jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thermal rectification in one-dimensional mass-graded lattices with an on-site potential

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this work we perform a systematic analysis of various structural parameters that have influence on the thermal rectification effect, i.e. asymmetrical heat flow, and the negative differential thermal resistance present in a one-dimensional anharmonic lattice with mass gradient and coupled to a substrate potential. For two different mass profiles (linear and exponential) we compute the thermal conductivity as a function of the system size and determined that its value, computed with the system coupled to the substrate potential, is lower than the corresponding one without such potential for each system size, with a highest value of the divergence exponent corresponding to the exponential mass profile. The rectification efficiency is always higher for the linear mass-graded lattice in all the studied cases, whereas that of the exponential mass-graded one is largely insensitive to the variation, in the considered range of values, of the studied parameters. This latter type of lattice presents no negative differential thermal resistance in the low temperature regime whatsoever.
Position-Awareness and Hypergraph Contrastive Learning for Multi-Behavior Sequence Recommendation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Existing multi-behavior sequential recommendation methods obtain users’ interest preferences by analyzing their historical multi-behavior information to uncover users’ potential intentions in multi-behavior sequential recommendation. However, the existing methods still have problems such as unstable users’ interest preferences and difficulty in capturing the fine-grained relationships between behaviors. This paper proposes a framework called Position-aware Hypergraph Contrastive Learning for Multi-Behavior Sequence Recommendation (PHCL-MBSR). It introduces position context encoding in the temporal dimension, focusing on the context behavior dependencies. In the spatial dimension, a global hypergraph is constructed to capture the high-order relationships between sequences, and the global multi-behavior dependencies in the spatial dimension are captured through hypergraph contrastive learning. PHCL-MBSR has been experimentally evaluated on three benchmark datasets, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness and interpretability of this framework.
From Blood to Profit: Making Money in the Practice and Imagery of Early America

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Money, wrote Pennsylvanian Francis Rawle in 1725, is “the vital spirit and blood of the body politick.” Is not money, another pamphleteer contended, “the blood of life, which circulates from member to member, throughout the whole body of all living creatures?” It followed that the tokens acting as the medium of value could be anything, “whether it be pewter, silver, spelter, brass or paper, matters not which.” Americans in fact used provincial tax credit notes for money, along with other specie substitutes: “bills of credit” were issued to public creditors and could be employed by the holder or others to pay public obligations like taxes. They were “in value equal” to coin and, like coin, could be passed from hand to hand in the meantime. It was their circulating property—”the ready currency of the thing”—that controlled.
Safety of frozen, dried and powder forms of house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a novel food pursuant

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver an opinion on the safety of frozen, dried and powder forms of house crickets (Acheta domesticus) as a novel food (NF) pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283. The NF is proposed in three forms: (i) frozen, (ii) dried, (iii) powder. The main components of the NF are protein, fat and dietary fibre (chitin). The Panel notes that the concentration of contaminants in the NF depends on the occurrence levels of these substances in the insect feed. The NF has a protein content that ranges between 19.7 and 20.9 g/100 g in the frozen form and 61.7–68.6 g/100 g in the dried and powder forms. The Panel acknowledges that the true protein content is overestimated when using the nitrogen‐to‐protein conversion factor of 6.25 due to the presence of non‐protein nitrogen from chitin. The applicant proposed to use the NF as food ingredient in a number of food products. The target population proposed by the applicant is the general population. Considering the composition of the NF and the proposed conditions of use, the consumption of the NF is not nutritionally disadvantageous. The Panel notes that no safety concerns arise from the toxicological information on A. domesticus. The Panel considers that the consumption of the NF might trigger primary sensitisation to A. domesticus proteins and may cause allergic reactions in subjects allergic to crustaceans, mites and molluscs. Additionally, allergens from the feed may end up in the NF. The Panel concludes that the NF is safe under the proposed uses and use levels.
Sugarbeet yields unaffected by afternoon wilting

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sugarbeet irrigation has been studied extensively in the western
United States. The present state of the art has been reviewed
by Loomis and Haddock (2) 8. Most field experiments
have been run at three or more levels of soil moisture—wet,
medium and dry. Differences in root and sugar yields under
these moisture regimes have not been strikingly different so long
as the dry treatment did not cause prolonged wilting, and so
long as the wet treatment did not cause leaching of nutrients.
Assessment of Strategy in Selective Dry Cow Therapy for Mastitis Control

