jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
VI. Bengali Perceptions of the Raj in the Nineteenth Century

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Western educated Bengali intelligentsia was the first group of Indians to collaborate closely with the colonial regime in the governance of the country. As middle-ranking to minor functionaries they were to be found in all parts of the British territories from Burma to the North-western Frontier and as far south as the southernmost tip of the Madras Presidency. No other linguistic cultural group in the subcontinent was ever so extensively involved in the functioning of the Raj – Bengali professionals, doctors, teachers, journalists, lawyers and the like, also followed the flag to all parts of the Indian empire and later beyond its limits and were thus among the direct beneficiaries of Pax Britannica . The economic basis of their livelihood was a direct or indirect product of the colonial state. This was even more true of the new class of landed proprietors with their rights guaranteed by the Permanent Settlement. And then there were those who had collaborated with the Company and its servants in their commercial ventures and, in the process, founded some of the great fortunes of nineteenth-century Calcutta. As is well-known, these varied social groups were not mutually exclusive. Besides, their direct or indirect dependence on the colonial order created a basis for cohesion and a shared social ideology. For a long time that ideology was marked by an almost unqualified gratitude and admiration for the British empire and its creators
Cloning of hbFGF Gene and Construction of Its Binary Plant Expression Vector

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

[Objective]The aim was to lay a foundation for obtaining hbFGF gene by utilizing plant genetic engineering technique.[Method]The hbFGF gene was cloned by using RT-PCR method,it was inserted into binary expression vector pCambia1301 for constructing plant expression vector pCambia1301-hbfgf and introducing this expression vector into Agrobacterium rhizogenes Strain C58C1.[Result]The results from 1% agarose gen electrophoresis (AGE) showed that hbFGF gene was connected to clone vector pMD18-T successfully and the DNA sequencing results of recombinant plasmid pMD18-T-hbfgf accorded with the cDNA sequence of hbFGF logged in GenBank completely.The recombinant plasmid pCambia1301-hbfgf of binary expression vector was treated with BamHI digestion before 1% AGE,the results was that there were 2 fragments of 1 200 and 10 000 bp appeared in electrophoregram,indicating that hbFGF gene had been cloned into plant expression vector pCambia1301 successfully.There was bands appeared at 483 bp in electrophoregram of PCR products of agrobacterium transformer,indicating that pCambia1301-hbfgf had been introduced into agrobacterium.[Conclusion]In this research,the engineering strain pCambia1301-hbfgf-C58C1,which could be used for genetic improvement directly,was obtained.
Impact of Political Stability and Managerial Ownership on Firm’s Profitability

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The vibrant business sector is a dynamic segment for Pakistan’s economic development because it offers employment to a larger population of skilled and unskilled labour; creates foreign reserves through exports; and also satisfies local demand for the products. Moreover, the listed companies perform a significant function in the growth of an economy, however, on pragmatic grounds, access to capital is evidenced as a matter of grave concern for the business sector in Pakistan. Moreover, it has been observed that in order to reduce the firms’ agency costs, managerial ownership is utilized. Hence, in this essence, this research investigates the relationship of political stability, managerial ownership, dividends, sales, and total assets with the firm’s profitability in Pakistan during 2013-2017. The findings depict that the variables of political stability, total assets, dividends, and sales, positively and significantly affect the firm’s profitability, while, managerial ownership is insignificantly associated with profitability.
Student Psychological Well-Being Plays Dual Roles During the Pandemic Covid-19

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The psychological well-being experienced by students, disrupting normal daily life is a condition where they experience psychological problems that cannot function positively and well. In this study, it explains how the psychological well-being experienced by students in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. qualitative descriptive. Participants involved in this study are students who study while working to make ends meet. This is because Covid-19 has a psychological impact on participants' psychological conditions. The conditions experienced are anxiety, fear and stress related to the transmission of the Covid-19 pandemic. this and conditions that should not leave thehouse.
Identification of a new endothelial cell growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A new growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) gene (designated KDR) has been cloned from a human endothelial cell cDNA library. The gene was identified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and degenerate oligonucleotide primers complementary to conserved tyrosine kinase domains that flank the insert domain, characteristic of known type III RTKs [e.g. platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGF-R), colony-stimulating-1 receptor (CSF-1-R), fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGF-R) and ckit]. The DNA product from PCR was then used as a probe to isolate larger DNA segments encoding the receptor from the cDNA library. The predicted amino acid sequence contained multiple characteristics (i.e. an ATP-binding site, a membrane-spanning region, split tyrosine kinase regions) typical of a type III receptor tyrosine kinase. The KDR gene is expressed as a 7.0 kb transcript, and is localized to human chromosome 4.
Randomised study of six beta-blockers and a thiazide diuretic in essential hypertension

