jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of &lt;i&gt;Mycobacterium tuberculosis&lt;/i&gt; Strains Isolated from Both Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary Samples and Their Resistance to Rifampicin: A Study from Kolkata and Surrounding Suburbs

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In India, nearly 1.8 million new cases of TB are reported annually, which accounts for a fifth of new cases in the world—greater than in any other country. Anti-tubercular drugs (ATDs) have been used for decades, and widespread resistance to them is a very serious public health concern in any part of the world. Aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Rifampicin (the first line Anti-TB drug) resistance among both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary samples tested positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis and thereby predict the prevalence of Multi-drug resistant (MDR) tuberculosis in Kolkata and its Suburban regions. All 331 randomly collected clinical samples (both Pulmonary and Extra Pulmonary) were initially screened by Zeihl-Neelsen AFB staining followed by culture on BacT/Alert 3D system and on Lowenstein-Jensen medium and the positive samples were subjected to detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and simultaneous analysis of Rifampicin resistance by Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Out of the 51 (15.40%) culture positive samples, 13.7% of pulmonary samples and 9.09% of extra-pulmonary samples were Rifampicin resistant. The prevalence of Rifampicin resistant TB in our study is high and the possible reasons can be mixing of new as well as retreatment cases and smaller sample size but, yet it can help Government and public health regulatory bodies to formulate adequate strategies to fight against drug resistant tuberculosis, especially in this part of the world.
Standardization of organic module for sustainable production of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment on the standardization of organic module for production of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) was conducted during rabi season of 2009-10 to 2012-13 (four years). The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) consisting of three organic modules (M1, M2 and M3) and two fenugreek varieties (AFg-1 and RMt-305) with four replications. Findings of present study showed significant differences among the performance of different organic modules tested for two fenugreek varieties. Organic module-1 (M1)comprising of soil application of vermi-compost @5 t/ha+ foliar spray of 5% garlic extract @ 2.0 kg/ha + 2% neem oil @ 5 litre/ha+ soil application of neem cake @150 kg/ha and Trichoderma @ 2.5 kg/ha, seed treatment with Rhizobium @100 ml/kg seed, PSB @ 100 ml/kg seed and Trichoderma @10 g/kg seed exhibited earliest seed germination and maximum plant height (5.78, 19.69, 43.39 and 50.97 cm) at 30, 60, 90 DAS and at harvest, respectively with maximum number of branches (6.76/ plant), number of pods (42/ plant), number of seeds (16.01/ pod), highest grain yield (1515.21 kg/ha), gross return (100004) and net returns (66741) in fenugreek crop. Similarly significant differences were recorded in the performance of fenugreek varieties under different organic modules and the highest plant height, maximum number of branches and pods per plant, highest number of seeds per pod with maximum grain yield (1568.36 kg/ha), gross returns (103512), net returns (71399) with higher B:C ratio (2.22) were recorded in fenugreek variety AFg-1 than variety RMt-305. Cultivation of fenugreek variety AFg-1 with the application of Module-1 exhibited maximum values for all the growth parameters, yield attributing characters, maximum grain yield, net returns with improvement in soil organic carbon % (OC) and soil fertility (available N, P and K) after 4 crop cycles. Hence, variety AFg-1 is recommended to grow organically with the application of Module-1 (M1) under semi-arid environmental conditions.
Clinicopathological and Targeted Exome Gene Features of a Patient with Metastatic Acinic Cell Carcinoma of the Parotid Gland Harboring an ARID2 Nonsense Mutation and CDKN2A/B Deletion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We describe the presentation, treatment, clinical outcome, and targeted genome analysis of a metastatic salivary acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC). A 71-year-old male presented with a 3 cm right tail of a parotid lesion, first detected as a nodule by the patient seven months earlier. He had a right total parotidectomy with cranial nerve VII resection, right facial nerve resection and grafting, resection of the right conchal cartilage, and right modified radical neck dissection. The primary tumor revealed AciCC with two distinct areas: a well-differentiated component with glandular architecture and a dedifferentiated component with infiltrative growth pattern associated with prominent stromal response, necrosis, perineural invasion, and cellular pleomorphism. Tumor staging was pT4 N0 MX. Immunohistochemistry staining showed pankeratin (+), CD56 (−), and a Ki67 proliferation index of 15%. Upon microscopic inspection, 49 local lymph nodes resected during parotidectomy were negative for cancer cells. Targeted sequencing of the primary tumor revealed deletions of CDKN2A and CDKN2B, a nonsense mutation in ARID2, and single missense mutations of unknown significance in nine other genes. Despite postoperative localized radiation treatment, follow-up whole body PET/CT scan showed lung, soft tissue, bone, and liver metastases. The patient expired 9 months after resection of the primary tumor.
Differences in Tibia Strength and Bone Ash Among Strains of Layers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Three experiments were conducted utilizing 12 strains of egg production-type pullets to determine if tibia breaking strength and tibia ash varied among strains. The data indicate that there was a significant strain difference in tibia strength but that there was no apparent difference in tibia ash among strains. It was found that caged hens had a significantly lower tibia breaking strength when compared to floor hens of the same strain; there were, however, some strains of pullets that were maintained in cages that had a higher breaking strength than other strains maintained on the floor. Floor hens were observed to lay at a slightly higher rate than the caged birds and in the third experiment had higher tibia ash values.
Opioid Receptors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