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Summary Seven hundred and three cows were treated at drying off, using three main types of therapy: control, long‐acting intramammaria and short‐acting intramammaria. Selective dry cow therapy in infected quarters was used. Of the cows with one or two infected quarters one to six weeks before drying off, 57.7 per cent had one or more new infected quarters at drying off. Thus selective dry cow therapy on quarter basis determined from the results of samples taken one to six weeks before drying off would give “inadequate” therapy (i. e. new infection in non‐treated quarters at drying off) for more than 50 per cent of the cows. For those cows given “adequate” therapy (no new infection at drying off) long‐acting therapy, short‐acting and control yielded 53.6%, 49.3% and 30.7% healthy cows respectively two to five weeks post partum. In cows with “inadequate” therapy the treatment groups yielded 42.9%, 52.9% and 29.7% healthy cows respectively. Our conclusion is that if long‐acting intramammaria are to be used, all the quarters of infected cows should be treated, whereas if short‐acting preparations are to be used, treatment can be restricted to infected quarters only.
The Effect of Frequent Variations in Temperature on Egg Quality Loss During Short Holding Periods

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Some commercial egg handlers apparently believe that eggs moved in and out of refrigeration deteriorate more rapidly than eggs held at a relatively constant temperature. In a recent survey of grocery stores in Washington, the managers of stores where eggs were not refrigerated have frequently expressed an opinion that extremes in temperature during short time storage contributed to a more rapid deterioration of egg quality. Otte et al. (1950) reported that eggs removed from storage and thereafter held at different temperatures followed the same pattern of decline in quality, regardless of the length of time they had been held in storage. Some of the eggs were stored as long as 45 weeks at 30 degrees F. before the quality measurements at higher temperatures were made. The object of the study reported here was to determine whether or not eggs changed frequently from one temperature to another during short time holding . . .
Investigation Of Dissolution Performance And Physical Characterization On Development Of Solid Dispersion Dosage Form

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Solid dispersion (SD) formulation has attracted much attention due to its \npotential in enhancing dissolution performance of poorly soluble active \npharmaceutical ingredients (API). However, an overview of the dissolution \nperformance of SDs implies inconsistent degree of dissolution improvement of \npoorly soluble APIs in SD. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to \ndetermine the criteria of a good carrier system and drug candidate for enhanced \ndissolution performance of a solid dispersion system for a poorly soluble drug and \ndosage form consideration particularly the impact of compaction. To achieve these \nobjectives, several SD systems were prepared in this study by spray drying and \nquenched
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN A REMOTE STATE: A CASE STUDY OF ARUNACHAL PRADESH, INDIA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

AbstractArunachal Pradesh, the eastern most state of India, is one of the ‘hotspots’ of global biodiversity. This state is a micro-hotspot within the larger Eastern Himalayas hotspot. Based on satellite imagery, the forest area in this state constitutes around 81.91% of its total area, which is one of the highest of any state in India. The conflict between development process and protecting the rich biodiversity of Arunachal Pradesh is becoming increasingly apparent. Arunachal Pradesh has a unique opportunity to map out a development path that is sustainable and ecologically sound. Despite being rich in its natural resource endowment, the state is one of the most backward states of India. In these circumstances, the promotion of tourism appears to be one of the best ways of generating internal revenue, employment, income and accelerating the pace of development in this state. In addition, the promotion of nature-based and ecotourism can play an important role in the State's strategy for conserving its rich forest resources as well as its cultural heritage. Hence, the present chapter deals with the opportunities and challenges of developing tourism in this remote state of India.
Coaching in the System of Professional Training of Future Masters of Primary Education During the Period Under Martial Law

