jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Participatory on-farm evaluation of improved legume- cereals cropping systems for crop-livestock farmers: Maize-double cowpea in Northern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Farmer’s participatory evaluation of improved cowpea-maize cropping systems in the Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria involving over 1000 farmers was conducted from 2003 to 2005. The system involved growing improved cowpea varieties with maize in a 2 cereal: 4 cowpea row to row (arrangement), with application of inorganic and organic fertilizer to the crops and 2 to 3 insecticide sprays to cowpea. The result indicated that the improved cropping systems using improved varieties of cowpeas were superior to the traditional system. The economic value of grain of the improved system averaged 313, 269 and 308% of the traditional systems in 2003, 2004 and 2005 respectively. The improved systems also produced better quality crop residues with increase in the leguminous portion of the residues and therefore improve productivity of the livestock. Farmers’ cooperatives societies were vital in procurement of inputs, accessing bank loans and loan recoveries and in subsequent farmer to farmer diffusion of both improved varieties and cropping systems. Participatory on-farm evaluation of improved cowpea varieties and improved cowpea-sorghum and cowpea-maize intercrop systems has led to rapid farmer to farmer diffusion and adoption of the new technologies.
Learning Partially Observable Non-Deterministic Action Models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, interests in learning action models have been increasing. Although non-deterministic planning has been developed for several decades, most previous studies in the field of action model learning still focus on classical and deterministic action models. This paper presents an algorithm for identifying non-deterministic actions, including effects and preconditions, in partially observable domains. It can be applied when people know nothing about a transferring system and only the action-observation sequences are given. Such scenarios are common in real-world applications. This work focuses on problems in which actions are composed of simple logical structures and features are observed under some frequency. The learning process is divided into three steps: First, compute the probability of each proposition which holds in a state. Second, extract effect schema from propositions and then extract preconditions. Third, cluster effect schema to remove redundancy. Experimental results on benchmark domains show that action model learning is still useful in
Improve the information security pactice instruction with virtual machine techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The ongoing development of information security makes the traditional single-system experimental environment facing severe challenges. It is insufficient to meet the requirements of multi-machine or multi-system. And it is difficult to accomplish some kinds of experiments under a traditionally experimental desktop environment. Therefore, we try to utilize a new experimental mode, using Virtual Machine (VM) to improve Information Security Practice Instruction (ISPI). In this paper, we firstly analyze the limitations of ISPI under traditionally experimental environment. And the VM techniques like VMware are introduced. Then we propose a new instruction mode, Information Security Practice Instruction with Virtual Machine (ISPIVM). The corresponding steps, characteristics and merits are presented in detail. At last, two actual examples are provided to evaluate ISPIVM and the results show that our scheme is effective to improve ISPI.
Purification and Properties of Initiation Factors F1 and F2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The role of initiation factors in the initiation of protein synthesis has been the subject of intense study and speculation eyer since their discovery by Eisenstadt and Brawerman (1967), Salas et al., (1967), and Revel et al., (1968). Our own interest in this problem dates from the discovery that GTP is involved in the initiation process, and that it is hydrolyzed before the first peptide bond is formed (Hershey and Thach, 1967; Anderson et al., 1967; Leder and Nau, 1967; Ohta, Sarkar, and Thach, 1967). It soon became evident that this GTP requirement was not associated with any of the supernatant transfer factors, G, Tu or Ts (Ohta and Thach, 1968; Erbe et al., 1969). We therefore concluded that one or more of the initiation factors must be a specific GTPase. It also seemed likely that this factor(s) would play a role in initiation that was analogous to that of...
Inside the Graffiti Subculture

