jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Red-Teaming Large Language Models using Chain of Utterances for Safety-Alignment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Larger language models (LLMs) have taken the world by storm with their massive multi-tasking capabilities simply by optimizing over a next-word prediction objective. With the emergence of their properties and encoded knowledge, the risk of LLMs producing harmful outputs increases, making them unfit for scalable deployment for the public. In this work, we propose a new safety evaluation benchmark RED-EVAL that carries out red-teaming. We show that even widely deployed models are susceptible to the Chain of Utterances-based (CoU) prompting, jailbreaking closed source LLM-based systems such as GPT-4 and ChatGPT to unethically respond to more than 65% and 73% of harmful queries. We also demonstrate the consistency of the RED-EVAL across 8 open-source LLMs in generating harmful responses in more than 86% of the red-teaming attempts. Next, we propose RED-INSTRUCT--An approach for the safety alignment of LLMs. It constitutes two phases: 1) HARMFULQA data collection: Leveraging CoU prompting, we collect a dataset that consists of 1.9K harmful questions covering a wide range of topics, 9.5K safe and 7.3K harmful conversations from ChatGPT; 2) SAFE-ALIGN: We demonstrate how the conversational dataset can be used for the safety alignment of LLMs by minimizing the negative log-likelihood over helpful responses and penalizing over harmful responses by gradient accent over sample loss. Our model STARLING, a fine-tuned Vicuna-7B, is observed to be more safely aligned when evaluated on RED-EVAL and HHH benchmarks while preserving the utility of the baseline models (TruthfulQA, MMLU, and BBH).
Cryo-EM structure of the fully assembled Elongator complex

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are essential to decode messenger RNA codons during protein synthesis. All known tRNAs are heavily modified at multiple positions through post-transcriptional addition of chemical groups. Modifications in the tRNA anticodons are directly influencing ribosome decoding and dynamics during translation elongation and are crucial for maintaining proteome integrity. In eukaryotes, wobble uridines are modified by Elongator, a large and highly conserved macromolecular complex. Elongator consists of two subcomplexes, namely Elp123 containing the enzymatically active Elp3 subunit and the associated Elp456 hetero-hexamer. The structure of the fully assembled complex and the function of the Elp456 subcomplex have remained elusive. Here, we show the cryo-electron microscopy structure of yeast Elongator at an overall resolution of 4.3 Å. We validate the obtained structure by complementary mutational analyses in vitro and in vivo. In addition, we determined various structures of the murine Elongator complex, including the fully assembled mouse Elongator complex at 5.9 Å resolution. Our results confirm the structural conservation of Elongator and its intermediates among eukaryotes. Furthermore, we complement our analyses with the biochemical characterization of the assembled human Elongator. Our results provide the molecular basis for the assembly of Elongator and its tRNA modification activity in eukaryotes.
1196 Use of a novel continuous culture fermentor system for in vitro determination of enteric methane output from ruminants

