jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The role of budget speech: a Malaysian Government study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the role of budget speech in the Malaysian Government as a “hybrid” for governing both the economy and social cohesion. Design/methodology/approach – Through archival research, a governmentality framework and the concept of hybrids (Miller et al. , 2008) are employed to explore the role of budget speech in articulating ways in which the government managed the economic and social agenda. Findings – Previous governmentality studies have primarily been conducted on economic performance in western liberal democracies. Such research has illustrated the framework, measures undertaken by the government and choices of the governable person in actions for economic life. This paper applies these studies to a South East Asian context and finds that budget speeches between 2007 and 2011 are hybrids, in that they set out ways of achieving the two key priorities of post-independence Malaysia – the need to promote economic development whilst also fostering social harmony. Most notably, it finds that economic development was the dominant priority in those budget speeches held prior to the global financial crisis and 2008 general election, whereas social cohesion assumed this position from 2009 onwards. Originality/value – The findings have both practical and social implications for Malaysia, but also other jurisdictions that are using budget speeches to try to promote economic reforms and foster social cohesion.
A role for cyanide, derived from ethylene biosynthesis, in the development of stress symptoms

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cyanide is formed as a co‐product of ethylene during the oxidation of 1‐aminocyclo‐propane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) catalyzed by ACC oxidase. A toxic or regulatory function for cyanide in plant metabolism remains controversial. However, recent studies on the mode of action of auxin herbicides in sensitive plants suggest that the accumulation of tissue cyanide, derived ultimately from herbicide‐stimulated ACC synthesis, is implicated in the induction of herbicide phytotoxicity. Furthermore, increases in cyanide levels have been observed during the formation of necrotic lesions in tobacco mosaic virus‐infected tobacco leaves. It thus appears worthwhile to elucidate in more detail a possible role for cyanide in the induction of cell death under stress conditions which coincide with a strong stimulation of ethylene biosynthesis.
Rigorous Electromagnetic Model Of Fourier Transform Infrared (Ft-Ir) Spectroscopic Imaging Applied To Automated Histology Of Prostate Tissue Specimens

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging is an emerging technique that provides both chemically and spatially resolved information. The rich chemical content of data may be utilized for computer-aided determinations of structure and pathologic state (cancer diagnosis) in histological tissue sections for prostate cancer. FT-IR spectroscopic imaging of prostate tissue has shown that tissue type (histological) classification can be performed to a high degree of accuracy [1] and cancer diagnosis can be performed with an accuracy of about 80% [2] on a microscopic (≈ 6μm) length scale. In performing these analyses, it has been observed that there is large variability (more than 60%) between spectra from different points on tissue that is expected to consist of the same essential chemical constituents. Spectra at the edges of tissues are characteristically and consistently different from chemically similar tissue in the middle of the same sample. Here, we explain these differences using a rigorous electromagnetic model for light-sample interaction. Spectra from FT-IR spectroscopic imaging of chemically heterogeneous samples are different from bulk spectra of individual chemical constituents of the sample. This is because spectra not only depend on chemistry, but also on the shape of the sample. Using coupled wave analysis, we characterize and quantify the nature of spectral distortions at the edges of tissues. Furthermore, we present a method of performing histological classification of tissue samples. Since the mid-infrared spectrum is typically assumed to be a quantitative measure of chemical composition, classification results can vary widely due to spectral distortions. However, we demonstrate that the selection of localized metrics based on chemical information can make our data robust to the spectral distortions caused by scattering at the tissue boundary.
SH1758439.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
A randomized phase II trial of interleukin-2 and interferon-α plus bevacizumab versus interleukin-2 and interferon-α in metastatic renal-cell carcinoma (mRCC): results from the Danish Renal Cancer Group (DaRenCa) study-1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The addition of BEV to IL-2/IFN did not add efficacy in mRCC. (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01274273.).
Synthetic Control of Tertiary Helical Structures in Short Peptides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Helical secondary and tertiary motifs are commonly observed as binding epitopes in natural and engineered protein scaffolds. While several strategies have been described to constrain α-helices or reproduce their binding attributes in synthetic mimics, general strategies to mimic tertiary helical motifs remain in their infancy. We recently described a synthetic strategy to develop helical dimers ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137, 11618-11621). We found that replacement of an interhelical salt bridge with a covalent bond can stabilize antiparallel motifs in short sequences. Here we show that the approach can be generalized to obtain antiparallel and parallel dimers as well as trimer motifs. Helical stabilization requires judiciously designed cross-linkers as well as optimal interhelical hydrophobic packing. We anticipate that these mimics would afford new classes of modulators of biological function.
[Serological follow-up of Trypanosoma cruzi infection from 1987 to 1994 in individuals studies in 50 counties of the State of Jalisco, Mexico].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 1987 the University of Guadalajara performed a seroepidemiological survey in order to know the prevalence of infection for Trypanosoma cruzi in the 124 counties of the state of Jalisco, Mexico in which appraisals of 21.6 for 100 inhabitants were gotten. From December of 1993 to June of 1994 was carried out a pursuit of some those individuals, studying it only to 2669 of they, of 50 municipalities of rural areas of the state. The causes off not survey of the not found was diverse, being between the most important the emigration (27.6%) and the not cooperation (14.8%). We found to 476 positives (17.8%) and 2193 negatives (82.2%). This second study allowed us detect 80 new cases (2.9%) the one which represents an appraisal of incidence of 30 for 100 inhabitants. However we found a seroconvertion in the studied individuals, since of 1007 individuals that were positives in 1987; 943 of them continues so, while 64 individuals became negative (2.3%), not being this attributable to flaws of laboratory, the prevalence of positivite detected in both studies was almost identical, 18.1 and 17.8 % respectly, for the one which we believe that the conditions in that the individuals of the rural towns of the state of Jalisco live favor to that the infections continue.
Seismic fragility assessment of steel moment-resisting frames equipped with superelastic viscous dampers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The superelastic viscous damper (SVD) is a hybrid passive control device comprising a viscoelastic damper and shape memory alloy (SMA) cables connected in series. The SVD is an innovative damper through which a large amount of seismic energy can dissipate. The current study assessed the seismic collapse induced by steel momentresisting frames (SMRFs) equipped with SVDs and compared them with the performance of special MRFs and buckling restrained brace frames (BRBFs). For this purpose, nonlinear dynamic and incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) were conducted in OpenSees software. Both 5- and 9-story special MRFs, BRBFs, and MRFs equipped with the SVDs were examined. The results indicated that the annual exceedance rate for maximum residual drifts of 0.2% and 0.5% for the BRBFs and MRFs with SVDs, respectively, were considerably less than for SMRFs with reduced-beam section (RBS) connections and that the seismic performances of these structures were enhanced with the use of the BRB and SVD. The probability of collapse due to residual drift in the SVD, BRB, and RBS frames in the 9-story structure was 1.45, 1.75, and 1.05 times greater than for the 5-story frame.
Baccharis magnifica (Asteraceae, Astereae): a striking new species endemic to the summits of Serra do Caparaó, southeastern Brazil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Baccharis magnifica, a new species endemic to the summits of the Serra do Caparaó along the border between Espírito Santo and Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, is described. The new species is easily recognized by its shrubby habit, showy green and slightly wine-tinged, long-petiolate leaves with ciliate margins and corymbiform capitulescences. It is morphologically most similar to the allopatric B. macrophylla, which inhabits the mountain summits of the southerly Serra da Mantiqueira range. Illustrations, a distribution map, habitat information, and a conservation assessment are also provided for the new species.
Differential Impact of Commodity Price Shocks on Export of Textile Industrial Chain of Pakistan

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose - In Pakistan, textiles account for 60% of total export earnings, fluctuations in textile prices have a significant impact on foreign earnings, national income, and the country’s terms of trade. This study attempts to highlight the fact that commodity price shocks have industrial differences and price shock is transmitted along with textile industries chain from upstream industries to downstream industries. Design/methodology/approach - It uses monthly data over the period July 2008 to June 2020 and employs the SVAR model. Findings - The finding of the study provides insight that downstream industries are the most affected industries by commodity price shocks. Whereas the upstream industries do not respond significantly to these shocks. However, midstream industries are negatively affected by food and education price shocks. The results of our analysis provide a clear view to policymakers that which category of commodity price shocks can lead to a boom and which to bust. Originality/value – This is our original work to the best of our knowledge, there is no well-known study that has been conducted to examine the commodity price transmission mechanism for the exports of the textile industry chain of Pakistan. Limitations/Implications – Our results provide guidance to policymakers that one policy for all is not a good option as all industries of the textile industry chain are not affected by these shocks equally.
Myocardial Stimulation with Ultrashort Duration Current Pulses

