jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Patterns and function of pneumaticity in the vertebrae, ribs, and ilium of a titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Texas

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACTMany sauropod dinosaurs exhibit extensive postcranial skeletal pneumaticity that may have facilitated the evolution of extreme body sizes. Among titanosauriforms, complex, irregularly branching camellate chambers are found throughout the presacral vertebral column, often invading the ribs and ilium as well. To explore the function of these camellae, including reduction in bone volume, pneumaticity was examined in a titanosaur sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous Black Peaks Formation of Big Bend National Park, Texas, that includes pneumatic dorsal ribs and ilia. Using natural breaks to non-destructively observe the internal structure, patterns of camellate pneumaticity are described for the dorsal vertebrae, ribs, and ilium. The space occupied by camellae is quantified as the airspace proportion, which is reported here in a sauropod ilium for the first time. Airspace proportions exceed 70% in parts of the dorsal vertebrae and ilium, with lower values near the cotyles of the vertebral centra and the acetabulum. Values in the ribs decrease distally. These values are not appreciably different from those of sauropods with simpler camerate pneumaticity. If camellae did not offer greater weight reduction than camerae, they may have enhanced structural strength, as the chambers appear to align with stress in the vertebral centra and ilium. Apneumatic trabecular bone around the acetabulum, preacetabular process, and postzygapophyses, however, may indicate stresses too great for camellate bone to bear, although an ontogenetic influence cannot be ruled out. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI thank T. M. Lehman for the opportunity to work on the specimen and guiding the initial direction of the project. Collection of the material was assisted by A. Brink, J. Browning, D. Evans, J. Schubert, and S. Wick. C. Schulte prepared the dorsal ribs examined here. The cross sections were digitized and analyzed by S. Cutler, J. Grosjean, D. Leaphart, and J. Mayes. I am grateful to M. Brown, J. C. Sagebiel, and T. Rowe for access to specimens now reposited at the Texas Memorial Museum, University of Texas, Austin. I also acknowledge the park service staff of Big Bend National Park for their continued stewardship of fossil resources that made this work possible. Editors D. Schwarz, M. D'Emic and the reviewers provided thoughtful guidance that improved this manuscript.DISCLOSURE STATEMENTNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSJAF designed and executed the data collection, analyzed the results, and wrote and edited the manuscript.SUPPLEMENTARY FILESSupplementary File 1: cross section image files used in this analysis (Figs. S1–19) and table of sauropod taxa for which ASP measurements are available (Table S1).
The Herbarium Challenge 2019 Dataset

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Herbarium sheets are invaluable for botanical research, and considerable time and effort is spent by experts to label and identify specimens on them. In view of recent advances in computer vision and deep learning, developing an automated approach to help experts identify specimens could significantly accelerate research in this area. Whereas most existing botanical datasets comprise photos of specimens in the wild, herbarium sheets exhibit dried specimens, which poses new challenges. We present a challenge dataset of herbarium sheet images labeled by experts, with the intent of facilitating the development of automated identification techniques for this challenging scenario.
Opportunities and Threats for the Strategic Development of Ukraine's Economy until 2030

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The process of strategic development of Ukraine's economy is largely complicated by the presence of a hot vase of military operations on the territory of the state. Nevertheless, for the post-war recovery, it is necessary to develop key areas of economic development today. Given the current level of GDP, which has decreased by 4% compared to the pre-war period, and the outflow of capital investments, which amounted to almost 50%. Given the relevance of the research topic, its purpose can be defined as a generalisation of approaches to the development of directions for the strategic development of Ukraine's economy with specification of opportunities and threats until 2030. The study used a systematic review of the scientific literature with a focus on publications from the last five years to ensure that the analysis of Ukraine's economic development strategy is up-to-date and relevant. The research methods included the construction of a strategic map to outline key areas of economic recovery, complemented by a SWOT analysis to assess opportunities, threats, strengths, and weaknesses. Based on the results of the literature search, 40 scientific papers were selected from the Web of Science and Scopus databases that are directly related to the research topic. It is proved that during the period of post-war recovery and the creation and further implementation of the economic growth strategy, emphasis should be placed on ensuring the following areas of development of the Ukrainian economy: creating a favourable and maximally transparent investment climate to attract investors; countering demographic changes and creating conditions for the return of the population that left Ukraine at the beginning of the war; diversifying economic processes and the economic potential of the State; ensuring the restoration of the energy sector In addition, in the process of developing the topic, a strategic map for the implementation of strategic directions for ensuring Ukraine's economic development until 2030 was created. The SWOT analysis has identified both opportunities and threats in implementing the action plan, with the main condition being the end of active hostilities in the country.
CLINICAL STUDY Clinical and molecular analysis of three Mexican families with Pendred’s syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The autosomal recessive Pendred’s syndrome is defined by congenital sensorineural deafness, goiter, and impaired iodide organification. It is caused by mutations in the Pendred’s syndrome (PDS) gene that encodes pendrin, a chloride/iodide transporter expressed in the thyroid, the inner ear, and the kidney. Objective: To perform a detailed clinical and molecular analysis of patients with Pendred’s syndrome from four patients from three unrelated Mexican families. Methods: Thyroid function tests, perchlorate test, thyroid scintigraphy, audiometry, computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were performed in all affected individuals. Haplotype analyses were performed using microsatellite markers flanking the PDS locus, and the PDS gene was submitted to direct sequence analysis. Results: All patients presented with sensorineural deafness, Mondini malformations of the cochlea, an enlarged vestibular aqueduct, goiter, and a positive perchlorate test. Two patients were hypothyroid, two individuals were euthyroid. Sequence analysis revealed a complex homozygous deletion/insertion mutation at the end of exon 4 in the index patient of family 1 resulting in a premature stop codon at
Islam, Civil Society and Social Work : Muslim Voluntary Welfare Associations in Jordan between Patronage and Empowerment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Egbert Harmsen doet verslag van zijn onderzoek naar vrijwillige islamitische welzijnsorganisaties in JordaniÃ«. Deze organisaties zijn het initiatief van burgers en een uitdrukking van hun waarden en overtuigingen. Hun activiteiten en discoursen stemmen in belangrijke mate overeen met overheidsdoeleinden zoals het waarborgen van de maatschappelijke en politieke stabiliteit en openbare orde, maar de organisaties houden ook patronen van patronage in stand. Patronage hoeft echter sociaal-economische en culturele empowerment van minder bedeelde groepen niet uit te sluiten. Politieke sentimenten van protest en oppositie kunnen namelijk ook een rol spelen, ook al is het niet mogelijk om deze in het openbaar te uiten. Dit maakt dat de vrijwilligersorganisaties een gefrustreerde maar desalniettemin reÃ«le en levendige civil society vertegenwoordigen.
Does an increase in physiological indexes predict better cognitive performance: the PhyCog randomised cross-over protocol in type 2 diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction There has been a growing interest towards cognitive-training programmes to improve cognition and prevent cognitive impairment despite discrepant findings. Physical activity has been recognised in maintaining or improving cognitive ability. Based on a psychoneurophysiological approach, physiological indexes should partly determine neuronal dynamics and influence cognition as any effects of cognitive training. This study’s primary aim was to examine if improved physiological indexes predict improved cognitive variables in the context of a clinical intervention programme for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Method and analysis PhyCog will be a 22-week randomised controlled trial comparing cognitive performance between three arms: (1) physical activity (1 month), a 15-day wash-out, then cognitive training (1 month), (2) cognitive training (1 month), a 15-day wash-out and physical activity (1 month), and (3) an active breathing condition (psychoeducation and resonance frequency breathing for 1 month), then a 15-day wash-out, and combined physical activity and cognitive training (1 month), allowing to determine the most effective intervention to prevent cognitive impairment associated with T2D. All participants will be observed for 3 months following the intervention. The study will include a total of 81 patients with T2D. Cognitive performance and physiological variables will be assessed at baseline (week 0—W0), during the washout (W5, 72–96 hours after week 4), at the end of the intervention (W10), and at the end of the follow-up (W22). The main variables of interest will be executive function, memory and attention. Physiological testing will involve allostatic load such as heart rate variability, microcirculation, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels. Sociodemographic and body composition will also be a consideration. Assessors will all be blinded to outcomes. To test the primary hypothesis, the relationship between improvement in physiological variables and improvement in cognitive variables (executive, memory and attention) will be collected. Ethics and dissemination This protocol was approved by the Est III French Ethics Committee (2020-A03228-31). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number NCT04915339 .
Comparison of the antitumor activity of thalidomide between hepatitis B (HBV)- and hepatitis C (HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

