jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Prenatal Stress Selectively Impairs Neuroligin 1-Dependent Neurogenesis by Suppressing Astrocytic FGF2-Neuronal FGFR1 Axis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Exposure to maternal stress irreversibly impairs neurogenesis of offspring through inducing life-long effects on interaction between neurons and glia under raging differentiation process, culminating in cognitive and neuropsychiatric abnormalities in adulthood. We identified how prenatal exposure to the stress-hormone glucocorticoid impairs synapse formation and subsequent neurogenesis using human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neural stem cell (NSC) and ICR mice. Following prenatal glucocorticoid exposure, NSC-derived astrocytes were found to be A1-like neurotoxic astrocytes. Moreover, cortisol-treated astrocyte conditioned media (ACM) then specifically downregulated AMPA receptor-mediated glutamatergic synaptic formation and transmission in differentiating neurons, by inhibiting localization of ionotropic glutamate receptor (GluR) 1/2 into synapses. We revealed that downregulated astrocytic fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and nuclear fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) of neurons are key pathogenic factors for reducing glutamatergic synapse formation, according to data from RNA sequencing and antibody array. We further confirmed that cortisol-treated ACM specifically decreased the binding of neuronal FGFR1 to the synaptogenic NLGN1 promoter, but this was reversed by FGFR1 restoration. Upregulation of neuroligin 1, which is important in scaffolding GluR1/2 into the postsynaptic compartment, eventually normalized glutamatergic synaptogenesis and subsequent neurogenesis. Moreover, FGF2 pretreatment of a prenatal corticosterone-exposed mouse elevated neuroligin 1 expression and trafficking of GluR1/2 into the postsynaptic compartment, improving spatial memory and depression/anxiety-like behaviors. In conclusion, we demonstrated that neuroligin 1 restoration by astrocytic FGF2 and its downstream neuronal nuclear FGFR1 as a critical target of prenatal stress-induced glutamatergic synaptogenesis and demonstrated its function in controlling both neurogenesis and hippocampal-related behaviors.
Natriuretic peptides and cardiovascular damage in the metabolic syndrome: molecular mechanisms and clinical implications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Natriuretic peptides are endogenous antagonists of vasoconstrictor and salt- and water-retaining systems in the body's defence against blood pressure elevation and plasma volume expansion, through direct vasodilator, diuretic and natriuretic properties. In addition, natriuretic peptides may play a role in the modulation of the molecular mechanisms involved in metabolic regulation and cardiovascular remodelling. The metabolic syndrome is characterized by visceral obesity, hyperlipidaemia, vascular inflammation and hypertension, which are linked by peripheral insulin resistance. Increased visceral adiposity may contribute to the reduction in the circulating levels of natriuretic peptides. The dysregulation of neurohormonal systems, including the renin–angiotensin and the natriuretic peptide systems, may in turn contribute to the development of insulin resistance in dysmetabolic patients. In obese subjects with the metabolic syndrome, reduced levels of natriuretic peptides may be involved in the development of hypertension, vascular inflammation and cardio vascular remodelling, and this may predispose to the development of cardiovascular disease. The present review summarizes the regulation and function of the natriuretic peptide system in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome and the involvement of altered bioactive levels of natriuretic peptides in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in patients with metabolic abnormalities.
Podcasts and Vodcasts

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This entry provides an outline definition of podcasting, as a means of distribution and as a medium. In its most basic sense podcasting describes the means by which media files can be distributed easily across the Internet to subscribing consumers, usually as part of an ongoing series. The term is a portmanteau word, combining the words “iPod” and “broadcast” to differentiate the process from traditional definitions of live linear broadcasting. While the term describes the distribution framework, it has now also become the term used to describe a form of production.
Genetic analysis of CAND1–CUL1 interactions in Arabidopsis supports a role for CAND1-mediated cycling of the SCF TIR1 complex

