jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
188-LB: Association between Age at Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes and Hospitalization for Heart Failure (HHF)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The relation between age at T2D diagnosis and HHF is unclear. We conducted a population-based cohort study to examine the association between age at diagnosis of T2D and incident HHF in Ontario, Canada. Methods: Using administrative health databases, we identified people with new-onset T2D between April 1, 2005 and March 31, 2015. We matched each person to 3 other people without diabetes according to birth year and sex. We excluded any people with prior HHF. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HR) for the association between age at T2D diagnosis and incident HHF (followed up until March 31, 2020). Results: Among 743,053 individuals with T2D and 2,199,539 matches, 126,241 incident HHF events occurred (median follow-up 8.9 years). T2D was associated with a greater adjusted hazard of HHF at younger ages (e.g., HR at age 30 years: 5.71, 95% CI: 5.46-5.96; Figure: Model 1) than at older ages (e.g., HR at age 60 years: 2.51, 2.46-2.55). Additional adjustment for recognized mediators (hypertension, coronary artery disease, chronic kidney disease) marginally attenuated this relation (Figure: Model 2). Conclusion: Younger age at T2D diagnosis is independently associated with a disproportionately elevated risk of HHF relative to age-matched individuals without T2D. This relation may be substantially mediated by novel mechanisms that are inadequately understood. Disclosure C. Ke: Advisory Panel; Sanofi, Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca, Abbott. B. R. Shah: None. J. Echouffo tcheugui: None. Funding National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL153774 to J.E.T.); University of Toronto (to B.R.S.)
PREVALENCE OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND VIRULENCE DETERMINANT OF SALMONELLAE ISOLATED FROM POTABLE WATER

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The safety of drinking water in an urban city has been challenging since decades. Salmonellae are the enteric pathogens which survive even in treated drinking water. The pathogen harbors invA signature gene responsible for the virulence. Upon infection with Salmonellae, frequent antimicrobial therapy has lead the emergence of drug- resistant strains. The present paper aims to isolate and characterize drug resistant virulent isolates of Salmonellae from drinking water. We have collected drinking water from Gwalior, an important city of Northern India. Out of the five sites, three sites were contaminated with Salmonellae harboring invA gene. All the isolates from sites were resistant against at least 2 antimicrobials. Isolates from site 1, site 2 and site 5 were intermediates (reduced susceptibility) to different antimicrobials. These indicate possibilities of emergence of resistant strains in future. Our observation indicates the presence of drug-resistant isolates in drinking water of Gwalior. This has immense importance for microbial risk assessment.
The Effect of Compost Type, Application Rate, and Maturity on Nutrient Leaching and Soil Nutrient Levels

