jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Associaton between exposure to particulate matter and admissions for respiratory diseases in adults aged 50 years and over

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Air pollution is responsible for causing damage to the respiratory tract, leading to hospitalizations and deaths due to exposure. The objective was estimate the association between exposure to particulate matter (PM10) and hospital admissions for respiratory disease in adults aged over 50 years, living in Taubaté (SP). It was an ecological time series study, conducted from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2016, using the daily hospitalizations for respiratory diseases (ICD-10: J00-J99) available in DATASUS site, the daily levels of pollutants (PM10, CO, NO2, O3), and temperature and relative air, available in CETESB site. The average daily admissions was 1.3 (SD=1.35; min 0, max 8.). The multipollutant model, the hospital admissions were associated with exposure to PM10 at lag 3 (RR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01-1.03), lag 4 (RR=1.03, 95%CI: 1.01-1.04), lag 5 (RR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01-1.04), lag 6 (RR=1.02, 95%CI: 1.01-1.03) and lag 7 (RR=1.02; 95%CI: 1.01-1.03). The increase of 5µg/m³ PM10 concentation increased in 8.5 to 11.7 percentage points the risk of hospitalizations.
Enhanced Biosynthesis of 6’-Sialyllactose in Escherichia coli via Systematic Metabolic Engineering

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

6'-Sialyllactose (6'-SL), a sialylated oligosaccharide belonging to human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), finds extensive applications in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and particularly in infant nutrition and dietary supplements. In this study, Escherichia coli K12 MG1655 was subjected to metabolic engineering to enhance 6'-SL biosynthesis. Initial pathway optimization involved the deletion of competing metabolic pathway genes (nanATEK, nagAB, and lacZ). Following overexpression of NmCSS and Pd2,6ST, an initial titer of 0.98 g/L was achieved. Subsequent combinatorial expression of heterologous enzymes from diverse microbial sources increased the yield to 1.26 g/L. Through systematic optimization of promoter strength and ribosome binding site (RBS) elements, the 6'-SL titer was further elevated to 2.41 g/L. Implementation of structure-guided mutagenesis on both key enzymes resulted in a significant yield improvement to 4.27 g/L. Final engineering strategies included overexpression of rate-limiting enzymes in the CTP biosynthesis pathway. The engineered strain demonstrated a production capacity of 4.92 g/L in shake-flask cultures. We transferred the strain to a 5-L fermenter and achieved a final 6'-SL production of 12.82 g/L after 76 h of cultivation, demonstrating a 13-fold enhancement compared to the initial shake-flask culture.
Improving interventions for the long-run : a systematic literature analysis of interventions for residential energy consumption reduction using a theory of motivation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To address climate change, global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the residential building sector, accounting for 39% in Sweden, need to reduce. While technological improvements and behavioural change are two commonly used strategies, the former is limited by rebound effects that range from 15-20% in Sweden. Focussing on individual behaviour is imperative. While Psychology (behavioural-based) and Sociology (practice-based) offer distinct understandings on unsustainable energy consumption and design of interventions, one, called feedback has been identified to be effective, albeit limited by lack of motivation and (in)ability to produce long-term reductions. To overcome these, use of additional motivational strategies have been recommended. As no specific theory of motivation has been used to investigate interventions, this thesis used the Theory of Self-determination (SDT) to investigate how interventions from both behavioural-based and practice-based approaches motivate resident individuals to reduce energy consumption for long-term reductions, and reductions in rebound effects. Specifically, it asked what co-occurrences exist between the fulfilment of three psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) and long-term reductions. It used a systematic literature review to analyse 40 studies including peer-reviewed studies (past 10 years) and grey literature that evaluated changes in energy consumption using an intervention involving feedback in the residential context. Ten interventions were classified into four different levels of extrinsic motivations. No studies using interventions from practice-based approach or aiming at reducing rebound effects were found. Most studies used behavioural-based approach but some gave considerations to practice-based elements. Long-term reductions were found to co-occur with the fulfilment of psychological needs (autonomy, competence and relatedness) although only six studies reported long-term reductions. Conversely, a lack of fulfilment of psychological needs was found to co-occur with fall-back to higher consumption in the long-term. Based on the data, how the fulfilment of needs should be done is stressed. Autonomy should be taken into account as interventions themselves either support or thwart autonomy, specifically rewards that were found to reduce autonomy and co-occurred with fall-back on high consumption in the long-term. Competence support can be enhanced through improving feedback that meets the informational and motivational needs of individuals. Further, group-based interventions can play a greater role as they provide more opportunities to support relatedness and motivation. Lastly, taking a practice-based approach can improve the design of interventions, especially with respect to rebound effects as practice-based approaches take a richer account of different factors (material, embodied skills and meanings) that are suggested to better support need fulfilment.
Territorial Government

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Federal Republic of Germany's establishment can be seen as resting upon three fundamental principles: parliamentary democracy, the rule of law (which also sets down certain social responsibilities in the sozialer Rechtsstaat, Social constitutional state) and a federal system of government. The practice of all three principles has evolved over the period since 1949. In the case of federalism the changes have been particularly great and have led some observers to question whether the very principle of federalism has been undermined.
A REVIEW AND COMPARISON OF TESTS OF CROSS‐SECTION INDEPENDENCE IN PANELS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this paper we review and compare diagnostic tests of cross‐section independence in the disturbances of panel regression models. We examine tests based on the sample pairwise correlation coefficient or on its transformations, and tests based on the theory of spacings. The ultimate goal is to shed some light on the appropriate use of existing diagnostic tests for cross‐equation error correlation. Our discussion is supported by means of a set of Monte Carlo experiments and a small empirical study on health. Results show that tests based on the average of pairwise correlation coefficients work well when the alternative hypothesis is a factor model with non‐zero mean loadings. Tests based on spacings are powerful in identifying various forms of strong cross‐section dependence, but have low power when they are used to capture spatial correlation.
New fossil material of Equicalastrobus (Equisetales) and associated leaves from the Late Triassic of Baojishan basin, Gansu Province, China

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A new species of Equicalastrobus pusillus L. Zhang et D.F. Yan sp. nov. and associated leaves Schizoneura koningensis were reported from the Late Triassic of Baojishan basin, Gansu Province, China. Cones found here were spicate, with peltate discs surrounding the axis, and the leaf-like umbo projections were identifiably smaller in size compared to the type species. Sporangiophores showed a loose arrangement implying the cones had been expanded before they were buried. Associated leaves were attributed to Schizoneura koningensis, due to their characteristic features. In order to discuss the relationship of fertile genus Equicalastrobus with other Equisetales cones, a clustering analysis on characters of reproductive organs covering 46 equisetalean cones (14 extant and 32 extinct) was performed. The character matrix was based on 36 discrete characters and 6 continuous characters. According to the clustering result, it was suggested that the new species, as well as the genus Equicalastrobus had a closer relationship with Equisetum-type cones, rather than Calamites-type cones. The co-occurrence of the two genera, Equicalastrobus and Schizoneura, demonstrated a wide distribution of equisetaleans with a rich and diverse morphology around the Triassic World.
Chronic Cutaneous Herpes Simplex

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recurrent herpes simplex infection, usually benign and self-limited, can present as a chronic destructive process. Three such cases are presented in detail, and a fourth probable case, but without cultural documentation, is briefly described. These have in common, with seven previously reported cases, some form of immunologic impairment. Particular reference is made to the striking incidence of chronic herpes simplex in renal transplant patients undergoing immunosuppression and to the association of the infection with steroid therapy. Topical treatment with idoxuridine was apparently beneficial in two of the four patients.
Malfunctioning Affective Infrastructures

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Smoothly functioning infrastructures are “unnoticeable”; they attract attention upon a breakdown. When infrastructure does not function as intended, it does not stop working altogether. Rather, it functions in unprecedented ways. This article argues that in the process of malfunctioning, infrastructure not only facilitates engagement, but also produces an affect. This ethnography shows how the “broken road” ( razbitaia doroga ) in rural postindustrial Eastern Siberia becomes a site around which belonging and relating unfold. The broken road functions as infrastructure acquiring a capacity to be affective precisely as it malfunctions. The affect that people experience in connection to the malfunctioning piece of infrastructure has components of anger and annoyance, a sense of unity, sociality, and camaraderie, as well as the feelings of belonging to a certain group.
Application of a Nitric Oxide-Releasing Pro-drug for Halting Growth of Human Breast and Canine Mammary Carcinoma Cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Breast carcinomas remain one of the most common forms of cancer among women.Likewise, mammary cancers are one of the leading causes of death in dogs.Among the principal challenges in tumor therapies, resistance to cytotoxic therapeutics represents a major bottleneck in the fight against cancer.The development of novel delivery methods for nitric oxide has fueled the re-emergence of nitric oxide as a potential adjuvant for enhancing sensitivity of cancer cells to traditional therapeutics.More importantly, when delivered under the right conditions, nitric oxide exhibits the capacity to reduce or altogether halt tumor cell proliferation.Here, we present a new class of nitric oxide-releasing pro-drugs using non-cytotoxic S-nitrosothiol nitric oxide donors to deliver nitric oxide in a controlled manner to halt the growth of both human breast and canine mammary carcinoma cells.
Functional Biomembranes for Transistor-Based Chemical and Biological Sensing

