jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Determination of a Mixture of Plantago lanceolata L. and Salvia officinalis L. by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet Detection (HPLC-UV)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Salvia officinalis L. and Plantago lanceolata L. are plants found in Romania's natural flora. They have been used for a long time in folk medicine due to their beneficial properties based upon their phenolic compound content. This study compared these hydroalcoholic extracts of these plants separately and in a 1:1 mixture and determined the concentration of several compounds that possess antioxidant properties. Nine phenolic compounds, including (+)-catechin, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, resveratrol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, rutin and quercetin, were determined by use of an optimized high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method. The aim of the study was to validate this method and to highlight the benefits of the mixture of extracts. The total concentration of phenolic compounds determined for S. officinalis L. was five times larger than for P. lanceolata L. In the extract of P. lanceolata L. several compounds, such as (+)- catechin and chlorogenic acid were not detected, while the extract of S. officinalis L. had all of the analyzed compounds. Even though the analyzed compounds were found in both plant species, the mixture of extracts showed an increased concentration of these compounds, thus enriching qualitative and quantitative properties of the resulting extract in comparison to the individual isolates. The analyzed extracts may be used for their health benefits due to the above-mentioned compounds that possess antioxidant properties.
Measurement of nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation times by the use of repetitive sweep techniques

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A simple analysis of the behaviour of a spin system under the influence of a series of sweeps through resonance with moderately high r.f. field strengths show that nuclear magnetic spin-lattice relaxation times may be determined from the "progressive saturation" of the magnetisation, initially at thermal equilibrium, as it approaches a partially saturated constant value. The method shows advantages in sensitivity and resolution over other sweep methods, and is applied to the measurement of the relaxation time of natural abundance 13C satellite lines in methylene dichloride.
Running and running of the running of the scalar spectral index in warm inflation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Next generation of cosmological observations are expected to improve the measurements of several quantities connected to the primordial inflation in the early Universe. These quantities include for example improved measurements for the spectral index of the scalar curvature of the primordial power spectrum and to also bring a better understanding on the scaling dependence of the primordial spectrum. This includes the running of the tilt and, possibly, also the running of the running. In this paper, we investigate the possibility of generating large runnings in the context of warm inflation. Useful analytical expressions for the runnings are derived in the context of warm inflation in the strong dissipation regime. The results are compared to and discussed for some well motivated primordial inflaton potentials that have recently been of interest in the literature.
Factors affecting the selection of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of basic science in secondary schools, Imo State Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study was conducted to assess the factors affecting the selection of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of basic science in secondary schools, Imo State Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive survey design to find out how factors affecting the selection of instructional materials in the teaching and learning of basic science in public secondary schools in Owerri Municipal Council, Imo State. Two hundred (200) respondents comprising teachers and students from seven (7) public secondary schools in the council were interviewed using a modified five-point Likert instrument (questionnaire). The data collected were coded into SPSS and analyzed with descriptive statistics. The results showed that 103 persons strongly reported they don’t have availability instructional materials, 68 persons agreed that unfavourable time allocation affects instructional materials used by teachers to develop lesson plan, 69 persons strongly agreed that lack of skills is one of the factors affect instructional materials used in the teaching and learning of basic science in secondary schools. Also, 148 persons strongly agreed that instructional materials should be made available in schools and teachers should be encouraged in using materials during teaching. Then, lack of instructional materials/facilities and non-utilization were among the major causes of poor performance of students in basic science in Owerri Municipal Council. In conclusion, it was understood that non availability of instructional materials, unfavourable time allocation, lack of skills, lack of facilities like basic science laboratory were major factors affect teachers, school administrators and government in teaching and learning of the basic science. Therefore, Government or public school authorities should help to provide instructional materials such as modern textbooks, charts, posters, computers, flip chart, and audio recordings, because basic science in secondary schools cannot be adequate learned without instructional materials.
Bioassay Screening for Novel 2-Cyanoacrylate Compounds to Three Pathogens

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The high fungicidal activity of 2-cyanoacrylate compounds against the wheat powdery mildew(Blumeria graminis) and the wheat sharp eye spot(Rhizoctorua solani) has been discovered after research and development of 2-cyano-3-amino-3-phenylacylic acetate(JS 399-19).The experiments showed that a new compound,JS 399E12,had excellent fungicidal activity to wheat powdery mildew.It's EC50 was 1.339 7 mg/L.And another new compound,JS 399F05,had good activity to wheat sharp eye spot.It's control effect was over 90 percent at dosage of 50 mg/L.In the lab condition,JS 399-19 had excellent activity against wheat scab(Fusarium graminearum) but no effect against wheat powdery mildew and wheat sharp eye spot.This research also provided some reference to R D of 2-cyanoacrylate's compounds.
On functions of support verb constructions with do in Early Irish and English

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Support verb constructions is one of the terms used to denote complex predicates, which contain a verb of general semantic content, like have, take, make give or do, and an object typically derived from a verb, as in He gives a talk every Monday evening. Different functions have been described for these structures in English, including change of sentence structure and stress patterns, as well as creation of an obligatory object for transitive verb, have been attributed to them[1]. Their origin and development is still disputed and the possibility of influence of Celtic languages has been mooted repeatedly[2], lately e.g. by Klemola (2002)[3] and McWhorter (2006)[4]. Even though similar constructions also exist in the Irish language, no previous investigations have been carried out in this area. The present paper proposes to address the research question when the use of do plus non-finite verbal forms developed in the Irish language, and how its usage compares to the documented evolution of the category in the history of English. The corpus based investigation of early Irish texts illustrates that, even though a number of similarities exist between the structures in these two languages, there are significant differences in their use in Irish and English. [1] E.g. Brinton, L. 1996: ‘Attitudes towards increasing segmentalization: Complex and phrasal verbs in English’, Journal of English Linguistics 24,186-205. [2] Early on by Ellegard, A. 1953. The Auxiliary Do. The Establishment and Regulation of its Use in English. Stockholm: Almquist & Wiskell. [3] ‘Periphrastic do: Dialectal distribution and origins’. In Filppula, Klemola & Pitkanen (eds.), The Celtic Roots of English, Joensuu: University of Joensuu Press, 199–210. [4] ‘Something else has happened to English: evaluating the Celtic hypothesis’. Paper given at the DELS conference 2006.
Adoption of Multiple Sustainable Manure Treatment Technologies by Pig Farmers in Rural China: A Case Study of Poyang Lake Region

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The adoption of sustainable manure treatment technologies (SMTTs) in livestock production helps to reduce agricultural contamination. As such, understanding what determines farmers’ adoption of SMTTs is an essential prerequisite for the administrative handling of livestock pollution. Applying a multivariate probit model on a cross-sectional data set of 686 pig farmers in Poyang Lake Region in China, this study discovered that two key factors influencing farmers’ decisions to adopt multiple SMTTs are off-farm labor and environmental awareness. In other words, households with a higher share of off-farm labor are less likely to adopt SMTTs. Farmers with higher environmental awareness are more likely to adopt SMTTs. The results also revealed that because of the inappropriateness of government subsidy and insufficient technical training, the impact of Chinese government subsidy on the adoption of biogas technology is negligible, but the subsidy on composting greatly helps to promote the adoption of composting technology. We also found a substitution effect and complementary effects between different SMTTs. These findings can improve policymakers’ understanding of farmers’ joint adoption decisions. It also helps policymakers to optimize subsidy strategies to encourage farmers’ adoption of SMTTs in rural China.
Application and effectiveness evaluation of the information system-based RBRVS performance allocation model in a digestive endoscopy center

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: To improve work enthusiasm and medical service quality for gastrointestinal endoscopists. Taking the Resource Based Relative Valae Scale （RBRVS） performance allocation model as a reference, we used the informatization graphic workstation as a basis to construct and implement a performance appraisal system which is suitable for our Endoscopy Department. Subsequently, we assessed the application results of the performance reform. Methods: Based on the RBRVS theory, the informatization graphic workstation was used to automatically calculate physician workload and conduct quantitative assessment. One gastroscopy was used as the minimum workload unit and every endoscopic diagnosis and treatment was quantified into multiple gastroscopies according to different technical levels. Next, the actual value of each gastroscope was assessed based on different job titles. Then we compared the work efficiency before and after the reform. Results: Following informatization performance reform, the number of endoscopy examinations and number of surgeries significantly increased, while the length of hospital stay of gastrointestinal endoscopy patients was significantly shortened (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Informatization performance reform improves department work efficiency, reflects the labor value of gastrointestinal endoscopists. The principles of more work leading to more reward, equality, and fairness, and should be promoted.
Comparison of Physicochemical Properties of Starch Acetates Prepared by Conventional, Preheat Treatment and Extrusion Process

