jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Brief Review on Epigenetic Aspects involved in Depression

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

It is known that external environmental or internal physiologic factors interact with an individual’s genetic constitution to determine risk for depression throughout life. This can be possible through epigenetic mechanisms that lead to changes in gene expression – with transgenerational abilities - that do not involve a change in the DNA sequence. Here we briefly summarize the link between depressive disorders and epigenetics, considering stressful events as important triggers for these modifications. The increasing knowledge in this issue is relevant for updating and expanding comprehension in the molecular basis of this mood disorder.
Effect of processing on the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of imitation milk from cowpea/maize blends

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A method for the preparation of cowpea and cowpea-maize was described. Cowpea-maize milk was prepared at 10% (10g cowpea+90g maize), 20% (20g cowpea+ 80g maize) and 40% (40g cowpea + 60g maize) on wet matter basis. Yield percent extracted cowpea-maize milk ranges from (90-99.44%) and compares favourably with cowpea milk (94.87%). There was a spontaneous decrease in the level of colloidal particles in the samples. Protein (17.45%), ash (3.60%), Ca (0.25%) and K (0.95%) of cowpea milk was significantly higher than other samples. Organoleptic properties indicate that cowpea milk was significantly higher than other samples in taste and texture. There was also no significant difference in all the milk samples at (p
Research on control strategy for AC side asymmetric fault of MMC-HVDC transmission system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

When the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) fails on the AC side, the operating characteristics of MMC will be damaged. If the system wants to retain stable for a long time in the process of operation, it is obliged to design the control strategy in case of asymmetric fault. In this article, the control strategy based on feedback linearization principle is adopted to diminish the negative sequence current caused by breakdown, and a DC voltage controller is devised to suppress the fluctuation of the double frequency component under asymmetric fault conditions. The validity of the control strategy requires to be verified, the running results on PSCAD platform indicate this method is effective and feasible.
Thioredoxin-1 in Alzheimer disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Oxidative stress is one of the earliest signs in Alzheimer Disease (AD) brain. In order to protect themselves against oxidative stress, neurons use antioxidants as a defense mechanism. Such an antioxidant is Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1). Previous studies have shown that the levels of Trx1 are reduced in the brains of AD patients. The aim of this thesis was to further examine the function of Trx1 in AD pathogenesis. \n \n \n \nIn Paper I and III, the role of Trx1 in the mechanisms behind risk-modulating factors is investigated. The incidence of AD is higher in women than in men and one reason for this is thought to be the post-menopausal lack of estrogen. In addition, estrogen was shown to have neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo. In Paper I we studied the protective effect of estrogen against amyloid-beta (Aβ) toxicity in vitro. We found that estrogen is protective via phosphorylation of Protein kinase B (AKT) and inhibition of the Apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK-1) pathway. However, this occurs independently of Trx1 expression. In Paper III we investigated the effect of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoforms on Trx1 in the brain. The ApoE isoform ε4 (ApoE4) is the most important genetic risk factor for sporadic AD and it is also associated with increased oxidative stress in the brain. Furthermore, ApoE4 is suggested to have direct toxic effects via apoptosis. We found that presence of ApoE4 causes a reduction in Trx1 levels, both in vivo, in hippocampus of ApoE Target Replacement Mice, and in vitro, in human primary cortical neurons and neuroblastoma cells. This occurred after leakage of the lysosomal membrane and cytosolic release of Cathepsin D, and it induced apoptotic cell death via activation of the ASK-1 pathway. \n \n \n \nThioredoxin-1 can be truncated into an 80 amino acid long peptide called Thioredoxin-80 (Trx80). In Paper II and IV, we demonstrate for the very first time that this peptide is present in the brain, mainly in neurons. The levels were reduced significantly in AD patients and this was also seen in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The reduction in CSF was present already in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the peptide is generated by α-secretase cleavage of Trx1 and is secreted from cells in exosomes. The peptide inhibits the aggregation of Aβ and prevents its toxic effects both in vitro and in a Drosophila Melanogaster model of AD. In addition, Trx80 lowers the levels of Aβ, possibly through a mechanism that involves autophagy. \n \n \n \nThese findings give support to the view that oxidative stress in general, and Trx1 in particular, has a key role in AD pathogenesis. It also presents Trx80 as a completely new player to the field that has potential as a specific biomarker for the disease. In addition, therapeutic strategies based on these two peptides could be a possibility in AD that should be further investigation.
Benchmarking Runtime Scripting Performance in Wasmer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we explore the use of Wasmer and WebAssembly (WASM) as a sandboxed environment for general-purpose runtime scripting. Our work differs from prior research focusing on browser-based performance or SPEC benchmarks. In particular, we use micro-benchmarks and a macro-benchmark (both written in Rust) to compare execution times between WASM and native mode. We first measure which elements of script execution have the largest performance impact, using simple micro-benchmarks. Then we consider a Web proxy caching simulator, with different cache replacement policies, as a macro-benchmark. Using this simulator, we demonstrate a 5-10x performance penalty for WASM compared to native execution.
Physician and Scientist

