jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Precursor-Directed Biosynthesis of Neoantimycin Derivatives\nwith Selective Cytotoxicity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A precursor-directed\nbiosynthesis approach led to the accumulation\nof seven new neoantimycin derivatives (<b>1</b>–<b>7</b>) from <i>Streptomyces conglobatus</i> RJ2. Structure\nelucidation was conducted using NMR and HRESIMS analysis, and the\nabsolute configuration was determined by advanced Marfey’s\nmethod, Mosher’s analysis, and ECD analysis. The obtained compounds\nrevealed selective and significant cytotoxicity, specifically against\ncolorectal cancer cells bearing the K-ras mutation, with IC<sub>50</sub> values ranging from 40 nM to 3.5 μM.
Integrated electronic nose system for detection of Salmonella contamination in meat

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel metal oxide based electronic nose system was designed and developed to detect Salmonella contamination in packaged meat (beef). This system contained an array of metal oxide detectors and custom made electronics for acquiring olfactory signature of the volatile organic compounds in the headspace of the meat packages produced by detector arrays. The acquired signals were processed using three wavelet packet transforms (WPT) for simultaneous noise reduction and compression. The coefficients of wavelet packets were used as features for developing statistical classification models using bootstrapped linear and quadratic discriminant analysis techniques. The average total classification accuracies for classifying Salmonella contaminated meat samples were higher than 82% with highest average accuracy of about 88%.
PARTITION OF ANDROGEN BETWEEN THE LYMPH AND VENOUS BLOOD OF THE TESTIS IN THE RAM

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY Testicular lymph collected from rams contained testosterone and androstenedione. The concentration of testosterone in testicular lymph ranged from < 2·5 to 10·6 μg./100 ml. in untreated rams, and from 8·9 to 61·4 μg./100 ml. in rams treated with human chorionic gonadotrophin, and was closely correlated with the hormone level in testicular venous blood. Testosterone concentration in lymph was lower than that in the plasma of spermatic vein blood (mean ratio 0·61), but was two to eight times higher than the concentration in arterial blood plasma. Blood flow rate through the testis (2–3 l./hr.) was 300 to 400 times higher than the mean rate of lymph collection (7·5 ml./hr./testis). It is concluded that only a very small fraction of the androgen output of the testis is carried to the general circulation in lymph. It appears, however, that androgen release is attended by escape of testosterone into the tissue fluid of the testis, and hence the seminiferous tubules may be exposed to much higher concentrations of the hormone than are androgen target organs remote from the testis.
A good man is impossible to find: Brokeback Mountain as heteronormative tragedy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper analyzes the 2005 film Brokeback Mountain in the light of the heterosexual female viewers who responded so favorably to the film. It speculates that the contemporaneous media mainstreaming of the uncloseted homosexual resulted in a parallel need for a psychosocial reconfiguring of the heterosexual; and that it was in this odd and anxious space that, for these viewers, the film’s potency may have subconsciously resided. In effect, the film, which pivots on the power of lies that closetedness engenders, was indirectly — and safely — addressing anxieties regarding marital fidelity, which were potentially being stoked, so the author argues, by the recent emergence of cyberspace.
THE COMPLEMENTARITY OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND INNOVATION: EVIDENCE FROM BELGIAN FIRMS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In recent years, more and more companies, both small and large, have become aware of issues related to sustainable development. In spite of the significant presence of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Europe, few studies have examined the social responsibilities of SMEs. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) requires numerous changes for companies, and innovation can thus constitute a tool supporting the implementation of CSR. In addition, sustainable development can generate new opportunities for SMEs to innovate. Thus, the goal of this exploratory study is to better understand the connections linking CSR and innovation in the context of SMEs. Semi-structured interviews with leaders of seven SMEs in Wallonia (Belgium) have allowed us to provide insight regarding the role of innovation in the process of defining social responsibility in the SME context.
Securing Compliance Through the WTO Dispute Settlement System: Implementation of DSB Recommendations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement system has been making substantial contributions to improved compliance with the WTO Agreements. Of particular note are the elaborate multistage mechanisms installed in the system that facilitate and ensure the implementation of the DSB recommendations. However, these multistage mechanisms are not devoid of problems and shortcomings. Several improvements are proposed by Members and scholars but a number of disagreements exist, reflecting varied understanding of the nature of the dispute settlement system. Against this background, this article first analyses the nature of the dispute settlement system. It argues that the primary purpose of the dispute settlement system is not to secure compliance <I>in abstracto</I> but to settle a dispute and remedy injury, and its compliance function is exerted only in the course of dispute settlement. Thereafter, in the light of the nature of the dispute settlement system, this article presents a comprehensive analysis of the manner in which the multistage mechanisms currently function and how they should function.
Control of Electrical Alternans in Canine Cardiac Purkinje Fibers

