jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Population Growth and Distribution of Diadema antillarum at Discovery Bay, Jamaica

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) was extremely rare to absent from reefs throughout Jamaica during much of the 1980s and part of the 1990s following a Caribbean wide mortality event.This survey was conducted in 2007 to assess their distribution on the western forereef of Discovery Bay, Jamaica.Mean urchin densities of 3.93 ± 3.4 m -2 (mean ± SD) are the highest that have been recorded in Discovery Bay since the mortality event.The increases in D. antillarum numbers of the past decade have been accompanied by reductions in macroalgal cover.This study found a strong inverse correlation (Pearson product-moment correlation = -0.597,p <0.000) between macroalgal cover and Diadema density, indicating that the urchins are exerting a strong top-down control on macroalgae.Any future increases in urchin densities will most likely result in further reductions of macroalgal cover.
A phase 2, multicenter, open-label study of anti-LAG-3 ieramilimab in combination with anti-PD-1 spartalizumab in patients with advanced solid malignancies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ieramilimab, a humanized anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody, was well tolerated in combination with the anti-PD-1 antibody spartalizumab in a phase 1 study. This phase 2 study aimed to further investigate the efficacy and safety of combination treatment in patients with selected advanced (locally advanced or metastatic) solid malignancies. Eligible patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), mesothelioma, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) were grouped depending on prior anti-PD-1/L1 therapy (anti-PD-1/L1 naive or anti-PD-1/L1 pretreated). Patients received ieramilimab (400 mg) followed by spartalizumab (300 mg) every 3 weeks. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR), along with safety, pharmacokinetics, and biomarker assessments. Of 235 patients, 142 were naive to anti-PD-1/L1 and 93 were pretreated with anti-PD-1/L1 antibodies. Durable responses (>24 months) were seen across all indications for patients naive to anti-PD-1/L1 and in melanoma and RCC patients pretreated with anti-PD1/L1. The most frequent study drug-related AEs were pruritus (15.5%), fatigue (10.6%), and rash (10.6%) in patients naive to anti-PD-1/L1 and fatigue (18.3%), rash (14.0%), and nausea (10.8%) in anti-PD-1/L1 pretreated patients. Biomarker assessment indicated higher expression of T-cell-inflamed gene signature at baseline among responding patients. Response to treatment was durable (>24 months) in some patients across all enrolled indications, and safety findings were in accordance with previous and current studies exploring LAG-3/PD-1 blockade.
[Fortuitous discovery in echography of an isolated fetal intra-abdominal hyperechogenic mass. 87 cases].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Having seen 87 cases we will now attempt to refine the management to be carried out when intra-abdominal hyperechogenic masses are found in the fetus. Before the 20th week of amenorrhoea (47 cases) amniocentesis can be used to study the digestive enzymes to determine the fetal karyotype. The normal results for intestinal enzymes makes it possible to rule out fetal cystic fibrosis. Three karyotype abnormalities were found in this series. After the 20th week (40 cases) intestinal enzymes cannot be interpreted. The diagnosis of cystic fibrosis then must rely on Delta F 508 mutation; but the absence of this mutation does not exclude cystic fibrosis. When ultrasound signs of intra-abdominal hyper-echogenicity are found the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis should not be thought of first, because in this series the majority of fetuses who had this sign were born without any malformation. Four cases of cystic fibrosis that were confirmed have been found but equally there were other serious malformations, three chromosome abnormalities, four intestinal atresias, ten unexplained intra-uterine deaths and one case of biliary duct atresia.
Detection and clinical significance of circulating tumour cells in patients with colorectal carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are tumour cells identified in the peripheral blood of patients with malignant disease. CTCs present a very interesting biomarker with promising potential for use in the treatment management of patients with colorectal cancer. Unlike other tumour biomarkers, CTCs are living tumour cells that carry molecular and biological information about the tumour as a whole and reflect ongoing mutational changes. Detection of CTCs from peripheral blood presents a simple and easily repeatable method of liquid biopsy. However, various techniques of CTC selection and detection render clinical use of CTC as a clinical biomarker difficult. The presence/amount of CTCs correlates very well with prognosis and patients ́ survival. Since CTCs have metastatic potential, knowledge of the effect of different treatment modalities on the amount of CTCs in the blood appears to be very important. It can be expected that a more effective treatment regimen will be associated with a reduction in blood CTC levels, and also with a better prognosis. Conversely, an increase or persistence of CTC levels will be associated with resistance to the applied treatment. Routine use of CTCs in clinical practice is limited predominantly by price and very high variability of available scientific evidence. Recently published studies demonstrated the promising potential of CTCs; however, further research will be required for their routine use in clinical practice.
Ligand Effects at Ionic Liquid-Modified Interfaces: Coadsorption of [C2C1Im][OTf] and CO on Pd(111)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Thin films of ionic liquids (ILs) can be used to tune the activity and selectivity of heterogeneous catalysts and electrocatalysts (solid catalysts with IL layer, SCILL). In several cases it has been found that these IL layers have a strong beneficial effect on the selectivity. To explore the molecular origin of this phenomenon, we have performed a model study on ultrahigh-vacuum conditions. We have investigated the coadsorption of CO and the room-temperature IL [C2C1Im][OTf] (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate) on Pd(111) by time-resolved infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reflection absorption spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption. We find that the [OTf]− anion adsorbs specifically to the Pd(111) surface via the SO3– group, thereby adopting a well-defined orientation with the molecular axis oriented perpendicular to the surface. At higher IL coverage, unspecific but oriented adsorption occurs, before the orientation is successively lost in the multilayer region. Upon coadsorption of [C2C1Im][OTf] on a CO-saturated Pd(111) surface at 300 K (θ = 0.5) a well-defined coadsorption layer is formed without any loss of adsorbed CO and with very similar CO site occupation. In the coadsorption layer [OTf]− is specifically adsorbed between the CO with a molecular orientation perpendicular to the surface. Thus, a dense and homogeneous coadsorption layer is formed in which Pd surface atoms are simultaneously coordinated to both CO and [OTf]− ions. From this compressed layer, CO desorbs with peak temperature at 410 K (heating rate, 3.3 K/s). Above this temperature, a low-coverage coadsorption phase of CO and surface-adsorbed IL resides, with little influence of the IL on the CO desorption temperature (peak temperature, 470 K). Coadsorption of the IL gives rise to a pronounced red shift of the CO stretching frequency in the order of 50 cm–1. The effect originates from the electrostatic interfacial field (Stark effect) generated by the coadsorbed IL and, at high coverage, possibly from additional short-range interactions. The results show that ILs form dense and well-defined mixed phases with strongly adsorbing reactants such as CO, in which a specifically adsorbed carpet of IL anions directly modifies the active surface sites by ligand-like effects.
Characterization of the β-KDO Transferase KpsS, the Initiating Enzyme in the Biosynthesis of the Lipid Acceptor for Escherichia coli Polysialic Acid

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Antiphagocytic capsular polysaccharides are key components of effective vaccines against pathogenic bacteria. Neisseria meningitidis groups B and C, as well as Escherichia coli serogroups K1 and K92, are coated with polysialic acid capsules. Although the chemical structure of these polysaccharides and the organization of the associated gene clusters have been described for many years, only recently have the details of the biosynthetic pathways been discovered. The polysialic acid chains are synthesized by polysialyltransferases on a proposed phosphatidylglycerol lipid acceptor with a poly keto-deoxyoctulosonate (KDO) linker. Synthesis of this acceptor requires at least three enzymes in E. coli K1: KpsS, KpsC, and NeuE. In this report, we have characterized the β-KDO glycosyltransferase KpsS, the first enzyme in the pathway for lipid acceptor synthesis. After purification of KpsS in a soluble active form, we investigated its function and substrate specificity and showed that KpsS can transfer a KDO residue to a fluorescently labeled phosphatidylglycerol lipid. The enzyme tolerated various lengths of fatty acid acyl chains on the phosphatidylglycerol, including fluorescent tags, but exhibited a preference for phosphatidylglycerol diacylated with longer fatty acid chains as indicated by the smaller Kd and Km values for substrates with chains with more than 14 members. Additional structural analysis of the KpsS product confirmed that KpsS transfers KDO from CMP-KDO to the 1-hydroxyl of phosphatidylglycerol to form a β-KDO linkage.
Cursing not Just the Body. Some Remarks on a defixio from Nomentum in the Light of the Role of Female Public Slaves in the Roman World

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

An opisthographic lead tablet from Nomentum, dating to the first half of the 1st century CE, contains two anatomical curses against a man (side A) and a female public slave (side B). Whilst the curse against the man aimed to affect not only some parts of his body, but also his social and economic status, the one against the woman describes in detail only pieces of her body, with particular emphasis to her abdomen and genitals. The first section of the paper aims to provide the status quaestionis of the study of this curse tablet, with particular regard to the epigraphic and linguistic aspects of the text. The second section sets out to offer a general overview of the role of female public slaves in the Roman world, which may allow a better contextualization of the meaning of the curse on side B.
The influence of universities’ organizational features on professorial intellectual leadership

