jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Teaching clinical pharmacology at the pharmaceutical department of the Yaroslavl State Medical University

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The main objectives that arise while teaching future chemists currently include formation of knowledge, abilities and skills of pharmacological support of treatment of diseases that enable effective work aimed at implementation of professional tasks and degree of mastery over labor functions. While teaching clinical pharmacology at the pharmaceutical department, we follow the path of an increased scope of new topics on private matters of the discipline including assessment of effectiveness and safety of medicinal preparations taking into account adverse reactions, issues of pharmacoeconomics, pharmacoepidemiology and provisions of evidence-based medicine. In Russian medicine, it is common to adhere to the principle that moral standards are interwoven into clinical practice. This principle is followed during teaching. Proper management of the educational process will enable students to independently work with literature, critically assess new data and continuously improve their professionalism in future.
Some Implications of Debt versus Equity-Based Financing in the Backdrop of Financial Crises بعض آثار الديون مقابل التمويل القائم على الإنصاف في خلفية الأزمات المالية

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Islamic banking and finance has its roots in the prohibition of Riba (which includes interest on loans and the sale of debt on discount), gharar (contractual uncertainty( )) and maysir (which includes gambling). These prohibitions (i) imply a ban on money generating money; (ii) require that any return on money must come from participation in real economic activities and (iii) restricts trade to items with property rights at initiation, which are building blocks of the conventional financial architecture. An alternative, based on the principles of Islamic finance, is widely referred to as equity-based financing where the underlying principal contracts operate under the equitable norm of risk-sharing. --
Intraspecific Crossability inAndrographis paniculataNees: A Barrier against Breeding of the Species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The ambiguity of crossability in Andrographis paniculata (AP) was pointed out in the present research. Accordingly, the effects of different style length and crossing time on intraspecific crossability of seven AP accessions in 21 possible combinations were investigated. The best results came out between 08:00 to 11:00 h for manual out-crossing of AP, while the time from 12:00 to 18:00 h showed a decreasing trend. Moreover, 12 mm style length was found as the most proper phenological stage in terms of stigmatic receptivity to perform out-crossing in this plant. All in all, AP behaved unlikely in each combination, and a significant difference was observed in crossability of AP accessions (P < 0.01). The lowest and highest crossability rate was found in hybrids 21 (11261NS × 11344K) and 27 (11322PA × 11350T) with 0.25% and 13.33%, respectively. Furthermore, a significant negative relationship between style length and crossibility (r² = 0.762(∗∗)) was recorded in this research. As a final conclusion, crossing time and proper style length can improve the intraspecific crossability in the species, considerably. Despite all the mentioned contrivances, we still believe that a genetic incongruity should be involved as an additional obstacle in crossability of those combinations that failed or responded deficiently to outcrossing.
Spatial Patterns and Environmental Associates of Bamboo (Bashania fangiana Yi) After Mass-Flowering in Southwestern China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

TAYLOR, A. H. (Department of Geography, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 USA), D. G. REID (Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2A9), QIN ZISHENG AND Hu JINcHU (Department of Biology, Nanchong Teachers College, Nanchong, Sichuan, People's Republic of China). Spatial patterns and environmental associates of live bamboo (Bashania fangiana Yi) after mass-flowering in southwestern China. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 118: 247-254. 1991.-The spatial pattern of live patches of Bashaniafangiana after most stands flowered in 1983 in Wolong Natural Reserve, China were analyzed. Live patches were intensely clumped at small spatial scales and remained clumped up to scales of 14.4 km2. Discriminant function analysis of 281 randomly selected points with live or dead bamboo described by six environmental variables identified elevation and percentage forest cover as the most important variables separating sites with live and dead bamboo. Live bamboo was associated with sites >3200 m and with clearcut forest. These data suggest that stress at high altitudes and in open habitats retarded flowering by altering resource allocation patterns within clones. The life history of B. fangiana is also compared to expected life history traits of bamboos responding to evolutionary mechanisms that may promote massflowering in bamboos.
On the pre-log of Gaussian fading relay channels

