jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Multisensory modulation of experimentally evoked perceptual distortion of the face

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Summary Background Chronic oro‐facial pain patients often perceive the painful face area as “swollen” without clinical signs, that is a perceptual distortion (PD). Local anaesthetic (LA) injections in healthy participants are also associated with PD. Objective The aim was to explore whether PD evoked by LA into the infraorbital region could be modulated by adding mechanical stimulation (MS) to the affected area. Methods Mechanical stimulation was given with a brush and a 128‐mN von Frey filament. Firstly, sixty healthy participants were randomly divided into three groups: (i) LA control, (ii) LA with MS, (iii) isotonic solution (ISO) with MS as an additional control condition. To further examine the role of a multisensory modulation, an additional experiment was conducted. Twenty participants received LA with MS (filament) in addition to visual feedback of their distorted face. The results of the two experiments are presented together. Results All three LA groups experienced PD; per contra, PD was not reported in the ISO group. MS alone did not change the magnitude of PD: brush ( P = .089), filament ( P = .203). However, when the filament stimulation was combined with additional visual information of a distorted face, there was observable decrease in PD ( P = .002). Conclusion The findings indicate the importance of multisensory integration for PD and represent a significant step forward in the understanding of the factors that may influence this common condition. Future studies are encouraged to investigate further the cortical processing for possible implications for PD in pain management.
Extraordinary localization of collective electronic states in random media

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The surface plasmons (SPs) eigenproblem which arises in inhomogeneous metal-dielectric films is studied at resonance conditions. We show that short-range correlations present in the governing Kirchhoff Hamiltonian (KH) result in delocalization of the eigenstates at the center of the spectrum. The delocalization is manifested as a power law/logarithmic singularity for the density of states and SPs localization lengths. Based on the SPs eigenproblem, analytical relationships are derived for the electromagnetic response of the semicontinuous film in resonance and off-resonance regimes. Experimental studies indirectly confirm the existence of delocalized SP states in the random system.
Analysis of the combustion of four alternate fuels in a diesel engine using high speed photography: Final report

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Ignition and combustion of four alternate fuels in a direct injected, two stroke, single cylinder diesel engine were investigated with high speed photography. The four fuels studies were: (1) Canadian 1990 Tar Sands fuel, (2) 57% Exxon Donor Solvent, (3) 100% Exxon Donor Solvent, and (4) neat methanol. Experimental results, obtained at half and full rack positions at 750 rpm, were compared to baseline No. 2 diesel fuel. Optical access to the combustion chamber was provided by a large quartz window in the piston crown and extended piston-cylinder arrangement. The combustion chamber of the engine, when viewed through the piston crown (from below) was axisymmetric in shape with the injector located in the center of the chamber. The engine was equipped with spark assist, although the assist was only necessary with two of the fuels. Further details of the engine can be found in the text of this report. High speed motion photography of the combustion process was obtained at 10,000 frames per second. Subsequent analysis of the motion photography allowed characterization of the ignition and combustion process of each of the fuels. 14 refs., 15 figs., 3 tabs.
Assessing Constraints to Innovations in the Indonesian Aquaculture Value Chain

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In Indonesia, destruction of mangroves for ponds, ground-water extraction and climate change result in loss of land and livelihoods since 2008. In Demak (Central Java) and Brebes (West Java) most farmers stopped stocking shrimp, also as water quality had reduced due to industrial and urban waste. Integrated Multi Trophic aquaculture (IMTA) might recover shrimp aquaculture. Data on the innovations in the value chain of shrimp were collected and analysed using the RAAIS tool (Schut et al. 2015; Agricultural Systems 132: 1–112). Stakeholders from different background participated.Participants agreed that most constraints were institutional, often related to infrastructure and assets, and rooted in laws and regulations at the national level. Among the top three constraints one constraint was similar: the lack of extension services. The adoption of IMTA and other innovations in the mangrove restoration areas of Brebes and Demak regency thus face mostly similar challenges.
SH618318.07FU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Studies of Domain and Twin Patterns in NaNbO3-Gd1/3NbO3 Solid Solution Crystals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Studies of (1-x)NaNbO3-xGd1/3NbO3 crystals in polarized light revealed the independence of the temperature of rotational phase transition into the cubic phase on x. This correlates with the similarity of Na+ and Gd3+ ionic radii. Increase of Gd content leads to the diffusion of permittivity maxima and a dramatic decrease of a mean size of twins (domains). This makes both crystallooptic studies and rotating polarizer method ineffective. Multifractal analysis of false-colour image patterns obtained by rotating polarizer method, using the Metripol microscope system enables to detect the changes in domain (twin) pattern in the temperature range of diffuse phase transition.
Organogels versus Hydrogels: Advantages, Challenges, and Applications