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We meet, as is our custom, as near as possible to St. Luke's Day to pay tribute to William Harvey, and we meet for the first time in this great new college.Having been accorded by you, Mr. President, the honour and privilege of being chosen to deliver the annual oration, I am bound to remind you of the donor's injunctions.The orator was asked to commemorate all the benefactors by name and to specify what they had done for the benefit of the College.He was asked to exhort the Fellows and Members of the College to search and study out the secrets of nature by way of experiment and to continue in mutual love and affection among themselves.He was to deliver his oration in a proper form and in the Latin tongue.The passage of three centuries has made it difficult to carry out these instructions literally.Perhaps if his orator tried he would orate to an empty hall.I shall therefore concentrate entirely on my duty to exhort you all to search and study out the secrets of nature by way of experiment.Thirty-four years ago, when I first became a member of the College, it would not, I think, have been unfair to note that nearly three centuries of such exhortation had left singularly little mark on Fellows and Members.Very few of them had seemingly felt the urge to study nature's secrets by way of experiment.In fact, in my youth I often noted a certain hostility between physicians and scientists-particularly those whose inquiries had led them to, or near to, a study of disease in man.I have often wondered whether there is an antipathy between the roles of physician and scientist; if so, what is the nature of this antipathy; and whether it is inherent in these two occupations.I owe a great deal of my interest and information to my former friends and teachers, Thomas Lewis and Wilfred Trotter, who each combined the roles of physician and scientist, though Trotter was, as Lord Moynihan is reported to have said of himself, "a physician doomed to the practice of surgery."In a small way I have tried to combine the two, though I have been fortunate always to be under the shelter of the Medical Research Council or a university.In fact, I have been a lucky man who has been paid a salary for indulging in my two hobbies.Let us now look into the reasons why it is so difficult to combine the roles of physician and experimental scientist.
Intramolecular electron transfer and dehalogenation of nitroaromatic anion radicals

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular electron transfer and dehalogenation of nitroaromatic anion radicalsJ. P. Bays, S. T. Blumer, S. Baral-Tosh, D. Behar, and P. NetavCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 3, 320–324Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00341a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00341a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views422Altmetric-Citations62LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Microbial Degradation of Phenols by “Bacillus Brevis”

