jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On EU–Arab democratisation*

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Amidst the explosion of the Arab "hirak" (peoplehood), a brand of new politics has emerged since the 2011 Arab uprisings which demands the investigation of how democratic norms/values and instruments/processes can be integrated into a new approach towards democratisation in an EU–Arab association. This chapter explores an under-researched dimension of democratisation and EU–Arab relations through a threefold agenda. First, it critically assesses the trajectory of EU democracy promotion before and after the 2011 Arab uprisings. Secondly, we propose an alternative democratic "learning curve" approach. Third, drawing on the social capital literature, we focus on convergence and divergence of norms on both sides of the Mediterranean. Finally, the chapter turns to the open-ended, two-way, and dynamic play of norms and values that feed into what is called here a potential "democratic didactic loop". The chapter argues that such a "didactic loop" can be fruitful for policy and academic analysis that approach EU–MENA challenges from the vantage point of shared democratic learning.
Mapuche Hunger Acts: Epistemology of the Decolonial

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The resurgence of indigenous struggles and knowledge in the Americas, especially from the Southern Hemisphere, has been tantamount to an epistemological shift in the colonial/modern difference first theorized by Aníbal Quijano.In a few nations, the force of indigenous movements, and their resolution into state heads, such as that of the election of Bolivian President Evo Morales, has decidedly pushed back against the hegemony of the Washington Consensus, creating a new paradigm for hemispheric interconnectivity and solidarity that disarticulates the US hegemony that had long defined the Americas.For indigenous resurgence projects, the revival of cultural practices, linguistic legislation, and social movements map an important arc of meaning to contemporary efforts that counter the logics of racial capitalism.The acute struggles of the Mapuche nation in the Biobío region of Chile, against racist extermination, and modern settler colonialism, occupy an essential, if often under analyzed role, for decolonizing and de-westernizing from the location of the Global South. 1 In the nexus of settler capitalism, Mapuche hunger strikes have become a dominant form of political expression, and of embodied cultural politics that transform the colonial relationship through collective and self-definition.Contemporary hunger strikes shape and are shaped by a neoliberal landscape that has both deepened and localized indigenous responses.In such locations, the starving body of the hunger striker has become the site of resistance against the modern nation state's continued practices of colonial subjugation.In spite of its pernicious and absent representation in the mass media, Mapuche hunger strikes can be located within an episteme of decoloniality that forces engagement with and proximity to the ethical encounter with states of native precariousness.As extreme bodily performance and political instantiation, the Mapuche starving body literally enacts the condition of precariousness, specifiying the meanings of social death for indigenous peoples living within a state of permanent war.Let me expand upon this statement, since the precarious character of Mapuche life can be described as a form of social death.Orlando Patterson first described social death as the refusal of the master to recognize the conditions of the slave, wherein the master's power ensured submission through a series of ownership, custody, paternity, and citizenship laws that excluded and legally disabled the slave (1982).In Lose Your Mother, Saidiya Hartman extends Patterson's analysis to describe the commodification of slave bodies in relationship to dispossession.As Hartman poignantly describes, the enslaved "Lived and breathed, but they were dead in the social world of
Assessment of changes in population aging of Polish provinces in 2002, 2010 and 2017 using the hybrid approach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study investigates the variation in population ageing in Polish provinces in 2002, 2010 and 2017. Population ageing was assessed using the median age, proportion of elderly people, double ageing index, ageing index, and old-age dependency ratio. The authors took into account causes that explain changes occurring at the bottom and at the top of the population pyramid. By applying the hybrid approach combining multidimensional scaling with linear ordering (the two-step approach), the authors identified differences in the level of population ageing in a two-dimensional space. The paper applies a new method of automatic data collection from the Local Data Bank using the BDL package and the API interface (Application Programming Interface). The BDL API is a data-sharing service through webservice defining programming interfaces independent of the programming language, whereas the bdl package using this API enables webservice integration with the R statistical environment, eliminating the need for manual data extraction and enabling the automation of recurring activities.
Economic feasibility of timber management in extractive settlement projects of southwestern Amazonia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Even recognizing the frailty of an isolated financial analysis for casting a glance at sustainability, it was decided that the analysis should be done because it is the market rationality, more financialized today than ever before, that embraces the macro environment in which to base forestry management, and thus it decisively influences its technical and decision-making foundations. Profitability is the most significant indicator of success, according to hegemonic thought. This work aims to investigate whether extractive forestry management as practiced in two communities of Acre state is financially feasible on the scales adopted for the 2005/2006 crop, and also to test result sensitivity against interest rate and subsidy swings. Net Present Value (NPV) was the indicator of choice to verify financial feasibility. Within the context of this particular subsidized crop, all six scales were found feasible, at all discount rates being considered. However, this feasibility is only confirmed upon evaluation of the cooperative's cash flow - which ultimately is an extension of each forest worker's cash flow -, resulting from subsidies granted on the price paid for timber. In a hypothetical situation, where subsidies are removed, only the larger scale operation (9.8 m³/ha) showed a positive NPV, again at all rates being considered.
A Genetic Investigation of Suspected Redband Trout Populations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Samples from eight populations of native (presumably redband) trout in Idaho from tributaries of the Owyhee River and adjacent streams flowing into the Snake River were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis 1) to seek evidence of introgression from plantings of hatchery rainbow trout, 2) to determine the relationships among these populations, and 3) to identify the relationship of these populations to other redband trout from California, Nevada and Oregon. Average heterozygosities (range .048-.074) were well within the ranges reported for outbred rainbow trout populations suggesting that successions of severe bottlenecks had not occurred in these populations, in spite of the harsh environmental conditions. There was no evidence of hatchery introgression; rather, different measures indicated relationships based entirely on geographic variables with genetic similarity decreasing as linear stream distance increased. The native trout populations of Idaho were very similar to a population of native trout from Chino Creek, Nevada, in the Owyhee River drainage as well as to steelhead populations of the Snake River. Significant allelic frequency differences existed between the native Idaho populations and hatchery rainbow trout, coastal steelhead populations and redband trout native to southeastern Oregon and northeastern California. Morphological and physiological similarities to the latter group were hypothesized to be due to convergent characters or symplesiomorphically inherited characters. It was recommended that the term redband trout be retained to describe non-anadromous populations of rainbow trout adapted to harsh, arid environments, but that the term not necessarily infer taxonomic relationships among such populations.
Solar Powered Dryer for Drying and Storing Grapes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

One of the earliest method for preserving food is through open sun light drying. This technique involves the reduction of the water content in food to a level where microorganisms are unable to grow when the food is dried. The process of drying helps to remove the enough measure of moisture content, which is necessary for the progress and micro-organisms activity and enzymes. By the reduction in activity of water, the removal in moisture gets increased so that the shelf life of the raisin gets increases. If the reduce in content of moisture is between 1 and 5%, the product can be stored for over a year. It is crucial to execute out the process of drying in a manner that preserves the nutritional value, aroma, and cooking quality of the food. A well-dehydrated product, when altered with water, should accurately resemble the original product. Drying vegetables, meat and fruits at home is done by various methods including the use of electrical drying devices such as household appliances; sun drying or wind drying. Freeze drying is often involved in the dehydration of industrial food. In this process, the food is rapidly frozen and placed in a reduced pressure system, which causes the water to evaporate directly from the solid to the gaseous phase. Although it can be more costly to freeze dry compared with conventional dehydration methods, freezing has the benefit of prolonging the flavor, texture and nutritional value of foodstuffs. To overcome this, we came over an idea using the new technologies to dry grapes. We use the dry air method to preserve and dry the grapes inside the box. The container also regulate internal temperature, according to the dry food kept inside there.
Duration of monitoring for withdrawal in neonates exposed to in-utero opioids

