jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Risk intelligence: How lessons from folktales/fables contribute to the implementation of risk management in banks

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The objective of this article is to outline credit risk in banks and how fables/folktales can provide with life lessons to implement risk management systems that should act as a stop-gate measure. Banking institutions need to show how proactively managing risk becomes a cornerstone to explore opportunities, rather than simply avoiding dynamites. Risk Intelligence gives companies the confidence to harness risk to explore new opportunities. Lessons were provided from folktales/fables from the animal kingdom. The article adopted a literature review methodology and the results were that, for a business to be successful the medicine does not lie in the policies but the therapy lies in the spirit of oneness in the banks from top management down to the shop floor employee in the branch. By working together the banks can afford to curb credit risks
Synthesis of cyclic disulfide peptides: comparison of oxidation methods

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: Seven cyclic disulfide peptides (oxytocin, salmon calcitonin 1-10, CTP, crustacean cardioactive peptide, somatostatin 3-14, [C2•6]-P-endorphin 1-6 and endothelin-P 3-11) were synthesized on soli<:1 phase and cyclized either on the resin, simultaneously with the cleavage from the resin, or in solution after cleavage, using eight different oxidation methods. The purities of the crude peptides were compared in order to evaluate the efficacy of the different oxidation methods with respect to the peptide sequences.
I beg your pardon? Acoustic behaviour of a wild solitary common dolphin who interacts with harbour porpoises

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Kylie is a solitary common dolphin who inhabits a restricted area within the Firth of Clyde (Scotland). She spends most of her time around navigational buoys in the Hunterston/Fairlie channel, where she has been seen interacting with harbour porpoises. Recordings from 2016 and 2017 were used to study her acoustic behaviour when seen alone and with a porpoise. Clicks were classified as potential porpoise or dolphin clicks based on the waveform, power spectrum, and spectrogram, as well as direction of arrival, inter-click interval, amplitude, and centroid frequency variations. Kylie emitted clicks exclusively, which were of variable nature, including low, mid, and high-frequency (HF, centroid frequency > 100 kHz) as well as broad or narrowband. Some of Kylie’s HF clicks were similar to porpoise clicks both in the time (e.g. polycyclic) and frequency (e.g. narrowband with most energy between 100 and 150 kHz) domains, which cannot fully be explained by recording geometry and directionality effects.
Studies on the attaching behavior of the Lardoglyphus konoi (Acari, Lardoglyphidae) hypopus and its molting into the tritonymph

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Hypopi of the lardoglyphid mite, Lardoglyphus konoi (Sasa et Asanuma), reared individually did not molt into tritonymphs. Hypopi, which were mass-reared with adults of their own species, attached to the adults and molted into tritonymphs at a low rate. Molting of mass-reared hypopi occurred also when they were placed on yeast suspension, but no hypopi molted when they were placed on agar or starch. Molting of individually-reared hypopi was low on yeast suspension, and, likewise, none molted on agar or starch. Hypopi could also attach to larvae of the dermestid beetle, Attagenus unicolor japonicus Reitter, but they tended to leave from the larvae and further development did not occur. The hairs of the larvae of another beetle, Anthrenus verbasci L., prevented attachment of hypopi. Hypopi of L. konoi, on the contrary, attached very easily to larvae of the third dermestid beetle, Dermestes maculatus DeGeer. Transstadial migration of hypopi through developmental stages of the beetle from larvae to adults was also observed. Swollen hypopi of L. konoi successfully molted into tritonymphs at the highest rate after attachment to adult D. maculatus. Longevity of hypopi was shortest when they were reared individually. These results might indicate that attachment of hypopi of L. konoi to other organisms is the fundamental behavior for their longterm survival and molting into tritonymphs.
AP-1 signaling modulates cardiac fibroblast stress responses

