jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stripe: Helping Money Move on the Internet

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This case features Stripe, a startup that enables merchants to accept payments from customers on the web, on mobile devices, and at the point of sale (POS). Stripe was launched in 2011 by the Collison brothers and quickly gained traction with e-commerce startups, particularly software and platform developers who needed help building their payment processing infrastructures. Stripe incurred high fixed costs in developing its platform and had low margins per transaction, so the company needed to reach high processing volumes (i.e., scale) to survive. This was challenging, as Stripe competed with large payment processors and traditional banks that had high processing volumes and were able to offer merchants significantly lower rates than Stripe. Still, merchants valued Stripe#x0027;s solution because it was simple and versatile. Students assume the role of the Collisons to think about possible strategies Stripe could pursue to process higher volumes of transactions. Students are challenged to think about the potential response of the incumbents to Stripe's different growth alternatives. The teaching note presents the Value Net framework and discusses the importance of considering complementors and their effect on a firm's strategy. Finally, a discussion about Stripe's potential entry into the Indian market allows students to apply the concepts they learned in the discussion of a new market.
VIOLENCE BEGETS VIOLENCE … BUT HOW? A DECISION‐MAKING PERSPECTIVE ON THE VICTIM–OFFENDER OVERLAP*

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study applied a decision‐making perspective to examine the causal mechanisms underlying the relation between violent victimization and offending. We theorized that having been victimized affects an individual's appraisal of subsequent potentially conflictive situations in such a way that victims become more attuned toward the benefits of violence perpetration than toward its costs. Furthermore, we argued that this altered appraisal mediates the relation between violent victimization and violent offending. We tested these hypotheses by using data from the Zurich Project on the Social Development of Children and Youths, a longitudinal study of Swiss youth (N = 1,013; 11–15 years of age). In line with expectations, path analysis results showed that prior victimization influenced the appraisal of decision‐making situations that, in turn, predicted subsequent self‐reported violent offending. Importantly, these mediation effects held when controlling for a variety of time‐stable factors, such as self‐control and risky activities, as well as prior victimization and delinquency. Implications for research and theorizing on the victim–offender overlap are elaborated in the discussion .
Plasma level of antidiuretic hormone in patients with chronic renal failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

