jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
6. DAE Formulation in Linear Spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

6.1 A DAE Existence ResultThe results of section 2.1 and Chapter 5 led to equations of motion in the general form of a DAEA(x)x¨=F(t,x,x˙)+Dx˙Γ(t,x,x˙)⊤λ,Γ(t,x,x˙)=0,(6.1)where x∈Rn and, consistent with previous notation, (t, x, x˙ ) denotes an arbitrary point of R1×Rn×Rn while (t, x(t), x˙ (t)) will refer to a curve t ↦ x(t) with x˙(t)=(dx/dt)(t) . The coefficient functionsA:Rn→ℒS(Rn),F:R1×Rn×Rn→Rn,Γ:R1×Rn×Rn→Rκ,κ≤n,(6.2)in (6.1) are assumed to be defined and smooth in some appropriate open sets. Four of the principal cases, included in the DAE formulation (6.1), are as follows:(i) Systems of ℓ mass points subjected to the kinematic constraint (2.3) and governed by the system (2.11). Here we have n=3ℓ , κ=k , A(x)=M , and Γ=G as given in (2.3).(ii) Systems of ℓ mass points subjected to the geometric constraint (2.13) and governed by the system (2.17). Here we have again n=3ℓ , κ=k , A(x)=M , and Γ=G^ as given in (2.15).(iii) Systems of ℓ rigid bodies subjected to the kinematic constraint (5.50) and governed by the system (5.51). Here we have n=7ℓ , κ=k+ℓ , x=(u,p) with u and p as in (5.39), x˙=(u˙,p˙) , andA(x)=M¯004H¯(p)⊤J¯H¯(p)∈ℒ(R7ℓ).(6.3)
Temperature regulates an inwardly-rectifying potassium current (Kir) in dLGN TC neurons.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>A) Warming leads to a net outward current recorded from a dLGN TC neuron. B) In a different TC neuron recorded in the presence of 500 μM BaCl<sub>2</sub>, a blocker of Kir, warming instead leads to a slight inward current. The current recovers following return to room temperature aCSF. C) In another TC neuron recorded in the presence of BaCl<sub>2</sub> and 20 μM CNQX (a blocker of AMPA-type glutamate receptors), warming continues to trigger an inward current. D) Current-voltage plot of the warming-gated current shows that it strongly rectifies and reverses close to the predicted K<sup>+</sup> Nernst equilibrium potential. E) Plot of holding current against bath temperature for three conditions: aCSF, aCSF + 500 μM BaCl<sub>2</sub>, and aCSF + BaCl<sub>2</sub> + 20 μM CNQX. The addition of CNQX did not prevent the temperature-triggered inward current. The horizontal error bars are very small and obscured by the markers. F) The Ba<sup>2+</sup>-sensitive current recorded at room temperature and in warmed aCSF from a single TC neuron obtained by subtraction of membrane currents in response to a series of voltage steps recorded in the absence and presence of 500 μM BaCl<sub>2</sub>. G) Plot of the Ba<sup>2+</sup>-sensitive current (presumptive Kir) from 8 TC neurons at room temperature and in warmed conditions showing that its amplitude increased with warming. *p<0.05, **p<0.001.</p>
Advances in Organ Regeneration

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In biology, regeneration is the process of renewal, restoration, and tissue growth that makes genomes, cells, organisms, and ecosystems resilient to natural fluctuations or events that cause disturbance or damage. Every species is capable of regeneration, from bacteria to humans. Regeneration can either be complete where the new tissue is the same as the lost tissue, or incomplete where after the necrotic tissue comes fibrosis.
At its most elementary level, regeneration is mediated by the molecular processes of gene regulation and involves the cellular processes of cell proliferation, morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Regeneration in biology, however, mainly refers to the morphogenic processes that characterize the phenotypic plasticity of traits allowing multi-cellular organisms to repair and maintain the integrity of their physiological and morphological states. Above the genetic level, regeneration is fundamentally regulated by asexual cellular processes. Regeneration is different from reproduction. For example, hydra perform regeneration but reproduce by the method of budding.
Spin-orbit coupling in fluorinated graphene

