jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Overlapping Gene Mutations of Hepatitis B Virus in a Chronic Hepatitis B Patient with Hepatitis B Surface Antigen Loss during Lamivudine Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Disappearance of hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) in chronic hepatitis B usually indicates clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. However, false HBsAg negativity with mutations in pre-S2 and 'a' determinant has been reported. It is also known that YMDD mutations decrease the production of HBV and escape detection of serum HBsAg. Here, we report overlapping gene mutations in a patient with HBsAg loss during the lamivudine therapy. After 36 months of lamivudine therapy in a 44-yrold Korean chronic hepatitis B patient, serum HBsAg turned negative while HBV DNA remained positive by a DNA probe method. Nucleotide sequence of serum HBV DNA was compared with the HBV genotype C subtype adr registered in NCBI AF 286594. Deletion of nucleotides 23 to 55 (amino acids 12 to 22) was identified in the pre-S2 region. Sequencing of the 'a' determinant revealed amino acid substitutions as I126S, T131N, M133T, and S136Y. Methionine of rtM204 in the P gene was substituted for isoleucine indicating YIDD mutation (rtM204I). We identified a HBV mutant composed of pre-S2 deletions and 'a' determinant substitutions with YMDD mutation. Our result suggests that false HBsAg negativity can be induced by combination of overlapping gene mutations during the lamivudine therapy.
Rapid Synthesis of Mesoporous TiO2 for the Photoanodes in Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Mesoporous TiO 2 microspheres with high specific surface areas were synthesized by means of a facile one‐step microwave hydrothermal process without using any template. The mesoporous materials were rapidly achieved using TiCl 4 , urea and ammonium sulphate at comparatively low microwave power (400 W) for 8 min irradiation. The morphology and microstructure of the as‐prepared products were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller (BET) surface area analysis. Structural characterization indicates that the TiO 2 microspheres display mesoporous structure. The average pore sizes and BET surface areas of the spheres were 5.3 nm and 222 m 2 g −1 , respectively. The mesoporous nanocrystals synthesized at 160 °C for 8 min were then used to prepare the photoanode for dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). A high power conversion efficiency of 5.72% was achieved from the mesoporous TiO 2 based photoanode, representing about 25.7% improvement over the efficiency of P25 photoanode.
Green procedures for the selective aqueous-phase hydrogenation of biomass-derived levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone : innovative design for catalytic recycle and regeneration

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This Thesis work was aimed at studying the catalytic upgrading of an important biomass derived platform chemical such as levulinic acid (LA). In particular, the hydrogenation/dehydration of levulinic acid (LA) to γ-valerolactone (GVL) was considered with a major focus on the implementation of original methods for the recovery and recycle of catalysts, both heterogeneous and homogeneous ones. Research activities were carried out within a cotutelle agreement between the University of Ca’ Foscari Venezia (Italy) and The University of Sydney (Australia). \nIn Venice, a liquid triphase system made by an aqueous phase, an organic phase, and an ionic liquid was designed and applied for the conversion of LA to GVL. It was demonstrated that, operating at 100−150°C and 35 atm of H2, in the presence of either Ru/C or RuCl3 as catalysts, the use of the triphase system designed to match the investigated reaction allowed: i) to obtain up to quantitative conversions and 100% selectivity toward the desired product; ii) to recover the product by simple phase separation; and iii) to preserve the catalyst activity for in situ recycles without any loss of metal. Overall, the study proved the concept that a multiphasic catalytic system could remarkably improve the global sustainability of the investigated hydrogenation reaction, where a key step was the catalyst segregation in an IL phase and its recycle. \nIn Sydney, the behavior of iron as a hydrogenation promoter of model organic compounds was explored. In particular, the recovery and recycle of iron was examined through electrochemical methods including both cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis (CPE). The deposition of Fe0 was carried out in acidic aqueous solutions (pH 3) of FeSO4. Under such conditions, at 25 - 50°C, the aqueous phase hydrogenation of both cyclohexanone and LA in the presence of Fe0 and diluted acid was performed selectively to produce the expected products (cyclohexanol and GVL, respectively) on a practical laboratory scale (0.4 mmol, ~50 mg). Though, conversions must be further optimized. Based on the gravimetric analyses of deposits of Fe0, the measurement of the net Q charge involved in CPE experiments, and the GC-MS analysis of reaction mixture, preliminary results suggested that Fe0 acted as promoter/catalyst for the hydrogenation of the cyclohexanone and of the levulinic acid. Globally, although the investigation was far from being exhaustive, it was proved that the hydrogenation of carbonyl derivatives including the target of this study (i.e. LA), was feasible in aqueous solutions through an iron-based clean procedure.
TRPA1 ion channel stimulation enhances cardiomyocyte contractile function via a CaMKII-dependent pathway

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rationale: Transient receptor potential channels of the ankyrin subtype-1 (TRPA1) are non-selective cation channels that show high permeability to calcium. Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that TRPA1 ion channels are expressed in adult mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes (CMs) and are localized at the z-disk, costamere and intercalated disk. The functional significance of TRPA1 ion channels in the modulation of CM contractile function have not been explored. Objective: To identify the extent to which TRPA1 ion channels are involved in modulating CM contractile function and elucidate the cellular mechanism of action. Methods and Results: Freshly isolated CMs were obtained from murine heart and loaded with Fura-2 AM. Simultaneous measurement of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and contractility was performed in individual CMs paced at 0.3 Hz. Our findings demonstrate that TRPA1 stimulation with AITC results in a dose-dependent increase in peak [Ca2+]i and a concomitant increase in CM fractional shortening. Further analysis revealed a dose-dependent acceleration in time to peak [Ca2+]i and velocity of shortening as well as an acceleration in [Ca2+]i decay and velocity of relengthening. These effects of TRPA1 stimulation were not observed in CMs pre-treated with the TRPA1 antagonist, HC-030031 (10 µmol/L) nor in CMs obtained from TRPA1−/− mice. Moreover, we observed no significant increase in cAMP levels or PKA activity in response to TRPA1 stimulation and the PKA inhibitor peptide (PKI 14–22; 100 nmol/L) failed to have any effect on the TRPA1-mediated increase in CM contractile function. However, TRPA1 stimulation resulted in a rapid phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) (1–5 min) that correlated with increases in CM [Ca2+]i and contractile function. Finally, all aspects of TRPA1-dependent increases in CM [Ca2+]i, contractile function and CaMKII phosphorylation were virtually abolished by the CaMKII inhibitors, KN-93 (10 µmol/L) and autocamtide-2-related peptide (AIP; 20 µmol/L). Conclusions: These novel findings demonstrate that stimulation of TRPA1 ion channels in CMs results in activation of a CaMKII-dependent signaling pathway resulting in modulation of intracellular Ca2+ availability and handling leading to increases in CM contractile function. Cardiac TRPA1 ion channels may represent a novel therapeutic target for increasing the inotropic and lusitropic state of the heart.
Tuberculosis Infection in Pregnant People: Current Practices and Research Priorities

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Women are significantly more likely to develop tuberculosis (TB) disease within the first 90 days after pregnancy than any other time in their lives. Whether pregnancy increases risk of progression from TB infection (TBI) to TB disease is unknown and is an active area of investigation. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology of TB and TBI in pregnancy, TBI diagnostics, and prevalence in pregnancy. We also review TBI treatment and highlight research priorities, such as short-course TB prevention regimens, drug-resistant TB prevention, and additional considerations for safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics that are unique to pregnant and postpartum people.
The Different Photoisomerization Efficiency of Azobenzene in the Lowest nπ* and ππ* Singlets: The Role of a Phantom State

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Azobenzene E<==>Z photoisomerization, following excitation to the bright S(pi pi*) state, is investigated by means of ab initio CASSCF optimizations and perturbative CASPT2 corrections. Specifically, by elucidating the S(pi pi*) deactivation paths, we explain the mechanism responsible for azobenzene photoisomerization, the lower isomerization quantum yields observed for the S(pi pi*) excitation than for the S1(n pi*) excitation in the isolated molecule, and the recovery of the Kasha rule observed in sterically hindered azobenzenes. We find that a doubly excited state is a photoreaction intermediate that plays a very important role in the decay of the bright S(pi pi*). We show that this doubly excited state, which is immediately populated by molecules excited to S(pi pi*), drives the photoisomerization along the torsion path and also induces a fast internal conversion to the S1(n pi*) at a variety of geometries, thus shaping (all the most important features of) the S(pi pi*) decay pathway and photoreactivity. We reach this conclusion by determining the critical structures, the minimum energy paths originating on the bright S(pi pi*) state and on other relevant excited states including S1(n pi*), and by characterizing the conical intersection seams that are important in deciding the photochemical outcome. The model is consistent with the most recent time-resolved spectroscopic and photochemical data.
The Reception of Black American Servicemen in Australia During World War Ii