▪ Abstract Opioid receptors belong to the large superfamily of seven transmembrane-spanning (7TM) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). As a class, GPCRs are of fundamental physiological importance mediating the actions of the majority of known neurotransmitters and hormones. Opioid receptors are particularly intriguing members of this receptor family. They are activated both by endogenously produced opioid peptides and by exogenously administered opiate compounds, some of which are not only among the most effective analgesics known but also highly addictive drugs of abuse. A fundamental question in addiction biology is why exogenous opioid drugs, such as morphine and heroin, have a high liability for inducing tolerance, dependence, and addiction. This review focuses on many aspects of opioid receptors with the aim of gaining a greater insight into mechanisms of opioid tolerance and dependence.
Place Attachment and Related Aspects in the Urban Setting

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study reviewed previous studies on place attachment and related factors in the urban setting. Assessments were conducted on over one hundred peer-reviewed journal papers that met the selection criteria. The results were divided into six categories. Place attachment can improve each of the three dimensions of wellbeing. It can also mitigate the negative impacts of environmental stressors on wellbeing. Furthermore, traditional gardens and local landscape characteristics contribute to a stronger place attachment, depending on the degree to which they present local history and culture. Green landscapes can also help immigrants feel more connected to their community and place of origin. Social interaction has also been linked to the development of place attachment, which is stronger in low-income/deprived neighborhoods. Furthermore, higher place attachment promotes civic engagement and social trust. Place attachment also helps older people cope with aging difficulties in their living environments. Finally, there is a mutually beneficial association between place attachment and perceived neighborhood walkability, as well as a relationship between the scale of the place and the level of attachment. The various research gaps recognized by this study could be addressed in future studies to better understand the role of place attachment in creating sustainable urban environments.
[Effects of Atorvastatin on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Leukemia Cell Line HL-60 and Its Mechanism of Signal Pathway].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Atorvastatin may inhibit the proliferation of HL-60 cells and induce apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/ATK/mTOR signaling pathway.
Data Augmentation for end-to-end Code-Switching Speech Recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Training a code-switching end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) model normally requires a large amount of data, while code-switching data is often limited. In this paper, three novel approaches are proposed for code-switching data augmentation. Specifically, they are audio splicing with the existing code-switching data, and TTS with new code-switching texts generated by word translation or word insertion. Our experiments on 200 hours Mandarin-English code-switching dataset show that all the three proposed approaches yield significant improvements on code-switching ASR individually. Moreover, all the proposed approaches can be combined with recent popular SpecAugment, and an addition gain can be obtained. WER is significantly reduced by relative 24.0% compared to the system without any data augmentation, and still relative 13.0% gain compared to the system with only SpecAugment
Options to Realize: Towards a Pragmatic Modeling of Man in His World

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

When considering an agreeable development a realistic attitude towards presumed options is to be taken. Two prerequisites in particular prove necessary: first, a realistic model of man in his world , and second, a pragmatic philosophy to evaluate the given facts towards an appropriate, sustainable strategy of action. Mere tradition, wishful thinking, emotion, just hopeful illusions or escapism will not help. A responsible, guided attempt to control change is needed. Man, the dominant factor for the evolution of the life sphere has no other choice than consciously using his capacity to understand and to decide responsibly on his future.
A qualitative analysis of the experiences of heart failure specialist nurses working with patients with end stage heart failure

