jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The ranks of death: secular trends in income and mortality*

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper is about the reasons why there is so rarely a strong association between the secular trend in real wages and mortality. We classify the reasons in several different categories: epidemiological, sociological, geographical, demographic, technologic, and economic. In addition, we offer some speculations on why there has been an expectation that such an association would exist. We suggest that this expectation is found primarily in British work (including Britain overseas) and has to do with the history of the British experience of industrial and economic growth and its pervasive interpretations.
Marketing's take on socio-economic performance

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose that a stakeholder orientation (SO) can explain social and economic performances. It happens because the more the organisation acquires and disseminates stakeholder intelligence, the more it will be aware of the needs of different stakeholder groups, bending the decision making towards less powerful stakeholders and creating social performance. At the same time, more stakeholder intelligence is a strategic resource to be exploited favouring the economic performance. Moreover, it is proposed this effect is mediated by social motivations. Design/methodology/approach In all, 251 Brazilian agricultural cooperatives were sampled and a survey primary data collection method was applied. To test our hypothesis, the partial least squares structural equation modelling method is used. Findings It is found that SO positively influences social and economic performances. Social motivation mediates the relationship between SO and social performance. Originality/value Social performance has gained importance because strategies harmful to society are not acceptable anymore and because of the link with economic performance. However, the strategic marketing literature is still scant on how marketing can drive economic and social performance at the same time.
The germs of terror – Bioterrorism and science communication after September 11

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The attacks of September 11 2001 and in particular, the sending of letters containing anthrax spores the following October had a profound effect on society, and at the same time on science and its communicative mechanisms. Through a quanto-qualitative analysis of articles taken from four publications: two daily newspapers, the Corriere della Sera from Italy and the New York Times from the United States and two science magazines, Science and Nature, we have shown how the aforementioned events provoked the emergence of media attention regarding bioterrorism. A closer reading of the articles shows that today, science – including that found in science magazines – is closely related to politics, economics and the debate over the freedom to practice communicate. The very mechanisms of communication between scientists were changed as a result of this debate, as can be seen from the signing of the Denver Declaration in February 2003, which brought about the preventative self-censorship of publication of biomedical research findings.
Meshed Backhauling of Small Cells Using IEEE802.11ad at 60GHz

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Wireless backhaul to small cells and remote radio heads is a key enabler for the cost-effective deployment of LTE-advanced and 5G when fibre is too costly. This paper presents a study of a millimetre-wave meshed backhaul deployment using a dynamic system simulator. IEEE 802.11ad technology at 60GHz is assumed. Results demonstrate the viability of the technology over multiple-hops (up to four in the example studied), and show the influence of the number of points of presence (POPs) and the number of radio channels available. The latency of the backhaul is approximately 0.5 ms per hop.
The Application of Remedial Secession in the International Law (Case Study: Kosovo, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Crimea)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This academic paper aims on analysing the right to the remedial secession in the cases of Kosovo, Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Crimea by putting a focus on how recognitions of their independence are perceived in the international law but also in the politics of the West and Russia.
Researches on Chemotherapeutic Drugs against Viruses. XXVI. Syntheses and Antiviral Activity of N, N-Dimethyl-2-(p-alkylbenzhydrylthio) ethylamine and N, N-Dimethyl-2-(p-alkylthiobenzhydrylthio) ethylamine.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Nine compounds of N, N-dimethyl-2-(p-alkylbenzhydrylthio) ethylamine hydrochloride series and twelve compounds of N, N-dimethyl-2-(p-alkylthiobenzhydrylthio) ethylamine hydrochloride series were synthesized. Several compounds of the latter series were found to possess fairly good in vivo effect on the Nakayama strain of Japanese B encephalitis virus, while none of the compounds synthesized showed in vitro effect against the virus.
A.B. v. Minister of the Interior

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The petitioner, who had entered Israel unlawfully, was detained by the police pursuant to an order of deportation issued by the police commandant of the Jerusalem District under section 13 of the Entry into Israel Law, 1952, who also directed that he be held in custody until the order was executed. The police, who suspected the petitioner of having engaged in espionage activities, and who had previously begun enquiries in regard thereto, continued the detention of the petitioner while these enquiries were being pursued without taking any steps to execute the order of deportation.\nHeld : Assuming that the order of deportation was originally issued with the genuine intention of deporting the petitioner the use to which it was subsequently put, namely, as a means of holding the petitioner in custody for the purpose of completing the police investigations was unlawful, and the petitioner should therefore be released.
Ways to improve methods of monitoring the coordination abilities of young basketball players aged 13-14

