jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Percentage of Free Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen to Improve Specificity of Prostate Cancer Screening

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective.

—To evaluate measurement of percentage of free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in serum to improve the specificity of prostate cancer screening in men with serum PSA levels between 4.1 and 10.0 ng/mL.

Design.

—Retrospective, nonrandomized analysis using a research assay for measuring free PSA in frozen serum from men with a spectrum of prostate sizes and digital rectal examination results.

Setting.

—General community outpatient prostate cancer screening program at a university center.

Patients.

—One hundred thirteen men aged 50 years or older, 99% of whom were white, with serum PSA concentrations of 4.1 to 10.0 ng/mL, including 63 men with histologically confirmed benign prostatic hyperplasia, 30 with prostate cancer with an enlarged gland, and 20 with cancer with a normal-sized gland. All study volunteers had undergone prostatic ultrasonography and biopsy.

Main Outcome Measures.

—Percentage of free PSA in serum and percentage of free PSA cutoff that maintained at least 90% sensitivity for prostate cancer detection.

Results.

—Median percentage of free PSA was 9.2% in men with cancer and a normal-sized gland, 15.9% in men with cancer and an enlarged gland, and 18.8% in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (P<.001). The percentage of free PSA cutoff was higher in men with an enlarged gland and in those with a palpably benign gland. In men with an enlarged, palpably benign gland, a free PSA cutoff of 23.4% or lower detected at least 90% of cancers and would have eliminated 31.3% of negative biopsies.

Conclusions.

—Measurement of percentage of free serum PSA improves specificity of prostate cancer screening in selected men with elevated total serum PSA levels and can reduce unnecessary prostate biopsies with minimal effects on the cancer detection rate; however, further studies are needed to define optimal cutoffs. Final evaluation of PSA screening also must consider the ability of current treatments to improve the prognosis of screen-detected prostate cancer. (JAMA. 1995;274:1214-1220)
Effect of breed on chemical composition of goat milk

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Research was focused on the effects of breed (Alpine and Saanen) on changes in the chemical composititon of goat milk in the course of five succesive lactations. The total number of performed analyses varied dependig on number of montly checks of milk yield, the number of goats involved and number of the content-determining analyses: total solids, solids-non-fat, fat, protein, lactose, ash, calcium, phosphorus and acidity level. Daily feed ration consisted of fodder (meadow hay and clover-grass mixture) with the addition of corn silage. The second part of daily ration was a feed mixture for goats containing 14% protein. Average cmemical composition of milk (%) of Alpine and Saanen breeds of goat, respectively, was as follows at the start of the lactation period (day 50): total solids (12.29 and 11.76) ; solids-non-fat (8.57 and 8.20) ; fat (3.68 and 3.57) ; protein (2.96 and 2.81) ; lactose (4.61 and 4.52) ; ash (0.802 and 0.787) ; calcium (0.129 and 0.125) ; phosphorus (0.095 and 0.088) and acidity (7.01°SH and 6.25°SH). At the and of lactation period (day 200), the average content of milk was: total solids (12.01 and 11.91) ; solids-non-fat (8.26 and 8.33) ; fat (3.71 and 3.56) ; protein (3.04 and 3.11) ; lactose (4.23 and 4.23) ; ash (0.834 and 0.828) ; calcium (0.118 and 0.111) ; phosphorus (0.092 and 0.091) and acidity (7.42°SH and 7.62°SH). It can be said that breed had a significant effect on the content of total solids, solids-non-fat, protein, lactose, ash, calcium and phosphorus, all of which were found to be higher in milk of Alpine breed troughout the five lactations.
Rodent Model of Attention: The 5‐Choice Serial Reaction Time Task