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research examines the intellectual leadership behaviours of senior academics at professoriate level, and the influences of institutional support practices, climate and communication in universities as main organizational features on these behaviours. To explore relations among research variables, qualitative data were collected by interviews with Australian senior academics, and analysed by using content and descriptive analysis techniques. According to senior academics, major professorial leadership behaviours are creating new knowledge, keeping up standards in disciplinary publications, helping younger researchers' academic development, obtaining competitive grants, raising the reputation of their institutions and using their expertize to influence public debates. In addition, senior academics confirmed that institutional resources contribute generally to their productivity within scholarly leadership, and organizational climate strongly affects their motivation and academic performance. Furthermore, they affirmed that organizational communication has greater impact on their intellectual leadership by its reflections on climate and institutional facilities in universities than its direct effects.
A Reversible Experimental Uremia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

If the vena cava in ♀ albino rats is ligated and cut immediately above the entry of the renal veins there is a temporary cessation of renal function and the blood urea rises to very high levels. By the end of the second day a urine is voided which looks like water. It contains a high concentration of protein and many renal failure casts. Ninety day old rats were used. They were taken from the usual stock diet for the colony, operated upon and given only distilled water after the operation. Groups of 8 or 10 were sacrificed at intervals of from one to 6 days after the operation. The average concentration of blood urea, mgm. per 100 cc., on these various days was as follows: On the first day 268, on the second 413, on the third 278, on the fourth 63, on the fifth 55, and on the sixth 31. These rats excreted normally from 2 to 4 mgm. of protein in the urine in 24 hours but during the first and second days following the operation they excreted from 40 to 55 mgm. per 24 hours. Of the 57 rats used in this part of the work 2 died, giving a mortality of 3.5%. As controls similar animals had the same operative procedure carried out except that the vena cava was not ligated or cut, or it was ligated and cut immediately below the entry of the renal veins. The highest concentration of blood urea found in these animals was 34 mgm. per 100 cc., there was little or no increase in the amount of protein excreted, and none of them died. This form of experimental uremia on account of its reversibility and the relative simplicity of its causation, is particularly adapted for the quantitative analysis of certain aspects of the general problem of uremia.
The QCD analysis of the combined set for the F3structure function data based on the analytic approach

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We apply analytic perturbation theory (APT) to the QCD analysis of the xF 3 (x, Q 2 ) structure function considering a combined set of deep inelastic scattering data presented by several collaborations, and extract values of the scale parameter Λ QCD , the parameters of the form of the xF 3 structure function, and the x-shape of the higher twist (HT) contribution. We study the difference between the results obtained within the standard perturbative and analytic approaches in comparison with the experimental errors and state that the greatest difference occurs for large x.
The Role of Parents as Formal Math Instructors of Prekindergarten Children

