jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
TaGS5‐3A, a grain size gene selected during wheat improvement for larger kernel and yield

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Grain size is a dominant component of grain weight in cereals. Earlier studies have shown that OsGS5 plays a major role in regulating both grain size and weight in rice via promotion of cell division. In this study, we isolated TaGS5 homoeologues in wheat and mapped them on chromosomes 3A, 3B and 3D. Temporal and spatial expression analysis showed that TaGS5 homoeologues were preferentially expressed in young spikes and developing grains. Two alleles of TaGS5‐3A , TaGS5‐3A‐T and TaGS5‐3A‐G were identified in wheat accessions, and a functional marker was developed to discriminate them. Association analysis revealed that TaGS5‐3A‐T was significantly correlated with larger grain size and higher thousand kernel weight. Biochemical assays showed that TaGS5‐3A‐T possesses a higher enzymatic activity than TaGS5‐3A‐G. Transgenic rice lines overexpressing TaGS5‐3A‐T also exhibited larger grain size and higher thousand kernel weight than TaGS5‐3A‐G lines, and the transcript levels of cell cycle‐related genes in TaGS5‐3A‐T lines were higher than those in TaGS5‐3A‐G lines. Furthermore, systematic evolution analysis in diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat showed that TaGS5‐3A underwent strong artificial selection during wheat polyploidization events and the frequency changes of two alleles demonstrated that TaGS5‐3A‐T was favoured in global modern wheat cultivars. These results suggest that TaGS5‐3A is a positive regulator of grain size and its favoured allele TaGS5‐3A‐T exhibits a larger potential application in wheat high‐yield breeding.
The Roles of Lipid and RNA in Regulating Retroviral Gag Membrane Binding and Targeting.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The HIV-1 matrix (MA) domain mediates proper Gag localization and membrane binding by interacting with phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], a plasma membrane(PM)-specific phospholipid. HIV-1 MA also interacts with RNA, which prevents Gag from binding to membranes containing phosphatidylserine (PS), a prevalent negatively charged phospholipid. These results suggest that the MA-bound RNA promotes PM-specific localization of HIV-1 Gag by blocking non-specific interactions with membranes that do not contain PI(4,5)P2.\nIn this thesis, I examined whether PI(4,5)P2 dependence and RNA-mediated inhibition collectively determine MA phenotypes across a broad range of retroviruses. By comparing a panel of Gag-leucine-zipper constructs (GagLZ) containing MA of different retroviruses, I found that membrane binding mediated by retroviral MA can be broadly divided into two categories: those that are PI(4,5)P2-dependent and RNase responsive, and those that are neither. I also found that the PM-localization and virus-like particles (VLP) release of the former group is sensitive to the overexpression of a PI(4,5)P2- \ndepleting enzyme, polyphosphoinositide 5-phosphatase IV (5ptaseIV), while the latter group is much less sensitive to 5ptaseIV overexpression. Structural analyses further suggest that the basic patch size of the retroviral MA confer susceptibility to RNA-mediated membrane binding inhibition. \nIn my thesis, I also provided in vitro and cell-based evidence supporting that RNA-mediated suppression occurs in cells and that RNA can inhibit membrane binding of HIV-1 Gag at a concentration that is much lower than the estimated RNA concentration in the cell. Hence, RNA-mediated suppression is a physiologically relevant mechanism that prevents Gag from binding promiscuously to prevalent PS-containing membranes.\nFinally, I examined the roles of PI(4,5)P2 and RNA in regulating the targeting of HIV-1 Gag to the site of assembly, the virus-containing compartments (VCC), in primary macrophages. I found that the VCC localization and virus release of HIV-1 are severely impaired upon 5ptaseIV overexpression. However, HIV-1 MA contributes only to membrane binding but not in Gag targeting to the VCC. I also determined that HIV-1 nucleocapsid (NC) is important for VCC-specific localization of HIV-1 Gag. This suggests that targeting of HIV-1 Gag to the VCC adopts a different mechanism than Gag targeting to the PM in HeLa and T cells.
Identification of rare quantitative traits of leaf and a flower in Rosa L. and analysis of correlations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The article examines the quantitative traits of leaves and flowers in 49 varieties of roses from the collection of the Tsytsin Main Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences. The method for determining the coefficients of originality of Smirnov made it possible to identify unique and typical gradations of traits that are important for directional selection. The varieties Snowflake, Peer Gynt, Akito Blushing, Mainzer Fastnacht, Heidelberg, Troika are the most original in terms of their complex of characteristics. Pearson’s method of correlation analysis showed positive relationships between leaf traits.
Ischaemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study. WHO Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The incidence of ischaemic stroke is low in women of reproductive age and any risk attributable to OC use is small. The risk can be further reduced if users are younger than 35 years, do not smoke, do not have a history of hypertension, and have blood pressure measured before the start of OC use. In such women OC preparations with low oestrogen doses may be associated with even lower risk.
Synthesis and fungicidal activity of new 4-hydroxy-6-trifluoromethyl-2-phenylindoles

