jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
How Trade Liberalization Affects the Political and Economic Performance of Developing Countries: The Application of a Two-Stage Game Model

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract: The major purpose of this study is to investigate how a certain trade policy adopted by a country is related to the performance of its economic and political operations in a changing international environment. More specifically, the study tries to provide an answer to the question of why some developing countries perform much better economically and politically than other developing countries, and how trade politics at both domestic and international levels affects these. The international political economy is rapidly moving toward “globalization.” If we confine the concept of “globalization” to trade issues, it calls for improved trade liberalization within which countries lower their trade barriers. Voluntarily or reluctantly, many developing countries have begun to move toward greater trade liberalization. However, this process is not uniformly applied to all developing countries. This study explains why some developing countries can follow the path of trade liberalization, while others have more difficulties in adopting this policy. The adoption of a different development policy(export-promotion or import-substitution) leads to different industrial structures, which in turn, result in different political balances between free traders and protectionists. Because of these differences, countries which adopted an export-promotion policy can adjust to new international environments more easily than those which adopted an import-substitution policy. Furthermore, the countries which adopted an export promotion policy can perform economically and politically better than those which adopted an import substitution policy. This study applies the two-stage game model in which one stage is domestic and the other is international, to explain the source, the process, and the outcomes of trade liberalization in developing countries. The implications of this study are that (1) economic performance and political performance may be substitutes in some developing countries, while they are compliments in others; (2) the application of the IMF conditionality policy to push developing countries toward trade liberalization needs to be implemented with greater caution; and (3) the presence of mechanisms to transfer income from the winner to the losers in trade politics may be helpful in moving toward trade liberalization.
Unique case of a GLI1 amplified biphasic mesenchymal tumor of the orbit

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

GLI1-altered mesenchymal tumors are an emerging entity in soft tissue pathology. In the head and neck region, they are most commonly in the tongue. Limited published data indicate a propensity for local recurrence, regional spread, and distant metastasis in both GLI1-rearranged and GLI1-amplified tumors. The purpose of this report is to present the rare case of a GLI1-amplified spindle cell tumor of the orbit and a focused review of the literature. A 54-year-old woman presented with proptosis, eye pain, and ocular motility restriction in the left eye. Imaging demonstrated a tumor occupying the superomedial intraconal orbit that was distinct from the extraocular muscles, optic nerve, and globe. The tumor was totally resected with a combined open transorbital and endoscopic, endonasal approach. Pathological analysis demonstrated a spindled and epithelioid mesenchymal tumor with diffuse nuclear GLI1 expression. PCR-based, next*-generation sarcoma fusion panel was negative for GLI1 fusions, including GLI1::ACTB fusions; however, DDIT3 breaks apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which can be used as a surrogate for GLI1 alterations due to proximity to 12q13.3, showing amplification. Post-operatively, the patient had recovered visual acuity. She received adjuvant radiation therapy (60 Gy in 30 fractions). Surveillance for recurrence, regional spread, and distant metastasis has been negative at a 6-month follow-up. Ultimately, we report the first case of a GLI1-amplified mesenchymal neoplasm of the intraconal orbit managed with gross total resection via a combined approach followed by adjuvant radiation therapy.
Practical information-based data fusion performance evaluation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The ability to meaningfully assess the competence of algorithms is a crucial part of developing and comparing practical systems. Moreover, the importance of metrology has increased because of the emergence of fusion strategies such as adaptive fusion and fusion management, which require that Measures of Performance, Effectiveness, and Robustness be examined with greater seriousness. It would seem, therefore, that few things could be as important as achieving a scientific understanding of measurement. In reality, probably no other vital aspect of multisource-multisensor data fusion has been less glamorous, more heuristic, more poorly understood, and less a subject of deep examination than has been metrology. In this paper we present preliminary findings of an ongoing project on scientific performance evaluation for multisource-multisensor data fusion, sponsored by Air Force Research Laboratories, Rome NY.
The effect of neutron irradiation on the AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The SiN‐passivated AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors were investigated by 1MeV neutron irradiation at fluences up to 10 15 cm ‐2 , yielding a significant degradation for the transconductance near the knee voltage and the reverse gate leakage current at fluences ranging from 10 14 to 10 15 cm ‐2 which could be attributed to the irradiation induced mobility shift and the defects in SiN passivation layers respectively since no any recovery was found after 20 hour annealing at room temperature. Meanwhile the negligible degradation of the saturation drain current, the maximal transconductance and the threshold voltage gave the fact that the effectiveness of SiN layers in passivated surface states in the source‐gate spacer and gate‐drain spacer was undiminished by neutron irradiation. Moreover the ohmic contact was robustness to neutron since the sheet resistance of ohmic contact region hardly shifted, but the schottky characteristics degraded obviously. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Identification of the endocrine cells detected by the monoclonal antibody HISL-19 in human tissues.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The human endocrine cells reacting with the monoclonal antibody HISL-19 were identified with hormone antisera of proven specificity using a double immunostaining procedure. The epitope for HISL-19 was found in all types of pituitary cells except ACTH cells, in thyroid C cells, in all types of adrenal medullary and pancreatic islet cells and in somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa. No staining was found in parathyroid cells and in most gastrointestinal endocrine cells. Either paranuclear focal accumulation or diffuse cytoplasmic distribution of immunoreactive material were found. The spectrum of HISL-19 immunoreactive cells was found to be only in part complementary to that of cells immunoreactive for chromogranin A. Thus, it is concluded that the monoclonal antibody HISL-19 is a useful addition to other immunohistochemical markers for the detection of cells showing neuroendocrine features.
ArrowSAM: In-Memory Genomics Data Processing Using Apache Arrow