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article highlights the relevance of the problem of using coaching in the professional training of future masters of primary education under martial law. Theoretical analysis of scientific sources on comprehension of the definitions of "coaching" and "pedagogical coaching" is carried out; the essence, purpose, and tasks are revealed. It is noted that the purpose of pedagogical coaching is to reveal the potential for improvement of the expected learning outcomes, development of critical and logical thinking, formation of mobility, independence in decision-making, the desire for self-development, self-learning, and success in future professional activities among higher education students. It has been found that the introduction of coaching in the system of professional training of future masters of primary education will serve the process of training competitive and competent specialists with formed values, beliefs, and priority goals. They are capable of making both personal and professional independent decisions and generating new ideas. This method also helps master's students to develop appropriate self-esteem and academic stress resistance. This is the basis of educational and cognitive activity in the conditions of wartime. It is concluded that coaching belongs to innovative technologies of professional education; it is a powerful tool for personal and professional growth for future masters of primary education; it is a technology for organizing scientific and pedagogical research that promotes the implementation of a student-centered approach in higher education institutions based on trust, partnership, and mutual respect. It is also important to provide a comprehensive rather than fragmentary implementation of coaching to achieve the aims of professional education, improve its quality, and establish cooperative subject-subject relations between professors and students.
Linking a Community-based ESL Program with the MA in TESOL Practicum Course: The Tale of a Program

