jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of E-Nose, GC-MS, and GC-IMS to Distinguish Star Anise Essential Oil Extracted Using Different Extraction Methods

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this study, star anise (Illicium verum) essential oils (SAEOs) were extracted by hydrodistillation (HD), ethanol solvent extraction (ESE), supercritical CO2 (SCD) and subcritical extraction (SE) via electronic nose (E-nose), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and GC-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). GC-MS and GC-IMS were used to identify the volatile compounds, and GC-MS was also used to determine their concentrations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were used to visualise volatile compounds and differentiate samples. The results showed that anethole and limonene were the main volatile compounds in SAEOs extracted using the four methods and their components were similar, albeit in different proportions. In addition, the fingerprints of their volatile components were established via E-nose and GC-IMS analyses. In general, GC-MS, GC-IMS, and E-nose combined with PCA and LDA analysis could accurately distinguish SAEOs extracted using different extraction methods, and GC-IMS was identified as the most suitable method because of its accuracy and rapidity.
A commentary on the ‘glycosylated haemoglobin and coronary atherosclerosis in non-diabetic patients: is it a prognostic factor?’

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

"A commentary on the ‘glycosylated haemoglobin and coronary atherosclerosis in non-diabetic patients: is it a prognostic factor?’." Acta Cardiologica, 73(3), p. 317
Persistence of staphyloccocus aureus nasal carriage among industrial hog operation workers and their household contacts in North Carolina

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Industrial hog operations (IHOs) are a potential source of exposure to antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). However, the duration of nasal colonization among IHO workers is unknown. In order to better understand nasal carriage patterns, nasal swabs from IHO workers and their household contacts were analyzed for up to four months for the presence of S. aureus and MRSA. Isolates also underwent spa typing and antibiotic resistance testing to determine potential livestock association among isolated bacteria. Results indicate that forty percent of the 175 participants were intermittent carriers and twenty-seven were persistent carriers for S. aureus. None of the participants were persistent carriers for MRSA and eight percent were intermittent carriers. This study demonstrates that nasal carriage of S. aureus can persist among IHO workers and their household contacts over a 4 month period that includes time away from work.
A pediatric experience with endoscopic third ventriculostomy for hydrocephalus.

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Pediatric neuroscience nurses deal with many children with hydrocephalus. This paper will provide a review of hydrocephalus with a specific focus on third ventriculostomy. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is an accepted treatment option for patients with obstructive hydrocephalus. At the Alberta Children's Hospital in Calgary, Alberta, we have been performing ETV for 15 years. This experience has helped us better understand the complications and benefits of ETV. The author will provide data on the complications specific to ETV in pediatric patients at the Alberta Children's Hospital. A case report comparing neurocognitive testing before and after ETV will be shared. An additional case report of a patient with a spontaneous third ventriculostomy will help illustrate our understanding of the natural history of hydrocephalus.
sj-docx-2-tar-10.1177_17534666231218886 – Supplemental material for The diagnostic journey of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients: results from a multinational real-world survey

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Supplemental material, sj-docx-2-tar-10.1177_17534666231218886 for The diagnostic journey of pulmonary arterial hypertension patients: results from a multinational real-world survey by Mark Small, Loïc Perchenet, Alex Bennett and Jörg Linder in Therapeutic Advances in Respiratory Disease
All Roads Lead to Rome: Isomers with Divergent Cathode Modification Mechanisms toward Ohmic Contact

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Cathode interfacial layers (CILs) hold utmost importance for achieving ohmic contact at the organic semiconductor-cathode interface of organic photovoltaic devices. Delving deep into diverse design principles and working mechanisms is of great significance for designing novel CILs with high performance. Herein, two novel nonamine-based CILs are designed: one featuring a cyclopentadiene unit, designated as CIL-cp; while the other, lacking cyclopentadiene, is referred to as CIL-ph, which is an isomer of CIL-cp. The subtle changes in chemical structures result in distinct modification mechanisms toward ohmic contact. On one hand, the robust electron-withdrawing characteristic of cyclopentadiene endows CIL-cp with lower energy levels, resulting in an interfacial dipole at the active layer-CIL-cp interface due to electron transfer from D18 to CIL-cp. On the other hand, CIL-ph exhibits a strong interfacial dipole at the CIL-Ag interface, which significantly reduces the work function (WF) of the silver electrode. Both CIL-cp and CIL-ph demonstrate excellent interfacial modification capability, whereas CIL-cp possesses a stronger electron extraction ability, thus leading to a high power conversion efficiency of 19.31% in the D18:L8-BO system. Our results reveal the distinctive operational mechanism of cyclopentadiene-based CILs, thus offering innovative design ideas for CIL materials.
Image Categorization Using Local Probabilistic Descriptors

