jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Flap-Valve theory of anorectal continence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The most important component of continence is considered to be the puborectalis muscle which is reputed to function by creating a flap-valve mechanism in which the anterior rectal wall occludes the upper anal canal. To elucidate this, anal and rectal pressures were measured simultaneously together with external anal sphincter and puborectalis electromyogram and synchronously superimposed on an image intensifier displaying the rectum outlined by barium. We studied 13 subjects at rest, and during a Valsalva manoeuvre. There was a significant rise in rectal and sphincter pressures (P &lt; 0·005) and external sphincter and puborectalis EMG (P &lt; 0·005). In a further 13 patients Valsalva manoeuvres were performed during proctography alone. In all subjects the anterior rectal wall was always clearly separated from the upper sphincter despite a maximal effort and a rectum filled with sufficient liquid to produce a desire to defaecate. These findings question the flap-valve theory of continence and suggest the puborectalis functions by sphincteric occlusion of the anal canal.
Now I Get It! Customizing and Simplifying the Get It Menu in Alma/Primo

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Alma's display of physical holdings and related request options within the Primo Get It menu is rather complex. It appears to be optimized for large research institutions, leaving other types of institutions with an interface that is not ideal for their (often simpler) needs. This presentation will showcase work at the California State University to replace the Get It menu in Primo with one of our own design, using Angular customizations and server-side APIs to create a streamlined display of holdings and a simplified resource sharing request option. We’ll explain the problems our users faced with the default Alma UResolver interface, our exploration of options to improve the user experience, the work we did to implement this customization, and some considerations for the future.
Multispectral microscopy for cell differentiation in thyroid cytology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This paper presents a multispectral microscopy system for quantitative cytology. The automated system aims to classify cytology samples of follicular lesions for the purpose of disease diagnosis. While conventional practices rely on the analysis of grey scale or RGB color images, presented system uses thirty one spectral bands for analysis. An intelligent system designed for image acquisition, image segmentation, feature extraction, and classification is presented. Results are presented for the problem of discriminating among four lesion types. In addition, classification performance is compared to the case where multispectral information is not taken into consideration. Results show that the developed system and the use of multispectral information along with morphometric information extracted from spectral images can significantly improve the classification performance and aid in the process of disease diagnosis.
Geographical distribution and evaluation of mosquito larvivorous potential of Aphanius dispar (Rüppell), a native fish of Gujarat, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background & objectives: Certain indigenous fish can play potential role in vector control. The study recordeddistribution of Aphanius dispar (Rüppell) in its native habitats in Gujarat, India and evaluated its larval propensityfor Indian mosquito vectors.Methods: Fishes were surveyed in various districts of Gujarat and samples were collected from coastal habitatsand were identified to species. Physicochemical properties of water samples were analysed in the laboratory.Five laboratory acclimatized adult fish (2.2–3 cm) released in chlorine-free water in glass jars were providedwith 500 larvae daily. Five replicates were run. Daily consumption of I to IV instars of Anopheles stephensi,Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus was recorded separately for three days. Anopheles stephensi larvalcontrol using the fish in industrial tanks (9–180 m2) was evaluated.Results & conclusion: The fish was found in large numbers in estuarine waters, rivulets, backwaters and smalldams in the districts of Kutch, Jamnagar, Patan and Anand in Gujarat. Mean daily consumption of larvae inlaboratory was as follows: An. stephensi 128 ± 0.2 to 204 ± 6; Cx. quinquefasciatus 24 ± 4 to 58 ± 10; Ae.aegypti 43 ± 5 to 68 ± 2. In water tanks, A. dispar reduced 93% larval counts by Day 7 and 98% by Day 21(p <0.01), showing high larval propensity. A consolidated information on bionomics, tolerance and physicochemicalproperties of water taken from natural habitats of A. dispar indicate its high larvivorous potential. Large-scaleevaluation is warranted to evaluate its potential in vector-borne disease control.
Preferences Related to Treatment of Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA): Qualitative Study of SMA Caregivers and Health Care Professionals Treating SMA Types 1 and 2 in the United States (P16-5.005)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

