jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Jim Crow Boomerang

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Chapter 1 examines the US military’s successful efforts to restrict black people’s access to the nation’s fighting forces during World War II, and blacks’—and some whites’—efforts to fight back. In part thanks to African Americans’ spirited struggle for the “right to fight,” black troops’ contribution to the war effort was unquestionably substantial—in all, more than one million men and women served. But it would have been considerably more substantial had military authorities—sometimes supported and other times opposed by President Roosevelt, members of Congress, and the courts—not placed countless enlistment barriers in African Americans’ way.
Removal of heavy liquid separates from glass centrifuge tubes; additional suggestions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Tetrabromoethane, with a freezing point almost 8 degrees C. below that of bromoform, gives greater assurance that the frozen plug with the contained heavy minerals will not loosen and come out of the tube when the light fraction is removed. An additional refinement is to use a tapered rubber stopper that has a glass rod fitted in its top and place this in a tapered centrifuge tube scaling the frozen heavy liquid beneath. The tube can then be washed of any light fraction that may have adhered to the side.
The trombone, the slide trumpet and the ensemble traditon of the early Renaissance

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Music historians are a reasonably congenial lot, but disagreement does occasionally ripple through our small community. One recent debate has been engendered by a contribution to this journal by Peter Downey concerning the Renaissance slide trumpet Dr Downey proposed the stimulating notion that the slide trumpet may not have existed at all, and that the instrument thus had no role in ensemble music of the 15th century. 1
Strengthening the evidence and action on multi-sectoral partnerships in public health: an action research initiative

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction

The Public Health Agency of Canada’s Multi-sectoral Partnerships Initiative, administered by the Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention (CCDP), brings together diverse partners to design, implement and advance innovative approaches for improving population health. This article describes the development and initial priorities of an action research project (a learning and improvement strategy) that aims to facilitate continuous improvement of the CCDP’s partnership initiative and contribute to the evidence on multi-sectoral partnerships.

Methods

The learning and improvement strategy for the CCDP’s multi-sectoral partnership initiative was informed by (1) consultations with CCDP staff and senior management, and (2) a review of conceptual frameworks to do with multi-sectoral partnerships. Consultations explored the development of the multi-sectoral initiative, barriers and facilitators to success, and markers of effectiveness. Published and grey literature was reviewed using a systematic search strategy with findings synthesized using a narrative approach.

Results

Consultations and the review highlighted the importance of understanding partnership impacts, developing a shared vision, implementing a shared measurement system and creating opportunities for knowledge exchange. With that in mind, we propose a six-component learning and improvement strategy that involves (1) prioritizing learning needs, (2) mapping needs to evidence, (3) using relevant datacollection methods, (4) analyzing and synthesizing data, (5) feeding data back to CCDP staff and teams and (6) taking action. Initial learning needs include investigating partnership reach and the unanticipated effects of multi-sectoral partnerships for individuals, groups, organizations or communities.

Conclusion

While the CCDP is the primary audience for the learning and improvement strategy, it may prove useful for a range of audiences, including other government departments and external organizations interested in capturing and sharing new knowledge generated from multi-sectoral partnerships.
Siraitia grosvenorii Residual Extract Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis by Regulating Immune Dysfunction and Skin Barrier Abnormality

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Atopic dermatitis is a persistent inflammatory skin disorder. Siraitia grosvenorii fruits (monk fruit or nahangwa in Korean, NHG) are used as a natural sweetener and as a traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. We evaluated the activity of S. grosvenorii residual extract (NHGR) on allergic inflammation of atopic dermatitis in a Dermatophagoides farinae mite antigen extract (DfE)-treated NC/Nga murine model and in vitro. Oral administration of NHGR significantly reduced epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin lesions of DfE-induced atopic dermatitis, as well as the dermatitis severity score. NHGR reduced serum immunoglobulin E levels. Splenic concentrations of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were reduced by NHGR administration. Immunohistofluorescence staining showed that NHGR administration increased the protein levels of claudin-1, SIRT1, and filaggrin in atopic dermatitis skin lesions. In addition, NHGR inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and decreased filaggrin and chemokine protein expression in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced human keratinocytes. Moreover, NHGR also inhibited histamine in mast cells. The quantitative analysis of NHGR revealed the presence of grosvenorine, kaempferitrin, and mogrosides. These results demonstrate that NHGR may be an efficient therapeutic agent for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.
Leptin increases lumbar sympathetic nerve activity (LSNA) and its baroreflex regulation in female rats: variations with the estrus cycle and pregancy

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) leptin increases LSNA and LSNA baroreflex gain (BRG) in males; however, leptin's actions in females are unknown. Therefore, we determined if leptin increases LSNA in α‐chloralose anesthetized female SD rats during proestrus (n=6), diestrus (n=6), or late pregnancy (n=4). Baroreflex function was assessed at baseline, and 1 and 2 hr after ICV leptin (3 μg), using a 4 parameter sigmoidal fit of LSNA responses to slow ramp (3–5 min) changes in arterial pressure, induced by iv infusion of nitroprusside and phenylephrine. During proestrus, ICV leptin increased (P<0.05) basal LSNA [to 157±21 (1hr) and 197±18 (2hr) % control], LSNA reflex maximum [from 106±19 to 157±31 (1hr) and 205±48 (2hr) % control], LSNA baroreflex gain [from 2.2± 0.3 to 2.9±0.8 (1hr) and 3.9±0.5 (2hr) %/mmHg], and LSNA baroreflex range [from 106±19 to 157±31 (1hr) and 205±48 (2hr) % control]. In contrast, during diestrus and pregnancy, ICV leptin failed to significantly increase basal LSNA (diestrus, to 117±10 (1hr) and 130±13 (2hr) % control; pregnancy, to 114±16 (1hr) and 101±19 (2hr) % control] and baroreflex control of LSNA. In conclusion, leptin increases LSNA and its baroreflex regulation in females during proestrus, but not during diestrus. Pregnancy is also a leptin‐resistant state. Supported by HL088552 and AHA.
Case Report A Rare Case of Plurihormonal Pituitary Adenoma Associating Cushing's Disease and Silent Prolactinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Plurihormonal pituitary adenomas are rare conditions that secrete two or more pituitary hormones. The association of prolactin with other hormones is described but associated with ACTH is uncommon. We report a rare case of mixed adenoma associating Cushing’s disease and silent prolactin adenoma in 21 years old male patient. This case highlights an unusual plurihormonal pituitary adenoma case with a rare association between ACTH and prolactin. It pathogeny is less clearly define.
Chill Requirements to Break Dormancy of Wisconsin Cranberry: Conventional Models may Not be Applicable

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Conventional chilling models developed primarily for deciduous fruit crops such as apple and peach are based on the accumulation of optimal chilling temperatures between ≈4 and 7 °C. Cranberry ( Vaccinium macrocarpon ) is a perennial evergreen woody vine that requires chilling temperatures to overcome its dormancy. Periodic collections of budded stems (uprights) from cranberry beds (cv. Stevens) in central Wisconsin throughout the fall and early winter were forced to determine when dormancy requirements were met in the field. For this purpose excised uprights were placed in deionized water in test tubes at 24 °C and 16-h day (cool-white fluorescent). In both 1996 and 1997 it was observed that uprights were able to break bud and grow in late fall and early winter only after experiencing (in addition to chilling) a prolonged period of temperatures slightly below freezing. As an evergreen plant, cranberry may be receiving critical environmental cues at its leaves. Additionally, the existence of the native cranberry plant in harsh winter environments may have resulted in the need for freezing temperatures during dormancy to ensure survival.
Materials for South Arabian History Notes on new MSS from Hadramawt

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The basis of the list of biographical works in this part is the material in two articles from al-Rābitat al-‘Alawīya , a rare but learned journal published by the ‘Alawl saiyids for about four years at Batavia. This journal is unlikely to be found in Europe, unless indeed a set exists in Holland, but it is a source of major importance for the student of Hadramī history, as he will find material there not available elsewhere. I have not seen a complete set even in Hadramawt, though individual issues are to be found in various libraries.
Environmental Behaviour of Synthesized and Commercial Agricultural Zinc Products: Leaching, Migration, and Availability in Soils

