jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
o-Lithiothiophenol equivalents. Generation, reactions and applications in synthesis of hindered thiolate ligands

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTo-Lithiothiophenol equivalents. Generation, reactions and applications in synthesis of hindered thiolate ligandsEric Block, Venkatachalam Eswarakrishnan, Michael Gernon, Gabriel Ofori-Okai, Chantu Saha, Kaluo Tang, and Jon ZubietaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 2, 658–665Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00184a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00184a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3284Altmetric-Citations133LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Effects of light transmittance on plant growth and root ginsenoside content of Panax notoginseng

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to provide a scientific basis for efficient and high-quality cultivation of medicinal crop Panax notoginseng, we examined the morphology, biomass accumulation and allocation, as well as root ginsenoside accumulation in P. notoginseng grown along artificial light gradients. Seeds and one-year-old rootstocks were firstly sowed in nursery bed. After the seedlings came out evenly, healthy seedlings were transplanted into five screen houses where light intensity was 22.3%, 11.8 %, 8.4%, 2.9% and 1.1% of full sunlight, respectively. The morphology, biomass accumulation and allocation, and ginsenoside content of P. notoginseng were analyzed during the harvest period. The results showed no significant differences of root, stem, and leaf biomass of P. notoginseng among 22.3% to 2.9% of full sunlig ht, but significant decrease under 1.1% of full sunlight. Under 1.1% of full sunlight, the root/shoot ratio and root/biomass ratio significantly decreased, but the stem/biomass ratio and leaf/biomass ratio increased. The biomass of two-year-old P. notoginseng showed no significant differences among 22.3%, 11.8%, 8.4% and 2.9% of full sunlight, but significant decrease under 1.1% of full sunlight. Root of one- and two-year-old P. notogi nseng grew vigorously under 11.8% of full sunlight. Ginsenoside content in one-year-old P. notoginseng reached a maximum value(w = 0.862%) under 22.3% of full sunlight, but the maximum value(w = 5.642%) of that in two-year-old P. notoginseng was under 8.4% of full sunlight. In conclusion, P. notoginseng is a typical shade-tolerant medicinal crop species; appropriate shading will facilitate its growth and ginsenoside accumulation; light intensity of about 10% of full sunlight is preferred for the production of P. notoginseng.
Inhibition of Zinc Dendrite Growth in Zinc‐Based Batteries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Zinc deposition and dissolution is a significant process in zinc‐based batteries. During this process, the formation of zinc dendrites is pervasive, which leads to the loss of efficiency and capacity of batteries. The continually growing dendrites will finally pierce the separator and cause the batteries to short circuit. Thus, employing effective methods to inhibit the formation and growth of zinc dendrites is vital for the practical application of zinc‐based batteries. This Minireview first clarifies the formation and growth principles of zinc dendrites. Then, the research and development of methods to solve the problem of zinc dendrites are reviewed, including ways to suppress the further formation and growth of dendrites as far as possible, to minimize the adverse effects of dendrites, along with ways to produce dendrite‐free deposition processes. The mechanisms, advantages, drawbacks, and perspectives of these methods are illustrated. Thus, this overview of these methods will aid understanding of the formation process of zinc dendrites and provide an extensive, comprehensive, and professional reference to resolve the problem of zinc dendrites completely.
Introducing development education in technical universities: successful experiences in Spain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents and analyses the main characteristics of successful experiences of Development Education (DE) introduced in two major Spanish Technical Universities (Technical University of Catalonia, TUC, and Technical University of Valencia, TUV) during the nineties and the beginning of the twenty-first century. In this paper, after a brief presentation of DE concept evolution and its links with sustainable development and education for sustainability, a classification of different instruments that the University uses to push DE activities is presented. This proposal is based on the conclusion of the Spanish Committee of University Co-operation for Development (CEURI), re-elaborated by the authors of this paper. After the overview of instruments, the main characteristics of four strategies developed in the two Universities referred to above are presented and discussed. These initiatives illustrate the feasibility and great potential of DE activities for introducing non-technical issues in engineering education. The initiatives highlighted are: Ethical codes such as the Ethical Code of the School of Industrial Engineers of the Technical University of Valencia; Training of faculty/lecturers and teaching innovation groups such the GREVOL group of Technical University of Valencia and the Interest Group of Collaborative Learning of the Technical University of Catalonia; Free elective courses in bachelor/master studies dedicated to international development aid and technology for human development as well as promotion of end of grade works and projects in the three universities; Student mobility programmes in coordination with technological-focused Non-Governmental Development Organisations, such as Engineering without Borders Spanish groups, which are present in the two universities.
Real Property, Spontaneous Order, and Norms in the Gold Mines

