jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Essay on Labour Supply and Policy Microsimulation in a Developing Country

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This thesis contains three empirical essays. It is mainly motivated by the economic situations (low economic growth and high economic inequality) of many developing countries including Thailand. Nonetheless, the labour supply literature regarding developing countries necessary to address these issues is very limited. \n \nThe first empirical chapter investigates the determinants of labour supply at the extensive margin in the formal labour market of Thailand as a developing country. This chapter applies the structural binary probit to model behaviour of labour supply participation using the Household Socio-Economic Survey (HSES) of Thailand covering 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015. The key focuses are the role of the informal sector, the effect of income restructure policies in 2012, and the impact of debt constraints on labour force participation. The results show that the informal sector has a negative effect on labour supply participation; the set of income restructure policies affects labour supply at the extensive margin negatively; and the amount of debts encourages people to participate in the labour market. \n \nThe subsequent chapter studies individual and household labour supply using a structural discrete hours approach. This essay adopts Thailand HSES covering 2009, 2011, 2013, and 2015 to estimate different model specifications based on the degrees of model flexibility and applies five criteria to select the preferred model at individual and household level. The results suggest that the most flexible model are preferred for individual and family labour supply. \n \nThe final essay focuses on applying the microsimulation technique to explore the effects of three different policy reforms including the perfect compliance of the national minimum wage, increases in non-transferable allowances, and a proposed personal income tax package. This chapter applies Thailand HSES in 2013 and 2015. The results of the first policy suggest that the minimum wage with perfect compliance helps promote household income at the bottom end of the distribution; the policy therefore ameliorates the poverty and income inequality problems. Increases in non-transferable allowances as implemented in 2017 marginally impact labour supply response as well as gross and disposable incomes; however, the reform decreases the tax burden significantly. The results of the final simulation (the proposed tax package) reveal that it causes negative effects on labour supply and financial factors overall. Introducing this policy intensifies poverty and income inequality problems.
Genetic structure at the isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase enzyme gene loci in cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> (L) Walp) accessions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Genetic structure at the isocitrate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase enzyme gene loci was studied in nine cowpea accessions by applying starch gel electrophoresis. Fifty-five individual plants were sampled from each accession and used for the study. Six loci were scored for the two enzyme systems. Mean observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.231 +0.03 and 0.653~0.02, respectively. F,s estimate withi; accessions ranged from -1.00 to 1.00 (mean of 0.488~0.04). F,s and FITestimates among accessions ranged from 0.046 to 0.886 (mean of 0.592+0.07) and from 0.05 to 0.844 (mean of 0.580~0.08). FSTestimates ranged from 0.028 to 0.190 (mean of 0.075~0.02). Mean geneflow and outcrossing rates ranged from 8.37 to 55.75 (mean of 24.14~5.51) and from 11.20 to 80.30 (mean of 37.84~7.51), respectively. The most diverse alleles were Idh2-4 (FST =0.530) and Idh2-5 (FST=0.32). The accessions differed in their relative proportions of alleles and genotypes. The cowpea accessions studied showed evidence of evolutionary changes at the enzyme gene loci. Overall gene flow among the accessions indicates sufficient geneflow to prevent local differentiation. A mixed mating system was observed. Original scientific paper. Received 7 Mar 03; revised 16 Apr 03.
The Basic Study on Stopping Cough and Expectorant Active Ingredients of Arctium Lappa L.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

With stopping cough and expectorant as the pharmacodynamic parameters,using regression analysis and correlation analysis to have a basic material research of the different polar extracts of Arctium.The results showed that: arctiin and arctigenin is one of the foundation of cough efficacy,but not the material basis for efficacy expectorant.
Hair as a reservoir of staphylococci

