jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Two Pathways from Brain Stem to Gamma Ventral Horn Cells.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Summary. Spikes in single muscle spindle afferents from the dorsal roots (cat, rabbit) or individual gamma efferents from the ventral roots can be driven by shocks to the mesencephalic tegmentum or to afferent nerves (crossed as well as ipsilateral). The latent periods from the shock to the spike have been measured. The experiments revealed the presence of a fast path from the mesencephalic tegmentum to the gamma ventral horn fibres with a latent period of only 8—9 msec (about 30 cm conduction distance). This path is crossed and, at the level of L3 to L6, can be destroyed by deep incisions into the lateral column of the spinal cord (see Fig. 8). Another pathway is activated by repetitive stimulation of the mesencephalic tegmentum. Spikes cannot be driven over this route which elicits a recruiting protracted response. This path is widely distributed over the spinal cord and stands extensive crisscross sectioning of the latter. Often the whole cord has to be divided for complete removal of the recruiting type of response. It is suggested that the fast path serves spindle and motor cooperation in fast action and that the other path acts as a general ‘volume control’ of slow tonic effects. In addition measurements are reported on gamma reflex times and the time required for the gamma effect to traverse the loop formed by gamma root efferent — muscle spindle — spindle root afferent.
Achromobacter denitrificans renal abscess.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We describe a case of a 66-year-old immunocompetent man affected by Achromobacter denitrificans renal abscess related to renal stones. The patient was treated successfully with meropenem 1 g three times daily for 60 days. To our knowledge, this is the first ever case reported of Achromobacter denitrificans renal abscess.
The Imaginative Tradition of the Location of Mind in the Body

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper aims to investigate the imaginative tradition that developed in Western culture about the location of the mind in the body, based on art and neuroscience. Therefore, we raise several cases, belonging to historical moments varied historical, which problematize, from different perspectives, the embodiment of the mind. The result of this survey is presented here in part. The impulse that body biology causes to make correlations between body biology and mental life appears as the guiding axis of the imaginative tradition in question. Although other cases are discussed, we prioritize the presentation of medieval diagrammatic drawings inspired by ventricular theory (or cell theory), which are considered one of the earliest forms of visual representation of the brain and its functions. Such designs may be associated with what current neuroimaging technologies accomplish, such as structural and functional magnetic resonance that locates sources of behavior in areas of the body [1]. The article serves as a reference to know how the forms of representation of the mind in the body developed and how art contributed to this topic.
Surgical treatment tactics for osteomas of frontal sinuses in the combined approach of maxillofacial surgeon and otorhinolaryngologist

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Due to the widespread use of multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) in clinical practice, the incidence of sinus osteoma has increased. Osteoma is the most common benign tumor of the nose and paranasal sinuses; its most frequent localization is the frontal sinus with transition to the ethmoidal labyrinth. According to some authors, the prevalence of the disease in the population amounts to 1%, according to other authors – 3%. Surgical treatment of osteoma often requires a simultaneous approach involving maxillofacial surgeons and otorhinolaryngologists since the tumor affects adjacent anatomical regions. This article contains criteria for the choice of surgical tactics in different types of osteomas. The article presents clinical cases of osteoma requiring transcoronary access. The pathologic diagnosis of osteoma was confirmed in all mentioned cases. В связи с широким применением в клинической практике мультиспиральной компьютерной томографии (МСКТ) возросло число пациентов с диагностированной остеомой придаточных пазух носа. Остеома – наиболее распространенная доброкачественная опухоль носа и околоносовых пазух, наиболее частая ее локализация – лобная пазуха с переходом в решетчатый лабиринт. Согласно данным некоторых авторов, распространенность заболевания среди населения составляет 1%, согласно другим авторам – 3%. Хирургическое лечение остеом нередко требует симультанного подхода со стороны челюстно-лицевых хирургов и оториноларингологов, поскольку поражает смежные анатомические области. Данная статья содержит критерии выбора хирургической тактики при различных видах остеом. В статье представлены клинические случаи остеом, требующих выполнения транскоронарного доступа. Патоморфологический диагноз «остеома» подтвержден во всех указанных случаях. Ключевые слова: лобная пазуха, гигантская остеома, фронтотомия, коронарный доступ, фронтит, околоносовые пазухи, дефект орбиты, костные аутотрансплантаты
Erythrocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Chinese

