jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Normal Lymphocyte Development but Delayed Humoral Immune Response in CD81-null Mice

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

CD81 is a cell surface molecule expressed on many cell types and associated with the CD19/ CD21/Leu13 signal-transducing complex on B cells. A recent report implies that CD81 expression on thymic stromal cells is important in the maturation of thymocytes from CD4− CD8− to CD4+CD8+. However, we have produced CD81-null mice by gene targeting, and find that they undergo normal development of thymocytes and express normal numbers of T cells. B cells are also found in normal numbers in the spleen, blood, and peritoneal cavity of CD81-null mice, but they express a lower level of CD19 compared to heterozygous littermates. Finally, early antibody responses to the protein antigen ovalbumin are weaker in CD81null mice compared to their heterozygous littermates. This is consistent with the proposed role of the CD19/CD21/CD81-signaling complex in lowering the threshold for B cell responses. These results show that CD81 is not required for maturation of T cells, but is important for optimal expression of CD19 on B cells and optimal stimulation of antibody production.
Rediscovering Fernande Decruck's Sonate en ut# pour saxophone alto (ou alto) et orchestre: A Performance Analysis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

French composer Fernande Decruck (1896-1954) composed over forty works for the saxophone, but her music fell into obscurity soon after her death. In recent years, the Sonate en ut# pour saxophone alto (ou alto) et orchestre (1943) has been rediscovered, performed, and recorded by prominent concert saxophonists. This document takes a historical approach by examining Decruck's biography, as well as a theoretical approach to provide a deeper understanding and appreciation of her work through analysis. The first four chapters of this document provide biographical background on Decruck, her career, professional associations, and her husband, Maurice Decruck, saxophonist and music publisher. Additionally, an examination of her saxophone output includes a brief discussion of her compositional development. Fernande Decruck dedicated her sonata to French saxophone virtuoso Marcel Mule, but a version for solo viola also exists. From the discrepancies between the versions, one might infer that portions of the work were composed originally for the viola. There are also two versions of the accompaniment: one for full orchestra and the other for piano. Analysis comprises the bulk of this study. The work is composed in a traditional four-movement setting: a sonata-form opening movement, a slow second movement, a movement entitled "Fileuse" (spinning song), substituting for the traditional scherzo, and a rondo-like finale. The work incorporates trends of Impressionism through its harmonic vocabulary, chordal planing, and pentatonic scales. It also demonstrates a sophisticated application of polytonal techniques in several passages. In addition to analysis of each movement, common interpretive practices are discussed, based upon available commercial recorded performances, and performance suggestions are given. There are several notation errors within the parts, as well as some significant differences between the two accompaniments. These errata and discrepancies between the solo parts are listed and discussed.
Bush, ridge, rove & the creation of the Department of Homeland Security

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In June 2002, President George W. Bush asked Congress to create a Department of Homeland Security to better protect the United States against further terrorist attacks. The public service reorganization that has taken place is perhaps the largest in American history apart from the post-World War II armed forces restructuring. But it remains to be seen whether this initiative will be effective. This thesis is an analysis of the factors at play in the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. It focuses on how the department came about, and what challenges, both political and bureaucratic, those who administer and manage the department will face. The thesis relies upon existing public management and bureaucratic theory literature to assess the new department. It also analyzes the Bush administration's governing style and their execution of presidential power. In particular, it discusses the role played by Bush's chief strategist Karl Rove in forging the new department. The Department of Homeland Security is not only a timely topic and one that allows for investigation of the federal U.S. public service but it is also about reinventing government, not through small endeavours internal to a department, but through the creation of a new and large organization.
Authoethnography in the study of football fan culture. Theoretical and methodological reflections by way of football rivarly research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The article reflects on the use of autoethnography in researching football fan culture. It identifies the benefits and challenges of using autoethnography as a strategy and a research method for understanding football fan culture. Despite numerous examples of the use of autoethnography in football research, including supporter studies, it has yet to be considered from a strictly theoretical perspective on the methodological dilemmas of the researcher–football fan. The article critically analyses the entire process of autoethnographic research, which led to the conceptualisation of a research project on perceptions of football competitions. This paper is the result of a clash between a junior scientist’s original research concept and a more experienced ethnographic researcher’s critical approach and reflects the discussion between them. The authors believe that the conclusions reached may be helpful for researchers in the field of humanities and social sciences considering using autoethnography in their research.
The link between the electrogenic and redox functions of the plasmalemma and the energy metabolism of the cell