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus in the hair of the scalp was investigated in three groups: out-patients, in-patients, and staff of a general hospital. Bacteria were grown from the hair of all the subjects tested and Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest pathogen isolated. It was found more frequently in the hair than in the nose but 20% of hair carriers of Staph. aureus were not nasal carriers. In hospital staff and in-patients, the staphylococci were highly resistant to antibiotics, and phage types usually classified as `hospital staphylococci' predominated. There were more staphylococcal post-operative wound infections in hair carriers than in non-carriers, and in three cases the Staph. aureus was of the same phage type as that isolated pre-operatively from the hair.
The Application of Expandable Tubulars in Casing While Drilling

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The idea of drilling single diameter wells has been debated for a number of years. And in recent years, the dream of mono-bore wells is taking form thanks to the development of new technologies. The use of expandable tubulars and the drilling with casing system are the most favoured processes. This paper discusses the possibility of coagulating these two technologies in an attempt to achieve maximum economic and productive efficiency. The system consists of the usual assembly for drilling with casing, which uses the top drive mechanism, and an expansion cone (mandrel) installed above the drill lock assembly. The expansion cone is operated from the surface through the rotary table. The operation involves drilling to the casing depth using the drilling with casing assembly, and then bringing the expanding cone into action. The expansion procedure starts by conditioning the string and pumping in the expanding fluid through the expansion mandrel. It is caught in the area between the mandrel and the drill lock assembly by closing the bypass valves in the latter. Thus the pipe joints above the drill lock assembly are expanded by the normal procedure, till the mandrel reaches the surface. The mandrel is pulled out, and subsequently the drilling with casing BHA is retrieved by a wireline. This procedure makes use of the economic savings achieved in case of drilling with casing and the productive maximisation which is achieved for expandable tubulars. By using the expandable tubulars at shallow depths, more casing strings can be accommodated resulting in production of deep formation(s). This procedure also involves a reduction in time related to tripping operations which was earlier associated with the drill string assembly. More importantly this new technology finds it major application in extended reach deep water drilling, where ultraslim wells need to be drilled to reach the formation. This technology requires a class three or four drilling vessel instead of a conventional class five vessel, thus reducing the drilling costs substantially. These two technologies are currently being used in independent fields and there is no published evidence about the combination of these two operations. Now as this method is researched further, new and more improved versions of the same can be developed.
Duration of adhesion of swallowed alginates to distal oesophageal mucosa: implications for topical therapy of oesophageal diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Background We have previously shown, ex vivo , that alginate solutions can have a topical protective effect on oesophageal mucosal biopsies exposed to simulated gastric juice. Oesophageal mucosal impedance can measure the duration of mucosal adherence of ionic solutions since the impedance drops when the solution is present, and rises to baseline as the solution clears. Aim To investigate the in vivo duration of adhesion of swallowed alginate solution to distal oesophageal mucosa. Methods We studied 20 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with heartburn. A pH‐impedance catheter was inserted, and baseline distal channel oesophageal impedance measured. Healthy volunteers received 10 mL of either sodium alginate (Gaviscon Advance), Gaviscon placebo (no alginate) or viscous slurry (saline mixed with sucralose), given in a randomised, single‐blinded order over three visits. Patients received either sodium alginate or placebo on two visits. Initial impedance drop was measured, then 1‐minute mean impedance was measured each minute until ≥75% recovery to baseline. Results In healthy volunteers, sodium alginate adhered to the oesophageal mucosa for longer than placebo or viscous slurry (10.4 [8.7] minutes vs 1.1 [1.6] vs 3.6 [4.0], P < 0.01). In patients, sodium alginate adhered to the oesophageal mucosa for longer than placebo (9.0 (5.4) vs 3.7 (4.1), P < 0.01). Conclusions Sodium alginate solution adhered to the oesophageal mucosa for significantly longer than placebo or viscous slurry. This demonstrates that alginates could confer a protective benefit due to mucoadhesion and can be a basis for further development of topical protectants and for topical drug delivery in oesophageal disease.
Factors Influencing Carbon Burial in Holocene Sediments of the Coastal Zone of Subei Basin (Eastern China)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Shu, Q.; Du, Y.; Chen, Z.; Zhang, A., and Ye, H., 2024. Factors influencing carbon burial in Holocene sediments of the coastal zone of Subei Basin (eastern China). Journal of Coastal Research, 40(2), 268–277. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Coastal zone sediments are effective recorders of carbon burial changes in coastal areas under different sedimentary environments. Based on analysis of age, grain size, total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total inorganic carbon (TIC), in situ density, and other sediment indicators in the Gangxi (GX) profile of Jianhu County in the Subei Basin, eastern China, the burial fluxes of various carbon components were calculated, and potential factors influencing the carbon content and carbon burial fluxes were examined. The study results showed that the changes in carbon content in the GX profile were closely related to the depositional environment, and the TOC content was higher in the deep freshwater depositional environment. The TIC content was higher in tidal flats and shallow-sea depositional environments. The carbon burial fluxes in the GX profile sediments were affected by factors such as deposition rate and in situ density. The deposition rate was significantly positively correlated with the TC, TOC, and TIC burial fluxes (0.760, 0.59, and 0.86, respectively). The in situ density was significantly negatively correlated with the TC and TOC burial fluxes (–0.62, and –0.71, respectively); however, the negative correlation with TIC was not significant (–0.11). Regional comparisons show that the TOC contents and burial fluxes recorded in the GX profile sediments were lower than those in the modern coastal tidal flat sediments, coastal wetlands, and lakes in eastern China, possibly due to the long burial time of the sediments in the GX profile. During the burial process, part of the organic carbon was mineralized and decomposed through the action of microorganisms. The burial fluxes of organic carbon in the coastal sediments were relatively high, and they represent an effective carbon sequestration sink.
The Indigenous digital footprint

