jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Response to the anti-EGFR antibody panitumumab combined with standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): The immune and IGFR pathways.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1058 Background: EGFR overexpression is one of the hallmarks of the “basal-like” TNBC definition by immunohistochemistry (IHC). In a phase II neoadjuvant clinical trial targeting EGFR in TNBC, we investigated various biomarkers to better identify an EGFR-sensitive population for potential further regimen development. Methods: Sixty patients (pts) with stage II-IIIA TNBC were prospectively included. Systemic treatment (ST) consisted of the anti-EGFR antibody panitumumab combined with FEC 100, followed by 4 cycles of docetaxel. All pts underwent surgery after ST completion. Patient characteristics: median tumor size: 40 mm (20-120); invasive ductal carcinoma: 96.7%; SBR grade III: 71.7%; complete pathological response (pCR) rate: 55.3% and 46.8% (according to Sataloff’s and Chevallier’s classifications, respectively). Paraffin-embedded and frozen tumor samples were collected before and after ST for biologic studies. Germinal BRCA1 mutations, and EGFR, KRAS, BRAF and PI3KCA somatic mutations were analyzed by NGS. EGFR, IGF-1R, MET, cytokeratins 5/6 and 8/18, PTEN, P-cadherin, ALDH1, Ki-67, p53, tumoral FOXP3 expression and the number of FOXP3+ or CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were evaluated by IHC. Results: High CD8+ TILs was response-predictive (p=3.4.10 -6 ). Tumor FOXP3 expression and high FOXP3 TILs tended to be predictive. High IGF-1R expressors responded better than low expressors (p = 0.028). Comparison of EGFR, IGF-1R and Her3 in biopsies versus surgical samples showed reduced EGFR levels in non-responders (p = 0.037), while Her3 (p = 0.049) and IGF-1R (p = 0.08) increased. Sequencing revealed BRCA1 mutations in 10% of pts. No difference of response (pCR) was observed between mutated patients and others. Somatic mutations of PI3K were observed in 6 pts. No mutations were observed in BRAF, KRAS, or EGFR. Conclusions: The CD8+ TIL count seems to predict the response to panitumumab. Tumor FOXP3 expression and high FOXP3 TILs also tended to be predictive. Tumor levels of IGF-1R seem to play a determinant role in TNBC response to anti-EGFR antibodies, in concordance with our observations in a head-and-neck cancer cohort. Clinical trial information: NCT00933517.
Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Lannea microcarpa Engl. and K. Krause (Anacardiaceae) Trunk Barks Corrects Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension and Endothelial Dysfunction in Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Traditional remedies prepared from Lannea microcarpa leaves, barks, roots, and fruits are used to treat many diseases including hypertension. This study investigated whether oral administration of the ethyl acetate fraction of Lannea microcarpa trunk barks (LMAE) corrects angiotensin (Ang) II-induced hypertension in mice. Its effects on vascular function were specifically investigated. Experiments explored hemodynamic and echocardiographic parameters in vivo and vascular reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh) and CaCl 2 ex vivo on isolated aortas. Mice received LMAE for 3 weeks (50 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage. In the last two weeks of treatment, mice were implanted with osmotic minipumps delivering NaCl (0.9%) or Ang II (0.5 mg/kg/day). LMAE completely prevented the increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure induced by Ang II. Echocardiographic and kidney parameters were not affected by the different conditions. LMAE abrogated Ang II-induced impairment of ACh-induced relaxation without affecting that of sodium nitroprusside. LMAE also completely prevented CaCl 2 -induced contraction in KCl-exposed aorta ex vivo . The extract alone did not modify superoxide (O 2 - ) and nitric oxide (NO ⋅ ) production in femoral arteries from control mice but significantly limited Ang II-induced O 2 - production. These effects were associated with reduced expression of inducible isoform of cyclooxygenase- (COX-) 2 and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase isoform NOX-2 in aortas. Finally, phytochemical analysis showed that LMAE contains sterols, triterpenes, coumarins, and anthraquinone. These results showed that LMAE prevents Ang II-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction through a reduction of oxidative stress linked to COX-2 and NOX-2 pathway and inhibition of calcium entry. This study provides pharmacological basis of the empirical use of Lannea microcarpa trunk bark extract against hypertension.
Pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a devastating neurodegenerative disease affecting both upper and lower motor neuron. Despite extensive research the primary cause of the disease has not been indentified and the causative treatment is lacking. The present article describes mechanisms involved in the disease development and progression, including oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein aggregation, RNA processing, alterations of cytoskeleton functions and axonal transport, glial cell involvement and programmed cell death. Biomedical Reviews 2011; 22: 7-14.
Modelling B2C e-businesses in fast-growing industries using system dynamics

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Most existing econometric studies have approached the issue of internet-based Business-to-Consumer (B2C) operation by analysing one or two specific relations. Few studies have examined the entire dynamics of online (internet-based B2C) and offline (traditional brick and mortar) operation in fast-growing industries. Taking the System Dynamics (SD) perspective, this paper offers a comprehensive conceptual model (i.e., causal loop diagrams) that portrays dynamic processes of simultaneously running online and offline businesses in fast-growing industries. Major functional areas such as R&D, manufacturing, marketing, product delivery, after sales service, online store construction, and online versus offline customer interflow are included in the causal loop diagram. Five reinforcing loops and three balancing loops plausibly influencing corporate performance are identified and discussed. Implications of the conceptual model for researchers and practitioners in fast-growing industries are also discussed.
Of mice, men, and microbes: hantavirus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Heart of America/The Middle of Nowhere. An Outbreak of Fear. Unravelling the Mystery. Putting the Puzzle Together. Of Mice and Men. At Last, a Plan. Hantaviruses: Out of Asia. Other Hantaviruses. Three Billion Years. On the Origin of Viruses. Changes, Concealment, and Trojan Horses. Cousins. What We Know. How to Stop a Virus. Outbreaks. Appendix A: Center for Disease Control Guidelines on Prevention of HPS. Appendix B: Sources of Further Information. Appendix C: Abbreviations. Index.
Hierarchically structured hybrid honeycomb films via micro to nanosized building blocks

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Metal oxide nanoparticles were chemically modified by surface initiated polymerization to core@shell building blocks (CSBBs). These CSBBs were then self-assembled using the bottom up breath figure (BF) method to design honeycomb (HC) porous hybrid films exhibiting hexagonal pore arrays. Depending on the nature, the size and the shape of the building blocks, honeycomb hybrid films with tunable pore sizes can be achieved.
Illustrations of West American oaks. From drawings by Albert Kellog; the text by Edward L. Greene. Published from funds provided by James M. McDonald

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

WEST AMERICAN OAKS.together; cups an inch or less in breadth, usually hemispherical, and the nut exserted for half its length or more, sometimes nearly spherical and concealing all but the apex of the nut ; scales ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, tomentose-pubescent ; nut ovoid, obtuse, an inch long or less, often somewhat tomentose.Habitat.On the Coast Ranges and on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, throughout California and as far north as the middle of Oregon ; on mountain sides and summits only, or in the elevated valleys, not on the plains or near the sea.The species does not usually form a forest by itself.The trees are commonly distributed one here and another there, among other oaks, and forming groves together with several members of the white oak series; and yet, the most beautiful forests beautiful in the stricter sense, not from a utilitarian point of view which the present writer has seen in California are made up almost entirely of this oak.Certain broad and comparatively level-topped mountains westward from Camptonville, in Yuba County, in the middle altitude of the Sierra, are thickly wooded with it.Here its trunks are tall and straight, and branch only at a dis- tance of thirty or forty feet from the ground, the open branches forming, over hundreds of acres, a mild shade, not too deep or too dark to exclude or weaken a rich undergrowth of wild roses {Rosa spithamoed) and the finer sorts of ceanothus ( Ceanothus decumbens and C. tntegerrimus.)besides many grasses and herbaceous flowering plants.Remarks.This tree is the Pacific Coast analogue of the Eastern Red Oak.Dr. Kellogg, in his Forest Trees of California, says of the wood of it that it abounds in sour sap, of which it is very retentive, and dries slowly ; but if this is abstracted by soaking, or even by seasoning well, it makes excellent axles for trucks, buffers for cars, and is available for many useful purposes.He also says that, although often seventy-five feet high, a trunk will seldom furnish two or three lengths of saw-log timber ; this being due to the presence of what lumbermen call pin-knots, namely perforations of the trunk at the bases of branches long since fallen.There is a considerable range of variability in the species as regards leaf-outline and the depth of the acorn-cup.That form in which the cup is nearly spherical, almost wholly enveloping the nut, ought perhaps to be named as a variety.Illuslr.West.Am.Oaks.
Verification of coset weighted potential game and its application to optimisation of multi-agent systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose an algorithm to verify whether a finite game is a coset weighted potential game (WPG) without pre-knowledge on its coset weights. This algorithm can also provide a recursive method to calculate the unknown coset weights. Then we give the concept of near coset WPGs based on evolutionary equivalence between two finite games, and its algebraic verification is obtained. Finally, the application of near coset WPGs to game-theoretical optimisation of multi-agent systems is discussed, which can improve the applicability of potential games in multi-agent optimisation problems.
Assessment of Students’ Knowledge Regarding PTB and Its Causes at Rural Institution of Higher Learning in South Africa

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: TB is a significant public health problem around the world, with South Africa being one of the 30 high-burden TB countries, accounting for 87 percent of all estimated incident TB cases. In South Africa, which accounts for 3% of all instances worldwide, research on students’ experiences and understanding of underlying factors is lacking. These future leaders are still in a key time of physical and psychological development. This study aimed to test students’ understanding of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and its causes at a rural institution of higher learning. Methodology: Quantitative method was used using a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in the 2020 Vhembe District, Limpopo, South Africa. In the poll, 199 students living in overcrowded campus housing were interviewed. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data at the Thohoyandou campus. Data were analysed using version 26.0 of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), with a Spearman’s rank-order correlation run. Results: The findings of this study revealed that 25.6 percent of male students and 74.4 percent of female students, respectively, understood PTB, while students at the selected tertiary institution have insufficient awareness of the causes of PTB. The association between education and TB knowledge among the respondents was determined using Spearman’s rank-order correlation. There was a statistically significant positive association between education and TB knowledge (Spearman’s rho = 0.669, p = 0.035). Conclusions: The study found that students at a higher education institution lacked sufficient general Knowledge regarding PTB. PTB control measures should be adopted to implement better the NSP, NDP, Global STOP TB strategy and the SDGs.
Individual and combined associations of modifiable lifestyle and metabolic health status with new-onset diabetes and major cardiovascular events: the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C)-Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<b>Objective</b> We aimed to determine the individual and combined associations of lifestyle and metabolic factors with new-onset diabetes and major cardiovascular events among Chinese population aged 40 years or older. <p><b>Research design and methods </b>Baseline lifestyle information, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profiles and glycemic status were obtained in a nationwide, multicenter, prospective study of 170 240 participants. During the up to 5 years of follow-up, we detected 7 847 diabetes according to the American Diabetes Association 2010 criteria and 3 520 cardiovascular events including cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and hospitalized or treated heart failure.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>Based on 36.13% (population-attributable fraction, PAF) risk attributed to metabolic risk components collectively, physical inactivity (8.59%), sedentary behavior (6.35%), and unhealthy diet (4.47%) moderately contributed to incident diabetes. Physical inactivity (13.34%), unhealthy diet (8.70%), and current smoking (3.38%) significantly contributed to the risk of major cardiovascular events, on the basis of 37.42% PAF attributed to a cluster of metabolic risk factors. Significant associations of lifestyle health status with diabetes and cardiovascular events were found across all metabolic health categories. Risks of new-onset diabetes and major cardiovascular events increased simultaneously according to the worsening of lifestyle and metabolic health status.</p> <p><b>Conclusions: </b>We showed robust effects of lifestyle status on new-onset diabetes and major cardiovascular events regardless of metabolic status and a graded increment of risk according to the combination of lifestyle and metabolic health, highlighting the importance of lifestyle modification regardless of the present metabolic status.</p>
Olympic Soul Searching A look into Chicago's Olympic City Image Potential for 2016

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigates what the Olympics could bring to the Chicago community, along with what Chicago could bring to the Olympic Movement. Particular attention is dedicated to popular culture, our area of interest, which has minimal Olympic research associated to it. Past Olympic Cities possess a plethora of characteristics unique only to them, but also hold Olympic legacy requirements. As a 2016 applicant city, Chicago must look deeply into its current image, along with how it fits an Olympic City image, in order to evaluate its potential in finding its Olympic soul. The research method concentrates on desk studies and expert interviews involving the Olympics, the city of Chicago and destination image. The interviewees include individuals within organizations that play a pivotal role in formulating Chicago‘s image, either directly or indirectly, and its 2016 Olympic possibility. Upon completion of an Olympic City Model and a current Chicago Image Portrayal Model, results indicate that Chicago has the necessary steps and requirements in place and could be ready for hosting the 2016 Olympics, adding its own distinctive touch to the Olympic legacy.
Clinical Implications of Microbiologic Treatment Failure in the Setting of Clinical Cure of Bacterial Pneumonia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Microbiologic cure is a common outcome in pneumonia clinical trials, but its clinical significance is incompletely understood. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of adult patients hospitalized with bacterial pneumonia who achieved clinical cure. Rates of recurrent pneumonia and death were compared between patients with persistent growth of the index pathogen at the time of clinical cure (microbiologic failure) and those with pathogen eradication (microbiologic cure). Results Among 441 patients, 237 experienced microbiologic cure and 204 experienced microbiologic failure. Prevalences of comorbidities, ventilator dependence, and severity of acute illness were similar between groups. Patients with microbiologic failure experienced significantly higher rates of recurrent pneumonia or death following clinical cure than patients with microbiologic cure, controlling for comorbid conditions, severity of acute illness, appropriateness of empiric antibiotics, intensive care unit placement, tracheostomy dependence, and immunocompromised status (90-day multivariable adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–2.35). This association was observed among patients with pneumonias caused by Staphylococcus aureus (90-day multivariable adjusted OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.73–7.90). A trend was observed among pneumonias caused by nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, but not Enterobacteriaceae or other pathogens. Conclusions Microbiologic treatment failure was independently associated with recurrent pneumonia or death among patients with bacterial pneumonia following clinical cure. Microbiologic cure merits further study as a metric to guide therapeutic interventions for patients with bacterial pneumonia.
Sanitation strategies for flood-prone areas

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Lack of appropriate sanitation facilities in flood-prone and high-water table areas of Bangladesh is one of the important contributing factors for health and environmental degradation. In flood-prone areas, overflow of pit latrines during flood pose a high health risk. The major\nproblems of sanitation in flood-prone areas are surface water contamination and loss of accessibility to the latrine during flood. The main problems of sanitation in coastal areas of Bangladesh are loss of latrine capacity and groundwater contamination due to high-water table. The present research looked for appropriate sanitation\ntechnologies as well as strategies and policies related to health promotion, personal hygiene practices, community\ninvolvement, socio-economic conditions and custom, culture and people’s belief.
The in vitro effects of selected environmental toxicants on two heme synthesis enzymes.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Benzene and some of its substitution products become environmental toxicants due to improper disposal procedures. Benzene has been found to alter heme and globin synthesis in anucleate rabbit reticulocytes (Forte et al., 1976; Wildman et al., 1976) and based on these findings we felt it would be useful to determine what, if any, effect these derivatives would have on heme synthesis in vitro by studying their influence on delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALAS) and ferrochelatase (FC) activities in rat liver homogenates. ALAS was measured according to Ebert et al. (1970). FC was measured after Williams et al. (1980). Final concentrations of each added compound to the reaction mixture were 10(-3) to 10(-6) M. Normal values for rat liver ALAS were 250-350 nmol ALA/g protein/30 min, mean 290 +/- 40, and for FC were 12-40 mumol heme/g protein/45 min, mean 20 +/- 7. At 10(-3) M and lower concentrations these compounds inhibited ALAS and stimulated FC activities. Their effect on ALAS activity expressed as percentage of control of three analyses performed in triplicate +/- SEM was: o- and p-dinitrobenzenes-46 +/- 2; trinitrotoluenes-55 +/- 2; dinitrotoluenes-70 +/- 2; and amino-dinitrotoluenes-171 +/- 4. The stimulatory effect of these compounds expressed as percentage of control +/- SEM on FC was: dinitrotoluenes-171 +/- 3; dinitrobenzenes-152 +/- 3; trinitrotoluenes-142 +/- 4; and amino-dinitrotoluenes-130 +/- 4. Other classes of compounds tested did not significantly affect these enzymes at the same concentrations. These in vitro techniques may prove useful for predicting in vivo toxicologic effects of pollutants on species of interest.
Enhanced nonresonant optical pumping based on turnstile transport in a chaotic microcavity laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report efficient nonresonant optical pumping based on turnstile transport in a chaotic microcavity laser. We observed more than tenfold enhancement in the pumping efficiency at a particular pumping angle and at a particular boundary position of the microcavity while these angle and position are consistent with the turnstile transport mechanism in chaotic ray dynamics. The pumping efficiency distribution resembles that of the output emission for the same cavity, supporting the concept of time-reversed ray transport.
Collagens in avian neural crest development: distribution in vivo and migration-promoting ability in vitro

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT This study examines the spatiotemporal distribution of collagen (Col) types I-V and IX during neural crest development in vivo and their ability to support neural crest cell movement in vitro. Col I, HI and IV were widespread throughout the embryo, including the neural crest migratory pathways, whereas Col H, V and IX preferentially localized to regions from which migrating neural crest cells were absent. Col I-IV and IX occurred both in association with basement membranes and within interstitial matrices, whereas Col V only was detected in juxtaposition to basement membranes. Although initially distributed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the somitic sclerotome, Col I and HI rearranged to the caudal portion with progressive neural crest cell migration through the rostral portion of the sclerotome. This rearrangement does not occur in neural crest-ablated embryos, suggesting that it is a direct consequence of neural crest cell migration. The perinotochordal matrix, avoided by neural crest cells, contained a metameric Col H/IX immunoreactivity along the rostrocaudal axis which alternated with that of Col I and HI. In contrast, Col IV and V were not observed in this matrix, but lined the basement membranes of the notochord and ventrolateral neural tube. To determine their functional significance for neural crest cell migration in vivo, purified collagens were tested for their ability to promote neural crest cell motility in vitro. Neural crest cell migration on isolated collagens was most pronounced on Col I and IV, whereas Col H, V and the triple-helical fragment of Col VH were unable to support cell motility. Substrata created by copolymerization of Col I and fibronectin, or Col I and laminin-nidogen, supported cell motility better than Col I alone, whereas both Col V and a cartilage-type chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan reduced cell movement on Col I. Fibronectin bound to pre-immobilized monomeric Col I, H or V had a reduced ability to support neural crest cell movement when compared to fibronectin alone. A similar reduction was seen for Col IV bound to the low density heparan sulfate proteoglycan from the EHS mouse tumor. The results demonstrate that Col I-IX are differentially distributed in the early avian embryo. During neural crest development several of these collagens undergo dynamic reorganizations that correlate with the migration of neural crest cells. Furthermore, various collagens possess distinct abilities to support neural crest cell migration in vitro, and their migration-promoting activity can be modulated by their conformation and/or association with other matrix components.