jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Engine Knock Margin Estimation Using In-Cylinder Pressure Measurements

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Engine knock is among the most relevant limiting factors in the improvement of the operation of spark-ignited engines. Due to an abnormal combustion inside the cylinder chamber, it can cause performance worsening or even serious mechanical damage. Being the result of complex local chemical phenomena, knock turns out to have a significant random behavior but the increasing availability of new on-board sensors permits a deeper understanding of its mechanism. The aim of this paper is to exploit in-cylinder pressure sensors to derive a knock estimator, based on the logistic regression technique. Thanks to the proposed approach, it is possible to explicitly deal with knock random variability and to define the so-called margin (or distance) from the knocking condition, which has been recently proven to be an effective concept for innovative knock control strategies. In a model-based estimation fashion, two modeling approaches are compared: one relies on well-known physical mechanisms while the second exploits a principal component analysis to extract relevant pressure information, thus reducing the identification effort and improving the estimation performance.
Introduction

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

A total of 12 papers in this volume represent some current research on important topics in finance. The contributions include analyses of issues relating to the recent reforms on corporate governance, the behavior of stock returns, the option pricing models, the financial regulation and banking theory, and the international finance. Kensinger and Poe argue that the legal status of corporations and the higher costs of Sarbanes-Oxley will accelerate further hollowing of public corporations. Using stock price reactions to the information in joint venture announcements, Keown, et al. find that the market considers relevant information for valuing the firms apart from the joint venture itself. Based upon data from a large sample of global financial markets, Cao and Wei find empirical evidence strongly supporting the negative relationship between stock returns and temperature. Kang and Ding find differential results of stock returns on the financial signals in Asian financial markets. Chen et al. develop a binomial-tree pricing model for Stock Participation Accreting Redemption Quarterly pay Securities (SPARQS), and show the pricing performance of the model. Lai and Soumare analyze the investment incentives in project finance in the presence of government financial guarantees. Chang et al. develop option-pricing models with price limits and market illiquidity and show that both of these market imperfections have significant impact on the option values.
Generic Computing-Assisted Geometric Search for Human Design and Origins

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Scientific space research aims to investigate human origins and provide explanation on how life originated on the earth. This has led to the emergence of theories such as the Panspermia theory. The Panspermia theory opines that life originated from extra-terrestrial sources. However, the Panspermia theory does not consider the influence of cognition and intelligence in microorganisms that are thought to seed life on the earth. However, it is feasible to consider intelligent microorganisms as determining the life-forms that can arise from different cell aggregations. This chapter considers that the pre-determination of the geometry of this feasible life-forms that takes place in Mars's meteorites. The discussion in this chapter proposes the Mars geometric Panspermia theory which is hinged on this perspective. The chapter presents the conceptual perspective for the Mars geometric Panspermia theory. It also presents network architecture and a data acquisition strategy suitable for capital constrained organizations. The capital constrained organizations are space organizations in developing countries. The low cost acquisition strategy proposes the use of open source software and hardware for components used in Mars exploration missions. In addition, the chapter proposes rover data sharing to enable capital constrained space organizations to execute their science objectives in Mars's space missions.
Nyctonympha flavipes Aurivillius 1920

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

132. Nyctonympha flavipes Aurivillius, 1920 Material examined. Site 8: 18.xii.2004, LT, Silveira MAPA leg. [2721]. Species diagnosis. Martins & Galileo (1992) (in key for Nyctonympha species).
Recruiting Internally Displaced Persons into Civil Militias: The Case of Northern Uganda

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explores the state-sanctioned recruitment of internally displaced persons (IDPs) into civil militias in northern Uganda between 1996 and 2006. Drawing upon international and Ugandan domestic law, as well as empirical research in Uganda, it provides an illustrative case study of the circumstances in which IDPs were mobilised into an array of civil militias. By applying a framework elaborated by the UN Commission on Human Rights, it discusses, and subsequently determines, the lawfulness of this mobilisation. When doing so, the article highlights how, in Uganda, civil militias were dealt with completely outside of domestic law, despite repeated calls from Ugandan MPs to establish their lawfulness. It finds that government authorities long denied any liability for the conduct of the militias, and argues that the uncertain position of the civil militias created plenty of room for unmonitored conduct and substantial human rights abuse.
Actual Causes and Free Will

