jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Routine Physical Activity and Mortality in Mexican Americans Aged 75 and Older

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives To examine the association between routine physical activity and risk of 3‐year mortality in M exican A mericans aged 75 and older. Design Longitudinal study involving a population‐based survey. Setting Hispanic E stablished P opulation for the E pidemiologic S tudy of the E lderly ( H ‐ EPESE ) survey conducted in the southwestern United States ( TX , CO , AZ , NM , CA ). Participants Mexican‐ A merican men and women aged 75 and older ( N = 948) participating in the H ‐ EPESE . Measurements Responses to the P hysical A ctivity S cale for the E lderly ( PASE ) were assessed in 2005–06. Mortality was determined according to report of relatives at 3‐year follow‐up and from the N ational D eath I ndex. Covariates included sociodemographic characteristics, financial strain, smoking status, body mass index, activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, cognitive function, and comorbid conditions. Results The mean age of the sample was 82.2 ± 4.5. Cox proportional hazard regression estimated that the hazard ratios of death for persons in the low, moderate, and high quartiles of physical activity ( PASE scale) ranged from 0.36 (95% confidence interval ( CI ) = 0.21–0.62) to 0.50 (95% CI = 0.31‒0.82) compared to persons in the sedentary quartile after adjusting for covariates. Conclusion Routine physical activity involving household and leisure activities was associated with lower 3‐year risk of mortality in a sample of older M exican A mericans living in the community.
Determination of optimal setting parameters of distance relay in transmission systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Based on the analysis of the distance seen by the relay under the effect of measurement errors, the protection capability could be evaluated from two aspects: correct trip and no-unwanted trip. The optimal distance relay settings for the transmission systems could be determined through the evaluation of correct trip probability and no-unwanted trip probability by considering the explicit desirable attributes for each protection zone. The influences of different system configurations on the optimal setting parameters of distance relay have also been studied.
Barbara McClintock’s Unsolved Chromosomal Mysteries: Parallels to Common Rearrangements and Karyotype Evolution

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Two obscure studies on chromosomal behavior by Barbara McClintock are revisited in light of subsequent studies and evolutionary genomics of chromosome number reduction. The phenomenon of deficiency recovery in which adjacent genetic markers lost in the zygote reappear in later developmental sectors is discussed in light of de novo centromere formation on chromosomal fragments. Second, McClintock described a small chromosome, which she postulated carried an "X component," that fostered specific types of chromosomal rearrangements mainly involving centromere changes and attachments to the termini of chromosomes. These findings are cast in the context of subsequent studies on centromere misdivision, the tendency of broken fragments to join chromosome ends, and the realization from genomic sequences that nested chromosomal insertion and end-to-end chromosomal fusions are common features of karyotype evolution. Together, these results suggest a synthesis that centromere breaks, inactivation, and de novo formation together with telomeres-acting under some circumstances as double-strand DNA breaks that join with others-is the underlying basis of these chromosomal phenomena.
DISC1 (Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1) is expressed in limbic regions of the primate brain

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) was identified as truncated by a balanced translocation segregating with schizophrenia and other major mental illness in a large Scottish family. As a step in evaluating the function of DISC1 and its potential role in human schizophrenia, we have determined its regional expression in the primate brain by in situ hybridization. DISC1 expression is highly localized, with most prominent expression in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and lateral septum, and lower levels of expression in the cerebral cortex, amygdala, paraventricular hypothalamus, cerebellum, interpeduncular nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus. Given that many of these regions have been implicated in schizophrenia pathogenesis, these results suggest brain circuits through which DISC1 truncation may predispose to schizophrenia. NeuroReport 14:951–954 © 2003 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Cytotoxic Effect of Ethanol Extract of Abrus precatorius Leaves on Raw 264.7 and SK-N-SH Cell lines

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Aim: This study was aimed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius. leaves on Raw 264.7 and SK-N-SH cell lines. Methodology: Soxhlet extraction was carried out using absolute alcohol and subsequently, the profiling of phytoconstituents of ethanol extract was performed by LC-MS analysis. Results: The results showed that the presence of anthocyanin, phenolic acid, carboxylic acid, amino acid and monoester in ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius. The phytoconstituents such as picolinic acid, N-Acetyl-DL-tryptophan, 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid, kuromanin, aflatoxin G2, monobutyl Phthalate, laurolactam, 4-Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, 4-Methoxycinnamic acid, caffeic acid and octyl decyl phthalate were found in ethanol extract. In addition to this, the cytotoxic effect of the ethanol extract was tested on Raw 264.7 and SK-N-SH cell lines using MTT assay. The cytotoxic study revealed that the ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius was non-toxic to Raw 264.7 cell, but it showed a toxic effect on human neuroblastoma cell line, SK-N-SH. Conclusion: In this study, it was observed that the ethanol extract of Abrus precatorius was non-toxic to Raw 264.7 cell line, but it exhibited strong inhibition on the viability of SK-N-SH cell line.
Study of Dose-Response Relationships for Late Somatic Effects of Low Neutron Doses

