jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Impact of COVID-19 on access and availability of radiological imaging and surgical intervention at the East Midlands Major Trauma Centre: An ICON Trauma Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Major Trauma services were subject to significant challenges including reduced access to Computed Tomography (CT) scanning and restrictions on operative intervention due to limited intensive care beds. This study evaluated the pandemic's impact on access and timeliness of imaging and surgical intervention Method: This observational study compared 2 cohorts of patients admitted in a 10-week period during the COVID-19 pandemic and a similar time period in 2019. Variables included demographics, time to CT scan and to surgery and operative characteristics. Statistical comparisons were undertaken using Mann Whitney U, Fisher's exact and Chisquared tests Result: Of 642 patients, 405 were admitted in 2019 and 237 in 2020 representing a 41.5% absolute reduction in trauma admissions during the pandemic. There were no statistical differences (P=0.2585) between arrival to the Emergency Department and time to CT scan across both years (median 42 minutes) or between operative approach (P=0.728) and level of post-operative care (P=0.788). However, there were statistical differences in time to surgery (P=0.0193) and operative length (P=0.0141) with a 2-fold increase in overnight operating, 31.2% increase in patients operated on 120 minutes during the COVID-19 pandemic Conclusion: Early robust restructuring of trauma services during the COVID-19 pandemic ensured timely access to appropriate imaging and surgery for major trauma injured patients. The higher rates of overnight surgery and shorter duration of procedure were likely explained by the increased onsite availability of suitably trained trauma surgical teams Take-home Message: COVID-19 had the potential to significantly impact Major Trauma services, however excellence in patient care was maintained by quick restructuring to staff, space and services Improvements to the Major Trauma pathway have become ingrained into daily practice and optimised for future outbreaks .
Team Design Patterns for Meaningful Human Control in Responsible Military Artificial Intelligence

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A key requirement for responsible AI in the military is to ensure meaningful human control (MHC) in operational settings. However, MHC is not a binary concept; it could vary from one operational setting to another depending on context and the competencies of available humans and autonomous systems. We propose and discuss five patterns of MHC and highlight some of their key characteristics. We argue that control is only meaningful when humans have sufficient cognitive resources to perform control functions and when the behavior of autonomous systems in their operational context is sufficiently predictable. By anchoring the MHC patterns in human’ s cognition and situation uncertainty, we propose initial requirements for interaction design, testing and validation, and identify gaps in existing scientific understanding.
Identification of a C-terminal cdc25 sequence required for promotion of germinal vesicle breakdown

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Glutathione S-transferase (GST)-cdc25B(31-566) induced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) when microinjected into Xenopus oocytes. Purified, N-terminally truncated forms of cdc25B did not induce GVBD, even though many had phosphatase activity and activated cdc2 in vitro. N-terminally truncated forms of cdc25B inhibited induction of GVBD by longer forms of the enzyme suggesting a direct interaction in vivo. cdc25B(356-556), but not cdc25B(364-529), inhibited GVBD induction by GST-cdc25B(31-566) suggesting that a region of cdc25B near to the C-terminus was responsible for the inhibition. To determine the region of peptide sequence that was inhibitory, cdc25B(356-556) was subjected to proteolysis with endoproteinase lys-C. Following a demonstration that the resulting peptide mixture inhibited GST-cdc25B-dependent GVBD, a series of peptides spanning amino acids at the C-terminus were synthesized. The peptide TRSWAGERSR inhibited GVBD induced by GST-cdc25B. An alanine scan of the peptide revealed residues critical for GVBD inhibition, and site-directed mutagenesis of the corresponding residues in GST-cdc25B(31-566) eliminated its ability to induce GVBD. These results demonstrate that a cdc25B C-terminal domain, involved in dominant-negative inhibition of GVBD-competent cdc25B, is required for induction of GVBD following microinjection into oocytes.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Bovine CCL28 Mediates Chemotaxis via CCR10 and Demonstrates Direct Antimicrobial Activity against Mastitis Causing Bacteria

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In addition to the well characterized function of chemokines in mediating the homing and accumulation of leukocytes to tissues, some chemokines also exhibit potent antimicrobial activity. Little is known of the potential role of chemokines in bovine mammary gland health and disease. The chemokine CCL28 has previously been shown to play a key role in the homing and accumulation of IgA antibody secreting cells to the lactating murine mammary gland. CCL28 has also been shown to act as an antimicrobial peptide with activity demon-strated against a wide range of pathogens including bacteria, fungi and protozoans. Here we describe the cloning and function of bovine CCL28 and document the concentration of this chemokine in bovine milk. Bovine CCL28 was shown to mediate cellular chemotaxis via the CCR10 chemokine receptor and exhibited antimicrobial activity against a variety of bovine mastitis causing organisms. The concentration of bovine CCL28 in milk was found to be highly correlated with the lactation cycle. Highest concentrations of CCL28 were observed soon after parturition, with levels decreasing over time. These results suggest a potential role for CCL28 in the prevention/resolution of bovine mastitis.
Denormalized occurrence table of the Paleobiology Database