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The aim of this paper is to examine the environmental effect of different chemical characteristics of Zinc (Zn) sources, assessing the transport, leaching and accumulation in the environment in sand, acidic (AS) and calcareous (CS) soils. Comparative short- and long-term studies applying ZnO sources [bulk, laboratory-synthesized and commercial nanoparticles (NP)], ZnSO 4 , complexed Zn (Zn-lignosulfonate) and chelated Zn (Zn-diethylenetriamine-pentaacetate, Zn-hydroxy-ethylenediamine-tetraacetate and Zn-ethylenediamine-tetraacetate) were carried out. For all treatments and media, the medium- and long-term dissolution kinetic model was fitted to a logistic function. The applied Zn in the form of ZnO was mainly retained at the upper half (0–7.5 cm) of the columns and in very available form (ranging 40–61% of added Zn in AS and 29–31% in CS). Leached Zn reached values below 6% in AS and 3% in CS. The use of chelated Zn in both soils and complexed Zn, and ZnSO 4 in AS resulted in excessive leaching of Zn (around 70%). The amount of Zn available at the upper half of the column was less than 5%. In the CS, these fertilizers showed a higher aging than ZnO sources, negatively affecting its availability as a nutrient for crops. ZnO NP showed short- and medium-term dissolution kinetics that allow gradual nutrient release and high availability at the medium-term. These products provide an effective solution for plant nutrition while mitigating the environmental problems observed with more traditional sources related to leaching. Graphical Abstract
DOSE ESTIMATION TO WILD MEDAKA AROUND FUKUSHIMA DAI-ICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract More than 10 y have passed since the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (F1-NPP) accident, but there are still many areas with high levels of radioactive contamination, especially reservoirs and lakes, where the levels decrease slowly. The exposed dose to non-human biota is of great concern. In this work, the exposure dose to wild medaka (small aquarium fish) around F1-NPP was measured/estimated by two approaches: in situ measurement and with the ERICA assessment tool. S2 is a reservoir located 7.5 km from F1-NPP, and the ambient dose rate was 25.0 μSv per h in 2012, but decreased to 4.82 μSv per h in 2021. The external exposure dose rate to wild medaka living there was 0.8–11.8 μGy per h (2017–21) by in situ measurement, and the estimated dose rate with the ERICA assessment tool was 0.6–54.5 μGy per h (2012–21). The estimated and measured doses to wild medaka are not expected to cause any significant radiation effects.
The Effect of Sorbic Acid and Esters of p-Hydroxybenzoic Acid on the Protonmotive Force in Escherichia coli Membrane Vesicles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The effect of three food preservatives, sorbic acid and methyl and butyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, on the protonmotive force in Escherichia coli membrane vesicles was investigated. Radioactive chemical probes were used to determine the two components of the protonmotive force: delta pH (pH difference) and delta psi (membrane potential). Both types of compound selectively eliminated delta pH across the membrane, while leaving delta psi much less disturbed indicating that transport inhibition by neutralization of the protonmotive force cannot be the only mechanism of action for the food preservatives tested.
Historical trend of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil: epidemiological aspects and perspectives for the future

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) still persists as an important public health problem in Brazil and has shown signs of increasing cases in recent years. Therefore, in the present work, a classic epidemiological research of quantitative, descriptive and exploratory character, the objective of this study was to evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of this protozoal disease in the country and its different socio-administrative regions, while observing its distribution profile by age and gender, using secondary databases available on government websites. It was observed that the northern and northeastern regions, particularly the northern region, were the most affected, possibly due to environmental factors such as climatic conditions, density of forested areas, and diversity of sand fly species that prevail in this region. It was also possible to observe a significantly higher number of cases among men and children, possibly related to the activity patterns that men engage in and physiological and immunological factors related to children. The results obtained allow us to emphasize the design of prevention strategies aimed at minimizing the morbidity resulting from VL, such as treatment and population control of dogs, as well as the implementation of educational measures and strategic vector control.
Retropharyngeal hematoma: a complication of anticoagulant therapy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Retropharyngeal hematoma is a fatal condition if clinically missed. The typical presentation of a huge posterior pharyngeal mass pushing the uvula anteriorly and obstructing the airway is described in the following case report. The clinical symptoms, physical findings, and radiological work-up are presented along with a literature review.
Author Correction: The SOD1-mediated ALS phenotype shows a decoupling between age of symptom onset and disease duration.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The original version of this Article contained an error in Figure 4. Under the heading ‘Disease duration (months)’, all disease durations were reported as ‘disease duration’ rather than reporting the numerical value. The correct version now reports the disease duration in months instead of the original, incorrect ‘disease duration’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Confusing credentials: the cross-nationally comparable measurement of educational attainment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The quality of educational attainment measures lies at the heart of many cross-national micro-sociological research projects and international education statistics. This study aims at validating cross-nationally comparable measures of educational attainment, among which are the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 (ISCED 97), the CASMIN education scheme and years of education. Following a conceptual discussion of what educational attainment means, the most common ways of measuring educational attainment cross-nationally as well as previous evaluations thereof are reviewed. Then, the implementation of ISCED 97 in cross-national surveys is examined by looking at both the resulting educational attainment distributions in three European surveys as well as the data generation and harmonisation processes. Finally, a number of cross-national measures of educational attainment are compared with country-specific measures with respect to their information content by firstly examining the dispersion of educational attainment, and secondly the predictive power when explaining two core social stratification outcomes, occupational status and social class attainment, by educational attainment. The main results of the study are that the measurement of educational attainment in cross-national surveys is affected by a number of avoidable weaknesses which adversely affect the validity of claims based on analyses of these data: 1. Countries and surveys are inconsistent in the way they measure educational attainment and apply ISCED 97 to national data; and 2. actual years of education and the one-digit version of ISCED 97 distort measures of association to differing degrees in different countries. Both make cross-national comparisons using these measures highly problematic. Therefore, some amendments to the implementation of ISCED 97 in cross-national surveys and coding for statistical analyses are proposed. As part of the latter, an alternative simplification of ISCED 97, optimised for European survey research, is developed and validated. Moreover, suggestions for data collection procedures are made to improve the measurement of educational attainment nationally and cross-nationally.
The Relationship between a 27-nm Virus-Like Particle and Hepatitis A as Demonstrated by Immune Electron Microscopy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Virus-like particles, 27 nm in diameter, were visualized in stool specimens collected from 8 out of 9 patients with hepatitis A during the acute phase of their illness. No such particles were observed in stools from 3 patients in the acute phase of hepatitis B infection, nor in stools from 9 non-hepatitis patients. When sera from patients suffering a variety of liver diseases were coded and tested by immune electron microscopy for antibody to these 27-nm particles, seroconversion was demonstrated only in patients with hepatitis A. The presence of crystalline arrays of 27-nm particles in one stool specimen has possible significance in the pathogenesis of hepatitis A.
Vastly improved para preference in the nitration of halobenzenes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVastly improved para preference in the nitration of halobenzenesPierre Laszlo and Pascal PennetreauCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 12, 2407–2410Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00388a014https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00388a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views934Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
New challenges of urothelial carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

