jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Sarcopenia in Essential Hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background The prevalence of sarcopenia is rising along with global population aging, and it is estimated that there will be about 200 million sarcopenia patients worldwide by the mid-21st century. Both essential hypertension and sarcopenia are common in the elderly, but the correlation between them has been rarely studied in China. Objective To examine the prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in middle-aged and elderly patients with essential hypertension, providing a reference for secondary prevention and early delivery of intervention of sarcopenia in this group. Methods A total of 107 patients with essential hypertension aged ≥50 years who were hospitalized in Geriatric Department, the First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province from December 2020 to December 2021 were enrolled. Sarcopenia was diagnosed by the recommendation from Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019. Nutrition status was assessed using the Mini-Nutritional Assessment Scale-Short Form (MNA-SF) . The general demographics, sarcopenia diagnostic indicators, laboratory indicators and MNA-SF assessment results were collected. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of sarcopenia in essential hypertension. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to explore the predictive value of body mass index (BMI) for sarcopenia in essential hypertension. Results Among the 107 patients, 53 (49.5%) were diagnosed with sarcopenia, and other 54 (50.5%) cases had no sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia in slightly underweight, normal weight, overweight or obesity patients was 83.3% (5/6) , 64.2% (34/53) , 30.0% (12/40) , 25.0% (2/8) , respectively. The prevalence rate of sarcopenia decreased with the increase of BMI (χ2trend=15.027, P=0.001) . Logistic regression analysis showed that female〔OR=0.175, 95%CI (0.059, 0.518) 〕, overweight〔OR=0.039, 95%CI (0.003, 0.513) 〕, obesity〔OR=0.019, 95%CI (0.001, 0.459) 〕, higher 25- (OH) D〔OR=0.914, 95%CI (0.843, 0.991) 〕, and higher MNA-SF score〔OR=0.832, 95%CI (0.697, 0.992) 〕 were associated with decreased risk of sarcopenia (P<0.05) , while older age〔OR=1.139, 95%CI (1.073, 1.209) 〕, increased systolic blood pressure〔OR=1.038, 95%CI (1.001, 1.076) 〕 and increased diastolic blood pressure〔OR=1.095, 95%CI (1.035, 1.159) 〕 were associated with increased risk of sarcopenia (P<0.05) . The area under the ROC curve of BMI in predicting sarcopenia was 0.749〔95%CI (0.656, 0.843) 〕, with 52.8% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity when 22.0 kg/m2 was determined as the optimal cut-off value. Conclusion The prevalence of sarcopenia was high in middle-aged and elderly patients with essential hypertension, the risk of which was increased with advanced age, higher systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, and declined with being female, overweight, obesity, higher vitamin D and good nutrition. BMI may be a good predictor of sarcopenia in essential hypertension.
Progress and Trends in Forage Cactus Silage Research: A Bibliometric Perspective

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Opuntia spp. (forage cactus or spineless cactus) is a plant native to Mexico that is commonly used as alternative nutrient-rich fodder in semi-arid regions. Due to its resistance to drought, forage cactus has become an important least-cost ingredient for formulating balanced rations for ruminants during times of scarcity. In addition, ensiling, an anaerobic fermentation process, is also a strategy used to allow a supply of bulky food all year round, since it conserves forage and maintains its nutritional value. In this sense, using the Scopus database and the visualization tool VOSviewer, the present work proposes a bibliometric analysis of forage cactus silage to track and map the evolution and main issues in the research field, current trends, and future directions. The results revealed that the first publication was in 2013; and since 2020, the number of publications has been growing. Brazil was highlighted, by far, as the most relevant country on the topic, and the top institutions were from northeast Brazil, which has been working on co-authored articles. The current hot research topics are focusing on the mixed silage of forage cactus and other forages such as gliricidia, maniçoba, and sorghum biomass, as well as evaluating the fermentative performance and chemical characteristics for improving ruminal diets, especially for goats and sheep. This study provides important information for researchers to identify gaps and direct their studies to better use the whole potential of forage cactus as an alternative roughage source.
