jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Requests for Commission reports [12], 1991-07-09/1991-07-13

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Requests for Commission reports, 1991-07-09/1991-07-13. PART OF A SERIES: The series consists of miscellaneous source materials that were collected and analyzed over the course of the Independent Commission's investigation. Included are the following: article clippings pertaining to the Rodney King incident; legal materials related to the Gates v. Board of Los Angeles Police Commissioners case, including appellate documents, court transcripts, preliminary injunctions, and briefs; black-and-white photographs; essays and articles related to police misconduct; issues of The Thin Blue Line, the Los Angeles Police Protective League's monthly publication, and Perspectives on Policing, a newsletter published by the United States Department of Justice; materials regarding policing issues in other major United States cities, including commission reports and Pate and Hamilton's book The Big Six: Policing America's Largest Cities; supplemental materials and appendices to the Independent Commission's report; requests for copies of the Commission report; transcripts from public hearings conducted by members of the Commission; and instructional materials related to the Video Incident Capture System, a video camera system that provides video and audio records of police officers' activities while on patrol.
Genotyping of Madurella mycetomatis by Selective Amplification of Restriction Fragments (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism) and Subtype Correlation with Geographical Origin and Lesion Size

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT One of the causative organisms of mycetoma is the fungus Madurella mycetomatis . Previously, extensive molecular typing studies identified Sudanese isolates of this fungus as clonal, but polymorphic genetic markers have not yet been identified. Here, we report on the selective amplification of restriction fragment (AFLP) analysis of 37 Sudanese clinical isolates of M. mycetomatis . Of 93 AFLP fragments generated, 25 were polymorphic, and 12 of these 25 polymorphic fragments were found in a large fraction of the strains. Comparative analysis resulted into a tree, composed of two main (clusters I and II) and one minor cluster (cluster III). Seventy-five percent of the strains found in cluster I originated from central Sudan, while the origin of the strains in cluster II was more heterogeneous. Furthermore, the strains found in cluster I were generally obtained from lesions larger than those from which the strains found in cluster II were obtained (chi-square test for trend, P = 0.03). Among the 12 more commonly found polymorphisms, 4 showed sequence homology with known genes. Marker A7 was homologous to an endo-1,4-beta-glucanase from Aspergillus oryzae , 97% identical markers A12 and B3 matched a hypothetical protein from Gibberella zeae , and marker B4 was homologous to casein kinase I from Danio rerio . The last marker seemed to be associated with strains originating from central Sudan ( P = 0.001). This is the first report on a genotypic study where genetic markers which may be used to study pathogenicity in M. mycetomatis were obtained.
Innovation in Ecosystems

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

We develop a theory of firms innovating within an ecosystem. A firm is considered as part of the broader ecosystem comprising of the focal firm and other upstream and downstream firms that are connected through the flows of inputs and outputs for a specific downstream use. In particular, we study how innovation varies with the proximity of the focal firm to end use and the structural characteristics of the ecosystem. Our simulation model highlights two mechanisms with opposing effects on innovation. On the one hand, firms closer to end use benefit from innovations upstream as well as from their own innovations. On the other hand, firms positioned closer to end use bear costs associated with integrating upstream components that are not fully optimized for their customers. We explore how several contingencies such as the architecture of ecosystem configuration affect the balance between the two opposing forces. The study builds a search-based theoretical framework of innovation in ecosystems. Adding potential uses beyond the ecosystem literature, our model extends the canonical NKC framework by incorporating the notion of component flow.
ITP with severe thrombocytopenia in pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thrombocytopenia is second common hematological disorder in pregnancy with an incidence of 6-15%. Most common cause of low platelets in pregnancy is gestational thrombocytopenia followed by infections, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and idipathic thrombocytopenic purpura. We are presenting a case of ITP with severe thrombocytopenia resulted in adverse perinatal outcome.
Fitness Barriers Limit Reversion of a Proofreading-Deficient Coronavirus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Coronaviruses encode an exoribonuclease (ExoN) that is important for viral replication, fitness, and virulence, yet coronaviruses with a defective ExoN (ExoN-AA) have not reverted under diverse experimental conditions. In this study, we identify multiple impediments to MHV-ExoN-AA reversion. We show that ExoN-AA reversion is possible but evolutionarily unfavorable. Instead, compensatory mutations outside ExoN-AA motif I are more accessible and beneficial than partial reversion. We also show that coevolution between replicase proteins over long-term passage partially compensates for ExoN-AA motif I but renders the virus inhospitable to a reverted ExoN. Our results reveal the evolutionary basis for the genetic stability of ExoN-inactivating mutations, illuminate complex functional and evolutionary relationships between coronavirus replicase proteins, and identify potential mechanisms for stabilization of ExoN-AA coronavirus mutants.
The dinoflagellates Durinskia baltica and Kryptoperidinium foliaceum retain functionally overlapping mitochondria from two evolutionarily distinct lineages