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background and Study Aim. Coordination skills are an important indicator of success for young athletes in team sports. Therefore, the methods used to monitor these skills should include reliable and valid tests of coordination. The purpose of this study is to identify ways to improve the monitoring of coordination abilities in young basketball players aged 13–14 years. Material and Methods. Basketball players aged 13–14 years participated in the study (n=35, training experience – 3–5 years). Twelve tests were used to assess the level of technical and tactical preparedness of the athletes. The reliability of these tests was evaluated by determining the correlation coefficients between the results of the first test and subsequent tests. The criteria for the informativeness of the tests were based on the experts' rank assessments of the coordination and technical preparedness of young basketball players. A 10-point scale was used for the expert assessment of players' technical skills, with each indicator evaluated from 1 to 10 points. Results. The data obtained indicate that all selected tests demonstrated reliability with correlation coefficients above r = 0.5. Tests assessing muscle effort, adjusting motor activity, sense of rhythm, spatial orientation, and reaction speed showed reliability coefficients sufficient for both individual and group assessments (r > 0.70). Slightly lower reliability coefficients were observed in the time taken to perform individual motor tasks. The validity of the tests was evaluated based on ratings of coordination and technical readiness, as well as overall test battery ratings. In most cases, the validity was not lower than r = 0.3, with some tests exceeding r = 0.5. The correlation coefficient between grades and the total rank score based on the coordination test battery ranged from r = 0.5 to 0.7. The coefficient of concordance showed a high level of agreement among experts regarding the effectiveness of the technical and tactical actions of young basketball players. Conclusions. The conducted study demonstrated the importance of developing and monitoring the coordination abilities of young basketball players during adolescence. The use of several homogeneous tests to assess each individual coordination ability allows for a more reliable evaluation. The need to identify specific types of coordination skills that play a key role in competitive basketball activities has been emphasized. Additionally, the use of a latent indicator in evaluating the coordination abilities of young basketball players will contribute to optimizing a differentiated approach in the training process.
A DATA BASE FOR PREDICTING SOYBEAN PHENOLOGY

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The quest for a better soybean phenology model continues, phenological behavior being a necessary part of any crop growth and yield simulation model. New and published data for soybean strains from different maturity groups sown at different dates and locations were analyzed for temperature and photoperiod effects on mainstem node appearance rates and on flowering, early pod fill, and maturity dates. Degree days were calculated from maximum and minimum weather station temperatures using 10℃ as the base temperature. When the maximum temperature exceeded 28℃, the difference between it and 28 was subtracted from the 24h degree day calculation. Photoperiods at floral initiation were estimated as those values that occurred 290 degree days before the first open flower, but those that occurred before the longest day of the year were set to the longest photoperiod for the latitude. Such methods for calculating degree days and photoperiods were arrived at from analyses of the literature and by trial and error. Numerous equations and plots are given for predicting the effects of photoperiod and temperature on soybean phenology of Maturity Groups 000-VII. Such information will be used in soybean management models and in planning further phenological research.
Recent progress in Fe- and Ru-based full-Heusler bulk thermoelectrics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Full-Heusler compounds represent a rich and diverse class of functional materials, covering a large compositional phase space. Representatives with 24 valence electrons are commonly semimetals or narrow-gap semiconductors as per the Slater-Pauling rule and are thus considered as thermoelectric materials, especially for room-temperature applications. Research on the archetypal thermoelectric full-Heusler compound Fe2VAl began over two decades ago, and since then, significant progress has been made in enhancing its thermoelectric performance. Advances have been achieved through various intrinsic and extrinsic substitutions, grain boundary engineering and other optimization strategies. Here, recent advancements are reviewed, challenges for the further development of competitive full-Heusler thermoelectrics are identified, and novel routes and concepts are highlighted that could make these materials viable for energy harvesting and cooling applications near room-temperature.
Neural mechanism for understanding speakers' intentions: developmental analyses of children with and without communication disorders

