jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Tertiary Amine-Catalyzed Acyl Group Exchange Reaction of N,O-Diacyl-o-aminophenols. Its Mechanism and Factors Determining the Relative Stability of Acyl Exchanged Isomer Pairs

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Acyl substituent effects on the equilibrium and rate constants for the acyl group exchange reactions of various N,O-diacyl-o-aminophenols have been investigated in solvents with different polarities. It was found that the relative stability of acyl exchanged isomer pairs is determined solely by the inductive effect of acyl groups, provided that the steric hindrance of acyl substituents bonded to amide nitrogen affects the stability to the same extent. The importance of steric hindrance exerted by a bulky acyl group in determining the relative stability was demonstrated by analyzing the correlation between the standard free energy change (ΔG°) and pKa, which were used as the measure of the relative stability of isomer pairs and of the electron-withdrawing ability of acyl groups, respectively. On the other hand, the logarithms of catalytic rate constants for the acyl migration reactions were correlated well to the pKa values. In addition to this finding, a large negative value of activation entropy ΔS\eweq=−160 J K−1 mol−1) and the Brønsted coefficient β of 0.65 for the reaction of N,O-(acetyl)-(1-naphthoyl) pair of N,O-diacyl-o-aminophenol provide a definitive evidence for the rate-determining proton transfer from this derivative to amine catalyst in the transition state.
Thirty-two new cases with small supernumerary marker chromosomes detected in connection with fertility problems: Detailed molecular cytogenetic characterization and review of the literature

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Thirty-two patients with fertility problems were identified as carriers of small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC). Molecular cytogenetic techniques were used to characterize their chromosomal origin. Together with the other cases available in the literature 111 sSMC cases have now been detected in connection with fertility problems in otherwise clinically healthy persons and characterized for their genetic content. According to this study, in 60% of the cases the sSMC originated from chromosomes 14 or 15. Euchromatic imbalances were caused by the sSMC presence in 30% of the cases. Notably, in 53% of infertile sSMC carriers, the sSMC was parentally transmitted. As we found indications of an as yet unknown mechanism for the elimination of sSMC from the human gene pool, sSMC could also play a role in elucidating the process of chromosome gain and loss during evolution. Nonetheless, further detailed molecular analysis will be necessary in the future to characterize the mechanisms and genetic basis for this phenomenon.
Thermal analysis and management of high speed electrical machine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This study focused on the analysis of the heat transfer coefficient of the forced convection cooling system on Interior Permanent Magnet (IPM) machine to find out the trend on how the cooling system helps in the operation of the machines. High speed electrical machine in the application such More Electric Aircraft (MEA) concept has one of the main problems of the high generation of the heat loss and the way of it being dissipated through various cooling system. To understand the need for an efficient system for the type of the machines being implemented, the analysis will be conducted to find out the trend of the heat transfer coefficient. The approach of the analysis will be focused on two types of software namely finite element analysis by using JMAG and the computational fluid dynamics by ANSYS Fluent. The type of cooling method used for the analysis was forced convection, direct liquid cooling method. The heat transfer coefficient of a cooling jacket was collected by simulating the test on ANSYS Fluent to find the optimum cooling channel width for the IPM machine. The performance and the temperature distribution of the IPM was simulated by JMAG software to assess the efficiency of the various parameters of the cooling system. This paper focuses on the physical dimension of the cooling system to study the trend with different coolant speed. The size of the cooling jacket affecting the heat transfer coefficient shows that the heat transfer parameter to be more efficient with smaller width and gives a better temperature drop in the IPM machine.
Effect of signal frequency and masker level on the frequency regions responsible for the overshoot effect

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Two experiments investigated the relative influence of components close to and remote from the signal frequency ( fs) on the overshoot effect. Overshoot was defined as the difference in threshold between a signal presented 4 ms after, and that for one presented 300 ms after, the onset of a 350-ms masker. Experiment 1 measured the overshoot effect using both wideband and narrow-band maskers (centered on fs ), at two signal frequencies and three masker levels. Experiment 2 used a masker consisting of a ‘‘middle band’’ (MB, centered on fs ) and two flanking bands (FBs, which, when combined with the MB, produced a flat wideband spectrum). The masker was continuous except for a 300-ms interval just prior to the signal, during which either all three bands, the MB alone, or the FBs alone were turned off. The results of both experiments showed that the overshoot effect was usually determined by off-frequency components. However, the on-frequency components played a substantial role when signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) at threshold were unusually high, such as at fs=6500 Hz and intermediate masker levels. It is suggested that two different mechanisms contribute to the overshoot effect: an off-frequency mechanism which operates at all fs and masker levels, and an on-frequency mechanism which contributes to the overshoot effect only at high-threshold SNRs.
Tribological Aspects in Aperture Shaping Process

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The article presents tribological aspects in the process of aperture shaping using trepan drills. These tools, also known as trepan cutters, are used for performing port apertures. Due to their structure, only peripheral part (ring) of the aperture is influenced by the milling process, in contrast to milling the whole volume when using twist drills. Due to such method of performing aperture, the power and processing time are significantly reduced. The results of this process are chips and the core that can be used to produce other element, particularly if the material is expensive or if it can be used to examine properties and quality of the material. Trepan drills contain at least four cutting edges and their number increases with the diameter of the tool. This results in forming many chips that interact with the tool and working material during their movement along the chip grooves. During operation of these tools, the tool makes contact with the core and working material. Above effects cause the increase of milling torque and axial force with increasing penetration of the tool into working material and may affect the quality of the created aperture (roughness, microhardness, chemical composition, shape tolerance). In the extreme cases they may also cause the stoppage of device used to drilling or destruction of the milling tool. The article presents also the structure of research station that was used for examination and obtaining sample results of the milling torque and axial force occurred during drilling using trepan drills. Additionally, the values of milling torque and axial force calculated on the basis of theoretical equations are presented. Physical model of the friction process describes, besides effects that occur in the milling area, also other factors that influence the course of the drilling process. The result of drill penetrating the working material is the increase of milling forces, axial forces and temperature. The cause of this effect is the friction between internal and external tool surfaces and the working material, as well as the friction between formed chips and the tool and working material during their movement along the chip grooves. Physical model was the output element to create mathematical model that includes, besides milling force, also forces occurring as a result of interaction among the tool, working material and chips. Additionally, the model includes forces that occur when pressing guide pin to working material.
Multi-scale 2.5D Integrated Model for False Positive Reduction in Abdominal Lymph Node Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Accurate lymph node detection based on CT images is an important pre-step in Lymphadenectomy, which is crucial for the subsequent treatment of patients. However, many interfering factors such as organs, tissues, and blood vessels in CT images lead a large number of false positive objects with the existing detection methods, which hinders the clinical application. In this study, we propose an effective and fast 2.5D framework algorithm for false positive reduction (FPR). Specifically, considering the globular shape of the lymph nodes, the axial, coronal and sagittal slices from CT data of lymph nodes are used as 2.5D inputs to the network to mine the three-dimensional spatial information of lymph nodes. In addition, multi-scale inputs are used to address the challenges posed by changes in the volume of the lymph nodes, and use stacking learning to fuse the results of models at various scales. Compared to 3D networks, it greatly decreases computational costs and running time. Based on the public dataset, we add 20 additional cases of CT data to construct a new dataset CTLymph for FPR. The proposed method achieves an AUC of 0.941, reducing the number of false positive lymph nodes from 25 to 4. The result shows that our proposed model achieves superior performance and outperforms several state-of-the-art methods.
Molecular Cloning of Full-length c-Type Lysozyme from Carassius auratus gibelio and Its Tissue-specific Expression and Bioinformatic Analysis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have successfully cloned a 751 bp full-length lysozyme cDNA by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) methods from Carassius auratus gibelio, which consists of a 438 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 146 amino acids, a 109 bp 5 '-untranslated region and a 204 bp 3 '-untranslated region. The fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR analysis indicated that its mRNA levels in the cephalo-kidney and the spleen were 2.9 and 1.7 folds higher than that of the liver in Carassius auratus gibelio, and the lysozyme catalytic activities were determined to be 6.2 and 4 folds as compared to liver respectively. The molecular weight of this mature peptide was estimated to be 14 543.6 and the pI was 8.86. The BlastN search revealed the cloned lysozyme was homologous to c-type lysozymes from several other species with the conserved Glu53 and Asp69 at the catalytic sites, as well as other eight structural cysteine residues. Multiple alignment analyses with ClustalW have shown the sequences flanking the catalytic sites were also highly conserved. By three-dimensional (3-D) structure prediction suggested this c-type lysozyme of Carassius auratus gibelio was sharing 50% similarity to its human homolog in structural alignment, which possess two enzymatic sites, except the predicted disulfide bonds was 3 instead of 4in human c-type lysozymes.
MRAS speed identification for PMSM based on fuzzy PI control

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To solve the problem that traditional PI controller is affected by the change of motor parameters and thus can't meet the high accuracy requirement, fuzzy PI speed controller is proposed. Current model of permanent magnet synchronous motor is built and motor speed is identified based on model reference adaptive theory. Speed adaptive law is derived according to Popov theory. Fuzzy PI controlled PMSM speed sensorless system is realized. System anti-disturbance ability is increased and dynamic-static performances are dramatically improved. Simulation results have verified the feasibility and effectiveness of this method.
Pulmonary toxicity of cytotoxic agents: A meta-analysis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

19573 Background: Pulmonary toxicity is one of the most serious adverse effects of cytotoxic agents, and affected patients require discontinuation of the anti-cancer therapy, and it even proves fatal in many cases. Its incidence, however, may be considerably biased, as it may be influenced by many factors such as intercurrent medications or co-morbidities. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the incidences of pulmonary toxicity by cytotoxic agents in published data relating to prospective randomized comparative studies. Methods: A Medline literature search was conducted to extract prospective randomized comparative studies (either phase II or III) that included docetaxel, paclitaxel, irinotecan, vinorelbine and gemcitabine. Comparisons had to be performed between regimens with and without one of these agents, in addition to best supportive care with or without other common agent(s), so as to be able to clearly attribute the toxicity to the agent. Reports lacking detailed toxicity data were excluded. Results: The table below summarizes the results of the finally evaluated 47 studies (5 to 12 per agent) fulfilling the criteria. As many studies showed no pulmonary toxicity, standard statistical methods for meta-analysis were not applicable. Conclusions: The present study analyzing data in prospective randomized comparative studies might minimize bias of the relative incidence of pulmonary toxicity. Pulmonary toxicity was rarely encountered in randomized comparative studies. No increase in frequency was shown by the inclusion of any of the five cytotoxic agents. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.
NAV discount in REITs: the role of expert assessors

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Using a unique hand collected dataset which comprises the 2009 balance sheets of all Italian listed REITs, we test whether NAV discount can be explained by expert assessor overestimations. Our results suggest that expert assessors make conservative assessments of NAV values, thus they are not responsible for NAV discounts. Furthermore, using the balance sheet disaggregated data of each REIT, we cluster properties by region and intended use and find that certain regions and types of properties are more discount-prone than others.
Abnormalities in the recirculation phase of contrast agent bolus passage in cerebral gliomas: comparison with relative blood volume and tumor grade.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Variation in the recirculation characteristics of a contrast agent bolus is related to tumor grade in gliomas. This supports the hypothesis that abnormalities in contrast agent recirculation provide independent information concerning the microcirculation in imaging studies of angiogenesis and may be of value as surrogate markers in trials of antiangiogenic therapy.
Enhancing leadership density through effective senior management teams (SMTs)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Increasingly, it has been argued that senior management teams, comprising principals, deputy heads and other personnel, play a critical role in the governance of schools. In recent years, researchers have drawn upon the tools of micropolitics to illuminate the relationships, dynamics and power plays between and among members of SMTs. This chapter examines two key questions about such bodies. First, it overviews some of the seminal literature available about SMTs and micropolitics and thus identifies important learnings about both the challenges facing members of SMTs and how these challenges might be addressed to make SMTs more effective. Second, it looks at one way that SMTS can review their current dynamics and practices and how such information might be used developmentally to make SMTs more effective. The TEAM Development Questionnaire and TEAM Development Process are key elements of this. The questionnaire presented here was especially devised to use with members of SMTs to help them (1) identify the dynamics among team members and (2) identify areas for the team to improve. A set of procedures for implementing the TEAM Development Questionnaire is provided to demonstrate its application to the field. While this instrument provides some guidance regarding the way SMTs can work towards more effective collaborative practices, it emphasises that teams need to regularly reflect critically on the relationships among, and dynamics of, such teams in schools if leadership synergies are to be achieved. The rapidly changing and challenging contexts now so evident in schools demand this.
A New Visibility: An Argument for Alternative Assistance Writing Programs for Students with Learning Disabilities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We argue against the metaphor of the playing and its natural coercive power; in so doing, we call for an end to the invisibility that the debate over accommodations has imposed on learning disabilities in the past decade. A literature review of LD in composition shows how this invisibility has manifested itself in our field through limited professional discussion of LD. In response, we propose not a level playing field but a new playing field altogether, a visible one that actively promotes alternative assistance for student writers with LD in first-year composition programs. We seek to show how the LD and composition fields could create a powerful partnership by serving students with LD through the principle of the liberal theory of distributive justice.
Quantitative assessment of erector spinae muscles by CT in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Quantitative assessment of erector spinae muscles (ECM) assessed by chest computed tomography (CT) was reported to be prognostic factor in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thus far, there have been no reports that investigate ECM in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the area of ECM assessed by chest CT and 6 minute walk test, and mortality in patients with IPF. Methods: A total of 172 IPF patients were retrospectively enrolled. CT analysis was performed using a commercially available CT imaging analysis workstation (Synapse VINCENT, Fujifilim Medical systems, Japan). The cross-sectional area of ECM was measured on a single-slice axial CT image at the level of the 12th thoracic vertebra. Simple linear regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between the area of ECM and the walk distance, and lowest SpO2 during 6 minute walk test. Furthermore, Cox regression analysis and Kaplan–Meier method were performed. Results: The area of ECM was involved with walk distance (P<0.0001), but not with lowest SpO2 during 6 minute walk test (P=0.88). Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed the area of ECM is a prognostic factor (HR 0.9996, 95%CI 0.9994 – 0.9999, P <0.001). However, the area of ECM was discarded on multivariate Cox regression analysis including pulmonary function tests. The median survival time of the patients with the area of ECM less than 21 cm2 was 21.8 months. Conclusion: The area of ECM is a prognostic factor in patients with IPF. The exercise tolerance in patients with IPF might be evaluated by the area of ECM in chest CT.
Intradural tumoral calcinosis of the foramen magnum region: A case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tumoral calcinosis is a rare disorder characterized by tumor-like calcified masses commonly occurring in the periarticular regions of the extremities. Conversely, intradural tumoral calcinosis of the spine is extremely rare, with only two previously reported cases. To our knowledge, this is the first intradural case located in the foramen magnum region.
SOCIAL RIGHTS AND ECONOMIC CRISIS:ACTIVATE CONSTITUTIONAL POLICY AND SECURE THE POSITIVE OBLIGATIONS OF THE STATE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The economic crisis should not be accepted as the end of the Social (Welfare) State. It is a new opportunity to defend social and economic human rights and to create the European Social State. A few changes in systemic understanding of the concept of Social State should be made accordingly. Constitutional policy should become more active. The doctrine of positive obligations of the state should be applied for more determined and effective realization of the constitutional principles of sociality, solidarity and social equality. Social roles of lawyers, especially legal scholars and judges, could be among the most important to achieve these goals.
Supplementary Figure 5. from Low-Dose Paclitaxel Reduces S100A4 Nuclear Import to Inhibit Invasion and Hematogenous Metastasis of Cholangiocarcinoma

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Figure 5. Low dose PTX did not affect cytoskeletal integrity of EGI-1 cells.</p>
Successful delivery of clinical gastroenterology studies in the UK

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Recent publications in Gut 1 ,2 have highlighted the beneficial role of the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Clinical Research Network in supporting clinical gastroenterology research in the UK.3 On an European level, the European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network provides integrated support to multinational clinical research projects in partner countries. The overarching aim of the NIHR Clinical Research Network is to maximise clinical research delivery by providing the infrastructure that allows high-quality studies to be undertaken in the NHS. The support available encompasses many aspects of the study life-cycle, including study set-up, researcher training and aiding study delivery, for example by providing protected clinician research time and research nurse support at individual study sites in NHS institutions. All clinical gastroenterology research studies entered onto the NIHR Clinical Research Network Portfolio are eligible for support.3

The performance of the NIHR Clinical Research Network Portfolio is closely monitored using several High Level Objectives, one of which is increasing the proportion of studies that deliver in line with their planned delivery time and patient recruitment targets. The progress of each study during the recruitment phase is rated on a BRAG (black/red/amber/green) system, with studies deemed to be on target (‘green’) if recruitment is running at least 80% of that expected according to each study's self-determined recruitment schedule.4 Upon closure, studies which successfully recruited to their …
Light deprivation: An efficient way in inducing depression-like behavior animal models

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Depression as one kind of neuropsychiatric disorder leads to great burden to both the economy and society worldwide.A great number of animal models of depression emerge with an aim to unveil the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of this serious mental illness.Among of these animal models, depression-like behavior model induced by light deprivation is of great interest to us.However, the current state of knowledge concerning this kind of animal model of depression has been relatively few to date.In the current review, we concisely summarized some key historic and recent studies related to depressive-like phenotypes induced by light deprivation, and emphasized the importance of this efficient, convenient as well as inexpensive method in producing depression-like behavior animal models.Moreover, it was highlighted that light therapy when combined with some other antidepressant treatment was much more powerful and efficient.Last but not the least, much more efforts were also made to outline the possible mechanisms underlying how light deprivation producing the depressive-like phenotypes in animal models, in order to shed some light on the future studies on depression.