jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Assessing variance components of general circulation model output fields

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Recent internationally coordinated efforts have used deterministic climate models for a common set of experiments and have produced large datasets of future climate projections. These ensembles are subject to many sources of variability, and we propose an analysis of variance procedure to quantify the contribution from several sources to the overall variation. This procedure is based on a Bayesian linear model parameterization and is applicable for large spatial data. A key feature is that individual sources of variability are modeled through batches and assessed through the batches’ superpopulation variance, individual batch‐level predictions, and finite population covariance. Further, for a large class of models, we show that the full posterior can be factored into conditionally independent distributions, consisting of a batch's superpopulation and batch levels. By doing so, we obviate the need for Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. Finally, this approach is applied to decadal summer temperatures for different climate models and various scenarios. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Invitation to cryptology

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

1. Origins, Examples, and Ideas in Cryptology. A Crypto-Chronology. Cryptology and Mathematics: Functions. Crypto: Models, Maxims, and Mystique. 2. Classical Cryptographic Techniques. Shift Ciphers and Modular Arithmetic. Affine Ciphers More Modular Arithmetic. Substitution Ciphers. Transposition Ciphers. Polyalphabetic Substitutions. Probability and Expectation. The Friedman and Kasiski Tests. Cryptanalysis of the Vingenere Cipher. The Hill Cipher Matrices. 3. Symmetric Computer-Based Cryptology. Number Representation. Boolean and Numerical Functions. Computational Complexity. Stream Ciphers and Feedback Shift Registers. Block Ciphers. Hash Functions. 4. Public-Key Cryptography. Primes, Factorization, and the Euclidean Algorithm. The Merkle-Hellman Knapsack. Fermat's Little Theorem. The RSA Public-Key Cryptosystem. Key Agreement. Digital Signatures. Zero-Knowledge Identification Protocols. 5. Case Studies and Issues. Case Study I: DES. Case Study II: PGP. Public-Key Infrastructure. Law and Issues Regarding Cryptography. Glossary. Bibliography. Table of Primes. Answers to Selected Exercises. Index.
SAWI TRANSFORM OF HILFER-PRABHAKAR DERIVATIVES AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO FRACTIONAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper focuses on the Sawi transform of the Hilfer-Prabhakar fractional derivative and its regularised form. We will determine the solution to Cauchy-type fractional differential equations with Hilfer-Prabhakar fractional derivatives utilizing Sawi and Fourier’s transformations involving the three-parameter Mittag-Leffler function.
Serum zinc associated with immunity and inflammatory markers in Covid-19

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract This study aimed to assess the association between serum zinc level with some inflammatory and immunity factors and the duration of hospitalization and mortality rate in patients diagnosed with Covid-19. In this cross-sectional study, blood samples were taken from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive patients. New patients diagnosed with Covid-19, admitted to different public hospital wards, were considered eligible for entering the study. The study was done on 179 hospitalized patients diagnosed with Covid-19. Fourteen patients died during the hospitalization and the in-hospital mortality rate was 7.8%, with 9.1% (13 patients) of patients with serum zinc level less than 70 mcg/dL and 3.4% (1 patient) of patients with zinc levels more than 70 mcg/dL. Higher levels of zinc were significantly associated with a higher and lower level of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ( p -value = 0.035) and interleukin (IL)-6 ( p -value = 0.004), respectively. The level of serum zinc did not have a significant association with mortality even after adjusting for confounding factors. The relationship between zinc level and the duration of hospitalization was also not significant. In conclusion, serum zinc level had an association with IL-6 and IFN-γ level, but it did not have any significant association with hospital duration or mortality.
EFFICIENT, FULL-SPECTRUM, LONG-LIVED, NON-TOXIC MICROWAVE LAMP FOR PLANT GROWTH *

