jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Melisende, Queen of Jerusalem (c.1105–61)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Melisende of Jerusalem (c.1105–61) was the eldest daughter of King Baldwin II. She ruled the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem for several decades, first as the queen together with her husband King Fulk (1131–43), and after his death as a regent for their son Baldwin III. When Baldwin reached majority, she refused to step aside. Her decision led to a power struggle and eventually civil war between the mother and son. Afterwards, they settled their dispute and Melisende acted as a royal adviser and regent for her son during his many campaigns. In the history of the Latin East, dominated by crusader kings spending much of their career on military ventures, she was a woman of exceptional authority and power. Her rule preceding the civil war was described by the historian William of Tyre as an era of prosperity and peace.
HISTORY OF THE MUSEUM CONCEPT AND CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES: INTRODUCTION INTO THE DEBATE ON THE NEW ICOM MUSEUM DEFINITION

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The topic discussed in the paper is the change and evolution the concept of museum (Greek: museion, Latin: musaeum) has been undergoing for over 2500 years, as well as many of its different meanings: from the definition of a spot in space, including a place of worship, up to the name of learning form, research and knowledge centre, collection of texts and poetry, music and theatre festival, synonyms of a dictionary and encyclopaedia, library and a secluded study spot, up to large institutions co-creating culture and educating socially. Once museums had become social institutions, the process of defining their organizational form and their mission limits began. The International Council of Museums (ICOM), as an organization grouping museum employees and museologists, namely both practitioners and theoreticians, ever since its establishment in 1946 has on a number of occasions initiated works on a shared definition of museum. The paper assembles all the ICOM-proposed definitions in 1946–2007 presented both in English and Polish. The latest proposal submitted at the Kyoto ICOM General Conference on 7 September 2019 (Annex 1), however, for the first time aroused a heated debate and was not finally voted on by the ICOM General Assembly; instead, the debate has continued on the proposed phrasing since. The historical overview of the museum concept and the history of the ICOM museum definition presented against the opinions of invited Polish museum professionals is the ‘record of time’, documenting the considerations on the role and tasks of museum in contemporary society.
Exploring the trade-off between quality and fairness in human partner choice - Data

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Data in 'Dictator Decisions' describe the decisions made by dictators over two subsequent dictator games, where starting endowment either changed or remained the same.
Data in 'Chooser Decisions' describe the decisions made by choosers based on the dictator's decision in game 1 and whether endowment was a stable or unstable trait.
Metabolic ‘de-programming’ of neutrophils protects against fatal bloodstream fungal infections during kidney disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Disseminated candidiasis (DC) is the third most common cause of mortality in hospital acquired infections. Disseminated candidiasis caused by the fungus Candida albicans is a major clinical problem in individuals with kidney disease and accompanying uremia. DC fatality is twice as common in patients with uremia as those without renal impairments. Many antifungal drugs are nephrotoxic, making treatment of these patients challenging. The underlying basis for this impaired capacity to control infections in uremic individuals is poorly understood. Here we show that uremic mice show an increased susceptibility to DC. Uremia inhibits Glucose transporter 1 (Glut1)-mediated uptake of glucose in neutrophils by causing aberrant activation of Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta), resulting in reduced ROS generation and hence impaired killing of C. albicans in both mice and human cells. Consequently, pharmacological inhibition of GSK3beta ‘de-programs’ neutrophil function and restores glucose uptake, ROS production and candidacidal activity of neutrophils in uremic mice. These findings reveal a central mechanism of neutrophil dysfunction during uremia and suggest a potentially translatable therapeutic avenue for treatment of DC, with broader implications for other fatal systemic infections.
Comparisons of psychological and social factors in patients with chronic oro‐facial pain and dental phobic disorders*

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract As part of a larger study conducted at the Oro‐Facial Pain Clinic, Department of Dental Medicine and Surgery, University of Melbourne, 130 patients with dental phobias and 368 patients with chronic orofacial pain were compared for psychological and social variables. Pain patients showed a greater burden of psychiatric disorders and were more likely to be older, married, have children, be migrants, be less educated, have poorer jobs and be more financially disadvantaged than phobic patients.
The subsequent impacts of independent and combined drought and heat stress around flowering on maize grain filling: Field and laboratory investigation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Drought along with high temperature around flowering is becoming more frequent to strongly influence maize production. However, the impacts of independent and combined drought and heat stress during this stage on subsequent grain filling have received limited attention. Here we investigated the response of grain development to three stresses (drought, heat and combined drought and heat stresses (DS, HS, DHS)) around flowering in ponds covered with a rain shelter in field. In additional, some grains were incubated in laboratory after pollination. Compared with control treatment, the decreased rate of grain weight was in the order of HS≤DS≤DHS in both experiments. In field, grain weight was decreased by 5-11% in stresses. The leaf senescence was accelerated together with decreased photosynthesis rate. Grain weight was still reduced largely in stresses with sufficient source supply in laboratory, which implicated a subsequent sink (grain) limit by early stresses. This mainly resulted from the disturbed carbohydrate metabolism and starch synthesis such as the activities of surcose invertase, sucrose synthase, ADP Glc pyrophosphorylase and starch synthase at early grain filling stage. This study provided information on how to promote drought and heat tolerance hybrids and mitigated management strategy.
COVID Social Distancing and the Poor: An Analysis of the Evidence for England

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Social distancing is a matter of individuals’ choices as well as of regulation. We analyse weekly panel data on such behaviour for English Upper Tier Local Authorities (UTLAs) from March to July 2020, paying attention to the influence of poverty, as measured by free school meals provision. Panel regressions suggest that, although more stringent regulation and slightly lagged local cases of infection increase social distancing, both effects are weaker in UTLAs with higher levels of poverty, in part because of poor housing, and also because shortage of money has forced the poor to keep working. Thus motivated, we develop a two-class (rich/poor) model, in which a Nash non-cooperative equilibrium arises from individual choices in a regulatory regime with penalties for non-compliance. The model yields results in keeping with the empirical findings, indicating the desirability of generous measures to furlough workers in low-paid jobs as a complement to the stringency of general regulation.
Laboratory Studies on Rubella and the Rubella Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

RUBELLAMwDI.ouuL -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MXA ORA rubella rash has nothing of the blotchy appearance of a well- developed measles eruption, while the brilliant phenomenon of " staining " so characteristic of measles is unlikely to occur in rubella unless the rash is of exceptional severity.Table IV shows the incidence of physical signs in 114 patients with rubella seen in 1962.TABLE IV.-Incidence of Physical Signs In 114 Patients With Rubella (1962) Injection of tonsillo-pharyngeal area No. of Patients Without discomfort.80-94' With 27 Absent.7 Glandular enlargement Posterior cervical and suboccipital .. 78 Generalized only .1697% G~eneralized .. .. .. .
Characterization and bioactive protein hydrolysates from two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer) and short-tail cricket (Brachytrupes portentosus Lichtenstein)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The two-spotted cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) and short-tail cricket (Brachytrupes portentosus) are economically significant edible insects in Thailand, boasting up to 60% protein content. This study investigates the effects of different types of proteases on the production of protein hydrolysates and biological activities from two cricket species, divided into 4 groups based on extraction and digestion methods as proteins extracted by heat at 100°C, proteins digested with the protease SD-AY 10, pepsin, and a combination of protease SD-AY 10 and pepsin. None of the 4 protein groups inhibited pathogenic E. coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Salmonella typhimurium. The total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assessment showed that proteins from G. bimaculatus digested with SD-AY 10 had a significantly higher antioxidant level (5.5 nmol/µl), while proteins from B. portentosus digested with pepsin had a similarly high antioxidant level (5.59 nmol/µl), both significantly higher than other groups (p<0.05). Proteins from both crickets digested by enzymes were safe for RAW 246.7 macrophage cells at concentrations from 1.56 to 25% (v/v) and effectively inhibited nitric oxide production. Protein hydrolysates from G. bimaculatus and B. portentosus inhibited nitric oxide production at a concentration of 25% (v/v) equivalent to ß-glucan. Phagocytic activity was also observed in protein hydrolysates from both cricket species, stimulating RAW 246.7 cells at concentrations of 1.56-25% (v/v). However, protein hydrolysate from B. portentosus, digested with pepsin at a concentration of 1.56-12.5% (v/v) showed higher phagocytic activity values (152.52-163.86%) compared to ß-glucan (149.18%). The results showed that protein hydrolysates from two cricket species, digested by enzymes, exhibited antioxidant activity, inhibited nitric oxide production, are safe for cells, and hold potential as future supplements for human food and animal feed additives.
Adenosine. An endogenous inhibitor of arachidonic acid release and leukotriene biosynthesis in human neutrophils.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Insufficient arachidonic acid availability limits the biosynthesis of leukotriene B2 (LTB4) in polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) stimulated with soluble agonists. We report that endogenous adenosine (Ado) present in human PMN suspensions suppresses LTB4 biosynthesis induced by platelet-activating factor (PAF). The blockade of the effects of Ado with an antagonist, theophylline, during the incubation of PMN resulted in significant enhancement of arachidonic acid release and LTB4 biosynthesis upon PAF stimulation. The enhancement of LTB4 biosynthesis in theophylline-treated PMN was reversed upon addition of exogenous Ado and analogues of Ado; 5'(N-ethyl)caboxamidoadenosine (IC50 = 6 nM) was more potent than Ado (IC50 = 60 nM) which was more potent than N6-cyclopentyladenosine (IC50 = 330 nM) in inhibiting LTB4 biosynthesis, a pharmacological profile which is consistent with the involvement of the Ado A2 receptor type. The mechanism of inhibition of arachidonic acid release by Ado was investigated. Immunoblot analysis of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) in PMN fractions demonstrated that theophylline failed to further increase the translocation of the enzyme to particulate fractions (12,000 x g and 180,000 x g pellets) upon PAF stimulation. Moreover, the stimulation of intact PMN with PAF caused a decreased electrophoretic mobility of the cPLA2 and the presence of theophylline did not alter this mobility shift. Together, these results demonstrate that elevated endogenous Ado, acting through A2 receptors, suppresses arachidonic acid release and LTB4 biosynthesis induced by PAF. These data provide an explanation for the relative inability of soluble agonists to trigger leukotriene biosynthesis in human PMN suspensions and support the concept that Ado, by suppressing PMN functions, acts as a physiological anti-inflammatory agent.
Raw Materials, Processing Activities, and Protectionism