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Organogels are an important class of gels, and are comparable to hydrogels owing to their properties as liquid‐infused soft materials. Despite the extensive choice of liquid media and compatible networks that can provide a broader range of properties, relatively few studies are reported in this area. This review presents the applicability of organogels concerning their choice of components, unique properties, and applications. Their distinctive features compared to other gels are discussed, including multi‐stimuli responses, affinity to a broad range of substances, thermal and environmental stability, electronic and ionic conductivity, and actuation. The active role of solvents is highlighted in the versatility of organogel properties. To differentiate between organogels and other gels, these are classified as gels filled with different organic liquids, including highly polar organic solvents and binary solvent systems. Most promising applications of organogels as sophisticated multifunctional materials are discussed in light of their unique features.
Game-players and game-playing: a response to kreider

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article is an examination of the recent contribution in this journal by Kreider. In that publication he argued against formalist and non-formalist positions concerning our understanding of game-player and game-playing, focusing his discussion around game rules and their relationship to the two key concepts. This led him to produce alternative conceptions of game-player and game-playing, and it is these conceptions tied closely to the idea of commitment, and Kreider’s arguments surrounding them, which are the subject of my article. Following an introduction, I summarize and evaluate Kreider’s dissatisfaction with earlier accounts. Then I present and examine key aspects of his proposals for a different understanding of game-players and game-playing. While I remain uncertain about some of his claims, overall my conclusions are characterized more by disagreement with him than by a sense that he has overcome problems previously expressed theories contain.
Traditional Medicines in Africa: An Appraisal of Ten Potent African Medicinal Plants

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The use of medicinal plants as a fundamental component of the African traditional healthcare system is perhaps the oldest and the most assorted of all therapeutic systems. In many parts of rural Africa, traditional healers prescribing medicinal plants are the most easily accessible and affordable health resource available to the local community and at times the only therapy that subsists. Nonetheless, there is still a paucity of updated comprehensive compilation of promising medicinal plants from the African continent. The major focus of the present review is to provide an updated overview of 10 promising medicinal plants from the African biodiversity which have short- as well as long-term potential to be developed as future phytopharmaceuticals to treat and/or manage panoply of infectious and chronic conditions. In this endeavour, key scientific databases have been probed to investigate trends in the rapidly increasing number of scientific publications on African traditional medicinal plants. Within the framework of enhancing the significance of traditional African medicinal plants, aspects such as traditional use, phytochemical profile, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies and also future challenges pertaining to the use of these plants have been explored.
Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on outcomes in stage IB non-small cell lung cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e20002 Background: Adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) has an established role in stage II and IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to prevent disease recurrence. However, the role of ACT in stage IB NSCLC remains controversial. Two major meta-analyses demonstrated a non-significant improvement in overall survival (OS) with ACT use in this stage. We aim to assess the impact of ACT use on survival in stage IB NSCLC patients. Methods: This is a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with stage IB NSCLC from 2003 to 2012 in the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB). A Multivariate analysis was performed to compare surgery and ACT using Cox-proportional hazard method. A subgroup analysis of elderly patients (defined as > 70 years) was performed to assess impact of ACT use on OS in this age group. Results: A total of 71,160 patients were included in this analysis. Of these, 71% underwent surgery alone, and 14% received adjuvant chemotherapy. About 8% patients did not receive any therapy and the rest received other unspecified forms of treatment. On multivariate analysis, patients who received ACT had reduced risk of overall mortality as compared to patients who underwent surgery alone (HR 0.71, 95% CI, 0.69-0.73). Other factors that were associated with improved survival included female gender (HR 0.71, 95% CI, 0.69-0.73) and treatment at an academic center (HR-0.94; 95% CI, 0.92, 0.97). On the other hand, increasing age, uninsured or Medicare/Medicaid status, annual income <$38,000 and presence of comorbidities predicted for worse OS. A similar benefit with ACT use was seen on a subset analysis of 29,844 patients > 70 years (HR 0.79, P<0.0001). However, this age group had worse mortality as compared to patients aged ≤ 70 years (HR 1.44, P<0.0001; Table 1). Conclusions: Although ACT improves OS in stage IB NSCLC, including older patients (>70 years), only a small proportion of patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. Further investigations are needed to define indications for optimal ACT use. Impact of adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) on stage IB NSCLC. Variables HR (95% CI) P-value Treatment type 1.00 Surgery only 0.78 (0.75, 0.80) <.0001 ACT Age ≤ 70 1.00 >70 1.44 (1.40, 1.48) <.0001 Subgroup age >70 years Treatment type Surgery only 1.00 ACT 0.79 (0.75, 0.83) <.0001
Optical characteristics of finite temperature quantum electron gas

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we study the propagation of elliptically polarized transverse electromagnetic waves in a quasineutral plasma with arbitrary degenerate electron fluid ranging from classical dilute to fully degenerate density regimes by using the appropriate collisional magnetohydrodynamics model, which incorporates the adiabatic quantum equation of states for high-frequency electron fluid compression and the Bohm quantum potential responsible for the collective quantum diffraction effect. Three distinct propagation modes are categorized corresponding to electron density regimes of dilute, intermediate, and fully degenerate plasmas. One of these modes is found to be purely of quantum mechanical origin and disappears in the absence of the quantum diffraction effect. The present generalized magnetohydrodynamics theory qualitatively describes key features of optical parameters and experimental data of dilute classical, semiconducting, and in fully degenerate plasmas. Different optical parameters, such as the refractive and absorption index of the new mode are investigated. It is shown that the optical response of the magnetized plasma with arbitrary degeneracy is essentially governed by three characteristic frequencies, namely, collision, plasmon, and cyclotron frequencies. The profound experimental minimum in the refractive index of arbitrary degenerate quantum plasmas and its dependence on the characteristic frequencies is studied in detail. Current investigation is of fundamental importance in high energy density and fusion plasma diagnostics and may provide key knowledge on the characteristics of astrophysical dense matter.
Nanorod assisted lateral epitaxial overgrowth of ZnO films in water at 90 °C

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A novel method was used to grow epitaxial ZnO films by employing a nanorod assisted lateral epitaxial overgrowth process at a low growth temperature of 90 °C in water utilizing a continuous circulation reactor. The relatively smooth films had an epitaxial relationship with the sapphire substrate, as confirmed by off-axis φ scans. Films grown for 72 hours had a high carrier concentration of 3.12 × 1018 cm−3 and mobility of 9.75 cm2 V−1 s−1 after thermal treatment at 300 °C. The threading dislocation density of the thickest film was 5 × 108 cm−2, 2 orders of magnitude lower than that of normal solution grown ZnO films.
A Model of a High-Temperature Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

A steady-state, isothermal, one-dimensional model of a direct methanol proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), with a polybenzimidazole (PBI) membrane, was developed. The electrode kinetics were represented by the Butler–Volmer equation, mass transport was described by the multicomponent Stefan–Maxwell equations and Darcy's law, and the ionic and electronic resistances described by Ohm's law. The model incorporated the effects of temperature and pressure on the open circuit potential, the exchange current density, and diffusion coefficients, together with the effect of water transport across the membrane on the conductivity of the PBI membrane. The influence of methanol crossover on the cathode polarization is included in the model. The polarization curves predicted by the model were validated against experimental data for a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) operating in the temperature range of 125–175 °C. There was good agreement between experimental and model data for the effect of temperature and oxygen/air pressure on cell performance. The fuel cell performance was relatively poor, at only 16 mW cm−2 peak power density using low concentrations of methanol in the vapor phase.
THE EFFECT OF LEVERAGE, INSTITUTIONAL OWNERSHIP, AND BUSINESS STRATEGY ON TAX AVOIDANCE (CASE OF LISTED MANUFACTURING COMPANIES IN THE CONSUMPTION GOODS INDUSTRY PERIOD 2014-2019)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the influence of leverage, institutional ownership, and business strategy on tax avoidance of consumer goods industrial sector manufacturing companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) under period 2014-2019. The results show that leverage and goods production and distribution have a significant positive effect on tax avoidance while institutional ownership and firm growth have a negative significant effect on tax avoidance. The findings imply that in the context of agency theory, firms shall use debts for tax avoidance in term to reduce the tax but the institutional ownerships tend to control the firm to avoid the tax avoidance.
How to Continue to Innovate with Fewer “Water Cooler” Conversations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

[Excerpt] As companies continue to grow globally, learning how to innovate across geographic lines has become even more important as ?water cooler? conversations become less of the norm. This challenge is even more pertinent for the tech industry, where innovation is at its core. I sought to answer the following question: As tech companies continue to expand globally and open offices in more locations, the employee population becomes more decentralized, resulting in fewer organic, ?water cooler? conversations. These ?water cooler? conversations, or unintentional run-ins with one another which typically result in work conversation, can lead to innovative thinking or ideas. As companies expand globally, teams grow across various sites and more employees work at remote sites (not at the company?s headquarters), fewer of these organic conversations occur. So how can we continue to innovate without these ?water cooler? conversations?
Marketing of breast milk substitutes on the internet and television in Mexico

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Aim We aimed to examine the advertising and marketing of breast milk substitutes (BMS) through the internet, social media and television in Mexico. Methods We recorded the programming of four main TV channels at peak times to identify BMS advertisements. In addition, we identified the main BMS products and companies present on the internet, as well as related home pages and social networks (Facebook, Twitter and YouTube). After that, we examined current BMS' marketing practices using the International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes (‘the Code’) as a framework for ethical marketing. Qualitative and statistical analyses are presented. Results BMS manufacturers have a presence on television, social media and the internet. Violations of the Code, as well as promotional practices unforeseen by the Code, were identified in all the studied media. These include text and images idealising the use of BMS, as well as mechanisms for boosting sales and making contact with consumers. Conclusions The Mexican population is exposed to BMS advertisements that breach the Code on the internet, on social networks and on television. Emerging challenges related to the use of electronic means to market BMS may call for new strategies for monitoring and enforcing the Code through local regulations.
Throwing More Light on Image Watermarks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

. In this paper a general model of a watermarking system for copyright protection of outputs from an arbitrary source is presented. This model is proposed as a framework for an information-theoretical analysis of watermarking schemes. The main elements which comprise such schemes are described, performance measures are defined and important issues such as imperceptibility, robustness and cryptographic security are discussed. The application of concepts such as channel capacity, authentication and secrecy in the context of watermarking is also discussed. As a particular case, a spatial-domain image watermarking system based on direct sequence spread spectrum modulation techniques is described. Special enphasis is placed in discussing the analogies and differences between spread spectrum communication systems and watermarking applications. 1 Introduction One of the main impediments to a widespread use of digital communication networks such as Internet for commercial distribution of info...
Pengaruh Keberadaan Pabrik Kelapa Sawit Pt. Socfindo Terhadap Peningkatan Pendapatan Masyarakat Di Kecamatan Kejuruan Muda Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The formulation of the problem in this thesis is whether there is an effect of the existence of a palm oil factory on increasing people's income in the District of Vocational Youth, Aceh Tamiang Regency. This study aims to determine the effect of the existence of a palm oil mill on increasing people's income in the District of Vocational Youth, Aceh Tamiang Regency. The results of this study indicate that there is an influence of the existence of the Palm Oil Mill of PT. Socfindo on increasing people's incomes in the Young Vocational District, Aceh Tamiang Regency, shows that there is a positive influence on the variable existence of the Palm Oil Mill PT. Socfindo (X) on the variable of increasing income. Simultaneously shows that the variable existence of the Palm Oil Mill PT. Socfindo has an effect on increasing people's incomes in the Young Vocational District, Aceh Tamiang Regency.
Resistance of Clostridium perfringens to Varying Degrees of Acidity during Growth and Sporulation

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY: Viable cells of each of 6 strains of Clostridium perfringens were exposed to 4 levels of acidity during phases of the growth cycle. The selected strains included 4 which had been recovered in association with food poisoning outbreaks and 2 strains not so associated. The growth media tested included Fluid Thioglycollate Medium, DS‐sporulation medium and the CP‐2V medium proposed by Hauschild. The level of acidity, length of exposure of the cells, the growth medium employed and the phase in the growth curve influenced the survival of C. perfringens. Exposure of cells grown in DS‐sporulation medium to buffers pH 6.0 had little effect on the survival over the 8‐hr test period, with somewhat greater sensitivity of cells being demonstrated at pH 4.5. Exposure of cells, similarly produced, to buffer pH 1.0 or 2.0 was much more effective in reducing the percentage of survival, particularly during early log phase and at the onset of sporulation. Based on the 3 growth media utilized, calculated survival curves resulting from exposure of cells to pH 1.0 or 2.0 were erratic in shape, and percentage survival was almost universally less than 10%. Source of the strain, whether food poisoning or non‐food poisoning associated, appeared to have no significant effect on the acid resistance of the cells. The comparatively regular increase in the percentage of survivors after the initiation of sporulation suggests that spores exhibit a greater resistance to acid stress than vegetative cells. Incubation at temperatures of 37° or O°C, during the time of treatment with the test buffers pH 1.0 or 2.0, produced no consistent change in the percentage of survivors when the cells were grown in FTG.