jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
‘The sooner you can change their life course the better’: the time-framing of risks in relationship to being a young carer

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article, we compare accounts given by young carers and specialist support workers about the riskiness of becoming a carer relatively early in life. We argue that since the mid-1990s, the policy response has problematised the comparatively early adoption of a caring role as a risk factor for future personal development. This temporal issue has become societally organised around concern about NEETs (young adults not in education, employment or training). Such a concern is predicated on cultural assumptions, now being undermined in response to economic crisis, about the existence of a critical age for transition to adulthood, successful navigation of which requires a time-limited period of personal freedom. Our findings suggest that, whereas support workers mostly see young caring in terms of risks to future prospects, young carers themselves identify not only current stresses, but also personal gains, from their experiences. Instead of categorising the timing of their caring as a source of risk, young carer respondents questioned service shortcomings which they felt made it harder for them to cope in the present, particularly inadequate social service support for relatives with disabilities and insensitivities in the education system. They did not see service providers as helping them to manage their futures. We locate this tension in risk social science debates about individualisation, transition to adulthood in late-modern society and risk management for those deemed vulnerable.
Estimating the effect of a rifampicin resistant tuberculosis diagnosis by the Xpert MTB/RIF assay on two-year mortality

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Studies assessing patient-centred outcomes of novel rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) diagnostics are rare and mostly apply conventional methods which may not adequately address biases. Even though the Xpert MTB/RIF molecular assay was endorsed a decade ago for simultaneous diagnosis of tuberculosis and RR-TB, the impact of the assay on mortality among people with RR-TB has not yet been assessed. We analysed data of an observational prospective cohort study (EXIT-RIF) performed in South Africa. We applied a causal inference approach using inverse odds of sampling weights to rectify survivor bias and selection bias caused by differing screening guidelines. We also adjusted for confounding using a marginal structural model with inverse probability of treatment weights. We estimated the total effect of an RR-TB diagnosis made by the Xpert assay versus the pre-Xpert diagnostic algorithm (entailing a targeted Line Probe Assay (LPA) among TB-confirmed patients) on two-year mortality and we assessed mediation by RR-treatment initiation. Of the 749 patients diagnosed with RR-TB [247 (33%) by the pre-Xpert diagnostic algorithm and 502 (67%) by the Xpert assay], 42.7% died. Of these, 364 (48.6%) patients died in the pre-Xpert group and 200 (39.8%) in the Xpert group. People diagnosed with RR-TB by the Xpert assay had a higher odds of RR-TB treatment initiation compared to those diagnosed by the targeted LPA-based diagnostic process (OR 2.79; 95%CI 2.19–3.56). Receiving an RR-TB diagnosis by Xpert resulted in a 28% reduction in the odds of mortality within 2 years after presentation to the clinic (ORCI 0.72; 95%CI 0.53–0.99). Causal mediation analysis suggests that the higher rate of RR-TB treatment initiation in people diagnosed by the Xpert assay explains the effect of Xpert on 2-year mortality [natural indirect effect odds ratio 0.90 (95%CI 0.85–0.96). By using causal inference methods in combination with high quality observational data, we could demonstrate that the introduction of the Xpert assay caused a 28% reduction in 2-year odds of mortality of RR-TB. This finding highlights the need for advocacy for a worldwide roll-out of rapid molecular tests. Because the effect is mainly caused by increased RR-TB treatment initiation, health care systems should also ensure timely initiation of effective treatment upon an RR-TB diagnosis.
The English Sabbath

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Sabbatarianism is commonly treated as a puritan characteristic, a theological innovation formulated by precisionists in the 1580s and 1590s, and among the earliest issues dividing conformists and puritans. The English Sabbath challenges this orthodoxy. Using local, ecclesiastical and parliamentary evidence, as well as theological works, Dr Parker traces the origins of this doctrine to medieval scholastic theology and finds a broad consensus on the issue in the Elizabethan and Jacobean Church. Re-examining the Book of Sports controversies and the sabbatarian disputes of the 1630s, the author argues that Laudian propagandists triggered vigorous opposition by denying the orthodoxy of this long-established doctrine and calling its defenders innovators. This propaganda polarized opinion and made sabbatarianism one of the most cherished puritan causes during the Civil War. The book is a significant contribution to current re-appraisals of Tudor and Stuart religious history and to our understanding of the origins of the Civil War
Extrapolation of the Animal Carcinogenesis Threshold to Humans

