jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Flourishing of Islamic Reformism in Iran. Political Islamic Groups in Iran (1941-1961) * BY SEYED MOHAMMAD ALI TAGHAVI

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The 1940s and 1950s in Iran were the main formative period of Islamic thought on Islam and modernity, and on the need for reform in Iran. At this time a variety of perspectives, either more or less orthodox, and affiliated to different political views and social groups began to take shape, and so Islamist ideologies emerged. This book discusses three groups which appeared at that time: the Society of Socialist Theists, who sought to construct a socialist version of Islamism; the Iran Freedom Movement, whose objective was to reconcile Islam with liberal democracy; and the Society of the Devotees of Islam, a militant organization influenced by the Salafiyya movement, who sought a purely Islamist way forward. Taghavi argues that they were fundamentalist, a problematic term, which is nevertheless gaining common currency to describe supporters of an Islamic state. Taghavi, however, calls this view ‘traditionalist’, which, given their Salafiyya origins, is...
Sound, Ink, Bytes: Geographical Information through the Centuries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article is based on research carried out as part of the author’s PhD studies at the Department of Digital Humanities, King’s College, London, and is concerned with the processes of creating and changing texts through different mediums. This article takes the Schnitler protocols, a study commissioned by the Danish government on Norwegian-Swedish/Finish border relations, as an example through which to examine the relationship between different documents, oral, written, print, and digital, and the stylistic and content changes that were likely introduced through each of the transformations from one medium to another.
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum IG 168885

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum
Common name(s): Wheat
Conserved by: International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), Lebanon
Local sample unique identifier: IG 168885
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 2016
Historical: No
Biological status: Other
MLS status: Not included
BIODEGRADATION OF HYDROLYZED MUSTARD FROM AN ACWA PROJECTILE WASHOUT STUDY

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In 1996, public laws 104-208, 105-261, and 106-79 established and expanded the Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (ACWA) Program. To address public concerns over safe destruction of the U.S. chemical weapon stockpile; the ACWA program was tasked to identify two or more viable alternatives technologies to the baseline destruction method of incineration. Neutralization followed by biodegradation was one technology to be successfully demonstrated in a pilot facility at the Edgewood Chemical and Biological Center (ECBC) APG, MD. A successful Engineering Design Study (EDS) followed the demonstration and the Neutralization/Biodegradation process was subsequently approved for destruction of assembled chemical weapons stored at the Pueblo Chemical Depot. During the laboratory and pilot-scale studies hydrolyzed mustard taken from ton storage containers and tetrytol from storage was used to simulate the agent and explosive fills of the M60 chemical round. Presently, rocket cutting and washout engineering studies continue at PCD in preparation for eventual destruction of the chemical rounds. Concern has risen over the possible effect undissolved heel material may have on the biodegradability of the hydrolyzed payloads. This follow-on laboratory study uses mustard agent and tetrytol removed during rocket cutting and washout testing on actual chemical rounds stored at PCD.
MDCT Diagnosis of Perineural Invasion Involving the Celiac Plexus in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Preliminary Observations and Clinical Implications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Soft-tissue infiltration along the celiac plexus on MDCT is an indicator of perineural invasion in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The data did not confirm an association between delayed enhancement exceeding two-thirds of the tumor area and perineural invasion. Because perineural invasion from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is associated with a very poor prognosis and is generally a contraindication to surgery, the MDCT diagnosis of celiac plexus perineural invasion in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma may have important implications for prognosis and treatment planning.
Quality Analysis for Recycle of the Drained Soybean Boiling Water Discarded in the Mass Production of Fermented Soy Foods

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Nutritional components and quality characteristics of drained soybean boiling water(DBW), which is discarded in the mass production of fermented soy foods, were compared with raw soybean(Control) and Cheonggukjang(CGJ) to provide the basic data for its recycle. The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and crude ash of DBW were shown as 87%, 2.2%, 0.15% and 1.42%, respectively. Decreased total amino acid of 1,677.8 mg/100g in DBW was comparable with 29,051.1 mg/100g in control, however, there was no great difference in the proportion of essential amino acid to the total. While the total sugar contents were decreased in both DBW and CGJ with 8.39% and 7.17% each from the control of 11.50%, the reducing sugars were increased with higher amount of 6.44% in CGJ and 8.30% in DBW than 5.60% in control. pH of DBW was lower than both of the control and CGJ. Hunter's color values revealed the increase of redness(a value) and yellowness(b value) of DBW and CGJ suggesting that Maillard reaction products were produced by the heating and fermentation process. Polyphenol compounds were highly abundant in CGJ of 0.74 tannic acid equivalent(mg/g) followed by similar low amounts of 0.33 and 0.29 tannic acid equivalent(mg/g) in DBW and control, respectively. Antioxidative activity determined by Electron Donating Ability(%) using DPPH radical showed that CGJ, of which polyphenols were the highest, has the strongest electron donating ability with the lowest $EC_{50}$ value of 5.91 mg/mL. DBW was much lower but similar with the control. From the above results the drained soybean boiling water was shown to have many nutritional and functional components as much as soybean, therefore, it could be a potent reusable food material.
HOW AND WHY INSTRUCTORS INCLUDE AND EXCLUDE SOCIAL, POLICY, AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DESIGN EDUCATION

