jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Lessons learned from fostering tobacco taxes in the Americas and implications for other health taxes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

During the past decade progress has been made from a public health perspective in advancing tobacco taxation policies in the World Health Organization’s Region of the Americas, and there are important lessons to be learned from this experience. This report aims to systematize and distill the key lessons learned, both by documenting progress and paving the way toward a comprehensive approach to taxing other health-harming products, particularly those considered to be drivers of the noncommunicable disease epidemic, such as alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages. A thorough review of publications and institutional documents was undertaken and discussions were held with experts about the experiences of the past decade. Broadly, the lessons can be characterized according to the main mechanisms that have fostered progress. These are the robust, consistent and standardized monitoring of tobacco taxes that has enabled comparisons between countries and across time; the setting of tax policy within a framework of multisectoral policy coherence; and the development of guidelines and the generation of independent evidence to support tobacco taxes and tackle harmful industry interference. Currently, progress in these areas is lagging for taxes on alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages. Applying the lessons learned from the extensive experience with tobacco taxation can help advance progress in taxes on alcohol and sugar-sweetened beverages and capture the potential synergies to be gained from building a comprehensive approach. Although more work is needed in developing and implementing taxation policies across all three products, the findings from this report can assist in strengthening their public health objectives to tackle noncommunicable diseases and improve population health.
Intramolecular chelation via imines. Stereoselective synthesis of s-chloro-3-(2-aminoethyl)-1,8-diamino-3,6-diazaoctanecobalt(III) ion

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular chelation via imines. Stereoselective synthesis of s-chloro-3-(2-aminoethyl)-1,8-diamino-3,6-diazaoctanecobalt(III) ionB. T. Golding, J. MacB Harrowfield, and A. M. SargesonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 9, 3003–3004Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00816a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00816a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views62Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Coupling of T cell receptor specificity to natural killer T cell development by bivalent histone H3 methylation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The fidelity of T cell immunity depends greatly on coupling T cell receptor signaling with specific T cell effector functions. Here, we describe a chromatin-based mechanism that enables integration of TCR specificity into definite T cell lineage commitment. Using natural killer T cells (iNKT cell) as a model of a T cell subset that differentiates in response to specific TCR signaling, we identified a key role of histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) in coupling iNKT cell TCR specificity with the generation of iNKT cells. We found that the Zbtb16/PLZF gene promoter that drives iNKT cell differentiation possesses a bivalent chromatin state characterized by the simultaneous presence of negative and positive H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 modifications. Depletion of H3K27me3 at the Zbtb16/PLZF promoter leads to uncoupling of iNKT cell development from TCR specificity and is associated with accumulation of iNKT-like CD4+ cells that express a non-iNKT cell specific T cell repertoire. In turn, stabilization of H3K27me3 leads to a drastic reduction of the iNKT cell population. Our data suggest that H3K27me3 levels at the bivalent Zbtb16/PLZF gene define a threshold enabling precise coupling of TCR specificity to lineage commitment.
Overview of the geochemistry of some tar mats from the North Sea and USA: implications for tar-mat origin

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Tar mats and oil legs from several marine source-rock derived oil fields (Ula and Oseberg, North Sea and an unidentified North American example) have been geochemically characterized. Tar mats were derived from the same petroleum system as the oil-leg oils and are found in the most porous and permeable portions of the reservoir. It is possible to eliminate some potential tar-mat formation mechanisms using the data from case histories and subsurface asphaltene solubility characteristics. Adsorption of asphaltenes on reservoir clays and light to moderate levels of biodegradation can probably be eliminated as feasible tar-mat formation mechanisms. Thermal degradation of oil in the carrier and reservoir causing asphaltene precipitation may be a major contributing factor to formation of tar mats in the Ula Field, whereas increased gas solution in the oil leg may have contributed to deasphaltation in the Oseberg Field. Based on tentative mass-balance calculations, the extreme pressure dependence of asphaltene solubility in subsurface crude oils and the occurrence of tar mats in zones of elevated permeability, it is suggested that tar-mat formation is initiated during petroleum migration. While tentative, this model may provide a more generic initiation mechanism than others in the literature.
Three-Dimensional Geometric Morphometry of Facial Soft Tissue Changes After Bilateral Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of geometric morphometry (GM) to assess the changes in facial soft tissue after orthognathic surgery. Subjects were 27 patients (skeletal class III) who underwent bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy and 27 volunteers as a control group. Computed tomography images of each patient were obtained before surgery (T0) and 6 months after surgery (T1). Computed tomography images of 27 volunteers (skeletal class I) were also obtained as a control group. Using a three-dimensional (3D) modeling software, 3D models were created and exported to a 3D surface analyzing software for geometric morphometry and principal component (PC) analysis. Significant differences in facial soft tissue were found in the first and second of 15 PC. The first PC represented variation in the lower facial height, and the second PC represented variation in the anterior-posterior position of the chin. Comparing the pre- and post-operative images, they illustrated that lower facial height was decreased, and the chin and lower lip moved posteriorly. Geometric morphometry showed to be a successful tool to isolate surgery-related changes from interindividual morphological variations.
MicroRNA‑125a‑5p inhibits invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells by targeting BRMS1 expression

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Accumulating studies have demonstrated microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) have an important role in multiple processes of human malignant tumor development and progression. Decreased expression of miR-125a-5p has been observed in several types of cancer, including gastric cancer (GC). However, the mechanism and exact function of miR-125a-5p in GC have not been largely elucidated. In the present study, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction indicated that the expression of miR-125a-5p was downregulated in GC tissues and cell lines compared with matched normal tissues (P<0.01) and normal gastric mucosa cell lines (P<0.01), respectively. Moreover, clinical pathological characteristics and Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that a low expression of miR-125a-5p was not only associated with lymph metastasis, peritoneal dissemination and advanced tumor-node metastasis stage but also affected the prognosis of GC patients. Compared with miR-control-transfected GC cells, markedly decreased migration and invasion was observed in GC cells that overexpress miR-125a-5p. By contrast, increased metastasis and invasion were observed in miR-125a-5p-knocked down cells compared with the control. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assays indicated that breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) was a direct target of miR-125a-5p. Notably, a positive correlation between the levels of BRMS1 and miR-125a-5p in GC tissues was observed, and BRMS1 expression was indicated to be regulated by miR-125a-5p in GC cells. In conclusion, miR-125a-5p may act as a tumor suppressor by targeting the metastasis-inhibitory gene, BRMS1. The data suggesting that BRMS1 is a potential target gene of miR-125a-5p, may provide novel insight into miRNA regulation of human gene expression, and a useful target for gene therapy of GC.
The Philippines’ Institutionalised Alliance with the US: Surviving Duterte’s China Appeasement Policy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the security partnership of the United States-Philippines during the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte. Using the theoretical framework of alliance institutionalisation, we identified several factors that can determine the strength of alliances and security partnerships. Applying this framework, we suggest that because of deep alliance institutionalisation, the security partnership between the Philippines and the United States is actually quite resilient despite President Duterte’s position on this issue.
Self-tuning Robust Control for Linear Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The gantry-moving boring-milling machining tools that adapts dual linear motors drive is a high precision and fast motion system, the factors that influence the synchronous performances of the system are not only unknown bounded disturbances but also have parameters variation, unmodelled dynamic and the nonlinear uncertainty. These factors will make the performance of the servo system worse, so they must be considered in servo drive system of high precision, tiny-feed numerical control machine. A new self-tuning regulator control method is presented in the paper. Recursive least squares identification algorithm with insensitive region and projection tuning is applied for parameters real-time identification of the controlled plant, and H_\infty robust control algorithm is used for parameters real-time calculation of the regulator. H_\infty robust selftuning controller is applied for the unknown and bounded disturbance, parameter uncertainties and unmodelled dynamics. The system will automatically tune the controller parameters so that the influences can be suppressed. The simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme is effective, has stronger robustness, and meets demand of speed synchronized control as well as position synchronized control for the system.
A New Neighborhood for an Old City: The Resettlement of the Athenian Agora in the Middle Byzantine Period

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

When Rome fell in 476 CE, the city of Athens in Greece also shrank, moving inside its walls to protect its people. This left the Agora, the bustling marketplace which sat outside the walls, abandoned. In the tenth century, at the economic height of the Byzantine Empire, Athens expanded outside its walls, ushering in a new period of rebuilding in the Agora. This project sought to characterize the shift in domestic architecture from before and after the abandonment, which led to a better understanding of Athenian identity as expressed through architecture. Research conducted on excavation reports from the American School of Classical Studies in Athens (ASCSA) revealed that the houses in these new neighborhoods were modest, more closely resembling homes seen in the Roman period than contemporaneous Byzantine constructions. While they may not be known for the innovative, extravagant architecture of their ancestors, the Byzantine Athenians are ultimately remembered for the simple accomplishment that they were there at all— attempting to rebuild, repopulate, and worship a new faith in an old city.
A Revolution Gone Backward: The Black Response to National Politics, 1876-1896

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Preface A Revolution Gone Backward: The Election of 1876 and the Hayes Administration Still Necessarily a Republican: The Election of 1880 and the Garfield Administration Between Scylla and Charybdis: The Arthur Administration The Age of Negrowump: The Election of 1884 and the First Clevelend Administration Republican Protection or Political Alternatives: The Election of 1888 and the Harrison Administration Republicans, Democrats, Populists, or Economics First: The Election of 1892 and the Second Cleveland Administration The Setting Sun: The Election of 1896 The Cancer of Disappointed Hopes: Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index
L'Aragonés, an endangered minority language: the case of Ayerbe

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Aragonese is a minority endangered language used in the Alto Aragon area. Ayerbe is a town found in the Plana de Uesca in Alto Aragon, and therefore it is considered to belong to a geographical area where the use of the Aragonese language finds itself in a significant state of decline compared to the use of Castilian Spanish. This study examines the extent to which this is true. The objective was to conduct a questionnaire amongst residents in Ayerbe in order to explore their language use, their perceptions of the language, their linguistic awareness and their affinity to the concept of Aragonese identity. The results suggest that the Aragonese language in Ayerbe is more widely read and understood than was previously thought. This investigation also considers the processes of normalisation and normativisation that will be necessary for the revitalisation of the language.
Robin McKinley's Deerskin : Challenging Narcissisms

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Robin McKinley's Deerskin (1993) is both a reconÞguration of Charles Perrault's Peau
d'ane and a powerful contemporary fantasy that makes prominent the flawed family
structures, especially the mutual narcissism of the heroine's parents, that underlie the
sexual violence of the story. An examination of these destructive relationships in terms of
Jacques Lacan's schemata demonstrates the aptness of McKinley's characterizations. This
study also considers Deerskin in the context of tales of the Catskin type (AT 510B), as well
as some questions of implied audience raised by the novel's fairy-tale background and its
other fantastic elements.
Intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations: Reward-induced changes in preference for complexity.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The following analysis was developed and tested: Individuals may approach an activity with either an intrinsic or an extrinsic motivational orientation. Intrinsic motivational orientations are characterized by preference for activities that are relatively complex, challenging, and entertaining. Extrinsic motivational orientations are characterized by preference for activities that are relatively simple, predictable, and easily completed. The introduction of task-continge nt reward fosters an extrinsic motivational orientation, and this orientation may carry over into subsequent interactions with the activity, even when the conditions that originally fostered that orientation are no longer present. To test this analysis, second-grade subjects in Study 1 played with a novel game of intermediate complexity in one of three conditions: no reward, task-noncontingent reward, or task-contingent reward. Only the latter condition was expected to produce an extrinsic motivational orientation. In a subsequent free-choice period, simple, intermediate, and complex versions of the game, as well as several other activities, were available. As predicted, contingent-reward subjects showed the strongest preference for the simple versions of the game, while no-reward subjects tended to prefer the intermediate version. Task-noncontingent-reward subjects showed a strong preference for the most complex version of the game. In Study 2, using a different task and older subjects, the effects of reward on simple and intermediate-complexity tasks were replicated. Further implications of these findings are discussed.
Real‐world off‐label use of icatibant for acute management of non‐hereditary angioedema

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract We retrospectively examined the indications and efficacy of off‐label use of the bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist icatibant. The clinical heterogeneity, variability of response to icatibant and lack of efficacy of adrenaline described in this audit highlights both the need for biomarkers that can rapidly distinguish between histaminergic and non‐histaminergic angioedema, and for guidelines to improve the utility of icatibant in the non‐hereditary angioedema setting.
Effects of temperature on a Chinese population of Amblyseius andersoni (Acari: Phytoseiidae) fed with Tetranychus urticae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The development and fecundity of Amblyseius andersoni (Chant) fed with Tetranychus urticae Koch was studied at five different temperatures (17, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) and life parameters of the population were calculated. The development, reproduction, longevity, and life table parameters of A. andersoni were significantly affected by the different temperatures. The duration of the egg, larval, protonymph, deutonymph and total immature stages were reduced when the temperature increased. The total oviposition of A. andersoni was highest at 25 °C and lowest at 35 °C, and the daily average oviposition increased as the temperature increased, but few eggs were laid at 17 °C. The values of the intrinsic rate of increase (rm, 0.108--0.200), net reproduction rate (R0, 18.71--36.47) and the mean generation time (T, 14.68--29.73) significantly differed among the five temperatures. The highest net reproduction rate (R0 = 36.47) was obtained at 25 °C. The results of this study indicated that A. andersoni has a high inherent potential for the control of the T. urticae at certain temperatures.
A numerical chemo-micromechanical damage model of sulfate attack in cementitious materials

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The sulfate attack (SA) of cementitious materials widely exists, which severely reduces the mechanical properties and durability of cementitious materials. However, few numerical SA damage models of cementitious materials have been comprehensively developed. The understanding and simulation of the chemo-mechanical behavior of cementitious materials are beneficial to better modeling, predictions and designs of underground structures. In this research, a numerical chemo-micromechanical damage model under the SA and loading is proposed to explore the cracking process of the cementitious materials based on the discrete element method (DEM). Some inherent characteristics of the chemical attack can be well considered in the proposed numerical model. The local damage effect can be simulated, as well as the sulfate corrosion degree and the material component. The performance of this proposed model is confirmed and validated by available experimental results. We examine the dependence of the strength and the elastic moduli of the cementitious material on: (a) the content of ettringite, (b) the distribution of ettringite, (c) the mechanical properties of the cementitious matrix, (d) the void ratio of the cementitious materials, (e) the confining pressure, and (f) the expansion coefficient of sulfate corrosion products. The softening and fluctuating phenomena are witnessed in the stress-strain curves. The failure mode of cementitious materials with the SA is different from that of specimens without the SA. The damage parameters of cementitious materials under the SA are examined in depth. The numerical results reveal that the proposed damage model is feasible and valuable in the modeling, predictions, applications and durability of chemo-mechanical sulfate attack problems in cementitious materials.
Explaining Singapore's relations with Indonesia 1965-1990.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This dissertation seeks to characterise and explain the nature of Singapore's relations with Indonesia from 1965 to 1990. Two central questions guide the discussion in this dissertation: What led to the turnaround in Singapore-Indonesia relations towards the 1980's and into the 1990's? What accounted for the change in Singapore's policies towards a seemingly belligerent Indonesia? The paper suggests that the development of Singapore's relations with Indonesia can be understood from two contending perspectives - neo-realism and the existence of trust between Singapore and Indonesia. However, as the analysis in this dissertation shows, neo-realism is the better explanation of the two in accounting for how and why Singapore-Indonesia relations evolved as it did. More specifically, the turnaround in Singapore's relations with Indonesia is best explained in terms of a bandwagoning strategy Singapore used with Indonesia to counter the perception of a Malaysian threat.
Stabilization of linear systems over networks with double-sided, finite bounded, arbitrary packet loss

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper considers state feedback stabilization of discrete-time linear systems, where network exists for transmitting the sensor and controller information, and arbitrary bounded packet loss occurs between the sensor and controller, and between the controller and actuator. The sensor and controller send information at each sampling instant. The controller and actuator may or may not receive information at each sampling instant. The stabilization of this system is transformed into the robust stabilization of a set of systems. We find a common quadratic Lyapunov function for the closed-loop system, and give novel stabilization conditions solvable via linear matrix inequality (LMI) techniques. A numerical example is given to validate the stability results.