jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On the Possibility of Multiple Increase of the Resolution of Layer-by-layer Analysis of Materials

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A method is proposed for extracting information on thin layers of material by means of the superposition of the original signals obtained from thick, initially nonlocalized layers. If the statistical error is below 3%, a subsequent data processing makes it possible to achieve a sixfold narrowing of the analyzed layer. Es wird ein Verfahren vorgeschlagen für die Gewinnung von Informationen aus dünnen lokalisierten Materialschichten durch Superposition der Signale, die aus dicken unlokalisierten Schichten gewonnen werden. Für den Fall, daß der statistische Fehler der primären Ergebnisse nicht höher als 3% ist, gibt die nachfolgende Datenverarbeitung die Möglichkeit einer sechsfachen Verschmälerung der untersuchten Schicht.
Studying the Relationships between Spatial Structures of Wireless Networks and Population Densities

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we show how to quantify dependency between the node distributions of wireless networks and the underlying population densities. Furthermore, we show that a quantitative analysis of this relation can be beneficial for understanding and generating realistic network models. Towards this direction we argue that spatial statistics is an appropriate method for this purpose. As a case study we analyze the correlations of GSM-900 and UMTS base stations, with the underlying population densities of Germany. We find that there is a significant statistical similarity between the locations of GSM-900 base stations and population, due to the immense penetration of the network, and a less tight relation in the case of UMTS network. We consider the problem of covering a given population pattern and use the concept of fractal dimension to show how the number of required base stations changes when their maximum coverage range decreases, according to the population pattern.
[Medication reconciliation: a hell of a job].

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Transitions of care pose a risk to medication safety. To reduce patient harm, medication reconciliation is advised. However, implementation of medication reconciliation is difficult due to time constraints. We present two female patients aged 82 and 84 years. In both women, unintentional discrepancies arose, went undetected and led to patient harm. Accurate information transfer is essential for continuity of patient care. Medication reconciliation comprises four steps, i.e. verification (identify discrepancies), clarification (check the collected list), reconciliation (document the reason for medication changes) and transfer (communicate the updated list). This article discusses the steps of medication reconciliation and those medication errors that arise during a patient's transfer from the home setting to hospitalization or a clinic visit. We show that medication reconciliation is not merely an administrative task. As the patient is the only constant factor in health care, patient participation is essential.
Alternative food networks in Kraków, Poland: Investigating the development of alternative food networks in the context of post-transformation processes in Kraków, Poland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This master's thesis explores the emergence and impact of alternative food networks in the region of Kraków. More specifically, this thesis explores these networks within the context of post-transformation processes in Poland. Through qualitative research methods including grounded theory and ethnographic approaches, this thesis examines seven distinct alternative food networks, and reveals their diverse short-food supply chains, institutional associations, and motivations. The findings highlight that alternative food networks enable alternative livelihoods, foster community connections, and promote civic values. While facing challenges, such as building and maintaining community engagement, alternative food networks offer opportunities for participants to reconnect with their rural heritage, and for consumers to access high-quality, locally produced food. This study adds to the investigation of sustainable practices from a Central Eastern European perspective.
Corrigendum

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

We are making the following clarifications/corrections regarding the original publication: Zhu, W., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2009). Moderating role of follower characteristics with transformational leadership and follower work engagement. Group & Organization Management, 34, 590-619. (Original DOI: 10.1177/1059601108331242 )
Overexpression of Transcription Factor WRKY76 in Rice Leaves Leads to Increased Photosynthesis and Plant Yield

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The rate of leaf starch biosynthesis impacts overall plant growth and yield. Overexpression of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), the rate limiting enzyme in the starch pathway, has led to increased plant growth in multiple species. Our goal here was to identify and test transcription factors that themselves upregulate starch biosynthetic genes. To accomplish this objective, we examined rice genes upregulated in response to overexpression of leaf AGPase, and identified the transcription factor (TF) WRKY76 as a potential regulator of the rice leaf starch biosynthesis pathway. Overexpression of WRKY76 in rice (Oyrza sativa) leaves led to a 27% increase in plant growth and seed yield. The enhanced productivity phenotype in rice overexpressing WRKY76 was associated with a 40% increase in leaf starch levels at one month after planting and at anthesis. This was accompanied by a 16% increase in photosynthetic rate and 20% increase in net carbon metabolism, indicating that WRKY76 positively regulates leaf starch biosynthesis and carbon metabolism. Interestingly, increased expression of WRKY76 led to changes in expression of other WRKY TFs, indicating that the mechanism by which WRKY76 regulates starch biosynthesis involves a complicated regulatory network. This research indicates that WRKY76 directly increases expression of genes involved in leaf starch biosynthesis.
Flaring Cup Grinding FORMATE® Bevel and Hypoid Gears