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Ability to understand speakers' intentions through linguistic contents and affective prosody is examined for children between 5 and 12 years-old with and without communication disorders. Four types of spoken short phrases, expressing admiration, sarcasm, blame, and humor or joke, were presented. For each stimulus, the subjects were asked to choose between two cards, one with a written word "praise" and another with "no praise" accompanied by corresponding drawings. For children without any communication disorders, the percentage of the correct judgment of speaker intentions was high and stable for admiration and blame phrases which have congruent linguistic and affective valences. It was significantly low for 6-year-old children and increased with age for the sarcastic or joking phrases which have incongruent linguistic and affective valences. The percent correct was significantly lower for autistic children than normally developing children particularly for the phrases with incongruent valences. Although a significant difference was found between children with severe- and mild-hearing impairment, no significant difference was found in the percent correct between the congruent and incongruent phrases for them. Based on these results together with brain activation analyses using fMRI (Imaizumi et al., 2004, 2006), a model of neural mechanism for understanding speakers' intentions is discussed.
Suppression of Psyllium Husk Suspension Viscosity by Addition of Water Soluble Polysaccharides

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Psyllium seed husk is an insoluble dietary fiber with many health benefits. It can absorb many times its weight in water, forming very viscous suspensions, which have low palatability and consumer acceptance. We report here a novel approach for decreasing its viscosity, involving inclusion of a soluble polysaccharide in the suspension. This leads to a drastic decrease (up to 87%) in viscosity of suspensions, while maintaining the same dosage level of psyllium and also delivering a significant amount of soluble dietary fiber such as corn bio‐fiber gum in a single serving. Four soluble polysaccharides with a range of molecular weights and solution viscosities have been studied for their viscosity suppression effect. Besides improving palatability, another advantage of this approach is that it makes it possible to deliver 2 different dietary fibers in significant quantities, thus offering even greater health benefits.
Having Your Day in Robot Court

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Should machines be judges? Some balk at this possibility, holding that ordinary citizens would see a robot-led legal proceeding as procedurally unfair: To have your “day in court” is to have a human hear and adjudicate your claims. Two original experiments assess whether laypeople share this intuition. We discover that laypeople do, in fact, see human judges as fairer than artificially intelligent (“AI”) robot judges: All else equal, there is a perceived human-AI “fairness gap.” However, it is also possible to eliminate the fairness gap. The perceived advantage of human judges over AI judges is related to perceptions of accuracy and comprehensiveness of the decision, rather than “softer” and more distinctively human factors. Moreover, the study reveals that laypeople are amenable to “algorithm offsetting.” Adding an AI hearing and increasing the AI interpretability reduces the perceived human-AI fairness gap. Ultimately, the results support a common challenge to robot judges: there is a concerning human-AI fairness gap. Yet, the results also indicate that the strongest version of this challenge — human judges have inimitable procedural fairness advantages — is not reflected in the views of laypeople. In some circumstances, people see a day in robot court as no less fair than day in human court.
Mitigating snow-induced roof collapses using climate data and weather forecasts

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A method to predict extreme roof snow loads is described. The procedure utilizes a combination of recent climate data (antecedent snow water equivalent information), probabilistic precipitation amount forecasts and historical extreme snow water equivalent data. Use of the procedure is illustrated using precipitation amount probabilities derived directly from a statistical (MOS) guidance product and using conditional climatological probabilities, both with a lead time of 36 hours. The procedure is applied across a portion of the north-eastern United States where extreme snow loads during January 1996 resulted in widespread roof damage, injuries, and a death. Based on the 90th percentiles of the forecast precipitation amount distributions, the procedure accurately identified the areas in which greater than 100-year return interval snow loads were observed. Copyright © 1999 Royal Meteorological Society
A NUMERICAL PROCEDURE FOR MODELING CRACK FORMATION IN POWDER COMPACTION BASED MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Summary. A numerical model for modelling crack formation during the powder compaction stage of powder metallurgy manufacturing processes is presented. A numerical model, previously developed by the authors, to predict the densification of the powder material during the compaction, is extended to detect the cracks onset during the pressing stage. The main ingredients of the new model are: a) using a Drucker-Prager failure surface together with a parabolic plastic potential function (non-associated flow), b) inclusion of a softening law which reflects the loss of material cohesion associated with the crack formation, c) a fractional step type algorithm to solve the return mapping problem and d) an implicit-explicit integration scheme which improves robustness of the numerical model. Such a general approach is assessed via the numerical simulation of the compaction process of an L-shaped industrial part. 1
Application of density modeling to address the nature of the Bransfield Strait

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In order to study deep structure of north-western borderland of the Antarctic Peninsula, taking into account two existing contradictory notions as to the reasons of appearance of rifto-genesis in the Bransfield Strait, according to seismic data, multi-variant two-dimensional density simulation has been conducted along the profile involving the structures from the oceanic block of the Drake Strait up to the continent. The results did not confirm the spreading-subduction nature of the West Antarctica. Therefore, the continental margin of the Antarctic Peninsula belongs the most probably to the passive type, and the Bransfield Strait is not a back from arch basin. It has been shown that typically oceanic crust of the Drake Strait is interchanged by two-layered sub-continental crust of the South Shetland islands. In the Bransfield Strait the rootage of the mantle matter into lower and medium part of the basement has been confirmed that together with subsidence of the bottom is typical for rift structures. Suggestion has been made as to existence of one more rifting center in the coastal part of the Bransfield platform. The depth of the mantle surface within the Antarctic Peninsula obtained according to calculations, testifies its continental structure.
EXAMINATION OF SOCIAL INTEGRATION LEVELS OF ATHLETES AND ESPORTS PLAYERS IN SPORT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social integration is the process of maintaining the dependence and harmony in the mutual relations of different groups that make up the society in a certain order. One of the factors that ensure social integration is sport. On the other hand, it is an interesting issue whether esports, which has been frequently discussed in recent years, also affects social integration. Aim: From this point of view, the aim of this study was to examine the levels of social integration in sport between athletes and esports players. Method: The sample of the study consisted of 1000 participants, 500 sportsmen and 500 esports players. Data were collected face-to-face and through Google Forms. Demographic information questionnaire and Social Integration Scale in Sport were used as data collection tools. The data were analyzed with SPSS 25 package program. Frequency, percentage and descriptive statistics were used in the analyses. Since the data did not show normal distribution, Mann Whitney U test and Kruskal Wallis H test were used to compare the variables. The confidence interval in the analyses was determined as 95% (p<0.05). Results: As a result of this research, a statistically significant difference was found between the levels of social integration in sport of athletes and esports players. On the other hand, statistically significant differences were found in the sub-dimensions of personal development, physical benefit, psychological change, moral development and emotional development. Conclusion: In the sub-dimensions of socialization and integration, no statistically significant difference was found between athletes and esports players. It was observed that the mean scores of the athletes were higher than the esports players in the total score and all sub-dimensions of the scale. It is thought that this result may be due to the physical presence of both athletes and sports fields.
Analysis of microstructural induced enhancement of electromechanical coupling in soft dielectrics

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Electroactive soft elastomers require huge electric field for a meaningful actuation. We demonstrate, by means of numerical simulation, that this can be dramatically reduced and large deformations can be achieved with suitably designed heterogeneous actuators. The mechanism by which the enhancement is attained is illustrated with the aid of both idealized and periodic models.
An Effective Framework for Detecting Epileptic Seizures using CNN and Encrypted EEG Signals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals may be used to autonomously diagnose epilepsy, eliminating the requirement for a medical professional's involvement in the process. A good classification performance is really necessary if you do not want to pass up any possible discoveries. In this piece of research, the authors offer a technique for the automated identification of epilepsy using EEG waves. In order to extract features, the raw EEG signals were first put through a discrete Fourier transform, also known as a DFT, as well as a discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Therefore, researchers have been exploring different methods to improve the accuracy of EEG signal analysis. One such method proposed in this study is the Wavelet Transform based Fourier-Bessel series expansion (WT - FBSE) method. This method utilizes the WT - FBSE spectrum to segment multiple frame-size time-segmented EEG signals using the scale-space boundary detection method. The WT - FBSE technique decomposes the EEG signals into narrow sub-band signals, which are then used to extract various features such as log-energy-entropy (LEnt), line-length (LL), and norm-entropy (NEnt) from different frequency ranges. In order to choose the features that are most important, the relief-F feature ranking approach is applied. This helps to limit the amount of computing work that is required by the models. The study evaluates two time-segmentation approaches and four different frame sizes to analyse the EEG signals and achieves better performance when compared to the existing systems.