jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Roles of the N- and C-terminal domains of carnitine palmitoyltransferase I isoforms in malonyl-CoA sensitivity of the enzymes: insights from expression of chimaeric proteins and mutation of conserved histidine residues

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT I) plays a major role in the regulation of fatty acid entry into the mitochondrial matrix for β-oxidation by virtue of its inhibition by malonyl-CoA. Two isoforms of CPT I, the liver type (L) and muscle type (M), have been identified, the latter being 100 times more sensitive to malonyl-CoA and having a much higher Km for the substrate carnitine. Here we have examined the roles of different regions of the CPT I molecules in their response to malonyl-CoA, etomoxir (an irreversible inhibitor) and carnitine. To this end, we analysed the properties of engineered rat CPT I constructs in which (a) the N-terminal domain of L-CPT I was deleted, (b) the N-terminal domains of L- and M-CPT I were switched, or (c) each of three conserved histidine residues located towards the N-terminus in L-CPT I was mutated. Several novel points emerged: (1) whereas the N-terminal domain is critical for a normal malonyl-CoA response, it does not itself account for the widely disparate sensitivities of the liver and muscle enzymes to the inhibitor; (2) His-5 and/or His-140 probably play a direct role in the malonyl-CoA response, but His-133 does not; (3) the truncated, chimaeric and point- mutant variants of the enzyme all bound the covalent, active-site- directed ligand, etomoxir; and (4) only the most radical alteration of L-CPT I, i.e. deletion of the N-terminal 82 residues, affected the response to carnitine. We conclude that the N-terminal domain of CPT I plays an essential, but permissive, role in the inhibition of the enzyme by malonyl-CoA. By contrast, the larger C-terminal region dictates the degree of sensitivity to malonyl-CoA, as well as the response to carnitine; it is also sufficient for etomoxir binding. Additionally, further weight is added to the notion that one or more histidine residues may be involved in the CPT I–malonyl-CoA interaction.
LIFTING SURFACE GROUPS TO SL(2

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

I t is an elementary consequence of the uniformizat ion theorem that the fundamenta l group ~I S of a closed or ientable surface S of genus g~2 has a f a i t h f u l representation as a Fuchsian group G. That the t o t a l i t y of such representations forms a connected subset of the real MObius group, MOb R , was f i r s t shown by Fricke. Since Mbb R is canonical ly isomorphic to PSL(2,R) , i t is natural and computationally relevant to invest igate whether a given representation may be l i f t e d to SL(2,R) . Fricke showed that i t is indeed possible and fur ther that the l i f t depends continuously on the surface S viewed as a point in Teichm~ller space. I t is an immediate consequence of the de f in i t i ons that given a MObius transformation Y , there are two choices of l i f t s ~ of Y to SL(2,R) . Since G is a surface group of rank 2g there are 2g choices of the signs of the generators ~i Further, the commutator re la t ion
A NEW SPECIES OF HEDYOTIS (RUBIACEAE) FROM INDIA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new species of Rubiaceae, Hedyotis kottangathattiensis M.B.Viswan. & U.Manik., is described from the Kalakkad-Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve in the Agastyamalai hills of the southwestern Ghats in South India. Hedyotis kottangathattiensis is allied to Hedyotis barberi (Gamble) Henry & Subram. but differs in its branching, leaf shape and colour, the presence of raphides, the colour and shape of the stipules, the inflorescence structure, calyx lobe shape, corolla lobe shape and colour, and capsule shape. A conservation status is proposed.
A Hennart Nodal Method for the Diffusion Equation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

AbstractA modification of the Hennart nodal method for neutron diffusion problems is presented. The final system of equations obtained by this method is not positive definite. However, a flux elimination technique leads to a simple positive definite system, which can be solved by the traditional iterative methods. Calculations of a two-dimensional International Atomic Energy Agency benchmark problem are performed and compared with results of the original Hennart nodal method and some finite element methods. The high computational efficiency of this modified nodal method is clearly demonstrated.
Application of Raptor Coding With Power Adaptation to DVB Multiple Access Channels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we propose a scheme to increase the channel capacity of Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB) systems which is also extendable to Return Channel via Satellite (DVB-RCS) scenarios. This increase is made possible by introduction of a new interfering channel to an exiting DVB channel. The interfering channel uses Raptor code. Through successive decoding in the destination, the data of main and interfering sources is decoded. We examine the case of sources with equal transmit power levels, however, as in all Multiple Access Channel (MAC) detection methods, there should be a power difference between the two sources to achieve higher rates. We demonstrate that when the power difference exists, there is a tradeoff between achieved rate and power efficiency and we will find the optimum power allocation scenario for this tradeoff. A power adaptation scheme is proposed that allocates the optimal power to the interfering channel based on an estimate of the main channel's condition. This estimate is obtained from the amount of overhead required by the destination for the successful decoding of the message. Therefore, the interfering source is able to adapt itself to the system without having any access to Channel State Information (CSI) of the main channel.
Logic languages based on functions: semantics and implementation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This dissertation aims at relating the well-developed field of functional programming with the newly emerging logic programming. Functional programming is based on the computational notion of reducing expressions to other semantically equivalent expressions. In particular, a successful reduction of a variable-free expression reduces it to its value. Logic programming, on the other hand, is based on the computational notion of solving statements with free variables to find valid instantiations of the variables. This richer notion of computation endows logic languages with more expressive power than functional languages. However, conventional logic languages are based on predicates specified by Horn clauses and lack the input-output directionality present in functional languages. In addition to providing convenient human-oriented syntax, directionality is useful for specifying control information (a requirement for the development of parallel implementations) and for lazy evaluation.
It is shown that logic programming--the ability to solve statements--can be obtained in functional languages. This involves using an operational mechanism called narrowing instead of the conventional reduction. Narrowing, then, transforms a functional language into a logic language based on functions. Moreover, such a logic language subsumes Horn clause logic languages and thus provides all the expressive power of logic programming, while retaining the notion of input-output directionality. This dissertation presents the semantic foundations and the implementation methods for functional logic languages.
Ultralong CdTe Nanowires: Catalyst‐Free Synthesis and High‐Yield Transformation into Core–Shell Heterostructures

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A novel catalyst‐free synthetic strategy for producing high‐quality CdTe nanowires in solution is proposed. A special reaction condition is intentionally constructed in the reaction system to induce the formation of nanowires through oriented in situ assembly of tiny particles. To establish such special synthetic conditions in the CdTe system, not only are its typical features and possible solutions deeply analyzed, but also related factors, such as the ligand environment, injection and growth temperature, and Cd‐to‐Te precursor ratio, are systemically investigated. High‐quality ultralong (up to 10 μm) and ultrathin (less than 10 nm) CdTe nanowires are produced in solution under optimal reaction conditions. Morphological, spectral, and compositional analyses are performed to examine the products formed at different reaction stages in order to clarify the formation mechanism of the CdTe nanowires. Furthermore, the transformation of the CdTe nanowires into CdTe/CdSe core–shell heterostructures is intensively explored, and the CdSe epitaxial growth process is specially tracked by morphological and spectral characterization techniques. Finally, CdTe nanowires coated with a continuous and dense CdSe shell are successfully fabricated by using a proper coating protocol.
Knowledge, Learning and the Curriculum of the Future[1]

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article is concerned with the application of sociological analysis to the development of a 16‐19 curriculum of the future. It begins by clarifying the concept of the curriculum with particular reference to the 16‐19 phase of education. It then presents a brief analysis of recent developments in 16‐19 education in England and Wales and highlights the issues that these developments have raised. The final section of the paper draws on a sociological approach to knowledge and learning to suggest how these issues might be addressed by curriculum policy makers. The article concludes by proposing a model of the 16‐19 curriculum of the future based on the idea of ‘connective specialisation’.
Analysis of the greedy approach in problems of maximumk-coverage

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we consider a general covering problem in which k subsets are to be selected such that their union covers as large a weight of objects from a universal set of elements as possible. Each subset selected must satisfy some structural constraints. We analyze the quality of a k-stage covering algorithm that relies, at each stage, on greedily selecting a subset that gives maximum improvement in terms of overall coverage. We show that such greedily constructed solutions are guaranteed to be within a factor of 1 − 1/e of the optimal solution. In some cases, selecting a best solution at each stage may itself be difficult; we show that if a β-approximate best solution is chosen at each stage, then the overall solution constructed is guaranteed to be within a factor of 1 − 1/eβ of the optimal. Our results also yield a simple proof that the number of subsets used by the greedy approach to achieve entire coverage of the universal set is within a logarithmic factor of the optimal number of subsets. Examples of problems that fall into the family of general covering problems considered, and for which the algorithmic results apply, are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 45: 615–627, 1998
BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey - V. X-ray properties of the Swift/BAT 70-month AGN catalog

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Hard X-ray ($\geq 10$ keV) observations of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) can shed light on some of the most obscured episodes of accretion onto supermassive black holes. The 70-month Swift/BAT all-sky survey, which probes the 14-195 keV energy range, has currently detected 838 AGN. We report here on the broad-band X-ray (0.3-150 keV) characteristics of these AGN, obtained by combining XMM-Newton, Swift/XRT, ASCA, Chandra, and Suzaku observations in the soft X-ray band ($\leq 10$ keV) with 70-month averaged Swift/BAT data. The non-blazar AGN of our sample are almost equally divided into unobscured ($N_{\rm H}< 10^{22}\rm cm^{-2}$) and obscured ($N_{\rm H}\geq 10^{22}\rm cm^{-2}$) AGN, and their Swift/BAT continuum is systematically steeper than the 0.3-10 keV emission, which suggests that the presence of a high-energy cutoff is almost ubiquitous. We discuss the main X-ray spectral parameters obtained, such as the photon index, the reflection parameter, the energy of the cutoff, neutral and ionized absorbers, and the soft excess for both obscured and unobscured AGN.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of some medicinal plants on common enteric food-borne pathogens

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Enterobacteria are often responsible for various gastrointestinal foods borne infection in humans especially in the developing countries. Cassia occidentalis, Croton zambensicus and Newbouldia leavis known as ‘Ewe ori esi’, Ajekobale and Akoko respectively in Yoruba are three plants whose leaves are used in combination by boiling to treat gastrointestinal and diarrhea illnesses among indigenes of Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. The leave extracts from these medicinal plants were screened in vitro in the laboratory for their antibacterial activity against two prominent enteric bacteria, that is, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium using the agar disc diffusion method. The tyndalized leave extract of C. zambesicus showing antibacterial inhibition zone of 4 and 2 mm against S. typhimurium and E. colirespectively exhibited highest activity during the study than the autoclaved samples and other plant sources tested independently or combined, showing that the combinations of the extract samples do not exhibit synergistic effects. C. zambesicus can however be optimized clinically for chemotherapeutic control of these food-borne enteric infections.

Key words: Antimicrobial, enterobacteria, evaluation, food-borne, pathogens, plants.
PLATELET COUNT AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH PERIODONTITIS IN SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of chronic infections. The disease per se has multiple etiologies among which smoking is a significant one. 'Smoking and periodontitis is an ever related concept but they are less correlated in terms of platelet count. The present study involved the estimation of platelet count in smokers and non-smokers with and without periodontitis so as to assess the impact of platelets in both smoking and periodontitis. Aims and objectives: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the quantitative association between platelets and periodontitis in smokers and non-smokers. The objective of the study invloved the estimation of platelet count and the evaluation of the periodontium in smokers and non-smokers. Materials and methods: 120 systemically healthy subjects were included in the study and categorized as four groups based on the presence or absence of periodontitis and exposure to smoking. Platelet counts for all the subjects were estimated and the periodontal status of the subjects were evaluated. Results: The data obtained was statistically analysed and compared. There was significant elevation of platelet count in smokers with chronic periodontitis compared to smokers without chronic periodontitis and nonsmokers with or without chronic periodontitis. Conclusion: Thus there may be a significant association between smoking and periodontitis with respect to platelet homeostasis
Reaction Mechanism of Covalent Modification of Phosphatidylethanolamine Lipids by Reactive Aldehydes 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal and 4-Oxo-2-nonenal

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (ONE) are biologically important reactive aldehydes formed during oxidative stress in phospholipid bilayers. They are highly reactive species due to presence of several reaction centers and can react with amino acids in peptides and proteins, as well as phosphoethanolamine (PE) lipids, thus modifying their biological activity. The aim of this work is to study in a molecular detail the reactivity of HNE and ONE toward PE lipids in a simplified system containing only lipids and reactive aldehydes in dichloromethane as an inert solvent. We use a combination of quantum chemical calculations, 1H NMR measurements, FT-IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry experiments and show that for both reactive aldehydes two types of chemical reactions are possible: formation of Michael adducts and Schiff bases. In the case of HNE, an initially formed Michael adduct can also undergo an additional cyclization step to a hemiacetal derivative, whereas no cyclization occurs in the case of ONE and a Michael adduct is identified. A Schiff base product initially formed when HNE is added to PE lipid can also further cyclize to a pyrrole derivative in contrast to ONE, where only a Schiff base product is isolated. The suggested reaction mechanism by quantum-chemical calculations is in a qualitative agreement with experimental yields of isolated products and is also additionally investigated by 1H NMR measurements, FT-IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry experiments.
Prevalence and factors associated with higher levels of perceived stigma among people with schizophrenia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is a severe and disabling chronic mental disorder and accompanied by different levels of a perceived stigma that affects almost all age groups. This perceived stigma negatively impacts the quality of life, physical, and mental well-being of people with schizophrenia. It is also linked with a poor level of functioning, poor adherence to drugs, and increased dropout rate. However, research into perceived stigma and associated factors among people with schizophrenia in low- and middle-income countries are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the perceived stigma and correlates among people with schizophrenia in Ethiopia. Methods An institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2018. A structured, pre-tested, and interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. The standardized perceived devaluation and discrimination questionnaire was used to assess perceived stigma. The systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with perceived stigma. An odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed to assess the strength of the association. Results The prevalence of high perceived stigma was found to be 62.6% [95% CI 58.3, 67.4]. In the multivariate logistic regression, female sex [AOR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.42, 3.71], age of onset of schizophrenia [AOR = 1.85, 95% CI 1.19, 2.89], multiple hospitalizations [AOR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.16, 3.27], and duration of illness 1–5 years [AOR = 2, 95% CI 1.01, 3.27], 6–10 years [AOR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.29, 4.74], and ˃10 years [AOR = 2.85, 95% CI 1.40, 5.79] were factors significantly associated with higher perceived stigma. Conclusion In the present study, the prevalence of high perceived stigma among people with schizophrenia was found to be 62.6%. Female sex, age of onset of schizophrenia, multiple hospitalizations, and duration of illness were factors significantly associated with higher perceived stigma. Measures to enhance the awareness of the patients, their families and their social networks about perceived stigma and associated factors, by the leading government and healthcare institutions are warranted.
Floral Bud Differentiation and Photoperiodic Characteristics of Pelargonium hortorum‘Horizon’

