jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Changes in Visual Responsiveness following Intercollicular Lesions and their Effects on Avoidance and Attack

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In the normal chick, conspicuous visual stimuli induce targetting and pecking together, with vocalization. All three are abolished by lesion of the intercollicular area (ICo) or of connections passing through its medial margin. After such lesions, chicks also cease to treat significant visual stimuli as if they were startling and exciting, and may delay response as a result. However, they are still able to recognise, orient accurately to, and respond appropriately to, a variety of complex visual stimuli (e.g. food grains, copulation object). In addition, they are little affected by strange surroundings. Lesion evidence suggests the mammalian subcollicular area to have similar functions to the ICo and to be homologous with it. A route (present in bird), which is well-known in mammals for its association with threat, defense and escape evoked by strange and frightening objects (amygdala-diencephalic periventricular system-central mesencephalic grey, A-DPS-CMG) is stimuli via the 2 ICo (subcollicular area). Two different mechanisms may be involved caudal to the ICo. One consists of tectal afferents which might modulate the evocation of targetting, pecking and other responses via the tectum. The other is the predorsal system of tectal efferents which may mediate such responses. Classical syndromes of tameness and unresponsiveness produced by various interruptions of the A-DPS-CMG route may depend on interruption of connections to these midbrain mechanisms. Attack is depressed by ICo lesions as one aspect of reduced responsiveness to conspicuous and startling visual stimuli. Avoidance, which is apparently mediated by a separate system, much as in Anura, is facilitated.
SEROLOGICAL MATCHING FOR D LOCUS ANTIGENS IMPROVES KIDNEY ALLOGRAFT SURVIVAL IN RHESUS MONKEYS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A prospective study performed in unrelated, unimmunized rhesus monkeys revealed that serological matching for D-associated Ia1 antigens improves kidney allograft prognosis, provided that the recipients are nonreactive in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) against their donors. MLC-negative host-donor combinations showed a more than 3-fold increase in the mean survival time as compared with MLC-positive combinations. Apparently, compatibility for the most important MLC-stimulating determinants is required for a significant improvement in graft survival. On the other hand, matching for A and B loci antigens did not play a decisive role. Since the relatively simple matching on the basis of identity for Ia1 (or DR) antigens yields a rather high proportion of MLC-nonreactive combinations, this method is likely to become an essential addition to the conventional matching procedures, also in clinical organ transplantation.
Performance of Mesoamerican bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines in an unfertilized oxisol

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Introduction. Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Central America and the Caribbean are often produced on low fertility soils which reduces crop yield. Bean breeding programs need to identify genotypes that have superior adaptation to these conditions. Objective. Identify Mesoamerican bean germplasm lines with superior adaptation to low soil fertility. Materials and methods. The performance of twenty-seven Mesoamerican bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) lines from the Bean Abiotic Stress Evaluation (BASE) 120 panel were evaluated in an unfertilized oxisol at Isabela, Puerto Rico over five growing seasons (four-year period from 2015-2018). The lines were inoculated with a mixture of Rhizobium etli and R. tropici to promote symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF). Results. Four lines produced mean seed yields >1,200 kg ha-1 and had estimates of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (NDFA) >50 %. Greater nodule number was positively correlated with % NDFA, later maturity and seed yield. The heat and drought tolerant small red cultivar ‘Rojo Chortí’ and the heat tolerant white cultivar ‘Verano’ had among the smallest apparent C isotope discrimination values suggesting greater water use efficiency. Among the elite lines in the trial, root rot damage was minimal and the basal root growth angles were intermediate (40-60 %), which favored the uptake of water and soil nutrients. Conclusion. Mesoamerican bean lines with superior seed yield and enhanced symbiotic nitrogen fixation in a low fertility soil were identified. Many of these lines also possess resistance to other biotic and abiotic factors that limit bean seed yield in Central America and the Caribbean.
Performance driven circuit partitioning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Circuit partitioning divides a given circuit into a collection of smaller subcircuits while satisfying the given area and/or pin constraints. In order to keep up with the rapid increase of system complexity due to substantial advances in VLSI process technology, partitioning is performed at various level of design hierarchy until subproblems become more manageable.
The conventional objective of partitioning is to minimize the interconnect among the partitioned circuits. On the other hand, under the new interconnect-centric design paradigm, partitioning is seen as the crucial step that defines the local and global interconnects [Con99]. To meet the performance requirement of today's complex design, performance driven partitioners must consider the amount of interconnect induced by partitioning (measured by its cutsize) as well as its impact on performance (measured by its delay). Many proposed cutsize driven partitioners do not consider delay, while many proposed delay driven partitioners do not consider cutsize. As a result, there is a strong need for a performance driven partitioner that considers both cutsize and delay and provides smooth cutsize/delay tradeoff.
This dissertation studies the performance driven circuit partitioning problem under the objective of simultaneous cutsize and delay minimization. Our focus is first to identify and analyze the limitation of current state-of-the-art in cutsize driven and delay driven partitioners, and then to develop efficient, effective, and scalable solutions for simultaneous cutsize and delay minimization for today's large scale circuits. Our proposed solutions include (i) modified iterative improvement methods [CLL+97, CL98, WLCS00, CL00c], (ii) multi-level methods [CL00a, CLW00], and (iii) geometric embedding method [CL00b].
The changes of CD_4~+CD_(25)~(High)Foxp3~+Treg cell and the Foxp3 gene expression in childhoodacute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura before and after treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To Explore the function of CD+4CDHigh25Foxp3+Treg cell in the mechanism of acute idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(AITP) and the role in therapy with gamma globulin and adrenal corticoid.Methods The change of CD+4CDHigh25Foxp3+Treg cell percentage was detected by flow cytometry,while the expression of Foxp3 gene was tested by RT-PCR.Results The CD+4CDHigh25Foxp3+Treg cell percentage and the Foxp3 gene expression in AITP group were significantly lower than those in normal control group before treatment(P0.01).After treatment with adrenal corticoid alone or plus gamma globulin,the CD+4CDHigh25Foxp3+Treg cell percentage and the Foxp3 gene expression in AITP group were improved obviously,compared with those in normal control group(P0.01).CD+4CDHigh25Foxp3+Treg cell percentage and the expression of Foxp3 gene were remarkly higher in group treated with corticoid plus gamma globulin than those in group treated with adrenal corticoid alone(P0.05).Conclusion The decreases of CD+4CDHigh25Foxp3+Treg cell and the Foxp3 gene expression may play a role in the mechanism in children AITP.Adrenal corticoid and gamma globulin have a therapeutic effect on AITP by inducing the expansion and activation of CD+4CDHigh25Foxp3+Treg cell.
Natural Compounds and Derivatives as Ser/Thr Protein Kinase Modulators and Inhibitors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The need for new drugs is compelling, irrespective of the disease. Focusing on medical problems in the Western countries, heart disease and cancer are at the moment predominant illnesses. Owing to the fact that ~90% of all 21,000 cellular proteins in humans are regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation it is not surprising that the enzymes catalysing these reactions (i.e., protein kinases and phosphatases, respectively) have attracted considerable attention in the recent past. Protein kinases are major team players in cell signalling. In tumours, these enzymes are found to be mutated disturbing the proper function of signalling pathways and leading to uncontrolled cellular growth and sustained malignant behaviour. Hence, the search for small-molecule inhibitors targeting the altered protein kinase molecules in tumour cells has become a major research focus in the academia and pharmaceutical companies.
Role of melanoma cell-intrinsic RIG-I and STING signaling for checkpoint inhibitor-mediated anticancer immunity.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

3081 Background: Strong inter-individual variation in clinical response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICB) including anti-CTLA-4 remains a major challenge, but the molecular pathways that modulate ICB efficacy remain ill defined. Methods: Using CRISPR/Cas9 technology to generate melanoma cells lines that lack nucleic acid receptors or downstream signaling molecules together with available genetically deficient mouse models, we addressed the importance of nucleic acid receptor signaling in both tumor and host cells for the efficacy of anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy. Results: We demonstrate that anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy relies on melanoma cell-intrinsic activation of the cytosolic RNA receptor RIG-I (DDx58) but not the DNA sensing adaptor protein STING. Mechanistically, RIG-I signaling induced caspase-3-mediated tumor cell death, cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigen by CD103+ dendritic cells, subsequent expansion of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells and the accumulation of CD8+ T cells within the tumor tissue. These processes were independent of tumor-cell derived type I IFN (IFN-I), but additionally required host STING, MAVS and IFN-I signaling. Consistently, therapeutic targeting of RIG-I with 5’-phosphorylated-RNA in both tumor and non-malignant host cells potently augmented the efficacy of CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade. Conclusions: Our data are consistent with the finding that expression of RIG-I in human melanomas has been associated with clinical benefit to CTLA-4 blockade and identify activation of RIG-I/MAVS signaling in tumors and their microenvironment as a crucial component for checkpoint inhibitor-mediated immunotherapy of cancer. These findings not only nominate tumor intrinsic RIG-I activity as potential biomarker for treatment response to checkpoint inhibitors, but predict that targeting this pathway may serve as a basis for the development of new combined modality approaches to increase the response rate of checkpoint inhibitor-based immunotherapy, particularly in individuals that do not have a sufficient spontaneous antitumor T-cell immune response.
The Rise and Demise of Missionary Wives

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The white missionary couple is an assumed presence in mission history; its mid-nineteenth-century ubiquity read back into the formation of evangelical mission. This article questions that assumption by creating a chronological and conceptual framework for the professional trajectory of missionary women, and demonstrates that it was on the issue of female mission engagement that complex debates about the nature of mission were negotiated and defined. The rise of the missionary wife shaped mission history, through both the complementary rise of the civilizing mission and through active female spiritual agency. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, it was clear that missionary wives had created a space they could not fill in the evermore institutionalized and secularized world of mission building. The rise of single female religious engagement in Britain meanwhile provided a timely alternative to wifely activism, and missionary wives were increasingly institutionally marginalized by the very single female missionaries who had come to “assist” them.
Role of Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Dark Conditions on the Repair of Ultraviolet-B Radiation-induced Damages in the Cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. Strain HKAR-2

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Introduction: We have investigated the effects of ultraviolet-B (UV-B; 280-315 nm) radiation on Chl a, phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, photosynthetic efficiency and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in Nostoc sp. strain HKAR-2 and the role of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and dark on the repair processes.Methods: Samples were exposed to UV-B for 14h followed by PAR and dark treatment for 10h. Chl a, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin concentration and photosynthetic efficiency i.e., the photosynthetic quantum yield of PS II (Fv/Fm) were estimated. In vivo detection of ROS by fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy was done using the fluorescent probe 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH).Results: Progressive decrease of 50% and 41% in survival rates of cyanobacterium was observed after 12 and 14h of exposure respectively and a significant increase in survival was observed during the recovery process in PAR and dark. Chl a, phycocyanin and allophycocyanin concentration decreased after 12h of UV-B exposure. Significant recovery of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin was observed in the samples placed on PAR. Fv/Fm decreased with time and 42% decrease was observed after 14h of exposure. Pronounced fluorescence intensity, due to produced ROS was observed after 14h of UV-B exposure. The significant decrease in DCF fluorescence was observed in the samples placed in PAR and dark.Conclusions: UV-B exposed cyanobacteria kept on PAR showed speedy recovery in comparison to those kept in dark. This indicates the possible role of repair processes such as photoreactivation in the repair of damage caused by UV-B to cyanobacterium. Hence, further studies are needed for the thorough understanding of repair processes in cyanobacteria in response to UVR.
Modified fast marching and level set method for medical image segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, an interactive segmentation method that combines fast marching and level set method is proposed. Level set segmentation involves solving the energy-based active contour minimization problems by the computation of geodesics or minimal distance curves. First, by selecting the seed point, the fast marching method is used to extract rough boundaries of the interested object. We modified the traditional fast marching method to capture the weak edges by introducing watershed transform. Then, the contour obtained from the fast marching method mentioned above is regarded as an initialization and the level set method is used to finely tune the contour. The algorithm is demonstrated on some medical images: segmentation of knee tissues in CT image and segmentation of brain tissues in MR image. The results show that this method can remove the small regions obtained from fast marching method and converge the desired boundary.
Ambulatory Cardiology Telemedicine: A Large Academic Pediatric Center Experience

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

We performed a retrospective study of cardiology telemedicine visits at a large academic pediatric center between 2016 and 2019 (pre COVID-19). Telemedicine patient visits were matched to data from their previous in-person visits, to evaluate any significant differences in total charge, insurance compensation, patient payment, percent reimbursement and zero reimbursement. Miles were measured between patient's home and the address of previous visit. We found statistically significant differences in mean charges of telemedicine versus in-person visits (2019US$) (172.95 vs 218.27, p=0.0046), patient payment for telemedicine visits versus in-person visits (2019US$) (11.13 vs 62.83, p≤0.001), insurance reimbursement (2019US$) (65.18 vs 110.85, p≤0.001) and insurance reimbursement rate (43% vs 61%, p=0.0029). Rate of zero reimbursement was not different. Mean distance from cardiology clinic was 35 miles. No adverse outcomes were detected. This small retrospective study showed cost reduction and a decrease in travel time for families participating in telemedicine visits. Future work is needed to enhance compensation for telemedicine visits.
Advocacy and Dynamic Delegation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

An advocate for a special interest provides information to an uninformed planner for her to consider in making a sequence of important decisions. Although the advocate may have valuable information for the planner, it is is also known that the advocate is biased and will distort his advice if necessary to influence the planner's decision. Each time she repeats the problem, however, the planner learns about the accuracy of the advocate's recommendation, mitigating some of the advocate's incentive to act in a self-serving manner. We propose a theory of dynamic delegation to explain why planners do sometimes rely on information provided by advocates in making decisions. The interaction takes place in two phases, a communication phase, followed by a sequence of decisions and learning by the planner. We âˆ‘first establish that the capability to delegate dynamically is a necessary condition for influential communication in this setting, and characterize the optimal dynamic delegation policy. Next, we show that a planner may prefer to consult an an advocate rather than a neutral adviser. Finally, we demonstrate how an advocate gains influence with a decision maker by making his preferences for actions unpredictable. Our results have implications for a variety of real world interactions including regulation, organization, and whistleblowing.
Snapshot compressive spectral - depth imaging based on light field

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper proposes a snapshot Compressed Light Field Imaging Spectrometer based on compressed sensing and light field concept, which can acquire the two-dimensional spatial distribution, depth estimation and spectral intensity of input scenes simultaneously. The primary structure of the system contains fore optics, coded aperture, dispersion element and light field sensor. The detected data can record the coded mixture spatial-spectral information of the input scene with direction information of light rays. The datacube containing depth estimation can be recovered with the compressed sensing and digital refocus framework. We establish the mathematical model of the system and conduct simulations for verification. The reconstruction strategy is demonstrated for the simulation data.
A method for the rapid detection of microbial contaminants in animal cell culture processes.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The early detection of microbial contamination is an important issue in the production of biopharmaceuticals using animal cell culture systems. A new method, based on the ChemScan RDI analyser, was evaluated for the rapid detection and enumeration of low concentrations of microorganisms within a large population of animal cells and in cell culture media. The method was tested with suspension cell cultures and is applicable to adherent cell cultures. In both cases, the method uses an initial step to eliminate the animal cells followed by collection and fluorescent labelling of the viable microbial contaminants on a filter membrane. Total counts of the viable microorganisms were obtained after analysis of the membrane by the ChemScan RDI analyser. The results showed that the ChemScan RDI detected individual bacterial cells after filtration of the pre-treated animal cell culture. The detection limit of the ChemScan RDI was less than 10 bacteria/ml in cell culture containing 10(6) mammalian cells/ml and one bacterium in 500 ml of cell culture medium. A strong correlation between the standard plate count and the ChemScan RDI was observed, even at low bacterial concentrations. The total time for each analysis was less than two hours.
Characterization of human type I and type II IMP dehydrogenases.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Human IMP dehydrogenase, a target for anticancer and immunosuppressive chemotherapy, exists as two isoforms, types I and II. Nonfusion sequences of each isoform were overexpressed in an IMP dehydrogenase-deficient strain of Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Both recombinant isoforms were tetramers, which was in agreement with the subunit structure of the native mammalian enzyme. The results of initial velocity and product inhibition studies were consistent with an Ordered Bi Bi kinetic mechanism for both isoforms. Substrate affinities were similar for types I and II with Km values of 18 and 9.3 microM, respectively, for IMP, and 46 and 32 microM, respectively, for NAD.kcat values were 1.5 and 1.3 s-1 at 37 degrees C for types I and II, respectively. Xanthosine 5'-monophosphate and NADH inhibited the two isoforms with identical inhibition patterns and inhibition constants. Mycophenolic acid, however, inhibited the type II enzyme with a 4.8-fold lower K than the type I. Selective inhibitors of the inducible type II isoform may mitigate toxicity caused by inhibition of the constitutively expressed type I isoform.
Buğdayda "fitosiderofor" sentezinde ve metal iyon alımında görev alan genlerin RT-PCR ile tanımlanması

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Soils in many agricultural areas have high pH, resulting in low availability of zinc and iron. Plants grown on such soils suffer from either Zn or Fe deficiency or both. The efficient plant genotypes grown normally in calcerous soils were found to evolve some strategies to acquire the iron which is in insoluble form. Iron efficient graminaceous monocots release iron chelating substances, mugineic acid family phytosiderophores (MAs), in response to iron deficiency stress. Several researchers have suggested that phytosiderophores also can play role in grass Zn nutrition and thus it may be possible that it is the uptake mechanism for Zn efficiency. Several possible genes that take role in phytosiderophore synthesis or found to be induced under iron deficient conditions were identified in several organisms but not on wheat. In this study, the efficient barley cultivar Tokak-157, efficient wheat cultivar Kıraç-66 and relatively less efficient wheat cultivar BDMM-19 were grown in normal growth conditions for 1 week and transfered to zinc deficient, iron deficient and both zinc and iron deficient nutrient solutions. After growing 1 week on these conditions, plants grown on both zinc and iron deficient nutrient solutions were retransfered to zinc and iron sufficient conditions. Degenerate primers were designed for the conserved regions of previously identified genes that take role in phytosiderophore synthesis or induced under iron deficient conditions and RT-PCRs were performed. The complete open reading frame of IDI-1(Iron deficiency induced-1) gene and the putative gene fragment for SAM-s (S-adenosylmethionine synthetase) were identified.