jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Long Range Nuclear Radiation Monitoring System using LPWAN Technology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A nuclear radiation monitoring system with a transmission range of 10 km is developed and validated. The designed system can be used for remote monitoring of nuclear radiation and collecting the data at ground stations located far apart from active site. It can be used to interface any wireless nuclear radiation sensor and has 10 years of operating lifetime. The transceiver is implemented using novel Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology which is specially designed for applications requiring long range transmissions at low data rate. The experimental testing of designed system shows that dose rate information can be transmitted upto 10 km in rural and 7 km in urban environment. Moreover, there is possibility of creating a network where number of different sensors located geographically apart can transmit to the same base station, thus providing simultaneous data analysis.
Tissue Characterization by Deep Learning in Medical Hyperspectral Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) is a promising imaging modality in medical applications, especially for non-invasive and non-contact disease diagnosis and image-guided surgery. Encoding both spatial and spectral information, it can detect subtle changes in the biochemical and morphological properties of a tissue, revealing the early progression of a pathological condition like cancer. Previous medical hyperspectral image analysis approaches depended on handcrafted features or feature extraction principle, requiring considerable domain expertise. To overcome this, automatic feature learning approaches like convolutional neural networks (CNN), previously used in tasks like classification, detection and segmentation in medical images were applied to hyperspectral data, although in a limited number of research studies. This thesis was proposed to review the state-of-the-art in medical hyperspectral image analysis, identify the limitations in current methods, and present a proof-of-concept for using limited hyperspectral image data in CNN-driven tissue characterization.<br/> <br/><br/><br/>The goal of this thesis is to characterize, using CNNs, ex vivo head and neck (tongue) tissue of patients affected by tumors. While previous work in this field implemented patch-based classification of tissue, in this thesis, a pixel-wise classification approach was proposed to obtain a smooth and continuous segmentation of hyperspectral images. To this end, two types of CNN models were trained from scratch using limited labelled training data, one to automatically learn the spectral features present in the hyperspectral data and the other to learn the combined spectral-spatial features from the hyperspectral data. Performance of four different trained models was evaluated by using a leave-one-out testing scheme, with the spectral-spatial learning approach with larger input spatial dimensions outperforming the other considered approaches.
Short‐term impacts of cover crops in maritime potato (Solanum tuberosum) systems

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Cover cropping is a soil conservation practice widely investigated in agronomic crops, but less is known about cover crop implications in specialty cropping systems, particularly in a high disturbance system like potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.). Brassica cover crops are popular in eastern Washington potato production, but brassica seed crop production in western Washington presents issues with use of brassica cover crops in the region's fresh‐market potato systems. To identify winter cover crops compatible with regional restrictions and climatic challenges in western Washington potato systems, trials including a no‐cover control, eight single species (including brassicas, grasses, and legumes), and a grass–legume mixture were conducted in Mount Vernon, WA, in 2018–2019 and 2019–2020. We examined cover crop and weed biomass production, potato yield and quality, and short‐term soil health impacts by measuring permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC) and inorganic nitrogen before cover crop incorporation and at midseason. Cover crop biomass and weed suppression varied by year, with annual ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam .) producing the most biomass in both years despite poorer weather conditions and reduced cover crop biomass in other treatments in 2020, making it a good cover crop candidate for western Washington. Both POXC and inorganic nitrogen were greater at midseason but did not vary among cover crop treatments, suggesting that temporal variation influences POXC and inorganic nitrogen more than a single winter of cover crops. Potato yield and tuber wireworm damage varied by year, but not across cover crop treatments, and tuber symptoms resembling black scurf did not vary by year nor treatment.
Kidney Toxicity and Response of Selenium Containing Protein-glutathione Peroxidase (Gpx3) to CdTe QDs on Different Levels

