jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Location, location, location: How does residency program leadership vary according to geographic region?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Faculty relationships are key to resident education. Residency applicants may find it more appealing to choose programs where the faculty have a similar background. With the addition of geographic preferences to the application process, applicants may find it beneficial to know general faculty makeup in each region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of geographic location and orthopaedic residency leadership characteristics. Methods: The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and Doximity websites were queried in September 2022 to identify United States orthopaedic residency programs for the 2022-2023 cycle. Program attributes were categorized by region. Program leaders evaluated in this study consisted of Chairs, Vice Chairs, Program Directors (PDs), and Assistant PDs. Results: A total of 192 programs with 425 leaders were included. Leaders were mostly PDs (42.6%, n=181), men (88.7%, n=377), MDs (90.6%, n=385), and trained in the US (96.9%, n=412). The Northeast had the most programs (n=59, 30.7%) and leadership positions (n=136, 32.0%). The West had higher proportions of internationally-trained and women leaders (8.2%, P =0.046 and 18.0%, P =0.072), although the latter only trended towards significance. The South contained the lowest prevalence of internationally-trained leaders (0.8%, P =0.046). The Midwest exhibited the largest amount of DO leadership (16.0%, P =0.022). The Northeast had more surgeons subspecialized in hand/upper extremity (19.9% vs. 10.0%, P =0.033) yet relatively fewer in oncology (2.9% vs. 10.7%, P =0.041). Conclusions: Program attributes varied by region. This information is valuable to applicants and leaders as the field strives to strengthen and diversify its leadership.
Sexual differences in the dentition of the dog salmon, Oncorhynchus keta.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

サケ科魚類の口腔および咽頭には多数の歯が植立し, その分布状況は骨の形態や配置と共に属や種の重要な分類形質として認められている。一方, サケ科魚類数種においては成熟期に達すると口部の骨格系および歯系に著るしい性差が生ずると報告されている。しかし, その詳細については不明なことが多い。そこでサケ科サケ属サケ, Oncorhynchus keta, の産卵期成魚の口部骨格系および歯系に関してその大きさや歯胚率等について測定し雌雄間で比較した。サケ雄成魚の口部を構成する骨は同年齢・同体長の雌成魚に比べて大きく, それら骨上に植立する歯の長さも大きい。この傾向は口部両顎を構成する骨や歯においてより顕著であった。さらに, 雄成魚の顎骨上の歯の数は雌成魚より少ないが, 機能歯の割合は高く, 脱落歯の数も多い。このような性差は産卵・受精期における雄成魚の攻撃的行動等の生活習性と深く関連していると推測された。
LCP for Managing Smart Greenhouse

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Smart Greenhouse refers to a facility that can manage the growth environment of crops remotely or automatically by applying ICT technology to legacy greenhouse. It can minimize the use of labor and energy and maximize productivity and quality of agricultural products. However, because the way of configuring the Smart Greenhouse differs, it is not convenient for the manager to maintain its Smart Greenhouse after once it is installed. To solve the problem, this paper presents LCP (Lightweight Control Protocol for Smart Greenhouse), an application layer protocol, for delivering management messages regardless of any change in installed parts. In addition, LCP is proposed as Korean organization standards to promote relevant industry.
Rainfall, ambient temperature, and Clethrionomys californicus capture frequency

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Sixty Western Red‐backed Voles Clethrionomys californicus inhabiting an old‐growth mixed conifer forest in north‐western California (USA) were studied over 2 years to assess relationships among vole capture frequency, rainfall, and ambient temperature. Red‐backed Voles were encountered more often and recapture rates per vole doubled with the tripling of yearly rainfall. In addition, more voles were captured during wet months than dry months. Analysed over weekly intervals, captures were positively correlated with the amount of weekly rainfall, a greater proportion of the known vole population was encountered during wet weeks than dry weeks, and increased weekly rainfall resulted in an increased proportion of the vole population captured. Significant relationships were not found between daily rainfall and vole captures, but both minimum and maximum daily ambient temperatures were lower when voles were trapped. Vole captures increased with decreases in daily and weekly minimum and maximum ambient temperatures. Weekly rainfall in combination with minimum weekly temperatures accounted for the greatest explanation of variability in vole capture frequencies. These results document that rainfall and ambient temperature have an impact on Western Red‐backed Vole capture frequency; thus these weather variables should be addressed as covariates in analyses focused on capture data for this species.
Real‐Time Tunable Red/Near‐Infrared Solid‐State Emitters in the First Biological Window: 9,9‐Diethyl‐2‐diphenylaminofluorene‐Based Push‐Pull Fluorophores for Distributed Feedback and Random Lasing Applications

