jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
New technology and labour productivity

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

A defining feature of the Industrial Revolution in England is the transfer of labour resources from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector.1 This transfer was exceptionally early by international standards.2 It was facilitated by high labour productivity in English agriculture, which enabled the industrial workers to be fed without an explosion in food imports.3 The growth of output and productivity in English agriculture - which permitted labour to be released - is generally referred to as the 'Agricultural Revolution'.4 But the precise nature and timing of the Agricultural Revolution remain controversial.5 In Chapter 1, 1 survey the literature and argue that the Agricultural Revolution remains an ill-defined concept which has been poorly measured. Moreover, it is impossible to say what was 'special' about England without comparing it to other countries; hence I propose to pursue a comparison with France. In Chapter 2, 1 make a detailed comparison of English and French arable farming to quantify the labour productivity gap as precisely as possible. Taking three benchmarks (1705, 1775 and 1845), I compare productivity levels over time and across countries. Productivity was already 50 per cent higher in England in 1705; the gap rose somewhat up to 1775 and then declined again slightly up to 1845. I decompose output per worker into output per acre and acres per worker. This reveals that the land-labour ratio was similar in England and France and fairly stable over time; it was a large discrepancy in output per acre which was driving the productivity gap. I then decompose output per acre in each country in order to isolate further the causes of the labour productivity differential. I show that the three main causes of higher output per acre in England were higher wheat yields, the adoption of clover and the adoption of turnips. These three factors were of approximately equal importance. I then focus more tightly on wheat yields to fully explain that aspect of the productivity gap. Using a model of wheat yields developed in subsequent chapters, I break down the wheat yield differential and show that
Cobalt Doping on Zirconium Titanate as a Potential Photocatalyst with Visible-Light-Response

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Synthesis of cobalt-doped zirconium titanate (Co-doped ZrTiO4) as a potential photocatalyst with visible-light-response had been conducted. Materials used in this research were titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as a precursor of TiO2, ZrO2 as another semiconductor for coupling, and CoSO4·7H2O as the source of cobalt dopant. The composite was prepared by the sol-gel method with various cobalt contents and calcination temperatures. Composites with various Co dopant contents (0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9% (Co wt./Ti wt.)) were calcined at 500 °C for 4 h. In addition, the composite with 5% of dopant content was calcined at 700 and 900 °C to observe the influence of calcination temperature. All samples were characterized by using X-ray powder diffraction method (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), specular reflectance UV-Vis spectroscopy (SRUV), and scanning electron microscopy equipped with X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Co-doped ZrTiO4 with the lowest bandgap (2.94 eV) was achieved in a sample containing 3% of cobalt content calcined at 500 °C.
Lingua francas as evidence of standard language ideology in historical perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The paper considers historical lingua francas and standard language ideology from the framework of ‘language history from below’. Although some work has been devoted to mixed forms of language in studies of standardisation, little attention has been paid to lingua francas. This paper focusses on a historical dictionary – the Dictionnaire de la langue franque of 1830 – to argue that historical data can be considered as evidence ‘from below’ for the broader ideologies of standardisation which were circulating in early modern Europe. I argue that the fictive dialogues contained in the Dictionnaire are a projection that reflect broader theories about language standardisation at the time. In this sense, the paper argues for further development of the role of lingua francas in models of standardisation more generally.
The development of yield-based sooting tendency measurements and modeling to enable advanced combustion fuels

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This project produced clear evidence that biofuels can reduce particulate emissions from road vehicles compared with petroleum-derived fuels. It also produced fundamental knowledge that can be used to select fuel compositions and engine designs that will maximize this benefit. This information has been disseminated through more than 20 peer-reviewed publications, more than 30 conference presentations, and 5 freely available internet databases and web tools. This project also provided educational opportunities to 17 students at the high school, undergraduate, and graduate levels.
A Lightweight Development of Outbreak Prevention Strategies Built on Formal Methods and xDSLs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Because of the Covid-19 pandemic, several organisations around the world applied social distancing rules with workplace controls. Most of these rules can be automated and supervised using software systems that interact with connected devices such as smart cameras, motion sensors, smart door locks, etc. Given the critical nature of a pandemic prevention application, it seems essential to use techniques such that the possibility of failures is minimised. The integration of formal reasoning within software development is obviously a way to achieve this goal. Unfortunately, often formal methods are deemed too difficult and hence their application is somehow limited. This study builds on real-life pandemic prevention strategies, and shows how a formal method and domain-specific languages can be mixed in a lightweight development process. Our approach extends Meeduse, a language workbench that embeds an animator and model-checker and allows one to define proved executable Domain-Specific Languages (xDSLs) using the B method. In addition to the benefits of using xDSLs together with a formal approach during the development process the originality of this work is two-fold: (1) first, we propose a novel refinement-based approach that allows DSL developers to produce several versions of the application without breaking down the global safety properties; and (2) second, we use the verified specification of the DSL semantics at runtime so that the implementation effort is highly reduced.
Metabolite profiling reveals complex relationship between developing xylem metabolism and intra-ring checking in Pinus radiata

