jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effects of sleep on the tonic drive to respiratory muscle and the threshold for rhythm generation in the dog.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

1. The present study was designed to determine the effect of sleep on the tonic output to respiratory muscle and on the level of chemical respiratory stimulation required to produce rhythmic respiratory output. 2. Chronically implanted electrodes recorded expiratory (triangularis sterni) and inspiratory (diaphragm and parasternal intercostal) electromyographic (EMG) activities in three trained dogs during wakefulness and sleep. The dogs were mechanically hyperventilated via an endotracheal tube inserted into a permanent tracheostomy. During the studies, a cold block of the cervical vagus nerves was maintained to avoid the complicating effects of vagal inputs on respiratory drive and rhythm. 3. During wakefulness, steady‐state hypocapnia (partial pressure of CO2, PCO2 = 30 mmHg) abolished inspiratory EMG activity, resulting in apnoea, but the expiratory muscle became tonically active. Compared to wakefulness, the level of the tonic expiratory EMG activity was decreased in non‐REM (non‐rapid eye movement) sleep (median decrease = 34%, P = 0.005) and was further decreased in REM sleep (median decrease = 78%, P < 0.0001). During REM sleep, the tonic expiratory EMG activity was highly variable (mean coefficient of variation = 39% compared to 7% awake, P < 0.0001) and in some periods of REM, bursts of inspiratory EMG activity and active breathing movements were observed despite the presence of hypocapnia. 4. During constant mechanical hyperventilation, progressive increases in arterial PCO2 (in hyperoxia) were produced by rebreathing. Measurement of the CO2 threshold for the onset of spontaneous breathing showed that this threshold was not different between wakefulness and non‐REM sleep (mean difference = 0.1 mmHg from paired observations, 95% confidence interval for the difference = ‐1.0 to +1.1 mmHg, P = 0.898). 5. The results show that sleep reduces the tonic output to respiratory muscles but does not increase the CO2 threshold for the generation of rhythmic respiratory output. These observations suggest that changes in the tonic drives to the respiratory motoneurones may be a principal mechanism by which changes in sleep‐wake states produce changes in respiratory output.
Stink Bug Aldehydes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The odorus and physiologically active substances of the secretions of Japanese stink bugs (six kinds of Pentatomidae and three kinds of Coreidae bugs) were identified. The secretions of Pentatomidae bugs contained trans 2-decenal as a main component. In the secretions of Coreidae bugs n-hexanal was always found and in the case of Acanthocoris sordidus trans 2-hexenal was a main component.
An event-based modelling approach for assessing downburst risk to structures

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a stochastic event-based modelling approach for estimating downburst wind hazard. Unlike existing models it makes use of large scale atmospheric information to build upon observational records so that a broad range of input model parameters can be generated. Coupling this information into such a model means it may be applied in regions where no observational records currently exist, or they are of poor quality. Progress towards full model development has thus far focused primarily on the methodological approach required to couple atmospheric and observational data so that input model parameters can be developed. An example of this coupling is provided for the south east Queensland region of Australia, and estimates of annual downburstproducing storm counts are generated. This example shows the proposed model can reasonably replicate historic trends in mean annual event counts, but was unable to capture the full inter-annual variability in these counts. Future work will refine this approach and continue to develop the full hazard/risk model.
The Deformation Response of a Functional Four-Cylinder Reciprocating Engine using Finite Element Analysis and Surrogate Model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The aim of this study is to examine the deformation response of a four-cylinder reciprocating engine.The model of the engine was done through Autodesk Fusion 360 ® , while the simulation and analysis were conducted using the finite element analysis backend, Autodesk Nastran solver ® .The engine assembly was subjected to a multibody dynamics study as well as a thermodynamic reaction of air-fuel mixture in the cylinder.A connecting rod was examined from the standpoint of component design to see how the maximum stress changed with crankshaft rotation.To start the engine, several crankshaft speeds were used, and the multibody simulation was carried out for 0.16s.The output from the simulation is used as surrogated data for the intelligent system modelling.A considerable degree of agreement was observed between simulation results and predicted values, demonstrating the reliability and accuracy of the model.Furthermore, it was shown that the Isection region of the connecting rod receives the maximum stress for both materials.It is essential to build this area with more strength as a result.The Von Mises stress of AlSiC is consistently lower than its yield strength, at 5.5MPa compared to 43MPa.Aluminum has a Von Mises stress of 3.5MPa, far lower than its yield strength of 276MPa.Both materials had stress levels below their yield strengths, ensuring connecting rod structural integrity.The primary factor influencing the engine's distortion profile and peak values was found to be engine torque.The findings might serve as a springboard for more research and development in this area and advance our understanding of engine behavior.
Relationship of carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ gene polymorphism with primary open angle glaucoma genetic susceptibility

