jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
GSK‑3 inhibitor CHIR99021 enriches glioma stem‑like cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and lethal primary intrinsic brain cancer. The disease is essentially incurable, with glioblastomas characterized by resistance to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as by rapid tumor progression, all of which are mainly ascribed to glioma stem‑like cells (GSLCs). In the present study, an improved model that is more similar to clinical GBM was constructed. Twenty clinical glioma samples were collected to obtain primary low‑grade tumor cells. The cells were either maintained in serum‑free medium as primary glioma‑based cells (PGBCs) or cultured in the same medium with CHIR99021 as GSLCs. Then, the molecular and ultrastructural differences between the two cell groups were determined. Furthermore, the proliferation and migration of the GSLCs were examined and the potential mechanisms were investigated. Finally, temozolomide resistance in vitro and in the mouse model was assessed to study the properties of the induced GSLCs. The primary low‑grade tumor cells extracted from surgical samples were enriched with GSLC properties, with high expression levels of CD133 and Nestin in 100 nM CHIR99021. The GSLCs exhibited high proliferation and migration. Furthermore, the expression of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and that of related genes and proteins were significantly enhanced by CHIR99021. The animal study also revealed high levels of STAT3, mTOR, NF‑κB, and VEGF in the GSLC‑transplanted mice. CHIR99021 could stably enhance GSLC properties in patient‑derived glioma samples. It may provide a useful model for further study, helping to understand the pathogenesis of therapeutic resistance and to screen drug candidates.
Perspectives of Final Year Students on Modeling and Analysis of Complex Systems and Their Properties

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Modeling a complex system is a daunting task for students as several perspectives need to be employed at varying resolution levels. Students need to abstract a real system, understand the system entities, their interactions, and the effects these interactions have on system properties. In addition, students need to validate and evaluate their models. As such, teaching modeling and simulation of complex systems requires an in-depth understanding of the challenges faced by students in order to design the best learning experience. In this paper, we explore the reflections of 24 students after submitting two modeling and simulation assignments in a complex systems course. We identify that students struggle with the chosen simulation tool, as expected, but also that focusing on system entities and their interaction is not straightforward due to several system complexities and learning barriers. We discuss three course design principles to address these barriers, focused on scaffolded tool introduction, abstraction introduction, and mastery learning.
Aspects of metonymy in language and thought

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Based on the theoretical insights from cognitive linguistics, this paper aims to shed fresh light on certain aspects of metonymy as one of the basic mechanisms of conceptualsemantic organization. It is argued that the prototype model of categorization can provide substantial explanatory potential in the linguistic treatment of metonymy, that anthropocentricity is an important aspect of metonymic conceptualization, and that metonymy has multiple roles in the creation of meaning, including meaning extension, meaning construction and meaning imposition. The significance of investigating the multifaceted character of metonymic conceptualization (as well as of figurative language and thought in general) from an interdisciplinary perspective is highlighted as fundamental for a more comprehensive insight into the nature of meaning.
æORIGINAL ARTICLE Thrombospondin-1 and VEGF in inflammatory bowel disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and aim: Angiogenesis is an important process in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. We aimed to study the angiogeneic balance in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by evaluating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) on colonic epithelial cells, together with the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Methods: Twenty-one ulcerative colitis (UC), 14 Crohn’s disease (CD), 11 colorectal cancer patients, and 11 healthy controls colonic biopsy samples were evaluated immunohistochemically. Results: The expressions of TSP-1, VEGF, and iNOS in UC and CD groups were higher than expression in healthy control group, all with statistical significance. However, in colorectal cancer group, VEGF and iNOS expressions were increased importantly, but TSP-1 expression was not statistically different from healthy control group’s expression. Both TSP-1 and VEGF expressions were correlated with iNOS expression distinctly but did not correlate with each other. Conclusions: Both pro-angiogeneic VEGF and antiangiogeneic TSP-1 expressions were found increased in our IBD groups, but in colorectal cancer group, only VEGF expression was increased. TSP-1 increases in IBD patients as a response to inflammatory condition, but this increase was not enough to suppress pathologic angiogenesis and inflammation in IBD.
Diversity of Sub-Gingival Fluids Microbiota Compositions in Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Case-Control Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To determine the diversity of microbiota in the sub-gingival fluids from periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to know the relationship of microbiota abnormalities between periodontitis and RA. Material and Methods: Samples were collected from sub-gingival fluids of nine participants by swabbing technique. The participants were divided into 3 groups, namely the control (not periodontitis and RA), periodontitis, and RA. The total number of bacteria was calculated by using direct culture in serial dilution by applying the total plate count method. Isolation of microbiota was conducted by pour plates and incubated in an anaerobic jar. The bacterial diversity was performed by Simpson index and DNA Isolation. Results: There were differences in the concentration of sub-gingival fluids bacteria in the control group with the periodontitis and RA group. The microbiota composition profiles were different for each group. The bacterial isolate 4, 5 and 22 were found in all groups, while isolate 14 was assumed to be related to the metabolic pathway in microbiota abnormalities associated with disease progression. Conclusion: The Simpson index has a value >0.61 with high bacterial dominance; however, the diversity of microbiota is at a low level of diversity. We assumed that isolate 14 was associated with development of RA disease.
Aliskiren — new possibilities of nephroprotection?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA) plays a key role in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). RAA inhibitors, such angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) decrease the rate of progression of diabetic and non-diabetic nephropathy and are recommended therapy for CKD. Although these drugs are highly effective and are widely used in the kidney diseases, current treatment regimens with ACEIs and ARBs are unable to completely suppress the RAA system. Aliskiren, the first in a new class of orally effective direct renin inhibitors (DRI), is approved for the treatment of hypertension. Aliskiren has renoprotective, cardioprotective and anti-atherosclerotic effects in animal models that appear to be independent of blood pressure lowering. Early clinical data based on urinary protein excretion rates as a marker for renal function suggest a possibly novel role for aliskiren in treatment chronic kidney disease. This review discuss the efficacy of aliskiren and considers the evidence for the potential renal protection benefits of this
Passive multi-target tracking with the marginalized Kalman GM-PHD filter

