jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Iodination of Benzylanilines with Potassium Dichloroiodate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Iodinated organic compounds are widely used in organic synthesis as electrophilic agents for cross-coupling reactions that result in carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation. In this context we are interested in the preparation of ortho-iodoaniline derivatives and we have previously made use of an aqueous solution of potassium dichloroiodate (KICl2) for the iodination of some (hetero-) aromatic systems.The iodination of activated aromatic compounds (such as anilines) readily leads to a mixture of mono-, di- or even tri- iodo products. For example the reaction of p-toluidine with 1.1 equivalents of KICl2 resulted in the obtention of 20% substrate, 60% mono-iodo- and 20% diiodo- p-toluidine. The poor selectivity and a literature precedent for mono-iodination of N-alkylanilines prompted us to investigate the iodination of N-benzylanilines.
Rediscovering Cooperative Work&apos;. Keynote Address

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Descending price auctions are adopted for goods that must be sold quickly and in private values environments, for instance in flower, fish, and tobacco auctions. In this paper, we introduce ex post efficient descending auctions for two environments: multiple non-identical items and buyers with unit-demand valuations; and multiple identical items and buyers with non-increasing marginal values. Our auctions are designed using the notion of universal competitive equilibrium (UCE) prices and they terminate with UCE prices, from which the Vickrey payments can be determined. For the unit-demand setting, our auction maintains linear and anonymous prices. For the homogeneous items setting, our auction maintains a single price and adopts Ausubel’s notion of“clinching”to compute the final payments dynamically. The auctions support truthful bidding in an ex post Nash equilibrium and terminate with an ex post efficient allocation. In simulation, we illustrate the speed and elicitation advantages of these auctions over their ascending price counterparts. ∗ This paper supersedes our two discussion papers titled“A Vickrey-Dutch Clinching Auction”and“Multi-
Infrared small target tracking in complex background based on trajectory prediction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A new infrared small target tracking method is proposed to track objects. First, the two-scale flux density calculating method based on the infrared orientation gradient feature of IR image is presented to extract feature of tracker, which is an effective method to solve the problem in feature extraction of tracking infrared small targets. Second, the least-square trajectory prediction algorithm is applied to deal with the difficulty of target loss in the tracking process. This algorithm makes full use of the continuity and direction of the target motion, avoids the interference of noise and achieves the prediction and discrimination of the target trajectory. The experimental results indicate that the proposed tracking algorithm is superior in precision and has less processing time compared with the contrast algorithms, so it is an efficient method for IR small target tracking in a complex background.
The Indigent's Right to Counsel in Civil Cases

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The sixth amendment to the United States Constitution expressly provides a right to counsel in criminal cases, but is silent as to any similar right in civil cases.' The failure of the courts to recognize a right to counsel of an indigent in a civil action has led to considerable controversy.There has been, however, a noticeable reluctance to discuss the rights of the appointed counsel, if any, to compensation for his services.This Note will examine the continuing debate concerning the indigent's right to counsel in civil actions as well as the oft-neglected rights of the appointed counsel.In addition, two inherent practical problems involved with court appointed counsel will be considered: the source from which a court may seek to appoint an attorney and the source of funds from which any compensation awarded by the courts or by statute may be derived. I1. THE INCREASING SCOPE OF RIGHT TO COUNSEL IN CRIMINAL CASESAt present, the Supreme Court recognizes no express right to counsel in civil cases.Whether the Supreme Court will eventually hold that an indigent civil litigant is, under some circumstances, entitled as a matter of right to have counsel appointed by the court is at this point conjectural.No discussion of the issue is meaningful, however, without a review of the scope of the right to counsel in criminal cases.The Supreme Court in Betts v. Brady 2 established the rule that "appointment of counsel is not a fundamental right, essential to a fair trial." 3 Some twenty-one years later, however, this principle was reversed in the landmark decision of Gideon v. Wainwright. 4 The Court in Gideon held that the right to counsel in felony cases was a "fundam'ental" right.S It is apparent from the 1.The sixth amendment reads in pertinent part that -[iln all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right.., to have the assistance of counsel for his defence."U.S. Const.amend.VI.What the words "criminal prosecutions" include is questionable.That is, there may be certain actions which appear criminal in nature, but which, for purposes of constitutional right to counsel provisions, are deemed civil.The converse is also true.See, e.g., In re Gault, 387 U.
Optimal consumption and insurance: A continuous-time markov chain approach

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Decision problems about consumption and insurance are modelled in a continuous time mul-tistate Markovian framework. The optimal solution is derived and studied. The model, the problem, and its solution are exemplied by two special cases: In one model the individual takes optimal positions against the risk of dying; in another model the individual takes optimal positions against the risk of loosing income as consequence of disability or unemployment. Key words: Life insurance mathematics; Multi-state model; stochastic control; mortality, disability, and unemployment risk. JEL-Classi cation: G11, G22, J65 1
A Comparative Analysis of Value Line, Standard and Poor's and Moody's Industiral Bond Ratings

