jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Economic factors of Competition development in russian Gas industry

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The article analyzes economic factors of competition development in Russian gas industry. The analysis is conducted on the basis of comparison of structural characteristics of competition with peculiarities of industrial markets in different stages of production process in the gas industry. The conclusion about the necessity to keep vertical integration with competition in the industry is maintained with the analysis of alternative opportunities of provision of the open access to pipelines for independent extracting companies.
Interpreting the spinal X-ray: 2.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Part 1 of this article (July 1988, p. 46) detailed the important features of the interpretation of spinal X-rays in the injured patient and part 2 deals with those patients who present with pain or deformity. The type of examination, the way it is carried out, and the way it is interpreted may all differ from the assessment of the patient who has been injured.
Disentangling species-specific krill responses to local oceanography and predator’s biomass: The case of the Humboldt krill and the Peruvian anchovy

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Euphausiids (hereafter “krill”) are one of the main components of the pelagic communities of the Humboldt Current System (HCS). Their community dynamics have been well studied in central-southern Chile where upwelling is strongly seasonal, but little is known about the permanent-upwelling area of the HCS, which yields the largest fishery in the world, the Peruvian anchovy. We applied hierarchical generalized additive models with environmental and biological predictors to determine the main drivers of krill abundance, adjusting species-specific functions. We used a time series of 16 bi-annual surveys to study annual, seasonal, and spatial scales of variability of the four numerically dominant taxa: Euphausia mucronata (Humboldt krill), E. eximia , Stylocheiron affine , and Nematoscelis spp. The spatial pattern of the Humboldt krill (the dominant species) proved it is an upwelling-associated species, with higher abundances within 10 km from the coast. The other 3 taxa showed opposite spatial patterns with higher abundances offshore. The main covariates explaining krill abundances were the depth of the upper limit of the oxygen minimum zone (dOMZ) and the mean temperature of the water column. Humboldt krill was negatively correlated to both drivers, and the opposite effect was observed for the other taxa. Although many krill species are metabolically adapted to cope with the severe hypoxic conditions of this system, the Humboldt krill was the only species with higher modeled abundances when dOMZ was shallower. Chlorophyll-a remained high during all sampling periods, and it was an insignificant predictor for all taxa, suggesting food is not a limitation for krill in this highly productive system. The acoustic biomass of the Peruvian anchovy had a negative non-linear effect on the abundances of the Humboldt krill, and higher Humboldt krill abundances were found in areas with no anchovy hotspots. Our results indicate that krill in this system are susceptible to changes in temperature, oxygen, and upwelling conditions. Extreme events (e.g. heatwaves and ENSO events) are expected to increase in frequency and intensity, while climate change scenarios show a potential intensification of upwelling. These conditions could lead to distribution displacements and alter trophic interactions by modifying the distribution and biomass of the predator.
Late Diagnosis of Sheehan Syndrome &ndash; A case report.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sheehan&rsquo;s syndrome (SS) is a rare but serious complication of severe postpartum hemorrhage, primarily resulting from ischemic necrosis of the anterior pituitary gland. It leads to varying degrees of hypopituitarism and presents with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. Early features typically include agalactia due to prolactin deficiency and persistent amenorrhea. As the condition progresses, patients may develop nonspecific symptoms such as asthenia, fatigue, headache, and pallor. Diagnosis is made by a triad of clinical manifestations, biochemical findings, and imaging.</p> <p><br /><strong>Case presentation:</strong> This report describes the case of a 63-year-old woman presenting with generalized weakness and drowsiness. Laboratory evaluation revealed hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hypocortisolism, and secondary hypothyroidism. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a partially empty sella.</p> <p><br /><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The average delay in diagnosis of SS has been estimated at nearly two decades, likely due to the high prevalence of vague and nonspecific symptoms in affected women. Increased clinical awareness is essential to improve outcomes and prevent long-term complications associated with this condition. This case underscores that SS can present decades after delivery and that timely hormone replacement is lifesaving.</p>
Long-term average utility in dynamic discrete choice models