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Comprehensive denormalized occurrence table built with the API of the Paleobiology Database (http://paleobiodb.org/). Archived for the Chronosphere project by Ádám T. Kocsis. Downloaded on 2021-01-04 with the API call:https://paleobiodb.org/data1.2/occs/list.csv?datainfo&rowcount&interval=Ediacaran,Holocene&show=class,classext,genus,subgenus,coll,coords,loc,paleoloc,strat,stratext,lith,env,ref,crmod,timebins,timecompare,refattr,entnameContents: pbdb_occs.rds: occurrence table in binary R data file.pbdb_parquet.zip: occurrence table, zipped parquet filepbdb_csv.zip: occurrence table, zipped csv filemetadata.txt: The metadata of the download.
Charakterisierung des Redoxproteoms von Hefe (Saccharomycescerevisiae) nach Allicin-induziertem oxidativem Stress

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In 1944 Cavallito & Bailey showed that allicin was the major antimicrobial compound in garlic juice. Allicin is a reactive sulfur species (RSS) which oxidises thiols by S-thioallylation. It occurs as a defence molecule in some species of the genus Allium, e.g. garlic (Allium sativum) and ramsons (Allium ursinum). The present study characterises the effects of a sublethal dose of allicin on the Baker’s Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Proteome. Synthetic allicin was used and for this purpose a new procedure was developed and optimised, achieving >98 % pure Allicin with a yield of 98 % after only 15 minutes reaction time and a final yield of 92 % after purification. The OxICATmethod, coupled with LC-MS/MS and MaxQuant software, was used to identify specific cysteine-containing peptides from yeast proteins. Approx. 10,000 peptides per experiment were identified in five independent experiments. To streamline the analysis of the results and identify peptides oxidised by allicin a spreadsheet-based computer analysis tool was developed. In total 1808 peptide pairs (oxidised/non-oxidised) were found. The procedure revealed the specific cysteine which was oxidised and the degree of oxidation in the population for 448 individual proteins. Thirteen candidate proteins were selected for detailed characterisation by the criteria that they were detected in at least three experiments and were ≥10 % more oxidised. The candidate proteins were investigated by molecular and biochemical methods to assess their biological relevance in the context ofallicin’s effects. After allicin treatment, alcohol dehydroganse-1 (ADH1) was 20 % oxidised at cysteines 277 and 278, which are outside the catalytic centre. ADH1 activity was inhibited noncompetitively in vitro by allicin, which would be expected for allosteric inhibition. Sitedirected mutagenesis was used to prepare C277S,C278S and C277,278S exchange mutants and these were investigated for growth phenotype, altered resistance to allicin and ADH activity. The mutants showed various degrees of enhanced allicin-resistance compared to the wild type. The C277, 278S double mutant had lost ADH activity but grew normally, whereas an ADH1 deletion mutant grew with the characteristic petite yeast colony morphology. This suggests an important novel role for the ADH1 protein in S. cerevisiae that is independent of its ADH activity, i.e. a ‘moonlighting’ role which enables the cells to grow and divide efficiently. This interesting effect should be a topic for further investigation.
Communication through Playful Systems: Presenting Scientific Worlds the Way a Game Might Do

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

More than ever, science is in the unenviable position of competing for the hearts and minds of the public against utterly false accounts of our world. These false accounts are often deeply spiritual, poetic, sublime-despite being false, they can leave a mark on the human imagination. It is difficult to convey scientific research in a way that leaves the audience with a comparable sense of awe or a personal connection to the subject matter. This is an area where games as a cultural form can offer some assistance and insight. A game can convey its complex inner workings with ease by engaging an audience through play. It is expressive communication that sows intuitive understanding and fosters a personal connection between the human player and the represented world. Games like Minecraft and Portal are thus increasingly being used in classrooms to teach math, physics, spatial reasoning, and even the scientific method. I discuss the process of designing interactive experiences in games as a model for effective communication. Drawing on examples from my own work at Double Fine Productions and the work of others, I offer insights from game design to address parallel challenges in scientific communication. I explore ways of introducing an audience to an unfamiliar world through narrative and play. For example, by setting up the rules of an unfamiliar world in an interactive way, especially through iterative problem solving, you can lead a novice audience to a nuanced understanding of that world's complexity without overloading information. These strategies can enhance communication of scientific research in any format.
Attitude and Orbit Control Result of Super Low Altitude Test Satellite “TSUBAME'' (SLATS)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Super Low Altitude Test Satellite (SLATS) nicknamed "TSUBAME'' was successfully launched on December 23, 2017. The purposes of SLATS are 1) Test of keeping satellite's altitude with its own ion engine against high atmospheric drag at super low altitude, 2) Data acquisition of atmospheric density and atomic oxygen, and 3) Test of optical earth observations. SLATS operation was finished on October 1, 2019. SLATS got following results in terms of the attitude and orbit control. 1) Orbit transfer from initial orbit which is 643 Χ 450km elliptic and descending node local sun time (LST) 10:30 orbit to initial super low altitude orbit which is 271.5km circle and LST 16:00 orbit using a chemical gas jet system (RCS) and an atmospheric drag for about one year, 2) Altitude keeping at 271.5, 216.8km altitude for 38days respectively and at 250, 240, 230, 181.1, 167.4km altitude for 7days respectively, 3) Guidance and longitude keeping at 271.5km/1day, 216.8km/5days and 181.1km/3 days recurrent orbits. This paper shows the on-orbit results in terms of the attitude and orbit control of SLATS.
Urban-Metabolic Farming Modules on Rooftops for Eco-Resilient Farmscape