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The presence or absence of a threshold in carcinogenesis for genotoxic carcinogens was reevaluated. The ED01 study of 2-acetylaminofluorene, performed in the U.S. using more than 24,000 mice, provides us with information about the practical limits of an attainable experimental approach for determining carcinogenesis thresholds. The data indicated that the dose response was highly non-linear and an apparent threshold existed for bladder carcinogenesis, but that it was linear-no-threshold for liver carcinogenesis in the same animals. Despite smaller study sizes, we attempted to evaluate the carcinogenesis dose response to 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) in rats, using published data. Mammary tumors were induced in female F344 rats by PhIP in a linear-no-threshold dose response, as was lymphocytic leukemia in male and female rats. However, colon tumors were induced in a non-linear dose response, possibly with a threshold, in the same male animals. Liver tumors were induced in male F344 rats by MeIQx, and preneoplastic changes in the liver were induced in non-linear dose response, possibly with a threshold. From these findings, it can be deduced that linear or non-linear dose response with or without thresholds changes depending upon the exposing chemical, species and target organs. Considering heterogeneity of humans there would be no appropriate animal models to evaluate threshold in humans for carcinogenicity of chemicals. Some types of genotoxic carcinogens, such as methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, show highly non-linear dose response with an apparent threshold in mammalian cells or bacteria in vitro. Involvement of repair mechanisms strongly supports the presence of a threshold. Although it is necessary to confirm non-linear dose response for animal carcinogenesis of a compound showing a threshold for in vivo genotoxicity, it is expected that such compounds exhibit thresholds for human carcinogenesis. Dose response studies of genotoxic carcinogens will provide information on using valuable chemicals safely.
Cleansing Effectiveness of Electrolyzed Water Depending on the Nursing Procedure and Degree of Hand Contamination.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

We examined the antibacterial effectiveness of handwashing with electrolyzed water (EW) depending on the type of nursing procedure and differences in the degree of bacterial contamination on hands after the procedure. With respect to the bacteria on the hands after diapering (relatively heavy contamination), changing positions (relatively light contamination), and endotracheal aspiration (light contamination), handwashing for 10s and 30s with EW lowered the hand bacterial counts after handwashing to the same level as or lower than that before the procedures. Washing with EW was as effective as washing with medicated liquid soap and 7.5% (w/v) povidone-iodine liquid. Based on these results, we considered that handwashing for 10s with EW could be applied to any of the procedures that require direct contact with the patient's skin (diapering) or clothing (changing positions), as well as the procedures involving no direct contact with the patient (endotracheal aspiration). Furthermore, effective washing could be expected in a short period of time, with no rising of resident bacteria to the surface of the hand.
Noise Pollution and Abatement:

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Complaints concerning traffic noise and possibly seismic vibrations emanating from highways would probably have been adjudicated on the basis of common law doctrines pertaining to "nuisances", "common enemy'', and ''power of relief" were it not for recent legislation and regulations directed toward protection of the total environment. In effect, "freedom from noise" has been added to the clean water, clean air, clean earth policies. Surely each of those policies are founded on public sentiment. There have been a few instances where the Department has yielded relief because of traffic noise. Now safeguarding regulations seem inevitable. In the past, this Division has not presumed to pioneer in noise research but has been dutifully watchful toward developments elsewhere. We have procured a basic noise meter and have been cooperating with the Design Division in their more immediate efforts to bring measurements and abatement possibilities into consideration at the design stages. The formal, research proposal attached hereto is intended to consolidate our more casual efforts of the past into a timely study implementation of regulations. The work thus far has not involved federal participation. Regardless of whether or not participation will be sought, critical review and comments on the proposal are invited. The report submitted herewith is probably best described as "soft work" ; it is a brief review of literature and is included here in support of the proposal. The first part was written by Diana Deen, R. C. Deen's daughter, for a high-school assignment. It appeared to bring forward certain items of information not found in highway literature.
cis‐9,trans‐11 and trans‐10,cis‐12 CLA affect lipid metabolism differently in primary white and brown adipocytes of djungarian hamsters

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract We explored whether CLA isomers and other C 18 FA affect (i) lipid content and FA concentrations in total adipocyte lipids, (ii) FA synthesis from glucose in TAG and phospholipids of primary brown (BAT) and white adipocytes (WAT), and (iii) mRNA expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in primary brown adipocytes of Djungarian hamsters ( Phodopus sungorus ). c 9, t 11‐CLA, oleic, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acid increased whereas t 10, c 12‐CLA decreased lipid accumulation in both adipocyte types. t 10, c 12‐CLA treatment affected FA composition mainly in BAT cells. CLA incorporation into lipids, in particular c 9, t 11‐CLA, was higher in BAT. In both cell types, t 10, c 12‐CLA treatment reduced the incorporation of glucose 13 C carbon into FA of TAG and phospholipids, whereas c 9, t 11‐CLA, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acid either did not influence or dose‐dependently increased glucose carbon incorporation into FA. UCP1 mRNA expression was inhibited by t 10, c 12‐CLA but increased by c 9, t 11‐CLA, linoleic, and α‐linolenic acid. It is concluded that c 9, t 11‐CLA and t 10, c 12‐CLA have distinctly different effects on lipid metabolism in primary adipocytes. The effects of c 9, t 11‐CLA are similar to those of other unsaturated C 18 FA. The opposite effects of c 9, t 11‐CLA and t 10, c 12‐CLA are evident in both WAT and BAT cultures; however, brown adipocytes seem to be more susceptible to CLA treatment.
The haemorheological and antithrombotic potential of pentoxifylline ('Trental'): a review.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Haemorheological knowledge achieved in the past decade has revealed the essential interactions of flow properties of blood with haemostatic, coagulation, and vessel wall mechanisms in blood flow disturbances. Fine tuning of these factors maintains the physiologically adequate perfusion of the nutritive microcirculation. Under pathological conditions, therefore, the most beneficial effect can be expected from the therapeutic approaches which, apart from the disturbed flow properties of the blood itself, improve also all the other factors involved. In consequence, it is suggested that treatment of circulatory disturbances should be directed not only at the reduction of enhanced red blood cell aggregation and improvement of impaired red blood cell deformability, but also at a diminuation of enhanced platelet and white cell hyperreactivity as well as at an amendment of hypercoagulability and of the affected endothelial and vessel wall systems. Experimental and clinical studies are reviewed to show that pentoxifylline meets these different requirements to a great extent. Its multi-functional pharmacological profile suggests new aspects in the treatment of circulatory disorders in many diseases and in the prevention of thrombotic events.
Processing 3D GeoInformation for Augmenting Georeferenced and Oriented Photographs with Text Labels

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Online photo libraries face the problem of organizing their rapidly growing image collections. Fast and reliable image retrieval requires good qualitative captions added to a photo; however, this is considered by photographers as a time-consuming and annoying task. In order to do it in a fully automated way, the process of augmenting a photo with captions or labels starts by identifying the objects that the photo depicts. Previous attempts for a fully automatic process using computer vision technology only proved not to be optimal due to calibration issues. Existing photo annotation tools from GPS or geo-tagging services can only apply generic location information to add textual descriptions about the context and surroundings of the photo, not actually what the photo shows. To be able to exactly describe what is captured on a digital photo, the view orientation is required to exactly identify the captured scene extent and identify the features from existing spatial datasets that are within the extent. Assumption that camera devices with integrated GPS and digital compass will become available in the near future, our research introduces an approach to identify and localize captured objects on a digital photo using this full spatial metadata. It proposes the use of GIS technology and conventional spatial data sets to place a label next to a pictured object at its best possible location.
Use of a dual task paradigm to examine the effects of age on mobility and cognitive performances

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The increase in the aging population has become one of the most important problems of our society in last few decades. As people grow older, they are at risk of falling and consequent injuries due to the effects of aging. A fall may be the first indication of an undetected illness related to the effects of aging. This study demonstrates the effects of aging on balance, spatio-temporal gait parameters, gaze stability, and cognitive skills under single task conditions and during dual-tasks conditions. In the present study, we included following three groups: Group 1: 30 young healthy adults (aged 20 ± 3 years); Group 2: 30 adults (aged 61.4 ± 4.4 years); Group 3: 30 older adults (aged 75 ± 4.5 years). A computer game based rehabilitation platform has been developed and was used for the single and dual task performance in standing and during treadmill walking. We observed that there was a significant age effect while dual tasking on standing balance, spatial and temporal gait parameters, gaze performance, and cognitive task performance. To conclude, this study shows a vast decline in walking and standing balance and ability to divide attention during dual tasking between the age groups 55-70 years and 71- 85 years and compares both these age groups with the more normative, healthy, young and athletic, 20-30 years old population.
Redefining tax progressivity in developing countries: The Progressive Vertical Index

