jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ADRENAL FUNCTION IN WOMEN WITH CHRONIC EPILEPSY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There are no data in literature on excretion patterns of urinary steroids in patients with grand mal epilepsy. There are, however, limited reports on effect of electric convulsive therapy on excretion patterns in patients with mental disorders. Hemphill 1 examined effect of electric convulsive therapy on rates of 17-ketosteroid excretion in 18 patients and reported that 9 showed a significant increase but that remainder showed no change in their rate of excretion. Ashby 2 noted no change in 17-ketosteroid excretion in similar studies; he did find that the usual effect of convulsive therapy is to cause a brisk outpouring of adrenal corticosteroids during first few days of treatment. He further stated that this outpouring activity returns to its previous level even though treatment continues. There are some reports on eosinophil levels made before and after grand mal seizures. 3 From
An Efficient and Practical Method for the Synthesis of the 5-Acylamino-4-(4-pyrimidinyl)isoxazole Derivative AKP-001, a Potent P38 MAP Kinase Inhibitor

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

5-Acylamino-4-(4-pyrimidinyl)isoxazole derivative AKP-001 is a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor previously developed in our laboratory as an anti-inflammatory agent.Herein, we report our studies leading to the development of an improved synthetic route to AKP-001, which shows several advantages compared to the previously reported laboratory-scale process, namely, a lower number of steps, superior chemical yield and atom efficiency, and applicability at an industrial scale.
Quantitative Radiobiology for Proton Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This book is an extension and major update of the author's previous work, titled Practical Radiobiology for Proton Therapy Planning (IOP Publishing 2018). The book describes the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) issues within proton therapy and advises on how to use a variable RBE within treatment planning and in dose prescription to improve the safety of proton and other forms on ion beam therapy. Decision-making advice is also provided for protocol breaches, retreatments, dose rate effects and risk assessment. This book is intended for those who already have basic knowledge of radiotherapy and radiobiology, although there is guidance through the fundamental principles for those who are 'discipline crossing'. Part of IPEM–IOP Series in Physics and Engineering in Medicine and Biology. Key features • Provides coverage of key topics such as blood oxygen saturation, tissue oxygenation and respiration assessment. • An extension and major update to Practical Radiobiology for Proton Therapy Planning by the author (IOP 2018). • Brings thorough updates to each chapter, with the inclusion of more quantitative methods where appropriate. • Contains end-of-chapter summaries; chapter problems; and simple experiments with pulse oximeters if the device is available. • Includes Mathematica codes where appropriate.
A New Converter for Non-Isolated PV Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A new converter for the non-isolated PV (photovoltaic) system is presented in this paper. It has the advantage that the input terminal of the proposed converter is connected to the output negative terminal. In this way, the parasitic capacitance is bypassed to eliminate the undesirable leakage current. The proposed converter can achieve the step-up voltage with four switches only. Aside from that, the carried-based modulation is used, and the control structure is simple. The article analyzes the working modes and control strategy of the proposed converter. In addition, a comparative analysis is provided. The feasibility of the proposed converter under different working modes is verified by simulation. Finally, the digital control prototype with DSP plus FPGA is established and the experimental tests are carried out. The experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed converter.
1692 The Aetiology of Acute Abdominal Pain in Children 2-12 Years of Age

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<sec><st>Background and Aims</st> Abdominal pain is common in childhood. This study evaluated abdominal pain in children aged 2–12 to determine the frequency of aetiologies. </sec><sec><st>Methods</st> Patients between 2 and 12 years presenting to the Emergency Department over a 5 month period, with abdominal pain were included. Patients with chronic constipation, previous abdominal pain and previous gastrointestinal surgery were excluded. Data was collected prospectively utilising patient’s charts and a pretested proforma on abdominal pain which contained diagnostic tips and prompts. Demographic data, referral source, symptom complex, examination findings, and diagnoses were noted. Patients with a diagnosis of constipation were followed up via telephone to confirm accuracy of diagnosis. </sec><sec><st>Results</st> One hundred and thirteen patients were assessed .Aetiologies of abdominal pain were appendicitis 26 (23&percnt;), constipation 23 (20&percnt;), gastroenteritis 18 (16.5&percnt;), mesenteric adenitis 15 (13&percnt;),non specific abdominal pain(viral syndrome) 11 (10&percnt;), urinary tract infection 7 (6&percnt;), pneumonia 6 (5&percnt;), gastritis 5 (4.4&percnt;),acute asthma 2 (2&percnt;). Eighty four (75&percnt;) patients were referred by their family doctor. Patients diagnosed with constipation were contacted by telephone to confirm the diagnosis, with 18 (78&percnt;) agreeing. </sec><sec><st>Conclusion</st> This study outlines the aetiology of abdominal pain in a paediatric population, three quarters of whom had been assessed by their family doctors prior to referral. Non gastrointestinal aetiologies need to be considered in the assessment. </sec>
The most common causes of stress and psychosomatic manifestation among nurses at the Department of Neonatal Intensive Care

