jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Substructure of Stainless Steel After Explosive Shock Deformation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Shock-induced lattice faults have been studied in stainless steel subjected to explosive deformation pressure pulses in the range 120 to 425 kilobars. It has been found that the deformation faults lie on {111} lattice planes. Selected area diffraction also indicates that the faults possess an imperfect but pronounced twin orientation with respect to the matrix. The fault density deduced from electron micrographs increases almost linearly with peak shock pressure and exhibits a direct correlation with microhardness. Evidence is also produced to show that there is a transition from single stacking faults to imperfect twin faults with increasing shock pressure.
Observations on the Use of Kendall's Medium in the Cultivation of Endamoeba histolytica

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The description by Kendall, of media containing unaltered protein and no peptones, meat extractives, or protein degradation products, thus approximating the living tissues of the body, led to an attempt to cultivate upon these media the pathogenic Endamoeba histolytica. This amoeba, well known to be a tissue parasite, can be cultivated in several media, and even in a simple mixture of normal salt solution and human blood serum. However, the parasite does not grow indefinitely in the more simple media that have been developed and it was thought that in the Kendall media the organism might find conditions more like those in the living tissues and that these media would prove suitable for cultivation. A strain of Endamoeba histolytica originally isolated from a human case of amebiasis and which has been perpetuated in dogs was used in the experiments. Both the “plain” Kendall and the “clear” Kendall media were used, the media being planted with material obtained from the intestine of the dog containing numerous motile amebae. At the same time control cultures were made upon the Boeck-Drbohlav medium which is routinely used in the cultivation of Endamoeba histolytica. The cultures were examined every day and transplants were made every 48 hours. It was noted that even after the first 48 hours the amebae were reduced in number and that after one or, at most, 2 transplants, they entirely disappeared. The cultures in the control tubes upon the Boeck-Drbohlav medium showed marked increase in the number of the amebae at the time of the first transplant and these cultures were transplanted 8 times at 48 hour intervals, at the end of which time the organisms were still present in the usual number found in cultures upon this medium.
Browning's Music Poems: Fancy and Fact

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Browning is one of Shelley's main heirs in the nineteenth century. As a boy he had worshipped Shelley, who is the most obvious single influence in both Pauline (pub. 1833) and Paracelsus (pub. 1835), his earliest published works. He grew uneasy about the relationship later, but he never stopped being in important ways a poet in the tradition of Shelley. One of the enduring likenesses between them is the way both use their strong sense of the weakness of language in developing the meaning of poems. Shelley uses it most fully in Epipsyckidion , where it serves a vision of the inadequacy of all human satisfactions. His solution is to set up a number of more or less satisfactory terms, calling attention to the fact that no one of them will do, and that they all together “do” only in special ways. This corresponds in language to the tendency to resist restrictions on personal relationships that appears in the Shelleyan “harem.” The solution in both cases can be awkward, but in the case of language, at any rate, the awkwardness is part of the meaning.
Contraception

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The development, manufacturing, and use of contraceptive methods from the late nineteenth century to the present, viewed from the perspective of reproductive justice. The beginning of the modern contraceptive era began in 1882, when Dr. Aletta Jacobs opened the first birth control clinic in Amsterdam. The founding of this facility, and the clinical provision of contraception that it enabled, marked the moment when physicians started to take the prevention of pregnancy seriously as a medical concern. In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, Donna Drucker traces the history of modern contraception, outlining the development, manufacturing, and use of contraceptive methods from the opening of Dr. Jacobs's clinic to the present. Drucker approaches the subject from the perspective of reproductive justice: the right to have a child, the right not to have a child, and the right to parent children safely and healthily. Drucker describes contraceptive methods available before the pill, including the diaphragm (dispensed at the Jacobs clinic) and condom, spermicidal jellies, and periodic abstinences. She looks at the development and dissemination of the pill and its chemical descendants; describes technological developments in such non-hormonal contraceptives as the cervical cap and timing methods (including the “rhythm method” favored by the Roman Catholic church); and explains the concept of reproductive justice. Finally, Drucker considers the future of contraception—the adaptations of existing methods, new forms of distribution, and ongoing efforts needed to support contraceptive access worldwide.
Realistic Projections of Product Fails from NBTI and TDDB

