jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antifungal Activity of Chitosan against Trichophyton rubrum

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In the present study, we examined antifungal activity of chitosan against Trichophyton rubrum (T. rubrum), which is a dermatophytic fungus and colonizes the upper layer of dead skin and causes athlete’s foot. Water-soluble chitosan oligosaccharide (AS-WSC), which had been prepared by the hydrolysis of high molecular weight water-soluble chitosan, was used in this study. The results upon screening, the AS-WSC inhibited T. rubrum, with zones of inhibition of 2% and 0.2% AS-WSC were 22 and 6 mm, respectively, while that of fluconazole was 30 mm. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of AS-WSC was 1.25 mg/ml, while fluconazole showed MIC value of 2 μg/ml. Inhibition percentages of radial growth by 2% and 0.2% AS-WSC were 61% and 38%, respectively, while that of fluconazole was 73%. Two% and 0.2% AS-WSC treatment resulted in reduction of mycelium dry weights by 77% and 56%, respectively, while fluconazole reducing that by 84%. Our results suggest that ASWSC can be a potential antifungal agent to treat infection by T. rubrum.
Comparison of a Miniaturized Cassette PCR System with a Commercially Available Platform for Detecting Escherichia coli in Beef Carcass Swabs

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Detection sensitivity of cassette PCR was compared with a commercial BAX® PCR system for detection of eae and stx genes in Escherichia coli from 806 beef carcass swabs. Cassette PCR detects multiple genetic markers on multiple samples using PCR and melt curve analysis. Conventional PCR served as a gold standard. Overall, for positive and negative concordance, cassette PCR was 98.6% concordant with conventional PCR, and BAX PCR was 65.4% concordant. Of 806 beef carcass swabs, 339 by cassette PCR and 84 by BAX PCR harbored eae + stx+E. coli. For BAX PCR reactions, 84% of eae+ swabs, 79% of stx+ swabs, and 86% of eae + stx+ swabs were also detected by cassette PCR. For cassette PCR reactions, 457 swabs were eae+ with only 117 scored as eae+ using BAX PCR for 26% positive concordance. For stx primers, cassette PCR scored 480 samples as stx+ but only 215 samples were stx+ by BAX PCR, giving 45% positive concordance. Importantly, cassette PCR scored 339 swabs as harboring eae + stx+ E. coli, but BAX PCR detected only 71 positives giving only 21% positive concordance, with many false negatives. Cassette PCR is a highly sensitive method for detection of STEC genes in E. coli found in carcass swabs.
Optimization of sterilization techniques for Dendrocalamus asper nodal explants to improve viability and minimize contamination

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Dendrocalamus asper is a valuable bamboo species known for its edible shoots and industrial applications, making its propagation highly desirable. Conventional methods are limited by low seed availability and slow growth, and in vitro propagation offers a promising alternative but is hindered by contamination, necessitating effective sterilization. Preliminary trials using common sterilization agents such as clorox and ethanol were ineffective in achieving satisfactory sterilization; hence, mercuric chloride (HgCl 2 ) was used to improve the results. This study optimised the protocols using HgCl 2 to achieve higher explant viability while minimizing contamination. Nodal explants were treated with various HgCl 2 concentrations (0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%) for different durations (5, 10 and 15 minutes). The findings revealed that increased HgCl 2 concentrations and extended exposure times generally reduced the contamination rates but adversely affected explant viability. The lowest contamination rate (33.33%) was observed in 0.1% HgCl 2 at 15 minutes, whereas the highest rate occurred in 0.05% HgCl 2 at 5 minutes (76.92%). Explant viability, indicated by the successful emergence of bud breaks from sterile explants, was the highest (23.53%) in 0.05% HgCl 2 for 15 minutes, followed by 0.1% HgCl 2 for 5 minutes (21.43%). Overall, the treatment with 0.05% HgCl 2 for 15 minutes balanced between a relatively lower contamination rate (47.06%) and the highest viability percentage. The findings demonstrated that adjusting the HgCl 2 concentration and exposure time is critical for effective sterilization. Although the highest viability rate achieved was 23%, this protocol offers insights for improving sterilization efficiency while highlighting the need for further refinement to enhance explant viability.
Adh1 first intron polymorphisms in Argentinean populations of Ceratitis capitata

