jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Aesthetic Evaluation of Typical Forest in Mao'er Mountain,Guangxi

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Aesthetic evaluation of six typical forest,including Sub-alpine forest,Rhododendron maoerense forest,Fagus sylvaticaforest,Schima superbaforest,Cunninghamia lanceolataforest and Phyllostachys pubescens forest were analyzed by AHP method in Mao'er mountain,Guangxi province.The results showed that in the aesthetic evaluation system,ecological value accounted for more than aesthetic value.Compared to traditional aesthetic,modern aesthetic conceptions put more emphasis on ecological value.The score of sub-alpine forest was the highest because of its powerful ecological function,and the other five forests all belonged to the second degree.Species diversity and virgin forest features played an important role in aesthetic evaluation,and later development of tourism should focus on Rhododendron maoerense forest and Phyllostachys pubescens forest.The study would provide scientific basis for better understanding the relationships between forest aesthetic and its influencing factors,helping for deep development of eco-tourism in Mao'er mountain.
Supplementary Table 2 from Prognostic Role of Lemur Tyrosine Kinase-3 Germline Polymorphisms in Adjuvant Gastric Cancer in Japan and the United States

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>PDF - 87K, Table breakdown comparing the genotype frequency of the LMTK3 polymorphisms analyzed (rs99896661 and rs8108419) in the Japanese and US cohorts.</p>
ISSN 2278 -134X Original Article CHARACTERIZATION OF LEAD BASED BINARY AND TERNARY GLASS SYSTEMS USING SPECTROSCOPIC METHODS

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Glass samples from xPbO - (100−x) B2O3 (x=35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 mol %) and (65-x) PbO-35B2O3-xCuO (x=5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mol %) were prepared by melt quench method. Characterization of these systems was carried out using FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and SEM analysis. The structural changes with composition in the glasses have been studied by FT-IR spectroscopy with special reference to structural units of borates. Amorphous nature of the systems was confirmed by XRD patterns and SEM is used to study the morphology of glass samples. © 2013 Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved
Nonlinear operator for blob texture segmentation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Texture is an important part of the visual world of animals and men and their visual systems successfully detect, discriminate and segment texture. Relatively recently progress was made concerning structures in the brain which are presumably responsible for texture processing. Von der Heydt et al. (von der Heydt et al. 1992) reported on the discovery of a texture processing neuron in areas V1 and V2 of the visual cortex of monkeys which they called grating cell. Grating cells respond vigorously to gratings of bars of appropriate orientation, position and periodicity. In contrast to other orientation selective cells, grating cells respond very weakly or not at all to single bars which do not make part of a grating. This behaviour of grating cells cannot be explained by linear filtering followed by half-wave rectification as in the case of simple cells, neither can it be explained by threestage models of the type used for complex cells. Elsewhere we proposed a model of this type of cell and demonstrated the advantages of grating cells with respect to the separation of texture and form information (Kruizinga & Petkov 1995, Petkov & Kruizinga 1997). Tanaka et al. (1991) found another type of texture processing neuron, that responds to dot-patterns. These texture cells, which we call blob-texture cells in the following, have similar characteristics as grating cells. They do not react to single dots but only to a pattern consisting of a number of dots. Neurophysiological experiments revealed a preference of the cells for a regular dot pattern in comparison to more random patterns of dots. Grating cells are not activated by these random dot patterns, though regular dot patterns cause a slight grating cell response. In this paper we propose a computational model of blob-texture cells that is capable of explaining the results of neurophysiological experiments. Our model of blob-texture cells consists of three consecutive stages. The final stage (blob-texture cells) receives its inputs from multiple units in the second stage, the so-called blob-pattern subunits, which in turn receive their input of the first stage (blob detectors). Furthermore, the model is used as an image processing operator and compared with existing texture operators like the Gabor-energy operator and the cooccurrence matrix operator. This evaluation is done by comparing the results of a texture segmentation task, in which an image containing a number of blob textures is segmented on the basis of features obtained with the three texture operators. The method is similar to the evaluation of the grating cell operator, with respect to the processing of oriented texture (Kruizinga & Petkov 1998).
Corrosion-Inhibiting Systems for Durable Concrete Bridges. II: Accelerated Laboratory Investigation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Nine commercially available corrosion-inhibiting systems for use in concrete structures exposed to corrosive environments were evaluated on bridge barrier walls and in electrochemical cells. The results of this study are presented in two companion papers reporting on a five-year field evaluation and an accelerated laboratory investigation. The latter, presented in this paper, included the assessment of the effect of the corrosion inhibitors on the oxidation and reduction reactions by the cyclic voltammetry method, and their effectiveness in delaying or reducing corrosion by measurements of chloride thresholds and corrosion rates. The results indicated that the inorganic admixture and some organic admixtures performed very well in the saturated calcium hydroxide solution (pH of 12.6); however, their performance improvement over the control was not observed in a simulated concrete pore solution (pH of 13.5). Although tests in simulated concrete pore solutions cannot adequately simulate all the complex conditions usually found in the field, they were very useful to rapidly identify the effects of the corrosion inhibitors on the corrosion reactions, and to provide supporting information to the corresponding field evaluation.
What’s Worth Teaching?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Additional informationNotes on contributorsThomas J. SwitzerThomas J. Switzer is an associate professor of social studies education at The University of Michigan. During the winters of 1978 and 1980 he was codirector of National Science Foundation Information Dissemination projects on the integration of science and social science curricula.
Design and Simulation of Mobile CNC Machine; Based Tripod Stewart Platform

