jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Retrieval of snow surface microwave emissivity from the advanced microwave sounding unit

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Satellite data assimilation in numerical weather prediction systems requires information on microwave snow surface emissivity in a wide wavelength range. However, the existing models perform poorly for stratified snow or aged snow especially at high frequencies such that they are inapplicable for various snow types. The brightness temperatures at the window channels of the advanced microwave sounding unit (AMSU) are characterized strongly by surface emissivity and are thus used in this study to retrieve snow surface emissivity from 23.8 to 150 GHz under both clear and cloudy conditions. This algorithm uses an iteration scheme associated with a two‐stream radiative transfer model. The accuracy of the AMSU‐retrieved snow emissivity using this algorithm is first assessed against a set of satellite‐observed emissivity under clear skies and a set of simulated emissivity under cloudy conditions. The algorithm is then assessed by its application to seven consecutive snow events observed at Hagerstown, Maryland, in February 2003 and to a set of mountainous snowpacks observed at the Local Scale Observation Site of the Cold Land Processes Field Experiment in northern Colorado in February and March of 2002 and 2003. Results show that the AMSU‐retrieved snow emissivity spectra are consistent with the snow emissivity model simulations of the snow events in both Maryland and Colorado. Furthermore, the impact of the AMSU‐retrieved snow emissivity on global satellite data assimilation systems is investigated by applying the algorithm to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) system. Compared to the existing analytic land emissivity model used in the GSI system, the retrieved emissivity significantly improves the use of the AMSU sounding data in the NCEP GSI system. Therefore, the AMSU‐based snow emissivity retrieval algorithm has demonstrated its potential use in the global satellite data assimilation systems.
Dual Clinical Practice (DCP) policy to improve the Retention of Human Resources for Health in Rwanda: A mid-term review using a cross-sectional and retrospective study design

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background Despite the high demand for public services globally, ensuring the quality of services provided by public health facilities is challenging. Poor remuneration from public sector health care providers (HCPs) drives their migration to private health facilities. The Dual Clinical Practice (DCP) Policy in Rwanda represents a strategic initiative aimed at retaining healthcare professionals in public health facilities, allowing them to engage in private practice concurrently. This study assesses the implementation challenges and identifies opportunities for potential reformulation of DCP schemes. Methods This study employed a mixed methods approach, incorporating both cross-sectional and retrospective designs across six Rwandan public hospitals. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through key informant interviews (KIIs) and joint interviews (JIs), as well as through the analysis of health facility records obtained from the Health Management Information System (HMIS) and the Electronic Medical Record (EMR). Qualitative data were analyzed using Atlas.ti software, while quantitative data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Results The study involved participants from six Rwandan hospitals, including 20 healthcare providers and 32 patients. Qualitative results revealed that a substantial majority of health care providers supported the DCP policy, with a high patient satisfaction rate of 81% regarding DCP services. However, challenges emerged, including limited awareness of the policy and difficulties in tracking DCP engagements. Quantitative data from the HMIS and EMR indicated an increase in patient enrollment across most facilities, with DCP outpatient visits accounting for a significant percentage of total visits in some hospitals. While the DCP contributed positively to hospital revenues, concerns about the sustainability of the scheme and the adequacy of health care remuneration were highlighted, calling for a review of DCP policy involving stakeholders beyond the Ministry of Health. Conclusion This paper underscores the need for a multifaceted approach involving tax authorities, hospital administrations and health insurance companies to address the challenges identified. Ultimately, there is a pressing need for collaborative efforts to revise policies and enhance physical infrastructure, balancing healthcare quality with provider retention. This study provides valuable insights applicable to addressing similar global healthcare challenges.
Prevalence Of Asthma And Allergic Disorders Among Children In Duzce, Turkey: ISAAC Phase One

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Allergic conditions, especially asthma, seem to be increasingly common worldwide. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) was designed to allow comparisons between populations in different country. According to the series of ISAAC written questionnaires, it has been reported that there has been an increase in the prevalence of asthma and other atopic disorders in the world. As developing countries adopt an industrialized style of living, an increase in asthma prevalence can be expected. The development of asthma is determined by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. This cross-section study was undertaken to evaluate the prevalence of asthma, asthma-related symptoms and allergic disorders in childhood in the city of Duzce-Turkey. Methods: In total, 2330 ISAAC standardized questionnaires were completed by doctors questioning the mothers of children suffering from asthma or asthma-related symptoms. All children aged 6-16 years were included in this study. Results: At the end of the study, the prevalence of childhood asthma diagnosed by physicians in Duzce was 6.4%, allergic rhinitis was 3.35% and eczema was 2.8%; these percentages were compared with other cities in Turkey and other countries. In the asthma group, prevalence rates of asthma were significantly higher in boys than in girls. The prevalence of asthma-related symptoms and, in addition, living conditions affecting prevalence of asthma was evaluated in this survey. Conclusions: This survey shows that the variability in prevalence of childhood asthma between different countries is also seen in the different cities of Turkey. Turkey has different geographic regions, and thus the variability in prevalence is likely due to environmental factors.
Human antigen‐specific CD4+CD25+CD134+CD39+ T cells are enriched for regulatory T cells and comprise a substantial proportion of recall responses

