jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The effect of premolar occlusal contact on the occlusal forces.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Clarifying the effects of changes in the number of occlusal contact points on occlusal function is important. In the present study, we measured occlusal forces using dental prescale films to ascertain the effects of changes in premolar occlusal contact. Subjects were seven adult males with normal occlusion. Subjects were instructed to bite a dental prescale film as hard as possible while using a maxillary bite plate (every mandibular tooth made contact with the plate), to measure occlusal forces. Next, the surface of each bite plate that came into contact with the mandibular premolars was ground so that mandibular premolars did not come into contact with the plate. Subjects were then asked to use the ground bite plate and repeat the test. The results were as follows: (1) when premolar occlusal contact was absent, the total occlusal force was significantly lower than that when premolar occlusal contact was present; (2) when premolar occlusal contact was absent, the level of occlusal forces applied to the molar region was significantly greater than that when premolar occlusal contact was present; and (3) in particular, when premolar occlusal contact was absent, the level of occlusal forces applied to the first molar region was significantly greater than that when premolar occlusal contact was present. Conversely, occlusal forces applied to the second molar demonstrated minimal change, irrespective of premolar occlusal contact. These findings suggest that premolar occlusal contact affects the distribution of occlusal forces applied to the other teeth. In particular, changes in premolar occlusal contact affect the level of occlusal forces applied to the neighboring first molar, and are involved in the expression of maximum occlusal forces.
The effects of board games on creative potential

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract The current study aimed to investigate whether board games could be used to improve creative potential. Games have proven to be effective learning tools, and some studies have indicated positive links between creativity and other types of games, namely video games and role‐playing games. However, less is known regarding board games’ potential benefits on creativity. This exploratory study compared two types of board games: creative and non‐creative board games. We used a within‐subject repeated‐measurement design, in which participants played to both types of games, across two sessions separated by one week. We assessed creative potential with a divergent thinking task, using fluency and originality as indicators. We controlled for openness, mood states, and enjoyment. Results suggest an improvement of originality after playing both types of games, whereas no differences were observed for fluency. Considering the base level of participants, we found improvement for low‐performing participants specifically, in both fluency and originality, although analyses’ limited statistical power may have impacted the findings. These findings provide a first step in the study of creativity and board games and suggest they could help temporarily improve one’s divergent thinking capacity.
New developments for sol-gel film and fiber processing

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

New insights into the development of microstructure in sol-gel films have recently been revealed by several diagnostic techniques, including imaging ellipsometry, {open_quotes}chemical imaging{close_quotes} by fluorescent tracers, light scattering from capillary waves, and finite-element modeling. The evolution of porosity during the continuous transition from dilute sol to porous solid in restricted geometries such as films and fibers is becoming clearer through fundamental understanding of evaporation dynamics and capillarity.
Outcome of Biliary Fistula After Liver Hydatid Cyst SurgeryHydatid cyst, biliary fistulae, Outcome, surgery.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Biliary fistula after liver hydatid cyst surgery was occur in about 17.8 percent of patients inour center.Objective: To study the outcome of biliary fistula regarding factors related to its causes and management.Patients and Methodology: This is a prospective study of 241cases submitted to liver hydatid surgery inAl-Sader teaching hospital in Al-Najaf city, from October 2015 to April 2019. A total of 43 patients whounderwent surgery complicated with persistent leakage of bile from externaldrain. Prospectively collecteddatabase were gathered from patients medical records,sent for essential investigations, and treated eitherconservatively to give a chance for spontaneous closure, or by intervention with ERCP.Results: Forty three patients who develop postoperative biliary fistula after hydatid cyst surgery from 241patients(17,8 %),230 patients treated with conservative surgery (95,4 %), 2 patients treated with radicalsurgery(0,82 %) and 9 patients treated with percutaneous aspiration injection reaspiration (3.7%).All the 43patients in this search treated with conservative surgery. Size more than 15 cm is a risk factors. Intraoperativerisk factor is mainly presence of cystobiliary communication which occur in 16 patients (37,2%). Treatment;isconservative in about 23 patients(53.4%).Treatment with ERCP in 19 patients (44.1%).Time of interventionis from 9 – 15 days.Conclusion: Most of patient with external biliary fistula after hydatid liver surgery can be treatedconservatively and resolve spontaneously specially low output fistula.
Strength Decrements from Carrying Various Army Packs on Military Marches

