jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Energy‐optimal trajectory planning for the Pendubot and the Acrobot

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

SUMMARY In this paper, we study the trajectory‐planning problem for planar underactuated robot manipulators with two revolute joints in the presence of gravity. This problem is studied as an optimal control problem. We consider both possible models of planar underactuated robot manipulators, namely with the elbow joint not actuated, called Pendubot, and with the shoulder joint not actuated, called Acrobot. Our method consists of a numerical resolution of a reformulation of the optimal control problem, as an unconstrained calculus of variations problem, in which the dynamic equations of the mechanical system are regarded as constraints and treated by means of special derivative multipliers. We solve the resulting calculus of variations problem by using a numerical approach based on the Euler–Lagrange necessary condition in integral form. In which, time is discretized, and admissible variations for each variable are approximated using a linear combination of the piecewise continuous basis functions of time. In this way, a general method for the solution of optimal control problems with constraints is obtained, which, in particular, can deal with nonintegrable differential constraints arising from the dynamic models of underactuated planar robot manipulators with two revolute joints in the presence of gravity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biothermal Vasomotion in Sheep

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The rate of heat exchange between the skin surface and the external environment depends in part on the existing thermal gradient. Since vasomotor responses affect the flow of heat between the body core and the skin surface, the control of cutaneous blood flow allows modification of the rate of heat exchange. Vasomtor variability which modifies tissue insulation is a thermal regulatory response (Hammel, 1968) and is the only adjustable means of regulating the flow of internal body heat to the skin. The initial response of homeotherms exposed to ambient temperatures above the thermoneutral zone (heat stress) is to increase heat loss by vasodilatation (Hardy, 1961; Adams, 1968; Hammel, 1968). Vasoconstriction at ambient temperatures below the thermoneutral zone (cold stress) minimizes sensible heat loss mainly by increasing tissue insulation. The investigation of biothermal responses of homeotherms to thermal stresses requires the identification of a thermoneutral zone, that is a range of environmental temperature within which the animal need not involve active heat conservation or dissipation.
Farmer's health externalities in pesticide use predominant regions in India.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The use of pesticides in Indian agriculture, though beneficial in reducing crop loss both before and after harvest, has
been associated with threats to human health often due to the misuse of these chemicals. This study was an initial
attempt to explore health externalities of farmers and agricultural labourers in pesticide use predominant 28 districts
in 12 Indian states. Doctors, pesticide vendors and agricultural officers of regions were interviewed to study the
health externalities related to pesticide use. Data were collected through pre-tested schedules by trained field
investigators. From a total sample size of 1577 and analysed. The results revealed a steady decrease in overall
consumption of pesticides since 1990. About 19.4% of the respondents had experienced negative side effects on
health after handling pesticides. The symptoms include headache, weakness, dizziness, fever, blurred vision, and
nausea/vomiting. Most of the respondents are aware of pesticide-related symptoms and possible routes of
absorption, during application of pesticides. Farmers make only short-term assessments of pesticides and spray these
chemicals without taking proper protective clothing. Records on serious pesticide poisoning cases were available
only in a few government hospitals, but such details were not even accessible from private hospitals as pesticide
poisoning incidences are subjected to medico-legal cases. Training for agriculture and health workers in safety
measures, recognition, and management of pesticide-related ill health is a matter of exigency. There is a tremendous
scope for agricultural extension activity through which pesticide stewardship can be achieved in India.
Iron Transfer from Dialysate to Patient During Chronic Dialysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In vitro and in vivo dialysis with radio-iron added to the dialysate indicate that only a minimal amount of iron (approximately ¼%) is transferred from dialysate to patient across the cuprophane membrane. This amount corresponds to70µ g of iron per dialysis counting on the basis of 8µ g of iron per 100 ml in Los Angeles tap water utilized for dialysate preparation. Iron deposition in biopsy and autopsy material seems to be derived entirely from frequent blood administration.
Laparoscopy Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Modern laparoscopic surgery has evolved significantly from its initial roots as a diagnostic tool. As a result, it is now employed in very complex urological surgical procedures. The ability to use laparoscopy for these complex procedures is largely due to improvements in instrumentation. Essential instrumentation for all laparoscopic procedures ranges from imaging, insufflation, access and closure devices, handheld and static instruments, and deployable hemostatic agents. This chapter provides a broad overview of commonly used laparoscopic instruments for basic and complex procedures.
WAYS OF DEVELOPING CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS IN STUDENTS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article, Ways of Developing Critical Thinking Skills in Students, explores effective educational strategies for nurturing critical thinking in learners. It emphasizes methods such as inquiry-based learning, metacognitive reflection, Socratic questioning, problem-based learning, and the integration of technology and argumentative writing. The article highlights the importance of a supportive classroom culture where diverse perspectives are respected and critical dialogue is encouraged. Drawing on research from educational theorists and empirical studies, it provides a comprehensive overview of how educators can foster analytical and independent thinking among students. This piece serves as a valuable resource for teachers, education professionals, and policymakers aiming to prepare students for complex real-world challenges through the development of critical thinking skills.
Metrics of clonidine utilization in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Clonidine is less frequently used by nephrologists. Data on clonidine prescribing trends in hemodialysis patients is sparse. We assessed the clonidine utilization metrics from the case records of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.Methods: In this retrospective chart review, we analysed the clinical records of hemodialysis patients using clonidine. We evaluated the frequency of clonidine use, mean dose of clonidine and percentage of patients receiving a particular dose. Additionally, we also correlated dose of clonidine with anti-hypertensive pill count.Results: A total of 70 hemodialysis patients case records were screened. All 70/70 (100%) of them were hypertensive. Only 25/70 (35.74%) of patients were prescribed clonidine as an anti-hypertensive agent. The mean clonidine dose was 352±171 µg. Majority of patients 9/25 (36%) received 400 µg of clonidine. The dose of clonidine was prescribed in the order 400 µg (36%)>200 µg (32%)>600 µg (16%)>100 µg (8%)>300 µg (4%)=700 µg (4%). There was a statistically significant correlation in the strength of clonidine prescribed with increasing anti-hypertensive drugs (p<0.05).Conclusions: In our study, we observed that 80% of our hemodialysis patients were non responders to either systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure or both. Oral clonidine use was observed in 35.74% of our hemodialysis patients. There was a linear trend showing an increased dose of clonidine with an increase in the anti-hypertensive pill count.
Structural and electrical properties of silicon nitride films prepared by multipolar plasma-enhanced deposition

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A new system of dielectric deposition using a multipolar plasma enhanced by a hot filament has been used to deposit multipolar plasma chemical vapor deposition silicon nitride films on various substrates (GaAs, Si, GaInAs, etc.). Using in situ kinetic ellipsometry during the depositions, the flow ratio SiH4/N2 has been optimized to form as dense silicon nitride as possible. The density variation has been attributed to a variable amount of oxygen in the films certainly in the form of silicon dioxide. Using Rutherford backscattering and spectroscopic ellipsometry, the amounts of oxygen have been measured precisely. Using infrared absorption, we have demonstrated the low hydrogen concentration of our films compared to plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition ones. At constant flow ratio, we have demonstrated the effect of the deposition rate on the stoichiometry of the films. Films deposited at very low deposition rates (&lt;10 Å/min) are quasistoichiometric and produce important reductions of GaInAs/Si3N4 interface densities of states compared to higher deposition rate films (&gt;24 Å/min). The conduction mechanism appears ionic in oxygen-rich silicon nitride films and controlled by a Poole–Frenkel effect in the case of moderate deposition rates.
Historyczne i duchowe aspekty celibatu w Kościele

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this article is to show two views on the origin of a celibacy for a religious reason in the Catholic Church. The first one which results from the law, and the second one that has divine roots in which the source of such a life is Jesus Christ himself and his disciples. In the second part of the article there are some psychiatrists’ and theologians’ opinions about the possibilities of a mature priestly celibacy life.
Term limits and political accountability

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper analyses the impact of term limits in a political agency model. We find that term limits reduce the value of holding office. This reduction in the re-election incentive can induce politicians to implement policies that are closer to their own private preferences. Such "truthful" behaviour by incumbents will in turn result in a better screening of incumbents whose preferences do not correspond to voters' preferences. We show that these effects can make a two-term term limit, which is the empirically most frequent restriction on tenure, ex ante welfare improving from the perspective of voters
Forecasting car rental demand based temporal and spatial travel patterns

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent years, shared mobility services have gained momentum across the world. Meanwhile, rental car industry has seen great developments in China and has reached a scale of economy. Knowing the rental behavior pattern and forecasting the demand become more important for rental businesses. To this end, in this paper, we aim to analyze the rental mobility pattern by examining multiple factors in a holistic manner. A special goal is to predict the demand of a given region. Specifically, we first analyze regular mobility based on real trips of rental cars. Then, we extract key features from multiple types of rental-related data, such as rental behavior profiles and geo-social information of regions. Next, based on these features, we develop a multi-task learning based regression approach for predicting rental cars' demand. This approach can effectively learn not only fundamental features but also relationships between regions by considering multiple factors. Finally, we conduct extensive experiments on real-world rental trip data collected in Beijing. The experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for forecasting rental demand in the real world.
P4‐089: SELF‐ AND INFORMANT‐RATED DAILY FUNCTION IS ASSOCIATED WITH AMYLOID AND NEURODEGENERATIVE IMAGING IN COGNITIVELY NORMAL INDIVIDUALS

