jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale Visualization of a Fibrillar Array in the Cell Wall of Filamentous Cyanobacteria and Its Implications for Gliding Motility

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Many filamentous cyanobacteria are motile by gliding, which requires attachment to a surface. There are two main theories to explain the mechanism of gliding. According to the first, the filament is pushed forward by small waves that pass along the cell surface. In the second, gliding is powered by the extrusion of slime through pores surrounding each cell septum. We have previously shown that the cell walls of several motile cyanobacteria possess an array of parallel fibrils between the peptidoglycan and the outer membrane and have speculated that the function of this array may be to generate surface waves to power gliding. Here, we report on a study of the cell surface topography of two morphologically different filamentous cyanobacteria, using field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEGSEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). FEGSEM and AFM images of Oscillatoria sp. strain A2 confirmed the presence of an array of fibrils, visible as parallel corrugations on the cell surface. These corrugations were also visualized by AFM scanning of fully hydrated filaments under liquid; this has not been achieved before for filamentous bacteria. FEGSEM images of Nostoc punctiforme revealed a highly convoluted, not parallel, fibrillar array. We conclude that an array of parallel fibrils, beneath the outer membrane of Oscillatoria , may function in the generation of thrust in gliding motility. The array of convoluted fibrils in N. punctiforme may have an alternative function, perhaps connected with the increase in outer membrane surface area resulting from the presence of the fibrils.
We need to talk about the role of zooplankton in marine food webs

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Zooplankton are the key intermediary between primary production and the fish community and a cornerstone of marine food webs, but they are often poorly represented in models that tend to focus on fish, charismatic top predators, or ocean biogeochemistry. In this study, we use an intermediate complexity end‐to‐end food web model of the North Sea with explicit two‐way coupling of zooplankton to phytoplankton and higher trophic levels to ask whether this matters. We vary the metabolic rate of omnivorous zooplankton (OZ) as a proxy for uncertainties in our understanding and modeling of zooplankton form and function, and moving beyond previous studies we look at the impacts on the food web in concert with climate warming and fishing. We consider impacts on food web state and time to recover the relevant unfished state after fishing ceases. We also consider potential impacts on pelagic and demersal fishing fleets if we assume that they are constrained by the requirement to allow recovery to an unfished state within a certain period of time as a way of ensuring consistency with Good Environmental Status as required by EU and UK legislation. We find that all three aspects considered are highly sensitive to changes in the treatment of zooplankton, with impacts being larger than for warming of 2 or 4°C across most food web functional groups, particularly for apex predators. We call for a programme of research aimed at improving our understanding of zooplankton ecology and its relationship to the wider food web, and we recommend that improved representations of zooplankton are incorporated in future modeling studies as a priority.
Nigerian Library Association Annual Conference 2007

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose Presents a summary of the proceedings of the 2007 National Conference/AGM of the Nigerian Library Association (NLA) held in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State. Design/methodology/approach Draws on the nine scholarly papers and speeches presented at the conference. Findings An appropriate curriculum should be designed for the training of librarians in Nigerian universities, as well as in the training of school library media specialists. Public‐Private Partnership (PPP) in library and information services should be encouraged; the use of ICT is beneficial to undergraduates; and consortium development in agricultural research institutes is also indispensable. The virtual library in Nigeria is also valuable, the challenges not withstanding, and library and information services to rural communities should also be encouraged. Originality/value An original paper that has great value for library and information practitioners, government and policy makers.
Analysis of factors influencing cycling count: A micro-level study using road segment count data in London

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cycling has gained increasing popularity worldwide as a healthy and sustainable mode of travel. This study aims to investigate the factors affecting the cycle count at the road segment level based on a detailed survey dataset of 794 road segments in London from 2015 to 2019. A spatial regression model was employed to control for possible spatial correlations among neighboring count points. The influencing factors at three spatial levels were considered in this study, including the characteristics of the target road segment, adjacent road segments, and adjacent areas. In addition, we investigated the differences in cycle counts between private and rental cycles during different time periods (morning peak, evening peak, and off-peak hours). The results indicated that private cycle count was positively correlated with cycle facility, public transit, minor road, network continuity, and connectivity. A similar positive effect was found for rental cycles, although the magnitude of this effect was smaller. In addition, parking facilities (i.e., docking stations and cycle parking) had significant impacts on cycle counts for both private and rental cyclists. This study provides several practical suggestions for improving cycling environments.
Faunistic records of Tersilochinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) from the West Palaearctic region

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Based on a large examined material from several world collections, faunistic records of 87 tersilochine species (including one unidentified species of Palpator Khalaim) belonging to 13 genera from Europe (except Russia), North Africa, Caucasus and Middle East are provided. Palpator turpilucricupidus from Europe, Heterocola linguaria from North Africa and subfamily Tersilochinae from Jordan and Syria are recorded for the first time. First colour photographs of the genus Palpator are given.
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS AND METHODS from HDAC1 Upregulation by NANOG Promotes Multidrug Resistance and a Stem-like Phenotype in Immune Edited Tumor Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Cell lines, Western blot (WB) analysis, Luciferase assay, Trypan blue exclusion assay, Immunohistochemistry, ChIP and quantitative ChIP (qChIP) assays, SUPPLEMENTARY REFERENCES.</p>
The bd-model of ageing: from individual-based dynamics to evolutive differential inclusions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Ageing's sensitivity to natural selection has long been discussed because of its apparent negative effect on individual's fitness. Thanks to the recently described (Smurf) 2-phase model of ageing we were allowed to propose a fresh angle for modeling the evolution of ageing. Indeed, by coupling a dramatic loss of fertility with a high-risk of impending death - amongst other multiple so-called hallmarks of ageing - the Smurf phenotype allowed us to consider ageing as a couple of sharp transitions. The birth-death model (later called bd-model) we describe here is a simple life-history trait model where each asexual and haploid individual is described by its fertility period $x_b$ and survival period $x_d$. We show that, thanks to the Lansing effect, $x_b$ and $x_d$ converge during evolution to configurations $x_b-x_d\approx 0$. This guarantees that a certain proportion of the population maintains the Lansing effect which in turn, confers higher evolvability to individuals. \\To do so, we built an individual-based stochastic model which describes the age and trait distribution dynamics of such a finite population. Then we rigorously derive the adaptive dynamics models, which describe the trait dynamics at the evolutionary time-scale. We extend the Trait Substitution Sequence with age structure to take into account the Lansing effect. Finally, we study the limiting behaviour of this jump process when mutations are small. We show that the limiting behaviour is described by a differential inclusion whose solutions $x(t)=(x_b(t),x_d(t))$ reach the diagonal $\lbrace x_b=x_d\rbrace$ in finite time and then remain on it. This differential inclusion is a natural way to extend the canonical equation of adaptive dynamics in order to take into account the lack of regularity of the invasion fitness function on the diagonal $\lbrace x_b=x_d\rbrace$.
Effects of extracts, flavonoids and iridoids from Penstemon gentianoides (Plantaginaceae) on inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and their antioxidant activity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Penstemon gentianoides (HBK) (Kunth) Poir (Plantaginaceae) is an evergreen shrub that grows the throughout high mountains from Guatemala, Mexico and Southern states of US. Its leaves and roots have been used therapeutically for inflammation-related conditions from Aztec times, but systematic studies of its anti-inflammatory activity are lacking and no specific active components have been identified. In this study, methanol, n-hexane, CH2Cl2, ethyl acetate and methanol/water (6:4) extracts, luteolin, diosmetin, verbascoside, martynoside, pensteminoside, globularisicin and plantarenaloside isolated from this plant were evaluated by determining their inhibitory effects on the production of proinflammatory mediators in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Ethyl acetate extract, luteolin, and diosmetin exhibited potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The results indicated that luteolin and diosmetin suppressed the LPS induced production of nitric oxide (NO), through the down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase 2 (COX-2) protein expressions and showed a potent antioxidant activity against DPPH, TBARS and DCFH. The inhibition of enzymes and NO production by selected extracts and compounds was dose-dependent with significant effects seen at concentration as low as 50 uM. Thus, luteolin and diosmetin may provide a potential therapeutic approach for inflammation associated disorders.
GAP EQUATION IN SCALAR FIELD THEORY AT FINITE TEMPERATURE

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the two-loop gap equation for the thermal mass of hot massless g 2 ϕ 4 theory and find that the gap equation itself has a nonzero finite imaginary part. This implies that it is not possible to find the real thermal mass as a solution of the gap equation beyond g 2 order in perturbation theory. We have solved the gap equation and obtained the real and imaginary parts of the thermal mass which are correct up to g 4 order in perturbation theory.
Finding “Health” and “Meaning” in Texas-Sized Turnover: Application of Seminal Management Principles for Administration and Research in U.S. Public Child Welfare Agencies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Public child welfare agencies in the United States have struggled with high turnover rates, especially among caseworkers. Research has explored turnover in terms of negative organizational outcomes, and efforts have been developed to reduce overall turnover rates. However, there has been little change in turnover rates in the last 30 years. The public child welfare system is inclined to higher turnover due to the unique nature of the work. Efforts to reduce the overall turnover rate fail to recognize the heterogeneity and healthy aspects of turnover unique to public child welfare organizations, which present challenges for both practice and research. By critically questioning how turnover is socially constructed, measured, and addressed, and integrating seminal management principles, a more meaningful metric can be developed. These challenges are explored, and recommendations are proposed for administration and research that include reconstructing and applying a new perspective on turnover to inform and evaluate initiatives that can reduce the impact of dysfunctional turnover within public child welfare organizations.
TARGET SPACE SUPERSYMMETRIC SIGMA MODEL TECHNIQUES

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We briefly review the covariant formulation of the Green-Schwarz superstring\nby Berkovits, and describe how a detailed tree-level and one-loop analysis of\nthis model leads, for the first time, to a derivation of the low-energy\neffective action of the heterotic superstring while keeping target-space\nsupersymmetry manifest. The resulting low-energy theory is old-minimal\nsupergravity coupled to tensor multiplet. The dilaton is part of the\ncompensator multiplet.\n
Perceptions of the role of the breast care nurse in the breast screening assessment unit*

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

AIM\nThis study aimed to explore the role of the breast care nurse (BCN), gain greater understanding of their function and inform future practice within the Breast Screening Assessment clinic (BSAC).\nMethodology\nThe research was based on qualitative research and utilised an interpretive qualitative approach within a phenomenological framework. Data was collected through 12 semi-structured interviews with clients, BCNs and radiology staff working in a BSAC. Analysis of the interview data utilised a method of Inductive Thematic Analysis.\nFindings and discussion\nFive categories were generated from the data, ‘Person Centred Care’, ‘Interactional Support’, ‘Defining the Role’, ‘Organisational Issues’ and ‘Clinical Practice/New Opportunities’. Views and experiences from each participant were considered within the context of these themes.\nThe findings of this study recognised the proficiency of the BCN in their communication skills and provision of psychological support. However, role ambiguity and organisational issues appear to impact on BCN performance within this setting. There are various reasons for this, including lack of role definition, service limitations, team dynamics and effective team working. Role development is seemingly influenced by individual BCN perception of the scope of the role, level of experience and educational requirements.\nA table of recommendations is given to inform enhanced effectiveness of the BCN role in BSAC and optimal client care. Further research is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of the BCN in terms of breast awareness within this setting.\n
Secondary traumatisation in psychosocial emergency care personnel—A longitudinal study accompanying German trainees

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Psychosocial emergency care personnel form an important first responder subgroup, in which trained volunteers provide psychological first aid to accident and trauma survivors, their relatives, eye witnesses, bystanders and first responders themselves. This is the first longitudinal study to assess psychological burden due to secondary traumatisation and relevant resilience factors in psychosocial emergency care personnel. We asked 100 German psychosocial emergency care workers to assess their feeling of preparedness and resilience factors prior training. After training, when participants had worked emergency responses, we assessed secondary traumatisation. Overall, the level of secondary traumatisation was sub-clinical (M = 37.50, SD = 5.35) after training and reported resilience factor levels were high. Three regression analyses were conducted to examine the moderation effect of preparedness on specific expertise (R2 = 0.479, p < 0.001), performance competence (R2 = 0.419, p = 0.002) and inner attitude (R2 = 0.336, p = 0.002) in regard to the relationship between resilience factors and secondary traumatisation. Feeling prepared and competent for emergency responses were protective factors. Practical implications include the following: volunteers should not take part in emergency responses if they are under excessive stress; the volunteers' resilience factors should be taken into account; emergency response training should promote the feeling of preparedness in specific expertise and performance competence.
Agritourism – From Additional Income to Livelihood Strategy and Rural Development

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During the Romantic period, the Franconian Jura in northern Bavaria, Germany, was discovered as an attractive landscape with aesthetic value.The diversified cultural landscape (rocks, forests, and farmland) and its seasonal variations in land cover are appreciated by tourists to this day, albeit in different form and use made of the scenic beauty.With the modernization and restructuring of agriculture in the 1970s, farming families increasingly seized the opportunity to play a role in rural tourism.In the last three decades, offering holidays on the farm as well as direct sales of their own valueadded farms' products have provided additional alternative incomes.The article draws on a longitudinal study (1977 -2007) which focused on the farming women's agency, coping strategies, visions and wishes against the dynamic changes of the agricultural sector.The rich data enabled the author to give an overview of tourism-related activities within the sample from the point of view of the farming women as well as to construct two case studies that looked at the role of agritourism within the pluri-activities for the women involved and the multifunctional orientation of their farms.While agritourism has become an important permanent livelihood strategy for some farming families, it remains an additional income for others.Either way, it has turned out to be a source of women's growing self-confidence as well as a sustainable ingredient of regional development.
Structural studies of some bacterial polysaccharides and extension of a method for lipid A cleavage

