jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Coping with Food Price Shocks in Afghanistan

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this chapter, we present evidence on household coping strategies from a nationally representative household survey collected in Afghanistan before and during the 2007/2008 food price crisis. We looked at changes in various dimensions of food security, including calorie, dietary diversity, and nutrient intake. And we look at the purchase of food on credit, the sale of productive assets, school enrollment, and migration. We found strong evidence that the wheat flour price increases affected the well-being of Afghan households, who had to reduce both their food and nonfood expenditures. The reductions in the value of food consumed were reflected in the reductions in the quantity and quality of food consumed, including reduced nutrient intake. Households reduced their nonfood expenditures across several categories, including healthcare, clothing, grooming, communication, transportation, cigarettes and tobacco, and culture. And households purchased food on credit more frequently. We failed to find changes in educational expenditure or school enrollment, the sale of productive assets, or migration. We used the unconditional quantile regression (UQR) estimator to identify how prices affected households located at specific points on the unconditional distributions (such as the 20th or 80th quantiles) of the food security indicators. The most vulnerable households, those at the bottom of the calorie distribution, cannot afford to make substantial cuts to their caloric intake since they are close to or below the minimum daily energy requirements; accordingly, we found no statistically significant decline in their caloric intake. Households at the bottom of the dietary diversity distribution—often very poor households—experience very large declines in dietary diversity as a result of the wheat flour price increases (although even households at the top of the distribution also experience substantial declines).
In vivo protein synthesis in developing hearts of normal and cardiac mutant axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum).

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Recessive mutant gene c in axolotls causes a failure of the hearts of affected embryos to function. The mutant hearts (c/c) lack organized sarcomeric myofibrils. The present study was undertaken to determine the overall pattern of in vivo protein synthesis and subsequent accumulation of the newly synthesized proteins for a 24-h period in normal (+/+ or +/c) and cardiac mutant (c/c) axolotl hearts at various stages of development. Additionally, selected cytoskeletal/myofibrillar proteins were analyzed in detail for their synthesis during heart development. For such analyses, the hearts were radiolabeled with 35S-methionine for 24 h and subjected to SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Quantitative densitometric analyses of the bands show that, even though the overall protein pattern is similar in normal and mutant heart tissues, a general reduction in the synthesis of the proteins in mutant hearts is observed even at the earlier stages of development (stages 35-36 and 37-38). Synthesis and accumulation of most of the proteins is significantly inhibited in mutant hearts at later stages (stages 41-42). Tropomyosin synthesis in mutant hearts is at a level of only 72.6% of that in normal embryonic hearts at stage 35. The synthesis and the accumulation of the tropomyosin in mutant hearts decreases further with increasing age until the protein essentially stops being synthesized by stage 41.
Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the sigmoid colon: a case report and literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the colon is extremely rare. The etiology is poorly understood, and currently, there are different hypotheses about the origin of this malignant neoplasm. Here, we r 87-year-old male with a moderately-differentiated nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma of the colon.
Phytochemical analysis and applications of Cynodon (L.) and Ficus bengalensis (L.) as an herbal medicine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The present work was carried out to investigate the quantitative determination of their crude phytochemicals, protein contents and folic acid contain in Cynodon dactylon and Ficus bengalensis there use of as a herbal medicine. The quantitative determination of crude phytochemicals. Which including alkaloids, total phenols, flavonoids and saponins were determined quantitatively using literature methods? In present study, Leaf extract of cynodon and Ficus bengalensis Bud extract is found to be very rich source of folic acid, along with rich in phytochemicals they are being as a source of folic acid it is found to be good tonic for anaemic and pregnant ladies. Consumption of this extract or herbal medicines prepared from Cynodon leaves and Ficus buds at the time of pregnancy will reduces anaemia and increases the foetus growth. As it is an easily available everywhere and being as a herbal medicine it does not have any side effects. So in present study it is found that cynodon leaf extract and Ficus bengalensis Buds are boon for anaemic patient's, pregnant ladies and is also used as an tonic.
Significant Contribution of Intrinsic Carbon Defects\nto Oxygen Reduction Activity

