jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Microglial Metamorphosis in Three-dimensions in Virus Limbic Encephalitis: An Unbiased Pictorial Representation Based on Stereological Sampling Approach of Surveillant and Reactive Microglia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

All neurological diseases have their pathological progress influenced by microglial cells, which react to insults with multiple morphofunctional phenotypes. However, the complete morphological spectrum of the reactive microglia, revealed by the three-dimensional microscopic reconstruction, has not been explored in detail in virus limbic encephalitis. Here, we used anatomical series of brain sections from a previous study using Piry arbovirus encephalitis, expanding the original investigation to CA1/CA2. The morphological response of the homeostatic and reactive microglia was investigated 8 days after infection. The hierarchical cluster and linear discriminant function analysis of multimodal morphometric features allowed to distinguish between the microglial morphology of infected individuals and controls. In order to represent more broadly the morphological spectrum of the microglia of each cluster, representative cells of the homeostatic and reactive microglia were chosen, using the sum of the distances of each cell in relation to all the others. Overall, the multivariate statistical analysis showed that the reactive microglia of infected animals have more complex trees and thicker branches, that cover a larger volume of tissue than the microglia of control animals. With this approach a more reliable representation of the microglia dispersion in the Euclidean space, would be closer to the spectrum of morphotypes of the control and infected groups, and help to avoid hiding the morphological kaleidoscope of surveillant and reactive microglia. As form precedes function in nature, our findings are a good starting point for future research with integrative approaches to microglia form and function.
A Backward Stochastic Differential Equation without Strong Solution

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In [R. Buckdahn, H.-J. Engelbert, and A. R\u{a}\c{s}canu, Theory Probab. Appl., 49 (2005), pp. 16-50] the notion of a weak solution of a general backward stochastic differential equation (BSDE) was introduced. There was also given an example of a weak solution for a certain BSDE which is not a strong solution, i.e., not a solution in the classical sense. However, the solution of the BSDE which was considered is not unique in law and, as was pointed out, there exist also strong solutions of this BSDE. In the present paper, we will remove this insufficiency and give an example of a BSDE which has a weak solution but does not possess any strong solution.
Endogenous Group Formation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract While the rules governing the formation of groups engaging in collective action may have significant impact on group size and behavior of members, most experiments on public goods have been conducted with the subjects in exogenously fixed groups or of fixed sizes. We study endogenous formation of groups in a public‐goods provision game by allowing subjects to change groups under three sets of rules: free entry/exit, restricted entry with free exit, and free entry with restricted exit. We find that the rules governing entry and exit do have a significant impact on individual behavior and group‐level outcomes.
Congo Basin forests and climate change: between discourse and institutional analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The potential role of the Congo Basin forests as the “second lungs of the earth” in the global carbon budget is currently receiving both scientific and political attention. With a complex triad of safeguarding the livelihoods of its multiple dependent-societies, contributing to national economies, and the emerging “carbon-driven conservation” through REDD; the forest is fi nding itself in a new global debate. This paper seeks to theorize and analyze the current policy discourse and institutional dynamics around the Congo Basin forests under the changing climate. For discourse analysis, we use the Policy Arrangement Approach as an analytical framework. The framework is shaped in terms of policy discourses, actors and coalitions, resources and power and rules of the game. For institutional architecture, we combine the cross-cutting themes of the Earth System Governance and insights from neo-Gramscian and governmentality perspective: 1) the nature of power and infl uence; 2) the dynamics between structure and agency; 3) the relationship between state and non-state actors; and 4) the rationalities and practices of governance. Analysis of in-depth interviews from Cameroon, CAR and DRC show that central to discourse and institutional analyses is the pragmatic interaction of the duality of structure (rules and norms) and agency (actors).
Engineering Escherichia coli K-12 for the secretion of single domain antibodies against attaching and effacing bacterial pathogens and for the injection of proteins of therapeutic potential into human cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Tesis doctoral inédita leída en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 12-12-2014
A Proposal for Combatting Sexual Discrimination in the Military: Amendment of Title VII

