jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
LITERATURE IN THE FIELD OF SPINAL CORD INJURY: AN ANALYSIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT: Presents an analysis of the literature in the field of Spinal Cord Injury as indexed the MEDLINE database in the Pubmed for the period 2008 to the 2017. It is noticed that the total of 28303 records on the literature of Spinal Cord Injury is covered. It is also noticed that the maximum number of records was published during year 2017. It was observed that the Journal Article consists of 41.73% and other publication types with different percentages. English language forming 95.07% of the total and other languages follows with minimum records. The United States has contributed the highest number of records in the study. 29 primary journals grouped in zone-1 published 3941 journal articles, the second zone comprises of 238 journals published 4031 journal articles and 1790 journals grouped in the third zone published 3840 journal articles. Of the 29 Journals in zone-1, twelve journals are published in the United States and followed by other countries. In zone-1 & 2; out of 267 journals, 37.45% frequently cited journals are the United States and India contributed eight journals.
Bulk and Single-Molecule Fluorescence Studies of the Saturation of the DNA Double Helix Using YOYO-3 Intercalator Dye B

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We report a thorough photophysical characterization of the interactions between double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and the trimethine cyanine homodimer dye YOYO-3. The fluorescence emission of this dye is enhanced by intercalation within the DNA double helix. We have explored the saturation of the dsDNA by bound YOYO-3 at the single-molecule level by studying the single-pair Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) from an energy donor, Alexa Fluor 488, tagged at the 5′ end of the double helix and the energy acceptor, YOYO-3, bound to the same DNA molecule. The spontaneous binding of YOYO-3 gives rise to an effective distribution of different FRET efficiencies and, therefore, donor–acceptor (D–A) distances. These distributions reveal the existence of multiple states of YOYO-3. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence and circular dichroism confirmed the presence of a DNA-bound aggregate of YOYO-3, conspicuous at high dye/base pair ratios. The spectral features of the aggregate suggest that it may have the structure of a parallel H-aggregate.
Surviving Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Septic Shock: Intertwining a Challenging Diagnosis with Prompt Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Capnocytophaga canimorsus is zoonotic agent isolated from humans bitten by dogs or cats. Although rare, severe infection usually affects male patients over the age of 50, asplenic or immunocompromised. Diagnosis is often challenging, often missing a history of contact with dogs or pre-existing wounds. Mortality rate is extremely high, since infection can lead to fulminant sepsis. We report a case of a patient admitted to ED for septic shock of unknown origin. Severe sepsis developed since our patient was asplenic and possessed multiple comorbidities. Due to hypoxia and respiratory failure, the patient was promptly intubated and mechanically ventilated. Supportive treatment for hemodynamic shock was administered. Cultures were obtained in the ED and empiric antibiotic therapy with piperacillin/tazobactam was started, aiming at infection control. As for source identification, common infectious etiologies, SARS-CoV-2 swab, bronchoalveolar lavage and urine cultures were negative. Blood cultures proved Gram-negative rods after 12 h incubation and C. canimorsus was identified on day 4. During ICU stay, clinical conditions gradually improved, and source control proved to be effective. Culture samples collection and starting empiric antibiotic treatment are the essential points in ensuring patient survival, especially in sepsis or septic shock of unknown origin or uncommon etiology, as in our case. Why should an emergency physician be aware of this? C. canimorsus bacteremia is rare and difficult to diagnose. Although considering patient history in such cases is crucial, laboratory results are often delayed. Hence, the chance of survival is dependent on prompt culture samples collection and start of empiric antibiotic treatment, along with supportive treatment.