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Matrix remodeling outcomes largely dictate patient survival post myocardial infarction. Moreover, human-restricted noncoding regulatory elements have been shown to worsen fibrosis, but their mechanism of action remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate, using induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac fibroblasts (iCFs), that inflammatory ligands abundant in the remodeling heart after infarction activate AP-1 transcription factor signaling pathways resulting in fibrotic responses. This observed signaling induces deposition of fibronectin matrix and is further capable of supporting immune cell adhesion; pathway inhibition blocks iCF matrix production and cell adhesion. Polymorphisms in the noncoding regulatory elements within the 9p21 locus (also referred to as ANRIL) redirect stress programs, and in iCFs, they transcriptionally silence the AP-1 inducible transcription factor GATA5. The presence of these polymorphisms modulate iCF matrix production and assembly and reduce cell–cell signaling. These data suggest that this signaling axis is a critical modulator of cardiac disease models and might be influenced by noncoding regulatory elements.
An overview and methodological assessment of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of enhanced recovery programmes in colorectal surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives To identify and critically assess the extent to which systematic reviews of enhanced recovery programmes for patients undergoing colorectal surgery differ in their methodology and reported estimates of effect. Design Review of published systematic reviews. We searched the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Database from 1990 to March 2013. Systematic reviews of enhanced recovery programmes for patients undergoing colorectal surgery were eligible for inclusion. Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was length of hospital stay. We assessed changes in pooled estimates of treatment effect over time and how these might have been influenced by decisions taken by researchers as well as by the availability of new trials. The quality of systematic reviews was assessed using the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) DARE critical appraisal process. Results 10 systematic reviews were included. Systematic reviews of randomised controlled trials have consistently shown a reduction in length of hospital stay with enhanced recovery compared with traditional care. The estimated effect tended to increase from 2006 to 2010 as more trials were published but has not altered significantly in the most recent review, despite the inclusion of several unique trials. The best estimate appears to be an average reduction of around 2.5 days in primary postoperative length of stay. Differences between reviews reflected differences in interpretation of inclusion criteria, searching and analytical methods or software. Conclusions Systematic reviews of enhanced recovery programmes show a high level of research waste, with multiple reviews covering identical or very similar groups of trials. Where multiple reviews exist on a topic, interpretation may require careful attention to apparently minor differences between reviews. Researchers can help readers by acknowledging existing reviews and through clear reporting of key decisions, especially on inclusion/exclusion and on statistical pooling.
Weather Conditions Conducive for the Early-Season Production and Dispersal ofCercospora beticolaSpores in the Great Lakes Region of North America

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In many parts of the world including the Great Lakes region of North America, Cercospora leaf spot (CLS), caused by the fungal pathogen Cercospora beticola, is a major foliar disease of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Management of CLS involves an integrated approach which includes the application of fungicides. To guide fungicide application timings, disease prediction models are widely used by sugar beet growers in North America. While these models have generally worked well, they have not included information about pathogen presence. Thus, incorporating spore production and dispersal could make them more effective. The current study used sentinel beets to assess the presence of C. beticola spores in the environment early in the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Weather variables including air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, leaf wetness, wind speed, and solar radiation were collected. These data were used to identify environmental variables that correlated with spore levels during a time when CLS is not generally observed in commercial fields. C. beticola spores were detected during mid-April both years, which is much earlier than previously reported. A correlation was found between spore data and all the weather variables examined during at least one of the two years, except for air temperature. In both years, spore presence was significantly correlated with rainfall (P < 0.0001) as well as relative humidity (P < 0.0090). Rainfall was particularly intriguing, with an adjusted R 2 of 0.3135 in 2017 and 0.1652 in 2018. Efforts are ongoing to investigate information on spore presence to improve prediction models and CLS management.
Energy delivery guided by indirect calorimetry in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: The use of indirect calorimetry (IC) is increasing due to its precision in resting energy expenditure (REE) measurement in critically ill patients. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the clinical outcomes of an IC-guided nutrition therapy compared to predictive equations strategy in such a patient population. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases up to Oct 25, 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they focused on energy delivery guided by either IC or predictive equations in critically ill adults. We used the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool to assess the quality of the included studies. Short-term mortality was the primary outcome. The meta-analysis was performed with the fixed-effect model or random-effect model according to the heterogeneity. Results: Eight RCTs with 991 adults met the inclusion criteria. The overall quality of the included studies was moderate. Significantly higher mean energy delivered per day was observed in the IC group, as well as percent delivered energy over REE targets, than the control group. IC-guided energy delivery significantly reduced short-term mortality compared with the control group (risk ratio=0.77; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.98; I 2 =3%, P =0.03). IC-guided strategy did not significantly prolong the duration of mechanical ventilation (mean difference [MD]=0.61 days; 95% CI, -1.08 to 2.29; P =0.48), length of stay in ICU (MD=0.32 days; 95% CI, -2.51 to 3.16; P =0.82) and hospital (MD=0.30 days; 95% CI, -3.23 to 3.83; P =0.87). Additionally, adverse events were similar between the two groups. Conclusions: This meta-analysis indicates that IC-guided energy delivery significantly reduces short-term mortality in critically ill patients. This finding encourages the use of IC-guided energy delivery during critical nutrition support. But more high-quality studies are still needed to confirm these findings.
Dynamic Behaviors of a Leslie-Gower Ecoepidemiological Model

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A Leslie-Gower ecoepidemic model with disease in the predators is constructed and analyzed. The total population is subdivided into three subclasses, namely, susceptible predator, infected predator, and prey population. The positivity, boundness of solutions, and the existence of the equilibria are studied, and the sufficient conditions of local asymptotic stability of the equilibria are obtained by the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. We analyze the global stability of the interior equilibria by using Lyapunov functions. It is observed that a Hopf bifurcation may occur around the interior equilibrium. At last, numeric simulations are performed in support of the feasibility of the main result.
SLUSH peptides of the PSMβ family enable Staphylococcus lugdunensis to use erythrocytes as a sole source of nutrient iron

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract During infection, the host employs nutritional immunity to restrict access to iron. Staphylococcus lugdunensis has been recognized for its ability to utilize host‐derived heme to overcome iron restriction. However, the mechanism behind this process involves the release of hemoglobin from erythrocytes, and the hemolytic factors of S. lugdunensis remain poorly understood. S. lugdunensis encodes four phenol‐soluble modulins (PSMs), short peptides with hemolytic activity. The peptides SLUSH A, SLUSH B, and SLUSH C are β‐type PSMs, and OrfX is an α‐type PSM. Our study shows the SLUSH locus to be essential for the hemolytic phenotype of S. lugdunensis . All four peptides individually exhibited hemolytic activity against human and sheep erythrocytes, but synergism with sphingomyelinase was observed exclusively against sheep erythrocytes. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that SLUSH is crucial for allowing the utilization of erythrocytes as the sole source of nutritional iron and confirm the transcriptional regulation of SLUSH by Agr. Additionally, our study reveals that SLUSH peptides stimulate the human immune system. Our analysis identifies SLUSH as a pivotal hemolytic factor of S. lugdunensis and demonstrates its concerted action with heme acquisition systems to overcome iron limitation in the presence of host erythrocytes.
Case Reports of Stevens Johnson Syndrome (SJS) Induced by Chemically Unrelated Drugs

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is considered as serious mucocutaneous autoimmune disease which is potentially fatal. It may be initiated by medical treatment or infection and sometimes both may be triggering factors. Skin reactions involving loss of skin and mucus membrane and in severe cases, systemic symptoms may be appeared in SJS. In most of the cases medication is the causative factor. Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a severe form of SJS, as it involves more than 30% of the skin surface with extensive damage to the mucous membranes. SJS and TEN are distinguished based on the extent of the detached skin surface area. It starts with flu-like symptoms, rashes with pain; the upper layer of affected skin dies, sheds and begins to heal after several days. In severe cases, it may leads to life threatening condition. Here we are presenting drug induced SJS in three different cases with different drugs. In first case, a 40-years male treated with Phenytoin 400mg for epilepsy, in second case, a 50-years male was given Amoxicillin + clavulanic acid-625 for some skin lesions and in third case, 50-years old female was given Methotrexate 7.5mg for Rheumatoid arthritis. In all the three cases, SJS symptoms were started within a period of 5-10days. All the symptoms and reactions were noticed and assessed for the confirmations of SJS.
2,3′-Anhydro-[l- (6′- O-benzoyl-2′,5′- dideoxy-β-D-glucofuranosyl)thymine], a Versatile Starting Material for Homo - Nucleosides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The synthesis of 2,3′- anhydro-[l- (6′-0 - benzoyl- 2′,5′- dideoxy-β-D-glucofuranosyl)thymine] 10, a versatile starting material for homo-2′, 3′- dideoxynucleosides is described. 10 is transformed to homo-AZT.
Value Penalized Q-Learning for Recommender Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Scaling reinforcement learning (RL) to recommender systems (RS) is promising since maximizing the expected cumulative rewards for RL agents meets the objective of RS, i.e., improving customers' long-term satisfaction. A key approach to this goal is offline RL, which aims to learn policies from logged data. However, the high-dimensional action space and the non-stationary dynamics in commercial RS intensify distributional shift issues, making it challenging to apply offline RL methods to RS. To alleviate the action distribution shift problem in extracting RL policy from static trajectories, we propose Value Penalized Q-learning (VPQ), an uncertainty-based offline RL algorithm. It penalizes the unstable Q-values in the regression target by uncertainty-aware weights, without the need to estimate the behavior policy, suitable for RS with a large number of items. We derive the penalty weights from the variances across an ensemble of Q-functions. To alleviate distributional shift issues at test time, we further introduce the critic framework to integrate the proposed method with classic RS models. Extensive experiments conducted on two real-world datasets show that the proposed method could serve as a gain plugin for existing RS models.
Labor mobility and entrepreneurship: who do new firms employ?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Entrepreneurship is often claimed to be important for generating employment. However, the empirical evidence on the relationship between entrepreneurship is not always convincing. Most of the studies that analyse the relationship between new firm formation and employment growth perform their analysis on cross-country or regional data. At the micro-level, we still know little about the labour dynamics and re-allocation effects induced by new firm formation. Which role do new firms play regarding labour reallocation? This paper intends to explore the individual and firm characteristics for employees in new Swedish firms. Do new firm start-ups absorb outsiders in the labour market or do they recruit employees from already incumbent firms? The paper use unique matched firm-employees dataset that makes it possible to link new firm formation and information about the individuals employed in these new firms. The empirical results indicate that the individual and firm characteristics associated with employees differ between new and incumbent firms. In particular, the share of immigrants, recently graduated employees and people entering the labor market is slightly higher in new firms. Hence, new firms might play a more important role for outsiders in the labor market.
Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Earth Walls