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

A country's export sector may encompass a raw material, as well as a final commodity that processes that raw material. A general equilibrium model is developed in a competitive setting to analyze a nation's optimal strategy in restricting raw materials exports when allowance is made for potential beneficial effects on the export price of processed goods. When faced with a foreign tariff on exports of the processed commodity, a country's optimal response could entail an easing of raw materials export constraints instead of retaliation. Illustrations are provided of the 1986 American tariff on Canadian exports of cedar shakes and shingles.
Counselling and helping

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

From a situation in the mid-1960s when 'counselling' was seen by many in education as a transatlantic transplant which hopefully would never 'take', we have today reached the position of being on board a band-wagon; 'counsellors' are everywhere: beauty counsellors, tax counsellors, investment counsellors, even carpet counsellors. There are 'counsellors' in schools, industry, hospitals, the social services. There is marriage counselling, divorce counselling, parent counselling, bereavement counselling, abortion counselling, retirement counselling, redundancy counselling, career counselling, psychosexual counselling, pastoral counselling, student counselling and even disciplinary counselling! Whatever the original purpose for coining the word 'counselling', the coinage has by now certainly been debased. One of the unfortunate consequences of the debasing has been that the word has become mysterious; we cannot always be sure just what 'counselling' involves. One of the results of the mystification of language is that we rely on others to tell us what it is: that is, we assume that we, the uninitiated, cannot know and understand what it is really about. That can be a first step to denying ourselves skills and knowledge we already possess or that we may have the potential to acquire.KeywordsGroup CounsellingPersonal CompetenceCounselling SkillYouth WorkerCrisis CounsellingThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
[Applyed aspects of molecular biology of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The data obtained in the molecular genetic studies of the representatives of the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are given. At present the genomes of Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum sized 2,256.640, 1,993.564 and 3,308.274 base pairs respectively, were completely sequenced. The use of different methods of gene indication and gene typing essentially widened the existing notions of the species variety of these bacteria, made it possible to change the classification of known species and to find out new ones, vegetating in different biotopes of the human body. Molecular genetic approaches also ascertained the taxonomic position of production strains of lactic-acid bacteria used in food industry, helped determine the kinetics of the passage of probiotic strains of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli along the gastrointestinal tract, as well as determine the duration of their preservation in the intestine after oral administration. In addition, the data on the evaluation of the therapeutic effect of some preparations, probiotics and synbiotics, with determination of the population level of endogenic and orally introduced exogenic bifidobacteria and lactobacilli are presented.
Synthesis of 1,10-Dimethylbicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane and 1,10-Dihydroxybicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

[structure: see text] 1,10-Dimethylbicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (1) and 1,10-dihydroxybicyclo[8.8.8]hexacosane (2) were prepared in 4% yield over seven steps and in 18% yield over three steps, respectively, starting from 1,10-cyclooctadecanedione. The identities and out,out conformations of these compounds were established by single-crystal X-ray analysis.
Precarious citizenship: detection, detention and ‘deportability’ in India

