jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous vascular and sweating responses to intradermal administration of ATP: a role for nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Key points In humans in vivo , the mechanisms behind ATP‐mediated cutaneous vasodilatation along with whether and how ATP increases sweating remains uncertain. Recent work has implicated nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cyclooxygenase (COX) and/or adenosine in the modulation of cutaneous vasodilatation and sweat production during both local (i.e. localized heating) and whole‐body heat stress (i.e. exercise‐induced heat stress). We evaluated whether ATP‐mediated cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating is mediated via NOS, COX and/or adenosine. We show that in humans in vivo , intradermal administration of ATP induces pronounced vasodilatation which is partially mediated by NOS, but neither COX nor adenosine influences ATP‐mediated vasodilatation, and ATP alone does not induce an increase in sweating. These findings advance our basic physiological knowledge regarding control of skin blood flow and sweating, and provide insight into the mechanisms governing thermoeffector activity, which has major implications for whole‐body heat exchange and therefore core temperature regulation in humans during heat stress. Abstract In humans in vivo , the mechanisms behind ATP‐mediated cutaneous vasodilatation and whether and how ATP increases sweating remain uncertain. We evaluated whether ATP‐mediated cutaneous vasodilatation and sweating is mediated via nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cyclooxygenase (COX) and/or adenosine‐dependent mechanisms. Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC, laser Doppler perfusion units/mean arterial pressure) and sweat rate (ventilated capsule) were evaluated at intradermal microdialysis forearm skin sites, each receiving pharmacological agents (two separate protocols). In Protocol 1 ( n = 12), sites were perfused with: (1) lactated Ringer solution (Control), (2) 10 m m N ω ‐nitro‐ l ‐arginine ( l ‐NNA, a NOS inhibitor), (3) 10 m m ketorolac (Ketorolac, a COX inhibitor) or (4) a combination of 10 m m l ‐NNA + 10 m m ketorolac ( l ‐NNA + Ketorolac). In Protocol 2 ( n = 8), sites were perfused with: (1) lactated Ringer solution (Control) or (2) 4 m m theophylline (Theophylline, an adenosine receptor inhibitor). At all sites, ATP was simultaneously perfused at 0.12, 1.2, 12, 120 and 1200 n m min −1 (each for 20 min). Relative to CVC at the Control site with ATP infused at 120 n m min −1 (71 ± 9% of max CVC), CVC at the Ketorolac site was comparable (64 ± 13% of max CVC, P = 0.407), but lower at l ‐NNA (51 ± 15% of max CVC, P = 0.040) and l ‐NNA + Ketorolac (51 ± 13% of max CVC, P = 0.049) sites. Conversely, across the four skin sites at any other ATP infusion rate (all P > 0.174), no differences in CVC were observed. Theophylline did not influence CVC at any ATP infusion rate (all P > 0.234). Furthermore, no ATP infusion rate elicited an increase in sweating from baseline at any skin site (all P > 0.235). We show that NOS, but neither COX nor adenosine receptors, modulates ATP‐mediated cutaneous vasodilatation, whereas ATP does not directly increase sweating.
Ankle fractures in the geriatric population: Operative or non-operative treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The optimal management of ankle fractures in the elderly is controversial, with wide variation in the complication rates reported in the literature. Achieving a satisfactory outcome is essential as reduced mobility exacerbates pre-existing morbidity and diminishes the likelihood of independent living. However, in elderly patients surgery carries increased risks due to osteoporosis, poor skin condition and decreased vascularity. Methods: We performed a retrospective review of outcome and complications in patients over 70 years of age with ankle fractures. Patients were admitted for manipulation under anaesthetic and application of cast (MUA) or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Data were retrieved from medical and nursing notes relating to pre-operative functioning, type of injury, operative procedure and outcome. All X-rays were also reviewed to confirm fracture grade and union. Results: A total of 134 patients over the age of 70 were admitted for management of ankle fractures during January 1995 and December 2003 and 117 of these were included in the study. 84 were operatively treated for ankle fractures and a further 27 patients underwent MUA. The mean age in both groups was 76 and there was a female predominance in both groups (89% in MUA, 79% in ORIF). 14.8% of the conservatively managed group were nursing home residents compared to 2.4% of the operatively treated group. The groups were similar with respect to ASA grade and co-morbidities. The median length of stay was shorter for the conservatively managed group (4 vs. 6 days). 7.5% of the MUA group required a second intervention compared to 4.5% of the operatively managed group. There were two below knee amputations in the operatively managed group, both related to open fractures, and one arthrodesis in each group. There were three wound complications in the operatively managed group. The rate of postoperative medical complications was the same in both cohorts. 7.4% of patients treated with MUA and 1.1% of patients treated operatively had reduced mobility at final follow-up. Conclusion: The decision-making process for treatment of ankle fractures in the geriatric population is challenging. We observed significantly better functional results in the ORIF group than the MUA group. These results indicate that open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures in geriatric patients is efficacious and safe in selected patients
Establishment of a complex inflammatory and protumorigenic microenvironment in mouse pancreas through cyclooxygenase-2 overexpression

