jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OVER MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND OUTCOMES IN DUODENAL ULCER PERFORATION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Duodenal perforation is a relatively uncommon yet potentially life-threatening condition, as evidenced by mortality rates ranging from 8% to 25% in published studies. Recent years have seen a decline in the incidence of peptic ulcer disease, a trend partly attributed to the widespread use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and effective eradication treatments for Helicobacter pylori1. Despite these advancements, delayed diagnosis remains a significant challenge in managing duodenal perforation, often leading to poorer patient outcomes and decreased survival rates. Methodology: It's a retrospective observational study was conducted between 2023 -2024[1 yr ] including 25 cases who underwent surgery for duodenal ulcer perforation which were diagnosed intra operatively in department of General Surgery, Al-Ameen Medical College, Vijayapura. The data provides a comprehensive overview of Results: patient demographics, surgical procedures, and outcomes, highlighting key trends and distributions in the study population and demonstrates that the current study aligns well with existing research. In a study involving 25 patients who underwent intraoperative examination revealing duodenal ulcer perforation, the age range spanned from 19 to 80 years, with the most prevalent age group being 40-49 years. The study population exhibited a male-to-female ratio of 3:1, comprising 16 males and 9 females. The management strategies for perforated gastro-duodenal ulcers Conclusion: vary from conservative approaches, first described by Taylor in 1946, to more aggressive surgical options such as gastrectomy. Typically, the majority of cases are effectively treated with simple suturing of the perforated intestinal wall. The preferred treatment in many instances involves either open surgical or laparoscopic closure2 of the perforated ulcer.
Apathy in Parkinson's Disease: A Behavioral Intervention Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Apathy, a symptom reflecting motivational and self-initiation impairment, is one of the most common neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD), with an average estimated prevalence of 40-45%. Elevated apathy has been associated with a host of negative associates and consequences, including cognitive impairment, poor daily functioning, poor treatment compliance and illness outcome, reduced quality of life, and increased caregiver burden and distress. While some studies have evaluated pharmacologic approaches to the treatment of apathy, few studies have evaluated non-pharmacologic approaches and we have identified no studies that have evaluated the efficacy of non-pharmacologic treatments of apathy in Parkinson's patients despite the need for such research. The purpose of the present study was to develop and gather pilot data on the acceptability, feasibility, and estimated efficacy of a primarily telephone-based, 6-week activity scheduling and monitoring intervention that incorporates an external cueing component to target disease-related self-generational deficits, on reducing levels of apathy in non-demented, highly apathetic PD patients. The project included three phases: (1) development of protocol materials, (2) determine ease of training paraprofessional interventionists, and (3) to assess feasibility, acceptability, and estimated effect of treatment in a one-arm uncontrolled trial. Patient apathy, depression, and quality of life significantly improved post-treatment and improvements in apathy and depression were maintained at one-month follow-up. While enrollment proved challenging, feasibility, acceptability, and efficacy data were strong and promising. Larger, randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the efficacy of the presented intervention.
Automatic Weak Learners Selection for Pattern Recognition and its application in Soccer Goal Recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose an automatic weak learners selection approach to perform advanced weak learners. In pattern recognition, the weak learners play a critical role in order to explain distinguishable features. Our approach relies on analyzing the weak learners by means of probability density functions (PDFs). Since the PDFs are appropriate statistical tools for computer vision applications that can explain objects very well, we propose to use them as the discriminant factor. In our work, we compute a new measurement for the common surface under the PDFs curves. According to our automated measure, we decide about the weak learners, whether they are eligible or not for recognition purposes? And also how much they are appropriate for distinguishing the target objects within the images. For evaluating our approach, we recognize the soccer goals in soccer videos by means of selected weak learners. The experimental results on real-world videos show the success of our approach and its superiority in comparison to the approaches that use all weak learners.
Modeling Neutron Star Matter in the Age of Multimessenger Astrophysics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The interpretation of the available and forthcoming data obtained from multimessenger astrophysical observations -- potentially providing unprecedented access to neutron star properties -- will require the development of novel, accurate theoretical models of dense matter. Of great importance, in this context, will be the capability to devise a description of thermal effects applicable to the study of quantities other than the equation of state, such as the transport coefficients and the neutrino mean free path in the nuclear medium. The formalism based on correlated basis states and the cluster expansion technique has been previously employed to derive a well-behaved effective interaction -- suitable for use in standard perturbation theory -- from a state-of-the-art nuclear Hamiltonian, including phenomenological two- and three-nucleon potentials. Here, we provide a comprehensive and self-contained account of the extension of this approach to the treatment of finite-temperature effects, and report the results of numerical calculations of a number of properties of nuclear matter with arbitrary neutron excess and temperature up to 50 MeV.
