jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Use of Structured Techniques in Motivation Research

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

DURING the past several years individuals engaged in marketing research have borrowed heavily from the clinical psychologist's battery of projective-test and depth-interview techniques to measure consumer motives.1 But some researchers have raised serious objections to the use of these new techniques.2 They point out that these techniques were developed to obtain intensive information from a single individual over a long period of time and that it is difficult and perhaps impossible to get such data from typical consumers on the basis of doorstep interviews.
Quantifying Utricular Stimulation During Natural Behavior

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The use of natural stimuli in neurophysiological studies has led to significant insights into the encoding strategies used by sensory neurons. To investigate these encoding strategies in vestibular receptors and neurons, we have developed a method for calculating the stimuli delivered to a vestibular organ, the utricle, during natural (unrestrained) behaviors, using the turtle as our experimental preparation. High‐speed digital video sequences are used to calculate the dynamic gravito‐inertial ( GI ) vector acting on the head during behavior. X‐ray computed tomography ( CT ) scans are used to determine the orientation of the otoconial layer ( OL ) of the utricle within the head, and the calculated GI vectors are then rotated into the plane of the OL. Thus, the method allows us to quantify the spatio‐temporal structure of stimuli to the OL during natural behaviors. In the future, these waveforms can be used as stimuli in neurophysiological experiments to understand how natural signals are encoded by vestibular receptors and neurons. We provide one example of the method, which shows that turtle feeding behaviors can stimulate the utricle at frequencies higher than those typically used in vestibular studies. This method can be adapted to other species, to other vestibular end organs, and to other methods of quantifying head movements. J. Exp. Zool. 317A:467‐480, 2012 . © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of an H7 Highly Pathogenic and Related Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus on Chicken Egg Production, Viability, and Virus Contamination of Egg Contents and Surfaces

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Both highly pathogenic (HP) and low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza virus (AIV) can cause decreases or even cessation of egg production in chickens and turkeys. Production of abnormal eggs (deformed, thin-shelled, soft-shelled) can also be caused by AIV infection. Additionally, egg surfaces and contents may also be contaminated with virus. Because data quantifying these effects are lacking, white Plymouth Rock hens were inoculated with HP or LP AIV while in production. No decreases in egg production or abnormal eggs were observed with LPAIV-infected hens. No lesions or viral antigen staining in ovary and oviduct were observed in LPAIV-infected hens 3 days postchallenge. LPAIV RNA was detected on eggs collected from 12 hr to 11 days postinoculation (PI) and was on or in 6.4% (15/234) of the eggs. Titer equivalents of LPAIV ranged from 1.3-2.5 log10 50% egg infectious doses (EID50). No virus was detected in embryo tissue from eggs laid by LPAIV-infected hens. In contrast, egg production by HPAIV-inoculated hens decreased at 72 hr PI and 18.4% (16/87) of the eggs were abnormal. However, viability was similar to that of the sham inoculates. HPAIV RNA was detected in or on 11.1% (9/81) of the eggs from 36 hr through 96 hr PI, when the hens were euthanatized. HPAIV RNA was detected on 6.2% of eggshells, in 4.2% of albumin/yolk samples, and in 8.3% of embryo tissue. Forty percent of the abnormal eggs were positive for HPAIV RNA. Titer equivalents on or in HPAIV-contaminated eggs ranges from 1.0-4.0 log10 EID50. Lesions and viral antigen staining were present in the ovary and all sections of the oviduct of infected hens 3 days postchallenge. These data will inform models using production-based triggers for LPAIV monitoring and for risk assessments to determine the disposition of eggs from flocks infected with LPAIV or HPAIV.
Should anonymous’ comments in forum threads be totally disregarded?

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Often in a discussion thread, Anonymous or guests, which are users with no details, can be seen commenting on different topics. As just like talking to strangers, interaction with Anonymous often poses the question on their credibility. The reliability of their comments is often put into question whether they should be considered when doing research on the discussion or should they just be filtered out. The main goal of this project is on the investigation to find out whether the comments by Anonymous can be trusted and therefore safe to include for research. The investigation first started from scratch from the implementation of the extraction, then the cleansing of the thread, putting the data into graph and finally visualization of the network. The implementation required various programming techniques in order to perform various tasks at different portions of the project and various methods were tested for the efficiency to come up with the most efficient method.
Public School Development and Planning: Parents’ Criteria of Selecting Public School in Gombak District