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Globally, there has been an increasing amount of wood harvested from younger, fast-growing trees derived from plantation forests. As a consequence, producers and industrial consumers of wood products are becoming increasingly concerned with not only growth rates, but specific wood attributes that affect processing efficiencies and final product quality. Intra-ring checking is a problem that down-grades an unacceptably high proportion of radiata pine clearwood. Methods of identifying trees prone to this undesirable behaviour have been relatively destructive and time consuming, and from a breeding perspective, to date, there is no reliable method of predicting which selected progeny will later show a propensity to check. Using 120, 7-year-old Pinus radiata clones sampled from a common site, displaying difference in the propensity to form intra-ring checks, a GC/MS-based global metabolic profiling technique was employed to demonstrate that metabolomics can be used to accurately identify the checking phenotype. Metabolic profiling coupled with statistical tests was then used to develop models with greater than 90% efficiency to predict the intra-ring checking phenotype. Moreover, an inspection of unique metabolites contributing to the models indicated that coniferin, which is often found as a storage compound in rays, is a strong indicator of intra-ring checking, and indeed those genotypes that displayed the propensity to check inherently had a greater number of ray cells per unit area.
Combined Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Provides Insights into Petaloidy in Pomegranate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Petaloidy leads to a plump floral pattern and increases the landscape value of ornamental pomegranates; however, research on the mechanism of petaloidy in ornamental pomegranates is limited. In this study, we aimed to screen candidate genes related to petaloidy. We performed transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing of the stamens and petals of single-petal and double-petal flowers of ornamental pomegranates. Briefly, 24,567 genes and 5865 proteins were identified, of which 5721 genes were quantified at both transcriptional and translational levels. In the petal and stamen comparison groups, the association between differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was higher than that between all genes and all proteins, indicating that petaloidy impacts the correlation between genes and proteins. The enrichment results of transcriptome, proteome, and correlation analyses showed that cell wall metabolism, jasmonic acid signal transduction, redox balance, and transmembrane transport affected petaloidy. Nine hormone-related DEGs/DAPs were selected, among which ARF, ILR1, LAX2, and JAR1 may promote petal doubling. Sixteen transcription factor DEGs/DAPs were selected, among which EREBP, LOB, MEF2, MYB, C3H, and trihelix may promote petal doubling. Our results provide transcriptomic and proteomic data on the formation mechanism of petaloidy and a theoretical basis for breeding new ornamental pomegranate varieties.
Upregulation of FTX expression is associated with a poor prognosis and contributes to the progression of thyroid cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The dysregulated expression of long non-coding RNA FTX transcript X inactive specific transcript regulator (FTX) has been reported to be involved in the tumorigenesis of multiple cancer types. However, to the best our knowledge, its function and clinical value in thyroid cancer remain unclear. The present study aimed to determine the potential role of FTX in the development and progression of thyroid cancer. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the expression levels of FTX were upregulated in thyroid cancer tissues and cell lines compared with those in normal tissues and cell lines, respectively. Survival analysis demonstrated that patients with upregulated FTX expression had a lower survival rate. Functional experiments revealed that the knockdown of FTX inhibited proliferation, cell cycle progression, migration and invasion, and induced apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells, while FTX overexpression accelerated proliferation, migration and invasion, and alleviated apoptosis in thyroid cancer cells. In addition, FTX knockdown significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Furthermore, in thyroid cancer cells, FTX was identified to positively regulate the expression levels of TGF-β1, which is known to play an important regulatory role in tumor metastasis. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that FTX may accelerate thyroid cancer progression via regulation of cellular activities, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis. Thus, FTX may represent a potential biomarker for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of thyroid cancer.
Piaget‟s Egocentrism and Language Learning: Language Egocentrism (LE) and Language Differentiation (LD)

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Piaget's theory, which is at the center of cognitive approach and major theoretical foundation in terms of the intelligent development, explains children's language learning by using four stages of cognitive development.For instance, Piaget maintains that Egocentrism is related to language learning as an inner speech and can affect on differentiation in cognitive development.This paper is to focus on the important educational foundation and information, which can prove how Language Egocentrism (LE) and Language Differentiation (LD) have an influence on native and second language acquisition for young children (two to seven years old), and what characteristics can be included in the subcategories of LE and LD.
Battery charger with high quality input waveforms

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

A 3 kW monophase battery charger with high quality input waveforms and galvanic insulation is presented. This device associates two different power converters, using the qualities of each commutation mode (PWM and resonance) at their best. Thanks to multilevel techniques, the current absorbed by the first power converter contains less harmonics than usual. Moreover, the very simple mode of association of the two power converters allows for simplified control of the device. This paper presents the definition of the constraints, the separate studies of the different elements of the charger, and then a modelling of the whole device. Finally, experimental results validate the model.
Prostanoid-induced relaxation of precontracted cat ciliary muscle is mediated by EP2 and DP receptors.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The pharmacology of prostanoid-induced relaxation of the precontracted cat ciliary smooth muscle was characterized using synthetic prostaglandin (PG) analogues that are selective for specific prostanoid receptors. Relaxation was studied using carbachol to precontract the isolated longitudinal ciliary muscle, followed by application of the PG agonist. Of the compounds studied, PGE2 was the most potent relaxant (concentration that produced 50% of maximum relaxation, 10(-7) mol/l), and its maximal effect in each preparation was used as a standard for comparison. Both PGD2 and PGF2 alpha produced relaxations that were approximately 30- and 100-fold weaker, respectively, than those produced by PGE2. Prostanoids with activity at the EP2 (19-(R)-hydroxy PGE2 and 11-deoxy PGE1) and DP (BW 245C) receptors potently relaxed the ciliary muscle. Other EP receptor subtypes and the TP receptor were not involved as indicated by the lack of relaxant activity of sulprostone (EP3 > EP1), MB 28767 (EP3 > TP), and U-46619 (TP). Although 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 (EP1 and EP3) and PGI2 (IP) had some activity, it occurred at a nonselective dose (10(-4) mol/l). The presence of DP receptors in the cat ciliary muscle was confirmed by using BW A868C, a selective DP-receptor antagonist. This drug (concentration, 1 mumol/l) displaced the relaxant effects of PGD2 but had no effect on the activities of PGE2 and 11-deoxy PGE1. In addition, 17-phenyl trinor PGF2 alpha (FP) was inactive, indicating that the FP receptor was not involved in ciliary muscle relaxation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
VIRTUAL CURRENCY AS AN OBJECT OF CIVIL RIGHTS IN RUSSIA

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to conduct a scientific analysis of the place of cryptocurrency in the system of objects of civil rights in Russia. Methodology: This research applies a system of general scientific, special scientific, and special methods of cognition of socio-legal and socio-economic phenomena, including historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-logical methods, the method of dialectics, the method of system analysis. Result: Digital information technology has become a global trend in world economic development. This article deals with the study of the current state and prospects of legal regulation of virtual currencies (cryptocurrency) in Russia. Applications: This research can be used for universities, teachers, and students. Novelty/Originality: In this research, the model of Virtual currency as an object of civil rights in Russia is presented in a comprehensive and complete manner.
Andrei Serban on Artaud: An Interview

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Research Article| November 01 1978 Andrei Serban on Artaud: An Interview Theater (1978) 9 (3): 25–29. https://doi.org/10.1215/00440167-9-3-25 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Andrei Serban on Artaud: An Interview. Theater 1 November 1978; 9 (3): 25–29. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00440167-9-3-25 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsTheater Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © THEATER 19781978 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Predicting the clinical outcome in COPD:Who fares thebest-BODE,DOSE or ADO

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim & Objective: To determine which of three multidimensional assessment systems BODE , DOSE or ADO is superior in predicting COPD exacerbations. Classify patients into different severity groups as per GOLD 2013 criteria. Describe the outcomes in terms of exacerbation or death and To evaluate factors associated with exacerbations Materials/Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted in the OPD or immediately prior to hospital discharge and followed up monthly for 1 year from January 2014 to June 2015. PFT, 6MWD, mMRC dyspnea scores , Oxygen saturation levels, body composition , comorbidities , smoking status , age , and GOLD staging, were analyzed, and predictions of exacerbation by the three assessment systems were compared .Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 18 Results: Of 300 patients 4% lost follow 8% died during the study period. 20.7% in group B and 79.3% in group D of 2013 GOLD staging criteria. The mean annual exacebation rate was 2.42 events per patients per year. Death and rate of exacerbation correlated significantly with lower FEV1, lesser 6MWD , higher MMRC dyspnea score , GOLD stage D , higher DOSE , BODE and ADO index .For prediction of exacerbation the AUC were larger for BODE ( p value <0.001). Adjusted multiple logistic regression identified the BODE index as a significant predictor of risk of COPD exacerbation Conclusion: These composite scores DOSE, ADO and BODE index can also be used to assess outcome in COPD in Indian patients. BODE index was a better predictor of COPD exacerbation when compared with DOSE and ADO index.
Detection of Neural Fatigue State by Speech Analysis Using Chaos Theory

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Fatigue is a state of reduced physical activity with a distinctive feeling of discomfort and desire for rest caused by excessive physical and mental activity or illness.Until now, fatigue has been detected by listening to subjective fatigue levels or by measuring reactive oxygen species in the blood, but there is a need for a method that can immediately and easily measure fatigue.In this study, a fatigue task was created on a tablet device and administered continuously for 120 min to induce a temporary neurological state.We recorded the study participants' voices before and after the fatigue task and examined whether their neural fatigue could be detected using an analysis method based on chaos theory.The analysis showed that cerebral exponent macro (CEM) values, which indicate brain arousal, decreased significantly after the task, except in cases in which concentration on the task seemed to be insufficient．
Polybenzimidazole/silica nanocomposites: Organic-inorganic hybrid membranes for PEM fuel cell

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Despite the myriad studies on polybenzimidazole based polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells operating above 100 °C, the development of membranes with higher proton conductivity without compromising mechanical stability has continued to be the prime challenge. In this article, organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposites of poly (4,4′-diphenylether-5,5′-bibenzimidazole) (OPBI) were prepared with surface functionalized silica nanoparticles to address this key issue. Structural and morphological studies probed by SAXS, WAXD and TEM, respectively revealed the formation of self-assembled clusters of nanoparticles when the OPBI nanocomposites were made with amine modified silica (AMS) whereas a well dispersed structure was obtained for OPBI and the unmodified silica (UMS) composite. The OPBI/AMS nanocomposites displayed a significant enhancement in the thermal stabilities compared to the pristine OPBI and OPBI/UMS nanocomposite. The OPBI/AMS nanocomposite membranes exhibited a larger mechanical reinforcement than the pristine OPBI and OPBI/UMS nanocomposite. The formation of nanoparticle clusters in the OPBI matrix in the case of OPBI/AMS was found to be the driving force for the higher thermal and mechanical stability of OPBI/AMS than those of OPBI/UMS. The incorporation of AMS in the OPBI matrix shielded the polymer chains from the attack of oxidative radicals, resulting in a huge enhancement of oxidative stability of the nanocomposite membranes compared to the pure OPBI membrane. The OPBI/AMS nanocomposite membranes have significantly higher phosphoric acid (PA) loading compared to the pure OPBI membrane which resulted in the higher proton conductivities of the former. The self-assembled clusters of AMS in the OPBI matrix facilitated the proton transport process.
Emulation of an Induction Machine for Unbalanced Grid Faults

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A laboratory power level 5.0 hp induction machine emulation with grid interface for various asymmetric fault transients is implemented in this article. It is done in real time with power-hardware-in-loop (PHIL) technology. The PHIL emulation procedure permits the testing of complex control strategies of an ac microgrid while determining the machine behavior during grid faults. Since asymmetric grid faults generate opposite sequence components in the individual harmonic currents, a novel emulator control strategy with combination of proportional-integral (PI) and proportional resonant (PR) controllers is proposed to mimic the behavior of the real machine under grid faults. A step-by-step procedure for designing the PI and PR controllers is given in detail. An improved induction machine mathematical model with trapezoidal integration is also suggested for precise tracking of the emulator. An emulator laboratory setup is developed with Opal-Rt as the real-time controller and linear amplifier as the emulating device. Simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the tracking capability of the proposed emulator. The results confirm that with the proposed control, emulator currents track the real machine currents.
Strike Debt’s Rolling Jubilee: The Promise and the Performativity of Financial Contracts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With their Rolling Jubilee campaign of debt forgiveness, the group Strike Debt restored the behavior of finance capitalists to reveal vulnerabilities in the financial system’s continuous exchange of promissory contracts. The Rolling Jubilee transformed debt circulation from invisible, inadmissible market mechanism into a financial performance, and in doing so, raised the question of whether desire for new forms of collectivity are already modeled in financial markets.
Correspondence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Hon. Editors, British Journal of Radiology. I was considerably interested in your Editorial on “Radiograms in Children,” and I cannot agree that comparatively little help is given by radiologists in the diagnosis of chest conditions. A large number of children present indefinite chest signs, and the clinician finds it very difficult to ascertain the true significance of these. The radiologist is able to demonstrate whether the hilar glands are enlarged, and if so to what degree.