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chronic inflammation is an established risk factor in the pathogenesis of many cancers. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, a malignancy with a particularly dismal prognosis, is no exception. Cyclooxygenase-2, a key enzyme induced by tissue injury, has a critical role in the generation of bioactive lipids known as prostaglandins. COX-2 overexpression is a frequent finding in pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias. To explore mechanisms through which chronic inflammation establishes and maintains a protumorigenic environment, we designed a mouse model overexpressing COX-2 in pancreatic parenchyma (BK5.COX-2 mice). We discovered that constitutive expression of COX-2 has a number of important sequelae, including upregulation of additional eicosanoid-generating enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines. Many of these molecular alterations precede the onset of significant histopathological changes. Increased levels of prostaglandins E2, D2, and F2α, 5-, 12-, and 15-hydroxyeiosatetraenoic acid (HETEs) were documented in tumors and pancreata of younger transgenic mice. Using a TaqMan™ Mouse Immune Panel, we detected elevated mRNAs for a number of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6). Histological examination revealed early changes in the pancreas with similarities to human chronic pancreatitis, including loss of acinar cells, appearance of metaplastic ducts, and increased deposition of stroma. As the lesions progress, features typical of dysplastic and neoplastic cells emerged within the metaplastic ductal complexes, including cellular and nuclear atypia, crowding of cells, and loss of normal tissue architecture. The amount of fibroinflammatory stroma increased considerably; numerous small vessels were evident. A number of immunocytes from both the myeloid and lymphoid lineages were identified in transgenic pancreata. Neutrophils were the earliest to infiltrate, followed shortly by macrophages and mast cells. B and T cells generally began to appear by 8–12 weeks, and organized aggregates of lymphoid cells were often found in advanced lesions. We tested the efficacy of several chemopreventive agents in this model, including celecoxib, a COX-2 selective inhibitor, pentoxifylline, a cytokine inhibitor, curcumin, a polyphenol with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and GW2974, a dual EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitor. Effects on lesion development were modest in the GW2974 and pentoxifylline treated groups, but significant prevention effects were observed with curcumin and celecoxib.
Study on Good Agriculture Practice (GAP) for Pineapple Cultivation in Labuhan Batu Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background and Objective: The phenomenon of applying good agricultural practice (GAP) for pineapple in cultivation that is not as recommended and the yield of pineapple production is not optimal requires further studies that focus on the application of GAP pineapple as recommended.For the sustainability of pineapple cultivation in Labuhan Batu Regency, it is necessary to research how to apply the GAP component of pineapple cultivation.Materials and Methods: The method of analyzing the level of application of the GAP component using percentages and the method of influencing factors using multiple linear regression.Results: To get pineapple according to consumer preferences in the research area, it takes the level of application of GAP with a score of 24 or 72.72% with the category of moderate application level.The factors that positively influence the level of application of the pineapple GAP component in Labuhan Batu Regency are the number of farm workers in the family, the employment status of the farmer and the length of formal education of the farmer and the income of pineapple cultivation.Conclusion: There is no need for a high level of application of the GAP component to increase the income of pineapple farmers on peatland types.
Multiscale Voxel Based Decoding For Enhanced Natural Image Reconstruction From Brain Activity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Reconstructing perceived images from human brain activity monitored by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is hard, especially for natural images. Existing methods often result in blurry and unintelligible reconstructions with low fidelity. In this study, we present a novel approach for enhanced image reconstruction, in which existing methods for object decoding and image reconstruction are merged together. This is achieved by conditioning the reconstructed image to its decoded image category using a class-conditional generative adversarial network and neural style transfer. The results indicate that our approach improves the semantic similarity of the reconstructed images and can be used as a general framework for enhanced image reconstruction.
Phylogenomics of Fargesia and Yushania reveals a history of reticulate evolution

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Reticulate evolution is a common and important driving force in angiosperm evolution. In this study, we analyzed the phylogenetic signals of genomic regions with different inheritance patterns to understand the evolutionary process of organisms using species‐rich Himalaya–Hengduan taxa of bamboos ( Fargesia Franchet and Yushania Keng). We constructed phylogenetic trees using different sampling strategies and reconstruction methods based on genome skimming and double digest restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing data. We assessed the congruence of topologies generated from different datasets and employed several approaches to reveal the causes of phylogenetic incongruence, including the detection of hybridization and introgression using PhyloNetworks and the D ‐statistic test (ABBA‐BABA test). We found that, in the plastome‐based phylogeny, Fargesia bamboos can be clustered into three groups and Yushania was nested within one of them, which contradicts the nuclear–double digest restriction‐site‐associated DNA sequencing‐based phylogeny. Moreover, the genetic variation of chloroplast DNA is significantly correlated with geographical distribution. The strong signal of incomplete lineage sorting, hybridization, introgression, and cytoplasmic gene flow found among genera and species suggests that reticulate evolution is the main cause for the phylogenetic incongruence between nuclear and chloroplast datasets. Our results add evidence that genomes with different inheritance patterns can reveal distinct evolutionary histories of species and suggest that reticulate evolution is prevalent in rapidly diversifying groups.
