jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Human Amniotic Membrane plug to promote Recurrent Macular Hole closure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Importance: Recurrent macular hole (RMH) treatment is a challenge for vitreoretinal surgeons. Despite many surgical options have been proposed, none of these guarantees 100% anatomical success and satisfactory visual recovery.
Objective: To investigate functional and structural outcomes of human Amniotic Membrane (hAM) plug implantation for the treatment of RMH.
Design: Prospective, consecutive, comparative, interventional study, between August 2017 and September 2019. Patients were examined at baseline and at 2 weeks, 1, 3, 6 months after surgery.
Setting: Eye Clinic of Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Careggi, Florence, Italy.
Participants: 36 eyes of 36 patients with RMH were included; 17 eyes had high myopia. We excluded patients with other associated retinal diseases.
Exposure: Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with hAM plug transplantation; 23 patients received 20% SF6 and 13 patients received air as endotamponade. Face-down position for 5 days after surgery was requested. Follow ups were performed with a standard ophthalmological examination and SD-OCT; OCTA also in fellow eyes, Microperimetry and Adaptive Optics were performed at 6 months.
Main outcomes and measures: RMH closure as primary outcome; visual acuity recovery, structural changes assessment of parafoveal capillary plexuses, macular sensitivity evaluation, photoreceptor distribution.
Results: Mean age of the 36 patients included in the study was 66.28 ± 12.3 years. 100% of RMH were closed at 3 months; in one case a reoperation was required. BCVA improved significantly (p<0.05). We found no statistically significant difference between the data of patients tamponed with gas and those of patients tamponed with air. Morphological changes of parafoveal capillary plexuses and FAZ were evaluated. We found a shift of fixation to the edges of the hAM plug, where we assessed a partial recovery of the macular sensitivity. Adaptive Optics images revealed the presence of hyperreflective dots, correspondent to disrupted, but present photoreceptor mosaic in the area of the hAM plug.
Conclusion and Relevance: For the first time, air has been proposed as endotamponade for RMH surgery, with a 100% anatomical success rate, demonstrating the effectiveness of the hAM plug in treating these complex cases. Advanced multimodal diagnostic imaging allowed us to better understand the modifications induced by the hAM plug.
Corpus-informed EAP syllabus design: a study of lecture functions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Increasing student and lecturer mobility along with the spread of English as an academic lingua franca (Mauranen, 2006) means a growing number of university lecturers in Europe are delivering at least some lectures in English. Well-designed English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses can help lecturers whose first language is not English in meeting this challenge and findings from corpus linguistic research on authentic lectures are invaluable in informing decisions about the development of such courses. However, a comprehensive corpus-based account of language use in English language lectures does not exist, although recent publications by Biber (2006) and Crawford Camiciottoli (2007) constitute significant contributions to such a description. This paper aims to add to our understanding of what language is used for in lectures by providing an overview of language functions (e.g. interacting, evaluating, organizing discourse, class management) as related to the reported purposes of lectures (e.g. knowledge transfer and the socialization of students into disciplinary communities). This functional framework is based on a manual inspection of British lectures using qualitative methods, with larger stretches of speech being assigned to particular functional categories on the basis of lexico-grammatical features, an understanding of the text and generic knowledge (Dudley-Evans, 1994). Biber, D. (2006). University language: a corpus-based study of spoken and written registers. Studies in Corpus Linguistics 23. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company. Crawford Camiciottoli, B. (2007). The language of business studies lectures. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Dudley-Evans, T. (1994). Genre analysis: an approach to text analysis for ESP. In Coulthard, M. (ed.). Advances in written text analysis. (pp. 219-228). London: Routledge. Mauranen, A. (2006). Spoken discourse, academics and global English: a corpus perspective. In Hughes, R. (Ed.). Spoken English, TESOL and applied linguistics. (pp. 143-158). Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan.
Image_1_Evidence of Ventricular Arrhythmogenicity and Cardiac Sympathetic Hyperinnervation in Early Cirrhotic Cardiomyopathy.TIF

