jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Security Mechanisms for Information Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, extensive research has been conducted on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) due to their wide range of potential applications ranging from commercial to critical military and health care applications. For most of these applications, security is an important requirement. However, security mechanisms in WSNs differ from traditional ad-hoc networks due to their energy and resource constraints. Due to these constraints, the sensor nodes are vulnerable to security threats because the traditional security measures are not enough to protect these nodes during information dissemination in WSNs. Thus, in this paper we have studied TinySec security measures, Authentication-only (TinySec-Auth) and Authentication Encryption (TinySec-AE) in order to evaluate the suitability of these security measures for WSN applications. We have evaluated these TinySec mechanisms in terms of packet transmission time, average number of packet received and energy consumption. The simulation results show that TinySec-AE consumed more energy and required more time to transmit packet in comparing to TinySec-Auth due to higher computational time and longer packet size for extra encryption mechanism.
A Big Data‐Driven Nonlinear Least Squares Four‐Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation Method: Theoretical Formulation and Conceptual Evaluation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A new nonlinear least squares four‐dimensional variational data assimilation method (NLS‐4DVar) is proposed incorporating the use of “big data.” This distinctive four‐dimensional ensemble‐variational data assimilation method (4DEnVar) is made up of two ensembles, a preprepared historical big data ensemble and a small “online” ensemble. The historical ensemble portrays both the ensemble‐constructed background error covariance and tangent models more accurately, as compared with the standard NLS‐4DVar method, with no heavy increase in computational cost in terms of real‐time operations. The online ensemble maintains the flow dependence of the ensemble‐estimated background error covariance. The ensemble analysis scheme proposed by merging the local ensemble transform Kalman filter scheme with a sophisticated sampling approach is able to adjust the ensemble spreads suitably and maintain them steadily. The updating scheme also largely guarantees the partial flow dependence of the historical ensemble. Experimental results using the shallow‐water equations demonstrate that the new big data method provides substantial performance improvement over the standard NLS‐4DVar method.
Glomerular thrombosis and cortical infarction in cyclosporin-treated rabbits with acute serum sickness.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Rabbits given acute serum sickness (ASS) and treated with cyclosporin A (CyA) developed glomerular capillary thrombosis and cortical infarction, lesions not seen in unmodified ASS. Thirty-three NZW rabbits received a single intravenous injection of 250 mg/kg bovine serum albumen (BSA) with or without endotoxin (5 micrograms/kg) on day 0. Groups of rabbits were given intramuscular CyA as follows: 15 mg/kg from day -2 to +8, or 25 mg/kg/day from day -20 to +3 or day 0 to 5. Signs of this renal injury were haematuria, transient proteinuria, glycosuria and oliguria and they occurred during the rapid phase of antigen elimination when immune complexes were being formed. Seventeen of the 33 rabbits developed glomerular capillary thrombi and 11 of 17 also had glomerular and tubular infarction. Electron microscopic examination showed that these lesions were associated with severe endothelial injury and platelet-fibrin-leucocyte thrombi. These changes were more severe in the groups given 25 mg/kg. The lesions were not seen in untreated rabbits and ASS, nor in normal rabbits given equivalent doses of CyA alone. A strikingly similar renal lesion has been seen in patients receiving CyA following bone marrow transplantation, and also in the haemolytic uraemic syndrome. The model we describe may be valuable for the study of the mechanisms of endothelial injury and thrombosis in the kidney.
A Novel Method to Identify Routes of Hepatitis C Virus Transmission

