jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dynamics and genetic diversification ofEscherichia coliduring experimental adaptation to an anaerobic environment

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background Many bacteria are facultative anaerobes, and can proliferate in both anoxic and oxic environments. Under anaerobic conditions, fermentation is the primary means of energy generation in contrast to respiration. Furthermore, the rates and spectra of spontaneous mutations that arise during anaerobic growth differ to those under aerobic growth. A long-term selection experiment was undertaken to investigate the genetic changes that underpin how the facultative anaerobe, Escherichia coli , adapts to anaerobic environments. Methods Twenty-one populations of E. coli REL4536, an aerobically evolved 10,000th generation descendent of the E. coli B strain, REL606, were established from a clonal ancestral culture. These were serially sub-cultured for 2,000 generations in a defined minimal glucose medium in strict aerobic and strict anaerobic environments, as well as in a treatment that fluctuated between the two environments. The competitive fitness of the evolving lineages was assessed at approximately 0, 1,000 and 2,000 generations, in both the environment of selection and the alternative environment. Whole genome re-sequencing was performed on random colonies from all lineages after 2,000-generations. Mutations were identified relative to the ancestral genome, and based on the extent of parallelism, traits that were likely to have contributed towards adaptation were inferred. Results There were increases in fitness relative to the ancestor among anaerobically evolved lineages when tested in the anaerobic environment, but no increases were found in the aerobic environment. For lineages that had evolved under the fluctuating regime, relative fitness increased significantly in the anaerobic environment, but did not increase in the aerobic environment. The aerobically-evolved lineages did not increase in fitness when tested in either the aerobic or anaerobic environments. The strictly anaerobic lineages adapted more rapidly to the anaerobic environment than did the fluctuating lineages. Two main strategies appeared to predominate during adaptation to the anaerobic environment: modification of energy generation pathways, and inactivation of non-essential functions. Fermentation pathways appeared to alter through selection for mutations in genes such as nadR, adhE, dcuS/R , and pflB . Mutations were frequently identified in genes for presumably dispensable functions such as toxin-antitoxin systems, prophages, virulence and amino acid transport. Adaptation of the fluctuating lineages to the anaerobic environments involved mutations affecting traits similar to those observed in the anaerobically evolved lineages. Discussion There appeared to be strong selective pressure for activities that conferred cell yield advantages during anaerobic growth, which include restoring activities that had previously been inactivated under long-term continuous aerobic evolution of the ancestor.
Common Reed for Thatching in Northern Germany: Estimating the Market Potential of Reed of Regional Origin

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Reed has a long tradition as locally available thatching material, but nowadays thatch is a globally traded commodity. Germany and other major importing countries such as the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and Denmark rely on high import rates to meet the national consumption. This study aimed at providing a detailed picture of the thatching reed market in Northern Germany and at assessing the market potential for reed of regional origin. A written survey among all thatchers in Northern Germany was carried out in 2019, arriving at an effective sample of 47 out of 141 companies. The results revealed that for the responding companies the majority of the reed (59%) was used for rethatching roofs completely, 24% for newly constructed roofs, and 17% for roof repairs. Reed from Germany held a low share of 17% of the total consumption in 2018. Own reed harvesting was conducted by less than 9% of the responding companies and given up during the last decades by another 26%. The total market volume of reed for thatching in Northern Germany was estimated for 2018 with a 95% confidence interval at 3 ± 0.8 million bundles of reed with a monetary value at sales prices of €11.6 ± 2.8 million. Based on the end consumer demand, the supply gap for reed of regional or German origin was estimated at 523,000 ± 392,000 bundles of reed equaling a market value of €1.9 ± 1.4 million, indicating high uncertainties. Most of the responding thatchers (70%) did not promote reed of regional origin, mainly due to insufficient availability but also a lack in quality was reported. The cultivation of reed in paludiculture, i.e., as climate-smart land use alternative to drainage-based agriculture on peatlands, can increase the availability of thatching reed in Germany and simultaneously reduce GHG emissions.
SH0803009.10FU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Machine learning methods for predicting major types of rheumatic heart diseases in children of Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a major health problem in the world, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed to predict mitral regurgitation (MR) and mitral stenosis (MS) RHD among children with RHD.Data was collected from the Pediatric Cardiology Department at Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi Institute of Cardiology Multan, Pakistan from March to October 2019. A sample of 561 children aged 4-14 years, who were diagnosed with RHD of either MR or MS, were recruited from the hospital's outpatient department. The presence of multivariate outliers was detected, and different machine learning methods, including subset logistic regression, subset logistic regression after deletion, stepwise winsorized logistic regression, robust logistic regression, subset deep neural network, and random forest models were compared using the area under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, sensitivity, and specificity. Parsimony was also considered in model selection.Out of 561 patients in this study, 75.94% had RHD MR and 24.06% had RHD MS. The average age of study participants was 9.19 ± 2.45 years and of them 55.43% were male. Among the male participants, 58.6 and 45.2% had MR and MS, respectively; and among female participants, those were 70.4 and 29.6%, respectively. Subset logistic regression after deletion appeared as competitive with a discrimination power of 90.1% [95% CI 0.818-0.983]. The sensitivity and specificity of this model were 85.1 and 70.6%.The best predictive model was subset logistic regression after deletion. The predicted method will be used in the decision-making process, which helps early diagnosis of the disease and leads to prevention. The study findings provide the proper guideline for earlier diagnosis of the RHD MR and MS cases among children with RHD in Pakistan.
Rehabilitation Outcome of Neurotization Procedures to Restore Elbow Flexion in Traumatic Total Brachial Plexus Injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND \nIncidence of total brachial plexus-avulsion injury is on the increase and is difficult \nto treat. The consequences are devastating resulting in significant disability. We \nwanted to compare rehabilitation outcome of Spinal Accessory Nerve Transfer \n(SANT) to Musculocutaneous Nerve (MCN) with Intercostal Nerve Transfer (ICNT) \nto Musculocutaneous Nerve for restoring elbow flexion in traumatic total brachial \nplexus injury. \nMETHODS \nThis is a cross sectional study performed in 30 traumatic total brachial plexus injury \npatients at Institute of Research and Rehabilitation of Hand, Stanley Medical \nCollege, Chennai, between January 2018 and December 2019. 15 of them \nunderwent spinal accessory nerve transfer (SANT) to musculocutaneous nerve and \n15 patients underwent intercostal nerve transfer (ICNT) to musculocutaneous \nnerve (MCN). Post-surgery, patients were enrolled in a structured rehabilitation \nprogram with periodic follow up and assessment of biceps muscle power was \nperformed. \nRESULTS \n9 out of 15 (60%) patients regained biceps muscle power 3 or more in SANT group \nas compared to 5 out of 15 patients (33.3%) in the ICNT group. Mean time \nduration for clinical reinnervation of biceps in SANT and ICNT groups were 6.1 and \n9.4 months respectively which was not statistically significant. Biceps muscle score \nat the end of the follow up period was 3 ± 0.82 in SANT group and 2.3± 0.95 in \nICNT group which was statistically significant (by Mann-Whitney nonparametric U \ntest, U value =63.4, p<0.05). \nCONCLUSIONS \nSANT group regained greater final biceps muscle power score but there was no \nstatistically significant difference in the rates of effective recovery between the \ntwo groups and hence we conclude that both of the procedures are equally \nefficacious.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. A long term study on out come and predictors of pain relief. (P3.308)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective
Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) is an accepted modality of treatment for intractable trigeminal neuralgia. The aim of our study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of this modality with respect to pain relief and patient satisfaction. We made an attempt to study the predictors of total pain relief.
Background
Medical management is the main stay of therapy for idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. GKS is gaining popularity for treating idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia not only due to its non-invasive nature but also the patients can be discharge the same day with acceptable results.
Design and methods
Telephone interview and chart review was conducted to assess the pain status and patient satisfaction survey.
Results
A total of 49 patients who underwent treatment by gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) were included in the final analysis. Initial pain relief was noted in 84[percnt] of cases. The median follow up was 6 years. At last follow up only 45[percnt] had a total pain relief (BNI Scale 1). The recurrence of pain in the smoking group was 40[percnt] and in non-smoking group was 33.3[percnt]. However this difference was not statistically significant (Chi-square, P =0.765). New-onset facial numbness after the procedure is a independent predictor of the total pain relief (P=0.04, odd ratio 4.442 95[percnt] CI 1.069-18.467). With regards to patient satisfaction 69[percnt] were happy to undergo the same procedure again and 84[percnt] were happy to recommend it to family members.
Conclusion
From our study Gamma knife radio surgery offered total pain relief in significantly higher number of patients initially however on long-term follow up the efficacy fades off and these patients may need additional intervention at a later date. There was no relation between cigarette smoking and total pain relief in our study. New onset numbness following procedure is an independent predictor of total pain relief following procedure. Disclosure: Dr. Javalkar has nothing to disclose. Dr. Zhang has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ahmed has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nanda has nothing to disclose.
The Reduction of Neptunium(VI) by Basalt and Olivine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The interaction of Np(VI) in 0.1 M NaHCO3 solution, distilled water, or artificial seawater with basalt or olivine results in the production of Np(V) and Np(IV). The rate of increase in Np(V) was determined over periods of 120 (olivine substrates) and 140 days (basalt substrates). The Np(V) that does not remain in solution is preferentially adsorbed on the surface of the minerals as compared to the surface of the containers. The mechanism for the production of Np(IV) and Np(V) postulates adsorption and desorption steps for the aquo Np(VI) and Np(V) ions on to the silicate surface. The electron transfer reaction takes place when the Np(VI) or Np(V) is adsorbed on this surface at an Fe(II) site. Reduced neptunium ions are then adsorbed from the solid.
Direct measurements of neutrino mass

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The most compelling evidence of the existence for neutrino masses are the up-down asymmetry of the atmospheric muon neutrino flux and, more recently, the measurement of the solar electron neutrino flux. These experiments, which are interpreted on the basis of the flavor oscillation hypothesis, indicate the there is some spectrum of 3 or more masses. A combination of the experimental flavor oscillation data allows a range of splitting value among the mass eigenstates that makes very attractive the investigation in the sub eV neutrino mass range, down to 0.1 eV/c2. The direct measurements via the β-decay, which are the more straightforward way for determining individual mass eigenstates, must reach such a neutrino mass sensitivity. In these frame a calorimetric experiment with 187-Re, could play a starring role. In fact, a 1 eV energy resolution experiment could be possible with a large array of small microcalorimeters. Together with the project of 1 eV resolution beta electrostatic spectrometer for tritium beta decay (KATRIN), it could be possible to fix the absolute scale of neutrino mass.
The Expert Opinion: An Interview with Justin J. Novack IT Operations Manager Parx Casino

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsChrista ZeladonisChrista Zeladonis is a sophomore Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Management and English double major in the University of Delaware's Honors Program. She is working this summer as a waitress for special events at the Pen Ryn Mansion in Bensalem, Pennsylvania.Naveed BaqirNaveed Baqir is an assistant professor of Hospitality Information Technology in the University of Delaware's Hotel, Restaurant, and Institutional Management program within the Alfred Lerner College of Business and Economics. In 2009, he received his Ph.D. in Information Systems from the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, where he also received the Outstanding Graduate Teaching Award. He is published in Communications of the AIS, Journal of Knowledge Management, International Journal of ePolitics, and others. His research interests are related to Hospitality IT, ICT based socio-economic development, global information technology management, knowledge management, data mining and big data.
Robust feature extraction from ECG signals based on nonlinear dynamical modeling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The early detection of abnormal heart conditions is vital for intensive care unit patients. The detection of such conditions is possible through continuous monitoring of electrocardiographic (ECG) signals to detect the presence of arrhythmia. Conventional methods of arrhythmia detection rely on observing morphological features of the signal in the time domain or after applying a certain transformation. Even though these techniques have been fairly successful in detecting such conditions, they are limited by the fact that they treat the heart as a linear system. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of the nonlinear dynamics of ECG signals. The correlation dimension and largest Lyapunov exponent are used to model the chaotic nature of five different classes of ECG signals. The model parameters are evaluated for a large number of real ECG signals within each class and the results are reported. The proposed algorithms allow automatic calculation of the features. The statistical analysis of the calculated features indicates that they differ significantly among different arrhythmia types and hence can be rather useful in ECG signal classification. The results of this work show the potential of such features for use in arrhythmia detection in clinical cardiac monitoring.
Whole-cell and single-channel recordings of GABA-gated currents in cultured chick cerebral neurons

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) (10-500 microM) was applied to cultured chick cerebral neurons by pressure ejection, and the resulting currents (IGABA) were recorded using standard whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. Plots of the peak IGABA as a function of membrane potential were nonlinear with an outwardly rectifying appearance. 2. IGABA decayed during a prolonged application of GABA. This decay was associated with a decline in the conductance of the cell, suggesting that the decline in IGABA was principally due to receptor desensitization. 3. After 5-7 days in culture, whole-cell recordings revealed the presence of spontaneous synaptic currents. These currents were presumed to be GABA-gated inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) because they reversed at the Cl- equilibrium potential (ECl-), were blocked by picrotoxin (25 microM), and were prolonged by pentobarbital (50 microM). 4. Synaptic currents were analyzed by fitting exponential functions to their decay. In normal recording saline, 68% of the decays analyzed could be adequately described by a single exponential function. Two exponentials were necessary to describe the decay of the other 32%. The time constant of the decay (for those adequately fitted by a single exponential) increased with depolarization, from an average value of 15 ms at -80 mV to 60 ms at +40 mV. 5. A relationship was noted between IPSC amplitude and decay time constant; IPSCs with larger peak amplitudes had a slower decay. One possible explanation considered for this finding was that transmitter persists in the synaptic cleft and rebinds to the receptors, thus prolonging the decay of the IPSC. 6. Consistent with the above hypothesis was the observation that the decays of miniature IPCSs (examined under conditions of reduced transmitter release) were faster, showed less variability, and were all adequately described by a single exponential function. Furthermore, the decay times were independent of the membrane potential, suggesting that the kinetic parameters of the GABA channel which shape the decay of these miniature IPSCs are independent of voltage. 7. Single-channel activity underlying whole-cell GABA responses could be recorded in isolated outside-out and inside-out patches of membrane. In isotonic choline chloride, single-channel amplitudes were linearly related to voltage and reversed at -1.8 +/- 11.0 mV (n = 12). Under these conditions, the channel had a main conductance state of 20.8 +/- 3.4 pS (n = 12). Transitions were observed from this main conductance state to other conductance states, e.g., two subconductance states of 6 and 12 pS and one supraconductance state of 30 pS.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Religion, gender and civil society: the role of a Muslim Women's Association in the evolution of Nigerian society

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This dissertation examines how the Federation of Muslim Women’s Associations in Nigeria (FOMWAN) utilizes effective organizational and networking structures, along with a dynamic religious culture to produce empowering opportunities for women to engage in education, social services, and civic life. Most of the theorizing about civil society has taken Europe and North America as its primary focus, assuming a secular public sphere and leaving open questions about the nature of civil society where those assumptions do not hold. Questions about civil society in nonwestern contexts, in turn, have focused especially on the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and very little of that literature addresses the role of religion. Research elsewhere suggests, however, that religious NGOs may be critical players in the construction of civil society. This dissertation shows how FOMWAN creates trust and fosters agency among Muslim women in Nigeria, enabling them to improve the wellbeing of their communities and create networks across multiple religious and secular lines. \n \nTo address the role of religious organizations, and FOMWAN specifically, in the construction of civil society, my research uses a triangulated qualitative research design, rooted in grounded theory. I conducted interviews with leaders of FOMWAN and its partners; fostered discussions with members of FOMWAN and some service recipients; conducted a content analysis of records (archival research); and conducted participant observation at FOMWAN events. The qualitative data were analyzed using the technique of grounded theory. Each component of the research sought to uncover how FOMWAN builds trust, agency, opportunities, and participation in decision-making for Muslim women in Nigeria. \n \nI find that FOMWAN follows in a line of historic Muslim women’s associations and was created in reaction to Nigeria’s weak and fragile state. I demonstrate the role of the organization’s religious culture and networks in creating a plural civil society. I argue that understanding Nigerian civil society requires understanding that religious ideas and cultures are a powerful force that shape a people’s worldviews and identities and have the potential for influencing human actions. My dissertation thus provides a critical intervention into broader debates about the role of Muslim women’s religious culture in development discourse and in the global South’s public life.
OMAE2013-10122 DESIGN AND TESTING OF SCALE MODEL WIND TURBINES FOR USE IN WIND/WAVE BASIN MODEL TESTS OF FLOATING OFFSHORE WIND TURBINES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Model basin testing is a standard practice in the design process for offshore floating structures and has recently been applied to floating offshore wind turbines. 1/50 th scale model tests performed by the DeepCwind Consortium at Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN) in 2011 on various platform types were able to capture the global dynamic behavior of commercial scale model floating wind turbine systems; however, due to the severe mismatch in Reynolds number between full scale and model scale, the strictly Froude-scaled, geometrically similar wind turbine underperformed greatly. This required significant modification of test wind speeds to match key wind turbine aerodynamic loads, such as
Stream Instability Countermeasures Applied at Kansas Department of Transportation Highway Structures

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This project considered stream instability countermeasures used by the Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) to protect the highway infrastructure at stream crossings from changes due to the dynamic nature of streams. Site visits were made to 13 locations in Kansas where stream instability countermeasures were constructed. The visits were documented with photographs taken on site. Plans and pre-project photographs were reviewed and included in the report. The function and design of the scour countermeasures used by KDOT at these sites are presented along with photographs of the KDOT projects. The countermeasures discussed are bendway weirs, jetties (or spurs), drop structures, hard points, gabion baskets and bank protection.