jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
SARS-CoV-2 in Pediatric Patients with Pulmonary Disorders: A Single Center Experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

IMPORTANCE: In December 2019, an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged. There remains limited information regarding the epidemiology and clinical features of pediatric patients affected by COVID-19, particularly in the pulmonary sub-population. OBJECTIVE: Describe the clinical course of pediatric pulmonary patients with COVID-19 throughout the initial wave of infection at a single pediatric center. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was conducted on 1,350 patients, ≤ 35 years who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 1 and August 31, 2020. Patients followed by our pulmonary group, and evaluated at least once in the three years preceding study completion, were identified for additional chart review. Demographics, pulmonary diagnoses, co-morbidities, presenting symptoms, clinical course and management were collected for analysis. RESULTS: 70 pulmonary patients (mean age 8.3 years, range 8 months to 23 years;45% male;44% Black of African American;29% Hispanic or Latino) were identified from 1,350 patients who tested positive for COVID-19 via nasopharyngeal PCR testing through our hospital system. Most frequently reported symptoms were fever (49%), cough (49%), and nasal congestion (29%). Thirteen patients (19%, mean age 9.2 years, range 12 months to 18 years) required inpatient treatment for symptoms related to SARS-CoV-2 infection, one asymptomatic patient tested positive while admitted. Most common pulmonary diagnoses of those requiring admission were asthma (57%), prematurity (29%), sleepdisordered breathing (29%), and respiratory disorders with positive pressure requirement (29%). For those requiring inpatient care, extra-pulmonary co-morbidities included chronic neurological disorders (71%), gastrointestinal disease (43%), and allergic rhinitis (36%). Disease severity was defined as asymptomatic (17%), mild (67%), moderate (6%), severe (6%), or critical (3%). Mild disease was defined as cases managed outpatient or those admitted for observation and supportive care;moderate as those admitted for medical intervention or respiratory support via supplemental oxygen or high-flow nasal cannula;severe as those who received noninvasive ventilation or an increase in baseline respiratory support;critical were patients who received mechanical ventilation. Inpatient complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 included superinfection, thrombosis, refractory hypoxemia and tracheostomy placement. Seven experienced complications and required intensive care unit services;two required tracheostomy. No deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Patients followed by our pediatric pulmonary group presented with similar symptoms compared to the general pediatric population. The majority of our patients were managed outpatient, however the rate of hospitalization was higher than those of the general pediatric population in existing studies. Of those admitted, few required invasive mechanical ventilation.
A study on Geographical Content Types in the Infographic News of the Internet Newspapers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

본 연구는 지리적인 내용이 인포그래픽 뉴스에서 어떻게 다루어지고 있고, 지리적인 내용을 표현하기 위해 어떤 인포그래픽 기능들이 적용되고 있는 지를 분석한 내용이다. 인포그래픽 뉴스는 국내 언론사를 대상으로 하였고, 현행 고등학교 지리교과서 단원의 내용 요소에 따라 지리적 인포그래픽의 주요 유형을 분류하였다. 인포그래픽 뉴스 기사 분석 결과, 지리적 특징을 지닌 인포그래픽이 전체적으로 높은 비중을 차지하고 있으며, 지리적 인포그래픽은 주로 위치와 지역 소개, 지역적 특징을 다루는 기사에서 그 비중이 높았다. 지리적 인포그래픽과 지리교과서 단원과의 관련성을 보면 지리적 인포그래픽은 주로 지리교과서의 첫 단원 내용과 높은 연관성을 보였다. 이는 위치와 지역 소개를 다루는 인포그래픽 뉴스 기사의 비중이 높은 것과 관계가 있다. 디자인 측면에서 보면, 지리적 인포그래픽은 두 개 이상의 인포그래픽의 유형들이 복합적으로 결합되어 제작된 경우가 많았다. 이러한 분석 결과들은 앞으로 지리교과서와 지리부도, 디지털 지리교과서 제작을 위해 디자인적 요소와 지리적 내용을 어떻게 결합할 것인가에 대한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있다. 또한 앞으로 지리적 인포그래픽은 학교 수업에서 지리정보의 시각적 전달을 통한 지리 과목의 흥미도를 높이는데도 기여할 것으로 예상한다.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Development of Gene Expression–Based Score to Predict Sensitivity of Multiple Myeloma Cells to DNA Methylation Inhibitors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>PDF file - 3577K, (A) Highest confidence networks of genes deregulated by decitabine treatment in HMCLs. (B) According to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software, the network is relevant to "Interferon signaling". Genes that were deregulated by decitabine in HMCLs are shaded in grey. Each interaction is supported by at least one literature reference with solid lines representing direct interactions and dashed lines representing indirect interactions.</p>
Experimental analysis and RSM-based optimization of friction stir welding joints made of the alloys AA6101 and C11000