Efficacy and safety of interferon-gamma in chronic granulomatous disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency with increased susceptibility to several bacteria, fungi, and mycobacteria, caused by defective or null superoxide production by the NADPH oxidase enzymatic complex. Accepted treatment consists mainly of antimicrobial prophylaxis. The role of human recombinant subcutaneous interferon gamma (IFNγ) is less clear, as available clinical evidence on its safety and efficacy is scarce and conflicting. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of IFNγ as an added treatment for CGD when compared to antimicrobial prophylaxis alone. METHODS: A literature search was conducted using MeSH terms “Chronic granulomatous disease” AND (“interferon gamma” OR “interferon-gamma”), as well as antibiotics, placebo, no therapy, clinical trial, trial; on MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, WHOs, CENTRAL, KOREAMED, The Cochrane Library, clinicaltrials.gov, and abstracts from meetings, from 1976 to July 2022. We included clinical trials (CT) and prospective follow-up studies and registered the number of serious infections (requiring hospitalization and IV antibiotics) and deaths; adverse events, and autoimmune complications, in patients treated for CGD with antimicrobial prophylaxis plus IFN-γ, versus antimicrobial prophylaxis alone. We assessed the quality of the studies using Risk of Bias and STROBE. We performed a meta-analysis by calculating both Peto odds ratio (OR), and Risk Reduction (RR) through the Mantel-Haenzsel method with a fixed effect model, using Review Manager 5.4, and we reported the number needed to treat (NNT). RESULTS: We identified 54 matches from databases, and 4 from other sources. We excluded 12 duplicates, 7 titles, and 9 abstracts for relevance, after which we had 30 eligible studies. Twenty-four were then excluded after reading the full text. Six papers were included: one randomized CT, and 5 follow-up studies. In total, 324 patients with Chronic granulomatous disease were followed for 319 months under treatment with antibiotic prophylaxis plus interferon-gamma or placebo (or antibiotic prophylaxis alone), reported between the years 1991 and 2016. Three of the studies included a control group, allowing for the aggregate analysis of efficacy (prevention of serious infections). The aggregate OR was 0.49, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.19 to 1.23. The Risk Ratio for serious infection was 0.56 (95%CI 0.35-0.90) under IFNG. The meta-analysis thus favors interferon-gamma for a risk reduction of serious infection. DISCUSSION: The results from this meta-analysis support the use of IFNg in the treatment of patients with CGD. However, we found insufficient clinical evidence and believe more clinical trials are needed to better assess the efficacy and long-term safety of IFNγ.
H+/ATP stoichiometry of cowpea Rhizobium sp. strain 32H1 cells grown under nitrogen-fixing and nitrogen-nonfixing conditions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The obligate aerobe Cowpea Rhizobium sp. strain 32H1 in axenic culture is able to fix N2 when grown under 0.2% O2 but not when grown under 21% O2. It was, therefore, of interest to investigate ATP synthesis in these cells grown under the two conditions. When respiring in buffers having pHs ranging from 6 to 8.5, cells grown under either O2 tension maintained an intracellular pH more alkaline than the exterior. The transmembrane chemical gradient of H+ (delta pH) was essentially the same under both conditions of growth, decreasing from ca. 90 mV at medium pH 6 to ca. 30 mV at pH 8.5. However, the transmembrane electrical gradient (delta psi) was significantly higher in cells grown under 21% O2 (150 to 166 mV) than in cells grown under 0.2% O2, the latter being 16 mV at pH 6 and increasing to 88 mV at pH 8.5. Therefore, the proton motive force of 21% O2-grown cells ranged from 237 mV at external pH 6 to 185 mV at pH 8.5, compared with a proton motive force of 114 to 121 mV in the 0.2% O2-grown cells. The cells grown in 0.2% O2 had the same proton motive force whether tested at 21 or at 0.2% O2. The phosphorylation potential, calculated from the intracellular ATP, ADP, and Pi concentrations, was 424 mV in the 21% O2-grown cells and 436 mV in the 0.2% O2-grown cells. Thus, the 21% O2-grown cells translocated 1.8 to 2.3 H+/ATP synthesized by the H+-ATPase, whereas the H+/ATP ratio for 0.2% O2-grown cells was 3.7 to 3.8.
Characterization of the vacuolar ATPase activity of the crassulacean‐acid‐metabolism plantKalanchoë daigremontianaReceptor modulating

