jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
5-HT metabolism in the intestinal wall of the rabbit.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The levels of TRP, 5-HTP, 5-HT and 5-HIAA were measured in the proximal colon of the rabbit using ion exchange chromatography and spectrofluorimetry. Assays were performed on fragments of the intact colonic wall, on the muscle layers containing nerve plexuses, and on the mucosa-containing enterochromaffin cells. In spite of identical TRP concentration, 5-HT levels were higher in the mucosa than in the muscle containing nerve plexus. In the muscle, the ratio 5-HIAA/5-HT was about 1, i.e., comparable to that of the brain, whereas the ratio was very low in the mucosa, suggesting a weak 5-HT catabolism in the enterochromaffin cells. When the mucosa was severed from the muscle, 5-HT synthesis was increased. In this case, 5-HT and 5-HIAA concentrations in the reconstituted wall (muscles + mucosa) were higher than in the intact wall. In in vitro studies, levels of newly synthesized (3H)5-HT from (3H)TRP were 3 times higher in the reconstituted wall than in the intact one, and the conversion index of TRP to 5-HT was higher in the mucosa and in the reconstituted wall respectively. These results suggest that enterochromaffin cells do synthesize 5-HT from TRP when the mucosa is divided from the muscle. (3H)5-HT was taken up by both nerve plexuses and mucosa, with a high affinity mechanism. Results from tryptophan loading experiments indicated that 5-HTP decarboxylase in the gut might be involved in the regulation of 5-HT synthesis. The mucosa severed from the muscles might represent a good model for the study of carcinoid tumour development.
Upper limit for angular compounding speckle reduction

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Angular compounding is a technique for reducing speckle noise in optical coherence tomography that is claimed to significantly improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of images without impairing their spatial resolution. Here, we examine how focal point movements caused by optical aberrations in an angular compounding system may produce unintended spatial averaging and concomitant loss of spatial resolution. Experimentally, we accounted for such aberrations by aligning our system and measuring distortions in images and found that when the distortions were corrected, the speckle reduction by angular compounding was limited. Our theoretical analysis using Monte Carlo simulations indicates that “pure” angular compounding (i.e., with no spatial averaging) over our full numerical aperture (13° in air) can improve the SNR by not more than a factor of 1.3. Illuminating only a partial aperture cannot improve this factor compared to a spatial averaging system with equivalent loss of resolution. We conclude that speckle reduction using angular compounding is equivalent to spatial averaging. Nonetheless, angular compounding may be useful for improving images in applications where the depth of field is important. The distortions tend to be the greatest off the focal plane, and so angular compounding combined with our correction technique can reduce speckle with a minimal loss of resolution across a large depth of field.
The Effects of Gravity on Self-Motion Perception

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Gravity is the most pervasive force that we encounter. For instance, we observe a variety of objects being accelerated toward the Earth by gravity, but we also experience these forces when we are simply stationaryas gravity is a constant accelerationor when we are ourselves in motion, such as when we are locomoting on foot, driving a vehicle, jumping or skiing. It follows that our ability to successfully navigate our environment must somehow take into account the effects of gravity on our body's motion-detecting sensesa dynamic relationship which changes with self-motion and self-orientation. The goal of this dissertation was to investigate how body orientation relative to gravity influences visual-vestibular interactions in visually-induced perception of self-motion (i.e., vection). Specifically, I examined this relationship by placing observers in varied postures and presenting visual displays simulating forward/backward self-motion with vertical/horizontal viewpoint oscillation, that mimics components produced by head-movements in real self-motion. I found that tilting observers reduced vection and the two viewpoint oscillations similarly enhanced vection, suggesting that current postural and oscillation-based vection findings are best explained by ecology. I also examined the influence of scene structure and alignment of the body and visual motion relative to gravity on vection. Observers in different postures viewed simulated translational self-motion displays consisting of either a single rigid structure or dots. The experimental data showed that vection depended on both posture and the perceived interpretation of the visual scene, indicating that self-motion perception is modulated by high-order cognitive processes. I also found that observers reported illusory tilt of the stimulus when they were not upright. I investigated these observer reports of a posture-dependent perceived stimulus tilt by presenting upright and tilted observers with static and motion stimuli that were tilted from the graviational vertical. Postural-dependent tilt effects were found for both these stimuli and were greater for motion experienced as self-motion than external motion. Taken together, the results of this dissertation demonstrate that our perception of self-motion is influenced by gravity, and by prior experiences and internal mental representations of our visual world.
Taking epilepsy medications consistently

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In their article “Early pediatric antiepileptic drug nonadherence is related to lower long-term seizure freedom,” Dr. Modi and colleagues1 studied the relationship between taking medications consistently and long-term disease control. Recognizing that no one is perfect, they looked at 2 groups. The first group took their medications very accurately. This group was “near perfect,” taking their medication correctly an average of 96.8% of the time. They compared this group to the group who did not do as well at taking their medication, who they termed “nonadherent.”

