jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
DETER Monitoring on Non-Forest Vegetation in the Brazilian Amazon

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, we present the initial results of the pilot project applying the Near Real-Time Deforestation Detection System (DETER), initially designed for monitoring forest ecosystems (DETER Amazon), recently expanded to surveil an area of approximately 280,000 km² of non-forest natural vegetation (NF) in the Brazilian Amazon. The system issues two types of alerts: 1) NF suppression alerts, categorized into three classes (suppression with exposed soil, suppression with cultivated area, and suppression by mining) and 2) burn scars, based on an adapted methodology from DETER Amazon and images with low spatial resolution (64 m) but high temporal resolution (two or three days to assess the entire biome). The pilot project period was from August 2022 to July 2023, with a total area of suppression alerts covering 575.22 km², predominantly composed of the NF suppression class with exposed soil, and 8,036.99 km² of burn scar areas. The majority of NF suppression alerts occurred in the states of Roraima, Mato Grosso, Rondônia, and Pará. Additionally, Amazonas and Amapá stood out among the states with a higher area of burn scar alerts. Savannas were the most affected non-forest physiognomies, with 5,037 km² (6.5%) of their area impacted by suppression and fire. Comparative analysis with other monitoring systems in the Amazon demonstrated the effectiveness of DETER NF in monitoring non-forest areas in the biome.
Subwebs for specialized search

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We describe a method to define and use subwebs, user-defined neighborhoods of the Internet. Subwebs help improve search performance by inducing a topic-specific page relevance bias over a collection of documents. Subwebs may be automatically identified using a simple algorithm we describe, and used to provide highly-relevant topic-specific information retrieval. Using subwebs in a Help and Support topic, we see marked improvements in precision compared to generic search engine results.
Ultrasonic characterization and beyond: How to select a hydrogel for tissue engineering

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Hydrogels have emerged as a crucial class of materials within the field of tissue engineering. There is growing interest in matching the mechanical properties of hydrogel scaffolds to tissues in the human body and optimizing these properties for cell growth and differentiation. Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) is a well-accepted, biocompatible hydrogel with tunable mechanical properties. However, the effects of various formulation parameters on its mechanical properties are not well understood. In this study, an array of GelMA scaffold fabrication parameters is evaluated by varying GelMA concentration and ultraviolet light exposure time. Our overarching goal is to characterize the mechanical properties through ultrasound and rheological measurements, providing a framework for GelMA scaffold selection. Pulse-echo ultrasound techniques were used to non-invasively determine the sound speed and attenuation of the scaffolds, revealing significant dependence on GelMA concentration. Steady shear rate and strain- and frequency-controlled oscillatory shear tests using a rotational rheometer (Model: DHR-2, TA Instruments) revealed a range in the levels of shear-thinning as well as viscoelasticity and showed moduli-dependence on both GelMA concentration and light exposure time. Together, this acoustic and rheological characterization can be used to inform the selection of GelMA scaffolds in tissue engineering applications.
Affordances are Signs

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Peirce and Whitehead share a common project: to restrict the over-extension of reductionism, to show how matter must be sensate and to create an ontology of process and subjectivity. This article claims that biosemiotics can assist this project. Moreover, it shows that the concept of affordance is a means to produce a theory of causation that embraces physical, natural and cultural levels of order.
Coastal Navigation – in a digital era

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Coastal navigation is known as a complex craft. Technological aids and integrated computer systems have been developed for the ship bridge with the aim of increasing the navigator’s situation awareness, and so the control of a passage has become less complex. This paper presents and argues that control strategies used before the digitalization of the modern ship bridge still apply, and are important tasks for the navigator. Even though the navigator has several sensors and systems to assist in the navigational task, errors or failures may occur. System awareness has thus become an increasingly central part of the navigator’s situational awareness. The paper emphasises the importance of human-centred design aligned with control strategies and standard operating procedures. Finally, the ongoing pursuit of using the technology of tomorrow in order to reduce head-down-time and increase situational awareness for the navigator, is outlined.
Switch on of hippocampal responses to the memorized cue after fear conditioning

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective The hippocampus is a key brain region of multimodal information association, which in turn serves as basis of memory buffer.Molecular and cellular modifications induced by neural activity in hippocampal neurons have been extensively demonstrated.However, the consequence of physiological function changes related to these molecular and cellular modifications, which may account for hippocampus-dependent learning and memory, remains unclear.Methods Using in vivo whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from CA1 pyramidal cells of anaesthetized adult rats and mice, we investigate the plasticity of synaptic responses of hippocampal neurons to a memorized cue (flashing of visual stimulation), which was recently presented to the animal (0-7 days before) as the conditioned stimulus (CS) in fear conditioning.Results Without fear conditioning, a small proportion (~32%, n =31 out 96 cells) of CA1 pyramidal cells exhibited significant synaptic responses to the flash stimulation.Interestingly, one day after fear conditioning—paired stimuli of the flash stimulation (CS) and an electric shock (US), all CA1 pyramidal cells were found to be responsive to the memorized flash stimulation.Consistent with the notion of short-term memory engram mediated by the hippocampus, the increase of the proportion of responsive cells disappeared 7 days after fear conditioning.In CA1 specific NR1-subunit knock-out mice, the proportion of responsive cells to the CS was not changed after fear conditioning, indicating the dependence of the fear conditioning-induced synaptic plasticity of CA 1 pyramidal cells on CA1 NMDA receptors.Conclusion Our data show that fear conditioning recruits widespread CA1 neurons to memorize the related cue.This process may result from switch-on of some synaptic connectivity in the CA1 region by activating its NMDA receptors, which in turn complements the short-term information storage in the hippoeampus.
Flexible Pavement for Tomorrow's Major Airports

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents flexible pavement thickness design requirements for representative aircraft which tend to control the design of flexible pavements at today's and tomorrow's major commercial airports. These design criteria, developed in accordance with the CBR design procedures used by the Army Corps of Engineers in designing flexible pavements for military aircraft, may be used to predict the effects of tomorrow's aircraft on existing flexible pavements at commercial airports.
Safe and secure - Environmental effects of nuclear power plants and the nuclear fuel cycle

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This paper focuses on the issues critical to the operation of commercial nuclear power electric generating plants. These issues include safe, secure long-term plant operations, plant physical security, radioactive waste management, and environmental impact. Few energy choices can compete with the environmental benefits of nuclear power. By capturing and sequestering waste products during the entire fuel cycle, nuclear power is one of the cleanest baseload energy sources available. Long-term storage of used fuel is technically feasible in both aboveground storage containers and in underground geologic formations. Continued research into new nuclear reactors is expected to allow for almost complete consumption of the available unused fuel in high level waste
FLAVIN-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE-SYNTHESIZING ENZYME IN EREMOTHECIUM ASHBYII

