jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Morphology evolution of lipid nanoparticle discovered by small angle neutron scattering

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The structure of mRNA lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is still under debate, with different studies presenting varying morphological characteristics, significantly hindering their biomedical potential. A typical formulation process of mRNA LNPs involves three steps: initial rapid mixing of lipids in an ethanol phase and mRNA in an acidic aqueous phase, followed by the swift removal of ethanol, and finally adjusting the solution to a neutral environment. In this study, we utilize Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) with contrast matching to reveal the kinetic pathway-dependent of mRNA LNPs morphology. We find that the formulation process of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is controlled by a competition between aggregation and microphase separation, dictating the diverse morphologies observed in mRNA LNPs. The first step leads to the formation of polydisperse spherical droplets with an average diameter of 42±6.0 nm in an acidic ethanol aqueous solution. Ethanol removal initiates both aggregation and internal microphase separation, resulting in a polydisperse core-shell structure with an average diameter of 48±3.7 nm. Heptadecan-9-yl 8-((2-hydroxyethyl) (6-oxo-6-(undecyloxy) hexyl) amino) octanoate (SM-102) binds to mRNA via electrostatic interaction to form a reverse-wormlike micelle structure inside. The 1,2-Distearoyl-sn‑glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) and PEG-lipid are just in the shell and cholesterol acting as a filler throughout the core-shell structure. Upon transitioning to a neutral environment, SM-102 loses its charge and neither the periphery nor the reverse-wormlike micelle can maintain their stabilities, leading to further aggregation and microphase separation. The average diameter of core-shell structure turns to be 66±5.2 nm. In the actual formulation process of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine, steps 2 and 3 occur simultaneously, and the competition between aggregation and microphase separation determines the final morphology. These findings offer crucial insights into optimizing the morphology of mRNA LNPs, thereby facilitating advancements in vaccine development and mRNA vaccine delivery technologies.
Open Chromatin Analysis in Trypanosoma Cruzi Life Forms Highlights Critical Differences in Genomic Compartments and Developmental Regulation at tDNA Loci

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: Genomic organization and gene expression regulation in trypanosomes are remarkable because protein-coding genes are organized into codirectional gene clusters with unrelated functions. Moreover, there is no dedicated promoter for each gene, resulting in polycistronic gene transcription, with posttranscriptional control playing a major role. Nonetheless, these parasites harbor epigenetic modifications at critical regulatory genome features that dynamically change among parasite stages, which are not fully understood. Results: Here, we investigated the impact of chromatin changes in a scenario commanded by posttranscriptional control exploring the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and its differentiation program using genome-wide approaches supported by transmission electron microscopy. The integration of FAIRE and MNase-seq data, two complementary epigenomic approaches, enabled us to identify differences in T. cruzi genome compartments, putative transcriptional start regions and virulence factors. In addition, we also detected developmental chromatin regulation at tRNA loci (tDNA), which seems to be linked to the translation regulatory mechanism required for parasite differentiation. Strikingly, a positive correlation was observed between active chromatin and steady-state transcription levels. Conclusion: Taken together, our results indicate that chromatin changes reflect the unusual gene expression regulation of trypanosomes and the differences among parasite developmental stages, even in the context of a lack of canonical transcriptional control of protein-coding genes.
Does 68Ga-DOTA-NOC-PET/CT impact staging and therapeutic decision making in pulmonary carcinoid tumors?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Purpose of this study was to assess the utility of 68 Ga-DOTA-NOC-PET/computed tomography (CT) (Ga-NOC-PET) in tumor detection, pathological differentiation and baseline staging of pulmonary carcinoids as well as to study its impact on therapeutic decision making. Patients and methods Patients who underwent a Ga-NOC-PET for initial evaluation of bronchopulmonary carcinoid tumors from August 2014 to December 2019 were included. Detection rate of Ga-NOC-PET for the primary lesion was calculated by visual estimation of tracer uptake as per Krenning score. SUVmax of typical and atypical carcinoid tumors was measured and difference compared using nonparametric statistical tests. Proportion of patients with distant metastases was also calculated and its impact on intended treatment was assessed. Results Imaging, histopathology and treatment details of 119 patients were available for analysis. Majority of tumors had an endobronchial location (74.7%) and showed histopathologic features of typical carcinoid (82.3%). Ga-NOC-PET showed a detection rate/sensitivity of 92.4%. Oncocytic variant on histopathology and smaller tumor size accounted for majority of negative results. Typical carcinoids showed significantly higher SUVmax than atypical tumors (median SUVmax 38.4 vs. 15.7, P = 0.002). Metastases to distant sites outside the thorax were seen in 14 patients (11.7%), primarily in liver and bones changing the intent of treatment from surgery to systemic therapy. Conclusion Ga-NOC-PET detects asymptomatic distant metastatic disease in a sizeable number of patients (11.7%) with pulmonary carcinoid and thus contribute to clinical management by precluding futile surgeries. It shows a high sensitivity for tumor detection and can help differentiate between typical and atypical carcinoid variants by virtue of their variable tracer uptake. PET/CT using Ga-labeled DOTA peptides should be an integral part of diagnostic workup of patients with lung carcinoid.
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Physiopathology, Molecular Diagnostic, and Therapeutic Approaches