Dr. Modi and colleagues have looked at this problem in the past and published articles on how well people take their medication. The past studies showed that there are many factors that influence how well a person takes his or her medicine. In addition, their study showed that there was a subset of people who did well right from the start. In this study, they compared the group who did well right from the start (near-perfect adherence in the first 6 months of treatment) vs those who did not do as well.

Dr. Modi and colleagues are pediatric epilepsy specialists. They studied adherence to treatment in children aged 2 to 12 years. All of the children had just been diagnosed with seizures. All were started on medication. None of the children had other medical problems. Dr. Modi and his group at Cincinnati Children's Hospital saw the children 1 month after diagnosis and then once every 3 months thereafter. They continued to follow the group for a total of 4 years from the diagnosis. They started the study in 2006.

It took 3 …
Effectiveness of alternative GSM therapies: "twist of fate" or natural evolution?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The study and development of new therapies for genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) remain an area of focus in modern gynecology. The relevance and need for scientific research in this area are undeniable due to the significant negative impact of GSM on patients' quality of life. At this point, however, a great deal of controversy is arising as the knowledge of the treatment of GSM-associated disorders deepens. Local hormonal therapy remains the "gold standard" for vulvovaginal atrophy treatment, but alternative therapies for GSM are launching in the pharmaceutical market. Have we got more answers? Yes. Have we got more questions? Sure. So why does the very fact of studying GMS require us to be so pedantic and focus the attention of the entire global medical community? Let's get to the bottom of this.
‘I have a lot of faith in her’: Value of community health workers in addressing family planning in rural Ghana

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In rural settings with shortages in trained health care workers, community health workers (CHWs) play an important role in the delivery of health care services. The Ghana Health Service initiated a national CHW programme in 2016 to expand health services to rural populations. This study explored the perceived role and value of CHWs in addressing family planning issues in the Amansie West district of Ghana. The study included in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 28 women in the community, ages 18-49, and 30 CHWs. Using inductive thematic analysis, IDIs were coded to explore opinions on the CHWs' role and perceived value in the delivery of family planning. Participants explained that CHWs provided family planning as part of a healthcare package through household visits and referrals to government services. The value of CHWs in delivering family planning was seen in confidentiality, accessibility, and comfort. Participants recommended an enlarged CHW workforce with a range of commodities and programmatic support. The findings suggest CHWs play an important role in promoting family planning, by serving as a bridge between the community and clinics. In rural communities where resources are scarce, CHWs are an invaluable part of the broader healthcare system.
AN AMEBIASIS COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTESTINAL AMEBIASIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

At the present time there are many differing opinions as to the method and cytologic criteria for the microscopic diagnosis of Endamoeba histolytica. Thus, Terry of the United States Public Health Service and Bozicevich of the National Institutes of Health recently stated12 that equally competent parasitologists will disagree as to the presence or absence of the organism in the same stool specimen, and, at times, even in the same slide. Hence, a serologic test for the diagnosis of intestinal amebiasis would greatly aid in the clinical study of cases with amebiasis. The first reported work on a complement fixation reaction for Endamoeba histolytica was by Izar6 in 1914 and later confirmed by Scalas1o• Later, Craig3, in 1927, demonstrated hemolytic, cytolytic, and complement binding substances in the alcoholic extracts of cultures of Endamoeba histolytica. He then developed a complement fixation test that was adaptable to the clinical laboratory for the diagnosis of amebiasis4• An ideal complement fixation test would be one with a high specificity, minimal false positives; one that could be performed with readily available materials; and be simple enough so that it could be used in the average clinical laboratory. reported4 that his complement fixation test was specific for Endamoeba histolytica and negative with other amebic infections and, therefore, seemed to fulfill the above requirements. Craig's work was substantiated by Rees and his associates9 who found the test negative with five other protozoan species. Magath and Meleney8, however, in reviewing the literature up to 1940, reported the sensitivity of all complement fixation tests up to that time to be only 68 per cent. Their tests, performed by two laboratories, were positive only in 32 per cent of 90 patients with known amebiasis. In 1950, Hussey and BrownS using a commercial antigen, found this antigen of no value in intestinal amebiasis, since only 2.4 per cent positive complement fixation tests were found in 124 patients with positive stools. Although Kiefer7 reported that 15 of 19 cases with ulcerative colitis with Endamoeba histolytica in the stool gave a complement fixation test of 3 to 4+, Craig Tsuchiya13, Sherwood and Heathmanll found the test negative in luetic patients without amebiasis. Tsuchiya13 and Rees and associates9 obtained negative complement fixation tests in ulcerative colitis.
Time reference and tense marking in Greek agrammatism: evidence from narratives and a sentence production priming task