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report on theoretical investigations of the spin-orbit coupling effects in fluorinated graphene. First-principles density functional calculations are performed for the dense and dilute adatom coverage limits. The dense limit is represented by the single-side semifluorinated graphene, which is a metal with spin-orbit splittings of about 10 meV. To simulate the effects of a single adatom, we also calculate the electronic structure of a 10×10 supercell, with one fluorine atom in the top position. Since this dilute limit is useful to study spin transport and spin relaxation, we also introduce a realistic effective hopping Hamiltonian, based on symmetry considerations, which describes the supercell bands around the Fermi level. We provide the Hamiltonian parameters which are best fits to the first-principles data. We demonstrate that, unlike for the case of hydrogen adatoms, fluorine's own spin-orbit coupling is the principal cause of the giant induced local spin-orbit coupling in graphene. The sp3 hybridization induced transfer of spin-orbit coupling from graphene's σ bonds, important for hydrogenated graphene, contributes much less. Furthermore, the magnitude of the induced spin-orbit coupling due to fluorine adatoms is about 1000 times more than that of pristine graphene, and 10 times more than that of hydrogenated graphene. Also unlike hydrogen, the fluorine adatom is not a narrow resonant scatterer at the Dirac point. The resonant peak in the density of states of fluorinated graphene in the dilute limit lies 260 meV below the Dirac point. The peak is rather broad, about 300 meV, making the fluorine adatom only a weakly resonant scatterer.
Natural resources and local development: case study of two stork villages in Poland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Ecotourism illustrates how natural resources could be used as a basis for sustainable development, respecting the environment, and at the same time raising environmental awareness among the participating people. Also, ecotourism is expected to provide material benefits for local communities. However, for natural resources to become a highlight of ecotourism, it is necessary to ensure an appropriate "setting", which takes into account both the interests of environmental protection and the needs of tourists. To illustrate these issues, this paper features a detailed analysis of ecotourism potential of two stork villages in Poland managed by nature conservation organizations (Klopot and Zywkowo). It seems possible to increase their attractiveness for tourists, while maintaining their fundamental objectives of nature conservation. To identify the most important activities that would make the above use of stork villages possible, surveys were conducted among tourists visiting these places. The answers provided by 700 people helped to assess how stork villages have been used so far, and how they could contribute to a larger extent to local economic development.
THERMAL MODEL FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC LAUNCHERS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a 3D model for the determination of the temperature field in an electromagnetic launcher. The large amounts of energy that are dissipated into the structure of an electromagnetic launcher during short periods of time lead to a complicated thermal management situation. Effective thermal management strategies are necessary in order to maintain temperatures under acceptable limits. This paper constitutes an attempt to determine the temperature response of the launcher. A complete three-dimensional model has been developed. It combines rigid body movement, electromagnetic effects and heat diffusion together. The launcher consists of two parallel rectangular rails and an armature moving between them. Preliminary results show the current distribution on the rail cross-section, the localized resistive heating, and the rail transient temperature response. The simulation results are compared to prior work presented for a 2D geometry by Powell and Zielinski (2008).
The Apgar Score: In Reply

