jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Spatial Integration and the Underlying Mechanisms of Cross-Modality Interference

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Researchers have often utilized the classic Stroop task as a measure of selective attention processes. While it is largely agreed upon that semantic interference plays a role in the classic task, the role of attentional processes is less clear. The picture is further muddied when variations on the classic task are used. For example, the cross-modal Stroop task, in which one names the color of visual items while ignoring distracting auditory color words, typically leads to smaller sized interference effects and little or no facilitation when compared to the classic task. Furthermore, relationship(s) with working memory capacity have only been found in the classic version. We examined whether these differences are due to a methodological factor; namely, spatial integration versus separation of the target and distractor locations. We conducted four experiments manipulating the location of auditory distractors within the cross-modal Stroop task, and found that the location of the distractors had little to no impact on the size of the effect. This lack of an effect of location implies that the mechanisms contributing to the cross-modal Stroop effect are not the same as those of the classic Stroop effect, and that the role of spatial attention in cross-modal Stroop is limited. The implications of a unique role for auditory distractors is considered as well, and supports the conclusion that interference in the cross-modal Stroop effect is the result of a combination of semantic interference and modality-specific interference.
The significance of serum IgM IgA and IgG antibodies specific for Epstein-Barr virus as determined by immunoperoxidase assay in the rapid diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The feasibility of using serum IgM, IgA and IgG antibodies specific to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) viral capsid antigen (VCA), as determined by immunoperoxidase assay (IPA), for the early diagnosis of mononucleosis was evaluated in 65 patients with infectious mononucleosis (IMN). Control groups consisted of 104 healthy students and 15 cytomegalovirus-infected patients. In the first serum sample obtained upon admission, IgM antibodies (titer > or = 64) to EBV VCA were found in 64 of the 65 IMN patients (98%), while EBV-VCA IgA antibodies (titer > or = 32) were found in 32 patients (49%). In those particular titers, no EBV-VCA IgM or IgA antibodies were found in any of the control sera. EBV-VCA-specific IgM antibodies were also not detected in any of the 15 patients with cytomegalovirus infection. In sera obtained from IMN patients within 10 days of the onset of symptoms, 18 of 19 (95%) were IgM seropositive. This study demonstrates that serum EBV-VCA IgM antibodies (titer > or = 64) as determined by IPA are highly specific (100%) and highly sensitive (98%) and can be of value for the early and rapid diagnosis of EBV-IMN infection.
Studying the hybrid pulsator 12 Lacertae: mode identification and complex seismic modelling

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present identification of the mode degree, l, for all observed frequencies of 12 Lac and results of seismic modelling which consists in fitting simultaneously the centroid mode frequencies and the corresponding values of the complex nonadiabatic f-parameter. Effects of chemical composition, opacities, core overshooting and non-LTE atmospheres were taken into account.
The finest historical medical museum in the world

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The Wellcome Historical Medical Exhibition—later Museum—opened in the summer of 1913. Wellcome, who had already postponed the opening for eight years, later said that he had not meant to open his Exhibition for a further ten years, but various ‘eminent medical men insisted’ that he make his collections ‘the centre’ of the historical section of the International Medical Congress that year. Wellcome’s claim that he had been persuaded to exhibit only by his peers was not entirely true: Thompson had suggested synchronizing the Exhibition with the Congress, and had been lobbying the organizers for their support since early 1910. Wellcome liked to think his collection had been propelled into the limelight, against his better instincts, by the medical establishment, because it was the medical establishment that he wanted to impress with his efforts as a collector. The International Medical Congress was held every four years and had not visited London since 1881. In 1913 it attracted around 5,000 delegates from twenty-eight countries, ‘the most remarkable gathering of the world’s doctors that has ever assembled’.
Low-Temperature SCR Catalyst Development and Industrial Applications in China

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, low-temperature SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) denitrification technology has been popularized in non-power industries and has played an important role in the control of industrial flue gas NOx emissions in China. Currently, the most commonly used catalysts in industry are V2O5-WO3(MoO3)/TiO2, MnO2-based catalysts, CeO2-based catalysts, MnO2-CeO2 catalysts and zeolite SCR catalysts. The flue gas emitted during industrial combustion usually contains SO2, moisture and alkali metals, which can affect the service life of SCR catalysts. This paper summarizes the mechanism of catalyst poisoning and aims to reduce the negative effect of NH4HSO4 on the activity of the SCR catalyst at low temperatures in industrial applications. It also presents the outstanding achievements of domestic companies in denitrification in the non-power industry in recent years. Much progress has been made in the research and application of low-temperature NH3-SCR, and with the renewed demand for deeper NOx treatments, new technologies with lower energy consumption and more functions need to be developed.
Physics Competitions for Learners of Primary Schools in Slovenia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We are going to present our experiences with physics competitions for young learners in \nSlovene primary schools. We will describe our 3-level organizational format of \ncompetitions. At the last, national level, competitors have to solve theoretical and \nexperimental problems. We will give reasons for having and keeping the experimental part \nat the last level; we will show examples of results and comment achievements of learners at \nexperimental vs. theoretical part and show also frequency of physics topics, having a role in \nexperimental problems in competition. An example of experimental problem at competition \nwill be given.
Si (100) and Si (311) - A comparative study for nanofabrication

