jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
F-centre electronic energy levels: a pseudopotential calculation for NaCl

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The ground- and excited-state energies of the F-centre in the sodium chloride lattice have been calculated using a Hartree-Fock and pseudopotential formalism. The free-ion Hartree-Fock-Slater orbitals and potential of Na+ and Cl- ions were used. A static undistorted ion model has been considered for the vacancy. The significant features of the calculation are (i) the exchange and pseudopotential have been treated as nonlocal terms; (ii) an energy-dependent pseudopotential Hamiltonian is used and (iii) the point-group symmetry of the vacancy potential is taken into account.
Local scour downstream of weir

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Scour in the sediment bed downstream of a weir is an unfavourable process which can undermine the weir structure. This project aims to investigate the scouring phenomenon downstream of an overflowing weir and how the scouring effect can be reduced. Furthermore, the effect of an apron length will also be studied. Experiments were conducted on an 8.0m by 0.3m wide by 0.6m deep flume with five different flowrates and three different tailwater depths in these runs. The results showed that the scour parameters can be reduced by decreasing the flowrate, increasing the tailwater depth and increasing the apron length. Combining results from previous studies also showed that an increase in the median sediment size also decreases the scour depth. Using the “Predetermined” method, the equilibrium scour time and maximum equilibrium scour depth of the experimental runs can be determined for further analysis. Empirical equations with different variables are then proposed using dimensional and regression analysis on the data collected in this study and other studies to predict the equilibrium scour time and maximum equilibrium scour depth.
Medicinal Plant Resources with Their Novel Therapeutic Applications

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

"The 4000 years old treatise Agnipurana mentions that a man should protect trees to ensure material prosperity and religious merit. The great epics Ramayana and Mahabharata provide a very lucid description of the forest like Dandakaranya. Manadavana and Khandvan. Pipal (Ficusreligiosa) and Babul plants (Acacia nilotica) are considered to ancient times lived in harmony with their ecosystem, which was formed by the forests. The accounts of Indian forests given in these sources are one of richness and abundance and so have little relevance to the present time scarcity sticken condition and complexity of modern forests management. Mismanagement of Indian forests started ever since the beginning of invasion of India by foreign powers and reached its zenith during the Mughal and early British period. For the British, Indian forests were an inexhaustible source of durable and ornamental timber and other forests products. Teak forests along the coast of Malabar were over exploited to meet the requirement of the British Navy. The sandalwood tree of South Indian were exploited for the periods of great devastation of Indian forests. Forests were cut recklessly to meet the increasing demands. As a result, rich productive forests vanished, causing an irreparable damage of the ecosystem and to the people especially the tribals. In the present compilation the attempt has been made to determine the floristic composition, productivity and Biodiversity characterization of Indian forest. "
Development of a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methodology to separate, detect, characterize and quantify PEG‐resveratrol prodrugs and the conjugation reaction precursors and intermediates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A simple and reliable liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) method to monitor pegylation of resveratrol is described. The developed LC/MS method can separate and quantify unmodified MeO‐PEG‐OH, carboxylic acid terminated PEG, resveratrol and PEG‐resveratrol prodrugs. This methodology was able to monitor and determine the extent of conversion of MeO‐PEG‐OH into respective acidic functional derivatives such as MeO‐PEG succinylester acid (MeO‐PEGO‐SuccOH), which was found to be complete. The developed method was also utilised to determine the extent of conjugation of resveratrol to carboxylic acid terminated PEG. The conversion of carboxylic acid terminated PEG into a PEG‐resveratrol conjugate was found to be 100% and 73%, respectively, for MeO‐PEG succinylamide resveratrol (MeO‐PEGN‐Succ‐RSV) and MeO‐PEG succinylester resveratrol (MeO‐PEGO‐Succ‐RSV). The 100% conjugation of MeO‐PEGN‐Succ‐RSV is consistent with the result obtained from a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study. The average molecular weights determined by LC/MS for MeO‐PEG‐OH, MeO‐PEGO‐SuccOH and MeO‐PEGO‐Succ‐RSV were found to be 2108, 2321 and 2423 Da, respectively. These data correlate well with the theoretical values. This methodology proved to be simple and effective in determining the extent of functionalisation of PEG and its conjugation to resveratrol. Overall our LC/MS method coupled with NMR permitted complete characterisation of the polymeric prodrug pegylated‐resveratrol and the reaction precursors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buddhist Ethics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Buddhist Ethics: A Very Short Introduction illustrates how Buddhism might approach a range of fascinating dilemmas confronting the modern world, ethical moral issues ranging from abortion and suicide to cloning. The latter half of the twentieth century witnessed a growing interest in Buddhism, and it continues to capture the imagination of many in the West who see it as either an alternative or a supplement to their own religious beliefs. Why is it that ethics has not received as much attention in traditional Buddhist thought as it has in the West? Why are there so few publications on the subject?
Fast and accurate parameter estimation by means of a semi-implicit extended Kalman filter