[Immediate and late follow-up results of surgical and combined treatment of patients with colonic cancer of various localization in right half of the colon].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Comparative estimation of immediate and late follow-up results of treatment was con- ducted in 520 patients, suffering cancer of the colonic right half, including coecum - in 227 (43.7% ± 2.1%), colon ascendum - in 159(30.7% ± 2.0%), right colonic flexure - in 66 (12.9% ± 1.3%), right half of colon transversum - in 66 (12.9% ± 4.2%). In 463 (89.0% ± 1.4%) patients radical operations were performed, while in 57 (11.0% ± 1.7%) - the symptomatic. After radical operations 8 (1.7% ± 0.5%) patients died, and after the symptomatic - 3 (5.3% ± 3.0%). Definite surgical treatment was performed in 258 (60,8% ± 2,4%) patients, the combined one - in 166 (39.2% ± 2.4%). Five-year survival have constituted (64.2% ± 5.5%) for the patients, operated on for the colon ascendumcancer, and (19.1% ± 5.7%) - for cancer of right colonic flexure; while after combined treatment - (40.4% ± 5.8%) in patients, operated on for cancer of coecum, (29.4% ± 11.9%) - right half of colon transversum; ten-year survival have constituted (16.8% ± 2.7%) for the patients, who were radically operated for cancer of coecum, and (4.8% ± 2.6%) - for cancer of right colonic flexure (p<0,005). Late follow-up results of radical treatment of the colonic right half depends essentially on localization and degree of the cancer spread.
Lessons from the “turbot war”: the future of high seas governance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 1995, the so-called “ turbot war ” between Spain and Canada was pivotal for Iberian fisheries. The main objective of this research is to revisit the turbot war to reflect on the issue of governing fisheries on the high seas, the cause behind the war, and how it was resolved. This paper provides guidelines for future research on the management of high seas fisheries.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 treatment stimulates Neurogenin3 expression and pancreatic beta‐cell neogenesis in adult mice

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Glucagon‐Like Peptide 1 (GLP‐1) is an intestinal hormone secreted after a meal. GLP‐1 is considered a key molecule in diabetes treatment because (a) it acts as a growth factor to promote beta‐cell mass expansion and (b) increases insulin secretion. Whereas GLP‐1 action on beta‐cell proliferation and survival has been extensively studied, its potential action on beta‐cell differentiation remains elusive. We herein performed lineage tracing experiments in genetically engineered mice to test the hypothesis that GLP‐1 stimulates the formation of new mature beta‐cells (neogenesis) in the adult pancreas. We used mice expressing a tamoxifen‐inducible Cre‐recombinase under the Neurog3 promoter to permanently label differentiating beta‐cells with a ZsGreen marker. This is because Neurog3 is transiently expressed in progenitor cells undergoing differentiation and is otherwise absent in the adult pancreas. Neurog3‐CreER/Rosa26‐LSL‐ZsGreen mice were injected with a moderate dose of streptozotocin to induce low levels of beta‐cell damage and regeneration. Then, mice were treated daily with tamoxifen alone or in combination with the long‐acting GLP‐1 analog Exendin4 (Ex‐4). Pancreata were harvested after 2 or 7 days of treatment. Control pancreata were devoid of ZsGreen staining, consistent with the fact that beta‐cell differentiation does not occur spontaneously in adult mice. Animals treated with Ex‐4, showed high frequency of ZsGreen+ cells in pancreatic islets and ducts, indicating that Ex‐4 induces Neurog3 expression in the adult pancreas. Mice treated with Ex‐4 for 2 days displayed small clusters of ZsGreen+ cells that were polyhormonal, a feature of immature/differentiating pancreatic endocrine cells. After 7 days of treatment, we detected a high number of insulin/ZsGreen dual positive cells, demonstrating that Ex‐4 stimulates the formation of new mature beta‐cells. We characterized the lineage of ZsGreen+ cells by studying the expression of various progenitor cell markers. Finally, we sorted ZsGreen+ cells to define their expression profile and confirm that newly‐differentiated beta‐cells could secrete insulin in response to physiological concentrations of glucose. Our study shows that GLP‐1, a naturally occurring hormone and an important anti‐diabetes therapeutic target, stimulates beta‐cell neogenesis. We thereby unveiled a new mode of action for the incretin hormone.
