jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Responsible Agricultural Mechanization Innovation for the Sustainable Development of Nepal’s Hillside Farming System

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Agricultural mechanization in developing countries has taken at least two contested innovation pathways—the “incumbent trajectory” that promotes industrial agriculture, and an “alternative pathway” that supports small-scale mechanization for sustainable development of hillside farming systems. Although both pathways can potentially reduce human and animal drudgery, the body of literature that assesses the sustainability impacts of these mechanization pathways in the local ecological, socio-economic, cultural, and historical contexts of hillside farms is either nonexistent or under-theorized. This paper addresses this missing literature by examining the case of Nepal’s first Agricultural Mechanization Promotion Policy 2014 (AMPP) using a conceptual framework of what will be defined as “responsible innovation”. The historical context of this assessment involves the incumbent trajectory of mechanization in the country since the late 1960s that neglected smallholder farms located in the hills and mountains and biased mechanization policy for flat areas only. Findings from this study suggest that the AMPP addressed issues for smallholder production, including gender inequality, exclusion of smallholder farmers, and biophysical challenges associated with hillside farming systems, but it remains unclear whether and how the policy promotes small-scale agricultural mechanization for sustainable development of agriculture in the hills and mountains of Nepal.
Resonant interaction of smooth laser pulses with two-level atoms

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The authors have studied the fluorescence spectrum of a two-level atom interacting with a resonant smooth laser pulse. Assuming a filter width larger than the Fourier width of the pulse, an approximate analytic closed form for the power spectrum valid for any pulse shape is obtained. In these conditions the power spectrum exhibits a time-developing three-peak structure, while the energy spectrum presents a single line, unless the pulse is near rectangular. Theoretical energy spectra are in qualitative agreement with measurements of the resonance fluorescence emitted by strontium atoms irradiated by short laser pulses.
Adoption of Optical Genome Mapping in Clinical Cancer Cytogenetic Laboratory: A Stepwise Approach

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

IntroductionChromosomal abnormalities, including copy number variants (CNVs) and structural variants (SVs), are important in cancer patients, as they can inform targeted therapeutic decisions, prognostic risk stratification, and relapse prediction [1,2].Therefore, the detection of CNVs and SVs in cancer patients is of great diagnostic value [1][2][3].Routine cancer cytogenetic techniques used for detecting chromosome abnormalities include conventional chromosome analysis/karyotype, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and whole-genome chromosomal microarray assays (CMA).A karyotype can detect genome-wide CNVs and SVs at the limit of resolution of 5 -10 Mb and is commonly time-consuming.FISH is locus-specific depending on specific probes for evaluating limited CNVs and SVs in the genome.Large FISH panels containing numerous probes can detect more loci but become more expensive.CMA can detect genome-wide CNVs at a resolution that is ~ 100x more sensitive than karyotype.However, CMA cannot detect any balanced SVs such as inversions, reciprocal translocations, and insertions, or any additional balanced complex rearrangements, which may act as oncogenic driver mutations in cancers [1,2].Optical genome mapping (OGM) technology is an innovative single-molecule method that can detect both CNVs and balanced/unbalanced SVs [4][5][6][7][8][9][10].It is a high-throughput and whole-genome analysis system that generates ordered restriction maps from high molecular weight genomic DNA molecules, ranging in size from 300 kilobases (Kb) to a few megabases (Mb) [4,7 and 9-13].Computational approaches are used for the construction of genome-wide physical restriction maps of patient samples [4,[14][15][16][17][18].It provides insights into long-range genome structure and genome variation and effectively detects genome-wide CNVs and SV [4,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13].It has been used as a tool/method to guide and/or validate
The Duality in Computing SSA Programs and Control Dependency

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Control dependency (CD) and Static Single Assignment (SSA) form are the basis of many program analyses, transformation, and optimization techniques, and these are implemented and used by modern compilers such as GCC and LLVM. Most state-of-the-art algorithms approximate these computations by using postdominator relations and dominance frontiers (DF) respectively for efficiency reasons which have been used for over three decades. Dominator-based SSA transformation and control dependencies exhibit a non-dual relationship. Recently, it has been shown that DF-based SSA computation is grossly imprecise, and Weak and Strong Control Closure (WCC and SCC) have wider applicability in capturing control dependencies than postdominator-based CD computation. Our main contribution in this article is the proof of duality between the generation of $\phi$ functions and the computation of weakly deciding (WD) vertices which are the most computationally expensive part of SSA program construction and WCC/SCC computation respectively. We have provided a duality theorem and its constructive proof by means of an algorithm that can compute both the $\phi$ functions and the WD vertices seamlessly. We have used this algorithm to compute SSA programs and WCC, and performed experiments on real-world industrial benchmarks. The practical efficiency of our algorithm is (i) almost equal to the best state-of-the-art algorithm in computing WCC, and (ii) closer to (but not as efficient as) the DF-based algorithms in computing SSA programs. Moreover, our algorithm achieves the ultimate precision in computing WCC and SSA programs with respect to the inputs of these algorithms and obtains wider applicability in the WCC computation (handling nonterminating programs).
Effects of Chemicals on Some Members of Indian Charophyta I

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARYThe effects of four different chemicals (colchicine, MH, caffeine and theobromine) on four taxa belonging to Chara and Nitella have been studied cytologically. Out of four different chemicals, MH did not produce any immediate cytological effects, which however, appeared subsequently when the materials were transferred to chemical free medium subsequent to treatments. All the chemicals brought about mitotic inhibition in all the algae investigated, to some extent or the other, levels of inhibition depending upon the concentrations of the chemicals or durations of treatment in the same concentrations. Of the four chemicals, theobromine proved to be most potent mitotic inhibitor. Colchicine has induced polyploidy, even upto the level of tetraploidy in C. globularis and C. braunii. Cytokinetic inhibition was brought about rarely by colchicine in C. globularis and more frequently by caffeine and theobromine treatments resulting in binucleate cells. Pycnotic nuclei were observed in all the treatments of the chemicals but at higher concentrations. Clumping of chromosomes at metaphase was produced by all the chemicals to varying degrees. Incomplete c-mitotic effect was observed only in N. flagelliformis with caffeine treatment. All the four chemicals proved to be cytotoxic to the algae under investigation, depending upon the concentration and duration of treatment. Theobromine even at 0.05% to 0.01% concentrations appeared to be cytotoxic. Algal materials appeared to be more resistant to the chemicals under study, as compared with higher plants.
Product name detection from user forums

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

People nowadays are strongly influenced to using acronym and not full names when referring to Smartphone or other products on forums. This leads to an increasing number of different naming convention (e.g., full names, acronym names or certain names referring to more than one product) used when referring to a certain product. Therefore, this report presents the proposed techniques to automatically identify the product names from online forums. The first proposed technique combines the usage of natural language processing tools, standard matching of noun phrases with a list of phone database and acronyms together with rule based method to further filter the output list of phone names after extraction. The second technique uses the users’ pattern analysis model to extract the possible phone names from forum. From the results, more than 75% of the phone names are extracted for rule-based approach. However, the drawback is that there are too many unnecessary nouns being extracted as mobile names. There are too many false positives in the result. For pattern-based approach, lesser mobile names are being detected and extracted out. Further research on users’ patterns analysis needs to be done for pattern-based approach. Therefore, further improvement needs to be done. Firstly, more rules needs to be defined to further filter the unnecessary words. Secondly, those special words that do not appear for more than 15 times for each thread can be extracted. Thirdly, to add on to the users’ pattern analysis model, a list of categories of words that are hardly used for naming product names can be defined. Lastly, manual annotation on product names can be done in one XML thread and then extract them to train the rest of the data. As more refinements are continuously made, it is believed that the proposed techniques will achieve better performance in identifying the product names automatically.
THE STATUS OF MURRAY COD IN THE MURRAY-DARLING BASIN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The project involved the following tasks. a) Provide a brief description of Murray cod in terms of its: � Physical attributes; � Desired habitat and other environmental conditions; � Diet; � Reproductive regimen; and � Ecological, cultural and economic significance. b) Collate and present data on current and past (back to 1980 at least) numbers and distribution of Murray cod, using information from a range of sources including: � Fishery management agencies (published and unpublished data, field officers/inspectors); � Research institutions; � Commercial fishing organisations; and � Recreational fishing organisations. c) Provide comment on the rigour of the various sampling and analytical techniques
Education in Crisis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter provides preliminary findings on a group of war-affected children and youth who attempted to restart their schooling by enrolling in accelerated education programs (AEPs) in insecure, rural communities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in an internationally subsidized refugee camp in Tanzania. Two cohorts of learners in AEPs (cohort 1, N = 841; cohort 2, N = 633), aged 10 to 17 years, were randomly selected from a list of eligible children. Over the course of 4 years, the educational outcomes and academic progress of students enrolled in the AEPs were examined. The present study found significant progress in reading, comprehension, and math skills among students who were able to complete one or more years of the AEPs. The overall reach and impact of the AEPs were diminished due to high attrition rates from the AEPs. Recommendations for future research are discussed.
End-to-end reconstruction for mesoscopic fluorescence molecular tomography via deep learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose an end-to-end reconstruction approach for Mesoscopic Fluorescence Molecular Tomography (MFMT) using deep learning. Herein, an optimized deep network based on back-projection with Residual Channel Attention Mechanism architecture is implemented to directly output 3D reconstruction from 2D measurements and diminish the computational burden while overcoming the limitation of the PC's memory during reconstruction. The network is trained by producing a large synthetic dataset through Monte Carlo simulation and validated with in silico data and a phantom experiment. Our results suggest that this approach can reconstruct fluorescence inclusions in scattering media at a mesoscopic scale.
Slope Optimization Design Based on Improved Response Surface

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Due to lacking of explicitly analytical model, optimization design of complex slope is often consulted to enumerative algorithm which generally results huge computation efforts. To overcome this problem, a new optimization method based on improved response surface (IRS) is proposed. The IRS, constructed by uniform design (UD) and non-parametric regression (NR), provides a regressed and explicitly analytical model through a few trial computations without prior assumed sliding surface. The optimization process is explained and a slope is optimized to verify the feasibility of the proposed method. The results show that the provided method can optimize a slope with multiple sliding surfaces and provide an optimum result under the safety constraints of the slope. Meanwhile, the introduction of UD and NR to construct the IRS can provide a better regression effect with fewer computational costs.
Drugs and Heart Muscle

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Some inconsistencies exist in the literature p ertine nt to the action of drugs on heart muscle, in regard to the question of how the action on myo­ cardial contractility should be measured in order to get the appropriate in­ formation for an adequate evaluation and classification of an inotropic drug. The reason for this derives mainly from the fact that the mechanical properties of heart muscle are more compl icated than those of skeletal mus­ cle and that concepts and methods originally developed for the study of skeletal muscle have been transferred more or less uncritically during the last two decades to the work on heart muscle, giving rise partly to mislead­ ing conclusions. The differences in mechanical propert ies need to be recalled here only as far as necessary for the topical discussion, since they have been described elaborately and expertly in recent reviews (1-3) : (a) only an iso­ metric twitch tension and no tetanus tension can be obtained with heart muscle, which prevents the measurement of its maximum force by tetanic stimulation; (b) high resting tensions develop in heart muscle after rela­ tively s hort extensions of its length, indicating the relative importance of a parallel elastic element in heart muscle in contrast to skeletal muscle; (c) whereas in skeletal muscle full contractile activity exists early in contrac­ tion, there is a relatively slow onset in contractility in cardiac muscle. Mea ­ surements of the time course of the cardiac active state at con stant length of the contractile element by controlled stretch have shown the active state rising somewhat ahead of isometric tension in the un stretched response and reaching a slightly earlier maximum (1); (d) there is a clear distinction between the influence on the isometric tension curve of skeletal and heart muscle by several ino tropic ally acting agents, such as epinephrine (4, 5) and different anions (6,7). Since the intention of the pharmacological study of an inotropic inter­ vention is to explain, if possible, its cellular mechanism, it is understandable that different experimental efforts have been undertaken in trying to ana­ lyze various mechanical factors involved in the inotropic change. It seems to be necessary to compare the different approaches to find out which of them procures the most relevant information and appears to be most feasi­ ble. It then will be evident that an analysis of the change in mechanical properties alone will not be sufficient for the evaluation of an inotropic drug because the possibilities of the heart muscle to develop an inotropic response by a distinguishable application of its mechanical means are extremely Iim-
Prevention and management of moisture-associated skin damage

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Disruption to the integrity of the skin can reduce patient wellbeing and quality of life. A major cause of skin breakdown is prolonged exposure to moisture, but this is often overlooked. When skin is wet, it becomes more susceptible to damage from friction and shearing forces, and skin flora can penetrate the disrupted barrier, causing further irritation and inflammation. If untreated, moisture-associated skin damage (MASD) can rapidly lead to excoriation and skin breakdown. MASD includes incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), which is caused by prolonged skin exposure to urine and stool, particularly liquid stool. For patients at a high risk of developing IAD, preventive measures should be instituted as soon as possible. The main one is to prevent excessive contact of the skin with moisture. Optimal skin care should be provided to patients with any form of MASD. It should be based on a structured regimen and include the use of a gentle skin cleanser, a barrier product and moisturiser. Derma Protective Plus is a liquid barrier that gives long-lasting protection against chafing or ingress of urine and stool into the skin. This product is less greasy than others, and provides a barrier and a healing environment, with resistance to further maceration from IAD or persistent loose stools.
Heteromeric interactions of ripening-related ethylene receptors in tomato fruit

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Ripening of climacteric fruits is initiated when the gaseous plant hormone ethylene is perceived by the cell. Ethylene binding to membrane-associated ethylene receptors (ETRs) triggers a series of biochemical events through multiple components, resulting in the induction of numerous ripening-related genes. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), there are seven members of the ETR family, which each contribute to the regulation of fruit ripening. However, the relative contribution of each individual receptor to ethylene signaling remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated the formation of heteromeric receptor complexes across the two ETR subfamilies in tomato fruit. Immunoprecipitation of subfamily II SlETR4 resulted in co-purification of subfamily I (SlETR1, SlETR2, and SlETR3), but not subfamily II members (SlETR5, SlETR6, and SlETR7). Such biased interactions were verified in yeast two-hybrid assays, and in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, in which heterologous SlETR4 interacts with subfamily I ETRs. Our analysis also revealed that the receptor complexes engage the Raf-like protein kinases SlCTR1 and SlCTR3, which are potential regulators of signaling. Here, we suggest that tomato receptor members form heteromeric complexes to fine-tune signal output to the downstream pathway, which is similar to that of the Arabidopsis system but appears to be partially diverged.
Reversible Regulation of Gelatinization of Potato Starch with Poly(ε‐lysine) and Amino Acids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Poly(ε‐lysine) (PL), lysine (Lys), monosodium glutamate (GluNa), glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), and leucine (Leu) were used to regulate the characteristic gelatinization behavior of potato starch. As determined by differential scanning calorimetry, PL, Lys, and GluNa with positive or negative net charge elevated the gelatinization temperature with increasing amount added as compared with the small effect of Gly, Ala, and Leu with zero net charge. The peak viscosity evaluated by a Rapid Viscoanalyser was markedly decreased by adding PL, Lys, and GluNa, whereas Gly and Ala had no effect on the peak viscosity. The swelling was also decreased by added PL, Lys, and GluNa, whereas it was unchanged by added Gly, Ala, and Leu. Potato starch immersed in PL or amino acid solution released most of the retained PL and amino acids by the subsequent washing with water. The increased gelatinization temperature of the PL‐treat­ed potato starch returned to the original value by washing with water. It is thus considered that the regulatory effects of PL and amino acids on the gelatinization behavior of potato starch were substantially reversible.
The identification and ennoblement of ‘hybridity’ during the Iberian Union 1580–1640

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The Arch of the Portuguese designed by the scholar and physician Luis Nunes is the focus of this article and it provides a case study for the analysis of the representation of hybrid Iberian identities. Drawing on recent studies on early modern hybridity, identity and composite monarchy this study develops an original reading of Nunes’s arch design, as well as other examples of Iberian visual culture, in terms of the negotiation of political status and the articulation of hybrid identities.
The Callus Inducement of Anthurium andreanum Dakota Leaf Blade

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This paper discusses the inducement and regeneration of callus of the different explants(include the top,centre and base of leaf blade) of Anthurium andreanum leaf blade in 1/4 MS(25 mL/L NH4NO3) with the different concentration of 6-BA,2,4-D and KT solution.The results show that the callus induction rate of Anthurium andreanum is relative with the different explant and the concentration of exogenous hormones solution.The best explant for the callus induction is the explant of blade base after 60 days.The excellent medium for induction of callus is 1/4 MS+6-BA 0.9 mg / L + 2,4-D 0.9 mg / L + KT 0.5 mg / L.
Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Host miRNAs Correlated with Immune Gene Dysregulation during Fatal Disease Progression in the Ebola Virus Cynomolgus Macaque Disease Model

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ebola virus is a continuing threat to human populations, causing a virulent hemorrhagic fever disease characterized by dysregulation of both the innate and adaptive host immune responses. Severe cases are distinguished by an early, elevated pro-inflammatory response followed by a pronounced lymphopenia with B and T cells unable to mount an effective anti-viral response. The precise mechanisms underlying the dysregulation of the host immune system are poorly understood. In recent years, focus on host-derived miRNAs showed these molecules to play an important role in the host gene regulation arsenal. Here, we describe an investigation of RNA biomarkers in the fatal Ebola virus disease (EVD) cynomolgus macaque model. We monitored both host mRNA and miRNA responses in whole blood longitudinally over the disease course in these non-human primates (NHPs). Analysis of the interactions between these classes of RNAs revealed several miRNA markers significantly correlated with downregulation of genes; specifically, the analysis revealed those involved in dysregulated immune pathways associated with EVD. In particular, we noted strong interactions between the miRNAs hsa-miR-122-5p and hsa-miR-125b-5p with immunological genes regulating both B and T-cell activation. This promising set of biomarkers will be useful in future studies of severe EVD pathogenesis in both NHPs and humans and may serve as potential prognostic targets.