jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Speed breeding for multiple quantitative traits in durum wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant breeding requires numerous generations to be cycled and evaluated before an improved cultivar is released. This lengthy process is required to introduce and test multiple traits of interest. However, a technology for rapid generation advance named 'speed breeding' was successfully deployed in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to achieve six generations per year while imposing phenotypic selection for foliar disease resistance and grain dormancy. Here, for the first time the deployment of this methodology is presented in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) by integrating selection for key traits, including above and below ground traits on the same set of plants. This involved phenotyping for seminal root angle (RA), seminal root number (RN), tolerance to crown rot (CR), resistance to leaf rust (LR) and plant height (PH). In durum wheat, these traits are desirable in environments where yield is limited by in-season rainfall with the occurrence of CR and epidemics of LR. To evaluate this multi-trait screening approach, we applied selection to a large segregating F2 population (n = 1000) derived from a bi-parental cross (Outrob4/Caparoi). A weighted selection index (SI) was developed and applied. The gain for each trait was determined by evaluating F3 progeny derived from 100 'selected' and 100 'unselected' F2 individuals.Transgressive segregation was observed for all assayed traits in the Outrob4/Caparoi F2 population. Application of the SI successfully shifted the population mean for four traits, as determined by a significant mean difference between 'selected' and 'unselected' F3 families for CR tolerance, LR resistance, RA and RN. No significant shift for PH was observed.The novel multi-trait phenotyping method presents a useful tool for rapid selection of early filial generations or for the characterization of fixed lines out-of-season. Further, it offers efficient use of resources by assaying multiple traits on the same set of plants. Results suggest that when performed in parallel with speed breeding in early generations, selection will enrich recombinant inbred lines with desirable alleles and will reduce the length and number of years required to combine these traits in elite breeding populations and therefore cultivars.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAR/SENTINEL-1 POLARIMETRIC AND INTERFEROMETRIC DATA WITH BIOPHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. The use of SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) data in agricultural applications has not yet been adequately explored, due to the complexity of the processing required, the lower diversity and availability of SAR data, and the difficulty in interpreting this data. The interactions between microwave energy and vegetation are influenced by factors related to plant structure, dielectric properties of the canopy, planting density and line orientation, and the angle of incidence and polarization of the wave. These differences between the recorded phases are used in data analysis techniques such as polarimetry and interferometry. Thus, the objective of this research is to analyse the relationships between the biophysical attributes of two agricultural crops (soybean and wheat) and the polarimetric and interferometric parameters of the SAR/Sentinel-1 data. The backscatter coefficients sigma and gamma in the VV polarization have inversely direct relation with the height of the crops, that is, as cultures grow, the interaction of energy in this polarization increases and the return signal decreases. For the cross polarization VH, the behaviour is the opposite, the larger the canopy height, the greater the interaction of vertical polarization and the greater the return on horizontal polarization. The interferometric coherence had small values, characterising a temporal decorrelation between the image pairs, due the canopy development. This preliminary study serves as a basis for future research with SAR/Sentinel-1 data focused on crops.
The Concept of an Agreement and Beyond: How to Block Parallel Imports of Pharmaceuticals to Protect the Heart of Competition

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research was my contribution to the book EC Competition Law: A Critical Assessment (Hart Publ. 2007) and it is posted here with the publisher's kind permission. The paper analyzes in detail the borderline between collusion and unilateral conduct by elaborating on the concept of an agreement within the meaning of Article 81 of the EC Treaty as applied to vertical deals. Comparisons are made with US antitrust law where appropriate. By way of implication, I also address the analysis of the second prong in Article 81, namely, the consideration of when an agreement has as its object or effect the restriction of competition. Both prongs are in inverse proportion: when one of them is broadly construed, it becomes imperative to narrow down the interpretation of the other to achieve an optimal scope of Article 81. The thesis put forward in this work is that reforms in relation to the definition of agreement should be accompanied with the adoption of a more refined interpretation of when an agreement restricts competition. Only the consistent narrowing of the latter expression will take undue pressure from the definition of agreement. Finally, since all of the vertical cases discussing the concept of agreement deal with parallel trade, the paper also delves into this underlying substantive issue. The discussion concentrates on the thorny question of reimportation of pharmaceuticals within the Single market.
El discurso mítico a partir del testimonio: comparación en dos contextos de enunciación

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This work proposes an analysis between the mythical discourses presented from the indigenous testimony in the colonial stage that is presented in the book Testimonies, letters and indigenous manifestos, compiled by Martín Lienhard, and the testimonial account that appears in the text From the corner of the dead of Juan Ansión. To do this, critical discourse analysis and literary historiography will be used. This analysis will allow us to recognize and compare the representation of the mythical discourse in the testimonies of the indigenous communities,
Monotonic and cyclic modeling of interface between geotextile and gravelly soil

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper describes a modified elasto‐plasticity damage model to capture monotonic and cyclic behavior of the interface between a geotextile and gravelly soil. New damage variable and shear strength criterion are introduced on the basis of test observations. The formulations of the modified model are obtained by extending those of the original interface model. The model parameters with physical meaning are easily determined from a group of cyclic shear tests and a confining compression test. The model predictions are compared with the results of a series of direct shear tests and large‐scale pullout tests. The comparison results demonstrate that the model accurately describes the monotonic and cyclic stress–strain relationship of the interface between a geotextile and gravelly soil while capturing new characteristics: (1) the strength that is nonlinearly dependent on the normal stress; (2) significant shear strain‐softening; (3) the comprehensive volumetric strain response with dependency on the shear direction; and (4) the evolution of behavior associated with the changes in the physical state that includes the geotextile damage. This model is used in a finite element analysis of pullout tests, indicating that the tensile modulus of a geotextile has a significant effect on the response of the geotextile–gravel system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence of blood–brain barrier dysfunction in human cerebral malaria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients infected with the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum may develop a diffuse reversible encephalopathy, termed cerebral malaria. It is unclear how the intraerythrocytic parasite, which sequesters in the cerebral microvasculature but does not enter the brain parenchyma, induces this neurological syndrome. Adhesion of parasitized red blood cells in the brain microvasculature is mediated by specific receptors on the host endothelium, including intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1, CD36 and CD31. Leucocyte binding to cerebral endothelial cells in culture induces intracellular signalling via ICAM‐1. The hypothesis that parasitized red blood cells binding to receptors on cerebral endothelial cells causes changes in the integrity of the blood–brain barrier was tested. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine the blood–brain barrier in human cerebral malaria, with antibodies to macrophage and endothelial activation markers, intercellular junction proteins, and plasma proteins. The distribution of the cell junction proteins occludin, vinculin and ZO‐1 were altered in cerebral malaria cases compared to controls. While fibrinogen was the only plasma protein detected in the perivascular space, there was widespread perivascular macrophage activation, suggesting that these cells had been exposed to plasma proteins. It was concluded that functional changes to the blood–brain barrier occur in cerebral malaria, possibly as a result of the binding of parasitized red blood cells to cerebral endothelial cells. These changes require further examination in vitro .
Dielectric-Covered Ground Reflectors in GPS Multipath Reception—Theory and Measurement

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Global Positioning System receivers sometimes operate under severe multipath conditions, including those which include a ground specularly reflected signal along with a direct signal. Here, such a case is discussed which involves a dielectric-covered flat ground reflector, with incident energy at 1.57542-GHz right-hand circularly polarized at elevation angles between 5deg and 50deg. The relative received powers produced by the sum of the specularly reflected and direct signals are computed from conventional theory and are measured for various thicknesses of dielectrics. Both theory and measurement show that the received powers produced by the sum of the specularly reflected and direct signals have the same behavior throughout a range of elevation angles. A snow case study shows potential for inferring snow depth by fitting the theory to the measurements.
An Operation for Femoral Hernia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives

To address the limited long-term outcome data for catheter ablation (CA) of persistent atrial fibrillation (PeAF), we analysed consecutive ablations performed at our centre from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2010 and followed patients prospectively until January 2014.

Methods

Both arrhythmia recurrence and symptom relief were assessed. Follow-up data were collected from hospital records, supplemented by data from general practitioners and referring hospitals. At the end of the follow-up period, all patients were contacted by phone to determine their up-to-date clinical condition.

Results

188 consecutive patients with PeAF (157 male, mean age 57.3±9.7 years, 20% with long-standing PeAF) underwent a mean of 1.75 procedures (range 1–4). Telephone follow-up was achieved for 77% of surviving patients. Over a mean follow-up of 46±16 months (range 4–72), 139 (75%) patients experienced arrhythmia recurrence after a single procedure and 90 (48%) after their final procedure. Median time to first recurrence was 210 days (range 91–1850). 71% of recurrences were within the first year following ablation and 91% within 2 years. At final follow-up, 82% of patients reported symptomatic improvement. 7 (2.3%) major complications occurred, and there was no procedure-related death or stroke.

Conclusions

CA for PeAF is safe with a low rate of complications. Over a follow-up period of up to 6 years, a large majority of patients experience significant symptomatic improvement but recurrence after the initial procedure is the norm rather than the exception. 2 years9 follow-up is sufficient to observe 90% of AF recurrences, but recurrence can occur even after 5 years9 remission.
Creative Firms as Change Agents in Creative Spaces

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper focuses attention on a quantitative analysis of the creative sector. After a selective and concise literature review, it discusses three important methodological advances, viz. a spatial-econometric approach, a non-parametric business performance analysis based on Data Envelopment Analysis, and finally, a comprehensive and integrated modelling framework in which a so-called ‘Flying Disc’ model is used as a tool for specifying and estimating a Structural Equations Model. The paper offers finally some concluding remarks.
Isotopic multiplets in the carbon-13 NMR spectra of polyols with partially deuterated hydroxyls. 3. Fingerprints of molecular structure and hydrogen bonding effects in the carbon-13 NMR spectra of monosaccharides with partially deuterated hydroxyls

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsotopic multiplets in the carbon-13 NMR spectra of polyols with partially deuterated hydroxyls. 3. Fingerprints of molecular structure and hydrogen bonding effects in the carbon-13 NMR spectra of monosaccharides with partially deuterated hydroxylsJacques ReubenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 21, 6180–6186Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00333a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00333a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views258Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transforming Spatial Point Processes into Poisson Processes Using Random Superposition

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Most finite spatial point process models specified by a density are locally stable, implying that the Papangelou intensity is bounded by some integrable function β defined on the space for the points of the process. It is possible to superpose a locally stable spatial point process X with a complementary spatial point process Y to obtain a Poisson process X ⋃ Y with intensity function β . Underlying this is a bivariate spatial birth-death process ( X t , Y t ) which converges towards the distribution of ( X , Y ). We study the joint distribution of X and Y , and their marginal and conditional distributions. In particular, we introduce a fast and easy simulation procedure for Y conditional on X . This may be used for model checking: given a model for the Papangelou intensity of the original spatial point process, this model is used to generate the complementary process, and the resulting superposition is a Poisson process with intensity function β if and only if the true Papangelou intensity is used. Whether the superposition is actually such a Poisson process can easily be examined using well-known results and fast simulation procedures for Poisson processes. We illustrate this approach to model checking in the case of a Strauss process.
Osmotic gradient ektacytometry: comprehensive characterization of red cell volume and surface maintenance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Whole cell deformability of red cells was measured as a continuous function of suspending medium osmolality using the ektacytometer, a laser-diffraction viscometer. Study of normal cells in which water content and membrane surface area had been selectively modified showed that this technique can detect changes in these properties with high sensitivity. The osmotic deformability profiles obtained from this assay provide information about cell water content, surface area, and the heterogeneity in these cellular properties, information that by conventional methods would require several different types of measurements. Application of this approach to a variety of pathologic blood samples showed that various hematologic disorders can be characterized by the shape of this profile and the position of specific features of the profile along the osmolality axis. Measurement of osmotic deformability profiles thus provides a convenient and comprehensive means of identifying abnormalities either in red cell water content or surface area.
Extract Power-line Key Points From LiDAR Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The power-line point cloud obtained by LiDAR can represent 3D geometric information of power lines, which has important applications in power line inspection. However, the rapid growth of point cloud data has brought challenges to data transmission, storage, and processing. An alternative approach is to preserve the structural information of relevant objects from point cloud data. This structure information is also useful in some important tasks, such as obstacle troubleshooting and sag measurement. In this paper, we aim to extract power-line key points from LiDAR data to represent the power-line structure. Unlike most existing methods that use 3D line fitting, we propose a data-driven approach that exploits point features in the 2D plane and 3D space. Our method first projects 3D points onto a 2D plane, which can largely reflect the distribution of points. It then uses the local features of points to extract power-line key points. We demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method using an original data set consisting of 50 power-line point clouds. The results show that our method is intuitive, easy to understand, and suitable for practical applications.
Let us go back to nature study

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLet us go back to nature studyDorothy L. Gabel Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 9, 727Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1989Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 September 1989Published inissue 1 September 1989https://doi.org/10.1021/ed066p727Request reuse permissions Article Views93Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Metaheuristic Approach to Emergency Vehicle Dispatch and Routing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Accidents and emergency situations have been on a constant rise, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Typically, the emergency vehicle dispatch and routing problems involve various dynamic factors which make them very different from conventional vehicle routing problems. This paper presents a metaheuristic approach to emergency vehicle dispatch and routing. Dispatching aims at allotting and sending the nearby available vehicle to the location of emergency and routing deals with selecting the ideal route to reach the destination. The objective is to minimize incident response time and the total time travel for the vehicle from the dispatch point to the destination. This usually depends on the emergency service vehicle availability and other dynamic factors such as traffic, number of turns in the route, etc. Three different bio-inspired algorithms, namely, ant colony optimization, adaptive ACO and firefly algorithm are investigated. Performance evaluation shows that firefly algorithm outperforms the other algorithms in terms of cost, number of turns, and run time for the given data set. However, in case of larger datasets and multiple variables if involved, adaptive ACO gives better results but takes longer time.
Molecular studies on mungbean (Vigna radiata(L.) Wilczek) and ricebean (Vigna umbellata(Thunb.)) interspecific hybridisation for Mungbean yellow mosaic virus resistance and development of species-specific SCAR marker for ricebean

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to identify the molecular markers (SSR, RAPD and SCAR) associated with Mungbean yellow mosaic virus resistance in an interspecific cross between a mungbean variety, VRM (Gg) 1 X a ricebean variety, TNAU RED. The parental survey was carried out by using 118 markers (including 106 azuki bean primers, seven mungbean primers and five ricebean primers). This study revealed that 42 azuki bean markers (39.62%) and four mungbean markers (54.07%) showed parental polymorphism. These polymorphic markers were surveyed among the 187 F2 plants and the results showed distorted segregation or chromosomal elimination at all the marker loci (thus, deviating from the expected 1:2:1 segregation). None of the plants harboured the homozygous ricebean allele for the markers surveyed and all of them were skewed towards mungbean, VRM (Gg) 1, allele, except a few plants which were found to be heterozygous for few markers. Among the 42 azuki bean SSR markers surveyed, only 10 markers produced heterozygotic pattern in six F2 lines viz. 3, 121, 122, 123, 185 and 186. These markers were surveyed in the corresponding F3 individuals, which too skewed towards the mungbean allele. In this study, one species-specific SCAR marker was developed for ricebean by designing primers from the sequenced putatively species-specific RAPD bands. A single, distinct and brightly resolved band of 400 bp was found amplified only in the resistant parent, TNAU RED, and not in any other six species or in the resistant or the susceptible bulks of the mapping population clearly indicated the identification of SCAR marker specific to the ricebean.