jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Record low ozone values over Canada in early 1993

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Measurements of ozone made over Canada during the first four months of 1993 indicate that total ozone has been about 11 to 17% below normal. These low values were recorded, without exception, at all nine of the Canadian mid‐latitude ground‐based monitoring sites. Record low averages for the period from January to April were measured at three of the four mid‐latitude stations where measurements have been made since the 1960’s. Comparison of January to April, 1993 ozonesonde profile measurements with those from earlier years indicates that the ozone deficit is in the lower stratosphere between 40 and 200 mb, the same altitudes where aerosols from the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption have been observed. The peak loss is 30% at 100 mb (16 Km).
Impacts of sodium chloride reduction in tomato soup system using potassium chloride and amino acids

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Five different salt mixtures were prepared for the aim of lowering the sodium content of tomato soup and \neffects of using these mixtures on sensory, rheological, microbiological and physico-chemical properties of the final \nproducts were evaluated. The results showed that the use of salt substitutes did not affect flow behaviour of soup \nsamples. Sensory profiling revealed that any group could not manage to reach the same saltiness level with the regular \nsalt tomato soup (reference); nevertheless, tomato soups with salt formulation D (60% NaCl, 28% KCl, 6% l-lysine \nhydrochloride and 6% l-glutamic acid) and E (60% NaCl, 28% KCl and 12% l-glutamic acid) had the most similar \nsensory evaluation with the reference. No differences were observed among groups in terms of aw (P > 0.05). On the other hand, the lowest average pH value and the highest aerobic mesophilic counts (87 CFU/g) were observed in the soup with salt formulation E (P < 0.05). The findings suggest that the partial replacement of 40% sodium chloride (NaCl) by 28% potassium chloride (KCl), 6% l-lysine hydrochloride and 6% l-glutamic acid (salt formulation D) seems an alternative approach for reducing the sodium content of tomato soups although it may cause a bit decrease in saltiness and an increase in the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria (68 CFU/g).
The Activity of Tungsten-181 as a Function of Time Within a Nuclear Cratering Cloud

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Project Schooner was a nuclear experiment conducted at the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission's Nevada Test Site during December 1968 as part of the Plowshare Program for development of nuclear excavation. The large dust cloud generated by the detonation contained numerous radionuclides, including 181W Filter samples were collected at elevated levels within the cloud as early as 12 min after cloud formation. Surface air and deposition samples were also obtained, to a distance of 500 km downwind from the detonation point. A numerical model was developed to account for the observed rate of change of 181W concentrations during the first 12 hr after the detonation. The model, for which the 12-min concentrations and particle size distributions are input data, incorporates the effects of atmospheric diffusion in the three spatial dimensions, of gravitational settling of particles within discrete size groups, of distortion of the cloud due to the vertical profile of the horizontal winds, and of the deposition of the particles an the earth's surface. The calculation indicates that the 181W concentration profile of the cloud at 70 min has features similar to those measured, although some of the inhomogeneities are not accurately reproduced by the model. Calculated concentrations generally agree within a factor of 2 with measured concentrations. The calculation also agrees within a factor of 3 with the 181W activities shown by the samples collected at various elevations between 1 and 4 hr after cloud formation. Likewise, the activities measured by the surface air samplers during cloud passage are within a factor of 3 of those calculated. The surface deposition levels are reproduced to within about a factor of 5 of those measured; this disparity may be due to incomplete knowledge of the fall velocities of the particles. The rate of change of the measured cloud burden of 181W can be reproduced to within 30% by the model.
The Oxford history of Anglicanism, III: Partisan Anglicanism and its global expansion, 1829–c.1914. Edited by Rowan Strong. Pp. xxiv + 490. Oxford–New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. £95. 978 0 19 969970 4

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Oxford history of Anglicanism, III: Partisan Anglicanism and its global expansion, 1829–c.1914. Edited by Rowan Strong. Pp. xxiv + 490. Oxford–New York: Oxford University Press, 2017. £95. 978 0 19 969970 4 - Volume 71 Issue 1
Rumination as a key to understanding anxiety and depression in cardiac patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It is now commonly understood that cardiac health professionals need to attend not only to patients' physical rehabilitation, but also to their emotional and mental health recovery. To ensure that mental health support is directed to those patients most at risk of poor psychological recovery post cardiac event, researchers and clinicians are continually seeking to understand the mechanisms underlying the association between anxiety, depression and heart health. One characteristic that differentiates patients with elevated risk of persistent post-event anxiety and depression is their style of cognitive processing, particularly whether they engage in negative ruminative thinking. In this article, the authors outline the impact of ruminative cognitive styles on anxiety and depression in cardiac event survivors, and highlight the importance of identifying ruminators early on in their recovery in order to appropriately direct and tailor mental health support for those who need it most.
Efficiency and Linearity Enhancement of Microwave GaN Power Amplifiers Using Harmonic Injection

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This thesis addresses an architecture for enhancing efficiency and linearity of GaN power amplifiers using external second harmonic injection at the output. This transmitter architecture has potential uses in communication and radar systems which have stringent requirements of low DC power dissipation and minimum out of band interference. An idealized theoretical analysis based on expansions of the nonlinear transfer function of a PA predicts the measured improvements in linearity and efficiency.\nThe experimental demostration is performed with both hybrid and integrated harmonically-injected PA using discrete GaN 6W transistors in class-AB mode with 55% PAE at a fundamental frequency of 2.45 GHz. Harmonic injection at the output is shown to enhance the efficiency of the PA to 89%. For a slightly reduced efficiency of 78%, the linearity can be improved and > 15 dB reduction of third and fifth order intermodulation distortion tones is measured in compression.\nIntegration of a dynamic supply of the harmonically-injected PA is also investigated in order to achieve high efficiency and linearity for signals with Peak-to-Average ratios (PARs) of 6 dB and higher. Experimental results demonstrate a 70-80% efficient HI-PA for an output power variation of 6 dB. Reduction in third order nonlinear products and AM-PM distortion shows improved linearity of the PA over the entire range of power levels.\nFinally, the concept is extended to an X-band GaN MMIC to demonstrate integration and efficiency enhancement at 10 GHz with a 4 W, 47% efficient class-AB PA, with an expected final efficiency of over 60% with harmonic injection.
Use of early controlled ambulation to promote urination after vaginal delivery

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of early controlled ambulation in reducing the incidence of catheterization in postpartum women. Sixty-one patients were divided into two groups— a control group with whom .the investigator had contact limited to conversation, and an experimental group who were ambulated by the investi­ gator at predetermined, intervals. The time of initial voidings and the incidence of catheterizations were recorded for each patient in each group. These data were then analyzed according to variables and correlated between groups. Comments made by the patients were also described. Early controlled ambulation was shown to be sig­ nificant in reducing the incidence of catheterization at a level of .009 using Chi-square analysis. The incidence of urinary tract infections was significantly reduced in the experimental group at a significance level of .001. These data suggest that early controlled ambulation decreased the need for catheterization, thereby reducing the incidence of urinary tract infections. The results of the study seem to support the hypoth­ esis that there is a relationship between early controlled ambulation and a decrease in postpartum urinary catheteriza­ tions and infections. vxxx
HOW CAN AI SYSTEMS DEAL WITH LARGE AND COMPLEX PROBLEMS?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Problems arising in the near future may grow larger and more complex beyond the human capability for managing them and it is worrying that this can cause trouble for human society. The only possible way to solve this problem is to make computers more intelligent to back up the weak points of human beings. At least, it is necessary to provide a method for capturing and recording all human decisions in problem-solving. This view leads one to an idea of a computer-led interactive system such that the computer becomes able to manage problem-solving process and makes records of individual decisions made by a human being. Autonomy, generality and practicality are the major requirements for such computer-led interactive systems. New information technology to meet this condition is discussed. It is very different from the conventional computer technology in many aspects. The major topics are: a model-based software architecture for future information systems, a modeling scheme to accept and represent a wide area of problems, a method for externalizing human ideas and of representing it as a model, a method for solving problems represented in the form of a model and so on. It outlines a part of the research work being promoted by the author's group under the sponsorship of the Science and Technology Agency of the Japanese Government.
Steroid Hormone Runoff\nfrom Agricultural Test Plots\nApplied with Municipal Biosolids

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The potential presence of steroid hormones in runoff\nfrom sites\nwhere biosolids have been used as agricultural fertilizers is an environmental\nconcern. A study was conducted to assess the potential for runoff\nof seventeen different hormones and two sterols, including androgens,\nestrogens, and progestogens from agricultural test plots. The field\ncontaining the test plots had been applied with biosolids for the\nfirst time immediately prior to this study. Target compounds were\nisolated by solid-phase extraction (water samples) and pressurized\nsolvent extraction (solid samples), derivatized, and analyzed by gas\nchromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Runoff samples collected\nprior to biosolids application had low concentrations of two hormones\n(estrone <0.8 to 2.23 ng L<sup>–1</sup> and androstenedione\n<0.8 to 1.54 ng L<sup>–1</sup>) and cholesterol (22.5 ±\n3.8 μg L<sup>–1</sup>). In contrast, significantly higher\nconcentrations of multiple estrogens (<0.8 to 25.0 ng L<sup>–1</sup>), androgens (<2 to 216 ng L<sup>–1</sup>), and progesterone\n(<8 to 98.9 ng L<sup>–1</sup>) were observed in runoff samples\ntaken 1, 8, and 35 days after biosolids application. A significant\npositive correlation was observed between antecedent rainfall amount\nand hormone mass loads (runoff). Hormones in runoff were primarily\npresent in the dissolved phase (<0.7-μm GF filter), and,\nto a lesser extent bound to the suspended-particle phase. Overall,\nthese results indicate that rainfall can mobilize hormones from biosolids-amended\nagricultural fields, directly to surface waters or redistributed to\nterrestrial sites away from the point of application via runoff. Although\nconcentrations decrease over time, 35 days is insufficient for complete\ndegradation of hormones in soil at this site.
Morphometric analysis, bedload sediments, and weathering intensity in theKhurarRiverBasin, centralIndia

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The present study is an attempt to investigate the regional topography and drainage dynamics of the Khurar River, central India, along with the textural, mineralogical, and geochemical behaviour of the bedload sediments. The morphometric analysis was carried out using SRTM data with the help of ArcGIS 10 software. The area of the basin is 309.57 km 2 with its perimeter 83.24 km and maximum length 32.06 km. Drainage patterns are dendritic to subdendritic with stream orders ranging from first to third order. Drainage density is 0.34 per km 2 , while the bifurcation ratio is 4.5 for the river. The Khurar River Basin is an elongated basin of small size showing ENE‐WSW trend analogous to the Son lineament. This basin might have originated during the Quaternary Period as a result of major tectonic activities in the region. The textural analysis indicates that the samples are bimodal to polymodal in nature ranging from very coarse to coarse grained and poorly to moderately well sorted in all the geomorphic units. The skewness value suggests coarse to fine‐skewed values, while kurtosis value shows platykurtic to very leptokurtic nature of the sediments. The quartz, microcline, and albite are the chief minerals in the sediment samples with negligible variation from source to confluence of the river. The major oxide geochemistry of the sediments indicate that the dominant oxide is SiO 2 followed by Al 2 O 3 and other oxides that suggests felsic‐dominated source for the sediments. The chemical index of alteration (CIA), plagioclase index of alteration (PIA), chemical index of weathering (CIW), weathering index of Parker (WIP), Vogt S. residual index (V), Ruxton ratio (R), and silica‐titania index (STI) reveal moderate weathering conditions and immature nature of the sediments in the basin. These suggest that the sediments experienced a moderate amount of weathering in the river catchment under subhumid climatic conditions.
The Postmodern Experiment: Science and Ontology in Experimental Social Psychology

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Traditional debates over the validity of operationalization in psychological experiments overlook the fact that they often simply dramatize, as opposed to discover, telling social phenomena. Many landmark experiments survive otherwise fatal questioning of their validity because of their moral, ontological or pedagogical relevance. This proposition is examined in the context of the leading social influence studies. Postmodernism suggests that the distinction between research as secular drama and research as rational insight is moot. As a result, the history of the discipline tends to comprise studies that are morally pertinent but scientifically ephemeral. The postmodern experiment is a crisis in operationalism brought about, not by abstraction, but by the pertinence of psychology to social life and by the confusion of the ontological and empirical aspirations of inquiry
[The effect of cysteamine on the duodenal defense mechanism in the vagotomized rats--with special reference to the parietal cell vagotomy with CO2-laser].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The parietal cell vagotomy with CO2-Laser defocused beam has been developed and its efficacy was confirmed in cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer in rat. Rats were classified into the truncal, parietal cell and Laser vagotomy groups and control. After cysteamine was administered, the change of the Brunner's gland were examined histologically for each group. Duodenal ulcer was seen and the depletion of the Brunner's glands was observed in all control rats. Duodenal ulcer formation was prevented in all vagotomized rats regardless of the type of vagotomy and the preservation of synthetic activity of the Brunner's gland was noted. However, multiple gastric ulcer was seen in truncal vagotomy group. Laser vagotomy was done very easily and safely. It consumed much less time and prevented duodenal ulcer formation. It prevented the cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer formation in rats by preservation of the Brunner's gland activity.
Resistance Trends Among 1,294 Nosocomial Acinetobacter baumannii Strains from a Tertiary General Hospital in China, 2014 - 2017

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The drug resistance of A. baumannii has generally increased, and active measures have been taken to develop the combined application of antibiotics. Further studies should focus on the judicious use of available antibiotics and implementation of strict infection control measures to avoid the rapid spread or clonal dissemination of A. baumannii in healthcare facilities.
PERAN ARBITRASE ICSID DALAM KERANGKA PENANAMAN MODAL DI INDONESIA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

At present many foreign investment contracts are made by the State subdivisions and State companies on one side with foreign private companies on the other. For countries that want to carry out a lot of business contracts in the field of foreign investment, which of course must provide stimulating incentives for investment, including the provision of supervision of foreign companies, because foreign investment means getting knowledge, experience, technical and managerial fields. The main considerations of foreign investment to carry out business contracts are basically their market expansion, besides the low production costs due to relatively cheaper labor costs, tax-free facilities (tax holidays) and other facilities free of charge by the capital receiving countries ( host states).
Corporate Governance Reforms under Abenomics

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Corporate governance reform was one of the central issues in the “third arrow” of the Abe administration’s economic revival program. The Japanese Stewardship Code was introduced in 2014, followed by the Corporate Governance Code in 2015. This chapter quantifies how the reform changed the corporate governance of Japanese firms. Firstly, we examine the changes in institutional ownership, cross-holdings, and board structure following the reforms. Then we study whether changes in ownership structure and board structure affect the firm behavior and performance. We find that the introduction of the Stewardship Code is associated with more institutional ownership, especially in mid-sized firms. Firms with few outside directs increase the number of outside directors to follow the Corporate Governance Code. However, the increase in institutional ownership and outside directors do not promote risk-taking behavior and improve firm performance.
Mechanical properties of silk fibers treated with methacrylamide

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Silk fibers were treated with methacrylamide (MAA), and changes in the mechanical properties of the silk fibers were investigated. The breaking load of the silk fibers was almost unchanged, whereas rigidity was markedly increased by the methylmethacrylate (MAA) treatment. Elongation at break of the silk fibers decreased significantly when the fibers were treated with MAA up to polymer add-on (ca. 300%). The cross-sectional area of the MAA-treated silk fiber was given by the addition of the cross-sectional area of the original silk fiber and that of the MAA polymer. The Young's modulus of MAA-treated silk fibers increased linearly with increasing volume fractions of fiber in MAA-grafted silk fibers. The Young's modulus of the MAA polymer in the MAA-treated silk fibers was estimated by extrapolating the relation between Young's moduli and volume fractions of fiber to the zero volume fraction of fiber. The Young's modulus of the MAA polymer in the MAA-treated silk fibers was larger than the sonic modulus measured for an MAA polymer plate. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
RABBIT PRODUCTION IN LOW-INPUT SYSTEMS IN AFRICA: SITUATION, kNOWLEDgE AND PERSPECTIVES – A REVIEW1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract: High poverty levels continue to plague much of Africa despite several intervention strategies aimed to stem the tide. The role of small livestock like rabbits as a tool in poverty alleviation programmes has been acknowledged for decades and successful national rabbit projects have clearly been demonstrated in Africa. With rising poverty levels across Africa, the need to rejuvenate such national rabbit projects for long-term sustainability becomes apparent. This presentation focuses on the status of rabbit production in Africa, with special attention to smallholder rabbit project development and its connection with poverty alleviation issues in the continent and with an emphasis on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and barriers to the system. A special case is made for the sustainable development of smallholder, low-input rabbit production systems in Africa on account of their popularity, low investment requirements and low economic risks, as well as their contributions to family nutrition, income generation and gender empowerment. Successful rabbit projects in several countries across Africa were identified and the reasons for success, as well as lessons learned, are
Diabetic Nephropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

"Is there any point to which you would wish to draw my attention?""To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time.""The dog did nothing in the night-time.""That was the curious incident," remarked Sherlock Holmes."Silver Blaze" by A. Conan DoyleRelating structure to function is a central project of studies in physiology and pathophysiology. In early insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, such a relation has been reassuringly present. The glomerular filtration rate is elevated, and the kidney size is increased. This same agreement obtains in patients with other hyperfiltering states, such as pregnant women and persons with a . . .
Should Interventional Cardiologist use Aspiration Thrombectomy?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

If there was a broken-down car on your street blocking traffic, would you rather hire a tow truck to remove it, or hire a bulldozer to smash it into smaller pieces? Asked Joshua Allen-Dicker [1]. Many randomized controlled trial examined whether removal of a coronary artery thrombus (the tow truck method) prior to stent placement improved 30 day mortality in STEMI patients as compared to placement of a stent without first removing the thrombus (the bulldozer method) [1].