jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Clinical Review on Mucormycosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Is a rare but life-threatening fungal infection caused by fungi belonging to the order Mucorales, predominantly Rhizopus, Mucor, Rhizomucor, and Lichtheimia. The infection is characterized by rapid tissue necrosis and has a high mortality rate if not diagnosed and treated promptly. Mucormycosis primarily affects immunocompromised individuals, including those with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, hematological malignancies, solid organ transplants, and those undergoing prolonged corticosteroid therapy. The disease typically manifests in four clinical forms: rhino-orbital-cerebral, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous. Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis is the most common and is often associated with diabetic ketoacidosis, where the fungus invades the sinuses, spreading to the orbit and brain. Early diagnosis relies on clinical suspicion, radiological imaging, histopathological examination, and microbiological cultures. Treatment involves a combination of antifungal therapy, usually with liposomal amphotericin B, and, when feasible, surgical debridement of necrotic tissue. Despite aggressive treatment, the prognosis remains poor, particularly in patients with extensive disease or underlying immunocompromise. Preventive strategies focus on controlling predisposing factors, such as optimal management of diabetes and minimizing the use of immunosuppressive agents. The increasing incidence of mucormycosis, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the need for greater awareness, early detection, and timely intervention. This review article presents the current statistics, the causes of this infection in the human body, and its diagnosis with available recent therapies through recent databases collected from several clinics and agencies. The diagnosis and identifcation of the infection were made possible through various latest medical techniques such as computed tomography scans, direct microscopic observations, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, serology, molecular assay, and histopathology.
Preliminary Study on the Use of Chemical Pesticides in Beir Bullerjam's Farms, Suluq, Libya

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pesticides in Libya have increased recently in the agriculture sector to control pests, consequently improving field and horticultural crop productivity. The present study was undertaken to assess the current pesticide utilization among farmers in different farms across Beir Bullerjam's area. Data were collected from farmers using a structured questionnaire containing the following (socio-demographic details, awareness and knowledge, and farmer practices). Our results show that all farmers were male (100%), their farming experience was 13 years, and their average age was 46 years old. Not surprisingly, farmers did not know the modes or the compositions of pesticides being used and relied mainly on pesticide commercial retailers' knowledge. The most commonly used pesticides were: insecticides, herbicides, acaricides, and fungicides (47%), (34%), (18%), and (2%) respectively. Moreover, their trade names were: Oscar wp® 50, Roundup, Gramoxyone (herbicides), AQ Dorsban*4, Permethrin, Cyberkill 25, Mospy-one 20% sp, Fl-oil, Voliam Targo (insecticides), Vertimec (acaricide), and Strike (fungicide), and they were regularly utilized by farmers in this survey. We found that farmers reuse the same pesticides over years which may result in pesticide resistance of the targeted pest. Additionally, heavy use of insecticides by farmers could harm bee populations negatively in the region or decrease the natural enemies of pests. Farmer's awareness and attitudes towards pesticide use must be improved through agriculture extension agents or workshops for better food, healthy people, and ecosystems.
A Procedure for Drug Screening Without the Need to Transport Urines

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A procedure was devised for screening for drug abuse in urine specimens by adsorbing the drugs onto papers loaded with ion-exchange resin. The drugs were then eluted from the papers into aqueous saline buffers, which were analyzed by hemagglutination inhibition with antisera specific for morphine, methadone, or barbiturates. The procedure combines the convenience of the ion-exchange papers with the precision and sensitivity of the immunoassay. The preliminary treatment consists of local treatment of urine specimens collected at many distant clinics with ion exchange papers that adsorb 50-65% of alkaloid drugs and 25% of barbiturates and can be shipped, after drying, in simple envelopes by regular mail to a central analytical laboratory for processing. At the central laboratory, portions of specimens are reconstituted in aqueous saline buffers, while drugs from other portions are extracted with solvents at appropriate pH. Drugs are detected in the reconstituted aqueous media by hemagglutination inhibition and spectrophotofluorimetry and confirmed in the solvent extracts by thin-layer chromatography. Recovery of labeled drugs after this treatment and urine screening data showed that the procedure is safe, convenient, and reliable in the case of opiate alkaloids, methadone, amphetamines, and phenothiazine tranquilizers but is less suitable for detection of barbiturates.
Revealing Pairwise Coupling in Linear-Nonlinear Networks

