jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Antitumor efficacy of Urtica sp. leaves extract: in vitro and in vivo studies

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Natural products demonstrated potential for use in medicine and pharmaceuticals. Objective: This study evaluated the phytochemical composition of Urtica sp. leaves extract (USLE), and its in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects. Methods: HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell lines were used to evaluate the IC50, apoptosis, and cell cycle analysis of USLE. Forty female CD-1 mice were equally divided as follows; Gp1 was control; Gp2, Gp3, and Gp4 were inoculated with 1 × 106 of Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma (EAC)-cells/mouse. Then, Gp3 had injected with Cisplatin (2 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p). Gp4 had injected with USLE (100 mg/kg) i.p. as in Gp3. Total tumor volume, total tumor cell count, and live and dead EAC-cells were determined, also biochemical and histopathological investigations were evaluated. Results: Data showed that the USLE had cytotoxic and antitumor effects against the HepG-2, MCF-7, and EAC-bearing mice. Biochemical and histopathological investigations showed an improvement in the liver and kidney tissues upon treatment of EAC-bearing mice with USLE. Conclusion: The results showed that the USLE can stop tumor growth and cause tumor cells to die.
Secure Routing Protocol based Trust for Ad Hoc Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An ad hoc network is a kind of wireless network without centralized administration or fixed network infrastructure, in which nodes perform routing discovery and routing maintenance in a self-organized way. However, this flexible network topology introduces a lot of security problems and the existing routing protocols for ad hoc networks such as AODV has no effective measures to prevent themselves from being attacked. Some researchers have proposed several secure routing protocols to protect the ad hoc networks. But most of these secure routing protocols need some centralized units or some trusted third parties to issue digital certificates or monitor network traffics, which actually destroy the self-organization nature of ad hoc networks. In this paper, we propose a secure routing protocol based on our trust mechanism. Each node in this ad hoc network has its opinions about some other nodes' trustworthiness, which are obtained by directly communicating with other nodes or by combining other nodes' recommendations. Then the node will decide whether to exchange routing information with another according to its opinion about that nodes' trustworthiness.
Evaluation of knowledge management processes in higher education institutions

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In the context of transformations, knowledge management appears to be an effective and efficient instrument for increasing sustainable organisational performance.Inappropriately formed knowledge strategies and selected knowledge management decisions might have destructive consequences for an organisation.Knowledge management can be analysed through a process-oriented approach that supports organisations in applying knowledge strategy for implementing a knowledge management cycle consisting of various knowledge management processes.Also, it can be viewed as a valuable instrument for evaluating a set of individual, organisational, and technological factors affecting the knowledge management cycle leading to improved organisational performance.Nevertheless, despite the potential benefits that can be realised by implementing the knowledge management cycle and the relatively significant number of studies pertaining to the knowledge management concept, there is a scarcity of research and a limited number of studies analysing how knowledge management processes can affect sustainable organisational performance in the higher education field, especially in such developing countries as Lebanon and Syria.The main purpose of this study was to develop and empirically approve a research model for evaluating knowledge management processes in higher education institutions operating in Lebanon and Syria that contribute to sustainable organisational performance.The research methods were scientific literature review, survey, expert evaluation, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM).The research model integrates individual (motivation, learning, and trust), organisational (motivation system, top management support, and organisational structure) and technological (ICT infrastructure and technologically-enabled social networks) factors influencing knowledge management processes (knowledge acquisition, storage, sharing, application, and creation), and assesses the influence of these processes on three indicators of sustainable organisational performance: innovation, quality and operational aspects.The findings revealed that the evaluation of individual, organisational and technological factors, specifically motivation, learning, trust, motivation system, top management support, organisational structure, ICT infrastructure, and technologically-enabled social networks, which are related to the knowledge management cycle involving five knowledge management processes (knowledge acquisition, storage, sharing, application, and creation), is significant to develop evaluation metrics for their consistent improvement, as well as the achievement of sustainable organisational performance in higher education institutions.vi ReziumėTransformacijų kontekste žinių valdymas gali būti veiksminga priemonė tvariai organizacijos veiklai didinti.Netinkamai suformuotos žinių strategijos ir pasirinkti žinių valdymo sprendimai gali turėti destruktyvių pasekmių organizaci-
Defined Contribution Plans, Defined Benefit Plans, and the Accumulation of Retirement Wealth

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The private pension structure in the United States, once dominated by defined benefit (DB) plans, is currently divided between defined contribution (DC) and DB plans.Wealth accumulation in DC plans depends on the participant's contribution behavior and on financial market returns, while accumulation in DB plans is sensitive to a participant's labor market experience and to plan parameters.This paper simulates the distribution of retirement wealth, as well as the average level of such wealth, under representative DB and DC plans.The analysis considers the role of asset returns, earnings histories, and retirement plan characteristics using data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).To simulate wealth in DC plans, individuals are randomly assigned a share of wages that they and their employer contribute to the plan.The analysis considers several possible asset allocation strategies, with asset returns drawn from the historical return distribution.The DB plan simulations draw earnings histories from the HRS, and randomly assign each individual a pension plan drawn from a sample of large private and public defined benefit plans.The simulations yield distributions of both DC and DB wealth at retirement as well as estimates of the certainty-equivalent wealth associated with representative DB and DC pension structures.The results suggest that average retirement wealth accruals under current DC plans exceed average accruals under private sector DB plans, although the heterogeneity in both types of plans implies many deviations from this rule.The comparison of current DC plans with more generous public sector DB plans is less definitive, because public sector DB plans are more generous on average than their private sector counterparts.The ranking of the expected value of retirement wealth accruals, and the certainty equivalent of those accruals, for these two classes of plans is sensitive to assumptions about the asset allocation rules of the DC plan participant.
Photoluminescence energy and fine structure splitting in single quantum dots by uniaxial stress

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report a photoluminescence (PL) energy red-shift of single quantum dots (QDs) by applying an in-plane compressive uniaxial stress along the [110] direction at a liquid nitrogen temperature. Uniaxial stress has an effect not only on the confinement potential in the growth direction which results in the PL shift, but also on the cylindrical symmetry of QDs which can be reflected by the change of the full width at half maximum of PL peak. This implies that uniaxial stress has an important role in tuning PL energy and fine structure splitting of QDs.
Ambisense gene expression from recombinant rabies virus: random packaging of positive- and negative-strand ribonucleoprotein complexes into rabies virions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have recovered from cDNA a rabies virus (RV) containing identical, transcriptionally active promoters at its genome (negative-strand) and antigenome RNA and directing efficient expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene from the antigenome. Transcription of the antigenome CAT gene was terminated by a modified RV gene junction able to mediate transcription stop and polyadenylation but not reinitiation of downstream transcripts. While in standard RV-infected cells genome and antigenome RNAs were present in a 49:1 ratio, the ambisense virus directed synthesis of equal amounts of genome and antigenome RNA (1:1). Total replicative synthesis was reduced by a factor of less than 2, revealing an unexpectedly high level of replication activity of the transcriptionally active promoter in the absence of the parental antigenome promoter. Successful packaging of ambisense ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) into virions demonstrated that the parental 5' end of the RV genome RNA does not contain putative signals required for incorporation into virions. As determined both for standard RV and ambisense RV, virus particles contained genome and antigenome RNPs in the same ratios as those present in infected cells (49:1 and 1:1, respectively), indicating indiscriminate incorporation of RNPs independent of signals in the RNA. Ambisense expression of multiple foreign genes from RV vectors may circumvent problems with transcriptional attenuation of rhabdovirus housekeeping genes.
Novelty Seeking and Reward: Implications for the Study of High-Risk Behaviors

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Novelty seeking and sensation seeking are constructs useful in predicting human risk-taking behaviors. This predictive relation purportedly reflects some rewarding aspect of experiencing novelty. Research has confirmed this assumption. Rats display an increase in preference for an environment that has been differentially paired with novel stimuli. The physiological mechanisms mediating this rewarding effect of novelty involve the neurotransmitter dopamine, whereas those controlling novelty seeking do not. The mechanisms involved in drug seeking and reward show parallel dissociations. This concordance between novelty and drug-abuse research suggests that novelty and drug stimuli may interact in biologically and behaviorally meaningful ways. Indeed, preliminary research examining cocaine and novelty and published work with amphetamines support this suggestion. There is clear need for further systematic research on novelty reward and related processes at all levels of analysis: genetic, biological, behavioral, and social.
Transcutaneous Monitoring of Carbon Dioxide Tension After Cardiothoracic Surgery in Infants and Children