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The scarcity of land resources and food security challenges have prompted more effective uses of the rooftop as well as façade spaces in the urban city of Singapore. Urban rooftop spaces are used for mechanical and electrical (M&E) amenities such as air-conditioning cooling units and water tanks, so the spacious span of the roof area on HDB flats in Singapore is not available. Urban-metabolic farming modules (UmFm) built on 1.5 to 2 m terrace-step terrains have been modelled using BIM Revit to mimic such constraints in rooftop spaces. CFD simulation was conducted for the structure with consideration of the prevailing wind directions at different months of the year. The airflow with the inclusion of mesh netting and varying tiltings of the polycarbonate side façade was simulated to understand their impact on airflow in the growth envelope of the UmFm units under different prevailing wind directions. The amount of solar irradiance received by the crops at different heights in the UmFm due to the sun’s path, and shading of crops grown on the A-frame, was studied using Climate Studio. A comparative verification was done with a scaffold modular unit mounted with temperature, humidity, airflow, and Photosynthesis Photon Flux Density (PPFD) sensors. The digital model of the UmFm unit enables a prior assessment of site feasibility before actual physical implementation on an existing rooftop. It also facilitates plug and play for the UmFm unit to generate an eco-resilient farmscape for an urban city.
Airline seat management with round-trip requests

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Consider a multi-period multi-fare class airline booking problem related to a two-leg airline network. Travel requests include outbound, inbound trip, and round trips. The round-trip refers to a journey comprising both outbound and inbound trips. To develop a dynamic-nested booking decision-making system for the airline network, this study designs a dynamic model that enables the airline reservations system to devise a set of dynamic decision rules for any given booking status. The booking process is found to be controlled by some set of booking thresholds.
[Ablation of venous valves with Nd-Yag laser--an alternative to conventional valvulotomy?].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The careful removal of venous valves during in situ venous bypass procedures is a problem that has not been completely solved. In this experimental study, valve ablation with the Nd-Yag laser was compared with conventional valvulotomy. The investigation was performed in vitro using human vein segments with a length of 20 cm. Conventional valvulotomy was performed 16 times, 20 valves were removed with a 400 mu-fibre and 26 with the hot tip. The results were evaluated by endoscopy, light and electron microscopy. There were no vein perforations with the valvulotome and the hot tip. Endothelial damage was documented in 85% with the valvulotome and was reduced significantly to 58% with the 400 mu-fibre. With the hot tip endothelial lesions were seen in only 30%. Valve remnants were always present with the valvulotome and in no more than 15% with the hot tip. Electron microscopy supported these results in general. There was no endothelial damage in 69%.
Strategies and Challenges of Tourist Facilities Management in the World Heritage Site: Case of the Maritime Greenwich, London

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

the World Heritage Site status is transforming into a highly priced honor in terms of destination branding and attracting diversified types of tourists. this study is based on the opinions of these tourists at Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site (MGWHS). the first objective is to identify these tourists' satisfaction with existing facilities and their management. the second objective is to find out any lack of facilities and to suggest ways of overcoming this. Following the qualitative research method, this explanatory case study depends on primary data collection through semistructured interviews. the results exhibit a gap between perception and expectation of the tourists. the results also demonstrate the need for recuperating the building and management of tourist facilities without disturbing the architectural and natural aesthetics. Areas identified for attention include the sanitation, resting places, catering, facilities for the disabled or parents with infants, and the multilingual directional signage.
Development and evaluation of in situ gelling system for treatment of periodontitis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Tinidazole is well reported for the treatment of pe riodontal disease, they have better penetration int o periodontal tissues, minimal bacterial resistance as compared t o many of the other drugs used for the treatment. Isitu gelforming systems are viscous liquids that shift to a gel phase upon exposure to physiological condition s. Tinidazole periodontal gel was prepared by different concentra tions of Carbopol 934 (pH sensitive). All the prepa red formulations were evaluated for appearance, pH, vis cosity, Gelling capacity, % drug content, syringeab ility, % drug release and effect of sterilization. By compatibili ty study drug was found to be compatible with formu lation excipients. pH and Viscosity of all prepared formul ations was found in the range of 3.34- 3.89 and 310 -692 centipoise respectively. All the formulations exce pt C7 and C8 show satisfactory syringeability. The developed formulations showed satisfactory results for pH, vi scosity, Drug content, in-vitro gelling capacity, rand other physical properties. Based on maximum desirab ility and cost effectiveness formulation containing 0.6% carbopol 934 was considered as an optimized batch.
An analysis of some aspects of the defence of provocation in homicide

