jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy among Chinese women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy (RRSO) is recommended for women at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer. We launched a prospective study of women receiving RRSO, including those with mutations in genes beyond BRCA1/2. Patients and methods 80 women were enrolled for RRSO with sectioning and extensively examining the fimbriae (SEE-FIM) protocol between October 2016 and June 2022. The majority of participants had inherited susceptibility gene mutations or a family history suggesting ovarian cancer risk, while patients with isolated metastatic high-grade serous cancer of unknown origin were also included. Results Overall, two patients had isolated metastatic high-grade serous cancer with unknown origin, and four patients had family histories but refused to take genetic tests. The rest 74 patients harbored deleterious susceptible gene, including 43 (58.1%) with BRCA1 mutation, and 26 (35.1%) with BRCA2 mutation, respectively. Other mutated genes included ATM (1), BRIP1(1), PALB2(1), MLH1(1) and TP53 (1) in each patient. Among the 74 mutation carriers, three (4.1%) cancers were recognized, one (1.4%) was found to have serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC), and five patients (6.8%) was diagnosed with serous tubal intraepithelial lesions (STILs). P53 signature was recognized in 24 patients (32.4%). For other genes, MLH1 mutation carrier had endometrial atypical hyperplasia and p53 signature in fallopian tubes. The germline TP53 mutation carrier had STIC in the surgical specimens. Evidence for precursor escape was also recognized in our cohort. Conclusion Our study demonstrated clinic-pathological findings of patients at increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer, and expand the clinical application of SEE-FIM protocol.
Radula jonesii spec. nov.(Hepaticae), a new species from Tenerife

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Radula jonesii, a new species from Tenerife (Spain, Canary Islands) is characterised by paroecious gametoecia; the arched bases of the leaf lobes never crossing the stem; uniformly thin-walled leaf cells; long, cylindrical perianth with lobed mouth; stem cells fairly homogeneous, in cross-section with heavily thickened, trigonous walls.
APPLICATION OF INQUIRY BASED LEARNING MODEL USING STEM APPROACH TO REDUCE STUDENTS' INTRINSIC COGNITIVE LOAD

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study is an experimental research using a quasi-experimental design with the type of non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest. This research aims to reduce Intrinsic Cognitive Load (ICL) through Inquiry Based Learning (IBL) model based STEM approach. This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Seputih Banyak with the research subjects of class X IPA 1 students and X IPA 4. An data Intrinsic Cognitive Load obtained from essay the pretest-posttest (Task Complexity worksheet). Cognitive load test data analysis was performed using the data normality test, N-gain test and hypothesis test using the Paired Sample T-Test. The experimental class implements the Inquiry Based Learning model based audio and visual using STEM approach while the control class is nonaudio and visual. The results showed by the average value of N-Gain Intrinsic Cognitive Load (ICL) in the experimental class was 0.63 with the moderate category and the control class was 0.18 with the low category. Based on data analysis, can be concluded that there is a positive influence in the form of a decrease in the cognitive load Intrinsic Cognitive Load (ICL) in the experimental class using the Inquiry Based Learning model plus an audio and visual based STEM approach.
Regulation and Function of Neuronal Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Lung Cancer: A Dissertation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The main risk factor associated with lung cancer is cigarette smoking. Research through the years suggests that nicotine in cigarettes promotes lung cancer by activating signaling pathways that lead to cell proliferation, cell survival, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Nicotine’s cellular actions are mediated by its cognate receptors, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Here, I describe the expression levels of all known human nAChR subunit genes in both normal and lung cancer cells. Of note, the genes encoding the α5, α3, and β4 subunits (CHRNA5/A3/B4) are over-expressed in small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), the most aggressive form of lung cancer. This over-expression is regulated by ASCL1, a transcription factor important in normal lung development and lung carcinogenesis. The CHRNA5/A3/B4 locus has recently been the focus of a series of genetic studies showing that polymorphisms in this region confer risk for both nicotine dependence and lung cancer. I show that CHRNA5/A3/B4 depletion results in decreased SCLC cell viability. Furthermore, while nicotine promotes SCLC cell viability and tumor growth, blockade of α3β4 nAChRs inhibits SCLC cell viability. These results suggest that increased expression and function of nAChRs, specifically the α3β4α5 subtype, potentiate the effects of nicotine in SCLC. This dual hit from the carcinogens in tobacco and the cancer-promoting effects of nicotine, may provide a possible mechanism for the increased aggressiveness of SCLC. In addition, nAChRs can be activated by the endogenous ligand,
Language Awareness in Community Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter notes that community-based research is at the core of sociolinguistics. Practically, all sociolinguistic researchers work with speech communities of some type. The awareness of regional and social place is hierarchical in that people identify strongly with their local neighborhood, their immediate community of residency, and the regional areas and the state in which their community is located. There are many levels of local, regional, and cultural affiliations that might be included in the definition of speech community, and sociolinguistic researchers may have opportunities to work with communities on the multiple levels of these embedded and hierarchical notions of community.
Capturing and Analyzing Network Traffic from Common Mobile Devices for Security and Privacy

