jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Spatial distribution of benthic algae in the South China Sea: responses to gradually changing environmental factors and ecological impacts on coral communities

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Aim: In this study, we investigated whether environmental factors can effectively control the spatial distribution of various benthic algae, and examined the critical ecological impacts of algae on corals across the South China Sea (SCS). Relationships between benthic algae and environmental factors were assessed, and potential ecological impacts of algae on coral communities were evaluated across spatial scales. Location: A total of 104 sites at 12 coral reefs in four coral reef regions (CRRs) of the SCS (latitude range of 9–22°). Taxa: Turf algae, macroalgae (including fleshy macroalgae and Halimeda), crustose coralline algae (CCA), coral, and juvenile coral. Methods: Using diver-based surveys (2015 to 2018), we investigated four CRRs with different reef distance to mainland (RDM) across the SCS. We obtained field data on benthic algal composition and cover, coral cover and diversity, and juvenile coral density. We also measured and collected the environmental factors (including seawater environmental parameters and reef fish diversity). Results: The cover of turf algae and CCA gradually decreased and increased, respectively, with an increase in RDM, which had a strong relationship with the gradually changing environmental factors. Random forest models suggested that nutrients, reef fish diversity, seawater transparency and temperature were the most important factors for predicting turf algae and CCA cover. Linear regression analyses showed a significant relationship between the turf algae, macroalgae, and CCA covers, and juvenile coral density. Main conclusions: Our results showed that gradually changing environmental factors were correlated with the spatial distributions of turf algae and CCA. However, the natural biophysical relationships between macroalgae and environmental factors may be disrupted by turf algal overgrowth and nutrient subsidies. Increases in all benthic algal groups significantly impacted coral recruitment, highlighting the critical role of benthic algae in determining recovery trajectory of the Indo-Pacific reefs that are threatened by human activities.
Confocal Raman spectroscopic observation of hexagonal diamond formation from dissolved carbon in nickel under chemical vapor deposition conditions

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We have studied nucleation and growth of diamond on nickel substrate by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition followed by in situ carbon–hydrogen solution treatment. The Raman depth profiles of isolated diamond crystals on the (100) and (111) surfaces were measured by confocal Raman spectroscopy. In the case of the crystals having the [111] growth direction, the 1332 cm−1 diamond peak was observed near the diamond–nickel interface and it shifted 1323 cm−1 towards the surface. The 1323 cm−1 peak may be assigned to “hexagonal diamond.” The in-depth spectral change from cubic to hexagonal was observed in chemical vapor deposited diamond crystals. The chemical and/or structural effects of nickel substrate for dissolved carbon are essential for specific diamond crystallization.
India and international dispute settlement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter focuses on India's participation at various international courts and tribunals. It reviews India's practice and approach towards different international courts and tribunals, albeit briefly. The chapter also focuses on issues such as India's preference for diplomatic negotiations over adjudication, compromise of sovereignty, invocation of the principle of exhaustion of local remedies, and the accommodation of non-state entities or individuals in International Dispute Settlement. The settlement of international disputes through peaceful means is the only way one can assure the 'supremacy of law in the community of nations'. In terms of the factors that affect India's decision to approach the International Court of Justice, 'national interest' can be said to take precedence. India has complied with all the decisions of the dispute settlement body, even when such compliance led India to make substantive changes to its domestic laws and policies.
Toward a Decentralized Haitian State: The Promises and Shortcomings of the Post-Duvalier Constitution of 1987

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The post-Duvalier Haitian Constitution of 1987 was an appeal for decentralization to reorganize the Haitian state after the fall of the twenty-nine-year Duvalier dictatorship in 1986. However, Haiti today is no closer to realizing this objective than it was then. The partial implementation of the Constitution's decentralizing framework has created a political quagmire of critical administrative gaps that continue to stifle Haiti's progress. Rather than moving toward intergovernmental power-sharing and greater inclusivity, as the document intended, these apertures have instead reinforced an autocratic governance system despite Jean-Claude Duvalier's departure. This paper is the first to conduct a comprehensive analysis of post-Duvalier efforts to decentralize Haiti. Using in-depth semistructured expert interviews and content analysis, the paper presents several institutional impediments that curtail Haiti's advancement in terms of improved public service delivery and unadulterated citizen engagement. The paper also unveils how and why key central government actors consistently impede the extent to which decentralization could facilitate widespread improvements in local development and subnational governance throughout Haiti.
Class differences in Ha Tsuen: the social and cultural dimension