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the design model for inverse kinematics Stewart tricept platform as a parallel structure robot which has three fixed prismatic actuators. The portable robot showed fast, consistent and solid structure which recommended to portable Computer Numerically Controlled (CNC) machine that can easily be moved to large parts and perform various operations. The mechanism has 3 degrees of freedom and the 3D model has been built in Solidworks both for design and performance simulation purposes. An exact, Simulation results show that the proposed mechanism is able to perform movements in (X,Y,Z) under pressure In all flexibility, and operation performances Required; analytical geometry method for determining the inverse kinematics solution of a parallel kinematic mobile structure is developed. Machine control elements performance was checked using Simulink and Matlab software. The proposed parallel manipulator shows better orientation capability and is very meaningful to the development of the multi axes hybrid machine tools.
Role of two-component systems in the virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Understanding of how the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae perceives and responds to its environment in the host offers insight into the pathogenesis of disease caused by this important bacterium and the potential for improved interventions. A central role in this environmental response is played by two-component systems (TCSs), which both sense the environment and drive the cellular response. Molecular advances in the form of genome sequencing, signature-tagged mutagenesis, differential fluorescence induction and microarray analysis have yielded considerable progress in the study of these systems in S. pneumoniae . These recent advances are discussed here, focusing in particular on the role of TCSs in the virulence of S. pneumoniae .
Effects of grazing and patch quality of soil on density and branching pattern of Trifolium repens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Population density and branching pattern of T.repens was studied on ungrazed and grazed swards with different soil conditions.The percentage of the stem severed plants of T.repens was 76.5%～80.4%.Compared with the sward ungrazed,the swards moderately grazed keeped a higher densities of plant,leaf and stem,and lower number of leaf and the length of stem.The number of modules per plant increased while the branching intensity of T.repens decreased on the sward under better soil conditions.There were significant positive correlations between the densities of different modules.The numbers of secondary (S) and tertiary (T) branches were higher than that of primary (P) branch.The orders of the branching angles at different levels on the grazed and ungrazed sward were respectively PST and STP.The average branching angle of T.repens on grazed and ungrazed sward were 73.0° and 46.5° respectively.
Prototypical solitons in the South China Sea

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Surface signatures associated with non‐linear internal waves are often seen in satellite images of the western South China Sea (SCS) slope and shelf. Observation in the deep sea, to the east, are rare. Here we report on the evolution of an energetic packet as it propagated through the deep central basin of the SCS, toward the western slope and shelf. The waves have amplitudes estimated at 170 m, half widths of 3 km, and phase speeds of 2.9 ± 0.1 m/s, faster than the mode‐1 linear phase speed of 2.6 m/s. The shape and observed phase speed were consistent with the Korteweg‐deVries (KdV) model over the 65‐km path that they were tracked. The intrinsic velocity shear of the waves is small compared to pre‐existing shears, and the waves exhibit weak turbulence. The KdV fit and a satellite‐derived estimate of horizontal wave extent imply a westward energy flux of 4.5 GW for each crest.
CALAMOCARPON INSIGNIS, A NEW GENUS OF HETEROSPOROUS, PETRIFIED CALAMITEAN CONES FROM THE AMERICAN CARBONIFEROUS