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Design and engineering are socio-technical enterprises used to solve real-world problems. However, students in these fields are often under-equipped to consider the ethical and societal implications of their work. Our prior work showed that these societal considerations are more consistently embedded in design pedagogy in non-engineering than in engineering courses at MIT. Here, we examine underlying causes for this through a survey of instructors (231 courses from 29 departments). The main contribution of this work is an analysis of whether and how instructors incorporate social, ethical, and policy considerations in design pedagogy. The majority of respondents (60.6%) included these topics in their courses, primarily through discussion of social justice, identity groups, and ethics. These concepts were included more in non-engineering courses (65.8%) than engineering courses (46.9%). Many instructors, especially in engineering, cited irrelevance as the reason for not engaging with these topics in their courses (86.1% compared to 44.2% in non-engineering). We suggest that instructors question this perception and use the examples provided as a starting point to explore integration of these concepts into their technical content.
Prediction of Road Accident Risk for Vehicle Fleet Based on Statistically Processed Tire Wear Model

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The goal of the paper is to investigate the impact of tire tread depth on road accident risk and to develop an accident rate prediction model. The state of 4288 vehicle tires using tread depth gauge was inspected and processed statistically. The tread depth of the most worn tire from each vehicle was registered for further analysis. Based on the collected data, a statistical tire tread depth model for an insurance company vehicle fleet had been developed. The conformity of the gamma distribution to the data was verified upon applying the Pearson compatibility criterion. The paper provides the histograms of the frequencies of tire tread depths and the theoretical curves of the distribution density. The probability of the accident risk depending on the tire tread depth (adaptive risk index) was calculated applying the formed distributions and risk index dependence on the tire tread depth for the inspected vehicle fleet. According to the developed prediction model, an upgrade of the regulation for the minimum allowed tire tread depth by 2 mm (up to 3.6 mm) could reduce road accident risk (caused by poor adhesion to road surface) to 19.3% for the chosen vehicle fleet. Such models are useful for road safety experts, insurance companies and accident cost evaluation specialists by predicting expenses related to insurance events.
About the Sale of the Museum of the Gottwalds: Johann Philipp Breyne and His Correspondents (English)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In early modern times, after the death of a collector, auctions were often organized to sell this late person's collections: be they books, naturalia, artifica lia or scientifica.In 17 th and 18 th century Europe, such luxury items were very fashionable as they symbolized a person's social status and refinement. 1 All around there were special agents who, very often on a family's request, would first record the items, compile them, publish an auction catalogue and finally organize the aforementioned auction for rich clientele interested in purchasing the whole or just a part of the collection. 2 Auction catalogues containing lists and sometimes even pictures of some of the valuable items were always distributed in a number of large European cities; in particular, in cities in the Netherlands where interest in naturalia auc-
Performance of BaTiO<inf>3</inf>-based Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors under High AC Loads

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The multilayer ceramic capacitors' (MLCC) performance under high ac loads was studied. The mean time to failure (MTTF) of MLCCs' depending on voltage across the capacitor was established. It was found that MTTF follows the power law. The temperature spectra of capacitance and dissipation factor were obtained. Numerical simulation by means of Comsol Multiphysics was conducted showed unsuitability of small signal characteristics to evaluate capacitor's performance under high loads.
Research on Xanthurenic Acid. XV Adrenalectomized Albino Rats and Their Tryptophan Metabolism