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In discussing social and cultural differences in China, most scholars have emphasized either the ethnic/regional dimension or have concentrated on differences between the so-called literati (the tiny elite of scholar-bureaucrats) and the masses (a term that is meant to cover the remainder of China's population, from the richest merchant to the poorest laborer). The contrast between the literati and the masses is often expressed in terms of orthodox versus heterodox culture, with the scholar-bureaucrats exemplifying the orthodox form. The present study, however, deals with social and cultural differences between classes. Although these differences exist within a small, closely knit community, they are by no means obscure or insignificant. Like land tenure and political organization, the system of education, inheritance, marriage, and affinity are very much part of the conditions under which Ha Tsuen's landlord-merchants maintained their preeminence for nearly three centuries.
The Impact of Foreign-Owned Islamic Banks and Islamic Bank Subsidiaries on the Efficiency and Productivity Change of Malaysian Banks تأثير البنوك الإسلامية المملوكة لأجانب والبنوك الإسلامية الفرعية على الفعالية وتغير الإنتاجية للبنوك الماليزية

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The paper examines the efficiency of a sample of Islamic and conventional banks in Malaysia for the period 2000 to 2008, using a stochastic frontier approach, and mainly focuses on determining the impact of foreign-owned Islamic bank and Islamic banking subsidiaries on performance. We model the impact of bank characteristics such as Islamic banking and foreign ownership, after taking into account the distinction between full-fledged Islamic banks as opposed to Islamic banking windows operating within conventional banks as well as Islamic banks operating as subsidiaries of conventional banks. We also test the impact of economic crisis, public ownership and mergers on bank efficiency. In contrast to domestic conventional banks with Islamic window, our results show that full-fledged Islamic banks have higher input requirements. In addition, using a generalised Malmquist productivity index, we decompose productivity change into efficiency, technical, and scale change. Unlike foreign full-fledged Islamic banks, conventional banks with Islamic bank subsidiary have relatively higher efficiency. However, both foreign full-fledged Islamic banks and conventional banks with Islamic bank subsidiary exhibited negative productivity change, attributed to negative rate of technical change and scale change effects. Despite the flexibility in operation, the newly converted bank subsidiary may need sometimes to develop technology, while foreign Islamic banks may need more time to overcome their output disadvantages. الورقة تبحث فعالية عيّنة من بنوك إسلامية وتقليدية في ماليزيا، للفترة من 2000 إلى 2008م بطريقة ستوكاستيكية رائدة، وتركز أساساً على تحديد تأثير البنوك الإسلامية المملوكة للأجانب والشركات التابعة لها على الأداء. نحن نمثل تأثير خصائص البنك مثل المصرفية الإسلامية والملكية الأجنبية، بعد الأخذ بعين الاعتبار الاختلاف بين البنوك الإسلامية كاملة النضوج وشبابيك المصرفية الإسلامية التي تعمل تحت البنوك التقليدية بالإضافة إلى البنوك الإسلامية التي تكون تابعةً لبنوك تقليدية. نحن كذلك نختبر تأثير الأزمات الاقتصادية، الملكية الحكومية والاندماج على فعالية البنك. على النقيض من البنوك التقليدية المحلية ذات شبابيك المصرفية الإسلامية، نتائجنا تبين أن البنوك الإسلامية كاملة النمو لديها متطلبات إدخال أعلى. بالإضافة، باستخدام مؤشر الإنتاجية مالمكويست معمم، نقسّم تغير الإنتاجية إلى فعالية، وتغير (تكنيكال) (technical) و(سكيل) (scale). على عكس البنوك الإسلامية الأجنبية كاملة النمو، البنوك التقليدية التي تملك بنوك إسلامية فرعية لديها فعالية أعلى نسبيًا. ولكن، كلا البنوك الإسلامية الأجنبية كاملة النمو والبنوك التقليدية التي تملك بنوك إسلامية فرعية تُظهران تغير إنتاجية سلبي، تُنسب إلى تأثيرات المعدل السلبي للتغير التقني والتغير الحجمي. برغم المرونة في العمليات، فرع البنك المحول حديثا قد يحتاج بعض الوقت لتطوير التقنية، بينما البنوك السلامية الأجنبية قد تحتاج لوقت أطول لتتغلب على عوائق الإخراج.
A New Approach to an Accurate Wind Chill Factor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Winter weather often shows a severity marked by low dry-bulb temperature combined with high wind speed. The wind chill factor is now a standard meteorological term to express this severity. This factor, or more appropriately the wind chill temperature, represents that air temperature without wind that would effect the same heat loss rate from bare human skin as that due to the actual combined dry-bulb temperature and wind. Currently used wind chill factors derive from a study conducted by the U.S. Antarctic Service over 50 years ago. The data then collected was used to develop a cooling rate as a function of wind speed, which in turn was used to formulate an equation still in use today. The equation is based on primitive experiments with a container of freezing water and an unrealistically high human skin temperature. A more appropriate estimate of the thermal properties of the skin and implementation of modern heat transfer theory can provide a more realistic wind chill factor. Recent research s...
Dual phase-detected infrared photothermal microscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Infrared photothermal microscopy (IPM) has recently gained considerable attention as a versatile analytical platform capable of providing spatially resolved molecular insights across diverse research fields. This technique has led to numerous breakthroughs in the study of compositional variations in functional materials and cellular dynamics in living cells. However, its application to investigate multiple components of temporally dynamic systems, such as living cells and operational devices, has been hampered by the limited information content of the IP signal, which only covers a narrow spectral window (< 1 cm -1 ). Here, we present a straightforward approach for measuring two distinct IPM images utilizing the orthogonality between the in-phase and quadrature outputs of a lock-in amplifier, called dual-phase IR photothermal (DP-IP) detection. We demonstrate the feasibility of DP-IP detection for IPM in distinguishing two different micro-sized polymer beads.
North Dakota ground-water quality