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This in-depth study explores various aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis, shedding light on the physiopathology of the infection, advances in molecular diagnostic techniques, and therapeutic approaches currently in development. Our investigation seamlessly integrates fundamental and clinical research data to provide a comprehensive perspective on this debilitating disease. Cutaneous leishmaniasis, primarily manifested through skin lesions, poses a significant diagnostic challenge. We delve into molecular diagnostic methods, especially PCR, emphasizing their crucial role in accurately detecting the infection. Simultaneously, we examine the implications of the physiopathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis, unveiling the complex mechanisms underlying this disease. In terms of treatment, we scrutinize current therapeutic approaches, highlighting limitations associated with using antimonials. Our study also explores alternative solutions, investigating the potential benefits of flavonoids and other natural compounds, thus offering innovative therapeutic perspectives. In conclusion, this research aims to enhance the understanding of cutaneous leishmaniasis from a diagnostic and therapeutic standpoint. This review is an essential resource for healthcare professionals and researchers, laying the groundwork for an integrated and holistic approach to better comprehend and treat this complex disease.
The Orthodontic Observation of Ancient Peruvian Calvaria

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

先インカ時代ペルー人の変形頭骨, および下顎骨について歯科矯正学的な観点を中心として分析検討を行った。その結果, この変形頭骨は後頭扁平型に属し, これに加えられた人為的変形外力はorthopedic forceとして, 後頭部を中心に頭骨に前後的に働き, 直接的には頭蓋部へ, 間接的には顔面部へとその影響を及ぼしたものと推定された。すなわち頭蓋部へは, 後頭骨の扁平化, および頭蓋冠の外側方への膨出を形成させ, 顔面部へは上顔面部の前突, および同部の幅径の増大を惹起せしめた。加えてcranial base angleの開大も認められ, この点でMoss (1958) と所見を異にした。その他, 人類学的な検討を加えたところ, 古代ペルー人はアジア人種に類別されることも確認された。一方, 古代ペルー人の下顎骨では, 下顎最小枝幅が大きく, 下顎角の小さい形態的特徴が共通した所見として認められた。なお, 1例については, 特異な形態を付加していたが, このことは頭骨に加えられたorthopedic forceの影響が下顎骨にまで及んだものかとも推察され, 示唆されるところ大であった。
Seismic character classification based on a line‐segment model

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1986Seismic character classification based on a line‐segment modelAuthors: P. C. ChenR. L. GallowayK. FukunagaP. C. ChenExxon University Production Research Co., R. L. GallowayExxon University Production Research Co., and K. FukunagaPurdue Universityhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1893166 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1893166FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1986ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1986 Pages: 715 publication data© 1986 Copyright © 1986 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 07 Mar 2005 CITATION INFORMATION P. C. Chen, R. L. Galloway, and K. Fukunaga, (1986), "Seismic character classification based on a line‐segment model," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 193-197. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1893166 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
In-vitro three dimensional vasculature modeling based on sensor fusion between intravascular ultrasound and magnetic tracker