慢性腎不全患者の視床下部-下垂体後葉系の機能をみるために, 健常人10例, 食餌療法中の慢性腎不全患者14例, 血液透析中の慢性腎不全患者18例の血漿ADHをラジオイムノアッセイを用いて測定した. ADH値は慢性腎不全患者の2群では健常人に比して有意に高く, また食餌療法中の患者よりも血液透析中の患者において有意に高値を示した.食餌療法中の患者においては, 血漿ADHと血清クレアチニン, 血漿ADHと有効血漿浸透圧との間に, 有意な正の相関関係をみた. また血漿ADHと血清Caとの間にも有意な負の相関関係をみた.血液透析中の患者においては, 血漿ADH値は透析後, 透析前に比して有意に低下した. 透析前後とも, 血漿ADHと有効血漿浸透圧との間には有意な正の相関関係をみた. しかし血漿ADHと血清Ca, 血漿ADHとPRA, 血漿ADHとMBPとの間には相関はなかった. また血液透析による血漿ADHの変化と体重の変化についても相関はなかった.これらの結果よりみて慢性腎不全患者においてADHの分泌は第一義的には有効血漿浸透圧によって調節されているとともに, ADHの不活性化については減少していることが考えられた.
[Value of Illizarov's method in the treatment of long bone pseudarthrosis. Apropos of a A.S.A.M.I.F series of 87 cases].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study is the outcome of multicenter endeavour compiling 87 cases of pseudoarthrosis managed according to principles set forth by G.A. Ilizarov. All clinical forms are described: simple pseudoarthrosis (non-infected and without loss of substance); septic pseudoarthrosis; pseudoarthrosis with loss of bone substance, both septic and aseptic. This method is used in the majority of cases. This method is used in the majority of cases after several consecutive unavailing attempts with conventional therapeutical procedures. Considering all situations, the lesions heal in over 90% of cases and the infection subsides with an equal rate of success. Such results are achieved within a period of 5 months. Sequelae or complications imputable to the method are few. Indications are specified, which depend upon the clinical form of the treated pseudoarthrosis, as well as upon the surgeon's personal skill.
Life prognosis and renal relapse after induction therapy in Japanese patients with proliferative and pure membranous lupus nephritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective We aimed to compare life prognosis and renal relapse after induction therapy in proliferative (PLN) and pure membranous LN (MLN). Methods We retrospectively analysed the cases of 140 of 172 patients with LN who underwent a renal biopsy at our hospital or community hospitals from 1993 to 2016. We determined the complete response (CR) rate at 12 months after the patients had started induction therapy, and we evaluated the predictive factors for CR, life prognosis and renal relapse in PLN and pure MLN. We defined PLN as International Society of Neurology and the Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) Class III or IV and MLN as ISN/RPS Class V. Results The renal pathology of 99 (70.7%) patients was classified as PLN, and that of the other 41 (29.3%) patients as MLN. Fifty patients (50.5%) with PLN and 22 patients (53.7%) with MLN achieved a CR at 12 months. A multivariate analysis showed that a lower index of chronicity in PLN and a higher total haemolytic complement (CH50) level in MLN were predictive factors for achieving a CR at 12 months. A Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the life prognosis (P = 0.93) and renal relapse (P = 0.52) were not significantly different between PLN and MLN. Conclusions The predictive factors for a CR at 12 months post-induction therapy were index of chronicity in PLN and CH50 level in MLN. There were no significant differences in life prognosis or renal relapse between PLN and MLN in the achievement of a CR at 12 months post-induction therapy.
212 Emergency Room Visits are Reduced in Patients using Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors for Recurrent Priapism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A treatment protocol involving type 5 Phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE5i) represents a new evolving therapy for recurrent ischemic priapism. Previous observations have encouraged further studies to evaluate treatment effects in larger studies and with longer-term follow-up. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the real world experience of PDE5i in managing recurrent priapism. A retrospective analysis of the Johns Hopkins Hospital institutional database of priapism management from May 2006 to March 2017 consisted of 18 patients, who had recurrent ischemic priapism managed with a PDE5i treatment protocol. Inclusion criteria were the occurrence of at least 4 priapism episodes per month. Exclusion criteria included incomplete follow-up. The treatment protocol was early morning low dose 25 to 50 mg sildenafil. Baseline clinical characteristics, treatment effect, and compliance were documented. The primary outcome was emergency room visits with and without PDE5i treatment. The mean age was 30.1 +/-12.8 years. PDE5i treatment reduced the occurrence of emergency room visits in 12/14 patients (85.7%) whereas the other 4 patients did not have any emergency room visits prior to or after treatment. It decreased the mean monthly priapism episodes from 13.8+/-11 to 4.05+/-6.6 (p=0.002). Subjective improvement was reported in 16 patients (88.9%). At a median follow up of 8 months (IQR 4-60), 10 patients (55.6%) continued on treatment during follow-up whereas 8 patients (44.4%) discontinued treatment after 3 months due to lack of insurance coverage. A total of seven patients out of eight who discontinued the treatment reported similar pretreatment episodic priapism.
Medical and dental characteristics of children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a multifaceted syndrome with a variable phenotype. Few studies have described the associated dental characteristics and their relationship with medical co‐morbidities; and no Australian data exist. Aim To determine the clinical manifestations and correlations between oral and medical conditions in children with 22q11.2DS. Design A retrospective observational study. Children genetically diagnosed with 22q11.2DS at the Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne were selected; their medical and dental characteristics were collated and analysed. Results The study population (n = 57; mean age 11.5 years, range 2‐27 years) experienced a range of medical conditions involving multiple medical systems; of whom 44 (77.2%) had caries experience, 7 (12.3%) developmentally missing teeth, and 31 (54.4%) developmental defects of enamel (DDE). Smaller proportions of primary teeth were affected by DDE in children with congenital heart disease (2.2% vs 9.7%; P = .02), and cardiac surgery (0.2% vs 9%; P = .001). Conversely, children with hypoparathyroidism (n = 2) had significantly higher proportions of primary teeth affected by DDE (27.5% vs 4%; P = .02). Conclusions Significant associations existed between medical conditions (congenital heart disease, history of cardiac surgery, and hypoparathyroidism) and primary dentition DDE in children with 22q11.2 DS.
On Topology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Recent arguments asserting a topological turn in culture also identify a range of topologically informed interventions in social and cultural theory. Talk of a topological turn evokes both the enduring interest that the field of mathematics presents and the business of analysis in the cultural sphere. This article questions the novelty of this ‘becoming topological of culture’ and digs into a deeper historicity in order to identify the trends that may be said to support the development of topology in the current situation. It also examines the relationship between mathematics considered ontologically (philosophy of mathematics) and mathematics considered epistemologically (as a methodological practice of knowledge), in order to better grasp the significance of the practical abstractions that mathematics as technics (or cultural topology) manifests. Discussions of Cantor, Russell, Poincaré, Lévi-Strauss, Lacan and others address the background of contemporary mathematical topology. The article goes on to examine Alain Badiou’s principle that mathematics is ontology and concludes with a discussion of the mathematics of Martin Heidegger.
The prevalence of risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases among medical specialists in the Tomsk region

