jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of a two-dimensional ultra precision positioning system with nanometer resolution

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A conventional ultra-precision positioning system cannot satisfy displacement resolution,frequency response and repeatability simultaneously.To solve this problem,a kind of two-dimensional ultra-precision positioning system with nanometer resolution is presented.The system employs several advanced technologies such as non-clearance transmission using a two-dimensional stage with double flexible hinges in a structure of parallel four-linkage,micro-displacement actuating using two directional PZT,and monitoring using a capacitance displacement sensor with nanometer accuracy.The system can position at nanometer resolution by the control of a microprocessor.The paper presents the design and manufacturing process of a two-dimensional stage.To improve the low accuracy and poor frequency response of the conventional PID,a parameter's self-adaptive PID algorithm is developed based on the different characteristics of the positioning system in the different positioning phases.Experiment results show that the parallel four-linkage structure can efficiently eliminate the positioning coupling of the x and y axial in order to improve the straightness of any single axial of the stage.In the full range of 30 μm,the single axis displacement resolution is 1 nm,the repeatability is better than 10 nm,and the positioning time is less than 1 s.
Iodide‐Mediated Rapid and Sensitive Surface Etching of Gold Nanostars for Biosensing

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Iodide‐mediated surface etching can tailor the surface plasmon resonance of gold nanostars through etching of the high‐energy facets of the nanoparticle protrusions in a rapid and sensitive way. By exploring the underlying mechanisms of this etching and the key parameters influencing it (such as iodide, oxygen, pH, and temperature), we show its potential in a sensitive biosensing system. Horseradish peroxidase‐catalyzed oxidation of iodide enables control of the etching of gold nanostars to spherical gold nanoparticles, where the resulting spectral shift in the surface plasmon resonance yields a distinct color change of the solution. We further develop this enzyme‐modulated surface etching of gold nanostars into a versatile platform for plasmonic immunoassays, where a high sensitivity is possible by signal amplification via magnetic beads and click chemistry.
New, simple method of examining toddlers' abilities to use absent objects

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

私たちは、「幼児の見えない物を使う能力を調べるための方法」を考案し、実験してみた。この方法では複雑な手続きや言語教示を必要としない。研究1では10人の幼児を対象とし、実験手続きと、「拒否・無視」から「言語反応」までの発達の5過程が確立された。研究2では67人が対象となり、発達の5過程は対象児の日齢と相関することが示された。そして研究3では11人の対象児を縦断的に追跡したところ、過程は安定していたことが明らかになった。本論文で示された新しい方法は、今後幼児の認知発達を研究するのに有効であろうと考えられる。
Adolescent pain: appraisal of the construct and trajectory prediction-by-symptom between age 12 and 17 years in a Canadian twin birth cohort