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract DNA size polymorphisms were utilized in a study of 24 natural populations of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Argentina. The first intron of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 gene ( Adh 1 ) was amplified using exon priming intron crossing‐polymerase chain reaction. Three size variants were detected among the 307 samples analyzed. To better differentiate the size variants, further digestion of PCR products with the Eco RI restriction enzyme was carried out. Complete nucleotide sequences of the three‐allele variants were obtained and single changes, insertions, deletions, and Eco RI recognition sites were located. Population allele frequencies were analyzed and a global mean heterozygosity (He) of 0.33 was obtained. In most populations, observed allelic frequencies conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectations. Significant differences between provinces and sampling sites within these provinces, and among some populations were found. The average number of insects exchanged among populations (Nm) was estimated and high values were observed between Argentina and populations from two African countries (Morocco and Kenya), Australia, and Hawaii (Kauai). Pest introduction sources and dispersion patterns in Argentina are discussed based on these results as well as on available bibliographical data.
INVENTING TRADITIONS: BRITISH SAFARIS - Hunting Africa: British Sport, African Knowledge and the Nature of Empire. By Angela Thompsell . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Pp. xiii + 229. $100.00, hardback (ISBN 9781137494429).

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

INVENTING TRADITIONS: BRITISH SAFARIS - Hunting Africa: British Sport, African Knowledge and the Nature of Empire. By Angela Thompsell . New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Pp. xiii + 229. $100.00, hardback (ISBN 9781137494429). - Volume 58 Issue 3
The Correlation of TUNEL Apoptotic Index with Clinicoradiologicopathologic Scores in Interstitial Lung Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Interstitial lung disease has various manifestations that are differentiated by their pathology, progress and treatment However, all manifestations eventually progresses to pulmonary fibrosis. Recent studies have shown that apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells might be related to pulmonary fibrosis. The correlation of the apoptotic index with the clinical manifestations, pathological findings, HRCT findings and the response to treatment were examined. Method Twenty subjects (14 men, 16 women), who had been diagnosed with interstitial lung disease through an open lung biopsy, were enrolled in this study. The subtypes were one AIP, two NIP, eight BOOP, and seven UIP cases. The apoptotic index was scaled from 0-2 depending on the fraction of positive staining cells by TUNEL method. The clinical severity was assessed by a modification of a previously developed CRP scoring system. The pathologic scores were based on 4 components: fibrosis, cellularity, desquamation, and granulation. In the HRCT study, each lobe was scored by the radiologists on a scale for both fibrosis and ground-glass attenuation. The treatment response was assessed by an increase in more than 10% of the CRP score, and comparing the results 3 months before and after treatment. Results The apoptotic index showed no correlation with the CRP and HRCT scoring system. The apoptotic index correlated with the pathologic elements including fibrosis, cellularity and the desquamation score (p<0.05). Of the 16 patients who received corticosteroid therapy, 9 patients (56.3%) responded to therapy. There was no correlation between the response to corticosteroid and the apoptotic index. In the case of patients with acute and subacute ILD, the apoptotic index showed a correlation with the cellularity, desquamation, and the total histological score (p<0.05). In the case of patients with chronic ILD, the apoptotic index correlated with the fibrosis and cellularity score (p<0.05). Conclusions Apoptosis of the pulmonary epithelial cells is implicated in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung disease particularly on a pathological basis.
INSTABILITY OF THE ROTATING GRAVITY FLOW DOWN A SLOPE

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A three-dimensional instability of the two-dimensionally induced, rotating, gravity flow down a 34° slope has been investigated experimentally using the electrolytic precipitation method of flow visualization. The instability is governed by 𝜌^^´, the non-dimensional density difference between gravity-flow and ambient waters, and Ta, the Taylor number. A regular, three-dimensional, instability structure forms in the flow on the sloping bottom floor at 0.65<𝜌^^´<3.5and3.0×10＾3<Ta<1.8×10＾4.
Constrained Shape Preserving Rational Bi-Cubic Spline Interpolation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

2 Abstract: This paper deals with problem of shape preserving interpolations for visualization of constrained data arranged on rectangular grid. The main focus of work is on the graphical display of constrained surface data in such a way that it is a smooth, pleasant as well as preserves the shape of data. A rational bi-cubic function has been developed for this aspiration. It involves twelve free parameters in its description. Data dependent sufficient constraints are derived for four of these free parameters to preserve the shape of data that lies above the plane while the remaining eight are left free for designer's choice to refine the constrained surface as desired. Furthermore, the proposed scheme is flexible, simple, local and economical in comparison with the existing schemes. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate that the proposed scheme is interactive and smooth.
Rice yield estimation using Landsat ETM + Data

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Paddy rice areas in Larkana district in Sindh province, Pakistan, were mapped over eight years. Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery was classified for rice areas using training data collected through visual interpretation and using a bagged decision tree approach. Within the rice areas, we estimated yield for the 2013 season using regression models based on Landsat-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and ratio vegetation index (RVI) values against historic, reported yield values. The annual cropped rice area estimated from satellite imagery was between 19% and 24% lower than the area reported by the Crop Reporting Service, Sindh. A positive and strong relationship with coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.94 was observed between the reported rice crop yield and NDVI at the peak of the growing season for the years 2006 to 2013. A fair relation (R2=0.875) between rice crop yield and RVI was observed for the same years. A strong relationship between observed and predicted rice production with model efficiency=0.925, mean bias error=−85,016t, and RMSE=80,726t was obtained. Thus, Landsat ETM+ has a high potential for estimating rice yield and production at the district level in Pakistan and elsewhere.
The Effect of Teachers’ Cultural Stereotypical Belief on Academic Achievement among African American Males

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Effect of Teachers’ Cultural Stereotypical Belief on Academic Achievement among African American Males Dr. Talitha Lewis, Dr. Lillian Poats, Dr. Ronnie Davis Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of teacher’s cultural stereotypical beliefs on the academic performance of African-American males. The population for this study consisted of 96 middle school reading and mathematics teachers from middle schools located in urban school districts in Southern and Midwest sections of the United States. A questionnaire was developed to gather the data. The data revealed any attempt to predict the reading achievement scores of African-American male students should include teachers’ cultural stereotypical beliefs components of blaming the victim, oppression, pseudoscience, temporal changes, educability, and heterodoxy. These factors account for 25 percent of the variance in reading achievement scores. Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jehd.v5n1a6
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity Evaluation of γ‐Monofluorinated and γ,γ‐Difluorinated Goniothalamin Analogues

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract A series of novel γ , γ ‐difluorinated Goniothalamin analogues 4a – 4i and 6a – 6i were synthesized. The key steps included the construction of C‐5 stereocenter adjacent to gem ‐difluoromethylene group by way of lipase AK catalyzed kinetic resolution, the introduction of aryl group via Stille coupling, and lactonization by 1,5‐oxidative cyclization. These γ , γ ‐difluorinated Goniothalamin analogues 4a – 4i and their enantiomers 6a – 6i , together with several corresponding γ ‐monofluorinated Goniothalamin analogues were biologically evaluated against four different cancer cell lines. Compound 7h showed a nearly equivalent potency as the parent ( R )‐Goniothalamin in the micromolar range. The different fluorine effects between fluoromethylene and gem ‐difluoromethylene on antitumor activity were discussed through the analysis of bioassay data.
[Double blind controlled study of ubenimex (Bestatin) against squamous cell lung cancer--a multicenter cooperative study].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To investigate effects of the combination of ubenimex, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy against unresectable advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, a placebo controlled double-blind study was performed. Of 365 registered cases, there were 258 cases in the complete radiation group in which the treatment as specified in the protocol (irradiation of 40 Gy or more to the thorax subsequent to chemotherapy) was conducted; the 50% survival time was 449 days and 363 days in the ubenimex group and the placebo group, respectively. A significant (p = 0.0473) prolongation of the survival time was noted in the ubenimex group, and the response rate was 60.9% and 50.0% (p = 0.087). From these results it was confirmed that ubenimex, when used in combination with chemotherapy and radiotherapy, not only enhances the tumor-reducing effect but also prolongs the survival time.
Surface and Particle Modification via the RAFT Process: Approach and Properties [Book Chapter]

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The past decade has seen tremendous utility of reversible addition/fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to synthesize populations of polymers attached to surfaces (informally termed “brushes”). To date, many common RAFT agents are commercially available or easily synthesized, leading to their ubiquity in the synthesis of polymer brushes. The resulting polymer-grafted hybrid materials exhibit unique properties and are often prepared with exquisite molecular-scale control. Conveniently, RAFT agents often absorb strongly in the UV-visible region, making spectroscopic characterization of RAFT agent content simple in many cases. Ease of characterization and the versatility of RAFT as a polymerization technique have led to rich development of polymer grafted surfaces made using RAFT chemistry.
Porcelain for palaces, the fashion for Japan in Europe 1650 1750

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Porcelain for palaces, the fashion for Japan in Europe 1650–1750 Get access John Ayers . Oliver Impey , J.G.V. Mallet . Oriental Ceramic Society , London , 1990 . ISBN 0-903421-0 . 328 pp., 353 col. illus., 56. b&w. illus. $35 Clare Le Corbeiller Clare Le Corbeiller Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of the History of Collections, Volume 4, Issue 1, 1992, Pages 150–152, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhc/4.1.150-a Published: 01 June 1992
ChemInform Abstract: Plakoridine A, a New Tyramine‐Containing Pyrrolidine Alkaloid from the Okinawan Marine Sponge Plakortis sp.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Vinblastine and Vincristine Alkaloids Production From Callus of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don under Some abiotic factors

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This experiment was conducted in Faculty of Science labs, Kufa University, carried out during 2013-2014 to study many experiments to induce callus tissues from leaves of (Catharanthus roseus ( L. ) G. Don in vitro using MS medium supplemented with Dichlorophenoxy actic acid (2,4-D) at difference concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5) mg/l with the interaction of (BA) benzyl adenine at concentrations of (0.5, 1, 1.5) mg/l. Identically callus fresh weight, then use it in the next experiments and investigate the effect of abiotic factors (drought and sucrose) on vinblastine and vincristine production from callus tissue, and leaves of intact plant. This study include determination the catalase activity, proline and total soluble carbohydrates content as responsible to the variety of the stresses in callus as well as quantities and qualities determination of vinblastine and vincristine using TLC (Thin layer chromatography ) and HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography). Results reveled that the highest fresh weight of callus (3.276) g was for (1mg/l 2,4-D + 1mg/l BA ) combination treatment. However, the results showed that the additions of abiotic factors to the callus cultural medium cause difference results in fresh and dry weights of callus in accumulation phase, reducing the fresh and dry weight in all treatments expect sucrose 40 g/l treatment which gave increase in fresh and dry weight. Also, this results showed that all treatments increase total soluble carbohydrates, proline content and catalase enzyme activity with significant difference compared with control treatment and significant increase of alkaloids production with the superiority of (vinblastine and vincristine) content in Callus with abiotic factors stresses than the content in control treatment( without any factor).
Stability of Phosphorus within a Wetland Soil following Ferric Chloride Treatment To Control Eutrophication

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Addition of iron and aluminum compounds has become an increasingly popular method to regulate phosphorus eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs. It has been proposed that ferric chloride addition to agricultural runoff entering the northern Everglades could provide a means for enhancing natural mechanisms of phosphorus removal from the wetland. In this study we added ferric chloride to Everglades water spiked with 32PO4, incubating the resulting precipitates in microcosms simulating the Everglades ecosystem. 32P activity and reduction-oxidation (redox) potentials were monitored to determine if the 32P was released into the overlying water column due to iron reduction. Results of redox potential measurements and 32P activity indicate that although reducing conditions exist in the soil, on average less than 1% of the added 32P was measured in the water column during the 139-day incubation. Ferric chloride addition thus might prove an effective means of long-term phosphorus retention in the Florida Everglades and perhaps other wetland systems.
Multilocus Microsatellite Typing System for Penicillium marneffei Reveals Spatially Structured Populations

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT For eukaryotic pathogens that have low levels of genetic variation, multilocus microsatellite typing (MLMT) offers an accurate and reproducible method of characterizing genetic diversity. Here, we describe the application of an MLMT system to the emerging pathogenic fungus Penicillium marneffei . Isolates used for this study were those held in the culture collections of the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, Utrecht, The Netherlands, and the Chiang Mai University Department of Microbiology, Chang Mai, Thailand. High genetic diversity and extensive spatial structure were observed among clinical isolates, with the geographical area of origin for each isolate strongly correlating with the occurrence of two deeply divided clades. Within each clade, multilocus linkage associations were highly significant and could be explained by genetically differentiated populations or by an exclusively clonal reproductive mode, or both. Our results show that southeast Asian penicilliosis is caused by a fungus with a complex population genetic structure. Furthermore, this MLMT system generates digital data that can be easily queried against a centrally held database via the internet ( http://pmarneffei.multilocus.net/ ); this provides a powerful epidemiological tool for analyzing the underlying parameters that are responsible for the emergence of P. marneffei in human immunodeficiency virus-positive populations.
The Patterns of Stationary Activities during COVID-19 Distancing Relaxation: The elevated pedestrian network of Mong Kok, Hong Kong

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

COVID-19 is expected to impact the low-income groups' use of public space and related quality of life beyond the current pandemic outbreak. To what extent may the current pandemic affect the use of public space once some restrictions will be lifted? This study focuses on the migrant domestic workers’ spatio-temporal changes in the patterns of public space use during social distancing relaxation period in Hong Kong. The findings highlight increase of individual leisure activities, decrease of density around informal food-production and of gathering group, comparatively to the pre-pandemic situation. Keywords: Covid-19, public space, migrant domestic workers, behavioural mapping eISSN: 2398-4287© 2020. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v5i15.2461.