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: The dinoflagellates Durinskia baltica and Kryptoperidinium foliaceum are distinguished by the presence of a tertiary plastid derived from a diatom endosymbiont. The diatom is fully integrated with the host cell cycle and is so altered in structure as to be difficult to recognize it as a diatom, and yet it retains a number of features normally lost in tertiary and secondary endosymbionts, most notably mitochondria. The dinoflagellate host is also reported to retain mitochondrion-like structures, making these cells unique in retaining two evolutionarily distinct mitochondria. This redundancy raises the question of whether the organelles share any functions in common or have distributed functions between them. Results: We show that both host and endosymbiont mitochondrial genomes encode genes for electron transport proteins. We have characterized cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1), cytochrome oxidase 2 (cox2), cytochrome oxidase 3 (cox3), cytochrome b (cob), and large subunit of ribosomal RNA (LSUrRNA) of endosymbiont mitochondrial ancestry, and cox1 and cob of host mitochondrial ancestry. We show that all genes are transcribed and that those ascribed to the host mitochondrial genome are extensively edited at the RNA level, as expected for a dinoflagellate mitochondrion-encoded gene. We also found evidence for extensive recombination in the host mitochondrial genes and that recombination products are also transcribed, as expected for a dinoflagellate. Conclusion: Durinskia baltica and K. foliaceum retain two mitochondria from evolutionarily distinct lineages, and the functions of these organelles are at least partially overlapping, since both express genes for proteins in electron transport.
Living Donor Intestinal Transplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To examine outcomes of living-donor intestinal transplant (LDITx) recipients. Background: LDITx is not routinely performed because of surgical risks to the donor and the potential inferior physiologic performance of the segmental graft. However, data on the effectiveness of LDITx are scarce. Design: This retrospective cohort study included patients undergoing LDITx between May 1999 and December 2021 in intestinal transplant programs in 2 university-affiliated hospitals in China. Results: Actuarial survival rates were 80%, 72.7%, 66.7% for patient and 72.4%, 63.6%, 60% for graft at 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively. Recipients with >3/6 HLA-matched grafts had superior patient and graft survival rates than those with ≤3/6 HLA-matched grafts ( P <0.05). There were 12 deaths among the recipients, with infection being the leading cause (41.7%), followed by rejection (33.3%), surgical complications (16.7%), and others (8.3%). There were 16 graft losses among the recipients, with acute cellular rejection being the predominant cause (37.5%), followed by infection (25%), technical failure (12.5%), chronic rejection (12.5%), and others (12.5%). With an average follow-up of 3.7 (range, 0.6–23) years, the rates of acute and chronic rejection were 35% and 5%, and the rate of cytomegalovirus disease and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease were 5% and 2.5%, respectively. Of the 40 patients, 28 (70%) are currently alive and have achieved enteral autonomy. Conclusions: LDITx is a valuable treatment option for patients with end-stage intestinal failure. Improved immunosuppression, better HLA matching, and shorter cold ischemia times were associated with reduced rates of rejection, viral-mediated infection and improved graft survival.
from the Early Miocene Suosuoquan Formation of

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Three new distylomyid species, Distylomys burqinensis, Prodistylomys wangae, and P. lii, are described from the Suosuoquan Formation, early Miocene, of Xinjiang Province, northwestern China. Previously unknown cranial materials and upper dentitions add new information for the higher-level taxonomy of distylomyid rodents. Based on these new discoveries, the Family Distylomyidae is resurrected. These fossils demonstrate that distylomyids have a combination of primitive ‘‘ctenodactylid’ ’ characters and derived hystricognathous ones, possibly indicating a close affinity with South American caviomorph rodents and thereby offering new evidence to challenge the hypothesis that the traditional ‘‘Ctenodactyloidea’ ’ are monophyletic. Prodistylomys lii was recovered from Suosuoquan mammal assemblage III (magnetostrati-graphically dated as 21.69–21.16 Mya) at the Chibaerwoyi locality. Distylomys burqinensis and Prodistylomys wangae were collected from a new fossiliferous locality, Locality XJ200601 of Burqin County. The composition of the fauna from this new locality suggests that it represents an assemblage younger than Suosuoquan mammal assemblage III. Preliminary comparison with other faunas suggests that the assemblage is of early Miocene age, approximately 20 Mya old, and is a new fossil level within the Suosuoquan Formation.
<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> Infection among Sexual Minorities