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The application of compost to agricultural soils can increase nutrient leaching, causing several environmental problems. Conversely, proper management of compost application can reduce environmental risks. Agronomical trials were conducted in greenhouses in Morocco to compare the effects of varying compost application rates, types, and maturity, as well as the number of growing days, on nutrient availability and nitrate leaching in a loamy sandy soil. Additionally, the study examined the impacts of these factors on soil physical and chemical characteristics. The compost used in this study was derived from a combination of two cost-effective materials, municipal waste, and poultry manure. Tomato plants were cultivated in pots amended with compost over a period of 65 days. The soils were treated with eight composts (plus a control) obtained from municipal solid waste (MSW) mixed with poultry manure (PM) at two ratios, 3:2 and 2:3 weight weight−1 (ww−1) (C1 and C2, respectively), used at two different ages (105 days and 173 days) and at two doses (32.5 g pot−1 and 65 g pot−1, equivalent to 40 Mg ha−1 and 80 Mg ha−1). Two simulated leaching events (the first after planting and the second at harvest) were performed. The concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) in leachate varied with the number of growing days and increased in the leachate of the non-amended soil after planting. At both sampling times, compost C1, aged 173 days (d), significantly decreased COD in the leachate compared to compost C1 aged 105 d. Compost increased nitrate leaching compared with the non-amended soil. Nitrogen leaching was primarily in the form of nitrate, ranging from 61% to 78% over the whole experimental period. Compost also decreased leachate concentrations of iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr), for other metals, such as cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni), values were very low. Moreover, compost increased total organic carbon by up to twofold at both sampling times, with the most substantial increase observed with a dose of 65 g pot−1 of compost C2 (aged 105 days). Most compost treatments also increased available phosphorus (P), inorganic nitrogen (N), total nitrogen (TNK), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and electrical conductivity (EC) at both sampling times but had no effect on pH. The metal content in the soil exhibited a decrease compared to the control soil. Overall, our study suggests that nitrogen leaching can be reduced by optimizing compost rates, properties, and stability to synchronize with crop needs.
Extracolonic Cancer Risk After Total Colectomy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-based Cohort Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risk of extracolonic cancers. Little is known regarding this risk following total colectomy [TC]. Methods Patients who underwent TC for inflammatory bowel disease in Denmark during 1977–2013 were identified from the Danish National Patient Registry. Incidence rates of extracolonic cancers were determined through record linkage to the Danish Cancer Registry and compared with expected incidence rates in the general population. Standardized incidence ratios [SIRs] were calculated as the observed vs expected cancer incidence. Results In total, 4430 patients (3441 with ulcerative colitis [UC]; 989 with Crohn’s disease [CD]) were followed for 54,183 person-years after TC. Following their surgery, 372 patients were diagnosed with extracolonic cancer compared to 331 expected [SIR = 1.1 (95% confidence interval {CI}: 1.0–1.2)]. The risk of extracolonic cancer overall was increased among patients with CD and TC (SIR = 1.5 [95% CI: 1.2–1.8]), but not among patients with UC and TC (SIR = 1.0 [95% CI: 0.9–1.2]). Patients with UC and TC had a higher risk of intestinal extracolonic cancer (SIR = 2.0 [95% CI: 1.4–2.7]). Patients with CD and TC had a higher risk of smoking-related cancers (SIR = 1.9 [95% CI: 1.2–2.9]), intestinal extracolonic cancer (SIR = 3.1 [95% CI: 1.6–5.5]) and immune-mediated cancers (SIR = 1.5 [95% CI: 1.0–2.1]). Conclusion Patients with CD and TC had a higher risk of extracolonic cancer overall compared to the general population, while patients with UC and TC did not. Site-specific cancer risk varied according to inflammatory bowel disease type.
Risk, safety and assistive technology in the context of ageing-in-place

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

When speaking about ageing in place, risk of accidents and subsequent injuries is an important part of individual worries, and risk avoidance or risk minimisation are main concerns of older people and their caregivers. Findings show that older people are more at risk of unintended injuries than younger people (i.e. falls, foodborne diseases). Moreover, individual concerns and associated worries to avoid specific risks may even lead to the decision to move to an institution. In this context it is important to consider that being “as safe as possible” with respect to objective parameters does not necessarily indicate the subjective feeling of being safe. The feeling of safety and the objective degree of safety are not linearly related in a way that increasing one factor will increase the other and conversely. Furthermore, some factors that can contribute to objectively enhance safety may even lead to greater feeling of unsafety. Our review aims to investigate the relationship between objective and subjective safety in the context of ageing in place as well as the underlying mechanisms that help to explain the different links between objective and subjective safety. A further goal is offer a heuristic model presenting factors that may help to enhance older people’s consciousness of safety and thus quality of life. These include individual as well as social and macro-social factors. This paper focusses individual factors and will especially highlight the role of older people’s daily routines and their impact on technology acceptance.
Thermodynamic Properties of the Calcium Ferrites CaFe2O4 and Ca2Fe2O5