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper compares and contrasts financial strength ratings assigned by Value Line, Standard and Poor's, and Moody's. All of these rating agencies use modified ratings. When modifiers are considered, these agencies agree between 85 to 97 percent of the time. A model using stock market information as well as liquidity, leverage, activity and profitability ratios is presented. Cronbach's alpha, a measure of reliability, is calculated for each rating class, and the entire data set.
ASSESSMENT IN THE MERDEKA CURRICULUM: HOW ARE THE TEACHERS' PERSPECTIVES ON IT?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Assessment is a step to measure students’ learning outcomes. This paper discusses the teachers’ perception and understanding of how to carry out assessments in the Merdeka Curriculum. This paper also uses a qualitative descriptive survey research method with four stages; preparation, data collection, data analysis, and conclusions. Data collection techniques are carried out through interviews. The samples of the research are teachers from Penggerak School throughout Riau Province with a total population of 23 teachers. The data obtained are analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques. The results indicate that the implementation of the assessment in the Merdeka Curriculum, which consisted of diagnostic, formative, and summative assessments, is conducted by the teacher after the learning process is completed. Students’ learning outcomes are obtained from their knowledge, attitudes, and skills during learning activities. The student’s learning outcomes are presented in a school report based on the Merdeka Curriculum school report application. Thus, the teachers overall understand and have conducted the assessments that are required in the Merdeka Curriculum.
Hypothalamic changes in diabetic Chinese hamsters. A semiquantitative, light and electron microscopic study.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Eight male congenitally diabetic Chinese hamsters (DCH) and eight heterozygotic controls were studied for a period of about 20 months. Final glycemia and body weight were significantly higher in DCH (p less than 0.001). After whole body perfusion brains were removed and processed for light and electron microscopy. Qualitative and quantitative light microscopic studies of semithin sections of hypothalami revealed significant changes in DCH. Accumulation of lipid droplets was found in the external layer of the median eminence (p less than 0.001). Cell bodies of beta-tanycytes (p less than 0.01) and of arcuate nucleus neurons (p less than 0.001) were hypotrophic. By electron microscopy, the lipid droplets were localized in beta-tanycyte processes. Apical surfaces of alpha- and beta-tanycytes of DCH had fewer digitations. Intracytoplasmic organelles of arcuate nucleus neurons were reduced in number and size. These findings suggest a primary pathogenetic role of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal axis in diabetes of Chinese hamsters.
A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Adjuvant Trastuzumab Regimens in Early HER2/neu–Positive Breast Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose One-year adjuvant trastuzumab (AT) therapy, with or without anthracyclines, increases disease-free and overall survival in early-stage HER2/neu-positive breast cancer. We sought to evaluate the cost effectiveness of these regimens, which are expensive and potentially toxic. Methods We used a Markov health-state transition model to simulate three adjuvant therapy options for a cohort of 49-year-old women with HER2/neu-positive early-stage breast cancer: conventional chemotherapy without trastuzumab; anthracycline-based AT regimens used in the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project B-31 and North Central Cancer Treatment Group N9831 trials; and the nonanthracycline AT regimen used in the Breast Cancer International Research group 006 trial. The base case used treatment efficacy measures reported in the randomized clinical trials of AT. We measured health outcomes in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs in 2005 United States dollars (US$) and subjected results to probabilistic sensitivity analysis. Results In the base case, the anthracycline-based AT arm has an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $39,982/QALY, whereas the nonanthracycline AT arm is more expensive and less effective; this result is insensitive to changes in recurrence rates, but if there is no benefit after 4 years, ICERs exceed $100,000/QALY for both AT arms. Results are moderately sensitive to variation in breast cancer survival rates and trastuzumab cost, and less sensitive to variations in cardiac toxicity. Conclusion AT has an ICER comparable to those for other widely used interventions. Longer clinical follow-up is warranted to evaluate the long-term efficacy and toxicity of different AT regimens.
Data for: Regularly occurring bouts of retinal movements suggest an REM sleep–like state in jumping spiders

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Sleep and sleep-like states are present across the animal kingdom, with recent studies convincingly demonstrating sleep-like states in arthropods, nematodes, and even cnidarians. However, the existence of different sleep phases across taxa is as yet unclear. In particular, the study of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is still largely centered on terrestrial vertebrates, particularly mammals and birds. The most salient indicator of REM sleep is the movement of eyes during this phase. Movable eyes, however, have evolved only in a limited number of lineages—an adaptation notably absent in insects and most terrestrial arthropods—restricting cross-species comparisons. Jumping spiders, however, possess movable retinal tubes to redirect gaze, and in newly emerged spiderlings, these movements can be directly observed through their temporarily translucent exoskeleton. Here, we report evidence for an REM sleep–like state in a terrestrial invertebrate: periodic bouts of retinal movements coupled with limb twitching and stereotyped leg curling behaviors during nocturnal resting in a jumping spider. Observed retinal movement bouts were consistent, including regular durations and intervals, with both increasing over the course of the night. That these characteristic REM sleep–like behaviors exist in a highly visual, long-diverged lineage further challenges our understanding of this sleep state. Comparisons across such long-diverged lineages likely hold important questions and answers about the visual brain as well as the origin, evolution, and function of REM sleep.
GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND SALT TOLERANCE OF TWO RECIPROCALLY INVASIVE GRASS SPECIES FOUND IN COASTAL SALT MARSHES

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An invasive variety of the common reed Phragmites australis, the M haplotpye, has been implicated in the spread of this species into North American salt marshes normally dominated by the salt marsh grass Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass). Phragmites australis is spreading into North American coastal marshes that are experiencing reduced salinities, while Spartina spp. are spreading into northern European brackish marshes that are experiencing increased salinities. We compared the salt tolerance and other growth characteristics of the invasive, M haplotype with two native haplotypes (F and AC) in greenhouse experiments. The M haplotype retained 50% of its growth potential up to 0.4 M NaCl, whereas the F and AC haplotypes did not grow above 0.1 M NaCl. The M haplotype produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue and had higher relative growth rates than the native haplotypes on both freshwater and saline water treatments. The M haplotype also differed from the native haplotypes in shoot water content and the biometrics of shoots and rhizomes. The results offer an explanation for how the M haplotype is able to spread in coastal salt marshes and support the conclusion of DNA analyses that the M haplotype is a distinct ecotype of P. australis.We then compared the growth, competitive ability, salt tolerance and osmotic adjustment of M haplotype P. australis and S. alterniflora along a salinity gradient in greenhouse experiments. Spartina alterniflora produced new biomass up to 0.60 M NaCl, whereas P. australis did not grow well above 0.2 M NaCl. When the two species were grown in mixed cultures, P. australis was less affected by competition than S. alterniflora at lower salinities but the competitive advantage reversed above 0.2 M NaCl. The greater salt tolerance of S. alterniflora compared to P. australis was due to its ability to use Na+ for osmotic adjustment in the shoots. On the other hand, at low salinities P. australis was more competitive because it produced more shoots per gram of rhizome tissue than S. alterniflora. These studies illustrate how ecophysiological differences shift the competitive advantage from one species to another along a salinity gradient.
diabetic foot: a view from Brazil

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevention and self-inspection behavior of diabetic subjects with foot at ulcer risk, no previous episode, who participated in the routine visits and standardized education provided by the service and who received prescribed footwear. This evaluation was carried out using a questionnaire scoring from 0-10 (high scores reflect worse practice compliance). Results: 60 patients were studied (30 of each sex); mean age was 62 years, mean duration of the disease was 17 years. As for compliance, 90% showed a total score ≤5, only 8.7% regularly wore the footwear supplied; self foot inspection 65%, 28,3% with additional familiar inspection; creaming 77%; proper washing and drying 88%; proper cutting of toe nails 83%; no cuticle cutting 83%; routine shoe inspection 77%; no use of pumice stones or similar abrasive 70%; no barefoot walking 95%. Conclusion: the planned and multidisciplinary educational approach enabled high compliance of the ulcer prevention care needed in diabetic patients at risk for complications. In contrast, compliance observed for the use of footwear provided was extremely low, demonstrating that the issue of its acceptability should be further and carefully addressed. In countries of such vast dimensions as Brazil multidisciplinary educational approaches can and should be performed by the services providing care for patients with foot at risk for complications according to the reality of local scenarios. Furthermore, every educational program should assess the learning, results obtained and efficacy in the target population by use of an adequate evaluation system. Background The presence of foot ulcerations in diabetic individuals at risk for complications is a frequent event, with an estimated 15% of all diabetic individuals experiencing an episode of ulceration at some point during their life. Although most of the ulcerations heal, 70% of the cases recur, frequently progressing to unavoidable limb amputation. Several factors are involved in the development of this process which include Peripheral Neuropathy (PN), Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD), limited joint mobility and repeated trauma from abnormal load distribution on the foot [1,2]. However, this unfavorable progression can be modified provided effective preventive measures are adopted such as adequate guidance regarding: 1- lack of sensitivity and/or presence of peripheral vascular disease and its implications, 2- hygiene and moisturizing practices, 3- use of adequate footwear (when indicated), 4
Zasoby oraz zróżnicowanie martwego drewna w uroczysku Wapienny Las w Nadleśnictwie Polanów

