jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
MECHANISM OF THE THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF STREPTOMYCIN IN EXPERIMENTAL TULAREMIA IN GUINEA PIGS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The following questions are considered: (1) the effectiveness of streptomycin therapy for guinea pigs infected by various methods; (2) the importance of defensive forces of the macroorganism during streptomycin therapy; (3) the rate at which the organs of the guinea pig are rid of tularemia bacilli under the influence of streptomycin therapy; (4) the effect of streptomycin on the properties of tularemia bacilli in the living organism and in an artificial culture medium; (5) the importance of the antibacterial activity of streptomycin in the mechanism of tularemia therapy. (Author)
Dynamic pH profiles drive higher cell‐specific and volumetric productivity

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Mammalian cell cultures in bioreactors rely heavily on critical process parameter control to ensure optimal growth, productivity, and reproducibility to produce recombinant therapeutic proteins. Culture pH has been shown to be a critical parameter that influences growth, productivity, and critical quality attributes. Typically, pH is either controlled to a set‐point throughout the culture or uses a single pH shift to achieve higher productivity and more desirable charge variant profiles. The pH is usually maintained by CO 2 and base additions. For CO 2 controlled cultures, using a set‐point can result in an accumulation of CO 2 , which has detrimental effects on mammalian cell growth and protein production. In this study, a dynamic pH profile was implemented that allowed the pH control in the bioreactor to mimic the natural uncontrolled pH profile observed in shake flask cultures. This dynamic pH profile employs multiple pH shifts during the exponential phase of a single IgG 1 producing CHO‐K1 cell line. The results show that a dynamic pH profile was able to successfully alleviate CO 2 accumulation and increase the cell‐specific, as well as overall culture productivity. Impacts of the dynamic pH profile on product quality attributes, including glycosylation and charge variants, were also evaluated, showing mixed impacts on the glycosylation pattern and a positive impact on charge variants. Since the ideal glycosylation pattern is highly dependent on the intended function of the recombinant antibody, impacts on product quality should be evaluated on a “per process” basis.
Should the Health Community Promote Smokeless Tobacco (Snus): Comments from British American Tobacco

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chapman and Freeman question the tobacco industry's aims on snus, and whether these aims can be consistent with harm reduction [1]. We cannot speak on behalf of the industry as a whole. However, we at British American Tobacco understand that cigarette smoking is a major cause of serious and fatal diseases, and we believe that the use of Swedish-style snus products, while not harmless, is substantially less harmful than cigarette smoking [2]. We are piloting snus in several countries outside of Sweden as a response to those public health stakeholders who have told us they believe that snus, properly regulated, can contribute to reducing the net public health impact of tobacco use.

We believe adult consumers of tobacco products would benefit from the enactment of a regulatory framework that facilitates consistent, accurate, and meaningful communications on the relative health risks of smoking, using snus, or abstaining entirely from tobacco use. While ideally this framework would be developed and agreed upon under the Framework Convention for Tobacco Control, the recent second Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention did not address oral tobacco products and has not assigned a high priority to tobacco product regulation in this area. Given this, we think national governments should develop a regulatory framework for snus. In doing so, we think that governments should be mindful of the concerns expressed by Chapman and Freeman.

We agree with the recently released preliminary report from the European Union's Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks, which states that “the balance of these effects [beneficial versus adverse effects on smoking prevalence] will be highly dependent upon the marketing of the product, the health messages delivered with it, and the extent to which switching to smokeless tobacco products as a harm reduction strategy is endorsed by health professionals and their organisations” [3].