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SKP1-Cullin1-F-box protein (SCF) ubiquitin-ligases regulate numerous aspects of eukaryotic growth and development. Cullin-Associated and Neddylation-Dissociated (CAND1) modulates SCF function through its interactions with the CUL1 subunit. Although biochemical studies with human CAND1 suggested that CAND1 plays a negative regulatory role by sequestering CUL1 and preventing SCF complex assembly, genetic studies in Arabidopsis have shown that cand1 mutants exhibit reduced SCF activity, demonstrating that CAND1 is required for optimal SCF function in vivo . Together, these genetic and biochemical studies have suggested a model of CAND1-mediated cycles of SCF complex assembly and disassembly. Here, using the SCF TIR1 complex of the Arabidopsis auxin response pathway, we test the SCF cycling model with Arabidopsis mutant derivatives of CAND1 and CUL1 that have opposing effects on the CAND1–CUL1 interaction. We find that the disruption of the CAND1–CUL1 interaction results in an increased abundance of assembled SCF TIR1 complex. In contrast, stabilization of the CAND1–CUL1 interaction diminishes SCF TIR1 complex abundance. The fact that both decreased and increased CAND1–CUL1 interactions result in reduced SCF TIR1 activity in vivo strongly supports the hypothesis that CAND1-mediated cycling is required for optimal SCF function.
A Unified Framework for Detecting Diverse Voice Spoofing Attacks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Voice spoofing attacks, including logical access (LA) and physical access (PA), pose significant challenges to automatic speaker verification (ASV) systems. Existing countermeasures often target a single attack type, leading to increased computational complexity and limited applicability in real-world scenarios where the nature of the spoof attack is unknown. This paper proposes UNIGUARD, a unified framework designed to detect multiple spoofing attack types. Leveraging the ESResNeXt AudioCLIP encoder, UNIGUARD incorporates band-specific processing across frequency bands and a 2D attention mechanism with depthwise separable convolutions to efficiently capture diverse spoofing artifacts, thereby enhancing its ability to detect various attack patterns. Evaluated on the ASVspoof 2019 dataset, UNIGUARD obtains 7.72% EER for LA, 6.10% for PA, and 5.33% overall, with a 33.4% improvement in minimum tDCF over existing unified approaches.
Analysis of Intracerebral Activity during Reflex Locomotion Stimulation According to Vojta’s Principle

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Vojta’s therapy is a widely used approach in both the prevention and therapy of musculoskeletal disorders. Changes in the musculoskeletal system have been described repeatedly, but the principles of the approach have not yet been clarified. The objective of our study was to evaluate changes of intracerebral activity using electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA) that arise during reflex locomotion stimulation of the breast trigger zone according to Vojta’s therapy. Seventeen healthy women took part in the experiment (aged 20–30 years old). EEG activity was recorded 5 min prior to the reflex locomotion stimulation, during stimulation, and 5 min after the stimulation. The obtained data were subsequently processed in the sLORETA program and statistically evaluated at the significance level p ≤ 0.05. The analysis found statistically significant differences in the frequency bands alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 between the condition prior to stimulation and the actual stimulation in BAs 6, 7, 23, 24, and 31 and between the resting condition prior to stimulation, and the condition after the stimulation was terminated in the frequency bands alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2 in BAs 3, 4, 6, and 24. The results showed that reflex locomotion stimulation according to Vojta’s therapy modulates electrical activity in the brain areas responsible for movement planning and regulating and performing the movement.
Sporadic HEV hepatitis in Italy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Editor,—We read with great interest the paper of McCrudden et al concerning acute hepatitis E (HEV) in the UK ((2000) Gut 46:732–3; [OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2][Web of Science][3]). We agree wholeheartedly with the authors that this form of hepatitis is on the increase in industrialised countries. In Italy, the reported prevalence of anti-HEV IgG positivity ranges from 0.74% to 1.94%,1 although a recent study found a prevalence of 2.6% in one small town in central Italy.2 A value of 1.5% has been reported for the general adult population of the Republic of San Marino.3 We have recently observed two cases of acute hepatitis E with no evidence of any known risk factors. Case 1 . In September 1997, a 45 … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2Bmedical%2Bvirology%26rft.stitle%253DJ%2BMed%2BVirol%26rft.aulast%253DZanetti%26rft.auinit1%253DA.%2BR.%26rft.volume%253D42%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D318%26rft.epage%253D320%26rft.atitle%253DHepatitis%2Btype%2BE%2Bin%2BItaly%253A%2Ba%2Bseroepidemiological%2Bsurvey.%2BStudy%2BGroup%2Bof%2BHepatitis%2BE.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8006645%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=8006645&link_type=MED&atom=%2Fgutjnl%2F48%2F4%2F580.1.atom [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=A1994MY34600020&link_type=ISI
Acid-Catalyzed Synthesis of Thiazolidin-4-ones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A two-steps synthesis of thiazolidin-4-ones, from α-tetralone 6 or thiochroman-4-one 7, catalyzed by acids is described. The reactions of α-tetralone 6 or thiochroman-4-one 7, with substituted thiosemicarbazides, under AcOH or heteropolyacid (HPAs) catalysis afford thiosemicarbazones 8 and 9 in excellent yields. Condensations of the previous compounds 8 and 9 with α-bromoester, under sulfuric acid or heteropolyacid catalysis, yield the corresponding thiazolidin-4-ones 10 and 11.
Effects of Intramuscular Fat Infiltration, Scarring, and Spasticity on the Risk for Sitting-Acquired Deep Tissue Injury in Spinal Cord Injury Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sitting-acquired deep tissue injury (DTI) is a severe form of pressure ulcer (PU) often affecting patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) who also tend to suffer from intramuscular fat infiltration, soft tissue scarring (due to previous PU), and/or muscle spasticity in their buttocks. We previously used finite element (FE) modeling to evaluate whether abnormal bodyweight is a risk factor for sitting-acquired DTI. Here we hypothesize that fat infiltration, scarring, or spasms increase internal loads in the gluteus muscles in the vicinity of the ischial tuberosities during sitting, which consequently put SCI patients with these conditions at a higher risk for DTI. Our objective was to determine changes in gluteal strains and stresses and tissue volumes exposed to elevated strains/stresses associated with these factors. Thirty-five FE models of coronal slices through the seated buttocks, simulating these conditions at different severities, were developed. We calculated peak strains and stresses in glutei and percentage volumes of muscle tissue exposed to above-critical strains/stresses (compression strain≥50%, compression/von Mises stress≥2 kPa, and strain energy density≥0.5 kPa). Progressive intramuscular fat infiltration increased all the aforementioned outcome measures. Increase in size of scar patterns that were contained in both muscle and fat tissues similarly elevated the outcome measures. Spasms increased muscle stresses and volumetric exposures to stress, but tissue volumes at risk were ∼1–2% and increases due to spasticity were slight. We conclude that the above potential risk factors can be listed according to the following order of importance: (i) fat infiltration, (ii) scars contained in both muscle and fat tissues, and (iii) spasms. This information should be considered when prioritizing prevention means and resources for patients with SCI.
Back to Basics: A Meta-Foundational Approach to Adaptation Studies