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The toxic mechanism of cadmium-quantum dots (Cd-QDs) to organisms is still debating. In this paper, it was found that Cd-QDs could induce adverse effects to kidney by entering into cells in a time and dose manner and disturbing the redox balance in vivo. As a selenium containing protein, glutathione peroxidase3 (Gpx3) plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of redox system. The decrease in Gpx3 activity might be related to the imbalance of redox system. Similar to the animal results, it was demonstrated that Gpx3 activity is also inhibited by Cd-QDs in vitro. To investigate the underlying mechanism of Cd-QDs on conformational and functional changes of Gpx3, systematical measurements including calorimetric, multispectroscopic studies, and molecular model studies were carried out on molecular level. Results showed that Cd-QDs binds to Gpx3 via Van der Waals' force and hydrogen bonds, resulting in structural changes with increasing contents of α-helix. By interacting with Glu136 in the cavity of Gpx3 as well as Phe132, Pro130, and Van129 surrounded, Cd-QDs changes the microenvironment of fluorophore and further reduce the activity of Gpx3.
Visuospatial asymmetry in dual‐task performance after subacute stroke

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Various authors have referred to an association between neglect and non‐spatial components of attention. It has been suggested that an increase in attentional load could exacerbate neglect symptoms and reveal subtle, well‐compensated neglect. In the present study, 21 RH and 22 LH subacute stroke patients and 20 controls performed a computerized single‐detection task ( CVRT ) and a dual task ( CVRT ‐ D ) combining the detection task with a driving simulation task. Omissions, reaction times ( RT s) and RT asymmetries were analysed to investigate the influence of increasing attentional load on neglect symptoms. RT asymmetries were most pronounced in RH patients. Although a clear increase in RT asymmetries between CVRT and CVRT ‐ D was observed, the amount of increase did not differ between both patient groups. Within both patient groups, correlations between RT asymmetries and ipsilesional RT s as a measure of general attention were significant in the single task but not in the dual task, indicating that increased attentional load may result in different degrees of lateralized and general attentional problems. Half of the patients with neglect on the BIT (Behavioural Inattention Test) showed increased RT asymmetries from CVRT to CVRT ‐D. Moreover, two LH and RH patients without neglect symptoms on the BIT and CVRT showed distinctively increased asymmetries in the CVRT ‐D, fostering the idea of an emergence of subtle neglect under increased attentional load. Dual‐task performance may draw attention towards patients who, without obvious signs of neglect, may show visuospatial attention deficits in complex situations.
Insectivorous bats as biomonitor of metal exposure in the megalopolis of Mexico and rural environments in Central Mexico

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) The Megalopolis of Mexico is one of the largest cities in the world and presents substantial problems of metal pollution. Insectivorous bats that inhabit this city are potentially exposed to metals and could therefore serve as a good biomonitor. We collected 70 adult male individuals of Tadarida brasiliensis (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from two areas inside the Megalopolis (Cuautitlán and Xochimilco) and two rural environments in Central Mexico (Tequixquiac and Tlalcozotitlán). We analyzed livers to determine the total concentrations of ten metals by the ICP-MS technique, compared concentrations among study sites to provide evidence of metal exposure, and explored the associations between metals and their accumulation patterns in bats. The hepatic metal concentrations we recorded were generally consistent with those of similar studies in insectivorous bats. Higher concentrations of Cu and Zn in Cuautitlán and Xochimilco bats were associated with vehicular traffic. Higher concentrations of V, Cr, and Co in Tequixquiac bats and Cd in Tlalcozotitlán bats were linked with industrial, agricultural, or sewage sources. Variations in Fe and Mn concentrations were related to geogenic sources or local conditions. Similar Ni and Pb concentrations were linked with strong homeostatic controls or historical pollution. Accumulation patterns showed that all urban bats belonged to a single population with similar degrees of metal exposure, while rural bats belonged to two different populations exposed to different metals. Our results highlight the need to monitor the emissions generated by particular sources in each study site.
Obstetrics In Renal Transplantation: A Series Of Cases Of Pregnancy Post Transplant Observed Over 24 Years

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To study the course of pregnancy and its outcome in renal allograft recipients. Patients and Methods: From November 1985 – December 2009, 2792 renal transplants were carried out; among them 631 were females, the potential females for pregnancies were 169. Incidence of hypertension, diabetes, pre-eclampsia, urinary tract infections, rejection during pregnancy and 3 months post childbirth and outcome of pregnancy studied in these cases. Results: Among 169 potential candidates for post transplant motherhood 43 had 68 pregnancies. Thirty-seven pregnancies started with hypertension, rise in blood pressure during pregnancy noticed in 13. In 26 pregnancies Albuminuria from trace to 3+ was found and glycosuria in one. Blood sugar levels remained within normal range. UTI occurred during pregnancy in 13 pregnancies. Among 68 pregnancies, 15 were abortions, 8 pre term deliveries, fresh still birth in five. Rest were full term deliveries. Mean birth weight was 2.4 ± 0.57, 7 newborns were of+5.6 years (range 1-22 years) serum creatinine values range from 0.94 – 3.0. One patient developed irreversible graft dysfunction soon after delivery. Another recipient who conceived at serum creatinine level of 3.08 became dialysis dependent after delivery. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that pregnancy does not reduce the renal graft survival but new born are at greater risk of premature birth and low birth weight.
The nerve supply of zygomaticus major: Variability and distinguishing zygomatic from buccal facial nerve branches

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The zygomaticus major (ZM) is important for the human smile. There are conflicting data about whether the zygomatic or buccal branches of the facial nerve are responsible for its motor innervation. The literature provides no precise distinction of the transition zone between these two branch systems. In this study, a definition to distinguish the facial nerve branches at the level of the body of the zygoma is proposed. In the light of this definition, we conducted an anatomical study to determine how the source of innervation of the ZM was distributed. A total of 96 fresh‐frozen cadaveric facial halves were dissected under loupe magnification. A hemiparotidectomy was followed by antegrade microsurgical dissection. Any branch topographically lying superficial to the zygoma or touching it was classed as zygomatic, and any neighboring inferior branch was considered buccal. The arborization of the facial nerve was diffuse in all cases. In 64 out of 96 specimens (67%, 95% CI: 56% to 76%), zygomatic branches innervated the ZM. Buccal branches innervated ZM in the other 32 facial halves (33%, 95% CI: 24% to 44%). There were no differences in respect of sex or facial side. All facial halves displayed additional branches, which crossed the muscle on its inner surface without supplying it. In 31 specimens, a nerve branch ran superficial to ZM in its cranial third. According to our classification, the zygomaticus major is innervated by zygomatic branches in 67% of cases and by buccal branches in 33%. Clin. Anat. 31:560–565, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decays of Baryon Resonances into K Lambda, K^+ Sigma^0 and K^0 Sigma^+

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Cross sections, beam asymmetries, and recoil polarisations for the reactions gamma p to K^+ Lambda ; gamma to K^+ Sigma^0, and gamma p to K^0 Sigma^+ have been measured by the SAPHIR, CLAS, and LEPS collaborations with high statistics and good angular coverage for centre-of-mass energies between 1.6 and 2.3 GeV. The combined analysis of these data with data from pi and eta photoproduction reveals evidence for new baryon resonances in this energy region. A new P_{11} state with mass 1840 MeV and width 140 MeV was observed contributing to most of the fitted reactions. The data demand the presence of two D_{13} states at 1870 and 2170 MeV.
Simultaneous Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Multiple Chemical Constituents in YiQiFuMai Injection by Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Ion Trap Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

YiQiFuMai injection (YQFM) is a modern lyophilized powder preparation derived from the traditional Chinese medicine Sheng-mai san (SMS) used for treating cardiovascular diseases, such as chronic heart failure. However, its chemical composition has not been fully elucidated, particularly for the preparation derived from Ophiopogon japonicus. This study aimed to establish a systematic and reliable method to quickly and simultaneously analyze the chemical constituents in YQFM by ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UFLC-IT-TOF/MS). Sixty-five compounds in YQFM were tentatively identified by comparison with reference substances or literature data. Furthermore, twenty-one compounds, including three ophiopogonins, fifteen ginsenosides and three lignans were quantified by UFLC-IT-TOF/MS. Notably, this is the first determination of steroidal saponins from O. japonicus in YQFM. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of intra- and inter-day precision, reproducibility and stability were <4.9% and all analytes showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9952) and acceptable recovery of 91.8%–104.2% (RSD ≤ 5.4%), indicating that the methods were reliable. These methods were successfully applied to quantitative analysis of ten batches of YQFM. The developed approach can provide useful and comprehensive information for quality control, further mechanistic studies in vivo and clinical application of YQFM.
Estimating the impact of reducing the age of colorectal cancer screening on cancer incidence, mortality, and costs in Canada using OncoSim.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

3526 Background: Organized colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs currently cover Canadians aged ≥50 at average-risk of developing CRC and have contributed to declining CRC incidence. Rising incidence of early-onset CRC in individuals < 50 has led to lowering of the recommended screening start age to 45 rather than 50 in some jurisdictions. We used OncoSim, a publicly-available simulation tool, to model the effects of earlier screening initiation on Canadian CRC incidence, mortality and healthcare costs. Methods: OncoSim uses Canadian population and cancer registry data to simulate a representative sample of individuals from birth to death. We modeled four scenarios: no screening in average-risk individuals, screening initiation at age 50, initiation age lowered to 45 in 2022, and initiation age lowered to 40 in 2022. Each includes 32 million simulated participants. In the model, average-risk screening involves biennial FIT, available to all simulated participants regardless of family history with participation of 60% at the first recruitment attempt and 80% for repeat screening. Participants with a family history in all 4 scenarios were eligible for additional screening by colonoscopy every 5 years. Results: In our model, earlier screening yields reduced CRC incidence and mortality with increasing benefit over time. By 2051, screening initiation at age 45 or 40 reduces age-standardized incidence by 3.4% and 4.8% respectively, and age-standardized mortality by 3.3% and 4.6% respectively, compared to initiation at age 50. Screening initiation at age 45 yields 3,848 additional quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) in 2051 at a cost of $9,350 per QALY gained and a 5% increase in colonoscopies performed. Initiation at age 40 yields 6,255 additional QALYs at $16,350 per QALY gained and a 9% increase in colonoscopies. The difference in screening costs compared to screening from age 50 is consistent year-to-year after 2024. In 2051 screening costs increase by $75mil and $155mil per year with initiation at ages 45 and 40 respectively, while costs of cancer management (including diagnosis, treatment, recurrence, palliative and end of life care) decrease by $42mil and $57mil respectively. Conclusions: Our model predicts that lowering the CRC screening initiation age for average-risk Canadians to 45 or 40 could reduce CRC incidence and mortality. Costs per QALY gained are high in the first few decades but decrease over time. Costs are modest after 30 years of screening compared to other life-preserving interventions such as dialysis. Our results suggest that lowering the screening age in Canada may be warranted, but further investigation is needed to assess capacity for increased colonoscopy demand.
Reclassification of Sphingomonas aeria as a later heterotypic synonym of Sphingomonas carotinifaciens based on whole-genome sequence analysis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The 16S rRNA gene sequences of Sphingomonas carotinifaciens L9-754 T and Sphingomonas aeria B093034 T possess 99.71 % sequence similarity. Further studies were undertaken to clarify the taxonomic assignments of these species. Whole-genome comparisons showed that S. aeria B093034 T and S. carotinifaciens L9-754 T shared 96.9 % average nucleotide identity, 98.4 % average amino acid identity and 76.1 % digital DNA–DNA hybridization values. These values exceeded or approached the recommended species delineation threshold values. Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree based on 41 of the most conserved genes provided additional evidence that S. aeria B093034 T and S. carotinifaciens L9-754 T are very closely related. Based on this evidence we propose the reclassification of S. aeria Xue et al . 2018 as a later heterotypic synonym of S. carotinifaciens Madhaiyan et al . 2017.
Behaviour of 12 trace elements in serum of uremic patients on hemodiafiltration.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The concentrations of the trace elements As, Au, Cd, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mo, Rb, Se and Zn were studied in the serum of 5 patients with end-stage renal failure who were undergoing treatment with hemodiafiltration. The concentrations of the following elements differ significantly from the reference values: As, Cd, Cu, Hg and Mo are higher, while Rb, Se, Zn and some of the Cs values are lower. The observed concentration deviations may be due to the uremic state and/or the dialysis process. To asses the contribution of the latter, the elements were determined in the substitution fluid and in the dialysate before and after blood contact and passage through the artificial kidney. Our findings suggest that the concentration abnormalities could be related to the substitution fluid for Cs, Rb, Se and Zn and to the dialysate for Mo and Rb.
An Early Fatal Reaction to Blood Transfusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

MEDICAL JOURNAL insulin (Organon) and alt-insulin (Horn)-the former act- ing somewhat more acutely than the latter.In the literature the normal duration of the action of regular insulin in diabetics is given as eight hours, so one may take this value to be well founded (Fig. 1).Categor y 2.-DEoration, 10 hours.To this category belong N.P.H. insulin (Organon), N.P.H. 50 (Lilly), depot insulin C 0-CASES (Horm), semilente (Novo), CONTROL 6 and zinc insulin ' neutrale " (Organon).These show only I 20U.minor differences in charac-N.PH.ter.The first three insulins INSULIN 0o60 5 'are protamine zinc insulins: -ORGANON" ~~N.P.H. insulin and N.P.H. NRe50 0X.10°0 005L4 5 50 being cloudy suspensions N.PH 50 0.060-5 'LILLY o;eo and depot insulin (Horm) a clear solution.The last two DEPOT 0.oooV-I i+ insulins are zinc insulins,
Determination of aromatase cytochrome P450 messenger ribonucleic acid in human breast tissue by competitive polymerase chain reaction amplification.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Local production of estrogen in breast tissue may influence the growth of breast cancers. Peripheral conversion of C19 steroids to estrogens is catalyzed by the aromatase enzyme complex which is comprised of a specific form of cytochrome P450, aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450AROM) and the flavoprotein, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. To evaluate P450AROM mRNA levels in breast tissue, a specific competitive polymerase chain reaction amplification procedure was devised. In this method, a rat P450AROM complementary RNA is coamplified as an internal standard in order to compare amplification reactions. The amplification products are recognized by hybridization with 32P-labeled oligonucleotides specific for each species. Densitometry is used to quantitate autoradiographs. Initial studies using RNA from whole breast tissue obtained from reduction mammoplasty revealed linearity of the relationship between the densitometer signal from the human amplification product and total RNA concentration. Breast tissue was then separated into a floating adipocyte fraction and a pelleted fraction containing the other cellular elements by collagenase digestion and centrifugation. Comparison of specific content of aromatase amplification product per unit weight of RNA extracted from adipocytes and pelleted cells revealed considerably higher levels in the RNA from the nonadipocyte fraction. Immunocytochemical characterization of this fraction revealed the presence of several cell types including macrophages, ductal epithelial cells, and endothelial cells, but primary cells of stromal origin.
Effects of digested onion extracts on intestinal gene expression using rat intestine slices

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Rat small intestine precision cut slices were exposed for 6 hours to in vitro digested yellow (YOd) and white onion extracts (WOd) that was followed by transcriptomics analysis. The digestion was performed to mimic the digestion that in vivo takes place in the stomach and small intestine. The transcriptomics response of the rat small intestine precision cut slices was compared to that of human Caco-2 cells and the pig in-situ small intestinal segment perfusion. The microarray data for the human Caco-2 cells (GSE83893) and the pig in-situ small intestinal segment perfusion (GSE83908) have been submitted separately from the current data on rat intestine. The goal was to obtain more insight into to which extent mode of actions depend on the experimental model. A main outcome was that each of the three models pointed to the same mode of action: induction of oxidative stress and particularly the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway.