jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Few Well-Positioned Castles: The Norman Art of War

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Despite years of military castle studies, and a recent shift in emphasis towards studying the political, social, economic, symbolic, iconographic or aesthetic considerations associated with castles, the strategies, tactics and stratagems that underpinned Norman castle warfare remain largely unexplored. This book outlines a strategic approach to castles, arguing that ‘it was not what was built, but where it was built’ that was the key to Norman success. Castles are placed into context via landscape archaeology, and a study of contemporary and later sources. Historic military manuals are examined to establish strategic and tactical criteria, against which the positions of castles in the landscape can be tested and understood. Castle positioning in the landscapes of Somerset, Monmouthshire and Co. Meath is examined in detail, and the results integrated into historic narratives. The conclusions reached are, that in most cases, tactical and strategic considerations ultimately dictated where castles were constructed, that very often these considerations also provided the main impetus for castle construction, that the strategies, tactics and stratagems employed by the Normans made them a ‘force-majeur par excellence’, and that in order to appreciate the final conclusion it is necessary to see the Normans as part of a wider European phenomenon that drew its inspiration from the Roman Empire.
Antigen-presenting function of human peritoneum mesothelial cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY Mesothelial cells (MC) from human peritoneal omentum fragments obtained during surgical insertion of peritoneal catheters for continuous peritoneal dialysis in end stage renal failure (ESRF) patients were cultured in vitro. MC exhibited a phenotype different from macrophages, but MHC class II molecules were well expressed. Therefore MC lines were tested for antigen-presenting capacity by pulsing with soluble antigens (tetanus toxoid and purified protein derivative (PPD)) or with a corpusculate antigen (Candida albicans bodies). Autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) depleted of adherent monocytes and cloned T cells generated from an individual matched for the MHC class II antigen DR2 were used to test antigen-presenting function. MC effectively presented the soluble and corpusculate antigens to autologous and MHC-compatible allogeneic lymphocytes, indicating that they are endowed with both endocytic/phagocytic activity and with processing/presenting capacity. Preincubation of MC with human recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) up-regulated MHC class II and intercellular adhesion molecule-I (ICAM-I) expression, but the effect on antigen-presenting function was not consistent. Since MC are an important component of the peritoneal environment, they may participate, along with macrophages, in activation of specific T cells and in the generation of local cell-mediated immunity to various pathogens.
Including General Audiences in a Virtual Scientific Dementia Conference: Will They Get Anything From It?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Study participants, patients, and care partners are key stakeholders in research and have asked for greater inclusion in the dissemination of scientific learning. However, the participation of general audiences in scientific conferences dedicated to Alzheimer’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease related dementias (AD/ADRD) is not widely supported or studied. Objective: Our objectives were to evaluate the interest, level of engagement, and impact of including general audiences in a virtual dementia conference. Methods: A diverse group of lay participants, identified via community-based health advocacy groups and research centers, were invited to attend the 2021 Alzheimer’s Association International Conference (AAIC), with optional small-group discussions. Participants received complimentary access to all scientific sessions and were supported via navigation tips, recommended sessions, and a glossary of frequently used terms and acronyms. Results: Lay participants demonstrated a high level of engagement, even among those that were research-naïve, attending virtual sessions for an average of 11.7 hours across the five days and recommending a variety of sessions to each other on topics extending from prevention of dementia to new therapies and care. Most participants said they would attend the conference again and rated the quality of interaction as high, while requesting more opportunities to engage directly with researchers. Conclusion: General audiences, in particular research participants, are advocating for greater participation in scientific conferences. This program can serve as a model to accomplish inclusion; thereby acknowledging their invaluable contribution to science.
Genetic Confirmation that the H5 Protein Is Required for Vaccinia Virus DNA Replication

