jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of Zn addition on steady state creep characteristics of Sn–3·3Ag solder alloy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The materials used in the present study are Sn–3·3 wt-%Ag and Sn–3·3Ag–1Zn (wt-%) alloys. Effect of stress σ, aging temperature T a and aging time t a , on the creep resistance of the alloys under investigation had been studied. Creep tests were performed at room temperature (300 K) under the effect of different constant loads ranged from 2·5 to 4 N on specimens pre-aged at the temperatures 353, 373, 393 and 413 K. At each aging temperature the specimens were heated for the different periods of time 1, 20 and 50 h. The steady state creep rate of the present alloys was found to be related to the applied stress with exponent n. This exponent was found to be decreased with increasing aging temperature T a and/or time of aging t a . Addition of 1 wt-%Zn to the binary Sn–3·3 wt-%Ag solder alloy affected its creep resistance. It was found to decrease with increasing both T a and/or t a . This was attributed to coalesce and enhancement of the particle sizes of the intermetallic compound Ag 3 Sn during aging at high temperatures (0·6–0·7 T m ) which subsequently led to the decrease in the pinning action of these particles and consequently leading to decreasing the creep resistance in the aged alloy. Moreover, increasing T a and/or t a increases the coarsening rate of grain sizes in both solder alloys from which it can be considered as another reason for the softening effect of increasing T a and/or t a . Microstructural changes were investigated by optical, electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements.
AWE-03 Management of pancreatic walled off necrosis with lumen apposing metal stents: UK single centre experience

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)–guided transmural drainage is the preferred treatment for symptomatic pancreatic walled-off necrosis (WON). Lumen apposing metal stents (LAMS) are increasingly used, although their advantage over plastic stents remains unclear. Placement of a plastic pigtail stent within the LAMS may help maintain patency and help avoid the need for subsequent endoscopic necrosectomy. We aim to describe the success and complication rates for the use of LAMS in the management of WON.

Methods

All patients undergoing EUS-guided cystgastrostomy using LAMS for WON between July 2015-January 2019 were included. Data collected included procedural technique, rates of technical and clinical success and complications. All patients had up to date CT or MR scans and all were reviewed in the specialist MDM prior to intervention.

Results

40 patients underwent LAMS placement for WON, 75% male, median age 53 years (range 23–79). The aetiology of pancreatitis was: gallstones (n=17), alcohol (n=12), idiopathic (n=9) and post-ERCP (n=2). Mean collection size on pre-procedure imaging was 12 cm (range 4–22). 21 (52.5%) procedures were performed under general anaesthesia, 14 (35%) propofol sedation and 5 (12.5%) conscious sedation. LAMS were placed from the stomach (n=38, 95%) or duodenum (n=2, 5%) and were successfully deployed in 39 (98%). LAMS diameter was 8 mm (n=7), 10 mm (n=5), 12 mm (n=1), 15 mm (n=24) and 20 mm (n=3). Pigtail stents were placed within the LAMS in 14 cases (35%) but did not significantly alter the need for subsequent endoscopic necrosectomy (28% with pigtail stent vs 27% without). Follow up CT demonstrated a reduction in collection size in all cases with a mean maximal diameter of 2.6 cm (0–5 cm). Successful drainage was achieved in 98% at 3 months (1 patient died from complications of acute pancreatitis, unrelated to stent placement) and no patient required percutaneous or surgical drainage. There were two complications; 1) late migration of the gastric flange into the collection, presenting with sepsis 6 weeks post insertion and successfully retrieved following placement of a second LAMS and 2) buried gastric flange, leading to delayed LAMS removal and successfully retrieved 7 months post insertion after transmural tract dilation using large diameter biopsy forceps. Median time to LAMS removal was 51 days (range 26–80). LAMS remained in situ for 21 months in one patient lost to follow-up but was removed without complication.

Conclusion

Transmural drainage of pancreatic WON using LAMS has excellent rates of technical and clinical success with few complications. Unlike in other published series, we did not observe any late bleeding complications. In our cohort, placement of a pigtail stent through the LAMS did not negate the need for subsequent endoscopic necrosectomy.
Specific hydrolysis of the cohesive ends of bacteriophage lambda DNA by three single strand-specific nucleases.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Procedures have been worked out for Aspergillus nuclease S1 and mung been nuclease to quantitatively cleave off both of the 12-nucleotide long, single-stranded cohesive ends of lambdaDNA. This cleavage is indicated by the almost complete elimination of the repair incorporation of radioactive nucleotides by DNA polymerase into the digested DNA. With S1 nuclease, cleavage was complete at 10 degrees as well as at 30 degrees. Under the conditions for quantitative cleavage of the single-stranded regions there was no digestion of the double-stranded lambdaDNA. The mung bean nuclease cleaved off the cohesive ends completely at 30 degrees but at 5 degrees, the cleavage was not complete even at high enzyme concentration. The nearest neighbor analysis of the repaired DNA indicates that at 5 degrees about four nucleotides remained undigested. The mung bean nuclease also introduced, under the conditions used, some nicks into double-stranded DNA as determined by the repair incorporation. The Escherichia coli exonuclease VII cleaved off part of the cohesive ends of lambdaDNA, leaving two nucleotides on each end as single-stranded tails.
Highly active antiretroviral therapy and cervical dysplasia in HIV-positive women in South Africa

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BackgroundThe risk of squamous intra-epithelial lesions (SIL) is higher in HIV-positive women. As these women begin to live longer due to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), their risk of cervical cancer may increase. Few data exist regarding the effect of HAART on the incidence and progression of SIL in HIV-positive African women. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of HAART on the incidence and progression of SIL in HIV-positive women in South Africa.MethodsA prospective observational study of HIV-seropositive women was conducted over 5 years in an HIV treatment clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. The participants consisted of 601 women on and off HAART who had repeat Pap smears greater than 6 months apart. The effect of HAART use on incidence and progression rates of SIL was determined using multivariate Poisson regression to obtain incidence rate ratios (IRRs), adjusted for age, CD4 count and other potential confounders.ResultsMedian follow-up time was 445 days (inter-quartile range 383, 671). The crude rate of incidence of any SIL was 15.9 episodes (95% confidence limit (CL) 12.7, 19.9) per 100 person-years; the crude rate of all progression of cervical dysplasia among women was 13.5 episodes (95% CL 11.3, 16.1) per 100 person-years. HAART use was associated with a robust reduction in the rate of incidence and progression of cervical lesions, adjusted IRR=0.55 (95% CL 0.37, 0.80). Sensitivity analyses confirmed this main association held for incidence and progression when they were considered separately, and that the result was not dependent on the length of HAART exposure.ConclusionHAART use was associated with a reduction in the rate of both incidence and progression of cervical lesions among HIV-positive women.
Biomarkers of cardiac function and outcome in univentricular congenital heart disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: A biomarker is a clinical characteristic that predicts the presence of a specific physiological state, degree of severity of a pathophysiological state, or long-term outcome resulting from that state. Broadly defined, a biomarker can be a clinical parameter, or the result of a biochemical assay or imaging measure. Children are imperfect historians and cardiac disease may mimic other organ system diseases. Hence, reliable biomarkers can greatly enhance diagnosis and management of pediatric cardiac disease. In this review, we discuss the use of biomarkers in managing complex congenital heart disease characterized by single ventricle physiology. Keywords: biomarker, natriuretic peptide, heart failure, congenital heart disease, single ventricle
GROTESQUE: Noisy Group Testing (Quick and Efficient)

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Group-testing refers to the problem of identifying (with high probability) a (small) subset of D defectives from a (large) set of N items via a "small" number of "pooled" tests (i.e., tests have a positive outcome if even one of the items being tested in the pool is defective, else they have a negative outcome). For ease of presentation in this work we focus the regime when the number of defectives is sublinear, i.e., D = O (N 1-δ ) for some δ > 0. The tests may be noiseless or noisy, and the testing procedure may be adaptive (the pool defining a test may depend on the outcome of a previous test), or non-adaptive (each test is performed independent of the outcome of other tests). A rich body of literature demonstrates that Θ(Dlog(N)) tests are information-theoretically necessary and sufficient for the group-testing problem, and provides algorithms that achieve this performance. However, it is only recently that reconstruction algorithms with computational complexity that is sub-linear in N have started being investigated (recent work by [1], [2], [3] gave some of the first such algorithms). In the scenario with adaptive tests with noisy outcomes, we present the first scheme that is simultaneously order-optimal (up to small constant factors) in both the number of tests and the decoding complexity (O(Dlog(N)) in both the performance metrics). The total number of stages of our adaptive algorithm is "small" (O(log(D))). Similarly, in the scenario with non-adaptive tests with noisy outcomes, we present the first scheme that is simultaneously near-optimal in both the number of tests and the decoding complexity (via an algorithm that requires O(Dlog(D) log(N)) tests and has a decoding complexity of O(D(logN + log 2 D)). Finally, we present an adaptive algorithm that only requires 2 stages, and for which both the number of tests and the decoding complexity scale as O(D(logN + log 2 D)). For all three settings the probability of error of our algorithms scales as O(1=(poly(D)).
[Circadian rhythm of reaction of epithelial cells of the tongue and esophagus to the effects of hydroxyurea].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A study was made of the effect of a single injection of hydroxyurea (HU) on the daily rhythm of labelling index (LI) in the epithelial cells of the tongue and esophagus. HU was injected 6 times a day. The degree of decrease in the LI at varying times of the day correlated well with the initial level of the LI. At the same time the number of sensitive cells changed thought the day in a different proportion than LI rhythm, the fact suggesting the independence of these rhythms.
1885 – N-acetylcystein In The Treatment Of Skin-picking Disorder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction N-acetylcystein (NAC) is a precursor to the amino acid cysteine, which participates in antioxidant mechanisms through glutathione production and plays a role as a modulator of the glutamatergic system of neurotransmission. Thus, NAC may exert therapeutic effect in psychiatric disorders. Objectives Review the potential therapeutic effects of NAC in psychiatry, with main focus on syndromes of the obsessiveimpulsive spectrum, namely skin-picking disorder (SPD), with report of a case series. Methods Review of literature collected under key-words “n-acetylcysteine; psychiatric”, “skin-picking disorder”. Report of a series of three cases of patients with SPD treated with NAC. Results The three patients were being treated for different multi-impulse control disorders, all of them suffering from SPD. In combination with previously given pharmacological agents, they were administered NAC in dosages from 1200 to 1800 mg/day. All patients had great improvement of skin picking behaviours resistant to other treatments. It was also observed that worsening of symptoms occurred after stopping the NAC and restarting the drug led to new remission of symptoms. Discussion Studies suggest that modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission may decrease compulsive behaviors such as skin-picking, by influencing the reward reinforcement pathway. NAC may be used to achieve this modulation. The fact that in the case series stopping/re-starting the NAC corresponded respectively to worsening/improvement of symptoms, suggests direct relation between treatment with NAC and remission of SPD. Conclusion SPD is a prevalent and insufficiently studied condition and randomized controlled studies are needed to ascertain the potential benefits of NAC for patients with the disorder.
Accelerated Degradation of DiXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP via Interaction between Extra-Added Xylose and Monosubstituted Lys-ARPs during Maillard Reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Lysine (Lys) is capable of forming a di-substituted Amadori rearrangement product (ARP) with xylose (Xyl), designated as diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP. DiXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP degradation was characterized by two steps: Initially, Xyl-α- and Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP were formed through elimination or hydrolysis at specific Nα/Nε positions of the corresponding enol and imine intermediates, which were then further degraded to dicarbonyl compounds and regenerated Lys. Xyl-α- or Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP had a reactive free amino group (ε-NH2 or α-NH2), both of which were still highly reactive and able to undergo further reactions with Xyl. Therefore, the diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP/Xyl model system was established to explore the impact of extra-added Xyl on diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP degradation behavior. Extra-added Xyl remarkably affected the degradation pathway of diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP by capturing the Xyl-α- and Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP to regenerate diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP. This interaction between Xyl and mono-substituted Lys-ARPs promoted the shift of chemical equilibrium toward the degradation of diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP, thereby accelerating its degradation rate. This degradation was markedly facilitated by the elevated temperature and pH values. Interestingly, the yield of Xyl-α- and Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP was particularly dependent on the pH during diXyl-α,ε-Lys-ARP degradation. Xyl-ε-Lys-ARP was the dominant product at pH 5.5-7.5 while Xyl-α-Lys-ARP possessed a relatively higher content under weak alkaline conditions, which was related to the reactivities of the Nα/Nε positions under various reaction conditions.
Zahirah al-Du’a al-Musytarak baina al-Mutadayyinin bi Indonesia: Nazrah min Manzur al-Islam

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article examines the practice of interfaith prayers and Islamic perspective of it. The phenomenon of interfaith prayers in Indonesia is a result of the widespread understanding of religious pluralism propagated by liberals in this country. After a deeper examination using critical analysis, it is found that such prayers cannot be justified and are not acceptable to sound reason and true faith. Each religious community participating in joint prayers has their own diverse concepts of God, and each of them has their distinct ways to depict their deity and specific methods of expressing their prayers. Hence, it is highly improbable to reconcile these differences within a single religious ritual that is attended by various diverse religious communities. Interfaith prayers are a part of religious pluralism, as in these prayers, participants are compelled to believe in the legitimacy of prayers from other religious communities, indirectly validating the gods of different religions, despite their varying understanding of the divine. This contradicts the teachings of Islam and the Islamic creed. Islam firmly believes that truth lies solely in Islam, the teachings brought by Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) as the seal and completion of the teachings of all the prophets and messengers before him. Therefore, there is no salvation except through Islam, and believing in the truth of other religions amounts to believing in their gods, which is considered a grave sin of polytheism (shirk).
Performance analysis of 3D orthogonal polymeric composites reinforced with metallic and glass fibrous z‐binders of varying sizes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Despite the wide use of three‐dimensional (3D) woven composites in different applications, their production is often costly. This study explores cost‐effective 3D orthogonal woven polymer composites to enhance mechanical performance. Four 3D composite variants, each incorporating different volumes of z‐binders (copper wires or glass fibers), were compared to a 2D woven composite. All composites were produced using a simple, economical hand lay‐up method. Wear resistance, in‐plane shear strength, and impact strength were assessed. Results indicated that all 3D composites surpassed the 2D composite in impact strength, especially those reinforced with glass fiber z‐binders. The single glass fiber z‐binder composite exhibited the highest impact strength increase (20.6%). Most 3D composites showed slightly reduced in‐plane shear strength compared to the 2D composite, with the smallest decrease (1.68%) observed in specimens with a small copper z‐binder. Notably, all 3D composites demonstrated superior wear resistance to 2D counterparts under various loads. Glass fiber z‐binder reinforcements outperformed copper z‐binders, with double fiber z‐binders yielding the maximum wear resistance enhancement. These findings underscore the potential of 3D woven composites for applications demanding high impact and wear resistance, such as automotive, structural components, and sports equipment. Highlights 3D woven composites are widely used in various engineering applications. Limited studies explore the in‐plane shear and wear behavior of 3D composites. Copper and glass fiber z‐binders were used in manufacturing 3D woven composites. The used hand lay‐up method reduces manufacturing costs. 3D woven composites improve impact and wear resistance compared to 2D ones.
Putting a Padlock on Lambda – Integrating vTPMs into AWS Firecracker

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

When software services use cloud providers to run their workloads, they place implicit trust in the cloud provider, without an explicit trust relationship. One way to achieve such explicit trust in a computer system is to use a hardware Trusted Platform Module (TPM), a coprocessor for trusted computing. However, in the case of managed platform-as-a-service (PaaS) offerings, there is currently no cloud provider that exposes TPM capabilities. In this paper, we improve trust by integrating a virtual TPM device into the Firecracker hypervisor, originally developed by Amazon Web Services. In addition to this, multiple performance tests along with an attack surface analysis are performed to evaluate the impact of the changes introduced. We discuss the results and conclude that the slight performance decrease and attack surface increase are acceptable trade-offs in order to enable trusted computing in PaaS offerings.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa PhoP-PhoQ Two-Component Regulatory System Is Induced upon Interaction with Epithelial Cells and Controls Cytotoxicity and Inflammation

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to its environment, including the host, is tightly controlled by its network of regulatory systems. The two-component regulatory system PhoPQ has been shown to play a role in the virulence and polymyxin resistance of P. aeruginosa as well as several other Gram-negative species. Dysregulation of this system has been demonstrated in clinical isolates, yet how it affects virulence of P. aeruginosa is unknown. To investigate this, an assay was used whereby bacteria were cocultured with human bronchial epithelial cells. The interaction of wild-type (WT) bacteria that had adhered to epithelial cells led to a large upregulation of the expression of the oprH-phoP-phoQ operon and its target, the arn lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modification operon, in a PhoQ-dependent manner, compared to cells in the supernatant that had failed to adhere. Relative to the wild type, a phoQ mutant cocultured on epithelial cells produced less secreted protease and lipase and, like the phoQ mutant, piv , lipH , and lasB mutants demonstrated reduced cytotoxicity toward epithelial cells. Mutation in phoQ also resulted in alterations to lipid A and to increased inflammatory LPS. These data indicate that mutation of phoQ results in a phenotype that is similar to the less virulent but more inflammatory phenotype of clinical strains isolated from chronic-stage cystic fibrosis lung infections.
Tamoxifen treatment of metastatic breast cancer and antithrombin III levels

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Reported in the literature are several cases of thromboembolic complications occurring in patients on tamoxifen citrate for metastatic breast cancer. In view of this literature, a study of patients on tamoxifen was initiated to determine if a paradoxical estrogenic effect was present as evidenced by lowered levels of antithrombin III (AT III). Both functional and immunologic levels were assayed. Twenty-four women with metastatic breast cancer (predominantly bone, 83%) on tamoxifen 10 mg by mouth twice daily were studied. The mean duration of tamoxifen therapy at the time of the AT III determination was 36 weeks (range, 2-87 weeks). The mean age of the group was 64 years with a mean functional AT III of 86% (normal, 82%-120%). Ten of 24 (42%) had low levels of functional AT III (mean, 75%), whereas, the remaining 14 (58%) had normal levels of functional AT III (mean, 94%). Immunologic AT III levels were normal in 23 patients (mean, 26 mg/dl; normal range, 17-30 mg/dl) and elevated in 1 patient. Similarly, functional and immunologic AT III levels were determined in 11 women with metastatic breast cancer on no hormonal therapy. One of 11 (9%) had a low level of functional AT III with a mean of 102% for the entire group. The mean immunologic AT III was 28 mg/dl with two elevated. The poor correlation between functional and immunologic AT III levels may be similar to the disparity noted in women using estrogen-containing oral contraceptives. The finding of lowered functional activity of AT III in 42% of tamoxifen-treated patients is preliminary in nature and will require larger confirmatory studies, including further clinical correlation of this observation.