jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Design, fabrication, and evaluation of negative stiffness elements using SLS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Purpose Recent research has shown that constrained bistable structures can display negative stiffness behavior and provide extremal vibrational and acoustical absorptive capacity. These bistable structures are therefore compelling candidates for constructing new meta‐materials for noise reduction, anechoic coatings, and backing materials for broadband imaging transducers. To date, demonstrations of these capabilities have been primarily theoretical because the geometry of bistable elements is difficult to construct and refine with conventional manufacturing methods and materials. The purpose of this paper is to leverage the geometric design freedoms provided by selective laser sintering (SLS) technology to design and construct constrained bistable structures with negative stiffness behavior. Design/methodology/approach A meso‐scale negative stiffness system is designed and fabricated with SLS technology. The system includes a bistable structure in the form of a pre‐compressed/pre‐buckled beam. The dynamic transmissibility of the system is measured, and its behavior is compared to the predictions of analytical models. Findings Experimental results demonstrate that pre‐compression and pre‐buckling can be used to induce negative stiffness behavior and thereby increase the damping and shift the resonant frequency of an unconstrained beam. Originality/value The results support the usefulness of SLS and other additive manufacturing technologies for acoustic and dynamic applications. Specifically, the demonstrated advantages of SLS include the ability to rapidly redesign, functionally 2 prototype, and tune physical models for acoustic and dynamic experimentation. Of significant importance is the ability of SLS to enable consolidation of parts that are traditionally separate, thereby reducing vibrational noise in these systems. In this specific application, SLS enables a proof‐of‐concept comparison of the theoretical and experimental behavior of a meso‐scale negative stiffness system. The demonstrated acoustical and vibrational absorptive capacity of these systems is expected to lead to designs for new structures and materials that offer significantly improved energy absorbing capabilities over a broad range of tunable frequencies without compromising structural stiffness.
Saquinavir-mediated inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in SCID mice implanted with human fetal thymus and liver tissue: an in vivo model for evaluating the effect of drug therapy on HIV infection in lymphoid tissues

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Treatment with protease inhibitors alone or in combination with inhibitors of reverse transcriptase potently suppresses levels of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA in plasma and thereby may significantly delay the progression of HIV-mediated disease. To investigate the effect of treatment with the protease inhibitor saquinavir on HIV replication in the lymphoid tissues, we used a SCID-hu mouse model that we developed, in which human thymic and liver tissues (hu-thy/liv) were implanted under both kidney capsules in SCID mice (thy/liv-SCID-hu mice). These mice are populated in the periphery with large numbers of human T cells and develop disseminated HIV infection after intraimplant injection. thy/liv-SCID-hu mice with established HIV infection that were treated for 1 month with saquinavir had a significantly lower viral load present in the implanted hu-thy/liv and mouse spleen than did the untreated HIV-infected thy/liv-SCID-hu mice. To examine the capacity of acute treatment with saquinavir to prevent HIV infection, some thy/liv-SCID-hu mice were inoculated with HIV and then immediately started on saquinavir. Although treated mice had markedly lower viral loads in the thy/liv implants and spleens, HIV infection was not completely prevented. Thus, the effect of antiviral therapy on HIV infection in the major site of HIV replication, the lymphoid tissues, can be readily evaluated in our thy/liv-SCID-hu mice. These mice should prove to be a useful model for determining the in vivo effectiveness of different therapeutic interventions on acute and chronic HIV infection.
[Radiological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of the choledochocele (author's transl)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The article demonstrates the radiological morphology of choledochocele, a rare form of cystic dilatation on the common bile duct, on the basis of the author's own observations. The article also goes into the aspects of differential diagnosis. Besides the constant filling defect with smooth contours of the duodenum descendens, intravenous cholangiography visualizing the choledochocele filled with contrast medium, presents a radiologically typical image.
Role of Gender Towards Income Generation: An Impact Analysis of Land Acquisition in West Bengal, India

