jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Vertical distribution of fertilizer nitrogen from surface water flooding of a silt loam and clay soil used for rice production

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Nitrogen (N) fertilizer retention and short‐term vertical redistribution into soil affect N balance and N‐use efficiency in rice ( Oryza sativa L.) production systems. A series of experiments was conducted on intact soil cores obtained from rice production fields to track floodwater and soil ammonium‐ and nitrate‐N concentrations up to 96 hr after urea and ammonium sulphate fertilizer amendments to dry, silt loam soil (a) as compared to clay soil, (b) with and without a delay before floodwater establishment and (c) at two initial soil water conditions (dry and muddy). The impact of a 5‐day delay before flood establishment was also compared between untreated and N ‐( n ‐butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT)‐treated urea‐N concentrations. Urea‐derived N generally moved deeper into dry, silt loam soil than ammonium sulphate. Ammonium sulphate‐derived N concentration was greatest in the surface 2 cm of soil, decreased with depth, and was unaffected by floodwater duration. A 5‐day delay between fertilization and flooding resulted in urea behaving similarly to ammonium sulphate, although NBPT treatment resulted in vertical N distributions similar to those for untreated urea applied to dry, immediately flooded soil. When urea was applied to muddy soil, no fertilizer N was observed below 2 cm, while large concentrations of ammonium‐N remained in the floodwater. Results collectively demonstrate the importance of immediate downward movement of fertilizer‐applied N into dry soil for retention, and the use of a urease inhibitor to maximize urea‐derived N downward movement into soil when a delay in flood establishment cannot be avoided.
Assessment of adsorption capacity on pallet coal

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Pallets are widely used for moving cargo, however, they are often disposed of inappropriately, due to the cost associated with their correct disposal. This study focused on transforming expired pallets into pallet coal (PC) and investigating its properties, carrying out the determination of the Langmuir isotherm, employing primary standard solutions. The results obtained with the gravimetric yield were 66.05%, which indicates an excellent cost/benefit. The isotherm obtained is characteristic of a favorable adsorption, with saturation of the sites occurring at around 0.014 g.L-1, with a layer close to a concentration of 3.3 mol.L-1. The active area of this pallet coal was estimated at 715.94m2.g-1. This study was dedicated to evaluating the adsorption capabilities of discarded material, aiming for its reuse in a more sustainable way, thus contributing to the preservation of the environment. Transforming discarded material into an adsorbent not only adds value to the product, but also significantly reduces industry costs associated with conventional disposal.
Audiometric Characterization of a Family with Digenic Autosomal, Dominant, Progressive Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this study, a non-syndromic progressive bilateral high frequency hearing loss is described in a family with 141 identified members. Recent genetic analyses indicated a digenic inheritance with linkage to the gene loci DFNA2 and DFNA12. The affected family members who shared haplotypes at both loci (type I) showed an early postlingual onset and a more rapid rate of progress compared with those with one either of the two disease associated haplotypes (type II). The audiometric pattern was cochlear without a vestibular involvement. Auditory brainstem response audiometry and magnetic resonance imaging indicated normal retrocochlear features. The otoacoustic emissions were affected for both type I and type II, whereas the acoustic stapedius reflex thresholds were normal in most cases. It is concluded that both types had an outer hair cell/micro-mechanical abnormality, but that the DFNA 2 type might have an additional dysfunction at the level of the inner hair cells. It is furthermore pointed out that the application of refined audiometric techniques as well as a further development of new techniques is needed in order to characterize the phenotypes of the rapidly expanding number of genetically defined inner ear abnormalities.
Nas origens de uma Respública marítima e mercantil : o acolhimento ao estrangeiro nos portos medievais e modernos

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the constitution of medieval and early modern maritime identities, welcoming the foreigner in ports was a key-element; in a comparative perspective, this study seeks to show how the Portuguese ports developed experiences of contact that enriched and influenced their everyday behaviours.The paper suggests new interpretations of the relations between the «Self» and the «Other», and reviews concepts often misused such as the ones of «nation» or «xenophobia».
Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL): Centralized Replication for Active-Active Broadcast, Unknown Unicast, and Multicast (BUM) Traffic

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In Transparent Interconnection of Lots of Links (TRILL) active-active
access, a Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) check failure issue may occur
when using the pseudo-nickname mechanism specified in RFC 7781. This
document describes a solution to resolve this RPF check failure issue
through centralized replication. All ingress Routing Bridges
(RBridges) send Broadcast, Unknown Unicast, and Multicast (BUM)
traffic to a centralized node with unicast TRILL encapsulation. When
the centralized node receives the BUM traffic, it decapsulates the
packets and forwards them to their destination RBridges using a
distribution tree established per the TRILL base protocol (RFC 6325).
To avoid RPF check failure on an RBridge sitting between the ingress
RBridge and the centralized replication node, some change in the RPF
calculation algorithm is required. RPF checks on each RBridge MUST be
calculated as if the centralized node was the ingress RBridge, instead
of being calculated using the actual ingress RBridge. This document
updates RFC 6325.
PECULIARITIES OF THE COURSE IN PATIENTS WITH PRIMARY OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA WITH HYPERTENSION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glaucoma is a group of diseases differing in pathophysiology, risk factors, manifestations, treatment and prognosis. Progressive degeneration of the optic nerve with the loss of retinal ganglion cells, thinning of the retinal nerve fiber layer and progressive optic disc excavation are their common feature.
Electrochemical removal of diazinon insecticide in aqueous solution by Pb/β‐PbO2 anode. Effect of parameters and optimization using response surface methodology

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Diazinon is one of the most extensively used organophosphorus pesticides that is used against a variety of agricultural pests and disease vectors and is resistant to biodegradation; its release into the environment is a severe environmental concern due to their widespread use. The aim of this study was to investigate the electrochemical removal of diazinon insecticides from aqueous solutions and to optimize the process by response surface methodology (RSM). This is an experimental study that was performed on a laboratory scale and in a batch mood. scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray, and X‐ray diffraction analyses were performed to accurately evaluate and characterize the coated electrode. The central composite design (CCD) was used to investigate the influence of pH, electrolysis time, diazinon concentration, and current density, as well as the effect of their interaction on the removal of diazinon during the electrochemical process. The results showed that by increasing electrolysis time and current density and decreasing diazinon pH and concentration, diazinon removal efficiency increased. According to the results, Na 2 SO 4 was selected as the supporting electrolyte with the highest degradation efficiency (97.88%) compared to the other two compounds (NaCl and NaNO 3 ). The linear regression coefficient ( R 2 ) between experiments and different response values ​​in the model was .99. The results showed that the amount of AOS in the effluent of the three‐dimensional electrochemical process was increased from 0.06 to 1.22 and the COD/TOC ratio decreased from 2.62 to 1.85, respectively; this indicates the biodegradability of the diazinon insecticide through the electrochemical system. The removal efficiency of COD and TOC in optimum condition was 85.78% and 79.86%, respectively. In general, the electrochemical process using Pb/β‐PbO 2 electrode compared to other methods can be used as a suitable and reliable method for the treatment of effluents containing chemical toxins such as diazinon. Practitioner Points Electrochemical degradation of diazinon insecticide using Pb/β‐PbO 2 anode. Effect of operating parameters on electrodegradation diazinon insecticide in electrochemical processes using Pb/β‐PbO 2 anode. Biodegradability study of diazinon insecticide electrodegradation using Pb/β‐PbO 2 anode. Optimization operating parameters using central composite design (CCD).
Influence of Wilbraham-Gibbs Phenomenon on Digital Stochastic Measurement of EEG Signal Over an Interval

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Measurement methods, based on the approach named Digital Stochastic Measurement, have been introduced, and several prototype and small-series commercial instruments have been developed based on these methods. These methods have been mostly investigated for various types of stationary signals, but also for non-stationary signals. This paper presents, analyzes and discusses digital stochastic measurement of electroencephalography (EEG) signal in the time domain, emphasizing the problem of influence of the Wilbraham-Gibbs phenomenon. The increase of measurement error, related to the Wilbraham-Gibbs phenomenon, is found. If the EEG signal is measured and measurement interval is 20 ms wide, the average maximal error relative to the range of input signal is 16.84 %. If the measurement interval is extended to 2s, the average maximal error relative to the range of input signal is significantly lowered - down to 1.37 %. Absolute errors are compared with the error limit recommended by Organisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale (OIML) and with the quantization steps of the advanced EEG instruments with 24-bit A/D conversion
Distributional Characteristics and Improvements for Wildlife Protection Areas in South Korea

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Through the analyses of the distribution characteristics and management practices of the wildlife protection areas, this study intends to present basic data for improving the management of protected areas. 1) Based on the aggregate results of the protected areas, the average ratio of the metro-city and provincial areas to the designated protected areas was 1.49%; except for Chungcheongbuk-do (8.83%) and Gyeongsangnam-do (3.43%), most regions showed specified percentages of about 1%, whereby the analysis suggested that the designated protected areas were too small. 2) Considering the fact that most (86.16%) of the wildlife protection areas are in the regions that are of ecological nature level of grade 1, green nature level of grade 8 or better, and of legal conservation regions and districts, it was shown that these reserves are distributed in regions with excellent natural environmental conditions. 3) Designation of protected areas for the protection of wildlife and fish is deemed to be necessary. Although there are 588 wildlife & plant reserves, there are absolutely no designated areas for protecting plant and fish species. 4) Based on the results of an analysis of the current distribution by types, 92.47% of protected areas were concentrated in the mountains, 0.24% in the agricultural lands, and 7.29% distributed in the lakes/rivers/costal areas. 5) As major improvement projects, proposed were: advancement of management systems for protected areas, expanded designation of protected areas, overhaul of managed areas, designation of protected areas for the protection of wild plants and fish, need for management measures for private property and the surrounding areas, need to secure appropriate management personnel and collaboration, locally-adapted management, eco-information-based management, total management of protected areas, etc.
Load Profile Modeling of Plug-In Electric Vehicles: Realistic and Ready-to-Use Benchmark Test Data

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The penetration of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) has increased in the transportation sector in the last few years and it has increased the uncertain load in the power sector. In order to analyze the impact on the power grid and plan infrastructure, modeling of PEV load profiles is required. Determining realistic PEV load profiles is challenging due to the involvement of serval uncertainties and complex interdependencies among different factors and to date, there are no benchmark load profiles of PEVs. In this paper, realistic and ready-to-use load profiles for PEVs are developed by considering vehicle mobility, charging infrastructure, and the market share of PEVs. Firstly, the U.S. National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data is filtered to remove vehicles with unrealistic, duplicate, and missing data. Secondly, a set of relevant parameters is extracted to estimate different features of PEVs, such as arrival time, departure time, and daily mileage. Then, all the commercially available PEVs are grouped into four clusters using the K-means algorithm. Finally, the per unit (per PEV) load profiles are estimated using the information of the available PEVs in the market, charging levels in the residential sector, and features extracted in the previous step. A large set of scenarios are considered for each PEV cluster in determining the load profiles. The pre-unit profiles estimated in this study are ready-to-use for researchers and planners in the PEV industry and are realistic due to consideration of different relevant factors and a large traveling database of vehicles. The developed per-unit load profiles are used to estimate and analyze the PEV load profiles of the top four countries with the highest penetration percentage of PEVs.
Malignant mixed mullerian tumor of the ovary: report of four cases.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The malignant mixed mullerian tumor (MMMT) of the ovary is a particularly aggressive tumor, especially in advanced stages. The survival rate is very low in spite of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The optimal treatment for this neoplasm is unknown because of its rarity. Our experience, when considering survival, seems to confirm the use of cisplatin and ifosfamide and to give new horizons to taxol.
Changes in Stillbirth and Infant Mortality Associated With Increases in Preterm Birth Among Twins

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective. To examine whether the recent substantial increase in preterm birth among twins has been associated with changes in fetal and infant mortality. Design. Cohort study based on information in the linked live birth, stillbirth, and mortality databases of Statistics Canada. Setting. Ten of 12 provinces and territories in Canada. Participants. All twin live births and stillbirths between 1985 and 1996, along with information on deaths during infancy (1985–1997). Main Outcome Measure. Fetal and infant mortality rates. Results. The rate of preterm birth among twin live births increased significantly by 17% (95% confidence interval: 14%–20%) from 42.5% between 1985 and 1987 to 49.6% between 1994 and 1996. Overall, stillbirth rates among twins declined from 22.4 per 1000 total births in 1985 to 1987 to 18.8 per 1000 total births in 1994 to 1996. Among twin fetuses ≥34 weeks' gestation, stillbirth rates decreased from 9.5 per 1000 in 1985 to 1987 to 5.4 per 1000 fetuses at risk in 1994 to 1996. Infant mortality rates among twin live births declined substantially in all categories of gestational age above 24 weeks except for live births at 32 to 33 and 34 to 36 weeks' gestation. Conclusions. The recent increase in preterm birth among twins was associated with a substantial reduction in stillbirth rates at and near term gestation. Infant mortality rates declined concurrently, although the absence of a significant decrease in infant mortality among twin live births at 32 to 33 and 34 to 36 weeks' gestational age needs additional scrutiny.
Grievance Arbitration and the Charter: The Emerging Issues

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Charter has had the effect of casting a long shadow of uncertainty over our established industrial relations institutions. Nowhere is this more true than in the area of grievance arbitration. In this paper, the author deals with the issues at stake, and the reasons why bot h arbitrators and judges are having such difficulty in deciding upon the extent to which grievance arbitration should be influenced by the Charter.
Software development for animation of logic circuits in MS PowerPoint

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Infocommunication has greatly affected our daily lives as technology advances over the past decade. The computer is a dangerous yet powerful tool and there are many uses for it which can help to enhance our work. Also, with the kind of demand that Information Technology is getting, software companies have also come out with many software to cater to the different need for people across all levels. We see software range from data entry software such as Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word to powerful presentation and multimedia tools such as Digidesign Protools and Microsoft PowerPoint. With the school advocating the use of Information Technology, one can tell that it is impossible to avoid computers in this century. From NTU Edventure and E-Learning, students will thus be able to learn more that what they can from the classrooms. In this Final Year Project, the student explores the possibilities to develop software to make compatible and embedded with Microsoft PowerPoint. The student has developed a software that simulates logic gate circuits using one of the most powerful and widely used application of the century, Flash. \nThis report describes the development of the software using Macromedia Flash Flash 8. The constructed software will be able to create simulation for simple logic gate circuits. Results and output of the circuits can be retrieved from the software instead of connecting the circuit physically. The report also describes the problems and difficulties faced while creating the software.
Effect of electromagnetic field therapy in chronic respiratory disease: systematic review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Pulmonary function and functional capacity decline in chronic respiratory diseases, especially in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Physiotherapy is an integral part of treating respiratory patients since it helps combat muscle depletion and respiratory symptoms. Nevertheless, the knowledge about applying electromagnetic field (EMF) therapy as a therapeutic option in chronic respiratory patients is minimal. So, the aim of this review is to determine the effect of Electromagnetic Field Therapy on Pulmonary Function and 6-minute walk distance in chronic respiratory disease patients. Methods The PubMed, PeDRO, Scopus, COCHRANE, and Web of Science databases were searched and randomised control trials investigating EMF on pulmonary function and 6MWT distance in a chronic respiratory disease population, published before January 2022, were selected. Three reviewers assessed each study’s quality after data were extracted into a trial description form. Results Three studies met the inclusion criteria on pulmonary function and 6MWT distance. The sample size ranges from 10 to 37 for EMF. The improvement in pulmonary function was not significant in FEV1, FEV1/FVC and significant in PEF versus control. The change in 6MWT distance was 21.68 m, which is a clinically significant change. Conclusions EMF therapy has been shown to improve pulmonary function and 6MWT distance. The study was the first to examine and synthesise existing EMF data.
Tolerance to high temperature at reproductive stage: Trade‐offs between phenology, grain yield and yield‐related traits in wild and cultivated barleys

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract High‐temperature stress at the reproductive stage poses a substantial constraint on cereal production worldwide. This study was conducted to assess tolerance to terminal high‐temperature stress in 45 wild ( Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum ) genotypes, four cultivars ( H. vulgare ssp. vulgare ), 98 F 3 and 79 BC 1 F 2 families derived from hybridization of a high‐temperature tolerant wild genotype and a susceptible cultivar ‘Mona’. Results of analysis of variance showed significant genotypic and high‐temperature stress effects on all the traits studied. Approximately one quarter of the wild genotypes originating from a warmer climate were slightly affected by high‐temperature stress. Grain yield strongly correlated ( p < .01) with stress tolerance, yield stability and heat tolerance indices. The reduction in the reproduction period caused by high temperature was much higher in cultivated genotypes than in wild ones. Grain number and weight were the most effective yield components to screen high‐temperature tolerant F 3 and BC 1 F 2 families. In conclusion, strategies like escape/avoidance are being used primarily to cope with heat stress by cultivars, whereas adaptive strategies such as tolerance are being implemented by wild barley.
Immune response of fasted calves to infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Seventeen calves (Angus, Hereford, and Angus-Hereford crosses) weighing 120-200 kg, were starved for 3 days and inoculated intranasally with a strain of IBR virus after 1 day or 3 days of food deprivation. Although clinical signs of disease were mild in all calves, the signs appeared more severe than those reported by others using the same strain of virus possibly due in part to the use of intranasal inoculation by aerosol vs instillation. Neutralizing antibody response after virus inoculation did not differ beween groups. Of the 17 calves, 16 developed significant increases (seroconversion of 4-fold increase in titre) in IBR serum antibodies. Serum neutralizing antibodies in 3 calves at inoculation did not prevent them from excreting substantial amounts of virus for ? 5 days after virus inoculation. Lymphocytes from fasted and nonfasted calves had similar (essentially negative) blast transformation responses, except 1 fasted seropositive calf (sensitised animal) that had a high stimulation index. Some dehydration was observed in fasted calves, indicated by significant increase in haematocrit. In only 1 group did serum cortisol levels rise significantly, mean values peaking at the end of fasting at the time of inoculation; thereafter, mean values tended to decline. Although the 3-day fast significantly affected some serum and blood components, it did not adversely affect the immune response of calves. One fasted calf developed a significant cell mediated immune response to inactivated IBR virus during infection. It is concluded that acute nutritional deprivation may not necessarily increase the susceptibility of calves to viral infections nor adversely affect their immune response after vaccination. This report represents a portion of a dissertation submitted by the senior author to the graduate faculty of the University of Missouri in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the PhD degree. The authors thank Gary Krause and Mark Ellersieck for aid in statistical analysis and Gerald Buening for help in lymphocyte transformation tests.