jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Density and Shape as CT Predictors of Intracerebral Hemorrhage Growth

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose— Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) growth predicts mortality and functional outcome. We hypothesized that irregular hematoma shape and density heterogeneity, reflecting active, multifocal bleeding or a variable bleeding time course, would predict ICH growth. Methods— Three raters examined baseline sub-3-hour CT brain scans of 90 patients in the placebo arm of a Phase IIb trial of recombinant activated Factor VII in ICH. Each rater, blinded to growth data, independently applied novel 5-point categorical scales of density and shape to randomly presented baseline CT images of ICH. Density and shape were defined as either homogeneous/regular (Category 1 to 2) or heterogeneous/irregular (Category 3 to 5). Within- and between-rater reliability was determined for these scales. Growth was assessed as a continuous variable and using 3 binary definitions: (1) any ICH growth; (2) ≥33% or ≥12.5 mL ICH growth; and (3) radial growth >1 mm between baseline and 24-hour CT scan. Patients were divided into tertiles of baseline ICH volume: “small” (0 to 10 mL), “medium” (10 to 25 mL), and “large” (25 to 106 mL). Results— Inter- and intrarater agreements for the novel scales exceeded 85% (±1 category). Median growth was significantly higher in the large-volume group compared with the small group ( P <0.001) and in heterogeneous compared with homogeneous ICH ( P =0.008). Median growth trended higher in irregular ICHs compared with regular ICHs ( P =0.084). Small ICHs were more regularly shaped (43%) than medium (17%) and large (3%) ICHs ( P <0.001). Small ICHs were more homogeneous (73%) compared with medium (37%) and large (17%) ICHs ( P <0.001). Adjusting for baseline ICH volume and time to scan, density heterogeneity, but not shape irregularity, independently predicted ICH growth ( P =0.046) on a continuous growth scale. Conclusions— Large ICHs were significantly more irregular in shape, heterogeneous in density, and had greater growth. Density heterogeneity independently predicted ICH growth using some definitions.
Secure and efficient online data sharing scheme using broadcast encryption with personalised message system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the healthcare industry, online data sharing has become increasingly important, but it also raises significant security concerns. To address these concerns, we propose a secure and efficient online data sharing scheme that uses a cryptographic primitive called broadcast encryption with personalised message system. This notion is applicable to many realistic broadcast services that supports IoT and cloud technology. Specifically, in our system, the data owner creates personalized data for each legitimate user in a group and then transmits a common encrypted data for the entire group in a way that completely hides the subscribed user set from outsiders. Only authorized users can recover personalised data, while all authorized consumers can decrypt the common data. Proposed scheme employs shamir secret sharing scheme to fairly distribute and reconstruct secret among various set up authority to prevent the insider attack from malicious setup authority.We highlight the security consideration in such a scenario and capture the security requirements in the security model. Subsequently, we present a concrete scheme, which is proven CPA secure under the decisional bilinear Diffie-Hellman exponent assumption. In addition, it uses asymmetric pairings whereas rest of the schemes used symmetric pairings, which in turn leads to the smaller and constant compact size ciphertext, constant decryption keys, reduced channel requirement, prevent fault attacks on symmetric bilinear map, and, enhanced performance.
Why the Turks? On the etymological method in Fredegar's account of the Trojan Franks

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article is part of a larger project that seeks to understand the role of the etymological method in historical writings. I analyse the account of the Trojan origin of the Franks in the Chronicle of Fredegar and demonstrate that Fredegar uses the etymological method as an epistemological resource and a catalyst to the narrative, and that taking this into account sheds light on some of Fredegar's narrative choices. Particularly, the use of the etymological method explains the extraordinary association of the Franks with the Turks, which has long puzzled historians. My conclusions advocate for an inclusive and methodologically careful consideration of etymological stories to understand the internal logic of medieval historical narratives and the methods that shape their messages. My reading suggests that Fredegar's is not a story of ethnic uniqueness but a scholarly account of kinship between the peoples of Eurasia .
Melanopsin retinal ganglion cell loss in Alzheimer disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective Melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) are photoreceptors driving circadian photoentrainment, and circadian dysfunction characterizes Alzheimer disease (AD). We investigated mRGCs in AD, hypothesizing that they contribute to circadian dysfunction. Methods We assessed retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness by optical coherence tomography (OCT) in 21 mild‐moderate AD patients, and in a subgroup of 16 we evaluated rest–activity circadian rhythm by actigraphy. We studied postmortem mRGCs by immunohistochemistry in retinas, and axons in optic nerve cross‐sections of 14 neuropathologically confirmed AD patients. We coimmunostained for retinal amyloid β (Aβ) deposition and melanopsin to locate mRGCs. All AD cohorts were compared with age‐matched controls. Results We demonstrated an age‐related optic neuropathy in AD by OCT, with a significant reduction of RNFL thickness ( p = 0.038), more evident in the superior quadrant ( p = 0.006). Axonal loss was confirmed in postmortem AD optic nerves. Abnormal circadian function characterized only a subgroup of AD patients. Sleep efficiency was significantly reduced in AD patients ( p = 0.001). We also found a significant loss of mRGCs in postmortem AD retinal specimens ( p = 0.003) across all ages and abnormal mRGC dendritic morphology and size ( p = 0.003). In flat‐mounted AD retinas, Aβ accumulation was remarkably evident inside and around mRGCs. Interpretation We show variable degrees of rest–activity circadian dysfunction in AD patients. We also demonstrate age‐related loss of optic nerve axons and specifically mRGC loss and pathology in postmortem AD retinal specimens, associated with Aβ deposition. These results all support the concept that mRGC degeneration is a contributor to circadian rhythm dysfunction in AD. ANN NEUROL 2016;79:90–109
Going to the Cinema as a Czech: Preferences and Practices of Czech Cinemagoers in the Occupied City of Brno, 1939–1945

