jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The wisdom of minority

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Worker reliability is a longstanding issue in crowdsourcing, and the automatic discovery of high quality workers is an important practical problem. Most previous work on this problem mainly focuses on estimating the quality of each individual worker jointly with the true answer of each task. However, in practice, for some tasks, worker quality could be associated with some explicit characteristics of the worker, such as education level, major and age. So the following question arises: how do we automatically discover related worker attributes for a given task, and further utilize the findings to improve data quality? In this paper, we propose a general crowd targeting framework that can automatically discover, for a given task, if any group of workers based on their attributes have higher quality on average; and target such groups, if they exist, for future work on the same task. Our crowd targeting framework is complementary to traditional worker quality estimation approaches. Furthermore, an advantage of our framework is that it is more budget efficient because we are able to target potentially good workers before they actually do the task. Experiments on real datasets show that the accuracy of final prediction can be improved significantly for the same budget (or even less budget in some cases). Our framework can be applied to many real word tasks and can be easily integrated in current crowdsourcing platforms.
Fragility of overactive bladder medication clinical trials: A systematic review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose Overactive bladder (OAB) syndrome significantly impairs quality of life, often necessitating pharmacological interventions with associated risks. The fragility of OAB trial outcomes, as measured by the fragility index (FI: smallest number of event changes to reverse statistical significance) and quotient (FQ: FI divided by total sample size expressed as a percentage), is critical yet unstudied. Materials and Methods We conducted a systematic search for randomized controlled trials on OAB medications published between January 2000 and August 2023. Inclusion criteria were trials with two parallel arms reporting binary outcomes related to OAB medications. We extracted trial details, outcomes, and statistical tests employed. We calculated FI and FQ, analyzing associations with trial characteristics through linear regression. Results We included 57 trials with a median sample size of 211 participants and a 12% median lost to follow‐up. Most studies investigated anticholinergics (37/57, 65%). The median FI/FQ was 5/3.5%. Larger trials were less fragile (median FI 8; FQ 1.0%) compared to medium (FI: 4; FQ 2.5%) and small trials (FI: 4; FQ 8.3%). Double‐blinded studies exhibited higher FQs (median 2.9%) than unblinded trials (6.7%). Primary and secondary outcomes had higher FIs (median 5 and 6, respectively) than adverse events (FI: 4). Each increase in 10 participants was associated with a +0.19 increase in FI ( p < 0.001). Conclusions A change in outcome for a median of five participants, or 3.5% of the total sample size, could reverse the direction of statistical significance in OAB trials. Studies with larger sample sizes and efficacy outcomes from blinded trials were less fragile.
Environmental Health Advocacy and Industry Obstruction: The Case of Black Lung Disease

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract There has been a deadly resurgence of black lung disease, particularly in central Appalachia. The disease has a long and contentious history in the United States. During the 1960s, coal miners and their supporters successfully mobilized for recognition and treatment of the disease when it was largely eradicated. We draw from literature on environmental health movements and contested environmental illness to analyze black lung advocacy and continued obstruction from the coal industry. Our data come from a case study that includes in‐depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. Results indicate that the black lung movement is now being spearheaded by professionals, such as medical and legal advocates, who partner with retired miners and their supporters. Unlike previous organizing efforts around black lung, active miners are largely absent from current advocacy efforts. Our findings also reveal four major obstruction tactics utilized by the industry, including: (1) industry denial, (2) falsifying records, (3) fear and intimidation, and (4) contestation of new regulations.
Magnon Bose condensation in a symmetry breaking magnetic field

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Magnon Bose condensation (BC)in the symmetry breaking magnetic field is a result of unusual form of the Zeeman energy, which has terms linear in the spin-wave operators and terms mixing excitations differ in the Wave-vector of the magnetic structure. The following examples are considered: simple easy-plane tetragonal antiferromagnets (AF), frustrated AF family$R_2Cu O_4$ where $R=Pr,Nd$ etc. and cubic magnets with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction ($Mn Si$ etc.). In all cases the BC becomes important when the magnetic field becomes comparable with the spin-wave gap. The theory is illustrated by existing experimental results.
In Vivo Characterization of the Electrochemical Proton Gradient Generated in Darkness in Green Algae and Its Kinetic Effects on Cytochrome b6f Turnover

