jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
"Tissue" transglutaminase expression in HIV-infected cells: an enzyme with an antiviral effect?

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The cytopathic effect of HIV has been shown to be associated with the induction of apoptosis and the inhibition of proliferation of T cells. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms at the basis of the dramatic immune cell loss caused by HIV in patients suffering from acquired immunodeficient syndrome (AIDS), are not yet fully established. We demonstrated that "tissue" transglutaminase (tTG) gene expression is induced in the immune system of seropositive individuals (peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymph nodes). tTG is a multifunctional protein involved in a variety of fundamentally important cellular functions, in addition to cell death by apoptosis. The presence of high tTG levels in immune-competent cells of HIV+ persons might exert an important role in HIV-infection by influencing viral production. We propose that, in addition to its multiple functions, tTG might interfere with HIV replication by altering the viral mRNA trafficking between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This effect might be due to its specific interaction with eIF5A, a cellular partner of HIV Rev protein, which is essential for HIV replication in immune-competent cells. Given the presence of high tTG levels in HIV+ individuals, it would be of interest to pursue the potential role of this multifunctional protein in the development of strategies aimed at the pharmacologic regulation of HIV production.
Diabetic diarrhoea and steatorrhoea. A case report and review of the literature.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case of severe diabetic steatorrhoea is presented in a young Black male with poorly controlled diabetes, symptomatic peripheral neuropathy, evidence of autonomic neuropathy with gastroparesis and raised faecal fat excretion. A pancreatic function test was negative as were tests of small-bowel structure and function. There was resistance to all therapy. The literature on diabetic diarrhoea and steatorrhoea has been reviewed, and it is concluded that they are expressions of the same entity which remains a clinical problem for which there is at present no effective management.
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Considered an indicator of self-awareness, mirror self-recognition (MSR) has long seemed limited to humans and apes. In both phylogeny and human ontogeny, MSR is thought to correlate with higher forms of empathy and altruistic behavior. Apart from humans and apes, dolphins and elephants are also known for such capacities. After the recent discovery of MSR in dolphins ( Tursiops truncatus ), elephants thus were the next logical candidate species. We exposed three Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ) to a large mirror to investigate their responses. Animals that possess MSR typically progress through four stages of behavior when facing a mirror: ( i ) social responses, ( ii ) physical inspection (e.g., looking behind the mirror), ( iii ) repetitive mirror-testing behavior, and ( iv ) realization of seeing themselves. Visible marks and invisible sham-marks were applied to the elephants' heads to test whether they would pass the litmus “mark test” for MSR in which an individual spontaneously uses a mirror to touch an otherwise imperceptible mark on its own body. Here, we report a successful MSR elephant study and report striking parallels in the progression of responses to mirrors among apes, dolphins, and elephants. These parallels suggest convergent cognitive evolution most likely related to complex sociality and cooperation.
The Design of Payments for Avoided Deforestation Under Uncertainty: Insight from Real Option Theory

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The objective of this paper is to analyse the implications of landowners’ option values in land allocation and derive policy recommendations for payments for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). We examine the determinants of landowner participation in REDD implementation and consider particularly the effect of alternative designs of REDD payment schemes on permanence of emission reductions. It is shown that the common practice of making either fixed payments per hectare or linking payments to carbon markets is not a cost-effective approach. A given level of permanence can be achieved at considerably lower cost to the REDD service buyer if REDD payments are linked to an agricultural commodity index that correlates with landowners’ opportunity costs.
Scavenger Receptors: Different Classes and their Role in the Uptake of Oxidized Low-Density Lipoproteins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Oxidation of lipoproteins marks a fundamental early phase in atherosclerosis development, a condition distinguished by plaque build-up in the arteries. It is widely accepted that the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis progression. Oxidized LDL (Ox-LDL) exhibits numerous atherogenic characteristics, leading to endothelial dysfunction, the creation of foam cells, and inflammation in the arterial wall. The crucial interaction between Ox-LDL and specific receptors on endothelial cells is key to initiating these processes. In this article, we're going to delve into the various LDL receptors that play a crucial part in the uptake and metabolism of LDL, emphasizing their significance in the development of atherosclerosis. The Cochrane database, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Ovid, and other databases were thoroughly searched for works addressing scavenger receptors to explore how both native LDL (nLDL) and Ox-LDL engage with these receptors, facilitating the formation and progression of atherosclerotic plaques. We'll then proceed to a more detailed examination of the complex role scavenger receptors play in the uptake and internalization of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (Ox-LDL), and their vital role in the onset of diseases. The review will further cover the identification, categorization, and roles of scavenger receptors, along with their molecular mechanisms. Grasping the complexity of these receptor-ligand interactions is critical for the creation of focused treatments to fight against pathologic conditions such as atherosclerosis and its related health scenarios.
LPTD: a novel linear programming-based topology determination method for cryo-EM maps

