jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Plasma in Dentistry : An update

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

This introductory review on plasma in dentistry is intended to provide with a summary of the current status of this emerging field, its scope, and its broad interdisciplinary approach. When most people think about matter, they think of liquids, solids, and gases. But, there's a fourth category of matter called plasma that's actually the most unusual and the most abundant. It's the stuff of stars, galaxies, and even the northern lights, and it could become a new and painless way to prepare cavities for filling with improved longevity. The plasma is capable of bacterial inactivation and non inflammatory tissue modification, which makes it an attractive tool for the treatment of dental caries and for composite restorations. From distant stars to dental chairs plasmas may promise painfree caries removal and durable restorations. The field is young and hopes are high and this review focuses on some of the recent studies related to it.
Calibration of the Heston stochastic local volatility model: A finite volume scheme

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The two most popular equity and FX derivatives pricing models in banking practice are the local volatility model and the Heston model. While the former has the appealing property that it can be calibrated exactly to any given set of arbitrage free European vanilla option prices, the latter delivers more realistic smile dynamics. In this paper, we combine both modeling approaches to the Heston stochastic local volatility model. We build upon a theoretical framework that has been already developed and focus on the numerical model calibration which requires special care in the treatment of mixed derivatives and in cases where the Feller condition is not met in the Heston model leading to a singular transition density at zero volatility. We propose a finite volume scheme to calibrate the model after a suitable transformation of the model equation and demonstrate its accuracy in numerical test cases using real market data.
EFFECT OF NEW ANDROGEN RECEPTOR AXIS-TARGETED AGENTS ON SURVIVAL OF CASTRATION-RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

(Background)The real world's effect of new androgen receptor axis-targeted agents (ARATs) on survival of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) remains unclear in Japan. (Aims)The primary aim was to determine the clinical benefit of ARATs on survival of CRPC patients. The secondary aim was to evaluate predictive factors affecting the survival of CRPC patients. (Patients and results)Among 236 patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), 68 patients developed CRPC; two groups of 34 patients were treated with ARATs (A cases) or conventional ADT (V cases). In a median follow-up of 61.5 months, 20 A and 22 V cases died of cancer. Median survival time (MST) from diagnosis was 99 and 66 months for A and V cases, respectively, and MST from CRPC to death were 50.5 and 44.5 months, respectively. There were no significant differences between both cases. The hazard ratio for death from diagnosis or CRPC progression of the A cases to V cases was 0.711; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.371 to 1.362; P = 0.3037, or 0.805; 95% CI, 0.434 to 1.491; P=0.4899, respectively. Multivariable analysis revealed that a unique and significant independent prognostic factor from diagnosis was time to CRPC. (Conclusions)In this small retrospective study, we could not determine the clinical benefit of new ARATs compared with conventional ADT on survival of CRPC patients, and a unique and significant independent prognostic factor from diagnosis was time to CRPC. We need to validate these results in a future multi-institutional study.
Etiology of the liver granulomatous response in Schistosoma mansoni-infected athymic nude mice

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The effect of schistosome infection on the presence and maturation of splenic T lymphocytes in C3H/HeN nu/nu and nu/+ mice was examined. Spleens of uninfected nu/nu mice contained very low numbers (u to 2%) of T lymphocytes. This percentage did not increase throughout the 10 weeks of the infection. Spleens of uninfected nu/+ littermates contained 28.8% T cells, which decreased to 15.0% by week 10 of the infection. Similarly, whereas spleen cells of normal or infected nu/nu mice were nonresponsive to concanavalin A, the initial high response of nu/+ mice gradually diminished. Both nu/nu and nu/+ spleen cells responded well to lipopolysaccharide initially, but by 10 weeks their responsiveness declined. Sera of five infected nu/nu mice contained no antibodies to egg antigens, and one had a low titer (log2 5.0). In contrast, the mean titer of sera from six nu/+ mice was log2 10.7 Nu/+ mice had typical florid lesions, but nu/nu mice mounted sparse granulomatous reactions around eggs in the liver without evidence for hepatocellular damage. Dispersed liver granulomas of nu/nu mice contained 1.2% T and 20.3% B lymphocytes. Lesions of nu/+ mice contained 12.9% T and 18.4% B cells. Eighty percent of the macrophages from nu/nu and nu/+ granulomas displayed high density/avidity Fc receptors. Production of migration inhibition factor-active lymphokine by liver granulomas and spleens of schistosome-infected nu/nu mice is suggestive of the immune role of B cells in the granulomatous inflammation.
Machine Learning Techniques for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism—Disease Classification Models in Schizophrenia