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fusion Systems Corporation has developed a mercury-free, low infra-red, efficient microwave lamp using a benign sulfur based fill optimized for visible light. Our literature search and discussions with researchers directed us to enhance the bulbs red output. We have demonstrated a photosynthetic efficacy of over 2 micro-moles per microwave joule which corresponds to over 1.3 micro-moles per joule at the power main. Recent work has shown we can make additional increases in overall system efficiency. During the next two years, we expect to demonstrate a system capable of producing more than 1.5 micro-moles/joule measured at the power main with significantly less IR than alternative lamp systems.
The Multidimensional Nature of Social Capital: An Empirical Investigation for Older People in Europe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social capital is a rapidly expanding research theme within economics and has become a popular concept with policy makers in both developed and developing countries. Despite this growth in popularity, social capital remains a controversial concept among economists. We argue that this is largely due to a fundamental mismatch between the theoretical coverage and the vast majority of empirical work. Utilising data from a large cross-Europe survey of older people we use principal components analysis to demonstrate that social capital has multiple dimensions, and then explore the extent to which these latent dimensions coincide with the theoretical constructs of social capital. We use the association between social capital and a number of measures of health and well-being to demonstrate the importance of taking account of the multiple dimensions of social capital in empirical work. As well as showing that all the underlying constructs of social capital are significantly associated with health and well-being, our results also reveal that while in general this association is positive, close bonding in the form of household ties is inversely related to health and well-being; this contradicts the implicit assumption, often made in the literature that, in relation to social capital, more is always better.
Base hydrolysis of bis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) complexes containing chelated thioether and selenoether ligands. Observation of dramatic medium effects

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBase hydrolysis of bis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) complexes containing chelated thioether and selenoether ligands. Observation of dramatic medium effectsLee Roecker and Edward DeutschCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1985, 24, 1, 16–24Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00195a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00195a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views180Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Unusual Presentation of Meningococcal Infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Infection with Neisseria meningitidis usually results in life-threatening septicemia and/or meningitis. Occasionally, howerver, infection may be mild or localized. Awareness of this fact is essential to avoid delays in diagnosis, management and prophylaxis. Three cases are presented with localized or mild presentation. A 40-day-old male with purulent conjunctivitis, a six-year-old male with peritonitis and a nine-year-old with C5 deficiency with Neisseria meningitidis bacteremia who presented with a one day history of fever, but was not toxic, and was treated with oral antibiotics. However, he returned with a clinical picture of systemic infection. Based on these three cases, we suggest an aggressive diagnostic, therapeutic and prophylactic approach whenever meningococcal infection is strongly suspected.
Retrospective study of the relative frequency of cattle respiratory disease pathogens in clinical laboratory samples submitted by UK veterinary practices

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to explore the relative frequency and seasonality of bovine respiratory pathogens in the UK, based on clinical case submission for laboratory PCR testing. Methods This study used retrospective data generated by a central Scotland laboratory using 407 clinical (pooled) samples collected by 95 veterinary practices located throughout the UK between November 2020 and September 2022. Statistical analyses were performed using descriptive spatial analysis (choropleth maps), chi‐squared analysis, Poisson and logistic regression modelling. Results The majority (77.6%) of the samples had more than one species of bacteria identified, and 17.7% had multiple viruses identified. In comparison with the colder months of autumn and winter (September to February), the warmer months (March to August) were significantly associated with lower odds of respiratory disease caused by certain pathogens. Poisson models showed small but significant univariable associations between total viruses (coefficient = ‒0.01, standard error [SE] = 0.004, 95% confidence interval [CI] = ‒0.02 to ‒0.003) and total pathogens (coefficient = ‒0.005, SE = 0.002, 95% CI = ‒0.008 to 0.002) and increasing weekly age. Limitations This is an inherently biased population because it only comprises clinical samples submitted to a single UK laboratory, and the data were analysed retrospectively. Conclusions A large majority of clinical bovine respiratory disease (BRD) samples were multipathogenic, and pathogens such as bovine coronavirus (which has generally not been considered a significant contributing pathogen in the BRD complex in the UK) were prevalent.
Brief considerations of adherence to treatment from a subjective perspective