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the principal fundamentals of post-independence development projects in India has been land acquisition.Most of these projects have caused major changes in land use, leading to dispossession and displacement of a large number of people and their involuntary resettlement in other areas.Development induced displacement brings loss of productive assets, dismantling of social networks, destruction of ancestral property, and even increased morbidity and mortality rates in some instances.Therefore, this paper seeks to explore further the micro-level impact of agricultural land acquisition on livelihood pattern of both genders to the establishment of the industry on the fertile agricultural land in the Kharagpur subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district in the early 1990s with the cooperation of West Bengal Government, India.Land acquisition without any policy of rehabilitation caused not only landlessness but also created joblessness among the affected population and at the family level, it has resulted food insecurity and increased workload among the women.The women on the other hand made desperate attempts to cope up the burden by working within and outside the domestic domain.
Continuous Infrared Popping: Effect on Key Physicochemical Attributes of Popcorn

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of continuous infrared (Co-IR) popping at different powers [600, 700 and, 800 W (W) Co-IR power] and a constant distance from the sample (5 cm) on the key physicochemical properties of popcorn (Zea mays L. var. Everta) [popping properties, energy consumption, morphology (SEM), sensory properties, and color] was investigated. According to the results of popping properties, optimum treatment for Co-IR popping of popcorn was 700 W Co-IR power. Colors were significantly changed (P < 0.05) during Co-IR popping. The L*, a*, b*, ΔE, hue, and chroma values of Co-IR popped popcorn (700 W Co-IR power) were 71.40, −2.73, 15.44, 33.13 ± 1.92, −1.40 ± 0.29, and 15.68 ± 1.07, respectively. The minimal energy usage was attained at 0.013 kWh at 800 W Co-IR power. In SEM analysis, with increasing the IR lamp power, the cavity size was increased (the cavities number per unit area decreased). The largest increase in the popcorn cavity size was determined at 800 W Co-IR power. The highest consumer acceptance of Co-IR popped corns was obtained at 700 W Co-IR power. This is the first study on the Co-IR expansion technology for popcorn popping, and the findings show that the IR expansion method is very efficient in the popcorn popping process.
Pathogenic metabolites in barley caryopses and their effect on quality of malting barley and malt.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