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The growing number of scholars who have expressed the need for greater theoretical, or at least terminological, consistency and rigor in the field of adaptation studies will welcome Patrick Cattrysse’s ambitious new book. Like Lawrence Venuti and Laurence Raw, Cattrysse argues that adaptation studies stand to benefit from the example of more systematically theorized work in translation studies. Cattrysse’s proposal for Descriptive Adaptation Studies (DAS), as Linda Hutcheon might say, is both the same and different, for it is founded on Gideon Toury’s highly critical version of translation studies, which has had until now a limited impact on the Anglophone world. This is a brave and important book, not least because, as Cattrysse repeatedly points out, he has written it in English, not his native language, in order to help it reach the larger audience it deserves. Borrowing from and extending his own work twenty years ago in Polysystem Theory, Cattrysse advocates a theory based on empirical definitions (149) and Corpus-Based Research (138), one that replaces ‘Auteurist’ with ‘trans-individualist’ creators (53), includes ‘hidden/secret’ as well as self-identified adaptations in its purview (123), and focuses on a teleological, ‘target-oriented’ definition of adaptation (52), rather than defining adaptations in terms of their relations to their putative sources. As this brief account should make clear, it is easier to say what DAS is not than what it is. It rejects cinematic auteurism and Romantic notions of authorship to emphasize the collective nature of film authorship and the implication of all authorship in contingent material and historical circumstances. It is less interested in the close reading of individual texts than in the statistical analysis of large numbers of films—although Cattrysse contends that DAS is applicable to all adaptations in whatever media, he sticks for the sake of convenience and economy to film adaptations—and the commentary on those films, which indicates, for example, that Steve Fisher, W. R. Burnett, Jonathan Latimer, and Jay Dratler are more important authors of sources for film noir than Dashiell Hammett or James M. Cain (258). DAS forswears deductive, intuitive, and impressionistic approaches in its pursuit of ‘scientific validity’ (136). Because it admits to the corpus of adaptations the vast number of unacknowledged adaptations which ‘greatly outnumber overt adaptations’ (123), it abandons epistemological approaches like Hutcheon’s that define a given adaptation in terms of its perception as an adaptation. Although its explanations are based on empirical definitions, it does not simply dismiss earlier theorists’ definitions of fidelity and adaptation as inadequate but historicizes these terms in order to reconfigure them as subjects for study themselves.
Synthesis of a Machine Learning Model for Detecting Computer Attacks Based on the CICIDS2017 Dataset

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper deals with the construction and practical implementation of the model of computer attack detection based on machine learning methods. Among available public datasets one of the most relevant was chosen - CICIDS2017. For this dataset, the procedures of data preprocessing and sampling were developed in detail. In order to reduce computation time, the only class of computer attacks (brute force, XSS, SQL injection) was left in the training set. The procedure of feature space construction is described sequentially, which allowed to significantly reduce its dimensions - from 85 to 10 most important features. The quality assessment of ten most common machine learning models on the obtained pre-processed dataset was made. Among the models (algorithms) that demonstrated the best results (k-nearest neighbors, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, logistic regression), taking into account the minimum time of execution, the choice of random forest model was justified. А quasi-optimal selection of hyper parameters was carried out, which made it possible to improve the quality of the model in comparison with the previously published research results. The synthesized model of attack detection was tested on real network traffic. The model has shown its validity only under the condition of training on data collected in a specific network, since important features depend on the physical structure of the network and the settings of the equipment used. The conclusion was made that it is possible to use machine learning methods to detect computer attacks taking into account these limitations.
Utilization of long-chain free fatty acids by human platelets

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

There was a rapid net uptake of free fatty acid (FFA) by human platelets when long-chain FFA, bound to human serum albumin, were incubated with platelet suspensions. Results from experiments in which both palmitate and albumin were labeled indicated that the fatty acid dissociated from the protein during uptake. Much of the FFA taken up by the platelet in short-term incubations remained in unesterified form, i.e., it was recovered as platelet FFA. As the incubation continued, increasing amounts of FFA were oxidized to CO(2) and incorporated into platelet lipid esters, particularly lecithin. Essentially all of the fatty acid that was incorporated into the platelet FFA fraction was released rapidly from the cells when they were exposed to a medium containing FFA-free albumin. The magnitude of uptake into the platelet FFA fraction was similiar at 0 degrees and 37 degrees C. Likewise, the rate and magnitude of FFA release from the platelet were similar at 0 degrees and 37 degrees C. Therefore, it is likely that both FFA uptake and FFA release occur by energy-independent mechanisms. The major effect of increasing the FFA concentration of the incubation medium was increased fatty acid uptake into the platelet FFA fraction. Similar results occurred when platelets were incubated in human plasma containing increasing amounts of added palmitate. At a given extracellular FFA concentration, considerably more of the saturated fatty acids, palmitate and stearate, were taken up as platelet FFA than either oleate or linoleate.
Effects of dosage and durations of different mutagenic treatment in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) cultivars Pant L 406 and DPL 62

