jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Native Point Defects in CaS: Focus on Intrinsic Defects and Rare Earth Ion Dopant Levels for Up-converted Persistent Luminescence

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We studied native point defects as well as Eu and Dy ion doping in CaS by the simple DFT + Hubbard U method. The electronic properties and formation energies of native point defects and dopants have been discussed. We found the neutral S vacancy has the lowest energy of 0.62 eV under the Ca-rich limit. The Schottky pair is another dominant defect with a cost of 1.51 eV per defect site from S-rich to Ca-rich chemical potential limits. Our calculations on the thermodynamic transition levels confirm the experimental observed intrinsic blue two-peak broad band emissions stimulated by near-infrared range irradiation for undoped CaS. Both Eu and Dy show an energetic favorable trend to be substitutionally doped in the CaS lattice. All of the positive charge states of the Eu ion contribute localized recombination trapping level in the gap while having very deep donor transition levels. The neutral state of Dy contributes to the occupied 4f level localized 1.3 eV below the conduction band edge with very shallow donor type transition level (0/+) of 0.56 eV below the conduction band. All of the positive charge states of Dy have two shallow 5d levels with 0.4 and 0.6 eV below the conduction band. In this work, we further analyzed that the Dy dopant contributed deeper trap levels in the CaS materials that can store the electron carriers with more evenly, wider, and deeper range of levels distributed so that they lengthen the decay-time of the persistent luminescence. The related 980 nm photo-stimulated luminescence is actualized with the help of native defects like VS(0), VS(+), and STK(-) as relay centers for a possible up-converted luminescence. We also summarized a narrow doping limit energy which has been determined as 1.33 eV constantly in CaS independent to different chemical potential limits. This gives a solid theoretical reference for lanthanide ion doping experiments in CaS.
JUSTINIAN AND HIS IMPACT - (F.K.) Haarer Justinian. Empire and Society in the Sixth Century. Pp. xxii + 274, ills, maps. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2022. Paper, £29.99 (Cased, £95). ISBN: 978-0-7486-3678-5 (978-0-7486-3677-8 hbk).

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

JUSTINIAN AND HIS IMPACT - (F.K.) Haarer Justinian. Empire and Society in the Sixth Century. Pp. xxii + 274, ills, maps. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2022. Paper, £29.99 (Cased, £95). ISBN: 978-0-7486-3678-5 (978-0-7486-3677-8 hbk). - Volume 73 Issue 1
Theory of Spin Relaxation for Arbitrary Time Scale. IV. Numerical Analysis and Simple Formulae

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Detailed numerical analysis is made on the transverse relaxation process and on the power spectrum. These are expressed in terms of a superposition of 2 J -functions [ J the magnitude of spin]. For the transverse relaxation process with initial conditions far from equilibrium state, these 2 J functions do contribute especially at an early stage of time-evolution; near the equilibrium, only a single function with the minimum eigenvalue survives. Due to the nonlinearities, under certain circumstances, average of the transverse component of spins enhances itself to reach a maximum value and decreases as the time evolves: This is recognized as a phase coherence phenomenon induced by the nonlinear effect and is out of the scope of the usual linear theory. The power spectrum is, however, determined essentially by the single function and consequently, simple rules are deduced from the numerical analysis, even for arbitrary value of J . Analysis on the “Cole-Cole” diagram suggests a sort of universality in the relaxation process.
Referential Expression Type and Definiteness as Factors in Asymmetrical Object Marking in Modern Hebrew

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The subject of this study are the referential expressions that encode the O-participant in a transitive clause in the Modern Hebrew language. The goal of this study is to establish the significance of “definiteness” as a factor in asymmetric object marking for different types of referential expressions used by the Modern Hebrew speakers. For this purpose, the author considers the ways of expressing the category "definiteness" in various Modern Hebrew referential expressions that encode the O-participant in a transitive clause, and carries out a quantitative and comparative analysis of the ways of formalizing these expressions, using two research corpuses with a total volume of about 101 000 words. As a result of the analysis, it is concluded that, despite the clear correlation between the “definiteness” and the way noun phrases in the direct object role are constructed, “definiteness” is the only factor licensing asymmetric object marking for only one category out of the four considered, for proper names that are obligatorily marked. The remaining categories (definite noun phrases with other indicators of determination, indefinite noun phrases and pronouns) are all optionally marked within one or more types of referential expressions within each category. Of particular importance are the conclusions about the optional marking of referents encoded with the kol quantifier (55% of referential expressions with a quantifier and a relative pronoun are marked), partitive constructions (75% are marked), demonstrative and relative pronouns (48% and 66-85% are marked, respectively). It is proposed that for these types of referential expressions, there are additional factors that license asymmetric object marking in Modern Hebrew and that to determine them it would require further study of the discourse-pragmatic characteristics of referent-encoding expressions, including their referential status, status of animation, activity in discourse and degree of topicality.
Comparison of Ammonia Emission Estimation between Passive Sampler and Chamber System in Paddy Soil after Fertilizer Application

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Ammonia (NH3) is an important precursor for particulate secondary aerosol formation. This study was conducted to evaluate the applicability of a passive sampler (PAS) for estimating the NH3 emission from chemical fertilizer application (85 kg-N·ha−1) at field scale and to compare the results with a chamber system for the calculation of NH3 emission flux at lab scale. The application of chemical fertilizer increased the ambient NH3 concentration from 7.11 to 16.87 μg·m−3. Also, the ambient NH3 concentration measured by the PAS was found to be highly influenced by not only the chemical fertilizer application but also the weather (temperature and rainfall). Wind rose diagram data can be useful for understanding the distribution of ambient NH3 concentration. In the case of a chamber with few environmental variables, NH3 was emitted very quickly in the early stages and gradually decreased, whereas it was delayed at intervals of about one week at the site. It was found that daily temperature range, atmospheric disturbance by wind and rainfall, changes in soil moisture, and the presence of a flooded water table were the main influencing factors. The PAS data and the chamber system data were observed to have significant differences in spatial-temporal scale. In order to reduce the gap, it seems to be necessary to further develop a chamber system, in order to improve the precision of field analysis and to strengthen the connection between experimental results.
Prader–Willi Syndrome and Angelman Syndrome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The Prader–Willi and Angelman syndromes are distinct neurogenetic syndromes that are caused by the loss of function of imprinted genes on human chromosome 15. Genetic defects include deletions, uniparental disomy, imprinting defects and single‐gene mutations.
The Immunopathology of the Aging Rat Kidney

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Immunofluorescence studies of rat kidneys from 3-24 mo. of age demonstrated deposition of immunoglobulins, predominately IgM, within the glomerular mesangium by age 3 mo. Immunoglobulins eluted in acid buffer, did not fix complement, were not associated with inflammatory changes, and increased markedly with the onset of proteinuria at about 12 mo. Rats 24 mo. old also had mesangial deposits of IgG and fibrin. No basement membrane deposits were seen, and autoantibodies to antigens in normal kidney, liver, spleen, and skeletal muscle were not demonstrable in serum or eluates of kidneys from aged animals. The focal and segmental glomerular sclerosis which develops in aged rats does not appear to be mediated by glomerular deposition of auto-antibody or immune complexes. Mesangial accumulation of macro-molecular material, perhaps as a consequency of the age-associated increase in glomerular permeability, may contribute to the development of the glomerular sclerosis of aging in the rat by impairing mesangial phagocytic or clearing mechanisms rather than through immunologically mediated tissue injury.
Cataracts and Allergic Encephalomyelitis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Juvenile guinea pigs developed cataracts during severe acute allergic (autoimmune) encephalomyelitis produced actively by injection of central nervous system antigens in complete Freund's adjuvants. Cataracts were induced in immature guinea pigs by passive transfer of living lymph node cells from sensitized strain 13 donors to histocompatible recipients. Cataracts were not induced in adult guinea pigs either passively or actively.
Comparative Movement Speed of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Isolates of Bursaphelenchus Nematodes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Using a newly devised simple apparatus, comparative study was made on the movement speed of three Bursaphelenchus isolates : S1, a pathogenic isolate of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus ; S0, a nonpathogenic isolate of B. xylophilus ; M, a nonpathogenic isolate of B. mucronatus. Among these isolates, the M isolate moved fastest through the interspace between glass beads in the apparatus at all nematode densities examined. The S1 isolate moved slightly slower than S0 isolate at low densities, however, the former moved more quickly at high densities. Generally, the time required for the half number of nematodes to pass through the apparatus doubled when the interspace between beads was reduced by half. The threshold low temperature for movement was lowest in the M isolate, followed by the S1 and S0 isolate. Regarding the S1 and M isolates, the threshold low temperature for movement was lower than those for development.
The Challenges in the Post-Epidemic Era：From Education, Tourism and e-Commerce Perspectives

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this post-epidemic era, all aspects of life are interlinked. Everything in life is changing at a very fast pace. Human beings have to make rolling adjustments to cope with different situations to achieve a balance in the lives. For examples, in the education industry, distance learning has played the biggest role during this period, allowing students to learn without interruption. Moreover, with the growth of E-commerce, online celebrities make full use of live streaming platform to promote and introduce products to create astonishing revenues. In addition to that, tourism, which people concerned the most, has also been affected. Manufacturers have advanced deployment of emerging non-contact technologies and applications with potential market, including robots and artificial intelligence with new business opportunities after COVID-19. (蘇孟宗, 2020) During this period of the epidemic, the online ticket booking and reservation have breakthrough growth. However, the online experiences and more convenient functions will become the key elements for consumers to determine whether the platform will maintain the sustainable development. As a result, the researcher will explore the impact and coping strategies of COVID-19, especially for Taiwan's economic restructuring, the service industry, and the education and technology industry in the post epidemic era. With an implementation of online questionnaire, the researcher has gained a better understanding of the post-epidemic era affecting tourism, education and E-commerce, and how to transition or respond in the wake of COVID-19.
التفسير الصوفي الإشاري في بداية السالكين:دراسة نقدية في روح البيان للبروسوي

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research aims to define Tafsir Sufi Ishari and Tafsir Ruhul Bayan by Al-Burusawi (1715). The research as well will extrapolate Tafsir Sufi Ishari for Quranic verses in the book related to the issue of the Madarij al-Salikin (scales of seekers) in Sufism. The methodology for this research in analyzing information depends on the descriptive and criticism approach. Therefore, the findings indicate that the Tafsir Sufi Ishari – which is One of the types of the Quranic exegesis based on interpretations of verses contrast the classical commentaries - by Al-Burusawi in the issue of the Madarij al-Salikin (scales of seekers) in Sufism that matching the conditions were based on two foundations. Firstly: The Tafsir Sufi Ishari has interpreted accordingly to general verses meaning and exegesis. Secondly: The relationship between Tafsir Sufi Ishari to al-Ma'thur is like the relationship between cause and effect. The study also revealed that the contradictions with conditions in Tafsir Sufi Ishari in this issue are based on three foundations. Firstly: The interpretations made were analogous compared to other normal exegeses. Secondly: to generalize some issues which are strictly individuals. In fact, if Al-Burusawi limited his interpretation to his Ishari views there are no differences between him and the doctrine of Shiites Batiniyyah!, But our trust in his scholarly Tafsir, his confirmation of classical interpretation and his condemnation of Batiniyyah understanding make his Tafsir Ishari valid and well concerned.
The Practice of Medicine for Animals

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

You have invited me to talk about the practice of medicine for animals and to compare it with your own.Please allow me to avoid the abstract and to talk of such living things as doctors and veterinary surgeons; how they learn the one body of knowledge, exploit the same discoveries, meet with the same problems, and use the same methods in trying to solve them.The veterinary schools are in the Universities of Lon- don, Edinburgh, Dublin, Glasgow, Liverpool, Cambridge, and Bristol.Among the medical and veterinary students I find little if any difference in social origin, upbringing, dress, deportment, and contributions to university life.In their hobbies possibly more of the city clings to the medical and more of the country to the veterinary.
Pancreatic carcinoid: an unusual tumour in an uncommon location.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary pancreatic carcinoid is an extremely rare pancreatic neoplasm. It differs from other primary pancreatic tumours in cytoarchitecture, immunocytochemistry and biologic behaviour. Recognition of this rare entity is of vital importance having considerable therapeutic and prognostic implications. We report a case of an exophytic, pancreatic body carcinoid tumour in a man who presented with abdominal pain. The diagnosis was established by histopathological examination of the core biopsy specimen. A surgical resection of the lesion was done successfully and the patient made a satisfactory recovery from the operation.
ASYMPTOTIC THEORY FOR A FACTOR GARCH MODEL

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper investigates the asymptotic theory for a factor GARCH model. Sufficient conditions for strict stationarity, existence of certain moments, geometric ergodicity and B-mixing with exponential decay rates are established. These conditions allow for volatility spill-over and integrated GARCH. We then show the strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE) of the model parameters. The results are obtained under the finiteness of the fourth order moment of the innovations.
Stability of false lock states in a class of phase-lock loops

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

False lock is a practical, often very perplexing, problem in phase-lock loops (PLLs). When false lock occurs, the PLL may appear to be operating nominally; the phase detector output may have a nominal (usually small) average value, and a conventional lock detector may indicate a correct phase lock state. However, a static average frequency error exists in the loop. While stable false lock states are the most troubling from a practical standpoint, unstable false lock states are possible. This paper describes a method for analyzing the false lock problem in a broad class of PLLs. A functional differential equation and its first variation are developed for the PLL. A qualitative description is given for the functional differential equation solution that corresponds to a false lock state. The stability of the false lock state is related to a characteristic exponent of the first variation equation with respect to the false lock solution. An approximation is developed for this characteristic exponent, and this is used to determine the stability of the false lock state. Finally, the theory is applied to a simple example, and numerical results are given.
A critical review of peatland ecosystem services research in Indonesia: Uncovering knowledge gaps and research needs

