jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation and purification applied to commercial processes

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Three distinct chemical processes have been investigated, with the aim of producing high purity 1,5-pentanediol (PDO), 1,4-butanediol (BDO) and tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (THFA) and thereby improving the efficiency of their manufacture. The production of 1,5-pentanediol via the low-pressure vapour phase hydrogenation of 1,5-dimethylpentanedioate has been studied using a copper manganese heterogeneous catalyst system and found to be as good as the usually favoured copper chrome, which is now becoming difficult to operate commercially due to toxicity concerns. The optimum conditions were determined for a commercial process. The purification of the PDO produced, to the high standards dictated by polymer manufacture, has also been examined. Simple distillation was not possible because reactive oligomeric species were present. To overcome this, a reactive distillation scheme was developed and demonstrated experimentally. During the manufacture of 1,4-butanedlol, a by-product (4-hydroxybutyl)-2- tetrahydrofuran, known commercially as "Acetal", is formed during hydrogenation and proves very difficult to remove by conventional means. By conversion of this compound to more volatile species, by hydrogenation over a nickel catalyst, it was demonstrated that the purity of BDO obtained was greater than that previously possible.
Reinforcement Learning for Generative AI: State of the Art, Opportunities and Open Research Challenges

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most exciting developments in Computer Science of the last decade. At the same time, Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a very successful paradigm for a variety of machine learning tasks. In this survey, we discuss the state of the art, opportunities and open research questions in applying RL to generative AI. In particular, we will discuss three types of applications, namely, RL as an alternative way for generation without specified objectives; as a way for generating outputs while concurrently maximizing an objective function; and, finally, as a way of embedding desired characteristics, which cannot be easily captured by means of an objective function, into the generative process. We conclude the survey with an in-depth discussion of the opportunities and challenges in this fascinating emerging area.
Study on design and safety features for modern nuclear power reactors

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

With the need for sourcing alternative energy sources, the number of nuclear power reactors under construction has increased over the years. Despite understanding the various safety systems in the existing reactors, unexpected situation may arise that should also be considered when designing the reactors. As PWR being the most popular reactor used by many countries, this project aims to study the design and features of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) in the world. PWR safety design has been improved over the years with the usage of lesser materials to save cost and time. The result of improved safety systems result in lesser release of radioactive species in the event of accident. While this project aims to study several types of nuclear reactors and understand their design, safety features of these nuclear reactors will be investigated in detail so as to minimise the impact of radioactive waste to the environment and humans.
SAE 1018, SAE 1019, CEN C17, ISO C17

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract 1018, 1019, and C17 are wrought low-carbon (carbon = 0.15–0.20%) non-alloy steels that are used in the as rolled, normalized, or cold worked condition. They are widely used for lightly and moderately stressed parts that require higher strength levels than can be achieved by the lower carbon grades, and also for applications where a combination of low-to-medium strength, good cold formability, and excellent weldability are required. These steels may also be used in the case hardened, nitrided, or nitrocarburized condition. This datasheet provides information on composition, physical properties, microstructure, hardness, and tensile properties. It also includes information on forming and heat treating. Filing Code: CS-261. Producer or source: Heat Treater's Guide.
Occurrence Download