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In the present study, the evaluation of FSW input parameters on output response ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of the friction stir welded AA6101-C11000 joint is in agreement. The response surface methodology (RSM) was adapted for generating the mathematical regression equation to predict the UTS and to develop the FSW parameters to attain the highest UTS of the FSW joints. The central composite design (CCD) method from RSM with five levels and three factors, i.e., tool rotational speed, feed rate, and tool offset used to conduct and minimize the number of tests. During FSW, base sheet cu (hard metal) was stationed on the advancing side (+1 mm, +1.68 mm tool offset) and the base sheet Al (soft metal) on the retreating side (−1 mm, −1.68 mm tool offset). The radiography studies were accomplished to inspect the internal flaws of the FSW joints (Al-Cu).The XRD and SEM investigation of the ruptured specimens during the tensile test to evaluate the IMCs phase anatomy and fracture analysis. The maximum UTS value measured during the experimental work was 142.69 MPa at 1000 rpm, 40 mm min −1 , and −1.68 mm tool offset. The highest joint efficiency obtained was 82% compared with the AA6101 UTS value. RSM adapted for this work was 92% accurate and satisfactory.
A formal mathematical framework for physiological observations, experiments and analyses

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Experiments can be complex and produce large volumes of heterogeneous data, which make their execution, analysis, independent replication and meta-analysis difficult. We propose a mathematical model for experimentation and analysis in physiology that addresses these problems. We show that experiments can be composed from time-dependent quantities, and be expressed as purely mathematical equations. Our structure for representing physiological observations can carry information of any type and therefore provides a precise ontology for a wide range of observations. Our framework is concise, allowing entire experiments to be defined unambiguously in a few equations. In order to demonstrate that our approach can be implemented, we show the equations that we have used to run and analyse two non-trivial experiments describing visually stimulated neuronal responses and dynamic clamp of vertebrate neurons. Our ideas could provide a theoretical basis for developing new standards of data acquisition, analysis and communication in neurophysiology.
Capsicum Pain Plaster in Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Topically applied capsaicin (CAS 404-86-4) induces the release of substance P, a neurotransmitter, from sensory C-fibres. In addition, there is a specific blockade of transport and de-novo synthesis of substance P. As a result, repeated applications of capsaicin bring about a long lasting desensitisation to pain (increase of pain threshold). The desensitising effect is fully reversible. The confirmed pharmacodynamic actions and a number of double-blind clinical studies indicate that local capsicum preparations are very suitable for the treatment of neuropathic pain or musculoskeletal disorders, with or without inflammatory components. In a double-blind, randomised parallel-group study a capsicum plaster was compared with a placebo for 3 weeks in 154 patients with non-specific back pain. Inclusion criteria were a history of back pain for a minimum period of 3 months and a degree of pain of 5 or more on an eleven grade visual analogue scale. The principal target variable consisted of the score of 3 combined pain scales. Secondary efficacy measures were tests of mobility, a disability index (in the context of Arhus low back rating scale) and global assessments by physicians and patients. For patients to be rated as responders their total pain score at the final examination after 3 weeks of treatment had to show a reduction by at least 30% of the baseline value. The study unequivocally achieved the target criterion with a rate of responders in the capsicum group of 60.8% against 42.1% in the placebo group (p = 0.0219). The sum of the 3 separate pain scales decreased more markedly in the capsicum group than in the placebo group (38.5% compared to 28.0%; p = 0.002). Relatively slight improvements of the impaired mobility and the functional status are explained by the characteristics of the disorder treated. The efficacy ratings by observers and patients was definitely in favour of capsicum. Adverse effects--mostly harmless and resolving spontaneously--were reported by 15 patients in the capsicum group and by 9 in the placebo group. The tolerance ratings by investigators and patients were superior to the placebo product. This, however, partly is due to the local pharmacological actions of the drug. As in comparably positive randomised studies with capsaicin cream in patients with osteoarthritis or fibromyalgia it was shown that a capsicum plaster preparation can also be used to advantage in chronic non-specific back pain.
Inclusive health and life insurance adoption: An empirical study in Guatemala

