jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Science, technology and ageing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Today’s elders are technogenarians; that is, science and technology are integrated into the everyday life experience of old age (Joyce and Loe 2010). Science and technology are major forces
in the social construction of ageing, and ageing is an often unacknowledged component of
technoscientific imagination and practice. Joyce and Mamo’s (2006) call to ‘gray the cyborg’ asks
scholars to critically examine the relationships between science, technology and ageing. This
chapter focuses on two cases-pharmaceuticals and ambient assistive technologies-to explore
how cultural contexts shape these technologies and how these technologies in turn shape the
culture and experience of ageing. The chapter highlights the global north, in part because this
is where the percentage of old people over 65 already does or imminently will account for 20%
of a nation’s population (Kinsella and He 2009) and because this has been the focus on social
science research published in English.
Veterinary utility of dried blood spots for analysis of toxic chlorinated hydrocarbons

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Dried blood spots (DBS) on filter paper provide a simple and convenient means of collecting, storing and shipping samples for veterinary diagnostics related to toxin exposures. This paper presents validation data on analysis of DBS for chlorinated persistent organic pollutants, specifically 4,4'-dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (4,4'-DDT) and its breakdown product 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl-dichloroethylene (4,4'-DDE), lindane and a representative polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congener PCB-153. Analysis was by gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The method required one 12.5 mm diameter spot representing application of 50 μL of blood, and working limits of detection (LOD) for each of the compounds was 5 ppb. Data are presented on development and description of the method, assay precision, LOD and quantitation, linearity, accuracy, specificity, effects of long-term storage and ruggedness. The method was also applied to 27 avian DBS, and 4,4'-DDE was detected in the majority of samples.
Jesus after two thousand years : what he really said and did

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This major book may be regarded as Gerd Liidemann's magnum opus, summing up as it does the result of 25 years' study of Jesus of Nazareth. It is dominated by the question: what words and actions attributed to Jesus must be regarded as the result of legends which formed at an early stage, and what can in all probability be regarded as genuine? Here is no secondary survey of the work of others, nor a thematic approach. Rather, all the extant traditions of Jesus from the first two centuries are retranslated, after which their historical value is investigated - in a way that even those without a technical training can follow. After an introduction describing the approach of the book, four chapters deal with the New Testament Gospels. Then come chapters on the Gospel of Thomas and Jesus traditions outside the New Testament. The book ends with a brief life of Jesus. There is an index of all the authentic words and actions of Jesus. In this way Gerd Luedemann seeks to give guidance about the contradictory pictures of Jesus in both scholarly and popular literature. He is convinced that people living within a culture shaped by Christianity should have good historical information about the roots of Christianity in Jesus, whether they are believing Christians or not.
Assessment of Crop Water Footprint and Actual Agricultural Water Consumption in Arid Inland Regions: A Case Study of Aksu Region

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Water scarcity is a major issue in arid regions, and it is crucial to have an accurate understanding of water resource utilization for informed decision-making regarding water-related issues. However, due to various reasons such as inadequate measuring facilities, the actual agricultural water usage is often underestimated. The concept and methodology of the water footprint, based on a life-cycle perspective, provide a powerful tool for studying the actual water usage in agriculture. By utilizing the theories and models of water footprints, a method for reviewing the actual agricultural water usage in arid regions is proposed. Taking the Aksu region as an example, the evolution patterns and water consumption of 15 major crops over a 31-year period from 1990 to 2020 were calculated and analyzed. The research shows that the total water footprint of crops in the Aksu region has increased by nearly 3.13 times over the 31-year period, with significant accelerations in 2003 and 2016. The green water footprint accounts for an average of about 8% of the major crops, while the average water footprint of cotton accounts for over 57.2% of the total water footprint of major crops in the study area. Based on the calculation of the blue water footprint, the actual water usage in the Aksu region in 2020 was estimated to be 11.128 billion cubic meters, which is 1.30 times higher than the reported water usage, with groundwater extraction being 2.46 times higher than reported. This method of water footprint analysis for reviewing actual water usage and its application examples provide a methodological foundation and technical support for regional water resource management and policymaking.
Capacitive current switching duties of high-voltage circuit breakers: background and practice of new IEC requirements