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Mobile devices such as tablets and smartphones are becoming more common, and they are holding more information. This includes private information such as contacts, financial data, and passwords. At the same time these devices have network capability with access to the Internet being a prime feature. Little research has been done in observing the network traffic produced by these mobile devices. To determine if private information was being transmitted without user knowledge, the mobile capture lab and a set of procedures have been created to observe, capture and analyze the network traffic produced by mobile devices. The effectiveness of the lab and procedures has been evaluated with the analysis of four common mobile devices. The data analyzed from the case studies indicates that, contrary to popular opinion, very little private information is transmitted in clear text by mobile devices without the user’s knowledge.
The root-knot nematode: importance and impact on coffee in Brazil.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Coffee (Coffea spp.) is a crop of significant importance for Brazilian agribusiness, which in 2019 generated a gross revenue of US$3.73 billion. As a perennial crop, coffee stays in the field for many years, subjected to nematode parasitism from the seedling stage throughout the economic life of the plantation. In Brazil, it is a challenge for growers to produce coffee in the presence of the root-knot nematodes (RKN). Meloidogyne paranaensis and M. incognita are the most destructive species and their spread has expanded in recent years. This chapter discusses the economic importance, geographical distribution, host range, damage symptoms, biology and life cycle, interactions with other nematodes and pathogens, recommended integrated management, and management optimization of Meloidogyne paranaensis and M. incognita infesting coffee in Brazil.
Household Income Histories and Child Mental Health Trajectories

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although it is widely accepted that low household income is associated with worse child mental health, less is known about whether income histories, often differentiated into stable and dynamic components, also matter. Using longitudinal data from the Child Supplement of the National Longitudinal Study of Youth, comprising the repeated measures of children ages 4 to 14 from 1986 to 1998 inclusive, I estimate generalized linear mixed models to evaluate the influence of household income histories on child depression and antisocial behavior over time. Results indicate that, at initial interview, low household income is associated with higher levels of depression and antisocial behavior; subsequent improvements in household income reduce child mental health problems. Further, the effect of initial household income on the rate of change in child depression attenuates as children grow older, whereas for antisocial behavior the effect of initial household income becomes stronger over time. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the ways in which children are influenced by their families' income histories.
Insulin induces translocation of the alpha 2 and beta 1 subunits of the Na+/K(+)-ATPase from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane in mammalian skeletal muscle.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Unlike glucose transport, where translocation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) from an intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane is the principal mechanism underlying insulin stimulation, no consensus exists presently for the mechanism by which insulin activates the Na+/K(+)-ATPase. We have investigated (i) the subunit isoforms expressed and (ii) the effect of insulin on the subcellular distribution of the alpha beta isoforms of the Na+/K(+)-ATPase in plasma membranes (PM) and internal membranes (IM) from rat skeletal muscle. Western blot analysis, using isoform-specific antibodies to the various subunits of the Na+/K(+)-ATPase, revealed that skeletal muscle PM contains the alpha 1 and alpha 2 catalytic subunits and the beta 1 and beta 2 subunits of the Na+ pump. Skeletal muscle IM were enriched in alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2; alpha 1 was barely detectable in this fraction. After insulin treatment, alpha 2 content in the PM increased, with a parallel decrease in its abundance in the IM pool; insulin did not have any effect on alpha 1 isoform amount or subcellular distribution. The beta 1 subunit, but not beta 2, was also elevated in the PM after insulin treatment, but this increase originated from a sucrose gradient fraction different from that of the alpha 2 subunit. Our findings suggest that insulin induces an isoform-specific translocation of Na+ pump subunits from different intracellular sources to the PM and that the hormone-responsive enzyme in rat skeletal muscle is an alpha 2:beta 1 dimer.
Radiofrequency Heating

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Radiofrequency (RF) heating with superior properties, like high energy efficiency due to volumetric heating, lower processing time, and greater energy saving has emerged as a potential alternative to the conventional method. RF technology has proven to process food materials with improved physical, chemical, and sensory properties, offering multiple applications in food processing. However, so far, the application of RF heating to the food industries is limited due to non-uniform temperature distribution and the complexity of food composition. Its use is restricted to lab-scale research and needs more systematic comprehensive research on a pilot scale and commercial scale. The application of computer simulation on the improvement of design for scale-up operations is an emerging area. Furthermore, health hazards arising out of the use of high-frequency radio waves during operations are the major concerns for the adoption of this technology. This chapter discusses the principle and mechanism of RF heating, application areas in food processing and preservation, technological constraints and associated safety hazards, commercialization aspects, and future scope of the technology.
Christian Democracy and the Paradoxes of Europeanization

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Europeanization is seen as a two-way interaction between developments at European Union (EU) and national levels. Applied to the European People's Party (EPP), it is discussed with reference to ideological/programmatic and organizational changes. Ideologically, EPP has kept its perennial federalism, but on the left/right axis, has shifted towards liberal economics at the expense of traditional Christian Democrat values. Organizationally, this shift has been complemented by moves to incorporate liberal-conservative parties, especially in areas where Christian democracy has been historically weak, including EU candidate states. This flexible approach has nevertheless encountered limits and also created tension between purists and realists concerned with number rather than quality. Europeanization appears as a dynamic, unruly and sometimes contradictory process.
Unraveling the killing mechanism of complement’s Membrane Attack Complex.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The host’s innate immune system forms the first line of defense against invading microbes. Of major importance in innate immunity is the complement system which consists of plasma proteins to eliminate potential pathogens. Assembly of complement’s Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) lyses bacteria through pore-formation in the bacterial membrane. Despite the fact that the MAC has been extensively studied, the exact killing mechanism of Gram-negative bacteria remains uninvestigated. This writing assignment focuses on approaches and methods to study killing mechanisms of other pore-forming complexes and to distinguish between outer and inner membrane disruption of Gram-negative bacteria. Several approaches are highlighted which may be useful to unravel the exact killing mechanisms of the MAC on Gram-negative bacteria.
PRODUCT SPECIFICITY AND INHIBITION OF PROTEIN N-TERMINAL METHYLTRANSFERASE 1/2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Protein N-terminal methyltransferases (NTMTs) are a family of enzymes that methylate the α-N-terminus of a variety of protein substrates. Both NTMT1 and NTMT2 recognize a unique N-terminal X-P-K/R motif (X represents any amino acid other than D/E) to install 1-3 methyl group(s) on the substrates. NTMT1 plays important roles in mitosis regulation, chromatin interactions, and DNA damage repair. Another member NTMT2 shares ~50% sequence similarity and the same substrate recognition motif although NTMT2 was initially characterized as a mono-methyltransferase. To understand the molecular mechanism of NTMT2, we obtained the first co-crystal structure of NTMT2 in complex with its peptide substrate. After an extensive investigation of substrate recognition and methylated products of NTMT1/2, we found out that NTMT2 can fully methylate G/P-PKRIA peptides despite a predominant mono-methyltransferase. Moreover, we identified a gatekeeper N89 in NTMT2 that controls the substrate entry and the product specificity of NTMT2.To elucidate the biological functions of NTMT1/2-catalyzed N-terminal methylation, we applied two different strategies to discover cell-potent inhibitors. Guided by the co-crystal structures of NTMT1 in complex with previously reported inhibitors, we designed and synthesized a series of new peptidomimetic inhibitors. By introducing more hydrophobic groups, the most cell-potent peptidomimetic inhibitor GD562 (IC50 = 0.93 ± 0.04 µM) exhibited over 2-fold increased inhibition on cellular N-terminal methylation levels with an IC50 value of ~50 µM compared to previously reported peptidomimetic inhibitor DC541. Meanwhile, we also discovered the first potent small molecule inhibitor Genz-682452 (IC50 = 0.5 ± 0.04 µM) after screening ~58,000 compounds. Subsequent structural modifications led to the discovery of GD433 (IC50 = 27 ± 0.5 nM) with a 20-fold increased potency compared to the initial hit Genz-682452. Inhibition mechanism indicated both inhibitors bind to peptide-binding pocket and co-crystal structures of both Genz-682452 and GD433 with NTMT1 confirmed their binding modes. Furthermore, GD433 shows over 7-fold selectivity over other major 40 protein methyltransferases and DNA methyltransferase and exhibits improved selectivity for NTMT1 over glucosylceramide synthase (GCS). GD433 significantly decreases the cellular N-terminal methylation level of NTMT1 substrates RCC1 and SET at 10 nM in both HEK293 and HCT116 cells, providing a valuable probe for cell-based studies in the future.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MUSCLE STRENGTHENING EXERCISES ON REDUCING LOW BACK PAIN AMONG POST-MENOPAUSAL WOMEN IN SELECTED URBAN AREAS OF DHARAPURAM

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Back pain is described by the duration of the symptoms. Acute low back pain lasts less than 6 weeks and sub acute low back pain lasts 6 to 12 weeks. An evaluative approach was adopted for this study. The research design was a pre-experimental group pre-test post-test design. The target population was post-menopausal women. This study was conducted in Nanchhiyampalayam, Dharapuram. Nanchiyampalyam is an urban area which is 3kms away from Dharapuram. Samples were Post Menopausal Women between age group of 44-55 years. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the samples for the study. In post-test 210(70%) had minimal low back pain, 90 (30 %) had moderate low back pain, none of them had severe low back pain, crippled low back pain, and none of them had bedbound. Muscle strengthening exercises can be effective in reducing low back pain among post-menopausal women. Research has shown that regular exercise, including exercises that target the muscles in the back and core, can help improve strength, flexibility, and posture, which in turn can alleviate low back pain.
Changes of Groundwater Level due to the 1999 Chi-Chi Earthquake in the Choshui River Alluvial Fan in Taiwan

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Changes of groundwater levels induced by the M L 7.3 Chi-Chi earthquake on 21 September 1999 were recorded at 157 out of 179 monitoring wells in the Choshui River alluvial fan.Of those, 67 observed large groundwater-level changes, ranging from 1.0 to 11.1 m.These 157 wells are clustered at 64 stations located approximately 2 to 50 km west of the north-south-trending Chelungpu fault.Both oscillatory and steplike changes of water level were observed on the analog records at the time of earthquake, while only steplike changes were observed on the hourly digital records.Coseismic changes of groundwater level were recorded not only in the confined aquifers but also in the partially confined aquifers and the unconfined aquifers.The recovery of water-level changes took minutes to months, depending primarily on hydrogeologic conditions of the confining layers.The sign and magnitude of coseismic water-level change at a well varied with its distance from the fault.The distribution of coseismic water-level changes induced by the Chi-Chi earthquake indicates that water-level rise predominated in most of the footwall area, whereas water-level fall prevailed in a narrow zone adjacent to the fault trace.
Development and feasibility testing of the Pediatric Emergency Discharge Interaction Coding Scheme

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Discharge communication is an important aspect of high‐quality emergency care. This study addresses the gap in knowledge on how to describe discharge communication in a paediatric emergency department ( ED ). Objective The objective of this feasibility study was to develop and test a coding scheme to characterize discharge communication between health‐care providers ( HCP s) and caregivers who visit the ED with their children. Design The Pediatric Emergency Discharge Interaction Coding Scheme ( PEDICS ) and coding manual were developed following a review of the literature and an iterative refinement process involving HCP observations, inter‐rater assessments and team consensus. Setting and participants The coding scheme was pilot‐tested through observations of HCP s across a range of shifts in one urban paediatric ED . Main variables studied Overall, 329 patient observations were carried out across 50 observational shifts. Inter‐rater reliability was evaluated in 16% of the observations. The final version of the PEDICS contained 41 communication elements. Results Kappa scores were greater than .60 for the majority of communication elements. The most frequently observed communication elements were under the Introduction node and the least frequently observed were under the Social Concerns node. HCP s initiated the majority of the communication. Conclusion Pediatric Emergency Discharge Interaction Coding Scheme addresses an important gap in the discharge communication literature. The tool is useful for mapping patterns of discharge communication between HCP s and caregivers. Results from our pilot test identified deficits in specific areas of discharge communication that could impact adherence to discharge instructions. The PEDICS would benefit from further testing with a different sample of HCP s.
First results of a clinical pilot study on intraarterial chemotherapy with haemofiltration of locally advanced gastrointestinal cancers.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intra-arterial chemotherapy combined with haemofiltration enables the administration of drugs to confined neoplastic tissue while limiting the systemic drug exposure. During the procedure, the cytotoxic drugs are injected into the arterial supply of the tumour and the venous blood coming from the tumour bed is pumped out and filtered trough haemofiltration unit in order to extract the cytotoxic drug not fixed on the tumour. The patients selected for such treatment failed previous intravenous chemotherapy. Thirteen patients underwent intra-arterial chemotherapy injections combined with haemofiltration procedures: 8 unresectable liver metastases from colorectal cancer and 5 pelvic recurrences from rectal cancer. Fluorouracil, mitomycin C and doxorubicin were infused. One out of thirteen patients presented a complete regression of his liver metastases, 5/13 presented a partial regression, 2/13 patients did not show any significant modification of the size of their lesions and were classified as stable disease, 5/13 patients showed a progression of their neoplastic disease. No nephrotoxicity or major gastrointestinal side effects were observed. Intra-arterial chemotherapy combined with haemofiltration procedure is a therapeutic modality that could be considered in patients with locally advanced cancer who failed previous first line intravenous chemotherapy.