jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Area Variation in Mortality from Diseases Amenable to Medical Intervention: The Contribution of Differences in Morbidity

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Several conditions, whose timely and appropriate therapy should decrease case fatality, have been proposed as indicators of medical care quality for the National Health Service. Mortality rates for these diseases vary widely within the UK. To evaluate the contribution of varying incidence rates to these mortality differences, routinely collected morbidity and mortality data for 1974-1978 were analysed for 98 Area Health Authorities (AHAs) in England and Wales. Although differences in morbidity (as measured by hospital discharge and disease registration rates) and socioeconomic factors account for some of the area variation in mortality, significant heterogeneity persists after these factors are taken into account. This finding suggests that morbidity and socioeconomic factors are not the only determinants of mortality variation among areas for these particular diseases. Variation in quality of medical care may account for this result, although regional diagnostic and reporting differences and variation in disease severity among areas must also be considered.
Security, control and the problems of containment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Prisons which fail to keep prisoners inside the walls are a contradiction in terms and manifestly fail to protect the public. Likewise, prisons which are out of control may present threats to the lives of staff, although riots often pose a greater threat to prisoners either at the hand of other prisoners (as at Santa Fe), or by the authorities in the process of regaining control (as at Attica or Carandiru). Thankfully, events such as those at Carandiru in São Paulo, where 111 prisoners were shot by the military police in 1992 in the aftermath of a riot, are not likely to happen in the UK.1 It is not that difficult to run prisons that are virtually escape proof, though it is very expensive. It is not that difficult to run prisons which minimize opportunities for riot and mayhem, though they also tend to reduce opportunities for everything else to a minimum, and they may infringe human rights. It is very difficult indeed to run prisons which are more or less escape proof, orderly and safe, which provide programmes aimed at changing offending behaviour and offering prospects of rehabilitation, and which respect the human rights of staff and prisoners. Such are the problems of containment I have in mind in the title of this chapter. It is a question of reconciling conflicting aims, of holding things in balance.
A rare case of primary tuberculous appendicitis in a secondary care hospital in eastern India: a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary tuberculous appendicitis is described as a histological confirmation of appendicular tuberculosis with negative chest X-ray and no evidence of tuberculosis found elsewhere in the body, and constitutes only 0.1-3% of all appendicectomies. A 21-year-old male patient presented to the emergency of our secondary care hospital, complaining of recurrent colicky right lower abdominal pain, nausea, with two months of persistent loss of appetite, increased frequency of micturition, weight loss, malaise, and evening temperature rise. There was tenderness at McBurney’s point with positive obturator test. Ultrasound of abdomen found enlarged appendix, further confirmed by Barium meal follow-through of abdomen. With a provisional diagnosis of recurrent acute appendicitis, the patient was taken for emergency open appendicectomy under spinal anesthesia. Intra-operatively, appendix in pelvic position, was thickened up to the base, approximately 4 cm in length, wholly adhered to the greater omentum, with no perforation, and no peri-appendiceal fluid collection. Microscopic examination showed epithelioid granulomas with Langhans' and foreign body giant cells. Foci of necrosis was present. Correlating with the clinical picture, intra-operative and histopathological findings, patient was definitively diagnosed with primary tuberculous appendicitis. The patient was started on anti-tubercular treatment for extrapulmonary TB and is currently followed up at the TB cell at our hospital. As tuberculosis is targeted for elimination under national tuberculosis elimination program (NTEP), we strongly recommend that all appendicectomy be followed by a histopathological examination to detect this rare tuberculosis.
Germination Responses of Some Forage Species of Eastern Terai, Nepal