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We read with interest the letter by Whelan concerning the joint American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Fetus and Newborn and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice policy statement on the Apgar score.1 Whelan is correct to state that some confusion exists concerning the Apgar score as a predictor of outcome, and we cited both sides of this discussion. In addition, as we point out in the statement, misuse of the Apgar score may lead to an erroneous definition of asphyxia. However, we take issue with her assertion that this statement was “[c]learly driven by an effort to oppose the use of low Apgar scores as litigious weapons.” We wished to point out the problems of prediction with either low or high scores. Nelson and Ellenberg2,3 have demonstrated that an Apgar score of 0 to 3 at 5 minutes correlated poorly with future neurologic outcome and that a score of 0 to 3 at 5 minutes was associated with an increased risk of cerebral palsy in only 0.3% to 1.0% of term infants. On the other hand, a score that may be high because of the assistance of resuscitation may lead to the erroneous prediction of a neurologically normal infant. The committees chose not to discuss the Apgar score at 10, 15, and 20 minutes, because extended low scores have high positive predictive values for neurologic disability.We thank Rüdiger et al for their letter, also. We agree that the subjective assessments of 3 components of the score (color, reflex irritability, and tone) can lead to the variations in scoring that they describe. Because the components of the Apgar score are the most consistent part of any labor and delivery summary throughout the world, we elected not to alter its components, as Rüdiger et al propose. We are hopeful that our proposed expanded reporting form and the term “assisted Apgar score” will help in both data collection and prognosis and look forward to studies that will test their value.Iyer's proposal to stop using the Apgar score to evaluate the newborn has been suggested before,4 and a review elsewhere5 contains observations that remain valid despite widespread adoption of the evidence-based Neonatal Resuscitation Program. We think that the Apgar score remains useful, and we hope that use of the expanded scoring sheet will add to the information necessary for evaluation of long-term outcomes.
Investigations of the determinants of 5‐formyltetrahydrofolate binding in the active site of 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase from Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The pathways for the synthesis of tetrahydrofolates form the core of one carbon metabolism and are an excellent source of targets in the treatment of cancer. 5‐formyltetrahydrofolate (5‐formylTHF) is administered in these treatments, either as a rescue agent or as an enhancer. The only enzyme known to use 5‐formylTHF as a substrate is 5,10‐methenyltetrahydrofolate synthetase (MTHFS). This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of 5‐formylTHF to 5,10‐ methenyltetrahydrofolate in conjunction with the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP. We have investigated the determinants of 5‐ formylTHF binding in the active site of the enzyme through site‐directed mutagenesis of wild type residues to alanine followed by a circular dichroism spectroscopy and kinetics. Replacement of glutamate at position 55 (E55A) or tyrosine at position 123 (Y123A) produced mutants with no activity. Mutant proteins F118A and Y122A demonstrated higher Michaelis constants for 5‐ formylTHF and lower turnover numbers compared to wild type. Curiously, mutant Q144A was found to have a higher Michaelis constant for 5‐formylTHF and a higher turnover number. Circular dichroism data were consistent with all mutants being folded.
Faecal haemoglobin concentration is related to severity of colorectal neoplasia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims Guaiac faecal occult blood tests are being replaced by faecal immunochemical tests (FIT). We investigated whether faecal haemoglobin concentration (f-Hb) was related to stage in progression of colorectal neoplasia, studying cancer and adenoma characteristics in an evaluation of quantitative FIT as a first-line screening test. Methods We invited 66 225 individuals aged 50–74 years to provide one sample of faeces. f-Hb was measured on samples from 38 720 responders. Colonoscopy findings and pathology data were collected on the 943 with f-Hb≥400 ng Hb/ml (80 µg Hb/g faeces). Results Of the 814 participants with outcome data (median age: 63 years, range 50–75, 56.4% male), 39 had cancer, 190 high-risk adenoma (HRA, defined as ≥3 or any ≥10 mm) and 119 low-risk adenoma (LRA). 74.4% of those with cancer had f-Hb>1000 ng Hb/ml compared with 58.4% with HRA, and 44.1% with no pathology. Median f-Hb concentration was higher in those with cancer than those with no (p<0.002) or non-neoplastic (p<0.002) pathology, and those with LRA (p=0.0001). Polyp cancers had lower concentrations than more advanced stage cancers (p<0.04). Higher f-Hb was also found in those with HRA than with LRA (p<0.006), large (>10 mm) compared with small adenoma (p<0.0001), and also an adenoma displaying high-grade dysplasia compared with low-grade dysplasia (p<0.009). Conclusions f-Hb is related to severity of colorectal neoplastic disease. This has ramifications for the selection of the appropriate cut-off concentration adopted for bowel screening programmes.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia displays a distinct highly methylated genome (source data)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