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Literature Review. This aimed to systematically and critically appraise, as well as synthesise, qualitative research exploring the psychological impact on nurses of working within palliative care. Eleven papers were identified. Studies presented a number of quality issues. The taxonomy suggested that nurses develop a palliative care persona as a way of being, both personally and professionally. This fostered nursing resilience. Further research could explore the notion of a persona, with training, practice and support implications for nurses. \nResearch Report. This aimed to identify and explore the experiences of heart failure specialist nurses who work with patients with end stage heart failure, to understand how such experiences affected nurses, how they approached their work, and how they were supported. A qualitative design was used, with semi- structured interviews undertaken and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Three superordinate themes were elicited: Keeping the Rhythm Going, relating to aspects of routine care; The Rhythm Peters Out (A Good Death), relating to tasks at end of life; and Winding up the String, relating to the impact of working with the dying. Participants appeared to profess a „professional face‟, rejecting the emotional impact of working with the dying. The perpetual physical effort of caring for patients at end of life was articulated, as were high expectations of achieving a „good death‟. Being managed from an acute context seemed to undermine delivery of an alternative model of care within the community. Recommendations regarding training, supervision and bridging two approaches of care were made. \nCritical Appraisal. This section offers a reflection upon the whole research process, with reference to the research diary. Implications in terms of being a researcher and a clinician were made.
Corresponding Author’s Contact Information:

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Duncan Brumby is a cognitive scientist with an interest in human-computer interaction, eye-tracking, and computational cognitive modeling; he is an Associate Research Scientist in the Department of Computer Science at Drexel University. Andrew Howes is a cognitive scientist with an interest in the constraints on cognitive adaptation; he is a Reader in the Manchester Business School, University of Manchester. Abstract: 254 When searching a novel web page people often estimate the likelihood that labeled links on the page will lead to their goal. A rational analysis of this activity suggests that people should adjust their estimate of the likelihood that any one item will lead to the goal in a manner that is sensitive to the context provided by the likelihoods that other items on the page will lead to the goal. Two experiments were designed to provide evidence to discriminate between this account and others found in the literature (e.g., satisficing and assess-all accounts). The experiments systematically manipulated the relevance of the distractor items and the location of the target item on the page. The
Coping with a Firm and Its Rivals' Earnings Pressure in Exploratory Innovation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

While earnings expectation has been shown to determine a firm's investment decisions, little is known about how such expectation influences its horizon of innovation. This paper examines the effect of earnings pressure and cross-rival effect on firm behavior towards exploratory innovation while considering a firm's financial slack. By using data from S&P 1500 companies in high technology industries and patent information from UPSTO database for the 2000-2012 period, the results indicate that stock analysts, as information intermediaries between innovation firms and the capital market, impose pressure through earnings forecasts on a firm's exploratory innovation. Besides, a firm tends to increase exploratory innovation by taking advantage of its rivals' handicaps. Furthermore, a firm's financial slack not only relaxes earnings pressure but also broadens the innovation gap between two competing firms. This paper suggests that managers should take the competitive effect into account when a strategic investment decision is deployed.
Improved Analysis for Squeezing of Newtonian Material between Two Circular Plates

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article presents a scheme for the analysis of an unsteady axisymmetric flow of incompressible Newtonian material in the form of liquid squeezed between two circular plates. The scheme combines traditional perturbation technique with homotopy using an adaptation of the Laplace Transform. The proposed method is tested against other schemes such as the Regular Perturbation Method (RPM), Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic Method (OHAM), and the fourth-order Explicit Runge-Kutta Method (ERK4). Comparison of the solutions along with absolute residual errors confirms that the proposed scheme surpasses HPM, OHAM, RPM, and ERK4 in terms of accuracy. The article also investigates the effect of Reynolds number on the velocity profile and pressure variation graphically.
Hemagglutination by Mixtures of Human γ-Globulin and Heterogenetic Bacterial Antigen

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Summary Study on hemagglutination by mixtures of heterogenetic bacterial antigen and corresponding antibodies revealed the following results: Mixtures of antigen and γ-globulin cause agglutination of human erythrocytes that have been treated with either pancreatic protease, trypsin, ficin, bromelin, or papain.Crude extracts of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes are all effective.Serum Fractions II 1, 2 and II 3 are both effective.Serum containing this antibody in comparable titer does not cause hemagglutination in the presence of antigen.Absorption of heterogenetic antibody from γ-globulin considerably reduces the hemagglutinating capacity of γ-globulin in the presence of antigen.This hemagglutination reaction is inhibited by human and animal serum; the serum factor(s) is heat stable at 75°C and only slightly affected at 100°C. Ultrafiltrates of serum are ineffective. Egg yolk, but not egg white, in high dilutions inhibits the reaction. Mixtures of cardiolipin and lecithin or cholesterol are also effective as inhibitors.
Signal Amplification and Near-Infrared Translation of Enzymatic Reactions by Nanosensors

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Enzymatic reactions are used to detect analytes in a range of biochemical methods. To measure the presence of an analyte, the enzyme is conjugated to a recognition unit and converts a substrate into a (colored) product that is detectable by visible (VIS) light. Thus, the lowest enzymatic turnover that can be detected sets a limit on sensitivity. Here, we report that substrates and products of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and β-galactosidase change the near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence of (bio)polymer modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). They translate a VIS signal into a beneficial NIR signal. Moreover, the affinity of the nanosensors leads to a higher effective local concentration of the reactants. This causes a non-linear sensor-based signal amplification and translation (SENSAT). We find signal enhancement up to ≈120x for the HRP substrate p -phenylenediamine (PPD), which means that reactions below the limit of detection in the VIS can be followed in the NIR (≈1000 nm). The approach is also applicable to other substrates such as 3,3′-5,5′ -tetramethylbenzidine (TMB). An adsorption-based theoretical model fits the observed signals and corroborates the sensor-based enhancement mechanism. This approach can be used to amplify signals, translate them into the NIR and increase sensitivity of biochemical assays.
Towards a next-generation preclinical PET/MR insert with improved timing and count rate performance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Our group has previously developed a PET insert for simultaneous PET/MRI imaging. The insert consists of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with a resistor-based charge division multiplexing readout circuit. Some limitations include a 2.5ns coincidence time resolution (CTR), a relatively long signal duration of >1.5us, and a 1.3us paralyzable dead time. This thesis focuses on characterizing these limitations and demonstrating a second-generation detector module for improved timing and count rate performance. First, optical coupling optimization using acrylic polymer tapes versus conventional silicone optical grease was investigated. Second, CTR and signal duration was reduced by using an enhanced readout board equipped with three new SiPM-type detectors. Last, dead time of the system was reduced by minimizing the sampling number of the OpenPET acquisition system. Future work includes design modification to accommodate the first-generation scintillator footprint and potentially to adapt the OpenPET acquisition system to read in SiPM `fast' outputs.
In vitro investigation of trans SNARE complexes arrested between artifical membranes.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The key components of the machinery that catalyzes membrane fusion include membrane-associated small proteins that are termed as soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs). Calcium-triggered synaptic vesicle exocytosis is one of the most investigated SNARE-mediated fusion processes. Three synaptic SNARE proteins zipper into ternary complexes from their membrane-distant N-termini towards their membrane proximal C-termini. This assembly drives the merger of the synaptic vesicles with the pre-synaptic membrane. After the exocytosis, ternary complexes are disassembled into reactivated monomers for subsequent rounds of neurotransmitter release. This cycle includes a transient assembly intermediate that forms as the synaptic vesicle SNARE (synaptobrevin) starts zippering with the pre-synaptic plasma membrane SNAREs (syntaxin and SNAP-25). Prior to membrane fusion, partially zippered SNARE complexes are found in trans configurations with the transmembrane domains of synaptobrevin and syntaxin residing in two opposing membranes. These complexes are the substrates of various regulatory factors that control the calcium-triggered release process tightly. Current models of this regulation are based on the indirect measurements of membrane fusion probes. It was not possible so far to address the protein-protein interactions directly due to difficulties in isolating the short-lived trans SNARE complexes. This study presents a biochemically well-defined reconstitution system that captures such trans complexes successfully. SNARE zippering was artificially arrested between docking, but not-fusing large liposomes (diameter, 100 nm) by using mutants of synaptobrevin. The disassembly machinery (NSF and α-SNAP) and tetanus neurotoxin were effectively incorporated into this system. Several biochemical assays were developed utilizing these factors to study the characteristics of the trans complexes. The assembly and disassembly cycles of the trans SNARE complexes were monitored directly via fluorescently labeled proteins or indirectly via fluorescently labeled lipids. These measurements were extremely helpful in deducing the extent of SNARE zippering. Each of the two synaptobrevin mutants was involved in very different trans configurations depending on the region where their zippering was arrested, one being loosely and the other being tightly zippered. These advances proved this reconstitution system as an ideal medium for further investigations. It is made possible to address the key steps that regulate the progression from loose to tight zippering directly. Understanding this regulation is crucial for elucidating the step-wise mechanisms that attain high accuracy and speed in synaptic transmission.