jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Anteroposterior Diameter and Interpedicular Distance for Approximating Spinal Canal Area in Patients with Cervical Central Canal Stenosis- a Computed Tomography Based Study.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Cervical central canal (CCC) stenosis is associated with low CCC area. Traditional methods involve manual measurements, which could potentially be replaced by artificial intelligent (AI). This study evaluates the predictive value of shape approximations, specifically elliptical, triangular, and rectangular as well as second-order approximations (SOA), in estimating the CCC area using anteroposterior diameter (APD) and interpedicular distance (IPD) in patients with CCC stenosis. Research Question How accurately can shape approximations, including SOA, predict the CCC area in patients with stenosis? Material and Methods This retrospective cohort study analyzed cervical spine imaging data from 334 patients. Central canal measurements, including APD, IPD, and CCC area, were obtained from CT scans. The APD and IPD values were applied to pre-existing approximation equations to estimate the CCC area. These approximated areas were compared to manual measurements, with statistical analyses such as mean differences, percent error, and paired sample t-tests used to assess the accuracy of the approximations. Results Out of 334 patients, 118 met the inclusion criteria, with 239 stenotic levels assessed. The ellipse approximation showed mean differences from -2.95 mm² at C5-6 to -36.03 mm² at C3-4. It demonstrated no significant difference from manual measurements at C4-5, C5-6, and C6-7. SOAs outperformed single-shape approximations, with mean differences ranging from -0.46 mm² at C6-7 to -16.26 mm² at C2-3, and showed no significant difference at C3-4, C4-5, C5-6, and C6-7. Discussion and Conclusion Elliptical and SOA methods effectively predict CCC area in stenosis, demonstrating potential for integration into AI-based diagnostic systems.
Multilateral index number theory and generalized repeat sales house price indexes

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

One of the most common approaches to constructing home price indexes is the repeat sales method. In this article, it is shown that this approach is part of a family of widely used multilateral index number methods known as weighted GEKS. Here, the price index is constructed in two stages. First, elementary indexes are constructed between each period. Second, these bilateral indexes are aggregated into a transitive set of multilateral indexes using weighted least squares regression. We show that the repeat sales index has precisely this form and identify the specific elementary index formula and weights used. This observation provides a basis upon which to consider generalized repeat sales indexes which use different elementary indexes and weights. We apply some of these methods to repeat sales data and show that these choices matter empirically.
Food Is Reservoir of MDR Salmonella: Prevalence of ESBLs Profiles and Resistance Genes in Strains Isolated from Food

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Salmonella spp. are among the most frequent causes of foodborne diseases, and the increasing occurrence of MDR strains is an additional cause for concern. In the three-year period 2019–2021, we collected Salmonella spp. strains isolated from different food categories analysed in the context of Regulation (EC) No 2073/2005 in order to assess their antibiotic susceptibility profiles and ESBL production. To determine the susceptibility profiles and identify MDR strains, we used the Kirby–Bauer method to test 17 antibiotics. Double-disc and PCR testing then allowed us to assess the production of ESBLs and the presence of beta-lactamase resistance genes. Phenotypic tests showed that 36 out of 67 strains were MDR and 52.7% of these were ESBL producers. Finally, molecular investigations conducted on ESBL-producing strains revealed the presence of blaSHV, blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes. Our results confirmed the prevalence of S. Infantis, an MDR strain and ESBL producer, in chicken meat. This suggests that further research on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in foodborne strains is needed, especially from a One Health perspective.
The Kashmir Conflict and Sino-Indian Rivalry: Geopolitics of the Belt and Road Initiative

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the tumultuous decades following the British withdrawal from the Indian subcontinent, a critical fault line has emerged between India and Pakistan, with the Kashmir conflict standing as the most intractable and volatile of these disputes. This long-simmering crisis reached its zenith during the Cold War era, as both the Soviet and American blocs sought to leverage Asia's strategic significance to their respective advantages. With the collapse of the Iron Curtain and the dawn of American unipolar dominance on the global stage, China has emerged as the preeminent contender for a multipolar world order. Consequently, the competition between Beijing and New Delhi for regional and international influence has intensified, characterized by each side's concerted efforts to disrupt the other's growth and sway in the crucible of Central Asia, while Washington plays its intricate game from afar. China, as a principal beneficiary of globalization policies, has sought to extend its reach through the ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). However, India has remained a formidable obstacle to Beijing's overland expansion, consistently obstructing its grand designs. Compounding these tensions, China views India's participation in the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue mechanism, alongside the United States, Japan, and Australia, as a thinly veiled conspiracy to impede its ascent as a global power. In this study, we delve into the intricate complexities of the Kashmir issue, illuminating its historical roots and contemporary ramifications. Furthermore, we elucidate China's strategic alliance with Pakistan, unveiling India's multifaceted response within the framework of a perpetual "challenge and response" paradigm. Through this comprehensive analysis, we aim to shed light on the intricate interplay of geopolitical forces shaping the region's volatile dynamics.
Effects of Orally Inoculated Bacteria on Gastrointestinal Flora of Newborn Mice

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

SummaryThe emergence and persistence of Gram-positive cocci, lactobacilli and coli-form organisms in the gastrointestinal tracts of Swiss mice from birth to weaning were investigated. Changes in normal bacterial ecology due to oral feedings with both normal and abnormal organisms were described. Proteus vulgaris and to a lesser extent Pseu-domonas aeruginosa delayed the emergence and decreased the quantity of both lactobacilli and Escherichia coli. These mice had moderate increases in growth rates over those of the control groups. Recently isolated Shi-gella species when fed to newborn mice survived passage through the stomach. They did not persist in the G. I. tract nor cause changes in the mice.
reproductive success

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Anecdotal data gathered from many populations suggest that southern flying squirrel (SFS, Gluucomys volans) use of the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker’s (RCW, Picoides borealis) nest and roost cavities may negatively affect RCW populations. We conducted a controlled experiment to determine the effects of SFSs on RCW reproductive success. During the 1994 and 1995 breeding seasons, SFSs were removed from 30 RCW clusters and 32 clusters served as controls. SFSs were the most frequently encountered occupants of RCW cavities and used 20-33 % of RCW cavities in control and treatment clusters over both years. Treatment groups produced significantly more successful nests (2 1 fledgling) than control groups in 1994. In 1995 however, there was no difference in the number of successful nests. In both years, RCW groups nesting in treatment clusters produced significantly more fledglings than groups in control clusters in each of four experimental areas, averaging approximately 0.7 additional fledglings per nesting group. Loss of entire clutches or broods, possibly as a result of predation or abandonment, was a major factor limiting reproduction in control groups in 1994. In contrast, differences in partial brood loss appeared to be the cause of differential fledging success in 1995. Usurpaiion of RCW roost cavities by SFSs may have placed greater energetic demands on RCWs for cavity defence or thermoregulation, thus reducing energy available for reproduction. Our results show that SFS use of RCW cavities during the breeding season has a significant impact on RCWs and that management of RCW populations should include activities that either minimize SFS populations in RCW clusters or 1i:mit access of SFSs to RCW cavities.
Grigorij Kotošixin: O Rossii V Carstvovanie Alekseja Mixajloviča. Text And Commentary. Edited and with commentary by A. E. Pennington. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1980. xvi, 775 pp. + 2 pp. plates. $165.00.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Grigorij Kotošixin: O Rossii V Carstvovanie Alekseja Mixajloviča. Text And Commentary. Edited and with commentary by A. E. Pennington. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1980. xvi, 775 pp. + 2 pp. plates. $165.00. - Volume 41 Issue 1
Influence of drying temperature and ultrasound application in some quality properties of apple skin.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The great amount of waste produced by the food industry can be an interesting source of bioactive compounds. To this end, convective drying is one of the most extended method to stabilize the industrial by-products. However, drying conditions can affect not only drying kinetics but also the bioactivy of some compounds. Apple skin constitutes one of the main by-product generated in apple juice or cider production. It contains important amounts of functional compounds such as polyphenols or vitamin C whose extraction can be interesting. The main aim of this work was to determine the influence of drying conditions, temperature and application of ultrasound, in some quality parameters of dried apple skin. For this purpose, apple skin samples were dried at different temperatures (-10, 30, 50 and 70 ºC) and with (20.5 kW/m3) or without application of ultrasound. Color, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and vitamin C was measured in fresh and dried samples. The increase of drying temperature and the ultrasound sligthly reduced the antioxidant properties of samples while no influence in sample color was observed. Keywords: by-product; antioxidant; polyphenol; vitamin C; color.
Association of carotid atherosclerosis and recurrent cerebral infarction in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Jianping Liu, Yun Zhu, Yuhuai Wu, Yan Liu, Zhaowei Teng, Yinglu Hao Department of Science and Education, Nephrology, Orthopedic and Cardiology, The People’s Hospital of Yuxi City, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yuxi, Yunan, People’s Republic of China Abstract: Stroke, when poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death, is the third leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide, and appears as an unequal distribution in the global population. The cumulative risk of recurrence varies greatly up to 10 years after the first stroke. Carotid atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate and estimate the relationship between carotid atherosclerosis and risk of stroke recurrence in the Chinese population. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials published from 2000 to 2013, using the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Medline, Wanfang, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure. The odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to examine this strength. A total of 22 studies, including 3,912 patients, 2,506 first-ever cases, and 1,406 recurrent cases, were pooled in this meta-analysis. Our results showed that the frequency of carotid atherosclerosis is higher in recurrent cases than that in the first-ever controls (78.88% vs 59.38%), and the statistical analysis demonstrated significant positive association between carotid atherosclerosis and recurrent cerebral infarction (odds ratio: 2.87; 95% confidence interval: 2.42–3.37; P<0.00001) in a fixed-effect model. No significant heterogeneity was observed across all studies. In conclusion, our results showed that carotid atherosclerosis was associated with increased risk of recurrent stroke. However, further well-designed research with large sample sizes is still needed to identify the clear mechanism. Keywords: cerebral infarction, carotid atherosclerosis, meta-analysis
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE COMPOSITION AND KEEPING QUALITY OF PROCESSED MILK

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Samples of four major brands of tinned evaporated milk purchased from the local markets in Ibadan and cartons of pasteurized fresh milk from the Iwo Road dairy were left sealed or unsealed after opening. The samples were then stored on the shelf, in a bowl of water or in a refrigerator (storage conditions commonly used in many Nigerian homes). At 0, 24, and 48 hours, the samples were assessed for percentage fat and protein as well as bacterial quality using the plate count and the dye reduction tests. The results showed that percentage milk fat remained unchanged after 48 hours of storage under the different conditions. Changes in percentage milk protein were also minor. Keeping quality in terms of total counts and dye reduction times, were poorest under shelf storage and best under refrigeration. Sealing the samples resulted in better keeping quality.
The Role of Community-led Governance in Innovation Diffusion: The Case of RFID Waste Pricing System in the Republic of Korea

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explores the role of community-led governance in innovation adoption by drawing determinants of RFID waste pricing system adoption. The Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea adopted an individual-incentive based RFID waste pricing system for apartment complexes in 2013 in an effort to reduce food waste. After invention and wide usage during World War Two, RFID has received lots of intention especially in public policy field. This innovative system using RFID machines and RFID tag-embedded cards showed effectiveness in waste reduction. Residents of each apartment complex decide whether and when to adopt the RFID system. Based on innovation diffusion theory, we would like to draw which determinant factors most affect RFID pricing system adoption. Although innovation diffusion is dependent on community level, many previous studies surveyed individuals and asked them about organizational adoption. We use non-perceptional data representing the characteristics of the level of apartment complex. This study, relying on ecological variables collected from 2018 apartment complexes across 25 autonomous districts located in Seoul City, explores significant factors related to the process of the RFID adoption. According to the empirical results, there were two important determinants: how much information the government provided, and how the apartment complex residents have opportunity to gather opinion and decide the RFID pricing system adoption. We emphasize the importance of community-led governance in adopting an innovative environmental system and how community-led governance contributes to sustainable innovation adoption.
Synergetic Effect of Fe2O3 Doped-CeO2 Nanocomposites Prepared via Different Techniques on Photocatalytic Desulfurization of Heavy Gas Oil

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The photocatalytic performances of three Fe 2 O 3 –CeO 2 nanocomposites were investigated toward the sulfur removal from a petroleum heavy gas oil (HGO) sample. The three composites were prepared by three different routes namely; auto-combustion, post-precipitation and precipitation. The physio-chemical features and optical properties of the presented composites were determined via proper analytical techniques. Formation of Fe 2 O 3 –CeO 2 solid solution in all the prepared composites was verified via XRD analysis. These composites were then employed in photo-desulfurization of HGO and their activities were investigated at several operating conditions. The highest photocatalytic desulfurization exploit (91.5%) could be detected for the composite which was prepared via auto-combustion technique, denoted as (Fe 20 Ce 80 ) ac . This maximum percentage of sulfur removal could be obtained under visible light irradiation at the following optimum operating conditions: 15 g/L (as photocatalyst dose), time of 6 h and 2:1 of H 2 O 2 to oil ratio. The subsequent implementation of a solvent extraction step using N -methyl pyrrolidone was needed to attain the deepest desulfurization of HGO. The efficiencies of the presented composites against the process of sulfur removal were discussed in spot of their textural and optical characteristics as well as the available oxygen vacancies through their lattices structures.
Damped Coulomb explosion of a cluster core encapsulated in a He nanodroplet

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

The dynamics of an x-ray ionized two-component core-shell nanosystem is experimentally probed using doped helium (He) nanodroplets. First, a soft x-ray pump pulse selectively inner-shell ionizes the core cluster of heavy rare-gas atoms, causing electron migration from the He shell to the highly-charged core. This leads to a strong damping of the core cluster’s spatial expansion. Thus, He droplets act as a tamper that reduces the radiation damage of embedded nanostructures, a property that could be exploited for improving x-ray coherent diffraction images. A near-infrared probe pulse, igniting and then driving the formation of a He nanoplasma, is used to obtain time-resolved information about the tamper effect. As evidenced by molecular dynamics simulations, the tamper effect is manifested by the time constant of the falling edge of the pump-probe signal curve.
Usury and Interest

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Spanish Scholastics’ conception of a global community reflected contemporary experiences of pluralism and provided an important exposition of the validity of international law. It was contested even within their own circles, however, and opened up discussions about the positive or natural character of ius gentium and the fictional or factual nature of human political authority. A second, related topic of Spanish scholastic debate and discussion was the formulation of substantial rights as the basic tenets of international law. These comprised both rights of individuals against a foreign community and rights of communities against each other. The right to travel, to dwell, and to trade are examples for the former; rights of sovereign self-determination, but also the responsibility to protect any community against a tyrannical regime are examples for the latter. A third point of debate emerged from the latent formation of a discourse focusing on the institutional settings of a global community in terms of individual rights, autonomous agency, and, not least, economic behaviour. This chapter delineates the characteristically ambiguous Spanish Scholastic contribution to international law, balancing emancipatory criticism and apologetic legitimation of the colonial and imperial developments of their time.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Planar cell polarization requires Widerborst, a B' regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have identified widerborst (wdb), a B' regulatory subunit of PP2A, as a conserved component of planar cell polarization mechanisms in both Drosophila and in zebrafish. In Drosophila, wdb acts at two steps during planar polarization of wing epithelial cells. It is required to organize tissue polarity proteins into proximal and distal cortical domains, thus determining wing hair orientation. It is also needed to generate the polarized membrane outgrowth that becomes the wing hair. Widerborst activates the catalytic subunit of PP2A and localizes to the distal side of a planar microtubule web that lies at the level of apical cell junctions. This suggests that polarized PP2A activation along the planar microtubule web is important for planar polarization. In zebrafish, two wdb homologs are required for convergent extension during gastrulation, supporting the conjecture that Drosophila planar cell polarization and vertebrate gastrulation movements are regulated by similar mechanisms. PMID: 12091318
Engineering polymeric nanocapsules for an efficient drainage and biodistribution in the lymphatic system

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Polymer-based nanocarriers have shown potential for enhancing the immunological response of antigens. However, the key drivers for this response have not been fully elucidated. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of particle size (≈100 versus 200 nm) and surface composition of polymeric nanocapsules (chitosan, polyarginine and carboxymethyl-β-glucan) on their ability to target specific immune cells in the lymphatics. For this purpose, we used a powerful imaging technique, two-photon intravital microscopy, which minimises tissue damage in the visualisation of biological processes at cellular/subcellular levels. As expected, particle size was critical in the distribution and lymph node accumulation of all nanocapsules. Chitosan particles with a mean size below 100 nm accumulated significantly more in the popliteal lymph node than those with a larger size. Additionally, a comparative analysis of 100 nm nanocapsules with different polymeric shells indicated that cationic nanocapsules (chitosan and polyarginine) show higher accumulation in the popliteal lymph node than the anionic ones (carboxymethyl-β-glucan). In contrast, these anionic nanocapsules showed significant accumulation in the lumbar lymph node. In conclusion, tuning the physicochemical properties and composition of the nanocapsules allows the modulation of their lymphatic uptake and biodistribution, which may have important implications in the immune response.
Optimal Energy Demand Forecasting for Systems by Improved Manta Ray Foraging Optimizer: A Case Study in Taiwan

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

A new methodology is suggested in this study for providing an optimum energy demand forecasting for the future projections.The paper presents an improved version of manta ray foraging optimizer (iMRFO) for giving an optimum and suitable forecasting model.The model designing has been done on Taiwan as the case study.The optimized forecasting is performed based on three models, including linear, exponential, and quadratic models where their coefficients are optimized by the suggested iMRFO algorithm based on different affective factors containing yearly growth rate of the real GDP, yearly growth rate of the population, annual industry share in growth rate of GDP, annual rate of urbanization, and annual coal consumption.Simulation results showed that using the proposed -energy demand prediction technique based on iMRFO has higher accuracy and reliability prediction in the direction of the other compared methods from the literature, such as ACO, GA/PSO, basic MRFO-based, and multiple linear regression models.Two different scenarios have been measured for more analyzing the suggested method.The results finally show that energy intensity in Taiwan will decline in varying degrees based on both scenarios which indicates that additional growth of efficient strategies and actions is needed for ensuring that the target is accomplished.