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aim. To determine the prevalence and structure of risk factors (RF) for chronic noncommunicable diseases (CNCD) medical specialists in the Tomsk Region depending on labor parameters, gender, residence and specialty. Material and methods . As part of the study, specialists filled out questionnaires that included questions related to their labor activity, as well as a questionnaire made up on basis of methodological recommendations "Monitoring of risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases in practical healthcare". The questionnaire was submitted in electronic form and posted on the website http://www.golosaonline.ru/medto. Results. Medical specialists in the Tomsk region revealed a high prevalence of such RFs of CNCD as improper feeding and sedentary lifestyle, as well as overweight. We recorded that these RFs are most common among surgical specialties. Conclusion. The study showed that there is a need for practical recommendations for medical specialists on leveling the individual RFs of CNCD.
Acinetobacter Baumannii Infection in Intensive Care Unit:A Retrospective Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To investigate outcomes of critically ill patients with acinetobacterbaumannii(A.baumannii)infection/colonization in intensive care unit(ICU),and to provide clinical experience for the management of such patients.Methods:Clinical data concerning A.baumannii infection/colonization among critically ill patients in our ICU were collected and analyzed retrospectively.Outcomes of these patients were also studied.Results:A.baumannii was detected from 107 ICU patients hospitalized between January 2012 and December 2012.Among them,85 cases(79.4%)were identified as A.baumannii infection,and 22(20.6%) cases were identified as A.baumannii colonization.21 cases(infection,19cases;colonization,2 cases)of them were excluded from this study because of treatment abandonment.All of the sixty-six cases with A.baumanniiinfection were treated with sulperazone or sulperazone+minocycline according to China Experts Consensus about Managements of Acinetobacter Baumannii Infection.50 cases(75.8%)with A.baumannii infection were cured and transferred out of ICU.The number of deaths was 16(24.2%),and only 2 cases(3.0%)died of A.baumannii infection.Conclusion:Pathogenicity of A.baumannii is weak,and most of infection cases can be cured according to the experts consensus.
Popularity does not equal peer review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