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Developments in information and communications technology (ICT), ubiquitous technologies, supercomputing, AI, robotics, machine and deep learning, big data, and other technologies have transformed how we practice, share, access, communicate, distribute, and view knowledge and information. This chapter describes how Indigenous communities, GLAMs (galleries, libraries, archives, museums) and institutions have developed and adopted etools, emedia, and elearning for cultural, social, linguistic, and economic sustainability.
Challenges and Tips for Working With Special Disability Populations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Labels are used in education and the social sciences to describe different types of psychological or disabling conditions. In this chapter we familiarize educators with seven different types of diagnoses, three which are listed in federal special education law. After a brief discussion of the pros and cons of labels, we provide descriptions of the following conditions: Autism Spectrum Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Emotional Disturbance, Anxiety-Related Disorders, and Intellectual Disabilities. For each of the seven descriptors, we provide defining characteristics and research-informed interventions that can be used to address the behavioral and educational concerns that may exist in students verified with each.
Efek Ekstrak Air Kombinasi Daun Jati Belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia lamk.), Kemuning (Murraya paniculata (l.) Jack), Murbei (Morus alba l.), dan Rimpang Bangle (Zingiber purpureum roxb.) terhadap Derajat Perlemakan Hepar Tikus dengan Diet Tinggi Lemak