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Adolescent pain is common and continues into adulthood, leading to negative long-term outcomes including substance-related morbidity: an empirical definition of its construct may inform the early detection of persistent pain trajectories. These secondary analyses of a classical twin study assessed whether headaches, back pains, abdominal pain, chest pains, stabbing/throbbing pain, and gastric pain/nausea, measured in 501 pairs across 5 waves between age 12 and 17 years, fit a unitary construct or constitute independent manifestations. We then assessed which symptoms were associated with a steady, “frequent pain” trajectory that is associated with risk for early opioid prescriptions. Item response theory results indicated that all 6 pain symptoms index a unitary construct. Binary logistic regressions identified “back pain” as the only symptom consistently associated with membership in the “frequent adolescent pain” trajectory (odds ratio: 1.66-3.38) at all 5 measurement waves. Receiver operating characteristic analyses computed the discriminating power of symptoms to determine participants' membership into the “frequent” trajectory: they yielded acceptable (0.7-0.8) to excellent (0.8-0.9) area under the curve values for all 6 symptoms. The highest area under the curve was attained by “back pain” at age 14 years (0.835); for multiple cut-off thresholds of symptom frequency, “back pain” showed good sensitivity/false alarm probability trade-offs, predominantly in the 13 to 15 years age range, to predict the “frequent pain” trajectory. These data support a unitary conceptualization and assessment of adolescent pain, which is advantageous for epidemiological, clinical, and translational purposes. Persistent back pain constitutes a sensitive indicator of a steady trajectory of adolescent pain.
In-plane resistivity anisotropy and nematic response in hole-doped iron-based superconductors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Evolution of the temperature-dependent resistivity is a standard way to characterise quantum critical phenomena in strongly correlated systems. In this dissertation I use anisotropic resistivity measurements to get an insight into the mechanism of conductivity and of the quantum critical phenomena in systems with non-standard quantum criticality. These include iron-based superconductors revealing anomalous features of the composition-temperature phase diagram. In FeSe the orthorhombic structural distortion (nematic phase) is not accompanied by long-range magnetic ordering, thus making analysis of the anisotropic resistivity simpler. In hole-dope Ba1−xKxFe2As2 the gradual approach towards quantum critical point is interrupted by the emergence of tetragonal/magnetic C4 phase. The origin of these anomalies is studied using controlled disorder experiments performed using low temperature electron irradiation.
Receptor for interleukin 13 is a marker and therapeutic target for human high-grade gliomas.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an incurable brain tumor. Due to the striking heterogeneity that characterizes GBM, there is no known tumor-specific antigen or receptor that is expressed by a majority of GBM patients. We found that virtually all studied human GBM specimens (23 samples) abundantly expressed a receptor for interleukin (IL)-13 in situ, whereas normal human brain had few, if any, IL-13-binding sites. The GBM-associated IL-13 receptor was both quantitatively and qualitatively different from and, thus, more restrictive than the shared signaling receptor of normal tissue: it was IL-4 independent. The receptor for IL-13 was overexpressed by a majority of cancer cells in situ. Furthermore, cytotoxins targeted to this more restrictive IL-13R produced cures in animals bearing xenografts of human high-grade gliomas. Thus, unexpectedly, the receptor for an immune regulatory cytokine may be a long sought marker and, concomitantly, a unique imaging site and therapeutic target for GBM, the most malignant and the most heterogeneous of brain tumors.
Cosmic perturbations, baryon asymmetry, and dark matter from the minimal supersymmetric standard model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Scalar fields in the minimal supersymmetric standard model may have large\nfield values during inflation. Because of approximate global symmetry, it is\nplausible that the phase directions of them are nearly massless during\ninflation and obtain quantum fluctuations, which may be the origin of the\ncosmic perturbations. If perturbations are produced through Q-ball formation,\nbaryon asymmetry and dark matter can be consistently generated. Significant\nbaryon and dark matter isocurvature perturbations are produced, but they are\npredicted to nearly compensate each other. The lepton asymmetry is much larger\nthan the baryon asymmetry. The scenario predicts local non-Gaussianity of\n$f_{\\rm NL} = 5/3$. Implication to the mass spectrum of supersymmetric\nparticles is discussed.\n
MMNand attention: Competition for deviance detection ELYSE SUSSMAN,a,b ISTVAN WINKLER,c,d AND WENJUNGWANGb,e

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We addressed the question of whether the mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential reflects an attention-independent process. Previous studies have shown that the MMN response to intensity deviation was significantly reduced or even abolished when attention was highly focused on a concurrent sound channel, whereas no conclusive evidence of attentional sensitivity has been obtained for frequency deviation. We tested a new hypothesis suggesting that competition between detection of identical deviations in attended and unattended channels and the biasing of this competition induced by the subject’s task account for the observed MMN effects. In a fast-paced dichotic paradigm, we set up competition for frequency MMN and removed it for intensity MMN. We found that frequency MMN was now abolished in the unattended channel, whereas the amplitude of the intensity MMN was unaffected. These results support the competition hypothesis and suggest that selective attention in and of itself does not affect the MMN. Top-down processes can determine what information reaches the deviance-detection process when changes in multiple channels vie for the same MMN resource and one of the competing changes is relevant for the subject’s task. Descriptors: Mismatch negativity, MMN, Attention, ERP, Competition, Deviance detection The mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related brain potential (ERP) reflects a process of sensory discrimination in the auditory
The Effect Of Ultrasound On Permeation Flux And Changes In Blocking Mechanisms During Dead-End Microfiltration Of Carrot Juice

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Carrot juice is one of the most nutritious foods that are consumed around the world. Large particles in carrot juice causing turbid appearance make some problems in the concentration process such as off-flavor due to the large particles burnt on the walls of evaporators. Microfiltration (MF) is a pressure driven membrane separation method that can clarify fruit juices without enzymatic treatment. Fouling is the main problem in the membrane process causing reduction of permeate flux. Ultrasound as a cleaning technique was applied at 20 kHz to reduce fouling in membrane clarification of carrot juice using dead-end MF system with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane. Results showed that application of ultrasound waves reduce diphasic characteristic of carrot juice and permeate flux increased. Evaluation of different membrane fouling mechanisms showed that application of ultrasound waves changed creation time of each fouling mechanism. Also, its behavior was changed with varying transmembrane pressure.
Detection of the Integration of Human Transferrin Gene on Chromosomes in Transgenic Cloned Cows