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Freshly harvested seeds of the species (legumes: Alysicarpus vaginalis and Desmodium triflorum; grasses. Axonopus compressus and Chrysopogon aciculatus) failed to germinate even after acid scarification and incubation under different light qualities, whereas seven-nine-month old seeds exhibited germination in the order: D. triflorum (23%) > A. compresses (17%) > A. vaginalis (13%) > C. aciculatus (4%) without acid scarification or nutrient treatment. The legumes contained yellowish brown (Yb) and brick-red (Br) seeds in their pods in the ratio of 4:1. The Yb seeds had hard seed covering very slowly permeable to water. Storage of seeds under room conditions in sealed polythene pouches up to three years profoundly inhibited germination in Br seeds but had little effect on Yb seeds. The nine-month-old Br seeds had maximum germination (24 and 38%, respectively in A. vaginalis and D. triflorum) when submerged in water for 24 h before sowing, whereas germination in submerged in water for three days as a pretreatment. Germination in Yb seeds of the same age was 72 and 77%, respectively in A. vaginalis and 84% in D. triflorum when seven-eight-month old seeds were scarified with mixed (Yb and Br) seed lot was 71% in A. vaginalis and 84% in D. triforum when seven-eight-month old seeds were scarified with sulphuric acid for 10 min and incubated under red light for a week. The fresh seeds of A. compressus had 79% in viability (TTC test) which declined to 5% after storage for three years, and nine-month-old caryopses when treated with nitric acid for ten minute and incubated under red light for 18 days had maximum (45%) germination. In C. aciculatus. Seeds had only 37% viability when fresh, and they completely lost viability after storage for two years, and nine-month old caryopses had maximum (17%) germination when treated with 0.5% solution of potassium nitrate and incubated under ordinary condition for 25 days.Key words: Seed attributes; storage; viability; acid scarification; light; imbibition; potassium niratedoi: 10.3126/eco.v13i0.1629Ecoprint (An international Journal of Ecology) Vol.13, 2006 page 49-60
Development Strategy of Striving Nature Silk in Kabupaten Sukabumi, Propinsi Jawa Barat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The striving of nature silk in Kabupaten Sukabumi keeps decreasing whereas, market opportunity and potential for nature is good, for this time being. For knowing development strategic of striving nature silk correctly, it need to be done an aprroachment system of replacement SWOT analysis (strategis analysis) and ISM (interpretative Structural Modelling) technique (structural analysis). This research will identify internal and external factor and produce structural models. The most powerful factor that influence the striving of nature silk is nature condition (climate, soil and topography). The weakness factor are limited capital and access. As opportunity element factor and treatment of cocoon needs still high and germ and disease of murbei leaves also silk worm. Prosperity of nature silk worm influence a lot of society sector especially farmer. In way to make it success needs very qualified human resources, an expert on this work and good management. Hoped with fulfilled need, will solved a lot of obstructions one of them is limited capital and access. The purpose of this program as good as possible is for increasing nature silk work. Involved all sorts of institution to realize this aim will be need, one of them is Forestry Department which will decide fact in striving of nature silk. Keyword : nature silk, strategis analysis, structural analysis, and development strategy.
Keep the Students You Have!

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs) were established because of a need to have spaces identified to educate Black students since they were denied access to attend non-Black educational institutions. While some institutions educate diverse groups of students, HBCUs' distinct scholastic beliefs as well as their mission for educating students continues to play an instrumental role in Black education today. Consequently, there is an unyielding need to retain its students. Institutions continue to experience an assortment of obstacles as they attempt to seduce students to return to their home college or university. This chapter will examine several retention theories, including foundational theories notably associated with the establishment of retention principles. These theories will be analyzed through an HBCU lens to prescribe strategies that could potentially help HBCUs (and other types of institutions) retain students and stay relevant throughout global change.
Apex height control of a two-mass hopping robot

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The spring loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) model is commonly used to describe the dynamics of hopping robots. Based on this model, the control of hopping robots has been widely investigated. A fundamental limitation of the model is that it fails to account for impact with the ground, and this is due to its single degree-of-freedom in the vertical direction. A more accurate representation of the hopping robot is proposed using a two mass model and inelastic impact with the ground. A control scheme is developed to converge the maximum jumping height of the robot to a desired value. The control scheme utilizes feedback linearization in continuous time and updates a control parameter in discrete time to achieve the control objective. Simulation results are presented to show the efficacy of the control scheme.
[Benign pulsatile cranial bruit in children. Apropos of 6 cases].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The authors report a series of 6 patients aged 8-25 months, without any intracranial vascular pathology, presenting with an objective intracranial bruit associated with visible veins in the naso-orbital region. These bruits, frequent in children between 4 months and 5 years, become rare when patients grow older and disappear in adulthood. Naso-orbital veins are frequently normally detected until the age of 3 years. An intracranial bruit and visible facial veins may be clinical signs indicative of an underlying intracranial vascular malformation (IVM). Enhanced CT scanning should be performed when these two symptoms are associated. If the scan is abnormal, a selective angiography should be performed.
IL-4 signaling mechanisms in inflammatory bowel disease mononuclear phagocytes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

