jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Aspects of the relationship betweenPanonychus ulmi(Koch) andTetranychus McDanieliMcGregor in Simple Ecosystems (Acarina: Tetranychidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Observations on the effects of competition between Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Tetranychus mcdanieli McGregor population development were studied on Red Delicious apple trees grown in a greenhouse. It was shown that competition for the utilization of common resources does exist between mixed populations. From infestation ratios ranging from 2:1 to 1:5, T. mcdanieli female counts were comparable on both leaf surfaces, whereas P. ulmi female counts were related to the initial T. mcdanieli release density. The interaction between host plant and both spider mite species and the propensity of T. mcdanieli females to emigrate is discussed in terms of their influence on the outward manifestations of competition under greenhouse conditions.
Skull Growth and Prenatal Development in Baleen Whales: Teeth to Baleen Transition in Ontogeny and Phylogeny

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In my dissertation, I aim to add a new ontogenetic perspective to the study of baleen whale’s (Mysticeti, Cetacea) skull evolution. In Chapter One, I analyze changes in dentition in closely-related toothed whales (Odontoceti, Cetacea), focusing on beaked whales, and trace the evolution of inactivating mutations in tooth-related genes in Mysticeti. While there is high variability in tooth counts in odontocetes, with many instances of convergent evolution among living and fossil taxa, all modern clades retain the ability to produce full adult dentition. Mysticetes instead present a variety of inactivating mutations in at least eight tooth- and enamel-related genes. Analyzing the complex inactivation patterns of these genes, I hypothesize that loss of function preceded the complete loss of adult teeth in baleen whales. In Chapter Two, I investigate the anatomical changes that occur in the skull of baleen whales in ontogeny, focusing on the teeth-to-baleen transition. The internal anatomy of 15 specimens of minke and humpback whales was analyzed using CT scanning. I provide qualitative descriptions of the specimens and study skull shape changes using 3D geometric morphometrics (GM) methods. Tooth germs resorb completely just before eruption of the of the baleen from the gums, and they are still present for a brief period along with baleen rudiments. GM analyses show that the rostrum progressively grows in length relative to the braincase, with the two parts of the skull showing different patterns of shape and size development. In Chapter Three, I combine developmental data with fossil evidence to directly analyze the connection between ontogeny and evolution of baleen whales using 3D GM methods. I also investigate possible differences in timing of ossification of skull bones between Cetacea and terrestrial artiodactyls. A general acceleration of skull development is likely responsible for modern mysticetes anatomy. The rostrum was the first part of the skull to increase its growth rate, allowing for the evolution of larger buccal cavity needed for bulk filter feeding. These changes in shape were not accompanied by shifts in the ossification sequence, as they appear mostly conserved among all taxa examined and not connected to their feeding adaptations.
Viola ornata and Viola longibracteolata (Violaceae, subgen. Neoandinium), two rare, new rosulate species from southern Peru

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two high Andean taxa from South Peru, Viola ornata and Viola longibracteolata, are described and illustrated. During a series of ecotourism and botanical expeditions in the Moquegua and Arequipa regions, four populations of V. ornata and one population of V. longibracteolata were discovered. Both species are compared with morphologically similar species of subg. Neoandinium. Their resemblances and differences are discussed, including by means of a key. We have determined the potential IUCN status of both new species as Critically Endangered (CR).
The overriding driver dynamics in Ethiopiaâ€“South Africa migrations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Ethiopian youths and adults have been migrating from South Ethiopia to the Republic of South Africa for the last 40 years. Related studies on sub-Saharan Africa and particularly on Ethiopia have mostly emphasized the combined relationships of the two end drivers of push and pull but have failed to longitudinally examine the migratory experiences and driver dynamics. The two stated end drivers have also been incorporated within the purview of natural, political, and econometric domains, further obscuring overriding factorial reproduction and its changing aspects, which this study elucidated. The present investigation addressed the migration experiences of the Hadiyya and Kambaata ethnic groups and contextually probed how their migration practices shifted from the micro to macro geospatial levels. It also took into account discrete periods, intervening variables, and other changes that have shaped and reshaped the migration patterns and trends of these communities. This study applied a concurrent longitudinal study design via a multisided ethnographic approach. Qualitative semi-structured and unstructured interviews were conducted with one hundred and eight (108) respondents, and observations along with twelve (12) focus group discussions and, ten (10) in-depth interviews were carried out. The study was conducted from June 2016 to January 2019 in two selected rural woredas of the Hadiyya and Kambaata zones in Southern Ethiopia. It also encompassed the downtown locations of Johannesburg and Pretoria, where most Ethiopian migrants reside. In so doing, the study sought to answer two key research questions: how and why the practice of emigration has emerged and transcended beyond the political boundaries of Ethiopia to South Africa and how the migration drivers are evolving. The discussion section of the paper elucidates that migration is not a new phenomenon for these communities; rather, it forms a historical continuum as a culture and a survival strategy to combat resource constraints. However, migration has been galvanized by the combined effects of poverty, political oppression, displacement, and structural, sociopolitical, and economic marginalization after the Ethiopian Peopleâ€™s Revolutionary Democratic Front came into power and instituted ethnicity-based regionalism. Migration is sustained by overriding as well as accompanying changes and challenges at local, national, and international levels. These difficulties cannot be measured merely through environmental, sociopolitical, or econometric-based conditions prevailing at specific times and places. Their determination requires factors beyond such time-bound incidences and parameters. This article is designed to generally discuss and illuminate such comprehensive experiences.Â
EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES AS A MEANS OF FORMING THE ECOLOGICAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE TOURISM SPECIALISTS / ԱՐՏԱԼՍԱՐԱՆԱՅԻՆ ԴԱՍԵՐԸ ՈՐՊԵՍ ԶԲՈՍԱՇՐՋՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԱՊԱԳԱ ՄԱՍՆԱԳԵՏՆԵՐԻ ԷԿՈԼՈԳԻԱԿԱՆ ԿՈՄՊԵՏԵՆՑԻԱՅԻ ՁԵՎԱՎՈՐՄԱՆ ՄԻՋՈՑ

