jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Meʿmārbāshis of the Nasirid Court (1848- 1896)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Qajar period, especially the times of Nasir al-Din Shah’s reign (1848- 1896), is a critical period, and in a sense is the beginning for the modern era in the history of contemporary architecture in Iran. However, there is not a clear picture of how architects worked in this period. Despite the abundance of documents about the ‘meʿmārbāshis’ of the Nasirid court remained from that time, we know little about seminal guild at the court. Employing a historical approach, the present paper aims to study meʿmārbāshis of the Nasirid court’s works and lives, duties and responsibilities, and the evolution of the position ‘meʿmārbāshi’ in this period. Written documents of the period indicate that five people held the position ‘meʿmārbāshi’ during the Nasirid period: ʿAbd Allāh Khān, Mohammad Taghi Khān, Mohammad Ebrāhim Khān, Hāji Abol-Hasan, and Hosein ʿAli Khān the meʿmārbāshis. They had a diverse series of duties and responsibilities, but their main remit was to manage technical affairs related to the whole royal constructions at the same time. The increasing number of royal constructions during 1866- 1883 resulted in the formation of the ‘chief-mason’ role and the increasing power of senior architects. The consequences eventuated a rotation in the position of meʿmārbāshi and, after several years of interruption, led it to be possessed by expert architects again. With the development of bureaucracy came a clarification of labour division between the meʿmārbāshi and holders of other roles and positions. These changes could be considered as a sign of modernity in the professional architecture organisations of the Nasirid court.
A Study on Teaching Methods for College English Writing Classes through Collaborative Writing and Process-based Feedback

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ë³¸ ì°êµ¬ë ëíì ìì´ ìì ì ê³¼ì ì¤ì¬ í¼ëë°± íëì íµí ìê·¸ë£¹ íë ¥ì°ê¸°ë¥¼ ì¤ìíì¬ íìµìë¤ì ìì´ ì°ê¸°ì ë¯¸ì¹ë ìí¥ì ì´í´ë³´ê³ í¨ê³¼ì  ì°ê¸°ë¥¼ ìí êµììì´ ìì ë°©ìì ì ìíëë° ê·¸ ëª©ì ì´ ìë¤. ë³¸ ì°êµ¬ë 2019ë  3ìë¶í° 6ì ì¬ì´ 13ì£¼ê° ìíëìê³ ëíêµ ì ì ì 42ëª ì´ ë³¸ ì°êµ¬ì ì°¸ì¬íìë¤. ì°êµ¬ëêµ¬ë¡ë ì§ë¨íê°, 2ë¨ê³ ì°ê¸°ìì íë, ììë¬¸ êµ¬ëë°í ë° íìµìì ë§ì¡±ëì ìê²¬ì íì¸íê¸° ìí ì¤ë¬¸, ì´ ë¤ ê°ì§ê° ì¬ì©ëìë¤. ë³¸ ì°êµ¬ì ê²°ê³¼ë ë¤ìê³¼ ê°ë¤. íë ¥ì°ê¸° íëì´ íìë¤ì ì ìì  ì¸¡ë©´ê³¼ ì¸ì´ì  ì¸¡ë©´ ëª¨ëì ëìì´ ëìë¤. êµì¬ ë° ëë£í¼ëë°±ì íìë¤ì ì°ê¸° íìµì ê¸ì ì  í¨ê³¼ë¥¼ ì£¼ìì¼ë©°, í¹í ë¶ìì  ì±ì  ê¸°ì¤ì êµì¬í¼ëë°±ì´ ì£¼í¨íë¤. íìë¤ì ìì´ ë¬¸ë² ì¤ í¹í ìì´ ë¬¸ì¥ êµ¬ì¡° ê´ë ¨ ë¬¸ë²ê·ë² ì§ìì´ ë¶ì¡±íìë¤. ëí ì°ê¸°ë¥¼ ì½ê¸°, ë£ê¸°, ë§íê¸° ë± ë¤ë¥¸ ìì´ ìì­ê³¼ ì°ê³ ì§ëí ê²ê³¼ ë¬¸ì¥ì°ê¸°ì ë¬¸ë¨ì°ê¸°ë¥¼ ë³í ì§ëí ê²ì´ íìµìì ì°ê¸° ë¥ë ¥ í¥ìì í¨ê³¼ì ì´ìë¤.
Influence of social identity on service sabotage in hospitality organizations: cross-level roles of job embeddedness, organizational identification and supervisor support

