jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Recovery of sterols as fatty acid steryl esters from waste material after purification of tocopherols

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Tocopherols are purified industrially from soybean oil deodorizer distillate by a process comprising distillation and ethanol fractionation. The waste material after ethanol fractionation (TC waste) contains 75% sterols, but a purification process has not yet been developed. We thus attempted to purify sterols by a process including a lipase‐catalyzed reaction. Candida rugosa lipase efficiently esterified sterols in TC waste with oleic acid (OA). After studying several factors affecting esterification, the reaction conditions were determined as follows: ratio of TC waste/OA, 1∶2 (wt/wt); water content, 30%; amount of lipase, 120 U/g‐reaction mixture; temperature, 40°C. Under these conditions, the degree of esterification reached 82.7% after 24 h. FA steryl esters (steryl esters) in the oil layer were purified successfully by short‐path distillation (purity, 94.9%; recovery, 73.1%). When sterols in TC waste were esterified with FFA originating from olive, soybean, rapeseed, safflower, sunflower, and linseed oils, the FA compositions of the steryl esters differed somewhat from those of the original oils: The content of saturated FA was lower and that of unsaturated FA was higher. The m.p. of the steryl esters synthesized (21.7–36.5°C) were remarkably low compared with those of the steryl esters purified from high‐b.p. soybean oil deodorizer distillate substances (56.5°C; JAOCS 80 , 341–346, 2003). The low‐m.p. steryl esters were soluble in rapeseed oil even at a final concentration of 10%.
Indian Higher Education under GATS and Globalisation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The opening of the Indian economy in 1991 and the subsequent signing of the GATS Accord in 1994, gave a new flavour to education in general and higher education in particular. This has led to commodification of higher education with the emergence of private providers, both Indian and foreign, having profit maximisation as their main objective. This paper looks at the evolution of higher education system in India and the implications of GATS Accord and globalisation for this system. While India has witnessed a sizeable growth in education, it has not been accompanied by improvement in quality. A number of problems still plague our system of higher education. There is an urgent need for monitoring the providers of higher education to avoid further damage to the education sector.
The Prevalence of Compassion Fatigue among Oncology Healthcare Professionals in Three Public Healthcare Facilities in Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Compassion fatigue (CF) is a serious global challenge among healthcare professionals dealing with diseases with poor health outcomes in clinical settings. Chronic exposure to the suffering of others is inevitable in the oncology setting and remains one of the main contributors to CF. Therefore, this study determined the prevalence of CF among oncology healthcare professionals (OHPs) in three public healthcare facilities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 73 OHPs using the Professional Quality of Life Scale version 5 questionnaire, and the data were analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences. More than half (56.2%) of the participants reported average scores for CF, with 43.8% of them scoring low. The participants from Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital had the highest CF mean score (26.8) compared to those from Addington Hospital (21.2) and Greys Hospital (22.9). Female OHPs had a higher mean score (24.3) for CF, compared to their male counterparts (20.6). The CF scores were positively correlated with older age and longer work experience of the OHPs. The prevalence of CF among OHPs was average, compared to those reported by other local and international studies. Nevertheless, these results cannot be taken lightly, given the straining effects of unmanaged CF on the healthcare system generally and on patient care in particular. The results of this study can potentially contribute to policy development and the planning of intervention strategies towards the effective management of CF among OHPs.
Herbal Remedies: Drug-Herb Interactions

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Controlled clinical studies are needed to clarify and determine the clinical importance of drug-herb interactions. However, it is unlikely that this information will be forthcoming except as anecdotal reports. Patients taking drugs with a narrow therapeutic index (cyclosporine, digoxin, hypoglycemic agents, lithium, phenytoin, procainamide, theophylline, tricyclic antidepressants, and warfarin) should be discouraged from using herbal products. All drugs with a narrow therapeutic index may either have increased adverse effects or be less effective when used in conjunction with herbal products. More research is required to define the interactions. When adverse reactions are experienced with drug therapy, patients must always be queried as to their intake of herbal products: what they are taking in pills and tincture form, what they are drinking as teas, and what they are eating from their garden.
Morphology of a novel cyanobacterium and characterization of light-harvesting complexes from it: Implications for phycobiliprotein evolution

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The morphology of the marine cyanobacterium DC-2 and two light-harvesting complexes from it have been characterized. DC-2 has an outer cell wall sheath not previously observed, the purified phycoerythrin shows many unusual properties that distinguish it from all phycoerythrins characterized to date, and isolated phycobilisomes have a single absorption band at 640 nm in the phycocyanin-allophycocyanin region of the spectrum. On the basis of these observations we suggest that DC-2, rather than being a member of the Synechococcus group, should be placed in its own taxonomic group. In addition, the particular properties of the isolated phycoerythrin suggest that it may be representative of an early stage in the evolution of the phycoerythrins. These observations are of special interest in light of the contribution DC-2 and related cyanobacteria may make to global primary productivity.
Value of Routine Holter Monitoring for the Detection of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Cerebral Ischemic Events

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Purpose— Holter monitoring for the detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is a routine procedure after cerebral ischemic events, although its value is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of PAF and its impact on drug treatment modifications in this population. Methods— Retrospective evaluation of all Holter ECGs in patients with cerebral ischemic events was done. Chart analysis with regard to drug treatment modification and cardiovascular drug therapy was performed in all patients. Results— Between January 2000 and December 2002, 425 hospitalized patients (median age, 68 years) had routine Holter ECG after a cerebral ischemic event. PAF was diagnosed in 9 patients (2.1%): in 2, oral anticoagulation was contraindicated; 1 had severe carotid stenosis as an additional risk factor; 1 had PAF but was on oral anticoagulation for basilar thrombosis; 2 had had PAF before and were on aspirin; and 3 had a new diagnosis of PAF. The last 5 patients were put on oral anticoagulation. Thus, routine Holter ECG resulted in drug treatment modification in only 5 of 425 patients (1.2%). Conclusions— PAF in cerebral ischemic event patients has a low incidence and, if diagnosed, rarely leads to drug modification. Therefore, routine Holter monitoring for PAF screening is not recommended in this patient population.
Cultural Discontinuities and Schooling

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Anthropologists have long hypothesized that major differences in the school experiences of various populations lie in the discontinuities between their cultural backgrounds and the culture of the schools. Research has, therefore, generally focused on differences in cultural values, cognitive, motivational, communicative, and interactional domains that are presumed to affect school experience. This paper attempts to refine the cultural discontinuity hypothesis by distinguishing between three types of discontinuities: universal, primary, and secondary discontinuities. It is suggested that each is more or less associated with a distinct type of school “problems” and that some problems of racial or castelike minority students in societies like the United States arise principally from secondary cultural discontinuities. ANTHROPOLOGY, BLACK AMERICANS, CULTURAL DISCONTINUITIES, CULTURAL PLURALISM, MINORITY EDUCATION.
Clinical observation of acupuncture combined with pricking blood therapy in the treatment of migraine

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of acupuncture combined with pricking blood therapy in the treatment of migraine.Methods 28 cases of migraine were treated by acupuncture combined with pricking blood therapy as treatment group.In control group,28 patients were treated with acupuncture only.The therapeutic effects were compared between two groups.Results The total effective rate was 92.86% in the treatment group,67.86% in the control group,there was a significant difference between two groups.Conclusion Acupuncture combined with pricking blood therapy has better therapeutic effect for migraine patients.
3.5-mm-square InGaAs p-i-n photodiodes and their application to optical-axis arrangement between 1.3-μm laser diodes and a SMF

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

InGaAs p-i-n photodiodes (PD) with 3.5-mm/spl times/3.5-mm-large photosensitive area have been fabricated using chlorine-vapor-phase-epitaxial (C-VPE) growth. They showed high responsivity of 0.95 A/W (/spl lambda/=1.3 /spl mu/m) and 1.2 A/W (/spl lambda/=1.55 /spl mu/m) and good homogeneity in the whole area. Long-term reliability was confirmed through high-temperature aging tests at 150/spl deg/C up to 5200 hours. A PD with two pairs of parallel electrodes (PE-PD) was applied to optical-axis arrangement between 1.3-/spl mu/m laser diodes (LD's) and a single mode fibre (SMF). The beam position of a LD was detected in error within /spl plusmn/20 /spl mu/m using PE-PD prior to coupling of a LD beam into a SMF. Total inspection time was reduced to one third the original time.
MEETING REPORT RECENT ADVANCES IN HYPERTENSION: 12TH SCIENTIFIC MEETING OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF HYPERTENSION, KYOTO, JAPAN, MAY 22-26, 1988

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The biennial scientific meeting of the International Society of Hypertension is rightly regarded as the premier international hypertension congress. It attracts researchers in hypertension at all levels, ranging from basic molecular biology and cell biochemistry up to and including epidemiology. This year, the congress took place in an idyllic setting, in a functionally nearperfect congress hall in the middle of beautiful Takaragaike park in Kyoto. The organization, by Professors Kaneko, Omae, and their colleagues, was outstanding. A total of 1,448 abstracts was received from 45 countries. 370 (26%) papers were accepted for the main meeting either as oral (60) or poster (310) presentations. In addition there were 24 satellite symposia which allowed some additional 350 abstracts to be accepted for presentation. A selection from this wealth of material can only be somewhat arbitrary. I believe, however, that two of the clearly defined research areas in which significant advances were reported were, first, factors affecting the rate of growth of vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac myocytes, and second, new cell peptides concerned with vascular contractility.
Deliberation and the disempowered: Attendance, experience and influence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Deliberative democracy emphasizes the process of deliberation, i.e., an open, fair and reason-centered procedure during which various preferences are rationally exchanged and reflectively re-shaped. However, whether procedural rationality alone can grant the disempowered an equal status in deliberative democracy remains critical, especially considering that the power structure deliberation practices have to operate in is essentially unjust. Without an adequate and fair representation of citizens and their opinions, the claimed legitimacy of deliberation remains under question. This dissertation aims to empirically examine the disempowered and their attendance, experience and influence in two large-scale online deliberation exercises, namely, Electronic Dialogue 2000 (ED2K) and Healthcare Dialogue (HCD). Both involved the recruitment of individuals from a nationally representative random sample into multi-wave small group discussions, which happened in synchronous and moderated online settings. This dissertation demonstrates that the disempowered perform differently from others in online deliberation. The data generally support the hypothesis that the disempowered are less likely than others to attend online deliberation and to influence through talking and arguing. The data, however, generally reject the hypothesis that the disempowered have less favorable experience with online deliberation than do others. Unequal attendance and influence bear significant political consequences at a collective level. Imputations of pre-discussion opinion distributions support the conclusion that descriptive under-representation of the disempowered leads to opinion under-representation in about half of the opinion measures examined. Simulations of an ideal deliberation show that a significant minority (19%) of observed opinion distributions examined would have been different if our deliberation practices fulfilled complete inclusion and absolute equalization. This dissertation offers two main messages. First, deliberation practices are subject to structural inequalities as much as, if not more than, the other modes of political practices. Future deliberation practices have to recognize these inequalities and try to address them through structural arrangements. Secondly, deliberative democracy has to be evaluated along with other ideas of democracy such as participatory democracy.
Sandwich theory: Bioactivity-based explanation for posterior capsule opacification

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The degree of IOL bioactivity could explain the difference in PCO and the neodymium:YAG rates with different IOL materials. In theory, a bioactive IOL would prevent PCO better than poly(methyl methacrylate) and silicone IOLs, which have good biocompatibility but are bioinert.
Les Péliades d'Euripide

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Of the Péliades, the earliest tragedy by Euripides, staged in 455 BC, neither testimonies nor the fragments enable us to give a precise reconstitution of the plot. One thing only is known : Pelias's daughters, abused by Medea, killed and dismembered their father on the pretence of rejuvenating him. The tone and style of the fragments convey the impression of a fierce and violent drama, although it is not possible to attribute with any degree of certainty any word whatsoever to such or such a character. Even though the surviving fragments do not supply any indication of dramaturgy, they can however call back to mind the purport and the style of the lost work.
Influence of the polymer type.

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

<p>SEM images of the cross section, the outer and inner surfaces of the foams prepared from PLA, PCL and PLCL300 (5% w/v, quenched at −80°C for 30 s) revealed the relatively superior pore morphology without any micro-cracks of the PLCL foam as compared to that of pure PLA and PCL foams.</p>
Marginal Revenue Products of Collegiate Basketball Players: What's March Madness Worth to Your Team?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Basketball is considered a revenue sport within the context of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). The annual March Madness tournament brings in over a billion dollars in advertising revenue alone. This is just one illustration of the influx of money lining the coffers of the NCAA and Division 1 teams each year, leading many to question why the student-athletes don't receive a bigger piece of the pie. Some pundits argue that the athletic scholarship caps and restriction of player movement enforced by the NCAA lead to players contributing more in revenue to their schools than they receive in scholarship value. We test this claim by using a modified approach to estimate marginal revenue products (MRPs) across collegiate basketball teams. We find that for 37% of the teams in our panel, the players are collectively contributing more to revenues than the amount they cost their institutions. We argue that, based on how a MRP is defined within this context, we cannot say with certainty that the current on-court revenue contributions of the remaining teams do not exceed their costs.
[Pathomorphology of mucopolysaccharidoses].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mucopolysaccharidoses are autosomal recessive or X-linked hereditary lysosomal storage diseases occurring to one in 10,000 to 16,000 births. The definitive diagnosis is based on the biochemical verification of the enzyme defect in cultured fibroblasts of amniotic fluid cells, in amniotic fluid, in chorionic biopsies and by determination of the urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans. Morphological studies are of utmost importance both for genetic counselling and enlightenment of the pathogenesis. In recent years, numerous reports appeared dealing with morphological changes in different types of mucopolysaccharidoses. Based on own studies in pre- and postnatal cases, the present paper gives an update review on light and electron microscopic peculiarities of the different types and subtypes of mucopolysaccharidoses according to the classification of MCKUSICK and NEUFELD (1983). Lysosomal storage is found in practically all organs. However, there are quantitative and qualitative differences which are responsible for variations in clinical symptomatology. The purpose of this paper is to describe these differences with particular emphasis on changes in various tissues, on the pathogenetic mechanism of the storage as well as on pre- and postnatal morphological diagnostics.
Comparison between Three Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of Balance and Gait in Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Stroke patients are more likely to be at risk of falling, which leads to limitation in their abilities to perform daily living activities and participate in society. The aim was to compare the relative effectiveness of three different treatment groups for improvements in postural control and for improvements in balance. Forty-five participants diagnosed with acquired brain injury, with over one year’s evolution, were divided into a dry land therapy group (control group), an experimental group (Ai Chi aquatic therapy), and a combined group (therapy on dry land and aquatic therapy with Ai Chi). The Berg balance scale, tandem stance, the timed up and go test, and the five times sit-to-stand test were used. After twelve weeks of treatment, the results improved significantly for the combined therapy group (p < 0.01), and were significantly higher compared to the dry land therapy group (p < 0.01). In addition, improvements were also found in the aquatic Ai Chi therapy group. In conclusion, aquatic Ai Chi and/or the combination of aquatic therapy with dry land therapy is effective for the improvement of static and dynamic balance and for enhancing functional capacity, therefore, increasing the quality of life of acquired brain injury patients.
Evaluation of Rodent Fauna of Rural Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Reservoir in East Azerbaijan Province of Iran During 2018-2019

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Leishmaniasis is one of the most important parasitic diseases that represents a serious health problem worldwide. This disease exists in three forms: cutaneous (rural, urban), visceral, and mucocutaneous. In the rural type, some rodents play the role of a reservoir. In our country, many people are infected with this disease every year. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is now common in some parts of East Azerbaijan province. Considering that no comprehensive study on the general condition of cutaneous Leishmaniasis reservoirs in this province has been done so far, this research was very necessary. This study was conducted to investigate the fauna, distribution, and frequency of rodents in East Azerbaijan province from 2018 to 2019. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. Cluster sampling was performed on rodents. Rodents were caught each week by 30 live traps from different parts of East Azerbaijan province and were determined in the laboratory after examining their morphological characteristics. In order to identify Leishmaniasis, 2 samples were prepared from each rodent ear on a laboratory slide and after fixation with methanol and staining by Giemsa method, they were examined by light microscope. Results: A total of 100 rodents were found in this study, which included 5 species of Rhombomys opimus, Meriones libycus, Mus musculus, Nesokia indica, and Tatera indica. In this study, a total of 3 rodents infected with Leishmania parasite were caught, 2 of which were from Meriones libycus from Azarshahr and Sarab counties and 1 from R. opimus from Kalibar. Conclusion: Infection of R. opimus and M. libycus species was identified in Azarshahr, Sarab, and Kalibar counties. These two species are the most important reservoirs of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. It is suggested that rodents be controlled in areas where there are cases of disease and rodents have been infected with Leishmania parasite in order to control the disease.
Chapter Eleven. Carian Glossary

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter presents a list of the words found in the Carian inscriptions, accompanied by a brief interpretation (whenever possible) and a short bibliographical note. It should be taken into account that in the cases of inscriptions without interpunction, the entry is the result of the author's segmentation, and must therefore be taken as hypothetical and viewed with caution. It is mentioned that the letters for the pairs of vowel/semivowel sounds have been put together.Keywords: Carian inscriptions; vowel/semivowel sounds