jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Beam tomography in two and four dimensions. [100 MeV H/sup +/ beams and 750 keV H/sup -/ beams]

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The coming generations of high beam-power accelerators require new techniques to monitor the emittance and the shape of the beam; in particular, measurements that do not interfere with the beam itself are necessary. A new computational algorithm, MENT (Maximum ENTropy), will be presented that combines nondestructive profile measurements taken from a number of stations along the beam line with beam-dynamics calculations to compute a four-dimensional phase-space distribution. A version of MENT has been used on experimental data to reconstruct the two-dimensional transverse emittance of the Clinton P. Anderson Meson Physics Facility (LAMPF) proton beam at 100 MeV and the H/sup -/ beam at 750 keV. Wire scanners at three stations were used to get the one-dimensional profiles. Results will be compared with those gained using the destructive slit and collector method and with those gained using MART (Multiplicative Algebraic Reconstruction Technique) on the same three profiles.
How biopsychosocial depressive risk shapes behavioral and neural responses to social evaluation in adolescence.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Understanding the emotional responsivity style and neurocognitive profiles of depression-related processes in at-risk youth may be helpful in revealing those most likely to develop affective disorders. However, the multiplicity of biopsychosocial risk factors makes it difficult to disentangle unique and combined effects at a neurobiological level. In a population-derived sample of 56 older adolescents (aged 17-20), we adopted Partial Least Squares regression and correlation models to explore the relationships between multivariate biopsychosocial risks for later depression, emotional response style and fMRI activity, to rejecting and inclusive social feedback. Behaviorally, higher depressive risk was associated with both reduced negative affect following negative social feedback and reduced positive affect following positive social feedback. In response to both cues of rejection and inclusion, we observed a general neural pattern of increased cingulate, temporal and striatal activity in the brain. Secondly, in response to rejection only, we observed a pattern of activity in ostensibly executive control- and emotion regulation-related brain regions encompassing fronto-parietal brain networks including the angular gyrus. The results suggest that risk for depression is associated with a pervasive emotional insensitivity in the face of positive and negative social feedback.
Teams and teamworking: what do we know?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper reviews the extensive literature on teams and teamworking in order to identify the nature and extent of the evidence that teamworking can lead to superior performance. It demonstrates that much of the case for teamwork is based on earlier group research (Ray and Bronstein, 1995; Guzzo and Shea, 1992) and that this is inconclusive and often contradictory in terms of performance relationships (Furnham, 1992; West and Slater; 1995). Direct research evidence relating to teams in an organisational context is limited (West and Slater, 1995), but growing (Higgs, 1998; 1999). A major challenge in establishing the relationship between teamworking and performance is the sheer complexity in the interrelationships between many variables (Schein, 1998; Furnham, 1992). However, the use of the interaction process models (Hackman and Morris, 1975) is beginning to shed light on some of these complex relationships and provide performance related evidence (West and Anderson, 1996; Higgs, 1998).<br/>
The effectiveness of the combination of Dioscorea bulbifera L. extract and leri water as a bio-insecticide

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Dioscorea bulbifera L. and leri water have the potential to control dry wood termites because they contain several compounds (flavonoids, alkaloids, chlorine, and tannins) that can eradicate termites and damage insect body cells. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of D. bulbifera extract and leri water against Cryptotermes cynocephalus Light. The completely randomized design investigation employed three replications and nine treatments. In this study, only one test, namely the contact poison test, was applied. A variety of concentrations, a D. bulbifera extract source, and leri water were used as the treatment in this investigation. Termite mortality, test weight reduction, and the degree of damage were the parameters that were measured. The treatment significantly decreased the test's weight and the degree of damage. Still, it had no statistically significant impact on mortality, according to the DMRT test, at a substantial level of 5%. The results showed that the best mortality, test weight reduction, and degree of damage were found in the combination of stem (50%): leri water (50%), which were 62.22% (equal to corrected mortality of 45.16%), 8.34%, 16.47%, respectively. The combination of these extracts efficiently inhibits dry wood termites, according to this result.
Appearance Really Does Matter: Effects of the Gravid Spot’s Pigment Intensity

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Scientists are continually researching to fill the gap in knowledge of how male guppies chose a mate. Studies show factors may include coloration, shape, and size. In this study, we ran trials to determine if the gravid spot on female Peocilia reticulates effects mating preferences. Our results showed that the male guppies had no preference in gravid pigmentation and spent approximately the same amount of time in each response zone.
The Role of the Private Sector in Advancing Antimicrobial Stewardship: Recommendations from the Global Chief Medical Officers' Network

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. If allowed to increase at the current rate, AMR could kill an estimated 10 million people per year and cost society approximately 100-200 trillion USD globally by 2050. The slow development of novel antimicrobials further exacerbates the problem. Most human antibiotic use occurs in homes and workplaces, where antibiotic-resistant infections may contribute to diminished performance and loss of work productivity. Employers in the private sector have the ability to reach large populations of employees and their families, raise awareness about AMR, and promote antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) among their workforce. The authors describe 4 steps a company can take to help advance AMS: (1) sign the AMR Pledge, (2) perform a gap analysis, (3) implement and/or modify standard practices, and (4) measure and report outcomes. Real-world examples are provided, including barriers faced, in order to successfully implement initiatives to promote better AMS. Behavioral methods to influence change in the workplace are also presented. Both large and small companies can make a difference to support responsible use of antibiotics and improve the health and well-being of their employees.
[Ochronosis with severe arthropathy and internal organ lesions].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Observations upon a rarely met congenital disease is reported, developing symptomless up to the age of 40. The degenerative alterations of the big joints and the spine are of a special interest as well as the changes in urine, ear and nose cartilages, scleras and the skin in the armpits. A relation is supposed between the deposition of homogentisic acid and the functional changes in the vessels, latent diabetes and renal complaints.
Correction: Quantitative Description of Glycan-Receptor Binding of Influenza A Virus H7 Hemagglutinin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In the context of recently emerged novel influenza strains through reassortment, avian influenza subtypes such as H5N1, H7N7, H7N2, H7N3 and H9N2 pose a constant threat in terms of their adaptation to the human host.Among these subtypes, it was recently demonstrated that mutations in H5 and H9 hemagglutinin (HA) in the context of lab-generated reassorted viruses conferred aerosol transmissibility in ferrets (a property shared by human adapted viruses).We previously demonstrated that the quantitative binding affinity of HA to a2R6 sialylated glycans (human receptors) is one of the important factors governing human adaptation of HA.Although the H7 subtype has infected humans causing varied clinical outcomes from mild conjunctivitis to severe respiratory illnesses, it is not clear where the HA of these subtypes stand in regard to human adaptation since its binding affinity to glycan receptors has not yet been quantified.In this study, we have quantitatively characterized the glycan receptor-binding specificity of HAs from representative strains of Eurasian (H7N7) and North American (H7N2) lineages that have caused human infection.Furthermore, we have demonstrated for the first time that two specific mutations; Gln226RLeu and Gly228RSer in glycan receptor-binding site of H7 HA substantially increase its binding affinity to human receptor.Our findings contribute to a framework for monitoring the evolution of H7 HA to be able to adapt to human host.
Analysis of capacitor voltage and boost vector in neutral-point-clamped converter and H-bridge converter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In steady states, converter is normally operated in the range of 0.7/spl sim/0.8 [p.u] of modulation index. Even though zero vectors are not imposed to high modulation index, DC-link voltage is constant. It means that there exists another boost vector except for zero vectors among several vectors in 3-level converter. This paper has examined the principle of boost and investigated the difference between another boost vector and zero vectors in 3-level converter. In addition, this paper has analysed and compared capacitor voltage of NPC and H-bridge converter. It proposed the calculation method for the voltage ripple and charging current of each capacitor and dealt with voltage balance problems of each link capacitor, which are associated with the switching state and the position of reference voltage vectors. The proposed strategy and comparison are confirmed by simulation.
Encoding a salient stimulus in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) during a passive fixation task

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

When exploring a visual scene, some objects preferentially grab our attention because of their intrinsic properties. In this study, we examined the responses of neurons in LIP to salient stimuli while naive animals performed a passive fixation task. We defined the salient stimulus as a color popout among stimuli of another color; either red or green. The animals started a trial by fixating a central spot after which a circular array of 6 stimuli was flashed for 750 ms. The array was arranged so that only one of the stimuli was in the receptive field (RF). The animals had to keep fixation to be rewarded. We used 4 different conditions: the field condition, in which all the stimuli had the same color; the distractor condition, in which the salient stimulus was presented outside the receptive field, so a distractor was inside the RF; the popout condition, in which the salient stimulus was inside the RF; and the singleton condition, in which only a single stimulus was presented inside the RF. We recorded from 42 LIP neurons and found that the mean response to a salient stimulus was significantly higher than the mean response to a distractor, but significantly lower than the mean response to a singleton. The time at which the popout activity rose above the distractor activity was relatively early suggesting that bottom-up information from early visual areas converges at LIP. Interestingly, there was a tight correlation in response to the popouts and distractors of similar colors, suggesting gain control. We also found that some LIP neurons prefer a particular color, but these neurons still had elevated responses to a popout compared to a distractor, consistent with the presence of gain control. Together these results indicate that LIP highlights salient stimuli even when they are task irrelevant.
Fully Polynomial Time ( ; ) -Approximation Schemes for Continuous Stochastic Convex Dynamic Programs

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We develop fully polynomial time ( ; ) -approximation schemes for stochastic dynamic programs with continuous state and action spaces, when the single-period cost functions are convex Lipschitz-continuous functions that are accessed via value oracle calls. That is, for every given additive error parameter > 0 and multiplicative error factor = 1 + > 1, the scheme returns a feasible solution whose value is no more that + v , where v 0 is the optimal value, and it runs in time polynomial in the input size and in log( 1 ) + 1 . We show that this result is best possible in the sense that in general it is not possible to compute in polynomial time ( ; ) approximations for stochastic dynamic programs with continuous state and action spaces, whenever either = 0 or = 1 . Our results are achieved by extending to the continuous setting the technique of K-approximation sets and functions introduced by Halman et al. [Math. Oper. Res., 34, (2009), pp. 674‐685]. This extension requires a completely new set of analytical and algorithmic tools that may be useful in their own right for further development of approximation algorithms. A preliminary computational evaluation shows that the proposed approximation scheme is orders of magnitude faster than solving the discretized problem exactly, and finds solutions of better quality than approximate solution approaches taken from the literature for comparable computational effort.
Can Rats Acquire an Olfactory Learning Set?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Experimental rats were trained on multiple two-odor discrimination tasks while controls were given repeated sessions on task one and then tested on a novel two-odor task. Experimental rats showed strong positive transfer across problems and approached errorless or near errorless learning. Control rats maintained near-perfect performance on task one, but performed at chance on initial trials when tested with novel odors. Thus, the near errorless terminal performance of experimental rats was a function their having been trained on multiple problems and was not simply the result of eliminating ‘disruptive response tendencies’ (Reid and Morris, 1992). These results support the view that when rats are trained on a series of two-odor discrimination tasks they acquire a strategy or rule that allows them to solve new problems with few or no errors.
Smart Hydrogel Based on Derivatives of Natural α-Amino Acids for Efficient Removal of Metal Ions from Wastewater

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel class of hydrogels, rich in a variety of functional groups capable of interacting/complexing with metal ions was successfully synthesized. This was achieved by using acryloyl derivatives of natural α-amino acids, specifically ornithine and cystine. The δ-amino group of ornithine was modified with an acryloyl group to facilitate its attachment to the polymer chain. Additionally, N,N’-bisacryloylcystine, derived from cystine, was employed as the cross-linker. The hydrogel was obtained through a process of free radical polymerization. This hydrogel, composed only from derivatives of natural amino acids, has proven to be a competitive sorbent and has been effectively used to remove heavy metal pollutants, mainly lead, copper, and silver ions, from aqueous media. The maximum sorption capacities were ca. 155 mg·g−1, 90 mg·g−1, and 215 mg·g−1, respectively for Pb(II), Cu(II), and Ag(I). The material was characterized by effective regeneration, maintaining the sorption capacity at around 80%, 85%, and 90% for Cu(II), Ag(I), and Pb(II), respectively, even after five cycles. The properties of sorption materials, such as sorption kinetics and the effect of pH on sorption, as well as the influence of the concentration of the examined metal ions on the swelling ratio and morphology of the gel, were investigated. The EDS technique was employed to investigate the composition and element distribution in the dry gel samples. Additionally, IR spectroscopy was used to identify the functional groups responsible for binding the studied metal ions, providing insights into their specific interactions with the hydrogel.
Sustainable personnel management in the hospitality industry: Enhancing organizational performance through employee engagement and commitment

