jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Relationship between Blast Resistance Genes and Disease Resistance of Rice Germplasm via Functional Molecular Markers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Rice blast disease is one of the most devastating diseases of rice (Oryza sativa L.) caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae), and neck blast is the most destructive phase of this illness. The underlying molecular mechanisms of rice blast resistance are not well known. Thus, we collected 150 rice varieties from different ecotypes in China and assessed the rice blast resistances under the natural conditions that favoured disease development in Jining, Shandong Province, China in 2017. Results showed that 92 (61.3%) and 58 (38.7%) rice varieties were resistant and susceptible to M. oryzae, respectively. Among the 150 rice varieties screened for the presence of 13 major blast resistance (R) genes against M. oryzae by using functional markers, 147 contained one to eight R genes. The relationship between R genes and disease response was discussed by analysing the phenotype and genotype of functional markers. The results showed that the rice blast resistance gene Pita was significantly correlated with rice blast resistance. Our results provided a basis for the further understanding of the distribution of 13 major R genes of rice blast in the germplasm resources of the tested rice varieties, and were meaningful for rice disease resistance breeding.
Genotoxic Effect of Various forms of Tobacco on Oral Buccal Mucosa and Nuclear Changes as a biomarker

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: The present study aims to assess the genotoxic effect of various forms of tobacco users on buccal mucosa and nuclear changes as biomarkers. Materials and Methods: The study involves 150 cases, they were divided into three groups (two study groups and one control group). The buccal cytological smears were taken from three groups: Group I – 50 smokers, Group II – 50 nonsmokers (smokeless tobacco), and Group III – 50 control group. The buccal cells were transferred into a test tube containing Tris-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid buffer (pH = 7) and was centrifuged (Remi® 1500 revolution/min [rpm]). Cell suspensions were transferred to the slides and fixed. The slides were stained using PAP and Feulgen stain. The MN and other nuclear abnormalities were studied and compared. Results: Nonsmokers (smokeless tobacco) had significantly increased frequency of all nuclear anomalies compared to smokers and healthy controls. Binucleation, karyorrhexis, micronuclei (MN), karyolysis, broken egg nuclei, and prominent nucleoli in nonsmokers (smokeless tobacco) and condensed chromatin in smokers were the most frequent anomalies. Binucleation and karyorrhexis were significantly more frequent in nonsmokers (smokeless tobacco) compared to smokers. The other nuclear abnormalities were not statistically significant in smokers and nonsmokers (smokeless tobacco). Conclusion: Numerous studies have stated that MN and other nuclear anomalies were present in higher frequency in smokers and nonsmokers. In our study, we found binucleation and karyorrhexis were statistically significant in nonsmokers (smokeless tobacco) compared to smokers. The other nuclear anomalies showed insignificant results. In order to further validate the significance of this study, a larger sample size has to be studied. On comparing the staining efficacy of smokers and nonsmokers using PAP and Feulgen stain, both the stains showed positive results. In the present study, DNA-specific Feulgen stain shows better staining of nuclear anomalies compared to DNA nonspecific PAP stain, which was found to be statistically significant.
Oral Administration of Silybin Protects Against MPTP-Induced Neurotoxicity by Reducing Pro-inflammatory Cytokines and Preserving BDNF Levels in Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most frequent neurodegenerative disease associated with motor dysfunction secondary to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal axis. Actual therapy consists mainly of levodopa; however, its long-term use promotes secondary effects. Consequently, finding new therapeutic alternatives, such as neuroprotective molecules, is necessary. Among these alternatives is silybin (Sb), the major bioactive flavonolignan in silymarin. Both exert neuroprotective effects, preserving dopamine levels and dopaminergic neurons when administered in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse PD model, being probably Sb the potential therapeutic molecule behind this effect. To elucidate the role of Sb in the PD model, we determined the dose-dependent conservation of striatal dopamine content following Sb oral administration. Then, we evaluated motor deficit tests using the best dopamine conservative dose of Sb and determined a cytokine-dependent inflammatory profile status, malondialdehyde as an oxidative stress product, and neurotrophic factors content in the MPTP-induced mouse PD model. Our results show that oral Sb at 100 mg/kg dose conserved about 60% dopamine levels. Also, Sb improved motor deficits, preserved neurotrophic factors content and mitochondrial function, reduced lipid peroxidation, diminished proinflammatory cytokines to basal levels, enhanced fractalkine production in the striatum and substantia nigra, and increased IL-10 and IL-4 levels in the substantia nigra in the MPTP mice. Thus, oral Sb may be a potential pharmacological PD treatment alternative.
Beyond the sword of Damocles

