jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant activity of water-insoluble surfactants.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A series of cationic amine and diamine surfactants, nonionic surfactants, and traditional vaccine adjuvants were compared for capacity to induce serum IgG antibody. With one exception, none of the aliphatic primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary amines or diamines exhibited adjuvant activity beyond that of the dilute hexadecane emulsion vehicle nor was a structure-activity relationship determined. Avridine, a lipoidal diamine, potentiated the antibody response, but not the level of some nonionic surfactant adjuvants or Freund's adjuvants. Among the nonionic surfactants, T1501 tetronic block copolymer, trehalose dimycolate, sorbitan trioleate, and glycerol trioleate were equivalent (P greater than 0.05) to Freund's complete adjuvant in their capacity to stimulate antibody. The latter two surfactants have not been reported previously. The results suggest that certain nonionic surfactants in dilute oil-in-water emulsions are effective replacements for Freund's adjuvants. Such adjuvant emulsions are easily prepared, easily injected and do not produce the grossly adverse reaction observed with Freund-type water-in-oil emulsions.
Geography of resonances and Arnold diffusion ina prioriunstable Hamiltonian systems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. In the present paper we consider the case of a general Cr+2 perturbation, for r large enough, of an a priori unstable Hamiltonian system of 2 + 1/2 degrees of freedom, and we provide explicit conditions on it, which turn out to be C2 generic and are verifiable in concrete examples, which guarantee the existence of Arnold diffusion. This is a generalization of the result in Delshams et al., Mem. Amer. Math. Soc., 2006, where it was considered the case of a perturbation with a finite number of harmonics in the angular variables. The method of proof is based on a careful analysis of the geography of resonances created by a generic perturbation and it contains a deep quantitative description of the invariant objects generated by the resonances therein. The scattering map is used as an essential tool to construct transition chains of objects of different topology. The combination of quantitative expressions for both the geography of resonances and the scattering map provides, in a natural way, explicit computable conditions for instability.
[Variability in drug response caused by the genetic polymorphisms of receptors].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A greater deal of attention has been given to the genetic polymorphism of receptors and related variability in drug response. In recent years, studies on pharmacogenomics accomplished remarkable progress in this issue. These studies include, the relationships between beta 2-adrenegic receptor polymorphism and the pharmacological effect of blonchodilator, dopamine D2 or 5-HT2 receptor polymorphism and response to antipsychotic medication, vitamin D receptor variants and the active vitamin D therapy, PPAR gamma and the insulin resistance treatment and so on. However, some of them are still controversial, and it requires further investigation to apply these studies to the actual therapy.
India's silent revolution : the rise of the lower castes in North India

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Contents: I: Congress Domination and Conservative Democracy - The Ideological Roots of Indian Democracy's Social Deficit - Discourses and Practices - Congress: Party of the Intelligentsia or of the Notables? -The Co-option of Scheduled Caste Leaders and the 'Coalition of Extremes' - Indira Gandhi and the Aborted Reform of Congress - II: The Second Age of Indian Democracy - From Reluctant to Compelling Caste-Based Affirmative Action - Two Strategies: Quota Politics and Kisan Politics - The Janata Dal and the Empowerment of the Low Castes - The BSP: Not Just a Dalit Party - The Upper Castes' Political Resilience: Congress and the BJP Coping with the Mandal Commission.
Antibiotics in cell culture: friend or foe? Suppression of keratinocyte growth and differentiation in monolayer cultures and 3D skin models

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Normal human keratinocytes (NHK) are widely used in the field of basic research, and conventional monolayer cultures have been a modality for almost thirty years (1). One common trade in the standard protocols is the use of antibiotics in the culture medium to reduce infection rates. Protocols have been optimized over the last decades regarding type of medium, supplements, Ca(2+) levels and pH (2, 3). In contrast, few studies have investigated the effect of the most commonly used antibiotics; gentamycin (genta) and the combination of penicillin and streptomycin (pen-strep) on keratinocyte growth and differentiation (4). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Confronting the environmental Kuznets curve : a study for Singapore

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This report studies the pollution income relationship under the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) to examine the extent of environmental degradation as the country becomes more affluent. A reduced form model was used in our econometric analysis to examine if the Environment Kuznets Curve (EKC) phenomenon applies to Singapore. The hypothesis states that during initial stages of development, emission levels increases as income increases. However beyond a certain income level, the trend reverses where environmental quality improves with increased income levels. Applying our regression models on the 4 pollutants- Carbon Dioxide(CO2), Sulphur Dioxide(SO2), PM-2.5 and PM-10, our results showed that the EKC hypothesis only holds for CO2 and SO2.
Classical dynamical origin of Feynman paths?

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Even though only the classical action explicitly appears in the Feynman path integral, quantum fluctuations show up in the fluctuating nature of Feynman paths. This prevents a classical interpretation of the latter objects. Still, it makes sense to ask whether the Feynman paths have any relation to the classical dynamical trajectories in configuration space-a possibility naturally suggested by the semiclassical approximation. Unfortunately, no such relation exists (in general). Things are quite different for the generalized Feynman paths, which actually contribute in a novel path integral giving an alternative representation of the quantum mechanical propagator. It is shown that these paths fluctuate about a classical dynamical trajectory (in configuration space) because of a certain white noise. That is to say, the generalized Feynman paths are fluctuating curves that collapse on a classical dynamical trajectory as h to 0. This result throws new light on the interplay between classical and quantum mechanics and hints at a new approach to the quantum theory.
[Changes in cell mitosis under the influence of antigenically different strains of respiratory syncytial virus].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A peculiar effect on mitosis of RH cells of the reference Long strain and strain No. 14 of respiratory syncytial virus isolated during a rise of the incidence of acute respiratory diseases in Kharkov was observed. The Long strain affected mostly the qualitative and strain No. 14 the quantitative aspects of cell mitosis. The character of pathological mitoses under the influence of the Long strain indicated more considerable impairment of the mitotic apparatus of the cells than that caused by the strains No. 14. It is suggested that the peculiarities of the effect of the two respiratory syncytial virus strains on cell mitosis are associated with the structural and antigenic differences in the strains circulating in various geographic zones.
Attending to the Elders: Icons and Identities of Dharmatāla and Hva shang across the Sino-Tibetan Buddhist Landscape

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

When it comes to the two attendants Dharmatāla and Hva shang, who were added into the Sixteenfold Arhat cycle by Tibetan practitioners, scholars have devoted much of their attention to the figures' identities and iconographies, their sources of inspiration from China, and the historical circumstances in which they were first received by the Tibetans. However, information regarding how these two Sinitic icons ended up in the Tibetan pantheon and what religious and cultural impulses stimulated these additions remains vague. This chapter first sketches the multiple strands of religious impulse embedded within the imagery, sādhana practice, and scriptural sources of the Chinese and Tibetan Sixteen Arhats ritual traditions, respectively. It traces early visual representations of the cult in China, and its densely ritualized context in Tibet. Then, it turns to an evaluation of the two attendants added to the Tibetan roster, concluding that these Tibetan recruitments represent an appropriation of pre-existinent Sinitic iconic identities for ritual ends—a conclusion that presents profound implications for further research on possible Sinitic influences on Tibetan Buddhist ritual practice enacted through the medium of the Hexi religious landscape.
Scandinavia and the 1968 International Year for Human Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article explores the Scandinavian countries’ contributions to the United Nations’ 1968 International Year for Human Rights (IYHR) based on archival research in Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. It traces how the three countries launched national campaigns to commemorate the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and participated in the International Human Rights Conference in Tehran. This engagement with the IYHR occurred at a time when the Scandinavian countries were elevating human rights concerns in their diplomacy as part of a new foreign policy activism. The article demonstrates that the commemoration campaigns spawned numerous activities to raise awareness of human rights issues and spurred reflection on the state of human rights at home and abroad. At the Tehran conference, the Scandinavian countries failed to strengthen international protection of human rights as the concerns of Global South countries dominated the agenda. The analysis confirms two general aspects of the Scandinavian approach to human rights: their emphasis on mutual coordination and their preference for robust civil society involvement. The article concludes that the comprehensive national commemoration campaigns facilitated broad civil society engagement with human rights, but that the IYHR did not transform Scandinavian human rights policies.
Mao Zedong zhuan (Mao: A Biography). Luosi Telier [Ross Terrill]. Beijing: Zhongguo renmin daxue chubanshe, 2006. 556 pp. RMB 55.00. ISBN 7-300-07010-8

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

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Prediction the Substrate Specificities of Membrane Transport Proteins Based on Support Vector Machine and Hybrid Features

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Membrane transport proteins and their substrate specificities play crucial roles in a variety of cellular functions. Identifying the substrate specificities of membrane transport proteins is closely related to the protein-target interaction prediction, drug design, membrane recruitment, and dysregulation analysis. However, experimental methods to this aim are time consuming, labor intensive, and costly. Therefore, we proposed a novel method basing on support vector machine (SVM) to predict substrate specificities of membrane transport proteins by integrating features from position-specific score matrix (PSSM), PROFEAT, and Gene Ontology (GO). Finally, jackknife cross-validation tests were adopted on a benchmark and independent datasets to measure the performance of the proposed method. The overall accuracy of 96.16 and 80.45 percent were obtained for two datasets, which are higher (from 2.12 to 20.44 percent) than that by the state-of-the-art tool. Comparison results indicate that the proposed model is more reliable and efficient for accurate prediction the substrate specificities of membrane transport proteins.
Effect of Posture on Muscle Activity and Oxygen Uptake in Cycle Ergometer

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study evaluated the effects of saddle height on the muscle activity and oxygen uptake during bicycling. The subjects were 20 young adult volunteers. Muscle activity and oxygen uptake were measured with the two saddle heights (maximum knee extension of 180o and 120o) and at two power outputs (70 and 100 watts, respectively.) The pedaling rate was 40 rpm. The exercise time was 1 minute and the resting time between each condition was 3 minutes. The raw electromyogram activity was measured for 1 minute and was converted to a root mean square value. Oxygen uptake was measured during exercise using the mixing chamber mode. The activities of two flexors (the medial hamstring and medial head of gastrocnemius) increased at the high saddle height and the activities of four extensors (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and tibialis anterior) increased at the low saddle height. The oxygen uptake at the low saddle height was significantly higher than that at the high saddle height. The oxygen uptake positively correlated with the muscle activities of the knee extensors. The muscle activity and oxygen uptake were significantly affected by the postures (saddle heights) in cycle ergometer. The postures should be considered in the exercise test and prescription.
Genetic alterations in chromosome 10q24.3 and glutathione S-transferase omega 2 gene polymorphism in ovarian cancer.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The molecular basis of ovarian cancer development has not been fully elucidated. In this study, genetic alterations in ovarian cancer were identified by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction (AP-PCR). A gene in DNA fingerprinting, amplified from primer AE11, was cloned, sequenced, and identified by comparison with known genes in the genome database. Gene amplification in chromosome 10q24.3 was identified and measured by real-time PCR. Three out of 20 cases harbored this gene amplification. This amplified region was identified as IVS-4 of the glutathione-S-transferase Omega 2 (GSTO2) gene. Therefore, the mutations in all 6 exons of the GSTO2 gene were determined. The A to G transition at codon 142 in exon 4 (AAT to GAT, N142D) was observed. The frequency of GSTO2 gene polymorphism was analyzed in 20 ovarian cancers, compared with 41 normal individuals. The gene frequencies of D142 and N142 allele in ovarian cancer cases were 0.3 and 0.7, whereas in normal females, they were 0.2 and 0.8, respectively. The odds ratio of D142 allele in ovarian cancer was 1.73 (95% CI = 0.51-5.89), indicating that this GSTO2 gene polymorphism may be associated with the risk of ovarian cancer.
Cognitive assessment in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by means of P300-Brain Computer Interface: a preliminary study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective: To investigate the use of P300-based Brain Computer Interface (BCI) technology for the administration of motor-verbal free cognitive tests in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Methods: We recruited 15 ALS patients and 15 age- and education-matched healthy subjects. All participants underwent a BCI-based neuropsychological assessment, together with two standard cognitive screening tools (FAB, MoCA), two psychological questionnaires (BDI, STAI-Y) and a usability questionnaire. For patients, clinical and respiratory examinations were also performed, together with a behavioural assessment (FBI). Results: Correlations were observed between standard cognitive and BCI-based neuropsychological assessment, mainly concerning execution times in the ALS group. Moreover, patients provided positive rates concerning the BCI perceived usability and subjective experience. Finally, execution times at the BCI-based neuropsychological assessment were useful to discriminate patients from controls, with patients achieving lower processing speed than controls regarding executive functions. Conclusions: The developed motor-verbal free neuropsychological battery represents an innovative approach, that could provide relevant information for clinical practice and ethical issues. Its use for cognitive evaluation throughout the course of ALS, currently not available by means of standard assessment, must be addressed in further longitudinal validation studies. Further work will be aimed at refining the developed system and enlarging the cognitive spectrum investigated.
Two hitherto unknown Indonesian tsunamis of the seventeenth century: Probabilities and context