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Summary Topology determination is one of the most important intermediate steps toward building the atomic structure of proteins from their medium-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) map. The main goal in the topology determination is to identify correct matches (i.e. assignment and direction) between secondary structure elements (SSEs) (α-helices and β-sheets) detected in a protein sequence and cryo-EM density map. Despite many recent advances in molecular biology technologies, the problem remains a challenging issue. To overcome the problem, this article proposes a linear programming-based topology determination (LPTD) method to solve the secondary structure topology problem in three-dimensional geometrical space. Through modeling of the protein’s sequence with the aid of extracting highly reliable features and a distance-based scoring function, the secondary structure matching problem is transformed into a complete weighted bipartite graph matching problem. Subsequently, an algorithm based on linear programming is developed as a decision-making strategy to extract the true topology (native topology) between all possible topologies. The proposed automatic framework is verified using 12 experimental and 15 simulated α–β proteins. Results demonstrate that LPTD is highly efficient and extremely fast in such a way that for 77% of cases in the dataset, the native topology has been detected in the first rank topology in &lt;2 s. Besides, this method is able to successfully handle large complex proteins with as many as 65 SSEs. Such a large number of SSEs have never been solved with current tools/methods. Availability and implementation The LPTD package (source code and data) is publicly available at https://github.com/B-Behkamal/LPTD. Moreover, two test samples as well as the instruction of utilizing the graphical user interface have been provided in the shared readme file. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
On Systemic Destruction of Human Locomotor System

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Locomotor system disorders affect a vast majority of people at some time in their life bringing pain, functional limitations, social and economic implications. Modern medicine cannot offer prevention and effective treatment for most chronic musculoskeletal conditions, because their etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. This is due to the lack of systemic understanding of the locomotor system functioning in both healthy and unhealthy states. Here we apply systems sciences to analyze the human locomotor system and develop a general theory that reveals the systemic destructive process in the locomotor system, linking together all its disorders. The systemic destruction involves adaptation and self-organization processes in the locomotor system, whose side effects introduce a positive feedback loop with nervous and vascular disturbances. Most chronic musculoskeletal conditions are just manifestations and consequences of this process. On the basis of our theoretical findings, we developed the world's first technology that effectively counteracts the systemic destruction and improves the locomotor system state at any age, also preventing problems in nervous and cardiovascular systems.
Impact of Online Classes on Parents: Case of Parents of Primary Class Students

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With all other responsibilities like work from home and house hold chores, assisting the children with online classes and other related things like online tests and exams, online learning activities, homework etc. has made the life of parents very difficult. Thus, the present research has focused on assessing the stress and anxiety level of parents owing to online classes of their children. The study used quantitative analysis conducted on primary data collected via quantitative questionnaire. The study found parents to experience mild to moderate level of anxiety wherein most of the respondent parents in the study stated that they feel anxious “a large part of their time”. When it comes to stress, the parents stated that they feel stressed sometimes owing to online classes of their children. This study can be used by policy makers of the corporate houses to update their policies of work life balance for working parents. Further, this study can also be used by education department of the country to assess and accordingly formulate the syllabus, in a pandemic like situation, in such away that both parents and teachers have equal role to play.
The Rise and Fall Of Turkish Soft Power and Public

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explores Turkey’s public diplomacy and soft power policies under the government of the Justice and Development Party (JDP) over the period of 2003 to 2016. Thus, Turkish foreign policy is analysed within the framework of soft power policy and the new institutional design of the country’s public diplomacy. The main research questions of the study are as follows: “What are Turkey’s public diplomacy mechanisms and instruments, and furthermore, why did Turkey begin to implement public diplomacy under the JDP governments? Additionally, how does Turkey implement soft power policies in line with the new foreign policy doctrine?” The study has two fundamental arguments: First, the JDP leaders’ ambition to become a regional power and the leader of the Middle East and Muslim world has played the chief role in pushing forward with public diplomacy and soft power policies. Secondly, the new vision and identity of the ruling party leaders have been effective in the transformation process for a shift towards soft power and public diplomacy in new foreign policy doctrine within a modern understanding. In this context, the JDP rule initiated public diplomacy and soft power policies until the Arab Spring, which era could characterize the rise of Turkish soft power. However, Turkish soft power began to fall particularly in the wake of the Syrian crisis.
Elastostatic Performance Evaluation of a Full-Mobility Parallel-Kinematics Machine With Flexible Links

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The subject of this article is the elastostatics of a novel three-limb, full-mobility parallel-kinematics machine (PKM) with flexible links, intended for high-frequency, small-amplitude operations. The objective is to establish the Cartesian stiffness model and performance indices capable of guiding the structural design of the machines of interest. We base our analysis on what we term an elastostatic Cartesian model: the light-weight limb rods are modeled as identical, massless, linearly elastic beams; the motor shafts and couplings are modeled likewise, with the beams replaced by identical, massless, linearly elastic torsional springs, both link flexibility and actuator flexibility thus being considered. The moving platform is assumed to be the only moving rigid body of the machine. This platform is thus regarded as a rigid body elastically mounted onto the base platform via a six-degree-of-freedom (six-DoF) Cartesian spring. Then, the PKM 6×6 Cartesian stiffness matrix, considering the flexibility of both limb rods and motor shafts, is derived via the pertinent kinetostatic relations. Moreover, three alternative indices are defined from this model to evaluate the robot stiffness, which allows us to choose the most appropriate one for specific applications.
Mathematics, Nature And Cosmological Inquiry In Traditional China

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The conjunction of the two words nature and mathematics usually evokes the mathematical formulation of laws of nature, the advent of which is so often thought to be the event marking the emergence of modern science in the seventeenth century in the west. This chapter discusses that that nature and mathematics have been tied in ancient China. It indicates how the way in which mathematical reality has been approached in ancient China allowed for the development of such a cosmological reflection embracing mathematics. The relationship of this reflection to a wider cosmological speculation extending over virtually any domain will be highlighted. The chapter describes how various mathematical practices that took shape in ancient China could be related to such an agenda. Mathematics and nature have been approached from the same angle, as comparable domains of reality, for developing, regarding processes, a general understanding of a cosmological type. Keywords: China; mathematics; nature
Correction: Dactinomycin Dose

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Letters and Corrections1 February 1983Correction: Dactinomycin DoseJONATHAN D. ADAMS, PHARM, D., JAMES P. WILSON, PHARM, D.JONATHAN D. ADAMS, PHARM, D.Search for more papers by this author, JAMES P. WILSON, PHARM, D.Search for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-98-2-262_3 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptTo the editors: in the letter from pandya and chang (1) the dose of dactinomycin was given as 10 mg/m2body surface area. It appears that this dose is in error. An article (2) cited by Pandya and Chang reported an Einhorn-type regimen and did not use dactinomycin. Most VAB (vinblastine, dactinomycin, and bleomycin) regimens (3-5), as the authors' appears to be, use a dactinomycin dose of 1 mg/m2body surface area. We suggest that a decimal point is missing, and that anyone interested in using the authors' regimen carefully review this dose....References1. PANDYCHANG KC. Cure of mediastinal seminoma [Letter]. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:618. LinkGoogle Scholar2. HAINSWORTHEINHORNWILLIAMSSTEWARTCREIO JLSMA. Advanced extragonadal germ-cell tumors: successful treatment with combination chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med. 1982;97:7-11. LinkGoogle Scholar3. VUGRINHERRWHITMORESOGANIGOLBEY DHWPR. VAB-6 combination chemotherapy in disseminated cancer of the testis. Ann Intern Med. 1981;95:59-61. LinkGoogle Scholar4. DEWYS W. Management of testicular cancer. Curr Concepts Oncol. 1980;10-7. Google Scholar5. TAYLORBROWN HA. Treatment experience with nonseminomatous testicular cancer in patients with stage II and stage III disease. Cancer. 1980;48:1110-5. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: Walter Reed Army Medical Center Washington, D.C. 20010 PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 1 February 1983Volume 98, Issue 2Page: 262-263KeywordsBody surface area ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 February 1983 PDF downloadLoading ...
NPP Cropland: Gridded Estimates For the Central USA, 1982-1996, R1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This data set contains a single data file (.csv format) that provides gridded values of net primary productivity (NPP) for cropland in eight counties in the central United States for the year 1992 and estimates of interannual cropland NPP in Iowa for years from 1982 through 1996. The data file also includes climate, soil texture, and land cover data for each 0.5 degree grid cell. The magnitude and interannual variation in NPP was estimated using crop area and yield data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). The major harvested commodities were corn, soybean, sorghum, sunflower, oats, barley, wheat, and hay. Total NPP estimates include both above- and below-ground components. County-level NPP in 1992 ranged from 195 to 760 gC/m2/year. The area of highest NPP, ranging from 650 to 760 gC/m2/year, was found in a band extending across Iowa, through northern Illinois, Indiana, and southwestern Ohio. Areas of moderate NPP, from 550 to 650 gC/m2/year, occurred mostly in Michigan and Wisconsin, while large areas of low NPP, from 200 to 550 gC/m2/year, occurred in North Dakota, southern Illinois, and Minnesota. The area of highest production was also the area with the largest proportion of land sown with corn and soybean. NPP for counties in Iowa varied among years (1982-1996) by a factor of 2, with the lowest NPP in 1983 (which had an unusually wet spring), in 1988 (which was a drought year), and in 1993 (which experienced floods). Revision Notes: The documentation for this data set has been modified, and the data files have been reformatted. The data files have been checked for accuracy and the contents are identical to those originally published in 2001.
Shortcomings and proposed reforms in the existing shariah governance of islamic banking

