jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Benfotiamine Reduces Dendritic Cell Inflammatory Potency

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Background: Benfotiamine is a synthetic liposoluble derivative of vitamin B1 that has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: To study the effects of benfotiamine on dendritic cells. Methods: Dendritic cells were obtained from murine bone marrow precursor cells in the presence of GM-CSF. Benfotiamine was applied to the cell culture during the process of bone marrow cell differentiation into dendritic cells. Dendritic cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and expression of MHC class II molecules and CD86 was determined by flow cytometry, while levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1β in cell culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. F-Actin, NF-κB and Nrf2 were visualized by immunofluorescent staining and microscopy. Results: Benfotiamine potently reduced LPS-induced expression of MHC class II molecules and CD86, in addition to suppressing the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β. It also prevented LPS-imposed morphological changes of dendritic cells, i.e. enlargement and intensified protrusions. The effects were paralleled with the reduction of NF-κB translocation to the nucleus, but not of Nrf2 activation inhibition. Conclusion: Having in mind the importance of dendritic cells for the configuration of the immune response, our results imply that benfotiamine has the ability to regulate the immune response through inhibition of inflammatory properties of dendritic cells.
EXOPHTHALMIC GOITER AND THE INVOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In January, 1921, we instituted a study of fifty unselected cases of fully developed exophthalmic goiter. 1 No specific therapeutic measures were employed in order to determine the natural history (spontaneous course) of the disease, 2 and to establish an index for the evaluation of therapeutic procedures. 3 From the group were excluded ( a ) patients who had thyroid enlargement without other manifestations of exophthalmic goiter 4 and ( b ) those who, with or without thyroid enlargement, presented sympathomimetic symptoms, without significant elevation of the basal metabolism (autonomic imbalance). 5 In the group studied, we included (1) patients with a significant elevation of metabolism on repeated readings; (2) patients whose illness was sufficiently severe to warrant residence in a hospital in which beds are at a great premium; and (3) patients from the poorest sections of the city, who were subjected to constant economic strain. The present study is for the purpose of evaluating the efficacy of
Process Development toward the Pilot Scale Synthesis of the Piperidine-Based Cocaine Analogue and Potent Dopamine and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor CTDP 31,446

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

(+)-Methyl 4β-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-methylpiperidine-3α-carboxylate hydrochloride (CTDP 31,446) is known as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor. This cocaine analogue lacking the tropane skeleton is being considered for potential treatment of cocaine addiction. Herein we report the development of a scalable process for the preparation of this compound. This study was mainly aimed at improving the process throughput, eliminating chromatographic purifications for the separation of (±)-6-cis isomer from (±)-6-trans isomer, and developing a robust crystallization for isolation of pure (±)-6-cis in a single crop with a good mass recovery. The process development work also highlights an efficient recycle of (±)-6-trans via a kinetic epimerization followed by crystallization of the resulting (±)-6-cis isomer. The resolution of (±)-6-cis and the crystallization of the final HCl salt were optimized and implemented to afford CTDP-31,446 with high purity and good mass recovery.
Blume-emery-griffiths model for thin films of stacked triangular lattices

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper investigates the use of the Blume-Emery-Griffiths (BEG) model to study the physical and magnetic properties of thin films. The BEG model consists of a system with three states per spin as described using Hamiltonian method. Bilinear exchange interaction, quadratic exchange interaction, and single ion anisotropy are taken into account in the Hamiltonian model. Monte Carlo simulation is also performed to show that there exists a critical value of single ion anisotropy which determine the order of magnetic transition. An Ising-like model is observed in the absence of anisotropy. The effects of surface interaction are also discussed.
Exchange Transaminase Reactions in Bush Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Roots

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Highly purified preparations of aspartate aminotransferase (2.6.1.1) and alanine aminotransferase (2.6.1.2) were prepared from bush bean roots and tested for their ability to catalyze exchange transaminase and standard transaminase reactions. Aspartate aminotransferase catalyzed the exchange transaminase reactions listed in equations (1) and (2) and the transaminase reaction listed in equation (4). Alanine aminotransferase catalyzed the exchange transaminase reaction listed in equation (3) and the transaminase reaction listed in equation (5).
Mean reverting properties of price-to-fundamental ratios.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We investigate the mean reversion characteristic of three price multiplies, the Price-Earnings ratio, Price-to-Book ratio and the Price-to-Sales ratio, for five Asian countries: Singapore, Japan, Korea, Indonesia and Malaysia. We find significant mean reversion for the PE and PB ratio over a short term horizon of one year. This mean reversion of PE and PS appears to be attributable to growth in earnings and sales respectively rather than market returns. The results are mixed for the PB ratio. As such, investors who rely on PE and PS in their investments should separate the returns component and the growth component when analyzing these ratios. When these ratios are higher than historical average, it is more likely to be an expectation of higher further growth than an overvaluation. Hence we conclude that the information embedded in these ratios is profitable in cases where investor’s expectation differs from market’s consensus
Porokeratosis and mycosis fungoides