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Objective. Nursing staff employed in intensive care units implies exposure to different types of workloads that pose risk factors for the occurrence of harmful physical and emotional reactions, i.e. professional stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the most common causes of stress and psychosomatic manifestations among nurses at the Department of Neonatal Intensive Care. Methods. The research was carried out by the type of cross-sectional study. The study included a sample of (N) 42 nurses-technicians employed at the Department of Neonatal Intensive Care. The survey used a structured questionnaire form, specially designed for the purposes of this study. Results. The distribution of multiple responses pointed to the fact that: resuscitation, lack of nursing staff, extensive administration, admission and death of the highly endangered newborn are extremely strong stressors in the nurses' job. All respondents stated the negative impact of noise and occasional exposure to ionizing radiation as adverse working conditions. Almost 67% of the subjects feel exhaustion, and 38.1% report muscle aches. Accidental workplace injuries were reported by 4.8% of respondents. According to the subjective assessment of respondents, daily stress is experienced by 52.4%. Conclusion. Nurses working at the Department of Neonatal Intensive Care perceive different situations as extremely strong work stressors. The most intense stressors are also the most common: resuscitation, lack of nursing staff, extensive administration, admission and death of a vitally endangered newborn. These specific psychological factors of the workload are determinants that have a predictive value in a subjective assessment of experienced stress in more than half of our respondents. The psychosomatic manifestations of stress that dominate among nurses are: feeling of exhaustion and muscle aches.
Soil phosphorus and potassium availability in long-term field experiments with organic and mineral fertilization

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of organic, mineral and combined organic and mineral fertilization of soils on the winter wheat yields and nutrient contents in soils was evaluated in long-term field experiments. Two sites with different soil characteristics were evaluated - Lukavec u Pacova (cambisol) and Ivanovice na Hané (degraded chernozem). The type of fertilization influenced wheat yields. Nutrient uptake by winter wheat was higher under nitrogen (N) fertilization, which resulted in a negative balance of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and to a decrease of nutrient contents in the more fertile soils at Ivanovice na Hané. Two soil tests (Mehlich 3 method and NH4-acetate method) were used to determine P and K availability. The mineral nitrogen fertilization negatively and significantly affected NH4-acetate extractable concentrations of nutrients in the soils and these were lower in comparison with concentrations of P and K determined by Mehlich 3 method. Relative availability of P in alkaline soils from Ivanovice treated with mineral N increased while the soil pH decreased.
Cross-national comparisons—correlating input factors and determinants of process with outcomes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract For cross-comparisons of a number of countries there are two main ways in which we can apply our modular approach. One, discussed in Chapter 11, is an in-depth comparison of some of the modules of the health system over a small number of countries. In the other, as discussed in this chapter, we can study the statistical associations among a few of the health system’s modules for a larger number of countries. We can use these statistical associations to link health outcomes with their possible causes. This approach is very attractive because researchers and decision-makers are always intrigued by questions about how health outcomes may have been affected by a health system’s inputs and processes. So, it is not surprising that cross-comparative studies of this kind have been made by researchers in many disciplines. These include historians, epidemiologists, demographers, economists, and health services researchers. All of these have attempted to test the hypothesis that there are significant relationships between the input and processes of health systems, on the one hand, and their outcomes on the other. From an historical perspective, McKeown (1976) examined several factors that can explain the decline in the mortality rate in developed societies, particularly in Britain, over the last two hundred years. After excluding several other factors, he concluded that nutritional levels were a major vehicle for improving the health outcomes of populations. Other factors outside of the health care system like water supply, sanitation, housing, and education, also played important roles in explaining the improvement in health status.
Ultrasound study of the liver in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer while planning surgical treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The overview deals with methods for evaluating the functional state of the hepatic parenchyma in patients with colorectal cancer while planning surgical treatment for liver metastases. The intact hepatic parenchyma should be estimated to reduce the risk of postoperative complications and mortality. Noninvasive diagnostic techniques fail to provide an objective assessment. Only a morphological study of parenchymal biopsy specimens will help rule out hepatic steatosis/ fibrosis and give surgeons information on the postresection liver remnant.
Economic Behavioral Anomalies In Cryptocurrency Transactions During The Covid-19 Pandemic