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this prospective investigation, we evaluated the efficacy and accuracy of transcutaneous monitoring of CO2 (TC-CO2) in infants and children after cardiothoracic surgery. Cardiothoracic surgery patients whose ETCO2 and arterial CO2 values did not correlate (gradient >or=to5 mm Hg) during the first postoperative hour underwent placement of the TC electrode (30 of 33 patients). If the TC-CO2 to arterial difference was >or=to5 mm Hg, the TC-CO2 electrode was recalibrated and reapplied on another site. If the discrepancy was still >or=to5 mm Hg, the case was considered a clinical failure and no further data were collected (3 of 30 patients). If the arterial to TC gradient was <5 mm Hg, the patient was included in the data collection (27 of 30 patients). One to five sample sets (TC and arterial CO2) were collected from these patients. Statistical analysis included linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman analysis. The cohort for the study included 27 patients ranging in age from 2 days to 9 yr and in weight from 3.2 to 25 kg. A total of 101 sample sets were analyzed. The mean +/- SD absolute difference between the TC-CO (2) and arterial CO2 was 1.7 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (range 0-9 mm Hg). The TC-CO2 to arterial CO2 difference was 0-2 mm Hg in 82 of 101 values (81%), 3-5 mm Hg in 18 of 101 values (18%), and >6 mm Hg in 1 of 101 values (1%). Linear regression analysis revealed a slope of 0.90, an r value of 0.9410, and an r2 value of 0.8854 (P < 0.0001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias of 0.58 mm Hg with a precision of +/- 2.1 mm Hg when comparing the TC-CO2 with the arterial CO2. Implications: We conclude that, with certain caveats in mind, including the need to correlate the transcutaneous CO2 with an initial arterial CO2 value, transcutaneous CO (2) monitoring can be used to estimate arterial CO2 in most neonates and children after cardiothoracic surgery. (Anesth Analg 1999;88:531-4)
Characterization of Pitch Changes during Syllables

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<div><p>(A) Two examples of syllables, represented in terms of their sonogram (top member of each pair of panels) and the extracted pitch versus time (bottom member of pairs).</p>\n <p>(B) Plot of pitch at one time point versus the next time point (Δ<i>t</i> = 1.02 ms). All such pitch pairs in all syllables from a single trial with 750 syllables are shown, representing a total of 31,303 pitch changes. Particular pitch jumps are placed within the context of their individual syllables at right (top syllable, 98 ms in duration; bottom syllable, 33 ms in duration).</p>\n <p>(C) Pitch pairs analyzed for single 210-s trials from 45 different mice, containing in aggregate 15,543 syllables and over 600,000 pitch pairs. The distribution of pitch pairs is represented as a two-dimensional histogram; the correspondence between grayscale and number of observations is indicated in the color bar at right. Polygons define the clusters corresponding to the three jump types “u,” “h,” and “d.”</p>\n <p>(D) Numbers of each type of pitch jump per trial (45 mice, one trial each).</p></div>
Off the Mat: The Practice of Yoga and Mindfulness To Foster Hope and Resilience for Adolescents in Homes and Classrooms

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

An individual's sense of self and identity is a developmental cognition informed by the balance of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, proximal others, and systems of belief. Today's identity-seeking adolescent may internalize pressures and expectations from a growing base of social narratives that extends beyond the reach of family and friends. Cultivating daily practices that foster hope and resilience can support positive well-being outcomes for individuals, families, and communities who are faced with distress or traumatic events. Overall well-being within a classroom can be nourished through collaborative growth mindsets, positive coping skills, and cognitive reappraisals. Hope and resilience can be fostered through daily habits of awareness, gratitude, and simple meditation exercises. An off-the-mat approach to the practice of yoga-inspired philosophy can be used in the classroom or at home to support the skills necessary to foster the constructs of hope, develop resilience, and support flexible cognition that builds and sustains positive social, emotional, mental, and physical well-being.
“It’s Complicated”: The Intersect Between Psychiatric Disorders and Infertility

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The experience of Infertility is extremely stressful for all people. The goals of this chapter are to provide the mental health practitioner with an understanding of the relationship between infertility in men and women and psychiatric illnesses. Patients with a history of major depression are at an increased risk of recurrence of major depression during infertility evaluation and treatment, and women who have had recurrent miscarriages are especially high risk for depression. Some patients will need to continue their antidepressants during the infertility process and pregnancy, and in this chapter we will discuss the risks and benefits associated with antidepressants in this population. Research on the interaction of the infertility medications and bipolar disorder destabilization is lacking, but it is important for the mental health practitioner to recognize that the dramatic hormonal changes associated with ovarian stimulation may lead to increased lability, especially if the medications have the side effect of insomnia. While some mood stabilizers such as lamotrigine are considered relatively safe to take in pregnancy, others, such as valproic acid are associated with congenital abnormalities and should be discontinued. Personality disorder patients may also react to the stress of infertility treatment with primitive defenses that are difficult for the infertility treatment team to manage, such as acting out and splitting. In this chapter, we will discuss the intersection of personality disorders and psychiatry and we will also provide guidance about when to recommend that patients defer or stop infertility treatment due to psychiatric illnesses.
II-09 Immunologic properties of cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) patients refractory to antimalarials compared to patients that respond to antimalarials

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background

Two major therapies for cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE) are the antimalarials, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and quinacrine (QC). HCQ is often the first-line therapy for CLE, but only half of patients show a response to it. While some of the patients that do not initially respond to HCQ benefit from the addition of QC, there is a subset of patients that are refractory to both antimalarials. Refractoriness poses a huge challenge because these patients will often continue to have active disease when they are initially started on antimalarials. To better characterize these refractory patients, we investigated the immunologic characteristics of patients that respond to antimalarials versus those that do not.

Methods

CLE patients were classified as HCQ-responders, HCQ/QC-responders, or HCQ/QC-nonresponders. Immunohistochemistry was used to characterize the inflammatory cell composition and cytokine expression in lesional skin biopsies from patients. Total RNA was extracted from these biopsies to analyze specific gene signatures. The patient's CLASI score – a measure of disease activity – at the time of the biopsy was also determined.

Results

Immunohistochemistry showed that myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) were significantly higher in HCQ/QC-responders compared to HCQ-responders and HCQ/QC-nonresponders, while plasmacytoid dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and autoreactive T cells did not differ significantly among the three groups. The HCQ/QC-nonresponder group was distinct from the other groups in that their CLASI scores did correlate positively with the number of macrophages (p<0.05, figure 1). Staining also showed that IL-22 expression was significantly higher in HCQ/QC nonresponders versus the HCQ or HCQ/QC- responders while IL-17 expression was not significantly different between the responders and nonresponders. Analyzing the mRNA expression demonstrated a high type I IFN signature (LY6E, OAS1, ISG15, MX1) in HCQ-responders but a low type I IFN signature and higher TNF-alpha expression in both HCQ/QC-nonresponders and HCQ/QC-responders.

Conclusions

An increased number of mDCs may contribute to HCQ-refractoriness and predict a better response to treatment with both HCQ and QC but do not contribute to HCQ/QC-refractoriness. The significant correlation between macrophages and CLASI scores in the HCQ/QC-nonresponders, a finding not seen in either HCQ or HCQ/QC-responders, may also indicate that macrophages are more involved in antimalarial-refractory skin disease. The difference between the responders and nonresponders is further confirmed by the cytokine staining and mRNA expression. Our data is an initial step in determining the activation pathways that account for the lack of response to antimalarials.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health [K24 AR002207] and Veterans Affairs Merit Review [I01B × 000706] to Dr. Victoria Werth.
Modern China's cultural transformation – problems and prospects

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Modern China's cultural transformation has been a long, torturous, and complex process that even now has yet to come to a conclusion. Previous publications on China's intellectual and cultural history have touched on this issue to some extent, but there have been few wide‐ranging, focused, and systematic studies. This article is based on the author's systematic research into this question and argues that the Chinese people, burdened with the weight of a long history and with deeply ingrained cultural traditions, must negotiate the complexities and uncertainties of the present as they adapt to a new era and build a new culture. Questions of culture manifest themselves in many different ways: in distinctions between Eastern and Western culture and between “Chinese” and “barbarian”, in the different resources and possibilities inherent in ancient and modern culture, in the fate of China's ethnic minorities, and in the relationship between material and spiritual “civilization”. In addition, social conditions can pose almost insurmountable problems in the process of cultural transformation. These problems can only be solved when the whole nation is engaged in the practice of study and struggle, and the cultures of the world become more intimately linked through communication and the flow of ideas. Even then, solutions will not be quick in coming and the process of cultural change is necessarily gradual in nature. The transformation of China's culture in recent times and the modernization of the country as a whole are fundamentally concurrent processes that show a marked tendency towards globalization and individualism. Thus, externally, China must adhere to the idea of greater cultural openness while, internally, we must support the liberation of the people, and foster a positive creative spirit to the fullest potential.