jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Sequence and Disease Correlation Analyses for the C-Terminal Region of CagA Protein of

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Chronic Helicobacter pylori infection is known to be associated with the development of peptic ulcer, gastric cancer and gastric lymphoma. Currently, the bacterial factors of H. pylori are reported to be important in the development of gastroduodenal diseases. CagA protein, encoded by the cagA, is the best studied virulence factor of H. pylori. The pathogenic CagA protein contains a highly polymorphic Glu-Pro-Ile-Tyr-Ala (EPIYA) repeat region in the C-terminal. This repeat region is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal diseases. The segments containing EPIYA motifs have been designated as segments A, B, C, and D; however the classification and disease relation are still unclear. This study used 560 unique CagA sequences containing 1,796 EPIYA motifs collected from public resources, including 274 Western and 286 East Asian strains with clinical data obtained from 433 entries. Fifteen types of EPIYA or EPIYA-like sequences are defined. In addition to four previously reported major segment types, several minor segment types (e.g., segment B9, B99) and more than 30 sequence types (e.g., ABC, ABD) were defined using our classification method. We confirm that the sequences from Western and East Asian strains contain segment C and D, respectively. We also confirm that strains with two EPIYA segment C have a greater chance of developing gastric cancer than those with one segment C. Our results shed light on the relationships between the types of CagAs, the country of origin of each sequence type, and the
Application of Randomly Firing Jet Arrays for Electrodeposition

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Randomly firing jet arrays can be used for large-scale electrodeposition from dilute solutions for which tertiary current distribution prevails, for example, the electrodeposition of Cu–In–Se layers, which are promising compounds for thin-layer solar devices. For this type of electrodeposition, a stirring system is needed to enhance the mass-transfer rate toward the cathode. The studied stirring system is a modular jet array firing in the horizontal direction, submerged in the tank containing the electrolyte. A dilute Cu electrolyte was used to investigate and optimize the hydrodynamic conditions determined by the stirring system. Two parameters were investigated to vary the hydrodynamic conditions: the mesh of the jet nozzles and the distance between the jet nozzles and the cathode. An optimized configuration was found, allowing the jets to merge and create a homogeneous tertiary distribution. Random sequential activation of the jets was used with the optimized configuration, and the resulting copper layer exhibited higher homogeneity than those resulting from continuous activation of the jets.
Socio-Economic Consequences of Vietnamese Return Migration from Japan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper starts with building a theoretical framework related to the determinants of migration and the phenomenon of return migration. The dynamic process of development and global economic integration are considered the main driver of migration. Return migration is understood as eminent expertise abroad wherever the migrant accomplished the goals of gaining higher financial gain, upper level of education, new skills, foreign work experience, acquaintance with new values and attitudes. Then the article proceeds to reviewing migration links between Japan and Vietnam. Japan is the country that receives the most Vietnamese workers after Taiwan. Also, the number of Vietnamese studying in Japan has sharply risen recently, making Viet Nam the second largest exporter of students to Japan behind China. The results of a survey conducted by the authors revealed that return migrants from Japan have obtained additional degrees and qualifications abroad. In addition, there is a significant improvement in wages and income depending on their employment sector. The highest income group is people working for Japanese companies, followed by a group of those working for private companies and non-governmental organizations, the lowest increase in incomes is observed in the state sector. Furthermore, the returnees believe that their economic conditions have improved, as they have got a better salary and job position than before going abroad, so their lives become wealthier than before.