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A marginalized Kalman Gaussian mixture Probability Hypothesis Density (GM-PHD) is proposed for jointly estimating the time-varying number of targets and their states from a sequence of observation sets in the presence of nonlinear state and observation model, detection uncertainty, noise and false alarms. The marginalized transformation (MT) is applied to calculate the prediction and update distribution of target states for the nonlinear models, and then the analytical expression of the target state and its covariance can be got. The measurement driven birth intensity is applied in the filter to ensure the target birth intensity could cover the entire state space. Finally, the resulting marginalized Kalman GM-PHD (MK-PHD) is compared to the EK-PHD, UK-PHD and CK-PHD in aspects of estimation of target number, OSPA distance and computation time. The evaluations show the effectivity of the theoretical analysis and the advantages of the proposed filter.
The Association Between Social Stressors and Home Smoking Rules Among Women With Infants in the United States

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives. We examined the role of social stressors on home-smoking rules (HSRs) among women with infants in the United States, with attention on the moderating role of smoking status and depression. Methods. We analyzed data for 118 062 women with recent births in the United States who participated in the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2004–2010), which is a population-based surveillance data set. We fit multinomial logistic models to predict the odds of partial or no HSRs by a cumulative index of prenatal social stressors. Results. Compared with those with no stressors, mothers with high levels of social stressors had 2.5 times higher odds of partial or no HSRs. Smokers in the 1–2, 3–5, and ≥ 6 stressor categories were 9.0%, 9.6%, and 10.8% more likely to have partial or no HSRs, respectively. Under the highest levels of stress (≥ 6), nonsmokers were almost as likely as smokers to have partial or no HSRs. In addition, the effects of stress on HSRs were more pronounced for nonsmoker, nondepressed mothers. Conclusions. Increases in social stressors represented an important risk factor for partial or no HSRs and might have potential negative implications for infants.
Islamic Sufism in Malaysia (Origins and Major Sufi Orders)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Undoubtedly, the science of Sufism has become an essential part of our Islamic heritage, although it did not gain prominence as a term and concept until the third century of the Hijri calendar. Sufism focused on the spiritual and heart aspects, with self-purification and spiritual refinement being the foundation of Sufism. Therefore, it had a significant impact on Islamic societies, especially the Malay community, which was influenced by certain Sufi practices such as supplications, remembrances, and other Islamic rituals that have been passed down from generation to generation. Engaging in these practices has had a profound effect on keeping Islam alive in the hearts of youth, children, men, and women, and has also had a clear influence on non-Muslims living among Muslims, and there are many of them, it was decreed for them to live among Muslims. The aim of this study is to elucidate the origins of Islamic Sufism in Malaysia, particularly through the entry of Islam to the Malay Archipelago by virtuous men who invited people to love and know Allah, and who were concerned with addressing spiritual issues and rectifying misconceptions about them. Additionally, the study aims to highlight the major Sufi orders that have influenced the Malaysian society. The research methodology employed in this study is both inductive and analytical. It involved tracing the literature on the origins and history of Sufism, as well as some Sufi paths in Malaysia, with analysis and commentary.
Exploring the Path to Improving the Quality of Primary School Mathematics Teaching under the Background of "Double Reduction"