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Continuous culture fermentor systems (CCFS) serve to evaluate the effect of diet on in vitro nutrient digestibility, fermentation, and microbial protein synthesis. Limitations of CCFS are: maintaining protozoa populations, and avoiding accumulation of undigested material in the vessels. Therefore, a 4-unit, 3-L bioreactor CCFS (Applikon Biotechnology Inc., Foster City, CA) was adapted to determine pH, DM, protozoa numbers, and enteric CH4 output of a forage diet. Each unit was fed 82 g DM/d of 50% orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) + 50% alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in equal portions, 4 times daily (07:30, 10:30, 14:00, and 19:00 h) throughout 10-d periods (n = 4, 7 d adaptation and 3 d collection). The CCFS was programmed to maintain temperature = 39°C, stirrer = 255 rpm, and CO2 flux = 1 mL/min. Temperature and pH were recorded every 2 min. On d 1 of each period, 1500 mL of rumen fluid + 32 g of digesta were collected from a fistulated cow and added to each fermentor. Vat volume was maintained at 1500 ± 200 mL during the 10 d. Solid mean retention time, solid dilution rate, and liquid dilution rate were adjusted daily to 24 h, 4%/h, and 11%/h, respectively, by regulation of buffer input and effluent removal. Effluent and fermentation vats were sampled daily to determine protozoa numbers and DM. Gas samples for CH4 analysis were collected 6 times daily (07:25, 09:00, 10:00, 13:55, 15:30, 16:30 h) during the 3-d collection periods and analyzed by GC (Varian CP 3800, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA). Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). There were no differences (P ≥ 0.067) in total buffer and effluent volume, effluent DM, and CH4 output between periods or among days within a collection period. There were no differences in pH or vat DM (P ≥ 0.445) between periods. However, pH was greater (P < 0.001) on d 10 than d 8 or d 9 (6.51, 6.43, and 6.45, respectively). Preliminary results show fewer (P < 0.001) protozoa during the adaptation vs. collection period (11.5 ± 2.82 × 104 and 34.0 ± 3.95 × 104 cells/ml, respectively). There was no difference (P = 0.786) in protozoa during the 3 d of the collection period (34.0 ± 2.25 × 104cells/ml). This CCFS not only provides a stable fermentation environment, but also preserves protozoal populations, which better simulates in vivo ruminal fermentation conditions compared with previous CCFS methods.
Potential for improving efficiency of the internal cylindrical grinding process by modification of the grinding wheel structure—Part II: Grinding wheels made of superabrasive grains

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article offers an overview of 11 grinding wheel construction modifications used in the peripheral grinding of flat, shaped, internal, and external cylindrical surfaces, when grinding wheels made of superabrasive grains are used (natural and synthetic diamonds, as well as mono- and microcrystalline cubic boron nitride). The text contains characteristics of grinding wheels with: bubble corundum grains, glass-crystalline bond, conic chamfer, zones of different diameters, a centrifugal provision of the coolant into the grinding zone, aggregate grains, zone-diversified structure, as well as impregnated (self-lubricating), multiporous, segment and “intelligent” grinding wheels. Each of the presented structural modifications were described by giving construction scheme, used abrasive grains, range of applications, advantages as well as disadvantages. Modifications of the grinding wheel construction allow for effective improvement of both the conditions and the results of the grinding process. A wide range of the known modifications allow for their proper selection depending on the required criteria of effective evaluation and taking into account the specific characteristics of superabrasive grains. As a result, it is possible to obtain positive influence on a number of technological factors of the grinding process. The described modifications of the grinding wheel structure can be also an inspiration and the basis for creating new solutions in this field.
Development of car-to-computer interface and car-to-car broadcast for road safety enhancement - part 2

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper aims to enhance the road safety with the use of wireless communication for vehicular systems. The purpose of the Vehicular-to-Everything (V2X) communication is to create a vehicular ad hoc network of connected cars where vehicles within range can exchange information with each other for coordination and safety. To utilize the V2X communication, it requires the installation of physical infrastructure and vehicle-mounted devices. The project objective was to investigate on the raw Controller Area Network (CAN) messages from different vehicles and develop application logic for the CAN Decoder Application to detect the vehicular functions. The application was developed for the Cohda Wireless MK5 unit to decode the CAN messages from the host vehicle and exchange the information using V2X communication. CAN data were collected in the initial phase for the development of this application. For the scope of the project, the function of the CAN Decoder Application was focused on the detection of the seatbelt and door state of the host vehicle and notify rear approaching motorists for potential forward collision if the car door opens in the path of the motorist. From the application testing, it was concluded that the CAN Decoder Application was successful in decoding CAN messages from the Mazda 3 vehicle and it could integrate with the existing Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Framework to broadcast the Basic Safety Messages (BSM) and Road Side Alerts (RSA) to other nearby vehicles. The success of the CAN Decoder Application can be extended to support other vehicles models in future investigations.
The Ethics of War: John of Naples and the Use of Muslim Mercenaries by a Christian King

