jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Consolidation of expert ratings of motion artifacts using hierarchical label fusion

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Intra-scan motion costs tens of thousands of dollars per scanner annually due to the need to repeat non-diagnostic scans1. When assessing the scale of the problem and potential solutions, radiologists’ ratings of artifacts are considered the gold standard. However, inconsistent and conflicting ratings must be consolidated into a single gold-standard. We introduce a hierarchical label fusion algorithm that infers each rater's performance and promotes consistency across slices from a volume. This algorithm reduces label noise compared to majority votes, and allows non-expert ratings to be calibrated and included as additional silver-standards.
Accumulation and Sublethal Effects of a Wyoming Crude Oil in Cutthroat Trout

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Cutthroat trout Salmo clarki were exposed for 90 days to four concentrations of a Wyoming crude oil in water, ranging from 100 to 520 μg/liter. Survival was reduced to 52% among fish held in the 520-μg/liter concentration, but was not affected by three lower concentrations. The growth of cutthroat trout in all four concentrations was significantly slower than that of the control fish. Exposure concentrations of 520 and 450 μg/liter induced gill lesions and development of lesions on the retina and lens of the eye of cutthroat trout. Accumulation of total hydrocarbons in fish tissue was directly related to water concentration, except for fish in the 520-μg/liter concentration. Alkylated mono- and dicyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were accumulated most readily and naphthalenes were the dominant aromatic component in oil, water, and fish. Evidence from this research suggests that discharges of 10 mg/liter oil and grease allowed by several western states are too high.
Materials Data on RbTi3NbO9 by Materials Project

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

RbTi3NbO9 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmn2_1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Rb1+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to ten O2- atoms. There are a spread of Rb–O bond distances ranging from 2.96–3.32 Å. There are three inequivalent Ti4+ sites. In the first Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–2.35 Å. In the second Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.76–2.37 Å. In the third Ti4+ site, Ti4+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form TiO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one NbO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent TiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 22–27°. There are a spread of Ti–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–2.09 Å. Nb5+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted NbO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one TiO6 octahedra and corners with two equivalent NbO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 27–29°. There are a spread of Nb–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.25 Å. There are nine inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Ti4+ atoms to form distorted OTi4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent OTi4 trigonal pyramids and edges with two equivalent OTi3Nb trigonal pyramids. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to three Ti4+ and one Nb5+ atom to form distorted OTi3Nb trigonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent OTi3Nb trigonal pyramids and edges with two equivalent OTi4 trigonal pyramids. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent Rb1+, one Ti4+, and one Nb5+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent Rb1+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Rb1+, one Ti4+, and one Nb5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Rb1+, one Ti4+, and one Nb5+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Rb1+ and two Ti4+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to one Ti4+ and two equivalent Nb5+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Ti4+ atoms.
Research advances in surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) is a combined surgical-orthodontic treatment modality primarily used to address severe maxillary transverse deficiency (MTD) and dental arch constriction. SARME has undergone continuous refinement and optimization, becoming an essential therapeutic strategy in orthognathic treatment. This article comprehensively reviews the developmental trajectory of SARME, encompassing its surgical techniques, clinical efficacy, and potential complications. The review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an updated perspective on SARME's evolving paradigm and propose future research directions.
Quasi-stellar object redshift estimates from optical, near-infrared, and ultraviolet colours

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

\nA simple estimate of the photometric redshift would prove invaluable to forthcoming continuum surveys on the next generation of large radio telescopes, as well as mitigating the existing bias towards the most optically bright sources. While there is a well-known correlation between the near-infrared K-band magnitude and redshift for galaxies, we find the K − z relation to break down for samples dominated by quasi-stellar objects. We hypothesise that this is due to the additional contribution to the near-infrared flux by the active galactic nucleus, and, as such, the K-band magnitude can only provide a lower limit to the redshift in the case of active galactic nuclei, which will dominate the radio surveys. From a large optical dataset, we find a tight relationship between the rest-frame (U − K)/(W2 − FUV) colour ratio and spectroscopic redshift over a sample of 17 000 sources, spanning z ≈ 0.1−5. Using the observed-frame ratios of (U − K)/(W2 − FUV) for redshifts of z ≲ 1, (I − W2)/(W3 − U) for 1 ≲ z ≲ 3, and (I − W2.5)/(W4 − R) for z ≳ 3, where W2.5 is the λ = 8.0 μm magnitude and the appropriate redshift ranges are estimated from the W2 (4.5 μm) magnitude, we find this to be a robust photometric redshift estimator for quasars. We suggest that the rest-frame U − K colour traces the excess flux from the AGN over this wide range of redshifts, although the W2 − FUV colour is required to break the degeneracy.\n
Supplemental Material

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Three figures: band structures of Sn9C15, Ge9C15, and Si9C15 monolayers under biaxial strains; One Table: Latter parameters, HSE06 bandgaps, VBM, and CBM of Sn9C15, Ge9C15, Si9C15, and six transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) monolayers.
Quantum chemical calculations and spectroscopic measurements of spectroscopic and thermodynamic properties of given uranyl complexes in aqueous solutions with possible environmental and industrial applications

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

\nA brief introduction into computational methodology and preliminary results for spectroscopic (excitation energies, vibrational frequencies in ground and excited electronic states) and thermodynamic (stability constants, standard enthalpies and entropies of complexation reactions) properties of some 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 uranyl sulphato- and selenato- complexes in aqueos solutions will be given. The relativistic effects are included via Effective Core Potential (ECP), electron correlation via (TD)DFT/B3LYP (dispersion interaction corrected) and solvation is described via explicit inclusion of one hydration sphere beyond the coordinated water molecules. We acknowledge limits of this approximate description – more accurate calculations (ranging from semi-phenomenological two-component spin-orbit coupling up to four-component Dirac-Coulomb-Breit hamiltonian) and Molecular Dynamics simulations are in preparation. The computational results are compared with the experimental results from Time-resolved Laser-induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS) and UV-VIS spectroscopic studies (including our original experimental research on this topic). In case of the TRLFS and UV-VIS speciation studies, the problem of complex solution spectra decomposition into individual components is ill-conditioned and hints from theoretical chemistry could be very important. Qualitative agreement between our quantum chemical calculations of the spectroscopic properties and experimental data was achieved. Possible applications for geochemical modelling (e.g. safety studies of nuclear waste repositories, modelling of a future mining site) and analytical chemical studies (including natural samples) are discussed.
Personalized Verbal Problems: An Application of the Language Experience Approach

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Overall mathematics achievement is declining nationwide. One of the main weaknesses of students appears to be their solution of word problems. In this study an interest inventory was administered to 99 fourth-grade students. The investigators developed a computer program to utilize the results of the interest inventory to personalize a pool of problems previously selected by a panel of experts. Subjects were administered tests with standard textbook problems and personalized problems. The analysis of the results indicated that personalization improved performance in the selection of the correct process but was of little or no benefit in the computation of correct answers,
Lyth bound, eternal inflation, and future cosmological missions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we provide a new expression for the variation of the inflaton\nfield $\\Delta\\phi$ during the horizon crossing epoch in the context of single\nfield slow roll inflationary models. Such an expression represents a\ngeneralization of the well-know Lyth bound. We also explore the consequences of\na detection of permille order of the tensor-to-scalar ratio amplitude, $r$, as\nwell as an improvement on the estimation of the scalar spectral index, $n_s$\nand its running $\\alpha_s$, by the upcoming CMB polarization experiments that\nwill provide plausible constraints on the quantity $\\Delta\\phi$ during the\nhorizon exit moment. In addition we discuss the relation between the local\nvariation of the field and the possibilities of an eternal inflation. The\nresults of the analysis are completely model independent.\n
Hurricane Katrina (2005). Part II: Evolution and Hemispheric Impacts of a Diabatically Generated Warm Pool

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The landfall of Hurricane Katrina (2005) near New Orleans, Louisiana, on 29 August 2005 will be remembered as one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States. By comparison, the extratropical transition (ET) of the system as it accelerates poleward over the following days is innocuous and the system weakens until its eventual demise off the coast of Greenland. The extent of Katrina’s perturbation of the midlatitude flow would appear to be limited given the lack of reintensification or downstream development during ET. However, the slow progression of a strong upper-tropospheric warm pool across the North Atlantic Ocean in the week following Katrina’s landfall prompts the question of whether even a nonreintensifying ET event can lead to significant modification of the midlatitude flow. Analysis of Hurricane Katrina’s outflow layer after landfall suggests that it does not itself make up the long-lived midlatitude warm pool. However, the interaction between Katrina’s anticyclonic outflow and an approaching baroclinic trough is shown to establish an anomalous southwesterly conduit or “freeway” that injects a preexisting tropospheric warm pool over the southwestern United States into the midlatitudes. This warm pool reduces predictability in medium-range forecasts over the North Atlantic and Europe while simultaneously aiding in the development of Hurricanes Maria and Nate. The origin of the warm pool is shown to be the combination of anticyclonic upper-level features generated by eastern Pacific Hurricane Hilary and the south Asian anticyclone (SAA). The hemispheric nature of the connections involved with the development of the warm pool and its injection into the extratropics has an impact on forecasting, since the predictability issue associated with ET in this case involves far more than the potential reintensification of the transitioning system itself.
A Sociological Portrait of the Homeless Population in a Moderate Sized City: Macon, Georgia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Topics studied in this volume include: demographic characteristics; causes of homelessness; health and illness; the gap between the income of the homeless and the cost of low-income housing; kinship and friendship networks; crime and victimization patterns; and policy alternatives. These topics areexamined in relation to thefindings form studies which have focused on homelessness in major metrapolitan areas. This study is based on a sample of 100 homelss people.
The genome sequence of the psychrophilic archaeon,Methanococcoides burtonii: the role of genome evolution in cold adaptation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Psychrophilic archaea are abundant and perform critical roles throughout the Earth's expansive cold biosphere. Here we report the first complete genome sequence for a psychrophilic methanogenic archaeon, Methanococcoides burtonii. The genome sequence was manually annotated including the use of a five-tiered evidence rating (ER) system that ranked annotations from ER1 (gene product experimentally characterized from the parent organism) to ER5 (hypothetical gene product) to provide a rapid means of assessing the certainty of gene function predictions. The genome is characterized by a higher level of aberrant sequence composition (51%) than any other archaeon. In comparison to hyper/thermophilic archaea, which are subject to selection of synonymous codon usage, M. burtonii has evolved cold adaptation through a genomic capacity to accommodate highly skewed amino-acid content, while retaining codon usage in common with its mesophilic Methanosarcina cousins. Polysaccharide biosynthesis genes comprise at least 3.3% of protein coding genes in the genome, and Cell wall, membrane, envelope biogenesis COG genes are overrepresented. Likewise, signal transduction (COG category T) genes are overrepresented and M. burtonii has a high ‘IQ’ (a measure of adaptive potential) compared to many methanogens. Numerous genes in these two overrepresented COG categories appear to have been acquired from ɛ- and δ-Proteobacteria, as do specific genes involved in central metabolism such as a novel B form of aconitase. Transposases also distinguish M. burtonii from other archaea, and their genomic characteristics indicate they have an important role in evolving the M. burtonii genome. Our study reveals a capacity for this model psychrophile to evolve through genome plasticity (including nucleotide skew, horizontal gene transfer and transposase activity) that enables adaptation to the cold, and to the biological and physical changes that have occurred over the last several thousand years as it adapted from a marine to an Antarctic lake environment.
The corregidor as dragon and the encomendero as lion

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract With his Primer nueva coronica y buen gobierno Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala (ca. 1535–post 1616), the best known Andean early-17th century author of indigenous descent, created a comprehensive and complex work about the indigenous past and the colonial present of his time. Colonial language data and information in an Amerindian language, interpreted from within the writer's framework as well as parting from Andean and European traditions, can be used to better understand the author's objectives for employing a certain text genre and language. This paper gives a sociolinguistic and ethno-historical analysis of Guaman Poma's work. Guaman Poma uses animal imagery of wild beasts in order to portray colonial society. Certain functionaries are likened to animals which threaten the indigenous people. The critical author presents these menaces in two sections of his work: in a critique of the administration which contains an illustration that links wild animals and functionaries directly and explicitly, and through prayers seeking protection from these same threats. Making use of symbolic language, textual and visual imagery, Guaman Poma associates uncivilized elements of nature with the barbaric behavior of the authorities. Nature and culture have always been closely linked in the Andes, and Guaman Poma makes extensive traditional and at the same time creative use of this connection. I argue that in doing so he creates a new colonial indigenous discourse and uses subversion in the repressive context of the time to call the attention of the reader to the social problems created by colonial rule, thereby making an innovative use of both his native language and Spanish traditions.
A Fast Modeling Method for BOR–FDTD

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Aiming at the inefficiency caused by the optimal design of rotationally symmetric horn feed models, a fast modeling method for rotationally symmetric structures is proposed, which is used to deal with the mesh generation of rotationally symmetric structures and the rapid establishment of computational models. In this paper, the body-of-revolution finite-difference time-domain (BOR–FDTD) method is employed to investigate the radiation performance of the horn feed. Due to the rotational symmetry of the horn antenna, modeling only requires the establishment of a two-dimensional cross-sectional mesh of the horn feed. An optimized Delaunay triangulation algorithm combined with the projection intersection method is utilized to triangulate the horn cross-section of arbitrary polygons and establish the BOR–FDTD computational mesh. Results from both single-medium and multi-medium triangulation algorithms and computational models verify the accuracy of this modeling method. The radiation patterns of a smooth-walled horn were calculated and compared with the modeling time of MATLAB 2017 and the simulation time of CST. The results reveal that the algorithm presented in this paper aligns well with the simulation results from CST; furthermore, the modeling time amounts to only 6.78% of the MATLAB program’s modeling time, while the total simulation time is 31.3% of CST, which demonstrates both the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method.
Preparation and Characterization of Highly Ordered WO_3 Nanorod Arrays

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Tungsten oxide (WO3) nanorod arrays were prepared on an aluminum lattice membrane by combining direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering and aluminum anodization. The surface morphology was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The structure and electrochemical properties of the WO3 nanorod arrays were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and an electrochemical workstation (EW). The optical performance was tested using a UV-Vis absorbance spectrophotometer (UV). Results showed that the sputtered atoms adsorbed preferentially onto the protuberant nanodots of the aluminum lattice membrane during magnetron sputtering and then nucleated and grew into nanorods. The average diameter of the WO3 nanorods is about 200 nm which is in line with the diameter of the alaminum lattice membrence. The WO3 nanorod arrays possess certain electrochromic performance.
Quantitative experimental studies of spontaneous rotations of bismuth nanoparticles

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A phenomenon of spontaneous rotations of Bi nanoparticles is reported. Fourier transform (FT) analysis of the high resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images indicates that the rotations occur by plane after plane gliding rather than a collective movement of the entire particle as a rigid body. The phenomenon rate was studied quantitatively by time resolved transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The origin of the phenomenon as a radiation effect of the high voltage electron beam was excluded by finding the same rates at $200\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kV}$ and $1250\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kV}$ electron beams, below and above the threshold for the knock-on process. The dependence of phenomenon rate on the particles' size was found to be inversely proportional to the particle volume, with a threshold at particle radius of $5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. The temperature was found to activate both the probability for a particle to be in the rotating state, and the rotation rate.
A method for fine mapping quantitative trait loci in outbred animal stocks

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

High-resolution mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) in animals has proved to be difficult because the large effect sizes detected in crosses between inbred strains are often caused by numerous linked QTLs, each of small effect. In a study of fearfulness in mice, we have shown it is possible to fine map small-effect QTLs in a genetically heterogeneous stock (HS). This strategy is a powerful general method of fine mapping QTLs, provided QTLs detected in crosses between inbred strains that formed the HS can be reliably detected in the HS. We show here that single-marker association analysis identifies only two of five QTLs expected to be segregating in the HS and apparently limits the strategy's usefulness for fine mapping. We solve this problem with a multipoint analysis that assigns the probability that an allele descends from each progenitor in the HS. The analysis does not use pedigrees but instead requires information about the HS founder haplotypes. With this method we mapped all three previously undetected loci [chromosome (Chr.) 1 logP 4.9, Chr. 10 logP 6.0, Chr. 15 logP 4.0]. We show that the reason for the failure of single-marker association to detect QTLs is its inability to distinguish opposing phenotypic effects when they occur on the same marker allele. We have developed a robust method of fine mapping QTLs in genetically heterogeneous animals and suggest it is now cost effective to undertake genomewide high-resolution analysis of complex traits in parallel on the same set of mice.