jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE QUALITY OF SINGLE-CASE RESEARCH FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS IN JAPAN AND TAIWAN: AN INVESTIGATION OF INTER-RATER RELIABILITY AND TREATMENT FIDELITY

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

近年來國內外皆倡導選擇有實證研究支持其介入成效的策略或方案，目前國外已有數篇文獻聚焦於探討自閉症研究品質，然而這些文獻所分析的研究主要發表於英語系期刊中，故結論無法推論至發表於非英語系期刊的研究品質。為了瞭解非英語系期刊中 自閉症研究的品質，本研究採系統性文獻回顧，分析日本與臺灣主要之特殊教育學術研究導向期刊，以探討其刊登之所有自閉症單一個案研究的評分者間信度與實驗處理忠實度之現況與趨勢。本研究依（1）從日本與臺灣共七份主要特殊教育研究期刊中，搜尋文獻；（2）依預先設定的文獻選取與排除準則，進行研究評估；（3）針對文獻中描述之評分者間信度與實驗處理忠實度，進行資料編碼與分析等三步驟，最後進行194 篇符合選取準則之文獻評析。本研究結果如下：在評分者間信度方面，日本於過去數十年間符合單一個案研究評分者間信度標準的研究數量，整體而言呈現增加的趨勢，臺灣文獻則未呈現同樣的趨勢；在實驗處理忠實度方面，日本尚未有單一個案研究描述研究的實驗處理忠實度，而臺灣則已有數篇研究符合國際間檢視實驗處理忠實度資料的標準。就整體研究品質而論，日本與臺灣的自閉症單一個案研究已逐漸符合評分者信度間的標準，然而對於實驗處理忠實度的敘述仍處於初步發展階段。為了提升自閉症介入方案的研究品質，本研究建議在亞洲地區的相關學術研究論文應依建議的指標與標準說明各研究之評分者間信度與實驗處理忠實度。
Peran Pengalaman Kerja Dalam Personal Performance Planning: Sebuah Tinjauan Teoritis Dan Empiris

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Work experience is very necessary in improving employee performance in the company. Employee work experience shows the level of mastery of skills. Employees who have had more years of service will have various kinds of work experience in solving various kinds of problems within the company. It is expected that employees will have good quality resources in improving work performance. The purpose of this study is to describe the role of work experience in improving employee performance scientifically based on the results of the existing literature review. If employees have a lot of work experience, then the abilities possessed by employees will be in accordance with the work given, so that employees have high performance. This employee performance refers to the results of work in completing the work. This role has a positive nature which means the more work experience an employee has, the employee's performance will increase.
The Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

List of Tables - List of Figures - Preface - Notes on the Contributors - Abbreviations - Introduction and Overview K.A.Ingersent, A.J.Rayner & R.C.Hine - An Ex-post Review of the 1992 MacSharry Reform S.Tangermann - Agricultural Policy Reform in the United States and the European Union: A Comparison of Common Agricultural Policy Reform and the 1996 US Farm Bill T.Josling - Implications of the European Union: East Enlargement for the Common Agricultural Policy M.Hartmann - Modelling the Outcomes of Common Agricultural Policy Reform W.H.Meyers, M.D.Helmar & C.E.Hart - Common Agricultural Policy Reform and Implications for Member States: Budget and Trade Effects R.W.Ackrill, R.C.Hine & A.J.Rayner - The Common Agricultural Policy and the Environment M.Winter - The Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy and Its Impact on Consumers S.McCorriston & C.W.Morgan - The Common Agricultural Policy and the World Trade Organisation after the Uruguay Round Agricultural Agreement K.J.Thomson - Postscript K.A.Ingersent, A.J.Rayner & R.C.Hine - Notes and References - Bibliography - Index
WORD LEVEL TRANSLATION OF USER MANUAL FOR SAMSUNG GALAXY

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

User manuals are always included in the package of electronic products to make sure the optimality of devices usage. Those manuals are often delivered in English and local languages. This research is intended to measure the equivalence level of translation and also aimed at revealing the strategies of translation used in the manual. The data are taken from the user manuals of Samsung Galaxy Young GTS5360 series Mobile Phone. The manual is printed in two versions: English and Indonesian. Both of themanuals are available online on www.samsung.com. The source language (SL) data are taken from English version, as for the target language (TL) data are taken from Indonesian version. The data consist of 100 various instructions for the users. The analysis of word level equivalence is used to analyse the data. First, the writer took 100 sentences from the sources. Second, the data were then analysed to find words that is not literally equivalent with source language and to analyse the strategies which are used by thetranslator. Third, the writer then gives comments about the naturalness of translations based on the strategies used by the translator. Based on the analysis of data, the writer found that there are five strategies of translation in word level equivalence used by the translator. The strategies are: (1) translation by a more general word (super ordinate), (2) translation using more neutral word / less expressive word, (3) translation by cultural substitution, (4) translation using a loan word, and (5) translation by paraphrase using unrelated words.
A quasi-stationary approach to drying kinetics of different shaped food particulates in a heat pump assisted by fluid bed dryer