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to broaden the genetic base of lentil, induced chemical mutagenesis was performed. Dry and healthy seeds of lentil cultivars Pant L 406 and DPL 62 were treated with 0.02% MMS (6hrs), 0.04% MMS (6hrs), 0.02% MMS (9hrs) and 0.04% MMS (9hrs) prepared in sodium phosphate buffer at 7.0 pH for 6 hours at room temperature. Bio-physiological observations showed almost a direct relationship with the MMS concentrations and treatment duration, where inhibition and sterility increases with increase in concentration and duration. The 0.02% and 0.04% for 6 hrs treatments of MMS were found effective in inducing sufficient genetic variability in both the cultivars of lentil especially for selection of yield attributing traits, and 0.04% for 9 hrs induced higher desirable phenotypic variations with few unique phenotypes of future interest, whereas 0.04% for 9 hrs found to have highest lethal dose value and % variations in the all variant small survival population. Plant habit and leaf morphology were found most sensitive phenotypic category towards the MMS doses used. Also the character association between yield and other agronomic traits were altered and improved due to the mutagenic treatments. Overall, the results were promising and useful for future crop improvement work on lentil.
Studying the Impact of Environmental Consciousness on Perceived Effectiveness of Eco-Friendly Products in Delhi NCR

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The changing times have brought along a new wave of environmental awareness among consumers, wherein consumer behavior and perception towards green-labeled goods is now an essential area of research. The study aims to understand how the environmental consciousness of a consumer affects the perception of the effectiveness of eco-friendly products. The study consisted of a sample of 80 respondents out of which 30% were males and 70% were females belonging to the age group of 36- 45 residing in Delhi NCR [National Capital Region], India. A survey was carried out to measure their environmental consciousness using a scale developed by Thorman et al. (2022). Additionally, the perception of eco-friendly products was gauged through the questions centered around detergent as the product. It was found that regardless of age, gender and income, consumers perceive eco-friendly goods to perform effectively. Various firms and marketers can use the findings of the study to develop marketing strategies for a diverse and vast consumer base.
Iron-Doped Nickel Phosphate as Synergistic Electrocatalyst for Water Oxidation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Electrochemical water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen has been regarded as one of the most promising approaches to produce clean hydrogen fuel using electricity generated from renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind power, or hydropower etc. Recent findings have demonstrated significant potential of nonprecious, nickel-based electrocatalysts as efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) to replace traditional ruthenium (Ru) and iridium (Ir)-based precious metal catalysts. Here, for the first time, we report a novel three-dimensional iron-doped nickel phosphate catalyst by stepwise autologous hydrothermal growth of nickel phosphate (Ni:Pi) spontaneously from nickel foam (NF) followed by electrodeposition of iron hydroxide (denoted as Ni:Pi-Fe/NF). Our findings reveal that the incorporated iron could play strong synergistic effects on the OER activities of nickel phosphate in alkaline solution, delivering a current density of 10 mA cm–2 at an extremely small overpotential (η) of 220 mV and extraordinary high current density of 500 mA cm–2 at η = 290 mV in 1 M KOH, which is among the best Ni-based OER electrocatalysts to date. Furthermore, in a concentrated alkaline electrolyte (5 M KOH), the Ni:Pi-Fe/NF electrode can reach a high current density of 1 600 mA cm–2 at an overpotential merely of 332 mV and shows excellent electrocatalytic stability in prolonged bulk water electrolysis, meaning it could highly meet the requirement of the industry alkaline electrolysis system. Mechanism investigations employing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical polarization, contact angle measurement, and Raman spectra suggest strong interactions between Ni:Pi and Fe, with nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) being the primary catalytic active site and nickel phosphate facilitating water adsorption. The iron doping changes the local Ni–O environments which synergistically enhance the Ni:Pi-Fe/NF catalytic activity toward OER.