jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Exercise-Induced Increase in Plasma Arachidonic Acid and Thromboxane B2 in Healthy Men

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We examined the effects of beta-blockade with the nonselective antagonist propranolol, the cardioselective antagonist atenolol, and the cardioselective antagonist with partial agonist activity, practolol, on the levels of free arachidonic acid (AA), thromboxane B2 (TxB2), prostaglandin (PG) E2, and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in plasma, and TxB2 production by platelets during clotting in six normal subjects during submaximal dynamic exercise. The drugs were given intravenously in equipotent increasing doses before the exercise test. Exercise induced a clear increase in AA, TxB2, and 6-keto-PGF1 alpha in plasma. During the first 60 min of exercise all three beta-blockers decreased the plasma levels of AA and TxB2. Propranolol (0.19 mg/kg) was slightly more effective than atenolol (0.19 mg/kg) or practolol (0.64 mg/kg); however, at exhaustion, propranolol was markedly more effective than the other two blockers. Plasma 6-keto-PGF1 alpha and PGE2 levels were less affected by beta-blockade during exercise, and no significant effect was seen on TxB2 formation by platelets. The plasma 6-keto-PGF1 alpha/TxB2 ratio was markedly higher after propranolol treatment than after treatment with the other two blockers during the exercise period. These results suggest that the capability of a nonselective blocker to inhibit both beta 1- and beta 2-adrenergic receptors may be of advantage because of the more effective inhibition of thromboxane formation than with a cardioselective blocker, especially when the sympathetic tone is markedly increased.
Clinical Presentations of Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There are descriptions of convulsions since neo-Babylonian times (1) reflecting the perception that an afflicted person was possessed by external forces or spirits. What was frightening to the observer was seeing a person possessed by a "seizure," with "outside forces" prevailing over the person's own control over mind and body. Occasionally such "possessions" were believed to be benign, but usually they were deemed to be evil, occasionally leading to ostracism of the individual from society or even relegation to an asylum.
Chronic stress: a critical risk factor for atherosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chronic stress refers to the non-specific systemic reaction that occurs when the body is stimulated by various internal and external negative factors over a long time. The physiological response to chronic stress exposure has long been recognized as a potent modulator in the occurrence of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, research has confirmed the correlation between atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events. Chronic stress is pervasive during negative life events and may lead to the formation of plaque. Several epidemiological studies have shown that chronic stress is an independent risk factor for the development of vascular disease and for increased morbidity and mortality in patients with pre-existing coronary artery disease. One possible mechanism for this process is that chronic stress causes endothelial injury, directly activating macrophages, promoting foam cell formation and generating the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. This mechanism involves numerous variables, including inflammation, signal pathways, lipid metabolism and endothelial function. The mechanism of chronic stress in atherosclerosis should be further investigated to provide a theoretical basis for efforts to eliminate the effect of chronic stress on the cardiocerebral vascular system.
Finance function : leveraging a source of competitive advantage for selected South African companies in KwaZulu-Natal

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

As a result of current business trends, South African companies are being forced to examine changes in the finance function. The purpose of this research is to establish and examine the paradigm shift in the finance functions of selected South African companies in KwaZulu-Natal, and to develop a measuring tool to determine the degree to which these functions are evolving to be more in line with a value adding paradigm. A mixed methods approach was used in this study, with qualitative analysis supported by some quantitative analysis. A case study approach was adopted, and non-probability sampling using the purposive method was applied to select eleven respondents. The data was gathered by means of both a questionnaire and follow up interviews. The data has been analysed using a combination of both descriptive and inferential statistics, and qualitative analysis. It was found that the majority of respondents were not measuring the cost of, nor were they focused on reducing the resources allocated to the finance function. In addition, the major portion of finance function resources remain focused on the accounting processing roles of the finance function. However, an increasing emphasis on the decision support and strategy formulation roles was discovered. A measuring tool was developed and applied to the finance functions of respondents. This brought the researcher to the conclusion that the finance functions of respondents could not be confirmed as value adding business units. It was recommended that finance function resources be mapped according to the various roles identified. The measuring tool could then be applied to reveal potential areas of change that would result in the finance function transforming into a value adding business unit. Future research into an appropriate finance function performance measurement system, and the impact on the training of accountants of the changing finance function paradigm, was identified.
Seasonal Variation of Urinary Calcium and Oxalate Excretion, Serum 25(OH)D3 and Albumin Level in Relation to Renal Stone Formation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Seasonal variations in urinary calcium and oxalate excretion, serum 25(OH)D3 and albumin level were studied in 11 normo- and 11 hypercalciuric renal stone-formers, in 10 healthy subjects and in 14 long-stay hospital patients during one year. Serum albumin levels increased significantly during May--October in all four groups, whereas no significant changes occurred in serum calcium values when adjusted for differences in serum albumin concentration. Serum 25(OH)D3 level, urinary calcium and oxalate excretion were significantly higher during May--October than November--April in all except the long-stay hospital patients, whose corresponding values showed no seasonal changes and whose serum 25(OH)D3 levels as well as urinary calcium excretion were significantly lower than in the other three groups. The serum 25(OH)D3 level was significantly higher throughout the year in hypercalciuric than normocalciuric stone-formers. The hypercalciuric patients also passed more stones than the normocalciuric patients during a period of 9 years. There was a positive correlation between serum 25(OH)D3 and urinary calcium, between serum 25(OH)D3 and stone episodes and between urinary calcium and stone episodes. Because of this positive correlation, it might be useful to concentrate preventive therapy for recurrent renal stones to the light period only.
Pediatric Pulmonary Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) is a common malignancy of childhood; however, a lung primary presentation is an uncommon finding, as is finding an association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We report the case of a 23-month-old female who developed EBV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that was initially thought to be pneumonia. Extensive tissue necrosis, focal angioinvasion, and angiodestruction were observed. She was refractory to various therapy regimens, subsequently developed DLBCL in the central nervous system, and eventually expired. Although EBV+ DLBCL was initially considered to occur predominantly in elderly patients over 50 years of age, it is now increasingly recognized to occur in younger patients with primarily nodal involvement who have overall better prognoses. To our knowledge, this case is the first reported EBV+ DLBCL occurring in a patient below two years of age with lung involvement as the initial clinical presentation.
in Oral Fluids: A Large-Scale Evaluation of Immunoassay Performance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Paired serum and oral-fluid (OF) specimens (n 5 4,448) were collected from blood donors and patients at-tending local sexually transmitted disease clinics in Trinidad and Tobago and the Bahamas and were tested for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies. Sera were tested by Abbott AB HIV-1/HIV-2 (rDNA) enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and positive specimens were confirmed by Cambridge HIV-1 and HIV-2 Western blotting (WB). OF specimens were collected with the OraSure collection device and were tested by Murex GACELISA and by two EIAs from Organon Teknika (the Oral Fluid Vironostika HIV-1 Microelisa System [OTC-L] and the Vironostika HIV-1 Microelisa System [OTC-M]). EIA-reactive OF spec-imens were confirmed by miniaturized WB (OFWB). GACELISA detected all 474 HIV-1 seropositive specimens (sensitivity, 100%). OTC-L detected 470 positive specimens (sensitivity, 99.2%), while OTC-M detected 468 pos-itive specimens (sensitivity, 98.8%). Specificities ranged from 99.2 to 100 % for the three assays. Concordance of OFWB with serum WB was 99.4%, and banding patterns determined by the two methods were similar. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration of OF specimens ranged from 0.21 to 100 mg/ml, with a mean of 17.1 mg/ml. Significant differences in OF IgG concentrations were observed between HIV antibody-positive and HIV antibody-negative persons (31.94 versus 15.28 mg/ml, respectively [P &lt; 0.0001]). These data further confirm the suitability of OF specimens for detection of HIV-1 antibodies. Currently available HIV-1 antibody assays
Physiological effects of hypervolemic polycythemia in newborn dogs

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The effect of hypervolemic polycythemia (Hct 62–77) on O2 transport and O2 consumption (Vo2) was studied in 16 unanesthetized newborn dogs (age 3–10 days). A control group of 10 newborn dogs (3–10 days old) was made hypervolemic but not polycythemic in an otherwise identical experiment. Hypervolemia was attained by infusing 33 ml/kg of either packed red blood cells (polycythemia) or whole blood (controls). In the polycythemic group as a result of the transfusion, cardiac output (CO) decreased by 50% (P less than 0.001), peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) increased by 170% (P less than 0.001), but O2 transport did not change significantly, and Vo2 decreased only slightly by 13% (P less than 0.01). In the 10 control animals there were no significant changes in CO, PVR, O2 transport, or Vo2 as a result of the transfusion. Blood lactate increased only slightly in experimental (35%, P less than 0.04) and control animals (23%, NS). The ability of the animals to increase their O2 transport and Vo2 was tested by measuring the changes induced by cold stress. Cold stress produced a 20% increase in Vo2 (P less than 0.05) in both the polycythemic and the control animals. Thus in spite of a decreased CO in the nonstressed state the polycythemic animals were still able to increase O2 transport and Vo2 in response to cold stress. These results suggest that the newborn animal is capable of regulating CO to maintain O2 transport appropriate to uptake under conditions of hypervolemic, polycythemic hyperviscosity, and environmental cold stress.
Framing, Transnational Diffusion, and African-American Intellectuals in the Land of Gandhi

