jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Screening of cowpea germplasm for resistance to Striga gesnerioides in Niger

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The parasitic weed, Striga gesnerioides, is a major constraint to cowpea production in sub-Saharan Africa. It causes significant yield reductions of cowpea, especially in dry areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of 80 genotypes to Striga gesnerioides under natural infestation. The results showed significant variations in the resistance of cowpea lines to Striga; lines IT93K-693-2, IT99K-573-1-1 and IT98K-205-8 being free from Striga infestation; while lines 2491-171, 2472-154 and Suvita-2 supported few Striga shoots. The other lines supported more and varied numbers of emerged Striga shoots. The reduction of yield due to Striga infestation was more pronounced for the susceptible genotypes as compared to the resistant and tolerant lines. The high level of resistance observed in some breeding lines can be exploited in breeding cowpea for resistance to Striga. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and clustering grouped the genotypes in three main clusters as follow: (i) high yielding and tolerant to Striga (ii) moderate yielding and resistant (iii) low-yielding and susceptible.Key words: Parasitic weed, Striga resistance
Photorefractive Effect of Photoconductive-Polymer-Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The photorefractive effect of photoconductive-polymer-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) was investigated. A photoconductive acrylate monomer and an electron acceptor compound were mixed with an FLC, and the mixtures were photopolymerized in the ferroelectric phase. A photoconductive polymer network was formed in the FLC medium, and a polymer-stabilized FLC was obtained. The photorefractive effect was evaluated by a two-beam coupling experiment. A large gain coefficient was obtained in the polymer-stabilized FLCs.
The effects of primary care on breast cancer mortality and incidence among Medicare beneficiaries

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND Primary care physician (PCP) services may have an impact on breast cancer mortality and incidence, possibly through greater use of screening mammography. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective, 1:1 matching case‐control study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare–linked database to examine use of PCP services and their association with breast cancer mortality and incidence. SEER cases representing the 3 outcomes of interest (breast cancer mortality, all‐cause mortality among women diagnosed with breast cancer, and breast cancer incidence) were matched to unaffected controls from the 5% Medicare random sample. Conditional logistic regression was used to examine associations between physician visits and breast cancer outcomes while controlling for other covariates. RESULTS Women who had 2 or more PCP visits during the 24‐month assessment interval had lower odds of breast cancer mortality, all‐cause mortality, and late‐stage breast cancer diagnosis compared with women who had no PCP visits or 1 PCP visit while adjusting for other covariates, including mammography and non‐PCP visits. Women who had 5 to 10 PCP visits had 0.69 times the odds of breast cancer mortality (95% confidence interval, 0.63‐0.75), 0.83 times the odds of death from any cause having been diagnosed with breast cancer (95% confidence interval, 0.79‐0.87), and 0.67 times the odds of a late‐stage breast cancer diagnosis (95% confidence interval, 0.61‐0.73) compared with those who had no PCP visits or 1 PCP visit. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that PCPs play an important role in reducing breast cancer mortality among the Medicare population. Further research is needed to better understand the impact of primary care on breast cancer and other cancers that are amendable to prevention or early detection. Cancer 2013;119:2964‐72. © 2013 American Cancer Society .
Spatial Electron Distribution and Its Origin in the Nanoporous TiO2 Network of a Dye Solar Cell

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Dye solar cells have been investigated by charge carrier extraction under short and open circuit conditions and an illumination intensity equivalent to 1 sun (AM 1.5). Under short circuit conditions, a surprisingly high amount of charge carriers stored in the nanoporous TiO2 network has been observed. A theoretical model was developed to describe the charge transport in the nanoporous TiO2 network of a dye solar cell, and the spatial distribution of the electron concentration was calculated. These results were compared with the experimental data of charge carriers stored in the TiO2 network under short and open circuit conditions. We were able to conclude that under short circuit conditions, the electrochemical potential of the electrons in the region far from the electrode is up to 550-570 meV higher than that of the electrons at the front electrode. This internal voltage is the driving force across the nanoporous TiO2 film under short circuit conditions.
Experimental medicine in drug addiction: towards behavioral, cognitive and neurobiological biomarkers

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Several theoretical frameworks have been developed to understand putative processes and mechanisms involved in addiction. Whilst these ‘theories of addiction’ disagree about importance and/or nature of a number of key psychological processes (e.g. the necessity of craving and/or the involvement of drug-value representations), a number of commonalities exist. For instance, it is widely accepted that Pavlovian associations between cues and environmental contexts and the drug effects acquired over the course of addiction play a critical role, especially in relapse vulnerability in detoxified addicts. Additionally, all theories of addiction (explicitly or implicitly) propose that chronic drug exposure produces persistent neuroplastic changes in neurobiological circuitries underlying critical emotional, cognitive and motivational processes, although disagreement exists as to the precise nature of these neurobiological changes and/or their psychological consequences. The present review, rather than limiting itself to any particular theoretical stance, considers various candidate psychological, neurobiological and/or behavioral processes in addiction and outlines conceptual and procedural approaches for the experimental medicine laboratory. The review discusses (1) extinction, renewal and (re)consolidation of learned associations between cues and drugs, (2) the drug reward value, (3) motivational states contributing to drug seeking and (4) reflective (top-down) and sensory (bottom-up) driven decision-making. In evaluating these psychological and/or behavioral processes and their relationship to addiction we make reference to putative underlying brain structures identified by basic animal studies and/or imaging studies with humans.
Development of an Advanced Hydraulic Fracture Mapping System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The project to develop an advanced hydraulic fracture mapping system consisted of both hardware and analysis components in an effort to build, field, and analyze combined data from tiltmeter and microseismic arrays. The hardware sections of the project included: (1) the building of new tiltmeter housings with feedthroughs for use in conjunction with a microseismic array, (2) the development of a means to use separate telemetry systems for the tilt and microseismic arrays, and (3) the selection and fabrication of an accelerometer sensor system to improve signal-to-noise ratios. The analysis sections of the project included a joint inversion for analysis and interpretation of combined tiltmeter and microseismic data and improved methods for extracting slippage planes and other reservoir information from the microseisms. In addition, testing was performed at various steps in the process to assess the data quality and problems/issues that arose during various parts of the project. A prototype array was successfully tested and a full array is now being fabricated for industrial use.
Regionalism and Security

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Regionalism and Security Get access Regionalism and Security. By K.M. Panikkar and others. Bombay, Oxford University Press; New Delhi, Indian Council of World Affairs, 1948. vi+ 73 pp. 834′​′×512′​′⁠. 7s. 6d.. Rs. 4. Ian Jacob Ian Jacob Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 26, Issue 2, April 1950, Page 286, https://doi.org/10.2307/2605710 Published: 01 April 1950
[The occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum as regards meat hygiene].

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum are phenotypically and phylogenetically closely related cyst-forming coccidia, both of which may cause abortion in livestock animals. T. gondii exhibits also zoonotic potential by causing diaplacental infections in the human fetus and harmful infections in immunosuppressed individuals. Humans get infected either by consuming inappropriately prepared cyst-containing meat or by ingesting oocysts originating from cat feces. Therefore, in order to assess infection risk we need to have knowledge on the prevalence of the parasite in consumable meat and thus slaughtered animals. So far, no data indicate any zoonotic potential for N. caninum. Due to its high economic impact in the bovine production in Switzerland, we included this parasite in the present study as well. The prevalence of both parasite species were investigated by PCR in muscle and brain samples of slaughtered bovines, sheep, pigs and horses. Comparatively, a serum sample from each animal was simultaneously tested serologically by a Toxoplasma-P30-ELISA and a Neospora-SA-ELISA. The prevalences determined by the T. gondii-PCR were the followings: adult cows 3%, young bulls 2%, young cows prior to gravidity 6%, calves 1%, sheep 6%, horses and pigs each 0%. For N. caninum, the PCR-prevalence was 2% for adult cows and 0% for all other animal groups. Conversely, the seroprevalences were much higher for both parasite species and all animal groups, with the exception of the fattening pigs. However, as T. gondii was principally detectable in bovine (cows and calves) as well as in sheep meat, the consumption of this meat harbours a potential infection risk for humans. In contrast, the lack of any parasite detectability in fattening pig and horse meat allows to consider this infection source as neglectable when compared to bovine and ovine meat.
Laparoscopic Drainage of Retroperitoneal Hematoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction:Operative intervention for retroperitoneal hematomas is rarely indicated, and treatment is usually conservative, including observation, transfusion, correction of coagulopathy, and coil embolization. Case and Technique Description:A 75-year-old man underwent sigmoid resection and Hartmann's procedure for sigmoid volvulus.Ten days postoperatively, he presented with a large left-sided retroperitoneal hematoma and a supratherapeutic international normalized ratio.After resuscitation and reversal of coagulopathy, he continued to bleed and required vasopressor support.He was not a candidate for procedures requiring intravenous contrast given new-onset acute renal failure.He was taken to the operating room for laparoscopic drainage of the hematoma with a total retroperitoneal approach.Several small bleeding points were identified and cauterized.The patient's hemodynamic status and hemoglobin stabilized postoperatively.He did not experience any further bleeding complications.His renal impairment resolved. Conclusion:Unstable patients with retroperitoneal hematoma, who are not candidates for coil embolization, can be treated successfully with laparoscopic drainage with a retroperitoneal approach.
The Effect of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Gene Polymorphism on Atherosclerosis in Patients with Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABS TRACTÖzeT Aim: Glycogen storage disease type 1 is characterized with hypertriglyceridemia which does not lead to atherosclerosis.The human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene has been shown to be affected in atherosclerosis and postprandial hypertriglyceridemia. Materials and Methods: In the present paper, the authors genotyped the Glu241Arg polymorphism in the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene in 35 patients with Glycogen storage disease type 1 and 108 healthy controls.Results: The results indicated a significant decrease in the frequency of the GG genotype in Glycogen storage disease type I patients compared to healthy controls.In addition, a significant correlation between the GG genotype and triglyceride levels was seen in Glycogen storage disease type 1 patients.Conclusion: It is thus concluded that the GG genotype could protect Glycogen storage disease type I patients from the development of atherosclerosis.
Performance improvement of the BSB model in classifier tasks using optimization techniques

