jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
O4‐08‐02: Phase 3 Trial of the TAU Aggregation Inhibitor Leuco‐Methylthioninium‐Bis (Hydromethanesulfonate) (Lmtm) in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer's Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Leuco-methylthioninium-bis(hydromethanesulfonate) (LMTM; TRx-0237) is a novel stabilized reduced form of the methylthioninium (MT) moiety (Harrington et al. J Biol Chem 2015;290:10862) with potential for efficacy in treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A previous trial using the oxidized form of MT identified dose dependent absorption limitations (Wischik et al. J Alzheimers Dis 2015;44:705). LMTM is better absorbed and tolerated (Baddeley et al. J Pharmacol Exptl Therapeutics 2015;352:110) permitting higher doses to be tested. It acts as a selective tau aggregation inhibitor in vitro (Harrington et al. J Biol Chem 2015;290:10862) and in transgenic mouse models (Melis et al. Behav Pharmacol 2015;26:353). The present 15-month double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCT01689246) was performed in patients with probable AD, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score in the range 14-26, Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) 1-2 and age < 90 years. Patients were randomized 3:3:4 to receive oral LMTM at doses of 150 or 250 mg/day or placebo (containing 8 mg/day, to maintain blinding) respectively. Primary efficacy outcomes were change from baseline on cognitive (Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale; ADAS-Cog) and functional (Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living; ADCS-ADL) scores. Three-monthly assessment included magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a disease modifying outcome. Other secondary outcomes included ADCS-CGIC and MMSE. A total of 891 patients were randomized, of whom 62% were female. Approved AD treatments were being taken in 85%. The mean age was 70.6 (SD 9.0) years and baseline MMSE score was 18.7 (SD 3.4). Dementia was of moderate severity (MMSE score 14-19) in 61%. The study efficacy and safety outcomes will be reported. The outcomes of this phase 3 trial will highlight the potential therapeutic value of tau aggregation inhibitor therapy in AD. A second phase 3 trial of LMTM for AD will be completed and reported later in 2016.
Spaceship Earth Revisited: The Co-Benefits of Overcoming Biological Extinction of Experience at the Level of Person, Place and Planet

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Extensive research underscores that we interpret the world through metaphors; moreover, common metaphors are a useful means to enhance the pursuit of personal and collective goals. In the context of planetary health—defined as the interdependent vitality of all natural and anthropogenic ecosystems (social, political and otherwise)—one enduring metaphor can be found in the concept of “Spaceship Earth”. Although not without criticism, the term “Spaceship Earth” has been useful to highlight both resource limitations and the beauty and fragility of delicate ecosystems that sustain life. Rene Dubos, who helped popularize the term, underscored the need for an exposome perspective, one that examines the total accumulated environmental exposures (both detrimental and beneficial) that predict the biological responses of the “total organism to the total environment” over time. In other words, how large-scale environmental changes affect us all personally, albeit in individualized ways. This commentary focuses the ways in which microbes, as an essential part of all ecosystems, provide a vital link between personal and planetary systems, and mediate the biopsychosocial aspects of our individualized experience—and thus health—over our life course journey. A more fine-grained understanding of these dynamics and our power to change them, personally and collectively, lies at the core of restoring “ecosystems balance” for person, place and planet. In particular, restoring human connectedness to the natural world, sense of community and shared purpose must occur in tandem with technological solutions, and will enhance individual empowerment for personal well-being, as well as our collective potential to overcome our grand challenges. Such knowledge can help shape the use of metaphor and re-imagine solutions and novel ways for restoration or rewilding of ecosystems, and the values, behaviors and attitudes to light the path toward exiting the Anthropocene.
computer-aided renal punctures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Passive guidance for computer-aided renal punctures Percutaneous access to the kidney is used for biopsies or for destruction of stones. It is performed under fluoroscopic (radiating) or echographic (difficult) control. We have developed a passive guiding system based on a 3D/3D US/CT rigid registration. Planning is done from two fused pre-operative CT scans (early and late injection). Localized echographic data are collected intra-operatively. After registration, the needle trajectory is (...)
The Constitution and 9/11: recurring threats to America's freedoms

