jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Chitin and N-acetylglucosamine Metabolism in Fungi - A Complex Machinery Harnessed for the Design of Chitin-Based High Value Products

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Chitin is one of the world's most abundant biopolymers, but in contrast to cellulose its potential has so far been fairly underrated. Compared to cellulose, chitin features an additional amino-group on the hexose sugar ring that renders it a promising substrate for functional biopolymers in biomedical applications as well as biochemical synthesis of specialty and fine chemicals. Fungi with specialized life styles, such as mycoparasites and entomopathogenic fungi, have evolved an effective machinery to utilize chitin derived from other fungi and arthropods, respectively. OBJECTIVE: Fungal chitin degradation and chitin synthesis have been subject to extensive investigation in the past years to gain insight into these intricately regulated processes, which render fungi capable of harnessing the recalcitrant chitin polymer as nutritional source and building block for growth. For the development of methods to exploit chitin from these origins, the design of new products and their sustainable production through enzymatic action, identifying the regulators of the chitin anabolic and catabolic pathways will be essential. In this review our current knowledge on chitin metabolism in fungi is presented; new sources for chitin production and new products derived from enzymatic processing will be introduced. Keywords: Chitin, chitosan, N-acetylglucosamine, biopolymer, filamentous fungi, regulation, transcription factor, bio-based chemicals.
Long‐Term Outcomes of Adult Temporal Bone Fractures With Hearing Loss: Results of a Multinational Database Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Objective Temporal bone fractures (TBFs) can result in long‐term adverse outcomes including meningitis, facial nerve disorders (FNDs), and hearing loss (HL) that may require surgical intervention. This epidemiologic study aims to examine the sequelae of adult TBF with HL, including the utilization of cochlear implantation (CI), using data from a large, multinational database. Methods Using the TriNetX database, a retrospective cohort study was performed of adults (≥ 18 years) using ICD10 codes for other fractures of the base of the skull and hearing loss, an approximation of TBF with hearing loss. A control group of adults without TBF was used. Measured outcomes included meningitis, CI, FND, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak, and labyrinthitis. Propensity score matching (1:1) was used for cohorts smaller than 33,333,333. Ninety‐five percent of patient data used was from 2006 to 2023. Results Adults with TBF and HL ( n = 34,878) had a greater risk of meningitis any time after TBF than those without TBF ( n = 105,035,185) (RR: 6.65, 95% CI: 5.74–7.70). Labyrinthitis (RR: 3.56, 95% CI: 2.86–4.41), CSF leak (RR: 40.71, 95% CI: 37.91–43.71), and FND (RR: 12.08, 95% CI: 11.62–12.55) were more common after TBF. CI was more common after TBF (RR: 26.22, 95% CI: 22.12–31.07). Meningitis after TBF was associated with an increased risk of CSF leak (RR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.52–5.93) compared to those without meningitis. Conclusion Adults who sustain TBFs resulting in HL have an increased risk of developing meningitis, labyrinthitis, CSF leak, and FND and are more likely to undergo CI for aural rehabilitation compared to a control cohort. Level of Evidence Level IV.
Taxpayer compliance program: monitoring results for the third quarter of 2021

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Efficient collection of taxes is the foundation of a equitable tax system, in this context, the launch and implementation of the Compliance Program is the solution to increase the level of voluntary compliance of taxpayers and prevent tax evasion. In order to perform the main tasks and objectives, the State Tax Service ensures the permanent examination and identifies the segments of the national economy with increased risk of tax non-compliance, applying the simplest and most effective treatments to decline the risks of non-compliance and increase the level of voluntary tax compliance.
Experiences of Mothers with Disabled Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, conditions such as the limitation of resources and the difficulty of access led to disabled individuals and their families to become more vulnerable to the risks posed by the pandemic. Understanding the experiences, difficulties, and needs of individuals with disabilities and their families during the pandemic, as well as evaluating the effects of the crisis, are essential in creating interventions to mitigate these difficulties. This study has aimed to examine the experiences of mothers, who have the burden of care in families with disabled children, during the COVID-19 pandemic.Method: In the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with mothers of children with disabilities (n = 14) using the phenomenological method, which is one of the qualitative research methods. In the data analysis, Miles and Huberman model was followed, and the codes and categories reflecting the investigated phenomenon were determined by using continuous comparison and phenomenological reduction methods.Findings: According to the results of the study, the difficulties of the mothers' lives increased during the pandemic, and the perception of restrictions resulting from the measures against the pandemic, as well as the inadequacy of access to services, led to increased concern among mothers. The limited support for children with disabilities and their families, as well as their inability to meet their needs with their resources, caused mothers to feel exhausted. In addition to the difficulties they experienced, mothers stated that they had positive experiences as well, since they could spend more productive time with their family members, use digital resources, and feel stronger at the end of the process.Discussion: Compelling experiences such as anxiety, feelings of inadequacy, fatigue, and restraint among mothers with disabled children show that these mothers are among the vulnerable individuals adversely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Although the pandemic period was challenging, mothers gained resilience in coping with the difficulties and adapted to the situation.Conclusion and Suggestions: Based on the experiences of families with disabled members for possible future pandemics, services should be provided to facilitate family crisis management, education, advocacy, psychosocial counseling, and empowerment-based studies.
Analysis of User’s Behavior on Borrowed Book Record in National Central Library University of Laos

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the student's behavior of borrowing book in order to find out the frequent group of book items using association rule technique based on the data mining technologies.Data mining is a powerful tool for discovering interesting relationships hidden in large data set.Apriori algorithm can be applied on the university's library transaction database to improve resource management to find out the relationship which two groups of books nearby together that user like to borrow.In this paper we collected data set of user's record from Central Library National University of Laos.The number of user's behavior data for training set was 6,615 record of personal log and the analysis is done by WEKA application software.The study shows that the total of 8 rules are with the confidence of 75%, 64%, 61%, 52%, 45%, 37%, 34%, and 23% respectively, the results about user's behaviors can be used to manage the library resource.
Discussion of James Pryor's “The Merits of Incoherence”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I want to consider something in the background of "Merits of Incoherence".In "The Skeptic and the Dogmatist", Pryor writes: "when it perceptually seems to you as if P is the case, then you have a kind of justification for believing that P, that does not presuppose or rest on your justification for anything else."It is tempting to understand this formulation as specifying a condition that the subject who believes that P could express by saying "It perceptually seems to me as if P", and could appeal to in order to justify believing that P. The problem is that this condition is not something that the subject can intelligibly
The Welsh Church Act 1914: A Century of Constitutional Freedom for the Church in Wales?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The approach of the centenary of the disestablishment of the Church of England in Wales offers a good opportunity to reflect on legal aspects of the life of the Church in Wales since 1920. Religious equality had been the principal stimulus for the Welsh Church Act 1914. This statute, together with the release of the Welsh dioceses by the Archbishop of Canterbury to form a separate Anglican province, necessitated the formulation of a constitution for the Church. Innovation was avoided, and continuity protected. ‘Vestiges of establishment’ continued, in burial and marriage, as the result of political expediency. The original structure of the Constitution continues to this day – a complex of various instruments. Change has been piecemeal. The Church still has no modernised body of canon law and its soft law has increased dramatically. However, understandings about the purposes of the Constitution have changed, and the demand for constitutional change has quickened recently, particularly since the Harries Review of the Church in Wales in 2012.
Gonadic Function in Workmen With Long-term Exposure to Microwaves

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A study was carried out in 31 young men (mean 33 yr) with long-term exposure (mean 8 yr) to microwaves. The investigation included a detailed andrologic questionary and semen analyses as well as determinations of total neutral 17-ketosteroids (17 ks) and total gonadotropin (t.g.) eliminations in 24-hr urine. The investigation showed a high frequency of libido decrease and sexual dynamic disturbances in the framework of the asthenic syndrome (70% of subjects) as well as various alterations of spermatogenesis in 74 % of the subjects. The alterations consisted of asthenospermia, hypospermia and/or teratospermia. The function of the testes leydigian cells, indirectly indicated by 17 ks determination, was normal. The normal or increased values of t.g. eliminations ruled out the possibility of the contribution of a hypothalamo-pituitary imbalance in the induction of germinal alterations shown in exposed men.
B45 Ultrasound-guided dorsal penile nerve block gone wrong – how can we reduce the risks?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Aims

The dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) is an effective regional anesthesia technique for common procedures including circumcision, urethral surgery and urgent penile interventions. The in-plane ultrasound-guided approach reduces adverse events and improves its efficacy. Nevertheless, space conflict between probe, needle and tissues, along with the risk of local hematoma formation, remain a source of concern.

Methods

Consent was obtained from patient's legal representative.

Results

We hereby describe the case of a healthy 4-year-old male patient scheduled for distal hypospadias repair under general anesthesia and DPNB. An ultrasound-guided in-plane approach was used, with the probe transversely positioned at the base of the dorsal aspect of the penis. The needle was advanced piercing Buck's fascia and 3,5 mL of 0.25% levobupivacaine were administered, initially dissecting the fascia, which was rapidly corrected by needle adjustment. The surgery was uneventful despite the swelling of the dissected tissues, with same-day discharge. The 5th day postoperative consultation revealed a hematoma of the penis and scrotum.

Conclusions

The DPNB is a useful resource in elective and emergency settings. The ultrasound-guided approach is now considered the mainstay of regional anesthesia delivery despite not being free of complications. Is it possible to further reduce the risks? The authors suggest the in-plane approach with the probe transversely positioned at the base of the ventral - rather than dorsal - aspect of the penis; its routine use would allow more space for needle adjustments and better visualization of structures, thus reducing the risks associated with the DPNB in the pediatric population.
Dynamics Modeling and Analysis of Rolling Bearings Variable Stiffness System with Local Faults

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

By analyzing the support of load-carrying rolling elements when the rolling elements fall into the fault position, the dynamics model of a rolling bearing variable stiffness system with local faults is proposed, considering the retention factor of the contact deformation. Then, this paper researches the change of effective contact stiffness, contact deformation, contact force, and the total effective stiffness of the rolling elements. The results show that the contact stiffness of the rolling elements abruptly decreases when the rolling elements fall into the fault position. The contact deformation and contact force of the load-carrying rolling elements in the load zone increase, rebalancing the external radial load while causing a sudden reduction in the total effective stiffness, resulting in the vibration of the system. When different rolling elements fall into the outer ring fault position, the change in total effective stiffness and the system response are equal in magnitude. Additionally, there is a significant outer race fault characteristic frequency accompanied by frequency multiplication in the fault characteristic spectrums. When different rolling elements fall into the inner race fault position, the total effective stiffness is modulated by the inner race rotation and varies dramatically, resulting in the amplitude of the system time domain vibration response also being modulated by the inner race rotation and varying dramatically. Additionally, there is a significant inner race rotational frequency accompanied by frequency multiplication, an inner race fault characteristic frequency accompanied by frequency multiplication, and a side frequency in the fault characteristic spectrums. The research can provide some reference for the effective diagnosis of the rolling bearing fault.
A New Approach for Rock Strength Estimation Through a Semi-Point Load Strength Index and Correlation With Destructive and Nondestructive Tests

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Multi scale projects of civil, mining, and oil and gas drilling require to determine rock strength as main property of surface and subsurface rocks for safe structures, economic mining operations, as well as drilling performance optimizations. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) as a main rock strength test is considered a time consuming for sample preparation, costly, and unaffordable. However, it is required for correlations for rock strength obtained from other tests. A semi-Point Load Strength Index (Semi-PLSI) is proposed in this research as a new approach to estimate rock strength. The objectives of this research include reducing testing costs, simplifying sample preparation and testing procedure, precisely localizing, stabilizing, and balancing specimens while testing, and improving accuracy and repeatability. For this test, various sample dimensions and length to diameter ratios are prepared from granite rock type. A 400 (kn) Geomechanics Frame is used for testing and an advanced data acquisition system is utilized for data recording. Data obtained from Semi-PLSI are correlated with data obtained from two main strength types including UCS that represent the shear fracture strength and indirect tensile strength (IT) that represent the tensile fracture strength. Data correlation also includes measurements of ultrasound primary and secondary wave velocities that represents nondestructive data measurements. The good correlation agreements and the verity ways of estimating the strength enrich this new approach of the Semi-PLSI proposed for UCS estimation and pave the road of more research.
Nonlinear Shannon Limit in Optical Fiber Transmission System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The remaining issues in optical transmission technology are the degradation of optical signal to noise power ratio due to amplifier noise and the distortions due to optical nonlinear effects in a fiber. Therefore in addition to the Shannon limit, practical channel capacity is believed to be restricted by the nonlinear Shannon limit. The nonlinear Shannon limit has been derived under the assumption that the received signal points on the constellation map deviated by optical amplifier noise and nonlinear interference noise are symmetrically distributed around the ideal signal point and the sum of the noises are regarded as white Gaussian noise. The nonlinear Shannon limit is considered as a kind of theoretical limitation. However it is doubtful that its derivation process and applicable range have been understood well. In this paper, some fundamental papers on the nonlinear Shannon limit are reviewed to better understanding its meaning and applicable range.
Targeting Cleavage of C-Terminal Fragment of Cytoskeletal Filamin A in Cancers