We acknowledge that some have concerns with regard to our interest in snus as a less harmful alternative to cigarettes. We seek to work with the public health community and regulators to achieve a reduction in the public health impact of tobacco use.
Monosomy of chromosome 17 in breast cancer during interpretation of HER2 gene amplification.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Monosomy of chromosome 17 may affect the assessment of HER2 amplification. Notably, the prevalence ranges from 1% up to 49% due to lack of consensus in recognition. We sought to investigate the impact of monosomy of chromosome 17 to interpretation of HER2 gene status. 201 breast carcinoma were reviewed for HER2 gene amplification and chromosome 17 status. FISH analysis was performed by using double probes (LSI/CEP). Absolute gene copy number was also scored per each probe. HER2 FISH test was repeated on serial tissue sections, ranging in thickness from 3 to 20 µm. Ratio was scored and subsequently corrected by monosomy after gold control test using the aCGH method to overcome false interpretation due to artefactual nuclear truncation. HER2 immunotests was performed on all cases. 26/201 cases were amplified (13%). Single signals per CEP17 were revealed in 7/201 (3.5%) cases. Five out of 7 cases appeared monosomic with aCGH (overall, 5/201, 2.5%) and evidenced single signals in >60% of nuclei after second-look on FISH when matching both techniques. Among 5, one case showed amplification with a pattern 7/1 (HER2/CEP17>2) of copies (3+ at immunotest); three cases revealed single signals per both probes (LSI/CEP=1) and one case revealed a 3:1 ratio; all last 4 cases showed 0/1+ immunoscore. We concluded that: 1) monosomy of chromosome 17 may be observed in 2.5% of breast carcinoma; 2) monosomy of chromosome 17 due to biological reasons rather than nuclear truncation was observed when using the cut-off of 60% of nuclei harboring single signals; 3) the skewing of the ratio due to single centromeric 17 probe may lead to false positive evaluation; 4) breast carcinomas showing a 3:1 ratio (HER2/CEP17) usually show negative 0/1+ immunoscore and <6 gene copy number at FISH.
Micelle-Encapsulated Carbon Nanotubes:  A Route to Nanotube Composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We report a general approach toward dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in solvents and polymer materials, by encapsulating SWNTs within cross-linked micelles. Micelles made from polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA), an amphiphilic block copolymer, are first assembled around SWNTs by gradually adding H2O to a suspension of nanotubes in dimethylformamide. The hydrophilic, outer shells of these micelles are then chemically cross-linked with a difunctional linker molecule. Pure encapsulated SWNTs (e-SWNTs) can then be separated from empty cross-linked micelles by consecutive cycles of centrifugation and redispersion. Atomic force and transmission electron microscopies of the resulting nanostructures demonstrate that individual nanotubes (rather than bundles) have been completely encased in polymer shells whose thickness is slightly larger than that of empty micelles. e-SWNTs encapsulated in PS-b-PAA can be permanently redispersed in H2O, in organic solvents, and in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymer matrices with minimal sonication. Micelle encapsulation could improve the compositing of SWNTs in a wide variety of polymer materials for structural, electronic, and thermal applications.
Novel Sensory Rehabilitation Paradigm Using Low-Level Vibration Applied to Wrist Skin

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Date Presented 4/8/2016 This study provides a neurobiological basis for using low-level wrist vibration in upper-extremity sensorimotor rehabilitation and suggests that vibration may complement occupational therapy by providing patients with enhanced sensory experience during therapy for better sensorimotor outcomes. Primary Author and Speaker: Michelle L. Woodbury Contributing Authors: Kishor Lakshminarayanan, Abigail W. Lauer, Leonardo Bonilha, Brian D. Schmit
Management of Innovative Behaviour of Human Resources

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of the research is to manage the innovative activity of human resources. In order to achieve this goal, the procedure and components of such an analysis were determined. The directions of research of state of management of innovative activity of human resources are established. These include: analysis of human resources, analysis of conditions that ensure the implementation of such management and analysis of the economic efficiency of the enterprise. The factors influencing each of these directions of estimation of the state of management of innovative activity of human resources are grounded and systematized. Investigating the manifestation of these factors provides an opportunity to objectively assess how human resources management is effective and consistent with the innovative development of the enterprise. This approach also allows comparing best practices in human resource management. The definition of factors serves as the basis for forming an approach to a comprehensive assessment of the state of innovation activity management of human resources. The methodology for assessing the state of management of human resource innovation activity on the basis of rating is a new tool in this area. In addition, unlike existing assessments, it combines management, production and management of human resources. It was emphasized that human resources are the main factor of innovation development of the enterprise. The step-by-step procedure for assessing the state of innovation activity management of human resources is presented. The scale for analysis of the obtained evaluation results is proposed. It is noted that there is a need for further detailing the results to determine measures to improve the situation for a particular company. Approbation of the methodology of such an assessment of the state of innovation activity management of human resources for the seaports of the Black Sea-Azov basin was conducted.Â Â Â
Orbitocranial Fibrous Dysplasia: Immediate Reconstruction with Titanium 3-dimensional Printing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: We present the case of an 18-year-old man who was referred to our department with a suspected tumor in the right orbital region, which caused exophthalmos due to its pressure effect. Preoperative CT imaging revealed an expansile ground-glass appearance of bone mass, with sclerotic bone on the right frontal bone (right superior orbital wall). There was no orbital mass and no enlargement of the extraocular muscles and tendons; the retrobulbar fat and optic nerve appeared unremarkable. A preoperative tissue biopsy confirmed the FD. Complete tumor removal was performed via the right hemicoronal approach. The orbital roof and temporal bone defect were immediately reconstructed using the 3-dimensional titanium printing plate.
In situ polyaniline coating of Prussian blue as cathode material for sodium-ion battery

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Prussian blue (PB) has great potential for use as a sodium cathode material owing to its high working potential and cube frame structure. Herein, this work reports a two-step method to synthesize PB with ascorbic acid as the ball-milling additive, which improves the electrochemical rate performance of PB during the traditional co-precipitation method. The obtained PB sample exhibited a superior specific capability (113.3 mAh g −1 even at 20 C, 1 C = 170 mA g −1 ) and a specific capacity retention of 84.8% after 100 cycles at 1 C rate. In order to enhance the cycling performance of the PB, an in situ polyaniline coating strategy was employed in which aniline was added into the electrolyte and polymerized under electrochemical conditions. The coated anode exhibited a high specific capacity retention of 62.7% after 500 cycles, which is significantly higher than that of the non-coated sample, which only remains 40.1% after 500 cycles. This development has shown a great potential as a low-cost, high-performance and environment-friendly technology for large-scale industrial application of PB.
Review of somatic cell nuclear transfer in pig

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

It is now more than 8 years, since the first cloned pig from nuclear transfer was reported. Success of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pig is still low compared to that in bovine. Embryonic and neonatal abnormalities of cloned piglets are probably a result of incorrect or incomplete reprogramming of the transferred donor cell nuclei. Recently, technical refinements have resulted in a considerable increase of SCNT efficiency. The current level of efficiency is already sufficient for special purposes with high scientific and commercial impact including xenotransplantation, generation of human disease models and for biomedical studies. In this paper, we review current pig cloning methodologies for the technical and potential applications. Key words : Pig, somatic cell, nuclear transfer, oocyte and embryo.
The genome of a steinernematid-associated Pseudomonas piscis bacterium encodes the biosynthesis of insect toxins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Steinernema soil nematodes are a solution to the scourge of crop pests, due to their natural capacity to kill insects. Although this insect killing nature is established to stem from the nematodes' Xenorhabdus bacterial endosymbionts, the role of other steinernematid-associated bacteria in the nematode lifecycle remains unclear. Thus, this genome study aimed to determine the potential of Pseudomonas piscis to contribute to the entomopathogenicity of its Steinernema host. Insect larvae were infected with one of three Steinernema cultures. From each of the three treatments, the prevalent bacteria in the haemocoel of cadavers, four days post infection were isolated, morphologically characterised, and their genomes sequenced and assembled. Assemblies were used for species delineation and identification of genes that encode production of secondary metabolites and antibiotic resistance. All genomes had at least 98% of their bases on a contig. Through digital DNA-DNA hybridisation analyses, we ascertained that the haemocoels of insect cadavers previously infected with Steinernema sp. Kalro, Steinernema sp. 75, and Steinernema sp. 97 were dominated with Xenorhabdus griffiniae Kalro, Pseudomonas piscis 75 and X. griffiniae 75, respectively. P. piscis 75 clustered with pseudomonads that are characterised by high insecticidal activity. The P. piscis 75 genome encoded the production of insect toxins such as hydrogen cyanide, orfamides and rhizoxins, antifungals such as pyrrolnitrin and pyoluteorin and a broad-spectrum antimicrobial. Its genome encoded resistance to over ten classes of antibiotics, including cationic lipopeptides. Thus, steinernematid-associated P. piscis bacteria have the biosynthetic potential to contribute to nematode entomopathogenicity.
Table S3 from PDK1 Mediates <i>NOTCH1</i>-Mutated Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma Vulnerability to Therapeutic PI3K/mTOR Inhibition

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Table S3. Spearman correlation of protein expression to drug sensitivity based on 70% inhibitory concentration (IC70) or area under the curve (AUC)</p>
Theory of ion-complexing effects in ion-exchange column performance

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTheory of ion-complexing effects in ion-exchange column performanceFrederick M. Golden, Klara I. Shiloh, Gerhard Klein, and Theodore VermeulenCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1974, 78, 9, 926–935Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1974https://doi.org/10.1021/j100602a014RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views55Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts
Franz–Keldysh oscillations in modulation spectroscopy

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In the presence of an electric field, the dielectric constant of a semiconductor exhibits Franz–Keldysh oscillations (FKO), which can be detected by modulated reflectance. Although it could be a powerful and simple method to study the electric fields/charge distributions in various semiconductor structures, in the past it has proven to be more complex. This is due to nonuniform fields and impurity induced broadening, which reduce the number of detectible Franz–Keldysh oscillations, and introduce uncertainties into the measurement. In 1989, a new structure, surface–undoped–doped (s-i-n+/s-i-p+) was developed, which allows the observation of a large number of FKOs and, hence, permitting accurate determination of electric fields. We present a review of the work on measuring electric fields in semiconductors with a particular emphasis on microstructures using the specialized layer sequence. We first discuss the general theory of modulation techniques dwelling on the approximations and their relevance. The case of uniform field, obtained with this specialized structure as well as that of the nonuniform field, are addressed. The various experimental techniques are also briefly reviewed. We then summarize the various experimental results obtained in the last few years using these special structures and FKOs and find that, even in this short period, good use has been made of the technique and the structure. This is followed by a brief review of the work on nonuniform fields. In this case, the work on actual device structures has significant technological implications. Important issues such as metallization and processing, the effects of surface treatment and thermal annealing, Schottky barrier heights of different metals, piezoelectric fields in (111) grown strained InGaAs/GaAs quantum wells, and Fermi level in low-temperature grown GaAs have been studied using this structure. This structure has also been used to study the dynamics of photomodulation, revealing the nature of the cw photoreflectance.
Biotech aspects of Caridean shrimp cultivation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mariculture is the direction of aquaculture associated with the cultivation of marine hydrobionts as fish and other aquatic organisms and plants. Although it produces only 13 % of the world’s fish and other seafood products, this industry is characterized by a high rate of development (6-7% annual growth), which is now the highest among all branches of the world’s food industry. Industry performance depends on the industrial implementation of best practices in manufacturing countries. The successful practice of industrial cultivation will be promoted by timely modernization of the technological process. In this regard, the problems of aquaculture practice and the use of technical means in the field of mariculture, considered in this article, are particularly relevant. The authors describe the biotechnological aspects of growing caridean shrimp. As a result of the experimental work carried out by scientists of the Astrakhan state technical University, the conditions for growing caridean shrimp in the South of Russia were adapted and biotechnical standards for obtaining commercial products were developed. Feed own recipes for caridean shrimp were developed. Morphophysiological parameters of caridean shrimp were studied.
Localized, Cold-Induced Inhibition of Translocation in Mycelia and Strands ofSerpula lacrimans

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Localized, Cold-Induced Inhibition of Translocation in Mycelia and Strands of Serpula lacrimans Get access WENDY THOMPSON, WENDY THOMPSON Botany Department, The UniversityP.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar C. BROWNLEE, C. BROWNLEE Botany Department, The UniversityP.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. H. JENNINGS, D. H. JENNINGS Botany Department, The UniversityP.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A. M. MORTIMER A. M. MORTIMER Botany Department, The UniversityP.O. Box 147, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 38, Issue 5, May 1987, Pages 889–899, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/38.5.889 Published: 01 May 1987 Article history Received: 10 October 1986 Published: 01 May 1987
Grid-Forming-Mode Operation of Boost-Power-Stage Converter in PV-Generator-Interfacing Applications

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The application of constant power control and inclusion of energy storage in grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) energy systems may increase the use of two-stage system structures composed of DC–DC-converter-interfaced PV generator and grid-connected inverter connected in cascade. A typical PV-generator-interfacing DC–DC converter is a boost-power-stage converter. The renewable energy system may operate in three different operation modes—grid-forming, grid-feeding, and grid-supporting modes. In the last two operation modes, the outmost feedback loops are taken from the input terminal of the associated power electronic converters, which usually does not pose stability problems in terms of their input sources. In the grid-forming operation mode, the outmost feedback loops have to be connected to the output terminal of the associated power electronic converters, and hence the input terminal will behave as a negative incremental resistor at low frequencies. This property will limit the operation of the PV interfacing converter in either the constant voltage or constant current region of the PV generator for ensuring stable operation. The boost-power-stage converter can be applied as a voltage or current-fed converter limiting the stable operation region accordingly. The investigations of this paper show explicitly that only the voltage-fed mode would provide feasible dynamic and stability properties as a viable interfacing converter.