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a sensor fusion between intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and magnetic trackers for constructing the virtual reality three dimensional models of the blood vessels. We propose this approach for vasculature modeling as part of a guidance system relying on augmented reality for assistance during aortic stent graft deploy. This guidance will facilitate the alignment of the holes on the stent graft walls with the renal and mesenteric arteries ramifications. First we studied the disturbances on the magnetic tracker measurements induced by IVUS emitter after assembling the two sensors together. Then we performed a scan with the hybrid probe inside a blood silicone model submerged into a water tank, captured and fused data from both sensors. The dispersion of samples increased less than 1mm in the evaluated locations while the IVUS was activated. This enabled the construction of a three-dimensional model in virtual reality of the blood vessel model relying on the sensor fusion.
Research on Mechanism of Chemical Mechanical Polishing Process for Silicon Nitride Balls with CeO<sub>2</sub> Abrasive

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Studies on chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) for silicon nitride (Si3N4) balls with CeO2 abrasive carried to investigate the mechanism of chemo-mechanical action between silicon nitride and CeO2. It is found that CeO2 is more effective to obtain smooth Si3N4 balls than other abrasives, and extremely smooth Si3N4 balls with surface Ra 4nm were obtained after polishing. XRD test is used to detect the reaction resultants on the ball surface, and the results show that SiO2 is the main resultant of the chemical reaction between Si3N4 and CeO2, and the test results confirm the correctness of thermodynamic analysis based on Gibb’s free energy of formation. It is also found that water play as a key factor in CMP.
Royal roads and dead ends. How institutional procedures influence the coherence of European Union policy formulation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The European Union has repeatedly committed itself to increase the coherence of its external action, with Policy Coherence for Development being singled out as one of the most prominent cases. This paper investigates how the EU promotes this aim in the policy formulation of different governance areas. Using a historical institutionalist approach, it focuses on the process dimension of coherence by presenting extensive empirical data to analyse which institutional procedures – such as Commission inter-service consultations – are regularly applied to what effect. The study discusses the results of tracing the planning of six selected initiatives in fisheries, environment and security policy. It finds that the effective promotion of Policy Coherence for Development does not necessarily depend on the particular policy field and its degree of communitarisation as such but rather on the policy instrument used and especially on the EU institution which conducts the policy formulation.
How to Select Participants From LGBTQIA+ and Trans Communities UsingSocial Media

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this guide, I discuss some of the ethical and methodological considerations of recruiting LGBTQIA+ research participants via social media. Of course, recruiting research participants from historically marginalized and minoritized communities always requires serious consideration. However, this is perhaps even more true when seeking to recruit participants via today’s increasingly extreme social mediascape, which continues to platform homophobic, transphobic, and queerphobic content. These conditions may well contribute to social media users’ inability or unwillingness to be identifiably LGBTQIA+ in online spaces, giving rise to both ethical and methodological considerations in our research. From researcher positionality to picking the right platform(s), and from carefully crafted language to dealing with rejection, I offer in this guide some practical advice for you to reflect on in the development and design of social media recruitment methods.
Modulation of vascular contraction via soluble guanylate cyclase signaling in a novel ex vivo method using rat precision‐cut liver slices

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Fibrotic processes in the liver of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients cause microcirculatory dysfunction in the organ which increases blood vessel resistance and causes portal hypertension. Assessing blood vessel function in the liver is challenging, necessitating the development of novel methods in normal and fibrotic tissue that allow for drug screening and translation toward pre‐clinical settings. Cultures of precision cut liver slices (PCLS) from normal and fibrotic rat livers were used for blood vessel function analysis. Live recording of vessel diameter was used to assess the response to endothelin‐1, serotonin and soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activation. A cascade of contraction and relaxation events in response to serotonin, endothelin‐1, Ketanserin and sGC activity could be established using vessel diameter analysis of rat PCLS. Both the sGC activator BI 703704 and the sGC stimulator Riociguat prevented serotonin‐induced contraction in PCLS from naive rats. By contrast, PCLS cultures from the rat CCl 4 NASH model were only responsive to the sGC activator, thus establishing that the sGC enzyme is rendered non‐responsive to nitric oxide under oxidative stress found in fibrotic livers. The role of the sGC pathway for vessel relaxation of fibrotic liver tissue was identified in our model. The obtained data shows that the inhibitory capacities on vessel contraction of sGC compounds can be translated to published preclinical data. Altogether, this novel ex vivo PCLS method allows for the differentiation of drug candidates and the translation of therapeutic approaches towards the clinical use.
Spread and Characterization of Chemical Resistance of Biotype D Greenbugs in Texas12

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Biotype D greenbugs, Schizaphis graminum (Rondani), were shown to have developed cross resistance within the organophosphate insecticides. Resistance levels to disulfoton ranged from 10.6- to 37-fold over the susceptible Stillwater, OK, strain which had an LC50 of 0.22 ppm at 48 h. Highest resistance levels (17.1- and 37.0-fold) were found in colonies of greenbugs taken from locations of higher insecticide usages north of the Edmonson area where resistance was first reported. Resistance levels were lower (10.6- and 14.4-fold) in colonies from areas east of Edmonson. The more disulfoton-resistant Hereford strain was found to have the highest parathion resistance (2.98-fold). In leaf-dip screening studies on the resistant Hereford strain, chlorpyrifos, oxydemetonmethyl, and carbofuran were more toxic than parathion with LC50’s of 1.12, 1.98, 2.11, and 2.50 ppm, respectively. FMC 35023 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl [(N-benzyl) (N-methyl) aminosulfenyl] [methyl] carbamate), FMC 31768 (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl (methyl) (morpholinosulfenyl)-carbamate), FMC 40963 (FMC 33297 plus 2-methylpropyl 2-propynyl phenylphosphonate), permethrin (FMC 33297), thiofanox, A 47171 (1,1-dimethyl 2,2 bis (p-ethoxyphenyl) ethane), and A 47170 (1-chloro 1-methyl 2,2 bis (p-ethoxyphenyl) ethane) were much less toxic with LC50’s which ranged from 3.88 to >80 ppm.
Effect of Antral Motility on Food Hydrolysis and Gastric Emptying from the Stomach: Insights from Computational Models

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The peristaltic motion of the stomach walls combines with the secretion of enzymes to initiate the process that breaks down food. Computational modelling of this phenomenon can help reveal the details that would be hard to capture via in-vivo or in-vitro means. In this study, the digestion of a liquid meal containing protein is simulated in a human-stomach model based on imaging data. Pepsin, the gastric enzyme for protein hydrolysis, is secreted from the proximal region of the stomach walls and allowed to react with the contents of the stomach. The jet velocities, the emptying rate, and the extent of hydrolysis are quantified for a control case, and also for three other cases of reduced motility with varying peristaltic amplitudes. The findings quantify the effect of motility on the rate of food breakdown and emptying, and correlate the observations with the mixing in the stomach induced by the antral contraction waves.
Scuba dalışının orta basıncı üzerine etkileri.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Since; the self-contained underwater breathing apparatus (scuba) was developed; the growth in the recreational diving population leaded an increase in diving-related injuries, mostly about the ear barotraumas. Previous findings show that inexperienced divers are more predisposed to ear barotraumas. This study was performed to see the dive related alterations of the middle ear pressure and the compliance of the tympanic membrane due to experience (experienced - skin divers and/or underwater rugby players and inexperienced -not use to skin diving or such water sports) and depth (3m and 12m) in 22 novice divers with normal pre-dive audiometry, tympanometry, and otorhinolaryngologic examination. Pre dive otologic inspections were taken and pre dive / post dive tympanograms were measured for each depth. In 8 ears of the 5 inexperienced divers either hyperemia or hemotympany were observed in the second day̕s (12m) otoscopic inspections. In the first post dive tympanometric measurements; middle ear pressure changes were observed in 19 ears of 14 divers. The compliance was not changed in 5 ears of 3 divers and increased in the reminder. In the second tympanometric measurements, 12 ears of the 8 divers showed negative middle ear pressure and compliance was not changed in 10 ears of 5 divers and increased in the reminder. Due to experience and middle ear pressure changes of each day; no meaningful, statistically significant correlation was found. Also no meaningful correlations were found neither for experience and compliance. A correlation of .542 between experience status and otologic inspection prior to 12m depth dives was a contradiction to the hypothesis أthere would not be any significant difference between experienced and well trained inexperienced groupsؤ as the otologic variations such as hyperemia or hemotympany were only seen in inexperienced novices. Again; the
Mutation analysis in Saudi Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy patients using multiplex PCR

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Introduction: In Saudi Arabia, only limited work has been reported on the mutation patterns of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). This study looks at the spectrum of deletions in the 'hot spot' regions of the DMD gene in Saudi DMD/BMD patients using an enhanced multiplex PCR technique. Material and methods: Twenty-six exons of the DMD gene were analyzed, in eight unrelated DMD/BMD cases aged 4-19 years, using four different multiplex PCR sets. Each multiplex PCR set amplified a total of six or seven exons. Normal controls were included for validation. Results: Using an optimized multiplex PCR method, 5 out of 8 DMD/BMD patients showed deletions, while the remaining three had no deletions in regions analyzed. Set 1 detected no deletions in any of the patients, whereas each of sets 2, 3 and 4 detected two, four and three deletions respectively. All of these mutations were located in the distal ‘hot spot’ region. No deletions were detected in the proximal ‘hot spot’ region. The normal control samples showed no deletions in any of the 26 exons tested. Conclusions: In this study, multiplex PCR technology was utilized to demonstrate the frequency of the most commonly found deletions in a limited group of Saudi DMD/BMD patients. The overall distribution of deletion mutations in the distal ‘hot spot’ region was in accordance with DMD/BMD cases investigated elsewhere. The study also serves as a good starting point for further investigations into the genetic aspects of the Saudi DMD/BMD population
Reaching for a new sense of connection? The sociality of nonreligion in Europe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Our study has examined the nature and diversity of unbelief, practice and social connections amongst nonreligious Millennials in six European countries chosen for their differences – from low nonreligion (Romania, Poland) to high nonreligion (UK, Netherlands), and with a mix of Christian heritages (Orthodox, Lutheran, Catholic, mixed), political and migration histories, welfare and wealth. We conducted 70 interviews across 25 European cities/towns and triangulated our findings with survey and social media network data. Our presentation highlights three key findings. First, the persistence of beliefs and practices connected to luck, fate and human and cosmic interconnection, which do not fit within a strictly rationalist-materialist framework. This was found across our sample, including in longstanding low religious cultures (like Eastern Germany), through more prominently in high religion environments. Second, we found a range of forms of collective organisation, from state-funded humanist organisations in Norway to Polish movements focused on challenging aspects of the populist religious conservative government’s public policy. Third, our social media analysis showed that while national forums remain important, nonreligious Millennials engage with transnational circuits of nonreligious discourse, particularly in English.
A Novel Matching Pursuit Modeling Strategy Based on Adaptive Fourier Decomposition Theory for Predicting Antigenic Variation of Influenza A (H1N1).

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In summary, AFD-based methods represent effective mathematical models for predicting antigenic variations based on HA sequences and serological data, functioning as ensemble algorithms with guaranteed convergence.Following the sequence of indicators specified in I, we perform a series of operations on A1, including feature extension, extraction, and rearrangement, to generate a new input dataset [Formula: see text] for the prediction step. With this newly prepared input, we can compute the predicted results as [Formula: see text].