jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Attentional development can help us understand the inattentional blindness effect in visual search

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Introduction Inattentional Blindness (IB) is the failure to notice an unexpected, usually salient stimulus while immersed in a different, often demanding attentional task. More than just a laboratory curiosity, IB is an important phenomenon to understand because it may be related to real-world errors such as missed “incidental findings” in medical image or security searches. Interest in individual differences in susceptibility to IB has produced a number of studies showing inconclusive results. Methods Here, we tested IB in a sample of 277 participants, 4-25 years old performing a visual search task. On two critical trials, an unexpected letter and an unexpected word were presented among photorealistic objects. Results There was a clear age effect with younger individuals showing higher IB levels. IB correlated with attentional control in visual search and with Continuous Performance Test-CPT for d-prime, response times and attentional shifting measures. These effects disappeared if age was controlled. There were no general effects of intelligence (IQ; RIST) or gender. Younger observers showed a negative correlation of IB for the word with the verbal components of the RIST IQ-proxy (no effect for the letter). Discussion These results support a relationship between IB and cognitive-developmental changes, showing that maturation of attention and executive processes can help us understand the intriguing phenomenon of (sometimes) missing what is in front of our eyes.
Prioritizing patients: Stochastic dynamic programming for surgery scheduling and mass casualty incident triage

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The research presented in this dissertation contributes to the growing literature on applications of operations research models to problems in healthcare through the development and analysis of mathematical models for two fundamental problems facing nearly all hospitals: the single-day surgery scheduling problem and planning for triage in the event of a mass casualty incident. Both of these problems can be understood as sequential decision-making processes aimed at prioritizing between different classes of patients under significant uncertainty and are modeled using stochastic dynamic programming. Our study of the single-day surgery scheduling problem represents the first model to capture the sequential nature of the operating room (OR) manager's decisions during the transition between the generality of cyclical block schedules (which allocate OR time to surgical specialties) and the specificity of schedules for a particular day (which assign individual patients to specific ORs). A case study of the scheduling system at the University of Maryland Medical Center highlights the importance of the decision to release unused blocks of OR time and use them to schedule cases from the surgical request queue (RQ). Our results indicate that high quality block release and RQ decisions can be made using threshold-based policies that preserve a specific amount of OR time for late-arriving demand from the specialties on the block schedule. The development of mass casualty incident (MCI) response plans has become a priority for hospitals, and especially emergency departments and trauma centers, in recent years. Central to all MCI response plans is the triage process, which sorts casualties into different categories in order to facilitate the identification and prioritization of those who should receive immediate treatment. Our research relates MCI triage to the problem of scheduling impatient jobs in a clearing system and extends earlier research by incorporating the important trauma principle that patients' long-term (post-treatment) survival probabilities deteriorate the longer they wait for treatment. Our results indicate that the consideration of deteriorating survival probabilities during MCI triage decisions, in addition to previously studied patient characteristics and overall patient volume, increases the total number of expected survivors.
Performance Improvement of Integrated Microgrid Based Predictive Control Scheme

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The voltage quality of a renewable energy system may be undermined by variable power demand and erratic energy source outputs.The suggested approach entails the use of both a Model Predictive Based Voltage and Power control (MPVP) method and a Model Predictive Based Current and Power (MPCP) control method.The proposed MPCP algorithm can be used to manage battery storage systems dc-dc converters and stabilize voltage at dc bus by adjusting the varying output from renewable energy sources.The MPVP system is utilized in interlink converter control to ensure a steady provision of AC voltage while facilitating optimal energy transfer between the electric grid and microgrid.Moreover, an integrated system is developed for energy management to offer constant performance under a variety of operating modes.Based on the projected output current in every conceivable switching state throughout each sample interval, the resulting voltage is estimated by applying the system model.The efficacy of the adopted methodology has been affirmed through MATLAB/Simulink.To further grasp the benefits of the proposed methods encompass, traditional PI as well as sliding mode control (SMC) tactics during diverse scenarios.The postulated control technology has clear advantages over the conventional PI and SMC control performance and exceptionally low (THD) value.Ultimately, it could be claimed that the proposed method increases the bar and guarantees that the RES operates consistently.
Microfluidic Technology for Nucleic Acid Aptamer Evolution and Application

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The intersection of microfluidics and aptamer technologies holds particular promise for rapid progress in a plethora of applications across biomedical science and other areas. Here, the influence of microfluidics on the field of aptamers, from traditional capillary electrophoresis approaches through innovative modern‐day approaches using micromagnetic beads and emulsion droplets, is reviewed. Miniaturizing aptamer‐based bioassays through microfluidics has the potential to transform diagnostics and embedded biosensing in the coming years.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on dental practice in Brazil

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Dentists are at high risk of contamination by COVID-19 due to the proximity to the patients' oral cavity and airways. Objective: To elucidate the behaviors and adversities experienced by dentists because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This descriptive study invited 1.811 dentists affiliated with professional associations, dental cooperatives, and health insurance providers from São Paulo State, Brazil, in 2020 of which 473 agreed to participate. The data collection, using Google Forms, included the variables: sociodemographic conditions; characteristics of dental work; level of healthcare and sources of information about the pandemic; changes in the work process, financial impact with personal protective equipment (PPE) and biosafety measures; and consequences of the pandemic in the professional practice. Results: The 473 dentists (40.36±13.44 years), were mostly women (52.22%), had a specialty (55.60%), and were self-employed professionals (73.36%). It was observed that 78.01% of professionals had a reduction in their monthly income. The average of patients treated daily decreased by 35.48%. It was found that 30.44% of professionals had difficulty with the use of PPE, 3.59% contracted COVID-19, and 53.03% decided to postpone the appointment if the patient with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 sought treatment, even in emergencies. The use of high-speed handpieces was reported by most professionals (n=428; 90.48%). Conclusion: Behaviors: dentists used PPE and assigned very high or high levels of precaution about COVID-19. Adversities: dentists reported an increase in operating costs, changes in the work process, a decrease in appointments, and a reduction in the monthly income.
THE ROLES OF HEMOCYTES IN TANNING DURING THE MOLTING CYCLE: A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE FIDDLER CRAB, UCA PUGILATOR

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Histochemical data support the previous biochemical finding that the blood is a major site for the production of proteinaceous and diphenolic substances for tanning of the cuticle in the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Five types of hemocytes are described. Specifically in tanning, the hyaline cells (cystocytes) appear responsible for the production of diphenolic tanning agents whereas the granulocytes synthesize the proteins involved. Other types of hemocyte may be transitional forms involved in clotting (intermediate cells). Various histochemical reactions for each type of hemocyte and the cuticle are recorded throughout the molting cycle, and appear cyclic. The data suggest there is hormonal control of the cyclic events during the tanning process.
Bi-periodicity in an isothermal autocatalytic reaction-diffusion system

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We have examined an autocatalytic process under isothermal conditions, the so-called Gray-Scott model, with diffusion in one spatial dimension. We have found, that under symmetric conditions we may have stable stationary solutions or stable periodic solutions, but no bi-periodic solutions despite the presence of two pairs of complex conjugated eigenvalues with positive real parts. Bi-periodic solutions are seen, when we break the symmetry by making the boundary conditions unequal. In a two-parameter plane the region of bi-periodicity is bounded by a curve of Hopf bifurcation points with a point of self-intersection. This point is deformed into a cusp point as a third parameter approaches a critical value. This codimension 3 event can be formulated as a zero point problem, and we describe two different methods of formulating such a zero point problem. The computational effort was made small by using an orthogonal collocation method to discretise the PDEs into a low-dimensional system of ODEs.
Creep and shrinkage tests for gladesville bridge

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The test procedure to determine the creep and shrinkage of concrete of the type used in the gladesville bridge, Sydney, is described. The procedure is compared with a recent astm specification. When comparing the measured values with published formulae for long term deformations, it is shown that the generally accepted logarithmic decrement equations are not applicable, but that the deformations follow a hyperbolic equation (A).
Tubercular Mediastinal Abscess in Non-immunocompromised Patient: A Rare Case Presentation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mediastinal tuberculosis is a rare infection resulting from direct inoculation of organisms or through hematogenous spread. Infected lymph nodes may also transfer the bacilli through lymphatic route. Mediastinal tuberculosis may resemble a pyogenic abscess or tumour which might indicate tubercular aetiology and remains a clinical challenge. In tuberculosis endemic countries like India, all the abscesses indolent to routine treatment need investigation to rule out mycobacterial causes. Authors hereby report a case of 60-year-old male with anterior mediastinal tubercular abscess.
Intensification of Hate Speech, Based on the Conversation Generated on TikTok during the Escalation of the War in the Middle East in 2023

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The present research has been carried out concurrently with the conversation that took place on the social network TikTok during the most recent escalation of the war between Hamas and Israel in the Middle East (Gaza-Palestine) during the month of October 2023. The main objective of this article is to analyze of how young audiences are informed about complex problems, the quality of that information, and the consequences of the intensification of uncontrolled hate speech. Regarding the methodology, data were extracted from TikTok using the open-source tool tiktok-hashtag-analysis—hosted on GitHub—which facilitated the analysis of hashtags within the posts collected from this social network, starting with an initial sample of 17,654 comments. The article draws and reaches conclusions related to the fact that young audiences indeed are interested in the escalation of the conflict in the Middle East, as it is evident that the conversation—which is polarized—on TikTok about this issue has escalated considerably. Similarly, analysis of the extracted and filtered sample shows that the variable “hate speech” intensified on the platform during the analyzed conversation.
Research Article Acute Hypoglycemia Induces Painful Neuropathy and the Treatment of Coenzyme Q10

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Copyright © 2016 Yan Ping Zhang et al.This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Diabetic neuropathic pain is reduced with tight glycemic control. However, strict control increases the risk of hypoglycemic episodes, which are themselves linked to painful neuropathy. This study explored the effects of hypoglycemia-related painful neuropathy. Pretreatment with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) was performed to explore the preventive effect of CoQ10 on hypoglycemia-related acute neuropathic pain. Two strains ofmicewere used and 1 unit/kg of insulinwas given to induce hypoglycemia.Mechanical sensitivity of hindpaw withdrawal thresholds was measured using von Frey filaments. Blood glucose levels were clamped at normal levels by joint insulin and glucose injection to test whether insulin itself induced hypersensitivity. Results suggest that the increased mechanical sensitivity after insulin injection is related to decreased blood glucose levels. When blood glucose levels remained at a normal level by the linked administration of insulin and glucose,mice demonstrated no significant change inmechanical sensitivity. PretreatmentwithCoQ10 prevented neuropathic pain and the expression of the stress factor c-Fos.These results support the concept that pain in the diabetic scenario can be the result of hypoglycemia and not insulin itself. Additionally, pretreatment with CoQ10 may be a potent preventive method for the development of neuropathic pain. 1.
Insulin as a Cellular Growth Regulator of Rat Arterial Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Smooth muscle cells were grown from thoracic aortas of rats. The effect of insulin on the proliferation of these cells was studied by comparing the growth of cells in culture medium containing insulin and 1% fetal calf serum with growth of cells in culture medium containing only 1% serum and in culture medium containing 10% serum. Insulin in concentrations of 10, 50, 100, 1000 and 10 000 microunits/ml induced smooth muscle cells to stationary growth more rapidly than basal medium. This could be demonstrated as well in the logarithmic growth as in confluent cells grown in medium with 1% serum. However, the highest concentration of insulin did not stimulate growth to the same degree as medium containing 10% serum. Cells that were older in culture life (11th passage) did not show a growth response to insulin.
An International Perspective on Risk/Reward Contracting: Comparison of U.S., Middle East and U.K. Alliances

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of (he paper is to compare the structure of six contracts considered by clients and contractors to be partnering or alliance arrangements. Two are in the U.K., three in the U.S. and one in the Middle East. Particular emphasis is placed on the management structure and risk/reward elements found in the contracts.Basic project characteristics such as total value, work scope and length of agreement highlight the impossibility of applying a simple checklist to identify a likely partnering candidate. Each client determines if its project is best served through a partnering arrangement with a risk/reward structure.The management of the agreements has more similarities than differences, with four of the six projects being managed via Integrated Teams. While only two contracts studied are termed alliances, there nevertheless appears to be a trend to alliances by companies with some partnering experience.The risk/reward structure of the six contracts shows a great deal of variability. The sharing of upside potential is most frequently on a 50/50 basis between the client and the contractor. However, as multiple contractors are introduced into an alliance, the percentage sharing changes. One alliance treats all contractors equally for reward sharing, while another rewards in relation to relative value in the contract.The sharing of downside risk is highly dependent on the amount of perceived risk in the contract. One contract shows zero downside for the client, several share 50/50 with the contractors, while another places most of the downside risk on the client.The offshore industry is still at an early stage of implementing partnering, alliancing and risk/reward elements. One would expect an increasing number of alliances and more complex risk/reward structures as companies gain experience with the concepts.
Stomach Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Survival Rate in Korean Elderly Pharmacoepidemiologic Cohort (KEPEC) in 1994~1998

