jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Site selectivity in the β-scission of alkoxyphosphoranyl radicals. A reinterpretation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The rate constants for β-scission of cyclic and acyclic trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) phosphoranyl radicals [graphic omitted]Ṗ(OBut)X (A) and (EtO)2Ṗ(OBut)X (B)[X = EtO or (Me3Si)2N] to give t-butyl radicals have been measured by kinetic e.s.r. spectroscopy. The phosphoranyl radicals exist as equilibrium mixtures of isomers which differ in the occupancy of apical and equatorial sites and which interconvert much more rapidly than they undergo β-scission. Radicals for which access of the ButO group to an equatorial site is restricted undergo β-scission relatively slowly. The relative rates of t-butyl radical-forming β-scission at 233 K in hydrocarbon solution are shown to be approximately proportional to the equilibrium mole fraction of the isomer in which the ButO group occupies an equatorial site, provided that allowance is made for the retarding effect of the five-membered ring. β-Scission of TBP alkoxyphosphoranyl radicals thus involves equatorial site selectivity. Previous results for phosphoranyl radicals (A) and (B)(X = Me3SiO) are reinterpreted in terms of equatorial site selectivity rather than the apical site selectivity originally proposed. The apicophilicity of Me3SiO is almost certainly lower than that of ButO, whilst in the previous work the reverse order of apicophilicity was assumed.
Differential involvement of non-specific suppressor T cells in two lethal murine malaria infections.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The suppression of the contact sensitivity of oxazolone in murine malaria is shown to be mediated by non-specific T suppressor cells, but to a different extent in infection caused by two different species of parasite. Depletion of T suppressor cells in vivo and/or anti-Thy 1.2 treatment in vitro indicated that in mice infected with P. berghei the suppressor effect was largely mediated by T cells. By contrast, in mice infected with a lethal strain of P. yoelii it was only partly due to T cells; B suppressor cells and/or macrophages may also be involved. However, depletion of T suppressor cells in vivo had no effect on the course of the parasitaemia or on the survival time. Therefore, we postulate that this kind of non-specific immunosuppression cannot be regarded as a major cause of lethality.
The Real Deal: How Each Child is First in Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Traditionally, educators have looked within the child for causes of learning difficulty and lack of compliance with social or cultural rules. We often do not ask ourselves whether what and how we teach and the way in which we organize and manage schools or community environments can be a major cause of a child's inability to acquire the same values and ethics as the wider community. The author presents numerous assumptions about the child and life – facts or realities that one instinctively knows as reliable and true – those that do not need to be validated, like breathing. And as part of the writer's basic assumption definition, there is minimal reliance on citations or references. The author's intent in this article is to discuss the obvious and the necessary when it comes to educating each child and not rehash the stipulated realities of life and education. Further, the role for the educator as a professional solely responsible for teaching in the classroom is questioned. Maybe educators should be called ‘learning managers' and have a wider remit – one that serves the child in multiple settings – in school, and in all other situations outside of school. It is postulated that the learning manager should be an advocate for the child and manage the whole child's development in collaboration with others (family members, community members, school personnel, etc.). Finally, the question ‘For what child am i teaching’ is about the need for a paradigm shift. This article is a work in progress, since new definitions of school and education are evolving daily. It is hoped, therefore, that this article will contribute to the discussion and exchange of ideas about what educators need to know and appreciate about each child before they intervene in the child's life, and about how ‘learning managers' might want to interpret the delivery of education for the whole child.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Pisaster ochraceus on tide pool communities

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pisaster ochraceus is a major predator in intertidal ecosystems in the western United States and may play a pivotal role in tide pool community distribution and diversity. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of Pisaster presence on a dominant gastropod genus (Tegula), as well was the indirect effects on the tide pool community in Bodega Bay, CA. Short-term experiments were conducted that involved adding Pisaster to previously Pisaster-free pools and monitoring Tegula flee response. Long-term experiments were conducted by bagging Pisaster, attaching the filled bags within pools, and monitoring how presence alone affected the entire pool community (mobile species and percent cover of sessile species). The key factor in both short and long-term experiments was solely Pisaster presence, in both experiments Pisaster were unable to prey. Short-term experiments clearly (p< 0.07) showed an immediate Tegula flee response with the addition of Pisaster into pools. Long-term experiments showed a decline in Tegula abundance and in mobile species richness and diversity in treatment pools. No change was seen in sessile species richness or diversity over the course of the experiment. This study suggests Pisaster has a clear direct effect on Tegula and other mobile species while indirect effects on sessile species may not occur.
3IP NMR measurements of the cytoplasmic and vacuolar Pi content of mature maize roots: relationships with phosphorus status and phosphate fluxes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The vacuolar and cytoplasmic inorganic phosphate (Pi) content of the mature regions of maize roots was measured by a 31P NMR technique which used an external standard to avoid the need for tissue extraction and which exploited the relatively rapid relaxation of cytoplasmic Pi in order to improve the detection of this pool in fully-vacuolated cells. In mature roots of maize growing with abundant external phosphate, the concentration of Pi in the cytoplasm was approximately 6-5 mol m&quot;3. When these plants were deprived of external phosphate, the vacuolar Pi content of the roots decreased rapidly, but the cytoplasmic Pi concentrati6n initially remained constant and did not begin to decline until P-stress became severe. Calculations show that withdrawal of Pi from the vacuoles into the cytoplasm under these conditions would be against an electrochemical gradient. During P-starvation, an increased capacity for Pi influx developed, preceding any detectable change in the cytoplasmic Pi content of the roots. This response is considered in terms of parallel effects on transport sites for phosphate at the plasmalemma and at the tonoplast. Comparisons of simultaneous rates of influx and net uptake implied that phosphate efflux accounted for &lt; 10 % of influx in plants of a steady or declining P-status. However, direct measurements of efflux suggested that this process may be temporarily accelerated when plants are recovering from P-stress. Key words: P-nutrition, subcellular compartmentation.
Expanding Access to Contraceptive Services in a Family Medicine Residency Clinic: The Rapid Access to Contraception Clinic Model

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background and Objectives: Learning to provide long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) during family medicine residency is an important step in building capacity for the primary care workforce to meet the reproductive health care needs of communities. We aimed to measure the impact of adding a contraceptive visit type (CVT) allowing for rapid access to contraception (RAC) on family medicine resident LARC procedure numbers. Methods: Our program created a CVT in which patients were seen only for contraceptive services. We added the CVT to third-year family medicine resident continuity clinic schedules and a block of CVTs (the RAC clinic) to the third-year gynecology rotation. Residents self-reported LARC procedure numbers performed throughout residency, and the totals were compared for graduating residents from 2023 (post-RAC cohort) to 2022 graduates and 2018–2022 graduates (pre-RAC cohort). Results: Post-RAC cohort residents reported a statistically significant increase in intrauterine device (IUD; P=.015) and contraceptive implant (P=.010) removals compared to the 2022 pre-RAC cohort. Insertions of IUDs and contraceptive implants were unchanged when compared to the pre-RAC cohort. IUD removals (P=.004) and insertions (P=.034), and contraceptive implant removals (P=.028) were significantly increased for post-RAC compared to 2022 graduates, with no difference in contraceptive implant insertions (P=.211). Conclusions: The addition of the CVT and RAC clinic contributed to an increase in LARC removals in both comparisons, and IUD insertions between 2022 and 2023. This clinic model offers an opportunity for other family medicine residency programs to improve access to contraceptive services and increase resident training in LARC management.
Supplementary Material for: Advanced Machine Learning Tools to Monitor Biomarkers of Dysphagia: A Wearable Sensor Proof-of-Concept Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) occurs frequently in patients with neurological disorders and can lead to aspiration, choking, and malnutrition. Dysphagia is typically diagnosed using costly, invasive imaging procedures or subjective, qualitative bedside examinations. Wearable sensors are a promising alternative to noninvasively and objectively measure physiological signals relevant to swallowing. An ongoing challenge with this approach is consolidating these complex signals into sensitive, clinically meaningful metrics of swallowing performance. To address this gap, we propose 2 novel, digital monitoring tools to evaluate swallows using wearable sensor data and machine learning. Methods: Biometric swallowing and respiration signals from wearable, mechano-acoustic sensors were compared between patients with poststroke dysphagia and nondysphagic controls while swallowing foods and liquids of different consistencies, in accordance with the Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability (MASA). Two machine learning approaches were developed to (1) classify the severity of impairment for each swallow, with model confidence ratings for transparent clinical decision support, and (2) compute a similarity measure of each swallow to nondysphagic performance. Task-specific models were trained using swallow kinematics and respiratory features from 505 swallows (321 from patients and 184 from controls). Results: These models provide sensitive metrics to gauge impairment on a per-swallow basis. Both approaches demonstrate intrasubject swallow variability and patient-specific changes which were not captured by the MASA alone. Sensor measures encoding respiratory-swallow coordination were important features relating to dysphagia presence and severity. Puree swallows exhibited greater differences from controls than saliva swallows or liquid sips (p < 0.037). Discussion: Developing interpretable tools is critical to optimize the clinical utility of novel, sensor-based measurement techniques. The proof-of-concept models proposed here provide concrete, communicable evidence to track dysphagia recovery over time. With refined training schemes and real-world validation, these tools can be deployed to automatically measure and monitor swallowing in the clinic and community for patients across the impairment spectrum.
A frequency-domain formulation of the Fréchet derivative to exploit the inherent parallelism of the distorted Born iterative method

