jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Two Diastereomers of Benzylidene-D-erythronolactone

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The title compounds 2,3-O-(R)-benzylidene-d-erythronolactone (endo isomer) and 2,3-O-(S)-benzylidene-d-erythronolactone (exo isomer), C11H10O4, which crystallize in the same space group with quite similar cell constants, are model compounds for the key intermediate in the synthesis of endo-brevicomine. The X-ray structure determination was performed in order to discover whether inherent mol­ecular properties of these species might account for the observed endo selectivity but no such features could be found. To substantiate this conclusion from the energetic point of view, we performed non-empirical as well as semi-empirical quantum chemical calculations which revealed that both isomers are almost isoenergetic with a slight preference for the exo isomer. From our combined results we believe that the observed reactivity is most likely to be kinetically controlled.
Millimeter-Wave Bandpass Filter Based on Spiral Resonators and DGS Using SiGe BiCMOS Technology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A new ultra-compact millimeter-wave on-chip bandpass filter (BPF) is presented based on two spiral resonators and a defected ground structure (DGS). For investigating the working mechanism of the proposed BPF, an LC equivalent circuit is constructed, and then the corresponding transmission zeros (TZs) are calculated in order to make the filter be quickly optimized with the guidance of LC equivalent circuit. Finally, the BPF is fabricated using 0.13- $\mu \text{m}$ SiGe BiCMOS technology for demonstration. The measured results show that the fabricated BPF has a center frequency at 70.65 GHz with a bandwidth of 29.3%. The chip area of the BPF, excluding testing pads, is only 0.0288 mm 2 .
Factors associated with utilization of mobile health clinic hepatitis C virus services among medically underserved communities in South Carolina

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Mobile health clinics (MHCs) are effective mechanisms for hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening and treatment in underserved populations. However, effective strategies for identifying and prioritizing high-risk communities are lacking. This study examined individual-level and community-level predictors of MHC utilization, HCV positivity rates, and HCV treatment initiation to assess the utility of these programs and improve MHC allocation. Method Clemson Rural Health (CRH), a health service delivery organization focused on rural and underserved communities, mobilizes MHCs for HCV screening and treatment initiation in the Upstate and Midlands regions of South Carolina. Participants for this study were individuals screened at CRH MHC sites between May 2021 and January 2024. Generalized linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the association between community-level predictors and number of individuals screened and community- and individual-level predictors and infection status and treatment initiation. Results The community-level analysis showed that individuals from census tracts with higher rates of poverty (relative risk; RR = 1.32, p = .012), higher rates of uninsurance (RR = 1.31, p = .003), and less rural areas (RR = 0.74, p = .029) were more likely to utilize the MHC for HCV screening. The individual-level analysis showed that an individual’s age of 30–44 (RR = 2.28, p = .020), non-White race (RR = 0.32, p < .001), history of injection drug use (RR = 10.16, p < .001), and lack of insurance (RR = 1.99, p < .001) were significantly associated with infection status. Lack of insurance (RR = 2.67, p = .012) was the only individual-level factor associated with treatment initiation. Community-level factors associated with treatment initiation were higher rates of poverty (RR = 1.72, p = .027) and uninsurance (RR = 1.74, p = .023), while a greater percent of individuals ages 30–44 was associated with less treatment initiation (RR = 0.47, p = .028). Conclusions While programs and protocols for care for difficult-to-treat populations exist, understanding the effectiveness for uptake among target populations is necessary. The study demonstrated the utilization of MHC HCV services by the individuals and communities that would most benefit from this type of care. Screening services were utilized more by communities that tend to be medically underserved, and HCV infections were identified in groups that are known to be at high risk. Going forward, these findings can be used to direct allocation of MHC HCV resources for targeted intervention.
Protection against marked plasma leakage in dengue haemorrhagic fever by infusion of carbazochrome sodium sulfonate (AC-17).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients diagnosed clinically as having grade II dengue haemorrhagic fever, and confirmed serologically to have been recently infected by dengue virus were randomly assigned to two groups, to assess suppression of plasma leakage by intravenous administration of carbazochrome sodium sulfonate(AC-17). The double-blind prospective study over three successive epidemic periods included 39 patients in the placebo group, and 38 in the AC-17 group. The effects of the administration were evaluated with respect to pleural effusion of the chest X-ray films. A clear difference between the two groups was found in the numbers of patients with pleural effusion and severity of the pleural effusion thus the administration of AC-17 may be useful in eliminating the risk factors of severe bleeding and shock in dengue haemorrhagic fever.
Stepwise evolution of the centriole-assembly pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The centriole and basal body (CBB) structure nucleates cilia and flagella, and is an essential component of the centrosome, underlying eukaryotic microtubule-based motility, cell division and polarity. In recent years, components of the CBB-assembly machinery have been identified, but little is known about their regulation and evolution. Given the diversity of cellular contexts encountered in eukaryotes, but the remarkable conservation of CBB morphology, we asked whether general mechanistic principles could explain CBB assembly. We analysed the distribution of each component of the human CBB-assembly machinery across eukaryotes as a strategy to generate testable hypotheses. We found an evolutionarily cohesive and ancestral module, which we term UNIMOD and is defined by three components (SAS6, SAS4/CPAP and BLD10/CEP135), that correlates with the occurrence of CBBs. Unexpectedly, other players (SAK/PLK4, SPD2/CEP192 and CP110) emerged in a taxon-specific manner. We report that gene duplication plays an important role in the evolution of CBB components and show that, in the case of BLD10/CEP135, this is a source of tissue specificity in CBB and flagella biogenesis. Moreover, we observe extreme protein divergence amongst CBB components and show experimentally that there is loss of cross-species complementation among SAK/PLK4 family members, suggesting species-specific adaptations in CBB assembly. We propose that the UNIMOD theory explains the conservation of CBB architecture and that taxon- and tissue-specific molecular innovations, gained through emergence, duplication and divergence, play important roles in coordinating CBB biogenesis and function in different cellular contexts.
NON-IONIZING ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EFFECT ON NERVE FIBER ACTION POTENTIAL OF HUMAN BODY – A REVIEW