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Alternation in the duration of consecutive cardiac action potentials (electrical alternans) may precipitate conduction block and the onset of arrhythmias. Consequently, suppression of alternans using properly timed premature stimuli may be antiarrhythmic. To determine the extent to which alternans control can be achieved in cardiac tissue, isolated canine Purkinje fibers were paced from one end using a feedback control method. Spatially uniform control of alternans was possible when alternans amplitude was small. However, control became attenuated spatially as alternans amplitude increased. The amplitude variation along the cable was well described by a theoretically expected standing wave profile that corresponds to the first quantized mode of the one-dimensional Helmholtz equation. These results confirm the wavelike nature of alternans and may have important implications for their control using electrical stimuli.
DIPS-Plus: The Enhanced Database of Interacting Protein Structures for Interface Prediction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This dataset contains replication data for the paper titled "DIPS-Plus: The Enhanced Database of Interacting Protein Structures for Interface Prediction". The dataset consists of pickled Pandas DataFrame files that can be used to train and validate protein interface prediction models. This dataset also contains the externally generated residue-level PSAIA and HH-suite3 features for users' convenience (e.g. raw MSAs and profile HMMs for each protein complex). Our GitHub repository linked in the "Additional notes" metadata section below provides more details on how we parsed through these files to create training and validation datasets. The GitHub repository for DIPS-Plus also includes scripts that can be used to impute missing feature values and convert the final "raw" complexes into DGL-compatible graph objects.
Methimazole: A Goitrogen Without Apparent Extrathyroidal Effects in the Rat

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Injection of 1.0 μg/100 g per day of l-thyroxine 1) prevented methimazole (Tapazole)-induced goiter in adult female rats without altering plasma PBI and 2) blocked thyroidal I131 release equally well in the presence or the absence of methimazole. The goitrogen did not alter the rate of degradation of labeled l-thyroxine, as manifested by urinary and fecal excretions of radioactivity. The data suggest that methimazole influences thyrotropin-thyroid hormone interplay without complicating effects of an extrathyroidal nature.
Interannual Variations In The Liver Condition Index Of Cod As An Indicator Of Temperature And Feeding Conditions In The Barents Sea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

No abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author.Northeast Arctic cod, inhabiting the edge of the species area, experience variable environmental conditions and feeding resources, one of the main of them is capelin. Lipids are an important biochemical link between capelin and cod. Lipids constitute approximately 10-15% of the total wet weight of capelin at the peak of their seasonal cycle in lipid accumulation (Jangaard 1974). In contrast, approximately 1% of the wet weight of the muscle tissue of cod is composed of lipids (Lie et al. 1988). The liver is the primary site of stored lipid reserves in cod. These reserves are utilized during periods of food limitation and the annual cycle of gonad maturation. Starved cod can replenish liver reserves rapidly in response to increased food (Karlsen et al. 1995). Lliver weight is likely to be a dynamic index of the physiological condition of cod.
The Elusive Quest for Supply Response to Cash-Crop Market Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Cotton

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

No AccessPolicy Research Working Papers22 Jun 2013The Elusive Quest for Supply Response to Cash-Crop Market Reforms in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of CottonAuthors/Editors: Claire Delpeuch, Antoine LebloisClaire Delpeuch, Antoine Lebloishttps://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5861SectionsAboutPDF (1.9 MB) ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareFacebookTwitterLinked In Abstract:Little cross-cutting conclusions emerge from comparative studies on the impact of structural adjustment on Sub-Saharan African agricultural performance. This paper aims to illuminate this long-standing debate by adopting a novel quantitative, sectoral and long-term approach controlling for country-specific determinants. It incorporates detailed information on the pace of reforms and the nature of post-reform market structure, pre-reform policies and weather conditions at the cultivation zone level. The cotton sector is the focus of this paper because of its particularly interesting institutional history. The authors find that the changes in market structure brought about by reforms have had very different impacts in Francophone West and Central Africa and in the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa. In the former region, production has been higher but productivity lower, on average, in regulated markets than in monopolistic markets. Conversely, in the liberalized markets of the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa, productivity has been higher in than in monopolistic markets but highly competitive markets seem to have produced less than monopolistic sectors. Previous bookNext book FiguresReferencesRecommendedDetailsCited ByThe Analysis of Farmers Cognition and the Influence of the Cotton Target Price Reform in Xinjiang29 January 2017Cotton sector reform in Mali: explaining the puzzlesThe Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol.52, No.318 August 2014Institutional Environment and Technical Efficiency: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis of Cotton Producers in West AfricaJournal of Agricultural Economics, Vol.65, No.229 January 2014Sub-Saharan African Cotton Policies in RetrospectDevelopment Policy Review, Vol.31, No.55 August 2013Prices, institutions, and determinants of supply in the Malian cotton sectorAgricultural Economics, Vol.44, No.28 January 2013Revisiting the "Cotton Problem"—A Comparative Analysis of Cotton Reforms in Sub-Saharan AfricaWorld Development, Vol.42 View Published: October 2011 Copyright & Permissions Related RegionsAfricaRelated TopicsMacroeconomics and Economic GrowthInternational Economics & TradePoverty Reduction KeywordsSUB-SAHARAN AFRICAAGRICULTURESTRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENTCOTTONCLIMATE PDF DownloadLoading ...
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Reflective equilibrium (RE) is widely regarded as an important philosophical method—yet despite this high regard, we find strikingly few cases in which it is actually and explicitly applied. This chapter introduces the main ideas of reflective equilibrium, gives an overview about how it has been applied so far, and identifies desiderata for a case study on the applicability of reflective equilibrium as a method. I argue that the justification of a precautionary principle (PP) provides ideal content for such a case study: PPs are intended as principles that guide decisions concerning threats of uncertain, but potentially serious or even catastrophic harm. While the basic idea of PPs—“better safe than sorry”—is intuitively plausible, it is contested how it should be spelled out as a normative principle. It thus provides an ideal case to test whether RE can indeed be used to provide clarification and justification of philosophical principles and theories.
CASMIN versus ISCED: Validating standard education variables for German microdata

