jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Synthesis And Biological Activity of Borane Phosphonate DNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Abstract Borane phosphonate oligodeoxyribonucleotides are synthesized from 5′-O-[benzhydroxybis(trimethylsilyloxy)silyl]-2′-deoxyribonucleoside-3′-O-methylphosphoramidites. The exocyclic amine functions of adenine, guanine, and cytosine are protected with trimethoxytrityl, and thymine is unprotected. Using these synthons and under standard conditions via activation with S-ethylthiotetrazole, condensations on a highly crosslinked polystyrene support are in excess of 99%. Following the complete synthesis of the oligodeoxyribonucleotide phosphite triester, oxidation with THF·BH3 yields the oligodeoxyribonucleotide borane phosphonate. Further treatment with 80% aqueous acetic acid followed by disodium 2-carbamoyl-2-cyanoethylene-1,1-dithiolate removes trimethoxytrityl from the 2′-deoxyribonucleoside bases and the methyl protecting group from the internucleotide phosphate triester, respectively. Cleavage from the support with ammonium hydroxide and purification by reverse phase HPLC affords the pure oligodeoxyribonucleotide borane phosphonate. These oligomers are taken up by cells in the absence of cationic lipids and transport biologically active interfering RNA into cells. Keywords: BoraneDNAphosphonate Acknowledgments We thank Rich Shoemaker for assistance with the NMR facility and University of Colorado Central Analytical Laboratories for the mass spectral facility. This research was supported by the University of Colorado at Boulder.
Comprehensive Assessment of Animal Welfare Standards in Small Pig Farms of Assam

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Background: Assam's scenic landscapes and rich agricultural heritage are intertwined with traditional piggery practices, which hold cultural and economic significance, particularly among tribal communities. Questions about animal welfare standards within these traditional setups linger despite their communal ethos. Evaluating their impact is vital for sustainable farming, rural livelihoods, and ecological preservation. Methods: The study designed and applied a rigorous methodology that assessed animal welfare standards in Assam's pig farming. It involved a two-part study design, which included selecting the relevant indicators for conducting the study and assessing small pig farms across the different agro-climatic zones of Assam. Data collection from small-pig farmers across Assam's zones using a 5-point Likert scale was followed by descriptive statistical analysis. Result: Housing facilities in Assam's pig farms provide ample space, fostering positive social dynamics and natural behaviours. However, tethering remains a concern, limiting movement and behaviour expression. While pigs were not found to be overly thin or emaciated, feeding practices could be improved for optimal growth and ideal body score. Limited veterinary involvement poses challenges in managing health issues. Recommendations include avoiding tethering, optimising feed, enhancing collaboration with veterinarians, and ensuring comfortable quarantine areas to promote pig welfare and health.
Quo Vadis the fumigants?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fumigation is the most widely used procedure to control stored product pests to prevent economic and quality losses by providing various application methods and penetration capability into the treated commodity. However, most of the available fumigants have limitations in use due to various reasons. Methyl bromide (MB), according to Montreal Protocol, is scheduled to be phased out worldwide by 2015. Sulphuryl fluoride (SF) is known to have limited efficiency on egg stages of insects. Reportedly, it also contributes to the greenhouse effects, which may jeopardize its future use. Currently, phosphine (PH 3 ) is the most widely used fumigant worldwide due to its low cost and ease of application, though resistance observed in major pest species threatens the continued use of PH 3 . Recent studies in beetles reveal that phosphine resistance is governed through two genes on separate autosomal chromosomes. Research on new fumigants continue to be restricted due to concerns over the adverse effects of fumigant residues in food and the environment that led regulatory agencies to take actions by imposing strict limitations on fumigant registration. On the other hand the phase out of MB and resistance to PH 3 has stimulated significant interest on development of alternatives like modified atmospheres (MAs), thermal disinfestation and irradiation. In Turkey, MAs applications are preferred for the treatment of organic food products and are performed mostly in transportable PVC structures (Cocoons or Volcani Cubes). In museums high nitrogen or SF applications are the only procedures to eradicate structural pests. Under the given constraints of registration of new fumigants, it is anticipated that more attention will be devoted to develop novel alternative treatments that are economically feasible, sustainable, user friendly and environmentally benign. Keywords : Fumigants, Modified atmospheres, Insect resistance, Stored products pests, Fumigant alternatives
Supplementation of feedlot lambs with magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate: Effects on performance, nutrient digestibility, rumen environment, serum biochemistry and antioxidant indices