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Each branch of the military excludes women from combat positions.This Comment argues that the combat exclusion encourages sex-based discrimination in the military and should be reformed or eliminated.The author concludes that although the asserted justifications for the ban against women in combat are tenuous, an outright repeal of the combat exclusion is unlikely.She therefore suggests attacking the discrimination that emanates from the combat exclusion with an approach requiring concise articulation of the definition and underlying reasoning of the exclusion.For this purpose, the author proposes expanding Title VII to apply to the uniformed military.The author responds to arguments against authorizing the courts to address issues of discrimination in the uniformed military, concluding that the courts are an appropriate forum for the redress of these issues.
Neck swelling: Unusual manifestation of Pott’s spine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tuberculosis (TB) of the skeletal system constitutes only 1–3% of extrapulmonary TB and usually involves the thoracic spine. These patients usually present with malaise, weight loss, night sweats, muscle spasms, paraspinal swellings or neurological deficits. We report a case of tuberculosis of the spine, which had an unusual presentation only as a painless neck swelling, without any neurological complications. The patient did not respond well to antitubercular therapy (ATT), necessitating thoracotomy and drainage of pus. Then his ATT was continued for 1 year and is asymptomatic during 1 year of follow up thereafter.
THE INFLUENCE OF GENETIC POLYMORPHISMS ON THE RISK OF DEVELOPING ASBESTOSIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Aims: Relatively little is known about the genetic factors that may influence the development of asbestosis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether common functional polymorphisms in GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1, MnSOD, ECSOD, CAT and iNOS genes represent risk factors for developing asbestosis in workers occupationally exposed to asbestos. Methods: The study included 262 cases with asbestosis and 265 controls with no asbestos-related disease. Data on cumulative asbestos exposure were available for all subjects. PCR based methods were used to genotype GSTM1-null, GSTT1-null, GSTP1 lle105Val and Ala114Val, MnSOD Ala −9Val, ECSOD Arg213Gly, CAT −262C> T and iNOS (CCTTT)n polymorphisms. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess asbestosis risk. Results: The OR of asbestosis was 3.21 (95%CI 2.43–4.23) for cumulative asbestos exposure, 1.01 (95%CI 0.71–1.43) for GSTM1-null; 0.61 (95%CI 0.40–0.94) for GSTT1-null; 1.52 (95%CI 1.08–2.15) for GSTP1 105lle/lle versus 105lle/Val and 105Val/Val; 0.97 (95%CI 0.64–1.48) for GSTP1 114Ala/Ala versus 114Ala/Val and 114Val/Val; 1.50 (95 %CI 1.01–2.24) for MnSOD −9Ala/Ala versus Ala/Val and Val/Val; 1.63 (95%CI 0.62–4.27) for ECSOD 213Arg/Gly versus Arg/Arg ; 1.36 (95%C 0.70–2.62) for CAT −262TT versus CT and CC; and 1.20 (95%CI 0.85–1.69) for iNOS LL versus SL and SS. The associations between MnSOD Ala −9Val polymorphism and asbestosis risk and between iNOS (CCTTT)n and asbestosis were modified by CAT −262C> T polymorphism (p=0.038; p=0.031, respectively). Conclusions: Our study showed that GSTP1 105lle/lle and MnSOD −9Ala/Ala genotypes significantly increase the risk of developing asbestosis, whereas a protective effect was found for GSTT1-null genotype. A strong interaction was observed between MnSOD Ala −9Val and CAT −262C>T, as well as between iNOS (CCTTT)n and CAT −262>T polymorphisms. The findings suggest that in addition to asbestos exposure, genetic factors may also have an important influence on developing asbestosis.
Photon Mapping Superluminal Particles

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One type of light source that remains largely unexplored in the field of light transport rendering is the light generated by superluminal particles, a phenomenon more commonly known as Cherenkov radiation [Cˇ37]. By re-purposing the Frank-Tamm equation [FT91] for rendering, the energy output of these particles can be estimated and consequently mapped to photons, making it possible to visualize the brilliant blue light characteristic of the effect. In this paper we extend a stochastic progressive photon mapper and simulate the emission of superluminal particles from a source object close to a medium with a high index of refraction. In practice, the source is treated as a new kind of light source, allowing us to efficiently reuse existing photon mapping methods.
Study on acceptance of urban garden in bamboo seating structure in Ipoh, Perak

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This project involves discovering does urban gardening interests the people that lives in an urbanized area and the perception they have on value added design of an ergonomic bamboo seating structure. The goal is to gives more awareness on urban gardening for the people that lives in an urbanized area and to propose ways on saving space by using bamboo which is sustainable as a seating structure when gardening. This project has been done by handing out questionnaires around Plan B area in Ipoh, Perak. Upon collecting data in the study area, it becomes clear that 59% of respondents do not have awareness on urban gardening. Next, regarding the design of bamboo seating structure proposed, Design 2 was the most selected by all of the respondents that is by 57.8%. Furthermore, it was respondents in early age that have the most interest in urban garden, so with this project done, it is hope that there will be more individual consider to practice urban gardening in the future while knowing how to use the limited space.
Real-time voxelization for complex polygonal models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present an efficient voxelization algorithm for complex polygonal models by exploiting newest programmable graphics hardware. We first convert the model into three discrete voxel spaces according to its surface orientation. The resultant voxels are encoded as 2D textures and stored in three intermediate sheet buffers called directional sheet buffers. These buffers are finally synthesized into one worksheet, which records the volumetric representation of the target. The whole algorithm traverses the geometric model only once and is accomplished entirely in GPU (graphics processing unit), achieving real-time frame rate for models with up to 2 million triangles.
The Values of Tropical Forests for Local Residents

