jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Multi-Class Classification with the Gaussian Naive Bayes Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Classification is a data mining technique involving supervised machine learning and is the process of predicting the class of data or dataset whose class is unknown using existing data with defined class. Supervised learning occurs during this classification process as a result of how this technique parses the data according to predetermined outputs. The Naive Bayes classifier is a type of machine learning algorithm and an approach that adopts Bayes’ theorem by combining theoretically obtained preliminary information with new information. The most obvious advantages of this classifier are its simple algorithm and high accuracy rate. The aim of this study is to create a classification model using the Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm and to evaluate the obtained prediction results. For this purpose, the study first theoretically considers within its scope the Naive Bayes classifier and then carries out an application on a dataset using the Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm as one of the types of this classifier in order to create a classification model, which is the subject of the study. Operations were carried out for the classification model using Python, an open-source programming language. The dataset used within the scope of the study was obtained from the University of California Irvine (UCI) Machine Learning Repository website. The purpose for creating the dataset is to determine the different types of Erythemato-squamous disease (ESD). In line with developing technologies, the number of studies demonstrating the ability to make fast and reliable disease prediction using machine learning techniques are increasing daily.
Political control and bureaucratic expertise: policy analysis by ministerial cabinet members

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

While in many Western-European countries the ascent of special advisors is a relatively recent phenomenon, Belgium has long engaged ministerial cabinets as structural interfaces between politics and administration. Relatively large by international standards, ministerial cabinets consist of political advisors who as “an extension of their minister” put pressure on the civil servants in order to ensure political responsiveness. At the turn of the millennium, the reduction and revision of ministerial cabinets in favour of strengthening the administration’s role in policy formulation gained a place on the agenda. In several of the Belgian administrations, the policy analytical capacity has been strengthened, and the relations between the administration and ministerial cabinets improved in the direction of greater complementarity of roles. This chapter makes comparative literature on politico-administrative relations, and of survey material on the policy analytical roles of ministerial advisors and civil servants to analyse how bureaucratic policy expertise is balanced with political control. The analysis will point at the enduring functionality of ministerial cabinets in a polity characterized by fragile coalition government and partitocracy.
The Influence of Political Stability on Malaysia's Halal Food Exports to OIC Countries: Key Insights

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Halal food security ensures that food products and production processes comply with Islamic dietary laws, providing benefits beyond religious obligations. These include strict quality control measures that enhance safety, cleanliness, and product consistency, reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses for all consumers. For Muslim customers, halal certification offers assurance and trust that products meet Islamic requirements, encouraging confidence in their purchases. The global halal food market presents significant business opportunities, valued at billions of dollars. Countries and companies that prioritise halal food security can tap into this expanding market, particularly in regions with large Muslim populations. To export food to Muslim-majority countries or markets with substantial Muslim consumer bases, halal certification is essential. In the other aspects, political stability plays a critical role in facilitating the export of halal products. It strengthens regulatory integrity, enhances the reputation of certifying authorities, fosters trade agreements, attracts investment, and supports stable supply chains. These factors contribute to increased consumer confidence and allow countries to better meet the growing global demand for halal goods. Malaysia, in particular, is well-positioned to leverage this opportunity. This paper focusing on impact of political stability on Malaysia’s halal food exports to 55 Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states from 2010 to 2021, using the Random Effects Model (REM), reveals that political stability in OIC countries has a significantly positive impact on Malaysia’s halal food exports. This stability allows Malaysia to capitalise on its unique position in the halal market, enabling stronger export potential to OIC nations.
O (2000) Immunophilin ligands and GDNF enhance neurite branching or elongation from developing dopamine neurons in culture. Exp Neurol 164:60 –70

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neurotrophic effects of immunophilin ligands have been shown in animal models of peripheral and central nervous system insult. To investigate the specific growth-promoting effects of these compounds, we examined the effects of various immunophilin ligands on primary dopamine (DA) neurons in culture and compared these with a well-known DA trophic factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). In neuronal cultures from Embryonic Day 14 ventral mesencephalon, enhanced elongation of DA neurites was observed with immunophilin ligands, which inhibited the phosphatase activity of calcineurin (FK506 and cyclosporin A) when compared to vehicle-treated cultures. This elongation was also observed with GDNF, known to exert its trophic effects through phosphorylation-dependent pathways. In contrast, immunophilin ligands that do not inhibit calcineurin (rapamycin and V-10,367) increased branching of DA neurites, suggesting that elongation is dependent upon maintained phosphorylation while branching is not. In addition, both V-10,367 and rapamycin antagonized the elongation effects of FK506 and induced branching. The antagonism of elongation (and reappearance of branching) illustrates the intrinsic abilities of developing DA neurons to either elongate or branch, but not both. We show that the immunophilin FKBP12 (12-kDa FK506binding protein) is expressed in ventral mesencephalic neuronal cultures and colocalizes with DA neurons. This work elucidates the specific growth-promoting effects by which GDNF and immunophilin ligands modify developmental growth processes of DA neurons, via their interactions with intracellular targets.
Normal Hausdorff spectra of pro-2 groups

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Klopsch and the author have constructed a finitely generated pro-p group G, for p an odd prime, with infinite normal Hausdorff spectrum with respect to the p-power series. They show that the normal Hausdorff spectrum of G contains an infinite interval, which answers a question of Shalev. They indicate in their paper how their results extend to the case p=2. In this note, we provide all the details for the even case.
Introduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

So Strack and Billerbeck began their excursus on the yeṣer in their influential Kommentar zum Neuen Testament aus Talmud und Midrasch. They attempt to trace the origins of the rabbinic concept of an internal struggle between two forces within the human being, one inclination that is good and one that is evil, finding an equivalent in earlier Hellenistic concepts. Their comments exemplify two of the major methodological weaknesses that dogged earlier scholarship on the Evil Inclination – a tendency on the one hand to read rabbinic sources from different times and places as an undifferentiated synthesis, and an overenthusiasm for perceiving in superficial similarities concrete parallels and the marks of direct borrowings, on the other.
Role of Renin‐Angiotensin‐Aldosterone System Inhibition in Patients Undergoing Carotid Revascularization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Previous data suggest that using renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASIs) improves survival in patients with cardiovascular diseases. We sought to investigate the association of different patterns of use of RAASIs on perioperative and 1‐year outcomes following carotid revascularization. Methods and Results We investigated patients undergoing carotid revascularization, either with carotid endarterectomy or transfemoral carotid artery stenting, in the VQI (Vascular Quality Initiative) VISION (Vascular Implant Surveillance and Interventional Outcomes Network) data set between 2003 and 2018. We divided our cohort into 3 groups: (1) no history of RAASI intake, (2) preoperative intake only, and (3) continuous pre‐ and postoperative intake. The final cohort included 73 174 patients; 44.4% had no intake, 50% had continuous intake, and 5.6% had only preoperative intake. Compared with continuous intake, preoperative and no intake were associated with higher odds of postoperative stroke (odds ratio [OR], 1.7 [95% CI, 1.5–1.9]; P <0.001; OR, 1.1 [95% CI, 1.03–1.2]; P =0.010); death (OR, 4.8 [95% CI, 3.8–6.1]; P <0.001; OR, 1.9 [95% CI, 1.6–2.2]; P <0.001); and stroke/death (OR, 2.05 [95% CI, 1.8–2.3]; P <0.001; OR, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.1–1.3]; P <0.001), respectively. At 1 year, preoperative and no intake were associated with higher odds of stroke (hazard ratio [HR], 1.4 [95% CI, 1.3–1.6]; P <0.001; HR, 1.15, [95% CI, 1.08–1.2]; P <0.001); death (HR, 1.7 [95% CI, 1.5–1.9]; P <0.001; HR, 1.3 [95% CI, 1.2–1.4]; P <0.001); and stroke/death (HR, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.4–1.7]; P <0.001; HR, 1.2 [95% CI, 1.17–1.3]; P <0.001), respectively. Conclusions Compared with subjects discontinuing or never starting RAASIs, use of RAASIs before and after carotid revascularization was associated with a short‐term stroke and mortality benefit. Future clinical trials examining prescribing patterns of RAASIs should aim to clarify the timing and potential to maximize the protective effects of RAASIs in high‐risk vascular patients.
Abstract 2848: Combination of DNA methyltransferase and PARP inhibitors as a novel therapy strategy for poor prognosis acute myeloid leukemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract We present here strong preclinical data for a novel, mechanistically based, combinatorial approach to using DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DNMTi’s), such as decitabine (DAC) and 5-Azacytidine (AzaC), with PARP inhibitors (PARPi’s) as a treatment strategy for acute myelogenous leukemias (AML). AzaC and DAC alone show efficacy in AML but combinatorial approaches will be required to maximize therapeutic responses. PARPi's have not been well studied as agents for these diseases. The mechanistic rationale for our approach is based upon: 1) data from our group and others showing DNMT's and PARP co-reside in DNA damage induced protein complexes; 2) the fact that AzaC and DAC trap DNMT's into DNA via their mechanism of action, led us to hypothesize that these drugs might also increase PARP trapping at DNA damage sites 3) the cytotoxicity of clinically available PARPi’s, and especially the most potent ones, appears to correlate with degree of trapping of PARP1 at DNA damage sites in chromatin. We first find that, indeed, in cultured human AML cells, the DNMTi's (10 to 20 nM DAC) and PARPi's (1 to 10 nM BMN 673) alone trap PARP into chromatin and this effect is enhanced when the drugs are combined. Concomitant with this, the combined doses, especially, strongly reduce double strand break (DSB) repair thereby increasing cytotoxic DNA damage. In association with these findings, in methylcellulose cloning assays of both cultured (N = 4) and primary AML cells (N = 9), a combination of the DNMTi's and PARPi's strongly decreased colony survival compared to each of the agents alone. Interestingly those cell lines and primary samples expressing poor prognostic FLT3/ITD (Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication) mutations, were particularly sensitive to the combination treatment. Based on all the above results, we developed an in-vivo treatment model, using human FLT3/ITD-positive, MV411-luc xenografts in immunocompromised mice. As opposed to mock treatment, and treatment with AzaC or BMN673, alone, the combined drug treatment, over a 40 day treatment course, starkly and significantly decreases leukemia burden, as measured by luciferase imaging, peripheral blood blast counts and spleen weights. Our data suggest a novel use of both DNMTi's and PARPi's in a compelling therapeutic strategy for poor prognosis AML, that will be funded by Van Andel-SU2C for a clinical trial to be based at the University of Maryland. Citation Format: Nidal E. Muvarak, Carine Robert, Pratik K. Nagaria, Khadiza Chowdhury, Eun Yong Choi, Vu Duong, Ashkan Emadi, Maria R. Baer, Rena Lapidus, Stephen Baylin, Feyruz Rassool. Combination of DNA methyltransferase and PARP inhibitors as a novel therapy strategy for poor prognosis acute myeloid leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2848. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2848
Surgery of the cleft lip and nose--the GOStA approach.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The technique for primary correction of the cleft lip and nose, as practised by The North Thames Cleft Lip and Palate Centre at Great Ormond Street Hospital/St Andrew's Centre (GOStA) has evolved over 28 years of personal experience. It is an amalgamation of techniques developed by many others with some personal modifications. Patients are routinely audited at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years and outcomes evaluated and compared with other centres where possible. Secondary surgery of lip and nose is based on the same principles of anatomical reconstruction used in the primary surgery.
PENGARUH NET PROFIT MARGIN, RETURN ON ASSET DAN RETURN ON EQUITY TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM PERUSAHAAN FOOD AND BEVERAGEDI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Investasi pada hakekatnya merupakan penundaan konsumsi pada saat ini dengan tujuan mendapatkan tingkat pengembalian (return) yang akan diterima di masa yang akan datang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh net profit margin, return on aset, dan return on equity terhadap harga saham. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan makanan dan minuman yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia, dan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebesar 8 perusahaan, periode pengamatan yang dilakukan pada tahun 2012 sampai 2016. Jenis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data sekunder yaitu laporan keuangan perusahaan. Teknik analisa yang digunakan untuk menganalisis pengaruh variabel-variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi berganda, dan Uji t Hasil pengujian dari penelitian ini dengan menggunakan uji kelayakan model menunjukkan model layak digunakan dalam penelitian lebih lanjut, dan menggunakan pengujian hipotesis dengan menggunakan Uji t menunjukkan variabel net profit margin, return on aset, dan return on equity berpengaruh signifikan dan positif terhadap harga saham
The pedagogical basis of Wānanga as a model of learning

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Wintec has recognised the value of 'Wānanga' and added it, alongside 5 other Models of Learning, under its Blended Learning Strategy. What was missing, however, was the pedagogical knowledge or theoretical underpinnings that showed why it was an ideal Model of Learning for students and staff. A literature review and two oracles were sourced to articulate what is wānanga and how it can be delivered and supported to ensure safe and appropriate practice and learning under the Blended Learning Strategy within Wintec. Māori staff shared this 'gift' of knowing with non-Māori towards greater esteem for Māori pedagogy, as well as appropriate, safe and collaborative best practice. This session seeks to share this information and experience with those who are hoping to build a stronger theoretical base for their practice of wānanga.
A biomechanical investigation of female arm strength.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of the current study was to measure strength and develop regression equations that will predict the maximal capabilities for hand forces exerted in a variety of directions and positions. A biomechanical methodology was utilized to examine 29 non-skilled female subjects exerting maximal forces against a simulation device. Combinations of three heights (head height, shoulder height, waist height), three angles (0°, 45°, and 90° to sagittal shoulder plane), and two reaches (40% and 80% of full reach) were tested for maximal force in six directions (push forward, pull backward, push up, push down, medial, lateral). Using the force data, 12 regression equations were developed to predict average maximum force for the working female population. For each direction, an equation was developed for exertions ≥ shoulder height and for exertions ≤ shoulder height. These equations use inputs of various combinations of distance in the vertical, horizontal and lateral direction from the shoulder. The regression equations resulted in r2 values ranging from 86.0% (lateral) to 98.9% (medial) and RMS errors ranging from 8.0% (push down) to 3.0% (medial). With a mean r 2 of 94.6% and RMS %Error of 5.4%, the equations produced very accurate predictions. Using a correction factor of 0.808, each equation can be used to predict the maximum recommended force for 75th percentile of females. In addition to the force results, electromyography results provided information on muscle activity during the exertions in all postures. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)Dept. of Kinesiology. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis2006 .F74. Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-01, page: 0305. Thesis (M.H.K.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 2006.
Fundamental Study on Preparation of PVA Carriers for the Application of Immobilized Microorganism to Waste Water Treatment

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Lactobacillus delbrueckii cells were immobilized in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel beads by using gelling reaction with PVA-boric acid-phosphate. The physical/chemical and fermentation stabilities of the immobilized cells were studied for the application of immobilized microorganism to waste water treatment. In the experiment of preparation of cell immobilized PVA beads, spherical and strong gel beads were formed at PVA concentration, 12wt%, and boric acid concentration, 5wt%. The gel beads had porous structure like spongy pore, and the cells were confirmed on the surface and the inside of the gel beads. The operational stability of the immobilized cell system was repeatedly studied in a batch fermentation. The system successfully operated for the 20 time repeated fermentations, and the gel beads were not damaged during all the runs.
HYPOLOGY, TYPOLOGY: THE GABELENTZ PUZZLE

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Jede Sprache ist ein System, dessen sammtliche Theile organisch zusammenhangen und zusammenwirken. Man ahnt, keiner dieser Theile durfte fehlen oder anders sein, ohne dass das Ganze verandert wurde. Es scheint aber auch, als waren in der Sprachphysiognomie gewisse Zuge entscheidender als andere. Diese Zuge galte es zu ermitteln; und dann musste untersucht werden, welche andere Eigenthumlichkeiten regelmassig mit ihnen zusammentreffen. Ich denke an Eigenthumlichkeiten des Wortund des Satzbaues, an die Bevorzugung oder Verwahrlosung gewisser grammatischer Kategorien. Ich kann, ich muss mir aber auch denken, dass alles dies zugleich mit dem Lautwesen irgendwie in Wechselwirkung stehe. Die Induction, die ich hier verlange, durfte ungeheuer schwierig sein; und wenn und soweit sie gelingen sollte, wird es scharfen philosophischen Nachdenkens bedurfen, um hinter der Gesetzlichkeit die Gesetze, die wirkenden Machte zu erkennen. Aber welcher Gewinn ware es auch, wenn wir einer Sprache auf den Kopf zusagen durften: Du hast das und das Einzelmerkmal, folglich hast du die und die weiteren Eigenschaften und den und den Gesammtcharakter! — wenn wir, wie es kuhne Botaniker wohl versucht haben, aus dem Lindenblatte den Lindenbaum construiren konnten. Durfte man ein ungeborenes Kind taufen, ich wurde den Namen Typologie wahlen. Hier sehe ich der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft eine Aufgabe gestellt, an deren Losung sie sich schon mit ihren heutigen Mitteln wagen darf. Hier wurde sie Fruchte zeitigen, die jenen der sprachgeschichtlichen Forschung an Reife nicht nachstehen, an Erkenntnisswerthe sie wohl ubertreffen sollten. Was man bisher von geistiger Verwandtschaft, von verwandten Zugen stamm verschiedener Sprachen geredet hat, das wurde hinfort greifbare Gestalt gewinnen, in zifTermassig bestimmten Formeln dargestellt werden; und nun trate das speculative Denken an diese Formeln heran, um das Erfahrungsmassige als ein Nothwendiges zu begreifen.
Identifying the Virtues of the Common Law

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article explores the claims that a nation's reliance on common law processes produces better economic results. This position has seen considerable empirical support, but it remains underspecified. There is no single explanation for why the common law should be superior, and the article begins by considering the competing theories, which I call the bottomup efficiency theory, the interest group theory, the liberty theory, and the stability theory. Then I test each theory in crossnational regressions using intermediate variables such as contract-intensive money and corruption. These analyses demonstrate a statistically significant effect for the common law on two variables—legal corruption and legal predictability. Further analysis demonstrates, however, that some of this effect may be explained by differences in judicial independence. Common law systems are associated with a higher level of judicial independence, and this greater independence is associated with the benefits associated with common law. Upon even closer analysis, however, I find that common law appears to have significant benefits for legal predictability that are not attributable to greater judicial independence.