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

When unicellular algal cells are placed under anaerobic conditions, a large electrochemical gradient is built in darkness across the thylakoid membranes. We have estimated, in vivo, the amplitude of the Delta pH component of this transmembrane potential and shown that the Delta pH is twice as large as the Delta Psi. The amplitude of the Delta mu tildeH+ (approximately 110-140 mV) fits well with estimations based on the ATP/ADP ratio measured in green algae under the same conditions, suggesting that an equilibrium state is established across the thylakoid membrane. Therefore, under anaerobic dark incubation of algae, the electrochemical transmembrane potential is determined only by the cellular ATP content. The existence of this Delta mu tildeH+ is expected to result in a constitutive amount of activated CFo-CF1 ATPase, thereby facilitating ATP synthesis under low light intensity illumination. We report also on the effects of this dark-existing electrochemical gradient on the cytochrome b6f complex turnover kinetics. We show that they are largely slowed by the presence of this electrochemical transmembrane potential. The pH component is mainly responsible for the kinetic slowing down of cytochrome b6f complex turnover, despite the fact that electrogenicity is associated with the reactions taking place within this complex. Therefore, in vivo, owing to the low lumenal pH, the oxidation of plastoquinol at the Qo site is limiting the turnover of the cytochrome b6f complex in the presence of the Delta pH, while in its absence the oxidation rate of the b6 hemes becomes rate-limiting.
Icariin inducting MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation with the activation of BMP-2 intracellular signal pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective To explore the regulation function of Icariine on the expression of bone morphogenetic protein signaling pathway Smad1,Smad5,Smad4 and to explore the mechanism of promoting MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation.Methods MC3T3-E1 cells were treated by 0,10-9,10-8 and 10-7 mol/L Icariine respectively.After stimulated by Icariine 1 d,2 d and 3 d,MTT method and population diploid time were used to observe the cell proliferation,and the cell alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level was assayed.At 21 days later,the alizarin red staining was proceeded.At 1,2 and 3 days later,the RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression level about Smad1,Smad5 and Smad4,and the Western blot was to detect the Smad1,5 and Smad4 protein.At 2 days later,the RT-PCR was used to detect the mRNA expression level about Runx2,BMP-2 and osteoprotegerin (OPG),and the Western blot was used to analyze osteocalcin (OCN) protein level.Results After simulated by Icariine,the proliferation (MTT test),the ALP activity and mineralization of osteoblasts were increased,the cell population diploid was reduced (P＜0.05).At 1,2 and 3days later,the results of RT-PCR showed that Icariine continued increasing the mRNA level of Smad1,5 and Smad4 in 10-8 mol/L.At 2 days later,Smad1,Smad5 and Smad4 mRNA expression were obviously reduced in 0 mol/L group,and At 3 days later,Smad1,Smad5 and Smad4 mRNA expression were obviously reduced in 10-9 and 10-7 mol/L groups.At 2 days later,BMP-2,Runx2 and OPG mRNA were obviously increased in 10-8 mol/L group.The results of Western blot showed that OCN,Smad1,Smad5 and Smad4 protein were obviously up-regulated in 10-8 mol/L group.Conclusion Icariine occurs the expressions of BMP-2,Runx2,Smad1,Smad5 and Smad4 by stimulating the bone morphology of MC3T3-E1 cells directly,and promotes the osteogenic differentiation in the manner of expression level synchronous rising.

Key words:
Osteoblasts; Icariin; Smad proteins; Bone morphogenetic proteins
Integration of Electric powertrain to Conventional vehicle through Renovation technique