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Atenolol was compared with five other beta-blockers and a thiazide diuretic in a randomised cross-over trial of once-daily treatment of essential hypertension. Atenolol was significantly better at reducing resting and exercise blood pressures at 24 hours than any of the other drugs and had a low incidence of side effects. Both timolol and acebutolol had a significant hypotensive effect at 24 hours and a low incidence of side effects, suggesting that further increases in dosage might be effective and well tolerated. Labetalol proved ineffective when given once daily, and the high incidence of side effects, equalled only by pindolol, would probably prohibit further increases in dosage. Bendrofluazide was equal or superior to all the beta-blockers except atenolol at reducing resting blood pressure, and its cheapness still makes it an agent of first choice in mild or moderate essential hypertension.
Stereochemistry of seven-co-ordinate complexes containing a tin–molybdenum bond: crystal structure of [1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)- ethane]tetracarbonyl(trichlorostannyl)molybdenum(I) aquapentachloro-stannate–benzene

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Crystals of the title compound are monoclinic with a= 21.846(5), b= 12.346(3), c= 20.486(6)Å, β= 122.23(2)°, Z= 4, space group =P21/c. The structure was solved from 2 149 observed diffractometer intensities by the symbolic addition method and refined by least-squares methods to R 9.4%. The cation has monocapped octahedral geometry with the SnCl3 group bonded to the central molybdenum atom in the unique capping position [Mo–Sn 2.729(4)Å]. Three carbonyl groups define the capped face, while the bidentate ligand and the remaining carbonyl group make up the uncapped face. The anion has the expected irregular octahedral geometry. The stereochemistry of the cation is compared with that of relevant seven-co-ordinate molecules containing Mo–Sn and W–Sn bonds.
Sacrococcigeal and vertebral chordomas. Report of three cases and review of the literature.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Three cases of sacrococcygeal and vertebral chordoma are described. Histogenetic and anatomopathological aspects with particular reference to differential diagnosis from similarly distributed neoplasias are discussed. Anti-cytoskeleton monoclonal antibodies were used to this purpose. The clinical profile of sacrococcygeal and vertebral chordomas is characterized by a pronounced metastatic potential; radiation treatment can only partially counter their biological behaviour, while chemotherapy has proved little or no effectiveness. Where possible, radical surgery is currently the only treatment to guarantee long-term survival or complete cure. Palliative surgery, associate with efficient painkilling, offers a better quality of life and slows down the progress of the disease.
Implementation outcomes of policy and programme innovations to prevent obstetric haemorrhage in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Globally, obstetric haemorrhage (OH) remains the leading cause of maternal mortality. Much of the associated mortality is ascribed to challenges surrounding deployment of innovations rather than lack of availability. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the burden is highest, there is a growing interest in implementation research as a means to bridge the ‘know–do’ gap between proven interventions and their reliable implementation at scale. In this systematic review, we identified and synthesized qualitative and quantitative data across the implementation outcomes of OH prevention innovations in LMICs using a taxonomy developed by Proctor et al. We also identified service outcomes for the included innovations, as well as implementation strategies and implementation facilitators and barriers. Eligible studies were empirical, focused on the implementation of OH prevention programmes or policies and occurred in an LMIC. Eight databases were searched. Two authors independently assessed studies for selection and extracted data; the first author resolved discrepancies. Narrative synthesis was used to analyse and interpret the findings. Studies were predominantly focused in Africa and on primary prevention. Interventions included prophylactic use of uterotonics (n = 7), clinical provider skills training (n = 4) and provision of clinical guidelines (n = 1); some (n = 3) were also part of a multi-component quality improvement bundle. Various barriers were reported, including challenges among intervention beneficiaries, providers and within the health system; however, studies reported the development and testing of practical implementation solutions. These included training and monitoring of implementers, community and stakeholder engagement and guidance by external mentors. Some studies linked successful delivery to implementation outcomes, most commonly adoption and acceptability, but also feasibility, penetration and sustainability. Findings suggest that innovations to prevent OH can be acceptable, appropriate and feasible in LMIC settings; however, more research is needed to better evaluate these and other under-reported implementation outcomes.
The Age of "Superterrorism" : Assessing the threat of mass-casualty CBRN incidents

