jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing of Soil Moisture over Bare and Vegetated Fields by Microwave Radiometers

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Remote measurements of soil moisture contents over bare fields and fields covered with grass and soybeans were made during October 1979 with 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz microwave radiometers mounted on a mobile truck. The radiometric measurements of microwave brightness temperature TB, covered the range of incidence angles from 10° to 70° in 10° steps. The system operation was controlled by a Hewlett Packard 9835 minicomputer which also provided real-time and post-measurement data processing. Ground truth on soil moisture content, ambient air and soil temperatures was acquired concurrently with the radiometric measurements. The biomass of the vegetation was sampled about once a week. All the fields in the test site were smooth. There were two types of grasslands, one covered with 8-cm high grass and the other with 30-cm grass. The soybeans were fully grown with a height of -60-cm during the time of measurements.\nThe values of TB for the bare field measurements were compared with those of radiative transfer model calculations using as inputs the acquired soil moisture and temperature data with appropriate values of dielectric constants for soil-water mixtures. A good agreement was found between the calculated and the measured results. Similar calculations were performed for the vegetated fields treating the canopy as a pure absorbing and emitting medium. The results showed: 1) the presence of vegetation reduces the sensitivity of soil moisture sensing by -30% at 1.4 GHz and by -90% at 5 GHz even for the 8-cm grassland; 2) the imaginary part of the dielectric constant for vegetation containing water at 1.4 GHz and 5 GHz is comparable. More elaborate calculations taking into account the microwave scattering by vegetation are now being performed and the progress will be discussed.
The Impact of Smart Management on Achieving the Strategic Goals of Saudi Educational Institutions: Case Study of the University of Bisha

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The study aimed to identify the impact of smart management on achieving the strategic goals of Saudi educational institutions. The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach. The study also used a questionnaire as a data collection tool that was distributed to a random sample of the study population consisting of (410) educational staff at the University of Bisha. The data was analyzed using the statistical package program (SPSS) to reach the results. The results showed a high degree of appreciation for smart management at the University of Bisha. The results also indicated a high level of strategic objectives at the University of Bisha. The results of testing the study hypotheses showed a statistically significant effect at the significance level (0.05) of smart management in its dimensions (smart planning, smart organization, smart control) on achieving the strategic goals of Saudi educational institutions. The study concluded with several recommendations.
Analysis and Research of Transfer Molding Technology in Plastic Capsulation of Microelectronic Components

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the paper,resin material,the transfer molding mechanism,craft process and control as well as the mold of plastic capsulation of microelectronic components are analyzed and researched.Combining the capsulation material with craft scheme and the mold design provided a reasonable reference to relative enterprises of the microelectronic components plastic capsulation.
A voice through media for minorities : an analysis of Taiwan Indigenous TV

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Taiwan Indigenous Television (TITV) was established on December 1, 2004. TITV is the first ‘indigenous television station’ in Asia and broadcasts programs 24 hours daily for indigenous audiences. Nevertheless, a newly established station has many operational and management difficulties especially for a minority culture media. In the face of numerous difficulties and challenges, I am interested in what perspective and ways the TV station will achieve its sustainable development to shoulder the mission of reviving the mother tongue and conveying the indigenous culture?\nThe purpose of this study is (1) to explore the social environment for indigenous cultural communication and the development of indigenous media in Taiwan; (2) to analyze the model of operation rights for TITV; (3) to analyze the government’s policies which influence TITV’s operation; (4) to analyze the TITV’s operation strategy as well as its organizational structure; and (5) to develop suggestions for TITV’s operation management and design of programs. Research methods include a literature review, analysis of TV programs, and an in-depth interview. In addition, the study will also examine the effectiveness of TITV in representing indigenous culture.
Thermal Burn: An Epidemiological Retrospective Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The present retrospective study has been conducted in Varanasi area, cases brought to the Department of Forensic Medicine, IMS, BHU, Varanasi for the period of two years i.e. 2009 and 2010. Of the total unnatural deaths reported during the study period deaths due to burn injuries were 17.98% and 17.07% respectively, showing the more or less steady trend. Burn deaths are usually associated with female and Dowry where female dies in her in-laws house within 7 years of her marriage. Female burn deaths dominated over male in the ratio of 1:4. Most of the deceased were from the married group (73.19%) followed by unmarried (23.55%). Predominant age group found to be 21-30years (45.13%) followed by age group 11–20 and 31–40 years showing almost same rate around 20% reflecting that young adults were more involved in such type of deaths. As regards to place of death only 9.72% died on the spot or on the way to Hospital while 90.28% died in Hospital reflecting the prompt and proper health care services. Whatever the manner of death Female burn deaths are investigated by magistrate as per provision of 176 Cr.P.C. and case registered under 304B IPC (Dowry Death) and Medico legal postmortem examination conducted by panel of Two Doctors, whereas male burn deaths are investigated by police as per provisions of 174 Cr.P.C. as routine case and medico-legal postmortem examination conducted by single doctor.
Detection and Classification of MRI Brain Images For Head/Brain Injury Using Soft Computing Techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

