jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study between Family Income and Hopelessness

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Introduction: Hopelessness can be defined as a condition in which a person experiences negative expectations about future associated with symptoms such as motivational deficit, sadness and lack of concentration ultimately resulting in depression and suicide. There have been associations of hopelessness with various factors such as depression, suicide etc. Low socio-economic status also imparts a negative impact on an individual’s psychology. Therefore, we came forward with the idea to figure out the association of hopelessness with family income in our society. It has been observed that there are direct as well as indirect effects of socio-economic conditions on mental health, setting up vicious cycle between poverty and mental disorders. This study demonstrates the vandalization of low socioeconomic status on the mental wellbeing of the individuals of underdeveloped countries. Objective: To assess hopelessness among population of Karachi from different socio-economic status using Beck’s hopelessness scale. Method: This is a cross-sectional study done in Karachi. We used SPSS-20 to analyze our research proposal. Data was collected from individuals aged 20-50. They were asked to fill Beck’s Hopelessness Scale. Results: Of 295 individuals there were 44% males of which 55.3% were married and 44.6% were unmarried. Of 56% females 48%.1% females were married and 52.9% females were unmarried. 0-3 was scored by 67.2% individuals, 4-8 by 28.4% individuals, 9-14 by 4% individuals. One way ANOVA was applied to family income and BHS score, then p-value was found to be <0.05. Of those who scored between 0-3, 47% belonged to low socio-economic status, 48.8% to middle socio-economic status, 4% to high socio-economic status. Of people who scored between 4-8, 41.6 % belonged to low socio-economic status, 48.6% to middle socio-economic status, 9.7% to high socio-economic status. Of those who scored between 9 to 14, 25% belonged to low socio-economic status, 66% to middle socio-economic status, 8.3% to high socio-economic status. Conclusion: This study provides the impact that there is positive association between low socio-economic status and hopelessness. Thus it shows that societies where there are economic crises are liable to more mental disorders, therefore this study highlights the need of proper initiatives towards the quality of life especially in the under developed parts of the world ,to avert the casual of psychiatric illness due to low social economic status & encourage further research in this discipline.
Knodt Rod Distraction Instrumentation in Lumbosacral Arthrodesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Review of 40 patients undergoing lumbosacral fusions over a 4-year period was done to determine the value, efficiency, and safety of Knodt rod distraction instrumentation. The age range was 30–80 years. Mean age was 51 years. Follow-up was 1–4 years. Twenty patients underwent decompression and fusion for spinal stenosis, nine underwent spinal arthrodesis for instability, six underwent the same for spondylolisthesis, and five underwent fusions for other diagnoses. A posterior midline approach was used. Laminai hook sites were prepared, and care was taken to prevent durai compression or tenting. Balanced distraction was done to restore soft tissue tension and stability. No attempt was made to reduce deformity. A posterior and lateral mass fusion augmented with allograft bone was performed on all but three patients, in whom autogenous bone was used. The majority of patients were placed in a custom-molded lumbosacral orthosis for 3–6 months after operation. There were no neurologic complications, durai tears, or pseudomenin-goceles. The first sacral laminas were instrumented in 22 patients. Nine of the 40 patients underwent rod removal. Reasons for removal were pain due to loosening in five patients and failure of fusion in two. On rod removal in two patients, no abnormality was found. Insertion within the sacral laminas did not lead to neurologic complications. The major problem appeared to be loosening, which necessitated rod removal in 12% of the patients. Knodt rod distraction instrumentation is a safe and effective method of internal fixation for lumbosacral fusions.
The impact of land surface temperatures on suprapermafrost groundwater on the central Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract To investigate the influences of land surface temperatures (LSTs) on suprapermafrost groundwater discharge, a river valley was selected in a typical permafrost region of Fenghuoshan (FHS) watershed on the central Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. We developed a two‐dimensional model to simulate the suprapermafrost groundwater seasonal dynamics controlled by LSTs and the changing trends under a warming climate scenario (3°C/100 year). We calibrated key parameters of our model by the field observations at FHS watershed and analysed the relationship between the different LSTs and the suprapermafrost groundwater discharge dynamics in the active layer. The results show that (a) by changing the permeability of the active layer, the LSTs have a significant effect on the suprapermafrost groundwater discharge. A higher LST causes more suprapermafrost groundwater discharge, resulting in a different discharge pattern and affecting the ability to replenish the nearby river in the permafrost area. (b) Under a warming climate, the most obvious change in the suprapermafrost groundwater occurs in the freeze initiation period (from October to December), and there is a significant increase in the suprapermafrost groundwater discharge rate. This study reveals that the LST has a controlling effect on the seasonal dynamics of shallow groundwater systems in permafrost regions, indicating that the impact of local topography on the suprapermafrost groundwater should not be ignored in suprapermafrost groundwater simulations. Moreover, the warming simulation results demonstrate that the freezing season is the significant transformation period of suprapermafrost groundwater dynamics under future climate change, which can be used to better understand hydrological and ecological process changes in permafrost regions under climate warming.
The Influence of Mg Doping Amount on the Property of Zn1-xMgxO Buffer Layer and Its Application in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