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A method to improve the performance of the BSB (Brain State in a Box) model applied to classification tasks is presented. We propose a supervised learning scheme divided in two stages. In the first one the basic interconnection matrix is formed using data of a set of training points, as proposed in the original definition of the BSB model. In the second stage the behavior of the trajectories that begin in each one of these points are studied and modified by means of a change in the interconnection matrix. The correction is achieved using of a method derived from the lineal optimal control techniques, applied on the evolutions that begin in the training set points. Several simulated experiments were carried out and the effectiveness of the proposed method is shown.
The functional roles of the residue tyrosine at position 26 in staphylococcal enterotoxin C2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Bacterial superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) is a very potent activator of T cells. Previous crystal studies on SEC2 showed that residue Tyr26 which is located near the T cell receptor (TCR) binding sites could potentially participate in T cell activating. In SEC1, a superantigen highly homologous to SEC2, the residue Val26 played a critical role in stimulating certain V β expansion. Moreover, residues 20, 22 and 26 in SEC1 determined its serologic cross-reaction. In order to investigate the potential roles of Tyr26 in SEC2, two SEC2 mutants SEC2(Y26V) and SEC2(Y26A) were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. The activities and toxicities of the two mutants were determined both in vivo and in vitro . Results showed that both SEC2(Y26V) and SEC2(Y26A) remained potent immune stimulating activities compared with native SEC2. SEC2(Y26V) had a decreased pyrogenic effect on rabbit model. Both of the two mutants had significantly decreased binding affinities to anti-SEC2 IgG. Our result indicated that Tyr26 is a critical site for the serological characters of SEC2 rather than for its superantigen activity. This may also provide an insight in constructing a novel mutant to substitute native SEC2 in cancer immunotherapy avoiding being neutralized by anti-SEC2 IgG in vivo .
Integrative Analysis of the Injection Molding Process and Mechanical Behavior of Plastic Part

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For parts made of plastics, injection molding is a common manufacturing process. Warpage and residual stress induced during the injection molding process have very important influences on the mechanical performance of injection products. In this paper, an integrative analysis of the injection molding process and mechanical performance of plastic parts is proposed. This integrative approach incorporates the effects of the manufacturing process in the mechanical simulation: (a) firstly, the finite element package MoldFlow is used to simulate the injection molding process and obtain the warpage and residual stress results. (b) Then the finite element model of plastic part including the process induced warpage and residual stress is established. Explicit dynamic finite element program LS-DYNA is used to simulate the mechanical behaviors of the molded part. Based on the integrative analysis, the influences of injection molding process parameters on mechanical behavior of a PC windshield against impact loading are studied.
Binary Boosts

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The relativistic motion of an isolated two--body system (bound or unbound) of given lab energy $K^{0}$ in QED is separated into cms motion and relative motion. The relative motion equation ${\cal K}_{L} ψ_{L} ({\bf r}_{L} ) =0$ contains the momentum eigenvalue ${\bf K}$ of the cms motion. It is greatly simplified by a binary boost to the atomic rest frame, where $K^{0}$ and ${\bf K}$ appear only in a Lorentz--invariant combination. This boost is not a product of single--particle boosts, which are useful only for perturbative interactions. CPT--invariance is demonstrated, and orthogonality relations are derived.
Multiuser detector combining multicarrier transmission and decorrelating detector in a Rayleigh fading channel

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Summary form only given. A decorrelating detector is a suboptimal multiuser detector that has attracted much attention due to its inherent merits (Zvonar, Z. and Brady, D., 1995). The decorrelating detector provides substantial performance gains over the conventional detector under various conditions. The multicarrier DS/CDMA system is regarded as a viable alternative to the classical single carrier DS/CDMA system in that an available bandwidth is decomposed into a set of subbands. In each subband, the fading has non-selectivity. That is, path diversity is converted to frequency diversity. A new multiuser detector combining decorrelating detector and multicarrier schemes is proposed and analyzed in a frequency-selective Rayleigh fading channel. From numerical results, it is shown that the proposed detector achieves better BER performance and lower computational complexity than the conventional decorrelating detector. It is also shown that the proposed detector is robust to partial narrowband interference.
DarsakX: A Python Package for Designing and Analyzing Imaging Performance of X-ray Telescopes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The imaging performance and sensitivity of an X-ray telescope when observing astrophysical sources are primarily governed by the optical design, geometrical uncertainties (figure errors, surface roughness, and mirror alignment inaccuracies), and the reflectivity properties of the X-ray reflecting mirror surface. To thoroughly evaluate the imaging performance of an X-ray telescope with an optical design similar to Wolter-1 optics, which comprises multiple shells with known geometrical uncertainties and mirror reflectivity properties, appropriate computational tools are essential. These tools are used to estimate the angular resolution and effective area for various source energies and locations and, more importantly, to assess the impact of figure errors on the telescope's imaging performance. Additionally, they can also be used to optimize optics geometry by modifying it in reference to the Wolter-1 optics, aiming to minimize the optical aberration associated with the Wolter-1 configuration. In this paper, we introduce DarsakX, a Python-based ray tracing computational tool specifically designed to estimate the imaging performance of a multi-shell X-ray telescope. DarsakX has the capability to simulate the impact of figure errors present in the axial direction of a mirror shell. The geometrical shape of the mirror shells can be defined as a combination of figure error with the base optics, such as Wolter-1 or Conical optics. Additionally, DarsakX allows the exploration of new optical designs involving two reflections similar to Wolter-1 optics but with an improved angular resolution for wide-field telescopes. Developed through an analytical approach, DarsakX ensures computational efficiency, enabling fast processing.
1337. Development, Maintenance, and Application of Opsonophagocytic Assays to Measure Functional Antibody Responses to Support a 20 Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Opsonophagocytic assays (OPAs) are an important tool for assessing vaccine-induced functional antibody responses. OPAs are complex assays composed of many biological components (eg serum, complement sources, bacteria, and human phagocytes) which contribute to assay variability and may result in titer drift if not carefully controlled. Rigorous development and validation coupled with routine monitoring of assay performance are required to ensure that high-quality OPA serological data are consistently generated throughout the lifetime of existing and next-generation pneumococcal vaccines. Methods OPA specificity was demonstrated by competing functional antibody activity with pneumococcal polysaccharides. Assay qualification/validation assessed accuracy, precision, and sample linearity. Assay performance over time was assessed through the implementation of quality control serum data tracking systems and longterm serum proficiency panels that are routinely tested during assay performance. Human quality control sera are included on each assay plate to ensure that each plate meets pre-specified acceptance criteria. Proficiency serum panels are comprised of individual human serum samples derived from subjects immunized with pneumococcal vaccines and are used to monitor performance across a range of serological titers and over time. Results The OPAs were shown to be specific and reproducible. Monitoring of assay performance over time demonstrated that the assays are stable. For the 13 serotypes contained in 13vPnC reliable titers have been generated in over a decade of testing which is an essential prerequisite in the evaluation of next-generation pneumococcal conjugate vaccines such as 20vPnC, whose licensure depends on demonstration of non-inferiority to 13vPnC. Conclusion Maintenance and careful monitoring of high-quality assays to measure functional antibody responses, such as OPAs, is critical for the delivery of reliable serological data to support the advancement of pneumococcal vaccine programs. Pneumococcal OPAs must be rigorously maintained to ensure continuity of serological data over time and inform licensure decisions of next-generation vaccines as well as postmarketing and seroepidemiology studies. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Contact scanning Lamb wave tomography

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Lamb waves are guided ultrasonic waves capable of propagating relatively long distances in platelike structures such as airframe skins, storage tanks, and pressure vessels. Their propagation depends on frequency thickness and material properties, and, because structural flaws present changes in effective thickness and/or material properties, Lamb waves can be employed to assess the integrity of these structures. For structures with large surface areas, a full integrity evaluation can be a time-consuming operation, but with Lamb wave techniques, this evaluation can be performed with waves propagating along one dimension of the inspection area as the probing transducers are moved in the perpendicular dimension. Such an approach yields information about the presence of flaws within the scanned area. Then, in order to quantitatively characterize the flaws, Lamb wave measurements can be made for a number of projections and an image of the flawed region can be reconstructed tomographically. Contact scanning Lamb wave tomography for metallic and composite structures with flaws is discussed as a practical technique for quantitative nondestructive evaluation.