all clinical scenarios, but often they are not routinely utilized.The limitations of established bladder cancer biomarkers requires us to identify better molecular parameters that could be clinically useful for diagnosis and prognosis, in particular, for the high-risk patient groups that are usually at high risk of progression, recurrence and metastasis.The efficacy of immunotherapy in non-muscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder was first established in 1976 with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, but no immunotherapy has been approved for the treatment of advanced disease.
Tuning Ionic Liquids with Functional Anions for SO2 Capture through Simultaneous Cooperation of N and O Chemical Active Sites with SO2

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this contribution, a series of ionic liquids (ILs) with tri-n-butylethyl-phosphonium cation ([P4442]) and functional anions are designed and prepared, including pyridinolate anion ([PyO]), pyridinecarboxylate anion ([PyCOO]), and pyridinesulfonate anion ([PySO3]). Each anion contains both N site and O site, which can react with SO2. It could be found that up to 4.71 mol SO2 mol–1 IL absorption capacity could be received by [P4442][PyO] at 20 °C and 1 bar. Compared to ILs with phenolate anion ([PhO]), benzoate anion ([PhCOO]), and benzenesulfonate anion ([PhSO3]), the pyridine-based counterparts in this work were found to significantly enhance SO2 capture capacity, especially for anions with high basicity. It was demonstrated from the combination of FT-IR and NMR spectroscopic investigations and DFT calculations that the simultaneous cooperative interaction of N···SO2 and O···SO2 between functional anion [PyO] and SO2 was the main reason for high absorption capacity of low-concentration SO2 by [P4442][PyO].
Recent Advantages on Mass Transfer Structure Construction in Transition Metal‐Based Cost‐Effective Catalyst Toward Alkaline Oxygen Evolution

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) can be combined with various reactions to fabricate electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices while the slow kinetics and poor mass transfer capability at high current densities are the key constraints to its large‐scale application. Therefore, this review primarily focuses on design and optimization of mass transfer structures of TM‐metal‐based OER catalysts. Nanostructuring, porous design, and the creation of hierarchical architectures have been applied during catalyst synthesis to enhance the surface area and accessibility, thereby improving mass transfer and catalytic OER efficiency. Strategies including doping, substrate invitation, soft/hard templating have been utilized to accelerate mass transfer as well as the ion/electron conduction efficiency for the overall improvement of OER performance of the catalysts. These developments underline the critical role of advanced material design in achieving high‐performance OER catalysts and highlight the potential of TM‐based materials in cost‐effective and scalable applications.