jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Second World War and the Mass Murder of the Sick and Handicapped

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"All eugenicists know that war means a frightful extermination of the most virile and most viable elements of a nation, both for the victor and the conquered." Consequently, Ernst Rüdin, the author of this 1934 comment, went on to say that all eugenicists are bound together by the "fervent desire for peace among all nations."1 At the International Congress for Mental Health in 1937, he was even more moving: "Not loud enough, not grandly enough, not often enough can eugenics raise its voice of warning against mass destruction, which is a hostage of war." From the standpoint of race hygiene in general and from that of "eugenic prophylaxis of the mentally disturbed" in particular, modern mass war is to be condemned as a phenomenon that "carries off the most hereditarily virile persons before they have children" and "leaves behind the intellectually hereditarily inferior with all their progeny."2KeywordsMass MurderNobel Peace PrizeGerman PeopleRace PolicyRace HygieneThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Comprehensive architecture for intelligent adaptive interface in the field of single-human multiple-robot interaction

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Nowadays, with progresses in robotic science, the design and implementation of a mechanism for human–robot interaction with a low workload is inevitable. One notable challenge in this field is the interaction between a single human and a group of robots. Therefore, we propose a new comprehensive framework for single‐human multiple‐robot remote interaction that can form an efficient intelligent adaptive interaction (IAI). Our interaction system can thoroughly adapt itself to changes in interaction context and user states. Some advantages of our devised IAI framework are lower workload, higher level of situation awareness, and efficient interaction. In this paper, we introduce a new IAI architecture as our comprehensive mechanism. In order to practically examine the architecture, we implemented our proposed IAI to control a group of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under different scenarios. The results show that our devised IAI framework can effectively reduce human workload and the level of situation awareness, and concurrently foster the mission completion percentage of the UAVs.
Part 3: Use of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics Principles for Expansive Clay Problems and Pavement Design: Design Model for Roughness and Serviceability of Pavements on Expansive Soils

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A model was developed to predict pavement roughness caused by both expansive soils and traffic in terms of the serviceability index (SI) and the International Roughness Index (IRI). The model correlates the roughness analysis to the vertical movement estimated from the Texas A&M University suction-based method. The total vertical movement (including both swelling and shrinking) at the edge of pavement sections, the geometry of the pavement, site conditions, traffic, and the level of reliability were used as model parameters. Total movements calculated at the edge of pavement sections were based on a relationship between moisture content and suction, exponential suction envelopes, volume change coefficients, pavement treatments, and roadside conditions. Pavement treatments included vertical and horizontal barriers, inert soil, and lime-stabilized or cement-stabilized layers. The movements in wheelpaths at a distance from the edge of pavement were estimated on the basis of both field observations and the computed results of a transient finite element analysis. Transverse distribution of vertical movements on a pavement cross section was estimated. A relationship between IRI and SI was developed on the basis of surface profile measurements in several pavement study sections. The design equations that were developed for both flexible and rigid pavements include the effects of traffic and expansive soil and permit the selection of the desired level of reliability.
MORINGA OLEIFERA AND ITS RECENT PRACTICE IN FOOD INDUSTRIES - A SUPER FOOD PRODUCT TO BEAT MALNUTRITION: A REVIEW

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Moringa oleifera commonly known as drumstick tree or horseradish tree is widely distributed in India and other subtropical and tropical parts of the world. Besides its conventional culinary uses, Moringa has profound contribution to herbal medicine, agricultural and livestock development, water purification, bio-fuel production and so on. Being one of the richest sources of different macro and micro nutrients, antioxidants and other bioactive compounds, this miracle tree recently has gained popularity in food processing industry with the aim to curb the sprawling malnutrition. In some countries like African countries, either fresh or dried Moringa leaf, seed and flower powder are being used to fortify different foods. Improved texture, sensory and nutritional quality and extended shelf life of the target products have been making this tree important for food industry. So the aim of this review is to reveal the present application of Moringa as food fortificant in food processing industries in different countries, factors those restrain its further applicability and also to focus on the need of future research in this regard.\n\n
The Villagisation Process and Rural Development in the Mwanza Region of Tanzania

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The role of settlement patterns in rural development is considered as the context for an evaluation of the villagisation process in Mwanza Region. While nucleation is essential to the Tanzanian ideology, it can also be justified in terms of infrastructural investment and of the delivery of development impulses. As a vehicle for rural transformation villagisation requires the meticulous planning of sites, land use, facilities and organisation. The haste with which the move was undertaken in Mwanza Region precluded such planning so that it is unlikely that any significant improvement in the rural economy will occur in the immediate future.
Pollution, place, and premature death: evidence from a mid-sized city

