jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
What Is a Novel?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The question ‘What is a novel?’ has received scant attention in the philosophical literature. Meanwhile, this question is important. In the light of this, in this paper, I would like to address it, suggesting a potential answer. I begin by defining what I call ‘novel in the restricted sense’ – the concept that covers all novels except the so-called nonfiction novels, graphic novels, and novels in verse. Then, drawing upon Jerrold Levinson’s approach to defining ‘art’, I provide a definition of the concept that covers nonfiction novels, graphic novels, and novels in verse. Finally, with the help of this definition and the definition of ‘novel in the restricted sense’, I formulate a definition of ‘novel’ simpliciter and defend it against potential objections.
Non-invasive estimation of central aortic pressure from radial artery tonometry by neural networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract\n\n\n\nThis study compares a neural network-based autoregressive exogenous (NNARX) model with a linear autoregressive exogenous (ARX) model in reconstructing central aortic pulse curve from peripheral arterial pulse. Invasive aortic and radial tonometry pressures were recorded in 20 patients in rest condition. A set of 10 patients (learning) was used to estimate the model parameters, the remaining 10 patients (test set) were used for validation. The estimated waveform of aortic pressure obtained by NNARX results more accurate than that estimated by linear ARX model providing a more fine reconstruction of dicrotic notch and systolic flex. Comparison of Augmentation Index measurement computed from NNARX and ARX reconstructed pressure signals with the reference value derived from invasive aortic waveform showed an improvement in accuracy of the NNARX measure.
Publication Patterns and Perceptions of Open Science in Indian Scholarly Community: Insights from a Survey

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract

In April and May of 2020, a survey was carried out to gather opinions and experiences related to open science publications and preprints. The majority of respondents were from India and specialized in agricultural science. The survey revealed that the "Journal's Impact Factor" was the most significant factor when selecting a suitable journal for publication. Most respondents who had published articles in Open Access had paid Article Processing Charges (APCs) for their publications, and the funding for such charges came from various sources, such as project funds, institutional support, and personal funds. While respondents expressed confidence in preprints and preferred institutional repositories as their preprint platform, the main drivers for sharing preprints were increased indexing, citation, and visibility, and the inclusion of preprints in assessments. Despite this, most respondents stated that they had never cited preprints, nor had their preprints been cited. This highlights the need for increased advocacy for Open Science and Preprints in India.
Roles of blood-brain barrier integrins and extracellular matrix in stroke

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ischemicstroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the United States, but recent advances in treatments [i.e., endovascular thrombectomy and tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)] that target the stroke-causing blood clot, while improving overall stroke mortality rates, have had much less of an impact on overall stroke morbidity. This may in part be attributed to the lack of therapeutics targeting reperfusion-induced injury after the blood clot has been removed, which, if left unchecked, can expand injury from its core into the surrounding at risk tissue (penumbra). This occurs in two phases of increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier, a physical barrier that under physiologic conditions regulates brain influx and efflux of substances and consists of tight junction forming endothelial cells (and transporter proteins), astrocytes, pericytes, extracellular matrix, and their integrin cellular receptors. During, embryonic development, maturity, and following stroke reperfusion, cerebral vasculature undergoes significant changes including changes in expression of integrins and degradation of surrounding extracellular matrix. Integrins, heterodimers with α and β subunits, and their extracellular matrix ligands, a collection of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagens, have been modestly studied in the context of stroke compared with other diseases (e.g., cancer). In this review, we describe the effect that various integrins and extracellular matrix components have in embryonic brain development, and how this changes in both maturity and in the poststroke environment. Particular focus will be on how these changes in integrins and the extracellular matrix affect blood-brain barrier components and their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke.
In VitroSynthesis of Mycorrhizae Between Presumed Specific and NonspecificPinus+SuillusCombinations

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mycorrhizal synthesis was successful between Pinus resinosa and Suillus americanus, S. brevipes (two isolates), S. luteus, and S. neoalbidipes, and between Pinus strobus and Suillus americanus, S. brevipes (two isolates), S. granulatus, S. pictus, and S. punctipes. Mycorrhizae formed by all combinations were similar in that all had multiple dichotomous branches, hyphae and hyphal strands with microscopic, pigmented, surface incrustations surrounding the mycorrhizae and roots, and in the mantle organization. Mycorrhizae differed in the macroscopic color of the mantle and surrounding hyphae and hyphal strands, the amount of hyphal surface incrustation present, the organization of individual hyphae in the mantle layers, the width of the mantle, the presence of clamp connections, and the amount of radial elongation of cortical cells. Data on additional diagnostic characters must be collected and evaluated for value in the identification of mycobionts of field-collected mycorrhizae.
Amorphous Slack Methodology for Autonomous Fault-Handling in Reconfigurable Devices