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Statistical models for deconvolving the effects of competing mechanisms on product failures are presented. Realistic projections of product fails are demonstrated on high performance microprocessors by quantifying the contribution of NBTI, TDDB and extrinsic fail mechanisms. In particular, it is shown that transistor shifts due to NBTI manifest as population tails in the product's minimum operating voltage (Vmin) distribution, while TDDB manifests as single-bit or logic failures that constitute a separate sub-population. NBTI failures are characterized by Lognormal statistics combined with a slower degradation rate (ΔVt ~t0.15∼t0.25), in contrast to TDDB failures that follow extreme-value statistics and exhibit a faster degradation rate (ΔVt ~ t0.5).
Research progress in endostatin and tumor

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Angiogenesis plays an important role in tumor growth and metastasis,anti-angiogenic therapy is becoming the center point in tumor therapy,endostatin is a recently discovered endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis.Endostatin can specifically target endothelial cells,inhibiting proliferation and migration and inducting apoptosis.This review describes the mechanism of endostatin in inhibiting angiogenesis,induction of apoptosis in tumor cells and clinical trials.

Key words:
Neoplasms; Endostatin; Neovascularization, pathologic; Apoptosis; Therapy
Task Repetition Can Affect Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Measures of Language Lateralization and Lead to Pseudoincreases in Bilaterality

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Repeated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during learning and recovery can inform us about functional reorganization in the brain. We examined how, in the absence of reorganization, simple task repetition affects measures of fMRI activation. We studied fMRI activation over 10 consecutive sessions of silent word generation in a healthy subject. Additionally, we performed functional transcranial Doppler sonography (fTCD) to learn about the temporal pattern of corresponding changes in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and pulsatility. With repetition, word generation-associated increases in heart rate diminished steadily. Task repetition also led to a net increase in CBFV bilaterally and to a bilateral increase in the number of activated voxels on fMRI. As a result, whereas the absolute interhemispheric difference of activated voxels remained constant, there was a decrease in the standard fMRI index for language lateralization [LI fMRI = 100 (activated voxels in left hemisphere - voxels in right)/(voxels in left + voxels in right)]. Thus task repetition can lead to changes in task-related autonomic drive and an augmentation of bihemispheric blood flow. This can mimic increasing bilaterality of brain activation.
Supplementary material from "Diet changes thermal acclimation capacity, but not acclimation rate in a marine ectotherm (Girella nigricans) during warming"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Global climate change is increasing thermal variability in coastal marine environments and the frequency, intensity, and duration of marine heatwaves. At the same time, food availability and quality are being altered by anthropogenic environmental changes. Marine ectotherms often cope with changes in temperature through physiological acclimation, which can take several weeks and is a nutritionally demanding process. Here, we tested the hypothesis that different ecologically relevant diets (omnivorous, herbivorous, carnivorous) impact thermal acclimation rate and capacity, using a temperate omnivorous fish as a model (opaleye; Girella nigricans). We measured acute thermal performance curves for maximum heart rate because cardiac function has been observed to set upper thermal limits in ectotherms. Opaleye acclimated rapidly after raising water temperatures, but their thermal limits and acclimation rate were not affected by their diet. However, the fish's acclimation capacity for maximum heart rate was sensitive to diet, with fish in the herbivorous treatment displaying the smallest change in heart rate throughout acclimation. Mechanistically, ventricle fatty acid composition differed with diet treatment and was related to cardiac performance in ways consistent with homoviscous adaptation. Our results suggest that diet is an important, but often overlooked, determinant of thermal performance in ectotherms on environmentally relevant timescales.
St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 1398b.6 : 6th folder of the fragment collection Cod. Sang. 1398b: Fragments from biblical texts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Cod. Sang. 1398 is one of eight fragment volumes (that is, volumes that contain exclusively fragments) of the Abbey Library of St. Gall. Between 1774 and 1785, the St. Gall monks Johann Nepomuk Hauntinger (1756–1823) and Ildefons von Arx (1755–1833) detached numerous fragments from bindings in which they had served for centuries as pastedowns, flyleaves, spine linings, and endleaf guards. At an advanced age, Ildefons von Arx had the fragments bound in eight thematically-organized bindings and dedicated these in 1822 to his friend Johann Nepomuk Hauntinger. Chiefly in the twentieth century, researchers found additional, small fragments in bindings, from which they were then removed and added to the existing fragment volumes or into the collection of fragments. Before 1875, 121 folios were removed from Cod. Sang. 1398 and bound in a separate volume, Cod. Sang. 1398b. (The old volume with the remaining folios received the shelfmark Cod. Sang. 1398a). From 2003 to 2004 the extensive fragment volume Cod. Sang. 1398b was disbound for conservation reasons. The fragments were rebound (in the same sequence) in 18 folders (“Ganzpapierbroschuren”). The new, now authoritative pagination begins with 1 in each folder and includes only the fragments (and not the empty paper leaves). To be cited (for example): St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek, Cod. Sang. 1398b.1, pp. 1-2 (= Cod. Sang. 1398b, Folder 1, pages 1-2). The sixth folder of Cod. Sang. 1398b contains fragments from biblical texts (I Esr).
Assessment of solubility and intestinal absorption in vitro of praziquantel in solid dispersions of polyethylene glycol 6000

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of solid dispersions of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), using the co-precipitation method, on the in vitro solubility and intestinal absorption of praziquantel (PZQ). The solubility of PZQ in solid dispersions and physical mixtures was assessed in purified water and TC-199 buffer. The everted intestinal sac model was employed to assess, in vitro, intestinal absorption of PZQ. A significant enhancement in both in vitro solubility and intestinal absorption of PZQ was found in solid dispersions compared to pure PZQ and physical mixtures. This positive series of preliminary results showed that solid dispersion of PEG 6000 is a valuable strategy for increasing bioavailability of PZQ and could also prove useful for other poorly water-soluble drugs.
Downhole Video Services Enhance Conformance Technology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Conformance Technology can be defined as "the application of processes to reservoirs and boreholes to enhance recovery efficiencies." The purpose of these processes is not to increase production but to reduce and dispose of unwanted bi-products; i.e., water, gas, sand, etc., and the associated costs generated by their disposal. Conformance technology has been practiced in the oilfield for many years, but it is gaining in importance because of environmental and economic constraints that limit operator options for the disposal of unwanted production. The successful practice of conformance technology is dependent upon a thorough understanding of the downhole conditions in each well, as misinterpretation of downhole data can result in the application of treatment that will not successfully address the problem. This paper describes applications for downhole video services that facilitate: Planning of conformance technology treatments Provision of in-process treatment monitoring Confirmation of post-treatment success Three case histories showing different applications of video services in conjunction with the planning and confirmation of treatments are presented. The first case determined fluid entry under flowing conditions and better defined which zones required treatment. The second case showed that the original well diagnosis was incorrect and that the planned treatments would not be effective, while the third case showed how a downhole video survey was used as a pretreatment analytical tool and later used to confirm a successful treatment.
Język irlandzki w perspektywie geograficznej

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The situation of the Irish language in the Republic of Ireland is quite paradoxical because in the country’s constitution it has the status of the national and the first official language, and it is used on a daily basis by a relatively small number of citizens. Nevertheless, it has a place in public space legally guaranteed, as all official signs must have names and inscriptions in Irish and English – in that order. This also applies to placenames and other elements of the geographical environment – that belong to the cultural heritage of the Irish people – which are the main focus of the author of this article. In the case of Gaeltacht areas considered to be the stronghold of the Irish language, the placenames should be given only in Irish. The article comprises two main sections, not counting the Introduction and Conclusions. In the first one are raised issues related to contemporary times whereas the second one is devoted to the mythical onomastics of Ireland, on which the contemporary one is based. In the article, the author used ethnographic and folklore materials, as well as onomastics and statistical data.
Structure and Properties of Orthoborate Glasses in the Eu2O3–(Sr,Eu)O–B2O3 Quaternary

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The structure and properties of melt-quenched glasses and partially crystallized samples from the borate series (1-2x)Eu2O3-x((Eu,Sr)O-B2O3) were investigated in the supermodified regime of x < 0.5, using Raman, infrared (IR), electron spin resonance (ESR), and UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. ESR and optical spectroscopy showed that, despite the strongly reducing synthesis conditions, the Eu(2+)/Eu(3+) equilibrium remained shifted to the side of trivalent Eu(3+). Stable and transparent overmodified borate glasses were produced for compositions with x ≥ 0.36. Higher europium oxide concentrations resulted in precipitation of crystalline Eu2Sr3(BO3)4 and EuBO3 phases, as traced by X-ray diffraction. Raman and IR spectroscopy showed that the metaborate configuration which is present at x = 0.46 transforms gradually, with increasing Eu2O3 levels, into orthoborate [BO3](3-) triangular units. At higher europium oxide content (x ≤ 0.36), the presence of Eu(3+) supports the formation of orthoborate [BØ2O2](3-) tetrahedral species. These units organize into [B3O9](9-) rings, which exist in equilibrium with [BO3](3-) triangles. As a consequence, distinct variations can be observed also in the macroscopic properties such as density, glass transition temperature, refractive index, optical basicity, and oxygen polarizability. This observation confirms previous findings on manganese-strontium borates with high modification levels.
The Dispute Concerning the Enrica Lexie Incident and the Role of International Tribunals in Provisional Measure Proceedings Instituted Pursuant to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"The Dispute Concerning the Enrica Lexie Incident and the Role of International Tribunals in Provisional Measure Proceedings Instituted Pursuant to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea" published on 01 Jan 2017 by Brill | Nijhoff.
Food Logging and Processing-Analysis of Food Images-

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a food-logging system that distinguishes food images from other ones, analyzes the balance of food, and visualizes the processed log on the basis of image analysis. The image processing is based on features of color histograms, image frequencies in the DCT domain, detected image patterns and so forth in conjunction with learning algorithms of Support Vector Machine (SVM) and of Random Forest. Experimental results show that the images are extracted with a level of accuracy of over 85% and the food balance is estimated with a level of over 70%.
Image classification of art works based on multiple naive Bayes algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In order to overcome the problems of unreasonable contrast and low classification accuracy in traditional art image classification, this paper proposes a new art image classification method based on multiple naive Bayes algorithm. This method uses image smoothing method to remove the noise of the artwork images and realise image preprocessing. It constructs colour histogram to quantify the hue value of the artwork images to complete image feature extraction. The method obtains image feature points through multiple naive Bayes, then obtains the generated feature descriptor of the artwork images and finally, realises the classification of the artwork images. The experimental results show that the classification accuracy of this method is as high as 99.6%, the image classification contrast is always in the best value, and the classification time is short.
Media Mystique Unveiled

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this religion and the media feature, academics and media professionals lift the lid on Australia's media industry to reveal the challenges faced when presenting religion to the public. ABC's Vaughan Hinton (Executive Producer - Religious TV) and Paul Collins (Specialist Editor - Religion for ABC Radio) present articles exploring the ABC's history and policies in regard to religious programming. From the aspect of the mainstream press, Muriel Porter discusses the complexities of the women's ordination debate in the print media while Deborah Selway exposes the dilemmas facing religion reporters in Australia's mainstream press. In David Busch's article, we learn of the function of the Christian press industry in Australia and its prospects for the future. Peter Bentley then introduces a case study on the print media's coverage of smaller religious groups. Finally, Robin Weston reports on the significance of CAAMA Radio in the lives of Aboriginal people and highlights the importance of that medium in fostering Aboriginal spirituality. Overall, this feature aims to dispel the mystique surrounding the media and thus allows a clearer view of Australia's religious media.
Identification of serological biomarkers of infection, disease progression and treatment efficacy for leprosy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although leprosy is curable with drug treatment, the identification of biomarkers of infection, disease progression and treatment efficacy would greatly help to reduce the overall prevalence of the disease. Reliable biomarkers would also reduce the incidence of grade-2 disability by ensuring that those who are most at risk are diagnosed and treated early or offered repeated treatments in the case of relapse. In this study, we examined the reactivity of sera from lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy patients (LPs) against a panel of 12 recombinant Mycobacterium leprae proteins and found that six proteins were strongly recognised by multibacillary (MB) patients, while only three were consistently recognised by paucibacillary patients. To better understand the dynamics of patient antibody responses during and after drug therapy, we measured antibody titres to four recombinant proteins, phenolic glycolipid-I and lipoarabinomannan at baseline and up to two years after diagnosis to investigate the temporal changes in the antibody titres. Reactivity patterns to individual antigens and decreases in antibody titres were patient-specific. Antibody titres to proteins declined more rapidly vs. those to carbohydrate and glycolipid antigens. Compared to baseline values, increases in antibody titres were observed during reactional episodes in one individual. Additionally, antibody responses against a subset of antigens that provided a good prognostic indicator of disease progression were analysed in 51 household contacts of MB index cases for up to two years. Although the majority of these contacts showed no change or exhibited decreases in antibody titres, seven individuals developed higher titres towards one or more of these antigens and one individual with progressively higher titres was diagnosed with borderline lepromatous leprosy 19 months after enrolment. The results of this study indicate that antibody titres to specific M. leprae antigens can be used to monitor treatment efficacy in LPs and assess disease progression in those most at risk for developing this disease.