V letech 2008-2010 bylo analyzováno 69 vzorků pluchatých i bezpluchých odrůd a linií zrna ječmene a z něj vyrobeného sladu. Byla sledována aktivita enzymů zapojených v obranné reakci rostlin vůči napadení patogeny - chitinasy a 1,3- -glukanasy. Dále byla pomocí aglutinačního testu EPS sledována přítomnost polysacharidu galaktomananu, který je součástí buněčných stěn vláknitých mikromycet. V nesladovaných obilkách ječmene a ve sladině byl sledován obsah -glukanů. Současně byl sledován potenciál gushingu ječmene a sladu a obsah prekurzorů dimetylsulfidu ve sladu. Aktivita 1,3- -glukanasy ve sladu je především výsledkem procesu klíčení a nelze ji tudíž považovat za důsledek napadení patogeny. Obsah -glukanů ve sladině není pravděpodobně znakem, který je zásadním způsobem ovlivněn kontaminací obilky. Naproti tomu úroveň gushingu ve sladu a obsah PDMS ve sladu jsou výrazně spjaty se znaky spojenými s kontaminací obilky vláknitými mikromycetami.
Modulation of nuclear protein kinase activity and phosphorylation of histone H1 subspecies during the prereplicative phase of rat liver regeneration.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have measured nuclear protein kinase activity during the prereplicative phase of rat liver regeneration. Total nuclear protein kinase activity increased significantly 15-18 h after partial hepatectomy, with the peak of activity occurring at 16 h. DEAE-Sephacel chromatography resolved nuclear protein kinase activity into two cAMP-independent (Ib and II) and two cAMP-dependent (Ia and III) protein kinases. Sixteen h after partial hepatectomy, there was a marked increase in the activities of the nuclear cAMP-dependent protein kinases and a decrease in the activity of nuclear cAMP-independent protein kinase II. Characterization of the two nuclear cAMP-dependent protein kinases revealed them to be identical with the cytosolic type I and II isozymes. Immunotitration of nuclear catalytic subunit and densitometric analysis of autoradiographs from 8-azido-[32P]cAMP-labeled nuclear RI revealed increases in both subunits 16 h afer partial hepatectomy. Concomitantly with the observed increase in nuclear protein kinase activity, we have observed an increase in the phosphorylation of histone H1 subspecies. Administration of the beta-adrenergic antagonist DL-propranolol, which has been shown to cause delays of equal duration in both the second phase of increased intracellular cAMP levels and the initiation of DNA synthesis (MacManus, J. P., Braceland, B. M., Youdale, T., and Whitfield, J. F. (1973) J. Cell. Physiol. 82, 157-164), results in an equivalent delay of increased nuclear protein kinase activity. Colchicine, which has previously been shown to prevent the onset of DNA synthesis (Walker, P. R., and Whitfield, J. F. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 75, 1394-1398), also prevents the increased protein kinase activity normally observed 16 h after partial hepatectomy. We conclude that the onset of DNA synthesis in the regenerating rat liver is preceded by a cAMP-mediated translocation of type I and type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase to the nucleus and phosphorylative modification of histone H1 subspecies. The inhibitory effects of propranolol and colchicine suggest a common cAMP-mediated, colchicine-sensitive link between protein kinase translocation and the initiation of DNA synthesis.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Demographic History of Indigenous Populations in Mesoamerica Based on mtDNA Sequence Data

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The genetic characterization of Native American groups provides insights into their history and demographic events. We sequenced the mitochondrial D-loop region (control region) of 520 samples from eight Mexican indigenous groups. In addition to an analysis of the genetic diversity, structure and genetic relationship between 28 Native American populations, we applied Bayesian skyline methodology for a deeper insight into the history of Mesoamerica. AMOVA tests applying cultural, linguistic and geographic criteria were performed. MDS plots showed a central cluster of Oaxaca and Maya populations, whereas those from the North and West were located on the periphery. Demographic reconstruction indicates higher values of the effective number of breeding females (Nef) in Central Mesoamerica during the Preclassic period, whereas this pattern moves toward the Classic period for groups in the North and West. Conversely, Nef minimum values are distributed either in the Lithic period (i.e. founder effects) or in recent periods (i.e. population declines). The Mesomerican regions showed differences in population fluctuation as indicated by the maxi-
The Use of Archives in the Field of Art by Graduate Students and Researchers

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ELSEWHERE types and sources of art archives are discussed thoroughly. Archives of American Art . . . may be original letters, manuscripts, notebooks, sketchbooks, catalogues, cash books, clippings, etc., by artists, dealers, collectors and historians documents of an ephemeral nature and often difficult of access. To the student this . . . material is of inestimable value.1 To this list may be added inventories of estates, correspondence, bills for the sale of paintings or sculpture, and even the paintbox and palette used by the artist. At some time or another, in some way, all these archives have contributed to the total knowledge available to the researcher in the field of art. Given the above definition of archives of art, how have they been used by graduate students and researchers? The Albany Institute of History and Art, founded in 179 1, is fortunate in possessing among its archival material many of the less public, more intimate ephemeral material of such local but nationally famous artists as Thomas Cole, Sanford R. Gifford, John Quincy Adams Ward, Erastus Dow Palmer, and Thomas Kirby Van Zandt, to mention but a few. The uses made of these resources by students and rerearchers are almost as diverse as the archives themselves, and the end results of the research are infinitely varied. We shall try in the next few pages to explore some examples of research, each different in purpose and method. Early in 1967 the New-York Historical Society, the Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Collection at Williamsburg, the Museum of Early American Folk Arts, and the Albany Institute of
Musical Revue, Radio, and Film: 1931–1934

