jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Of music, mathematics, and magic: Why math is all made up and why it works so well

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purpose of my study was to answer the philosophical question of whether mathematics is invented or discovered. This question is an age-old and important one with many implications regarding the understanding of mathematics, logic, science, and truth. Answering this question correctly can inform us not only about the nature of what is known, but even what is possible to know. In the field of mathematics itself, the answer to this question could change the way that mathematics is taught, learned, and implemented in the future. The problem was addressed through research, comparison, and analysis of books and articles where the question of whether math is created or discovered was either dealt with explicitly or implicitly. The answer to this question was found to be that mathematics is invented. Proof of this result is shown through debunking the myth of the objective world, and showing instead, how perception and thought give us a world of objects through creative use of metaphors. Mathematics is dependent on metaphorical, and not truly objective, thinking. The conclusions suggest that reality is not ultimately made of mathematics, and as such, there is a growing dissonance between the highly mathematical human-made world and much more fluid natural world. The world, not being the sum ( or algorithm) of its parts, should be encountered in new ways (that are sometimes actually quite old), if one wants to gain fresh perspectives on the nature of reality and the meaning of truth. With these results in mind, subjective domains such as dreaming, creating art, and perceiving have much more truth to tell than could probably be imagined under the old taken for granted paradigm that science and math are the primary and most important tools that humans use in understanding the world and universe correctly.
Performance and applications of the dynamic focus scanning laser imaging system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A multipurpose digital imaging device has been developed for applications in quantitative densitometry, light scatter detection and fluorescence emission measurement. The Scanning Laser Imaging (SLI) device consists of a three-dimensional laser beam controller, a fiber optic faceplate coupler, a specially designed photodetector assembly and a support computer that has interactive control over the beam positioner. Image information is collected as measurement of either total forward light loss, forward direction scattering or fluorescent emission, depending on the nature of the biological target and the configuration of the detection assembly. Signal output from the bulk photodetector is digitized and assigned to the corresponding pixel location illuminated by the laser spot. The target and detector assembly are stationary while the laser spot is scanned in a programmed pattern. Areas up to 16 cm2 are scanned at a rate of 5.1 x iO pixels/s with 12 bits gray level detection range per pixel. Typically, 1024 x 1024 pixels are captured in less than 30 seconds and stored for display, processing or archiving. Spatial resolution for image reconstruction is a function of laser spot size and has been demonstrated to 3 pm. Rescan and arbitrary laser spot positioning is accomplished to within Biological, biophysical, clinical instrumentation and optical and computer engineering applications of this technology are broad. SLI methods have been developed for quantitative densitometric analysis of electrophoretic gels, thin-layer chromatography plates and autoradiographic materials generally used in molecular biology research. These applications are not well suited for conventional scanning densitometry, particularly when translucent materials such as nylon or nitrocellulose transfer membranes are used because of loss in resolution due to scattering. The SLI spatial resolution is not affected significantly by such scatter. Other quantitative analysis such as measurement of immunofluorescent and immunochemical staining of cells from blood samples and tissue sections can be performed with the SLI device. These applications are poorly suited for traditional flow cytometry, which requires dispersal of individual cells from the tissue. In addition to imaging, the SLI device is capable of detecting and analyzing the occurrence of very rare events. It is routinely capable of scanning a large transparent or translucent target, detecting submicron particles and recording the position of the particles to within approximately 1 pm. The system will detect and locate a single submicron particle placed anywhere on a 800 mm2 surface, a task analogous to locating a standard typewritten character placed on a football field, within 30 seconds.
Novel Application of Automated Machine Learning With Maldi-Tof-Ms For Rapid High-Throughput Screening of Covid-19: A Proof Of Concept

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The 2019 novel coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has created an unsustainable need for molecular diagnostic testing. Molecular approaches such as reverse transcription (RT) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offers highly sensitive and specific means to detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA, however, despite it being the accepted “gold standard”, molecular platforms often require a tradeoff between speed versus throughput. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) – time of flight (TOF) – mass spectrometry (MS) has been proposed as a potential solution for COVID-19 testing and finding a balance between analytical performance, speed, and throughput, without relying on impacted supply chains. Combined with machine learning (ML), this MALDI-TOF-MS approach could overcome logistical barriers encountered by current testing paradigms. We evaluated the analytical performance of an ML-enhanced MALDI-TOF-MS method for screening COVID-19. Residual nasal swab samples from adult volunteers were used for testing and compared against RT-PCR. Two optimized ML models were identified, exhibiting accuracy of 98.3%, positive percent agreement (PPA) of 100%, negative percent agreement (NPA) of 96%, and accuracy of 96.6%, PPA of 98.5%, and NPA of 94% respectively. Machine learning enhanced MALDI-TOF-MS for COVID-19 testing exhibited performance comparable to existing commercial SARS-CoV-2 tests.
Epidemiology of adverse drug reactions to phenformin and metformin.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to phenformin and metformin reported to the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committee during 1965--77 were analysed in relation to sales and prescription data. The biguanides accounted for 0.6% of all reported adverse drug reactions but for 6% of the fatal cases (all phenformin). Sixty-four ADRs to phenformin and eight to metformin were classified as causal relation "probable" or "not excluded." Fifty-one of these reactions (71%) were lactic acidosis, all but one being reactions to phenformin. After 1973 phenformin was prescribed less in Sweden and metformin became predominant. A nationwide prescription survey during 1975--6 disclosed no differences in age and sex between patients receiving phenformin and metformin. The mean daily doses prescribed in 1976 were 74 mg of phenformin and 1.5 g of metformin. The numbers of ADRs to the two drugs reported during 1975--7 were related to use. The relative incidences of ADRs reported for phenformin and metformin did not differ. Significantly more cases of lactic acidosis and deaths were reported for phenformin.
COPYRIGHT © 2005 BY THE JOURNAL OF BONE AND JOINT SURGERY, INCORPORATED Modified Sauvé-Kapandji Procedure for Disorders of the Distal Radioulnar Joint in Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The Sauvé-Kapandji procedure has become popular for the treatment of disorders of the distal radioul-nar joint in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, but this procedure is impossible to perform in patients with poor bone quality in the distal part of the ulna. We have modified the procedure for patients with poor bone quality in the distal part of the ulna. The modified procedure involves resecting the distal part of the ulna, making a drill-hole in the ulnar cortex of the distal part of the radius, rotating the resected portion of the ulna 90°, inserting it into the distal part of the radius, and fixing it at that site with use of an AO cancellous-bone screw. In the present report, we describe the new operative technique and report the results after a minimum duration of follow-up of three years. Methods: This operation was performed in fifty-six patients (sixty-six wrists) with rheumatoid arthritis. The mean age at the time of the operation was 59.3 years. The mean duration of follow-up was forty-eight months. Patients were evaluated in terms of wrist pain, grip strength, and range of motion. Radiographic evaluation included calculation of the carpal translation index to assess the extent of ulnar translation of the carpus. Results: Osseous union was achieved in all cases. Wrist pain resolved or decreased in all patients. The mean total range of forearm rotation increased from 144 ° preoperatively to 167 ° at the time of the most recent follow-up (p &lt; 0.01). The mean carpal translation index did not change after the operation. Conclusions: The modified Sauvé-Kapandji procedure results in rigid fixation of the grafted bone. The technique pro-
Physiological Response of Soybean under Excessive Soil Water Stress during Vegetative Growth Period

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Generally, excessive soil water stress in vegetative growth stage inhibits the growth of soybeans. Leaf area expansion of the plant during excessive soil water stress was only half and the respiration of roots was much diminished compared with the plant none water stress. When excessive soil water stress to the soybeans was continued for 7 days, outer epidermis and vascular system of tap root were severely cracked, more than thirty-five percent of nodule was died and the bacteroid layers of alive nodule were disintegrated.
Law, Psychology & Morality

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In a democratic society, law is an important means to express, manipulate, and enforce moral codes. Demonstrating empirically that law can achieve moral goals is difficult. Nevertheless, public interest groups spend considerable energy and resources to change the law with the goal of changing not only morally-laden behaviors, but also morally-laden cognitions and emotions. Additionally, even when there is little reason to believe that a change in law will lead to changes in behavior or attitudes, groups see the law as a form of moral capital that they wish to own, to make a statement about society. Examples include gay sodomy laws, abortion laws, and Prohibition. In this Chapter, we explore the possible mechanisms by which law can influence attitudes and behavior. To this end, we consider informational and group influence of law on attitudes, as well as the effects of salience, coordination, and social meaning on behavior, and the behavioral backlash that can result from a mismatch between law and community attitudes. Finally, we describe two lines of psychological research - symbolic politics and group identity - that can help explain how people use the law, or the legal system, to effect expressive goals.
Studies on the disinfected larval and diet shape in the silkworm artificial diet rearing.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Different disinfecting methods for silkworm eggs faces. The results showed that it is best to disinfect egg with pigmentary body of embryo with 4% formaldehyde 15 min 95% alcohol 4 min. As for the artificial diet shape, the test suggested that plate diet is suitable for newly hatched larvae, the first instar and it should be changed to slice diet, however, after second instar of silkworm larvae.
Confinement-Induced Alteration of Morphologies of Oil–Water Emulsions

