jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Monolayer structure of tetracene on Cu (100) surface: Parallel geometry

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The geometrical arrangement of tetracene on Cu (100) surface at monolayer coverage is studied by using scanning tunneling microscopy measurement and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Tetracene molecule is found to be oriented with its molecular plane parallel to the substrate surface, and no perpendicular geometry is observed at this coverage. The molecule is aligned either in the [011] or [011¯] direction due to the fourfold symmetry of the Cu (100) surface. DFT calculations show that the molecule with the “flat-lying” mode has larger adsorption energy than that with the “upright standing” mode, indicating that the former is the more stable structure. With the flat-lying geometry, the carbon atoms prefer to be placed between surface Cu atoms. The molecular center prefers to be located at the bridge site between two nearest surface Cu atoms.
The Etiology of Reduced Muscle Mass with Surgical and Pharmacological Weight Loss and the Identification of Potential Countermeasures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Obesity represents a major health crisis in the United States, significantly increasing risks for chronic diseases and generating substantial economic costs. While bariatric surgery and pharmacological interventions such as GLP-1 receptor agonists have been proven effective in achieving substantial weight loss and improving comorbid conditions, they also raise concerns about the unintended loss of fat-free mass, particularly muscle. This loss of muscle mass compromises physical functionality, quality of life, and long-term metabolic health, particularly in individuals with sarcopenic obesity or those at risk of frailty. To sustain strength, mobility, and metabolic function during weight loss interventions, the preservation of muscle mass is essential. However, current weight-loss strategies often fail to adequately address the need to maintain fat-free mass. This review explores the physiological mechanisms governing muscle mass, the impact of obesity and rapid weight loss on muscle protein turnover, and nutritional and age-based strategies that may help protect muscle during intentional weight reduction. By focusing on these critical countermeasures, this review aims to inform future clinical practice and research initiatives with the long-term goal of achieving effective weight loss through reduction in fat tissue while preserving skeletal muscle mass, enhancing health outcomes, and long-term functionality in patients undergoing significant weight reduction.
Large plates and small blocks: The Variscan orogeny in the Bohemian Massif

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Bohemian Massif of the Central European Variscides consists of several late Proterozoic / early Paleozoic low-strain crustal units, namely the Bruno-Vistulian continental block of the Laurussian plate that is juxtaposed with the Tepla-Barrandian Unit and the Lausitz block of the Gondwana plate. These pre-Variscan low-strain units are separated by high-strain zones that contain the mid- and lower crustal record of the Variscan orogeny (400-300 Ma), with nappes reflecting successive subduction exhumation events, voluminous migmatites and a wide range of geochemically contrasting granites. Although the principal constraints are undisputed, there is no consensus regarding the general tectonics of this area. Here we present a plate tectonic model explaining the Bohemian Massif as an orogenic wedge with a Gondwana pro-wedge and a Laurussia retro-wedge area. The principal formation steps are as follows. Subduction of the oceanic crust of the Gondwana plate, i.e. the southern part of the Rheic Ocean eventually followed by continental subduction of the distal Peri-Gondwana shelf produced the early Devonian (U)HP complexes now exposed in the uppermost allochthonous units. The arrival of the Tepla-Barrandian Cadomian block initiates a flip of subduction polarity, leading to the complete closure of the Rheic Ocean in the late Devonian coeval with the exhumation of the early Variscan (U)HP units. Caused by the Lausitz block entering the plate boundary zone in the early Carboniferous, this early subduction accretion stage was followed by continent continent collision. The resulting orogenic wedge is characterized by an intra-continental subduction zone in the pro-wedge area superimposed by the crustal stack of early and mid-Variscan accreted units. Due to heating of the subducted slab in the mantle, the isothermal exhumation of this deeply buried continental crust caused HT-LP metamorphism during the final transpressional stage. Lateral extrusion tectonics coeval with the juxtaposition of different crustal levels along steeply inclined shear zones finally accounts for the distribution of low-strain and high-strain domains. The model works with NE-SW oriented plate convergence. Perpendicular NW-SE shortening coeval with dextral strike slip tectonics reflects escape tectonics during the late Variscan transpression. The abundance of pre-orogenic microcontinental blocks within a collisional orogen does not provide evidence for independent lithospheric microplates.
Local infiltration of individual pores with dyes in 2D macroporous silicon photonic crystals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Photonic crystals (PhC) are promising candidates for novel optical components. Passive devices realized with PhC, e.g. complex waveguides, are widely known. However for many applications active devices are requird. One possible way to realize such devices is the functionalization of 2D PhC. This can be done by combining 2D PhC with deyes. We present an experimental technique for the infiltration of individual pores which allows the realization of a broad spectrum of different device designs. For the infiltration of individual pores we use 2D PhC templates made of macroporous silicon, electron beam physical vapor deposition, focused ion beam technique, electrochemical deposition and the wetting assisted templating (WASTE)-process [1]-[3].
Ifeoma Emmanuela Udoye, A Linguistic Appraisal of Igbo Anthroponyms