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Experiments were undertaken to study drying kinetics of different shaped moist food particulates during heat pump assisted fluidised bed drying. Three particular geometrical shapes of parallelepiped, cylindrical and spheres were selected from potatoes (aspect ratio = 1:1, 2:1, 3:1), cut beans (length: diameter = 1:1, 2:1, 3:1) and peas respectively. A batch fluidised bed dryer connected to a heat pump system was used for the experimentation. A Heat pump and fluid bed combination was used to increase overall energy efficiency and achieve higher drying rates. Drying kinetics, were evaluated with non-dimensional moisture at three different drying temperatures of 30, 40 and 50o C. Due to complex hydrodynamics of the fluidised beds, drying kinetics are dryer or material specific. Numerous mathematical models can be used to calculate drying kinetics ranging from analytical models with simplified assumptions to empirical models built by regression using experimental data. Empirical models are commonly used for various food materials due to their simpler approach. However problems in accuracy, limits the applications of empirical models. Some limitations of empirical models could be reduced by using semi-empirical models based on heat and mass transfer of the drying operation. One such method is the quasi-stationary approach. In this study, a modified quasi-stationary approach was used to model drying kinetics of the cylindrical food particles at three drying temperatures.
Your child is a vegetable! Ethical requirements for all clinical practices in dealing with severe disability

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Technically speaking, ethics refer to the aspect of philosophy that deals with the fundamental principles of moral obligation, that is, the fundamentals of action understood as the basis for acting and thinking which makes us participants. That said we spend a large part of our daily lives acting without necessarily thinking in advance about the reasons for our actions. This means that we spontaneously become what is commonly referred to as ethical agents, meaning players having basic ethical values which are reflected in our actions. Consensual affirmation of personal dignity has become what we know as a free creation of value, which is the name we give to an ethical choice lacking a philosophical or theological basis. It is a situation where appeals are made to professionals and relatives, as indicated by the word extreme, "with the greatest of intensity", "excessively", "to the greatest extent possible" not only in an ethical capacity, but also in a relational and technical capacity.
Neural correlates of compassion – An integrative systematic review

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Compassion is a psychological construct that has received increasing attention in recent years. Even though a lot of work has been done to identify neural correlates of empathy across studies, such work has not been properly done on neural correlates of compassion. Therefore, the aim was to systematically review the literature on neural correlates of compassion.We have searched through PsycINFO, PubMed and Web of Science for relevant articles published between 1985 and 2020. We included the studies (n = 35) examining the relationship between brain structure or function and compassion. Screening was performed by two authors, between whom a level of agreement was calculated. The quality of the studies was assessed by measures used in other studies as well by measures specific for our study aims. This study was conducted under PRISMA guidelines.Our analysis revealed that the most frequent neural associations with compassion across all analysed studies can be found in the orbital part of the left inferior frontal gyrus, in the right cerebellum, the bilateral middle temporal gyrus, in the bilateral insula and the right caudate nucleus.Our findings suggest that people displaying a lower compassion tend to have either lower neural activity or a grey matter volume in neural areas associated with reward.
KEWENANGAN PEMERINTAH DAERAH DALAM PENGATURAN LARANGAN PENAHANAN ATAU PENYIMPANAN DOKUMEN ASLI PEKERJA OLEH PENGUSAHA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The prohibition or recommendation for the detention of workers 'original documents is not clearly stipulated in the labor law so that some employers detain or retain workers' original documents to be made to bind workers. This is permissible if it becomes an agreement between workers and employers, but of course there will be some risks borne by workers if the original documents are guaranteed. In this case a clear and definite rule is needed regarding the prohibition of hold or save of original documents of workers by employers as an effort to protect workers. The government has the authority to make regulations that can protect workers from arbitrary rules made by employers
Blast Analysis of Laminated Glass Curtain Walls Equipped by Viscoelastic Dissipative Devices

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Nonlinear numerical simulations are reported for a conventional unitized laminated glass curtain wall subjected to high- and low-level air blast loading. The studied curtain wall, spanning floor to floor, consisted of a laminated glass panel, a continuous bead of structural silicone sealant, a split screw spline frame and four rigid brackets. Firstly, a linear elastic FE-model (M01) is presented to investigate dynamic stresses and deflections due to explosion, by taking into account geometrical nonlinearities. Since, in similar glazing systems, it is important to take into account the possible cracking of glass lites, a second model (M02), calibrated to previous experimental data, is proposed. In it, glass behaves as a brittle-elastic material, whereas an elastoplastic characteristic curve is assumed for mullions. As a result, the design explosion seriously affects the main components of the curtain wall, especially the bead of silicone. To address these criticalities, additional viscoelastic (VE) devices are installed at the frame corners (M03). Their effectiveness explains the additional deformability provided to the conventional curtain wall, as well as the obvious dissipation of the incoming energy due to blast loading. Structural and energy capabilities provided by devices are highlighted by means of numerical simulations.
About a possible role of parasomnias as a factor of stabilization of sleep cycles

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Cyclical organization of sleep is one of necessary conditions of normal human and animal life activity and one of basic manifestations of the circadian cycle. Transition from the slow-wave to the paradoxical sleep is often accompanied by brief, sometimes rhythmical motor and autonomic reactions that do not cause arousal, but seem to promote activation of the mechanisms providing the "shift" of the sleep phases. Immaturity (or damage) of the neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for the "shift" of the sleep stages leads to hindering of alternation of the sleep phases, which disturbs their normal sequence and leads to deficit of reparative and homeostatic processes; this is manifested in deterioration of the neuropsychical state during wakefulness. The data are presented which allow suggesting that as a compensatory mechanism promoting the sleep phase shift there can appear stereotypical motor or autonomic reactions - pathological parasomnia, for instance, enuresis. Episodes of the pathological parasomnia promote normalization of the sleep stage alternation and thereby affect positively recovery of its cyclical organization.
Protective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of cleome gyanandra on gentamicin induced nephrotoxic rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The aim of the study is to protective effect of ethanolic leaf extract of cleome gyanandra on gentamicin induced nephrotoxic rats. Nephrotoxicity is also known as toxic kidney disease. This is caused by aristolochic acid that is present in the body and causes injury or damage to the kidney.The model of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity is considered as one of the most widely used experimental model to study the useful effects of many drugs and kidney function. The acute oral toxicity study was done according to OECD 423 guidelines. Wistar albino rats of either sex were selected randomly. The animals were fasted overnight, doses of 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 5000mg/kg body weight, were administered orally. The experimental animals were randomly divided in to 5 groups (n= 6). At the experiments: the pharmacological studies like acute toxicity studies, nephro protective activity like biochemical parameters in serum: i) renal biomarkers i.e., decrease of serum uric acid, urea, bun, creatinine levels, total serum proteins by increasing dose ii) non renal biomarkers i.e., higher dose is more effective in decreasing bilirubin, serum cholesterol, serum glucose level than lower dose. Bio-chemical parameters in urine like urea, uric acid, creatinine decreases as the dose increases. It seems that Cleome Gyanandra are able to improve kidney function against GM-induced nephrotoxicity. In this study it indicates that Cleome Gyanandra have shown a good nephroprotective activity by decreasing serum renal markers, serum non renal parameters and morphological parameters.
The effects of competitive anxiety on memory span and rebound shooting tasks in basketball players

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Two theoretical models were used to investigate aspects of basketball performance: Eysenck's (1979, 1984) compensatory arousal model and Humphreys and Revelle's (1984) twin resources model. Cognitive and somatic anxiety were manipulated using a 'time to event' paradigm. The aspects of performance were a short-term memory task (letter span) and a low memory demand, motoric-sustained information transfer task (rebound shooting). Hypotheses based on the different models were formulated and subsequently tested using analysis of variance and polynomial regression analysis. The results indicated significant (P < 0.01) linear relationships with negative slopes between cognitive anxiety and letter span, and between somatic anxiety and letter span; while significant (P < 0.01) linear relationships with positive slopes were recorded between cognitive anxiety and rebound shooting, and between somatic anxiety and rebound shooting. The analysis of variance results were in agreement with a positive effect (P < 0.05) for cognitive anxiety upon rebound shooting, and a negative effect which approached significance (P < 0.07) for somatic anxiety upon letter span. The results were interpreted as offering partial support for Eysenck's (1979) theoretical model, although further examination of multidimensional anxiety effects via the two models is warranted.
Size and Concentration Measurement of an Industrial Aerosol

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Several real-time particle sizing instruments were evaluated for measuring the size distribution and concentration of the aerosol produced during the high speed grinding of gray iron castings. Aerosol was sampled in the airstream entrained by the motion of a spinning grinding wheel in a pilot grinding operation. Measurement methods based on differing physical principles were selected for evaluation and compared: particle inertia (aerodynamic particle sizer and quartz crystal microbalance cascade impactor); light scattering (laser aerosol spectrometer); and projected-area microscopy (scanning electron microscope). Inferences of aerodynamic diameter based on measurements by the laser aerosol spectrometer consistently undersized that determined by the aerodynamic particle sizer by a factor of 1.5. Estimates of aerodynamic diameters from projected area diameters determined by scanning electron microscopy differed from those obtained by the aerodynamic particle sizer by a factor of 2. Differences appeared to be a non-linear function of particle diameter. Estimates of respirable mass determined from mass-weighted particle size spectra varied by a factor of 6 between the largest estimate (scanning electron microscope) and the smallest estimate (laser aerosol spectrometer).
Studies on Sake Brewing Water. Part V