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Over the course of the past few years, the possibility of the use of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons by non-state actors has been a topic of extensive academic and public debate. Originally, this debate concentrated primarily on capabilities, where the ease of acquisition of CBRN materials after the breakup of the Soviet Union, as well as more widespread availability of information needed for the production and weaponization of CBRN agents, were the sources of major concern. Relatively recently, the debate was brought to a more realistic level through the acknowledgment of technical hurdles associated with the successful delivery of a biological agent, as well as the possible motivational constraints involved in the decision of terrorist groups to use such a weapon. Another shift in the debate was represented by the claim that the rise of religious terrorism had eroded these constraints. According to this argument, religious terrorists whose operations have been observed to be responsible for the vast majority of all casualties in terrorist attacks worldwide are believed to be unconstrained by political considerations, as their only constituency is God. Further, the ability of religious terrorists to dehumanize indiscriminately their enemies is strengthened by the perceived divine sanction of their actions.
Recurrent Idiopathic Orbital Myositis: Two Case Reports

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Idiopathic orbital myositis is a subtype of idiopathic orbital inflammatory diseases characterized by inflammation of the extraocular muscles. The diagnosis of the disease is made clinically and radiologically. Clinically characterized by periorbital edema, ptosis, propitosis, diplopia and painful eye movements. The diagnosis is made by observing the enlargement of the involved muscles in the orbital CT. The most common differential diagnosis is thyroid ophthalmopathy. In this study, we presented two patients with idiopathic orbital myositis who were referred to our clinic with complaints of eye rash, eye movement pain, bilateral visual acuity. Idiopathic orbital myositis was diagnosed and 1 mg/kg/day oral prednisolone was started. Symptoms of the patients regressed with oral corticosteroid therapy.
Development of High Efficiency Solar Power Generation with Two-axis Tracking Control

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Recently, interest in renewable energy is increased due to exhaustion of fossil fuel and environmental pollution all over the world, therefore the solar power generation using solar energy is many researched. The solar power generation is required solar tracking control and high concentration solar thermal collector because generation performance is depended on concentrator efficiency. This paper proposes high efficiency solar power generation with two-axis tracking control using dish-type solar thermal collector that has excellent thermal collector performance and tracking algorithm that can be accurately tracked solar position. This paper proves validity through analysis with accuracy of tracking algorithm and generating efficiency.
A study on the effects of some soy products on rheological and textural properties of milk chocolate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

As the consumer expectation for healthy and functional foods is increasing, utilization of many alternative ingredients is proceeding constantly in food production nowadays. Soybean products are among these ingredients since they involve high quality proteins, isoflavones and they are free from cholesterol, lactose and gluten. Chocolate is one of the most widely consumed food products in the world and rheology of chocolate is vital for its quality and production cost. Rheological properties of chocolate are directly related to its composition, texture, the amount and time of shear rate applied and temperature. Ingredients' physical properties influence some parameters of chocolate such as color, sensory evaluation and texture. Textural properties of chocolate affected by also rheology and gives information about the quality of chocolate. In this study, the rheological properties of vegan chocolates prepared by soy milk powder (SoMP) and soy protein isolate (SPI) were investigated and compared to milk chocolates containing whole milk powder (WMP) and skimmed milk powder (SMP). Textural and sensory properties of all chocolate types were also determined. Various conching times (2, 4, 6 hours) are applied. Physical properties of powders were also determined to associate with rheological and textural properties of the chocolates. The rheological properties were measured by using a rheometer Hardness of chocolates measured by texture profile analyzer by using a three-point bend probe The best models fit to the rheological data (R 2 >0,99) were Casson, Hershel-Bulkley and Bingham models.
Fragment Deexcitation of Fission Induced by High Energy Nucleons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

\n The KRIF library of the neutron-, proton- and gamma-spectra emitted by the nuclei excited\n up to 500 MeV is presented. The KRIF contains information for about 2000 emitters which\n are the fragments of the ten targets fission induced by the nucleons with the energies up\n to 3 GeV.\n
ACTION OF CYTOCHALASIN D ON CELLS OF ESTABLISHED LINES