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In German surveys, educational attainment is measured with two questionnaire items, the first referring to the highest general school-leaving qualification, and the second referring to the highest vocational qualification or higher education degree obtained. For analysis, information from both items is usually combined into one variable. There is currently no standard way for doing so, hindering comparisons across studies and the aggregation of research data across data sources. This paper presents the results of a large-scale validation of several candidates for a German standard education variable. The candidates are based on the official International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) and the academic CASMIN education coding scheme originating in comparative social stratification research, which are both commonly used in Germany even in non-comparative research. The validation uses ALLBUS 2018 data and a data-driven selection of 157 linear validation (dependent) variables. Candidate standard education variables that retain a higher relative explanatory power across validation variables than the most detailed education variable in linear multiple regression models are regarded as more valid than candidates showing larger losses of explanatory power. Results clearly point to the superiority of CASMIN compared to ISCED when predicting a wide range of outcomes. Only for a few dependent variables, ISCED performs better, and only if it is measured in a more detailed fashion than the official way by accounting for specificities of the German educational system. Most survey data sets, however, only offer a derived ISCED variable reflecting main levels. The commonly used aggregation into three broad education levels loses, on average, half the explanatory power of the detailed benchmark, irrespective of whether it is derived from ISCED or CASMIN. Thus, studies controlling for education with just three categories may risk non-measured education effects to bias effects of other variables in the model.
Prevalence of Substance Abuse among Patients in General Medical Facilities in Kenya

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Alcoholism and other substance abuse continue to be a problem among younger and older populations. The prevalence of substance abuse has only been studied among outpatients and in limited samples of inpatients in Kenya. This study therefore aimed to establish patterns of substance abuse in patients admitted in general medical facilities in Kenya. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) were used to measure the prevalence of substance abuse among patients in 10 medical facilities in Kenya. Data were collected over a 4-week period in November 2005. The overall alcohol user rate using the two instruments was 25.1% and 25.5%, respectively. All the patients who used alcohol exhibited pathological use, which bordered from harmful use to dependence. Apart from alcohol, other abused substances included tobacco, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines/ khat, and sedatives. The clinicians’ pick rate for substance use in general hospitals was negligible. These findings suggest the need for specific enquiry for substance abuse in patients in general medical facilities.
Impact of Different Ventilation Strategies on Gas Exchanges and Circulation During Prolonged Mechanical Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation in a Porcine Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Optimal ventilation during cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is still controversial. Ventilation is expected to provide sufficient arterial oxygen content and adequate carbon dioxide removal, while minimizing the risk of circulatory impairment. The objective of the present study was to compare three ventilation strategies in a porcine model during mechanical continuous chest compressions (CCC) according to arterial oxygenation and hemodynamic impact. MethodVentricular fibrillation was induced and followed by five no-flow minutes and thirty low-flow minutes resuscitation with mechanical-CCC without vasopressive drugs administration. Three groups of eight Landras pig were randomized according to the ventilation strategy: i) Standard volume-control mode (SD-group); ii) bi-level pressure mode (CPV-group); iii) continuous insufflation with Boussignac Cardiac-Arrest Device (BC-group). We assessed i) arterial blood gases, ii) macro hemodynamics, iii) tissular cerebral macro and micro-circulation and iiii) airway pressure, minute ventilation at baseline and every five minutes during the protocol. Results: Arterial PaO2 level was higher at each measurement time in SD-group (>200mmHg) compare to CPV-group and BC-group (p<0.01). In BC-group, arterial PaCO2 level was significantly higher (>90mmHg) than in SD and CPV groups (p<0.01). There was no difference between groups concerning hemodynamic parameters, cerebral perfusion and microcirculation. Conclusion: Ventilation modalities in this porcine model of prolonged CPR influence oxygenation and decarboxylation without impairing circulation and cerebral perfusion.
Acute distal tibiofibular syndesmosis injury: A systematic review of suture-button versus syndesmotic screw repair