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CMP) is associated with altered cardiac electrophysiological (EP) properties, which leads to the risk of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). We aimed to evaluate the EP properties, autonomic, and structural remodeling in a rabbit model with early liver cirrhosis (LC). Twelve rabbits were assigned to the sham and LC groups. The early-stage LC was induced by the ligation of the common bile duct. All rabbits received an EP study, VA inducibility test, myocardial, and liver histology staining. Western blot analyses of protein expression and tyrosine hydroxylase stain for sympathetic nerves were performed. The effective refractory period the LC group was significantly longer than the sham group [i.e., left ventricle (LV) 205.56 ± 40.30 vs. 131.36 ± 7.94 ms; right ventricle (RV) 206.78 ± 33.07 vs. 136.79 ± 15.15 ms; left atrium (LA) 140.56 ± 28.75 vs. 67.71 ± 14.29 ms; and right atrium (RA) 133.78 ± 40.58 vs. 65.43 ± 19.49 ms, all p < 0.01], respectively. The VA inducibility was elevated in the LC group when compared with the sham group (i.e., 21.53 ± 7.71 vs. 7.76 ± 2.44%, p = 0.013). Sympathetic innervation (10<sup>2</sup>/μm<sup>2</sup>/mm<sup>2</sup>) was increased in all cardiac chambers of the LC group compared with the sham group (i.e., LV 9.11 ± 4.86 vs. 0.17 ± 0.15, p < 0.01; RV 4.36 ± 4.95 vs. 0.18 ± 0.12, p = 0.026; LA 6.79 ± 1.02 vs. 0.44 ± 0.20, p = 0.018; and RA 15.18 ± 5.12 vs. 0.10 ± 0.07, p = 0.014), respectively. Early LC is presented with an increased ventricular vulnerability, structural heterogeneity, and sympathetic innervation. Close monitoring for fatal arrhythmias is warranted in patients with early stages of LC.</p>
Nuclear Spirals as Signatures of Supermassive Black Holes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Recent high resolution images of spiral galaxies show wide varieties of features including nuclear spirals in the central parts. Some of the galaxies show grand-design nuclear spirals. The morphology of grand-design spirals can be further divided by the openness of the arms: tightly wound ones with winding angle of around 3$\pi$ radian and open spirals with winding angle of around $\pi$ radian. Based on hydrodynamical simulations, we have investigated the mechanism responsible for the openness of nuclear spirals. Since the gas flow in the nuclear region is mainly governed by the central mass concentration near the nuclei and the sound speed of the gas, we have examined various models with different mass concentration represented by the mass of the central black hole and different sound speeds. We found that the tightly wound spirals can be formed when the mass of the black hole is large enough to remove the inner-inner Lindblad resonances and sound speeds lie between 15 - 20 km/sec. Thus, the presence of the tightly wound nuclear spiral could imply the presence of relatively massive black hole in the center.
Effect of Casein Gluten Free Snack, Nutrition Education and Level of Pb and Zn Metal on Clinical Manifestation of Autism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Objective: People with autism in Medan are quite high due to the high Casein and Gluten intake, low Zn metal and high Pb metal.The aim of this study was giving Casein Gluten Free (CGF) Snacks snacks and nutritional education to reduce the symptoms of clinical manifestations of people with autism.Materials and Methods: The study was Quasi experimental with the design of post test only control group design with 4 autistic schools location in Medan.The sample was divided into 3 groups namely controls group, CGF Snack (group 1) and CGF Snack and Nutrition Education (group 2).Analysis was carried out with Pearson correlation tests and one way ANOVA.Results: Metal Pb was significantly associated with the occurrence of clinical manifestations (p<0.05) and had a very strong closeness (r = 0.825) and Zn metal was not significantly associated (p = 0.141).The group 2 made the most significant contribution (p<0.05) to the decrease of clinical manifestation.Conclusion: The results of the study showed that snack CGF and nutritional education were the most influential Pb metal had an effect, while Zn did not affect the clinical manifestations.
Association Between Mixed Exposure to Dioxins and Dioxin-Like Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Obesity Among US Adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Context Evidence of mixed effects of dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) on obesity is lacking. Background Previous studies have suggested the potential links between dioxins or DL-PCBs and obesity. However, the combined effects of dioxins and DL-PCBs on obesity are still unclear. Methods Nine kinds of dioxins and DL-PCBs were measured among 852 adults using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2003-2004. We conducted generalized linear regression, weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models to evaluate the association of these chemicals with obesity, and mediation analysis was performed to explore the mediating effect of glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Results Dioxins and DL-PCBs were identified as risk factors for obesity according to logistic regression models. Both WQS and BKMR regression indicated that combined exposure to dioxins and DL-PCBs was linked to obesity, of which 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-hpcdd showed the greatest contributions. The results from mediation analyses suggested that the relationships of dioxins with obesity or obesity indices were mediated by HbA1c, with the proportion of mediation ranging from 5.21% to 9.04% and the beta estimates (95% CI) were 0.007 (0.002, 0.010), 0.007 (0.0005, 0.020), 0.380 (0.133, 0.800), 0.408 (0.132, 0.800). Conclusion Our findings revealed that mixed exposure to dioxins and DL-PCBs is positively correlated with obesity.
Earlier Detection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 p24 Antigen and Immunoglobulin G and M Antibodies to p17 Antigen in Seroconversion Serum Panels by Immune Complex Transfer Enzyme Immunoassays