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Fatty liver is an accumulation of lipid drops exceeding 5% of the total amount of liver, which can increase the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is associated with dyslipidemia, which the treatments for both condition are in common. Jati Belanda leaves, Kemuning leaves, Murbei leaves and Bangle rhizome (JKMB) are often used alone or in combination to improve dyslipidemia, but their effect on the liver is unknown.This study used an experimental post test control group method where 25 rats were acclimatized for 2 weeks. After that, the rats were divided into 5 groups including KN : normal feed, KP : DTLM feed, D1 : DTLM+ JKMB extract dose 189 mg/200gbb, D2 : DTLM+ JKMB extract dose 378 mg/200gbb, D3 : DTLM+ JKMB extract dose 756 mg /200gbb and treated for 12 weeks. JKMB extract was obtained in a ratio of 8: 3: 3: 7. After that, the rats were sacrificed and the liver tissue was stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin staining. HE preparations were performed to calculate the percentage of liver fat at 400x magnification with 5 fields of view per slide.The results of the normality (0.200> 0.05) and homogeneity test (0.558> 0.05) were found to be normal. The ANOVA test was found to be significantly different (0.000< 0.05). The Post Hoc test found that the negative control was significantly different from the positive control (0.000 < 0.05). Positive control did not differ significantly with treatment doses D1 (0.094>0.05), D2 (0.186>0.05) and D3 (0.734>0.05).From the results of the research above, it can be concluded that the combination of extracts of Jati Belanda leaves, Kemuning leaves, Murbei leaves and Bangle rhizome extracts could not reduce the percentage of fatty liver.
DIRECTIVITY PATTERNS OF THE ACOUSTIC FIELD RADIATED FROM A SEMI-INFINITE UNFLANGED HARD WALLED CIRCULAR DUCT

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The theory of axi-symmetric wave that propagates to the duct outlet and radiates outside has been reviewed and applied to analyse the radiation characteristics in the far field.In general, the axi-symmetric wave that can propagate without damping along the semi-infinite hard walled duct is the superposition of all radial modes allowed at the fixed diffraction parameter.The mathematical tool used to obtain the results was the saddle point method applied to the exact formula for the velocity potential.The diffraction phenomena have been taken into account.Computed radiation characteristics of pressure and intensity directivity functions as well as power-gain function have been obtained for the diffraction parameter changing in the range 0-15.Some of the examples are presented on graphs.Sommaire.-Nous avons de'veloppe' la the'orie d'une onde dans un conduit circulaire et 12 appliquke A calculer la directivite' de champ acustique lointain dans l'gspace exterieur.En g&ne'ral, l'onde axial-symmetrique dans un conduit cylindrique avec les parois rigides est la superposition des touts les modes admissibles pour la valeur donnke de parametre de diffraction.Pour obtenir les resultats on a applique'e la me'thode de la selle B la formule exacte pour le potentiel acustique.Les phe'nom8nes de diffraction ont dte' pris en conside'ration.Nous avons calcule' les caract6ristiques de directivitk depression, d'intensite' et aussi de la fonction de gain pour les valeurs de parametre de diffraction de 0 B 15. Quelques exemples sont present& sur 1es graphiques.
A Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocyte from a Melanoma Metastasis with Decreased Expression of Melanoma Differentiation Antigens Recognizes MAGE-12

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Twenty separate tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) bulk cultures and a tumor cell line were originated simultaneously from a fine needle aspiration biopsy of a metastasis in a patient with melanoma (F001) previously immunized with the HLA-A*0201-associated gp100:209–217(210 M) peptide. None of the TIL recognized gp100. However, 12 recognized autologous (F001-MEL) and allogeneic melanoma cells expressing the HLA haplotype A*0201, B*0702, Cw*0702. Further characterization of F001-MEL demonstrated loss of gp100/PMel17, severely decreased expression of other melanoma differentiation Ags and retained expression of tumor-specific Ags. Transfection of HLA class I alleles into B*0702/Cw*0702-negative melanoma cell lines identified HLA-Cw*0702 as the restriction element for F001-TIL. A cDNA library from F001-MEL was used to transfect IFN-α-stimulated 293 human embryonal kidney (293-HEK) cells expressing HLA-Cw*0702. A 100-gene pool was identified that induced recognition of 293-HEK cells by F001-TIL. Subsequent cloning of the pool identified a cDNA sequence homologous, except for one amino acid (aa 187 D→A), to MAGE-12. Among 25 peptide sequences from MAGE-12 with the HLA-Cw*0702 binding motif, MAGE-12:170–178 (VRIGHLYIL) induced IFN-γ release by F001-TIL when pulsed on F001-EBV-B cells at concentrations as low as 10 pg/ml. Peptide sequences from MAGE-1, 2, 3, 4a, and 6 aligned to MAGE-12:170–178 were not recognized by F001-TIL. In summary a TIL recognizing a MAGE protein was developed from an HLA-A*0201 expressing tumor with strongly reduced expression of melanoma differentiation Ags. Persisting tumor-specific Ag expression maintained tumor immune competence suggesting that tumor-specific Ags/melanoma differentiation Ags may complement each other in the context of melanoma Ag-specific vaccination.
Latinos for Dinkins