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The age-standardized male stomach cancer incidence rate and mortality rate to the Korean population were approximately three times higher than in female. However, there was little significant difference between males and females in terms of the overall survival rates. These results may be useful for planning a health policy for preventing and managing stomach cancer in Korea.
Tacrolimus Dosing in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant (HSCT) Recipients Receiving Concomitant Voriconazole.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Tacrolimus is an effective immunosuppressive agent for allogeneic HSCT. It is primarily metabolized by the CYP450 3A4 isoenzyme. Voriconazole is often used to prevent fungal infections after allogeneic HSCT. It is metabolized by the CYP450 3A4, 2C9 and 2C19 isosenzymes. Studies in healthy volunteers and case reports in HSCT recipients have shown significant drug interaction between the two requiring reduction of tacrolimus dose. Ordinarily, tacrolimus prophylaxis is initiated at the dose of 0.03 mg/kg IV daily on day -1. After starting tacrolimus at this dose and having to reduce the dose substantially within 2–3 days in all patients receiving concomitant voriconazole 200 mg twice daily orally from day 0, we implemented a simple, pre-emptive tacrolimus dose reduction strategy to maintain steady-state levels between 5 and 15 ng/mL in patients on IV tacrolimus. As a first step, IV tacrolimus was initiated at the reduced dose of 0.022 mg/kg adjusted body weight per day. As a second step, tacrolimus dose was reduced by 30–40% if the steady-state level 48 h after initiation of tacrolimus (day +1) was between 7 and 10 ng/mL, and by 40–50% if the level was between 10 and 15 ng/mL. No change was made if the level was <7 ng/mL. Subsequently, tacrolimus levels were monitored 2–3 times a week and the dose adjusted as needed. In this report, we evaluate the pharmacokinetic effects of concomitant voriconazole administration on blood tacrolimus levels in 27 consecutive allogeneic HSCT recipients (28–64 years; median 55) in whom the pre-emptive dose-modification strategy was used during the first 2 weeks after HSCT while they were receiving IV tacrolimus. A total of 170 levels (3–12 per patient; median 5) were checked between day +1 and day +16. None of the levels was subtherapeutic (<5 ng/mL), and 34 (20%) were >15 ng/mL. 24 of 27 patients required dose-reduction from day 0 to day +1 based on levels. Every single patient required dose-reduction at least twice. An increase in the dose was needed in only 2 patients after initial dose-reduction. The figure below shows the minimum, maximum, and median tacrolimus doses; depicting a steady decline in the median dose. Figure Figure The figure below illustrates that the median tacrolimus levels remained fairly steady as the median absolute tacrolimus dose, the median tacrolimus dose on a mg/kg basis, and the median per cent tacrolimus dose (100% being the baseline mg/kg dose) declined substantially. Figure Figure It is clear from the above figure that lack of pre-emptive dose-reduction would have resulted in tacrolimus levels climbing steadily. Based on these findings, we recommend starting tacrolimus at 0.02–0.022 mg/kg rather than at 0.03 mg/kg if patients are getting concomitant voriconazole, checking levels regularly, and reducing the drug dose by 30–40% if the level is between 7 amd 10, and by 40–50% if the level is between 10 and 15.
Towards sustainable business: Leading change from the bottom-up

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The principles of sustainability and circularity are gaining ground in business, driven by market uncertainty and instability. Although many policies and strategies promote the circular economy from the top-down, there are few tools to help businesses, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, overcome the challenges that hinder its implementation from the bottom-up. This article provides a structured bottom-up framework to accelerate the adoption of initiatives to achieve sustainable goals while transitioning to circularity. It adopts a conceptual framework development using a representation of the circular economy - the funnel metaphor - as a 'method' for exploring sustainability and circularity initiatives. The article categorises specific patterns in which initiatives can support the transition from traditional linear approaches to production and consumption to a more circular approach. By adopting a multidisciplinary and multi-stakeholder approach, this framework introduces a novel way of characterising sustainable and circular initiatives that allows for minimising rebound effects and balancing trade-offs. As a result, companies can better articulate their actions to future-proof their operations and mitigate unsustainable impacts in a context of resource constraints.
Innovation in the Marche Region’s Tourism Sector: The Case of Inside Marche Live

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Marche region is situated in what is known as the Third Italy, right at the heart of the Italian Peninsula. This geographical area has traditionally served as an incubator for entrepreneurship within the framework of the industrial district model. The economy continues to rely heavily on manufacturing for export purposes. The tourism sector, while predominantly characterized by family tourism along the Adriatic Sea coast, has also seen some emerging activities in farm and rural tourism in the inland areas. However, the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 unexpectedly catalyzed local initiatives among tourism operators. The halt in economic activity provided an opportunity for approximately thirty companies to utilize their newfound free time to devise a new model for collective cooperative tourist offerings. The work studies the Inside Marche Live initiative developed by tour operators with the aim of creating a network of tourism businesses to promote inbound tourism in the Marche region and facilitate outbound tourism by Italians. In particular, the work delves into the analysis of this initiative as a relevant case study in terms of strategic collaboration and plural resilience in tourism.