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background Cross-linguistic studies on time reference in highly inflected languages have shown that tense inflection is particularly vulnerable in agrammatic speakers. According to the PAstDIscourseLInking Hypothesis (PADILIH), an asymmetry is predicted between past and non-past forms, due to the extra discourse linkage the former type imposes.Aims The present paper investigates whether Greek agrammatic speakers are able to correctly use tense markers with respect to the relevant reference point, analyzing data from three different production tasks to understand how performance is modulated by different methodologies.Methods & Procedures seven agrammatic speakers and a control group participated in three experimental tasks (a) an elicited picture description, (b) a semi-standardized interview and (c) a sentence production priming task.Outcomes & Results Different outcomes were elicited across different tasks. Agrammatic speakers tended to accurately use past tense forms when they could freely select the content of their narration, as in the case of the two narrative tasks (the elicited picture description, and the semi-standardized interview). However, the same participants experienced significant difficulties referring to past and future events when using a sentence production priming task. Consequently, the predictions of PADILIH are not fully supported by the Greek data, given that, in addition to past tense deficits, the future tense was also severely compromised.Conclusions Our data clearly suggest that language performance is affected by the processing demands placed on the patient’s linguistic system by the experimental task used. Moreover, future tense deficits in Greek are interpreted as difficulties in the processing of conversational implicatures.
[Results of studies with the Meyer-Probst Encephalopathy Questionnaire in children with normal behavior].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To diagnose encephalitis the 'Encephalitis-Fragebogen (E-F)' by Meyer-Probst is a valid instrument. The authors tested a large number of children without unadaptive or neurotic behaviour (4.5 to 11.9 years) with this instrument to define new standards. Parts of the results are presented. There are very significant differences between boys and girls. Considering the age, different standards are necessary only for boys. Using these new standards it is possible to avoid misinterpretation.
Test vector reordering to reduce peak temperature during testing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With rapid progress in VLSI technology, temperature during testing has become a big issue. As increase in temperature during testing causes permanent or temporal damage of the chip, reduction in peak temperature of the chip becomes necessary. Temperature depends on both heat generation caused by power consumption and heat dissipation among neighboring blocks in the circuit under test (CUT). Heat generation can be reduced by reordering test vectors in a way such that transitions caused by them get reduced. However, heat dissipation depends on thermal gradient. To reduce the heat dissipation and also the peak temperature, the test vectors can be reordered to bring a reduction in the transitions of a block and its neighbors. In this paper we have proposed a particle swarm optimization (PSO) based technique which reorders test vectors in a way such that peak temperature is reduced. Experimental results of our proposed approach on ISCAS'89 benchmark circuits show an enriched reduction in peak temperature with nominal CPU time.
RBM24 Mediates Lymph Node Metastasis and Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition in Human Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Via Regulating Twist1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC) has the worst prognosis among head and neck tumours, and Lymph node (LN) metastasis mainly accounts for the poor prognosis. RBM24 (RNA Binding Motif Protein 24) regulates target RNA as an RNA binding protein involved in several cancers. However, its role in HSCC remains completely unknown. Here we attempt to explore the effects of RBM24 on HSCC. Methods: RNA sequencing was conducted to find the differentially expressed genes in tumour tissues from HSCC patients with LN metastasis and without LN metastasis in our previous study. Expression of RBM24 in HSCC tissues was analyzed by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. Cell proliferation was tested by CCK8 assay as well as Colony formation analysis. Cell migration and invasion capacity were estimated by transwell assay. The wound healing assay was also carried out to evaluate the motility of FaDu cells. QRT-PCR, western blot and immunofluorescence assays were conducted to detect the process of EMT. A popliteal lymph node metastasis model was constructed to explore the effect of RBM24 on HSCC in vivo. Results: RBM24 was remarkably down-regulated in HSCC patients with LN metastasis, and low expression of RBM24 was inextricably linked to the poor prognosis. Knockdown of RBM24 facilitated the proliferation, migration and invasion of RBM24, whereas overexpression of RBM24 showed the opposite effects and suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) process. Overexpression of Twist1 could reverse the inhibitory effects of RBM24 on motility and invasion of FaDu cells. The inhibitory effects of RBM24 on tumour growth and lymphatic metastasis in HSCC were demonstrated by the in vivo experiment as well. Conclusions: These results indicated RBM24 was a suppressor gene and might inhibit EMT and LN metastasis in HSCC via regulating Twist1.
ADAPTIVE FETI-DP AND BDDC METHODS WITH A GENERALIZED TRANSFORMATION OF BASIS FOR HETEROGENEOUS PROBLEMS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In FETI-DP (Finite Element Tearing and Interconnecting) and BDDC (Balancing Domain Decomposition by Constraints) domain decomposition methods, the transformation-of-basis approach is used to improve the convergence by combining the local assembly with a change of basis. Suitable basis vectors can be constructed by the recently introduced adaptive coarse space approaches. The resulting FETI-DP and BDDC methods fulfill a condition number bound independent of heterogeneities in the problem. The adaptive method with a transformation of basis presented here builds on a recently introduced adaptive FETI-DP approach for elliptic problems in three dimensions and uses a coarse space constructed from solving small, local eigenvalue problems on closed faces and on a small number of edges. In contrast to our earlier work on adaptive FETI-DP, the coarse space correction is not implemented by using balancing (or deflation), which requires the use of an exact coarse space solver, but by using local transformations. This will make it simpler to extend the method to a large number of subdomains and large supercomputers. The recently established theory of a generalized transformation-of-basis approach yields a condition number estimate for the preconditioned operator that is independent of jumps of the coefficients across and inside subdomains when using the local adaptive constraints. It is shown that all results are also valid for BDDC. Numerical results are presented in three dimensions for FETI-DP and BDDC. We also provide a comparison of different scalings, i.e., deluxe, rho, stiffness, and multiplicity for our adaptive coarse space in 3D.
Assessment of Rock Mass Quality and Support Estimation along Headrace Tunnel of a Small Hydropower in District Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The main purpose of this study is to classify the rock mass quality by using rock mass quality (Q) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) systems along headrace tunnel of small hydropower in Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Geological field work was carried out to determine the orientation, spacing, aperture, roughness and alteration of discontinuities of rock mass. The quality of rock mass along the tunnel route is classified as good to very poor quality by Q system, while very good to very poor by RMR classification system. The relatively good rock conditions are acquired via RMR values that are attributed to ground water conditions, joint spacing, RQD and favorable orientation of discontinuities with respect to the tunnel drive. The petrographic studies revealed that study area is mainly comprised of five major geological rock units namely quartz mica schist (QMS), garnet mica schist (GMS), garnet bearing quartz mica schist (G-QMS), calcareous schist (CS), marble (M). The collected samples of quartz mica schist, marble and garnet bearing quartz mica schist are fine to medium grained, compact and are cross cut by few discontinuities having greater spacing. Therefore, these rocks have greater average RQD, Q values, RMR ratings as compared to garnet mica schist and calcareous schist.
Improving Early Season Sidedress Nitrogen Rate Prescriptions for Corn

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Corn requires the most nitrogen (N) of cereal grain crops and N supply is correlated with grain yield. Canopy reflectance has been used to assess crop N needs and to derive optimum application rates in mid-season corn. Canopy reflectance has not been useful for N rate determination in early season corn because of low biomass and the sensing background can interfere, or overwhelm crop canopy reflectance measures. Widespread adoption of canopy reflectance as a basis for generating in-season corn N rates would be more likely if N rate recommendations could be made early, i.e. by the V6 growth stage. The objectives of this research were to: i) examine the influence of soil color, soil moisture, surface crop residues, and sensor orientation on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) readings from corn from planting through the V6 growth stage; and ii) evaluate the effect of sensor orientation and field of view at early corn growth stages on the relationship between NDVI and corn biomass, N uptake, and chlorophyll meter readings. Soil color, soil moisture, crop residue type, and sensor orientation influenced reflectance and these factors were much more influential when sensing plants with low biomass. Canopy reflectance was capable of differentiating between N rates in the field and altering sensor orientation did not minimize sensing background influence or improve the ability of the sensor to distinguish plant N status. Even when canopy reflectance detected differences in crop N status, N rate prescription based on NDVI was consistently below the profitable estimated sidedress N rate.
The Use of Computer Programs in Management Science Education

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article presents the results of an extensive study of the current use of computer programs in MS curricula. Reporting the findings for 109 business schools, the authors rank the availability, use, and importance of 14 commonly used “canned” MS programs. We conclude that faculty interest in a package of MS computer programs analogous to SPSS is very high. However, current use of most programs, especially in larger business schools and doctoral programs, is not widespread. The study provides an overview of the state of the art in today's computer linkage with Management Science, and the computer hardware currently in use in US business schools.