jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The most common sponges on the Great Barrier Reef seabed, Australia, include species new to science (Phylum Porifera)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We describe two new species amongst the most common sponges living on the seabed (inter-reef) of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) collected during a multi-agency survey (GBR Seabed Biodiversity Project 2003–2006) of the shelf benthic biota using a trawl and dredge at 1254 sites. More than 1,200 sponge morphospecies (operational taxonomic units or OTUs) were recognised, many of which are potentially new species. This paper describes five of the most common sponges, two of which are new to science, Dercitus xanthus sp. nov. and Paracornulum fistulosum sp. nov. Taxonomic revisions of the three other most common species (Coscinoderma nardorus (Lendenfeld, 1886), Spheciospongia vagabunda (Ridley, 1884) and Xenospongia patelliformis Gray, 1858), reveal new characters not previously recorded. Extensive distribution maps are provided for these species within the GBR Marine Park. Analysis of the physical data associated with the biota revealed these species had strong preference for sand and carbonate sediments. As colonisers of the soft seabed these most prevalent species provide important habitat stabilisation, enabling succession communities to more readily establish on the seabed. This wide-scale study along the length and breadth of the GBR provides a concise and encompassing view of the distribution and diversity of the seabed benthos, and has significant implications for the conservation and management of the GBR World Heritage Area.
A theory of translation from relational queries to hierarchical queries

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In a heterogeneous database system, a query for one type of database system (i.e., a source query) may have to be translated to an equivalent query (or queries) for execution in a different type of database system (i.e., a target query). Usually, for a given source query, there is more than one possible target query translation. Some of them can be executed more efficiently than others by the receiving database system. Developing a translation procedure for each type of database system is time-consuming and expensive. We abstract a generic hierarchical database system (GHDBS) which has properties common to database systems whose schema contains hierarchical structures (e.g., System 2000, IMS, and some object-oriented database systems). We develop principles of query translation with GHDBS as the receiving database system. Translation into any specific system can be accomplished by a translation into the general system with refinements to reflect the characteristics of the specific system. We develop rules that guarantee correctness of the target queries, where correctness means that the target query is equivalent to the source query. We also provide rules that can guarantee a minimum number of target queries in cases when one source query needs to be translated to multiple target queries. Since the minimum number of target queries implies the minimum number of times the underlying system is invoked, efficiency is taken into consideration.< >
Conformational aspects of polypeptide structure. XXX. Rotatory properties of cyclic and bicyclic amides. Restricted and rigid model compounds for peptide chromophores

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConformational aspects of polypeptide structure. XXX. Rotatory properties of cyclic and bicyclic amides. Restricted and rigid model compounds for peptide chromophoresMurray Goodman, Claudio Toniolo, and Joseph FalcettaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 7, 1816–1822Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01035a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01035a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views92Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The problem of the evaluation of radiocurability of carcinoma colli uteri.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cytologic examinations were made at various periods following radiotherapy of 50 cases of uterine cervical carcinoma. All were grade I or II epidermoid carcinomas and were treated by combined radium and deep x-ray therapy. Curettage 3 months later revealed cancer cells in 7 cases. In 5 of the 7, subsequent treatment proved the cancer cells to be radioincurable. In the other 2 cases, the tumors appeared to be eliminated by radiotherapy although cytologic evidence of the tumors persisted for several months after successful radiation treatment. (H.H.D.)
Swelling-Activated Anion Channels Are Essential for Volume Regulation of Mouse Thymocytes

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Channel-mediated trans-membrane chloride movement is a key process in the active cell volume regulation under osmotic stress in most cells. However, thymocytes were hypothesized to regulate their volume by activating a coupled K-Cl cotransport mechanism. Under the patch-clamp, we found that osmotic swelling activates two types of macroscopic anion conductance with different voltage-dependence and pharmacology. At the single-channel level, we identified two types of events: one corresponded to the maxi-anion channel, and the other one had characteristics of the volume-sensitive outwardly rectifying (VSOR) chloride channel of intermediate conductance. A VSOR inhibitor, phloretin, significantly suppressed both macroscopic VSOR-type conductance and single-channel activity of intermediate amplitude. The maxi-anion channel activity was largely suppressed by Gd3+ ions but not by phloretin. Surprisingly, [(dihydroindenyl)oxy] alkanoic acid (DIOA), a known antagonist of K-Cl cotransporter, was found to significantly suppress the activity of the VSOR-type single-channel events with no effect on the maxi-anion channels at 10 μM. The regulatory volume decrease (RVD) phase of cellular response to hypotonicity was mildly suppressed by Gd3+ ions and was completely abolished by phloretin suggesting a major impact of the VSOR chloride channel and modulatory role of the maxi-anion channel. The inhibitory effect of DIOA was also strong, and, most likely, it occurred via blocking the VSOR Cl− channels.
Studies on improvement of pharmaceutical preparations prescribed in hospitals. V. Nifedipine hollow type suppository.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Nifedipine is a calcium antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. However, commercial nifedipine preparations are only available in forms suitable for oral administration, e.g. soft capsules and tablets. Therefore, we developed a suppository form in which the drug was incorporated into a hollow type suppository. The suppository preparation was administered to humans for evaluation of the clinical and commercial usefulness. It was as fast-acting as the soft capsule, but the blood concentration of nifedipine immediately after administration was lower than that seen with the soft capsule. It was considered to be superior to the soft capsule and similar to the tablet in terms of its long-acting effect. Thus, the hollow type suppository form of nifedipine should have useful clinical applications.
PROPOSAL OF NEW COUNTERMEASURE METHOD AND ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE PREVENTION OF LIQUEFIED GROUND FLOW BEHIND THE QUAY WITH SHEET-PILE

