jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antibodies to Rhoptry-Associated Membrane Antigen Predict Resistance to Plasmodium falciparum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Previously, we collected plasma from 143 male volunteers residing in an area of western Kenya where Plas-modium falciparum is holoendemic. Volunteers were cured of current malaria infection by use of drugs, blood was collected 2 weeks after treatment, and blood films were collected weekly for 18 weeks. We identified and pooled plasma from the 10 most resistant individuals (RP) and the 7 most susceptible individuals (SP) and used these pools in a differential screen of a P. falciparum cDNA expression library. We screened 550,000 clones and identified 7 clones that were uniquely recognized by RP but not by SP. Two clones encoded a C-terminal region polypeptide from rhoptry-associated membrane antigen (RAMA-pr), a recently described RAMA. We measured anti–RAMA-pr antibody levels in plasma obtained 2 weeks after treatment. Individuals with detectable immunoglobulin G1 anti–RAMA-pr ( ) had fewer positive blood films (odds ratio, 1.7 [95%np 24 confidence interval, 1.21–2.44];), 43 % lower density of parasitemia (), and prolonged time toP!.003 P!.02 reinfection (), compared with individuals without detectable antibody levels (), after knownP!.0027 np 115 determinants of resistance were accounted for. In summary, RAMA-pr is a rationally identified vaccine can-didate that is preferentially recognized by antibodies produced by humans with a high level of naturally acquired resistance to P. falciparum infection. The enormous global burden of malaria has increased
POLITICAL CULTURE OF A SOCIETY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NATIONAL SECURITY ENSURING

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

кандидат педагогічних наук, доцент начальник кафедри соціальногуманітарних та правового дисциплін факультету забезпечення державної безпеки (Київський інститут Національної гвардії України, м
Differential transcription in vivo and in vitro of two adjacent maize chloroplast genes: The large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase and the 2.2-kilobase gene

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The transcription of cloned maize plastid DNA sequences in vitro by maize plastid DNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been studied to expose the roles of the enzyme, polypeptide cofactors, and DNA sequences in the regulation of gene expression. The 4.35-kilobase pair Bam HI fragment 9 carries the maize plastid gene for the large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase and part of the gene for a 2.2-kilobase RNA. These two genes are separated by ≈330 base pairs and are transcribed divergently. Transcripts of the gene for the large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase are abundant in bundle sheath cells of maize leaves and we show here that transcripts of the 2.2-kilobase RNA gene are present in both mesophyll cells and the adjacent bundle sheath cells. In vitro , in the presence of the S factor, maize chloroplast DNA-dependent RNA polymerase produces a transcript of the gene for the large subunit of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase with a 5′ terminus like that of the corresponding mRNA isolated from plastids, transcribes chloroplast DNA sequences of Bam fragment 9 in a chimeric plasmid in preference to the vehicle RSF 1030 and, in a ratio of 3:1, preferentially transcribes the gene for the large subunit of ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase over the 2.2-kilobase RNA gene from supercoiled chimeric plasmid DNA.
Human papillomaviruses of skin and genital lesions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Around 5% of all cancer cases worldwide are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) which has been established as the cause of cervical cancer and genital warts (condylomas). Cutaneous HPV types have been weakly associated with non-melanoma skin lesions such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and actinic keratosis (AK). We have analyzed skin and genital lesions for presence of HPV-DNA in order to search for unknown and known HPV types. As an attempt to identify women at risk for development of high-grade cervical lesions, HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression was analyzed among women with minor cervical abnormalities. Metagenomic sequencing identified 15 known HPV types, four previously known HPV types and two novel putative types in cutaneous lesions (n=369) and swabs from top of the lesions (n=142) (SCC, AK and keratoacanthoma). The prevalence and viral load of characterized HPV155 and SE46 HPV-isolate was investigated in patients with different cutaneous lesions. HPV155 and SE46 were both found in 2% of patients. HPV178 was characterized from a swab of normal skin next to an actinic keratosis. A baseline of 36 different HPV types of the alphapapillomavirus genus in 93.9% of condyloma swab samples before HPV vaccination was established. Extended testing among subjects initially negative for HPV (n=50), found 21 patients with cutaneous types of HPV, including novel HPV153. After metagenomic sequencing (n=40) of HPV-negative condylomas, we detected four different HPV types of the alphapapillomavirus genus but also six known HPV types, three previously described putative HPV types and 22 novel putative types of the beta and gammapapillomavirus genera. Novel HPV175 and HPV180 were isolated from the condyloma. HPV153, 175 and 180 are all gamma types. In the study of high-risk HPV mRNA expression of HPV-DNA positive minor cytological abnormalities (ASCUS; atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, n=211, and CIN1; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1, n=131) we observed a high sensitivity (97.2%) but low specificity (10.2%) for detecting future high grade cervical lesions (CIN2+). Presence of HPV E6/E7 mRNA was associated with future development of CIN2+ among high-risk HPV DNA positive women with ASCUS and CIN1. The absence of HPV mRNA demonstrated a tendency for protection against future development of CIN3.
Using structural and functional MRI as a neuroimaging technique to investigate chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalopathy: a systematic review