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In order to identify a practical short‐duration limit for stimulating myocardium, theoretical and experimental studies were carried out using dog and turtle hearts The strength‐duration curves for current, charge and energy were derived from the standard excitable membrane model which employs a parallel resistance and capacitance. From these derivations, the predicted duration for minimum energy was identified. The experimentally measured strength‐duration curves for two types of myocardium followed the predicted vaiues cioseiy The duration for minimum energy was calculated to be 1.25 times the membrane time constant. The practical short‐duration limit for a pacemaking stimulus is about 30% of the membrane time constant. For dog myocardium the average time constant was 2.4 ms Therefore, a practical stimulus duration for minimum charge in the dog should be no longer than about two‐tenths of a millisecond, although shorter duration stimuli are equally effective This minimum charge criterion provides the minimum drain on the stimulator power supply
Data-plane Defenses against Routing Attacks on Tor

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Tor is susceptible to traffic correlation attacks in which an adversary who observes flows entering and leaving the anonymity network can apply statistical techniques to correlate flows and de-anonymize their endpoints. While an adversary may not be naturally positioned to conduct such attacks, a recent study shows that the Internet’s control-plane can be manipulated to increase an adversary’s view of the network, and consequently, improve its ability to perform traffic correlation. This paper explores, in-depth, the effects of control-plane attacks on the security of the Tor network. Using accurate models of the live Tor network, we quantify Tor’s susceptibility to these attacks by measuring the fraction of the Tor network that is vulnerable and the advantage to the adversary of performing the attacks. We further propose defense mechanisms that protect Tor users from manipulations at the control-plane. Perhaps surprisingly, we show that by leveraging existing trust anchors in Tor, defenses deployed only in the data-plane are sufficient to detect most control-plane attacks. Our defenses do not assume the active participation of Internet Service Providers, and require only very small changes to Tor. We show that our defenses result in a more than tenfold decrease in the effectiveness of certain control-plane attacks.
The pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis in the nude mouse and its influence on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The pathogenesis of chronic viral hepatitis due to infection with mouse hepatitis virus Type 1 has been followed over a period of 30 days in the nu/nu mouse. The initial histopathology is that of a focal hepatic necrosis which evolves into a chronic hepatitis with cirrhosis. The histopathology of the experimentally induced hepatitis with mouse hepatitis Type 1 is indistinguishable from that produced by the disease in nude mouse colonies due to the natural infection in the United Kingdom and also indistinguishable from the histopathology produced by the nude mouse hepatitis virus isolated in Japan. The virus produces a temporary suppression and delay in liver regeneration of nude mice which have been partially hepatectomized and this is compared to the delay in liver regeneration induced by another more virulent strain of mouse hepatitis, Type A59, in the nude mouse.
Analysis of\nPeptides and Proteins by Native and SDS\nCapillary Gel Electrophoresis Coupled to Electrospray Ionization Mass\nSpectrometry via a Closed-Circuit Coaxial Sheath Flow Reactor Interface

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A simple and widely applicable coaxial sheath flow reactor\ninterface\n(CSFRI) is introduced for easy and robust connection of liquid-phase\nmicroseparation methods to mass spectrometric detection, especially\nfor capillary gel electrophoresis analysis of proteins and peptides\nincluding SDS–protein complexes. The interface readily accommodated\npost-column reactions prior to MS detection. It was demonstrated that\nthis novel closed-circuit connection allowed the utilization of non-MS\nfriendly buffer components without significant ion suppression and\nsupported stable electrospray. In SDS capillary agarose gel electrophoresis\nmode, addition of γ-cyclodextrin to the sheath liquid efficiently\nremoved the SDS content of the sample and the background electrolyte\nin the flow reactor section by inclusion complexation, while maintaining\ngood separation efficiency and decreasing ion suppression.
AMP-Activated Protein Kinase can negatively modulate Ornithine Decarboxylase activity in cardiomyoblasts

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The responses of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) and Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) to isoproterenol have been examined in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts, a cell model of cardiac hypertrophy. AMPK represents the link between cell growth and energy availability whereas ODC, the key enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, is essential for all growth processes including the development of cardiac hypertrophy. Isoproterenol rapidly induced ODC activity in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts by promoting the synthesis of the enzyme protein. The increase in enzyme activity became significant between 15 and 30 minutes after the treatment. At the same time, isoproterenol stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPKα catalytic subunits (Thr172), which could be observed as soon as 15 minutes. Downregulation of both α1 and α2 isoforms of the AMPK catalytic subunit by siRNA to knockdown AMPK enzymatic activity, led to superinduction of ODC in isoproterenol-treated cardiomyoblasts. Downregulation of AMPKα increased ODC activity even in cells treated with other adrenergic agonists and in untreated cells, but was without effect when ODC was induced by hypoxia, suggesting that ODC modulation by AMPK is not a general event, but is stimulus-dependent. \nIn conclusion, isoproterenol quickly activates in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts two events that seem to contrast one another. The first one, an increase in ODC activity, is linked to cell growth, whereas the second, AMPK activation, is a homeostatic mechanism that negatively modulates the first. The modulation of ODC activity by AMPK can represent a self-regulating mechanism that may contribute to control the development of heart hypertrophy.
Fast and accurate timing characterization using functional information

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In deep submicrometer integrated circuit design, there is a growing need to quickly and accurately characterize the timing of large circuit blocks. Accurate timing characterization requires making available as much timing information as possible at each step of the design process. Conventional fast characterization methods typically employ topological analysis, which can be inaccurate because of its inability to eliminate false paths. To address this problem, a new method for creating accurate timing models of circuit blocks by making efficient use of their functionality is introduced. The proposed mode-dependent characterization (ModeChar) method is based on calculating a distinct timing model for each mode of circuit operation and reflects the way practical circuits function. ModeChar produces a mode-dependent timing model that contains delay information for a given set of circuit modes. It is shown that circuit delays are never underestimated by the mode-dependent models. The concept of mode dependency is taken further by extending it to sequential circuits. Given a sequential circuit, a compact set of constraints is derived for each circuit mode that captures all the timing constraints that must be satisfied for correct operation of the circuit. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of ModeChar in eliminating many false paths that would otherwise result in performance penalties. In addition, our experiments indicate that delays can vary considerably among circuit modes, making conventional topological analysis overly pessimistic. To make the mode-dependent models more compact, an efficient algorithm far coalescing delay information is also introduced.
Explaining Racial Inequality in Food Security in Columbus, Ohio: A Blinder–Oaxaca Decomposition Analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Food insecurity is a leading public health challenge in the United States. In Columbus, Ohio, as in many American cities, there exists a great disparity between Black and White households in relation to food insecurity. This study investigates the degree to which this gap can be attributed to differences in food shopping behavior, neighborhood perception, and socioeconomic characteristics. A Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition method is used to analyze a household survey dataset collected in 2014. We find a 34.2 percent point difference in food security between White and Black households. Variables related to food shopping behavior, neighborhood perception, and socioeconomic characteristics explain 13.8 percent, 11.6 percent, and 63.1 percent of the difference, respectively. These independent variables combined can explain 68.2 percent of the food security gap between White and Black households. Most of this is attributable to socioeconomic variables. Sense of friendship in neighborhood, use of private vehicles, and satisfaction of neighborhood food environment also partially contribute to the food security gap.
ChemInform Abstract: Circular Dichroism of trans and cis β‐Lactams and of Their Inclusion Compounds in β‐Cyclodextrin.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Design of airport pavements with use of analytical methods and FEM

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper presents examples of design solutions obtained with analytical methods and describes the applied design approach. It also includes the outputs of analyses carried out on two types of airport pavement structures: rigid and flexible. Analytical possibilities of Finite Element Method (FEM) are presented with the focus on various computer modelling techniques. The outputs of FEM analyses concerning the stresses, strains and displacements in slabs were compared against the results obtained with the conventional Westergaard model.
Probing the spacetime evolution of heavy ion collisions with photons and dileptons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Photons and dileptons are emitted throughout the evolution of the deconfined nuclear medium produced in heavy ion collisions. As such they can provide valuable information about the different phases of the medium, and complement hadronic measurements and other observables. In this work, recent developments related to electromagnetic emissions at early time, in the cross-over region, and at late times are reviewed. The spacetime description of the nuclear medium from a hydrodynamic model of heavy ion collisions is used to provide context and guide the discussion.