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A dataset containing 1613 species occurrences available in GBIF matching the query: { "DatasetKey" : [ "is Growth rates of Fairy prion (Pachyptila turtur) and Common diving petrel (Pelecanoides urinatrix) chicks, Kanowna Island, Bass Strait, Australia (2017-2020)" ] } The dataset includes 1613 records from 1 constituent datasets; see https://api.gbif.org/v1/occurrence/download/0055318-230530130749713/datasets/export for details. Data from some individual datasets included in this download may be licensed under less restrictive terms.
Autumnal Reproduction in Cumberlandia monodonta (Unionoidea: Margaritiferidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Gill marsupia of Cumberlandia monodonta were observed to contain early developmental stages on 27 October 1982. This occurrence, in conjunction with histological examination of gonads from several specimens, documents the first record for autumnal reproductive behavior in C. monodonta, and lends credence to previous speculation that biannual periodicity occurs in this species. Smith (1976, 1978, 1988) systematically examined gametogenesis and reviewed brooding periodicity within the North American Margaritiferidae. However, information concerning margaritiferid reproductive biology remains sparse. Howard (1915) reported a single vernal brooding female of Cumberlandia monodonta (Say, 1829) and briefly described that individual's glochidia (also see Surber, 1915). These data are augmented by the discovery of an autumnal brooding female C. monodonta and histological examination of gonadal tissues from several preserved specimens collected at different localities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Several individuals of Cumberlandia monodonta (obtained from Meramec River, Times Beach access, 3 km east of Eureka, St. Louis County, Missouri, 27 October 1982) were maintained for several days in aquaria. During this period, one individual discharged large quantities of a mucus-like substance from its excurrent siphon. This material was collected immediately and examined microscopically. Forty additional specimens in collections of the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (UMA), Thomas M. Freitag (TMF), and one of the authors (MEG) were available for histological analysis of gonad activity (Table I). Mussels had been preserved either by fixation in 10% formalin, followed by 70% ethanol, or in alcohol without previous fixation. A portion of the viscera of each specimen was embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 8 ,m. Five sections from each specimen were hydrated to water, stained with Ehrlich's hematoxylin and eosin, dehydrated, and mounted. 1 The Tennessee Cooperative Fishery Research Unit is supported jointly by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency, and Tennessee Technological University. Additional funding was provided by the Center for the Management, Utilization, and Protection of Water Resources, Tennessee Technological University. TRANS. AM. MICROSC. Soc., 109(4): 407-411. 1990. ? Copyright, 1990, by the American Microscopical Society, Inc. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.189 on Fri, 09 Dec 2016 05:30:12 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms TRANS. AM. MICROSC. SOC.
Catalysis of Oxidative Protein Folding by Small-Molecule Diselenides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The production of recombinant, disulfide-containing proteins often requires oxidative folding in vitro. Here, we show that diselenides, such as selenoglutathione, catalyze oxidative protein folding by O 2. Substantially lower concentrations of a redox buffer composed of selenoglutathione and the thiol form of glutathione can consequently be used to achieve the same rate and yield of folding as a standard glutathione redox buffer. Further, the low p K a of selenols extends the pH range for folding by selenoglutathione to acidic conditions, where glutathione is inactive. Harnessing the catalytic power of diselenides may thus pave the way for more efficient oxidative protein folding.
A179L, a New Viral Bcl2 Homolog Targeting Beclin 1 Autophagy Related Protein

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Autophagy is a relevant cellular defense mechanism that directly eliminates intracellular pathogens and has a crucial role for innate and adaptive immune responses. Some viruses have developed tools to counteract this cellular response. A179L, the viral Bcl2 homolog of African swine fever virus, interacts with proapoptotic Bcl2 family proteins to inhibit apoptosis. Here we report that this gene manipulates autophagy by interacting with Beclin 1 through its BH3 homology domain. At subcellular level, A179L colocalized with Beclin 1 at mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Virus infection inhibited autophagosome formation in cells; however, when autophagy was induced prior to or at the time of infection the number of infected cells was severely decreased.
Screening for the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease among school children in Egypt

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background In low‐income nations, Rheumatic valvular heart disease remains a major cause of morbidity and premature deaths. Accurate prevalence data in Egypt are still lacking yet highly desirable to facilitate health care planning. Methodology An cluster sample of school children in eastern Egyptian Governorates was examined clinically and echocardiographically (using abbreviated protocol) for detection of rheumatic valvular heart disease based on 2012 World Heart Federation criteria (the Doppler and the morphological criteria) for diagnosis. According to echocardiography interpretation, participants were categorized as having definite rheumatic heart disease (RHD), borderline RHD or no RHD. Results A total of 1680 students aged between 6 and 18 years were screened, 119 echocardiographic studies were non‐interpretable; so, a total of 1560 studies were evaluated. From the total screened students, 1560 studies were adequate and interpretable according to the criteria specified in the methods section. This revealed a prevalence of 2.3% of the sample with RHD without adding the equivocal cases. The most prevalent lesion as detected by echocardiography was mitral regurgitation (29% of definite RHD cases). Conclusion Rheumatic valvular heart disease remains prevalent in Egypt and the findings of this study should influence early detection, primary and secondary prevention, and adequate future national health plans.
Determination of laminar burning velocity of methane/air flames in sub atmospheric environments