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Through an asymptotic analysis of a simple network, we derive an estimate of the coupling between a pair of units when all other units are unobservable. The analysis is based on a model where the response of each unit is a linear-nonlinear function of a white noise stimulus. The results accurately determine the coupling when all unmeasured units respond to the stimulus differently than the measured pair. To account for the possibility of unmeasured units similar to the measured pair, we cast our results in the framework of ``subpopulations,' which are defined as a group of units who respond to the stimulus similarly. We demonstrate that we can determine when correlations between two units are caused by a connection between their subpopulations, although the precise identity of the units involved in the connection may remain ambiguous. The result is rigorously valid only when the coupling is sufficiently weak to justify a second-order approximation in the coupling strength. We demonstrate through simulations that the results are still valid even with stronger coupling and in the presence of some deviations from the linear-nonlinear model. The analysis is presented in terms of neuronal networks, although the general framework is more widely applicable.
A victory in theory, loss in practice: struggles for political representation in the Lake Baringo-Bogoria Basin, Kenya

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article addresses political rights and identity among Il Chamus of Baringo District, Kenya, a small group of agro-pastoralists related to the Maasai. It discusses an important 2006 judicial ruling from the High Court of Kenya that specified a political constituency and national representation for the community, and shows how the state and its actions undermined its implementation. By examining the historical events and struggles leading up to the court ruling and the local violence associated with it, the article describes how Il Chamus have been forced to negotiate – even publically legislate – their histories and identities (indigeneity) to make claims to citizenship and territory. It concludes with a discussion of the impacts of the new 2010 constitution on the Il Chamus political movement and those of other minority and indigenous groups who have petitioned for increased political representation during the last two decades.
Rational Debate About Religion? That's Yuge!

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Nelson Tebbe has considerable experience in thinking long and hard about legal disputes that pit religious interests against civil law. He was a litigator for the ACLU, has a PhD in anthropology and sociology of religion from the University of Chicago Divinity School, and is now a law professor writing primarily in the area of church and state. His book is deeply interdisciplinary, but it combines law and political philosophy rather than anthropological or sociological frameworks. Tebbe explains and then applies the theory known as “social coherence” to claims that religious actors should be exempt from laws protecting the rights of same-sex couples to marry. In many ways, the project is successful, as Tebbe’s approach yields a carefully calibrated and defended set of conclusions. It is rare to find such a thoughtful voice on these questions, which arose after the Supreme Court held in Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) that the federal constitution protects marriage equality nationwide.
Migration, Resilience and Security: Responses to New Inflows of Asylum Seekers and Migrants

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The ubiquity of resilience—the process of patterned adjustments adopted by a society or an individual in the face of endogenous or exogenous shocks—across the broad social sciences spectrum is undisputable. Yet, migration scholars have been relatively absent from this vibrant discussion. The present article suggests a theorisation of the link between migration, resilience and security by examining ways in which resilience precedes a socially constructed understanding of international migration as a security issue. The article explores how the surge in worldwide refugee numbers and associated mass migration phenomena were not only interpreted as a shock in post-Cold War France, but also instrumentalised by dominant discourses to underscore the necessity of adopting a particular pattern of adjustments to uphold the status quo against changes provoked by these migratory events. The social construction of refugee movements and mass migration as a significant disturbance requiring France to opt for a resilient strategy has led, ultimately, to the securitisation of migration. In a broader sense, the article presents a new lens through which to analyse situations and conditions in which resilience has led to and induced the securitisation of migration.
Nocticanace cancer Wirth 1969

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

cancer Wirth Nocticanace cancer Wirth, 1969b: 586. Wirth 1975: 2 [catalogue]; Linsley 1977: 41 [checklist]; Mathis 1992: 8 [catalogue]; Munari & Mathis 2010: 21 [catalogue]. Distribution. Endemic. Galápagos: Pinta. Remarks. Adults of this species were reported on crabs (Wirth 1969b).
Nonparametric Monte Carlo Simulation for Flood Frequency Curve Derivation: An Application to a Korean Watershed1

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: A mix of causative mechanisms may be responsible for flood at a site. Floods may be caused because of extreme rainfall or rain on other rainfall events. The statistical attributes of these events differ according to the watershed characteristics and the causes. Traditional methods of flood frequency analysis are only adequate for specific situations. Also, to address the uncertainty of flood frequency estimates for hydraulic structures, a series of probabilistic analyses of rainfall‐runoff and flow routing models, and their associated inputs, are used. This is a complex problem in that the probability distributions of multiple independent and derived random variables need to be estimated to evaluate the probability of floods. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to develop a flood frequency curve derivation method driven by multiple random variables and to develop a tool that can consider the uncertainties of design floods. This study focuses on developing a flood frequency curve based on nonparametric statistical methods for the estimation of probabilities of rare floods that are more appropriate in Korea. To derive the frequency curve, rainfall generation using the nonparametric kernel density estimation approach is proposed. Many flood events are simulated by nonparametric Monte Carlo simulations coupled with the center Latin hypercube sampling method to estimate the associated uncertainty. This study applies the methods described to a Korean watershed. The results provide higher physical appropriateness and reasonable estimates of design flood.
Paces of Costly Care: Rare Disease Drug Access in Canada

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Pharmaceutical industry representatives and public drug plan managers hold competing visions of drug access, ones I theorize as "fast" and "slow" care paces. The relationship between free market imaginaries and population-based biopolitics is negotiated through these paces from within the flexible political category of rare disease. In this article, I explore expensive rare disease drug access in Canada's universal health system through a temporal lens. I show how two families navigate these powerful negotiations, asserting themselves as deserving of resources while finding ways to consider life and death outside of this clash between health system pragmatics and pharmaceutical promise.
Improving end-of-life care in nursing homes: Implementation and evaluation of an intervention to sustain quality of care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Internationally, policy calls for care homes to provide reliably good end-of-life care. We undertook a 20-month project to sustain palliative care improvements achieved by a previous intervention. Aim: To sustain a high standard of palliative care in seven UK nursing care homes using a lower level of support than employed during the original project and to evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention. Design: Two palliative care nurse specialists each spent one day per week providing support and training to seven care homes in Scotland, United Kingdom; after death audit data were collected each month and analysed. Results: During the sustainability project, 132 residents died. In comparison with the initial intervention, there were increases in (a) the proportion of deceased residents with an anticipatory care plan in place (b) the proportion of those with Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation documentation in place and (c) the proportion of those who were on the Liverpool Care Pathway when they died. Furthermore, there was a reduction in inappropriate hospital deaths of frail and elderly residents with dementia. However, overall hospital deaths increased. Conclusions: A lower level of nursing support managed to sustain and build on the initial outcomes. However, despite increased adoption of key end-of-life care tools, hospital deaths were higher during the sustainability project. While good support from palliative care nurse specialists and GPs can help ensure that key processes remain in place, stable management and key champions are vital to ensure that a palliative care approach becomes embedded within the culture of the care home.
Lung function and energy expenditure in infants with cystic fibrosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lung disease is thought to occur early in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) and it is recognised that nutritional status relates to prognosis, however the natural history of lung disease and how it might relate to nutritional measures and particularly energy expenditure require further evaluation. Methods to objectively evaluate lung disease are required so that interventions may be planned and assessed. Intervention studies in infancy will also require assessment in the toddler years through to school age when spirometry may be more reliable. Therefore methods of measuring lung function, particularly non-invasive methods, need to be developed. Seventeen infants with CF diagnosed through neonatal screening and 9 healthy control infants were enrolled in a prospective, cohort study and lung function and energy expenditure were measured from shortly after birth every three months until aged two years. Lung function was measured using the SensorMedics pulmonary function cart. Respiratory system resistance was higher and specific respiratory system conductance was lower in CF infants than control infants from three months of age until 18 months and there was a trend for this to continue to two years of age. There was no difference in FRCN2 between the groups. Resting energy expenditure expressed per gram of total body potassium (REE/TBK) was higher in CF infants than controls and was highest in infants who were homozygous for F508 mutation. There was no detectable relationship between measurements of lung function and REE/TBK. Young children with CF aged between 6 months and 5 years of age had lung function measured using the same technique to assess the suitability of the methods for toddlers. The method was not found to be suitable in children over the age of two years. Tidal breathing flow-volume curves (TBFV) are non invasive and the shape of the expiratory TBFV may change with obstructive airways disease. Thirty nine subjects took part in a study to examine the stability of a new index based on the shape of the expiratory flow- volume curve called Ai compared with the widely used index of shape tPTEF/tE with change in respiratory rate (RR). Eight tidal breathing flow volume loops were stored at resting RR and then RR was increased by 10 breaths per minute and 8 loops stored at each rate until a rate of 60 breaths per minute was reached. Subjects also performed spirometry and lung volumes were measured by whole body plethysmography. Neither of the indices varied much with RR, but Ai had less than one third of the variability seen in tPTEF/tE. The correlation between FEV1 and both indices was very similar.
Dynamic pricing in cellular networks, a mobility model with a provider-oriented approach

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The success of i-mode in Japan and the slow but, nevertheless, steady uptake of WAP in the UK and elsewhere indicate a healthy growth in demand for mobile data services. This rapid growth in coupled to the limited bandwidth to the air interface, has encouraged researchers to find technological solutions to increase the number of usable suggested remedies invariably involve installation of new infrastructure. While such strategies enable the networks to meet peak-hour demand, they inevitably leave resources idle in off-peak hours. In this context dynamic pricing could potentially offer a soft edge scheme for encouraging a more efficient use of available resources. This article reports on studies carried out so far that attempt to predict GSM, GPRS and UMTS network-utilisation behaviour under a dynamic pricing regime. A mathematical model is developed to predict the expected reaction of users to changes in price, taking into account variations due to the time of day and user mobility as well as substitution effects due to the use of the fixed network. Simulation results indicate a strong correlation between the number of calls generated and dropped, and the shape of the price function. These suggest that dynamic pricing could be used effectively to regulate demand, whilst offering a sensible means for the optimisation of network utilisation, and hence revenue.
Additional file 1: Figure S1. of Critical residues involved in tau binding to fyn: implications for tau phosphorylation in Alzheimer’s disease

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

High intensity scans of western blots of control and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) post-mortem human brain tissue from Fig. 4 reveal weak detection of tau phosphorylated at (a) S202 (CP13) and (b) S396/S404 (PHF-1) in control brain tissue, whereas the signal in AD brain is overexposed when shown at this intensity. The molecular weight marker (50 kDa) is shown on the left. (PDF 2638 kb)
Agrobacterium T-strand production in vitro: sequence-specific cleavage and 5' protection of single-stranded DNA templates by purified VirD2 protein.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Virulence proteins VirD1 and VirD2 are subunits of a relaxosome-like protein complex that mediates conjugational transfer of a Ti plasmid segment, the T-DNA, from Agrobacterium into higher plants. The VirD1-VirD2 complex binds to 25-bp repeats at the borders of the T-DNA and catalyzes sequence-specific nicking of the conjugative DNA strand (the T-strand) at the third base of these repeats. Nuclear localization signals present in VirD2 target the T-strand to plant cell nuclei. In addition, VirD2 probably plays a role in the high-frequency integration of the T-DNA into the plant genome by illegitimate recombination. Whereas Agrobacterium transformation of dicots is very efficient, T-DNA integration in most monocots can barely be detected. To develop an artificial T-DNA delivery system for monocots, a technique for efficient in vitro production of T-strand DNAs was established by using VirD1 and VirD2 proteins purified from overexpressing Escherichia coli strains. The topoisomerase-like VirD2 enzyme was shown to mediate precise, sequence-specific cleavage of T-DNA border sequences carried by single-stranded DNA templates, even in the absence of VirD1 protein. During this reaction, VirD2 remains covalently bound to the 5' end of artificial T-strand DNAs. In contrast, VirD2, alone or in complex with VirD1, fails to nick linear double-stranded DNA templates in vitro.
Epsom, Britain’s First Public Automatic Telephone Exchange

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Within three years of the invention of the telephone in 1876 attempts were being made for the partial machine switching of calls. A step-by-step system was developed by A.B. Strowger of the USA in the years 1889 to 1892 and from the beginning of the twentieth century was the first automatic exchange system to come into widespread use there. Conditions in Britain at the time were not conducive to the adoption of machine switching while telephone service was divided between the Post Office and the National Telephone Company (NTC) but the Post Office undertook a review of USA practice. The Post Office completed the purchase of NTC in January 1912 and instituted a series of trials of available automatic systems. The first of these, the public exchange at Epsom, Surrey, opened in May 1912 using the Strowger system. The paper describes the installation and operation of the equipment at Epsom and how it was received by its users and the wider public. In 1922 the Post Office decided to standardize on a development of Strowger step-by-step for British requirements. Ironically, when Epsom exchange required enlargement in the early 1930s it was instead replaced by a new manual exchange. A few examples of equipment from the pioneer British automatic exchange systems survive in preservation.
SH3317827.08FU

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.