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The use of vehicles has been steadily increasing in the new century, and as a result, there is a greater need for gasoline to power them. This led to a sharp change in the pollutant levels as well as rapid price fluctuations for these fuels. This prompted the designers of automobiles to create hybrid models. Hybrid cars combine the features of traditional internal combustion engines, which run on fuel, with electric motors to propel the vehicle forward. More broadly speaking, the hybrid cars may run on both fuel and electrical energy that can be stored in their batteries. The car business has changed dramatically as a result of hybrid vehicle design. Standards for optimum fuel efficiency are being set for hybrid cars to match those for non-hybrid cars. Hybrid vehicles can overcome the shortcomings of other non-conventional electric vehicles, such as their faulty and limited charging stations. In more recent times, officials have also been creating a different infrastructure to support the movement of hybrid automobiles. The energy converters that are installed in the hybrid cars determine which category they fall into. In the current trend, automobiles have several disadvantages, like increased fuel costs compared to mileage, pollution, and reduced efficiency. The goal of this endeavor was to employ the most efficient and hygienic vehicle available. The hybrid electric vehicle model utilized in this study combines the battery and motor of an electric car with an activa internal combustion engine. The batteries can be recharged with a household power source. An electric vehicle has certain disadvantages over a hybrid vehicle. It was believed that range anxiety and the availability of charging stations were two major obstacles. To overcome these limitations, we developed a hybrid vehicle from an old conventional vehicle.
[Traumatic cysts of the spleen].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During a routine clinical examination of a 7-year-old girl and a 17-year-old man a large tumor was discovered in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Large splenic cyst were found in the spleen at splenectomy. The traumatic etiology of the cysts can be assumed on the basis of histologic results, as well as of a significant history of previous trauma. The etiology, differential diagnosis, therapy, and classification of splenic cysts are discussed.
Iran-Iraq War: The Employment of Chemical Weapons

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The use of chemical weapons as a method of warfare can be traced back to the earliest dates of human history. However, modern historians accept that chemical substances have been used as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) since the early twentieth century. Although the first convention which banned the use of chemicals as a tool of warfare was the Strasbourg Agreement in 1675, chemical weapons (CWs) were used on a mass scale in the First World War and repeatedly thereafter. The Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s was an experiment in the use of CWs and it was during this war that CWs started to be used as conventional weapons of war. In this study, examples of chemical attacks during the Iran-Iraq War are discussed. The development of CWs such as the armaments deployed in the Middle East cannot be isolated from international politics, and should therefore not be studied without taking the major world powers into consideration. Therefore, attitudes of the US, the UK, France, Israel, Germany, Italy, and Russia, none of which were participants in this war, are also to be examined. In order to create the chronological and informational groundwork of this study, a literature review was conducted and printed works were used. US national intelligence reports and diplomatic correspondence were examined. The media during the period, statements by politicians, United Nations Security Council reports, and the memories of witnesses exposed to chemical attacks during the war are included to advance the study.
Engineered cell-overexpression of circular RNA hybrid hydrogels promotes healing of calvarial defects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Using the GelMA hydrogel as a carrier and adenovirus-mediated transfection of overexpressing circRNAs (hsa-circ-0003376, named circ-CTTN), the osteogenic efficiency of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUCMSCs) can be significantly enhanced.
Male and Female Child Murderers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent U.S. cases of murders by children below age 11 have captured national headlines. A review of the literature reveals that little is known about this population of juvenile homicide offenders (JHOs). Most studies on juvenile murderers have used small clinical samples, focused on adolescents, and concentrated on male offenders. Studies that have used Supplementary Homicide Report (SHR) data have found significant gender differences among juveniles below 18 years arrested for murder. This study investigated gender differences among 226 juvenile murderers ages 6 through 10 involved in single-victim incidents using bivariate and multivariate statistical techniques. Consistent with previous research, bivariate analyses revealed gender differences with respect to the type of weapon used, age of the victim, relationship to the victim, and circumstances of the crime. Logistic regression analysis identified female JHOs as more likely to use a knife, kill a family member, and kill a victim below age 5, when compared with male JHOs. From these findings, profiles of young male and female JHOs can be drawn. The article concludes with a discussion of the study’s implications for prevention and treatment. The authors recommend that future research in gender differences among young children focus on examining psychological, neurological, and sociological variables not included in the SHR data set.
Cosmopolitan Modes of Governance of Religious Diversity across Europe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract From the various contingent cases of interreligious dialogue ( IRD ) across European countries presented at the conference, a systematic cross-regional comparison and system-theory informed analysis is suggested from a cultural study of religion understanding. Along the coordinates of system integration, social integration and cosmopolitanism (as developed in political sciences by U. Beck, E. Grande, N. Sznaider) an interpretation of the specific way of governance is proposed and delineated from other explanations like IRD as part of a neoliberal regime or a type of secularism. The paper concludes how IRD initiatives, besides other effects, form cosmopolitan values of open coordination, risk management, and mutual recognition and by this contribute to their institutionalization. Cosmopolitanism is favoured as policy paradigm for religious diversity as it allows for multi-level communication in-between global localities, changes perspectives with marginalized and draws conclusions from that for regulating diversity without regulating individuals.
SH1051747.09FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
How Three Methods for Fixing a Media Meniscal Autograft Affect Tibial Contact Mechanics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We evaluated three methods for fixing a medial menis-cal autograft to determine which method restored tibial contact mechanics closest to normal. The contact me-chanics (maximum pressure, mean pressure, contact area, and location of the center of maximum pressure) of the medial tibial articular surface were determined using pressure-sensitive film while knee specimens were loaded in compression to 1000 N at 0°, 15°, 30°, and 45 ° of flexion. Pressure was measured for the intact knee, the knee after meniscectomy, and the knee with the original meniscus removed and reimplanted as an autograft using three different fixation methods. The con-tact mechanics of the autograft reinserted with bone plug fixation were closest to normal; however, the maxi-
Passive near-field mixing enhancement in rectangular jet flows