We sought to investigate the most important treatment characteristic preferences of US families and US health care professionals (HCPs) in choosing disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) for SMA type 1 or 2.
Classification of cervical smears with discordance between the cytologic and/or histologic ratings.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The problems of diagnostic variability between certified cytotechnologists was studied. Three cytology laboratories submitted a total of 28 cervical smears that had a discordance between the cytologic and/or histologic ratings. Eight independent cytotechnologists provided blind readings on each slide, expressed as "absence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)" to "CIN III." The median rating was absence of CIN or CIN I for 8 slides, CIN II for 5 and CIN III for 15. With a kappa value greater than 0 reflecting agreement beyond chance expectation and a value of 0.40 indicating fair agreement, the kappa value for 8 X 28 ratings was 0.36 (P = .0001), with a 90% confidence interval (CI) between 0.34 and 0.37. The kappa value was 0.14 (P = .10), with a 90% CI between 0.10 and 0.18, on a subsample of nine smears with two or more positive cytology diagnoses but a negative histology. Sixteen of the 28 slides represented cases of histologically proven cancer. Treating cytologic diagnoses of CIN II and CIN III as positive, the sensitivity of the cytologist with reference to histology varied between 71% and 86% while the specificity ranged from 18% to 62%. The positive predictive value was 1/2.5 to 1/1 and the negative predictive value was 1/6 to 1/1. The predictive power (true positives/false positives) ranged from 1.0 to 2.2. The cytodiagnosis of these cervical smears from cases of discordance thus exhibited limited reliability. Standardization of the relevant cytologic knowledge and its routine application is needed to improve the level of performance.
Are There Whiter Shades of Pale in Marketing the Ivory Tower? An Examination of Differentiation in Institutional Public Service Announcements through Content Analysis

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 14 CHAPTER THREE: METHODS 37 CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 44 CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 71 REFERENCES 81 APPENDICES APPENDIX A: LETTERS OF APPROVAL 93 APPENDIX B: CONTENT ANALYSIS DOCUMENTS 96 APPENDIX C: INSTITUTIONAL PARTICIPATION MATERIALS 103 APPENDIX D: PROFILES OF PARTICIPATING INSTITUTIONS 111 APPENDIX E: INTERCODER RELIABILITY 116 APPENDIX F: CONTENT DEVICE FREQUENCY IN PSAs 119 APPENDIX G: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 129 APPENDIX H: CURRICULUM VITAE 133
Challenges to identity integration amongst sexual minority British Muslim South Asian men

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Since the Stonewall uprisings, there has been greater social acceptance of homosexuality within Western contexts. Nevertheless, those who are at the intersection of more than one minority identity continue to face prejudice and discrimination, including homophobia and racism. Though there has been increasing work regarding the experiences of sexual minority people of colour (POC), a lacuna remains regarding the experiences of sexual minority British Muslim South Asian men and the integration of sexual minority and religious identities, particularly within a context of increased societal acceptance towards sexual minorities and societal Islamophobia. In this study, 38 sexual minority British Muslim South Asian men were recruited via snowball sampling and interviewed. Data were examined via reflexive thematic analysis. Five themes were identified: degrees of “outness”, hegemonic Whiteness and the LGBTQ+ community, internalisation of White hegemony, distancing from the sexual minority religio‐cultural ingroup, and attempting to reconcile potential identity conflict between sexual orientation identity and religious and cultural identities. Respondents' experiences highlighted substantial social exclusion due to intersectional disadvantage as well as a lack of intra‐community social support, suggesting substantial isolation, psychological implications and a general eschewing of identity affiliation based on sexual attraction. This has implications on services predicated on identity affiliation which may potentially exclude the needs of hidden and intersectionally disadvantaged populations.
Microwave filter synthesis using mutation-driven evolutionary algorithm

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a mutation-driven evolutionary algorithm applied to microwave filter synthesis. In this approach the topologies of the circuits are completely defined during the evolution process, without any knowledge of traditional design strategies. The process uses models (building blocks) and insertion rules to place moderate constraints and reduce the size of the search space. The results show that the method is capable to generate circuits that meet the specifications. The synthesis capabilities are demonstrated using bandstop filters.
Quantification of 5 alpha- and 5 beta-androstanediols in urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We measured concentrations of 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol (Ad) and 5 beta-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol (beta-Ad) in urine by specific capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, with [16,16,17 alpha-2H3]-5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol as the internal standard. Comparison of the so-derived reference intervals for Ad and beta-Ad in men and women with those previously published indicates a significant positive bias for many of the previous assays in comparison with our procedure. Both Ad and beta-Ad have a pronounced diurnal rhythm, with maximum excretion in the interval 2300-0700 hours. Concentrations of Ad and beta-Ad were significantly correlated (r = 0.786, p less than 0.001), but the ratio of Ad to beta-Ad was not correlated to that for androsterone to etiocholanolone, the major 5 alpha and 5 beta metabolites of androgens in urine.
[Computed tomographic findings of peripheral-type schwannoma; comparative study with histology].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Computed Tomographic (CT) findings of peripheral-type schwannomas were reviewed and compared with the histology. Ten patients were examined. Plain CT showed all tumors as hypodense mass. After injection of contrast material, they were enhanced in various fashions. The enhancement patterns were divided into four types. On enhancement CT, highly enhanced area in the tumor was consistent with hypercellular region or vascular rich area, whereas poorly stained area revealed hypocellular area, interstitial xanthomatous change or cystic degeneration. It is concluded that the inter-tumoral difference in special distribution of hyper- and hypocellular areas leads to the variety of enhancement pattern on CT images.
Comparative analysis of starch grain size distribution in winter triticale samples