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Most of the contentious-politics scholars who pioneered the study of framing in social movements now also recognize the importance of transnational diffusion between protest groups. Interestingly, though, they have not yet specified how these two processes intersect. This article, in contrast, explores the framing-transnational diffusion nexus by highlighting three historical moments of interaction between African-American intellectuals and Gandhian activists before Martin Luther King, Jr traveled to India in 1959. After briefly reviewing the relevant literature, it illustrates how three different types of “itinerant” African-American intellectuals – mentors like Howard Thurman, advisors like Bayard Rustin, and peers like James Lawson – framed the Gandhian repertoire of nonviolent direct action in ways that made it applicable during the American civil rights movement. The final section considers possible implications for social movement theory and fertile areas for further research.
The Application of TEM in Tunnel Advanced Geological Forecast

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Introduce TEM detection principles and methods in tunnel advanced geological forecast, combined with application examples Huaying Mountain Tunnel, pointed out the advantages and deficiencies of TEM geological prediction, indicating TEM should be integrated application seismic reflection method, electromagnetic wave reflection method, in order to grasp a full range of geological conditions in front of the working face, in order to achieve guiding the construction.
The dual notions of semi-essential submodules and semi-uniform modules

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to introduce dual notions of two known concepts which are semi-essential submodules and semi-uniform modules. We call these concepts; cosemi-essential submodules and cosemi-uniform modules respectively. Also, we verify that these concepts form generalizations of two well-known classes; coessential submodules and couniform modules respectively. Some conditions are considered to obtain the equivalence between cosemi-uniform and couniform. Furthermore, the relationships of cosemi-uniform module with other related concepts are studied, and some conditional characterizations of cosemi-uniform modules are investigated.
ECT treatment and cerebral perfusion in Catatonia.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 40-yr-old woman with a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder developed catatonia in the context of a depressive episode. A dramatic decrease in perfusion of the inferior frontal, posterior temporal and parietal lobes bilaterally and in posterior frontal lobes corresponding to the motor cortices was noted on the 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT scan obtained in the acute phase. The most dramatic decreases compared to normal control subjects were observed in the left parietal and left motor cortices. The patient was treated with a five-treatment course of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which resulted in a complete resolution of catatonia and some resolution of her symptoms of depression. The repeat HMPAO-SPECT scan showed improved perfusion in all areas. The most dramatic increases occurred in the left parietal and left motor cortices. Decreased perfusion in motor and parietal cortices could be state-specific to catatonia. Thus, SPECT imaging may be a useful method for monitoring catatonia treatment response.
Ambient Intelligence: The MyCampus Experience

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : Over the past five years, the MyCampus group at Carnegie Mellon University has been developing and experimenting with Ambient Intelligence technologies aimed at enhancing everyday life. The project has drawn on multiple areas of expertise, combining the development of an open Semantic Web infrastructure for context-aware service provisioning with an emphasis on issues of privacy and usability. In this paper, we review key motivations behind the project, discuss the MyCampus Semantic Web infrastructure and report on our experience tailoring the architecture for different environments e.g. everyday campus life applications, office applications, museum tour guide. This includes a discussion of Semantic e-Wallets aimed at reconciling user demands for context awareness and privacy as well as a description of different context-aware applications developed and evaluated during the course of the project. We also discuss our experience using Case-Based Reasoning CBR functionality developed to overcome usability issues associated with capturing complex, context-sensitive user preferences. The paper concludes with a summary of lessons learned so far and of challenges still to be addressed.
Finite element analysis of the stress and strain associated with a corrosion pit in a cylindrical specimen under applied tensile loading.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A finite element analysis has been undertaken to evaluate the stress and strain distribution associated with a single corrosion pit in a cylindrical specimen stressed remotely in tension. Hemispherical and bullet-shaped pits were investigated at stresses corresponding to 90% of the 0.2 % proof stress for a steam turbine disc steel, the pit shapes reflecting, crudely, shallow and deep pits respectively. The key observation was the localisation of plastic strain to the pit walls, just below the surface of the specimen. This localisation of plastic strain correlated with recent X-ray tomography measurements suggesting that stress corrosion cracking was initiated predominantly at or just below the surface, though other factors such as the local electrode potential and chemistry could also be contributing.
Septate Dermoid Cyst Mimicking Septate Lacrimal Sac Diverticulum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Septate lacrimal sac diverticula are uncommon and can present with acute dacryocystitis. Their management can pose surgical challenges. A boy, aged 5 years, presented with swelling of the inner side of right lower lid with epiphora of 1-year duration with an acute pain of 2-days duration (Fig.A). There was a history of 2 such episodes of pain and redness; however, there was no history of trauma, discharge, or surgical interventions. Clinical examination showed a tender multilobulated, firm lesion on palpation. Ocular examination was normal. CT scan showed a hypodense and homogenous mass with multiple, well-defined internal septae, involving the medial lower lid and bony lacrimal fossa (Fig.B). The lesion also appeared to be in contiguity with the lacrimal sac and upper nasolacrimal duct without a clear plane of distinction (Fig.C). An impression of a possible lacrimal sac diverticulitis with multiple internal septae was made. Patient was started on conservative treatment to reduce inflammation, and a surgical exploration was planned. Lacrimal irrigation was suggestive of a right nasolacrimal duct obstruction while the left side was patent. Surgical exploration revealed the lesion to be a multilobulated dermoid cyst with focal areas of keratin leak (Fig.D). The medial aspect of the lesion was adherent to the lateral walls of lacrimal sac and upper nasolacrimal duct (Fig.E). The lesion was carefully separated along with the adherent perilacrimal fascia (Fig.F). Post excision, the lacrimal drainage irrigation was freely patent. The adherent nature of the dermoid cyst with the wall of lacrimal sac could be secondary to inflammation and hence appeared contiguous on imaging. This case demonstrates the differential diagnosis of a septate lacrimal fossa lesion, and both possibilities should be kept in mind when approaching such presentations.Septate dermoid cyst.: A, Clinical photograph demonstrating the right lower eyelid inflamed lesion. B, CT scan orbits, coronal section, showing a large lesion in the lower eyelid and bony lacrimal fossa with multiple internal septae. Note the lesion involves the entire bony lacrimal fossa except fundus portion of the lacrimal sac. C, CT scan axial cut, demonstrating the contiguity of the lesion with the lower end of the lacrimal sac. D, Gross specimen of the excised lesion showing the multilobulated nature. E, Intraoperative image showing the adherence of the lesion (arrow head) with the lacrimal sac (arrow). F, Intraoperative image showing separation of the lesion (arrow head) from the lacrimal drainage pathway (arrow).
Our Drugs Are Better Than Yours: Schools and Their Hypocrisy Regarding Drug Use

