jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of a Probiotic Bile Salt HydrolyticLactobacillus reuterion the Human Gastrointestinal Microbiota as Simulated in the SHIME Reactor System

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

AbstractThe SHIME reactor (Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem) was used to evaluate the use of a bile salt hydrolytic (BSH+) Lactobacillus reuteri strain as a probiotic. The effect of L. reuteri on representative microbial associations and on the overall metabolic activity of the SHIME microbiota was investigated. Administration of L. reuteri resulted in a decrease of the Enterobacteriaceae and coliform populations of more than 1 log unit. The CO2 production decreased by 25-40%, while the concentration of volatile fatty acids augmented by 20-30%. The NH4+ concentration increased during the treatment period from 400 mg N-NH4+/l to about 500 mg/l. Since at the same time the concentration of extracellular protein increased by 25-30%, the ratio of extracellular protein on NH4+ increased, mostly in reactor 4 (36%; p<0.05) and 5 (31%; p<0.05) and less in reactor 6. These effects disappeared when the strain was no longer administered. The strain produced no reuterin so that other bacteriocin-like compounds were probably responsible for the observed inhibitions. The strain showed satisfying survival capacities during passage through the stomach (at most factor 10 die-off) and could maintain growth in the presence of high levels of bile salts. These results suggest that L. reuteri can qualify as an organism to be administered orally to affect the gastrointestinal microbial ecology.
New markers for diastolic function by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tests a new method to evaluate diastolic heart function by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). 11 healthy subjects (controls) and 11 consecutive patients with wall motion abnormalities and hypertension were examined with MRI. Imaging was performed using a 1.5-T whole-body scanner using a steady-state free precession sequence. For the analysis, a single mid-ventricular short-axis slice in the true cardiac axis with 23 heart phases (23 frames per heart cycle) was utilized. Three types of features were applied to characterize diastolic function: (1) the slope of a linear least-squares fit to the diastolic area change; (2) a shift parameter of the least-squares fit of the sigmoid Fermi function; and (3) an irregularity marker of contraction calculated as the sum of the standard deviations of corresponding points across all frames. All markers differed significantly in both groups. We conclude that these previously unobserved features serve as objective parameters for the assessment of the diastolic left ventricular function.
Deformation Analysis of Modified Maps Based on Geographical Accuracy and Spatial Context

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Modified maps are widely used for a variety of purposes such as in tourist guides to help people find geographical objects using simple figures. However, modified maps might become problematic if they contain inaccurate information. This is because most modified maps are not updated with dynamic real-world information, and they might contain incorrect or superfluous information in that some objects on the map are intentionally enlarged or omitted. We propose a deformation analyzing method based on geographical accuracy using the map information and surrounding text. In other words, our proposed method detects the tolerance level of a deformation by the objective of the modified map. We assume that there exist three types of spatial contexts for modifying maps: general oriented map, path oriented map, and position oriented map. We also assume that deformation analysis involves looking at a modified map's geographical accuracy and Web page according to the spatial context. In this paper, we describe deformation analysis based on the geographical accuracy of the modified map and how much they differ from the spatial context of the modified map.
The role of the primary care provider in preventing and treating alcohol problems in adolescents

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Adolescents use alcohol more frequently and heavily than all other illicit drugs combined.(1) Given the myriad health, developmental, and social problems associated with alcohol use, it is not surprising that the American Medical Association's Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services recommends that adolescents be asked annually about their use of alcohol, and those who report any use during the past year should be assessed further. However, routine alcohol screening of adolescents in primary care and emergency medical settings is not universally applied. In March 2000, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of Health and the Agency for Health care Research and Quality jointly sponsored a meeting entitled The Expanding Role of Primary Care in the Prevention and Treatment of Alcohol-Use Disorders. The purpose of the meeting was to bring together researchers, policymakers, clinicians, insurance providers, and medical education specialists to determine the best approaches to increase the involvement of primary care physicians and other health care professionals in screening and intervening for alcohol problems in their patients. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism and Agency for Health care Research and Quality believe that the evidence of efficacy for primary care involvement is compelling and are working together to promote the translation of these findings into clinical practice. The following article summarizes what is currently known about adolescent alcohol use and how it can be addressed in primary care settings. It provided the background for the meeting's focus on adolescent issues.
FA2PbBr4: Synthesis, Structure, and Unusual Optical Properties of Two Polymorphs of Formamidinium-Based Layered (110) Hybrid Perovskite

