jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Murine Noroviruses Bind Glycolipid and Glycoprotein Attachment Receptors in a Strain-Dependent Manner

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Human norovirus infections are the most common cause of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide, and glycan binding plays an important role in the susceptibility to these infections. However, due to the lack of an efficient cell culture system or small animal model for human noroviruses, little is known about the biological role of glycan binding during infection. Murine noroviruses (MNV) are also enteric viruses that bind to cell surface glycans, but in contrast to their human counterparts, they can be grown in tissue culture and a small animal host. In this study, we determined glycan-binding specificities of the MNV strains MNV-1 and CR3 in vitro , identified molecular determinants of glycan binding, and analyzed infection in vivo . We showed that unlike MNV-1, CR3 binding to murine macrophages was resistant to neuraminidase treatment and glycosphingolipid depletion. Both strains depended on N-linked glycoproteins for binding, while only MNV-1 attachment to macrophages was sensitive to O-linked glycoprotein depletion. In vivo , CR3 showed differences in tissue tropism compared to MNV-1 by replicating in the large intestine. Mapping of a glycan-binding site in the MNV-1 capsid by reverse genetics identified a region topologically similar to the histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-binding sites of the human norovirus strain VA387. The recombinant virus showed distinct changes in tissue tropism compared to wild-type virus. Taken together, our data demonstrate that MNV strains evolved multiple strategies to bind different glycan receptors on the surface of murine macrophages and that glycan binding contributes to tissue tropism in vivo .
Vaginal Insertion of Kidney and Robotic Assisted Laparoscopic Kidney Transplantation: The First World Experience.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Following laparoscopic or robotic assisted living donor nephrectomy kidney retrieval through vagina are reported. Here we present our initial experience of insertion of kidney through vagina and robotic assisted laparoscopic kidney transplantation (RKT). Material and methods: Permission of IRB was obtained. Major inclusion criteria were at least one normal vaginal delivery and good capacity of vagina on examination. Exclusion criteria were active vaginal infection or atrophic vagina. Antibiotic prophylaxis was used. Total 3 transplants carried out. Recipient surgery: In 30 degree Trendelenberg and Lithotomy position six ports were placed; one camera port, three robotic ports, one assistant port and one port for suction and irrigation. External iliac vessels were dissected. Robot was undocked. Gynecologist placed an incision in posterior fornix of vagina and kidney was inserted into abdomen. Wound of posterior fornix was closed and vagina packed. Robot was re-docked and kidney brought close to previously dissected external iliac vessels. Vascular anastomosis was carried out by Gore Tex CV6 suture. Ureteric reimplantation was performed using 4/0 vicryl without stent. Results: There was no injury to kidney parenchyma, no delayed graft function and no infection. Mean anastomosis time, rewarming time and blood loss were 51 min., 72 min., 67.5 ml respectively. Six months graft and patient survival is 100%. Conclusion: Vaginal insertion of kidney and RKT is feasible and safe. Larger studies are required for confirmation of these findings.
Congenital partial chest wall defect with extracorporeal intercostal liver herniation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Congenital herniation of the liver through the chest wall associated with chest wall deformity is an extremely rare clinical observation. There are only a few reports of intercostal liver herniation associated with Poland syndrome, which is characterized by hypoplastic unilateral chest wall structures. We present a case of a neonate with a mass drooping through a defect in the left side of the chest wall with diaphragmatic eventration. The patient demonstrated a left-sided hypoplastic pectoralis musculature defect and an ipsilateral costal cartilage defect in the left side of the sternum at the level of the fifth to sixth ribs. The radiological investigation revealed that the mass was a result of herniation of the left lobe of the liver. On the day after birth, resection of the mass was performed by laparotomy because the color of the mass gradually changed to a dark red appearance, and incarceration and necrosis were suspected. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. Postoperatively, the diaphragm was concluded to have normal movement on radioscopic examination.
Inhibition of lysyl oxidase‑like 2 ameliorates folic acid‑induced renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tubulointerstitial fibrosis is characterized by accumulation of the extracellular matrix in the interstitium. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2), a member of the lysyl oxidase family, is known for promoting cancer metastasis, invasion and stromal fibrosis in various organs. Our previous study demonstrated expression of LOXL2 in kidney podocytes and tubular epithelial cells, and the association between elevated LOXL2 and tubulointerstitial fibrosis. The present study evaluated the effect of LOXL2 inhibition using an inhibitory monoclonal antibody (AB0023) on tubulointerstitial fibrosis in a folic acid-induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis mouse model. The association of LOXL2 with epithelial-mesenchymal transformation-related molecules was also evaluated in vitro using HK-2 cells. The present data demonstrated that AB0023 prevented the progression of tubulointerstitial fibrosis significantly, as determined by trichrome and picro-sirius red staining, as well as the total collagen assay. The mean expression of phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad4 was lower in the AB0023-treated group although it was not statistically significant. Following transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) challenge, LOXL2-deficient HK-2 cells exhibited significantly lower expression of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and fibronectin than control HK-2 cells. In conclusion, LOXL2 inhibition ameliorates renal fibrosis through the TGF-β/Smad signalling pathway.
Myxoma Virus M11L Prevents Apoptosis through Constitutive Interaction with Bak

