jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pacifist Radicalism in the Post-War British Labour Party: The Case of E. D. Morel, 1919–24

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Edmund Dene Morel was born in Paris in 1873, the son of a French civil servant father and an English mother. Modestly educated in England, he emerged at age thirty from the obscurity of a clerkship in a Liverpool commercial firm to launch a journalistic crusade against the murderous exploitation of blacks on the rubber plantations of the Congo Free State. Largely as a result of this effort he became critical of what he considered the deviousness of the British Foreign Office, and by 1911 he was questioning the extent of the commitment to France in the Entente Cordiale. He was pro-German only in the sense that he opposed the prevalent anti-German hysteria and believed that an Anglo-German confrontation would be catastrophic for both countries. Morel was one of a number of free-trade, anti-imperialist, foreign- and imperial-affairs specialists associated with the pre-war Liberal Party; J. A. Hobson, H. N. Brailsford and E. G. Browne were others. But it was the war which made him the butt of nationalist fury and the victim of government prosecution for his advocacy of a negotiated peace and for his infuriating insistence that Germany's share of the blame for the war's origin was much less than that of Tsarist Russia or even of Britain's Liberal government.
lmovub bekmb vksueouvou

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

yeqtu mtko eekvu okktx ouquom m ektdouom, aeekve zumdetmoab mokvve ovk, ektdok a tuueo vksueouvomm. uxkub teb ektdo, mzqek x ouqee. y tkuvxe kk tuudu etveqe mz euakmd eeutee zuoudmod okvb e usutkomu s ouquo. skzkud x okvb zutuou eukmod. ze ektdou – axdkaoeu kmexomk m mzeeueoemeuk, mokvve ousek ovk m zuktaoemo aouod.
Height functions on surfaces with three critical points

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We shall consider the following question" Under what conditions can we find an embedding or an immersion f: M 2 E a of a closed surface M 2 into Euclidean 3-space such that there is a linear function on Ea, z" E a R, so that the composition zf: M 2 R has exactly three critical points, one of which may be degenerate.This question for a smooth embedding f was suggested as an exercise by H. Hopf in I-6, p. 92].The only possibility of a three critical point (3cp) smooth embedding is the case of a 2-sphere embedded as a "shoe surface" (see Figure 1).
Potential and Prospects of Strengthening Transport Connectivity for Regional Economic Integration in Southern Asia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Despite geographical contiguity, Southern Asia remains among the least integrated sub-regions in the world. In the context of changed global context in the aftermath of the global financial crisis requiring the engines of growth to be rebalanced in favour of regional sources, inability to exploit the potential of regional economic integration and regional value chains can seriously limit the growth prospects of the sub-region. ESCAP analysis shows that while potential of intra-regional trade remains substantial, its exploitation is prevented by costs of trading within the sub-region which are often higher than trading with distant regions like the EU and North America, effectively denying the benefits of geographical proximity and contiguity to intra-regional trade. This situation is because of poorly developed surface transport networks and facilitation at the borders for mutual trade in the sub-region. This article reviews the key constraints on surface transport in the sub-region and makes a case for extended transport corridors that can maximize the network externalities while using the existing infrastructure optimally and benefiting the landlocked countries of the sub-region. It then highlights the relevance of two extended transport corridors—one a container train corridor and another a highway corridor proposed by UNESCAP—that can not only facilitate but have the potential to make the sub-region a hub of Asia–Europe trade. It is concluded with a few remarks on the way forward for a vision of transport connectivity in South Asia.
Web peer counseling system

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The advent of information and communication technology has opened a new era in the counseling profession. Web counseling is a method of service delivery with potential to supplement traditional face to face counseling. students were more likely to discuss personal concerns with a peer counselor than with a Professional counselor. Therefore, online peer counseling systems are needed. Web peer counseling is a new method of helping people work through life issues. It can help people address many different issues of concern under the guidance of a peer helper. We designed the peer online Web counseling system.
ORGANISATIONAL CONTROL, DIFFERING PERSPECTIVES: THE MANAGEMENT OF UNIVERSITTES

