jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Slower Snowmelt in Spring Along With Climate Warming Across the Northern Hemisphere

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Climate warming is altering historical patterns of snow accumulation and ablation, hence threatening natural water resources. We evaluated the impact of climate warming on snowmelt rates using the GlobSnow v2.0 and the second Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications data sets over the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during the past 38 years (1980–2017). Higher ablation rates were found in the locations with deeper snow water equivalent (SWE) because high snow melt rates occurred in late spring and early summer in deep snowpack regions. In addition, due to the reduction of SWE in deep snowpack regions, moderate and high snow ablation rates showed a decreasing trend. Therefore, slower snowmelt rates were found over the entire NH in a warmer climate in general. Based on projections of SWE in Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 climate scenarios, slower snowmelt rates in the NH may continue to happen in the future.
Resolvin D1 reduces mitochondrial damage to photoreceptors of primary retinal cells exposed to high glucose

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract No study has investigated the interaction of Resolvin D1 (RvD1) with mitochondrial damage of retinal cells caused by diabetes. This study aims to investigate the effects of RvD1 (50 nM) on morphological and biochemical indicators of mitochondrial damage in primary retinal cells exposed to 30 mM d ‐glucose high glucose (HG). HG‐cells exhibited photoreceptor damage characterized by short and small mitochondria with prevalent mitochondrial disruption, fragmentation, and aggregation. The cells had low mitochondrial transporters TIMM44 and TOMM40, Connexin 43, NAD/NADH ratio, and ATP levels, whereas increased cytosolic cytochrome c . Moreover, they expressed high cytosolic metalloproteinase matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP‐9) and MMP‐2 activity. HG‐cells treated with RvD1 (50 nM) showed reduced reactive oxygen species levels, improved mitochondrial morphology and function, promoted mitochondrial DNA repair by OGG1, and reduced cell apoptosis and metalloproteinase activity. Therefore, RvD1 induces protection from high glucose‐load to the retinal cell and promotes their survival by decreasing cytosolic MMP and mitochondrial damage.
Enhanced Conductivity\nvia Homopolymer-Rich Pathways in Block Polymer-Blended Electrolytes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The optimization of ionic conductivity and lithium-ion\nbattery stability can be achieved by independently tuning the ion\ntransport and mechanical robustness of block polymer (BP) electrolytes.\nHowever, the ionic conductivity of BP electrolytes is inherently limited\nby the covalent attachment of the ionically conductive block to the\nmechanically robust block, among other factors. Herein, the BP electrolyte\npolystyrene-<i>block</i>-poly­(oligo-oxyethylene methacrylate)\n[PS-<i>b</i>-POEM] was blended with POEM homopolymers of\nvarying molecular weights. The incorporation of a higher molecular\nweight homopolymer additive (α > 1 state) promoted a “dry\nbrush-like” homopolymer distribution within the BP self-assembly\nand led to higher lithium salt concentrations in the more mobile homopolymer-rich\nregion, increasing overall ionic conductivity relative to the “wet\nbrush-like” (α < 1 state) and unblended composites,\nwhere α is the molecular weight ratio between the POEM homopolymer\nand the POEM block in the copolymer. Neutron and X-ray reflectometry\n(NR and XRR, respectively) provided additional details on the lithium\nsalt and polymer distributions. From XRR, the α > 1 blends\nshowed increased interfacial widths in comparison to their BP (unblended)\nor α < 1 counterparts because of the more central distribution\nof the homopolymer. This result, paired with NR data that suggested\neven salt concentrations across the POEM domains, implied that there\nwas a higher salt concentration in the homopolymer POEM-rich regions\nin the dry brush blend than in the wet brush blend. Furthermore, using <sup>7</sup>Li solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we\nfound a temperature corresponding to a transition in lithium mobility\n(<i>T</i><sub>Li mobility</sub>) that was a function\nof blend type. <i>T</i><sub>Li mobility</sub> was found\nto be 39 °C above <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> in all cases.\nInterestingly, the ionic conductivity of the blended BPs was highest\nin the α > 1 composites, even though these composites had\nhigher <i>T</i><sub>g</sub>s than the α < 1 composites,\ndemonstrating that homopolymer-rich conducting pathways formed in\nthe α > 1 assemblies had a larger influence on conductivity\nthan the greater lithium ion mobility in the α < 1 blends.
Collagen/Chondroitin Sulphate Ratio of Human Articular Cartilage Related to Function