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

途上国の人々が自国の熱帯林に対してどのような価値を持っているのかを環境経済学の手法であるコンジョイント分析を用いて評価した。マレーシアの熱帯林を対象に土地利用を保護林，生産林，農業用地に区分して価値の推定を行った。その結果，保護林が1 ha あたりRM27.0 (761 円) ，生産林がRM5.6 (-157 円) ，そして農業用地がRM22.7 (639 円)となり，マレーシア住民にとっても熱帯林保全は農地利用よりも高い価値を持っていることが示された。ただし，地域別や人種別に熱帯林の価値を評価すると，熱帯林の価値は大きく評価が分かれており，熱帯林保護策の意思決定では合意形成が困難であることも示された。
Using Art Therapy with Pediatric Oncology Patients

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Current Canadian statistics from the National Cancer Centre Institute of Canada (1996) [2] show that approximately 800 children under the age of fifteen are diagnosed with some form of cancer each year. Almost 200 of these children will die. Cancer, surprisingly, is the second leading cause of death in children. Since 1960, the survival rate has grown from approximately 25 percent to roughly 70 percent. Unfortunately, the incidence rate has also increased by 4 percent, which translates yearly to about one child per 100,000 being diagnosed with some form of cancer.
Ada web portal: promoting women access to informatics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The gender gap in Computer Science education is becoming an issue. The number of women enrolling in bachelor programs on IT subjects in Italian Universities has dramatically decreased by about 30% on the last three years. Nowadays, only 15% of Computer Science students are female, while the overall percentage of Italian females enrolled at Universities is about 55%. The Ada Web Portal we present in this paper is the first action of a larger project called ADA – Promoting Women Access to Computer Science. The aim of this web portal is to facilitate communication and to share experiences between young women, teachers and women who are professionals working in ICT, both at University and elsewhere. It extends the concept of web site beyond the specific target of women students to reach and coordinate interaction among teachers, female professors, female researchers and women who play key roles in ITC Research and Development.
Interpreting the Trail Making Test Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Comparison of Traditional Time Scores and Derived Indices

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical application of traditional time scores and various derived indices from the Trail Making Test (TMT) in a sample of 571 patients with acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). Participants were classified into four injury severity groups. A clear linear relation between injury severity and TMT performance was demonstrated, with the more severely brain injured patients performing more poorly on most measures. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis of TMT time scores across binary extreme groups based on injury severity resulted in high classification rates for patients with very mild TBI (93.0% correctly classified) and low classification rates for patients with moderate to severe TBI (50.0% correctly classified). However, TMT derived indices did not provide a unique contribution to test interpretation beyond what is already available from Part A and B separately.
Theory of Mind Deficits in Individuals at Risk and Early Onset of Bipolar Disorder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Impairments in theory of mind, which influence the ability to accurately perceive and comprehend the mental states of oneself and others, play a pivotal role in psychiatric diseases. Understanding these cognitive aspects is crucial for developing targeted interventions and improving overall patient outcomes. Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine theory of mind in individuals at risk for bipolar disorder and in the early stages of the disorder. Methods Sixty-two individuals with first-episode bipolar disorder (FE-BD) (mean age 21.92±4.58), seventy-eight individuals at ultra-high risk for bipolar disorder (UHR-BD) (mean age 20.5±3.93), and seventy-four healthy controls (HC) (mean age 23.36±5.28) were included in this study. The Hinting Task (HT) and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) were applied to assess theory of mind. Results The groups differed significantly in RMET positive (F(2-200)=5.087, p=0.007), neutral (F(2-200)=4.777, p=0.009) subscores, and total score (F(2-200)=11.267, p=0.000). Similarly, differences were found among the groups in terms of hypomentalization (F(2-174)=5.251, p=0.006), hypermentalization (F(2-174)=4.786, p=0.009), and total scores (F(2-174)=13.292, p=0.000) on the Hinting Task. No significant differences were observed in RMET negative scores among the groups (p>0.05). Both the FE-BD and UHR-BD groups exhibited significantly lower scores than the healthy controls across positive, neutral, and total RMET scores, as well as in total Hinting Task scores (p<0.05). Hypomentalization and hypermentalization errors were higher in the FE-BD and UHR-BD groups than in the HC group (p<0.05). Conclusions The results revealed significant differences in theory of mind performance between groups, including RMET scores and Hinting Task results. Individuals with first episode bipolar disorder (FE-BD) and those at ultra high risk for bipolar disorder (UHR-BD) consistently scored lower than healthy controls, emphasizing the need for targeted, early interventions in theory of mind and related cognitive processes. Future studies investigating clinical and neurobiological correlates of theory of mind across different stages of bipolar disorder are needed. Disclosure of Interest None Declared
Standardizing Smart Contracts for Regulatory Compliance in Cross-Border Payments