Bcl-2–dependent oxidation of pyruvate dehydrogenase-E2, a primary biliary cirrhosis autoantigen, during apoptosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The close association between autoantibodies against pyruvate dehydrogenase-E2 (PDC-E2), a ubiquitous mitochondrial protein, and primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is unexplained. Many autoantigens are selectively modified during apoptosis, which has focused attention on apoptotic cells as a potential source of "neo-antigens" responsible for activating autoreactive lymphocytes. Since increased apoptosis of bile duct epithelial cells (cholangiocytes) is evident in patients with PBC, we evaluated the effect of apoptosis on PDC-E2. Autoantibody recognition of PDC-E2 by immunofluorescence persisted in apoptotic cholangiocytes and appeared unchanged by immunoblot analysis. PDC-E2 was neither cleaved by caspases nor concentrated into surface blebs in apoptotic cells. In other cell types, autoantibody recognition of PDC-E2, as assessed by immunofluorescence, was abrogated after apoptosis, although expression levels of PDC-E2 appeared unchanged when examined by immunoblot analysis. Both overexpression of Bcl-2 and depletion of glutathione before inducing apoptosis prevented this loss of autoantibody recognition, suggesting that glutathiolation, rather than degradation or loss, of PDC-E2 was responsible for the loss of immunofluorescence signal. We postulate that apoptotic cholangiocytes, unlike other apoptotic cell types, are a potential source of immunogenic PDC-E2 in patients with PBC.
Are There Two Kinds of Happiness?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It is standardly believed that Aristotle thinks that there are two kinds of happiness, one corresponding to intellectual contemplation and the other corresponding to ethically virtuous activities, and the former kind is superior to the latter. This is the Duality Thesis. It is notoriously problematic and does not follow from anything that Aristotle has said to that point. It also prevents solving the Conjunctive Problem of Happiness. Interpreters have felt forced to affirm the Duality Thesis by its apparent textual inescapability. However, the apparent claim depends on supplying “happy” or “happiest” from the previous sentence, as is standard among translators and interpreters. I argue for an alternative supplement that commits Aristotle to a much less problematic and unexpected position.
Stress load and volunteer motivation of patient volunteers in Fangcang shelter hospitals in Shanghai, China during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives This study aims to assess the volunteer motivation and stress load of patient volunteers in the Fangcang shelter hospitals (FSHs), examine their associations, and explore the potential influence factors of volunteer motivation. Design Cross-sectional online survey conducted from 21 April to 20 May 2022. Setting Questionnaires were collected from patient volunteers selected by random cluster sampling in the FSHs in Shanghai, China. Participants 197 participants who met the inclusion criteria as patients who were asymptomatic or presenting with mild symptoms in the FSHs and who volunteered to assist with routine work under quarantined settings. Outcome measures We investigated sociodemographic information, stress load and volunteer motivation through an online survey using the Volunteer Function Inventory and the Stress Overload Scale. Comparisons between groups were conducted by applying t-tests or analysis of variance. The correlation between volunteer motivation and stress was analysed by Pearson correlation. Influencing factors of volunteer motivation were determined by multivariable linear regression models. A value of p<0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results The mean score of volunteer motivation of patient volunteers was 73.24 (SD 12.00), while that of stress load was 46.08 (SD 21.28). The mean scores of the personal vulnerability (PV) and event load (EL), two dimensions of stress load, were 26.99 (SD 12.46) and 19.09 (SD 9.63), respectively. The majority of the participants (136, 69.04%) were grouped in the low (PV)-low (EL) stress category. Participants’ volunteer motivation was negatively correlated with stress load (r=−0.238, p<0.001), as well as PV (r=−0.188, p<0.01) and EL (r=−0.283, p<0.001). Multivariable linear regression analysis identified that the potential influencing factors of volunteer motivation were occupation (B=1.100, 95% CI 0.037 to 2.164, p=0.043), health condition (B=−3.302, 95% CI −5.287 to –1.317, p<0.001) and EL (B=−0.434, 95% CI −0.756 to –0.111, p=0.009). Participants who worked in the public sector, had better health conditions and had lower EL were more likely to have higher volunteer motivation. Conclusions Our study suggested that reducing stress load might be a possible pathway to encourage and maintain volunteerism in the FSH context. Implications and suggestions for future research on patient volunteer recruitment and management could be drawn from our findings.
Personal and Psychological Traits Influencing the Willingness to Pay for Food with Nutritional Claims: A Comparison between Vice and Virtue Food Products

