jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms shaping wind convergence under extreme synoptic situations over the Gulf Stream region

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Air-sea interaction processes over the Gulf Stream have received particular attention over the last decade. It has been shown that sea surface temperature (SST) gradients over the Gulf Stream can alter the near surface wind divergence through changes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer (MABL). Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain the response: the Vertical Mixing Mechanism (VMM) and the Pressure Adjustment Mechanism (PAM). However, their respective contribution is still under debate. It has been argued that the synoptic perturbations over the Gulf Stream can provide more insight on the MABL response to SST fronts. We analyze the VMM and PAM under different atmospheric conditions obtained from a classification method based on the deciles of the statistical distribution of winter turbulent heat fluxes over the Gulf Stream. Lowest deciles are associated with weak air-sea interactions and anticyclonic atmospheric circulation over the Gulf Stream, whereas highest deciles are related to strong air-sea interactions and a cyclonic circulation. Our analysis includes the low and high-resolution versions of the ARPEGEv6 atmospheric model forced by observed SST, and the recently released ERA5 global reanalysis. We find that the occurrence of anticyclonic and cyclonic perturbations associated with different anomalous wind regimes can locally modulate the activation of the VMM and the PAM. In particular, the PAM is predominant in anticyclonic conditions, whereas both mechanisms are equally present in most of the cyclonic conditions. Our results highlight the role of the atmospheric circulation and associated anomalous winds in the location, strength and occurrence of both mechanisms.
Influence of Reduced Nitrogen Diets on Ammonia Emissions from Cattle Feedlot Pens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Reducing crude protein (CP) in livestock diets may lower ammonia emissions. A feeding trial was conducted with crossbred steers at the Southeast Colorado Research Center in Lamar, Colorado from December 2009 to March 2010. Three diet treatments were investigated: Reduced (11.6% CP), Oscillating (13.5% crude protein 4 days/week and 11.6% CP 3 days/week) and Control (13.5% CP). Intact soil core samples (n = 36 per sampling date) were collected from the pen surfaces on three dates corresponding to 45, 92, and 148 days into the feeding cycle. Four pens from each diet treatment were sampled. Cores were placed into flow-through laboratory chambers for seven days and ammonia fluxes were trapped in acid bubblers that were refreshed every 24 h. Average daily ammonia emissions for the Control diet ranged from 6.6 to 9.4 g NH3 m−2·day−1; average daily emission for the Oscillating diet ranged from 6.3 to 8.8 g NH3 m−2·day−1; and average daily flux for the Reduced diet ranged from 4.1 to 5.8 g NH3 m−2·day−1. Ammonia fluxes from the reduced N treatment were significantly lower (21% to 40%) than from the control diet on the first two sample dates. There was no significant difference between the Oscillating and Control treatments. Reducing CP in cattle feedlot diets may be an effective method for reducing ammonia emissions from pen surfaces. More research is needed to validate these results at commercial scales in different environments to determine if reductions in ammonia can be sustained with lower CP diets without affecting rate of gain, feed efficiency and health.
Interaction of Synthetic HPV-16 Capsid Peptides with Heparin: Thermodynamic Parameters and Binding Mechanism

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Capsid proteins binding cell surface proteoglycans is a key early event in human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The positively charged sequences at the C-terminus of the L1 protein and the N- and C-termini of the L2 protein of HPV-16 can efficiently bind to heparin receptors, which were characterized in the present study by quantitative isothermal titration calorimetry experiments primarily, fluorescence spectroscopy, and static right-angle light scattering. The binding constant, K, was at an order of magnitude of 10(7) M(-1) for the two peptides at the N- and C-termini of HPV-16 L2 and segment b at the C-terminus of HPV-16 L1, while that for other L1 analogues were of a smaller order, illustrating that the heparin binding is a typical sequence-specific and -dependent phenomenon. These results suggest that, in addition to L1, the L2 protein may participate in cell surface attachment during HPV infection. Furthermore, the calorimetry results demonstrated that hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding are involved in peptide binding to heparin in addition to the essential electrostatic interactions. Meanwhile, circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that binding to heparin does not induce obvious secondary structural changes in the peptides.
PTU-21 Single operator cholangioscopy – Does conscious sedation have a role? A retrospective single centre experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction

Single operator cholangioscopy (SOC) has an important role in the diagnosis and management of biliary strictures and complex biliary stones. The evidence base is evolving, but with small numbers in reported studies. The majority of published literature discusses SOC under general anaesthetic; typically propofol. We compared successful stone clearance, stricture assessment and safety under conscious sedation and propofol.

Methods

A single centre retrospective analysis was performed of consecutive SOCs over 8 years at Bristol Royal Infirmary (tertiary referral centre for SW England and South Wales). Parameters included sedation/propofol usage, stone clearance, electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL), histology, final diagnosis and complications.

