jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Partitioning variation in ecological communities: do the numbers add up?

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Summary 1. Statistical tests partitioning community variation into environmental and spatial components have been widely used to test ecological theories and explore the determinants of community structure for applied conservation questions. Despite the wide use of these tests, there is considerable debate about their relative effectiveness. 2. We used simulated communities to evaluate the most commonly employed tests that partition community variation: regression on distance matrices and canonical ordination using a third‐order polynomial, principal components of neighbour matrices (PCNM) or Moran’s eigenvector maps (MEM) to model spatial components. Each test was evaluated under a variety of realistic sampling scenarios. 3. All tests failed to correctly model spatial and environmental components of variation, and in some cases produced biased estimates of the relative importance of components. Regression on distance matrices under‐fit the spatial component, and ordination models consistently under‐fit the environmental component. The PCNM and MEM approaches often produced inflated R 2 statistics, apparently as a result of statistical artefacts involving selection of superfluous axes. This problem occurred regardless of the forward‐selection technique used. 4. Both sample configuration and the underlying linear model used to analyse species–environment relationships also revealed strong potential to bias results. 5. Synthesis and applications. Several common applications of variation partitioning in ecology now appear inappropriate. These potentially include decisions for community conservation based on inferred relative strengths of niche and dispersal processes, inferred community responses to climate change, and numerous additional analyses that depend on precise results from multivariate variation‐partitioning techniques. We clarify the appropriate uses of these analyses in research programmes, and outline potential steps to improve them.
American legal realism and empirical social science

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

John Henry Schlegel recovers a largely ignored aspect of American Legal Realism, a movement in legal thought in the 1920s and 1930s that sought to bring the modern notion of empirical science into the study and teaching of law. In this book, he explores individual Realist scholars' efforts to challenge the received notion that the study of law was primarily a matter of learning rules and how to manipulate them. He argues that empirical research was integral to Legal Realism, and he explores why this kind of research did not, finally, become a part of American law school curricula. Schlegel reviews the work of several prominent Realists but concentrates on the writings of Walter Wheeler Cook, Underhill Moore, and Charles E. Clark. He reveals how their interest in empirical research was a product of their personal and professional circumstances and demonstrates the influence of John Dewey's ideas on the expression of that interest. According to Schlegel, competing understandings of the role of empirical inquiry contributed to the slow decline of this kind of research by professors of law. A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Standardization Of Protein Immunoprocedures Choriogonadotropin (Cg)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objectives of this report is to improve the quality of immunochemical determinations of proteins. Procedures for determination of the various molecular forms hCG were chosen as the subject of a detailed study, with the aim as using this report as a model for similar future projects. The aim of this undertaking is to improve the reliability and reproducibility of the results and, as a result of this, to enhance the clinical usefulness of hCG determinations. The following means will be used to achieve these goals: (a) establishing uniform nomenclature and abbreviations for various molecular forms of hCG, (b) preparation of new calibrators for these and establishing of methods for determining the amount of substance concentration in mol/L, (c) improving quality assessment materials and procedures, (d) definition of methods for characterization of hCG measurement procedures.
Genomic profiling of melanomas of unknown primary.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e21048 Background: Approximately 2-10% of metastatic melanoma patients present without an identifiable primary melanocytic lesion. These melanomas of unknown primary (MUP) are clinically classified into stage III or stage IV based upon extent of spread of metastatic disease. Previous studies, evaluating MUP using a limited sequencing of BRAF, NRAS, and KIT, have shown a similar frequency of mutations as cutaneous samples. Methods: We identified and performed retrospective chart review on 43 patients treated at the University of Colorado who presented with a melanoma of unknown primary. We excluded patient who presented with a preceding pigmented lesion treated with excision or cryotherapy without a histological diagnosis. After informed consent, DNA was extracted from the tumor samples of these 43 patients. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed with exome capture on an Illumina HiSeq sequencer. Results: Our cohort showed a male predominance at 58.1%. The median age at diagnosis was 50.6 years. In our cohort, 93% were Caucasian, while 4.7% were Hispanic and 2.3% were of unknown ethnic origin. 9.3% of patient had a family history of melanoma. Sun exposure was documented in 39.5% of patients and its presence was associated with an increased survival (Median OS of 3.7 vs 1.3 years, p = 0.026). Patients with stage III melanoma had an increased survival (Median OS of 6.8 vs 1.3 years, p = 0.013). Genomic analysis showed mutational pattern similar to cutaneous melanoma with 50% harboring a BRAF mutation, 12% with an NRAS mutation, and 19% carrying an NF1 variant. We found mutational signatures for each tumor and classified each against a larger cohort of cutaneous, mucosal and acral melanomas. Conclusions: We present the genomic data of a large cohort of MUP. The mutational profile of MUP is consistent with other cutaneous melanomas.
A Complete Study of Digital Payment System in India