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Industrial wastewater containing phenols causes significant environmental and ecological problems. Various methods such as chlorination, flocculation, adsorption etc. have been used for the degradation of phenol. But microbial degradation methods have proved to be the most effective and economical approach for the mineralization of toxic chemicals. A soil microbial strain Bacillus brevis, capable of utilizing phenol as a sole carbon source was isolated from the phenol bearing soil suspension of Briquetting and Carbonization Plant of NeyveliLignite Corporation Limited, (Tamil Nadu) and tested for its capacity to grow and degrade phenol. Based on it’s morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, the organism was found to be a Gram-positive, motile, mesophilic and rod-shaped endospore bacterium. The results indicate that the growth of the organism decreases at very high concentration of phenol. The efficiency of the organism in the degradation of substituted phenols such as o & p chlorophenols and o & p nitrophenols were compared and discussed. The degradation was highly efficient in the pH range 8 – 10. The biocatalyst obtained by immobilizing the Bacillus brevis cells on alginate beads and lignite carbon are more effective in degrading phenols.
Subclinical atherosclerosis in multiple sclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background People with multiple sclerosis (MS) have an increased risk of ischemic heart disease as compared to people without MS after accounting for traditional vascular risk factors. Objective We assessed whether subclinical atherosclerosis, an inflammatory disease of arteries, occurs in persons with MS who do not have traditional vascular risk factors, and whether the Framingham Score (FRS) predicted carotid intima media thickness (CIMT) similarly in people with and without MS. Methods We recruited participants with and without MS who did not have vascular disease. Participants completed questionnaires, physical assessments, underwent an ultrasound (CIMT), and provided samples for HbA1c and lipid measurements. We defined subclinical atherosclerosis as an average CIMT ≥75 th percentile, and tested the association between MS/not-MS, FRS, and atherosclerosis using logistic regression. Results We recruited 106 participants with MS 101 without MS. The average (SD) CIMT did not differ between the MS (0.60 [0.11]) and non-MS (0.61 [0.12]) cohorts (p = 0.69), nor did the proportion with atherosclerosis (MS: 11.3% vs. non-MS 13.4%, p = 0.58). On regression analysis a 1-point increase in the FRS was associated with 11% increased odds of having atherosclerosis (95%CI: 1.04, 1.19) but MS was not. Conclusion MS was not associated with subclinical atherosclerosis.
Children's expressed emotions during playful learning games

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Studies on software tutoring systems for complex learning have shown that confusion has a beneficial relationship with the learning experience and student engagement (Arguel et al., 2017). Causing confusion can prevent boredom while signs of confusion can serve as a signal of genuine learning and as a predecessor for frustration. There is little to no research on the role of confusion in early childhood education and playful learning, as these studies primarily focus on high school and university students during complex learning tasks. Despite that, the field acknowledges that confusion may be caused by inconsistency between information and a student's internal model referred to as cognitive disequilibrium known from the theory of cognitive development, which was originally theorized based on observational studies on young children (D'Mello and Graesser, 2012). Therefore, there is reason to expect that the virtues of confusion also apply to young children engaging in learning activities, such as playful learning. To investigate the role of confusion in playful learning, we conducted an observational study, in which the behavior and expressed emotions of young children were collected by familiar pedagogues, using a web app, while they engaged with playful learning games designed for kindergartens. The expressed emotions were analyzed using a likelihood metric to determine the likely transitions between emotions (D'Mello and Graesser, 2012). The preliminary results showed that during short play sessions, children express confusion, frustration, and boredom. Furthermore, the observed emotional transitions were matched with previously established models of affect dynamics during complex learning. We argue that games with a learning objective can benefit by purposely confusing the player and how the player's confusion may be managed to improve the learning experience.
International Incidents

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

What law in international politics? Does any? How are effective international norms established? This provocative book introduces a new way of looking at these questions. It shows that many international standards of acceptable conduct derive far less from adjudications, statutes, or treaties and far more from what is found to be acceptable in the conflicts that we today call international incidents. The contributors demonstrate how law that counts has been developed, modified, and terminated in a variety of dramatic international incidents: the Cosmos 954 satellite accident, the downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, the Harrods bombing, the Argentine invasion of the Falklands/Las Malvinas, the incursions of foreign submarines into Swedish waters, the Soviet gas pipeline problem, the situation in Lebanon, and the Gulf of Sidra incident. This volume is a first, experimental effort at establishing a format for a new and more relevant kind of international political and legal analysis. Originally published in 1988. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.
SH1743689.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Hepatic GSK3β-Dependent CRY1 Degradation Contributes to Diabetic Hyperglycemia