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

MEDICALJSoHuN^L 1295 operation cases was unusually cheerful and the need for post-operative drugs was much reduced.The method would appear to be of value in controlling pain following operations on the chest, upper abdomen, loin, and ano-rectal region: it may also prove of value in the treatment of fractured ribs.It would appear to be less effective when obesity makes accurate placing of the solution difficult, and is contra- indicated in the presence of infection.On theoretical grounds one would expect a reduction in secondary complications due to inhibition of the cough reflex and retention of urine, but our series is too small for the forming of any conclusions on this point.I am indebted to my colleague Dr.
Improving and applying Lagrangian models of the atmosphere

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

AGU Chapman Conference on Advances in Lagrangian Modeling of the Atmosphere; Grindelwald, Switzerland, 10–14 October 2011 Under the majestic gaze of the Eiger north face in Switzerland, an international group of researchers met as part of a Chapman Conference to discuss advances in Lagrangian modeling of the atmosphere. Lagrangian models track the movement of air parcels, giving rise to trajectory information and source/receptor linkages that have become increasingly popular as tools used by geoscientists. The conference was an opportunity for a diverse group of researchers developing and applying Lagrangian models to congregate and discuss the use of such models to understand geophysical phenomena and to identify how to further improve the models. The 98 participants (of which 17 were graduate students) hailed from 19 countries around the world.
RAPD Amplification on Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) From East Kolaka, Southeast Sulawesi Province

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Kolaka is one of the best quality cocoa bean producing regions in Indonesia. Plant breeding to maintain and improve crop quality needs to be done so that genetic diversity information is needed. This study aims to obtain RAPD markers that can be used to analyze cocoa genetic diversity from kolaka. A total of 4 primers from 15 selected primers produced polymorphic, bright and clear bands so that they could be used to analyze cocoa genetic diversity. The primers are OPA15, OPD3, M29, and OPP08. The highest aneling temperature was 43°C at the OPD03 primer, and the lowest aneling temperature was 36°C in the OPA15 primer.
Review on Economic Evaluation of Electrochemical Energy Storage Participating in Grid Frequency Modulation

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Due to the large-scale combination of new energy into the grid, the deepening of the power market and other issues have an impact on the stable operation of a power system, how to use electrochemical energy storage to play a role in power grid frequency modulation (FM) has become an urgent research topic that needs to be solved urgently in today's power system. The existing electrochemical energy storage involved in frequency modulation fails to balance the result and the economy of frequency modulation. The configuration of frequency modulation capacity needs to be further improved. The article gives the current status of domestic and foreign research on energy storage, taking part in power grid frequency modulation, and analyzing the market mechanism. It analyzes the capacity allocation of energy storage participating in frequency modulation and reviews the effect of frequency modulation and economic efficiency. The financial analysis involves. The whole life cycle cost-benefit model is systematically explained. Finally, the remaining problems and deficiencies in this field summarize the future development direction and the research content that needs further exploration.
Comparative analysis of Reconfigurable Patch Antenna Array for different Liquid Crystal Substrates

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the frequency reconfigurable patch antenna array based on tunable liquid crystal and the comparison of tuning range with four liquid crystal (LC) substrates namely BL037, BL006, E7 and GT3-24002. Both the conventional and reconfigurable antennas are designed to operate at 2.45 GHz frequency. The proposed structure satisfies tuning range of 1.70%, 2.56%, 2.28% and 4.09% for LC material BL037, BL006, E7 and GT324002 respectively. Using Liquid crystals we can cover several frequency bands and overcome the problem of narrow band antenna. The designed antenna has various applications in S band. The antenna design and simulation is done with the help of HFSS software.
Dopaminergic‐like cells from epigenetically reprogrammed mesenchymal stem cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract A number of recent studies have examined the ability of stem cells derived from different sources to differentiate into dopamine‐producing cells and ameliorate behavioural deficits in P arkinsonian models. Recently, using the approach of cell reprogramming by small cell‐permeable biological active compounds that involved in the regulation of chromatin structure and function, and interfere with specific cell signalling pathways that promote neural differentiation we have been able to generate neural‐like cells from human bone marrow ( BM )‐derived MSC s ( hMSC s). Neurally induced hMSC s ( NI ‐ hMSC s) exhibited several neural properties and exerted beneficial therapeutic effect on tissue preservation and locomotor recovery in spinal cord injured rats. In this study, we aimed to determine whether hMSC s neuralized by this approach can generate dopaminergic ( DA ) neurons. Immunocytochemisty studies showed that approximately 50–60% of NI ‐ hMSC s expressed early and late dopaminergic marker such as N urr‐1 and TH that was confirmed by W estern blot. ELISA studies showed that NI ‐ hMSC s also secreted neurotrophins and dopamine. Hypoxia preconditioning prior to neural induction increased hMSC s proliferation, viability, expression TH and the secretion level of dopamine induced by ATP . Taken together, these studies demonstrated that hMSC s neurally modified by this original approach can be differentiated towards DA ‐like neurons.
Palm Oil in Lipid-Based Formulations and Drug Delivery Systems