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Immigrant adults in the United States often have limited opportunities to learn English. To address this issue and to strengthen the preparation of future English language teachers, a practicum course offered in a Master of Arts in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages (MA TESOL) program in California was modified to engage student teachers in the design and implementation of a community-based ESL program. This article describes how a teacher educator and three student teachers collaborated to design and implement the program; identifies the program's teaching philosophy, centered around the communicative approach; and discusses the program's learning outcomes, ranging from introducing oneself to participating in the Individualized Educational Plan meeting. As explained in the article, breaking down the walls that existed between the MA TESOL program and the community of students about whom the program theorized not only helped the ESL students the community-based program served, but it also strengthened the MA TESOL program as a whole.
Motivational typologies of drinkers: do enhancement and coping drinkers form two distinct groups?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Aims This study used a person‐centered approach to test whether drinking motive typologies could be identified. Design Longitudinal study of college students within the I ntensive M ultivariate P rospective A lcohol C ollege‐ T ransitions ( IMPACTS ) data set. Setting University campus in the United States . Participants University students (baseline n reporting alcohol motives = 2158; baseline age = 18.60 years old). Measurements The D rinking M otives Q uestionnaire‐ R evised ( DMQ‐R ). Findings Using Steinley & Brusco's cluster analysis approach [based on the theoretical ratio expected between the within sum of squares and the total sum of squares when the data are divided into two clusters when no cluster structure is present; the cut‐off for the ratio is 0.25 for uniform (multivariate uniform) distributions and 0.36 for normal (multivariate normal) distributions], we examined whether there was evidence for distinct clusters of individuals that differed on their overall level of motives to drink. We tested the fit of a one‐group (cluster) solution compared to multi‐cluster solutions. Both cross‐sectionally and prospectively, the data could not be partitioned into two or more clusters [regardless of whether the cut‐off assuming a multivariate uniform distribution (i.e. 0.25) or the more liberal multivariate normal distribution (i.e. 0.36) was used]. These findings showed that enhancement and coping drinkers do not form two distinct groups but, rather, these motives exist on a continuum such that individuals who are high in one internal motive tend to be high in the other motive. Conclusions Coping and enhancement drinkers do not form two distinct groups. Variable‐centered approaches to drinking motives may be a better alternative to classifying all drinkers as either enhancement or coping drinkers for both clinical and research endeavors.
The Role of Family on Pathways to Acquiring Early Reading Skills In Lusaka’s Low-Income Communities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper reports findings from the study that examined the role of family in children’s acquisition of early reading skills. We recruited 72 first-grade learners and their parents from low-income Zambian families for the study. In response to a home literacy questionnaire, parents reported on their reading attitudes and family literacy environment. Children’s early reading skills were assessed using two early reading tests (orthographic awareness and decoding competence), both conducted at two different points during the year. Regression analyses of pretest and gain scores revealed that parental reading attitude and family literacy environment significantly predicted early reading skills. These findings suggest that the family is an important element in the children’s process of learning to read. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Current Progress in Corneal Xenotransplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Blindness is a devastating situation, and one of the common causes is corneal blindness. Corneal transplantation is the standard treatment for the corneal blindness. The lack of human donors demands the exploration of alternative treatments such as corneal xenotransplantation and bioengineered corneas. We review the researches regarding immunological and physio‐anatomical barriers of corneal xenotransplantation, recent progress of corneal xenotransplantation in nonhuman primate studies, and updates of regulatory guidelines to conduct clinical trials for corneal xenotransplantation. The current development of genetically-engineered and gene-editing technologies suggests that the promise much for the field of xenotransplantation. A clinical trial of xenotransplantation using a cellular porcine corneal stroma has already been conducted; however, safety concerns have not been reported so far. With regard to the regulatory aspects and preclinical efficacies, corneal xenotransplantation has become one of the clinically realistic options as human substitutes and progress in recent research is promising to advance corneal xenotransplantation field.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy after Acquired Brain Injury: An Investigation of the Benefits for Emotional Well-being, Coping Strategy Use, and Community Integration at 6-Months Post-Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: To demonstrate that at 6-months post-cessation of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) adapted for acquired brain injury (ABI), (1) patients maintain psychological benefits, (2) coping strategy selection improves, (3) community integration is enhanced, and (4) benefits are observed in both face-to-face and telephone administrations. Methods: Participants. Seventeen ABI patients with elevated psychological distress. Outcome Measures. Pre-treatment, post-treatment and 6-month follow-up performance on the Symptom Checklist-90-revised (SCL-90-R), Depression, Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21), Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) and the Ways of Coping-Revised Questionnaire (WOC-R). Procedures. Eleven CBT sessions provided in group, face-to-face format or individually by telephone. Results: For face-to-face and telephone groups, psychological distress was significantly reduced from pre-treatment to 6-months follow-up: DASS-21 (t16= 7.32, p <.000); SCL-90-R (t16= 6.22, p <.000). Community integration (t16= -6.15 p<.000) and problem-focused coping (t16= -3.67, p<.01) were also significantly enhanced. Conclusion: CBT adapted for patients with ABI carries robust benefits even 6-months after treatment.
Some Practical Applications of Genetics in Medicine and Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Leonard Parsons was a man of transcendent ability and of transcendent personality.He was a pioneer in the study of child health and in the care of sick children.His memorial may be seen in the school of paediatrics which he founded in the University of Birmingham, and also in many other centres in this country and all over the world where his disciples have followed his example and practised what he taught.I could not hope to add to the tributes which have been paid to him, but I should like to mention one example of his insight and of his wisdom which comes close to the subject of these lectures.In 1933 he put forward the hypothesis that icterus gravis, hydrops foetalis, and haemolytic anaemia of the newborn were one and the same disease, due to a haemolytic process of then unknown nature.This conception prepared the way a few years later for the brilliant work of Levine.Levine showed that the haemolytic process was the result of maternal-foetal incompatibility.It is interesting to reflect that if the work on the rhesus monkey had been carried out a year or two later, or indeed if it had never been done at all, all we know now would probably have stemmed just as surely from Levine's observations, and without any help from our small relative.That was an example of Parsons's insight.About 12 years later he also showed his wisdom.In the early flush of enthusiasm it was proposed that haemolytic disease should be called rhesus disease.This Parsons opposed strongly, and thanks to him we now refer to haemolytic disease of the foetus and of the newborn.He was, of course, entirely right.To-day we know that although the commonest cause of haemolytic disease is maternal-foetal rhesus incompatibility there are many other causes as well, such as other blood-group antigens-for example, the original antigen of the Kell system. Change in Relative ImportanceIt was natural for the early paediatricians, and indeed even for those of Parsons's day, to concentrate on the environmental causes of diseases of children.The scope for prevention was still enormous; but as environmental causes were progressively elucidated and appropriate measures of prevention and treat- ment instituted a hard core of something resistant assumed an ever-growing relative importance.In the quinquennium 1901-5 the infant death rate was about 140 per thousand.By a smooth progression this has fallen to about 20 per thousand.Nearly all causes of death have shown a substantial or indeed striking decline, but there are two exceptions.One is deaths attributed to injury at birth, a subject outside the scope of these lectures.The other is deaths attributed to congenital malforma- * A shortened version of the Leonard Parsons Lectures delivered at the University of Birmingham on 13 and 14 May 1963.transmission is entirely different.Two outwardly normal carriers happen to marry and then there is one chance in four that any child will receive the abnormal gene from both parents and so be affected.The characteristic finding is a tendency
Simulation of quantum key distribution with noisy channels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper secure schemes for cryptographic key distribution - called quantum key distribution protocols - are investigated by means of computer simulation. For this, a general purpose quantum circuit designer and simulator program was developed and used. To be more realistic the protocols were ran on different noisy quantum channels. The aim is to determine the grade of security of the protocols in function of the channel parameters they are using; and also to propose a method for selecting the best protocol for a given channel.