jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Potassium Channel KcsA and Its Lipid Environment

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

There is a general lack of atomic resolution data of mobile regions of membrane proteins embedded in lipid bilayers. As an inherently complex system, few techniques can capture information about the mobile portions of an otherwise immobilized protein. The nature of crystallography and solid-state NMR relies on structural rigidity. Solution-state NMR relies on overall mobility of a protein for resolution. In the middle regime, there are few solutions to study these systems. The inward-rectifying, pH-gated potassium channel KcsA from Streptomyces lividans makes an excellent model for the development of methods to study mobile regions of membrane proteins. Of its 160 residues, more than a third are in extracellular do- mains and are not typically captured by solid-state NMR or crystallographic techniques. These pages present evidence that KcsA’s C-terminus is highly mobile and becomes increasingly dynamic when the protein is at low pH and high K+ concen- tration, where the channel is known to be active. By applying proton-detected, high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR (HR-MAS) to fractionally deuterated KcsA, previously unattainable correlations are collected and new resonance assignments are made, demonstrating the utility of the technique. The lipid environment is well known to regulate the function of KcsA in particular and membrane proteins in general. It is generally assumed that reconstituting KcsA into a synthetic phospholipid membranes provides the protein a well-defined environment. Data is presented here which shows that KcsA co-purifies with phosphoglycerol lipids from the E. coli membrane and that these molecules are 13C enriched in the course of isotopically labeling KcsA. Further, significant hydrolysis of both co- purifying and synthetic lipids occurs under ordinary experimental conditions. These findings demand that routine analysis of samples must include verification of the chemical integrity of lipids. Finally, the feasibility of applying dynamic nuclear polarization-enhanced NMR (DNP) to KcsA is investigated as a means of elucidating information about its termini. Although KcsA is known to enhance poorly by DNP, data presented here show that this is not an intrinsic property of the protein but rather an effect of the matrix in which KcsA is investigated. The use of a 15N-enriched free amino acid dissolved into buffers used for DNP is shown to be a powerful diagnostic internal standard.
Health inequities and research gaps for bladder cancer in the United States: A scoping review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction/Objectives: Bladder cancer is a significant health issue in the United States, with over 83,000 new cases and nearly 17,000 deaths annually. The survival rate varies widely, with a 5-year relative survival rate of 78%, dependent on factors like disease stage at diagnosis. Despite established risk factors, health inequities persist, disproportionately affecting marginalized populations. Although health inequities research has grown, healthcare access remains inequitable, with race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status serving as key determinants of health outcomes. This scoping review seeks to examine gaps in health inequity research for bladder cancer.
DETERMINATION OF PATHOGENIC FUNGI CAUSING ROOT ROT DISEASE IN COTTON CULTIVATED AREAS OF TURKEY AND STUDYING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FUNGICIDES AGAINST THEM

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This experiment was carried out in 2021 in order to study the prevalence levels of fungal pathogens that cause root rot disease in Soke district of Aydin province, which is the leading cotton producer in the Republic of Turkey, and to determine the effectiveness of some biological and chemical preparations against these pathogens in field climate conditions. Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium spp. Pythium spp. and pathogens such as Macrophomina phaseolina were isolated. When the distribution of the isolated pathogens was studied in the region, Rhizoctonia solani was detected in all sampled fields and it was noted that it was the most common pathogen with a 100% result. 3 biological and 2 chemical preparations were tested against these pathogens under field conditions and the highest efficacy was Rizolex-T (75.17%), Dynasty CST (68.21%), Subtilex Foliar (64.22%), T-22 Planter Box + ERS (61.56 %) and T-22 Planter Box (60.71%) variants.
On a degenerate elliptic problem arising in the least action principle for Rayleigh–Taylor subsolutions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We address a degenerate elliptic variational problem arising in the application of the least action principle to averaged solutions of the inhomogeneous Euler equations in the Boussinesq approximation emanating from the horizontally flat Rayleigh–Taylor configuration. We give a detailed derivation of the functional starting from the differential inclusion associated with the Euler equations, i.e. the notion of an averaged solution is that of a subsolution in the context of convex integration, and illustrate how it is linked to the generalized least action principle introduced by Brenier [J. Amer. Math. Soc. 2 (1989), 225–255; in: New trends and results in mathematical description of fluid flows (2018), 53–75]. Concerning the investigation of the functional itself, we use a regular approximation in order to show the existence of a minimizer enjoying partial regularity, as well as other properties important for the construction of actual Euler solutions induced by the minimizer. Furthermore, we discuss to what extent such an application of the least action principle to subsolutions can serve as a selection criterion.
Knowledge-Based Atomic Polarizabilities Used to Model Circular Dichroism Spectra of Proteins