采用低成本溶胶凝胶旋涂法制备了不同Mg含量的Zn1-xMgxO薄膜, 用其代替传统化学水浴法制备的CdS作为铜铟镓硒(Cu(In, Ga)Se2, CIGS)薄膜太阳电池的缓冲层材料.用X射线衍射仪、原子力显微镜、紫外可见吸收光谱和X射线光电子能谱仪等研究了Mg掺杂量对Zn1-xMgxO薄膜的结构、形貌、光学性能及Zn1-xMgxO/CIGS异质结之间能带排列的影响.结果表明:所制备的Zn1-xMgxO薄膜均为非晶结构; 随着Mg掺入量的增加, Zn1-xMgxO薄膜的表面形貌由条纹状变为六方形纳米颗粒, 表面粗糙度由23.53 nm减小到1.14 nm; 光学带隙值由3.55 eV增大到3.62 eV; Zn1-xMgxO/CIGS之间的导带偏移值由+0.68 eV减小到-0.33 eV, 导带排列由“尖峰状”变为“悬崖状”; 当配制的溶液中Mg源和Zn源的摩尔比为0.1时, 所制备的Zn0.82Mg0.18O/CIGS之间的导带偏移值为+0.22 eV, 电池效率最高, 达5.83%.
Triple-Negative Breast Cancer and Ferroptosis: Expression Profiling of Key Regulatory Genes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype of breast cancer characterized by the absence of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Ferroptosis, a regulated form of cell death driven by lipid peroxidation, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of ferroptosis-associated genes GPX4, ACSL4, and BCAT2 in TNBC tissues and to investigate their potential as diagnostic or therapeutic biomarkers. Material and methods A total of 100 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) breast tissue samples were analyzed, including 60 TNBC patient samples and 40 healthy controls. Gene expression levels of GPX4, ACSL4, and BCAT2 were determined using RT-qPCR. Statistical comparisons were conducted using the Mann–Whitney U test, and correlation analyses were performed using Spearman’s test. Results The expression levels of GPX4, ACSL4, and BCAT2 were significantly decreased in the TNBC group compared to controls (p = 0.0001 for all genes). Strong positive correlations were observed among the three genes, with BCAT2 showing the highest correlation with both GPX4 (R=0.636) and ACSL4 (R=0.683). Additionally, BCAT2 expression negatively correlated with tumor diameter and Ki-67 index. Conclusions The significant downregulation and strong positive correlation of GPX4, ACSL4, and BCAT2 in TNBC tissues suggest a coordinated suppression of ferroptosis. These findings highlight the potential of targeting ferroptosis as a novel therapeutic strategy in TNBC and propose these genes as candidate biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment response.
Bitcoin – a way to reach consensus in a completely decentralized manner