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Starting from 1,3-dinitro-5-trifluoromethylbenzene, a pioneering synthesis and dimethylaminomethylation of new 2-aryl-4-hydroxy-6-trifluoromethylindoles have been performed. The study of fungicidal activity has revealed the effect of dimethylaminomethyl group position on fungitoxic properties.
On Vassiliev invariants of order two for string links

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We show that the Casson knot invariant, linking number and Milnor's triple linking number, together with a certain 2-string link invariant $V_2$, are necessary and sufficient to express any string link Vassiliev invariant of order two. Explicit combinatorial formulas are given for these invariants. This result is applied to the theory of claspers for string links.
Issues in the use of survival analysis to estimate damages in equal employment cases

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

After plaintiffs prevail in employment discrimination cases, courts need to estimate the compensation they deserve. This issue arose after a defendant was found to have discriminated against job applicants older than 40 years. In order to compensate the successful plaintiffs, the court needed to estimate the length of time they would have worked, had they been hired. The job histories of 127 current employees and 43 employees who recently left were available for analysis. The accelerated failure time model, commonly used for the analysis of survival data, provides an estimate of the mean employment duration, adjusting for covariates. Three legal opinions emphasized that damage awards should be based on data concerning employees with similar qualifications as the plaintiffs so an ability model is proposed. A simulation study illustrates the potential underestimation of the job tenures of the deserving plaintiffs by the method adopted in the case. On the other hand, that method, which did not consider ability, can lead to compensating low-ability plaintiffs who would not be hired even in a non-discriminatory environment. Finally, the methods are applied to the motivating example and an appropriate damage award is suggested.
An Integrated Approach of Threat Analysis for Autonomous Vehicles Perception System

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Automated vehicles are a revolutionary step in mobility, providing a safe and convenient riding experience while keeping the human-driving task minimal to none. Therefore, these intelligent vehicles are equipped with sophisticated perception sensors (e.g., cameras and radars), high-performance computers, artificial intelligence (AI)-driven algorithms, and connectivity with other internet-of-things (IoT) devices. This makes autonomous vehicles (AVs) a special kind of cyber-physical system (CPS) that is moving at speed in highly interactive and dynamic environments (e.g., public roads). Thus, AV is a potential target for cyber attackers to weaponize, compromising safety and mobility on the road. The first step in addressing this problem is to have a robust threat modeling framework that can address the evolving cyber-physical threats, especially to AV applications. In this regard, two areas are studied in this paper: the common practice of threat modeling in automotive and the ISO/SAE 21434 standard, and sensors and machine learning (ML) algorithms for AV perception systems and potential cyber-physical attacks. A comparative threat analysis for an AV perception system with the ISO/SAE 21434 standard and a system-theoretic process analysis for security (STPA-Sec) approach is also demonstrated in this paper. Based on the analysis, this paper proposes a robust threat analysis and risk assessment framework with mathematical modeling to identify cyber-physical threats to AV perception systems that are critical for the driving behaviors and complex interactions of AVs in their operational design domain.
Effect of Resistant Maltodextrin on Digestion and Absorption of Lipids