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Capacitive current is switched in power networks in a number of situations, such as the charging current of overhead lines, cables, GIS installations of the load currents of capacitor- and filter banks. In each of these situations, the current to be interrupted is small or very small. Nevertheless this interruption duty has to be considered with the utmost care. Above all, this is due to the inherent risk of re-establishment of arcing ('restrike') because of severe voltage stress after interruption. Restrike may cause high over voltages depending on the network topology and can lead to damage to circuit components. This concern is reflected in a major revision of the relevant IEC standard (IEC60056) that is presently under consideration. In the revised edition, the concept of a 'restrike-free' circuit breaker is abandoned and the regime of testing is sharpened.
Customer Relations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract Everywhere customer satisfaction is crucial to business success. As a result, cross-cultural marketing has extensively studied the specific cultural expectations of customers regarding products and services. It has also investigated the influence of cultures on negotiation processes, especially in business-to-business transactions. However, the literature has overshadowed that what customer relations mean and how they are maintained vary across cultures. Three examples from China, France, and Côte d’Ivoire respectively illustrate different conceptions of customer relations. In each country, relations to customers make sense according to the prevailing forms of social relations. Providing, as well as obtaining, good customer service in each context requires an understanding of that specific cultural background.
The King and His Temple. Images of Absolute Power in Danish Baroque Religious Architecture

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Inspired by Gerard Sabatier’s seminal research on representational strategies and encomiastic codes manifested in visual arts, architecture, ceremonies and literature during Early Modern French Monarchy and most eloquently displayed in the complex of Versailles, this overview – with emphasis on religious architecture - will focus on the semantics of the royal image, re-presenting, doubling or substituting the prince’s charismatic presence. Taking as the point of departure Frederick’s Church in Copenhagen – founded by the absolute monarch, King Frederick V in 1749 during the tercentenary of the Oldenburg dynasty – the architecture and the imagery employed are discussed as meaning-laden elements in a symbolic communication. The grandiose ambitions linked with the expensive project of extraordinary dimensions, which at one and the same time would incarnate the Felicitas Temporum of the king’s reign and represent a site of memory to the success of the Danish Absolutism, would nevertheless finally prove fatal to the royal enterprise. Building works stopped in 1770 and the church would remain unfinished for the following 150 years. In 1894 the building was finally finished by a private citizen, the banker C. F. Tietgen, forty-five years after the introduction of a democratic government replaced absolutism with a constitutional monarchy. As a result, the initial vision of the church was redefined, transforming it into a monument to the Lutheran Reformation, as demonstrated in inscriptions and the iconographic programme.
Acute and prolonged competing effects of activation history on human motor unit firing rates during contractile impairment and recovery