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT For earlier diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, the sensitivities of immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassays for HIV-1 p24 antigen and antibody immunoglobulin G (IgG) to HIV-1 p17 antigen were improved approximately 25- and 90-fold, respectively, over those of the previous immunoassays by performing solid-phase immunoreactions with shaking and increasing the serum sample volumes, and immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay of antibody IgM to p17 antigen was also performed in the same way as the improved immunoassay of antibody IgG to p17 antigen. By the improved immunoassays, p24 antigen and antibody IgG to p17 antigen were detected earlier in 32 and 53%, respectively, of the HIV-1 seroconversion serum panels tested than before the improvements, and p24 antigen was detected as early as or earlier than HIV-1 RNA by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) in all of the panels tested. In 4 panels out of 19 tested, antibody IgG to p17 antigen or both antibodies IgG and IgM to p17 antigen were detected earlier than p24 antigen and RNA, although the antibody levels declined slightly before their steep increases usually observed after p24 antigen and RNA. Thus, the window period in diagnosis of HIV-1 infection can be shortened by detection of p24 antigen with the improved immunoassay as much as by detection of RNA with RT-PCR and, in some cases, more by detection of antibodies IgG and IgM to p17 antigen with the improved immunoassays than by detections of p24 antigen with the improved immunoassay and RNA with RT-PCR.
Cross-resistance between “Daraprim” and Proguanil

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and aims

Microbiota alterations are linked with colorectal cancer (CRC) and notably higher abundance of putative oral bacteria on colonic tumours. However, it is not known if colonic mucosa-associated taxa are indeed orally derived, if such cases are a distinct subset of patients or if the oral microbiome is generally suitable for screening for CRC.

Methods

We profiled the microbiota in oral swabs, colonic mucosae and stool from individuals with CRC (99 subjects), colorectal polyps (32) or controls (103).

Results

Several oral taxa were differentially abundant in CRC compared with controls, for example, Streptococcus and Prevotellas pp. A classification model of oral swab microbiota distinguished individuals with CRC or polyps from controls (sensitivity: 53% (CRC)/67% (polyps); specificity: 96%). Combining the data from faecal microbiota and oral swab microbiota increased the sensitivity of this model to 76% (CRC)/88% (polyps). We detected similar bacterial networks in colonic microbiota and oral microbiota datasets comprising putative oral biofilm forming bacteria. While these taxa were more abundant in CRC, core networks between pathogenic, CRC-associated oral bacteria such as Peptostreptococcus, Parvimonas and Fusobacterium were also detected in healthy controls. High abundance of Lachnospiraceae was negatively associated with the colonisation of colonic tissue with oral-like bacterial networks suggesting a protective role for certain microbiota types against CRC, possibly by conferring colonisation resistance to CRC-associated oral taxa and possibly mediated through habitual diet.

Conclusion

The heterogeneity of CRC may relate to microbiota types that either predispose or provide resistance to the disease, and profiling the oral microbiome may offer an alternative screen for detecting CRC.
Time Evolution of Relative Entropies for Anomalous Diffusion

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The entropy production paradox for anomalous diffusion processes describes a phenomenon where one-parameter families of dynamical equations, falling between the diffusion and wave equations, have entropy production rates (Shannon, Tsallis or Renyi) that increase toward the wave equation limit unexpectedly. Moreover, also surprisingly, the entropy does not order the bridging regime between diffusion and waves at all. However, it has been found that relative entropies, with an appropriately chosen reference distribution, do. Relative entropies, thus, provide a physically sensible way of setting which process is “nearer” to pure diffusion than another, placing pure wave propagation, desirably, “furthest” from pure diffusion. We examine here the time behavior of the relative entropies under the evolution dynamics of the underlying one-parameter family of dynamical equations based on space-fractional derivatives.
Sustainable Design in the Housing Environment: Integration of Modern Technology and Cultural Heritage Protection on the Example of the National Archive in Krakow

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Contemporary challenges in the design of public buildings, such as archives, include the integration of some aspects of heritage conservation, quality of the housing environment, and sustainability. Using the example of the new headquarters of the National Archive in Krakow, architectural and technological solutions that can be adapted in residential development are analysed. The analysed building combines modernity with care for the historic urban fabric, improving the quality of life of the residents. The project demonstrates how the harmonious coexistence of public and residential uses can support the aspiration for a sustainable urban environment that combines the needs of residents with the need to protect the cultural landscape.
The impact of investment in accounting information systems on business performance : the case of the Libyan commercial banks