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The consumer lifestyle of modern society brings forth a number of ecological problems, for the mitigation of which the formation of an ecologically conscious and responsible society is an important condition. In this context, the implementation of ecological education of students, particularly of tourism students, is highlighted which is carried out through curricular and extracurricular classes. The article points out the importance of organizing extracurricular activities in the process of forming the ecological competence of tourism students. The main forms of extracurricular activities ("excursion" and "educational visit") that can contribute to the formation of students' ecological competence are introduced in the article. The resources available in RA are also presented, the effective use of which in the process of organizing excursions can promote to the formation of students' ecological consciousness. The article refers to the skills that students can acquire through extracurricular activities.
(1R,2S,6R)-2-Hydroxymethyl-2,6-dimethyl-3-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]octane, a New Volatile Released by Males of the Papaya Borer Pseudopiazurus obesus (Col.: Curculionidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sex-specific volatiles produced by males of the papaya beetle Pseudopiazurus obesus are (1R,2S)-grandisal (1), (1R,2S)-grandisol (2), and the new (1R,2S,6R)-2-hydroxymethyl-2,6-dimethyl-3-oxabicyclo[4.2.0]octane (3) termed papayanol.
Refining teaching expertise through analysing students’ work: a case of elementary mathematics teacher professional learning during lesson study in Singapore

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT This article provides a concrete illustration of how teachers in a primary school in Singapore discuss students' learning in a lesson study cycle and grew professionally as a community. Specifically, we examined how collaboratively analysing students' work serves as a useful practice for teachers to learn to work with diverse learners. The findings suggested that open discussions around students' work helped teachers to reflect upon their unwarranted perceptions of their students and their teaching. The study provided insights into how teachers' understandings of their students' diverse backgrounds, as well as teachers' understanding of subject content and pedagogy, developed as they participated in lesson study activities that were focused on analysing students' work. Our findings found that lesson study provided the following affordances to foster such changes: (1) eliciting hypotheses in dialogue; (2) creating space for alternative perspectives; (3) collaboratively scrutinizing student learning evidence for follow-up teaching; and (4) identifying problems for further discussion. While the illustration of this case is uniquely Singaporean, implications include concerns about teacher professional learning and teaching for equity common to many other educational contexts.
[Ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury and the protection of taurine against the injury in rats].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

40 SD rats were randomly divided into control group, ethanol-induced injury group and taurine protective group for the measurement of the contents of endothelin (ET), nitric oxide synthetase (NOS), somatostatin (SS) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). The results are as follows. The gastric mucosa was damaged by 75% ethanol, being aggravated with prolonged application time, as shown by a significant increase of the ET content and decreases of the contents of NOS, VIP and SS in the gastric mucosa. In the taurine group, decrease of ET content and increase of the contents of NOS, SS and VIP in the gastric mucosa were observed. Apparently, the changes in ET, NOS, SS and VIP contents of gastric mucosa serve as reliable indices in the pathogenesis by ethanol and protective effect by taurine.
Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Hydrodissection for Pain Management: Rationale, Methods, Current Literature, and Theoretical Mechanisms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

King Hei Stanley Lam,1,2 Chen-Yu Hung,3 Yi-Pin Chiang,4,5 Kentaro Onishi,6 Daniel Chiung Jui Su,7 Thomas B Clark,8 K Dean Reeves9 1The Hong Kong Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Hong Kong; 2Department of Family Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; 3Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; 4Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; 5Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan; 6Department of PM&amp;amp;R and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; 7Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan; 8Private Practice Ultrasonographic Training, Vista, CA, USA; 9Private Practice PM&amp;amp;R and Pain Management, Roeland Park, KS, USACorrespondence: King Hei Stanley Lam Tel +852 98761688Fax +852 23720848Email drlamkh@gmail.comAbstract: Nerve hydrodissection (HD), a technique used when treating nerve entrapments, involves the injection of an anesthetic, saline, or 5% dextrose in water to separate the nerve from the surrounding tissue, fascia, or adjacent structures. Animal models suggest the potential for minimal compression to initiate and perpetuate neuropathic pain. Mechanical benefits of HD may relate to release of nervi nervorum or vasa nervorum compression. Pathologic nerves can be identified by examination or ultrasound visualization. The in-plane technique is the predominant and safest method for nerve HD. Five percent dextrose may be favored as the preferred injectate based on preliminary comparative-injectate literature, but additional research is critical. Literature-based hypotheses for a direct ameliorative effect of dextrose HD on neuropathic pain are presented.Keywords: nerve hydrodissection, pain management, ultrasonography, neuropathic pain
Carcinogenicities of 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene, N-hydroxy-3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene and related azo dyes in the mouse.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The carcinogenicities of 2-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene and 3-methoxy-4-aminoazobenzene (2-MeO-AAB and 3-MeO-AAB) and their N-hydroxy derivatives (N-OH-2-MeO-AAB and N-OH-3-MeO-AAB) were tested in (C3H X C57BL/6) F1 mice. Topical sc injections, twice weekly for 8 weeks, of 4 or 8 mumol of N-OH-3-MeO-AAB dissolved in 0.1 ml of olive oil containing 10% dimethyl sulfoxide induced fibrosarcomas at the site of application. Similar treatment with 3-MeO-AAB or 2-MeO-AAB as well as N-OH-2-MeO-AAB failed to induce sarcomas. Oral administration of 0.09% 3-MeO-AAB in the diet for 13 months induced hepatic tumors in female mice but not in males. 2-MeO-AAB did not induce tumors in male or female mice. The relationship between carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, the ability to induce unscheduled DNA synthesis, and the metabolism of these azo dyes is discussed.
Unequal uptake of skilled maternal health care services in Ethiopia: cross-sectional data analyses informed by the intersectionality theory

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate intersectional inequality encompassing socioeconomic, geographical and demographic variables in the use of competent birth and postnatal care services in Ethiopia. Design Data for the study came from a series of the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Surveys. Four major surveys were taken place between 2000 and 2016 and all were included in the study. 9867, 9075, 10 592 and 9915 live births born 5 years preceding the surveys that were attended by skilled health workers in 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2016, respectively, were included in the study. For the postnatal care, only the 2016 survey was used due to sample size issues in the other surveys, and 3843 women having live births 2 years preceding the survey had complete data, allowing for fitting of a model. Since the outcome measures are binary, the logit model was used. Intersectionality was analysed by entering interactions into models. Settings Population-based representative surveys encompassing all areas of Ethiopia. Participants The study subjects are women of reproductive age who had live births 2 years preceding the 2016 survey (for postnatal care) and live births born 5 years preceding the respective surveys (for birth care). Outcome measures The outcome measures are skilled birth and postnatal care services. The postnatal care was for mothers within the first 2 days of giving birth and did not include care for the newborn. Competent maternal health care services are those that are provided by competent health workers: doctors, nurses, midwives and health officers. Results It was observed that women at the crossroads of multiple axes of advantage and disadvantage had better and worse utilisation, respectively. For example, maternal education and residence intersected and predicted coverage of birth care was the highest among secondary schooling women who dwelt in urban settings with the values of 0.255; 95% CI 0.113 to 0.397 in 2000 and 0.589; 95% CI 0.359 to 0.819 in 2016 but was the lowest among non-educated women who lived in rural areas with the values of 0.0236; 95% CI 0.0154 to 0.0317 in 2000 and 0.203; 95% CI 0.177 to 0.229 in 2016. Conclusions It appeared that some women who were at the intersections of multiple axes of disadvantage had the lowest predicted coverage for maternal health care services. The study suggests that targeted interventions be developed for women who are at the intersection of multiple axes of marginalisation and that multiple sectors work in their sphere of resposibility to tackle social determinants of maternity care inequality. Policymakers may consider using intersectionality to inform development of targeted policies and or strategies. Further, future studies include structural drivers in the analysis of intersectionality to gain a better insight into the causes of disparities.
Distribution and drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosastrains causing nosocomial infections in various departments

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE To analyze the characteristics of distribution and the drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing nosocomial infections so as to guide the reasonable clinical use of antibiotics.METHODS A total of 970 strains of P.aeruginosa isolated from the clinical specimens were collected from Jun 2010 to May 2011,the isolation,cultivation and identification were performed in accordance with National Clinical Laboratory Operation Rules.The drug sensitivity testing was performed by K-B methods.RESULTS Of 970 strains of P.aeruginosa,most were isolated from the lower respiratory tract,followed by the surgical wound.The strains mainly distributed in the ICU(23.6%),respiratory medicine department(20.2%),and neurosurgery department(7.3%).The drug resistance rates of P.aeruginosa to amikacin,gentamicin,and meropenem were relatively low,which were 3.0%,15.7%,and 16.7%,respectively,then the drug resistance rates to levofloxacin,ciprofloxacin,and imipenem were 26.8%,27.0%,and 30.7%,respectively,and the drug resistance rates to other antibiotics were higher than 40.0%.CONCLUSION P.aeruginosa infection is in ICU and respiration in our hospital,we should strengthen the monitoring of drug resistance of P.aeruginosa,in order to reduce infections mainly emerging in the ICU and the department of respiratory medicine,thus it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of the drug resistance of P.aeruginosa strains so as to reduce the multidrug-resistant strains and prevent the spread of nosocomial infections.
Study on Closed-Loop Servo Control System and Background Service Based on CNC

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to find and treat fault or abnormal occurrences in numerically controlled machine tool of flexible manufacturing system in real-time, a study for computer numerically controlled (CNC) on-line fault diagnostics system has been carried out. The system can look up one or more sticking points of numerically controlled machine tool fault simply, locate CNC faults rapidly and accurately, but solve the problem between fault diagnosis and knowledge application. To provide CNC apparatus terminal with reliable trouble shooting suggestion, give a deep analysis between servo control subassembly and background service, make a description of fault database and test procedure design. The research has solved the problem of system maintenance, expansion and upgrade.
COVID-19 Pandemic: Experiences of Nurses Working in Critical Care in the United States

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Introduction/Rationale: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic has put immense strain on healthcare workers (HCWs) at the frontlines. This is particularly true for health care workers caring for COVID19 patients in intensive care units (ICU). News reports highlight the extreme stress on healthcare workers in critical care. In this context national leaders have acknowledged a significant risk of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), moral distress and burnout for critical care nurses related to the COVID-19 pandemic. It is likely the COVID-19 pandemic has and will continue to have a tremendous influence on ICU nurses’ mental health and continuation in the critical care work force. Although some early surveys have documented clinician’s perceptions of challenges and personal concerns, we are unaware of a qualitative study that is evaluating the broad experience and mental health impact of the pandemic on nurses practicing in ICUs across the nation. The purpose of the study is to describe the experiences of critical care nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically focusing on their personal and professional wellbeing, how they have changed as a result of their experience and how they feel ICU care will be affected in the future. Methods: This is a cross sectional, descriptive qualitative study that will recruit a national sample of nurses that worked in ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States in 2020. Nurses will be recruited through social media (Twitter and Facebook) and the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses (AACN) Newsletters. We plan to interview up to 40 respondents. Two researchers will be conducting the interviews using a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews will be conducted via Zoom, TEAMS or phone. They will be audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Interviews will be analyzed with inductive content analysis by the research team. Results: Nine nurses have been interviewed to date. Additional recruitment and data collection are in progress and will be completed by January 2021. Conclusions: COVID-19 may have lasting effects on the health and well-being of nurses which could have a negative impact on the critical care workforce. In order to develop meaningful interventions and to fully support nurses working on the frontline through the next year and in similar situations it is imperative that we understand the experiences of nurses working on the frontlines during the pandemic.
Diagnosis and Management of Statin Intolerance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Statins are the main treatment for hypercholesterolemia and the cornerstone of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention. Many patients taking statins report muscle-related symptoms, one of the most important causes of statin treatment discontinuation, which is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Therefore, it is important to identify patients who are truly statin intolerant to avoid unnecessary discontinuation of this beneficial treatment. Some studies indicate that not all muscle complaints are caused by statins, and most patients can tolerate a statin upon re-challenge, down-titration of dose, or switching to another statin. In this paper, we review the definitions of statin intolerance and approaches to reducing cardiovascular risk among individuals reporting statin-associated muscle symptoms.