jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
INTERGENERATIONAL VALUE TRANSMISSION AND THE ROLE OF MOTIVATIONAL PROCESSES IN MIGRANT AND NON-MIGRANT FAMILIES

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The intergenerational transmission of values from one generation to the next is essential for the continuity of a society as it facilitates communication between members of different generations and within families, where shared values constitute a part of the family identity. In the context of acculturation, traditions can provide a secure base for migrants who have to adapt to a new living context. On the one hand, parents in migrant families might find it particularly important to transmit traditional values to the next generation, on the other hand offspring can be confronted with diverse value orientations in the receiving culture, and therefore special efforts might be needed to transmit traditional values. The current study is part of the larger FNR-funded IRMA project and presents a crosscultural comparison of n = 154 triads of parents and their (young) adult children from Luxembourgish native and Portuguese immigrant families in Luxembourg, as well as a subsample of Portuguese families living in Portugal. Participants from both generations filled out a standardized questionnaire assessing general value orientations, perceived value similarity as well as parental motivation to transmit respectively children’s motivation to take over parental values. Results showed that parental motivation to transmit values was particularly high in Portuguese families (in Portugal and Luxembourg), although no differences in perceived value similarity between the three subsamples occurred. Whereas parental motivation for transmission was related to the value of tradition in all three subsamples, perceived similarity between parents and their adult children was related to their selforiented values. Concerning consensus in value profiles, the role of motivational processes will be further explored, and effects of culture and migration will be discussed in an integrative framework of intergenerational relations in light of migration and ageing.
"The Departed" directed by Martin Scorsese [review]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

For any serious cinemagoer or lover of film as an art form, the arrival of a new film by Martin Scorsese is a reason to get very excited indeed. Scorsese has long been regarded as one of the greatest of America’s filmmakers; since the mid-1980s he has been regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers in the world, period. With landmark works like Taxi Driver (1976), Raging Bull (1980), Goodfellas (1990) and Bringing Out the Dead (1999) to his credit, Scorsese is a director for whom any actor will go the distance, and the casts the director manages to assemble for his every project are extraordinarily impressive. As a visualist Scorsese is a force to be reckoned with, and his soundtracks regularly become known as classic creations; his regular collaborators, including editor Thelma Schoonmaker and cinematographer Michael Ballhaus are the best in their respective fields. Paraphrasing all of this, one could justifiably describe Martin Scorsese as one of the most important and interesting directors on the face of the planet.
Genetic polymorphism of the Landrace pig based on microsatellite markers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic variability and population structure of the Landrace population by using 12 microsatellite markers. A total of 90 pigs representing one commercial breed (Landrace) were sampled. Twelve microsatellite loci (SW24, S0155, SW72, SW951, S0386, S0355, SW240, SW857, S0101, SW936 SW911 and S0228) were selected and belong to the list of microsatellite markers recommended by FAO/ISAG. GenAIEx software was used to calculate the allele frequencies, effective number of alleles (Ae), observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, within-population inbreeding estimate (Fis), Shannon’s information index (ISh). Overall allele frequency values ranged from 0.006 to 0.9333 (at allele SW951120). The number of observed alleles (Na) detected ranged from 5 (S0155 and SW911) to 13 (SW72), with an overall mean of 9.00 ± 0.80 and a total of 108 alleles were observed at these loci. However, the effective number of alleles (Ae) ranged from 1.57 (SW951) to 5.49 (SW240) with a mean of 3.29 ± 0.33. Shannon’s information index (ISh) which measures the level of diversity, was sufficiently high – from 0.79 (for SW951) to 2.01 (for SW240) – with a mean of 1.43 ± 0.09. The overall means for observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosities were 0.578 ± 0.009 and 0.662 ± 0.004, respectively, which ranged from 0.307 (SW951) to 0.814 (SW857) and 0.361 (SW951) to 0.818 (SW240), respectively. Of the 12 microsatellites analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, 50% were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and 6 were out of equilibrium (P < 0.05). Three mutation models namely, infinite allele model (I.A.M.), two phase model (T.P.M.), stepwise mutation model (S.M.M.) were estimated using the BOTTLENECK software. The results are indicated that the Landrace pig population is non-bottlenecked and remained at mutation-drift equilibrium. The study stands first in genetic characterization of the Ukrainian Landrace pig population through microsatellite markers. The various parameters and values used to quantify genetic variability, such as the high mean (and effective) number of alleles and the expected and observed heterozygosities, indicated high genetic variability in the Ukrainian Landrace pigs. The population has not undergone any recent and/or sudden reduction in the effective population size and remained at mutation-drift equilibrium.
What is the ultimate fate of presented abstracts? The conversion rates of presentations to publications over a five-year period from three North American plastic surgery meetings