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Bulk micromachining was mainly developed for Si (100) and Si (110) wafers and is based on crystallographic etching of silicon in KOH and other basic solutions, in order to obtain useful 3-dimensional structures. Recently, Si (311) joined the group of useful substrates for nanomanufacturing, but a thorough description of its capabilities was not yet reported. The hereby study investigates the particularities of crystal-orientation dependent etching of Si (311) wafers in comparison with Si (100) in some of the most popular solutions used for etching. By that, the experimental study adds to the base of knowledge of Si anisotropic etching and diversifies its capabilities. Of particular interest is Si (311)'s capability to form V-grooves of three-faceted pyramid shape, useful for forming wedge-free tips for subsequent molding, which can be exploited to form tips with sub-10 nm apex radii.
Constructing the Realm of the Kurds (al-Mamlaka al-Akradiyya): Kurdish In-betweenness and Mamluk Ethnic Engineering (1130-1340 CE)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Kurdish lands that are the focus of Boris James' study straddle contested territory between Mamluks and Mongols in northern Mesopotamia. James makes sense of countervailing internal tensions and external pressures that beset a tribal society on the fringes of strong centralized states. He employs a brand of social theory based on Ibn Khaldun's historical sociology while problematizing the use of terms and allied concepts like "Kurd" and "Kurdistan" that defy easy categorization.
BONE TISSUE ENGINEERING FOR CORRECTING OF CLEFT PALATE DURING ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One of the most common craniofacial congenital deficiencies is cleft palate with an incidence of 1.7:1000 live births. The clinical management of cleft palate involves multiple surgical interventions and gives rise to post-operative complications. Recently, tissue-engineering approaches have been developed to treat cleft palate using osteoprogenitor (bone forming) cells seeded on biodegradable electrospun mat scaffolds to repair the defects. Animal sera are frequently employed as a regular supplement in vitro for osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in culture conditions. However, serious drawbacks have been recorded, such as contamination, poorly defined components, and disease transmission. To overcome these obstacles, xeno-free media have recently been developed. This project aims to test a set of commercially available xeno-free media or supplements in which human-derived cells (hBMSCs and HJPs) can be grown to create a bone-like matrix suitable for craniofacial tissue engineering. The investigation showed that a commercially available medium containing 2% (v/v) human serum is best able to support human Bone Marrow Stem Cells (hBMSC) growth and differentiation among the media tested. However, there was noticeable donor variability in cell growth rates and osteogenic potential in the different media studied. Although 10% (v/v) foetal bovine serum is frequently employed for the proliferation of cells supporting in vitro growth, it was shown to poorly to support osteogenic differentiation compared to human-derived culture media. Polycaprolactone scaffolds were fabricated by electrospinning and these were shown support osteogenesis and bone-like matrix formation in selected xeno-free media with differential effects on secretion of angiogenic growth factor (VEGF). A tri-layer PCL mat scaffold could support and separate three different cell types (Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, and hBMSCs) to allow osteogenic differentiation on one side and create an oral mucosa on the other side indicating this would be a promising scaffold to incorporate the cell types needed for cleft palate repair.
Captive reproduction in Heermann's kangaroo rat, Dipodomys heermanni

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This paper summarizes 8 years of captive breeding experience with the endangered Morro Bay kangaroo rat ( Dipodomys heermanni morroensis ) and the non‐endangered Lompoc kangaroo rat ( D. h. arenae ), a related form used as a surrogate. Kangaroo rats are aggressive and must be caged individually; copulation can only take place when the female is in estrus. The estrous cyle varies, but is usually 14–17 days long; gestation averages 31 days. Data on development of the young, animal health, mortality, and longevity are presented. The productivity of this project is compared with that of another long‐term kangaroo rat breeding project in terms of the number of young produced per female per year. A captive breeding program can be initiated with 40–50 reproductive animals as a founder group.
Influence Of Loudness Compression On Hearing With Bone Anchored Hearing Implants

