jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Chronic Exposure to Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Previous short-term studies of tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TRCP), a flame retardant used in industrial and consumer products, demonstrated that repeated administration of 350 mg TRCP/kg body wt by oral gavage resulted in necrosis of pyramidal neurons in the CA1 region of the hippocampus of F344 rats, but not in B6C3F1 mice. The 2-year studies reported here were designed to characterize the chronic toxicity and potential carcinogenicity of TRCP in each sex of F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 60 rats per sex received 0, 44, or 88 mg/kg by oral gavage, once per day, 5 days per week, for up to 103 weeks. Groups of 60 mice per sex received 0, 175, or 350 mg/kg by oral gavage on the same dosing schedule. Each of these groups contained 10 animals which were euthanized at 66 weeks. The principal toxic effects of chronic exposure of rats to TRCP occurred in the brain and kidney. In contrast to the findings in the 16-week studies, a hippocampal lesion was not observed in the brain, although degenerative lesions were widely distributed in the gray and white matter of the brain stem and cerebral cortex of high-dose female and, to a lesser extent, male rats. These findings suggest that the hippocampal necrosis may be dependent upon the size of the individual doses or may have a pathogenesis different from that of the lesions in the brain stem and cerebral cortex. The other primary effect of chronic exposure was a dose-dependent increased incidence of renal tubule hyperplasia and adenoma. Renal tubule neoplasms, primarily adenomas, were observed in 4% of control, 10% of low-dose, and 50% of high-dose male rats and in 0% of control, 4% of low-dose, and 10% of high-dose female rats. There were also marginal increases in mononuclear cell leukemia and in thyroid follicular neoplasms in dosed male and female rats that were not clearly related to TRCP administration. Mice were less sensitive to TRCP than rats and lesions attributable to chemical administration in mice were limited to a dose-dependent increased incidence of karyomegaly (nuclear enlargement) in epithelial cells of proximal tubules in the inner cortex and outer stripe of the outer medulla of the kidneys both sexes. Marginal increases in the incidence of renal tubule neoplasms in male mice and harderian gland neoplasms in female mice were not considered clearly related to TRCP administration.
Dosimetric Comparison between Two Dose Calculation Algorithms in SBRT Treatment of Lung Cancer in Ring-based and C-arm Radiation Therapy Equipment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: The purpose of this study is to compare the dosimetric differences between two dose calculation algorithms-Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA) and Acuros XB (AXB) - in Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) for lung cancer using Halcyon and TrueBeam radiation therapy (RT) equipment, and to identify the optimal combination for treatment. Materials and Methods: A Retrospective study which recruited 20 patients with peripherally located primary lung cancer or lung metastasis in the upper or middle lobes treated with SBRT at Kiang Wu Hospital, Macau (KWH) was conducted. CT images were imported into the Varian Eclipse Treatment Planning System (TPS) version 17.01 for re-planning using AAA and AXB in RT equipment. The plan quality and organs at risk (OARs) criteria were assessed based on Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)-0813 and RTOG-0915 protocols. Also, Monitor Unit (MU), Beam on Time (BOT), and dose calculation time were recorded for evaluating treatment planning and delivery efficiency. Statistical significance was determined with p-values < 0.05. Results: AAA provided better conformity, heterogeneity, and R50% than AXB (0.91 vs 0.89, 0.075 vs 0.096, 1.05 vs1.07, respectively, p < 0.05). Both calculation algorithms and RT equipment provided comparable dose to OARs. Notably, compared to Halcyon, TrueBeam required fewer MUs (65.1 vs 58.7, respectively, p < 0.05) to deliver the same dose, and TrueBeam with GPU-based AXB demonstrated advantages in reducing the dose calculation time (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Both dose calculation algorithms and RT equipment are effective in SBRT lung cancer treatment, offering high precision in target coverage while comparable dose to OARs. TrueBeam with GPU-based AXB is notably efficient in RT treatment planning and delivery
Exposure, sensitivity, or adaptive capacity? Reviewing assessments that use only two of three elements of climate change vulnerability