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Human cancers express altered levels of actin-binding cytoskeletal filamin A (FLNA) protein. FLNA in mammals consists of an actin-binding domain at its N-terminus that is followed by 24 immunoglobulin-like repeat modules interrupted by two hinge regions between repeats 15–16 and 23–24. Cleavage of these hinge regions produces a naturally occurring C-terminal 90 kDa fragment of FLNA (FLNACT) that physically interacts with multiple proteins with diverse functions. This cleavage leads to actin cytoskeleton remodeling, which in turn contributes to cellular signaling, nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of transcriptional factors and nuclear receptors, and regulation of their transcriptional activities that are important for initiation and progression of cancers. Therefore, recent studies have proposed blocking FLNA cleavage as a means of cancer therapy. Here, we update how FLNA cleavage has been targeted by different approaches and their potential implications for future treatment of human cancers.
Secondary metabolites variability among selected species of Ajuga genus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The genus Ajuga, belonging to Lamiaceae family (Ajugoideae subfamily) comprises about 90 species mostly distributed in the Northern temperate areas of Europe, Asia, America, Africa and Australia. In Italy, seven species belonging to this genus are present: A. orientalis L., A. tenorei C. Presl., A. pyramidalis L., A. genevensis L., A. reptans L., A. chamaepitys (L.) Schreb. and A. iva (L.) Schreb. In this study, we report the comparison of the secondary metabolites pattern observed in A. chamaepitys, A. genevensis and A. tenorei with a particular attention to iridoids as chemosystematic markers at family and genus level. These three species have different morphological characters and colonize areas with different pedoclimatic conditions [1]. In particular, A. chamaepitys has linear leaves, yellow flowers and lives on dry calcareous soils with neutral/alkaline reaction. A. genevensis has, instead, oblanceolate-crenate leaves with blue flowers and prefers a calcareous-siliceous soil with neutral/alkaline reaction. Lastly, A. tenorei is an endemic species of central-southern Italy growing in calcareous stony pastures of mountain belts up to 2200 m a.s.l. with leaves in a basal rosette. The chemosystematic markers ajugoside (1), harpagide (2) and 8-O-acetylharpagide (3) were recognized in A. tenorei [2] and A. chamaepitys [4] which showed also the presence of reptoside (4), two new diglycosidic derivatives of harpagide (5,6) and asperulosidic and deacetyl-asperulosidic acids (7, 8). These compounds are, indeed, more typical of Rubiaceae and have been rarely observed in Lamiaceae before [3]. Conversely, iridoids were not recognized in A. genevensis where rosmarinic acid (9) resulted to be the main component and was found with oleanolic (10) and maslinic (11) acids [4]. The phytochemical comparison revealed a marked variability among these species which may be related to their evolution and adaption to different habitats and might be the starting point for new studies with a multidisciplinary approach involving morphology, phytochemistry and molecular biology, in the taxonomy of Lamiaceae and, in particular, of Ajugoideae subfamily.
Localized Acceleration of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The influence of wind forcing on the strength of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is explored using realistic eddying simulations. The ACC transport is found to be set by both the zonal wind stress, at latitudes of Drake Passage, and by the curl of the wind stress, localized in the western South Atlantic. As such, for certain wind stress patterns, the ACC transport is dramatically increased, without any increase in the mean zonal wind stress. The mechanism by which local wind curl variations effect the strength of the ACC is as follows: In the western South Atlantic the ACC meanders over the shallowest topo- graphic features of its circumpolar path. In this region a positive wind curl induces vortex compression. This compression helps the ACC to move equator-ward and over the shallow topography. This interaction reduces the momentum transfer to the bottom for a given ACC transport. The total ACC transport then increases so that the momentum imparted at the sea surface is transferred to the sea floor. Local wind curl variations in the western South Atlantic are found to be far more effective at driving year to year fluctuations in ACC transport than the zonal wind stress. In addition, changes both in the pattern and in the magnitude of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies, concurrent with observed climate change, are likely to have both had an accelerating influence on the ACC of equivalent magnitude.
Effects of developing data recording technologies on the reliability of accident reconstruction and liability determination

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract In order to make road traffic safer and diminish the number of accident injuries and fatalities, there is a growing expectation that road accidents should be explored as thoroughly as possible. To measure the success of such explorations, this paper applies the concept of “assessability” of accidents, which shows how well an accident process can be reconstructed and how surely the liability for an accident can be determined. The success of assessment largely depends on the data available for experts. Although data recording technologies are constantly developing, no method is available to measure how much this technological advancement actually improves accident assessability. In the lack of such a methodology, it is impossible to set the societally most fruitful directions of technical development. The aim of this study is to propose a methodology to quantify how the application of modern data recording technologies increase the assessability of various accident categories, applying an ordered logit regression model. The methodology is demonstrated using accident data collected in Hungary between 1998 and 2022, and the results show that the different accident data recording technologies affect the assessability of various accident categories to differing degrees, which may set the future directions for developing data recording methods in the automotive industry.