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The goal of any research is to provide a lasting, retrievable record of the work in the form of a published article (1).Research is often first presented to a peer group in abstract form at an annual meeting; this semiformal informationsharing venue is a critical medium for the communication of new concepts, and enables the presentation of novel or confirmatory information to glean peer feedback.However, many of these presentations are based on partial results, which are modified after final data analysis or during the more rigorous peer-review process required for successful publication.Moreover, these ideas are not effectively disseminated because most surgeon members attend annual general meetings sporadically, if at all (2-4).Unfortunately, many presentations are never published.A 2007 Cochrane review of nearly 30,000 abstracts suggested that 44.5% of abstracts successfully reached publication (4).Data from transplant, orthopedic and urology literature since 2006 have yielded conversion rates of presentation to publication of 33% to 59% (3,5-10).Failure to publish is due to many factors, including inadequate time or resources, lower level study design or poor methodology, and coauthor origiNAl ArTicle
Testing the limits of synthon engineering: salts of salicylic and sulfosalicylic acid with nucleobases and derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Synthon engineering concepts were tested by using nucleobases and derivatives, namely adenine, cytosine, benzimidazole and fluorocytosine when crystallized with salicylic acid and 5-sulfosalicylic acid. These bases were selected to investigate how the hydrogen bond donor and acceptor groups would influence the crystal structure. Salicylic acid was selected to investigate N–H⋯O hydrogen bonding and synthon formation, while its derivative, 5-sulfosalicylic acid, was selected to see how the sulfonate group would enhance or disrupt these features. Each of the seven complexes obtained was characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, which showed that acid–base pairing favored salt formation. All the salicylic acid complexes adopt similar hetero supramolecular synthons, while 5-sulfosalicylic acid forms more complex structures with more than one type of synthon present. Crystal formation using cytosine or fluorocytosine did not result in the predicted synthon formation. This unexpected outcome highlights the current limitations of synthon engineering.
Diurnal fluctuations in vertical distribution of chemical composition in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) sward during the season.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The quantity and quality of milk is related to the amount and quality of ingested herbage, which is a function of the chemical composition of the grass and of factors such as herbage allowance and bite depth. The objective of this study was to compare the concentrations of protein, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of two cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) at different canopy heights during the day, and during the growing season. On 17 July, 9 August and 4 September, the total aboveground biomass of two cultivars was harvested at 8:00, 15:00 and 20:30 h. The canopy was cut into layers at 5, 10 and 15 cm from ground level in the laboratory. Concentrations of protein, NDF and WSC were determined and no differences among cultivars were observed. The protein concentration did not differ during the day, but the NDF and WSC concentrations did fluctuate, NDF being higher and WSC lower in the morning compared to the evening. The protein concentration had a steep gradient with canopy height, being highest in the top layer. The WSC concentration also had a gradient with canopy height, but there was an interaction with season. In July the WSC concentration was highest in the stubble, but in September it was lowest in the stubble (0-5 cm). The largest increase in WSC concentration during the day was observed in the top layer (> 15 cm).
Art and Belief

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This volume brings together recent work on belief and its connection to truth with issues concerning belief that arise in the philosophy of art. In the twelve new essays collected here, contributors address questions at the intersection of philosophy of mind and philosophy of art, while also advancing these debates. Some of the chapters herein discuss the cognitive contributions artworks can make, for example, whether authors of fiction can testify to their readers. If they can, are they culpable for the false beliefs of their readers formed in response to their work? If they cannot, that is, if the testimonial powers of authors of fiction are limited, is there some non-testimonial epistemic role that fiction can play? And in any case, is such a role relevant when determining the value of the work? Also taken up in the volume are issues concerned with the phenomenon of fictional persuasion, specifically, what is the nature of the attitude involved in such cases (those in which we seem to form beliefs about the real world in response to reading fiction)? If these attitudes are typically unstable, unjustified, and unreliable, does this put pressure on the view that they are beliefs? If these attitudes are beliefs, does this put pressure on the view that all beliefs are aimed at truth? The final pair of papers in the volume take different stances on the nature of aesthetic testimony, in particular, is testimony of this kind a legitimate source of beliefs about aesthetic properties and value?
Echinostoma revolutumandE. liei: observations on enzymes and pigments

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Analyses of the enzymes and pigments of adult Echinostoma revolutum (USA) and E. liei (Egypt) were carried out by isoelectric focusing. Clear interspecific differences were detected in the pigments, glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and acid phosphatase (AcP) enzymes, but the malate dehydrogenase (MDH) enzymes of both species were similar. It is suggested that analyses of enzymes of adult worms will probably be helpful in elucidating taxonomic problems within the genus Echinostoma. Keywords : Echinostoma revolutum (USA) Echinostoma liei (Egypt)pigmentsenzymes
Right to the tent city: The struggle over urban space in Fresno, California

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Through interviews, archival research, and fieldwork conducted in Fresno, California, this research explores how and why officials spatially control homeless communities, and how homeless people have resisted these controls. Drawing from the theories of Henri Lefebvre, I argue that encampments in Fresno enabled homeless people to assert their right to the city, and challenged the production of urban capitalist space by defying the norms of profit, surveillance, and homogeneity. Part One of the thesis focuses on the relationship between city's effort to destroy the encampments and its need to attract investment; Part Two focuses on the assignment of homeless individuals to secluded and highly governed spaces; and Part Three focuses on stigma as a product of homogenous urban space. Each section highlights the ways in which homeless people have resisted official policies and representations.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Metabolism in the Regulation of Obesity/Type 2 Diabetes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Obesity is a pathophysiological condition where excess free fatty acids (FFA) target and promote the dysfunctioning of insulin sensitive tissues and of pancreatic β cells. This leads to the dysregulation of glucose homeostasis, which culminates in the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D). FFA, which accumulate in these tissues, are metabolized as lipid derivatives such as ceramide, and the ectopic accumulation of the latter has been shown to lead to lipotoxicity. Ceramide is an active lipid that inhibits the insulin signaling pathway as well as inducing pancreatic β cell death. In mammals, ceramide is a key lipid intermediate for sphingolipid metabolism as is sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). S1P levels have also been associated with the development of obesity and T2D. In this review, the current knowledge on S1P metabolism in regulating insulin signaling in pancreatic β cell fate and in the regulation of feeding by the hypothalamus in the context of obesity and T2D is summarized. It demonstrates that S1P can display opposite effects on insulin sensitive tissues and pancreatic β cells, which depends on its origin or its degradation pathway.
Plant fibres: Botany, chemistry and processing for industrial use

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Fibres from plant sources have been used by man for many generations and there is increasing interest in the potential use of such fibres from non‐tree sources for various applications. This review brings together most of the relevant literature on the botany, chemistry and processing. The different cell types are explained and those which produce fibres are highlighted in conjunction with the actual plants involved. The chemistry of the plant cell wall is addressed with special consideration to the components of fibre cell walls and the biosynthesis, where known, is explained. Finally, the various methods for processing fibres into valuable industrial raw materials are detailed along with some prospective new technologies.
Contributions of Rho-kinase and AMP-related kinase signaling pathways to responses mediated by endothelium-derived contracting factors in diabetic rat aorta

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Diabetes-induced endothelial damage leads to vascular dysfunction. The current study investigated the effects of short-term (4-week) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on responses mediated by endothelium-derived contracting factors (EDCFs) as well as possible contributions of Rho-kinase and AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways. The effects of STZ-diabetes on vascular function were examined in isolated thoracic aorta preparations of 30-week-old rats (n = 27). The diabetes-associated changes in vascular function were studied with calcium ionophore A23187, acetylcholine, Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 ((R)-(+)-trans-4-(1-aminoethyl)-N-(4-pyridyl)cyclohexanecarboxamide dihydrochloride), and AMPK activator AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-d-ribofuranoside). The phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase, AMPK, and phospholamban and the protein levels of sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic Ca 2+ -ATPase 2 (SERCA2) and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCKII) were measured in aortic preparations. Although the acetylcholine-mediated relaxation responses were preserved in 4-week STZ-induced diabetes, the increased activation of the Rho-kinase pathway was demonstrated via twofold enhancement in A23187-mediated contractile responses and significantly augmented protein levels of ROCKII. The AICAR-activated AMPK-mediated relaxation response was also augmented ∼4-fold in diabetic rats, without any alteration in phospholamban phosphorylation; further, this relaxation response suppressed A23187-mediated contraction in both groups. Diabetic rats showed an increase in AICAR-induced AMPK-mediated vasorelaxation and a 2.5-fold elevation of phosphorylated AMPK levels. These results indicate a possible compensation between hyperglycemia-induced endothelium-dependent hypercontractility and AMPK-mediated vasorelaxation in diabetes.
Corrosion Behavior and Galvanic Coupling of Stainless Steels, Titanium, and Alloy 33 in Lithium Bromide Solutions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The corrosion resistance and galvanic behavior of three stainless steels (SS), Alloy 33, and titanium were analyzed in commercial lithium bromide (LiBr) heavy brine solutions used in heating and refrigerating systems, with and without additives, using potentiodynamic anodic polarization measurements. Corrosion rates were determined from the Tafel slopes and inhibitor effects were also analyzed. The highest corrosion currents were obtained in the less-concentrated LiBr solution and the most negative corrosion potentials were obtained in a chromate-inhibited LiBr brine. The most effective action of the inhibitor was observed on titanium while it was least effective for Alloy 33. Critical potentials were calculated at 100 μA/cm2, and it was observed that the chromate inhibitor did not improve the resistance of SS to pitting corrosion. Galvanic current and mixed potentials were calculated for all possible combinations of the tested materials from polarization curves according to the mixed potential theory. Alloy 33 was always the anodic element of the pairs analyzed so that its corrosion resistance in the three media decreased due to the galvanic effect produced by coupling with a different material. AISI 316 (UNS S31600) was the cathodic element in the commercial solution with respect to the rest of the alloys studied.
A Summary of One Research Team’s Contributions to Understanding Physical Activity Behavior in Children and Youth

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Schools are well-positioned to provide physical activity opportunities to help youth achieve the recommended 60 or more daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The Children’s Physical Activity Research Group (CPARG) at the University of South Carolina has focused on understanding physical activity in school-aged youth for 30+ years. The purpose of this article was to critically review (CPARG) contributions to the field in school settings and school-age youth. We reviewed 127 published CPARG articles from six research projects conducted between 1993–2019. The review was guided by questions in five categories: measurement of physical activity and its determinants, characteristics of physical activity behavior, correlates/determinants of physical activity, physical activity interventions, and race/ethnicity and physical activity. Results were summarized by question and synthesized across categories. CPARG contributions included assessing physical activity levels, patterns, forms, and contexts; identifying and measuring physical activity correlates/determinants; and conducting school-based physical activity interventions. Identifying multiple domains of physical activity determinants enables researchers and practitioners to select/design age-appropriate, valid, and reliable instruments to assess determinants. Focusing on determinants enables them to create effective physical activity interventions, environments, programs, and policies in schools. These efforts must address race/ethnicity differences, ensuring that measurement instruments and intervention strategies are culturally appropriate.
Food Security: Indicators, Measurement, and the Impact of Trade Openness

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

What are the implications of the WTO's Agreement on Agriculture for food security in poor countries? Are economic reforms and high growth rates in some countries protecting the well-being of the poor by improving the status of nutrition? Are we measuring hunger adequately? Do we need new tools and indicators? Does women's socio-economic status matter for child-health? Are targeted programmes successful in identifying and helping the truly needy? Despite the scale of human suffering inflicted by malnutrition, the fight against world hunger has recently been overshadowed by the campaign to end poverty. The emergence of the WTO and the freeing of agricultural trade, for example, have serious implications for hunger and food security in many countries, yet this is an area that is relatively understudied. This book aims to fill this gap by providing a significant collection of essays from mainstream academia and prominent international organizations working for food security. Examining food security across regions, the book tackles food security at three distinct levels-national, household, and individual. Other topics included are: attempts to improve measurement tools; the applications of existing tools for empirical analysis using household data, and; the impact of trade openness on national food security. Contributors to this volume - Shabd S. Acharya, Honorary Professor at IDS-Jaipur, Vice President of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and President of the Agricultural Economics Research Association of India Mehmet Arda, Galatasaray University, Istanbul Kathleen Beegle, Development Research Group of the World Bank Calogero Carletto, Development Research Group of the World Bank Ramesh Chand, National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi Andrew Charman, Director, Sustainable Livelihood Consultants Benjamin Davis, Agricultural Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organisation, UN Indranil Dutta, Department of Economics, University of Sheffield Samuel Gayi, Office of the Special Coordinator for Africa, UNCTAD, Geneva Nilabja Ghosh, Institute of Economic Growth (IEG) Basudeb Guha-Khasnobis, UNU-WIDER Craig Gundersen, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University Gautam Hazarika, University of Texas at Brownsville Michael Herrmann, UNCTAD, Division for Africa, Least Developed Countries and Special Programmes (ALDC) James Hodge, Genesis Analytics Marco Knowles, Food and Agriculture Organisation, UN Christian Romer Lovendal, Agriculture and Development Economics Division, Food and Agriculture Organisation, UN J. V. Meenakshi, HarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute Mauro Migotto, OECD Vasco Molini, Centre for World Food Studies, Amsterdam George Rapsomanikis, Trade and Policy Service, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Trade and Markets Division Alexander Sarris, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Trade and Markets Division Brinda Viswanathan, Madras School of Economics