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective This study aims to determine the duration of NOWS symptom onset that leads to pharmacologic intervention in order to inform hospital discharge protocols and provide better guidance for patients. Patients and methods A retrospective chart review was conducted evaluating neonates with documented NOWS monitoring at the University of Maryland Medical Center from January 2017 to November 2022. Infants at 36 weeks gestation and above who were exposed to opioids in-utero were included. Paired maternal and neonatal charts were reviewed. Medical history, drug screen results, and time lapse from day of birth to the day of initiation of treatment were documented. Results Of 357 neonates monitored for NOWS, 215 (60.5%) received pharmacologic treatment. All neonates requiring treatment were identified by day of life (DOL) 5. Neonates exposed to multiple opioids were at the highest risk of requiring treatment. When compared to buprenorphine exposure, those exposed to oxycodone and multiple opioids were more likely to need treatment on DOL 0, while methadone-exposed neonates were more likely to require treatment on DOL 1 and 2. Conclusions This study provides valuable information for risk-stratification and safe discharge planning for neonates at risk for NOWS. The findings suggest that a 5-day monitoring period may be sufficient to identify neonates requiring pharmacologic treatment for NOWS, potentially allowing for earlier discharge in some cases. However, the timing of symptom onset varies based on the type of opioid exposure, highlighting the need for individualized care and anticipatory guidance for families.
Eastern US Wine and Yeast Study; Kinetics and Composition

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Eastern US wine grapes are offer a challenge to winemakers seeking to develope a novel Eastern U.S. style. Flavor compounds produced by yeast during fermentation leave a unique chemical profile and determine the flavor profile in the finished wine. Identifying yeast strains that are compatible with Eastern U.S. grapes is a challenge to winemakers seeking to create tasty wine. This study developed methods for evaluating wines made with commercially available strains of saccharomyces cerevisiae on fruit harvested from Eastern US vineyards. Gas chromatography, acid chemistry as well as dynamic mass balance were used as analytical chemistry techniques to support the subjective sensory descriptions taken of each wine.
More improvement than progression of liver fibrosis following antiretroviral therapy in a longitudinal cohort of HIV‐infected patients with or without HBV and HCV co‐infections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary We examined the effect of combination antiretroviral therapy ( cART ) on liver fibrosis among HIV ‐infected patients with or without hepatitis B ( HBV ) or C virus ( HCV ) co‐infection. This was a retrospective cohort study of HIV ‐infected patients receiving cART during 2004‐2016. Liver fibrosis was assessed using Fibrosis‐4 ( FIB ‐4) score with three classifications: Class 1, <1.45; Class 2, 1.45‐3.25; Class 3, >3.25. Of 3900 participants, 68.6% were HIV mono‐infected, 5.3% were HIV / HBV co‐infected, 23.8% were HIV / HCV co‐infected and 2.3% were HIV / HBV / HCV co‐infected. Participants received follow‐up treatment (median was 3.3 years). Improvement to a lower class was observed in Class 2 (52.6%) and Class 3 (74.2%), respectively. Progression to a higher class was observed in 12.8% and 5.0% in Class 1 and Class 2, respectively, and with a median time of 5.7 months. For improvement to lower classes, older age, male, Dai ethnicity, injection drug use, HCV co‐infection and tenofovir for treatment were negative predictors, but in Class 3 of FIB ‐4 and time‐updated increases in CD 4 count from baseline were positive predictors. For progression to higher classes, older age, male, Jingpo ethnicity and HCV co‐infection were positive predictors, while baseline CD 4 count and in Class 2 of FIB ‐4 were negative predictors. Improvement to lower class linked with decreased mortality risk among patients in Class 3. Early cART initiation for HIV ‐infected patients with and without hepatitis co‐infections may mitigate or slow down some of liver fibrosis, but special attention should be given to those who are older, male, co‐infected with HCV.
Acne and nutrition: hypotheses, myths and facts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Acne is an inflammatory and multifactorial skin disease. Different external and internal factors, including air pollution, aggressive skincare products, medication, mechanical, hormonal and familial factors and, more recently, lifestyle and stress, have been suggested as having an impact on acne. Moreover, for many years nutrition was believed to cause or worsen acne. Over the last decades, however, it has become a dermatological doctrine that there is no direct association between diet and acne. Even if recent research has allowed to identify certain nutritional elements and behaviour that may impact on acne, including the excessive intake of dairy products and hyperglycaemic food, modern lifestyle nutrition, obesity and eating disorders, knowledge about the role of nutrition in the physiopathology of acne still remains sparse and hypotheses and myths continue to dominate the debate. Thus, further clinical and translational research is necessary to investigate and confirm the association between nutrition and acne.
A new generation of previously unrealizable photonic devices as enabled by a unique electro-optic waveguide architecture