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Naming has many times been relegated to the background whenever a linguistic study is involved. It is assumed that names are mere referent therefore, are not useful in linguistic analysis. But, in actual sense, names are significant as they reflect on the social aspect of the society. Wakumelo, Mwanza & Mkandawire (2016:270) noted that “…names or odonyms are not just mere signposts, they reflect the social, political, and cultural ideologies maintained by the name givers”. In other words, names form a major part of the culture of any society and the Igbo people in particular in terms of their values, ideas, reflections, meanings and thoughts. Names identify, motivate and aspire the bearers. This paper discusses personal names among the Igbos of Nigeria and considers naming as an important aspect of the Igbo society. The paper looked at Igbo names within the purview of the grammatical categories. It was noted that Igbo names, like most names in Africa are mostly lexical, phrasal or compound with sentential underlying structures which make them unique and distinct from European personal names.
Temporal and spectral properties of quantum light

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The modes of the electromagnetic field are solutions of Maxwell's equations taking into account the material boundary conditions. The field modes of classical optics - properly normalized - are also the mode functions of quantum optics. Quantum physics adds that the excitation within each mode is quantized in close analogy to the harmonic oscillator. A complete set of mode functions forms a basis with which any new modes can be reconstructed. In full generality each electromagnetic mode function in the four dimensional space-time is mathematically equivalent to a harmonic oscillator. The quantization of the electromagnetic field defines the excitation per mode and the correlation between modes. In classical optics there can be oscillations and stochastic fluctuations of amplitude, phase, polarization et cetera. In quantum optics there are in addition uncertain quantum field components, quantum correlations and quantized energies. Here, we present selected topics from classical to quantum optics. We start in the second chapter with the classical optics description of a light field and its spectral densities, their measurement and their interpretation. In the third chapter the quantum properties of a single light mode are reviewed as well as ways to measure these quantum properties. Gaussian states of a light mode are emphasized, i. e. states for which the Wigner function has a two dimensional Gaussian shape. The fourth chapter will be concerned with more than one mode presenting a unifying approach to quadratic Hamiltonians including phase conjugation which is related to time reversal.
Failure of thermoacoustic instability control due to periodic hot gas ingestion in Helmholtz dampers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Passive damping devices such as Helmholtz dampers are often employed in gas turbines to mitigate thermoacoustic instabilities. The periodic ingestion of the combustion chamber hot gas in the resonant cavity of Helmholtz dampers can be a serious issue, if not considered in the design phase of these devices. The periodic hot gas ingestion modulates the density in the damper neck and thereby the damper’s resonance frequency. This effect, combined with the nonlinearities in the acoustic damping caused by the periodical reversal of the flow direction in the neck, can prevent the intended control of the thermoacoustic feedback. Despite its relevance for gas turbine design, this topic has not received significant attention in literature. This study presents experimental and theoretical investigations of that problem. A physics-based model is derived with a few empirical parameters, calibrated with data which were collected from an experimental setup comprising a tunable Helmholtz damper connected to a combustor operated at atmospheric pressure. This model of noise-driven coupled oscillators with nonlinear damping and stiffness is capable of reproducing the bistable dynamics observed in the experiments for specific ranges of equivalence ratios. The model is then used to draw general conclusions about the robustness of dampers with respect to this unwanted phenomenon. In particular, the influence of the geometry and flow conditions on the damping and stiffness nonlinearities, which both participate to possible failure of the passive control, is described. We show that in the case of broadband dampers, the effect of the nonlinear stiffness is weaker than the one of damping nonlinearity, and that it can become significant for more narrow-band dampers. The results can be used for designing acoustic dampers that are robust with regard to the risk of spontaneous loss of thermoacoustic stability due to periodic hot gas ingestion.
Prognostic value of serum alpha-fetoprotein in fulminant hepatic failure including patients treated by charcoal haemoperfusion.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels have been measured sequentially by a radio-immunoassay method in 64 patients with fulminant hepatic failure. In 15 of the 64 patients (23%) AFP levels were raised but in only two did they exceed 500 ng/ml. Of the 23 survivors 11 (48%) had raised AFP levels compared with four of the 41 (9-8%) fatal cases (P less than 0-005). This rise in AFP levels was found early after the development of grade IV coma and constitutes an encouraging prognostic sign at a time when the liver function tests and EEG are unhelpful. A radioimmunoassay must be used if these small but significant rises in plasma concentration are to be detected. Twelve patients survived without showing a rise in plasma AFP at anytime during the illness. The four fatal cases who had raised AFP levels all had serious complications of fulminant hepatic failure. Charcoal haemoperfusion did not seem to increase the survival of AFP negative patients.
An efficient augmented memoryless quasi-Newton method for solving large-scale unconstrained optimization problems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

<p>In this paper, an augmented memoryless BFGS quasi-Newton method was proposed for solving unconstrained optimization problems. Based on a new modified secant equation, an augmented memoryless BFGS update formula and an efficient optimization algorithm were established. To improve the stability of the numerical experiment, we obtained the scaling parameter by minimizing the upper bound of the condition number. The global convergence of the algorithm was proved, and numerical experiments showed that the algorithm was efficient.</p>
Multiple-Objective Decision-Making in the Past, Present and Future

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since Kuhn and Tucker [14] originally proposed the concept of a proper noninferior solution for solving nonlinear programming problems, which was later modified by Geoffrion [8], Yu [35] further introduced a compromise solution method to cope with multicriteria decision-making problems. In addition, Charnes [4] presented a goal-programming method, and Bellman and Zadeh [2] proposed the concepts of decision-making in a fuzzy environment. Thus, many distinguished works have guided research in this field. This study reviews some methods concerning basic mathematical concepts of models applied to multiple-objective decision-making problems, including fuzzy multiobjective linear programming (FMOLP), fuzzy goal programming (FGP), a two-phase method, an achievement function, data envelopment analysis (DEA), and De Novo Programming. According to the past and current developments in multiobjective programming, researchers are able to determine what they are interested in for future multicriteria decision-making problems.
Revised lithostratigraphy of the Manx Group, Isle of Man

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The existing lithostratigraphy of the Manx Group (lower Ordovician) of the Isle of Man is formalized as far as is possible given a paucity of biostratigraphical and structural control. Coherent packages of strata can be recognized within northeast striking structural tracts. Some tract boundaries are faulted but poor exposure leaves doubt about the nature of others. Some structural repetition of successions is likely. However, the long-held equivalence of the sandstone units on either side of the island can no longer be maintained, because the Niarbyl Formation in the west is now known to be of Silurian age. Repetition of Manx Group units across a syncline along the axis of the island is therefore in doubt. Different outcrops of superficially similar units are accordingly named separately on each flank of the island. The stratigraphy of part of the northern Manx Group is left unrevised awaiting further work. The southeastern, sandstone-dominated units of the Manx Group comprise three tracts divided into the Lonan and Santon (lower Arenig) Formations, the Port Erin and Mull Hill Formations, and the Ny Garvain and Creg Agneash Formations. The Creg Agneash Formation is stratigraphically overlain by the mudstone-dominated Maughold Formation. The next two tracts to the northwest both contain a black mudstone unit, the possibly correlative Barrule and Glen Rushen (middle Arenig) Formations, each structurally overlain by laminated silty mudstone of the Injebreck Formation. A further unit of laminated siltstone and mudstone, the Creggan Mooar Formation, is defined in tract 6, west of which an enigmatic unit contains lowest Arenig fragmental volcanic rocks. In the most northwesterly tract, the Lady Port Formation is a varied assemblage of black mudstone, turbidites, pebbly mudstone and quartz arenite. Lithological correlation of these different Manx Group successions is attempted, but is constrained by only four biostratigraphical control points. The Manx Group stratigraphy has long been correlated with that of the Skiddaw Group of the Lake District. A tentative correlation of events on this part of the early Ordovician margin of Gondwana can be made assuming some synchroneity of Early Arenig lowstand turbidite fans, of a mid-Arenig transgression, and of a late Arenig mass-wasting event.
Nitrous oxide sedation in dentistry

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Summary Nitrous oxide concentrations (V/V) at the delivery Rotameters block, nasal mask, pharynx and venous blood, were compared. There was a dilution of approximately 50% of the delivered nitrous oxide at the nasal mask which was further reduced in the pharynx. Venous blood concentrations 10 minutes after inhalation of nitrous oxide were low but as would be calculated from pharyngeal concentrations. After 5 minutes of oxygenation venous blood nitrous oxide concentrations were still relatively high. A total of 92% of subjects experienced a satisfactory effect with 30% nitrous oxide or less in the pharynx.
Abstract 18205: Ethnicity and Aortic Stenosis: Presentation, Management and Outcomes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Ethnic disparities exist in the diagnosis and management of aortic stenosis (AS), including decreased rates of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in Black patients. We sought to identify if disparities persist in the setting of universal healthcare and whether they are affected by social deprivation. Methods: A validated natural language processing pipeline was applied to the electronic health records of >1M patients at King’s College Hospital (UK) to identify 6214 patients with AS (4.5% Asian, 7.6% Black, 87.9% White self-reported ethnicity). All analyses are adjusted for age and social deprivation. Results: Black and Asian patients had more comorbidities (P<0.05), while Black patients had more cardiac symptoms compared to White patients (P<0.05). Mean time from first report of breathlessness to AS diagnosis was 2.61 years for Asian patients, 2.93 years for Black patients, and 2.09 years for White patients (P<0.05). For those with severe AS, TAVI was performed in 14.3% of Asian patients, 14.3% of Black patients, and 20.2% of White patients. The mean time from severe AS diagnosis to TAVI was 0.41 years for Asian patients, 0.88 years for Black patients, and 0.52 years for White patients (P= NS). Surgical aortic valve replacement (AVR) was performed in 12.5% of Asian patients, 15.5% of Black patients, and 15.4% of White patients. The mean time to AVR was longer for Black patients (1.07 years) compared to Asian (0.19 years) and White patients (0.35 years, P<0.05). The mortality benefit of TAVI or AVR interventions was similar between race and ethnicity groups in a Cox multivariate analysis. Conclusions: Ethnicity-based differences exist in the presentation, diagnosis and management of AS, despite correction for social deprivation. Further, Black patients with severe AS are less likely to receive TAVI intervention, and wait significantly longer for AVR, despite similar efficacy. These data should stimulate strategies to address inequity.
Decision‐Making Evaluation and Optimization Strategies for Construction EPC Project Developers Utilizing BIM Technology

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the context of the advancing construction engineering field in China, there has been a significant increase in the adoption of building information modeling (BIM) technology within engineering–procurement–construction (EPC) projects. This emerging technology is expected to significantly influence the decision‐making practices of professionals in the construction and engineering domain. Consequently, there is an urgent need for comprehensive research focused on construction management specifically pertaining to the effectiveness of construction developer management. This study examines seven representative EPC projects where BIM technology was implemented and it considers various factors that have the potential to influence project decision‐making while taking into account time and cost considerations. A comprehensive multidimensional evaluation method that combines the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is introduced in this study. The results of this study emphasize that the efficiency enhancement strategies derived from the judgment indicator method demonstrate favorable practical outcomes. This research highlights the importance of a comprehensive evaluation method combining the AHP and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to enhance decision‐making efficiency for construction developer management staff.
Dissipative Emergence of Inflation from Quasi-Cyclic Universe

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Inflationary models, especially those with plateau-type potentials, are consistent with the cosmological data, but inflation itself does not resolve the initial singularity. This singularity is resolved, for example, by the idea of the quantum creation of the Universe from nothing such as the tunneling and no-boundary proposals. The simplest one predicts a closed Universe. Motivated by these facts, we investigate the classical dynamics of a closed universe with a plateau-type potential. Depending on the initial inflaton field value, the universe can undergo a variety of events: an immediate big crunch, a bounce or cyclic phase, and inflation. Although the non-inflationary solutions may appear irrelevant to our Universe, they can be turned into single or multiple bounces followed by inflation, taking into account the interactions necessary for the reheating of the Universe after inflation. Thus, the dissipative mechanism in our setup explains both the graceful entry to and exit from inflation and gives us an indirect observational handle on the Universe just after creation. We also comment on the implications of these solutions for probabilistic interpretations of the wave function of the Universe.
Biases in Affective Forecasting and Recall in Individuals With Depression and Anxiety Symptoms

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The authors used experience sampling to investigate biases in affective forecasting and recall in individuals with varying levels of depression and anxiety symptoms. Participants who were higher in depression symptoms demonstrated stronger (more pessimistic) negative mood prediction biases, marginally stronger negative mood recall biases, and weaker (less optimistic) positive mood prediction and recall biases. Participants who were higher in anxiety symptoms demonstrated stronger negative mood prediction biases, but positive mood prediction biases that were on par with those who were lower in anxiety. Anxiety symptoms were not associated with mood recall biases. Neither depression symptoms nor anxiety symptoms were associated with bias in event prediction. Their findings fit well with the tripartite model of depression and anxiety. Results are also consistent with the conceptualization of anxiety as a “forward-looking” disorder, and with theories that emphasize the importance of pessimism and general negative information processing in depressive functioning.