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose On the basis of social identity theory, the purpose of this study is to simultaneously examine how social-based identity (i.e. organizational identification and supervisor support) and personal-based identity (i.e. work-related characteristics and job embeddedness) influence employees’ service sabotage. Design/methodology/approach By using a sample of 685 employee–customer dyads, this study investigated whether the cross-level moderating roles of organizational identification and supervisor support can activate linkage between work-related characteristics and job embeddedness. Findings The results of this study indicated that job embeddedness mediates the multiple cross-level effects of organizational identification, supervisor support and work-related characteristics on service sabotage. Moreover, work-related characteristics influence job embeddedness more positively in higher than lower levels of organizational identification and supervisor support. Practical implications This study provides a valuable approach to effective management practices, helps to clarify identification at work and expands perceived external prestige for hospitality companies. Originality/value These findings support that identity in organizations can be recognized as one of the fundamental concepts that influence individual psychological traits, capabilities, bodily attributes, group classifications and organizational effectiveness.
Effect of ULV malathion on automotive paint finishes.

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The relationship between malathion droplet size (VMD) and degree of damage to 1990, 1K and 2K General Motors paint standards was investigated in the laboratory and field. Laboratory tests indicated a positive correlation between malathion droplet VMD and damage spot size. Laboratory settling chamber tests revealed that size-thresholds of droplets too small to cause visible damage averaged 8 and 11 mu on washed 1K and 2K paints, respectively. Field tests indicated malathion caused no visible damage to 1K or 2K paint panels under routine operating conditions, although droplet sizes (VMD) sampled on the automobile surface averaged 10.2 +/- 4.5 and 11.7 +/- 5.7 mu. Microscopic damage was found on paint panels placed on the hood, roof, trunk and doors of the automobile when parked parallel or perpendicular to the course of the spray truck and when driven through the spray of a stationary spray truck.
Cash-Crop Design: Architectures of Land, Knowledge, and Alienation in Twentieth-Century Kenya

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In late-colonial Kenya, the architectures and landscapes of cash-crop production were entangled in certain contradictions inherent to colonial agricultural knowledge. Abandoning the former model of the botanical greenhouse as the container of colonial agricultural sciences, new modes of spatial organisation superseded the greenhouse, attempting to reconcile the generality of scientific theory with the fact of infinitely varied agricultural conditions. The conflict between the universalising thrust of British-colonial science and the need to account for local variation was especially instantiated in the problem posed by the native agricultural labourer who was at once an indispensable transmitter of agricultural knowledge and a person for whom scientific knowledge was deemed an impossibility. Architectures of agricultural science, military villagisation, and progressive farming thus tended to pull in contradictory directions—working to integrate African agriculturalists into the science of cash-crop production while, at the same time, instating an architecture of landlessness intended to sever agricultural practice from agricultural theory.
Heparan-mimetics: Potential agents of tissue regeneration for bone and periodontal therapies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans are key players of tissue repair and can be regarded as useful compounds for regenerative medicines. Unfortunately, their therapeutic uses face many technical, industrial, and regulatory hurdles due to their animal origin. So, some non-animal sulfated polysaccharides mimic heparan sulfate properties and offer interesting solutions to replace them. Among them, dextran derivatives, seaweed polysaccharides, or marine bacterial polysaccharides are the best known and have demonstrated their pro-regenerative capabilities by promoting both extracellular matrix structuring and angiogenesis and limiting degenerative processes such as inflammatory cell migration or tissue proteolysis. These polysaccharides have also shown their ability to specifically promote osteoblastic differentiation and bone wound healing. Furthermore, recent works shows that heparan-mimetics can be used as an additive to improve the cytocompatibility of bone substitutes commonly used in periodontal surgery. The use of these polysaccharides can be regarded as a clever approach to improve the biointegration of bone substitutes.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Risk of Allergic Sensitisation in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

