jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic effects of mango (<i>Mangifera indica</i>) and cashew (<i>Anacardium occidentale</i>) leaves extracts against certain pathogenic bacterial strains from <i>Clarias gariepinus</i>

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The study was carried out to evaluate the potential therapeutic effects of mango (Mangifera indica) and cashew (Anacardium occidentale) leaves extracts against nine fish pathogens: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus substillis, Samonella typhi, Staphylococcus epidermis, Streptococcus iniae, Aeromonas hydrophila and Aspergillus niger using pour plate method. Phytochemical screening and minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of mango and cashew leaves were determined using standard methods. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at P = 0.05. The results of antimicrobial properties revealed that both plants extracts showed antimicrobial properties. However, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of mango leaves exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities against all the pathogens investigated. No antimicrobial properties were recorded in the negative control (distilled water) and no antimicrobial activities were recorded for Streptococcus iniae and Aspergillus niger in erythromycin (50 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml) which serve as the positive control. The phytochemical screening for metabolites indicated the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, phenols and protein while flavonoids and steroids were not detected in both plants. The minimum inhibitory concentration of methanolic extracts of mango and cashew leaves is 1000 µg/ml and minimum inhibitory concentration of ethanolic extracts of mango and cashew leaves is 500 µg/ml. The results indicate the possibility of using mango and cashew leaves extracts in the treatment of microbial infections in fishes.Keywords: Fish diseases, Mangifera indica, Anacardium occidentale, Antimicrobial, Phytochemical screening
Fast and Regioselective Heck Couplings with N-Acyl-N-vinylamine Derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Highly regioselective Heck couplings of aryl triflates with N-acyl-N-vinylamines lacking an N-alkyl substituent were achieved with reaction times of approximately 1 h in yields ranging from 62 to 98% using 1.5 mol % of Pd(2)(dba)(3), 3 mol % of DPPF, and diethylisopropylamine in dioxane. The efficiency of these cross-couplings were studied with several N-vinylamides and an example each of an N-vinylcarbamate and an N-vinylurea. The Heck coupling products easily underwent acidic hydrolysis to the corresponding aryl methyl ketone or in situ hydrogenation in the presence of (Ph(3)P)(3)RhCl under a hydrogen atmosphere to provide the N-acyl derivatives of pharmaceutically relevant benzylic amines. The coupling of a vinyl triflate and more interestingly a vinyl tosylate to N-vinyl acetamide was also studied affording a 2-acylamino-1,3-butadiene with the same high regioselectivity in preference for the alpha-isomer. This result suggests that Heck couplings of electron-rich alkenes with vinyl tosylates also follow a cationic pathway.
Comparative phylogeography of bamboo bats of the genus Tylonycteris (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in Southeast Asia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) In Southeast Asia, bats of the genus Tylonycteris Peters, 1872 have traditionally been classified into two wide-ranging species, T. pachypus (Temminck, 1840) and T. robustula Thomas, 1915. Our comparative phylogeographic analyses based on two mitochondrial and seven nuclear genes, combined with our multivariate morphological analyses, show that these species actually represent cryptic species complexes that share a similar biogeographic history in three major regions, i.e., Sundaland, southern Indochina, and northern Indochina. Our molecular dating estimates suggest that Pleistocene climatic oscillations and sea level changes have repeatedly isolated ancestral populations of Tylonycteris spp. in distant bamboo forest refugia. The analyses indicate, however, that populations of the T. pachypus complex were less affected by forest fragmentation in mainland Southeast Asia than those of the T. robustula complex. Accordingly, we propose several taxonomic changes within the genus Tylonycteris: the species T. fulvida and T. malayana are revalidated, and a new species, T. tonkinensis Tu, Csorba, Ruedi & Hassanin sp. nov., endemic to northern Indochina, is described.
Vestibular test results related to stimulation intensity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The application of several stimulation intensities in vestibular testing leads us to some new considerations about the interpretation of vestibular test results. Indeed, in the ordinary testing procedures, only one stimulation intensity is used. The results thus obtained are considered to reflect the functional capacity of the system examined and are taken to be absolute. However, when we apply different intensities, we can see that in not a negligible number of cases, the results are very different and are related to the intensity applied. On the one hand, this provides some interesting supplementary information about vestibular function which can be expressed in the notions of ‘recruitment’ and ‘decruitment’, or rather of ‘labile’ and ‘stable’ function. On the other hand, as we only use one stimulation intensity in our ordinary tests, we have to be very cautious and to consider their results always in relation to the applied stimulus. We should always remember that, in some cases, the results might be different if we were to apply a different intensity. This is also very important when we compare the results of different authors, using different stimulation techniques.
Seasonal Variation in Water Relations of Trees of Differing Leaf Phenology in a Wet–Dry Tropical Savanna near Darwin, Northern Australia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The seasonal variation in leaf xylem pressure potential at dawn (?dawn), leaf tissue water characteristics and daily maximum leaf conductance was measured in eight woody species in a wet–dry tropical savanna near Darwin, northern Australia, between October 1992 and October 1993. The species were Eucalyptus miniata , E. tetrodonta , E. clavigera , Xanthostemon paradoxus , Erythrophleum chlorostachys , Planchonia careya , Terminalia ferdinandiana and Cochlospermum fraseri . The species represented the major leaf phenological types, evergreen, semi-deciduous and fully deciduous. The climate of the region is characterised by annual drought during the winter months, when virtually no rain falls and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in the afternoon reaches 3 kPa for 5 consecutive months each year. Despite this drought, ?dawn remained high (–1.3 to –1.5 MPa in evergreen species and –0.5 to –1.5 MPa in deciduous species) relative to those trees that experience summer drought in temperate and arid Australia. There was a tendency for evergreen and semi-deciduous species to maintain positive turgor to lower xylem pressure potentials (mean osmotic potential at incipient plasmolysis, p0 = –2.15 MPa) than the fully deciduous species (p0 = –2.03 MPa). For all species, the daily maximum leaf conductance ( g max) was maximal in the wet and decreased during the dry season. Diurnally, ( g max occurred near midday in the wet season, but at about 0800–1000 hours during the dry season and the ‘buildup’, the transitional period between the dry and wet seasons. There was substantial decrease in ( g max (from 650–1000 mmol m-2 s-1 in March to 200 mmol m-2 s-1 in May) early in the dry season in two of the three fully deciduous species ( Planchonia careya and Cochlospermum fraseri ). The dominant evergreen species Eucalyptus miniata , by contrast, had high g max (&gt; 400 mmol m-2 s-1) throughout the dry season, suggesting it had access to groundwater. For each species, g max declined with decreasing dawn water potential in a log-linear manner; the slope of this relationship tended to increase with increasing degree of deciduousness.
Determination of Monosaccharide and Disaccharide in Astragalus membranaceus by High-performance Liquid Chromatography with Evaporative Light-scattering Detector

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Objective To establish the method for determining the content of monosaccharide and disaccharide in Astragalus membranaceus by high-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative lightscattering detector(HPLC-ELSD).Methods HPLC parameters were as follows:Waters X BridgeTMamino column(250mm×4.6mm,5μm)as the chromatographic column;acetonitrile-water(70∶30)as the mobile phase;flow rate 1.0mL/min;column temperature 30℃.ELSD parameters were as follows:nebulizer temperature 50 ℃;drift tube temperature 90 ℃;gas flow rate 1.60L/min;gain 1.0.Results Fructose,sucrose,and maltose showed a good linear relationship between the logarithmic values of content and peak area within 0.10-0.90μg(r=0.999 9),1.00-9.00μg(r=0.999 6),and 0.25-2.25μg(r=0.999 4),and the average recovery rates were 97.97%(relative standard deviation(RSD)=1.56%),97.82%(RSD=1.53%),and 97.36%(RSD=1.59%),respectively.Conclusion The established HPLC-ELSD method is simple,accurate,and repeatable,and can be used for determining the content of monosaccharide and disaccharide in Astragalus membranaceus.
