアからの炎症性因子抑制の関与が考えられる．しかし，その機序は未だ明らかでなく，特に抗炎症性サイトカインに対して低温が及ぼす影響は全く不明であった．そこで，本療法による脳保護作用機構を調べる目的で，リポポリサッカライド（LPS）活性化培養マイクログリアからの炎症性および抗炎症性サイトカインとNO産生に低温・高温が及ぼす影響を調べた．その結果，低温下ではマイクログリアからの炎症性サイトカイン（IL-6），抗炎症性サイトカイン（IL-10）およびNO産生が低値を示すことが判明し，脳低温療法による脳保護作用の一機序に，炎症性因子抑制のみでなく，抗炎症性因子抑制も関与する可能性が示唆された．また，高温下ではマイクログリアからのIL-10産生が特異的に増加することも初めて証明した．このIL-10の温度依存性変化は，IL-10が低温下でのニューロン保護効果および高温下でのニューロン傷害増悪において，病態把握のための重要なマーカーになりうることを示唆している．
Characterization of Spinel Phase Formed in the Kaolin‐Mullite Thermal Sequence

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The spinel phase formed on the thermal reaction of kaolin group minerals was characterized by X‐ray quantitative analysis, lattice constant determination, and chemical analysis by analytical TEM. The spinel phase was determined to be nearly γ‐Al 2 O 3 with ∼8 wt% of SiO 2 , significantly less than previously reported.
[Features of adaptive responses in right-handers and left-handers, and their relationship to the functional activity of the brain].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In the article there is considered the relationship between adaptation state of the organism and features of bioelectric activity of the brain in right-handers and left-handers. Practically healthy persons of both genders, 23-45 years of age, with the chronic stress disorder were examined. Adaptation status was evaluated with a computer software "Anti-stress", features of bioelectric brain activity were detected by means of spectral and coherent EEG analysis, also the character of motor and sensory asymmetries was determined. The obtained data showed that the response of the organism to excitators of varying strength is a system one and manifested at different levels; adaptation status and bioelectrical activity in right-handers and left-handers have features.
Research of online teaching management system based on artificial intelligence

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The development of communication technology enables the rapid integration of traditional industries and the Internet industry. With the impact of the current global epidemic, the online teaching platforms have become increasingly important. In order to achieve the integration of various learning resources, we design a python-based online teaching system, which consists of two modules: front-end and back-end. The former displays the information of each learning resource, and the latter provides a platform for administrators to manage the webpage. Specifically, the system adopts a cross-platform and low-cost B/S architecture, the background code utilizes the Python language, the front-end web structure employs the Django framework, and the entire construction process follows the Html5+CSS+JS standard. In addition, the system uses the PyCharm compiler and MySQL database during programming. Finally, the system passes the black-box test during the design process, demonstrating that the functions of each module can be used normally and the practicability of the system can also be guaranteed.
Computer Vision, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning for Wood and Timber Products: A Scopus-Based Bibliometric and Systematic Mapping Review (1983–2026, Early Access)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This systematic mapping review and bibliometric analysis examines Scopus-indexed research on computer vision, image processing, and deep learning applied to wood and timber materials and products. A rule-based Scopus search (TITLE-ABS-KEY, 9 December 2025), combining wood and timber terms with imaging and computer vision terminology, followed by duplicate removal and structured exclusions, retained 1019 papers (1983–2026, early access) covering surface inspection, internal imaging, species identification, processing operations (log-yard/sawmill/panels), automation, dimensional metrology, and image-based property/structure characterization. The papers were classified into nine application categories and three methodological classes using improved rule-based classification with weighted scoring and exclusion rules. Paper output continues to accelerate, with 63.7% of papers published since 2016; Wood Surface Quality Control dominates (48.3%), followed by 3D and Internal Wood Imaging (13.6%), Wood Microstructure and Characterization (10.1%), and Wood Species and Origin Identification (10.6%). Methodologically, classical computer vision prevails (73.6%). Deep learning accounts for 26.4% of the corpus overall and 48.8% of papers from 2023–2026 (early access), while classical computer vision remains prevalent (70.1%) across most categories; the dataset totals 11,961 citations (mean: 11.74 per paper). Validation on 97 papers showed 80.41% accuracy for methodological classification and 70.1% for application categories. We quantitatively map method evolution across the nine categories, introducing a tailored taxonomy and tracking the shift from classical vision to deep learning at the category level. The remaining gaps include dimensional measurement automation, warp detection, sawing optimization, and benchmark datasets, with future directions emphasizing Vision Transformers, multi-modal sensing, edge computing, and explainable AI for certification.