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

School library services (SLSs) have faced a tremendous period of change since the late 1980s, much of it resulting from the Education Reform Act which brought about the national curriculum and shifted management and financial responsibilities to schools themselves. Changes, developments and challenges seem likely to continue through the 1990s and include continuing budget cuts and reductions, the varying effects of local government review, the importance of recognition of customer needs, implications of service provision to grant‐maintained schools (possibly trading “beyond the margins”), enhanced range of skills needed by SLS staff and imminent, detrimental effects of budget reductions on school libraries.
Theory of phonon linewidths caused by magnetoelastic interactions in rare-earth compounds

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A theory is presented of phonon linewidths in rare-earth insulators where the broadening is caused by interactions with the crystal-field levels of the 4f electrons. The projection-operator method is used to obtain results for any crystal-field level scheme to fourth order in the coupling coefficients. For the special case of two singlet levels a comparison is made with previous work on paramagnetic salts. The present theory is applied to a Gamma 7, Gamma 8 level scheme to illustrate the results.
A draft genome at chromosome level and metabolomes of leave, root and flowers provide insights into the molecular basis of medicinal ingredients of loquat (Eriobotrya japonica&nbsp;(Thunb.) Lindl)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Eriobotrya japonica , commonly called loquat, is a type of fruit and a famous traditional Chinese medicinal material. Here, a high-quality draft genome of the E. japonica cultivar, Big Five-pointed Star, containing 733.32 million bases (Mb) covering approximately 98% of estimated whole genome size (749.25 Mb) is reported. A total of 45,492 protein-coding genes were predicted. Meanwhile, metabolomes of flower, leave and root of this loquat variety were also determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/M system. 577 metabolites were determined in total, including 98 phenolic acids, 95 flavonoids, 33 alkaloids, 28 terpenoids, one steroids. The accumulation difference of these metabolites among leaf, flower and root of loquat were also clarified. Based on KEGG annotation, genes related to the biosynthesis of medicinal ingredients including some flavonoids and terpenoids were identified. Overall, this study provides global fundamental molecular insights into the medical biology of Eriobotrya japonica .
Automated phonetic transcription of Croatian folklore genres using supervised machine learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper aims to detect the possibilities of automatic text transcription for the purpose of preparing a corpus for further natural language processing analysis.The corpus contains various Croatian folklore genres.The transcription goal is to have one character represent one phoneme and remove spaces between accentuated and non-accentuated words.This knowledge independent system is trained using supervised learning methods and applied to the rest of the corpus using classifiers such as the naïve Bayes, k-nearest neighbour, support vector machine and others.The results are compared to a human-annotated sample to determine accuracy.
Design of Solar Panel Cooling System Based on Natural Circulation Using Ground Source Energy

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The performance of solar panels is greatly affected by high temperatures, so a cooling system is required to improve their efficiency. Various cooling methods have been explored, including passive cooling, active cooling, and hybrid cooling systems. This research applies the passive cooling method by designing a solar panel cooling system based on natural circulation using ground source energy. This method relies solely on natural cycles so that the system can operate sustainably. The design of this system uses the experimental method. Analysis was conducted to compare the power output generated by solar panels with a cooling system using ground source energy and solar panels without a cooling system. The test results show that the system is able to reduce the surface temperature of the solar panel with an average temperature of 41,80% compared to the solar panel without a cooling system with an average temperature of 43,08%. In addition, the solar panel cooling system using ground source energy is able to obtain a power efficiency of 8,24% with maximum power reaching 72Watt / Day.
An Esthetic Technique to Fill Screw-Retained Fixed Prostheses