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

An assessment of the time-integration scheme impact on results of data assimilation based on the extended Kalman filter approach is performed. The use of the implicit Euler scheme, which is unconditionally stable for the whole range of time steps both for the model and covariance update, results in a less accurate estimation of permeability distribution, which can be overcome using a parameter estimator based on the explicit Euler scheme. However, the latter strongly limits the maximum time step, which can be used, and leads to inappropriate simulation time. The alternative can be found using a semi-implicit estimator, where a model is updated using the implicit Euler scheme, whereas the propagation of the error covariance matrix in time is based on the explicit time integration scheme. This hybrid approach combines the accuracy of the conventional Kalman filtering with the robustness of the implicit forward modelling. The proposed algorithm is successfully applied for the solution of the one-dimensional problem of permeability estimation in a porous medium for a single phase oil flow.
The application of animal-assisted therapy in the South African context: A case study

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this article is to explore the use, value, and applicability of animal-assisted therapy in psychology. The case study method was applied to a therapeutic case, using the interpretivist paradigm. Data were analyzed by means of document analysis. The findings are discussed according to five themes derived from the study, namely, “facilitating relationship building,” “enabling communication by working indirectly,” “experiencing physical affection through the therapy dog,” “socialization skills,” and “enhanced self-esteem.” We report that the deliberate inclusion of an animal in therapy facilitates relationship building and therefore aids the therapeutic alliance, as well as enhances an individual’s socialization skills and self-esteem.
Effect of blood oxygen-level-dependent signal data trimming on functional connectivity metrics

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In the big data era, with a lack of comparable functional neuroimaging data, researchers try to combine heterogeneous data of different lengths, trimming those to the same number of timepoints (NTPs). However, the effects of trimming blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal data on functional connectivity (FC) are still poorly understood.Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from thirty healthy subjects were pre-processed for five different NTPs, from which FC matrices were computed. These BOLD signal correlation matrices were binarized for several thresholds, excluding weak correlations. Graph metrics were computed to study FC differences between different NTPs. The study included node degree analysis for each brain region and assessment of small-worldness coefficients (σ and ω), whereas in small-world networks, characteristic values are σ > 1 and ω ≈ 0, indicating a balance between high clustering coefficients and short characteristic path lengths.A tendency of decreasing global network degrees for higher NTPs was observed, translating the loss of stronger correlations with longer BOLD signals. Trimming such data affects brain regions differently, probably due to brain network dynamics. Regarding small-worldness, we observed that σ was greater than 1 for all the different NTPs, showing an increasing trend for higher NTPs (median value: σBRAIN= 3.05). In addition, ω consistently remained greater than 0 for all NTPs, gradually approaching 0 as the NTPs increased (median value ωBRAIN= 0.20). As such, the results suggest a tendency for an increase of small-world properties for increasing NTPs. Nonetheless, the overall properties of brain networks almost remain constant. In conclusion, trimming BOLD signal data leads to small differences in FC.
Borduas au pays des non-voyants

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Blubber samples from grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) pups were collected in 1998 through to 2000. Twenty four newly weaned pups were sampled in November 1998, 13 of which were re-sampled during their first year of life, between March and December 1999, and an additional 48 and 25 samples (new cohorts) were obtained in 1999 (November-December) and 2000 (May-September) respectively. SimgaPBDE concentrations (sum of Di-HxBDEs) ranged from 45 to 1500 ng/g lipid, with a geometric mean of 290 ng/g lipid. BDE 47 dominated the congener profile, followed by BDEs 100, 99, 153 and 154. SimgaPCB concentrations (sum of 41 congeners) ranged from 100 to 93000 ng/g lipid, with a geometric mean of 4600 ng/g lipid, with CB congeners 153, 138 and 180 making up 84% of the total PCB concentrations. The predominant OC pesticides were p,p'-DDE (geometric mean=860 ng/g lipid, range=160-3800 ng/g lipid) and p,p'-DDT (geometric mean=120 ng/g lipid, range=30-670 ng/g lipid). No significant differences were found between males and females, probably due to the young age of the animals. Significant decreases (P<0.01 for PBDEs and P<0.05 for PCBs/OCs) were observed between newly weaned seals in 1998 and 1999, but not for the majority of juveniles in 1999 and 2000. Significant differences (P<0.01) were also found between the different seasons in 1999 newly weaned and juvenile seals, reflecting changes in blubber mass.
The missing modes of self-organization in cathode boundary layer discharge in xenon