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Palm oil is natural oil packed with important compounds and fatty acids ready to be exploited in lipid-based formulations and drug delivery. Palm oil and palm kernel oil contain long-chain and medium-chain triglycerides, respectively, including phytonutrients such as tocotrienol, tocopherol and carotenes. The exploitation of these compounds in a lipid-based formulation would be able to address hydrophobicity, lipophilicity, poor bioavailability and low water-solubility of many current drugs. The utilisation of palm oil as part of the drug delivery system seemed to improve the bioavailability and solubility of the drug, stabilising emulsification of formulation between emulsifier and surfactant, promoting enhanced drug permeability and performance, as well as extending the shelf-life of the drug. Despite the complexity in designing lipid-based formulations, palm oil has proven to offer dynamic behaviour in providing versatility in drug design, form and delivery. However, the knowledge and application of palm oil and its fractions in lipid-based formulation are scarce and interspersed. Therefore, this study aims to focus on the research and outcomes of using palm oil in lipid-based formulations and drug delivery systems, due to the importance of establishing its capabilities and benefits.
Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization of Malignant Lymphoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The echographic characteristics and ultrasonic tissue characterization of malignant lymphoma are reported. The patient was a 72-year-old man with stage IV malignant lymphoma of medium cell type and had lymphomatous involvements in the liver, the spleen, and peripancreatic, para-aortic, hepatic and splenic hilar lymph nodes. The echo-characteristics were hypoechoic in nature in all these involved lesions and the histologic specimen at the border between the lymphoma lesion and the liver was examined as well as the peripancreatic lymph node from the viewpoint of the ultrasonic tissue characterization. It was concluded that the rich cellularity in the homogeneous nature when compared with the surrounding structure, can produce hypoechoic lesion in routine clinical echograms.
3D Imaging for Facilitation of Totally Endoscopic Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Minimally invasive video assisted mitral valve surgery (MIMVS) is well established. Mostly operations are done with predominantly direct vision because of the obvious limits of 2D imaging. Recently available 3D video-endoscopic systems with HD resolution are expected to facilitate totally endoscopic MV surgery. The results of using 3D technology for MIMVS and the transition to totally endoscopic MIMVS in the first year are presented.
A girl with 71,XXXXY karyotype

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Maaswinkel‐Mooij PD, van Zwieten P, Mollervanger P, van Noort E, Beverstock G. A girl with 71,XXXXY karyotype. Clin Genet 1992: 41: 96–99. A girl with a 71,XXXXY karyotype is described. Internal and external genitalia were female despite the presence of a Y‐chromosome.
The Phenomenology of Ethnicity: A Singapore Case-Study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One possible approach towards understanding the topical relevance of the CMIO (Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Others) racial categories in Singaporean eveiyday life is to focus on a small group of individuals and describe how they make sense of ethnicity in particular situations. A three-generational family which is characterized by inter-racial marriages has been chosen to illustrate this approach. Choosing a family whose members find identification with one of the CMIO categories ambiguous, if not problematic, raises new insights and issues concerning two complex processes: first, how family members negotiate their ethnic identities, and second, how the institutional ization of ethnicity has affected this process over time.
Research Progress on Tomato RALSTONIA SOLANNACEARUM

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Tomato RALSTONIA SOLANNACEARUM occurs more severely in China,yet there still lacks of antigen collection and medical research.It briefs the latest progress on its fungus components,disease mechanism,application of disease resistant tomato,agricultural,biological,physical and chemical control and treatment,and then brings forward the research prospects.
[Spectrum of sequelae after whiplash injury. Localization and development in relation to the clinical picture].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Neck sprain, a common sequela of motor vehicle trauma, is characterised by soft tissue lesions in the facet joints (the capsule), cervical discs (the annulus), ligaments, muscles, and sometimes in the nerve roots or the central nervous system. The cardinal manifestation of whiplash injury is neck pain, which may arise from any innervated part of the injured joints or muscles except the disc nucleus, the articular surface of facet joints, or the flaval ligaments. Pain may be referred to the skin or muscles via the respective sensory nerves. The tissue lesions, together with post-traumatic nerve root degeneration or medullary compression, may give rise to the complex neck sprain syndrome. Localisation of the source of symptoms by means of meticulous physical examination, MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), or accurately sited local anaesthetic injections is described in the article, and operative and multimodal rehabilitation procedures are discussed.
CORPORATE IDENTITY IN WOOD PROCESSING AND FURNITURE MANUFACTURING

