jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Religious expansion in Islam, Catholicism, and Buddhism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay gives an overview of history of religious expansion in our period, before turning to an investigation of the relevant scholarship. Elaborating on the excellent study of expansion models in Jason Neelis' monograph on the ancient transmission of Buddhism, we will look at some common historiographical issues, mostly in Anglophone scholarship, before examining a variety of ways historians have explained religious transmission. By taking this broad panoramic approach, we hope this will prove useful to historians of each of these transmissions, as well as to new students of the expansion of religion.
The Fate of Obsessions in Depressive Psychosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Obsessions may appear for the first time during the course of a depression without having been present before the onset of the depression. Such cases (hereinafter called “Gainers”) have been noted by Esquirol (1827), Prichard (1835), Marc (1840), Schüle (1886), Gordon (1925), Saunders (1932), Lewis (1934), Woolley (1937), Muncie and White (1937), Lion (1942), Stengel (1948), Terhune (1949), Sargant and Slater (1950), Pollitt (1956), Reda and Paretti (1958), and Skoog (1959). The frequency of this phenomenon, however, remains uncertain. Heilbronner (1912) described 22 cases of melancholia with obsessions of whom 18 were “Gainers”. Vurpas and Corman (1933) described 27 cases of depression with obsessions (two organically based) of whom 24 were “Gainers”.
LHD Langmuir #41893.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Langmuir probes on divertor plates to investigate divertor plasma parameters and fluctuation characteristics of ion flux near the divertor plates. Total 400 Langmuir probes embedded on 20 divertor plates on each of which 20 electrodes are aligned every 6 mm. Sweeping and sampling frequency is normally 250 kHz.
Photosensing Resolution of Wireless Communication Chip in Inhomogeneous RF-Magnetic Field

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We have developed a wireless biosensing system for bioluminescence measurements that includes a sensor chip with a volume of 2.5 ×2.5 ×0.5 mm3 and a read/write (R/W) coil. This sensor chip monolithically integrates a photosensor for detecting bioluminescence, a control circuit, and a coil for communication. In order to operate the sensor chip in a sample solution, we employed an RF magnetic field for the transmission of data and electric power between the chip and the R/W unit. The magnitude of the field around the chip changes significantly with the positional relationship between the sensor chip and the R/W coil. Therefore, evaluating the stability of the sensor chip operation, especially the resolution of signal processing, is important. In our system, a resolution of ±30 µV was achieved in an inhomogeneous field ranging from 160 to 379 A/m. We also quantified the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by measuring bioluminescence to demonstrate the stability of the sensing operation. Although the RF magnetic field fluctuated in the reaction cell where the sensor chip was located, an almost linear relationship between the ATP amount and the sensor response was obtained.
Removal of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) in packed microcolumns with carbon xerogel modified with TiO2 nanoparticles

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The adsorption capacity of acetylsalicylic acid was evaluated using carbon xerogel (CX) and carbon xerogel modified with TiO2 nanoparticles (CXM). These materials were characterized by different techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. BET surface area measurements found values of 762 m2/g and 214 m2/g for CX and CXM, respectively. Batch experiments show that the Langmuir-Freundlich model best represents the experimental adsorption isotherm, in addition to show a maximum adsorption capacity of 17,48 mg/g. In continuous experiments, the effect of the inlet concentration and flow rate on the adsorption capacity of the micro-packed bed adsorber were evaluated. Breakthrough curves agree well with the axial dispersion model. In view of their adsorption capacity, carbon xerogels provide a potential material for the removal of emergent contaminants from the pharmaceutical industry. Besides, the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles allows the implementation of complementary techniques, e.g. photodegradation, as an alternative to achieve higher elimination of aqueous contaminants.
Emotions in later life: the role of perceived control and subjective health

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Perceived control (PC), the degree to which individuals believe they have direct influence over events in their life, is often found to be associated with emotional well-being. Moreover, for over three decades, research has demonstrated that PC fosters health in advanced age. The mediational role of health in the PC and emotion relationship was investigated. Community-dwelling older adults (n = 232) were examined via secondary data analysis from the Aging in Manitoba (AIM) project and the Successful Aging Study (SAS). Separate mediational models were assessed for two different health mediators, self-rated health and health-related restrictions, and for positive and negative emotions. PC was found to benefit both physical and emotional well-being. The evidence of mediation was most compelling in the prediction of negative emotions and health-related restrictions. Findings have implications for treatment interventions in hopes to foster PC which in turn, should promote health and enhance later life emotional well-being.
An update on the CD59 blood group system

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract This update of the CD59 blood group system (Weinstock C, Anliker M, von Zabern I. CD59: a long-known complement inhibitor has advanced to a blood group system. Immunohematology 2015;31:145–51) increases the number of reported patients with CD59 deficiency from 10 to 14. All of these 14 patients suffered from severe illness. Recently, a new variant allele was found in heterozygosity. Flow cytometry data suggest that this variant was expressed on the red blood cells of the propositus. Although additional alleles have been found, the CD59 system (International Society of Blood Transfusion system 35) continues to have one antigen.
Spatial variations in the character of off-the-books entrepreneurship: lessons from a study of contrasting districts in Moscow

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although there is growing recognition that many entrepreneurs start up trading partially or wholly off-the-books, few have evaluated whether the character of this hidden enterprise culture varies spatially. To begin to do so, this paper evaluates whether and how the nature of off-the-books entrepreneurship differs across an affluent, a mixed and a deprived district of Moscow. Drawing upon 313 face-to-face interviews, the finding is that wholly legitimate enterprises represent just the tip of the iceberg in Moscow. Beneath the surface in all the districts is a large hidden enterprise culture. However, off-the-books entrepreneurship in the affluent district is composed more of registered businesses trading partially off-the-books and conducted as a voluntarily chosen spin-off from their formal employment. In the deprived district, meanwhile, it is composed more of unregistered wholly off-the-books businesses and such entrepreneurship is largely a survival tactic and last resort. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications of these findings.
Options for Trade Liberalization in the Uruguay Round Negotiations

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

As the world proceeds with the eighth GATT (Uruguay) round of multilateral trade negotiations, it is important to consider the potential economic effects of different negotiation options that are available to the United States and other major trading countries. In this paper, we report on a series of computational experiments involving alternative scenarios for trade liberalization, using the Michigan Model of World Production and Trade. The Michigan Model is well suited for this kind of analysis since it is a multi-country, multi-sectoral computational model covering the eighteen major developed and sixteen major developing countries and allowing for a variety of complex general equilibrium interactions, both globally and within individual countries.
A Tenebrionid Beetle, Eleodes grandicollis valida,11 with Supernumerary Legs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A female Eleodes grandicollis valida Boheman with 2 complete right mesothoracic legs and a right mesothoracic leg bud was collected from a pitfall trap 24 Sept., 1968, at Lower Covington Flat in Joshua Tree National Monument, Riverside County, Calif.
The true atrial fibrillation burden after the Cox-Maze-III Cryo procedure in high risk patients with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation - first report of event recorder documented continuous heart rhythm follow-up

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims: Atrial fibrillation therapy in patients with concomitant structural heart disease and a long history of atrial fibrillation remains challenging with respect to postoperative morbidity and ablation success. Thus far, rhythm documentation has only been performed by intermittent snapshot strategies. This is the first report of continuous heart rhythm documentation after concomitant and stand alone classical biatrial ablation (full Cox-Maze-III-Cryo lesion set) AF surgical therapy, with a new wireless implantable loop recorder or pacemaker device.
Cesarean Section Surgery and Postpartum Pain Management Practices of Anesthesiologists; Procedure-Specific Pain Management (PROSPECT) Awareness Questionnaire Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: Procedure-specific pain management (PROSPECT) provides clinicians with evidence-based recommendations for postoperative pain management. It was aimed to evaluate the preferences of Anesthesiology and Reanimation physicians for postpartum analgesia management. Methods: A questionnaire consisting of 19 questions was prepared, including demographic data, cesarean surgery and postpartum analgesia practices, and whether PROSPECT recommendations were followed. This questionnaire was sent to participants via e-mail. Results: The study included 247 participants. Thirtysix percent of participants reported following PROSPECT recommendations and 55.1% of participants reported prefering opioids routinely or in combination with other techniques for cesarean surgery and postpartum analgesia. Eightyfive percent of the participants think that inadequate postpartum analgesic treatment was performed. Conclusion: Inadequate postpartum analgesia appears to be a common problem. The potential of maternofetal interaction is reported to be the most important reason for this situation. We think that training on postoperative pain management following cesarean surgery will make a significant contribution to eliminating concerns about maternal-fetal interaction. Keywords: Cesarean section, postpartum analgesia, prospect, anesthesiology and reanimation, questionnaire study
Synthesis,theoretical studies of 3,5-two iodine salicylaldehyde shrinkage ethylene diamine schiff base complexes and experimental research on ct-DNA

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Two kinds of 3,5-two iodine salicylaldehyde shrinkage ethylene diamine schiff base transition metal compounds were synthesized.They were characterized by elemental analysis,infrared spectrum and molar conductance value analysis,the composition of the complexes was proved to be M2L2(M=Co(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ)).The geometric configuration,charge distribution,the frontier molecular orbital and stability of complexes were studied through the B3LYP method based on Density Functional Theory(DFT),which were performed by Gaussian09 quantum chemistry package.We have analyzed and compared the strength of the reactivity of cobalt,nickel complexes from theoretical calculations point.And the interaction between complexes and ct-DNA was investigated through UV-Vis spectroscopy,fluorescence emission spectrometry and viscosity.Both theoretical analysis and experimental results indicated that the reactivity of Co(Ⅱ) complexes were stronger than Ni(Ⅱ) complexes,thus the experimental research coincided with the theoretical calculation results.
Data report: strontium isotope analyses of pore fluids from the CRISP-A transect drilled during Expeditions 334 and 344

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We report on the Sr isotopic composition of pore fluids recovered during Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Costa Rica Seismogenesis Project Expeditions 334 and 344.Pore fluid samples were acidified and loaded directly onto columns containing EICHROM Sr-Spec resin, followed by analyses using a NU multicollector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer at the Keck Collaboratory, Oregon State University.Sites drilled on the upper plate exhibited a decrease in the 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio to values as low as 0.70762 in the upper 200-300 m of the sediment column, suggesting the role of ash alteration.The unconformity between the slope sediment sequence and underlying framework rock, sampled at Sites U1378-U1380, is characterized by intense fracturing.The fluids sampled within the unconformity at these sites have 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratios ranging from 0.70834 to 0.70844.Fluids sampled from the incoming plate sediment show evidence of ash alteration and carbonate diagenesis, but the deepest sediment here may also be modified by diffusion of fluids from the underlying oceanic crust.Intense carbonate recrystallization in the lower 66 m of Site U1414 results in Sr concentrations that are almost an order of magnitude higher than those measured at the base of Site U1381.The deepest pore fluid sample measured at both Sites U1381 and U1414 has a 87 Sr/ 86 Sr ratio of 0.7086.The strontium systematics in this margin, used in the context of other ongoing studies, may be used to unravel processes at this margin, such as carbonate diagenesis, ash alteration, fluid migration, and diffusive exchange with the underlying oceanic crust.
ON STRONG SUMMABILITY OF THE FOURIER SERIES VIA DEFERRED REISZ MEAN

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The strong summability technique has attracted a remarkably large number of researchers for better convergence analysis of infinite series as well as Fourier series in the study of summability theory. The of strong summability method was introduced by Fekete (Math. Es Termesz Ertesit¨o, 34 (1916), 759–786). In this ´ paper, we introduce the notions of strong deferred Ces`aro, deferred N¨orlund, and deferred Riesz summability methods. We then consider our proposed strong deferred Riesz summability mean to establish and prove a new theorem for the summability of the Fourier series of an arbitrary periodic function. Moreover, for the effectiveness of our study, we present some concluding remarks demonstrating that some earlier published results are recovered from our main non-trivial Theorem.
The Impact of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Infrastructure, Health and Education: A Review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper summarizes what is known about the impact of public-private partnerships (PPPs) in the three sectors where they have been used intensively: infrastructure (energy, transport, water and sanitation, and telecommunications), education, and health. It lays out the main elements of economic theory relevant to analyzing the trade-off between PPPs and the public provision of complex projects. It places PPPs within a historical perspective. It reviews empirical evaluations of the effectiveness of PPPs and, whenever possible, the implications for social outcomes. Finally, it draws conclusions on cross-cutting issues that influence the efficiency of PPPs, from contract design and regulation to renegotiations and institutional issues. The paper straightens out and qualifies the record of existing evidence and signals some of the main areas and topics for future fruitful research.
FOUR–DIMENSIONAL BRUSSELATOR MODEL WITH PERIODICAL SOLUTION

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the paper, a four-dimensional model of cyclic reactions of the type Prigogine's Brusselator is considered. It is shown that the corresponding dynamical system does not have a closed trajectory in the positive orthant that will make it inadequate with the main property of chemical reactions of Brusselator type. Therefore, a new modified Brusselator model is proposed in the form of a four-dimensional dynamic system. Also, the existence of a closed trajectory is proved by the DN-tracking method for a certain value of the parameter which expresses the rate of addition one of the reagents to the reaction from an external source.
Predicting Optimal Accommodative Performance from Measures of the Dark Focus of Accommodation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Leibowitz and his colleagues found that accommodation rests at an intermediate distance that shows wide interindividual variation. They proposed that this intermediate dark focus is useful for correcting anomalous refractive errors, but this proposal was later questioned when different measurement techniques yielded discrepant dark focus values. The present study measured dark focus under two levels of visual attentiveness: (a) when performing an open-loop, active viewing task (aDF); and (b) when looking passively into darkness (pDF). These dark focus measures were then compared with an optimal accommodation distance that was derived from accommodative response functions in bright and dim luminance. The aDF measures were found to be more myopic (nearer) than the pDF measures and highly correlated with the optical accommodation distance. No significant relationship was found between pDF and optical accommodation distance. These findings confirm that measures of dark focus are affected by nonoptical aspects of the measurement technique; they also suggest that techniques that demand visual attention (aDF) yield dark focus values that are more useful for optimizing accommodation and potentially reducing fatigue in difficult situations.
Diltiazem Inhibits the Spontaneous Platelet Aggregation in Essential Hypertension

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Plasma beta-thromboglobulin, initial (spontaneous) and total platelet aggregation, induced by adrenaline or ADP, were determined in 15 patients with essential hypertension before and after 1 week of diltiazem therapy. Diltiazem significantly decreased the spontaneous platelet aggregation in a therapeutic dose of 3 x 60 mg/day. This antiaggregatory effect is the further advantage of the antihypertensive therapy with diltiazem that may be of importance for the inhibition of atherosclerotic and thrombotic complications in essential hypertension.
A New Optical Technique to Study Aerosol Phase Transitions:  The Nucleation of Ice from H2SO4 Aerosols

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new optical microscope technique has been developed to investigate phase transitions in micrometer-sized droplets. This technique has been used to study the nucleation of ice from aqueous H2SO4 aerosols 0−35 wt % in composition in the temperature range from 273 to 170 K. The aerosols were produced with a nebulizer and were deposited on a quartz plate, which was coated with a hydrophobic silane monolayer to minimize the effects of heterogeneous nucleation. More than 1200 aerosol particles were monitored individually with the optical microscope, and their freezing temperatures and melting points were recorded. The observed freezing temperatures are lower than the ones from comparable aerosol studies reported in the literature, the differences in the freezing temperature being up to 30 K, especially for the more concentrated aerosols. No freezing was observed above 170 K for compositions greater than 27 wt %. A thermodynamic model has been used to apply the new freezing temperature data to the formation of clouds in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The results indicate that the homogeneous nucleation of ice particles in cirrus clouds requires saturation ratios with respect to ice ranging from about 1.5 at 230 K to 1.6 at 205 K. In addition, the formation of type II polar stratospheric clouds under volcanically perturbed conditions where H2SO4 is the main aqueous aerosol component at low temperatures is predicted to occur about 3 K below the ice frost point.
A Comparative Study of Pioneer Entry Decisions in the United States and China

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

According to the resource‐based view of the firm, competitive advantages arise from control and deployment of productive resources that are rare and difficult to imitate. Through early entry, pioneers can gain preferential access to key resources. However, the value of that access depends on the presence of isolating mechanisms that limit or prevent competitive imitation. Isolating mechanisms increase the desirability of early entry by lengthening the time horizon over which the firm can earn Ricardian rents on those resources. To explore these implications of the resource‐based view, this study examines the impact of isolating mechanisms on pioneer advantages by analyzing the market entry timing decisions of 209 U . S . and 302 C hinese entrepreneurs. We hypothesize that the stronger intellectual property and legal protections available in the U nited S tates are an isolating mechanism that should increase the perceived importance of differentiation and cost advantages in the U nited S tates relative to C hina. Consistent with this argument, we find evidence that the relationships between the number of successful first‐mover decisions and (1) perceived pioneer differentiation advantages and (2) perceived cost advantages are relatively stronger in the U nited S tates than in C hina. We also argue that the importance of personal relationships in C hina constitutes an isolating mechanism that should increase the perceived importance of preemptive pioneer advantages in C hina relative to the U nited S tates. Consistent with this reasoning, we find that the coefficient linking perceptions of pioneer preemptive advantages with the number of successful first‐mover decisions is significant in the C hinese sample and not in the U . S . sample, but the difference between these coefficients is not significant. These results provide support for the argument that the availability of strong IP and legal protection encourages early entry decisions by entrepreneurs because these protections enhance the pioneer's ability to build a differentiated position in the minds of target customers and secure a cost advantage over later entrants. The results also support the argument that strong personal connections and the practice of reciprocity play a key role in the success of Chinese entrepreneurs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Stereochemistry of New 2‐Substituted 4‐ Thiazolidineacetic Acids.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Cultural Background and Coping With Loneliness

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The present study is an examination of the influence of cultural background on an individual's ability to cope with loneliness. Participants were from 3 cultural backgrounds: North American, South Asian, and West Indian. A total of 679 participants (318 men and 361 women) answered an 18-item loneliness questionnaire. Results revealed significant differences in the coping strategies that the participants used. Gender differences were also found across the cultures and within each culture.