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Bitcoin is a digital currency currently being legalized throughout the European Union [2], whose operating rinciples were published publicly [5], but not in scientific or mathematical sources. The goal of this report is to encourage discussions about decentralization and security of the Bitcoin system, as well as about reasonableness of the Bitcoin network fees. Bitcoin is a fully decentralized peer-to-peer electronic currency system, which lets its users to send transactions directly from one user to another, without any thirdparties. Electronic signature ensures that transaction is sent by the person who owns the money, but the main problem of such a system is to ensure, without any third-parties, that the same money could not be spent twice. This problem in the Bitcoin system is solved using a peer-to-peer network. The Bitcoin network timestamps all transactions, by grouping them to an ongoing chain of transaction blocks, where each block must have a hash (SHA256) result which would meet certain conditions, thus ensuring that in order to cancel or modify a past transaction, one would need to find more hashes which meet the required conditions than the whole Bitcoin network combined since the time of transaction. This allows users to leave and rejoin the network at will, and always be sure which transaction history is the correct one.
Canterbury and Rome

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

A deep sense of responsibility urged us to write in our July issue some of the thoughts that filled our soul on the eve of the Lambeth Conference. We were of those who could see, and even profess to see a unique event in the assembly of two hundred and fifty Bishops in communion with the Sees of Canterbury and York. These Bishops, belonging to the two great English-speaking nations, could not discuss after-war problems in the spiritual sphere without wielding a power for good, which, like every other power, might be turned to evil even when used with good intent. It was part of their disarming truthfulness frankly to confess that they had no mandate even from their own Church to say the last word on any subject of spiritual reconstruction. This profession of self-diffidence did not discredit them in our eyes. Rather did it put them apart from that all too numerous group of spiritual reconstructionists whose self-confidence is their chief power for evil. We were therefore ready to listen to whatever issued from the counsels of a group of men whose self-diffidence recalled the prophetic words, “I am not the Christ.”
β-Galactosidase Labeling of IgG Antibody

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Eschericia coli β-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) is a large enzyme (465 kDa) with a high turnover rate and wide specificity which allows it to be measured conveniently in several different ways. Unlike several other enzyme labels β-galactosidase is not found in mammalian tissues or fluids hence background contributions are negligible when this label is measured at a neutral pH. This can be advantageous as peroxidase activities (due to various heme proteins) and alkaline phosphatase are frequently present in these samples. The heterobifunctional reagent, m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (MBS), is of value when one of the components of a conjugate has no free thiol groups eg. IgG. In this method (1) the IgG antibody is first modified by allowing the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester group of the MBS to react with amino groups in the IgG; the β-galactosidase is then added and the maleimide groups on the modified IgG react with thiol groups in the enzyme to form thioether links. This procedure produces conjugates with molecular weights in the range 0.6–1 ×106.
Effect of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM) Fungus and Rock-Phosphate Application on the Growth and Biomass of Moringa oleifera Lam. Seedlings under Salinity Stress

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Salinity is a devastating environmental stress factor that severely affects plant growth and development.Soil salinity often hinders plant productivity in both natural and agricultural settings.Vesicular Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (VAM) symbionts can mediate plant stress responses by enhancing salinity tolerance.Experiments were conducted in a greenhouse at the nursery of the Experimental Station of Forestry and Wood Technology Dept., Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Abies region, Alexandria, from June, 2017 to May, 2018 and repeated at the same time in the second season.The obtained results showed that the inoculation with VAM and addition of RP led to enhance the growth significantly, in terms of survival, shoot height, shoot root ratio, root dry weight, shoot dry weight and total dry weight and minerals of the leaves of M. oleifera (N, P and K%) compared with the uninoculated ones.Chlorophyll a of M. oleifera was affected by salinity.Na Cl treatments caused a decrease in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content in both seasons.The largest increases in plants nutrient uptake (N, P and K) and decreasing in Na were observed with the VAM+RP treatment.The inoculated seedlings with VAM induced the highest value in Proline content in the first and second seasons compared with the uninoculated ones.The present study concluded that (M.oleifera Lam.) could tolerate salt concentration up to 171.1 mM in the presence of mycorrhiza.It is recommended; however, to inoculate the seedlings with VAM and (1g/kg soil) rock-phosphate application to enhance its growth and mitigate salinity stress.
410 Can a Universal Width Fit all? Exploring Optimal Dimensions for Cervical Disc Arthroplasty Implants