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Image categorization involves the well known difficulties with different visual appearances of a single object, but introduces also the problem of within-category variation. This within-category variation makes highly distinctive local descriptors less appropriate for categorization. In this paper we propose a family of local image descriptors, called probabilistic patch descriptors (PPDs). PPDs encode the appearance of image fragments as well as their variability within a category. PPDs extend the usual local descriptors by modelling also the variance of the descriptors' elements, e.g. pixels or bins in a histogram. We apply PPDs to image categorization by using machine learning where the features are the matching scores between images and PPDs. We experiment with two variants of PPDs that are based on complementary local descriptors. An interesting observation is that combining the two PPD variants improves categorization accuracy. Experiments indicate benefits of modelling the within-category variation and show good robustness with respect to noise.
A 3D semantic segmentation network for accurate neuronal soma segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Neuronal soma segmentation plays a crucial role in neuroscience applications. However, the fine structure, such as boundaries, small-volume neuronal somata and fibers, are commonly present in cell images, which pose a challenge for accurate segmentation. In this paper, we propose a 3D semantic segmentation network for neuronal soma segmentation to address this issue. Using an encoding-decoding structure, we introduce a Multi-Scale feature extraction and Adaptive Weighting fusion module (MSAW) after each encoding block. The MSAW module can not only emphasize the fine structures via an upsampling strategy, but also provide pixel-wise weights to measure the importance of the multi-scale features. Additionally, a dynamic convolution instead of normal convolution is employed to better adapt the network to input data with different distributions. The proposed MSAW-based semantic segmentation network (MSAW-Net) was evaluated on three neuronal soma images from mouse brain and one neuronal soma image from macaque brain, demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed method. It achieved an F1 score of 91.8% on Fezf2-2A-CreER dataset, 97.1% on LSL-H2B-GFP dataset, 82.8% on Thy1-EGFP-Mline dataset, and 86.9% on macaque dataset, achieving improvements over the 3D U-Net model by 3.1%, 3.3%, 3.9%, and 2.3%, respectively.
Practicing What We Preach: Using reflective writing as an indicator of learning

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The first term of any preservice teacher education program can be challenging for students in many ways, and learning to read and write in a scholarly way is one potential challenge. This article chronicles events in my secondary education literacy course when I asked students to write in a descriptive, analytical, and reflective way about the experiences that led them to teaching. The assignment was to be forwarded to potential cooperating teachers seeking interns in their classrooms. The stakes were high, and so was the confusion about what it means to write reflectively and how to link such writing to teacher education standards. This forced me to study my own efforts to encourage reflective practice to discover where the gaps in understanding had occurred and how those gaps might be reduced. The self-study experience was enlightening, and I now realize that I can assume nothing about student understanding. The only way to know if understanding has occurred is to ask the right questions and then be prepared to adjust my practice accordingly.
Tokos and Atokion: An Examination of Natural Law Reasoning Against Usury and Against Contraception

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"Natural law," which has been appealed to by catholic theologians in their arguments against both usury and contraception, is examined in this essay. Usury was "tokos" to the Greeks, while what caused contraception was "atokion." Beyond this verbal link, usury and contraception share the bond of having both been condemned as contrary to the natural level of generation. An act of lending is naturally sterile; an act of intercourse naturally fertile. These 2 propositions appeared to be the chief rational support of the absolute prohibition by Catholic theologians of any profit on a loan or of any act preventing intercourse from being fertile. The question arises as to why the argument based on nature seemed so superior; psychological and rhetorical satisfactions would seem to account for the choice. The sacral character of coitus to which the argument finally appeals seems no stronge than the usury argument's appeal to the sacred character of time. The claim that coitus was naturally fertile continued long after acceptance of the marriage of sterile individuals, intercourse during pregnancy, and use of the rhythm method. The argument asserted that contraception was an evil which man could grasp. Values dear to all people were endangered by the practice of contraception, and the argument base on nature stood for this proposition.
Infectious complications after prostate needle biopsy: Predictors of bacteremia and sepsis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e16035 Background: Transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy of the prostate (TRUSBX) remains as the gold standard for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Recent studies have reported that 3-5% of men will suffer an infectious complication requiring hospitalization following TRUSBX. Our objective was to evaluate a large cohort of men hospitalized for post biopsy infection and determine which factors predict septic complications. Methods: Over a 3-year period, a total of 19,143 patients underwent TRUSBX at either a large community urology practice or academic urology department. Two hundred and thirty patients (1.2%) were admitted within 30 days post biopsy, of whom 96 were admitted to our health system hospitals for which hospital records were available. Demographic and clinical information obtained from patients’ charts were recorded in an IRB-approved database. Logistic regression was used to evaluate factors predicting bacteremia and sepsis in a multivariate model. Results: Mean presentation was 3.1 days following TRUSBX. The vast majority presented with fever (94%); some patients complained of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (42%), hematuria (34%), and dysuria (22%). Review of clinical outcomes revealed that 44% had positive blood cultures, 43% progressed to sepsis, and 17% progressed to septic shock. Analysis of risk factors demonstrated that these patients presented significantly sooner after TRUSBX (mean 1.9 vs 3.9 days, p=0.0018). On multivariate analysis, GI symptoms and Charlson comorbidity score were associated with significantly higher risk of progressing to sepsis or septic shock. In fact, men who presented with fever and GI symptoms were 3.4 times more likely to progress to sepsis as compared to men without these symptoms (p=0.0062). Interestingly, maximum temperature, white blood cell count, and history of diabetes were not statistically associated with risk of bacteremia or sepsis. Conclusions: Infection following TRUSBX is a serious and potentially lethal complication. A significant number of patients will progress to sepsis or septic shock. Men who present with GI symptoms (along with fever) and men with significant comorbidities are at highest risk for progression to sepsis.
Pedigreed crosses to estimate recessive virulence allele frequencies in natural populations of gall midges