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In order to confirm the mechanism how postprandial elevation of triacylglycerol is suppressed by resistant maltodextrin (Fibersol-2), we conducted the following experiments. Firstly, Rats were fed a high-fat diet with resistant maltodextrin at 0% (control), 2.5% or 5% for 5 weeks to determine the lipid amount excreted in the feces of the last three days. The total lipid and triacylglycerol excreted in rat feces were significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner by the ingestion of resistant maltodextrin. Secondly, 10 healthy adult subjects were administrated a beverage containing 5 g resistant maltodextrin or placebo for 10 days, and crossed over after an 11-day washout. Total lipid excreted in feces was determined by collecting all the feces for the last three days. Fecal weight and fecal lipid amount of the subjects increased significantly with the ingestion of resistant maltodextrin compared to the placebo ingestion. Thirdly, oil emulsion prepared with resistant maltodextrin was assessed for its hydrolysis rate by lipase. The hydrolysis rate of lipid by lipase was not affected by resistant maltodextrin. Lastly, micelle emulsion was prepared with or without resistant maltodextrin, and their stability was compared. Resistant maltodextrin inhibited the decomposition of micelles and stabilized micellar structure. From these results, it was suggested that resistant maltodextrin suppresses lipid absorption and promotes the excretion of lipid into feces by delaying the release of fatty acids from micelles in the lipid absorption process. No inhibitory effect on lipase activity was observed by resistant maltodextrin.
The MHC Class II Immunopeptidome of Lymph Nodes in Health and in Chemically Induced Colitis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract We recently described a mass spectrometry–based methodology that enables the confident identification of hundreds of peptides bound to murine MHC class II (MHCII) molecules. In this article, we describe its application to the characterization of MHCII-bound peptides isolated from lymph nodes (LNs) of C57BL/6 mice. More than 1000 peptides could be identified in individual analyses, allowing a direct comparison of the MHCII peptidome in different types of normal LNs or in animals with colitis. The peptide length distribution and consensus sequences in axillary, brachial, inguinal, and mesenteric LNs were virtually identical, and a substantial portion of identified peptides corresponded to proteins found in all LNs. However, skin-specific proteins Sbsn and Dmkn and intestine-specific proteins Dmbt1, Krt19, and Maoa, among others, were exclusively identified in skin-draining and mesenteric LNs, respectively. Differences in peptide-presentation patterns were also observed when comparing healthy mice and mice with dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis. Peptides derived from a subset of proteins (including IgE, Bank1, chondroitin sulfate synthase 2, Cmip, and Fth1) were exclusively identified in mice with colitis, revealing changes in the peptidome associated with the inflammatory process, as well as activation and clonal expansion of B cells.
Mucopolysaccharidosis: An overview and new treatment modalities

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mucopolysaccharidosis is a lysosomal storage disorder, caused due to deficiency of enzymes required for the breakdown of Mucopolysaccharides. These undegraded Mucopolysaccharides accumulate in various tissues and cause characteristic features like neurological deficit, impaired motor function, developmental delay, hearing loss, behavioral problems, corneal clouding, glaucoma, respiratory distress, coarse facial features, skeletal deformities, and organomegaly. Based on deficient enzymes they have divided into subtypes Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) Hunter syndrome (I H / I HS / I S), Mucopolysaccharidosis II(MPS II) Hunter syndrome (severe and mild form), Mucopolysaccharidosis III (MPS III) Sanfilippo syndrome, Mucopolysaccharidosis IV(MPS IV) Morquio syndrome, Mucopolysaccharidosis VI(MPS VI) Maroteaux Lamy syndrome, Mucopolysaccharidosis VI (MPS VII) Sly syndrome. Diagnosis is classically based on clinical examination and urine analysis. Enzyme assay can also aid in diagnosis. Chorionic villi sampling and amniocentesis are also becoming popular. The main objective of treatment is to improve the quality of life. Symptomatic management includes daily exercise, physiotherapy, tonsillectomy, shunting surgery, and corneal transplantation. There are various recent concepts utilized for the treatment of Mucopolysaccharidosis. This review article emphasizes such treatment aspects as Hematopoietic stem cell therapy, Enzyme replacement therapy, Gene therapy, Nano-enabled therapy, and Substrate reduction therapy.
Tracking Hispanic Political Emergence in Georgia: An Update

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objective This short note traces the political presence of Hispanics in Georgia over the last decade and a half. Our analysis examines Hispanics as a group, as well as comparisons to whites and blacks. Methods We rely on official records from the Georgia Secretary of State to produce over time inferences concerning Hispanic voter registration and turnout. Results Our findings indicate that Hispanics in Georgia have registered steady gains in registration and turnout since the early 2000s. The share of Hispanics in the Georgia electorate, while just over 2 percent in 2018, is also slowly on the rise. Hispanic political influence is less than the group's share in the population due to the presence of non‐citizens, and registration and turnout rates that continue to lag those for whites and blacks. Conclusion In the long term, the Hispanic population has the ability to reshape politics in the Peach State. However, given our findings, this process could take years to play out fully.
Temporal application of regulations 44/2001 and 1215/2012 in Croatia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

U postupcima pokrenutima u Hrvatskoj od 2. srpnja 2013. do 9. sijecnja 2015., primjenjuje se Uredba 44/2001, a u postupcima pokrenutima 10. sijecnja 2015. ili kasnije, Uredba 1215/2013. U postupcima pokrenutima prije 2. srpnja 2013., uredbe se ne primjenjuju. Odluke sudova drugih država clanica priznaju se u Hrvatskoj prema Uredbi 44/2001, ako su donesene u postupcima pokrenutima od 2. srpnja 2013. do 9. sijecnja 2015., a prema Uredbi 1215/2012 ako su donesene u postupcima pokrenutima od 10. sijecnja 2015. nadalje. Odluke donesene u postupcima pokrenutima prije 2. srpnja 2013., priznaju se primjenom Uredbe 44/2001, samo ako su donesene nakon 1. srpnja 2003. i ako udovoljavaju pretpostavkama iz cl. 66. st. 2. Uredbe. Navedena pravila o važenju Uredaba 44/2001 i 1215/2012 vrijede i u drugim državama clanicama u pogledu nadležnosti u postupcima pokrenutima protiv stranaka s prebivalistem u Hrvatskoj kao i u pogledu priznanja i ovrhe odluka hrvatskih sudova.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

WE HAVE recently seen two youngsters whose presenting complaints were highly suggestive of spinal cord disease but whose lesions were far removed from this area. We believe this deserves emphasis. CASE REPORTS Case 1 The first patient was seen initially when he was 14½ years old, complaining of vague pains in his night knee and thigh. This pain was intermittent, slightly worse at night, but did not interfere with the patient's activities. Physical examination was entirely negative. There was no local tenderness, limitation of motion or limp. Roentgenograms of the knee, thigh and hip were interpreted as negative, and the patient was advised to limit activity temporarily. Although he was subsequently seen for minor respiratory infections, there was no further mention of pain. Eighteen months later, the patient's mother called to say that she had just noticed that the right leg was thinner than the left. When seen, however, the patient, now 16 years old, reported that pain in the leg had continued during the 18-month period. There was no specific localization of the pain; it was worse at night and responded to heat, massage and aspirin. He had pain occasionally during the day and had limped for the preceding several months. This however did not stop him from playing football and baseball. He reported further that he first became aware of the thinness of the right leg about 4 months previously but had not told anyone. Furthermore, he reported an 11-lb weight loss during this 4-month period. On examination, there was marked atrophy of the entire right leg, as shown in Figure 1.
Climate Change; Farmers' Awareness, Perceptions and Responses in Lagos State

