jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo Simulation or Photon Transport Coupled to CAD Object Description

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In transmission radiography, information about an object is obtained by irradiating the object and recording the transmitted radiation. The recorded radiation consists of a primary and a scattered component. Conventional models count only for the primary component carrying the information about the object structure. The scattered radiation is considered as a homogeneous background and described as a built‐up. But for quantitative radiation technique a detailed knowledge about the contribution of the scattering component is necessary. Monte Carlo transport methods are used to simulate the distribution of scattered radiation produced within engineered components. Because most of these components are complex in geometry a coupling of a CAD‐based object description with Monte Carlo transport methods is developed. The paper describes the stochastic simulation scheme and compares the results with standard Monte Carlo codes like MCNP.
Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon-Manganese-Silicon Steel, for Moderate and Lower Temperature Service

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This specification covers three grades, Grades A, B, and C, of carbon-manganese-silicon steel plates intended primarily for service in welded pressure vessels where improved low temperature notch toughness is important. The maximum thickness of plates is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements. The steel shall be killed and the plates shall undergo heat treatment. Tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength and elongation shall be determined by subjecting the steel plates to a tension test.
A Robust Approach for Road Users Classification Using Motion Cues

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This thesis presents a framework that is designed to classify road users into vehicles, cyclists and pedestrians by using the motion cues obtained from their tracks. The road user tracks are obtained using a tracker system such as computer vision techniques. The separate pieces of information are gained from these motion cues are hereafter called Classifiers. There are nineteen classifiers included in this framework. After obtaining the classifiers’ values from the tracked objects’ tracks, the information from these classifiers will be assessed and integrated using fuzzy membership approach, which in turn requires prior configurations to be available. This will lead to the final classification. The performance of this framework demonstrated very promising results under different measures. An important contribution of this study is the creation of a robust approach that can integrate different motion cues using fuzzy membership framework.
Flavonoid chemical composition and antidiabetic potential of Brachychiton acerifolius leaves extract

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate Brachychiton acerifolius leaf extracts as antidiabetic potential agent and to identify the main active constituents using bioactivity guided fractionation. Methods: In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated for B. acerifolius different extracts using DPPH assay and vitamin C as control. Antidiabetic activity was then determined using STZ-induced rats treated daily with ethyl acetate and 70% ethanol leaf extracts for 4 weeks at a dose of 200 g/kg body weight against gliclazide reference drug. Blood glucose, α-amylase, lipid profile, liver function enzymes and oxidative stress markers were assessed along with histopathological study for liver and pancreatic tissues. Isolation and structural elucidation of active compounds were made using Diaion and Sephadex followed by spectral analyses. Results: The results indicated that ethyl acetate and ethanol leaf extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity compared to that of vitamin C (IC50 0.05, 0.03 and 12 mg/mL, respectively). Both extracts showed potent anti-hyperglycemic activity evidenced by a significant decrease in serum glucose levels by 82.5% and 80.9% and α-amylase by 45.2% and 53.6%, as compared with gliclazide 68% and 59.4%, respectively. Fractionation of ethanol extract resulted in the isolation of 9 flavonoids including apigenin-7-O-α-rhamnosyl(1→2)-β-d-glucuronide, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucuronide, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-β-d-glucuronide. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential use of B. acerifolius leaf extract enriched in flavones for the treatment of diabetes that would warrant further clinical trials investigation.
The cognitive aspects of sexual intimacy in dementia patients: a neurophysiological review

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Changes in higher-order cognitive behaviors such as reward recognition, salience processing, novelty perception, decision-making, emotional contagion, motivation, and empathy may contribute to intimacy dysfunction. Network circuitry underlying these cognitive functions is often activated in sexually intimate behavior. We propose that sexual dysfunction in AD and bvFTD is more nuanced than is commonly believed, and propose how AD and bvFTD atrophy may correlate neuroanatomically to brain regions and networks that contribute to the higher-order cognitive aspects of intimacy. The characterization of sexual intimacy in dementias must be expanded to meet the needs of our dementia patients and their romantic partners.
Language Use in Computer-Mediated Communication: The Role of Coordination Devices

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In text-based computer-mediated communication (CMC), people's language use and task performance can be affected by whether explicit coordination devices (e.g., a turn marker) are available. Analyses of 37 dialogues that emerged in text-based, CMC environments support Clark's (1996, 1997) proposal that a communication setting that disrupts the regulation of turn-taking will both undermine higher level language processes (i.e., the construal of meaning) and increase the frequency of metacommunicative signals required to coordinate the speaker's action with the listener's attention. The results indicate that the availability of a simple, explicit turn marker in a task-oriented, text-based exchange facilitates the construal of meaning and reduces the number of verbal coordination devices required to ground communication. Measures examining alternative interpretations indicate that these effects are not easily explained by differences in volubility or speed-accuracy trade-off across the 2 conditions.
Mechanistic Investigations of the Catalytic Formation of Lactams from Amines and Water with Liberation of H2

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The mechanism of the unique lactam formation from amines and water with concomitant H2 liberation with no added oxidant, catalyzed by a well-defined acridine-based ruthenium pincer complex was investigated in detail by both experiment and DFT calculations. The results show that a dearomatized form of the initial complex is the active catalyst. Furthermore, reversible imine formation was shown to be part of the catalytic cycle. Water is not only the oxygen atom source but also acts as a cocatalyst for the H2 liberation, enabled by conformational flexibility of the acridine-based pincer ligand.
The role of hurricane exposure and life disruption as predictors of child post-traumatic stress symptomatology following hurricane Katrina

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

While many children emotionally recover following a disaster (Salzer & Bickman, 1999), possibly one-third of children will experience significant psychological distress or post-traumatic stress symptoms which cause interference with their daily school and home functioning (Vernberg, La Greca, Silverman, & Prinstein, 1996). Research supports the role that exposure, loss, and disruption play in increasing Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) severity in children following disasters (La Greca, Silverman, Vernberg, Prinstein, 1996; Verberg et al., 1996). However, there are no assessments or questionnaires that have investigated what type of events during and following a hurricane are most predictive of post-traumatic stress reactions. Using logistic regression analyses, the current study examines children’s hurricane experiences and post-hurricane events in order to develop as assessment tool with psychometric properties that predicts post-traumatic stress symptomatology in children. The 20 items retained for the Hurricane Experiences and Life Disruption (HELD) Questionnaire were found to be significantly predictive of PTSD symptomatology.
The Organization of WAQF Documents in Cairo

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Waqf documents in Cairo form an invaluable yet relatively unexploited source of Egyptian history for the last six centuries. In a body of records of immense value for the quality of their content as well as their number is to be found data of great significance for virtually the entire spectrum of the extended social sciences. By waqf records is meant not simply the original waqfîya , or ḥhujja establishing the waqf , but those subsidiary documents that modify the original donation in some way. Each class of these documents provides information of a unique character. Together they afford one of the most intimate glimpses into the inner functioning of Egyptian urban and rural society.
Apigenin Suppresses Angiogenesis by Inhibiting Tube Formation and Inducing Apoptosis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Apigenin has been reported to exert angiogenic and anticancer activities in vitro. The mechanism of inhibition of angiogenesis by apigenin, however, has not been well-established. In this study, we investigated whether apigenin not only inhibited tube formation but also induced apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, strong antiangiogenic activity of apigenin was observed in the in vivo assay using chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). We also analyzed changes in survival signals and the apoptotic pathway through Western blotting. The results indicate that apigenin exerts its antiangiogenic effects through induction of endothelial apoptosis.
Memory belief is weak

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Recently there has been extensive debate over whether “belief is weak”, viz, whether the epistemic standard for belief is lower than for assertion or knowledge. While most current studies focus on notions such as “ordinary belief” and “outright belief”, this paper purports to advance this debate by investigating a specific type of belief; memory belief. It is argued that (outright) beliefs formed on the basis of episodic memories are “weak” due to two forms of “entitlement inequality”. My key argument is thus twofold. First, by rejecting the epistemic theory of memory, I argue that one can be entitled to belief but not to knowledge. Second, by scrutinising a recent defence of the belief norm of assertion, it will be demonstrated that belief is weaker than assertion, as long as we expect one to match words with deeds.
Comprehensive study of the off-axis mechanical behaviors of a Polytetrafluoroethylene‐ coated fabric after 23 Years of service at Shanghai stadium

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Coated fabrics can experience mechanical performance degradation due to environmental factors and long-term stress during service. Hence, studying the mechanical behaviors of these materials after aging is crucial. While PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene)-coated fabrics are more commonly used than PVC (polyvinyl chloride)-coated fabrics, limited research exists on their performance after aging in practical engineering applications. PTFE-coated fabrics are primarily used in large-span fabric structures, where their mechanical performance under tensile-shear stress is crucial. This study aims to investigate the mechanical behaviors of PTFE-coated fabrics after practical aging under tension-shear stress. Test materials included decommissioned Saint-Gobain Sheerfill-II PTFE-coated fabrics, which had served for 23 years at Shanghai Stadium, and identical new fabrics. Monotonic tensile, central tearing, and cyclic tensile tests were conducted at seven different off-axis angles to compare the mechanical properties of aged fabrics with new fabrics, including tensile strength, tearing strength, modulus of elasticity, and ratcheting strain. Additionally, this study explored changes in failure mechanisms, tearing mechanisms, applicability of strength criteria, and suitability of the orthotropic model after aging. This provides a comprehensive understanding of the mechanical behaviors of aged PTFE-coated fabrics and valuable insights for engineering design.
Analisis Isi Pesan Dakwah Ustadz Das’ad Latif Dalam Chanel Youtube @Das’adlatif

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research is motivated by the rapid development of technology in the field of social media so that preachers use it to deliver their da'wah. Youtube is one of the social media that is loved by many people, including the younger generation who use YouTube to find the information they need, including da'wah content. This phenomenon is of concern to the preachers, one of which is ustadz Das'ad Latif, to convey the message of da'wah. The da'wah message he delivered used a distinctive language, the regional language, so that many viewers were happy with the da'wah message he conveyed. The purpose of this study is to find out the contents of Ustadz Das'ad Latif's da'wah messages on the @Das'adLatif YouTube channel. The type of research used is qualitative research, namely research that produces findings that can be achieved by using measurements of both spoken and written words. The subject of this research is the sound of da'wah messages in videos on the YouTube channel @Das'adLatif. The data collection technique for this research uses a descriptive approach by watching and recording video content. Data were analyzed by content analysis method. The results of the study show that in Ustadz Das'ad Latif's Youtube Channel there are three da'wah messages including: Aqidah messages, Sharia messages and Moral messages. The contents of the message examined on Ustadz Das'ad Latif's YouTube channel are the core of the lecture which contains da'wah messages in it. From the categories of messages that have been mentioned there are sub-categories including: messages of aqidah including: faith in Allah, faith in His Angels, faith in His book, faith in His Messenger, faith in the Day of Judgment, faith in making up the qadha and qadar. Shari'ah messages include: worship and muamalah. Moral messages include: morals to God and morals to humans.
Stability of Urokinase in Sodium Cefalotin Preparations

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Stability of urokinase (UM) in sodium cefalotin preparations (CET) was investigated in terms of the agent's appearance, change of pH, and activity as determined by fibrin-plate Method and Chandler's Loop method. Electrophoresis was also used in the same study. The results are summarized as follows:1) UM activity was significantly decreased after mixing. However, residual potency of CET remained above 96% even 24 hours after mixing. 2) UM was unstable in CET in various concentrations or IV infusions. Same tendency was observed with UM in standard CET. 3) From the results of electrophoresis, it was found that CET contained some foreign matters.It was also found in the above study that CET or foreign matters in CET caused the decrease in UM activity. It is, therefore, concluded that UM is incompatible, with CET.
Social and environmental factors influencing drug promotion in Ethiopia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Drug promotion influences physicians in such a way that they have a tendency for irrational prescribing, preference for newer, more expensive drugs and an inability to identify incorrect claims about drug products. Therefore, this study assessed interactions of drug promoters and physicians and its effect on prescribing in Ethiopia. A cross sectional study was conducted among physicians working both in private and public health facilities, and drug promoters in Dessie town, Ethiopia. Data was collected using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS 20 software. This study found that drug promoters visited most of physicians and half of them accepted a gift from drug promoters. Drug sample, office stationery and invitation for training were the most common types of gifts offered to physicians. Regarding to perception of physicians, nearly two third of physicians perceived that the information received from drug promoters is not adequate. Most of the physicians said that promoters did not influence the prescribing behaviour of physicians about newly promoted drugs. About half of the physicians believed that drug promoters should not promote their products in the way they are doing currently. Drug companies were claimed to be sources of information for physicians to learn about drugs; however, they perceived that information received from drug promoters is biased in favour of their products. Key words: Social and environmental factors, drug promotion, Ethiopia.
Metalloproteinases ADAM12 and MMP‐14 are associated with cavernous sinus invasion in pituitary adenomas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Invasion of tumor cells critically depends on cell‐cell or cell‐extracellular matrix interactions. Enzymes capable of modulating these interactions belong to the proteinase families of ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) and MMP (matrix metalloprotease) proteins. Our objective is to examine their expression levels and evaluate the relationship between expression levels and cavernous sinus invasion in pituitary adenomas. Tissue samples from 35 patients with pituitary adenomas were analyzed. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was employed to assess mRNA expression levels for ADAM and MMP genes. Protein levels were examined using immunohistochemistry and Western Blot. Correlation analyses between expression levels and clinical parameters were performed. By silencing ADAM12 and MMP‐14 with siRNA in a mouse pituitary adenoma cell line (TtT/GF), their cellular effects were investigated. In our study, nine women and 26 men were included, with a mean age of 53.1 years (range 15–84 years) at the time of surgery. There were 19 cases with cavernous sinus invasion. The proteins ADAM12 and MMP‐14 were significantly up‐regulated in invasive adenomas compared to noninvasive adenomas. Both human isoforms of ADAM12 (ADAM12L and ADAM12s) were involved in tumor invasion; moreover, ADAM12L was found to correlate positively with Ki‐67 proliferation index in pituitary adenomas. In TtT/GF pituitary adenoma cells, silencing of ADAM12 and MMP‐14 significantly inhibited cell invasion and migration, respectively, whereas only silencing of ADAM12 suppressed cell proliferation. We conclude that ADAM12 and MMP‐14 are associated with cavernous sinus invasion in pituitary adenomas, which qualifies these proteins in diagnosis and therapy.
Localized Effects of Tornado Damage on Ground Beetle Communities and Vegetation in a Forested Preserve

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Natural disturbances, such as tornados, can alter local habitat conditions and have the potential to affect animal communities in preserves. When such disturbances occur in natural areas, understanding these effects can help land managers develop responses and restoration actions following a disturbance. The effects of tornado and other strong wind damage on insect communities is poorly known even though insects comprise the majority of macroscopic diversity in terrestrial systems and are important contributors to ecosystem function. We examined ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) communities in spring, summer, and fall following an EF-4 tornado that struck a forested preserve in Illinois. We compared the communities and vegetation structure in plots that were affected or unaffected by the tornado. Sites within the tornado's path had reduced canopy cover but increased ground-level vegetation throughout the growing season. Beetle abundance and species richness were unaffected, but Shannon diversity was significantly higher in fall in areas affected by the tornado. Beetle community composition was shifted by tornado effects only in the spring, and tornado-affected areas contained 13 species that were not present in unaffected sites. These sites also contained more seed-eating or omnivorous species and small predators, in contrast to unaffected sites that were dominated by large predatory species. Our results indicate that tornado damage may increase biodiversity in small natural areas by increasing habitat heterogeneity. Land managers may not want to restore tornado-damaged sites to pre-disturbance conditions if maximizing biodiversity is a goal of the preserve.
Review article Nutrition, ageing and ill health

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There are physical, mental, social and environmental changes which take place with ageing; for example, decreased physical activity, increase in body fat, decrease in lean body mass and consequently decreased energy intake may be associated with physiological functions that affect metabolism, nutrient intake, physical activity and risk of disease. There are now many studies which have found that undernutrition is prevalent and often unrecognized in patients admitted to hospitals and institutions. There is also evidence which links protein–energy undernutrition or its markers with clinical outcomes in acute and non-acute hospital settings and that nutritional supplements can improve outcomes in some of these settings. However, most clinically-available nutrition screening instruments lack sensitivity and specificity, and abnormal nutritional indicators may simply reflect effects of age, functional disability, or severe underlying disease. Thus, causal relationship cannot be assumed without a sufficiently powerful intervention study which adequately adjusts for the effects of non-nutritional factors, such as the number and severity of co-morbid conditions on clinical outcome. Nutrition: Ageing: Ill health: Clinical outcome Many Western societies have experienced a considerable
Overload for ASD Applications-how much is required?

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper lists various factors that define the continuous rating of an adjustable-speed drive (ASD). Operating scenarios are discussed that lead to requirements for temporary overload capability. Specification of ASD overloads is addressed along with methods that can be employed to avoid overloads. Common industrial machines are categorized according to their overload requirements, and application exception examples are provided. General requirements for ASD overload capability, as defined in National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards, are reviewed and compared, and recommendations are given for additional user specifications that are appropriate for ac-motordrive applications