jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Microsporogenesis and Development of the Male Gametophyte of Magnolia championii Benth.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The microsporogenesis and the male gametophyte development of Magnolia championii Benth.were investigated.The general course of the pollen formation in Magnolia championii agrees with that in other plants of Magnoliaceae.Its anther is four sporangia.The archesporial cell is hypodermal in origin.The wall of an anther consists of the epidermis,two endotheciums,two ephemeral middle layers,and one or two tapetum layers.The tapetum is glandular and is of one to three nucleates.The division of the microsporocyte is of the modified simultaneous type.The microspore tetrads are tetrahedral or isobilateral,rarely decussate.The pollen grains are 1-sulcate and shed at the 2-celled stage.The low pollen germination rate results from various abortions at different stages in development,such as secondary sporogenous cell,microspore mother cell and tetrads.Of all the abortions observed the most common is that the microspores stopped developing and were sheded off from the anthers in a uninucleate condition.For this occurrence the failure of timely transfer of nutrition from the connection to the anther wall is believed to be responsible.As the environment seems to affect pollen germination rates,it can be speculated that the appropriate air humidity is one of the most important conditions for the regular development of pollen.The sharply changing weather becomes,as it seems,the main reason for the declining population reproduction.
Distinct Firing Properties of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide-Expressing Neurons in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. Previous studies suggest a critical role for neurons expressing vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in coordinating rhythmicity and synchronization in the SCN. Here we examined the firing properties of VIP-expressing SCN neurons in acute brain slices. Active and passive membrane properties were measured in VIP and in non-VIP neurons during the day and at night. Current-clamp recordings revealed that both VIP and non-VIP neurons were spontaneously active, with higher firing rates during the day than at night. Average firing frequencies, however, were higher in VIP neurons (3.1 ± 0.2 Hz, day and 2.4 ± 0.2 Hz, night) than in non-VIP neurons (1.8 ± 0.2 Hz, day and 0.9 ± 0.2 Hz, night), both day and night. The waveforms of individual action potentials in VIP and non-VIP neurons were also distinct. Action potential durations (APD 50 ) were shorter in VIP neurons (3.6 ± 0.1 ms, day and 2.9 ± 0.1 ms, night) than in non-VIP neurons (4.4 ± 0.3 ms, day and 3.5 ± 0.2 ms, night) throughout the light-dark cycle. In addition, afterhyperpolarization (AHP) amplitudes were larger in VIP neurons (21 ± 0.8 mV, day and 24.9 ± 0.9 mV, night) than in non-VIP neurons (17.2 ± 1.1 mV, day and 20.5 ± 1.2 mV, night) during the day and at night. Furthermore, significant day/night differences were observed in APD 50 and AHP amplitudes in both VIP and non-VIP SCN neurons, consistent with rhythmic changes in ionic conductances that contribute to shaping the firing properties of both cell types. The higher day and night firing rates of VIP neurons likely contribute to synchronizing electrical activity in the SCN.
AIDS in the Caribbean.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The incidence of HIV infections in the Caribbean, derived from official reports and selected studies, is assessed. AIDS has been reported in all countries except British Virgin Islands and Montserrat (excluding Bermuda and Puerto Rico). Cuba is the only country with a national survey: 147 cases out of 1 million were reported seropositive. Expressed by prevalence, AIDS is highest in the Bahamas (229/100,000), French Guiana (84.0), ranges between 17.5 and 16.0 in Barbados, Trinidad/Tobago, Guadeloupe, and Haiti, and least in the Dominican Republic (3.2). AIDS first appeared in Haiti in 1979. Examination of hospital records for Kaposi's sarcoma, and tests of frozen sera have failed to find evidence of HIV infection before that date. The magnitude of the epidemic is difficult to define because many countries have no national register. The 1st CDC case definition does not apply well to tropical areas. It is estimated that rates will rise 30% with application of the new CDC definition. Initially AIDS was spread primarily by homosexual contact among bisexual males, but since 1983, it has spread by heterosexual means in Haiti, the Dominican Republic and Trinidad, the 3 countries with the highest number of reported cases. In Haiti, heterosexual spread between couples occurred in 26% of females and 27% of males over 24 months. Reports of AIDS among women have doubled between 1979-1982. Perinatal spread is 30-40%, but transmission by breastfeeding has not been documented.
Universal adversarial example construction against autonomous vehicle

