jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Segment-based stochastic models of spectral dynamics for continuous speech recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This dissertation addresses the problem of modeling the joint time-spectral structure of speech for recognition. Four areas are covered in this work: segment modeling, estimation, recognition search algorithms, and extension to a more general class of models. A unified view of the acoustic models that are currently used in speech recognition is presented; the research is then focused on segment-based models that provide a better framework for modeling the intrasegmental statistical dependencies than the conventional hidden Markov models (HMMs). The validity of a linearity assumption for modeling the intrasegmental statistical dependencies is first checked, and it is shown that the basic assumption of conditionally independent observations given the underlying state sequence that is inherent to HMMs is inaccurate. Based on these results, linear models are chosen for the distribution of the observations within a segment of speech. Motivated by the original work of the stochastic segment model, a dynamical system segment model is proposed for continuous speech recognition. Training of this model is equivalent to the maximum likelihood identification of a stochastic linear system, and a simple alternative to the traditional approach is developed. This procedure is based on the ExpectationMaximization algorithm and is analogous to the Baum-Welch algorithm for HMMs, since the dynamical system segment model can be thought of as a continuous state vii HMM. Recognition involves computing the probability of the innovations given by Kalman filtering. The large computational complexity of segment-based models is dealt with by the introduction of fast recognition search algorithms as alternatives to the typical Dynamic Programming search. A Split-and-Merge segmentation algorithm is...
Spatial and temporal patterns of wound periderm development in Cryptomeria japonica bark

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Limited investigations have been carried out on the physiological and growth responses of bark to wounding, even though wound periderms play crucial roles in tree defenses. To understand the mechanisms of wound periderm formation, we studied the growth responses and structural changes of wounded bark of three Cryptomeria japonica individuals. We observed the developmental time frame and morphology of wound periderms around mechanically induced wounds in summer. The wound responses included discoloration, lignification, and suberization in tissues present at the time of wounding, followed by wound periderm formation and secondary metabolite deposition. The trees had developed wound periderms approximately 4 weeks after wounding. The wound periderms were within 3 mm in the axial directions and within 1 mm in the lateral directions from the wound surfaces. The distinct patterns of wound periderm formation in the axial and lateral regions resulted from the arrangement and anatomical features of the cells adjacent to the wounds. The wound phellem cells were tangentially narrower and axially shorter in the side and upper/lower regions, respectively, of the wounds. Therefore, the cell division frequencies in the planes parallel to the wound surface may be greater than those in the other directions. Wound reactions in bark might initially be triggered by microenvironmental changes, such as the spread of desiccation, which depends directly on the morphology of phloem cell complexes.
Broad Spectrum Characteristics of Bi/Er co-doped Silica Optical Fiber in C-band

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The spectral and gain characteristics of Bi/Er codoped silica optical fiber are investigated in this paper. The fiber provides four obvious absorption peaks, which result from the energy level transitions of Er 3+ and Bi iron. The fiber exhibits ultra-broadband luminescence spectrum region between 1100 and 1700 nm when pumped by 980 nm laser. And the maximum gain of the fiber can reach 34 dB at 1534 nm when the pump power is 131.3 mW. Those prove that this fiber is conducive to the application of laser and amplifier.
Advancing Myoelectric Prostheses: Efficacy of Gold-Plated 3D-Printed Thermoplastic Dry Electrodes

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the evolving landscape of assistive technologies, significant advancements are being made in the functionality of intelligent myoelectric prostheses, positioning them as a legitimate option for amputees and persons with congenital limb differences. Concurrently, 3D printing is transitioning from its traditional role as a prototyping tool to a viable, cost-effective method for manufacturing. Against this backdrop, it becomes feasible to assess the capabilities of 3D printing in fabricating intricate components, such as electrodes, which are critical for the effective operation of these prostheses. This study explores the efficacy of 3D-printed electrodes by producing and evaluating three variants of graphite-doped thermoplastic electrodes, subsequently enhanced with a layer of gold-plating. These innovative electrodes were benchmarked against five conventional electromyography (EMG) electrodes to compare their performance and characteristics. Testing with ten participants revealed that two of the three thermoplastic materials examined, PLA and TPU, exhibited real potential for electromyography applications. Notably, the application of gold-plating to these thermoplastics significantly enhanced signal quality, achieving parity with the performance of traditional metal electrodes in certain cases. This investigation underscores the promising future of doped thermoplastic 3D-printed electrodes in medical applications. By enabling the production of electrodes that combine a conductive core with an insulating exterior, this technology paves the way for the creation of highly complex electrode designs. Moreover, the ability to rapidly prototype and iterate designs through 3D printing is set to revolutionize the development of electrode arrays, offering new avenues for innovation in prosthetic technology and beyond.
Microgroove etching on flexible copper clad laminate with picosecond lasers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) have received extensive attention in the field of 5G electronic device packaging because of their high performance as microwave substrates and packaging materials. This article describes the use of a two-wavelength picosecond laser, with a pulse duration of 8.8 ps and a repetition frequency of 100 kHz, to perform ablation experiments on a flexible LCP copper clad laminate. By fitting the experimental results, the calculated radiation exposure was found to be 3.1 and 4.45 J/cm2 at wavelengths of 1064 and 355 nm, respectively. In addition, it was revealed that the laser parameters and the material characteristics of the LCP seriously affected the quality of laser machining due to photopolymerization of the LCP at 1064 nm; in contrast, better results were obtained at 355 nm. Furthermore, the effect of scanning speed and average power on the microgroove etching process was investigated. Desirable etching results were obtained at a scanning speed of 500–700 mm/s and an average power of 2.5–3.5 W. The results of this study can be useful for the processing of LCP-encapsulated electronic devices.
Points from Letters: Treatment of Fissure-in-ano

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BRTSw=Hcomings of others-presumably they hope their own virtues will show up better by contrast; but, really, 800 purple hearts a day are too much for any of us to swallow, literally or figuratively.No details have been given, so far as I know, of how many were in the family or how long the tablets were supposed to last, or whether the circum- stances justified the prescribing of purple hearts in any quantity.This statement has been so damaging to the profession in lay eyes and so surprising and shocking to the vast majority of doctors in general practice who never prescribe more than two Drinamyl a day-and these with some diffidence-that the Ministry should justify the statement of the official by supply- ing details to the profession by way of Prescribers' Notes or in the B.M.7.
Thienothiophene‐Benzopyran Derivative and AQ4N‐Assembled Liposomes for Near‐Infrared II Fluorescence Imaging‐Guided Phototherapy, Chemotherapy, and Immune Activation

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), has attracted wide attention in tumor treatment. However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and the heat shock proteins produced by tumor cells significantly reduce their efficacy. Developing effective phototherapy agents that have high reactive oxygen species generation efficiency and photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) while simultaneously utilizing the hypoxic tumor microenvironment is of great importance. Here, a thienothiophene‐benzopyran derivative, BTPIC4F‐C10 is designed and synthesized, with near‐infrared (NIR) absorption and fluorescence. Then the lipid nanoparticles (LipBFCA NPs) which encapsulated BTPIC4F‐C10 in a phospholipid bilayer together with hypoxia‐activated prodrug banoxanthrone (AQ4N) are constructed for NIR‐II fluorescence imaging‐guided synergistic PDT/PTT/chemotherapy and immune activation. Under 808 nm laser irradiation, LipBFCA NPs is a high singlet oxygen quantum yield of 20.2% and PCE of 78.8%. With ultra‐high photon energy utilization efficiency of 99%, LipBFCA NPs is an excellent phototherapy effect. The hypoxic environment caused by phototherapy can further activate AQ4N to transform into chemically toxic AQ4 radicals to kill tumor cells. Moreover, phototherapy can induce immunogenic cell death, release tumor‐associated antigens, and activate immune responses. This work provides a new way for the clinical application of fluorescence imaging in guiding tumor diagnosis and treatment.
A Case of Civil Service Involvement in Engineering in 1841

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

On 30 September 1841 Sir John Franklin, the Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemen's Land, dismissed Alexander Cheyne, the Director of Public Works, over dissatisfaction with his conduct relating to a bridge planned to cross the Derwent River at Bridgewater. Cheyne, believing that he was unfairly dismissed, published the correspondence between the Office of the Colonial Secretary and his office in The Van Diemen's Land Chronicle in October 1841. Copies of the correspondence have survived and give a fascinating insight into politics, engineering design and the contracting methods of the time. This situation is contrasted with the findings of the Coroner's Court of the Australian Capital Territory in 1999. The significance of this heritage, particularly in concert with the drastic down sizing of engineers in key advisory positions within Government, is that engineers must be politically aware.
Morphology of Novel Chitosan Oligosaccharides Modified Cross-linked Polyvinyl Alcohol Complex Foam (COS/cPVACF) Dressings with Fully Open-cell and Open-channel Microstructures via Active Molecules Cleaning Process for Wound Managements

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

High permeability of protecting dressings such as cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol (cPVA) foam or polyurethane (PU) foam/film or non-woven dressings could be employed for the clinic application of wound managemen...
Control of the human environment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The human environment in space is controlled within fairly narrow limits, the range between the limits representing man's ability to adjust without serious strain. Broadly defined, environment includes the makeup of the gaseous artificial atmosphere, gas temperature, movement and humidity, the thermal radiation level, the mechanical force field, and the level of ionizing radiation. From the control standpoint, there is not much to be done about g-forces and radiation. The gaseous atmosphere and the thermal environment offer more opportunity to the control engineer. Biologically speaking, the controllable environment serves two major body functions, respiration and thermoregulation. In the isolated artificial atmosphere of a space cabin the environmental variables which affect these functions are closely interwoven. For example, water vapor pressure and gas movement are involved in both respiratory balance and heat balance. Various approaches to control of the human environment in space will be described. Simple automatic controls in present systems will be discussed. More complex control needs will be suggested for the future systems designed to carry man ever farther into space. No plans have been made to publish this discussion.
WICHTIG1^ (MEINE DGS – annotiert. Öffentliches Korpus der Deutschen Gebärdensprache, mehrere Releases)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Ein Type aus der Annotation von MEINEDGS mit allen seinen Tokens aus MEINEDGS: The Public DGS Corpus consists of more than 50 hours of video data from the DGS-Korpus project made available together with annotations for research purposes. In this project, data were collected all across Germany in the timeframe 2010-2012. The public corpus shows 330 informants in 4 different age groups (from 18 years on) from 13 different regions. All parts are conversations between two informants in German Sign Language (DGS). The majority of transcripts included cover discussions and reports on Deaf life and personal experiences, although there are examples of other tasks such as story retellings as well.
Transcripts are made available in iLex and ELAN format as well as in SRT subtitles format that can be imported in MaxQDA and other analysis tools, together with the mp4 video files in 360p50. Über diese versionsunabhängige DOI ist die jeweils neueste Version des Datensatzes auffindbar.
8 Innovation and IPR in a Catch‐Up‐Falling‐Behind Process: The Argentine Case

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter first points out that, for Argentina, the twentieth century was the period of falling behind. Although catch‐up occurred during 1860–1929, the economy at the time was mainly based on agriculture. By contrast, industrialization and technological capability building took place while the overall economy was falling behind following the government's import substitution policy and macro instability. The chapter examines technology transfer, learning, and innovation in the country's catch‐up and falling‐behind processes, and the role of intellectual property regime. It is argued that the IPR regime had little impact except for on agriculture and pharmaceuticals. These two industries are analyzed in detail to suggest that the domestic pharmaceutical firms failed to accumulate technological capabilities even in the absence of product patents and that genetically modified soybeans diffused widely because the American inventor, Monsanto, failed to secure a patent for it in Argentina.
Realization of Line Current Differential Protection over IP-based Networks using IEEE 1588 for Synchronous Sampling

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Line Current Differential Protection is an increasingly important protection scheme due to the fast and absolutely selective detection of faults. The essential part of the Line Current Differential Protection, also known as 87L protection according to ANSI/IEEE C37.2-2008, is the communication and the related time synchronization for synchronous sampling. A widespread and well established technology for this application is Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) which is based on Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) technology. Due to the development and widespread use of Packet Switched Networks (PSN), e.g. Ethernet networks, it is already more cost effective using this communication technology instead of SDH. The underlying principle of Ethernet is packet switching which works contrarily compared to TDM networks. In this paper, a novel 87L protection scheme is proposed. The protection data exchange is realized by using IP-based communication for data transfer and an improved IEEE 15882008 Precision Time Protocol (PTP) is used to establish synchronous sampling.
Effect of processing barley and wheat grain on the digestion of silage-based diets by breeding ewes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Fifty-six individually penned pregnant ewes were offered silage ad libitum with wheat or barley in a replicated experiment. Each of these cereals was either unprocessed or processed by rolling or milling and was offered at 300 g/day from 6 weeks before lambing and at 600 g/day from 3 weeks before lambing. Five and 2 weeks before lambing, total faeces were collected over 6-day periods. On average proportionately 0·18 of the unprocessed wheat and 0·20 of the unprocessed barley consumed was recovered as intact grain in the faeces. Mean digestibility of the organic matter in the complete diet increased from 726 g/kg on whole to 748 g/kg on rolled and 759 g/kg on milled cereal ( P < 0·01) at the 300 g/day level and from 721 g/kg on whole to 766 g/kg on rolled and 772 g/kg on milled cereals ( P < 0·001) at the 600 g/day level. When the effect of egested whole grain was removed there was no evidence of an effect of cereal processing on organic matter digestibility and although digestibility of fibre was higher with whole than with processed grain the effect was not significant. Wheat-based diets were more digestible than barley-based diets and, compared with barley, wheat appeared to have a beneficial effect on fibre digestion.
[Epidemiology and prophylaxis of malaria in France (author's transl)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A study of 100 cases of malaria in France, 98 of which were imported, shows the strong predominance (83%) of Plasmodium falciparum and of contamination in Africa (86%). The reasons why malaria is rare among tourists returning from Asia are given. The risk of re-introduction of the disease into France seems to be slight, especially for P. falciparum. Chemoprophylaxis is easy when aminoquinolines can be recommended, but much more complicated otherwise, the reasons for failure being the lack of effect of other drugs on pre-erythrocytic forms, resistance to chemotherapy and lack of information or carelessness.
The Comparability of Event-Related and General Social Support