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A new electro-optic waveguide platform, which provides unprecedented electro-optical phase delays (> 1mm), with very low loss (< 0.5 dB/cm) and rapid response time (sub millisecond), is presented. This technology, developed by Vescent Photonics, is based upon a unique liquid-crystal waveguide geometry, which exploits the tremendous electro-optic response of liquid crystals while circumventing historic limitations of liquid crystals. The exceedingly large optical phase delays accessible with this technology enable the design and construction of a new class of previously unrealizable photonic devices. Examples include: a 1-D non-mechanical, analog beamsteerer with an 80° field of regard, a chip-scale widely tunable laser, a chip-scale Fourier transform spectrometer (< 5 nm resolution demonstrated), widely tunable micro-ring resonators, tunable lenses, ultra-low power (< 5 microWatts) optical switches, true optical time delay (up to 10 ns), and many more. All of these devices may benefit from established manufacturing technologies and ultimately may be as inexpensive as a calculator display. Furthermore, this new integrated photonic architecture has applications in a wide array of commercial and defense markets including: remote sensing, micro-LADAR, OCT, laser illumination, phased array radar, optical communications, etc. Performance attributes of several example devices are presented.
The Recover Program: One-Year Disability in Critically Ill Patients Mechanically Ventilated (MV) for 7 Days

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract : Background: There are no data on one-year functional outcomes and risk stratification for disability after MV for 7 days. Objective: The RECOVER Program (Phase 1: towards RECOVER) is a prospective multi-centre Canadian cohort study that evaluates outcomes to 2 years after ICU to inform risk stratification for disability and rehabilitation for patients and family caregivers. Method: We evaluated 391 patients who survived ≥1 week of mechanical ventilation, at 7 days, 3, 6, and 12 months after intensive care unit (ICU) discharge. Functional Independence Measure (FIM), physical capacity, neuropsychological status, quality of life, healthcare utilization and mortality were assessed. We used recursive partitioning models to define disability risk groups 7 days (d) after ICU discharge to determine their 1-year recovery trajectories. Results: Descriptive analysis showed mean age of 58; 69% M; mean APACHE II 25; median vent time of 16d (11-27); mean ICU LOS of 22d and hospital LOS 29d. FIM score at 7d post-ICU discharge was 54 and 110 at 12 months; 60% of patients were unable to walk at 7d and walk distances changed from 24% to 75%predicted after 12 months; means for SF-36 were 34 and 38 at 3 and 12 months respectively; depression scores were 17 at both 3 and 12 months. In recursive partitioning analysis (Figure), 7d FIM was associated with age and ICU LOS. Four disability risk groups were identified: Young Short LOS (<42yr; < 2wk); Mid age Variable LOS (blue line) (≥42yr; <2wk + ≤45yr; ≥14d); Older Long LOS (green line) (46-66yr; ≥ 14d), and Oldest Long LOS (red line) (> 66yr; ≥ 14d). Younger patients with the shortest ICU LOS had the fewest deaths and best functional outcome at 1 year in contrast to the oldest patients who stayed longest in the ICU. In the latter group, 40% of patients died within the first year, 29% were readmitted to ICU, and activities including bathing, dressing and climbing stairs remained severely impaired. Hospital readmission was high for each group (36% to 43%) and specialist visits were most common in the youngest (64%). FIM, Charlson score and age were independent predictors of mortality at 1-year. Conclusions: Patients have important disability after 1 week of mechanical ventilation. This is best captured by FIM with improvement but persistent impairment to 1 year post-ICU discharge. Patients may be risk stratified for disability and rehabilitation programs at 7 days \npost-ICU discharge based on 7d FIM, age and ICU LOS.
THE INNER DEBRIS STRUCTURE IN THE FOMALHAUT PLANETARY SYSTEM*

