jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Study on Endemic Situation of Schistosomiasis in Resettlement Program Area of Dongting Lake Regions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To observe the endemic status and its change trends of schistosomiasis in a resettlement program area of Dongting Lake regions.Methods The prevalence and reinfection of schistosomiasis and the indicators of snails were longitudinally surveyed in the observation site from 2002 to 2006.Results From 2002 to 2006,the infection rates of schistosomiasis among cohort population were 10.57%,11.78%,5.17%,6.01%,and 3.14%,respectively,with infection rate of schistosomiasis in male residents being more than that of female ones and infection rate in fishery-men and part time fishery-men more than that of other occupations.No obvious change was observed in terms of the indicators of snails and infectious snails from 2003 to 2006.Conclusions The infection rate and reinfection rate of schistosomiasis in lake beaches subtype endemic for schistosomiasis show the falling trends.The infection rate shows differences in age,sex and occupations.No big change in snails and infectious ones appears on lake beaches.
Author Response: Smith-Magenis syndrome protein RAI1 regulates body weight homeostasis through hypothalamic BDNF-producing neurons and neurotrophin downstream signalling

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Retinoic acid-induced 1 (RAI1) haploinsufficiency causes Smith-Magenis syndrome (SMS), a genetic disorder with symptoms including hyperphagia, hyperlipidemia, severe obesity, and autism phenotypes. RAI1 is a transcriptional regulator with a pan-neural expression pattern and hundreds of downstream targets. The mechanisms linking neural Rai1 to body weight regulation remain unclear. Here we find that hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its downstream signalling are disrupted in SMS (Rai1+/-) mice. Selective Rai1 loss from all BDNF-producing cells or from BDNF-producing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) induced obesity in mice. Electrophysiological recordings revealed that Rai1 ablation decreased the intrinsic excitability of PVHBDNF neurons. Chronic treatment of SMS mice with LM22A-4 engages neurotrophin downstream signalling and delayed obesity onset. This treatment also partially rescued disrupted lipid profiles, insulin intolerance, and stereotypical repetitive behaviour in SMS mice. These data argue that RAI1 regulates body weight and metabolic function through hypothalamic BDNF-producing neurons and that targeting neurotrophin downstream signalling might improve associated SMS phenotypes.
Development and Analysis of an Item Pool: Assessing Students’ Mathematical Conceptual Attainment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Many students find mathematics difficult, and a lack of mathematical conceptual understanding is one of the key reasons. Assessing students’ conceptual knowledge helps in identifying their specific challenges in a particular topic. We develop a conceptual attainment test instrument to measure students’ conceptual level in four mathematical topics at the secondary school level. The instrument consists of fifty-five multiple-choice questions (MCQ) and thirty true or false questions framed based on three lower levels of Bloom’s taxonomy of learning. The purpose of this study is to develop the instrument, identify item characteristics, and determine its validity and reliability. The data was collected by random sampling from 124 students studying in ninth and tenth grades from two schools. The item analysis was done based on classical test theory, and the reliability of the items was found by calculating Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The overall findings led to the final item bank of fifty MCQ and fifteen true or false with Cronbach’s alpha value 0.810, indicating high internal consistency reliability. This item bank can be used for formative assessment to test grade 9th students’ conceptual understanding of each topic separately.
Wyobrażenia i wiara w Boga dorosłych katolików w Polsce w drugiej połowie XX wieku i obu dekadach XXI wieku. Na podstawie wyników badań socjologicznych

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article I present the attitude of adult Catholics in Poland in the second half of the 20th century and in both decades of the 21st century towards Theoentrical dogmas and the indicators of their faith in the religious meanning of these dogmas. The basis for the analysis of the attitude of adult Roman Catholics in Poland to these dogmas of the Christian faith are the results of sociological research carried out the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. These studies showed that in the second half of the 20th century, a much greater percentage of adult Catholic in Poland accepted Theocentric dogmas and declared their faith in their religious mening than in both decades of the 21st century.
Indoctrination or education? Intention of unqualified teachers to transfer consumption norms in home economics teaching

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Almost two thirds of home economics (HE) teachers in Sweden are formally unqualified (FU). Historically, HE has focused more on fostering and prescribing the ‘right’ choices whereas the modern (2011‐) curriculum focuses on teaching consequences of choices and giving students tools for assessing alternatives. Restraining from prescribing norms requires a high degree of professionalism. The objective of this study was to empirically investigate the prevalence of intentions of FU teachers to prescribe consumption norms not supported by the curriculum. Furthermore, to investigate to what extent these intentions are correlated with years of experience as a teacher, personal preferences, or personal consumption. The intention to transfer norms were measured using the concept of intentional misalignment applied to a survey distributed to a sample of FU teachers attending complementary teacher education. A two part survey was used. The first part consisted of multiple choice questions asking the teachers how important they saw it to transfer different consumption norms to their students (e.g. to consume local or organic food). These responses were evaluated quantitatively (Spearman rank correlation, Wilcoxon rank sum test and Kruskal‐Wallis analysis of variance). The second part consisted of an open‐ended question asking teachers to describe what they saw as the most important take‐home message for students in HE. The answers were compared to the national curriculum to identify intentions to transfer unsupported norms. The study indicates that more than a third of the FU HE teachers in Sweden express the intention to prescribe specific types of consumption or to transfer consumption norms that are not supported by the curriculum. The prevalence is correlated to personal preferences and thus indicates difficulties with keeping a professional perspective. These teachers must be given collegial support and opportunities for continued education–to ensure high‐quality HE education for future generations.
SH1059588.09FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Simulations in Models of Preference Aggregation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Social choice theory provides a theoretical framework for analyzing how to combine individual opinions, preferences, interests or welfare so as to reach a collective decision. Social choice theory is one of the areas in economics that has seen a boom in simulations work using models based on the behavior of individuals involved in collective decision-making. The purpose of this paper is to oer to the uninitiated reader a methodological presentation of these dierent models, as well as the techniques for theoretical calculations and simulations, and then to report on recent developments concerning new models and advances in calculation techniques and simulations. This paper will thus give readers easy access to the models which, due to their complexity, might seem to be reserved for initiates. We take the opportunity to present and discuss the assumptions that support each of the models, and indicate how simulations may be helpful in analyzing complex problems in social choice theory.
P‐65: A Novel Highly CoNimating Backlight Module Using a Double Wedge‐Shaped Light Guide Plate

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A novel highly collimated backlight module transforming a point light source into a planar light source by means of a double wedge‐shaped light‐guide plate (LGP) was designed. The uniformity of spatial luminous can reach 80.5% at view cone of ±1.8 deg. The Gray‐half‐tone technology can be used to fabricate the microstructures for mass productions.
The Relationship Between a Retention Program and the Persistence and Graduation Rates of First-Generation Low-Income Students at an Urban, Public University

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between participation in a retention program designed to promote academic and social integration and the persistence rates of first generation, low-income college students at an urban, public multiethnic university. Archival data were collected from the university’s Office of Institutional Research and the retention program office and included SAT/ACT scores, GPA, gender, ethnicity, and program participation data. A total of 292 first-generation, low-income students who were admitted to the university in the summer of 1999 were identified for the study. A group of 166 students were selected for the comparison group because they had not participated in the retention program; 126 students had participated in the retention program.
Encouraging participation in breast-screening

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BREAST cancer is the most common form of cancer among women in the UK resulting in 15,000 deaths annually. The recommendations of the Forrest Report 1 inaugurated the development of the first national breast screening service in the world. How ever, a minimum uptake of seventy per cent is required if the scheme is to achieve its objective of significantly reducing mortality from breast cancer by detecting the disease at an earlier stage. Green 2 identifies three sets of factors — predisposing, en abling and reinforcing — which combine to influence health behaviour. In this paper, we use Green's fac tors as a framework to examine how the breast screening service was set up in Manchester and we report the findings of a pilot consumer satisfaction survey to illuminate the issues involved.
DEJA VU ALL OVER AGAIN: THE REAPPEARANCE OF SUPERNOVA REFSDAL

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT In Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging taken on 2014 November 10, four images of supernova (SN) “Refsdal” (redshift z = 1.49) appeared in an Einstein-cross-like configuration (images S1–S4) around an early-type galaxy in the cluster MACS J1149.5+2223 ( z = 0.54). Almost all lens models of the cluster have predicted that the SN should reappear within a year in a second host-galaxy image created by the cluster’s potential. In HST observations taken on 2015 December 11, we find a new source at the predicted position of the new image of SN Refsdal approximately from the previous images S1–S4. This marks the first time the appearance of a SN at a particular time and location in the sky was successfully predicted in advance! We use these data and the light curve from the first four observed images of SN Refsdal to place constraints on the relative time delay and magnification of the new image (SX) compared to images S1–S4. This enables us, for the first time, to test “blind” lens model predictions of both magnifications and time delays for a lensed SN. We find that the timing and brightness of the new image are consistent with the blind predictions of a fraction of the models. The reappearance illustrates the discriminatory power of this blind test and its utility to uncover sources of systematic uncertainty. From planned HST photometry, we expect to reach a precision of 1%–2% on the time delay between S1–S4 and SX.
Two nonhomologus viruses of Cryphonectria (Endothia) parasitica reduce accumulation of specific virulence-associated polypeptides

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Double-stranded RNA responsible for transmissible hypovirulence of Cryphonectria (Endothia) parasitica affected the accumulation of specific polypeptides. Nonhomologous hypovirulence-causing double-stranded RNAs, originating in Europe or North America, affected accumulation of the same polypeptides. Fewer than 5% of detectable proteins were affected, indicating that hypovirulence is probably not the result of general debilitation of the fungus.
Dysplasia andPNH‐type cells in bone marrow aspirates of myelodysplastic syndromes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Flow cytometry is increasingly applied in cytopenic patients suspected for myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Analysis includes evaluation of antigen expression patterns in granulocytes of which, for example, partial lack of CD16 may indicate dysplasia, but presence of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH)‐type cells should be considered. However, diagnostic bone marrow (BM) samples hamper PNH analysis because immature stages in the granulo‐/monocytic compartment lack expression of certain glycophosphatidyl‐inositol‐anchored proteins. In this prospective study, we evaluated the presence of PNH‐type cells in BM next to aberrancies from routine MDS immunophenotyping. Methods We combined antibodies defining maturation trajectories with FLAER. Validation of the designed method against routine PNH analysis and parallel analysis of BM and blood samples revealed similar results (granulocytes: Wilcoxon p = 0.25 and p = 0.82, respectively). We analyzed BM samples from 134 MDS, 17 chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, 15 aplastic anemia (AA), 1 PNH, 51 non‐clonal cytopenic controls, and 12 normal controls. Results Most AA/PNH‐BM samples showed clear PNH clones: median 1.1% (0%–35%); CD16 loss on mature neutrophils paralleled PNH‐clone sizes. In MDS‐BM, only 3.7% of cases showed ≥0.1% PNH‐type cells, whereas partial CD16 loss was more frequent and abundant. Conclusions Our findings confirm that dysplastic features in MDS‐BM may point to presence of PNH‐type cells, though only few cases displayed FLAER‐negative cells. We showed that identification of these cells in the granulocyte compartment of BM specimen is feasible, but—according to international guidelines—results need to be confirmed in peripheral blood.
Polyphasic Approach to Fungal Taxonomy

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The taxonomy of micromycetes always experienced a number of specific problems. The development of molecular phylogeny in the last two decades became an important achievement for fungal taxonomy. The use of multilocus sequencing combined with phylogenetic analysis seems to be the most convenient and reasonable in the methodological aspect for species delimitation within the frames of the evolutionary species concept, which is the most popular among mycologists now and, obviously, will remain popular in the nearest future. The most proper tool for species delimitation is phylogenetic species recognition. However this well-developed approach sometimes allows neither a clear recovery of the structure of biodiversity nor the easy identification of taxa. The so-called polyphasic taxonomy concept arose in the 1970s among bacteriologists; it also became quite popular in mycology in the 2000s. Nowadays, it is considered as consensus taxonomy, i.e., a definition of taxa based on a comparative analysis of all available traits. This review describes the process of the formation of the polyphasic approach and the modern practice of its application in mycology. A special part of the review examines the diversity of traits available for a mycologist and the expediency of their use in taxonomy, in particular, within the limits of the polyphasic approach. It is concluded that this approach is reasonable when phylogenetic recognition provides no satisfactory results (e.g., in the case of a small number of sequenced genes or the analysis of recently diverged species). In additional, the polyphasic approach is suitable for the formation of taxonomic hypotheses that will be examined with phylogenetic methods and that can be further used as a basis to form the appropriate strain samplings.
German angst?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

During the 1950s, intensive debates over the potential supply of nuclear weapons systems to the Bundeswehr, the newly founded West German army, agitated the public in the Federal Republic. During the conflicts over the NATO dual-track solution since 1979, a similar set of anxieties was widely articulated and internationally registered as a specific German angst. In both cases, peace protesters, politicians and Bundeswehr officers shared the perception that nuclear war would very likely entail the self-destruction of the German nation. This notion of a 'nuclear war in front of the apartment door' was a crucial feature of the Cold War as an imaginary war in the Federal Republic.
Results of surgical treatment of patients with ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Anterior communicating artery aneurysms (AComA) are the most common type of intracranial aneurysms, accounting for approximately 35 % of all ruptured intracranial aneurysms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of surgical treatment of patients with ruptured AComA aneurysms. Materials and methods. The study included 98 patients who underwent surgical treatment for ruptured AComA aneurysms between 2008 and 2019 at the Uzhhorod Regional Center of Neurosurgery and Neurology and CNE “Сity Hospital of Emergency and Urgent Medical Care” of Zaporizhzhia City Council. The mean age of the patients was 47.8 ± 11.0 years, and 51.0 % were female. Results. Upon admission to the hospital, 69.3 % of patients with ruptured AComA aneurysms were conscious. The level of consciousness was influenced by the presence and size of an intracerebral hematoma, the severity of intraventricular blood circulation due to its presence, and the prevalence of angiospasm. Aneurysms of average size (6–15 mm according to the classification of G. Yasargil, 1984) were found in 44.9 % of cases. Postoperative mortality was 11.2 %. Postoperative vasospasm was the most common complication, occurring in 51.0 % of the patients. A good outcome in accordance with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) was achieved in 66.3 % of the patients. Conclusions. Surgical treatment remains an effective treatment for ruptured AComA aneurysms, with favorable outcomes, which depend on age, serious condition of the patient, level of consciousness, re-rupture of the aneurysm, timing of the surgical operation, presence and size of intracerebral hematoma, presence and intensity of intraventricular hemorrhage, presence and intensity of angiospasm.
Metabolism of Arterial Tissue With Special Reference to Esterase and Lipase.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SummaryEsterase was demonstrated in normal aortic tissue of dog, rabbit and man. Its activity was determined in various layers of the 3 aortic segments (arch, descending thoracic, abdominal) as well as in liver and serum. Absence of lipase, except for dog serum, was constantly demonstrated. Of the 3 aortic layers studied (innermost intimamedia, media, adventitia), the adventitia displayed the lowest activity, about l/6th that of the other two. Intima-media showed no difference in activity between the 3 aortic segments in dog, or between descending thoracic and abdominal in rabbit or man, whereas a higher activity was noted in rabbit's arch. A species difference seems to exist, aortic intima-media showing the lowest values in man, and highest in rabbit's arch. A species difference was also noted with regard to liver and serum, the former showing the highest activity in rabbit and lowest in dog, whereas serum showed similar activity in dog and man, and much greater in rabbit.
Proposal of a New Method for Differentiating Races of Pyricularia oryzae Cavara in Japan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Many reports have been published in Japan on the pathogenic specialization of rice blast fungus, Pyricularia oryzae.Especially, Goto and his co-workers1,2) have established the method to identify blast fungus races.Their differential varieties consist of 12 varieties belonging to the following 3 groups.T group (varieties having rice blast resistance genes of indica rice) Te-tep, Tadukan, and Usen C group (varieties having resistance genes of Chinese varieties) Chokoto, Yakeiko, and Kanto 51 N group (other common Japanese varieties) Ishikari-shiroke, Homare-nishiki, Ginga, Norin 22, Aichi-asahi, and Norm 20 According to their method, blast fungus isolates found in Japan are classified into N, C, and T groups.N group races are defined as the races virulent only to N (Japanese) varieties in the differentials.C group races are virulent to C (Chinese), but not to T varieties in the differentials, irrespective of the virulence to N varieties.T group races are virulent to T (indica) varieties, irrespective of the virulence to C and N differentials.Then each race is numbered in the order of the identification in each race group, such as T-1 or C-3.With this procedure, 3 races of T, 9 races of C, and 6 races of N race group have been differentiated until now.This procedure was adopted widely in Japan, and the situation of pathogenic specialization of rice blast fungus in Japan has been clarified1-3).