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the near flowfields of turbulent free air jets issuing from sharp-edged rectangular slots of aspect ratio 2 and 10. The results, which include the mean streamwise velocity, the turbulence kinetic energy, the Reynolds shear stress and the transport of some of the Reynolds stresses, were obtained with hot-wire anemometry. Saddle-shaped mean streamwise velocity profiles, which were absent in the flow issuing from the slot of aspect ratio 2, were found in the flow issuing from the slot of aspect ratio 10 in the central plane of the slot major axis. In the very near flowfield (i. e., X/De < 5), higher shear-layer values of the turbulence kinetic energy and the Reynolds shear stress, indicating enhanced near-field mixing, were found where the saddle-shaped mean streamwise velocity profiles existed.
SYNTHESIS OF JOINT REPLENISHMENT POLICIES FOR INVENTORY SYSTEMS WHEN DEMAND IS LUMPY

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper is concerned with the synthesis of control policies for inventory systems in which the items experience lumpy demands. The nature of the customer demands is approximated by a discrete stuttering Poisson distribution and a continuous review (s,S) inventory policy is used to control such items. A cutoff point is also incorporated into the control policy such that customer orders with transaction sizes greater than the cutoff point will be filtered out of the inventory system and satisfied by placing a special replenishment order to a higher echelon. Customer orders with transaction sizes less than or equal to the cutoff point will be met from stock. It is also specified that if the available inventory is below the order-up-to level S at the time when a special replenishment order is placed, such a replenishment order will also raise the available inventory level to S. A search procedure is presented for determining the optimal values of the control parameters w, j and S. A numerical example is used to illustrate the theoretical results obtined.
A Comparison of Two Five-Factor Model Operationalizations of the Triarchic Model of Psychopathy in a Clinical Sample

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Structural models of personality traits, particularly the five-factor model (FFM), continue to inform ongoing debates regarding what personality attributes and trait domains are central to psychopathy. A growing body of literature has linked the constructs of the triarchic model of psychopathy (boldness, meanness, disinhibition) to the FFM. Recently, researchers developed both item and regression-based measures of the triarchic model of psychopathy using the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised-a popular measure of the FFM. The current study examines the correlates of these two FFM-derived operationalizations of the triarchic model using data from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study. The two approaches had strong convergent validity coefficients and similar patterns of criterion-related validity coefficients. Meanness related to greater personality pathology characterized by exploitation of others and poor attachment, whereas disinhibition related to indicators of greater negative affect and poor behavioral constraint. Boldness related to reduced negative affect and greater narcissistic personality traits. Although the item and regression-based approaches showed similar patterns of associations with criterion-variables, the item-based approach has some practical and psychometric advantages over the regression-based approach given strong correlations between the meanness and disinhibition scores from the regression approach.