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

After the occupation of the Czech lands by Nazi Germany in March 1939, Czechs embraced domestic (and ignored German) movies more vigorously than they had before. This implies that the occupation caused notable changes in the mode of movie reception. After about 1942, however, the popularity of a portion of German production was increasing. This fact raises the question of whether cinemagoers' values and identities were undergoing significant change under the occupation. This paper focuses on Brno, a city with a long history of coexistence and rivalry between those who identified as Germans and as Czechs. I argue that watching a Czech movie became one of the behaviors that defined the Czech national identity. The later embrace of German entertainment by Czechs was accompanied by two strategies that redeemed watching the desired cinematic distraction from being an un-Czech behavior: by indexing the movies as not fully German due to the presence of non-German stars, and by a parallel redefinition of cinemagoers' Czech behavior from choosing Czech movies to choosing cinemas identified as non-German. These strategies represent culturally specific reactions by Czech audiences living in a nationally divided city to the distribution and exhibition practices applied during the occupation.
Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome Presenting as Coital Headache and Intracerebral Hemorrhage (P5.139)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION:
RCVS is a neurovascular disorder with episodic cerebral artery vasoconstriction involving multiple vascular segments. Its onset is heralded by a thunderclap headache followed by various neurological deficits relating to the particular cerebrovascular region affected. Recurrent headaches associated with neurological deficits and reversible cerebral arterial vasoconstriction defines RCVS.
OBJECTIVE:
We describe a case of RCVS presenting as coital thunderclap headache with initial imaging demonstrating intraparenchymal hemorrhage and sulcal subarachnoid blood
CASE:
A 49-year-old Caucasian woman presented to her PCP with a three-day history of recurrent headaches, initially starting as a thunderclap headache during coitus. Brain MRI showed a subacute left occipital lobe intraparenchymal hemorrhage; thus a four-vessel angiogram was scheduled. She presented to the emergency department nine days after symptom onset given recurrent headaches associated with progressive neurological deficits. Follow-up brain CT showed no interval change and brain MRI revealed the left occipital intraparenchymal hemorrhage and left frontal sulcal subarachnoid blood, while a brain CTA was normal.
During her hospitalization she suffered multiple severe transient headaches associated with confusion, blurred vision, and speech difficulties with progressive right hemi-body weakness. Repeat CTA revealed an irregularly beaded appearance of the cerebral vasculature. Multiple brain MRI studies showcased new multifocal brain infarcts involving the left ACA, right PCA, and right AICA territories. Initial treatment with verapamil and prednisone 60mg daily failed to halt progression. Her clinical course improved after initiation of nimodipine 60mg q4h, methylprednisolone 125mg q6h, and triple H therapy.
CONCLUSIONS:
RCVS remains a rare and difficult entity to treat; in part because the underlying pathophysiology is poorly understood. Lack of angiographic evidence early in the course of recurrent headache in the presence of both intraparenchymal and sulcal subarachnoid blood should prompt vigilance as RCVS may be a potential etiology. While coital headache can present as a primary headache syndrome, it may also represent the initial manifestation of RCVS. Disclosure: Dr. Linn has nothing to disclose. Dr. Rosales has nothing to disclose. Dr. Garcia-Gracia has nothing to disclose. Dr. Salgado has received personal compensation in an editorial capacity from Belvoir Media Group.
Nodular fasciitis (pseudotumor of the skin).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 34-year-old man complained of a nodule on the flexor aspect of his forearm which had been present for a year. Histopathology showed a circumscribed lesion of fascicles of spindle cells within a mucoid intervening matrix. The cells were positive for vimentin, a-actin and LU 5. The proliferation markers PCNA and Ki-67 indicated a high mitotic activity and growth rate. A diagnosis of subcutaneous nodular fasciitis (NF) was made. NF belongs to the group of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors. The pseudotumoral clinical and histological aspect of NF may lead to misdiagnosis.
Fine-grained rate shaping for video streaming over wireless networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Streaming of precoded video, which is both source and channel coded, over wireless networks faces challenges of time-varying packet loss rate and fluctuating bandwidth. Rate shaping has been proposed (Chen, T.P.-C. and Chen, T., ICASSP, 2002) to "shape" the precoded video to adapt to the real-time bandwidth requirement and the packet loss rate. We now propose a novel "fine-grained rate shaping" (FGRS) scheme to allow for bandwidth adaptation over a wide range of bandwidth and packet loss rate. The video is precoded with fine granularity scalability (FGS) followed by forward error correction (FEC) coding with erasure codes. Utilizing the fine granularity property of FGS and FEC, FGRS selectively drops part of the precoded video and still yields a decodable bitstream at the decoder. A new two-stage rate-distortion (R-D) optimization, with model-based hyper-plane and hill-climbing based refinement, is proposed to select which part of the precoded video to drop. Promising results for FGRS are shown.
Peroxisome Proliferator- Activated Receptors (PPARs): A Review on Effects on Glucose Metabolism, Energy Homeostasis and Cardiovascular System

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background:Molecular biology and human medical genetics have introduced several novel biomarkers giving control over vital body functions, of these are transcriptional factors known as peroxisome proliferator activated- receptors “PPARs”. The aim of this review is to shed light on available online information and published research works about these biomarkers. The current review will try to display those findings mainly related to energy homeostasis, glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity and some cardiovascular interactions. Methods:a literature review about peroxisome proliferator activated- receptors and their roles in controlling some vital body functions has been made and recorded. Search covered published investigations and research works over the last three decades as accessible. Results: peroxisome proliferator activated- receptors have crucial roles in controlling a big deal of vital biological processes in humans. Conclusions: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are important transcriptional factors with clinical impacts. Literature shows a wide spectrum of effects and interactions through affecting many genes involved in processes of glucose homeostasis, energy balance, and peripheral insulin sensitization in addition to interfering with processes of inflammation, angiogenesis, blood pressure control and atherosclerosis.
Synergy between Indoloquinolines and Ciprofloxacin: An Antibiofilm Strategy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Antibiotic treatments can participate in the formation of bacterial biofilm in case of under dosage. The interest of indoloquinoline scaffold for drug discovery incited us to study the preparation of new indolo [2,3-b]quinoline derivatives by a domino radical process. We tested the effect of two different “indoloquinoline” molecules (Indol-1 and Indol-2) without antimicrobial activity, in addition to ciprofloxacin, on biofilm formation thanks to crystal violet staining and enumeration of adhered bacteria. This association of ciprofloxacin and Indol-1 or Indol-2 attenuated the formation of biofilm up to almost 80% compared to ciprofloxacin alone, or even prevented the presence of adhered bacteria. In conclusion, these data prove that the association of non-antimicrobial molecules with an antibiotic can be a solution to fight against biofilm and antibiotic resistance emergence.
SH1085250.09FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
A 6-Day-Old Male Infant with Severe Hyperbilirubinemia Diagnosed with Hereditary Spherocytosis at a Tertiary Hospital in East Java, Indonesia: A Diagnostic and Management Challenge in a Developing Country

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND Hereditary spherocytosis (HS) is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder that causes severe hyperbilirubinemia in neonates. There is no factual data about the prevalence in Indonesia. It is common that neonates with suspected hereditary spherocytosis are not diagnosed or treated adequately in developing countries such as Indonesia. CASE REPORT A 6-day-old baby was referred from a secondary public hospital to our tertiary hospital in Malang, East Java with severe hyperbilirubinemia unresponsive to the 2 days of conventional phototherapy. Initial laboratory examination showed total serum bilirubin level 28.83 mg/dL and indirect bilirubin level 25 mg/dL. Complete blood count showed hemoglobin level of 10.3 g/dL with high MCHC 36.9 g/dL and increased RDW 18.7%. The HS ratio (MCHC per MCV) was 0.41. The blood smear showed spherocytes with positive family history from the mother and grandmother. There were no specific tests such as EMA binding, cryohemolysis, or analysis of erythrocyte membrane protein available in our hospital. The patient was then treated with 2 sessions of intensive phototherapy with phototherapy unit bilisphere 360 LED. The total serum bilirubin level dropped to 12.19 mg/dL. In this case, we decided to perform intensive phototherapy first, not only because of facility-based constraints to do timely exchange transfusion, but also due to the low socio-economic and educational background of the parents. CONCLUSIONS There are some challenges in diagnosing and treating HS adequately in Indonesia. Limitations of specific tests, inadequacy of conventional phototherapy, lack of awareness of and adherence to guidelines, and facility-based inability to perform timely exchange transfusion all can contribute to severe hyperbilirubinemia and its sequelae.
Numerical Optimization Within Vector Of Parameters Estimation In Volatility Models

