jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Scientific experiment: it proves that "the change of distance between gaseous molecules is the fundamental cause of the formation of lightning"

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

According to the relevant theory of the ternary equilibrium law, the derivation of the cause of lightning formation, and the final conclusion is that "the change of the distance between gaseous water molecules in the air is the most fundamental cause of lightning formation".The factors leading to the distance change between the water molecules in the air are mainly two, one is the temperature change leading to the thermal expansion and cold contraction of the gas, and the other is the distance change between the gaseous water molecules formed by the change of the air pressure.This experiment compressed and decompresses the air inside the dense container to realize the distance between the water molecules in the air, and then measured whether the air in the airtight container is suddenly charged or with the voltage change. The prerequisite for lightning formation is that the clouds in the sky need to carry enough charge.But how can the heavenly clouds carry enough charge?Although modern natural science theories have also given many explanations, these explanations are difficult to be absolutely convincing.Sky clouds suddenly carry a lot of charge and form lightning, this is actually a difficult to explain through the traditional physical theory, because the cloud carrying these charge is not formed before, but the sudden temperature change of the air, water molecules in the air under the action of heat expansion and cold contraction, the distance between molecules and molecules and charged phenomenon.This paper will also simply explain the essence of "object carrying charge" through the "law of ternary balance". The English version is converted by translation software, so there may be many translation errors. 《三元平衡定律》:https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4539809
ENFORCEMENT OF STATE ANTITRUST LAWS FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF THE STATE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The past five years or so have been marked by the emergence of antitrust enforcement activities by an ever increasing number of states. To the traditionally antitrust-conscious states of Missouri and Texas have been added New York, Illinois, Wisconsin, Cali fornia, Washingon, Hawaii and to a lesser extent, perhaps, Michigan, Minnesota and Oregon. Looking back to the year 1961 I am moved to comment upon the clarity of vision shown by Professor James A. Rahl in his article in the Texas Law Review entitled, Toward a Worthwhile State Antitrust Policy.1 Experience has proven the validity of many of his observations and his analysis of the problems involved in the inauguration of a state antitrust enforcement program. I commend it to any student of the problems of antitrust.
Framework for Stock Market Prediction using Deep Learning Technique

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The stock market is equivocal and unforeseeable because it heavily depends on several macros and micro factors of digital economical market. The aim of this work to solve the early classification problem for accurate prediction of the stock market using Two-Layered Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory (TL-BLSTM) with transfer learning. The TL-BLSTM model is pre-trained with US-based S\&P 500 index data and further trained on the National Stock Exchange (NSE) of India such as India Tobacco Company Ltd. Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ITC), Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC), and State Bank of India (SBI). The performance of the TL-BLSTM model is tested and evaluated through three different training strategies using variants of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) architectures based on Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). The proposed TL-BLSTM model considerably outperforms than existing RNN based models like LSTM, GRU, and Bidirectional architectures of a hybrid model with LSTM and GRU.
A Sustainability Roadmap for Contemporary Marketing Education: Thinking beyond the 4Ps

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

For generations marketing students have been taught the mantra of the 4Ps. This paper questions the relevance of continuing to teach this framework in the light of changing business, environmental and social demands, and increasing corporate social responsibility consciousness. But rather than replace this established framework altogether, this paper draws from extant literature to argue for the inclusion of an additional two Ps, People and Planet, to which the original 4Ps will be subsumed. After examining popular contemporary marketing texts, we contend that the sustainability imperatives of People and Planet are often omitted from marketers’ thinking, or relegated to after thought status in a concluding chapter, as they are encouraged to concentrate on a narrower, traditional set of 4Ps. The paper concludes by suggesting that, just as particular marketing contexts, such as services or tourism marketing have done, a more relevant foundation to guide marketers’ thinking will emerge if the 4Ps framework is subject to review. Against the changing economic, environmental, and social backdrop, the alternative, expanded marketing mix framework proposed in this paper seeks to participate in this review, by encouraging the marketing education discussion.
Evaluating the Room Temperature ECAP Processing of a NiTi Alloy via Simulation and Experiments

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The NiTi alloys are generally considered hard‐to‐deform materials when processing by equal‐channel angular pressing (ECAP) at room temperature. Nevertheless, it is shown by experiment that a NiTi alloy may be successfully processed by ECAP for up to two passes using a core–sheath configuration. Three‐dimensional finite element simulations were used to more fully evaluate the flow behavior after the first and second pass of ECAP. The values of the microhardness were recorded across transverse directions within the cores and the results show that the imposed strain both decreases by comparison with the processing of conventional sheath‐free NiTi billet and increases by increasing the dimensions of the core. The lower areas of the cores undergo less deformation than the upper areas after successful ECAP processing but the imposed strain, and thus the microhardness values, become homogeneously distributed on the longitudinal planes after two passes of ECAP.
Equity within business to business relationships

