jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Strategies for Improving the Advanced Placement Examination Scores of AP Social Studies Students

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

WHETHER WE LIKE IT OR NOT, we live in a highly competitive world. Although there is no national competency examination in our subject area, Advanced Placement social studies courses are being used more and more to improve the credentials of college applicants. Those of us teaching these courses are under increasing pressure from parents and school administrators to allow more and more students to take the AP courses and to improve the AP scores of our students. The present standards movement has affected all social studies teachers. As this movement sweeps the country, more and more of us are faced with the difficult task of either teaching meaningful skills or teaching to a test. A recent study I conducted has demonstrated that we can achieve both. The study focused upon improving instruction in AP social studies courses through providing teacher training in the use of different teaching methods and strategies. Specifically, teachers learned the importance of (a) mastery learning, (b) the use of weekly written assessments, (c) the use of primary documents, (d) the use of actual AP tests for practice, (e) the use of student-developed outlines, and (f) vocabulary development. Each of the AP social studies teachers attended an AP Teacher Institute for their
Disbelief in belief: On the cognitive status of supernatural beliefs

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Religious people seem to believe things that range from the somewhat peculiar to the utterly bizarre. Or do they? According to a new paper by Neil Van Leeuwen, religious “credence” is nothing like mundane factual belief. It has, he claims, more in common with fictional imaginings. Religious folk do not really “believe” – in the ordinary sense of the word – what they profess to believe. Like fictional imaginings, but unlike factual beliefs, religious credences are activated only within specific settings. We argue that Van Leeuwen’s thesis contradicts a wealth of data on religiously-motivated behavior. By and large, the faithful genuinely believe what they profess to believe. Although many religions openly embraces a sense of mystery, in general this does not prevent the attribution of beliefs to religious people. Many of the features of religious belief that Van Leeuwen alludes to (e.g., invulnerability to refutation, incoherence) are characteristic of irrational beliefs in general, and actually betray their being held as factual. We conclude with some remarks about the common failure of secular people to face the fact that some religious people really do believe wildly implausible things. Such incredulity, as evinced by Van Leeuwen and others, could be termed “disbelief in belief”.
Standard drum patterns in Nigeria

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the study of African music, it is often dangerous to draw dogmatic conclusions as what obtains in one part of the continent can many times be entirely different from the practices in other parts; and even in one particular area of research, care must be taken to look at exhaustive data before a general conclusion can be made. In spite of this, I think we can safely say that the drum is the basis of all African instrumental music -and I am not overlooking the all-xylophone orchestras of the Chopi people, who are the exception rather than the rule. I would like to mention here that by drum I mean not only the skin variety, but pot drums, wooden drums, calabash drums and all other instruments of this variety which fulfil the same functions
53‐1: Invited Paper: Research on Adhesion of Acrylic Photoresist on Different Substrates for OLED Display

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Acrylic photoresist could be applied as a functional layer for OLED display, and it is required to be fabricated mainly on the hybrid substrate of metal and inorganic silicide substrate or the polymer substrate. Through simulation, this paper concludes that moderately increasing the silane coupling agent content and moderate crosslinking degree of the material system could contribute to improving the adhesion force at the interface between acrylic photoresist and substrate, thereby avoiding peeling. Four acrylic photoresists named OC1‐4 with different formula are introduced, their adhesion force and peeling performances on different substrates are researched. The experimental results are consistent with that of simulation. Among them, OC1&4 with high content of silane coupling agent did not exhibit peeling on the hybrid substrate and polymer substrate, and their adhesion forces are large enough, making them suitable as functional layers for OLED display.
Optimization of a Fractionation Process of Sunflower Lecithin using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Food industry uses lecithins due to their rol as a multifunctional ingredient. Modification process of the original phospholipid composition of native lecithin such as fractionation is desirable for certain applications. The effect of the processing conditions (temperature 35-65o C, incubation time 30-90 min), solvent/lecithin ratio 2:1, 3:1, ethanol:water mixtures (90:10, 96:4, 100:0) and the optimization of the extraction of PC and PI enriched fractions of sunflower lecithin (a non GMO product) were studied. Parameters like yield % and the phospholipid composition of the enriched PC and PI fractions were determined and the percent extraction coefficients (EPC, EPE and EPI) in both enriched fractions were calculated. EPC values corresponding to enriched PC fractions ranged from 6.5 (35o C, 30 min, 2:1, 90:10) to 57.7 (65o C, 90 min, 3:1, 100:0). A significant increase of this coefficient (p < 0.05) was observed at high levels of temperature and incubation time assayed while the high water content in the ethanolic mixture recorded a considerable diminution in phosphatidylcholine extraction. EPI (< 3%) values are related to the high insolubility of phosphatidylinositol in all enriched PC fractions. An opposite behaviour was obtained for the enriched PI fraction. Statistical analysis and response surface methodology evidenced the influence of the different variables on the extraction of PC and PI enriched fractions at laboratory scale. RSM was a good tool for monitoring the evolution of the fractionation process of sunflower lecithin.
Cholecystocutaneous fistula containing multiple gallstones in a dog.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A 7-year-old dog was presented with a history of an open lesion on the right thoracic wall, discharging honey-like fluid and small stones. Ultrasonography and computed tomographic fistulography identified a cholecystocutaneous fistula; cholecystectomy was curative. Veterinarians should consider this disease in patients with long-term discharging lesions on the right thoracic or abdominal wall.
Occurrence of salmon (Salmo salar L.) in the Szczecin Firth and Lower Odra in 1975

