jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Narrowing social inequalities in health? Analysis of trends in mortality among babies of lone mothers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To examine trends in mortality among babies registered solely by their mother (lone mothers) and to compare these with trends in infant mortality for couple registrations overall and couple registrations subdivided by social class of father.Analysis of trends in infant death rates from 1975 to 1996 for the three groups. The data source was the national linked infant mortality file, containing all records of infant death in England and Wales linked to the respective birth records.England and Wales.All live births (n=14.3 million) from 1975 to 1996; all deaths of infants from birth to 12 months of age over the same period (n=135 800).Death rates in the perinatal, neonatal, and postneonatal periods and for infancy overall.For the babies of lone mothers infant mortality has fallen to less than a third of the 1975 level, with a clear reduction in the gap between the mortality in these babies compared with all couple registrations: the excess mortality in solely registered births was 79% in 1975 reducing to 33% in 1996. Most of the narrowing of the sole-couple differential was associated with the neonatal period, for which there is now no appreciable gap. For couple registrations analysed by social class of father, infant death rates have more than halved in each social class from 1975 to 1996. The reductions in mortality were greater in the late 1970s and early 1990s. Infant death rates in classes IV-V remained between 50% and 65% higher than in classes I-II. Differentials between social classes were largest in the postneonatal period and smallest in the perinatal and neonatal periods. The gap in perinatal and neonatal mortality between the babies of lone mothers and couple parents in social classes IV-V has disappeared.The differential in infant mortality between social classes still exists, whereas the differential between sole and couple registrations has decreased, showing positive progress in the reduction of inequalities. As the reduction in the differential was confined to the neonatal period these improvements may be more a reflection of healthcare factors than of factors associated with lone mothers' social and economic circumstances.
Experiments on the Mobility of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin at Times Beach, Missouri

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Times Beach Dioxin Research Station was constructed in 1984 under the direction of the University of Missouri and the Missouri Department of Natural Resources. The station offers investigators the opportunity to conduct experiments under field conditions on a well characterized soil. During the Summer of 1984, a series of six experiments were established by Monsanto at the station to study the environmental transport of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) under field conditions. The plots initially contained uniformly sized soil that was thoroughly mixed to provide a consistent TCDD level. The experiments were designed to study the movement of TCDD in soil. The experiments found that: 1. Vaporization and/or photodegradation at the surface of a contaminated soil is a loss mechanism for TCDD. 2. The presence of water and/or sunlight is an important environmental parameter for the mobility of TCDD. Water appears to weaken the binding of TCDD to the soil matrix. 3. TCDD accumulation by plants has a minimal impact on the soil concentration of TCDD.
The restructuring of credit and lease agreements and its impact on micro, small, and medium-sized enterprise and insolvency risks amid the pandemic: A normative juridical method

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) play a crucial role in Indonesia’s economy, contributing to job creation, income growth, and wealth distribution (Koeswahyono et al., 2022). This research aims to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on lease agreements (leasing) in the non-banking financial sector, particularly in financing companies. The research is conducted through a normative juridical research method. The main findings of this study show that credit restructuring is a government solution to address instalment payment difficulties, especially for MSME debtors. The article also addresses legal certainty issues in lease agreements, mainly due to regulatory gaps in the Civil Code. With specific conditions, credit restructuring is provided with a maximum limit of IDR 10 billion (Siregar et al., 2021). This research concludes that, despite being considered an optimal solution, credit restructuring also has negative impacts, and legal certainty is critical in this context. Using data from the Financial Services Authority in 2021, the article explains that credit restructuring has positively stimulated Indonesia’s economic growth. MSME debtors are the main focus, comprising 39.73 percent of the total credit restructuring. This policy is seen as a strategic step to support economic recovery, especially considering the central role of MSMEs in the national economy.
Causes and Treatment of Acute Renal Failure in Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: to study the causes of acute renal failure (ARF) in children and to substantiate recommendations on its treatment. Fifty-nine children with ARF were followed up in 1979 to 2004. In 90% of the patients, ARF was established to be caused by hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), acute intestinal infection (AII), acute glomerulonephritis, and acute intravascular hemolysis. The major cause of ARF was AII in two thirds (66.1%) of the children. In the past decade, the incidence of HUS has decreased from 55 to 40%. The authors identified the following predictors of poor ARF outcome: early age, anuria, impaired consciousness progressing to spoor and coma. A combination of these symptoms is most frequently observed in patients with HUS in which the kidneys are the major target organ and the possibilities of more than 7-day treatment for anuria without dialysis are limited. In other etiology of ARF, water deprivation, antihypertensive therapy, and exchange plasmapheresis allow patients to survive until renal function restores without renal replacement therapy, by preventing serious complications.
The Economic Impact of Deepening Trade Agreements

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper explores the economic impacts of preferential trade agreements, conditional on their level of ambition. It clusters 278 agreements, encompassing 910 provisions over 18 policy areas and estimates the trade elasticity for the different clusters. These elasticities are used in a series of general-equilibrium counterfactual situations for endowment economies, revealing that deepening existing agreements (the intensive margin of regional integration) could boost world trade by 3.9 percent and world GDP by 0.9 percent. The expected gains from deepening agreements within or across regions vary depending on the initial depth of agreements and the size of regional markets.
Investigations of lysine and lysine-derived crosslinks in elastin via solid-state NMR spectroscopy

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Elastin is responsible for elasticity and resiliency of force-bearing tissues in vertebrates. This polymeric protein is produced from a ~70 kDa precursor, tropoelastin, During the post-translational modification, a network of inter- and intramolecular covalent crosslinks is formed from lysine residues. As many as eleven different bi-, tri-, and tetrafunctional modifications are present in mature elastin, which are critical for normal tissue function. These products have only been characterized in hydrolysates and enzymatically-cleaved peptides, but never observed directly in the intact protein. Two isotopes of lysine, [U-13C,15N-Lys] and [13Cε-Lys], were independently incorporated into the neonatal rat smooth muscle cell (NRSMC) elastin. Samples with high levels of enrichment (~90%) were used for high-resolution solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) studies. One- and two-dimensional measurements allowed for analysis of the secondary structures of lysines. Random coil and α-helices were the predominant conformations. The helical content is higher in a frozen sample than at the physiological temperature. Experiments based on cross-polarization allowed for quantification of unmodified lysine as well as desmosine and isodesmosine, crosslinks unique to elastin. The presence of rare bi- and trifunctional crosslinks was confirmed.
A request-routing framework for SOA-based enterprise computing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Enterprises may use a service-oriented architecture (SOA) to provide a streamlined interface to their business processes. To scale up the system, each tier in a composite service usually deploys multiple servers for load distribution and fault tolerance. Such load distribution across multiple servers within the same tier can be viewed as horizontal load distribution. One limitation of this approach is that load cannot be further distributed when all servers in the same tier are fully loaded. In complex multi-tiered systems, a single business process may actually be implemented by multiple different computation pathways among the tiers, each with different components, in order to provide resiliency and scalability. Such SOA-based enterprise computing with multiple implementation options gives opportunities for vertical load distribution across tiers. In this paper, we propose a requestrouting framework for SOA-based enterprise computing that takes into consideration both horizontal and vertical load distribution. Through experimentation we show that our algorithm and methodology scale well up to a large system configuration comprising up to 1000 workflow requests to a complex composite service with multiple implementations. We also show that a combination of both horizontal and vertical load distributions gives the maximum flexibility to improve performance and fault tolerance.
Mass spectrometry of ribosomes and ribosomal subunits.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Nanoflow electrospray ionization has been used to introduce intact Escherichia coli ribosomes into the ion source of a mass spectrometer. Mass spectra of remarkable quality result from a partial, but selective, dissociation of the particles within the mass spectrometer. Peaks in the spectra have been assigned to individual ribosomal proteins and to noncovalent complexes of up to five component proteins. The pattern of dissociation correlates strongly with predicted features of ribosomal protein-protein and protein-RNA interactions. The spectra allow the dynamics and state of folding of specific proteins to be investigated in the context of the intact ribosome. This study demonstrates a potentially general strategy to probe interactions within complex biological assemblies.
A pragmatic approach to the analysis of DNA histograms with a definable G1 peak

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract A method for DNA histogram analysis is described that depends only on the simple assumption that the data are normally distributed and a requirement that a G1 peak is present. A probability density function was derived from the assumption that extracted the S‐phase component from the whole histogram. The model was tested with simulated data, and good agreement between predicted and known proportions in G1, S, and G1+M was found. Good agreement was also found between duplicates of experimentally derived data. Some systematic errors are present in the analysis of certain types of histograms. However, these result in small errors when compared with biological and experimental variation and are less than the average of algorithms in current use. The program required only two queued requests, those of the start and the end channels over which the analysis is to be performed. The algorithms perform rapidly on a micro‐computer with only 28K addressable memory. Only two failures occurred in over 350 analyses and the method can be used for drug‐ and radiation‐perturbed populations as well as with unperturbed.
Special Considerations for Intangible Property

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This chapter discusses special considerations that arise in seeking to establish whether the conditions made or imposed in transactions between associated enterprises involving intangible property reflect arm's length dealings. Particular attention to intangible property transactions is appropriate because the transactions are often difficult to evaluate for tax purposes. The chapter discusses the application of appropriate methods under the arm's length principle for establishing transfer pricing for transactions involving intangible property used in commercial activities, including marketing activities. It also discusses specific difficulties that arise when the enterprises conducting marketing activities are not the legal owners of marketing intangibles such as trademarks and trade names. Cost contribution arrangements among associated enterprises for research and development expenditures that may result in intangible property will be discussed in Chapter VIII.
International Energy Investments and Unrecognized States: Opportunities and Risks for Private Actors

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The recognition of an entity as a state is pivotal in international law. Whether it be that recognition grants statehood or merely confirms a state’s legal existence, it has important implications for the concerned entity and for the entire international community. This article analyses the impact of non-recognition on private energy companies holding investment interests in areas of disputed jurisdiction. A sovereignty dispute is, in itself, a source of tension between the concerned state entities. But this tension also extends to non-state actors operating in the disputed area. A series of risks arise for private interests, not only amid the dispute between the concerned entities but also after its potential settlement. The crucial question is what legal or commercial means can protect private interests from disturbance or discharge. In this article, these issues are discussed in the context of two case studies: the dispute between the Greek and Turkish communities of Cyprus, and that between Israel and Lebanon. A comparison between these cases brings to light a number of important considerations for companies operating or seeking to operate in areas with similar disputes. The article concludes that, although various legal mechanisms are available for the protection of private interests, their efficacy is uncertain. International law primarily protects the interests of states rather than non-state actors. Also, depending on the specifics of the dispute, the degree of recognition between the state entities and their participation to international treaties, the commercial value of resources, and the stage of operations, an area may be suitable or completely incompatible with the investment portfolio of a company. As a result, before expressing their interest in an area of uncertain jurisdiction, energy companies must do their due diligence and develop a risk mitigation strategy. Unfortunately, no risk mitigation mechanism is perfect in such complex situations. A company may eventually have to abandon an area if relations between the concerned state entities deteriorate.
Takayasu's disease and pregnancy. Three case studies and a review of the literature.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Takayasu's disease is commonest in women of childbearing age. Obstetricians are therefore faced with the dilemma of optimal management in pregnancy. This report of 3 cases suggests that Takayasu's disease is associated with a good maternal and fetal outcome. The basic disease appears to be unaffected by pregnancy.
Women and Minorities: The Impact of War Time Mobilization on Political Rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Tilly (1975) has convincingly argued that warfare in Europe contributed to the development of the modern state. But just what form of strong is likely to develop in the face of a persistent external threat? Hintze (1906) and Lasswell (1941) propose the garrison state hypothesis: states facing a severe security threat are likely to develop autocratic institutions in order to minimize domestic opposition and maximize mobilization potential. A competing argument, which has been proposed by the “extraction” school of thought, argues that warfare can indirectly promote rather than inhibit the development of democratic institutions (Downing 1992). We examine these competing hypotheses by tracing the ebb and flow of political rights of majority males, females, and minority males using a cross-sectional time series of European states (1900-1955). We find that while wars lead to a reduction in rights in the short run, if large-scale mobilization occurs in response to the threat then political rights tend to expand in the long run.
Production of a textile reinforced concrete protective layers with non-woven polypropylene fabric

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Textile concrete with nonwoven polypropylene fabric can be used for protective layers of reinforced concrete structures, reducing the thickness of the cover layer or reducing the water penetration rate into the structure. The material consists of cement matrix with finegrained aggregate and nonwoven textile reinforcement. The maximum grain size of the mixture suitable for the nonwoven textile infiltration is 0.25 mm. The interlayer contains larger aggregates and short fibers. Tensile loading causes a large amount of microcracks in the material. The material can withstand strain over 25% without collapsing. Increased quality and water-cement ratio reduction was achieved using the plasticizers and distribution of the mixture into a fabric using a vibrating trowel. It is possible to make flat plates and even curved structures from this material. Larger curvatures of structures should be solved by cutting and overlapping the fabric. Small curvatures can be solved within the deformability of the fabric. Proper infiltration of the cement mixture into the fabric is the most important task in producing this material.
Capturing Value

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Todayâ€™s pressure on pharmaceutical companies reflects greater pressures throughout the entire healthcare ecosystem as payers, patients, and providers wrestle with escalating costs and drive Â healthcare systems around the world away from being cost-based to becoming value-based. Â For pharmaceutical companies, this means not only a greater emphasis on creating value, but seeking new ways to capture value as well, particularly at a time when drugs will need to demonstrate they provide benefits commensurate with their costs and governments and payers squeeze down prices. Â Â The challenge for drugmakers, broadly speaking, is to both find new ways to create value and capture value.
Protonated Ozone:  Structure, Energetics, and Nonadiabatic Effects

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Fully correlated calculations using a multiconfiguration-self-consistent-field (MCSCF) treatment have been carried out to find the most stable structures of [O3H]+ and to improve on earlier calculations on the same system. The results are used to evaluate proton affinity (PA) and gas-phase basicity of the ozone molecule, quantities which can be compared with experimental data. The existence of regions of nonadiabatic coupling and of charge-exchange effects is evidenced and analyzed, with avoided crossings specifically located for one of the four most stable protonated adducts of ozone. The present study extends the level of accuracy achieved in earlier calculations on the possible structures for protonated ozone and gives specific suggestions on the microscopic processes for the formation of [O3H]+ in the gas phase.
The Newest South

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Brenda Plummer examines the effect of the U.S. space program on race relations in key areas of the South, and the impact of that connection on popular culture. She also explores the intersection of the struggle for racial equality and aerospace exploration, as both constituted potent narratives of freedom in the American imaginary. Plummer disputes the assumption that NASA as an instrument of modernization and partner in the creation of the New South was implicitly allied with the civil rights movement. While the transformation of parts of the Deep South undeniably broke up earlier political, economic, and cultural patterns, aerospace research and development helped inaugurate a successor regime that neither challenged the structural foundations of racial inequality nor guarded against the production of new disparities.
Assessment and ranking of occupational health and safety risks in the machinery maintenance unit of dam construction projects using the combined approach of methods (Fmea and Fuzzy Topsis)

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

A dam construction project is exposed to various risks due to the amount of investment, duration of implementation, the complexity of design and implementation, etc., and these risks will lead to human and financial losses. Thus, based on three principles, including (i) time, (ii) quality, and (iii) cost, identifying, assessing, ranking risks, and Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) can have a significant impact on project objectives. The machinery maintenance unit has the largest share of the organization's cost model. Manpower, tools, spare parts, and working standards of planning and scheduling are the most important elements of the implementation of the maintenance process in these organizations. Methodology In the present research, first, all the failure modes of the machinery maintenance unit were identified. Then, to assess and rank them, in addition to the three traditional attributes in Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) (severity-S, occurrence-O, and detection-D) and calculate the Risk Priority Number (RPN), we used fuzzy numbers corresponding to real-world problems instead of crisp numbers for risk ranking.
Fusion-Induced Apoptosis Contributes to Thymocyte Depletion by a Pathogenic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Envelope in the Human Thymus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The mechanisms of CD4 + T-cell depletion during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remain incompletely characterized. Of particular importance is how CD4 + T cells are depleted within the lymphoid organs, including the lymph nodes and thymus. Herein we characterize the pathogenic mechanisms of an envelope from a rapid progressor (R3A Env) in the NL4-3 backbone (NL4-R3A) which is able to efficiently replicate and deplete CD4 + thymocytes in the human fetal-thymus organ culture (HF-TOC). We demonstrate that uninterrupted replication is required for continual thymocyte depletion. During depletion, NL4-R3A induces an increase in thymocytes which uptake 7AAD, a marker of cell death, and which express active caspase-3, a marker of apoptosis. While 7AAD uptake is observed predominantly in uninfected thymocytes (p24 − ), active caspase-3 is expressed in both infected (p24 + ) and uninfected thymocytes (p24 − ). When added to HF-TOC with ongoing infection, the protease inhibitor saquinavir efficiently suppresses NL4-R3A replication. In contrast, the fusion inhibitors T20 and C34 allow for sustained HIV-1 production. Interestingly, T20 and C34 effectively prevent thymocyte depletion in spite of this sustained replication. Apoptosis of both p24 − and p24 + thymocytes appears to be envelope fusion dependent, as T20, but not saquinavir, is capable of reducing thymocyte apoptosis. Together, our data support a model whereby pathogenic envelope-dependent fusion contributes to thymocyte depletion in HIV-1-infected thymus, correlated with induction of apoptosis in both p24 + and p24 − thymocytes.