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This opinion article aims to reflect on the issue of adherence to treatment from the perspective of human subjectivity, which is implicitly manifested in the relationships between professionals and users. In this sense, raising intersubjectivities and present affections provide greater adherence to the health care proposal, as well as the strengthening of bonds and the reduction of iatrogenic events in the field of health.
A High Performance Block Eigensolver for Nuclear Configuration Interaction Calculations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As on-node parallelism increases and the performance gap between the processor and the memory system widens, achieving high performance in large-scale scientific applications requires an architecture-aware design of algorithms and solvers. We focus on the eigenvalue problem arising in nuclear Configuration Interaction (CI) calculations, where a few extreme eigenpairs of a sparse symmetric matrix are needed. Here, we consider a block iterative eigensolver whose main computational kernels are the multiplication of a sparse matrix with multiple vectors (SpMM), and tall-skinny matrix operations. We then present techniques to significantly improve the SpMM and the transpose operation SpMM T by using the compressed sparse blocks (CSB) format. We achieve 3-4× speedup on the requisite operations over good implementations with the commonly used compressed sparse row (CSR) format. We develop a performance model that allows us to correctly estimate the performance of our SpMM kernel implementations, and we identify cache bandwidth as a potential performance bottleneck beyond DRAM. We also analyze and optimize the performance of LOBPCG kernels (inner product and linear combinations on multiple vectors) and show up to 15× speedup over using high performance BLAS libraries for these operations. The resulting high performance LOBPCG solver achieves 1.4× to 1.8× speedup over the existing Lanczos solver on a series of CI computations on high-end multicore architectures (Intel Xeons). We also analyze the performance of our techniques on an Intel Xeon Phi Knights Corner (KNC) processor.
Immunotherapy of viral infections with transfer factor

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract It has been reported that dialysable leucocyte extract preparations, thought to contain transfer factor, may be used therapeutically for the treatment of a variety of immunodeficiency syndromes. Clinical and laboratory studies have suggested that such preparations, in addition to transferring specific cellular immunity may also contain non‐specific adjuvant activities. Attempts at immunotherapy of viral infections are described against a background of current research on the biological and biochemical properties of leucocyte dialysates.
Probing details of spin--orbit coupling through Pauli spin blockade

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Spin--orbit interaction (SOI) plays a fundamental role in many low-dimensional semiconductor and hybrid quantum devices. In the rapidly evolving field of semiconductor spin qubits, SOI is an essential ingredient that can allow for ultrafast qubit control. The exact manifestation of SOI in a given device is, however, often both hard to predict theoretically and probe experimentally. Here, we develop a detailed theoretical connection between the leakage current through a double quantum dot in Pauli spin blockade and the underlying SOI in the system. We present a general analytic expression for the leakage current, which allows to connect experimentally observable features to both the magnitude and orientation of the effective spin--orbit field acting on the moving carriers. Motivated by the large recent interest in hole-based quantum devices, we further zoom in on the case of Pauli blockade of hole spins, assuming a strong transverse confinement potential. In this limit we also find an analytic expression for the current at low external magnetic field, that includes the effect of hyperfine coupling of the hole spins to randomly fluctuating nuclear spin baths. This result can be used to extract detailed information about both hyperfine and spin--orbit coupling parameters for hole spins in devices with a significant fraction of non-zero nuclear spins.
Paul and Socrates in Dialogue: Points of Contact between the Areopagus Speech and the Apology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

For many years, scholars have noted striking similarities between the account of Paul's visit to Athens in Acts and ancient accounts of the trial of Socrates. There have been at least five distinct proposals about the significance of these similarities, but each has substantial shortcomings. In this article, I argue that Luke's purpose is to place Paul's Areopagus speech in dialogue with the thought of Socrates as it is represented in traditions about his trial, especially Plato's Euthyphro and Apology .
Heavy metal concentration in wet market ginger and its assessment on public health risks

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Heavy metals like Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn can induce public health risks through consumption over time. Gingers of both native and foreign origin were randomly collected from two large wet markets, Karwanbazar and Shyambazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh and were analyzed to determine the concentrations of heavy metals using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The data were used to assess various health risk indices. From the results, it is observed that the Pb concentration of almost all the ginger samples was higher than the MPL and consumption of such samples can be considered hazardous. But the concentration of Cu and Zn in all of the ginger samples was found to be lower than the MPL. The ADI of Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn in native ginger samples were all below the PMDTI. Moreover, HI of half of the imported ginger samples was above unity and therefore injurious to human health when consumed. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 59(3), 169-178, 2024
The Phenomenology of Hope

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract What is the phenomenology of hope? A common view is that hope has a generally positive and pleasant affective tone. This rosy depiction, however, has recently been challenged. Certain hopes, it has been objected, are such that they are either entirely negative in valence or neutral in tone. In this paper, I argue that this challenge has only limited success. In particular, I show that it only applies to one sense of hope but leaves another sense—one that is implicitly but widely employed in the hope literature—untouched. Moreover, I argue that hope construed in this latter sense is inherently positively valenced. The paper concludes by discussing some of the implications of this defense of hope's positive phenomenology, including the ontological question of whether hope is an emotion.
Rollover Risk and Tax Avoidance

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT We investigate the association between rollover risk, measured as long‐term debt maturing in the current year deflated by total assets, and tax avoidance, measured as the cash effective tax rate. Consistent with cash being particularly valuable for firms with high‐rollover risk, we find that firms pay less in cash taxes when the amount of long‐term debt becoming due is significant relative to total assets. This finding contrasts with that of Alexander and Pisa, who scale debt due in the current year by total long‐term debt. We also find that the positive association between rollover risk and tax avoidance strengthens for firms with more severe financial constraints. Firms with high‐rollover risk appear to use tax‐related cash for debt repayment to reduce their refinancing needs. Moreover, rollover risk firms engaging in tax avoidance benefit from a lower probability of future firm failure. Additional tests corroborate our main finding in that the positive relation between rollover risk and tax avoidance is stronger for firms with greater information asymmetry or default risk and weaker for firms with greater financial flexibility. Finally, we find that firms avoid cash taxes preemptively in preparation for long‐term debt maturing beyond 1 year. Our results highlight the interdependence of corporate financial and tax policy decisions.
Performance of Very Small Robotic Fish Equipped with CMOS Camera

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Underwater robots are often used to investigate marine animals. Ideally, such robots should be in the shape of fish so that they can easily go unnoticed by aquatic animals. In addition, lacking a screw propeller, a robotic fish would be less likely to become entangled in algae and other plants. However, although such robots have been developed, their swimming speed is significantly lower than that of real fish. Since to carry out a survey of actual fish a robotic fish would be required to follow them, it is necessary to improve the performance of the propulsion system. In the present study, a small robotic fish (SAPPA) was manufactured and its propulsive performance was evaluated. SAPPA was developed to swim in bodies of freshwater such as rivers, and was equipped with a small CMOS camera with a wide-angle lens in order to photograph live fish. The maximum swimming speed of the robot was determined to be 111 mm/s, and its turning radius was 125 mm. Its power consumption was as low as 1.82 W. During trials, SAPPA succeeded in recognizing a goldfish and capturing an image of it using its CMOS camera.
A Novel Diagnostic Approach for Smartphone-Induced Finger Disorders: An Exploratory Study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Smartphone-related finger injuries are repetitive strain injuries caused by prolonged smartphone use. Despite the increasing prevalence of such conditions, few studies have focused on developing effective and accessible diagnostic methods. This study proposes the use of biomedical signals from the hand and fingers as diagnostic indices. Soft tissue stiffness and vibration frequency features under load are presented and tested as potential diagnostic indices. Testing revealed that the soft tissue stiffness parameter lacks reliability and suitable sensors, while the vibration frequency feature demonstrates excellent performance. After addressing several existing limitations, the vibration frequency under load emerges as the optimal diagnostic method for smartphone-related finger injuries.
MMPP(Magnesium Monoperoxyphthalate) in Acetonitrile; A New Approach to the Synthesis of LactonesviaBaeyer-Villiger Oxidation of Cyclic Ketones

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A variety of unsubstituted and mono- or di-substituted cycloalkanones can be oxidised with modest excess of magnesium monoperoxyphthalate hexahydrate in acetonitrile to produce the corresponding lactones in a facile, selective, and high yielding manner.
Pleurozium schreberi (moss) DNA extraction v1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This is a detailed protocol concerning the DNA extraction from the genome paper titled "Genome Sequencing of Pleurozium schreberi: The Assembled and Annotated Draft Genome of a Pleurocarpous Feather Moss" (https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.119.400279).