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Given the wide spectrum of implant widths, which are typically coupled to specific height and/or depth dimensions, and the desire to match native bony anatomy, as opposed to resecting/burring the bones to achieve implant-fit, there is need to clearly delineate subaxial cervical anatomy, especially at superior endplate (SEP). METHODS: Scans of the cervical spines from a convenience sample of 50 young, healthy patients (29 males, 21 females), aged 23-28 years (mean: 25.1±1.3 years), with mean BMI of 30.44 kg/m 2 , who underwent CT for negative trauma evaluations. The following measurements were estimated. RESULTS: The mean IUD at the posterior-third(A3), was the limiting width at all levels, which only increased from 11.3 ± 2 mm at C4 to 13.4 ± 2.9 mm at C7. The 3rd quartile of mean A3 distance were: C4–12.61 mm, C5–13.38 mm, C6–15.18 mm, C7–15.25 mm. A1 and A2 were both greater than 14 mm in majority of the subjects (C4–50%, C5–56%, C6–72%, C7–90%), whereas A1 and A2 were >17 mm (most contacted depth by all marketed implants) only in 2% at C4, 4% at C5, 16% at C6 and 44% at C7. While linear parameters differed significantly between the male and female sex, there was no statistically significant difference in mean A3 at any level (all p > 0.05). There also was no appreciable statistically significant difference between measured indices when grouped by BMI category. CONCLUSIONS: IUD increases from cephalad-to-caudad but reduces from anterior-to-posterior at each level. For vast majority, regardless of gender/BMI, the IUD is at least 14 mm, especially in most commonly CDA-treated disc spaces(C5-6, C6-7), suggesting that 14 mm could serve as "one-width" for all CDAs, especially since primary goal of the arthroplasty is to create proper width-fit of implant without bony resection.
A Conceptual Analysis of Training and Development Programs: Its Benefits for Employees and Organizations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper conceptually evaluates and analyzes secondary data about the benefits associated with training and development programs conducted for employees by their organizations. Firstly, the elements and structure of training and development programs are investigated, and the benefits of these programs are presented. For most of the organizations, success or failure highly depends on their employees; therefore, employees are the esteemed assets of organizations, whether the organizations are large or small. In the digital era, new training and development programs have been introduced, which can effectively turn a normal employee into a more professional and skilful. It is of high importance for the organizations to consider T&D programs as it helps both employees and employers in many aspects, and thus the organizations can survive and gain a competitive advantage in the market.
Biological activity of polysaccharides from the mycelial culture of Tylopilus felleus (Bull.: Fr.) P. Karst.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Polysaccharide A and B fractions from mycelial culture of Tylopilus felleus (Bull,: Fr.) P. Karst. were isolated. The acidic hydrolysis of the polysaccharides yielded glucose and peptidic part. Both polysaccharide fractions revealed mitodepressive and mitostatic activities in Allium test.
Healing historical trauma through resurgence and radical resistance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For 500 years, Indigenous peoples of Turtle Island have had to contend with colonial tactics intended to displace, dispossess, disconnect, and disempower Indigenous peoples from their relationships with their territories and their cultural identities. Historical Trauma theory explains these colonial experiences cause disruption and disconnection within Indigenous peoples who now exhibit historical trauma symptoms. This research project is essential because it focuses on how Indigenous peoples can heal from these experiences. Grounded in an Indigenous research paradigm, six participants engaged in six individual one-on-one visits and four days of group work, revealing how resurgence and radical resistance heals historical trauma. Findings show that healing does not occur in isolation, nor is it based solely on the present. For the participants, healing historical trauma by choice is key, the past, present and future is understood through radical resistance, and resurgence resists the compounding affects of historical trauma. Recommendations speak to the necessity of the individual beginning their healing journey, radiating outwards to include family and community to be supportive and to join in on the healing. There is a need for advanced healing programming, education reform, helpful allies, and an anti-colonial shift in how the state provides funding to Indigenous organizations and communities who are engaged in healing practices.
An Analysis of Certain Factors Related to the Use of PowerPoint