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of inducing post‐activation potentiation (PAP) during prolonged low‐frequency force depression (PLFFD) on motor unit (MU) firing rates. In 10 participants, grouped firing rates of 3027 MUs from the tibialis anterior were recorded with tungsten microelectrodes. Baseline MU firing rates at 25% isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) were ∼14 Hz. A 1 min dorsiflexion MVC reduced torque and maximal MU firing rates (36 Hz) by 49% and 52%, respectively. Following task completion, firing rates at 25% of baseline MVC torque and torque in response to electrically evoked (single twitch, 10 Hz and 50 Hz) stimulation were assessed before and after a 5 s MVC (to induce PAP) every 10 min for 60 min. From 10 to 60 min after task completion, the torque ratios (twitch:50 Hz and 10:50 Hz) were depressed (∼30%) relative to baseline ( P < 0.001), indicating PLFFD; and firing rates were higher by ∼15% relative to baseline ( P < 0.001). This occurred despite recovery of MVC rates (∼99%) and torque (∼95%) by 10 min ( P > 0.3). Inducing PAP during PLFFD increased both low to high torque ratios (twitch and 10:50 Hz) by ∼200% and ∼135%, respectively ( P < 0.001) and firing rates were ∼18% lower relative to PLFFD rates ( P < 0.001), despite a speeding of evoked contractile properties ( P = 0.001). Thus, firing rates appear strongly matched to alterations in torque, rather than contractile speed when modified by contractile history, and lower rates during PAP may be a mechanism to mitigate effects of PLFFD. The effect of activation history on contractile function demonstrates acute compensatory responses of motoneuron output. image Key points Prolonged low frequency force depression (PLFFD) following a sustained 1 min isometric maximal voluntary contraction causes an increase in submaximal mean motor unit (MU) firing rates. Inducing post‐activation potentiation (PAP) during PLFFD, however, causes a reduction in mean submaximal MU firing rates to a level below those at baseline. The mean firing rate reduction during PAP occurs despite a speeding of evoked contractile properties and thus firing rates are more strongly matched to alterations in torque, rather than contractile speed when modified by various contractile histories. The reductions in firing rates during PAP may mitigate the effects of PLFFD during voluntary contractions. These results demonstrate that firing rates are highly responsive to opposing influences on the contractile state and can make rapid compensatory rate adjustments dependent on the active state of the muscle.
Activity of Hexokinase Preparations from Rat Muscle.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The activity of apyrase systems and extraneous phosphate formation interfere with the determination of hexokinase activity in rat muscle homogenates. Hexokinase activity in rat muscle extracts is best calculated from changes in the P7 values during incubation, a procedure which avoids the complication of the inhibition of apyrases by hexokinase activity.
Globalisation and Rising Inequality in Australia Is Increasing Inequality Inevitable in Australia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Policy-makers and commentators have long been cajoling Australians into accepting that they are a part of the global economy, which means an acceptance of a whole range of ‘new realities’. One of the major themes of the pro-globalisation position is that Australia has accepted these new realities and adjusted well to globalisation by embracing economic liberalism. The results, it is argued, have been overwhelmingly beneficial. John Howard points out the Australian economy has grown for fourteen years straight – a remarkable achievement by any standards. This success story of growth has tended, however, to override more disaggregated, negative analyses of social outcomes in Australia. A less sanguine part of this new globalising ‘reality’ appears to be an acceptance of rising inequality. Indeed, it is often implied that rising inequality is a spur for growth. The argument is that everyone is better off, it’s just that some people are better off than others. While commentary is often not explicit about the association of globalisation and rising inequality, occasionally it is:
NEW DIMENSIONS OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Conventional wisdom has it that India is the world’s largest democracy, but few have recognized that it is so against the odds. The Indian experience runs against the widely held view that rich societies are much more likely to be democratic than poor ones, and that societies with large minority populations are prone to ethnic cleansing and civil war. Democracy in India, a poor and notoriously diverse country, has succeeded for more than half the twentieth century and seems likely to succeed as well in the twenty-first. India’s democracy has proved substantial as well as durable. Electoral participation has been higher than in the United States, elections have been free and fair, governments have alternated at the center and in the states, and free speech and association are constitutionally protected and widely practiced. But democracy is subject to challenge and change. This essay examines why and how democracy in India during the 1990s responded to a variety of challenges. These may be summarized under seven headings: 1) A more prominent role for federal states in India’s political system. The states are making themselves heard and felt politically and economically more than they ever have in the half-century since India gained its independence from Britain. 2) The transformation of the party system. The era of dominance by the Indian National Congress has ended. Congress remains a major party, but it now must operate within a multiparty system that includes not only the nationally influential Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) but a host of significant regional and state-based parties as well. Susanne Hoeber Rudolph is professor of political science at the University of Chicago. Lloyd I. Rudolph is professor of political science at the University of Chicago. Their numerous published works on South Asia and India include In Pursuit of Lakshmi: The Political Economy of the Indian State (1987) and Reversing the Gaze: The Amar Singh Diary— A Colonial Subject’s Narrative of Imperial India (2002).
IoT based Smart Parking and Traffic Management System for Middle East College

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

the concepts of smart cities and technology have become popular these days because of the internet of things. The presence of smart cities has become a verifiable matter which needs to be studied in detail. The problems of smart cities include crowding due to so many vehicles and the difficulty of getting parking easily, which leads to getting late for work. This paper discusses the smart parking system based on IoT Technology, which consists of the distance measuring devices (sensors) connected to the connectivity device having Wi-Fi. Also, it is a component of a cloud services and a mobile phone application that shows the person the information to find an empty parking. This system can be applied in all college and universities. It can be used in all organization that faced a congestion problem and difficulty in finding car parking that also effected the time and late for work.
Mobilizing Ecological Processes for Herbivore Production: Farmers and Researchers Learning Together