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

textabstractPurpose: Recently, a new suture-button fixation device has emerged for the treatment of acute distal tibiofibular syndesmotic injuries and its use is rapidly increasing. The current systematic review was undertaken to compare the biomechanical properties, functional outcome, need for implant removal, and the complication rate of syndesmotic disruptions treated with a suture-button device with the current 'gold standard', i.e. the syndesmotic screw. Method: A literature search in the electronic databases of the Cochrane Library, EMbase, Pubmed Medline, and Google Scholar, between January 1st 2000 to December 1st 2011, was conducted to identify studies in which unstable ankle fractures with concomitant distal tibiofibular syndesmotic injury were treated with either a syndesmotic screw or a suture-button device. Results: A total of six biomechanical studies, seven clinical full-text studies and four abstracts on the TightRope system, and 27 studies on syndesmotic screw or bolt fixation were identified. TheAOFAS of 133 patients treated with TightRope was 89.1 points, with an average study follow-up of 19 months. The AOFAS score in studies with 253 patients treated with syndesmotic screws (metallic and absorbable) or bolts was 86.3 points, with an average study follow-up of 42 months. Two studies reported an earlier return to work in the TightRope group. Implant removal was reported in 22 (10%) of 220 patients treated with a TightRope (range, 0-25%), in the screw or bolt group the average was 51.9% of 866 patients (range, 5.8-100%). Conclusion: The TightRope system has a similar outcome compared with the syndesmotic screw or bolt fixation, but might lead to a quicker return to work. The rate of implant removal is lower than in the syndesmotic screw group. There is currently insufficient evidence on the long-term effects of the TightRope and more uniform outcome reporting is desirable. In addition, there is a need for studies on cost-effectiveness of the treatment of acute distal tibiofibular syndesmotic disruption treated with a suture-button device.
Comprehensive Guide to Paediatric Spinal Blocks

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The Comprehensive Guide to Paediatric Spinal Blocks covers the methods, indications and contraindications of spinal anaesthesia in paediatric patients, as well as its safety profile. It discusses dosage, complications and recent developments, equipping anaesthetists with the knowledge they need to administer regional anaesthetics safely and effectively in children.
A Comparative Analysis of Sustainable Development Education Practices in Japan and Germany

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The concept of sustainable development education has evolved from environmental education in the 1950s to sustainable development education in the early 21st century. From international concepts to implementation in Japan and Germany, it has passed through various stages involving governments, schools, and businesses among other stakeholders. This paper compares the different developmental stages of sustainable development education practices in the two countries and highlights the similarities and differences in the paths taken by governments and other stakeholders. In terms of development history, the developmental stages of sustainable development education practices in Japan can be divided into three stages. First, there is the "government-led, domestic development" stage. This is followed by the "relying on schools, international cooperation" stage. Finally, there is the stage of "diverse stakeholders, comprehensive collaboration". For Germany, the stages can be divided into two parts. The first part is the policy-making stage. The second part is the "RCEs" (Regional Centers of Expertise) stage.
Characteristic changes and their significance of peripheral follicular helper T cell subsets in liver transplant patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective 　To investigate the expression of follicular helper T (Tfh) cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients with liver transplantation (LT) and relevance to the prognosis. Methods 　Eleven liver transplant patients with stable liver function were enrolled in this study. The frequencies of Tfh subsets were examined by flow cytometry. The frequencies and the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and total bilirubin (TBIL) were monitored dynamically within one month after LT. Results 　The frequency of CD4+CXCR5+CXCR3–CCR6– Tfh2 subset in peripheral blood increased significantly after LT as compared with those before transplantation (P<0.05). In addition, the frequency of CD4+CXCR5+CXCR3–CCR6+ Tfh17 subset in peripheral blood showed a trend of increase. The frequency of CD4+CXCR5+CXCR3+CCR6– Tfh1 subset, however, showed a downtrend, but no statistical difference was found. Conclusion 　The subsets of Tfh2 and Tfh17 may be involved in the regulation of alloimmune response and play a role in maintaining liver function stability in liver transplant patients.

DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.2016.10.08