jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stochastic models and field trials

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

A survey of the development of statistical techniques of field experimentation refers to the unified approach of R. A. Fisher, in which analysis and design were closely linked. Randomization of treatment positions bypassed the need for a precise stochastic model, but sometimes at the cost of diminished accuracy. Alternative covariance methods associated with the name of J. S. Papadakis, taking note of the yields of neighbouring plots, have stimulated much research in recent years. The results to date suggest that, while improved accuracy can often be achieved, the assessment of accuracy is more dependent on the stochastic model. Robust methods for such assessment still need to be finalized; with these alternative methods a closer link between analysis and design is also advocated.
The Transcription Factor LHX1 Regulates the Survival and Directed Migration of POA-derived Cortical Interneurons

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The delicate balance of excitation and inhibition is crucial for proper function of the cerebral cortex, relying on the accurate number and subtype composition of inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)-expressing interneurons. Various intrinsic and extrinsic factors precisely orchestrate their multifaceted development including the long-range migration from the basal telencephalon to cortical targets as well as interneuron survival throughout the developmental period. Particularly expressed guidance receptors were described to channel the migration of cortical interneurons deriving from the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and the preoptic area (POA) along distinct routes. Hence, unveiling the regulatory genetic networks controlling subtype-specific gene expression profiles is key to understand interneuron-specific developmental programs and to reveal causes for associated disorders. In contrast to MGE-derived interneurons, little is known about the transcriptional networks in interneurons born in the POA. Here, we provide first evidence for the LIM-homeobox transcription factor LHX1 as a crucial key player in the post-mitotic development of POA-derived cortical interneurons. By transcriptional regulation of related genes, LHX1 modulates their survival as well as the subtype-specific expression of guidance receptors of the Eph/ephrin family, thereby affecting directional migration and layer distribution in the adult cortex.
Use of second generation supra-glottic airway devices during laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a prospective, randomized comparison of LMA Proseal™, LMA SupremeTM and igel™.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Among SAD's, LMA-S is the easiest to insert (including the drain tube), LMA-P achieved the best leak pressure, and i-gel fastest to insert, although associated with the worst POPD scoring.
Investment Needs and Financing Challenges

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Reviews the impact of the recent financial crisis on public-private partnership (PPP) investment compared with what happened in earlier financial crises. Looks out the latest projections for additional power sector investment needed because of climate change and the possible sources of financing—and where the money might come from. The most developing countries weathered the storm better than might have been expected, despite some setbacks. While many private electricity projects have been delayed and financing costs have increased, the impact of the global financial crisis was less severe than that of previous crises that originated in developing countries. This resilience stems from developing countries' need to expand generation capacity, electricity sector reforms and better regulatory frameworks, packages to attract independent power producers, and short-term solutions. The crisis brought both short-term relief—lower electricity demand to take the pressure off supply shortages—and longer-term problems—higher financing costs for infrastructure. The sharply reduced appetite of commercial banks for long-term financing in many countries makes international financing institutions especially valuable for private projects. The impact of climate change on the power sector's investment needs is daunting, necessitating both public and private financing.
REMARKS ABOUT ORTHOGONAL MATCHING PURSUIT ALGORITHMS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) is a popular decoder to recover sparse signal in compressed sensing. Our aim is to investigate the theoretical properties of OMP. In particular, we show that the OMP decoder can give (p, q) instance optimality for a large class of encoders with 1 ≤ p ≤ q ≤ 2 and (p, q) ≠ (2, 2).
Effects of combined glutamine and serum deprivation on glucose control of hexose transport in mammalian fibroblast cultures.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Regulation of hexose transport in NIL hamster fibroblasts has been studied in confluent cultures preconditioned for 24 hr in media deprived of glutamine or of serum or of both. Cultures maintained in media containing dialyzed fetal calf serum and 4 mM glutamine accumulated up to 72 nmol of glutamine per mg of cell protein; in contrast, cells deprived of glutamine contained less than 1 nmol/mg of cell protein. Glutamine elicited a general enhancement of hexose transport compared with transport in glutamine-deprived cultures. This enhancement was particularly pronounced in glucose-fed cultures which in the absence of glutamine showed conspicuously low transport activity. When maintained in glucose media, cultures deprived of serum also showed a marked loss of hexose transport which, in this case, was not compensated for by addition of glutamine. However, regardless of the presence or absence of glutamine, these cultures were able to develop the usual transport enhancement response to glucose starvation. Moreover, 2,4-dinitrophenol was also able to elicit a pronounced enhancement of hexose transport in the glucose-fed cultures; this effect surpassed even the transport derepression observed in the glucose-starved cultures. In polyoma-transformed cultures maintained in serum-free media, hexose transport remained relatively high, even in the presence of glucose. However, addition of glutamine brought about an enhancement in both the presence and absence of serum. The various phenomena are discussed in regard to protein turnover in general and more specifically the turnover of hexose transport carriers.
Multi-robot Markov Random Fields (Short Paper)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose Markov random fields (MRFs) as a probabilistic mathematical model for unifying approaches to multi-robot coordination or, more specifically, distributed action selection. The MRF model is well-suited to domains in which the joint probability over latent (action) and observed (perceived) variables can be factored into pairwise interactions between these variables. Specifically, these interactions occur through functions that evaluate “local evidence ” between an observed and latent variable and “compatibility” between a pair of latent variables. For multi-robot coordination, we cast local evidence functions as the computation for an individual robot’s action selection from its local observations and compatibility as the dependence in action selection between a pair of robots. We describe how existing methods for multi-robot coordination (or at least a non-exhaustive subset) fit within an MRF-based model and how they conceptually unify. Further, we offer belief propagation on a multi-robot MRF as a novel approach to distributed robot action selection.
Relationship between latent and radiative heating fields of Tropical cloud systems using synergistic satellite observations