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Small cations such as guanidinium and cesium can act as templating cations to form low dimensional phases (2D, 1D, 0D) in the case of excess of organic halides. However, such phases with the widely used formamidinium (FA+) cation have not been reported so far. In this study, we discovered two novel low dimensional phases with a composition of FA2PbBr4 and investigated the prerequisites of their formation upon crystallization of FABr-excessive solutions of FAPbBr3. We found that both phases have the structure of (110) layered perovskite but are represented by two different polymorphs with eclipsed and staggered arrangement of adjacent layers. It was shown that FA2PbBr4 phases usually exist in a labile equilibrium with FAPbBr3 3D perovskite and can form composites with it. The optical properties of both polymorphs were comprehensively studied by means of absorption spectroscopy, diffuse reflection spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. DFT calculations were applied to investigate the band structure of the FA2PbBr4 and to corroborate the conclusions on their optoelectronic properties. As a result, we found that FA2PbBr4 phases irradiated by UV can exhibit effective green photoluminescence due to a transfer of excitation energy to defective states or 3D perovskite inclusions.
Mass∕Heat Transfer in Rotating, Smooth, High-Aspect Ratio (4:1) Coolant Channels With Curved Walls

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper presents an experimental study of heat∕mass transfer coefficient in 4:1 aspect ratio smooth channels with nonuniform cross sections. Curved leading and trailing edges are studied for two curvatures of 9.06 m−1 (0.23 in.−1) and 15.11 m−1 (0.384 in.−1) and for two different curvature configurations. One configuration has curved walls with curvature corresponding to the blade profile (positive curvature on both leading and trailing walls) and the other configuration has leading and trailing walls that curve inward into the coolant passage (negative curvature on the leading surface and positive curvature on the trailing surface). A detailed study at Re=10,000 with rotation numbers in the range of 0–0.07 is undertaken for the two different curvature configurations. All experiments are done for a 90 deg passage orientation with respect to the plane of rotation. The experiments are conducted in a rotating two-pass coolant channel facility using the naphthalene sublimation technique. Only the radially outward flow is considered for the present study. The spanwise mass transfer distributions of fully developed regions of the channel walls are also presented. The mass transfer data from the curved wall channels are compared to those from a smooth 4:1 rectangular duct with similar flow parameters. The local mass transfer data are analyzed mainly for the fully developed region, and area-averaged results are presented to delineate the effect of the rotation number. Heat transfer enhancement especially in the leading wall is seen for the lower curvature channels, and there is a subsequent reduction in the higher curvature channel when compared to the 4:1 rectangular smooth channel. This indicates that an optimal channel wall curvature exists for which heat transfer is the highest.
ThespoIIM locus in Bacillus subtilis is required for complete forespore engulfment and expression of forespore-specific genes

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Sporulation in the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis serves as an excellent model for studying cellular differentiation and regulation of developmental gene expression. Under conditions of nutrient deprivation, Bacillus subtilis undergoes a series of morphological changes which culminate in an environmentally-resistant spore. A key event in this developmental process is the formation of an acentrically-positioned septum which divides the sporulating cell into two compartments of unequal size each harboring an identical genome. The septum migrates toward the pole of the smaller forespore compartment eventually enclosing it entirely within the larger mother cell compartment. Within the mother cell compartment, the forespore then develops into a mature spore and is released into the environment upon lysis of the mother cell. The spollM locus, initially identified by Tn917-mediated insertional mutagenesis, encodes a highly hydrophobic protein with a predicted molecular weight of 24 kDa. Electron microscopy indicates that a mutation in the spollM gene prevents complete forespore engulfment resulting in a partially engulfing septum. Examination of spollM mutant cells at later times in sporulation indicates that the septal structure is unstable and eventually disintegrates. As is evident from the divergent fates of the mother cell and forespore compartments, different patterns of gene expression are found in each compartment, with certain sets of genes expressed in one compartment and not the other. Genes expressed predominantly in the forespore compartment are transcribed by E$\\sigma\\sp{\\rm G}$. Mutations in the spollM locus prevent expression of genes transcribed by E$\\sigma\\sp{\\rm G}$ but not the expression of spolllG, the gene encoding $\\sigma\\sp{\\rm G}$. $\\sigma\\sp{\\rm G}$ is initially synthesized as the forespore is being engulfed by the mother cell but is not active until engulfment is complete. Since mutations in spollM prevent engulfment, $\\sigma\\sp{\\rm G}$ is apparently maintained in an inactive state in a spollM mutant. Genetic mosaic experiments appear to indicate spollM expression is required in the forespore compartment. Sequences upstream of the transcription start site of spollM, as determined by primer extension analysis, strongly resemble sequences recognized by E$\\sigma\\sp{\\rm E}$. Also, ectopic and heterochronic synthesis of $\\sigma\\sp{\\rm E}$ under non-sporulating conditions results in the activation of the spollM promoter. E$\\sigma\\sp{\\rm E}$ is responsible for establishing mother cell-specific gene expression and is thought to be active only in the mother cell compartment. Biochemical fractionation of the mother cell and forespore compartments indicates that spollM is predominantly expressed in the mother cell compartment, but does not rule out spollM being expressed in the forespore compartment at a low level by either E$\\sigma\\sp{\\rm E}$ or another form of RNA polymerase.
Automatic identification of clue cells in microscopic leucorrhea images based on texture features and combination of kernel functions of SVM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Automatic identification of clue cells in microscopic leucorrhea images provides important information for evaluating gynecological diseases. Traditional manual microscopic examination of Gram-stained vaginal smears is adopted by most hospitals for identifying clue cells; however, it is both complex and time-consuming. In order to solve these problems, an automatic identification of clue cells in microscopic leucorrhea images based on machine learning is proposed in this paper. First, the Otsu threshold method is used to segment regions of interest (ROI) in image preprocessing according to the morphological features of clue cells. Then, Gabor, HOG and GLCM texture features are extracted to describe irregular edges and rough surfaces of clue cells. Finally, a SVM classifier using a hybrid kernel function by linearly weighted RBF and polynomial kernels is trained to identify clue cells rapidly and conveniently. In experiments, the method using GLCM texture features and a hybrid kernel function of SVM achieved 94.64% accuracy and 94.92% recall rate, which was better than methods using Gabor or HOG texture features and a single kernel function of SVM.
<title>Quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy of single molecules on surfaces</title>

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, laser induced fluorescence detection and spectroscopy of single molecules (SMD) has seen a tremendous development. Besides fundamental research on individual molecular systems, practical applications of this sensitive detection technique for analytical and diagnostic purposes are becoming more and more important. For a wider applicability of the SMD technique it is desirable to detect not only the presence or absence of a molecule within a given detection volume,, but also t be able to quantify this fluorescence absolutely. Modified flow cytometry system for SMD that are ensuring such a quantifiable fluorescence detection of single molecules are already successfully applied for e.g. DNA fragment sizing. In our talk, we present a modified confocal detection set-up for performing SMD on surfaces that aims at a quantified detection of single molecule fluorescence. First experimental results presented and emerging problems are discussed.
[Effect of Characteristic Variable Extraction on Accuracy of Cu in Navel Orange Peel by LIBS].

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Heavy metals pollution in foodstuffs is more and more serious. It is impossible to satisfy the modern agricultural development by conventional chemical analysis. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is an emerging technology with the characteristic of rapid and nondestructive detection. But LIBS' s repeatability, sensitivity and accuracy has much room to improve. In this work, heavy metal Cu in Gannan Navel Orange which is the Jiangxi specialty fruit will be predicted by LIBS. Firstly, the navel orange samples were contaminated in our lab. The spectra of samples were collected by irradiating the peel by optimized LIBS parameters. The laser energy was set as 20 mJ, delay time of Spectral Data Gathering was set as 1.2 micros, the integration time of Spectral data gathering was set as 2 ms. The real concentration in samples was obtained by AAS (atom absorption spectroscopy). The characteristic variables Cu I 324.7 and Cu I 327.4 were extracted. And the calibration model was constructed between LIBS spectra and real concentration about Cu. The results show that relative error of the predicted concentrations of three relational model were 7.01% or less, reached a minimum of 0.02%, 0.01% and 0.02% respectively. The average relative errors were 2.33%, 3.10% and 26.3%. Tests showed that different characteristic variables decided different accuracy. It is very important to choose suitable characteristic variable. At the same time, this work is helpful to explore the distribution of heavy metals between pulp and peel.
Clinical Theragnostic Relationship between Chemotherapeutic Resistance, and Sensitivity and miRNA Expressions in Head and Neck Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The microRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding single-stranded RNAs typically 19–25 nucleotides long and regulated by cellular and epigenetic factors. These miRNAs plays important part in several pathways necessary for cancer development, an altered miRNA expression can be oncogenic or tumor-suppressive. Recent experimental results on miRNA have illuminated a different perspective of the molecular pathogenesis of head and neck cancers. Regulation of miRNA can have a detrimental effect on the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs in both neoadjuvant and adjuvant settings. This miRNA-induced chemoresistance can influence the prognosis and survival rate. The focus of the study is on how regulations of various miRNA levels contribute to chemoresistance in head and neck cancer (HNC). Recent findings suggest that up or down-regulation of miRNAs may lead to resistance towards various chemotherapeutic drugs, which may influence the prognosis. Methods: Studies on miRNA-specific chemoresistance in HNC were collected through literary (bibliographic) databases, including SCOPUS, PubMed, Nature, Elsevier, etc., and were systematically reviewed following PRISMA-P guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocol). We evaluated various miRNAs, their up and downregulation, the effect of altered regulation on the patient’s prognosis, resistant cell lines, etc. The data evaluated will be represented in the form of a review and meta-analysis. Discussion: This meta-analysis aims to explore the miRNA-induced chemoresistance in HNC and thus to aid further researches on this topic. PROSPERO registration: CRD42018104657.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates of Dichotic Listening Performance in Multiple Sclerosis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology can cause disruptions in central auditory processing. Here, we applied quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to investigate the impact of global neurodegenerative processes on dichotic listening performance in MS. We studied 28 subjects with clinically definite MS and 26 healthy controls using 3T MRI and a dichotic digits task (DDT) performed in the scanner. Subjects with MS displayed increased white matter lesions, prolonged water proton longitudinal relaxation time constants in normal appearing white matter, reduced gray matter volumes, and reduced corpus callosum areas compared with controls. No group differences were found for any of the DDT performance measures. In subjects with MS, corpus callosum area was strongly correlated with DDT performance. This relationship remained present after controlling for other measures of neuropathology, suggesting that callosal atrophy directly impacts dichotic listening performance in MS.
Maximizing the Resilience of Healthcare Workers in Multi-hazard Events: Lessons from the 2014–2015 Ebola Response in Africa

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract There is increasing knowledge that health care workers (HCWs) can experience a variety of emotional impacts when responding to disasters and terrorism events. The Anticipate, Plan and Deter (APD) Responder Risk and Resilience Model was developed to provide a new, evidence-informed method for understanding and managing psychological impacts among HCWs. APD includes pre-deployment development of an individualized resilience plan and an in-theater, real-time self-triage system, which together allow HCWs to assess and manage the full range of psychological risk and resilience for themselves and their families. The inclusion of objective mental health risk factors to prompt activation of a coping plan, in connection with unit leadership real-time situational awareness, enables the first known evidence-driven “targeted action” plan to address responder risk early before Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and impairment become established. This paper describes pilot work using the self-triage system component in Alameda County’s Urban Shield and the Philippines’ Typhoon Haiyan, and then reports a case example of the full APD model implementation in West Africa’s Ebola epidemic.
Abstract C141: From insights to action: Engaging women living with HIV in the data-driven development of an mHealth intervention for cervical cancer prevention and HPV self-sampling

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Women living with HIV (WLH) face a higher risk of invasive cervical cancer (CC) due to a greater incidence and longer persistence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Health education programs, including text-messaging interventions, have demonstrated effectiveness in improving CC and HPV knowledge and promoting recommended screening. Emerging strategies involving self-collected cervicovaginal samples as an alternative to office-based HPV screening offer additional promise in reaching women who face several obstacles to timely care, such as WLH. Purpose: This mixed-methods study aims to describe the data-driven development of a four-week text-messaging intervention, named “My Self-Sampling, HPV Awareness, Results, and Empowerment (MySHARE)”, to improve CC prevention knowledge and promote HPV self-sampling among WLH. Methods: Surveys (n=81) and focus group discussions (FGDs; n=39) were conducted among WLH in the Washington-Baltimore metropolitan region, with the findings guiding the development of MySHARE. Results: While most WLH indicated that in-person group sessions were their typical source of health information, they highlighted the impracticality of these sessions since the pandemic and expressed openness to a text-messaging intervention. Survey results informed the logistical aspects and functionality of the intervention, while FGD participants' responses, guided by constructs from the Protection Motivation Theory, shaped the content of the text-messaging library. The library covered topics such as CC and HPV knowledge, prevention behaviors, and HPV self-sampling. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the significance of engaging the target population in intervention development. WLH participants provided clear and actionable recommendations, which, together with best practices in digital health technology, directed decisions on the intervention delivery platform, messaging timing and frequency, and text-messaging content. Low-cost and accessible interventions like MySHARE have the potential to substantially enhance CC and HPV knowledge, as well as screening rates, among historically underserved populations, particularly during public health crises. Citation Format: Daisy Le, Annie Coriolan Ciceron, Min (Jaime) Jeong Jeon, Lorien C. Abroms, Carla J. Berg. From insights to action: Engaging women living with HIV in the data-driven development of an mHealth intervention for cervical cancer prevention and HPV self-sampling [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 16th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2023 Sep 29-Oct 2;Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2023;32(12 Suppl):Abstract nr C141.