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plants performing crassulacean acid metabolism show a large nocturnal accumulation of malic acid in the vacuole of the photosynthetic cells. It has been postulated that an H + ‐translocating ATPase energizes the transport of malic acid across the tonoplast into the vacuole. In the present work we have characterized the ATPase activity associated with vacuoles of the crassulacean‐acid‐metabolism plant Kalanchoë daigremontiana and compare it with other phosphohydrolases. Vacuoles were isolated by polybase‐induced lysis of mesophyll‐cell protoplasts. The vacuoles had a high activity of unspecific acid phosphatase (pH optimum 5.3). The acid phosphatase was strongly inhibited by ammonium molybdate (with 50% inhibition at about 0.5 mmol m 3‐ ), but was not completely inhibited even at much higher ammonium‐molybdate concentrations. In contrast, the vacuolar ATPase activity, assayed in the presence of 100 mmol m −3 ammonium molybdate, had a pH optimum of 8.0. ATP was the preferred substrate, but GTP, ITP and ADP were hydrolyzed at appreciable rates. The mean ATPase activity at pH 8.0 was 14.5 mmol h −1 (10 3 vacuoles) −1 an average 13% of which was attributable to residual acid‐phosphatase activity. Inorganic‐pyrophosphatase activity could not be demonstrated unambiguously. The vacuolar ATPase activity was M 2+ ‐dependent, had an apparent K m for MgATP 2‐ of 0.31 mol m −3 , and was 32% stimulated by 50 mol m 3‐ KCl. Of the inhibitors tested, oligomycin slightly inhibited the vacuolar ATPase activity and diethylstilbestrol and NO − 3 were both markedly inhibitory. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and tributyltin were also strongly inhibitory. Tributyltin caused a 50% inhibition at about 0.3 mmol m −3 . This is taken as evidence that the vacuolar ATPase might function as an H + ‐translocating ATPase. It is shown that the measured activity of the vacuolar ATPase would be of the right order to account for the observed rates of nocturnal malic‐acid accumulation in K. daigremontiana.
Salman Rushdie’s Novels in the Perspectives of Postmodernism in the Third Millennium

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The text is dedicated to the novels of Salman Rushdie, one of the world's novelists of the third millennium, who preserve the importance and significance of postmodern fiction. Different novels from different decades are presented that employ a variety of postmodern practices and forms such as intertextuality, metafiction, heteroglossia, remitification, parody and the grotesque. The author builds a colorful world in which images and plots from the dynamic present, but also historical and mythological creatures and heroes are intertwined. Main attention is focused on the novel Quixote, which follows the lives of the fictional Quixote and Sancho in the very real American world. With a colorful palette of fantastic creatures, but also real characters from different eras, the author raises pressing issues about racism, consumer gluttony and obsession with the media spectacle. A brief review of the latest novel, Victory City, with which the author returns to India, building a magical, magnetic, fairy-tale world in which "the conventions of the outside world lose their meaning and melt away", but at the same time references are made to reality. In conclusion, the importance of Salman Rushdie as a global and postmodern author is reaffirmed.
The incidence and effects of ingested plastic in seabirds

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This thesis comprises two major sections: an assessment of the incidence of plastic particles at sea and in seabirds {Chapters 1-3), and an investigation of the postulated effects of plastic ingestion on seabirds (Chapters 4-7). The incidence of plastic at sea was recorded from neuston trawls performed monthly at 120 sampling stations off the southwestern Cape, South Africa, during 1977-78. The types of plastic particles collected are described, and the temporal and spatial distribution patterns of plastic pollution are discussed. Ingested plastic was recorded from 36 of 60 seabird species sampled. The effect of different sampling techniques on the incidence of plastic is discussed. The frequencies of occurrence of plastic colour-types in birds are compared with those of particles collected at sea in neuston trawls. Pale particles were under-represented in all species, but the disparity was less for small than for large species, which may account for the higher incidence of ingested plastic in small than in large species.
Age differences in functional brain networks associated with loneliness and empathy