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Neighborhood life expectancy varies by as much as 10 years across the City of Louisville. In 2013, the Greater Louisville Project funded by local government, businesses, and foundations, argued these differences had little to do with environmental factors. The Greater Louisville Project (2013) study argued that these neighborhood differences could be attributed 40% to socio-economic factors (with a major emphasis on education), 10% to physical environment, 30% to health behaviors, and 20% to access to medical care. To test these claims, we construct our own model of neighborhood variation in years of potential life lost (YPLL) by adding two variables testing environmental degradation. We operationalise two separate measures of environmental contamination: proximity to EPA designated brownfield sites and proximity to chemical factories in an industrial park in the neighborhood known as "Rubbertown". We conduct several regression analyses, which show a relationship between proximity to environmental contaminants and an increase in neighborhood YPLL. Our beta weights challenge the claims made by the Greater Louisville Project, which minimize the impact nearness to environmental contaminants has on reductions in life expectancy in Louisville neighborhoods.
Issue Publication Information

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleIssue Publication InformationCite this: J. Org. Chem. 2021, 86, 21, XXX-XXXPublication Date (Web):November 5, 2021Publication History Published online5 November 2021Published inissue 5 November 2021https://doi.org/10.1021/jov086i021_1527712Copyright © 2021 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views25Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (193 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Constitutionalism in Colonial Context: The Palestinian Basic Law as a Metaphoric Representation of Palestinian Politics (1993–2007)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The military control of Palestinian borders aiming to supervise the movement of people, commodities, capital and explosives has been the major question in the construction of the Israeli domination regime in the West Bank (WB) and Gaza Strip (GS) since June 1967. Despite the dominant security discourse and legitimization, I will argue here that the economic interests have been of dominant importance. The pattern of domination established in 1967—a captive market incorrectly called a "customs union"—has suffered significant changes since its formal Palestinian legitimization by the "Paris protocol" on May 1994, and since then it has deteriorated into a structurally unstable regime that I have proposed to call a "strangling envelope" (Grinberg 2007a).
The identification of extensive samples of motor units in human muscles reveals diverse effects of neuromodulatory inputs on the rate coding

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Movements are performed by motoneurons transforming synaptic inputs into an activation signal that controls muscle force. The control signal emerges from interactions between ionotropic and neuromodulatory inputs to motoneurons. Critically, these interactions vary across motoneuron pools and differ between muscles. To provide the most comprehensive framework to date of motor unit activity during isometric contractions, we identified the firing activity of extensive samples of motor units in the tibialis anterior (129 ± 44 per participant; n=8) and the vastus lateralis (130 ± 63 per participant; n=8) muscles during isometric contractions of up to 80% of maximal force. From this unique dataset, the rate coding of each motor unit was characterised as the relation between its instantaneous firing rate and the applied force, with the assumption that the linear increase in isometric force reflects a proportional increase in the net synaptic excitatory inputs received by the motoneuron. This relation was characterised with a natural logarithm function that comprised two stages. The initial stage was marked by a steep acceleration of firing rate, which was greater for low- than medium- and high-threshold motor units. The second stage comprised a linear increase in firing rate, which was greater for high- than medium- and low-threshold motor units. Changes in firing rate were largely non-linear during the ramp-up and ramp-down phases of the task, but with significant prolonged firing activity only evident for medium-threshold motor units. Contrary to what is usually assumed, our results demonstrate that the firing rate of each motor unit can follow a large variety of trends with force across the pool. From a neural control perspective, these findings indicate how motor unit pools use gain control to transform inputs with limited bandwidths into an intended muscle force.
Minimally invasive autopsy as a useful tool for RNA extraction in molecular pathology of lung diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Minimally invasive autopsy (MIA) is used to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical outcome of diseases. One of its many advantages is the lower risk of contamination in case of infectious diseases and the quick tissue collection procedure compared to conventional autopsies, which reduces cold ischemia time. Here we investigated the potential role of MIA for molecular pathology studies by comparing RNA yield and quality after RNA extraction from frozen lung tissue samples collected from different methods: MIA, lobectomy, and transbronchial biopsy (TBB). Our results revealed that RNA yield was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the TBB group compared to the lobectomy and MIA groups. However, 93% of MIA samples were non-degraded, showing similar results to TBB, where all had a DV200≥70%. Therefore, MIA proves to be a novel tool for molecular pulmonary pathology in diagnostic and/or research settings.
Magnetohydrodynamic Flow by a Stretching Cylinder with Newtonian Heating and Homogeneous-Heterogeneous Reactions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This article examines the effects of homogeneous-heterogeneous reactions and Newtonian heating in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of Powell-Eyring fluid by a stretching cylinder. The nonlinear partial differential equations of momentum, energy and concentration are reduced to the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. Convergent solutions of momentum, energy and reaction equations are developed by using homotopy analysis method (HAM). This method is very efficient for development of series solutions of highly nonlinear differential equations. It does not depend on any small or large parameter like the other methods i. e., perturbation method, δ-perturbation expansion method etc. We get more accurate result as we increase the order of approximations. Effects of different parameters on the velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are sketched and discussed. Comparison of present study with the previous published work is also made in the limiting sense. Numerical values of skin friction coefficient and Nusselt number are also computed and analyzed. It is noticed that the flow accelerates for large values of Powell-Eyring fluid parameter. Further temperature profile decreases and concentration profile increases when Powell-Eyring fluid parameter enhances. Concentration distribution is decreasing function of homogeneous reaction parameter while opposite influence of heterogeneous reaction parameter appears.
THE BRAKE DRUM EFFECT AND THE INFLUENCE OF FIXATION METHOD ON CONTACT STRESSES AROUND THE ACETABULAR COMPONENT OF TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTIES

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We hypothesise that the stiffness of the acetabular component influences the stresses transmitted to bone. Thus stress shielding or stress overload of the underlying host bone may be influenced by the choice of fixation method. In addition, we believe that the so called “brake drum effect” plays a significant role in the development of rim stresses and subsequent failure of fixation. We have constructed a jig which allows the direct comparison, under controlled conditions, of contact stresses measured behind the acetabular component of polyethylene controls, uncemented metal backe cups and cemented all polyethylene cups, under physiological load. The design of the jig also allows measurement of stresses transmitted to the acetabular rim of the same three prostheses in order to confirm the presence and magnitude of the brake drum effect. The contact stresses are measured by miniature pressure transducers which are inserted through specially drilled holes in the shell of the jig so that the transducer is flush with the prosthesis under test. A total of 6 transducers are arranged in concentric circles radiating away from the prosthetic dome, so that contact stresses may be directly measured in various parts of the acetabular bed under conditions that reproduce as closely as possible the situation in a total hip prosthesis in vivo . Thus our method can be compared to other laboratory and theorectical techniques for investigation into stress transmission around acetabular components. The transducers were callibrated prior to each test to ensure parity of test results. The transducers were prestressed to ensure contact prior to each test. 6 polyethylene uncemented liners were tested alone in the jig to act as a control. In the same fashion, the same 6 polyethylene components were tested firstly in an uncemented, metal back acetabular component, and then as a cemented, all polyethylene component. The results indicate that significantly less stress is transmitted to bone when metal back components are used as compared to cemented components and controls. The data confirms that the brake drum effect occurs in both cemented and uncemented prostheses, leading to at least the absence of compressive forces at the prosthetic rim and in some circumstances tensile forces.
The Efficient Scenario of Solving NAT Traversal in the IMS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

IP 주소 공간의 부족 문제를 해결하기 위해 NAT(Network Address Translation) 기술을 활용할 수 있다. NAT의 주소 변환 테이블에 없는 바인딩과 관련된 패킷을 제거하는 필터링 특성 때문에 NAT Traversal 문제가 발생한다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 부가적인 장비를 활용한 여러 가지 방법들이 제시되었다. 최근의 네트워크 시장은 유선과 무선이 통합되는 형태로 발전하고 있으며, 이를 효과적으로 제어하기 위하여 IMS(IP Multimedia Subsystem)라는 유무선 통합 제어 망이 등장하였다. IMS에서 IBCF(Interconnection Border Control Function)와 IBGF(Interconnection Border Gateway Function)라는 부가적인 장비를 이용하여 NAT Traversal 문제를 해결하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 P-CSCF(Proxy-Call Session Control Function)를 활용하여 부가적인 장비를 사용하지 않고 NAT Traversal 문제를 해결하는 방안을 제안한다. We can use NAT(Network Address Translation) technology to solve the lack of IP address. The problem of NAT traversal is happened when the filtering characteristics of NAT remove the packet that has no binding in the address translation table of NAT. There were many kinds of way to solve these problems by using additional device. Lately, network market is changed into integrating wired and wireless network by the IMS(IP Multimedia Subsystem). The IMS integrates to control network of wired and wireless network, has emerged to control convergence network effectively. Lately, the additional devices like IBCF(Interconnection Border Control Function) and IBGF(Interconnection Border Gateway Function) are used to solve the NAT traversal problem in the IMS. In this paper, we propose the solution of NAT traversal using P-CSCF without any additional equipment in the IMS.
A fascinating spectacle of inconsistencies