[The effect of various acylating agents on the catalytic properties and structure of aspartate aminotransferase].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Changes of quaternary structure and conformation of molecule concomitant with inactivation were observed in the course of aspartate transaminase acylation by maleic, citraconic, dimethylmaleic and succinic anhydrides. It was established that acylation of 10-12 xi-amino groups of lysine did not induce the dissociation of transaminase into subunits. Further acylation of amino groups (2 groups if dimethylmaleic anhydrade was used as acylating agent) induced dissociation of transaminase dimer into subunits. These data were obtained by sedimentation analysis. The dissociation was accompanied with a sharp decrease of correlation time (from 18 nsec to 9 nsec) of the paramagnetic label covalently bound to the protein. The obtained results allow us to distinguish three types of xi-aminogroups of aspartate transaminase: exposed (about 12 residues), "contact" (2 residues) located in the vicinity to complementary surfaces of subunits and buried (about 6 residues). The stepwise inactivation occurred during the acylation as a result of conformational changes or appearance of sterical hindrances in the cataytic site of the enzyme. The thiol groups were not modified in transaminase molecule under experimental conditions used. Aspartate transaminase treated with citraconic or dimethylmaleic anhydride may be deacylated under mild conditions. After reacylation the quaternary structure was reconstituted and catalytic activity was almost fully restored.
Global Improvement in Intellectual and Neuropsychological Functioning after Removal of a Suprasellar Cystic Craniopharyngioma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This is a case report of a patient who presented with cognitive and behavioral decline and underwent surgery for removal of a suprasellar craniopharyngioma. Previous studies have reported memory impairments in the presence of craniopharyngioma, but information is lacking regarding the impact of craniopharyngioma on other brain functions as well as on intellectual abilities. In this study, comprehensive neuropsychological testing, including intellectual testing, was conducted 9 to 14 days before surgery and 16 to 22 days after surgery. Results before surgery demonstrated average intellectual abilities, which were decreased from premorbid estimates, and diffuse neuropsychological impairments. Postoperatively, significant improvement in both intellectual abilities and neuropsychological test scores was observed. These results suggest that craniopharyngiomas can be associated with impairments in intellectual abilities and in brain functions aside from memory. The results are contrasted with those of previous reports, and implications for future research are discussed.
Interaction of Osp94, a hypertonic stress sensitive molecular chaperone, with mRNAs of tau alternative splicing variants

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In our previous studies, we reported the decreased microtubule transport velocity and mRNA level of 3R-tau, an alternative splicing variants of tau, in molecular chaperone Osp94 (Osmotic stress protein 94 kD)-knocked down Neuro2a cells. To clarify the function of Osp94 in neuronal cells, we investigated an interaction of Osp94 with 4R- and 3R-tau mRNAs of tau alternative splicing variants. In Osp94-siRNA treated Neuro2a cells, 4R-/3R-tau mRNAs and its proteins expressions were analyzed by Real-time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Additionally, RNA immunoprecipitation were used for demonstrating an interaction of Osp94 with 4R-and/or 3R-tau mRNAs. Real-time PCR and Western blotting revealed marked decreases in 3R-tau mRNA and protein in cells exposed to Osp94-siRNA for 72 h. RNA immunoprecipitation using anti-Osp94 antibody showed amplified PCR products derived from 4R-and 3R-tau mRNAs in nuclear and cytosol fractions. No obvious difference in the ratio of 4R-tau/3R-tau mRNAs bound to Osp94 protein was observed between nuclear and cytosol fractions. The present study indicates that molecular chaperon Osp94 binds to 4R-tau and 3R-tau mRNAs in nucleus and cytoplasm of Neuro2a cells.
(Since When) Are East and West German Business Cycles Synchronised?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We analyze whether, and since when, East and West German business cycles are synchronised. We investigate real GDP, unemployment rates and survey data as business cycle indicators and we employ several empirical methods. Overall, we find that the regional business cycles have synchronised over time. GDP-based indicators and survey data show a higher degree of synchronisation than the indicators based on unemployment rates. However, synchronisation among East and West German business cycles seems to have become weaker again recently.
Strengthening Pakistan’s Trade Linkages: A Case Study of Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper explores Pakistan’s trade potential because of Pakistan’s possible inclusion in the proposed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Using a variety of analytical tools including the trade-cost augmented gravity model, indices of trade complementarity and revealed comparative advantage, the paper demonstrates that FTA between Pakistan and the proposed RCEP will increase bilateral trade, on average, by a factor of 1.84. Trade complementarity indices reveal that Pakistan’s import pattern tends to match over time with the export pattern of RCEP countries indicating that Pakistan can benefit from sourcing its imports from the RCEP countries. Moreover, there exists significant potential for Pakistan’s trade expansion with ASEAN members as well as other potential trading partners in RCEP. Whereas Pakistan can export cotton, made-up textiles and clothing, fish, cereals, leather products, pharmaceutical products, sugar and sugar confectionary, and light engineering manufactures, the proposed RCEP countries can export basic raw materials, machinery and equipment, steel products, and miscellaneous manufactured goods, to Pakistan. The study recommends that Pakistan should pursue its FTA arrangements actively with the ASEAN, as it is a prerequisite to get membership in the proposed RCEP. Greater integration with the proposed RCEP region will help Pakistan boost trade and investment and promote sustainable growth.
Calcineurin activation contributes to noise‐induced hearing loss

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Acoustic overstimulation increases Ca 2+ concentration in auditory hair cells. Because calcineurin is known to activate cell death pathways and is controlled by Ca 2+ and calmodulin, this study assessed the role of calcineurin in auditory hair cell death in guinea pigs after intense noise exposure. Immediately after noise exposure (4‐kHz octave band, 120 dB, for 5 hr), a population of hair cells exhibited calcineurin immunoreactivity at the cuticular plate, with a decreasing number of positive‐stained cells on Days 1–3. By Day 7, the levels of calcineurin immunoreactivity had diminished to near control, non‐noise exposed values, concomitant with an increasing loss of hair cells. Staining of hair cell nuclei with propidium iodide (PI), restricted to calcineurin‐immunopositive cells, indicated breakdown of cell membranes symptomatic of incipient cell death. The local application of the calcineurin inhibitors, FK506 and cyclosporin A, reduced the level of noise‐induced auditory brain stem response threshold shift and hair cell death, indicating that calcineurin is a factor in noise‐induced hearing loss. The results suggest that calcineurin inhibitors are of potential therapeutic value for long‐term protection of the morphologic integrity and function of the organ of Corti against noise trauma. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A high quantum efficiency prototype video based portal imaging system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Current video-based electronic portal imaging devices (VEPIDs) that utilize thin phosphor screens have poor image quality due to low light collection. Expensive flat-panel imagers with the same screen yield higher quality imaging at 2–4 monitor-units (MU) exposures, but are susceptible to radiation damage to the peripheral electronics. A prototype thick scintillation crystal (TSC) VEPID for subMU exposures is presented here. Utilizing a 12 mm thick CsI(Tl) crystal scintillator for greater light production, the detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is significantly increased for the prototype TSC (17 × 17 cm $^{2}$ field-of-view at isocenter) while spatial resolution is not affected by the increased optical path. A high-resolution plumbicon camera with 12-bit ADC and computer-controlled target integration provides variable exposure imaging. Modulation transfer function (MTF) and DQE measurements along with phantom imaging are presented for the TSC, commercial VEPIDs, flat-panels and film. The DQE for TSC is significantly higher than current VEPIDs, and comparable to flat-panel at low frequency. TSC provides portal imaging superior to other VEPIDs at subMU exposures. The TSC provides high quality portal imaging and with further optimization is expected to be better or comparable to flat-panels. TSC subMU imaging has potential for intra-treatment patient position monitoring, and increased portal verification frequency for patient localization.
