jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The logic of conventional and reversed Bateman gradients

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Bateman gradient is a central concept in sexual selection theory that relates reproductive success to mate number, with important consequences for sex-specific selection. The conventional expectation is that Bateman gradients are steeper in males than females, implying that males benefit more from multiple mating than females do. This claim is supported by much empirical evidence as well as mathematical modelling. However, under some reproductive systems, reversed Bateman gradients are observed, perhaps most notably in syngnathid fishes with male pregnancy. Unlike conventional Bateman gradients, the causal basis of such reversed Bateman gradients has never been modelled mathematically. Here, we present a sex-neutral mathematical model demonstrating how restrictions in capacity for carrying or incubating gametes and embryos (brooding) interact with anisogamy, generating both conventional and reversed Bateman gradients from a single mathematical model. The results clearly demonstrate how anisogamy tends to cause conventional Bateman gradients, but diminishing male brooding capacity under male pregnancy or nesting causes a gradual reversal from conventional to fully ‘reversed’ Bateman gradients.
Numerical modelling of superheated steam drying of distillers’ spent grain pellet-a single element approach

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Superheated steam (SS) drying has been proven to be a suitable choice for drying biological materials especially in the cases where the use of air drying has its limitations, such as oxidative reactions and chances of combustion. Distillers spent grain (DSG), a byproduct of ethanol production (from cereal grains), is in the form of a wet paste with 75-80% wet basis (wb) moisture. It is dried to safe storage moisture of about 10% (wb) to overcome the challenges associated with its transportation and storage. The present research focuses on development of a drying model for SS drying of DSG. The wet DSG has two components - coarse grain fraction and distillers’ solubles. To mimic the industrial drying process, compacted pellets of the coarse grain fraction (with and without solubles) were coated with solubles to increase the surface area for drying and then dried in SS. The experimental values of density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat of DSG with various levels (0, 10, 30, and 50% w/w) of solubles concentrations and different moisture contents (25, 35, and 45% wb) were in the range of 898.8–1136.7 kg/m3, 0.17–0.42 W/(mK) and 1.76–3.47 kJ/(kgK), respectively. The effect of the SS temperatures and velocities on the effective moisture diffusivity of DSG pellets with various levels of solubles (0, 10, 30% w/w) was also modelled using the drying characteristics. The initial condensation of SS on a DSG pellet for the selected SS operating conditions was modelled using the energy and mass balance at the surface of the pellet. The three-dimensional modelling of SS drying of a single DSG pellet was performed using a computational fluid dynamics software package (ANSYS CFX). Model parameters were tested for sensitivity by varying mesh configuration and initial conditions of SS and the pellet (coated with solubles and uncoated). The validation results show an agreement with a maximum mean relative percentage error of 9.1 and 7.8%, for the temperature and moisture predictions, respectively. Overall, the developed model could be used as a tool for designing the SS drying process for high moisture solids dried with inert material.
Prediction Method of the Distribution of the Effective Dominant Path of Sand Body Transporting Oil and Gas and Its Application

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

To study the oil and gas distribution law in the slope area of the hydrocarbon-bearing basin, the distribution of the effective dominant path of sand bodies transporting oil and gas is a fundamental subject. In this paper, we introduced an effective way to predict such transport paths and applied the method to study the sand bodies of the lower first member of the Shahejie Formation (E3s1L) in the southern area of the Qikou Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin (Qinan). We first define the dominant hydrocarbon transport paths of the sand body as the superimposed area of the contiguously distributed area of the sand body and the paleotectonic ridges at the top of the formation where the sand body is located. Then we define the oil and gas supply area of the oil source fault as the overlapped area of the favorable transport path of oil source faults and the width of the associated fracture zone. Stacking the two areas, we can delineate the distribution of the effective dominant transport paths of the sand bodies. The results from our case study of the Qinan area show that the effective dominant paths of sand bodies transporting oil and gas in the E3s1L Formation in the Qinan area are distributed throughout the region with better development in the west than in the east. The paths in the eastern part extend from north to south, while the paths in the western part extend from northeast to southwest, which is favorable for the convergence of oil and gas generated from the source rocks of the third member of Shahejie Formation (Es3) in the Northeastern main depression of Qikou and the formation of oil and gas accumulations in the l E3s1L Formation. The results are consistent with the fact that oil and gas discovered in the E3s1L Formation in the Qinan region are mainly distributed in the central and western regions, with a small amount in the southeast. Therefore, the suggested method is feasible to predict the effective dominant path of sand bodies transporting oil and gas.
Designing and Basic Experimental Validation of the World's First MW-Class Direct-Drive Superconducting Wind Turbine Generator