EDITOR,--In announcing the death of biomedical journals, Ronald E LaPorte and colleagues extol the potential of the information superhighway for the transmission, compilation, and retrieval of data.1 The presumption seems to be that expanded access is one of the most ardent desires of readers of biomedical journals. An electronic research communication system in physics, which has grown to 40000 users in just four years, is given as evidence. Perhaps physicists are different from physicians. I don't know any medical …
Isolation of Ureolytic and Sulphate Reduction Bacteria: Acclimitize to Concrete Environment

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents on results of ureolytic and sulphate reduction bacteria isolated from fresh urine and acid mine water respectively. Over enrichment period both bacteria were enriched under alkaline and anaerobic condition to suit the concrete environment. Both enrichment media also were supplied with urea and sulphate salt for ureolytic and sulphate reduction bacteria respectively to ensure only the desired strain growth. The results showed that optimal growth condition of ureolytic bacteria and sulphate reduction bacteria are pH 10.71 and 9.35 respectively. It was observed that the gram stain was positive for both types with the shape of Coccus. It is hope that the isolated strains are able to sustain in concrete environment as bacteria concrete and could be used to improve concrete properties.
Dense Volume-to-Volume Vascular Boundary Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we present a novel 3D-Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture called I2I-3D that predicts boundary location in volumetric data. Our fine-to-fine, deeply supervised framework addresses three critical issues to 3D boundary detection: (1) efficient, holistic, end-to-end volumetric label training and prediction (2) precise voxel-level prediction to capture fine scale structures prevalent in medical data and (3) directed multi-scale, multi-level feature learning. We evaluate our approach on a dataset consisting of 93 medical image volumes with a wide variety of anatomical regions and vascular structures. In the process, we also introduce HED-3D, a 3D extension of the state-of-the-art 2D edge detector (HED). We show that our deep learning approach out-performs, the current state-of-the-art in 3D vascular boundary detection (structured forests 3D), by a large margin, as well as HED applied to slices, and HED-3D while successfully localizing fine structures. With our approach, boundary detection takes about one minute on a typical 512x512x512 volume.
Farm water use efficiency assessment for smallholder pumped irrigation systems in the arid and semi-arid areas of Kenya

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Water use efficiency for irrigated agriculture still remains low. This presents a risky trend in the near future due to diminishing water resources as well as rising population demanding increased food supplies. The objective of the study was to investigate pumped irrigation methods used by smallholder farmers in the arid and semi-arid land environments as well as assess the water use efficiency during crop production under usual farmer management. The study was carried out in Mitubiri location of Kakuzi division and Kithimani sub location of Yatta division, Kenya. Observational study during the field transect walks in the study sites identified methods of irrigation used by the smallholder farmers, water conveyance as well as application methods and the soil physical properties. Questionnaires were developed and administered to 80 farmers in order to find out the socio-economic status of the people and the agricultural practices carried out. A detailed study was carried out in 10 experimental plots set in the study areas. Water losses during conveyance and application were assessed in the experimental plots. Of the five farms where water conveyance was through secondary canals, the mean water conveyance efficiency was found to be 81.4%. Water application efficiency in the ten blocks under different crops grown i.e. baby corns ( Zea mays L.), French beans ( Phaseolus vulgaris L), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L) and water melon (citrullus lanatus) in the months of April to July 2009 was assessed. On average, water application efficiency ranged from 19.5% to 30 % for the crops assessed which was far below the recommended range of 65% for surface irrigation methods. The study hence shows that there is a need to improve water use efficiency in smallholder irrigated agriculture in order to conserve water and ensure no shortages of water during the times of high water demand.
How much is enough? Determine the optimal frequency of internet display advertising (IDA)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

"Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I don't know which half."

The words of John Wanamaker (1838-1922), a pioneer American marketer and advertiser, still hold true almost 100 years since they were spoken in the context of the ubiquitous banner advertising also termed as internet display advertising (IDA). Whilst IDA has become a major component of the internet advertising industry with an estimated size of US$ 56.5 billion (ZenithOptimedia, 2014) and a compounded annual growth rate of 21.5% (ZenithOptimedia, 2014), our understanding of how IDA works is fairly nascent. Despite thousands of advertisers utilising this platform to target billions of audiences worldwide, there is still a lack of clarity of how IDA really works. Specifically there is a gap in understanding the level of IDA impressions that are required to drive a specific goal. The blistering pace at which internet advertising has grown and evolved has contributed in a large part to a research gap that has stubbornly persisted. On one hand internet's constant evolution has spawned user journeys that are a complex tangle of advertising impressions, search clicks and website visits. On the other hand internet's exponential growth has led to constantly expanding data sets both in terms of volume and number of variables. This has led to an ongoing need to constantly update the findings and methods in order to understand how IDA works. Developments in clickstream technology that track complex user behaviour on the internet have provided an opportunity to further research in the area of determining optimal frequency level in IDA to drive marketing goals.

This research seeks to assist researchers and practitioners in their quest to improve their understanding of IDA and internet advertising as a whole by uncovering a deeper understanding of the impact IDA impression frequency plays in driving marketing goals, especially online purchases. Further, the study analyses the moderating influence of consumers' characteristics and spacing of IDA impressions after controlling for a comprehensive set of factors related to media and seasonality. Lastly, the study uniquely utilises an easy to use but effective method that overcomes issues that plague clickstream data characterised by very large volume and low conversion rates. The clickstream data for this study was obtained from the ad-server log files from a large advertising agency based in Singapore. The use of such a data-set for this study is a significant step towards linking the world of information systems and marketing by making effective use of big data in developing optimal IDA impression frequency guidelines that will ultimately contribute towards improving the ROI of internet display advertising (IDA).
Southern Fiction: Southern Small-Town Culture and Its Landmarks

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Southern small-town culture is marked by a close-knit community's strict societal expectations and hierarchy, the undeniable familiarity of all the residents and their business in a particular small town such as Bloomingdale, Georgia; and a resistance or inability to be affected by time. The second element—familiarity—functions not always as a means of nosiness but as a direct result of the unavoidable interconnectivity that is formed by generations of neighbors and relatives growing up together and never leaving their hometown. A final characteristic of the small-town culture is the significance of landmarks—both in a geographical and manmade sense. These elements and traits largely compose the small-town culture demonstrated throughout Lee Smith's Oral History, Olive Ann Burns's Cold Sassy Tree, and Candice Lawrence's short stories "Glimpse", "That Kinda Courage", and "Back Stabbin' Mrs. Betty". Before we examine these components, let's take a moment to define what is meant by "Southern small-town culture." Few things have remained the same in respect to the progression of Southern literature—especially when referring to contemporary Southern literature. Still, there are some characteristics which have paradoxically become unique yet standard features of Southern literature and culture, such as the unmistakable social and often genealogical interconnectivity of a small town's residents. For the purposes of this thesis, Southern small town culture encompasses landmarks, social interactions and hierarchy, as well as how a seemingly abundance of time uniquely affects fictional characters' perception of and reactions to reality. Candice Lawrence uses the culture found in southern small towns to zoom in on how individuals function in their environment.
Amrica en Sevilla: la materializacin del espritu neoimperial en la Exposicin Iberoamericana de 1929

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article considers the representation of the relationships between Spain and its former colonies at the Ibero-American Exhibition in Seville in 1929. The analysis provides two main arguments. First, it will be argued that the styles of the Plaza de Amrica named neoplateresque, neomudejar and neogthic were chosen to stand for a new form of imperialism based on a Hispanoamerican identity, with Spain once again as the leader, although this time spiritual rather than political. Second, the article discusses how this neo-imperialist spirit was reinforced by the pavilions of the Latin American countries by underlining the common cultural elements with Spain based on language, religion and the cultural idea of race, by creating buildings in the colonial baroque style, either in a neo-colonial or neomestizo way, thereby stating their affiliation to the pan-hispanist spirit.