PWDGAN: Generating Adversarial Malicious URL Examples for Deceiving Black-Box Phishing Website Detector using GANs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, the Internet has witnessed a significant increase in phishing attacks. These attacks are not merely deceiving Internet users to get their sensitive information, but phishing attacks are developing more and more sophisticated, using many new techniques to try to bypass the traditional defense solution. With the help of machine learning and deep learning algorithms, there are researched solutions and software products to help improve the ability to detect phishing attacks. In this article, we build a model based on generative adversarial network (GAN) – a deep learning-based framework to conduct black-box attacks using Phishtank and Alexa datasets that try to evade and bypass ML-based phishing detectors. We apply PWDGAN to carry out the attacks against the ML-based black-box classifiers and then deceive successfully these detectors with the rate of detecting malicious samples value of approximately 0% after 500 training epochs. The results of the paper demonstrate the effectiveness of GAN adoption in creating new patterns that can evade and bypass phishing detectors. These newly generated patterns can serve as material for future research in phishing website detection and improve the ability to detect novel anomaly attacks.
Variations in pore water salinities above and below allochthonous salt sheets in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico: implications for mechanisms of solute transport

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Spatial variations in salinity of pore waters in marine sediments provide useful information on processes and rates of subseafloor fluid flow and solute transport, particularly if there are evaporites in the section. Pore water salinities were determined for 18 drill holes which penetrated allochthonous salt bodies in 12 widely-scattered protraction blocks on the Louisiana offshore continental shelf and slope. Salinities were calculated from Log ASCII Standard-Logging While Drilling (LAS-LWD) logs using the Revil et al. (1998) dual-conductivity technique. The sites represent a wide range of field settings. Water depths range from 30 to 1990 m, depths to the top of salt from the seafloor range from 440 to 5200 m, and salt thicknesses range from 70 to 2000 m. Sediment ages above and below salt and approximate sedimentation rates were determined from Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) paleontological data and range from Miocene to Recent. Sites in eight blocks have concave downward salinity profiles above salt, consistent with transient molecular diffusive transport with possible compaction-driven flow. The salinity profiles were modeled using two scenarios: 1) salt was emplaced at its present depth, and molecular diffusion upward from the top of salt has been the sole solute transport mechanism; 2) salt was emplaced near the seafloor, and there has been progressive burial of salt with compaction-driven advective flow upward since. The time required by molecular diffusion alone tends to exceed the age of the sediments. A better fit in space and time is obtained on the assumption that sediment compaction is also a driving force. Salinities in two blocks increase upward, possibly reflecting lateral flow of brines from shallower salt. Salinities in the two remaining blocks are elevated but constant for distances of 500 to 1000 m above salt and may reflect ponding of brines derived from shallower salt. At sites where there is subsalt information, the salinity profiles are generally convex upward, reflecting probable diffusional transport downward. The results are consistent with an earlier LSU study which concluded that dominant mechanisms of vertical solute transport in deepwater Gulf of Mexico sediments include diffusion and compaction-driven advection.
Processes of forest products and production costs in Guilan forests, Iran

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This research was conducted in the west forest of Guilan, northern Iran. Data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. Results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. Production cost has been investigated in this research. The results showed that, the main cost is the opportunity cost. Due to the disability of competition between the domestic wood price with the imported wood price, domestic wood industries will face serious investment difficulty in the future.
EFFECTS OF MAVACAMTEN ON HYPERTROPHIC OBSTRUCTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY: NOT JUST A RESOLUTION OF OBSTRUCTION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Case Report A 46–year–old male with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) due to a MYH7 mutation was diagnosed at age 30 through familial screening. Despite treatment with bisoprolol and disopyramide at maximum tolerated doses, the patient experienced persistent dyspnea with mild exertion. Investigations revealed characteristic ECG findings: pseudonecrosis Q waves in V1–V2, ST–segment elevation in the same leads, fragmented QRS complexes, and signs of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and overload (Figure 1 lower part). An echocardiogram in April 2024 showed normal ejection fraction, a septal maximum wall thickness (MWT) of 19 mm, LV outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction (gradient of 35 mmHg, increasing to 52 mmHg with Valsalva), elevated filling pressures (E/e′ = 13), and left atrial (LA) enlargement (LAVi = 50 ml/m²) (Figure 2 lower part). CPET and stress echocardiography confirmed an increased LVOT gradient (75 mmHg), worsening diastolic function, reduced exercise capacity (VO2 = 15.1 ml/min/kg, 67% predicted), and reduced ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2s = 32.3) (Figure 3 left part). In April 2024, the patient initiated therapy with Mavacamten (cardiac myosin inhibitor), up to 10 mg/day, and discontinued disopyramide within a month. Subjective improvement was reported within 20 days, including resolution of dyspnea. Follow–up evaluations demonstrated progressive normalization of ECG findings within two months, including reduced QRS fragmentation and near–complete resolution of repolarization abnormalities (Figure 1 upper part). After 30 weeks of Mavacamten therapy, echocardiography revealed reduced septal wall thickness (MWT = 15 mm), resolution of LVOT obstruction, improved diastolic function (E/e′ = 9), and decreased LA volume (LAVi = 37 ml/m²) (Figure 2 upper part). CPET showed no LVOT gradient, improved exercise capacity (VO2 = 21 ml/min/kg, 91% predicted), and enhanced ventilatory efficiency (VE/VCO2s = 27.5) (Figure 3 right part). Discussion This case illustrates the efficacy of Mavacamten in treating HOCM, demonstrating its impact on both structural remodeling (e.g., reduced wall thickness and atrial size) and functional improvement (e.g., resolution of obstruction, enhanced exercise capacity). Mavacamten’s therapeutic potential extends to delaying or avoiding surgical interventions, including myectomy, by addressing underlying pathophysiology. Conclusion Mavacamten is a promising treatment for HOCM, offering substantial benefits in structural, functional, and symptomatic domains, as demonstrated by this patient’s remarkable clinical and echocardiographic recovery.Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
Antiviral immune responses of fully allogeneic irradiation bone marrow mouse chimeras

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract In (B10.BR----B10) chimeras infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus higher titers were attained in spleens and livers than in organs of the mice used for their construction, and the subsequent elimination was retarded, but eventually the virus was cleared. The numbers of LCM virus-specific CTL and their precursors as quantitated with chromium-release assay and limiting dilution method, respectively, were lower in chimeras than in B10.BR or C57BL/10J mice, and fewer were restricted for the haplotypes of the donors than of the recipients. The same was true with regard to antiviral effector cells, which were determined by adoptive immunization. The numbers of spleen cells releasing IgM and IgG antiviral antibodies were virtually as high in chimeras as they were in C57BL/10J and B10.BR mice. Transfer of immune splenocytes from either B10.BR or C57BL/10J mice resulted in incomplete virus elimination from the spleens of infected chimeras, whereas injection of a mixture of the two types of immune cells led to efficient clearance. We conclude that in the chimeras cells of both donor and recipient haplotypes participate in the infection, which is terminated by H-2k- and H-2b-restricted T lymphocytes that these animals are capable of generating. We conclude, furthermore, that clearance of the LCM virus from the tissues requires contact between effector and target cells.
The Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Epidemiology of Hip Fractures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: This study aimed to compare the epidemiology of hip fractures in an elderly population in 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic and the same 6-month period in the previous year to be able to reveal how the decrease in community activity beyond normal seasonal habits because of the pandemic had affected the incidence of fractures in the elderly patient population.Methods: A comparison was made of the data of patients who presented at our hospital with a hip fracture between 1 April 2020 and 30 September 2020, and those who presented in the same 6-month period in 2019 before the pandemic. Comparisons were made in respect of epidemiology, treatments applied, complication rates and mortality. The demographic data of the patients were examined, and those presenting during the pandemic were evaluated in respect of the presence of COVID-19 infection. Results: A total of 78 patients were treated in the defined study period in 2020 and 71 in the equivalent period in 2019 before the pandemic. No statistically significant change was found in the number of hip fractures in 2020 (p&gt;0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between the demographic data of the patients, the ASA scores, the treatment methods, or the mortality rates in the two periods (p&gt;0.05 for all).Conclusion: The most significant finding of this study was that there was no decrease in the number of patients with hip fracture during the pandemic in 2020, compared to the equivalent period in 2019. The increase in pulmonary complications during the pandemic period demonstrates the need for special care conditions in elderly patients with hip fractures, which are still seen at a high rate despite the pandemic
Replication Timing Control Can Be Maintained in Extrachromosomally Amplified Genes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Extrachromosomal elements are common early intermediates of gene amplification in vivo and in cell culture. The time at which several extrachromosomal elements replicate was compared with that of the corresponding amplified or unamplified chromosomal sequences. The replication timing analysis employed a retroactive synchrony method in which fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to obtain cells at different stages of the cell cycle. Extrachromosomally amplified Syrian hamster CAD genes (CAD is an acronym for the single gene which encodes the trifunctional protein which catalyzes the first three steps of uridine biosynthesis) replicated in a narrow window of early S-phase which was approximately the same as that of chromosomally amplified CAD genes. Similarly, extrachromosomally amplified mouse adenosine deaminase genes replicated at a discrete time in early S-phase which approximated the replication time of the unamplified adenosine deaminase gene. In contrast, the multicopy extrachromosomal Epstein-Barr virus genome replicated within a narrow window in late S-phase in latently infected human Rajii cells. The data indicate that localization within a chromosome is not required for the maintenance of replication timing control.