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Purpose. Determination of the possibility to diffe­rentia­te triticale samples by starch grain size and identify samples with a minimum size of granules that have a significant positive correlation with the efficiency of the starch transformation into ethanol. Methods. Light mic­roscopy of grinded triticale grains. Results. Analysis of the starch granule size in triticale samples was performed. The minimum average granule size was observed in line Kc-270/14 (23.78 µm), maximum one – in line KR-110/14 (28.06 µm). The size of starch granules in a soft winter wheat variety ‘Tsvit Kalyny’ was 24.2 µm that was within the values typical for winter triticale varieties and lines. The size of the majority of granules ranged from 15 to 35 µm, but their distribution was uneven in the studied lines. Conclusions. Considerable polymorphism of winter triticale for the starch granule size was established. It was found that the minimum average size of starch granules was observed in the samples characterized by minimum maximum size of granules, low frequency of granules of more than 35 µm, and therefore, minimum dispersion. Based on this, assumption can be made about the possibility to evaluate a sample for the presence of granules larger than 35 µm that can significantly reduce the number of measurements and speed up analysis.
373. Inhibitory strains of lactic streptococci and their significance in the selection of cultures for starter

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1. Inhibitory strains of lactic streptococci have been encountered amongst strains of Str. cremoris isolated from starter and amongst strains of Str. lactis, isolated from sour milk, which had otherwise been regarded as suitable for cheesemaking. 2. Methods are described for determining the concentration of inhibitory substance produced and the effect of these inhibitory strains on a wide selection of lactic streptococci. 3. The significance of the presence of strains of lactic streptococci having inhibitory properties, if incorporated in starters, particularly when the strains are prepared separately and mixed in the vat, is discussed. Recommendations for the exclusion of inhibitory strains from such starter mixtures are made.
Embodying bioethics: recent feminist advances

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Part 1 Introduction Part 2 I: Redirecting Bioethical Theory Chapter 3 1 Rehabilitating Care Chapter 4 2 Just Caring About Maternal-Fetal Relations: The Case of Cocaine Using Pregnant Women Chapter 5 3 Demarginalization: An Imperative for Feminist Bioethics Chapter 6 4 Erasing Difference: Race, Ethnicity and Gender in Bioethics Part 7 II: Reproduction and Beyond Chapter 8 5 Abortion, Chernobyl and Unanswered Genetic Questions Chapter 9 6 Do Lesbians Make Infertile Couples?: Anti-Lesbian Discrimination in Assisted Reproduction Chapter 10 7 Equality, Autonomy and Feminist Bioethics Chapter 11 8 Health Commodification and the Body Politic in Contemporary China: The Example of Female Infertility Chapter 12 9 Feminism and Elective Fetal Reproduction Chapter 13 10 On Not Iterating Women's Disability: A Crossover Perspective on Genetic Dilemmas Chapter 14 11 Menopause: Is this a Disease and Should We Treat It? Part 15 III: Working For Change Chapter 16 12 Culture and Reproductive Health: Challenges for Feminist Philanthropy Chapter 17 13 Strategies for Effective Transformation Chapter 18 14 Women and Health Research: From Theory to Practice to Policy Part 19 Index Part 20 About the Editors and Contributors
Novel Biomaterials To Control Igf-I Binding And Enhance Chondrocyte Gene Therapy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Articular cartilage lesions could lead to Osteoarthritis (OA) due to the inability of cartilage to heal. Gene therapy could be used to genetically engineer chondrocytes to repair cartilage lesions. A current challenge in gene therapy is the transient exposure of the gene product and growth factor to the cells. This transient exposure of the growth factor is not sufficient to promote tissue generation. This thesis reports the development of a new material engineered to have high affinity for a therapeutic gene product. The growth factor studied in this thesis is insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) for its highly anabolic effects in cartilage. One of the ways that cartilage stores IGF-I is through a group of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), such as IGFBP-5. IGF-I binding peptide sequence from IGFBP-5 was grafted onto alginate in order to retain the endogenous IGF-I produced by transfected chondrocytes. The chosen peptide sequence was KPLHALL due to its proximity to IGF-I in vivo. However, the reaction efficiency of KPLHALL is affected by the electrically charged side chain of Lysine, ? amino group NH3+. In order to perform the carbodiimide chemistry, the ? amino group NH3+ had to be protected with a protecting group. After attaching the amino acid sequence, the protecting group had to be removed with a base or acid. Such treatments can reduce the reaction efficiency by possibly reacting with the alginate or with other peptide sequences in its vicinity. The deprotection step could be avoided by using peptide sequences that avoid Lysine, but such modifications may affect the affinity of the peptide to IGF-I. Therefore, new materials were developed to test the relationship between the peptide lengths, the efficiency of grafting, and their binding affinity for IGF-I. KPLHALL, PLHALL and ALL sequences were compared by assessing the efficiency of grafting to alginate, the ability of modified polymers to bind IGF-I, and the ability to enhance matrix production by transfecting chondrocytes to produce IGF-I. This study reinforced the importance of IGF-I and the utility of controlling both growth factor production and binding, yielding an increase in matrix production.
Hierarchies in Multidimensional Databases