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present experiment was conducted to obtain an appropriate addition strategy of magnesium oxide (MgO) for feedlot lambs and to elucidate how the combined addition of MgO and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) influences the growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot lambs. Sixty male Dorper-Hu hybrid lambs (32.76 ± 0.85 kg) were randomly assigned to 20 pens (3 lambs per pen; 5 pens per treatment). Lambs received a corn-based total-mixed ration (TMR, 80:20 concentrate to forage) without supplementation (CON) or with the inclusion (dry matter basis) of 15 g/kg NaHCO3 (SB), 2.5 g/kg MgO + 7.5 g/kg NaHCO3 (MG1) or 5 g/kg MgO + 7.5 g/kg NaHCO3 (MG2). Buffer addition effectively increased ruminal pH and water intake in feedlot lambs (P < 0.01). The MG2 group had lower dry matter intake (P ≤ 0.03), while the MG1 group showed higher average daily gain and lower feed-to-gain ratio than the other groups (P < 0.01). Compared to the CON and SB groups, MG1 and MG2 groups had greater total tract nutrient digestibility, except for the stage 1 of DM and ADF (P < 0.01). Adding MgO with NaHCO3 improved total volatile fatty acids concentration (P < 0.01). Microbial community analysis revealed enhanced Prevotella abundance in both MG1 and MG2 groups (P = 0.05). Additionally, MG1 and MG2 groups also both exhibited greater serum antioxidant capacity compared to CON and SB groups (P ≤ 0.03). The MG1 group showed greater dressing percentage, and ribeye area than other groups (P < 0.01). Overall, the recommended supplementation strategy for the lambs' diet was 2.5 g/kg MgO + 7.5 g/kg NaHCO3. The mixture of MgO and NaHCO3 enhanced the total tract nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and serum antioxidant capacity in lambs, resulting in improved lamb growth and carcass performance.
Modelling and simulation of the fatigue usage factor of γ-TiAl alloy fabricated through Laser Additive Manufacturing (LAM)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, laser additive manufacturing (LAM) technologies are increasingly being applied for producing components with excellent physical and mechanical properties in the aerospace, automotive and energy industries. This work is aimed at modelling the fatigue usage factor of γ-TiAl alloy fabricated through LAM. The modelling and simulation were performed using the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 software by developing a y-TiAl alloy microstructure. This was modelled to generate the material properties (density, heat capacity at constant pressure and thermal conductivity) from the microstructure of a unit cell as a general representation of the alloy. The computed properties were used in modelling the LAM process to fabricate γ-TiAl alloy part with subsequent fatigue simulation to determine the usage factor (Ke). From the models, the maximum Von Mises stress and transient temperature were 2.88 x108 Nm-2 and 1510 K respectively, for the LAM fabrication process; while the fatigue usage factor model showed a maximum Von Mises stress of 2.91 x108 Nm-2 and a fatigue usage factor of 0.35.
[The chick embryo as a model of fetal surgery: intestinal atresia].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aiming at depicting the advantages of chick embryo as a model of fetal surgery we report on our experience of 402 operations carried out in an attempt to induce fetal intestinal obstruction. We have used fertile domestic hen (gallus gallus) eggs incubated at 37.5 degrees with 80% humidity and turned every hour. At the 12th day of incubation we coagulated, after exposing the umbilical cord, a small bowel loop in the physiologic umbilical hernia through a 1 cm-wide opening in the shell which was then sealed with plastic sterile adhesive. After sacrifice at the 15th day of the 76 surviving embryos (19%) we found type I intestinal atresia with localized meconium peritonitis and dilated proximal loop in 46 cases. In 3 out of them there was, like in some human newborns with intestinal obstruction, increased amount of bile-stained amniotic fluid. Both macroscopic and microscopic findings were identical to those usually found in human atresia and in that experimentally induced in fetus of other animal species. We firmly believe that our model is as good as any other for this purpose and, at the same time, it is cheaper and easier to handle.
Pamela Visits the Warsaw Opera

