jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Regional Chemotherapy of Melanoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 1999, an estimated 40,300 Americans will be diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma. Of these, approx 50% will have primaries that occur on the extremity (1). Although most patients present with disease that can be cured with surgery alone, approx 10–15% of patients with extremity melanoma will develop local recurrence, satellitosis, or intransit disease that is difficult to control or cure (2). Indeed, the most common pattern of recurrence in patients treated for localized melanoma is local-regional (3–6). Patients at highest risk for recurrent disease are those who present with deep primary melanoma or clinically positive regional nodal disease, or both.
The Postmodern Life Cycle and Pastoral Care and Counseling

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of life cycle development has had a profound influence on the field of pastoral care and counseling. At the same time, Erikson's theory has been resoundingly critiqued from the standpoint of feminist psychology and theology, multiculturalism, and, more recently, from that of postmodernist theory. It is difficult to imagine, however, approaching the work of pastoral care and counseling without having some reconstructed form of life-cycle developmental theory in mind. By developing the capacity to hold in dialectical tension Erikson's psychosocial theory of the life cycle and various critiques of this particular framework, practitioners and clergy will discover that certain developmental issues, such as intimacy, identity formation, generativity, and integrity, still apply to the postmodern individual.
Suicidal areas: Cluster analysis profiles of urban environments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For a 12 year period from 1966–1977 epidemiological data on attempted suicide will be presented for the city of Mannheim, Germany. In the line with Durkheim's theory of social disintegration within the tradition of ecological studies like Faris & Dunham's “Mental Illness in Urban Area” or Sainsbury's “Suicide in London”, we have done an ecological study on attempted suicide in Mannheim. The ecological study was based on the level of municipal wards, on the level of smaller enumeration districts and even on the level of streets and small neighborhood areas. As the results of the eclogical study it was found that the strength and the direction of correlations between attempted suicide rates and ecological properties of social disintegration varied with the level of the ecological unit. At the level of streets and small neighborhoods a high concentration of attempted suicide was found. Within the street with the highest rate any 10th inhabitant has attempted suicide within the 12 years’ period. The cluster analysis profiles show two types of areas with high rates of attempted suicide, where both, social anomie and social disintegration, are high.
Glutathione S-transferase polymorphism in ethnic groups living in Eastern Siberia

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The role of glutathione S-transferase for the life of the cell and the entire organism is related to their participation in the processes of detoxification of xenobiotics and antioxidant protection. Genetic variability of glutathione S-transferases appears in the form of different enzymatic activity of the corresponding protein products. In this study, a comparative analysis was conducted on the frequency of genotypes of three genes in the glutathione S-transferases gene superfamily (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1) from representatives of two ethnic groups, Russian and Buryat. To this end, genetic typing of DNA samples was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Statistically significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of alleles A, B, C of the GSTP1 gene (р = 0.026) were found between the groups of teenagers compared. It was found that the frequency of the allele A, which codes for the active variant enzyme, is significantly higher in the Buryat ethnic group (p = 0.012). The allele B, the product of which is a “slow” version of the enzyme, was significantly more common in the Russian ethnic group (p = 0.014). In the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes, no statistically significant differences in the frequency of occurrence of “zero” and “functional” genotypes between the compared groups of teenagers were found. However, there was a tendency to increase in the frequency of the “zero” genotype of the GSTM1 gene in the Russian ethnic group. In addition, the frequency of the “zero” genotype in two genes GSTM1 and GSTT1 at once was almost two times higher in the Russian ethnic group than in the Buryat ethnic group.
Thalidomide induces imbalances in T-lymphocyte sub-populations in the circulating blood of healthy males

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Lepromatous leprosy patients experiencing erythema nodosum lepro sum ( ENL) have been reported to have an increase in the ratio of circulating T -helper to T -suppressor cells (H : S ratio).Thalidomide is an effective drug in the management of ENL.To determine if thalidomide affected cells of the immunoregulatory system, B cells, T cells, T-suppressor cells, T-helper and natural killer cells in the blood of the healthy males were enumerated.Thalidomide induced a decrease in the T-helper to T-suppressor cell ratio.The decrease was due to a significant reduction in the percentage and absolute number ofT-helper cells and an apparent increase in the percentage and absolute number of T-suppressor cells.B cells and natural killer cells were not affected .Thalidomide's ability to decrease the H: S ratio in healthy individuals suggests that it may act in ENL by reducing an elevation of that ratio.
The marketing of nicotine addiction by one oral snuff manufacturer

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Massachusetts Tobacco Control Program, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, 150 Tremont Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA GN Connolly Abstract Oral snuff is a form of smokeless tobacco that has been shown to cause oral cancer, gum disease, and nicotine dependence. Since 1970 use of oral snuff has soared among young males. I believe this in creased use is a direct result of an industry advertising and marketing campaign that encourages young non users to experiment with low nicotine starter products with the intent of gradu ating new users up to higher nicotine brands as dependence progresses. This article reviews internal industry docu ments offered into evidence in a 1986 Oklahoma court case, tobacco and adver tising industry trade literature, and advertising and promotional material that shows how one snuff manufacturer markets nicotine dependence to young people.
Table S2, Table S3 from Transcriptomic Differences between Primary Colorectal Adenocarcinomas and Distant Metastases Reveal Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Subtypes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Table S2. Extended Table 2 for MCC dataset: Determining differences between primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and liver metastases with (tissue sensitive) and without (tissue agnostic) consideration of tissue-specific pathway expression: Hallmark and C2 Collection. Table S3. Extended Table 2 for MCC dataset: Determining differences between primary colorectal adenocarcinomas and lung metastases with (tissue sensitive) and without (tissue agnostic) consideration of tissue-specific pathway expression: Hallmark and C2 Collection</p>
Effect of topical bile acids on gastric surface epithelial cells.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

By scanning electron microscopy, mucosae exposed to NTS, NTS + TC, or ATS maintained an intact layer of surface epithelial cells. ATS + TC induced dose-dependent exfoliation of sheets of surface cells. Compared with NTS, neither NTS + TC nor ATS altered DNAE; DNAE increased only in mucosae exposed to ATS + TC. Compared with ATS, ATS + TC increased cation fluxes and decreased PD (p less than 0.05). DNAE correlated with delta H+, delta Na+, delta K+, and PD (r = 0.95, 0.93, 0.86, and 0.89) (all p less than 0.05). Pretreatment with acetylcysteine increased Na+ flux in mucosae exposed to NTS and ATS but otherwise did not change delta H+, delta K+, DNAE, or PD. In mucosae exposed to ATS + TC, DNAE paralleled morphologic changes in the surface epithelial layer and physiologic alterations in cation fluxes and PD. Both scanning electron microscopy and measurement of DNAE appear to be useful tools in assessing surface epithelial cell injury.
Electromagnetic induction heating of meteorite parent bodies by the primordial solar wind

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We consider the electromagnetic induction heating of meteorite parent bodies in the strong solar wind in the T Tauri phase of the Sun including the effect of the Alfvén wing generated by the interaction between a steady uniformly flowing magnetized plasma and a conductor. The characteristics of the electric current induced in the conductor are determined by the shortest of the three characteristic times: time for the Alfvén wave to propagate from one boundary of the conductor to the other (Alfvén travel time), time for the flow to cross the conductor, and time for the conductor to diffuse the magnetic field. The limit for which the Alfvén travel time is the shortest is applied to the interaction between a meteorite parent body and the solar wind in the T Tauri phase. In this limit the increase of the temperature of meteorite parent bodies is independent of the magnetic field, and inversely proportional to the electrical conductivity of meteorite parent bodies. Numerical calculations are carried out in the case where the electrical conductivity depends on the temperature. The result shows that the region of the high heating rate is confined to the surface. Since the conductivity has a strong positive dependence on the temperature, negative feedback on the heating process tends to suppress the temperature increase. The result also indicates that the lower the surface temperature, the higher the heating rate, since the conductivity is kept low.
Facile Two‐Step Synthesis of Porous Antigen‐Loaded Degradable Polyelectrolyte Microspheres

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Durchlässige Medizin: Poröse antigenbeladene abbaubare Polyelektrolytmikrokügelchen werden auf einfache Weise hergestellt und zeichnen sich durch hohe Verkapselungseffizienzen und eine effiziente Internalisierung durch antigenpräsentierende Zellen aus. Mögliche Anwendungen dieser mehrlagigen Kapseln finden sich im Gen- und Wirkstofftransport und als Enzym-Mikroreaktoren.
Ecological Restoration as Public Spiritual Practice

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The practice of ecological restoration is the attempt to repair ecosystems that have been damaged or degraded, most often by past human activities. Restoration includes everything from removing dams to planting native trees, grasses and wildflowers to bio-reactivating soil to controlling invasive plants to recontouring land. Beyond this, ecological restoration is the attempt to restore humans' relationship with nature. In the actual activities of restoring land, humans are in important ways restored to land. This paper argues that one of the ways in which restoration practice reconnects humans to nature is in a spiritual-moral sense. In addition to performing ecological work, restoration performs sacred work and serves as a form of public witness; and it can engender spiritual-moral experiences within participants. For these reasons, we can view restoration not only as a promising contemporary environmental practice, but also as a burgeoning public spiritual practice.
The Impact of Nitrification on Soil Acidification and Cation Leaching in a Red Alder Ecosystem

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The objectives of this study were to investigate the impacts of internal nitrification on soil and soil solution acidity and on the rate of nutrient export through NO 3 − mediated leaching. This was achieved by comparing soil chemical properties and soil solution composition within a naturally N‐rich red alder ( Alnus rubra Bong.) ecosystem to those of an adjacent Douglas‐fir [ Pseudotsuga menziesil (Mirbel) Franco] forest where soil N levels were significantly lower and no measurable HNO 3 production could be observed. In the red alder system, where > 100 kg ha −1 yr −1 of N were added through symbiotic N 2 fixation, the net annual NO 3 − leaching past the 40‐cm soil depth amounted to 3460 mol charges ha −1 , and NO 3 − concentrations in the solutions collected below 40 cm periodically exceeded drinking water standards of 10 mg L −1 . The H + and NO 3 − release was most pronounced in the forest floor and top 10 cm of the soil under alder occupancy and caused significant acidification of percolating solutions. Less than 1% of the total H + input from internal (nitrification) and external (atmospheric) sources leached below the 40‐cm depth, which was indicative for the strong buffering capacity of this particular soil. The cation displacement reactions involved in this pH buffering caused a 15% decline in base saturation and a significant acidification of the upper part of the soil profile. The presence of large amounts of mobile NO 3 − in solution triggered accelerated cation leaching, causing a selective redistribution of primarily exchangeable Ca 2+ from the A to the B horizon. These field studies lead us to conclude that the rate and the selectivity of NO 3 − mediated leaching in a red alder system could significantly lower the exchangeable cation pool in the rooting zone or cause nutrient imbalance, if a site is managed for repeated rotations of red alder.
On the American swaption in the linear-rational framework

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study American swaptions in the linear-rational (LR) term structure model introduced in [5]. The American swaption pricing problem boils down to an optimal stopping problem that is analytically tractable. It reduces to a free-boundary problem that we tackle by the local time-space calculus of [7]. We characterize the optimal stopping boundary as the unique solution to a nonlinear integral equation that can be readily solved numerically. We obtain the arbitrage-free price of the American swaption and the optimal exercise strategies in terms of swap rates for both fixed-rate payer and receiver swaps. Finally, we show that Bermudan swaptions can be efficiently priced as well.
Artificial intelligence-driven supply chain resilience in Vietnamese manufacturing small- and medium-sized enterprises

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Despite the exponential growth of artificial intelligence (AI) research in operations, supply chain, and productions management literature, empirical insights on how organisational behavioural mechanisms at the human–technology interface will facilitate AI adoption in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and subsequent impact of the adoption on sustainable practices and supply chain resilience (SCR) is under-researched. To bridge these gaps, we integrate resource orchestration and knowledge-based view theoretical perspectives to develop a novel structural model examining antecedents to SCR and AI adoption, considering AI adoption as a pivot for facilitating SCR. The structural equation modelling technique was employed on the data collected from 280 Vietnamese manufacturing SMEs’ operations managers. Our results demonstrate that leadership will drive AI adoption by creating a data-driven, digital and conducive culture, and strengthening employee skills and competencies. Furthermore, AI adoption positively influences CE practices, SC agility and risk management, which will help to achieve SCR. For managers, the importance of internal organisational employee-centric mechanisms to create value from AI adoption without impeding business value is highlighted. We reveal the enablers that will help in transforming SMEs to become resilient by deriving appropriate responses to unprecedented disruptions through data-driven decision-making leveraging AI adoption.
VH restriction among human cold agglutinins. The VH4-21 gene segment is required to encode anti-I and anti-i specificities.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract We previously reported that human autoantibodies with cold agglutinin activity contained a single human VH gene segment (VH4-21) which was also responsible for the cross-idiotypic specificity characteristic of the cold agglutinin response. To confirm and extend this observation we have analyzed at the nucleotide level the H and L chains of six new cold agglutinin molecules derived from different patients. We found that regardless of whether the antibody recognizes the i or the I red cell Ag, restriction at the VH gene segment level is absolute. We also found that even in the absence of somatic mutation the VH4-21 gene segment can encode both anti-i and anti-I specificities. Finally, although the VH4-21 gene segment is essential for cold agglutinin activity, the other genetic elements that contribute to the V region of the antibody molecules can be extremely diverse. The structural information provided in this report sharply restricts the requirement for encoding pathogenic cold agglutinin activity to one of the components of the H chain V region, specifically the VH gene segment. The implications of this apparently absolute requirement for a single VH gene segment, unprecedented in the human autoimmune response, are discussed.
Origins of natural gases and enviromnent of their generations, based on N2/Ar and He/Ar ratios.

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

N2/Ar and He/Ar ratios and their isotopic ratios of gas samples from exploration and production wells of oils and natural gases in the Tohoku district, Japan, were measured for discussing the origins of natural gases. Their plots of N2/Ar and He/Ar ratios from the Green Tuff region and non-volcanic area show the common distribution with positive correlation, being lower than those of geothermal and volcanic gases which contain the magmatic gas with higher N2/Ar and He/Ar ratios in the Northeast Japan. In their distribution zone, the gases collected from formations with high maturity level of organic matter show high N2/Ar and He/Ar ratios, while the gases from the formations with its low maturity level give their low ratios. The natural gases of their high ratios contain thermogenic CH4 and N2 accompanied by Ar having high 40Ar/36Ar ratios deep-seated in the crust. On the other hand, the gases with low N2/Ar and He/Ar ratios are characterized mainly by biogenic CH4 and atmospheric N2 and Ar with low 40Ar/36Ar ratios. These results indicate that natural gases from the Green Tuff formations rarely contain magmatic N2 and CH4. Furthermore, the correlation between N2/Ar and He/Ar ratios of natural gases seems to be useful in estimating their origins and the environment of their generations.
Diet of the European flying squid Todarodes sagittatus (Cephalopoda: ommastrephidae) in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Stomach contents of Todarodes sagittatus caught by trawlers working from 100 to 800 m depth in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean) were studied. From the 348 stomachs examined (153 males and 195 females) 33.62% were empty (39.21% in males and 29.74% in females). The diet of the squid was composed of 58 different prey items belonging to four major groups: Osteichthya, Crustacea, Cephalopoda and Chondrichthya. Osteichthyes, crustaceans and cephalopods were the most common prey, with a frequency of occurrence value of 84.85, 48.92 and 29.87% respectively. A change in the diet as the squid grows was observed, since juveniles feed basically on fishes while adults prey more actively on crustaceans. Analysis of the diet by size-classes reflected an ontogenetic migration to deeper waters since, parallel to the increase of size, a raise in the percentage of prey species inhabiting deeper waters was detected. Cannibalism was quite frequent, since T. sagittatus was the second most common cephalopod prey. Females had higher fullness-weight index and lower emptiness index than males, which reflects their major energetic demand for egg production.
Material derivation affects the perception of sustainability in polymer products

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

There is an increasing demand for “natural” products by consumers, businesses, scientists and product developers. Trends suggest that the term natural may be colloquially understood to be a plant-based material or ingredient. This study investigates whether this trend could apply to polymers by declaring the derivation of the polymer as a plant or as petroleum. Because polymer materials do provide environmentally positive attributes for products in relation to other materials, such as lightweighting, durability, and lower fabrication energy requirements, it may be helpful to understand the influence of a polymer’s derivation on the perception of a polymer product’s sustainability. The goal of this study is to assess peoples’ relative perceptions of the sustainabilities of polymer drinking cups when the base materials from which the polymers were derived are exposed. A set of six injection-molded drinking cups was given to research subjects to analyze. Each cup is made of a different polymer. The polymers have derivations including petroleum, corn, sugar and trees. Participants evaluated the cups on six qualitative design strategies for sustainability, including natural-ness. This paper compares the perceived sustainable attributes of the cups, and which attributes were most strongly influenced by revealing the derivation of the polymers.
SAP Orchestrates SLAM Signals

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The activation of immune cells requires tight control of signaling. Signaling through the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) attenuates T cell stimulation, and mutation of the SLAM-associated protein (SAP) results in X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease. Latour et al. have identified some of the components required for SLAM signaling and have found that SAP mediates the formation of a protein complex on SLAM. SAP consists of little more than a single src homology 2 (SH2) domain, yet Latour et al. found that phosphotyrosine-independent binding of SAP to the plasma membrane-proximal Tyr288 of SLAM led to the recruitment of the protein tyrosine kinase FynT to SLAM. Tyr315 and Tyr335 both underwent phosphorylation and recruited the adaptor proteins Shc, Dok1 and Dok2, the SH2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase (SHIP), and RasGAP. Activated SLAM, in the presence of SAP, blocked the secretion of the T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cytokine interferon-γ (IFN-γ), but not interleukin-2 from T cell receptor-stimulated T cells in vitro. Upon T cell activation, the amount of cellular SAP decreases, whereas the amount of SLAM increases slightly. Subsequently, the amount of SAP increases, which leads to decreased IFN-γ output. Thus, these results suggest that SLAM and SAP might act to fine-tune the profile of cytokines produced over the duration of the immune response.S. Latour, G. Gish, C. D. Helgason, R. K. Humphries, T. Pawson, A. Veillette, Regulation of SLAM-mediated signal transduction by SAP, the X-linked lymphoproliferative gene product. Nature Immunol. 2, 681-690 (2001). [Online Journal]