W Feleszko, M Ruszczynski, J Jaworska, A Strzelak, BM Zalewski, M Kulus. Arch Dis Child. 2014;99:985–992

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in children is associated with respiratory infections, impaired lung function, and increased risk of asthma. The association between ETS and total and specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E has not been extensively investigated.

The meta-analysis included studies with participants aged 0 to 18 years from nonselected, random populations reporting the effects of postnatal ETS exposure on total IgE (tIgE) …
Development and Validation of a Long-Term Incident Heart Failure Risk Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Average lifetime risk for heart failure (HF) is high but differs significantly across and within sex-race groups. No models for estimating long-term risk for HF exist, which would allow for earlier identification and interventions in high-risk subsets. The authors aim to derive 30-year HF risk equations. Methods: Adults between the ages of 20 to 59 years and free of cardiovascular disease at baseline from 5 population-based cohorts were included. Among 24 838 participants (55% women, 25% Black based on self-report), follow-up consisted of 599 551 person-years. Sex- and race-specific 30-year HF risk equations were derived and validated accounting for competing risk of non-HF death. HF was based on a clinical diagnosis. Model discrimination and calibration were assessed using 10-fold cross-validation. Finally, the model was applied to varying risk factor patterns for systematic examination. Results: The rate of incident HF was 4.0 per 1000 person-years. Harrell C statistics were 0.82 (0.80–0.83) and 0.84 (0.82–0.85) in White and Black men and 0.84 (0.82–0.85) and 0.85 (0.83–0.87) in White and Black women, respectively. Hosmer-Lemeshow calibration was acceptable, with χ 2 <30 in all subgroups. Risk estimation varied across sex-race groups: for example, in an average 40-year-old nonsmoker with an untreated systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg and body mass index of 30 kg/m 2 , risk was estimated to be 22.8% in a Black man, 13.7% in a White man, 13.0% in a Black woman, and 12.1% in a White woman. Conclusions: Sex- and race-specific equations for prediction of long-term risk of HF demonstrated high discrimination and adequate calibration.
A Comparative study on Probiotication of mixed Watermelon and Tomato juice by using Probiotic strains of Lactobacilli

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The concept of probiotic was first introduced by Elie Metchnikoff, who observed that the consumption of fermented milk could reverse putrefactive effects of the gut microflora (Metchnikoff, 1908). The application of probiotic bacteria in food for promoting health benefits has been carried out for 20 years. The increasing demand in this functional food is a response to the consumer demand for health food options (Menrad, 2002). Probiotics are living microbial supplements, which beneficially
Towards Achieving Fairness in Combining Multiple Experts Online

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In many real life situations, including job and loan applications, gatekeepers must make justified and fair real-time decisions about a person's fitness for a particular opportunity. In this paper, we aim to accomplish approximate group fairness in an online stochastic decision-making process, where the fairness metric we consider is equalized odds. Our work follows from the classical learning-from-experts scheme, assuming a finite set of classifiers (human experts, rules, options, etc) that cannot be modified. We run separate instances of the algorithm for each label class as well as sensitive groups, where the probability of choosing each instance is optimized for both fairness and regret. Our theoretical results show that approximately equalized odds can be achieved without sacrificing much regret. We also demonstrate the performance of the algorithm on real data sets commonly used by the fairness community.
The polis as a unit of analysis: poleis and koinôniai