LLMs for Knowledge Modeling: NLP Approach to Constructing User Knowledge Models for Personalized Education

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study proposes a method for developing a user knowledge model based on their past learning experiences. The focus is on analyzing academic data, particularly lesson records, to extract information about educational concepts. The ultimate goal is to construct a comprehensive profile that reflects the user's accumulated knowledge throughout their learning journey. Two distinct methods are introduced for concept extraction: a gazetteer-based Named Entity Recognition approach and prompt engineering using ChatGPT. The effectiveness of these methods is assessed through a case study involving a graduate student at the University of Pisa. These knowledge profiles hold significant relevance in today's educational landscape. With the prevalence of lifelong learning, individuals from diverse academic backgrounds participate in professional development courses. This diversity in past learning experiences can pose a challenge for instructors and course designers who must adapt lessons to be understandable and engaging for an audience with heterogeneous knowledge bases. The analysis of academic data offers a systematic approach to modeling each individual's acquired knowledge. This, in turn, facilitates the personalization of learning content and pathways based on students' unique learning experiences. The outcome is an inclusive learning environment that caters to the specific needs of each participant, thereby promoting compelling and stimulating learning experiences.
Estimation of In-Plane Strain for Laser Forming

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To form curved surface, in-plane strain is induced into a plate by line heating, press working or laser heating in shipbuilding or sheet metal working. Laser forming could be a potential useful method by which press working could be replaced. It is thought to be useful to know distribution of in-plane strain added into the thin plate during forming curved surface, so that workers can show a place and amount of additional in-plane strain in their next step. The process to measure in-plane strain in an actual curved surface seems still not to be reported. In this report, in-plane strain distributions existing in bowl shape thin plate made by laser heating is investigated with geodesic lines drawn numerically on the surface. The in-plane strain is calculated from distance change of two geodesic lines. This in-plane strain distribution agrees with a strain distribution measured from shrinkage of the plate when the plate length is long. When plate length is short, these strains do not agree with each other. In this case, existence of some elongations cancelling effective in-plane strains appears as width change of the plate. As a result, in-plane strain measured by geodesic lines is useful to indicate performance of curved surface forming process.
[The combination acetominophen/tramadol in hematological daily practice].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The combination acetominophen/tramadol implies the use of two molecules which are different in the pharmacological structure but share a biological similarity in kinetics. Their respective actions are directed to different components of the nociceptive afference. Hematological clinical practice daily challenges diseases in with pain may be a very important symptom, ranging from acute leukemia to the common effects of certain chemotherapy regimens. Multiple myeloma gives one of the best example of a disease in which pain can be inflammatory (the compression of a nerve root) or neuropathic (demyelinating process) in origin. The use of acetaminophen/tramadol combination in the common ward or outward activity with myeloma patients indicates how it is possible to reach a good control of chronic pain with a minimum overlapping of the toxicities related to the primary disease as well as to the specific treatment. Furthermore, acetaminophen/tramadol combination is extremely useful also in those clinical situations in which a short term pain control is needed, particularly for the optimal safety profile.
Conductance Behaviour of some associated Hydrochlorides of Medicinal Interest in Aqueous Solution at 298 K

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Kalyani-741 235 Manuscript received 12 April 1989, revised 19 September 1989, accepted 6 February 1990 The conductance studies of hydrochlorides of well-known druge (like pseudoephedrine, isoxsuprine, metoclopramide, pentazocine, propranalol, dicyclomine and ᴅʟ-phenylpropanolamine) in aqueous solutions have been made. The analysis of the results using Shedlovsky's equation indicates that the compounds are associated in aqueous solutions. Improved values of the association constants Kᴀ and Ʌo have been determined using Fuoss equation. The Ʌo values of the cations compare very well with those fortetraalkylammonium ions and it is expected that they undergo hydrophobicinteractions in aqueous solutions.