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The duplication of the poxvirus double-stranded DNA genome occurs in cytoplasmic membrane-delimited factories. This physical autonomy from the host nucleus suggests that poxvirus genomes encode the full repertoire of proteins committed for genome replication. Biochemical and genetic analyses have confirmed that six viral proteins are required for efficient DNA synthesis; indirect evidence has suggested that the multifunctional H5 protein may also have a role. Here we show that H5 localizes to replication factories, as visualized by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, and can be retrieved upon purification of the viral polymerase holoenzyme complex. The temperature-sensitive ( ts ) mutant D ts 57, which was generated by chemical mutagenesis and has a lesion in H5, exhibits defects in DNA replication and morphogenesis under nonpermissive conditions, depending upon the experimental protocol. The H5 variant encoded by the genome of this mutant is ts for function but not stability. For a more precise investigation of how H5 contributes to DNA synthesis, we placed the ts 57 H5 allele in an otherwise wild-type viral background and also performed small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of H5. Finally, we generated a complementing cell line, CV-1–H5, which allowed us to generate a viral recombinant in which the H5 open reading frame was deleted and replaced with mCherry (vΔH5). Analysis of vΔH5 allowed us to demonstrate conclusively that viral DNA replication is abrogated in the absence of H5. The loss of H5 does not compromise the accumulation of other early viral replication proteins or the uncoating of the virion core, suggesting that H5 plays a direct and essential role in facilitating DNA synthesis. IMPORTANCE Variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, is the most notorious member of the Poxviridae family. Poxviruses are unique among DNA viruses that infect mammalian cells, in that their replication is restricted to the cytoplasm of the cell. This physical autonomy from the nucleus has both cell biological and genetic ramifications. Poxviruses must establish cytoplasmic niches that support replication, and the genomes must encode the repertoire of proteins necessary for genome synthesis. Here we focus on H5, a multifunctional and abundant viral protein. We confirm that H5 associates with the DNA polymerase holoenzyme and localizes to the sites of DNA synthesis. By generating an H5-expressing cell line, we were able to isolate a deletion virus that lacks the H5 gene and show definitively that genome synthesis does not occur in the absence of H5. These data support the hypothesis that H5 is a crucial participant in cytoplasmic poxvirus genome replication.
Renal perfusion imaging with two‐dimensional navigator gated arterial spin labeling

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose To develop a navigator technique enabling free‐breathing acquisition to afford sufficient signal averaging for quantitative renal perfusion measurement using arterial spin labeling MRI. Methods A novel two‐dimensional (2D) navigator technique was implemented in concert with flow‐sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) preparation and true fast imaging with steady precession (True‐FISP) readout. The navigator images were obtained with a low‐resolution fast low angle shot readout at end of each arterial spin labeling acquisition. A retrospective algorithm was developed to automatically detect respiratory motion for selective signal averaging. The 2D navigator‐gated FAIR True‐FISP sequence was performed in ten healthy volunteers and five patients with chronic kidney disease. Results Excellent image quality and comparable cortical perfusion rates (healthy: 276 ± 28 mL/100 g/min, patients: 155 ± 25 mL/100 g/min) to literature values were obtained. An average of 3‐fold signal‐to‐noise ratio improvement was obtained in the 2D navigator‐gated approach compared with the breath‐hold acquisition in healthy volunteers. Good image quality was achieved in patients while the results from breath‐hold acquisition were unusable. The quantitative perfusion rates were significantly lower in chronic kidney disease patients compared with the healthy volunteers. Conclusion 2D navigator‐gated free breathing arterial spin labeling is feasible and is a noninvasive method to evaluate renal perfusion both in healthy subjects and those with chronic kidney disease. Magn Reson Med 71:570–579, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Cephalostatins. 23. Conversion of Hecogenin to a Steroidal 1,6-Dioxaspiro[5.5]nonane Analogue for Cephalostatin 11

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Cephalostatin 1 (1) has proved to be a remarkably potent cancer cell growth inhibitor. Since this steroidal alkaloid constituent of the marine worm Cephalodiscus gilchristi possesses a complex structure, providing preclinical supplies by total synthesis continues to be challenging. Therefore, syntheses of less complex structural modifications of this important pyrazine have also received substantial attention. Herein are summarized the synthesis of [5.5]spiroketal 5, a simplified right-side steroidal unit of 1, in seven steps from hecogenin acetate (11) with an overall yield of 4.6%. Consistent with other SAR studies, such reduction in structural complexity compared to 1 led to loss of cancer cell growth inhibitory activity against the P388 lymphocytic leukemia cell line.
COVID-19 Dashboard Experiences – Lessons learned

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract. As of March 2020, Esri Germany administers the Berlin based Robert Koch-Institute official COVID-19 Dashboard (Figure 1). During Esri’s evolvement both, organizational and technical processes have had to be built from scratch. Our objective was to keep society, as well as the disaster response units 24/7 informed about the spatiotemporal patterns of Corona pandemic. To achieve this several challenges had to be overcome. These challenges ranged from data gathering to data dissemination, from the delivery of COVID-19 information to the general public, as well as to the crisis prevention teams, and from the communication to individuals as well as to various specialists such as data journalists. Having a COVID-19 dashboard online results in a lot of publicity to the provider, but also requires a lot of effort to deliver a reliable and sustainable COVID-19 service, as many external decision making processes depend on the dashboard and the data which drives it. This presentation is not only about how we provided this service but will also include a look at the lessons learnt and how we can be best prepared for future spatiotemporal phenomena to help crisis response and perhaps even prevention.
Nitrogen Analogs of Ketenes. II. Dehydrochlorination of Imino Chlorides1,2

