jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of Enhanced UV-B Radiation on Fruit Maturity and Quality, and Leaf Photosynthesis in ' Guifei ' Mango

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

(1) Background: Investigating the characteristics of photosynthetic physiological changes of leaves in Mangifera indica L. cv. 'GuIfei' under enhanced UV-B radiation, natural light exposed trees were regarded as control, and 96 kJ&middot;m-2&middot;d-1enhanced UV-B radiation was artificially simulated in the field; (2) Methods: The changes of fruit maturity and fruit quality, leaf net photosynthetic rate (Pn), photosynthetic pigments contents, photochemical reaction, activities of photosynthetic enzymes and their genes expressions were determined; (3) Results: Compared with CK, the percentage of mature fruits of the treatment was significantly increased, and fruit quality was better. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), the contents of photosynthetic pigment, Hill reaction activity and photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) of the treatment leaves showed a significantly higher trend than CK. The activities of Rubisco and RCA, and the expression of Rubisco genes rbcL and rbcS were significantly increased; (4) Conclusions: 96 kJ&middot;m-2&middot;d-1 enhanced UV-B radiation treatment improved Rubisco activity through increasing the expression of Rubisco genes rbcL and rbcS, thereby enhancing the CO2-fixing capacity and dark reaction capacity of leaves. Based on this, it raised the net photosynthetic rate of leaves, which promoted the early maturity of 'Guifei' mango by the fast accumulating photosynthetic products.
Development of a Death Anxiety Scale for Children

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to develop a valid, reliable, and efficient instrument that could be used to explore children's responses to death and dying. A rating scale consisting of neutral and anxiety producing words was constructed; scale construction consisted of a number of steps. Test/retest reliability of the scale was assessed as .87 for death words and .79 for neutral words using Cronbach's alpha. Validity was established by reading the words to children between the ages of five and twelve and recording galvanic skin response, response time, and pulse rate. Children responded with greater skin resistance to death words, than to the neural words ( t(154) = −1.93, p < .06) leading to the conclusion that the Death Anxiety Scale for Children (DASC) was a valid, reliable, and efficient measure of children's death anxiety.
Identification of positively selected genes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis from southern Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region of China

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background Tuberculosis (TB), mainly caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ), remains a serious public health problem. Increasing evidence supports that selective evolution is an important force affecting genomic determinants of Mtb phenotypes. It is necessary to further understand the Mtb selective evolution and identify the positively selected genes that probably drive the phenotype of Mtb . Methods This study mainly focused on the positive selection of 807 Mtb strains from Southern Xinjiang of China using whole genome sequencing (WGS). PAML software was used for identifying the genes and sites under positive selection in 807 Mtb strains. Results Lineage 2 (62.70%) strains were the dominant strains in this area, followed by lineage 3 (19.45%) and lineage 4 (17.84%) strains. There were 239 codons in 47 genes under positive selection, and the genes were majorly associated with the functions of transcription, defense mechanisms, and cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis. There were 28 codons (43 mutations) in eight genes ( gyrA , rpoB , rpoC , katG , pncA , embB , gid , and cut1 ) under positive selection in multi-drug resistance (MDR) strains but not in drug-susceptible (DS) strains, in which 27 mutations were drug-resistant loci, 9 mutations were non-drug-resistant loci but were in drug-resistant genes, 2 mutations were compensatory mutations, and 5 mutations were in unknown drug-resistant gene of cut1 . There was a codon in Rv0336 under positive selection in L3 strains but not in L2 and L4 strains. The epitopes of T and B cells were both hyper-conserved, particularly in the T-cell epitopes. Conclusion This study revealed the ongoing selective evolution of Mtb . We found some special genes and sites under positive selection which may contribute to the advantage of MDR and L3 strains. It is necessary to further study these mutations to understand their impact on phenotypes for providing more useful information to develop new TB interventions.
The evaluation of social innovation: A review and integration of the current empirical knowledge base