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

HeLa, Vero, L, HEp2, and MDBK cells respond immediately to 0.2–0.5 µg/ml cytochalasin D (CD) with sustained contraction (contracture), loss of microvilli, expression of endoplasmic contents (zeiosis), nuclear protrusion, and extension of cytoplasmic processes. The development of these changes is depicted, and the dose-response patterns in these cell lines are described. MDBK is generally most resistant and HeLa most sensitive to these effects of CD. Cells in G1 are most sensitive to CD; responsiveness decreases progressively during early S and is least in mid S through G2. CD inhibits transport of [14C]deoxyglucose in HeLa by about 45% but has no significant effect on hexose uptake in Vero and MDBK; sugar transport is thus apparently unrelated to any morphologic effect of CD. Although spreading and attachment are impeded, CD does not decrease and may even enhance the adhesiveness of established monolayers. Contraction appears to be a primary early effect of CD, upon which other visible changes follow. It is prevented by some inhibitors of energy metabolism (deoxyglucose and dinitrophenol) and does not occur in glycerinated models without ATP. The possible bases of the contractile response to CD are discussed. Although direct or indirect action of CD on some microfilaments may occur, a generalized structural disruption of contractile filaments by CD is considered unlikely.
Efficacy of formulation and storage on rice straw waste on the activation of bioagents against root-rot diseases of bean plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma viride, which were grown on modified media of rice straw waste, were used as suitable natural media for determining the population of the bioagents and stimulating the production of antimicrobial substances, i.e. toxins, enzymes at different periods (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 weeks). Also, the evaluation of synergistic effect between biocontrol fungi and bacteria may play a key role in the natural process of biocontrol. Synergism can occur when different agents are applied together and cell wall degrading enzymes produced by fungi can increase the efficacy of bacteria. The evaluation of the bioagents formulated on rice straw waste has influenced the percentage of infection of root rot on bean plants under green house and field conditions. The formulation of the Trichoderma spp. to reduce the incidence of the diseases caused by soil-borne fungi in the field has great importance in the biocontrol of the diseases. This work was aimed to determine and improve the efficacy of application and formulation of Trichoderma spp. on the rice straw waste against root-rot disease of bean under green house and field conditions. Keywords: beanbiocontrolformulationroot-rot disease
Membrane fouling reduction by fluidized granular activated carbon

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The use of GAC particles to induce mechanical scouring on membrane surface has been identified as a promising method to mitigate membrane fouling. As such, the objective of this study is to understand the hydrodynamics of GAC particles and the relationship between particle behaviour and membrane fouling mitigation in order to further improve the scouring efficiency of GAC fluidization in AFMBRs. In this study, the impact of varying GAC particle diameters (dp), superficial liquid velocities (Ul) and position of membrane on particle behaviour and membrane fouling were investigated. Particle behaviour characteristics include particle velocity, particle concentration and particle momentum. High speed camera and Image J software was used to analyse and characterise particle velocity and concentration while membrane fouling was characterized by the increasing rate of trans-membrane pressure (TMP). The correlation of particle behaviour with membrane fouling shows that particle velocity, particle concentration and particle momentum, all exhibited an inverse relationship with TMP increasing rate (dTMP/dt). Particle momentum had a more pronounced effect on membrane fouling compared to particle velocity and concentration, proposing that momentum transfer of GAC particles to membrane is an important factor or mechanism in mitigating membrane fouling via particle fluidization.
Variation in frequencies of pelvic phenotypes of the Brook Stickleback, Culaea inconstans, in Redwater drainage, Alberta

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In Brook Stickleback, Cu/laea inconstans, geographical variation in relative frequencies of pelvic phenotypes was noted especially between lotic and lentic environments.In the primary study area, Wakomao Lake incentral Alberta, no association of any pelvic phenotype with grossly defined habitats was evident.The relative frequencies of all pelvic phenotypes were stable from 1971 to 1977; however, the frequency of the form without the pelvis and spines decreased over winter.Frequencies of the subsequent generation returned to prewinter values, thus suggesting some cyclical seasonal variation.Causative agents for the maintenance of the frequencies were sought.The observed frequencies are not due to sampling biases, rather the most likely cause is some selective agent(s).Mass die-off of sticklebacks during midsummer oxygen depletion was not differential.Other studies implicate predation by a variety of piscivores as a selective agent.