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A dependence of the plasmalemma redox activity, determined by the reduction of external electron acceptors (ferricyanide, nitro‐blue tetrazolium), on the energy state of the cell, which was modified by light conditions or introduction of glucose into the media, was shown on leaves of Elodea canadensis Rich. Glucose (10 m M ) and light (40 W m ‐2 ) caused hyperpolarization of the membrane potential and stimulated the redox activity of the plasmalemma. 3‐(3,4‐Dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea (DCMU) completely inhibited the light activation of electrogenic and redox functions of the plasmalemma. The light saturation intensity for membrane potential and ferricyanide reductase activity was 10–30% of the light saturation of photosynthesis. Membrane potential, K + transport and plasmalemma redox activity changed in parallel in response to light and darkness and when DCMU was added. Ferricyanide reductase activity is suggested to be a simple parameter for characterizing the energy state of the cell. The functional significance of the light‐induced hyperpolarization of the membrane potential is discussed.
Effect of Mood and Lithium Carbonate on Total Body Potassium

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

IN 1963 Coppen and Shaw1investigated mineral metabolism in melancholia. Thirteen patients recovering after electroshock therapy showed no increase in their total body potassium (40K). In 1966, however, the same authors stated these results showed that during depression there was a relative deficiency of TBK. Also, the concentration of intracellular potassium was low when compared to values obtained from normal subjects.2In view of the lack of change during depression and recovery, they also suggested that these patients, even when well, suffered from potassium deficiency. On the basis of increased residual sodium and decreased intracellular potassium in depression, Coppen and Shaw, estimating from the Nernst equation, stated that depressed patients would have a mean action potential 7 mv below the mean for normal individuals. They also reported that the antidepressant effect of tryptophan is enhanced by potassium and carbohydrate supplements.3
A Prospective Study in Ph+ Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Patients Showing That Interphase Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization (FISH) Is Effective as Conventional Cytogenetics for Definition of Cytogenetic Response. Correlation with Molecular Response (by the GIMEMA CML WP).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract We planned a prospective analysis involving 3 multicentric national studies of the GIMEMA (Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche Adulto) CML Working Party (WP) to evaluate the correlation between conventional cytogenetics (CC) and FISH response in CML pts in chronic phase (CP) treated with Imatinib. Karyotype and FISH analyses were performed on bone marrow (BM) cells in 26 local laboratories and in 12 WP reference labs. Peripheral blood samples for quantitative RT-PCR were centralized in Bologna. The data are reported in Figure 1 and in Table 1. Fig 1 shows the relationship between CC and FISH (r=0.91;p=0.008). Tab 1 shows the demonstration of FISH data according to CC data and the number of metaphases available for CC. Of 217 pts in CCgR by CC and &gt; 20 metaphases studied, 81.6% were FISH negative, 15.2% showed a low rate of FISH positive cells (1–5%) and 3.2% an higher rate. Of 94 pts in CCgR by CC but with &lt; 20 metaphases studied, 71.3% were FISH negative, 21.3% showed a low rate of FISH positive cells (1–5%) and 7.4% an higher rate. Of 43 pts in PCgR by CC and FISH positive, 48.8% showed 1– 5% positive cells. Moreover, 358 samples were performed simultaneously by CC, FISH and quantitative RT-PCR: 179 (50%) samples in CCgR showed major molecular response (MMolR, defined as a BCR-ABL × 100 ratio &lt; 0.1%): 164 (91.6%) were FISH negative and 15 (8.4%) were FISH positive (1.3–10% positive cells). We conclude that interphase FISH is a very releable method of monitoring the CCgR once it has been achieved. The relationship of FISH on BM cells with molecular response is at least as good as the relationship of CC with molecular response. It remains to be shown if the same results can be obtained on peripheral blood cells, that are already widely used for molecular monitoring. No FISH negative FISH 1–5% FISH &gt; 5% CCgR ≥ 20 met 217 177 (81.6%) 33 (15.2%) 7 (3.2%) CCgR &lt; 20 met 94 67 (71.3%) 20 (21.3%) 7 (7.4%) PCgR ≥ 20 met 43 0 21 (48.8%) 22 (51.2%) CCgR and MMolR 179 164 (91.6%) 12 (6.7%) 3 (1.7%) Figure Figure
Experimental and Simulation Study on the Explosion of a Coal/Methane Mixed System