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The 5‐choice serial reaction time task (5‐CSRTT) is the most widely used test to measure attentional performance in rodents. The basic test design involves training animals to respond to a brief visual stimulus presented unpredictably in one of five locations. Once trained to stable performance levels, the effects of experimental manipulations on response speed and choice accuracy are measured and each are related to attentional performance. Increasingly, the test is also used to examine aspects of response control. Having been adapted from a human task, the test has also been successfully extended to the mouse and primate, thus highlighting its translational value. Increasingly this test is being applied in drug discovery efforts, primarily to identify novel drug treatments for conditions associated with attention deficits. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol . 41:5.49.1‐5.49.20. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Glucocorticoid pretreatment protects cardiac function and induces cardiac heat shock protein 72

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Acute administration of glucocortiocoids reduces inflammation. Increasing knowledge of the mechanisms of action indicate that pretreatment with glucocorticoids could have organ-protective effects. We investigated whether pretreatment with methylprednisolone (MP) protected the heart against ischemia-reperfusion dysfunction, and we hypothetized that this protection might be due to induction of the cardioprotective heat shock protein 72 (HSP72). Rats were given vehicle or MP-40 mg/kg im as a double injection starting either 24 or 120 h (5 days) before their hearts were excised for Langendorff perfusion ( n = 6–11 hearts in each group). MP improved left ventricular function and coronary flow during reperfusion after 30 min of global ischemia and reduced infarct size. Cardiac HSP72 gradually increased in a 24-h time course after MP treatment, and the increase was sustained 5 days afterward (immunoblotting). HSP72 mRNA was either reduced or unchanged, indicating a posttranscriptional regulation. Pretreatment with hydrocortisone or dexamethasone ( n = 7–8 hearts of each) similarily increased cardiac HSP72 24 h afterward. This paper demonstrates that glucocorticoids increase cardiac HSP72 and protect organ function against ischemia-reperfusion injury.
When I am old I shall wear purple: a qualitative study of the effect of group poetry sessions on the well-being of older adults

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose There is increasing evidence that participation in various art forms can be beneficial for health and well-being. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of participating in a poetry reading group on a group of older residents of an assisted living facility. Design/methodology/approach Six poetry sessions, each on a different theme, were conducted with a group of volunteer participants. These sessions, those of pre- and post-study focus groups and interviews with the group facilitator and staff contact were audio-recorded. The transcripts of the recordings were then subjected to a thematic analysis. Findings Overall the participants were enthused by the opportunity to participate in the project and the benefits were confirmed by the support staff. In addition, reading poetry on particular themes promoted different types of discussion. Research limitations/implications The number of participants in this study was small and the study was conducted over a short period of time. Practical implications This paper confirms the impact of poetry reading for older people. The challenge is to explore this impact in more detail and over community as well as residential settings. Originality/value This paper is the first empirical report on the value of poetry reading for older people.
Effects of different levels of dietary black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) and their combination on productive traits, selected blood constituents, microbiota and immunity of broilers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of inclusion of powdered seeds of black cumin (B) (Nigella sativa L.) and fenugreek (F) (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) on productive traits, selected blood constituents, microbiota and immunity of broilers were studied. A total of 648 day-old chicks were randomly assigned to nine treatments, with four pen replicates, each with 18 birds, including three levels of B seed powder (BSP; 0, 5 or 10 g/kg) and three levels of F seed powder (FSP; 0, 5 or 10 g/kg) in a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement. Neither powder affected feed intake. The FSP increased (p = 0.048) feed conversion ratio (FCR), but decreased daily BW gain (p = 0.02) between days 0 and 21, while BSP increased daily gain between days 22 and 42 and overall (both p = 0.005). Abdominal fat was decreased (p = 0.003) by BSP. Blood constituents were unaffected by either powder, but ileal Escherichia coli were decreased (p = 0.039) at day 42. The BSP increased a range of immunological titers, where BSP affected positively the measured variables. The interactions between BSP and FSP, specifically on broiler carcass cuts, suggested that where BSP is included at 10 g/kg, the inclusion of FSP at the same level may provide no additional benefit. Thus, while either powder could be included separately, the co-inclusion of both at 10 g/kg is not recommended.
Group and Period-Based Representations for Improved Machine Learning Prediction of Heterogeneous Alloy Catalysts

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Machine learning has recently emerged as an efficient and powerful alternative to density functional theory for studying heterogeneous catalysis. Machine learning methods rely on a geometrical representation of the chemical environment around the catalytic adsorption site based on physical or chemical descriptors. Here, we show that replacing the atomic number in geometrical representations with elemental groups and periods (GP) yields significant improvements in predicted adsorption energies on bimetallic alloy surfaces. Notably, the GP-based Labeled Site Crystal Graph representation reported here achieves mean absolute error (MAE) ∼0.05 eV (near chemical accuracy) in predicting hydrogen adsorption and MAE ∼0.10 eV for other strong binding adsorbates such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. We also show GP-based representations to be robust in predicting adsorption on surface facets, elements, and alloys that are not included in the initial training set. This reliability makes GP-based representations an ideal basis for high-throughput approaches and materials discovery based on active learning techniques, which often involve limited training sets.
Information Directed Sampling for Stochastic Bandits with Graph Feedback

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We consider stochastic multi-armed bandit problems with graph feedback, where the decision maker is allowed to observe the neighboring actions of the chosen action. We allow the graph structure to vary with time and consider both deterministic and Erdős-Rényi random graph models. For such a graph feedback model, we first present a novel analysis of Thompson sampling that leads to tighter performance bound than existing work. Next, we propose new Information Directed Sampling based policies that are graph-aware in their decision making. Under the deterministic graph case, we establish a Bayesian regret bound for the proposed policies that scales with the clique cover number of the graph instead of the number of actions. Under the random graph case, we provide a Bayesian regret bound for the proposed policies that scales with the ratio of the number of actions over the expected number of observations per iteration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first analytical result for stochastic bandits with random graph feedback. Finally, using numerical evaluations, we demonstrate that our proposed IDS policies outperform existing approaches, including adaptions of upper confidence bound, $ε$-greedy and Exp3 algorithms.
IDENTITAS AYUB YANG DIPERTARUHKAN: SEBUAH PEMBACAAN EKSPOSISIONAL ATAS AYUB 1:1

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to interpret Job's identity in Job 1:1. At the beginning of the Book of Job, a description of Job is written, who is pious, honest, fear of God, and shuns evil. The image is interesting when it is repeated in several texts. The repetition of Job's description of envy relates to his doubts. In this study, Job's identity is interpreted in relation to the stakes placed on Job. As the first sentence of the Book of Job, this verse becomes an exposition that helps understand Job further. Finally, this study concluded that fear of God was the most important thing in Job. Fear of God is fundamental for people who believe in God. Fear of God is the core of the wisdom of the Book of Job.
Sarah Kinkel. Disciplining the Empire: Politics, Governance, and the Rise of the British Navy.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Sarah Kinkel’s ambitious first book, Disciplining the Empire: Politics, Governance, and the Rise of the British Navy, develops a series of important arguments about the rise of the British navy in the eighteenth century as a militarily effective, increasingly professionalized force. The significance of this transformation in naval power and capacity has long been recognized and well described by historians. It has also been variously explained. Kinkel argues that such explanations have been inadequate, for the basic reason that insufficient recognition has been given to the importance of politics and the role of ideological contestation and choice in naval policies and the linked transformation in the culture of naval service. Her second major move, interpretatively, is to set the development of the eighteenth-century British navy firmly in the context of the rise and dissolution of the First British Empire. The justification for so doing is partly that this is...
cortisol stress response among Dominican men

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A growing body of research contributes to new conceptions of stress and immune responses – physiological axes which have traditionally been regarded as separate – as elements in an integrated life-history resource allocation process. According to this new understanding of mind and body, biology and culture, physiology and symbol, "systems" which have previously been regarded as being relatively autonomous aspects of human experience (e.g. stress-response, worldview, emotion, decision-making, immune function, social identity, and power) are being redefined as integrated but dynamically interacting elements in the complex human biocultural phenotype. The give and take in this process occurring between evolved predispositions and sociocultural opportunities are poorly understood.
Low-mass stars: pre-main sequence evolution and nucleosynthesis