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

B axter , R. W. (U. Kansas, Lawrence.) Calamocarpon insignis , a new genus of heterosporous, petrified calamitean cones from the American Carboniferous. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(5): 469–476. Illus. 1963.— Calamocarpon insignis is described as a new genus of calamitean cone based on numerous fragments of microsporangiate and megasporangiate cones found in coal balls of middle Pennsylvanian age from the Cherokee Group of Kansas and the Des Moines Series of Iowa. The cones are similar to Calamostachys in general construction, having a hollow pith, prominent protoxylem canals, and alternating whorls of sterile bracts and sporangiophores. They differ in that the microsporangiate cones bear microsporangia each containing several hundred microspores which may occur as tetrads or single spores, while the megasporangiate cones bear large rectangular megasporangia each containing a single functional megaspore surrounded by sterile nutritive tissue. The microspores average 30–40μ in diameter compared to a maximum measurement of 2.7 × 0.7 mm for the single rectangular megaspore. The female gametophyte was produced within the megaspore which was held within the megasporangium during the entire period of development. The megasporangia were deciduous so that the entire structure was shed as a unit.
Transinfection: a method to investigate W olbachia –host interactions and control arthropod‐borne disease

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The bacterial endosymbiont W olbachia manipulates arthropod host biology in numerous ways, including sex ratio distortion and differential offspring survival. These bacteria infect a vast array of arthropods, some of which pose serious agricultural and human health threats. W olbachia‐ mediated phenotypes such as cytoplasmic incompatibility and/or pathogen interference can be used for vector and disease control; however, many medically important vectors and important agricultural species are uninfected or are infected with strains of W olbachia that do not elicit phenotypes desirable for disease or pest control. The ability to transfer strains of W olbachia into new hosts (transinfection) can create novel W olbachia –host associations. Transinfection has two primary benefits. First, W olbachia– host interactions can be examined to tease apart the influence of the host and bacteria on phenotypes. Second, desirable phenotypes induced by W olbachia in a particular insect can be transferred to another recipient host. This can allow the manipulation of insect populations that transmit pathogens or detrimentally affect agriculture. As such, transinfection is a valuable tool to explore W olbachia biology and control arthropod‐borne disease. The present review summarizes what is currently known about W olbachia transinfection methods and applications. We also provide a comprehensive list of published successful and unsuccessful W olbachia transinfection attempts.
Acacia ehrenbergiana (Hayne) and Prosopis juliflora Extracts Promote the Survival of Caenorhabditis elegans Infected with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections, with antibiotic-resistant strains causing potentially life-threatening diseases. This study explored the antimicrobial potential of Acacia ehrenbergiana (Hayne) and Prosopis juliflora using a Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) in vivo model infected with methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus strains. Methods: Wild-type C. elegans were exposed to MSSA strain ATCC 25923 and MRSA strains ATCC BF195 and ATCC BC 3820 using an agar-based killing assay. The impact of ethanol extracts from A. ehrenbergiana and P. juliflora on the survival of infected C. elegans was assessed by analyzing the survival rates of infected and non-infected worms. The effects of the plant extracts on C. elegans feeding rate and colonization of MSSA and MRSA in the worm's gut were also examined. Additionally, in vitro assays were conducted to assess the bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic effects of the plant extracts. Results: Exposure to MSSA and MRSA strains significantly reduced C. elegans lifespan, with a mean time to death (TD mean ) of 72 ± 1.3 h. Treatment with 100–500 μg/ml of either plant extract increased C. elegans survival by 65–70%. The extracts did not affect C. elegans pharyngeal pumping. Colony-forming Unit (CFU) assays showed a significant reduction in MSSA and MRSA colonization in the worm intestine with P. juliflora, but not A. ehrenbergiana extracts. In vitro Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assays indicated that neither extract had direct bactericidal activity, suggesting the observed reduction in bacterial infection in worms was likely due to enhanced host immune response rather than direct antibacterial effects. Conclusion: These findings suggest that A. ehrenbergiana and P. juliflora extracts enhance C. elegans survival upon infection through indirect mechanisms, possibly involving immune system activation. This study highlights the potential of these extracts as antibacterial agents against MSSA and MRSA strains.
THINKING SKILLS, ACADEMIC INTRINSIC MOTIVATION, ACADEMIC SELF-CONCEPT, AND ACADEMIC INDEPENDENCE IN HOMESCHOOLED CHILDREN

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to examine thinking skills, academic intrinsic motivation, academic self-concept, and academic independence in homeschooled children. Homeschooled children ages 6-12 years old (N=46) completed the Test of Problem Solving 3: Elementary (TOPS), which measured the following thinking skills: making inferences, sequencing, answering negative questions, problem solving, predicting, and determining causes. The Homeschool Motivation Scale measured academic intrinsic motivation, academic self-concept, and academic independence. Parents completed a brief questionnaire. The results showed that homeschooled children’s TOPS scores were significantly higher than those of the test standardization sample for all six subscales and for the total test. There were significant positive correlations between TOPS total test scores and both academic intrinsic motivation and academic self-concept scores. TOPS total test scores were not consistently related to parental teaching techniques. This research suggests that thinking skills may be more advanced in homeschooled children than in children attending public schools.
Online non-convex learning for river pollution source identification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this article, novel gradient-based online learning algorithms are developed to investigate an important environmental application: real-time river pollution source identification, which aims at estimating the released mass, location, and time of a river pollution source based on downstream sensor data monitoring the pollution concentration. The pollution is assumed to be instantaneously released once. The problem can be formulated as a non-convex loss minimization problem in statistical learning, and our online algorithms have vectorized and adaptive step sizes to ensure high estimation accuracy in three dimensions which have different magnitudes. In order to keep the algorithm from sticking in the saddle points of non-convex loss, the “escaping from saddle points” module and multi-start setting are derived to further improve the estimation accuracy by searching for the global minimizer of the loss functions. This can be shown theoretically and experimentally as the O(N) local regret of the algorithms and the high probability cumulative regret bound O(N) under a particular error bound condition in loss functions. A real-life river pollution source identification example shows the superior performance of our algorithms compared with existing methods in terms of estimation accuracy. Managerial insights for the decision maker to use the algorithms are also provided.
Civic education and visions of war and peace in the Spanish transition to democracy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explores visions of war and peace in the education system during the Spanish transition to democracy. During those years, the Spanish state was faced with the challenge of leaving its authoritarian political past behind and forging a democratic civic culture. As the concepts of war and peace are inextricably linked to those of state and citizenship, they are a useful tool with which to examine changes in civic education. A wide variety of educational sources has been explored, with particular attention to the emotional nature of the depiction of both war and peace. This study reveals two opposing styles. The official discourse demonstrated a factual treatment of war and a tendency to concentrate on international bodies and their actions, when it came to fomenting peace. The treatment of peace in the circles of teachers’ local initiatives was different. First, peace was defined not only as the absence of war but also in terms of social equality and solidarity. Second, there was a conscious effort to get the students involved in opposing war, reinforced by emotionally charged messages regarding its horrors.
Racial identity and sport: The case of a bi-racial athlete

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The main objective of the current study was to examine racial identity development in a bi-racial athlete. The variant approach of identity development suggests that individuals of more than one racial background are confronted with a unique set of developmental tasks in order to achieve racial identity. The sport environment may offer a unique context through which racial identity may be developed. A qualitative case study analysis was used to assess the relevance of the variant approach in explaining identity development in a bi-racial athlete. Results revealed partial support for the stages associated with the variant model. Moreover, racial identity is also discussed in relation to sport performance. Some practical recommendations are made for sport psychology practitioners that may encounter bi-racial athletes in their work. Furthermore, suggestions for future research are provided.
Born Global Challenges and Performance - A Study on Competences, Routines, and Corporate Governance Structure of Born Global Software Companies in Sweden and Norway

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Problem: How do the born global firms overcome challenges and sustain performance in international markets through their competences, routines, and corporate governance structure? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to explore the competences, routines, and corporate governance structure of born global companies, and understand their role in overcoming challenges of early internationalization and sustaining performance in international markets from early days. Method: This research is conducted as multi-disciplinary, consisting of literature from International Business and Strategic Management. Relevant data is collected through six in-depth interviews with executives of born global companies from Sweden and Norway. Qualitative analysis has been used at data analysis stage. Originality: This study contributes to literature by examining relatively neglected areas of born global companies; competences, routines, and corporate governance structure. It is also original in distilling a wide literature to explore challenges of born globals. Conclusion: Our research reveals that despite their small size and limited resources, born global companies engage in competence building and leveraging activities, establish early international routines, and construct flexible governance structures to overcome challenges and achieve performance in the global arena.