jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
OPTICAL CORRECTION AND UTILIZATION OF LOW VISION DEVICES IN MACULAR HOLE

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: To analyze optical correction and utilization of low vision devices in cases of macular hole. METHODOLOGY: Prospective cross sectional study was performed at tertiary eye care centers within the period of 2.5 years. Screening was done and subjects were taken to tertiary eye care centers for further evaluation. Subjects with macular hole were included and visual functions along with slit lamp evaluation and fundus evaluation were performed. In refraction, best visual acuity is achieved with stenopaeic slit refraction. Low vision aids were given and subjects were trained to use it. Follow up was taken after 3 months and analyzed which device is used maximum by the subjects having low vision. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 20. RESULTS: 46 subjects were enrolled with the mean age group of 64.8 years. 63% subjects were male and 37% were females. Among prescribed devices, 88% of subjects were using spectacles given by stenopaeic slit refraction and 79% were using See TV for distance. For near, 91% of subjects reported using dome magnifier of variable power with extra illumination prescribed as per the need. This should be taken into consideration when refracting and prescribing low vision devices in cases of macular hole. CONCLUSION: In cases of macular hole, refractive correction should be done with stenopaeic slit. Spectacles and See TV (2x) should be prescribed for distance and dome magnifier of variable power as per need should be prescribed for near.
Interfacial, volumetric three-component velocimetry using a single camera

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We propose a novel technique for three- dimensional three-component (3D3C) interfacial flow measurement. It is based on the particle streak velocimetry principle. A relatively long integration time of the camera is used for capturing the movement of tracer particles as streaks on the sensor. The velocity along these streaks is extracted by periodically changing the illumination using a known pattern. A dye with different absorption character- istics in two distinct wavelengths is used to color the fluid. The depth of particles relative to the fluid interface can then be computed from their intensities when illuminated with light sources at those two different wavelengths. Hence, from our approach, a bichromatic, periodical illu- mination together with an image processing routine for precisely extracting particle streak features is used for measuring 3D3C fluid flow with a single camera. The technique is applied to measuring turbulent Rayleigh- Benard convection at the free air-water interface. Using Lagrangian statistics, we are able to demonstrate a clear transition from the Batchelor regime to the Richardson regime, both of which were postulated for isotropic turbulence. The relative error of the velocity extraction of our new technique was found to be below 0.5 %.
Synthesis of Iodoenol Lactone Derivatives from the Baylis-Hillman Adducts Using Iodolactonization Protocol

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Recently, we have reported the preparation of benzocycloheptene derivatives from the intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction of triple bond-tethered methyl cinnamates. In the reaction, we could not obtain any lactone derivatives, which could be formed via the intramolecular attack of the oxygen atom of ester moiety to the activated triple bond by the acid catalyst (Scheme 1). We think that there may be a certain competition between arene moiety and ester group as nucleophiles toward the activated triple bond. From the previous results we concluded that the arene moiety is more nucleophilic than the oxygen atom of ester toward the in-situ generated vinyl cation. In order to increase the nucleophilicity of the oxygen atom of ester group we decided to hydrolyze the ester into acid and to examine the feasibility of iodolactonization in the presence of NaHCO3 as shown in Scheme 1. From the reaction, we could expect the formation of two types of lactones, 5-membered iodoenol lactone or 6membered α-pyrone. Iodoenol lactone derivatives have been studied extensively due to their usefulness as synthetic intermediates and their biological activities. Low molecular weight αpyrones have been shown to be potent HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Recently, Larock and Rossi have reported an elegant synthesis of isocoumarins and α-pyrones via electrophilic cyclization. We were stimulated by their works and envisioned that we could synthesize suitably substituted α-pyrones or iodoenol lactone derivatives starting from the Baylis-Hillman adducts as mentioned in Scheme 1. The starting material 1 was prepared from Baylis-Hillman acetate according to our previous paper. Base hydrolysis of 1 was carried out using LiOH in aqueous THF at room temperature to give 2 in 53-69% yields. The use of KOH or NaOH was less efficient. With 2 in our hands, we initially examined the reaction with iodine in the presence of NaHCO3 in CH3CN, which is a typical condition for the iodolactonization. Unfortunately, complex mixtures were observed on TLC. Among the various conditions, we finally found that the use of THF as solvent afforded the desired iodoenol lactones 3 in moderate to good yields (56-90%). The formation of 3 can be explained as iodolactonization involving iodonium intermediate (I) via 5-exo-dig manner as shown in Scheme 2. We could not find nor isolate the corresponding six-membered α-pyrones, which can be formed via 6-endo-dig fashion. As the other electrophile source we examined H2SO4 and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in order to check the possibility for the synthesis of protonor bromine-attached enol lactones. Fortunately, desired compounds were synthesized in moderate yields. As shown in Scheme 3, bromolactonization of 2a (THF, NBS, NaHCO3) gave the bromoenol lactone 4 in 72% yield. Sulfuric acid-mediated cyclization of 2c in acetonitrile afforded enol lactone 5 in 53% yield at
Studies on Separation of Minor Actinides from Lanthanides from High Level Waste by Extraction Chromatography Using 2,6-Bistriazinyl Pyridine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

2,6-bis(5,6-dipropyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine (n-Pr-BTP) was impregnated on XAD-7 resin and the extraction performance of this n-Pr-BTP/XAD-7 resin was investigated for the uptake of Am(III) from acidic nitrate solutions. The uptake behavior of the lanthanides, La(III), Ce(III), Nd(III), Eu(III), and Gd(III), as well as elements such as Ba(II), Fe(III), Mo(VI), Ru(III), Zr(IV), Cs(I), and Sr(II) was also studied in batch experiments. It was found that the resin exhibited significantly high extraction and selectivity for Am(III) over the lanthanides and other elements. Based on the results obtained from batch studies, the separation behavior of Am(III) from Eu(III) was examined by extraction chromatography using a column packed with the n-Pr-BTP/XAD-7 resin. A complete separation between Am(III) and Eu(III) was achieved from aqueous phase containing nitric acid and ammonium nitrate in the column experiment. Based on this result, experiments were performed to investigate the separation of Am(III) from the lanthanides from octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethyl phosphine oxide (CMPO)-treated high-level waste.
Why Insecticides are More Toxic to Insects than People: The Unique Toxicology of Insects

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The unique toxicology of insects provides the safety mechanisms for the major insecticides. The selectivity of insecticidal nerve poisons is attributable to structural differences in binding subsites (acetylcholinesterase and nicotinic receptor) or receptor subunit interfaces (γ-aminobutyric acid receptor) or transmembrane regions (voltage-sensitive sodium channel) supplemented by metabolic activation and detoxification. Slow action limits the use of the remarkably selective insecticides acting at juvenile hormone and ecdysone receptors and inhibiting chitin biosynthesis. The δ-endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis induces midgut lysis and death in insects by a mechanism not applicable in mammals. Future pest management will rely on continuing advances in insect toxicology.
DFT Studies on the Dirhodium-Catalyzed [3 + 2] and [3 + 3] Cycloaddition Reactions of Enol Diazoacetates with Isoquinolinium Methylide: Mechanism, Selectivity, and Ligand Effect

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The reaction mechanisms of dirhodium-catalyzed [3 + 2] and [3 + 3] cycloaddition between enol diazoacetate and isoquinolinium methylide have been studied in detail using density functional theory and a solution-phase translational entropy model. The reaction starts with the formation of a metallic carbene intermediate first, from which two competing reaction channels of [3 + 2] and [3 + 3] cycloaddition take place. For CAT1-catalyzed reactions, the calculated activation free energy barriers for [3 + 3] and [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactions are 14.3 and 16.0 kcal mol–1, respectively, which is in good agreement with the ratio of products. Both the steric and electronic effects have been considered for CAT2- and CAT3-catalyzed reactions, with which the ratio of products has also been rationalized.
Electrocatalytic activity of copper co-deposited with palladium for oxygen reduction reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

For decades, Platinum has been the preferred choice as an electrocatalyst for fuel cells due to its superior catalytic activities. It exhibits the highest form of catalytic activity, stability, selectivity and poisoning resistance as compared to other noble metals. However, Platinum is limited by its poor durability and high susceptibility to carbon monoxide poisoning. Also, it is costly and scarcely available. Hence, much emphasis has been placed in researching for an alternative to replace Platinum as an electrocatalyst. Moreover, existing methods of synthesis of the metal nanoparticles require laborious supervision and consume a substantial amount of time. A more efficient methodology of deposition is needed. In this report, a facile method of deposition of the Palladium-Copper bi-metallic nanoparticles onto the surface of the electrode will be discussed. The investigations are essentially focused on the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) measurements. Based on the data gathered, key indicators of the catalytic activity such as Electrochemical Active Surface Area (ECSA), Half-wave Potential and Specific Activity (Is) were tabulated. Experimental results proved that the catalytic activity of Palladium can be improved by co-depositing Copper with Palladium under controlled conditions.
Has Financial Liberalisation Promoted Economic Growth in Nigeria? Evidence from Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study attempted to ascertain whether or not financial liberalisation policies promoted economic growth in Nigeria for the period spanning 1986 –2014, using Auto-regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL)-bounds testing approach and unrestricted error correction model (UECM) to cointegration analysis. Macroeconomic time series data were obtained from Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Annual Statistical Bulletins, National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) Bulletins, and World Bank Development Indices. Three alternative measures of financial liberalisation (FINDEX1, FINDEX2, FINDEX3) and six intervening variables were incorporated into the study. The empirical findings show that the impact of financial liberalization on economic growth varied for different measures of financial liberalization undertaken; and were significant both in the short run and the long run: FINDEX1 promoted economic growth significantly, and corroborates the growth-stimulating effect of financial liberalization; while FINDEX2 and FINDEX3 exerted significant negative impacts on economic growth. Real exchange rate, degree of openness, consumer price index, increase in life expectancy of labour, and debt service ratio significantly influenced economic growth in the short run and long run. None of the measures of financial liberalisation Granger-caused economic growth, but a one-way causation ran from FINDEX2 to FINDEX1, and from FINDEX3 to FINDEX1.The study recommends increased financial deepening, reduction of lending rates, removal of bottlenecks in the banking and stock markets institutions in Nigeria.
Quantitative Electrochemical and Electrochromic Behavior of Terthiophene and Carbazole Containing Conjugated Polymer Network Film Precursors:  EC-QCM and EC-SPR