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract As climate change accelerates, understanding which species are most vulnerable and why they are vulnerable will be vital to inform conservation action. Climate change vulnerability assessments (CCVAs) are tools to assess species' responses to climate change, detect drivers of vulnerability, and inform conservation planning. CCVAs are commonly composed of three elements: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Incorporating all three elements can be challenging, and including only two of the three elements may be a more feasible approach in many systems. Although two‐element CCVA approaches have become more common, their utility and procedures remain poorly documented. We conducted a literature review to explore the scope, methods, and rationale of CCVAs that use a two‐element approach to assess vertebrate vulnerability. Despite the potential to expand CCVAs into understudied systems, two‐element assessments had similar geographic and taxonomic biases as those previously detected in CCVAs in general. Methods varied, yet we found that variables used in two‐element studies could be condensed into standardized categories to enhance comparability. Finally, limitations in data availability and computational resources were common rationales for using a two‐element approach. By clarifying the purposes, opportunities, and limitations of two‐element assessment, this review can aid in selecting appropriate methods for CCVAs.
A comparison of in-situ fire energy measurements to remote sensed thermography using Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Fire science and management are often limited by an inability to quantitatively measure and track the properties of wildland fire at their full spatial and temporal scales (Riggan et al. 2004).Direct experimental measurements of the energy, fluid flow, and chemical processes occurring in full-scale wildland fires over a spatial extent are difficult to obtain.Techniques exist to measure the radiant intensity or emissive power of the flame; however, the high temperature and transient nature of naturally burning wildland fires has been limited to just a few localized measurements of fire intensity (Butler et al. 2004).Recent advances in unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and light weight, high resolution sensors provide an opportunity to address the various limitations associated with previous research in landscape scale fire radiative power (FRP) estimates.A series of nine small scale (0.5-1km 2 ) field experiments were instrumented with multiple horizontal and nadir view fire behavior packages (FBPs) in order to characterize point source fire energy measurements.Additionally, in-situ and remote sensed (UAS) radiometric thermograhy data with collocated at high resolution in space and time.Coordinates of each in-situ location were acquired and pre-loaded into the UAS flight plan to ensure collocation data collects.This paper presents the experimental design and preliminary results with the intent to develop a strong correlation between highly resolved ground based fire energy measurements collacted with UAS remote sensed thermography.
The scientific Buddhism (Draft)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The scientific Buddhism: The brain's activities are driven by the needs to minimize the suffering it perceived. The brain will direct you to do the thing leading to least suffering. The thing you will do is determined and inevitable. It applies to every being. So, the future is determined and inevitable. I named it the scientific destiny. The scientific destiny is unchangeable; it does not necessarily mean that we can predict the scientific destiny. You are a mental image of your brain. Everything you perceived, including the moral responsibility, is a hallucination. So, you can do anything; this is also a hallucination. After you know that the scientific destiny is unchangeable, you will still be driven by the needs to minimize the suffering you perceived, because that you are still controlled by your brain. And you still can’t suffer any less (or more) than it is determined that you will suffer. According to the nature of the scientific destiny, you can't change anything. So, if you accept the scientific destiny, you don't need to worry about anything; you can fully live in the moment; it doesn't necessarily mean that you will never worry. You don't need to have any other emotion for the same reason; it doesn't necessarily mean that you will not have other emotions.
Postoperative nausea and vomiting in diagnostic gynaecological laparoscopic procedures: comparison of the efficacy of the combination of dexamethasone and metoclopramide with that of dexamethasone and ondansetron.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A combination of dexamethasone and ondansetron was more efficacious as compared to that of metoclopramide and dexamethasone. The combination of metoclopramide and dexamethasone seems to offer no additional benefit as compared to saline placebo.
Design of conformal cooling for plastic injection moulding by heat transfer simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The cooling channels of a mold for plastic injection have to be as close as possible to the part geometry in order to ensure fast and homogeneous cooling. However, conventional methods to manufacture cooling channels (drilling) can only produce linear holes. Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing technique capable to manufacture complex cooling channels (known as conformal cooling). Nevertheless, because of the high costs of SLM the benefits of conformal collings are still not clear. The current work investigates two designs of conformal coolings: i) parallel circuit; ii) serial circuit. Both coolings are evaluated against to traditional cooling circuits (linear channels) by CAE simulation to produce parts of polypropylene. The results show that if the conformal cooling is not properly designed it cannot provide reasonable results. The deformation of the product can be reduced significantly after injection but the cycle time reduced not more than 6%.
On the Mechanics of Growth and Morphogenesis in Hydroid Polyps

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The growth and morphogenesis of <it>Obelia loveni</it> and <it>Dynamena pumila</it> asexual generation were studied. Their cell layers consist of tightly packed cells which are able to contract, to feorlent and slide upon one another while remaining at the same time anchored to elastic enveloping membranes. Both growth and morphogenesis are of pulsatory character due to coordinated periodic contractions and relaxations of cells. Cell contraction results in a normalization of cell orientations, an upward shift of the entodermal column, and an expansion of the rudiment's tip. Cell relaxation is accompanied by reverse deformations and an upwards shift of the ectodermal column. The spatial pattern of active and passive forces and supporting structures is ascertained.
Understanding Food Loss and Waste—Why Are We Losing and Wasting Food?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) reported that approximately one-third of all produced foods (1.3 billion tons of edible food) for human consumption is lost and wasted every year across the entire supply chain. Significant impacts of food loss and waste (FLW) have increased interest in establishing prevention programs around the world. This paper aims to provide an overview of FLW occurrence and prevention. Economic, political, cultural, and socio-demographic drivers of FLW are described, highlighting the global variation. This approach might be particularly helpful for scientists, governors, and policy makers to identify the global variation and to focus on future implications. The main focus here was to identify the cause of the FLW occurrence throughout the food supply chain. We have created a framework for FLW occurrence at each stage of the food supply chain. Several feasible solutions are provided based on the framework.
Social Capital and the Food System: Some Evidences from Empirical Research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper stresses that in order to understand the current re-organizational processes in the food system, two kinds of social capital should be taken into account, trust and network-based social capital. Stemming from a case study, concerning the Italian processing tomato industry, it demonstrates that while trust seems to enhance social welfare, by reducing transaction costs and promoting cooperative behavior, network-based social capital mainly affects firm competitive behavior, with unpredictable effects on social welfare.
New Concepts in Design and Development of Hydraulic Crane Booms

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A new hydraulic boom section has been developed that has optimum weight-to-strength ratio and is economical to manufacture. It is called the “inverted A-frame” section.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The “inverted A-frame” section has better resistance to the side loads than the conventional type box section and is torsionally stiffer. Since the main mode of boom loading is bending and web crippling is often a problem, the inverted A-frame section makes it possible to use economical longitudinal stiffeners and thus hold the boom side plates to the minimum thickness.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Further, the width-to-thickness ratio of the bottom flange can be regulated so that the steel is used most efficiently in compression.</div>
SPACE-TIME SCAN STATISTIC BASED EARLY WARNING OF H1N1 INFLUENZA A IN SHENZHEN, CHINA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The paper has analyzed on the confirmed cases of H1N1 influenza in Shenzhen during May 26, 2009 to November 15, 2009 which were reported through direct network reporting system for infectious diseases. Combine the records of infectious cases with GIS. Geo-code the records of cases and select the home address of the sufferer as the basic unit of geo-coding. The retrospective space-time permutation scan statistic was employed to detect the space-time clusters of the H1N1 Influenza A in Shenzhen City. The result shows that the space-time clusters of H1N1 Influenza A in Shenzhen City are mainly in the northern areas which are border with Hong Kong during early in September.
[Dengue 1 epidemic in the Grand Comoro Island (Federal Islamic Republic of the Comores). March-May 1993].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An epidemic of dengue fever occurred in Grande Comore island from March to May 1993. Dengue 1 virus has been isolated. The epidemic did not affect the other islands of the archipelago. No compound clinical picture, in particular hemorrhagic, was reported. A random sampling survey conducted towards the end of April showed that 26% of the population aged 5 years old or more had IgM dengue antibodies. The epidemic concerned essentially individuals under 45 years of age. The number of inhabitants of Grande Comore affected by the outbreak can be estimated between 56,000 and 75,000. The results of the sero-epidemiological survey allowed to find the serological scar of two previous epidemics of dengue: the first one around 1948, which may correspond with dengue 1, the other one in 1984, probably with dengue 2.
ARCHIVEIT-2282-WEEKLY-YMHZZM-20121205211825-00000-wbgrp-crawl064.us.archive.org-6680.warc.gz

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

recurrence=WEEKLY, maxDuration=259200, maxDocumentCount=null, isTestCrawl=false, seedCount=2, accountId=518, organizationName="Region of Waterloo Archives", collectionId=2282, collectionName="Region of Waterloo"
Analytical Methods for Physicochemical Properties of Lipid Membrane Nanovesicles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

両親媒性リン脂質からなる人工脂質膜小胞は，生命現象解明のための生体膜モデルとして利用されるほか，食品，化粧品，医薬品など様々な分野への応用が広がっている．目的とする機能を付与するために，脂質組成や小胞サイズなどの物理的化学的特性の制御が行われる．著者らは，主として医薬品として開発される脂質二分子膜からなる微小胞（リポソーム）の物理的化学的特性研究を行ってきた．モノリス型カラムを用いたキャピラリー液体クロマトグラフィー（LC）システムにより，ナノ粒子のサイズ分離手法を開発し，汎用される動的光散乱計を検出器に用いることで，分離と粒子径測定をオンラインで行うことが可能であった．また，原子間力顕微鏡により，脂質膜微小胞のサイズ・形態を液中で解析する手法や膜の硬さを定量的に評価する手法を開発した．このような計測技術の開発は，脂質膜微小胞の医療応用に寄与すると考えられる．
A short-run analysis of the impact of imports of Hass avocados from Mexico on the U.S. avocado industry