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To study the characteristics of floral bud differentiation(FBD)and effects of photoperiod on growth and development of Pelargonium hortorum‘Horizon’,paraffin section method was used in identify the process of FBD,and flowering time and flower quality were investigated as the effects of 7 kinds of photoperiod.The results show that:(1) There were 8 phases during FBD of‘Horizon’,and it lasted about 9 weeks.(2) Significant correlation existed between vegetative growth and FBD phases,and juvenile phase of‘Horizon’ended at 5-leaf stage according to the regression equations.(3)‘Horizon’ was a facultative short day plant,of which the best photoperiod promoting flowering was 12 h.(4) The plants tended to have a tall and loose habit under longer days,and an opposite habit under shorter days.It is suggested that Pelargonium hortorum‘Horizon’planted under long-day of 16 h before 5-leaf stage to be strong as seedlings,and then under short-day of 12 h to promote branches and flowers.
Oral contraceptives and cerebral arterial occlusion.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A study was undertaken at the National Hospital Queen Square London to examine the figures for proven cerebral arterial occlusion occurring between January 1 1955 and June 30 1965 to determine how many women with such occlusions were on oral contraceptives and to see if there were any detectable change in the incidence of occlusion in women in the reporductive period of life. Of the 315 cases of cerebral arterial occlusion at the hospital 39 were in women 18-45 years old. 21 occurred before oral contraception introduction in 1961 and 18 occurred after 1961. 3 to 4 of the 18 patients developed their symptoms within a few weeks of starting oral contraceptives. 2 of the 4 patients had a previous arterial occlusive episode. It is noted that any possible causal relationship between oral contraceptives and cerebral arterial occlusion can only be demonstrated in patients by a prospective long-term study.
The Life Attitudes Schedule: A Scale to Assess Adolescent Life‐Enhancing and Life‐Threatening Behaviors

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to develop a questionnaire to measure suicidal and other risk‐taking behaviors, the Life Attitudes Schedule (LAS), and to test a theoretical model that postulates a single domain of behaviors to which all life‐threatening and life‐enhancing behaviors belong. The LAS was developed and piloted on 1539 high school students and young adults. The schedule measures four different content categories: death related, health related, injury related, and self‐related. Each content category includes an equal number of items designed to assess actions, thoughts, and feelings. Consistent with the theoretical model, the LAS includes positive (life‐enhancing) and negative (life‐threatening) behaviors. In this paper we present psychometric information for the LAS. The results are interpreted as providing support for a broad, bipolar conceptualization of suicidal and other risk‐taking behavior that encompasses life‐threatening and life‐enhancing behaviors.
[Moschcowitz's disease--effect of therapeutic plasma exchange and splenectomy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Moszkowicz's disease (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura), TTP, is an uncommon haematologic, neurologic syndrome which, almost regularly, terminates fatally. The disorder has a turbulent and fulminant course and is of short duration. The presented patient was treated with a combined therapeutic modality of intensive plasma exchange and subsequent splenectomy. This is the first case of successful treatment of TTP in Yugoslavia. The previous therapeutic approaches with infusions of fresh frozen plasma produced only transient or dubious responses. Clinical remissions were rare. In this patient, however, the plasma exchange with volume adjustment with the fresh frozen plasma or albumin produced restitution of the thrombocyte count to normal values and disappearance of all neurological signs and complaints. At that point surgical splenectomy was carried out with the concomitant extirpation of an accessory spleen circumstantially detected on exploration. Pathohistology of both spleens revealed typical tissue changes (disseminated hyaline and thrombocyte thrombi of small blood vessels) characteristic of Moszkowicz's disease. Following an uneventful splenectomy and discontinuation of all medicamentouse therapy the normal thrombocyte count was maintained without no sign of recurrence of neurological symptoms or manifestations.