jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Immediate Uptake of Radioactive Iodine as a Test of Thyroid Function

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

JOURNALwas produced by D-thyroxine but not by L-thyroxine might suggest that D-thyroxine has a qualitatively different effect from that of L-thyroxine on the anterior pituitary.This seems highly improbable, and further work with both isomers is necessary to resolve the dilemma.The expectation that cases of thyrotoxicosis might be found in which it would be possible to reduce the metabolism to normal by means of D-thyroxine has apparently been fulfilled in two of six patients treated for three months.This is not so surprising, for Means (1948) has reported a clinical improvement in cases of Graves's disease treated with desiccated thyroid, and Werner et al. (1952) quote a single case personally communicated to them by Greer.Moreover, these authors noted that in several of their patients treatment with thyroid was accompanied by a fall in the level of P.B.I.They advanced three possible causes for this finding-the effects of non-hormonal iodine in the desiccated thyroid, of repeated doses of "31I, or of rest in bed.None of these explanations is applicable in our patients.Moreover, the danger to the patient of using thyroid or L-thyroxine is absent when the relatively non- calorigenic D-thyroxine is used.AIthough the output of T.S.H. was inhibited, at least tem- porarily, in almost every case in our series, in no instance was any change seen in the degree of exophthalmos.This observation cannot be explained by the hypothesis that exophthalmos, originally produced by an excess of T.S.H., has become irreversible, for it is a common observation that exophthalmos may decrease or even disappear spon- taneously.The doses of D-thyroxine used, smaller than in the hypothyroid patients, were large enough to depress the uptake of radio-iodine for periods up to 10 months, but not large enough to increase metabolism.Our results give sup- port to those who have long doubted the classical hypo- thesis that exophthalmos is due to an excessive production of T.S.H. by the pituitary. SummaryThe metabolic effects of D-thyroxine are very slight when compared with those of L-thyroxine, the latter being at least ten times as potent.On the other hand, doses of D-thyroxine too small to effect metabolism directly are capable in most cases, even of thyrotoxi- cosis, of suppressing the uptake of radio-iodine and, by inference, the production of T.S.H. Suppression of the production of T.S.H. appeared to induce a remission of Graves's disease in two of six patients, but the exoph- thalmos was not improved.We are grateful to other members of the staff of the department of endocrinology of New End Hospital for allowing access to their patients, and to Dr. A. W. G. Goolden for much helpful advice.Glaxo Laboratories Ltd.
Bmp5 Regulates Neural Crest Cell Survival and Proliferation via Two Different Signaling Pathways

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Neural crest progenitor cells, which give rise to many ectodermal and mesodermal derivatives, must maintain a delicate balance of apoptosis and proliferation for their final tissue contributions. Here we show that zebrafish bmp5 is expressed in neural crest progenitor cells and that it activates the Smad and Erk signaling pathways to regulate cell survival and proliferation, respectively. Loss-of-function analysis showed that Bmp5 was required for cell survival and this response is mediated by the Smad–Msxb signaling cascade. However, the Bmp5–Smad–Msxb signaling pathway had no effect on cell proliferation. In contrast, Bmp5 was sufficient to induce cell proliferation through the Mek–Erk–Id3 signaling cascade, whereas disruption of this signaling cascade had no effect on cell survival. Taken together, our results demonstrate an important regulatory mechanism for bone morphogenic protein-initiated signal transduction underlying the formation of neural crest progenitors.
Reply to Opler on Apachean Subsistence, Residence, and Girls' Puberty Rites

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Archaeological evidence shows that Apaches occupied the central Plains area from A.D. 1525–1725 in Wyoming, South Dakota. Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado. Toward the end of this period they were semi‐sedentary farmers living in houses generically like those of the Plains‐Prairies earth lodge. Because in their southward migration they contacted Plains‐Prairies farmers earlier than those in the Southwest proper, and farming was women‐dominated and residence matrilocal for the Hidatsa, Mandan, Arikara, Pawnee, and Wichita, it seems highly probable that these Plains Apaches acquired matrilocal residence and a female farming division of labor at this time before contacting Tanoans in the Southwest. The more western Apacheans, who may not have had contact with Plains tribes, could have acquired matrilocal residence from western Pueblos, including the Keresans, who were probably all matrilocal before Spanish contact. It is doubtful that the wild plant gathering of Apachean women was sufficient to cause matrilocal residence, because in parts of California and the Great Basin where women gathered a greater proportion of the diet than Apachean women, residence was vary rarely matrilocal.
The relationship between social behavior and perceived popularity in first-grade students: effects of social preference and teacher preference

