jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Meta-analysis on the Comparison of Carbetocin Versus Oxytocin on Additional Uterotonic Use, Incidence of Postpartum Hemorrhage, and Need for Blood Transfusion after Cesarean Section under Neuraxial Anesthesia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A BSTRACT Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) remains to be the leading cause of maternal deaths worldwide. The first-line treatment in its prevention is the administration of uterotonics before the delivery of the placenta. Recently, a newer synthetic analog has been developed – carbetocin. With its introduction, new questions arise as to which is more effective in preventing PPH. Four major electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials comparing carbetocin and oxytocin in terms of additional uterotonic use, incidence of PPH, and need for blood transfusion. Only randomized controlled studies involving pregnant women undergoing cesarean section under regional anesthesia were included. Outcomes included are the need for additional uterotonic use, the incidence of PPH, and the need for blood transfusion. Of the three outcomes, carbetocin was found to show statistically significant protection against the need for additional uterotonic administration and the need for blood transfusion. Results showed that carbetocin provided a statistically significant risk reduction for the need for additional uterotonics (risk ratio [RR] = 0.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46–0.81, P < 0.00001) and need for blood transfusion (RR = 0.34, 95% CI 0.19–0.62, P = 0.0004). Need for additional uterotonics and for blood transfusion was found to be almost twice (1/0.53 = 1.88) and almost thrice (1/0.34 = 2.94) as likely, respectively, to occur in the oxytocin group versus the carbetocin group. Reduction of PPH pointed toward carbetocin providing greater protection against it, but it was found not to be statistically significant (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.56–1.28, P = 0.43).
The Dialogue In Contemporary Educational Environment: Discovering Values And Meanings

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The authors continue working out a dialogical approach towards organization of educational environment for the pre-school and younger school children. They have made a review of the research dedicated to the problem of dialogism in the sphere of philosophy, culturology, pedagogy, psychology; analyzed the ideas of M.M. Bakhtin, M. Buber, V.S. Bibler, L.V. Vygotsky, E. Erikson; disclosed the meaning of dialogue – a common discovery of meanings in the sphere of communication; clarified the terms “cultural meaning” and “personal meaning”; found out the essence and specifics of pedagogical communication; described a version of modelling the educational environment; discovered the structure of socio-cultural educational environment; put forward a development model of teacher-child interaction in educational sphere sticking to the vector: from incentive to co-action and co-creation; described the methods of dialogue modelling in educational sphere; demonstrated the way of changing the teachers’ views on the socio-cultural experience of the child; offered a system of theoretical and empirical research methods: questionnaire; natural, modelling and forming experiments; SWOT-analysis; phsycho- diagnostical methods; mathematical methods of computing the results of research; demonstrated the results of 1520 questionnaire data of pre-school and primary school teachers in seven RF territories; made an important conclusion as to an interconnection of axiological and culturological approaches towards educational environment model building on the initial levels of education.
Towards a More Complete Efficiency Wage Theory

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The efficiency wage is an important topic in the theory of employment. In a traditional efficiency wage model, only the representative firm is optimizing against an assumed S ‐shaped effort supply function. This S ‐shaped supply curve is critical for the model and the absence of a derivation of the curve in the literature means that it is an incomplete theory. In the present paper, we extend the model by specifying a worker's representative utility function so that the corresponding argmax function will be the S ‐shaped effort supply curve. This will make the worker's decision process endogenous and will produce a more complete model. The importance of this extension is clear. The characterization of the utility function will make explicit the necessary conditions and crucial assumptions of the traditional model. More importantly, the extension will allow researchers to introduce employment compensation factors into the worker's utility function for analysis. This has important bearings on future development in employment theory. For example, a worker's satisfaction from shirking (net of dismissal risks), or his or her willingness to search for jobs (net of search cost), can now be included in his or her utility function to form an optimal work or search strategy. Incorporating the worker's optimization behaviour into the model will also enable researchers to study policy directed not just towards firms but also towards the worker's decision process. Furthermore, this approach provides a framework for researchers to generate comparative statics. These comparative statics can lead to interesting topics for econometric models or to further research within this field.
Will the prolongation of the retirement age be managed?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

So, another -more simple -solution is being put through -the gradual prolonging of the official retirement age.The retirement age is increased in one bound or gradually, depending on the life expectancy of the population.In this way, the length of taking the old-age pension is decreased and the costs of the functioning and sustainability of the pension schemes are decreased.This solution undoubtedly brings at least some balance between the income and output of the pension schemes and/or decreases the expenses of the state budget for additional financing.It is apparently based on a rational argument -the life expectancy is shifting, the population, as a whole, lives up to a higher age, therefore, it seems to be substantiated to shift the retirement age.However, does this statistically increased mean life expectancy also mean similar dynamics of maintaining a good health condition and ability to work until the higher age?There are certain occupations and work activities in which it is possible to maintain professional competences and corresponding performance until high age.A longer professional experience may bring a higher expertise of the elderly professionals and their long professional and life experience can be a contribution for the performance of the teams.At the same time, the workers at "mature age" can have the space for self-fulfilment and a feeling of social acceptance and integration, not to mention the financial benefit from the income in comparison with the old-age pension, which in our region represents a considerable drop of life standard.However, can such an acceptance of elderly employees by employers and the ability to maintain work performance until high age be expected in all occupations?A suitable example can be the nursing profession, which is very demanding -both physically and psychologically.Will
Comparison of Magnetic Resonance and Roentgen Ray Computed Tomography in Dementia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To compare the merits of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and roentgen ray computed tomography (CT) in assessing patients with dementia, we examined pairs of MR and CT brain images obtained from 26 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), eight patients with vascular or mixed dementia, and two patients with Parkinson's disease plus dementia. Magnetic resonance and CT images were independently rated on a qualitative scale of 0 (normal) to 3 (severely abnormal) in 39 separate brain regions. Ratios of anterolateral and third ventricular linear spans to linear skull spans were measured. Abnormalities in subcortical white matter and in hippocampus, enlargement of basal and sylvian cisterns, and ventriculomegaly were more evident on MR than CT scans, but qualitative ratings in all other brain regions were similar. Linear ventricular span ratios based on MR images did not differ significantly from those measured on CT. White matter abnormalities on MR were high signal foci on T2-weighted images whose pathologic substrate was uncertain; in a single case studied pathologically, no abnormalities were detected in brain regions that contained high signal foci. Dementia severity correlated with periventricular white matter abnormalities on both MR and CT images.
SARS CoV-19 Infection and ABO Blood groups, correlation with Laboratory Blood Parameter analysis and Mortality, a Single Centre Study in UK

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Aim There is controversial evidence available on the role of blood grouping in determining the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-19 infection. It is postulated that blood group anti-A antibodies offer some protection against SARS-CoV-19 infection and severity of illness due to anti- A antibodies blocking the binding of SARS-CoV-19 to respiratory epithelium. Hence people with blood group O may be protected against SARS-CoV-19 compared with blood group A and AB patients who may do worse. The aim of this study was to retrospectively analyse the ABO Rh blood group data on patients with SARS CoV-19 admitted in a single NHS center in UK hospital trust and further correlate the severity of infection and mortality with the type of blood group. Material and Methods We analysed data on 604 confirmed patients with SARS-CoV-19, who’s blood groups were known, from a single NHS centre in UK, admitted between February 2020 and March 2021. We correlated ABO Rh blood groups with mortality and various clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters. Patients were classified into four groups according to their blood group (blood group A, 197 patients: blood group B, 117 patients; blood group AB, 34 patients and blood group O, 256 patients). Results The analysis showed a tendency towards higher mortality in patients with blood group-A. Certain biochemical and inflammatory markers were lower in patients with blood group AB with a tendency to less organ dysfunction and morbidity. Comparison between deceased patients in all groups revealed significantly higher white blood cells (WBCs) (p=0.0308), neutrophil count (p=0.0073) in the A and B blood groups compared to the AB and O groups. However no statistically significant differences were found between the four groups in regard to neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), neutrophil to eosinophil ratio (NER) and the white blood cells* neutrophil to eosinophil ratio (WBCS*Neut/Eos) which are known prognostic factors for SARS-CoV-19. Blood group Rh positive patients tended to have higher CRP and platelet count irrespective of primary blood group but no significant impact on mortality. Conclusion The study shows a tendency towards more inflammatory reaction in patients with blood group A and B and Rh positive groups but with no difference in mortality between the blood groups. We acknowledge that the small sample size limits the ability to draw conclusions for a wider population but it adds valuable information and insight in to effects of blood groups on clinical outcomes and inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-19 infection. A larger multicentre retrospective data collection and analysis would be useful with inclusion of patients admitted in intensive care.
Cultural and Social Context of Dysentery: Implications for the\nIntroduction of a New Vaccine

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Dysentery, a severe form of diarrhoeal disease, is a major cause of\nmorbidity and mortality. Paradoxically, virtually no studies have been\nconducted to examine beliefs and behaviours associated with dysentery.\nThe explanatory model of dysentery was explored in a community in\nDhaka, Bangladesh, to understand the acceptability of a vaccine against\ndysentery. A local term for bloody dysentery is widely known, and\nresidents describe a progression of symptoms, which closely mirrors the\nbiomedical model of the disease. Due to the symbolic significance of\nblood loss and the fact that there is much uncertainty regarding\ntreatment, bloody dysentery is perceived to be extremely serious.\nCausal interpretations most commonly relate to humoral theories, and\nremedies involve the consumption of 'cooling' foods that will reduce\nthe heat associated with dysentery. Despite many misconceptions about\nvaccines and the fact that this approach contradicts aetiological\nexplanations, the perceived severity of the illness makes vaccines\nattractive compared to other preventative measures. The results\nilluminate relevant information for the implementation of a new\nvaccine.
Temperature programmed desorption from electron irradiated sodium chloride

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We study temperature programmed desorption of sodium and chlorine from an electron irradiated sodium chloride (100) surface. In this experiment, the sodium chloride crystal is irradiated with 500 eV electrons. After the electron beam is turned off, the crystal is heated and desorption of the alkali atoms is observed. This delayed desorption of sodium is analyzed using fractional order desorption equations. The results clearly show that the desorption is not a first order process. The data are interpreted in terms of a thick layer of sodium forming on the surface.
Naturally acquired resistance to experimental infections of Schistosoma mansoni in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In recent years there has been a steadily growing interest in the immunology of schistosomiasis. Much work has been carried out using a variety of experimental hosts and many attempts have been made to vaccinate these hosts against schistosomes, both by exposing them to irradiated cercariae and by injecting them with various antigens derived from the parasites. These attempts have been attended by varying degrees of success. The ultimate object of much of this work has been its possible application to the disease in man. We believe, however, that work of this kind cannot really be profitably undertaken unless there already exists a sound understanding of the basic host-parasite relations between the schistosomes and their hosts. This knowledge is essential in order to decide whether a finding in one host is likely to be applicable in others. With this idea in mind, we report here our findings on naturally acquired resistance to Schistosoma mansoni in the rhesus monkey.
A voltage flicker severity analysis module for multiple electric arc furnace operation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Electric arc furnaces (EAF) are very large electrical loads and they cause voltage flicker problem in the power system due to their non-linear and random electrical characteristics. Voltage flicker (cyclic and stochastic) causes annoying sensation experienced by human eye and is a very important power quality parameter. In this paper, a Matlab-Simulink based flicker severity analysis module has been proposed to analyse voltage flicker in the network under multiple EAF operation fed from a substation. In this module a new system-modelling strategy is proposed. The power system is modelled and simulated in Simulink and instantaneous voltage data is analysed by a separate Matlab program. With this module, a power system containing two parallel EAFs is modelled and simulated and the short-term flicker severity index of voltage at point of common coupling is calculated. This new module can be used very effectively to estimate the flicker of any system having multiple arc furnaces that are fed from a substation.
Assessing farmer field school as a sustainable agricultural methodology for farmers in Trinidad and Tobago

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pest management is one of the most limiting factors to crop production in Trinidad and Tobago. Surveys conducted in 1995 revealed that pest control is the single largest expense, accounting for 30 - 40 % of total crop production costs (Lopez et al. 1995). One of the problems identified was the transfer of both existing and new technologies to farmers to ensure development of their knowledge base, leading to sustainable agricultural production. A pilot Farmer Field School (FFS) project in 2003, introduced the use of Farmer Participatory Approaches (FPA) for Ecological Crop Management (ECM) in Trinidad and Tobago. During the period 2004/2008, thirty eight FFS have been conducted with over 400 farmers participating. In order to assess the FFS as a sustainable agricultural methodology, a survey of 106 farmers, who had participated in FFS over the period 2003-2008, was conducted in May 2009. The factors studied were demographic, institutional, environmental, social and economic. The farmers were interviewed in groups in the field and their responses captured using the meta card system of voting. Basic frequency analyses were carried out which indicated that more than 90% of the farmers were very satisfied with the institutional arrangements, became more knowledgeable of the factors related to the environment and agreed that the knowledge gained from the FFS empowered them to make more sustainable agricultural crop management decisions. More than 79% of the farmers had adopted the integrated pest management (IPM) technology transferred using the FFS methodology and are currently using these IPM practices. This paper outlines and underscores the need for continued assessments of Farmer Field Schools and related Farmer Participatory Approaches to determine whether they could be used as sustainable agricultural methodologies for farmers in Trinidad and Tobago.
Effects of controlled released urea and common urea on growth, nutrient absorption and yield of cotton.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

[Objective]To research the effects of controlled released urea and common urea on accumulation rate for plant dry matters,nutrient absorption and yield of cotton.[Method]Taking cotton as experimental subject,adopting orientational experiment in the fields for 2 years,applying 3 kinds of treatments,and there are controlled released urea(180 kg/hm2),common urea (180 kg/hm2)no-N,and testing the dry matters,nutrition and yield of cotton.[Result] On the basis of occurnulative volume and cumulated rate of dry matter in 2008,the controlled released urea is indicative of controlling release and maintaining release in the former and latter stages respectively,in bud stage,controlled released urea and common urea,while in florescence and growth stages,controlled released urea and common urea,no-N.In 2009,the volume and rate of the controlled released urea are all higher than that of the oommon urea.Compared with the common urea,agronomic efficiency of applied N was improved by 1.04 and 2.56 kg/kg for using condtrolled released urea within the two years;At the same time,the utilization rate of N fertilizer treated with controlled released urea were increased by 18.89% and 12.92% compared with that of common urea;as well as condtrolled released urea could improve the yield of cotton by 11.67% and 31.25%.[Conclusion]Under the condition of bed irrigation,concerning cumulated volume and cumulated rate of cotton dry matter of condtrolled released urea were increased more and faster than that of common urea,condtrolled released urea could advance the absorption of nutrient,they also could heighten the utilization rate of N fertilizer,and improve the yield of cotton eventually.
Protective effect of <i>Rhizoma drynariae</i> extract on osteoporosis in ovariectomized rat model

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Purpose: To investigate the therapeutic effect of Rhizoma Drynariae extract (RDE) on ovariectomyinduced osteoporosis in rats.Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a sham-operated group (control) and five ovariectomy (OVX) subgroups: OVX with vehicle (OVX), OVX with 17ß-estradiol (E2, 25 μg/kg/day), and OVX with RDE doses (40, 80, and 160 mg/kg/day). Daily oral administration of E2 or RDE started 4 weeks after OVX and lasted for 16 weeks. The bone mineral density (BMD) of the L4 vertebrae and right femurs was estimated. The length of each femur was measured with a micrometer gauge, and the center of the diaphysis determined. Three representatives L4 vertebrae were selected to evaluate the trabecular microarchitecture. Serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urinary calcium (U-Ca),urinary phosphorus (U-P), urinary creatinine (Cr) and osteocalcin (OC) levels were measured.Results: The study showed that high-dose of RDE significantly inhibited the bone mineral density (BMD) reduction of L4 vertebrae (0.20 ± 0.02 g/cm3, p < 0.05) and femurs (0.18 ± 0.02 g/cm3, p < 0.05) caused by OVX and prevented the deterioration of trabecular microarchitecture (p < 0.05), which were accompanied by a significant decrease in skeletal remodeling (p < 0.05) as evidenced by the lowerlevels of bone turnover markers. High-dose of RDE improved morphometric parameters, namely, Tb-N (3.8 ± 0.2 mm, p < 0.05), Tb-Th (0.083 ± 0.011 mm, p < 0.05) and Tb-Sp (0.19 ± 0.01 mm, p < 0.05) in L4 vertebrae significantly. The present study indicates that the administration of RDE at higher doses over a 16-week period can prevent OVX-induced osteoporosis in rats without hyperplastic effects on the uterus.Conclusion: Thus, RDE is a potential natural alternative for postmenopausal osteoporosis treatment in elderly women.Keywords: Rhizoma Drynariae, Postmenopausal osteoporosis, Ovariectomy, Bone mineral density, Morphometric