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We present a model of circular dichroism for proteins, which is mainly based on both the classical theory of optical activity and a series of effective atomic polarizabilities. Such polarizabilities are extracted from the analysis of a set of synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectra and their corresponding three-dimensional structures from the Protein Data Bank. Each modeled spectrum is obtained from the protein atomic coordinates and the identification of its secondary structure elements. The resulting spectra are in good agreement with additional experimental data and also with the predictions of some other models. Among them, only our approach is able to describe the effect of d-amino acids. Moreover, our model is also utilized to evaluate protein reconstructions as well as structural changes.
Structure of a complex of midaflur (a central nervous system depressant) and dimethyl sulfoxide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A structural study on a complex of midaflur [4amino-2,2,5,5-tetrakis(trifluoromethyl)-3-imidazoline] (CTH3F12N3) and dimethyl sulfoxide (C2H605) has been carried out by X-ray diffraction. The crystals (M r = 435.15) belong to the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 11.977 (3), b = 16.527 (3), c = 17.211 (3) A, fl = 108.44 (1) °, Pc = 1.776 Mg m -3 and Z = 8;/~(Mo Ka) = 0.3447 mm -t. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by least-squares techniques to a final residual of 0.075 for 2936 independent reflections. The S atom in the dimethyl sulfoxide molecule is disordered. The plane of the imidazole ring is an approximate mirror. The hydrogen-bonding scheme involves both N H . . . O and N H . . . N hydrogen bonds.
Mann’s View of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy in Times of War and Peace

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay examines Thomas Mann’s views of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy. Mann’s acquaintance with Russian literature, which he read in German translation, began in his early youth, facilitated by the increasing translation of nineteenth-century Russian literature into German in the 1880s (by Wilhelm Wolfson, Friedrich Bodenstedt et al.). Russian literature always remained an important theme for Mann’s own philosophical writing: he wrote three essays on Tolstoy (1922, 1928, 1939), one on Dostoevsky (1945), and a third on Chekhov (1954). While living in the United States during World War II, Mann worked on his major novel Doctor Faustus (1943–47). In 1949, this process found its reflection in his essay The Story of a Novel: The Genesis of ‘Doctor Faustus’ (1949). My chapter draws on both works to demonstrate Mann’s understanding of the values of nineteenth-century Russian literature, and to identify parallels between the storyline of Adrian Leverkühn’s renunciation of God, Germany’s fall to the power of Nazis and the final catastrophe (reflected in The Story of a Novel), and the revival of Mann’s own interest in Dostoevsky and rereading of his texts.
Functional nanomaterials based immunological detection of aflatoxin B1: a review

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1 ) is highly carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Accordingly, sensitive, rapid and cost-effective techniques for detection of AFB 1 is in urgent demand for food safety and the health of consumers. In this review, we report the current state of immunoassay formats and development, mainly based on nanomaterials for determination of AFB 1 . Following an introduction of the field, the microplate-, membrane- and microelectrode-based immunoassays are described. The relevant mechanisms, sensitivities, superiorities and deficiencies of each format are discussed. Finally, perspectives on the future development of nanomaterials-based immunoassays for AFB 1 are provided.
An Integrated Spatial Fuzzy‐Based Site Suitability Assessment Framework for Agricultural BMP Placement

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Assigning crisp class boundaries to landscape features can result in the loss of vital information for land evaluation objectives, especially when these boundaries lack clear definitions. This challenge becomes particularly pronounced when land suitability is assessed for implementing agricultural best management practices (BMPs)—conservation measures aimed at reducing the environmental risks of farming activities to aquatic ecosystems while simultaneously achieving water quality and economic objectives. To address the limitations associated with Boolean suitability assessment frameworks, we have introduced an integrated spatial, fuzzy‐based land evaluation framework that considers a range of hydrological and economic determinants for BMP placement. By employing data‐driven fuzzy membership functions and overlay operators, this framework generates a joint suitability index for BMP placement across agricultural watersheds. The application of the proposed framework to the Thames River Watershed in southwestern Ontario, Canada, produced the first joint suitability index of the watershed. Further analysis of the average farm‐level joint suitability scores identified statistically significant clusters of highly suitable and unsuitable lands for BMP placement, with 85% of highly suitable lands being situated in the upper basin areas. The proposed framework is adaptable to various agricultural production geographies, especially in data‐limited environments, allowing for strategic BMP placement to mitigate the global impacts of anthropogenic nutrient loadings on aquatic ecosystems. For optimal results, context‐specific applications should prioritize research on locally relevant fuzzy membership functions and BMP implementation drivers.
[The effect of electrostatic intermolecular interactions on Brownian rotation of proteins in solution].