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a great imitator. It can resemble more than 50 different clinical disorders. Porokeratosis is the rarest of the disorders and has been reported only in three cases. Herein, we present three cases of porokeratosis occurring in MF patients. The first case proved to be MF lesions upon histopathological examination, whereas the second case showed a classic porokeratosis occurring in association with MF in the same lesion. Finally, the third case was presented with classic porokeratosis that developed in a longstanding MF case undergoing treatment with Methotrexate and PUVA.
Towards the safer transfer of children during winter bed crises: a survey of London paediatric registrars' opinions on current transfer arrangements in order to improve patient safety

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

<sec><st>Aims</st> During the busy winter season, large numbers of children are being transferred between hospitals in London due to bed shortages. This paper aims to research current practices, find out what information is considered to be essential in handover, whether children have been received in an unstable condition and if paediatric registrars would find a universal transfer protocol useful in reducing workload and improving patient safety. </sec> <sec><st>Methods</st> Paediatric registrars of all grades were contacted by email and at London deanery training days and asked to complete a questionnaire on their views about current transfer procedures. </sec> <sec><st>Results</st> 103 registrars from 27 hospitals in the London Deanery returned the questionnaire. Only 4.8% reported that their hospital had a transfer protocol. 89% said they were responsible for arranging the transfer of the child and that they spent an average of 2 hours per transfer. Alarmingly, 43.6% responded that they had accepted a child that had arrived in an unstable condition. In 8 (17.7%) of these cases, the child being transferred had breathing difficulties (six with asthma, two with croup). Insufficient access was another common theme including two children that needed intraosseus access on arrival. Two children required fluid boluses on arrival. One registrar described a child with sepsis and undiagnosed sickle cell disease who died shortly after arrival. Information expected in telephone handover and transfer letter is shown in the graph below (numbers in percentages of registrars who felt the information was essential) (<cross-ref type="fig" refid="F1">figure 1</cross-ref>): <fig loc="float" id="F1"><no>Abstract G295 Figure 1</no> <link locator="archdischild-2012-301885.343fig1"></fig> 94 registrars (91.2%) felt that a single universal protocol would be helpful in the management and transfer of patients in winter bed crises. </sec> <sec><st>Conclusions</st> It is clear from the results that improvements need to be made to patient safety during transfers in winter bed crises. It appears that the most vulnerable patients to deterioration during transfer are those with respiratory difficulties, consequently particular care should be taken to stabilise these patients prior to transfer. As the majority of registrars felt that a universal protocol would be helpful to improve safety and ease of transfer, the researchers are now trialling new transfer paperwork. </sec>
Industrial Development through Takeovers and Exits: The Case of the Cut Flower Exporters in Ethiopia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In a competitive industry, the exit and takeover of less efficient firms enable reallocation of resources for more effective use, and improve the economic efficiency of an industry as a whole. The rapidly-growing cut flower exporting industry in Ethiopia recently slowed in expansion with newly entering firms, whereas the industry continued to grow in export. We constructed the primary panel of the flower exporters Our analysis reveal that less profitable firms started to exit the industry, and that firms endowed with rich local resources were increasingly taken over and improved productivity and profitability.
The Introduction of Literacy and the Subsequent Stagnation of Oral Narratives in the Production of Contemporary Theatre in Rapa Nui

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The introduction of literacy in Rapa Nui (Easter Island) has had a significant influence on how oral narratives are recorded, remembered and delivered. After arriving in Rapa Nui in 1937, Father Sebastian Englert dedicated his time to conducting a variety of activities as a Capuchin missionary and to the study, transcription and protection of the island’s intangible heritage: oral narratives. This article will argue that although Englert’s perspective of transcribing Rapa Nui oral narratives to preserve them and prevent them from being lost is valuable, these written stories have also bound these narratives, meaning that the variety and richness of the different versions inherent within oral traditions in the Rapa Nui community has been transformed over time. I will explore literature that articulates how the imposition of the written word helped colonial powers to assert authority whilst rendering orality and Indigenous ways of collectively transmitting knowledge obsolete. The transcription of oral narratives into a written form has contributed to the stagnation of knowledge that the Indigenous Rapa Nui population has about their own culture and stories. I will argue that the production of theatre in contemporary Rapa Nui has been an outstanding way of empowering orality. The theatre has been used as a tool for educational purposes and for Indigenous artists to express their own version of colonial historical events orally.
The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Petaurista Alborufus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The complete mitochondrial genome of Petaurista alborufus is 16,057 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, two ribosomal RNA genes, and one control region. In the control region, it is speculated that the CSB2 have been lost in the evolution. The molecular phylogenetic analysis of 32 Rodentia species is performed using sequences from 12 concatenated heavy-strand encoded protein coding genes. The results have provided more evidence to support previous morphological and chromosomal studies on Rodentia.
A japán jūdō terminológia magyar fordításának problémái