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Peatlands provide a broad range of ecosystem services (ES) that are critical to ecosystem regulating and human well-being. However, anthropogenic activities threaten their existence, leading to degradation, destruction, and loss of these ecosystems. To effectively convey the value of peatlands, it is important to share knowledge on the ES they provide. This review aims to provide an overview of the ES provided by peatlands in Indonesia. We undertook a critical review of articles published on Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to investigate various aspects of peatland ES. Our examination encompassed data types, valuation methods, modes of assessment, ecosystem services categories, study site scale, temporal patterns, purposes of publication, and study limitations related to peatland ES. From a set of 1,115 potentially relevant papers, 45 were selected for analysis. Our findings showed that ES studies are heavily concentrated on the Kalimantan and Sumatra islands, with most studies focused on specific provinces such as Central Kalimantan and Riau. The most commonly used data type, method, and mode of assessment were secondary data, look-up tables, and economic valuation, respectively. Provisioning services were the most frequently studied ES category, followed by regulating services, supporting services, and cultural services. However, gaps persist, including limited data, understanding, and long-term sustainability consideration. Future research should address these gaps by focusing on underrepresented peatland ecosystems, integrating diverse approaches, and considering global peatland issues.
Investigation of some controllable factors that impact the stress state in cemented paste backfill

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents in-stope measurements of total stress and pore-water pressure at strategic locations within three underground stopes at the Raleigh mine site (Western Australia) that were filled with cemented paste backfill (CPB). The three stopes were very similar in shape. Key differences among the stopes were the filling and resting schedules, the barricade drainage systems used, and the cement content of the CPB. Data from the stopes are compared to determine which controllable factors most significantly influence barricade pressures during and after filling. The most significant factor was the scheduling of rest periods between filling, with even very short pauses in filling dramatically reducing the rate of increase of pore-water pressure and total stress with increasing height of fill.
Heat Transfer and Bubble Movement of Double- and Single-Side Heating Subcooled Flow Boiling in Narrow Channels

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Compared with conventional channels, narrow and micro channels have significant heat transfer enhancement characteristic. With smooth internal surface, such channels can efficiently avoid encrustation at the washing of the high-speed liquid. Moreover, heat transfer elements can be easily assembled. These types of channels have been adopted extensively in many engineering applications, e.g. microelectronic cooling, advanced nuclear reactor, cryogenic, aviation and space technology and thermal engineering. Geometrical size of flow passage-away affects heat exchange of flow boiling, with the result that the bubble in narrow channel acts very different from those in non-narrow channel. This paper experimentally compared the bubble behavior with different heating methods of narrow rectangular channels, and the bubble behavior of subcooled flow boiling of R-12 in the narrow channels both with double side and single heating. Experimental settings are: the heating length of test-section is 400 mm, the cross-section is 35 mm in width and 2mm in gap size, mass flux is 700∼1500 kg.m−2.s−1, the heat flux is 25∼70kW.m−2 and the pressure is 1.3∼2.0 MPa. Comparisons were made on Onset of Nucleate Boiling (ONB) point and bubble characters with various flow patterns. Results revealed that the characteristics of double and single side heating shown good agreement with proper modifications.
CpG Methylation Profiles of HIV-1 Proviral DNA in Individuals on ART

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The latent HIV-1 reservoir is comprised of stably integrated and intact proviruses with limited to no viral transcription. It has been proposed that latent infection may be maintained by methylation of pro-viral DNA. Here, for the first time, we investigate the cytosine methylation of a replication competent provirus (AMBI-1) found in a T cell clone in a donor on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methylation profiles of the AMBI-1 provirus were compared to other proviruses in the same donor and in samples from three other individuals on ART, including proviruses isolated from lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also evaluated the apparent methylation of cytosines outside of CpG (i.e., CpH) motifs. We found no evidence for methylation in AMBI-1 or any other provirus tested within the 5′ LTR promoter. In contrast, CpG methylation was observed in the env-tat-rev overlapping reading frame. In addition, we found evidence for differential provirus methylation in cells isolated from LNMCs vs. PBMCs in some individuals, possibly from the expansion of infected cell clones. Finally, we determined that apparent low-level methylation of CpH cytosines is consistent with occasional bisulfite reaction failures. In conclusion, our data do not support the proposition that latent HIV infection is associated with methylation of the HIV 5′ LTR promoter.