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The 2004 tsunami intensified fruitful scientific research into dating past tectonic events in Sumatra, though without comparable work on Java. Geology needs to be informed by careful historical research on documented events, but less such work has been done in Indonesia than in other tectonically endangered areas. This paper examines the historical evidence for two hitherto unknown tsunamis of the seventeenth century. In better-researched Sumatra, Dutch reports that a flood from the sea devastated Aceh in 1660 adds to what the geologists have discovered on the ground. By contrast geological research has barely begun on the south coast of Java. Javanese sources for events before 1800 need careful re-evaluation. The myths around Ratu Kidul, the ‘Queen of the South Seas’, together with more chronologically reliable dated babads, point to a major tsunami in 1618 on the coast south of Yogyakarta.
Exosomes biology: Function and clinical implications in lung cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lung cancer is the most common malignancy in the United States, totaling 225,000 cases per year. In recent years, several new treatment options have become available based on the molecular and cellular characterization of the disease. More recently, "liquid biopsies" have received attention to complement traditional tissue biopsies and to enhance the spectrum of analysis for tumor-derived factors. As one of these tumor characteristics, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayered EVs that can cargo a variety of factors, including growth factors and their receptors, RNA transcripts, microRNAs, and DNA, among others. Initial acceptance as mere physiological products has been attributed to the presence of exosomes in healthy individuals, and the large diversity of exosomes that have made the assignment of distinct pathophysiological roles difficult. While their role in clinical application has not yet been established, they have emerged from their once thought innocent role as a bystander to a critical mediator of intratumoral signaling, tumor progression, chemotherapy resistance, and metastasis. In this review, we have summarized the structure and biology of EVs, their role in lung cancer, and the potential diagnostic and therapeutic implications for the treatment of this complex disease.
Dances of dual dynamics enable parametric oscillations under a steady force

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Understanding a visual scene is an unsolved and daunting task, since scenes can contain a large number of objects, their properties, and interrelations. Extracting the full scene structure is therefore infeasible, but often unnecessary, since ...In modeling vision, there has been a remarkable progress in recognizing a range of scene components, but the problem of analyzing full scenes, an ultimate goal of visual perception, is still largely open. To deal with complete scenes, recent work focused ...
Enthalpy pair coefficients of interaction for DL-valine in aqueous solutions of polyatomic alcohols at 298 K

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Integral enthalpies of dissolution Δsol H m of DL-valine are measured via calorimetry of dissolution in aqueous solutions of glycerol, ethylene glycol, and 1,2-propylene glycol. Standard values of the enthalpies of dissolution (Δsol H ○) and transfer (Δtr H ○) of amino acid from water to mixed solvent are calculated from the resulting experimental data. The enthalpy coefficients for pair interactions hxy of amino acid with polyatomic alcohol molecules are calculated using the McMillan-Meyer theory and have positive values. The obtained results are discussed in light of the theory of the predomination of various types of interactions in mixed solutions and the effect of structural features of interacting biomolecules on the thermochemical parameters of the dissolution of amino acids.
State-dependent memory and its modulation by different brain areas and neurotransmitters

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The state-dependent memory defines as a state that the retrieval of recently obtained information may be potential if the subject exists in a similar physiological situation as for the period of the encoding stage. Studies revealed that exogenous and endogenous compounds could induce state-dependent memory. The state-dependent memory made it probable to differentiate the effects of drugs per se on learning from the effects due to alterations in drug state during the task. Studies proposed the role of regions beyond the limbic formation and illustrated that state-dependent memory produced by various neurotransmitter systems and pharmacological compounds. Our review of the literature revealed that: (a) re-administration of drugs on the same state induce state-dependent memory; (b) many neurotransmitters induce endogenous state-dependent memory; (c) there are cross state-dependent learning and memory between some drugs; (d) some sites of the brain including the CA1 areas of the hippocampus, central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), septum, ventral teg¬mental area (VTA), and nucleus accumbens (NAC) are involved in state-dependent memory.
Inflammation in atheroma: implications for plaque rupture and platelet-collagen interaction.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory reaction to accumulated extracellular lipid in the arterial intima. Evidence from pathological studies indicate that there is constant deposition and lysis of fibrin within the atherosclerotic arterial wall. In patients with stable peripheral atherosclerosis, the functional severity of the disease is associated with circulating fibrinogen and degradation of cross-linked fibrin reflecting procoagulant activity in the blood-vessel wall interface, or in the wall itself. In atheromas the fibrinolytic activity is connected to macrophages, which can assemble in the plasminogen-plasmin system and generate plasmin-mediated pericellular proteolysis in tissues with inflammation. Plasmin capable of activating collagenase may therefore be a candidate for plaque rupture. The nature of the exposed vascular tissue, the inflammatory state, tissue-factor dependent thrombin generation and the degree of matrix degradation regulate platelet reactivity. Little is yet known about platelet adhesive functions in proteolyzed collagens that are the underlying substrate where platelets deposit during plaque rupture, the triggering event for thrombosis. Research in these areas is likely to improve the understanding of the thrombogenicity of atheromas when the tissue is suddenly exposed to blood.