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

<p>The rapidly growing size of genomics data bases, driven by advances in sequencing technologies, demands fast and cost-effective processing. However, processing this data creates many challenges, particularly in selecting appropriate algorithms and computing platforms. Computing systems need data closer to the processor for fast processing. Traditionally, due to cost, volatility and other physical constraints of DRAM, it was not feasible to place large amounts of working data sets in memory. However, new emerging storage class memories allow storing and processing big data closer to the processor. In this work, we show how the commonly used genomics data format, Sequence Alignment/Map (SAM), can be presented in the Apache Arrow in-memory data representation to benefit of in-memory processing and to ensure better scalability through shared memory objects, by avoiding large (de)-serialization overheads in cross-language interoperability. To demonstrate the benefits of such a system, we propose ArrowSAM, an in-memory SAM format that uses the Apache Arrow framework, and integrate it into genome pre-processing pipelines including BWA-MEM, Picard and Sambamba. Results show 15x and 2.4x speedups as compared to Picard and Sambamba, respectively. The code and scripts for running all workflows are freely available at https://github.com/abs-tudelft/ArrowSAM.</p>
Benchmarking Language Models for Code Syntax Understanding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Pre-trained language models have demonstrated impressive performance in both natural language processing and program understanding, which represent the input as a token sequence without explicitly modeling its structure. Some prior works show that pre-trained language models can capture the syntactic rules of natural languages without finetuning on syntax understanding tasks. However, there is limited understanding of how well pre-trained models understand the code structure so far. In this work, we perform the first thorough benchmarking of the state-of-the-art pre-trained models for identifying the syntactic structures of programs. Specifically, we introduce CodeSyntax, a large-scale dataset of programs annotated with the syntactic relationships in their corresponding abstract syntax trees. Our key observation is that existing language models pretrained on code still lack the understanding of code syntax. In fact, these pre-trained programming language models fail to match the performance of simple baselines based on positional offsets and keywords. We also present a natural language benchmark to highlight the differences between natural languages and programming languages in terms of syntactic structure understanding. Our findings point out key limitations of existing pre-training methods for programming languages, and suggest the importance of modeling code syntactic structures.
The Uncertainty in Energy and Cryptocurrency Markets: Is Gold Really a Safe Haven?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Investigating gold's safe‐haven status is crucial to stabilising energy and cryptocurrency markets. To capture the dynamic relationships between energy‐related uncertainty (ERU), gold prices (GP), and cryptocurrency policy uncertainty (CPOU), this study employs the TVP‐SV‐VAR methodology. Through quantitative analysis, we find ERU has favourable and unfavourable effects on GP. The favourable impact underscores gold's safe‐haven role against energy market uncertainty. At the same time, the negative impact contradicts this view and theoretical models, likely due to the U.S. dollar's value and gold's hedging performance against other uncertainties. CPOU, however, positively impacts GP, supporting gold's safe‐haven characteristics against uncertainty in the cryptocurrency market and aligning with theoretical predictions. Gold's safe‐haven status in the cryptocurrency market is comparably more consistent but slightly less significant. Additionally, this study validates the findings by substituting CPOU with cryptocurrency price uncertainty (CPRU), confirming their robustness. Given the high volatility in energy and cryptocurrency markets, this article offers valuable insights for authorities to maximise profits and ensure stable growth.
Optical-to-terahertz conversion through plasmon-coupled surface states