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Two independent pack-carrying studies were conducted in which the strength losses of involved muscles from nine 7.5-mile marches were determined. In the first series of marches, the rucksack had a clear advantage: not until the weight was 61 pounds were strength losses appreciable. Contrarily, in the second series, marching with the rucksack resulted in greater strength losses than with the combat pack. The difference is attributed to the superior physical condition of the subjects on the first rucksack march. The muscle groups showing greatest strength losses for the nine marches were: trunk extensors in eight marches; hip extensors in seven marches; and knee flexors in six marches. The neck extensors appeared in two of the three marches of the second series, but were not tested in series one.
Scarabaeus variolosus: Dellacasa, M., Ziani, S., Lobo, J.M., Lumaret, J.P., Senyuz, Y. & Anlas, S.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.
Recovery of the Ancient System of Foot/Cubit/Stadion - Length Units

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

SUMMARY Statistical investigations of the length of nearly 870 collected metrological yard sticks have shown that their lengths can be assigned to about 30 length units; those length units can be derived back, using simple integer relations handed down from ancient times, to one basic unit, the so-called Nippur cubit = 518,5mm. Based on geometrical relations ideal lengths for all ancient cubit/feet-units will be derived and compared with mean values of the length of collected yard sticks. This system of ancient length units may be of interest to all concerned with the surveying of archaeological sites and buildings. The definition of the ancient length unit is 1 stadion = 600 feet. The foot units of yet existing archelogical stadion sites will be identified. For example, the length of the stadion in Olympia (192,27m) is based on the so-called Remen of the old egyptian trade cubit OTC derived from the egyptian royal cubit (ORC = 523,75mm) : OTC = (24/28) ORC = 448,9mm, Remen OTC = (20/28) OTC = 320,7mm, ideal length of the stadion in Olympia = 600 Remen OTC = 192,4m.
Correlation between activities of starch debranching enzyme and α‐polyglucan structure in endosperms of sugary‐1 mutants of rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary The biochemical lesion of the sugary‐1 mutation was examined in five different mutants of rice with varying phenotypes but with mutations at the same locus. The cells in the inner part of the endosperm of all mutants tested contained phytoglycogen instead of starch, while the cells located in the outer part of the endosperm tissue from some mutants were filled with numerous starch granules. The molecular size of phytoglycogen was markedly smaller than that of amylopectin as measured by Sephacryl S‐1000 chromatography. Analysis of the distribution of α‐1,4 chain lengths revealed that in phytoglycogen the number of A‐chains dramatically increased, while long B chains with DP ≥ 37 remarkably decreased or were almost absent, which resulted in the disappearance of the cluster structure. The results suggest that changes in the balance of enzymic activities induced by the mutations brought about a drastic alteration in polyglucan structure and the shape of the polyglucan granule. The greater the extent of phytoglycogen regions in su1 endosperm tissues became, the greater was the phytoglycogen content, and the greater the reduction in the activity of starch debranching enzyme, a type of enzyme referred to as R‐enzyme (RE), limit dextrinase or pullulanase. Immunoblot analysis showed that the reduction in RE activity was due to a decrease in the amount of RE protein, and that the reduction in RE was specific since proteins of starch‐branching enzymes I and IIa and ADP‐glucose pyrophosphorylase were not markedly affected by su1 mutations. The proportion of starch region to the whole endosperm tissue of various su1 mutants was correlated with the RE activity in these endosperms. The results strongly suggest that the reduction in RE activity is involved in the su1 phenotype and that the enzyme plays an essential role in determining the fine structure of the amylopectin molecule
Influence of behavioral and social factors on gastric cancer incidence and mortality

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Aim of Study: The significance of the risk factors, including behavioral and social characteristics of the patients, for the occurrence of stomach cancer is constantly increasing and largely determines the development and outcome of the disease. The aim of the study: to provide empirical data for the significance of behavioral and social factors on gastric cancer incidence and mortality. Material and Methods: Data from a study of gastric cancer patients (234 men and 144 women) examined at the Heidelberg University Clinic (Germany) were used. Risk factors, gastric cancer survival and mortality, factors of fatal outcome of gastric cancer patients were compared. Multiple binary logistic regression analysis was used to quantitatively assess their influence. To analyze the possible statistical significance between different groups, we used Fisher’s exact test and chi-squared test for the relationship between categorical variables and Student’s t-test. The significance level (rejecting the null hypothesis) is p<0.05. Results: The most common risk factors are lack of physical activity, smoking, accompanying cardiovascular diseases, as well as emotional stress. Unhealthy lifestyle increases the risk by 56.8%. With a lower but significant percentage are overweight and alcohol abuse. We found the presence of emotional stress in 25.3% of patients with stomach cancer. Jobs with primary mental work and high stress level increase the probability of negative outcome. Mainly mental work is associated with about 8 times the risk of death compared to physical work. The presence of stress increases the lethal risk about 3.2 times. Conclusions: Risk factors related to healthy lifestyle of the patients, including mental health, play an important role in the development of stomach cancer. They largely determine the status, disease control, treatment, survival and mortality of gastric cancer patients.
The Association of Kindergarten Entry Age with Early Literacy Outcomes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The authors investigated whether age at kindergarten entry was associated with early literacy achievement gaps and if these gaps persisted over time. Using the kindergarten age eligibility cutoff date, they created 2 groups of students who represented the oldest and youngest children in a cohort of students in high-poverty, low-performing schools. The authors followed 405 students from the beginning of kindergarten until the end of Grade 2. Results indicated that the youngest students scored lower than their oldest peers at the beginning of kindergarten on various early literacy measures. The early-age achievement gap, however, narrowed over time but did not close completely by the end of Grade 2. Implications for parents and educators are discussed.
Comment on Putnam, Adams, and Schneider, 'One day test-retest reliability of neuropsychological tests in a personal injury case."

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In an article in Psychological Assessment, Putnam, Adams, & Schneider (1992) presented a case study in which retesting by separate examiners over a brief time period yielded consistent results. Although Putnam et al. raised a number of points that deserve attention, some of their suggestions about the relevance of their case to legal assessments seem to extend well beyond what their data and methodology justify, and they misrepresented Faust & Ziskins' views on psychology and law. The author discusses limits of the case study method and clarifies his views on the use of psychological evidence in the courtroom.
Viruses of Economic Impact on Tomato Crops in Mexico: From Diagnosis to Management—A Review

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Tomato is the most economically important vegetable crop worldwide and the second most important for Mexico. However, viral diseases are among the main limiting factors that affect the productivity of this crop, causing total losses in some cases. This review provides key information and findings on the symptoms, distribution, transmission, detection, and management of diseases caused by viruses of major importance in tomato crops in Mexico. Currently, about 25 viruses belonging to nine different families have been reported infecting tomato in Mexico, but not all of them cause economically significant diseases. Viruses of economic importance include tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV), tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), pepino mosaic virus (PepMV), and tomato marchitez virus (ToMarV). The topics discussed here will provide updated information about the status of these plant viruses in Mexico as well as diverse management strategies that can be implemented according to the specific circumstances of each viral pathosystem. Additionally, a list of tomato-affecting viruses not present in Mexico that are continuous threats to the crop health is included.
Human Leptospirosis in Morocco, 2004-2010: Serological Study by Slide Agglutination test (SAT)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis with a worldwide distribution but is more commonly found in impoverished populations in developing countries and tropical regions with frequent flooding. The rapid detection of leptospirosis is a critical step to effectively manage the disease and to control outbreaks in both human and animal populations. Culture and the microscopic agglutination test are gold standard methods for leptospirosis diagnosis; however, they are not useful for early diagnosis. PCR is demonstrably useful for early diagnosis, but it is unavailable in most developing countries. Therefore, there is a need for accurate and rapid diagnostic tests and appropriate surveillance and alert systems to identify outbreaks. In this study 50 serums of suspected cases with leptospirosis were referred from certain regions in morocco, to the National Institute of Health in Rabat, Morocco, during 2004 to 2010, Slide Agglutination test (SAT) was used for confirmation. Total number of cases were 23,5,1,0,2,8 and 11. SAT positive results were 20,4,0,0,1,6 and 2, in 2004,2005,2006,2007 ,2008,2009,2010 respectively. The number of males was more than females (31 males and 19 females). The serums were from different regions (Beni Melal, Meknas, Agadir, Rabat, Taza, Sale, Tanger, El Jadidah and Sidi Kacem).
Reflux extraction and safety evaluation of flavonoids from peony pollen