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNitrogen Analogs of Ketenes. II. Dehydrochlorination of Imino Chlorides1,2Calvin L. Stevens and James C. FrenchCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 17, 4398–4402Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01646a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01646a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views338Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ABSTRACT A Hybridized Genetic Parallel Programming based Logic Circuit Synthesizer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Genetic Parallel Programming (GPP) is a novel Genetic Programming paradigm. Based on the GPP paradigm and a local search operator- FlowMap, a logic circuit synthesizing system integrating GPP and FlowMap, a Hybridized GPP based Logic Circuit Synthesizer (HGPPLCS) is developed. To show the effectiveness of the proposed HGPPLCS, six combinational logic circuit problems are used for evaluations. Each problem is run for 50 times. Experimental results show that both the lookup table counts and the propagation gate delays of the circuits collected are better than those obtained by conventional design or evolved by GPP alone. For example, in a 6-bit one counter experiment, we obtained combinational digital circuits with 8 four-input lookup tables in 2 gate level on average. It utilizes 2 lookup tables and 3 gate levels less than circuits evolved by GPP alone.
Henry James and Deep Intersubjectivity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Despite the successes of earlier phenomenological studies of James, more remains to be said about James's constructions of human consciousness, especially human consciousnesses. This study of the narrative practice in James of deep intersubjectivity (orbits of perceptions of perceptions perceived) focuses on the textual knot of looking at looking observed, and explores some characteristic features, themes, and narratological implications for narrative authority and free indirect discourse. Paradigmatic scenes come from The Wings of the Dove and The Golden Bowl . The essay's theoretical framework derives from the French phenomenologist Maurice Merleau-Ponty.
Just what the doctor ordered? An analysis of the European Union’s intervention in VET in Eastern Europe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the period before their accession to the European Union (EU) the formerly communist countries of eastern Europe were expected to reform their economic and social policies to satisfy EU-wide requirements and to become competitive in a market-orientated system. The countries were subject to pressure in the accession negotiations and eligible for aid to help them adapt. This thesis examines the influences that the EU brought to bear in the field of vocational education and training (VET) and investigates why the EU made the requirements that it did. \n \nThe thesis adopts a historical methodology, tracing the previous evolution of EU policy on VET on the one hand, and the state of VET under communism in eastern Europe on the other. It then examines the factors impinging on VET caused by the pressures of economic transition and the accession process. The treatment of VET during the accession \nnegotiations and in the programme of aid are investigated in detail. Interviews with a number of key participants in the process shed light on the assumptions and reactions of the main stakeholders. \n \nThe thesis shows how the EU’s interventions stemmed largely from its internal policies on VET rather than from a diagnosis of the problems of individual eastern countries. The EU increasingly applied to the East the emphasis on lifelong learning and the methods of negotiated target-setting that it had evolved to make an impact with existing member states. Various common European instruments for VET which emerged after 2002 also impinged on the East, though they had been presaged by a distinctive approach to curriculum design which featured in aid projects in the East. \n \nAt the level of specific policy areas, the thesis findings tend to support a neo-functionalist interpretation of what drives integration within the EU.
The Gene Ontology semantic similarity between DEGs and DASGs.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>A. The pie plot shows the proportion of GO terms with the corresponding gene number. The barplot represents the number of GO terms with genes more than each cutoff of gene number. And the part of GO terms with more than 10 genes were selected for further calculation. B. the heatmap of GO semantic similarity between each two selected GO terms. The warmer the color is, the higher the similarity is between the two terms. C. The curve represents the distribution of semantic similarity between two randomly sampled gene sets in the same size of DEGs and DASGs respectively. The red diamond point refers to the semantic similarity between DEGs and DASGs.</p>
Methotrexate in Linear Scleroderma: Long‐Term Efficacy in Fifty Children From a Single Pediatric Rheumatology Center