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The global energy demand enhances the environmental and operational benefits of natural gas as an energy alternative, due to its composition, mainly methane (CH4), it has low polluting emissions and benefits in energy and combustion systems. In the present work, the laminar burning velocity of methane was determined numerically and experimentally at two pressure conditions, 0.85 atm and 0.98 atm, corresponding to the city of Medellín and Caucasia, respectively, located in Colombia. The environmental conditions were 0.85 atm, 0.98 atm, and 295±1 K. The simulations and experimental measurements were carried out for different equivalence relations. Experimental laminar burning velocities were determined using the burner method and spontaneous chemiluminescence technique, flames were generated using burners with contoured rectangular ports to maintain laminar Reynolds numbers for the equivalence ratios under study and to reduce the effects of stretch and curvature in the direction of the burner's axis. In general, the laminar burning velocity fits well with the numerical results. With the results obtained, a correlation is proposed that relates the laminar burning velocity with the effects of pressure, in the form SL=aPb, where a and b are model constants. Sensitivity analysis was performed using the GRI-Mech 3.0 mechanism which showed that the most sensitive reaction was H+O2=O+OH (R38). Additionally, it was found that the reactions H+CH3 (+M)=CH4 (+M) (R52), 2CH3 (+M)=C2H6 (+M) (R158), and O+CH3=H+CH2O (R10) dominate the consumption of CH3 which is an important radical in the oxidation of methane, this analysis is carried out for equivalence ratios of 0.8 and 1.0, and atmospheric pressures of 0.85 atm and 0.98 atm
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Experiments Performance on Non-Load Bearing Sandwich Wall Panels

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : To comply with the energy efficiency and build green initiatives contained in the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and Energy Independence Security Act of 2007, the Anti-Terrorism and Force Protection (ATFP) requirements for building construction, and the build-it faster and more economical requirements of the Military Construction Transformation initiative, a research program has been conducted by AFRL and the Portland Cement Association (PCA) on the performance of insulated concrete wall panels. The purpose of the research is to determine if commercially available wall systems with excellent energy savings performance can provide ATFP for military and government facilities. This report presents the static performance of the wall systems subjected to pseudo-blast pressures. The results indicate that sandwich wall systems provide blast resistance over a large deformation range making these systems useful for ATFP applications. The responses of the panels were found to be sensitive to reinforcement type, shear ties used, and insulation.
Land use analysis of the N'ZI watershed (Côte d'Ivoire) using multi-date and multi-source satellite data

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The uncontrolled rapid population growth in our regions and strong industrialization are putting pressure on natural resources, accelerating climate change and desertification. This study aims to follow the evolution of land use in the N’ZI watershed. Three images from Landsat 4 & 5 (1986), Landsat 7 (2000), and Landsat 8 (2020) made it possible to carry out this study. Remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS) have been used to monitor land cover as a whole. The software Envi 5.1 and ArcGIS 10.4.1 have made it possible to do various treatments. The supervised classification method was used in this work in addition to the calculation of the spectral indices. The land-use analysis showed the changes that took place during the periods 1986-2000, 2000-2020, and 1986-2020. The results of this analysis showed regression of water surfaces (-64.95% and-52.47%) over the period (2000-2020 and 1986-2020) on the other hand, there is a great increase in bare-ground dwellings (373.63%) and low-cover soils (10.60%). These progressions are at the expense in particular of forests (-86.93%), savannas (-3.97%), and agricultural areas (-9.30%) between 1986-2020.
Extensional reactivation of a deep transpressional architecture: Insights from sandbox analogue modeling applied to the Val d’Agri basin (Southern Apennines, Italy)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The structural framework of the Val d’Agri region results from the superposition of different deformation events over time. In this area, the largest European onshore oil field was discovered in the 1980s, and since then, much geologic and geophysical data have been collected. However, the structural complexity and the poor quality of subsurface data have prevented a full understanding of fault evolution and kinematics so far. In this study, scaled sandbox analogue models have been used to better understand the role of syn-rift inheritance in the present-day structural architecture and to test different possible mechanisms of interaction between inherited transpressional structures at depth and newly formed extensional fault systems at shallow levels during regional quaternary extensional tectonics. Analogue models included two consecutive sinistral transpressional phases deforming the basement and the overlying Apulian Platform carbonates, affected by preexisting northeast–southwest-oriented extensional fault zones. The third phase of the experiments consisted of extensional reactivation of the previously formed transpressional structures. Different kinematic solutions were used to investigate the causal relationships between deep and shallow deformation structures. The very good similarity between the experimental results and the natural prototype strongly supports the presence at depth of a main northeast–southwest-oriented syn-rift extensional fault zone, which was affected by positive inversion during the transpressional deformation of the Apulian Platform below the Val d’Agri area. Comparison of experimental results with fault patterns interpreted on available seismic lines indicates that, despite that no direct connection from deep to shallow faults has been recognized, some structural control of the fault pattern at depth on the evolution of the Val d’Agri quaternary extensional fault systems at shallow depth is possible. Extensional deformations at depth can be accommodated by newly formed faults or by the extensional reactivation of inherited high-angle transpressional fault zones.
Poster Session: Measuring the limits of long-term adaptation to hue-rotated altered reality