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on various aspects of life, including financial markets. The cryptocurrency market, already renowned for its volatility, experienced a surge in activity and significant changes in investor behavior during this period. This research aims to analyze various economic behavioral anomalies that emerged in cryptocurrency transactions during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research uses a literature study method to identify several dominant behavioral anomalies, such as FOMO (Fear of Missing Out), Herding Behavior, Noise Trading, Overconfidence, and Anchoring Bias. These behavioral anomalies trigger extreme market volatility, asset bubbles, and financial losses for investors. This research highlights the importance of investor education, market regulation, and technology development to minimize the impact of behavioral anomalies and protect investors in the cryptocurrency market.
Lower myocardial infarction mortality in French men the day France won the 1998 World Cup of football: Figure 1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Events that induce stress in a large number of people in a defined area, such as earthquakes and war, have been reported to increase the incidence of myocardial infarction. In contrast, the effect of major sporting events, such as a major football (soccer) match, on cardiovascular mortality is still controversial.1–3 On one hand the emotional and mental stress, and alcohol and tobacco consumption, could increase myocardial infarction mortality, but on the other hand the immense fervour and the collective euphoria observed at the time of a victory could decrease this mortality. We hypothesise that in an exceptional positive sporting event, the total effect could be a decrease in cardiovascular mortality. The final of the World Cup of football held in France on Sunday 12 July 1998 gave us the opportunity to assess this hypothesis.

We analysed data on mortality using the French cause of deaths statistics system for June–July 1997 and 1998. The data comprised sex specific numbers of deaths from all causes ( International classification of diseases , …
Catalytic Characteristics of Horse Liver Alcohol Dehydrogenase in a Medium Containing Ionic Liquid [bmim] Cl

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The catalytic characteristics of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase(HLADH) in a reaction medium containing ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorate, Cl,was examined.Using ethanol as the substrate,the HLADH activity in the reaction system with a Cl content below 0.15 g/ml was higher than that in the medium without the ionic liquid.An excess amount of Cl(0.15 g/ml) inhibited the enzyme markedly.The effects of reaction temperature and pH on the reaction proceeding in the Cl-containing system were similar to those in the Cl-free system.Compared with the Clfree system,the activation energy of HLADH-mediated oxidation of ethanol in the medium with 0.05 g/ml Cl decreased, and both V_(max) and K_m values increased.The existence of [bmim]Cl at low concentrations(≤0.1 g/ml) in the reaction medium improved the thermal stability of HLADH,while the enzyme was more liable to thermally inactivate in the medium with a Cl content above 0.1 g/ml.The second-derivative UV spectroscopy suggested that HLADH conformations were influenced by [bmim]Cl.
Educational Quality of YouTube Cholesteatoma Surgery Videos: Areas for Improvement

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Otolaryngology surgical education continues to evolve where trainees increasingly use videos to learn technical skills. Trainees commonly use YouTube, but no study to date has evaluated the educational quality (EQ) of otologic surgical videos on YouTube. We aim to assess the EQ of cholesteatoma surgical videos. Cholesteatoma surgical videos were queried using YouTube search terms, assessed using LAParoscopic surgery Video Educational GuidelineS (LAP‐VEGaS), a validated assessment tool for publication, and categorized into low (0‐6), medium (7‐12), and high (13‐18) EQ groups. In total, 74 videos were identified (mean LAP‐VEGaS score = 9.6 ± 4.0) and 44.6% had medium EQ. Videos commonly lacked graphic aids to highlight anatomy (71.6%) and postprocedural outcomes (68.9%). LAP‐VEGaS scores were greater in videos originating from US surgeons compared to non‐US surgeons (12.4 ± 3.4 vs 8.0 ± 3.5; P <. 001). Our study highlights that otolaryngology trainees may experience difficulty finding high‐EQ cholesteatoma surgery videos on YouTube. Areas for improved EQ content are discussed. Level of evidence : IV
Radon Measurements in Bottled Waters in Greece