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Introduction.Xanthurenic acid discovered by Musajol' to be a metabolite of tryptophan was later confirmed by Lepkovsky et a1.2' to be an abnormal metabolite formed in albino rat due to V.B6 deficiency.This substance was further revealed by Yahito Kotake et a1.3' to be a product of tryptophan caused by simultaneous administration of sodium butyrate and tryptophan to albino rat, and it was established by them that this substance was an unmistakable causative substance of animal diabetes.By Yahito Kotake, Inada, and Matsumura,4' two organs of suprarenal glands and hypophysis were proved to be inseparably related to the initial hyperglycemia detectable in xanthurenic-acidinjected albino rats.Again, it is reported by Chiancone et al.5' that adrenalectomized albino rats reveal a reduced amount of xanthurenic acid from tryptophan in their urine, as compared with control healthy ones, while hypophysectomized ones reveal an increased amount of it.There is yet another finding by Sayers,s' Ingle,7' Musajo et al.,8' and Porter et a1.9' that suprarenal cortex and hypophyseal hormones are indispensable both to formation of kynurenic acid from kynurenine and of xanthurenic acid from 3-hydroxy-kynurenine. (These reactions are presumably performed by transaminase.)In pursuit of this last-mentioned discovery, closer investigations have recently been started by the authors with regard to the interrelationship of the two diabetogenic organs, suprarenal glands and hypophysis and the formation of the diabetogenic substance, xanthurenic acid.The results obtained are here reported.Experiment and Results.(I) Albino rats, either adrenalectomized or hypophysectomized, and their tryptophan metabolism.Materials.(1) Male albino rats, fed for more than two weeks on a casein diet (casein 22%, McCol lum salt mixture 2%, agar-agar 3%, butter 10%, sugar 5%, starch 52%, yeast 2%) and each weighing around 200 g were used.Hypophysectomia was conducted in accordance with Homma's method1® on Thompson's.Adrenalectomia was conducted simultaneously on both sides.After the recovery of their temporarily lost
Optical Prediction of Metastatic Outcome Using Second Harmonic Generation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Following a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer, the primary tumor is removed and hormonal therapy is begun. At this point a significant decision must be made: should the patient receive additional systemic chemotherapy to attack cells that have escaped the tumor? In the majority of cases the cancer has not yet spread to the adjacent lymph nodes (“N0”), and the choice is unclear. Current data suggests that the majority of N0 patients that are systemically treated would not have developed metastases, did not need to suffer the toxic effects of systemic therapy, and were “overtreated.” Hence there is a pressing need to predict who will (and will not) develop metastases, to minimize overtreatment. Current attempts to meet this need are primarily based upon genomic methods and hence focus on tumor cells, while less attention is paid to the extracellular matrix through which metastasizing cells travel. We and others have studied an optical signal called second harmonic generation (SHG) that is intrinsic to fibrillar collagen. We have demonstrated that tumor collagen structure, as measured with SHG, influences tumor cell motility and that manipulation of tumor SHG signatures alters metastatic outcome. This suggests that SHG may provide prognostic information about metastasis that is complementary, or even superior, to current cell-focused methods. Therefore we explored one SHG measure of collagen structure, the forward- to backwards-scattering ratio (F/B), in 125 ER+ untreated patients with Invasive Ductal Carcinoma. We found that F/B is a significant prognostic indicator of time to metastasis in these patients (based upon 10 year followup data). It is also a prognostic indicator in 60 ER+ IDC patients treated with tamoxifen. Finally, F/B is a significant prognostic indicator in 69 patients with Stage I colon adenocarcinoma. This suggests that F/B may be useful as a rapid and inexpensive way to predict metastatic outcome in several tumor types, to reduce “overtreatment” of cancer patients.
Artificial prediction markets for lymph node detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Prediction markets are forums aimed at predicting the outcome of future events of interest such as election results. People participate in a prediction market by buying contracts on the possible outcomes. They are rewarded after the outcome is known based on the number of contracts purchased for the correct outcome. The Artificial Prediction Market is a novel machine learning method that simulates a prediction market where the participants are trained classifiers instead of people. In this work we present an application of the Artificial Prediction Market to lymph node detection from CT images. An evaluation on 54 CT volumes shows that the detector trained with the Artificial Prediction Market has a detection rate of 81.2% at 3 false positives per volume, while an Adaboost classifier trained on the same features obtains a detection rate of 79.6% at the same false positive rate.
A Slot Metasurface for the MIMO Antenna Isolation Enhancement