DNA methylation is tightly regulated during development and is stably maintained in normal cells. In contrast, the methylome of cancer cells is commonly characterized by a global loss of DNA methylation co-occurring with CpG island hypermethylation. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the commonest childhood cancer, perturbations of CpG methylation have been reported to be associated with genetic disease subtype and outcome, but data examining large cohorts at genome-wide scale are lacking. Here, we performed whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) of leukemic cells of multiple subtypes of ALL, leukemia cell lines and normal hematopoietic cells, and show that in contrast to most cancers, ALL samples exhibit CpG island hypermethylation but minimal global loss of methylation. This was most pronounced in T-ALL and accompanied by an exceptionally broad range of hypermethylation of CpG islands across patients that is influenced by TET2 and DNMT3B. These findings demonstrate a distinct methylome of ALL characterized by an unusually highly methylated genome, and provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying deregulation of methylation in cancer.
Genetic variation at the Th2 immune gene IL13 is associated with IgE‐mediated paediatric food allergy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Food allergies pose a considerable world-wide public health burden with incidence as high as one in ten in 12-month-old infants. Few food allergy genetic risk variants have yet been identified. The Th2 immune gene IL13 is a highly plausible genetic candidate as it is central to the initiation of IgE class switching in B cells.Here, we sought to investigate whether genetic polymorphisms at IL13 are associated with the development of challenge-proven IgE-mediated food allergy.We genotyped nine IL13 "tag" single nucleotide polymorphisms (tag SNPs) in 367 challenge-proven food allergic cases, 199 food-sensitized tolerant cases and 156 non-food allergic controls from the HealthNuts study. 12-month-old infants were phenotyped using open oral food challenges. SNPs were tested using Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test adjusted for ancestry strata. A replication study was conducted in an independent, co-located sample of four paediatric cohorts consisting of 203 food allergic cases and 330 non-food allergic controls. Replication sample phenotypes were defined by clinical history of reactivity, 95% PPV or challenge, and IL13 genotyping was performed.IL13 rs1295686 was associated with challenge-proven food allergy in the discovery sample (P=.003; OR=1.75; CI=1.20-2.53). This association was also detected in the replication sample (P=.03, OR=1.37, CI=1.03-1.82) and further supported by a meta-analysis (P=.0006, OR=1.50). However, we cannot rule out an association with food sensitization. Carriage of the rs1295686 variant A allele was also associated with elevated total plasma IgE.We show for the first time, in two independent cohorts, that IL13 polymorphism rs1295686 (in complete linkage disequilibrium with functional variant rs20541) is associated with challenge-proven food allergy.
Britain and Jordan: Imperial Strategy, King Abdullah I and the Zionist Movement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Abdullah's Accession to Power: War-time Diplomacy and Establishment of the Mandatory Regime in Palestine and Transjordan Chapter 3: Abdullah and the Special Relationship: The Origins of Hashemite-Zionist Relations Chapter 4: Diplomacy during the Arab Revolt: The British, Abdullah and the Jewish Agency Chapter 5: The Complexity of Decolonialisation: The End of the Mandate, 1944-47 Chapter 6: The Imagery of Collusion: From Mandate to Statehood, 1948-51 Chapter 7: Conclusion
FEATURES OF THE APPLICATION OF INNOVATIVE TOOLS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISES IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE ECONOMY