It is essential to have a rigorous computerized system for Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) of the brain for medical perception and clinical analysis. This article focuses on our proposed method of hybrid approach for classification of normal and abnormalities in magnetic resonance brain images. Wavelet and PCA were functioning feature extraction and reduction from image respectively. The featured images finally were linked to Neuro-Fuzzy Classifier (NFC) for classification. The proposed methodology, including three basic steps, namely preprocessing, training and classified output. It extracts and reduced the dimension of features from the set of scan brain MR images of patients. Once preprocessing done, the featured image trained by soft computing based fuzzy neural tool and finally fed to the Neuro-Fuzzy Classifier (NFC) for detection of abnormalities in new MR images. The Hybrid NFC is combined with K- fold fuzzy C-means Neuro-Fuzzy Classifier which is used to enhance abstraction of NFC. We focus on common brain diseases such as meningioma, Alzheimer's and visual agnosia as an abnormal brain. K-Fold Neuro Fuzzy Classifier provides the accuracy around 98% with minimum computational time.
Flow and heat transfer characteristics of high-pressure natural gas in the gaps of high-speed motors with a high radius ratio

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A motor stator-gap-rotor model is established based on the numerical heat transfer theory by using the finite volume method. The flow evolution of high-pressure natural gas in the gap with a radius ratio of 0.971 is investigated. The results demonstrate that the flow patterns of high-pressure natural gas in the motor gap can be categorized into turbulent, spiral Taylor-Couette, and turbulent Taylor-Couette flow; the flow ranges are determined based on the Ta/Re2. Then, the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the cooling medium in the gap under different flow regimes as well as the mechanism of locally enhanced heat transfer in the gap by the Taylor-Couette flow are explored. Finally, the mathematical expressions for the Nusselt number of motor gap are determined in terms of the Reynolds number, Taylor number, and Prandtl number by fitting using the Levenberg-Marquardt and global optimization methods. Using these expressions, the flow and heat transfer characteristics in the motor gap can be predicted. Overall, this study provides useful and novel insights on the design of cooling systems for high-speed motors.
Continuing Challenges in the Definitive Diagnosis of Cushing’s Disease: A Structured Review Focusing on Molecular Imaging and a Proposal for Diagnostic Work-Up

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The definitive diagnosis of Cushing’s disease (CD) in the presence of pituitary microadenoma remains a continuous challenge. Novel available pituitary imaging techniques are emerging. This study aimed to provide a structured analysis of the diagnostic accuracy as well as the clinical use of molecular imaging in patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome (CS). We also discuss the role of multidisciplinary counseling in decision making. Additionally, we propose a complementary diagnostic algorithm for both de novo and recurrent or persistent CD. A structured literature search was conducted and two illustrative CD cases discussed at our Pituitary Center are presented. A total of 14 CD (n = 201) and 30 ectopic CS (n = 301) articles were included. MRI was negative or inconclusive in a quarter of CD patients. 11C-Met showed higher pituitary adenoma detection than 18F-FDG PET–CT (87% versus 49%). Up to 100% detection rates were found for 18F-FET, 68Ga-DOTA-TATE, and 68Ga-DOTA-CRH, but were based on single studies. The use of molecular imaging modalities in the detection of pituitary microadenoma in ACTH-dependent CS is of added and complementary value, serving as one of the available tools in the diagnostic work-up. In selected CD cases, it seems justified to even refrain from IPSS.
The BAHT 2004 R&D Prioritisation Exercise: Results of a Study using a Nominal Group Technique to Identify Priority Research Topics and Research Training Needs for Hand Therapists

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper reports the findings of a triennial investigation of the research and development priorities for members of the British Association of Hand Therapists. Employing a nominal group technique, over 59 members drawn from five regional groups identified research topics and research needs to inform the association's R&D strategic plans. Three key research topics were identified: outcome measures, chronic regional pain syndrome and patient adherence. These further subsidiary themes will be specified as required foci for a new BAHT Priority Research Bursary. R&D needs for courses on presentation and publication and critical appraisal skills, provided at a regional level, will be used to shape training programmes for the next three years. Comparisons with other prioritisation exercises in hand therapy suggest a shift in focus to more client-centred rather than diagnostic approaches for evidence-based practice.
Investigation on work hardening phenomenon in turning Inconel 718 with chamfered inserts considering thermal-mechanical loads