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose: This study investigates the relationships between sustainable personnel management practices, employee engagement, organizational commitment, and organizational performance in the hospitality industry, focusing on hotels and restaurants. Methodology: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative surveys of 500 hospitality employees with qualitative interviews of 20 HR managers and sustainability officers. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the quantitative data, while thematic analysis was applied to the qualitative data. Results: The study identifies key drivers of sustainability in personnel management, including employee training and involvement in green initiatives. Implementing sustainable personnel management practices is associated with improved employee engagement, organizational commitment, and organizational performance. The research also highlights challenges and opportunities in implementing sustainable practices in the hospitality industry. Theoretical contribution: This study extends the existing literature by demonstrating the mediating roles of employee engagement and organizational commitment in the relationship between sustainable personnel management and organizational performance in the hospitality context. Practical implications: The research provides a step-by-step implementation guide and timeline for hospitality managers to integrate sustainable practices into their personnel management systems. It also highlights the importance of technology in supporting sustainable HR practices and overcoming implementation challenges such as resource constraints and lack of awareness. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): SDG 8: Decent Work and Economic Growth; SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities; SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production
Mitochondrial RNA maturation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The vast majority of oxygen-utilizing eukaryotes need to express their own mitochondrial genome, mtDNA, to survive. In comparison to size of their nuclear genome, mtDNA is minimal, even in the most exceptional examples. Having evolved from bacteria in an endosymbiotic event, it might be expected that the process of mtDNA expression would be relatively simple. The aim of this short review is to illustrate just how wrong this assumption is. The production of functional mitochondrial RNA across species evolved in many directions. Organelles use a dizzying array of RNA processing, modifying, editing, splicing and maturation events that largely require the import of nuclear-encoded proteins from the cytosol. These processes are sometimes driven by the unusual behaviour of the mitochondrial genome from which the RNA is originally transcribed, but in many examples the complex processes that are essential for the production of functional RNA in the organelle, are fascinating and bewildering.
Treatment of neuropathic pain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Neuropathic pain presents a therapeutic challenge because patients cannot be relieved from it, even when all known medical options have been tried. Several treatment guidelines have been provided, and several pharmacotherapies have been proposed with non-pharmacological treatments. This study aimed to present the current pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments used to treat patients with neuropathic pain. Furthermore, several treatment guidelines for neuropathic pain are compared.Current Concepts: Tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentinoids, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are the first-line agents recommended by clinical guidelines in several countries. Tramadol and topical agents are recommended as second-line agents. Opioids and cannabinoids are recommended as third-line agents; cannabinoids are recommended by Canadian treatment guidelines. Combination therapy may be more effective because it results in synergistic pain-relieving effects, and the individual drug dose may be lower. Non-pharmacologic treatment is recommended as third-line or supplementary management because of the lack of evidence.Discussion and Conclusion: Several guidelines have recommended similar drugs; however, it is impossible to completely cure neuropathic pain. Therefore, therapeutic goals must be realistically discussed to improve patient compliance. In addition, additional studies based on pathophysiological mechanisms should be conducted to improve the management of neuropathic pain.
Annual cycles of nutrients in a shallow inshore area, Kiel Bight. — variability and trends

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The annual cycle of nutrients in relation to biological processes and seasonality of the physical environment of a coastal ecosystem, Kiel Bight, is presented. Distinct patterns of nutrient cycling succeed each other in the course of the annual cycle in the ecosystem; five such phases are identified as recurring features of the system, although there is interannual variability in temporal scales of these phases. During spring, autumn and winter pelagic regeneration is low. Whereas pelagic uptake exceeds sedimentary nutrient release in spring, the reverse pattern prevails in autumn. In the transition from spring to summer nutrients released by the benthos are efficiently retained by the pelagic food web. In summer, pelagic uptake is balanced by pelagic and benthic regeneration in sediments above the thermocline. In the subthermocline environment nutrient release from the sediments is increasingly influenced by the declining oxygen content and this situation prevails throughout the autumn phase. Winter nutrient equilibrium is achieved 4–6 weeks after the end of the growth season. Thereafter concentrations are maintained at constant levels largely by non-biological mechanisms till the onset of spring growth. Winter concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen have been remarkably constant since 1969, whereas for silicate a decline is indicated. In contrast to these nutrients, phosphate winter concentrations exhibit an increase, which has led to almost a doubling of winter levels during the last two decades.