jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
History, Cartography and Science: The Present Day Importance of the Mapping of Mozambique in the 19th Century

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

SUMMARY In the late 19 th century Mozambique territory was subjected to deep systematic surveys in order to map both the coastal situation and all the territory proclaimed under Portuguese sovereignty. Although trying to respond efficiently to the Berlin Conference decisions of 1885, Portuguese were committed, since 1883, in the making of an Atlas of the overseas territories claimed to be under Portuguese control since the 16 th century. This claim was particularly relevant for the East African Coast where those territories were in the mid 19 th century disputed by the British and the Germans. Within this scenario and to sustain the Portuguese pretensions, the Portuguese government created in 1883 the Portuguese Commission of Cartography (PCC), an operative institution that should bring together the mapping of the colonial overseas territories and the necessary studies to support it. The first missions were carried out in Mozambique, as early as 1884, and they marked the beginning of a series of survey and scientific missions. The result was the entire recognition of the coast and the production of the first hydrographic maps on this specific area. As the PPC ensured both the cartographic coverage of the coast and of the inland, the analysis and evaluation of its work must consider either the scientific methods and instruments used or the cooperation work with Navy, responsible for the permanent and update survey of the coast, and with he Army and the special Commissions for the Delimitations of the Frontiers of the different areas of Mozambique operating in the territory at the time. Other than this, the PCC benefited from the consistent background knowledge on the region, organized from the 16th century on, in result of the need to support the persistence of the old trade routes, namely the “Carreira da India”. Considering the above mentioned, this paper aims to enhance the importance of the cartographic production of the PCC concerning the history of cartography and the new techniques and scientific methods used the 19 th century, as well as in what regards cartography as an historical document, being this last aspect particularly important as these documents provide relevant information on several issues, namely on the geo-climate changes affecting the South African eastern coast, at least from the early 16 th century onwards. By cross-crossing the information included in these maps with other data on the region, namely the ones collected by the Borders Commissions we pretend to show the importance of the present day information, either because the maps were the basis for the modern cartography or because maps and documents are still today requested by the Mozambique government to rebuilt their actual borders.
Constraint Boundary Analysis for Voltage-Time Based Feeder Automation Testing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To address the problem of unclear interaction mechanism and constraints between components in the existing feeder automation test, this paper takes voltage-time feeder automation as an example, firstly composes the fault handling process of voltage-time feeder automation, then discusses the influencing factors in feeder automation testing process, and the time constraint conditions in the multi-temporal state of each element of the test system are analyzed with the information transfer of each element of the test system under different switching action states, and finally verifies the correctness of the time constraints by using Petri net theory simulation.
Epidemiology of Animal Poisonings in the Canary Islands (Spain) during the Period 2014–2021

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Animal poisoning is one of the greatest conservation threats facing wildlife. In a preliminary study in the oceanic archipelago of the Canary Islands, we showed that the degree of threat from this circumstance was very high-even higher than that reported in other regions of continental Europe. Consequently, a legal framework for the effective prosecution of the crime of wildlife poisoning came into force in 2014 in this region. We present the results of the investigation of 961 animals and 84 baits sent to our laboratory for the diagnosis of animal poisonings during the period 2014–2021. We were able to identify poison as the cause of death in 251 animals and 61 baits. Carbofuran stands out as the main agent used in this archipelago. We have also detected an increasing tendency to use mixtures of several pesticides in the preparation of baits. The entry into operation of two canine patrols has led to the detection of more dead animals in the wild and a greater number of poisoned animals. The percentage of poison positives is significantly higher in areas with lower population density, corresponding to rural environments, as well as in areas with greater agricultural and livestock activity.
Biology and Clinical Relevance of the Micropthalmia Family of Transcription Factors in Human Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Members of the micropthalmia (MiT) family of transcription factors (MITF, TFE3, TFEB, and TFEC) are physiologic regulators of cell growth, differentiation, and survival in several tissue types. Because their dysregulation can lead to melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and some sarcomas, understanding why these genes are co-opted in carcinogenesis may be of general utility. Here we describe the structure of the MiT family of proteins, the ways in which they are aberrantly activated, and the molecular mechanisms by which they promote oncogenesis. We discuss how meaningful understanding of these mechanisms can be used to elucidate the oncogenic process. Because the expression of these proteins is essential for initiating and maintaining the oncogenic state in some cancer types, we propose ways that they can be exploited to prevent, diagnose, and rationally treat these malignancies.
The Origin of Broad Emission in ⟨100⟩ Two-Dimensional Perovskites: Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Processes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

