jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Adverse Events Following Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In August 1991, the Institute of Medicine released a report entitledAdverse Effects of Pertussis and Rubella Vaccines, which examined 18 adverse events in relation to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine and four adverse events in relation to the currently used rubella vaccine strain, RA 27/3. The committee spent 20 months reviewing a wide range of information sources, including case series and individual case reports, both published and unpublished, epidemiologic studies, studies in animals, and other laboratory studies. The committee found that the evidence indicates a causal relation between DTP vaccine and anaphylaxis and between the pertussis component of DTP vaccine and extended periods of inconsolable crying or screaming. The committee also reported that the evidence indicates a causal relation between the rubella vaccine and acute arthritis in adult women. The committee found the available evidence weaker but still consistent with a causal relation between DTP vaccine and two conditions—acute encephalopathy and hypotonic, hyporesponsive episodes—and between rubella vaccine and chronic arthritis in adult women. Estimated incidence rates of these adverse events following vaccination are provided, where possible. The committee found that the evidence does not indicate a causal relation between the DTP vaccine and infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia, Reye's syndrome, and sudden infant death syndrome. The committee found insufficient evidence to indicate either the presence or absence of a causal relation between DTP vaccine and chronic neurologic damage, aseptic meningitis, erythema multiforme or other rash, Guillain-Barré syndrome, hemolytic anemia, juvenile diabetes, learning disabilities and attention-deficit disorder, peripheral mononeuropathy, or thrombocytopenia, and between rubella vaccine and radiculoneuritis and other neuropathies or thrombocytopenic purpura. The committee's evaluative methods are briefly described and a summary of research needs is provided. (JAMA. 1992;267:392-396)
Distribution of South African marine benthic invertebrates applied to the selection of priority conservation areas

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Available data on species distributions and endemicity were compiled and examined for 11 groups of South African marine invertebrates (2533 species). For five groups species richness adhered to a well‐documented pattern, increasing from west to east, but for the other groups species richness was highest along the south coast. Endemicity was generally highest along the south coast, and lowest along the east coast. The data base was then analysed using several types of complementarity analyses, each producing a minimum set of potential reserve areas, which cumulatively represent all invertebrate species analysed. Approaches based solely on rarity, species richness and endemicity demonstrated individual biases, suggesting a need to combine all three interests. Combining the three techniques produced similar results to the individual analyses, showing conservation priorities to be highest along the east coast. Specifically, the areas of Port Elizabeth and Durban were ranked high in all analyses. Consistently, a total of 16 sites was necessary to represent all species analysed. Comparisons with similar analyses on fish and seaweeds revealed similar findings. Existing invertebrate records were shown to be biased towards centres of high sampling activity, demonstrating a need of future sampling attention in under‐represented areas.
Interventional real-time optical imaging guidance for complete tumor ablation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Significance We present an interventional optical imaging–guided oncologic technique. This interventional oncologic technique can differentiate, in vivo, the three definitive zones of tumor and tumor margin as well as normal surrounding liver, which enables differentiation of residual viable tumors from ablated nonviable tumors and thereby pretermit the intraprocedural real-time guidance for complete tumor eradication during a single interventional ablation session. This innovation should revolutionize the current ablation technology, leading to a significant advancement in the complete treatment of larger or irregular malignant lesions not only in the liver but also in other solid organs.
Production of a monospecific antiserum to cathepsin L: The histochemical location of enzyme in rabbit fibroblasts

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A polyclonal antibody against rabbit cathepsin L was raised in goats and shown to be specific for both active and inactive enzyme. Using this antibody we have examined the distribution of cathepsin L in primary rabbit skin fibroblasts by immunohistochemistry and found that all the enzyme is located within lysosomal granules. At confluence many cathepsin-L-containing lysosomes were seen in each celt. A new but nonspecific histochemical substrate for cathepsin L was tested and a similar distribution was obtained. Our results indicate that the immunohistochemical technique can be reliably employed for the specific location of cathepsin L in cells and tissues.
Method for Clarifying the Affiliation of Authors of Scientific Documents Based on Requests to the Semantic Web

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In accordance with the xml-schemes of aggregating mathematical libraries, metadata sets must contain information about the scientific organization in which the study was conducted. Currently, this information is formalized as an affiliation of the authors. Affiliation is a mandatory attribute of a modern scientific publication. The affiliation may be incomplete and may contain outdated information. This does not allow to form the required set of metadata. In this paper, we propose methods for refining and replenishing the metadata of documents of electronic mathematical collections. We use the open Web-resources for refining and replenishing the authors' affiliation components. Using the software tools of the metadata factory of the Lobachevskii Digital Mathematical Library, the affiliation block is extracted, its components are parsed and analyzed. Semantic links of affiliation components with network information objects are created using the system of requests to open data sources developed by us. This made it possible to refine the metadata based on the subsequent analysis of the affiliation components. In the case when the necessary data is missing in the article, we replenish the components of the affiliation.
A Heuristic Information Extraction Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A heuristic information extraction algorithm is presented and an information extraction system is built with it.The system utilizes the semanteme characteristic and structure characteristic of the text to make the states with certain characteristics.On the basis of this result,we carried out extracting the remainder states having no characteristic with a algorithm incorporating backward-dynamic-programming with forward-A* algorithm.We have tested 100 pieces of headers of computer science papers provided by the search-engine research group from CMU university of USA.The result shows the recall and the precision rate are all improved a lot compared with existing methods which are based on words and traditional Viterbi algorithm.In condusion,the heuristic algorithm is better on performance than Viterbi algorithm.
Towards a sustainable development of pearl oyster culture in French Polynesia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

国際共同シンポジウム: International Joint Symposium: Tropical Island Ecosystems and Sustainable Development (Moorea, French Polynesia), DATE:December 2-7, 2006, PLACE: Moorea, French Polynesia, CO-SPONSORS: Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l’Environnement (CRIOBE) / Richard B. Gump South Pacific Research Station (University of California Berkeley) / 21st COE Program of University of the Ryukyus
Treatment of Lisfranc Fracture-Dislocations with Primary Partial Arthrodesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The optimal method of treatment for Lisfranc fracture-dislocations remains controversial, and the role of primary partial arthrodesis for combined osseous-ligamentous Lisfranc injuries is unclear. This study reviewed the outcomes of Lisfranc injuries treated by primary partial arthrodesis. Methods: Patients who underwent primary partial arthrodesis for a primarily ligamentous or combined osseous and ligamentous Lisfranc fracture-dislocation were reviewed retrospectively and assessed at followup according to radiographic, clinical and standardized patient-based outcomes. Twenty-five patients (12 ligamentous, 13 combined), median age of 46 (range, 20 to 73) years, were followed for an average of 42 (range, 24 to 96) months. Results: The average American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score was 81 points (scale 0 to 100), with patients in general losing points for mild pain, limitations of recreational activities, and fashionable footwear requirements. There was no statistical difference between ligamentous and combined injuries with regard to the physical or mental component scores on the SF-36. At latest followup, patients reported an average return to 85% of their preinjury activity level (range, 50% to 100%). Twenty-one patients (84%) expressed satisfaction with their outcome and at latest followup, the mean visual analog pain scale (VAS) score was 1.8 out of 10 (range, 0 to 8). Three patients showed radiographic signs of posttraumatic arthritis of adjacent joints. Conclusion: Treatment of both primarily ligamentous and combined osseous and ligamentous lisfranc injuries with primary partial arthrodesis produced good clinical and patient-based outcomes. Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Study
Comparative assessment of different methods of surgical treatment of nonbiliary necrotizing pancreatitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Over the last decade, the issue of treatment of acute necrotizing pancreatitis has been requiring special attention because of the growth of this pathology worldwide and high mortality from it, especially with extended infected types of the disease. The aim of the research was to improve results of treatment of patients with nonbiliary necrotizing pancreatitis by optimizing of the surgical tactics, which depend on the extent of necrosis in the pancreas and peripancreatic fat. Materials and methods. The study analyzed results of treatment of 220 patients with acute nonbiliary necrotizing pancreatitis, who were hospitalized in the clinic from 2014 to 2016. The age of the patients ranged from 18 to 80 years, including patients under the age of 50, who accounted for 54 %. Comparison of qualitative features was carried out through analysis of conjugacy tables, using the χ² Pearson criterion (Pearson Chi-square). For four-field tables (for 1 degree of freedom), the Yates's correction was used. When comparing the groups, the level of statistical significance (P) was calculated. At P < 0.05, the differences were considered statistically significant. Results. The research argues that mortality depends not only on the extent of pancreatic necrosis, but also on the choice of method of surgical intervention. Use of puncture-draining operations under ultrasound control and lumbotomy made it possible to reduce postoperative mortality from lesser sac abscess from 6.5 % to 3.9 %, from retroperitoneal phlegmon – from 31.6 % to 15.8 %, and from their combination – from 60 % to 33.3 %. In cases of diffuse purulent peritonitis, mortality from laparostomy combined with the programmed sanitation of the abdominal cavity was 40 %; it included cases when carbapenem antibiotics (imipenem/cilastatin, and meropenem) were used in the complex treatment, accounting for 33.3 %, and cases of implementing laparostomy, sanitation, and drainage of the abdominal cavity, making 50 %. Conclusions. The more extensive use of puncture-draining operations under ultrasound control and lumbotomy, as well as laparostomy in combination with the programmed sanitation of the abdominal cavity, allowed to reduce mortality from 26.1 % to 12.1 %.
Convergence to stationarity in the Moran model

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Consider a population of fixed size consisting of N haploid individuals. Assume that this population evolves according to the two-allele neutral Moran model in mathematical genetics. Denote the two alleles by A 1 and A 2 . Allow mutation from one type to another and let 0 < γ < 1 be the sum of mutation probabilities. All the information about the population is recorded by the Markov chain X = ( X ( t )) t ≥0 which counts the number of individuals of type A 1 . In this paper we study the time taken for the population to ‘reach’ stationarity (in the sense of separation and total variation distances) when initially all individuals are of one type. We show that after t ∗ = N γ -1 log N + cN the separation distance between the law of X ( t ∗ ) and its stationary distribution converges to 1 - exp(-γe -γ c ) as N → ∞. For the total variation distance an asymptotic upper bound is obtained. The results depend on a particular duality, and couplings, between X and a genealogical process known as the lines of descent process.
Quality standard for Xiangliansu tablets

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To establish a method for quality control of Xiangliansu tablets.Methods Radix Auckiandiae in the tablets was identified by TLC.The content of berberine hydrochloride in the tablets was determined by HPLC.Results Radix Auckiandiae could be identified by TLC.Berberine hydrochloride showed a good linear correlation over the range of 0.0378-0.378 μg(r=0.999 7).The average recovery of berberine hydrochloride was 101.49% with RSD 1.97%(n=6).Conclutions The method is specific,accurate and reproducible for the equality control of Xiangliansu tablets.
[A case of advanced gastric cancer responsive to intratumoral OK-432 injection].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An 83-year-old patient with advanced gastric cancer was given repeated endoscopic administration of OK-432 combined with systemic immunochemotherapy. The cancerous lesion gradually regressed following the treatment, and remarkable degeneration was observed in many tumor cells. Detailed immunohistochemical examination revealed that Leu 7-positive cells had markedly infiltrated the cancerous tissue. This finding suggests that NK cells may play an important role in tumor regression induced by intratumoral OK-432 therapy.
Rediscovery of the echinoid Clypeaster tumidus (Tenison-Woods) and an emended description

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In 1878 Tenison-Woods described under the name Echinanthus tumidus an echinoid which was housed in the Australian Museum and which was believed to have come from the coast of New South Wales. The specimen was damaged in the region of the actinostome and the test was almost devoid of spines. Holes had been bored through the actinal surface, possibly with a view to mounting the specimen on a board. Bell (1884, plates 11 and Ill) amplified Tenison-Woods's brief description and erected a new genus, Anomalanthus, to accommodate the species. Subsequently, Mortensen (1948) placed the species in the genus Clypeaster but added little to knowledge of the species.
A competitive immunoassay based on gold nanoparticles for the detection of chromium in water samples

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on colloidal gold nanoparticles modified with a monoclonal antibody and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of chromium in water samples. The monoclonal antibody against Cr(III)–EDTA secreted by the hybridoma cell line 5G12C5 was prepared through cell fusion. The ELISA conditions were optimized using the chessboard method and the sensitivity and specificity of this assay were determined. The results show that this competitive immunoassay has a half maximum inhibition concentration (IC50) of 3.85 ng mL−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 ng mL−1. Specificity assays revealed that the cross-reactivities (CRs) of this assay with 10 other common metal ions were all below 1%. The accuracy of this immunoassay was confirmed by using certified reference materials (GSBZ50027-94, GSB07-1187-2000). Furthermore, the assay was used to detect the concentrations of Cr(VI) and total chromium in local surface water samples after the pretreatment procedure. The data show that the results of this method correlated well with those obtained from atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) (R2 = 0.9728), and that this method is capable of detecting the amount of total chromium and Cr(VI).
100 W-class 2 pm Ho:YAG Thin-Disk Laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We demonstrate a continuous-wave single fundamental-mode Ho:YAG thin-disk oscillator pumped by Tm-fiber at 1908 nm, delivering record high output power of 96 W with an M 2 of ~1.09 at 2090 nm and 2096 nm.
Fatigue fracture in thin plates subjected to tensile and shearing loads - Crack tip fields, J integral and preliminary experimental results

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In one scenario of a crack in an airplane fuselage, the crack is subjected to cyclic tensile and out of plane shearing loads. To predict the fatigue crack growth in such a situation, experiments are being performed to measure the crack growth rate in laboratory specimens subjected to similar loadings. The mechanics of this problem are reviewed, the energy release rate is calculated and designs for an experiment are discussed along with some preliminary experimental observations.
Theoretical Studies on Charge Transfer Properties of Carbazole Derivative DiPICz

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Organic π-conjugated semiconductor materials have been extensively used in organic light-emitting diodes(OLEDs).Among them,carbazole derivatives are commonly used as hole-transporting materials.Here,the electronic structure and transport properties of dibenzo[2,3∶ 5,6]pyrrolizino[1,7-bc]-indolo-[1,2,3-lm]carbazole(DiPICz) were investigated systematically by means of semiclassical Marcus charge transfer theory at the density functional theory level.The results indicate that the mobility of electron is 5.81 × 10-2 cm2·V-1·s-1,which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of hole(6.02×10-4 cm2·V-1·s-1),indicative of abnormal electron-transporting materials.We further proved that both the small electron internal reorganization energies and the character of higher-order molecular packing in its single crystals were crucial to good electron transport properties.In the 'herringbone' packing of DiPICz crystal,the presence of typical slipped face-to-face packing and the formation of weak hydrogen bonds such as C—H…N and C—H…π interactions cause two dimensional electron transport networks,which play an important role in electron transport.
Effects Of An Acoustic Behavioral Barrier On Juvenile Salmonid Entrainment At An Irrigation Canal Intake On The Wenatchee River At Dryden Dam, Washington

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

None supplied. Introduction: Sonalysts, Inc. desired to demonstrate that very low frequency (VLF) sound can have practical application as a barrier to movement of juvenile salmon and trout into potentially harmful areas, in this case an irrigation canal intake. The study was designed to determine if the number of juvenile steelhead entering the Dryden canal intake would be reduced by operation of an acoustic behavioral barrier upstream if the intake. A series of VLF transducers were placed in a line from the shoreline at an angle from the canal intake to prevent fish from entering the zone of hydraulic influence of the canal intake. The acoustic barrier was operated on alternating days, and the number of fish passing through the canal was enumerated at a point about 900 feet downstream from the intake.
Estimating Optimum Rejuvenator Rate for Asphalt Recycling Based on Binder Rheological Properties

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The use of recycled materials, such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) in asphalt mixes may have detrimental effects relative to long-term performance, in the form of fatigue cracking, reflection cracking, and low-temperature cracking because of the presence of aged binder. One method to restore the properties of the aged binder is to blend recycled materials with rejuvenators. As the recycling efficiency of a rejuvenator depends on the degree of aging of RAP and constituents of virgin and aged binder, it is important to evaluate the rheological properties of the rejuvenated binder before incorporating in asphalt mixes. The focus of this study was to evaluate the effect of the rejuvenator rate on the rheological properties of binders blended with aged binder. For this purpose, a PG 64-22 binder, two different types of rejuvenators, and RAP from two Oklahoma sources were collected. Binder blends were prepared by adding four different rates of rejuvenators, namely 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% (by weight of virgin binder) and 30% aged binder with the virgin binder. The high- and low-temperature rheological properties of the blended binders were determined. The optimum rejuvenator rates were determined based on the high- and low-temperature continuous grades of virgin binder, ΔTc (virgin binder), ΔTc-6 (ΔTc at −6°C), and ΔTc-5 (ΔTc at −5°C). It was observed that the rejuvenator rate needed to change a binder blend back to the low-temperature grade of the virgin binder was crucial to ensure optimum performance.
Insights from a general, full‐likelihood Bayesian approach to inferring shared evolutionary events from genomic data: Inferring shared demographic events is challenging*

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Factors that influence the distribution, abundance, and diversification of species can simultaneously affect multiple evolutionary lineages within or across communities. These include changes to the environment or inter-specific ecological interactions that cause ranges of multiple species to contract, expand, or fragment. Such processes predict temporally clustered evolutionary events across species, such as synchronous population divergences and/or changes in population size. There have been a number of methods developed to infer shared divergences or changes in population size, but not both, and the latter has been limited to approximate methods. We introduce a full-likelihood Bayesian method that uses genomic data to estimate temporal clustering of an arbitrary mix of population divergences and population-size changes across taxa. Using simulated data, we find that estimating the timing and sharing of demographic changes tends to be inaccurate and sensitive to prior assumptions, which is in contrast to accurate, precise, and robust estimates of shared divergence times. We also show that previous estimates of co-expansion among five Alaskan populations of three-spine sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) were likely driven by prior assumptions and ignoring invariant characters. We conclude by discussing potential avenues to improve the estimation of synchronous demographic changes across populations.