Comment on The Behavior of Interest Rates Implied by the Term Structure of Eurodollar Futures

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The paper by Jegadeesh and Pennacchi extends a sizable literature on continuoustime models of interest rate behavior, some of it theoretical, some empirical. In some cases, the focus is on statistical modeling, frequently with the goal of a rich parameterization that captures known stylized phenomena (for example, current yield curve, nonconstant volatility structure), but that is nevertheless solvable in closed form. Examples of this type of approach are Ho and Lee (1986) and Hull and White (1990). In other cases, the focus is structural, making a connection between interest rates and other fundamental economic variables, such as inflation or production. Pennacchi (1991), for example, has adopted this approach in an earlier paper. I will argue in this comment that the present paper is a useful addition to this literature. It extends the literature in a logical direction that was clearly worthwhile investigating, and demonstrates a high level of technical competence. However, I will also argue that the interpretation of the results is overstated in terms of both statistical fit and of implications about fundamental economic relationships. Consider first the possible objectives of modeling interest rates. One such objective is simply to capture the statistical propvrties of interest rate time series. If those properties are modeled accurately, the results can be applied to the pricing of financial instruments or to the management of price risk on such instruments. A second alternative objective is to explain the relationship between interest rates and other economic variables. This strategy could be useful in the construction of economic models and perhaps in performing policy analysis. The ultimate objective of the modeling exercise determines the appropriateness of any specific interest rate model. In the Jegadeesh-Pennacchi paper, both statistical modeling and structural interpretation are explicit or implicit goals. Modeling accuracy is a stated objective of the paper, and there are suggestions that the model may be used for pricing and hedging purposes. Pricing and hedging, however, are not directly attempted in the paper. Structural interpretation is not explicitly a goal of the paper, but it is a de facto goal as evidenced by the extensive discussions of Fed credibility and of the interpretation of the estimated market prices of risk.
Microsurgery for Giant Craniopharyngiomas in Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The authors report 20 cases of giant craniopharyngioma in children operated on during the 6-year period from 1978 through 1984. The tumor size (maximal diameter) ranged from 5 to 11 cm. These patients presented with increased intracranial pressure, severe visual loss, and neurological and endocrinological deficits. Tumor growth had occurred in several directions, causing displacement of the circle of Willis, the optic apparatus, and the hypothalamus, as well as encroachment into the interpeduncular and prepontine cisterns and into the frontal, temporal, and posterior fossae. The surgical technique for total removal of these giant tumors in the last 10 cases is described. Emphasis is placed on the use of microsurgical technique during the first operation, close endocrinological follow-up, and early reevaluation by computed tomographic scanning.
