jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Work of Breathing as a Predictor of Failure to Wean from Mechanical Ventilation in Patients with Severe Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract : For the vast majority of patients who require mechanical ventilation, withdrawal of ventilatory support and extubation is straightforward and easily accomplished. However, those patients who have required prolonged ventilatory support and especially those with severe baseline pulmonary disease can present a particular problem. It is not always clinically evident when the patient is ready to be removed from ventilatory support. Extubation before the patient is prepared to support his own ventilatory demands can result in respiratory failure, and the requirement for reintubation and placement back on the ventilator. Reintubation, especially under urgent circumstances, is not without risks, such as aspiration and hemodynamic instability. The fatigue and stress that the patient develops while experiencing respiratory failure can also set back his clinical course significantly. Whereas a few more days of exercise prior to the initial extubation might have ensured success, the patient might now require days to weeks to again be ready for extubation. Conversely, the conservative approach might prolong the weaning process longer than is required, delay extubation and increase the chance for nosocomial complications, such as pneumonia.
1706 CFD simulation of flow soldering process : Case of oblique lifting

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Flow soldering process is one of major soldering process used in the manufacture of electronics. One of the defects in soldering is a bridge, which connects adjacent components and results in a short circuit fault. It is necessary to clarify the conditions under which the bridge occurs. Flow soldering process with a simple model has been studied experimentally and numerically. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relation between the lifting velocity and the solder volume on the joint. The printed circuit board mounted with electronics components is dipped into a solder bath and detached from the bath at constant velocities. The angle between the PCB and the lifting velocity is 20 degree. CFD simulation qualitatively reproduced the experimental result.
[The effect of the analgesic flupirtine on automobile driving].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects on driving ability of the new analgesic ethyl-N-(2-amino-6-(4-fluor-phenylmethylamino) pyridin-3-yl) carbamate (flupirtine, D 9998) in comparison with pentazocine and placebo. Flupirtine was tested in a double blind cross-over experiment in 12 healthy volunteers using 7 different tests which are known to correspond to the most important aspects of driving ability. Subjects were given 3 consecutive doses of flupirtine of 100 mg each and tested following the first and third administration. The comparison drug pentazocine and placebo were administered in the same dosage regimen (a single dose of pentazocine amounting to 50 mg). Significant differences between flupirtine and placebo could not be detected. Following single dosage of pentazocine subjects more often reported a general feeling of discomfort, including nausea, dizziness and motion sickness, than was the case after administration of flupirtine. While single administration of pentazocine did not produce any significant differences from placebo, multiple administration resulted in both objective and subjective fatigue symptoms. It was concluded that flupirtine, in contrast to pentazocine, did not produce any impairment in driving ability in healthy volunteers.
Partially reducible paraesophageal hiatal hernia with organoaxial gastric rotation in an asymptomatic child

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Paraoesophageal hernias are an extremely rare variety of hiatal hernias commonly encountered in elderly. This article illustrates the case of a 3-year-old child with features of urinary tract infection but incidentally diagnosed with paraesophageal hiatal hernia with associated organoaxial gastric rotation and a preprandial intrathoracic stomach with no symptoms congruent with his diagnosis. The diagnosis was suspected initially on ultrasonography of the right hemithorax and confirmed with barium studies and computed tomography with oral contrast. Although an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was advised by the clinician, the patient never underwent the procedure during our follow-up period.
Repurposing Anthelmintic Drugs for COVID-19 Treatment: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials on Ivermectin and Mebendazole

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the urgent exploration of therapeutic options, including drug repurposing. Anthelmintic drugs such as ivermectin and mebendazole have garnered interest due to their potential antiviral and immunomodulatory properties. However, conflicting evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) necessitates a comprehensive meta-analysis to determine their efficacy and safety in COVID-19 management. Objective: This meta-analysis evaluates the clinical efficacy of ivermectin and mebendazole in treating COVID-19 by analyzing their impact on viral clearance, symptom resolution, hospitalization duration, and safety profiles. Methods: A systematic search of Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted following PRISMA guidelines to identify RCTs published up to February 2025. Eligible studies included adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 who received ivermectin or mebendazole compared with a placebo or standard of care. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Statistical heterogeneity was evaluated using the I2 statistic, and pooled effect sizes were calculated for primary clinical outcomes. Results: Twenty-three RCTs (n = 12,345) were included, with twenty-one studies on ivermectin and two on mebendazole. The pooled analysis suggested no statistically significant improvement in viral clearance (p = 0.39), hospitalization duration (p = 0.15), or symptom resolution (p = 0.08) with ivermectin or mebendazole. However, individual studies indicated potential benefits, particularly for mebendazole, in reducing viral load and inflammation. Both drugs exhibited favorable safety profiles, with no significant increase in adverse events. Conclusions: The promising propensities observed in selected studies underscore the potential of ivermectin and mebendazole as adjunct therapies for COVID-19. With well-established safety profiles, immunomodulatory effects, and affordability, these drugs present strong candidates for further exploration. Advancing research through well-designed, large-scale RCTs will help unlock their full therapeutic potential and expand treatment options in the fight against COVID-19.
Pyrazine-Fused Triterpenoids Block the TRPA1 Ion Channel in Vitro and Inhibit TRPA1-Mediated Acute Inflammation in Vivo

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

TRPA1 is a nonselective cation channel, most famously expressed in nonmyelinated nociceptors. In addition to being an important chemical and mechanical pain sensor, TRPA1 has more recently appeared to have a role also in inflammation. Triterpenoids are natural products with anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects in experimental models. In this paper, 13 novel triterpenoids were created by synthetically modifying betulin, an abundant triterpenoid of the genus Betula L., and their TRPA1-modulating properties were examined. The Fluo 3-AM protocol was used in the initial screening, in which six of the 14 tested triterpenoids inhibited TRPA1 in a statistically significant manner. In subsequent whole-cell patch clamp recordings, the two most effective compounds (pyrazine-fused triterpenoids 8 and 9) displayed a reversible and dose- and voltage-dependent effect to block the TRPA1 ion channel at submicromolar concentrations. Interestingly, the TRPA1 blocking action was also evident in vivo, as compounds 8 and 9 both alleviated TRPA1 agonist-induced acute paw inflammation in mice. The results introduce betulin-derived pyrazine-fused triterpenoids as promising novel antagonists of TRPA1 that are potentially useful in treating diseases with a TRPA1-mediated adverse component.
Efficacy of Hand Made Silicone Gel Cushion in Interface Pressure Reduction

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the performance of two low cost hand-made silicone gel cushions designed for low income communities, called Silicone 1 and Silicone 2. Methods: Two silicone gel cushions were made with the same formula. The barrier surrounding of the Silicone 1 and the Silicone 2 were cross-linked poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and a polypropylene plastic bag respectively. Their pressure reducing characteristics were compared with the RestonÂ® gel cushion now used in the Siriraj Hospital. A sample of 17 healthy volunteers tested the three cushions to evaluate the peak interface pressure in supine, semi-Fowler, lateral bending and sitting positions. All of the subjects are blinded to the types of the cushion. Results: It was shown that the peak interface pressures decreased significantly after the cushions were applied between the subjects and the standard hospital mattress in supine and lateral bending positions and between the subjects and wheelchair seat in sitting position. In semi-Fowler, only the Silicone 1 could reduce the peak pressure significantly (P< 0.05). Multiple comparison by Bonferrini test showed that in supine position both silicone gel cushions could significantly reduce peak interface pressure better than RestonÂ® cushion (P<0.05), but there was no statistical difference between the two hand-made silicone cushions. There was no significant difference in peak interface pressure between these three cushions in semi-Fowler, lateral bending and sitting positions. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we concluded that the most advantageous cushion was the hand made silicone cushion covered with cross-linked PDMS.
Effects of hyperoxia on DNA synthesis in cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mode of action of hyperoxia on the inhibition of DNA synthesis from thymidine (dThd) was studied in primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (EC) at confluence. A significant effect of hyperoxia on dThd uptake was detected only after a 48-h exposure to 95% O2. On the other hand, decrease in dThd kinase activity was already observed after a 12-h exposure, and the time course of its reduction followed closely that of the inhibition of dThd incorporation into DNA. The incorporation of dThd triphosphate into DNA in permeabilized EC was unaffected by hyperoxia. Determination of DNA alpha- and beta-polymerase activities showed that hyperoxia reduced the activity of the alpha-polymerase and increased that of the beta-polymerase. We conclude that most of the O2 effects on DNA synthesis from dThd can be attributed to dThd kinase inhibition. The increased activity of DNA beta-polymerase, an enzyme involved in DNA repair, also supports the view that hyperoxia could damage DNA.
Submodular Maximization under the Intersection of Matroid and Knapsack Constraints

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Submodular maximization arises in many applications, and has attracted a lot of research attentions from various areas such as artificial intelligence, finance and operations research. Previous studies mainly consider only one kind of constraint, while many real-world problems often involve several constraints. In this paper, we consider the problem of submodular maximization under the intersection of two commonly used constraints, i.e., $k$-matroid constraint and $m$-knapsack constraint, and propose a new algorithm SPROUT by incorporating partial enumeration into the simultaneous greedy framework. We prove that SPROUT can achieve a polynomial-time approximation guarantee better than the state-of-the-art algorithms. Then, we introduce the random enumeration and smooth techniques into SPROUT to improve its efficiency, resulting in the SPROUT++ algorithm, which can keep a similar approximation guarantee. Experiments on the applications of movie recommendation and weighted max-cut demonstrate the superiority of SPROUT++ in practice.
Ontological Plant Representation for Dynamical Simulations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study is aimed at analysing the benefits of an ontological approach in Functional Structural Plant Modelling. The ontological approach has been used at two levels, to refine the conceptual modelling approach, and to define the nomenclature of the plant. To the scope available domain-specific ontologies describing plant entities and their relations have been analysed to verify how they support botanical and phenological descriptions at different scales. The analysis put in evidence how ontologies have a large number of shared terms and also host a large number of structural and dynamical relations among entities, however, they still lack semantic annotation useful for a complete and consistent Conceptual Modelling, as put in evidence by Foundation Ontologies. Nonetheless, the analysis also put in evidence the potential of the approach and the basis for designing a bridged ontology to be used to produce tools for learning botany, growing techniques, and supporting precision Agriculture.
Designing Appropriate Control Mechanisms for Managing Performance in the Federal Sector

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The implementation of performance appraisal systems for all federal employees in accord with the provisions of the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, coupled with a new era of budgetary austerity, has resulted in perceptible changes in the federal management environment. The Productivity Research Division (PRD) in the US Office of Personnel Management initiated three separate field studies at various federal agencies to begin to examine the possibilities inherent in the key issue area for federal managers. Two of the studies are using experimental designs and are examining management-initiated control mechanisms; the third is using descriptive qualitative methodologies and is exploring non-management or "substitute" controls. This chapter describes each of these research studies, explains how the control mechanisms are being implemented at each research site, and indicates the expected outcomes. It is clear that incentive pay should only be used in a work environment where performance can be assessed with accuracy.
The Effect of Other Comprehensive Income Measurement, Free Cash Flow and Audit Tenure on Earnings Management

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study evaluates the impact of other comprehensive income, free cash flow, and audit tenure on earnings management in manufacturing companies within the food and beverage subsector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The study population consists of 30 companies, with a sample of 16 companies that consistently published financial statements from 2019 to 2023. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression, with the assistance of SPSS version 29. The results of the study show that the variables of other comprehensive income and audit tenure do not have a significant effect on earnings management. On the other hand, free cash flow is found to have a significant effect on earnings management. These findings provide insights for companies and related parties to pay more attention to free cash flow as an important indicator in managing earnings. The conclusion of this study indicates that free cash flow plays a more critical role in influencing earnings management compared to other comprehensive income and audit tenure.
Calibration of Deterministic Streamflow Models in Ungaged Basins Using Statistically-Derived At-Site Streamflow Simulations utilizing the USGS National Hydrologic Model

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The United States Geological Survey (USGS) developed the National Hydrologic Model (NHM) to support coordinated, comprehensive, and consistent hydrologic model development and application within the conterminous United States (CONUS). The NHM application of the Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (NHM-PRMS) was used to model 1,380 gaged watersheds across the CONUS to test the feasibility of improving streamflow simulations by linking statistically- and physically-based hydrologic models. Daily streamflow was simulated at each of the 1,380 gaged watersheds using a cross-validated implementation of pooled ordinary kriging. In this manner, the streamflow at each gage was simulated as if no at-site streamflow information were available. The objectives of this study were to 1) test the ability of the NHM-PRMS and ordinary kriging to simulate streamflow across the CONUS for select watersheds, 2) compare simulations of the NHM-PRMS calibrated using measured streamflow and the NHM-PRMS calibrated using ordinary kriging with measured streamflow, and 3) to determine the feasibility of using ordinary kriging in place of measured streamflow to calibrate the NHM-PRMS to provide streamflow simulations in ungaged basins.
Factors Influencing Consumers’ Intentions Towards the Adoption of Environmentally Friendly Cars

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this paper was to examine the factors that influence millennials’ intentions to adopt plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in Gauteng, South Africa. This study was based on the theory of consumption values (TCV), using structured questionnaires and convenience sampling. Data was collected from 504 respondents in Gau-teng, South Africa. A multiple regression analysis was performed to test the proposed hypotheses. The findings revea-led a significant relationship between social, emotional and conditional values and millennials’ behavioural intentions to adopt PHEVs and demonstrated a non-significant relationship between functional and epistemic values and beha-vioural intentions. Online data collection was used owing to COVID-19 pandemic restrictions, which limited the researcher’s abilities to explain items in the questionnaire. Also, the study focused only on millennials residing in Gauteng, which does not accurately represent the behavioural intentions of the entire country. Nevertheless, this study offers useful information to environmentally friendly car manufacturers, car dealerships and the government, for developing strategies aimed at encouraging the adoption of PHEVs among South African millennial consumers.
A Case of Successful Treatment of Refractory Clostridium difficile Colitis With Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in a Critically Ill Patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Stool transplantation has proved to be an effective treatment for recurrent, refractory or severe Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) colitis. As recurrent C. difficile is associated with limited fecal microbial diversity, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is gaining acceptance. Herein, we report a case of successful FMT treatment of refractory C. difficile in a critically ill patient. Case Report: A 72 year-old male nursing home resident with a history of chronic respiratory failure status post tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement, and chronic kidney disease was admitted to an outside hospital ICU for respiratory distress and severe diarrhea. He was found to have bacteremia for which he was treated with broad-spectrum IV antibiotics, fungemia for which he was treated with antifungals, C. difficile colitis for which he was treated with oral vancomycin (250mg QID), and acute kidney injury requiring initiation of hemodialysis. After 10 days, the patient remained critically ill with refractory C. difficile colitis as evidenced by persistent and frequent diarrhea, and was transferred to our hospital for further management. Upon arrival, the patient was somnolent with a soft, mildly distended and non-tender abdomen. Initial testing showed a leukocytosis of 15, metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation and creatinine of 3.2. On the day of transfer, FMT was performed with two administrations of 50cc of OpenBiome slurry via the patient's PEG tube 20 minutes apart. Oral vancomycin was continued. Forty hours later, FMT was repeated due to continued diarrhea. The patient's diarrhea rapidly resolved following this second FMT treatment (Figure). Repeat C. difficile stool antigen testing, 7 days after the first FMT, was negative. Discussion: We report successful treatment of refractory and severe C. difficile colitis with FMT. Our patient's frequent exposure to antibiotics likely led to disruption of normal colonic flora causing colonization and overgrowth of C. difficile. FMT was indicated after failure of oral vancomycin, and the preexisting PEG tube allowed for low-risk introduction of fecal microbiota into the stomach, leading to rapid resolution of diarrhea and negative repeat testing after the second FMT. Conclusion: In cases of recurrent, refractory, or severe C. difficile colitis, FMT should be an early consideration. FMT should be performed at centers with experience and training.Figure 1
Talking about the Birth Family since the Beginning: The Communicative Openness in the New Adoptive Family

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Communicative openness within the adoptive family changes over time and helps the child explore his/her history. We aimed to evaluate whether adoptive families communicate about specific adoption-related themes from the beginning of their lives as a family. We created an instrument to track the communication process during the first year of adoption, involving a sample of 537 internationally adopted children (313 males, 224 females, mean age of adoption: 4.9 years) at two time points: six (T1) and twelve (T2) months after adoption. Our results suggest that in the first year of placement, children express memories about the past but tend to not speak about their birth families. We discovered a significant difference (Wald test = 4.889; p = 0.027) in communication about the biological family between the two points. The presence of adoptive parents who speak about it impacts the child’s questions about the past (exp (B) = 2.452, p = 0.006) and whether the child speaks about his/her biological family (exp (B) = 2.373; p = 0.017). Then, in the first year of adoption, the presence of an adoptive parent who communicates openly helps the child to ask questions and share his/her thoughts.
Innovative therapies for hair restoration and rejuvenation: an overview

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hair loss and baldness are incredibly common conditions with a significant negative impact on a person's psychosocial functioning and quality of life. Only two drug treatments are currently available for the treatment of hair loss, but side effects render their usage limited. Substantial advancements in hair restoration and rejuvenation in aesthetic medicine have been achieved, particularly in non-surgical treatment options. Francesca Ramadan supplies an overview of some of the options most commonly offered in aesthetics clinics.
[Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease in a patient with scleroderma and the CREST syndrome].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Veno-occlusive disease may be difficult to diagnose and treat. Clinical signs of pulmonary hypertension without evidence of left ventricular failure may give rise to suspicion of the disease, and high-resolution CT of the lungs with relatively specific findings can be helpful. The prognosis is poor and lung transplantation is the only form of effective treatment. Vasodilators as a bridge to transplantation must be used with caution because of the risk of intolerance and development of pulmonary oedema.