Superconducting gap and pseudogap

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The discovery of the pseudogap has been a fundamental advance in uncovering the new physics of the high-Tc cuprates, yet its meaning is still far from being clear. In particular, its relation to the superconducting gap remains an object of controversy. While many authors consider that it is a high-temperature precursor of superconductivity, which turns into the superconducting gap at low temperatures, others contend that it is a normal-state property related only indirectly to superconductivity. We review a number of experiments such as single-particle tunneling, Andreev–Saint-James reflections, and others, and conclude that in the underdoped regime there exists considerable evidence for the existence of two distinct energy scales, the superconducting gap and the pseudogap, which appear to merge into one another in overdoped samples.
Why Do Water and Sanitation Systems for the Poor Still Fail? Policy Analysis in Economically Advanced Developing Countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The results of an independent evaluation of 60 case studies of water and sanitation infrastructure projects in India, Mexico, and South Africa, most of them implemented since 2000, demonstrate an ongoing problem of failing infrastructure even in economically advanced developing countries. This paper presents a meta-analysis of those project case study results and analyses whether the design of existing policies or other factors contribute to failures. It concludes that the observed failures are due to well-known reasons and recommends how the implementation of the Dublin-Rio Principles can be improved. (They were introduced twenty years ago to avoid such failures by means of more sustainable planning.).
Bacteriological investigation of pyometra of Black Bengal goats obtained at slaughter

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Nine uteri of Black Bengal goats (Capra hircus) affected with pyometra were collected from three slaughterhouses at Kishoreganj district of Bangladesh. Both horns of each uterus were washed with phosphate buffered saline for isolation and identification of bacteria and its load. The bacterial loads in the uterus were high, ranging between 1 × 107 and 2.8 × 107. Six different bacterial species were identified and confirmed by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). There were five Escherichia coli, six Streptococcus sp., five Staphylococcus sp, one Salmonella sp., one Pasteurella sp. and one Bacillus sp. All had mixed infections containing two or three types of bacterial pathogens. Further studies are needed for the virulence determination and antibiogram profiles. The Bangladesh Veterinarian (2019) 36(1 - 2): 1-7
Yohanan Friedmann, Tolerance and Coercion in Islam. Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition, (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Dean Jason Richard. Yohanan Friedmann, Tolerance and Coercion in Islam. Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition, (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization) Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003. In: Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses, 86e année n°1, Janvier-Mars 2006. pp. 156-157.
A wireless interrogation system exploiting narrowband acoustic resonator for remote physical quantity measurement

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Monitoring physical quantities using acoustic wave devices can be advantageously achieved using the wave characteristic dependence to various parametric perturbations (temperature, stress, and pressure). Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators are particularly well suited to such applications as their resonance frequency is directly influenced by these perturbations, modifying both the phase velocity and resonance conditions. Moreover, the intrinsic radio frequency (rf) nature of these devices makes them ideal for wireless applications, mainly exploiting antennas reciprocity and piezoelectric reversibility. In this paper, we present a wireless SAW sensor interrogation unit operating in the 434 MHz centered ISM band—selected as a tradeoff between antenna dimensions and electromagnetic wave penetration in dielectric media—based on the principles of a frequency sweep network analyzer. We particularly focus on the compliance with the ISM standard which reveals complicated by the need for switching from emission to reception modes similarly to radar operation. In this matter, we propose a fully digital rf synthesis chain to develop various interrogation strategies to overcome the corresponding difficulties and comply with the above-mentioned standard. We finally assess the reader interrogation range, accuracy, and dynamics.