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aimed to explore investment in accounting information system (AIS) in the \ncommercial banks in Libya. It focuses on the extent and nature of AIS investment in the \nLibyan commercial banks, resultant changes in business processes and the significance of \ntraining and up-skilling of the workforce in delivering systems benefits. \nFollowing an initial literature review, the research reviewed AIS investment in all Libyan \ncommercial banks and established top line profiles of nine of the thirteen existing banks (the \nother four being close to merger with, or acquisition by, other banks). Three banks were \nselected for detailed case study analysis, representing a cross-section in terms of size, staff, \nage profile, and ownership of the banks. Three methods were adopted to collect data - \nindividual questionnaires with key bank personnel, semi-structured interviews and review and \nanalysis of pertinent bank documents. \nThe study researched and analysed the recent investment in advanced IT in the case study \nbanks, where AIS packaged software and communications infrastructure had been \nimplemented. The banks that use developed global systems have more efficient and effective \nsystems than the banks that use local systems, and in general there are no adequate policies or \nplans in place for training and up-skilling of staff using these new systems. The study also \nfound that investment in AIS and associated technological infrastructure had impacted on all \nmain business processes, bringing about significant process improvement in some cases. \nContributions to knowledge include a qualitative assessment of AIS in Libyan banks, which \nhas not been done before, and the identification of some of the benefits and problems that \nresult from major systems deployment. The study has also shown that models formulated for \napplication in the developed world can be adapted and applied to assess information systems \nin a developing world commercial environment.
A System for Technology Based Assessment of Language and Literacy in Young Children: the Role of Multiple Information Sources

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the design and realization of an automatic system for assessing and evaluating the language and literacy skills of young children. This system was developed in the context of the TBALL (technology based assessment of language and literacy) project and aims at automatically assessing the English literacy skills of both native talkers of American English and Mexican-American children in grades K-2. The automatic assessments were carried out employing appropriate speech recognition and understanding techniques. In this paper, we describe the system focusing on the role of the multiple sources of information at our disposal. We present the content of the assessment system, discuss some issues in creating a child-friendly interface, and how to provide a suitable feedback to the teachers. In addition, we will discuss the different assessment modules and the different algorithms used for speech analysis.
Idioms and Reading Comprehension

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Presents results from a study designed to determine whether idioms cause difficulty for children in the reading and understanding of prose. Two hundred and fifty-six grade eight children were randomly chosen from two high schools and each child was tested with one of four tests which contained increasing amounts of idiomatic expressions. The treatment effect was highly significant, the means increased steadily, with the highest scores associated with the test containing no idioms and the lowest scores associated with the test containing idioms in all items. There was no significant difference between the performance of boys and girls in the tests. An analysis of the four treatment groups showed that there were significant differences between the means of all groups except the two groups containing the greatest number of idioms in the test items.
Investigation of Aerodynamic Sound Radiation from Small Airfoils

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In a recent paper, Clark and Ribner [J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 46, 802–805 (1969)] show that the instantaneous sound radiated by an airfoil immersed in a turbulent flow and its fluctuating lift are connected by Curle's equation, which describes sound radiation from a rigid surface immersed in flow. Curle's equation furthermore states that for surfaces with characteristic dimensions small relative to the wavelength of the radiated sound, the fluctuating lift (and drag) may be modeled as point dipoles. An investigation has been carried out at the UCLA free-jet aerosonic facility to measure the sound directivity pattern of small airfoils in flow as a partial check of Curle's equation. The results of the investigation provide some evidence that, indeed, small airfoils in flow radiate like point dipoles in apparent support of that aspect of Curle's treatment. The experimental facility and an interpretation of the data are discussed. [This work has been sponsored by the NASA Ames Research Center under contract.]
High‐Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Using Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) as an Electrolyte Shows a Remarkable Durability

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The development of a high‐performance, durable, and less expensive membrane electrode assembly (MEA) composed of a polymer electrolyte membrane and electrocatalysts is important for developing fuel cells. Herein, we described the design and fabrication of an electrocatalyst with carbon black, polybenzimidazole doped with poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA), and platinum nanoparticles as an electron‐conducting support material, an electrolyte, and a metal catalyst, respectively. Most importantly, we used PVPA in place of phosphoric acid, which is a widely used acid dopant, as the acid dopant for both the electrocatalyst and the polymer electrolyte membrane. We reported that the use of PVPA is crucial for the high performance of the MEA because it prevented the leaching of acid molecules from the MEA, which led to high durability compared to that of the phosphoric acid‐doped MEAs.
The Evaluation of Long-Term Radon Expansion from Large Sources Using Passive Integrating Radon Monitors

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The determination of the long-term dispersion of radon from large area sources is quite simple if a great number of passive radon dosemeters is used for the measurement integrating over rather long periods. Development work on, and testing of, small dosemeters for individual dosimetry and outdoor measurements which started about 10 years ago have led to a reliable measuring device, which can be applied also under extreme environmental conditions. The plotting of the concentrations distribution which is necessary to calculate the radiation exposure caused by radon in the vicinity of large sources has been demonstrated among others for the uranium mines at Menzenschwand and the milling facility at Ellweiler. The methodology and the most important parameters influencing the distribution of radon are discussed.