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective This systematic review aims to synthesise and evaluate structural MRI (sMRI) and functional MRI (fMRI) studies in chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME). Methods We systematically searched Medline and Ovid and included articles from 1991 (date of Oxford diagnostic criteria for CFS/ME) to first April 2019. Studies were selected by predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two reviewers independently reviewed the titles and abstracts to determine articles for inclusion, full text and quality assessment for risk of bias. Results sMRI studies report differences in CFS/ME brain anatomy in grey and white matter volume, ventricular enlargement and hyperintensities. Three studies report no neuroanatomical differences between CFS/ME and healthy controls. Task-based fMRI investigated working memory, attention, reward and motivation, sensory information processing and emotional conflict. The most consistent finding was CFS/ME exhibited increased activations and recruited additional brain regions. Tasks with increasing load or complexity produced decreased activation in task-specific brain regions. Conclusions There were insufficient data to define a unique neural profile or biomarker of CFS/ME. This may be due to inconsistencies in finding neuroanatomical differences in CFS/ME and the variety of different tasks employed by fMRI studies. But there are also limitations with neuroimaging. All brain region specific volumetric differences in CFS/ME were derived from voxel-based statistics that are biased towards group differences that are highly localised in space. fMRI studies demonstrated both increases and decreases in activation patterns in CFS/ME, this may be related to task demand. However, fMRI signal cannot differentiate between neural excitation and inhibition or function-specific neural processing. Many studies have small sample sizes and did not control for the heterogeneity of this clinical population. We suggest that with robust study design, subgrouping and larger sample sizes, future neuroimaging studies could potentially lead to a breakthrough in our understanding of the disease.
Neither unitary nor federal: Did Bolivians invent something new?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The unitary–federal dichotomy is used as a standard means for taxonomizing state forms. However, its classificatory power has been increasingly stretched by heterodox cases such as Spain, Italy, South Africa and, most recently, Bolivia. This article contends that Bolivia’s constitutional changes have definitively challenged the long-standing assumption that the unitary–federal divide best serves the goal of an accurate taxonomization in the field of comparative federalism. Despite the noise Bolivia’s latest constitutional reform has caused in the otherwise settled framework of comparative federalism’s most basic concepts, scholarship is opting for the most comfortable choice by squeezing Bolivia into the unitary compartment. Subsequent to the screening of different types of taxonomic approaches, a new classificatory framework for state forms, based on a dichotomy that combines legal theory and the methodological tools of political science, is proposed and tested on the Bolivian case.
[A role of the basal ganglia in the occurrence of visual hallucinations (a hypothetical mechanism)].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A hypothetical mechanism of the basal ganglia involvement in visual hallucinations is proposed. According to this mechanism, hallucination is the result of modulation of the efficacy of corticostriatal synaptic inputs and changes in spiny cell activity due to the rise of striatal dopamine concentration (or due to other reasons). These changes cause an inhibition of neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata and subsequent disinhibition of neurons in the superior colliculus and pedunculopontine nucleus (including its cholinergic cells). In the absence of afferentation from the retina this disinhibition leads to activation of neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus, pulvinar and other thalamic nuclei projecting to the primary and highest visual cortical areas, prefrontal cortex, and also back to the striatum. Hallucinations as conscious visual patterns are the result of selection of signals circulating in several interconnected loops each of which includes one of above mentioned neocortical areas, one of thalamic nuclei, limbic and one of visual areas of the basal ganglia, superior colliculus and/or pedunculopontine nucleus. According to our model, cannabinoids, opioids and ketamine may lead to hallucinations due to their promotional role in the LTD of cortical inputs to GABAergic spiny cells of striatal striosomes projecting to dopaminergic neurons, disinhibition of the lasts, and increase in striatal dopamine concentration.
An Overview of Fire in the Sierra Nevada

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Fire, ignited by lightning and Native Americans, was common in the Sierra Nevada prior to 20th century suppression efforts. Presettlement fire return intervals were generally less than 20 years throughout a broad zone extending from the foothills through the mixed conifer forests. In the 20th century, the areal extent of fire was greatly reduced. This reduction in fire activity, coupled with the selective harvest of many large pines, produced forests which today are denser, with generally smaller trees, and have higher proportions of white fir and incense cedar than were present historically. These changes have almost certainly increased the levels of fuel, both on the forest floor and “ladder fuels”—small trees and brush which carry the fire into the forest canopy. Increases in fuel, coupled with efficient suppression of low and moderate intensity fires, has led to an increase in general fire severity. We suggest extensive modification of forest structure will be necessary to minimize severe fires in the future. In high-risk areas, landscapes should be modified both to reduce fire severity and to increase suppression effectiveness. We recommend thinning and underburning to reduce fire-related tree mortality coupled with strategically placed defensible fuel profile zones (DFPZs). DFPZs are areas in which forest structure and fuels have been modified to reduce flame length
Low‐intrinsic‐stress and good‐adhesion alloy thin films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper illustrates that evaporated Ti–Cr alloy films have excellent adhesion on glass and also lower intrinsic stress. The intrinsic stress of this alloy film can be controlled by the alloy content, and the stress varies linearly with respect to Ti content in the film. The method of stress measurement, thin‐film‐composition determination, the critical thickness of the Ti–Cr film on glass, and the reason for low intrinsic stress are presented.
Improving SAR tomography performance using efficient sensor configurations

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper concerns the definition of efficient configurations of acquisition for improving the features of tomographic imaging using a constellation of SAR sensors. MIMO SAR measurements done in monostatic and bistatic configurations permit to enhance the spectral diversity of the acquisition in the vertical direction, yielding higher performance in terms of ambiguity height and resolution. Different cases are investigated, and in particular a configuration with tracks that would reveal ambiguous for systems operating in monostatic mode only, and another one consisting of sparse groups of acquisitions. The validity of the proposed approach is demonstrated using data sets acquired by a versatile multi channel Ground-Based SAR system, operating in alternating emit-receive mode, over coherent scatterers and distributed volumetric media.
EFFECTS OF CHOLINE 2:6‐XYLYL ETHER BROMIDE UPON THE SUPRARENAL MEDULLA OF THE RAT

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The administration of choline 2:6‐xylyl ether bromide (TM 10) daily to rats for two weeks depletes the suprarenals of about one‐half their normal content of adrenaline and noradrenaline. This depletion has been demonstrated histologically and by colorimetric and biological estimation of the amines present in extracts of the glands. Treatment with TM 10 causes similar histological signs of depletion in autografts of adrenal chromaffin tissue in the rat iris. Restoration of catechol amines in rat suprarenals, previously depleted by TM 10, occurs slowly and appears to be complete 14 days after withdrawing the drug. These results, considered in conjunction with the estimated rate of turnover of catechol amines in the rat suprarenal, lend support to the view that TM 10 may interfere with the biosynthesis of these amines.
America's Professional Military Ethic and the Treatment of Captured Enemy Combatants in the Global War on Terror

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article deals with one aspect of the U.S. War on Terror: the treatment of enemy combatants captured during the conflict and the implications of such treatment for the professional ethic of the United States military. It briefly addresses the technical legal arguments underlying Bush Administration detainee policies, then focuses on the adverse impact the policies have had on the professional ethic of the armed forces. The article contends that Bush Administration policies have undermined the values upon which America’s professional military ethic is based, but it in no way suggests that this has created some sort of “moral equivalency” between the United States military and those whom it fights.
Anesthetic Considerations and Complications in Repair of Ruptured Common Carotid Artery Pseudoaneurysm after Firearm Injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Incidence of injuries to the common carotid artery (CCA) is rare, but firearms can cause potentially lethal injuries to the vascular system, especially in the neck region. We present a case of gunshot injury to the neck caused by right CCA injury and formation of pseudoaneurysm which ruptured spontaneously and required immediate intervention and surgical repair. We discussed the anesthetic considerations and possible complications during the intraoperative and postoperative periods.
TAHFIDZ AL-QURAN DENGAN METODE BIL-QOLAM DI MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH (ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL) AL- AZHARY AJIBARANG BANYUMAS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The problems studied in this research are (1) How to study tahfidz Al-Qur'an with method of Bil-Qolam in Madrasah Tsanawiyah (Islamic Boarding School) Al-Azhary Ajibarang Banyumas year 2016/2017 ?; (2) How is the learning result of tahfidz Al-Qur'an with the method of Bil-Qolam in Islamic Boarding School Al-Azhary Ajibarang Banyumas year 2016/2017 ?. This study aims to describe and analyze the process and learning outcomes of tahfidz Al-Qur'an with the method of Bil-Qolam in Madrasah Tsanawiyah (Islamic Boarding School) Al-Azhary Ajibarang Banyumas year 2016/2017? The result of the research shows that learning of Qur'anic tahfidz with the method of Bil-Qolam in Islamic Boarding School Al- Azhary Ajibarang Banyumas year 2016/2017 is applied by using morning and afternoon learning system, and learning is done with 4 activities opening for 5 minutes, talqin and Ittiba' activities for 5 minutes, urdhoh for 20 minutes, and urdhoh or individual drill for 30 minutes. Whereas the learning outcomes for each year always reach the targets determined by the madrasah (school) supported by the spirit and students' curiosity, the methods used, and programs that are run intensively.
Pre-lung transplant VO2max predicts functional outcomes post-lung transplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Functional testing is key in the work-up for lung transplantation. Six minute walk distance (6MWD) or cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) are routinely used to assess the degree of functional impairment. We investigated whether pretransplant maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) during CPET predicts outcomes after transplantation. Lung transplant recipients transplanted between January 2010 - December 2020 in our institution were included in this retrospective study (n=729). Impact of VO2max (percentile <25 vs 25-75 vs >75) on 6MWD and spirometry at year 1, 2 and 3 after transplantation was assessed in a joint model, correcting for lung allocation score covariates. Kaplan-Meier survival according to VO2max was assessed with log-rank test. Of the 729 included patients, 432 (59%) underwent CPET. Main transplant indications were obstructive disease (n=298), interstitial lung disease (n=102), pulmonary arterial hypertension (n=15) and redo transplantation (n=11). VO2max was significantly associated with posttransplant FEV1 (p=0.0008) and FVC (p=0.0001) in multivariate analysis. VO2max was associated with posttransplant 6MWD in univariate analysis (p=0.0055), however, unconfirmed in multivariate analysis. Posttransplant survival tended to be better in patients with the highest VO2max (p=0.086) (Figure 1). VO2max predicts post-lung transplant outcomes. CPET can help to identify frail patients to guide them into a prehabilition program.
[Biological ingredient analysis of traditional Chinese medicines utilizing metagenomic approach based on high-throughput-sequencing and big-data-mining].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The quality of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has been mainly evaluated based on chemical ingredients, yet recently more attentions have been paid on biological ingredients, especially for pill-based preparations. It is a key approach to establish a fast, accurate and systematic method of biological ingredient analysis for realization of modernization, industrialization and internationalization of TCMs. The biological ingredient analysis of TCM preparations could be abstracted as the identification of multiple species from a biological mixture. The metagenomic approach based on high-throughput-sequencing (HTS) and big-data-mining has been considered as one of the most effective methods for multiple species analysis of a biological mixture, which would also be helpful for the analysis of biological ingredients in TCMs. Simultaneous identification of diverse species, including the prescribed species, adulterants, toxic species, protected species and even the biological impurities introduced through production process, could be achieved by selecting appropriate DNA biomarkers, as well as applying large-scale sequence comparison and data mining. By this approach, it is prospective to offer an evaluation basis for the effectiveness, safety and legality of TCM preparations.
Eighteenth Century French Drawings in Paris

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 1967 the Cabinet des Dessins of the Louvre unveiled the result of many years of research in two related exhibitions, Le cabinet d'un grand amateur P.-J. Mariette (April-June) and Dessins franCais du XVIII sibcle: Amis et contemporains de P.-J. Mariette (April-October). Though for some time it has been the practice of the Cabinet to mount shows related to major international art exhibitions, last summer's exhibitions were an unprecedented tour de force, because the Cabinet itself presented both the major international show and a supplementary exhibition drawn from its own superb collections. For each it produced a fine catalogue that must rank as an important scholarly publication. Pierre-Jean Mariette (1694-1774) was certainly worthy of such an extensive commemoration. Though the drawing collections of some amateurs may have rivaled and even surpassed that of Mariette, certain factors made his collection absolutely unique. He systematically studied master drawings with an incredible thoroughness and tried to see and/or obtain an example of the draftsmanship of every artist whom he considered to be of any importance or professional standing, both contemporaries and old masters. Mariette became the greatest connoisseur of his era. His collection was so even in its high level of quality that his stamp is still treasured by drawing collectors.
lncRNA H19 promotes glioblastoma multiforme development by activating autophagy by sponging miR-491-5p

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a malignant cancer with severely poor survival, and the cells continue to thrive during hypoxia and toxic stress through autophagy. To validate the oncogenic role of long noncoding RNA H19 in GBM progression and examine whether autophagy and/or miR-491-5p participate in the process. The expression of H19 and autophagy-related genes in GBM and healthy control tissues was assessed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis and autophagy were respectively determined via cell counting kit-8 assay, clone formation assay, flow cytometry, western blotting and green fluorescent protein-microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha fluorescence analysis in vitro. Furthermore, a rescue assay was performed using rapamycin or miR-491-5p antagomir to examine the role of autophagy or miR-491-5p in H19-mediated regulation of proliferation and apoptosis. RNA pull-down and dual-luciferase reporter assays were employed to analyze the interaction between H19 and miR-491-5p. Additionally, tumor growth in a xenograft-bearing mouse model and autophagy in tumor mass were analyzed in vivo. The expression H19 was increased in GBM and was positively correlated with LC3 or Beclin-1. Silencing H19 inhibited growth and promoted apoptosis in GBM cells both in vitro and in vivo, and miR-491-5p was identified as one of the important mediators. H19 regulated the autophagy signaling pathway at least partly via miR-491-5p. Increased H19 expression in GBM exerts oncogenic effects by sponging miR-491-5p and enhancing autophagy. Therefore, H19 may be explored as a target for GBM therapy.