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Fomalhaut plays an important role in the study of debris disks and small bodies in other planetary systems. The proximity and luminosity of the star make key features of its debris, like the water ice line, accessible. Here we present ALMA cycle 1, 870 μ m (345 GHz) observations targeted at the inner part of the Fomalhaut system with a synthesized beam of 0.″45 × 0.″37 (∼3 AU linear resolution at the distance of Fomalhaut) and an rms of 26 μ Jy beam −1 . The high angular resolution and sensitivity of the ALMA data enable us to place strong constraints on the nature of the warm excess revealed by Spitzer and Herschel observations. We detect a point source at the star position with a total flux consistent with thermal emission from the stellar photosphere. No structures that are brighter than 3 σ are detected in the central 15 AU × 15 AU region. Modeling the spectral energy distribution using parameters expected for a dust-producing planetesimal belt indicates a radial location in the range of ∼8–15 AU. This is consistent with the location where ice sublimates in Fomalhaut, i.e., an asteroid-belt analog. The 3 σ upper limit for such a belt is <1.3 mJy at 870 μ m. We also interpret the 2 and 8–13 μ m interferometric measurements to reveal the structure in the inner 10 AU region as dust naturally connected to this proposed asteroid belt by Poynting–Robertson drag, dust sublimation, and magnetically trapped nanograins.
Maxwell and Cattaneo’s Time-Delay Ideas Applied to Shockwaves and the Rayleigh-Bénard Problem

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We apply Maxwell and Cattaneo's relaxation approaches to the analysis of strong shockwaves in a two-dimensional viscous heat-conducting fluid. Good agreement results for reasonable values of Maxwell's relaxation times. Instability results if the viscous relaxation time is too large. These relaxation terms have negligible effects on slower-paced subsonic problems, as is shown here for two-roll and four-roll Rayleigh-Benard flows.
Spatio-temporal assessment of Aerosol Optical Depth from Himawari-8 satellite data over Malaysia

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Aerosols, particulate matters and air pollution are significant atmospheric issues in the Southeast Asia (SEA) countries particularly Malaysia. Despite their importance, data to investigate their spatio-temporal variation, estimating their abundance and modelling the trend are not widely available due to financial constraints and technical expertise. Remote sensing data are alternative solution to the limited data available from ground stations. One of the latest remotely sensed Aerosol Optical depth (AOD) data available is from Himawari-8 satellite that provides high temporal resolution data (every 10 minutes) at moderate spatial resolution of 5 km. Nevertheless, the robustness of these data for the tropical region has not yet been validated yet. This study aimed at assessing the performance of Himawari-8 AOD L2 product by (i) comparing its absolute AOD values against AOD retrieved from AERONET stations and (ii) analysing the spatial and temporal patterns of the AOD data. The AERONET data were averaged for ±5 min of the Himawari-8 overpass and matched to each other using statistical measures i.e. Correlation, Root mean square error (RMSE), Relative bias (RB) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE). Preliminary results of the analysis provided a coefficient of determination (R 2 ) value = 0.31, RMSE = 0.16, and MAE = 0.15. The Himawari-8 AOD product is found to be overestimated the AOD values by 24.19%. Nevertheless, Himawari-8 AOD L2 product is able to exhibit similar spatial and temporal patterns compared to other remotely sensed AOD data such as that of MODIS. The high temporal resolution of Himawari data will facilitate frequent monitoring of air pollution in this region.