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Human Ag‐specific CD4 + T cells can be detected by their dual expression of CD134 (OX40) and CD25 after a 44 hours stimulation with cognate Ag. We show that surface expression of CD39 on Ag‐specific cells consistently identifies a substantial population of CD4 + CD25 + CD134 + CD39 + T cells that have a Treg‐cell‐like phenotype and mostly originate from bulk memory CD4 + CD45RO + CD127 low CD25 high CD39 + Treg cells. Viable, Ag‐specific CD25 + CD134 + CD39 + T cells could be expanded in vitro as cell lines and clones, and retained high Forkhead Box Protein 3, CTLA‐4 and CD39 expression, suppressive activity and Ag specificity. We also utilised this combination of cell surface markers to measure HIV‐Gag responses in HIV + patients before and after anti‐retroviral therapy (ART). Interestingly, we found that the percentage of CD39 − cells within baseline CD4 + T‐cell responses to HIV‐Gag was negatively correlated with HIV viral load pre‐ART and positively correlated with CD4 + T‐cell recovery over 96 weeks of ART. Collectively, our data show that Ag‐specific CD4 + CD25 + CD134 + CD39 + T cells are highly enriched for Treg cells, form a large component of recall responses and maintain a Treg‐cell‐like phenotype upon in vitro expansion. Identification and isolation of these cells enables the role of Treg cells in memory responses to be further defined and provides a development pathway for novel therapeutics.
The Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Debate

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The overwhelming majority of cervical cancer deaths are caused by a sexually-transmitted virus: the human papillomavirus, or HPV (Walboomers et al., 1999). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 4,000 American women die from it each year. A vaccine would seem a welcome tool in the fight against this deadly disease. However, the introduction of the first HPV vaccine in the United States in 2006 was met by controversy and public opposition (Schwartz, Caplan, Faden, Sugarman, 2007). This negative reaction to the vaccine was centered on attempts by its manufacturer, Merck Co., Inc., to make it a required childhood vaccine for school-aged girls. The attempt to create an HPV vaccination mandate largely failed. The reasons for the failure were complex and arose in the context of political opposition, public skepticism about vaccines, unresolved scientific questions, and issues of cost.
Current Issues in Numerical Relativistic (Magneto-)Hydrodynamics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Astronomical observations have increased dramatically the number of astrophysical scenarios in which matter is evolving in presence of strong gravitational fields and/or reaches velocities near the speed of light. Stellar core collapse as a mechanism of hydrodynamical supernovae, relativistic jets inside collapsars or in the remnants of binary coalescing compact objects as a model of formation of gamma‐ray bursts, relativistic jets associated to active galactic nuclei or microquasars, etc, are a few examples of these scenarios. Hence, modern Astrophysics is demanding the development of robust numerical multidimensional relativistic (magneto‐)hydro‐codes as tools to deep into the physical nature of those energetic phenomena.Here I review the present status on the field of Numerical Relativistic (Magneto‐) Hydrodynamics (RMHD), paying particular attention to their characteristic structure. The current extensions of Riemann solvers (exact and approximate ones) to the relativistic regime are discussed.
Effect of environmental changes on some physiological parameters in the Yankasa ewe

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of heat stress oil pulse rate (P), respiratory rate (R), rectal temperature (I} and sweating rate (S) with respect to pregnancy, coat type, pigmentation and dium.al variation, and also the heat stress of the animal in each group. Non-pregnant ewes had lower P (90.7 vs 103.5 beats/min) and higher H (0.76 vs 0.65) (P 0.05). Sheep with smooth, curly and intermediate coat types differed significantly (P 0.05). Non-pigmented ewes had significantly higher (P<0.05), T (39.1 vs 38.9C) and H (1.37 vs 1.30) than pigmented ones. However, the former had lower (P<0.01) sweating rate (13.5 vs 15.9 min) and sweat gland density than the latter, but P and R were not significantly affected by the pigmentation level of the animals. Time of sampling significantly affected (P<0.001) most of them.
The Effectiveness of the Use of Probiotics in the Prevention of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PICO Question: In very low birth weight infants (VLBW), does the use of prophylactic probiotics decrease the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis?\nMethod: Databases searched include PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, ScienceDirect, UpToDate, and CINAHL databases, resulting in 10 relevant articles (four meta-analyses, two systematic reviews, three randomized controlled trials, and one cohort study).\nResults: The review of literature concluded that overall there is a decrease in the incidence of NEC when VLBW infants are given prophylactic probiotics.\nRecommendations: In conclusion, probiotics have shown efficacy in preventing NEC with no confirmed reports of adverse effects to VLBW infants. The final recommendation would be to implement the use of probiotics for VLBW infants. The conclusions strongly suggest a change in practice, and hospital NICUs would greatly benefit from the use of probiotics.
Salicylic acid improves salinity tolerance in field pea (Pisum sativumL.) by intensifying antioxidant defense system and preventing salt-induced nitrate reductase (NR) activity loss

