jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The invasiveness of the African Tulip Tree,Spathodea campanulataBeauv.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The African Tulip Tree (Spathodea campanulata Beauv.), originally from East and Southern Africa, is a large upright tree with green, pinnately compound leaves and bright orange-coloured flowers. The tree can grow to more than 20m in height and reproduces through seeds and runners. The plant's uses are very limited; it serves as a shade tree or for making fence posts. The plant was introduced during the 1930s as an ornamental into some islands of the Pacific, where it developed into a serious weed problem, invading agricultural and forest areas. It has displaced native vegetation in invaded areas of Fiji. Only in plantations of Pinus spp. is S. campanulata not found. The present paper describes where the plant has been introduced for ornamental purposes or for shade in coffee plantations in countries such as Thailand and Sri Lanka, and in several Central American and Caribbean countries in the late1930s and during the 1940-50s. It also describes some of the results of the studies conducted in the central part of Cuba, in the Escambray mountains, where tree stands are abundant, affecting an area of around 60 000 ha of forest, coffee plantations and abandoned land. In some sites the stand can be up to 12,000 plants/ha. In these conditions the plant reproduces rapidly through seeds, germination of which is as high as 80%. The fruit of the tree ripens at the beginning of the rainy period contributing to their wide dissemination, and under these wet conditions seeds readily germinate. Hurricanes may also favour rapid seed dispersal in high altitude areas of Cuba. Some farms of the Dominican Republic have also been invaded by S. campanulata. Control of S. campanulata is also overviewed. Slight stands are easy to control manually when the tree is still young, but once established at a site, removal of the tree becomes cumbersome and expensive. Nowadays it is widespread in Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama, though S. campanulata is not yet a problem there. In these countries the implementation of preventive control measures is required, namely prohibition of plant reproduction in nurseries and informing farmers of the risks of planting the tree.
Estimation of the Energy Potential by Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste at Nangui Abrogoua University : Codigestion of Food Waste With Cow Dung

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The food wastes of the Nangui Abrogoua University are rich in organic matter that can promote the production of biogas through anaerobic digestion. These wastes are favorable for the anaerobic digestion process. This study aims at estimating the energy potential of the food wastes of the University Nangui Abrogoua by the production of biogas following the process of anaerobic digestion batch. The biogas from this food waste is estimated to be 10.79 m3 or 10790000 mL over a period of 30 days. This is equivalent to an energy potential of 75.58 kWh. These results obtained indicate that the food waste of the University Nangui Abrogoua is an important source of renewable energy.
Students’ Use of Smartphones at a Historically Disadvantaged University

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As technology becomes cheaper the potential for learning is greater, preparing and disseminating learning material through smartphones is likely to become popular.However, it was not clear whether students from the most disadvantaged backgrounds, have the right equipment (smartphones) to support learning at a historically disadvantaged university.This study assesses smartphone ownership as a potential tool for enhancing students' learning at a relatively resource-poor higher education (HE) environment in rural KwaZulu-Natal.Correspondence universities, such as 'Unisa' and examples worldwide in HE, use students' smartphones for educational purposes.Primary data were collected from postgraduates and undergraduate students using a selfadministered structured questionnaire for all faculties.The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) was employed to account for students' perceived ease of use (EOU) and perceived usefulness (PU).The results revealed smartphone ownership and use was greater than the ownership and use of regular cellular phones.Regular cellular phone users commented on smartphone capabilities as enhancing learning.
Sexual Intercourse: You, Me, and the Microbe Makes Three-Reply

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In Reply.—

Like our article, the Letter submitted by de Groen and Vukov emphasizes the spectrum of complications of sexual intercourse. In considering these conditions, practitioners tend to focus preponderantly on pregnancy and sexually transmitted infectious diseases or syndromes, including syphilis and gonorrhea as well as chlamydial, herpes simplex, and, most recently, enteropathogen and human immunodeficiency virus infections. There are, however, an increasing number of other less well-recognized complications associated with coitus. Intimate physical contact can lead to the transmission of irritant compounds, including drugs, and can result in contact dermatitis or even "spousal" headache.1Some unfortunate individuals may suffer hypersensitivity reactions— including anaphylaxis.2The mechanical action of intercourse may produce microscopic as well as macroscopic trauma and may predispose to localized infection. In addition, "coital-like" urethral manipulation is associated with bladder contamination by urethral microflora and is postulated by some to cause "honeymoon cystitis."3Physical displacement
Musical Instrument Identification Using Machine Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Music is a beautiful form of expression that is universally understood. In fact, people across all cultural backgrounds, even those without extensive exposure to musical education, can easily recognize the unique sounds of different instruments. This paper explores the use of machine learning to identify various instruments. The scope of this project focuses on audio recordings with one instrument playing one pitch, and the specific instruments in this study were viola, piano, and ukulele. This paper analyzes ways to quantify the differences in sounds of instruments using the harmonic frequency content apparent in spectrograms. It proposes the use of a simple but efficient K-Nearest-Neighbors machine learning algorithm. The results achieved 80% accuracy; using a larger dataset and using convolutional neural networks could improve accuracy of classification. The machine learning algorithm can be applied to the broader world of sound classification, and it can eventually surpass a human’s ability at identifying sounds (e.g. telling apart viola from violin, which the average human cannot do). There are numerous real-world applications for musical instrument recognition. It can enable automatic sorting and searching of massive musical collections with ease, which could be useful to streaming platforms that provide personalized recommendations to their users.
Nonylphenol and octylphenol in urban eutrophic lakes of the subtropical China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper studied two estrogenic pollutants, 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP) in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments in urban eutrophic lakes. The concentrations of NP ranged from 1.94 to 32.85 mu g/l, 0.876 to 31.13 mu g/l and 3.54 to 32.43 mu g/g dry weight (dw) in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments, respectively, and that of OP from 0.027 to 1.44 mu g/l, 0.008 to 1.777 mu g/l and 0.058 to 1.245 mu g/g dw in water, suspended particle (SP) and sediments, respectively. An increasing trend in the concentration was noticed in all matrices close to the sewage inlets, which was found to be the major factor affecting the spatial distribution of alkylphenols (APs) in the lakes. Due to restoration of submerged macrophytes, which might accumulate APs, the contaminations of APs in the Little Moon Lake (LML) and the Little Lotus Lake (LLL) were lower than those in the Big, Moon Lake (BML) and the Bier Lotus Lake (BLL). A reasonable correlation of NP and OP was obtained among water, suspended particle and sediment. The possible environmental stress of APs concentration on aquatic organisms in Wuhan urban lakes was also discussed.
Asymmetric R&D Alliances in the Biopharmaceutical Industry

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In this study we propose a multistage mathematical model of coopetitive games to show how the adoption of a coopetitive framework, which considers cooperation and competition simultaneously, may advance our understanding of the study of asymmetric research and developemnt (R&D) alliances. Those alliances are aimed at exploring and/or exploiting knowledge between young and small firms and large multinational enterprises (MNEs). We selected this model, which is particularly suitable for exploring complex types of asymmetric R&D alliances that epitomize the biopharmaceutical industry, based upon the literature on asymmetric R&D cooperation and coopetition. In particular, we propose a formal coopetitive approach, where coopetition is a vector variable belonging to an n-dimensional Euclidean space. We graphically show that cooperative efforts are required and beneficial even though partners are potentially competitors in the marketplace and shape the common payoff space that they commonly create. By doing so, we highlight the requirement that coopetitive partners should balance effectively their interaction dynamics, interactions that affect both the value creation and value capture processes.
Spatial correlogram between codewords: an effective representation for image classification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a new representation for image classification based on spatial correlogram approach. Spatial correlogram captures spatial co-occurrences of pairwise codewords. This representation augments traditional bag-of-features model by adding spatial information into it and compresses the information contained in a correlogram without loss of discriminative power. For the purpose of increasing classification accuracy, we combine the correlogram with spatial pyramid. In a number of image classification experiments, we find that, the proposed method reaches good performance and high accuracy.
A Behavioral Finance Analysis on ETF Investment Behavior

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Since the global financial tsunami, Exchange Traded Funds have attracted much attention, as investors are increasingly concerned with the underlying risk exposure and transparency in their investments. However, much is yet to be learned about its behavioral characteristics, in addition to the traditional risk and return factors. In this paper, we take a behavioral finance perspective to investigate additional behavioral factors during the ETF investment process. We have found some behavioral characteristics, that are unique for the ETF investment and the Hong Kong regions.
[Temperature sensitive mutant of Herpes simplex virus type 1. II. Neurovirulence and latency].

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The course of acute infection of mice with ts mutant or the native strain DNA and the antigens of HSV in brain nerve cells were determined. Virus DNA was detected in brains of all mice in both animal groups while the virus antigens--only in cells of mice infected with the native strain. It can be suggested, therefore, that the ability of ts mutant to replicate in central nervous system of the infected mice is lacking or much lower. The detection of virus nucleic acid 3-5 months after virus infection might indicate a possibility of establishing latent infection. However, ts mutant showed a significantly lower possibility of latency induction, as compared with highly virulent strains. It was found that the mutant ability to induce latent infection was markedly increased when mice were treated with both ts mutant and Depo-Medrol as immunosuppressive agent. This finding shows both a possibility of increase of frequency of latent infections in the state of immunosuppression, and of activation of the latent infection (recurrence of acute form of infection).
Block-shape adaptive inter prediction candidate list in Versatile Video Coding

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, Joint Video Experts Team (JVET) has started the standardization of a new video coding named as Versatile Video Coding (VVC) with the aim of completing by 2020. In HEVC and VVC, each candidate list of Merge/AMVP (Advanced Motion Vector Prediction) is constructed from the motion information of spatial/temporal neighboring blocks to enhance the performance of inter predictive coding by utilizing available motion information. In this paper, we propose a method to derive candidate lists of Merge/AMVP with more reliable motion information having high correlation by considering the block shape of the current Coding Unit (CU). Experiment results show the performance of the proposed method in the reference SW codec of VVC named as VVC Test Model (VTM).
ChemInform Abstract: Purines. Part 45. Syntheses and Cytokinin Activities of the cis‐ Isomers of (1′R)‐1′‐Methylzeatin (I) and Its 9‐β‐D‐Ribofuranoside (II).

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Sulfate removal from mine drainage by electrocoagulation as a stand-alone treatment or polishing step

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Conventional chemical precipitation methods of salinity removal from mine drainage (MD) are ineffective to deal with sulfate concentrations lower than the solubility of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). As the standards of sulfate concentrations become more stringent, this limitation of conventional methods of precipitation drives the need for complementary or alternative solutions. In this context, this study evaluates the efficiency of electrocoagulation (EC) as a stand-alone treatment or as a polishing step following chemical precipitation. The best performance in batch of synthetic MD was obtained at the lowest current density tested of 20 mA/cm2 and at the lowest initial sulfate concentration of 1.3 ± 0.1 g/L. The role of pH was also deemed essential, with acidic pH favouring the coagulation process. Despite EC proving rather inefficient at removing sulfates on its own (in the range of 6 to 31% in 30 min) relative to hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2, 17% removal) and mostly high density sludge (HDS, 45% removal), the combination of EC with the above-mentioned chemical precipitation methods allowed substantial improvement in sulfate removal (up to 35% with Ca(OH)2 and 52% with HDS) much faster (in 30 min instead of 120 min).
Cancer: Fatalism

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Cancer fatalism is a belief that cancer diagnosis or survival is attributed to fate, is considered predetermined, and is beyond an individual's power to control. Racial/ethnic differences are evident in how it manifests among various minority groups of color compared to Whites. Cancer fatalism is recognized as a significant barrier to cancer prevention, screening, and treatment. Cancer fatalism has also been studied in the context of cancer genomics, specifically its association with people's genetic causal beliefs about cancer and their uptake of predictive genetic testing. In communication literature, cancer fatalism has been found to negatively influence various important health communication behaviors, as well as be influenced by media exposure and effects.
Skin wettedness is an important contributor to thermal behavior during exercise and recovery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We tested the hypothesis that mean skin wettedness contributes to thermal behavior to a greater extent than core and mean skin temperatures. In a 27.0 ± 1.0°C environment, 16 young participants (8 females) cycled for 30 min at 281 ± 51 W·m 2 , followed by 120 min of seated recovery. Mean skin and core temperatures and mean skin wettedness were recorded continuously. Participants maintained a thermally comfortable neck temperature throughout the protocol using a custom-made device. Neck device temperature provided an index of thermal behavior. Linear regression was performed using individual minute data with mean skin wettedness and core and mean skin temperatures as independent variables and neck device temperature as the dependent variable. Standarized β-coefficients were used to determine relative contributions to thermal behavior. Mean skin temperature differed from preexercise (32.6 ± 0.5°C) to 10 min into exercise (32.3 ± 0.6°C, P < 0.01). Core temperature increased from 37.1 ± 0.3°C preexercise to 37.7 ± 0.4°C by end exercise ( P < 0.01) and remained elevated through 30 min of recovery (37.2 ± 0.3°C, P < 0.01). Mean skin wettedness increased from preexercise [0.14 ± 0.03 arbitrary units (AU)] to 20 min into exercise (0.43 ± 0.09 AU, P < 0.01) and remained elevated through 80 min of recovery (0.18 ± 0.06 AU, P ≤ 0.05). Neck device temperature decreased from 26.4 ± 1.6°C preexercise to 18.5 ± 8.7°C 10 min into exercise ( P = 0.03) and remained depressed through 20 min of recovery (14.4 ± 11.2°C, P < 0.01). Mean skin wettedness (52 ± 24%) provided a greater contribution to thermal behavior compared with core (22 ± 22%, P = 0.06) and mean skin (26 ± 16%, P = 0.04) temperatures. Skin wettedness is an important contributing factor to thermal behavior during exercise and recovery.
Foreign direct investment, information and communication technology, trade, and economic growth in the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries: An empirical insight

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Information and communication technology (ICT) is one of the key sectors promoting economic growth in the present modern era of globalization. It promotes technological advances in global communications as well as production techniques and contributes to economic growth and development. Most of the economic activities, including international trade and foreign direct investment (FDI), are largely dependent on various modern sources of ICT. The objective of this study is to examine the dynamic relationship between FDI, ICT, trade, and per capita gross domestic product growth across the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) developing nations from 2000 to 2017. We have used different panel estimates such as fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares, Fisher–Johansen cointegration test, panel autoregressive distributed lag, and Dumitrescu–Hurlin causality. We found existence of unidirectional causality from FDI to ICT and bidirectional causal relationship between trade and ICT. The outcome of our study suggests policy recommendations for improving the standards of ICT, specifically focusing on economic growth, trade openness, and facilitation of foreign investment in the SAARC countries.
Geomechanical modelling of a natural slope affected by a multiple slip surface failure mechanism

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a geomechanical model that was developed to investigate the behaviour of a natural slope located on the bank of the Rhine between the towns of Stein and Mumpf in Switzerland. The slope, affected by a large landslide, constitutes a relevant case study since three strategic infrastructure assets are located at its toe (a railway, a highway and a cantonal road connecting Zurich and Basel). An intense measurement campaign has been conducted during the last 13 years, collecting information on pore water pressures and displacements within the slope. These measurements made it possible to identify pore water pressure evolution as the main cause for movement accelerations and to detect the presence of a multiple slip surface system. Thanks to advanced finite element hydrogeological and geomechanical modelling, it has been possible to analyse the landslide behaviour. A coupled hydro-mechanical formulation has been used, taking into account the transition of the soil from a partially saturated to a fully saturated state. A modified Cam- Clay constitutive model was adopted for the slip surfaces. Relevant material parameters were obtained by combining the available laboratory tests and the back analysis of the crises in the years 2000 and 2001. After being calibrated and validated, the model was applied to improve the understanding of the physical processes involved, to predict the landslide behaviour under different rainfall patterns and to test a possible stabilization strategy.
The Influence of Tabletop Technology in Full-Service Restaurants

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This chapter underscores that tabletop technology impacts restaurant operations and guest experiences, with benefits such as improved table-turn time, labor savings, and increased guest checks. It explains that reducing table-turn time allows operators to serve more guests and potentially generate significant additional revenue. It also shows that guests appreciate having more control over the service experience, especially during the payment process. The chapter implies how tabletop technology can lead to labor efficiency by freeing up servers to either improve attention to guests or manage more tables. It presents one study using pre- and post-implementation data from a single restaurant and another study using point-of-sale data across multiple locations to examine the influence of tabletop technology on table-turn time, labor usage, and purchasing behavior.
Angiotensin-converting enzyme and cardiovascular disease risk

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The published studies of the association of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotype with cardiovascular disease have used many different diagnostic criteria for cardiovascular disease and have drawn their samples from different patient groups and different populations. This review examines the association of the ACE DD genotype with cardiovascular disease risk in studies grouped by their case criterion, the geographical region of the population samples, and by the cardiovascular risk level of the patient sample. In studies where the underlying odds ratios are determined to be homogeneous, the overall odds ratios for myocardial infarction and coronary artery disease with regard to the ACE DD genotype are estimated using the Mantel-Haenszel method.