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

New evolutionary sequences for low-mass (0.5 M ○. ≤M * ≤2.5 M ○. ) pre-main sequence stars of two different metallicities (Z=0.02 and 0.04) are presented, making use of the most recent physical ingredients. Nucleosynthesis is also followed in detail. Furthermore, we determine the theoretical uncertainties engendered by various treatments of the surface conditions that significantly affect predictions concerning the evolution and the light element surface depletion of these stars. The detailed comparison with observations mainly indicate that (i) it is quite hazardous to determine masses of T Tauri stars with a precision of less than about 0.3 M ○. given the theoretical uncertainties, (ii) the same conclusion holds, to a less extent, for age determinations, especially if the metallicity of the observed stars is not accurately measured and (iii) while we find a very good agreement with the observed Li-T eff correlation for the Hyades open cluster, we overestimate the level of Li depletion for the Pleiades
[Influence of time of initiation of a prostaglandin F2alpha protocol in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis].

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A field trial was conducted to elucidate the effect of the time of initiation of a repeated PGF2alpha-application in a 14 day interval for treatment of endometritis in dairy cows. On a commercial dairy farm in Brandenburg, Germany, a total of 494 dairy cows were examined by rectal palpation and adspection for signs of endometritis (vaginal discharge, enlarged uterus) between day 20 to 26 post partum (dpp). We performed two further examinations by rectal palpation and external adspection to monitor the puerperal phase (34.-40. dpp, 55.-61. dpp). All cows with symptoms of an endometritis were treated with PGF2alpha (0.15 mg R-Cloprostenol, Preloban, Intervet Deutschland GmbH Unterschleissheim) twice in a 14-day interval. In the group "Early" (n = 146) the first injection of Cloprostenol was administered at time of the 1st examination. In the group "Late" (n = 129) an identical treatment was administered in cows with endometritis, however it was started 14 days later (34.-40. dpp). The incidence of endometritis was 57.7% in the group "Early" and 53.5% in the group "Late" at the first time of examination. The 1st service conception rates for treated cows were 34% in the group "Early" vs. 37% in the group "Late". In the group "Early" differences were found in days open between treated cows with endometritis and untreated controls without symptoms of endometritis (99.1 d vs. 110.8 d, p > 0.05). In the group "Late", days open for treated (106.8 d) and untreated cows (108.0 d) were similar. The severity of endometritis influenced the percentage of cows pregnant at 200 dpp. Regarding cows with a severe endometritis (E2 and E3) the percentage of pregnant cows 200 dpp was higher in the group treated early (E2: 78.4%; E3: 80.0%) than in the group with the late initiation of the treatment (E2: 68.6%; E3: 54.5%, p < 0.05). Cows with a moderate endometritis (E1) had a similar percentage of pregnant cows (200 dpp) as the untreated cows without endometritis. It is concluded that application of PGF2alpha in the 4th and 6th week post partum in a 14 day interval in cases of severe endometritis is more effective than the application of the same treatment two weeks later.
Effects of Visualization of Student Emotions on Performance and Self-Efficacy of Teacher in Online Learning

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

本研究では，オンライン講義において，学生の感情が可視化され教師に共有された時に，教師のパフォーマンスと教師の自己効力感が受ける影響を明らかにすることを目的とした．本研究では，被験者が互いの顔が見えないオンライン模擬講義上で実験をおこなった．模擬講義中に教師に学生の感情が可視化される可視化有り条件と，可視化されない可視化無し条件の2つの条件を設けた．模擬講義後に学生役には教師のパフォーマンスについて，教師役には教師の自己効力感について，それぞれ評価してもらった．実験で得られた結果から可視化有り条件の方が可視化無し条件よりも教師の自己効力感が高い有意傾向がみられた．特に，教師の自己効力感の下位尺度である指導戦略への効力感は，可視化有り条件の方が可視化無し条件よりも有意に高かった．また可視化の有無と教授内容との有意な交互作用も見出され, 教師が教えることに困難を感じる内容ほど学生の感情の可視化が有効であることが示唆された．本研究の結果は，オンライン講義における教師の自己効力感の向上に貢献するだけでなく，オンライン講義システムの設計開発に示唆を与えることが期待できる．
Formation and Chemical Structure of Carbon-13 Tracer Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes (LCCs) During Kraft Pulping

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this study, a modified synthetic method for labeling a lignin dimer (guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether-[α-13C]) was developed. The chemical structure of the target compound was analyzed using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and other analytical techniques. Then, the 13C-labeled phenolic lignin model compound was subjected to kraft pulping in the presence of xylose. Finally, the resulting reaction products were fractionated using acid precipitation and ethyl acetate extraction, and each fraction was analyzed by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) and two-dimensional heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence (HMQC) spectroscopy. This aimed to investigate the occurrence of lignin–carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) during the conventional kraft pulping process. Employing ethanol as the reaction medium facilitated the bromination of 4-acetylguaiacol-[α-13C], resulting in a homogeneous reaction and significantly improving the yield of the brominated product to over 90%. Additionally, kraft pulping of the phenolic lignin model compound in the presence of xylose led to the occurrence of minor quantities of benzyl ether-type lignin–carbohydrate complex (LCC) structures, which were predominantly detected in the ethyl acetate extractive.
Optimizing the Vision and Mission of Schools in Learning Leadership Based on Action Learning Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Vision and mission are the ultimate goals that serve as guidelines for school activities and serve as the basis for the strength of quality service to students.However, many schools only make the vision and mission merely exist but do not become meaningful guidelines for the delivery of education.This study was aimed to describe and analyze the implementation of the vision and mission in school management.This research uses a qualitative approach with case studies.Leadership means the ability to influence, motivate, invite, and direct others to a predetermined goal.Leadership without subordinates has no meaning, otherwise, subordinates without leadership will be wild and perverted.Leadership is not just giving authority and authority from a leader to subordinates, but in giving that authority.
National Linkages and Ambiguous EU Approaches among European Civil Society Organizations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

During the last decade, the EU has had an explicit strategy to include civil society organizations (CSOs) in European public policy. However, the extent to which domestic CSOs are oriented towards the EU in their policy interests and strategies is influenced by various factors. This article examines to what extent and in what ways CSOs acknowledge the impact of the EU on their substantive policy agenda and under what conditions they would prioritise EU-level contacts and/or lobbying in their strategies. We are particularly interested in finding out which institutional linkages – if any – determine the extent to which domestic CSOs direct their policy activity towards the EU level. The article is based on a survey of 880 Swedish CSO’s as well as qualitative interviews with 17 CSOs within the policy areas of anti-discrimination, immigration and asylum in Sweden, United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The results show that although CSOs recognise the importance of the EU-level and also try to influence EU policy, their priorities and orientation are primarily directed towards the domestic level. From our empirical findings, we argue that in order to understand the limited Europeanization of CSOs, national dependency on financial support and to some extent formal embedding in national welfare systems are key factors. The findings indicate some differences between the organizations’ approaches, which to some extent can be attributed to policy area and organizational character. Policy areas with strong EU legislation implemented at national levels such as anti-discrimination seemingly underpins stronger linkages to local and national governments and thus less EU orientation.
Forage Yield and TDN by Cutting Time of Brittle Culm Rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This experiment was conducted to determine cutting time on the yield and nutritive value of brittle culm rice. Plant height and number of tiller were significantly different between variety and cutting time, and regrowth plant height and rate of regrowth tiller were tall and high at the early cutting. Early cutting increased crude protein, fat and NFE(Nitrogen free extract) content in the harvested foliage but crude fiber and ash content were decreased in the first cutting. Those of second cutting also showed reverse tendency. Fresh and dry matter yield were highest on heading date cutting, and those of KL501 were higher than those of Seomjinbyeo. TDN(Total digestible nutrients) content was higher with earlier cutting for initiated cutting, but that of second cutting was reversed. KL501 showed higher TDN content than Seomjinbyeo did at the any cutting time. TDN yield of heading date cutting was higher than that of the other cutting time.