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that cause one of the most common sexually transmitted infectious diseases in the world. The infection disproportionately impacts women and the highest prevalence of infection is found in adolescents. Most chlamydial infections are asymptomatic. Untreated infections are sources of further spread of infection and can lead to serious consequences including pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and chronic pelvic pain. Chlamydial infections also increase a person's susceptibility to HIV and other STDs. Featuring contributions by internationally recognized experts in epidemiology, infectious disease research and chlamydial biology, this book provides up-to-date reviews from a clinical and public health perspective on chlamydia epidemiology and control programs, genomics and pathogenicity, diagnosis, treatment, host immune responses, and the latest on the search for an effective vaccine. Also included are chapters on the impact of chlamydial infection on specific populations such as the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community, and an update on the outbreak in Europe of the invasive chlamydial infection, lymphogranuloma venereum or LGV. This comprehensive publication is intended for clinicians, public health workers and scientists with interest in sexually transmitted diseases, medical microbiology, infectious diseases and clinical research.
Survey of Mathematics and Science Requirements for Production‐Oriented Agronomy Majors

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Faculty are regularly appraising the mathematics and science requirements associated with particular majors. As curricular revisions occur, determining math and science requirements in the agricultural curricula need to be reassessed within the context of emerging technology, competing curricular needs, and career goals. The purpose of this paper was to determine the amount of required mathematics and science associated with production‐oriented agronomy majors using information supplied by cooperating institutions. A secondary purpose was to determine if curricular requirements vary between land‐grant and nonland‐grant institutions. Reported mathematics requirements largely centered around college algebra and statistics. Science requirements included inorganic chemistry, one semester of organic chemistry, and biology, generally including plant physiology and genetics. Supporting courses in computer science and courses such as soil fertility augmented the science experience. Land‐grant institutions generally require a more rigorous mathematics and science regimen, while nonland‐grant institutions generally require a stronger agribusiness orientation.
TMOD-28. AUTHENTIC HUMAN GLIOMA MODELING USING GENETICALLY ENGINEERED INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Many mouse and human glioma models have been utilized to study the genetic alterations involved in the genesis of these tumors, but they have not been fully evaluated for how closely they recapitulate pathobiology, including tumor heterogeneity, which is an inherent feature making patient treatment difficult. Here we present new glioma models using genetically engineered human pluripotent stem cells, in which authentic pathobiology is recapitulated through precision gene editing. Specifically, we show that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), with different combinations of genetic drivers introduced by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing give rise to distinct intracranial tumors recapitulating authentic pathobiology of the disease when engrafted in immunocompromised mice. NPCs deficient in PTEN and NF1, a genotype associated with the mesenchymal molecular subtype, and NPCs deficient in TP53 and expressing a PDGFRA activating mutation (PDGFRAΔ8–9), a genotype associated with the proneural glioblastoma molecular subtype, give rise to distinct tumors resembling glioblastoma. Both models presented inter and intra-tumor heterogeneity based on single-cell RNA sequencing, with the former model showing proneural signature and the latter a mesenchymal signature, and both having different degrees of cycling, and stem cell-enriched populations. The TP53/PDGFRA model had more clonal variability related with striking karyotype abnormalities including extrachromosomal DNA. Additionally, we expanded this approach to pediatric gliomas. Brainstem tumors derived from NPCs introduced with TP53 R248Q and H3F3A K27M mutations presented features of glial tumors with global expression of histone H3 K27M accompanied by suppression of histone H3K27 trimethylation, compatible with H3 K27M-mutant pediatric diffuse midline glioma. Using these isogenic human brain tumor models, we aim to advance our understanding of the pathobiology associated with different driver mutations and further, to provide a platform for development of targeted therapy.
The winds of change in dentistry--1950 and 2000.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

SERIES SYNOPSIS: This series examines how scientific, political, and social forces have impacted modern dental practice and is divided into four parts. Parts 1 and 3 examine the scientific, political, and social changes that occurred in the United States in two periods: one from 1850 to 1900 and the other from 1950 to 2000. Parts 2 and 4 study how these transformations impacted dental practice and dentistry as a profession. (Parts 1 and 2 may be read at www.compendiumlive.com.) The series compares the events of two 50-year periods and their effect on the subsequent decades. From this analysis, it might be possible to make some predications for dentistry in the 21st century.
A "KEYHOLE" MODEL OF IVR TO ACCOUNT FOR THE CONTRASTING EIGENSTATE-RESOLVED INFRARED SPECTRA OF 1-BUTYNE AND ETHANOL

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

$^{1}$ A. M. de Souza, D. Kaur, and D. S. Perry. J. Chem. Phys. 88, 4659 (1988). $^{2}$ A. Mcllroy, and D. J. Nesbitt, J. Chem. Phys. 92, 2229 (1990).
Chance-Constrained Transmission Switching With Guaranteed Wind Power Utilization

