jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Application of the GABA antagonist bicuculline to the premotor cortex reduces the ability to withhold reaching movements by well-trained monkeys in visually guided reaching task

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) antagonist, bicuculline methiodide (BMI, 10 micrograms/microliters, 1 microliter), was locally injected into a total of 32 sites in the right premotor cortex (PM) of two rhesus monkeys that had been well-trained in a visually guided reaching task (VR) for approximately 3 yr. The monkey initiated the task by pressing a central hold lever with its left hand, and this was followed by waiting (1 s), warning (central green square on a computer monitor, 0.5 s), cue (right, upper, or left square), delay (2-5 s), and go (central green square changes to red, < 1.2 s) periods. In the go period, the monkey released the hold lever and reached out to one of three target levers (left, upper, or right) that had been indicated 2-5 s previously in the cue period. 2. At three sites in the dorsal part of the PM, after the local application of BMI, reaching movements of the left forelimb, which were not part of the trained-reaching, occurred 200-300 ms after the onset of a burst of neuronal activity at the BMI injection site. This induced-reaching, which was designated a "forced-reaching" movement, occurred while the monkeys were pressing the hold lever before the cue appeared-i.e., during the waiting or waiting period. No reaching occurred when the burst did not appear. Furthermore, trajectories and electromyograms of the forelimbs during the forced-reaching movements were similar to those in the trained-reaching movements in the VR task. 3. These results suggest that restricted sites in the dorsal PM of monkeys are involved in the initiation and/or execution of trained-reaching movements and that GABAergic inhibition at these sites normally suppresses this initiation/execution unless it is required. By relaxing GABAergic suppression, the dorsal PM might send a command to a neuronal system that is associated with trained reaching to recruit the system, thereby initiating and/or executing the trained reaching.
Establishment and management of trees in agroforestry systems

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In Central America almost all of the traditional agricultural systems, including livestock management, include isolated trees in the crop fields, or incorporate alternating zones of trees, crops and/or pasture. These are agroforestry systems. Even with the modernization of agriculture in the region, agricultural landscapes still contain a large number of trees. These trees can provide a variety of products such as timber, firewood, animal fodder, fruit, and medicinal products; as well as providing services such as shade for crops and animals, and windbreaks. Trees increase the potential for biological diversity in agroecosystems by providing habitat in the branches, roots, and leaf litter; food in the form of leaves, sap, and nectar; and may provide essential protection during critical stages of organisms' life cycles. Trees improve soil fertility by adding leaves and fine roots to the organic material in the soil, and sometimes by fixing nitrogen. Trees contribute to ecosystem function, and are valuable in the formation of balanced ecosystems that have the capacity to sustain production and provide farmers with a reliable subsistence system.
LLMs for Science: Usage for Code Generation and Data Analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Large language models (LLMs) have been touted to enable increased productivity in many areas of today's work life. Scientific research as an area of work is no exception: the potential of LLM-based tools to assist in the daily work of scientists has become a highly discussed topic across disciplines. However, we are only at the very onset of this subject of study. It is still unclear how the potential of LLMs will materialise in research practice. With this study, we give first empirical evidence on the use of LLMs in the research process. We have investigated a set of use cases for LLM-based tools in scientific research, and conducted a first study to assess to which degree current tools are helpful. In this paper we report specifically on use cases related to software engineering; specifically, on generating application code and developing scripts for data analytics and visualisation. While we studied seemingly simple use cases, results across tools differ significantly. Our results highlight the promise of LLM-based tools in general, yet we also observe various issues, particularly regarding the integrity of the output these tools provide.
Purification and characterization of a brain-specific multifunctional calmodulin-dependent protein kinase from rat cerebellum.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A brain-specific multifunctional calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV, which exhibited characteristic properties quite different from those of calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, was purified approximately 230-fold from rat cerebellum. The purified preparation gave two protein bands with molecular weights of 63,000 (alpha) and 66,000 (beta) on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, both of which showed protein kinase activity as examined by the activity gel method. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated as about 67,000 from sedimentation coefficient (3.2 S) and Stokes radius (50 A), indicating a monomeric structure of the enzyme. The enzyme phosphorylated smooth muscle myosin light chain, synapsin I, microtubule-associated protein 2, tau protein, myelin basic protein, histone H1, and tyrosine hydroxylase in a Ca2+/calmodulin dependent manner, suggesting that the enzyme is a multifunctional calmodulin-dependent protein kinase capable of phosphorylating a large number of substrates. A synthetic peptide, Lys-Ser-Asp-Gly-Gly-Val-Lys-Lys-Arg-Lys-Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser, was found to be a specific substrate for this kinase and, using this peptide as substrate, the distribution of the enzyme activity in various rat tissues was examined. The activity was found in cerebral cortex, brain stem, and cerebellum, most abundantly in cerebellum, but other tissues tested, including liver, spleen, kidney, lung, heart, skeletal muscle, and adrenal gland showed very little activity.
Comparative Study of Thermophysical Parameters of Different Types of Upholstery Wood and the Influence of Density on Combustion Parameters at Microscale