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) have seen a rapid pace of development and made significant strides in technological capabilities. While AVs do not suffer from human error, they are not immune to other types of errors and even more worryingly, malicious attacks. Most AVs today utilize multiple machine learning models which may or may not be resistant against adversarial attacks. A white-box attack conducted using Universal Adversarial Perturbations (Iterative-DeepFool) on the traffic light recognition component of the Baidu Apollo Autonomous Driving System (ADS) platform revealed that the model failed to hold up in conditions other than daylight. Furthermore, the perturbation is imperceptible to the human eye, posing an even greater safety risk. We also explore the current safeguards in place in Apollo and hypothesize potential solutions to mitigate this issue.
Green port initiative

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Efficiency and environment have become two common topics of the shipping industry today. After the introduction of the concept on globalization and containers, global trading patterns have changed drastically. The increase in trade volume drives the shipping demand up significantly. With the shift in focus of their business, the shipping industry is more customer-focused today. They are versatile to adapt to provide for the needs of customers, or even exceed the expectations of the latter.
Effects of narrow band ultraviolet B irradiation on the expression of Th17, Treg and their related cytokines in patients with psoriasis vulgaris

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To study the impact of narrow band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) irradiation on the expression of T helper 17 (Thl7) and CD4,CD25 and regulatory T (Treg) cells and their related cytokines transfor-ming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) to further clarify how NB-UVB treatment helps patients with psoriasis vulgaris.Methods Ninety patients with active stage and stationary stage psoriasis vulgaris (45 cases each) were treated with NB-UVB for 8 weeks.Fifty healthy persons were used as normal controls.Peripheral blood levels of Th17 and Treg were measured by flow cytometry.An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the serum levels of TGF-β1 and IL-6 before and after treatment.Clinical efficacy was evaluated in terms of the area of psoriasis and severity index (PASI) scores.Restlts Before treatment,the patients showed significantly higher levels of Thl7 cells in their peripheral blood than the controls.Their ratios of Th17 to Treg cells and their serum levels of IL-6 were also significantly higher.The percentage of Treg cells and the serum level of TGF-β1 were significantly lower in the patients.After the NB-UVB treatment,the Th17 cells,the ratio of Th17 to Treg cells and IL-6 had all decreased significantly.The percentage of Treg cells and TGF-β1 levels were significantly high-er compared with before phototherapy.The total effectiveness rate was 86.7％,and the average PASI scores had de-creased significantly.The PASI scores were positively correlated with the percentage of Th17,the Th17 to Treg ratio,and the serum level of IL-6,and negatively correlated with the percentage of Treg cells and TGF-β1.Conclusion The imbalance between Th17 and Treg cells and their cytokines may play an important role in the pathogenesis of pso-riasis.NB-UVB is able to significantly down-regulate the levels of Th17,IL-6 and the progression of Treg levels and TGF-β1 expression.It can regulate the balance between Thl7and Treg cells,which may be one of the mechanisms of NB-UVB treatment for psoriasis.The clinical data demonstrate that NB-UVB treatment is a safe and effective therapy for psoriasis vulgaris.

Key words:
Psoriasis; Ultraviolet B; Th17 cells; Regulatory T cells; Interleukin-6
2,7-diehtynyl-10-(pyridin-2-yl)-12,13-dihydro-11H-dibenzo[f,h]cyclopenta[c]quinoline as potential monomer for creating polymers for different tasks