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Currently, many composite materials have been used in the filling of access openings for screw-retained implant prosthesis. The main disadvantage of these materials is the compromise in esthetics that they place on the implant crown. An additional disadvantage is leakage of bacterial contaminants around traditional light-cured composites placed in the screw access hole. This article introduces a technique that uses opaqueing composites and the expansion properties of panacea (Zeza Inc, Chester, NY) resin to help remedy these problems. The fabrication of the silicone obturator is explained in previous literature. By following this technique, the dentist can use resin to decrease microleakage and opaqueing composite to improve esthetics.
[Animal experiment studies on the effect of intra-articular injections of antiphlogistic-antirheumatic agents on articular cartilage in vivo].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Animal experiments have shown that weekly intraarticular injections of various antiphlogistic/antirheumatic drugs into the knee joint induce progressive degenerative alterations in joint cartilage. The observed degenerations and destructions are most similar to the pathophysiology of osteoarthrosis in humans. By X-ray and macroscopic techniques the degenerative processes can be studied qualitatively and quantitatively. A decrease of joint space is a sensitive and early indicator of osteoarthrosis and showed that 10 weeks after intraarticular application of Ibuprofen, Phenylbutazone, Oxyphenbutazone, Flufenamic acid, Niflumic acid, Na-salicylate, Clofezone, Bumadizone and Dexamethasone the degenerative alterations in the injected knee joints were more severe than by applications of Chloroquine,D-penicillamine, Salicylamide and Indometacin. The degenerative effect on articular cartilage by the investigated drugs can be explained by their inhibitory potency on anabolic metabolism of connective tissue. The results of our animal experiments lead to the conclusion, that antiinflammatory drugs may also in man induce or accelerate degenerative joint diseases especially after long term treatment with high doses of these drugs.
Insecticidal Effect of Phosphine on Eggs of the Khapra Beetle (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Trogoderma granarium Everts (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is one of the most important quarantine pests of stored grains. Control of this insect species can be achieved through a gaseous insecticide, phosphine. Many studies focus on the effect of phosphine on different developmental stages of insects, with most of them highlighting eggs as the most tolerant stage. Our data showed that 2-d-old eggs of T. granarium are more susceptible than 1-d-old eggs. Faster hatching was observed in eggs exposed to phosphine for 2 d compared to controls and the result was more pronounced for 1-d-old than 2-d-old eggs. In contrast to the 2-d exposure, hatching rates of eggs exposed to 4 and 6 d were notably reduced, while there was a delay in egg hatching compared to controls. Moreover, larval development from untreated eggs was faster than the larvae from treated eggs, regardless of the exposure time. These dissimilar patters in larval growth may suggest certain delayed effects of phosphine fumigation. The results of the present work can be further utilized for the development of phosphine-based quarantine and pre-shipment treatments for the control of T. granarium.
224 Awardee Talk: Investigating Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy During pre- and Post-Natal Growth

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Research has established that muscle fiber hyperplasia is complete during mid gestation; therefore, skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy is responsible for the increase in muscle mass observed during late gestation and postnatal growth periods. Our research is investigating key times points during muscle fiber hypertrophy and the role of miRNA and mRNA transcriptome in this process. Two studies were conducted to examine changes in muscle mass, muscle fiber hypertrophy, and gene expression from gestational d (gd) 85 to market weight in Suffolk or Texel cross lambs. Longissimus muscle (LM) samples were taken for muscle fiber histology at the following time points: gd85, gd110, gd133, and market (d243) in study one and at postnatal d2, d14 and d203 in study two. microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA sequencing of the LM were conducted in study one and included biopsies at d 42 and 65. Type I and Type II muscle fiber area increased (P &lt; 0.05) at each stage of growth evaluated. Type I muscle fiber area increased by 26.7-fold and Type II muscle fiber area increased by 37.4-fold from gd85 to market (d243). mRNA sequencing identified a total of 9360 unique genes differentially expressed (DEGs; P &lt; 0.05) in LM during hypertrophic growth but the majority of DEGs were observed in the prenatal (51%) and early postnatal (54%) periods. There were 142 unique miRNAs differentially expressed (P &lt; 0.05) during hypertrophic growth of LM but the majority (62%) were observed in the transition period from prenatal to postnatal growth. Overall, muscle fiber hypertrophy is dynamic from late gestation through postnatal growth, but transcriptomic changes indicate key time periods during development in which mechanisms underlying hypertrophic growth may be altered.
Galaxy merging and the Fundamental Plane of elliptical galaxies

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present preliminary results of numerical simulations of dissipationless merging of stellar systems, aimed at exploring the consequences of merging between gas free, spheroidal systems. In particular, we study the dynamical and structural characteristics of hierarchical merging between equal mass stellar systems, and we compare the properties of the end-products with the most important structural and dynamical scaling relations obeyed by spheroids. In the explored hierarchy of four successive mergings we find that the FP tilt is marginally conserved, but both the Faber-Jackson and Kormendy relations are not conserved.
An Extraordinary Case of Idiopathic Chylothorax in a Rural Setting

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chylothorax is a rare cause of pleural effusion, which can be divided into traumatic and non-traumatic causes.Often, the cause of a non-traumatic chylothorax is challenging.We report a young gentleman with idiopathic chylothorax who was diagnosed in a rural hospital with limited resources.This was confirmed on clinical presentation, pleural fluid analysis, CECT imaging and a diagnostic lymphangiogram.Contrast enhanced imaging did not reveal any secondary pathology.The chylothorax was subsequently drained and he was referred to a tertiary centre for definitive treatment.Managing chylothorax can be challenging in a rural setting due to the lack of relevant expertise and facilities.A timely diagnosis and treatment of chylothorax would require appropriate investigations to elucidate any underlying pathology and the lymphangiogram as a useful tool in diagnosis.
The fibre spectrum of the chorda nerve in the chicken (Gallus gallus var. domesticus).