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The visual system adapts to chromatic changes by altering its sensitivity to the environment. Research on chromatic adaptation under natural viewing has exposed observers to simple transformations using filters or lenses (Neitz et al.,2002, Engel et al., 2016). It is an open question whether our visual system adapts to complex chromatic transformations as it does for complex visuospatial manipulations (Richter et al., 2002). Altered reality (AR) devices allow us to address this question. Grush et al., (2015) provided qualitative evidence from two observers that their perceptual experience of colour was altered after AR exposure to a hue-rotated world. We exposed observers to a real-time pass-through feed in an AR headset (Meta Quest 3), applying a hue rotation of 120 degrees in HSL space (e.g., blue sky turns magenta). Observers (N = 8) were immersed in either a positive or negative hue rotation during which they interacted with the unnaturally coloured world through everyday activities including walking in nature, painting, selecting and eating food, etc. We measured the observers' perception of unique yellow and unique blue prior to adaptation and each hour during their exposure to the hue-rotated world, for up to four hours. Our results expose the limits of visual adaptability, elucidating whether adaptation extends to unnatural chromatic transformations and attempt to shed light on the temporal characteristics of long-term adaptation.
Abstract 19252: Ideal Cardiovascular Health and Employee Productivity

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The AHA has defined ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) as the simultaneous presence of 4 optimal health behaviors (not smoking, eating a healthy diet, meeting physical activity goals, and maintaining a healthy weight) and 3 optimal health factors (lower blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol). An association between ideal CVH and employee productivity has not yet been established. Objectives: In this study, we sought to investigate whether employees with high CVH are more productive than employees with moderate or low CVH. Methods: In fiscal year 2015, an academic medical center offered health risk appraisal surveys (HRAs) to its 6,500 employees. Completion rates have been >90% to date (n=6,144). Ideal, intermediate, and poor levels for each of the 7 components listed above were calculated from HRA responses according to standard AHA definitions and assigned values of 2, 1, and 0 respectively. An overall CVH score was calculated for each respondent from the sum of individual component scores with a range of 0-14 (low 0-7 points, moderate 8-10, and high 11-14). Productivity was measured by responses related to missed work days due to illness (absenteeism) and days employees came to work but did not feel at their best (presenteeism). In this cross-sectional analysis, we used logistic regression to compare productivity responses between employees with high, moderate, and low CVH adjusting for race and sex (age was unavailable due to employee privacy concerns). Results: Overall, 35% of employees were in high CVH, 58% moderate, and 6% low. The odds of missing at least one workday due to illness during a two-week period were 67% lower among employees with high CVH compared to employees with low CVH (adjusted OR 0.33; 95% CI, 0.20-0.56). The odds of reporting that physical or emotional health problems made it difficult to concentrate on work at least half the time were 85% lower among employees with high CVH compared with low CVH (adjusted OR 0.15; 95% CI, 0.07-0.33). Conclusions: Self-reported higher CVH was strongly associated with better employee productivity as measured by fewer sick days and better concentration at work. These results support the notion that helping employees stay healthy may represent a valuable near-term strategy for employers.
Multimodal ArXiv: A Dataset for Improving Scientific Comprehension of Large Vision-Language Models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Large vision-language models (LVLMs) excel across diverse tasks involving concrete images from natural scenes. However, their ability to interpret abstract figures, such as geometry shapes and scientific plots, remains limited due to a scarcity of training datasets in scientific domains. To fill this gap, we introduce Multimodal ArXiv, consisting of ArXivCap and ArXivQA, for enhancing LVLMs scientific comprehension. ArXivCap is a figure-caption dataset comprising 6.4M images and 3.9M captions, sourced from 572K ArXiv papers spanning various scientific domains. Drawing from ArXivCap, we introduce ArXivQA, a question-answering dataset generated by prompting GPT-4V based on scientific figures. ArXivQA greatly enhances open-sourced LVLMs' mathematical reasoning capabilities, achieving a 10.4\% absolute accuracy gain on a multimodal mathematical reasoning benchmark. Furthermore, employing ArXivCap, we devise four vision-to-text tasks for benchmarking LVLMs. Evaluation results with state-of-the-art LVLMs underscore their struggle with the nuanced semantics of academic figures, while domain-specific training yields substantial performance gains. Our error analysis uncovers misinterpretations of visual context, recognition errors, and the production of overly simplified captions by current LVLMs, shedding light on future improvements.