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Excessive hepatic glucose production (HGP) is a key factor promoting hyperglycemia in diabetes. Hepatic cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) plays an important role in maintaining glucose homeostasis by suppressing forkhead box O1 (FOXO1)-mediated HGP. Although downregulation of hepatic CRY1 appears to be associated with increased HGP, the mechanism(s) by which hepatic CRY1 dysregulation confers hyperglycemia in subjects with diabetes is largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that a reduction in hepatic CRY1 protein is stimulated by elevated E3 ligase F-box and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (FBXL3)-dependent proteasomal degradation in diabetic mice. In addition, we found that GSK3β-induced CRY1 phosphorylation potentiates FBXL3-dependent CRY1 degradation in the liver. Accordingly, in diabetic mice, GSK3β inhibitors effectively decreased HGP by facilitating the effect of CRY1-mediated FOXO1 degradation on glucose metabolism. Collectively, these data suggest that tight regulation of hepatic CRY1 protein stability is crucial for maintaining systemic glucose homeostasis.
Numerical simulation of a liquid cyclotron target

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

One of the most common PET isotopes, 18F, is mainly produced in liquid targets. The production yield depends linearly on the proton beam current used. However, for a fixed proton-beam energy increasing the current of the proton beam results in depositing increasing amounts of heat into the enclosed water target chamber and eventually in its failure. Hence, understanding the thermodynamics of a water target chamber could lead to a target optimization, removing the maximum amount of heat to balance the pressure, increasing the yield and guaranteeing the stability and durability of the system. Work in modeling the thermodynamic processes in a liquid target has also been per-formed by other groups [1-3] and others such as Steinbach [4] have performed analytical analyses of thermal behavior.
Constant‐sign solutions of a system of integral equations: The semipositone and singular case

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider the following system of integral equations u i (t)=μ∫ 0 1 g i (t,s)f(s,u 1 (s),u 2 (s),…,u n (s)) ds, t∈[0,1], 1≤i≤n, where μ>0, the function f may take negative values and f(·,u 1 ,u 2 ,…,u n ) may be singular at u j =0, j∈{1,2,…,n}. Our aim is to establish criteria such that the above system has a constant‐sign solution. To illustrate the generality of the results obtained, application to a well known boundary value problem is included. We also extend the above problem to that on the half‐line [0,∞) u i (t)=μ∫ 0 ∞ g i (t,s)f(s,u 1 (s),u 2 (s),…,u n (s)) ds, t∈[0,∞), 1≤i≤n.
Solid Carcinoma With Amyloid of the Thyroid Gland—a Clinicopathologic Entity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 1959, Hazard et al1described a clinicopathologic entity, distinct in the pleomorphic group of thyroid neoplasms. The tumor was classified as medullary (solid) carcinoma containing amyloid. At about the same time, we had the opportunity to observe a similar growth. The morphological and clinical peculiarities of our case indicated a survey of histories of patients with thyroid tumors. The following criterion was kept in mind: each patient with "anaplastic thyroid neoplasm" who survived for more than one year, regardless of the nature of therapy, calls for a pathological reevaluation. Seven additional cases were found and two other patients were seen recently, thus bringing our total experience to ten cases (Table).

Report of Cases

Case1.—A 46-year-old woman was admitted to our department in August 1960 because of enlarged cervical lymph nodes. In 1945, she had first noticed a mass in her neck. Examination at that time revealed a
Migrating towards a Client Server Architecture: A Successful Application in a 2,200-Bed General Hospital

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Asan Medical Center (AMC) completed a major migration process of the hospital information system from a mainframe towards an open Unix client server architecture from August of 1993 to August of 1996. Along with the east wing extension of AMC, the number of inpatient beds is greatly increased from 1,000 to 2,200 and information transaction increased from 300,000 to 700,000. A gradual departmental migration strategy with local area network connection and data conversion between the two systems were applied The successful migration process towards a client server architecture provided improved user interface, enhanced flexibility and productivity of the system, better integration with diverse medical devices and improved networking flexibility.