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

清酒醸造用水に対応させて清酒の分析を行い,これらの無機成分について検討した. 一般に清酒の無機成分は醸造用水より由来の割合は少なく,殊にPは殆んど全部が米由来のものである. Ca及びMgについて水と清酒との間に相関があった.また清酒の無機成分相互間には二,三のものについて相関があった.しかしながらその意義は不明である.
Non- animal and Animal Wound Healing Models and Assays in Current Practice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Wound healing models are used as very important tools to test and study the new therapeutic approach in wound treatments. The present manuscript details different types of surrogates for the in vivo, human wound healing process based on different approaches (in vitro, in-vivo, ex-vivo, in-silico methods and animal models). The appropriate selection of a wound healing model is an important tool for wound healing research as it aids in the understanding of the wound healing mechanisms in detail. Also, this strategy enables the experimenter to focus on each stage of wound healing and aids in the evaluation of the wound healing methodologies in preventing the wounds; enhancing the healing process or in prevention of scar formation. The thorough understanding of the appropriate wound model will aid in evaluating the pathophysiology of the wounds, better strategies in the treatment modes, formulations for enhanced wound healing and limit abnormal scar formation. The understanding of both acute and chronic wounds healing mechanism has significantly improved by adopting these models along with the advent of new wound healing products, wound healing developments and advanced wound care.
Effects of Interaction between Cadmium (Cd) and Selenium (Se) on Grain Yield and Cd and Se Accumulation in a Hybrid Rice (Oryza sativa) System

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the interactive effects of cadmium (Cd) and selenium (Se) on their accumulation in three rice cultivars, which remains unclear. The results showed that Se reduced Cd-induced growth inhibition, and increased and decreased Se and Cd concentrations in brown rice, respectively. Cadmium concentrations in all tissues of the hybrid were similar to those in its male parent yet significantly lower than those in its female parent. Selenium reduced Cd accumulation in rice when Cd concentration exceeded 2.0 mg kg-1; however Se accumulation depended on the levels of Cd exposure. Finally, Cd had minimal effect on Se translocation within the three cultivars. We concluded that Cd concentration in brown rice is a heritable trait, making crossbreeding a feasible method for cultivating high-yield, low-Cd rice cultivars. Selenium effectively decreased the toxicity and accumulation of Cd, and Cd affected Se uptake but not translocation.
Twisted tale of the tiger: the case of inappropriate data and deficient science

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Publications in peer reviewed journals are often looked upon as tenets on which future scientific thought is built. Published information is not always flawless and errors in published research should be expediently reported, preferably by a peer review process. We review a recent publication by Gopalaswamy et al (doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12351) that challenges the use of “double sampling” in large scale animal surveys. Double sampling is often resorted to as an established economical and practical approach for large scale surveys since it calibrates abundance indices against absolute abundance, thereby potentially addressing the statistical shortfalls of indices. Empirical data used by Gopalaswamy et al. to test their theoretical model, relate to tiger sign and tiger abundance referred to as an Index Calibration experiment (IC-Karanth). These data on tiger abundance and signs should be paired in time and space to qualify as a calibration experiment for double sampling, but original data of IC-Karanth show lags of (up to) several years. Further, data points used in the paper do not match the original sources. We show that by use of inappropriate and incorrect data collected through a faulty experimental design, poor parameterization of their theoretical model, and selectively-picked estimates from literature on detection probability, the inferences of this paper are highly questionable. We highlight how the results of Gopalaswamy et al. were further distorted in popular media. If left unaddressed, Gopalaswamy et al. paper could have serious implications on statistical design of large-scale animal surveys by propagating unreliable inferences.
Circadian rhythms in mitotic activity and 3H‐thymidine uptake in the duodenum: Effect of isoproterenol on the mitotic rhythm

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Mitotic activity in the duodenum of the rat and mouse exhibits a circadian periodicity with a peak in the rat between 1200 and 1500 hours and a sustained trough between 1800 and 0600. Scintillation counts revealed a similar rhythm in the total uptake of 3 H‐thymidine by the rat duodenum with a sustained but fluctuating crest occurring between 0800 and 1800 and a trough between 1900 and 0100. In the mouse the peak mitotic activity occurred at 0900 and the trough at 1700. Isoproterenol completely abolishes the rhythm in mitosis in mouse duodenum, when injected exactly 28 hours previous to sacrifice. The results are discussed in relation to reports that deny a circadian rhythm in mitotic activity in the duodenum.