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

岸壁背後地盤の液状化および側方流動化の両方の抑止工法として，既往研究において有効性が示されている抑止杭を参考にするとともに，狭隘地での施工可能性も考慮して，岸壁背後に法線直角方向に鋼矢板せん断壁を配置する工法を提案した．この提案した工法について，2次元/3次元・水～土骨格連成有限変形解析コードGEOASIAを用いて検討を行い，液状化および側方流動化の抑止効果を確認した．具体的には隣り合う鋼矢板せん断壁の間隔を狭くする，形状に凹凸が多いほど効果が大きいことを明らかにし，新たな岸壁耐震補強工法の可能性を示した．
Steganalysis of LSB based image steganography using spatial and frequency domain features

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a method for steganalysis of grayscale images using both spatial and Gabor features. The basis of our work is to use Gabor filter coefficients and statistics of the graylevel co-occurrence matrix of images to train a support vector machine. We show that this feature set works well in steganalysis of grayscale images steganographied by LSB matching and S-tools.
Mycobacterium smegmatis RoxY Is a Repressor ofoxySand Contributes to Resistance to Oxidative Stress and Bactericidal Ubiquitin-Derived Peptides

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The mycobactericidal properties of macrophages include the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates and the delivery of bacteria to a hydrolytic lysosome enriched in bactericidal ubiquitin-derived peptides (Ub-peptides). To better understand the interactions of ubiquitin-derived peptides with mycobacteria and identify putative mycobacterial intrinsic resistance mechanisms, we screened for transposon mutants with increased susceptibility to the bactericidal Ub-peptide Ub2. We isolated 27 Mycobacterium smegmatis mutants that were hypersusceptible to Ub2. Two mutants were isolated that possessed mutations in the msmeg _ 0166 gene, which encodes a transcriptional regulator. The msmeg _ 0166 mutants were also hypersusceptible to other host antimicrobial peptides and oxidative stress. In characterizing msmeg _ 0166 , we found that it encodes a r epressor of oxy S , and therefore we have renamed the gene roxY . We demonstrate that RoxY and OxyS contribute to M. smegmatis resistance to oxidative stress. An ahpD transposon mutant was also isolated in our screen for Ub-peptide hypersusceptibility. Overexpression of oxyS in M. smegmatis reduced transcription of the ahpCD genes, which encode a peroxide detoxification system. Our data indicate that RoxY, OxyS, and AhpD play a role in the mycobacterial oxidative stress response and are important for resistance to host antimicrobial peptides.
Peer Review #2 of "The ‘what’ and ‘how’ of screening for social needs in healthcare settings: a scoping review (v0.1)"