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Reversible alteration between different emulsion morphologies like core-shell and Janus is conventionally triggered by altering the interfacial energy between different phases. In contrast, here, we show that the morphology of dispersed droplets can be changed also when the emulsion is sufficiently confined between two parallel plates. In particular, we use three immiscible phases: silicone oil, paraffin oil, and aqueous solution of surface-active agents like agarose, sodium dodecylsulfate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide to generate oil-in-water emulsions consisting of complex morphologies of the dispersed droplets. In the unconfined state, the core-shell drops appear with paraffin oil at the core and silicone oil at the shell. However, the morphology of oil droplets changes to Janus when the emulsion is confined between two parallel plates. We have shown that the meniscus of the continuous phase that forms between the parallel plates alters the pressure field in the emulsion and the total energy of the system, which trigger such morphological transition.
Managing photoinduced electron transfer in AgInS2–CdS heterostructures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ternary semiconductors such as AgInS2, with their interesting photocatalytic properties, can serve as building blocks to design light harvesting assemblies. The intraband transitions created by the metal ions extend the absorption well beyond the bandgap transition. The interfacial electron transfer of AgInS2 with surface bound ethyl viologen under bandgap and sub-bandgap irradiation as probed by steady state photolysis and transient absorption spectroscopy offers new insights into the participation of conduction band and trapped electrons. Capping AgInS2 with CdS shifts emission maximum to the blue and increases the emission yield as the surface defects are remediated. CdS capping also promotes charge separation as evident from the efficiency of electron transfer to ethyl viologen, which increased from 14% to 29%. The transient absorption measurements that elucidate the kinetic aspects of electron transfer processes in AgInS2 and CdS capped AgInS2 are presented. The improved performance of CdS capped AgInS2 offers new opportunities to employ them as photocatalysts.
Situation Analysis of Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Existing Alternative Care Systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Orphans and vulnerable children are mostly suffering from inadequate care and support. Qualitative research method was employed to examine the situation of orphans and vulnerable children in existing alternative care systems in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Observation, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were employed in collecting data. The target population for the study was orphans and vulnerable children. The key informants, community leaders, care givers and social workers also participated in this study. Qualitative data were transcribed, coded and analyzed using Atlas.ti software. The findings revealed that poverty, HIV and AIDS, childhood pregnancies, family conflicts, separation, and child negligence, were some of the reasons for children placement in alternative care. The study further found out that children faced barriers to accessing alternative care such as poverty and AIDS, discrimination and stigmatization, and long processes involved in fostering and adoption. In addition the data revealed that some children were ill-treated in various alternative care systems. Development of a holistic approach to address care and protection needs for children, supporting children, poor families and communities; and promoting social welfare services to ensure adequate care for children without parental care were recommended based on the findings.
Studies on the Metabolism of Biotin Vitamers by Microorganisms

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Studies on the Metabolism of Biotin Vitamers by Microorganisms: Part I. Conversion of Biotin Diaminocarboxylic Acid into Biotin and Bisnorbiotin by Resting Cell SystemPart II. Conversion of 7,8-Diaminopelargonic Acid into Desthiobiotin and Bisnordesthiobiotin by Pseudomonas graveolens Get access Han-Chul Yang, Han-Chul Yang Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Yoshiki Tani, Yoshiki Tani Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Koichi Ogata Koichi Ogata Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 35, Issue 6, 1 June 1971, Pages 870–884, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1971.10860011 Published: 01 June 1971 Article history Received: 16 November 1970 Published: 01 June 1971
Prognostic and Inflammatory Differences Between Upper and Mid–Lower Rectal Cancers in Non-Metastatic Stage II–II Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: This study aimed to compare the clinical, pathological, and biochemical characteristics of upper rectal cancer (URC) and mid–lower rectal cancer (MLRC) in stage II and III non-metastatic rectal cancer and to identify distinct prognostic factors influencing survival and recurrence. Material and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 100 patients with stage II and III non-metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by curative-intent surgery between 2021 and 2024. Patients were categorized into URC (n = 53) and MLRC (n = 47) groups. Parameters analyzed included demographic factors, ASA score, surgical characteristics, pathological features (tumor stage, lymph node involvement, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), perineural invasion (PNI), tumor budding, tumor regression grade (TRG)), and biochemical markers (carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), white blood cell (WBC) count, neutrophil count, platelet count (PLT), and C-reactive protein (CRP)). One-year overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier survival curves, and Cox regression models identified independent prognostic factors. Results: Preoperative CEA levels were higher in MLRC (p = 0.05), whereas WBC count (p = 0.01), neutrophil count (p = 0.02), PLT (p = 0.01), and CRP levels (p = 0.01) were higher in URC. Pathological analysis revealed higher LVI (p = 0.04), PNI (p = 0.04), and tumor budding (p = 0.03) in MLRC. At one-year follow-up, OS rates were 82.1% (URC) vs. 80.3% (MLRC) (p = 0.85), and DFS rates were 78.6% (URC) vs. 73.4% (MLRC) (p = 0.72). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified age (HR: 1.04, p = 0.03), ASA score (HR: 1.22, p = 0.01), CRP (HR: 1.18, p < 0.001), preoperative CEA (HR: 1.12, p = 0.02), preoperative CA19-9 (HR: 1.09, p = 0.03), LVI (HR: 1.42, p < 0.001), PNI (HR: 1.35, p = 0.02), and tumor budding (HR: 1.28, p = 0.03) as independent prognostic factors for OS. Similar trends were observed for DFS, with T stage (HR: 1.35, p = 0.01) and tumor size (HR: 1.22, p = 0.01) also being found significant. Conclusions: Inflammatory markers, tumor burden indicators (LVI, PNI, budding, tumor size, T stage), and preoperative CEA/CA19-9 were identified as significant predictors, suggesting a risk-adapted approach to rectal cancer treatment.
An Improving Intrusion Detection Model Based on Novel CNN Technique Using Recent CIC-IDS Datasets

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The Internet of Things (IoT) concept past far utilized in the past years, resulting in the establishment of Smart Cities. IoT has been A key player in a variety of sectors, including healthcare, Industry 4.0, smart transportation, home automation. Smart Cities are a relatively new concept that efficiently uses adaptive optimization of the resources at hand to offer people outstanding facilities. IoT devices are designed to gather information from the privilege of surroundings and send it to other systems over the Internet. Cybersecurity risks including denial-of-service attacks, brute-force assaults, and unauthorized access might result from this. The safety and privacy of residents are the most pressing concerns that require attention. Deep learning-based IDS system. Data gathering from common datasets like CIC-IDS 2017 and CIC-IDS 2018 comprises multiple assault kinds. By using algorithms, pre-processing removes normalizations and missing values. Time stamps are selected and largely removed from an assault dataset using Random Forest (RF). Subsequently, essential traits are retrieved from those data using Deep Autoencoder (AE), after which among those many features. In this paper an appropriate comparison of the initial two datasets produced good findings for every deep learning system put to the test. Measurements in CIC IDS 2017 Precision, F1-score, and Recall were 99.5%, 98.7%, and 99.8%, respectively. For CIC IDS 2018, Precision, F1-score, and Recall were 99.5% for all algorithms. Our Novel CNN method yields the greatest outcomes.
Copper and Cyanide Recovery in Cyanidation Effluents

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Cyanidation is the main process for gold and silver recovery from its ores. In this study, a process is proposed to recover copper and cyanide from barren solutions from the Merrill-Crowe cementation process with zinc dust. This technology is based on inducing nucleated precipitation of copper and silver in a serpentine reactor, using sodium sulfide as the precipitator, and sulfuric acid for pH control. Results show that pH value has a significant effect on copper cyanide removal efficiency, and it was determined the optimal pH range to be 2.5 - 3. At this pH value, the copper cyanide removal efficiency achieved was up to 97 and 99%, when copper concentration in the influent was 636 and 900 ppm. respectively. In this process (sulphidization-acidification-thickening-HCN recycling), the cyanide associated with copper cyanide complexes, is released as HCN gas under weakly acidic conditions, allowing it to be recycled back to the cyanidation process as free cyanide. Cyanide recovery was 90%. Finally, this procedure was successfully run at Minera William in México.
Nucleophile-Catalyzed Additions to Activated Triple Bonds. Protection of Lactams, Imides, and Nucleosides with MocVinyl and Related Groups

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Additions of lactams, imides, (S)-4-benzyl-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one, 2-pyridone, pyrimidine-2,4-diones (AZT derivatives), or inosines to the electron-deficient triple bonds of methyl propynoate, tert-butyl propynoate, 3-butyn-2-one, N-propynoylmorpholine, or N-methoxy-N-methylpropynamide in the presence of many potential catalysts were examined. DABCO and, second, DMAP appeared to be the best (highest reaction rates and E/Z ratios), while RuCl3, RuClCp*(PPh3)2, AuCl, AuCl(PPh3), CuI, and Cu2(OTf)2 were incapable of catalyzing such additions. The groups incorporated (for example, the 2-(methoxycarbonyl)ethenyl group that we name MocVinyl) serve as protecting groups for the above-mentioned heterocyclic CONH or CONHCO moieties. Deprotections were accomplished via exchange with good nucleophiles: the 1-dodecanethiolate anion turned out to be the most general and efficient reagent, but in some particular cases other nucleophiles also worked (e.g., MocVinyl-inosines can be cleaved with succinimide anion). Some structural and mechanistic details have been accounted for with the help of DFT and MP2 calculations.