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Using transmission electron microscopy, the numbers and diameters of all nerve fibres were studied in the chorda tympani nerve of the domestic fowl. The mean diameter of the whole nerve was 64.6 micron and contained 203-407 (mean 302) myelinated and 205-345 (mean 265.6) unmyelinated fibres. Of the myelinated fibres (including sheath) 95% were in the range 0.5-3 micron in diameter and 94% of the unmyelinated fibres ranged from 0.2 to 0.9 micron in diameter. After section of the facial nerve within the facial canal, there was a marked reduction in the number of myelinated fibres present in the chorda tympani nerve (range 12-160, mean 103) but a less marked reduction in the unmyelinated fibres (range 94-362, mean 223). The loss of myelinated fibres was not confined to any one fibre size whereas the loss of unmyelinated fibres was mainly in the smaller fibres (range 0.1-0.5 micron). Since facial nerve section results in degeneration of efferent fibres it would seem that a large proportion of the afferent fibres are unmyelinated.
Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia (Pascual-Castroviejo syndrome): Identification of a novel mutation, use of facial recognition analysis, and review of the literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Cerebro-facio-thoracic dysplasia (CFTD) is a rare, autosomal recessive disorder characterized by facial dysmorphism, cognitive impairment and distinct skeletal anomalies and has been linked to the TMCO1 defect syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To describe two siblings with features consistent with CFTD with a novel homozygous p.Arg114* pathogenic variant in the TMCO1 gene. METHODS: We conducted a literature review and summarized the clinical features and laboratory results of two siblings with a novel pathogenic variant in the TMCO1 gene. Facial recognition analysis was utilized to assess the specificity of facial traits. CONCLUSION: The novel homozygous p.Arg114* pathogenic variant in the TMCO1 gene is responsible for the clinical features of CFTD in two siblings. Facial recognition analysis allows unambiguous distinction of this syndrome against controls.
Growth Hormonal Activity of Thyrotropic Pituitary Tumors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Dependent TtT grown in athyroid mice have elevated serum StH (growth hormone) levels with variable, usually slight, biologic StH activity. When these tumors become autonomous, their StH activity increases while their thyrotropic activity decreases. This is demonstrable by biologic changes in the tumor hosts, by IHCS and by RIA of sera for StH and TtH. These changes are best related to neoplastic transformation of TtT cells that seems to be associated with derepression of the genetic code of normal thyrotropic cells.
Hepcidin Levels and Pathological Characteristics in Children with Fatty Liver Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There was a significant inverse correlation between hepcidin immunoreactivity and fibrosis in pediatric NAFLD patients; however, serum hepcidin levels were significantly higher, suggesting that these patients experienced a reduction in the hepcidin-producing ability of the liver in response to iron levels, leading to subsequent fibrosis. Therefore, hepcidin levels can be used as markers to identify the progression of fibrosis in patients with NAFLD.
A Chimeric Classical Insect-Specific Flavivirus Provides Complete Protection Against West Nile Virus Lethal Challenge in Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract West Nile virus (WNV), an arthropod-borne flavivirus, can cause severe symptoms, including encephalitis, and death, posing a threat to public health and the economy. However, there is still no approved treatment or vaccine available for humans. Here, we developed a novel vaccine platform based on a classical insect-specific flavivirus (cISF) YN15-283-02, which was derived from Culicoides. The cISF-WNV chimera was constructed by replacing prME structural genes of the infectious YN15-283-02 cDNA clone with those of WNV and successfully rescued in Aedes albopictus cells. cISF-WNV was nonreplicable in vertebrate cells and nonpathogenic in type I interferon receptor (IFNAR)-deficient mice. A single-dose immunization of cISF-WNV elicited considerable Th1-biased antibody responses in C57BL/6 mice, which was sufficient to offer complete protection against lethal WNV challenge with no symptoms. Our studies demonstrated the potential of the insect-specific cISF-WNV as a prophylactic vaccine candidate to prevent infection with WNV.
Radiatively cooled quantum microwave amplifiers

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Superconducting microwave amplifiers are essential for sensitive signal readout in superconducting quantum processors. Typically based on Josephson junctions, these amplifiers require operation at milli-Kelvin temperatures to achieve quantum-limited performance. Here, we demonstrate a quantum microwave amplifier that employs radiative cooling to operate at elevated temperatures and maintain near quantum-limited added noise. This kinetic-inductance-based parametric amplifier, patterned from a single layer of relatively high-Tc NbN thin film, maintains a high gain and meanwhile enables low added noise of 1.3 quanta when operated at 1.5 K. Remarkably, this represents only a 0.2 quanta increase compared to the performance at a base temperature of 0.1 K. Based on our findings, we also discuss the practicality of such an operating scheme for various quantum applications. By uplifting the parametric amplifiers from the mixing chamber without compromising readout efficiency, this work represents an important step toward more scalable microwave quantum technologies.