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The extraction process of peony pollen flavonoids was investigated,and the optimum conditions of the reflux method were studied through orthogonal experiment.The results showed that the optimal condition was as following: 1:20 of material:solvent ratio(W/V),100% of ethanol solution as solvent,1h of extraction time at 90℃ of bath temperature.The yield of peony pollen flavonoids was 8.28%.The data of cosmetics ocular irritant and corrosive HET-CAM tests were evaluated as no eye irritation.Human skin patch test results showed that all 30 volunteers gave negative reaction in test area after 0.5h,24h and 48h of application.
Serum Prestin Level May Increase Following Music Exposure That Induces Temporary Threshold Shifts: A Pilot Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To determine if blood prestin level changes after exposure to music at high sound pressure levels, and if this change is associated with temporary threshold shift (TTS) and/or changes in distortion product (DP) amplitude. Design: Participants were exposed to pop-rock music at 100 dBA for 15 min monaurally through headphones. Pure-tone audiometry, DP amplitude, and blood prestin level were measured before and after exposure. Results: Fourteen adults (9 women; age range: 20 to 54 years, median age = 31 [Interquartile ratio = 6.75]) with normal hearing were included in the study. Mean prestin level increased shortly after exposure to music, then returned to baseline within 1 week, although this trend was not observed in all participants. All participants presented TTS or a decrease in DP amplitude in at least one frequency after music exposure. There was a statistically significant average threshold elevation at 4 min postexposure. Statistically significant DP amplitude shifts were observed at 4 and 6 kHz, 2 min following exposure. Mean baseline serum prestin level (mean: 140.00 pg/mL, 95% confidence interval (CI): 125.92 to 154.07) progressively increased following music exposure, reaching a maximum at 2 hr (mean: 158.29 pg/mL, 95% CI: 130.42 to 186.66) and returned to preexposure level at 1 week (mean: 139.18 pg/mL, 95% CI: 114.69 to 163.68). However, after correction for multiple comparisons, mean prestin level showed no statistically significant increase from baseline at any timepoint. No correlation between maximum blood prestin level change and average TTS or distortion product otoacoustic emission amplitude shift was found. However, in an exploratory analysis, TTS at 6 kHz (the frequency at which maximum TTS occurred) decreased significantly as baseline blood prestin level increased. Conclusions: The results suggest that blood prestin level may change after exposure to music at high sound pressure levels, although statistical significance was not reached in this relatively small sample after correction. Baseline serum prestin level may also predict the degree of TTS. These findings thus suggest that the role of baseline serum prestin level as a proxy marker of cochlear susceptibility to intense music exposure should be further explored.
A study of attitudes of nurse aides toward ethnic patients in nursing homes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study examined the attitudes of nurse aides toward patients of different ethnicities in nursing homes. Since nurse aides provide 90% of direct patient care, it was considered important to study the attitudes and prejudices of these multi-ethnic staff members who care for multi-ethnic elderly patients. A semantic differential scale and a social distance scale were used to assess the attitudes of nurse aides, and a questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and perceptions of nurse aides with respect to the behavior, family relationships and the degree of religiosity of patients from different ethnicities. A sample of 110 nurse aides was drawn from three New York City nursing homes. The semantic differential scale was used to measure attitudes of nurse aides toward patients in six ethnic groups: Chinese, Black, Puerto Rican, Jewish, Italian, and Irish. None of the ethnic patients were rated unfavorably or strongly favorable. The social distance scale measured attitudes toward ethnic groups in general. Results indicated that nurse aides were not prejudiced toward any of the ethnic groups studied. Nurse aides were found to have definite perceptions of the behaviors of different ethnic groups. These findings were statistically significant. A new perspective is needed in social work education, a perspective emphasizing the cultural diversity of clients and an understanding of ethnic heritage. Gerontologists are encouraged to recognize the importance of ethnic life for the elderly and the need to improve delivery of services by appreciation of the impact of ethnicity upon both the workers and clients. Nursing homes must develop training programs for staff which emphasize the influence of ethnocultural differences. From this study a training program for nursing home staff was developed and is offered to improve understanding of ethnic differences and ethnic similarities.
Blue fingerprint in spectrum of cancer change of biotissues

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This paper follows to combine optical and biochemical techniques for identification the cell membrane transformation in the dynamic of growth and development of experimental solid tumour. It is researched that in all the cases the linear dichroism appears in biotissues (the human esophagus, the muscle tissue of rats, prostate tissue) with the cancer disease the magnitude of which depends on the type of the tissue and on the time of the cancer process development. As the linear dichroism is lacking for healthy tissues, then the obtained results can have diagnostic values with the purpose of detection and estimation of the stage of the cancer disease development.