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article contributes to the current debate about why people follow the law even when they are not subject to legal sanctions, as when there are no police and little danger of a lawsuit. Most recent scholarship in this area takes the form of norms theories, suggesting that social norms rather than laws shape behavior and that deviations from the norm are punished by either social or internal sanctions. Robert Sugden, however, proposes that order may develop “spontaneously” in the many areas of life where abiding by the rules minimizes the risk of costly confrontations with others and is thus in the interest of all parties. When this is true, the threat of little or no sanctions plays no role in regulating behavior. This article tests Sugden's theory against a simple property system, that of the California gold mines, in which individual miners held small claims subject to strict work requirements. The evidence of eyewitnesses shows that the stability of the regime did not depend on norms, but on the reasonable prediction that other claim holders would themselves stand up for their rights under the local mining code. Disputes about the rules and their application were submitted to arbitrators, whose decisions were accepted by the parties and did not need to be enforced. The California experience thus provides an example of a stable property regime for which game theory has a more satisfying explanation than do any of the norms theories.
Routine Clinical Use

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The availability of a simple, sensitive, and rapid test using whole blood to facilitate processing and to reduce the turnaround time could improve the management of patients presenting with chest pain. The aim of this study was an evaluation of the Innotrac Aio! second-generation cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay. The Innotrac Aio! second-generation cTnI assay was compared with the Abbott AxSYM first-generation cTnI, Beckman Access AccuTnI, and Innotrac Aio! first-generation cTnI assays. We studied serum samples from 15 patients with positive rheumatoid factor but with no indication of myocardial infarction (MI). Additionally, the stability of the sample with different matrices and the influence of hemodialysis on the cTnI concentration were evaluated. Within-assay CVs were 3.2%–10.9%, and between-assay precision ranged from 4.0 % to 17.2 % for cTnI. The functional sensitivity (CV = 20%) and the concentration giving CV of 10 % were approximated to be 0.02 and 0.04, respectively. The assay was found to be linear within the tested range of 0.063–111.6 µg/L. The correlations between the second-generation Innotrac Aio!, Access, and AxSYM cTnI assays were good (r coefficients 0.947–0.966), but involved differences in the measured concentrations, and the biases were highest with cTnI at low concentrations. The second-generation Innotrac Aio! cTnI assay was found to be superior to
Synthesis of DNA in Toluene-Treated Chlamydomonas reinhardi

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Toluene-treated Chlamydomonas reinhardi incorporate deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) into DNA. Incorporation requires all four dNTPs, but requires neither ATP nor added DNA. The incorporation reaction is linear for nearly 20 min. The product of synthesis in treated cells is mainly chloroplast (β-component) DNA. However, a small quantity of nuclear (α-component) DNA is also synthesized. Synchronously grown cells are most efficient in dNTP incorporation at a time in the cell cycle when chloroplast DNA is normally replicated. Toluene treatment disrupts the internal morphology of the cell, but leaves the outer membrane of the chloroplast intact.
Phenetics of the subgenera and sections in the genus Oxytropis DC. (Fabaceae) bearing on ecology and phylogeny

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cluster analysis based on 50 quantitative alternative morphological characters was applied to 25 sections in the genus Oxytropis DC. It has mainly confirmed the division into subgenera and sections accepted by different authors. It reveals the affinity (not identity) between subgenera Traganthopsis Vass. and Triticaria Vass. (difference: 44%), and justifies the recognition of the section Chrysantha Vass. in the subgenus Oxytropis, as well as the recognition of the sections Dolichanthos Gontsch. and Mongolia F. C. Fu, the latter being related to the subgenus Ptiloxytropis Bunge. In addition, it has been shown that the divorce of the section Mesogaea Bunge from the Janthina Bunge section, and section Polyscapa Ulzij. from the type section Physoxytropis Bunge is unreasonable. These conclusions on phenetics are the guide indicators for a profound study of phylogeny influenced by ecology.
Initial Delayed Critical Configuration of SHEBA I and Subcritical Measurements by Californium Source-Driven Noise Analysis

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In September 1980, the initial delayed critical configuration of the Solution High-Energy Burst Assembly (SHEBA I) was assembled, and the US Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) staff performed near critical and subcritical measurements using the californium source-driven noise analysis (CSDNA) method at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) Critical Experiments Facility. An unreflected 56 cm outside diameter stainless-steel cylindrical tank was partially filled with uranyl fluoride solution (235U enrichment was 4.95 wt %) until delayed criticality was achieved. Then, measurements were performed for various fuel solution heights from delayed critical to 60% of the height required for delayed criticality. The stainless-steel tank had an inside diameter of 54.6 cm and a height of 105 cm and was partially (20–36.5 cm) filled with an aqueous solution of uranyl fluoride (with a density of 2.162 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). The density of the uranium in solution was 1.042 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, and the solution had a H/U atomic ratio of 20.43. The tank had a 6.35 mm wall thickness and an axial reentrant tube with an inside diameter of 6.02 cm and wall thickness of 0.165 cm. The tank was essentially unreflected on the top and sides because it was in a thin metal shed. The reactivity of the near–delayed critical configuration was −10.4 cents, which corresponds to a k<sub>eff</sub> value of 0.99922. In addition to the CSDNA measurements, the prompt neutron decay constants were determined from break frequency noise analysis (BNFA) measurements. The subcritical neutron multiplication factors from CSDNA and BFNA compared extremely well. These data can be used as the basis of International Nuclear Criticality Safety Evaluation benchmark for the near-critical configuration, and the k<sub>eff</sub> values at various subcritical configurations can be used as subcritical benchmarks. Furthermore, the measured prompt neutron decay constants can be used as reactor physics benchmarks. This report documents the experimental information for the measurements performed so that, at a later date, researchers could perform the required uncertainty and calculational analyses and documentation to use these data for an International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Program (ICSBEP) or Nuclear Energy Agency benchmarks. The measured prompt neutron decay constants can be used as the basis of a benchmark for the International Reactor Physics Evaluation Program (IRPhEP). The data from these measurements are available from the ORNL Records Management Services Department, and the logbook is available from ICSBEP at Idaho National Laboratory.
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book explores how ordinary people in the early modern period perceived, experienced and interpreted illness and how they dealt and coped with it in everyday life. In this sense, it is an attempt to write a history of medicine from the patient's or layperson's point of view.1 This approach to the writing of medical history is a comparatively recent undertaking.2 For a long time, medical historians were primarily interested in the 'great physicians' and their contributions to medical 'progress'. Patients usually appeared as little more than faceless inmates of medical institutions or as the collective target of public health policies. The sole major exceptions were famous patients – rulers and artists above all – whose diseases and causes of death frequently gave rise to lively debates. Since the mid-1980s, however, in the wake of renewed interest in the social history of medicine,3 historians widened the view to include patients' experience of disease and medical care. A number of studies have since produced valuable new insights.4 Even studies on the history of public health and medical institutions have come to accept the need to pay attention to the needs and experiences of patients.5
Reason and Revelation in Byzantine Antioch

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

What happened to ancient Greek thought after Antiquity? What impact did Abrahamic religions have on medieval Byzantine and Islamic scholars who adapted and reinvigorated this ancient philosophical heritage? Reason and Revelation in Byzantine Antioch tackles these questions by examining the work of the eleventh-century Christian theologian Abdallah ibn al-Fadl, who undertook an ambitious program of translating Greek texts, ancient and contemporary, into Arabic. Poised between the Byzantine Empire that controlled his home city of Antioch and the Arabic-speaking cultural universe of Syria-Palestine, Egypt, Aleppo, and Iraq, Ibn al-Fadl engaged intensely with both Greek and Arabic philosophy, science, and literary culture. Challenging the common narrative that treats Christian and Muslim scholars in almost total isolation from each other in the Middle Ages, Alexandre M. Roberts reveals a shared culture of robust intellectual curiosity in the service of tradition that has had a lasting role in Eurasian intellectual history
Impact of Board Structure and Process on Cooperative Performance

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Limited inquiry into cooperative governance and performance suggests that best practices from corporate governance literature may not apply uniformly to cooperatives. The rarely addressed issue of endogeneity limits confidence in recommendations for corporations and cooperatives alike. By accounting for the most commonly recognized sources of endogeneity, expectations of better performance by larger cooperatives with smaller boards are confirmed, while mixed evidence is obtained on effects of seating outside experts on the board and the board’s share of equity. A comprehensive understanding of implications of governance choices requires consideration of trade-offs between financial performance and effectively serving other needs of patron-members.
More Susceptible to Anergy Induction by Toxic Shock

