jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms Of Inactivation And Microbial Inactivation Kinetics In The Pulsed Light Treatment Of Foods

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pulsed Light technology utilizes high powered pulses of broad spectrum light to reduce microorganisms on food and food contact surfaces. While previous research has shown Pulsed Light to be effective at reducing various microorganisms on a variety of substrates, a better understanding of inactivation kinetics, pairing Pulsed Light with other antimicrobial treatments, and the cellular effect of Pulsed Light treatment will provide better insight into potential opportunities for future use of this technology. Inactivation of Listeria innocua in liquid suspensions and on the surface of stainless steel showed pronounced tailing. The utilization of the Weibull model accurately predicted inactivation in clear liquids but overestimated Pulsed Light?s effectiveness on stainless steel surfaces where complex surface properties as well as inoculum size were of significant influence. The combination of Pulsed Light with the antimicrobial nisin was able to reach reductions of 4 to 5 log CFU/sausage of Listeria on the surface of sausages, extending storage from 8 day for individual treatments to 28 to 48 days suggesting that Pulsed Light in combination with additional antimicrobials can effectively reduce surface contamination of ready-to-eat foods. To evaluate the potential for repeated Pulsed Light exposure to lead to changes in growth and resistance behavior of survivors, L. monocytogenes, L. innocua, and E. coli were exposed to both low (1.1 J/cm2) and high (10.1 J/cm2) levels of Pulsed Light and survivors were recovered and subsequently treated for 10 cycles of exposure and recovery. Isolates of all three organisms did not show changes in growth kinetics or resistance after multiple exposures when compared to untreated cells at either low or high fluence levels. Reduction levels of 3-4 and 5-6 log CFU/ml were obtained after exposure to 1.1 and 10.1 J/cm2, respectively, for the untreated control and the repeatedly treated and recovered isolates. Whole genome microarray analysis showed increased transcription levels for stress related proteins, motility, and transcriptional regulators following both Pulsed Light and UV light. Removing the UV spectrum of Pulsed Light lead to no differences between treated and untreated samples and showed a downregulation in motility and cell membrane associated genes as well as no increases in stress response genes following exposure, suggesting that the mechanism of inactivation is related to the UV portion of Pulsed Light and the visible and NIR spectrum do not play a role in cell inactivation.
Optimal Operating Policy for a Bottleneck with Random Rework

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents a model of a bottleneck facility that performs two distinct types of operations: “regular” and “rework.” Each job is subjected to a test after completing the regular operation at the bottleneck. If the job passes the test, then it continues its process downstream. Otherwise, the job will cycle back to the bottleneck stage for rework operation. Upon the completion of a batch of regular jobs, the decision maker observes the amount of rework and decides on whether to switch over to process the reworks or continue to process another batch of regular jobs. It is assumed that both switch-over time and cost are incurred when the facility switches from performing one type of operation to a different type. The goal of the analysis is to characterize the optimal operating policy for the bottleneck so that the average operating cost is minimized. In order to characterize the optimal operating policy, we first formulate the problem as a semi-Markov decision process. Then we show that there exists an optimal “threshold” operating policy that can be described as follows: upon completion of a batch of regular jobs, switch over to process the reworks only if the number of reworks exceeds a critical value. In addition, we develop a simple procedure to compute the critical value that specifies the optimal threshold policy. Moreover, we evaluate the impact of batch sizes, yield, and switch-over time on the optimal threshold policy.
Lightweight methods for large-scale product categorization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this article, we present a study about classification methods for large-scale categorization of product offers on e-shopping web sites. We present a study about the performance of previously proposed approaches and deployed a probabilistic approach to model the classification problem. We also studied an alternative way of modeling information about the description of product offers and investigated the usage of price and store of product offers as features adopted in the classification process. Our experiments used two collections of over a million product offers previously categorized by human editors and taxonomies of hundreds of categories from a real e-shopping web site. In these experiments, our method achieved an improvement of up to 9% in the quality of the categorization in comparison with the best baseline we have found.
Photosynthetic light and temperature responses of Eucalyptus cloeziana and Eucalyptus argophloia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Acclimation of gas exchange to temperature and light was determined in 18-month-old plants of humid coastal (Gympie) and dry inland (Hungry Hills) provenances of Eucalyptus cloeziana F.Muell., and in those of a dry inland provenanceof Eucalyptus argophloia Blakely. Plants were acclimated at day/night temperatures of 18/13, 23/18, 28/23 and 33/28°C in controlled-temperature glasshouses for 4 months. Light and temperature response curves were measured at the beginning and end of the acclimation period. There were no significant differences in the shape and quantum-yield parameters among provenances at 23, 28 and 33°C day temperatures. Quantum yield [µmol CO2 µmol–1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)] ranged from 0.04 to 0.06 and the light response shape parameter ranged from 0.53 to 0.78. Similarly, no consistent trends in the rate of dark respiration for plants of each provenance were identified at the four growth temperatures. Average values of dark respiration for the plants of the three provenances ranged from 0.61 to 1.86 µmol m–2 s–1. The optimum temperatures for net photosynthesis increased from 23 to 32°C for the humid- and from 25 to 33°C for the dry-provenance E. cloeziana and from 21 to 33°C for E. argophloia as daytime temperature of the growth environment increased from 18 to 33°C. These results have implications in predicting survival and productivity of E. cloeziana and E. argophloia in areas outside their natural distribution.
Mesomorphic chiral non‐symmetrical dimers: synthesis and characterization

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The preparation and phase transitional properties of several optically active non‐symmetrical dimers are reported. Two types of dimeric mesogens formed by covalently combining pro‐mesogenic cholesterol with either phenyl 4‐cyanobenzoate (polar) or phenyl trans‐4‐pentylcyclohexanecarboxylate (apolar) cores in an end‐to‐end fashion through an ω‐oxyalkanoyl spacer were investigated. The phase behaviour of these two types of dimers differs, indicating that the nature and extent of mesomorphism are sensitive to the structure of the mesogen attached to the cholesterol. However, within the series, the spacer parity greatly influences the clearing temperatures of the materials, as expected. In general, all the compounds display an enantiotropic chiral nematic (N*) phase; several of them also stabilize smectic and/or twist grain boundary phases. The optical properties of the N* phase of all the compounds were investigated with the aid of both UV–visible and chiroptical spectroscopic techniques. These complementary studies revealed that the dimers exhibit an odd–even effect in the wavelength of selective reflection, with even‐parity members having higher values, similar to previous reports. The chiroptical spectroscopy indicated that the N* pitch is right‐handed for all the investigated dimers, which is in accordance with the fact that most steroidal esters are right‐handed.
Three Genes for Metabolism of the Phytoalexin Maackiain in the Plant Pathogen Nectria haematococca : Meiotic Instability and Relationship to a New Gene for Pisatin Demethylase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Some isolates of the plant-pathogenic fungus Nectria haematococca mating population (MP) VI metabolize maackiain and medicarpin, two antimicrobial compounds (phytoalexins) synthesized by chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.). The enzymatic modifications by the fungus convert the phytoalexins to less toxic derivatives, and this detoxification has been proposed to be important for pathogenesis on chickpea. In the present study, loci controlling maackiain metabolism ( Mak genes) were identified by crosses among isolates of N. haematococca MP VI that differed in their ability to metabolize the phytoalexin. Strains carrying Mak1 or Mak2 converted maackiain to 1a-hydroxymaackiain, while those with Mak3 converted it to 6a-hydroxymaackiain. Mak1 and Mak2 were unusual in that they often failed to be inherited by progeny. Mak1 was closely linked to Pda6 , a new member in a family of genes in N. haematococca MP VI that encode enzymes for detoxification of pisatin, the phytoalexin synthesized by garden pea. Like Mak1, Pda6 was also transmitted irregularly to progeny. Although the unusual meiotic behaviors of some Mak genes complicate genetic analysis, identification of these genes should afford a more through evaluation of the role of phytoalexin detoxification in the pathogenesis of N. haematococca MP VI on chickpea.
The First Dirhodium Tetracarboxylate Molecule without Axial Ligation:  New Insight into the Electronic Structures of Molecules with Importance in Catalysis and Other Reactions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The first crystalline tetracarboxylato dirhodium paddlewheel complex with no axial ligation has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The compound, tetrakis(2,4,6-triisopropylbenzoato)dirhodium(II,II), Rh(2)(TiPB)(4), exhibits a Rh-Rh bond length of 2.3498(4) A. Interestingly, this is only ca. 0.02 A shorter than that in the corresponding bis-acetone adduct, 2.3700(4) A. The electronic spectrum exhibits two bands in the visible region; the low-energy band A has been previously attributed to a pi(Rh(2))-->sigma(Rh(2)) transition in various bis-adducts. The spectrum of Rh(2)(TiPB)(4)(acetone)(2) shows this band at 610 nm, while that of Rh(2)(TiPB)(4) is greatly displaced to 760 nm. This is very persuasive evidence that the assignment for this transition is correct.
Open Meniscectomy of Medial Torn Meniscus.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study reports the clinical results of 15 patients who underwent open partial meniscectomy for isolated medial meniscus injury. In all cases, the meniscus was torn horizontally or transversely at the posterior segment or corner. Knee pain decreased without complications in all cases, and paresthesia of the anterior lower leg was observed in one case. This method is useful when the scope is limited because it can be performed without impairing the articular surface.
PERSPECTIVE Visual Training: Current Status in Ophthalmology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

● PURPOSE: To inform ophthalmologists of the current status of visual training. ● DESIGN: Personal perspective. ● METHOD: A perspective and analysis of current practices that include a review of the literature and personal experiences of the author. ● RESULTS: Visual training of some sort has been used for centuries. In the first half of the twentieth century, in cooperation with ophthalmologists, orthoptists introduced a wide variety of training techniques that were designed primarily to improve binocular function. In the second half of the twentieth century, visual training activities were taken up by optometrists and paramedical personnel to treat conditions that ranged from uncomfortable vision to poor reading or academic performance. Other visual training has been aimed at the elimination of a wide variety of systemic symptoms and for the specific improvement of sight and even for the improvement of athletic performance. At present, ophthalmologists and orthoptists use visual training to a very limited degree. Most visual training is now done by optometrists and others who say it works. Based on an assessment of claims and a study of published data, the consensus of ophthalmologists regarding visual training is that, except for near point of convergence exercises, visual training lacks documented evidence of effectiveness. ● CONCLUSION: Although visual training has been used for several centuries, it plays a minor and actually decreasing role in eye therapy used by the ophthalmologist. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, most visual training is carried out by non-ophthalmologists and is neither practiced nor endorsed in its broadest sense by ophthalmology.
An efficient twelfth-order iterative method for finding all the solutions of nonlinear equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this study, the sixteenth-order iterative scheme of Li et al. [X. Li, C. Mu, J. Ma, C. Wang, Sixteenth-order method for nonlinear equations, Appl. Math. Com. 215 (2010), 3754–3758] is considered. We increase its efficiency index from 1.587 to 1.64
[An alternative approach to the teaching of obesity as a civilization-related disease].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Universities are relying on student-activating methods in teaching. This work was concerned with an approach to teaching of obesity as a civilization-related disease to medical students. Brainstorming, snowball discussion, careful reading of medical texts, evidence-based medicine, and practicals on how to measure BMI and WHR were exploited. Analysis of medical histories to disclose risk factors of ischemic heart disease and polymetabolic syndrome X are proposed. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies of obesity and its disorders are presented.
Fostering Resilience Among the Police

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Police officers are often mandated to respond to extremely stressful and potentially traumaticsituations over the course of their careers (Andersen, Papazoglou, Koskelainen, & Nyman,2015). Research has shown that occupational stress and trauma exposure has a negative impacton police officers’ health and wellness (Violanti et al., 2005). Police officers are expected torespond to critical incidents and resolve challenging situations effectively despite routineexposure to severe stress. Even though local and national governments invest a vast amount ofmoney in police tactical training and equipment, resilience building has not been a majorcomponent of police training. This paper aims to open a dialogue about the importance ofmental preparedness training as a means of enhancing police resilience in the line of duty. Theauthors discuss the pioneering work of scholars (e.g., Andersen et al., 2015; Arnetz et al., 2013)who developed research initiatives to facilitate mental preparedness among police officers.Clinical and police training applications of the aforementioned research work, as well as futuredirections of such outcomes are discussed.
The New Pro-Choice: Legalizing Assisted Suicide

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Suicide can be defined as either the decision to die when death is not imminent, or the choice to die in the circumstances of an already fatal and severely debilitating disease. End-of-life decision making has become more and more intertwined with the modern medical practice, as interest in assisted suicide has continually grown all over the world, especially in first-world countries that have high standards of medical care. Paradoxically, increasing focus on assisted suicide parallels the expanding capabilities of modern medicinal technologies to preserve life in situations of imminent death. It is evident that public policy and legal issues are closely tied with ethical problems posed by the relevant practice, and similarities surrounding the problems underlying the practice of assisted suicide are common to many countries. However, due to a variety of historical, cultural and political factors, the legal responses vary between these first-world countries in regards to the treatment of assisted suicide. The controversial topic results in responses that oscillate between the Hippocratic tradition that forbids any physician to actively bring about the death of a patient to legislation allowing assisted suicide as part of a legally protected patient right. Amidst the variety of legislative action and numerous rights-based arguments presented by both sides of the debate, it is evident that some form of legalization of assisted suicide is necessary, and should be allowed for not only patients who are in terminal conditions. Ultimately, criminal law should not dictate nor prohibit private, personal, and final choices in regards to ending oneâs own life.
Speciation Evolution and Phase Migration of Phosphorus and Nitrogen during Subcritical Hydrothermal Recycling of Antibiotic Fermentation Residue

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) has exhibited significant potential in the treatment of antibiotic fermentation residue (AR), but the synchronous recycling of the multiple nutrients in AR by HTL has not been considered previously. A comprehensive understanding of the transformation mechanism of nutrients is the prerequisite of their recycling. Results showed that 85.8–88.9% of phosphorus (P) was enriched in hydrochar by adsorption to Al/Fe (hydro)oxides or precipitation as Ca/Mg minerals, while most nitrogen (N) was released into the liquid phase due to the poor affinity between metal cations and nitrogen species. Moreover, the distribution and evolution of nutrients were controlled by temperature. Increasing temperature promoted the production of the recyclable NH4+–N and apatite-P. Above 220 °C, the increased apatite-P was mainly derived from the transformation of the unstable non-apatite inorganic-P. Further, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) analysis indicated that the dissolved organic-N with N3–4 as the prominent components (180–220 °C), especially proteins, were converted into NH4+–N and stable lignins/carboxyl-rich alicyclic molecule (CRAM)-like compounds via a series of depolymerization, deoxidation, deamination, and cyclization reactions as the temperature increased. Undoubtedly, this work will guide the directional regulation of the distribution and speciation of AR-derived nutrients, and have important implications for optimizing nutrients' recycling and sustainable biowaste management.
Power Spectral Density Estimates of the Fading of High Frequency Radio Waves

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The power spectral density of the fading power of high-frequency radio waves and methods of esti mating this function are the subject of this report. Evaluations of the power spectral density estimates obtained by two different methods are made. The asymptotic low-frequency variation of estimates computed on a digital commputer and the expected value of estimates computed with an analog computer are derived. A comparison of the two methods is made and power spectral density estimates computed by both methods are shown. Power spectral density estimates are shown for eight different data samples. In general, the power density is con fined to frequencies below one cycle per second.
Selenium supplementation to improve bone health in postmenopausal women: the SeMS three-arm RCT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Observational and pre-clinical studies have reported an association between selenium status, bone density, bone turnover and fracture risk. Selenium is an anti-oxidant, so we hypothesised that selenium could reduce the pro-resorptive action of reactive oxygen species on osteoclasts. Population mortality data suggest that the optimum range for serum selenium is 120–150 µg/l. Most adults in Europe are relatively selenium insufficient compared with adults in the USA and other geographical areas. Objectives The objectives of the study were to determine if selenium supplementation in postmenopausal women with osteopenia decreased bone turnover, improved physical function or decreased markers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Design We conducted a 6-month double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Setting This was a single-centre study in Sheffield, UK. Participants We recruited 120 postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis. One hundred and fifteen women completed follow-up and were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Interventions The interventions were sodium selenite as Selenase 200 µg/day, Selenase 50 µg/day (biosyn, Germany) and placebo. Main outcome measures The primary end point was urine N–terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen/Cr (NTX/Cr) at 26 weeks. Groups were compared with an analysis of covariance, through the use of Hochberg testing. Secondary end points were other biochemical markers of bone turnover, bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and physical function scores (short physical performance battery and grip strength). The mechanistic end points were markers of inflammation and anti-oxidant activity (glutathione peroxidase, highly sensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin 6). Results In the 200 µg/day group, mean serum selenium increased from 78.8 µg/l (95% confidence interval 73.5 to 84.2 µg/l) to 105.7 µg/l (95% confidence interval 99.5 to 111.9 µg/l) at 26 weeks. Urine NTX/Cr did not differ between treatment groups at 26 weeks. None of the secondary or mechanistic end-point measurements differed between the treatment groups at 26 weeks. Conclusions We conclude that selenium supplementation at these doses does not affect bone turnover (assessed by NTX/Cr) and is not beneficial for musculoskeletal health in postmenopausal women. Trial registration IRAS 200308, EudraCT 2016-002964-15 and ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02832648. Funding This project was funded by the Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation (EME) programme, a MRC and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) partnership. This will be published in full in Efficacy and Mechanism Evaluation ; Vol. 8, No. 6. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
DIAGNOSING AND AVOIDING THE CAUSES OF CONCRETE DEGRADATION

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

: Concrete can be exceptionally durable, but is sometimes regarded as being inherently defective. Durability is now challenged by complex mixtures, demanding applications and increasing use of marginal materials. Most causes of degradation can be prevented and experience from dependable diagnosis of previous failures is invaluable. The essential steps to successful, reliable diagnosis are summarised and the importance of continuity from desk study, through site inspection to laboratory findings is stressed. Petrography is identified as an indispensable procedure in the investigation of concrete deterioration. A selection of both established and relatively newly recognised threats to concrete durability is reviewed and some particular issues are highlighted for each mechanism. It is suggested that the occurrence of the thaumasite might have been underestimated in recent surveys. INTRODUCTION DIAGNOSIS SOME ESTABLISHED THREATS CONCLUSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES