jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Sex‐biased gene flow and colonization in the Formosan lesser horseshoe bat: inference from nuclear and mitochondrial markers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Sex‐biased behaviours are expected to play an important role in partitioning genetic variance in animal populations. Comparing genetic structure at markers with different modes of inheritance provides a means of detecting these behaviours and their consequences for population genetic structure. In colonially breeding mammals, the common combination of female philopatry and male vagility can promote contrasting patterns of genetic differentiation between the sexes, both via their effects on recurrent gene flow and on colonization. We examined sex differences in gene flow and structure by comparing maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and biparentally inherited autosomal loci in the Formosan lesser horseshoe bat Rhinolophus monoceros . We found that genetic partitioning was higher at mtDNA than autosomal markers in both sexes, indicative of female‐biased philopatry and male‐biased dispersal. Across Taiwan, isolation‐by‐distance was detected for all sex/marker combinations but was steeper for mtDNA than for nuclear markers. We suggest that isolation‐by‐distance shown from mtDNA at large scales is likely to reflect the stepwise founding of new breeding colonies by females during colonization. In contrast, no isolation‐by‐distance was found at smaller distances of up to 100 km, indicating that gene flow and/or recent shared ancestry homogenises genetic structure among nearby sites. Our results highlight the value of an indirect genetic approach to understanding sex‐biased behaviours and their consequences in a little‐studied species.
P & W 4946 25

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

SYSTEM OF }'ORTIFICATION DRA WJXO. 25\ntion will determine tho foot of the gonouillct·e of the bar­betto.\nFrom this last line at the pancoupe set back along\nthe capital a distance of 8 yanls, aud ft·om tho extrem ity of\nthis line dmw a perpendicular to the interior crest of each\nface. T he pentagonal tigu re th us marked out will be the\nspace for the _gun in the salient. From the foot of each of\nthe l'erpendiculars set oft' along the fhces distances of 12\nya t·rls, for the lengths along the in terior, crest~; to be occu­pied\nby t\\\\'O guns on each side of the salient. Setting back\nfrom the extremities of these two last distances, set oft' per­pendiculars\nto the interior crest of 8 yards, and drawing\nlines tlnough the extremities of these perpendiculars par·al­lel\nto the in terior crests, they, with the two perpendiculars,\nwill mark out the exterio1· bounding lines of the bat·bette.\nBy passing planes of f 01' 45° through these exterio1· Jines,\nand finding, by Prob. 7, F ig. 9, t.heir in tersections with the\ntetTeplein, these liucs w·i!L be the foot of the barbettc-slopes.\nA ratnp, IHt\\·ing a slope ~' leads from the ter replein to the\ntop of the barbette ; the width of this ramv is 3.30 yards,\nits interior line in projection being on the prolongation of\nthe foot of the banquette-slope. T he ramp is terminated\nby side-slopes of : , the intersections of \\\\·hich \\\\'ith the ter­replein\nand the Rlopcs of the barbetto and banquette ar·e\nfound by P rob. 7, l!~ig. 9. The foot of the ramp, or i ts\nintersectiou with the tct·t·cplein, is al~o found by the same\nproblem.\nAs the top surface of the barbette is horizontal, it may\nbe necessary in some cases to make tho interiot· crest, along\nthe barbctte, also horizontal, in which case the superior\nslope of the pat'<lpet along tho barbettc being higher ~han\nthe •·est of it, the t\\YO planes will be couueeted by a, plane\nof 45°, as at c.\n38 ... Ptton. 19, Pr.. 2, Fw. 4. To determine the b011nding\nswj'aces of a ?'amp leading up an in·egula1· swjacr, and so ?Jlaced\nthat its a:ris or cent1'e line shall nca1'ly coincide with the irrcgula1·\nswj'ace.\nLet (8,0), (9,0), etc., be the hol'i zoutal cu rves of tl1e sur­face,\nand let a (8,0) be the point of departure 01· foot of the
Anesthesia for the Patient with Neurologic Disease. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America. Vol. 15, No. 3