2D metal halide perovskites can show narrow and broad emission bands (BEs), and the latter's origin is hotly debated. A widespread opinion assigns BEs to the recombination of intrinsic self-trapped excitons (STEs), whereas recent studies indicate they can have an extrinsic defect-related origin. Here, we carry out a combined experimental-computational study into the microscopic origin of BEs for a series of prototypical phenylethylammonium-based 2D perovskites, comprising different metals (Pb, Sn) and halides (I, Br, Cl). Photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals that all of the compounds exhibit BEs. Where not observable at room temperature, the BE signature emerges upon cooling. By means of DFT calculations, we demonstrate that emission from halide vacancies is compatible with the experimentally observed features. Emission from STEs may only contribute to the BE in the wide-band-gap Br- and Cl-based compounds. Our work paves the way toward a complete understanding of broad emission bands in halide perovskites that will facilitate the fabrication of efficient narrow and white light emitting devices.
A study on attitudes and perceptions of marriage among young higher educated single Singaporeans

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In a contemporary Singapore context, there have been growing trends towards delayed marriages and singlehood among higher educated Singaporeans and young adults respectively. Against the backdrop of an ageing population and ultra-low fertility levels in Singapore, this paper seeks to analyse the attitudes and perceptions of marriage among young single Singaporeans with university qualifications by contextualizing Beck and Beck-Gernsheim’s individualization thesis. Utilizing semi-structured interviews, 9 respondents were asked for their perceptions towards marriage, their intentions to marry and the reasons for delaying marriage and remaining single. Based on key findings and implications, it is ascertained that individualization has impacted in shaping marriage perceptions and attitudes. Also, it was observed that all respondents were keen on marriage but yet delay their marriage aspirations due to their work circumstances. Lastly, this research implies that prevalence of delayed marriages and singlehood are poised to remain.
Alkaline sucrose sedimentation analysis as an indicator of repair capability of xeroderma pigmentosum fibroblasts for 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide damage

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) damage to DNA and its repair in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) fibroblast stains were followed by sedimentation in an alkaline sucrose gradient. Two forms of analysis were employed. In the brief lysis technique, the cells were exposed to alkali for 30 min before centrifuging. In the long lysis technique, the cells were exposed to alkali overnight before centrifuging. The fibroblast cultures were derived from 6 normal individuals, 2 XP variants, 2 from complementation group C and 1 each from complementation groups A, B and E. by means of the brief lysis technique all of the fibroblasts were found to repair the 4NQO induced damage. By means of the long lysis technique the fibroblasts from normal individuals, from XP variants and from XP group E were found to repair the 4NQO induced damage. The fibroblasts from groups A, B and C showed no repair of the lesion. This latter result, on the repair capability of 4NQO damaged XP cells, correlates with the repair capability of XP cells shown by other methods. It suggest that if sedimentation analysis in alkaline sucrose is to be used to demonstrate the induction of chemically induced damage to DNA and its repair, both brief and long lysis periods should be employed.
Shoot induction and plant regeneration from leaflets of peanut

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The shoots were inducted in vitro from middle sections of peanut leaflets at 9~10 days old on MS medium supplemented with BA 3mg/L+NAA 0.8mg/L+AgNO 3 2mg/L. The shoots were formed after 12~14 days, and shoot induction rate and average number of shoots per explant was 78.9% and 9 respectively. 4 weeks later, buds were transferred to secondary medium (MS+BA 3mg/L+AgNO 3 2mg/L) to lengthen. The regeneration plants were transferred to field after shoot rooting.
Role of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening in natural decline of heart function

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate role of mitochondrial permeability transition pore(MPTP) in natural functional decline of rat heart.Methods Spraque-Dawely(SD) rats were randomly divided into 3,6,9 and 12 months groups.The left ventricular function of rats were measured by inserting a tube into the left ventricle of rat hearts.The heart mitochondria was isolated and the opening of MPTP was investigated.Pathomorphological changes of myocardium of rats were assayed by light microscope after hematoxylin-eosin staining,myocardial apoptosis was tested by TUNEL method.Results Along with age growth,left ventricular systolic pressure(LVSP) was decreased(P0.05),and left ventricular end diastolic pressure(LVEDP) was increased(P0.05).Opening of MPTP was increased gradually with age growth(P0.01).Compared with the hearts in 3 month group,the HE staining revealed cellular shrinkage,nuclear chromosomal condensation with cytoplasmic eosinophils in hearts of 12 month group and apoptosis index(AI) in 9 and 12 months groups were increased(P0.01),however,this was not found in hearts of 6 month group(P0.05).Conclusions Opening of MPTP increases with aging,and which may be an important mechanism in apoptosis of cardiac muscle and natural functional decline of heart.
Demographic change among the widowed population in Sweden 1970-2019

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is evidence that the mortality disadvantage of widows and widowers relative to married men and women has been increasing over the last decades. At the same time, a rising life expectancy and heavy size fluctuations between birth cohorts have been reshaping the demographic characteristics of the widowed population, which may have implications for how to interpret the excess mortality of the widowed. This study uses Swedish register data to compare trends in the excess mortality of widows and widowers in younger and older age groups during the years 1970-2019, and link the trends to the demographic changes that occurred in the population in the same period. The results show that the excess mortality increased in all age groups during the period, with the strongest increase occurring in younger ages and among women. At the same time, the widowed population became significantly older, and the contribution from the groups aged 75 or younger to the overall excess mortality of the widowed declined. Further, the results show that widowhood overall became slightly less common among the old during the period, that the relative number of men entering widowhood rose and that the proportion who remarried after widowhood remained negligible throughout the period. The transition to widowhood also began to occur increasingly late in life while the average duration of widowhood before dying or remarrying fell, especially for women. The findings of the study suggest that while increasing selection into widowhood contributed to the rising excess mortality, other mechanisms were at work as well. Other potential explanations include an increasing overlap between widowhood and periods of sickness and disabilities, and a decline in access to formal care and assistance.
Utilisation of dried poultry manure by growing chickens fed on a practical diet

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

1. Dried poultry manure (DPM) has been tested as a replacement for groundnut cake in poultry diets. 2. Body weight gain, and the efficiency of food conversion were improved when the diet contained 50 g DPM/kg but higher rates of inclusion (100 or 150 g/kg) depressed growth. 3. Birds fed on diets containing 50 g DPM/kg yielded meat of comparable quality to those fed on the control diet whereas those fed on diets containing more DPM yielded meat containing more fat and less water. 4. The percentage moisture in the meat was inversely related to the lipid content. 5. Nitrogen retention was comparable in all groups.
RESEARCH A hypomorphic BMPR1B m y

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ia, te ati d en Grebe dysplasia (including Grebe (OMIM #200700) and Hunter-Thompson (OMIM #201250) types), the milder du as CDMP1), encoding the growth and differentiation fac-tor 5 [3–6]. GDF5 belongs to the bone morphogenetic ations, but in B mutations. d a homozy-
Increasing the scan‐efficiency of pulmonary imaging at 0.55 T using iterative concomitant field and motion‐corrected reconstruction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose To develop an iterative concomitant field and motion corrected (iCoMoCo) reconstruction for isotropic high‐resolution UTE pulmonary imaging at 0.55 T. Methods A free‐breathing golden‐angle stack‐of‐spirals UTE sequence was used to acquire data for 8 min with prototype and commercial 0.55 T MRI scanners. The data was binned into 12 respiratory phases based on superior–inferior navigator readouts. The previously published iterative motion corrected (iMoCo) reconstruction was extended to include concomitant field correction directly in the cost function. The reconstruction was implemented within the Gadgetron framework for inline reconstruction. Data were retrospectively reconstructed to simulate scan times of 2, 4, 6, and 8 min. Image quality was assessed using apparent SNR and image sharpness. The technique was evaluated in healthy volunteers and patients with known lung pathology including coronavirus disease 2019 infection, chronic granulomatous disease, lymphangioleiomyomatosis, and lung nodules. Results The technique provided diagnostic‐quality images, and image quality was maintained with a slight loss in SNR for simulated scan times down to 4 min. Parenchymal apparent SNR was 4.33 ± 0.57, 5.96 ± 0.65, 7.36 ± 0.64, and 7.87 ± 0.65 using iCoMoCo with scan times of 2, 4, 6, and 8 min, respectively. Image sharpness at the diaphragm was comparable between iCoMoCo and reference images. Concomitant field corrections visibly improved the sharpness of anatomical structures away from the isocenter. Inline image reconstruction and artifact correction were achieved in <5 min. Conclusion The proposed iCoMoCo pulmonary imaging technique can generate diagnostic quality images with 1.75 mm isotropic resolution in less than 5 min using a 6‐min acquisition, on a 0.55 T scanner.
Evaluation and utility of mitochondrial ribosomal genes for molecular systematics of parasitic nematodes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: Molecular advances have accelerated our understanding of nematode systematics and taxonomy. However, comparative analyzes between various genetic markers have led to discrepancies in nematode phylogenies. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of using mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes for nematode molecular systematics. Methods: To study the suitability of mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes as genetic markers for nematode molecular systematics, we compared them with the other commonly used genetic markers, nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 regions, nuclear 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA genes, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. After that, phylum-wide primers for mitochondrial 12S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes were designed, and parasitic nematodes of humans and animals from 75 taxa with 21 representative species were inferred through phylogenetic analyzes. Phylogenetic analyzes were carried out using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference algorithms. Results: The phylogenetic relationships of nematodes based on the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene supported the monophyly of nematodes in clades I, IV, and V, reinforcing the potential of this gene as a genetic marker for nematode systematics. In contrast, the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene only supported the monophyly of clades I and V, providing evidence that the 12S rRNA gene is more suitable for nematode molecular systematics. In this study, subclades of clade III containing various nematode families were not monophyletic when the 16S or 12S rRNA gene was used as the genetic marker. This is similar to the phylogenetic relationship revealed by previous studies using whole mitochondrial genomes as genetic markers. Conclusions: This study supports the use of the 12S rRNA gene as a genetic marker for studying the molecular systematics of nematodes to understand intra-phyla relationships. Phylum-wide primers for nematodes using mitochondrial ribosomal genes were prepared, which may enhance future studies. Furthermore, sufficient genetic variation in the mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA genes between species also allowed for accurate taxonomy to species level, revealing the potential of these two genes as genetic markers for DNA barcoding.
Wasteosomes (corpora amylacea) as a hallmark of chronic glymphatic insufficiency

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In different organs and tissues, the lymphatic system serves as a drainage system for interstitial fluid and is useful for removing substances that would otherwise accumulate in the interstitium. In the brain, which lacks lymphatic circulation, the drainage and cleaning function is performed by the glymphatic system, called so for its dependence on glial cells and its similar function to that of the lymphatic system. In the present article, we define glymphatic insufficiency as the inability of the glymphatic system to properly perform the brain cleaning function. Furthermore, we propose that corpora amylacea or wasteosomes, which are protective structures that act as waste containers and accumulate waste products, are, in fact, a manifestation of chronic glymphatic insufficiency. Assuming this premise, we provide an explanation that coherently links the formation, distribution, structure, and function of these bodies in the human brain. Moreover, we open up new perspectives in the study of the glymphatic system since wasteosomes can provide information about which variables have the greatest impact on the glymphatic system and which diseases occur with chronic glymphatic insufficiency. For example, based on the presence of wasteosomes, it seems that aging, sleep disorders, and cerebrovascular pathologies have the highest impact on the glymphatic system, whereas neurodegenerative diseases have a more limited impact. Furthermore, as glymphatic insufficiency is a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, information provided by wasteosomes could help to define the strategies and actions that can prevent glymphatic disruptions, thus limiting the risk of developing neurodegenerative diseases.
Clinical characteristic of left and right colorectal cancer and its correlation with expression of CEA and CA199

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the tumor marker CEA,CA199 expression in stage Ⅱ colorectal cancer(CRC) and to discuss the correlationship between the prognosis of CRC and its clinical pathology and molecular biological factors.METHODS: The clinical data of 217 patients during the past ten years in the affiliated oncology hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were analyzed retrospectively.RESULTS: The left colorectal cancer were 89 cases(41.0%) and the right were 128 cases(59.0%).Between the left and right cases CEA and age had significantly differences(P=0.029;P=0.005).Subgroup Kaplan-Meier analyze of CA199 in the right location shown that the patients with a high level had a shorter OS than those with low.The independent prognostic factors were tumor location,tumor morphology,recurrence and metastasis(HR respectively were 1.97,0.47 and 6.74).CONCLUSIONS: CEA is a prognostic factor on location,volume and relapse and metastsis between left and right colorectal cancer.In the right location the patients with a high level of CA199 have a shorter OS.Tumor site is an independent prognostic factor and it can be used as a reference of clinical medicine and treatment.
APPLICATION OF INTERCROPPING FOR REDUCING SOME CAULIFLOWER INSECTS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Effects of intercropping cauliflower with cabbage or radish on the population of aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz., Aphis gossypii Glover & Brevicoryne brassicae L.), white cabbage butterfly (Artogeia rapae L.) and the diamond-back moth (Plutella xylostella L.) were studied during two successive winter seasons (2005)(2006) and (2006)(2007).Results showed significantly effect for reducing infestation with the insect pests of cauliflower intercropped.Intercropping with cabbage reduced aphids and A. rapae populations than the monoculture.While intercropping with radish, the P. xylostella population was reduced than the monoculture.High numbers of aphids and A. rapae were detected in December during both seasons.While, November was the preferred month for P. xyslostella.