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Early identification of individuals with significant brain amyloid and neurodegeneration is critical to prevent or delay cognitive impairment and dementia. We examined associations of self- and informant-report of functional ability, using the Everyday Cognition (ECog) questionnaire, with neuroimaging measures of amyloid and neurodegeneration in cognitively normal (CN) individuals. We included 301 participants from the Mayo Clinic Study on Aging, aged 70 and older, with both self- and informant-reported ECog data and neuroimaging (MRI, FDG-PET, PiB-PET). The ECog measures cognitively-relevant functional abilities across six domains. We used a global composite score from 39 questions covering all domains. Each question was rated 1-4 (1=better or no change compared to 10 years earlier, 2=questionable/occasionally worse, 3=consistently a little worse, 4=consistently much worse). Participants were pathologically classified into 4 groups based on imaging biomarkers of amyloid (PiB-PET SUVR≥1.5 [A+ or A-]) and neurodegeneration (abnormal hippocampal volume or FDG hypometabolism in “Alzheimer signature” regions [N+ or N-]). There were 132 participants who were A-N-, 54 A+N-, 41 A+N+, and 74 A-N+. We used logistic regression models to examine the relationships of self- and informant rating with odds of amyloid and neurodegeneration, adjusting for age, sex, education, depression, and APOE genotype. Self-report of everyday function was worse than informant-report (mean (SD): 1.4 (0.4) vs. 1.2 (0.3), p<0.0001). Compared to A-N- participants, each 1-point increase in self-reported ECog was associated with higher odds of being A+N+ (OR 3.32, 95% CI: 1.11-9.88) and A-N+ (OR 2.63, 95% CI: 1.04, 6.65), but not A+N- (OR 2.44, 95% CI: 0.88, 6.78). The ORs between informant ratings and imaging biomarkers of amyloid and neurodegenerative pathology, compared to A-N-, were 3-5-fold stronger than for self-report: A+N+ (OR 12.55, 95% CI: 3.16, 49.79), A-N+ (OR 5.96, 95% CI: 1.74, 20.40), and A+N- (OR 8.33, 95% CI: 2.28, 30.48). Among CN individuals, self- and informant-reports of functional activities are associated with neuroimaging measures of amyloid and neurodegeneration. While CN individuals self-report greater functional difficulties than informants, the identification of worse functioning by informants is a stronger indicator of neuroimaging measures of amyloid and neurodegenerative pathology.
Analysis of the Factors Governing the Scheduling of Flight Controllers in Support of Long Duration Manned Spaceflight Missions

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract : The study has two main purposes: to identify the factors, or variables, that govern the scheduling of flight controllers in support of long duration manned spaceflight; and to develop a scheduling system that best satisfies the needs of these personnel and the activity they support. A review of related research yielded a tentative list of nine scheduling variables: fatigue, flexibility of schedules, length of shift, morale, office work, overtime, personnel qualifications, shift cycle, and training. A questionnaire was developed to verify these variables, to measure the relative importance of them, and to determine which of five proposed schedules were perceived by the flight controllers as being the best. Hypotheses were tested to determine if the flight controllers and their supervisors perceive the importance of these scheduling variables differently. Other organizations performing similar tasks were studied to provide a data base of scheduling systems in use. A schedule is proposed which the author says will provide the best mission support. (Author)
The Effect of Spraying with Plant Extracts on Some Growth Characteristics and Active Ingredients of Basil Plant

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a leafy plant used for fresh food, medicinal purposes, and aromatic purposes (including the extraction of volatile essential oil and active compounds), was the subject of a worker experiment at the College of Education for Pure Sciences Ibn Al-Haitham / University of Baghdad during the 2023 growing season. The experiment aimed to determine the effects of spraying the basil plant’s vegetative system with aqueous extracts of watercress and parsley on the plant’s growth characteristics and the production of active compounds. The experiment included two factors, the first factor, the aqueous extract of the watercress plant in three concentrations (0, 5, 10) g l -1 and the second factor, the aqueous extract of the parsley plant with three concentrations (0, 5, 10) g l -1 . Spraying with watercress extract and parsley achieved a significant effect in increasing all measured growth qualities and producing active compounds, and the interaction treatment (5 g l -1 watercress extract and 10 g l -1 parsley extract) had a clear significant superiority, which recorded the highest values in the mean number of leaves (54.00 leaf), the percentage of dry matter (29.30%), estimation of chlorophyll (38.23 SPAD), volatile oil (1.60%) and ratios of Linalool, Methylcinnamate and camphor compounds in volatile oil (8.33, 72.98, 3.00%) respectively compared to the control treatment recorded (28.67 leaf, 18.267%, 26.433 SPAD, 0.60%, 6.02%, 70. 16%, 1.58%) respectively for the same characteristics. The results of the study showed the response of the basil plant to spraying with plant extracts as a supplement to half the fertilizer recommendation of mineral fertilizer and giving it the best results when treating the combination (5 g l -1 watercress extract and 10 g l -1 parsley extract).
Overexpression of microRNA‑130a predicts adverse prognosis of primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B‑cell lymphoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PGI-DLBCL) is a highly heterogeneous type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. A number of studies have demonstrated that microRNA-130a (miR-130a) serves a role in the tumorigenesis and prognosis of numerous human tumors. However, to the best of our knowledge, the prognostic significance of miR-130a in PGI-DLBCL remains unknown. The present study explored the association between miR-130a and the clinical outcomes of PGI-DLBCL. Relative miR-130a expression was assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression levels of BCL-2, c-MYC, neprilysin, B-cell lymphoma 6 protein, PWWP domain-containing DNA repair factor 3A and proliferation marker protein Ki-67. A receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to analyze the specificity and sensitivity of microRNA levels in the diagnosis of PGI-DLBCL. Survival curves were constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method. In the present study, miR-130a expression was notably higher in patients with PGI-DLBCL compared with in the controls (P<0.0001). miR-130a overexpression was closely associated with a high International Prognostic Index score (3-5) and drug resistance (P=0.017 and P=0.044, respectively). No significant difference in other clinical features was observed. Patients with increased expression levels of miR-130a had lower overall survival [hazard ratio (HR), 2.998; 95% CI, 1.347-6.673; P=0.007] and progression-free survival (HR, 3.325; 95% CI, 1.488-7.429; P=0.003) compared with patients who had lower expression levels of miR-130a. Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested that miR-130a was a negative prognostic parameter in PGI-DLBCL. Therefore, upregulation of miR-130a could become a potential prognostic marker for PGI-DLBCL. Additionally, further study of these results may have important guiding significance for the prognosis of patients with PGI-DLBCL in the clinical setting.
Cultivating Social Attitudes Through Social Studies Learning In Elementary Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social studies learning is very necessary to shape the social attitudes of the younger generation. The younger generation acts as the pillar and spearhead of the nation's future, so that students must have good social attitudes in society and as a state. Social studies learning has a very important role in creating social attitudes in each student. The role of social studies learning, apart from developing aspects of students' knowledge, understanding and analytical skills regarding the social conditions of society, social studies learning is also predicted to play an active role in forming students' social attitudes. This research method uses literature review studies such as journals, articles, books and other sources related to social studies learning, instilling social attitudes in students, as well as the role of teachers in instilling social attitudes in each student. The results of this research reveal that the process of forming social attitudes, especially in the context of social studies learning, is an important aspect that must be carried out by teachers in the classroom in educating students. Activities to instill social attitudes through social studies learning can be instilled through social studies learning. Social studies learning can be implemented by incorporating social attitude values into students through strategies or learning systems that involve imitation elements or concrete model rolls through the habituation of other social attitudes such as honesty, discipline, responsibility, tolerance, mutual cooperation, politeness or politeness. , and confident. Social attitudes will be embedded and reflected in daily activities as seen from the learning process implemented by the teacher in social studies learning in the classroom.
Characterization of Bacterial Community of Rumen in Dairy Cows With Laminitis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Laminitis- an inflammation of lamella, could cause great economic loss to dairy industry, which has attracted wide attention around the world. In recent years, microbiota is considered as one of the vital parts that played significant role in various diseases processes. However, current studies are far from sufficient. Aim of this study is to explore the characteristics of ruminal microbiota in laminitis cows. Methods: The serum of bovines with or without laminitis was collected to detect concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lactic acid, and histamine, and the ruminal fluid was collected for 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Results: The results showed that a significant increase in LPS and lactic acid levels in laminitis group comparing to control group cows. In addition, the higher abundance of bacteria that -riches acid-enhancing metabolites, namely, Candidatus Saccharimonas, Saccharofermentans, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-009, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG-008, Clostridium papyrosolvens and Ruminococcaceae bacterium AE2021 were detected in the rumen fluid from laminitis bovines. Conclusions: This article confirmed that difference of rumen microbiota were occurred in rumen between health and laminitis bovines. The elevated abundance of bacteria that riches acid- enhancing metabolites, as well as increased the concentration of lactic acid and LPS could be harmful factors to bovines and increase risks of laminitis.