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The deployment of Black American service personnel in Australia from December 1941 challenged the basic precepts on which Commonwealth legislative and administrative policies were constructed. Commitment to racial homogeneity had, since 1901, demonstrated that bipartisan agreement and cooperation, at the political level, was possible over such a cardinal policy and practice. Certainly, no other issue in Australian politics and society could surmount class, gender, regional, and sectional interests so unanimously as adherence to strict principles of racial exclusiveness. The crisis of imminent invasion and the concomitant dependence and subordination to the United States in the early months of 1942 forged new imperatives and redirected standard approaches and priorities. The Commonwealth government's capitulation to the wider claims and powers of American policy directives starkly illustrates both the flexibility and the endurance of Australian internal procedures. Having been forced to accept the presence of Black GIs, both the Commonwealth and Queensland governments negotiated and established complex, interlinking patterns of segregation to contain this unwanted inclusion in the Allied forces. Aware of Australia's defenselessness and vulnerability, with the Second Australian Imperial Force stationed in the Middle East from 1939 to late 1941, many Australians had initially regarded their Pacific Allies as omnipotent saviors; but the inclusion of Black
Registration-based segmentation of thoracic 4D MRI and respiratory motion model for lung cancer radiotherapy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lung cancer is one of the world’s top killers, responsible for many deaths every year. A common treatment for lung cancer is radiotherapy, which usually requires careful planning prior to the treatment to improve the accuracy of radiotherapy and thus reduce side effects. Four-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (4D-MRI) technique is a promising tool for radiotherapy planning due to its ability to generate high soft-tissue contrast images and capture variation of respiratory motion over multiple breathing cycles without the use of radiation. Automatic 4D registration-based image segmentation can be performed to analyze 4D MR images, which requires a set of semi-automatically segmented images to serve as the initial template for the automatic scheme and the ground truth for validation. The objectives of this study are: firstly, to improve the level of control over the semi-automatic image segmentation process by optimizing active contour evolution parameters; secondly, to improve the registration performance by determining the optimum step size; and thirdly, to model the relative diaphragm position against time for motion prediction as well as to study the effect of tumour on lung motion. Through this study, it was observed that snake evolution based on intensity regions behaved better than that based on image edges. As the two parameters of intensity-regions-based snake tool, namely balloon force and curvature force increase, the stopping iteration right before overshooting of the active contour raises from a minimum of 35 to a maximum of 185, which indicates an increase in level of control during the process. From this study, it was also learned that when the step size of the registration scheme is equal to or more than 2, the performance of the system becomes extremely unstable. The optimum step size was found out to be 1.5, where the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) is the highest, tolerance (TOL) is the lowest, and the stabilizing iteration is small. It was also found out that while simple 1st order sinusoidal model can be utilized to model controlled-breathing relative diaphragm position with R-square values higher than 0.85, 4th order sinusoidal model is optimum for modeling free-breathing data in this study. The effect of tumour on lung motion could be considered insignificant in terms of alteration in respiratory phase and period. The amplitude of lung motion does not show a direct relationship with the size of tumour. This could lead to the hypothesis that the range of motion for lungs is affected by a combination of various factors, including the stage of cancer.
Preparing the Western Pacific Region for the Onset of Large-Scale Community Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to remain a public health emergency of international concern. In the Western Pacific region, the estimates pertaining to the caseload and death rates have shown a big improvement, as the region accounts for 1.8% and 1.3% of the global caseload and deaths worldwide. The available estimates clearly suggest that now the epicenter of the disease has shifted to the European and the American region. However, it will be a wrong assumption to presume that the epidemic is over in the Western Pacific region, and thus it will be a premature decision to be complacent about the outbreak readiness and emergency response action plan. In conclusion, the decline in the number of COVID-19 cases in the Western Pacific region is not a time to relax, as any lacunae on our part will result in a resurgence of the disease. The right approach will be to continue the fight against the disease with the support of individuals, families, societies and the health sector and thus prepare ourselves for a large-scale community transmission.
Ed3054 C. Briggsae Wild Isolate (Nairobi, Kenya) | 2011-04-12T15:12:02+01:00

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This experiment is part of the C.elegans behavioural database. For more information and the complete collection of experiments visit http://movement.openworm.org preview link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuG0KsVHE04 strain : ED3054 timestamp : 2011-04-12T15:12:02+01:00 gene : -N/A- chromosome : -N/A- allele : -N/A- strain_description : C. briggsae Wild Isolate (Nairobi, Kenya) sex : hermaphrodite stage : adult ventral_side : clockwise media : NGM agar low peptone arena : style : petri size : 35 orientation : away food : OP50 habituation : 30m wait who : Laura Grundy protocol : Method in E. Yemini et al. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2560. Worm transferred to arena 30 minutes before recording starts. lab : name : William R Schafer location : MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK software : name : tierpsy (https://github.com/ver228/tierpsy-tracker) version : cbfc23eb4f1ac2f29be75ade7a937eed58a5b219 featureID : @OMG base_name : 507 ED3054 on food L_2011_04_12__15_12_02___7___7 total time (s) : 899.0 frames per second : 30.03 video micrometers per pixel : 4.2072 number of segmented skeletons : 26831
Heart rate variability patterns in ischemic episodes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Presents the results of the study carried out on a group of patients with ischemic episodes by way of the analysis of the heart rate variability (HRV). These results show the existence of determined HRV patterns associated with different types of ischemic episodes, which makes possible the use of this technique for the monitoring of myocardial ischemia. A methodology of heart rate signal processing has been used which is especially indicated for the study of short duration phenomena, such as ischemic episodes.
Karst Risks—Investigation, Design, and Construction with Case Studies from Pennsylvania

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Karst describes a landscape caused by the natural dissolving of soluble bedrock, with features including variable depths to bedrock, settlement, and sinkhole development. Karst impacts civil engineering projects as there is an increased risk for settlement and sinkhole development during and after construction, complicated structure foundation design and installation due to variable rock depth and conditions, issues during construction including differing condition claims, schedule delays, and material overruns because of highly variable subsurface conditions. Enhanced site characterizations and karst-specific design and construction practices can be applied to reduce the impacts and risk from karst features. We present case histories of projects in karst where design and construction considerations were recommended or implemented to reduce the risk of settlement, sinkhole development, and cost overruns. Two case histories are presented from projects in Pennsylvania, including a major regional airport and one of the largest shopping malls in the country.
The prolactin incorporation cycle of the milk secretory cell. An integral component of the prolactin response cycle.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Free accessAbstractFirst published August 1979The prolactin incorporation cycle of the milk secretory cell. An integral component of the prolactin response cycle.J M NolinView all authors and affiliationsVolume 27, Issue 8https://doi.org/10.1177/27.8.479565
Modeling cost overrun in building construction projects using the interpretive structural modeling approach: a developing country perspective

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Purpose Although several studies have been conducted on the causes of cost overrun, they have mainly assumed that the causes of cost overrun are independent of each other, and few of them scrutinized the complex interrelationships between the causes. To fill the gap, this study aims to investigate the mutual interactions between the causes of cost overrun using interpretive structural modeling (ISM) and proposing strategies to tackle the causes considering their interactions. Design/methodology/approach Critical causes of cost overrun were identified through a comprehensive literature review. In total, 22 key causes are then refined based on the opinions of relevant experts involved in the Iranian building and construction sector. Using the nominal group technique, the causes' interactions were examined and represented via the ISM diagram. The causes were also classified using “matrix cross-reference multiplication applied to a classification (MICMAC)” technique. Findings The results showed that price fluctuation, claims, execution delay, delay in payment and change order positioned at the highest level of the obtained model can directly result in cost overrun, and corruption and poor contract management located at the base of the model are two major root causes of cost overruns. It was also concluded that more attention should be paid to the precontract phase of the project to address and prevent corruption and managerial issues deeply rooted in this stage. Originality/value The findings of this study provide a clear understanding of how different causes of cost overrun are related to each other and can ultimately assist project managers of different parties in choosing strategies to mitigate cost overrun in building construction projects.
Performance Evaluation Quality of Service in IoT Applications by Mitigating Hidden Sensor Collision of MAC protocols

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Media Access Control (MAC) protocols are widely used to enhance the adaptive radio duty cycling for distributed and self-organized Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). A significant part of the functionality of MAC protocols is implemented to find out which duty cycling may influence the performance of WSN and Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Therefore, we propose a Markov chain-model to analyze and evaluate the QoS parameters. Our proposed model addresses the effect of a hidden sensors on the network performance through periodically switched off/on the radio cycling covered in MAC layer of IEEE 802.15.4 communication stack. The analytical model provides the estimated values of QoS parameters in terms of delay and throughput. These values describe the synchronized MAC protocols before and after saturates with different sensor density deployment and network parameters in terms of transmission range, time slot frame, and contention windows size. Our analytical, as well as simulation results, show the values of delay and throughput are nearly suitable with low sensor density deployment. Moreover, the proposed model enables the sensor designers to get better understanding of the effect of different hidden sensors on the performance of synchronized MAC protocols and QoS parameters.
Research Progress on the Treatment to Alzheimer's Disease with Panax Notoginseng

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Alzheimer's disease(AD) is one kind of neurodegeneration disorders,which is a main cause to the dementia.Panax notoginseng,one traditional Chinese medicine,which is able to activate blood transforming stasis and enrich blood,has been proved to be effective in AD treatment in clinic and at laboratory.In this article,we summarized recent alien and native papers and reviewed the mechanisms of Parax notoginseng in AD treatment including improving ability of memory and cognition,inhibiting the toxicity of β-amyloid peptide,anti-oxidation,protecting the brain and so on.