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Kōdōkan jūdō is the first Japanese martial art ever introduced in Hungary, at the beginning of the twentieth century. In order to make jūdō popular among the general public, it was necessary to translate the cryptic Japanese names of the techniques to more familiar Hungarian terms, thus Hungarian jūdōterminology was born. Since then, nearly a century has passed, and partly because of the terminology, (which had no linguistic foundations but was created on the basis of mere observation by Hungarian practitioners), jūdō has drifted away from its authentic Japanese roots. In this study, I introduce the main translational errors affecting the terminology and try to offer some solutions favouring a more accurate Hungarian jūdō-terminology for the future.
Exploring school leadership development in Tanzania: a survey study of twenty newly appointed heads of schools in contextually different state secondary schools in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research study draws on the experience of twenty newly appointed head teachers, those in year one and two of their headship role in secondary schools in Tanzania. The study gathered the head teachers’ experience, perceptions, and suggestions about their own continuing professional development and that of others in schools. It strived to understand how and when these new heads of schools are trained, and whether they receive sufficient training before taking on a headship role. It further sought to understand the significance of mandatory leadership qualifications in enhancing the head teachers’ knowledge, skills and abilities to lead schools. In particular, it argues that despite the rhetoric on better education management at district, regional and ministry level at present, there is still a widespread need for education leaders, researchers and all other education providers to emphasise the importance of school leadership development programs for school leaders. The research findings indicate that head teachers can gain the required knowledge and skills to lead their schools through short and long term leadership training programs and also through accession to headship in schools. Consequently, the majority participants commented on mentoring and coaching, as significant programs in head teacher development. Moreover, the study recommends that there is a need for the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training to increase budgets for school leadership development programs and to ensure that clear policies and directives shape leadership development in schools, and those directives demarcate how formal training for newly appointed head teachers can be achieved.
Effect of vaccination of hens with an avirulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium on immunity of progeny challenged with wild-Type Salmonella strains

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The avirulent Salmonella typhimurium chi3985 was used to vaccinate white leghorn chickens at 16 and 18 weeks of age, and the effect of maternal antibody on Salmonella colonization of progeny of vaccinated hens was assessed with S. typhimurium F98 or chi3985. Progeny of hens that had been vaccinated at 1 and 3 or 2 and 4 weeks of age with chi3985 were used to determine the effect of maternal immunity on vaccine efficacy. Vaccination of hens induced long-lasting Salmonella-specific antibodies which were transferred into eggs and were detected as immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the egg yolk. Maternal antibody was detected in the progeny of vaccinated birds as IgG and IgA in serum and intestinal fluid, respectively. The titer of maternally transmitted IgG or IgA was highest in the first week of life of the progeny and declined with age. Maternal antibodies prevented colonization of the chicks by S. typhimurium chi3985 and reduced colonization by S. typhimurium F98. Overall, chicks from vaccinated hens had significantly higher antibody responses than did the progeny of nonvaccinated hens after oral infection with Salmonella strains. Maternal antibody reduced the efficacy of vaccination of progeny with chi3985 at 1 and 3 weeks of age. But vaccination at 2 and 4 weeks of age induced excellent protection against challenge with S. typhimurium F98 or S. enteritidis 27A PT 8 in birds from vaccinated hens and in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Vaccination of chickens at 2 and 4 weeks of age has been shown to protect the birds against challenge with homologous and heterologous Salmonella serotypes. A combination of vaccination of adult animals and use of the progeny of vaccinated birds will enhance effective control of Salmonella infections in the poultry industry. This will complement the present control of Salmonella-associated food poisoning caused by Salmonella enteritidis in eggs because the avirulent S. typhimurium vaccine strain chi3985 induced excellent protection against S. enteritidis in chickens.
Insights into muscle regeneration and stem cell plasticity as revealed by MyoD transcription analysis and cell lineage studies