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Amorphous Slack fault handling methodology utilizes adaptive runtime redundancy to improve survivability of FPGA based designs. Unlike conventional static redundancy based methods to achieve fault resilience, the proposed system operates in uniplex arrangement under non-contingent conditions. The proposed fault isolation algorithm is invoked upon fault detection which employs a health metric of the application operating over reconfigurable platform. This assertion applies if a signal-to-noise metric is known, as well as applications that do not possess a readily correlated metric to identify anomalous behavior. In particular, readily available processor cores allow dynamic fault identification by executing a software specification of the signal processing algorithm which is used to periodically validate critical outputs of the high-speed hardware circuit within tolerances. The results from H.263 video encoder and Canny edge detector implemented over Xilinx Virtex-4 device demonstrate autonomous recovery from permanent stuck-at faults while maintaining the throughput during fault-handling operations. The fault-detection and isolation applications are executed on on-chip PowerPC processor while the Circuit-Under-Test (CUT) is realized in hardware fabric. The proposed architecture allows on-chip processor based functional monitoring of the contained hardware resources subjected to the actual inputs of the circuit.
NLP Use of Multiple Sources of Information Available in a Spanish Machine-Readable Dictionary

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper discusses how multiple sources of information available in a Spanish machine-readable dictionary (MRD) have provided valuable linguistic information to our Spanish NLP system. In particular we discuss how we have used the definitions, codes and headwords of the MRD to obtain morphological and semantic information, which is used by the Spanish morphology and generation modules in our system. In the first part of the paper we describe the mapping process of morphological information contained in the MRD codes, definitions, and headwords into the inflectional paradigms used by our Spanish morphological analyzer. In the second part we discuss how we used the MRD definitions to create links between Spanish noun/verb pairs; these links are used by our Spanish generation component.
Career and Technical Education in Light of the No Child Left Behind Legislation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2002 is considered to be the most comprehensive and highly scrutinized piece of educational legislation that has been enacted in history. With its focus on core academic content areas, the CTE community has desired to understand its impact on CTE programs. Based on a review of the recent literature on NCLB and CTE, this chapter examines the primary NCLB legislation provisions, presents the issues and challenges that have manifested as a result of the enactment of NCLB, investigates its impact on CTE, and assesses the coordination of NCLB and the new Carl D. Perkins Career and Technical Education Improvement Act of 2006. This chapter concludes with solutions and recommendations for further research.
Electronic Structures of Few Electrons in a Quantum Dot under Magnetic Fields

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The many-body effect on the electronic structures of a few electrons confined in a quantum dot is calculated, under magnetic fields, by the exact diagonalization method. When the Coulomb interaction is comparable to the one-electron level spacings and the magnetic field is not too large, the peak positions of the Coulomb oscillation reflect a shell structure of the one-electron levels, which is in semi-quantitative agreement with experimental results [Tarucha et al. : Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 3613]. Under strong magnetic fields, the correlation effect results in transitions of the ground state. These transitions can be observed as cusps of the magnetic-field dependence of the peak positions, in the presence of the Zeeman effect.
Molecular Mechanisms of Paralysis in Snakebite Envenomation: A Multifaceted Landscape

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Snakebite envenomation poses a persistent global health threat, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of venom components, biochemical pathways leading to paralysis, distribution factors, diversity, and therapeutic interventions. This review integrates historical perspectives with contemporary insights to elucidate the multifaceted landscape of snakebite management. The investigation starts with a study of snake venom and all of its components, highlighting the complex biochemistry that gives them their power. The biochemical cascades that result in paralysis, namely those mediated by Three-Finger Toxins (3FTx) and Phospholipase A2s (PLA2s), are analyzed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying rapid neuromuscular impairment. Variations in species and environmental variables that impact venom dispersal are examined in order to understand the intricacies of envenomation. The review traverses the wide range of snake venoms, acknowledging the influence of geographical variances on venom toxicity and composition. The main focus is on therapeutic techniques, with antivenom therapy being the most important one for more than a century. The mechanisms of action are examined, including possible limits and the creation of venom-antivenom complexes. Beyond antivenom, novel molecular interventions are discussed along with their potential to address the problems with treating snakebite.
Vaucelles Abbey: Social, Political, and Ecclesiastical Relationships in the Borderland Region of the Cambrésis, 1131–1300 by Kathryn E. Salzer