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

To detect the integration of human transferrin gene(hTF) on chromosomes in transgenic cloned cows,the author optimized fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH).For transgenic cloned cows,53.1% to 86.8% of metaphases showed hybridization signals which were located on different chromosomes,such as Chr.11,Chr.15 and Chr.19.The results showed that using FISH to detect the integration site and hybridization signals was highly efficient and specific,also the copy numbers were detected by Real-time PCR.
Contingent Objects, Contingent Propositions, and Essentialism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Trevor Teitel (2017) has recently argued that combining the assumption that modality reduces to essence with the assumption that possibly some objects contingently exist leads to problems if one wishes to uphold that the logic of metaphysical modality is S5. In this paper I will argue that there is a way for the essentialist to evade the problem described by Teitel. The proposed solution crucially involves the assumption that some propositions possibly fail to exist. I will show how this assumption affords a motivated contingentist response to Teitel’s argument.
Forecasting linear dynamical systems using subspace methods

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This article presents a novel approach to predict with subspace methods. It consists in combining multiple forecasts obtained from setting a range of values for a specific parameter that is typically fixed by the user in this literature. Two procedures are proposed. The first one combines all the forecast in a particular range. The second one predicts with a restricted number of combinations previously optimized. Both methods are evaluated using Monte Carlo experiments and by forecasting the German gross domestic product.
Web Technologies for Decentralised Identity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This chapter analyses technologies that support decentralised identity on the Web. The World Wide Web Consortium, which maintains the technical specifications of the Web, has consistently advocated for decentralised models for sharing information. Some of their latest recommendations include the specification of a Decentralised Identifier (DID) and a Verifiable Credential (VC) following the Semantic Web principles. The claims contained in these credentials can be algorithmically verified without the intervention of authorities. These technologies are often associated with implementing the Self-Sovereign Identity paradigm, and this chapter evaluates whether this will happen in practice, particularly in the context of the financial sector. Whereas some privacy concerns are identified, the integrated use of DID, VC and Open Digital Rights Language ODRL will present clear benefits in at least some commercial settings.
Active pulmonary tuberculosis with predominant radiologic findings of Clustered Micronodules (CMs) with large nodular opacity consist of coalescent micronodules in a 79-year-old male patient.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>(<b>A</b>) A pre-diagnostic CT image taken 2 months before the diagnosis of active pulmonary TB. There are CMs along the thickened dilated small airways (<i>arrow</i>) in the right upper lobe. A central coalescence is not evident at the pre-diagnostic CT scan. (<b>B</b>) A diagnostic CT image shows the progression of CMs into a large pulmonary nodular opacity with central coalescence (<i>arrow</i>), which can mimic ‘sarcoid galaxy sign’. Some of dilated small airways are obscured by the central coalescence.</p>
HIGH PRESSURE THRUST BEARINGS: AN APPLICATION.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Successful operation of a 50 kb-1000C rock deformation shear press depends on frictionless operation of two thrust bearings; an upper bearing must transmit undiminished 30,000 inch-pounds of torque to a mineral test specimen, and the lower bearing must permit free rotation of a torque measuring arm under maximum torques of 7000 inch-pounds. Upper bearing friction coefficients as low as 0.01 result when colloidal bonded films containing 65 percent pure MoS2 in an alkyd resin are used with MoS2 greases. The torque arm bearing is lubricated with 0.01 inch thick Teflon sheet to obtain friction coefficients below 0.016. Bearing pressures occasionally exceed 100,000 psi in both bearings, however no evidence of galling, seizing or wear have developed on any thrust plate. Torque losses do not exceed 5 percent of the transmitted value in the upper bearing and 3.5 percent in the lower bearing. (Author)
Did Mendel falsify his data?

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In 1936 Professor R. A. Fisher (1890–1962) published a 26-page article1 criticizing Mendel's publication of 1866 entitled Versuche uber Pflazen-Hybriden 2 (Experiments in Plant-Hybridization). He accuses Mendel (1822–84) of falsifying his data. Fisher had worked through most of Mendel's results over the 8-year period of experiments to calculate the deviations of expected numbers of different progeny types from those actually observed, based on the relevant sample sizes. For example, he calculated from the F2 hybridization experiments of the year 1858 that 258 plants gave 8023 seeds of which 6022 were yellow compared with 2001 that were green. Fisher states that the deviation (that is 0.009) from the expected ratio of 3:1 is less than the standard error of random sampling; therefore there may have been manipulation of the data sets by someone. Nor did Mendel test the significance of the deviations from the expected ratio of 3:1 but states it as 3.009:1 without giving any probable error, either absolute or relative. Fisher points out that tests of significance of deviations from expectations in a binomial series were familiar to mathematicians since the middle of the 18th century. (Incidentally Fisher's article failed to comment on a paper by Tschermak3 of 1900 where the difference between observed and expected ratios was even smaller than Mendel's, the observed ratio being 3.008:1 giving a difference of 0.008 from expected4).