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The fire behaviour of five types of wood was studied on a microscale. Some thermophysical parameters such as thermal conductivity, effusivity and diffusivity were also evaluated. The microscale analysis is based on the analysis of several parameters such as the assessment of heat released rates (HRR), peak heat released rates (pHRR), total heat released (THR), enthalpy variation (Δh) and residue rates with the combustion microcalorimeter (PCFC). The PF2C device was used to measure the conductivity, effusivity and diffusivity of wood, while the PCFC for the microscale study of wood behaviour in combustive situations. In terms of thermal conductivity, wood conducts heat with difficulty, while the other types, namely frake, bete, tek and red wood, more easily conduct heat and therefore cannot be considered as thermal insulators. For results, in terms of measuring effusivity, white wood has the smallest value, which means that it exchanges less thermal energy with its environment. Red and tek woods exchange much more energy with the environment compared to other types of wood. We observe that tek wood has the highest diffusivity, which means that it is the wood that reacts as quickly as possible to the change in temperature. White and frake woods have the same value of thermal diffusivity as red and bete wood which have the lowest thermal diffusivities. The fire behaviour of these materials is a very little variable on the microscale and we can conclude that at this level there is no major difference for our different types of wood. Hence, there is no influence of density on the microscale. We can say that for the white and tek wood the complete combustion begins at 700°C. By this same method of analysis, we come to the conclusion that the frake, bete and red woods tend towards a complete combustion at 675°C. At 675°C the bete and frake woods have the best combustive yields, to a lesser extent than the red and tek woods. The bete wood has the highest activation energy and the white wood the lowest.
Catalytic Buffering: Development of the Fluoride-Resistant Ureases of Klebsiella pneumoniae

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Catalytic buffering is an advanced method of pH control for the enzyme-based chemical agent decontamination technology Advanced Catalytic Enzyme System (ACES). Ammonia production from urea by urease neutralizes the production of O- alkylphosphonic acids resulting from OPAA and OPH catalytic hydrolysis of G-agents and VX. Unfortunately, ureases are inhibited by low levels of fluoride, another product of GB, GD and GF hydrolysis. To overcome this problem, the urease structural genes of the enteric bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae were isolated from their accessory genes and randomly mutagenized to produce ureases with superior fluoride-resistance (FR). Mutagenized ureABC genes were co-transformed with another plasmid containing the accessory genes (ureDEFG) needed for nickel incorporation into E. coli to produce active urease in the clones. E. coli in vitro mutagenesis was followed by screening of the lysed, double-plasmid clones for fluoride-resistant urease activity. Several FR clones were isolated from this procedure with greatly enhanced activity in 0.1 M fluoride after successive generations of mutagenesis. Successive generations of urease mutants showed higher levels of fluoride resistance. These results indicate that in vitro mutagenesis can be used to successfully generate fluoride-resistant ureases needed for the catalytic buffering method of pH control.
Bayesian Forecasting Improves the Prediction of Intraoperative Plasma Concentrations of Alfentanil

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To achieve therapeutic plasma concentrations of the opioid alfentanil, one must administer the drug as a variable rate continuous infusion. For most patients, using population pharmacokinetic parameters of alfentanil for dosing regimen allows accurate prediction of the plasma concentration of the drug over time. However, for some patients, using such parameters results in systematic over- or underprediction of the concentration. Retrospectively studying a data set (dosage history and measured concentrations) for 34 patients, the authors examined how Bayesian forecasting could improve the precision of prediction. For each patient, a Bayesian regression was performed to estimate "individualized" pharmacokinetic parameters, using population pharmacokinetic values for alfentanil and the measurement of alfentanil in one or more plasma samples from each patient. These individualized parameters were then used to predict the subsequent plasma concentrations of alfentanil over time. By comparing the value of each measured point with its corresponding predicted value, the authors calculated the prediction error as a percentage of the measured value. The precision of the prediction was assessed by the percent mean absolute prediction error. After Bayesian forecasting using a single point sampled at 80 min after start of anesthesia, the average precision of the prediction was 13.8 +/- 6.1% (SD). Using no Bayesian forecasting and only population values of the pharmacokinetic parameters for the prediction of the concentration, the precision was 24.3 +/- 16.9%. The improvement in precision brought by Bayesian forecasting was especially noticeable for those patients whose prediction of alfentanil was poor using population pharmacokinetic values (i.e., "outlier" patients).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Need analysis for the development of pretend play module to promote children's social communication skills