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The agricultural sector requires innovative management approaches to ensure competitiveness and sustainable development amid rising global food demand, resource constraints, and climate change. This paper analyzes the specific features of agricultural innovation management tools, focusing on three categories: digital technologies (such as precision farming systems and other AgriTech applications), financial instruments (including index-based crop insurance and fintech solutions), and organizational innovations (like clustering and modern cooperatives). The overarching goal is to evaluate how these innovations are being applied and their effects on the efficiency and resilience of agricultural production. The study adopts a mixed-method approach, combining a comprehensive literature review with an analysis of secondary statistical data. Data from international organizations (e.g., FAO, World Bank, USDA) were examined to assess current innovation adoption trends. The results indicate that innovations significantly improve agricultural productivity and resource efficiency. For example, precision farming tools can boost crop yields by around 4–6% and reduce input use (water, fuel, agrochemicals), lowering costs and environmental impacts while enabling producers to "do more with less." Likewise, modern financial instruments and organizational strategies (e.g., index insurance and farmer cooperatives) enhance producers' resilience to climate and market risks. However, the adoption of innovations is uneven: large high-tech enterprises embrace new tools much faster, whereas small farms often lag behind due to limited capital, skills gaps, and inadequate infrastructure—creating a growing innovation divide in the sector. This study provides a novel integrated perspective by systematically comparing technological, financial, and managerial innovations in agriculture, including global trends and specific cases from Ukraine. It synthesizes previously fragmented knowledge, reveals interactions between technological and organizational factors that were overlooked in earlier studies, and addresses how its findings differ from those of prior research. Finally, the paper proposes several recommendations to accelerate digital transformation and innovative development in the agricultural sector.
The first record of the parasite Peltogaster lineata (Rhizocephala: Peltogastridae) on the hermit crab Pagurus middendorffii (Anomura: Paguridae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In Peter the Great Bay (Russian waters of the Sea of Japan), rhizocephalan barnacle Peltogaster lineata Shiino, 1943, a common parasite of the hermit crab Pagurus brachiomastus (Thallwitz, 1891), was founded for the first time on the hermit crab Pagurus middendorffii Brandt, 1851 (Anomura: Paguridae). Taxonomical identification of the parasite was made using morphological and molecular methods. Pagurus middendorffii is the sixth host of P. lineata.
Radiation of sound induced by laser beams incident on water surfaces: A tutorial survey of the world literature

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

One of several topics associated with laser-induced sound that has received great interest in recent years is the generation of underwater sound by a laser above a water surface. Although preceded by many noteworthy contributions (dating back to nineteenth century papers by Alexander Graham Bell on the “photophone”), the first experiments explicitly exhibiting the effect were reported in JETP Letters in 1971 by F. V. Bunkin and his colleagues at the P. N. Lebedev Physics Institute. Since that time approximately 100 papers have appeared on the subject; extensive contributions have been made by V. M. Komissarov, A. I. Bozhkov, O. V. Rudenko, K. A. Naugol'nykh, L. M. Lyamshev, S. G. Kasoev, L. V. Sedov, A. M. Prokhorov, S. V. Egerev, Al. A. Kolomenskii, A. A. Karabutov, and many others. Several reviews have been recently published by Lyamshev, Sedov, and Naugol'nykh. In addition to calling attention to this research on a new and exciting area of acoustics, the present paper is offered with the hope that an independent overview may be helpful to those desiring a greater familiarity with the subject. [Work supported by ONR, Code 425-UA.]
Commercial Applications Multispectral Sensor System

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

NASA's Office of Commercial Programs is funding a multispectral sensor system to be used in the development of remote sensing applications. The Airborne Terrestrial Applications Sensor (ATLAS) is designed to provide versatility in acquiring spectral and spatial information. The ATLAS system will be a test bed for the development of specifications for airborne and spaceborne remote sensing instrumentation for dedicated applications. This objective requires spectral coverage from the visible through thermal infrared wavelengths, variable spatial resolution from 2-25 meters; high geometric and geo-location accuracy; on-board radiometric calibration; digital recording; and optimized performance for minimized cost, size, and weight. ATLAS is scheduled to be available in 3rd quarter 1992 for acquisition of data for applications such as environmental monitoring, facilities management, geographic information systems data base development, and mineral exploration.