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Transistor-based platforms offer several advantages for chemical and biological sensing application over conventional electrochemical systems, including enhanced sensitivity, portability, cost-effectiveness, and biocompatibility. However, these devices often require functionalization with specific recognition units, introducing challenges related to the chemical stability of conjugated units, their conformation, and Debye length effects. Lipid-based biomembranes, particularly supported lipid bilayers (SLBs), can mimic the native architecture of cell membranes, acting as biointerfaces that facilitate signal transduction between extra- and intracellular environments. They also provide selective permeability to ions, specificity to biochemicals, as well as ease of integration with diverse materials. Over the past two decades, researchers have focused on integrating biomembranes with transistor platforms to advance bioelectronic sensing technologies and enhance the understanding and monitoring of biological processes. This review explores integrating various lipid-based biomembrane types with transistor-based devices. We review fundamental techniques for producing and characterizing biomembranes, the advantages and limitations of different transistor types, and their working principles in biomembrane-based systems. Additionally, we highlight recent developments in biomembrane-integrated sensing platforms, including their incorporation into transistor architectures, further functionalization with biorecognition units, and applications in detecting analytes.
Aural cuing as a stimulus for revision of expository composition at the grade-eleven level

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the study was to examine the effect on the expository writing of grade-eleven students of an aural revision cue. 162 students were randomly assigned to three treatment groups and were asked to produce three drafts of an expository composition. The first treatment group had access to its first draft while composing the second draft; the second group reread its first draft prior to redrafting, but did not have access to the first draft while rewriting; the third group had access to a recording of the first draft, but not to the written first draft. For the third draft, all groups had access to both their previous drafts. The results showed that those subjects who received an aural cue produced significantly better final drafts than those students who redrafted using the traditional visual stimulus—their previous draft. Furthermore, the former diagnosed significantly more text-base errors in their compositions, and when revising executed significantly more changes affecting meaning, both at the paragraph and the macrotext level. The experimental group diagnosed and executed significantly fewer cosmetic changes. Additionally, the experimental group employed significantly more parallel and extended parallel topical progressions than did the control group. Treatment group two did not perform significantly better than treatment group one which received the traditional graphic cue. However, the subjects of treatment groups two and three had a common reaction to the absence of their first draft text: they were cautious and critical in their evaluations of their second drafts. The subjects of treatment group one, in marked contrast, gave very positive evaluations after the first revision session. Despite a stated dislike of the experimental treatment, the E.S.L. subjects of treatment group three achieved double the quality increase of the E.S.L. students in treatment group one. Interviews conducted with subjects of the experimental treatment support the notion that such a stimulus may serve as a powerful heuristic for revision. Students commented on the potential usefulness of the aural cue for overcoming textual saliency, for achieving a sense of distance from their work and a sense of audience, and for diagnosing problems of logic and meaning in their work.
Effect of addition of alumina and rare-earth oxide particles on the corrosion resistance and mechanism of low carbon low alloy steel

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The corrosion mechanism of the low carbon low alloy steel with Al 2 O 3 particles and rare Earth (RE) oxide particles was compared in a simulated marine environment. It is shown that when the Al 2 O 3 -containing particles are introduced, the number density of nonmetallic particles of the steel increases twice, and the average particle size decreases from approximately 2.4 μ m to 1.4 μ m. With the introduction of Al 2 O 3 -containing particles, the amount of pitting corrosion increases. Furthermore, pitting corrosion occurs more uniformly owing to the fineness of the Al 2 O 3 particles, thereby leading to smaller, shallower pits after the Al 2 O 3 particles are shed. Hence, the corrosion performance of the steel with Al 2 O 3 particles is significantly improved than that of the steel without Al 2 O 3 particles. By adding RE oxide particles into steel, the nonmetallic particles in steel are refined but not as effectively as that achieved by adding the Al 2 O 3 -containing particles. Different from Al 2 O 3 particles, Cu is obviously enriched in the location of RE oxide particles at the initial corrosion stage, which makes the steel exhibit the best corrosion resistance. Cu enrichment is attributed to the mobile Cu present in the rust layer and to the micro acid region formed around the RE oxide particles.
The Role of EMMPRIN in Tumor Angiogenesis and Metastasis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A critical step in trumorigenesis is proteolytic modification of the peri-cellular matrix surrounding tumor cells by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Stromal cells associated with tumors are responsible for the production of most tumor MMPs. Studies from our laboratory and those of our collaborators have shown that EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer), a tumor cell surface glycoprotein, stimulates the production of several MMPs by fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Antisense cDNA and ribozyme constructs were utilized in an attempt to inhibit EMMPRIN expression in TA3/ST cells, a murine breast carcinoma cell line. These constructs were not efficient in blocking EMMPRIN expression and consequently, were inactive in vivo. However, transfection and injection experiments done in collaboration with Dr. Stanley Zucker have shown that MDA-MB-436 human breast cancer cells transfected with GFP-EMMPRIN produce much larger tumors in nude mice than vector-transfected cells. These same EMMPRIN- transfected cells become more invasive than their control counterparts both in vivo and in a Boyden chamber invasion assay and they exhibit enhanced levels of MMP-2. To confirm this invasive phenotype and extend this phenomenon to non-cancerous cells, we have employed a Matrigel invasion chamber assay. MDA-MB-436, MCF-7 (mammary carcinoma) and MDCK (canine kidney epithelial) cells were either transfected with EMMPRIN or infected with a full-length EMMPRIN recombinant adenovims and then placed in the Matrigel chambers for 24 for 48 hours. The number of cells that invaded were then counted and compared with controls. In each case, elevated EMMPRIN expression corresponded to increased invasiveness over controls. We will further explore this avenue with MCF10A and HMT-3522 Sl cells (mammary epithelial cells) as well as determine an elevation in MMPs corresponding with this phenotype.
The Experience of Nurses Providing Home Nursing Care to Oldest Old Persons Living Alone in Rural Areas—An Interview Study

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

The rapidly increasing population of older persons worldwide, and the fact that the majority of them want to continue living in their own homes, mean there is a growing focus on home based care. Because of this, it is necessary to increase the number of studies, including rural areas, as earlier studies are sparse. Rural areas cannot be seen as a homogeneous phenomenon, meaning more research is needed to increase knowledge about cultural differences in rural areas. The aim of this study was therefore to describe registered nurses’ experiences of providing home nursing care to oldest old persons living alone in rural areas. A sample of 15 registered nurses in rural South Sami areas was chosen for this study, 13 women and 2 men. Narrative interviews were conducted, and qualitative content analysis was used to interpret the data. The analysis revealed four themes and eight subthemes in addition to a core-theme. The latent meaning of the themes “Feeling responsible”, “Trying to accommodate”, “Being challenged” and “Feeling significant” formed the core-theme: contradictions between nurses’ ideals of being professional and the reality faced in rural home nursing care with close social relationships. The findings in this study showed that the experiences of providing home nursing care in rural areas to oldest old persons were multifaceted and altering, as well as emotionally and socially contradictory.
MIMIR: Deep Regression for Automated Analysis of UK Biobank Body MRI

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

UK Biobank (UKB) conducts large-scale examinations of more than half a million volunteers, collecting health-related information on genetics, lifestyle, blood biochemistry, and more. Medical imaging of 100,000 subjects, with 70,000 follow-up sessions, enables measurements of organs, muscle, and body composition. With up to 170,000 mounting MR images, various methodologies are accordingly engaged in large-scale image analysis. This work presents an experimental inference engine that can automatically predict a comprehensive profile of subject metadata from UKB neck-to-knee body MRI. It was evaluated in cross-validation for baseline characteristics such as age, height, weight, and sex, but also measurements of body composition, organ volumes, and abstract properties like grip strength, pulse rate, and type 2 diabetic status. It predicted subsequently released test data covering twelve body composition metrics with a 3% median error. The proposed system can automatically analyze one thousand subjects within ten minutes, providing individual confidence intervals. The underlying methodology utilizes convolutional neural networks for image-based mean-variance regression on two-dimensional representations of the MRI data. This work aims to make the proposed system available for free to researchers, who can use it to obtain fast and fully-automated estimates of 72 different measurements immediately upon release of new UKB image data.
Ultrastructural studies on the pancreatic acini in duck (Anas boscas) and pigeon (Columba livia)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The aim of this research work was to study the histological structure of the pancreatic acini by transmission electron microscope in two avian species, duck and pigeon. The specimens were collected and processed for electron microscopic study. The results showed that the acini of the two avian species were two types; the first one was an electron dense and the second one an electron lucent. The light acinar cells were larger in size than the dark cells. These cells contained centrally located ovoid nuclei with prominent nucleoli and abundant euchromatin. The cytoplasm was electron lucent, with many rough endoplasmic reticulum, polymorphic mitochondria. Numerous zymogen granules were distributed in the basal part and around the nucleus, so these cells considered active cells. The dark acinar cells were characterized by an electron dense cytoplasm. The most prominent cell organelle in these cells were the zymogen granules that appeared in different sizes while other organelles as mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum were inconspicuous or few, so these cells were considered as inactive cells. The nucleus with indented nuclear membrane located centrally with prominent nucleoli and abundant heterochromatin. Prominent intercellular spaces between the individual acinar cells, as well as well‐developed basement membrane separating the electron dense cells and the lumen contained the secretion between acinar cells. It could be concluded that the acinar cells in ducks and pigeons were divided into two types, that is, light and dark acinar cells which mainly attributed to the activity of these cells.