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The use of electromagnetic radiations (EM) has been increased manifold in recent times mainly due to technological advances. Electromagnetic energy was absorbed by some proportion in the human body which results to an undesirable side-effect. There is a concern on the effect of the electromagnetic radiation on biological systems in general and particularly on human nervous systems. This paper presents a review on non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation effect that has been conducted by various researchers. Through this review, we hope to provide better understanding and awareness on what is essentially happening to action potentials on electrical nerve fiber of human body if there is a presence of interference from non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation
Traditional Pollarding Practices for Dimorphic Ash Tree (Fraxinus dimorpha) Support Soil Fertility in the Moroccan High Atlas

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Shaping and pollarding of dimorphic ash tree (Fraxinus dimorpha) are two traditional practices used by the local inhabitants in agropastoral parklands of the Moroccan High Atlas to secure their production systems and increase tree production and strength. This study focused on assessing the impact of these practices on soil quality. Abiotic parameters and mycorrhizal attributes of the samples of four soil types related to different ash tree morphotypes were assessed and compared. Rhizospheric soils (Rs) of three F. dimorpha morphotypes were sampled: trees regularly pollarded and shaped for stem anastomosis (An), regularly pollarded multistemmed trees (Na), and multistemmed trees belonging to a public forest under national forestry service management and sporadically illegally pollarded (Fo). The fourth soil was a non-Rs found in bare soils, which represented the control (Nr). Results showed a sizable difference between An soil properties and the other soil types ones, with significantly higher phosphorus (×6), nitrogen (×5), and carbon (×2) levels and higher mycorrhizal (×6) status than Nr soil, and showed 37% more mycorrhization intensity than Fo. Na showed intermediary levels between An and Fo. Fo had ×2 P, ×3 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), 58% more Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content, and twice the spore density compared with Nr. It is concluded that shaping and pollarding have a positive impact on the soil characteristics of the studied species and could make a useful contribution to sound agroforest management schemes.
263 Interaction between stocking and supplementation rates on the performance of steers grazing mixed-grass prairie during winter

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract To evaluate the effects of stocking and supplementation rates on steers grazing mixed-grass prairie during winter, 16 pastures (10 to 21 ha each) were selected and treatments were arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial design; the first factor was an stocking rate of 39.4, 33.2, and 29.7 animal-unit-d/ha harvested over 88 d of grazing; the second factor was supplementation at 0.9 or 1.4 kg/d. Steers were fed a 43% CP cottonseed meal-based pellet. Pastures were stocked annually in late January (2009, 2010, and 2011) with British x Continental crossbred beef steers (body weight = 202 ± 6.7 kg; n = 137 steers/yr) at stocking densities described above. Data were analyzed by ANOVA with pasture as the experimental unit and year as a random variable; least-squares means were separated with linear and quadratic contrast. From late-January to mid-March, average daily gain (ADG, kg) did not differ (P = 0.13) among stocking rates, but ADG differed (P = 0.01) between 0.9 and 1.4 kg of supplement/d. From mid-March to late-April and over the entire grazing period, ADG responded to stocking rate and interacted (P &lt; 0.01) with supplementation rate; ADG tended to respond quadratically (P ≤ 0.09) to stocking rate at 0.9 kg/d of supplementation, but with 1.4 kg/d of supplement ADG was not affected (P ≥ 0.18). Body weight gain per hectare tended (P &lt; 0.08) to interact between stocking and supplementation rates. With 0.9 kg/d of supplement the BW gain per hectare increased quadratically (P &lt; 0.01) in response to increasing stocking rate, where supplementation at 1.4 kg/d resulted in BW gain per hectare increasing linearly (P &lt; 0.01). Optimal supplementation rates with high-protein feeds is related to stocking rate. At lower stocking rates, less supplement seems to be most beneficial. At higher stocking rates, more supplement is justified.
Features of Legal Regulation of Employment Contracts with Seasonal and Temporary Employees

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article is focused on studying peculiarities of employment contracts with seasonal and temporary employees in Ukraine. The employment contract as the basis of the origin of labor relations with seasonal and temporary employees has been researched. The norms of the decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Rada of the USSR “On working conditions of temporary employees and officials” dated from September 24, 1974 No. 311-09 and “On working conditions of employees and officials engaged in seasonal work” dated from September 24, 1974 No. 310-09 have been analyzed . It has been noted that peculiarities of legal regulation of employment contracts with temporary and seasonal employees relate primarily to their conclusion and termination, as well as content. It has been proved that some provisions of regulatory acts that regulate the employment of temporary and seasonal employees are outdated; others require some revision. It has been offered to develop modern regulatory acts on the application of temporary and seasonal work. These acts must first of all establish the concept: “seasonal employees – individuals hired under an employment contract for work that as a result of natural and climatic conditions performed not through a year, but during a certain period (season), not exceeding six months”; “temporary employees – individuals hired under an employment contract for a period up to two months, and for the replacement of temporarily absent employees, who retain their place of work (position) – up to four months”. It has been substantiated that the List of Seasonal Works and Seasonal Industries needs to be updated, based on the realities of the present day.
Assortative Mating

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Assortative mating occurs when the phenotypes of biological parents are more (or less) similar than would occur under random mating. In contrast to inbreeding, mechanisms for assortative mating are poorly defined. The classical model for assortative mating makes strong assumptions, such as independent genetic and environmental contributions to a trait and no interaction between genotype and environment. More complex models have been developed, especially for human behavioral traits. Assortative mating affects the estimations and interpretation of heritability and lowers the power of linkage studies.
MONETARY OUTLOOK

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper aims to study the transformation of money in the United States using qualitative content analysis and predict the stability of the internal exchange rate of money by comparing the internal exchange rate of commodity money proxied by gold against crude oil internally. The exchange rate of fiat money proxied by the USD against crude oil and the internal exchange rate of synthetic money proxied by bitcoin against crude oil use the autoregressive threshold (TAR) method in the exchange period. In the great depression, fiat standards, subprime mortgage crisis, Europe experienced a debt crisis until 2017 (1960 - 2017). We compare the internal stability of money for each period in the aggregate using TAR to describe the overall fluctuation of internal exchange rate stability. So it can be seen that the behavior of data movements based on the crisis period experienced is the basis for predicting the stability of the internal exchange rate in the future.
‘What a lying slut’: the (re)production of rape myths in online misogyny towards women disclosing their experiences of rape through the #MeToo movement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Online misogyny is a form of online abuse against women and girls which is rooted in a hatred and mistrust of women which seeks to silence them and reinforce gender inequalities. This study extends existing research in this area by examining online misogyny within the context of the #MeToo movement. The #MeToo movement created a safe space for women to share their experiences of sexual violence, and while this promoted solidarity, support and healing, there was also an abusive backlash towards the women involved. Based on a thematic analysis of abusive YouTube comments directed at women sharing their experiences of rape, it was found that 69 per cent of abusive comments were characterised by one or more of the seven rape myths: she asked for it, it wasn’t really rape, he didn’t mean to, she wanted it, she lied, rape is a trivial event, and rape is a deviant event. This article discusses each rape myth and demonstrates how rape myths are (re)produced in online misogyny towards victims/survivors of rape and concludes by arguing this response attempts to discredit victims/survivors, the #MeToo movement and disrupt the safe space the movement created to derail the collective conversation about men’s violence against women and girls.
Invariance of Projections in the Diagonal of a Nest Algebra