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Bone Anchored Hearing Implants (BAHI) are
routinely used in patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss, e.g.
if conventional air conduction hearing aids cannot be used. New
sound processors and new fitting software now allow the adjustment
of parameters such as loudness compression ratios or maximum
power output separately. Today it is unclear, how the choice of these
parameters influences aided speech understanding in BAHI users.
In this prospective experimental study, the effect of varying the
compression ratio and lowering the maximum power output in a
BAHI were investigated.
Twelve experienced adult subjects with a mixed hearing loss
participated in this study. Four different compression ratios (1.0; 1.3;
1.6; 2.0) were tested along with two different maximum power output
settings, resulting in a total of eight different programs. Each
participant tested each program during two weeks. A blinded Latin
square design was used to minimize bias.
For each of the eight programs, speech understanding in quiet and
in noise was assessed. For speech in quiet, the Freiburg number test
and the Freiburg monosyllabic word test at 50, 65, and 80 dB SPL
were used. For speech in noise, the Oldenburg sentence test was
administered.
Speech understanding in quiet and in noise was improved
significantly in the aided condition in any program, when compared
to the unaided condition. However, no significant differences were
found between any of the eight programs. In contrast, on a subjective
level there was a significant preference for medium compression
ratios of 1.3 to 1.6 and higher maximum power output.
Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of α‐Aminonitriles to Form Chiral α‐Amino Acids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We have succeeded in the enzymatic synthesis of ( R )‐α‐aminobutyric acid from racemic α‐aminobutyronitrile. This has been demonstrated by the use of non‐stereoselective nitrile hydratase (NHase) from Rhodococcus opacus 71D, D ‐aminopeptidase from Ochrobactrum anthropi C1‐38 and α‐amino‐ε‐caprolactam (ACL) racemase from Achromobacter obae . Racemic α‐aminobutyronitrile was completely converted in 6 h at 30 °C to ( R )‐α‐aminobutyric acid whose optical purity was more than 99%. ( S )‐α‐Aminobutyric acid was also synthesized from α‐aminobutyronitrile by NHase, ACL racemase and L ‐amino acid amidase from Brevundimonas diminuta TPU 5720. In a similar manner, other ( R )‐ or ( S )‐α‐amino acids with more than 97.5% ee could be synthesized from the corresponding α‐aminonitriles. This is the first report on the dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of α‐aminonitriles to form chiral α‐amino acids. The key enzyme in this DKR is non‐stereoselective NHase, which had been newly screened from soil samples, and its gene cloned.
Tissue microarray: a new technology for amplification of tissue resources.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tissue microarrays are a method of harvesting small disks of tissue from a range of standard histologic sections and placing them in an array on a recipient paraffin block such that hundreds of cases can be analyzed simultaneously. This technique allows maximization of tissue resources by analysis of small-core biop sies of blocks, rather than complete sections. Using this technology, a carefully planned array can be constructed with cases from pathology tissue block archives, such that a 20-year survival analysis can be performed on a cohort of 600 or more patients by use of only a few microliters of antibody in a single experiment. The reflex criticism of this technique is that the tissue analyzed is not representative, especially in antigens with heterogeneous staining patterns. This review addresses this issue, as well as the issue of antigen preservation or durability, which validates construction of arrays from archives. Strategies and methods of construction and analysis of the arrays are discussed, as well as some other unusual array applications. This technique can provide a highly efficient, high-throughput mechanism for evaluation of protein expression in large cohorts. It has the potential to allow validation of new genes at a speed comparable to the rapid rate of gene discovery afforded by DNA microarrays.
Study on optimization of maize irrigation scheduling in Shaanxi Province

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

With the impact of climate change in recent years, the instability of precipitation and the increase of evaporation have made water resources in Shaanxi Province more and more stressed. How to maintain stable economic development while ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture within the limited water resources has become an important issue facing Shaanxi Province. This paper analyzes the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of maize irrigation water requirement in Shaanxi Province based on meteorological data and obtains the ideal irrigation water requirement. However, considering the agricultural water scarcity issue in this region, this paper establishes different water scarcity scenarios, adopts the Jensen model to construct an objective function aimed at minimizing crop yield reduction, and solves it using a genetic algorithm to obtain the optimized maize irrigation scheduling under different water scarcity scenarios. The results analysis indicates the following: (1) The effective rainfall in Shaanxi Province from 1960 to 2019 shows a slight upward trend, while the maize water requirement and maize irrigation water requirement shows a downward trend. (2) The spatial distribution of maize irrigation water requirement in Shaanxi Province decreases gradually from north to south. High-value areas are mainly distributed in the northern regions of Yulin City and Yan’an City in Shanbei. Low-value areas are distributed in Ankang City in Shannan. (3) In the face of water scarcity, spring maize should ensure water use during the middle growth period, fast development period, and initial growth periods. Under the same water scarcity conditions, the yield reduction rate is the highest in Guanzhong, followed by the Shannan, and the lowest in Shanbei. This paper aims to provide a scientific and reasonable optimization plan for maize irrigation in Shaanxi Province by calculating and analyzing the maize irrigation water requirement in Shaanxi Province, combined with optimization tools such as genetic algorithms, to address the challenges brought by water resource constraints.
Suicide and the morality of kinship in Sri Lanka

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Ethnographic research amongst Sinhala Buddhists in community and clinical settings in the Madampe Division, northwest Sri Lanka, suggests that local understandings and practices of suicidal behaviour reflect the kinship structure. In particular, acts of self-harm and self-inflicted death arise in response to the breaking of core kinship rights, duties and obligations, or as a challenge to inflexibility or contradictions within the system. In either case, the morality of kinship is closely associated with the causes of suicidal behaviour, as the ‘inevitability’ or ‘evitability’ of kin relationships is negotiated and lived in practice. This article analyses how local political economies give rise to particular kinship and moral conditions, with special attention paid to those between household (gē) members and brothers-in-law (massinā).
A Novel Flit Serialization Strategy to Utilize Partially Faulty Links in Networks-on-Chip

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Aggressive MOS transistor size scaling substantially increase the probability of faults in NoC links due to manufacturing defects, process variations, and chip wire-out effects. Strategies have been proposed to tolerate faulty wires by replacing them with spare ones or by partially using the defective links. However, these strategies either suffer from high area and power overheads, or significantly increase the average network latency. In this paper, we propose a novel flit serialization method, which divides the links and flits into several sections, and serializes flit sections of adjacent flits to transmit them on all available fault-free link sections to avoid the complete waste of defective links bandwidth. Experimental results indicate that our method reduces the latency overhead significantly and enables graceful performance degradation, when compared with related partially faulty link usage proposals, and saves area and power overheads by up to 29% and 43.1%, respectively, when compared with spare wire replacement methods.
Familial form of benign idiopathic recurrent cholestasis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SINCE 1959, several reports have described a condition characterized by intrahepatic obstructive jaundice occurring at frequent intervals in the absence of any identifiable etiological factor.1-7The condition may be distinguished from the congenital idiopathic hyperbilirubinemias of Gilbert and Lereboullet8and of Crigler and Najjar9by the fact that the bilirubin is predominantly in the conjugated form and the urine is heavily loaded with bile during episodes of jaundice. The serum bilirubin concentration is elevated beyond the range encountered in other idiopathic hyperbilirubinemias without conjugation defects, and the serum alkaline phosphatase (SAPase) activity is invariably abnormal when the patient is jaundiced, and sometimes grossly so, in contrast to the normal or low values usually found in the syndromes of Dubin and Johnson10and of Rotor.11Unlike the Rotor syndrome, the histological appearance of the liver during an episode of jaundice is abnormal, but the "lipochrome-like material"
Perceived Quality of Packet Audio under Bursty Losses

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We examine the impact of bursty losses on the perceived quality of packet audio, and investigate the effectiveness various approaches to improve the quality. Because the degree of burstiness depends on the packet interval, we first derive a formula to re-compute the conditional loss probability of a Gilbert loss model when the packet interval changes. We find that FEC works better at a larger packet interval under bursty losses. In our MOS-based (Mean Opinion Score) listening tests, we did not find a consistent trend in MOS when burstiness increases if FEC is not used. That is, In some occasions MOS can be higher with a higher burstiness. With FEC, our results confirms the analytical results that quality is better with a larger packet interval, but T should not be too large to avoid severe penalty on a single packet loss. We also find that low bit-rate redundancy generally produces lower perceived quality than FEC, if the main codec is already a low bit-rate codec. Finally, we compare our MOS results with objective quality estimation algorithms (PESQ, PSQM/PSQM+, MNB and EMBSD). We find PESQ has the best linear correlation with MOS, but the value is still less than commonly cited, implying they cannot be used in isolation to predict MOS.
Generalized quasi-uniformity in terms of covers

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Recently g-quasi uniformity has been introduced, and in the literature there al-ready is the notion of strong quasi-uniform cover for quasi-uniform spaces. Here inthis paper we generalize the notion of strong quasi-uniform cover to study g-quasiuniformity in terms of it. As applications, we also formulate some g-topologicalconcepts via this new type of cover.
Study on Access Network Discovery and Selection Based on Intelligent Resource Management in EPS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper investigates the interworking between Access Network Discovery and Selection Function (ANDSF) and Policy and Charging Rules Function in the Evolved Packet System (EPS). ANDSF allows the network operator to define policies that prioritize between different access technologies if several non-3GPP access networks are available. Generic functions of the interface between ANDSF and PCRF are identified and signaling procedures are designed. ANDSF may interact with policy and charging control to assist the resource reservation in re-selection and handover procedures; and with application logic to provide user location information. A use case is considered in order to illustrate the usage of the proposed extended functionality.