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter discusses various entanglements between Czekina (1782) by Wojciech Bogusławski—a Polish adaptation of La buona figliuola (Goldoni—Piccinni, 1760)—and related works: an Italian version of this opera produced in Warsaw (1765), Pamela (1740) by Samuel Richardson that served as Goldoni's literary prototype and the French adaptation Le bonne fille (1771). Czekina occupies a special place in the operatic output of Bogusławski (1757–1829), the distinguished playwright, actor-singer and theatre entrepreneur, for promoting nascent Polish opera. Its unique features, including subtle parodist elements, not only reveal Bogusławski's talent for comedy, but also testify to his deep fascination with opera buffa.
Effects of Population Structure and Admixture on Exact Tests for Association Between Loci

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The probability of multilocus genotype counts conditional on allelic counts and on allelic independence provides a test statistic for independence within and between loci. As the number of loci increases and each sampled genotype becomes unique, the conditional probability becomes a function of total heterozygosity. In that case, it does not address between-locus dependence directly but only indirectly through detection of the Wahlund effect. Moreover, the test will reject the hypothesis of allelic independence only for small values of heterozygosity. Low heterozygosity is expected for population subdivision but not for population admixture. The test may therefore be inappropriate for admixed populations. If individuals with parents in two different populations are always considered to belong to one of the populations, then heterozygosity is increased in that population and the exact test should not be used for sparse data sets from that population. If such a case is suspected, then alternative testing strategies are suggested.
Comparison of Thyroidal Iodide Accumulation and Thyroxine Secretion in Euthyroid Subjects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fractional thyroidal and renal radioiodine clearance and renal 127I excretion were measured in 152 euthyroid subjects. Thyroidal 127I accumulation (A) was calculated from the basic formula of Stanbury et al. with short-term thyroidal and extrathyroidal radioiodine clearance measurements substituted for 48-hr thyroidal radioiodine uptake. Appropriate corrections were included for diurnal variations in renal radioiodine clearance, lag time in urine collections, and losses of iodine in uncollected urine and in sweat and stools. Thyroxine 131I degradation (H4) was measured by whole body counting techniques and compared with calculated thyroidal 127I accumulation in 29 subjects on a mean calculated daily iodine intake of 387 μg. Significant negative correlation of thyroidal radioiodine uptake and renal iodine excretion was observed (p < 0.001). The correlation and regression coefficients of these indices were, however, low (0.33 and 0.238). In addition, mean daily thyroidal 127I accumulation exceeded daily thyroxine 127I degradation by 38 μg. Regression of H4 on A revealed near independence of these parameters; while thyroxine iodine degradation remained rather constant, thyroidal iodine accumulation appeared to increase progressively with increasing iodine intake. It is concluded that the assumption of equal thyroidal iodine uptake and daily thyroxine iodine secretion at equilibrium is not valid. Although significant negative correlation of thyroidal radioiodine uptake with iodine intake was observed, this was not complete (slope of 0.238 rather than 1.0), and progressively increasing thyroidal nonthyroxine iodine secretion appears to occur with increasing iodine intake. The physiologic significance of these observations is discussed.
Measuring alcohol consumption: a comparison of the retrospective diary and the quantity-frequency methods in a college drinking survey.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