4198 Background: Previous studies suggested that chronic HCV infection may be more angiogenic than chronic HBV infection. In this study we sought to clarify if HCV- and HBV-related HCC may respond differently to thalidomide, an anti-angiogenic agent. Methods: One hundred and twelve patients with unresectable and non-embolizable HCC who had participated in 2 prospective clinical trials using single-agent thalidomide. The starting dose of thalidomide was 200 mg per day, and was gradually escalated in 100-mg steps if no limiting toxicities developed. Patients with positive serum HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and negative anti-HCV antibody were categorized as HBV-related HCC (B-HCC, n=61), while patients with negative HBsAg and positive anti-HCV were categorized as HCV-related HCC (C-HCC, n=33). Response to thalidomide was defined by either (1) a complete or partial response according to WHO criteria or (2) a more than 50% decrease of serum α-fetoprotein level accompanied by clinically stable or improved condition lasting for more than 8 weeks for patients with elevated α-fetoprotein level. Results: All major clinicopathological features were comparable between the 2 groups except for age (C-HCC, 67.5 ± 7.6 years; B-HCC, 53.6 ± 13.7 years, p< 0.001). Eight patients with B-HCC and 9 patients with C-HCC responded to thalidomide treatment. The total response rate to thalidomide was 13.1% (95% C.I. 4.4 to 21.8%) for B-HCC and 27.3% (95% C.I. 11.2 to 43.3%) for C-HCC (p=0.09). Patients with C-HCC appeared to have better median time to disease progression (14.1 weeks vs. 8.3 weeks, p=0.03) and overall survival (32.6 weeks vs. 21.4 weeks, p=0.08) than patients with B-HCC. In multivariate analysis, staging (CLIP score), performance status and types of viral infection were independent predictors for overall survival (p<0.01), while only types of viral infection was independent predictor for time to disease progression (p=0.027). Conclusions: There is a trend favoring better anti-tumor activity of thalidomide in patients with HCV-related HCC. Whether this result is related to angiogenesis inhibition remains to be determined. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Femtosecond photon echo in dye-doped polymer film at liquid nitrogen temperature

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The first observation is reported of the primary femtosecond photon echo at a liquid nitrogen temperature in a dye-doped polymer film at a wavelength of 780 nm. Echo signals were generated by pulses with the duration of 130 fs. The echo signal decay can not be described by a simple exponential function. There is a fast decay region below 250-300 fs and a slow decay region at longer time intervals. There were also detected signals of the self-diffraction of exciting pulses on a nonequilibrium population difference grating, induced in resonant medium by these pulses.
Argumentation in Secondary School Students' Structured and Unstructured Chat Discussions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Joint construction of new knowledge demands that persons can express their statements in a convincing way and explore other people's arguments constructively. For this reason, more knowledge on different means to support collaborative argumentation is needed. This study clarifies whether structured interaction supports students' critical and elaborative argumentation. The study compares the quality of secondary school students' argumentation during structured and unstructured chat interaction. The data consist of 16 dyadic chat discussions: 8 discussions concerned vivisection and 8 gender equality. Half of the discussions were carried out through structured chat, and the other half through unstructured chat. The results suggest that a structured chat environment evokes counterargumentation, also in topics that do not spontaneously provoke conflicting viewpoints. Further, structured chat seems to equalize communication between females and males. Overall, the results indicate that the further investigation and design of pedagogical means to structure collaborative argumentation is a worthwhile enterprise.
A Study on the Influence of Korean Regional Dialects to English Vowel Pronunciation and Correction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purposes of this study are to: (1) Compare the vowel production of English front vowels produced by Korean speakers using regional dialects and; (2) Investigate and compare the effectiveness of pronunciation training for each regional dialect group. To test these objectives, the English front vowels produced by five Youngnam dialect male speakers, five Youngnam dialect female speakers, five Kangwon dialect male speakers, and five Kangwon dialect female speakers were scrutinized. These dialect groups' vowel formants and length of English front vowels were evaluated, and the post-pronunciation training values were compared with those of pre-training values. The results indicate that pronunciation training is more effective for Youngnam dialect speakers, whilst both dialect groups have more success mastering the pronunciation of /${\varepsilon}$/ over /${\ae}$/.
Editorials Is It Time to Say Good Bye to Blow-By?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

While it has been clearly demonstrated that spontane-ously breathing children of all ages with bronchospasm respond well to nebulized bronchodilators, only a small proportion of aerosolized drug reaches the lungs.1–9 In addition, the combination of a small airway diameter, a rapid breathing pattern, and poor tolerance to the treatment has made delivery of nebulized medications to the airway of pediatric patients very challenging. The face mask is one of the most frequently prescribed aerosol devices for the administration of bronchodilators to children, in a variety of clinical settings. Their advan-tage is the little to no cooperation required from the child. Nevertheless, the presence of a tight seal on the patient’s face has been considered a critical element to improve aerosol delivery. Amirav et al have found that the absence
Sensitivity to visual features in inattentional blindness