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this study, a slot metasurface is proposed to suppress the mutual coupling of the MIMO antenna. The designed metasurface is composed of many periodic slots and is placed directly above the MIMO antenna. The coupling of the MIMO antenna is reduced by suppressing the TM wave propagation between antenna arrays. The simulation results show that when the distance between the antenna elements is 0.023λ 0 (where λ 0 is the wavelength at 3.5 GHz), in the working frequency band, the mutual coupling between the antenna elements is suppressed by more than 27 dB, which is improved by about 20 dB.
Smart Accumulating Dual-Targeting Lipid Envelopes Equipping Oncolytic Adenovirus for Enhancing Cancer Gene Therapeutic Efficacy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Systemic delivery of oncolytic adenovirus (oAd) for cancer gene therapy must overcome several limitations such as rapid clearance from the blood, nonspecific accumulation in the liver, and insufficient delivery to the tumor tissues. In the present report, a tumor microenvironment-triggered artificial lipid envelope composed of a pH-responsive sulfamethazine-based polymer (PUSSM)-conjugated phospholipid (DOPE-HZ-PUSSM) and another lipid decorated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) targeting peptide (GE11) (GE11-DOPE) was utilized to encapsulate replication-incompetent Ad (dAd) or oAd coexpressing short-hairpin RNA (shRNA) against Wnt5 (shWnt5) and decorin (dAd/LP-GE-PS or oAd/LP-GE-PS, respectively). In vitro studies demonstrated that dAd/LP-GE-PS transduced breast cancer cells in a pH-responsive and EGFR-specific manner, showing a higher level of transduction than naked Ad under a mildly acidic pH of 6.0 in EGFR-positive cell lines. In vivo biodistribution analyses revealed that systemic administration of oAd/LP-GE-PS leads to a significantly higher level of intratumoral virion accumulation compared to naked oAd, oAd encapsulated in a liposome without PUSSM or EGFR targeting peptide moiety (oAd/LP), or oAd encapsulated in a liposome with EGFR targeting peptide alone (oAd/LP-GE) in an EGFR overexpressing MDA-MB-468 breast tumor xenograft model, showing that both pH sensitivity and EGFR targeting ability were integral to effective systemic delivery of oAd. Further, systemic administration of all liposomal oAd formulations (oAd/LP, oAd/LP-GE, and oAd/LP-GE-PS) showed significantly attenuated hepatic accumulation of the virus compared to naked oAd. Collectively, our findings demonstrated that pH-sensitive and EGFR-targeted liposomal systemic delivery of oAd can be a promising strategy to address the conventional limitations of oAd to effectively treat EGFR-positive cancer in a safe manner.
The Last Step of Kanamycin Biosynthesis: Unique Deamination Reaction Catalyzed by the α‐Ketoglutarate‐Dependent Nonheme Iron Dioxygenase KanJ and the NADPH‐Dependent Reductase KanK

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Geheimnis gelüftet: Mittels heterologer Expression wurden in vitro die Aktivitäten zweier Enzyme identifiziert, die exklusiv dem Kanamycin-Biosyntheseweg angehören. Ein Reaktionsmechanismus für die Kanamycin-Bildung wird vorgeschlagen (siehe Schema), der die bisher unbekannte Desaminierungsaktivität von KanJ aufdeckt. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Applying Contemporary Interpersonal Theory to the Study of Trauma

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Introduction: Symptom-focused theories of trauma and posttraumatic response have yielded many valuable clinical insights, ultimately leading a number of empirically supported approaches to diagnosing and treating trauma survivors. Limitations observed in these approaches have led some trauma-focused researchers and clinicians to examine the role not only of symptoms, but of interpersonal factors on trauma and posttraumatic response. The study of such interpersonal factors is the mainstay of contemporary interpersonal theory, although at present research and clinical intervention concerning trauma has been largely detached from the insights of contemporary interpersonal theory. Objective/Method: In this paper we review and integrate the disparate literatures on trauma and interpersonal theory. Results/Conclusion: We conclude that synthesizing these two literatures is not only feasible, but may also generate useful clinical insights and provide directions for future research relevant to trauma.
THE EXISTENCE OF SINGA DANGDUT AS A FORM OF CULTURAL REPRODUCTION OF SISINGAAN ART IN SUBANG REGENCY

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research article aims to analyze the cultural reproduction process that transformed the traditional art of Subang Regency, namely Sisingaan, into Singa Dangdut in the Lodaya Putra Group. It also aims to identify the factors that caused the cultural reproduction of this art. Sisingaan is a characteristic of Subang Regency that has undergone changes and evolved into a popular art form known as Singa Dangdut. For this research, a qualitative approach was used, which involved observation, interviews, and document studies. The data sources used were primary data obtained directly from the field and interviews, as well as secondary data in the form of documents obtained from the field. Data validity was tested using the triangulation method. The research findings show that the reproduction of Sisingaan into Singa Dangdut occurred through five aspects that underwent changes and innovations, including (a) the appearance of the lion puppet, (b) accompanying musical instruments, (c) choreography, (d) performance, and (e) costumes. The factors that caused this reproduction were both internal and external to the art group and society. The internal factors were the changing musical taste of the Lodaya Putra Group members from traditional songs to Dangdut music. This was because the current members of the Lodaya Putra Group are dominated by young people who tend to prefer popular music over traditional music. The external factors were the process of traditional cultural acculturation with modern culture and market demands.