jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Neurobiology of handedness

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This comprehensive review explores the intricate relationship between white matter (WM) asymmetry in the brain and handedness, shedding light on the intricate neural substrates that underlie manual dominance. The human brain's WM tracts, which facilitate rapid interregional communication, have been subjected to extensive investigation in the context of handedness. Diverse WM pathways, including commissural and association fibers, as well as global WM, have been implicated, although findings have often been contradictory. Studies utilizing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to assess WM asymmetry have revealed intriguing patterns by measuring anisotropy. Anisotropy is a measure of uniformity of axon directionality and diameter in WM tracts and is a useful measure of connectivity. Notably, right-handed individuals have demonstrated greater anisotropy, in both hemispheres, particularly in regions like the inferior frontal gyrus. Conversely, leftward fractional anisotropy (FA) asymmetry has been observed in left-handed individuals. Sex and age have also been identified as influential factors. Age, for instance, exhibits a positive association with FA in various WM tracts. Research on the corpus callosum has indicated differences between handedness groups, with left-handed twins displaying unique callosal patterns. Furthermore, studies have explored the corticospinal tract (CST) and its potential link to handedness. While some findings suggest CST structural asymmetry plays a role, others remain inconclusive. In conclusion, the interplay between WM asymmetry and handedness remains a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, influenced by various factors, including sex and age. Understanding these neural intricacies promises valuable insights into the nature of manual dominance and its broader implications for brain function. Abbreviations: AF - Arcuate Fasciculus; aGMD - Apparent Gray Matter Density; CC - Corpus Callosum; CSF - Cerebrospinal Fluid; CST - Corticospinal Tract; DGM - Deep Gray Matter; DTI - Diffusion Tensor Imaging; FA - Fractional Anisotropy; FDR - False Discovery Rate; GM - Gray Matter; GWAS - Genome Wide Association Studies; IHTT - Interhemispheric Transfer Time; IQ - Intelligence Quotient; IT - Interhemispheric Transfer; M1 - Primary Motor Cortex; MEP - Motor Evoked Potential; MRI - Magnetic Resonance Imaging; MTG - Medial Temporal Gyrus; NHP - Non-Human Primates; NRH - Non-right-handedness; SBA - Surface-Based Analysis; SNP - Single Nucleotide Polymorphism; SWI - Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging; TEA - Term Equivalent Age; TMS - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; VBM - Voxel-Based Morphometry; WM - White Matter
Data handling in confocal microscopy

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Summary form only received as follows: Confocal microscopy is, by now, a well established technique for biomedical research, offering numerous practical advantages in the study of biological specimens. These include optical sectioning, enhanced image contrast and spatial resolution and the technical advantages accruing from serial point-scanned operation, such as electronic image enhancement and processing. Many current confocal microscopes boast real-time (video-rate) operation, and are therefore capable of delivering 25 or 30 frames per second. If the signal levels are adequate it is possible to gather dynamic, depth resolved images from complex biological specimens, providing that the data system associated with the instrument is capable handling the high data rates. Here, the means of handling and extracting the various information available from confocal microscopic images is discussed. The techniques include 3D reconstruction, quantification with stereological tools and dynamic digital video acquisition and editing in a system from Kinetic known as Tempus, which is based on RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disks) or parallel disk array technology. >
Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of Pu'er tea carotenoids via response surface methodology