Results

Between Jan 2013 – Nov 2020, 471 SOCs were performed on 352 patients (175f, 177m); mean age 65.7years (17-92), referred from 18 centres. 15 SOCs were performed in 2013 compared to 99 in 2019 before restrictions from the COVID19 pandemic. 228 therapeutic SOCs + EHL were performed for stone clearance, 79.8% (n=182/228) under conscious sedation (median fentanyl dose 150mcg; midazolam 7mg; comfort score 2). Complete stone clearance rose from 79.7% in the conscious sedation group to 89.2% in with propofol sedation, although the difference was not significant (p=0.19). 243 diagnostic SOCs were performed, 88.9% under conscious sedation. Similar to therapeutic SOCs, median fentanyl dose 150mcg; midazolam 7mg; and comfort score 2. Overall macroscopic assessment of strictures correlating with malignancy had a sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy of 90.2% (95%CI 82.7-95.2), 92.6% (95%CI 86.3-96.5) and 91.5% (87.0-94.8%) respectively. Diagnostic accuracy with macroscopic assessment was comparable between patients receiving conscious sedation (91.4%; 95%CI 86.6-94.9) vs propofol sedation (92%; 95%CI 74.0-99.0). Diagnostic accuracy with histological assessment appeared greater in patients receiving propofol sedation (95%; 95%CI 75.1-99.9) compared to conscious sedation (84.7%; 95%CI 78.5-89.6) 28 adverse events were recorded (5.9%), with post ERCP cholangitis (2.3%) and pancreatitis (2.1%) the commonest causes. Complications were marginally higher in patients receiving propofol sedation (6.8%; n=5/73) vs those receiving conscious sedation (5.8%; n=23/398) but the difference was not significant (p=0.72).