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article explores the differences in the ways public schools treat teen use of marijuana and ADD/ADHD drugs. While any use of marijuana in and around school is dealt with harshly, schools often encourage students to use ADD/ADHD drugs, even passing them out during the school day. Examining these differences, this article explores the similarities and differences between the two types of drugs. Similarities include ease of access, reasons for use, attitudes about the drugs' effects, and the U.S. drug culture in general. Differences include the actual effects of the drugs, education about the drugs, and punishments for unlawful use in school. The article concludes that the stance that drugs are 'good' when promoted by the school sends students mixed messages that are detrimental to their mental and physical health and serves to undermine educators' ability to teach students effectively. Keywords: RitalinAdderallMarijuanaDrug TestingStrip SearchingSchool Drug Laws
Risk and prognostic factors of invasive gastric cancer detection during surveillance endoscopy: Multi‐institutional cross‐sectional study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is important for the detection of curable gastric cancer (GC). However, there are no appropriate surveillance data during routine endoscopic inspections. This study aimed to clarify the risk factors of pT1b or deeper GC detection during surveillance endoscopy. Methods This was a retrospective, multicenter, cross‐sectional study conducted in 15 Japanese hospitals. We retrospectively analyzed patients with GC who had previously undergone surveillance endoscopy at each institution from January 2014 to March 2020. Patients who had undergone gastrectomy, non‐infection of Helicobacter pylori (Hp), and those with intervals <3 months or >10 years from a previous endoscopy were excluded. Results In total, 1085 patients with GCs detected during surveillance endoscopy were enrolled. The multivariate logistic analysis revealed that current Hp infection (odds ratio [OR] 2.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.50–3.16) and a surveillance interval of >1.5 years (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.35–2.84) were independent risk factors for pT1b or deeper GC. The 5‐year disease‐specific survival (5y‐DSS) rate of GC was significantly lower in patients with surveillance interval of >1.5 years than in those with surveillance interval of ≤1.5 years (93.7% vs. 98.3%, P < 0.001). Similarly, the 5y‐DSS rate of GC was significantly lower in patients with active Hp infection than in those without (93.7% vs. 99.4%, P < 0.001). Conclusion In this study, a surveillance interval of >1.5 years and current Hp infection were independent risk factors for detecting pT1b or deeper GC. Additionally, these factors were poor prognostic factors of the detected GC during surveillance endoscopy.
The Factor Structure of Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale Scores in Peruvian Children

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The factor structure of the Escala de Conductas de Aprendizaje Preescolar (ECAP), a Spanish translation of the Preschool Learning Behaviors Scale (PLBS), was examined in this study. Children aged 2 to 6 years ( N = 328) enrolled in public and private preschools in the Republic of Peru were rated by classroom teachers on the frequency of observable, learning-related behaviors using the ECAP. Exploratory factor analyses identified three underlying dimensions of the scale: competence motivation, effortful strategy/flexibility, and attention. The three factor scores exhibited internal reliability coefficients above .70, and the alpha was .92 for the total score.