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This research paper presents an in-depth study of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI) ecosystem in India, focusing on its application dynamics and market leadership. Conducted in the Pune region, the study gathered primary data through a questionnaire survey of 82 respondents, complemented by extensive secondary data analysis to provide a comprehensive understanding of the industry. UPI, launched in 2016 by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), is a real-time payment system enabling seamless Peer-to-Peer (P2P) and Person-to-Merchant (P2M) transactions across multiple bank accounts via a single application. Its ease of use, security features, and instant transaction alerts have driven its widespread adoption, making it the cornerstone of India’s digital payment landscape. This paper specifically examines five major UPI applications-Google Pay, PhonePe, Amazon Pay, Paytm, and BHIM-analyzing their market share, transaction volumes, and user preferences. The study highlights the rapid growth of UPI, which accounted for over 131 billion transactions worth nearly ₹200 lakh crore in FY 2023-24, with continued expansion into international markets. PhonePe leads the market with approximately 47.5% share by transaction volume, followed by Google Pay and Paytm, reflecting competitive dynamics within the sector. The findings underscore UPI’s pivotal role in India’s digitalization journey, driven by smartphone proliferation and government initiatives, and project sustained growth as the platform continues to evolve and expand its user base both domestically and globally.
Dry Eye: Prevalence and Attributable Risk Factors in a Hospital-Based Population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To study the prevalence of dry eye in a hospital-based population and to evaluate the various risk factors attributable to dry eye. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 500 patients above 20 years of age were screened randomly for dry eye. A 13-point questionnaire, Lissamine Green test, Tear film break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer′s test and presence of strands/filaments were used to diagnose dry eye. The diagnosis was made when at least three of the tests were positive. The role of air pollution, sunlight, excessive winds, smoking, drugs and refractive status as dry eye risk factors was assessed. Results: Ninety-two (18.4%) patients had dry eye. Dry eye prevalence was maximum in those above 70 years of age (36.1%) followed by the age group 31-40 years (20%). It was significantly higher ( P = 0.024) in females (22.8%) than in males (14.9%), more common in rural residents (19.6%) than in urban (17.5%) and highest among farmers/labourers (25.3%). A 2.15 fold increase was found in the odds for dry eye in those exposed to excessive wind, 1.91 fold to sunlight exposure, 1.42 to smoking, 1.38 to air pollution and 2.04 for persons on drugs. Dry eye prevalence was 14% in emmetropes, 16.8% in myopes and 22.9% in hypermetropes. It was 15.6% in those with corrected and 25.3% in those with uncorrected refractive errors. Conclusion: Dry eye is an under-diagnosed ocular disorder. Reduction in the modifiable risk factors of dry eye is essential to reduce its prevalence
Microstructural Analysis of Fiber Segments in Nonwoven Fabrics Using SEM and Image Processing

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper image analyzing methods are established and presented to study the microstructural changes of the nonwovens made by hydroentanglement process. Fast Fourier transform is used to obtain the orientation distribution of the fibers. The distribution of the length of the straight segments of the fibers is evaluated by application of Hough Transform. The microstructural changes are correlated with the tested mechanical properties of the nonwoven fabrics.
State-dependent cell-type-specific membrane potential dynamics and unitary synaptic inputs in awake mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The cellular and synaptic mechanisms driving cell-type-specific function during various cortical network activities and behaviors are poorly understood. Here, we targeted whole-cell recordings to two classes of inhibitory GABAergic neurons in layer 2/3 of the barrel cortex of awake head-restrained mice and correlated spontaneous membrane potential dynamics with cortical state and whisking behavior. Using optogenetic stimulation of single layer 2/3 excitatory neurons we measured unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials (uEPSPs) across states. During active states, characterized by whisking and reduced low-frequency activity in the local field potential, parvalbumin-expressing neurons depolarized and, albeit in a small number of recordings, received uEPSPs with increased amplitude. In contrast, somatostatin-expressing neurons hyperpolarized and reduced firing rates during active states without consistent change in uEPSP amplitude. These results further our understanding of neocortical inhibitory neuron function in awake mice and are consistent with the hypothesis that distinct genetically-defined cell classes have different state-dependent patterns of activity.
[Widely targeted metabolomics reveals differences of secondary metabolites in rhizomes of different Coptis species].

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To deeply understand the chemical components and functional differences of the rhizomes from different Coptis species, this study employed widely targeted metabolomics for the metabolic profiling of C. chinensis, C. deltoidea, and C. teeta. A total of 658 metabolites including alkaloids, lipids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were identified. The result of principal component analysis(PCA) revealed significant differences of the metabolites among different Coptis species. C. chinensis had a richer variety of total alkaloids than C. deltoidea and C. teeta. According to the results of orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, the differential metabolites of the three species were significantly enriched in the secondary metabolic pathways dominated by the biosynthesis of isoquinolines. The cluster analysis of shared differential metabolites showed that alkaloids accounted for the largest proportion. The content of total alkaloids in C. chinensis was significantly higher than that in C. teeta and C. deltoidea. S-Plot was employed to predict the metabolic markers and the key differential secondary metabolites related to the pharmacological effects of Coptidis Rhizoma were analyzed. The results showcased that the relative content of berberine and palmatine in C. chinensis was significantly higher than that in C. teeta and C. deltoidea, and thus the two components could serve as biomarkers for metabolic differences among the three Coptis species. This study provided basic data for the overall evaluation and breeding of Coptis resources, laying a foundation for further quality control and precise medication of Coptidis Rhizoma.
Accelerate Future HEI D2.2 Synthesis Report: Key findings on current state analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This synthesis report summarises the findings and insights, emphasizing common and specific challenges associated with the institutional transformation across all testing partners. It includes the first year of research and activities undertaken by the nine HEI testing partners including pre-scanning, and asset mapping, desired future state focus groups and a current state survey. The key learnings and findings are presented under the following areas, Entrepreneurial Activities, Entrepreneurial Mindset, Organisational Support and Impact & External Ecosystem.
Investigating tire friction on snow-covered runways using electrical conductivity

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The accumulation of snow on runways is a significant problem for airplane landings. This is because the existence of snow between the tires and runway reduces the friction coefficient and increases the braking distance required for landing. Therefore, in Japan, where sudden weather changes can occur within a day, the development of a system that can predict the friction coefficient from the runway conditions immediately before the airplane lands is needed to determine whether an airplane can land safely. This study focuses on the interposition of snow between a landing unit with a rotating tire and a stainless-steel plate and investigates its influence on the friction coefficient. The investigation uses electrical conductivity to observe the microscopic separation between the silicon rubber and stainless-steel plate. The results show that when using this method, the microscopic separation due to snow can be observed as a range between 0 (direct contact) and 1 (noncontact). In addition, we suggest that the friction mode that occurs during landing may be classified based on the state of snow.
THE EU POLICY IN THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT - THE ROLE OF SUCEAVA UNIVERSITY IN THE REGIONAL CONTEXT