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be used as inputs in disease computational studies such as pattern searching and classification models. Schizophrenia is an example of a complex disease with an important social impact. The multiple causes of this disease create the need of new genetic or proteomic patterns that can diagnose patients using biological information. This work presents a computational study of disease machine learning classification models using only single nucleotide polymorphisms at the HTR2A and DRD3 genes from Galician (Northwest Spain) schizophrenic patients. These classification models establish for the first time, to the best knowledge of the authors, a relationship between the sequence of the nucleic acid molecule and schizophrenia (Quantitative Genotype – Disease Relationships) that can automatically recognize schizophrenia DNA sequences and correctly classify between 78.3–93.8% of schizophrenia subjects when using datasets which include simulated negative subjects and a linear artificial neural network.
Unintentional Islanding of Distributed Generation—Operating Experiences From Naturally Occurred Events

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents original records of distributed-generation unintentional islanding events in three categories. The islands were formed by naturally occurred faults without the transfer trip initiated to generation facilities. Hydraulic, natural gas, and wind generators were involved in the events. The records exemplify important issues in DG anti-islanding planning, such as coordination with underfrequency (or undervoltage) load shedding, reactive power compensation, generation-to-load ratio, reclosing coordination, etc. The events reported in this paper can serve as first-hand references in applying IEEE Standard 1547 to distributed generation anti-islanding planning and operation.
Choosing an optimal input for an intravenous glucose tolerance test to aid parameter identification

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective The minimal model is used to estimate insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes, following an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). Issues have been reported regarding parameter estimation, including correlation between insulin sensitivity and action parameters. The objective was to reduce these issues, by modifying the input of glucose in the test. Methods Data were available for 24 volunteers following an IVGTT and glucose clamp test. Correlation between parameters was explored using likelihood heatmaps. An integrated glucose–insulin model was used to simulate glucose and insulin concentrations following new glucose inputs. The improved input for the test was selected by finding the minimum inverse of the determinant of the Fisher information matrix. Key findings When the minimal model was fitted to the IVGTT data, there was clear correlation between the insulin parameters. With the glucose clamp, all parameters were correlated and badly estimated. The modified input, a bolus dose followed by constant infusion, resulted in improvement in parameter estimation and reduction in parameter correlation. Conclusions It is possible to reduce the issues with parameter estimation in the minimal model by modifying the glucose input, leading to a simplified test deign and a reduction in the total amount of glucose infused.
Development of broiler offal silage with molasses

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Objective of the present study was to determine the feasibility of ensiling broiler offal (80) withmolasses. Forty two-days old broiler chicks were slaughtered and processed manually. Offal withoutfeathers were cut into small pieces and ensiled in airtight plastic containers for four weeks. Theexperiment followed a completely randomize design in 4*2 factorial arrangement. The treatmentcombinations were four molasses concentrations (5, 15,25 and 35% w/w) and two inoculation levels(0 and 10%). Yoghurt was used as the innoculum. Each treatment combination had five replicates.pH was measured at time 0, 12hrs, 24 hrs, day 3, day 7, day 14, day 21 and day 28 of the ensilingprocess. pH was 4.8 at the beginning of the ensiling process. After 12 hrs, in all treatments pHdropped slightly to around 4.6. The pH at 5% molasses level dropped quickly within a day of ensiling,and was significantly lower than the pH values of other molasses levels. However, pH at 5%molasses rose thereafter, and reached to an undesirable level by day 3. By one week of ensiling, thepH at 15,25 and 35% molasses levels were 4.1,4.2 and 4.2, respectively. Those were the lowest pHvalues observed for the respective molasses concentration. At all of the above three molasses levels,there was a slight pH increase by day 14 of the ensiling. Thereafter pH maintained at a constantlevels of 4.5,4.2 and 4.4 at 15,25 and 35% molasses levels, respectively. Except 5% molasses level,all other three levels of molasses gave typical odour of good silage. Liquefaction of the 80 was poorand thus grinding of the offal before ensiling may be useful. Inoculation had no effect on pH until day3 and, thereafter inoculation increased the pH and thus was detrimental for the ensiling process.. Itwas concluded that 80 could successfully be ensiled with 25% molasses. Inoculation with yoghurtculture had no beneficial effect on ensiling process.
Letters from Asylumia: The Opal and the Cultural Work of the Lunatic Asylum, 1851-1860

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Letters from Asylumia: The Opal and the Cultural Work of the Lunatic Asylum, 1851–1860 Get access Benjamin Reiss Benjamin Reiss Tulane University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Literary History, Volume 16, Issue 1, SPRING , Pages 1–28, https://doi.org/10.1093/ALH/AJH001 Published: 01 March 2004
[The understanding of epidemic diseases in the Qin and Han Dynasties].

