jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Data from Copy Number Loss of 17q22 Is Associated with Enzalutamide Resistance and Poor Prognosis in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>AbstractPurpose:<p>The purpose of this study was to measure genomic changes that emerge with enzalutamide treatment using analyses of whole-genome sequencing and RNA sequencing.</p>Experimental Design:<p>One hundred and one tumors from men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who had not been treated with enzalutamide (<i>n</i> = 64) or who had enzalutamide-resistant mCRPC (<i>n</i> = 37) underwent whole genome sequencing. Ninety-nine of these tumors also underwent RNA sequencing. We analyzed the genomes and transcriptomes of these mCRPC tumors.</p>Results:<p>Copy number loss was more common than gain in enzalutamide-resistant tumors. Specially, we identified 124 protein-coding genes that were more commonly lost in enzalutamide-resistant samples. These 124 genes included eight putative tumor suppressors located at nine distinct genomic regions. We demonstrated that focal deletion of the 17q22 locus that includes <i>RNF43</i> and <i>SRSF1</i> was not present in any patient with enzalutamide-naïve mCRPC but was present in 16% (6/37) of patients with enzalutamide-resistant mCRPC. 17q22 loss was associated with lower <i>RNF43</i> and <i>SRSF1</i> expression and poor overall survival from time of biopsy [median overall survival of 19.3 months in 17q22 intact vs. 8.9 months in 17q22 loss, HR, 3.44 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.338–8.867, log-rank <i>P</i> = 0.006]. Finally, 17q22 loss was linked with activation of several targetable factors, including CDK1/2, Akt, and PLK1, demonstrating the potential therapeutic relevance of 17q22 loss in mCRPC.</p>Conclusions:<p>Copy number loss is common in enzalutamide-resistant tumors. Focal deletion of chromosome 17q22 defines a previously unappreciated molecular subset of enzalutamide-resistant mCRPC associated with poor clinical outcome.</p></div>
BONE STRAIN INDEX AS A PREDICTOR OF FURTHER VERTEBRAL FRACTURE IN OSTEOPOROTIC WOMEN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Osteoporosis is an asymptomatic disease of high prevalence and incidence, leading to bone fractures burdened by high mortality and disability, mainly when several subsequent fractures occur. A fragility fracture predictive model, Artificial Intelligence-based, to identify dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) variables able to characterise those patients who are prone to further fractures called Bone Strain Index, was evaluated in this study. Methods: In a prospective, longitudinal, multicentric study 172 female outpatients with at least one vertebral fracture at the first observation were enrolled. They performed a spine X-ray to calculate spine deformity index (SDI) and a lumbar and femoral DXA scan to assess bone mineral density (BMD) and bone strain index (BSI) at baseline and after a follow-up period of 3 years in average. At the end of the follow-up, 93 women developed a further vertebral fracture. The further vertebral fracture was considered as one unit increase of SDI. We assessed the predictive capacity of supervised Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to distinguish women consistently with a further fracture from those without a further fracture and to identify the variables expressing the maximal amount of relevant information to discriminate the two groups. ANNs were allowed to choose relevant input data automatically (TWIST-system). Moreover, we constructed a semantic connectivity map with Auto Contractive Map to offer some insight regarding the complex biological connections among the studied variables and the two conditions (further fracture vs no further fracture). Results: TWIST system selected 5 out of 13 available variables: age, menopause age, BMI, FTot BMC, FTot BSI. With training testing procedure, ANNs reached predictive accuracy of 79.36%, with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 83.72%. The semantic connectivity map highlighted the role of BSI in predicting the risk of a further fracture. Conclusions: Artificial Intelligence is a useful method to analyse a complex system like that regarding osteoporosis, able to identify patients prone to a further fragility fracture. BSI appears to be a useful DXA index in identifying those patients who are at risk of further vertebral fractures.
Infrared optical switch by the use of optically excited free carriers in semiconductors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Infrared light switching was achieved by using the infrared absorption due to the optically excited carriers in a semiconductor. A Nd:YAG laser pulse was used as a gate signal for excitation. A Si wafer was chosen as a switching element, since its band-gap energy coincides with the photon energy of the Nd:YAG laser. The intensity of incandescent infrared radiation was controlled by inducing free-carrier absorption in the Si wafer.
Insulin Sensibility in the Pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This work, the insulin sensibility of the pregnant, has been performed as a part of the co-operative investigation in our department concerning the carbohydrate metabolism in the pregnant woman. In accordance with the modified Radoslav's method the blood was taken every 10 minutes after a single injection of 5 units of insulin intravenously eary in the morning on an empty stomach. The blood sugar was estimated by the Somogyi's Anthron method. The insulin sensibility coefficient of the pregnant was proved to be lowered, as compared with the non-pregnant, moreover declining much more as the month of pregnancy proceeds. Regarding to the rate of covery it was almost the same in both groups. Next, the I/G ratio in the modified Himsworth's method, namely the indicator of insulin sensibility, was proved to decline month after month in pregnacy. The inorganic phosphate in blood was estimated by the Nakamura's method after the intravenous administration of insulin according to the modified Radoslav's method. The decreasing rate of the inorganic phosphate in blood caused by the insulin administration was proved to get lowered in the pregnant comparing with that of the non-pregnant. This may indicate that the vicissitudes of the inorganic phosphate in blood run almost pararell with that of blood sugar. In conclusion, the results obtained above may suggest that the insulin tolerance must increase in the pregnant, and it could be inferred, as the interpretation of this cause that the fluctuations of the functions of the pituitary-adrenocortical system would have something to do with it.
A Semantics-Based Common Operational Command System for Multiagency Disaster Response