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With more and more educators relying on PowerPoint presentation software to facilitate the delivery of course content as a lecture in a traditional classroom or via a distance education medium, it is important to ascertain whether it is a viable presentation tool. Current literature indicates that students feel negatively toward PowerPoint presentations, but is this really the case? The researchers conducted a study to determine student’s attitudes toward the use of PowerPoint for delivering course materials, and in particular, several factors that contribute to the quality of a PowerPoint presentation were analyzed. The results of this study will help educators (as well as those who use this tool in business) determine if it is an effective aid in delivering ideas, or whether it is ineffective and its widespread use should be reconsidered.
Abolition of Posttranscriptional Regulation of Nitrate Reductase Partially Prevents the Decrease in Leaf NO3- Reduction when Photosynthesis Is Inhibited by CO2 Deprivation, but Not in Darkness

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) in leaves is regulated by light and photosynthesis at transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. To understand the physiological role of these controls, we have investigated the effects of light and CO2 on in vivo NO3- reduction in transgenic plants of Nicotiana plumbaginifolia lacking either transcriptional regulation alone or transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of NR. The abolition of both levels of NR regulation did not modify the light/dark changes in exogenous 15NO3- reduction in either intact plants or detached leaves. The same result was obtained for 15N incorporation into free amino acids in leaves after 15NO3- was supplied to the roots, and for reduction of endogenous NO3- after transfer of the plants to an N-deprived solution. In the light, however, deregulation of NR at the posttranscriptional level partially prevented the inhibition of leaf 15NO3- reduction resulting from the removal of CO2 from the atmosphere We concluded from these observations that in our conditions deregulation of NR in the transformants investigated had little impact on the adverse effect of darkness on leaf NO3- reduction, and that posttranscriptional regulation of NR is one of the mechanisms responsible for the short-term coupling between photosynthesis and leaf NO3- reduction in the light.
Formal specification and verification of the kernel functional unit of the OSI session layer protocol and service using CCS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes an application of formal methods to protocol specification, validation and verification. Formal methods can be incorporated in protocol design and testing so that time and resources are saved on implementation, testing, and documentation. In this paper we show how formal methods can be used to write the control sequence, i.e. pseudo code, which can be formally tested using automated support. The formal specification serves as a blueprint for a correct implementation with desired properties.As a formal method we chose a process algebra called "plain" Calculus of Communicating Systems (CCS). Our specific objectives were to: 1) build a CCS model of the Kernel Functional Unit of OSI session layer service: 2) obtain a session protocol specification through stepwise refinement of the service specification; and 3) verify that the protocol specification satisfies the service specification. We achieved all of our objectives. Verification and validation were accomplished by using the CCS's model checker, the Edinburgh Concurrency Workbench (CWB). We chose plain CCS because of itssuccinct, abstract, and modular specifications, strong mathematical foundation which allows for formal reasoning and proofs, and existence of the automated support tool which supports temporal logic. The motivation for this work is: 1) testing the limits of CCS's succinct notation; 2) combining CCS and temporal logic; and 3) using a model-checker on a real-life example.