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Underground waters pass through various types of rocks, which may contain radium and uranium isotopes in such concentrations and chemical forms that could be diluted in the water body. Thus it is possible to contain significant quantities of these radioisotopes such as radium (226Ra), which decays producing a series of alpha and beta emitters that remain in the water. Among them, radon (222Rn) and isotopes of polonium (214Po and 218Po) contribute to significant doses. In this work, we measured radium/radon concentration levels in bottled waters commercially available in Greece. Samples were concentrated by a factor of 20-100, in order to obtain more accurate results, because in the majority of the samples the concentrations measured initially were very low. To measure the radioactivity concentrations, 10 mL of concentrated sample were added to 10 mL of scintillation cocktail in a 20 mL plastic vial and then were counted with a liquid scintillation analyzer. The results show that radium/radon concentrations of the bottled waters range from 7-70 mBq/L.
TRANSFERABLE STOCK OPTIONS (TSOS) AND THE COMING REVOLUTION IN EQUITY‐BASED PAY

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The dominant form of equity pay in the U.S. will change dramatically when accounting rules are changed (most likely in 2005) to require companies to charge the cost of their stock option plans on their income statements. Many companies are already switching from stock options to other forms of equity pay, especially restricted stock. The most notable switcher was Microsoft, the world's largest user of stock option pay. In July 2003, partnering with J.P. Morgan, Microsoft created a onetime transferable stock option (TSO) program that allowed holders of underwater Microsoft options to sell their options to J.P. Morgan in return for restricted shares. But the most important consequence of this transaction may not be a widespread shift by corporate America to restricted shares, but rather the creation of a more costeffective kind of stock option. By clearing the potentially messy hurdles involving taxes, accounting, SEC rules, and “transaction mechanics,” Microsoft has opened the door for TSOs to be considered as an ongoing equitypay instrument, perhaps replacing standard stock options (which are not transferable). TSOs share the key advantages of restricted stock in terms of providing robust retention and ownership incentives and higher valuecost efficiency, while maintaining the key “leverage” advantage of options. In so doing, they create significant upside (and downside) while largely avoiding the “pay for pulse” problem of restricted stock. They also introduce the discipline of competitive pricing by third‐party bidders. The bid prices of investment banks create nearly all of the information required for accurate estimates of option cost, which should foster greater board accountability and improved corporate governance.
British unemployment policy in the 1920’s : a re-appraisal of Revolution of Reason and We Can Conquer Unemployment

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Following a short postwar boom, the British economy fell into a long period of uneven growth. The single biggest symptom of interwar economic transition was the unprecedented phenomenen of persistent mass unemployment, concentrated in the export staple industries. This thesis re-evaluates two important contributions to the debate on unemployment policy in the 1920s, by political mavericks Oswald Mosley, of the Labour party, and David Lloyd George, of the Liberals. Each produced small but pithy books on unemployment: respectively, Revolutiony Reason, and Courp.jployment. Most of the historiography to date on the subject has been overly lieconomicu in its orientation, and lacking in historical context. The thesis argues for another interpretation of the two books.. It looks more deeply into the political and social environment in which the programs were developed, and focusses on the “positive” rather than the “normative” dimension of their economics. It will examine what Lloyd George and Oswald Mosley were trying to accomplish in their programs, and why the programs took the forms they did. It will also, for the first time, explicitly compare the two programs, The comparative approach will show just how different their policies were, an important aspect overlooked by the existing literature..
Dual-Parameter Prediction of Downhole Supercritical CO2 with Associated Gas Using Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) Neural Network

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This research investigates the application of supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) within carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies to enhance oil-well production efficiency and facilitate carbon storage, thereby promoting a low-carbon circular economy. We simulate the flow of supercritical CO2 mixed with associated gas (flow rates 3–13 × 104 Nm3/d) in a miniature venturi tube under high temperature and high-pressure conditions (30–50 MPa, 120–150 °C). Accurate fluid property calculations, essential for simulation fidelity, were performed using the R. Span and W. Wagner and GERG-2008 equations. A dual-parameter prediction model was developed based on the simulation data. However, actual measurements only provide fluid types and measurement data, such as pressure, temperature, and venturi differential pressure, to determine the liquid mass fraction (LMF) and total mass flow rate (m), presenting challenges due to complex nonlinear relationships. Traditional formula-fitting methods proved inadequate for these conditions. Consequently, we employed a Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) based neural network algorithm to address this issue. The LM optimizer excels in handling complex nonlinear problems with faster convergence, making it suitable for our small dataset. Through this approach, we formulated dual-parameter model equations to elucidate fluid flow factors, analyzing the impact of multiple parameters on the LMF and the discharge coefficient (C). The resulting model predicted dual parameters with a relative error for LMF of ±1% (Pc = 95.5%) and for m of ±1% (Pc = 95.5%), demonstrating high accuracy. This study highlights the potential of neural networks to predict the behavior of complex fluids with high supercritical CO2 content, offering a novel solution where traditional methods fail.