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A needs analysis was conducted to determine the needs for development of a pretend play module to promote children's social communication skills. There are several aspects that evaluated for the development of a pretend play module, including the needs of pretend play module, teacher’s knowledge and practice regarding pretend play, as well as the module’s elements needed by the teachers. This study used a quantitative approach where a questionnaire was used as a research instrument. This study involved 30 teachers from private kindergarten around the state of Perak. The data was analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package For The Social Science Version 26 (SPSS 26). The findings of the study showed that there is a need for the development of a pretend play module for promoting children’s social communication. Therefore, it is hoped that the development of this module can help teachers in promoting children's social communication skills.
9-OR: ADA Presidents' Select Abstract: Targeting Inflammation with Salsalate in Type 1 Diabetes Neuropathy (TINSAL-T1DN Trial)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction & Objective: Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) are highly prevalent complications of diabetes without effective disease-modifying treatments. Chronic inflammation and the NFkB pathway have emerged as important mechanisms. We aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of salsalate, a NFkB blocker, in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and DPN. Methods: This was a phase 2/3, randomized, double-blind clinical trial of salsalate 3 grams daily vs placebo for 12 months. The primary outcome was the change in intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) at the distal thigh at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included IENFD at distal leg, nerve conduction studies and measures of CAN (standardized cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests, heart rate variability). Linear regressions were used to assess percent changes in all outcomes between groups. Results: Fifty-five participants with T1D (mean age 51±12 years, baseline HbA1c 8.4±1.7%, duration 29±14 years) and mild to moderate DPN completed the trial. No significant differences were found in the primary outcome after 12 months. However, positive trends were noted in several secondary outcomes (salsalate vs placebo): sural amplitude (15% vs -10%; p=0.058), sural nerve conduction velocity (9% vs -4%; p=0.16), and measures of CAN (root mean square of the differences of successive RR intervals 34% vs 7%, expiration/inspiration ratio 6% vs -1%, and the 30:15 ratio 19% vs -5%) (p &gt;0.05 for all). After adjusting for age, gender, diabetes duration, HbA1c, BMI, baseline IENFD at distal leg and thigh, sural amplitude significantly improved (31%; p= 0.031) with salsalate. Conclusion: In this small T1D cohort, salsalate treatment did not significantly change IENFD at distal thigh at 12 months. Trends toward improvement in the sural amplitude and other outcomes suggest salsalate’s potential as a disease-modifying therapy in T1D neuropathy, necessitating larger trials. Disclosure L. Ang: None. Y. Huang: None. C. Martin: None. K.R. Mizokami-Stout: None. Y. Lin: None. A. Vasbinder: None. M. Banerjee: None. S. Hayek: None. E.L. Feldman: None. R. Busui: Board Member; American Diabetes Association. Consultant; Procter & Gamble, AstraZeneca, Averitas Pharma, Inc., Bayer Inc., Lexicon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Nevro Corp., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Novo Nordisk, Roche Diagnostics. Advisory Panel; ADA/ACC Diabetes by Heart Program. Funding NIH/NIDDK-1-R01-DK-107956-01
The Role of Positive Emotions and Type of Feedback in Self-regulation of Learning Goals Achievement: Experimental Research

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study examined the role of positive and negative emotions in self-regulation of experimental tasks performing and academic achievement, taking into account intentionally organized feedback. We used computerized diagnostic complex, which simulates different learning activity contexts and provides data about students' regulatory and personal characteristics, goals achievement strategies and dynamic of test results. It includes Self-Regulation Profile Questionnaire (SRPLQM, Morosanova) to diagnose students' self-regulation stylistic features. The sample group consisted of eighty eight 13-15 years old students of Russian State secondary schools. The obtained results allow us to state that in case of high cognitive activity and achievement motivation positive emotions play a key role in maintaining high academic success and engagement. If cognitive activity and achievement motivation are at the middle level, it is the self-regulation that determines the student' success, while positive emotions are not of significant importance. A combination of lower cognitive activity, middle self-regulation and low achievement motivation makes negative emotions a significant factor of underachieving at school. We found strong support for our hypothesis that feedback plays an important role in goals achievement, especially for students, whose self-regulation capacity is at a low or medium level.
Differentiation of Dextran-Producing Leuconostoc Strains by a Modified Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA Protocol

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Seven dextran-producing Leuconostoc strains were differentiated by using a modified randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) protocol that incorporated specific primers designed from conserved regions of dextransucrase genes. RAPD profiles showed intraspecies differences among the Leuconostoc mesenteroides strains tested. This modified RAPD protocol will aid in the differentiation of polymer-producing leuconostocs, which are currently distinguished by time-consuming analyses of the dextrans they synthesize.
How Reliable Are the Reported Genetic Associations in Disc Degeneration?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Study Design. Prospective genetic association study. Objective. The aim of this study was to document the variations in the genetic associations, when different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) phenotypes, age stratification, cohort size, and sequence of cohort inclusion are varied in the same study population. Summary of Background Data. Genetic associations with disc degeneration have shown high inconsistency, generally attributed to hereditary factors and ethnic variations. However, the effect of different phenotypes, size of the study population, age of the cohort, etc have not been documented clearly. Methods. Seventy-one single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of 41 candidate genes were correlated to six MRI markers of disc degeneration (annular tears, Pfirmann grading, Schmorl nodes, Modic changes, Total Endplate Damage score, and disc bulge) in 809 patients with back pain and/or sciatica. In the same study group, the correlations were then retested for different age groups, different sample, size and sequence of subject inclusion (first 404 and the second 405) and the differences documented. Results. The mean age of population (M: 455, F: 354) was 36.7 ± 10.8 years. Different genetic associations were found with different phenotypes: disc bulge with three SNPs of CILP ; annular tears with rs2249350 of ADAMTS5 and rs11247361 IGF1R ; modic changes with VDR and MMP20 ; Pfirmann grading with three SNPs of MMP20 and Schmorl node with SNPs of CALM1 and FN1 and none with Total End Plate Score. Subgroup analysis based on three age groups and dividing the total population into two groups also completely changed the associations for all the six radiographic parameters. Conclusion. In the same study population, SNP associations completely change with different phenotypes. Variations in age, inclusion sequence, and sample size resulted in change of genetic associations. Our study questions the validity of previous studies and necessitates the need for standardizing the description of disc degeneration, phenotype selection, study sample size, age, and other variables in future studies. Level of Evidence: 4
The Prohibition of Certain Actions as a Reflection of the Humanistic Principles of Criminal Proceedings

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Modern approaches to the selection and application of preventive measures have undergone significant changes, which have also affected legislative prescriptions providing for quite a variety of types of such measures. A significant influence on the development and evolution of preventive measures was exerted by a change in the legislator's approach to the construction of this system and the significant impact of humanization on criminal procedural activities. The author notes in the article that the prohibition of certain actions is an alternative to the use of detention and house arrest. However, the prohibitions contained in the law require clarification of the procedure, as well as exceptions in their application, and the system of prohibitions themselves requires expansion.
The Effect of Lime Solution’s Concentration (Ca(OH2) on Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Durian Seed’s Flour (Durio zibethinus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Lime solution was used to decrease mucus in durian seed, so durian seed can be used for food like flour. The introduction of durian seed for flour is aimed to looking for new resource of flour, decrease our dependence on wheat flour, and support food diversification program. The study was conducted to investigate the effect of lime solution’s concentration in durian seed’s flour using completely randomized design by single factor. Durian seed’s flours production which lime solution’s concentration (K) was used as factors (0,1%, 0,5%, 0,9%, 1,3%). Parameters analized were ash, moisture, fat, protein, crude fiber, aroma and color. Based on the analysis parameters results, the best durian seed’s flour will be applied in muffin’s production. The results showed that lime solution soaking treatment (Ca(OH)2) 0,1% produced the best durian seed’s flour.
Automatic Term Recognition Based on Data-Mining Techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a new method for automatic term extraction which is based on training datasets created to build inductive models for term identification. Existing approaches employ simple statistical and linguistic rules designed merely ad-hoc and are unable to utilize complex relations of linguistic units. In contrast to those approaches, our method does not require such manually ascribed rules of extraction. The data for our research is taken from the Czech National Corpus which is lemmatised and morphologically tagged. Statistical information (frequency, distribution etc.) is generated automatically and thus the only expert contribution needed is to label terms in the training dataset.The data mining software creates models that perform the extraction without any further human input. Additionally, feature ranking can serve as valuable aid for understanding of the extraction process and its future development and in terminology research.