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In biological imaging, red‐to‐infrared emissive dyes facilitate direct visualization of molecular interactions, through deep tissue penetration, along with minimal tissue damage. This work uses simple systems based on a single dye‐doped polymeric thin film for distributed feedback and random lasing investigations. As active compounds, novel push‐pull luminescent diphenylaminofluorene derivatives are used, functionalized with different acceptor groups. Integration of such luminescent dyes with a transparent polymeric medium allows fabrication of real‐time lasing tunability in the first biological window (650–950 nm). The observed spectral tuning of 150 nm is a groundbreaking value obtained in a single‐dye system.
Vehicular Fog Computing-Planning and Design

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the advent of Internet of Vehicles (IoV), coupled with enormous number of devices performing computational and storage tasks between the cloud and users, Vehicular Fog Computing (VFC) can be an answer to the surging challenges in today's Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). However, the decentralized and heterogeneous nature of VFC infrastructures makes Vehicular Fog Network Planning (VFNP) problem complex and challenging. To deal with this problem, we propose an Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model that determines the optimal location, the capacity and the number of Fog Computing Nodes (FCN) towards minimizing the overall network delay and energy consumption. By running an example problem on default settings of GAMS CPLEX solver, we demonstrate the working of VFNP model and the associated constraints. We also analyzed the delay and energy variation for different problem sizes. The results show that, as the input size increases the overall delay increases linearly, the energy consumption follows parabolic path and the solution time shows a non-deterministic polynomial (NP) behavior.
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PRECONDITIONS OF CREATION OF MULTICULTURAL EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE COUNTRIES OF WESTERN EUROPE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Стаття присвячена опису соціо-економічних передумов створення системи полікультурної освіти у • : лінах Західної Європи. Автор описує демографічні та соціальні зміни у структурі суспільства, завдяки сгим питання освіти в етнічно-гетерогенному суспільстві стають надзвичайно актуальними. Автор ехазує на тенденції міграційних процесів та описує перспективи соціального розвитку, що будуть - кивати на становлення мультикультурної освіти в подальшому. Визначено, що перспективи розвитку :-іти України, як європейської держави, також зумовлені соціо-економічними та демографічними секторами.
Phase behavior of the polybutadiene–polystyrene diblock copolymer with the addition of the nonselective solvent dichlorobenzene in temperature and pressure fields

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Thermal composition fluctuations were measured in a polybutadiene–polystyrene diblock copolymer with small‐angle neutron scattering as a function of the temperature, pressure, and solvent content. The solvent was dichlorobenzene. In particular, we determined the phase diagram, the Flory–Huggins parameter, and the Ginzburg parameter. The two latter parameters were determined in terms of a theory by Fredrickson and Helfand from the susceptibility at an elevated temperature in the disordered regime. These parameters showed an overall linear decrease with pressure and a minimum at a 10% solvent content. The ordering temperature could be sufficiently well described by the theory of concentrated solutions. These results were consistent with corresponding experiments on a polybutadiene–polystyrene blend, for which the compensation of the free volume was observed by the solvent molecules. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3179–3190, 2004
Comment on Kenney and von Burg, 'technology, entrepreneurship and path dependence: industrial clustering in Silicon Valley and Route 128'

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Comment on Kenney and von Burg, 'technology, entrepreneurship and path dependence: industrial clustering in Silicon Valley and Route 128' Get access AL Saxenian AL Saxenian College of Environmental Design, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. E-mail: anno@socrates.berkeley.edu Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Industrial and Corporate Change, Volume 8, Issue 1, March 1999, Pages 105–110, https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/8.1.105 Published: 01 March 1999
A Discussion about the Impact of ChatGPT in Education: Benefits and Concerns

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The advent of advanced machine learning models such as ChatGPT has led to significant advancements in various fields, including education. The purpose of this article is to explore the impact of ChatGPT in higher education, covering both positive and negative nuances. A critical literature review analysis was conducted, which included references from reliable sources. The methodology used in this article was based on a critical literature review method. The results of the analysis indicate that ChatGPT might have several benefits in education, including improved student engagement, personalized learning experiences, and enhanced teaching practices. However, there are also some negative implications, such as concerns over privacy, academic integrity, and the potential for bias. The article concludes by highlighting the need for further research in this area and providing recommendations for educators and policymakers.
Triple negative breast cancer: any closer to cracking the code?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Immunotherapy is now a backbone of PD-L1 positive metastatic triple negative breast cancer in the front-line setting as well as part of neoadjuvant therapy for high risk localized triple negative breast cancer. PARP inhibitors and a new antibody-drug conjugate are additional new therapies that can be used to improve the outcome for localized and metastatic triple negative breast cancers. None of these treatments were available before the review period for this paper.
Assessment for Teaching

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Grounded in contemporary, evidence-based research, the second edition of Assessment for Teaching provides a comprehensive introduction to assessment and teaching in primary and secondary school settings. Taking a practical approach to assessment and the collaborative use of data in the classroom, this text advances a developmental model of assessment which aims to improve student outcomes through targeted teaching interventions. Thoroughly revised and updated to include the latest research, this edition features expanded content on collaborative teaching, competence assessment, learning and assessment and self-regulated teaching and learning. Each chapter features learning objectives, reflective questions, an extended exercise to link course content with classroom practice, and end-of-chapter rubrics which help readers assess their own understanding and learning. Written by a team of experts from the Assessment Research Centre at the University of Melbourne, Assessment for Teaching is an essential resource for both preservice teachers and inservice teachers.
Age and Breeding Performance of European Bee-Eaters

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Etude de l'effet de l'âge sur la biologie de la reproduction chez Merops apiaster. Sur une periode de cinq ans, la frequence de jeunes oiseaux parmi les reproducteurs est examinee ainsi que l'occurrence d'individus ne se reproduisant pas dans cette partie de population. De plus, les raisons de l'existence d'aides lors de l'elevage des jeunes sont recherchees
Signatures of odd-frequency pairing in the Josephson junction current noise

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Odd frequency (odd-$ω$) electron pair correlations naturally appear at the interface between BCS superconductors and other materials. The detection of odd-$ω$ pairs, which are necessarily non-local in time, is still an open problem. The main reason is that they do not contribute to static measurements described by time-local correlation functions. Therefore, dynamical measurements, which depend on non-local time correlations, are suitable for detecting these pairs. In this work, we study the signatures of odd-$ω$ pairs in the supercurrent noise through a weak link between two superconductors at different superconducting phases. We show that the finite frequency current noise can be decomposed into three different contributions coming from even frequency (even-$ω$), odd-$ω$ pair amplitudes, and electron-hole correlation functions. Odd-$ω$ pairing, which is inter-lead (between electrons at different sides of the junction), provides a positive contribution to the noise, becoming maximal at a superconducting phase difference of $π$. In contrast, intra-lead even-$ω$ pair amplitude tends to reduce the noise, except for a region close to $π$, controlled by the transmission of the junction.
[G. F. d'Acquapendente and Don Carlo Medici's gibbosity].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Don Carlo dei Medici (1595-1666) is the son of Ferdinando I (1549-1609), Granduca of Tuscany, and becomes Cardinal of Catholic Roman Church in 1615. In 1604 Fabrizio d'Acquapendente is called in Florence to treat him, because of an aggravation of his health, and of his congenital neck's gibbosity. The recent paleopathological researches have diagnosed his congenital cervical gibbosity as effect of the Klippel-Feil's syndrome, and characteristic lesions of tubercolosis.
The use of methods and computer aided systems in the ecological design of product development

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Presented are two concepts of the process planning design procedure and the cost estimation aided by CAPP systems. Methods aiding ecological design of the product development, such as DFMA, DFE, FMEA, QFD and LCA, are presented too. The Eco-indicator 99 method which is used in the assessment of product life cycle impact on the environment (LCIA) is discussed. The paper recommends complementing the strategic enterprise backbone with the environmental component of the product life cycle assessment (Ecological Backbone).
Dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for colon cancer using an HLA-A＊0201-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope from tumor-associated antigen 90K

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

T 房间，然而并非 DLD1 房间。在结论， 90K-specific 细胞毒素的 T 淋巴细胞，由与 90K 刺激 T 房间产生了搏动肽的树枝状的房间，能是为结肠癌的免疫疗法治疗的有用受动器房间。
[HIV encephalopathy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The early manifestation of HIV infection of the brain, HIV encephalitis, is due to the invasion of HIV infected mono- and multinuclear macrophages into the brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. These cells are intensely PAS reactive, auto-fluorescent and express the macrophage antigen CD68. They clearly prefer the white matter of cerebral hemispheres, corpus callosum and internal capsule. Lymphocytic infiltrates and microglial nodules are additional, unspecific changes. HIV encephalopathy following HIV encephalitis is patho-anatomically characterized by brain tissue damage. Its clinical correlate is so-called AIDS dementia complex. It presumably is caused by neurocytotoxic and myelinotoxic factors released by activated macrophages and/or by shedding HIV retrovirus proteins. HIV encephalopathy includes leukoencephalopathy, diffuse poliodystrophy, disseminated basal ganglia damage and brain atrophy. In some cases, granulomatous angiitis may occur.
"In the spicèd Indian air by night" : performing Shakespeare's Macbeth in Postmillennial Kerala

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis examines the twenty-first-century intercultural performance of Shakespeare in Kerala, India. The thesis highlights Shakespeare’s function in invigorating local performing arts traditions that navigate tensions between paradigms of former feudalism, post-Independence democracy and capitalist globalisation. Throughout, individual artistic perspectives in interview illustrate local productions of \\(Macbeth\\) for indigenous Keralan performing art forms, ranging from the two-thousand-year old kutiyattam to contemporary postmodern Malayalam-language drama. My introduction contextualises these hybrid productions in their global, national, and local historiography, exploring intersections of the sacred, supernatural, and secular; postmodernism and rasa theory; intercultural Shakespeares and Keralan performing arts; and Shakespearean works with Indian literary and theatrical traditions from the colonial to the postmillennial era. Chapter One highlights cultural translation, focusing on kutiyattam artist Margi Madhu’s 2011 \\(Macbeth\\); Chapter Two discusses cultural collaboration, studying kathakali artist Ettumanoor P. Kannan’s \\(Macbeth\\) \\(Cholliyattam\\), 2013; Chapter Three considers cultural fusion, profiling Abhinaya Theatre’s experimental local-language production of \\(Macbeth\\), 2011. In closing, the thesis underscores the importance of giving a voice to Keralan theatre artists on Shakespeare, recognising the hitherto critically unexamined potential for the meeting point of two great dramatic cultural traditions as a forum, underpinned by residual colonial and Communist legacies, for intercultural discourse.
[Congenital atrioventricular block--intrauterine diagnosis and neonatal pacemaker treatment].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A complete fetal heart block was diagnosed in 29 weeks gestation by means of 2-dimensional and M-mode echocardiograms and by analyzing the combined Doppler effect of atrial and ventricular movements. Because of increasing fetal ascites and edema, Digoxin treatment is given from 31 weeks gestation until birth. 30 hours postnatal the child develops congestive heart failure which disappeared completely after pacemaker treatment. We stress the importance of early diagnosis with possibility of prenatal treatment and optimal planning of delivery in cooperation between obstetrician and pediatric cardiologist.
Cytokines in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Most research in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) has focused on characterization of the autoantibodies directed against platelet antigens resulting in enhanced platelet elimination by macrophages. This report summarizes the current knowledge of cytokine pattern found in individuals with ITP. Serum assessment has demonstrated increased levels of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN-7), while IL-4 was significantly decreased. In addition, thrombopoietin (TPO) has been found in normal levels while IL-11 has been reported to be elevated. These data indicate that ITP is associated with a Th1 type of T helper cytokine response, while that of type Th2 is downregulated. Initially, megakaryocytes are found at normal levels in bone-marrow aspirates, explaining the unchanged production of TPO. The increase in IL-11 may be reflected by the increased number of platelets being produced per megakaryocyte. However, there is little information on these events in immunocompetent sites such as bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes.
Thomas Hobbes: Liberal illiberal

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) has often been regarded as a very illiberal thinker —a defender of ‘despotism’ and an advocate of the principle that ‘might is right’. While those accusations are false, it is true that there are distinctly illiberal elements in his thinking. These include absolutism, authoritarianism, anti-constitutionalism and a hostility to democracy. Yet his political theory also contains some of the most important building-blocks of modern liberal thinking about the state and its citizens: the crucial role of consent; natural rights; egalitarianism; the idea of the state as a device to protect people against oppressors; the homogeneity of legal authority within the state; the concept of the state as a public realm; and the idea that the sovereign acts publicly—above all, through law. (These last three points are preconditions of a Rechtsstaat.) And whilst Hobbes denies that people are ruled by a constitution, his theory does acknowledge the need for rule through a constitution.
Využití zdrojů financování VaV ve vybraných podnicích odvětví elektrotechnického průmyslu

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose of the article: This paper examines the impact of the Czech R&D Tax Incentives scheme on the\nnumber of Innovations and patenting. Czech R&D spending in business sector is low by OECD and EU\nInnovation standards. To achievement the aims of strategy Europa 2020 in 2005 the Czech government\nintroduced a R&D Tax Incentives. This type of R&D Tax Incentives is the best in EU-27, how simulated ZEW\nMannheim team used European Tax Analyser.\nMethodolgy/methods: We analysed the effects of R&D Tax Incentives on the likelihood of innovating and\npatenting in business companies, NACE 26.51 Measuring, testing and navigating equipment; watches and\nclocks. We used three databases: Database for Czech firms, data of Financial Administration of the Czech\nRepublic and results of questionnaire Research and Development of Czech Statistical Office.\nScientific aim: The aim of this paper is to analyze and assess the current state of investment in own R&D\nin manufacturing enterprises of electro technical industry in the Czech Republic, especially in relation to the\nactual realization of innovations and patents, financing sources used in relation to the size of the business.\nCzech companies using public subsidies to R&D activities, structural funding from EU, own resources and\nR&D Tax Incentives.\nFindings: The part of Manufacturing Industry is the part of the third fastest growing industry and the most\nR&D Tax Incentives volume (in CZK). R&D investment is for SME risky. SMEs likely produce for a large\ncompany, than starting new products line by themselves. Moreover, it is very difficult for financial and\ngovernment institutions to judge the quality of the R&D investment because of its uncertain outcome and\nfirms’ reluctance to disclose all of the relevant information. For SMEs, particularly small firms and start-ups,\nwill be more likely to be credit constrained when investing in R&D.\nConclusions: Enterprises of business sector with own R&D are more competitiveness than enterprises without\nthis. The results financial measures the period 2007-2011 show a better stability of innovative firms in times\nof recession.
The Stereochemistry of Enzymatic Aromatization of 19-Norsteroids

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

blv counteracted by administration of the moulting hormone (Table II).This suggests, that DAEA causes lack of moulting hormones due to an additional block in the metabolic pathway from cholesterol to moulting hormones.Studies designed to further our understanding of the effects of DAEA on sterol metabolism in Bombyx are now in progress.