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Ultrasonic assistance was used to extract Pu'er tea carotenoids.Based on single factor experiments,in which the influences of technological parameters including extraction solvent,material / liquid ratio,extraction time,ultrasonic time,and extraction temperature on Pu'er tea carotenoids yield were examined,response surface methodology was employed to optimize three main ones of the above parameters such as extraction time,ultrasonic time,and extraction temperature.The extraction for 32.6 min with 120 s ultrasonic assistance at a extraction temperature of 51.4 ℃ resulted in a maximum Pu'er tea carotenoids yield.The experimental value was up to 98.8% of the predicted value.
Contralateral Spread of Asymmetrical Tremor in Parkinson's Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Parkinsonian tremor usually starts asymmetrically. The mid‐term prognosis of this lateralized tremor is unknown, as is the development of tremor in the contralateral arm. Objective To investigate the occurrence of contralateral tremor in the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative database, with data available for 7 years. Methods Tremor requiring treatment (TRT) was defined as any rest, postural or kinetic tremor with amplitude >1 cm (MDS‐UPDRS score ≥2) as this criterion is commonly accepted as an insufficiently treated tremor. Tremor was analyzed by side mainly in the off‐medication state. Results At baseline, 348 (87.7%) of the 397 patients with Parkinson's disease had tremor at least on one side of the body. 183 (46%) had only mild tremors but 165 (41.6%) had TRT. 159 patients (40.1%) had lateralized TRT and six (1.6%) had bilateral TRT. Among patients with asymmetrical TRT, 40 patients (25.2%) developed contralateral TRT at 3 years, 49 patients (30.8%) at 5 years, and 61 patients (38.4%) at 7 years. The side more affected by tremor was also more affected by other cardinal signs. In 159 patients with initially asymmetrical TRT, tremor severity did not increase on the more tremulous side over the 7‐year period. However, there was an increase in tremor on the contralateral side. This was associated with a clear increase in bradykinesia and rigidity on both sides. Conclusion The study findings may prove beneficial in counseling patients with TRT, and may also provide an explanation as to why the worsening of tremor is not correlated with overall disease progression.
Analysis of a dynamic model for subfilter scalar dissipation rate in large eddy simulation based on the subfilter scalar variance transport equation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Accurate prediction of non-premixed turbulent combustion using large eddy simulation (LES) requires detailed modelling of the mixing between fuel and oxidizer that occurs at scales smaller than the LES filterwidth. The small-scale mixing process can be quantitatively characterized by two related variables, the subfilter scalar variance and the subfilter scalar dissipation rate. A recently proposed alternative dynamic modelling procedure for the subfilter scale dissipation rate, designed for use with transport equation based models for subfilter scalar variance, is analysed in this work. This new dynamic non-equilibrium modelling approach produces a nonlinear interaction between variance and dissipation rate predictions that makes it difficult to isolate the performance of any single modelling component in a conventional LES simulation. To gain a better understanding of the new model, a three-part study is undertaken here. The first part of the study uses a priori analysis to examine some novel aspects of the model's computation and guide its practical implementation. In the second part of the study, detailed a posteriori analysis of the model is performed. This analysis suggests that the dynamic estimate of the dissipation rate model coefficient helps to compensate for over-prediction of variance production rates and improves the accuracy of variance prediction. However, improved modelling of the variance production term, which in turn depends on the accuracy of models for the subfilter scalar flux, is necessary to allow both the scalar variance and dissipation rate to be predicted accurately. Therefore, the third part of the study examines the effect of the scalar flux model on the predictions of the dynamic non-equilibrium model. Use of a mixed model for the fluxes, rather than a gradient-diffusion-only model, is found to improve variance predictions in some cases.
Discovery of Highly Isoform Selective Thiazolopiperidine Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase γ

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A series of high affinity second-generation thiazolopiperidine inhibitors of PI3Kγ were designed based on some general observations around lipid kinase structure. Optimization of the alkylimidazole group led to inhibitors with higher levels of PI3Kγ selectivity. Additional insights into PI3K isoform selectivity related to sequence differences in a known distal hydrophobic pocket are also described.
Toward a Realist Morality

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Plato had a conception of justice somewhat unlike ours. While justice was about what people are due, it also was a properly functional relation of parts to a whole. Justice within a person was a matter of parts of a soul staying in their proper place. Justice within a polis was a matter of citizens minding their own business and tending to their proper roles within society. This conception may seem archaic now, yet it retains some resonance and Plato’s conception is recognizably as an ancestor of the present conception. No one is justly tasked with doing everything worth doing. Instead, in a thriving society, people develop specialties: plumbers have a job, teachers have a job, and the rest depend on them to internalize role-specific standards of excellence and integrity. In any case, for Plato, justice is a matter of people staying in their lanes.
Developing Standard Operating Procedures for Supply Chains to Support Neglected Tropical Disease Mass Drug Administration in an Endemic Country: Lessons Learned in Senegal