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

While the field of carbon-based metal-free\nelectrocatalysts for\noxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has experienced great progress in\nrecent years, the fundamental issue of the origin of ORR activity\nis far from being clarified. To date, the ORR activities of these\nelectrocatalysts are usually attributed to different dopants, while\nthe contribution of intrinsic carbon defects has been explored little.\nHerein, we report the high ORR activity of the defective carbon nanocages,\nwhich is better than that of the B-doped carbon nanotubes and comparable\nto that of the N-doped carbon nanostructures. Density functional theory\ncalculations indicate that pentagon and zigzag edge defects are responsible\nfor the high ORR activity. The mutually corroborated experimental\nand theoretical results reveal the significant contribution of the\nintrinsic carbon defects to ORR activity, which is crucial for understanding\nthe ORR origin and exploring the advanced carbon-based metal-free\nelectrocatalysts.
Longitudinal Genome-Wide Association of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Bogalusa Heart Study

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Recent genome-wide association (GWA) studies have pinpointed many loci associated with CVD risk factors in adults. It is unclear, however, if these loci predict trait levels at all ages, if they are associated with how a trait develops over time, or if they could be used to screen individuals who are pre-symptomatic to provide the opportunity for preventive measures before disease onset. We completed a genome-wide association study on participants in the longitudinal Bogalusa Heart Study (BHS) and have characterized the association between genetic factors and the development of CVD risk factors from childhood to adulthood. We report 7 genome-wide significant associations involving CVD risk factors, two of which have been previously reported. Top regions were tested for replication in the Young Finns Study (YF) and two associations strongly replicated: rs247616 in CETP with HDL levels (combined P = 9.7×10[superscript −24]), and rs445925 at APOE with LDL levels (combined P = 8.7×10[superscript −19]). We show that SNPs previously identified in adult cross-sectional studies tend to show age-independent effects in the BHS with effect sizes consistent with previous reports. Previously identified variants were associated with adult trait levels above and beyond those seen in childhood; however, variants with time-dependent effects were also promising predictors. This is the first GWA study to evaluate the role of common genetic variants in the development of CVD risk factors in children as they advance through adulthood and highlights the utility of using longitudinal studies to identify genetic predictors of adult traits in children.
A NEW TYPE OF SCREWING MECHANICAL HAND

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A new type of screwing mechanical hand has been developed.It can not only perform the assembly screw-ing automatically but also can perform the disassembly screwing automatically.The moment of torsion can bepreset and controlled by torsional resistance automatically.The mechanical hand is the important componentof the Flexible Sort-packing System for drugs.Also,it is the imperative device to agree with the standard ofGMP for drugs sorting and packing.
Protein-rich rafts in hybrid polymer/lipid giant unilamellar vesicles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Considerable attention has been dedicated to lipid rafts due to their importance in numerous cell functions such as membrane trafficking, polarization, and signaling. Next to studies in living cells, artificial micrometer-sized vesicles with a minimal set of components are established as a major tool to understand the phase separation dynamics and their intimate interplay with membrane proteins. In parallel, mixtures of phospholipids and certain amphiphilic polymers simultaneously offer an interface for proteins and mimic this segregation behavior, presenting a tangible synthetic alternative for fundamental studies and bottom-up design of cellular mimics. However, the simultaneous insertion of complex and sensitive membrane proteins is experimentally challenging and thus far has been largely limited to natural lipids. Here, we present the co-reconstitution of the proton pump bo3 oxidase and the proton consumer ATP synthase in hybrid polymer/lipid giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) via fusion/electroformation. Variations of the current method allow for tailored reconstitution protocols and control of the vesicle size. In particular, mixing of protein-free and protein-functionalized nanosized vesicles in the electroformation film results in larger GUVs, while separate reconstitution of the respiratory enzymes enables higher ATP synthesis rates. Furthermore, protein labeling provides a synthetic mechanism for phase separation and protein sequestration, mimicking lipid- and protein-mediated domain formation in nature. The latter means opens further possibilities for re-enacting phenomena like supercomplex assembly or symmetry breaking and enriches the toolbox of bottom-up synthetic biology.
LEITURA CRÍTICA DAS MÍDIAS NA ESCOLA: FORMANDO CIDADÃOS CONSCIENTES

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article aimed to understand the possibilities and challenges of critical media reading in schools, considering its relevance for developing conscious citizens. Given the growing influence of media in the construction of social meanings and values, we investigated how schools can play a formative role in the critical mediation of these messages. The research was bibliographical in nature, with a qualitative approach, and was based on authors who discuss media education, critical literacy, and pedagogical practices focused on citizenship. The analysis was structured around three axes: the role of schools in critical media education, teacher training focused on media literacy, and pedagogical practices that integrate conscious media use in the educational context. The results showed that critical media reading requires investment in teacher training policies, integrative curricula, and participatory methodologies. It was found that the implementation of this approach faces institutional limitations but offers significant contributions to the development of students' intellectual autonomy and ethical engagement. It is concluded that the school has a strategic role in promoting a critical education focused on the reflective reading of the media, and that it is essential to deepen studies on its practical applicability.
Bilateral exudative retinal detachment as the first sign of relapsing acute myelogenous leukaemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A bstract Bilateral exudative retinal detachment is rarely seen as an ocular manifestation of acute myelogenous leukaemia. Herein, a case is described where a trans‐scleral choroidal biopsy was used to diagnose relapsing acute myelogenous leukaemia when the rest of her systemic work‐up was negative.
Hairstreaks and Blue Butterflies

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Lycaenidae is a large, worldwide family of small butterflies with over six thousand described species. This is about one-third of the total of all known butterflies. Ten species have been recorded from the Cayman Islands, and these represent the two major subfamilies, Theclinae (Hairstreaks) and Polyommatinae (Blues). Blue Butterfly larvae are frequently attended by ants in a symbiotic relationship in which the caterpillar receives some protection from arthropod predators and probably parasitic wasps, and the ant in return receives a sweet, sugary secretion from glands on the caterpillar. This chapter discusses different types of hairstreaks and blue butterflies (Lycaenidae) such as Atala Hairstreak, Cuban Grey Hairstreak, Drury's Hairstreak, and Dotted Hairstreak. For each type, it provides information on recognition, subspecies, species' range, Cayman Islands distribution, habitat, history and biology. The chapter also talks about other types of butterflies such as Fulvous Hairstreak, Pygmy Blue, Cassius Blue, and Lucas's Blue.Keywords: blue butterflies; Cayman Islands; hairstreaks butterflies; Lycaenidae
A legal analysis of a banking industry online identity and attribute authentication service for consumers and merchants

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This is a legal and risk analysis of an online identity and attribute authentication service developed by the Financial Agent Source Transaction (FAST) initiative of the Financial Service Technology Consortium (FSTC). The FSTC is a not-for-profit group organized to enhance the competitiveness of the financial services industry. Members include banks, financial services providers, research laboratories, universities, technology companies and government agencies. FSTC sponsors project-oriented, collaborative research and development on inter-bank technical projects affecting the financial services industry. A complete report on the FAST initiative will be available to FSTC members in September 2000 and to the general public by the late 2000. Contact the American Bankers Association web site at that time to download the paper or contact the writer at the email address below. ; During the FAST initiative, the author was the leader of the FAST Legal/Risk Workgroup. This paper is primarily the author's product with input from Patricia Allouise of the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston and Ann Spiotto of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. The views expressed in this report are solely the writer's and do not necessarily reflect the views of any component of the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, the writer's employer. This report is written at a very general level and is designed to highlight issues and problems rather that give legal advice. The reader is advised to consult expert legal counsel before taking any action related to the views expressed in this report. The report addresses the following questions: (1) What is FAST and how does it work? (2) What are the legal risks and how might they be handled?
Adolescents and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective. Research on how adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) understand and use social support is limited. Therefore, we explored how adolescents with T2DM experience and perceive social support. Methods. Adolescents with T2DM were interviewed, and data were qualitatively analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research methodology. Results. Four themes emerged: support for nondiabetes and diabetes-specific behaviors, feelings of belonging, and disclosure. All participants expressed emotional and self-care-specific support. For some, disclosure and a sense of belonging with others who had diabetes often led to support elicitation. Participants also expressed a fear of disclosing their diabetes to others. Discussion. Adolescents with T2DM value tangible and emotional support for behaviors both related and not related to diabetes. Fear of disclosure was a typical experience with disclosure often limited to close friends and family. Recommendations for health professionals to assist adolescents in promoting appropriate disclosure and means of requesting support are discussed.
Establishment of economic injury levels for olive infestation by Dαcus oleαe, in Corfu