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Designing an accounting and information system (ACS) for a university is difficult, and whilst there is substantial evidence that formal systems can have dysfunctional effects, it is necessary to precede any design or critique of an ACS by clarifying the underlying managerial perspective that is being applied to the organisation. In this paper a number of managerial perspectives are developed and illustrated in relation to the management of universities. The approach is also contrasted with the management of health authorities. It is demonstrated that some authors provide a critique of the Jarratt proposals without illustrating the managerial perspective from which this is being done, and that whilst their organisational analysis may be insightful it does not add to the debate on how to manage universities or health authorities.
Half-Heusler based multicomponent alloys for high temperature thermoelectric applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The efficiency of thermal-to-electrical conversion depends on high electrical conductivity (σ), high Seebeck coefficient (S=ΔV⁄ΔT), and low thermal conductivity (κ). Radioisotope thermoelectric generators in spacecraft require high-temperature thermoelectric materials like oxides, SiGe, and half-Heusler (HH) alloys. HH alloys with MgAgAs crystal structure, despite excellent electrical and mechanical properties, have high κ and need long annealing times. Traditionally, nanostructuring and mass defects have been employed to lower κ. Recently, high entropy materials have been explored to lower κ through lattice scattering. Higher configurational entropy in multicomponent HH Ti2NiCoSnSb helped obtain a single phase without annealing. The effect of nanostructuring in Ti2NiCoSnSb was studied by mechanical alloying and by milling the crushed powders of vacuum arc melted samples. While nanostructuring has helped lower the κ to 3.5 W/mK at room temperature, the S value was considerably reduced. Lowering the Ti content and increasing the Ni and Co content led to the precipitation of intermetallic Ni3Sn2 and full-Heusler Ni2TiSn secondary phases, respectively. The intermetallic phase improved the electrical conductivity and lowered κl at the expense of the S value in the Ti2-xNiCoSnSb samples. In the Ti2(NiCo)1+xSnSb alloys, the power factor increased till optimum doping of 2.5% Ni and Co due to the full-Heusler (FH) phase and thermal conductivity lowered till optimum doping of 5% Ni and Co due to phonon scattering at HH/FH interfaces. The effect of doping was understood through the introduction of lighter element Al and heavier elements Zr and Ta, respectively. Based on the structure-property optimizations, compositional tuning by multi-element doping was performed. A thermoelectric figure of merit of 0.692 was observed in Ti1.6Al0.2Ta0.2NiCoSn0.5Sb1.5 double half-Heusler alloy at 823 K. The precipitating AlCoNiTa type FH phase helped increase the power factor and lower thermal conductivity by scattering phonons at the HH/FH interface in these alloys. Nb2FeCoSnSb double half-Heusler exhibited ZT closer to Ti2NiCoSnSb. The effect of Sb content in Ti2NiCoSnSb-based alloys has been extensively studied (Karati et al., 2020, 2022b). For comparison, the effect of the processing route and Sb content on thermoelectric properties was studied in Nb2FeCoSnSb. The impact of varying Fe and Co content on the thermoelectric properties was also studied. First-principles calculations helped us understand the phase evolution and resultant electronic band structures in these alloys.
Efecto de intercalar leguminosas, con diferentes dosis de fósforo sobre el rendimiento de maíz, Zea mays L. en centroamérica

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Twenty four similar trials with corn were conducted throughout Central America during 1989 and 1990. The specific objectives were: i) to evaluate the effect of intercropping legumes with corn, ii) to establish P requirements in a system of intercropping corn with legumes, iii) to evaluate soil coverage by the legume as an indicator of a potential for erosion reduction and iv) evaluate weéd control in the intercropped system. The following legumes were tested: Stizolobium deeringianum Bort (mucuna), Vigna unguiculata L. and Canavalia ensiformis L. each one with P doses of 20 and 40 kg/ha. In general, the results obtained in 1989 were similar to those of 1990. The average corn yield for the different locations varied between 1.8 and 6.0 t/ha in 1989 and 1.0 and 5.6 t/ha in 1990, indicating the great environmental variability of the corn zones of Central America. The corn yield was always lower with legumes than without them, at the same rate of P to both years, C. ensiformis reduced the corn yield by 0.310 (±0.32) t/ha, V. unguiculata by 0.540 (±0.48) t/ha and S. deeringianum by 0.610 (±0.69) t/ha. The response to P was variable and depended on the year, the location and the legume. A positive response to P applied to corn without the legume was observed in both years. The was a positive response to P in corn intercropped with.§, deeringianumin 1982 in corn intercropped and with C. ensiformis in 1990. The legume evaluation as a mulch (average of 8 trials) indicate that at 30 days after the corn planting, V. unguiculata gave the best coverage with 62%, followed by C. ensiformis, with 38% and S. deeringianum with 35%.
Spread footing design under eccentric and inclined loadings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The bearing capacity of spread footing foundation subjected to both vertical and horizontal loads can be estimated using bearing capacity factors, together with load inclination factor and eccentricity effect. However, different versions of bearing capacity and load inclination factor have been proposed. Four proposed bearing capacity versions will be discussed in this project, they are Meyerhof’s version, Hansen’s version, Vesic’s version and Eurocode 7 version. This project investigates the effects of different proposed factors in design of spread footing based on Eurocode 7 on the one hand, and reliability-based design accounting for input uncertainty on the other hand. Examples of reliability-based design are presented by using different proposed bearing capacity equations, while Eurocode 7 design are presented by its own proposed method. Two types of data input are presented in two examples, one based on mean and standard deviation, another based on characteristic value. The reliability index and probability of failure are determined. A sensitivity analysis and back-calculated partial factors of design parameters are performed and discussed. The comparison between back-calculated partial factors and partial factors from Eurocode 7 are discussed. Monte Carlo Simulation is also performed to provide additional check to the reliability-based design as a safety measure.
Incidence and correlates of HIV and syphilis in a prospective cohort of men who have sex with men in Mianyang, China, over a 36-month period

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Estimates for the HIV/AIDS epidemic from the China Ministry of Health show that the epidemic is spreading rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was adapted in 2009 and snowball sampling was adapted to supplement the number of participants in 2010 and 2011. Interviewer-administered questionnaires and blood tests were conducted to confirm enrolment eligibility of participants. Results: A total of 725 HIV-negative participants were included into the cohort study. The cohort had a HIV incidence density of 5.6 (95% CI: 3.9–7.3)/100 person-years (PY) and a syphilis incidence density of 5.6 (95% CI:3.7–7.6)/100 PY. Age ≤20 years (21–25 years, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.11–0.95/ ≥ 26 years, HR = 0.17, 95%CI: 0.05–0.66), having not participated in peer education in the past year (HR = 2.96, 95%CI: 1.19–7.35), seeking male sexual partners in a public washroom/park (HR = 3.61, 95%CI: 1.03–12.47), being currently infected with syphilis (HR = 3.21, 95%CI: 1.31–7.91), having sex partners aged ≥30 years (HR = 3.40, 95%CI: 1.11–10.39) and having more than four male sexual partners within the past 6 months (HR = 3.34, 95%CI: 1.24–9.04) were found to be risk factors for HIV seroconversion (each P &lt; 0.05). Being married (HR = 2.38, 95%CI: 1.04–5.46), having not participated in peer education in the past year (HR = 2.28, 95%CI: 1.08–4.82), having limited HIV/AIDS knowledge (HR = 4.28, 95%CI: 1.94–9.43) and having a sexually transmitted disease infection in the past 6 months (HR = 4.74, 95%CI: 1.83–12.30) were identified as factors for syphilis infection (each P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: The incidence rates of HIV and syphilis in Mianyang City reamained high in the cohort of MSM for 36 months. Increased attention should be given to this serious epidemic, and appropriate interventions should be implemented to address MSM-specific issues in order to prevent HIV and syphilis infection in China.
Institutional strength, intergovernmental relations, and national climate policy coordination: Australia and Canada compared