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Recent evidence from developing countries shows that the bottom of the income distribution pays more taxes relative to their income than the top 1%, highlighting a lack of tax progressivity in these societies. Current measures of tax progressivity fail to indicate which part of the income distribution explains this. Following the Palma Ratio intuition, this paper introduces the concept of vertical progressivity and a new index, the Progressive Vertical Index (PVI), which assesses the relationship between the tax burdens of the top 1% and the bottom 50% of the population. Using a novel dataset on tax rates in 10 Latin American countries from 2000 to 2020, the paper tests the PVI by comparing the results with the Kakwani index. The PVI is shown to offer an intuitive and transparent instrument for measuring the comparative tax burdens of the richest and poorest groups, thereby indicating that the problem of achieving tax progressivity in developing countries lies in correctly assessing the relationship between the effective tax rates paid by the rich and poor.
Impact of Hypertension on the Dose-Response Association Between Physical Activity and Stroke: A Cohort Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Regular physical activity is associated with a reduced stroke risk. However, this relationship might be attenuated in the presence of hypertension and antihypertensive medication use. We examined the dose-response relationship between physical activity and stroke in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. METHODS: A Dutch population-based cohort including 139 930 individuals (41% men; mean age, 44±13) was performed (median follow-up, 6.75 years). Participants were stratified at baseline as hypertensive (44%) or normotensive (56%) and categorized into quartiles of the lowest (Q1) to the highest (Q4) moderate-to-vigorous, self-reported physical activity. The primary outcome was incident stroke (fatal and nonfatal). Cox regression estimated hazard ratios and 95% CIs. The main analyses were stratified on baseline blood pressure and adjusted for confounders. Hypertensives were stratified into medicated (21%) or non-medicated (79%). RESULTS: Compared with Q1, adjusted hazard ratios were 0.87 (0.69–1.10; P =0.23), 0.75 (0.59–0.95; P =0.02), and 0.94 (0.74–1.20; P =0.64) for Q2 to Q4, respectively in the total population. Hazard ratios for normotensives were 0.79 (0.50–1.25; P =0.32), 0.75 (0.48–1.18; P =0.22), 0.97 (0.62–1.51; P =0.90) for Q2 to Q4, respectively. In hypertensives, hazard ratios were 0.89 (0.68–1.17; P =0.41), 0.74 (0.56–0.98; P =0.03), 0.92 (0.69–1.23; P =0.56) for Q2 to Q4, respectively. There was no significant interaction between hypertension status for the relation between physical activity and stroke risk. The stratified analysis revealed a smaller benefit of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in medicated hypertensives compared with nonmedicated hypertensives, but no significant interaction effect was found. CONCLUSIONS: Regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is beneficial for stroke risk reduction (Q3 compared with Q1), which is not affected by hypertension. Antihypertensive medication may be associated with a smaller benefit of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity on the risk of stroke, but further research is warranted.
Student Plagiarism in an Online World

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an introduction to the problem of student plagiarism in an environment where use of the Internet is commonplace. What is plagiarism, and to what extent is it a problem? Why do students plagiarize, and what are typical attitudes towards such plagiarism? Why are academics, and institutions themselves, often reluctant to progress cases through official channels? What are some of the technologies used by students to plagiarise, and by academics to detect plagiarism? What solutions are possible, and what potential solutions might be just over the horizon? This chapter attempts to provide answers to all of these questions.
Utilizing Authentic Materials are Important to Promote Good Habits of Reading among High School Students

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Reading is important. If you know how to read, then the whole world opens up to you”. – Barack Obama. Reading is an important mode of comprehension and acquiring knowledge. The students should possess a sound training in reading mother tongue when they begin reading the second language. This thought can lead the students to read well and read with understanding. If the students can read well, they can get enjoyment and pleasure out of the language. To develop good habits of reading among students, the authentic material is the most important. It takes part in the intellectual, psychological and communal evolution of a person. This can generate the innovative thoughts, can create a pleasant atmosphere and an interest in reading other materials. The sources of authentic materials that can be used in the class room is infinite, but the most common are newspapers, magazines, T.V. programmes, movies, songs and literature. One of the most useful sources is the internet.
Retrospective study of 131 cases of carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall. [Complications of local megavoltage irradiation]

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Between 1958 and 1973, 131 patients with carcinoma of the posterior pharyngeal wall were treated at the Institute Gustave-Roussy (127 men, 4 women, mean age 61 years). Nine had a tumor of the oropharynx, 37 of the hypopharynx and 85 of the oro-hypopharynx. Nine had T/sub 1/ tumors, 19 T/sub 2/, and 103 T/sub 3/ (TNM--UICC 1975). In all 122 patients were treated by irradiation: 83% were T/sub 3/ lesions, 81% were more than 4 cm in diameter, 80% were ulcerated, and 42% were staged N/sub 3/. The survival rate of these patients was very poor (3% at five years). The nine patients who had been treated by surgical excision had a better survival rate and three are alive at 5 years, but the initial prognostic factors were better in this group. It seems that the indications for surgery should be widened to increase the survival rate in these poor prognosis cancers.