jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Rosaceous Contrabate

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Adaptable microorganisms instigate problems in clinical settings when they are pathogenic in nature. To neutralize these organisms, antibiotics are used; however, pathogenic microbes have developed resistance to them. The most effective way to negate antibiotic resistance is to produce new antibiotics; yet, the discovery of new antibiotics has been dwindling. To combat this issue, the Tiny Earth Network has partnered with researchers, educators, and students to provide a learning opportunity. Students screen microbes from soil samples to determine if any have antimicrobial properties. If a microorganism shows promise, it is further studied to assess its potential as a new antibiotic. This is how the Gram-negative bacillus-shaped microbe currently named Rosaceous Contrabate was discovered.
“Wooden walls,” when first applied to English ships of war

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article “Wooden walls,” when first applied to English ships of war Get access W. W. W. W. 1Malta Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s2-III, Issue 71, 9 May 1857, Page 368, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s2-III.71.368b Published: 09 May 1857
Rhythm in speech and animal vocalizations: a cross‐species perspective

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Why does human speech have rhythm? As we cannot travel back in time to witness how speech developed its rhythmic properties and why humans have the cognitive skills to process them, we rely on alternative methods to find out. One powerful tool is the comparative approach: studying the presence or absence of cognitive/behavioral traits in other species to determine which traits are shared between species and which are recent human inventions. Vocalizations of many species exhibit temporal structure, but little is known about how these rhythmic structures evolved, are perceived and produced, their biological and developmental bases, and communicative functions. We review the literature on rhythm in speech and animal vocalizations as a first step toward understanding similarities and differences across species. We extend this review to quantitative techniques that are useful for computing rhythmic structure in acoustic sequences and hence facilitate cross‐species research. We report links between vocal perception and motor coordination and the differentiation of rhythm based on hierarchical temporal structure. While still far from a complete cross‐species perspective of speech rhythm, our review puts some pieces of the puzzle together.
Assessment of power weeder efficiency using diverse blade mechanisms in inter-row weeding

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Weeding is one of the most labour-intensive and time-consuming tasks in agriculture. Weeds are essentially unwanted plants that compete with crops for light, moisture, and nutrients, thereby reducing overall yield. Among various weeding methods, mechanical weed control is favoured due to its timeliness, safety, reduced physical effort, and cost-effectiveness. This study utilized a self-propelled machine powered by a 5.76 hp, 4-stroke single-cylinder diesel engine. Three sets of blades-rotary, non-rotary and a combination of both, with multiple adjustment options-were developed and fabricated to perform the weeding operations. The weeding operations were carried out in an inter-row mode where crop spacing was less than or equal to 750 mm for dry land crops. Results showed that the combined blade achieved greater depth and weeding efficiency, whereas the rotary blade performed the lowest in these aspects. The effective field capacity was found to be highest for the non-rotary blade and lowest for the combined blade. Field efficiency was higher with the combined blade, while it was lowest for the non-rotary blade. Fuel consumption, cost of operation, and man-hours per hectare were highest for the combined blade and lowest for the rotary blade. The maximum performance index was found for the rotary blade and lowest for the combined blade. One-way ANOVA analysis indicated that the blade mechanism had a significant effect on inter-row weeding parameters such as depth, field efficiency, fuel consumption, plant damage factor, cost of operation, man-hours per hectare, and performance index, with significant differences observed at p
“The Unnatural History and Petticoat Mystery of Boulton and Park”: A Victorian Sex Scandal and the Theatre Defense

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The 1870–71 tabloid trial of cross-dressers Ernest Boulton and Frederick Park revealed Victorian society wrestling with the concept of “theatricality” in everyday life. The prosecution sought to expose that the traditionally unspeakable act of sodomy was (paradoxically) encoded in cross-dressing; while the defense employed the “theatre defense”—a systematic insistence that the defendants were just amateur actors. But within British society theatre was both part of the status quo and a haven for a disturbing doubleness—“conspiracies of meaning” that troubled Victorian obsessions with truth-telling and the “natural.”
Structural Characterization of the Released Polysaccharide of Desiccation-Tolerant Nostoc commune DRH-1