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Hierarchies play a fundamental role in knowledge representation and reasoning. They have been considered as the structures created by abstraction processes. According to Smith and Smith (1977), an abstraction process is an instinctively known human activity, and abstraction processes and their properties are generally used for multilevel object representation in information systems. An abstraction can be understood as a selection of a set of attributes, objects, or actions from a much larger set of attributes, objects, or actions according to certain criteria. Repeating this selection several times, that is, continuing to choose from each subset of objects, another subset of objects with even more abstract properties, we create other levels of (semantic) details of objects. The complete structure created by the abstraction process is a hierarchy and the type of hierarchy depends on the operation used for the abstraction process and the relations. As for the relations, the best known in the literature are classification, generalization, association (or grouping), and aggregation. Their main characteristics are briefly listed in the following.
[Extubation of the difficult airway].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Extubation, like intubation, is a critical moment in general anesthesia. There are no algorithms or ordered sequences of steps for extubation. Rather, the approach to take is strict observation of the patient in a setting equipped with monitors, material for managing the difficult airway, and experienced staff who should be able to establish access immediately, provide oxygen, and facilitate gas exchange, keeping the airway open and safeguarding it in case of a failed extubation attempt. This review will analyze the clinical conditions and pathophysiology associated with extubations at high risk of complications. We will describe strategies for extubating in situations in which a difficult airway is known or suspected.
2Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

transfers the activated ubiquitin molecule from the E2 to a lysine residue on the substrate or facilitates the transfer of ubiquitin from the E2 directly to the sub-strate (Hershko and Ciechanover, 1998). This series of events can also take the reverse course, through the *Correspondence:
Chitosan Loaded into a Hydrogel Delivery System as a Strategy to Treat Vaginal Co-Infection

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Polymeric hydrogels are common dosage forms designed for the topical administration of antimicrobial drugs to treat vaginal infections. One of the major advantages of using chitosan in these formulations is related to the intrinsic and broad antimicrobial activity exerted on bacteria and fungi by this natural polymer. Most vaginal yeast infections are caused by the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. However, despite the anti-Candida activity towards and strains susceptibility to low molecular weight chitosan being documented, no information is available regarding the antimicrobial efficacy of mixed hydrogels in which chitosan is dispersed in a polymeric matrix. Therefore, the aim of the study is to evaluate the anti-Candida activity against eight different albicans and non-albicans strains of a mixed hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)/chitosan hydrogel. Importantly, chitosan was dispersed in HPMC matrix either assembled in nanoparticles or in a monomolecular state to eventually correlate any variation in terms of rheological and mucoadhesive properties, as well as anti-Candida activity, with the chitosan form. Hydrogels containing 1% w/w chitosan, either as free polymer chain or assembled in nanoparticles, showed an improved mucoadhesiveness and an anti-Candida effect against all tested albicans and non-albicans strains. Overall, the results demonstrate the feasibility of preparing HPMC/CS mixed hydrogels intended for the prevention and treatment of Candida infections after vaginal administration.