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Since its inception a few decades ago, the Islamic banking and finance industry has been self-regulated with regards to Shariah governance. Despite the existence of certain regulatory authorities from within the industry, such as Accounting and Auditing for Islamic Financial Institutions (AAOIFI) and Islamic Financial Services Board (IFSB), none of their resolutions or standards are effectively binding. Few countries have enforced some rules related to Shariah-governance. Still, in most cases, these rules did not go beyond the requirement of formulating Shariah controlling bodies, which is practically left to the banks themselves. Islamic banks are almost left to choose or dismiss their Shariah controllers, and no clear criteria are set by any authority to ascertain the proper qualifications of the Shariah controllers. Moreover, some of the Shariah standards and fatwas are found to conflict with the established resolutions issued by Fiqh academies. These matter point to the deficiencies in the existing Shariah governance and hence the need to address them.
Regional growth and inequality in the long-run: Europe, 1900–2015

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this paper we discuss regional income growth and inequality based on a new set of long-run data. The data cover 173 European regions in 16 countries, from 1900 to 2015. These data allow us to compare regions over time, among each other, and to other parts of the world. After some brief notes on methodology, we describe the basic patterns in the data in terms of some key dimensions: variation in the density of population and economic activity, structural change with a declining role of agriculture, the rise and fall of industry, and the long rise of services. We show how ‘fundamentals’ of institutions and geography affected income levels over the twentieth century, and describe how regional growth after 1945 turned from convergence and adjustment to shocks to divergence. In the long run we observe a U-shaped pattern of regional convergence followed by divergence, not unlike recent observations on personal income and wealth distributions.
Classroom Assessment Preference of Indonesian Junior High School Teachers in English as Foreign Language Classes.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study was conducted using a mix method design with 24 Indonesian junior high school English teachers as respondents who completed the questionnaire on classroom assessment practices. Six respondents participated in an interview and observation to further clarify their practices on classroom assessment. The study found that an Indonesian Junior High School English Teachers main purpose of classroom assessment was assessment for learning as the first preference. It was then followed by the classroom assessment of learning. And the last purpose was classroom assessment as learning. The most frequently used of classroom assessment for learning for Indonesian English Junior High School teachers was to group their students for instruction purposes in the class. The most frequently used of classroom assessment of learning among Indonesian teachers was to determine the final grades for students and to provide information to the central administration. Key words: assessment, learning, preference
Something fishy: an unusual Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection in an immunocompromised individual

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 39-year-old man with a history of Crohn's disease presented to the emergency department with a 12-h history of worsening febrile illness. He deteriorated rapidly with progression to sepsis and was admitted to the intensive care unit. Initial treatment comprised broad spectrum antibiotics and inotropic support resulting in rapid improvement. With the immunocompromised state of the patient, and multiple blood cultures revealing Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae , a detailed history disclosed a recent injury sustained from a fishing wire as the probable source of an infection. Treatment was narrowed to target the identified pathogen, the patient made a full recovery, and was counselled to be more cautious in future fishing activities.