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate passive optical-to-terahertz conversion through plasmon-coupled surface states. When excited with an optical pump beam, photogenerated carriers in a photo-absorbing substrate are swept to an array of terahertz radiating nanoantennas by a surface-state-induced built-in electric field formed between the nanoantennas and substrate. The nanoantennas are used to couple optically-excited surface waves to the interface region where the built-in electric field is maximized to provide high optical-to-terahertz conversion efficiencies. We have used this scheme to develop a fiber-coupled bias-free terahertz source that provides more than a 110 dB dynamic range over a 5 THz bandwidth.
Finite element modeling and experimental characterization of wear in HDPE/CNT and PP/CNT nanocomposites processed via microwave-assisted compression molding

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this study is to utilize microwave-assisted compression molding (MACM) to fabricate HDPE/CNT and PP/CNT nanocomposites, evaluate their mechanical and tribological properties, and develop a finite element model to predict their wear rate. MACM was used to synthesize polymer nanocomposites with varied CNT volume fractions (5% and 10%). Mechanical properties, including hardness, tensile strength, elastic modulus and flexural strength, were assessed through shore D hardness, tensile test and flexural test. Pin-on-disc wear tests were performed to evaluate tribological performance, and scanning electron micrographs were examined to characterize the worn-out surfaces of nanocomposites. A computational FE model was developed to simulate wear behavior, and the results were compared to experimental data. Design/methodology/approach MACM is a novel method for producing high-performance polymer nanocomposites. The objective of this investigation is to use MACM to create HDPE/CNT and PP/CNT nanocomposites, evaluate their mechanical and tribological characteristics and establish a FE model to forecast their wear rate. Findings The wear resistance, hardness and mechanical properties of HDPE and PP nanocomposites were markedly improved by the incorporation of CNTs. The coefficient of friction for HDPE containing 10% CNT decreased to 0.14 when subjected to a 30 N load. The HDPE/CNT nanocomposites demonstrated hardness enhancements of 9.1% and 18.2% for 5% and 10% CNT, respectively. CNT-reinforced nanocomposites exhibited cleaner worn surfaces as a result of scanning electron microscope analysis. The computational analysis confirmed the FE models’ reliability, which was in good agreement with the experimental results. Originality/value This research emphasizes the utilization of MACM in the fabrication of HDPE/CNT and PP/CNT nanocomposites, demonstrating their exceptional mechanical and tribological properties. The study advances the broader comprehension of polymer nanocomposite behavior in high-durability and low-friction applications by introducing a validated FE model for wear rate prediction. Peer review The peer review history for this article is available at: Link to the website.
Emergency Medical Services in the National Firefighting and Rescue System Part IV

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Part IV Скорая медицинская помощь в Государственной Спасательно-гасящей Системе Часть IV Abstrakt Cel: Przedstawienie zasad postępowania w przypadku wystąpienia u poszkodowanego zaburzeń krążeniowo-oddechowych w stanach nieurazowych i drgawkach
[Development of a device allowing for the perfusion and preservation of rat kidneys at -4 degrees C].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In animals, it is possible to store kidneys at a temperature of -4 degrees C for 96 hours by using a vecor solution (UW solution) and a cryoprotective agent (2,3 butanediol). The perfusion and storage of organs under these conditions must be performed by a computer-assisted machine, allowing monitoring and control of the various steps of perfusion/storage.
Characterization of BGP Recovery Time under Large-Scale Failures

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Border gateway protocol (BGP) is the standard routing protocol between various autonomous systems (AS) in the Internet. In the event of a failure, BGP may repeatedly withdraw some routes and advertise new ones until a stable state is reached. It is known that the corresponding recovery time could stretch into hundreds of seconds or more for isolated Internet outages and lead to high packet drop rates. In this paper we characterize BGP recovery time under large-scale failure scenarios, perhaps those caused by disastrous natural or man-made events. We show that the recovery time depends on a variety of topological parameters and can be substantial for massive failures. The study provides guidelines on reducing the impact of BGP convergence delay on the Internet.
Observation on the Effects of Comprehensive Nursing Intervention in the Caring of Peptic Ulcer Hp Clearing Treatments

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Objective: To investigate the effects of comprehensive nursing intervention in the caring of peptic ulcer Hp clearing treatments.Methods: 124 patients were selected and divided into two groups.All the patients were treated by omeprazole 20 mg + amoxicillin 250 mg + furazolidone 100 mg.In control group,62 patients were cared by usual care.In observation group,62 patients were cared by comprehensive nursing intervention contained pharmacy guidance,diet nursing,mental nursing,health education and follow-up.The effects of the two groups were compared.Results: The total effective rate of observation group and clearance rate of Hp were all higher than control group(p 0.05).Conclusion: In the caring of peptic ulcer Hp clearing treatments,comprehensive nursing intervention can increase the effective rate and clearance rate of Hp.It is worth for generalization.
Comportamiento agronómico y nutricional de especies mejoradas en un sistema de pastoreo racional Voisin, en Panamá