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social innovation has gained prominence as a way to address social problems and needs. Evaluators and social innovators are conceptualizing and implementing evaluation approaches for social innovation contexts; however, no systematic effort has yet been made to explore and assess the overlap between evaluation and social innovation based on the empirical knowledge base. We address this gap, drawing on 28 empirical studies of evaluation in social innovation contexts to describe what evaluation practices look like, what drives those practices, and how they affect social innovations. Findings indicate most had developmental purposes, emphasized collaborative approaches, and used multiple methods. Prominent drivers were a complexity perspective, a learning-oriented focus, and the need for responsiveness. Reported influences on social innovations included advancing strategies, improving delivery, balancing aggregate and local information needs, and reducing risk. Conflict resolution, the quality of relationships, and availability of time and capacity mediated these influences. More peer-reviewed empirical studies and a broader range of study designs are needed, including research on how evaluations influence social innovation processes over time, phases, space and scale.
Obscene Gestures

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Drawing on sources as diverse as Supreme Court decisions, nightclub comedy, congressional records, and cultural theory, Obscene Gestures explores the many contradictory vectors of twentieth-century moralist controversies surrounding literary and artistic works from Henry Miller’s Tropic of Cancer to those of Toni Morrison, Alice Walker, Kathy Acker, Robert Mapplethorpe, 2 Live Crew, Tony Kushner and others. Author Patrick S. Lawrence dives into notorious obscenity debates to reconsider the divergent afterlives of artworks that were challenged or banned over their taboo sexual content to reveal how these controversies impacted their critical reception and commercial success in ways that were often determined at least in part by racial, gender, or sexual stereotypes and pernicious ethnographic reading practices. Starting with early post-war touchstone cases and continuing through the Civil Rights, Feminist, and LGBTQ+ movements, Lawrence demonstrates on one level that breaking sexual taboos in literary and cultural works often comes with cultural cache and increased sales. At the same time, these benefits are distributed unequally, leading to the persistence of exclusive hierarchies and inequalities. Obscene Gestures takes its bearings from recent studies of the role of obscenity in literary history and canon formation during the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, extending their insights into the postwar period when broad legal latitude for obscenity was established but when charges of obscenity still carried immense symbolic and political weight. Moreover, the rise of social justice movements around this time provides necessary context for understanding the application of legal precedents, changes in the publishing industry, and the diversification of the canon of American letters. Obscene Gestures , therefore, advances the study of obscenity to include recent developments in the understanding of race, gender, and sexuality while refining our understanding of late-twentieth-century American literature and political culture.
Artificial Intelligence Captures Pseudo-Intelligence Evolved in the Chemical Architecture of the Multifaceted Signal Transducer, TAK1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

TAK1, a multifunctional kinase, possesses intramolecular interactions that are capacitated to recognize and process diverse forms of chemical and mechanical forces, which ultimately translate into a convergent catalytic function. By elucidating a dual-switching mechanism in TAK1, this computational study represents a pioneering effort in unveiling the dynamic adaptability encoded in multifunctional proteins. Activation-triggers, from S192-phosphorylation (chemical) or from TAB1-binding (mechanical) reroute signal transduction in distinct spatiotemporal ways to reach a shared catalytic outcome─analogous to an electronic circuit with multiple input sensors that switch on the same light. Our findings create new portals of multifunctional structural investigations by advocating TAK1's ability to deploy two context-dependent internal strategies. (1) The "response divergence → convergence" is an efficient spatial task allocation strategy, which enabled TAK1's activation loop to mold its shape distinctly to process each activation cue and an allosteric ATP → substrate cleft hydrogen-bond network (circuit's core) to converge these structural Morse codes for basal activity. (2) The "response rerouting" strategy allowed structural elements-like activation loop and αF helix-to be repurposed in different temporal sequences, creating distinct internal activation pathways. These mechanisms became lustrously perceivable as conventional "black-box" AI/ML methods were improvised to extract hidden interaction fingerprints with a novel pipeline of differential contact-based prescreening, selection, and VMD-based 3D-visualization of features. Notably, this study also introduces one of the first known applications of Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KAN) for feature selection in protein's mechanistic studies. Evolution has precisely balanced unique and conserved residues (e.g., K63, D175, C174, R44, E70) to form TAK1's core allosteric interaction circuit, with R44-E70 drawing key attention in terms of rivaling the conserved K-E salt-bridge for αC helix assembly. Our study not only shows how AI/ML complements the new age study of complex chemical systems of "life" but also reveals novel structural principles that could inform customized design of therapeutics for multifunctional proteins.
Urothelial carcinoma in an orthotopic neobladder: an unusual pattern of recurrence and metastasis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a case of a 65-year-old patient with muscle invasive bladder cancer that was treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, followed by radical cystoprostatectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection and orthotopic neobladder according to Hautmann. Nine years later, routine follow-up showed local recurrence in the neobladder and metastatic disease of the urothelial carcinoma in the related mesenteric lymph nodes. The entire neobladder specimen was removed including the mesentery of the neobladder. Based on the anatomical lymph drainage of the ileal neobladder, we considered the metastatic disease in the mesentery lymph node as locoregional disease spread. This case shows that such locoregional lymph node metastasis may be amenable to treatment by induction chemotherapy and radical surgery.
Brucellosis knowledge and preventive practices among herders in Western Mongolia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Lack of knowledge regarding brucellosis may lead to highly risky practices. Among herders in Mongolia, little research was conducted assessing the extent of knowledge related to brucellosis, the type of preventive behaviours that were practiced, and the relationship between knowledge and behaviour regarding brucellosis. A cross‐sectional study was conducted in two provinces of Mongolia where herders were randomly selected to participate in the study. Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted using a structured questionnaire. In total, 485 herders participated in the study. The results indicated that brucellosis preventive practices were significantly associated with sex, location, use of veterinary services, exposure to TV programs and knowledge of brucellosis. Regional disparities in knowledge and behaviour were observed in this research. Herders were more likely to engage in preventive practices if they had a higher level of knowledge of brucellosis. Findings from this research indicated that the effectiveness of incorporating health education through TV programs, as well as the importance of ensuring access to veterinary services in brucellosis prevention.
Idiopathic Subjective Tinnitus Treated by Amitriptyline Hydrochloride/Biofeedback.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The efficiency of two treatment modalities for subjective/idiopathic tinnitus (SIT): biofeedback (BF) and amitriptyline hydrochloride (AT) was investigated in 225 randomly selected subjects. Findings show that after 10 weeks of treatment in the BF group, 43.5% of the patients reported an improvement of tinnitus during activity. In the AT group, 27.5% of patients reported subjective improvement of tinnitus at rest although only 15.8% of the AT patients reported improvement during activity. Biofeedback during rest had a significantly better effect on tinnitus disturbance than AT. No objective diminishment of tinnitus loudness was found as a result of any of the treatment modalities. We believe that BF can help tinnitus patients especially during periods of rest and we also suggest trying tricyclic antidepressant drugs such as AT for treatment of tinnitus patients, in small doses, however, to minimize the side effects of this drug. Subjective tinnitus (ST) is one of the most common and yet most unclear of otologic symptoms.(1-4) ST can accompany any type of hearing loss including both sensorineural as well as conductive hearing loss, and may originate from any part of the auditory pathway.(1,5) Treatment of ST must be primarily directed to the basic illness diagnosed after a thorough general ear-nose-throat and neurologic evaluation.(6) Severity of ST is evaluated both objectively, by determining the pitch and intensity of the tinnitus,(7) and subjectively as described by the patient. Because of the relatively high incidence of ST and in some patients, the severe personal reaction to it, many different treatments have been suggested, but generally only small to moderate success has been achieved in reducing tinnitus and its consequences, if any at all.(8) In this study we examined the effect of two treatment modalities: amitriptyline hydro-chloride and biofeedback.
Characterization and copy number of the S27 ribosomal protein gene from amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A cDNA clone encoding ribosomal protein S27 (AmphiS27) was identified in the gut cDNA library of amphioxus Branchiostoma belcheri tsingtauense. This cDNA consists of 607 bp and contains a 255 bp open reading frame (ORF) corresponding to a deduced protein of 84 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 9,488 Da and an isoelectric point (pI) of 9.500. Alignment of the deduced AmphiS27 amino acid sequence with 12 known S27 protein sequences indicates that AmphiS27 shares 94-99% homology with its vertebrate homologue, 84-94% with invertebrate homologues and 69-72% with homologues from other eukaryotes, suggesting that AmphiS27 is more closely related to the vertebrate S27 protein than to its invertebrate counterpart. Southern blot analysis showed a single copy of the S27 gene present in the genome of amphioxus B. belcheri tsingtauense, indicating that amphioxus has a genome uncomplicated by extensive gene duplication.
Overall Structural Design of a Radar with 2-D Arrayed Independent Conjugate Sealed Air Ducts Under Strong Electromagnetic Radiation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract An overall radar structure with 2-D arrayed independent conjugate sealed air ducts is discussed. It can operate well in a strong electromagnetic radiation environment. Completely sealed, the case consists of two installation cavities. The front cavity achieves wave transmission and reception and lessens electromagnetic radiation from large power microwave weapons, making it possible for the radar’s transmitting and receiving waves to pass with low attenuation. The horizontal air duct in the front cavity dissipates heat of the antennae, ensuring the conformity of the direction figure formed by the transmitting chips. The two-sided surface-mount technology applied in the vertical air duct in the back cavity lowers the utilization space and thickness of the radar while raising the dissipation efficiency.
Electrical enhancement of biocide efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

When applied within a low-strength electric field (+/- 12 V/cm) with a low current density (+/- 2.1 mA/cm2), several industrial biocides exhibited enhanced killing action against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms grown on stainless steel studs. Biocide concentrations lower than those necessary to kill planktonic cells of P. aeruginosa (1, 5, and 10 ppm of the active ingredients of kathon, glutaraldehyde, and quaternary ammonium compound, respectively) were bactericidal within 24 h when applied within our electrified device.
Discourse Analysis of Navy Leaders' Attitudes About Mental Health Problems

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Mental disorders are a significant source of medical and occupational morbidity for sailors. The literature suggests that stigma, fear of negative career impact, and subordinates' concern about leaders' attitudes are significant barriers to the use of mental health services. Semi-structured interviews and military policies were used as data sources to analyze the language, knowledge, and attitudes of Navy surface fleet leaders about mental illness and mental health treatment using Foucault's concept of discourse analysis. A discourse is a system of knowledge that influences language, perceptions, values, and social practices. The data shows that concerns about sailors' mental combat readiness, not mental illness stigma, were the dominant discourse of leaders' attitudes about mental illness and subordinates' mental health services use. In particular, organizational differences between the surface warfare and the mental health communities may influence leaders' attitudes more than stigma. This study provides an elaborated view of mental health knowledge and power within a Navy community. That view can be used to identify practical concrete implications for further research on stigma in the military and for improvements to fleet mental health services.
GeoGebra for Secondary School Physics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract GeoGebra is a free software which has wide possibilities of using at secondary schools. In math lessons it is obvious. Using of GeoGebra for teaching the geometry and the analytical geometry is maybe an easiest way how to utilize this software. However, GeoGebra also offers tools for the calculus, the statistics and animations. All these facts suggest that we can use GeoGebra in physics. We can work with coordinates and vectors, we can simulate physical systems which are depended on a time and show their evolutions through animations. Then, using of the calculus and statistics in physics is a matter of course. We can also use interactive tools and create our own applets. A great advantage of GeoGebra is that basic tools are intuitive and simple to use. Thanks to this fact GeoGebra has lots of users around all world and they share materials ready to use at schools or instructions how to use some certain tool. This paper shows some of possibilities how to use GeoGebra at physics lessons.
Spatial-temporal Analysis of Soil Erosion in Grassland over the Past Three Decades in Sanjiangyuan Region, Qinghai Province, China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

摘要: 分析了青海省三江源区草地生态系统土壤侵蚀的空间差异,以及草地退化与土壤侵蚀的关系,并对该区近30年来土壤侵蚀的动态变化进行描述。结果表明,该区域微度以上土壤侵蚀面积占源区总面积的46.47%,而草地生态系统发生微度以上土壤侵蚀的面积比例达56.04%。源区土壤侵蚀类型是以冻融侵蚀伴随着水力侵蚀或风力侵蚀的复合侵蚀为主,分别占源区土壤侵蚀总面积的41.93%和20.48%,侵蚀程度以轻度为主。源区土壤侵蚀受垂直地带性和区域地貌格局的影响,水力侵蚀、风力侵蚀、冻融复合型侵蚀分别发生在3200~4600m、2800~3600m和4400m以上的海拔范围内,以及5~25°、<3°与5~15°的坡度范围内,与坡向关系不大。风力侵蚀和冻融复合型侵蚀的程度随海拔升高而呈增加趋势,而水力侵蚀则呈下降趋势。对20世纪70年代中后期-90年代初、90年代初-2004年两个时段土壤侵蚀的比较发现,20世纪90年代以来三江源区的土壤侵蚀状况在前期加剧的情况下更加恶化,而气候暖干化导致的多年冻土退化和长期超载过牧导致的草地生态系统退化是造成三江源区草地生态系统土壤侵蚀加剧的主要因素。
Study on Surface Morphology and Roughness Variation of NiCr Alloy Curved Surface Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

为快速直接制造具有复杂曲面的个性化金属零件，需要保证激光选区熔化(SLM)成型曲面特征的表面成型质量。通过正交实验获得NiCr 合金优化工艺参数，采用S 型正交层错扫描策略成型两种柱面体模型；在超景深显微镜、扫描电镜下观察成型件内、外侧曲面表面形貌，并测量相应表面粗糙度。结果表明：成型不同空间位置摆放的曲面零件，各层面轮廓误差、层面间台阶效应的逐层堆叠最终使曲面形成台阶状、网结状形貌，成型倾斜切角小于60°的悬垂曲面时因粉末粘附严重甚至会形成条虫状、粒球状形貌；表面粗糙度Ra值与曲面特征表面形貌变化规律具有相关性，这为提高SLM 成型曲面零件的表面成型质量提供了重要参考。
Polymorphism-specific PCR enhances the diagnostic performance of American tegumentary leishmaniasis and allows the rapid identification of Leishmania species from Argentina

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The diagnosis of the leishmaniases poses enormous challenges in Argentina. The Polymorphism-Specific PCR (PS-PCR) designed and validated in our laboratories has been proven effective for typifying the Leishmania genus from cultured material. Here we evaluated the performance of this method in the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) and the rapid identification of Leishmania spp. directly from clinical specimens. A total of 63 patients from northwestern Argentina, with cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions, underwent an ATL diagnosis protocol which included clinical examination, Leishmanin skin test, and microscopic examination of dermal smears. In addition, we performed PS-PCR on DNA directly extracted from the specimens scraped from the lesions. Out of the 63 patients, 44 were classified as ATL cases and 19 as non-ATL cases. The diagnostic sensitivity of the microscopic analysis of dermal smears and PS-PCR individually were 70.5% and 81%, respectively. When performing both tests in parallel, this parameter increased significantly to 97.6% (p = 0.0018). The specificities, on the other hand, were 100%, 84.2%, and 83.3% for the combination, respectively (p > 0.05). Using the PS-PCR analysis we successfully identified the Leishmania spp. in 31 out of the 44 ATL cases. Twenty-eight (90.3%) cases were caused by L. (V.) braziliensis, two (6.5%) by L. (V.) guyanensis, and one (3.2%) by L. (V.) panamensis. The efficacy of the ATL diagnosis was significantly improved by combining the dermal smear examination with a PS-PCR analysis. Our strategy allowed us to reach the diagnosis of ATL with high accuracy regarding the species of the etiological agent in 70.5% of the cases. Moreover, we diagnosed two cases of the disseminated cutaneous form caused by L. (V.) braziliensis and a cutaneous case due to L. (V.) panamensis infection, both findings reported for the first time in Argentina.