jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Thoracic Diseases: Technique and Applications of Dual-Energy CT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) is one of the most promising technological innovations made in the field of imaging in recent years. Thanks to its ability to provide quantitative and reproducible data, and to improve radiologists’ confidence, especially in the less experienced, its applications are increasing in number and variety. In thoracic diseases, DECT is able to provide well-known benefits, although many recent articles have sought to investigate new perspectives. This narrative review aims to provide the reader with an overview of the applications and advantages of DECT in thoracic diseases, focusing on the most recent innovations. The research process was conducted on the databases of Pubmed and Cochrane. The article is organized according to the anatomical district: the review will focus on pleural, lung parenchymal, breast, mediastinal, lymph nodes, vascular and skeletal applications of DECT. In conclusion, considering the new potential applications and the evidence reported in the latest papers, DECT is progressively entering the daily practice of radiologists, and by reading this simple narrative review, every radiologist will know the state of the art of DECT in thoracic diseases.
‘Sick with stress’: perspectives on airport travel from persons living with dementia and their travel companions

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Persons living with dementia continue to desire and need air travel. This study gives voice to the current lived experiences of persons with dementia and their caregiving travel companions using U.S. airports. Forty-eight persons living with dementia and 176 travel companions shared information about themselves and their airport experiences through a web-survey. Results identified common challenges and ways in which U.S. airports could be improved to better serve persons living with dementia and their travel companions. Anxiety, understanding signs and announcements, and getting lost or separated were primary travel concerns. Participants detailed themes of frustration with security and locating family restrooms or quiet spaces. Many are unaware of the services available to assist travelers. Among other recommendations, participants suggested staff training on hidden disabilities to improve air travel experiences. Results inform ongoing efforts to develop dementia-friendly airports and support continuing independence and quality of life. Points of interestThis study surveyed the air travel experiences of persons living with dementia and their travel companions to understand how going through the airport can be made more comfortable for them.Primary concerns voiced by the participants were anxiety and frustration at security, trouble finding their way around the airport, and not enough quiet spaces or family bathrooms.Participants shared that better staff training, hidden disability badges, and more wheelchair or electric cart services could help travelers like them and other persons living with disabilities.Airport updates that reduce noise and add more family bathrooms can make airport travel better for persons living with dementia and their travel companions.This paper shows how persons living with dementia and their travel companions' could be more comfortable in public spaces like airports if we use their experiences and opinions to make improvements.
An Initial Report of Thermal Runaway Resulting in Full-Thickness Foot Burns From Lithium-Ion Battery-Powered Insole

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Lithium-ion batteries are used in many commercial products such as electronics, cell phones, and e-cigarettes. The use of these batteries has become widespread over recent years due to their chargeability and long-lasting performance. Though a rare occurrence, lithium-ion batteries can fail due to myriad battery defects, which can cause fires and burns. One particular concern is that of thermal runaway, a critical failure marked by a sudden exothermic reaction that occurs as a result of damage to the lithium battery. Thermal runaway can produce heat in excess of 1800 °F, causing severe burns to individuals in close proximity. A 39-year-old man presented to an emergency department (ED) with full-thickness burns to his right foot after an episode of lithium-ion battery thermal runaway in his footwarmer. The patient’s boot suddenly and unexpectedly caught fire for several seconds prior to being successfully removed. The patient subsequently underwent several weeks of debridements, auto- and homografting, and wound care before eventually making a full recovery. This case highlights the rare, but serious, risk posed by lithium-ion batteries as a result of thermal runaway. This phenomenon can cause devastating full-thickness burns in a matter of seconds. As lithium-ion-powered appliances grow in popularity, stringent safety measures should be implemented to prevent catastrophic injuries. Furthermore, healthcare providers should be made aware of injuries caused by thermal runaway to appropriately treat patients.
COMPARATIVE CYTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON A SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT STRAINS OF PINK BOLLWORM, PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA MUND.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The parent strain of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.) was col­lected from cotton fields and reared in the laboratory for several genera­tions free from insecticidal pressure. Selection of newly hatched larvae with cyanophos for 24 generations resulted in a 32.51-fold increase in resistance. Cytological behaviour of chromosomes in meiotically dividing cells was studied at the 24th selected generation. Also, the cytological aber­ration in relaxed strain for one generation was studied. Results show that the percentage of abnormal cells was 26.087 at the 24th selected generation. Relaxed strain showed a slight decrease of percentage of abonormalities (22%) as compared with the suscepti­ble strain (2.8). The most frequent chromosomal aberrations were stick­iness of chromosomes and lagging chromosomes. Irregular distribution of chromosomes was also observed in a few cells.
Host Hybridization Dominates over Cohabitation in Affecting Gut Microbiota of Intrageneric Hybrid Takifugu Pufferfish

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Microbial symbionts are of great importance for macroscopic life, including fish, and yet little is known as to how the normal balance within the fish holobiont is maintained and how it responds to the biotic and/or abiotic influences. Through gut microbiota profiling, we show that host intrageneric hybridization and cohabitation can impose a strong disturbance upon pufferfish gut microbiota.
Synthesis and spectrophotometric study of omeprazole charge transfer complexes with bromothymol blue, methyl orange and picric acid

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Spectrophotometric determination of omeprazole through charge transfer complex has been described using bromothymol blue, methyl orange and picric acid. Formed complexes were investigated at 400, 420 and 373 nm in the concentration ranges of 7-56, 6-48 and 10-80 µg mL-1 respectively. The apparent molar absorptivity values have been determined. The data is discussed in terms of oscillator’s strength, dipole moment, ionization potential, energy of complexes, resonance energy, association constant and Gibb’s free energy changes. Benesi-Hildebrand plots have been constructed. Applicability of method was demonstrated by determining the omeprazole in pharmaceutical formulations which showed good percent recovery values. Commonly present excipients did not interfere during analysis. Solid charge transfer complexes were synthesized and characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Attention Distribution and Decision Making in Tactical Air Combat

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Tactical decision making in the air combat environment requires the rapid processing of large amounts of data in a complex and unpredictable environment. To investigate decision making in this domain, we conducted a study in which 10 experienced fighter pilots provided tactical decisions and performed a target replacement task on a tactical situation display showing a wide variety of tactical situations based on the de Groot memory paradigm. Results were analyzed to determine features related to pilot attention distribution in processing tactical situation displays and their correspondence to tactical decision making. Evidence is provided for the effect of target quantity, target location, and overall target density distribution on decision making and attention. In addition, substantial variation in decision making was found between participants. Systematic biases in attention were also discovered which have implications for decision making in combat situations. Evidence of chunking in processing the displays was also explored. Results indicate that although pilots appeared to chunk targets in a manner similar to experts studied in other fields, the criterion used for determining chunking in these studies may not be valid.
Hypotension prediction index: From reactive to predictive hemodynamic management, the key to maintaining hemodynamic stability

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Intraoperative hypotension is common and has been associated with adverse events, including acute kidney failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Since blood pressure is a multidimensional and measurable variable, artificial intelligence and machine learning have been used to predict it. To date, studies have shown that the prediction and prevention of hypotension can reduce the incidence of hypotension. This review describes the development and evaluation of an artificial intelligence predictive algorithm called Hypotension Prediction (HPI), which can predict hypotension up to 15 min before it occurs.
Analysis of Benefit-risk Balance in Decision-making of the Food and Drug Administration for Premarket Approval of Therapeutic Medical Devices

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Compared to the evaluation of new pharmaceutical drugs, the assessments of the design and results of clinical trials for medical devices are not well established. For medical devices, the definition of the benefit-risk balance assessed during approval by regulatory agencies is not clear, which may result in subjectivity of the decision-making process. It is possible to hypothesize that the newly approved medical device should be superior in both risk and efficacy to the already existing device, which is used as control. To test this hypothesis, we performed an independent analysis of the premarket approvals (PMA) of therapeutic medical devices based on assessment review of reports of a regulatory agency, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A total of 74 studies that tested various medical devices for PMA were selected. For each clinical trial, the study design was evaluated with particular emphasis on its nature (retrospective or prospective). presence of a control arm, randomization, and masking. We performed an objective analysis of the benefit-risk balance between effec-tiveness and safety in the test arm compared to that in the control arm, using an original method for data evaluation. Of the 74 studies, 56 (76%) were prospective, 1 was purely retrospective (1%). 15 were mixed (20%), and 2 (3%) did not specify the nature of study. Only 46 studies (62%) included a comparative control group, 26 of which (57%) demonstrated “equivalence” but not “superiority” of the primary effectiveness measure. Depending on the evaluation criteria (mortality, complications, adverse effects, others) the results of safety assessment revealed advantage of the test arm in only 16-38% of comparative studies. The designs of the protocols for testing therapeutic medical devices and the criteria of objective evaluation during approval for broad clinical practice are not standardized. For PMA approval, FDA does not ultimately require better effectiveness and/or safety of the new device compared to the existing control device.
Line of Sight Stabilization for Directed Energy Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