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the Qin and Han Dynasties, three views were argued as the main causes of epidemic diseases, the observation of climate, the interaction between nature and humans and 'witchcraft'. Specifically it was thought that abnormal climate, personnel and government decree, and 'gods' and 'ghosts' were responsible for epidemics. This perception led to corresponding countermeasures to deal with epidemic diseases. The abnormal climate in nature was believed to result in the occurrence of epidemic diseases. This was interpreted by traditional Chinese medicine in terms of exogenous diseases. For instance, Huang Di Nei Jing interpreted leprosy with the point of wind-pathogen attacking. Shang Han Lun treated epidemic diseases with the viewpoint of exogenous pathogen. The classic books of Chinese materia medica recorded many cases of preventing and treating epidemic diseases with materia medica. The personnel and government decree refers to the wrong decrees of Emperors and the poor implementation of officials. This was argued to lead to various disasters including epidemic diseases. It was interpreted by Dong Zhongshu, a famous Confucian in the Han Dynasty, as the punishment of gods upon their misconduct. This reminded emperors about reflecting on the epidemic diseases and correcting their mistakes politically. 'Gods' and 'ghosts' were also believed as the cause of epidemics. This idea drove people to deal with epidemic diseases through sacrifices and exorcism.
Toxins and blowfly population dynamics.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This thesis studies the effects of toxins upon larvae of the blowfly Lucilia sericata. A field study of fly populations infesting carcasses showed aggregations in space and time of a number of fly species, although L, sericata was not common. The presence of cadmium or deltamethrin in the larval diet was shown to have deleterious effects upon the larvae. Development was slowed down and the resultant adults were smaller. When the diet contained cadmium, adults had a lower fecundity than those arising from larvae fed upon the control diet. These effects became more pronounced as larval population density was increased. Models were constructed that simulated the population dynamics of L. sericata under two conditions. In each population, the larval diet was limited to 20 g/day whilst in one the diet was contaminated with 50 mg Cd/kg diet. These models allowed the underlying dynamics and their driving forces to be identified. The control model predicted sustained population cycles with a period of 67 days, approximately twice the generation time calculated from cohort life-tables. The cadmium model predicted that these cycles would be dampened and the mass of individual pupae increased relative to those from the control simulation model. These theoretical results, which apparently contradict the predictions made by scope for growth theory, are consistent with results from a long-term population study and were due to the interaction of cadmium with the effects of population density.
Variation of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs Contents and Influencing Factors in Sludge Landfill Process

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In order to know about the variation of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs of sludge in landfill, discover the factors influencing the contents of PAHs, PCBs, OCPs and provide the scientific basis for the agriculture reuse of aged-sludge, the variation of PAHs, PCBs, OCPs contents and influencing factors in sludge landfill were studied in this paper. PAHs concentration of different landfill periods rang from 6.645 to 10.008 mg·kg -1 and show an increasing tendency with the increase of landfill duration. PAHs are mainly composed of more than four benzene-based compounds, and less than three benzene rings compounds contents of PAHs are relatively low. PCBs concentrations rang from 15.655 to 25.569 μg·kg -1 and present a decreasing trend with the landfill time, which far less than the standard of 0.2 mg·kg -1 . PCBs at the beginning of the landfill are mainly composed of the 3-Cl and 5-Cl compounds. In the late of the landfill, 2-Cl compounds increase significantly. The range of OCPs concentration is 1.78~2.37 μg·kg -1 . The main factors affecting the PAHs, PCBs and OCPs contents are microbial degradation and transformation. Analysis of the pollutants sources indicate that PAHs in sludge are mainly derived from the waste water of refinery, coking plant, gasworks, smelt plant and pitch plant. Chemical industry, timber process and electricity industry are the main sources of PCBs and OCPs in sludge.
Semi-automatic one-class image labeling using a neural network object detection model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As a result of a sharp popularity increase of artificial intelligence resource-intensive methods, a serious problem arises in the preliminary data preparation for the convolutional neural networks models effective training. The authors present an approach based on the training dataset iterative updating principle using the YOLO neural network model for areas of interest detection, objects selection, and the original images labeling process automation. The proposed approach was tested with various model configurations for bacteria labeling on images obtained using a scanning electron microscope and, on average, demonstrated ~90% precision on a training dataset increased by 1.75 times over the initial training dataset.
Subtidal macroflora of Althorpe and Haystack Islands, South Australia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The benthic macroflora at sites around the Althorpe and Haystack Is was surveyed in October 1993 and January 2004. Nearshore reefs were dominated by the kelp Ecklonia radiata, the fucoid Acrocarpia paniculata and mixed Cystophora species, whereas reefs at Haystack I. were dominated by a multi-species canopy of mixed Sargassum and Cystophora species, with Ecklonia and Seirococcus axillaris also present. On sandy bottoms off Althorpe I. and Haystack I., seagrass communities comprised mixed beds of up to five seagrass species, within four genera (Amphibolis, Halophila, Posidonia, and Heterozostera). Biomass and species composition of the canopy macroalgae were similar at those sites, which were surveyed in both 1993 and 2004, particularly at sites where few species dominated the canopy. For the upper mid-sublittoral samples at two sites around Althorpe I., a similar average number of understorey species was recorded per m 2 in both 1993 and 2004. At comparable sites, the understorey species composition differed between the two time periods; however, Caulerpa flexilis was a dominant component during both 1993 and 2004. The islands are species-rich, with 267 species within 151 genera so far recorded to 27 m depth. During the 1993 survey, at least 180 species of macroalgae were recorded in 29 quadrat samples, many of these from Haystack I. The macroalgal species richness at Althorpe and Haystack Is is comparable with that of the Investigator Group and Nuyts Archipelago. These figures highlight the importance of these islands in terms of macroalgal species richness in SA.
Making person-centred assessments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Summary The social care assessment is a ‘key interaction’ between a person and the local authority with ‘critical’ importance for determining a person’s needs for care and support. In order to achieve this, the guidance requires that assessments must be ‘person-centred throughout’. The concept of person-centred practice is now routinely invoked, but there remains little empirical evidence on how it gets put into practice. Findings This paper draws on interview data from 30 practitioners about their experiences of conducting social care assessments in England. While there was widespread support for the principles of a person-centred approach, tensions emerged for practitioners in three ways: the way in which ‘chat’ was used to build a relationship or conduct the assessment, whether to conduct the assessment via a conversation or by following the sections on the agency form and the extent to which the assessor should involve and negotiate the contributions of family members. Applications We argue that each of these dilemmas represents an occasion when a commitment to person-centred practice is negotiated between professionals and service users and sometimes compromised as a result. We consider the possibilities for and constraints on achieving person-centred assessments in a post-Care Act environment and discuss the implications for social work practice and research.
<p><strong>Taxonomical account of the Indian Cyzicid <em>Ozestheria</em> <em>annandalei</em> (Daday, 1913) (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata) from peninsular India</strong></p>

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The spinicaudatan family Cyzicidae represents a group of morphologically variable species whose taxonomy is still being updated (Schwentner et al. 2009, 2015, 2020; Rogers et al. 2017). There are 21 species of spinicaudatans currently reported from the Indian subcontinent out of which 4 species represent the Cyzicidae family (sensu Rogers & Padhye, 2015; not considering the species from Eocyzicus genus which are now shifted to Eocyzicidae family sensu Schwentner et al. 2020). Ozestheria indica (Daday, 1913), one of the four species, has been re-described very recently (Padhye, 2020). Ozestheria indica and Ozestheria annandalei (Daday, 1913) are the two valid species currently known from peninsular India (Padhye, 2020; Rogers, 2020 2020). Padhye et al., (2015) re-described the female of a Cyzicus sp. which was later confirmed as C. annandalei (Rogers & Padhye, 2015).
Causal Discovery from Data Assisted by Large Language Models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Knowledge driven discovery of novel materials necessitates the development of the causal models for the property emergence. While in classical physical paradigm the causal relationships are deduced based on the physical principles or via experiment, rapid accumulation of observational data necessitates learning causal relationships between dissimilar aspects of materials structure and functionalities based on observations. For this, it is essential to integrate experimental data with prior domain knowledge. Here we demonstrate this approach by combining high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) data with insights derived from large language models (LLMs). By fine-tuning ChatGPT on domain-specific literature, such as arXiv papers on ferroelectrics, and combining obtained information with data-driven causal discovery, we construct adjacency matrices for Directed Acyclic Graphs (DAGs) that map the causal relationships between structural, chemical, and polarization degrees of freedom in Sm-doped BiFeO3 (SmBFO). This approach enables us to hypothesize how synthesis conditions influence material properties, particularly the coercive field (E0), and guides experimental validation. The ultimate objective of this work is to develop a unified framework that integrates LLM-driven literature analysis with data-driven discovery, facilitating the precise engineering of ferroelectric materials by establishing clear connections between synthesis conditions and their resulting material properties.
Abstraction of parameterized networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we are interested in the verification of safety properties of parameterized networks. A network is defined as a parallel composition of an arbitrary but finite number of identical sequential processes, where we consider parallel composition by interleaving and synchronization by shared variables. Using abstraction techniques, a process, called an abstract network, encoding the behaviour of the entire network is constructed. The property is then checked on this process. Our verification method has the following advantages: the construction of the abstract network is fully automatic; the obtained process is generally a simple process on which the property can be easily verified. Of course, if the property cannot be verified on the abstract network, another more precise abstraction has to be computed. The construction requires to discharge a set of first order verification conditions (VCs). The PVS theorem prover is used to discharge the generated VCs. This allows us to consider processes with arbitrary data types. The effectiveness of our verification method is illustrated on two examples including a parameterized version of the Fischer's protocol.