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Reviewed by: Vaucelles Abbey: Social, Political, and Ecclesiastical Relationships in the Borderland Region of the Cambrésis, 1131–1300 by Kathryn E. Salzer Carlos López Salzer, Kathryn E., Vaucelles Abbey: Social, Political, and Ecclesiastical Relationships in the Borderland Region of the Cambrésis, 1131–1300 (Medieval Monastic Studies, 2), Turnhout, Brepols, 2017; hardback; pp. xxxviii, 366; 5 b/w illustrations, 3 maps, 7 b/w tables; R.R.P. €100.00; ISBN 9782503555249. In this monograph, Kathryn E. Salzer presents an in-depth study of the Cistercian abbey of Vaucelles, from 1131–1300. A male foundation and daughter house of Clairvaux, Vaucelles was located thirteen kilometres south of Cambrai on the Escaut River, in the politically complex and contested borderland region of the Cambrésis. Vaucelles achieved significant economic and political success developing an extensive monastic complex and patrimony including 'lands and rights in five dioceses, several counties, two royal realms, numerous parishes and towns, and a variety of agricultural areas' (p. 313). It is this success, and the factors behind it, that are the primary concern of this study. The book is divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 provides the historiographical context for the study, including a discussion on the theme of the borderland region. Chapter 2 explores the geopolitical context and its impact on Vaucelles. Chapter 3 focuses on the economic and agricultural practices of Vaucelles, particularly its use of lay brothers and the development of its seventeen granges. Chapters 4 and 5 address the relationships between Vaucelles and its diverse range of gift and authorial patrons, including lay nobles, bishops, and the kings of France and Germany. Chapter 6 focuses on Vaucelles's relationship with the Cistercian general chapter, and other Cistercian houses, within and beyond its regional sphere of influence. In the final chapter, Salzer asserts that the success of Vaucelles was due to three factors. Firstly, Vaucelles maintained strong relationships with its patrons and neighbours ensuring the development and protection of its agricultural patrimony. Secondly, its location in the contested borderland region of the Cambrésis provided it the opportunity to benefit from competing political and ecclesiastical interests. Thirdly, its Cistercian character and relationship with the Cistercian order more generally allowed Vaucelles to further extend and strengthen its influence beyond the Cambrésis. Salzer's compelling study of the abbey of Vaucelles sheds light on a lesser known Cistercian foundation, and adds to our understanding of the Cambrésis and the borderland region. It is a valuable contribution to both monastic and medieval studies. [End Page 244] Carlos López Sydney, New South Wales Copyright © 2019 Parergon
О природе повышения подвижности электронов в канале инверсии у границы раздела кремний-окисел после полевого воздействия

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

AbstractThe conduction characteristics of the inversion channel of Si-transistor structures after the ionic polarization and depolarization of samples are measured in (0–5)-T transverse magnetic fields at temperatures from 100 to 200 K. After ionic polarization in a strong electric field at 420 K, no less than 6 × 10^13 cm^–2 ions flowed through the oxide. The previously found tenfold increase in the conductivity in the source–drain circuit after the polarization of insulating layers is explained by the formation of a new electron transport path along the surface impurity band, related to delocalized D^– states; these states are generated by neutralized ions located in the insulating layer at its interface with the semiconductor.
An Experimental Investigation on Novel Segmented Omni Wheeled Hybrid Mobile Robot to Assess Obstacle Climbing Capability

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This article introduces a novel quadrupedal hybrid mobile robot with a segmented omni wheel design capable of climbing obstacles of height greater than its wheel radius. The unique wheel design comprises two parallel coaxial 240-deg segmented omni wheels per leg with independent offset angle control. The transformation from wheel to leg mode and vice versa can be seamlessly achieved by controlling the offset angle between the segmented omni wheels. A series of experiments are carried out to evaluate the robot's performance for obstacle climbing capability utilizing various wheel end effector designs, and a comparative analysis is presented. The results indicate that the obstacle climbing capability of segmented omni wheel design with zero offset angle is improved by 40.7% compared to standard wheel, and the unique wheel design configuration facilitates seamless staircase climbing capability without any complex control scheme. In addition, statistical studies using the Taguchi method and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are performed on the experimental findings. A linear regression model to predict power consumption has been developed, and the significant factors influencing the robot's power consumption and stability are presented.
Real-Time Optoacoustic Tracking of Single Moving Micro-objects\nin Deep Phantom and Ex Vivo Tissues

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Medical\nimaging plays an important role in diagnosis and treatment\nof multiple diseases. It is a field which seeks for improved sensitivity\nand spatiotemporal resolution to allow the dynamic monitoring of diverse\nbiological processes that occur at the micro- and nanoscale. Emerging\ntechnologies for targeted diagnosis and therapy such as nanotherapeutics,\nmicroimplants, catheters, and small medical tools also need to be\nprecisely located and monitored while performing their function inside\nthe human body. In this work, we show for the first time the real-time\ntracking of moving single micro-objects below centimeter thick phantom\ntissue and ex vivo chicken breast, using multispectral optoacoustic\ntomography (MSOT). This technique combines the advantages of ultrasound\nimaging regarding depth and resolution with the molecular specificity\nof optical methods, thereby facilitating the discrimination between\nthe spectral signatures of the micro-objects from those of intrinsic\ntissue molecules. The resulting MSOT signal is further improved in\nterms of contrast and specificity by coating the micro-objects’\nsurface with gold nanorods, possessing a unique absorption spectrum,\nwhich facilitate their discrimination from surrounding biological\ntissues when translated to future in vivo settings.
Transgender Theory: Embodying Research and Practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Transgender theory is an emerging theoretical orientation on the nature of gender and gender identity in understanding the lived experiences of transgender and transsexual individuals. It is distinct in emphasizing the importance of physical embodiment in gender and sexual identity. Transgender theory integrates this embodiment with the self and socially constructed aspects of identity through the lived experiences of those with intersecting identities. Thus, it provides a theoretical basis for reconciling feminist and queer theoretical scholarship with social work practice and advocacy, with regard not only to issues of working with transgenders but also to larger issues of group identity and social oppression. This article describes the emergence of transgender theory from feminist and queer theories that used social constructivist approaches to challenge essentialist ideas that maintained the oppression of certain gender and sexual identities. Transgender theory is also applied to specific issues of understanding, working with, and empowering transgender persons and building coalitions between them and other socially oppressed groups.
The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Gallstone among Adults in Karachi, South Pakistan: A Population-Based Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION: </strong>The present study was aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of GSD among a sample of general population in Karachi, South Pakistan.</p><p><strong>METHODOLOGY: </strong>A multistage random sampling method was employed on 30 clusters, where 60 subjects of age&gt;=25 years were randomly recruited from the study population from June 2013 till March 2015. Finally, data was analyzed and logistic regression models were used to find the correlation between selected variables and gallstone disease.</p><p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>It was found that 184 patients had echogenic mass with shadowing on ultrasonography; yielding a prevalence of 10.2% for gallstones in the study participants. The occurrence was higher in females (14.8%) than in male participants (5.7%). Further, participants over 40 years of age and single, widow/separated subjects had higher incidence of gallstones than married individuals. Moreover, an indirect correlation was obtained with daily physical activity, consumption of fruits, vegetables and fish with development of GD.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>It can be evaluated that daily physical activity, female gender, increasing age and marital status play an important role in progression of GSD. Understanding pathogenesis and physiological mechanism involved in GSD can help to determine therapeutic options other than surgical treatment.</p>
Calculation of Operating Parameters for HP-STMCs Space Nuclear Reactor Heat Pipes

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The steady-state operating parameters of the reactor lithium heat pipes and thermal radiator potassium heat pipes were calculated by using SNPS-HPD code for HP-STMCs space nuclear reactor power system. The operating parameters of lithium heat pipes and three different radiator potassium heat pipes at different conditions were obtained, such as the vapor pressure profile, temperature profile, velocity profile, and Mach number. The results showed that the vapor experienced a relatively larger drop in pressure and temperature in the evaporation section, but in the adiabatic section, the vapor pressure and temperature dropped nearly linearly with distance, and rebounded back in a small scale in the condensation section. The main temperature drop of the lithium heat pipes was due to vapor temperature drop, and which, decreased slowly as the increased power throughput. The vapor axial Mach number reached the maximum at the adiabatic exit, and decreased slightly with increasing the throughput power. Radiator potassium heat pipes had a small vapor temperature drop along the heat pipe, but the design in adiabatic section increased the drop of vapor temperature.