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Disaster response is a highly collaborative and critical process that requires the involvement of multiple emergency responders (ERs), ideally working together under a unified command, to enable a rapid and effective operational response. Following the 9/11 and 11/13 terrorist attacks and the devastation of hurricanes Katrina and Rita, it is apparent that inadequate communication and a lack of interoperability among the ERs engaged on-site can adversely affect disaster response efforts. Within this context, we present a scenario-based terrorism case study to highlight the challenges of operational disaster command and response. In this article, which is based on the French emergency response doctrine, we outline a semantics-based common operational command system that is designed to guarantee an efficient information flow among ERs. Our focus is on offering to all ERs, a real-time operational picture of the situation in order to enable multilevel coordination among firefighters, police, healthcare units, public authorities, and other stakeholders. Our approach consolidates information to promote timely sharing of data among ERs. The proposed system is based on an ontology that has been developed to represent the different types of knowledge on the part of ERs, providing a shared vocabulary that covers a variety of interoperability concerns.
Investigation of consumer attitudes, practices and food waste for three food items, to use as input in new packaging designs that aim to reduce food waste

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A wide range of measures is required to tackle the global food waste problem. Innovative packaging, which helps to reduce food waste, is one important measure. The data for food waste is often presented in a summarised way. However, different food products are wasted for different reasons. In a Swedish project, actors along the entire value chain collaborated to develop new packaging solutions to reduce food waste of three products: salsa in glass jars, mixed lettuce in plastic packaging and rice pudding in plastic packaging. Waste levels and reasons for waste were examined in waste audits of the businesses, in ethnographic studies and in interviews with consumers at retail stores. This study showed that consumers wasted the products to a much higher extent than the waste which occurred during filling, transport and retail. Waste levels among consumers varied from 0-75%, which is notably high, given that consumers tend to underestimate or not admit to wasting food. The mixed lettuce and rice pudding are both intended to be packaged in appropriate serving sizes; however, only 27% of the mixed lettuce and 50% of the rice pudding was consumed in one sitting. Respondents mentioned some material features and several handling functions of packaging, but very few commented on the protection that the packaging provides. Few, if any, expressed any recognition of packaging attributes, which helped to avoid food waste. The respondents mentioned that wasting food was a waste of money and that it can have a negative effect on conscience; despite that, respondents also said that they wanted a variety of meals and to not have the same food several days during the same week.
A Sub-Electron-Noise Multi-Channel Cryogenic Skipper-CCD Readout ASIC

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The \emph{MIDNA} application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) is a skipper-CCD readout chip fabricated in a 65 nm LP-CMOS process that is capable of working at cryogenic temperatures. The chip integrates four front-end channels that process the skipper-CCD signal and performs differential averaging using a dual slope integration (DSI) circuit. Each readout channel contains a pre-amplifier, a DC restorer, and a dual-slope integrator with chopping capability. The integrator chopping is a key system design element in order to mitigate the effect of low-frequency noise produced by the integrator itself, and it is not often required with standard CCDs. Each channel consumes 4.5 mW of power, occupies 0.156 mm${^2}$ area and has an input referred noise of 2.7${\mu\nu}_{rms}$. It is demonstrated experimentally to achieve sub-electron noise when coupled with a skipper-CCD by means of averaging samples of each pixel. Sub-electron noise is shown in three different acquisition approaches. The signal range is 6000 electrons. The readout system achieves 0.2${e^{-}}$ RMS by averaging 1000 samples with MIDNA both at room temperature and at 180 Kelvin.
Integrated Study on Methane Activation: Exploring Main Group Frustrated Lewis Pairs through Density Functional Theory, Machine Learning, and Machine-Learned Force Fields