**Bryan Kelchner**, VP of Engineering at Teknicare, Inc., a company that specializes in directed-energy (DE) systems engineering, design, development, integration, and testing of beam control and laser systems for DoD; **Victor Beazel**, Senior Dynamics and Controls Engineer at Teknicare; and **Steven Griffin**, Boeing Senior Technical Fellow will talk about challenges of airborne and space-based high-energy laser systems’ line-of-sight control. This authors seminar addresses DE precision-pointing requirements and their associated implementation alternatives in the context of strapdown and stable platform inertial reference technologies. This seminar is based on the article linked above as the Featured Publication, published in the AIAA Journal. For those who are interested in DE, please also visit our [virtual collection on “Directed Energy for Aerospace Applications”](https://arc.aiaa.org/toc/aiaaj/Virtual+Collection/4).
Machine Learning-Based Classification Models for Non-Covalent Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors: Predictive Ability and Interpretability

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this study, we built classification models using machine learning techniques to predict the bioactivity of non-covalent inhibitors of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and to provide interpretable and transparent explanations for these predictions. To achieve this, we gathered data on BTK inhibitors from the Reaxys and ChEMBL databases, removing compounds with covalent bonds and duplicates to obtain a dataset of 3895 inhibitors of non-covalent. These inhibitors were characterized using MACCS fingerprints and Morgan fingerprints, and four traditional machine learning algorithms (decision trees (DT), random forests (RF), support vector machines (SVM), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost)) were used to build 16 classification models. In addition, four deep learning models were developed using deep neural networks (DNN). The best model, Model D_4, which was built using XGBoost and MACCS fingerprints, achieved an accuracy of 94.1% and a Mathews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.75 on the test set. To provide interpretable explanations, we employed the SHAP method to decompose the predicted values into the contributions of each feature. We also used K-means dimensionality reduction and hierarchical clustering to visualize the clustering effects of molecular structures of the inhibitors. The results of this study were validated using crystal structures, and we found that the interaction between the BTK amino acid residue and the important features of clustered scaffold was consistent with the known properties of the complex crystal structures. Overall, our models demonstrated high predictive ability, and a qualitative model can be converted to a quantitative model to some extent by SHAP, making them valuable for guiding the design of new BTK inhibitors with desired activity.
Code for "The significant role of post-pairing male behaviour on the evolution of male preferences and female traits"

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This project page archives Mathematica code to replicate the analyses and figures of "The significant role of post-pairing male behaviour on the evolution of male preferences and female traits" by Nan Lyu, D. Justin Yeh, Huw Lloyd, and Yue-Hua Sun appearing in Communications Biology. All figures from the manuscript (and its supplement) can be obtained by running the code.
Response of Organic Biostimulants and Silicon to Growth, Yield and Quality of Tomato under Soil Salinity Conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abiotic stresses strongly affect plant growth, nutrient composition and quality of production; final crop yield can be really compromised if stress occurs in plants’ most sensitive phenological phases. The present field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of biostimulants on improvement of tolerance and yield of tomato plants exposed to salinity. The tomato field soil condition with pH- 8.7 and EC- 4 dS m-1 was recorded. After the first fruit set of tomato, Organic biostimulant (Organic mix with high concentration of carboxylic acids, containing calcium oxide (CaO), ammonium ligninsulfonate and Zinc) were given by soil drenching and Orthosilicic acid as silicon source by foliar spray at every 10 – 15 days interval. The treatments include Organic biostimulant at 0.3ml/plant & 0.6ml/plant, Orthosilicic acid at 0.2% and 0.4%. The observations were taken during greener and red ripening stage. The biostimulants positively affected the plant height and chlorophyll fluorescence. Biostimulants were allowed to maintain the lower level of electrolyte leakage and osmotic potential within the plant. The activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes increased with the increases in salinity: biostimulants thereby kept the lower the level of reactive oxygen species. Under saline conditions due to the ionic imbalance, potassium and calcium content in both the shoots and roots were recorded lower, whereas the sodium content was found to be higher than the control plants. Similarly, a significant increase in total soluble solids and firmness of the fruit was recorded in tomato fruits. Yield characters like fruit number per plant, single plant yield, single fruit weight and flower to fruit ratio were positively affected by the application of biostimulants. The organic biostimulant and Orthosilicic acid administered at a greater dose appeared to be the most effective in our investigation.
Conceptual information about size of objects in nouns