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 2019, India made the unprecedented move of listing 1.9 million people in its northeast state of Assam as illegal migrants from Bangladesh in a new National Register of Citizens before passing the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, which overtly discriminates against the country's Muslim minority. Drawing from ethnographic fieldwork, this paper investigates the reality of precarious citizenship under India's increasingly anti-migrant regime, particularly for Bengali-speaking Muslims. Going beyond the predominant notion that illegal migrants acquire documentary citizenship through fraudulent means after crossing the porous border between India and Bangladesh, this essay reveals a reverse scenario: those living with citizenship rights and in a regular social world are subjected to the gradual process of detection, detention and 'deportability' in India. This paper employs the concept of precarious citizenship to unravel this complex and oscillating world of legality and illegality, citizenship and noncitizenship, and the predicaments of life as a Bengali-speaking Muslim in India.
Birds of a feather?: Lessons on U.S. cultural diplomacy from Walt Disney during the Good Neighbor Policy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Franklin Delano Roosevelt administration sought to improve relations between with Latin America and strengthen the Inter-American system through the Good Neighbor Policy. In 1940, to combat the spread of Axis influence, the Roosevelt administration formed the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA). Tasked with improving perceptions of the United States in Latin America and of Latin America in the United States, the CIAA worked closely with U.S. organizations and businesses to achieve these ends. One frequently cited success story of this period was sending Walt Disney to South America and its resulting films. This paper places the role of the CIAA and Walt Disney Studios within the broader strategic context of the Good Neighbor Policy. In addition, this paper attempts to glean lessons from the CIAA-Disney partnership that epitomize best practices and potential pitfalls in U.S.-Latin American Cultural Diplomacy.
The Effect of Basic Fusion Techniques in Deep Ensemble Learning-Based Models For Covid-19 Diagnosis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19), declared as a global epidemic disease (pandemic), is a new viral respiratory disease. The disease is transmitted from person to person through droplets or contact. İt is very important to detect the disease early with rapid diagnosis rates to prevent the spread of the disease. However, long-term pathological laboratory tests and low diagnosis rates in test results led researchers to apply different techniques. Radiological imaging has begun to be used to monitor COVID-19 disease as well as being useful in detecting various lung diseases. The application of deep learning techniques together with radiological imaging has a very important place in the correct detection of this disease. İn this study, the effect of basic fusion functions on classification performance on ensemble learning algorithms was investigated using the COVİD-19 X-ray dataset. Two different ensemble models were created to combine different deep learning models; Ensemble-1 (Ens-1) ve Ensemble-2 (Ens-2). The basic fusion rules of Max, Mode, Sum, Average, and Product were tested in these ensemble models. When the obtained values are examined, it is seen that the Max and Product basic fusion functions have a positive effect on the classification performance. İn multi-classification, the Max function for both Ens-1 and Ens-2 becomes prominent with an accuracy rate of 85% and 86%, respectively. The Product function achieved the highest performance with 99% in binary classification. The results show that the fusion methods can achieve better classification performance in binary classification.
Therapeutic Potential of Dragea volubilis Leaf Extract against Scopolamine-induced Memory Impairment in Young and Aged Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Treating neurological disorders is still a major challenge, especially diseases like alzheimer's. Dragea volubilis is a wonder herb with many pharmacological activities like neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-tumor, and anti-inflammatory. Dragea volubilis is synonymously known as Wattakaka volubilis. Chemical exploration of Dragea volubilis has yielded polyoxypregnane glycosides. Objectives: This study focused to explore the cognition-enhancing and neuroprotective functions of chloroform extract of Dragea volubilis in young and old mice in interoceptive and exteroceptive models. Materials and Methods: The chloroform extract of Dragea volubilis (CDV) was prepared by the soxhlation method. The antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and behavioral parameters were assessed through avoidance, elevated plus, and morris water maze. In-vivo studies were conducted by dividing the animals into 4 groups exteroceptive and 5 interoceptive (scopolamine-induced amnesia) 6 animals in each group. The scopolamine was administered at 2mg/kg and the extract of Dragea volubilis was administered at two different doses (100, and 200 mg/kg) for 14 days. Animals were sacrificed after behavioral parameters and brains were isolated for antioxidants and acetylcholinesterase assays. Results: A marked increase in step-down latency (SDL- passive avoidance) and a significant reduction in transfer latency (TL) in the elevated plus maze were noticed with the extract. It also demonstrated significant improvement in memory in the morris water maze (MWM) test in both the training and retention trials. CDV inhibited acetylcholinesterase and reduced thiobarbituric acid reactive substance activity (TBARS) and increased glutathione (GSH) and catalase in the mice brain showing significant antioxidant properties. Conclusion: It can be concluded with results that CDV has significant potential as a nootropic and antioxidant with neuroprotective properties.