jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
ACUTE EFFECTS OF STATIC STRETCHING ON MAXIMAL ECCENTRIC TORQUE PRODUCTION IN WOMEN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of static stretching on peak torque (PT) and the joint angle at PT during maximal, voluntary, eccentric isokinetic muscle actions of the leg extensors at 60 and 1808·s−1 for the stretched and unstretched limbs in women. Thirteen women (mean age ± SD = 20.8 ± 0.8 yr; weight ± SD = 63.3 ± 9.5 kg; height ± SD = 165.9 ± 7.9 cm) volunteered to perform separate maximal, voluntary, eccentric isokinetic muscle actions of the leg extensors with the dominant and nondominant limbs on a Cybex 6000 dynamometer at 60 and 1808·s−1. PT (Nm) and the joint angle at PT (8) were recorded by the dynamometer software. Following the initial isokinetic assessments, the dominant leg extensors were stretched (mean stretching time ± SD = 21.2 ± 2.0 minutes) using 1 unassisted and 3 assisted static stretching exercises. After the stretching (4.3 ± 1.4 minutes), the isokinetic assessments were repeated. The statistical analyses indicated no changes (p > 0.05) from pre- to poststretching for PT or the joint angle at PT. These results indicated that static stretching did not affect PT or the joint angle at PT of the leg extensors during maximal, voluntary, eccentric isokinetic muscle actions at 60 and 1808·s−1 in the stretched or unstretched limbs in women. In conjunction with previous studies, these findings suggested that static stretching may affect torque production during concentric, but not eccentric, muscle actions.
Design and synthesis of ordered periodical mesoporous organosilicas for various applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Periodical Mesoporous Organosilicas (PMOs) is a new class of solid mesoporous materials that have various applications in many fields such as gas storage, catalysis and sequestration of pollutants etc. Design and synthesize new PMOs for different applications--gas storage and catalysis--are of great importance for both materials research and industry. A novel pyridine urea (PU) precursor ligand was designed, synthesized and successfully incorporated into PMOs. The PU precursor functionalized PMOs was an excellent solid support for catalytic active species like palladium. The PU-PMOs supported palladium catalyst shows outstanding catalytic activity for Suzuki and Sonogashira cross coupling reactions while the PMOs do not exhibit significant adsorption ability for carbon dioxide. Another nitrogen rich ligand (NTT), with many amine and triazole groups was designed and synthesized. This NTT ligand was designed to have rate acceleration ability for copper catalyzed alkyne –azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction to be incorporated into PMOs for carbon dioxide adsorption.
The European Utility Requirements for Advanced Light Water Reactors (EUR): Recent Achievements and New Challenges

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Since 1991, the European Utility Requirements (EUR) organisation has been actively developing and promoting harmonised technical specifications for the new mid- and large-size LWR designs to be proposed by the vendors in Europe. The EUR document consists of a comprehensive set of requirements covering the whole Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). It encompasses all aspects (safety, performance, competitiveness) and all parts of a NPP (nuclear island and conventional island). The document can be used by the utilities (guide for design assessment, technical reference for call for bids) and by the vendors, as a technical guide. The harmonisation which is sought after by the EUR aims at delivering the safest and most competitive designs based on common rules shared all over Europe. Fourteen nuclear operators across Europe are members of the organisation. After the publication of the Revision D of the EUR document (October 2012), the EUR organisation has been extremely active. This presentation describes the main results obtained during the last four years and the new challenges for the coming years (roadmap 2016–2018) in the three following fields. First, the revision of the EUR document, in order to maintain it at a state-of-the-art level, remains the highest priority for the organisation. Regarding the new revision E of the EUR document [1], expected to be issued in the 2nd quarter of 2017, the presentation describes the most significant updates implemented in many fields among which: revised safety requirements taking into account the most recent European and international safety standards issued by WENRA and IAEA, the lessons learnt from the Fukushima accident, including re-evaluated seismic and external natural hazards approach and the most recent international standards, for example for Instrumentation and Control (I&C). The assessment of new designs is the second main technical activity of the EUR organisation. The MHI EU-APWR design has been assessed against the revision D between 2012 and 2014. New design assessments are in progress (namely Korean KHNP’s EU-APR and Russian AEP’s VVER TOI) and are planned to be ended in 2017–2018. A new applicant is in the file. The presentation briefly recalls the EUR design assessment objectives and process and the progress of the different assessment projects. The third topic to be covered by the presentation is the interaction between the EUR and the other stakeholders, in particular the other international organisations (ENISS, WNA/CORDEL, WENRA, IAEA, EPRI/URD). The presentation describes how the EUR organisation is connected to these stakeholders and the corresponding cooperation results and future projects.
Light-Scattering Investigation on Microemulsion Formation in Mixtures of Diesel Oil (or Hydrocarbons) + Ethanol + Additives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ethanol and diesel oil mixtures are potential candidates as fuels which display advantages such as a reduced emission of particulates and the use of a renewable fuel (ethanol). However, their use is hampered because of limited miscibility, especially at lower temperatures. This problem can be overcome with the use of certain additives, which produce increased miscibility. This work investigates the role of these additives in this mixing process, with particular emphasis on assessing earlier propositions that microemulsions are formed in such mixtures. Results obtained from light-scattering measurements provide the first direct evidence for microemulsion formation both in diesel oil and ethanol and in synthetic diesel (a mixture of hydrocarbons that mimic diesel oil properties) and ethanol and additives. The effects of the additive type and concentration, temperature, and volume fraction of the ethanol on these microemulsion droplets' radii are presented, and their trends were found to follow those established for water-in-oil microemulsion systems.
Gender Gaps in Market Participation Among Individual and Joint Decision-Making Farm Households: Evidence from Southern Ethiopia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper analyzes market participation gaps among male, female, and joint decision-making households, and the factors influencing that gap, using data collected from 560 maize farm households in the Dawuro zone, southern Ethiopia. The results from the ordered probit analysis reveal that female and joint decision-making households were negatively associated with the probability of being a net seller, while being positively associated with being autarchic and net buyers. The decomposition results indicate clear market participation gaps in the net seller and net buyer positions between male and female decision-makers. The mean quantity gaps between males and females are more apparent in the net seller and net buyer positions. Between male and joint decision-makers, the mean quantity gaps are significant in the net seller and autarchic positions, while between female and joint decision-makers, it is significant in the net seller positions. In each market position, the quantity of gaps is unevenly distributed across the quantities of distribution, but the values increase as we approach higher levels of distribution. The gaps in the net seller and autarchic positions indicate that males are better positioned than females and that females are better positioned than joint decision-makers. Both endowment and return effects account for the quantity gaps. Thus, there is a need for policies to secure more equal access to productive resources for female and joint decision-making households and build their capacity to increase their resource returns.
GI highlights from the literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

### Understanding the pathogenesis of pouchitis

▸ Morgan XC, Kabakchiev B, Waldron L, et al . Associations between host gene expression, the mucosal microbiome, and clinical outcome in the pelvic pouch of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Genome Biol 2015:16:67. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0637-x

Approximately 10%–35% of patients with UC will require colectomy with pouch reconstruction, and half of these patients will develop pouchitis. In addition, one-fifth will ultimately suffer pouch failure. Therefore, defining the basis of pouchitis is clearly of utmost importance. Similar to IBD, both host genetics and the microbiota are implicated in the pathogenesis of pouchitis. However, how these factors interact in this condition is not well understood. Interestingly, pouch construction is also performed for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, although pouchitis is rare in this group. To investigate the basis of potential host–microbe interactions, this study by Morgan and colleagues collected paired host transcriptome and microbial metagenome data from a large J-pouch cohort. Modest associations between groups of host transcripts involved in inflammation including enrichment for complement cascade genes and the interleukin-12 pathway were identified. Activation of these pathways was inversely correlated with clades, including Sutterella, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium and Roseburia, and positively correlated with Escherichia coli abundance. However, these associations did not account for the greatest sources of variation. Unsurprisingly, antibiotic usage was demonstrated as the strongest effect on gut microbiome differences. The transcriptome demonstrated large variation within individuals between presurgery and postsurgery samples while microbial communities remained consistent. The findings suggest that an individual's gut microbe composition may not be shaped by local transcriptional activity on a long-term basis. The findings point more to the influence of other factors, including diet and early-life events. The study also highlights the need for additional well-powered studies in this field to further our understanding.

### The molecular basis of tumour resistance to chemotherapy

▸ Siravegna G, Mussolin B, Buscarino M, et al . Clonal evolution and …
Bifid tail of the pancreas: a case presenting as a gastric submucosal tumor.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 49-yr-old male was admitted to our hospital because of epigastric discomfort and a suspected tumor of the stomach on barium meal examination at the Center for Automated Multiphasic Health Test and Services. The tumor shadow of the stomach was initially considered as the "type II" gastric carcinoma according to the Borrmann's classification. Multiple endoscopical and electrocautery cutting biopsies revealed that the tumor occurred in the submucosal layer and was composed of normal pancreatic tissue. A computed tomogram showed a large mass on the pancreatic body which was adjacent to gastric wall. Selective angiography of the celiac trunk revealed that the gastric submucosal lesion was supplied by the transverse pancreatic artery. Endoscopic retrograde pancreatography showed that Wirsung's duct had a divergence in the body of the pancreas and one of the branched ducts headed for the posterior wall of the gastric body. On the basis of these results, a diagnosis was made of the rare pancreatic anomaly, "bifid tail of the pancreas." One of the tails formed the gastric submucosal tumor. This report emphasizes the potential diagnostic value of combined study of endoscopic retrograde pancreatography and computed tomography in determining the presence of pancreatic anomaly.
Dynamics of Interaction of One Prey and Two Competing Predators with Population Heterogeneity

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A mathematical model of two predators competing for a single prey system incorporating population heterogeneity has been proposed and analyzed by extending the system of coupled logistic equations for three species system. The local stability analysis of all the equilibria has been carried out and also globally stable in Varies 2-D planes. Through the analytical results, it is observed that the interior equilibrium of one prey and two competing predators in prey dependent case is always unstable. At the end, discussed the dynamical behavior of a three species interaction with the help of some numerical examples by using MATLAB to support the analytical presentations.
$q{18}$F-labeling of small molecules and peptides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

As of 2018, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved just ten positron-emission-tomography (PET)-tracers, of which six have been developed in the last seven years. The overall low quantity of approved PET-tracers can be partly attributed to the lack of general methods to access potential tracers. The half-life of commonly used radionuclides is below two hours; therefore, the radionuclide should be introduced in the last step of the synthesis. The high density of functional groups on advanced molecular structures can lower the reactivity of fluoride, and can deactivate reagents and catalysts. New methods are required that tolerate high structural complexity and thereby permit access to new tracers. The group of Ritter has developed the highly functional group tolerant ruthenium-mediated radio-deoxyfluorination of phenols. The first chapter of this thesis describes an improved procedure for the ruthenium-mediated radio-deoxyfluorination, which has allowed us to obtain the otherwise inaccessible [18F]atorvastatin. Under basic conditions, selective complexation to the 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent over other aryl substituents in hydroxy-atorvastatin was achieved. The use of protic polar solvents enabled almost quantitative elution of [18F]fluoride from the anion exchange cartridge without the need for inversion. These improvements of the method allowed us to isolate [18F]atorvastatin in 20% radiochemical yield and we could show that it is stable in human and rat serum. Peptides are a favorable platform for the development of PET-tracers, because they can show very selective binding and rapid clearance from the bloodstream. Additionally, rapid synthesis of derivatives by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) enables for the fast screening of a structural library. Over the last decade, many methods for polypeptide labeling with [18F]fluoride have been developed, however, all require the introduction of a prosthetic group that changes the properties of the peptide. The second part of this thesis reports a method that provides access to peptides containing 4-[18F]fluoro-phenylalanine side chains by radio-deoxyfluorination of a tyrosine residue bearing a traceless transition metal activating group. By merely exchanging one hydrogen or hydroxyl substituent of the native peptide structure with fluorine-18, the steric properties of the peptide are barely altered and thus its biological functions are likely preserved. The presented method tolerates all 20 canonical amino acids, allows the labeling on the C- terminus, N- terminus or within the peptide, and enables the labeling precursor to be easily accessed by SPPS using a novel ruthenium-containing amino acid building block.
Expression of androgen receptor in mice with hypospadias induced by dichlorvos

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To study the expression of androgen receptor in skin of penis and testis of hypospadias mice and its pathogenesy. Methods Ten normal control mice,ten non-hypospadias mice and ten hypospadias mice induced by dichlorvos were chosen.The expression of androgen receptor was detected by immunohistochemistry in skin of penis and testis of mice. Results AR content in skin of penis in mice with hypospadias was significantly lower than that in normal control mice and non-hypospadias mice(P0.05).But there was no significance between normal control mice and non-hypospadias mice.AR in testis had no significant difference between 3 groups.Conclusion Phosphate pesticide-dichlorvos could induce hypospadias by decreasing AR expression and its binding ability with androgen.
Investigations into laser interferometric calibration of 2D scanning stages

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM) with three moving axes is commonly used for measuring the three dimensional geometrical features of engineering components. Apart from CMM, two-dimensional measuring equipment with a scanning probe is also capable to carry out measurements on engineering components. The accuracy of the measurements of engineering component relies on the performance of measuring equipment. Therefore, it is important to determine the precision and accuracy of measuring equipment. Over the years, the research area in calibration methodologies has been carrying out to investigate and validate the performance of measuring equipment. The calibration instruments, such as laser calibrators are the most commonly employed for calibration on measuring equipment. Many types of mechanical artifacts are also used as a calibrator to carry out calibration on measuring equipment. In this report, the performance of a two dimensional measuring equipment with a scanning probe (Mitutoyo Surtest Extreme SY-3000 CNC Series 178) to be investigated and validated through calibration and measurement will be presented. In particular, the measuring equipment is first investigated through calibration by a laser based system. This is followed by the validation of measurements obtained from a noncalibrated v-groove artifact. From the experimental results, the maximum compensational error of the measuring equipment is found to be 0.0314 mm. The overall calibration and measurement are satisfactory. Further improvement for this project work will be recommended.
The relationships between nutrient concentration in the coastal area of Okayama prefecture, the color tone of fresh thalli (<i>Pyropia</i>) and the unit price of dried nori

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

海水中の栄養塩濃度と乾海苔単価との関係を調べるため,岡山県ノリ漁場の栄養塩濃度を分析するとともに,色彩色差計を用いて生ノリおよび乾海苔の色調(L∗値と a∗値)を測定し,栄養塩濃度,ノリの色調および乾海苔単価の関係を調べた。その結果,本海域におけるノリの色落ちの原因は DIN であり,濃度が 3 μM 以下になると生ノリの色調が急激に低下することが明らかになった。また,DIN 濃度と生ノリの L∗値と a∗値,生ノリの L∗値および a∗値と乾海苔の L∗値,乾海苔の L∗値と乾海苔単価に有意な相関が見られた。
Who remembers more? : an exploratory study on the influence of biological sex on humans’ memory ability

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This paper investigated the effects of trustworthiness of visual stimuli on humans’ ability to
remember stimuli as well as the influence of sex on a person’s ability to memorize visual stimuli.
In performing this research, participants were first exposed to a pre-trial in which neutral stimuli
were presented, after which they viewed an altered version of this same set of images where some
were new and some previously viewed. Following this, participants had to indicate whether they
had viewed the presented stimulus before. This pre-trial was followed by a test phase in which
participants were exposed to a set of images consisting of devices, faces and scenes, after which
they viewed an altered version with previously viewed stimuli and new stimuli during which they
indicated whether they had seen the presented stimulus before. No difference was found between
the sexes and their ability to recognize either untrustworthy or trustworthy stimuli, although results
showed that people´s ability for memorizing impacted the ability to discriminate between old and
new stimuli presented during the test phase.
Bioproducts of Amazonian Fruits for the Prevention and Alternative Treatment of Noncommunicable Diseases- A Mini Review

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The Amazon biome offers fruits with an exceptional content of bioactive compounds in their chemical composition, including essential fatty acids, tocopherols, carotenoids, ascorbic acid and phenolic compounds, which strengthen the endogenous system by reducing oxidative and inflammatory stress. The technological development of products based on Amazonian fruits stands out as they boost antioxidant and anti-inflammatory content, bioavailability and health safety, characterizing bioproducts with functional property claims as alternative sources in the prevention and treatment of non-communicable diseases. In this context, this brief literature review aims to raise awareness of the use of Amazonian bioproducts to improve the quality of life of the population suffering from non- communicable diseases, especially obesity and its comorbidities, which are of great importance to global public health and which have been increasing in prevalence in all countries, especially middle- income countries and some low-income countries. It is also technologically viable, low-cost and has great potential for the food and pharmaceutical industries, strengthening the bioeconomy
ISSUES OF LONG-HOP AND SHORT-HOP ROUTING IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKS: A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One of the fundamental problems of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is to determine whether it is advantageous to route packet over many short-hops or a few long-hops. Short-hop and long-hop routing issues have been investigated in the literatures since the early days of MANETs. Maximization of network throughput was the main focus of these works. But the maximization of network throughput is not the only issue of MANETs. There are other important issues of concern including overhead control packets, energy consumption, connectivity, shadowing effects and packet delay. All these issues have been investigated in this paper. Network Simulator (NS-2) has been used to create and simulate MANETs to investigate these issues. The main objectives of this paper are as follows (1) to find the merits and de-merits of short-hop and long-hop routing schemes, (2) to come up with a guideline so that one can choose an appropriate routing scheme for MANETs, and (3) to open up new area of researches for further investigations on the issues discussed in this paper.
Nip Width of an On-Demand Fuser: Part II. Longitudinal Model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper examines bending of the pressure roller and heating element in an on-demand fuser, a circumstance that leads to variation in distributed load along the length of the roller. These bending effects are coupled with the deformation of the rubber coating on the pressure roller and lead to a variation in nip width along the length of the fuser. A longitudinal model has been developed using the Rayleigh-Ritz method and a cross-section model described in a companion paper. This model predicts local nip width, centerline deflection of the pressure roller, compression of the rubber layer, and deflection of the heater element. This model can be applied in designing a crowned pressure roller and/or heater element that will ensure a constant nip width.