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Two experiments provide evidence that information about the real-life size of objects is elicited by nouns. A priming paradigm was used with a category membership verification task. The results showed that targets were responded to faster when preceded by a same size prime, and that large entities were processed faster than small ones. Overall, our results significantly extend previous work on perceptual information elicited by concepts [e.g., Zwaan & Yaxley, 2004, Lateralization of object-shape information in semantic processing. \nCognition, 94, B35-B43] and, in particular, on size information [e.g., Rubinstein & Henik, 2002, Is an ant larger than a lion? Acta Psychologica, 111, 141-154] by means of a size unrelated paradigm.
Conformational analysis of broken rodlike chains. 1. Scattering function of rods joined together by flexible coils

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConformational analysis of broken rodlike chains. 1. Scattering function of rods joined together by flexible coilsYoshio MurogaCite this: Macromolecules 1988, 21, 9, 2751–2755Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00187a019Request reuse permissionsArticle Views114Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (471 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Effect of COVID-19 on Pet Food Bank Servicing : Quantifying Numbers of Clients Serviced in the Vancouver Downtown Eastside, British Columbia, Canada

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Previous research has focused on the benefits and difficulties of pet ownership in people, who are experiencing homelessness. However, many pet services, such as pet food banks, serve a more varied population of people. Furthermore, the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic has not been documented within the context of pet food banks. Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside (DTES) population comprises a notable proportion of the city’s overall population and has a high density of people who are experiencing financial hardships, but some of whom do not always experience homelessness. The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the number of clients and pets that are being serviced by a pet food bank, whether that has changed over time, and if it was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed available attendance and service records from The British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals pet food bank between 2013 and 2020. We found that a median of 100 clients attended the food bank each week and that most of the companion animals serviced were cats (72.5%), then followed by dogs (25.2%), and rats (1.2%). Servicing was not consistent over time, with a weekly pattern of decreased attendance every fourth week of the month, which coincided with income assistance payments. This suggests that either servicing needs are decreased with income assistance or that the week of the month may present an access to care challenge. We also observed a decrease in the clientele attending in 2020 compared to previous years, suggesting an effect of COVID-19. Specifically, this trend was present for cats, rats, rabbits, and “other” companion animals, but not for dogs; the number of dog owners receiving services did not change in 2020, suggesting a difference between needed services in dog vs. other pet owners. The yearly trends shed light on the impact of COVID-19 on vulnerable populations, highlighting the need for additional support through times of crisis. Overall, the data show a complex relationship between pet service provision and other community issues and highlight the need to consider pet food banks within the greater social services networks.
The Effects of Preschooler's Self-regulation and Maternal Parenting Behavior on Preschooler's Game Immersion

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of preschooler's self-regulation and maternal parenting behavior on preschooler's game immersion. Subjects were 253 4- to 5-year-old preschoolers(118 boys, 135 girls) and their mothers. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The major findings are summarized as follows: (1) preschooler's game immersion differed from preschooler's gender. Boy preschooler had higher score than girl preschooler in game immersion. (2) Both boy and girl preschooler's game immersion was negatively correlated with preschooler's behavioral regulation and emotional regulation, maternal rational guidance, limit-setting and affection. (3) The most influential factor on boy preschooler's game immersion was behavioral regulation. On the other hand, the most influential factor on girl preschooler's game immersion was emotional regulation, and the next influential factor was maternal affection. Results of this study indicate that self-regulation enhancement program should be developed and mothers should be more affective with their preschoolers in order to prevent preschoolers' game immersion.