As part of a larger study of college drinking, the quantity-frequency (Q-F) measure of alcohol consumption was compared to the retrospective diary (RD) method with 494 drinkers out of 606 respondents (75.8%) of 800 randomly selected undergraduates. Respondents were representative by sex and year in school of virtually all full-time undergraduates at Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey. The study tested the hypothesis that the RD would yield higher estimates of average alcohol consumption and of "heavy drinking" as defined by NIAAA typology (average two or more drinks per day) and of "peak drinking," a Q-F standard consisting of five or more drinks at least once per week. The study also compared the two methods as correlates of self-reported problems related to drinking. Results supported the major hypotheses that the RD would detect more overall consumption, heavy drinking and peak drinking than the Q-F. Results also demonstrated good consistency between the Q-F and RD as well as comparable correlations with the alcohol problem score.
The impact of individual vascular risk factors on longitudinal neurodegeneration in cognitively unimpaired individuals

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Vascular risk factors (VRFs) have an important role in the etiology and progression of Alzheimer´s Disease (AD). We recently described that VRF burden interacts with AD pathophysiology increasing plasma neurofilament light (NfL) levels, a biomarker of neuroaxonal damage. However, whether individual VRFs interact with AD pathophysiology to promote longitudinal neurodegeneration remains to be elucidated. Here, we aimed to assess the impact of individual VRFs in the longitudinal trajectory of plasma NfL in cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals. Method We assessed 269 CU individuals from the ADNI cohort with available baseline medical data and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Elecsys biomarkers (Aβ 1‐42 and p‐tau181), as well as longitudinal measures of plasma NfL. Individuals with both Aβ 1‐42 and p‐tau181 positivity were defined as having preclinical AD (A+T+). The VRFs assessed in our analysis were history of cardiovascular disease (CAD), hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia (HLP), stroke or transient ischemic attack, smoking, atrial fibrillation, and left ventricular hypertrophy. Only those VRFs with at least 5% prevalence in the studied population were included in our analysis. Result The following VRFs were included in the final analysis based on prevalence: HTN, CAD, DM, and HLP. Linear mixed‐effects (LME) models revealed that no individual VRF significantly interacted with AD pathophysiology to increase longitudinal values of plasma NfL (HTN X AD pathophysiology X time, β =0.97 p=0.63; CAD X AD pathophysiology X time, β = 2.68, p= 0.36; HLP X AD pathophysiology X time, β= ‐2.1, p=0.3). DM was not present among individuals positive for AD pathophysiology. On the other hand, VRF burden significatively interacted with AD to increase NfL levels (VRF burden x AD pathology x time; β = 5.08, P = 0.016). Conclusion We observed that no individual VRF interacted with AD pathophysiology to promote longitudinal neurodegeneration in CU individuals. Our findings suggest that the cumulative number of VRFs, rather than any VRF individually, impacts on neurodegeneration in the context of AD.
Academic Buoyancy: The Necessary Ability for Teenagers to Succeed in School

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

With the continuous reform of the education system, the academic problems of teenagers are increasing. In recent years, academic buoyancy has attracted the attention of most scholars. At the same time, it plays a positive role in solving the academic problems of teenagers as the adaptability and coping ability shown by students in the face of academic challenges and difficulties. This paper aims to explore the influence of academic buoyancy on the academic success of adolescents. First, the relevant concepts of academic buoyancy are expounded. Secondly, it introduces the relationship between academic buoyancy, academic emotion, academic achievement and learning engagement. Finally, the author puts forward corresponding strategies to guide teenagers to cope with academic pressure from four aspects: themselves, families, schools and society, which is of great significance for teenagers to improve their academic performance.
Infection and RNA-seq analysis of a zebrafish tlr2 mutant shows a broad function of this Toll-like receptor in transcriptional and metabolic control and defense to Mycobacterium marinum infection