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study investigates the microscale suppression mechanisms of four powder explosion suppressants on coal dust/methane (CH4) mixed system explosions. Combining experimental and numerical simulation methods, we explore the gas-phase reaction processes and the role of free radicals in the explosion suppression. Results show that all suppressants reduce the maximum explosion pressure and pressure rise rate, with MPP being the most effective, reducing pressure by 38%. Suppressants inhibit explosions through physical (heat absorption) and chemical (free-radical consumption) mechanisms. Phosphorus-containing intermediates from NH4H2PO4 and MPP react with free radicals, while NaHCO3 and MCA decompose to produce inert gases and consume O• and H• radicals. This work provides a theoretical foundation for optimizing explosion suppressants in mining safety applications.
Genotypic and Environmental Effects on Color and Discoloration Potential of Barley in Food Products

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Twelve genotypes of barley, including hulled and hulless proanthocyanidin‐containing and hulled proanthocyanidin‐free types, were grown in five environments (location‐year combination) to determine the relative contribution of genotype and environment on quality traits associated with discoloration potential of barley. Barley grains were abraded and milled into flour. Protein, ash, total polyphenol content, and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity were determined. Brightness ( L *) of abraded kernels, cooked kernels, gels, and dough sheets were determined and used as indicators of discoloration potential. Genetic factors were more important in determining total polyphenol content, PPO activity, and brightness of dough sheets and as important as environmental factors for protein and ash content. Across environments, L * of dough sheets was consistently higher in proanthocyanidin‐free barley (73–76) than in proanthocyanidin‐containing barley (59–70). Total polyphenol content of abraded grains was highest in barley grown in a dry area at 0.18%, lower in high rainfall areas at 0.13%, and lowest in irrigated areas at 0.12%. Genotype (G) by environment (E) interactions were significant for all traits, except for brightness of cooked kernels. However, the effects of the G × E interactions were generally small compared with either the genetic or the environmental effect alone and primarily due to changes in magnitude rather than in rank. Stability analyses confirmed the nature of the G × E interactions.
Efficacy of Mitomycin c in Reducing the Recurrence of Urethral Stricture after Visual Internal Urethrotomy (VIU)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Urethral stricture remains one of the oldest known urologic diseases and also still a common problem with high morbidity.Recurrence rate of VIU is high in different studies ranging from 20% to 60%, the aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of MMC in reducing the recurrence of urethral stricture after VIU.Our consider incorporated 30 patients torment from < 2 cm urethral stricture, starting with might 2018 should november 2019.These patients were randomized under two aggregations; gathering An (study group) incorporated 15 patients who were subjected with intralesional MMC then afterward VIU, What's more one assembly b (control group) incorporated 15 patients who were subjected to VIU best.Utilizing An Cold-knife those urethrotomy might have been performed under immediate dream What's more incisions were aggravated during 12-, 5-, What's more 7 O'clock positions taken after Toward intralesional infusion from claiming MMC.Every one patients were took after dependent upon to 6 months and the stricture repeat rate might have been compared the middle of those two aggregation.Of the aggregate 30 patients, 4 patients clinched alongside gathering a and 3 tolerant On one assembly b were lost should catch up in the initial 2 months Furthermore Subsequently were dropped from the ponder.Those test might have been consequently decreased will 23 patients who were separated under two aggregations.Bunch An (study group) comprised 11 patients who were subjected should intralesional mitomycin c's after VIU.Aggregation b (control group) comprised 12 patients who underwent VIU main.There might have been statistically critical Contrast the middle of 2 bunches in regards will stricture repeat ; 2 patients On one assembly a (18.2%) Furthermore 7 patients On bunch b (58.3%) required repeat (p=0.02).Various intralesional MMC injections Emulating VIU need An possibility with markedly decrease those repeat about urethral stricture.
The Lolium Pathotype of Magnaporthe oryzae Recovered from a Single Blasted Wheat Plant in the United States