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Monitoring changes in rare, recessive allele frequencies in natural populations can be accomplished using pedigreed individuals sampled from these populations. A pedigree keeps track of and limits the mating of sampled individuals, to preserve information about the genotype of the sampled individual in the phenotypes of its descendents. To estimate allele frequencies in a natural population using pedigreed crosses, four relations must be specified: (1) a method to determine whether the pedigreed line carries the desired allele; (2) a method to estimate the phenotypic frequency of the trait among the pedigreed lines and a credibility limit for the estimate; (3) the genetic relation between the phenotype frequency among the lines and the allele frequency in the natural population; and (4) a method to estimate the probability that the first method did not detect the trait, assuming that the allele was present in the sampled individual. Knowledge about the segregation patterns of the allele enables specification of (3) and (4). Bayesian statistics were used to estimate the phenotypic frequency of the trait among the pedigreed lines. The method determining whether the pedigreed line carries the desired allele will vary with the species and trait of concern. We focused on monitoring of vGm1 , a recessive autosomal allele, and vGm2 , a recessive sex‐linked allele, which provide virulence against certain rice resistance genes in rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood‐Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). We show how three pedigrees can be used to estimate these allele frequencies. An F 1 field screen challenges the F 1 offspring of sampled individuals on the rice differentials. A P 1 test‐cross mates the sampled individual with a homozygous lab colony for the allele of interest, and evaluates their offspring on the rice differentials. A conditional F 1 test‐cross takes the offspring from pedigrees that were negative in an F 1 field screen, and test‐crosses these offspring with the homozygous laboratory colony. We also indicate how to test for independent assortment when a double (or multiple) homozygote laboratory colony is used in a test‐cross, how to test for differences among samples, and how to pool data to produce a single estimate based on a larger number of pedigreed lines. These methods may encourage the development of a variety of pedigreed monitoring strategies that could improve and prolong the use of scarce plant resistance alleles in rice and other plants.
64. Renovascular Hypertension: An Etiology of Secondary Hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypertension is still becoming major concern in health issues, regarding complication toward cerebral-cardiovascular. Secondary hypertension is type of hypertension with identifiable cause, one of aetiologies is renovascular hypertension caused by stenosis of renal artery. We report a case of 32-years-old women who was diagnosed renovascular hypertension. Our patient had hypertension before age of 30-years. She was referred to nephrology clinic because of having blood-pressure 230/120 mmHg although she didn’t complaint anything and found incidentally due to routine physical examination. For the last 4 years, she had been treated with amlodipine 10 mg, ramipril 10 mg, and hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg, but her lowest blood pressure examinations were 160/90 mmHg. Based on her history, she never had stroke, heart diseases, hyperthyroid, glomerulonephritis, and other diseases. Both of her parents had hypertension that developed after 50 years. Physical examination revealed normal finding except body mass index was 25.34 kg/m 2 . Laboratory examination finding was normal kidney function (e-GFR 115 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ), uACR 87.3 mg/g-creatinine, normal potassium (3.5 meq/L), and no hematuria. Electrocardiogram revealed PVC bigeminy, but abdominal doppler ultrasound showed tardus-parvus renal artery suspected bilateral stenosis. Further examination test of CT angiography of the abdomen confirmed stenosis in left renal artery (76%) and right renal artery (50%). Thus, she was consulted to vascular surgeon to undergo stenting in arteries, proceed to biopsy because of suspected Takayasu arteritis as underlying of that stenosis. Ramipril was stopped, bisoprolol 5 mg od was given as part of drugs combination. Further progress is still observed until this moment.
Synthesis of S-Methyl-L-cysteine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