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, we analyze the decision to buy inclusive health and life insurance in Guatemala within a theoretical framework driven by new personality and cognition theories combined with traditional insurance theory. We designed and conducted a survey of samples of both non‐insured individuals and clients of Seguros Universales, one of the principal inclusive insurance providers in Guatemala. Our results show that personality traits and time preferences are strongly associated with an individual's decision to hold an insurance contract. We also find evidence that certain combinations related to health habits and personality traits can have an impact on such a decision.
Influence of different irrigation methods and schedules on water productivity of wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment was conducted at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana to determine the most efficient irrigation methods and schedule for achieving higher water productivity in wheat during rabi 2013-14 and 2014-2015. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design keeping combinations of three irrigation methods (check basin, drip and sprinkler irrigation) and four irrigation schedules (CPE:IW 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) along with recommended surface irrigation (7.5 cm depth) as extra absolute control treatment. During 2013-14, grain yield recorded was the highest in drip irrigation (5.10 t ha-1) followed by check basin (4.90 t ha-1) and the lowest in sprinkler irrigation method (4.74 t ha-1). Among irrigation schedules, significantly higher grain yield was obtained when irrigation was applied at CPE:IW 0.6 (5.37 t ha-1) than that at 1.0 (4.89 t ha-1) and 1.2 (4.7 t ha-1). Results revealed that during 2013-14, water productivity of drip irrigated wheat (16.18 kg ha-1 mm-1) was significantly higher than sprinkler irrigated wheat (14.59 kg ha-1 cm-1) and check basin method (15.35 kg ha-1 mm-1). These results clearly demonstrated that irrigating wheat at 0.6 CPE/IW ratio using drip method of irrigation is a novel concept that saves irrigation water in addition to higher grain yield.
The Use of Open Briefs in Design Skills Development

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To succeed in today's rapidly evolving industry, the designer has to be versatile, explore, discover and implement in the interest of the client. How can the nature of the design industry environment be embedded in engineering design education? This paper discusses one approach, by which third/fourth year undergraduate Mechanical Engineering students at Imperial College London are set a live design challenge by an international design and innovation consultancy with the author giving the course. The students work in teams and the challenge provides an opportunity to explore socially responsible design collaboratively. A mentoring arrangement between the company and the students builds up relationships between clients, consultants and students. This paper explores the design challenge, its background, the course that it supports and the effectiveness of open design briefs to develop engineering design skills for an evolving industry
Assembly processes and materials supply systems design

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Lean production has over the last decades emerged as the most important paradigm for production, with the assembly processes in focus, including the objective to minimize non-value-adding work. Thus, much attention has been on the work of the assembly operator. However, little focus has been devoted to how the new requirements from lean production have been transformed into materials supply systems supporting the assembly processes. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to contribute to increased knowledge about the relation between assembly processes and materials supply systems design.A framework is introduced in this thesis, describing how requirements from the assembly processes are transformed by the materials supply system into the actual materials flow. In the results of this thesis, a model structuring requirements in materials supply and assembly processes is proposed, tested, and subsequently different requirements were identified. Materials exposure is introduced as the transition from the materials supply system to the assembly system. Results show that that the materials exposure has a large impact on assembly workstations performance in terms of space needed, non-value-adding work and ergonomics. Further, an experiment showed that the materials exposure factors with the largest impact on picking time were packaging, angle of packaging and height above floor.Major contributions in this thesis are the identification and structuring of requirements in assembly processes and materials supply systems, and explaining how the materials exposure affects the assembly processes. How this knowledge can be applied in the design of new, or redesign of existing, production systems and materials supply processes in particular, is a managerial contribution.
Important Elements for Inflation Targeting for Emerging Economies

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This is the fifth chapter of a forthcoming monograph entitled "On Implementing Full-Fledged Inflation-Targeting Regimes: Saying What You Do and Doing What You Say." It examines whether certain conditions have to be met before emerging economies can adopt an inflation-targeting regime and provides some empirical evidence on the matter. The issues analyzed are the priority of inflation targeting over other goals, the absence of fiscal dominance, central bank independence, the degree of control over the policy interest rate, a sound methodology for forecasting, and the soundness of financial institutions and markets, and resilience to changes in exchange rates and interest rates.
Biomaterials, Dental Materials, and Device Retrieval and Analysis

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction ......................................................................................................... 123 Methods and Procedures ................................................................................... 124 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................... 125 Summary and Conclusion ................................................................................. 131 References ............................................................................................................. 132Experience gained over the period since the late 1960s within the authors' program has focused on studies of surgical implant biomaterials and intraoral dental materials, and were based on observations from retrieved and analyzed devices and prostheses from human clinical applications. This approach focused on functional conditions, primarily on two central themes: (1) interfacial transfers of elements, and (2) interfacial transfers of forces. The ever-evolving worldwide science from basic and applied viewpoints has strongly supported analyses utilizing these themes. The inclusion of individuals with materials, mechanical, and biomedical engineering backgrounds has permitted interactions within a multidisciplinary university program based in the school of dentistry departments and sections of biomaterials, biomechanics, and prosthodontics.
Extended Prophylaxis With Nevirapine Does Not Affect Growth in HIV-Exposed Infants

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Effects of prolonged nevirapine prophylaxis exposure on growth among HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants are unknown. This study examines the impact of extended nevirapine prophylaxis from 6 weeks to 6 months on the growth of HEU infants followed for 18 months and also identifies correlates of incident wasting, stunting, underweight, and low head circumference in the HPTN 046 trial. Methods: Intention-to-treat analysis examined the effect of extended nevirapine exposure on: weight-for-age Z-score, length-for-age Z-score, weight-for-length Z-score, and head circumference-for-age Z-score. Multivariable linear mixed-effects and Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare growth outcomes between the study arms and identify correlates of incident adverse growth outcomes, respectively. Results: Compared to placebo, extended prophylactic nevirapine given daily from 6 weeks to 6 months did not affect growth in HEU breastfeeding (BF) infants over time (treatment × time: P > 0.05). However, overall growth declined over time (time effect: P < 0.01) when compared with WHO general population norms. Male sex was associated with higher risk of all adverse growth outcomes ( P < 0.05), whereas short BF duration was associated with wasting ( P = 0.03). Maternal antiretroviral therapy exposure was protective against underweight ( P = 0.02). Zimbabwe tended to have worse growth outcomes especially stunting, compared to South Africa, Uganda and Tanzania ( P < 0.05). Conclusions: It is reassuring that prolonged exposure to nevirapine for prevention-of-mother-to-child HIV transmission does not restrict growth. However, targeted interventions are needed to improve growth outcomes among at-risk HEU infants (i.e., male sex, short BF duration, lack of maternal antiretroviral therapy exposure, and resident in Zimbabwe).
Space: Emerging Options for National Power

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The U.S. military once dominated spacepower. Now, however, the military, commercial, civil, an( international sectors are all involved in space programs that include an array of space-related functions, such as weather/ environmental monitoring, satellite communications, and navigation and positioning. This book examines the implications and challenges confronting policymakers as they formulate future options for exercising spacepower.
Glomerular disease as a cause of isolated microscopic haematuria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Microscopic haematuria is a common clinical finding, with reported prevaJences of up to 22%. The role of renal biopsy in the investigation of this condition is still debated. Currently urological investigation including cystourethroscopy is often regarded as adequate. We investigated 165 patients (94 male, 71 female; mean age 37.5 years, range 10–71) referred with isolated microscopic haematuria, using renal biopsy and cystourethroscopy. All patients were normotensive with normal serum creatinine, no proteinuria, sterile urine and a normal IVU. Renal biopsy abnormalities were found in 77/165 (46.6%): IgA nephropathy (49), global or segmental mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis without IgA deposits (16), thin membrane nephropathy (7), vascular changes suggestive of hypertension (3), interstitial nephritis (1), and membranous nephropathy (1). Only five abnormalities were found on cystourethroscopy (cystitis 3, urethral stricture 1, bladder stone 1). Two patients with cystitis also had IgA nephropathy. Biopsy abnormalities were commonest under the age of 20 (69.2%), but 40% of biopsies were abnormal even in the seventh decade of life. Because renal biopsy abnormalities are very frequent in patients with isolated haematuria, renal biopsy is indicated in patients over 45 years of age if renal imaging and cystoscopy are normal. In those under 45 years, renal biopsy should replace cystoscopy as the investigation to follow normal renal imaging.
Development of A Novel Disaster Medical Simulation System for Validating the Flow of Medical Support Activities Following A Major Tokyo Inland Earthquake

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In the event of a major earthquake in the Tokyo metropolitan area, the number of people injured is predicted to be nearly 150,000 in Tokyo alone. Therefore, the Japanese government must be prepared to respond promptly by deploying medical teams and implementing appropriate medical systems in disaster-stricken areas with the support of base hospitals. Large-scale training of medical professionals is also required annually. Furthermore, all of these measures need to be validated. However, to date, no method has been established to validate measures for medical support activities after a disaster. In this study, we constructed a disaster medical simulation system using discrete-event simulation, reproduced the flow of medical support activities after a disaster, and quantified expected outcomes. The medical activity simulation was conducted in response to a hypothetical major earthquake in Tokyo. Results were assessed according to location by dividing Tokyo into the 12 districts specified as secondary medical districts by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government. The simulation time frame started from when an injury was first sustained due to the earthquake and concluded when all victims reached one of the following endpoints: admission to hospital, transport out of a staging care unit, or death. In this scenario, more than 3,000 yellow or red tag patients would be admitted to hospitals located in the Central Northeast and Central East districts of Tokyo, which is a very serious medical situation. In terms of load per hospital, affiliated hospitals in the Central East district can accept the largest number of yellow and red tag patients (more than 250) at one time, followed by affiliated hospitals in the Central South district, and disaster base hospitals and affiliated hospitals in the Central Northeast district. Under current assumptions for medical assistance, the disaster medical simulation system found that due to a lack of medical staff only 67.1% of yellow or red tag patients would survive a disaster through treatment, hospitalization, and wide-area medical transportation. In the future, it is hoped that this simulation system will be used to investigate and resolve bottlenecks for disaster medical care and to implement appropriate response measures.