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Objective: To characterize the agronomic performance and chemical composition of cultivated species in a Voisin rational grazing system, in the humid tropic of Los Santos, Panama. Materials and Methods: The yield and nutritional value of a group of cultivated species were evaluated, with 24 paddocks and 1,9 days of average occupation. The system was grazed with 53 Zebu-based steers and their F1 and F2 crossings (Zebu x Holstein). The main indicators measured were: total forage production (kg DM/ha/rotation), forage supply per species and percentages of DM, CP, ADF, NDF, IVDMD30, ME, Ash, Ca and P. The data were processed using simple classification variance analysis. The statistical package IBM® SPSS® Statistics version 22 was used. Results: Forage production varied between 3 344 and 4 442 kg DM/ha/rotation. The highest pasture yield was obtained in the rainy season. The best yields (p < 0,001) were obtained in the genus Megathyrsus (cvs. Tanzania and Massai), with offers of 34,9 and 31,9 t DM/ha/year, higher than those of the different Urochloa cvs. Regarding the availability of DM/ha/rotation, the lowest values were achieved in the cultivars Toledo and Humidicola. The quality was higher in the rainy season. The high average DM in the dry season (40,80 %) conditioned low CP values (6,85 %), low energy content (1,57 Mcal/kg), low digestibility (55,7 %) and high contents of NDF (74,2%). Conclusions: The average yield and pasture supply of the species were acceptable for the prevailing edaphoclimatic conditions in the ecosystem, since no irrigation or external fertilization was used; although they decreased in the dry season, as well as the nutritional quality. The genus Megathyrsus stood out for its better production indicators; while Arachis pintoi Krapov. & W.C. Greg stood out for its high nutritional value.
Data from Effects of <i>KRAS</i> Genetic Interactions on Outcomes in Cancers of the Lung, Pancreas, and Colorectum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>AbstractBackground:<p><i>KRAS</i> is among the most commonly mutated oncogenes in cancer, and previous studies have shown associations with survival in many cancer contexts. Evidence from both clinical observations and mouse experiments further suggests that these associations are allele- and tissue-specific. These findings motivate using clinical data to understand gene interactions and clinical covariates within different alleles and tissues.</p>Methods:<p>We analyze genomic and clinical data from the AACR Project GENIE Biopharma Collaborative for samples from lung, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers. For each of these cancer types, we report epidemiological associations for different <i>KRAS</i> alleles, apply principal component analysis (PCA) to discover groups of genes co-mutated with <i>KRAS</i>, and identify distinct clusters of patient profiles with implications for survival.</p>Results:<p><i>KRAS</i> mutations were associated with inferior survival in lung, colon, and pancreas, although the specific mutations implicated varied by disease. Tissue- and allele-specific associations with smoking, sex, age, and race were found. Tissue-specific genetic interactions with <i>KRAS</i> were identified by PCA, which were clustered to produce five, four, and two patient profiles in lung, colon, and pancreas. Membership in these profiles was associated with survival in all three cancer types.</p>Conclusions:<p><i>KRAS</i> mutations have tissue- and allele-specific associations with inferior survival, clinical covariates, and genetic interactions.</p>Impact:<p>Our results provide greater insight into the tissue- and allele-specific associations with <i>KRAS</i> mutations and identify clusters of patients that are associated with survival and clinical attributes from combinations of genetic interactions with <i>KRAS</i> mutations.</p></div>
Species separation in inertial confinement fusion fuels

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

It is shown by means of multi-fluid particle-in-cell simulations that convergence of the spherical shock wave that propagates through the inner gas of inertial confinement fusion-relevant experiments is accompanied by a separation of deuterium (D) and tritium (T) ions across the shock front. Deuterons run ahead of the tritons due to their lower mass and higher charge-to-mass ratio and can reach the center several tens of picoseconds before the tritons. The rising edge of the DD and TT fusion rate is also temporally separated by the same amount, which should be an observable in experiments and would be a direct proof of the “stratification conjecture” on the shock front [Amendt et al., Phys. Plasmas 18, 056308 (2011)]. Moreover, dephasing of the D and T shock components in terms of density and temperature leads to a degradation of the DT fusion yield as the converging shock first rebounds from the fuel center (shock yield). For the parameters of this study, the second peak in the fusion yield (compression yield) is strongly dependent on the choice of the flux limiter.