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Work hardening layer on and beneath the machined surface is one of the key factors that affects the performance and service time of the final component. However, the mechanism of the work hardening generation and its behavior are still great challenges and open issues to the academic and industry. In this paper, an investigation of the work hardening layer generated by chamfered tools is conducted based on the simulation and experimental study with the consideration of cutting force and temperature. Series of cutting tests and simulations using various edge preparation and feedrate are conducted to obtain the cutting forces, temperature and micro hardness profiles. Then, models for cutting force prediction and temperature simulation are used to reveal the generation of thermal-mechanical loads during the cutting operation. The effect of cutting edge preparation and feedrate on the generation of cutting force, temperature and work hardening was studied. The results indicate that the depth of work hardening layer can achieve to more than 60 μm under the given cutting conditions with chamfered tools. The role of feedrate and chamfer length playing in the generation of work hardening behavior in machining Inconel 718 was also discussed in the paper.
Tissue compliance meter for objective, quantitative documentation of soft tissue consistency and pathology.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A new instrument is described, the tissue compliance meter (TCM), for quantitative and objective recording of soft tissue consistency. This quality is appreciated at present only by the subjective method of palpation. Use of the TCM therefore offers a method to quantify palpation of tissue consistency and to document findings objectively. The handheld instrument allows immediate and simple reading of the depth of penetration of a rubber disc at a known pressure. The relation between the achieved penetration and employed pressure expresses the compliance. The TCM consists of a rubber disc with the surface of 1 cm2 attached to a force gauge. The depth of penetration of the rubber tip is indicated by a disc which slides on the shaft of the force gauge. Normal values were established for men and women over muscles which are frequently affected by spasm. Tissue compliance measurement can document changes in soft tissue consistency which occur in muscle spasm, spasticity, swelling, tumors, lumps, hematomas, etc. Use of the TCM provides the most sensitive and earliest objective indication of either healing and resolution in soft tissue pathology or occurrence of complications. Changes in muscle tone such as reduction of spasm, tension, or spasticity can be recorded. The effects of different types of physical therapy can thus be documented objectively.
Necrosis of the colon and the rectum after resection of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two male patients with gangrene of the rectum and left colon following operation for a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm are reported. Both patients were in shock over a prolonged period, but ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery in the presence of insufficient collateral circulation to the large bowel was regarded as the main responsible factor for the visceral infarction. Both patients died postoperatively. The anatomical and pathophysiological factors generally involved in the development of colon ischaemia after abdominal aortic aneurysm surgery are analyzed. The different modalities of prevention of colon necrosis, diagnosis and management of the established lesions are described.
Increased SERCA2a sub-cellular heterogeneity in right-ventricular heart failure inhibits excitation-contraction coupling and modulates arrhythmogenic dynamics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The intracellular calcium handling system of cardiomyocytes is responsible for controlling excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) and has been linked to pro-arrhythmogenic cellular phenomena in conditions such as heart failure (HF). SERCA2a, responsible for intracellular uptake, is a primary regulator of calcium homeostasis, and remodelling of its function has been proposed as a causal factor underlying cellular and tissue dysfunction in disease. Whereas adaptations to the global (i.e. whole-cell) expression of SERCA2a have been previously investigated in the context of multiple diseases, the role of its spatial profile in the sub-cellular volume has yet to be elucidated. We present an approach to characterize the sub-cellular heterogeneity of SERCA2a and apply this approach to quantify adaptations to the length-scale of heterogeneity (the distance over which expression is correlated) associated with right-ventricular (RV)-HF. These characterizations informed simulations to predict the functional implications of this heterogeneity, and its remodelling in disease, on ECC, the dynamics of calcium-transient alternans and the emergence of spontaneous triggered activity. Image analysis reveals that RV-HF is associated with an increase in length-scale and its inter-cellular variability; simulations predict that this increase in length-scale can reduce ECC and critically modulate the vulnerability to both alternans and triggered activity. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The cardiomyocyte: new revelations on the interplay between architecture and function in growth, health, and disease’.
Anomalous Origin of a Branch Pulmonary Artery From the Ascending Aorta (Hemitruncus)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Anomalous origin of a branch pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta (AOPAA) has been reported to exist with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), interrupted aortic arch, aortopulmonary window, isthmic hypoplasia, and ventricular septal defects. Right pulmonary artery origin from the ascending aorta (AORPA) occurs from abnormal migration of the right sixth aortic arch. The right pulmonary artery (RPA) usually arises near the sinotubular junction from the right or posterior aspect of the ascending aorta. Anomalous origin of the left pulmonary artery (AOLPA) occurs when the left pulmonary artery (LPA) arises from the persistent aortic sac as a result of absence of the left sixth arch with persistence of the left fifth arch. Advanced medical imaging with computed tomography angiography (CTA) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is quite useful for operative planning. The repair is performed via a median sternotomy approach with the use of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass.
A Survey of Robotics and Emotion: Classifications and Models of Emotional Interaction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As emotion plays a growing role in robotic research it is crucial to develop methods to analyze and compare among the wide range of approaches. To this end we present a survey of 1427 IEEE and ACM publications that include robotics and emotion. This includes broad categorizations of trends in emotion input analysis, robot emotional expression, studies of emotional interaction and models for internal processing. We then focus on 232 papers that present internal processing of emotion, such as using a human's emotion for better interaction or turning environmental stimuli into an emotional drive for robotic path planning. We conducted constant comparison analysis of the 232 papers and arrived at three broad categorization metrics - emotional intelligence, emotional model and implementation - each including two or three subcategories. The subcategories address the algorithm used, emotional mapping, history, the emotional model, emotional categories, the role of emotion, the purpose of emotion and the platform. Our results show a diverse field of study, largely divided by the role of emotion in the system, either for improved interaction, or improved robotic performance. We also present multiple future opportunities for research and describe intrinsic challenges common in all publications.
Effects of ultrasonication time on stability, dynamic viscosity, and pumping power management of MWCNT-water nanofluid: an experimental study

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract It is known that ultrasonication has a certain effect on thermophysical properties and heat transfer of nanofluids. The present study is the continuation of the authors' previous research on the effects of ultrasonication on the thermophysical properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs)-water nanofluid. Investigating the effects of ultrasonication time on samples' stability, rheological properties, and pumping power of a water-based nanofluid containing MWCNTs nanoparticle is the main objective of the present study. The two-step method has been employed to prepared the samples. Moreover, a probe-type ultrasonic device has been used, and different ultrasonication times have been applied. The samples' stability is investigated in different periods. The results revealed that prolonging the ultrasonication time to 60 min leads to improving the samples' stability while prolonging ultrasonication time to higher than 60 min resulted in deteriorating the stability. As for dynamic viscosity, it is observed that increasing ultrasonication time to 60 min leads to decreasing the dynamic viscosity of the samples. As for pumping power, it is observed that the maximum increase in fanning friction factor ratio is less than 3%, which shows that adding MWCNTs to water does not impose a considerable penalty in the required energy for pumping power.
Global burden and trends of mortality and disability‑adjusted life years for malignant and chronic respiratory disease attributable to occupational exposures, from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate the global burden of malignant and chronic respiratory diseases attributed to occupational exposure between 1990-2019 Method Estimates of the mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to occupational exposure were analyzed from the Global Burden of Disease database. Multilevel, mixed-effects linear regression models were used to evaluate the trend between types of malignant and chronic respiratory diseases and DALYs and mortality rate Result: In 2019, over 1.22million deaths were attributable to occupational exposure worldwide, with 71% due to respiratory illnesses.5.9[4.5,7.5] and 14.4[12.37,16.54]million DALYs were attributed to occupational-related malignant and chronic respiratory illnesses, respectively. Globally, from 1990-2019 the DALY and death rate from occupational-related chronic respiratory diseases have been declining, with similar trends in all-cause occupational-related mortality(P<0.01). In contrast, an uptrend in mortality rate from occupational-related malignant respiratory illness was observed(P=0.002). Similar results were observed in the multilevel mixed-effect regression model Conclusion: Occupational exposures continue to contribute to the global burden of disease significantly despite advancements in preventive strategies
لولی و انگریزی عہد ٹی براہوئی رزمیہ شاعری نا جائزہ

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Loli (lulling) carries a great deal of significance in the literature of all parts of the world. A mother sings songs, prays and wished her baby in a way in which she longs to see it (her baby) in future. Such songs, prays and wishes of a mother for her baby are known as lulling in the worlds of literature. There cannot be a single mother who does not lull her baby. In Brahui the word “loli” might have been derived from ‘lodo’ (Rocking/shaking). A mother lays her baby in a cradle or on her lap and sings sweetly while rocking it, as a result of this the baby falls asleep. However, unfortunately, the practice of lulling is dwindling in modern large cities. Loli is also the history of a nation that includes some stories of timidity, bravery, hardships and scarifies. A mother tells and teaches her baby son that how the brave heroes of his motion faced the dangers, took sword, thought and sacrificed their levies for the sake of their dear mother-land. These stories of brave heroes depicted by loli songs are preserved by writers so as to encourage and raise the morale of the youth.