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A new machine and process for rapid hard finish grinding of large non-generated bevel and hypoid gears and their mating pinions is described. A method for improved tooth contact using fourth order curvature control is presented. The process is most suitable for medium to small lot size production. A specially designed flaring cup shaped wheel is used for the gear member to enable the non-generated profile to be ground without burning.</div>
The Enforceability of Norms and the Employment Relationship

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A fundamental question that emerges from this literature involves the relationship between norms and law. To put this question in its sharpest and most interesting form: Under what circumstances should courts enforce the norms of private parties? In Shasta County, where norms, not laws, apparently govern cattle trespass and fencing disputes among ranchers, should the courts enforce these norms? For Ellickson, the answer seems relatively clear: If one concludes that the norms of close-knit groups are generally efficient, then when a close-knit group acts in contexts in which it is unable to impose losses on members, a utilitarian judge should defer, for example, to the customs of merchants or cattle ranchers engaged in repeat dealings. Llewellyn arrived at a similar conclusion. In numerous provisions, the UCC incorporates commercial practice into the terms of the contract. In this Article, we approach the question from a different perspective, drawing on the theory of incentive-compatible contracting and its application, the theory of internal labor markets (ILM). In examining the relationship between norms and law, we shift from the somewhat marginal case of cattle ranching to the more central and complex case of the employment relationship. The employment relationship is particularly interesting because, unlike Shasta County, it involves numerous interactions among repeat players over a long period of time. In Shasta County, as in Ronald Coase's cases, the parties enter into occasional side-deals to surmount potential harm. In the employment relationship, by contrast, the parties seek an ongoing relationship and generate incentive-compatible contracts that they intend to be self-enforcing.
Early coronary artery atherosclerosis in humans is associated with attenuated coronary retention of klotho

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Vascular aging is a key feature of cardiovascular disease. α-klotho (klotho) is a protein inversely associated with aging and may contribute to vascular repair. Lower levels of systemic klotho have been identified in humans with features of early and advanced coronary atherosclerosis. It remains unknown if circulating klotho is present within human coronary circulation and whether cardiovascular klotho retention correlates with atherosclerosis. Purpose The current study aimed to assess the presence of klotho within coronary circulation compared to systemic circulation and hypothesized that net coronary klotho retention is attenuated in patients with early age-related features of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods A total of 42 patients that underwent clinically indicated coronary angiogram for chest pain that had no obstructive CAD underwent intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) assessment were retrospectively examined. Virtual histology assessed coronary plaque characteristics. Blood samples simultaneously collected from the proximal aorta and coronary sinus were used for klotho detection using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The net gradient of klotho across cardiovascular circulation was calculated by multiplying the arteriovenous klotho gradient by basal coronary blood flow. A net positive gradient indicated less cardiovascular klotho retention; a net negative gradient indicated greater cardiovascular klotho retention. Results Overall, participants were age 54±10 years old and 76% were female. There were overall higher levels of klotho within the coronary sinus (median 0.49 ng/mL [0.15; 1.69]) compared to systemic circulation (median 0.30 ng/mL [0.16; 1.14]). Participant groups were determined by those with positive (n = 20) or negative (n = 22) cardiovascular retention of klotho. Both groups were similar in age (56 ±2 vs. 51 ±2 years old, p = 0.080), gender (72% vs. 80% female, p = 0.580), and had similar occurrences of traditional cardiovascular comorbidities. Those with less cardiovascular klotho retention in the coronary vascular bed had significantly greater degree of non-obstructive coronary artery plaque (Gensini score 3.5 vs. 0, p &lt; 0.001) and had higher percent plaque burden (46% [35; 53] vs. 34% [28; 46], p = 0.044) than those with greater cardiovascular klotho retention. Conclusions Patients with early coronary atherosclerosis may be characterized by attenuated retention of klotho within coronary circulation. Moreover, humans appear to have higher circulating klotho in coronary circulation than in systemic circulation. The current study may support a role for mechanism or potential therapeutic target for klotho in coronary atherosclerosis in humans.
Local primordial non-Gaussianity from the large-scale clustering of photometric DESI luminous red galaxies

