jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Conundrum of P-Values: Statistical Significance is Unavoidable but Need Medical Significance Too

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Small P-values have been conventionally considered as evidence to reject a null hypothesis in empirical studies. However, there is widespread criticism of P-values now and the threshold we use for statistical significance is questioned.Methods: This communication is on contrarian view and explains why P-value and its threshold are still useful for ruling out sampling fluctuation as a source of the findings.Results: The problem is not with P-values themselves but it is with their misuse, abuse, and over-use, including the dominant role they have assumed in empirical results. False results may be mostly because of errors in design, invalid data, inadequate analysis, inappropriate interpretation, accumulation of Type-I error, and selective reporting, and not because of P-values per se.Conclusion: A threshold of P-values such as 0.05 for statistical significance is helpful in making a binary inference for practical application of the result. However, a lower threshold can be suggested to reduce the chance of false results. Also, the emphasis should be on detecting a medically significant effect and not zero effect.
It Was Nice to Be There: Construct Validity Then and Now

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

I appear to be one of the few persons who attended both the colloquium at Princeton titled Construct Validity in Psychological Measurement held in 1979 and the conference at Newport Beach titled Construct Validity: Issues and Opportunities held in 1990. As a discussant for both meetings, I have compared construct validity as seen by participants at the 1979 meetings with construct validity as seen by participants at the 1990 meeting. Comparisons are drawn according to conceptualizations of construct validity, construct va- lidity as scientific inquiry, and construct validity in assessment technology. A most noteworthy conclusion is that these three aspects no longer apply very well to the articles herein that were originally delivered at the 1990 meeting. Instead these articles show strongly that classification according to scientific inquiry versus applications is not possible. Such a conceptual gap no longer seems to exist for construct validity. Instead, these articles as well as the one by Hogan (1991) all emphasize large scale programmatic efforts characterized by approaches driven primarily by conceptualizations derived from construct validity. A secondary theme in these articles emphasizes analysis according to taxonomies at both the predictor and criterion levels. A primary conclusion from reviewing these articles is that construct validity no longer revolves around issues, but it clearly does connote opportunities for future research and applications.
National Health Insurance: Can We Learn From Canada?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

National Health Insuranceprovides a useful single source of information on the Canadian experience with national health insurance, including its historical development, evaluation of its economic results, and an assessment of its effect on quality of care, supply and distribution of medical professionals, and professional trade unionism. Many of the issues discussed have particular relevance for the United States. For example, despite national health insurance, the movement of medical care prices, use, and expenditure is similar in the United States and Canada. In Canada, co-payments designed to reduce costs had little effect on utilization or costs. (Some participants believed that the Canadian experience was too limited to permit definite conclusions. I would concur.) Canadian officials have adopted a strategy to limit the future establishment of hospital beds as the best means of cost control. Fee schedules and peer review are relatively ineffective cost control mechanisms in a fee-for-service system because
Sequential multicolour hybridization with 13 river buffalo DNA probes on normal males metaphase spreads.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

<p>Specific signals were clearly detected on: a) river buffalo (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>, 2n = 50) mitosis used as control; b) cattle (<i>Bos taurus</i>, 2n = 60); c) goat (<i>Capra hircus</i>, 2n = 60) and d) sheep (<i>Ovis aries</i>, 2n = 54) mitosis in Zoo-FISH experiments.</p>
Multilingual discourse: the creativity and flexibility of translanguaging practices

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Globalization has urged scholars to see sociolinguistics phenomena and processes as determined by mobility. In everyday city meeting-places people bring together different histories, heritages, biographies, and linguistic backgrounds. These differences have the potential to undermine interactions and create misunderstandings. However, translanguaging practices may transform encounters, as the individuals engaged in interactions make use of their entire verbal and non-verbal repertoires. These encounters not only illustrate the flexibility and creativity that characterizes multilingual discourse, but also create safe spaces for communicative interactions. To illustrate these points, the translanguaging practices of migrant speakers in the city of Cesena, Italy will be investigated. This chapter will expand the current studies on language and mobility by focusing on the flexibility of multilingual discourse in everyday communicative practices in a place characterised by superdiversity. Through a qualitative analysis of a collection of audio-video recordings collected between September 2019 and February 2020 at Centro Interculturale MoviMenti (Cesena, Italy), the chapter examines how multilingual migrant speakers creatively utilise their entire communicative repertoire by shaping up linguistic practices that are not easily assigned to one language or another one and that have the potential to create learning opportunities.
Molecular Evolutionary Analysis of β-Defensin Peptides in Vertebrates