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The quality of primary school mathematics classroom teaching is influenced by various factors, such as the teaching level of teachers, students' learning attitudes, and teaching environment, which to varying degrees affect the quality of classroom teaching. Teachers can stimulate students' interest in learning by optimizing teaching strategies from the perspective of learners. This article explores in depth the path to improving the quality of primary school mathematics classroom teaching under the background of "double reduction". The core purpose is to ensure that students can firmly grasp basic mathematical knowledge while reasonably reducing their academic burden, and further cultivate their mathematical logical thinking and problem-solving abilities. This article adopts a systematic analysis method to sort out and analyze the current situation of primary school mathematics classroom teaching, revealing the problems and challenges in primary school mathematics classroom teaching. On this basis, a feasible improvement strategy is constructed, aiming to provide theoretical support and practical guidance for the innovation and progress of primary school mathematics education.
Harmonic analysis of Riesz-type transforms arising in nonlocal partial differential equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

where s ∈ (0, 1) and g is a given function, has been widely studied under different assumptions on the kernel K. In this work, we introduce an operator associated to the above nonlocal equation via Riesz potential. Under assumptions that K is measurable, symmetric and elliptic, we obtain that such an operator is a CalderónZygmund operator
PHOTOEMISSION STUDIES OF Pd AND Pt IMPURITIES ON AND IN SILVER

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The electronic structure of Pd and Pt atoms adsorbed on the (100), (110), and (111) surfaces of silver and of the related dilute alloys has been studied at different temperatures using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). The observed differences in lineshape of the virtual bound palladium 4d (platinum 5d) state on isolated atoms supported on the differently oriented surfaces in comparison with an impurity atom embedded in the first layer and in the bulk are well accounted for by a many-body calculation performed within the Anderson single impurity model. This analysis clearly indicates a stronger sd-hybridization in the bulk than at the surface, consistent with the change in coordination number.
Coffee, Courage, and Cannabis: Leading Change in the Regulated Marijuana Market

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As Washington approaches another anniversary of marijuana regulation, lessons learned serve as a reminder that courageous leadership is a critical component in successful forward movement in a complex, unstable authorizing environment. What does leadership look like in this context, and how is it experienced? Offered from the perspective of a pracademic and regulatory leader in the nascent marijuana industry in Washington State, this paper explores the underpinnings and practical application of complexity theory in both the public administration and leadership contexts, going beyond theoretical, metaphorical application, and actually engaging scholarship and complexity through the emerging theory of engaged complexity.
The Hybrid Practitioner

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The practice of architecture manifests in myriad forms and engagements. Overcoming false divides, this volume frames the fertile relationship between the cultural and scholarly production of academia and the process of designing and building in the material world. It proposes the concept of the hybrid practitioner, who bridges the gap between academia and practice by considering how different aspects of architectural practice, theory, and history intersect, opening up a fascinating array of possibilities for an active engagement with the present. The book explores different, interrelated roles for practicing architects and researchers, from the reproductive activities of teaching, consulting and publishing, through the reflective activities of drawing and writing, to the practice of building. The notion of the hybrid practitioner will appeal strongly to students, teachers and architectural practitioners as part of a multifaceted professional environment. By connecting academic interests with those of the professional realm, The Hybrid Practitioner addresses a wider readership embracing landscape design, art theory and aesthetics, European history, and the history and sociology of professions.
The Authentic Amateur and the Democracy of Collecting Photographs

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

AbstractAbstractSince the late 1970s, amateur photographs have become increasingly popular within art, the academy, and journalism, featuring in works of art and exhibitions, historical studies, on newspaper pages and in other projects. The tacit (and sometimes not so tacit) assumption underlying this increased presence is that amateur photographs are more "authentic" than the pictures taken by professional photojournalists, art photographers, or documentarians; moreover, amateur photography is often heralded as the epitome of democracy, especially when stored in a large body, or archive, of amateur photographs. This article traces the historical and ideological roots of these two credos and the way they tie into each other, going back to the invention of amateur-friendly Kodak cameras, taking into account the postmodern "representational crisis" of the 1970s and 1980s, and ending with the camera-equipped cell phones sported by American soldiers in Iraq today.Keywords: amateur photographyarchiveauthenticitydemocracy
A case of massive pericardial effusion caused by Mycobacterium simiae