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It has been a commonplace that societies, states and cultures are the units of analysis that historians have to use. I will restrict myself to the treatment of the notion of society in this context. Since the nineteenth century, it has been accepted wisdom that societies are distinct entities with their own rules, laws and borders, and they are the units of analysis that historians use. One could study the relations or interactions between different societies, but one still studies relations and interactions between distinct and definable entities. Is this view justified? I believe not, and in fact it has had a very pernicious influence on the study of Greek history. We hear about the contrast between aristocracy and the polis; between polis and the ethnos; between the citizen-hoplite and the mercenary; between Greece and the East. These distinctions emanate from a static and internalist view of society. I want then to pose two distinct yet interrelated questions: can we speak of the polis as a kind of society? And is the polis an adequate framework for the analysis of the social history of ancient Greek communities?
The Values of Responsibility in the parental relationship: Concept and Rooting: from Quran and Sunnah

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research aims to establish the values of responsibility in the parental relationship from the Holy Qur’an and the pure Sunnah, using the analytical descriptive, and rooting approaches. The research divided into two sections: the concept of dialogue values and the rooting of science and the need for it and its foundations, while the second topic: applications of dialogue values to the parental relationship from the Qur’an and Sunnah. The research reached several conclusions, the most prominent of which is that the values of dialogue in the family are defined: the criteria that family members take into consideration while communicating with each other, whether in family, parental or marital relationship, and The relationship of brothers to each other. Accordingly, the researcher recommends studying holy texts from Qur’an and the Sunnah related to parental and marital relations and making them a field for research and scientific and educational consideration.
Fiscal Policy, Consumption Risk, and Stock Returns: Evidence from U.S. States

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We find that consumption risk is lower in states that implement countercyclical fiscal policies. Moreover, firms with an investor base that is concentrated in countercyclical states have lower stock returns, along with firms that relocate their headquarters to a countercyclical state. Therefore, countercyclical fiscal policies lower the consumption risk of investors and, consequently, their required equity return premium. This conclusion is confirmed by smaller declines in market participation during recessions in countercyclical states. Overall, the location of a firm’s investor base enables state-level fiscal policy to influence stock returns.
The aetiology of pouchitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is a treatment option for patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. Pouchitis is the most common complication, representing a spectrum of diseases ranging from acute antibiotic-responsive type to chronic antibiotic-refractory. Early accurate diagnosis using a combined assessment of symptoms, endoscopy and histology is important for both treatment and prognostication. Most patients respond well to antibiotic therapy; however, management of chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis remains a challenge, and treatment options are based on small studies. Pouchitis is thought to be driven by the interaction between genetics, the immune system and the environment but as yet a causal relationship has yet to be identified. Further longitudinal assessment of the pouch integrating new technologies may help us understand the factors driving pouchitis. This review outlines the currently understood risk factors and aetiology of pouchitis.
Reconstruction of mandibular defects - clinical retrospective research over a 10-year period -

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Functional and cosmetic defects in the maxillofacial region are caused by various ailments and these defects are addressed according to their need. Simplicity of procedure, intact facial function and esthetic outcome with the least possible donor site morbidity are the minimum requirements of a good reconstruction. Oro-mandibular reconstruction, although a challenge for the head and neck reconstructive surgeon, is now reliable and highly successful with excellent long-term functional and aesthetic outcomes with the use of autogenous bone grafts. Reconstruction of trauma- or mandibular oncologic defects with bony free flaps is considered the gold standard. However the the optimal reconstruction of mandibular defects is still controversial in regards to reconstructive options which include the donor site selection and the timing of surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of different osseous reconstruction options using autogenous bone grafts for mandibular reconstructions. This study was carried out on 178 patients with mandibular bone defects. They were reconstructed with autogenous bone grafts from different donor sites. At post operative visits they were evaluated for functional and cosmetic results. The success rate found in this study was around 90%. Only 7.6% of the cases showed poor results regarding facial contours and mouth opening. All other patients were satisfied with their cosmesis and mouth opening at the recipient sites was in the normal range during last follow-up visits. Donor sites were primarily closed in all cases and there was no hypertrophic scar. Based on this study, autogenous bone grafts are a reliable treatment modality for the reconstruction of mandibular bone defects with predictable aesthetic and functional outcomes. As the free vascularized fibular flap has the least resorption and failure rate, it should be the first choice for most cases of mandiblular reconstruction.
The Effects of Predrying Treatments and Different Drying Methods on Phytochemical Compound Retention and Drying Characteristics of Moringa Leaves (Moringa oleiferaLam.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The most appropriate maturity stage of Moringa oleifera leaves was selected for drying based on phytochemical content, including quercetin and kaempferol. Desorption isotherms were developed and were best fit by the modified Henderson model. Prior to drying, samples were left untreated, blanched in boiling water, and blanched in NaHCO3/MgO. The leaves were dried by hot air tray drying (TD) and heat pump–dehumidified drying air (HPD) at air temperatures of 40, 50, and 60°C. Alternatively, leaves were subject to microwave drying (MWD) at 150, 450, and 900 W and to freeze drying (FD). The moisture versus time data were fitted to five drying models. In general, a three-parameter model gave the best fit. The drying constant was related to the drying temperature or microwave power using an Arrhenius model. Effective moisture diffusivity (D eff) increased with higher drying temperature, higher microwave power, or blanching treatments. Structural changes in the leaves after drying and upon rehydration were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Leaves blanched and dried using HPD at 50°C and fresh and dried using FD showed a partial breakdown of the tissue structure upon rehydration. HPD and blanching reduced the drying time by 8.3% and increased quercetin and kaempferol levels by 42.1 and 51.4%, respectively, compared to TD at 50°C. MWD provided the quickest drying followed by HPD and TD, respectively. HPD drying of M. oleifera after blanching resulted in relatively greater quality compared to TD and MWD.
Abstract 67: Metabolic Programming Regulates Proliferation and Binucleation of Postnatal Cardiomyocytes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In contrast to adult, neonatal cardiomyocytes are able to proliferate and lose this capacity soon after birth when they withdraw from the cell cycle, become binucleated and differentiate. The arrest of cardiomyocytes cell cycle can be reversible for a short period, conferring the neonatal heart a regenerative potential within the first week of postnatal life. In the timeframe surrounding birth, heart maturation is also characterized by a change in energy metabolism, switching from glycolysis to beta-oxidation. However little is known about how metabolic programming in postnatal cardiomyocytes regulates their ability to proliferate, become binucleated and differentiate. In this study, we show that blocking beta-oxidation in mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes with etomoxir treatment promotes glycolysis and cell cycle re-entry, while increasing fatty acid beta-oxidation but reducing glycolysis leads to a decrease of the number of proliferating cardiomyocytes. In neonatal mice our data demonstrate that cardiomyocytes undergo binucleation and differentiation during the first week after birth and this process is correlated with the upregulation of the natriuretic peptides, ANP and BNP expression. Notably, in the postnatal mouse heart, beta-oxidation blockade through in vivo etomoxir injections, increases ventricular cardiomyocytes number, decreases natriuretic peptides expression and reduces the conversion of cardiomyocytes from a mononucleated to a binucleated phenotype. These findings highlight the importance of metabolic programming in regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation and suggest a potential therapeutic target for heart regeneration by modulating energy metabolic programming.
Brain viscoelasticity measured by magnetic resonance elastography

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The knowledge of brain tissue mechanical properties is a critical issue in the head injury biomechanics research field. Due to experimental limitations, brain tissue has been usuallycharacterized in vitro, whereas its actual in vivo behavior remains poorly known. Magnetic Resonance Elastography is proposed as a non invasive, non destructive tool for measuring the viscoelastic properties of brain tissue. The general method and its validation versus rotational rheometry are described, and preliminary results obtained in vivo are presented. For the covering abstract see ITRD E144229.