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Anesthesia for the Patient with Neurologic Disease. Anesthesiology Clinics of North America. Vol. 15, No. 3, Eric J. Heyer, William L. Young, ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1997, ISBN 0889-8537, 250 pp, $106.00 annually for four issues. This issue of Anesthesiology Clinics of North America is devoted to anesthesia for the patient with neurologic disease. The book is divided into twelve chapters of similar length. The writing style is consistent among the chapters and is easy to read. Importantly, the material is current and relevant. This reviewer, who has been practicing in the field of neuroanesthesia for more than 10 yr, was surprised by the amount of new material encountered. There is a good combination of basic and clinical science reviews and current issues/controversies reviews. The basic science reviews are of greatest value. The chapters titled "Basic Physiology and Pharmacology of the Central Synapse" and "Electrophysiology for Anesthesiologists" were particularly valuable. It is impossible to cover every topic in a book that is only 250 pages long. The book is a supplement, not a major treatise on the anesthetic management of patients with neurologic disease. Viewed in this light, the book performs very well. This reviewer's only disappointment is that some areas, such as cerebral circulation, intracranial neoplasms, and trauma, were not covered. Despite these omissions, the book is an excellent source of information on many topics relevant to the care of patients with neurologic disease. Richard J. Sperry, MD, PhD Department of Anesthesiology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City, UT 84132
The Near and Middle East - Jacob Metzer: The divided economy of Mandatory Palestine. (Cambridge Middle East Studies, 11.) xxii, 275 pp. Cambridge, etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1998. £40.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Near and Middle East - Jacob Metzer: The divided economy of Mandatory Palestine. (Cambridge Middle East Studies, 11.) xxii, 275 pp. Cambridge, etc.: Cambridge University Press, 1998. £40. - Volume 62 Issue 1
Noise Effect on Real-Time Estimation of Harmonics in Electrical Power Substations

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper studies the effect of noise on real-time estimation of harmonics in a typical power substation. The study is carried out based on studying signal-to-noise ratio as a criterion for optimization and Monte Carlo simulation is used to compute the critical values of signal-to-noise ratio for minimizing the noise effect on estimation. To alleviate problem of skewness found in legacy state estimators that are employed in traditional power substations, the high rate measurements casted by the Merging Units installed at substation bay level is transmitted to a Kalman Filter function which is used as a dynamic estimator for estimating the harmonics. A collection of Matlab MEX functions are built to facilities Merging Unit function, A/D and D/A conversions function and the network communication function in conjunction with built-in Simulink block library are incorporated in one Matlab/Simulink-based simulator model and runs in XPC target to co-simulate execution of task in real-time. Representative results in evaluating performance of estimated harmonies as they affected by noise ratio are presented in this paper.
Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination of calcium and magnesium and colorimetric determination of phosphorus in cheese: collaborative study.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The determination of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in cheese was collaboratively studied. The sample is dried and ashed and the residue is dissolved in an acidified aqueous solution. Calcium and magnesium are determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and phosphorus is determined by colorimetry. The study was repeated 3 times because of high within- and between-laboratory relative standard deviations (RSDr and RSDR, respectively). Poor precision in the first 2 studies was caused by a number of factors, including use of contaminated glassware, improperly maintained instruments, and impure reagents as standards. In each study, 5 varieties of cheese were distributed as 10 blind duplicate samples along with a practice sample. Thirteen laboratories participated in the third study, which was generally problem-free. The range of results and the average RSDr and RSDR found in the cheeses were: calcium, 608-1107 mg/100 g. 1.5%, 2.6%; magnesium, 23.9-50.6 mg/100 g, 2.8%, 3.8%; phosphorus, 444-695 mg/100 g, 1.2%, 1.6%. The method has been adopted official first action by AOAC.
Reviews - D. Blair Gibson & Michael N. Geselowitz (ed.). Tribe and polity in late prehistoric Europe: demography, production, and exchange in the evolution of complex social systems. xii + 234 pages, 27 figures, 1 tabel. 1988. New York: Plenum; ISBN 0-306-24913-6 hardback from typescript $42.50.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Reviews - D. Blair Gibson & Michael N. Geselowitz (ed.). Tribe and polity in late prehistoric Europe: demography, production, and exchange in the evolution of complex social systems. xii + 234 pages, 27 figures, 1 tabel. 1988. New York: Plenum; ISBN 0-306-24913-6 hardback from typescript $42.50. - Volume 63 Issue 240
Ligand-Induced Assembly and Activation of the Gamma Interferon Receptor in Intact Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Functionally active gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) receptors consist of an alpha subunit required for ligand binding and signal transduction and a beta subunit required primarily for signaling. Although the receptor alpha chain has been well characterized, little is known about the specific role of the receptor beta chain in IFN-gamma signaling. Expression of the wild-type human IFN-gamma receptor beta chain in murine L cells that stably express the human IFN-gamma receptor alpha chain (L.hgR) produced a murine cell line (L.hgR.myc beta) that responded to human IFN-gamma. Mutagenesis of the receptor beta-chain intracellular domain revealed that only two closely spaced, membrane-proximal sequences (P263PSIP267 and I270EEYL274) are required for function. Coprecipitation studies showed that these sequences are necessary for the specific and constitutive association of the receptor beta chain with the JAK-2 tyrosine kinase. These experiments also revealed that the IFN-gamma receptor alpha and beta chains are not preassociated on the surface of unstimulated cells but rather are induced to associate in an IFN-gamma-dependent fashion. A chimeric protein in which the intracellular domain of the beta chain was replaced by JAK-2 complemented human IFN-gamma signaling and biologic responsiveness in L.hgR. In contrast, a c-src-containing beta-chain chimera did not. These results indicate that the sole obligate role of the IFN-gamma receptor beta chain in signaling is to recruit JAK-2 into the ligand-assembled receptor complex.
Compositional shifts and co-occurrence patterns of topsoil bacteria and micro-eukaryotes across a permafrost thaw gradient in alpine meadows of the Qilian Mountains, China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Soil microorganisms play a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycles of alpine meadow ecosystems, especially in the context of permafrost thaw. However, the mechanisms driving microbial community responses to environmental changes, such as variations in active layer thickness (ALT) of permafrost, remain poorly understood. This study utilized next-generation sequencing to explore the composition and co-occurrence patterns of soil microbial communities, focusing on bacteria and micro-eukaryotes along a permafrost thaw gradient. The results showed a decline in bacterial alpha diversity with increasing permafrost thaw, whereas micro-eukaryotic diversity exhibited an opposite trend. Although changes in microbial community composition were observed in permafrost and seasonally frozen soils, these shifts were not statistically significant. Bacterial communities exhibited a greater differentiation between frozen and seasonally frozen soils, a pattern not mirrored in eukaryotic communities. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis revealed a higher number of potential biomarkers in bacterial communities compared with micro-eukaryotes. Bacterial co-occurrence networks were more complex, with more nodes, edges, and positive linkages than those of micro-eukaryotes. Key factors such as soil texture, ALT, and bulk density significantly influenced bacterial community structures, particularly affecting the relative abundances of the Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria phyla. In contrast, fungal communities (e.g., Nucletmycea , Rhizaria , Chloroplastida , and Discosea groups) were more affected by electrical conductivity, vegetation coverage, and ALT. This study highlights the distinct responses of soil bacteria and micro-eukaryotes to permafrost thaw, offering insights into microbial community stability under global climate change. IMPORTANCE This study sheds light on how permafrost thaw affects microbial life in the soil, with broader implications for understanding climate change impacts. As permafrost degrades, it alters the types and numbers of microbes in the soil. These microbes play essential roles in environmental processes, such as nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas emissions. By observing shifts from bacteria-dominated to fungi-dominated communities as permafrost thaws, the study highlights potential changes in these processes. Importantly, this research suggests that the stability of microbial networks decreases with permafrost degradation, potentially disrupting the delicate balance of these ecosystems. The findings not only deepen our understanding of microbial responses to changing climates but also support the development of strategies to monitor and potentially mitigate the effects of climate change on fragile high-altitude ecosystems.
A STUDY ON THE SETTING AND UTILIZATION OF SlNGLE ROOMS IN NURSING HOMES

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study is to provide some suggestions in the architectural planning and design of single rooms in nursing homes for the elderly. The results of the analysis are as follows; 1)The settings of single rooms are quite different between each other. 2)There are some considerations about bed arrangement. The planning that are able to accept to the demand of the owner is useful. 3)The daily articles in the single rooms can be classified into two groups. One is [movable articles], and the other is [unmovable articles]. The variation and the number of articles in each single rooms is different. 4) The settings of single rooms are related to one's daily living activity, family's visit, and many other factors. The plannings that are free for setting the articles according to circumstsnces are useful, and are in demand.
Local Policies for High-Growth Firms

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter identifies types of local policies that are conducive to generating high-growth firms. It discusses the transitions on the person level that precede the realization of a full-fledged high-growth firm: transitions into ambitious individuals, entrepreneur, and ambitious entrepreneurs. Insight into these preceding transitions is necessary in order to increase the pool of potential high-growth firms and to target particular transitions in the path toward becoming a high-growth firm. Important enabling high-growth firm policies can be found in the areas of education policy and labor market policy. Even though these enabling policies are rather generic in nature, they can be made more effective by targeting particular groups that are more relevant for particular transitions toward becoming a high-growth firm. In addition, there are many targeted industrial policies and regional cluster policies that also have direct implications for the presence of high-growth firms. In order for local policies to be effective they should not conflict with national and supranational policies.
GEORGIOS TSIGANOS1, DIMOSTHENIS SOTIROPOULOS2