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Due to the significant variability and uncertainty of wind power over short time scales, high penetration of wind power can be problematic in an electric grid. One of the critical issues is how to keep increasing wind penetration without jeopardizing grid security and reliability. This paper explores the possibility of changing transmission network topology, by transmission switching, to accommodate higher utilization of wind power and reduce the generation costs of thermal units. Considering the uncertainty in wind power output, we use chance constraints to ensure that the wind energy utilized exceeds a minimal usage level at a certain probability. We develop a deterministic approximation approach using sample average approximation and provide a strong extended formulation. Numerical results show the potential benefit the proposed model can achieve.
The efficacy of azithromycin and doxycycline treatment for rectal chlamydial infection: a retrospective cohort study in South Australia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background There are ongoing concerns about treatment failure with azithromycin for the treatment of rectal chlamydia. Aim To investigate treatment efficacy of two treatments for rectal chlamydial infection. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients diagnosed with rectal chlamydial infection between 2009 and 2015 in Adelaide, Australia. Patients were treated with either azithromycin (1 g single dose) or doxycycline (100 mg twice a day for 10 days) and returned for repeat testing 14–180 days after treatment commenced. Log‐binomial models were used to estimate the relative risk (RR) of recurrent rectal chlamydia associated with the treatment with azithromycin versus doxycycline. Results In men, rectal chlamydia prevalence was 6.7%, and in women, it was 8.1%. Of the 526 patients diagnosed with rectal chlamydial infections, 419 (79.7%), 93 (17.7%) and 14 (2.6%) patients were treated with doxycycline, azithromycin or other medication respectively. Of these patients, 173 (41.3%) of 419 doxycycline‐treated patients and 31 (33.3%) of 93 azithromycin‐treated patients were retested between 14 and 180 days after treatment commenced ( P = 0.16). Among these patients, the repeat rectal chlamydia test was less commonly positive in those treated with doxycycline (5.8%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03–0.10) compared with those treated with azithromycin (19.4%; 95% CI 0.09–0.36) and ( P = 0.01). In the multivariate analysis, azithromycin‐treated patients had a significantly higher risk of a positive test in the 14 and 180 days after treatment commenced (adjusted relative risk (aRR) 2.96, 95% CI 1.16–7.57). Conclusion The findings suggest that doxycycline may be more effective than azithromycin in treating rectal chlamydial infections.
Adaptive Minimum Variance Control of Grid Connected Single Phase Inverters in Synchronously Rotating DQ Reference Frame

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a system identification based minimum variance control architecture for regulating the active and reactive power control of a Grid Connected Single Phase Inverter (GCI) in a synchronously rotating dq reference frame. The control topology is based on direct and quadrature axis model of single phase inverter system and is adaptive as the parameters in the control law are updated online based on identification that relate the output (active and reactive power) and the input (direct and quadrature axis voltage references). The main advantage of the proposed controller is the simplicity in design and its adaptability under varying operating conditions. The paper discusses the design of the controller and presents the simulation results from tests performed using MATLAB SimPowerSystems. The results show that the proposed controller can be a better alternative to the existing cascaded PI based vector control for grid connected single phase inverters.
Palladium-Catalyzed Dual-Tasked ortho-C–H Borylation of Aryl Iodides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The Pd-catalyzed ortho-C-H borylation of aryl iodides has been developed through maleimide-relayed C-H activation. In this reaction, the ipso-positions and ortho-C-H bonds of aryl iodides are alkylated and borylated, respectively, providing a new strategy for C-H borylation. The reaction exhibits a broad substrate scope and represents a modular synthetic method for functionalized 3-aryl succinimides, which are essential structural motifs in organic compounds with diverse biological activities. Furthermore, the boronate group can be further manipulated, and the practical utility of the reaction has been demonstrated. This work also introduces a new strategy for ipso, ortho-difunctionalization of aryl halides via C-H activation.
A weaker Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation at the Last Glacial Maximum led to a greater deep ocean carbon content

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;While paleoproxy records and modelling studies consistently suggest that North Atlantic&amp;#160; Deep Water (NADW) was shallower at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) than during pre-industrial times, its strength is still subject to debate partly due to different signals across the North Atlantic. Here, using a series of LGM experiments performed with a carbon isotopes enabled Earth system model, we show that proxy records are consistent with a shallower and weaker NADW. A significant equatorward advance of sea-ice over the Labrador Sea and the Nordic Seas shifts the NADW convection sites to the south of the Norwegian Sea. While the deep western boundary current in the Northwest Atlantic weakens with NADW, a change in density gradients strengthens the deep southward flow in the Northeast Atlantic. A shoaling and weakening of NADW further allow penetration of Antarctic Bottom Water in the North Atlantic despite its transport being reduced. This resultant globally weaker oceanic circulation leads to an increase in deep ocean carbon of ~500 GtC, thus significantly contributing to the lower LGM atmospheric CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; concentration.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;