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It may well be wondered why it should be thought necessary or desirable to undertake now the review of an area of the law which was the subject of consideration and statutory modification a mere ten years ago. Had any change been necessary, it could have been accomplished then. In fact, the circumstances in which the Crimes Act was passed in 1961 have altered subsequently in three ways which, in combination, call into question once more the purpose and bases of the whole doctrine.
Vapor‐Liquid equilibria for five cryogenic mixtures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Phase equilibrium data have been obtained for the binary systems nitrogen‐argon and nitrogen‐carbon monoxide at 83.82°K. and for the systems nitrogen‐methane, argon‐methane, and carbon monoxide‐methane at 9.67°K. Total pressures and compositions of both phases were measured. Parameters have been calculated for the Redlich‐Kister and Wilson equations for the excess Gibbs energies of the mixtures. The data are thermodynamically consistent within experimental error.
Residual Ga2O3 and Cs contribution to increase in maximum quantum efficiency of NEA-GaAs surface formed through two-step thermal cleaning process

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We investigated the relationship between increased maximum quantum efficiency (QE) for negative electron affinity (NEA)-GaAs, thermal cleaning (TC) conditions, and residual species on the GaAs surface. Maximum QE increased with thermal cleaning at 500–600℃ for ∼8.5 min, and was closely related to the amount of Ga2O3 on the GaAs surface. Moreover, the results of QE spectra showed that the increased maximum QE occurred only in lower energy range. These results suggest that the number of Cs-O dipoles required to reduce the vacuum level below the conduction band minimum increased more than usual on the NEA surface owing to Ga2O3 formed by the first NEA activation and TC. However, when TC was performed at temperatures where Ga2O3 was not formed, residual Cs-O compounds such as Cs-O and Cs-O-Ga facilitated NEA surface formation, but they might not affect the increase in the maximum QE.
Efficient surface reconstruction from range curves

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose an approach for surface reconstruction of free-form rigid objects from an arbitrary set of intersecting range curves. A strategy for updating the reconstructed surface during data acquisition is described as well. Geometric and color information is accumulated in a volumetric structure in which a vector field is built and updated. Moreover, the information that is needed for efficient curve registration is directly available in this vector field. This leads to a unified modeling approach combining surface reconstruction and curve registration. The algorithm implementing the approach is of linear complexity with respect to the number of input curves and makes it suitable for interactive modeling. A compression scheme based on a multiresolution decomposition of vector fields is introduced as well. Simulated data from a set of curvilinear patterns as well as data acquired with a hand-held range sensor are used to validate the approach.
Changes in the dopaminergic system in the hypothalamus and midbrain of rats at chronic complex alcohol-morphine intoxication

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Recently, there have been more and more indications of alcoholic pathology burdened by drug use and vice versa. It is evident that the dopamine system plays an important role in the development of addiction when using drugs and alcohol. Experimentally, the long-term combined effect of psychoactive substances on neuromendatory changes in the dopaminergic system in the brain is poorly understood and requires more detailed consideration.The aim of the study was to examine the changes in the dopaminergic system in the hypothalamus and midbrain of rats during chronic alcohol intoxication, as well as a complex administration of morphine and ethanol.The experiments were carried out on white outbred male rats. Using the HPLC method, the levels of dopamine and its metabolites were determined in the regions of the brain during chronic alcohol intoxication, as well as with a combined administration of morphine and ethanol with various durations (7, 14 and 21 days).Chronic alcohol intoxication led to the signs of acceleration of the dopamine turnover only in the hypothalamus on the 7th and 14th days and its accumulation during three weeks of alcoholization. In the midbrain, a decrease in the concentration of the neurotransmitter was revealed when ethanol was injected for 7 days. Co-administration of surfactants was accompanied by slightly different changes: complex 7- and 21-day alcohol-morphine intoxication is accompanied by the dopamine accumulation in the hypothalamus and the decrease in the neurotransmitter turnover in the midbrain on the 14th and 21st days.