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We propose a new approach based on genetic distances among viral strains to infer about risk exposures and location of transmission at population level.We re-analysed 133 viral sequences obtained during a cross-sectional survey of 4020 subjects living in a hepatitis C virus (HCV) endemic area in 2002. A permutation test was used to analyze the correlation between matrices of genetic distances in the NS5b region of all pairwise combinations of the 133 viral strains and exposure status (jointly exposed or not) to several potential HCV risk factors.Compared to subjects who did not share the same characteristics or iatrogenic exposures, the median Kimura genetic distances of viral strains were significantly smaller between brothers and sisters (0.031 versus 0.102, P<0.001), mother and child (0.044 versus 0.102, P<0.001), father and child (0.045 versus 0.102, P<0.001), or subjects exposed to periodontal treatment (0.084 versus 0.102, P = 0.02). Conversely, viral strains were more divergent between subjects exposed to blood transfusions (0.216 versus 0.102, P = 0.04) or tooth filling or extraction (0.108, versus 0.097, P = 0.05), suggesting acquisition of the virus outside of the village.This method provided insights on where infection took place (household, village) for several socio-demographic characteristics or iatrogenic procedures, information of great relevance for targeting prevention interventions. This method may have interesting applications for virologists and epidemiologists studying transmission networks in health-care facilities or among intravenous drug users.
Harnessing Geo-Information Technology for Community Empowerment and Identity: The Case of the Bukidnon Tribe in the Philippines

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article chronicles the long and arduous journey of the Daraghuyan community to legally claim its ancestral domain. Key to the success of their struggle is the use of the geographic information system technology, which the community accessed through the support of a local nonprofit organization and foreign funding agencies. The community was able to use the GIS technology to their full advantage as the project addressed critical issues like territorial boundaries and self-determination. Success of the project lies in the fact that the technology was able to empower the community in an organic manner. Indigenous knowledge on mapping was fused with the new technology and the community’s own council of elders was made to play a leading role in the implementation of the project.
Screening of Different Genotypes of Chickpea against Gram Pod Borer (Helicoverpa armigera, Hubner)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Chickpea crop suffers due to the losses caused by various insect pests and diseases. It is attacked by eleven species of insect pests. Among these pests, the pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is the most serious insect pest in most of the chickpea growing areas of the world. It damages leaves flowers and pods at different stages of growth and yield losses up to 50 per cent or even more, have been recorded due to the incidence of this pest. Several control measures, especially chemical insecticides, are applied to control this pest. Chemical means of plant protection causes several adverse effects like environment-pollution, pest resurgence, development of resistance in pests against insecticides. To avoid these problems, non-chemical pest control measures need to be promoted. Development and searching of resistant plant material is one of such methods.
Effect of Lyophilized Bovine Colostrum on Growth and Survival of Newborn Piglets From Local Breed, in Benin Republic

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In Benin, the effect of supplementation of newborn piglets from local breed with lyophilized bovine colostrum was evaluated over a 49-d trail on the survival, the growth performances and the absorption of bovine and porcine immunoglobulin G (IgGs). Three groups of 24 piglets, stemming from five sows (Parity 2) belonging to a unique traditional farm, were respectively fed for the first 7 d of life with only sow colostrum (SC group n = 9), shea butter in addition to suckling (SCB group; n = 7) and a mixture of lyophilized bovine colostrum and shea butter in addition to suckling (BCB group; n = 8). Risk of diarrhea was not affected by the treatments, but BCB treatment tended to reduce it (P = 0.09). Diarrheal and healthy piglets had similar average levels of serum porcine IgG at 10 d (13.9 ± 1.6 mg/ml vs 14.7 ± 1.4 mg/ml, P > 0.05). No bovine IgG was detected in the piglets serum at 10 d of age. Serum porcine IgG at 10 d was not affected by the treatments (P > 0.05). However, bovine colostrum improved serum IgG at 49 d (P < 0.05). No significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed between the three groups for body weight and Average Daily Gain (ADG). By contrast, Relative Average Daily Gain (RADG) was affected by the treatments (P < 0.05). The lyophilized bovine colostrum improved numerically ADG when compared to the piglets fed only with the colostrum from the sow and those fed also shea butter (41g vs 35 and 36 g/d for the first and second groups respectively). A higher RADG was obtained with the piglets from the BCB group (31 ± 1.6 g/d.kg vs 25.3 ± 1.6 g/d.kg and 24.5 ± 1.9 g/d.kg for the SC and SCB groups respectively). Lyophilized bovine colostrum improved RADG, active immunity at weaning and tended to reduce prevalence of diarrhea in newborn piglets.
Towards integrated tactile sensorimotor control in anthropomorphic soft\n robotic hands