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Dynamic discrete choice models threats forward looking agents that seeks to maximize the expected long-term discounted utility of their choices in an uncertain environment. In most applications, it has been impossible to estimate the discount factor, and in some applications the model fit has improved as the discount factor approaches one, indicating that the decision makers might act as if they maximized long-term average rather than discounted utility. We will in this work show how dynamic discrete choice theory can be extended to cover this special case. We will apply the new methods to the bus engine replacement problem discussed in Rust (1987) and to a model of car ownership, to test whether the long-term average utility specification better expalins the observations.
Existence of Kuznets Curve in Pakistan: Evidence From HIES Data Set, 1993 To 2011

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The economists take interest in knowing whether the relationship between inequality and growth is linear or quadratic (inverted U or U shape). This study estimates Random Coefficient Model using the pooled data including 9 HIES data set from 1993 to 2011, collected by Federal Bureau of Statistics, Government of Pakistan. The results support the Kuznets Hypothesis (Inverted U shape relationship between inequality and growth) in Pakistan.
Therapeutic use of arteriovenous fistula in children with haemophilia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Haemophilia is an X-linked inherited bleeding disorder, which only affects males. Contemporary treatment of children with haemophilia requires adequate venous access for the administration of prophylactic therapy which commences as a relatively early age. In the majority of children this treatment is administered at home, usually by the parents and then, once competent, by the boys themselves. As venous access in young children is fraught with difficulty, central venous access devices have become the mainstay of haemophilia care. However, these devices come with their own difficulties, with infection and thrombosis causing significant side-effects in some children. Small but substantial cohorts of boys with haemophilia develop antibodies (or inhibitors) to coagulation factors, rendering them both more likely to experience bleeding and more complex to treat. These boys are, for reasons not yet fully understood, more likely to experience central line infections, which also affect overall treatment outcomes. Arteriovenous fistulae were used in four such boys in an attempt to eliminate central line infection and to enable continued treatment administration. The experience and outcomes of these four boys is discussed along with considerations and implications for nurses caring for them.
He ain't heavy, he's my brother

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

“He ain’t heavy, he’s my brother” is a promotional campaign for Boys’ Town that aims to strengthen the client’s brand, raise awareness about its mission and activities, and to correct public misconceptions about Boys’ Town and its boarders. A collaboration between Boys’ Town and faeries, a team of four final-year undergraduates from Nanyang Technological University’s Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, the project involved the use of strategic communication, a series of promotional events and activities, and the introduction of new corporate collaterals and publicity materials. The project seeks to raise awareness for Boys’ Town by engaging tertiary students and the media. More importantly, establish a consistent image for the client in the eyes of the public and to influence positive perception about the organization. The main components of this project are research, publicity, event management, media relations, and evaluation. This report chronicles the various promotional strategies, methods, and tools the team employed to achieve the goals and objectives of the project.
Application of the Deep CNN-Based Method in Industrial System for Wire Marking Identification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Industry 4.0, a term invented by Wolfgang Wahlster in Germany, is celebrating its 10th anniversary in 2021. Still, the digitalization of the production environment is one of the hottest topics in the computer science departments at universities and companies. Optimization of production processes or redefinition of the production concepts is meaningful in light of the current industrial and research agendas. Both the mentioned optimization and redefinition are considered in numerous subtopics and technologies. One of the most significant topics in these areas is the newest findings and applications of artificial intelligence (AI)—machine learning (ML) and deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). The authors invented a method and device that supports the wiring assembly in the control cabinet production process, namely, the Wire Label Reader (WLR) industrial system. The implementation of this device was a big technical challenge. It required very advanced IT technologies, ML, image recognition, and DCNN as well. This paper focuses on an in-depth description of the underlying methodology of this device, its construction, and foremostly, the assembly industrial processes, through which this device is implemented. It was significant for the authors to validate the usability of the device within mentioned production processes and to express both advantages and challenges connected to such assembly process development. The authors noted that in-depth studies connected to the effects of AI applications in the presented area are sparse. Further, the idea of the WLR device is presented while also including results of DCNN training (with recognition results of 99.7% although challenging conditions), the device implementation in the wire assembly production process, and its users’ opinions. The authors have analyzed how the WLR affects assembly process time and energy consumption, and accordingly, the advantages and challenges of the device. Among the most impressive results of the WLR implementation in the assembly process one can be mentioned—the device ensures significant process time reduction regardless of the number of characters printed on a wire.
ANALYSIS OF VISIBILITY OF MANDIBULAR ANATOMIC LANDMARKS USING PANORAMIC RADIOGRAPHY

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Pantamography is the frequently used radiographic technique in dentistry. The word panoramic radiography is extracted from panorama which means an unimpedded view of an area in every required direction. Aims and objectives: The main objective of the study is analysis of visibility of mandibular anatomic landmarks using panoramic radiography. Material and methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Demontmorency College of Dentistry, Lahore during January 2019 to July 2019. The data was collected from 100 patients. Panoramic and CBCT images from 100 children and adolescent patients were randomly selected from existing records in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. Results: The data was collected from 100 patients. The mandibular canal could be observed in 92.5% of 100 cases, with good visibility in 12.0%. The mental foramen could be observed in 44.5% of cases, while no cases had good visibility. Anterior looping of the mental nerve was present in 16.5% of cases, but no cases had good visibility. An incisive canal could be identified in 22.5% of cases, with only 1.5% showing good visibility. The lingual foramen could be visualized in 61.0% of cases, with good visibility in only 6%. Conclusion: It is concluded that the radiation doses from CBCT are significantly lower than medical CT, but generally higher than conventional dental radiography.
Circular Flip-Flop Index: quantifying revision stability of forecasts of direction

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Flip-Flop Index, designed to quantify the extent to which a forecast changes from one issue time to the next, is extended to a Circular Flip-Flop Index for use with forecasts of wind direction, swell direction or similar. The index was devised so we could understand the degree of stability in wind direction forecasts. The Circular Flip Flop Index is independent of observations, has a relatively simple definition and does not penalise a sequence of forecasts that show a trend as long as the forecasts stay within a 180° sector. The Circular Flip-Flop Index is interpreted in terms of the impact of changing forecasts on decisions made by users of the forecast. The Circular Flip-Flop Index has been used to compare the stability of sequences of automated forecast guidance to the official Australian Bureau of Meteorology forecasts, which are prepared manually. It is the first objective assessment of the stability of forecasts of direction. The results show that the forecasts of wind direction from the automated forecast guidance, itself a consensus of many numerical weather models, are more stable than the official, manual forecasts. The Circular Flip-Flop Index does not measure skill but can play a complementary role in characterising and evaluating a forecasting system.
Differential expression of glutathione s-transferase enzyme in different life stages of various insecticide-resistant strains of Anopheles stephensi: A malaria vector

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The GST activity was closely associated with almost all of the insecticides used in the study, strengthening the fact that one of the mechanisms associated with resistance includes an increase of GST activity. This comparative data on GST activity in An. stephensi can be useful database to identify possible underlying mechanisms governing insecticide-resistance by GSTs.
Spatial-Temporal Assessment of Irrigation Application Changes and Soil Moisture Analysis Using SMAP Maps

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to inadequate long-term and large-scale observation approach for observation of soil moisture across the globe, this study intends to unveil the importance of using simulated soil moisture fields from land surface models, forced with observed precipitation and near-surface meteorology in monitoring drought and formulating effective water management practices for continued production irrigation applications. This study shows that socio-economic and ecosystem effects can be determined by evaluating spatial-temporal changes in irrigation applications. Thus, it facilitates understanding of the importance of water management and how water, energy, and carbon flows protect our climate and environment. By using Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) in monitoring soil moisture, the information obtained is critical in providing early drought warnings, particularly in those parts of the United States that experience flash agricultural droughts. Further, this study highlights that frequent and reliable soil moisture measurements from SMAP helped improve the predictive capability of weather and climate models.
Anti-diabetic effect of aloin via JNK-IRS1/PI3K pathways and regulation of gut microbiota

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This research aimed to investigate the antidiabetic activity, underlying mechanisms, and gut microbiota regulation of aloin. The insulin-resistant HepG2 (IR-HepG2) cell model and the type 2 diabetic (T2D) mouse model were successfully established using dexamethasone and a high-fat high-sucrose diet with low-dose streptozotocin, respectively. Aloin intervention increased glucose consumption and stimulated the activity of hexokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase in IR-HepG2 cells. Additionally, it diminished the weight loss, reduced fasting blood glucose levels and hemoglobin A1c activity, and promoted glucose tolerance and fasting serum insulin activity in T2D mice. Histopathological analysis of the liver indicated hepatic protection by aloin. Additionally, aloin treatment inhibited the protein expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinases and activated that of IRS1/PI3K/Akt in the liver. Moreover, aloin modulated the bacterial community in the gut by raising the abundance of Bacteroidota and reducing the richness of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteriota. Thus, aloin ameliorated IR via activating IRS1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and regulating the gut microbiota, and it may be promising candidate as functional food for diabetic therapy.
Glycosylation with 1,2-Anhydromannofuranose Benzyl Ether as the Glycosyl Donor: A Comparison Between Sugar Pyranose and Furanose Acceptors for their Primary Hydroxy Activity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Some 1→5 and 1→6 α-linked furano-disaccharide derivatives were synthesized using 1,2-anhydromannofuranose as the glycosyl donor. Comparison of the glycosyl acceptors indicated that the activity of primary hydroxyl groups of glycofuranoses was much lower than that of glycopyranoses.
Fast synaptic inhibition promotes synchronized gamma oscillations in hippocampal interneuron networks

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Networks of GABAergic interneurons are of critical importance for the generation of gamma frequency oscillations in the brain. To examine the underlying synaptic mechanisms, we made paired recordings from “basket cells” (BCs) in different subfields of hippocampal slices, using transgenic mice that express enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the parvalbumin promoter. Unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) showed large amplitude and fast time course with mean amplitude-weighted decay time constants of 2.5, 1.2, and 1.8 ms in the dentate gyrus, and the cornu ammonis area 3 (CA3) and 1 (CA1), respectively (33–34°C). The decay of unitary IPSCs at BC–BC synapses was significantly faster than that at BC–principal cell synapses, indicating target cell-specific differences in IPSC kinetics. In addition, electrical coupling was found in a subset of BC–BC pairs. To examine whether an interneuron network with fast inhibitory synapses can act as a gamma frequency oscillator, we developed an interneuron network model based on experimentally determined properties. In comparison to previous interneuron network models, our model was able to generate oscillatory activity with higher coherence over a broad range of frequencies (20–110 Hz). In this model, high coherence and flexibility in frequency control emerge from the combination of synaptic properties, network structure, and electrical coupling.
Characterizing and Modelling Fractures and Karst in Carbonate Units - The Porocarste Project

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We investigated the Quaternary epigenic karst system in the Jandaíra Formation, a Turonian–Campanian carbonate platform in the Potiguar basin, northeastern Brazil. We concentrated our investigation in the vadose zone of the present-day karst, but also used borehole data. The leaching zones are preferentially concentrated along pre-solution openings composed of faults, joints, and bedding planes. These dissolved and enlarged faults and beddings form a system of caves and sinkholes, which must be included in the architecture of karst systems. This controlled-karst architecture presents a predictable geometry. This process occurs when the carbonate platform is exposed for a long period and can be thus affected by surface processes such as dissolution of erosion. The Quaternary epigenic karst features we describe may correlate with paleokarst systems in other carbonate platforms.
Correction: Being on the Field When the Game Is Still Under Way. The Financial Press and Stock Markets in Times of Crisis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper looks at the relationship between negative news and stock markets in times of global crisis, such as the 2008/ 2009 period.We analysed one year of front page banner headlines of three financial newspapers, the Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, and Il Sole24ore to examine the influence of bad news both on stock market volatility and dynamic correlation.Our results show that the press and markets influenced each other in generating market volatility and in particular, that the Wall Street Journal had a crucial effect both on the volatility and correlation between the US and foreign markets.We also found significant differences between newspapers in their interpretation of the crisis, with the Financial Times being significantly pessimistic even in phases of low market volatility.Our results confirm the reflexive nature of stock markets.When the situation is uncertain and unpredictable, market behaviour may even reflect qualitative, big picture, and subjective information such as streamers in a newspaper, whose economic and informative value is questionable.
Enlarged paintings: a proposal for classification

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The concept of enlarged painting refers to the technique of extending the support of an easel painting as well as its compositional space, to simulate a continuity with the original painting. Enlargements of support are considered historical additions with a huge documentary weight, so making decisions about their conservation entails great responsibility. Furthermore, additions can be key for a painting to fulfil its function within a certain social assemblage or network, so to promote correct decision making, it is vital to know the reasons why a painting was enlarged. The aim of this research has been to develop a classification of enlarged paintings, according to the purpose of the enlargement. The classification includes the following categories: updating pictures, adaptation to a new space and/or a new frame, completing mutilated paintings, changes in iconography, enlargement in order to create independent works, and grouping paintings together.