As a result of Fisher's calculations, and without access to Mendel's laboratory notebooks, he directs a stream of pejorative remarks at Mendel's work. To give …
PERSEPSI DAN TANTANGAN PENGEMBANGAN KINERJA PRAMUWISATA LOKAL MELALUI PELATIHAN : STUDI KASUS DESA ENDE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research aims to explore the perceptions and challenges in the development of local tour guide performance through training in Ende Tourism Village, Central Lombok. This case study provides an overview of the success of West Nusa Tenggara Province in managing tourism as a cultural heritage beneficial to the community. Ende Village, with its cultural richness and natural beauty, holds significant tourism potential. However, local tour guides in Ende still face complex challenges, particularly in enhancing foreign language skills after initial training. Despite this, significant opportunities arise with the frequency of visits by foreign tourists, yet the threat of increasing competition underscores the need for innovative and proactive marketing strategies. Therefore, this study proposes to delve into the perceptions of local tour guides regarding the training they receive and identify key obstacles to be addressed, focusing on SWOT analysis to understand strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in the development of local tourism in Ende Village
Stachybotrys chartarum spore extracts and their effects on surfactant protein expression and surfactant quantity and quality in fetal rat lung epithelial cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

S. chartarum spores are prevalent in buildings affected by flooding and have been tied to occurrences of pulmonary hemosiderosis in infants in Cleveland, Ohio, several years ago. Rationale: Past studies have focused on the effects of S. chartarum spores on surfactant in terms of composition and quantity and very little has been done to investigate the effects of S. chartarum extracts on surfactant protein expression in the fetal lung. Methods: Spore extracts were incubated with cultures of human lung A549 cells, fetal rat lung type II and fibroblast cells. MTT formazan assays analyzed cell viability. The expression of surfactant protein A and surfactant protein B was assessed using western blotting results. Captive bubble surfactometry investigated the quality of surfactant in terms of surface tension and bubble volume. Electron microscopy examined changes in cellular structure of treated cells. Conclusions: Exposure to S. chartarum extracts had negative effects on cell viability, expression of surfactant proteins A and B and the production and quality of pulmonary surfactant. Spore associated changes were apparent in the lamellar bodies of fetal rat lung alveolar type II, and human A549 cells.
Geoacoustic parameters in a stratified sea bottom from shallow-water acoustic propagation

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Due to the difficulty of direct measurement, there is a need to develop inverse techniques for remote sensing bottom geoacoustic parameters in the lowan mode measurements are extended to extract acoustic attenuation and speed in a horizontally stratified bottom in shallow water as a function of frequency and depth. The computational and experimental results show that, for a limited frequency band, we can find an equivalent depth profile of sea-bottom acoustic attenuation with a linear frequency dependence that simulates the effect of nonlinear frequency dependence (without depth structure) on some field characteristics, such as the attenuation rate of individual mode, the frequency response of long-range sound propagation, and the amplitude ratio of mode 2 to mode 1. However, the resultant equivalent negative gradient for the sea-bottom attenuation is too strong to be accepted in light of available data. The conclusion is that nonlinear frequency dependence of the acoustic attenuation in the upper sedimentary layer is required to explain many aspects of shallow-water sound propagation.
Mechanism of cervical spine injury in auto accidents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Medical data for 55 cervical spine injury victims of auto accidents seen over the last 7 years were reviewed. Particular attention was taken of the associated head injury. Twenty-nine patients had altered states of consciousness though usually transient. Three mechanisms of injury were defined each associated with a particular type of head injury. Injuries to the face produced head and neck extension and subjected the cervical spine to tension, i.e., extension-tension fractures. The most common fracture in this group was the Hangman's fracture seen only in judicial hangings and auto accidents. Injuries to the forehead and frontal regions produced head and neck extension and subjected the cervical spine to compression, i.e., extension-compression fracture. Posterior small parts fractures including a fracture of an inferior facet was usually seen. Injury to the parieto-occipital regions produced head flexion and subjected the cervical spine to compression, i.e., flexion-compression fracture. This mechanism resulted in wedge and burst fractures of the lower cervical vertebral bodies and anterior dislocations. The first two mechanisms seldom produced neurological deficit while the third frequently resulted in a transverse myelitis. Odontoid fractures do not fit into any of the groups noted and are discussed separately. Careful examination of an accident victim's head should be carried out looking for clues indicative of an associated cervical spine injury. Routine cervical spine x-rays should be obtained on all auto accident victims with head injuries who are not fully lucid or who complain of neck pain.
To Investigate Different Parameters of Economic Sliding Based Seismic Isolation System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Masonry structures are frequently constructed in developing countries because of their affordability and ease of construction, even though they are vulnerable and perform poorly during earthquakes. Experimental and numerical studies were carried out to determine the optimum thickness of the isolation layer for a recently developed, low-cost seismic isolation system known as the Reinforced-Cut-Wall (RCW). The parameters of the isolation layer were optimized during the experimental and numerical investigations using hollow concrete blocks. Quasi-static cyclic tests were performed on a 1:3 reduced-scale brick masonry wall incorporating the RCW isolation scheme, validating the better performance of the proposed isolation technique.