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The chemical potentials of CaO in the two-phase fields Fe2O3 + CaFe2O4 and CaFe2O4 + Ca2Fe2O5 of the pseudobinary system CaO - Fe2O3 have been measured in the temperature range from 975 to 1275 K, relative to pure CaO as the reference state, using solid state galvanic cells incorporating single-crystal CaF2 as the solid electrolyte. The cell was operated under pure oxygen at ambient pressure. The standard Gibbs energies of formation of calcium ferrites, CaFe2O4 and Ca2Fe2O5, were derived from the reversible emfs. The results can be summarized by the following equations:CaO + Fe2O3 --> CaFe2O4;Delta G degrees = - 37,480 + 1.16 T (+/- 250) J/mol 2 CaO + Fe2O3 --> Ca2Fe2O5;Delta G degrees = - 45, 280 - 13.51 T (+/- 275) J/mol These values are compared with thermodynamic data reported in the literature. The results of this study are in excellent agreement with heat capacity data, and in reasonable agreement with earlier measurements of enthalpy and Gibbs energy of formation, but suggest significant revision of enthalpies of formation of calcium ferrites given in current thermodynamic compilations.
On the problem of autoaggressive behavior in psychoanalysis

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Мақала аутоагрессивті, әсіресе суицидтік мінез-құлық құбылыстарының қалыптасуының психоаналитикалық теорияларын қарастыруға және талқылауға арналған. Фрейдтің меланхоликтік депрессиядағы өзін-өзі объектілеуді бірінші байқауы, ең алдымен нарциссистік ашулану мен эго осалдықтың рөлін баса көрсете отырып, объектілік қатынастар жөнінде теоретиктер мен өзіндік психологияның үлесі болды. Мақалада жоғарыда аталған теориялардан басқа М.Кляйн, О.Кернберг, Х.Розенфельд көзқарастары да талданады. Бұл жұмыстың ерекшелігі қазақстандық психологиясында аутоагрессивті, атап айтқанда суицидтік мінез-құлықтың қалыптасуы туралы аз белгілі концепцияларды, мысалы, П.Фонагидің ментализация теориясын, отбасылық динамиканың әсері, ұят пен өзін-өзі ұстау рөлін дәріптейді. - бағалаудың ауытқуы. Аутоагрессивті және, атап айтқанда, суицидтік тенденциялардың пайда болуы мен дамуы мәселелеріне ерекше назар аударылады. Реактивті суицид пен созылмалы суицидтік әрекет арасында айырмашылық бар. Мақаланың қорытынды бөлімінде сипатталған кейбір ұғымдарды эмпирикалық тексерудің нақты деректері келтірілген. Зерттелген материалдың негізінде автор осы мәселе бойынша қолда бар ақпаратты жақсы түсінуге және құрылымдауға көмектесетін, сондай-ақ аутоагрессивті мінез-құлық мәселесін одан әрі зерттеуді негіздеуге көмектесетін жалпылама қорытындыларды ұсынады. Кілт сөздер: аутоагрессивті мінез-құлық, суицид, психоанализ, объектілік қатынастар теориясы, селф психология.
Degree-Day Model for Egg Eclosion of the Pine Needle Scale (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Eclosion of overwintering eggs of pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), was modeled from growth chamber fluctuating temperature rearings. A computer model, DEGDAY, was used to determine daily and accumulated degree-day accumulations to hatch. This model and simple regression techniques were used to identify the developmental threshold. Percentage of survivorship ranged from 0 at 9°C to 98 at 18.5°C. At 18.5°C, 136 degree-days accumulated to hatch, and time to 50% hatch was 17.25d. The developmental threshold lies between 10.8 and 11. 8°C.
A unified design method of state-space digital filters using system balancing concept

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a unified design method of state-space digital filters using system balancing concept. This method is formed by applying a newly discovered relation between the balanced realizations and the optimal realizations of digital filters to the approximation method that results in balanced realizations. It can perform the approximation and the synthesis problems of the filter design simultaneously and efficiently, and can yield suboptimal digital filters which approximate given impulse responses closely and suppress limit cycles.
Roles of Lipids in the Permeability Barriers of Skin and Oral Mucosa

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PubMed searches reveal much literature regarding lipids in barrier function of skin and less literature on lipids in barrier function of the oral mucosa. In terrestrial mammals, birds, and reptiles, the skin’s permeability barrier is provided by ceramides, fatty acids, and cholesterol in the outermost layers of the epidermis, the stratum corneum. This layer consists of about 10–20 layers of cornified cells embedded in a lipid matrix. It effectively prevents loss of water and electrolytes from the underlying tissue, and it limits the penetration of potentially harmful substances from the environment. In the oral cavity, the regions of the gingiva and hard palate are covered by keratinized epithelia that much resemble the epidermis. The oral stratum corneum contains a lipid mixture similar to that in the epidermal stratum corneum but in lower amounts and is accordingly more permeable. The superficial regions of the nonkeratinized oral epithelia also provide a permeability barrier. These epithelial regions do contain ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, which may underlie barrier function. The oral epithelial permeability barriers primarily protect the underlying tissue by preventing the penetration of potentially toxic substances, including microbial products. Transdermal drug delivery, buccal absorption, and lipid-related disease are discussed.
Concession of sickness benefit to social security beneficiaries due to mental disorders

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: Assess the odds of having an initial claim for statutory sickness benefit awarded (ascribed to mental disorder as the main registered diagnosis), in relation to institutional, clinical, sociodemographic and welfare factors in Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil. METHOD: Two models of logistic regression, taking into account the categories of the medical examiners, were built with the aim of characterizing the relative weight of several variables affecting the medical conclusion. RESULTS: The factors more strongly related to an award of benefit were a claimant assessed by a physician without a specialization in psychiatry; with a diagnosis of psychosis; up to 29 years of age; with other non-psychiatric (musculoskeletal and cardiovascular) co-morbidities; registered with the national insurance system as employed; and male. DISCUSSION: In both models, examiners with a specialization in psychiatry were associated with a lower likelihood of award of benefit. This suggests that examinations undertaken by doctors having a specialty related to the diagnosis supporting the sickness benefit claim are stricter than those undertaken by non-specialists. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that benefit award odds were associated with the specialty of the examiner, medical diagnosis, age, gender and claimant category.
A Global Genome-wide Scan with Optimal Cutoff Mining for Emerging Biomarkers in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract BackgroundThe survival analysis of the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset is a well-known method to discover the gene expression-based prognostic biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In order to utilize a continuous gene expression for survival analysis, it is necessary to determine a cutoff point by the dichotomization of the patients. There is some optimization software for cutoff determination. However, those predetermined cutoffs by software usually set at the median, 1/4 quantile, or 3/4 quantile of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) value to find a significant P-value of the Kaplan-Meier curve. There are few clinicopathological features available on their pre-processed data sets.MethodsWe developed a comprehensive workflow by R script, running on the Rstudio platform. It includes data retrieving and pre-processing, feature selection, cutoff mining engine, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Cox proportional hazard modeling, and biomarker discovery.ResultsUsing this workflow on the TCGA HNSCC cohort, we scanned human protein-coding genes (20,500) programmatically. After adjustment with other confounders, we found that the clinical tumor stage and the surgical margin involvement are independent risk factors in patient survival. According to the resulting tables with Bonferroni adjusted P-value under optimal cutoff as well as hazard ratio (>=1.5), there were ten candidate biomarkers, named as DKK1, CAMK2N1, STC2, PGK1, SURF4, USP10, NDFIP1, FOXA2, STIP1, and DKC1, which are significantly associated with the poor prognosis of overall survival (OS). At the same time, the other ten genes were over-expressed in the better survival patients (with hazard ratio <=0.5), named as ZNF557, ZNF266, IL19, MYO1H, FCGBP, LOC148709, EVPLL, PNMA5, IQCN (previous name as KIAA1683), and NPB. Further validations are warranted. ConclusionsWe suggested this analysis tool equipped with an optimal cutoff finder will help with biomarker discovery of protein-coding genes, in terms of tumor-agnostic therapy.
A new excised-leaf assay method to test the inoculativity of the Asian citrus psyllid with

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is the primary vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las) associated with huanglongbing, or citrus greening, the most devastating citrus (Citrus spp.) disease worldwide. Here, we developed a new that can speed up Las-inoculativity tests on Asian citrus psyllid from the current 3-12 mo (when using whole citrus seedlings for inoculation) to only 2-3 wk. Young adults of Asian citrus psyllid that had been reared on Las-infected plants were caged on excised healthy sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] leaves for a 1-2-wk inoculation access periods (IAP), and then both psyllids and leaves were tested later by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). When single adults were tested per leaf, percentages of Las-positive leaves averaged 2-6% by using HLBaspr primers and 10-20% by using the more sensitive LJ900 primers. Higher proportions of Las-positive leaves were obtained with 1) higher densities of inoculating psyllids (5-10 adults per leaf), 2) longer IAPs, and 3) incubation of leaves for 1 wk postinoculation before PCR. Logistic regression analysis indicated a positive correlation between Las titer in Asian citrus psyllid adults tested singly and the probability of detecting Las in the inoculated leaves, correlations that can be very useful in epidemiological studies. Comparison between excised leaves and whole seedlings, inoculated consecutively for 1 wk each by one or a group of psyllids, indicated no significant difference between Las detection in excised leaves or whole plants. This new excised-leaf assay method saves considerable time, materials, and greenhouse space, and it may enhance vector relation and epidemiological studies on Las and potentially other Liberibacter spp. associated with huanglongbing disease.
Publishing at any cost: a cross-sectional study of the amount that medical researchers spend on open access publishing each year

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To estimate the financial costs paid by individual medical researchers from meeting the article processing charges (APCs) levied by open access journals in 2019. Design Cross-sectional analysis. Data sources Scopus was used to generate two random samples of researchers, the first with a senior author article indexed in the ‘Medicine’ subject area (general researchers) and the second with an article published in the ten highest-impact factor general clinical medicine journals (high-impact researchers) in 2019. For each researcher, Scopus was used to identify all first and senior author original research or review articles published in 2019. Data were obtained from Scopus, institutional profiles, Journal Citation Reports, publisher databases, the Directory of Open Access Journals, and individual journal websites. Main outcome measures Median APCs paid by general and high-impact researchers for all first and senior author research and review articles published in 2019. Results There were 241 general and 246 high-impact researchers identified as eligible for our study. In 2019, the general and high-impact researchers published a total of 914 (median 2, IQR 1–5) and 1471 (4, 2–8) first or senior author research or review articles, respectively. 42% (384/914) of the articles from the general researchers and 29% (428/1471) of the articles from the high-impact medical researchers were published in fully open access journals. The median total APCs paid by general researchers in 2019 was US$191 (US$0–US$2500) and the median total paid by high-impact researchers was US$2900 (US$0–US$5465); the maximum paid by a single researcher in total APCs was US$30115 and US$34676, respectively. Conclusions Medical researchers in 2019 were found to have paid between US$0 and US$34676 in total APCs. As journals with APCs become more common, it is important to continue to evaluate the potential cost to researchers, especially on individuals who may not have the funding or institutional resources to cover these costs.
The acceptance, relevance and dominance of lobbying the EU Commission — a first‐time survey of the EU Commission's civil servants

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Among public affairs techniques lobbying is by far the most mystifying one — at least in Europe. Lobbying comes from the Latin word ‘labium’ and means ‘entrance hall’ or ‘lounge’. Therein the essential meaning can be seen: today political decisions are not made in plenary assemblies but primarily in the pre‐political phase of balancing the various interests. Lobbying is to be understood as the ‘diverse intensive activities of social groups, chambers and companies in the political and bureaucratic vestibule’ (Beyme 1980). Modern lobbying on the EU level is an intermediary policy for the support of political decision making — even if some critics refuse to believe it. Lobbying at EU level has become a politically realistic dimension. Even if the mass media still take a very sceptical and negative view of lobbying in Brussels, based on the existing European taboo on influencing politics, an in‐depth analysis reveals various lobbies at work in EU institutions. Lobbying today is an essential part of all EU decision areas. This paper describes the functional theory approach of lobbying known as ‘cooperation as confrontation through communication’. For the first time, recipients of lobbying in the EU Commission are demonstrating their acceptance of lobbying efforts. The paper is based on the doctoral thesis ‘The acceptance, relevance and dominance of lobbying the EU Commission’ by Peter Koeppl, University of Vienna (unpublished). Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications