jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Human obesity: a medical assessment of health risks

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human obesity is characterized by a series of medical complications, including glucose intolerance, hypertension, dyslipidemia and alterations in haemostasis and fibrinolytic functions. These elements of the so-called syndrome X or polymetabolic syndrome, can easily and prematurely lead to early atherosclerosis. Abdominal obesity, and its visceral component in particular, is the most detrimental aspect of health-related risk. We have shown that hyperlipidemia and hypertension are important consequences of abdominal fat accumulation and they may account for at least a part of the relationship between overweight and coronary heart disease. Despite the fact that some gender differences exist, these results confirm earlier results of the effect of fat distribution on lipids, lipoproteins and the subsequent risk of ischemic heart disease. The addition of hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance completes the cluster of syndrome X, as was shown in previous epidemiological and prospective studies.
The &quot;Sun – climate &quot; relationship. I. The sunspots and the climate.

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. We investigate the problem about the reason for the significant sub-centurial (50-55 and 60-65 yr) and quasi-centurial (120-130 yr) climatic oscillations. The 50-55 and 60-65 yr cycles are clearly detectable in numerous global and regional climatic parameters, i.e. in the temperatures of the Northern Hemisphere and World Ocean surface, in the tree rings widths, in the atmosphere concentration of CO2, etc. Searching for analogues of these cycles in the solar activity we study the connections between various types of solar, geophysical and climatic cycles. In this Paper I we analyze time series of residual variations of the Northern Hemisphere (AD 1610-1979) and World Ocean surface (AD 1856-1995) temperatures in respect to the corresponding regression models &quot;sunspot activity – temperature&quot;. We use the Group Sunspot Number (GSN) as sunspot activity proxy and confirm the existence of well pronounced 50-55, 60-67 and ≈118 yr cycles in the solar activity and temperature variations. In Paper II we will show the existence of powerful 60-65 yr cycle in the middle latitudes auroras and sub-centurial variations in the concentration of the Greenland and Antarctic &quot;cosmogenic &quot; 10Be. In Paper III we will summarize the evidences that the reason of these climatic oscillations are probably processes occurring in the solar corona. Unlike the overall solar activity and the total solar irradiance variations, the high level of these processes leads to a climate cooling, while their low levels correspond to climate warming.
STAT3 Signalling via the IL-6ST/gp130 Cytokine Receptor Promotes Epithelial Integrity and Intestinal Barrier Function during DSS-Induced Colitis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The intestinal epithelium provides a barrier against commensal and pathogenic microorganisms. Barrier dysfunction promotes chronic inflammation, which can drive the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC). Although the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-3 (STAT3) is overexpressed in both intestinal epithelial cells and immune cells in IBD patients, the role of the interleukin (IL)-6 family of cytokines through the shared IL-6ST/gp130 receptor and its associated STAT3 signalling in intestinal barrier integrity is unclear. We therefore investigated the role of STAT3 in retaining epithelial barrier integrity using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in two genetically modified mouse models, to either reduce STAT1/3 activation in response to IL-6 family cytokines with a truncated gp130∆STAT allele (GP130∆STAT/+), or by inducing short hairpin-mediated knockdown of Stat3 (shStat3). Here, we show that mice with reduced STAT3 activity are highly susceptible to DSS-induced colitis. Mechanistically, the IL-6/gp130/STAT3 signalling cascade orchestrates intestinal barrier function by modulating cytokine secretion and promoting epithelial integrity to maintain a defence against bacteria. Our study also identifies a crucial role of STAT3 in controlling intestinal permeability through tight junction proteins. Thus, therapeutically targeting the IL-6/gp130/STAT3 signalling axis to promote barrier function may serve as a treatment strategy for IBD patients.
INFORMATION SECURITY OF SMALL BUSINESSES IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The article defines and analyzes the characteristic features of modern society digitalization, in particular the digital economy. It is noted that progress in the digital technology environment requires the application of information security measures, primarily in the financial and economic activities of small businesses. The interpretation of the definitions «information security» and «economic security» has been clarified. Attention is drawn to a conscious understanding of the interaction between people and technology during the digital transformation of the economy in such a way that the latest technologies must adapt to people, and not vice versa. It is emphasized that such an understanding can come only in the process of training and acquiring appropriate professional competencies, especially among small businesses. The types of small businesses information that are subject to protection and components of economic security are determined. Proposals have been formed for the creation of a comprehensive security program, which should include an action plan aimed at protecting the functioning of the enterprise's information system from external and internal influences, and a set of measures designed to protect the confidentiality, availability, and integrity of data from internal and external, malicious and accidental threats. Information security of small businesses in the context of digitalization should be based on the following positions: the management of the enterprise should regularly train all employees in the principles of Information Security, data protection and protect physical data carriers from cyber attacks; the corporate network should be segmented, and access to it – controlled; partnership with service providers from the point of view of information security should be equivalent; remote access to the corporate network of the enterprise, which is now becoming more widespread, should be as secure as possible and comply with information security standards. A promising area of further research is the development of a set of measures at the state level, which includes streamlining the simplified tax system, promoting the development of innovative entrepreneurship, cluster organization of small businesses, the formation of a modern information infrastructure to support entrepreneurship, the formation of a favorable business climate.
Inspired Oxygen and Nitrous Oxide Concentrations in Volunteers during Nitrous Oxide Sedation with a Hudson Mask

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ten volunteers were given varying ratios of oxygen and nitrous oxide at 4,6 and 8 litres per minute using a Hudson mask delivery system. Maximum and minimum inspired oxygen concentrations, maximum inspired nitrous oxide concentrations and end tidal carbon dioxide concentrations were measured using the Datex Cardiocap CCI-104 monitor. Although pharyngeal oxygen fraction varies with the Hudson mask because the inspiratory flow exceeds the entrainment of the mask by a variable amount during much of the cycle, at 8 litres/minute flow with a ratio of 3 to 5, oxygen to nitrous oxide, safe levels of oxygen were delivered (range of means 26–31%) with basal nitrous oxide levels (mean maximum inspired N 2 O, 34%). When nitrous oxide sedation is used clinically, nitrous oxide must be used with consideration of safe oxygen levels. This study did not detect unsafe pharyngeal oxygen levels in the ratios investigated, where the maximum delivered nitrous oxide concentration was 75%.
Fisheries in the Mun River: A One-Year Trial of Opening the Sluice Gates of the Pak Mun Dam, Thailand

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The changes in fisheries during the trial on the opening of sluice-gates of Pak Mun Dam (July 2001 to June 2002) were investigated. There were 184 fish species from 44 families found, with some species recognized to extirpate from the Mun River. Shannon’s diversity index ranged from 1.92 to 3.14. Catch per unit of fishing effort ranged from 0.38 to 1.70 and 0.61 to 2.71 kg set -1 night -1 in down- and up-stream, respectively. Fish upstream migrations during the rainy season were observed. Incomes from fishing activities were 16,366 Thai Baht yr -1 per household. Traditional activities, especially related to fisheries,
What Reaching Teaches: Consciousness, Control, and the Inner Zombie

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

What is the role of conscious visual experience in the control and guidance of human behaviour? According to some recent treatments, the role is surprisingly indirect. Conscious visual experience, on these accounts, serves the formation of plans and the selection of action types and targets, while the control of ‘online’ visually guided action proceeds via a quasi-independent non-conscious route. In response to such claims, critics such as (Wallhagen [2007], pp. 539–61) have suggested that the notions of control and guidance invoked are unacceptably vague, and that that the image of ‘zombie systems’ guiding action fails to take account of the possibility that there is genuine but unconceptualized, unnoticed, and/or unreportable experience taking place and guiding or controlling the actions. I address both sets of concerns. I try to show that refining and clarifying the key notions of control and guidance leaves the original argument intact, as does the appeal to unconceptualized, unnoticed, or unreportable experiences. The exercise serves, however, to highlight an important complex of considerations concerning the relations between control, agency, and experience. Better understanding these relations is, I suggest, an important source of insights concerning the nature of phenomenal experience.
Fluorescence spectroscopic studies of DNA dynamics

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Random solvent induced motions of DNA are manifest as nanosecond torsional oscillations of the helix backbone, nanosecond through millisecond bending deformations and overall rotational and translational diffusion of the polymer. Fluorescence spectroscopy is used to study this spectrum of DNA motions while ethidium monoazide was covalently bounded. The steady state fluorescence depolarization data indicate that the covalent monoazide/DNA complex exhibits internal motions characterized by an average angular amplitude of 26 degrees confirming reports of fast torsional oscillations in noncovalent ethidium bromide/DNA systems. Data obtained by use of a new polarized photobleaching recovery technique (FPR) reflect both the rotational dynamics of the polymer and the reversible photochemistry of the dye. To isolate the reorientational motion of the DNA, the FPR experiments were ran in two modes that differ only in the polarization of the bleaching light. A quotient function constructed from the data obtained in these two modes monitors only the rotational component of the FPR recovery. In specific applications those bending deformations of long DNA molecules that have characteristic relaxation times on the order of 100 microseconds have been resolved. A fluorescence correlation technique that relates fluctuations in particle number to center-of-mass motion was used to measure translational diffusion on coefficients of the plasmid PBR322 and a short oligomeric DNA. A theory that describes angular correlation in systems exhibiting cyclic, biologically directed reorientation and random Brownian rotation is developed.
Oral vancomycin solution is superior to capsule in inducing clinical biomarker and endoscopic remission in children with atypical ulcerative colitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims Atypical colitis (presenting reverse gradient colitis, backwash ileitis or rectal sparing) is associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis–ulcerative colitis (PSC). Oral vancomycin has been used to manage paediatric atypical colitis with/without confirmed PSC. Different preparations had shown different efficacy. We compared oral vancomycin solution to capsules in inducing remission in children with atypical colitis, while assessing other potential confounders. Methods Children using oral vancomycin for at least 3 months to manage atypical colitis were retrospectively identified. Factors associated with colitis remission (Paediatric Ulcerative Colitis Activity Index [PUCAI], faecal calprotectin, colonoscopy and histology) were explored. Results Of 32/48 children with elevated PUCAI, 27/32 achieved PUCAI < 10 (20/23 after solution vs . 7/9 after capsules, P = .520). Faecal calprotectin <100 μg/g was achieved in 35/48 (28/35 after solution vs . 6/13 after capsules, P = .022). Follow‐up colonoscopy during treatment ( n = 25) showed reduced Mayo from median 2 to 0 ( P < .001) after solution vs . from 2 to 1 ( P = .257) after capsules. Pan‐colonic histological remission was seen in 14/25 (12/20 after solution vs . 1/5 after capsules, P = .109). In adjusted analysis, use of oral vancomycin solution was a significant predictor for biomarker (adjusted odds ratio 23.1, 95% confidence interval 2.11–253) and pan‐colonic histological remission (adjusted odds ratio 900, 95% confidence interval 1.61–504 929). No other predictors were identified. Within 12 months after ceasing oral vancomycin in children who achieved remission, 52% relapsed. No clinical predictors, including vancomycin preparation, were established. Conclusion Oral vancomycin solution was superior to capsules for inducing biomarker and colonoscopic remission in children with atypical colitis with/without confirmed PSC. This finding warrants further investigation to ensure optimal use.
Teaching English in multiethnic schools in the Durban area: The promotion of multilingualism or monolingualism?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We describe a study we carried out recently in two former white (NED) high schools, two former Indian (HOD) schools and two primary schools (one HOD and one NED) in the Durban area. We recognise that English dominance is a potential barrier to the multilingual/multicultural goals of South Africa's language-in-education policy. Accordingly our study seeks to establish to what extent these schools are attempting to promote the sort of multilingual/multicultural identity the National Education Policy Act calls for. We report on what in our classroom and interview data led us to ask a number of critical questions including: Why is there so little code-switching? Why is Zulu not effectively maintained? Why is there so much teacher-fronted teaching? Why is there so little evidence of multicultural socialisation? Why is there such concern for standards? Why is there so much teacher anxiety? We report briefly on the research which guided the interpretation of our data (helped us formulate tentative answers to our questions) and suggest what the implications of our study are for policy makers, school administrators and teachers.
Growth hormone in Turner syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Editor,—The recent interesting and valuable article by Johnston and colleagues1 describing the outcome of a trial of recombinant growth hormone (GH) and low dose oestrogen in girls with Turner syndrome (TS) concluded that low dose oestrogen before planned induction of puberty was not beneficial for adult height. However, they extend their conclusions by the cautious word that although the majority of girls might benefit from GH treatment, a “realistic appraisal” suggests “modest” benefit. Although evidence to the contrary is fully discussed in their paper, this generalisation might lead the reader to doubt the efficacy of GH in TS.

The best known of the trials of GH in TS is that of Rosenfeld and colleagues2 who followed their patients until the age of 17–18 years (near final height). Although they started this trial with a randomised untreated control arm who grew at a rate of 3.8 cm per year in contrast to girls in the treatment arms who grew more rapidly, the former were placed in a treatment arm of …
Response of seeds germination of different geographical Stipa krylovii Roshev. populations to osmotic stress in middle and eastern of Inner Mongolia steppe

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The response to osmotic stress of three different geographical Stipa krylovii Roshev.populations seeds in typical grassland of Inner Mongolia steppe are studied by simulated water stress using polyethylene glycol(PEG-6000),and the drought resistance of the seeds is comprehensively evaluated using the fussy subordinate method with three indicators including relative germination rate,promptness index and vigor index.The results show that there is germination fastigium of Stipa krylovii Roshev.seeds which are processed by PEG solution with different concentration,the germination uniformity of the seeds which are processed by 50 g/L PEG is improved,the Bayanwula seeds grow in typical east of Inner Mongolia steppe which is relative humid habitat are more sensitive to the osmotic stress than that grow in typical middle and west of Inner Mongolia steppe which are relative drought habitats.The relationship of the drought resistance abilities of three Stipa krylovii Roshev.population seeds is XinhotWest XilinhotBayanwula,and their drought resistance abilities are closely related with their own habitats.
Pharmacological pain management in sports injuries

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The perception of pain is a biological mechanism which warns that damage has occurred and protects against further damage, allowing healing to occur. Acute pain often acts as an indicator of injury severity and progression or healing. The same may apply in some with chronic injuries, but in others pain may not correlate with tissue damage and/or may not be a sign that the tissue needs to be protected from mechanical stress. The management of most sports injuries involves early mobilization where possible, and pain management in the treatment of these injuries is important to allow rehabilitation to proceed and to ease distress. Modalities play an important role in this respect, and are discussed elsewhere (Chapter 2.4). Injection therapies are also discussed elsewhere (Chapter 2.6). Thorough counselling of the athlete is a priority to ensure that he/she understands what the pain represents, as this will be likely to affect compliance. For example, a degree of pain during eccentric exercise protocols in the rehabilitation of chronic tendinopathies would be anticipated, and would not contraindicate continuation of a set programme. In contrast, when an athlete is returning to sporting activities after injury, pain that is experienced during the activity would not be acceptable, and the athlete is also advised during this period that conclusions as to the tissue’s reaction to activity should not be drawn until the day after the training session. Athletes should also be taught appropriate self-help strategies to manage their pain and when this involves medication, how and when to take it. Principles for the use of medications in pain management are given in ...
Advancements of Global Navigation Satellite System radio occultation retrieval in the upper stratosphere for optimal climate monitoring utility

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Global Navigation Satellite System–based radio occultation (RO) measurements promise to become a valuable observational basis for climate research, numerical weather prediction, and atmospheric process studies, thanks to their unique combination of global coverage, high accuracy and vertical resolution, and long‐term stability. Concerning the quality of the RO‐derived atmospheric profiles, performance simulation studies and first data analysis results from the current CHAMP satellite mission are encouraging but also reveal weaknesses of present RO retrieval chains at high altitudes (above 30 km). This study aims at providing, first, understanding of these weaknesses and, second, mitigation by an advanced retrieval scheme. We first evaluated present state‐of‐the‐art high‐altitude RO retrieval algorithms. We found clear superiority for using statistical optimization involving background information over using exponential extrapolation and a sensitivity of RO retrieval products to biases in background information calling for sensible bias mitigation. Exploiting these findings, an advanced high‐altitude retrieval scheme is presented, which focuses on minimizing residual retrieval biases in the upper stratosphere and thereby on optimizing the climate monitoring utility of retrieved profiles. Applied to a large ensemble of simulated occultation events, the advanced scheme proved to be effective. The scheme is currently under evaluation with real data from the CHAMP mission. It will then serve as part of a processing chain generating RO‐based global climatologies of refractivity, geopotential height, temperature, and humidity based on RO data from CHAMP, SAC‐C, GRACE and other future satellites carrying RO instruments.
Rechargeable Lithium Battery Cells Fabricated Using Poly(methyl methacrylate) Gel Electrolyte and Composite of V[sub 2]O[sub 5] and Polypyrrole

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Rechargeable Li battery cells were fabricated using a composite of crystalline and polypyrrole as the positive electrode material and a gel electrolyte film based on cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The pure polypyrrole electrode and the conventional electrode the latter of which was a mixture of acetylene black, and Teflon® binder, were also used for comparison. The PMMA gel electrolyte, showing no liquid leakage even under pressure, was prepared when the amount of the electrolyte solution in the polymer gel was reduced to 65 wt %. The electrode in the battery cell showed a capacity density that was 98.4% of its capacity density obtained in the electrolyte solution. Repeat of charge-discharge tests caused capacity fading when the and the composite containing 91wt % oxide were used. However, no change in the capacity density was observed up to 50 cycles for the composite electrodes containing 84 and 60 wt % oxide and the pure polypyrrole electrode. AC impedance measurements were conducted by using a three-electrode system to obtain the interfacial properties between the positive electrode and the gel electrolyte. It was found that the interfacial resistance was largely increased by charge-discharge cycling when the electrodes showing definite capacity fading were used, but the stable electrodes did not show such behavior. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.