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLP) are an important advance in metal-free catalysis due to their ability to activate a variety of small molecules. Many studies have focused on a very limited sample of Lewis acids and bases. Herein, we disclose an automated exploration algorithm using density functional methods, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and a molecule builder that incentivizes the exploration of favorable FLP space for the activation of methane via two mechanisms: deprotonation and hydride abstraction. The exploration algorithm creates FLPs with different Lewis acids (LA), Lewis bases (LB), and their substituents (LA/LB), which proved successful in quickly converging in the favorable chemical space, suggesting chemically sound structures, and generating thousands of potential candidates for methane activating FLPs. By modeling thousands of reactions, an FLP database of methane activation was created, allowing one to data mine properties, e.g., adduct bond length, highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest-unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO-LUMO) gap, global electrophilicity index, favored Lewis acids/bases/substituents, and substituent steric volume. These properties not only successfully narrow the FLP chemical space but also provide meaningful insight into the chemical nature of competent methane activators. The machine learning discovery strategy disclosed here is general enough to be applicable to many chemical optimization tasks. This study also investigates the efficacy of a Machine-Learned Force Field (MLFF) in predicting the formation energies of Frustrated Lewis Pairs (FLPs). Our model, exhibiting a test error of ±10 kcal/mol, highlighted impressive computational efficiency by enabling the calculation of all possible FLP permutations within our chemical space. The MLFF demonstrated proficiency in predicting energies, providing a significant acceleration compared to quantum mechanics methods. However, challenges emerged in accurately capturing forces, necessitating recourse to classical force fields for reliable structure relaxation. The present study sheds light on the MLFF's potential as a tool for rapid energy predictions, emphasizing the need for further refinement to enhance its accuracy, particularly in force predictions, to expand its utility in chemical simulations.
Osuokhai, The Yakut Circle Dance

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A circle dance, a fundamental element of many traditional cultures, exists in many parts of the world. Scholars have been fascinated by historical and contemporary, mythical and cultural, ritual and semantic aspects of circle dances. The article discusses the Yakut circle dance, osuokhai, influenced by ancient practices and religious ideas of Eurasian nomads. The article reflects on the historical transformations and on the semantics of the osuokhai.
Diverse Essential Functions Revealed by Complementing Yeast Calmodulin Mutants

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Calmodulin, a cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein, is indispensable for eukaryotic cell growth. Examination of 14 temperature-sensitive yeast mutants bearing one or more phenylalanine to alanine substitutions in the single essential calmodulin gene of yeast ( CMD1 ) revealed diverse essential functions. Mutations could be classified into four intragenic complementation groups. Each group showed different characteristic functional defects in actin organization, calmodulin localization, nuclear division, or bud emergence. Phenylalanine residues implicated in calmodulin localization and nuclear division are located in the amino-terminal half of the protein, whereas those implicated in actin organization and bud emergence are located in the carboxyl-terminal half.
Enhanced Production of Furfural via Methanolysis of Wood Biomass with HCl Gas

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This study explores the production of furfural, xylose and methylxylosides through the methanolysis of wood flour using anhydrous HCl gas. The process involves methanolysis of wood flour with HCl gas under pressure to generate methylxylosides, which are subsequently converted to xylose and furfural via autohydrolysis in a Parr batch reactor system. The methanolysis was conducted in temperature‐controlled HCl gas reactor employing 24 h reaction time and 50 % methanol content in wood flour. During the methanolysis step with HCl gas, 65 % of the available xylan in wood flour was converted to water‐soluble methylxylosides, xylose, xylooligosaccharides (XO) and water‐soluble methyl xylooligosaccharides (MXO). Methanolysis filtrates were then autohydrolyzed with Parr 50 mL batch reactor system to xylose and furfural in two different pH values at 180 °C. The highest furfural yield of 91 % from methanolysis filtrate was achieved with pH 1.2 and 25 min reaction time.
EVALUATION OF THE AVAILABILITY OF SAFE WATER AND SANITATION FACILITIES IN IDP CAMPs KAHDA DISTRICT IN MOGADISHU SOMALIA

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) is generally a challenge in Somalia, particularly in IDP settlements where access to water and sanitation facilities is limited. Children, particularly those under the age of 5 years, mostly fall victim to diseases caused by poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The objective of this study was to evaluate the availability of safe water and sanitation facilities in internally displaced (IDP) camps in kahda district Mogadishu Somalia. Methods: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional baseline assessment. The study areas included 4 IDP camps in Kahda district with a sample size of 163 households, drawn from 270 households from selected 4IDPs. Closed-ended questionnaires and observational checklists were used as data collection tools, and the study employed descriptive statistics with frequencies and percent in tables. Results: Of the total 163 households, about 84 (51.5%) household's water sources were hand-dug well with pump, and Most of the households 100 (61.3%); spent 3km walk to obtain water from their nearest point source. Regarding water consumption per day, about 66(40.5%) households had consumed 120 liters per day and 39 (23.9%) of households with 61-90 liters of water per day, and 38 (23.3%) households with 40 -60 liters. Besides, more than half of respondents, 113 (69.3%), did not have enough water, with a considerable number of households 105 (64.4%) do not perform water treatment to improve the quality of their drinking water. Many households did not have latrines, with the majority of them sharing latrines with neighbors. Those who had latrines were unhygienic, and a majority of the respondents admitted they do not wash their hands after using toilets. Conclusion: The study reveals the low availability of water and sanitation facilities among IDPs in kahda districts. Though they were low socio-economic status groups, health promotion related to infection control measures and maintenance of personal hygiene should be provided
Editorial: The case for more action and more research into healthcare provision and health inequalities for people with intellectual disabilities

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Accessible Summaries Age, Sex, and Constitutional Factors Whittle et al. identify how sex impacts mental health service use for women with intellectual disability. Sheerin et al. highlight how age‐specific needs are unmet due to service gaps. Burke et al. identify how age‐related healthcare risks for bone health are different for people with intellectual disability. Living and Working Conditions van den Bemd et al. reported the recording of management of long‐term conditions for patients with intellectual disabilities in long‐term care appears suboptimal. Skoss et al. report on the infrastructure of group home settings in Australia and how after COVID‐19 people living in these settings receive fewer healthcare services. Individual Lifestyle Factors Lunsky et al. explored the use of a ‘check‐in tool’ to support people with intellectual disability proactively. Community and Social Networks Donaldson et al. and Karas et al. highlight systemic issues with eyecare and examine the impact of peer‐to‐peer support and community advocacy on improving access to eye care. Schormans et al. examine the lack of social and community support for homeless youth with intellectual disability. Sykes et al. highlight reasonable adjustments and influence of community and familial attitudes in influencing breast and cervical cancer screening access. Earle et al. detail how broader societal and cultural norms affect menstrual health support. Heslop and Lauer found limited evidence about preventing specific avoidable causes of death in people with intellectual disability and outline the need for ‘whole population’ policy changes. Iffland et al. found that lung infections, choking, flu and heart problems were much more likely to be a contributing cause of deaths for people with intellectual disability. Hatton et al. explore the impact of COVID‐19 on access to health services and highlight severe disruptions during the pandemic which persisted and worsened postpandemic. Beeken et al. detail how stakeholder engagement in research and policymaking can improve health and address health inequalities.
Anatomy of an Experiment: The Sierra Leone Native Pastorate

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The process of transformation from the establishment of a mission to an independent indigenous church is one of the most perplexing challenges of the modern missionary enterprise. This paper examines a particular model, framed in response to particular dilemmas of the Western missionary movement, which was first implemented in the British colony of Sierra Leone. Aptly described as the “euthanasia of a mission,” but more popularly known as the “three-selves” theory, the model in question was postulated on the view that the “settlement of a native church, under native pastors, upon a self-supporting system” was the ultimate objective of a mission. The nature and impact of this concept, as an experiment within an African context, forms the focus of this study.
Imperial Conviviality: What Medieval Spanish Legal Practice can Teach us About Colonial Latin America

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Late medieval and early modern Iberian monarchs governed through a competitive delegation of certain forms of jurisdiction. This created a tense form of everyday conviviality, wherein group members were intimately knowledgeable about aspects of the laws of other groups. The analytic of conviviality reveals the ways that consensus had to be constantly renegotiated within multiple group dynamics rather than imposed or achieved.
Survey of Articular Cartilage Injury of Stifle Joints in 323 Dogs Presented for Surgery in Chiang Mai, Thailand, during

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to report the incidence of articular cartilage injury of the stifle joint in 323 dogs found during surgery at orthopedic clinics in Chiang Mai, Thailand, from October 2006 to July 2012. A total of 44 dogs (13.6%) had cartilage lesions. Surgical operations in this study included the corrections of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture (14.2%), distal femur fracture (15.2%), and patellar luxation (66.6%), and the removal of the IM pin from the tibia (4%). Cartilage injury was found in 1 of the 49 dogs with ACL rupture (2.17%, OR= 0.124); 3 of the dogs with distal femur fracture (6.12%, OR= 0.371); 28 of the 215 dogs with patellar luxation (13.02%, OR= 0.861); and 12 dogs of the 13 dogs with tibial IM pin to be removed (92.31%, OR= 104.250). In conclusion, high respective incidence of articular injury was found in the removal of IM pin from the tibia, patellar luxation, femoral fracture, and anterior cruciate ligament rupture surgical operations, respectively.