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT The structure of the viscous extracellular polysaccharide (glycan) of desiccation-tolerant Nostoc commune DRH-1 was determined through chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The polysaccharide is novel in that it possesses a 1-4-linked xylogalactoglucan backbone with d -ribofuranose and 3- O -[( R )-1-carboxyethyl]- d -glucuronic acid (nosturonic acid) pendant groups. The presence of d -ribose and nosturonic acid as peripheral groups is unusual, and their potential roles in modulating the rheological properties of the glycan are discussed. Nosturonic acid was present in the glycans of N. commune from diverse geographic locations, suggesting that this uronic acid is an integral component of this cosmopolitan anhydrophile.
Geomats Used to Control Erosion on Reservoir Margins in Brazilian Hydroelectric Power Plants

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Erosion on reservoir margins causes losses in the production of energy in Hydroelectric Power Plants (HPPs), making it necessary to implement control techniques that ensure the reduction in sediment deposits inside reservoirs. Among these techniques, geomats (geosynthetic erosion mats) are widely used to control erosion processes in slopes and watercourses. This material protects the margins both in the short and long term, contributing to strengthening the vegetation’s roots developed in the erosion areas. This paper studies the performance of geomats (with and without sack gabion) installed in six margin sections distributed in three experimental units of the Brazilian HPPs called Porto Colômbia and Volta Grande. The geomat performance was evaluated over four years of monitoring through a qualitative evaluation matrix and differential bathymetry. The influence of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the degradation of geomats installed in each section (natural conditions), as well as on geomat ultraviolet-aging samples in the laboratory (accelerated conditions), was also evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed no significant difference in performance between using the erosion control technique consisting only of geomats and the technique consisting of geomats and sack gabion. The highest bathymetric difference value obtained in the present study was 1.62 m in the experimental unit VG1, controlled with geomat without the application of sack gabion on the margin.
Enhancement by Putrescine of Gibberellin-Induced Elongation in Hypocotyls of Lettuce Seedlings

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Effects of diamines, polyamines, and other basic amino acids on the growth of lettuce hypocotyls were investigated. Putrescine, cadaverine and agmatine enhanced the hypocotyl growth in the presence of gibberellin, while spermidine and spermine were non-effective. Arginine and ornithine, which may be precursors of putrescine, had similar effect. While the growth inhibition due to arcaine (1,4-diguanidinobutane), which is a agmatine iminohydrolase inhibitor, was recovered by agmatine, cadaverine, putrescine, and spermidine, putrescine most effectively recovered its growth-enhancing effect.
The Basics of Bayesian Approach to Quantitative Analysis (at the Example of Euroscepticism)

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article attempts to identify the main assumptions, prerequisites and techniques of the methods developed by some modern statisticians on the basis of T. Bayes' theorem for the purposes of social variables interactions assessment. The author underlined several advantages of the given approach as compared to more traditional quantitative methods and highlighted key research areas subject to evaluation by Bayesian estimates. First of all, this approach is compatible with game and decision theory, event analysis, hidden Markov chains, prediction using neural networks and other predictive algorithms of artificial intelligence. The Bayesian approach differs significantly from traditional statistical methods (first of all, it is focused on finding the most probable, rather than the only true value of the feature coupling coefficient), hence a graphical interpretation was provided for such basic concepts and techniques as probabilistic inference, maximum likelihood estimation and Bayesian confidence network. The described tools were used to test the hypothesis about the impact of life quality decrease on rise in Euroscepticism of EU citizens. ANOVA and correlation analysis of 27 thousand people’s responses to Eurobarometer questions addressed in November-December 2019 attributed strong likelihood to this assumption. Moreover, Bayesian approach allowed for a probabilistic conclusion that this hypothesis is more plausible than the link between Euroscepticism and respondents’ current financial situation (explanatory power of comparison to the past is relatively greater).
Isolation of a Cytopathic Virus from Weak Pigs on Farms with a History of Swine Infertility and Respiratory Syndrome

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Severe clinical signs of swine infertility and respiratory syndrome (SIRS) of unknown cause were observed in several Minnesota swine farms between November 1990 and March 1991. Forty-five lung samples of weak pigs were collected from 13 swine farms, and virus isolation was attempted using swine alveolar macrophage (SAM) cultures. A cytopathic virus was isolated from 19 lung samples collected from 6 different farms. Four pregnant sows were infected intranasally with a tissue suspension from which virus was isolated, and 4 6-week-old pigs and 2 contact pigs were infected intranasally with 1 of the isolates. The 4 sows farrowed 12 stillborn and 32 normal pigs. Virus was recovered from 10 of 19 pigs examined. Infected 6-week-old pigs were clinically normal except for slightly elevated rectal temperatures and mild respiratory signs. No or mild interstitial pneumonic lesions were observed in inoculated pigs, but the lesion was obvious in the 2 contact pigs. Seroconversion was observed in sows and pigs as measured by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA). Serologic identification of the isolates was carried out by IFA using reference serum prepared from an experimentally infected sow. A cytoplasmic fluorescence was observed on the SAM monolayers infected with each of the 19 different isolates. Fluorescence was also observed when the monolayers were tested with SIRS virus ATCC VR-2332-infected sow sera. Replication of the isolates was not affected in the medium containing 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine but was inhibited by treatment with ether. The isolates were relatively stable at 56 C and did not agglutinate with various erythrocytes tested. These results are similar to those of previous reports, and the isolates, designated as SIRS virus, were the cause of SIRS on the farms investigated.
Exercise gas exchange phenotyping according to body mass index: a population-based study in an apparently healthy population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Obesity is a widespread medical condition consisting in a BMI &gt; 30 kg/m2. The link between BMI, exercise performance and cardiovascular risk is not well defined on large set of apparently healthy subjects. Aim In this population-based trial of apparently healthy individuals we aimed at defining the exercise gas exchange phenotype by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) according to BMI strata. Methods 932 subjects (54.7% females) presenting with none to five major cardiovascular risk factors (MCVRFs; hypertension, diabetes, tabagism, dyslipidaemia, BMI&gt; 25), underwent CPET and were divided in 3 categories (normal weight; NW, overweight; OW and obese; Ob). Cohort analysis was carried out by dividing and analysing patients into groups based on BMI, sex, and number of MCVRFs. Peak VO2 was considered normal for a predicted value &gt; 80%. Composite endpoint was defined as the combination of the following events: cardiovasular mortality, cardiovascular hospitalization, coronary artery disease (CAD), heart failure (HF), atrial fibrillation (AF), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), TAVI (Transcatheter aortic valve implantation), cardiac surgery, acute pulmonary oedema or stroke/transient ischemic attack (TIA). Results the number of MCVRFs significantly increased (CI 95%, p-value 0,009) through BMI strata being in NW, OW and Ob 1.6, 2.7, 2.9 respectively. Peak VO2 significantly (CI 95%, p-value &lt;0,001) decreased with rise in BMI (21.8ml/min/kg, 18.7 ml/min/kg, 15.5 ml/min/kg for NW, OW and Ob, respectively; p-value &lt;0,001). A significant correlation between the increase in number of MCRVFs and the decrease in peak VO2 was documented for BMI&lt;30 (-0.44 for NW and -0.30 for OW; p-value &lt;0,001), whereas Ob exhibited the lowest mean peak VO2 which was unaffected by the increasing number of MCVRFs. (figure 1). HRR (Heart rate reserve) was significantly lower in Ob subjects compared to OW and NW (respectively 0.59, 0.68, 0.72 p-value &lt;0,001). Regression models showed that neither risk factors nor CPET variables were predictive for composite endpoint in NW. Interestingly, peak VO2 (OR 0,93 [CI 0,86-0,99] p-value 0,039) and VE/VCO2 slope (OR 1,06 [CI 1,00-1,11] p-value 0,047) were predictive of composite endpoint just in OW with Ob subjects showing similar trend not reaching statistical power; Diabetes was predictive of composite endpoint in Ob cohort. KM curves reported higher event rates in OW subjects with higher VE/VCO2 slope and lower peak VO2. (figure 2) Conclusions As far as obesity is concerned, regardless of the number of MCVRFs, BMI is the single strong determinant of exercise performance and gas exchange phenotype. In OW and NW cohorts, the cumulative number of MCVRFs impacts on worse exercise performance and gas exchange inefficiency. Lower peak VO2 and higher VE/VCO2 slope are predictive of CV composite endpoint in OW and a similar trend was observed in Ob.BMI and peak VO2KM BMI 25-30
Effect of Curcumin-Nanoemulsion Associated with Photodynamic Therapy in Cervical Carcinoma Cell Lines

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Cervical cancer is the fourth cause of cancer death in women. Curcumin has antineoplastic properties. Furthermore, curcumin may be used as a photosensitizing agent in Photodynamic Therapy. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Photodynamic Therapy in cellular viability using curcumin-nanoemulsion as a photosensitizing drug in cervical carcinoma cell lines. The empty nanoemulsion presented very low cytotoxicity in all cell lines analyzed. Additionally, the incubation with curcumin-nanoemulsion at 20 μ M of curcumin showed more than 80% of cell viability for cell lines. Nanoemulsions were shown to be internalized inside cells by fluorescence microscopy and were observed in the intracellular environment for up to 36 hours after incubation with cell lines. In addition, after the Photodynamic Therapy we observed a high phototoxic effect of the curcumin-nanoemulsion with less than 5% of viable cells after irradiation. This was accompanied by an increase in caspase-3/caspase-7 activities after cell treatment with curcumin-nanoemulsion and Photodynamic Therapy, suggesting cell death by apoptosis. We conclude that the curcumin-nanoemulsion formulation behaves as a photosensitizing drug in Photodynamic Therapy and shows potential as an alternative treatment to cervical lesions using an endoscopic diode fiber laser setup for in situ activation or cavity activation using a diffuse fiber delivery system.
Pachylaelaps pulsator Hirschmann & Krauss 1965

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pachylaelaps pulsator Hirschmann & Krauss, 1965 Pachylaelaps pulsator Hirschmann & Krauss, 1965: 5. Type locality not stated. Pachylaelaps (Longipachylaelaps) pulsator.— Mašán, 2007a: 56, 57.
Board 163: Examining teachers’ enactment of engineering-focused design principles using action, speech, and gestures in elementary settings (Work in Progress)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This work-in-progress presents a qualitative analysis of video recordings of engineering education in elementary classrooms. The study aims to examine how teachers enact the program's design principles in action, speech, and hand gestures within an elementary education program developed in the USA. The videos were transcribed verbatim, with the transcriptions serving as the basis for detailed coding and categorization of the data. Recurring themes related to the program's design principles utilized within the videos were identified. Teachers' gestures were coded into categories of representational, deictic, or beat gestures. The preliminary findings suggest that teachers use a range of verbal and nonverbal strategies to engage students in engineering concepts. Teachers' speeches often focus on setting learning in a real-world context, scaffolding student work, and demonstrating inclusivity. Teachers' actions, such as writing, drawing, and holding up objects, provide visual support for their instruction. We also found that teachers used different hand gestures during the lessons. By employing some of these gestures, teachers help students establish connections between physical actions and engineering principles. The preliminary findings offer insights into using speech, actions, and gestures to support engineering instruction. Future steps for this work-in-progress will be to code the remaining videos of elementary classrooms.
Extensor motoneurone properties are altered immediately before and during fictive locomotion in the adult decerebrate rat

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Key points This is the first report, in adult decerebrate rats, to examine intracellular hindlimb motoneurone properties during quiescence, fictive locomotion and a tonic period immediately before fictive locomotion that is characterized by increased peripheral nerve activity. It is shown for the first time during fictive locomotion that motoneurones become more responsive in the tonic period, suggesting that the motoneurone pool becomes primed before patterned motor output commences. Spike frequency adaptation exists in quiescence and during fictive locomotion during constant excitation with injected current but not during centrally driven fictive locomotion. Motoneurones within the extensor motor pool show changes in excitability even when they are not directly involved in locomotion. The data show increased responsiveness of motoneurones during locomotion via a lowered threshold for spike initiation and decreased rheobase. Abstract This study examined motoneurone properties during fictive locomotion in the adult rat for the first time. Fictive locomotion was induced via electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region in decerebrate adult rats under neuromuscular blockade to compare basic and rhythmic motoneurone properties in antidromically identified extensor motoneurones during: (1) quiescence, before and after fictive locomotion; (2) the ‘tonic’ period immediately preceding locomotor‐like activity, whereby the amplitude of peripheral flexor (peroneal) and extensor (tibial) nerves are increased but alternation has not yet occurred; and (3) locomotor‐like episodes. Locomotion was identified by alternating flexor–extensor nerve activity, where the motoneurone either produced membrane oscillations consistent with a locomotor drive potential (LDP) or did not display membrane oscillation during alternating nerve activity. Cells producing LDPs were referred to as such, while those that did not were referred to as ‘idle’ motoneurones. LDP and idle motoneurones during locomotion had hyperpolarized spike threshold ( V th ; LDP: 3.8 mV; idle: 5.8 mV), decreased rheobase and an increased discharge rate (LDP: 64%; idle: 41%) during triangular ramp current injection even though the frequency–current slope was reduced by 70% and 55%, respectively. Modulation began in the tonic period immediately preceding locomotion, with a hyperpolarized V th and reduced rheobase. Spike frequency adaptation did not occur in spiking LDPs or firing generated from sinusoidal current injection, but occurred during a sustained current pulse during locomotion. Input conductance showed no change. Results suggest motoneurone modulation occurs across the pool and is not restricted to motoneurones engaged in locomotion.
Potential Impacts of the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) on Selected Countries: Case of Cote d’Ivoire, Egypt, Guinea, Mozambique, Tunisia and Uganda

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study investigates the potential impacts of the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) on production and trade in six selected African countries, namely Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Guinea, Mozambique, Tunisia and Uganda. In order to estimate the potential long-term effects of the agreement on these countries, the study uses the computable general equilibrium model developed by the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) considering two alternative scenarios, full tariff elimination and partial liberalization. The total GDP of the six countries are expected to be affected at different rates. In terms of welfare impacts, Côte d’Ivoire is estimated to see the largest benefits from trade liberalization, followed by Egypt and Guinea. Mozambique may experience a negative welfare effect. At the sectoral level, the most significant transformation is expected in Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire after full trade liberalization. Overall, countries with a higher initial level of protection (Guinea and Côte d’Ivoire) tend to see a higher benefit from being part of a regional trade agreement due to the elimination of high barriers. Countries with more liberal trade regimes and greater openness tend to experience relatively lower welfare benefits resulting from the further liberalization of trade. Gains would be higher if supplemented with additional trade reforms, where trade facilitation and capital mobility would significantly boost the gains. However, structural adjustment costs and associated social tensions may be higher in countries with greater ex-ante protectionism.
Fluoroscopic transbronchial fine needle aspiration for diagnosis of peripheral pulmonary nodules.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transbronchial fine needle aspiration (TBNA) was performed under fluoroscopic guidance in 21 patients with either solitary (15 patients) or multiple (6 patients) peripherally located nodules. Good aspirate could be obtained in 16 patients (76.1%). Ten were confirmed to be malignant and 2 turned out to be tubercular. Nonspecific benign inflammatory aspirate was obtained in the other four. There were no significant complications. TBNA is thus an effective, safe and quick method for diagnosis of solitary/multiple pulmonary nodules.