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. In order to investigate the relationship between latent and radiative heating (LH, RH), particularly within mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), we used synergistic satellite-derived data from active instruments. Given the sparse sampling of these observations, we expanded the Spectral LH profiles derived from the Tropical Rain Measurement Mission (TRMM-SLH) by applying artificial neural network regressions on Clouds from InfraRed Sounder data and meteorological reanalyses, following a similar approach as for the expansion of the RH profiles. The zonal averages of vertically integrated LH (LP) at 1:30 AM and PM LT align well with those from the full diurnal sampling of TRMM–SLH over ocean. For Upper Tropospheric (UT) clouds releasing large latent heat, the surface temperature has a larger impact on the atmospheric cloud radiative effect (ACRE) in dry than in humid environments, while for lower clouds, producing relatively small latent heat, humidity plays a large role in enhanced ACRE. The distribution of UT clouds in the LP–ACRE plane shows a very large spread in ACRE for small LP, which is gradually reduced towards larger LP. The mean ACRE per MCS increases with LP, ranging from 50 to 115 W m-2. As expected, the shapes of the LH profiles of mature MCSs show that larger, more organized MCSs have a larger contribution of stratiform rain than the smaller MCSs. Convective organization enhances the mean ACRE of the MCS by up to 20 W m-2.
SH1730930.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Specification for Electronic and Degreasing Grades of 1,1,2-Trichloro 1,2,2,-Trifluoroethane Solvent

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This specification establishes the requirements for three grades of 1,1,2-trichloro 1,2,2-trifluoroethane solvent, as follows: Type I, electronic or ultra-clean grade; Type II, standard or vapour-degreasing grade; and Type IIA, general purpose grade packaged in a pressurized container. Each grade shall adhere to individually specified values of the following chemical and physical properties: boiling point at standard barometric pressure; chemical purity; moisture content; chloride ions content; specific aqueous conductance; acid number; and residue content.
Development of a two-tier instrument on simple electric circuits

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article reports the development of a two-tier simple electric circuits test (2T-SEC Test). Simple electric circuits are introduced to students early in their school years and are an important part of the physics curriculum all the way to the university level. However, many students do not develop an adequate conceptual understanding of simple electric circuits and especially of electrical voltage. For this reason, six physics education research groups from Germany and Austria started a large study to evaluate and improve middle-school students’ conceptual understanding of simple electric circuits. As a first step, we developed the test instrument presented in this article. First, nine semistructured interviews were conducted with\nmiddle-school students in Austria. The interviews were transcribed, analyzed and (common) student difficulties with simple electric circuits were identified. Second, based on the results from the interviews and previous research on this topic, an instrument consisting of 25 two-tier multiple-choice items was developed and administered to N ¼ 1568 middle-school students in Austria and Germany. Third, the data were evaluated using Rasch analysis. The item reliability of the test was 0.99, while the person reliability of paired scoring was 0.62 and the reliability of separate scoring was 0.75. The average difficulties of the main concepts regarding simple electric circuits (open and closed circuits, electric current, resistance, series and parallel circuits, and electrical voltage) were calculated and compared. The analysis suggests that the concept of voltage is most difficult for students while distinguishing between open and closed circuits is the easiest.
Evaluation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Parents Referred to Dental Clinics toward Importance of the Primary Teeth and Space Maintaining of them in City of Yazd in 2018