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study was designed to explore the relationship between maternal attitudes about math, mothers' attitudes about their prekindergarten child's math abilities, mother-child math interactions, and prekindergarten children's math achievement. Using a Vygotskian framework, an intervention was developed. An intervention group of 18 mother-child dyads from Hyrum, Utah, area and a comparison group of 17 mother-child dyads from the Weston, Idaho, area were invited to participate in this research project. Measures included the Early Mathematics Concepts (EMC) assessment, the School Readiness Composite (SRC) of the Bracken Basic Concepts Scale-Revised (BBCS-R), My Attitudes Scale (MAS), and My Attitudes About My Child's Abilities Scale (MAAMCAS). Research hypotheses predicted that the intervention group would score higher on the EMC and each of the EMC's four focus areas at the posttest. Results did not support these hypotheses. Research hypotheses also predicted that the intervention group would have a larger difference in MAS and MAAMCAS scores from pretest to posttest and .that MAS and MAAMCAS scores would predict EMC scores. Neither of these hypotheses was supported. The final research hypothesis predicted a relationship between EMC focus area scores and mathrelated subscales of the BBCS- R. The strongest relationship appeared to be between the EMC number focus and the BBCS-R number subscale. The results were interpreted in accordance with current research and possible limitations of the present study.
RURAL- URBAN DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH OUTCOMES IN INDIA: AN INTER STATE ANALYSIS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present paper provides an overview of rural- urban differences in health outcomes. The study explained the relevance of rural urban variations and deal with the determinants of rural - urban health variation. It tried attempting to examine the rural-urban Differentials across the major states of India. To investigate the rural -urban Differentials for this purpose, Twenty States have been considered. This analysis has been restricted only within child health, therefore only IMR has been taken into account. The study deals with the rural - urban trend in IMR and made a composite index of Health Determinants on the basis of health outcomes variables, by using the principal component analysis for major twenty states of India. It is quite evident that in case of IMAL, there exists much difference between the rural and urban areas in almost all the states. The states which have done well in urban areas have also performed well in rural areas. For the southern states namely Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh have really done well in IMHC, Goa’s performance in this index is also very commendable. As usual, EAG states lag behind the other states in IMHC in both rural and urban areas. KEYWORDS: Rural Urban Health, IMR and Rural Urban variation in Socio-economic variables of health outcome.
Significance of Darcy-Forchheimer Porous Medium in Nanofluid Through Carbon Nanotubes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article manages Darcy-Forchheimer 3D flow of water based carbon nanomaterial (CNTs). A bidirectional nonlinear stretchable surface has been utilized to make the flow. Disturbance in permeable space has been represented by Darcy Forchheimer (DF) expression. Heat transfer mechanism is explored through convective heating. Outcomes for SWCNT and MWCNT have been displayed and compared. The reduction of partial differential framework into nonlinear common differential framework is made through reasonable variables. Optimal series scheme is utilized for arrangements advancement of associated flow issue. Optimal homotopic solution expressions for velocities and temperature are studied through graphs by considering various estimations of physical variables. Moreover surface drag coefficients and heat transfer rate are analyzed through plots.
War and international justice: a Kantian perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Can war ever be just? By what right do we charge people with war crimes? Can war itself be a crime? What is a good peace treaty? Since the Cold War ended in the early 1990s, many wars have erupted, inflaming such areas as the Persian Gulf, Central Africa and Central Europe. Brutalities committed during these conflicts have sparked new interest in the ethics of war and peace. Brian Orend explores the ethics of war and peace from a Kantian perspective, emphasizing human rights protection, the rule of international law and a fully global concept of justice. Contending that Kant's just war doctrine has not been given its due, Orend displays Kant's theory to its fullest, impressive effect. He then completely and clearly updates Kant's perspective for application to our time. Along the way, he criticizes pacifism and realism, explores the nature of human rights protection during wartime, and defends a theory of just war. He also looks ahead to future developments in global institutional reform using cases from the Persian Gulf War, Somalia, Bosnia, and Rwanda to illustrate his argument. Controversial and timely, perhaps the most important contribution War and International Justice: A Kantian Perspective makes is with regard to the question of justice after war. Orend offers a principled theory of war termination, making an urgent plea to reform current international law.
Building the economic-public relationship: learning from science communication and science studies.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is a gap between the discipline of economics and the public it is supposedly about and for. This gap is reminiscent of the divide that led to movements for the public understanding of and public engagement with the natural sciences. It is a gap in knowledge, trust, and opinions, but most of all it is a gap in engagement. In this paper we ask: What do we need to think about ― and what do we need to do ― in order to bring economics and its public into closer dialogue? At stake is engaged, critical democracy. We turn to the fields of public understanding of science and science studies for our approach, finding three themes of particular relevance: understanding, expertise, and audience. We then discuss participatory budgeting (PB) as an example of fertile ground for engagement. We argue that with an economic-engagement focus, activities such as PB could be extended into the public-economics gap and provide avenues for an economic equivalent of participatory science: a form of participatory economics.
Consumer Choice as Decision: Meso-Cognitive Psychology

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This chapter continues to seek to link the micro- and macro-depictions of decision making by means of a meso-cognitive psychology (MeCP) that demonstrates the capacity of individual consumers to choose and even create the contingencies to which their behavior will be subject. It does this by tracing the ways in which reinforcement histories support short- and long-range interests which interact in order to dominate the behavioral strategy of the consumer. Picoeconomic analysis provides a means of not only linking MiCP and MaCP but of suggesting the form that the necessary account of intra-personal, inter-agent communication, and cooperation takes. The picoeconomic strategy of bundling may enable the consumer who habitually selects a sooner-appearing but inferior reward so as to arrange the contingencies that he or she is more likely to forgo this and to wait patiently for a later-appearing but superior reward. It is appropriate to derive the decision perspective of the BPM when these considerations have been discussed and this is the subject of the concluding part of the chapter.
Effect of temperature on the dielectric properties of hydrofluoroethers and fluorinated ketone

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The AC and DC dielectric properties of hydrofluoroethers (HFE) [C 3 F 7 OCH 3 ] and fluorinated ketone (FK) [C 2 F 5 C(O)CF(CF 3 ) 2 ] have been characterised by dielectric spectroscopy and DC conductivity at different temperatures. Results show that DC conductivity and imaginary permittivity of both fluids are positively correlated with increasing temperature. However, the real permittivity decreases with increasing temperature. The breakdown voltages of HFE and FK at 295 K are ∼10 kV mm −1 . Reducing temperature is an effective method to increase the breakdown voltage of the FK coolant, but the breakdown voltage of HFE is less temperature dependent. Finally, as expected repeated breakdown had no significant effect on the AC dielectric strength of both liquids.