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

\nReinforced earth has been applied for different types of load supporting and retaining structures in more confidence throughout the world. In this study, the finite element method is implemented and used to analyze reinforced earth walls. The computer program SIGMA/W is used in the analysis of plane strain problems. Eight node isoparametric elements are used to model the soil while structural elements having nodes that match with the surrounding elements, are used to model the reinforcement material. A parametric study is carried out to investigatethe effect of different parameters on the general behaviour of reinforced earth walls. These parameters include: the height of the wall (H), length of reinforcement (L) and external loads (static and cyclic). Three different heights were tried (3, 5, 7) m and three value of load (q) were used (5, 20, 50) kN/m². It was found that the wall with a small height (3 m) tends to translate and overturn about its foundation to the out, while the walls with greater heights (5m), translate to the out, and the horizontal displacement increases with depth. \n
Bridging the Location Gap: Physician Perspectives of Physician - Pharmacist Collaboration in Patient Care (BRIDGE Phase II)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: To optimize patient outcomes, the patient-centred medical home model emphasizes comprehensive team-based care. Pharmacists are qualified to enhance appropriate medication use and help improve patient outcomes through provision of medication therapy management (MTM) services. To optimally provide MTM, pharmacists must effectively collaborate with physicians. This study explored factors that influence pharmacist-physician collaboration.Methods and Findings: A convenience sample of five physicians participated in semi-structured interviews and the resulting data were analyzed using qualitative methods. Transcripts of the interviews were independently coded for themes by two researchers. Five themes emerged: trustworthiness, role specification, relationship initiation, effects on practice, and professional awareness/expectations.Conclusions: Overall interviewees spoke positively about pharmacists; however, when discussing collaboration, they spoke almost exclusively about pharmacists within their clinic. Since most pharmacists practice outside of clinics, bridging the location gap is imperative for collaboration. In addition, physicians lacked an overall understanding of pharmacists’ training and clinical capacity. This may inhibit pharmacists from participating to their full professional capability within integrated healthcare teams. One approach to resolve this lack of physician understanding of pharmacists’ role and value may be to co-educate health professional students. Further research is needed to explore ways to improve interprofessional collaborative care.
Guide to mathematical concepts of quantum theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Guide to mathematical concepts of quantum theory Quantum Theory is one of the pillars of modern science developed over the last hundred years. In this review paper we introduce, step by step, the quantum theory understood as a mathematical model describing quantum experiments. We start with splitting the experiment into two parts: a preparation process and a measurement process leading to a registration of a particular outcome. These two ingredients of the experiment are represented by states and effects, respectively. Further, the whole picture of quantum measurement will be developed and concepts of observables, instruments and measurement models representing the three different descriptions on experiments will be introduced. In the second stage, we enrich the model of the experiment by introducing the concept of quantum channel describing the system changes between preparations and measurements. At the very end we review the elementary properties of quantum entanglement. The text contains many examples and exercise covering also many topics from quantum information theory and quantum measurement theory. The goal is to give a mathematically clear and self-containing explanation of the main concepts of the modern language of quantum theory.
Religious Fundamentalism, the Need for Cognitive Closure, and Helping

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In this study, the authors investigated the relation of religious fundamentalism (RF) and need for cognitive closure (NCC) on helping. Participants were 161 undergraduates, 99 of whom met inclusion requirements. Helping was assessed by two pairs of vignettes requesting funding allocations. One pair contrasted a religious, homogenous in-group with a religious, heterogeneous out-group; the other pair contrasted a nonreligious, homogeneous in-group with a nonreligious, heterogeneous out-group. RF was significantly positively related to helping religious in-groups, and there was a significant interaction with NCC. No significant effects were found for nonreligious group contrasts. The results indicate that context influences helping and that both RF and NCC play a role when religious beliefs are activated.