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Having regular permanent teeth is maintaining the regularity of the primary teeth. Parents play an important role in maintaining their teeth. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate of knowledge, attitude and performance of parents referred to dental clinics toward importance of the primary teeth and space maintaining of them in Yazd City in 2018. Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 200 parents of children under 12 years of age, referred to dental clinics of selected for this research. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire that containing 38 questions in 4 scores. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 and t-test, ANOVA, Post HOC and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: In this study, 200 parents of children under 12 years of age, 64 fathers (32%) and 136 mothers (68%) completed the research questionnaire. In this study, the mean score of parental knowledge was 13.5 ± 3.92 out of 40 points, the mean score of parental attitude was 38.99 ± 6.54 out of 80 points, the mean of parental performance was 9.26 ± 1.48 out of 20 points, and the mean score parental performance in the case of space maintaining was 12.58 ± 2. 08 out of 28 points. we understand parents had low knowledge, low attitude and poor performance regarding the importance of primary teeth and maintaining their space. Conclusion: Training parents about the importance of care of primary teeth, should be performed by dentist in health center.
Estimating Agriculture's Contribution to the Arkansas Economy Over Time

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Agriculture has been a primary stimulus of economic growth in Arkansas since statehood. While agriculture contributes to the economy through direct agricultural production and value-added processing, it also plays an important role through its interactions with other sectors. The use of non-agricultural goods and services as inputs into the agriculture sector promotes diversified growth in Arkansas’ economy. The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the contribution of agriculture in Arkansas 1) in relation to the state economy 2) as compared (in terms of relative size) to the agriculture sector in neighboring states, the Southeast region of the United States and the nation as a whole 3) in terms of the direct, indirect, and induced contributions, and 4) in terms of the contributions of the crop, animal agriculture and forestry sectors to the Arkansas economy. To achieve this purpose, gross domestic product data by state, for the US and for the Southern US from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) are used to: 1) present a summary of the Arkansas economy, 2) determine agriculture’s contribution to the state economy from 2003 to 2012, 3) and compare the relative size of agriculture elsewhere to the size of agriculture in Arkansas. Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) input-output software and state-level data are used to determine the overall impact of Arkansas’ agriculture sector from 2003 through 2012. The software and data are also used to derive the corresponding direct, indirect and induced impacts of agriculture in Arkansas as well as to estimate the relative contributions of the crop, animal agriculture and forestry sectors to the state economy. Results show that since 2003, agricultural production and processing have contributed billions of dollars to the Arkansas economy annually representing an annual average of 10% of Arkansas’ gross state product (GSP). Although these values have experienced a steady decline throughout the past decade, agriculture’s percentage of GSP remains greater than that of any surrounding state, the Southeast region or the United States as a whole. Arkansas agriculture is annually responsible for an average of one in every six jobs and $1 out of every $6 in value added. Within the agricultural sector, the crops sector most often generates the largest number of jobs and highest value added. Additionally, many jobs, income and value added accrue in other sectors such as Wholesale and Retail Trade, Transportation and Warehousing, and Manufacturing. The economic contribution of the agriculture sector in Arkansas is much more than the direct impact of agricultural production and processing. Results of our study support the argument that agriculture is a vital part of the Arkansas economy. Over the past decade, Arkansas’ agriculture sector has continuously shown strength as an important economic base by contributing a significant percentage to the state GSP and value added as well as providing much needed jobs for Arkansas’ rural communities.
BARRIERS TO ADHERENCE TO EXPANDED PROGRAM ON IMMUNIZATION AMONG PARENTS IN LANAO DEL NORTE, PHILIPPINES

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was developed to ensure access of infant and children to recommended vaccines. In the Philippines, nurses are deployed in the community to ensure that children in their assigned units are fully immunized before they reach 1 year old. However, despite the various immunization campaigns, many children still remain unprotected and at-risk to life-threatening vaccine-preventable diseases. Thus, identifying the barriers that have averted parents from adhering to complete and timely immunization is important, most especially to nurses who are the primary program implementers in the community. Objective: This study chiefly aimed to determine the respondents’ perceived barriers along the aspects of Personal, Geographical and Social Barriers, Beliefs and Myths on Immunization, and Knowledge and Awareness on EPI and their relationship to the respondents’ level of adherence to immunization. Methods: Descriptive correlational design was used to explore the perceived barriers to immunization and examine its relationship to the respondents’ level of adherence. A researcher-constructed questionnaire was used after being pilot tested to gather data from 352 random respondents. Results: Using frequency counts, percentages, and weighted arithmetic mean, the results showed that most of the respondents considered only geographical factors as barrier along with social factors. Moreover, it has been found out that respondents lacked knowledge and awareness on the benefits of immunization, the number of vaccines their child needs to receive, site and schedule, side-effects, and contraindications. However, with mean above 2.34 indicated that respondents were informed on the appropriate interventions for side-effects of vaccines, as well as their right to refuse vaccination. The respondents’ over-all level of adherence was moderate. Conclusion: The identified barriers geographical, social, personal, beliefs and myths on immunization and respondents’ level of knowledge and awareness have influenced respondents’ level of adherence to a moderate level only. Based on the results, health care providers, especially nurses, and other concerned program implementers need to consider and address these barriers when formulating or improving strategies to increase immunization compliance. Lastly, more intentional follow-up campaign drives in spreading information about Expanded Program on Immunization using media and other ways is needed.
Urethritis and Pure Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)-Reply

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In Reply.— We thank Drs Diehl and Lewis for their kind remarks about our article. Dr Diehl's definition of the is identical with ours (urethritis). To clarify one point, a patient with the recent symptom of vaginal discharge, but without any abnormal discharge evident on pelvic examination, could be labeled as having pure urethritis, according to the criteria listed in Table 2. Many studies, including the first four that are referenced in our article, report that the urethral syndrome may account for 40% to 60% of adult women going to a primary care practice with the symptoms of dysuria or urinary frequency. As Dr Diehl points out, these studies suggest that patients with urethral syndrome are clinically indistinguishable from most patients with culture-proven urinary tract infection (UTI). For this reason, we included our patients with urethral syndrome under the general category of UTI in Table 2. At the
A Clinical Observation of Tinnitus Cranii Caused by Head Trauma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Clinical examination for head noises was conducted in 1701 cases of head trauma, and the findings were studied in relation to tinnitus produced by the same cause. The result of this study is as follows:1) Head noises were defined as a case in which the sound sensation is felt to be located intracranially, but not in the auditory system. These cases fox our study were chosen by questioning.2) Head noises were found in 138 of these cases. Those of pure head noises numbered 31, which corresponded to 2.13% of the entire cases, and so were very rare. Most of these cases of head noises were combined with tinnitus, numbering 107.3) In the rate of continuous type to intermittent type there was not much difference between head noises and tinnitus.4) The cases of disappearance of head noises were very rare, being only 2.13% and those of tinnitus were 12.85%.5) The most frequent sound of both head noises and tinnitus was sound-Ji, and this sound was more frequently found in tinnitus.5) Rhythmic sound was found in more cases of head noises than in the cases of tinnitus. About two thirds of the whole cases of head noises bore a resembrance to those of tinnitus in their nature of sound.7) The percentage of the frequcency matched to head noises or tinnitus existing in the high frequency range was found greater in the cases of head noises than in those of tinnitus.8) As one of the causes of head noises, intracranial circulatory disturbance was presumed.
Representations of the family in postwar British amateur film: family histories in the Lane and Scrutton collection at the East Anglian Film Archive

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article examines the construction of the postwar British family in amateur film with reference to the Sidney Lane and Cecil Scrutton collection held at the East Anglian Film Archive (EAFA), particularly the films covering 1948 – 1961. Heather Norris Nicholson argues that home movies contribute to 'an understanding of leisure and visual-related practices of consumption as well as the social processes by which people came to give themselves, and others, identities' in the mid-twentieth century (Nicholson, 2004, p. 323). By considering the social and historical contexts in which these home movies were produced, and using accompanying notes by one of the filmmaker’s sons, the leisure time films of Lane and Scrutton can be analysed in order to understand how the amateur cine hobby ideologically constructed family, community and national identity in postwar Britain. The images of Christmas parties, daytrips and holidays in these films reveal much about this particular family, and are therefore very illuminating to the social historian and film scholar of today.