jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dombey and Son: The New-Fashioned Man and the Old-Fashioned Child

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There is a new dimension to Dickens's interest in childhood in Dombey and Son. It is a clearer sense of how different the world looks through a child's eyes. The familiar use of the child as an agent of redemption is still there, but in addition we have in little Paul, for a while, an unprecedented insight into the child's mind and its refracted view of the adult world. John Carey has attacked Dickens's habit of creating 'plastic children', fictional repositories of 'an innocence which the grown-up wrongly imagines he once possessed himself'. Such children, he argues, are essentially an 'adult amenity'.1 This could fairly be said of most of the children in the novels and Christmas books before Dombey and Son. It could be said of much in Dickens's presentation of Paul in that novel. But it is dangerously easy to make the mistake of reading the earlier children (Nell, Smike, Oliver) into Paul and so miss the ways in which he is radically different from them. For one thing, he is not innocent: he is disconcertingly shrewd and penetrating. For another, there is a grotesque quality about Paul that the narrator underlines at several points. This makes him different from, say, Little Nell, with whom he is often compared: we may think Nell somewhat grotesque, but her creator certainly does not.KeywordsForce SystemSacred GroveEternal LifeAdult WorldMasculine PersonaThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Penetration of UV‐B radiation in foliage: evidence that the epidermis behaves as a non‐uniform filter

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT In some plants, particularly herbaceous species, a considerable proportion of incident ultraviolet‐B radiation (UV‐B, 280‐320 nm) penetrates into the leaf mesophyll where it is potentially damaging to nucleic acids and the photosyn‐thetic machinery. We used optical techniques to look at the spatial variation in UV‐B penetration through the epidermis of foliage of two herbaceous species ( Chenopodium album and Smilacina stellata )and a conifer ( Picea pun‐gens ). Measurements of UV‐B penetration in intact foliage with a fibre‐optic microprobe revealed that 300 nm radiation reached 161±36μm (mean±SD) into leaves of C. album , 154±40μm in S. stellata and 17±2μm in P. pungens , with epidermal transmittance being 39±14%, 55±19% and 0%, respectively. A thin polymer film was developed which fluoresced blue when irradiated by UV‐B. Fresh epidermal leaf peels were placed over the film and irradiated with UV‐B, and microscopic examination of the film from below allowed us to determine the spatial pattern of UV‐B penetration through the epidermis. In herbaceous species, film fluorescence below cell walls, but not epidermal and guard cell protoplasts indicated that UV‐B transmittance was much greater through anticlinal cell wall regions than protoplasts. Ultraviolet‐B transmittance through large areas of epidermal cells could be induced by plasmolysis. Epidermal transmittance was also relatively high through stomal pores (and what appear to be nuclei in Smilacina ), but relatively low through stomatal guard cells. Results from the fluorescing film technique were substantiated by direct measurements of UV‐B transmittance through epidermal peels with a fibre‐optic microprobe run paradermally along the bottom or inner side of irradiated peels. In Smilacina , we estimate that UV‐B epidermal transmittance was up to 90% through anticlinal cell wall regions, but <10% through protoplast areas. In contrast to herbaceous species, we did not detect any UV‐B transmittance through the epidermis of P. pungens with either the fluorescing film or the fibre‐optic microprobe technique. The epidermis appears to be a much more spatially uniform UV‐B filter in conifers than in these herbaceous species.
Investigation of the electrical properties of some dental composite restorative materials

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Some electrical properties , such as piezoelectricity, ac conductivity, dielectric constant and loss tangent of
nine commercial types of dental composite restorative materials, have been investigated before and after laser
exposure for 3s to study the effect of a probable laser exposure during some surgeries on the electrical
properties of these materials . No piezoelectric effect has been found in these materials before and after laser
exposure. The materials were found to be good insulators (very poorly conducting materials ). The temperature
and frequency dependence of ac conductivity, dielectric constant and loss tangent have not shown significant
changes in values after laser exposure.
A sociolinguistic study of discourse marker Assim in Brazilian Portuguese

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis aims to understand the linguistic and social factors that impact the use of Brazilian Portuguese discourse marker assim 'like that' in Natal, an economically neglected city with a low prestige dialect, and Rio de Janeiro, the second-most populous Brazilian city with a prosperous economy and a dialect associated with high status and power. A total of 930 tokens of discursive uses of assim, a stigmatized feature in Brazilian Portuguese, were collected from 105 individual interviews conducted in 1993 for the Discurso & Gramática corpus (Votre & Oliveira, n.d.; Cunha, 1998) and were analyzed based on linguistic (clause placement, syntactic categories adjoined, conversation topic) and social factors (age, sex, location). Overall, the most common placement of assim is clause-medial, and χ2 statistical analysis shows that males prefer placing assim after nouns, while females prefer using it after verbs. The placement of assim between a determiner and a noun and between the subject and the verb are unusual, confirming previous conclusions (Silva & Macedo, 1992). Moreover, assim never appears before an auxiliary verb, even though this syntactic constraint was not mentioned in previous literature. Mixed-effects statistical analysis shows that speakers from Rio de Janeiro use assim more frequently at the end of the clause, with this use being led by 18-20-year-old males, and that females from both locations prefer to use assim with topics that prompt them to express opinions. This thesis contributes to the existing literature on discourse markers, offering a glimpse into the connection between prestige and language variation in Brazilian Portuguese.
A Model Process for the Inclusion of Teens in the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Degree awarded: D.Min. Religious Education/Catechetics. The Catholic University of America%%%%The formation and initiation rites for adults eighteen years and older have been in practice in parishes throughout the United States in the decades following the Second Vatican Council. Yet from a report issued by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops titled the Journey to the Fullness of Life, indicated that approximately one third of parishes have adopted the Rite of Christian Initiation for adolescents. Due to various economic, social, cultural and family issues, there is an increasing need for catechetical formation and ritual celebrations for those teens fourteen to eighteen years of age who are uncatechized. Increasing numbers of uncatechized teens, especially those attending public high school, have come to parishes seeking full initiation.This project offers a model for parishes that do not have an RCIA process for teenagers. It provides a compassionate environment in which uncatechized teens in a peer group setting can be catechized in the Catholic Christian faith and grow spiritually through prayer, liturgy and a community of faith. It will also provide a process for teens that might otherwise be displaced in a general Confirmation process or not be included in any sacramental preparation process. The catechetical sessions culminate with the initiation Sacraments either at the Easter Vigil or during a teen Confirmation Mass with the Bishop.%%%%Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-01T16:44:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Evaluation of Human Leukocyte Antigen-B27 Expression in Patients with Spondylopathy/ Spondylitis by Flowcytometry

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The role of immune mediated injury in pathogenesis of Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is well established. HLA B27, a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecule is one of the major genetic risk factors associated with the disease. Various techniques are used for testing HLA-B27 which includes Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) based tests, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and flowcytometry. Flowcytometry has gained popularity due to ease of procedure, shortened turnaround time and costeffectiveness. Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the sensitivity and specificity of flowcytometry for HLA-B27 detection, taking PCR assay as the gold standard along with its association with demographic, clinicopathological and radiological parameters. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted in Department at Pathology of Shri Guru Ram Rai Institute of Medical and Health Sciences, Dehradun, India, for a period of 18 months from January 2020 to June 2021. The study included 51 patients for which HLA-B27 typing was done cases by flowcytometry and Sequence Specific Allele (SSA) PCR/ Real time PCR on peripheral blood samples. The association of HLA-B27 with clinical features {Inflammatory Back Pain (IBP), arthritis, psoriasis, uveitis, dactylitis, Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), cervicitis, urethritis, diarrhoea) along with MRI findings (sacroiliitis)}, laboratory findings {C-reactive protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)} was evaluated. The performance analysis parameters of flowcytometry were evaluated both by excluding and including the cases in grey zone taking PCR as gold standard. Statistical testing was conducted with SPSS 20.0. Chi-square test or Fisher’s-exact test were used and a p-value of less than 0.05 was taken as significant. Results: A significant association of HLA-B27 was seen only with IBP (p-value= 0.001) and sacroiliitis (p-value= 0.03). Of the 22 (43.1%) patients positive for HLA-B27 by PCR, 18(81.8%) patients were positive while the remaining 4(18.1%) were in grey zone by flowcytometry. Of the 29(56.9%) patients testing negative by PCR, 27(93.1%) patients were negative, one (3.4%) was in grey zone and one (3.4%- false positive) tested positive for HLA-B27 by flowcytometry. Sensitivity and specificity of flowcytometry for detection of HLA-B27 was found to be 100% and 96.4% respectively when grey zone cases were excluded. Conclusion: The study brings to light that flowcytometry is a fairly specific and sensitive method for HLA-B27 detection with a high Negative Predictive Value (NPV) (100%) and Positive Predictive Value (PPV) (94.7%). In the COVID-19 era, it reiterates the importance of flowcytometry for HLA-B27 especially when PCR is overburdened.
Linkage Analysis of IL4 and Other Chromosome 5q31.1 Markers and Total Serum Immunoglobulin E Concentrations

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Sib-pair analysis of 170 individuals from 11 Amish families revealed evidence for linkage of five markers in chromosome 5q31.1 with a gene controlling total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) concentration. No linkage was found between these markers and specific IgE antibody concentrations. Analysis of total IgE within a subset of 128 IgE antibody-negative sib pairs confirmed evidence for linkage to 5q31.1, especially to the interleukin-4 gene ( IL4 ). A combination of segregation and maximum likelihood analyses provided further evidence for this linkage. These analyses suggest that IL4 or a nearby gene in 5q31.1 regulates IgE production in a nonantigen-specific (noncognate) fashion.
Aggressor State, Aggressor Individual, and What International Law Does/Should Protect

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This note examines the measures taken against Russian citizens in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian War in positive international law and analyzes the rationale for sanctioning individual citizens of an aggressor state. It questions whether the gravity of state aggression by Russia enables measures targeting individuals based solely on their Russian citizenship by investigating whether the blanket denial of asylum and imposition of travel bans for Russian citizens constitutes a breach of norms of international law. It further tests this citizenship link by turning to the legality of denationalization of pro-Russian Ukrainian citizens under international law. Building on this foundation, the note probes the existing schemes of responsibility under international law and corporate law to delve into how international law should approach citizens of an aggressor state.
Modelling volatility of Malaysian stock market using garch models

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Stock market volatility was changed over time. The factor such as financial crisis can easily influence the movement of the volatility. This unpredictable change means uncertain risks and not well preferred by the most of the stock market players. It is because higher risk can lead to a higher returns or losses. For these reason, this study has modelled volatility to investigate the behavior of stock return volatility of FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI with regard to the global financial crisis occurred in 2008 until 2009. The sample consists of 2473 observations of daily index return of FBM KLCI from January 2002 to December 2011. In order to model volatility of Malaysian stock market, three of the family of GARCH models was used. The results of GARCH (1, 1), indicate the presence of volatility clustering and persistence effects on the stock market volatility. Besides, the asymmetric models which are TGARCH and EGARCH detect the presence of leverage effects in the data series. Finally, the last evaluation shows that EGARCH model has outperformed the other class of GARCH model and has the best ability in forecasting the volatility. In conclusion, the results from this study show the ability of GARCH model in modelling volatility and indicate the existence of volatility clustering, leverage effects, and fat tailed in the Malaysian stock returns data.
PROVENANCE STUDIES OF ROMAN AFRICAN RED SLIP WARE USING NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

African Red Slip ware (ARS) from Carthage and San Sisto Vecchio (Rome) was analysed by neutron activation analysis. The Carthage tableware was linked with Oudna and the type 1 lamps were probably from a northern ARS/lamp factory other than the sources currently investigated. Two samples were central Tunisian, probably manufactured at El Ala. The San Sisto samples divided into three groups and three outliers of undetermined provenance. Group 1 was central Tunisian, probably from El Ala, and was composed entirely of terra sigillata chiara C forms. Group 2 was of unknown origin within northern Tunisia. Group 3 was the largest subset and most of its constituent samples were associated with El Mahrine. Additionally, four samples were linked with Oudna.
INHIBITION OF LIPOXYGENASE ACTIVITY FROM AVERRHOA CARAMBOLA L. LEAF EXTRACTS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: Inflammation is a protective response to tissue injury caused by physical trauma, harmful chemicals, or microbiological substances.Leukotriene, which originates in the lipoxygenase pathway, is a mediator of inflammation. Averrhoa carambola L. leave contains flavones, includingapigenin, which exhibits potential anti-inflammatory activity through the inhibition of lipoxygenase activity. The present study aimed to examine thelipoxygenase inhibition activity of A. carambola leaf extracts.Methods: A. carambola leaf extracts were obtained using multilevel maceration using the solvents n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol. Subsequently,total flavonoid contents in the three extracts were determined using the colorimetric method. Apigenin content in the most active extract wasdetermined using high-performance liquid chromatography.Results: The extract with the highest lipoxygenase inhibition activity was the ethyl acetate extract with an IC50 value of 10.17±0.83 μg/mLfollowed by the n-hexane and ethanol extracts with IC50 values of 40.99±0.51 and 35.61±0.66 μg/mL, respectively. Total flavonoid content fromthe n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and ethanol extracts was 3.01, 24.24, and 8.24 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract, respectively. A qualitative test usingthin-layer chromatography showed that all extracts contained apigenin. The most active (ethyl acetate) extract contained 5.39% apigenin with ahigh-performance liquid chromatography method.Conclusion: The ethyl acetate extract of A. carambola leaf is the most active extract to inhibit lipoxygenase activity. Flavonoid content has a strongcorrelation to the inhibitory activity of each extract.
Precision Fishery Management Framework Based on Fisheries Management Area

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Implementing precision fisheries management is a challenge for fisheries governance. Precision fisheries management might depend on the availability of data, area, carrying capacity, utilization, labor, industrial capacity, and fish consumption of the community. For Indonesia, the Fisheries Management Areas (FMAs) approach could become the basis for traceability and measurability of precision fisheries management. To ensure its effectiveness, the design of precision fisheries management must be started with the development of a logical framework, which then serves as a foundation for a further management design. This paper aims to present a management framework for precision fisheries management based on Fisheries Management Area. The framework covers sub sector in fisheries including capture fisheries, aquaculture, fish processing, and conservation activities. Meanwhile, supervision is the cornerstone that will oversee the implementation of all the fisheries sub sector. The framework shows that spatial-based data is one of the determinants in the efficacy of precision fisheries management.
A Framework for Simulating Subjective Experiments: Testing Subject Screening

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The ITU-T recommendations BT.500 and P.910 outline multiple subject screening methodologies for subjective multimedia quality experiments. Yet, their real-world effectiveness remains difficult to verify due to the lack of known ground truth. This paper introduces a comprehensive simulation framework designed to objectively assess subject screening methods by generating synthetic subjective scores with known parameters. Two primary experimental scenarios — typical and super-precise subject models — were evaluated using simulated data. Results indicate that correlation-based screening methods (P.910) outperform kurtosis-based methods (BT.500) in detecting irrelevant subjects, thereby improving the precision of subjective experiment outcomes. Additional contributions include the development of a novel score generation model and the definition of robust evaluation metrics. We hope this paper will serve as the basis for future analysis based on simulations of subjective experiments.
Investigation of Symmetry Influence in Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Band-Pass Filters using Symmetric Inductive Posts

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We present the investigation of symmetry influence in substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) band-pass filters using symmetrical posts for the suppression of TE i0 modes, with i = 2,4, . . .. This is of particular importance for SIW band-pass filters with a wide bandwidth. We show theoretical and experimental results for a particular filter with a bandwidth of more than 28% demonstrating an improvement in the suppression of spurious transmission by 19 dB.
Decoupling Decision-Making in Fraud Prevention through Classifier Calibration for Business Logic Action

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Machine learning models typically focus on specific targets like creating classifiers, often based on known population feature distributions in a business context. However, models calculating individual features adapt over time to improve precision, introducing the concept of decoupling: shifting from point evaluation to data distribution. We use calibration strategies as strategy for decoupling machine learning (ML) classifiers from score-based actions within business logic frameworks. To evaluate these strategies, we perform a comparative analysis using a real-world business scenario and multiple ML models. Our findings highlight the trade-offs and performance implications of the approach, offering valuable insights for practitioners seeking to optimize their decoupling efforts. In particular, the Isotonic and Beta calibration methods stand out for scenarios in which there is shift between training and testing data.
Analytical solutions for the internal forces of lining structure in shallow double-arched tunnel subject to unsymmetrical loads

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper presents analytical solutions for the internal forces of lining structure in shallow double-arched tunnel subjected to unsymmetrical loads, mainly for the section of arch rings. The force method is employed during the derivation. The internal forces obtained from the analytical solutions are compared with that from the numerical simulation by FEM model utilizing the load-structure-method. It is found that the largest positive bending moment appears at the arch crown, while larger negative bending moment is located at both haunches of arch rings. The axial forces of both ends of arch rings are larger than that at the arch crown, which indicates that the side and middle walls are in larger compression than the arch crown. The larger shear forces of arch rings appear at the cross section approaching the top of side walls, which may be caused by the application of elastic resistance to the side wall. The comparison results and variation trend verify the applicability of presented analytical solutions for the double-arched tunnel subjected to unsymmetrical loads.
DNA Polymerases from RNA Tumor Viruses and Human Cells: Inhibition by Polyuridylic Acid

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Polyuridylic acid inhibited DNA polymerases purified from three species of oncornaviruses as well as three out of seven DNA polymerases purified from cells. Viral and cellular DNA polymerases could not be distinguished by polyuridylic acid inhibition, but were easily distinguished by their template preferences in the presence of magnesium.
T-MASTER - A Tool for Assessing Students’ Reading Abilities

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

We present T-MASTER, a tool for assessing students’ reading skills on a variety of dimensions. T-MASTER uses sophisticated measures for assessing a student’s reading comprehension and vocabulary understanding. Texts are selected based on their difficulty using novel readability measures and tests are created based on the texts. The results are analyzed in T-MASTER, and the numerical results are mapped to textual descriptions that describe the student’s reading abilities on the dimensions being analysed. These results are presented to the teacher in a form that is easily comprehensible, and lends itself to inspection of each individual student’s results.