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT M11L, a 166-amino-acid antiapoptotic protein of myxoma virus, was previously shown to bind to the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor by hydrophobic interactions at the outer mitochondrial membrane. Here we demonstrate that an additional property of M11L is the ability to constitutively form inhibitory complexes with the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bak in human cells. This binding interaction was identified by both FLAG-tagged pull-down assays and tandem affinity purification from transfected and virus-infected human cells. M11L binds constitutively to human Bak and, under some inducible conditions, to human Bax as well, but not to the other Bcl-2 family members (Bad, Bid, Bcl-2). When stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells, M11L effectively protects these cells from Fas ligand-induced apoptosis, thereby blocking release of cytochrome c , activation of caspase 9, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. We also demonstrate in coexpression studies that M11L can interact with Bak independently of any involvement with Bax. Furthermore, cells stably expressing M11L function to prevent apoptosis that is induced by overexpression of Bak. We conclude that M11L inhibits, in a species-independent fashion, apoptotic signals mediated by activation of Bak.
Partial Purification and Quantification of Insulin-like Growth Factor-I from Red Deer Antler

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

사슴뿔은 동물세계에서 가장 빨리 성장하는 조직이다. 따라서 성장중인 사슴뿔은 뼈 성장을 촉진하는 인자가 풍부하게 포함된 것으로 생각된다. 이들 성장인자들 중 IGF-1은 뼈를 자라게 하는 조골세포의 대사에 중요한 역할을 한다고 알려져 있어 이를 정제하고자 하였다. IGF-1의 정제는 상대라고 불리는 신선한 사슴뿔을 유안침전, DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B 이온교환수지, CM-Sepharose CL-6B 양이온교환수지, Sephadex G-50의 순차적인 방법으로 할 수 있었다. 각 과정마다 IGF-1의 거동을 HPLC, SDS-PAGE, Dot blot, 그리고 western blot으로 분석하였다. IGF-1의 정량은 ELISA기술로 재조합 인간 IGF-1을 이용하여 계산되었으며, 최종 분별 액은 두 개의 단백질을 보였으나, Western-blot에서 작은 분자량인 12 kDa으로 최종 판명할 수 있었다. 정제된 단백질은 HPLC에서 retention 시간 8분만에 검출되었으며, 총 농도는 2910 ng/ml 이고 중량은 0.291 g 이었다. Deer antler tissue contains the most rapidly growing bone in the animal kingdom. Thus, it is likely that growing antler tissue is a rich source of local paracrine bone-stimulating factors. Growth factors, at least the insulin-like growth factor (IGF), control the bone-remodelling process. In this study, we tried to isolate and purify IGF-I from fresh antler tissue by the routine isolation and purification of protein. The purification involved ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-Sepharose CL-60 ion-exchange chromatography, CM-Sepharose CL-6B ion-exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-50 chromatography. Purified fractions from each step were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PACE), Dot-blot, and Western-blot methods. Furthermore, the quantification of partially purified IGF-I was calculated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) using antibody to human recombinant IGF-1. SDS-PAGE analysis of the final fraction yielded two molecular bands and the signal band was at 12 kDa on the Western-blot film. This purified IGF-I fraction showed a peak at retention time of eight min. The quantity of IGF-I in 20 g deer antler tissue as starting weight was calculated using a standard curve to be 2910 ng/ml, and total IGF-I amount is 0.291 g. The results show that IGF-I, which can be found in deer antler, can be partially purified and quantified by classic protein isolation methods.
Characterization and cost–benefit analysis of automated bioreactor‐expanded mesenchymal stem cells for clinical applications