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The focus of the work presented in this thesis has been to study the\nstructures of the capsular polysaccharide from Serratia marcescens\nO14:K12, and the O-antigen polysaccharides from Hafnia alvei strain 10457\nand Vibrio cholerae serogroup 037. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)\nspectroscopy was the primary technique employed.\n\nS. marcescens O14:K12 contains both an O-antigen polysaccharide and a\ncapsular polysaccharide (K-antigen). The K-antigen was successfully\npurified from the mixture of the two polysaccharides and was analysed.\nThe structure of the K-antigen is similar, but not identical, to other\nK-antigens of S. marcescens In addition, the polysaccharide has two\nacidic components, a pyruvic acid and a uronic acid, which is unusual.\nThe study is a step towards the identification of the serology of S.\nmarcescens.\n\nNew types of Hafnia alvei strains from Bangladesh have been reported to\ncause severe diarrhoea. However, these strains also contain a virulence\nfactor that is characteristic for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli\n(EPEC) making the serologic classification uncertain. The Hafnia strains\nfrom Bangladesh may be pathogenic H. alvei, unusual biotypes of E. coli,\nor represent a new species in the genus Escherichia. From the data on the\nstructure of the 0antigen, it may be classified as either of the two with\nregard to carbohydrate structure. An unusual feature, however, is the\nterminally linked N-acetyl neuraminic acid, which is a common constituent\nin glycoproteins and glycolipids.\n\nVibrio cholerae serogroup 037 has genetic relationships with the cholera\ncausing V. cholerae serogroups 01 and 0139. This prompted us to\ninvestigate the O-antigen structure from V. cholerae 037 Sudan strain.\nThe structure of the repeating unit was established, which differed\nsignificantly from 01 and 0139.\n\nThe last part of this thesis describes an improved method for cleaving\noff lipid A from the LPS. The procedure was shown to work on LPS from.S.\nmarcescens O14:K12, H. alvei strain 10457, and E. coli 0128. This method\ninvolves ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) in water and may be a useful\nalternative if polysaccharides from LPS contain acid-labile constituents\nthat might be cleaved off during normal delipidation conditions.
Clinical Value of Absolute Quantification of Myocardial Perfusion With 15 O-Water in Coronary Artery Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background— The standard interpretation of perfusion imaging is based on the assessment of relative perfusion distribution. The limitations of that approach have been recognized in patients with multivessel disease and endothelial dysfunction. To date, however, no large clinical studies have investigated the value of measuring quantitative blood flow and compared that with relative uptake. Methods and Results— One hundred four patients with moderate (30%–70%) pretest likelihood of coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent PET imaging during adenosine stress using 15 O-water and dynamic imaging. Absolute myocardial blood flow was calculated from which both standard relative myocardial perfusion images and images scaled to a known absolute scale were produced. The patients and the regions then were classified as normal or abnormal and compared against the reference of conventional angiography with fractional flow reserve. In patient-based analysis, the positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of absolute perfusion in the detection of any obstructive CAD were 86%, 97%, and 92%, respectively, with absolute quantification. The corresponding values with relative analysis were 61%, 83%, and 73%, respectively. In region-based analysis, the receiver operating characteristic curves confirmed that the absolute quantification was superior to relative assessment. In particular, the specificity and positive predictive value were low using just relative differences in flow. Only 9 of 24 patients with 3-vessel disease were correctly assessed using relative analysis. Conclusions— The measurement of myocardial blood flow in absolute terms has a significant impact on the interpretation of myocardial perfusion. As expected, multivessel disease is more accurately detected. Clinical Trial Registration— URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT00627172.
A High-energy-difference Design for Boltzmann Machine-based Invertible Logic

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

By filling the energy gaps of the building blocks in integer factorizers (IFs), we propose a high-energy-difference design scheme for Boltzmann-based invertible logic. The scheme induces both the enlarged energy difference and degenerate energy levels to enhance the performance significantly. With circuit simulation, for $2-\text{bit} \times 2-\text{bit}$ and $6-\text{bit} \times 6-\text{bit}\ \text{IFs}$ , the accuracy of factorization for integers 6 and 3233 is increased from ∼65% to ∼87% and ∼4.4% to 58%, respectively.