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to record retrospectively the epidemiology of injuries in amateur Greek soccer play-ers. Three hundred and one (301) amateur soccer players voluntarily participated in the study. Participants answered a specially-designed questionnaire that included questions about demographics, playing surface, division, position, hours of training plus participation, the use of stretching or prophylactic tape, the injury mechanism, the location and type of injury. During the five years these soccer players sustained a total of 1.745 injuries, that diagnosed by the or-thopedist of the team. Most of injuries were strains (33%), overuse (27%) and sprains (25%). The location of injuries was the thigh (38 %), ankle (27%) and knee (13%). There was a significant difference in the total number of injuries among soccer players with or without scoliosis (t = 3.152, p 0.05) and players that played on sand/dirt (gravel), who sustained more injuries than the players who played on arti-ficial grass or on grass (t = 3.413, p 0.05). No differences were found in the other measurement parameters. The re-sults of our study shows that spine deformities and ground surfaces are the factors that causes more injuries in amateur Greek soccer players.
Pig specific vascular anatomy allows acute infrarenal aortic occlusion without hind limb ischemia and stepwise occlusion without clinical signs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Objective: In a porcine, aortic graft model we found 5 animals to develop and survive unnoticed, complete infrarenal aortic occlusion and 2 pigs with an acute occlusion but rather unspecific clinical symptoms. We investigated the pigs' vascular system to classify the anatomic capabilities to compensate for an acute abdominal aortic occlusion. Design of study: Retrospective analysis of CT scans and clinical data to specify unexpected results in a case series of infrarenal occlusion in a porcine model. Setting: Collaborative study of experimental and clinical departments. Subjects: Fifteen healthy female minipigs. Interventions: All pigs underwent an infrarenal aortic graft intervention. Anesthesia and perioperative management of the animals were preformed along the standard operating procedures of the local Department of Experimental Medicine. All animals received perioperative antibiotics, ASS, and carprofen for postoperative analgesia. Arterial pressure, heart rate, body temperature, and diuresis were monitored during surgery and therapeutic interventions. Main outcome measures: Contrast media based computed tomography (CT) with total body scans were performed at 1, 4, 10, 12 weeks after surgery. Comparable scans of cardiovascular healthy subjects (humans and pigs) and patients with a Leriche's syndrome were analyzed. Results: Neither acute (within the first 12 h after surgery) nor stepwise total aortic occlusion show unmistakable clinical signs. In pigs, the epigastric artery (EGA) – which is in connection with suprarenal lumbal arteries, subclavian and external iliac artery – is highly developed associated to the high number of mammary glands of about 7 on one side. In humans, the ratio of aortic to EGA-diameter is 1 : 0.15. In minipigs we found a ratio of 1 : 0.43 which changed during aortic occlusion resulting in a ratio of 1 : 0.58. Pigs with a slowly developing occlusion demonstrated an enlargement of the ureteric artery of about 210% completing a sufficient collateral system. Conclusion: While in the human Leriche's syndrome months are needed to enlarge the EGAs for a partial collateral support of an infrarenal aortic occlusion the pig's EGA is a naturally sufficient collateral system capable to cover immediately for an acute infrarenal aortic occlusion. Further collateral enlargement even provides a permanent, sufficient hind limb perfusion in pigs. As the sufficient collateral system probably reduce pressure and shear rates in the infrarenal aortic segment after cross clamping, pigs might have a higher predisposition to produce early thrombosis related graft occlusions tan humans.
An ensemble method for reconstructing gene regulatory network with jackknife resampling and arithmetic mean fusion

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

During the past decades, numerous computational approaches have been introduced for inferring the GRNs. PCA-CMI approach achieves the highest precision on the benchmark GRN datasets; however, it does not recover the meaningful edges that may have been deleted in an earlier iterative process. To recover this disadvantage and enhance the precision and robustness of GRNs inferred, we present an ensemble method, named as JRAMF, to infer GRNs from gene expression data by adopting two strategies of resampling and arithmetic mean fusion in this work. The jackknife resampling procedure were first employed to form a series of sub-datasets of gene expression data, then the PCA-CMI was used to generate the corresponding sub-networks from the sub-datasets, and the final GRN was inferred by integrating these sub-networks with an arithmetic mean fusion strategy. Compared with PCA-CMI algorithm, the results show that JRAMF outperforms significantly PCA-CMI method, which has a high and robust performance.
ChemInform Abstract: Sterically‐Hindered Halogenocyclobutanones. Part 9. 2‐Substituted Methylenecyclopropanes in Reaction with Dichloroketene.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The cradle of heaven-human induction idealism: agricultural intensification, environmental consequences and social responses in Han China and Three-Kingdoms Korea

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Han China (206 bc–ad 220) witnessed significant population growth, pronounced technological development, intensified agricultural practices and the construction of large-scale hydraulic engineering projects in the Yellow River. These processes coincided with increased frequency and intensity of major floods along the Yellow River. The interactions between flooding and social-technical developments fundamentally reshaped the politics of the Han and stimulated the formation of so-called heaven-human induction idealism. This Confucian environmental ethic gradually became a powerful orthodoxy that shaped political and economic behaviours and society's perspective on and actions towards utilizing environmental resources and transforming landscapes. Similar processes played out in Three-Kingdoms Korea (ad 300–668). The Korean case exemplifies how, as in China, this idealism was a product of the long-term interplay between state formation and the environment through the development of intensive agriculture.