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Robb-Smith (1941) described the post-mortem findings in patients dying with gross lung fat embolism within the first 48 hours of injury.The lungs were heavy and voluminous, and the visceral pleura presented a marbled appearance from alternating zones of haemorrhage and emphysema.Frothy blood- stained fluid exuded from the cut surfaces, and microscopy showed congestion of the capillaries with zones of emphysema and intra-alveolar haemorrhage and oedema.The mechanism of these changes associated with embolism is not understood.According to Sevitt (1962) they are not mediated by lung emboli, and he regards the evidence as pointing to a central effect of the fat emboli on the brain-stem, rather than to a local effect in the lung capillaries.Whatever the cause of the pulmonary condition the lowered arterial oxygen saturation of the blood can be explained by a combination of pulmonary oedema, perfusion of underventilated alveoli, and a reduction in lung compliance.Treatment by I.P.P.R. with added oxygen was effective in the case reported here as demonstrated by the rapid disappearance of cyanosis and reduction in the amount of frothy sputum.We were unable to draw any definite conclusions as to the value of Rheomacrodex or hypothermia.We are grateful to Dr. A. Crampton Smith for his help in the clinical management of the case and for the preparation of this report.
Without Exceptions: Envisioning Ubuntu Churches Confronting Abuse in Africa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abuse is an ever-present and growing reality on the continent of Africa, even within the church. The Church should be a place of healing and belonging. So the Church must actively protect the vulnerable and relieve them of the shame and burdens placed on them by abuse. The Church must also hold abusers accountable and call them to repentance. When interpreted biblically and theologically, the traditional values of African people reflected in the philosophy of ubuntu can empower the Church to accomplish this task. Ubuntu, when practiced without exceptions, can enhance and deepen the Church’s theology and praxis so that she responds well to abuse in her midst. Bias plays a significant role in the global failure to adequately address abuse; thus ubuntu’s insistence on recognizing the humanity of others offers a significant African contribution to the global efforts to eliminate abuse.
Finite-Momentum Pairing State in Unconventional Rashba Systems

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In systems with unconventional Rashba bands, we propose that a finite-momentum pairing state can emerge without the need for an external magnetic field. We analyze the phase transition from a zero-momentum Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) state to a finite-momentum pairing state using a microscopic interaction model. We demonstrate that the coexistence of zero-momentum and Larkin-Ovchinnikov (LO)-type pairings in different channels provides a well understanding of recent experimental observations of pair-density-wave (PDW) states. Furthermore, we propose that an s-wave BCS superconductor-unconventional Rashba metal (SC-URM) junction can generate an LO-type pairing state via an orbital-selective proximity effect. This nontrivial state can be detected by measuring the Josephson current in an SC-URM-SC junction or through Josephson scanning tunneling microscopy/spectrosscopy (JSTM/S). Our results reveal that the internal multi-orbital degrees of freedom play a crucial role in facilitating finite-momentum pairing states.
Roles of pigment epithelial-derived factor in dermatoses

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pigment epithelial-derived factor (PEDF),a secreted glycoprotein with a relative molecular mass of 50 000,belongs to the serine superfamily.Recent studies have shown that PEDF and its receptors are widely distributed in human body,and exert various biologic functions,including neurotrophic,neuroprotective,antiangiogenic and anti-tumor effects,through their interaction.PEDF has attracted more and more attention from dermatology.Normally,PEDF is expressed in both the epidermis and dermis,and is abnormally expressed in psoriasis,melanoma and wound healing.The authors summarize progresses in PEDF and its relations with skin dieases.

Key words:
Pigment epithelium-derived factor; Skin diseases; Blood vessels
A renewable energy system for asynchronous motor with speed control

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

It is quite necessary to build a self-sufficient energy system in the remote region deep down in the desert or an island far in the ocean, because of the high cost of transferring electricity. A very simple system is introduced in this dissertation which comprises of a converter, an inverter and a motor speed control with the premise of a stable MPPT. The converter part is made up of a fundamental booster-converter with the usage to boost the voltage from low to high. Boost-converter is not the only converter which can realize the function, but also a lot of other converters can do it; however, for the sake of simplicity and the convenience for understanding, the basic converter, boost-converter, is chosen in this dissertation. The inverter is a bit more complicated than the converter, for it needs to be three-phase. In this dissertation, two kinds of control methods, PR control strategy and SVPWM strategy, are investigated. These twn o methods are the advanced technologies in modem world, although complicated and costly, however more efficient than the traditional controlling method like SPWM. Motor occupies a large part of modem industry work; almost all the production associate with the motor more or less. In this dissertation, the motor speed control is investigated by using PR controlling method; three different frequencies are applied to the motor in order to achieve different mechanical speed. After simulation by using MATLAB/Simulink, the finally results are presented in chapter 5. It can be clearly seen that the speed varies as the frequency changes.
Quantitative evaluation of slow fluctuations of the volume of liquids inside cranial cavity