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background The function of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in host defense against pathogens, especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is poorly understood. To investigate the role of TLR2 during mycobacterial infection, we analyzed the response of tlr2 zebrafish mutant larvae to infection with Mycobacterium marinum (Mm), a close relative to Mtb, as a model for tuberculosis. We measured infection phenotypes and transcriptome responses using RNA deep sequencing in mutant and control larvae. Results tlr2 mutant embryos at 2 dpf do not show differences in numbers of macrophages and neutrophils compared to control embryos. However, we found substantial changes in gene expression in these mutants, particularly in metabolic pathways, when compared with the heterozygote tlr2+/- control. At 4 days after Mm infection, the total bacterial burden and the presence of extracellular bacteria were higher in tlr2-/- larvae than in tlr2+/-, or tlr2+/+ larvae, whereas granuloma numbers were reduced, showing a function of Tlr2 in zebrafish host defense. RNAseq analysis of infected tlr2-/- versus tlr2+/- shows that the number of up-regulated and down-regulated genes in response to infection was greatly diminished in tlr2 mutants by at least 2 fold and 10 fold, respectively. Analysis of the transcriptome data and qPCR validation shows that Mm infection of tlr2 mutants leads to decreased mRNA levels of genes involved in inflammation and immune responses, including il1b, tnfb, cxcl11aa/ac, fosl1a, and cebpb. Furthermore, RNAseq analyses revealed that the expression of genes for Maf family transcription factors, vitamin D receptors, and Dicps proteins is altered in tlr2 mutants with or without infection. In addition, the data indicate a function of Tlr2 in the control of induction of cytokines and chemokines, such as the CXCR3-CXCL11 signaling axis. Conclusion The transcriptome and infection burden analyses show a function of Tlr2 as a protective factor against mycobacteria. Transcriptome analysis revealed tlr2-specific pathways involved in Mm infection, which are related to responses to Mtb infection in human macrophages. Considering its dominant function in control of transcriptional processes that govern defense responses and metabolism, the TLR2 protein can be expected to be also of importance for other infectious diseases and interactions with the microbiome.
From Wilhelm Tell to Heidi to cuckoo clocks: the representation and interpretation of Switzerland in different language guidebooks

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Given the selectivity involved in guidebook construction, the inevitability of a framework of interpretation imposed by the writer, the extent of power and control guidebooks can have over tourists, and the guidebooks’ role as one of the most important sources of information for tourists, the underrepresentation of the study of guidebooks in the academic literature is very surprising. The purpose of this study was to explore what different language guidebooks on Switzerland communicate about the country, and to assess how they differ in their representations and interpretations of the tourist destination. The study was conducted on seventeen English, American, German/Swiss, Spanish and French guidebooks. Content analysis was used to identify and compare stereotypical images addressed in the guidebooks as well as any emphasises on cover photos, coverage of cantons, and common eating out, accommodation and nightlife listings. While the thesis initially aimed at investigating national stereotypes about Switzerland, as the research progressed, it became apparent that the guidebooks also frequently embody stereotypical images of their ‘home cultures’. The study findings indicate that guidebooks contain a large number of ‘subjective’ auto- and hetero- stereotypes. Partly, wider theories on national stereotypes can be supported in that the stereotypical images in the guidebooks present contradictory images, with the most characteristic image involving its own opposite. Furthermore, intragroup similarities and intergroup differences are also accentuated in the guidebooks. The guidebook writers frequently and explicitly recognise and confess to their own ethnocentricity. However, contrary to common theoretical beliefs, the content analysis showed that the guidebook authors do not necessarily favour ‘in-groups’ (i.e. the home cultures of the guidebook writers), but instead – in case of the guidebooks – tend to present ‘in-groups’ in a more negative light than ‘out-groups’ (i.e. the Swiss nation). The political and/or economic competiveness of a country does not seem to be a crucial factor in terms of its positive or negative representation in guidebooks either. Moreover, national stereotypes in the guidebooks on Switzerland are not necessarily particular or ‘exotic’, but are also apparent for other countries. All these discrepancies show that the existing theories on (national) stereotypes are insufficiently nuanced with respect to stereotypes in guidebooks. These basic theories need to be extended and put into perspective when applying them to stereotypical images in guidebooks, since the processes involved in guidebook writing and reading are very complex.