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The announced purpose of U.S. antiterrorist policies after 9/11 was to bring democracy and the rule of law to the Middle East. At home, those values were regularly threatened by illegal, unconstitutional, secret, and unaccountable programs. The Bush administration claimed that terrorists hate America for its freedoms, yet its actions jeopardized those freedoms and brought the reputation of the United States lower in the eyes of the world.Government surveillance. Suspension of habeas corpus. Secret tribunals. Most Americans would recognize these controversial topics from today's headlines. Unfortunately, as Louis Fisher reminds us, such violations of freedom have been with us throughout our history - and continue to threaten the Constitution and the rights that it protects.Distilling more than two centuries of history into a panoramic and compelling narrative, Fisher chronicles the longstanding tension between protecting our constitutional rights and safeguarding national security, from the Whiskey Rebellion to the McCarthy hearings to George W. Bush's War on Terror. Along the way, he raises crucial questions regarding our democracy's ongoing tug-of-war between secrecy and transparency, between expediency and morality, and between legal double-talk and the true rule of law.Fisher focuses especially on how the Bush administration's responses to 9/11 have damaged our constitutional culture and values, threatened individual liberties, and challenged the essential nature of our government's system of checks and balances. His close analysis of five topics - the resurrection of military tribunals, the Guantanamo detainees, the state secrets privilege, NSA surveillance, and extraordinary rendition - places into sharp relief the gradual but relentless erosion of fundamental rights along with an enormous expansion and concentration of presidential power in the post-9/11 era.For Fisher, the Constitution's strength as a guarantor of freedom and rights is only as sound and reliable as our own commitment to the values it describes. Each generation of Americans is asked in essence: do you want a republic or a monarchy? Benjamin Franklin, of course, famously responded: A republic, if you can keep it. Fisher's book reminds us of the political principles we need to rediscover to keep our nation free.
Soil management in Brazilian states: comparative analyzes of Physical and Monetary Soil Nutrient Balance in 2005 and 2015

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Intensive agricultural production tends to stimulate the outflow of nutrients from the soil, requiring producers to properly manage the soil to avoid reducing fertility in the following crops. Thus, the objective was to estimate the annual monetary balance of nutrients in the soil of six Brazilian states that present the highest consumption of inorganic fertilizers in the years 2005 and 2015. The Annual Balance of Nutrients in Soil was used to calculate the physical and monetary balance of nutrients, in the main crops of these States, by quantifying the export of N, P, K from the soil by plants and the insertion of nutrients, through the application of fertilizers, fertigation, and biological fixation. The monetary balance of N, P and K added for the six states was positive and increased by 114% between 2005 and 2015, however, the balance of P for the state of Paraná was negative in 2015 reaching R$ 1,769.17. The balances and Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, and Paraná were higher concerning Goiás, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais. Except for Paraná, related to P, there was no positive depreciation of the associated NPK nutrients. The different flows, in the comparison among states, are caused by the different dynamics of land use, mainly in the size of the corn and soybean cultivation area.
The Fabrication of Thin, Freestanding, Single‐Crystal, Semiconductor Membranes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Freestanding, single‐crystal, semiconductor membranes with thicknesses in the range of a few tens of nanometers to tens of microns are of increasing technological interest today. Their applications range from high speed electronic devices to electromechanical devices and pressure sensors. This review paper identifies two general classes of techniques for producing such thin membranes: dissolution of single‐crystal wafers, and direct growth of single‐crystal membranes. Numerous specific techniques in each general class are discussed. The discussion of each technique includes a brief explanation of the reason why it works, a description of the actual experimental implementation, an analysis of the range of thickness that can be produced, and the crystalline and electrical quality of the membranes. Unusual difficulties with implementing a technique, or special advantages of a technique are also noted. Since this review is intended to aid in the selection of a technique for producing thin semiconductor membranes when one has a particular application in mind, note is made of those applications for which the membranes produced with each technique are particularly well suited.
Relative Contributions of Genetics and Environment to Turkey Improvement

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

PHENOTYPIC changes (improvements) which occur over a period of years may be subdivided into a genetic and an environmental component through the use of randombred control populations. Recently, randombred control populations have been used in an attempt to hold the genetics constant and measure environmental change over years (Kinney <it>et al.,</it> 1968; Merritt, 1968; and Kinney and Lowe, 1968). Genetic changes in a control flock may result from random changes of gene frequency due to genetic sampling or “genetic drift” and directional changes due to natural selection (Gowe <it>et al.,</it> 1959). With additive gene action, the expected drift variance of the mean is equal to 2F σ<inf>g</inf> 2 where F is the inbreeding coefficient and σ<inf>g</inf> 2 is the additive genetic variance in the character concerned. This is equal to σ<inf>g</inf> 2/Ne drift variance per generation. Ne is the effective number of parents (Gowe <it>et al.,</it> 1959). Thus, from the above, the larger . . .
Increasing reflux study duration progressively improves diagnostic consistency: a prospective study with 96 h wireless pH recordings: Table 1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Previous studies suggest that prolonged ambulatory reflux monitoring can improve measurement consistency; however, previous reports were not analysed appropriately or adequately powered to determine the impact on key clinical parameters. The aim of this study was to assess measurement consistency for acid exposure time (AET) and symptom association with reflux events used to establish the diagnosis of GORD. Methods Acid reflux (pH) and symptom data were acquired by prolonged, 4 day, wireless pH recording (Bravo, Given Imaging). 163 consecutive patients presenting with predominantly typical reflux symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation) studied 2006–2009 with a record duration of >3.7 days were studied (636 days). Data were exported in XML format, redundant symptom markers were removed in one pass with reflux detection. A cross-validation procedure assessed measurement variability (standard deviation (SD)) and diagnostic consistency of AET, symptom index (SI) and symptom association probability (SAP). The 4-day records were divided into 1-day sections and re-assembled as all possible subsets. Index parameters were computed for all subsets and labelled with a sequence identifier in the database. Bias due to self-referential comparisons was excluded (i.e., day 1 was not compared with day 123) and, also, no comparisons with 4-day results are given. Standard diagnostic thresholds were applied. In addition, the effect of varying threshold pH value used for reflux detection on diagnostic consistency was assessed. Results Measurement variability: There was no change in AET or SI over time; however, SAP increased progressively with study duration. Standard deviation (SD) was higher for 1-day than 3-day records for AET (+50% (confidence interval (CI): 10%…120%)) and SI (+100% (CI 120%…270%)) with no important difference across the observed range. Results for 2 days were intermediate. Similar findings were present for SAP (1 day vs 3 days at 95% SAP (+100% (CI 10%…700%); however, for this parameter measurement variability increased exponentially as SAP approached 100%. Diagnosis: Consistency for GORD diagnosis increased with study duration (table 1) for all parameters studied. Table 1 OC-048 Effect of study duration on test sensitivity and specificity Diagnostic Parameter Threshold Values Consistency 1 day 2 day 3 day AET >5.6%/study (pH < 4) 0.57 0.67 0.82 >5.6%/study (pH < 5) 0.69 0.82 0.82 SI >50% (pH < 4) 0.69 0.78 0.88 >50% (pH < 5) 0.69 0.77 0.87 SAP >95% (pH < 4) 0.56 0.69 0.82 >95% (pH < 5) 0.53 0.60 0.77 Conclusion Increasing the duration of reflux studies progressively improves diagnostic consistency for GORD based on both AET and reflux-symptom association analysis independent of diagnostic threshold applied.
Treatment of Recurrent Herpes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SIR,-After reading recent favourable re- ports concerning buccal oxytocin"3 many obstetricians will have chosen this simpler way of inducing labour.The more conserva- tive among us have awaited news of its dangers.Your leading article (19 September, p. 705) sounded a warning note which might have been louder.The report of a case of ruptured uterus, accompanied by photographs which call to mind the bad old days of intra- muscular Pitocin (oxytocin) (12 September, p. 689) and the further report (3 October, p. 876) of two alarming cases of fierce uterine overactivity are surely good reasons for calling a halt.Pitocin (oxytocin) and its synthetic equiva-
On Optimal Designs of Some Censoring Schemes

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The main objective of this paper is to explore suitability of some entropy-information measures for introducing a new optimality censoring criterion and to apply it to some censoring schemes from some underlying life-time models. In addition, the paper investigates four related issues namely; the effect of the parameter of parent distribution on optimal scheme, equivalence of schemes based on Shannon and Awad sup-entropy measures, the conjecture that the optimal scheme is one stage scheme, and a conjecture by Cramer and Bagh (2011) about Shannon minimum and maximum schemes when parent distribution is reflected power. Guidelines for designing an optimal censoring plane are reported together with theoretical and numerical results and illustrations.
Seasonality of Leaf and Fig Production in Ficus squamosa, a Fig Tree with Seeds Dispersed by Water

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<div><p>The phenology of plants reflects selection generated by seasonal climatic factors and interactions with other plants and animals, within constraints imposed by their phylogenetic history. Fig trees (<i>Ficus</i>) need to produce figs year-round to support their short-lived fig wasp pollinators, but this requirement is partially de-coupled in dioecious species, where female trees only develop seeds, not pollinator offspring. This allows female trees to concentrate seed production at more favorable times of the year. <i>Ficus squamosa</i> is a riparian species whose dispersal is mainly by water, rather than animals. Seeds can float and travel in long distances. We recorded the leaf and reproductive phenology of 174 individuals for three years in Chiang Mai, Northern Thailand. New leaves were produced throughout the year. Fig production occurred year-round, but with large seasonal variations that correlated with temperature and rainfall. Female and male trees initiated maximal fig crops at different times, with production in female trees confined mainly to the rainy season and male figs concentrating fig production in the preceding months, but also often bearing figs continually. <i>Ficus squamosa</i> concentrates seed production by female plants at times when water levels are high, favouring dispersal by water, and asynchronous flowering within male trees allow fig wasps to cycle there, providing them with potential benefits by maintaining pollinators for times when female figs become available to pollinate.</p></div>
THE REACTION OF PHOSPHONIUM YLIDES WITH 1,2-BENZO[a]PHENAZINE-8,9-DIONE, NAPHTHO[2,1-b]FURAN-1,2-DIONE, BENZO[b]THIOPHENE-2,3-DIONE AND 1,2,3-INDANTRIONE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract When 1,2-benzo[a]phenazine-8,9-dione (1), was reacted with two molar amounts of phosphonium ylides (5), the corresponding dialkyl 1,2-dihydrobenzo[a]furo[3,2,h]phenazine-1,2-dicarboxylates (9) were obtained. Moreover, naphtho[2,1-b]furan-1,2-dione (2) and benzo[b]thiophene-2,3-dione (3) were converted by reaction with ylides (5) into alkyl 2-oxonaphtho[2,1-b]furan-1(2H)-ylidene acetate (10) and alkyl (2-oxobenzo[b]thien-3(2H)-ylidene)acetate (11). On the other hand, the spiro-compounds (13) were isolated from the reaction of 1,2,3-indantrione (4) and Wittig reagents (5). The structure of the new compounds 9, 10, 11 and 13 was confirmed on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral studies.
The selective conservative management of gunshot injury to the abdomen.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Traditionally, mandatory exploration was the rule for managing penetrating abdominal trauma, but this has begun to change in the recent era. The change first affected stab injuries, in which the conservative approach in appropriate cases has gained wide spread acceptance. Relatively recently, the management of gunshot injuries to the abdomen has been similarly affected, and several reports appeared describing the success of such treatment in selected cases.
Nutritional potential of Solanum nigrum linn berries grown in home garden

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background: Solanum nigrum Linn is an annual herbaceous medicinal plant which can be cultivated in a natural setting. Normally this plant reaches a height of 35–100 cm. The flowers petals are greenish or whitish with bright yellow anthers. Black or purple color berries grown in bunches are noticed in this type of plants. Leaves, raw and ripe berries are consumed in different regions with a different culinary style. Aim and Objective: The present study was aimed to analyze the nutrient content of the dried berries cultivated in a home garden. Materials and Methods: Matured berries were harvested, shade dried and stored in air tight containers. Proximate principles, mineral, vitamin and phytochemical constituents of the dried berries were analyzed using standard procedures such as AOAC, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and spectrophotometer methods. Results: The study findings revealed that moisture (10.27%), ash (6.68%), fiber (1.4%), carbohydrate (40.4%), protein (3.86%) and fat (2.55%) were present in the sample. Energy content was found to be 186 kcal/100 g. Mineral analysis indicated that Ca (32 mg), Fe (0.56 mg), Al (0.42 mg), Cu (0.25 mg) and zinc were below detection limit per 100 g. Thiamine hydrochloride (0.37 mg), Riboflavin (0.24 mg), niacinamide (0.37 mg), pyridoxine (0.26 mg), folic acid bile-duct ligated, Vitamin C (5.42 mg) and beta carotene (7.52 mg) were present per 100 g of the dried berries. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids (3.3%), tannins (1.3%), saponins (2.9%). Conclusion: The findings focus on the nutritional attributes of the herb which can be utilized in our household.
Do Transparent Business Practices Pay? Exploration of Transparency and Consumer Purchase Intention

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Information transparency has mostly been associated with financial institutions, and little is known about its application in the apparel supply chain. The aim of this study was to gain an in-depth understanding of the factors that may influence consumer attitude and purchase intention with respect to apparel products from businesses that are transparent about their supply chain. An interpretive analysis, through interviews with consumers, revealed that attitude and intention seemed to be affected by prior knowledge about the apparel industry, distrust on the business’ efforts, values (hedonic and social responsibility value) gained by consumers by consuming transparent products, as well as price and quality of the product. The study uses the theory of reasoned action to explain the relation between attitude and intention and combines with the concepts of consumer value and price and quality. Implications, limitations and scope of further research are also discussed.
Fungal dimorphism and regulation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Numerous fungal organisms are dimorphic, exhibiting distinct morphological transitions in rcsponse to specific envirommental signals. Typicany, dimorphic fungi show either a unicellular yeast-like form or a filamentous form of attached cells. Recent investigations, including molecular genetics, on the dimorphic transitions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida yeasts have shown that the switch mechanism from the yeast-like form to the filamentous form is under genetic controls. Recent finldings of fungal dimorphic transitions have proven to be a simple model for understanding biological problems of morphogenesis and differentiation.