jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Statistics on oncological urologic diseases in Russia].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Incidence rate of male urogenital cancer has increased for 1975-1993 by 138.7% reaching 27,700. The disease-specific trends in prevalence, morbidity and mortality are outlined. The rise in urogenital cancer incidence is attributed to higher risk to develop the disease rather than to growing percentage of the elderly among overall population. Mean lifespan of Russian population due to urological cancer mortality is cut by 2 months. Fatal cases live by 11-19 years less than healthy subjects. Economical losses because of deaths of urological cancer make up 187.3 million rubles in 1990 prices.
Intensive residential densification: impact on the urban morphology of Santiago de Chile

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Santiago de Chile´s areas of growing centrality are currently under residential densification processes, which vary in degrees of intensity and forms of impact in the urban environment. As a result of a weak conduction of residential densification, the structural-radical transformation of the urban fabric has resulted in urban space degradation. However, residential densification is a form of urban growth that, well designed and planned, allows optimizing infrastructures and building a more complex and inclusive city. This work aims to understand to what extent urban morphology shapes these processes of urban transformation in 15 selected areas of 25 hectares; proposing typologies of residential densification based on the intensity of the process and the state of transformation of the urban fabric. Density (dwellings/hectare) is understood in systemic relation with those parameters that determine urban compactness and configure public space: lot subdvision composition, setbacks, building footprint and height, floor area ratio and mixed use index, among others. The impact of intensive densification on urban space would have three main effects: (1) the standardized tower radically fragments the fabric structure and skyline, to the extent multiple and dispersed vertical operations transform lot geometry, abruptly increase building height and lower land occupation; (2) triggers a "residentialization" effect, unbalancing existing diversity of activities and contributing to undermine urban vitality; and (3) impairs the quality of public space, by introducing exogenous typological elements (such as setbacks) and reducing contact between private space and the street.
Phylogenetic Grouping of Dominant Fecal Escherichia coli Isolates from Healthy Males and Females in Al-Kut/Wasit Province/Iraq

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Fecal isolates of Escherichia coli are divided into four main phylogenetic groups designated A, B1, B2 and D. Most commensal strains belong to group A and have fewer virulence factors than the extra intestinal pathogenic E. coli strains (ExPEC).This study was mainly designed for phylogenetic grouping of commensal fecal E. coli isolates from healthy males and females in Al-Kut City/Wasit Province/Iraq using PCR-based protocols.Also ExPEC's virulence genes were detected among these isolates.Among this study included isolates (n=205), group A was the most common among both females' and males' isolates (68.5% vs. 63.0%,respectively), followed by groups: B1 (15.7% vs. 22.6%, respectively), D (10.7% vs. 9.5%, respectively), and B2 (4.1% vs. 4.7%, respectively).Gender distribution of phylogenetic groups showed insignificant differences between females and males.Females' and males' isolates did not differ significantly for all of the detected ExPEC's virulence genes, except for papC which was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) more prevalent among males' isolates (16.6%) than among females' isolates (6.6%).In both females' and males' isolates the most prevalent virulence genes were fimH (97.5% vs. 100%, respectively) and iucC (52.0% vs. 55.9%,respectively), whereas the least prevalent were sfa/foc (0% each) and hly (0.82% vs. 0%, respectively).Furthermore, virulence genes were concentrated in isolates clustered in group B2.In both females and males, high percent of dominant commensal fecal E. coli isolates from Iraqi people in Al-Kut City clustered in phylogroup A followed by groups B1 and D whereas group B2 was rare.Also, dominant fecal strains with ExPEC characteristics were much less prevalent.
A critical review of container security operations

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Containers, which permit fast and safe handling between modal systems, are the main equipment used in intermodal transport. Unfortunately, enhancement of the efficiency and velocity of container operations has created a breach in traditional security, also known as container security. This paper presents a critical literature review of container security operations. We aim to identify current trends and future research directions in container security. We propose a classification framework based on the following elements: presenting the container security perspective, identifying threats, evaluating container security, balancing costs/benefits and the degree of security, balancing time savings/reduction and the degree of security, and securing containerized transportation processes. We discuss the current studies of these problems, the methodologies adopted and important insights into container security.
Hard Carbon with Intensified Graphitization Induced By Graphene Oxide for High Initial Coulombic Efficiency Anode in Sodium Storage