Toxicity of benzo( )pyrene and air pollution composite for adult human bronchial mucosa in organ culture.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Summary Bronchial mucosal patches from seven adult human subjects undergoing lobectomy and from five subjects during examination by bronchoscopy were maintained in organ culture for 5 to 11 days. Benzo( a )pyrene (BaP), 15 μg/ml, or an air pollution composite (AP), 700 μg/ml, was present in culture media during incubation of treated explants. Some control mucosal samples were fixed at time zero, and others were maintained for 5 to 11 days on media containing only 0.4% acetone as vehicle for the test materials. All samples were incubated for 30 min with tritiated thymidine before fixation, and each tissue piece was examined by histological and autoradiographic methods. Fresh mucosal samples did not have uniformly normal epithelia because of underlying disease or injury during handling. Some mucosal pieces were in more than one state of epithelial differentiation because mucosal lesions were often smaller than the mucosal piece prepared for culture. A range of abnormalities was therefore observed during maintenance on control culture media. Exposure to BaP and AP produced sufficiently similar changes to permit the results to be pooled for comparison with control cultures. Instances of each state of epithelial differentiation in control and treated cultures were distributed in the following ratios (% in control: % in treated): columnar, 36:14; metaplastic or dysplastic, 8:2; abnormal, unclassified, 31:22; regenerative, 11:13; dead, 14:50. BaP and AP produced toxic destruction of all cell types or, as a less marked effect, suppression of DNA synthesis and distortion of morphological states of columnar but not of regenerative epithelia. Pleomorphic, replicative lesions were not induced in adult human epithelium although such lesions were present elsewhere in untreated mucosal samples and have been produced by similar concentrations of BaP in suckling rodent tracheas in organ culture. Toxicity due to AP cannot be identified with either a single component of AP nor any particular cell type. Toxicity of BaP for adult human respiratory mucosa is interpreted as evidence that microsomal mixed-function oxidases are present and active in metabolic conversion of BaP. Adult human and suckling rodent respiratory epithelia are susceptible to biological effects of BaP in the organ culture system, but toxic effects were more common in the human mucosal samples examined in this study.
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT OF ENDOTHELIUM-DEPENDENT MEDIATORS IN PATIENTS WITH ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AND DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of study is to evaluate the levels of endothelium-dependent mediators: endothelial nitric-oxide synthase (NOS), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and circulating soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and concomitant type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The study included 255 patients with AMI, who were divided into two groups depending on the presence of concomitant type 2 DM: 1 group — 143 patients with concomitant type 2 DM; 2 group — 112 patients without concomitant disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism. Studied endothelial-dependent indicators were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical data were processed using the Mann–Whitney U-test, quantitative variables were described by the following parameters: median (Me), 25th and 75th percentiles (Q1; Q3). Analyzing the studied indicators on admission of patients to the hospital, a statistically significant decrease in NOS levels (p < 0,01), as well as an increase in PAI-1 (p < 0,01) and sCD40L (p < 0,01) in the cohort of patients with AMI and concomitant type 2 DM compared with patients without disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism. This indicates a more significant violation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, thrombin fibrinolysis and activation of intravascular inflammation caused by comorbidity. Over the next 10 days, an increase in NOS levels, a decrease in PAI-1 and sCD40L levels were observed in patients of both groups, indicating a gradual improvement of the endothelial function. However, in patients with AMI and concomitant type 2 DM, the levels of the studied endothelium-dependent mediators continued to differ statistically even on the 10th day after acute occlusion of the coronary artery. In our opinion, this tendency is caused by the negative impact of metabolicdisorders associated with type 2 DM on the endothelium of the coronary arteries in patients with insulin resistance and, apparently, may increase the risk of complications of AMI.
The consumer perception about local versus global brands : an exploratory study.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study focused on the perception of young Singaporean consumers towards local brands and global brands. A pre-study was done to gain some knowledge on local consumers‟ perception prior to more extensive research. Based on our pre-study, we found that local brands were losing out to global brands due to less favourable perception. In general, local brands were viewed more cheaply, of lower quality and lower fashionability as compared to global brands which were deemed more stylish, better designs and better quality. Furthermore, we also found more abstract associations for global brands and concrete (or functional) associations for local brands. We then proceeded on to an actual experimental study to determine if abstract or functional, as well as whether brand-based or product-based advertisements most appeal to local consumers. This was due to the fact that local consumers viewed local brands less favourably (as compared to global brands), and we would like to test if product-based advertisements (with little emphasis on the Singaporean brand) would increase the attitude of consumers towards the advertisement, product and brand itself. This study was done by 99 Singaporean participants aged between 18 to 27 years old. To minimize any deviation from the Singaporean market, permanent residents and foreigners were excluded from the experiment. Our dependent variable was attitude elicitation; independent variables were abstract/functional advertising approach and usage of brand name/product name. We also used brand awareness of Akira, product awareness of Soundwave Gemini, involvement level of consumer electronics, frequency of local brand purchase and gender as covariates.