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Some studies (e.g., Kogovšek & Hlebec, 2008, 2009) have shown that the name generator and the role relation approaches to measuring social networks are to some extent comparable, but less so the name generator and the event-related approaches (Hlebec, Mrzel, & Kogovšek, 2009). In this chapter, the composition of the social support network assessed by both the general social support approach and the event-related approach (support during 15 major life events) is analyzed and compared. In both cases, the role relation approach is used. In addition, in both approaches a more elaborate (16 possible categories ranging from partner, mother, father, friend to no one) and a more simple (6 possible categories ranging from family member, friend, neighbor to no one) response format is applied and compared. The aim of the chapter is to establish, in a controlled quasi-experiment setting, whether the different approaches (i.e. the general social support and the event-related approach) produce similar social networks regardless of the response format (long vs. short).
Dynamic change of host gastrointestinal microbiome and immune status in relation to mucosal barrier effects during chemotherapy and immune ablative intervention in humans

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by communities of endogenous microbes, commonly referred to as the microbiome. Here, the microbiota are in close contact with the host intestinal mucosa and its innate and adaptive immune systems. The fact that certain stimuli induce an inflammatory response whereas others induce tolerance suggests, that the host immune system interacts with the microbiota and vice versa in different ways. However, the exact details of theses interactions remain largely unknown. It is known that cancer treatment can result in severe adverse effects like mucositis and in combination with allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Tx), in graft-versus host disease (GvHD). However, there is at present only sparse information available on the effects of chemotherapy on the intestinal microbiota and resulting changes in microbiome-immune system interactions. Almost no data exists on the effect of allogeneic stem cell Tx on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota. In this project, we are studying the complex interactions between the host and the intestinal microbiota after chemotherapy with or without allogeneic Tx and the occurrence of severe adverse side effects such as mucositis and GvHD. Using a systems biology approach including metagenomics and RNAseq, fecal samples and blood plasma samples from patients undergoing these treatments for malignancies will be analysed to identify the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome and bacterial small RNAs. The main research hypothesis is that there are quantitative and qualitative changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome following chemotherapy and allogeneic Tx which are linked to the immune status of the patients and possible treatment side-effects, in particular mucositis and GvHD. We aim to provide knowledge on how the host's intestinal mucosa and immune system influence the gastrointestinal microbiome and on the role and involvement of the gastrointestinal microbiota in development in mucositis and GvHD. Importantly, this could help in the formulation of measures to prevent mucositis and GvHD development.
Consolidating loads for sustainable construction in New Zealand: a literature review-based research framework

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Purpose A long-term collaborative public water infrastructure procurement contract in New Zealand adopts “Enterprise Alliance” delivery (strategy) with a Construction Consolidation Centre (CCC) (operational) logistics solution. New Zealand's unique spatial, market, regulatory and economic circumstances present a research gap pertaining to the sustainability impacts of the combinatory implementation. The paper suggests a literature review-based research framework for examining these. Design/methodology/approach Systematic literature review (SLR) discovers unique New Zealand attributes, and sustainability impacts of both the approaches overseas. Towards formulating a research framework, the paper discusses sustainability of construction and its New Zealand context, and research focus within the implemented model. Significant issues from SLR reveal Design, Logistics, Impacts and Spin-offs research domains. The paper suggests a research framework and examines an appropriate research design. Findings CCC implementation under a programme alliance is without precedent in New Zealand. Variance of New Zealand's unique attributes from North American and European characteristics behind successful implementation are likely to impact domestic outcomes. A research framework to test this hypothesis will enable investigating the relevance of the concepts to New Zealand settings and provide a contextual implementation datum. Implementation benchmarks will potentially influence public policy and enrich indigenous knowledge corpus, potentially transferrable to associated domains (urban planning, transportation and energy). Originality/value The paper attempts to define a research direction in the domain of applying supply chain management principles to the New Zealand's construction sector by investigating the employment of a CCC in a collaborative environment as an infrastructure project delivery vehicle with sustainability leanings.