Absorbable screws fixation for triplane fractures of the distal tibia in children:16 cases report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To analyse the effect of manipulative reduction and absorbable screws fixation for the triplane fracture of the distal tibia in children.Methods Under C-arm X-ray machine,anatomical reduction was achieved by manipulative reduction according to the bone fracture type.The fractures were fixed by absorbable screws.Postoperative X-ray scanning confirmed anatomical reduction.All patients had been immobilized with cast for 8 weeks.Results 16 patients were followed up for 7~44(27±1) months.X-ray films showed all fractures were healed.There was no bone bridge and uneven articular surface,or rotating and shortening deformity.The results were excellent in 13 cases,and good in 3 cases according to Weber standard at the last follow-up.All patients could participate in the normal physical activities.Conclusions The method of manipulative reduction and absorbable screw fixation is relatively reliable treatment for triplane fractures of the distal tibia.
Orthopedic Treatment for Class II Malocclusion with Functional Appliances and Its Effect on Upper Airways: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Aim of this systematic review was to assess the effects of orthopedic treatment for Class II malocclusion with Functional Appliances (FAs) on the dimensions of the upper airways. Eight databases were searched up to October 2020 for randomized or nonrandomized clinical studies on FA treatment of Class II patients with untreated control groups. After duplicate study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment according to Cochrane guidelines, random effects meta-analyses of mean differences (MDs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were performed, followed by subgroup/meta-regression analyses and assessment of the quality of evidence. A total of 20 nonrandomized clinical studies (4 prospective/16 retrospective) including 969 patients (47.9% male; mean age 10.9 years) were identified. Orthopedic treatment with FAs was associated with increased oropharynx volume (MD = 2356.14 mm3; 95% CI = 1276.36 to 3435.92 mm3; p < 0.001) compared to natural growth. Additionally, significant increases in nasopharynx volume, minimal constricted axial area of pharyngeal airway, and airway were seen, while removable FAs showed considerably greater effects than fixed FAs (p = 0.04). Finally, patient age and treatment duration had a significant influence in the effect of FAs on airways, as had baseline matching and sample size adequacy. Clinical evidence on orthopedic Class II treatment with FAs is associated with increased upper airway dimensions. However, the quality of evidence is very low due to methodological issues of existing studies, while the clinical relevance of increases in airway dimensions remains unclear.
Analisis Rekayasa dan Karakterisasi Briket Bahan Bakar dari Limbah Serat Kenaf

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The amount of rejected hibiscus cannabinus fiber reaches 30% during harvesting and 10% of the fiber bought by industries because they are not satisfied the quality requirement. In other words, 37% of the harvested hibiscus cannabinus fiber is rejected and become waste. On the other hand, the society need alternative fuel instead of fossil fuel due to its availability and high-price. Therefore, a study on the utilization of hibiscus cannabinus fiber waste for alternative fuel is urgently required. The main materials used in this research are hibiscus cannabinus fiber waste and starch glue. The first step is producing star-coal by burning the hibiscus cannabinus fiber in a closed tube (chamber) followed by producing starcoal briquette by blending starcoal powder and starch glue, and finally, pressing it in a pressing machine. The characteristic being studied are: water content (comply to ASTM-D-3173), calorific value (ASTM D-2015 and ASTM D-5865-03), and ash content (ASTM D-3174). The result of the research shows that the average calorific value of hibiscus cannabinus fiber waste is 6595,65 kal/gram while that of the briquette compacted at 1090 psi or above was 7394,14 kal/gram. The average water content was 10,9%, and ash content is 31,67%. Advanced study concerning the percentage of fly ash and economic aspects was recommended in order to justify its feasibility.
