jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Using an Option Pricing Approach to Evaluate Strategic Decisions in a Rapidly Changing Climate: Black–Scholes and Climate Change

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Nature provides critical ecosystem services on which society and businesses rely, but the effort and cost of utilizing those services can change with the climate. Both climatic trend and variance affect these efforts and costs, creating a complex decision space where uncertain future predictions are the rule. Here, we show how these problems mimic option payoffs and demonstrate a modified version of the Black–Scholes option pricing formula (widely used in finance) to analyze these types of business-climate decisions. We demonstrate the method by (1) examining the viability of building ice roads in the Northwest Territories of Canada, where a strong negative warming trend is underway, and (2) applying it to the problem of the ongoing California drought, estimating expected water costs with and without storage. The method is novel and provides a simple and accessible way to make such assessments to at least a first-order approximation. While our focus here is on business situations where decisions are usually based on money, we suggest that a similar approach could be used beyond the business world in examining risk and attributing that risk to climate variance vs. trend.
Suppl fig 5 from Simultaneous Targeting of FcγRs and FcαRI Enhances Tumor Cell Killing

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

<p>PMN-mediated cytotoxicity is not increased by the combination of IgG and IgA against two targets. (A) Pooled data (8 donors) from ADCC assays were performed using purified PMNs isolated by Ficoll/Histopaque separation and A431-HER2 target cells either with cetuximab, or IgA2-HER2 or both mAbs (Mean {plus minus} SEM). (B) Maximal specific lysis plotted from eight donors (median, box extends from the 25th to 75th percentiles, whiskers to min and max; ***: p<0.001; ANOVA, Tukey's multiple comparison test).</p>
Intestinal uptake of macromolecules. III. Studies on the mechanism by which immunization interferes with antigen uptake.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The mechanism(s) whereby immunization interferes with the intestinal absorption of macromolecules has been examined. After repeated intraperitoneal injection of protein antigens emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant into rats, everted gut sacs from these animals and controls were exposed to radiolabeled antigen in vitro. There was a significant decrease in absorption of antigen by gut sacs from immunized rats as compared to control rats. On further analysis, it was found that, in contrast to controls, gut sacs from immunized rats showed an increased initial adsorption of labeled antigen. Furthermore, gut sacs from immunized rats showed enhanced breakdown of labeled antigen on prolonged incubation. Following incubation, gut sacs were rinsed and the amount of radioactivity eluted was determined. More radioactivity was present in the first rinse fluid of gut sacs from immunized rats than in rinse fluid from controls. On density gradient ultracentrifugation of the former fluids, radioactivity was localized in the middle or bottom of the gradient, whereas radioactivity in the latter fluids was located at the top of the gradient. The rapidly sedimenting labeled antigen was co-precipitated in the reaction of rabbit anti-rat IgG1 and IgG1 protein, suggesting the presence of antigen-IgG1 antibody complexes in the rinse fluid. These findings suggest that in vitro, antigen becomes rapidly associated with antibodies present on the surface of the gut. Formation of antigen-antibody complexes seems to prevent binding of antigen to and subsquent pinocytosis by the intestinal epithelial cells. Antigen-antibody complexes retained in the muous coat of the gut may be degraded by local proteases. The findings in this study suggest an additional role for antibodies present on mucosal surfaces, i.e., protection against absorption of ingested proteins which have escaped normal digestion in the intestinal lumen.
Application of Modal Superposition Technique in the Fatigue Analysis Using Local Approaches

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The fatigue analysis of materials and structural details using local approaches, such as, stress-life, strain-life or energetic approaches, are important to estimate the fatigue crack initiation at notches. Various engineering structures, such as, bridges, wind towers, among others are subjected to cyclic dynamic loading which may substantially reduce the strength of these structures. Nowadays, the structures tend to be more complex and it is necessary to find computationally efficient solutions to perform their fatigue analysis, for dynamic actions corresponding to long complex loading events (e.g. diversity of trains crossing a bridge). Thus, this paper aims at presenting a generalization of a methodology based on modal superposition technique for local fatigue damage parameters evaluation, which could be applied in fatigue analysis using local approaches. This technique was applied recently in the context of fracture mechanics based fatigue crack propagation. But the modal superposition technique can be extended to compute the history of local notch stresses and deformations at notches. In addition, the technique can be explored for the case of local confined plasticity at notches where global elastic behavior of the component still prevails. Local submodeling can be explored with this technique to avoid the necessity of large computational models. Local models are only required to be run only for the selected modal shapes of the structure, the local time history of fatigue damage variable being reconstructed by modal superposition for each loading event.
‘A maner Latyn corrupt’: Chaucer and the Absent Religions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay examines two egregious moments in the Canterbury Tales at which Christian identity comes under scrutiny and attack from non-Christians: firstly, in the Jewish–Christian encounter of the Prioress's Tale, and secondly in the triptych of faith communities, of Christian Rome, Saracen Syria and pagan Northumbria, envisaged in the Man of Law's Tale. My title, referring to ‘absent religion’, does not simply suggest that Jews, Muslims and pagans were absent from Chaucer's London. Rather, ‘absent religion’ refers to the practice of non- Christian religion as represented in these stories, as ciphers of Christianity, within Chaucerian poetics, the larger project of the Canterbury Tales and Chaucerian criticism more generally. I am not primarily concerned with asking ‘What did the terms “Jew” and “Muslim” mean to medieval people?’ Instead, I am asking ‘What do the terms “Jew” and “Muslim” mean within the Canterbury Tales?’
Use of High-Frequency AC Voltammetry To Study Kinetics of Physical Adsorption at Mercury Ultramicroelectrodes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Adsorption kinetics of small organic molecules was studied by ac voltammetry with mercury ultramicroelectrodes in the frequency range 0.22−6.25 MHz. It was found that the activation energy of the adsorption process can be expressed as a linear combination of the electrical component of the standard free energy of adsorption (a major contribution) and the energy of lateral interactions (a minor contribution). The results suggest that, during the adsorption process, work against an electrical field must be performed before excess energy (due to the change in the hydrophobic interactions) is released. The final state is reached by a rotational and translational motion of the surfactant molecule. At the zero charge potential the rate constant reaches the maximum value of (4.6 ± 0.3) × 109 s-1. This value indicates that the viscosity of interfacial water at mercury near the zero charge potential is about 1.7 times higher than the bulk viscosity.
Normativity of cooperation in theater classes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article proposes the distinction and pedagogical treatment of elements of normativity acting in the practice of theatrical exercises and games in the planning and conduction of theater classes in schools, particularly in situations where joint attention and cooperation operate. The initial intentions of this approach are to increase the investigative quality of these classes, with the consequent improvement in the specification of the contents worked on, and the constitution of resistance actions and concrete answers to some argumentative elements present in politically reactionary proposals in Brazil, more active since the year of 2016 and consolidated in the 2018 elections.
624. A Single Neonatal Delivery of an Exon 2 Directed AAV9.U7snRNA Vector Results in Long-Term Dystrophin Expression That Prevents Pathologic Features in the Dup2 Mouse

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We recently identified an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) within exon 5 of the DMD gene. Mutations that truncate the reading frame 5' of this exon can result in use of the IRES for alternate translational initiation beginning within exon 6 that results in expression of an N-truncated isoform. Despite lacking the calponin homology domain 1 (CH1) of the actin binding domain 1 (ABD1), this isoform is highly functional, as demonstrated by the minimal symptoms in patients who express it. Consistent with genotype-phenotype correlations in DMD patients, the IRES is not active in the presence of exon 2 duplication but is active when exon 2 is deleted. We developed an AAV9.U7snRNA vector to that truncates DMD reading frame by skipping of exon 2, and have shown that in a Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) mouse model carrying a duplication of exon 2 (the Dup2 mouse), postnatal intramuscular (IM) or intravascular (IV) treatment results in functional and pathologic improvement in skeletal muscle. Relevant to efforts to identify and treat DMD patients at an earlier age, we sought here to determine whether earlier gene transfer might slow down or even prevent the development of pathology. Dup2 mice were injected via facial vein at postnatal day 1 (P1) with 1E12 total vector genomes of the AAV9.U7snRNA vector and sacrificed at either 1, 3, 6, or 12 months post-injection for evaluation of exon 2 skipping by RT-PCR, quantification of dystrophin expression, and characterization of histopathology. To model the applicability of this approach beyond exon 2 duplication patients, the same vector was used to treat 6 human patient fibroblast-derived transdifferentiated myoblasts (FibroMyoD cells) harboring various mutations within exons 1 to 4. In the Dup2 mouse, efficient skipping and abundant dystrophin expression were present up to one year following the single AAV injection. Dystrophic pathology was absent at all-time points; at one year, less than 1% of fibers showed central nucleation, in comparison to ~70% in untreated Dup2 mice. Two tests on the ex vivo diaphragm preparations: isometric force (providing assessment of strength), and eccentric contractions (evaluating sarcolemma stability) were performed at 3 and 6 months following P1 injection. Both tests demonstrated little to no difference between treated animals and wild type mice. In all FibroMyoD cultures, abundant exon 2 skipping and dystrophin expression were detected in myotubes at 14 days of culture after treatment. These results suggest that this exon-skipping vector offers a therapeutic approach not only to patients with exon 2 duplications but with all mutations within the first four DMD exons (~6% of patients), an area of the gene largely ignored by the current therapeutic approaches. This work strongly supports the idea that early treatment of these patients will have longstanding and significant benefit resulting in a better outcome.
Assessing organizational context in team-based organizations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Time to market, product quality, and product complexity are key organizational drivers. Many organizations have responded to these pressures by creating teams. While teams provide the right mix of personnel to respond to business and technical challenges faced by the organization, many organizations have failed to adjust their organizational processes, culture, and systems to create a context where teams can thrive. Identifying the key changes needed to support teams can be a daunting task. The ultimate goal of this research is the development of a tool that will allow organizational leaders to gain a better understanding of what organizational factors should be considered in designing an environment that will enable teams to perform at an optimal level. Previous research findings and semi-structured interviews of organizational leaders were used to develop a framework for studying these organizational processes, culture, and systems. A survey was developed to measure these different characteristics of the parent organization. Findings from the initial interviews and a pilot study utilizing the survey are summarized.
The effect of dietary pH and phosphorus source on performance, gastrointestinal digesta, bone characteristics and body composition in weanling pigs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Crossbred pigs (n=144, avg age and weight - 28 ± 3 d, 7.5 kg) were used in two 6 wk trials to assess the effects of dietary pH and phosphorus source on performance, gastrointestinal digesta pH and chloride ion concentration (Cl⁻), bone characteristics and body composition. Pigs were blocked according to weight within sex and litters were balanced across groups. Treatments were randomly allotted within blocks to a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with three dietary pH levels (5.4, 6.0 and 6.7) and two phosphorus sources: dicalcium phosphate (DCP) and defluorinated phosphate (DFP). Pigs fed the pH 6.7 diet had reduced average daily gain (ADG, P < .01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI, P < .001) during wk 1-3 and overall compared with pigs fed the pH 6.0 diet, but ADG and ADFI were not effected when the pH 5.4 diet was fed. There was a dietary pH by phosphorus source interaction (P < .05) for ADFI. DCP fed pigs had increased ADFI as dietary pH was reduced from 6.7 to 5.4, but DFP fed pigs had similar ADFI as dietary pH decreased from 6.0 to 5.4, and decreased ADFI as dietary pH increased from 6.0 to 6.7. Dietary pH had little influence on F:G, and phosphorus source had little effect on either ADG, ADFI or F:G. \n\nDietary pH did not influence the pH and Cl⁻ of the digesta for any gastro-intestinal section measured, except the Cl⁻ in the stomach; both pH 5.4 and 6.7 fed pigs had a higher (P < .01) Cl⁻ than the pH 6.0 fed pigs. Only shear force of the fourth metacarpal and specific gravity of the fourth metatarsal were increased (P < .01) for pigs fed the DCP compared with DFP diets. Neither dietary pH nor phosphorus source influenced backfat or loin muscle area. \n\nThese results suggest that maintaining the acidifity of the diet during the first 3 wk after weaning at 28 d of age is important with the primary response seen in ADFI. Varying dietary pH from 5.4 to 6.7 had little or no effect on gastrointestinal digesta characteristics, bone development and body composition.
Power Forward Performance in Semimartingale Markets with Stochastic Integrated Factors

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study the forward investment performance process (FIPP) in an incomplete semimartingale market model with closed and convex portfolio constraints, when the investor's risk preferences are of the power form. We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of such FIPP. In a semimartingale factor model, we show that the FIPP can be recovered as a triplet of processes which admit an integral representation with respect to semimartingales. Using an integrated stochastic factor model, we relate the factor representation of the triplet of processes to the smooth solution of an ill-posed partial integro-differential Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman (HJB) equation. We develop explicit constructions for the class of time-monotone FIPPs, generalizing existing results from Brownian to semimartingale market models.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Two Stay Two Stray (TSTS) Dalam Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Pada Mata Kuliah Bimbingan dan Konseling Mahasiswa PGSD

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine whether the application of the Two Stay Two Stray (TS-TS) cooperative learning method can increase Learning Motivation in the guidance and counseling course of PGSD campus V Parepare students at UNM. The research approach used in this research is qualitative. Type of classroom action research. The data analysis technique used qualitative data analysis which was analyzed descriptively. Data collection techniques using observation. This research consisted of two cycles, namely cycle I and cycle II. Based on the acquisition of the observation value in the first cycle, it was found that 65.69% of students' learning motivation in the guidance and counseling course was in a sufficient category. Meanwhile, the percentage of lecturers' success in teaching was 66.6% and it was in a sufficient category. In the second cycle student learning motivation in the guidance and counseling subject was 76.54% in the good category. In the aspect of the lecturer, data was obtained that the percentage of lecturers' success in teaching was 87.87% and was in a good category. So it can be concluded that the application of the cooperative learning model type two stay two strays (TSTS) can increase student motivation to learn in the guidance and counseling course of PGSD Campus V Parepare UNM students.
Metamorphic Evolution of the Archean Supracrustal Rocks from the Qingyuan Area of the Northern Liaoning Terrane, North China Craton: Constrained Using Phase Equilibrium Modeling and Monazite Dating

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Archean supracrustal rocks from the Qingyuan area of the northern Liaoning terrane, the North China Craton, occur as enclaves or rafts of various scales within tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) domes. They were normally subjected to metamorphism at amphibolite facies with locally granulite facies. We collected biotite two-feldspar gneiss from the Hongtoushan of the Qingyuan area and conducted petrography, mineral chemistry, phase equilibrium modeling and monazite dating to reveal its metamorphic evolution. The peak condition was constrained to be 750–775 °C at ~7 kbar based on the stability of the inferred peak mineral assemblage and mineral compositions including the pyrite and grossular contents in the garnet core, and XMg in biotite. The final condition was constrained to be ~700 °C at ~6 kbar on the solidus based on the presence of muscovite in the final assemblage. The post-peak near-isobaric cooling process was consistent with the core→rim decreasing pyrite content in garnet. Monazite dating yielded a metamorphic age of ~2.50 Ga for the sample, coeval with the final magmatism of TTGs in the terrane. By combining other geological features, we suggest a vertical sagduction process to be responsible for the metamorphic evolution of the Qingyuan area. This process may be correlated with Archean mantle plume.
Whipple's Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT. A case of Whipple's disease involving the small intestine, bone marrow and peripheral lymph nodes diagnosed one year after the initial arthritic symptoms by peroral jejunal biopsy and rapidly responding to treatment with sulphamethoxa‐zole‐trimethoprim, is described. The effectiveness of therapy was monitored by clinical evaluation of the patient's condition, repeated intestinal biopsies, determination of body weight, faecal lipid excretion and haematological values. Clear‐cut clinical remission was induced promptly; and after nine months' treatment, the patient was in perfect health. The drug was well tolerated and folate deficiency did not occur. After four months of antibiotic therapy, bacterial capsular remnants could still be demonstrated in the bone marrow aspirate. The characteristic small bowel mucosal PAS‐positive macrophages, visualized in the jejunal biopsy specimens, persisted in reduced number after nine months of treatment.
Distribution and abundance of colonies of selected meliponine species in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The goal of this study was to assess territoriality and foraging home ranges for stingless bee species; and to develop methods for censusing stingless bee colonies. Colonies of two meliponine bee species, Trigona corvina Cockerell and Trigona amalthea Vachal, were censused using carrion and honey baits. Trigona corvina and Trigona amalthea are dispersed in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest (La Selva) so that foraging ranges of the colonies are non-overlapping. The nest density was c . 0.25 ha −1 for T. amalthea and 1.0 ha −1 for T. corvina . T. corvina visited carrion baits exclusively, while T. amalthea visited both carrion and honey baits. The identities of T. amalthea colonies were confirmed using a nestmate recognition assay. Partamona peckolti Friese, Plebeia frontalis Friese, and T. fulviventris Guerin also appeared at the baits. The reliability of baiting to determine colony abundance and distribution is assessed.
Papillary glioneuronal tumor--a new variant of benign mixed brain neoplasm.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a case of a 14-year-old girl with papillary glioneuronal tumor (PGNT) in right parietal lobe. On MRI the tumor presented as a contrast enhancing mass with small central hypodense area and consisted of areas similar to central neurocytoma intermixed with vessels surrounded with glial cells. There were also small loose areas superficially reminding DNT. Neurocytic component presented strong synaptophysin immunostaining, while intermixed glial element presented GFAP-immunopositivity. Our case is similar to previously reported PGNT, but an important difference lies in not distinct cystic formation and a presence of loose, edematous tissue. PGNT may be regarded as a variant of ganglioglioma or as a complex variant of extraventricular neurocytoma and belongs to a wide group of benign, dysembryoplastic or even hamartomatous neuroepithelial tumors, which may differentiate into both, glial or neuronal direction: pleomorphic astrocytoma may posses neurocytic differentiation, desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma may be regarded as complex superficial dural astrocytoma and DNT may present gliomatous areas (complex DNT). Also other rare tumors reminding DNT have been reported: DNT-like neoplasm of septum pellucidum and rosetted glioneuronal tumor. From this point of view it is important to remember that such a wide spectrum may be difficult to discriminate into very narrow clinico-pathological entities.