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter first describes Lara's participation in a variety of musical revues (teatro de revista) in Mexico City during the first half of the 1930s. Running parallel to similarly styled Broadway shows, Mexico City stages also featured a host of young, attractive performers sporting the latest fashions, dances, comedy, and music packaged in lightly scripted, often satirical, productions for nightly consumption. These revues not only provided timely entertainment for audiences, but also served as a proving ground for a new generation of performing artists—some of whom would find their way into the soon burgeoning popular media of radio and film.
Synthesis and Properties of Brominated 6,6′‐Dimethyl‐[2,2′‐bi‐1H‐indene]‐3,3′‐diethyl‐3,3′‐dihydroxy‐1,1′‐diones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Photochromic 6‐bromomethyl‐6′‐methyl‐[2,2′‐bi‐1 H ‐indene]‐3,3′‐diethyl‐3,3′‐dihydroxy‐1,1′‐dione ( 2 ), 6,6′‐ bis(bromomethyl)‐[2,2′‐bi‐1 H ‐indene]‐3,3′‐diethyl‐3,3′‐dihydroxy‐1,1′‐dione ( 3 ) and 6,6′‐bis(dibromomethyl)‐[2,2′‐ bi‐1 H ‐indene]‐3,3′‐diethyl‐3,3′‐dihydroxy‐1,1′‐dione ( 4 ) have been synthesized from 6,6′‐dimethyl‐[2,2′‐bi‐1 H ‐ indene]‐3,3′‐diethyl‐3,3′‐dihydroxy‐1,1′‐dione ( 1 ). The single crystal of 4 was obtained and its crystal structure was analyzed. The results indicate that in crystal 4 , molecular arrangement is defective tightness compared with its precursor 1 . Besides, UV‐Vis absorption spectra in CH 2 Cl 2 solution, photochromic and photomagnetic properties in solid state of 2 , 3 and 4 were also investigated. The results demonstrate that when the hydrogen atoms in the methyl group on the benzene rings of biindenylidenedione were substituted by bromines, its properties could be affected considerably.
Cloning, expression and purification of the general stress protein Yhbo from Escherichia coli

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We cloned, expressed and purified the Escherichia coli yhbO gene product, which is homolog to the Bacillus subtilis general stress protein 18 (the yfkM gene product), the Pyrococcus furiosus intracellular protease PfpI, and the human Parkinson disease protein DJ-1. The gene coding for YhbO was generated by amplifying the yhbO gene from E. coli by polymerase chain reaction. It was inserted in the expression plasmid pET-21a, under the transcriptional control of the bacteriophage T7 promoter and lac operator. A BL21(DE3) E. coli strain transformed with the YhbO-expression vector pET-21a-yhbO, accumulates large amounts of a soluble protein of 20 kDa in SDS-PAGE that matches the expected YhbO molecular weight. YhbO was purified to homogeneity by HPLC DEAE ion exchange chromatography and hydroxylapatite chromatography and its identity was confirmed by N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry analysis. The native protein exists in monomeric, trimeric and hexameric forms.
SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF IMMUNOREACTIVE HCG- AND SOMATOSTATIN-CONTAINING CELLS AND THEIR GESTATIONAL CHANGES IN THE HUMAN PLACENTAL VILLI AND DECIDUA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Using double immunostaining procedures, this study clarifies the localization of immunoreactive somatostatin- and immunoreactive hCG-containing cells simultaneously in the human placental villi and decidua. Immunoreactive somatostatin-containing cells were distributed in the cytotrophoblastic monolayer and decidua, while immunoreactive hCG-containing cells distributed exclusively in the syncytiotrophoblastic layer. The immunostainability of endocrine cells in the villi reduced progressively with gestation, however this change was not detected in the decidua.The results indicate that the endocrine placenta is discriminated by a syncytiotrophoblastic layer containing tropic hormone (hCG) and a cytotrophoblastic layer containing suppressive hormone (somatostatin), and that gestation modifies the immunocytological features of the endocrine placenta. However the role of somatostatin in the placental villi and decidua remains unknown.
A simple gadget to guide and show a person to adopt good standing and sitting posture, and extend it to walking or running

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In order to sustain a good curvature in human spine, a good standing and sitting posture is important. Keeping good posture can cause stress to the human itself. Hence, many people tend to slough without realizing that their posture had changed. Usage of technology such as Smart phones and tablets can cause posture changed. This is due to wrongful direction as many people tends to tilt their heads down resulting straining their cervical over a prolong period in public transport. Other than technology, students in Singapore are seen to carry bulky and heavy bag to school. This leads to hunching of thoracic areas of their spine. In the long run for above scenario, neglecting good posture can cause misalignment from the human spine. Misalignment of human spines can cause side effect such as backache or soreness. Lumbar area will be affect should misalignment is not treated early. Currently in the market, back supports are available but they catered to the thoracic and the lumbar area. Moreover, wearing these back support for a prolonged period can cause discomfort to the wearer. As a result, to minimize misalignment from the spine, this project aims to design and build a prototype to guide and educate people. This is to assist them in having good sitting and standing posture, as well as walking and running. With good posture, this will aid in healthier lifestyle.
Pyrosequencing and Taxonomic Composition of the Fungal Community from Soil of Tricholoma matsutake in Gyeongju

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Tricholoma matsutake is an ectomycorrhizal fungus that has a symbiotic relationship with the root of Pinus densiflora. Soil microbial communities greatly affect the growth of T. matsutake, however, few studies have examined the characteristics of these communities. In the present study, we analyzed soil fungal communities from Gyeongju and Yeongdeok using metagenomic pyrosequencing to investigate differences in fungal species diversity, richness, and taxonomic composition between the soil under T. matsutake fruiting bodies (Sample 2) and soil where the fairy ring of T. matsutake was no longer present (Sample 1). The same spot was investigated three times at intervals of four months to observe changes in the community. In the samples from Yeongdeok, the number of valid reads was lower than that at Gyeongju. The operational taxonomic units of most Sample 2 groups were less than those of Sample 1 groups, indicating that fungal diversity was low in the T. matsutakedominant soil. The soil under the T. matsutake fruiting bodies was dominated by more than 51% T. matsutake. From fall to the following spring, the ratio of T. matsutake decreased. Basidiomycota was the dominant phylum in most samples. G-F1-2, G-F2-2, and Y-F1-2 had the genera Tricholoma, Umbelopsis, Oidiodendron, Sagenomella, Cladophialophora, and Phialocephala in common. G-F1-1, G-F2-1, and Y-F1-1 had 10 genera including Umbelopsis and Sagenomella in common. From fall to the following spring, the amount of phyla Basidiomycota and Mucoromycota gradually decreased but that of phylum Ascomycota increased. We suggest that the genus Umbelopsis is positively related to T. matsutake.
Interstitial place

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The fabric of many post WW2 campuses in North America, can be described as a collection of independent buildings rather than as infrastructure that shapes and connects a network of public spaces with character, sense of place and social amenity. The same can be said for our late modernist cities. A re-examination and design of these interstitial leftover spaces can provide much needed public domain for students and faculty while also improving the ambiance and connectivity of adjacent buildings. Through analyzing and intervening within an existing underutilized circulation plaza within Ryerson’s urban Toronto campus, this thesis project asserts the importance of public space by creating new connections and relationships between building, landscape, and people using strategies of landscape urbanism and infrastructural urbanism. The synthesis of architecture, infrastructure and landscape has the potential to create public realm by intensifying and uniting new and existing flows within existing urban and social networks.