Circulating Inflammatory Markers are Inversely Associated with Heart Rate Variability Measures in type 1 Diabetes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background A neuro-immune communication exists, and compiling evidence suggests that diabetic neuropathy and systemic inflammation are linked. Our aims were 1) to investigate biomarkers of the ongoing inflammation processes including cytokines, adhesion molecules and chemokines, and 2) to associate the findings with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes by measuring heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone.Methods We included 104 adults with type 1 diabetes. Heart rate variability, time- and frequency domains, were calculated from a 24-hour Holter electrocardiogram, while cardiac vagal tone was determined from a 5-minute electrocardiogram. Cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-4, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α), adhesion molecules (E-selectin, P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1) and chemokines (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand (CCL)2, CCL3, CCL4 and C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL)10) were assessed using a Luminex multiplexing technology. Associations between concentrations of inflammatory biomarkers and continuous variables of heart rate variability and cardiac vagal tone were estimated using multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, sex, disease duration and smoking.Results Participants with the presence of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy had higher systemic levels of IL-1α, IL-4, CCL2 and E-selectin, than those without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. IL-1α, IL-4, IL-12, TNF-α and E-selectin were inversely associated with both sympathetic and parasympathetic heart rate variability measures (p>0.01).Conclusion Our results show that several pro- and anti-inflammatory factors, believed to be involved in the progression of diabetic polyneuropathy are associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy, suggesting that these factors may also contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Our findings emphasize the importance of the neuro-immune regulatory system in the pathogenesis of neuropathy in type 1 diabetes.Trial registration: The study was approved by the North Denmark Regional Committee on Health Research Ethics (N2013-0077 and N2017-0045) and registered in public databases (Eudra CT 2013-004375-12 and clinicaltrials.gov NCT02138045.
Condensation in models with factorized and pair-factorized stationary states

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Non-equilibrium real-space condensation is a phenomenon in which a finite\nfraction of some conserved quantity (mass, particles, etc.) becomes spatially\nlocalised. We review two popular stochastic models of hopping particles that\nlead to condensation and whose stationary states assume a factorized form: the\nzero-range process and the misanthrope process, and their various\nmodifications. We also introduce a new model - a misanthrope process with\nparallel dynamics - that exhibits condensation and has a pair-factorized\nstationary state.\n
Land and Informational Approach to the Technological Security of Nuclear Testing Site Economic Use

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract As of today, nuclear tests are prohibited by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) that was adopted by the 50th session of the UN General Assembly in 1996. However, in the more than 50 years of nuclear testing, more than 2000 nuclear explosions have been carried out on nuclear test sites. Nuclear tests have caused irreversible damage to the local environment, in particular to the nuclear test sites themselves. Most of them have been shut down and have not been used for a long time. Today there have been attempts to use radiation polluted lands for economic purposes. The article explores the practice of topographic and cadastre surveys in the nuclear testing facility at Semipalatinsk. The goal of these measures is a land survey to measure the radioactive pollution and identify possible uses of the land with different degrees of pollution for economic purposes of the residents of the nuclear testing facility and its environs. The article introduces the term “forced land use”, which results from the fact that people inhabit territories that have been previously polluted by radiation. The developed land and information approach proposes to divide the area into zones depending on the degree of radiation pollution and possible types of economic activities. Land survey involves a land mapping that shows the registered amounts of radionuclide. Methods of geoinformation analysis and secondary radiactive contamination distribution simulation are employed to conduct the land survey and establish possible economic uses.
Warming and elevated CO2 intensify drought and recovery responses of grassland carbon allocation to soil respiration

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Photosynthesis and soil respiration represent the two largest fluxes of CO 2 in terrestrial ecosystems and are tightly linked through belowground carbon (C) allocation. Drought has been suggested to impact the allocation of recently assimilated C to soil respiration; however, it is largely unknown how drought effects are altered by a future warmer climate under elevated atmospheric CO 2 (eT_eCO 2 ). In a multifactor experiment on managed C3 grassland, we studied the individual and interactive effects of drought and eT_eCO 2 (drought, eT_eCO 2 , drought × eT_eCO 2 ) on ecosystem C dynamics. We performed two in situ 13 CO 2 pulse‐labeling campaigns to trace the fate of recent C during peak drought and recovery. eT_eCO 2 increased soil respiration and the fraction of recently assimilated C in soil respiration. During drought, plant C uptake was reduced by c. 50% in both ambient and eT_eCO 2 conditions. Soil respiration and the amount and proportion of 13 C respired from soil were reduced (by 32%, 70% and 30%, respectively), the effect being more pronounced under eT_eCO 2 (50%, 84%, 70%). Under drought, the diel coupling of photosynthesis and SR persisted only in the eT_eCO 2 scenario, likely caused by dynamic shifts in the use of freshly assimilated C between storage and respiration. Drought did not affect the fraction of recent C remaining in plant biomass under ambient and eT_eCO 2 , but reduced the small fraction remaining in soil under eT_eCO 2 . After rewetting, C uptake and the proportion of recent C in soil respiration recovered more rapidly under eT_eCO 2 compared to ambient conditions. Overall, our findings suggest that in a warmer climate under elevated CO 2 drought effects on the fate of recent C will be amplified and the coupling of photosynthesis and soil respiration will be sustained. To predict the future dynamics of terrestrial C cycling, such interactive effects of multiple global change factors should be considered.