jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
From file sharing to social engineering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We describe a model of computer security that applies results from the statistical properties of graphs to human-computer systems. The model attempts to determine a safe threshold of interconnectivity in a human-computer system by ad hoc network analyses. The results can be applied to physical networks, social networks and networks of clues in a forensic analysis. Ac- cess control, intrusions and social engineering can also be discussed as graph- and information-theoretical relation- ships. Groups of users and shared objects, such as files or conversations, provide communication channels for the spread of both authorized and unauthorized information. We present numerical criteria for measuring the security of such systems and algorithms for finding the vulnerable points.
Optimum Process of Bacillus Subtilis of High Hydrostatic Pressure Inactivation in Food by Response Surface Methodology

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We found that the pressure, temperature and pressure holding time are believed to be the major factors for sterilizationof high hydrostatic pressure through the studies of the effects of external factors on Bacillus subtilis of high hydrostatic pressureinactivation. Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the process variables of there major factors.Result showed that the condition to sterilize Bacillus subtilis Of six log cycles such as temperature (31.10～59.03℃), pressure(435.23～562.21 MPa ), pressure holding time (10.11～19.53min ), and process parameter of ten groups were optimized, whichwas also verified experimentally.
Phytochemical Analyses for Antibacterial Activity and Therapeutic Compounds of Convolvulus arvensis L., Collected from the Salt Range of Pakistan

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Pharmaceutical world is currently facing a major issue of bacterial resistance against antibiotics. For the past few years, plants being an excellent source of phytochemicals have replaced many traditional antibacterial agents. Keeping this in view, the current study was conducted to detect the antibacterial activity and the presence of various phytochemicals in Convolvulus arvensis leaves and stem extracts.Methods: Eight different organic and aqueous extracts of Convolvulus arvensis L. (C. arvensis) leaves and stem were prepared and their antimicrobial activity against 13 clinically important bacterial species was investigated using the disc diffusion assay. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extracts of C. arvensis was performed using qualitative tests. Results: All the thirteen bacterial species tested in this study were found sensitive to the stem and leaf extracts of C. arvensis. Highest antimicrobial activity was observed against Escherichia coli while among all the extracts butanol extract was the most effective antimicrobial agent. Phytochemical analyses using organic and aqueous extracts confirmed the presence of various secondary plant metabolites of therapeutic value i.e. saponins, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, phlobatannins, cardiac glycosides and coumarins.Conclusion: Our results indicate that C. arvensis plant contains some phytochemicals with antimicrobial affects. These chemicals possess great potential to be used as advanced therapeutic compounds against broad range of pathogenic bacteria.
Improving institutional research ethics capacity assessments: lessons from sub-Saharan Africa