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background.Adverse social determinants of health give rise to individual-level social needs that have the potential to negatively impact health.Screening patients to identify unmet social needs is becoming more widespread.A review of the content of currently available screening tools is warranted.The aim of this scoping review was to determine what social needs categories are included in published Social Needs Screening Tools that have been developed for use in primary care settings, and how these social needs are screened.Methods.We pre-registered the study on Open Science Framework https://osf.io/dqan2/ .We searched MEDLINE and Embase from 01/01/2010 to 3/05/2022 to identify eligible studies reporting tools designed for use in primary healthcare settings.Two reviewers independently screened studies, a single reviewer extracted data.We summarised the characteristics of included studies descriptively and calculated the number of studies that collected data relevant to specific social needs categories.We identified subcategories to classify the types of questions relevant to each of the main categories.Results.We identified 420 unique citations, 27 were included.Nine additional studies were retrieved by searching for tools that were used or referred to in excluded studies.Questions relating to food insecurity and the physical environment in which a person lives were the most frequently included items (92-94% of tools), followed by questions relating to economic stability and aspects of social and community context (81%).Seventy five percent of the screening tools included items that evaluated five or more social needs categories (mean 6.5; standard deviation 1.75).One study reported that the tool had been 'validated'; 16 reported 'partial' validation; 12 reported that the tool was 'not validated' and seven studies did not report validation processes or outcomes.
QoS Aware Hierarchical Routing Protocol Based on Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio and Link Duration for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Though node mobility allows quick network setup for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs), it can lead to route failure if improper movements are taken. Therefore, how to maintain the reliability of routes has always been a challenge in MANETs. Since routes are composed of relaying-nodes hop-by-hop, how to select reliable relay nodes is of great importance. Existing researches of routing protocol mainly utilize the metric of Hop or Received Signal Strength (RSS), which ignores the interference from other nodes and cannot make a good indication for link quality. In allusion to this problem, we propose an extension of OLSR protocol, named QoS aware Hierarchical Routing Protocol (QHRP), by replacing its relay-node selection policy. To be specific, we use a new metric combining estimated signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and link duration (LD) instead of the number of hops used in OLSR. Since SINR considers the accumulative interference from neighbor nodes, and LD considers the lifetime per link, it is expected that routes generated by QHRP can be more reliable. Extensive simulations show that QHRP can achieve an outstanding performance in terms of calculation of route, overhead and packet drop ratio.
ADVANCED GLYCATION END-PRODUCTS (AGES) IN LATE PATHOLOGY OF TRANSPLANTED HEART IN PATIENTS WITH OR WITHOUT DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 2 (DM).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1Dept. Of Cardiac Surgery & Transplantation, Silesian Center for Heart Disease, Zabrze/POLAND, 2Silesian Center for Heart Disease, Zabrze/POLAND, 3Cardiac Surgery And Transplantation, Silesian Center for Heart Diseases, Zabrze/POLAND
Implementation of Environmental Awareness Through Ecopedagogic Approach to Environmental Issues Elementary Schools

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

<p><em>This research is motivated by the low level of student awareness in maintaining cleanliness in the school environment, where they assume that school cleaning is the responsibility of janitors. The focus of this research is to: 1) Identify the level of environmental awareness among elementary school students; 2) Identify factors that inhibit environmental awareness among elementary school students; 3) Evaluate the impact of the eco-pedagogical approach through environmental issues around students. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The research subjects were students, teachers, principals, and janitors, while the research object was the approach to environmental education through environmental issues around students. The data collection techniques used include observation, interview, and questionnaire. Observation sheets, interview guides, and questionnaire sheets were used as research instruments. The results obtained from this study are: 1) Increased environmental awareness among elementary school students; 2) Finding solutions to foster environmental awareness among elementary school students. 3) Developing an environmental awareness character education model among elementary school students. It can be concluded that bad habits related to the low environmental care attitude of students can be overcome by the school by making activities or habituation programs for environmental care.</em></p>
PATERNALISME DALAM TINDAKAN MEDIS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract: In an ethical context, paternalism means any act that limits someone’s freedom, without his/her consent, for the purpose of either preventing the person from doing himself any harm, or carrying out something positive in a way that can not be achieved by himself/herself. The principle of paternalism must be distinguished from the harm principle. The principle of paternalism says that one’s freedom may be limited if one will inflict the harm on oneself due to one’s attitude, or will not be able to achieve something beneficial for himself/herself. Meanwhile, the harm principle says that someone’s freedom may be limited if the purpose is to protect another person from the harm inflicted by the first party. In medical service sector, paternalism causes conflicts between the principle of beneficence and the principle of autonomy. This is evident if a doctor takes a certain medical action based on the principle of beneficence without giving any information to the competent patient, or the doctor gives the information only to the family. In this situation, there is no informed consent. However paternalism can not cause conflict between these two ethical principles if the patient is not autonomous, so that he/she is not competent to make a decision that can be justified. Key words: paternalism, patient, doctor, competent Abstrak: Dalam konteks etika, paternalisme dimaksudkan setiap tindakan yang membatasi kebebasan seseorang tanpa persetujuannya, yang bertujuan mencegah terjadinya kerugian baginya, atau melakukan sesuatu yang baik, yang tidak dapat diperolehnya dengan cara lain. Prinsip paternalisme perlu dibedakan dengan prinsip kerugian. Prinsip paternalisme mengatakan bahwa kebebasan seseorang boleh dibatasi, jika orang itu akan merugikan dirinya sendiri karena kelakuannya sendiri, atau tidak akan memperoleh sesuatu yang sangat baik bagi dirinya. Sedangkan prinsip kerugian mengatakan bahwa kebebasan seseorang boleh dibatasi untuk melindungi orang lain dari kerugian. Di bidang pelayanan medis, paternalisme dapat menimbulkan konflik antara prinsip berbuat baik dan prinsip otonomi bila dokter mengambil tindakan medis tertentu atas dasar prinsip berbuat baik (the principle of beneficence) tanpa memberi informasi kepada pasien yang kompeten, atau hanya menyampaikannya kepada pihak keluarga. Dalam kondisi seperti ini tak ada informed consent atau informed choice dari pihak pasien, dan paternalisme ini tak dapat dibenarkan. Namun terdapat situasi di mana paternalisme tidak menimbulkan konflik antara kedua prinsip etika ini, yakni apabila pasien memang tidak otonom sehingga tidak kompeten untuk mengambil suatu keputusan rasional yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Kata kunci: paternalisme, pasien, dokter, kompeten
SMART 3-D CHARACTERIZATION OF SUBSURFACE CONTAMINATION AROUND THE BELOW GRADE DUCTS AT THE BROOKHAVEN GRAPHITE RESEARCH REACTOR

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Ducts provided passage for cooling air flowing through the graphite reactor pile to the exhaust stack. Following shutdown of the reactor in 1968, the ducts and fue l transfer canal collected water and were a potential source of contamination to the soils beneath the facility. Thus, thorough subsurface soil characterization is required to determine the location and extent of potential contamination to facilitate appropriate remedial action planning for the below grade facilities and surrounding soils. The characterization approach used in this project integrates several innovative technologies to provide improved characterization and data interpretation. The innovative technologies include the use of a small footprint Geoprobe to install sampling ports in the soil and beneath the buildings, perfluorocarbon gas tracers (PFTs) to define the leak pathways, three-dimensional (3-D) visualization tools to investigate the data, the In Situ Object Counting System (ISOCS), for rapid field gamma surveys of soil samples, and BetaScint, for beta surveying of soil samples. A Frisch chamber alpha-spectroscopy device will be used for alpha-emitting radionuclides. Initial data and analysis from the PFT leak detection study are presented. The outcome of the data analysis is a three-dimensional (3-D) visualization of the potential leak pathways from the below grade ducts. The information from the PFT study will be used to optimize subsurface soil data collection in the second phase of this program. In addition, subsurface soil characterization data beneath the Fuel transfer Canal House are presented.
Comparation of fixed‐ratio (IDegLira and iGlarLixi) versus free combination of basal insulin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist for uncontrolled type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the fixed‐ratio combination (FRC) and free combination of basal insulin and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1RA) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and four Chinese databases were searched for relevant studies from inception to April 13, 2023. Phase III clinical trials involving FRC or free combination in patients with uncontrolled T2DM were included. A network meta‐analysis (NMA) was used to evaluate the effects of FRC and free combination. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool was used to evaluate the risk‐of‐bias. The primary outcomes were changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body weight, and incident hypoglycemia. Secondary outcomes included changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). This study was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023409585). Results Forty‐two trials with 23,619 patients were included in the NMA, and treatments were categorized as FRC, free combination and NOINSGLP (neither FRC nor free combination). The forest plots revealed comparable HbA1c control (mean difference (MD) = 0.07%, 95% confidence interval (CI): –0.17 to 0.30) between free combination and FRC. However, there were significant differences in the body weight (MD = –2.06 kg; 95% CI: –3.34 to –0.77), SBP (MD = –1.22 mmHg; 95% CI: –2.41 to –0.04), and DBP (MD = –1.09 mmHg; 95% CI: –1.94 to –0.24) between the two groups. Conclusions In patients with uncontrolled T2DM, the safety and efficacy of FRC and free combination therapy were comparable. The use of FRC is justifiable in patients requiring free combination.
Photoinduced Synergismof Ferroptosis/Pyroptosis/Oncosisby an O2‑Independent Photocatalyst for EnhancedTumor Immunotherapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Due to O2 dependence, hypoxia-induced apoptosis resistance, and immunosuppressive microenvironment, the effect of traditional photodynamic therapy toward hypoxic solid tumors is severely limited. Herein, we report an O2-independent photocatalyst (EBSe) for tumor immunotherapy potentiation via synergism of near-infrared (NIR) light-induced ferroptosis/pyroptosis/oncosis. Simple Se and ethyl modifications on methylene blue (MB) endow EBSe with a remarkable phototoxicity enhancement (>2500 folds) and an excellent phototoxicity index (PI > 32,000) to 4T1 cells under hypoxia. EBSe exhibits self-adaptive photodynamic processes that generate enhanced type I/II ROS under normoxia and elevate carbon radical production under hypoxia. Interestingly, EBSe shows much higher cell uptake and undergoes photoinduced lysosomal-to-nucleus translocation, which activates ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and oncosis. The synergism of three nonapoptotic pathways potentiates antitumor immune responses in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. This work offers a reliable strategy for developing powerful PSs to overcome the apoptosis resistance and immunosuppressive microenvironment of hypoxic tumors.