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

To determine whether human CD4 � T cells undergo post-thymic maturation, we compared the susceptibility to anergy induction in human thymic CD1a � CD4 � single-positive (CD4 �), cord blood (CB) CD4 � , and adult peripheral blood (APB) CD4 � T cells by stimulation with toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Most TSST-1-induced T cell blasts derived from either T cell preparation expressed TCR V�2, which determines the potential reactivity to TSST-1. Most thymic CD4 � T cell blast preparations exhibited little or no production of IL-2 and IL-4 after restimulation with TSST-1 and only marginal responses after stimulation with rIL-2 or a combination of PMA and calcium ionophore, while the APB CD4 � T cell blasts showed high responses to these stimuli. The responses of CB CD4 � T cell blasts to these stimuli varied, ranging from minimal to relatively high. Studies of DNA fragmentation showed that there was no significant cell death of thymic CD4 � T cell blasts. Most thymic CD1a � CD4 � and CB CD4 � T cells were CD38 positive. APB CD4 � T cell blasts derived from the CD38 � fraction and from the CD38 � fraction exhibited equally high responses to restimulation with TSST-1. These results indicate that thymic CD1a � CD4 � and CB CD4 � T cells are inherently highly susceptible to anergy induction by bacterial superantigens and that thymic CD1a � CD4 � T cells are less mature than CB CD4 � T cells, suggesting that post-thymic maturation in thymic T cells migrating to the periphery is required for acquisition of full reactivity to antigenic stimulation.
Major nutrient uptake by weeds and crop in herbicide applied transplanted rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An experiment was conducted during kharif, 2013 and 2014 at Hyderabad with 14 treatments consisting of pre emergence application of pretilachlor 625 g, pyrazosulfuron 20 g and bensulfuron methyl 60g+pretilachlor 600 g at 3 DAT, penoxulam 22.5 g and cyhalofop-p-butyl 100 as early post emergence at 15 DAT, bispyribacsodium 25 g and pretilachlor 750 g their combinations with ethoxy sulfuron 18.75g, metsulfuron methyl+ chlorimuron ethyl 4g, azimsulfuron 35g, pyrazosulfuron 20 g ha-1 at 3DAT followed by hand weeding at 25 DAT, hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAT and weedy check in RBD replicated thrice. During both years of investigation, Significantly the higher nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake of crop was observed with T13 treatment (hand weeding twice at 25 and 45 DAT) and was comparable with T4 (pyrazosulfuron ethyl @ 20 g a.i. ha-1 at 3 DAT followed by manual weeding at 25 DAT), T12 (pretilachlor @ 750 g a.i. ha-1 as PE at 3 DAT followed by metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl @ 4 g a.i.ha-1 as PoE at 25 DAT) and T10 treatments (bispyribac sodium @ 20 g a.i. ha-1+ metsulfuron methyl + chlorimuron ethyl @ 4 g a.i. ha-1 as PoE at 25 DAT).
Design and Development of Handheld Solar Powered Air Quality Measurement using LoRa

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper discusses design and development of portable solar powered air quality measurement device using LoRa technology.It uses RTC and GPS which allows the system to identify when and where the data is been recorded.In this paper, main objective was to focus on making system selfpowering, along with displaying the measured quantities on the sensor node and sending to the receiver node.This work also focused on making a system which can measure indoor and outdoor AQI as well.It has been tested and verified with the data measured by "aqicn.org".It is a low power consumption device which can also be powered by a standard USB.The device is able to transmit the data up to 7 Kms with the RSSI of -128dBm in urban areas and can be deployed for measurement of AQI.The device can also be used as mobile AQI measurement device, as it is fitted with GPS and RTC through which it can determine when and where the AQI is good or bad.
Why some people do not get vaccinated against COVID‐19: Social‐cognitive determinants of vaccination behavior

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract It is puzzling that a sizeable percentage of people refuse to get vaccinated against COVID‐19. This study aimed to examine social psychological factors influencing their vaccine hesitancy. This longitudinal study traced a cohort of 2663 individuals in 25 countries from the time before COVID‐19 vaccines became available (March 2020) to July 2021, when vaccination was widely available. Multilevel logistic regressions were used to examine determinants of actual COVID‐19 vaccination behavior by July 2021, with country‐level intercept as random effect. Of the 2663 participants, 2186 (82.1%) had been vaccinated by July 2021. Participants' attitude toward COVID‐19 vaccines was the strongest predictor of both vaccination intention and subsequent vaccination behavior ( p < .001). Perceived risk of getting infected and perceived personal disturbance of infection were also associated with higher likelihood of getting vaccinated ( p < .001). However, religiosity, right‐wing political orientation, conspiracy beliefs, and low trust in government regarding COVID‐19 were negative predictors of vaccination intention and behavior ( p < .05). Our findings highlight the importance of attitude toward COVID‐19 vaccines and also suggest that certain life‐long held convictions that predate the pandemic make people distrustful of their government and likely to accept conspiracy beliefs and therefore less likely to adopt the vaccination behavior.
Typification and Current Taxonomic Position ofSenecio arnautorumVelen.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The name Senecio arnautorum Velen. is lectotypified with a herbarium specimen kept at PR. In most taxonomic works the taxon was considered synonymous with Senecio pancicii Degen or treated at infraspecific rank under the latter species. Careful examination of Velenovský's material revealed that S. arnautorum differs from S. pancicii and is identical to Jacobaea subalpina (W.D.J. Koch) Pelser & Veldk. (Senecio sub-alpinus W.D.J. Koch).