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Economic injury levels for cover sprays and air bait sprays were established for the infestation by Dacus oleae (Gmelin) (Diptera: Tephritidae). For cover sprays, the economic injury levels (expressed as percent infestation by taking 30,000 fruits to represent the average number of fruits per tree) were calculated as 7.59% for infestation laid in late July-August, 6.16% for infestation in September and 10.31% for infestation in October. For air bait sprays, economic injury levels were calculated for various fruiting conditions (expressed as proportion of trees bearing olive fruits) and they were much lower than for cover sprays due to the lower cost of air treatments. For July-August, they ranged from 5.07% infestation for 25% trees bearing olives to 1 .27% for 100% trees with olive fruits. For September they ranged from 4.11% to 1.08% infestation, for October they ranged from 6.88% to 1 .72% infestation and for infestation laid in November they ranged from 61.28% to 15.32% infestation, respectively. The economic injury levels for air bait sprays were also expressed as mean weekly number of females per McPhail trap by taking into account the potential fecundity of D. oleae and the efficiency of the McPhail trap (baited with protein hydrolysate 2% and borax 1 .5%) at different times of the year. For September, they ranged from 16 females per trap for groves with 25% of trees bearing olive fruits, to 4 females per trap for 100% trees with fruits. For October, they ranged from 6 females per trap to I female per trap, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Heteroaryl‐2′‐deoxyuridine Analogues. Synthesis and Incorporation into High‐Affinity Oligonucleotides.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Jehovah’s Witnesses

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

What would happen if I accepted an invitation to Bible Study from Jehovah’s Witnesses? What would attending a Kingdom Hall meeting involve? And if I invited door-knocking Witnesses into my home? This book introduces Jehovah’s Witnesses without assuming prior knowledge of the Watch Tower organization. After outlining the Society’s origins and history, the book explains their key beliefs and practices by taking the reader through the process of the seeker who makes initial contact with Witnesses, and progresses to take instruction and become a baptized member. The book then explores what is involved in being a Witness – congregational life, lifestyle, rites of passage, their understanding of the Bible and prophetic expectations. It examines the various processes and consequences of leaving the organization, controversies that have arisen in the course of its history, and popular criticisms. Discussion is given to the likelihood of reforms within the organization, such as its stance on blood transfusions, the role of women and new methods of meeting and evangelizing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Topping cycles and advanced conversion machinery for central power stations

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

From thermal power conference; Pullman, Washington, USA (3 Oct 1973). The possibility of developing dynamic conversion machines for topping cycles --- expanders and turbines ---that might utilize refractory materials not previously applied to this purpose is investigated. A technological basis for topping cycle systems that will extend the conversion efficiency of central power stations to the range of 55 to 60% is provided. The performance of a small (500 cm/sup 3/ displacement) graphite helical rotor compressor-expander set operating on inert gas for nearly 300 hr at temperatures up to 1500 deg C and rotor speeds to 14,000 rpm is described. In a related program, turbine blades and sound monolithic bodies up to 36 in. characteristic dimension were fabricated of the refractory compounds silicon nitride (Si/sub 3/N/sub 4/) and silicon carbide (SiC), which are compatible with air and combustion products. The application of available materials and power-conversion technology to permit a significant improvement in energy conversion efficiency is discussed. The demonstration of this capability is proposed by devising topping cycle systems incorporating ceramic engines capable of extracting useful energy from combustion heat sources at conditions presently inaccessible. 12 references. (auth)
Electrochemical treatment to condition contaminated electric arc furnace dusts (EAFD) as an addition to the immobilization mortar in low and medium activity repositories

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Trabajo presentado en el 4th International Workshop on 'Long Term Prediction of Corrosion Damage in Nuclear Waste Systems' (LongTermCorr 2010), celebrado en Brujas (Bélgica), del 28 de junio al 2 de julio de 2010
What Is Corruption and Bribery? A Social Representations Study From the Views of Young Adults

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Corruption and bribery are often seen as the same in public messages, but people might understand them in different ways. These varying perceptions can significantly influence how anti-corruption efforts are received and understood. Therefore, we explored the perceived definitions of “corruption” and “bribery” among young adults ( N = 253, M_age = 21.32; 59.3% female) using the structural approach of Social Representation Theory as the underlying framework, and collected data through an online survey. A prototypical analysis was conducted using IRAMUTEQ software to elicit the core elements (high important level and agreed by most people) of corruption and bribery. Results showed that respondents used the term “money” to describe corruption and bribery but distinguished them based on moral evaluations and perpetrators. Corruption was associated with negative terms like “bad” and “dishonest” and linked to the “government,” while bribery lacked such moral connotations and was associated with the “police.” The absence of consequences in social representations may provide insight into the persistent challenge of combating corruption and bribery.