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND Expanding quantities of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) sufficient to treat large numbers of patients in cellular therapy and regenerative medicine clinical trials is an ongoing challenge for cell manufacturing facilities. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS We evaluated options for scaling up large quantities of bone marrow–derived MSCs (BM‐MSCs) using methods that can be performed in compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP). We expanded BM‐MSCs from fresh marrow aspirate in αMEM supplemented with 5% human platelet lysate using both an automated cell expansion system (Quantum, Terumo BCT) and a manual flask‐based method using multilayer flasks. We compared MSCs expanded using both methods and assessed their differentiation to adipogenic and osteogenic tissue, capacity to suppress T‐cell proliferation, cytokines, and growth factor secretion profile and cost‐effectiveness of manufacturing enough BM‐MSCs to administer a single dose of 100 × 10 6 cells per subject in a clinical trial of 100 subjects. RESULTS We have established that large quantities of clinical‐grade BM‐MSCs manufactured with an automated hollow‐fiber bioreactor were phenotypically (CD73, CD90, CD105) and functionally (adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation and cytokine and growth factor secretion) similar to manually expanded BM‐MSCs. In addition, MSC manufacturing costs significantly less and required less time and effort when using the Quantum automated cell expansion system over the manual multilayer flasks method. CONCLUSION MSCs manufactured by an automated bioreactor are physically and functionally equivalent to the MSCs manufactured by the manual flask method and have met the standards required for clinical application.
Ten-year survival of ceramic-on-ceramic total hip arthroplasty in patients younger than 60 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Total hip arthroplasty (THA) with ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC) was created to minimise wear debris and aseptic loosening. A decade ago, a meta-analysis showed a 10-year survival rate of just 89%. Based on the excellent tribology of the current CoC, significant improvement of implant survivorship is expected. In patients younger than 60, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess 10-year survival and complications after using current primary CoC THA. Materials and methods PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Virtual Health Library, and Cochrane Library were used to scan for published trials that met the inclusion criteria until January 2019. The qualified studies were subjected to a systematic review and proportional analysis, and the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included in a comparison meta-analysis. Results Thirteen studies were included 156 findings. The total number of hips was 2278. Nine studies were cohort, and four were RCTs between ceramic and polyethylene cups. The analysis revealed an average age of 44 years (range 24–54). The 10-year survival 96% (95% CI; 95.4–96.8%), aseptic loosening rate 0.516. (95% CI; 0.265–0.903), ceramic fracture rate 0.620 (95% CI; 0.34–1.034) and squeaking rate 2.687 (95% CI; 1.279–4.593). A comparison meta-analysis revealed the risk ratio (RR) for revision was 0.27 (95% CI; 0.15–0.47), and for aseptic loosening 0.15 (0.03–0.70) favouring CoC, while RR for component fracture was 1.62 (95% CI; 0.27–9.66) favouring the polyethylene. Conclusion In patients under sixty, current CoC THAs are correlated with better 10-year outcomes than before and have high survivorship rates. Level of evidence : Level I.
Yield Points of Mild Steel Bars under Combined Bending and Torsion

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

軟鋼丸棒に最初或る大きさの曲げモーメントBをかけて置き、更に捩りモーメントTをかけ、このTを漸次増加して行くと終に斜の断面に捩りによる降伏が起る。降伏に関する著者の理論から、この種の降伏を起す場合のTとBの関係を出してみた。また軟鋼には剪断應力に限界があつて、ある点の應力がその値に達すると局部的に降伏を起す。捩りモーメントが比較的小さく、曲げモーメントの大きいときにこの種の降伏が起るが、その時のTとBの関係も出して置いた。孰れも実驗結果とよく一致する。
Breast-feeding protects against respiratory syncytial virus infections.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Eight out of 115 infants admitted to hospital with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infection had been breast-fed compared with 46 out of 167 controls; this difference was statistically significant. Twenty-one specimens of human colostrum were examined, and all contained RS virus neutralising activity. Specific IgA and IgG were detected in 18 specimens, whereas IgM was detected in none. The titre of IgA antibody was usually higher and correlated more closely to the titre of neutralising activity than that of IgG. Infants inhale milk feeds and regurgitate them through the nose, and the IgA collecting in the respiratory tract might protect against severe respiratory infection. Alternatively, if severe RS virus illness is a sign of hypersensitivity to the virus breast-feeding might protect the infant from an early sensitising infection.
Understanding problem gambling in two ethnic communities in Brisbane, Queensland A pilot study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper aims to present findings from a pilot study on understanding gambling within the Greek and Vietnamese communities in Brisbane, the capital city of Queensland State. It explores gambling behaviour among gamblers and views of workers from their own communities. Rich data were obtained by conducting qualitative semi-structured interviews. Three themes that emerged are the causes of gambling, the impact of gambling, and participants' views on existing delivery of gambling services. It appears that a more culturally appropriate gambling service is necessary to address the needs and problems of gamblers from non-English speaking backgrounds. Key words: problem gamblingethnic communitiesculturally appropriate interventionQueensland
The Frame Effect of Price in Online Selling

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This research investigates how the price frame affects the consumerâs preference. Using qualitative methodology from the prospective of behavioral science, we find in the overall assessment of a product, the consumers have more selective attention and thus higher weight on secondary attributes under partitioned pricing than under combined pricing. That means in online selling, consumers pay more attention on shipping cost under partitioned pricing than under combined pricing. Under partitioned pricing, the higher the price evaluability the attribute has, the more selective attention on the attribute and thus higher weight on it in the overall assessment of a product. At the same time, consumerâs preference is decided by the transaction value of the attribute which is easier to evaluate. If the price of the product is easier to evaluate, consumers will put more weight on it, and they will choose the product which has higher transaction value on product price. In contrast, if the shipping cost is easier to evaluate, consumers will put more weight on it, and they will choose the product which has higher transaction value on shipping cost.
Contract design in insurance groups

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In many rural settings, informal mutual support networks have evolved into semiformal insurance groups, such as funeral societies. Using detailed panel data for six villages in Ethiopia, we can distinguish two types of contracts, in terms of whether payments are only made at the time of death or savings are accumulated by the group based on premiums paid ex-ante. We characterize these contracts as the coalition-proof equilibria of a symmetric and stationary risk-sharing game, and we show numerically that a contract with savings makes higher demands on enforceability, leading to less cohesive groups finding it in their interest to choose the contract without savings and that coalition-proofness is a necessary condition for the coexistence of both contract types. We show in the data that the type of contract chosen by groups is correlated with the level of trust and other enforcement improving factors. We also predict that among the observed contracts, those with group-based savings and ex-ante payments will attain higher welfare in terms of consumption smoothing than those observed using no group savings. Using panel data, and controlling for household fixed effects and time-varying village level fixed effects, we show that funeral groups are vehicles for risk-sharing and that contract type matters for performance in line with these predictions. The results appear robust to endogeneity of group formation and endogenous selection into contract types.
Condensation of plasmid DNA by benzyl hydraphiles and lariat ethers: dependence on pH and chain length

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Lariat ethers and hydraphiles have been studied by the use of gel electrophoresis to evaluate the complexation of a 10 kilobase plasmid DNA. Both receptor systems show behaviour that reflects differences in side or spacer chain lengths. In addition, the formation of complexes or aggregates (identified by transmission electron microscopy, TEM) is pH dependent. Some detergents and polyamines can affect the formation and/or deaggregation of the complexes which TEM shows form particles of a relatively uniform size (~100–150 nm) and density for a specific receptor.
Supplimentary_Figure1-14 and Table 1-2 from Combined CDK4/6 and Pan-mTOR Inhibition Is Synergistic Against Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Figure 1. Activation of the CDK4/6 axis in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) specimens. Supplementary Figure 2. Levels of Rb1, CDK4, CDK6, E2F1, and Cyclin E1 mRNA in human intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and National Cancer Institute (NCI) datasets. Supplementary Figure 3: Effect of Palbociclib on ICC cell growth. Supplementary Figure 4: Effect of Palbociclib on the levels of putative target proteins in human ICC cell lines. Supplementary Figure 5. Inhibition of CyclinD1 (CCND1) expression enhances tumor cell growth suppressor capacity of Palbobiclib. Supplementary Figure 6. Correlation analysis of Retinoblastoma (Rb) expression and the growth inhibitory effects of Palbociclib. Supplementary Figure 7. Palbociclib inhibits proliferation of ICC cell lines in colony formation assays. Supplementary Figure 8. Retinoblastoma-dependent cell growth inhibition effect of long-term Palbociclib treatment in ICC cells. Supplementary Figure 9. Effect of combined Palbociclib/MLN0128 treatment on cell proliferation. Supplementary Figure 10. Synergistic effect of Palbociclib/MLN0128 combination in ICC cell lines. Supplementary Figure 11. Effect of combined Palbociclib/MLN0128 administration on cell cycle of ICC cell lines. Supplementary Figure 12. Effect of Palbociclib/MLN0128 on putative target proteins in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) cell lines. Supplementary Figure 13. Overview of the apoptosis rate in ICC lesions from AKT/YapS127A mice subjected to the various treatment regimens. Supplementary Figure 14. Effect of Palbociclib/MLN0128 treatment on putative target proteins in AKT/YapS127A mice. Supplementary Table 1: Clinicopathological features of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) patients Supplementary Table 2: Western blotting antibody information</p>
The bang-bang production of depletable natural resources

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper considers the problem of determining the optimal production path for a depletable natural resource. The classical result of Hotelling is that when the market is in equilibrium, the net price paid to the owner of the resource must increase with the interest rate. Three problems are considered: the basic problem, the general problem, and the social optimum problem. For the basic problem, the market is not in equilibrium and the classical solution does not determine the production rate. For the general problem and the social optimum problem, the classical solution does work and we have extended the classical solution to the case of increasing extraction costs. For the basic problem, we have used the Pontryagin Maximum Principle to find a bang-bang solution for the production rate. The classical solution determines the switch points; the times to stop or start production. For all three problems, we have found a differential equation that determines the rent that a resource owner should charge to maximize his profits. The magnitude of the rent depends on its initial value. The proper initial value depends on the total resource and the level of demand. For the general problem with a logit demand function, the classical solution results in a bang-bang production schedule. Thus, we have found two cases where the optimal production path for depletable natural resources is bang-bang.