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Transgenic analysis has shown that the MyoD core enhancer and distal regulatory region (DRR) together recapitulate MyoD expression in postnatal skeletal muscle. Using mice with single-enhancer deletions, we have tested the requirement for each enhancer in directing MyoD expression in uninjured and regenerating skeletal muscle. In the absence of injury, the core enhancer is not required for normal MyoD expression, whereas DRR deletion reduces MyoD mRNA levels. Each enhancer is dispensable for normal MyoD expression early in regeneration, whereas at later stages, each enhancer directs approximately 50% of MyoD transcription. These are the first targeted deletion studies of postnatal MyoD transcriptional regulation. Neo-containing knockouts crossed into an X-linked muscular dystrophy (mdx) background exhibit a severe reduction in MyoD levels, yet the extent of regeneration is comparable to that of mdx mice. While an absence of MyoD expression is known to be detrimental, this work suggests that a low threshold level of MyoD suffices for normal regeneration. We have also tested the osteoprogenitor activity of three tissue types resident in limb musculature: skeletal muscle, vascular smooth muscle, and endothelium. Using Cre/lox labeling, we detect β-galactosidase-labeled chondrocytes generated from skeletal muscle and Tie2-positive cells, but not from smooth muscle. Only mice with labeling of Tie2-positive precursors clearly generate labeled osteocytes. This is the first in vivo demonstration of the osteogenic capability of Tie2-positive cells. The osteogenic activity present in muscle is clinically relevant to human diseases of heterotopic ossification, such as fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP). Another potential source of osteoprogenitors in FOP is the circulation. No labeled chondrocytes or osteocytes were detected in BMP-induced nodules of lethally irradiated hosts engrafted with ROSA26 bone marrow. Based on these data, Tie2-positive cells, most likely the resident vascular endothelium, are a source of ectopic ossification in skeletal muscle.
Paleocene dinoflagellates from the turtle mountain formation, southwestern Manitoba, Canada

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Shallow marine deposits of the Paleocene Turtle Mountain Formation on the northeastern flank of the Williston Basin, southwestern Manitoba, yielded dinoflagellate assemblages which include Senegalinium microgranulatum, S. obscurum, Senegalinium sp., Spinidinium densispinatum, S.? pilatum, Cerodinium speciosum, Isabelidinium viborgense and Phelodinium magnificum. The assemblages indicate that the Turtle Mountain Formation is Early to early Late Paleocene in age. Low species diversity and high dominance of a few species are characteristics of the assemblages and suggest a nearshore depositional environment for the formation. Additional investigation of dinoflagellates of the Cannonball Formation in southcentral North Dakota confirms an early Late Paleocene age which permits correlation of the Cannonball Formation with the upper part of the Turtle Mountain Formation. Distinct similarities are present in dinoflagellate assemblages of Paleocene marine deposits within the Williston Basin. The assemblages also have marked similarities with Paleocene assemblages of the eastern Gulf Coastal Plain, U.S.A., which suggests extension of the Gulf sea into the Williston Basin during the Paleocene.
Internuclear cyclisation. Part XXIV. Catalysed decomposition of diazonium fluoroborates from amino-N-methyl-naphthanilides and -N-naphthylbenzamides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Previously unidentified products formed in the catalysed decomposition of diazonium fluoroborates from amino-N-methyl-naphthanilides and -N-naphthylbenzamides are shown to include unsaturated spiro-dimers [(IV), (VI), (IX), (XIII), and (XV)], and a spiro-cyclohexadienone (III) in which an oxygen atom has been incorporated into the molecule. Products of deamination and demethylation and of normal ring closure are also formed but phthalimidines are not.
How does probability judgment influence contingent valuation method to estimate WTP for natural disaster reduction

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Contingent valuation method (CVM) is a widely adopted approach for estimating individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for public goods. Using national survey data from Japan, this paper examines how the estimated WTP through CVM varies with different risk probabilities and risk information presentations in the context of natural disasters. The findings show that people's WTP is insensitive to the frequency of the disaster and the baseline level of the risk; the commonly observed ratio bias (RB) effect is not significant in our investigation. However, consistent with one similar study before, “group diffusion,” an opposite effect of RB is likely to occur, especially when the disparity between different risk descriptions is large. The result of this paper suggests that WTP may be influenced by the risk information provided and the way risk is framed in communications; therefore, CVM should be cautiously treated through rigorous validity checks when it is used to estimate WTP and risk is an important factor.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Cyclopentadienes/Fulvenes/Norbornenes from Divinyl Ketones.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A series of trifluoromethylated 1,3‐dien‐3‐ols (IV) are synthesized by regiospecific addition of the Ruppert—Prakash reagent to divinyl ketones (I) and transformed into trifluoromethylated cyclopentadienes (V), norbornenes (VII), and fulvenes (IX).
On the Creative Function of Translation in Modern and Postwar Japan: Hemingway, Proust, and Modern Japanese Novels

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Discusses the 1940s Japanese debate over the role of creativity in literary translation and the question of whether literary translations themselves constitute literature. Briefly examines Sei Ito’s literal translation of “Hills Like White Elephants,” emphasizing its preservation of Hemingway’s foreign syntax. Surveys the impact of Japanese translations of Hemingway’s works on the development of new literary forms.