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To improve the antioxidant system and protect the nitrate reductase (NR) activity of two field pea genotypes (DDR 61 and HUDP 15) by seed hardening through optimum concentration salicylic acid (SA) @ 1.0 mM under salinity stress condition. Salinity was imposed by NaCl @ 50,100 and 150 mM with their corresponding EC 4.0, 8.2 and 10.6 dSm−1 respectively. Nitrate reductase (NR) activity significantly reduced under stress at the reproductive (i.e. post anthesis) stage but was maintained higher in 1.0 mM SA treated plants upto the level of 100 mM NaCl. In addition to NR, membrane stability index (MSI) also decreased significantly under salinity stress. In DDR 61 MSI was found to be more as compared to HUDP 15. On the other hand, activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) were up-regulated by salinity stress and further enhanced remarkably by 1.0 mM SA treatment. DDR 61 genotype was found to be more responsive to SA application as compared to HUDP 15. Salt stress was found to have more damaging effects during the pre-anthesis phase than the post-anthesis phase of development. Hence, results signify the role of SA in protecting NR metabolic activity along with regulating salinity response of plants.
Counterclockwise Drilling with Different Tapered Drills Condenses the Implant Bed—An Optical Coherence Tomography In Vitro Study

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the condensation and the microarchitecture of implant bed walls of sites prepared with counterclockwise drilling with tapered implant drills using optical coherence tomography. Materials and Methods: Four drill designs with different wall and tip angles were used. Polyurethane laminas resembling type IV bone microarchitecture were superimposed and clamped with a vice to simulate the coronal, middle, and apical aspects of the implant site. Twenty implant beds were prepared at 1200 rpm in clockwise (control) and counterclockwise (test) directions (N = 160). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was used to evaluate the condensation and microarchitecture characteristics of the implant bed walls. The relative condensation was calculated using the Image J software Bone application. The microarchitecture was evaluated in reconstructed 3D volumes in XY, XZ, and YZ sections. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA. Dunnet test was applied to determine differences between groups. Significance was set as p < 0.05. Results: Counterclockwise drilling (Test) condensed and changed the microarchitecture of the apical regions for all the implant beds in all of the groups when compared to clockwise drilling (control). The apical region of test groups showed the highest relative bone condensation (p = 0.026) when compared to controls. Conclusions: The direction of rotation (counterclockwise drilling) and not the design of tapered drills (tip and wall angles) is responsible for the condensation at the apical area observed in polyurethane blocks. The OCT method can be used for the evaluation of changes in density and microstructure of polyurethane blocks.
COLLAGENOUS SPRUE AND COLITIS RESPONDING TO INFLIXIMAB THERAPY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 76 year old, Caucasian male with known CLL presented in March of 2003 with intractable diarrhea for six to eight weeks and with a weight loss of seventeen pounds. There was no history of exposures or travel. On admission he was severely dehydrated and in metabolic acidosis. Stool volume was in excess of 7.0 liters/twenty-four hours. Serum gastrin and VIP levels were normal. Twenty-four hour urine 5-HIAA was normal. Stool exam was negative for fat, parasites, WBC, and pathogenic organisms. Giardia antibody was 1:16. CT of the abdomen showed no pancreatic lesions. Thyroid studies were normal. Celiac serology studies were all normal. UGI/SBS x-ray was unremarkable. EGD and Colonoscopy were unremarkable. Biopsy showed collagenous sprue and collagenous colitis. The patient was treated with fluid replacement and TPN. Prednisone provided no benefit. Many anti-diarrheal medications, Lithium and herbal remedies, were tried without benefit. The patient was started on treatment with Infliximab 0.5 mg/Kg. by infusion on standard protocol and had rapid reduction in stool volume. I.V. fluids and TPN were discontinued. He has been maintained for over one year now on eight-weekly infusions of Infliximab and oral Azathioprine. He has formed stools once daily. He has regained all of his lost weight. Repeat biopsies performed in October 2003-showed disappearance of collagen from the colon and duodenum. The patient is in excellent health as of June 2004.
Discovery of Shallow-Marine Biofacies Conodonts in a Bioherm Within the Carboniferous-Permian Transition in the Omalon Massif, NE Russia near the North Paleo-Pole: Correlation with a Warming Spike in the Southern Hemisphere