S Methyl L cysteine was synthesized with L cysteine as the starting material and trimethyl phosphate as the methylating agent. The influence of temperature and pH value on the yield and quality of product was studied. The result showed that racemization was not observed when the pH value was 7 and the reaction temperature was lower than 37°C. This method is suitable for large scale production.
Closure Temperature and Geospeedometry — A Comparative Review

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

When investigating isotopic ages of metamorphic minerals as indicators of cooling history, the traditional expression 'blocking temperature' was replaced by 'closure temperature' (Dodson, 1973) because mineral-isotopic systems do not necessarily open during a thermal pulse at the same temperature at which they close during cooling. For an isotopic dating system the closure temperature Tc may be defined as the system's temperature at the time corresponding to its apparent age. With various simplifying assumptions To may be related to diffusion parameters and grain geometry.The kinetic model presented by Dodson (1973) has antecedents in thermometric interpretations by Gentner et al. (1954) of K-Ar and U-He measurements on sylvites, and in N~el's (1947) analysis of palaeomagnetic blocking temperature. It uses the exponential nature of the Arrhenius relationship to introduce the 'cooling time constant', %, which is the time needed for the diffusion coefficient to diminish by a factor e. In physical terms,at the closure temperature the isothermal diffusion time (very short at high temperatures, very long at low) is comparable with the cooling time constant. Provided metamorphic recrystallisation occurs well above the closure temperature, and the surface concentration of the diffusing component is always zero, the analytic solution for diffusional closure in a grain of size a is: E (A'r~.Do] RT~ = in l, a2 j (1)
The inhomogeneous multispecies PushTASEP: Dynamics and symmetry

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We introduce and study a natural multispecies variant of the inhomogeneous PushTASEP with site-dependent rates on the finite ring. We show that the stationary distribution of this process is proportional to the ASEP polynomials at $q = 1$ and $t = 0$. This is done by constructing a multiline process which projects to the multispecies PushTASEP, and identifying its stationary distribution using time-reversal arguments. We also study symmetry properties of the process under interchange of the rates associated to the sites. These results hold not just for events depending on the configuration at a single time in equilibrium, but also for systems out of equilibrium and for events depending on the path of the process over time. Lastly, we give explicit formulas for nearest-neighbour two-point correlations in terms of Schur functions.
Relationship Between Serum Level of P-Selection and Lysosome Protein and Cerebral Infarction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the serum level of P-selection(CD62P) and lysosome protein(CD63)in the patients with cerebral infarction and its effect on the cerebral infarction.Methods 65 patients and 57 healthy persons as control were enrolled in this study.The serum level and abnormal rate of CD62P and CD63 were determined.Results The serum level of CD62P and CD63 in patients with cerebral infarction was higher than that in normal controls(P0.05).Abnormal rate of CD62P and CD63 in the patients with cerebral infarction was higher than in normal controls(P0.05).Conclusions Serum level of CD62P and CD63 may become an important considerable biological marker to evaluate the severity and prognosis of cerebral infarction.
Machine Hearing: An Emerging Field

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

If we had machines that could hear as humans do, we would expect them to be able to easily distinguish speech from music and background noises, to pull out the speech and music parts for special treatment, to know what direction sounds are coming from, to learn which noises are typical and which are noteworthy. Hearing machines should be able to organize what they hear; learn names for recognizable objects, actions, events, places, musical styles, instruments, and speakers; and retrieve sounds by reference to those names. These machines should be able to listen and react in real time, to take appropriate action on hearing noteworthy events, to participate in ongoing activities, whether in factories, in musical performances, or in phone conversations.
Predicting Behavior of Immunosuppressants in Liver Transplantation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Legend has it that if you ask an Irishman for directions, he will suggest a landmark a mile beyond the destination. In a not too dissimilar fashion, Dr. Tom Starzl, whose mother was Irish, recommended dosing cyclosporine to nephrotoxicity and then reducing the dose. This was before therapeutic monitoring (TDM) was introduced for cyclosporine. It was an inspired observation because it was also before the drug’s mechanism of action was known. Subsequent studies showed that both the desired and undesired effects of cyclosporine were related to its inhibition of calcineurin phosphatase and thus nephrotoxicity was an external marker of the level of immunosuppression. With the advent of assays for cyclosporine, its pharmacokinetic profile was found to be extremely variable and TDM was recommend. Unfortunately drug trough levels, which were used to guide treatment for almost 2 decades, were found not to correlate with either total drug exposure or clinical outcomes.