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A university is an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees at all levels (associate, bachelor, master, and doctorate) in a variety of subjects. A university provides both undergraduate education and postgraduate education. The European Union gives a main role to the research, development and innovation domain (RDI) for consolidation of the competitiveness and for the economical growth. In Romania the most important objective of the Universities is the education of the young generation and its through specialization in various fields of activity. The goals of the university in this direction are: boost the cross - border economic development process by increasing the amount of entrepreneurs who are establishing start ups cross - border; to upgrade human resources by enhancing the number of start-up entrepreneurs cross-border with viable business plans and by training local trainers. In University of Suceava there are some projects will help to consider promoting entrepreneurship project outside of formal school activity as an educational leisure and as a learning activity for young people. Those projects are a precursor for the establishment of business incubators in the region. With those project crucial insights will be gained in the need, willingness and possibilities for the establishment of business incubators in the cross-border region in the coming years.
The Ethical Examination of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Extraction Technology from the Perspective of Classical Confucianism’s Benevolence Toward People 仁民 (renmin) and Love for Things 愛物 (aiwu)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The medical application of human embryonic stem cell technology has sparked ethical controversies, with the core issue being whether human embryos possess the same right to life as humans. According to classical Confucianism, humans are born from the essential Qi 精氣 (jingqi) of heaven and earth, making them the noblest beings in the world. Human embryos are the simple form of human life in its early stages, and as living human beings, they should therefore possess the legitimacy and justification to life. Confucianism advocates benevolence toward people 仁民 (renmin) and love for things 愛物 (aiwu) distinguishing between benevolence and love: benevolence toward people is benevolence, while love for all things is love. How people treat one another is how they should treat human embryos. Things exist to serve humanity; humans may utilise things but must not be treated as tools. Embryo life must not be harmed or sacrificed for the sake of saving human life. One should show benevolence to people and love to things. Therefore, the attitude toward human embryos should be “benevolence.” Human embryos inherently possess the potential to become human beings and do not require medical intervention to demonstrate their value. However, when humans extract and utilise stem cells from human embryos for their own benefit, this is tantamount to treating the embryos as things and reducing them to the status of things, thereby blurring the ethical boundaries between humans and things and disrupting the distinction between the recipients of benevolence and love. The extraction of human embryonic stem cells is ultimately an artificial technological achievement. Humans are not superior beings to heaven, and such practices must be confined within the moral framework of technological ethics and bioethics. Notwithstanding the technological advancements that have furnished humans with contemporary instruments, the necessity for a sense of awe for the heaven remains.
Analytical Solution of the Dynamics Equations for a Wave Solid-State Gyroscope Using the Angular Rate Linear Approximation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The exact solution is provided of the dynamics equation for an elastic inextensible ring being the basic model of a wave solid-state gyroscope with the linear law of the base angular rotation rate alteration. This solution is presented in terms of the parabolic cylinder functions (Weber function). Asymptotic approximations are used in the device certain operating modes. On the basis of the solution obtained, the analytical solution to the equation of the ring dynamics in case of piecewise linear approximation of the angular rate arbitrary profile on a time grid is derived. This significantly expands the class of angular rate dependences, for which the solution could be written down analytically. Earlier, in addition to the simplest case of constant angular rate, solutions were obtained for angular rate varying according to the square root law with time (Airy function), as well as according to the harmonic law (Mathieu function). Error dependence of such approximation on the discretization step in time is estimated numerically. Results obtained make it possible to reduce the number of operations, when it is necessary to study long-term evolutions of the dynamic system oscillations, as well as to quantitatively and qualitatively control convergence of finite-difference schemes in solving dynamics equations for a wave solid-state gyroscope with the ring resonator
The preclinical gap in pancreatic cancer and radiotherapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is an aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. Chemotherapy offers little benefit and, although there is some evidence that radiotherapy may improve response, its use in the clinical management of pancreatic cancer remains controversial due to conflicting reports on its survival benefit. There has also been a lack of clinical trials that directly investigate the efficacy of radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer. The limited progress in the development of radiotherapeutic strategies in pancreatic cancer can be attributed, at least in part, to a dearth of preclinical research and our limited understanding of the effects of radiation on the pancreatic tumour microenvironment. In this Perspective, we discuss how insight into the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment and the complex signalling between tumour and stromal cells following radiation is needed to develop effective radiosensitising strategies for pancreatic cancer. We also highlight that to have the best chance for successful clinical translation, more preclinical research is required in appropriately complex models.
Transformational family science: Praxis, possibility, and promise

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract We advance a transformational family science as an engaged practice that may serve social justice and an anti‐racist project. Our companion paper proposed epistemic revelatory interventions through which family science may re‐imagine itself. We highlight pillars of a transformational family science that (a) build with epistemological and paradigmatic stances of peripherals; (b) infuse an ethic of reflexivity, accountability, and responsibility in the pursuit of knowledge claims, and their validation; and (c) engage a critical interrogation of difference and power relations and the disruption of systemic and structural inequalities in which they are aligned. Informed by epistemic praxes, transformational praxes include inquiry, knowledge production, theorizing about structured inequalities, power differentials, and differences bound to social categories and social identities, as well as pedagogy and professional training. Transformative applications that are compensatory, reformative, restorative, reparative, and transformative may be used in multiple ways to advance social justice, anti‐racism, and social transformations.