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we report on the integrated sensorimotor control of the\nPisa/IIT SoftHand, an anthropomorphic soft robot hand designed around the\nprinciple of adaptive synergies, with the BRL tactile fingertip (TacTip), a\nsoft biomimetic optical tactile sensor based on the human sense of touch. Our\nfocus is how a sense of touch can be used to control an anthropomorphic hand\nwith one degree of actuation, based on an integration that respects the hand's\nmechanical functionality. We consider: (i) closed-loop tactile control to\nestablish a light contact on an unknown held object, based on the structural\nsimilarity with an undeformed tactile image; and (ii) controlling the estimated\npose of an edge feature of a held object, using a convolutional neural network\napproach developed for controlling other sensors in the TacTip family. Overall,\nthis gives a foundation to endow soft robotic hands with human-like touch, with\nimplications for autonomous grasping, manipulation, human-robot interaction and\nprosthetics. Supplemental video: https://youtu.be/ndsxj659bkQ\n
Doppler shifts in bat biosonar: The good, the bad, and the unexpected

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Most models for explaining bat biosonar are based on linear systems theory. A notable exception are frequency shifts due to the Doppler effect that occur whenever there is relative motion between the wave emitter and receiver. Bat species such as horseshoe bats, Old World leaf-nosed bats, and mustached bats have evolved particularly sophisticated biosonar systems that are able to exploit Doppler shifts for detecting prey in clutter. In this case, “good Doppler shifts” induced by the wing beat velocity of an insect prey give the prey echoes unique signatures that stand out among echoes from stationary targets such as reflecting facets in dense vegetation. Since these “good Doppler shifts” are small, bats exploiting them had to evolve specialized biosonar mechanisms to detect them. However, these mechanism are also sensitive to “bad Doppler shifts” that result, e.g,. from a bat's own flight velocity. It has been generally assumed that bats with Doppler-based biosonar will eliminate such nuisance Doppler shifts through compensation behaviors to allow them to detect the good Doppler shifts. However, a complete picture of Doppler shifts in bat biosonar systems may also have to account for other sources of Doppler shifts that do not fall into the above categories.
Application of Online Questionnaires in Grammar Teaching

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The consciousness-raising approach to grammar teaching aims to provide opportunities for students to identify some grammatical components through noticing activities and then make their own hypotheses about those components. This chapter proposes the application of the WebCT questionnaire to develop outside-class activities through which students are able to test and refine their hypotheses in order to internalize the grammar rules. It was found that students were more motivated and participated in the activities of testing and refining their hypotheses than in the past. Besides, students were exposed to more interlanguage samples that might have helped them refine their hypotheses. It is hoped that this chapter gives teachers better understanding of the needs of Chinese university students in grammar learning and offers them some innovative and effective teaching ideas in grammar teaching.
Poisson and Binomial Distribution

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Probability distributions are important tools for assessing the probability of the outcomes that occur. In particular, archaeologists have used the binomial and the Poisson distributions in order to model the likelihood of discrete archaeological phenomena. This section introduces these two methods and shows practical examples where they can be applied to archaeological contexts. The two distributions are, therefore, comparatively described and evaluated on their similarities and differences. The binomial distribution models the probability of “successes” and “failures” in a fixed number of trials. Instead, the Poisson distribution counts the occurrences occurring in a given unit of time or space with no fixed cutoff.
The Function of Course Pre-Requisites in Biology