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Grazing plays a key role in reducing the external inputs required for ruminant production and in alleviating feed-food competition. Beyond the production of meat and milk, grassland-based systems provide a wide range of ecosystem services. Agroecology and organic farming aim to reconcile natural resource management and food production, in the long term, based on the management of ecological processes. In this perspective paper, we report what we have learned from case studies with beef cattle, sheep, and dairy cattle across Uruguay and western Europe, in which we have been involved. Multicriteria methods, such as Pareto frontiers and positive deviances, were used to analyze trade-offs and identify win–wins from farm surveys. Long-term farm networks coupled with bioeconomic optimization models revealed fluctuations in farm income and allowed estimating system resilience. Extensive farmlet experiments made it possible to integrate knowledge on animal physiology and grassland ecology in the system redesign process and to test for innovative and risky management options that could lead to unacceptable learning costs in commercial farms. Finally, learning from farmers' local knowledge in teams with researchers and technical advisers can provide positive changes in grazing systems. In Uruguayan family farms, for example, the scientific knowledge gained from farmlet experiments led to advice on management options based on farm-specific diagnosis. Farmers adapted the proposals, with researchers supporting the processes by providing quantitative information on consequences and spaces for reflection. In a French cheese production area, the focus was on farmers' own experience. Games facilitated interactions as participants could challenge each other's reasoning and conclusions in a safe environment. These two case studies illustrate the diversity of co-innovation approaches, but in both cases knowledge sharing between researchers, farmers, and other stakeholders appeared more efficient to help farmers understand and adapt their own system properties than researching “best practice” solutions for large-scale transfer.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐Acetyl‐4,5,6‐trichloro‐1,3‐tropolone from Ring Enlargement of Tetrachloro‐o‐benzoquinone with Acetone.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The reaction between tetrachloro‐o‐quinone (I) and acetone (II) yields the title compound (III), i.e. a 1,3‐tropolone instead of the isomeric 1,2‐tropolone derivative reported earlier for this reaction.
HST/WFC3 grism observations of z 1 clusters: the cluster versus field stellar mass-size relation and evidence for size growth of quiescent galaxies from minor mergers

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Minor mergers are thought to be responsible for the size growth of quiescent field galaxies with decreasing redshift. We test this hypothesis using the cluster environment as a laboratory. Satellite galaxies in clusters move at high velocities, making mergers between them rare. The stellar mass-size relation in 10 clusters and in the field is measured and compared at z ̃ 1. Our cluster sample contains 344 spectroscopically confirmed cluster members with Gemini/Gemini Multi- Object Spectrographs and 182 confirmed with Hubble Space Telescope/Wide Field Camera 3 G141 grism spectroscopy. On average, quiescent and star- forming cluster galaxies are smaller than their field counterparts by (0.08 ± 0.04) and (0.07 ± 0.01) dex, respectively. These size offsets are consistent with the average sizes of quiescent and star-forming field galaxies between 1.2 ≤ z ≤ 1.5, implying the cluster environment has inhibited size growth between this period and z ̃ 1. The negligible differences measured between the z ̃ 0 field and cluster quiescent mass- size relations in other works imply that the average size of quiescent cluster galaxies must rise with decreasing redshift. Using a toy model, we show that the disappearance of the compact cluster galaxies might be explained if, on average, {̃ }40 per cent of them merge with their brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) and {̃ }60 per cent are tidally destroyed into the intracluster light (ICL) between 0 ≤ z ≤ 1. This is in agreement with the observed stellar mass growth of BCGs between 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 and the observed ICL stellar mass fraction at z ̃ 0. Our results support minor mergers as the cause for the size growth in quiescent field galaxies, with cluster-specific processes responsible for the similarity between the field and cluster quiescent mass-size relations at low redshift.
Piano Concerto

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Piano Concerto represents an experiment in form in which a set of five \ncontinuous variations are partitioned into three movements, corresponding to the \nlistener's expectations of a traditional tripartite concerto. Through the analysis of \nphrase structure, pitch and motivic variation, links amongst the variations are \nuncovered and developmental strategies discussed in an attempt to clarify the \nprocesses of musical creation. By proceeding in analysis from the highest levels of \norganization downwards, structural trends emerge which lend consistency to the \nwork— low level patterns often reflect larger structural forces. In addition, a variety of \nsymmetrical constructs are extant in the form of consistently used pitch collections \n(e.g., [0 1 4 9], a triad with both M3 and m3, subset of [0 1 4 5 8]), phrase organization \n(as in the second variation and the second movement) and the grouping of the \nvariations themselves. \nSeeded initially as a recorded improvisation by the composer (which became the \nAria), the Concerto displays formal tension as areas of rigid organization (Variations 1, \n3, and 5) alternate with more freely organized regions (Variations 2 and 4), a dichotomy \nwhich springs from the Theme itself. The listener is taken on a linear journey through \nthe telescoping development of material which maintains more or less explicit \nconnections to the Theme throughout In general, the further into the work the listener \nprogresses, the less literal the Thematic references become until a brief recapitulation \nappears at the end. \nThe aesthetic which drives this work is based on a fundamental adherence to \ntraditional procedures, tempered with unique approaches to form. This aesthetic and \ncertain cohabiting non-traditional aspects of the Concerto will be discussed in the \nanalysis that follows.