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Introduction. Slow fl uctuations in the volume and pressure of liquids in the cranial cavity have been known for a long time and have been studied for more than 100 years. However, their quantitative indicators and their practical signifi cance remain unclear until now due to the diffi culties of research. Nevertheless, it was found that they were connected with the brain activity, which made it possible to use them as one of the physiological indicators in studying the problems of manned space fl ights. Goal of research — to study the possibility of using spectral analysis of slow fl uctuations of the volume of liquids inside the cranium in order to realize the quantitative assessment of their indicators with the use of modern microelectronics and computer technology. Materials and methods. In order to solve this problem we created a complex, in which rheoencephalograph-RG-01 («Mizar») was used as a converter-modulator of physiological signals into electrical oscillations. The device was connected with the ADC (Firm «ADIstrument»), Its software allows to calculate the spectrogram with a sampling rate of 128 kHz. Studies were conducted on volunteers of younger, middle and older age groups. The respiratory rate and the electrocardiography were registered together with the rheoencephalography. Electrodes were fi xed on the volonteers′ fronto-mastoid area. Results. Slow fl uctuations the cranium representan independent physiological phenomenon. The most considerable and valuable were fl uctuations in 0,1–0,3 Hz. It was found that current frequency of 100 or 200 kHz and frequency for quantization of 80–100 kHz was optimal for performing their spectrograms. The structure of such diagram consists of 4–7 peaks with amplitude of 0,4–0,7 units compared with REG pulse amplitude. They depend on age and are characterized by hemispheric asymmetry. Spectral diagrams of slow fl ucation inside cranium are representing inpendent physiological phenomenon. These fl uctuations are not connected by common origin, with heart activity and respiration. They are connected by nature with brain activity and PRM. Conclusion. Can be an informative method for diagnostic and assessment of general status of osteopathic patients well as for the assessment of mechanisms of action of some osteopathic techniques.
Step by step: Sense of agency for complex action-event sequences

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

From simply ringing a bell to preparing a five-course menu, human behavior commonly causes changes in the environment. Such episodes where an agent acts, thereby causing changes in their environment constitute the sense of agency. In this thesis four series of experi-ments elucidate how the sense of agency is represented in complex action-event sequences, thereby bridging a gap between basic cognitive research and real-life practice. It builds upon extensive research on the sense of agency in unequivocal sequences consisting of single ac-tions and distinct, predominantly auditory, outcomes. Employing implicit as well as explicit measures, the scope is opened up to multi-step sequences. The experiments show that it is worthwhile devoting more research to complex action-event sequences. With a newly introduced auditory measure (Chapter II), common phenomena such as temporal binding and a decrease in agency ratings following distorted feedback were replicated in multi-step sequences. However, diverging results between traditional implicit and explicit measures call for further inspection. Multisensory integration appears to gain more weight when multiple actions have to be performed to attain a goal leading to more accurate representations of the own actions (Chapter III). Additionally, freedom of choice (Chapter III) as well as early spatial ambiguity altered the perceived timing of outcomes, while late spatial ambi-guity (Chapter IV) and the outcome’s self-relevance did not (Chapter V). The data suggests that the cognitive system is capable of representing multi-step action-event sequences implicitly and explicitly. Actions and sensory events show a temporal attraction stemming from a bias in the perception of outcomes. Explicit knowledge about causing an event-sequence facilitates neither feelings of control nor taking authorship. The results corroborate current theorizing on the un-derpinnings of temporal binding and the divergence between traditional implicit and explicit measures of the sense of agency. Promising avenues for further research include structured analyses of how much inferred causality contributes to implicit and explicit measures of agency as well as finding alternative measures to capture conceptual as well as non-conceptual facets of the agency experience with one method.
Mesenteric vs. antimesenteric colorectal cancer: A single center study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: We investigated the possible correlation between the prognosis and circumferential location of the tumor according to the cancer involvement on the mesenteric side. This study is based on the hypothesis that mesenteric tumors, which are closer to blood and lymphatic vessels, could spread more aggressively and rapidly compared to the antimesenteric tumors. Methods: We reviewed the retrospectively collected data of 251 patients treated during the period of October 2008 to May 2012. 162 patients with mesenteric side involving tumors were included in the mesenteric group, and 89 patients with antimesenteric tumors were included in the antimesenteric group. The analyzed information included age, gender, location, size of the main lesion, extent of lymph node metastasis, pathologic features, metastasis, complication, TNM stage, recurrence and 5-year survival. We retrospectively studied the survival of patients by examining of our 5-year follow-up archive. Data were analyzed using Pearson-Chi square test and Kaplan-Meier curve analysis. Results: There was no statistical difference between the two groups regarding age, gender, location, extent of lymph node metastasis, pathologic features, complication, and TNM stage. The size of the main tumor was statistically larger in the mesenteric group compared to the antimesenteric group. (P value = 0.03) The mesenteric group showed statistically higher rate of distant metastasis and carcinomatosis than the antimesenteric group. (P value = 0.02) In addition, the mesenteric group showed lower 5-year survival rate than the antimesenteric group. Conclusions: In conclusion, mesenteric tumors have significantly larger size of main tumor, higher rate of distant metastasis and worse 5-year survival than antimesenteric tumors. This difference implies that colorectal cancers should be regarded differently according to the circumferential location and more careful follow up is necessary with mesenteric side involving colorectal cancer patients. Legal entity responsible for the study: Jong Woo Kim. Funding: Has not received any funding. Disclosure: The author has declared no conflicts of interest.
The Relations Between Safety Culture and Quality Culture

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract The publication focuses on issues related to the culture of safety and the culture of quality. The aim of the publication is to analyze the literature on the subject of these two concepts and to present the relationship between the culture of quality and culture of safety. The integrated system should include the culture of an integrated management system, which will include issues related to individual partial cultures, for example the cultures of quality and safety presented in this publication. This concept includes all elements of the culture of quality and culture of occupational safety. This opens up new, interesting research fields, consistent with contemporary trends in both theory and practice of management sciences. Considering the practical dimension of management sciences, it is difficult to consider separately the “culture” of individual subsystems, where in most enterprises, especially industrial ones, these systems do not appear separately and are implemented in the form of an integrated system.
Soluble products of Staphylococcus aureus-stimulated blood mononuclear cells in enhancing polymorphonuclear leukocyte degradation of bone.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rapid, extensive loss of infected bone implies abnormal localized inflammatory cell activity. We have demonstrated, using a live bone Ca-45 release model, that polymorphonuclear leukocytes degrade bone in a dose dependent manner. Staphylococcus aureus-stimulated blood mononuclear leukocytes release soluble products in vitro that enhance that process. Despite the usually accepted roles of osteoclasts and their blood-borne monocytic precursors in normal bone remodelling, these results indicate that considerable early pathological infected bone loss may be attributable to inflammatory polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
AAV9-Retro mediates efficient transduction with axon terminal absorption and blood–brain barrier transportation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs), particularly those that permit efficient gene transfer to neurons from axonal terminals or across the blood–brain barrier, are useful vehicles for structural and functional studies of the neural circuit and for the treatment of many gene-deficient brain diseases that need to compensate for the correct genes in every cell in the whole brain. However, AAVs with these two advantages have not been reported. Here, we describe a new capsid engineering method, which exploits the combination of different capsids and aims to yield a capsid that can provide more alternative routes of administration that are more suitable for the wide-scale transduction of the central nervous system (CNS). A new AAV variant, AAV9-Retro, was developed by inserting the 10-mer peptide fragment from AAV2-Retro into the capsid of AAV9, and the biodistribution properties were evaluated in mice. By intracranial and intravenous injection in the mice, we found that AAV9-Retro can retrogradely infect projection neurons with an efficiency comparable to that of AAV2-Retro and retains the characteristic of AAV9, which can be transported across the nervous system. Our strategy provides a new tool for the manipulation of neural circuits and future preclinical and clinical treatment of some neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
Establishment of a New Zealand White Rabbit Model for Lethal Toxin (LT) Challenge and Efficacy of Monoclonal Antibody 5E11 in the LT-Challenged Rabbit Model

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis is a lethal infectious disease, especially when inhaled, and the mortality rate approaches 100% without treatment. The anthrax antitoxin monoclonal antibody (MAb) 5E11 is a humanized antibody that targets the anthrax protective antigen (PA). The efficacy of 5E11 needs proper animal models. However, anthrax spores are extremely dangerous, so experiments must be conducted under Biosafety Level 3 conditions. Considering the critical effects of lethal toxin (LT) on hosts during infection, we report the establishment of a LT-challenged rabbit model, which caused 100% mortality with a dose of 2 mg PA + 1 mg LF, while a 4 mg PA + 2 mg LF challenge could limit death to within three days. Then, we evaluated 5E11 efficacy against LT. A prophylactic study showed that the i.v. administration of 40 mg/kg 5E11 four days before lethal dose LT challenge could lead to 100% survival. In therapeutic studies, the i.v. administration of 40 mg/kg 5E11 10 min after lethal dose LT challenge could provide complete protection. Overall, we developed a new LT-challenged rabbit model, and our results indicate that 5E11 shows potential for the clinical application in anthrax treatment.
The McGill/MIT direct drive motor project

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A direct drive electromagnetic motor and associated controller have been designed and constructed to improve upon the torque-to-mass ratio and torque accuracy of previous designs. The goals are a torque/mass of 10 N m/kg and a torque ripple of less than 1% at full-scale torque. The motor design is a 3-phase synchronous motor, with an axial airgap and identically wound armatures. Both armatures are water cooled to increase the allowable current density. A table-based microprocessor controller shapes the current profiles in the phases to correct for torque ripple.< >