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present paper contains numbers, weights as well as regions and seasons of capture of salmon, Salmo salar L. caught in the Polish part of the Szczecin Firth and Lower Odra in 1975. Affinity of the fishes caught to the spawning and post-spawning stocks is discussed as well.
Vividness, voice, and the imagination according to Petrarch

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The silence of Petrarch’s picture of Laura lamented in poem 78 is normally viewed as an argument for the superiority of poetry over painting. It is true that in this poem the image of Laura seems to listen but not to speak, whereas, in other poems, the verbal representation of the woman speaks freely. This article argues that Petrarch’s writings about images employ fragile silences for carefully deliberated expressive purposes. It is shown that attention to questions of sound in vivid description was something that Petrarch learned from Quintilian. He would also have noted the sounds reported in the ekphrases of Homer, Virgil, and Catullus. Dante and Petrarch used the subjunctive in their writings on vivid images to convey the idea that pictures only seemed like they could speak. The almost-speaking topos was taken up by later humanist poets. The article examines the different configurations of verbal and visual description and argues that potential discrepancies between them were resolved using the imagination.
Substrate-based kinase activity inference identifies MK2 as driver of colitis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and debilitating disorder that has few treatment options due to a lack of comprehensive understanding of its molecular pathogenesis. We used multiplexed mass spectrometry to collect high-content information on protein phosphorylation in two different mouse models of IBD. Because the biological function of the vast majority of phosphorylation sites remains unknown, we developed Substrate-based Kinase Activity Inference (SKAI), a methodology to infer kinase activity from phosphoproteomic data. This approach draws upon prior knowledge of kinase-substrate interactions to construct custom lists of kinases and their respective substrate sites, termed kinase-substrate sets that employ prior knowledge across organisms. This expansion as much as triples the amount of prior knowledge available. We then used these sets within the Gene Set Enrichment Analysis framework to infer kinase activity based on increased or decreased phosphorylation of its substrates in a dataset. When applied to the phosphoproteomic datasets from the two mouse models, SKAI predicted largely non-overlapping kinase activation profiles. These results suggest that chronic inflammation may arise through activation of largely divergent signaling networks. However, the one kinase inferred to be activated in both mouse models was mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MAPKAPK2 or MK2), a serine/threonine kinase that functions downstream of p38 stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase. Treatment of mice with active colitis with ATI450, an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of the MK2 pathway, reduced inflammatory signaling in the colon and alleviated the clinical and histological features of inflammation. These studies establish MK2 as a therapeutic target in IBD and identify ATI450 as a potential therapy for the disease.
Quantifying the Hydrological Impacts of Irrigation on a Mediterranean Agricultural Context Through Explicit Satellite‐Derived Irrigation Estimates

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Water budget over anthropized basins is profoundly altered by human interventions, among which irrigation prevails. This study investigates how such water use affects hydrological flux and state variables by comparing two SURFEX/ISBA ( SURFace EXternalisée/Interaction Sol Biosphère Atmosphère ) Land Surface Model simulations performed over a portion of the Ebro basin (Spain) that includes a heavily irrigated area. The first simulation is forced by atmospheric input only, while the second one is fed with atmospheric forcing plus remote sensing‐derived irrigation amounts added to the liquid precipitation. Four main hydrological output variables are compared under the two configurations: surface soil moisture (SM), total evaporative flux (i.e., the sum of components from bare soil and vegetation) (E), drainage, and runoff. Results indicate that SM and E are the variables mostly impacted during the main watering season. Considering mean daily rates per each month, a maximum increase of +30% and of +220% is found over the irrigation districts in July for SM and E, respectively. The reliability of the results is supported by comparisons with satellite evapotranspiration data from MODIS (MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer). The inclusion of irrigation reduces the RMSE between monthly anomalies of modeled E and of MODIS reference data by 41% during the main watering season. Further validation through wavelet coherence analysis is also proposed. This study sheds light on the potential of explicit satellite‐derived irrigation water use data that, when integrated into modeling platforms, allow us to track and quantify anthropogenic impacts on water resources.
Determining Rate of Return by Means of Payback Period and Useful Life

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Payback period is an important and widely-used measure of the economic attractiveness of an investment opportunity. It is an easy concept to understand and is readily computed by a variety of methods. The difficulty, however, is that these methods give misleading results. Nevertheless, payback period determination may be considered an effective intermediate step in the computation of the after-tax rate of return. The conversion techniques must, of necessity, be simple in order to encourage the use of rate of return as the decision criterion rather than payback period. The relationships between payback period as defined here and rate of return are developed for both the before-tax and after-tax situations. If the tax consequences are to be considered, the tax rate and depreciation method must be known in addition to payback period and useful life. The equations derived for computing the rate of return are plotted for selected values of the parameters, and the resulting curves provide a simple means for determining the rate of return when the payback period is known.
How fast can one overcome the paradox of the energy transition? A physico-economic model for the European power grid

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The paradox of the energy transition is that the low marginal costs of new renewable energy sources (RES) drag electricity prices down and discourage investments in flexible productions that are needed to compensate for the lack of dispatchability of the new RES. The energy transition thus discourages the investments that are required for its own harmonious expansion. To investigate how this paradox can be overcome, we argue that, under certain assumptions, future electricity prices are rather accurately modeled from the residual load obtained by subtracting non-flexible productions from the load. Armed with the resulting economic indicator, we investigate future revenues for European power plants with various degree of flexibility. We find that, if neither carbon taxes nor fuel prices change, flexible productions would be financially rewarded better and sooner if the energy transition proceeds faster but at more or less constant total production, i.e. by reducing the production of thermal power plants at the same rate as the RES production increases. Less flexible productions, on the other hand, would see their revenue grow more moderately. Our results indicate that a faster energy transition with a quicker withdrawal of thermal power plants would reward flexible productions faster.
[Catamenial pneumothorax; report of a case].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 40-year-old female had right-sided pneumothorax. She was treated with a chest tube. On the 2nd day, her menstruation started. Because of a persistent air leak, she underwent a thoracoscopic operation on the 15th day. During the operation, we noted a pulmonary bulla at the apex and multiple blue berry spots both on the visceral pleura and the tendinous part of the diaphragm. We performed a resection of the pulmonary bulla, partial diaphragmatic excision plus suture. Section of visceral pleura and diaphragm shows ductal structures, which is insistent with endometriosis. The serum CA125 level decreased to 39 U/ml. Following surgery, oral contraceptives was started and no recurrence was encountered thereafter.
Digital Applications in Endodontics

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The aim of this review was to provide an overview of the applications of digital dentistry technologies in endodontics, such as digital two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) imaging techniques, computer aided diagnosis (CAD) and improvement of artificial intelligence (AI) models, computer-controlled access cavity designs and 3-D printing applications. Advantages and disadvantages of these newly introduced technologies were discussed briefly with their indications. Apart from therapeutical or rehabilitative procedures, the use of digital technologies adapted for student training and research simulations were also presented.
Seasonal incidence of type I diabetes mellitus in the north of Iran

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Type I diabetes mellitus (T1DM) with growing frequency which is considered as a world health threatening problem is an autoimmune disease with insulinupenia. Considering the relationship between the incidence of T1DM and environmental factors, the aim of this study was to assess seasonal incidence of T1DM and its association with birth season. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 112 diabetic patients (66 males, 46 females) less than 18 years, referred to Pediatric Endocrine Clinic (Amirkola Children's Hospital) during 2011-2017. All the needed information was extracted from the patient's files and asking questions of their parents. Data were collected in a checklist. Comparison between different seasons and age groups was done by Pearson's chi-square test. Data were analyzed using SPSS 19 and p£0.05 was considered significant level. Results: The mean age of the patients during diagnosis of T1DM was 7.34±3.70 years. The incidence of T1DM was significantly increased in the cold seasons (especially winter) (P<0.008). A more increased incidence was seen in cold seasons in the aged group of 5-9 years old compared to other groups. However, no significant difference was found in all groups in terms of birth season. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest the effects of season as an environmental factor on diabetes incidence. This seasonal diversity is more prominent in the age less than 10 years. So, attention to maintaining the public health and to preventing from viral infections in cold seasons is recommended.
Isolation and purification of pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A from human amniotic fluid and its bioactivity assessment.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: To isolate and purify pulmonary surfactant-associated protein A(SP-A) from human amniotic fluid. METHODS: Human amniotic fluid was collected from 11 parturients and SP-A was isolated by extraction and dialysis followed by purification procedures. The specificity of SP-A was detected by Western blotting and the bioactivity assessed by MTP-1 film balance. RESULTS: An amount of 12 mg (20 ml) purified SP-A was obtained, and the protein presented a single band upon SDS-PAGE with relative molecular mass of 31 000. Western blotting also displayed one specific band. Film balance demonstrated that the minimum surface tension alphamin of Exosurf, an synthetic pulmonary surfactant, was 7.7+/-0.3, significantly higher than alphamin of Exosurf and SP-A mixture(1.5+/-0.22, P<0.05), indicating enhanced bioactivity of the mixture. CONCLUSION: Dialysis can effectively purify SP-A from human amniotic fluid with little damage of its biological activity.
FROM DESCRIPTIVISM TO CONSTRUCTIVISM ‐ A CHALLENGE TO SYMBOLIC MODELING. II

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Classical modeling is not isomorphic, on the contrary the “objects of reality” or the like is the source of a homomorphic mapping performed to produce the model – just the way a piece of landscape is portrayed by its map with some bewildering details left out. We are thus taught that this process of modeling (or abstraction) is a plain mapping procedure –we call this descriptivism or representationalism. The prevailing object‐oriented modeling approach – or realistic approach – has some serious shortcomings due to the negligence of some aspects of the observer function, which for instance has resulted in a “world definition” made from “outside” the living consciousness (realism or materialism). By reversing this picture instead taking off from the impressions arisen within the subject's (the observer/knower's) conscious experience – the subject‐oriented approach –and ask how a living consciousness organizes itself to handle the task of living, we gain new insights in the process of conceptualization and learning. We learn that the dualistic world view is superfluous and should better be replaced by a neutral monistic approach, where the hypothetical existence of an independent outside reality (realism) can be substituted by the idea of a reality constructed from inside a living consciousness –nothing else but a model whose main purpose is to guide human anticipation and facilitate communication. Taking that stances the main tasks of human consciousness just become modeling – creating the outside model reality and the inside domain of feelings. In such a framework also the classical truth – in the sense of a God‐given modeling truth become meaningless – and must be substituted by the Pierce‐ain pragmatical or consensual truth. In the subject‐oriented approach states, properties etc. are not given any observer independent existence. On the contrary they emerge at the moment of their measurement as advocated by the Copenhagen interpretation. Bell's theorem also states: Given the quantum mechanics, either the idea of Einstein locality or the idea of an observer independent reality must be abandoned. The subject‐oriented approach clearly abandons the idea of a pre‐given observer independent reality – in favor of a cognitive agent created private reality, which then become the base for defining an “objective reality” in the form of a consensual scientific agreement.
Comparing single-species and mixed-species groups in fruit flies: differences in group dynamics but not group formation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mixed-species groups describe active associations among individuals of two or more species at the same trophic level. Mixed-species groups are important to key ecological and evolutionary processes such as competition and predation; and ignoring the presence of other species risks ignoring a key aspect of the environment in which social behavior is expressed and selected. Despite the defining emphasis of active formation for mixed-species groups, surprisingly little is known about the mechanisms by which mixed-species groups form. Further, insects have been almost completely ignored in the study of mixed-species groups, despite their taxonomic importance and relative prominence in the study of single-species groups. Here, we measured group formation processes in Drosophila melanogaster and its sister species Drosophila simulans. Each species was studied alone, and together; and one population of D. melanogaster was also studied both alone and with another, phenotypically-distinct D. melanogaster population, in a nested-factorial design. This approach differs from typical methods of studying mixed-species groups in that we could quantitatively compare group formation between single-population, mixed-population, and mixed-species treatments. Surprisingly, we found no differences between treatments in the number, size, or composition of groups that formed, suggesting that single-species and mixed-species groups form through similar mechanisms of active attraction. However, we found that mixed-species groups showed elevated inter-species male-male interactions, relative to inter-population or inter-genotype interactions in single-species groups. Our findings expand the conceptual and taxonomic study of mixed-species groups while raising new questions about the mechanisms of group formation broadly.