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AIM:To analyze the relationship of carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ gene polymorphism with primary open angle glaucoma genetic susceptibility. METHODS:From January 2012 to December 2014, 50 cases in our hospital for treatment of primary open angle glaucoma(study group)and 50 cases in outpatient department of our hospital for health examination(control group)were tested. The conventional elbow venous blood was taken. The use of polymerase chain reaction(PCR)and restriction fragment length polymorphism test were used to detect the characteristics of carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ gene polymorphism. RESULTS:The locus site of rs3758078 and rs10504813 of the two groups were in line with Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium law(Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium).The results displayed in rs10504813 site, the difference of genotype frequencies between the two groups was not statistically significant(P>0.05). But the difference in allele frequencies between the two groups was statistical significance(P<0.05). The differences of locus genotype and allele frequencies between the two groups in rs3758078 had no statistical significance(P>0.05). After the carbonic anhydrase Ⅱ polymorphism haplotype analysis in the two groups, TAC(Tracking area code of cell served by neighbor Enb)haplotype carriers appeared lawer risk of primary open-angle glaucoma. CONCLUSION:There is certain relation between the polymorphism and the risk of carbonic anhydrase primary open-angle glaucoma, and rs3758078 locus balance may be the main reason for low risk; TAC haplotype carriers appear lower risk of primary open angle glaucoma.
Analysis and countermeasures of infection factors with patients in hospital operation room

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore the effective management methods and strategies of hospital infection in the operation room.Methods 34500 patients with various types of surgeries were carried on surgical nursing management.Patients from November 2011 to October 2013 were divided into test group,while the patients from November 2009 to October 2011 were divided into control group.2000 patients from each group with I and II incision were studied.Results After strengthening the operating room infection control measures,air quality in the operating room,surgical instruments sterilization,standardized operation,preoperative antibiotics usage under the factors such as infection rates had obvious difference(P0.05).The intraoperative blood glucose monitoring and the preoperative examination of infection rate had no obvious difference(P0.05).Conclusion By strengthening operation room infection control measures,strictly implementing the rules and regulations on the management of operation room,regularly analyzing causes of infection in operation room of hospital can effectively reduced the infection rate of incision operation in hospital.
Kinetics and mechanism of uranium bioleaching from a low grade indian ore

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Uranium leaching mechanism by biogenic ferric ions from the enriched culture of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans from a low grade Indian uranium ore has been elucidated. Biodissolution of 98% uranium was obtained at 20% (w/v) pulp density, 1.7 pH and 35°C temperature using <76 µm particles in 40 days under the optimized conditions. Iron (III) generated through the bacterial oxidation of pyrite and chemical dissolution of magnetite present in the ore under acidic condition, has a bearing on the bioleaching of uranium. The kinetics of uranium dissolution by bacteria followed the chemical control model which was corroborated by XRD and SEM studies.
Experimental and numerical investigations of resonant acoustic waves in near-critical carbon dioxide

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Flow and transport induced by resonant acoustic waves in a near-critical fluid filled cylindrical enclosure is investigated both experimentally and numerically. Supercritical carbon dioxide (near the critical or the pseudo-critical states) in a confined resonator is subjected to acoustic field created by an electro-mechanical acoustic transducer and the induced pressure waves are measured by a fast response pressure field microphone. The frequency of the acoustic transducer is chosen such that the lowest acoustic mode propagates along the enclosure. For numerical simulations, a real-fluid computational fluid dynamics model representing the thermo-physical and transport properties of the supercritical fluid is considered. The simulated acoustic field in the resonator is compared with measurements. The formation of acoustic streaming structures in the highly compressible medium is revealed by time-averaging the numerical solutions over a given period. Due to diverging thermo-physical properties of supercritical fluid near the critical point, large scale oscillations are generated even for small sound field intensity. The strength of the acoustic wave field is found to be in direct relation with the thermodynamic state of the fluid. The effects of near-critical property variations and the operating pressure on the formation process of the streaming structures are also investigated. Irregular streaming patterns with significantly higher streaming velocities are observed for near-pseudo-critical states at operating pressures close to the critical pressure. However, these structures quickly re-orient to the typical Rayleigh streaming patterns with the increase operating pressure.
Facilitating teacher professional learning : analysing the impact of an Australian professional learning model in secondary science

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In education, innovations are frequently introduced to promote changes to the curriculum, teachers' practice, and the classroom environment, however, these initiatives are often implemented without sufficient evaluation to monitor their impact and effectiveness in bringing about the desired changes. This thesis analyses the impact of a teacher professional learning program on lower secondary science teachers' practice. It examines the relationship between teachers' concerns about the strategies incorporated in the Collaborative Australian Secondary Science Program (CASSP) and teachers' ability to understand the strategies, on their ability to utilise those strategies in the classroom. It also seeks to determine teachers' beliefs about their current science teaching practice and how this is different from their beliefs about ideal science teaching, and also, how these beliefs direct teachers’ classroom practice. Finally this study describes a number of primary and secondary factors found to impact on teachers' professional learning. 11tc CASSP model encapsulates the primary factors of curriculum exemplars (curriculum resources), explanation und modelling (professional development), and reflection (participative inquiry). The secondary factors include ensuring adequate time for change to occur, student support and participation, peer teacher support, support from lenders including-heads of department, support from the school administration and support from state education officers. This study has demonstrated that teachers’ professional learning is a complex process that is strongly influenced by teachers' beliefs, concerns and understandings, and is impacted by the primary and secondary factors identified by the research. Teachers must be able to envision the advantages of incorporating new strategies into their existing practice, and consequently seek to make these changes to their teaching. This study has shown that students are also an important influence the implementation of an innovation, without their support, teachers are unlikely to make successful changes to their teaching practice. lmplications of the research include the need to elaborate the CASSP professional learning model to include the secondary factors identified in the study, and the need to inform students about innovations so that they can see the benefits for them in terms of improved learning outcomes.
Seasonal variation in older adults’ driving trip distances

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

To date very few studies have examined the difference in driving patterns between winter and non-winter driving and those that have, have primarily used self-report. The purpose of this study was to determine if there were changes in trip distance between winter/non-winter and inclement/non-inclement driving in older adults using a sub-set of Candrive participants. Candrive is a longitudinal study examining the everyday driving patterns and habits of older drivers. Participants were recruited from seven different sites in Canada (Ottawa, Toronto, Montreal, Hamilton, Thunder Bay, Winnipeg, and Victoria). In total 279 participants (of which 248 were kept for analyses of City Only Trips) were included for analysis, almost 50% were female, with an average age at enrolment of 77.5 ± 5.2 years. A total of 377,464 trips were taken on 866 different days. It was found that there was a 7% decrease in trip distance during winter when controlling for day and site when examining all trips taken by older drivers. In addition, there was a 1% decrease in trip distance during winter and a 5% increase in trip distance during rain when compared to no precipitation when controlling for precipitation type (or winter respectively), day, and site, when only looking at trips in the city. There was a minimal (albeit significant) change in trip distance associated with both winter and inclement weather conditions, suggesting that older drivers may not be adjusting their driving patterns during these conditions as much as was previously thought based on the self-report literature.
The adverse effect of negative comments about weight and shape from family and siblings on women at high risk for eating disorders

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

OBJECTIVE:\nOur purpose with this work was to examine the relationship between negative comments about weight, shape, and eating and social adjustment, social support, self-esteem, and perceived childhood abuse and neglect.\nMETHODS:\nA retrospective study was conducted with 455 college women with high weight and shape concerns, who participated in an Internet-based eating disorder prevention program. Baseline assessments included: perceived family negative comments about weight, shape, and eating; social adjustment; social support; self-esteem; and childhood abuse and neglect. Participants identified 1 of 7 figures representing their maximum body size before age 18 and parental maximum body size.\nRESULTS:\nMore than 80% of the sample reported some parental or sibling negative comments about their weight and shape or eating. Parental and sibling negative comments were positively associated with maximum childhood body size, larger reported paternal body size, and minority status. On subscales of emotional abuse and neglect, most participants scored above the median, and nearly one third scored above the 90th percentile. In a multivariate analysis, greater parental negative comments were directly related to higher reported emotional abuse and neglect. Maximum body size was also related to emotional neglect. Parental negative comments were associated with lower reported social support by family and lower self-esteem.\nCONCLUSIONS:\nIn college women with high weight and shape concerns, retrospective reports of negative comments about weight, shape, and eating were associated with higher scores on subscales of emotional abuse and neglect. This study provides additional evidence that family criticism results in long-lasting, negative effects.
Preimplantation genetic screening should be used in all in vitro fertilisation cycles in women over the age of 35 years: AGAINST: Pre‐implantation genetic screening should not be used in all IVF cycles in women over the age of 35 years

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

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Entrainment of the Circadian Activity Rhythm to the Light-Dark Cycle Can Be Altered by a

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in hamsters maintained in either constant darkness or constant light can be phase-shifted by a single injection of the short-acting benzo-diazepine, triazolam. These results suggest that treatment with triazolam may also alter the entrainment pattern of circadian rhythms in animals that are synchronized to a light-dark (LD) cycle. To test this hypothesis, hamsters maintained on an LD 6:18 light cycle received daily injections of triazolam (or vehicle) for 10-12 days, and any subsequent effects on the phase relationship between the onset of activity and the LD cycle were determined. Daily injections of triazolam (but not vehicle) induced pronounced advances or delays in the phase relationship between the entrained activity rhythm and the LD cycle; the direction of the shift was dependent on the time of the injection. Taken together with data from previous studies, these results suggest that triazolam, and perhaps other short-acting benzodiazepines, can be used to manip-ulate the mammalian circadian clock under a variety of experimental conditions. A single injection of the short-acting benzodiazepine triazolam can induce dose-dependent phase shifts in the circadian rhythm of locomotor activity in hamsters maintained under conditions of constant darkness (DD) or constant light (LL) (Turek
China’s monetary policy: a hybrid rule in an open economy DSGE model with multiple equilibria

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Motivated by the institutional features of China's monetary policy, we construct an open economy DSGE model with a hybrid monetary policy rule that allows for multiple equilibria, aiming at identifying the most data-supported policy rule for China and exploring the source of China's business cycles. In theory, our study demonstrates that the hybrid monetary policy rule can influence the boundary between determinacy and indeterminacy. Using quarterly data for China from 1996Q2 to 2019Q4, we empirically estimate and compare 6 models. The results reveal that the DSGE model with indeterminacy, comprising the hybrid monetary policy rule with multiple equilibria displays the best empirical fit for the data.
Effect of Alternative Wheat and Feed Grain Prices on Optimum Farm Plans and Income in Central South Dakota: Buffalo, Hand and Hyde Counties

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this report is to present some results of a cooperative research project between the South Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and the Farm Production Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture. This research contributes to a larger project-GP-5, "Economic Problems in the Production and Marketing of Great Plains Wheat." The general objectives of the research undertaken in South Dakota were (1) To provide economic data needed by farmers to make profitable adjustments in their farming systems and production practices and (2) To develop a research background for evaluating Government farm programs under varying assumptions.
Dividing bads under additive utilities

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We compare the Egalitarian rule (aka Egalitarian Equivalent) and the Competitive rule (aka Comeptitive Equilibrium with Equal Incomes) to divide bads (chores). They are both welfarist: the competitive disutility profile(s) are the critical points of their Nash product on the set of efficient feasible profiles. The C rule is Envy Free, Maskin Monotonic, and has better incentives properties than the E rule. But, unlike the E rule, it can be wildly multivalued, admits no selection continuous in the utility and endowment parameters, and is harder to compute. Thus in the division of bads, unlike that of goods, no rule normatively dominates the other.
RARITY, FRAGMENTATION, AND THE SCALE DEPENDENCE OF EXTINCTION RISK IN DESERT FISHES

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Attributes of a species' spatial distribution, such as the number of occurrences and the spatial distribution of those occurrences, can affect extinction risk. Extinction risk, however, is scale dependent, and it is unclear how scale dependency affects linkages between species' distributions and extinction risk. Here, we evaluate the relationships between number of occurrences, distributional fragmentation, and extinction risk for a diverse assemblage of desert fishes across multiple spatial scales. We used the SONFISHES biodiversity database, which details occurrence patterns of 25 native fishes to contrast the species' historical distributions with their much-reduced modern distributions. Defining occurrences (and losses to extinction) at each of five scales (5, 25, 100, 500, and 2500 km of stream reach), we found that range fragmentation was a stronger predictor of extinction risk than the number of occurrences for all scales of analysis. Furthermore, we detected scale dependence in the strength of the predictive relationship between fragmentation and extinction, with loss of occurrences at intermediate scales (∼100 km of stream reach) being most closely tied to range fragmentation. Importantly, our results proved insensitive to our definition of the historical and modern periods. These findings highlight the value of multiscale analyses to investigations of extinction in species assemblages.