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Within business to business relationships it is not uncommon for some of the parties to be perceived as exercising power over others. A question that therefore needs to be addressed is why some parties appear to be willing to accept subservient roles. This paper will consider the possibility that an apparently subservient role may be acceptable to a party for two reasons. First, the party may not perceive their situation as being inequitable. Second, the party may believe that, at least in the short-term, there is no realistic alternative other than to accept a subservient role.
Performance Analysis of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive using Particle Swarm Optimization Technique

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM), a nonlinear speed controller design based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is presented in this paper. For tuning the PID controller, the speed control for PMSM was analyzed using PSO algorithm to optimize the parameters in terms of proportional gain (Kp), integral gain (Ki), and derivative gain (Kd). Moreover, the overall system is evaluated under various operating conditions such as starting, braking, load application and load removal. Besides this, comparison between speed control of PMSM using Ziegler-Nichols (Z-N) method and speed control of PMSM with PSO technique has been carried out. These analyses are estimated in terms of dynamic and static response. The transient response are examined in terms of settling time (ts), rise time (tr), peak time (tp), and peak overshoot (Mp). Overall, PID speed controller with PSO technique shows that the proposed method has improved the performance under the various operating conditions.
[The prevalence of nasopharyngeal Neisseria meningitidis carriage, serogroup distribution, and antibiotic resistance among healthy children in Cankaya municipality schools of Ankara province].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Meningococci responsible for significant morbidity and mortality rates in children are found in the oropharynx and nasopharynx and communicated with droplets. In this study, the prevalence of nasopharyngeal Neisseria meningitidis carriage, serogroup distribution and antibiotic resistance were determined among healthy children in Cankaya municipality of Ankara province. The study involved 1155 students aged 7-19 years. Systematic sampling method was used for sample selection. To isolate N. meningitidis, modified Thayer-Martin medium was used. The antibiotic susceptibilities of N. meningitidis isolates were determined by agar dilution method for penicillin, sulfadiazine, rifampicin, and azithromycin. N. meningitidis carriage prevalence was found as 10.4% with serogroup B being the most predominant (47.5%). The prevalence of N. meningitidis carriage was found to be closely associated with living conditions however, tonsillectomy, tonsillar hypertrophy, passive or active smoking did not affect the rate of carriage. Overcrowded life style, use of old-fashioned stoves for heating, and living in shanty housing were determined as risk factors increasing N. meningitidis carriage. None of the strains showed beta-lactamase activity, and five strains (4.2%) had decreased sensitivity to penicillin. The resistance against sulfadiazine was 54.4%, while it was 26.9% against azithromycin. No rifampicin-resistant strain were detected. It can be concluded that the prevalence of meningococcal carriage in this study was similar to that of other European countries. Rifampicin should be the first drug of choice both for the treatment of meningococcal carriers and for the prophylaxis of the subjects who had been in contact with patients with meningococcal infection.
Biological activity and chemical composition of essential oils from the leaves of Myrtus communis L

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Common myrtle ( Myrtus communis L., Myrtaceae) is an evergreen shrub. The genus Myrtus includes flowering plants and was previously thought to be represented by approximately 16 taxa in the areas of the Middle East and Asia [1]. It has been used for medicinal, food and spice purposes since ancient times. The essential oil is used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory agent [2,3]. In the present work, M. communis leaf essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger apparatus. The essential oil was analyzed by both GC-FID and GC-MS. α -Pinene (43.1%) and linalool (18.8%) were found to be the main constituents. The oil was evaluated for its toxicity ( Caenorhabditis elegans ), antileishmanial and antimicrobial activities. The IC 50 value was 2.5 mg/mL against Leishmania tropica promastigotes. The following MIC values were determined: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 : 20 mg/mL; Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC 13615 : 5 mg/mL; Candida albicans ATCC 90028 : 10 mg/mL; and Escherichia coli NRRL B-3008 : 1.25 mg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the in vivo selectivity of M. communis leaf essential oil against Leishmania tropica .
Adherence to hormonal therapy in breast cancer patients: EHR-based retrospective data analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Adherence to adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) is critical for hormone receptor-positive breast cancer but declines over time. We analyzed 6,019 patients from the Asan Biomedical Research Environment (ABLE) who completed five years of anti-estrogen therapy after surgery (2010–2018). Medication adherence, measured by the Medication Possession Ratio (MPR), decreased from 97% to 66%, with especially sharp declines during years 1–2 and 4–5. Poor adherence was associated with age ≥50, aromatase inhibitors (AIs) monotherapy, and absence of radiation therapy (p<0.001). Patients switching from selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) to AIs showed the highest adherence. These findings highlight the need for early identification of patients at risk and the development of tailored clinical management strategies. Digital health interventions may offer support but require further validation in clinical settings.
Minimal Forms in $\\lambda$-Calculus Computations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The notion of a minimal form is defined as an extension of the notion of a normal form in $\\lambda-\\beta$-calculus and its meaning is discussed in a computational environment. The features of the Knuth-Gross reduction strategy are used to prove that to possess a minimal form, for a generic term, is a semidecidable predicate.
A study of nectar components and competition on the feeding behavior of Archilochus colubris, the Ruby-throated Hummingbird.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cultured quail embryo muscle has proven to be an excellent model system for studying the synthesis of macromolecular glycogen from, and its degradation to, glycogenin, the autocatalytic, self-glucosylating primer for glycogen synthesis. We recently demonstrated that proglycogen, a low-M(r) form of glycogen, is an intermediate in the synthesis. Here we show that proglycogen also functions as an intermediate in macroglycogen degradation and, in one set of circumstances, represents an arrest point in glycogen breakdown, which does not continue to glycogenin. We suggest that in the nutritionally dependent turnover of glycogen in tissues, the molecules cycle between proglycogen and macromolecular glycogen and are not normally degraded to glycogenin. Nevertheless, when this does happen, the released glycogenin is active, capable of re-initiating glycogen synthesis. Under culture conditions where the conversion of proglycogen into glycogenin does take place, the intermediates lying between form a discrete rather than a continuous series, suggestive of a cluster structure for proglycogen and indicating that breakdown is stepwise. Evidence of post-translational modification of glycogenin was obtained by the finding that, in glycogen from cultured muscle, glycogenin is phosphorylated.
Risk factor associated to the development of anal fistula

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To determine the risk factors associated to the development of anal after an anal abscess. Setting: General Hospital of Mexico (third level health care center). Design: Case-controls study. Statistical analysis: Univariate analysis. Patients and methods: The study comprised 250 patients observed in the period of May 2009 to January 2012 assessed in the outpatient clinic of the Coloproctology Unit, with a diagnosis of anal abscess and three months or more of follow-up. Analyzed varaibles were: age, ocupation, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol consumption, previous antibiotics and after the drainage, type of evacuation according to the Bristol scale, anal reception, time of abscess evolution, and site where drainage of the abscess was performed (outpatient clinic, surgery room, or spontaneously). Results: Of the 250 patients with an anal abscess treated with a simple drainage, 103 (41.2%) developed an anal. Results of the univariate analysis did not reveal any statistical signifi cance for any of the studied variables. Conclusion: We did not identify any risk factor in this paper to be able to determine which patients can develop an anal after an anal abscess event.
If You Post It, Will They Come? Effective Advertising for Librarian Jobs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Academic libraries face many challenges in developing an excellent workforce for the 21st century. One of these challenges occurs at the outset of the librarian recruitment process: how to effectively advertise job opportunities to attract the most highly qualified candidates. The University of California, Irvine (UCI) Libraries has developed a list of over 25 publications, websites, and email listservs where we regularly advertise librarian positions. Our goals are to a) reach national and international audiences, b) attract a diverse applicant pool including candidates from underrepresented groups, c) be noticed by qualified job seekers in our geographic region, d) target communities where specialized skills are most likely to be found, and, e) limit advertising expenses. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of our advertising plan, we developed an online survey and asked all those who applied for librarian positions at the UCI Libraries between October 2007 and January 2009 to indicate where they saw our job advertised and to name any other sources they consult for librarian job openings. This poster describes the advertising sources we have used, explains the applicant survey, analyzes the results of the survey, and suggests how the data may influence our recruitments in the future.
Cardioprotective Effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Extract Against Doxorubicin- Induced Toxicity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the cardioprotective effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis extract (GUE) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. Imprinting control region (ICR) mice were treated with saline, DOX (20 mg/kg intraperitoneal [ip] for once), GUE (100 mg/kg intragastric [ig] for 8 days), co-treatments with DOX and GUE (100 mg/kg ig for 8 days), and amifostine (100 mg/kg intravenous [iv] for once), respectively. Serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-P X ) activity, and glutathione (GSH) level in heart tissue were measured. Histopathologic analysis of heart tissue was also performed. Treatment with GUE significantly protected the mice from DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, indicated by decreased levels of serum LDH and CK-MB, improved heart morphology and increased GSH-P X activity and GSH level. Additionally, GUE did not compromise the tumor-inhibitory effect of DOX. In conclusion, our studies imply the potentially clinical application of GUE to overcome the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin.
Directed Sets of Topology -- Tukey Representation and Rejection

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Every directed set is Tukey equivalent to (a) the family of all compact subsets, ordered by inclusion, of a (locally compact) space, to (b) a neighborhood filter, ordered by reverse inclusion, of a point (of a compact space, and of a topological group), and to (c) the universal uniformity, ordered by reverse inclusion, of a space. Two directed sets are Tukey equivalent if they are cofinally equivalent in the sense that they can both be order embedded cofinally in a third directed set. In contrast, any totally bounded uniformity is Tukey equivalent to $[κ]^{<ω}$, the collection of all finite subsets of $κ$, where $κ$ is the cofinality of the uniformity. All other Tukey types are `rejected' by totally bounded uniformities. Equivalently, a compact space $X$ has weight (minimal size of a base) equal to $κ$ if and only if the neighborhood filter of the diagonal is Tukey equivalent to $[κ]^{<ω}$. A number of questions from the literature are answered with the aid of the above results.
Solvability in Groups of Piecewise-linear Homeomorphisms of the Unit Interval

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We investigate subgroups of the group PLo(I) of piecewise-linear, orientation preserving homeomorphisms of the unit interval with finitely many breaks in slope, and also subgroups of Thompson's group F. We find geometric criteria determining the derived length of any such group, and use this criteria to classify the solvable and non-solvable subgroups of PLo(I) and of F. Let H be a subgroup of PL_o(I) or F. We find that H is solvable if and only if H is isomorphic to a group in a well described class R of groups. We also find that H is non-solvable if and only if we can embed a copy of a specific non-solvable group W into H. We strengthen the non-solvability classification by finding weak geometric criteria under which we can embed other groups (all containing W) into non-solvable subgroups of PLo(I) or F.
Abortion Rights in the United States: Discourse and Dissension

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since 1973, when the United States Supreme Court affirmed a woman's constitutional right to end her pregnancy in Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton,1 abortion has been at the centre of a bitter and seemingly intractable domestic war. It has been the subject of hundreds of legislative initiatives and court cases and has been a pivotal electoral issue from state legislatures to the presidency. It has spurred activists on both sides to protest and demonstrate. Tragically, it has even led to extreme violence, as a tiny minority of anti-abortion fanatics have waged a campaign of terror against abortion providers, killing five clinic workers over a two-year period and torching and vandalizing countless clinics across the United States. Nowhere else in the world has abortion provoked such sustained strife. How can we explain this exceptional response to legal abortion? What are the prospects for an end to the conflict? What can we do to hasten its resolution while preserving legal abortion? This chapter explores these questions.
Calculation of gross, technical and economic potential of solar energy of the Republic of Tajikistan

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This article provides a calculation of the gross technical and economic potential of solar energy from the Penjikent district in order to determine the possibility of using it to obtain and provide electrical and thermal energy. The results of the calculation of solar energy resources for the Penjikent district of the Republic of Tajikistan, obtained on the basis of using NASA metrological data for the last 20 years, are presented. Using data from NASA and the RETScreen Expert computer program, the work also determined the average monthly solar radiation intake for 22 years for all cities of Tajikistan and is given in the table. The conclusion was made about the expediency of using solar photovoltaic modules in the territory of the Penjikent district, where there is still no electricity in most areas of this region.
2-Oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl 4-fluorobenzoate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the title compound, C 16 H 9 FO 4 , the dihedral angle between the planar coumarin ring system [maximum deviation = 0.027 (1) Å] and the benzene ring is 70.18 (6)°. In the crystal, π–π interactions [shortest centroid–centroid separation = 3.5338 (8) Å] link the molecules into a three-dimensional framework.
A Finite-Interval Uniqueness Theorem for Bilateral Laplace Transforms

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Two or more bilateral Laplace transforms with a complex argument “ s ” may be equal in a finite vertical interval when, in fact, the transforms correspond to different functions. In this article, we prove that the existence of a bilateral Laplace transform in any finite horizontal interval uniquely determines the corresponding function. The result appears to be new as we could not find it in the literature. The novelty of the result is that the interval need not contain zero, the function need not be nonnegative and need not be integrable. The result has a potential to be useful in the context of fitting probability distributions to data using Laplace transforms or moment generating functions.