jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the public health impact of latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis and treatment (ACT4): protocol for a cluster randomised trial

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Treatment of latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) is an important component of the End-TB strategy. However, the number of individuals who successfully complete LTBI treatment remains low as there are losses at all steps in the LTBI ‘cascade-of-care’. The reasons for these losses are variable and highly dependent on the setting. We have planned a trial of a standardised public health approach to strengthen the management of household contacts (HHCs) of newly diagnosed patients with pulmonary TB. Assessing costs related to approach is a secondary objective of the study. Methods and analysis A cluster randomised trial will be conducted in 24 randomisation units (health facilities or groups of health facilities) in five countries. In Phase 1, at intervention sites, we will conduct a standardised assessment of the current LTBI programme, with a focus on cascade-of-care endpoints. Standardised open-ended questionnaires on practices, knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding TB prevention are then administered to key patient groups and healthcare workers. At each site, local stake-holders will review study findings and select solutions based on their acceptability, cost and effectiveness. In Phase 2, intervention clinics will implement the selected solutions, along with contact measurement registries and regular in-service LTBI management training. Control sites will continue their usual LTBI care with no explicit evaluation, strengthening or training activities. The primary study outcome is the number of HHC initiating LTBI treatment per newly diagnosed active TB patient, within 3 months of diagnosis of the index patient. An intention-to-treat analysis will be performed, using a Poisson regression approach. Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval from the MUHC ethical review board (ERB) was obtained in November 2015. During the study standardised tools will be developed and made publicly available. Key study findings and novel methodologic contributions will be detailed in publications and other dissemination activities. Trial registration number NCT02810678 ; Pre-Results.
The Actor's Voice as a Creative Role in Solo Performance of Playwright Neil Labute’s Medea Redux

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This practice-based research centers on four different elements of Stanislavski’s Acting System which include objectives, given circumstances, emotion memory and subtext. I choose to focus on a set of two interpretive elements as well as creative elements to examine an actor’s voice within the performance text based on playwright Neil LaBute’s Medea Redux—a one-act play from Bash: Latter-Day Plays. The practical performance and exploration of LaBute’s perspective leads to a conclusion which determines that an actor’s voice indeed serves as a creative vessel in collaboration with a dramatist (and my director, Joe Salvatore). Although, significant evidence points to the actor’s interpretive qualities throughout dramatic production and analysis, a clear parallel between voice and creative properties of an actor’s contribution is paramount. Both elements emotion memory and subtext offer vast possibility for an actor to connect with a playwright’s creative material which is fundamental to the artist’s collaborative work. Whilst focused on a monologue piece with one actor and one playwright, both the dramatic text and mise-en-scene intersect on a creative level which is then tested by placing greater emphasis or concentration on the practice-led performance to offer meaningful understanding of all related concepts surrounding an actor’s voice. In lieu of many contrasting views regarding this subject of an actor’s interpretive and creative nature, I sought to develop a linear approach to my research; the analysis and interviews with LaBute further provide dimension surrounding an actor’s trajectory of comprehensive questions rooted in a monologue text. The actor’s ability to interpret a dramatic story and character ultimately strengthens his creative role via solo performance. Therefore, an actor’s voice is essential for any dramatic character to fully develop or engage an audience within the context of artistic expression and performance text.
What Have Studies Taught Us About CBT for Psychosis?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Studies on CBT for psychosis have been ongoing since the early 1990s and have followed the traditional steps of psychotherapy research, whereby we find initial feasibility studies with no or poor control groups; larger, carefully controlled trials focusing on specific populations (high-risk, early psychosis, older participants, treatment-resistant) or on symptoms or models; process-oriented studies; and integrative studies looking at CBT merged with other therapeutic models. Results from the best-designed meta-analyses as well as from group CBT studies are also summarized in tables. The results of our own studies on group CBT for psychosis are also presented. Finally, the chapter covers results from studies looking into who benefits more from CBT for psychosis, what therapeutic elements are necessary, and offers suggestions for studies that are warranted.
Transparency and currency crises

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The role transparency plays in the prevention of currency crises is widely acknowledged. Nevertheless, the relationship between transparency and currency crises has rarely been subjected to systematic cross‐national scrutiny. This paper attempts to explore the effect of transparency on currency crises by focusing on a specific dimension of transparency: the public dissemination of aggregate economic data by governments. My analysis provides strong evidence that greater transparency is associated with a lower likelihood of currency crises, regardless of economic conditions. When I add economic and political determinants of currency crises, the estimate of transparency remains unaltered in magnitude or statistical significance.
Molecular phylogeny of Solms‐laubachia (Brassicaceae) s.l., based on multiple nuclear and plastid DNA sequences, and its biogeographic implications

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The Hengduan Mountains region of south‐west China is a noted biodiversity hotspot, but the geographic origins and historical assembly of its rich endemic flora, including the sky‐island species of Solms‐laubachia Muschl. (Brassicaceae), have been little studied. Previous molecular studies on the phylogeny of Solms‐laubachia showed it to be paraphyletic, leading to considerable expansion not only of its taxonomic limits, but also its geographic range, with the inclusion of taxa from outside the Hengduan region. However, these studies provided little resolution of interspecific relationships, preventing inferences about historical biogeography within the clade. In the present study, new sequence data from two nuclear genes ( LEAFY and G3pdh ) and two chloroplast intergenic spacers ( pet N– psb M and psb M– trn D) were combined with existing markers to increase phylogenetic signals. Phaeonychium villosum (Maxim.) Al‐Shehbaz was found to be nested within Solms‐laubachia s.l. In general, phylogenetic relationships appear to be a good predictor of geography, with the Hengduan Mountain endemics embedded in a paraphyletic grade of species from the western Himalayas and central Asia, but they also imply morphological homoplasy. Incongruence was detected between the nuclear and chloroplast gene trees, perhaps resulting from incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphisms. The crown age of Solms‐laubachia s.l. was estimated to be approximately 1.42–3.68 mya, using Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analysis. Historical biogeographic analysis using a parametric dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis model inferred central Asia and the western Himalayas as most probable ancestral range of Solms‐laubachia s.l., and estimated higher rates of eastward expansion than westward during the diversification of descendant lineages. In summary, our results suggest that Solms‐laubachia s.l. originated during the Pliocene in central Asia, and subsequently migrated eastward into the Hengduan Mountains, colonizing sky‐island, alpine scree‐slope habitats that may have provided novel ecological opportunity and accelerated speciation, ultimately establishing this region as the present center of diversity of the genus.
Deviant Peers, Substance Use, and Conduct Problems across Adolescence: Moderators of Selection and Socialization Processes

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although the extant literature suggests that associations with deviant peers (ADP) contribute to the persistence and exacerbation of adolescent conduct problems (CP) and substance use (SU), few studies have investigated processes through which these relations develop, the stability of ADP, risk factors for ADP, or prospective relations among patterns of ADP, CP, and SU across adolescence and substance use disorder (SUD) in early adulthood. Relations among ADP with CP and ADP with SU may be due to selection processes (i.e., youth select into ADP groups) and/or socialization processes (youth are influenced by deviant peers once they enter the ADP group). In addition, selection and socialization processes may be moderated by neuropsychological and temperamental (i.e., emotionality) factors, though there is a dearth of literature examining moderators of these processes. The present study addressed these gaps in the literature by examining five research aims: (1) identify subgroups of youth who vary in type and levels of ADP and CP/SU at three different ages using latent class analysis, (2) investigate the stability of ADP and CP/SU subgroup membership using latent transition analysis, (3) examine the prospective relations among ADP and CP/SU subgroup membership, (4) investigate potential neuropsychological and emotion regulation moderators of selection and socialization processes, and (5) evaluate prospective prediction to SUD in early adulthood from patterns of ADP and CP/SU subgroup membership across adolescence. Participants were youth who participated in a large-scale research project conducted through the Center for Education and Drug Abuse Research at the University of Pittsburgh. Youth and their families completed multiple assessments, beginning when youth were 10-12 years old, followed by assessments at 12-14, 16, and 22 years old. Results indicate (a) deviant peer groups vary based on type and severity of deviant behavior; (b) deviant peer group involvement increased across adolescence and continuity of deviant peer involvement was evident; (c) youth selected peers based on similar levels of deviant behavior across ages 10 to 16 years, but were influenced by these deviant peers to engage in CP and/or SU from ages 12-14 to 16 years; (d) relations between youth deviant behaviors and later selection of deviant friends differed according to levels of youth neuropsychological functioning and temperamental emotionality; and (e) earlier involvement with deviant peers, involvement with deviant peer groups defined by severe CP and SU, and youth engagement in both CP and SU were related to the greatest risk for SUD in early adulthood.
A method for the detection of atomic hydrogen.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A recombination bolometer for the detection of atomic hydrogen was designed and constructed. The bolometer consisted of a platinum disk, to the back of which was bonded a small bead type thermistor. The recombination of atoms upon the surface of the disk provided sufficient heat that a substantial change in the resistance of the thermistor was observed. As part of a testing program for the device, the relative sensitivity defined as (change in temperature/relative number of atoms present) was measured for atomic hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Since the three atoms studied are paramagnetic, it was possible to determine their relative populations by making use of a Î¼-wave absorption spectrometer. The results of the sensitivity measurements yielded a nitrogen sensitivity of .083 and an oxygen sensitivity of .0024, where the hydrogen sensitivity is taken to be unity. The "decay time", defined as the time required for the temperature of the device to drop 63.2% of the total temperature change when the radicals were turned off was measured to be 15 seconds vs. a calculated value of 25.5 seconds.
Dominion Nationalism and the Commonwealth

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The life of the overseas Dominions in the past generation has been dominated by the related movements of democracy and nationalism. Here my concern is with a general and comparative treatment of the nature of Dominion nationalism and its influence on the relations of the Dominions to the outer world. In some important and obvious respects nationality within all the Dominions has common features: it is a growth among immigrant peoples not politically severed entirely from the parent state, and not devoid of loyalty to the parent stock; it is mainly rooted in a culture derived from an older land, and draws inspiration from no wells of a past distinctive only to itself; it cannot in the nature of things nurture the sentiment of “we alone,” and it has not attempted to do so; it is expressed principally in a language common to two powerful world states, one of which has had a great literature for many centuries, and hence it has to be content only with such idioms of speech as local environment slowly brings. In all cases this Dominion nationality has a short history with the emotional shallowness of such. Its spirit is not steeped in the legendary glories of country and town. Unlike the small and intense nationalities of Europe, including the Irish, it rests its claims upon present achievements and future hopes rather than on reference to an epic past, or the tale of oppression suffered at the hands of another. In every Dominion it was both inspired by and expressed in the struggle of people for self-government and democracy, and the political institutions arid ideologies to which it is wedded have a common ancestry. It has arisen within Communities which grew big and prosperous quickly, thanks to a conjuncture of highly favourable world circumstances, notably the rapid industrialization which brought speedy benefit to frontier countries with rich natural resources and abundant land, countries linked to the heart of industrialism and world trade in the period, the British Islands. Related intimately to this circumstance was the Pax Britannica , or long era of relative peace secured by British sea power, which controlled the exits and entrances to the strategic seas and enabled the flow of people and capital, the unhampered occupation of wide territories, and the pursuit of the arts of peace to absorb these frontier communities, and thus achieve that sense of community expressed in their nationality.
Children's Evaluations of Peers' Gender Expression

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

From the Washington University Undergraduate Research Digest: WUURD, Volume 11, 2015-2016. Published by the Office of Undergraduate Research, Joy Zalis Kiefer Director of Undergraduate Research and Assistant Dean in the College of Arts & Sciences; Lindsey Paunovich, Editor; Kristin Sobotka, Editor; Jennifer Kohl. Mentor:
A mitochondrial-targeted cyclosporin A with high binding affinity for cyclophilin D yields improved cytoprotection of cardiomyocytes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Mitochondrial CyP-D (cyclophilin-D) catalyses formation of the PT (permeability transition) pore, a key lesion in the pathogenesis of I/R (ischaemia/reperfusion) injury. There is evidence [Malouitre, Dube, Selwood and Crompton (2010) Biochem. J. 425, 137–148] that cytoprotection by the CyP inhibitor CsA (cyclosporin A) is improved by selective targeting to mitochondria. To investigate this further, we have developed an improved mtCsA (mitochondrial-targeted CsA) by modifying the spacer linking the CsA to the TPP+ (triphenylphosphonium) (mitochondrial-targeting) cation. The new mtCsA exhibits an 18-fold increase in binding affinity for CyP-D over the prototype and a 12-fold increase in potency of inhibition of the PT in isolated mitochondria, owing to a marked decrease in non-specific binding. The cytoprotective capacity was assessed in isolated rat cardiomyocytes subjected to transient glucose and oxygen deprivation (pseudo-I/R). The new mtCsA was maximally effective at lower concentrations than CsA (3–15 nM compared with 50–100 nM) and yielded improved cytoprotection for up to 3 h following the pseudo-ischaemic insult (near complete compared with 40%). These data indicate the potential value of selective CyP-D inhibition in cytoprotection.
Phase I Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacogenetics Study of the Antituberculosis Drug PA-824 with Concomitant Lopinavir-Ritonavir, Efavirenz, or Rifampin

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT There is an urgent need for new antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs, including agents that are safe and effective with concomitant antiretrovirals (ARV) and first-line TB drugs. PA-824 is a novel antituberculosis nitroimidazole in late-phase clinical development. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A, which can be induced or inhibited by ARV and antituberculosis drugs, is a minor (∼20%) metabolic pathway for PA-824. In a phase I clinical trial, we characterized interactions between PA-824 and efavirenz (arm 1), lopinavir/ritonavir (arm 2), and rifampin (arm 3) in healthy, HIV-uninfected volunteers without TB disease. Participants in arms 1 and 2 were randomized to receive drugs via sequence 1 (PA-824 alone, washout, ARV, and ARV plus PA-824) or sequence 2 (ARV, ARV with PA-824, washout, and PA-824 alone). In arm 3, participants received PA-824 and then rifampin and then both. Pharmacokinetic sampling occurred at the end of each dosing period. Fifty-two individuals participated. Compared to PA-824 alone, plasma PA-824 values (based on geometric mean ratios) for maximum concentration ( C max ), area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC 0–24 ), and trough concentration ( C min ) were reduced 28%, 35%, and 46% with efavirenz, 13%, 17%, and 21% with lopinavir-ritonavir (lopinavir/r) and 53%, 66%, and 85% with rifampin, respectively. Medications were well tolerated. In conclusion, lopinavir/r had minimal effect on PA-824 exposures, supporting PA-824 use with lopinavir/r without dose adjustment. PA-824 exposures, though, were reduced more than expected when given with efavirenz or rifampin. The clinical implications of these reductions will depend upon data from current clinical trials defining PA-824 concentration-effect relationships. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01571414.)
Research on navigation and positioning Technology based on opportunity signal of low orbit satellite

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals to the Earth’s surface are weak, vulnerable to interference, and require significant infrastructure investment to keep them operating. In order to get rid of the dependence on GNSS navigation system and overcome the problems such as shadow occlusion and malicious interference, opportunity signal is used to realize positioning to make up for the shortcomings in this aspect. Aiming at the limitation of coverage and availability of land-based opportunity signals at present, the opportunity signals of low-orbit satellites have the advantages of high signal power, wide coverage and no need to build additional infrastructure, etc. Therefore, space-based opportunity signal positioning by using low-orbit satellite system can be used as an effective backup or supplement to GNSS system. In this paper, the signal communication system of low orbit satellite is studied deeply, and the Doppler frequency information is obtained by using the single tone signal of the pilot frequency of low orbit satellite, and the mathematical model of instantaneous Doppler positioning and its geometric factor of accuracy is established, so as to realize the positioning ability of opportunity signal of low orbit satellite. The simulation results show that the positioning accuracy is better than 200 m using the actual low orbit satellite signals. The research results have reference significance for the theoretical research and application of location technology based on opportunity signal. By studying the communication system of low orbit satellite signal, the mathematical model of instantaneous Doppler positioning is established, and the method of obtaining Doppler frequency information by using the single tone signal of low orbit satellite signal and combining the satellite orbit information calculated by the orbit prediction model to realize low orbit satellite positioning is proposed. The measured data verification results show that the positioning accuracy of 100 meters can be achieved by using the LORB opportunity signal, and the research results have reference significance for the theoretical research and application of positioning technology based on the LORB opportunity signal.
Reaching out in anticipation: bacterial membrane extensions represent a permanent investment in polysaccharide sensing and utilization

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Summary Outer membrane extensions are common in many marine bacteria. However, the function of these surface enlargements or extracellular compartments is poorly understood. Using a combined approach of microscopy and subproteome analyses, we therefore examined Pseudoalteromonas distincta ANT/505, an Antarctic polysaccharide degrading gamma‐proteobacterium. P . distincta produced outer membrane vesicles (MV) and vesicle chains (VC) on polysaccharide and non‐polysaccharide carbon sources during the exponential and stationary growth phase. Surface structures of carbohydrate‐grown cells were equipped with increased levels of highly substrate‐specific proteins. At the same time, proteins encoded in all other polysaccharide degradation‐related genomic regions were also detected in MV and VC samples under all growth conditions, indicating a basal expression. In addition, two alkaline phosphatases were highly abundant under non‐limiting phosphate conditions. Surface structures may thus allow rapid sensing and fast responses in nutritionally deprived environments. It may also facilitate efficient carbohydrate processing and reduce loss of substrates and enzymes by diffusion as important adaptions to the aquatic ecosystem.