jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Impact of Neoadjuvant Treatment on Target Expression in Rectal Cancer for Near-Infrared Tumor Imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Rectal cancer (RC) patients with a clinical complete response (cCR) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) may qualify for a watch-and-wait (W&W) approach. However, a 20–30% local tumor regrowth rate highlights challenges in identifying true responders. This study explores markers for future near-infrared fluorescence tumor imaging by endoscopy to differentiate responders and the effect of nCRT on their expression. Methods: RC samples (n = 51) were collected from both pre-treatment biopsies and corresponding post-treatment surgical specimens. Samples were categorized by treatment response and determined using tumor regression grade (TRG) scoring. Immunohistochemistry assessed the expression of CEA, EpCAM, EGFR, and c-MET in tumors and adjacent normal tissues. Expression levels were quantified using H-scores (0–3), combining the percentage and intensity of stained cells. Pre- and post-treatment H-scores were compared to evaluate the impact of nCRT. Results: CEA, EpCAM, and c-MET were overexpressed in tumor tissue as compared to adjacent healthy mucosa in 100% (51/51), 98.4% (50/51), and 92% (47/51) of tumor biopsies, respectively, while EGFR showed no overexpression. A tumor-to-normal (T/N) ratio ≥ 2 was considered sufficient for differentiation in molecular fluorescence imaging. In pre-treatment biopsy samples, c-MET showed the highest T/N expression ratio (53% of the samples ≥ 2), followed by CEA (26.3%) and EpCAM (16%). Following nCRT treatment, CEA and c-MET maintained a ≥ 2 differential expression in 45% of all samples, whereas EpCAM exhibited this difference in only 9.2% of cases. Neoadjuvant therapy even significantly improved the T/N expression ratio for CEA and c-MET (p < 0.01) and EpCAM (p < 0.05), while EGFR expression remained lower than adjacent normal tissue. Significant increases in all marker expressions were observed in minimal responders (TRG4/5, p < 0.01–0.001), while near-complete responders (TRG2) exhibited non-significant changes in CEA, c-MET, and EGFR expression. Conclusions: c-MET and CEA emerged as optimal tumor imaging targets, showing sustained differential expression after nCRT. In vivo fluorescence-guided endoscopy using probes against these markers could play a role in future clinical decision-making.
2. Reflective Critical Theory: A Systematic Reconstruction Of Axel Honneth’s Social Philosophy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter emphasises the reflective and systematic dimensions in Axel Honneth's social philosophy. In the first part, the chapter defines three fundamental assumptions underpinning Honneth's model as it has been developed in his first publications until the book co-written with Nancy Fraser. The three basic theoretical decisions that build the argumentative core of Honneth's model are: an historical-conceptual thesis about modernity, a two-fold social-ontological thesis about subject constitution and social reproduction, and finally a political axiom impacting on the form and content of the first two axioms. In the second part, the chapter shows how the systematicity of Honneth's model does not run into logical circularity thanks to its specific reflective nature. In the third part, the chapter focuses on the latest writings to show how the two shifts that the first model has undergone do not put in question the long-term coherence of Honneth's social philosophy. Keywords: Axel Honneth; critical theory of society; historical-conceptual thesis about modernity; political axiom; social philosophy; social-ontological thesis
Nonlinear Calderón-Zygmund inequalities for maps

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Being motivated by the problem of deducing $L^p$-bounds on the second fundamental form of an isometric immersion from $L^p$-bounds on its mean curvature vector field, we prove a (nonlinear) Calderón-Zygmund inequality for maps between complete (possibly noncompact) Riemannian manifolds.
The modern features of epizootic process of anthrax in cattle populations in the Republic Of Chad

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

As in other African countries, anthrax in the Republic of Chad continues to be a big social problem and problem of livestock. Annually registered outbreaks of the disease in several regions, mainly in the rainy season. Long experience proves that the ongoing prevention of this disease has no effect on the sources and reservoirs of its causative agent.In order to prevent such outbreaks, it is necessary to study the features of the manifestation of epizootic process, and to identify ways of transmission mechanism and use them to control the disease.
Lung airway geometry by pulse response: Consequences of branching asymmetry and nonrigid airway walls

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The summed cross-sectional area of the airway network as a function of distance from the airway opening can be inferred from impulse reflection data measured at the airway opening [Jackson et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 43 (3) (1977)]. We have critically examined this method. This was accomplished by direct comparison of the area inference with anatomic data for a computer model of the complete tracheo-bronchial tree [Fredberg and Moore, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63 (3) (1978)]. The results show that the serial distribution of airway geometry is well approximated when the branching is symmetric, airway walls are rigid, and the gas is inviscid. Branching asymmetry causes small differences between the inferred area and the anatomic area mouthward of the most central segmental bronchus, but larger and growing differences beyond that. Non-rigidity of the airway walls causes the area-inference to exceed the anatomic area by 20%–50% at the level of the carina, and more so distally. [Supported by NHLBI contract N01-HR-6-2901].
Test of a developmental trade‐off in a polyphenic butterfly: direct development favours reproductive output

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1 Evolutionary theory predicts that resource allocation decisions taken during development are adjusted to an organism's life-history. These decisions may have irreversible effects on body design and strong fitness consequences. Holometabolous insects that have a long expected life span typically postpone reproduction, and so are expected to allocate resources for somatic maintenance prior to investing in reproduction. In contrast, insects that have a short expected life span are expected to allocate relatively less to soma and more to reproduction. In support of this theory, an earlier investigation of resources allocated to soma vs. reproductive reserves in the comma butterfly, Polygonia c-album, revealed that short-lived females indeed allocate more resources to reproductive reserves as compared to longer lived females that hibernate before reproduction suggesting that short-lived females should have higher fecundity. 2 Here we test this prediction, using the comma butterfly as our study organism. Depending on daylength and temperature this butterfly produces one of two morphs: (i) a light summer morph that reproduces directly after adult eclosion and has a short expected life span of a couple of weeks; or (ii) a darker winter morph that normally lives for 8–9 months before the onset of reproduction. Our test is based on experimental manipulation that allowed us to induce reproduction without prior hibernation in winter morph comma butterflies, and comparing lifetime fecundity among three groups: (i) directly reproducing summer morph commas; (ii) directly reproducing winter morph commas; and (iii) winter morph commas reproducing after overwintering. This protocol allowed us to tease apart trade-offs during development and the hibernation period. 3 The results showed that the short-lived summer morph had a substantially higher fecundity (total number of eggs = 586 ± 19, mean ± SE) than the winter morph females manipulated to reproduce without hibernation (total number of eggs = 334 ± 42). We argue that this is a consequence of a resource allocation trade-off during early development observed in this species; females with a short expected life as adults allocate relatively more of their resources to reproductive parts and thereby reach a higher reproductive output compared to females predisposed for a long adult life. 4 There was no significant difference in lifetime fecundity between winter morph females that did, or did not, hibernate before reproduction. This suggests that the cost of hibernation per se is small and hence corroborates our conclusion that the life-history implemented trade-off made during early development underlies the lower reproductive output of the winter morph butterflies.
Karnevaleske Gebärden Zur “Zungengelenkigkeit” des Schriftlichen von Robert Walsers “Seltsamkeitsstil”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

At the beginning of Robert Walser’s piece of prose of 1925 “Walser about Walser”, the author writes: “Here you can hear the writer Robert Walser speak” (SW XVII, 182). The tension between speech and writing, which is so productive in the fictional space of the Swiss writer, is expressed with extreme clarity in this sentence. Many Walser exegetes have dealt with this false promise in different ways. This paper will explore how Walser laconically intensifies the aporia of not being able to genuinely make the spoken word speak literarily. It will be argued that Walser transforms this aporia into a “field of sculpturing letters” (SW XVII, 26), which in its “apparently [...] completely unintentional and yet captivating and spellbound linguistic overgrowth” (Benjamin 1978 [1929], 126) resembles carnivalesque gestures.
Pissing in Public : The Role of Public Washrooms within the Context of a Neoliberal City

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The role of public washrooms is excluded from civil discourse on public amenity provision within the City of Vancouver. The public washroom if ever included in a design, is considered an afterthought and its implementation are symptomatic of attitudes towards commercialisation of the city, consumer-as-citizen equivalence, and privatised-public space. This research highlights historical and contemporary conditions and neoliberal tools utilised by the City to establish a clear understanding of how space is created, maintained and how value emerges. The historic Comfort Stations’ current role, within the socially and economically diverse neighbourhood of the Downtown Eastside, is symptomatic of macro ideologies on the public washroom. Neoliberalism and its political rhetoric shape these ideologies to create a consumer-dependent right of access to basic public necessities. The definition of neoliberalism highlights dependence on rhetoric, laws and policies to changing the urban landscape, while critics suggest an active social-democratic process better reflects the right to the city. Local instances of neoliberalism emerge that stifle democratic and capitalist city building. These such instances include Business Improvement Associations, Community Amenity Contributions, Development Contribution Levies, Privately Owned Private Spaces, and Public-Private Partnerships. Contemporary precedents of public washrooms around the city express the shape that neoliberal autonomy of form and practices as detrimental to the public. As the future of public washrooms is contingent on renewal of long-term contracting with a private corporation this Graduate Project proposes that by examining neoliberal policies in the City of Vancouver, designers, developers, and the public can make informed decisions about need-based amenities such as washroom implementations. This proposal will be expressed as a set of guidelines for alley developments in conjunction with the Community Amenity Contribution, and subsequent design responses. By creating a transparent and straightforward guideline for public amenity production in alley spaces a more democratic process will be created that allow various user groups, designers, developers and planners to make economic, policy, and public decisions.
Smoking among Japanese nursing students: a nationwide survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Editor—In some developed countries including Japan, smoking prevalence among nursing students tends to be the same or higher than that of the general female population of the same age group.1-6 In Japan, an increase in the prevalence of smoking among women in their 20s was recently reported,7and this trend is assumed to be reflected in the smoking prevalence of nursing students, where young women are over represented.