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract School is a nucleus of the society. School development should be planned based on the sustainable concept. The purpose of this paper is to determining parents’ criteria in selecting the suitable public school to enrol their children. There are various factors underlying in determining the school selection which are location, distance, school facilities, school academic performance, extra-curricular and school environment which will be ranked based on the Relative Importance Index (RII) method. The findings showed that school academic performance is the most important criteria of parents in selecting school for enrolling children. Hopefully, the paper will benefit the local authority, parents as well as children in term of public school development in the community.
One or Three? Exploring the Scholarly Conflict over the Question of Triple riple Talāq (Divorce) in Islamic Law with Particular Emphasis on Oman

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article explores Talāq , which refers to the right of men in Islam to divorce their wives, with particular emphasis upon triple Talāq . This article seeks to answer the question of how triple Talāq at one time is applied in modern-day Muslim societies, in light of contemporary socio-economic conditions. The historical events surrounding the emergence of triple Talāq in Islam demonstrates the possibility of its renewal in Islamic law. This is significant because it demonstrates that, contrary to the teaching of many Muslim scholars including contemporary Ibadī scholars in Oman, change and renewal are not inimical to Islam but rather intrinsic to it. I argue here that the inflexibility of Ibadī scholars regarding triple Talāq at one time promotes gender inequality and discriminatory practices in Oman, especially towards women. This article begins by exploring the different methods of Talāq in Islamic law. It then focuses on triple Talāq at one time (in one event). The discussion of triple Talāq at one time aims to explore the interaction between legal, economic and social factors, on one hand, and how these factors have affected the law of triple Talāq during both pre-modern and contemporary Muslim societies. Subsequently, the article will examine how contemporary Muslim scholars react to the new social and economic factors associated with triple Talāq at one time.
Qualitative Evaluation of Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts of Coral Tree - Erythrina Senegalensis DC

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The inability of a majority of world population to afford the cost of modern healthcare is a serious problem that calls for careful research into health promoting components of plants and urgent need to tap from the potentials of their molecular diversities. This study aimed at investigating some properties of Erythrina senegalensis, a plant with several uses in traditional medicine. The n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of each of the leaves, stem bark and root bark of the plant were investigated for their phytochemical composition, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial potentials on some pathogens. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of some pharmacologically important molecules such as, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids and steroids in one or more parts of the plant that justify some of its ethno-medicinal applications. All the extracts of each plant part show considerable antioxidant activity, but, the root bark extracts showed highest activity having values ranging from 82.8 to 91.5% and 78.9 to 94.6% at the lowest (0.05 mg/ml) and optimum (0.5 mg/ml) concentrations respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed zones of inhibition ˂ 9 mm for extracts with activity while the stem bark extracts in its entirety showed no activity. Altogether, the plant has very narrow spectrum of activity.
The Impact of an Energy Efficiency Improvement Policy on the Economic Performance of Electricity-Intensive Firms in Ghana

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper investigates the economic impact of an energy efficiency improvement policy on electricity-intensive firms in Ghana. The policy imposed a penalty on these electricity-intensive firms, which are referred to as special load tariff (SLT) customers, when their power factor was below 90%. This paper applies the regression discontinuity design (RDD) to the panel data of these SLTs ranging from 1994 to 2012, excluding those years characterized by energy crisis. The results show adverse impacts of the policy on the employment and salary levels of the firms in the long run, in particular, the small- and medium–voltage firms. The results indicate that small- and medium–voltage firms are economically vulnerable to the penalty policy in the long run and recommend two policies to overcome this challenge. Firstly, the penalty for power factor improvement should not be imposed identically across firms with different voltage levels. Secondly, firms that satisfy the power factor standard should receive subsidies to improve their competitiveness in the market.
Mapping doctrinal methods

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The chapter first introduces the idea of the doctrinal method, and then goes on to map the four methods of doctrinal scholarship. The chapter's focus is upon public law, but the methods identified are equally applicable to any legal field. Ultimately, the chapter argues that the path forward for doctrinal scholars involves greater attention to the deeper normative commitments embedded in the historic system, and which explain public law doctrines and fields. Such mid-level explanatory theory is crucial to a complete understanding of doctrinal public law, and to coherent judicial decision-making and legal development.
Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase-2 firstly detected in Enterobacter aerogenes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE To investigate the distribution of β-lactamases in a strain of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter aerogenes(E.aerogenes). METHODS A strain of carbapenem-resistant E.aerogenes was collected,and activity of β-lactamases was detected by Modified Three-dimensional Test,and phenotype of carbapenemase was detected by modified Hodge test,then,40 kinds of β-lactamases(Class A,B,C,D) were analyzed by PCR. RESULTS Activity of ESBLs and carbapenemase was detected in this strain of E.aerogenes by modified three-dimensional test and modified Hodge test.And KPC-2(GenBank accession number: JF434018) and TEM-1 were detected.However,the rest kinds of genes couldn't be detected out. CONCLUSION Two kinds of β-lactamases might play a role in resistance to carbapenems in this strain of E.aerogenes.And it's the first report that KPC-2 has been detected in E.aerogenes.
V11-01 RETROPERITONEAL ROBOTIC PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

You have accessJournal of UrologySingle Port Surgery/LESS/NOTES/Robotics1 Apr 2014V11-01 RETROPERITONEAL ROBOTIC PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY: A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE Khurshid Ghani, Mani Menon, and Craig Rogers Khurshid GhaniKhurshid Ghani More articles by this author , Mani MenonMani Menon More articles by this author , and Craig RogersCraig Rogers More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.02.2005AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The retroperitoneal (RP) approach to robotic partial nephrectomy (RPN) is ideal for posterior tumors which would otherwise require complete mobilization if using a transperitoneal technique. Due to the smaller working space, the RP approach can be challenging. In this video we describe a step-by-step guide for successful implementation of retroperitoneal RPN. METHODS The patient is placed in the full flank position and the table fully flexed to increase the space between the 12th rib and iliac crest. To identify optimal port placement, the iliac crest, ribs and axillary lines are marked. Access to the RP space is created using a balloon dilating device (PDS System, Covidien, Mansfield, MA). Ports include a 12 mm camera port, two robotic ports and a 12 mm assistant port placed in the anterior axillary line cephalad to the anterior superior iliac spine and 7–8 cm caudal to the ipsilateral robotic port. RESULTS Positioning and port placement strategies for successful technique include: (1) Docking robot directly over the patient’s head parallel to the spine (2) Incision for camera port one finger breadths space above the iliac crest, lateral to the triangle of Petit. (3) Seldinger technique insertion of kidney shaped balloon dilator into RP space (4) Maximising distance between all ports (5) Ensuring the camera arm is placed in the outer part of the “sweet spot”. CONCLUSIONS Since refining our technique, the RP approach to RPN has become considerably easier. The RP approach permits direct access to the renal hilum, no need for bowel mobilization and excellent visualization for posteriorly located renal tumors. © 2014FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 191Issue 4SApril 2014Page: e950 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2014MetricsAuthor Information Khurshid Ghani More articles by this author Mani Menon More articles by this author Craig Rogers More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes for Robotic Assistance in a Sensor-Fused Smart Home Environment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work the Partially Observable Markov Decision Process (POMDP) method is formulated for the determination of robot actions whose role is to assist a Human Activity Recognition (HAR) system in a smart home environment. The HAR consists of various sensors (wearable, microphones, cameras, smart plugs, temperature and humidity sensors) whose outputs are optimally fused to enhance the classification accuracy. In cases where the result of the HAR is uncertain a robot assists in the classification by approaching the person, performing its own recognition and providing, from its sensors, additional optical and audio data to the HAR. The POMDP model takes into consideration the precision of the HAR and assigns higher probability to state transitions that are more likely to occur.
Orthogonal decomposition of the currents in a 3-phase nonlinear asymmetrical circuit with a nonsinusoidal voltage source

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The concept of orthogonal decomposition of the current in a nonlinear single-phase circuit, with a nonsinusoidal voltage source, into the active, the scattered, the reactive, and the generated component is extended in this paper to 3-phase asymmetrical circuits. It is shown that the source current in such a circuit can be decomposed into five orthogonal components which depend on distinctively different phenomena. Four of them have the same meaning as in the single-phase circuit, with only a change in their mathematical characterization. An additional orthogonal component appears in the source current due to the load asymmetry. © 1988 IEEE
The Impact of Mental Health Support on Academic Achievement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Mental health concerns are becoming more pressing in American culture. There is an increasing call for mental health issues to be prioritized in policy discussions involving need, strategy, and funding. Addressing the cultural stigma and various barriers surrounding treatment and support for mental health issues are concerns that have infiltrated our school system; these concerns have exerted increased pressure on educators to provide effective and efficient mental health support mechanisms. There is growing recognition and observation that improving students’ mental health will help to remove barriers or hinderances to learning and achievement. With the increased pressure schools already face regarding achievement mandates and evaluations, the implications stemming from mental health concerns in children extends easily into the education arena. As a result, schools present an unparalleled opportunity to not only provide access to mental health support, but to also provide the collaborative opportunities necessary for most effective frameworks. The purpose of the research in this study was to identify significantly and meaningfully how mental health support interventions impact and increase student learning. Appropriate inferential statistics further analyzed the subgroups of research participants in order to explain the effect of mental health supports on student learning growth.
ON THEIR OWN TERMS? GENDERED RHETORIC VERSUS BUSINESS BEHAVIOR IN SMALL FIRMS

