jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Historical Pattern

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The farms were devoted exclusively to feeding the small local population, but by the early 1850s, land was being put to a new commercial use. The local food market expanded over time as New Zealand's population grew, and this in turn facilitated upward mobility. Wheat came to rival wool as an export item in New Zealand. The chapter then discusses the stratification system of rural New Zealand in the last two or three decades of the nineteenth century. It focuses on sheep production. The main changes in the stratificational pattern from the late 1890s to the 1920s were that the gap between large landholders and farmers narrowed as the latter grew more numerous and the gap between farmers and workers widened. Rural New Zealand was dominated by the family farm in 1981. The most notable social distinction in rural New Zealand was that between working people and landholders.
Impact of the Mobile Phone on Classical Radio

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Television was the first disruptive innovation that impacted radio. Radio adapted by changing its programming to disc-based music, which was less expensive to produce, and changing the revenue model from network advertising to local ads and national advertising. Mobile phones are being used increasingly for music, and since they are as portable and easy to use as radios, they are creating a new wave of disruptive innovation. Currently, radio revenues are holding strong, advertising across traditional and new media platforms is effective, and radio executives are creating apps and trying to activate the FM chip in mobile phones in order to ensure a place on the new platforms. Classical public radio has a slight advantage in that the Internet streaming radio services do not serve classical listeners as well; however, that could change. It will be necessary to monitor changes in technology use and advertising effectiveness to ensure that radio and classical radio remain competitive.
Synthesis of α,α-Difluoroethyl Aryl and Heteroaryl Ethers

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Fluorine plays a critical role in modern medicinal chemistry due to its unique properties, and new methods for its incorporation into target molecules are of high interest. An efficient new method for the preparation of aryl-α,α-difluoroethyl ethers (<b>4</b>) via addition of aryl and heteroaryl alcohols (<b>1</b>) to commercially available 2-bromo-1,1-difluoroethene (<b>2</b>) and subsequent hydrogenolysis is presented. This procedure is an attractive alternative to existing methods that employ harshly reactive fluorinating systems such as xenon difluoride and hydrogen fluoride.
Root aneurysm following aortic valve replacement 20 years after an arterial switch operation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Late development of annuloaortic ectasia (AAE) and progression of aortic regurgitation (AR) are widely recognized outcomes following an arterial switch operation (ASO). We treated a 29-year-old male with AAE and rapid aortic root expansion, who underwent ASO as a neonate and aortic valve replacement (AVR) as an adult. He was diagnosed as having dextro-(D-loop) transposition of the great arteries after birth and underwent ASO at the age of 13 months. At the age of 19 years, AVR was performed for progressive AR. AAE developed after AVR. In patients who have undergone neonatal ASO, AAE may occur following AVR decades later.
Soviet Orientalism and Anti‐Imperialism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The history of critiques of Western scholarship about the Orient has been obscured by the way in which ‘postmodern’ theorists have constructed a caricatured version of intellectual history. Two examples are particularly important: (1) the highly contested dialogues of the Enlightenment, on which the rise of colonialism acted in complex ways, have been reduced to a single, Eurocentric perspective; and (2) the extremely complex and contested sphere of Marxist theory and practice has been reduced to the oppressive dogmas of the Stalin regime and its supporters. In reality the dialogues within early Soviet Marxism were important preconditions for the development of postcolonial theory.
ChemInform Abstract: Cytotoxic and PTP1B Inhibitory Activities from Erythrina abyssinica.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Integrating socioeconomic and ecological data into restoration practice

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Driven by the United Nations Decade on Restoration and international funding initiatives, such as the Mangrove Breakthrough, investment in mangrove restoration is expected to increase. Yet, mangrove restoration efforts frequently fail, usually because of ad hoc site‐selection processes that do not consider mangrove ecology and the socioeconomic context. Using decision analysis, we developed an approach that accounts for socioeconomic and ecological data to identify sites with the highest likelihood of mangrove restoration success. We applied our approach in the Biosphere Reserve Marismas Nacionales Nayarit, Mexico, an area that recently received funding for implementing mangrove restoration actions. We identified 468 potential restoration sites, assessed their restorability potential based on socioeconomic and ecological metrics, and ranked sites for implementation with spatial optimization. The metrics we used included favorable conditions for propagules to establish and survive under sea‐level rise, provision of ecosystem services, and community dynamics. Sites that were selected based on socioeconomic or ecological metrics alone had lower likelihood of mangrove restoration success than sites that were selected based on integrated socioeconomic and ecological metrics. For example, selecting sites based on only socioeconomic metrics captured 16% of the maximum attainable value of functioning mangroves able to provide propagules to potential restoration sites, whereas selecting sites based on ecological and socioeconomic metrics captured 46% of functioning mangroves. Our approach was developed as part of a collaboration between nongovernmental organizations, local government, and academics under rapid delivery time lines given preexisting mangrove restoration implementation commitments. The systematic decision process we used integrated socioeconomic and ecological considerations even under short delivery deadlines, and our approach can be adapted to help mangrove restoration site‐selection decisions elsewhere.
The signal transduction mechanism responsible for gamma interferon-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase gene expression