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Loneliness is associated with differences in resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) within and between large-scale networks in early- and middle-aged adult cohorts. However, age-related changes in associations between sociality and brain function into late adulthood are not well understood. Here, we examined age differences in the association between two dimensions of sociality—loneliness and empathic responding—and RSFC of the cerebral cortex. Self-report measures of loneliness and empathy were inversely related across the entire sample of younger (mean age = 22.6y, n = 128) and older (mean age = 69.0y, n = 92) adults. Using multivariate analyses of multi-echo fMRI RSFC, we identified distinct functional connectivity patterns for individual and age group differences associated with loneliness and empathic responding. Loneliness in young and empathy in both age groups was related to greater visual network integration with association networks (e.g., default, fronto-parietal control). In contrast, loneliness was positively related to within- and between-network integration of association networks for older adults. These results extend our previous findings in early- and middle-aged cohorts, demonstrating that brain systems associated with loneliness, as well as empathy, differ in older age. Further, the findings suggest that these two aspects of social experience engage different neurocognitive processes across human life-span development.
Characterization of Adult Prostatic Progenitor/Stem Cells Exhibiting Self-Renewal and Multilineage Differentiation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Demonstration of the hallmarks of stem cells, self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, is a challenge that has not been met for numerous tissues postulated to possess adult stem cells, including prostate tissue. Using a defined medium, we reproducibly isolated and maintained adult mouse prostatic cells with characteristics of progenitor/stem cells. Clonal populations of cells demonstrated tissue-specific multilineage differentiation by their ability to generate organized prostatic ductal structures in vivo, with luminal and basal cell layers, when grafted under the renal capsules of mice in the presence of fetal rat urogenital mesenchyme. Complete differentiation was demonstrated by the expression and secretion of terminally differentiated prostatic secretory products into the lumens. Self-renewal was demonstrated by serial transplantation of clonal populations that generated fully differentiated ductal structures in vivo. In vitro, undifferentiated cells expressed markers associated with prostate stem cells, including Sca 1 and CD49f, as well as basal cell markers (p63 and cytokeratins 5 and 14) and, at a low level, luminal cell markers (androgen receptor and cytokeratins 8 and 18). When grafted and allowed to differentiate in the presence of fetal urogenital mesenchyme, the cells differentiated into luminal cells and basal cells with more restricted protein expression patterns. These studies are the first to report a reproducible system to assess adult prostatic progenitor/stem cells. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Producers' decision making process in grain marketing: a study in the Canadian market

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how Western Canadian wheat producers’ make their marketing decisions. In Canada, wheat, durum wheat, and barley produced for human consumption and export are marketed through the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB), which offers several marketing contracts providing distinct combinations of risk, return, and cash flow. Pool pricing is the default alternative in which the CWB markets grain for producers, while Producer Payment Options (PPOs) represent instruments producers can use to price their wheat outside the pool. Results suggest that generally producers are not able to identify profit opportunities with PPOs, but active marketing strategies tend to generate better performance compared to passive strategies. Further, producers do not seem to repeat the same strategy every year and are influenced by previous performance when choosing their current marketing strategy. Finally, producers seem to follow price signals in choosing marketing contracts, indicating they track market movements and respond to the incentive of locking in higher prices.
Efficient Computation of Boomerang Connection Probability for ARX-Based Block Ciphers with Application to SPECK and LEA

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The boomerang connectivity table (BCT) was introduced by C. Cid et al. Using the BCT, for SPN block cipher, the dependency between sub-ciphers in boomerang structure can be computed more precisely. However, the existing method to generate BCT is difficult to be applied to the ARX-based cipher, because of the huge domain size. In this paper, we show a method to compute the dependency between sub-ciphers in boomerang structure for modular addition. Using bit relation in modular addition, we compute the dependency sequentially in bitwise. And using this method, we find boomerang characteristics and amplified boomerang characteristics for the ARX-based ciphers LEA and SPECK. For LEA-128, we find a reduced 15-round boomerang characteristic and reduced 16-round amplified boomerang characteristic which is two rounds longer than previous boomerang characteristic. Also for SPECK64/128, we find a reduced 13-round amplified boomerang characteristic which is one round longer than previous rectangle characteristic.
P51 A service evaluation into the use of transient elastography with Fibroscan® in the detection of liver fibrosis amongst Hepatology outpatients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Lancet Liver Commission states that it is 'iniquitous' that cirrhosis is so commonly diagnosed at a late stage, and that early detection of liver disease (LD) is essential to prevent progression to cirrhosis.1 Transient Elastography (TE) with Fibroscan® is a rapid, non-invasive tool for detecting LD, at a time where interventions can still halt its progression.12 However, there is a lack of data illustrating how TE is used within a secondary care service to achieve these goals. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective analysis of clinic letters and investigation results. We included patients who underwent TE in Hepatology outpatients between January and October 2021. Our analysis included patient demographics, risk factors for LD, TE results, subsequent investigations, management and follow up. 320 patients were included in the final analysis. The proportion of patients with diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia were 25% (n = 79), 40% (n = 128) and 50% (n = 161) respectively. 79% (n = 252) of patients were overweight or obese (BMI > 24.9), and 18% (n = 57) of people consumed over 14 units of alcohol per week. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was the primary aetiology of LD in 60% of patients (n = 192), and alcohol-related liver disease (ARLD) in 9% (n = 28). 22% (n = 69) had at least 2 aetiologies of LD, most commonly NAFLD and ARLD (6%, n = 19). TE identified 52% (n = 166) of patients as having no fibrosis (F0 to F1), 24% (n = 76) with moderate to severe fibrosis (F1–2 to F3–4), and 24% (n = 78) with F4 fibrosis. Furthermore, 17% (n = 34) of patients with NAFLD were diagnosed with steatohepatitis. Subsequently, 9% (n = 29) of patients proceeded to have a liver biopsy, diagnosing 8 cases of cirrhosis. 10% (n = 33) of patients were discharged, and 26% (n = 83) were initiated on cirrhosis surveillance. In conclusion, patients with pre-existing LD were identified successfully. This informs further management, including risk factor modification, with the goal of preventing progression to cirrhosis. Furthermore, TE facilitated the diagnosis of patients with undetected cirrhosis, whose management could then be tailored to prevent life-threatening decompensation. Subsequently, we aim to expand the period of evaluation, analysing how the early detection of LD influences its progression in our patients over time.

References

Williams R, Aithal G, Alexander G, et al. Unacceptable failures: the final report of the Lancet Commission into liver disease in the UK. Health Policy 2020;395(10219):226–239. Williams R, Aspinall R, Bellis M, et al. Addressing liver disease in the UK: a blueprint for attaining excellence in health care and reducing premature mortality from lifestyle issues of excess consumption of alcohol, obesity, and viral hepatitis. Lancet 2014;384(9958):1953–199.
A Systemic Approach to the Preservation of Audio Documents: Methodology and Software Tools

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a methodology for the preservation of audio documents, the operational protocol that acts as the methodology, and an original open source software system that supports and automatizes several tasks along the process. The methodology is presented in the light of the ethical debate that has been challenging the international archival community for the last thirty years. The operational protocol reflects the methodological principles adopted by the authors, and its effectiveness is based on the results obtained in recent research projects involving some of the finest audio archives in Europe. Some recommendations are given for the rerecording process, aimed at minimizing the information loss and at quantifying the unintentional alterations introduced by the technical equipment. Finally, the paper introduces an original software system that guides and supports the preservation staff along the process, reducing the processing timing, automatizing tasks, minimizing errors, and using information hiding strategies to ease the cognitive load. Currently the software system is in use in several international archives.
Nepenthes faizaliana: Schnell, D., Catling, P., Folkerts, G., Frost, C., Gardner, R. & <i>et al.</i>

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world’s most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.