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Efficient method for the synthesis of 2,7-diethynyl-10-(2-pyridyl)-12,13-dihydro-11Н-dibenzo[f, h]cyclopenta[c]quinoline, a potential monomer unit for creating polymers for various purposes including a fragment of 2,2'-bipyridine, has been developed
Face recognition and brain potentials: Disruption of configural information reduces the face inversion effect.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The face inversion effect (FIE) refers to the decline in performance in recognizing faces that are inverted compared to the recognition of faces in their normal upright orientation (Yin, 1969). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while subjects performed an Old/New recognition study on normal and Thatcherised faces presented in upright and inverted orientation. A large difference in processing between normal upright faces and normal inverted faces was observed at occipital-temporal sites about 165 ms following stimulus onset, mainly in the right hemisphere. Thus electrophysiological activity, which corresponds to the previously described N170, had larger amplitude and was delayed for normal inverted faces as compared to normal upright ones. By contrast, the activity for Thatcherised inverted faces was not significantly changed or delayed as compared to Thatcherised upright stimuli. These results combine to show how the effect of face inversion on the N170 is reliably greater when the faces are normal rather than Thatcherised. Finally, these finding complement, at a neural level, our behavioral studies which suggest that the loss of some configural information affects the FIE. Keywords:Face inversion effect; N170; configural information.
Plasma Cell Dyscrasia in Human Immunodefficiency Disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Plasmacytosis is commonly seen in the bone marrow biopsies of patients with acquired immunodefficiency disease AIDS and human HIV virus infection. Polyclonal increase of immunoglobulin is very common. However few cases of plasma cell dyscrasia are reported. The purpose of this abstract is to show our institution experience with plasma cell dyscrasia and HIV infection. For the last ten years ten patients were identified based on bone marrow biopsy, immunoelectophoresis and immunofixation, twenty four hours urine collection and urine electrophoresis and immunofixation. Immuno staining for kappa and lambda light chain to check for clonality were done on four cases. Mean age of patients is 49 years (range 33 to 59 years). Seven were black, two hispanic and one white. Nine were males and one female. All patients had plasmacytosis on bone marrow more than 30% and protiurea of more than one gram. five patients had nephrotic range protien urea. one patient had IgA lambda, one patient had Ig G kappa All patients had low CD4 counts except two patients with CD4 above 200 and have long standing HIV infection. One patient presented with hepatosplenomegally and increased IgM level and waldnestrome looking plasmacytoid lymphocytes. One patient had plasmablast and plasma cells syncitia who had rapidly fatal disease. one patient expired of respiratory failure before treatment. One patient, a female presented with plasma cell leukemia and did respond to Doxil, vincristine and dexamethasone therapy. She is alife. Two other patients with long standing HIV infection and CD4 count above 200 are still alife both patients were treated initially with Thalidomide and dexamethasone with excellent response. one of them failed Thalidomide after more than one year response and currently on his fourth cycle of velcaid (proteosome inhibitor). All patients were not on HIV therapy at time of diagnosis. In conclusion plasma cell dyscrasia with HIV infection do respond to treatment with durable response. Repetetive antigenic stimulation with HIV-1 p24 antigen are the proposed mechnism of oncogenesis.
Consumer expectations and perception of clothing comfort in sports and exercise garments

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose Sports garments play an important role in the well-being of an athlete by protecting the wearer from changing environmental conditions and providing a comfortable feel. Clothing requirements have changed in recent years and demand for apparel with a higher comfort performance has been rising. Hence, the purpose of this study is to explore consumers’ expectations and perception of comfort and to examine how different textiles are perceived by consumers to provide useful knowledge that allows to engineer comfort into fabrics and sports garments. Design/methodology/approach This online survey comprised 292 respondents, classified by sex, age, nationality and physical activity. The respondents were asked a total of 18 questions through the Bristol Online Survey tool to explore expectation, perception and preference of clothing comfort, specifically of sportswear. Findings Fit and comfort are closely linked together, both forming part of the clothing comfort concept. When purchasing garments online, the haptics of fabrics were identified as a crucial missing parameter. However, priorities of attributes within the concept varied according to the person’s sex and nationality. Women put more emphasis on garment fit and showed a higher need for tactile input, whereas men prioritised physiological comfort descriptors, i.e. properties which facilitate thermoregulation. Furthermore, there is an increased importance of physiological comfort parameters for people exercising for 10 or more hours per week. Finally, it was possible to identify common associations and preferences for textile materials (cotton, polyester, cotton/polyester blend and wool). However, consideration should be taken concerning sex and nationality. Originality/value Sex and nationality are parameters modulating the clothing comfort concept and the conceptualised feel of materials. Therefore, the sex and nationality of the end-consumer should be considered during the development phase of sports garments and particular attention should be given to the targeted market in which these will be sold.
Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Poorer Memory in Middle-Aged Adults from the Healthy Brain Project

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Midlife cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF) are associated with reduced cognition and an increased risk of dementia. Objective: To further investigate this association using remote unsupervised online assessment of cognition and cardiovascular risk in middle-aged adults; and to explore the extent to which the association is altered by carriage of the APOE ɛ4 allele. Methods: The Healthy Brain Project is an online cohort of middle-aged cognitively unimpaired adults (40–70 years) who have undergone cognitive assessment and provided self-reports of demographic and health history. Cardiovascular risk was determined by ascertaining history of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, overweight (body mass index≥25), and current cigarette smoking. Participants (n = 2,480) were then grouped based on the number of reported CVRF into no CVRF, 1, 2, and≥3 CVRF. Associations between the number of CVRF as a continuous variable, CVRF group, and each individual CVRF with composite measures of attention, memory and subjective cognitive function were investigated. Results: Higher number of CVRF was associated with poorer attention (β= –0.042, p = 0.039) and memory (β= –0.080, p < 0.001), but not with subjective cognitive function. When considered individually, current smoking (β= –0.400, p = 0.015), diabetes (β= –0.251, p = 0.023), and hypercholesterolemia (β= –0.109, p = 0.044) were independently associated with poorer memory performance. APOE ɛ4 carriers with≥1 CVRF performed worse on memory than ɛ4 carriers with no CVRFs (β(SE) = 0.259(0.077), p = 0.004). This was not observed in ɛ4 non-carriers. Conclusion: In cognitively normal middle-aged adults, CVRF were associated with poorer cognition, particularly in the memory domain. These results support feasibility of online assessment of cardiovascular risk for cognitive impairment.
Multilevel Meta-Analysis: A Comparison with Traditional Meta-Analytical Procedures

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article, the authors compare the multilevel meta-analysis approach with the more traditional meta-analytical approaches. After a description and comparison of the under-lying models and some of the major techniques, the results of the multilevel approach are compared with those of the traditional approaches, using a simulation study. The results of the simulation study suggest that the maximum likelihood multilevel approach is in general superior to the fixed-effects approaches, unless only a small number of studies is available. For models without moderators, the results of the multilevel approach, however, are not substantially different from the results of the traditional random-effects approaches.
Use of NMR Logging for Formation Damage Prevention: Water-Flooding Case Study in Cañadón Seco, San Jorge Basin

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Water flooding is a well-established secondary oil recovery technique used in many reservoirs around the world. A key issue involved in water flooding is the prevention of the invasion of solids, which may cause formation damage and, consequently, inhibit injection and cease production. To remove fine particles cost-effectively from the flooding fluid, it is necessary to determine the maximum size of the particles that can flow with the fluid without plugging the formation. Determination of the threshold particle size, however, is often very challenging. In this paper, we report a successful water flood case study for San Jorge Basin reservoirs. Nuclear magnetic resonance log (MRIL [R]*) data were used to obtain the pore size distribution. Core NMR measurements were conducted to validate the T2 distributions derived from the MRIL logs. In addition, the same core samples were analyzed with conventional methods, including capillary pressure, SEM, thin section, and mineralogical analyses. Based on the MRIL log and core data, we were able to establish the correlation between the T2 distributions in the formation and the threshold solid particle size allowed in the injection water, which is important to prevent formation damage. A critical step in the process is the accurate determination of T2 distribution. Different inversion techniques were used for data processing from which we found that the inversion with gamma-density functions is the most suitable for matching the NMR-based pore size distributions with core-based pore body and throat size distributions. The approach was applied to the water-flood projects for Mina el Carmen formation reservoirs, San Jorge Basin, Argentina, in a pilot project involving multiple wells. The initial estimate of lifetime cumulative oil production was estimated with conventional-analysis prediction. Based on MRIL and core data analysis of a pilot well, the water-flood filtration program was changed, and successful water injection has continued for over two years. The cumulative oil production exceeds the initial estimate by more than a factor of 2. The particle-size correlation derived from the key well was found applicable to other wells in the same formation and water injection was applied to four oil-bearing zones. NMR logs were acquired for five of the seven wells in the project. The pore-size distributions derived from these logs are used to adjust the threshold particle size in the filtration program of the individual wells. To date, all of these wells have been producing successfully.
P-58 Hospice care for marginalised people – the safe harbour approach

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

<sec><st>Background</st> Access to palliative care nationally is inequitable (Sleeman, 2016), with recognition that marginalised people do not receive hospice care in the way that other groups do (CQC, 2016). Our hospice strategic aim is to reach unmet need and address inequality of access. Locally, groups identified to have unmet needs are: the homeless community, substance misusers, adults with enduring mental health issues, patients from minority ethnic groups, and transgender patients. </sec> <sec><st>Approach</st> The ‘Safe Harbour’ project was set up to address this unmet need. Those involved: • Made themselves visible and approachable by attending homeless service drop-ins, addiction services, community network groups, beach cleans, food banks and health forums. • Listened to our local community, service users, community groups and voluntary organisations, and carried out a detailed needs assessment. This demonstrated that we were prepared to talk openly about what we already do, to offer support to community members with unmet palliative and end of life care needs. • Ensured that the hospice team were ready and competent to care for people with a wide spectrum of medical and psychosocial need. • Worked with other key providers to ensure collaborative, effective support by those professionals best placed to care, including social care, mental health services, national and local charities. • Case-management of the most complex marginalised palliative patients. </sec> <sec><st>Outcome:</st> We have established a service to support the marginalised population in our local area. One of the measures of the success of this service has been an increase from one to ten people from the marginalised community, able to die away from hospital last year. </sec> <sec><st>Conclusion</st> Taking time to gain the confidence of people, who traditionally have not trusted those in authority, has meant that this service is now being used by the most marginalised of our population. The model could be used as a template for other hospices. </sec>