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The study of operator factorization along commutative subspace lattices which are not nests leads to the investigation of the mapping ${\phi _A}$ which takes an orthogonal projection $Q$ in the diagonal of a nest algebra $\mathcal {A}$ to the projection on the closure of the range of AQ for certain bounded linear operators $A$. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that if $B$ is an operator leaving the range of $Q$ invariant, $V$ is an element of the "Larson radical" of $\mathcal {A},B + V$ is invertible, ${(B + V)^{ - 1}}$ belongs to $\mathcal {A}$, and ${\phi _{B + V}}(Q)$ is in the diagonal of $\mathcal {A}$, then ${\phi _V}(Q) \leq Q$. For example, if $V$ is in the Jacobson radical of $\mathcal {A}$ and $\lambda$ is a nonzero scalar, it follows that ${\phi _{\lambda I + V}}(Q) = Q$ if and only if ${\phi _{\lambda I + V}}(Q)$ belongs to the diagonal of $\mathcal {A}$. Examples of the applications to operator factorization and unitary equivalence of sets of projections are given.
Trends in the use of cigarettes, cigars, and marijuana among students with and without asthma, 2003–2017

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: Asthma has symptoms that can be exacerbated by using combustible products such as tobacco and marijuana. This study assessed the prevalence and trends in current use of cigarettes, cigars, and marijuana among U.S. high school students with and without asthma. Methods: The national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) is a biennial, school-based, nationally representative survey of U.S. students in grades 9-12. Trends during 2003-2017 in current (past 30-day) use of cigarettes, cigars, and marijuana among students with and without asthma were examined using logistic regression. Asthma was defined as reporting that a doctor or nurse ever told the student they had asthma. T-tests were used to compare cigarette, cigar, and marijuana use by asthma status and year, frequency of use, and student characteristics. Results: During 2003-2017, both current cigarette and cigar smoking decreased (p < 0.05) with rates that were similar among students with and without asthma. There was no significant linear change in current marijuana use, irrespective of asthma status. During most years, cigarette, cigar, and marijuana use were more common among students with asthma than without. In 2017, the most frequent use of cigarettes, cigars, and marijuana was among those with asthma than without. Differences in cigarette, cigar, and marijuana use by asthma status were apparent by demographic subgroups. Conclusions: Given the adverse respiratory effects of tobacco and marijuana smoking, efforts to educate all youth about the dangers of using these substances is critical, particularly among those with asthma.
The effect of root exudates on soil nitrogen availability - an evaluation using microdialysis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;Plant root exudates are believed to increase root capture of nutrients (including nitrogen) by encouraging development of a rhizosphere root community, and providing them with an energy source to facilitate degradation of litter and soil organic matter. However, observing the consequences of root exudation on nutrient cycling and microbial activity is challenging with current methods, given the small scales involved. We investigated the effect of root exudation on nitrogen (N) availability by simulating root exudation with microdialysis. This novel technique enables continuous release of synthetic solutions of root exudates via diffusion in situ in soil by using a root-sized permeable membrane. Importantly, it also allows for simultaneously monitoring the effects on inorganic N fluxes. To emulate growth of a root tip through a specific soil region, sucrose was released for seven days before substituting sucrose with water for a further 7 days. We investigated boreal forest soils with and without litter amendments (ground pea shoots) to attain different C/N ratios and we used two rates of exudation by retrodialysing with either 0.5 or 5 mM sucrose solution. We observed that pea litter promoted significant N immobilisation, along with greater rates of sucrose release from microdialysis probes - peaking at 90.7 &amp;#177; 8 &amp;#181;g sucrose m&lt;sup&gt;-2&lt;/sup&gt; s&lt;sup&gt;-1&lt;/sup&gt; using the 5 mM sucrose solution after three days. This suggests that greater root exudation may be driven by microbial demand for both C and N, with no short-term nutritional benefit for plant roots, even after exudation has ceased within a specific soil region. Glucose and fructose fluxes (breakdown products of sucrose) were also greatest in the litter treatment, indicating enzyme activity was promoted by the availability of both sucrose and litter. CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; respiration measurements indicated significant differences between litter and control soils, but there was no detectable effect of sucrose exudation, suggesting that the small amounts of C supplied and the limited area influenced by the diffusion of sucrose had little impact on overall microcosm respiration. We conclude that short-term C exudation presented no immediate benefit for plant nutrition in our experiment. Future studies can benefit from using microdialysis to investigate the influence of more complex root exudate solutions, as well as the mechanistic roles of transpiration-induced mass flow on plant N availability in the rhizosphere.&lt;/p&gt;
[Adenosine deaminase deficiency associated severe combined immunodeficiency with disseminated varicella infection after vaccination: a case report].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ADA-deficient SCID has some characteristic clinical and laboratory findings. Management options for ADA-deficient SCID include hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, enzyme replacement therapy and gene therapy. Immunodeficiency should be considered in children with severe failure-to-thrive. Live vaccine administration should be avoided in patients with immunodeficiency.