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Mycobacterium simiae can cause disseminated infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients, mainly with involvement of pulmonary and reticulo‐endothelial systems. Although this organism is also known to cause infections in non‐HIV‐infected individuals, to our knowledge there has been no report of pericardial effusion caused by M. simiae. Case presentation: We describe a case report with massive pericardial effusion caused by M. simiae in a non‐HIV‐infected female patient, who presented with complaints of gradually increasing breathlessness and cough over a period of 1 month. Acid‐fast bacilli were isolated from the pericardial effusion and subsequently confirmed as M. simiae by PCR‐RFLP. Conclusion: In an area where Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection is endemic, clinicians and microbiologists must be aware of the possibility of a non‐tubercular mycobacterial infection that could be misdiagnosed as a tubercular infection.
Monitoring the thermal and nonthermal excitation of fibers

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The vibrations of well-isolated tungsten and fused silica fibers under tension were examined with a highly optimized shadow sensor. We adapted event search and analysis techniques used with resonant gravitational wave detectors to search for burstlike excitation events in the fibers. The method is optimized to distinguish rapid excitations against a background of thermal driving. The level and statistics of thermal noise were consistent with the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. No excess noise fiber events were seen. The energy innovation threshold for events was 1.8 kT in the case of a fused silica fiber loaded at 518 MPa (54% of breaking strength) during a 24 h run and 27 kT in the case of a tungsten fiber loaded at 326 MPa (94% of breaking strength) during a 6 h run.
Metabolism of individual proteins in exponentially growing Escherichia coli.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The metabolism of 184 individual proteins was examined in exponentially growing Escherichia coli. Cells were labeled with [3H]leucine and [35S]methionine using either a pulse-chase or a continuous labeling method. Proteins were fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and their stabilities relative to total protein were determined from the 3H/35S ratios. Forty-seven proteins appeared to be unstable and were probably either degraded or modified to electrophoretically distinct forms. The apparent half-lives of these proteins calculated from the pulse-chase data varied from 2.0 to 23 h. Twenty-seven proteins appeared to be products of post-translational modifications. One hundred fourteen proteins appeared to be stable. The molar ratios of leucyl and methionyl residues in individual proteins and in total protein were calculated by comparing their 3H/35S ratios to that of a protein with known amino acid composition. These values varied from 1.7 to 12. The half-lives of the unstable proteins did not exhibit a correlation with protein molecular weights, isoelectric points, or leucine/methionine ratios. It may be significant, however, that 6 of the 10 most unstable proteins had low leucine/methionine ratios whereas only 11% of all proteins tested had similarly low ratios.
A DFE Structure Using Quadrature Components of 8-VSB Signals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present a decision feedback equalizer (DFE) that uses the quadrature components of 8-VSB signals in ATSC systems to mitigate multipath distortion efficiently. Unlike the conventional DFE structure for 8-VSB signals in which a real-valued feedback filter is used with real-valued decisions, the proposed DFE uses a complex-valued feedback filter with a complex-valued feedback sample generator. Due to the difficulty in analyzing a recursive system, we present a limited performance analysis on the proposed algorithm that a well-modeled feedback filter successfully cancels multipath channels with quadrature leakages in the absence of noise. For the performance comparison with conventional DFEs in realistic environments, we uses simulation methods.
A CASE OF GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMOR OF THE SMALL INTESTINE RESECTED SUCCESSFULLY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An 82-year-old woman had undergone an operation for a tumor of the uterine body at the department of gynecology in our hospital, which resulted in an exploratory laparotomy because it was determined to be inoperable due to severe infiltration into the surrounding tissues in December, 1995. Intraoperative biopsy of the tumor revealed spindle cell tumor. While she was followed in the gynecological clinic thereafter, an abdominal pain and a feeling of oppression in the abdomen appeared. So she was admitted to the department. On admission, the tumor was 13×11cm in size on an abdominal CT scan and fistulization between the small intestine and tumor was revealed on UGI. In March 1999, an operation for bypass formation was performed when the tumor was found not to arise in the uterine and was easily dissected from the uterine. The tumor with the small intestine by 150cm in length was successfully removed. Gross study of the resected material showed that the tumor originated from the small intestine. Immunohistologically, the tumor was positive for smooth muscle action, vimentin, and c-kit, while negative for CD34. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) of the small intestine was definitely diagnosed.