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To study disease course and long‐term outcome in children with linear scleroderma (SSc) treated with methotrexate (MTX) since diagnosis. Methods The present study was retrospective and cross‐sectional and included consecutive children with linear SSc who were treated with MTX for >1 year and were followed up for at least 2 years. Disease course was analyzed by the number of relapses and treatment changes. Relapse‐free survival was examined by Kaplan‐Meier analysis, comparing patients with linear SSc and those with other juvenile localized scleroderma (JLS) disease subtypes. Disease activity and damage were assessed by the Localized Scleroderma Cutaneous Assessment Tool and thermography. Results Fifty patients with a mean follow‐up duration of 7.8 years and a mean MTX treatment duration of 3.1 years were included. Sixteen percent of patients did not respond to the first course of MTX, and 16% had at least 1 flare. Complete remission was observed in 18.2% of patients who were followed up for 2–5 years, in 80.0% of patients followed up for 10 years, and in 87.5% of patients followed up for >10 years. No significant difference in relapse‐free survival between patients with linear SSc and in 17 patients with other JLS disease subtypes was observed. Tissue damage was mild in 42% of patients, moderate in 32%, and severe in 26%. The correlations between severity of tissue damage and linear SSc subtype, disease duration, relapses, and remission were not significant. The relationships between treatment duration and disease relapses ( P < 0.05) and severity of tissue damage ( P < 0.005) were significant. Conclusion Most patients with linear SSc who are treated with MTX achieve complete and long‐lasting remission. Overall aesthetic and functional sequelae are moderate, most likely because tissue damage is established early and treatment likely stabilizes the damage. Early diagnosis and MTX treatment, as well as long‐term monitoring, are crucial to improve outcome and promptly identify flares.
Design, analysis and verification of forefinger exoskeleton movement mechanism

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Hand rehabilitation is essential for people with upper limb disabilities to restore their independence in daily living activities. There is preliminary evidence that robot equipment based on a force control strategy can help effective human limb rehabilitation. However, according to recent research, the existing hand exoskeleton cannot allow joints' special force or torque control. In this paper, a new index finger exoskeleton is proposed, which is based on the series of elastic driving of the Bowden line. It can help disabled patients to grasp, adduct and abduct the hand index finger exoskeleton because they typically have difficulty moving and cannot perform simple daily activities. Secondly, in this paper, the degrees of freedom and closed-loop kinematic chain of each joint of the index finger are analyzed and calculated. Through modelling based on solid works and kinematics simulation based on Matlab, the optimal posture path of mechanical mechanism to assist the index finger movement when grasping and stretching the index finger is put forward. Finally, based on the bidirectional torque drive, the Bowden line is introduced to realize the movement control of PIP and MCP joints by flexible drive (SEA), and the DIP track slot is innovatively added to help the DIP joint coupled with PIP to complete the appropriate bending angle, thus maintaining the natural movement characteristics of fingers.
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Journal Article DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Get access J. L. BURCHNALL J. L. BURCHNALL Durham Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Quarterly Journal of Mathematics, Volume os-13, Issue 1, 1942, Pages 90–106, https://doi.org/10.1093/qmath/os-13.1.90 Published: 01 January 1942 Article history Published: 01 January 1942 Received: 11 March 1942
Neoadjuvant Therapy as a Platform for Drug Development and Approval in Breast Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The traditional drug development process in breast cancer based on large phase III studies has serious limitations and needs a major overhaul. Searching for new approaches, the testing of novel agents in the preoperative (neoadjuvant) setting approach offers a potentially rapid and efficient strategy for drug development utilizing pathologic complete response (path CR), a surrogate marker for survival, as the primary endpoint. In addition, neoadjuvant studies allow the assessment of drug effects on the target (pharmacodynamic response) and the development of predictive biomarkers of response. Molecular profiling of the residual tumor in the surgical specimen may also provide insights into actionable mechanisms of resistance. Recognizing the potential of neoadjuvant trials for drug development, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently announced consideration of neoadjuvant trials for accelerated drug approval in early breast cancer, particularly for tumors with high risk of recurrence and unfavorable prognosis, and provided accelerated approval to neoadjuvant pertuzumab in September 2013. The FDA has emphasized that while improvement in path CR could be utilized for “accelerated” approval, improvement in survival will still need to be demonstrated for “regular” approval. Key considerations in conduct of such neoadjuvant drug development trials include (i) study design such as utilization of biomarker stratified design to evaluate a biomarker that could enrich response, (ii) definition of path CR, (iii) distribution of factors that influence path CR between the treatment arms, (iv) prespecified plan for follow-up to obtain data on survival, and (v) safety as it involves a patient population with curable disease. In the years to come, we anticipate an increase in the number of neoadjuvant trials testing novel therapies that hopefully will open a new path in bringing efficacious new therapies to patients with breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 19(23); 6360–70. ©2013 AACR.