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We use angular clustering of luminous red galaxies from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) imaging surveys to constrain the local primordial non-Gaussianity parameter $\fnl$. Our sample comprises over 12 million targets, covering 14,000 square degrees of the sky, with redshifts in the range $0.2< z < 1.35$. We identify Galactic extinction, survey depth, and astronomical seeing as the primary sources of systematic error, and employ linear regression and artificial neural networks to alleviate non-cosmological excess clustering on large scales. Our methods are tested against simulations with and without $\fnl$ and systematics, showing superior performance of the neural network treatment. The neural network with a set of nine imaging property maps passes our systematic null test criteria, and is chosen as the fiducial treatment. Assuming the universality relation, we find $\fnl = 34^{+24(+50)}_{-44(-73)}$ at 68\%(95\%) confidence. We apply a series of robustness tests (e.g., cuts on imaging, declination, or scales used) that show consistency in the obtained constraints. We study how the regression method biases the measured angular power-spectrum and degrades the $\fnl$ constraining power. The use of the nine maps more than doubles the uncertainty compared to using only the three primary maps in the regression. Our results thus motivate the development of more efficient methods that avoid over-correction, protect large-scale clustering information, and preserve constraining power. Additionally, our results encourage further studies of $\fnl$ with DESI spectroscopic samples, where the inclusion of 3D clustering modes should help separate imaging systematics and lessen the degradation in the $\fnl$ uncertainty.
Deep Learning Based Android Anomaly Detection Using a Combination of Vulnerabilities Dataset

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As the leading mobile phone operating system, Android is an attractive target for malicious applications trying to exploit the system’s security vulnerabilities. Although several approaches have been proposed in the research literature for the detection of Android malwares, many of them suffer from issues such as small training datasets, there are few features (most studies are limited to permissions) that ultimately affect their performance. In order to address these issues, we propose an approach combining advanced machine learning techniques and Android vulnerabilities taken from the AndroVul dataset, which contains a novel combination of features for three different vulnerability levels, including dangerous permissions, code smells, and AndroBugs vulnerabilities. Our approach relies on that dataset to train Deep Learning (DL) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models for the detection of Android malware. Our results show that both models are capable of detecting malware encoded in Android APK files with about 99% accuracy, which is better than the current state-of-the-art approaches.
The use of Twitter by the prosecutors of Ecuador and Peru: Actors, links, and interaction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Magistrate' use of social networks has been scarcely studied. It is assumed that the discretion of the jurisdictional function limits their interaction; but judges and prosecutors can be active Internet users in Latin America. This article analyzes the affiliation networks of the supreme prosecutors of Ecuador and Peru: based on the data generated by users (alteri) in their conversations, it assesses the role played by these magistrates (egos) in matters related to justice in their countries. Through the Social Network Analysis and Social Media Mining, the study poses the following questions: What topics led the conversations between egos and alteri? And what kinds of relationships did they build in their Twitter communities? It is concluded that, in the online world, egos become "political actors", putting their delicate function at risk, to the detriment of transparency required by the administration of justice and respect among powers, a pillar of democracy.
Melatonin and TGF-β-Mediated Release of Extracellular Vesicles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The immune system, unlike other systems, must be flexible and able to “adapt” to fully cope with lurking dangers. The transition from intracorporeal balance to homeostasis disruption is associated with activation of inflammatory signaling pathways, which causes modulation of the immunology response. Chemotactic cytokines, signaling molecules, and extracellular vesicles act as critical mediators of inflammation and participate in intercellular communication, conditioning the immune system’s proper response. Among the well-known cytokines allowing for the development and proper functioning of the immune system by mediating cell survival and cell-death-inducing signaling, the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) are noteworthy. The high bloodstream concentration of those pleiotropic cytokines can be characterized by anti- and pro-inflammatory activity, considering the powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress capabilities of TGF-β known from the literature. Together with the chemokines, the immune system response is also influenced by biologically active chemicals, such as melatonin. The enhanced cellular communication shows the relationship between the TGF-β signaling pathway and the extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted under the influence of melatonin. This review outlines the findings on melatonin activity on TGF-β-dependent inflammatory response regulation in cell-to-cell communication leading to secretion of the different EV populations.
Assessment and Optimization of Rainwater Harvesting Potential for Urban Sustainability: A Case of Lahore

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study employs a multi-criteria decision analysis method utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) to pinpoint appropriate locations for rainwater harvesting (RWH) structures, to fulfill water demand in Lahore, Pakistan. Data from satellite imagery, soil composition, climate, and digital elevation models (DEM) were integrated into GIS layers and amalgamated to establish a ranking system. This ranking system was then employed to identify suitable areas for rainwater harvesting. Thematic layers, encompassing variables such as rainfall, land use/land cover, soil type, slope, runoff depth, drainage density, and stream order, were combined into a comprehensive overlay, resulting in a map delineating RWH suitability. The outcomes revealed that based on Average Annual Rainfall, 1.44% of the study area is classified as 'very highly suitable,' while 5.67% is designated as 'highly suitable.' Conversely, 24.54% of the region is labeled as 'moderately suitable.' Additionally, 65.44% of the region, situated in the east and southeast, exhibits 'low suitability,' and 2.91% is deemed 'unsuitable.' The findings of this research are poised to foster the broader adoption of RWH in the Lahore region to meet water demands. Furthermore, the developed methodology holds adaptability for implementation in other regions or countries.
Per1/Per2 knockout Affects Spleen Immune Function in Elderly Mice via Inducing Spleen Lymphocyte Ferroptosis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Disturbances in circadian rhythms are known to affect immune functions. However, the long-term impact of abnormal circadian rhythms on the immune-related functions of the spleen are poorly understood. Hence, we aimed to investigate the immune-related functions of spleen in Per1/Per2 double-knockout (DKO) and wild-type (WT) mice aged 4, 9, and 14 months. Compared to the WT mice, the DKO mice had smaller spleen white pulp (WP) and lymphocyte germinal area, as well as fewer immune cells with age—these differences were especially clear. The spleen lymphocyte mortality, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and ferritin-binding receptor (TFR1) levels were significantly higher in the 14-month-old DKO mice than in WT mice of the same age. Transcriptome analysis showed that most of the differentially expressed mRNAs were enriched in DNA damage repair-related pathways. In DKO mice, spleen cells showed up-regulation of pro-ferroptosis genes, such as Cd36,Atm, and Acsl4, and down-regulation of anti-ferroptosis genes, such as GPX4. We found that long-term abnormalities in the circadian rhythm can induce DNA damage and ferroptosis in mouse spleen.
Decreased expression of telomerase-associated RNAs in the proliferation of stem cells in comparison with continuous expression in malignant tumors.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Telomerase, an enzyme associated with cellular immortality, is expressed by malignant tumor and stem cells, especially germ cells. Normal somatic cells, however, usually do not express telomerase. In the malignant tumor, deregulation of telomerase is thought to facilitate tumorigenesis and cellular immortality by providing cancer cells unlimited proliferation capacity. We investigated the relationship between proliferation activity and in situ expression of the telomerase RNA component (human telomerase RNA component, hTERC). In addition, in situ hybridization of the telomerase-associated proteins (telomerase-associated protein 1, TEP1; human telomerase reverse transcriptase, TERT), and MIB-1 immunohistochemistry for proliferation activity were performed, using the malignant tumors of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant lymphoma, and somatic tissues of testis, endometrium, stomach, skin, and lymph nodes. In the somatic tissues, the stem cells expressed telomerase-associated RNA, but no proliferation activity. When the proliferation activity of the stem cells increased, however, the telomerase-associated expressions decreased. In the malignant tumors, both proliferation activity and expression of the telomerase-associated RNA significantly increased. Deregulation of telomerase, in addition to proliferation activity, is associated with tumorigenesis.
Causal relationship between stock returns and real economic growth in the pre- and post-crisis period: evidence from China

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article empirically examines the causality in mean and variance between stock returns and real economic growth in China before and after the outbreak of US subprime crisis. Using a nonuniform weighting cross-correlation approach and the multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity model, we found no causality in mean or variance between China's stock returns and real economic growth for the period before the subprime crisis. Interestingly, however, in the period after the crisis, we detected unidirectional causality in mean from real economic growth to stock returns and unidirectional causality in variance from stock returns to real economic growth. These new findings imply that the linkage between China's stock market and its real economy has become stronger in the post-crisis period. The implication of our results is that Chinese policymakers should continue the deregulation and improve the efficiency of the stock market to sustain high economic growth rate in the future.