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article analyzes the question by John of Naples (d. ca. 1348) as to whether it is licit for a Christian king to hire Muslim mercenaries to defend his country against Christian aggressors. John’s answer employs legal, theological, and philosophical sources intended to justify the view that it is indeed licit to do so. John’s original account modifies the just war tradition to qualify his ambitions better and adapts elements of the legal principle of necessity, which support his argument. His overall ethical thinking builds on the primacy of the common good, which allows the use of imperfect means, such as hiring Muslim mercenaries, to achieve the good of Christian community in a just war.
Serum Markers in Patients with Resectable Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine 1 versus CA19-9

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose: More accurate serum markers of pancreatic cancer could improve the early detection and prognosis of this deadly disease. We compared the diagnostic utility of a panel of candidate serum markers of pancreatic cancer. Experimental Design: We collected preoperative serum from 50 patients with resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma, as well as sera from 50 patients with chronic pancreatitis and 50 age/sex-matched healthy controls from our institution. Sera were analyzed for the following candidate markers of pancreatic cancer: CA19-9, macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC-1), osteopontin, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, and hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas protein levels. Results: By logistic regression analysis, MIC-1 and CA19-9 were significant independent predictors of diagnosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that MIC-1 was significantly better than CA19-9 in differentiating patients with pancreatic cancer from healthy controls (area under the curve is 0.99 and 0.78, respectively; P = 0.003), but not in distinguishing pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis (area under the curve of 0.81 and 0.74, respectively; P = 0.63). Hepatocarcinoma-intestine-pancreas/pancreatitis-associated protein, osteopontin, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 serum levels did not provide additional diagnostic power. Conclusion: In the differentiation of patients with resectable pancreatic cancer from controls, serum MIC-1 outperforms other markers including CA19-9.
Design for people living with dementia

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This research paper targets one of the most prominent design challenges in our society today: how the built environment can respond to the increasing numbers of people living with dementia, which is a progressive condition for which there is currently no cure. People live with dementia in their own home, care homes and other residential settings; they also frequently need access to community settings and services including health care infrastructures, day centres and local communities, many of which are not dementia-friendly. However, available evidence and appropriate stakeholder consultation can improve understanding of the needs of people living with dementia and how to better design the built environment to make them more dementia-friendly.
Vital Pulp Therapy

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

AbstractOne of the most contentious dental topics is vital pulp therapy for cariously exposedpermanent teeth. Following pulp exposure, it is preferable to preserve the vitality and health ofthe exposed pulp rather than replacing it with a root-filling material. Vital pulp therapy (VPT)is important for preserving and maintaining healthy pulp tissue. Recent advancements inpathobiology, bioactive materials, and clinical studies have improved VPT. The current reviewsummarises the clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of VPT in mature permanent teethwith carious pulp exposure, including direct pulp capping, partial pulpotomy, and full pulpotomy,and briefly introduces new progress in this field.Materials and Methods- An electronic search of the following databases- Pubmed, JOE,Scopus
NONCOMMUTATIVE CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

By forming completions of families of noncommutative polynomials, we define a notion of noncommutative continuous function and locally bounded Borel function that give a noncommutative analogue of the functional calculus for elements of commutative $C^{*}$-algebras and von Neumann algebras. These notions give a precise meaning to $C^{*}$-algebras defined by generator and relations and we show how they relate to many parts of operator and operator algebra theory.
TU‐AB‐BRA‐06: BEST IN PHYSICS (JOINT IMAGING‐THERAPY): An MRI Compatible Externally and Internally Deformable Lung Motion Phantom for Multi‐Modality IGRT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: MRI has become an attractive tool for tumor motion management. Current MR‐compatible phantoms are only capable of reproducing translational motion. This study describes the construction and validation of a more realistic, MRI‐compatible lung phantom that is deformable internally as well as externally. We demonstrate a radiotherapy application of this phantom by validating the geometric accuracy of the open‐source deformable image registration software NiftyReg (UCL, UK). Methods: The outer shell of a commercially‐available dynamic breathing torso phantom was filled with natural latex foam with eleven water tubes. A rigid foam cut‐out served as the diaphragm. A high‐precision programmable, in‐house, MRI‐compatible motion platform was used to drive the diaphragm. The phantom was imaged on a 3T scanner (Philips, Ingenia). Twenty seven tumor traces previously recorded from lung cancer patients were programmed into the phantom and 2D+t image sequences were acquired using a sparse‐sampling sequence k‐t BLAST (accn=3, resolution=0.66×0.66×5mm3; acquisition‐time=110ms/slice). The geometric fidelity of the MRI‐derived trajectories was validated against those obtained via fluoroscopy using the on board kV imager on a Truebeam linac. NiftyReg was used to perform frame by frame deformable image registration. The location of each marker predicted by using NiftyReg was compared with the values calculated by intensity‐based segmentation on each frame. Results: In all cases, MR trajectories were within 1 mm of corresponding fluoroscopy trajectories. RMSE between centroid positions obtained from segmentation with those obtained by NiftyReg varies from 0.1 to 0.21 mm in the SI direction and 0.08 to 0.13 mm in the LR direction showing the high accuracy of deformable registration. Conclusion: We have successfully designed and demonstrated a phantom that can accurately reproduce deformable motion under a variety of imaging modalities including MRI, CT and x‐ray fluodoscopy, making it an invaluable research tool for validating novel motion management strategies. This work was partially supported through research funding from National Institutes of Health (R01CA169102).
Pulmonary vascular distensibility in pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The diameter of healthy pulmonary vessels increases by 2% per mmHg of transmural pressure. A model of the pulmonary circulation incorporating the coefficient of distensiblity (α, percentage change in diameter per mmHg increase in distending pressure) can be used to describe this behavior. In patients with pulmonary vascular disease α is reduced to 0.25%/mmHg. We sought to describe loss vascular distensibility in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) due to left heart disease (LHD). Methods: Distensibility α was estimated in 119 patients using following formula: mPAP=[(1+α*PAWP)5+5α*PVR*CO]1/5-1]/α (mPAP=mean pulmonary artery pressure; PAWP=pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PVR=pulmonary vascular resistance; CO=cardiac output) Distensible properties in combined pre- and post-capillary PH (Cpc-PH, n=30) were compared with isolated post-capillary PH (Ipc-PH; n=30) and patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH, n=29). Subjects with normal pulmonary hemodynamics (n=30) served as controls. Results: Distensibility α was lowest in iPAH, intermediate in PH-LHD and preserved in controls (0.23±0.12%/mmHg vs. 0.63±0.23%/mmHg vs. 2.3±1.2%/mmHg, p<0.001). Despite higher mPAWP in Ipc-PH (31.2±7.2mmHg) than in Cpc-PH (25.4±4.9mmHg, p=0.001), distensibility α was lower in Cpc-PH (0.53±0.21%/mmHg) than in Ipc-PH (0.74±0.20%/mmHg, p<0.001). Distensibility α was significantly correlated with DPG (r=-0.64; p<0.001) and PVR (r=-0.74; p<0.001) in patients with PH-LHD. Conclusion: Distensibility of pulmonary vessels is impaired in PH-LHD, and worst in iPAH. Despite similar or even higher mPAWP in Ipc-PH, pulmonary vessels are less distensible in Cpc-PH.
ADDRESSING SUSTAINABILITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT DURING EMERGENCY DROUGHT RELIEF IN MOYALE, NORTH KENYA

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT During the period 1999–2000, North Kenya experienced extended drought, which resulted in severe pressure on available water resources and increased mortality of livestock. In response, Action Against Hunger (an international relief agency with project‐specific funding from the EC Humanitarian Aid Office) implemented an emergency water‐resource programme in the Moyale District. This paper examines some of the sustainability issues relating to such implementations and their impact upon the fragile semi‐arid pastoral environment of the region. Specific aspects are drawn from the Moyale programme to illustrate what is often a complex situation. The challenge is how to strike the balance between the short‐term needs of an emergency response and the long‐term aims of sustainable development and use of resources.
Arts in Health

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

While the arts and health have been deeply connected throughout human history, arts in health, “a field dedicated to using the power of the arts to enhance health and well-being in diverse institutional and community contexts” as defined by the National Organization for Arts in Health, has emerged as a formal field of practice and academic discipline over the past three decades. Arts in health is the umbrella term for arts in health care and arts in public health. Within health-care settings, artists and arts programming/practices enrich the environment of care, provide creative opportunities for staff, visitors, and patients, and have been linked to specific health outcomes for the latter including less pain and anxiety, reduced length of hospital stay, and increased satisfaction. Arts in public health is an emerging discipline where public health intersects with arts and culture. It engages arts and cultural practices for health promotion, prevention, communication, and well-being in communities outside of clinical settings. Arts in public health programs may help people cope with chronic health conditions and are often designed to enhance well-being, happiness, social cohesion, and the opportunity to flourish both individually and collectively. This discipline recognizes that artists have long worked in communities to improve the human condition; however, while many artists address health-related concerns in their work, not all such work can be subsumed under the umbrella of arts in public health. Work that fits under this umbrella is that in which collaboration takes place among professionals and practitioners in the public health and arts and culture sectors for health promotion. While aligned with arts in health, creative arts therapies remain a clinical discipline wherein trained creative arts therapists address medical and mental health problems. Medical humanities explore connections between the health sciences and humanities, inclusive of the arts. Arts in health professionals are not clinical care providers, rather they are professionals, including artists, who are trained to facilitate the arts in either a health-care or public health/community setting or partnership. Although this article focuses on arts in health, there will be a significant emphasis on arts in public health. The authors would like to thank members of the University of Florida Center for Arts in Medicine Interdisciplinary Research Lab: Karen Coker, Aaron Colverson, Alexandra Rodriguez, Prasanna Vankina, and Yanlin Wang, who contributed to this manuscript through assistance with locating citations and formatting.
A Comparative Study of the Impact of La2O3 and La2Zr2O7 Dispersions on Molybdenum Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We report, for the first time, the effect of lanthanum zirconate (La 2 Zr 2 O 7 ) particles on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of an experimental molybdenum oxide dispersion-strengthened alloy. The focus was on the preparation of the novel Mo–La 2 Zr 2 O 7 composite using high-energy ball milling and spark plasma sintering and on the comparison of its microstructural and mechanical properties with pure Mo and Mo–La 2 O 3 ODS alloy counterparts. Mechanical properties were assessed using a Vickers hardness test at room temperature and a three-point flexural test in the temperature range from − 150 to 150 °C. The microstructure of the studied materials and their fracture behavior were evaluated using x-ray diffraction, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and scanning electron and transmission electron microscopy. The strengthening effect of La 2 Zr 2 O 7 particles was found to be lower than that of La 2 O 3 particles, resulting in a 30-35% lower yield stress and flexural strength of the Mo–La 2 Zr 2 O 7 alloy compared to the Mo–La 2 O 3 alloy. The experimental Mo–La 2 Zr 2 O 7 alloy exhibited low plasticity and no distinct ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) in the tested temperature range, unlike pure Mo and the Mo–La 2 O 3 alloy, which had the DBTT of 63 and 1 °C, respectively. Fracture occurred mainly in a brittle intergranular manner in the entire testing temperature range, while the counterpart materials showed localized plastic stretching at grain boundaries and within grains at and above the transition region. The observed behavior was primarily related to lower strengthening and brittleness as well as less effective grain boundary purification.