Conclusions

This is the largest single centre retrospective analysis of SOCs. Successful stone clearance is similar to results found in literature from smaller studies. There was a trend to greater successful stone clearance with propofol. Conscious sedation has previously been described as a risk factor for inadequate visualisation, but we found very similar high levels of diagnostic accuracy in both groups. Both were generally well tolerated with low rates of adverse events.
Nitric oxide regulates interleukin-8 gene expression in activated endothelium by inhibiting NF-kappaB binding to DNA: effects on endothelial function.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) binds to nucleotide sequences between -80 and -70 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site in the interleukin-8 (IL-8) promoter and is crucial for transcription of the IL-8 gene. We showed that exogenous nitric oxide in the form of a nitric oxide donor significantly reduced IL-8 mRNA in cytokine-activated ECV304. Similarly, nitric oxide significantly reduced migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophils through cytokine-activated ECV304 monolayers, an IL-8-dependent process. Using a luciferase reporter construct containing the NF-kappaB site of the IL-8 gene, we showed that exposing cytokine-activated ECV304 to exogenous nitric oxide resulted in significant reduction of NF-kappaB binding. Follow-up studies using a luciferase reporter construct possessing a mutated NF-kappaB site confirmed that the luciferase activity observed in the NF-kappaB reporter resulted from NF-kappaB binding. These studies demonstrate that nitric oxide, supplied exogenously into reactions containing activated endothelium, down-regulates pro-inflammatory activity, such as the secretion of chemokines, and functional activity, such as transendothelial migration of neutrophils.
Effects of Abiotic Disturbance on Coexistence of Predator‐Prey Fish Species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Behavioral responses of animals to large—scale abiotic disturbance are poorly known. Organisms living in habitats with frequent perturbations may evolve behaviors that minimize the impact of, or exploit, the disturbance. Organisms from environments that have fewer or different perturbations should not evolve these behaviors. The Sonoran topminnow (Poeciliopsis occidentalis) a poeciliid fish native to the arid American southwest, and the mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis), a morphologically similar poeciliid introduced from the mesic central and eastern United States, occur sympatrically in a few Arizona localities. Since flash floods of the mountainous Southwest are quantitatively and qualitatively different from the typical spring floods of mesic lowland drainages, I predicted that introduced G. affinis populations would incur greater losses during Southwestern floods than would native P. occidentalis. This was supported by preflood and postflood populations surveys in a natural habitat and by subsequent laboratory simulations of floods. The native species apparently possesses innate behaviors, such as quick response and proper orientation to high discharge, that allow its persistence under flash flood conditions. Mosquitofish show little such behavior and are more easily displaced by floods. Mosquitofish typically extirpate topminnows from native habitats via predation within 1—3 yr after introduction. Replacement is most rapid in localities that rarely or never flood, while long—term coexistence may occur in frequently flooded habitats. Abiotic disturbances may promote coexistence by periodically reducing population sizes of the exotic predator before the native prey species is eliminated. This hypothesis is consistent with data from a variety of other Arizona aquatic systems containing communities of native prey and introduced predatory fishes.
A deeper look into the diversity of Phyllium leaf insects from Indonesia: seven new species and two unique egg morphologies (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Leaf insects of the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798 are primarily distributed across Southeast Asia, with most species known from the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Subsequent to a morphological and phylogenetic review of all available Indonesian Phyllium , seven previously unknown species were identified and are described herein as Phyllium boislardi sp. nov. , from northern Kalimantan; Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. , from northern Kalimantan; Phyllium crapulatum sp. nov. , from western Kalimantan; Phyllium hennemanni sp. nov. , from Sulawesi; Phyllium illusorium sp. nov. , from Buton; Phyllium morganae sp. nov. , from Yapen; and Phyllium ouelleti sp. nov. , from Obi. In addition to describing seven new species, two previously undescribed egg morphotypes are identified within Phylliidae, bringing the total number of recognized phylliid egg morphotypes to 13. The twelfth morphotype, found in Phyllium cayabyabi sp. nov. , is characterized by spatulate pinnae and hollow, columnar pinnae covering the entire egg surface. The thirteenth, observed in Phyllium hennemanni sp. nov. , is unique among phylliids in possessing lateral flaps that are held slightly away from the egg capsule. Due to the pronounced sexual dimorphism in phylliids, and the importance of establishing new species within a phylogenetic context, as well as correctly matching male and female specimens, a comprehensive phylogenetic tree was constructed based on nearly all currently described Phyllium species. Furthermore, the conditions outlined in Article 23.9.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 1999 (ICZN), specifically sub-articles 23.9.1.1 and 23.9.1.2, have been satisfied regarding the binomen Phyllium longicorne Latreille, 1802. This name is herein designated as nomen oblitum , in favor of the junior synonym Pulchriphyllium bioculatum (Gray, 1832), nomen protectum . Therefore, the name Pulchriphyllium bioculatum (Gray, 1832) is considered valid and protected in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature article 23.9.2.
Measurement and Analysis of Blockchain Peers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Blockchain’s promise of an immutable distributed ledger, fully fault tolerant with no centralized control deployed in an untrusted decentralized peer-to-peer network has disrupted the financial and technical industry. Blockchains may vary in terms of their design goals and algorithms, but they all rely on one common premise: the blockchain network is a decentralized peer-to-peer system and the ledger is stored on these untrusted peers. In this paper, we measure the characteristics of blockchain peers in the top four blockchains with dominant market share, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Ripple, and Solana. All four blockchains have a common trend that they have moved away from the idealistic decentralized peer-to-peer systems in their original design, and have become more server-like, more centralized, and more vulnerable to certain attacks. Using our measurements, we quantify the amount of effort required to delay, disrupt, and attack these blockchains.
Electrical Resistance as an Aggregate Characteristic of Coke Properties for Electrochemical and Coke Production

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The influence of the component composition of coal batches and the final temperature of the coking process on the resistivity of coke was studied. Taking into account that the resistivity and reactivity are influenced by some common factors, such as the temperature level and coke readiness, which indicates the orderliness of its structure, the relationship between these indicators was established. The electrical resistivity can be considered a cumulative characteristic of coke properties, as evidenced by the mathematical dependencies of the change electrical resistance on the ash content, sulfur content, volatile yield, and petrographic composition. Analysis of the dependencies and their statistical evaluation indicate that the studied relationships are characterized by high values of correlation (0.6–0.84). The proposed regression equations can be recommended for optimizing the component composition and quality of production batches, given their significant impact on the resistivity of coke. This is especially relevant when coke is used in electrothermal processes, since the productivity and the electrical and thermal efficiency of the furnace depends on the resistivity of the coke in electrochemical processes in which carbon materials are used as anodes and lining elements and in the production of capacitor technology. As the resistivity test requires much less time to perform than the reactivity test, it can be considered as an alternative approach to the reactivity testing currently performed for quality control purposes.
Study on Age and Mechanism of the Metamorphism of the Xingzi Group in the Lushan Area, Jiangxi Province

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The mesometamorphic strata of the Xingzi Group developed in the Lushan area,whose zircon U-Pb age of 1869±40 Ma is widely accepted,was supposed to belong to Paleoproterozoic,and experienced two stages of metamorphism.The first phase of metamorphism which reached to amphibolites facies was defined as regional metamorphism occurred in the Neoproterozoic and the second phase was dynamic metamorphism occurred in the Mesozoic.However,recent research shows that the Xingzi Group belongs to Neoproterozoic.And this result contradicts the revolution history built by previous researches.So studying the age and mechanism of the metamorphism of the Xingzi Group will have a significant influence in unveiling the revolution history of the Xingzi area and even South China.We acquire the age of 142.6±1.5 Ma(MSWD=0.49)from the metamorphic zircons in the leucosomes of the migmatite from the Xingzi Group by SIMS U-Pb method,and we advocate this age represents the time of the peak metamorphism.For this reason,we argue the regional metamorphism in the Neoproterozoic is not exactly existed.In addition,the age of 136.08±1.78 Ma obtained by Ar-Ar dating of metamorphic muscovite in the schist from the Xingzi Group also supports the conclusion above.Besides,the migmatite shows the characteristic of fluid metasomatism whose fluid might include metamorphic fluid and magmatic fluid.Combining the development of Mesozoic veins in the study area,it can be inferred that the metamorphism of the Xingzi Group might have been induced by the Mesozoic magmatic events in the Lushan area.And the mesometamorphic strata resulted from thermodynamic metamorphism.This conclusion is of great significance on rediscovering the tectonic evolution pattern of the Lushan area,especially on re-examining the Xingzi metamorphic core complex.
Levels and their Correlations of Decision-Making-Competency, Adjustment to College Life, Satisfaction to College Life in Freshmen

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

본 연구는 전문대학 신입생의 의사결정역량, 대학생활적응, 대학생활만족도의 정도를 확인하고 이들 간의 관계를 규명하여 성공적인 대학생활을 위한 전략 모색 및 방안 마련의 기초자료를 제시하고자 수행되었다. 일개 전문대학에 재학 중인 1학년 남녀 신입생 325명을 편의추출하여 연구 대상으로 하였으며, 2009년 9월에서 10월까지 2개월간 구조화된 설문지를 통해 자료를 수집하여 SPSS 17.0으로 분석하였다. 연구결과 전문대 신입생이 지각한 의사결정역량의 정도는 $61.77{\pm}7.70$점, 대학생활적응은 $60.97{\pm}8.94$점, 대학생활만족도는 $57.97{\pm}10.80$점이었다. 여가활동유무는 대학생활적응(t=9.174, p<.001), 대학생활만족도(t=8.126, p<.001) 에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보였고, 지각된 학업성취는 각 그룹 간 대학생활적응(F=18.673, p<.001), 대학생활만족도(F=26.000, p<.001)에서 모두 통계학적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. 전문대 신입생의 의사결정역량과 대학생활적응(r=.159, p<.001), 의사결정역량과 대학생활만족도(r=.121, p<.05), 대학생활적응과 대학생활만족도(r=.543, p<.001)간의 관계는 통계적으로 유의한 양의 상관관계를 나타냈다. 이러한 결과는 대학 신입생을 위한 대학생활적응 프로그램 개발 및 재학생 중도 탈락을 예방하는 프로그램 개발에 활용될 수 있을 것이다. The purpose of this study was to identify the levels and to analyze their correlations of decision-making-competency, adjustment to college life, satisfaction to college life in freshmen. The subjects were 325 freshmen. Data were collected through structured questionnaire from September to October, 2009, and analyzed with SPSS 17.0. The results of this study were as follows: decision-making-competency of college freshmen was $61.77{\pm}7.70$, adjusting to college life was $60.97{\pm}8.94$, and satisfaction to college life was $57.97{\pm}10.80$. Relationships between adjusting to college life and decision-making-competency in college freshmen (r=.159, p<.001), between decision-making-competency and satisfaction to college life (r=.121, p<.05), between adjustment to college life and satisfaction to college life (r=.543, p<.001) showed a statistically significant positive correlations. These results will be used for developing programs for the college freshmen in adjusting to college life and student dropout prevention.
SMEs and their bank choices: trust-related factors or economic calculations?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose The authors investigate the factors affecting the decision of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to do business with either small local banks or large commercial banks. Design/methodology/approach We combine various data sources on Polish SMEs, including their financial statements, county-level data on SMEs' local environment, information about bank branch locations, as well as a new survey on the specificity of bank–firm relationships. We employ the logit and Tobit models. Findings SMEs' bank choices and the length of a bank–firm relationship are more strongly associated with trust-related factors, rather than transactional ones. SME managers motivated by trust-related factors are more likely to choose local lenders and maintain long-term relationships with them. However, as firms grow and mature, SME managers lean toward banks adopting transaction-oriented policies. Research limitations/implications We could have drawn a more detailed picture of the bank selection process had we been able to compare the traits of a firm's current and previous banks. Practical implications The study shows that the features of a bank's offer, including product prices, have limited potential in shaping long-term relationships between banks and SMEs. Originality/value The topic of bank selection by SMEs has not been thoroughly investigated in the case of Central European countries. We address this gap by comparing two types of potential drivers of bank selection: trust-related factors and a set of purely economic (transactional) motives.