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Several studies have demonstrated the usefulness of nutritional claims (NCs) to help consumers make more informed food decisions. However, fewer studies have investigated the effect of personal and psychological consumer characteristics on their food purchase decision. Hence, the main aim of this study is to examine the impact of body image, emotional eating style, anxiety traits, and body mass index on consumer preferences for multiple NCs on the front of the package (FOP) of hedonic (potato chips) and utilitarian (toasted bread) products carrying the same NCs. Therefore, a real choice experiment (RCE) has been used and the willingness-to-pay-space model was estimated to analyse the interaction between personal and psychological characteristics and consumer preferences. The main finding suggests differences in purchase behaviour between potato chips and toasted bread. In particular, consumers are willing to pay more for toasted bread with one NC than potato chips with one NC. Moreover, personal and psychological consumer characteristics influence the purchase behaviour regarding food products with nutritional claims. However, only the anxiety trait appears to explain the differences between the selection of both types of food products. In line with this new evidence, we proposed some behavioural, political, and managerial implications.
Food waste in Australia

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Sources and extent of waste in Australia and environmental and financial problems that it causes are reviewed. Major contributors to waste are identified. Policy decisions and strategies to minimise and distribute wasted are examined. Efforts by food charities and non-government agencies to recover and distribute wasted are described. A call is made for collaborative partnerships between government, producers and manufacturers, social activists, scholars and consumers to challenge the current business paradigm that tolerates waste. For this paper, waste/wastage refer to items considered to be edible but for whatever reason not consumed.
A preliminary investigation on saving towards old age finance in China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The issues with an aged population and a low GDP per capita raise the concerns of retirement financing for current working people. A recent study by Standard Chartered Bank and Fudan University shows that there are some working adults who do not understand how the existing pension system will affect their lives after retirement and how they should financially prepare themselves for retirement. So it becomes our interest to explore how current working adults should be financially prepared for old age expenditures. The immediate objective of this paper is to investigate how people, mainly those who are currently working, will prepare themselves financially for old age. Since there is limited number of papers published on this issue, we can hardly find an existing model to replicate. As a result, a new model has been constructed in our study to project future expenditures after retirement and thus saving needed. Analysis of three scenarios yields explanations towards changes in key determinants of voluntary saving for old age. The study adds insights to our understanding about how existing pension system will exert an impact on average household saving via the effect on voluntary old age saving on the current working adults.
Molecular Sensing and Color Manipulation Based on Dimension-Controlled Plasmon-Enhanced Silicon Nanotube SERS Substrates

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The system of suspended gold nanoring on silicon nanotube substrate with enhanced light harvesting and electromagnetic field enhancements was proposed in the present study. The effects of outer/inner diameter (D/d) ratio of the ring and tube on the plasmonic behavior were studied by systemic simulations and experiments. In simulations, the high order quadrupole–dipole mode was also excited in addition to the typical dipole–dipole mode, and the resonant configurations were characterized by both electric field profile and resonant surface charge distribution. Experimentally, both dark-field and Raman microscopies were conducted to examine the plasmonic behavior. The plasmon-enhanced scattering could be controlled by tailoring the D/d ratio, and the dark-field image colors could be manipulated covering the visible range. Raman spectra using two excitation wavelengths were also recorded and showed good agreement with calculated enhancement factor which, in turn, provided the evidence of the evolution of resonance mode and denoted our designed structure as a potential candidate for surface-enhanced Raman scattering applications.
Electron density distributions in the daytimeF2layer and their dependence on neutral gas, ion, and electron temperatures

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Results are given of calculations of the electron-density distribution in the F region of the ionosphere when thermal nonequilibrium exists between the neutral gas, electrons, and ions. A digital computer has been used to solve an equation including photoionization, loss, and diffusion of ionization for a model in which the neutral gas and electron temperatures are independent of height and the ion temperature increases from that of the neutral gas at low heights and approaches that of the electrons at great heights. It is assumed that the rate coefficient for the electron loss process is independent of the neutral gas, electron, and ion temperatures. The investigation indicates how the height distribution of ionization for steady-state conditions is determined by the neutral gas and electron temperatures and by the height variation of the ion temperature. It is shown that an increase in the neutral gas temperature causes little change in the maximum electron density but increases the height of this maximum. An increase in electron temperature causes a decrease in the maximum electron density and a small change in the height of this maximum, both effects being dependent on the height variation of ion temperature. The solutions obtained are used to discuss the shape of the F layer and the effects on the electron distribution of increases in neutral gas, electron, and ion temperatures expected during magnetic disturbances.
The relationship of rural persons??? multidimensional health locus of control to knowledge of cancer, cancer myths, and cancer danger signs

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the study was to determine if a relationship exists between multidimensional health locus of control and knowledge of breast cancer, prostate cancer, cancer myths, and danger signs. A descriptive correlational design was used. A convenience sample of 78 rural men and 79 rural women participated in the study. Participants completed three questionnaires: (a) the Cancer Danger Signs Questionnaire, (b) the Cancer Myths Questionnaire, (c) the Prostate Cancer Knowledge Test (completed by the men) and the Breast Cancer Knowledge Test (completed by the women). Results indicated that an internal score on the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLOC) scale did not predict knowledge of breast cancer in women, prostate cancer in men, cancer myths, or danger signs. Women who scored high on the Powerful Others subscale of the MHLOC had statistically significant high scores on knowledge of breast cancer, but not on cancer myths and danger signs. The MHLOC and its subscales did not predict knowledge of prostate cancer, cancer myths, or cancer danger signs for the male participants. The implications of these results for rural nursing practice and their relationship to previous research are discussed.
Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.) Loeske (Musci) – a new genus for tropical Africa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Calliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.)Loeske (Musci, Amblystegiaceae), a widespread boreal moss found in Ethiopian mountains, at 3700 m.Previously in Africa this species was known only from the northernmost Marocco and Algeria.The distribution of this species outside Holarctic is discussed. ÐåçþìåCalliergonella cuspidata (Hedw.)Loeske (Musci, Amblystegiaceae) -øèðîêîðàñïðîñòðàíåííûé âèä óìåðåííîé çîíû Ñåâåðíîãî ïîëóøàðèÿ, íàéäåí â ãîðàõ Ýôèîïèè, íà âûñîòå 3700 ì íàä óðîâíåì ìîðÿ.Ðàíüøå â Àôðèêå ýòîò âèä áûë èçâåñòåí òîëüêî â óçêîé ïîëîñå ïî ïîáåðåaeüþ Ñðåäèçåìíîãî ìîðÿ â Ìàðîêêî è Àëaeèðå.Îáñóaeäàåòñÿ ðàñïðîñòðàíåíèå âèäà çà ïðåäåëàìè Ãîëàðêòèêè.
Clinical and CT Features, Clinical Management, and Decision on Sport Eligibility of Professional Athletes with Congenital Coronary Anomalies: A Case Series Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Congenital coronary artery anomalies (CAAs) are a significant cause of sudden cardiac death and a key factor in determining athletes’ eligibility for competitive sports. Their prevalence varies with diagnostic modalities and may present as asymptomatic or with life-threatening ischemic or arrhythmic events. This case series highlights the diverse manifestations of CAAs and the clinical approaches used to determine sports eligibility. Cases description: Five competitive athletes with different CAAs are presented. These cases include anomalous coronary origins, intramyocardial bridges, and coronary fistulas. Diagnostic tools, including coronary CT angiography (CCTA), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), and stress tests, were essential in evaluating these anomalies and determining treatment strategies. In some cases, such as intramyocardial bridges, surgical intervention was necessary, while others required conservative management or exclusion from competitive sports. Conclusions: CAAs require individualized care based on risk stratification through advanced imaging techniques and functional assessment. Surgical interventions are reserved for high-risk anomalies, while others may be managed conservatively. Early detection and tailored management are crucial for ensuring athletes’ safety, and ongoing research is needed to optimize long-term outcomes.
The Cambridge History of Iran

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Summary Muhammad's death in 11/632 was followed in his successor Abū Bakr's time by a crisis of apostasy, the Ridda, which put both the religion and the government of Medina in jeopardy. The emergence of the Sāsānian navy owed a great deal to the co-operation which existed with the Arabs. Khusrau I intervened in Yemenī affairs on the pretext of aiding the Arabs against Byzantium, with the result that Iranian forces replaced Ethiopian there. Among the secretaries at the Sāsānian court was one for Arab affairs. From ancient times Iran had had contacts varying in degree of closeness and amity with the Arabs. Before the Sāsānian era, Arab tribes had settled in the Tigris-Euphrates region, though at the beginning of the era Ardashīr I had wrested from them the district known as Maisan, in southern Iraq on the Persian Gulf. Iraq and Syria were in the hands of the Khurāsāns, to be followed by Egypt and Arabia.
Survey of bearded sprangletop (Leptochloa fusca spp. fasicularis) response to clomazone in California rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Bearded sprangletop is a problematic weed in California rice production and few herbicides provide effective control. As control of bearded sprangletop has declined, grower suspicion of resistance to clomazone has increased, because of the continuous rice cropping system and herbicide dependence in the region. The objectives of this research were to confirm clomazone resistance in bearded sprangletop populations and determine the level of resistance. Seed from 21 suspected clomazone-resistant populations was collected from the California rice growing region. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine population sensitivity to clomazone. Clomazone was applied into the water to emerging seedlings. Plant ht and control of bearded sprangletop were recorded weekly for 3 wk, plants were then harvested, and dry weight was measured. Of the populations tested, 17 were susceptible and four (5%) were resistant to clomazone. A dose-response assay was conducted using eight doses ranging from an eighth of the full rate to 12 times the full rate. The three most resistant populations had resistant-to susceptible ratios of 1.25×, 2×, and 5× the labeled rate of clomazone. The use of clomazone in California rice production is beneficial; however, it should be used at the appropriate timing and as part of an herbicide program to prevent further development of clomazone resistance.
Cloning and sequence analysis of scytalone dehydratase gene(SCD)involved in melanin biosynthesis of banana freckle causal agent Phyllosticta musarum

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Melaninzation appressoria directly penetrated into host tissue from plant surface is a main infection way of banana freckle causal agent P.musarum.Scytalone dehydrogenase gene(SCD) is one of encoding gene of melanin biosynthesis of banana freckle causal agent,and it was cloned by Genome Walking method and a 1696bp of sequence length was obtained.The sequence fragment contained a complete open reading frame(738bp),and an intron(29bp) encoding 203 deduced amino acid.The sequence had a typical promoter structure and several typical eukaryotic cis-regulatory elements such as TATA-motif,CAAT-motif,TGAC-motif,ACTGC-motif,and so on in the 5' regulation region.The experimental results would provide basis for further studying the function and structure of banana SCD gene,and new theory basis and method for controlling banana freckle causal agent.