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The existence of an enzyme catalyzing FAD synthesis from FMN and ATP was proved in mycelium of Er. ashbyii. The enzyme requires Mg2+ or Mn2+ for its full activity. The optimum pH is 8.0. When riboflavin is added to the reaction mixture in place of FMN, FAD synthesis occurs also, but not so much as in the case of FMN. It seems, therefore, that FAD synthesis by Er. ashbyii may occur through the reaction of ATP and FMN, formed by phosphorylation of riboflavin.
Novel algorithms for large scale supervised and one class learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Supervised learning is the machine learning task of inferring a function from labeled training data. There have been numerous algorithms proposed for supervised learning, such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), decision trees, and etc. However, most of them are not able to handle an increasingly popular type of data, high dimensional data, such as gene expression data, text documents, MRI images, and etc. This phenomenon is often called the curse of dimensionality. Our solution to this problem is an improvement to LDA that imposes a regularized structure on the covariance matrix, so that it becomes block diagonal while feature reduction is performed. The improved method, which we call block diagonal discriminant analysis (BDLDA), effectively exploits the off diagonal information in the covariance matrix without huge computation and memory requirement. BDLDA is further improved by using treelets as a preprocessing tool. Treelets, by transforming the original data by successive local PCA, concentrates more energy near the diagonal items in the covariance matrix, and thus achieves even better accuracy compared to BDLDA. ? Supervised learning requires labeled information of all classes. However, since labeled data is often more difficult to obtain than unlabeled data, there is an increasing interest in a special form of learning, namely, one class learning. In one class learning, the training set only has samples of one class, and the goal is to distinguish the class from all other samples. We propose a one class learning algorithm, Graph-One Class Learning (Graph-OCL). Graph-OCL is a two step strategy, where we first identify reliable negative samples, and then we classify the samples based on labeled data and the identified negative samples in the first step. The main novelty is the first step, in which graph-based ranking by learning with local and global consistency (LGC) is used. Graph-based ranking is particularly accurate if the samples and their similarities are well represented by a graph. We also theoretically prove that there is a simple method to select a constant parameter ? for LGC, thus eliminating the necessity of model selection by time consuming validation. ? Graph-based methods usually scale badly as a function of the sample size. This can be solved by using the Nystr�m approximation, which samples a few columns to represent the affinity matrix. We propose a new method, BoostNystr�m, which adaptively samples a subset of columns at each iterative step and updates the sampling probability in the next iterative step. This algorithm is based on a novel perspective, which relates the quality of Nystr�m approximation with the subspace spanned by the sampled columns. BoostNystr�m can be potentially applied to Graph-OCL to solve the problem of large data size.
The selectivity in the time of thiacloprid (Calypso 480 SC) applied at preblossom on the further Anthocoris nemoralis population build up in pears.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Predatory bugs (Anthocoris sp.) are key predators of the pear sucker (Psyllo pyri) in pear orchards. In order to enhance biological control it is important to verify if crop protection products applied against Psylla pyri display potential short- or long-term detrimental effects on Anthocoris populations. This study focuses on the impact of thiacloprid (Calypso 480 SC), applied at preblossom for the control of the first generation pear sucker Psylla pyri, on subsequent population build up of Anthocoris nemoralis later in the season. Hereto, five large-scale trials on pear Conference were conducted. Two types of orchards were selected: the first type is surrounded by abundant vegetation from which Anthocorids easily can fly in when attracted by the presence of prey (Psylla pyri); the second type has no "reservoir" vegetation around the orchard and here it is considered that mostly the residential population of Anthocorids constitutes the predation. In all five trials positioning of thiacloprid preblossom did not prevent the normal population build up of the predatory Anthocoris sp. population later in the season. As both in orchards with surrounding vegetation and in orchards without adjacent vegetation a regular build up of the Anthocoris sp. population was observed, the outcomes of this study indicate that a preblossom application of Calypso 480 SC can be considered as "selective in time" for further Anthocoridae dynamics.
Device Prototype for Vaginal Delivery of Extremely Preterm Fetuses in the Breech Presentation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Vaginal delivery is typically avoided in the extremely preterm breech population due to the concern of entrapment by the cervix of the aftercoming head. A mechanical device concept is presented to enable vaginal delivery by preventing retraction of the cervix against the fetus during delivery. The two-part device was designed to dilate the cervix, prevent prolapse of small fetal parts and maintain sufficient dilation during delivery. The two-part device was designed and manufactured with the following modules: an inflatable saline-filled cervical balloon for dilation and a cervical retractor composed of semirigid beams to stabilize the cervix and maintain adequate dilation. The device was tested using a cervical phantom designed to simulate the compressive force the cervix exerts. The cervical balloon reached a maximum dilation of 8.5 cm, after which there was leakage of saline from the balloon. While this dilation was less than the target goal of 10 cm, the leaking was attributed to prototype manufacturing defects, which could be resolved with further development. The cervical retractor was able to withstand between 1–3 kPa. Although estimates of cervical pressure values can be upward of 30 kPa, there are no in vivo measurements to formally identify the pressure values for patients in preterm labor. This device serves as a viable proof-of-concept for utilizing an inflatable balloon device to prevent cervical retraction in the setting of extremely preterm vaginal breech delivery. Further manufacturing improvements and design changes could improve the device for continued development and testing.
Pause►Play : disrupting the fast pace of life through play design

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Modern living is often hectic. Many of us are working against the clock to meet the demand of our work and commitments. As adults, we began to lose something we once knew as kids; that is our sense of playing. Our preoccupation with productivity has led us to lose our sense of play. Social expectation of adults to not play also seems to reinforce this notion. However, play can be an effective source of relaxation to counter the stressful fast pace modern life. This project investigates ways to use play to provide stress relief to counter the hectic pace of urban living. Pause►Play is a pop-up intervention proposed for the downtown area to encourage play among the public.
Thoracoscopic treatment of persistent right aortic arch in dogs with and without one lung ventilation

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To evaluate thoracoscopic treatment of persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) in dogs with and without the use of one lung ventilation (OLV). Study Design Retrospective cohort study. Animals Twenty‐two (client‐owned and shelter) dogs diagnosed with PRAA. Methods Medical records were reviewed retrospectively and intraoperative and immediate postoperative data were compared between dogs that underwent thoracoscopic treatment of PRAA with (OLV+) and without (OLV‐) OLV. Results Ten of the 12 dogs in the OLV+ group and 7/10 dogs in the OLV− group had their left ligamentum arteriosum successfully ligated during thoracoscopy. Median surgical time, surgery complications, anesthesia complications, and rate of conversion to an open thoracotomy due to limited visualization or surgical complications were similar between the two groups. Conclusion Thoracoscopic treatment of PRAA can be performed with or without OLV. Surgical time, intraoperative complications, and conversion rates were similar between dogs that underwent thoracoscopic treatment of PRAA with and without OLV. OLV may not have contributed to improved visualization in this group of dogs. Clinical Significance (or Impact) The use of OLV is safe during thoracoscopic treatment of PRAA. OLV did not appear to provide significant benefits in this case series and thoracoscopic treatment of PRAA in dogs may be performed successfully with or without the use of OLV.
The second to fourth digit ratio: a measure of hand grip strength?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The ratio of the lengths of the index and the ring finger (2D:4D ratio) is generally different between men and women. This has often been used as an indicator of the levels of prenatal androgen exposure. It has hence been suggested to have a role in many gender differences including performance in sports. Men generally outperform women in most physical abilities. However, reports in various studies have been inconclusive, depending upon the physical ability tested. Hand Grip Strength (HGS) is a good measure of overall strength of an individual. Hence, we decided to determine the relationship between 2D:4D and HGS of both hands in men and women.Methods: Scanned images of both hands of young volunteers were analysed and the 2D:4D ratio calculated. HGS was measured and results correlated with 2D:4D.Results: 2D:4D ratio of men was significantly less than of women for the right (p<0.001) and the left hand (p<0.001). HGS of men was significantly greater than that of women for the right (p<0.0001) and for the left hand (p<0.0001). 2D:4D ratio in men showed a weak but significant positive correlation with HGS of right(p<0.05) and left hand(p<0.05). A weak but significant positive correlation was also seen for the left hand in females. However, 2D:4D ratios did not show any significant correlation with HGS for the right hand in women.Conclusions: We conclude that 2D:4D ratio is a measure of Hand Grip Strength in men, but is not a robust measure of HGS in women.
Efficacy of treatment of insomnia in migraineurs with eszopiclone (Lunesta®) and its effect on total sleep time, headache frequency, and daytime functioning: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, pilot study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The study did not meet primary endpoint, that is, the difference in total sleep time during the 6-week treatment period between eszopiclone and placebo was less than 40 minutes. Therefore, it failed to answer the question as to whether insomnia is, indeed, a risk factor for increased headache frequency and headache intensity in migraineurs.
Room‐Temperature High‐Performance Thermoelectric Bi0.6Sb0.4Te: Elimination of Detrimental Band Inversion in BiTe

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Room‐temperature thermoelectric materials are the key to miniaturizing refrigeration equipment and have great scientific and social implications, yet their application is hindered by their extreme scarcity. BiTe exhibiting strong spin‐orbit coupling peaks ZT at 600 K. Herein, we discover the synergy effect of Sb doping in BiTe that eliminates the detrimental band inversion and leads to an overlap of conduction band (CB) and valence band that significantly increases the S from 33 to 124 μV K −1 . In addition, this effect enhances the μ from 58 to 92 cm 2 V −1 s −1 owing to the sharp increase in the CB slope along the Γ‐A in the first Brillouin zone. Furthermore, Sb doping increases the anharmonicity, shortens the phonon lifetime and lowers κ lat . Finally, Se/Sb codoping further optimizes the ZT to 0.6 at 300 K, suggesting that Bi 0.6 Sb 0.4 Te 1− y Se y is a potential room‐temperature TE material.
Near-net-shape fabrication by forced-flow, thermal-gradient CVI

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Forced-flow, thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration (FCVI) has been developed for the rapid densification of ceramic matrix composites. For preforms of >3 mm thickness FCVI can produce a near-net-shape part in less than one day as opposed to isothermal, isobaric CVI which requires several weeks to densify such a component. Efforts at ORNL and elsewhere have resulted in capability to produce prototypical thick-walled heat exchanger tubes and turbine disk blanks. This paper will review recent modeling and experimental efforts related to the FCVI of cylindrical forms.
The body politic of independent Scotland

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The creation of national personifications is a political act that informs us about ideological and cognitive strategies underpinning nation-building. Many European nations are associated with national personifications, but Scotland stands out by not having a tradition of representing the nation in this way. The 2014 independence referendum began to change that, and national personifications featured, not only in the main pro-independence campaign material, but in the visual profile of many new, radical organizations. These personifications also raise questions about the use of metaphor in political discourse. By combining multimodal metaphor and metonymy analysis with interviews with artists who have designed Scottish personifications for the independence movement, this article investigates how new Scottish body politic metaphors were constructed during the campaign. This methodology increases our understanding of the wider context of the referendum, and aids the interpretation of national personifications by providing arguments for interpretation. The analysis shows that body politic metaphors used in the campaign draw on traditional Scottish symbols, but traditional body politic metaphor types are subverted, typically concerning gender roles, in order to convey messages that are relevant in a contemporary political landscape.