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The nature of climate change is such that no one state can solve the problem by itself, nor is any one state likely to incur the costs of emission mitigation without some assurance of comparable action by others (Olson 1965; Hardin 1968). This same dynamic is replicated in federal states: How can one attain joint objectives and coordinated actions from autonomous yet interdependent jurisdictions in the face of considerable incentives to defect? As of 2013, Canada has been unable to reach agreement on national objectives, policy mechanisms, or the allocation of costs between sources and Canadian provinces and has relied instead on uncoordinated, unilateral actions by the federal government and provinces. By contrast, in 2011 Australian jurisdictions agreed upon a coordinated plan, including national strategies and objectives on renewable energy, energy efficiency, adaptation and mitigation. How do we explain Australian success in achieving coordination, in contrast to Canadian failure over the same time period? While differences in political culture, geography, political economy and political leadership no doubt play a part, we suggest that the institutions of intergovernmental relations (IGR) in each country have had a significant effect on efforts to coordinate. Our objective is to explore whether there are meaningful differences in the institutions of IGR that create permissive or constraining conditions in these two countries. The chapter begins by situating our analysis within the literature on federalism, intergovernmental relations and multilevel governance.
Convergence Analysis of a Colocated Finite Volume Scheme for the Incompressible Navier–Stokes Equations on General 2D or 3D Meshes

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study a colocated cell centered finite volume method for the approximation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations posed on a 2D or 3D finite domain. The discrete unknowns are the components of the velocity and the pressures, all of them colocated at the center of the cells of a unique mesh; hence the need for a stabilization technique, which we choose of the Brezzi-Pitk\"aranta type. The scheme features two essential properties: the discrete gradient is the transposed of the divergence terms and the discrete trilinear form associated to nonlinear advective terms vanishes on discrete divergence free velocity fields. As a consequence, the scheme is proved to be unconditionally stable and convergent for the Stokes problem, the steady and the transient Navier-Stokes equations. In this latter case, for a given sequence of approximate solutions computed on meshes the size of which tends to zero, we prove, up to a subsequence, the $L^2$-convergence of the components of the velocity, and, in the steady case, the weak $L^2$-convergence of the pressure. The proof relies on the study of space and time translates of approximate solutions, which allows the application of Kolmogorov's theorem. The limit of this subsequence is then shown to be a weak solution of the Navier-Stokes equations. Numerical examples are performed to obtain numerical convergence rates in both the linear and the nonlinear case.
Exact occupation statistics for two-dimensional lattices of single particles

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A general expression is developed which describes exactly the ensemble average number of one- or two-dimensional structures per arrangement, created when indistinguishable single particles are arranged on a two-dimensional lattice. The expression obtained is applied to the calculation of some physically important structures which appear on a rectangular and a closest-packed hexagonal lattice. The problem of nearest-neighbor pairs is then solved as a special case from the general expression.
Problems in Developing Seminar Course for Biology Education Students

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Biology Education students should be prepared to write their ideas and present their ideas in a seminar. Two cycles of Classroom Action Research (CAR) was Done in developing Seminar Course for Biology Education Students in the second semesters of 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. For the first cycle of CAR the writer who was new in this course had a partner in conducting the course for two classes. At that time the seminar paper was targeted to prepare a research proposal. As a partner of an experienced lecturer, the writer did not face much problem because the writer just follow the partner. The writer also used to teach educational research course. At the beginning of the new year of 2013/2014 the writer present the sylabus content and the purposes of seminar course to be discussed in the Biology Department. The result of the lecturers’ discussion was that the seminar can be used to train the students to present ideas in (Biology) Education, it can be a research proposal or any ideas in Biology Education. For the second cycle the writer had one seminar class of 20 students and didn’t have partner in conducting the seminar course. The problems faced by the writer was in guiding students in finding the title of the seminar paper, in finding how to guide the students in using literature sources and in writing the seminar paper. The writer tried to answer the problem by conducting CAR with the action to give the students tasks to present the problems that were interested for the students, to do critical analysis of at least ten articles, to present the results of critical analysis of articles related to the background of the problem in front of the class and show the highlighted part of the articles that will be cited in the background of the problem, and to present the draft of the seminar paper. The results showed that students had tried their best in preparing the tasks but that the writer still had to give examples on how to give inputs to the presenter on how to improve the ideas and the presentation.
Formulating effective questions for community-based question answering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Community-based Question Answering (CQA) services have become a major venue for people's information seeking on the Web. However, many studies on CQA have focused on the prediction of the best answers for a given question. This paper looks into the formulation of effective questions in the context of CQA. In particular, we looked at effect of contextual factors appended to a basic question on the performance of submitted answers. This study analysed a total of 930 answers returned in response to 266 questions that were formulated by 46 participants. The results show that adding a questionnaire's personal and social attribute to the question helped improve the perceptions of answers both in information seeking questions and opinion seeking questions.
Developmental and hormonal regulation of UDP-GlcNAc:dolichol phosphate GlcNAc-1-P transferase in mouse mammary gland.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The developmental and hormonal regulation of UDP-GlcNA:dolichol phosphate N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase (GPT), the enzyme which initiates the biosynthesis of asparagine-linked glycoproteins, was investigated in mouse mammary glands. An anti-peptide antibody raised against the carboxyl-terminal 11 amino acids of mouse GPT, immunoadsorbed GPT activity and recognized a protein of expected size (approximately 48 kDa) on Western blots. Mouse mammary glands at different stages of development were examined for GPT activity, immunoreactive protein, and GPT mRNA. All three parameters showed a similar trend, i.e. they were low in tissues from virgin and pregnant animals, increased steadily during lactation, reaching a peak around mid to late lactation, and declined thereafter in glands from post-lactating animals. At mid-lactation, the increase in GPT activity, immunoreactive protein, and GPT mRNA relative to the virgin stage was 9.5-, 3.3- and 5.4-fold respectively, on a per cell basis. These data suggest possible transcriptional and post-transcriptional modulation of GPT gene expression during development of mouse mammary gland. The results on hormonal regulation of GPT in mouse mammary explants and primary mouse mammary epithelial cells showed that all three parameters cited above were stimulated maximally by the combined presence of insulin, hydrocortisone, and prolactin, indicating that the hormonal regulation of GPT expression is also mediated at the level of RNA.
Spatial hydrological analysis for water harvesting potential using ArcGIS model: the case of the north-eastern desert, Jordan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Jordan is located in an arid to semi-arid zone where water resources are limited. The threat of water shortages is already a reality and Jordan is struggling to face the scarcity of water. The north-eastern Badia semi-desert (zone) of the Kingdom is a large area with a small population. Constructing a dam can boost the local economy by supplying the water necessary for a community to meet its irrigation needs and develop the study area. In this study, ArcGIS software using a digital elevation model (DEM) map was utilized to determine possible sites where rainwater can be collected in north-eastern Badia. Possible watersheds were delineated using drainage networks. Seven sub-watersheds were characterized hydrologically by developing unit hydrographs, and water volume capacity was computed. Moreover, possible sites for earthen dams or tanks for water harvesting systems were investigated in different areas of Jordan. Rainwater harvesting could make water available during dry periods and its capture can also reduce soil erosion from runoff during wet periods.