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We examined the signal transduction mechanism responsible for the gamma interferon-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) gene expression in a human monocytic cell line, THP-1. Our results suggest that gamma interferon-induced activation of protein tyrosine kinase is a prerequisite for gene expression and that activation of protein kinase C and another unknown signal(s), both of which are transduced by the protein tyrosine kinase, synergistically induce IDO gene expression. Neither Ca2+ influx nor cyclic nucleotide-dependent kinases were suggested to be involved in the signaling pathway.
The cat as a possible source of Toxoplasma infection for man.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors examined 1,027 persons divided into two groups by means of the toxoplasmin skin test. Group I contained 472 persons who owned domestic cats. Of these 255, i.e. 54.0% gave a positive reaction. Group II consisted of 555 persons who did not own cats. Of these 237, i.e. 42.7% reacted positively. A statistically significant difference at the 1% level of significance was assessed between the two groups. A difference of highest diagnostic importance was found in persons of unexposed occupations in the lowest age group, 14-19 years: 39.5% positive reactions among cat owners and 16.1% among those who did not own cats. The results support the assumption on the role played by domestic cats in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis. An analysis of the ethology of the cat as regards its importance in the spread of Toxoplasma infection is the subject of the present study.
The protective effect of cheese consumption at 18 months on allergic diseases in the first 6 years

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The effect of exposure to microorganisms on allergic diseases has been well studied. The protective effect of early food diversity against allergic diseases was previously shown in the PASTURE cohort study. The consumption of cheese, a food potentially rich in microbial diversity, deserves further examination. We aimed to evaluate whether cheese consumption is associated with allergic diseases. Methods In the PASTURE study (birth cohort in 5 European countries), data on feeding practices, environmental factors, and allergic diseases were collected by questionnaires from birth to 6 years (N = 931). Cheese consumption at 18 months of age was quantified in terms of frequency and diversity (ie, number of consumed types among 6 types: hard pressed, semipressed, soft, blue, fresh cheese, and cheese from the farm). Multiple logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the effect of cheese consumption on atopic dermatitis ( AD ), food allergy ( FA ), allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic sensitization at 6 years after adjustment for confounders of atopy. Results Cheese consumption (vs. nonconsumption) had a significant protective effect on AD ( OR = 0.51 [0.29‐0.90], P = 0.02) and FA ( OR = 0.32, [0.15‐0.71], P = 0.004), but no effect on atopic sensitization, allergic rhinitis, and asthma at 6 years. This effect on AD and FA may be related to the diversity of consumed cheeses ( OR = 0.64 [0.48‐0.85] per cheese type, P = 0.002; OR = 0.55 [0.33‐0.92], P = 0.02, respectively). Conclusion Although reverse causality cannot totally be ruled out, cheese diversity at 18 months had a protective effect against AD and FA at 6 years in addition to the protective effect of diversity of other foods.
Aflatoxins in ginseng roots

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Ginseng roots can be infected by molds during growth, harvest and storage and result in contamination with mycotoxins. In this study, an analytical method for the determination of aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2), a group of structurally similar mycotoxins, in ginseng root was developed. Test samples were extracted with methanol-water (8?+?2), diluted and passed through an immunoaffinity column packed with antibodies specific for aflatoxins. The purified extract was then derivatized with a mixture of water, trifluoroacetic acid and acetic acid. Aflatoxins were then separated and quantified by reverse phase liquid chromatography (LC) with fluorescence detection. Recoveries of total aflatoxins at 2, 4, 8 and 16 ng/g added to toxin-free 4 to 5-year old dried sliced Wisconsin ginseng were 92, 77, 91 and 83% respectively; and relative standard deviations were 3.6, 8.0, 6.9 and 2.0% respectively. A total of 11 wild simulated and 12 cultivated ginseng root samples were analysed for aflatoxins. All cultivated roots were found to be free of aflatoxin contamination. Two of the wild simulated roots contained total aflatoxins B(1), B(2), G(1) and G(2) at 15.1 and 15.2 ng/g. One moldy ginseng root purchased from a grocery store was found to be contaminated with aflatoxins at 16 ng/g.
Effects of Bottom Inflow Area on Pool Boiling Heat Transfer in a Vertical Annulus

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To investigate effects of the inflow area on pool boiling heat transfer in a vertical annulus, the inflow area at its bottom has been changed from 0 to . For the test, a heated tube of 34 mm diameter and water at atmospheric pressure have been used. To elucidate effects of the inflow area on heat transfer results of the annulus are compared to the data of a single unrestricted tube. The change in the inflow area at the bottom of the annulus results in much variation in heat transfer coefficients. When the inflow area is the deterioration point of heat transfer coefficients gets moved up to the higher heat fluxes because of the convective flow at the bottom regions.
Surface Modification of CNTs with N‑Doped Carbon:\nAn Effective Way of Enhancing Their Performance in Supercapacitors

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Carbon nanotubes have been successfully coated with a N-doped carbon\nlayer via hydrothermal carbonization in the presence of a nitrogen-containing\ncarbohydrate, i.e., glucosamine hydrochloride. By controlling the\namount of glucosamine added, it was possible to tune the N content\nof the composites N-doped carbon/CNT between 1.8–2.5 wt %.\nThe prepared composites exhibited superior supercapacitor performance\nin comparison to bare CNTs even though they possess lower textural\nproperties. Thus, a 2- to 4-fold increase in specific capacitance\nper surface area was registered at low current densities and sweep\nrates and a 2-fold increase in energy density, while keeping the power\ndensity. Besides, the composites possess superb long-term stability,\nlosing only 4–6% of specific capacitance after 10,000 cycles\nat 10 A g<sup>–1</sup>.
Completion of the maternal continuum of care and its association with antenatal care attendance during previous pregnancy among women in rural areas of the Gurage Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective The maternal continuum of care is a cost-effective intervention to prevent pregnancy and childbirth-related maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of completion of the maternal continuum of care and its association with antenatal care (ANC) attendance during previous pregnancy among women in rural kebeles of Gurage Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Design A community-based cross-sectional study. Setting The study took place in 12 rural kebeles of the Gurage Zone from 1 April 2022 to 12 May 2022. Participants Randomly selected 497 women who gave birth in the previous 12 months in rural kebeles of the Gurage Zone. Outcome The outcome of this study was the prevalence of completion of the maternal continuum of care. Results Overall, the prevalence of completion of the maternal continuum of care was 15.5% (95% CI: 12.55% to 18.9%). After adjusting for potential confounders, having ANC attendance during a previous pregnancy (adjusted OR (AOR): 2.01; 95% CI: 1.07 to 3.76) was positively associated with the completion of the maternal continuum of care. In addition, having access to ambulance service as a means of transportation (AOR: 6.01; 95% CI: 3.16 to 11.39) and exposure to mass media (AOR: 2.43; 95% CI: 1.27 to 4.68) were positively associated with completion of the maternal continuum of care. Conclusion The prevalence of completion of the maternity continuum of care was unacceptably low in this study. This result indicates that the women did not receive the maximum possible health benefit from existing maternal healthcare services. The completion of the maternal continuum of care was affected by ANC attendance in a previous pregnancy. Therefore, interventions that can strengthen ANC are crucial in the maternal continuum of the care pathway.
Within-Plant Distribution of Soybean Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Development of Node-Based Sample Units for Estimating Whole-Plant Densities in Soybean

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is capable of reducing soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., yield up to 40% during severe outbreaks. Frequent sampling, which can be costly and time-consuming, is essential to making informed management decisions. However, one way to decrease sampling effort is to use a reduced sample unit when possible. The objectives of this study were to describe the vertical distribution of soybean aphid within soybean over time and to define node-based sample units of varying sizes by testing the ability of selected units to accurately estimate whole-plant aphid density. Within-plant distribution of soybean aphid changed significantly with time. However, the average nodal position where soybean aphids were found on soybean remained within the top half of the plant at all three locations studied across all sample dates. Consequently, selecting the node with the highest aphid density multiplied by the total number of infested nodes (NMAX′) was the best predictor of aphids on remaining soybean components in both the original (r2 = 0.855) and validation (r2 = 0.824) data sets. For sample units that included more than a single node to estimate densities, a weighted formula, which incorporated changes observed in the within-plant aphid distribution, improved model performance (higher r2 values) and reduced variability around parameter estimates compared with a node-averaged formula. Our results suggest that smaller sample units provide reliable estimations of whole-plant aphid density throughout the growing season for differently maturing soybean, which is essential to their use in pest management decisions and development of future sampling plans.
Surface-SOS: Self-Supervised Object Segmentation via Neural Surface Representation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Self-supervised Object Segmentation (SOS) aims to segment objects without any annotations. Under conditions of multi-camera inputs, the structural, textural and geometrical consistency among each view can be leveraged to achieve fine-grained object segmentation. To make better use of the above information, we propose Surface representation based Self-supervised Object Segmentation (Surface-SOS), a new framework to segment objects for each view by 3D surface representation from multi-view images of a scene. To model high-quality geometry surfaces for complex scenes, we design a novel scene representation scheme, which decomposes the scene into two complementary neural representation modules respectively with a Signed Distance Function (SDF). Moreover, Surface-SOS is able to refine single-view segmentation with multi-view unlabeled images, by introducing coarse segmentation masks as additional input. To the best of our knowledge, Surface-SOS is the first self-supervised approach that leverages neural surface representation to break the dependence on large amounts of annotated data and strong constraints. These constraints typically involve observing target objects against a static background or relying on temporal supervision in videos. Extensive experiments on standard benchmarks including LLFF, CO3D, BlendedMVS, TUM and several real-world scenes show that Surface-SOS always yields finer object masks than its NeRF-based counterparts and surpasses supervised single-view baselines remarkably. Code is available at: https://github.com/zhengxyun/Surface-SOS.
Fungicide residues. Part II. The simultaneous determination of residues of folpet, captan and captafol in selected fruits by gas chromatography

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A simple method for the simultaneous detection, identification and determination of folpet, captan and captafol is presented. After extraction into acetonitrile, these fungicides are extracted into diethyl ether-hexane, subjected to column chromatography on silica gel and quantitatively determined by electron-capture gas-liquid chromatography. A simple test for distinguishing between captan and folpet is also described.
Microbiol contamination in an air-conditioning system and countermeasure against mould smell

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

栄養源と温湿度などの条件を揃えば，微生物が増殖する．空調システム内は微生物の増殖にとって好環境になっている．筆者らが行ってきた研究成果から，空調システム内を衛生的な状態に保たないと，その中の微生物汚染が顕著になり，室内の汚染源となることを示している．空調システムにおける微生物汚染の低減には，まず，微生物が増殖できる環境を作らないことは重要で，適正な維持管理を施すことに努める必要がある．次に，その汚染源を取り除く（空調システムのクリーニング），殺虫を行う（UVGI，オゾン)， 微生物増殖を抑制するなどの技術を活用することも有効である．
Dataset for chromosome-level genome assembly of Scapharca kagoshimensis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ark shells are commercially important clam species that inhabit in muddy sediments of shallow coasts in East Asia. For a long time, the lack of genome resources has hindered scientific research of ark shells. Here, we reported a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of Scapharca kagoshimensis, with an aim to unravel the molecular basis of heme biosynthesis, and develop genomic resources for genetic breeding and population genetics in ark shells.
Apolipoprotein E4: A causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer’s disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The premise of this review is that apolipoprotein (apo) E4 is much more than a contributing factor to neurodegeneration. ApoE has critical functions in redistributing lipids among CNS cells for normal lipid homeostasis, repairing injured neurons, maintaining synapto-dendritic connections, and scavenging toxins. In multiple pathways affecting neuropathology, including Alzheimer’s disease, apoE acts directly or in concert with age, head injury, oxidative stress, ischemia, inflammation, and excess amyloid β peptide production to cause neurological disorders, accelerating progression, altering prognosis, or lowering age of onset. We envision that unique structural features of apoE4 are responsible for apoE4-associated neuropathology. Although the structures of apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4 are in dynamic equilibrium, apoE4, which is detrimental in a variety of neurological disorders, is more likely to assume a pathological conformation. Importantly, apoE4 displays domain interaction (an interaction between the N- and C-terminal domains of the protein that results in a compact structure) and molten globule formation (the formation of stable, reactive intermediates with potentially pathological activities). In response to CNS stress or injury, neurons can synthesize apoE. ApoE4 uniquely undergoes neuron-specific proteolysis, resulting in bioactive toxic fragments that enter the cytosol, alter the cytoskeleton, disrupt mitochondrial energy balance, and cause cell death. Our findings suggest potential therapeutic strategies, including the use of “structure correctors” to convert apoE4 to an “apoE3-like” molecule, protease inhibitors to prevent the generation of toxic apoE4 fragments, and “mitochondrial protectors” to prevent cellular energy disruption.