jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Anatomical and histological study of the liver and pancreas of two closely related mountain newts Neurergus microspilotus and N. kaiseri (Amphibia: Caudata: Salamandridae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Anatomical and histological examinations were conducted on the digestive glands of two closely related mountain newts, Neurergus microspilotus (Nesterov, 1916) and Neurergus kaiseri Schmidt, 1952. In N. microspilotus and N. kaiseri the major digestive glands comprise a very large liver and a small pancreas. In both species the liver has two distinct lobes, right and left. Histologically, the parenchyma of the liver of both species is contained within a thin capsule of fibroconnective tissue. Glycogen deposits and fat storage often dissolve during the routine histological process and produce considerable histological variability. Sinusoids are lined with endothelial cells forming a very thin epithelial sheet, with discontinuous basement membrane. Bile ducts also occur within the parenchyma of the liver. The ducts are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium. The gall bladder is a storage depot for bile. Its mucosa is thrown into numerous folds. The epithelial lining of the tunica muscularis is arranged circularly. There is a lot of pigmentation in the hepatic parenchyma. The pancreas in N. microspilotus and N. kaiseri is roughly triangular in shape, and lies rather to the dorsal side of the duodenum, between it and the stomach. The exocrine portion of the pancreas consists of clusters of pyramidal cells, which are mostly organized in acini. In both species the cells have a dark basophilic cytoplasm, distinct basal nuclei, and many large eosinophilic zymogen granules containing enzymes responsible for the digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and nucleotides.
The impact of real time information on transport network routing through intelligent agent-based simulation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Advance Traveller Information Systems (ATIS) are considered a promising tool to alleviate traffic congestion and improve road network performance. They provide real time traffic information and route recommendation to road users, in order to increase their ability to choose the best alternative path. Though such systems have reached a high technical standard, their actual impact in traffic pattern and network performance is controversial. The methodology used is based on a Multi Agent Simulation to model how the presence of information influences the driver's reactive behavior and the network efficiency. The case study is the well known network of the Braess' paradox and the specific aim is to find the proper route recommendation strategy to avoid that adding a new road to traffic network may result in increasing the total travel time. Through a software platform able to simulate a virtual road network, where single drivers interact with each other and with the spatial environment according to a defined behavior, that is their reaction to external outputs, two behavioral patterns will be simultaneously considered. The first refers to the driver's path choice among those available for a fixed origin-destination pair; the second refers, once the path is chosen, to the microscopic motion of each vehicle as a function of the leader vehicle along each link of the network. To simulate the presence of drivers equipped with ATIS system and drivers who are not, or equivalently to simulate different reactive behavior to the information provided, it has been used a variable ?probability of feedback?. Pattern arrival vehicle flow can be varied together with speed and acceleration of the vehicles. The general purpose of the paper is to contribute to the analysis of the impact of ITS (Intelligent Transport Systems) technology in traffic pattern and network performance. The specific objective is modelling driver's behavior in road networks when real time traffic information is provided. The results show that a proper rate of provided information is able to reduce the effect of the Braess' paradox and that network performance increases when drivers' behavior is affected by their ability to see local traffic conditions.
Assessment of thermal response, cardiorespiratory parameters and post-operative analgesia in dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy with different combinations of epidural analgesia and isoflurane

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal response of the eyelids and lacrimal gland of the left eye (LETG) through infrared thermography (IRT), cardiorespiratory parameters, and their association with nociception and pain in bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) anesthetized with isoflurane and epidural analgesia. Twenty-one healthy bitches of different breeds were randomized into three groups receiving epidural blocks: GL (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1); GLF (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1) and fentanyl (3 µg Kg-1); and GLM (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1) with morphine (0.1 mg Kg-1). IRT and cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated at baseline (Ebasal), thirty minutes before anesthetic premedication, and at different surgical events: first incision (EInc), ligature and section of the left (ELoV), and right (ERoV) ovarian pedicle, ligature, and re-section of the cervix (EUt), and skin suture (ESut). The assessment of acute pain in the immediate post-operative period was registered at E1h, E2h, and E3h using IRT, the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analogic Scale (DIVAS), and the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) scales. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in the lower eyelid surface temperature (LELT) during EInc for GL (32.9°C ± 0.62), in comparison to GLF (34.2°C ± 0.62) and GLM (35.3°C ± 0.62) (P = 0.006). Regarding LETG, a significant increase (P = 0.03) in the IRT of Ebasal (36.8°C ± 0.63) and EInc (36.1°C ± 0.63) for GLM was observed in comparison to the thermographic values for both perioperative events and groups. The GLM showed a significant decrease in IRT values of ERoV at E3h in the upper and lower eyelids (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). A progressive and significant reduction of the IRT values of LETG was also recorded in GLM, with differences in ERoV (35.2 °C ± 0.63) (P = 0.02) and E3h (35.3 °C ± 0.63) (P = 0.01). The cardiovascular parameters (SAP, DAP, and MAP) did not differ between treatments, but in GL, there was a significant difference (P = 0.01) during EInc and ESut, compared to Ebasal. In the body temperature, EInc and ESut gradually decreased in all treatment groups (P = 0.01). In conclusion, hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory stability was associated with IRT readings and the absence of nociception. Changes in superficial temperature in the immediate post-operative period were lessened using isoflurane and epidural analgesia of lidocaine alone or in combination with pure opioids. These findings were clinically validated to the DIVAS and UMPS acute pain assessment scales.
In the mind of a teacher: An examination of the role of reflection and collaboration in decision-making

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research sought to explore the bases for the decisions classroom teachers make while in the act of teaching and the relationship, if any, that long-term collaboration on a problem of practice has on those decisions. Related research indicates that, while many teachers still view themselves as autonomous, autonomy must be balanced with collaboration and collegiality if reforms are to become effective in improving academic performance for a diverse student population. Two groups of elementary teachers were asked to participate in this study. The first group was selected from approximately 115 teachers engaged in a 3-year collaborative project to design student literacy portfolios. For comparison, a second group was randomly selected from a list of teachers in the same geographical area but who have not been engaged in a similar project. The investigation consisted of in-depth interviews, observations of the teachers, and the review of documents, such as student writing portfolios and rubrics. Teacher "artifacts", such as classroom writing centers, teaching materials, and other evidence linked to the teaching of writing skills were also examined. The interview data were transcribed and coded to determine categories of the teachers' reflections about their decision-making. Each of these categories is described in detail in the study. The observations and artifact reviews were used to help draw conclusions about the beliefs, knowledge base, and teaching styles of each of the participants. The central finding of this study was that school reform in the implementation of initiatives to improve student achievement is most effective when teachers are able to work collegially within their setting. However, while the collaborative teachers implemented major changes in their practice, they were no better able than the second group of teachers at rationalizing their in-action decisions. Tacit knowledge remained the primary source of in-action decisions. A second finding disputes the literature on teacher isolation by indicating that both groups of participants have created opportunities to share their knowledge with colleagues. Recommendations growing out of this research relate to restructuring school time to allow for sustained teacher collaboration; providing preservice and inservice teacher training and a school culture that promotes collaboration around specific problems of practice; and, the need for additional research in the area of teacher cognition and tacit knowledge.
Social impacts of coconet enterprise on smallholder coconut farming family: The case of Panaon Island Farmers Federation Inc. in the Philippines

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study looked into the social impacts of the cocotwine-coconet-making enterprise of the Panaon Island Farmers Federation, Inc. The study followed the constructivist research approach. Results showed that the enterprise had positive and negative impacts on PIFFI members, their families, PIFFI as an organization, their communities and their environment. Most impacts were positive, including acquisition of new knowledge and skills, improved economic productivity and income, changed values, built courage and confidence to take investment risk, molded financial discipline, strengthened family bond, reinforced community cohesion and improved the environment, among others. As a farmers’ organization, PIFFI demonstrated interest, capability and willingness to sacrifice to make its livelihood enterprise succeed. Smallholder coconut farmers organizations, like PIFFI, that demonstrate such characteristics deserve government assistance to enable them to optimize positive impacts of the livelihood enterprises that they are engaged in.
Pharmacogenomics and pediatric drug development: science and political power. A narrative review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Decades after first DP observations in babies, PGx offers a better understanding of the variability of safety and efficacy of drugs, of the process of aging, and of shifting enzyme patterns across aging. We should rethink and revise outdated interpretations of ADME changes in minors. The Declaration of Helsinki forbids pointless studies that some pediatric researchers and regulatory agencies, more so the EMA than the FDA, demand pointless pediatric studies is regrettable. Medicine needs to differentiate between legal and physiological meanings of the term 'child' and should use objective measures of maturity.
Identification and Characterization of the Insulin Receptor of Bovine Retinal Microvessels*

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The presence of specific, high affinity receptors for insulin has been demonstrated in purified preparations of bovine retinal microvessels. The binding of [125I]insulin to isolated retinal microvessels was inhibited by unlabeled insulin, but not by other peptide hormones. Scatchard analysis of the [125I]insulin binding data gave a curvilinear plot similar to that exhibited by insulin receptors in known insulin-sensitive tissues such as adipocytes and hepatocytes. Binding of [125I]insulin to retinal microvessels, followed by covalent cross-linking of the bound ligand to the alpha-subunit of the insulin receptor with the bifunctional reagent disuccinimidyl suberate, yielded a prominent specific [125I]insulin-labeled band when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis followed by autoradiography, and this band had a mobility identical to that of the corresponding complex obtained with rat liver plasma membranes (mol wt, 125,000). These results demonstrate for the first time that the retinal microvasculature, a major site of pathological injury in diabetes mellitus, contains insulin receptors that are similar to those present in known insulin-sensitive tissues, such as liver, fat, and muscle.
Healthcare-Associated Infections Due to Multidrug-Resistant Organisms: a Surveillance Study on Extra Hospital Stay and Direct Costs

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: The increasing antimicrobial resistance poses a challenge to surveillance systems and raises concerns about the impact of multidrug-resistant organisms on patient safety. Objective: The study aimed to estimate extra hospital stay and economic burden of infections due to alert organisms - mostly multidrug-resistant - in a teaching hospital. Methods: The present retrospective matched cohort study was conducted based on the analysis of hospital admissions at Sant’Andrea Teaching Hospital in Rome from April to December 2015. Extra hospital stay was the difference in the length of stay between each case and control. All the patients developing an infection due to an alert organism were considered cases, all others were eligible as controls. The costs of LOS were evaluated by multiplying the extra stay with the hospital daily cost. Results: Overall, 122 patients developed an infection due to alert organisms and were all matched with controls. The attributable extra stay was of 2,291 days (mean 18.8; median 19.0) with a significantly increased hospitalization in intensive care units (21.2 days), bloodstream infections (52.5 days), and infections due to Gram-negative bacteria (mean 29.2 days; median 32.6 days). Applying the single day hospital cost, the overall additional expenditure was 11,549 euro per patient. The average additional cost of antibiotic drugs for the treatment of infections was about 1,200 euro per patient. Conclusion: The present study presents an accurate mapping of the clinical and economic impact of infections attributable to alert organisms demonstrating that infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms are associated with higher mortality, longer hospital stays, and increased costs. Article Highlights Box: The increasing antimicrobial resistance poses a challenge for surveillance systems and raises concerns about the impact of multidrug-resistant organisms on patient safety. • Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) have historically been recognized as a significant public health problem requiring close surveillance. • Despite several and reliable findings have been achieved on clinical issues, our knowledge on the economic impact of healthcare-associated infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms needs to be widened. • Estimating the cost of infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms in terms of extra hospital stay and economic burden is complex, and the financial impact varies across different health systems. • Evaluations of social and economic implications of hospital infections play an increasingly important role in the implementation of surveillance systems. • The costs of infection prevention and control programs and dedicated personnel are relatively low and self-sustainable when efficient.
The development of a new technique for the decontamination of trans-oesophageal echocardiography probes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Decontamination of trans-oesophageal echocardiography (TOE) probes to a validated standard is a troublesome area, since their electrical components prohibit full immersion. We report the development of a novel device designed to keep the electrical components of the TOE probe dry while allowing the rest of the probe to be subjected to a validated decontamination process.
An Electron Microscopic Study of Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two cases of localized epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, investigated by electron microscopy, show the dermis and basal cell region to be normal. The "halos" in routine paraffin sections proved to be large areas of perinuclear endoplasmic recticulum which with other morphologic evidence represent signs of increased metabolic activity. The cause of hyperkeratosis in epidermolytic hyperkeratosis is increased epidermal cell turnover and increased speed of migration of epidermal cells towards the horny layer. A concept as to the role of the keratinosome in the formation of the horny layer is presented.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTAL SMOKING BEHAVIOR AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION INCIDENCE IN TODDLERS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a leading cause of toddler illness. One contributing factor is parental smoking behavior, which exposes toddlers to secondhand smoke and increases their risk of URTI. Over the past five years, Banten Province reported 194,684 cases of ARI. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between parental smoking behavior and ARI incidence in Banten Province. A cross-sectional design was employed, with a sample of 399 parents of toddlers aged one to five years. Data collection took place from January to April 2022 using a convenience sampling technique and a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using chi-square tests. The results indicated a significant association between parental smoking and ARI incidence in toddlers (p = 0.001). Toddlers with smoking parents were found to be 14.39 times more likely to develop ARI compared to those with non-smoking parents. The study recommends that parents, as primary caregivers, play a crucial role in preventing ARI by refraining from smoking around children, in cars, or within the home.
Surface expression using the AIDA autotransporter : Towards live vaccines and whole-cell biocatalysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The area of surface expression has gathered a lot of interest from research groups all over the world and much work is performed in the area. Autotransporters have been used for surface expression in Gram-negative bacteria. One of the more commonly used autotransporters is the Adhesin Involved in Diffuse Adherence (AIDA) of pathogenic Escherichia coli. The surface expression of enzymes and vaccine epitopes offer several advantages. Surface expressed enzymes gain similar properties to immobilised enzymes, mainly simplified handling and separation using centrifugation. Surface expressed vaccine epitopes can have longer half-lives inside the animal that is to be immunized and surface groups on the host cell can act as adjuvants, increasing the immune response and leading to a better immunisation. However, while much basic research is directed towards mechanisms of surface expression using autotransporters there are few reports regarding production of surface expressed protein. Thus the aim of this work was the optimisation of the yield and productivity of surface expressed protein. Protein Z, an IgG-binding domain of Staphylococcal protein A, was used as a model protein for the investigation of which cultivation parameters influenced surface expression. The choice of cultivation medium gave the largest impact on expression, which was attributed to effects based on the induction of the native promoter of AIDA. The AIDA system was then used for the expression of two Salmonella surface proteins, SefA and H:gm, with potential for use as vaccine epitopes. SefA was verified located on the cell surface, and H:gm was found in the outer membrane of the host cell, though only in proteolytically truncated forms lacking the His6-tag used for detection. This proteolysis persisted in E. coli strains deficient for the outer membrane protease OmpT and was concluded to be dependent on other proteases. The removal of proteolysis and further optimisation of the yield of surface-expressed protein are important goals of further work.
Russell’s Road to Logicism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper explains the intellectual route that Russell followed in moving from the Kantian philosophy of geometryGeometry defended in his 1897 An Essay on the Foundations of Geometry [EFG] to his view in Principles of Mathematics [POM] (1903) that all mathematics is formal logicFormal logic . I argue that Russell was already committed to a kind of "logicism" in EFG. For this reason, Russell's road to logicism was much shorter than RussellRussell, Bertrand himself often suggests, and the number of substantive philosophical changes that Russell made to get from EFG to logicismLogicism was surprisingly small. In particular, I show that Russell was committed to logicism even before his encounter with Peano'sPeano, Giuseppe logic in August 1900.
n -alkanes on Pt(111) and on C(0001)∕Pt(111): Chain length dependence of kinetic desorption parameters

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We have measured the desorption of seven small n-alkanes (CNH2N+2, N=1–4,6,8,10) from the Pt(111) and C(0001) surfaces by temperature programed desorption. We compare these results to our recent study of the desorption kinetics of these molecules on MgO(100) [J. Chem. Phys. 122, 164708 (2005)]. There we showed an increase in the desorption preexponential factor by several orders of magnitude with increasing n-alkane chain length and a linear desorption energy scaling with a small y-intercept value. We suggest that the significant increase in desorption prefactor with chain length is not particular to the MgO(100) surface, but is a general effect for desorption of the small n-alkanes. This argument is supported by statistical mechanical arguments for the increase in the entropy gain of the molecules upon desorption. In this work, we demonstrate that this hypothesis holds true on both a metal surface and a graphite surface. We observe an increase in prefactor by five orders of magnitude over the range of n-alkane chain lengths studied here. On each surface, the desorption energies of the n-alkanes are found to increase linearly with the molecule chain length and have a small y-intercept value. Prior results of other groups have yielded a linear desorption energy scaling with chain length that has unphysically large y-intercept values. We demonstrate that by allowing the prefactor to increase according to our model, a reanalysis of their data resolves this y-intercept problem to some degree.