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

High temperature superconducting (HTS) technologies are expected to be a key enabler for lightweight and cost-effective direct-drive (DD) trains for large wind turbines. This paper reports the designing and basic experimental validation of the world's first full-scale DD HTS generator demonstrated on a commercial wind turbine. The HTS generator has its rotor with an HTS field winding working below 30 K, which is achieved by using off-The-shelf Gifford-McMahon cryocoolers. The stator of the generator is essentially conventional, except that the armature winding has four segments to limit fault torques in case of sudden short circuits due to converter failures. Compared to an existing DD permanent magnet generator on the turbine, the air gap shearing stress of the HTS generator is doubled, and the weight is reduced by 24%. The overall design requirements from the turbine integration perspective, as well as the topological considerations, are first described in this paper. The electromagnetic and cryogenic designs are then presented, followed by performance testing of HTS coils. The basic experimental validation shows that the cryogenic design is satisfactory and the measured no-load voltage matches the finite element calculation very well.
Impact of processing conditions and gelling agent on physical and sensorial properties of pecan oil-dulce de leche gummy candies

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract For the development of gelatinized dairy products that include emulsified pecan oil as an unsaturated fatty acid source the incorporation of hydrocolloids becomes necessary and their properties must be carefully selected. This work aimed to study gelatinized candies made with 0% milk fat dulce de leche with pre-emulsified pecan nut oil using combinations of gelatin (4.67 to 7 g/100 g) and high methoxyl pectin (1.33 to 2 g/100 g) as gelling agents. The effect of different drying methods (vacuum-oven at 35 °C for 24 h and freeze-drying) was evaluated. Control samples without drying were also studied. Dehydration conditions significantly (p < 0.05) affected aw, texture (hardness, cohesiveness, adhesiveness, gumminess, springiness, and resilience) and color parameters (L*, a*, b*) of products, being higher than the effect of the gelling agent. Formulations were selected based on texture and aw criteria and sensory evaluated by appearance, color, texture, taste, and overall acceptability. Two formulations (one with 7% gelatin and 1.33% high methoxyl pectin content, and the other with 2% high methoxyl pectin and 4.67% gelatin content), both with low moisture content and vacuum-dried, exhibited good acceptability. These pecan oil-dulce de leche gummy candies would represent a healthier candy version, low in saturated fatty acids, and source of oleic acid.
The effects of malvidin on oxidative stress parameters and inflammatory cytokines in LPS‐induced human THP‐1 cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Malvidin is an anthocyanin which is involved in inhibiting inflammatory‐related mediators in inflammatory diseases; however, its mechanism of action in THP‐1 cells is not yet known. THP‐1 is a human monocytic cell line that is derived from patients with acute monocytic leukemia. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of malvidin on inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced THP‐1 cells. THP‐1 cells were stimulated with LPS (50 ng/ml) to induce inflammation in the presence or absence of malvidin. The anti/proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Total protein levels/phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), P65‐NF‐κB, and IKKα/IKKβ were evaluated by western blot analysis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolite levels, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total thiol (T‐SH) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity were measured to evaluate the antioxidant activity of malvidin in THP‐1 cells. Treatment of LPS‐stimulated THP‐1 cells with malvidin (100 and 200 μM) led to the significant inhibition of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), tumor necrosis factor‐α, and IL‐1β messenger RNA (mRNA) expression and protein levels as well as a significant increase in the IL‐10 mRNA expression and protein secretion. Moreover, 200 μM malvidin treatment reduced the phosphorylation of JNK, IKKα/IKKβ, and P65‐NF‐κB. These findings showed that malvidin not only decreased the MDA and NO metabolite levels but also increased the FRAP and T‐SH content as well as SOD and GPx activities. The findings of the present study demonstrated the potential role of malvidin in blocking inflammation and oxidative stress induced by LPS in THP‐1 cell line, suggesting that malvidin is likely to be a therapeutic agent for inflammatory diseases.
Small-Scale Combustion and Stationary-Bed Gasification-Status and Research Priorities

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Asurvey of small-scale combustion and fixed-bed gasification systems has been used to assess the current level of technology in this field. Systems were classified into combustors, updraft gasifier-combustors, or downdraft gasifiers. Each system was further categorized on the basis of component design features. A review of literature dealing with critical aspects of combustor design was included. Costs of commercial units and systems were related to their rated output to show the cost increment associated with automation. A summary of research priorities obtained from researchers in the thermochemical conversion area was included.
Language teachers’ perceptions of multilingualism and language teaching: The case of the postgraduate programme “LRM”

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper explores the language views and practices of postgraduate student-teachers attending a distance-learning Master’s Programme of a Greek University, entitled “Language Education for Refugees and Migrants” (LRM). Teachers and professionals working with language learners in linguistically diverse contexts make up an interesting research sample in order to explore their perceptions and practices concerning bi/multilingualism and language learning. The study was conducted through an open-ended questionnaire, delivered and completed electronically by the student-teachers of two modules of the Programme (LRM 53: Language teaching for adult refugees and migrants and LRM54: Language teaching for children with refugee and migrant background) and included open-ended questions regarding their profile, their perceptions towards bi/multilingualism and translanguaging, language use in the school context, the first language and its relation to second language learning. Taking into account the students’ sample profile, the data can provide insights into the ways student-teachers view and deal with language diversity in their classrooms. Issues of attitudes and practices towards multilingualism and language teaching are discussed in relation to students-teachers’ professional development/education. Also, through comparisons between the two groups of students of the modules, the results are expected to explore some common ground assumptions on the differences between language teaching for children and adults (in the refugee context) but also potential nuances and elements of distinctiveness in the two areas.
The paradox of “wonderful children”: The case of child abuse

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In our society young children are generally considered to be “wonderful”. This dominant concept pervades not only parental thinking, but professional thinking as well. In the case of child abuse, however, profound contradictions can arise as a result. Professionals are primarily focused on children's welfare, while parents’ views are much more ambiguous. In our example of a Family Centre these contradictions are clearly illustrated, and we hope to draw conclusions as to what change in theory and practice could result from an analysis of contradictions.
The Variation and Distribution of Rice Blast Physiological Race in Jilin Province

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

568 Mono-spore strains were separated from 732 samples of blast collected from each paddy rice production fields in Jilin province from 2002 to 2007.7 groups with 39 physiological races were identified by comparing with China verified strains,among which ZE and ZG groups were dominant groups,ZD and ZF were secondary groups,ZE1 and ZG1 were dominant physiological races,ZF1 and ZD1 were secondary physiological races.The results showed that japonica physiological race was dominant of blast in Jilin province,and dominant race varied with years and locations.
Clinical, microbiological and hematological findings in ovine subclinical mastitis.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Due to its richness in nutrients, milk represents a complete and balanced food that can be prepared from many other important products in human nutrition. But milk is also a medium of culture for numerous microorganisms. Although milk possesses antimicrobial mechanisms, in many cases it can be contaminated by endogenous or exogenous sources. This microorganism contamination of sheep milk and finished products depreciate its qualitative and produce severe food poisoning to consumers. In this study aimed a bacteriological control of five samples of milk haphazardly collected from six particular herds of sheep in the western part of the country. In parallel was carried out a clinical examination of the animal, insisting on mammary gland and examination of blood samples collected from the same animals. In laboratory was performed a bacteriological examination of milk samples and leucogram on blood samples. The identified bacterial species in milk samples were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus uberis, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecium. Although it started from the idea that the animals were healthy, it was still identified in more than half of the subjects examined subclinical mammary gland infections.
Functional Properties and Components of Koenigia alpina Extract

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Background Koenigia alpina (All.) T.M.Schust. & Reveal (alpine knotweed) is a perennial herb belonging to the Polygonaceae family. Several studies have examined Polygonaceae species’ potential applications as cosmeceutical materials; however, the potential of K. alpina as a cosmeceutical has not yet been studied. Materials and Methods Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) and lipopolysaccharide were used to induce an inflammatory response in RAW 264.7 cells. 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and H 2 O 2 were used to evaluate the free‐radical scavenging activity of K. alpina extract and its protective effect against reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐induced cell damage. The whitening, antiaging, and cell proliferation/migration effects of the extracts were evaluated via tyrosinase inhibition, collagenase/elastase inhibition, and wound healing assays, respectively. The anti‐inflammatory effect was confirmed by evaluating nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV, and MS/MS were used to determine the main components of the extract and fractions. Results The ethyl acetate (EA) fraction and its aglycone fraction showed very high free‐radical scavenging activities (47.5 and 47.1 µg/mL, respectively). The extract/fractions also showed significant tyrosinase inhibition (IC 50 = 0.38 mg/mL in EA fraction), collagenase inhibition (IC 50 = 0.21 mg/mL in EA fraction), and elastase inhibition (IC 50 = 0.57 mg/mL in aglycone fraction). NO production in lipopolysaccharide‐induced RAW 264.7 cells was inhibited by the extract/fractions. The extract also promoted the closure of scratch wounds in HaCaT cells. The K. alpina extract/fractions contained cardamonin, quercetin, and quercitrin. Conclusion K. alpina extracts/fractions showed antioxidant, antiaging, whitening, and anti‐inflammatory activities, suggesting they may have potential as antiaging cosmeceuticals.
The current status on secondary metabolites produced by fungi of the genus Diplodia associated with plants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Fungi of the genus Diplodia have a worldwide distribution and are typically associated with plants. Diplodia is well‐known for the diseases it causes on economically and ecologically relevant plants. In particular, this fungal genus is responsible of various symptoms of plant diseases, including shoot blights, dieback, cankers and fruit rots. In the last decades, literature concerning metabolites produced by Diplodia species has been significantly enriched by many reports dealing with the biosynthetic potential of this fungal genus. Several polyketide- and terpenoid-derived compounds have been reported, demonstrating the biosynthetic arsenal of this fungal genus. Investigations on the biological properties of compounds isolated from in vitro cultures of these fungi have proved a broad spectrum of biological functions. In particular, bioassays disclosed that antimicrobial and phytotoxic activities are the most notable bioactivities of secondary metabolites isolated from this genus. Hence, the present review is intended as reference guide to metabolites produced by fungi currently belong to the genus Diplodia , emphasizing the implication of their occurrence, absolute configuration determinations and the structure–activity relationships.
Impact of ENSO events on meteorological drought in the Weihe River basin, China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events influence elements of the terrestrial water cycle such as precipitation and temperature, which in turn have a significant impact on drought. This work assessed the impact of El Niño and La Niña on droughts from 1970 to 2020 in the Weihe River basin (WRB) in China. This study used a standardized precipitation index (SPI) to characterize meteorological drought. The regional drought response to extreme events in El Niño/La Niña was analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA), Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests, and other methods. The results showed that, based on PCA, the WRB is divided into two regions, with the northwest region (67%) comprising more area than the southeast region (33%). El Niño/La Niña significantly impacted drought in the WRB. Droughts mainly occurred in the El Niño year and the year following La Niña. El Niño had the highest number of drought years (44%), followed by the year following La Niña (43%). The number of droughts was lowest in the year following El Niño (22%). At 1-, 3-, and 6-month timescales, significant droughts mainly occurred from July to December in El Niño years and the summer following La Niña. On a 12-month timescale, significant droughts mainly occurred from January to April in El Niño years, while no droughts occurred in La Niña years. The longer the timescale of the SPI, the more months of significant drought in El Niño years; however, the intensity of drought in the basin was reduced. In the year following La Niña, summer droughts intensified on a 6-month timescale compared to a 3-month timescale. El Niño and La Niña had greater impacts on the drought index in the northwest region of the WRB. In the northwest region, 60% of the months showed significant drought, compared to only 2% of the months in the southeast region. The drought intensity was higher in the northwest region. The results of this study provide a reference for drought management and early warning systems in the WRB and support solutions to water shortage.
SH2013956.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.