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Hard carbons hold the most promising practical application among all anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. However, the low initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) limits their further commercialization. Herein, one kind of hard carbon with Intensified graphitization induced by graphene oxide was prepared by a new coupled carbonization strategy, in which the mixture of phenolic resin (PF) and grapheme oxide (GO) was heat-treated at high temperature directly. The as-prepared hard carbon exhibited outstanding electrochemical behaviors such as superior ICE. We also believe that the strategy may provide a constructive instruction for high performance hard carbon material designing. For synthesis of hard carbon (GHCs), GO aqueous suspension was first prepared via a modified Hummer’s method. Then PF was dissolved in the GO aqueous suspension (mass ratio of PF:GO was 50:1 to 200:1). The slurry was cured and dried at 120 °C, and further carbonized above 1000 °C. With increasing mass ratios of GO to PF, the interlayer distance of carbon decreased from 3.88 Å to 3.70 Å, less than 3.93 Å of pure PF, suggesting that the addition of graphene oxide may enhance the graphitization of PF derived carbon. La and Lc of GHCs also increased accordingly with the increasing of GO proportion, indicating the development of graphitic microcrystallite. C1s X-ray photoelectron spectra showed that, the sp 2 C content of GHCs increased from 48.4% to 54.5%, which was several time larger than the pure contribution from physical addition of graphene theoretically (from 0.5% to 2%, corresponding to the mass ratio of PF:GO from 200:1 to 50:1 ). From HRTEM and SAED images, a signiﬁcant improvement of short-range ordering degree can be clearly detected with the increasing of GO content. Those results were so consistent, indicating that GO gives an effcient induced local graphitization in hard carbon. The sodium storage performances of GHCs were characterized in a half cells with metal Na as the counter electrode, using 1.0 M NaPF 6 in ethylene carbonate /dimethyl carbonate (1/1 in volume) as the electrolyte. As-prepared hard carbon delivered a superior ICE over 90%, high reversible capacity of 343 mAh/g and excellent cycling performance beyond 150 cycles with a capacity retention over 90%. This may be due to the characteristics of GHCs with less defective and lower surface area , especially with the Intensified local graphitization induced by graphene oxide. Figure 1
Karakter Morfologi dan Nutrisi Genotipe Talas Mapia di Distrik Supiori Utara dan Timur Kabupaten Supiori Provinsi Papua

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study aimed to identify morphological characters and analyze the nutrition of the Mapia taro genotype and other taro genotypes in Kpudori and Warbor villages in North Supiori district and Wakre and Wafor villages in East Supiori district. The research was conducted in June – August 2020 using a descriptive method with survey techniques. Chemical analysis of tubers was carried out at the Agroclimatology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Papua and the Laboratory of Chemistry and Food Technology, Research Institute for Nuts and Tubers, Malang. In this method, taro samples were taken from a population of taro plants in a predetermined village in each of the North and East Supiori districts. The sampling method for morphological characterization was carried out randomly on 3 taro plants per village. Observations on plant morphological characteristics (above gound plant part) were carried out on taro plants aged approximately 90-150 days after planting (DAT). While the morphological characterization of tubers was carried out at harvest. The standardized qualitative and quantitative data were processed using the SPSS program with cluster analysis to determine the level of similarity between the genotypes of each sample of each taro. Cluster analysis produced a dendogram which was used to assess the level of similarity of the taro genotypes from the data obtained. The results showed that the highest association coefficient values were found in the KDR-TP and KDR-IU genotypes of 11.044. This shows that the two genotypes have a low level of similarity compared to other taro genotypes. While the lowest coefficient value was found in the WKR-TP and WFR-TP genotypes with a coefficient value of 4.064, indicating that the WKR-TP and WFR-TP accessions had a high degree of similarity. The results of the chemical analysis of tubers varied in 6 genotypes of taro. The highest water content was WBR-TP genotype (87.88%), ash content (4.59%) in WFR-TP genotype, starch content (67.24%) in WKR-IP genotype, sugar content (11 0.01%) in KFR-IU, amylose content (22.91%) in WBR-TP, fat content (0.64%) in KDR-IU, protein content (8.81%) in WFR-TP.
SALTO: An Expert-Informed Global Trajectory Design and Optimization Toolkit

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Trajectory design for interplanetary missions is a challenging problem for which a wide range of algorithms have been proposed and used in the past. These algorithms range from completely problem-agnostic solvers, such as genetic algorithms, to methods that incorporate some degree of domain knowledge, like branch and pruning. In this paper, a novel algorithm is presented that is on the opposite side of this spectrum in the sense that it is expert-informed and fully tailored to the trajectory design problem. This algorithm is suitable for solving multi-gravity assist problems with or without thrust, as well as simpler problems like transfers to libration points or lunar missions. Its real-world applicability is enhanced by its ability to design end-to-end trajectories for missions with multiple phases. The Python implementation of this algorithm, called SALTO (Search Algorithm for Large Trajectory Optimization), is based on two main ideas. Firstly, the initial guess is only required to solve the problem from an energetic perspective and does not need to solve the phasing problem yet. This allows for large state and time gaps along the trajectory, which are systematically closed in a second step that exploits time shifts by full orbital periods or body rotations. The initial guess itself can be generated by any user-defined algorithm. Currently, implemented guess generators include techniques based on Tisserand Graphs, Lambert solvers, resonant transfer search and indirect methods. Secondly, the algorithm is not expected to autonomously find all local minima for a problem. Instead, the user defines "tags," or category variables, that guide SALTO's search for solutions by indicating the expected structure of the search space. Examples of tags include the direction of infinite velocity at a planetary flyby, which can take the values “inward” and “outward”, and the resonance ratio of a same-planet transfer. SALTO will attempt to find a solution for all tag combinations in the problem. SALTO is developed at ESOC as part of the MIDAS package and is Community Open Source (ESA Community License). It is accessible through the space-codev platform for European industry and academia.
МОТИВАЦИОННАЯ ЗАИНТЕРЕСОВАННОСТЬ ЖЕНЩИН 30-50-ЛЕТНЕГО ВОЗРАСТА К ЗАНЯТИЯМ ОЗДОРОВИТЕЛЬНЫМИ УПРАЖНЕНИЯМИ.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This article shows the actual problem, which is not so frequently in the publications of scientific-methodical literature, namely, the identification of motivations to attend to fitness physical exercises women of 30-50 years old. The article considers the level of interest of women30-50 years old to healthy physical exercises, and their attitude to the health and other aspects of activity. The current situation in this matter was analyzed and was planed the possible ways of formation the women's stable motivations to physical activity which would keep safe during the life.
Recreational zoning of Sikhote-Alin

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In the article fundamental directions of mountain tourism development in Primorsky and Khabarovsky regions of Russian Federation (on their territories Sikhote-Alin mountain system stretch) are considered. An improvement of this territory begins about 1930s, so touristic infrastructure is not developed. Also, nature conditions are enough hard, transport availability is limit, multi-days routes are typical for almost all varieties of mountain tourism. From other side, large part of nature objects preserved in its original form, so tourist interest to scantily explored territories is rise. For mountains right organization of tourist areas and scientific works of this problem are important so contradictions between aims of mass recreation and problems of nature protection are become strained. In different geographical conditions under the definite economical circumstances an organization of rest more profitable than nature management resources in industry and farm. Leading criteria of recreational zoning is localization of resource potential. It definite the typology of fundamental varieties of tourism and them real and potential suitability for effective development. In basis of allocation of territorial units and them taxonomical subordination present combination of resources using of them definite the potential development of different varieties of tourism in areas of large nature complexes. The problems of development and peculiarities of different tourism types (water, walking and large-scale, mountaineering, climbing, sports and walking, speleological, sanative) are reviewed. Tourists should spend the rest at winter and at summer in definite areas. The different methods of modelling needs for almost type, mapping produce in ArcMap 10, also for processing of Earth remote sensing data ENVI 4.2 program are used. Nature protection areas and principal rules regulating visits them was described. The recommendations to address the issue of recreation relationship with other varieties of nature using are made.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 delayed endothelial replicative senescence and protected cells from H2O2-induced premature senescence through SIRT1.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Vascular aging is an independent risk factor for age-related diseases, including atherosclerosis. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been widely recognized as a metabolic regulator that is elevated in response to caloric and nutritional restrictions. Recent studies have demonstrated its emerging role as a pro-longevity hormone, but its effects on the senescence of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the anti-senescence effects and underlying mechanism of FGF21 on HUVECs. Co-cultivation of HUVECs with 5 ng/mL FGF21 significantly attenuated the phenotype changes of cells during in vitro subculture, including increased senescent population, decreased proliferation rate, decreased SIRT1 and elevated P53 and P21 protein levels. FGF21 also protected HUVECs from H2O2-induced cell damage, including premature cell senescence, intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species, increased DNA damage, decreased SIRT1 protein level and elevated protein levels of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P53 and P21. Transient knockdown of SIRT1 in HUVECs significantly suppressed the protective effects of FGF21 for the rescue of H2O2-induced premature senescence and DNA damage, which suggests that the anti-senescence effect of FGF21 on HUVECs is SIRT1-dependent. These results support the potential of FGF21 as a therapeutic target for postponing vascular aging and preventing age-related vascular diseases.
Social safety nets and productivity outcomes: Evidence and implications for Bangladeshi rice growers

