jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Executive power and modern liberty in Jean-Louis Delolme’s political thought and its reception

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Jean-Louis Delolme (1741-1806) is known as a theorist of balance of powers. The lack of contextualisation of his work is accompanied by contrasting interpretations of his politics as a republican, a liberal, a democrat and a monarchist. This thesis alternatively commences with his argument that the English system was the most democratic state that history ever witnessed. By locating his programme in the intellectual and historical context, it reveals his crucial account of the relationship between the executive power and the people’s power. The work unravels his claim by tracing his intellectual debt to the notion of the selfish system. The English experience, he argued, offers a glimpse into how modern free states might avoid the demise of ancient republics with institutional solutions to the selfish human nature. For him, the ideal of popular sovereignty was best preserved in England because it effectively controlled the most powerful political power in a constitution namely the legislative. Unlike in other free states, the “favourite of the people” could not usurp the constitution by claiming popular sovereignty, as the monarchical executive maintained an extra-parliamentary relationship to the subjects. Moreover, the people, instead of investing all political power in their representatives, exercised parts of their political power in the form of “public censorial power” supported liberty of the press to influence the motion of the government. The second half of the thesis is dedicated to his reception. His British reception reveals a divided legacy as an advocate for power and a champion of liberty of the press. His argument for a strong executive power was adopted by critics of “republican” constitutional reforms while his support of press freedom was praised by prominent government critics such as John Cartwright and Junius. His influence on the American founding generation saw the consolidation of his legacy as an advocate for power in the creation of the presidential office within the federal republic. Meanwhile, his notion of public censorial power became largely forgotten. By tracing the dynamism of his legacy on both sides of the Atlantic, the thesis sheds light on the dubious locus of executive power in modern representative democracy beyond the narrow framework of the state of exception by offering a historical perspective on the formation of the office.
ANEMIA AFTER KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION (KT): PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

P287 Aims: With widespread use of recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO), the prevalence of anemia, a major cardiovascular risk factor, has diminished significantly in patients (pts) with ESRD. Since anemia is expected to improve with a functioning graft after KT, EPO is often discontinued at the time of surgery. However, the adverse effects of induction (IND) and maintenance immunosuppression could lead to a resurgence of anemia with its associated morbidity. Methods: We reviewed our experience with 100 pts undergoing KT between 6/00 and 6/03 and followed for 32±21 months. Pt characteristics and lab values just prior to and at 1, 6, and 12 mo after KT were obtained from our database. The prevalence, characteristics, and association of anemia with multiple recipient factors were analyzed using linear and logistic regression models. Anemia was defined as Hgb less than 10 g/dl. Results: 60 pts were male, 89 were African American, and 70 received deceased-donor grafts. Age at KT was 46±12 yr. Duration of ESRD was 5.4±3.0 yr, with etiology being HTN in 40, DM in 22, and GN in 20. IND agent was thymoglobulin (ATG) in 41, and basiliximab in 58. Pts were initially maintained on mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), prednisone, and either a calcineurin-inhibitor (65) or sirolimus (SRL; 35). 19 pts experienced an episode of acute rejection (AR), 10 during the first 6 mo. 13 pts were anemic at baseline; hgb correlated only with age (p=0.01) and duration of ESRD (p=0.04). At 1 mo, 43 had anemia, but only 33% of these were on EPO. ATG and SRL (both p<0.001) were significant independent predictors of anemia at this time. At 6 mo, anemia decreased to 15%, and all pts received EPO. Only SRL use was associated with anemia at this time (p=0.02). At 1 yr, anemia was present in 10%, and Hgb correlated with serum Cr (p=0.002). Notably, MMF, ACE inhibitors, and AR were not independently associated with anemia. Conclusions: Our results suggest that anemia is not uncommon after KT, and its prevalence can increase significantly during the early posttransplant period. Graft function at this time is not a reliable predictor for anemia. Pts receiving ATG and/or SRL should be monitored more closely. We recommend that EPO be used more widely after KT, with dose optimization until the Hgb level is stable at K-DOQI-specified targets for chronic kidney disease.
A study of the direct effects of ionising and far ultraviolet radiation on nucleic acids.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This thesis reports the results of a study of the direct effects of gamma and far UV radiation on nucleic acid model systems. For the gamma study, frozen aqueous solutions of 2'-deoxyribonucleosides were chosen as the model systems which best mimic possible radiation chemical events via the direct effects occuring in DNA in vivo. The low yields and high complexity of the mixtures of degradation products afforded by the direct effects required the development of an efficient analytical procedure. This methodology, once perfected for the most complicated system, that of thymidine, was readily applicable to the study of the direct effects of gamma radiation on other nucleosides and to the study of the direct effects of far UV radiation on thymidine. In Chapter I, we report and discuss the results of the study of the direct effects of gamma radiation on thymidine including the isolation and identification of the chemical modifications induced, and describe experiments designed to probe the mechanisms involved in their formation. In Chapters II and III, we extend the study to other 2'-deoxyribo-nucleosides, 2'-deoxycytidine and 2'-deoxyadenosine. Chapter IV presents the results of the study of the direct effects of far UV light on thymidine, a project designed to complement the gamma study and hopefully to bring additional insight into the mechanisms of formation of those products common to both radiation energies. In particular, the mechanisms of the formation of the spore photoproduct, a lesion known to be formed in DNA in vivo, have been elucidated. The study of the direct effects of gamma radiation on thymidine and 2'-deoxycytidine revealed the formation of several new products. Chapter V reports an analysis of the configurational and conformational properties of these molecules.
Optimization of HAART with genetic algorithms and agent-based models of HIV infection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Motivation: Highly Active AntiRetroviral Therapies (HAART) can prolong life significantly to people infected by HIV since, although unable to eradicate the virus, they are quite effective in maintaining control of the infection. However, since HAART have several undesirable side effects, it is considered useful to suspend the therapy according to a suitable schedule of Structured Therapeutic Interruptions (STI). In the present article we describe an application of genetic algorithms (GA) aimed at finding the optimal schedule for a HAART simulated with an agent-based model (ABM) of the immune system that reproduces the most significant features of the response of an organism to the HIV-1 infection. Results: The genetic algorithm helps in finding an optimal therapeutic schedule that maximizes immune restoration, minimizes the viral count and, through appropriate interruptions of the therapy, minimizes the dose of drug administered to the simulated patient. To validate the efficacy of the therapy that the genetic algorithm indicates as optimal, we ran simulations of opportunistic diseases and found that the selected therapy shows the best survival curve among the different simulated control groups. Availability: A version of the C-ImmSim simulator is available at http://www.iac.cnr.it/~filippo/c-ImmSim.html Contact: f.castiglione@iac.cnr.it
Towards fast detection of tsunamigenic submarine landslides

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Submarine landslides are one of the most dangerous tsunami sources. They can displace huge amounts of sediments from the continental slope into the deep ocean. Due to their long period signal, landslides can not be easily detected and recognized by common seismological methods. Here we present a method of detecting huge submarine landslides by means of tiltmeters, as a possible tool in future tsunami early warning systems. The dislocation of several hundred cube kilometers of sediment produces an elastic response of the earth. We analyze this response with a mathematical model and calculate the theoretical tilt signal. Further we describe an inversion routine providing the slide volume as well as the maximum slide velocity.
The effects of essential oil scentson the behavior of laboratory mice and rats:A brief systematic review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In recent years, partially due to the COVID-19 pandemic, scientific interest in aromatherapy has increased significantly. However, many alleged effects and mechanisms of action of essential oils need to be verified by scientific methods. The search for new bioactive compounds of plant origin is also of great importance. In this regard, we turned to in vivo studies on model organisms. We performed an initial systematic literature review of the PubMed articles on the effects of essential oil odors on behavioral responses in laboratory rats and mice. We annotated the retrieved list of 77 articles considering the type of plant source, availability of data on the chemical composition of the essential oil, species/sex/age of the experimental animal, parameters of odor exposure, model of human disorders used, and types of behavioral tests. Among the main gaps in the scientific coverage, we highlighted the imbalance in the sex and age of the laboratory animals, such as the prevalence of young males. In the referenced studies, the effects of essential oil odors on depression-like, anxiety and exploratory behavior, as well as on learning and memory were presented most fully. But the effects on social behavior of animals were rarely addressed, which we also consider a gap to be filled with future studies
A Wenner array routine for optimum electrode spacing selection for resistivity measurements over thin subsurface media

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This study was carried out with a view to establishing a routine for the selection of the optimum electrode spacing for the accurate measurement of resistivity within unusually thin (5–100 cm) subsurface layer in agro geophysics. The Hummel's image theory for 2-Layer Wenner Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) formed the theoretical basis for the study. For the purpose of simulation, a computer program was developed using the theory. The simulation process involved varied upper and lower layer resistivities in conjunction with a spectrum of electrode spacings (a) and varied upper layer thicknesses (h). The relationship between electrode spacing and upper layer thickness was determined using the asymptotic resistivity characteristics of model curves and layer sensitivity models obtained from simulation. The deduced relationships were validated using the same approach on field data. It was observed from the model curves that with respect to electrode spacing and thickness, asymptotic limits remained the same irrespective of the nature of the upper layer resistivity (resistive or conductive). On the other hand, the nature of the resistivity of the lower layer was a factor in the attainment of its asymptotic resistivity. The observations from field data were congruous with those from simulation. Very strong (R = 0.99) direct linear relationships existed between electrode spacing and upper layer thickness with respect to the nature of upper layer resistivity. The study identified that the electrode spacing that will keep resistivity measurements within the upper layer with little or no interference from the underlying layer is less than half of its thickness. Also, electrode spacing not less than six times the upper layer thickness is required to accurately measure the resistivity of the lower layer when the upper layer is resistive. However, for a conductive upper layer, an electrode spacing of about twelve times the thickness of the upper layer is required to measure the true resistivity of the lower layer.
Congenitally corrected transposition presenting at 24 years: errors of management

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A 24-year-old female without previous symptoms or known heart disease consulted a general practitioner with dyspnoea which had slowly worsened over a period of two years. She was treated for asthma, without investigations, until she presented with rapid atrial fibrillation, chest pain and pulmonary oedema necessitating admission to hospital, where she was found to have “mitral” regur-gitation (of the left-sided atrioventricular valve) and congenitally corrected transposition. At operation the grossly regurgitant left-sided morphologically tricuspid valve was replaced by a “top-hat” inverted aortic valve homograft. The procedure resulted in intermittent heart block, needing a pacemaker, and continued myocardial failure which progressed with new right-sided valvar regurgitation. She died a few months later. Post mortem examination confirmed the double discordance, and showed a fistula around the tricuspid valvar prosthesis, left atrial thrombus and changes in the mitral valve. There was also an unsuspected area of old myocardial ischaemia, associated with severe hypoplasia of the circumflex branch of the right-sided coronary artery. This was considered probably to have been of embolic origin.
Histomorphological Study of Acalculus and Calculus Gall Bladder in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Western Uttar Pradesh

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Gall bladder is the most common surgically resected specimen as gallstones are one of the major causes of morbidity. There is increasing incidence of gall stones in India and more so in North India. It can be due to changes in life style such as fat rich food and sedentary life style. Stones can produce a wide variety of mucosal changes ranging from inflammatory, metaplastic, dysplastic and neoplastic lesions. Aim: This study was performed to find out the spectrum of histopathological lesions in gall bladder in cholecystectomy specimens with or without stones. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital based cross- sectional study conducted on 415 cholecystectomy specimens received between 1st November 2019 to 31st October 2020 in the department of Pathology of NCR Institute of Medical Sciences, Meerut. The specimens were received in 10% formalin, the gross details of specimens and stones were studied. Sections were taken from the representative areas, processed and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin stain. These sections were studied meticulously. Demographic data was expressed as percentages. The p-value was calculated by chi-square test. Results: Of the 415 cholecystectomy specimens 337 were from females and 78 were from males with female to male ratio of 4.3:1. The most common histopathological finding was chronic cholecystitis followed by cholesterolosis observed in 206/231 (89.17%) and 28/31 (90.32%) respectively in gall bladders with stones and in 25/231 (10.82%) and 3/31 (9.36%) of gall bladders without stones. Metaplasia and dysplasia was found in 81/83 (97.59%) and 15/16 (93.75%) of cases with stones, and in 2/83 (2.40%) and 1/16 (6.25%) cases without stones. Conclusion: Cholelithiasis produces diverse mucosal alterations some of which are precancerous and can progress to cancer. So, histopathological examination of all the gall bladders is essential for the detection of premalignant and malignant conditions.
A critical understanding of Mūsa’s and Hidir’s story in Sūrah al-Kahfi : an epistemological approach

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Talking about the knowledge, Al- Qur‟an also mentioned lot of discussion about knowledge. One of them is the process of truth finding in Mūsa and Hidhir story on QS. al-Kahfi verse 60-82. Even it does not mention the name of Mūsa‟s interlocutor; but he called as “pious servant of God.” Majority of Muslim scholar argue, man who called by the pious servant of God is Hidhir. This story mentioned in QS. Al-Kahfi verse 60-82. Generally, this story tell about truth finding, where Musa, as Allah command, learn to Hidir About new knowledge that never been gained by Musa. Through epistemological approach, this story can be understood as an epistemological comparison between Musa‟s and Hidir‟s epistemology and the correlation between both of them.
Experimental investigations for various types of adsorption isotherms

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Global warming has led to a greater demand for environmentally friendly machines, as many current heavy machinery and processes such as the industrial water chiller still emit greenhouse gases. The refrigerant used in industrial water chillers contains greenhouse gases which can contribute to global warming potentials. Therefore, industries are moving toward greener alternatives, one of which is the adsorption technology which uses functional Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOF) as porous materials to store environmentally unfriendly refrigerants or greenhouse gases. MOFs are large porous 3-dimensional organic compounds consisting of metal ion and organic linkers. MOFs can be used as water adsorbents due to their high micro porosity properties. The focus of this study will be on the modification of MOF material MIL- 101(Cr), a crystalline mesoporous adsorbent that has excellent water adsorbent properties due to its large surface area and porous volume. A total of four different adsorbents of MIL-101 (Cr) were modified by adding organic side groups of [-(NH2)], [-(CH3)], [-(CH3)2] and [-(CH3)2 + -(NH2)] to improve the water adsorption uptake and kinetics of adsorption. The various isotherm curves of the adsorbents were also obtained. The MIL-101-based adsorbents were synthesized and then analyzed with Scanning Electron Micrography (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to investigate the microstructures of these modified adsorbents. Next, Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) was carried out to test the thermal stability of the adsorbents. Subsequently, an experimental investigation was conducted to determine the water adsorption uptakes of the adsorbents and the adsorption kinetics in comparison to the parent adsorbent of MIL-101(Cr). The four modified adsorbents were successfully synthesized, and it was discovered that all the modified adsorbents displayed shorter hydrophobic length and quicker kinetics compared to the parent adsorbent. Therefore, the modified adsorbents’ gravimetric water adsorption uptake at low pressure region between 0 to 0.42 P/Ps were greater than the parent MIL-101(Cr). NH2-MIL-101(Cr) exhibited superior water adsorption properties compared to the other three modified adsorbents and parent MIL-101(Cr).
Benchmarking Procurement Cost Saving Strategies for Wood Supply Chains

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Intense international competition pushes the actors of wood supply chains to implement efficient wood supply chain management incorporating coordinated cost-saving strategies to remain competitive. In order to observe the effects of individual and coordinated decision making, mixed-integer programming models for forestry, round-wood transport, and the wood-based industry were developed and integrated. The models deal with operational planning issues regarding production, harvest, and transport and are solved sequentially for individual cost optimization of each wood supply chain actor as well as simultaneously by a combined model representing joint cost optimization in an integrated wood supply chain. This allows for the first time, benchmarking relative cost-saving potential of the wood procurement strategies coordinated transports, integrated supply chains, satellite stockyards, and higher truck payloads within a single case study setting. Based on case study data from southern Austria, results show the advantages of an integrated supply chain with a cost-saving potential of up to 24%. Higher truck payloads reinforce this potential and enable up to 40% savings compared to the predominant wood procurement situation in Central Europe. Wood supply chain integration for Central European circumstances seems to be feasible only for a limited consortium of a few companies, for example when restricted to a wood-buying syndicate supplying several industry plants or a few large forest enterprises, especially as both groups are commonly steering wood transport on their own. Consequently, further research on the challenging task of implementing integrated supply chains using the opportunities of digitalization to realize existing cost savings potential by deepening cooperation and intensifying information exchange is needed.
Situating liability for patent infringement by Artificial Intelligence Systems in South Africa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

South Africa remains the only country that has granted a patent in respect of an application that named an artificial intelligence (AI) system as the inventor. This follows the decision by the Companies and Intellectual Property Commission in 2021, granting Dr Stephen Thaler a patent over inventions created by his AI machine — Device for the Autonomous Bootstrapping of Unified Sentience (DABUS). This decision has subsequently received condemnation, as well as applause, from various scholars. Adding to the criticisms against granting patents with AI named as the inventor/s, it remains a question as to who should be held liable for patent infringement by AI systems, and if anyone is to be held liable, how the liability thereof should be assessed. This flows from the premise that the development, training, and the ‘inventive’ activities of AI inevitably involve access to patent-protected data or information for which authorisation from the patent owner may not have been obtained. Conducted through desktop research, and drawing from the delictual (tort) principle of causation, this article probes into and addresses questions around the liability for patent infringement by AI systems in South Africa.