: In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), intestinal mononuclear cells secrete increased amounts of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as nonspecific effector molecules (i.e., superoxide anions) in vitro and in vivo. Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is an important contrainflammatory cytokine to limit monocyte and macrophage activation. Data obtained with peripheral monocytes indicate that IL-4-mediated downregulation of activation may be impaired in IBD. High IL-4 concentrations are able to overcome the impairment in downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and superoxide anions, respectively. We investigated molecular events involved in IL-4-induced signal transduction and regulation in IBD mononuclear phagocytes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by densitygradient centrifugation, intestinal lamina propria mononuclear cells by collagenase digestion. Proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels were assessed by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction using internal standards. IL-4 receptor expression was investigated by radiolabeled ligand binding studies and IL-4 receptor signal transduction by specific induction of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat 6). Downregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA levels, respectively, in IBD mononuclear phagocytes is impaired in comparison with normal cells. However, no differences between IBD and normal control mononuclear phagocytes were seen in IL-4 receptor surface expression and signal transduction by IL-4induced generation of Stat 6. Impaired downregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β secretion by IL-4 in IBD mononuclear phagocytes is also seen on the mRNA level. The mechanism of IL-4 resistance may be located in elements of IL-4 receptor signal transduction downstream of Stat 6.
[Clinical strains of Burkholderia cepacia: characteristic and detection of the components in the quorum sensing regulatory system].

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Described in the paper are characteristics of B. cepacia clinical strains isolated from patients at Moscow hospitals. The strains were investigated for the presence of proteolytic, chitinolytic, hemolytic and lipase activities as well as for presence of components of the "Quorum sensing" gene activity regulatory system by using biological test-systems and in the polymerase chain reaction with primers to genes cepI and cepR.
Studies of the mechanism of the vasoconstrictor activity of stroma-free hemoglobin in the isolated perfused rat kidney and rabbit heart.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We have found that DBBF-Hb and Hb Ao have significantly less vasoconstrictor activity than unmodified Hb in the rabbit heart. In striking contrast to these findings, DBBF-Hb and unmodified Hb have comparable hemodynamic effects in the isolated kidney. We have demonstrated that lipophilic contamination of fraction V BSA causes vasoconstriction in the coronary vasculature and speculate that similar contaminants may contribute to the vasoconstrictor activity of SFH solutions. Finally, we have shown that renal vasoconstriction induced by DBBF-Hb is reversed by acetylcholine as well as nitroprusside. These studies suggest that renal vasoconstriction induced by DBBF-Hb is not related to inhibition of EDRF. These studies make it clear that SFH solutions have different effects on the heart and kidney vasculature. The use of both heart and kidney models should provide important information on the mechanisms by which SFH causes vasoconstriction in these two organs.
Optical, elastical and piezooptical properties of the β-BaB2O4 and Li2B4O7 borate crystals

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The optical, elastic and piezooptical properties of the borate crystals have been investigated. The dispersions of the indexes refraction of the Li2B4O7 crystals have been determinated in wavelength range 350 - 650 nm. The results of the measurement velocity of the longitudinal and transverse ultrasonic waves on borate crystals are presented. Using ultrasonic velocity measurements the components of the elastic matrix Cmn of these crystals have been determined. Using the determined values of the elastooptical tensor components the acoustooptical quality M2 of β-BaB2O4 crystals has been calculated
Surface Modification of Nanoparticles: Methods and Applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This chapter discusses the various polymers used in the formulation of nanoparticles, fabrication and characterization techniques, surface modification methods, and the different types of targeting ligands that have been evaluated. Characterization of nanoparticles for size, morphology, and surface charge has been done using various microscopic techniques including scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. These techniques have also been used to understand the variation in the physical properties of particles after surface modification. The average particle diameter, their size distribution, and charge affect the physical stability and their in vivo distribution. Electron microscopy techniques are very useful in ascertaining the overall shape of polymeric nanoparticles, parameters that influence their safety and biodistribution. The surface charge of nanoparticles affects the physical stability and redispersibility of the polymer dispersion as well as their in vivo performance. Many techniques have been used to study the surface modification of nanoparticles.
One Year In: What I Learned in My First Year of Librarianship and What I Wish I Would Have Done Differently

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper ruminates on my first year as an academic librarian on a health sciences campus. Discussed topics include lessons that were learned, reflection on what I wish would have happened differently, and nominal but helpful advice for recent graduates with little experience in libraries or those making a career transition into librarianship.
Dielectric Spectroscopy: a Rapid Method for the Determination of Solvent Biocompatibility During Biotransformations

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Dielectric spectroscopy provides a convenient means of determining the degree of intactness of biological cells. 4-terminal dielectric measurements of suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 0.4 MHz show that, as with all other biological cells, these organisms possess a substantial β-dispersion. The additional of octanol to such suspensions causes a rapid decrease in the electrical capacitance of the suspension, which parallels the cellular viability as determined by methylene blue staining. The kinetics of cell death are determined in part by the rate of dissolution of the organic solvent in the aqueous phase. The toxicity of several organic solvents to S. cerevisiae is studied using this technique, and is found to be dependent upon the polarity of the solvent. The present method provides a simple and rapid means for assessing the biocompatibility of solvents used in biotransformations.
On the Geology of Arenig Fawr and Moel Llyfnant

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

I. I ntroduction . T he mountains known as Arenig Fawr and Moel Llyfnant are situated somewhat to the north of the centre of the county of Merioneth, and lie immediately east of the main water-parting of Wales. The area studied lies wholly within the quarter-sheets 13 S.E., 13 S.W., 21 N.E., & 21 N.W. of the 6-inch Ordnance-Survey maps of Merionethshire. Rising from a plateau some 800 to 1200 feet high, they attain heights of 2800 and 2437 feet respectively, and, being entirely above the cultivation-zone, are practically uninhabited. The Great Western Bala-Ffestiniog Railway crosses the northern end of the district, to which Arenig Station, close under the northern slopes of Arenig Fawr, affords easy access. Although to a certain extent glaciated, the mountains are swept clean rather than Drift-covered, and it is only in the lower ground that moraines become inconveniently abundant. The adaptation of surface-forms to rock-structures is exceedingly complete, and few are the places where the ribs of harder rocks do not protrude through the scanty soil or turf. Being open to the full blast of the westerly and south-westerly gales from the ocean, the district, receives its full share of weather; and, in consequence, although the eastern slopes are often grass- or heather-covered, the steeper parts of the western slopes are rugged and bare, and afford magnificent exposures of the component rocks. Further, the structure of the district is fairly simple, and the cleavage, though present, is not so strongly developed as to prevent one from breaking the
A note on some numerical experiments with model mountain barriers

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A two-level, β-plane, quasi-geostrophic model in σ-coordinates has been used to study basic interactions between baroclinic instability waves and standing waves created by planetary scale topographic barriers. Numerical experiments over periods of 100 days were carried out, firstly with a flat topography and secondly with meridionally oriented mountain barriers of heights up to 2300 m. Two interesting results emerged: one was concerned with the computational aspect of modelling, the other with basic large scale dynamics.The use of a centred differencing formulation of time dependent terms led to no computational difficulties in the case of flat topography, but with even a small barrier computational instability very quickly sets in. An Adams-Bashforth formulation entirely removes this instability.The insertion of mountain barriers reproduced cyclogenesis in the lee of the barriers with similar primary dynamical characteristics to those found in complex model studies (e.g. Manabe & Terpstra, 1974).
Diurnal microclimate profile in tropical coastal built environment (case: Universitas Islam Sultan Agung campus area, Semarang)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Microclimate is caused by the interaction between atmosphere and earth surfaces in local areas. Built environment has pay attention in microclimate since it considerably affects the thermal earth surfaces. This research is located in tropical coastal area, specifically at Universitas Islam Sultan Agung Semarang campus area as a part of built environment where close to the Java sea. The aim of this paper is to investigate the diurnal pattern of microclimate in research location before modelled to the wider area. A numerical modelling method is applied in this research to simulate the diurnal thermal pattern. The research shows that microclimate is influenced by the earth surface objects and following the sun movement respectively.
Fair cost standards for social services

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Current regulations in the field of social services do not allow meeting the requirements of the state standard in terms of pooling and allocating necessary resources objectively. The research aims to create a model of regional information system according an algorithm, which assumes developing a five-level classifier of social services, identifying typological groups of services providers, and applying an industry-average cost of homogeneous services. This model serves a basis for automated formation of norms that guarantee the quality of social service required by the standard. The research methodology rests on the theory of public goods and institutional economics. The methods include structural, normative, and comparative analysis. The data comes from statistical, accounting, and analytical reporting of the social welfare institutions of the Sverdlovsk oblast. Creation and practical implementation of the suggested model of digitalisation of the processes related to the development of normative regulatory measures permitted the authors to customise the existing method of formation of normative regulators of the services quality in line with the preferences of individual consumers; to ensure completeness, accuracy, and timeliness of substantiating the expenditures for fulfilling the state task by social welfare institutions and autonomous non-profit organisations of social service. The findings contribute to the research of the systemic effects of the product, spatial, and time customisation of the social welfare system