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This report contains summary information on ground-water quality in one of the 50 States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, or the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands, Saipan, Guam, and American Samoa. The material is extracted from the manuscript of the 1986 National Water Summary, and with the exception of the illustrations, which will be reproduced in multi-color in the 1986 National Water Summary, the format and content of this report is identical to the State ground-water-quality descriptions to be published in the 1986 National Water Summary. Release of this information before formal publication in the 1986 National Water Summary permits the earliest access by the public.
Environmental Study of Genetic Behavior of Oil and Protein Ratio with Correlation Yield of Zea maize L

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Crop yield is one of the complex characters controlled by several interacting genotypic and environmental factors. A field experiment is conducted at Babylon farm, Mashroo Al-Musaib, for five seasons (spring and autumn) 2014, 2015 and 2016. The study has some: to study the types of gene action, inheritance of important characters and to determine the combining ability in advanced generations of inbreads Zea maize. In the first season, diallel cross with one direction (half diallel) which was done among six genotypes of Zea maize: IK8, ZP, DK, M2, W17.161, IK58, and R153. The second season is a field experiment conducted for all crosses with parents using RCBD. Data is analyzed by Griffing method 2 fixed Model. Statistical analysis results reveal high significant differences among the genotypes in all studied characters. Variances values are estimated from additive and non-additive gene action, average degree of dominance and heritability in Zea maize and narrow sense. Genetic analysis shows that there is a significant difference for GCA and SCA for all the studied characters, indicating a predominance of non-additive gene action. The average degree of dominance is more than one for all the studied characters in all generations, which indicates the effects of over dominance. The estimation of heritability in Zea maize shows high values for most studied characters, while heritability in narrow sense has low values except grain yield per plant. Parent DK has the highest positive effect of general combining ability in the crosses (IK8XR153) in F1 in grain yield, oil and protein ratio. The expected genetic advance value increases with inbreeding advance. There is a positive effect of genotypic, environmental, phnotypic correlation for yield with protein and oil ratio for all generations under study. The highest hybrid vigor is noticed in zea maize because of the genetic diversity between genotypic. Yield gives the largest expected advance in F3 which is 1.73 with expected genetic percentage 7.74%. The main conclusions from these results, that is a continuous variance in genetic parameters, yield and its components for parents and these crosses in all the studied generations because the segregate generations and the characters are not well stabilized till F5 or F6, so these crosses must be grown to a successive generations to develop new genotypes with high oil, protein and yielding ability.
A parametric model for estimating fuzzy poverty measures and their standard errors