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Starch acetates were prepared by conventional method, preheat treatment, and extrusion process through acetylation of corn starch with acetic anhydride and their physicochemical properties were investigated. The optimal conditions of the acetylation of starch by conventional method(CSA) was found that starch concentration was 30%, reaction temperature and pH 8.5. With increasing the molar ratio of acetic anhydride to anhydrous glucose unit from 0.03 to 0.20, DS(Degree of substitution) value of corn starch acetate prepared at the optimum condition was increased from 0.019 to 0.080, while the acetylation efficiency was decreased from 31.6% to 20.5%. In the case of the preheated (gelatinized), then acetylated starch(PSA), DS value was increased from 0.027 to 0.04 at the fixed molar ratio of the acetic anhydride with increasing preheating temperature from . The DS was low as 0.02 in the case of starch acetate prepared by extrusion process(WESA). The CSA and PSA showed lowering gelatinization temperature and enthalpy than raw corn starch with increasing DS. All of starch acetates showed the increased degree of transparency, the decreased lightness and the increased yellowness as compared to the raw corn starch. WESA showed lower apparent viscosity and more close to the characteristic of the Newtonian fluid than CSA and PSA. Intrinsic viscosity was reduced in CSA and WESA, although PSA has a slightly higher one than raw corn starch. The rate of retrogradation of the gels was retarded in all starch acetates.
Agricultural Revolution and Elite Reproduction in Qing China: The Transition to Capitalism Debate Revisited

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent actor-centric theory about the historical rise of capitalism emphasizes the role of the autonomous agrarian elite in fostering a sustained agricultural revolution. This revolution generated ample agrarian surplus, in the form of rural elite's elevated income, to fuel a capitalist-industrial takeoff in late-eighteenth-century England. The nontransition to capitalism in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century China, despite the vast surplus generated in its advanced agrarian sector, shows that high agricultural productivity is a necessary but not sufficient condition for a capitalist takeoff. By comparing Qing China with eighteenth-century England, where capitalist industrialization erupted spontaneously, and nineteenth-century Japan, where capitalist industrialization succeeded under intensive state sponsorship, this article argues that a strong urban entrepreneurial elite, capable of centralizing the agrarian surplus and investing it in productive industrial innovation, were as important as the existence of the surplus itself in fomenting capitalist transition. The reproduction of the elite in eighteenth-century China was constrained, not by the anticommercial “oriental despotic” state as presumed in earlier literature, but by the state's paternalist disposition in managing urban class conflict. Capitalist-industrial development in China was further impeded in the nineteenth century, when a nexus of local predatory-military elite emerged in response to millenarian uprisings and wasted most of the agrarian surplus in their accumulation of means of violence. The negative case of China helps us advance the actor-centric model of capitalist transition by bringing urban entrepreneurs and class politics back in.
Patient and Carer Involvement in Renal Nursing Care, Education, and Research

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This chapter provides the reader with an insight into how patients and carers can have a more participatory role, not only in the planning, delivery, and evaluation of their care but also in the teaching of nurses and involvement in renal research and quality improvement programmes. It has been written by people who have kidney disease and who feel passionate about improving the nursing care that is given to everyone with the condition, whether they be contemplating dialysis options, undergoing dialysis, or receiving a kidney transplant. The chapter includes various case studies where the patients, and in one instance a carer, describe care and management that did not always involve them and discuss ways in which the nursing care could have been improved. It also includes a case study on patient and carer involvement in research and quality improvement.
Navigating LGBT+ ageing inequalities during challenging times: A case study of UK LGBT+ community organisations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on older people’s lives on a global scale but for some marginalised communities have seen a marked exacerbation of health and other inequalities. Research has highlighted the impact of the pandemic on lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT+) people’s lives, but less has been documented about the experiences of LGBT+ older communities and how their specific needs have been mediated. Community-based advocacy organisations are central to promoting LGBT+ human rights in the UK through its social movements, and this paper explores their role and significance during a distinct period of the UK mandatory isolation. Drawing on a case study approach based on qualitative interviews with six key LGBT+ community organisations in the UK, we captured their insights into how they navigated support for older people when faced with limited resources and the challenges posed by mandatory physical and social distancing. We position these events in current discourse about structural and health inequalities for LGBT+ ageing in the UK.
Medicines and their legal protection as objects of intellectual property law

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Nowadays, the monopoly created by intellectual property has the greatest impact on the market of innovative medical technologies and medicines. Access to the latter in the medical field is primarily related to intellectual property law, which aims to ensure the preservation and protection of innovations when used in medical practice, as well as to ensure fair distribution of benefits from the use of medicines and innovative medical technologies. However, in the context of the pandemic, the problem of access to appropriate treatment has become global, as the patent monopoly has come into conflict with fundamental human rights. The world has faced the problem of "pharmaceutical nationalism", when governments have provided priority access to appropriate treatment within their own borders and restrained the import of drugs. Therefore, the topic of medicines, their legal protection and features of access to their use in emergency situations (in particular, pandemics) is especially relevant today and requires detailed study. After all, the awareness of the need to strike a balance between intellectual property rights and fundamental human rights, such as the right to life and health, led to a compromise and the development of adequate legal mechanisms in the field of medicines and innovative medical technologies. The study of the features of the legal protection of a medicinal product is the basis for the functioning of the entire health care sector, in which the subjects are the authorities, manufacturers of medicinal products, research institutions, specialists in this field and consumers. The article examines the legal protection of medicines as objects of intellectual property rights, as well as the peculiarities of access to their use in a pandemic.
Haemoptysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The clinical assessment of the patient presenting with haemoptysis is discussed, along with a diagnostic approach and a list of possible causes. These include common causes, such as a bronchial tumour, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis, and rare causes such as lung abscess, mycetoma, foreign body, arteriovenous malformation, pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary haemosiderosis. Investigation of the patient with haemoptysis is considered, conveniently divided into first-line (blood tests, sputum, CXR, CT, transbronchial biopsy) and second-line investigations which are performed if a cause has not been found, such as CTPA, bronchial angiogram, bronchial artery embolization. The emergency management of massive haemoptysis is discussed in some detail with practical advice.
ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF TCA‐DENATURED RHODOPSIN AND OF A SCHIFF BASE COMPOUND OF RETINAL

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract— When TCA‐denatured rhodopsin was frozen in liquid nitrogen, Λ max was markedly shifted to longer wavelengths as the concentration of TCA increased. After TCA denaturation, species specific absorption disappeared and the absorption maxima of the squid pigments became identical with those of corresponding pigments of octopus. In solutions at 5° the bathochromic shift of Λ max of TCA denatured rhodopsin was observed at higher concentrations of TCA than in the frozen state. Λ max of N‐retinylidene‐butylamine (NRB) was also displaced towards longer wavelengths with increasing concentrations of TCA. This bathochromic shift was enhanced by freezing. The mode of the bathochromic shift of Λ max provoked by TCA was very similar both in the cases of denatured rhodopsin and of NRB. The absorption spectrum of NRB was identical in shape with that of TCA‐denatured rhodopsin, as the half‐band widths of both materials were about 5500 cm ‐1 in the liquid state and 5000 cm ‐1 in the frozen state. Λ max of retinal and NRB were red shifted in polar and polarizable solvents. It was concluded that the strong acidity and the relatively large polarizability of TCA are responsible for the bathochromic shift of Λ max of the Schiff base in TCA‐denatured rhodopsin.
Effects of glucose, sucrose, and lactose on intestinal disaccharidases in the rat.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Diets containing 68 per cent glucose, sucrose, or lactose were fed to 40-day-old and adult rats for 1 to 12 weeks. Whether the animals were fed ad libitum or isocalorically, small intestinal lactase, sucrase, and maltase activities were consistently and significantly greater in rats fed lactose compared to rats fed glucose, sucrose, or lab chow. The greatest differences occurred between rats fed sucrose, which had the lowest activities of all 3 disaccharidases, and those fed lactose, which had the highest. The differences were detectable after 1 week of feeding (the shortest period tested), were maximal at 3 weeks, and persisted for up to 12 weeks. They occurred in growing as well as in adult animals. When lactose was fed following sucrose, sucrase, lactase, and maltase activities increased, and when sucrose was fed following lactose, all 3 enzyme activities decreased. The higher enzyme activities associated with lactose feeding were not secondary to the starvation of animals fed lactose due to their inability to hydrolyze or absorb lactose. Dietary effects on the intestinal enzymes were greatest in the middle half of the gut. The diets did not influence gut weight or intestinal protein content; thus they affected the intestinal disaccharidase activities per se, and their influences were evident whether the enzyme activities were expressed as units per tissue protein or as units per wet weight. Neither sucrose nor lactose influenced the activity of its specific disaccharidase apart from its influence on the other disaccharidases.