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With its consideration for nonlinear scattering phenomena, the distorted Born iterative method (DBIM) is known to provide images superior to those of linear tomographic methods. However, the complexity involved with the production of superior images has prevented DBIM from overtaking simpler imaging schemes in commercial applications. The iterative process and need to solve the forward-scattering problem multiple times make DBIM a slow algorithm compared to diffraction tomography. Fortunately, as computer prices continue to decline, it is becoming easier to assemble large, distributed computer clusters from low-cost personal computer systems. These are well-suited to DBIM inversions, and offer great promise in accelerating the method. Traditional frequency-domain DBIM formulations produce an image by inverting the Fréchet derivative. If the derivative is treated as a matrix, it is costly to construct and awkward to invert on distributed computer systems. This paper presents an interpretation of the Fŕchet derivative that is ideal for parallel-computing applications. As a bonus, this formulation reduces the storage requirements of DBIM implementations, making it possible to invert larger problems on a fixed system. © 2006 Taylor & Francis.
Experimental Technique for Studying Aerosols of Lyophilized Bacteria

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

An experimental technique is presented for studying aerosols generated from lyophilized bacteria by using Escherichia coli B, Bacillus subtilis var. niger, Enterobacter aerogenes , and Pasteurella tularensis . An aerosol generator capable of creating fine particle aerosols of small quantities (10 mg) of lyophilized powder under controlled conditions of exposure to the atmosphere is described. The physical properties of the aerosols are investigated as to the distribution of number of aerosol particles with particle size as well as to the distribution of number of bacteria with particle size. Biologically unstable vegetative cells were quantitated physically by using 14 C and Europium chelate stain as tracers, whereas the stable heat-shocked B. subtilis spores were assayed biologically. The physical persistence of the lyophilized B. subtilis aerosol is investigated as a function of size of spore-containing particles. The experimental result that physical persistence of the aerosol in a closed aerosol chamber increases as particle size is decreased is satisfactorily explained on the bases of electrostatic, gravitational, inertial, and diffusion forces operating to remove particles from the particular aerosol system. The net effect of these various forces is to provide, after a short time interval in the system (about 2 min), an aerosol of fine particles with enhanced physical stability. The dependence of physical stability of the aerosol on the species of organism and the nature of the suspending medium for lyophilization is indicated. Also, limitations and general applicability of both the technique and results are discussed.
Interactions between an HMG-4 protein and members of the Rel family

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We show that the Drosophila protein DSP1, an HMG-1/2-like protein, binds DNA highly cooperatively with three members of the Rel family of transcriptional regulators (NF-κB, the p50 subunit of NF-κB, and the Rel domain of Dorsal). This cooperativity is apparent with DNA molecules bearing consensus Rel-protein-binding sites and is unaffected by the presence of a negative regulatory element, a sequence previously proposed to be important for mediating repression by these Rel proteins. The cooperativity observed in these DNA-binding assays is paralleled by interactions between protein pairs in the absence of DNA. We also show that in HeLa cells, as assayed by transient transfection, expression of DSP1 increases activation by Dorsal from the twist promoter and inhibits that activation from the zen promoter, consistent with the previously proposed idea that DSP1 can affect the action of Dorsal in a promoter-specific fashion.
Televisie as sosialiseringsagent by die Afrikaanssprekende laerskoolkind

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Television as an agent of socialization for the Afrikaans-speaking child at primary school. A remarkable change occurred in the individual's world of recreation and relaxation with the arrival of television in the fifties. Researchers claim that the average person spends more time watching television than he or she does sleeping. Much has been said (contemplated) with regard to the effect that television might have on the child, be it negative or positive. Researchers and parents world-wide are greatly distressed by the effect that television might have in the socialization process of the child. Television is today regarded as being the fifth agent of socialization, after the family, school, church and peer group. Similar anxiety has been expressed in South Africa, since the introduction of television to the Republic in 1976. Questions asked are whether television in South Africa will have the same effect on the growing child as has been found by research abroad in the past? If so, will this effect be negative or positive — especially since television might be regarded as a ‘window’ through which the child views the outside world? Television can and does portray (depict) experiences that may not, at the time, be present in the childδs world. S. Afr. J. Sociol. 1984, 15(2): 81–88
Factors affecting agricultural research and technology : a case study of India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ILO pub-WEP pub. Working paper on factors affecting agricultural research and agricultural technology, comprising a case study of India - discusses the theoretical background, institutional framework of research centres, divergencies and complementarities in research organisation and allocation, the impact of poverty, literacy and demographic aspects of the rural population; examines the effects on agricultural income, agricultural production and agricultural employment. Graph and references.
Effects of modulation method and presentation part on distantly-presented bone-conducted ultrasonic perception

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Ultrasounds can be heard clearly by bone-conduction, and this "bone-conducted ultrasound (BCU)" can transmit speech using amplitude-modulation. Additionally, BCU can be heard even on distal parts of the body e.g., the neck, trunk, and upper limbs. Previous studies have suggested that "distantly-presented BCU" is expected to be applied to a audio device that can selectively transmits sound information to a specific user who touches the vibrator. In this study, to assess the effects of the stimulus placement on the perception of distantly-presented BCU, acceleration of vibration in the external auditory meatus and hearing threshold were investigated. Also, the effect of the method of amplitude-modulation on Japanese monosyllable articulation were examined. The results showed that the more complex the presentation part, the more the ultrasound was attenuated, and factors other than distance attenuation were significant in the forearm. Further, the modulation method had significant effects on speech perception; DSB-TC and Transposed showed higher articulation than DSB-SC and SSB. These results provide useful information to develop a novel audio device using distantly-presented BCU.
COVID-19 variants, available treatments, and vaccinations: An overview study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SARS-CoV-2 is the recent variation of the corona virus which is infecting people around the world and has affected more than 258 million people worldwide. Upon observation, the virus is similar to the coronavirus which spread from the horseshoe bat or wild animals to human beings. Up to date, there have been three major variants of the coronavirus which have been identified in UK, South Africa, and India which are spreading to other countries. Based on the current data, it is suggested that the incidents of repeated infection with SARS-CoV-2 is related to the level of neutralizing antibodies and the retained memory response which follows infection. Moreover, recently, a critical issue arises in relation to the association of black fungus and COVID-19, and urgent investigation is required. As a treatment method of COVID-19, FDA has recently approved the feasibility of Remdesivir to treat COVID-19 as emergency use authorization (EUA). There are also various possible antivirals which are still undergoing clinical trial. After widespread of the vaccine, the results showed that EUA vaccines have been effective in controlling COVID-19 in patients. However, these licensed vaccines ought to be reviewed to ensure they are also effective in combating the rising variants of SARS-CoV-2.
Research at the Point of Care: Using Electronic Medical Record Systems to Generate Clinically Meaningful Evidence

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Context Health care leaders have recommended the use of health information technology to improve the quality of patient care. In athletic training, using informatics, such as electronic medical records (EMRs), would support practice-based decisions about patient care. However, athletic trainers (ATs) may lack the knowledge to effectively participate in point-of-care clinical research using EMRs. Objectives To discuss the role of EMRs in athletic training and identify methodologic approaches to conducting clinical research at the point of care. Description The 2020 Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education curricular content standards included the use of an electronic patient record to document care, mitigate error, and support decision making through the collection and use of patient data (Standard 64). Patient data are collected by ATs at the point of care via routine documentation, and these data can be used to answer clinical questions about their practice. Observational or descriptive study designs are ideal for this type of data. Observational research (ie, case-control, cross-sectional, cohort studies) evaluates factors that influence patients' lives in the “real world,” whereas descriptive research (ie, case study or series, descriptive epidemiology studies) identifies characteristics of individuals and groups. If ATs are comprehensively documenting patient care using an EMR, they have the means to participate in observational and descriptive research. Clinical and Research Advantages Using an EMR to its full capacity allows ATs to collect meaningful data at the point of care, conduct practice-based research, and improve health care for the patient and clinician. However, to ensure data quality, these approaches must include routine and comprehensive documentation habits.