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Using data from November 2011 to March 2022, we estimate a vector autoregression model to examine the relationship among Mexican Hass avocado imports, prices received, and volumes of Californian Hass avocados packed by California packers/handlers. We trace the impacts of changes in Mexican imports over a 12-month time horizon. A 1% increase in Mexican imports today leads to increases in pack prices of 0.21% and to decreases in pack volumes of 0.29% on average five months to twelve months later. The cumulative impact of a 1% increase in Mexican imports results in a 1.71% increase in pack prices and a 2.31% decrease in monthly pack volumes, translating to a 0.64% decline in monthly revenue accruing to California packers/handlers. Consequently, the modest rise in pack prices coupled with the modest shrinkage of volumes of Californian Hass avocados packed and the modest loss in revenue accruing to California packers/handlers suggest on the surface that Hass avocado imports from Mexico in the short run do not “seriously injure” the U.S. avocado industry. These findings also suggest that future U.S. avocado grower appeals for relief against imports from Mexico are not likely be upheld by the U.S. International Trade Commission. Our results are short term only and these effects, compounded over time, potentially may become injurious to producers and packers in California.
STUDIES ON THE DIMENSIONS OF THE RABBIT ANTI-BENZYLPENICILLOYL ANTIBODY-COMBINING SITES

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Rabbit antisera prepared against conjugates of the benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) bifunctional haptenic group were analyzed to determine whether the antibodies are adapted to only a portion of the large BPO molecule, or to the entire molecule, and whether specificity extends to the lysine side chain and adjoining structures of the immunizing carrier protein. No antibodies adapted to the phenylacetylamine portion of the BPO group could be detected in a pooled rabbit anti-BPO serum globulin fraction by PCA and quantitative precipitin analysis using several phenylacetylamine-protein conjugates as antigens. No antibodies adapted only to the thiazolidine carboxylic acid portion of the BPO molecule were detected in the anti-BPO globulin fraction using quantitative precipitin and hapten inhibition methods. At least the bulk of the anti-BPO antibodies was found to be adapted to the entire BPO haptenic group. By quantitative hapten inhibition of precipitation of the anti-BPO globulin fraction, the anti-BPO antibodies were found to show specificity for a 6 carbon amide side chain corresponding to the lysine side chain through which BPO groups are bound predominantly to protein. The contribution of this 6 carbon chain to antibody-hapten binding was small; (–ΔF°) was calculated to be 460 calories per mole (average). Rabbit anti-BPO antibodies prepared against BPO-rabbit serum albumin conjugates showed specificity also toward structures of the immunizing carrier protein, and possibly toward secondary or tertiary structural configurations. Penicilloyl conjugates of rabbit serum albumin precipitated from 3 individual rabbit antisera more anti-BPO antibodies than did penicilloyl conjugates of heterologous carriers (poly-L-lysine, human serum albumin, and human γ-globulin). Anti-BPO antibodies demonstrated heterogeneity with regard to closeness of fit to the haptenic group, or with regard to the dimensions of the combining sites, or both. It was concluded that at least a large part of anti-BPO antibodies are specifically adapted to a large antigenic unit comprised of the entire BPO group, the lysine side chain, and structural configurations of the immunizing carrier protein.
Circulating tumour cell enumeration does not correlate with Miller-Payne grade in a cohort of breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Detection and enumeration of Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs) has been evaluated in many cancers such as breast cancer. However, the full prognostic and predictive power of CTCs for cancer cannot currently be harnessed, and the association between pathological complete response in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer and CTCs is still not clear. The aim of this study was to assess if CTCs could be used to predict pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. Methods: 26 patients were recruited, and blood samples taken pre- and post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy. CTCs were isolated using the ScreenCell device and stained using a modified Giemsa stain. CTCs were enumerated by 2 pathologists and classified as single CTCs, doublets clusters/microemboli. Counts were then correlated to the pathological response as measured by the Miller-Payne grading system. The associations between CTCs and clusters and pathological variables were evaluated with χ2 or ANOVA tests performed in the SPSS 24.0 statistics software. Results: 89% of the patients had invasive ductal carcinoma and 11% invasive lobular carcinoma. At baseline 85% of patients had CTCs present and only 4 patients were CTC negative. Median baseline CTC count was 7 (0-161) CTCs per 3mls of whole blood. Post chemotherapy, 58% of the patients had an increase in CTCs. This change in CTC count did not correlate with the Miller Payne grade of response to chemotherapy. No significant association was identified between the number of CTCs and clinical characteristics, including patient age, receptor status, tumour grade, disease type, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular space invasion, radiological response or clinical or pathological stage. However, we did observe a correlation between pre-treatment CTC counts and body mass index, p<0.05. Conclusions: There was no correlation between the pre- and post-chemotherapy total number of CTCs/clusters and the Miller Payne grade. It is not enough to evaluate pathological response for neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer patients utilising CTCs identified by Giemsa staining alone. Additional characterisation is needed to further characterise CTCs isolated pre- and post-chemotherapy. Long-term follow-up of these patients will determine the significance of CTCs in breast cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy.