jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Current Concepts in the Management of Distal Radius Fractures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The treatment of fractures at the distal end of the radius continues to challenge orthopaedic and upper extremity surgeons. As our understanding of the injury mechanism and local anatomy continues to improve, so too have our surgical techniques in helping patients regain functional use of the injured extremity. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the treatment methods available for distal radius fracture management.
A spectrum sensing data falsification countermeasure strategy in energy-efficient CRN

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In cooperative detection, many secondary users (SUs) collaborate to sense spectrum holes, in order to enhance the reliability of spectrum sensing. However, some malicious SUs may interfere with cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) performance by inducing false observation bits for fusion. An improved spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) countermeasure strategy is proposed. The strategy considers both energy-efficiency and security in cooperative detection phase. The optimal legitimate/malicious SU numbers can be determined with the objective of energy-efficiency maximization, under the constraints of message authentication code (MAC), CSS report distance and report error rate in the reporting sub-phase. In the proposed strategy, the tradeoff between security and energy-efficiency is investigated to guarantee secure CSS. Numerical results reveal that the proposed strategy outperforms a conventional SSDF defensive strategy with the same MAC security bits scenario. The improved SSDF countermeasure scheme provides significant enhancement of energy-efficiency and security performance in CRN secure CSS.
Monadic Second-Order Unification is NP-Complete

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Bounded Second-Order Unification is the problem of deciding, for a given second-order equation t? = u and a positive integer m, whether there exists a unifier σ such that, for every second-order variable F, the terms instantiated for F have at most m occurrences of every bound variable. It is already known that Bounded Second-Order Unification is decidable and NP-hard, whereas general Second-Order Unification is undecidable. We prove that Bounded Second-Order Unification is NP-complete, provided that m is given in unary encoding, by proving that a size-minimal solution can be represented in polynomial space, and then applying a generalization of Plandowski’s polynomial algorithm that compares compacted terms in polynomial time. 1
Are fitness club members likely to meet the current physical activity recommendations?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The aims of the present study were (a) to assess PA level and prevalence meeting PA recommendations at onset and after 12 months of fitness club membership, and (b) to identify socioeconomic status (SES), and compare this in participants with high (≥two weekly sessions) exercise frequency and low (≤one exercise session/week) exercise frequency. PA level was measured by ActiGraph GT1M in 125 new fitness club members at onset and 12 months. A total of 250 participants answered a questionnaire covering SES and exercise frequency. To examine changes in PA level and the prevalence meeting PA recommendations, paired t tests or McNemar's test was used. No changes were found in total PA level (counts per minute (cpm)) (359.3 ± 109.5 vs 375.8 ± 123.1 cpm, P = .226) or MVPA (19.4 ± 14.8 vs 21.3 ± 17.9 minutes/d, P = .358) at 12 months. PA recommendation (≥150 minutes/wk of moderate to vigorous PA) was met by 37.7% and 45.9% at onset and after 12 months. Exercise frequency was not associated with SES. We found no increase in PA level the first year of fitness club membership. SES was not associated with regular use of the fitness club.
Effects of Hydrothermal Chemistry on Reservoir Evolution

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Although the corrosion and scaling problems associated with handling geothermal fluids are well known, the effects of hydrothermal reactions are often overlooked in geothermal reservoir modeling. Water-rock chemistry can be expected to affect the evolution of a reservoir in at least three ways: (a) the heats of reaction may contribute directly to the energy production, (b) the viscosity and thermodynamic properties of water are affected by the dissolved solidsâthis is especially important in two-phase regimes, and (c) the porosity and permeability change with time due to dissolving and precipitation as well as due to the volume change associated with alteration. In the case of alteration reactions, the reaction rate is not limited by solubility and, depending on the alteration rate, significant chemical energy may be extracted. One of the objectives of our experimental program is to determine alteration rates in typical reservoir rocks, and thus assess the importance of such reactions to the total thermal regime. The changes in porosity and permeability associated with both dissolving and alteration reactions are easily incorporated into standard finite difference schemes commonly used in numerical reservoir modeling; the paper illustrates this with a system of equations incorporating the dissolution and precipitation of SiO{sub 2}. Kinetics of these SiO{sub 2} reactions are briefly discussed. 6 refs., 2 tabs., 1 fig.
Myocardial revascularization results: electrical, structural, and geometric left ventricular remodelling in diastolic heart failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim. To assess the dynamics of structural and geometric left ventricular (LV) remodelling and myocardial electrical instability in patients with post-infarction cardiosclerosis (PICS), at baseline and one year after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Material and methods. The study included 54 patients with PICS (mean age 57,9±6,2 years) and previous coronary revascularization (up to two years earlier). The examination included 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG), with QT interval analysis (QTd, QTс), Holter ECG monitoring, echocardiography, signal-averaged ECG (SA ECG) with late ventricular potential analysis, heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate turbulence (HRT) assessment. Results. The analysis of structural and geometric parameters in patients after myocardial revascularization demonstrated adaptive LV remodelling, independent of the type of myocardial changes. Improved coronary perfusion after revascularization was associated with positive dynamics of SA ECG parameters, normalization of the last part of filtered QRS complex (in 26 % of the patients), and a decrease in QTd (-24 %) and QTс (-12,8 %). After CABG, HRT and HRV parameters also improved. Conclusion. In patients with coronary heart disease, the parameters of myocardial electrical instability could be used as additional, non-invasive markers of revascularization effectiveness.
Formation and Study of Bismuth Sulphide Thin Films on Textiles of Different Compositions

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The study aimed to form thin Bi2S3 films simultaneously on various textile materials using the environmentally friendly, low-cost successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method at ambient temperature, and to evaluate the influence of the textile’s composition on the resulting composites’ surface phase composition, morphology, and optical properties. The deposited films were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. This paper discusses how the structure and composition of the textiles affect the phase and elemental composition, crystallinity, morphology and optical properties of the formed films. The properties of the films are then compared. Depending on the textiles used, the formed films can be amorphous or polycrystalline, and can be rich in sulphur or near stoichiometric. Accordingly, the normalised atomic percentages of Bi in the films range from 3.62% to 33.87%, and those of S range from 96.38% to 66.13%. The optical energy gap value of the composites also varies depending on the textile substrate, ranging from Eg = 1.58 eV to Eg = 1.8 eV. These properties directly impact the films’ applications. We have obtained a rather low value of the optical energy gap in a simpler way.
Antibacterial and Antiviral Hydrogels

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Hydrogels are polymeric, water-swollen polymers with a characteristic three-dimensional structure. They were the first biomaterials explicitly created for use in the human body. Hydrogels are a category of highly hydrated materials used in various medical applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound fillers, and implant coatings, to mention a few. Due to the impending health catastrophe, research and development of antibacterial materials have risen in recent years to address this issue. This intrinsic property is a subject of significant scientific study interest, which leads to a preeminent avenue for expanding their potential in high-tech applications. Antimicrobial agents can be embedded into materials and released gradually over time. Hydrogels with antimicrobial characteristics can be produced by encapsulating or covalently immobilizing existing antimicrobial chemicals, or the material can be engineered to contain intrinsic antimicrobial activity. In this chapter, we give an overview of recently produced antibacterial and antiviral hydrogels and, when feasible, characterize their mode of action.
The Influence of Grain Shape and Size on the Relationship Between Porosity and Permeability in Sandstone

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

An accurate and reliable description of the relationship between porosity and permeability in geological materials is valuable in understanding subsurface fluid movement. This is of great importance for studies of reservoir characterisation, useful for energy exploitation, carbon capture, use and storage (CCUS) and groundwater contamination and remediation. Whilst the relationship between pore characteristics and porosity and permeability are well examined, there is scope for further investigation into the influence of grain characteristics on porosity and permeability due to the inherent relationship between grains and related pores. In this work we use digital image analysis (DIA) of reconstructed 3D X-ray micro computed tomographic (μCT) images to measure porosity, permeability and segment individual grains enabling the measurement of grain shape (sphericity) and size (Feret diameter). We compare two marker-based watershed workflows to grain boundary segmentation before applying the most reliable one to our images. We found there to be a positive relationship between grain sphericity and porosity according to ϕ=1.22ϕs-0.42 whereas no such relationship exists with grain size. We applied our grain shape and size measurements to calculate a Kozeny-Carman (K-C) porosity-permeability fit which was found to be unsatisfactory, possibly due to significant deviation from the K-C assumption that grains are spherical. Therefore, we show that a simpler fit of the form K= 10^5.54 ϕ^3.7, excluding any influence of grain characteristics, is most suitable for the studied materials and that grain shape and size is not influential on the porosity-permeability relationship in a K-C paradigm.
Organophosphate esters and their metabolites in eggs from Vietnam

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Data on the occurrence of organophosphate tri-esters (tri-OPEs) and their metabolites (di-OPEs) in hen’s eggs are scarce. Therefore, 200 egg samples were gathered in 2023 in Hanoi, Vietnam and analysed by UHPLC-Q-Exactive HRMS. The majority of these compounds were detected, with tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (0.10–2.7 ng/g wet weight (ww)) and trihexyl phosphate (0.08–2.3 ng/g ww) being the most prevalent tri-OPEs. Significant differences in tri-OPE profiles were observed in egg samples from battery-cage and free-range farming (p < .05). Despite egg levels ranging from 0.05 to 11.2 ng/g ww, Σdi-OPE accumulation in yolk and egg white was not significantly different in (p > .05). Among di-OPEs, dibutyl phosphate was found at the highest levels in the egg white, while bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate had the highest levels in yolk. There was no carcinogenic human health risk associated with OPEs in eggs (HQs <1).
Repensar la clasificación de los impuestos en el derecho brasileño

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the modern world, there is a clear phenomenon of impoverishment of legal science due to its disengagement from ethics, which must remain present and intact in the elaboration, interpretation and application of laws. Starting from the dimensions that surround the analysis of a crime (philosophical, political and legal-scientific), does the crime of evasion tax must aim at legal protection of the Treasury or the fundamental and solidarity duty of Paying taxes? Pay taxes, for the purposes of its configuration in the field of criminal law? The objective of this article is to analyze, even if superficially, the criteria of interpretation and application of the ethical foundations of taxation Western, since life in a society democracy requires citizens to fully exercise of fiscal solidarity, given its fundamental duty to pay taxes, depending on their economic capacity, for the achievement of the common good, so that whoever does not do so, intentionally, is committing a conduct deserving of criminal reproach.
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION WITH DIPHTHERIA TOXIN-ANTITOXIN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The property of diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixtures to produce immunity in animals has been known for a number of years. Successful results have been obtained in the immunization of horses (Park, 1902), goats, guinea-pigs, etc. Theobald Smith suggested the immunization of children by this method, but no one undertook it until 1912, when von Behring made the attempt. In May, 1913, von Behring1 reported the results obtained in human beings with mixtures of diphtheria toxin-antitoxin. The combined substances were either neutral or slightly toxic to the guinea-pig, but the definite proportions of toxin and antitoxin were not stated. The early reports of von Behring and his co-workers2were so favorable that we determined to make a similar attempt at the Willard Parker Hospital. The scarlet fever pavilion offered us exceptional opportunities to determine the efficiency of this prophylactic treatment against diphtheria. Mixtures of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin were accordingly prepared
Hindalco vs. Novelis: A Case on Acquisition

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Indian aluminium giant Hindalco acquired Atlanta-based company Novelis, a world leader in aluminium rolling and flat-rolled aluminium products, on 15 May 2007. This acquisition was done to gain immediate scale and a global footprint. Acquiring Novelis would also give Hindalco access to sheet mills that supplied to can manufacturers and auto companies. By investing in downstream Hindalco would go up the value chain and become a world leader in downstream aluminium-rolled products. It was already the biggest producer of primary aluminium in Asia and leader in copper production in India. However, many analysts believed that Hindalco had overpaid for a company that was making losses and that aluminium prices would drop by 2011. Would this acquisition prove beneficial for the shareholders?
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis in Florida: a case report and epidemiological review of Florida cases.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) is a rare but nearly always fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by the thermophilic, free-living ameba Naegleria fowleri. Since its first description in 1965 through 2010, 118 cases have been reported in the U.S.; all cases are related to environmental exposure to warm freshwater; most have occurred in children and adolescents and are associated with recreational water activities, such as swimming, diving, or playing in freshwater lakes, ponds, or rivers. Over one-fourth of all national PAM cases have occurred in Florida. The authors describe here a fatal case of PAM in a resident of northeast Florida and the ensuing environmental and public health investigation; they also provide a review of all cases of PAM in Florida from 1962 to 2010 and discuss public health responses to PAM in Florida, highlighting opportunities for positive collaboration between state and local environmental health specialists, epidemiologists, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Investigation the Effectiveness of Schema-Based Parenting on Emotion Regulation and Stress in Mothers of Children Under 6 Years Old

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Objective: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of schema-based parenting training on emotion regulation and stress in mothers with children under the age of six. Methods and Materials: This research employed a quantitative method with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design, involving two experimental groups and one control group. The statistical population included all mothers with children under six years old in the city of Isfahan. Sampling was done purposefully by visiting kindergartens in Isfahan. Based on the cut-off points of the questionnaires and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 30 participants were selected and randomly assigned into two groups: one experimental group (15 participants) and one control group (15 participants). Schema-based parenting training sessions (competent parenting) based on the protocol by Mehrabian et al. (2022) were conducted for the experimental group, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The research tools included the Abidin Parental Stress Index (1995) - Short Form, and the Shields and Cicchetti Emotion Regulation Checklist (1995). The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests (Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance and Bonferroni post hoc test) with SPSS software. Findings: Given that the calculated F values for between-group effects (group membership effect) and within-group effects (time effect), as well as the interaction effect of group and time, were significant at the 99% confidence level (P < 0.01), these results indicate a significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, it suggests that this significant difference exists in at least one of the intervention periods among the research groups. The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed a significant difference in the scores of adaptive emotion regulation, instability/negativity, and stress across the research stages between the experimental and control groups (P < 0.01). In other words, schema-based parenting training had a significant positive impact on the research variables (P < 0.01). Conclusion: These results confirm that this approach can be utilized as an effective strategy in improving parenting abilities and reducing psychological challenges in mothers during the parenting period.
[The kinetics of lithium in the rat serum, brain and liver].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The kinetics of lithium in the serum, liver and brain of rats is described. The serum levels resembled those of man, whereas considerable quantitative differences were observed when comparing specific kinetic parameters. The brain level increased with the increasing doses, approaching the corresponding serum level. Concentration differences between different brain areas could be observed only after repeated administrations. Striatum, cortex and hippocampus showed significantly higher levels than the thalamus. The liver content remained low with increasing doses, and was below the brain level.
P093 Dysregulation of cellular vs humoral immunity to the intestinal microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<b>Background:</b> The intestinal microbiota is altered in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but how interactions between microbes and the host immune system differ in health versus IBD is not understood. Large numbers of lymphocytes reside in gut mucosal tissues and play a key role in barrier function and immune surveillance. We have analysed immune cells and microbes at the mucosal surface and compared acquired memory responses to specific commensal bacteria. <b>Methods:</b> Colonic biopsies were obtained from healthy donors, or Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis patients not receiving corticosteroid or biologic therapies. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) and lamina propria lymphocytes (LPL) were isolated by digestion, phenotyped and counted by flow cytometry. Intraepithelial microbes were labelled with SYBR Green and anti-IgA and analysed by flow cytometry. Commensal bacteria were isolated from the GI tract of healthy donors and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. PBMC were CellTrace VioletTM-labelled and cultured with heat-killed bacteria to determine microbe-specific CD4+/CD8+ T cell and B cell responses after 7 days culture. <b>Results:</b> Numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL), of both resident memory CD8+ and γδ T cell subsets, were dramatically reduced (75–95%, p<0.006) in IBD, and there were 70% fewer resident memory type CD4 T cells in the lamina propria in ulcerative colitis (p<0.017). IgA responses to bacteria on the gut epithelium, and circulating memory B cells responsive to certain intestinal bacteria were increased in IBD, while healthy PBMC demonstrated CD4 memory T cell and occasional CD8 T cell responses but few B cell responses. There were fewer CD8 memory T cell responses to commensals in Crohn's disease, correlating with the low numbers of CD8 T cells in IEL. Circulating B cells from IBD donors showed signs of activation including increased proportions of plasmablasts in Crohn's donors and IgA-switched memory B cells. Our data suggest an imbalance between humoral and cellular immunity towards the microbiota in IBD, with enhanced mucosal antibody secretion concomitant with a loss of mucosal T cell-mediated barrier immunity. <b>Conclusions:</b> Strong CD4 T cell memory to commensal bacteria develops in health, contradicting the concept of tolerance to intestinal bacteria. Lack of CD8 T cell immunity and deficiency in IEL in IBD may result in compromised barrier function at the mucosal surface, leading to excessive B cell activation and antibody secretion against the microbiota. Therefore, rather than blanket immunosuppression, stimulation of mucosal T cell immunity may improve barrier function and counteract abnormal T cell inflammation and B cell IgA secretion against intestinal microbes in IBD.
Features of Students’ Economic Competence Formation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper provides the verification of a proposed technique aimed to develop students’ economic competence and considers criteria of students’ economic competence formation: motivational that is characterized by personality’s qualities and properties, tolerance and psychological readiness for future profession; cognitive that identifies the level of economic literacy development, assimilation of knowledge, mastering a complex of concepts, categories, laws; activity-based that assumes mastering actions that have an economic focus; abilities of rational labour organization; use of knowledge in non-standard situations; realization of design, organizational and implementation skills necessary for economic activity. On the basis of proposed criteria the authors revealed problems in the levels of students’ economic competence formation, and the technique was elaborated to enrich cognitive, motivational and activity-based components that feature the degree of experts’ readiness for vocational activity. Materials from the article can be useful for teachers of economic disciplines to select and structure the training content for students specializing in economic disciplines.