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper usefulness of quasi-Newton iteration procedure in parameters estimation of the conditional variance equation within BHHH algorithm is presented. Analytical solution of maximization of the likelihood function using first and second derivatives is too complex when the variance is time-varying. The advantage of BHHH algorithm in comparison to the other optimization algorithms is that requires no third derivatives with assured convergence. To simplify optimization procedure BHHH algorithm uses the approximation of the matrix of second derivatives according to information identity. However, parameters estimation in a/symmetric GARCH(1,1) model assuming normal distribution of returns is not that simple, i.e. it is difficult to solve it analytically. Maximum of the likelihood function can be founded by iteration procedure until no further increase can be found. Because the solutions of the numerical optimization are very sensitive to the initial values, GARCH(1,1) model starting parameters are defined. The number of iterations can be reduced using starting values close to the global maximum. Optimization procedure will be illustrated in framework of modeling volatility on daily basis of the most liquid stocks on Croatian capital market: Podravka stocks (food industry), Petrokemija stocks (fertilizer industry) and Ericsson Nikola Tesla stocks (information-s-communications industry).
The brain and its role on learning process

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This article provided a brief analysis of an important human organ and the influences it has on personal and formal learning in the educational field. The specific topics that were investigated are the brain and its importance in learning, characteristics of the hemispheres of the brain learning and the contribution of neuroscience in the teaching-learning process. The first topic mentions how the brain influences learning and the role of memory in that process. The next topic focuses on the characteristics and functions performed by the two brain hemispheres. The latest content deals with the contribution of neuroscience in the educational field, here is detailed on how neural networks combined with the environment where the student performs to make learning possible. The descriptive methodology, based on the review of current bibliographic sources, was used. The purpose of this document is to provide the reader with true and up-to-date sources of information on an organ that integrates complex and necessary ideas for the human being.
Changes in Biologic Phenotype of Human Immunodeficiency Virus during Treatment of Patients with Didanosine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Progression to AIDS in patients harboring human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolates expressing a syncytium-inducing (SI) phenotype is faster than in those in whom the virus expresses a non-SI (NSI) phenotype. Zidovudine monotherapy does not appear to alter this outcome. To examine the role of didanosine (ddl) monotherapy in phenotype expression, HIV-1 isolates from 73 patients receiving ddl for up to 72 weeks were analyzed. After 12 weeks, the number of isolates expressing an NSI phenotype was 29% higher than at the start of treatment. Patients receiving high-dose ddI (375 mg twice daily) were significantly more likely to express the NSI phenotype at 12 weeks than patients who received low-dose ddI (100 mg twice daily), even after adjustment for phenotype and CD4 cell count at baseline, suggesting that ddI may be selective against the faster-replicating virus. ddI at 375 mg twice daily significantly increases the probability of an NSI phenotype over the short term in patients with advanced HIV disease.
Report on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Since the mid-1990s, GHB – widely used in human and veterinary medicine for 30 years – has been surfacing as a recreational drug. Some EU countries have reported worries over GHB’s surreptitious use in sexual assaults. Although the extent of this is unknown, the EMCDDA and its risk-assessment partners are recommending that Member States consider the role of GHB and other drugs in this area. \n \nThe risk-assessment exercise was carried out in 2000 in the framework of the Joint action on new synthetic drugs. In March 2001, the EU Justice and Home Affairs Council adopted formal conclusions that Member States should monitor this drug closely. \n \nThis publication records the findings and conclusions of the exercise. Among others, it draws together the various elements used to assess the substance including: the final risk-assessment report; contributions from Europol and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products; a review of pharmacotoxicological data; epidemiological evidence on the associated public-health risks and sociological and criminological evidence. \n \nTable of contents \n•\tReport on the risk assessment of GHB in the framework of the joint action on new synthetic drugs \n•\tEuropol-EMCDDA progress report on GHB in accordance with Article 3 on the joint action of 16 June 1997 concerning the information exchange, risk assessment and the control of new synthetic drugs \n•\tUse of GHB as a medicilnal product (EMEA) \n•\tReview of the pharmacotoxicological data on gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) \n•\tSociological and criminological (Europol) evidence on the risks of GHB \n•\tPublic health risks of GHB - epidemiological evidence