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Prerequisite courses are essential tools in many university curricula, but some educators have suggested that they may be detrimental if applied too stringently to exclude students from courses. A measure of the value of prerequisites is whether or not they promote student success. The strongest way to test the value of prerequisites is to compare the success rate of students with and without prerequisites in higher-level courses. Although such comparisons can be based on instructor assessment of preparedness or even on student self-assessment, the most meaningful comparisons of student success are grades and withdrawal rates of students with and without prerequisites. This article presents the results of a comparison of the success rates of students with and without prerequisites in higher-level biology courses at the University of South Florida. Based on this study: (1) the faculty-driven model of the function of prerequisites yielded better course performance than the student-driven model; and (2) both failure and withdrawal rates of students in Department of Biology courses at dropped significantly when prerequisites were enforced. (Contains 1 figure.)
S-NPP VIIRS thermal emissive band gain correction during the blackbody warm-up-cool-down cycle

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Suomi National Polar orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) has onboard calibrators called blackbody (BB) and Space View (SV) for Thermal Emissive Band (TEB) radiometric calibration. In normal operation, the BB temperature is set to 292.5 K providing one radiance level. From the NOAA's Integrated Calibration and Validation System (ICVS) monitoring system, the TEB calibration factors (F-factors) have been trended and show very stable responses, however the BB Warm-Up-Cool-Down (WUCD) cycles provide detectors' gain and temperature dependent sensitivity measurements. Since the launch of S-NPP, the NOAA Sea Surface Temperature (SST) group noticed unexpected global SST anomalies during the WUCD cycles. In this study, the TEB Ffactors are calculated during the WUCD cycle on June 17th 2015. The TEB F-factors are analyzed by identifying the VIIRS On-Board Calibrator Intermediate Product (OBCIP) files to be Warm-Up or Cool-Down granules. To correct the SST anomaly, an F-factor correction parameter is calculated by the modified C1 (or b1) values which are derived from the linear portion of C1 coefficient during the WUCD. The F-factor correction factors are applied back to the original VIIRS SST bands showing significantly reducing the F-factor changes. Obvious improvements are observed in M12, M14 and M16, but corrections effects are hardly seen in M16. Further investigation is needed to find out the source of the F-factor oscillations during the WUCD.
The Construction of Hospital with SRC Precast Frame under the Temporary Roof for All-Weather

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

この工事では, 病院建築にこれまで一般的とされてきたSRC在来工法を見直し, 工業化工法を積極的に取り入れた。スパンおよび階高の標準化をベースに, 躯体のプレキャスト化, 仕上材の湿式から乾式への転換等を進めた。主体構造のSRCをPCa化する際には, 継手の方法と性能が問題となる。実施に先立ち, 施工実験を行い, 一体性を確認した。さらに, 本設柱を利用して全天候型仮設屋根を架け, 建築作業環境の改善, 品質の確保, 工程の安定化をはかり, 将来の自動化施工に向けての第一歩とした。
Occult Multiple Supernumerary Premolar Teeth: Two Case Reports of Post Permanent Dentition

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Supernumerary teeth are the teeth present in addition to the normal set of teeth. They may be single, multiple, unilateral or bilateral, erupted or unerupted and in one or both jaws. Multiple supernumerary teeth are rare in individuals with no other associated diseases or syndromes. Our case presents with four supernumerary premolars, asymptomatic, of which one was erupted and three were unerupted and surrounded by follicular cyst with no associated syndrome.
Advancing Human-Centric Solutions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The proposed chapter explores how soft computing has developed to provide human-centric solutions, highlighting the difficulties it has encountered and outlining important directions for future research that will be necessary to advance the field. The need for human-centric approaches is becoming more and more apparent in today's society across a number of industries, such as healthcare, banking, education, and transportation. Because soft computing techniques are adept at handling the imprecise, uncertain, and partial information typical of human decision-making processes, they are particularly positioned to address this demand. This approach not only enhances the user experience, but also fosters a more harmonious relationship between technology and society, opening the door for breakthroughs such as tailored medical care, flexible learning environments, and compassionate service robots. Soft computing's ability to provide human-centered solutions and successfully navigate the obstacles of implementation will determine its lasting relevance and influence in social applications.
Auditors’ Perceptions of Corporate Governance in Hong Kong