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The relation between attention, perception, and awareness is among the most fundamental problems in the science of the mind. One of the most striking and well-known phenomena bearing on this question is inattentional blindness (IB). In IB, naive observers fail to report clearly visible stimuli when their attention is otherwise engaged—famously missing a gorilla parading before their eyes. IB carries tremendous significance, both as evidence that awareness requires attention and as a tool in seeking the neural correlates of consciousness. However, such implications rest on a notoriously biased measure: asking participants whether they noticed anything unusual (and interpreting negative answers as reflecting a complete lack of perception). Here, in the largest ever set of IB studies, we show that, as a group, inattentionally blind participants can successfully report the location, color, and shape of stimuli they deny noticing, demonstrating that perceptual information remains accessible in IB. By introducing absent trials, we further show that observers are collectively biased to report not noticing in IB—essentially ‘playing it safe’ in reporting their sensitivity. These data provide the strongest evidence to date of significant residual visual sensitivity in IB. They also challenge the use of inattentional blindness to argue that awareness requires attention.
Evaluation on the therapeutic efficiency of IL-21 gene therapy on mouse model of subcutaneous transplantation with hepatoma established in murine H22 cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The therapeutical effect IL-12 was investigated in mouse model of subcutaneous transplantation with hepatoma established in murine H22 cells,in which the recombinant eukaryotic expression vector mIL-21/PcDNA3.1 we have already constructed was used to observe the influence of IL-21 on the anti-tumor immune response and the survival time of the cancer-bearing mouse.The mouse hepatoma transplantation model was established through the subcutaneous injection of the H22 cells in left armpit of BALB/c mice and the IL-21 gene therapy was given to the cancer-bearing mice by injecting recombinant plasmid mIL-21/ pcDNA3.1 directly into the tumor.The influence of IL-21 on T cell proliferation and NK cell cytotoxicity in vivo was studied by MTT methods,and the status of tumor growth and the bearing cancer mouse survival time of the cancer-bearing mice was also observed.In this way,the mouse hepatoma transplantation model was established successfully which was confirmed by pathological examinations.As demonstrated by MTT analysis,the proliferation of T cell and the cytotoxicity of NK cell in vivo was enhanced significantly after IL-21 gene therapy.Also,the rate of tumor growth was decreased and the survival time was extended significantly.It is concluded that the IL-21 gene therapy on transplanted hepatoma-bearing mouse can significantly enhance the anti-tumor immune response in vivo,so as to inhibit the tumor growth and extend the survival time of the tumor-bearing mouse.
The cytolinker plectin regulates nuclear mechanotransduction in keratinocytes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The transmission of mechanical forces to the nucleus is important for intracellular positioning, mitosis and cell motility, yet the contribution of specific components of the cytoskeleton to nuclear mechanotransduction remains unclear. In this study, we examine how crosstalk between the cytolinker plectin and F-actin controls keratin network organisation and the 3D nuclear morphology of keratinocytes. Using micro-patterned surfaces to precisely manipulate cell shape, we find that cell adhesion and spreading regulate the size and shape of the nucleus. Disruption of the keratin cytoskeleton through loss of plectin facilitated greater nuclear deformation, which depended on acto-myosin contractility. Nuclear morphology did not depend on direct linkage of the keratin cytoskeleton with the nuclear membrane, rather loss of plectin reduced keratin filament density around the nucleus. We further demonstrate that keratinocytes have abnormal nuclear morphologies in the epidermis of plectin-deficient, epidermolysis bullosa simplex patients. Taken together, our data demonstrate that plectin is an essential regulator of nuclear morphology in vitro and in vivo and protects the nucleus from mechanical deformation.
Features of the bone-cutting art of the Japanese and the peoples of Siberia on the example of the Yakuts and Evenks

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Many ways of expressing people's views and thoughts in a creative form have come down to our time, including bone carving as one of the types of decorative and applied creativity. The bone-cutting art of the Japanese and the peoples of Siberia on the example of the Yakuts and Evenks requires careful study for a deeper understanding of the Japanese, Yakut and Evenk cultures, which determines the relevance of this work. The purpose of our research is to identify the features of the bone-cutting art of the Japanese, Yakuts and Evenks. The object of the study is the bone-cutting art of the Japanese, Yakuts and Evenks. The following research methods are used in the work: analysis of theoretical sources, descriptive method, comparative method. The novelty of the research lies in conducting a comparative analysis of the bone-cutting art of the Japanese, Yakuts and Evenks. Within the framework of our research, theoretical material was analyzed, the historical origin of Japanese, Yakut and Evenki bone carving art was revealed, and the classification of the subjects of Japanese bone carving art was revealed. The analysis of the themes of the Yakut and Evenk bone-cutting art was carried out, as well as a comparative analysis of this type of art among the Japanese, Yakuts, Evenks, as a result of which the features of the bone-cutting art of the Japanese, Yakuts and Evenks were revealed, similarities and differences were found. The main conclusions of the study are as follows: 1) the same carving techniques are used in the studied art forms; 2) in Japanese, Yakut and Evenk cultures, bone-cutting products were used as household items; 3) in Japanese, Yakut and Evenk bone carving, walrus bone, deer horn, ivory (Japanese) or mammoth (Yakuts, Evenks) bone act as the same material; 4) there are similarities and differences in the subject of the products.