Depression and obesity among untreated people, diagnosed with sleep apnea syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder, affecting 2-4% of the adult
population. Research on both community and clinical populations have indicated high rates of depression among OSA patients. Obesity is one of the greatest risk factors of OSA, affecting
70% of patients with OSA. Even though depression and obesity are prevalent, few studies have examined which factors contribute to depression and obesity among OSA patients. The aim of this study was to determine the degree to which lifestyle factors, along with participants’ general state of health, independently affect the relationship between depression
and obesity among OSA patients. The participants were 181 patients, newly diagnosed with sleep apnea syndrome.Depression was assessed with The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and obesity among participants was based on their body mass index (BMI). Results from multiple linear regression models revealed that gender and
functional outcomes of sleep had the greatest influence on depressive symptoms while gender, age, severity of sleep apnea and participants’ smoking habits had the greatest effect on BMI.
These results indicate a need for health care workers to provide attention to multiple factors which may influence the development of depression and obesity among OSA patients.; Kaefisvefn er algengur svefnsjukdomur sem hrjair 2-4% einstaklinga i ollum heiminum.
Rannsoknir sem gerðar hafa verið a þatttakendum baeði i almennu sem og i klinisku þýði, hafa sýnt fram a hatt hlutfall þunglyndis meðal einstaklinga sem glima við kaefisvefn. Offita er einn helsti ahaettuþattur kaefisvefns og er talið að um 70% einstaklinga með kaefisvefn glimi við offitu. Þratt fyrir að þunglyndi og offita seu algeng meðal kaefisvefnssjuklinga þa eru ekki margar rannsoknir sem hafa skoðað hvaða þaettir það eru sem stuðla að þunglyndi og offitu meðal kaefisvefnssjuklinga. Markmið rannsoknarinnar var að kanna ahrif heilsu- og lifstilstengdra breyta a þunglyndi annars vegar og offitu hinsvegar. Þatttakendur voru 181 talsins, allir nýlega greindir með kaefisvefn. Þunglyndiskvarði til faraldsfraeðirannsokna (CESD)
var notaður til að meta þunglyndi þatttakenda og offita þatttakenda var metin með likamsþyngdarstuðlinum (BMI). Niðurstoður margviðrar aðhvarfsgreiningar leiddu i ljos að
kyn og virkni daglegs lifs með tilliti til syfju hofðu mest ahrif a þunglyndiseinkenni meðal þatttakenda en kyn, aldur, alvarleiki kaefisvefns og reykingar hofðu mest ahrif a BMI. Niðurstoðurnar gefa til kynna mikilvaegi þess að heilbrigðisstarfsmenn veiti margvislegum þattum athygli sem haft geta ahrif a þroun þunglyndis og offitu meðal kaefisvefnssjuklinga.
Statistically Enhanced Evolutionary Algorithm for Aerospace Design Applications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

View Video Presentation: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2022-3789.vid This paper describes an approach to developing a robust real-coded genetic algorithm (GA) that is implemented for three representative Aerospace Applications, a propeller optimization, a solid rocket motor missile system optimization, and a liquid rocket engine powered missile system optimization. The propeller design and optimization analysis using Bernstein polynomials to develop the geometries is optimized for a cruise condition. The full propeller design optimization problem requires a GA that can overcome abundant local maxima and find a real solution as there are a multitude of parameters for the GA to adjust. The GA makes use of demes (subpopulations) to avoid local maxima. The development of this genetic algorithm uses a tournament style parent selection to obtain the four fittest members of a given subpopulation. The results for the GA applied to the two different genres of aerospace analysis are provided here. The propeller geometry is optimized for thrust and efficiency, and the missile applications are optimized for range and apogee. The number of subpopulations used to generate the main population is varied for both applications to provide insight into their assistance to the GA model.