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A qualitative model that takes into account the influence of electrostatic interactions on the form of correlation function of Brownian rotation of a protein as a whole is given. It is supposed that these interactions give rise to anisotropy of Brownian rotation and this leads to the nonexponentiality of the correlation function. To define experimentally the form of the correlation function nonselective measurements of relaxation times T1 and T2 of protein protons at different resonance frequencies in lysozyme solution were carried out. Literature data on frequency dependencies of relaxation time T1 of water in protein solutions were analysed. Analysis of experiments confirms the proposed model. Correlation times, activation energies and parameters of anisotropy were found.
BACTERIAL CONTAMINATION IN FOODS SOLD BY STREET VENDORS AROUND CHOW KIT AREA

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Objective : Consumption of roadside food potentially increases the risk of foodborne diseases caused by pathogens. This study was carried out to determine the level of bacterial contamination in food sold by street vendors around Chow Kit area and its association with the vendor’s level of cleanliness. Method : A total of 30 food samples were analyzed to determine the total viable count, total coliform, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus counts, and presence of Salmonella sp. by using standard plate count method. Inspection of vendors’ premise cleanliness were done based on the food premise inspection form used by the Ministry of Health with slight modifications. Result: About 87% of the samples showed presence of aerobic microorganisms’ contamination with a mean total viable count of 4.07±0.63 Log CFU/g. There were 43% of the samples that showed presence of total coliform with an average of 4.19±0.89 Log CFU/g. Meanwhile, only two samples were found to be E. coli positive. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 33% of samples with an average of 3.88±0.86 Log CFU/g in the food. No Salmonella were found in all of the samples. The total viable count readings were found to be in compliance with the guideline set by International Microbiological Specifications on Foods (ICMSF) although total coliform, E. coli and S. aureus exceeded this guideline. There was a weak correlation between the levels of bacterial contamination with the vendor’s level of cleanliness. Conclusion : This study suggests that more food safety education for the food handlers and provision of the sanitary facilities at vending sites are needed to maximize the safety of the street food thus protecting the consumers from possible foodborne illnesses.
Appreciation and life satisfaction: does appreciation uniquely predict life satisfaction above gender, coping skills, self-esteem, and positive affectivity?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The primary purpose of this research was to examine whether appreciation explains variance in life satisfaction after controlling for gender, positive affectivity, self-esteem, and coping skills. . Two hundred ninety-eight undergraduates went to the informed consent page of the online survey composed of the Appreciation Scale, the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS), The Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (RSE), and part of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire. Of these, 267 completed the survey, which after screening yielded a usable N of 247. A number of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess the contributions of each variable to life satisfaction. When controlling for gender, positive affectivity, self-esteem, and coping skills, appreciation still made a significant contribution (p = .004) to life satisfaction (i.e. over-and-above the contribution of the others). Self-esteem also made a significant contribution to life satisfaction, which remained significant, albeit smaller, even when the other variables (including appreciation) were controlled. However, coping skills failed to make a significant contribution to life satisfaction when controlling for the other variables. This was mostly due to its correlation with positive affectivity, so that when positive affectivity was partialled out, the contribution of coping was not significant. These findings highlight the importance of appreciation in understanding life satisfaction and well-being in general, and build on previous research in the area of positive psychology. The findings also highlight the importance of controlling for positive affectivity when assessing contributions of other constructs to life satisfaction. Limitations of the study, such as the nature of the sample and the correlational design, are discussed. Implications for clinical interventions (e.g. appreciation lists) and applications for schools (e.g. integrating concepts of appreciation into social-emotional curricula) are discussed. Implications for future research such as examining the effect of appreciation interventions in the geriatric population, or the effects of parents modeling/teaching appreciativeness to their children are discussed.
Establishing a Filipino mother tongue program in Reykjavík : an action research project

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Numerous studies verify the importance of bilingual children’s mother tongue in their overall development. This research project investigates the establishment of an efficient mother tongue program for Filipinos in Reykjavík, Iceland, which began in spring, 2011 only to stop for a year and recommence in autumn 2012. Philippine-born immigrants made up the largest Asian minority group in Iceland in early 2012, which signifies a huge target group for the program. The study briefly examines: the language environment of Icelandic children who have Filipino immigrant parents, parents’ views on their children’s bilingualism, teacher’s views on the mother tongue program; and organizational strategies for confronting the subsequent challenges and looking into the courses of action within the organization and implementation processes. It came to light that about 80% of the students were Filipino language beginners with Icelandic as their mother tongue, thus teaching Filipino as a second language came to be more appropriate for most students. As a consequence, additional network of Filipino teachers was needed. Incidentally, motivating and educating parents about the importance of their mother tongue also appeared to be essential. Therefore based on the complexity of these circumstances, it became better to formally establish the Filipino Mother Tongue Organization, “Inangwika: Filippseyskt móðurmálsfélagið” to accomplish necessary actions for this target group.
Statewide distribution and seasonal variation of the fish pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila in lotic systems of Indiana

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The six major drainage basins of Indiana were sampled for Aeromonas hydrophila. Daring the summer of 1979 a statewide mean of 53 colony forming units (W u) per ml with a range of 0-383 was obtained using membrane filter techniques and Rimler-Shotts differential media. Density values were correlated with the following physico-chemical water quality parameters: temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity. Temperature showed the highest significant correlation when regressed with Gru, accounting for 25% of the variation during the statewide survey. Four sites on the White River, Delaware County, Indiana, were sampled biweekly, in the same manner as the statewide surrey, for cne year to determine seasonal variatic± in A:. hydrophila densities. The mean varied from a low of 2 CFC ml-1 in the winter months , a summer high in July of 205 CFU ml-1. No significant correlations could be found between CFU and water quality parameters during summer months. Antibiotic sensitivities were performed on 112 environmental isolates. All were resistant to ampicillin and carbenicillin and all but seven were resistant to cephalothin.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306
Pseudostrain representation of multipass excavations in salt

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Historically, creep closure of excavations in salt have been framed in terms of displacements. However, it appears possible because of the relatively homogeneous nature of salt to introduce a pseudostrain representation, which calls attention to the fact that the displacements are related directly to the strains in the material around the opening. Application of this representation to extensive early-time closure data illustrates the nature of salt response. This paper presents a description of the experimental rooms and explains how early-time mining sequence data were obtained during the multipass excavation. Representative mining sequence displacement data for various size openings are compared and analyzed in terms of pseudostrains. In addition, numerical calculations with a simple back-fitted model of creep are presented. Implications of the results are discussed in the conclusions. 8 refs., 8 figs.
Shadows of trans-planckian physics on cosmology and the role of the zero-point energy density

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We consider the role of the zero-point energy of a quantum field in cosmology and show that the flow of trans-planckian momenta due to redshift acts as a source for this energy, regularized with a cut-off Lambda in physical momenta. In order to fulfill Bianchi identity, we generalize Einstein equations, and discuss the corresponding Friedmann homogeneous and isotropic models. In case of a de Sitter phase, such as during inflation, the solution shows a logarithmic behaviour of the Hubble parameter, and a primordial spectrum of scalar perturbations characterized by the spectral index ns= 1- Lambda2/(3 pi mP2) with mP the Planck mass. We also discuss possible implications of the scenario on late accelerating stage of the Universe at small redshifts, and the emergence of a fluid characterized by an equation of state w=P/rho= -1+ Lambda2/(9 pi mP2). Primordial perturbation spectrum and dark energy parameter w are thus, predicted to be connected by the simple relation w=-(2+ns)/3.
European armies and limited war

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since the industrialisation of Europe in the late nineteenth century, European armies have been able to trade firepower for manpower. The mass production of repeating weapons has made the battlefield more lethal, but it has also required fewer men proportionately to do the killing. As weapons have improved in quality, so they have reinforced the case against manpower in quantity. Technology was (and still can be) a force-multiplier.
The Interdisciplinarity of Military Studies: A Sociological Perspective and South African Application

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT The study of the military by social scientists became increasingly interdisciplinary after WWII. The interrelationship between the military and society and the uniqueness thereof, derived from its roles, functions and structures, were debated from different perspectives. Institutional changes occurred over time and one of the first attempts at theorising these changes has been by sociologist Charles Moskos (2000: 15) who categorised changing trends into three historical periods, the modern, the late-modern and the postmodern. This sociological typology or model is an ideal-typical development construct of transformation and civil–military relations. A list of force variables in each period depicts armed force characteristics as changing to adapt to trends in civil–military relations, which can be applied to explain relevant military issues and changes in the South African National Defence Force since the 1990s. The relationship between the postmodern SANDF and society is explained by referring to democratic civil control of the military, human security and humanitarian peacekeeping. Keywords: Charles Moskoscivil–military relationsmilitary studiesSouth African National Defence Forcesociological typology