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Self-organized pattern formation has been previously observed in cathode boundary layer discharges (CBLDs) in high-purity xenon gas at pressures ranging from about 60 Torr to atmospheric pressure. However, certain modes predicted by the COMSOL multiphysics simulation were never observed. In this paper, using the same reactor design, we managed to fine tune the discharge current into regions that were not fully explored before. Two new self-organized patterns were observed, at the verge of the extinguishing of the self-organization. One pattern was a perfect ring that was detached from the dielectric walls. The other pattern was a series elongated spots arranged along a circle. Both patterns were preferably observed at pressures ranging from 60 to 120 Torr. The observation of these patterns may open up new discussions to the self-organized pattern formation in CBLD in xenon.
Komar integrals in higher (and lower) derivative gravity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Komar integral relation of Einstein gravity is generalized to Lovelock theories of gravity. This includes, in particular, a new boundary integral for the Komar mass in Einstein gravity with a nonzero cosmological constant, which has a finite result for asymptotically AdS black holes, without the need for an infinite background subtraction. Explicit computations of the Komar mass are given for black holes in pure Lovelock gravities of all orders and in general Gauss-Bonnet theories.
Equal Affection or Random Selection: the Quality of Subjective Feedback from a Group Perspective

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the setting where a group of agents is asked a single subjective multi-choice question (e.g. which one do you prefer? cat or dog?), we are interested in evaluating the quality of the collected feedback. However, the collected statistics are not sufficient to reflect how informative the feedback is since fully informative feedback (equal affection of the choices) and fully uninformative feedback (random selection) have the same uniform statistics. Here we distinguish the above two scenarios by additionally asking for respondents' predictions about others' choices. We assume that informative respondents' predictions strongly depend on their own choices while uninformative respondents' do not. With this assumption, we propose a new definition for uninformative feedback and correspondingly design a family of evaluation metrics, called f-variety, for group-level feedback which can 1) distinguish informative feedback and uninformative feedback (separation) even if their statistics are both uniform and 2) decrease as the ratio of uninformative respondents increases (monotonicity). We validate our approach both theoretically and numerically. Moreover, we conduct two real-world case studies about 1) comparisons about athletes and 2) comparisons about stand-up comedians to show the superiority of our approach.
Food Insecurity and Depressive Symptoms Among Persons With Diabetes in the United States: Findings From the 2022 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine whether food insecurity increases risk for depressive symptoms among adults with diabetes. Food insecurity is associated with depression in the general population. However, minimal research has examined this relationship among persons with diabetes. Methods Adults with diabetes were identified from the 2022 National Health Interview Survey. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire. Food insecurity status was measured with the USDA 10-item food insecurity scale. Participants were categorized as food secure, low food security, and very low food security. The association between food insecurity and depressive symptoms was examined using weighted logistic regression, adjusting for potentially influential covariates (age, sex, ethnicity, poverty to income ratio, education, diabetes type, body mass index, region, and general health). Results Among 2595 persons with diabetes, nearly one third (29.8%) reported symptoms of depression. Over one tenth (11.7%) had low or very low food security. Persons who had low or very low food security were more than twice as likely to report depressive symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.15, 95% CI, 1.39-3.32; AOR = 3.84, 95% CI, 2.28-6.45, respectively). Persons who were older, had higher income, and better general health were less likely to report depressive symptoms. Conclusions Among adults with diabetes, low or very low food security was associated with increased risk for depressive symptoms. Further research is needed to evaluate the relationship between food insecurity and depressive symptoms among persons with diabetes.
Digital Archiving of Tapestries of Kyoto Gion Festival Using a High-Definition and Multispectral Image Capturing System

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

We report the archiving project of Kyoto Gion Festival using high-resolution multiband imaging camera. We have been developing a two-shot six-band image capturing system for recording the color and physical properties of early modern tapestries. In an experiment, an image of tapestry whose image size was 2700 M-pixel was synthesized. The resolution of the images was 0.02 mm/pixel. Accurate color under an arbitrary illumination and spectral reflectance can be reproduced from the 6-band image using the Wiener estimation.
Discussion on the cultivation of nursing faculties during the transition period of nursing education

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

In order to promote the cultivation of nursing faculties during the transition period of nursing education from associate degree education to bachelor degree education,firstly,we should identify the the quality requirement of nursing faculties for bachelor degree nursing education and the current statues of qualities of nursing teachers in junior college,recognize the problems and take effective measures through diversified means and methods to improve their ability of teaching,nursing research and clinical practice,to strengthen their level of foreign language and general quality,and to promote their educational level,so as to make them to be qualified for bachelor degree nursing education as soon as possible.
An Iris detector for tumoral masses identification in mammograms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Radiologists that analyze screening mammographic images miss the 10-20% of the diagnosis since this kind of images are very difficult to interpret. In this paper, we present the first step of a CADx (computer aided diagnosis) system that, from the original mammogram, extracts suspicious regions on which the radiologists have to focus their attention. The procedure often successes also in case of very low contrast, because it depends only on the orientation of the gradient vectors in the image but not on their amplitude.
Towards Nonviolent Gender Relations in Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Despite global efforts, gender-based violence continues to be witnessed in varying degrees around the world. The use of dialogue as an effective tool in mitigating violence and conflict situations around the world provides an inspiration to conceive the need to extend the scope of dialogue to the domain of male-female relationship, which is fast becoming too complex, sensitive, strained, and tempestuous. In this study, the relevance of dialogue for a violent-free culture in the context of gender relations is interrogated. This study maintains that a dialogic mode of male-female relationship would go a long way to mitigate the persistent cases of gender-based violence. In an exploratory approach, Leonard Swidler's understanding and principles of dialogue are used as a framework to demonstrate what an inter-gender dialogue would look like. It concludes that, as dialogue offers an interactive framework for mutual understanding of one another, an inter-gender dialogue is constitutive of the social intercourse, which the very concept of dialogue represents.
Optimal Design of Queuing Systems via Compositional Stochastic Programming

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Well-designed queuing systems form the backbone of modern communications, distributed computing, and content delivery architectures. Designs balancing infrastructure costs and user experience indices require tools from teletraffic theory and operations research. A standard approach to designing such systems involves formulating optimization problems that strive to maximize the pertinent utility functions while adhering to quality-of-service and other physical constraints. In many cases, formulating such problems necessitates making simplistic assumptions on arrival and departure processes to keep the problem simple. This work puts forth a stochastic optimization framework for designing queuing systems where the exogenous processes may have arbitrary and unknown distributions. We show that many such queuing design problems can generally be formulated as stochastic optimization problems where the objective and constraint are non-linear functions of expectations. The compositional structure obviates the use of classical stochastic approximation approaches where the stochastic gradients are often required to be unbiased. To this end, a constrained stochastic compositional gradient descent algorithm is proposed that utilizes a tracking step for the expected value functions. The non-asymptotic performance of the proposed algorithm is characterized via its iteration complexity. Numerical tests allow us to validate the theoretical results and demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm.
Treatment Strategies in Osteochondral Defects of the Talar Dome: a Systematic Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to investigate the results of different treatment strategies for osteochondral defects (OCD) of the talus. Electronic databases from 1966 to July 1998 were systematically screened. Based on our inclusion criteria 32 studies describing the results of treatment strategies for OCD of the talus were included. No randomized clinical trials (RCT's) were identified. Fourteen studies described the results of excision alone, 11 the results of (EC), 14 the results of (ECD), 1 the results of cancellous bone grafting after EC, 1 the results of osteochondral transplantation and 3 the results of fixation. The average success rate of non-operative treatment (NT) was 45%. Comparison of different surgical procedures shows that the average highest success rate was reached by excision, curettage and drilling (ECD) (85%) followed by excision and curettage (EC) (78%) and excision alone (38%). Based on this systematic review we conclude that NT and excision alone are not to be recommended in treating talar OCD. Both EC and ECD have been shown to lead to a high percentage good/excellent results. However, due to great diversity in the articles and variability in treatment results, no definitive conclusions can be drawn. Further prospective randomized controlled trials are required to compare the outcome of these two surgical strategies for OCD of the talus.
[Osteoid osteoma of the elbow].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The osteoid osteoma is a rare, benign neoplasm of bone, most frequently located in the lower extremity (head of the tibia). Because of its rarity and its mostly rather unspecific clinical symptoms, diagnosis of the tumor is frequently problematic. Ideally, osteosclerosis surrounding a central focus (nidus) is revealed by radiology. Radiological imaging seems to be the most effective tool in reaching the correct diagnosis. Operative resection of the nidus is the only known curative therapy for osteoid osteoma.
Expectations of users and non-users of wearable sensors and mobile health applications

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Patient self-management is vital to improved health outcomes for patients with chronic diseases. The objective of this study was to understand the role of wearable sensors in patients’ self-management. A survey encompassing factors related to motivation in mHealth was conducted. Ease of use and sensory accuracy was found most important when choosing a wearable. Manual registration of most health-related information is unpopular, although some exceptions exist. Respondents valued sensor accuracy and easiness in manual registration and usage of mHealth systems. Further research is needed to pinpoint what ease of use exactly is, and how ease of use can be improved.