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Managed forests, which account for the vast majority of woodland areas in Poland, play a major role in preserving biodiversity. The objective of this work was to determine the diversity of woody microsites in a managed forest covering 27 ha of land in Polanów Forest District (north−western Poland). The study was conducted in 2014 on 20 sampling plots with an area of 0.04 ha each. An inventory of deadwood was conducted involving standing dead trees, snags, stumps, and lying deadwood with a diameter of at least 7 cm (in the case of standing deadwood, the diameter was measured at breast height). Deadwood was classified according to a five−level decay scale. The studied forest was found to contain an average of 26.9 m/ha of deadwood from several tree species. Lying deadwood accounted for 17.3 m/ha, standing dead trees for 0.9 m/ha, snags for 4.9 m/ha, and stumps for 3.8 m/ha. Deadwood in all decay stages was identified. The most abundant category of deadwood was moderately decomposed wood in decay stage III (31.3%), followed by decay stage II (24.4%), and decay stage IV (19.7%). Deadwood (both standing and lying) was also very diverse in terms of piece diameters. The diameter at breast height of standing dead trees was up to 26 cm, and that of snags up to 50 cm. The thickest pieces of lying deadwood were 48 cm in diameter. However, pieces of less than 35 cm in diameter accounted for 96% of the total volume of lying deadwood. The volume of deadwood in the studied forest stand was very large, much higher than the average for Polish forests in general (5.8 m/ha). Deadwood was highly varied and contributed to a substantial diversity of organisms that depend on it, as shown by previous research. Wapienny Las is an example of a managed forest that plays an important role in preserving woodland biodiversity.
SKRINING PENYAKIT DIABETES MELLITUS DI DESA PEMECUTAN KAJA DENPASAR UTARA

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

New cases of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) in Bali Province from 2011 to 2013 were increased. Based on the report of Integrated Disease Surveillance or Surveilan Terpadu Penyakit (STP) from Puskesmas it is known that DM was ranked 3 out of the 10 highest diseases in health centers throughout the City of Denpasar. The purpose of this screening is to find out the prevalence of DM in Pemecutan Kaja Village, North Denpasar in 2015. Methods: Screening was carried out on 189 subjects aged ?15 in Pemecutan Kaja Village, North Denpasar on January 6 and 7, 2015. Screening was carried out by checking blood sugar levels while using Nesco Multicheck. The collected data is processed and presented descriptively about the characteristics of the sample and the proportion of DM based on the results of the examination. Results: The results showed that 6.4% of respondents suffering DM. Most of the subjects were women (58.3%). In this screening, there are 50% in the age group ?51 years, and most are only elementary school graduates (30%). Based on the type of work, most of the subjects are entrepreneurs/traders (50%). Based on the interview, there was none history of DM in the family. Conclusion: The proportion of DM in Pemecutan Kaja Village is 6.4% through examination of blood sugar levels while using Nesco Multi Check. The positive results of DM in this screening should be carried out further examination to confirm the diagnosis so that appropriate treatment can be carried out.
A comparative molecular docking study of phytocompounds of Ziziphus jujuba lam. with multiple receptors for the cardioprotective activity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: In this study, we have investigated the binding affinity, ADME, and toxicity analysis of various phytocompounds which are present in Ziziphus jujuba on different receptors related to cardioprotective activity by performing molecular docking studies. Determination of binding affinity of phytocompounds of Z. Jujuba with different receptors involved in the cardioprotective activity. AutoDock Vina, PyMol, Discovery Studio, AutoDock tools, ChemDraw, Swiss ADME, PROTOX-II. Methods: Molecular docking. Results: The binding results of the selected plant compounds and target proteins, namely 108a, 7Q29, 5JMY, 4DLI, 2YCW, and 1CX2, showed that the selected phytochemicals from Z. Jujuba had good binding affinity and good receptor binding mode selected target. However, among all plant compounds, Jujuboside-B has the lowest binding energy with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) (binding energy – 11.2 Kcal/mol), ACE and neutral endopeptidase inhibitors (binding energy – 10.9 Kcal/mol). Neprilysin receptor (binding energy – 10.4 Kcal/mol), COX-2 receptor (binding energy – 10.9 Kcal/mol), Spinosyn with β-1 adrenergic receptor (binding energy – 9.3 Kcal/mol), 3-O-methylellagic acid-3'-rhamnoside has superior binding affinity (−9.4 Kcal/mol) to the P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase receptor compared to the standard synthetic compound nebivolol. Conclusions: The present work was an attempt to computationally identify phytocompounds from Z. Jujuba which can bind to the various targets of cardiovascular disease. The docking scores, analysis of the interactions of the compounds suggest that most of the compounds have the ability to bind to multiple targets involved in cardiovascular disease. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity and toxicity prediction showed various phytocompounds such as rutin, jujuboside-A, B, epicatechin could be used as potential candidate against cardiovascular disease.