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Using national representative cross‐sectional data from 8846 rice growing plots in Bangladesh, we analyze the impact of social safety net programs (SSNPs) on rice farmers' productivity and efficiency. This study applied the propensity score matching (PSM) approach to correct the possible self‐selection biases arising from observed and unobserved factors affecting a household's SSNP participation decisions. The stochastic frontier production function is estimated separately for participants and non‐participants to compare yield and technical efficiency. Our results show that the output elasticities of all inputs except land and fertilizer are significantly higher for non‐participants than participants. The SSNP participants are estimated to have 1.95% higher technical efficiency than the non‐participants, while their frontier yield is 11.75% higher. The average treatment effect on treated (ATET) also confirms the yield and efficiency‐enhancing role of SSNPs, particularly in climate‐stressed areas. The study argues for widening the SSNP coverage to increase the marginal farmers' efficiency in climate‐vulnerable areas. Other policy interventions include policies to increase farmers' access to land through the proper functioning land market, education, providing literacy training, and different production inputs.
Balancing Democracy and Security

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As the political struggle in Poland continued into 1981, the Western alliance pursued a two-pronged strategy of warning the Soviet Union against intervention and supporting reform in Poland through economic and diplomatic means. However, there was considerable uncertainty in the Western camp about the likely direction of future changes and whether reforms would succeed.KeywordsWestern StateForeign MinisterMilitary InterventionReagan AdministrationWarsaw PactThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Antagonistic and Synergistic Interactions between Ancymidol and Gibberellins in Shoot Growth of Cucumber (Cucumis sativusL. )

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<sec> Effects of the plant growth retardant, ancymidol, on the growth and morphology of the shoot system of cucumber (<it>Cucumis sativus</it> L. ) were investigated. Ancymidol inhibited stem elongation, reducing both number and length of internodes. Reduction in leaf area, attributable to a reduction in both cell size and number, was accompanied by an increase in chlorophyll per unit area. The retardant decreased apical dominance and delayed anthesis. Gibberellic acid fully reversed ancymidol-induced inhibition of stem elongation, internode length and production, and leaf expansion. GA<inf>4&sol;7</inf> and ancymidol gave a synergistic promotion of stem elongation by increasing elongation of younger internodes and increasing internode production. Synergistic promotion of petiole elongation by this combination was also observed. Ancymidol, applied 7 d previously either to the shoot or root, severely reduced the level of gibberellin-like activity in bleeding sap collected from decapitated plants. </sec>
Evaluating The Use of Realtime Data in Forecasting Output Levels and Recessionary Events in the USA

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Summary The paper proposes a modelling framework and evaluation procedure to judge the usefulness of realtime data sets incorporating past data vintages and survey expectations in forecasting. The analysis is based on ‘metamodels’ obtained by using model averaging techniques and judged by various statistical and economic criteria, including a novel criterion based on a fair bet. Analysing US output data over 1968, quarter 4–2015, quarter 1, we find that both elements of the realtime data are useful with their contributions varying over time. Revisions data are particularly valuable for point and density forecasts of growth but survey expectations are important in forecasting rare recessionary events.
The Role of Major Genes on Important Productive and Economic Traits In Goat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To date, a large number of major genes related to main productive and economic traits in goats have been identified. These genes have favorable effects on the physiological rate, metabolism, and expressing the emergence of phenotypes in terms of economical traits. The performance of these genes on main economical traits is different. Some of these genes have synergistic effects while others have antagonistic effects on the bio logical nature of the organism in terms of expression and phenotype emergence of traits. Hence, breeders should be aware of the actions and effects of these genes as choosing a type of particular trait can affect other traits, too. Therefore, detecting the major genes and also the rate of mutation which can lead to changes in the expression of the gene and phenotype of economical traits provide the possibility to search for some genetic markers related to such important economical traits for breeders. Hence, it can be used as a subsidiary tool in selection of parental herd in low ages and also in direct surveying of the position of the quantitative traits and designing a eugenics program in the future. The basic and major genes in goats have a significant role in performance, metabolism, sex determination, reproduction and resistance against diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review the major genes which are effective in productive traits such as growth traits, reproduction, milk and wool production, and resistance against diseases in goat.
Competition Indices Identify Forb Species That Promote Overyielding of a Dominant Grass in Grassland Restoration

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Overyielding is a common phenomenon. Overyielding of dominant grasses when in competition with common forbs during grassland restoration could lead to lower plant diversity. My objective was to characterize overyielding of Andropogon gerardii in competition with fcommon forbs. I collected soils representing different stages of restoration (0, 4, and 16 years restored) and conducted a pairwise competition experiment with a dominant grass, Andropogon gerardii, in competition with four subordinate forbs (Oligoneuron rigidum L., Liatris punctata Hook, Lespedeza capitata Michx., or Desmanthus illinoensis Michx.). Relative yield indices (RY) were calculated by comparison with a two-individual monoculture of A. gerardii with both per grass biomass and per grass net absolute tiller appearance rate (TAR). Overyielding of A. gerardii was in competition with Oligoneuron rigidum was indicated by RY values (greater than1) using both biomass and TAR measurements. These findings suggest that O. rigidum should be given low priority for inclusion in tallgrass prairie restoration seed mixes.