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The capacity of additive white Gaussian noise relay channels under Gaussian fading is investigated. The transmitter, the relay, and the receiver are all considered to be ignorant of the fading realizations. Capacity upper and lower bounds are derived with focus on the capacity pre-log, i.e., the limiting ratio of the capacity to the logarithm of the signal-to-noise ratio. Conditions are presented under which the upper and lower bounds on the capacity pre-log coincide
J.-P.Marolleau, “A combination of cytokines rescues highly purified leukemic CLL B-cells from spontaneous apoptosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), the most common human leukemia, is characterized by predominantly non-dividing malignant mature CD5+ B lymphocytes with an apoptosis defect. Various microenvironmental stimuli confer a growth advantage on these leukemic cells and extend their survival in vivo. Nevertheless, when cultured in vitro, CLL B-cells rapidly die from apoptosis. Certain cytokines may extend the survival capacity of CLL B-cells in vitro and individual anti-apoptotic effects of several cytokines have been reported. The potential cumulative effect of such cytokines has not been studied. We therefore investigated the effects on CLL B-cells survival in vitro of humoral factors, polyclonal lymphocyte activators and a combination of cytokines known for their anti-apoptotic effects. Purified CLL B-cells were cultured in the presence or absence of various soluble molecules and the leukemic cell response was assessed in terms of viability. Apoptotic cell death was detected by flow cytometry using annexinV and 7-amino-actinomycin. The survival of CLL B-cells in vitro was highly variable. When tested separately, cytokines (IL-2,-6,-10,-12,-15,-21, BAFF and APRIL) improved CLL B cell survival moderately; in combination, they significantly enhanced survival of these cells, even up to 7 days of culture. We also report that humoral factors from autologous serum are important for survival of these malignant cells. Our findings support the concept that the CLL microenvironment is critical and suggest that soluble factors may contribute directly to the prolonged survival of CLL B-cells. Therefore, the combination of cytokines we describe as providing strong resistance to
Service-oriented architecture for mobile collaboration

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In a business environment, effective communication is crucial for the employeepsilas productivity and creativity. In this paper, we propose a SOA-based Collaboration Framework for mobile collaboration applications. This framework aims at promoting the business communication to a new level by means of architectural flexibility, lightweight design approach and a substantially increased availability of cooperation support. As part of our approach, we are working on core collaborative Web Services proposed by the Ecospace project (Ecospace IP). The more complex composite Web Services can be implemented by combining the core Web Services into interaction scenarios using BPEL (OASIS Open,2006) workflow. The client part of the Mobile Collaboration Framework can run on almost any mobile device including regular cell phones and smart phones. We investigate different approaches to building composite collaboration scenarios using workflow engine running on the middleware as well as on the client. Finally, we provide an example for our framework and show how a complex scenario can be implemented using core and composite Web Services.
Review: Grazing preferences in sheep and cattle: Implications for production, the environment and animal welfare

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The evolutionary and domestic ancestors of sheep and cattle will have evolved diet selection behaviours that enabled them to select a diet that met their individual nutrient requirements whilst minimising the risk of being killed through predation or by eating toxins. Modern intensive farming generally involves grazing monocultures or feeding total mixed rations and these restrict the ability of livestock to select their own diet. Research has shown that grazing sheep and cattle have a partial preference of approximately 70% for clover (when offered as a monoculture sward alongside grass), and they show a consistent diurnal pattern of preference. Dairy cattle and sheep that are given the ability to select their own diet show higher levels of production than animals grazing mixed swards. There is some evidence that animals that can select their own diet are optimising their own efficiency of nutrient capture, and this potential environmental benefit warrants further research. Further research is also needed to establish if dairy cattle “need” to graze or whether they prefer to eat prepared rations indoors. Preventing animals from expressing their innate diet preferences by feeding them mixed rations may cause frustration and so compromise animal welfare, although this hypothesis requires further research.Key words: Grazing, ruminant, preference, choice, behaviour, welfare
Advances in early diagnosis and differentiation of the dementias

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Over the past decades the concept of dementia has evolved from one of progressive global intellectual deterioration, to a syndrome of progressive impairment in memory and at least one other cognitive deficit (aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, or disturbance in executive function) in the absence of another explanatory central nervous system disorder, depression or delirium (DSM-IV). Furthermore, within this broad definition, the delineation of particular patterns of focal cognitive deficit associated with different dementia syndromes has greatly advanced over recent years. In epidemiological terms, dementia presents a significant problem; Alzheimer's disease alone affects 15 million people worldwide at present (Evans et al. 1989), and with the current demographic trend, this number will certainly increase.
Politik Hukum Dalam Menangani Pertanahan Agraria Di Indonesia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Agraria law is the law that regulates relations between people and land and other people. Sudikno Mertokusumo explained that the law, also known as land law, is the interest of people in other people regarding land. According to Subekti, agrarian law is the totality of legal provisions, whether civil, state administration or state administration law, which also regulates authorities that originate from certain relationships. For information, the basis of agrarian law is regulated in Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning basic regulations on agrarian principles or UUPA. In this agrarian law regulation, there are at least seven principles1. These are: the principle of control by the state, the principle of social function, the principle of customary law, the principle of nationality or nationhood, the principle of limiting land ownership for the sake of the public interest, the principle of general planning and the principle of land preservation. From various literature it is known that the history of the birth of the UUPA tells the long history of the struggle of national figures in reducing the impartiality of land law for the benefit of society at large. In the era of reform, the logical consequences between political existence and interests and legal certainty, especially regarding land issues, have become a trending topic that is interesting to discuss. The complexity of land issues in this country is increasingly increasing and complicated, and is exacerbated by friction between interests that are politically charged. Legal politics consists of a series of words politics and law. (Suderto, et., al 1983) explains that politics is used in various meanings, namely: 2 1. The word polik in Dutch, which means something related to the State 2. Means discussing state issues or those related to the State Furthermore, Sudarto emphasized that the meaning of politics is policy which is a synonym for policy. In this sense, the words economic politics, crime, legal politics and criminal law politics are found. The relationship between politics and law, according to (Mahfud et., al 1998) explains that law is a political product. Law is seen as an independent variable (variable influence) and politics as an independent variable (variable influence). With this assumption, Mahfud formulated the law as: 3 Legal policies that will be or have been implemented nationally by the government also include an understanding of how politics influences the law by looking at the configuration of forces behind the creation and enforcement of the law. Here the law is not only seen as articles that are imperative or mandatory, but must be seen as a sum system which in reality is not impossible, in fact it is not impossible which is very much determined by politics, both in the formulation of material and articles and in implementing them.
The influence of environmental conditions and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) fogging on the infectivity of H1N1 influenza virus

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The influence of different environmental factors on the infectivity of H1N1 influenza virus was measured. We found less than 1-log reduction when viruses were exposed to NaCl solutions up to 5 M or solutions with pH = 4 through 11 for one hour. The infectivity of the virus was sensitive to the solution temperature. A log reduction ranging from 2 to more than 6 was observed starting at 50 °C and spanning just 3 or 5 for 10- or 30 min exposures, respectively. Drying the virus in media on aluminum or polymer coupons for 48 h resulted in a log reduction of 4 when kept at room temperature, but less than one when kept at 4 °C or -20 °C. Log reduction greater than 6 occurred at room temperature after 3 days, but only 1-log reduction occurred at 4 and -20 °C after 6 days. Drying on different coinage achieved similar results, except for pennies, where more than 6-log reduction was observed after 24 h. HOCl was used to fog the aluminum and polymer surfaces, placed vertically, for 5 and 7.5 min to achieve a log reduction of 4 and for 6.5 respectively. Storage of opened solution containers for 9 months at ambient resulted in a decrease in chlorine concentration from 550 ppm to 240 ppm. Fogging with the old solution was still able to achieve a log reduction of 6.5 after 7.5 min fogging. The study indicates that exposure to common environmental conditions such as a wide pH range, high salinity, and low temperatures has only a minor effect on infectivity. which can persist for more than 5 days when dried on commonly encountered surfaces, allowing accumulation of infectious viral titre. Fogging with HOCl is an effective method of delivering disinfectants to large areas, achieving complete reduction of the viral titer on both horizontal and vertical surfaces.
Social presence in online discussions as a process predictor of academic performance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract With the steady development of online education and online learning environments, possibilities to support social interactions between students have advanced significantly. This study examined the relationship between indicators of social presence and academic performance. Social presence is defined as students' ability to engage socially with an online learning community. The results of a multiple regression analysis showed that certain indicators of social presence were significant predictors of final grades in a master's level computer science online course. Moreover, the study also revealed that teaching presence moderated the association between social presence and academic performance, indicating that a course design that increased the level of meaningful interactions between students had a significant impact on the development of social presence, and thus could positively affect students' academic performance. This is especially important in situations when discussions are introduced to promote the development of learning outcomes assessed in courses. Another implication of our results is that indicators of social presence can be used for early detection of students at risk of failing a course. Findings inform research and practice in the emerging field of learning analytics by prompting the opportunities to offer actionable insights into the reasons why certain students are lagging behind.
Vulnerable Populations and Morally Tainted Experiments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article addresses the dilemma facing an editor when he or she has to decide whether or not to publish a manuscript that describes unethical research. I will explore three options the editor may follow: a) publish the unethical research; b) publish it with an explicit condemnation of the methods used; c) reject the article on moral grounds. I will consider the importance of deterring unethical research, why the deterrence argument has been overlooked and the relevance it has in developing countries which seem to be more exposed to morally tainted experiments. I will suggest a combined policy. For cases in which the ethical problems are serious — where basic human rights are not respected, where consent has been given without complete or proper information or voluntary participation by subjects, or where deceit has been practised — I would support the strong policy of rejecting the article on moral grounds. For dubious cases, where the risk assessment can be doubted or where there are suspicions of ethical problems, I argue for a policy under which the article is published along with a serious discussion of the ethical problems suspected, allowing a rebuttal by the authors. In this way, while maintaining a strong deterrent policy, we recognize that sometimes it is not so clear if a research project was unethical, and only in such cases (where the ethical problems are dubious), the article may be published with an editorial.
Production, Purification and Characteristics of the Recombinant Chitinase from Rice

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In a 7 L fermentor, production conditions of engineering strain Pichia pastoris NB01 containing chitinase gene were investigated. The maximum chitinase activity could reach 48.0795 U/mL at 84 h while dissolution oxygen (DO) level maintaining higher than 30% by enhancing aeration and changing agitation rate. The fast purification of recombinant chitinase was conducted with Hollow fiber UF membrane and Sephadex G-100, and SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that there was a single band with the right molecular weight corresponding to the chitinase, so purification multiple of chitinase was enhanced 7.9961. Furthermore, the recombinant enzyme was stable at 60 ℃and pH 2~6. And it was rather stable for a long time when stored at 4℃.
Normative data for two MMPI critical item sets

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Addressed normative aspects of recent MMPI critical item sets proposed by Koss and Butcher (1973) and Lachar and Wrobel (1979). Base rates from MMPI Form R for these items were determined in samples of 123 normals, 383 inpatient alcoholics, and 567 psychiatric inpatients. Although pathological groups, as expected, generally endorsed more critical items than normals, mean differences were not large. On several critical item subsets, especially in the Koss -Butcher group, normals actually scored higher than the pathological samples. Caution is suggested when critical MMPI items are used in assessments.
Challenges and Solutions in Applying Criminological Teachings in Iranian Public Criminal Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Criminology, as an interdisciplinary field, can play an effective role in the development and improvement of criminal justice systems. However, in Iranian public criminal law, the application of criminological teachings faces numerous challenges. This article examines these challenges and provides solutions to enhance the use of criminological findings in the Iranian criminal justice system. Some of the key challenges include limitations in the language of criminal laws and their intersection with criminological teachings, insufficient awareness and transparency among judicial actors regarding criminological concepts, the imported nature of criminological theories, the punitive culture of society, and the lack of necessary education in criminological research methods. In contrast, solutions such as the localization of criminological teachings, emphasizing criminological studies, field interviews, and statistical research, raising judges' awareness of the functions of criminology, and applying modern penalties can facilitate the incorporation of criminological teachings into Iranian public criminal law. The aim of this article is to identify obstacles and propose strategies for increasing the connection between criminology and Iranian public criminal law.
Parapelvic cysts: appearance on CT and sonography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The computed tomographic (CT) and sonographic appearance of 16 patients with parapelvic cysts were retrospectively reviewed. CT revealed a water-density renal hilar mass that did not fill with contrast material after intravenous injection. Sonography demonstrated a cystic renal hilar mass with echogenic walls that did not communicate with the collecting system. The differential diagnosis of renal hilar masses as seen by CT and sonography is discussed.
Phelps' bee-keeper's chart; being a brief practical treatise on the instinct, habits and management of the honey-bee, in all its various branches

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

17 Vil.-Longevity of Bees.= aneiey of the Quen.: 19 VIfL-The Apiary.-Influence of the morning sun beneficial.-22Out-door Apiary, 1X.-Hives.-Bee-Hives-Weeks'Veungut Hive aaa ifying and Subtended Hives--Bevan 's Cross-Bar Hive.-CollateralHives-Nutt' s Collateral Hive.-Miner's Hquilateral Cross-Bar Hive.X.-Formati on of Swarms, 2 XI.-Symptom s prior to Sw arming.Cera ane
The topological K-theory of crystallographic groups with holonomy $\mathbb{Z}/2$

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this note we present a complete computation of the topological K-theory of the reduced C*-algebra of a semidirect product of the form $Γ=\mathbb{Z}^n\rtimes_ρ\mathbb{Z}/2$ with no further assumptions about of the conjugacy action $ρ$. For this, we use some results for $\mathbb{Z}/2$-equivariant K-theory proved by Rosenberg and previous results of Davis and Luck when the conjugacy action $ρ$ is free outside the origin.