To obtain data on smoking prevalence of nursing students, a nationwide survey was conducted among the students of nursing (three year programme), public health nursing (PHN), and midwifery schools. Students of PHN and midwifery are qualified …
Contributory Fault in International Investment Arbitration

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As a general rule, if a state commits a wrongful act, it is under an obligation to make full reparation for the injury caused. Yet, arbitral tribunals have used the doctrine of contributory fault to reduce the amount of damages awarded to the investor for the state’s breach of an investment treaty. This article analyses fifteen arbitration cases in which the respondent argued that the claimant contributed to its injury, either as a result of the investor’s bad business judgment or because the investor’s behaviour provoked the state’s wrongful conduct. The analysis shows that arbitral tribunals supported their decisions to reduce the amount of compensation by as much as 50% with strikingly brief reasoning and instead relied on their wide margin of discretion. The article discusses possible avenues to remedy deficiencies in arbitral practice dealing with contributory fault, both through the reform of investor-state dispute settlement and practical solutions that may be adopted by arbitral tribunals when considering allegations of contributory fault.
Accounting for Ethical Difficulties in Social Welfare Work: Issues, Problems and Dilemmas

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper is a preliminary exploration of social welfare practitioners’ accounts of ‘ethically difficult situations’. It describes variations in the ethical vocabulary and form of these accounts. Analysis of practitioners’ own accounts (as opposed to ‘textbook’ cases) draws attention to the ways they construct events, actions and qualities of character as ethically significant and highlights the qualitative distinctiveness of ethical dilemmas, where seemingly irresolvable choices leave a residue of moral loss, regret or guilt. \n
Civilian Oversight of Policing : Governance, Democracy and Human Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

How the police are policed is no longer just a domestic issue. The involvement of police,and other security forces, in systematic abuses of human rights in many developing countries, as well as in so called developed countries, has placed the control of police on a number of international agendas. More and more countries are experimenting with different forms of police accountability and many are turning to civilian oversight bodies in an attempt to improve the process.
Functional prediction of de novo uni-genes from chicken transcriptomic data following infectious bursal disease virus at 3-days post-infection

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an economically very important issue to the poultry industry and it is one of the major threats to the nation's food security. The pathogen, a highly pathogenic strain of a very virulent IBD virus causes high mortality and immunosuppression in chickens. The importance of understanding the underlying genes that could combat this disease is now of global interest in order to control future outbreaks. We had looked at identified novel genes that could elucidate the pathogenicity of the virus following infection and at possible disease resistance genes present in chickens. Results A set of sequences retrieved from IBD virus-infected chickens that did not map to the chicken reference genome were de novo assembled, clustered and analysed. From six inbred chicken lines, we managed to assemble 10,828 uni-transcripts and screened 618 uni-transcripts which were the most significant sequences to known genes, as determined by BLASTX searches. Based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) analysis, 12 commonly upregulated and 18 downregulated uni-genes present in all six inbred lines were identified with false discovery rate of q-value < 0.05. Yet, only 9 upregulated and 13 downregulated uni-genes had BLAST hits against the Non-redundant and Swiss-Prot databases. The genome ontology enrichment keywords of these DEGs were associated with immune response, cell signalling and apoptosis. Consequently, the Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis R tool was used to predict the functional annotation of the remaining unknown uni-genes with no significant BLAST hits. Interestingly, the functions of the three upregulated uni-genes were predicted to be related to innate immune response, while the five downregulated uni-genes were predicted to be related to cell surface functions. These results further elucidated and supported the current molecular knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of chicken's bursal infected with IBDV. Conclusion Our data revealed the commonly up- and downregulated novel uni-genes identified to be immune- and extracellular binding-related, respectively. Besides, these novel findings are valuable contributions in improving the current existing integrative chicken transcriptomics annotation and may pave a path towards the control of viral particles especially towards the suppression of IBD and other infectious diseases in chickens.
Performance evaluation of a screw type oil expeller for extraction of sesame oil.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Sesame, (Sesamum indicum) is one of the oldest and important oil seed crop in the world. The sesame seed apart from providing edible oil is also rich in protein. A study was carried out to evaluate the performance of a medium scale screw type oil expeller for extracting sesame oil. In fact, the mechanized medium scale method has not been previously applied in the oil expelling industry for sesame seed in Sri Lanka. For this experiment, the popular screw type machine with 25 mm shaft pitch, 75x315 mm internal barrel and 4 kW three phase motor were used. The development was made in order to increase the oil expelling efficiency in terms of extract bar clearance, speed of the main spiral shaft and outer body closer to the exhaust out let. The optimum oil yield was 44% obtained under 0.2mm and 0.3mm barrel shaft clearance and the main spiral shaft speed of 75 rpm. The quality of refined oil at maximum oil yield was analysed out in terms of saponification value, free fatty acid and specific gravity. The results obtained for saponification value, free fatty acid and specific gravity were 182.33, 3.3.12 % and 0.917 gcm-3.respectively. Color of the sesame oil was closer to the yellow which revealed by the lightness value (L*) of 26 and positive value b of 8.27. The capacity and energy consumption per kilograms of refined sesame oil were 39kg/hr and 0.103kWh/kg. This study reveals that sesame oil could be obtained using the screw type oil expeller and it can be recommended for medium scale entrepreneurs relative to the traditional Sekku method. ENGINEER, Vol. 47, No. 01, pp. 17-22, 2014
A parallel algorithm for bound-smoothing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Determining molecular structure from interatomic distances is an important and challenging problem. Given a molecule with n atoms, lower and upper bounds on interatomic distances can usually be obtained only for a small subset of the n(n-1)/2 atom pairs, using NMR. Given the bounds so obtained on the distances between some of the atom pairs, it is often useful to compute tight bounds on all the n(n-1)/2 pairwise distances. This process is referred to as bound-smoothing. The initial lower and upper bounds for the pairwise distances not measured are usually assumed to be 0 and /spl infin/. One method for bound-smoothing is to use the limits imposed by the triangle inequality. The distance bounds so obtained can often be tightened further by applying the tetrangle inequality-the limits imposed on the six pairwise distances among a set of four atoms (instead of three for the triangle inequalities). The tetrangle inequality is expressed by the Cayley-Menger determinants. For every quadruple of atoms, each pass of the tetrangle-inequality bound-smoothing procedure finds upper and lower limits on each of the six distances in the quadruple. Applying the tetrangle inequalities to each of the (/sub 4//sup n/) quadruples requires /spl Theta/(n/sup 4/) time. Here, we propose a parallel algorithm for bound-smoothing employing the tetrangle inequality. Each pass of our algorithm requires /spl Theta/(n/sup 3/ log n) time on a CREW PRAM with /spl Theta/(n/log n) processors. An implementation of this parallel algorithm on the Intel Paragon XP/S and its performance are also discussed.
LESSONS FROM DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES: SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF LAND POLICY IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper, the author considers the impacts of land reform on privatization and ownership structure of agricultural land, as well as on agricultural and rural developments. The analysis is based on official statistical sources, data and results of several questionnaire-based surveys. The main idea of the paper – it is necessary to flow the land from large corporate farms to small family farms, until equilibrium will not be created between those two farm sectors, as is commonly observed in market economies.
MRI method for labeling and imaging decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds for tissue engineering

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose To develop a facile method for labeling and imaging decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) scaffolds intended for regenerating 3D tissues. Methods A small molecule manganese porphyrin, MnPNH 2 , was synthesized and used to label dECM scaffolds made from porcine bladder and trachea and murine whole lungs. The labeling protocol was optimized on bladder dECM, and imaging on a 3T clinical scanner was performed to assess reductions in T 1 and T 2 relaxation times. In vivo MRI was performed on dECM injected in the rat dorsum to verify sensitivity of detection. Toxicity assays for cell viability, metabolism, and proliferation were performed on human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The incorporation of MnPNH 2 and its long‐term retention in dECM were assessed on transmission electron microscopy and ultraviolet absorbance of eluted MnPNH 2 over time. Results All tissues, including thick whole 3D organs, were uniformly labeled and demonstrated high signal‐to‐noise on MRI. A nearly 10‐fold reduction in T 1 was consistently obtained at a labeling dose of 0.4 mM, and even 0.2 mM provided sufficient contrast in vivo and ex vivo. No toxicity was observed up to 0.4 mM, the maximum tested. Binding studies suggested nonspecific association, and retention studies in the labeled whole decellularized lungs revealed less than 20% MnPNH 2 loss over 30 days, the majority occurring in the first 3 days after labeling. Conclusion The proposed labeling method is the first report for visualizing dECM on MRI and has the potential for long‐term monitoring and optimization of dECM‐based organ tissue engineering.