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study challenges the assumption that male and female business leaders establish gender-stereotypic organizational characteristics in their firms. Data collected from 229 businesses in a major North American urban center indicate that an owner’s sex has no effect on the extent of a firm’s bureaucracy or the femininity of its employment relationship. These findings hold even in situations theoretically conducive to eliciting gender stereotypes. Rather than conforming primarily to the masculine model of organizing, it appears that both male and female owners manage their firms with a mix of masculine and feminine approaches. Subsequent analyses revealed, however, that business owners tend to talk as if they organize and manage their firms in different (and gender-stereotypic) ways, even though they don’t do so in practice. This finding may help explain the persistent belief that leader sex leaves an identifiable imprint on organizational characteristics.
Multifunctional, Low Friction, Antimicrobial Approach for Biomaterial Surface Enhancement

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) biomaterials perform a host of life-saving and life-enhancing roles when employed as medical devices within the body. High frictional forces between the device surface and interfacing tissue can, however, lead to a host of complications including tissue damage, inflammation, pain, and infection. We herein describe a versatile surface modification method using multifunctional hydrogel formulations to increase lubricity and prevent common device-related complications. In a clinically relevant model of the urinary tract, simulating the mechanical and biological environments encountered in vivo, coated candidate catheter surfaces demonstrated significantly lower frictional resistance than uncoated PVC, with reductions in coefficient of friction values of more than 300-fold due to hydration of the surface-localized polymer network. Furthermore, this significant lubrication capacity was retained following hydration periods of up to 28 days in artificial urine at pH 6 and pH 9, representing the pH of physiologically normal and infected urine, respectively, and during 200 repeated cycles of applied frictional force. Importantly, the modified surfaces also displayed excellent antibacterial activity, which could be facilely tuned to achieve reductions of 99.8% in adherence of common hospital-acquired pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis, relative to their uncoated counterparts through incorporation of chlorhexidine in the coating matrix as a model antiseptic. The remarkable, and pH-independent, tribological performance of these lubricious, antibacterial, and highly durable surfaces offers exciting promise for use of this PVC functionalization approach in facilitating smooth and atraumatic insertion and removal of a wide range of medical implants, ultimately maintaining user health and dignity.
Xenobiotic Bi3+ Coordination by Cysteine-Rich Metallothionein-3 Reveals a Cooperatively Formed Thiolate-Sharing Bi2S5 Cluster

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The field of designing artificial metalloproteins has yet to effectively tackle the incorporation of multimetal clusters, which is a key component of natural metalloproteins, such as metallothioneins (MTs) and calmodulin. MT is a physiological, essential, cysteine-rich metalloprotein that binds to a variety of metals but is only known to form metal-thiolate clusters with Cd2+, Zn2+, and Cu+. Bismuth is a xenobiotic metal and a component of metallodrugs used to treat gastric ulcers and cancer, as well as an emerging metal used in industrial practices. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, UV-visible spectroscopy, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy were used to probe the Bi3+ binding site structures in apo-MT3 (brain-located MT) at pH 7.4 and 2 and provide the complete set of binding affinities. We discovered the highly cooperative formation of a novel Bi3+ species, Bi2MT3, under physiological conditions, where each Bi3+ ion is coordinated by three cysteinyl thiolates, with one of the thiolates bridging between the two Bi3+ ions. This cluster structure was associated with a strong visible region absorption band, which was disrupted by the addition of Zn2+ and reversibly disrupted by acidification and increased temperature. This is the first reported presence of bridging cysteines for a xenobiotic metal in MT3 and the Bi2MT structure is the first Bi cluster found in a metalloprotein.
Ultrastructural Observation of Changes of Polysaccharide Grains in Dormant Shoots of Eucommia ulmoides

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies indicated that compound spherical bodies observed near the sieve plate in the sieve tube members during the period of cambial dormancy in the shoots of Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. were polysaccharide bodies different from the polysaccharide grains in other parenchyma cells in shoots, and were similar to cell walls in their staining properties. The compound spherical bodies occurred in the sieve elements during the period of cambial rest and disappeared in the sieve elements during the period of cambial quiescence and activity.