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper we propose a parametric model for the membership function that is usually defined in the fuzzy approach to poverty analysis called IFR (Integrated Fuzzy and Relative). Our proposal may be added to the present literature because we are interested to the overall shape of the membership function instead of using only empirical average values as is usually done. This approach allows us to give an economic interpretation of the parameters involved in the theoretical distribution that makes the comparison between monetary and non monetary indicators and among several populations easier. Empirical results show significant differences in monetary and non-monetary poverty between Southern and Northern regions in Italy.
Treatment of Isolated Type I Open Fractures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A retrospective review was done of treatment of isolated Type I open fractures. Ninety-one patients with isolated Type I open fractures were included in the study. Patients with multiple injuries, gunshot wounds, hand injuries, compartment syndromes, intraarticular fractures, or higher type open fractures were excluded. All patients received antibiotics and were followed up until fracture union. The patients’ charts were reviewed for the type of fracture, mechanism of injury, type of treatment, length of hospital stay, and complications encountered, especially infections. There was a 0% incidence of infection in all patients. Only one patient received operative debridement within 12 hours. A prospective randomized study of the treatment of Type I open fractures is needed to determine whether immediate operative debridement is necessary to prevent infection. Immediate operative debridement may not be necessary in the isolated, low-energy Type I open fracture with stable fracture patterns.
Mortality patterns in Dutch diabetes outpatients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim Diabetes mellitus is a major cause of death. Outpatients with diabetes have more complications than patients in general practice; mortality patterns have only been studied in the total diabetes population. This study aims to assess mortality, causes, and predictors in outpatients with diabetes. Materials and Methods A cohort study, included people with diabetes mellitus from the nationwide Dutch Paediatric and Adult Registry of Diabetes (DPARD) visiting diabetes outpatient clinics in 2016‐2020. DPARD data were linked to Statistics Netherlands (CBS), comprising data on mortality, ethnicity and education. All‐cause and cardiovascular mortality rates were estimated using Cox proportional hazard regression. Results During a median follow‐up of 3.1 years among 12 992 people with diabetes, mortality rates per 10 000 person‐years were 67.7 in adult type 1 diabetes and 324.2 in type 2 diabetes. The major cause of non‐cardiovascular death was malignancy. During the pandemic years of influenza (2018) and COVID (2020), mortality rates peaked. Age, smoking and an estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 ml/min were associated with all‐cause mortality. In type 2 diabetes, additional factors were male sex, body mass index <20 kg/m 2 , diabetes duration <1 year and hypertension. Conclusions Mortality among Dutch outpatients with diabetes is high. Smoking and renal failure were associated with mortality in both types. Further focus on early detection and treatment of mortality‐associated factors may improve clinical outcomes.
Empirical Evidence of Women Labour Force Participation in Nigeria

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study analyses the determinants of women labour force participation in each geopolitical zone and investigated the factors that account for difference in hours supplied by women in formal and informal sectors of employment in Nigeria. A multi- stage sampling procedure was used to select 3000 women, 500 in each of the six states, representing the six geopolitical zones in the country.The analysis was carried out with the use of descriptive and regression analyses. Using econometric analysis, three dimensions of labour supply were examined, namely, the determinants of women labour force participation, hours worked and sector of participation of working women in Nigeria.The result of our econometric analysis show clearly that the variables that determine labour force participation rates for married women are age, marriage type, education, ethnic origin, household type, husbands’ education, husbands’ income, home ownership and own income.Out of the six zonal variables, only North West and South East significantly affect the participation in the labour force and the residents in South East are more likely to be in labour force than all other zones for all women.
A nationwide survey of American alcohol and drug craving assessment and treatment practices

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A four-page paper survey was mailed to 500 randomly-selected substance abuse treatment agencies listed in a national directory to evaluate how often specific methods are employed to assess and treat craving in American substance abuse agencies. Of 426 eligible agencies, 149 (35%), located in 41 states, returned 152 usable replies. Although counselors regularly assessed craving during intake evaluations, they rarely used published self-report questionnaires. Almost one-half of respondents made craving a target of treatment with at least a majority (and sometimes all) of their clients, and only 5% of respondents reported never making craving a target of treatment. A variety of interventions are employed to address craving, including coping skills training, encouraging clients to avoid/leave situations where craving occurs, and providing clients with education about craving. We recommend additional professional education and training to familiarize counselors with standardized craving instruments and exposure interventions that hold promise to ameliorate craving.
An investigation of the associations among sleep duration and quality, body mass index and insulin resistance in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To examine direct and indirect associations of sleep duration and quality with insulin resistance, considering body mass index (BMI) as a potential mediator in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: Cross-sectional data from patients enrolled in the Early Activity in Diabetes study. We studied 522 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, 65.9% male, mean age 63.5 ± 10.1 years. Of the total sample 53% had a BMI of ⩾30 kg/m 2 . Participants completed a 7-day sleep diary and sleep questionnaire. Average sleep duration (minutes), average nap duration (minutes) and average number of night awakenings were derived. Objective measures of height and body weight were obtained for the BMI calculation (kg/m 2 ). Insulin resistance was obtained using the homeostatic model assessment – insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) standardized technique. Results: Average number of night awakenings was positively correlated with BMI ( r= 0.22, p < 0.001) and negatively associated with logged HOMA2-IR ( r= -0.16, p = 0.04). Path analysis demonstrated night awakenings were directly associated with BMI and indirectly associated with insulin resistance, whilst considering BMI as a potential mediator ( p < 0.05). Sleep duration was not associated with BMI or insulin resistance ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: Sleep quality, not sleep duration, plays an important role in insulin resistance in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. BMI may mediate the relationship between indicators of sleep quality and insulin resistance. There is a need to examine the impact of improving sleep quality on obesity and insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.