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A comparative analysis of the copolymerization behavior between an electro-active terthiophene and a carbazole moiety of a conjugated polymer precursor was investigated using electrochemical and hyphenated electrochemical methods. Five different precursor polymers were first synthesized and characterized using NMR, IR, and GPC. The polymers include homopolymers of individual electro-active groups (P3T, P-CBZ) and different compositions of 25, 50, and 75% (P3TC-25, P3TC50, and P3TC-75) with respect to the two electro-active groups. Since the oxidation potentials of terthiophene and carbazole lie very close to each other, highly cross-linked copolymer films of varying extent were produced depending on the composition. The copolymerization extent was found to be dependent primarily on the amount of the terthiophene, which in this case provided for a more efficient carbazole polymerization and copolymerization than with just carbazole alone (homopolymer). The extent of copolymerization, electrochromic properties, and viscoelastic changes was quantitatively investigated using a number of hyphenated electrochemistry techniques: spectro-electrochemistry, electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies (EC-QCM), and electrochemical surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (EC-SPR). Each technique revealed a unique aspect of the electrocopolymerization behavior that was used to define structure-property relationships and the deposition/copolymerization mechanism.
CHLOROPLAST UNUSUAL POSITIONING 1 is a plant-specific actin polymerization factor regulating chloroplast movement

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Plants have unique responses to fluctuating light conditions. One such response involves chloroplast photorelocation movement, which optimizes photosynthesis under weak light by the accumulation of chloroplasts along the periclinal side of the cell, which prevents photodamage under strong light by avoiding chloroplast positioning toward the anticlinal side of the cell. This light-responsive chloroplast movement relies on the reorganization of chloroplast actin (cp-actin) filaments. Previous studies have suggested that CHLOROPLAST UNUSUAL POSITIONING 1 (CHUP1) is essential for chloroplast photorelocation movement as a regulator of cp-actin filaments. In this study, we conducted comprehensive analyses to understand CHUP1 function. Functional, fluorescently tagged CHUP1 colocalized with and was coordinately reorganized with cp-actin filaments on the chloroplast outer envelope during chloroplast movement in Arabidopsis thaliana. CHUP1 distribution was reversibly regulated in a blue light- and phototropin-dependent manner. X-ray crystallography revealed that the CHUP1-C-terminal domain shares structural homology with the formin homology 2 (FH2) domain, despite lacking sequence similarity. Furthermore, the CHUP1-C-terminal domain promoted actin polymerization in the presence of profilin in vitro. Taken together, our findings indicate that CHUP1 is a plant-specific actin polymerization factor that has convergently evolved to assemble cp-actin filaments and enables chloroplast photorelocation movement.
ExpertRank: A Multi-level Coarse-grained Expert-based Listwise Ranking Loss

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The goal of information retrieval is to recommend a list of document candidates that are most relevant to a given query. Listwise learning trains neural retrieval models by comparing various candidates simultaneously on a large scale, offering much more competitive performance than pairwise and pointwise schemes. Existing listwise ranking losses treat the candidate document list as a whole unit without further inspection. Some candidates with moderate semantic prominence may be ignored by the noisy similarity signals or overshadowed by a few especially pronounced candidates. As a result, existing ranking losses fail to exploit the full potential of neural retrieval models. To address these concerns, we apply the classic pooling technique to conduct multi-level coarse graining and propose ExpertRank, a novel expert-based listwise ranking loss. The proposed scheme has three major advantages: (1) ExpertRank introduces the profound physics concept of coarse graining to information retrieval by selecting prominent candidates at various local levels based on model prediction and inter-document comparison. (2) ExpertRank applies the mixture of experts (MoE) technique to combine different experts effectively by extending the traditional ListNet. (3) Compared to other existing listwise learning approaches, ExpertRank produces much more reliable and competitive performance for various neural retrieval models with different complexities, from traditional models, such as KNRM, ConvKNRM, MatchPyramid, to sophisticated BERT/ALBERT-based retrieval models.
HANS FRANK E Lâ€™ISTITUZIONALIZZAZIONE DI UN REGIME

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

At the end of September 1939 Polish Campaign opened the Second World War and Germans took control of their portion of territory, according to the German-Soviet agrements of August-September 1939, giving it a juridical, institutional and socialeconomic structure subject to the Reich, with specific functions and aims, as the reorganization of the administrative system through the institution of the General Government of Poland. Nevertheless, every historiographical reflection cannot be separated from the survey of Governor Hans Frankâ€™s role. His position was in fact relevant owing to his cultural and professional education, his loyalty to Hitler, his personal uncertainties, his role of First Reichâ€™s Jurist and private Hitlerâ€™s lawyer, before becoming Governor of Poland. The need of a management of Poland with SS caused frictions and jurisdiction conflicts, both at the political-institutional and on a personal level with some of the main responsible officials on behalf of Heinrich Himmler. The analisys of these atypical territorial entity through an approach which was technically correct before humanitarian is basic to understand inner workings and to try to produce a framework of the system as complete as possible about the administration of these sui generis â€œStateâ€.
Incentives for self-reporting and cooperation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Over the past 20 years, the pace of enforcement of transnational bribery has accelerated both within the United States and globally. Multi-lateral investigations and resolutions of major transnational bribery cases are now becoming commonplace, significantly adding to the complexity of the voluntary disclosure calculus for companies. This chapter examines the role of the evolving policies governing enforcement of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act in this emerging system of multilateral transnational bribery enforcement. It considers the lessons and implications of the U.S. experience, particularly surrounding the creation of incentives for voluntary disclosure, cooperation, and remediation to efficiently reach non-trial resolutions of transnational bribery matters. It then proposes general principles that could serve as a common, international basis for promoting the identification and efficient prosecution of transnational bribery offenses while promoting transparency and predictability for companies in today's globalizing enforcement environment and remaining adaptable to varying national enforcement systems.
Cardiac Electrical Changes during Co-administration of Artemether-lumefantrine and Atazanavir/Ritonavir in HIV-infected Nigerian Adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Malaria and HIV infections are both major public health problems in Africa with significant morbidity and mortality. Atazanavir and artemether-lumefantrine are used in the treatment of HIV and Malaria respectively which are co-administered when there is co-infection with both diseases. Both drugs are known to independently cause cardiac electrical abnormalities. In addition, atazanavir inhibits CYP3A4 which is the enzyme that metabolizes lumefantrine with the potential for increased cardiac electrical abnormalities. We, therefore, assessed the cardiac electrical activities during the co-administration of atazanavir and artemether-lumefantrine. Method: Forty-one consecutive HIV-infected adults attending the Anti-retroviral therapy clinic in a Nigeria General hospital were enrolled on the study using the convenience sampling technique. Study participants had electrocardiographic tracings done before (day 0) and after treatment with artemether/lumefantrine (days 3 and 7). Result: There was an increase in the mean heart rate from day 1 through day 7 but the mean heart rates were within normal limits. In contrast, there was a progressive decline in the mean PR interval from day 0 through day 7 which was not statistically significant. There was also a significant increase in corrected QT interval (QTc) between day 0 and day 3 and day 0 and day 7. Though the value of the mean QTc on day 3 (414.83±34.88ms) and day 7 (411.41 ± 22.63ms) remained within the normal limit, 5% (2) of the participant had prolonged QTc. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested that there may be potential drug-drug interaction resulting from the co-administration of atazanavir based antiretroviral drug and artemether-lumefantrine especially in the prolongation of QTc interval.
PARATHYROID AND GONAD RELATIONSHIP IN REGULATING BLOOD CALCIUM FRACTIONS IN CHICKENS1,2

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Plasma diffusible calcium levels of cocks and capons with or without estrogen treatment are significantly decreased by parathyroidectomy. The level of nondiffusible calcium is increased by estrogen in sham and starved controls, but not when estrogenized birds are parathyroidectomized and diffusible levels are significantly decreased. Spontaneous recovery from parathyroidectomy occurs in about 6 days. Cocks and capons injected with estrogen after parathyroidectomy show no increase in non-diffusible levels when diffusible levels are still abnormally low by 4 days after the operation. Parathyroids and estrogen are suggested to be indirectly related in regulating plasma calcium of birds. The parathyroids maintain diffusible calcium at normal levels so that estrogen can increase non-diffusible calcium.