jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Studies on methods of particle size reduction of medicinal compounds. VIII. Size reduction by freeze-drying and the influence of pharmaceutical adjuvants on the micromeritic properties of freeze-dried powders.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The size reduction of solid drugs was attempted utilizing the freeze-drying of a two-component system comprising a solute and a solvent. It was found that the concentration of the drug to be frozen greatly influenced the average particle size of the resulting powder. The component of a system which forms a hydrate or a solvate produced more finely divided particles than did that of a simple eutectic system. This can be attributed to the effect of the peritectic reaction in the process. As the griseofulvin and benzene system gives a phase diagram with an incongruent melting point and forms a 1 : 2 solvate, the average particle size of the freeze-dried powder could be reduced to the submicron level. On the addition of surfactants to this system, micronized particles were obtained and the dissolution rate of griseofulvin was improved considerably.
Categorization Under Complexity: A Unified MDL Account of Human Learning of Regular and Irregular Categories

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

We present an account of human concept learning-that is, learning of categories from examples-based on the principle of minimum descrip-tion length (MDL). In support of this theory, we tested a wide range of two-dimensional concept types, including both regular (simple) and highly irregular (complex) structures, and found the MDL theory to give a good account of subjects &apos; performance. This suggests that the intrin-sic complexity of a concept (that is, its description-length) systematically influences its leamability. 1- The Structure of Categories A number of different principles have been advanced to explain the manner in which hu-mans learn to categorize objects. It has been variously suggested that the underlying prin-ciple might be the similarity structure of objects [1], the manipulability of decision bound~ aries [2], or Bayesian inference [3][4]. While many of these theories are mathematically well-grounded and have been successful in explaining a range of experimental findings, they have commonly only been tested on a narrow collection of concept types similar to the simple unimodal categories of Figure 1(a-e). (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Figure 1: Categories similar to those previously studied. Lines represent contours of equal probability. All except (e) are unimodal.
Natural Enemies of Cinara cedri Mimeur 1936 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Cedar Forests in Isparta Regional Forest Directorate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

enemies of cedar aphid (Cinara cedri Mimeur, 1936) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) forests. Area of study: Specimens were collected from 40 areas in Isparta Regional Forest Directorate cedar forests. Material and methods: At each site, specimens were randomly collected from infested shoots. Shoots were cut and put in plastic bags and containers and were brought to the laboratory, examined with a stereomicroscope. The adults obtained were prepared and sent to specialists for identification. Main results: Twenty eight species of insect enemies were found, most of them coccinellid and syrphid predators. Harmonia axyridis Pallas, 1773, Anatis ocellata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Asaphes vulgaris Walker, 1834 (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Pauesia anatolica Michelena, Assael &amp; Mendel, 2005 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) were found for the first time in the study area. Moreover, 17 species were firstly determined as a natural enemy of Cinara cedri. Highlights: In this study, new records were identified for study area. Moreover, 17 species were firstly determined as a natural enemy of Cinara cedri.
Archipelagian Cosmology: Dynamics and Observables in a Universe with Discretized Matter Content

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We consider a model of the Universe in which the matter content is in the form of discrete islands, rather than a continuous fluid. In the appropriate limits the resulting large-scale dynamics approach those of a Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) universe. The optical properties of such a space-time, however, do not. This illustrates the fact that the optical and `average' dynamical properties of a relativistic universe are not equivalent, and do not specify each other uniquely. We find the angular diameter distance, luminosity distance and redshifts that would be measured by observers in these space-times, using both analytic approximations and numerical simulations. While different from their counterparts in FRW, the effects found do not look like promising candidates to explain the observations usually attributed to the existence of Dark Energy. This incongruity with standard FRW cosmology is not due to the existence of any unexpectedly large structures or voids in the Universe, but only to the fact that the matter content of the Universe is not a continuous fluid.
THE EFFECT OF SINGLE AND REPEATED X-RAY DOSES ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAIZE

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Dry seeds of a midlate variety, Sterling zubovidnyj, and two early varieties, Belyaroye psheno and Rumynskaya zheltaya, were exposed to x-ray doses ranging from 1000 to 24000 r one month prior to sowing. The effects on different dosages on the growth and development of plants from the treated seeds and from untreated control seeds were recorded noting varietal differences in response. In Sterling and Rumynskaya zheltaya, the 1000--2000 r doses stimulated growth and reduced the length of the vegetative period. In Belyaroye psheno, the same doses increased percent germination and survival. Higher doses generally delayed growth, caused developmental anomalies and reduced grain set. It was noted that only Sterling survived the highest dose, while Rumynskaya zheltaya failed to survive doses of 14000 r or more. Tests in 1958 on Sterling showed that the stimulating effect of a 2000 r dose was inherited by plants of the following generation. However, this dosage rate depressed growth when seeds of Sterling were exposed to it in two successive seasons and the adverse effects of the 4000 r rate were substantially increased when irradiation was similarly repeated. The 4000 r dose was shown to decrease in size and to increase the sterility of pollenmore » grains of Sterling. (OTS)« less
Periodic inspection maintenance policy with a general repair for multi-state systems

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper proposes a periodic inspection maintenance model for a system with several multi-state components over a finite time horizons. The system is failed if its performance rate, which depends on the components' states and the system configuration, is unacceptable. Components in the system are subject to hidden failures which can be found and fixed only at inspections. A preventive repair action is performed after the inspection if the system performance rate falls below the threshold level L. Since the maintenance effect, such as minimal, imperfect or the worse repair, depends on the type and degree of the repair performed on the system, a general model is introduced to denote the different maintenance effect of the multi-state system. The whole system is replaced at T which is given fixed as the system design life or the life expectancy. Particle swarm optimization(PSO) is used to optimize the maintenance threshold L and inspection intervals τ to minimize the maintenance cost rate. A numerical example of a multi-state system are presented to illustrate the use of the proposed model at last.
Empowering Women through Digital Financial Inclusion: Comparative Study before and after COVID-19

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The COVID-19 crisis seems to have disproportionately impacted women’s financial resilience. In fact, women’s economic involvement in the financial sector remains unequal. This study compares the impact of digital financial inclusion on women’s economic empowerment before and after the COVID-19 epidemic in Saudi Arabia. Using data collected from the Global Financial Inclusion Database for 2017 and 2021 and ordered probit models, the paper examines the relationship between economic women’s empowerment and digital financial inclusion. Findings indicate that using digital financial services has become more crucial since the pandemic. The results demonstrate that women now play a more significant economic role in decision-making than they did before the epidemic because they have access to a variety of digital financial services that could affect their choices and decisions. The findings are consistent with a number of previous studies, which found that financial digitization is a significant factor in women’s economic empowerment. The distinctiveness of this study is that it provides a recent assessment of Saudi women’s present financial circumstances and assesses current Saudi government initiatives to enhance women’s economic empowerment and leadership capabilities. The research conclusions provide insights for regulators and implications for future research in promoting digital financial inclusion and ensuring Saudi women’s economic empowerment.
The neuroprotective effects of apocynin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The recognition of health benefits of phytomedicines and herbal supplements lead to an increased interest to understand the cellular and molecular basis of their biological activities. Apocynin (4- hydroxy-3-methoxy-acetophenone) is a constituent of the Himalayan medicinal herb Picrorhiza kurroa which is regarded as an inhibitor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-oxidase, a superoxide-producing enzyme. NADPH oxidase appears to be especially important in the modulation of redoxsensitive signaling pathways and also has been implicated in neuronal dysfunction and degeneration, and neuroinflammmation in diseases ranging from stroke, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases to psychiatric disorders. In this review, we aim to give an overview of current literature on the neuroprotective effects of apocynin in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Particular attention is given to in vivo studies.
SU-E-QI-02: A Quantitative Method for 3D Morphology Analysis of Cancer Cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Morphological identification is a widespread procedure for assessment of cells by visual inspection of the morphological characteristics or the fluorescence images. It is lengthy and can only provide quantitative results. A quick and qualitative method is highly desired. In this abstract, a stereology based quick method for morphology measurement is reported. Methods: The 3D images of 110 breast cancer cells(MCF7) and 96 melanoma cells(B16) acquired with fixed z-step size of 0.5?m using a confocal-laser-scanning-microscope(CLSM)(Zeiss-LSM510) were used. The stereological measurement method includes three steps: 1. randomly select a starting slice from the 3D image stack of a cell and go through the whole image stack with a uniform sampling step-size, 2. an in-house software generated square-grid containing the array of test points with known separation is superimposed on a picked slice, and points located at edge of the nucleus/cell membrane are counted in x and y directions respectively, 3. calculate cell morphology parameters based on the known slice spacing, test point separation and measured numbers of points. The step-size used in the experiments was determined by keeping the coefficient-of- error(CE) less than 5%. The circumference, areas and volumes of the cells and nuclei were measured. The averaged volume of nuclei(Vn), volume density of nuclei(Vvn), surface area density of nuclei(Svn), ratio of surface area and volume of nuclei(Rsvn), and ratio of nuclei and plasma(Rnp) were calculated. The maximum, minimum and median diameters of the cells were calculated from the binarized image of the cells. To validate the new method, the data were compared with the data reported in literatures. Results: The morphology parameters measured with the new method are consistent and repeatable (maximum standard deviation SD<2.3μm,p<0.03), and close to the values reported in literatures(p>0.1). Conclusion: The stereological method is a quick and easy-to-use tool for quantitative analysis of cancer cell morphology.
Pro Region C-Terminus:Protease Active Site Interactions Are Critical in Catalyzing the Folding of α-Lytic Protease

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

alpha-Lytic protease is encoded with a large (166 amino acid) N-terminal pro region that is required transiently both in vivo and in vitro for the correct folding of the protease domain [Silen, J. L. , and Agard, D. A. (1989) Nature 341, 462-464; Baker, D., et al. (1992) Nature 356, 263-265]. The pro region also acts as a potent inhibitor of the mature enzyme [Baker, D., et al. (1992) Proteins: Struct.,Funct., Genet. 12, 339-344]. This inhibition is mediated through direct steric occlusion of the active site by the C-terminal residues of the pro region [Sohl, J. L., et al. (1997) Biochemistry 36, 3894-3904]. Through mutagenesis and structure-function analyses we have begun to investigate the mechanism by which the pro region acts as a single turnover catalyst to facilitate folding of the mature protease. Of central interest has been mapping the interface between the pro region and the protease and identifying interactions critical for stabilizing the rate-limiting folding transition state. Progressive C-terminal deletions of the pro region were found to have drastic effects on the rate at which the pro region folds the protease but surprisingly little effect on inhibition of protease activity. The observed kinetic data strongly support a model in which the detailed interactions between the pro region C-terminus and the protease are remarkably similar to those of known substrate/inhibitor complexes. Further, mutation of two protease residues near the active site have significant effects on stabilization of the folding transition state (kcat) or in binding to the folding intermediate (KM). Our results suggest a model for the alpha-lytic protease pro region-mediated folding reaction that may be generally applicable to other pro region-dependent folding reactions.
The fable of the pine and the palm tree: the two extremes. Strategies to maximize the placebo effect and minimize the nocebo effect in primary health care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The concepts of placebo and nocebo are important in medicine, especially in family medicine and mental health.Similarly, the prescription of drugs for treatment is a common medical response to the patient's query, but many of them have adverse drug reactions of non-pharmacological origin.These concepts can be difficult to explain and understand.These characteristics are presented based on a fable.The fable is an adult education method which can serve to intuitively understand abstract concepts, by linking them to specific Situations, and so to facilitate Their assimilation.Patients treated at Primary Health Care have emotional characteristics and personality traits, whose knowledge may allow identifying which of them, will have a placebo response and which of them a nocebo response in relation to prescription drugs.Furthermore, the presence of multidrug adverse reactions in the patient is an indicator that suggests the existence of emotional characteristics (anxiety and depression), negative personality traits, or contextual psychosocial problems.The moral of the fable is that the family doctor should know the characteristics of their patients to maximize the placebo effect and minimize the nocebo, and investigate the emotional and contextual problematic in cases of patients with nocebo effects.
Hemodynamické parametry cervikálního karotického řečiště fyziologického, stiženého stenózou karotického bulbu a řečiště ošetřeného rekanalizačním výkonem

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

With the increasing number of patients suffering from some metabolic diseases leading to the development of atherosclerosis there is an urgent need for early diagnosis of the scale. If we think about disability sclerotic cerebral arteries, the optimal method of investigation is duplex ultrasonography, which is relatively inexpensive and friendly for the patient. To assess not only the structure and extent of atherosclerotic plaque, but also to assess the extent of any narrowing of the arteries and to evaluate the hemodynamic impact of structural changes present. It is an ideal candidate for screening in primary or secondary prevention of stroke, as well as for regular checks dispensarized patients. Knowledge of normal hemodynamic conditions in the cervical carotid stream is necessary in the assessment of various pathological conditions. This paper seeks to offer the most comprehensive view on the issue of carotid stenoses ultrasonografisty eyes. For practical reasons we focus on localized stenosis in the carotid bulb, the number is high above the stenosis in other locations.
Expression of p57 immunomarker in the classification and differential diagnosis of partial and complete hydatidiform moles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Hydatidiform mole (HM) is characterized histologically by cystic swelling of the chorionic villi, accompanied by variable trophoblastic proliferation. The most important reason for the correct recognition of moles is that they are associated with an increased risk of persistent trophoblastic disease (invasive mole) or choriocarcinoma. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine whether there is any role of p57 in differentiating partial and complete moles by immunohistochemical staining. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study was undertaken in which 40 cases of molar pregnancy included over a period of 2 years. Detailed clinical and family histories were obtained from each patient. Histopathological examination followed by immunohistochemical study with p57 done in each case. Ultrasonography findings and serial titers of serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin were noted whenever necessary. RESULTS: Among the forty cases included, 25 (62%) had complete molar (CM) pregnancy, whereas the rest 15 (38%) had partial mole (PM). Both CM and PM were more pronounced in the age group of 20–25 years (44% and 60%, respectively), and among nulliparous women (68% and 70% respectively), 17 (42.5%) mothers had a prior history of abortion. In the histologically unequivocal cases of complete mole, 96% (24 of 25) did not express p57 and a single case was focal positive. In contrast, it was strongly and continuously expressed in both villous cytotrophoblast and stromal cells in all cases of PM (15 of 15). CONCLUSION: p57 immunomarker is very helpful to diagnose and differentiate complete and partial HM.
Issues of bullying and cyberbullying in primary and secondary schools in Slovakia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article deals with the issue of bullying and cyberbullying at primary and secondary schools in Slovakia. It approaches cyberbullying as a problem of today's modern world, which is difficult to face with the availability of modern information and communication technologies. Nowadays, it is becoming easier to access information, to get closer to people through social networks that we would never have met under other circumstances. However, this poses a certain risk that children and adolescents in particular are unaware of. That is why it is important to constantly prevent and make young people aware of the risks posed by these modern technologies. The article contains a summary of the statistical survey "Prevention and solution of (cyber) bullying in primary and secondary schools from the perspective of prevention coordinators", which in 2020 was implemented by the questionnaire method as a research task CVTI SR. This survey has yielded interesting results, which are not surprising given today.
Safe Transport of Spica Casted Children in Passenger Vehicles Is Possible: A Frontal Crash Test Analysis of Child Restraint Systems Using Spica Casted Crash Test Dummies

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

There is a paucity of data defining safe transport protocols for children treated with hip spica casting. While restraint devices for casted children are available, all federally mandated testing has been done using non-casted anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs), also known as crash test dummies. No current commercially available or specially designed restraint device has been tested using casted ATDs. In light of this significant lack of data, the purpose of this study was to evaluate current restraint options in simulated frontal crash testing using a casted pediatric ATD to determine injury to the head, cervical spine, chest, and pelvis.
U-Pb Ages of Detrital Zircon from Meta-Sedimentary Rock from the Huwan Shear Zone,Western Dabie Terrain and Their Geological Significance

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Huwan high-pressure(HP)metamorphic zone is a key region to investigate the evolution process and timing of the Qinling-Dabieshan-Sulu orogenic belt.However,the timing of eclogite-facies metamorphism in this zone has not been well constrained.In order to constrain the time of eclogite-facies metamorphism,zircons from a metasediment sample HXD98-9 near Xiongdian were selected for LA-ICPMS U-Pb dating and trace element analysis.Metamorphic zircons are characterized by weak or none zoning,low Th/U ratios,low and/or flat HREE patterns,and an insignificantly negative Eu anomaly.These reflect that the metamorphc zircons crystallized with the presence of garnet and the absence of plagioclase feldspar,which occurred in eclogite-facies conditions.The weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 310±3Ma for these metamorphic zircons is thus the best estimated age of the eclogite-facies metamorphism in this HP metamorphic zone.Three groups of U-Pb age were obtained from the inherited magmatic zircons,ranging of(400±5Ma)-(419± 5Ma),(426±5Ma)-(449±5Ma),and(496±5Ma)-(524±7Ma),respectively.One inherited grain has a U-Pb age of 580.7±7.3Ma.These indicate that the inherited zircons were mostly derived from southern part of the North China block,while some from the Yangtze block.