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Corporate identity was defined differently by different authors and it's unique definition was not established, but it is most certain the soul of every enterprise which is based on history, environment, previous development and recognition on the market. In this paper we researched the corporate identity perception in wood processing and furniture manufacturing companies in the Republic of Croatia. Research was conducted as a survey using questionnaires which held general information about the enterprise and 10 questions regarding perception of corporate identity. 210 enterprises for wood processing and furniture manufacturing were surveyed and 43 (20, 47 %) of them answered to all the questions, from which 35 (16, 67 %) was taken into consideration. Given data were analized statistically using χ2-test. Results showed that corporate identity in Croatian wood processing and furniture manufacturing companies was mostly defined and equilized with vizual presentation of the company, image and recognizable and different perception on the market. At the same time, most of surveeys thought that corporate identity is mostly made of design of the company, outside communication of the company and company's philosophy
A Missing Nuclearity in the Co(III)/Ln(III)/2-Pyridyladoxime Chemistry: Tetranuclear Compounds Using the “Assisted Self-Assembly” Approach (Ln = Rare Earth Metals)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

By employing the HSAB principle and the “assisted self-assembly” approach and using 2-pyridylaldoximate (pao−) as the primary ligand and pivalate (piv−) as the ancillary co-ligand, tetranuclear [CoIII2LnIII2(NO3)4(pao)4(piv)4] complex polynuclear compounds were isolated (Ln = Dy, Gd, Tb, Pr, Y). The structure of the Dy(III) complex was determined via single-crystal X-ray crystallography, revealing a metal topology of two {CoIIIDyIII2} triangles that shared a common DyIII…DyIII edge. Microanalytical, PXRD (for the two first members)d and spectroscopic (IR, EDX) data for all complexes provided strong evidence that the complexes were isostructural. The nuclearity and metal topology of the crystallographically characterized [CoIII2LnIII2(NO3)4(pao)4(piv)4] are new in the previously investigated CoIII/LnIII/pao− chemistry emphasizing utility of the “assisted self-assembly” approach.
Use of tear enzyme activities to assess the corneal response to contact lens wear

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A non‐invasive biochemical method for assessing the effects of contact lens wear on the in vivo corneal epithelium is described. A fluorometric technique is used to measure the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in human tear fluid. In view of the corneal epithelial origin of these enzymes, changes in their activity can indicate the severity of environmental stresses on the corneal epithelium. Following short‐term wear of contact lenses, LDH and MDH activities are altered so that the tear LDH/MDH ratio is elevated. The magnitude and time course of this elevation are influenced by contact lens type, fit and duration of wear. This technique can yield more specific measures of the corneal response to contact lens wear than previous techniques.
On the Role of Dust Particles in Decoupling of Plasma from Magnetic Field in Laboratory and Space

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The objective of this paper is to apply the recent achievements in understanding of the non-MHD effects in plasma (acquired both in laboratory experiments, as well as in theory), to the interstellar phenomena. Applied to the space plasma, these effects can significantly change the picture of plasma dynamics. Charged dust particles are always present in the interstellar medium and can easily remain not magnetized, even when the plasma electrons and ions are strongly magnetized. In such a medium, the magnetic field can propagate with the super-Alfven velocity. This breaks the local "frozen-in" law for the magnetic field, which can significantly affect the gravitational collapse phenomena, the space plasma turbulence spectrum, magnetic dynamo and the rate of the Fermi acceleration of cosmic rays.
The Evolution of the Chaebols: The Property Rights System and Economic Organization in Korea

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Having taken a close look at Korea's macroeconomic policy environment in the previous chapter, we will now consider some microeconomic features peculiar to the Korean economy. Arguably the most influential of these are the Korean conglomerates, known in Korea as chaebols. The purpose of this chapter is to apply the new-institutional economic approach to issues regarding the chaebols, as well as to a number of controversial issues concerning the Korean economy as a whole. Specifically, we seek to emphasize the pivotal role of a country's property rights system in determining the nature of economic behavior and organization. From these discussions, we draw some lessons to be learned in charting the future course of institutional reforms for the sustainable development of Korea's economy.
Identifying and Targeting Cancer Stem Cells in Colorectal Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The cancer stem cell hypothesis posits that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the driving force behind tumour progression and metastasis, making them ideal therapeutic targets. Previous research identified Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (Lgr5) as a marker of CSCs in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, it is not known whether more than one CSC population exists in CRC. Identifying and targeting CSCs in CRC is important for effective treatment of cancer patients. Here, I show that Keratin-19 (K19) labels intestinal CSCs in mouse tumours that recapitulate the early stages of CRC. Moreover, selective ablation of Lgr5 has no effect on tumour initiation or growth. These results demonstrate additional CSC populations exist besides those labeled by Lgr5, which are important for tumour initiation and growth. Consequently, these findings have important clinical implications for the development of new therapies targeting CSCs.