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Neglected Tropical Diseases affect more than 1 billion people and remain a major public health problem.Many efforts are being made to combat these diseases to improve the situation of endemic countries on a large scale.One of the main strategies is the use of preventive chemotherapy through mass drug distribution.Effective supply chain management requires to develop and align to standard operating procedures (SOPs).The World Health Organization and the technical experts of the Neglected Tropical Diseases Supply Chain Forum have defined 11 SOPs.Senegal, in collaboration with PATH, revised the SOPs to adapt them to the country's needs and context.World Health Organization and various health stakeholders in Senegal organised the SOP manual around seven steps: (1) review of the existing SOP manual, (2) adaptation of the manual to the country's context, (3) development of the SOP manual, (4) development of the twelfth SOP on pharmacovigilance, (5) validation of the SOPs, (6) response to and submission of the World Health Organization questionnaire on the review process, (7) and dissemination of the manual.Developing SOPs for neglected tropical disease drug supply chain management was a major step towards ensuring availability of high-quality drugs in target areas across the country during mass drug administration.However, to achieve effective drug management in the next distribution campaign, additional efforts are needed, including the development of management tools and training manuals, training of drug distributors, and dissemination of SOPs to all levels of the health system.
Tunable Narrow‐Band Cyan‐Emission of Eu2+‐doped Nitridomagnesophosphates Ba3−xSrx[Mg2P10N20] : Eu2+ (x=0–3)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Tetrahedron‐based nitrides offer a wide range of properties and applications. Highly condensed nitridophosphates are examples of nitrides that exhibit fascinating luminescence properties when doped with Eu 2+ , making them appealing for industrial applications. Here, we present the first nitridomagnesophosphate solid solution series Ba 3− x Sr x [Mg 2 P 10 N 20 ] : Eu 2+ ( x =0–3), synthesized by a high‐pressure high‐temperature approach using the multianvil technique (3 GPa, 1400 °C). Starting from the binary nitrides P 3 N 5 and Mg 3 N 2 and the respective alkaline earth azides, we incorporate Mg into the P/N framework to increase the degree of condensation κ to 0.6, the highest observed value for alkaline earth nitridophosphates. The crystal structure was elucidated by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, powder X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and solid‐state NMR. DFT calculations were performed on the title compounds and other related highly condensed nitridophosphates to investigate the influence of Mg in the P/N network. Eu 2+ ‐doped samples of the solid solution series show a tunable narrow‐band emission from cyan to green (492–515 nm), which is attributed to the preferred doping of a single crystallographic site. Experimental confirmation of this assumption was provided by overdoping experiments and STEM‐HAADF studies on the series as well on the stoichiometric compound Ba 2 Eu[Mg 2 P 10 N 20 ] with additional atomic resolution energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping.
Evaluation of the Sheffield system for identifying children at risk from unexpected death in infancy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: maternal smoking during pregnancy may impair lung development, increasing the risk of respiratory diseases such as asthma later in life. Aim: to evaluate the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and wheezing in adolescence (at 11 and 15 years old). Methods: the original cohort comprised 5,249 hospital new born children during the calendar year of 1993 in Pelotas, Brazil. In 2004-5 and 2008-9, all cohort members were sought for follow-up visits. Wheezing was defined as the presence of wheezing in the past 12 months. Number of asthma crises in the same period was collected. Persistent wheezing was present when the subjects related wheezing in the last year at both follow-ups. Smoking during pregnancy was collected at delivery and then analyzed in three categories (never smoker, <20 cigarettes/day and 20+ cigarettes/day). Poisson regression models were performed adjusting for potential confounders and possible mediators. Results: no association of maternal smoking during pregnancy was found with wheezing as dichotomous variables neither at age 11 nor at age 15. However, we found a greater number of wheezing crises at age 15 among those adolescents from mothers who had smoked 20+ cigarettes/day (RR=1.97; CI95% 1.06 – 3.68; p=0.023), even when adjusted for confounders and mediators. In persistent wheezing it was observed a dose-response association according to the number of smoked cigarettes/day by the mother during pregnancy (<20 cigarettes/day PR=1.36 and 20+ cigarettes/day PR=1.61). Conclusions: smoking during pregnancy was not associated with the occurrence of wheezing, but it seems to be important for the severity of wheezing at adolescence.
Viability of maize (Zea mays L) seeds influenced by water, temperature, and salinity stress

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The crops site provides a wide range of abiotic stresses to field crops.Successful protection against these impacts can be the use of adaptable cultivars.At the Crop Production Laboratory of the University of Hungarian Agricultural and Life Sciences, Gödöllő Hungary, maize Zea mays L genotypes of different geographic origin were exposed in an in vitro trial to various abiotic stress conditions (water supply representing poor and flooded state, temperature with suboptimal, optimal and high exposure, and saline and neutral environment).Samples of Hungarian and Malaysian hybrids were tested for viability, radicle and plumule growth under these conditions in four replications.The results obtained have proven that the various abiotic applications had altering effects on the germination performance of the seed samples studied.
From Dogmatism to Open-Mindedness? Historical Reflections on Methods in Audience Reception Research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article traces, from the perspective of audience reception research, the gradual methodological rapprochement of once hostile methodological paradigms: the quantitatively oriented uses-and-gratifications research and the qualitatively anchored reception research. While recognizing that the methodological differences stem ultimately from different epistemological perspectives, the article describes how these differences have been played out on the terrain of empirical methodologies for conducting fieldwork on audience practices and meanings. The article considers four stages of this rapprochement: (1) antagonistic self-sufficiency; (2) separate camps; (3) self-critical coexistence; and (4) complementarity and collaboration.
Origins of Metropolitan Transportation Planning and the Urban Stakes of Interstate Highway Funding, 1956–1962

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Speaking before Congress in April 1962, President John F. Kennedy called for an overhaul of federal transportation programming. Heeding his call, Congress passed the 1962 Federal-Aid Highway Act later that year, the first legislation to make federal highway aid contingent on metropolitan transportation planning. This article traces the roots of the 1962 planning mandate through the development of research and techniques in the emerging field of transportation planning to craft a history of methods in travel demand forecasting or what the 1962 act referred to as the three C's of metropolitan transportation planning: a mandate for continuing, comprehensive, and coordinated planning efforts. Tracing this history sheds new light on the urban stakes of Interstate highway legislation in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as the role of cities in advocating for Interstate highway funding. The National Committee on Urban Transportation was an important catalyst of both methods in transportation planning and highway legislation.
Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency relationship for Trichy and Kumulur

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) relationship is commonly required for planning and designing of various water resource projects. It is a mathematical relationship between the rainfall intensity, duration and return period. This relationship is determined through statistical analysis of recorded rainfall data. The objective of this study is to derive IDF relationship of rainfall at Trichy and Kumulur. A total durations ranging from 10 minutes to 24 hr (10min, 20 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min, 360 min, 720 min and 1440 min) for return periods of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years were analyzed. In this study, yearly maximum rainfall data for Trichy (1951–2010) and Kumulur (1991–2014) were used. Empirical reduction formula of India Meteorological Department (IMD) has been used to estimate the short duration rainfall intensity from yearly maximum rainfall data. Gumbel and Log Pearson Type III (LPT III) Distribution method was used to develop IDF curves and equations. The results obtained using Gumbel method is somewhat higher than the outcomes obtained using the LPT III distribution method. The chi-square goodness of fit test was used to determine the best fit probability distribution. The parameters of the IDF equations and coefficient of correlation for different return periods (2, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 years) were calculated by using least square method. The results obtained revealed that in all the cases the correlation coefficient is very high representing the goodness of fit of the formulae to estimate IDF in the station of interest.
Assessing Basic Emotion via Machine Learning: Comparative Analysis of Number of Basic Emotions and Algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper explores the use of machine learning (ML) methods to identify "clusters" of basic emotions based on pleasure, arousal, and dominance (PAD). The data was obtained from the Dataset for Emotion Analysis using Physiological Signals (DEAP), data collected within the Building and Designing Assistive Technology (BDAT) Lab using the International Affective Picture System (IAPS), and the scores of PAD from the IAPS. The objective is to develop an algorithm that maps a PAD score to clusters that express emotions, e.g., sadness or happiness. The elbow method was used to determine the optimal number of clusters (4-8), and nine different ML algorithms were compared. Decision Trees, polynomial support vector machines (SVMs) and linear SVMs provided accurate results. The Decision Tree demonstrated efficiency, during both testing and validation, in identifying the same clusters when analyzing both the DEAP and IAPS datasets. The dataset included limited data for each emotion creating the possibility of overfitting. However, when evaluating the results relative to previous research, the results added to the understanding of the nuances of emotion self-reporting and modelling.
Social Trust Aided D2D Communications: Performance Bound and Implementation Mechanism

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

<p>In a device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying cellular network, any user is a potential eavesdropper for the transmissions of others that occupy the same spectrum. Physical-layer security mechanism is typically employed to guarantee secure communications, at the cost of reducing the system&amp;#x2019;s throughput. As hand-held devices are carried by human beings, we may leverage their social trust to decrease the number of potential eavesdroppers. Aiming to establish a new paradigm for solving the challenging problem of security and efficiency tradeoff, we propose a social security aware D2D communication architecture that exploits social-domain trust for securing physical-domain communication. In order to understand the impact of social trust on the security of transmissions, we analyze the system ergodic rate of social security aided communications via stochastic geometry, and our result based on a real dataset shows that the proposed social security aided D2D communication increases the system secrecy rate by about 63&amp;#x0025; compared to the scheme without considering social trust relation. Furthermore, in order to provide implementation mechanism, we utilize matching theory to implement efficient resource allocation among multiple users. Numerical results show that our proposed mechanism increases the system secrecy rate by 28&amp;#x0025; with fast convergence over the social oblivious approach.</p>
Illustrative Electrocardiography.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

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