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this paper I reexamine the debate between two contrasting conceptions of free will: the classical model, which understands freedom in terms of alternative possibilities, and a more recent family of views that focus only on actual causes, and that were inspired by Frankfurt’s famous attack on the principle of alternative possibilities. I offer a novel argument in support of the actual-causes model, one that bypasses the popular debate about Frankfurt-style cases.
HTLV-III Antibody Testing in Three Danish Blood Banks

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Organon Teknika Vironostika anti-HTLV-III/LAV test was evaluated in three Danish blood banks. The evaluation comprised in total 3,940 consecutive donors. In all three blood banks the tests were carried out exactly according to the manufacturer’s instructions, using a low cut-off value defined as (4N+P)/5, where N and P are means of optical densities of known negative and positive samples. By this method the overall frequency of repeatably positive samples was 0.30%. When tested by Western blot, however, none of these samples were shown to contain specific antibodies against HTLV-III/LAV proteins. When testing different categories of patients, only sera containing HLA antibodies gave rise to false-positive reactions. Finally, important differences in the results were observed regarding sample preparation, single or dual wavelength optical density readings, and the experience of the technical staff.
PressProtect: Helping Journalists Navigate Social Media in the Face of Online Harassment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Social media has become a critical tool for journalists to disseminate their work, engage with their audience, and connect with sources. Unfortunately, journalists also regularly endure significant online harassment on social media platforms, ranging from personal attacks to doxxing to threats of physical harm. In this paper, we seek to understand how to make social media usable for journalists who face constant digital harassment. To begin, we conduct a set of need-finding interviews with Asian American and Pacific Islander journalists to understand where existing platform tools and newsroom resources fall short in adequately protecting journalists, especially those of marginalized identities. We map journalists' unmet needs to concrete design goals, which we use to build PressProtect, an interface that provides journalists greater agency when engaging with readers on Twitter/X. Through user testing with eight journalists, we evaluate PressProtect and find that participants felt it effectively protected them against harassment and could also generalize to serve other visible and vulnerable groups. We conclude with a discussion of our findings and recommendations for social platforms hoping to build defensive defaults for journalists facing online harassment.
Enhancing chlorophyll content monitoring in coastal wetlands: Sentinel-2 and soil-removed semi-empirical models for phenotypically diverse Suaeda salsa

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, China has gradually begun restoring native salt marsh vegetation such as Suaeda salsa (S. salsa) in coastal wetlands that were damaged by the long-term invasion of Spartina alterniflora. Chlorophyll content (Cab), an important indicator of vegetation health, necessitates extensive and long-term monitoring using Sentinel-2. However, due to the influence of betacyanin (Beta), S. salsa exhibits different phenotypes (red and green) under various stress conditions, making remote sensing mechanism studies of this unique vegetation more challenging. In particular, satellite multispectral images are significantly affected by soil background in mixed pixels, making it imperative to mitigate this influence. This study explores the applicability of a recently proposed spectral separation of soil and vegetation (3SV) in Sentinel-2 multispectral and S. salsa vegetation from a remote sensing mechanism perspective, and further improves it. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted on the effectiveness of combining 3SV with several mainstream chlorophyll-sensitive indices. The advantages of machine learning algorithms were leveraged to develop a high-precision hybrid semi-empirical model for estimating Cab in different S. salsa phenotypes. The research findings indicate that: (1) The 3SV algorithm, adjusted with slope compensation and B2 and B4 bands, is applicable to green S. salsa scenarios. For red S. salsa scenarios, further adjustment using B2 and B3 bands and coverage fraction is required. (2) The MTCI, MRENDVI, MND, and MNDRE indices combined best with the modified 3SV, significantly reducing the RMSE of the semi-empirical models, especially under wet soil conditions with soil fraction fsoil < 0.5. (3) The highest accuracy (RMSE = 3.83 μg/cm2) for Cab estimation models for different S. salsa phenotypes was achieved by combining the modified 3SV soil-removed algorithm and the four indices with particle swarm optimization random forest regression (PSO-RFR).
Blowfly flight and optic flow: II. Head movements during flight

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The position and orientation of the thorax and head of flying blowflies (Calliphora vicina) were measured using small sensor coils mounted on the thorax and head. During flight, roll movements of the thorax are compensated by counter rolls of the head relative to the thorax. The yaw turns of the thorax (thorax saccades) are accompanied by faster saccades of the head, starting later and finishing earlier than the thorax saccades. Blowfly flight can be divided into two sets of episodes: ‘during saccades’, when high angular velocities of up to a few thousand degrees per second are reached by both the thorax and head, and ‘between saccades’, when the orientation of the thorax and, in particular, the head is well stabilized. Between saccades, the angular velocities of the head are approximately half those of the thorax and lie mostly in the range 0–100 ° s−1 for any rotation (yaw, pitch and roll). These velocities are low enough to limit the visual blur attributable to rotation. It is argued that the split into periods during which either rotational optic flow (‘during saccades’) or translatory optic flow (‘between saccades’) dominates is helpful for processing optic flow when signals and neurons are noisy.
Bariatric Surgery Alters the Postprandial Recovery From Hypoglycemia, Mediated by Cholinergic Signal

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) surgeries increase prandial insulin and glucagon secretion but reduce the endogenous glucose production (EGP) response to hypoglycemia in comparison with control subjects who had not undergone gastric surgery (CN), suggesting that parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) plays a role. Here, we investigated the effect of acute PNS blockade on the post-meal counterregulatory response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia in GB and SG compared with CN. Glucose kinetics and islet cell secretion were measured in nine subjects without diabetes with GB and seven with SG and five CN during hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp (∼3.2 mmol/L) combined with meal ingestion on two separate days with and without intravenous atropine infusion. Glucose and hormonal levels were similar at baseline and during steady-state hypoglycemia before meal ingestion in three groups and unaffected by atropine. Atropine infusion diminished prandial systemic appearance of ingested glucose (RaO) by 30%, EGP by 40%, and glucagon response to hypoglycemia by 90% in CN. In GB or SG, blocking PNS had no effect on the RaO or meal-induced hyperglucagonemia but increased EGP in SG without any effect in GB (P &lt; 0.05 interaction). These findings indicate that cholinergic signal contributes to the recovery from hypoglycemia by meal consumption in humans. However, bariatric surgery dissipates PNS-mediated physiologic responses to hypoglycemia in the fed state. Article Highlights Rerouted gut after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (GB) and, to a lesser degree, after sleeve gastrectomy (SG) leads to larger glucose excursion and lower nadir glucose, predisposing individuals to hypoglycemia. Despite prandial hyperglucagonemia, endogenous glucose production response to hypoglycemia is reduced after GB or SG. Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity plays a key role in regulation of glucose kinetics and islet cell function. We examined the effect of acute PNS blockade on counterregulatory glucose and islet cell response to meal ingestion during insulin-induced hypoglycemia among GB, SG, and control subjects who had not had gastric surgery. Our findings demonstrate that cholinergic signal is critical in the recovery from hypoglycemia by meal ingestion in humans who have not had gastric surgery, although prandial PNS-mediated physiologic responses to hypoglycemia are differentially changed by GB and SG.
Positron annihilation investigation of porous silicon heat treated to 1000 °C

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Positron lifetime and Doppler broadening spectroscopies were applied to investigate a porous silicon film subjected to heat treatment in an argon atmosphere. Heating between 300 and 500 °C increased the mass of the film by 17% due to oxygen uptake and the concentration of open volume defects associated with the formation of an oxide layer on the silicon nanocrystallites increased by a factor of 3. Between 600 and 1000 °C their concentration decreased gradually to 1/2 the original concentration. Doppler broadening results indicate two distinct electron momentum distributions, one arising from open volume defects and one from pickoff annihilation of positronium at the pore walls caused by electrons with an unexpectedly narrow momentum distribution.
The vibrant act of looking

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this paper, I dissect how the filmmaker looks at the world around them, and the recorded images of that world, when they are filming and editing. I suggest that this is a different act of looking than how a non-filmmaker looks at their surroundings, primarily because the act of looking is a conduit intended for an audience, rather than an act merely for the self. I analyse this act of looking as a new materialist one in which the camera equipment and images have vibrancy. When filming, the cameraperson works with the camera to carve the world into frames. When editing, the editor falls into sync with the images, creating a dialogue with them where the images suggest edits via what they depict, but also via the materiality of the image itself.
Supercritical thermodynamcis of sulfur and nitrogen species. Quarterly progress report, April 1, 1992--June 30, 1992

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Significant opportunity exists for the application of supercritical fluid (SCF) technology to coal processing, both for pretreatment of high sulfur coals, as well as liquefaction and treatment of coal liquids. Supercritical fluids are attractive solvents for a variety of coal processing applications because of their unusual solvating and mass transfer properties. Solubility studies have been carried out for a number of model coal and coal liquid compounds, primarily in pure supercritical fluids. We are extending this database of model coal compound equilibria using modern techniques that have the advantage of being much more rapid than traditional techniques. Cosolvent effects on solubility are being investigated over a variety of solvent properties. In addition, specific molecular interactions are being investigated through spectroscopic techniques. The resulting data are being used to develop a chemical-physical equation of state (EOS) model of SCF solution with meaningful parameters. The equation of state will be used to predict solubility behavior, which will permit the design and tailoring of SCF cosolvent systems for specific coal processing applications.
SH3339322.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Floral Meristems

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Meristems refer to a group of undifferentiated dividing cells that are responsible for the formation of plant organs. Floral meristems are a group of dividing cells that give rise to flowers. The formation of a floral meristem, and its subsequent fate, are under both environmental and molecular control. Several exogenous environmental factors and a complex network of genes control this process.
On the first Steklov-Dirichlet eigenvalue on eccentric annuli in general dimensions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider the Steklov-Dirichlet eigenvalue problem on eccentric annuli in Euclidean space of general dimensions. In recent work by the same authors of this paper [21], a limiting behavior of the first eigenvalue, as the distance between the two boundary circles of an annulus approaches zero, was obtained in two dimensions. We extend this limiting behavior to general dimensions by employing bispherical coordinates and expressing the first eigenfunction as a Fourier-Gegenbauer series.
[Research on migraine time-series features classification based on small-sample functional magnetic resonance imaging data].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The extraction of neuroimaging features of migraine patients and the design of identification models are of great significance for the auxiliary diagnosis of related diseases. Compared with the commonly used image features, this study directly uses time-series signals to characterize the functional state of the brain in migraine patients and healthy controls, which can effectively utilize the temporal information and reduce the computational effort of classification model training. Firstly, Group Independent Component Analysis and Dictionary Learning were used to segment different brain areas for small-sample groups and then the regional average time-series signals were extracted. Next, the extracted time series were divided equally into multiple subseries to expand the model input sample. Finally, the time series were modeled using a bi-directional long-short term memory network to learn the pre-and-post temporal information within each time series to characterize the periodic brain state changes to improve the diagnostic accuracy of migraine. The results showed that the classification accuracy of migraine patients and healthy controls was 96.94%, the area under the curve was 0.98, and the computation time was relatively shorter. The experiments indicate that the method in this paper has strong applicability, and the combination of time-series feature extraction and bi-directional long-short term memory network model can be better used for the classification and diagnosis of migraine. This work provides a new idea for the lightweight diagnostic model based on small-sample neuroimaging data, and contributes to the exploration of the neural discrimination mechanism of related diseases.
A Role for the EAL-Like Protein STM1344 in Regulation of CsgD Expression and Motility inSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The bacterial second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) regulates the transition between sessility and motility. In Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, the expression of CsgD, the regulator of multicellular rdar morphotype behavior, is a major target of c-di-GMP signaling. CsgD expression is positively regulated by at least two diguanylate cyclases, GGDEF domain proteins, and negatively regulated by at least four phosphodiesterases, EAL domain proteins. Here, we show that in contrast to EAL domain proteins acting as phosphodiesterases, the EAL-like protein STM1344 regulated CsgD expression positively and motility negatively. STM1344, however, did not have a role in c-di-GMP turnover and also did not bind the nucleotide. STM1344 acted upstream of the phosphodiesterases STM1703 and STM3611, previously identified to participate in CsgD downregulation, where it repressed their expression. Consequently, although STM1344 has not retained a direct role in c-di-GMP metabolism, it still participates in the regulation of c-di-GMP turnover and has a role in the transition between sessility and motility.
The Magnetic Field Therapies in Association with the Relation between Macro and Microcosmos

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

From the concept of energy and matter to the magnetic fields in the universe, the relation between macro and micro points of view gives new perspectives for the understanding and management of life. While the discoveries of huge magnetic fields and mapping those are helping about galaxy and space formation [1,2], the magnetic fields of human body give information about the situation of cells, organs and the hole organism [3].