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The amount of biomedical research being conducted around the world has greatly expanded over the past 15 years, with particularly large growth occurring in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This increased focus on understanding and responding to disease burdens around the world has brought forth a desire to help LMIC institutions enhance their own capacity to conduct scientifically and ethically sound research. In support of these goals the Johns Hopkins-Fogarty African Bioethics Training Program (FABTP) has, for the past six years, partnered with three research institutions in Africa (University of Botswana, Makerere University in Uganda, and the University of Zambia) to support research ethics capacity. Each partnership began with a baseline evaluation of institutional research ethics environments in order to properly tailor capacity strengthening activities and help direct limited institutional resources. Through the course of these partnerships we have learned several lessons regarding the evaluation process and the framework used to complete the assessments (the Octagon Model). We believe that these lessons are generalizable and will be useful for groups conducting such assessments in the future.
Can Succinylcholine Antagonize Mivacurium-Induced Neuromuscular Block?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To the Editor: In patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity, administration of mivacurium during early recovery from succinylcholine block has no clinically significant effects on the duration of and spontaneous recovery from the mivacurium block [1]. We investigated the possible antagonistic action of succinylcholine when administered during early recovery from mivacurium neuromuscular block. In contrast with neostigmine, succinylcholine does not inhibit the in vitro degradation of mivacurium when incubated with human plasma [2]. Investigation was performed on 10 adult female patients undergoing minor gynecological procedures. The investigation was approved by our local committee on human research. Anesthesia was induced with propofol 2 mg/kg. Neuromuscular transmission was monitored by a Datex Relaxograph Monitor. The ulnar nerve was stimulated supramaximally at the wrist every 20 s, and the resulting electromyographic response was displayed. After induction of anesthesia, mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg was injected intravenously and the electromyographic response was recorded. When complete neuromuscular block was achieved, the trachea was intubated and anesthesia was maintained by N2 O:O2 (3:1). When the T4/T1 ratio recovered to 0.1, succinylcholine 0.75 mg/kg was injected intravenously and its effect on the mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block was observed. In all patients, mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg produced complete neuromuscular block. When the T4/T1 ratio recovered to 0.1, succinylcholine 0.75 mg/kg resulted in partial antagonism of the block. Further antagonism was achieved when administration of succinylcholine was repeated. Figure 1 depicts the antagonistic effect of succinylcholine on mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block in one of the patients.Figure 1: The electromyographic response to ulnar nerve stimulation in one of the patients showing the neuromuscular block achieved by mivacurium 0.15 mg/kg. Administration of repeated doses of succinylcholine 0.75 mg/kg resulted in antagonism of the block.Bush and Baraka [3] have shown in humans that succinylcholine can antagonize d-tubocurarine block, while Braga et al. [4] have shown in the cat that succinylcholine can antagonize vecuronium block. The present report shows that administration of succinylcholine during early recovery from mivacurium block can partially antagonize the block and enhance the rate of recovery. Anis Baraka, MD, FRCA Department of Anesthesiology American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
Identification and control of time-delay system with recurrent wavelet neural networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A recurrent wavelet neural network (RWNN) is introduced to realize identification and control of system with time delay. The identification is based on model type of nonlinear auto-regressive with exogenous inputs (NARX). The method incorporates the delayed massage of the system, the resulting model can give predictions to the object system. The wavelet-network-based identification model is used for online system identification, and the experiment result of predictive ship course predictive control proved the efficiency of the recurrent neural network model. The identification results are implemented in a control strategy and the simulation result shows the effectiveness of the proposed identification and control method.
Obesity Effects on Maximum Acceptable Weights of Lift

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The aim of this paper was to investigate the effects of obesity on the maximum acceptable weights of lift (MAWL) Two obesity levels were considered: non-obese (18.5 kg/m 2 ≤BMI≤24.9 kg/m 2 ) and extremely obese (BMI≥ 40 kg/m 2 ). Each obesity level had 10 male participants. The participants determined their MAWL for 18 different lifting task conditions (6 lifting frequencies × 3 lifting heights). An ANOVA was conducted to determine the effects of obesity level, lifting height, lifting frequency and their interactions on MAWL. In general, the ANOVA results revealed that obesity does not reduce MAWL. This indicates that there may not be a need to develop new psychophysical lifting limits for the obese worker population. However, in order to develop comprehensive lifting limit guidelines for the obese worker population, future studies should investigate the biomechanical and physiological based lifting tolerance limits for them.
Making the most of missing transverse energy: Mass reconstruction from collimated decays

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

At hadron colliders invisible particles χ can be inferred only through observation of the transverse component of the vectorial sum of their momenta—missing ET or missing transverse energy (MET)—preventing reconstruction of the masses of their mother particles. Here we outline situations where prior prejudice about the event kinematics allows one to make the most of MET by decomposing it into its expected sum of transverse contributions, each of which may be promoted to a full four-momentum approximating the associated χ. Such prejudice arises when all χ in the event are expected to be light and (anti-)parallel to a visible object, due to spin correlations, back-to-back decays or boosted decays. We focus on the last of these, with boosted semi-invisibly decaying neutralinos widely motivated in supersymmetry (in the presence of light gravitinos, singlinos, photini or pseudo-Goldstini), and demonstrate our simple method’s ability to reconstruct sharp mass peaks from the MET decomposition.
Damselflies of Texas

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

On any warm summer day, you can easily observe damselflies around a vegetated pond or the rocks along the banks of a stream. Like the more familiar dragonfly, damselflies are among the most remarkably distinctive insects in their appearance and biology, and they have become one of the most popular creatures sought by avocational naturalists. Damselflies of Texas is the first field guide dedicated specifically to the species found in Texas. It covers 77 of the 138 species of damselflies known in North America, making it a very useful guide for the entire United States. Each species account includes: illustrations of as many forms (male, female, juvenile, mature, and color morphs) as possible common and scientific names, with pronunciation distribution map key features identifying characteristics discussion of similar species status in Texas habitat, seasonality, and general comments In addition to photographing damselflies in the wild, the author and illustrator have developed a new process for illustrating each species by scanning preserved specimens and digitally painting them. The resulting illustrations show detail that is not visible in photographs. The book also contains chapters on damselfly anatomy, life history, conservation, names, and photography, as well as a list of species that may eventually be discovered in Texas, state and global conservation rankings, seasonality of all species in chronological order, and additional resources and publications on the identification of damselflies.
Correlation of Electrochemical Characteristics with Structural, Optical, and Electrical Properties in Tungsten-Doped Li4Ti5O12 Anodes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Tungsten (W) doping boosts electrochemical performance of the lithium titanate (LTO) anode accredited to varied fundamental features, i.e, crystalline and electronic structures and electronic/ionic conductivities. W6+ induces partial reduction of Ti4+ ions to Ti3+ owing to increased conduction electrons/energy levels, causing a reduced band gap of LTO and increased room-temperature electronic conductivity to a maximum of 1.3 × 10–6 S cm–1 for an optimal W concentration of x ∼0.15. An improved room-temperature Li-ion conductivity/diffusivity of 6.5 × 10–8 S cm–1/1.6 × 10–12 cm2s–1 for x ∼0.15 is owed to increased lattice spacing on the substitution of W6+ at Ti4+ octahedral sites. Temperature-dependent impedance over 25–300 °C depicts increases in ionic and electronic conductivities from 10–8 to 10–4 S cm–1 and 10–8 to 10–6 S cm–1, respectively. Activation energies Ea of 0.48–0.50 eV for both undoped and doped LTOs illustrate the same conduction mechanism of Li ions through 8a-16c-8a pathways. Electrochemical characteristics improve in correlation to the type of dopant, doping concentration, substitutional site of dopant, resulting structural variations, and varying electronic/ionic conductivities and conduction mechanisms.
Novel structural tree of β-proteins containing abcd units

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A database of 528 β-proteins and β-domains containing abcd units, including 244 nonhomologous ones, was compiled from the Protein Data Bank (total 1511 PDB entries). A novel structural tree of this class of proteins was constructed to include 153 possible polypeptide chain folds. A structural classification of β-proteins containing abcd units was proposed on the basis of the tree. The database and the structural tree are available at http://strees.protres.ru/.
Real-time measurement of the average temperature profiles in liquid cooling using digital holographic interferometry

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present an alternative optical method to estimate the temperature during the cooling process of a liquid using digital holographic interferometry (DHI). We make use of phase variations that are linked to variations in the refractive index and the temperature property of a liquid. In DHI, a hologram is first recorded using an object beam scattered from a rectangular container with a liquid at a certain reference temperature. A second hologram is then recorded when the temperature is decreased slightly. A phase difference between the two holograms indicates a temperature variation, and it is possible to obtain the temperature value at each small point of the sensed optical field. The relative phase map between the two object states is obtained simply and quickly through Fourier-transform method. Our experimental results reveal that the temperature values measured using this method and those obtained with a thermometer are consistent. We additionally show that it is possible to analyze the heat-loss process of a liquid sample in dynamic events using DHI.
Scavenging of benzodiazepine drugs from water using dual-functionalized silica nanoparticles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This study introduces newly developed dual functionalized silica nano-particles (DFSNPs) for drug analysis. DFSNPs were used to extract and pre-concentrate benzodiazepine drugs from water samples. This technique is based on the dispersion of 100 nm diameter silica nanoparticles bi-functionalized by octadecyl and glycidoxy in water samples to extract the benzodiazepines without the use of hand or mechanical agitation. First, uniform spherical silica nanoparticles with a diameter of 100 nm were prepared via a sol–gel process using an appropriate catalyst, solvent and precursor concentration. The prepared silica nanoparticles were subsequently treated with silane coupling agents octadecyltrichlorosilane and glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (3GPTS) to immobilise both octadecyl and glycidoxy functional groups. The attachment of 3GPTS to the surface of the silica nanoparticles after hydrolysis improved the surface hydrophilicity and consequently increased the dispersion of the particles in water samples. The dual-functionalised nanoparticles were then used to extract and pre-concentrate chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, fludiazepam, nitrazepam and tetrazepam. The results showed that the recovery percentage depends primarily on the pH and the contact time. The recoveries ranged from 62 to 99% with an equilibration time of 45 min.
The influence of delay elimination communication on the prevalence of primary nocturnal enuresis—a survey from Mainland China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims A pilot survey shows that primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE) prevalence has increased significantly during the past decade in Mainland China. Whether it is related to the delay of elimination communication (EC) is unclear. This study retrospectively investigated the influence of delayed EC on the PNE prevalence in children and adolescents in mainland China. Methods A cross‐sectional study of PNE prevalence was performed by distributing 19 500 anonymous self‐administered questionnaires to parents in five provinces of mainland China from July 2017 to October 2017. The questionnaires included sociodemographic data, family caregivers’ information, and details about the disposable diapers (DD) usage, EC commencement date, psychological disorders, lower urinary tract symptoms, and family history of PNE in children and adolescents. The 2017 PNE prevalence was compared with that of 2006 in Mainland China. Results The total response rate was 97.04% (18 631 of 19 500) and 92.39% (18 016 of 19 500) qualified for statistical analysis. The PNE prevalence in 2017 has increased significantly compared to that of 2006 (7.30% vs 4.07%, P < 0.001). The PNE prevalence in children with EC starting before 6 months of age was significantly lower than those who start after 12 months of age. The longer DD were used and the later the beginning of EC, the higher the PNE prevalence was found. Conclusions The PNE prevalence in Mainland China has increased significantly during the past 10 years. A longer use of DD and later onset of EC may be risk factors for PNE.
Accumulation of giant heterogeneous RNA molecules in acute myeloid leukemia blast cells.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Time course and "chase" experiments showed that, after incubation of acute myeloid leukemia blast cells with a labeled RNA precursor, a large proportion of radioactivity remained associated with RNA molecules larger than 45 S even after several hr. Double-labeling experiments with [5-3H]uridine and [methyl-14C]methionine indicated that unmethylated giant heterogeneous RNA larger than 45 S is processed much more slowly than the 45 S ribosomal precursor, so that relatively large amounts of fairly stable RNA of the former class accumulate in the cell. The measurement of labeled giant heterogeneous RNA molecules bound to polyuridylate-fiberglass filters showed that molecules carrying polyadenylate segments seemingly turn over faster than those lacking polyadenylate.
The Potential of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) as a Therapeutic Target for Lung Associated Diseases

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a multi-ligand pattern recognition receptor that is highly expressed in lung epithelial cells. It helps alveolar epithelial cells to maintain their morphology and specific architecture. However, in various pathophysiological conditions, pulmonary tissues express a supraphysiological level of RAGE and its ligands including advanced glycation end products, high mobility group box 1 proteins, and S100 proteins. On interaction with RAGE, these ligands stimulate downstream signaling that generates inflammation and oxidative stress leading to asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancers, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, acute lung injury, pneumonia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, cystic fibrosis, and sepsis. Thus, pharmacological agents that can either suppress the production of RAGE or block its biological activity would offer promising therapeutic value against pathogenesis of the aforementioned lungassociated diseases. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the recent progress made in defining the functions of RAGE in lung-associated diseases.
Detection of Structural Changes in Tachogram Series for the Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation Events

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Atrial Fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. It naturally tends to become a chronic condition, and chronic Atrial Fibrillation leads to an increase in the risk of death. The study of the electrocardiographic signal, and in particular of the tachogram series, is a usual and effective way to investigate the presence of Atrial Fibrillation and to detect when a single event starts and ends. This work presents a new statistical method to deal with the identification of Atrial Fibrillation events, based on the order identification of the ARIMA models used for describing the RR time series that characterize the different phases of AF (pre-, during, and post-AF). A simulation study is carried out in order to assess the performance of the proposed method. Moreover, an application to real data concerning patients affected by Atrial Fibrillation is presented and discussed. Since the proposed method looks at structural changes of ARIMA models fitted on the RR time series for the AF event with respect to the pre- and post-AF phases, it is able to identify starting and ending points of an AF event even when AF follows or comes before irregular heartbeat time slots.
MH hotline for farmers, ranchers debuts in Wyoming

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A mental health hotline in Wyoming, the AgriStress Helpline, is staffed 24/7, similar to the National Suicide Prevention Hotline, NPR Northern Carolina reported Sept. 5. The difference is, if a farmer or rancher calls, they're going to get a response from someone who's trained to help agricultural workers. Tara Haskins, DPN, RN, is the mental health lead for AgriSafe, the organization running the hotline. She said stressors for rural agricultural workers are different from those of the general public. “Ag work is hard. A lot of long hours. A lot of sleep loss,” Haskins said. “The work is always there. Many times they're looking out the window of their home, and they're looking at their work all the time.” AgriSafe is piloting the help line in Wyoming and several other states and plans to expand it across the country. Other assistance programs have launched in recent years to help rural producers in the region, especially in Colorado and New Mexico. They're responding to high suicide rates in the Mountain states and among agricultural workers.