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The conodont genera Hindeodus and Streptognathodus are reported for the first time within the Carboniferous-Permian transition in the northern high latitudes of the Paren’ River, Omolon Massif, NE Russia. Several fossil groups, including brachiopods, bivalves, scaphopods and microgastropods were found to be prolific in the invertebrate-dominated bioherms. These bioherms occur within predominantly siliciclastic sequences with extremely poor fauna, whereas in the studied bioherms the diversity of the bivalves and brachiopods exceeded observed diversity elsewhere in coeval facies in NE Russia. The bioherms are biostratigraphically constrained as uppermost Pennsylvanian to lowermost Cisuralian based on ammonoids. The very unusual peak of bivalve and brachiopod diversity and the occurrence of conodonts that require minimum sea water temperatures of at least 10-12 °C indicate a short lived, but significant warming event at that time, at least of provincial significance. This event most likely corresponds with a short-lived warming event recently discovered in the east of the southern hemisphere, in Timor and Australia. Thus, the event is possibly of global significance.
Does scientific publication need a peer consensus? Commentary on Stodolsky on consensus-journals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We would like to discuss Stodolsky's ``consensus journals'' model (Stodolsky, 1990; 1992). We will quickly show that the context in which such a model can be applied has to be precisely defined. Examples will then be given to illustrate our views and show both the scientific and pragmatic limits of this proposal. For us, Stodolsky's attempt to automatize electronic publication could be considered as an additional approach for article submission rather than one which will replace those existing ones.
Trans-Local Climate Politics in Ordinary Cities: From Local Agenda 21 to Transition Towns to Climate Emergency Declarations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article addresses the question of how ordinary cities, conceptualized here in a simplified way as peripheralized small and medium-sized cities, navigate (the complexities of) climate policy and planning. To do so, we elaborate on three temporal waves of trans-municipal environmental politics that have simultaneously shaped municipal climate politics in many places globally: (a) the Local Agenda 21, between 1992–2002; (b) the Transition Towns movement, between 2006 and 2015; and (c) recent climate emergency declarations, in place since 2016. Interestingly, the thousands of participating municipalities include not only the well-known frontrunners but also many small and medium-sized cities. Some have come into contact with climate and transformation issues for the first time, others have even been pioneers for much larger cities. However, the three waves also each have different characteristics in terms of underlying governance models, theory of change and scope of transition, role of planning and civil society, or output orientation. Through the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, an overview of interlinkages between the three climate policy waves in German ordinary cities is compiled from publicly accessible databases. In addition, qualitative impressions allow for statements on the actors of this transformation processes, including municipal governments and councils, civil society organizations and social movements, various bridging agents, and trans-national municipal networks. This perspective on (referential and institutional) continuities is deepened in a case study on the medium-sized town of Marburg, Hesse. As participating cities in all three waves are predominantly located in the Global North, the article aims to also contribute to the application of the “ordinary city model” to regionally peripheralized cities in globally non-peripheral regions.
Design of Polymeric Materials for Triboelectric Nanogenerators (TENGs)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are eco-friendly energy-harvesting systems that produce electrical energy from disordered mechanical energy. To enhance the triboelectric performances of TENGs, many researchers have conducted in-depth studies of the polymer materials utilized in TENGs, so numerous studies have been reported on the relationship between their material properties and their energy-harvesting capabilities. Triboelectric performance depends on the electrical properties of the materials used, such as their electron affinities and dielectric constants. Representative examples of positive and negative tribomaterials include PA6, PEO, PVDF, and fluorinated sulfur copolymers, respectively. This article introduces the relationship among the compositions, structures, triboelectric performances of the polymer materials, and composites used in TENGs and summarizes the representative polymer materials applied in the latest TENGs.
A continuity principle equivalent to the monotone $Π^{0}_{1}$ fan theorem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The strong continuity principle reads "every pointwise continuous function from a complete separable metric space to a metric space is uniformly continuous near each compact image." We show that this principle is equivalent to the fan theorem for monotone $Π^{0}_{1}$ bars. We work in the context of constructive reverse mathematics.
Depth profiling analysis of damaged arginine films with Ar cluster ion beams

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ar cluster ion beams provide unique opportunities for organic material analysis. SIMS with Ar cluster ion beams have been utilized for thin films of biomaterials and organic semiconductor multilayers. No degradation in SIMS spectra was found after sputtering with Ar cluster ion beams. In addition, a damage layer formed with ion irradiation of monomer Ga at a dose of 1 × 10 14 ions/cm 2 was removed with an Ar cluster beam without additional damage being created. The structure and depth of damage induced with monomer ions can be evaluated with Ar cluster SIMS. The measured thickness of the damaged layer is very close to the value calculated with TRIM. These results indicate that damage in organic materials introduced with energetic ions can be evaluated with this technique. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.