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Revision with unchanged content. Illegal graffiti is disconnected from standard modes of visual production in fine art and design. The primary purpose of illegal graffiti for the graffiti writer is not the visual product, but “getting up.” Getting up involves writing or painting one’s name in as many places as possible for fame. The elements of risk, freedom and ritual unique to illegal graffiti serve to increase camaraderie among graffiti writers even as an individual’s fame in the graffiti subculture increases. When graffiti has moved from illegal locations to the legal arenas of fine art and advertising; risk, ritual and to some extent, camaraderie, has been lost in the translation. Illegal graffiti is often erroneously associated with criminal gangs. Legal modes of production using graffiti-style are problematic in the public eye as a result. I used primary and secondary interviews with graffiti writers in this book. My art historical approach differed from previous writers who have used mainly anthropological and popular culture methods to examine graffiti. This analysis enabled me to demonstrate that illegal graffiti is not art.
Characterization of volatile compounds and triacylglycerol profiles of nut oils using SPME‐GC‐MS and MALDI‐TOF‐MS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Several nut oil varieties mainly used as culinary and overall healthy food ingredients were subject of the present study. Headspace solid‐phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was employed in order to determine the qualitative composition of volatile compounds. Furthermore, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was used in order to assess the profiles and relative composition of the prevalent triacylglycerols (TAG) within the oils. The headspace of the majority of oil samples was dominated by high contents of acetic acid (up to 42%) and hexanal (up to 32%). As nut oils are typically gained by cold‐pressing from previously roasted nuts, characteristic pyrazine derivatives as well as degradation products of long‐chain fatty acids were detected. TAG analysis of these oils revealed a quite homogeneous composition dominated by components of the C 52 and C 54 group composed mainly of oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2), stearic (18:0) and palmitic (16:0) acid residues representing together between 65 and 95% of the investigated nut oils. The TAG profiles showed characteristic patterns which can be used as ‘fingerprints’ of the genuine oils. Nut oils exhibiting quite similar fatty acid composition ( e.g. hazelnut, pistachio and beech oil) could be clearly discriminated based on TAG showing significant differences between the oils.
On the toxicity of valproic-acid.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Pancreatitis is a serious adverse effect of valproic acid (VPA). We report a case of VPA-induced pancreatitis in a dialysis patient. A brief review concerning VPA toxicity and acute pancreatitis in chronic renal patients is presented. We suggest that end-stage renal disease (ESRD) should be considered another risk factor for VPA-induced pancreatitis.
An investigation of the anti‐inflammatory effects and a potential biomarker of PI3Kδ inhibition in COPD T cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Summary Lymphocyte numbers are increased in the lungs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ) patients. Phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase delta ( PI 3Kδ) is involved in lymphocyte activation. We investigated the effect of PI 3Kδ inhibition on cytokine release from COPD lymphocytes. We also evaluated phosphorylated ribosomal S6 protein ( rS 6) as a potential biomarker of PI 3Kδ activation. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( PBMC s) and bronchoalveolar lavage ( BAL ) cells isolated from healthy never smokers ( HNS ), smokers (S) and COPD patients were stimulated to induce a T cell receptor response. The effects of a PI 3Kδ specific inhibitor ( GSK 045) on cytokine release and rS 6 phosphorylation were measured by Luminex and flow cytometry respectively. The effects of GSK 045 on cytokine production from PHA stimulated chopped lung samples were investigated. GSK 045 reduced cytokine release from PBMC s, BAL cells and chopped lung. Inhibition was greatest in the chopped lung model, with approximately 80% inhibition of interferon ( IFN ) γ, interleukin ( IL )‐2, IL ‐17 and IL ‐10. PI 3Kδ inhibition suppressed rS 6 phosphorylation in unstimulated airway T‐lymphocytes by up to 60%. Inhibition of PI 3Kδ suppressed T cell cytokine production in COPD patients. rS 6 phosphorylation shows potential as a biomarker to assess PI 3Kδ activity.
Bridging the Gap Between Congress and the Supreme Court: Interest Groups and the Erosion of the American Rule Governing Awards of Attorneys' Fees

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

prevailing parties were not entitled to recover their costs or attorneys' fees when they successfully advanced their claims on the merits. In 1964 this situation changed dramatically; passage of Title II of the Civil Rights Act coupled with a subsequent expansive Supreme Court interpretation of that provision, quickly led to erosion of the rule. In this paper we attempt to examine the demise of this longstanding public policy and the consequences of this change. The importance of such an analysis lies in the fact that (1) it is an issue that never has been studied by political scientists, and (2) it is an issue of paramount interest to all of the parties involved in this controversy: interest groups, Congress, and the courts. Interest groups litigating in the public interest depend on attorneys' fees awards for a substantial proportion of their operating expenses. Congress was especially concerned with implementation of civil rights laws and with appeasing affected friendly groups, and the Supreme Court, which was innundated with public interest lawsuits, quickly came to view attorneys' fees provisions as impediments to the orderly administration of justice. To facilitate an examination of this issue our paper is divided into two sections. In the first, we trace the evolution of the American rule. In the second, we demonstrate how the issue of attorneys' fees supports elements contained in various theories of pressure group politics. Seen in this light, fee shifting provides one issue by which to bridge several accepted notions of interest group activity. THE EVOLUTION OF THE AMERICAN RULE
AN ERROR CORRECTION SCHEME FOR IMPROVED AIR-TISSUE BOUNDARY IN REAL-TIME MRI VIDEO FOR SPEECH PRODUCTION

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The best performance in Air-tissue boundary (ATB) segmentation of real-time Magnetic Resonance Imaging (rtMRI) videos in speech production is known to be achieved by a 3-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) model. However, the evaluation of this model, as well as other ATB segmentation techniques reported in the literature, is done using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance between the entire original and predicted contours. Such an evaluation measure may not capture local errors in the predicted contour. Careful analysis of predicted contours reveals errors in regions like the velum part of contour1 (ATB comprising of upper lip, hard palate, and velum) and tongue base section of contour2 (ATB covering jawline, lower lip, tongue base, and epiglottis), which are not captured in a global evaluation metric like DTW distance. In this work, we automatically detect such errors and propose a correction scheme for the same. We also propose two new evaluation metrics for ATB segmentation separately in contour1 and contour2 to explicitly capture two types of errors in these contours. The proposed detection and correction strategies result in an improvement of these two evaluation metrics by 61.8 and 61.4 for contour1 and by 67.8 and 28.4 for contour2. Traditional DTW distance, on the other hand, improves by 44.6 for contour1 and 4.0 for contour2. Â
Which Suicides Are Reported in the Media – and What Makes Them “Newsworthy”?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: Media reporting of suicide has attracted public health attention because of its potential to trigger “copycat” acts. Aims: To determine the factors associated with an individual suicide featuring in the media. Method: We identified from the National Coroners Information System (NCIS) all suicides that occurred in Australia over a 1-year period and established those that were reported in the Australian media using data from our earlier Media Monitoring Project. Available variables were used to examine factors associated with a suicide being reported in the media. Results: Of the 2,161 suicides, 29 were reported in the media. Suicides by younger individuals were particularly likely to be reported, as were suicides by gunshot and other violent methods, suicides in commercial areas (e.g., office buildings and hotels) and medical/residential facilities and other institutions (e.g., detention centers), and suicides that occurred in the context of multiple fatality events (e.g., homicide-suicides and suicide pacts). Conclusions: Striking the right balance in terms of media reporting of suicide is crucial. The current study suggests that the reported suicides tend to be those that may either heighten the risk of lethal imitative behaviors or serve to distort public perceptions about suicide.
Cabbage Looper Control in Collards, 1982

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract 'Vates' collards were planted Jun 15 in 3 ft rows. Plots consisted of single rows, 25 ft long and were bordered on each side by an untreated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Foliar applications were made with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 50 gal water/acre (40 psi). Foliar applications were made on Aug 11, 17, 24, 31, and Sep 7. The number of cabbage loopers was recorded for 5 plants chosen from the center of each plot on Aug 26. Foliage injury ratings were made on Sep 2 using a 0-5 scale as follows: 0) no damage; 1) slight feeding, less than 5% defoliation; 2) visible feeding with 5-10% defoliation; 3) moderate damage, 10-25% defoliation; 4) heavy damage, 25-50% defoliation; 5) severe damage, greater than 50% defoliation.
STUDY OF THE CAPACITY OF ELECTRICITY RESOURCE AND WATER SUPPLY EQUIPMENT AND THE PLANNING OF WATER SUPPLY IN AN EMERGENCY

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The main purpose of this research is the study of the building equipment facilities such as the supply of electricity and water in emergency in Tokyo. 1)There are many buildings with a self-generator for electricity supply and extremely few buildings with an own water supply equipment in time of suspension of electricity and water. 2) In normal time the air-conditioning operating rate is high but in time of an emergency the operating rate is low. The watersupply for the extinguish of fire and for sanitary is in an emergence about the same as in normal time. 3)The possession of building equipment and fuel storage, and activation for the rescue as well as the expected operation time in an emergency has been calculated.
Interplay of Semantic Plausibility and Word Order Canonicity in Sentence Processing of People With Aphasia Using a Verb-Final Language

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Purpose: The Western Aphasia Battery is widely used to assess people with aphasia (PWA). Sequential Commands (SC) is one of the most challenging subtests for PWA. However, test items confound linguistic factors that make sentences difficult for PWA. The current study systematically manipulated semantic plausibility and word order in sentences like those in SC to examine how these factors affect comprehension deficits in aphasia. Method: Fifty Korean speakers (25 PWA and 25 controls) completed a sentence–picture matching task that manipulated word order (canonical vs. noncanonical) and semantic plausibility (plausible vs. less plausible). Analyses focused on accuracy and aimed to identify sentence types that best discriminate the groups. Additionally, we explored which sentence type serves as the best predictor of aphasia severity. Results: PWA demonstrated greater difficulties in processing less plausible sentences than plausible ones compared to the controls. Across the groups, noncanonical and less plausible sentences elicited lower accuracy than canonical and plausible sentences. Notably, the accuracy of PWA and control groups differed in noncanonical and less plausible sentences. Additionally, aphasia severity significantly correlated with less plausible sentences. Conclusion: Even in languages with flexible word order, PWA find it challenging to process sentences with noncanonical syntactic structures and less plausible semantic roles.
Degenerative Lumbar Spinal Stenosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis is the most frequent cause of low back pain and/or sciatica in the elderly patient. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and testing are reviewed in a wide current bibliographic investigation. The importance of the relationship between clinical presentation and imaging study, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is emphasized. Prior to treatment indication, it is necessary to identify the precise location of pain, as well as the differential diagnosis between neurological and vascular lameness. Conservative treatment combining medications with various physical therapy techniques solves the problem in most cases, while therapeutic testing with injections, whether epidural, foraminal or facetary, is performed when pain does not subside with conservative treatment and before surgery is indicated. Injections usually perform better results in relieving sciatica symptoms and less in neurological lameness. Equine tail and/or root decompression associated or not with fusion is the gold standard when surgical intervention is required. Fusion after decompression is necessary in cases with segmental instability, such as degenerative spondylolisthesis. When canal stenosis occurs at multiple levels and is accompanied by axis deviation, whether coronal and/or sagittal, correction of axis deviations should be performed in addition to decompression and fusion, especially of the sagittal axis, in which a lumbar lordosis correction is required with techniques that correct the rectified lordosis to values close to the pelvic incidence.
Research of an Integrated Impingement and Pin Fin Cooling Configuration

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For a turbine cooling air reduction, an integrated impingement and pin fin cooling configuration was developed. This configuration integrated impingement cooling and pin fin cooling devices into one body, aiming at an enhancement of the effective heat transfer area. Not only a cooling performance improvement but also an establishment of manufacturing process and keeping sufficient strength and life are the subjects of this research. A staggered type cooling configuration was designed to get better cooling performance in manufacturing limitations. A cooling performance test was conducted, and it was confirmed that a heat conductance enhancement factor for a cooling air side surface of a staggered type specimen was 1.2-1.3. And the staggered type gave superior cooling performance over the conventional type that had no pin, for given pressure drop. An actual size staggered type specimen was successfully manufactured. A fatigue test was also conducted, and it was confirmed that there was no higher stress concentration in a staggered type specimen than that in a conventional type specimen.
Visual activity in Hollywood film: 1935 to 2005 and beyond.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The structure of Hollywood film has changed in many ways over the last 75 years, and much of that change has served to increase the engagement of viewers’ perceptual and cognitive processes. We report a new physical measure for cinema—the visual activity index (VAI)—that reflects one of these changes. This index captures the amount of motion and movement in film. We define whole-film VAI as (1 – median r), reflecting the median correlation of pixels in pairs of near-adjacent frames measured along the entire length of a film or film sequence. Analyses of 150 films show an increase in VAI from 1935 to 2005, with action and adventure films leading the way and with dramas showing little increase. Using these data and those from three more recent high-intensity films, we explore a possible perceptual and cognitive constraint on popular film: VAI as a function of the log of sequence or film duration. We find that many “queasicam” sequences, those shot with an unsteady camera, often exceed our proposed constraint.
EFFECTS OF MTX AND BN 5 2021 ON PAF－INDUCED CHEMOTAXIS OF PMNs AND I

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＭＴＸＡＮＤＢＮ５２０２１ＯＮＰＡＦ－ＩＮＤＵＣＥＤＣＨＥＭＯＴＡＸＩＳＯＦＰＭＮｓＡＮＤＩＮＴＲＡＥＰＩＤＥＲＭＡＬＡＣＣＵＭＵＬＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＩＮＦＬＡＭＭＡＴＯＲＹＣＥＬＬＳＩＮＧＵＩＮＥＡＰＩＧＳＬｉｕＢａｏｊｕｎ刘宝军，Ｚ...
A Cross-sectional study on tick-borne Rickettsiae infections among murine-like animals

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the status of tick- borne Rickettsiae infections among murine- like animals in different areas of Zhejiang province. Methods Liver and spleen samples of murine- like animals captured through night trapping method were collected from Anji,Jinhua and Tiantai County according to their geographic locations and historical detection of Rickettsiae. Nest- PCR tests were used to determine the presence of the 16S rRNA genes of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia,and the heat shock protein genes( groEL) of Rickettsiae( including typhus and spotted fever group) and Orientia in these samples. Results A total of 851 murine- like animals belonging to 14 species were captured. The predominant species were Rattus confucianus( 30. 32%),Apodemus agrarius( 18. 80%) and Thallomys paedulcus( 11.75%) and they were significantly different among three areas( P 0.05). 48 Rickettsia positive were found in 562tested samples with the positive rate of 8. 54%,among which the percentage of Anaplasma,typhus group Rickettsia,Orientia,Ehrlichia and spotted fever group Rickettsia were 3. 38%,1. 78%,1. 78%,1. 07% and 0. 53% respectively.The positive rates of Anaplasma in Jindong( 4. 76%) and Anji( 4. 27%) were significantly higher than that in Tiantai( P 0. 05) while the spotted fever group Rickettsia were found only in Tiantai County. Moreover,Rattus confucianus- the predominant species of Zhejiang Province- had the highest infection rate of tick- borne Rickettsiae up to 14. 97%. Co-infections with several Rickettsiae were existed among the same species. Conclusion Rickettsiae infections exist widely among different areas of Zhejiang province and the positive rates are significantly different among species.