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

초등학교 1학년은 전이의 시기로서, 또래와 교사는 아동들의 사회적 관계형성에 주요한 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 지각된 인기에 미치는 또래와 교사의 영향을 살펴보기 위해 초등학교 1학년 아동 154명을 대상으로 사회적 행동과 지각된 인기의 관계에서 사회적 선호와 교사 선호의 매개효과를 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 또래 지명법을 사용하여 공격성, 사회적 선호, 지각된 인기, 교사 선호를 측정한 후, Mplus 7.0을 사용하여 변인간의 관계를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 공격성과 친사회성 모두 지각된 인기에 정적인 영향을 주었다. 둘째, 사회적 선호와 교사 선호는 지각된 인기에 정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 친사회성과 지각된 인기의 관계에서 교사 선호의 매개효과가 나타난 반면 공격성과 지각된 인기의 관계에서는 교사 선호의 매개효과가 나타나지 않았다. 넷째, 사회적 선호는 공격성과 친사회성이 지각된 인기와 가지는 관계를 모두 매개하였다. 본 연구결과는 전이시기인 초등학교 1학년 아동의 지각된 인기에 미치는 영향에 대해 사회적 참조자로서 또래와 교사의 역할을 심도 있게 논의하였다는데 그 의의가 있다.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of peer and teacher preference on the relationship between social behavior (aggression and prosocial) and perceived popularity in elementary school students. The subjects of current study were 154 first-grade students and their aggression, social preference, perceived popularity, and teacher preference were measured with peer nomination and the relationships between the variables was analyzed using Mplus 7.0. The results of this study were as follows. First, both aggression and prosocial behaviors had a positive impact on perceived popularity. Second, social preference and teacher preference also had a positive effect on perceived popularity. Third, mediating effect of teacher preference was found in relation to prosocial and perceived popularity, but mediating effect of teacher preference in relation to aggression and perceived popularity was not significant. Fourth, social preference mediated the relationship between social behavior and perceived popularity. These results suggest that social preference and teacher preference influence on the perceived popularity of first-grade elementary school children. Especially, the result showed the importance of teachers in achieving perceived popularity through prosocial behavior. This study implies the differential effects of aggression according to the type of social status as well as the significant role of peer and teacher as social references.
SH2001577.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
BER optimal linear combiner for signal detection in symmetric alpha-stable noise: small values of alpha

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The maximum likelihood optimal combiner for signal detection in alpha-stable noise is not known in general, except for some special values of the characteristic exponent ¿. A linear Rake combiner receiver is simple and easy to realize. The optimal linear Rake receiver, in the sense of minimizing the bit error rate, for the detection of signals contaminated by symmetric alpha stable noise is derived for values of ¿, 0 < ¿ ¿ 1. Interestingly, for this range of ¿, the optimal combiner is found to be a selection combiner which selects the channel (finger) with the largest signal amplitude and suppresses all other channels (fingers). This interesting result is valid over the range 0 < ¿ ¿ 1 and allows one to implement effective signal detection without having to know the actual value of the parameter ¿. Therefore, the result yields a very simple form of diversity combiner for signal detection in symmetric alpha-stable noise for 0 < ¿ ¿ 1. Comparisons with the widely used maximal ratio combining and equal gain combining schemes are made in terms of signal-to-noise ratio advantage defined in the bit error rate sense.
P-C4 Associating HIV-1 Env trimer structures with functional Env conformational states by smFRET analysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) trimer mainly exists in a closed conformation (state 1), which is driven by CD4 binding through an intermediate conformation (state 2) to the open CD4-bound conformation (state 3). These functional Env states can be visualized by single-molecule Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (smFRET). A breakthrough in the structural characterization of the HIV-1 Env trimer has been the generation of recombinant cleaved soluble gp140 SOSIP.664 trimers. Parallel cryoelectron microscopy studies have been performed with the mature HIV-1JR-FL Env in complex with the PGT151 neutralizing antibody. Both approaches resulted in similar structures. It is currently generally assumed that these structures represent the ground state of HIV-1 Env (state 1). Here we apply smFRET to probe the conformational state of HIV-1 Env in these constructs and antibody complexes. Fluorophores were introduced at the identical positions in the HIV-1 Env proteins used for structural studies and the native Env on the surface of virions, and the resulting smFRET values compared. Surprisingly, smFRET data reveal that both the soluble gp140 SOSIP.664 and PGT151-HIV-1JR-FL Env structures correspond to the state 2 gp120 conformation observed on the virus. Our data suggest that the all-important structure of state 1 of HIV-1 Env, which is the target of the majority of broadly neutralizing antibodies, remains unknown. Determining the structure of this additional conformation observed on native virions should allow the design of second generation immunogens that specifically present the state 1 conformation of HIV-1 Env.
Improving Nash by Correlation in Quadratic Potential Games

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider a class of quadratic potential games and prove that (simple symmetric) coarse correlated equilibria (as introduced by Moulin and Vial 1978) can strictly improve upon the Nash equilibrium payoffs (that can not be improved upon by correlated equilibrium al aAumann). We fully characterise the structure of the coarse correlated equilibrium that achieves the maximum improvement possible in this class of games and apply our characterising result to a few specific economic models including duopoly and public goods.
Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (extracts)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Recognizing that no country should be prevented from taking measures necessary to ensure the quality of its exports, or for the protection of human, animal or plant life or health, of the environment, or for the prevention of deceptive practices, at the levels it considers appropriate, subject to the requirement that they are not applied in a manner which would constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail or a disguised restriction on international trade, …
Barker, J. R. V. (ed.), <italic>The Brontes: Selected Poems</italic>; Chitham, E., Winnifrith, T. (eds), <italic>Selected Brontë Poems</italic>

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Barker, J. R. V. (ed.), The Brontes: Selected Poems; Chitham, E., Winnifrith, T. (eds), Selected Brontë Poems Get access J. R. V. Barker (ed.), The Brontes: Selected Poems Pp. xxvi+163 (Everyman Classics). London and Melbourne: Dent, 1985. Paper-bound £2.50. E. Chitham T Winnifrith (eds), Selected Brontë Poems Pp. xxxi + 262. Oxford and New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Hardbound £19.50; paperbound £5.95. W. A. Craik W. A. Craik University of Aberdeen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume ns-34, Issue 3, September 1987, Page 410, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/ns-34.3.410 Published: 01 September 1987
Transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana plants treated with the Ky-9 and Ky-72 histone deacetylase inhibitors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Histone acetylation plays a pivotal role in plant growth and development, and is regulated by the antagonistic relationship between histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC). We previously revealed that some HDAC inhibitors confer high-salinity stress tolerance in plants. In this study, we identified two HDAC inhibitors, namely Ky-9 and Ky-72, which enhanced the high-salinity stress tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana. Ky-9 and Ky-72 are structurally similar chlamydocin analogs. However, the in vitro inhibitory activity of Ky-9 against mammalian HDAC is greater than that of Ky-72. A western blot indicated that Ky-9 and Ky-72 increased the acetylation levels of histone H3, suggesting they exhibit HDAC inhibitory activities in plants. We conducted a transcriptomic analysis to investigate how Ky-9 and Ky-72 enhance high-salinity stress tolerance. Although Ky-9 upregulated the expression of more genes than Ky-72, similar gene expression patterns were induced by both HDAC inhibitors. Additionally, the expression of high-salinity stress tolerance-related genes, such as anthocyanin-related genes and a small peptide-encoding gene, increased by Ky-9 and Ky-72. These data suggest that slight structural differences in chemical side chain between HDAC inhibitors can alter inhibitory effect on HDAC protein leading to influence gene expression, thereby enhancing high-salinity stress tolerance in different extent.
Pharmacokinetic rationale for a malarial suppressant administered once monthly

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Serum was collected from six adults participating in a field trial of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine in combination which was being administered once monthly for malaria suppression. Samples were drawn during each of two consecutive months three hours, and 7, 14 and 28 days following a dose of 1 500 mg sulfadoxine. Serum sulfadoxine concentration was measured using the method of Bratton and Marshall (1939). Initial serum concentrations averaged 19-9 plus or minus 2-4 (SD) mg/100 ml and decayed to 6-2 plus or minus 2-8 mg/100 ml at 14 days. Serum sulfadoxine concentrations were still detectable at 28 days following a dose (2-1 plus or minus 1-5 mg/100 ml). Elimination half-time averaged 195 plus or minus 44 hours. The presistent serum concentrations of sulfadoxine following monthly doses documented here during field-use of this drug are in agreement with the successful clinical results reported for such a regimen (Lewis and Ponnampalam, 1974; O'Holohan and Hugoe-Mathews, 1971; Wolfensberger, 1971).
Facile Low-temperature Chemical Synthesis and Characterization of a Manganese Oxide/multi-walled Carbon Nanotube Composite for Supercapacitor Applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

$Mn_3O_4$/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites are prepared by chemically synthesizing $Mn_3O_4$ nanoparticles on a MWCNT film at room temperature. Structural and morphological characterization has been carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM). These reveal that polycrystalline $Mn_3O_4$ nanoparticles, with sizes of about 10-20 nm, aggregate to form larger nanoparticles (50-200 nm), and the $Mn_3O_4$ nanoparticles are attached inhomogeneously on MWCNTs. The electrochemical behavior of the composites is analyzed by cyclic voltammetry experiment. The $Mn_3O_4$/MWCNT composite exhibits a specific capacitance of $257Fg^{-1}$ at a scan rate of $5mVs^{-1}$, which is about 3.5 times higher than that of the pure $Mn_3O_4$. Cycle-life tests show that the specific capacitance of the $Mn_3O_4$/MWCNT composite is stable up to 1000 cycles with about 85% capacitance retention, which is better than the pure $Mn_3O_4$ electrode. The improved supercapacitive performance of the $Mn_3O_4$/MWCNT composite electrode can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the $Mn_3O_4$ nanoparticles and the MWCNTs, which arises not only from the combination of pseudocapacitance from $Mn_3O_4$ nanoparticles and electric double layer capacitance from the MWCNTs but also from the increased surface area, pore volume and conducting property of the MWCNT network.
CORRUPTION AND THE ANTI‐CORRUPTION MOVEMENT: THE MODELLING AND ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION IN CHINA*

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper the author offers an explanation for the increasing extent of China's corruption problem during the past several years. A mathematical model is constructed, in which the conflicts among three groups of the Chinese population in the anti‐corruption movement are modelled as a two person game. The existence of Nash equilibrium is discussed. It is pointed out that the corruption level may increase as the GNP grows, as long as the majority of the people continue to be strategically passive. While the focus of this paper is on China's present situation, the author believes that this method of modelling and of analysis is also applicable to some other autocratic countries in the world.
The Mediating Role of Brand Reputation and Brand Equity in the Ghanaian Hospitality Industry

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to examine the brand (equity) of local and global fast-food restaurants in Ghana. Furthermore, the analysis surveys the brand association (B Ass.) and brand awareness (B Aw.) dimensions of brand equity (BE). Also explored was brand reputation (BR) as a mediating factor between brand equity and brand trust (BT). Social media's moderating effects were also probe. The study employed partial least square “3.0” for inferential statistics and structural equation modeling. BE had a beneficial and significant impact on BR, according to the data. Another point of consideration was that the influence of brand awareness on brand trust is partially mediated by brand reputation; the relationship between brand association and brand trust is wholly mediated. The study outcomes help develop multidimensional psychosomatic processes entangled in buyer selection needs for fast food restaurants and the service industry in Ghana.
Many-valued logics and reliable homeostatic mechanisms

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

A neuron model is given whose properties adhere as closely as possible to the known properties of living neurons. Essential use is made of the concept that information to the nerve is in the form of pulse-rate information. Since this kind of information can assume more than two values, the model becomes a multivalued-logic device with a threshold. The output value of the neuron model is equal to the summation of its inputs, provided the summation is greater than the threshold. With this model, it is possible to construct networks which display a logically stable output although the elements comprising the net are not themselves logically stable. Two example networks are given that also demonstrate this property. The first example network is composed of unreliable model neurons whose thresholds are independently changing between two values. Criteria are given to aid in the selection of other networks of this type. The second example network is composed of model neurons which undergo a common shift of threshold, over nearly the entire threshold range. An algorithm for finding other networks of this type is given. The examples are given in three- and four-valued logic, but the matrix methods utilized are extensible to any n-value logic.
[Analysis of pancreatic enzymes in the bile of congenital choledochal cyst with anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pancreatic enzymes in the bile of congenital choledochal cyst with anomalous pancreaticobiliary ductal union were analyzed. Almost all pancreatic proteases were already activated in the bile aspirated immediately after insertion of PTCD tube. However, inactive proteases gradually increased after continuation of drainage by PTCD. Pancreatic protease activities appeared again after clamping the PTCD tube. In vitro study of trypsin activities in the bile containing no initial trypsin activity, active type of trypsin did not appear throughout the experimental period. It is suggested that continuous reflux of pancreatic juice into the bile and certain incubation time are necessary for activation of pancreatic protease in bile of congenital choledochal cyst.
Green Hydrogen: Algal Biohydrogen Production

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This chapter focuses on eukaryotic algal biohydrogen production. Green unicellular algae have a rare capability among organisms in that some have an ability to switch to a hydrogen-producing metabolism when environmental conditions become anaerobic. The process of hydrogen production is greatly accentuated in the light due to the role of the photosynthetic apparatus directing electron flow to hydrogenase enzymes located in the chloroplast. As hydrogen production through biological systems needs improvements to reach commercial targets, recent advancing technologies are included that cover bioreactor design, immobilized cultures, integrated systems, and metabolic pathways of hydrogen generation. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has proved to be capable of sustaining the highest rates of hydrogen production among all tested algae. Currently, the process of hydrogen production involves growth of algae in an aerobic environment followed by the imposition of anaerobic conditions in the light.