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter delves into the planning and organizing that led to the election of David Dinkins as New York City’s first African American mayor in 1989 and the role that organized labor and Latino activists played in that effort. Dinkins’ coalition was made up of black and Latino supporters who hoped that a black mayor would politically empower minorities citywide. His opponent, Republican nominee Rudolph Giuliani cleverly used Dinkins’ supporters against him by using their images to stoke the fears of white, wealthy, and Jewish voters who were already anxious about the rise of street crime and the drug trade. The chapter also discusses Dinkins’ failed reelection campaign in 1993.
Ligand−Structure Effects on N−Heterocyclic Carbene Rhenium Photo− and Electrocatalysts of CO2 Reduction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Three novel rhenium N−heterocyclic carbene complexes, [Re]−NHC−1−3 ([Re] = fac−Re(CO)3Br), were synthesized and characterized using a range of spectroscopic techniques. Photophysical, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies were carried out to probe the properties of these organometallic compounds. Re−NHC−1 and Re−NHC−2 bear a phenanthrene backbone on an imidazole (NHC) ring, coordinating to Re by both the carbene C and a pyridyl group attached to one of the imidazole nitrogen atoms. Re−NHC−2 differs from Re−NHC−1 by replacing N−H with an N−benzyl group as the second substituent on imidazole. The replacement of the phenanthrene backbone in Re−NHC−2 with the larger pyrene gives Re−NHC−3. The two−electron electrochemical reductions of Re−NHC−2 and Re−NHC−3 result in the formation of the five−coordinate anions that are capable of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. These catalysts are formed first at the initial cathodic wave R1, and then, ultimately, via the reduction of Re−Re bound dimer intermediates at the second cathodic wave R2. All three Re−NHC−1−3 complexes are active photocatalysts for the transformation of CO2 to CO, with the most photostable complex, Re−NHC−3, being the most effective for this conversion. Re−NHC−1 and Re−NHC−2 afforded modest CO turnover numbers (TONs), following irradiation at 355 nm, but were inactive at the longer irradiation wavelength of 470 nm. In contrast, Re−NHC−3, when photoexcited at 470 nm, yielded the highest TON in this study, but remained inactive at 355 nm. The luminescence spectrum of Re−NHC−3 is red−shifted compared to those of Re−NHC−1 and Re−NHC−2, and previously reported similar [Re]−NHC complexes. This observation, together with TD−DFT calculations, suggests that the nature of the lowest−energy optical excitation for Re−NHC−3 has π→π*(NHC−pyrene) and dπ(Re)→π*(pyridine) (IL/MLCT) character. The stability and superior photocatalytic performance of Re−NHC−3 are attributed to the extended conjugation of the π−electron system, leading to the beneficial modulation of the strongly electron−donating tendency of the NHC group.
Principles of treatment of different types of parotid tumors.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The prerequisite for an adequate treatment of a parotid tumor is a correct diagnosis — a diagnosis based on well delimited histological types of tumor. A classification with a clear delimitation between benign and malignant types of tumor is presented. The prognosis, relation to the facial nerve and the radiosensitivity of the different types of tumor in this classification have been studied in a series of about 2,000 parotid tumors. The extent of the surgical intervention — subtotal or total parotidectomy, radical neck dissection, sacrificing of the facial nerve — and the decision to perform preoperative irradiation are determined by the type of tumor; therefore, a correct diagnosis of the tumor before treatment is important as the primary diagnostic method aspiration biopsy has been routinely employed during the last decade.