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Corporate governance system plays an important role in the contemporary accounting and management literature. The purpose of this study is to examine the auditors' perceptions on corporate governance in the Hong Kong market. 92 experienced professionals of Big 4 audit firm auditors are interviewed to summarize the ideas of how to maintain an efficient corporate governance system. Results of the study show that effective corporate governance should avoid family directors to dominate the board. Second, effective audit committee plays a crucial role in order to maintain sound corporate governance. The study would be advantageous for listed companies in HK to adopt a better corporate governance structure in the firm.
An extended priority data partition scheme for MPEG video connections over ATM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Transmission of compressed video over ATM networks requires efficient data priority partition techniques. In association with intelligent cell discard schemes, these techniques aim to minimize the loss probability of critical information in the situation of congestion. We propose a new video-oriented priority data partition mechanism named the extended priority assignation scheme (ExPAS). This mechanism better uses the cell header and allows the definition of up to three service classes per connection. To evaluate its performance, we have also designed an adaptive cell dropping scheme which takes benefits of the new features. In comparison with previous priority partition techniques based on the cell loss probability (CLP) mechanism, ExPAS with the adaptive selective cell discard (A-SDC) scheme shows better results in minimizing cell losses of intra-coded frames.
Acute experimental suppurative pancreatitis in the rat.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute pancreatitis was induced in rats by infusing sodium taurodeoxycholate with or without Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis into the bile-pancreatic duct. Survival did not differ between the 'noninfected bile group' (NIB) and the 'infected bile group' (IB). At standardized macroscopic evaluation, pancreatitis was more severe in the IB group (p less than 0.05). Histologic examination on day 7 showed suppuration of pancreatic tissue in 6/7 IB and 3/14 NIB rats (p less than 0.05). Bacteriologic culture of pancreatic tissue was positive in 6/8 IB and 3/17 NIB rats (p less than 0.01). Bacterial culture of blood, peritoneal fluid of pulmonary tissue was seldom positive. Concordance between microscopically observed suppuration and positive bacterial culture was almost total. Recall antigen skin testing indicated anergy in the IB group, while the NIB group showed moderately diminished reaction (p less than 0.001). Similar increase of S-fibrinogen was found on day 3 in both groups, but complement factor C3 was reduced only in the IB group. This experimental model, with suppurative pancreatitis induced by intraductal infusion of an infected bile salt, may be useful for studies of systemic complications in acute pancreatitis.
EVALUATION OF SEEPAGE LOSSES IN AN EARTH LINED CANAL: A CASE STUDY OF UNIVERSITY OF UYO FARM, UYO, NIGERIA.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The research farm of the department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Uyo was the study area. The purpose of the study was to evaluate seepage losses in an earth lined canal. The research was carried out on two different canals located at about 30m apart. A prior analysis of some properties of the liners and soil sample from the canal was carried out in the soil mechanics laboratory of the University. These include: particle size distribution and soil texture, soil classification, moisture content, soil hydraulic conductivity and Atterberg’’s limits. Experiment on the seepage losses was conducted on a 5m long, 1m width and 1m deep canals, with only 0.6m depth of canal lined with mixture of 7 headpands (175kg) of clay and 2kg of bentonite. Water was filled to only 0.6m out of the 1m depth of the canal. Ponding method was used to measure the volume of water lost through seepage taking account of losses due to evaporation while other losses from discharge devices were not accounted for. Average seepage losses of 0.29m3/hour and 0.05m3/hour were obtained for the unlined and lined canals respectively. The study recommends that the mixture of clay and bentonite in the proportion stated be used by small and medium scale farmers who wish to control seepage losses with a moisture saving capacity of 82.8 % within study area. I.