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Wheat blast is a devastating disease that was first identified in Brazil and has subsequently spread to surrounding countries in South America. In May 2011, disease scouting in a University of Kentucky wheat trial plot in Princeton, KY identified a single plant with disease symptoms that differed from the Fusarium head blight that was present in surrounding wheat. The plant in question bore a single diseased head that was bleached yellow from a point about one-third up the rachis to the tip. A gray mycelial mass was observed at the boundary of the healthy tissue and microscopic examination of this material revealed pyriform spores consistent with a Magnaporthe sp. The pathogen was subsequently identified as Magnaporthe oryzae through amplification and sequencing of molecular markers, and genome sequencing revealed that the U.S. wheat blast isolate was most closely related to an M. oryzae strain isolated from annual ryegrass in 2002 and quite distantly related to M. oryzae strains causing wheat blast in South America. The suspect isolate was pathogenic to wheat, as indicated by growth chamber inoculation tests. We conclude that this first occurrence of wheat blast in the United States was most likely caused by a strain that evolved from an endemic Lolium-infecting pathogen and not by an exotic introduction from South America. Moreover, we show that M. oryzae strains capable of infecting wheat have existed in the United States for at least 16 years. Finally, evidence is presented that the environmental conditions in Princeton during the spring of 2011 were unusually conducive to the early production of blast inoculum.
Distribution of Zinc Fractions in Red and Lateritic Soils of West Bengal

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The distribution of different forms of zinc, viz. (i) water soluble plus exchangeable (WSEX), (ii)organically complexed (OC). (iii) manganese oxides bound (MnOX). (iv) amorphous Fe-oxides bound (AMOX) and (v) crystalline Fe-oxides bound (CRYOX), was studied in 12 red and lateritic soils of Birbhum. West Bengal at 0–0.15 m, 0.15–0.30 m and 0.30–0.45 m depths. With depth, the contents in the WSEX, AMOX and CRYOX bound forms decreased, MnOX bound form increased, while OC form showed hardly any change. Amorphous Fe-oxides showed highest binding capacity for zinc followed by Mn-oxides and crystalline Fe-oxides. Significant coefficient of correlations were obtained between WSEX-Zn vs CEC (r = 0.31), MnOX-Zn vs Fe2O3 (r = -0.89), AMOX-Zn vs organic C (r = 0.46) and CRYOX-Zn vs Fe2O3 (r = 0.76) contents of the soils. Simple correlation and multiple regression analyses, however, indicated a weak relationship between the different forms of Zn and the DTPA extractable zinc content of soils.
Temperature dependence of density, viscosity, ultrasonic velocity, and other properties of substituted pyrazoles in acetone-water mixtures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity of some substituted pyrazoles viz. 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)-4-benzoylpyrazol, 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)-4-(3-pyridinoyl)-pyrazol, 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-(3-nitrophenyl)-4-benzoylpyrazol and 5-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-4-(3-pyridinoyl)-pyrazole have been measured in 70: 30 (vol/vol) acetone-water mixture at 298, 303, 308, and 313 K for 0.01 mol dm−3 concentration of pyrazoles. The acoustical parameters such as adiabatic compressibility (βs), relative association (R A), specific acoustic impedance (Z), apparent molar volume (ϕv), apparent molar adiabatic compressibility (ϕK), and intermolecular free length (L f) were calculated from the experimental densities and velocities. The changes in acoustical properties have been used to interpret the molecular interactions in solutions. The activation energies of viscous flow of pyrazole solutions were determined from the data of viscosity at different temperature.
Approximate Likelihoods for Generalized Linear Errors-in-variables Models

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Summary When measurement error is present in covariates, it is well known that naïvely fitting a generalized linear model results in inconsistent inferences. Several methods have been proposed to adjust for measurement error without making undue distributional assumptions about the unobserved true covariates. Stefanski and Carroll focused on an unbiased estimating function rather than a likelihood approach. Their estimating function, known as the conditional score, exists for logistic regression models but has two problems: a poorly behaved Wald test and multiple solutions. They suggested a heuristic procedure to identify the best solution that works well in practice but has little theoretical support compared with maximum likelihood estimation. To help to resolve these problems, we propose a conditional quasi-likelihood to accompany the conditional score that provides an alternative to Wald's test and successfully identifies the consistent solution in large samples.
Additional file 3: Figure S3. of Deletion of aquaporin-4 in APP/PS1 mice exacerbates brain Aβ accumulation and memory deficits

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

AQP4 deficiency did not affect LRP1 expression by neurons in APP/PS1 mice. (A) LRP1 immunohistochemistry. High expression of LRP1 was localized to the cell membrane of pyramidal neurons in 12-month old AQP4−/−APP/PS1 mice and APP/PS1 mice. Some glial-like cells (inserted high magnification images) distal to the plaques were also positive for LRP1 in the two genotype mice. (C) Quantitative analysis of the percentage of LRP-1 positive area in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. (B) Western bolt and (D) densitometry analysis of LRP1 protein levels in the hippocampus and cortex. Data represent mean ± SEM from 5–6 mice (3–4 female, and 1–2 male) per group. The statistical analysis was performed by Student’s t-test. (TIF 3855 kb)
Vaillantellinae, A New Subfamily Of Cobitidae (Pisces, Cypriniformes)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

INTRODUCTION It is generally accepted that the Eurasian freshwater fish family Cobitidae includes three main divisions, usually considered as subfamilies: Cobitinae, Botiinae and Noemacheilinae (Berg, 1940; Ramaswami, 1953; Nalbant, 1963). The two first named, in which the lateral ethmoids are movable, are usually considered closer to each other than either of them to the Noemacheilinae. The largest subfamily is Noemacheilinae; some 180 species are presently accepted as valid, most of them being still ascribed to a single genus, Noemacheilus. Quite a few other genera are accepted besides Noemacheilus, one of these being Vaillantella Fowler, 1905. Its original description (Fowler, 1905, in a footnote) is quite short, mentioning only the very long dorsal fin; a somewhat more complete diagnosis by Weber & De Beaufort (1916) does not add any characters useful for clarifying the phylogenetic position of the genus. Having had the opportunity to examine the type material of two of the three known species of the genus, we realized that it differs from all other Noemacheilinae in several important characters. Hence we consider it to represent a fourth subfamily of Cobitidae. The specimens on which this study is based belong to two museums: Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden (RMNH) and Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam (ZMA). SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT Vaillantellinae, subfamilia nova (Type genus: Vaillantella Fowler, 1905) Body elongate, compressed. Dorsal fin very long, with 59-71 branched