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Vertebrate β-defensins comprise an important family of antimicrobial peptides that protect organisms from a diverse spectrum of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoan parasites. Previous studies have shown a marked variation in the number of β-defensins among species, but the underlying reason is unclear. To address this question, we performed comprehensive computational searches to study the intact β-defensin genes from 29 vertebrates. Phylogenetic analysis of the β-defensin genes in vertebrates identified frequent changes in the number of β-defensin genes and multiple species-specific gene gains and losses that have been occurring throughout the evolution of vertebrates. The number of intact β-defensin genes varied from 1 in the western clawed frog to 20 in cattle, with numerous expansions and contractions of the gene family throughout vertebrates, especially among tetrapods. The β-defensin gene number in a species is relevant to the ever-changing microbial challenges from the environment that they inhabit. Selection pressure analysis shows there exist three amino acid sites under significant positive selection. Protein structural characteristics analysis suggests that structural diversity determines the diverse functions of β-defensins. Our study provides a new perspective on the relationships among vertebrate β-defensin gene repertoires and different survival circumstances, which helps explain how β-defensins have evolved.
Additional file 1: of Clonal diversity and genetic profiling of antibiotic resistance among multidrug/carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Minimum inhibitory concentrations table. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for various antibiotics seen in 71 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. (DOCX 22Â kb)
TEACHING ENGLISH GRAMMAR THROUGH POWER TEACHING

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract: As the development of globalization era, teaching English for young learner regarded as a preparation for a future generation to face it. The children regarded as the future generation are already enrolled in an English class in their early ages. Within their unique characters, the way of teaching and learning process is different from what the adults got. Task-Based Instruction, as one of the new method of communicative approach, has been used as an effective way in teaching a foreign language, especially for adult learners. The issue comes by its implementation into young learners. It is said to be a doubtful thing to apply Task-Based Instruction into young learners in learning foreign language. The characteristics of Task-Based Instruction which includes three stages; (1) Pre-Task, (2) Task-Cycle, (3) Language focus is regarded to be too much for young learners. Bedsides, it is said that implementing Task-Based in English young learner classroom can be a burden for them. Beginning by this perception, this study investigates; (1) the implementation of Task-Based Instruction in English young learner classroom (2) some adaptation that can be done in using Task-Based Instruction for young learner (3) the strengths and weaknesses of Task-Based Instruction in English Young Learner Classroom. Keywords: Task-Based Instruction, pre-task, task-cycle, young Learners
Mating competitiveness of Uju.wMel males.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>Competitiveness of Uju.wMel males was assessed using three independent replicates of 50 male Uju.wMel : 50 male Uju.wt (<i>w</i>AlbA/B) : 50 females of either Uju.wMel or Uju.wt (total of 300 females in six cages). Hatching embryos indicated a compatible cross where both male and female parents were infected with the same <i>Wolbachia</i>. Error bars show the SEM. No significant differences in male mating competitiveness were found between the two lines with Chi-squared analysis using a likelihood framework.</p>
The Ghost in the Model (and Other Effects of Floating Point Arithmetic)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper will explore the effects of errors in floating point arithmetic in two published agent-based models: the first a model of land use change (Polhill et al. 2001; Gotts et al. 2003), the second a model of the stock market (LeBaron et al. 1999). The first example demonstrates how branching statements with floating point operands of comparison operators create a high degree of nonlinearity, leading in this case to the creation of 'ghost' agents -- visible to some parts of the program but not to others. A potential solution to this problem is proposed. The second example shows how mathematical descriptions of models in the literature are insufficient to enable exact replication of work since mathematically equivalent implementations in terms of real number arithmetic are not equivalent in terms of floating point arithmetic.
The Effect of Individualized Dietary Intervention in Anthropometric Profile Improvement and Metabolic Control of Sedentary Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes in Brazil

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of individualized dietary intervention on nutritional diagnosis and metabolic control in sedentary subjects with type 2-diabetes. Materials and Methods:This controlled clinical trial, investigated 80 adults, of both sexes, divided into intervention group (IG: 40 individuals with dietary intervention and hypoglycemic drug) and control group (CG: 40 individuals with hypoglycemic drug).Individualized dietary intervention was conducted, for 3 months, based on the American Diabetes Association (2002).We evaluated anthropometric variables: total body mass (TBM) and height to calculate body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC); biochemical variables: blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c); and dietary variables: energy, macronutrients, cholesterol and fibers.For inferential statistics two-way ANOVA was used with significant level of 95%. Results:In the inter group analysis, the CG showed significant increase in TBM (Δ%=0.78),BMI (Δ%=0.76),WC (Δ%=0.75);whereas IG showed significant decrease in TBM (Δ%=-3.71),BMI (Δ%=-3.77),WC (Δ%=-3.98).In comparing the mean RI inter groups, there was significant difference in energy, lipids, saturated fats, cholesterol, fibers; blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and HbA1c. Conclusions:The individualized dietary intervention was efficient in the improvement of anthropometric and biochemical variables of sedentary individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Soluble Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 is Directly Correlated with Glycated Hemoglobin in Individuals with an Average glycemia in the Normal/Prediabetes Range

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Amal Hasan,1 Waleed Aldhahi2,3 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 2Medical Division, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 3Department of Medicine, Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital, Kuwait City, KuwaitCorrespondence: Amal Hasan Email amal.hasan@dasmaninstitute.orgPurpose: Cardiovascular disease can be detected in individuals with prediabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2), which is elevated in cardiovascular disease and/or type 2 diabetes, is correlated with glycated haemoglobin in individuals with glycemia in the normal/prediabetes range.Patients and Methods: The anthropometric, biochemical and metabolic parameters were measured in 30 adults, and the plasma levels of sST2 were quantified.Results: sST2 was directly correlated with glycated hemoglobin in individuals with glycemia in the normal/prediabetes range. Participants who were at the higher end of glycated hemoglobin (5.8– 6.4%) had significantly higher sST2 compared to those at the lower end (≤ 5.5%). Moreover, sST2 was directly correlated with homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), alkaline phosphatase, and waist circumference. However, the correlation between sST2 and HOMA-IR or waist circumference was lost after adjusting for age, gender or body mass index.Conclusion: Circulating sST2 may be used to establish a cut-off value for cardiometabolic risk/disease in individuals with glycemia in the normal/prediabetes range.Keywords: glycated hemoglobin, prediabetes, soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2
Fabrication of Sno2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposite Films for Sensing No2 Gas at Room-Temperature

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

One-pot polyol process was combined with metal organic decomposition (MOD) method to fabricate a room-temperature NO2 gas sensor based on tin dioxide and reduced graphene oxide (SO2/RGO) nanocomposite films. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the structure and morphology of the fabricated films. The electrical and NO2 gas-sensing properties of SnO2 to which various amounts of RGO were added were measured in detail as a function of concentration of NO2 gas at room temperature, to elucidate the contribution of RGO to the NO2 gas-sensing capacity. The sensor that was based on a nanocomposite film of SnO2/RGO exhibited a strong response to low concentrations of NO2 gas at room temperature, satisfactory linearity and favorable long-term stability. Keyword: Tin dioxide (SnO2); reduced graphene oxide (RGO); nanocomposite film; room-temperature NO2 sensor.
Coming Home: How Identity Plays a Role in Students who Study Abroad in an Area That is Representative of Their Heritage

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Study abroad participation has more than tripled over the past two decades in the United States and has led to increased research efforts on topics such as the benefits of study abroad and the development of students who study abroad; however, little research exists on students who have heritage connections to the area in which they study abroad. In order to address this need within the field of higher education and study abroad, a hermeneutic phenomenological qualitative study was conducted to explore what factors, if any, affect changes in identity salience for students who study abroad in areas that are representative of their heritage. Rather than focus on one aspect of identity (e.g., social, ethnic, racial, or nationality), this study left it up to the participants to disclose what pieces of their identity, if any, were affected by their individual study abroad experience. Identity salience in regards to ancestral connection was a focus of this study. The theories that guide this study include Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory and Abes, Jones, and McEwen’s reconceptualized model of multiple dimensions of identity. This research provides insight into this phenomenon by exploring the lived experiences of American students who studied abroad in an area connected to some part of their heritage. In addition, this research embraces a holistic perspective of student development as a guiding philosophy throughout in order to represent the fluidity and intersectionality of identity.
Faecal Calprotectin and 7-α Cholestenone Levels in Microscopic Colitis: Experience from Edinburgh

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Matt Davie,1 Rebecca Trimble,1 Alexander R Robertson,2 Anastasios Koulaouzidis2 1The University of Edinburgh, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UK; 2Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UKCorrespondence: Anastasios KoulaouzidisDepartment of Gastroenterology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, UKTel + 44131 536 1000Email akoulaouzidis@hotmail.comIntroduction: Microscopic colitis (MC) is an important cause of chronic, watery diarrhoea. Currently, there is no specific biomarker available to guide diagnosis. The use of faecal calprotectin (FCP) as a potential marker has been addressed in only a few studies. Further, bile acid malabsorption (BAM) often accompanies MC. Current practice recommends the selenium-labelled homocholic acid-taurine (SeHCAT) test, but at our centre, 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (7αC) is used as a simpler and less expensive alternative to SeHCAT, with values over 22ng/mL indicating BAM. This study aims to evaluate the use of FCP as a biomarker in the diagnosis of MC and the role of 7αC in detecting concomitant BAM with MC.Methods: Pathology records were retrospectively reviewed for patients diagnosed with collagenous colitis (CC) between 2000 and 2018 and lymphocytic colitis (LC) between 1995 and 2011. FCP and 7αc results, if measured within 6 months of pathological diagnosis, were extracted for analysis.Results: Between 2000 and 2018, 646 CC cases were confirmed on histology. Of 646 patients, 147 had FCP measured; in 111 (75.5%) FCP was elevated with mean levels 238.1μg/g (SD± 273.0); 140/646 had 7αC measured; 16 (11.4%) indicated BAM. Mean levels were 10.2ng/mL (SD± 9.4). During a 21-year period (1995– 2011), 204 LC diagnoses were made: 14/204 had FCP measured; 8 (57.1%) were elevated. Mean levels were 128.4μg/g (SD± 107.7). Of 204 LC patients, 20 had 7αC measured, 5 (25%) indicating BAM. Mean levels were 13.95ng/mL (SD± 9.4).Discussion: Both CC and LC were associated with raised FCP during the diagnostic phase, supporting the potential role of its use in clinical practice. Furthermore, we present results of using 7αC in identifying BAM amongst patients with MC. In our cohort, low levels of 7αC suggest relatively low concordance of BAM with MC.Keywords: microscopic colitis, bile salt malabsorption, biomarkers, 7-α cholestenone, faecal calprotectin
Robustness, model checking, and hierarchical models

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Model checking is essential to evaluate the adequacy of statistical models and the validity of inferences drawn from them. Particularly, hierarchical models such as latent Gaussian models (LGMs) pose unique challenges as it is difficult to check assumptions on the latent parameters. Diagnostic statistics are often used to quantify the degree to which a model fit deviates from the observed data. We construct diagnostic statistics by (a) defining an alternative model with relaxed assumptions and (b) deriving the diagnostic statistic most sensitive to discrepancies induced by this alternative model. We also promote a workflow for model criticism that combines model checking with subsequent robustness analysis. As a result, we obtain a general recipe to check assumptions in hierarchical models and the impact of these assumptions on the results. We demonstrate the ideas by assessing the latent Gaussianity assumption, a crucial but often overlooked assumption in LGMs. We illustrate the methods via examples utilizing Stan and provide functions for easy usage of the methods for general models fitted through R-INLA.
The experience of racial/ethnic minority therapists working with European American Clients: A survey

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Despite the growing numbers of racial/ethnic minority therapists, their experiences have not been adequately explored in the literature. There is an especially limited amount of research on the experiences of racial/ethnic minority therapists working with European American clients. One of a psychologist's ethical duties is to acquire multicultural competency. Thus, it is important to explore this dyad in order to further overall multicultural competence. Race and ethnicity often play an important role in the dynamics of therapy. One aspect of that process includes understanding more about the therapist's experiences and perceptions. The present study examines the self-reported - subjective experiences of racial/ethnic minority therapists working with European American clients. One hundred and forty-three (143) racial/ethnic minority psychologists were surveyed. The results of the study showed only a few differences perceived when working with European American clients as compared to racial/ethnic minority clients, and even fewer differences were found when comparing the four major racial/ethnic minority groups .
Exploiting Copernicus Core Services for Assessing the Surface Urban Heat Island Intensity

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;The rise in human activity accompanying urbanization has led to a noticeable increase in temperature in urban areas compared to rural ones, which is commonly known as the urban heat island (UHI) phenomenon. UHI can have negative effects on various aspects of urban life, such as environmental conditions, human health, water and energy consumption, and citizens&#39; comfort. Traditionally, UHI is linked to air temperature differences and it requires in-situ climatology data for assessing its intensity, which are seldom available. Hence, a scalable proxy often used in the literature is the socalled surface UHI (SUHI), which is measured by exploiting satellite-based land surface temperature (LST) information. The presented work introduces a novel framework to objectively quantify the SUHI intensity (SUHII) through regression analysis of LST and the density of impervious areas. In particular, this has been implemented in the context of the H2020 CURE (Copernicus for Urban Resilience in Europe) project, whose main goal has been the development of crosscutting city-scale applications for urban resilience that synergistically exploit the Copernicus Core Services. The proposed method was successfully applied to all 10 targeted CURE cities and has the potential to be scaled at the panEuropean level.&lt;/p&gt;