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Climate change has been a major challenge to agricultural development in most parts of the world with growing concerns about its impact on food supply and security. This report examines what farmers in urban Lagos, Nigeria (West Africa) think about climate change and how it affects their agricultural activities. The study was carried out in four local government areas of Lagos state, Nigeria; Epe, Ojo, Ikorodu and Alimosho, involving 105 farmers. Our result showed that the level of awareness of changing climate in Lagos has increased, but a large number of farmers still lack good understanding of the concept of climate change. About 30% of the farmers understood what climate change is, 38% think it is natural and nothing could be done about it, some farmers also think climatic conditions will soon return to what they were before. Our survey showed that younger farmers with higher education background understood what climate change is all about while older farmers do not really understand but have been able to develop some adaptation measures based on experience.
Chaotic motion of microplugs under high-frequency thermocapillary actuation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper reports experimental results on chaotic motion of liquid plugs under high-frequency thermocapillary actuation. In the experiments, two heaters were alternately activated. The liquid plug was positioned in a glass capillary between these two heaters. The periodic temperature gradients generated by the two heaters made the liquid plug move back and forth. The images of the plug were captured by a camera. Plug position by a customized image-processing programme. The results were recorded as time series for further analysis. The nonlinear motion of the liquid plug in a glass capillary was systematically investigated with tools coming from chaotic dynamics. Phase-space portraits are reconstructed from the time series of the plug position obtained in the experiments. The results show that the limit sets formed by the phase-space trajectories are attractors. The largest Lyapunov exponent and correlation dimension of these attractors are calculated and indicate that these attractors are chaotic. A chaotic plug motion has potential applications in fluid mixing inside liquid plugs of capillary-based microfluidics. External chaotic motion could improve mixing in liquid plugs of capillary-based lab-on-a-chip platforms.
FRESH MEAT CONSUMPTION AND FOOD SAFETY: BEHAVIOR OF BELGIUM CONSUMERS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent food safety issues have dramatically changed the meat scene throughout Europe. Consumer reactions are seen as the paramount driving force to change. This paper presents insights in consumer decision-making toward fresh meat and pork consumption in Belgium. It also sets forth implications and recommendations for future pork production given the increasingly stringent safety-related demand conditions. The paper summarizes findings from empirical research executed during the period 1996-2001 in Belgium. The contribution covers the issues of meat consumption, consumer perception or attitude, impact of communication and potential of labeling and traceability. Supplying correct products accompanied by reliable and effective communication emerges more than ever before as the key to future success. Keywords: safety, quality, consumer behavior, pork, Belgium
Correlates of Depression and Anxiety among Older Public Housing Residents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Older adults represent the fastest growing segment of the worldwide population. Mental health disorders present a major challenge to older individuals. Depression and anxiety are two of the most common mental health problems experienced by the older population and give rise to high impact adverse consequences, such as decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Poverty level older adults suffer from higher rates of mental health disorders than do their more highly resourced counterparts. Given worldwide growth of the older population an increasing number of low-income elderly live in public housing. This study examined the prevalence of depression and anxiety in older public housing residents and explored factors related to these disorders within context of the Social Antecedents Model of Psychopathology (SAMP). The SAMP posits a multi-stage model of cumulative demographic, behavioral and social factors that represent mental health risk correlates, with more proximal factors representing greater risk (George, 1989). Study participants included 187 older adults residing in two public housing facilities located in a mid-size city in the southeast United States. Data was gathered concerning residents’ demographic characteristics, psychiatric symptomatology, substance usage, health conditions, and social support via face-to-face interviews. The majority of the residents were male and the average age was 66.2 years (SD= 7.6). Residents reported high levels of clinically significant depression (20.1%) and anxiety (10%). Generalized linear models (GZLM) were used to identify variables that significantly predicted depression and anxiety among the residents. Social support, self-rated health, pain, years smoking, and opioid misuse were significant predictors of depression scores (LR x2 (11) = 90.4, p < .001) while age, employment, pain, medical conditions, IADLs, and benzodiazepine misuse significantly predicted anxiety scores (LR x2(13) = 110.857, p <.001). Study findings partially supported the SAMP model.Implications for research and practice are discussed.