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Much has been written about the `production' of sexuality in Nazi Germany; the specific ways of constructing male heroes and frail (but also strong) women coming together in a cold and distant way in the service of eugenics and a new society. Thus it was a national and political concept of sexuality in the narrow sense whereby sexuality was inextricably linked with the benefit of `Volk, Reich und Vaterland'. But an analysis of private photographs and the `unpolitical' sections of the newspapers of the period reveals elements of love and eroticism which indicate that, even in the Nazi context, the notion of an essential sexuality can be questioned. The article, on the one hand, discusses sexuality in the Nazi era from official and private photographs and, on the other hand, makes observations about the actuality of the Nazi concept even in (post)modern societies. The aim of the article is to look at a specific aspect of normality to obtain a more precise understanding of the Nazi era.
Is southern poetry southerner than southern fiction? Is southern poetry southerner than southern fiction?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Probably with disdain and possibly even with contempt, we canlook back to our counterparts of a century ago and say, "Shame onyou! Two of the greatest poets of your age have just died — Dickinsonin 1886 and Hopkins in 1889 — and who among you knew a thingabout either of them? Who among the smug intelligentsia gave themthe least encouragement? People: wake up and smell the genius!" Probably with disdain and possibly even with contempt, we canlook back to our counterparts of a century ago and say, "Shame onyou! Two of the greatest poets of your age have just died — Dickinsonin 1886 and Hopkins in 1889 — and who among you knew a thingabout either of them? Who among the smug intelligentsia gave themthe least encouragement? People: wake up and smell the genius!"
Low-dose cisplatin protects human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from paclitaxel-induced apoptosis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Combined anticancer therapy using platinum compounds and antitubulins has increased the risk of neurotoxicity. However, the combination of low-dose cisplatin (CDDP) with toxic doses of paclitaxel significantly reduces cellular death in a human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. To analyze the mechanisms of this protection, we evaluated various signaling molecules possibly involved in apoptosis and some relevant cell cycle regulatory proteins. CDDP does not interfere with the tubulin-stabilizing action of paclitaxel. The evaluation of molecular pathways involved in apoptosis indicates that the Bcl-2 but not the caspases may be involved in the CDDP protection of paclitaxel-induced apoptosis. The increase in p53 protein and its nuclear accumulation suggests a possible involvement of p53 in CDDP protection. The use of the chemical inhibitor of p53, pifithrin α, excluded this possibility. The study of cyclins and the flow cytometric analysis (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) suggest that CDDP exerts a protective action by blocking cells early in the cell cycle. The determination of the mitotic index indicates that CDDP prevents cells from reaching the mitosis. We concluded that low doses of CDDP are protective against toxic doses of paclitaxel and that the possible mechanism of this protection is that the CDDP prevents human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells from achieving mitosis.
[Terminal differentiation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells induced by Tanshinone II A in primary culture].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to investigate whether Tanshinone II A (Tan II A) can induce human acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells to differentiate or not in primary culture. The APL cells from 5 cases were cultured respectively with Tan II A at the concentration of 0.5 microgram/ml for 7 days in vitro. The differentiations of these leukemia cells were observed cytomorphologically and examined by nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test. The cell DNA cycle and membrane cluster differentiation (CD) antigens (CD33, CD11b) were analyzed by flow cytometry. The results showed that 82.5% +/- 4.8% of APL cells were induced into morphologically and functionally differentiated cells. The cell growth curve showed that the growth of APL cells was inhibited. The degree of differentiation and growth inhibition induced by Tan II A was not different from that by ATRA (P > 0.05). Flow cytometry analysis showed that Tan II A arrested APL cells in G0/G1 phase and inhibited cellular DNA synthesis. This study demonstrates that Tan II A can induce differentiation of APL cells in vitro, and hence it is worthy of further studies for clinical use.