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Smart contracts—auto-executing digital agreements built on DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology), an emerging technology of blockchain—are revolutionizing cross-border payments by enhancing efficiency and automation. However, their widespread adoption is hindered by a fragmented regulatory landscape and legal uncertainties across jurisdictions. Therefore, to promote the urgency of regulatory governance of smart contract, this research advocates for the techno-legal standardization of smart contracts to ensure regulatory compliance in international financial transactions. It investigates how smart contracts can be designed to meet diverse legal requirements while maintaining technical adaptability, scalability, and interoperability. Drawing on interdisciplinary literature and qualitative methods—including expert interviews, surveys, and case studies—the study aims to develop a framework that balances innovation with legal certainty. Key challenges addressed include jurisdictional fragmentation, enforcement mechanisms, integration with legacy systems like SWIFT, and compliance with KYC/AML regulations. The research also examines emerging solutions such as decentralized identity frameworks, trusted oracles, and hybrid on-chain/off-chain models. By bridging the gap between law, technology, and finance, this study offers actionable insights for policymakers, financial institutions, blockchain developers, and international businesses. Ultimately, it contributes to the development of a standardized smart contract ecosystem that supports secure, efficient, and legally compliant cross-border payments.
Exploring health equity in Lesotho's child grants program

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Population Medicine considers the following types of articles:• Research Papers -reports of data from original research or secondary dataset analyses.• Review Papers -comprehensive, authoritative, reviews within the journal's scope.These include both systematic reviews and narrative reviews.• Short Reports -brief reports of data from original research.• Policy Case Studies -brief articles on policy development at a regional or national level.• Study Protocols -articles describing a research protocol of a study.• Methodology Papers -papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.• Methodology Papers -papers that present different methodological approaches that can be used to investigate problems in a relevant scientific field and to encourage innovation.
Taxing Mobile Money in Kenya: Impact on Financial Inclusion

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Financial inclusion – where individuals and businesses have access to useful and affordable financial products and services that meet their needs, delivered in a responsible and sustainable way – is a critical component of economic development. It is particularly important in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where there can be little traditional banking infrastructure. The success of M-PESA in Kenya shows that mobile money is helping financial inclusion in the region. Those in rural or underserved areas can use mobile money to access basic financial services – savings, payments, and credit – through their mobile phones. This is critical for impoverished households, helping them to manage their finances, build resilience, and participate more actively in the economy. Financial inclusion aligns with broader development goals, such as poverty reduction and gender equality, by empowering marginalised groups, including women and small-scale entrepreneurs. However, taxation policies can be a threat to the adoption of mobile money in Africa. This study assesses the short and long-term impact of the Kenyan excise duty on the use of mobile money. Summary of ICTD Working Paper 168.
The egg cell is preferentially fertilized in Arabidopsis double fertilization

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT In flowering plants (angiosperms), fertilization of the egg cell by one sperm cell produces an embryo, whereas fusion of a second sperm cell with the central cell generates the endosperm. In most angiosperms like Arabidopsis , a pollen grain contains two isomorphic sperm cells required for this double fertilization process. A long‐standing unsolved question is whether the two fertilization events have any preference. A tool to address this question is the usage of the cyclin‐dependent kinase a1 ( cdka;1 ) mutant pollen, which produces a single sperm‐like cell (SLC). Here, we first adopt a complementation‐based fluorescence‐labeling method to successfully separate and collect cdka;1 mutant pollen containing a single SLC. Single‐cell RNA‐sequencing analysis revealed that cdka;1 SLCs show a gene expression profile highly similar to that of sperm cells and not to the generative cell, precursor of the two sperm cells. Pollination assays using a limited number of cdka;1 mutant pollen revealed that in 98.2% of the ovules, single fertilization of the egg cell occurred. Pollination of pistils with excessive cdka;1 mutant pollen allowed the delivery of a second SLC via fertilization recovery, which fertilized the central cell, resulting in 20.7% double‐fertilized ovules. This indicates that cdka;1 SLCs are able to fertilize both the egg and the central cell. Taken together, our findings have answered a long‐standing question and support that preferential fertilization of the egg cell is evident in Arabidopsis .
The Mouse Ribosomal DNA Promoter Has More Stringent Requirements In Vivo than In Vitro

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Using mouse ribosomal DNA templates bearing polymerase I terminators to prevent transcriptional interference (S. L. Henderson, K. Ryan, and B. Sollner-Webb, Genes Dev. 3:212-223, 1989) and facilitate promoter analysis in intact cells, we demonstrate that a -140 promoter domain (as well as the core region) is essential for appreciable levels of initiation in vivo. This in vivo polymerase I promoter can also be detected in vitro but only under very stringent conditions.