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Complete observation of survival and late pathology was conducted on over 2000 female mice irradiated with single doses of 1.5 MeV neutrons (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 mGy) and X rays (40, 80, 160, 320, 640, 1280, 2560 mGy). The results showed a statistically significant life shortening for neutron doses not lower then 80 mGy. Assuming linear non-threshold dose-effect relationships for both radiation qualities, a neutron RBE of 12.3 was obtained. Solid tumour induction was also significant from a neutron dose of 80 mGy and for X ray doses larger than 1 Gy. No sublinear dependence of the carcinogenic effect on low neutron doses was seen. Separate examination of ovarian tumour indication indicated that a threshold dose is likely to exist, especially for X rays. A trend analysis of the neoplasm incidence confirmed the above findings. Death rate analysis by the Weibull model showed agreement between the shift to earlier times and tumour induction.
BRAND AWARENESS ANALYSIS TOWARD PURCHASE DECISION MAKING IN GAMING COMPUTER INDUSTRY (A Case Study of Allienware-Dell Gaming Laptop)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The first purpose of this research is to analyze the level of Brand Awareness of Alienware consumers toward Purchasing Decision Making. The second purpose is to analyze the most influential factor inPurchase Decision Factor, and the last purpose is to analyze the correlation between Brand Awareness and its Purchasing Decision. To support this research, the author made an interview with the General Manager of one of Alienware retail store in South Jakarta and handed 100 questionnaires to target market. As a result, Situational Factor found to be the most influencing factor in Alienwareconsumer Purchasing Decision toward Brand Awareness. It is also found that the level of BrandAwareness is high for Alienware target market. Finally it is concluded that there is a correlation between Brand Awareness and Purchasing Decision Making . Keywords: Brand Awareness, Brand Recognition,Purchasing Decision Making, Luxury Product, Situational factor
The Biokinetics of Plutonium-239 and Americium-241 in the Rat After Subcutaneous Deposition of Contaminated Particles from the Former Nuclear Weapons Site at Maralinga: Implications for Human Exposure

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

As an input to dose assessments, measurements have been made of the clearance of Pu and Am after subcutaneous implantation in rats for six particulate materials and one dust from the Maralinga test sites. The tissue distribution of Pu and Am were measured in groups of six animals at one month and 6 months after implantation. In addition, in vitro solubility tests were carried out on eight different particulate materials. Histological examination of the subcutaneous implantation site was undertaken after one year for selected materials. Autoradiographs of tissue sections showed that particles were surrounded by fibrotic tissue with macrophage and polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, the normal tissue response to foreign materials. The clearance data have been used to make estimates of the likely range in potential radiation doses in humans. To calculate the dose from dissolved 239 Pu and 241 Am, four different situations have been considered. For the dust, the results suggest that dissolution essentially ceases after the removal of Pu and Am from the surfaces of dust particles. From the values obtained, the acute release of a fraction of 10 -2 of both nuclides from a dust contaminated wound was assumed. For a number of particles the results suggested continued dissolution and the clearance of 10-3 per year of both nuclides, continuing for a number of years, has therefore been considered. For the least soluble particles, there was no clear evidence of continued clearance and the acute release of 10 -4 has therefore been taken as a lower estimate for dose calculations. To calculate radiation doses to lymphatic tissue the data were taken to suggest that, in general, a fraction of between 10 -2 and 10 -4 may be translocated to the lymphatic system each year.
Secondary Blast Injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This case illustrates penetrating hand trauma due to secondary blast injury. Secondary blast injury is due to objects accelerated by the blast wind and is the most commonly encountered type of blast injury. Depending on the size of the fragments, secondary blast injury may present as blunt or penetrating trauma. This case addresses the evaluation of hand trauma after exposure blast caused by suicide bomber, management of foreign bodies due to blast injury, field management of flexor tendon laceration, open joints, and burns. The case also addresses postexposure prophylaxis in the setting of biological fragment exposure. Complicated causes often require specialist referral.
Unusual erythema elevatum diutinum with fibrohistiocytic proliferation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 78-year-old woman with a history of symmetrical erythematous plaques on the arms, and a monoclonal gammopathy, developed a strange striped reticulate papular dermatosis with central atrophy. Histological examination was compatible with a very late stage of erythema elevatum diutinum (EED), showing a fibrohistiocytic proliferation with areas of granulation tissue. This fibrosis may result from the chronic dermal injury of leucocytoclastic vasculitis and is sometimes the predominant histology of EED. Investigations for underlying haematological anomalies, such as paraproteinaemia and infection with human immunodeficiency virus, must be performed. Dapsone is ineffective once the fibrous nodules have appeared.
Profound Neutropenia Associated With Benzylpenicillin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 31-year-old white man with suspected aspiration pneumonia complicated by multiple pulmonary abscesses had profound neutropenia during a course of high-dose benzylpenicillin therapy for suspected bacterial endocarditis. Antigranulocyte antibodies were identified in the patient's serum. Leukopenia is an uncommon but potentially serious complication of therapy with this drug. We recommend weekly monitoring of blood counts during prolonged therapy with any beta-lactam antibiotic.
Leaf area development of micropropagated potato plants: effects of leaf area of individual plants on logistic curve parameters and correlations among these parameters

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Leaf area increase of individual, in vitro produced potato plantlets was analysed over three growth phases: in vitro normalisation (3 weeks, 17 or 23°C), transplant production (2 weeks. 18/12 or 26/20°C) and tuber production (6 weeks. 18/12 or 26/20°C). In each phase, initial leaf area (ILA) and final leaf area (FLA) of logistically growing plants were related to parameters describing logistic growth (leaf area = A C/(1 -exp((-Bxtt-M))); A: fitted minimum leaf area, B: fitted initial relative rate of increase, C: fitted maximum increment, M: fitted midpoint, MI: maximum rate of increase at M, MI = BxC/4). Higher ILA was associated with higher FLA during normalisation and transplant production, but not consistently during tuber production. During normalisation, higher ILA led to higher A, C and MI-values, and at 23°C also to higher B and earlier M. During transplant production, higher ILA was associated with higher C.During normalisation, leaf area increase of plants with higher FLAs was characterised by higher A, C and MI-values, and at 23°C also by earlier M. During transplant production, higher FLAs were associated with higher C and MI-values, and at 18/12°C also with higher A. During tuber production, higher FLAs were associated with higher C, M and MI-values.Correlations among parameters characterising logistic growth were of physiological origin, mathematical origin, or resulted from the actual shape of the logistic curve. A and B were positively correlated, likely because clearer S-shaped curves result in higher values of both. Both parameters usually were positively correlated with MI, likely because MI is a function of B, whereas A was correlated to B. Physiologically relevant correlations were found between M and C in the tuber production phase.
Business Turnaround Plan: The Experience of Malaysia Airlines

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Malaysia Airlines (MAS) is the Malaysian national air carrier. It was incorporated during the early days of air travel in 1937. From a humble beginning, MAS has developed into a renowned international airline with award-winning products and services. It managed to achieve cost efficiency and operates slightly below industry average. MAS has gone through several changes in its management over the years and still survives. However, being a national air carrier and government owned, MAS has several constraints in its operation where it has to balance between political and social obligations, and at the same time consider its commercial interest. Thus, some of the decisions on air service destinations, pricing structure and other business factors cannot be made purely based on commercial ground. This had affected the profitability of the airline. Furthermore, the global airline industry was facing turmoil since 11 September 2001 as a result of significant decline in air travel demand as well as the increase in fuel cost. Without exception, MAS was also badly hit and had recorded a substantial RM 1.3 billion loss in 2005. The bad market environment at that time continues to hit MAS hard. Hence, it was inevitable for the airline to make drastic changes in order to respond to the volatile business environment. Therefore, a real and radical business turnaround plan was imperative for MAS. Introduced in 2006, the Business Turnaround Plan (BTP) managed to bring MAS out of its financial crisis within two years of its implementation. This case highlights the winning strategies and action plans implemented by MAS in the BTP that had successfully turnaround this national air carrier from a deep financial crisis. As a result, from a substantial loss of RM 1.3 billion in 2005, MAS achieved a record-breaking profit of RM 610 million in 2007.
Making the right choice: testing the drivers of asymmetric infections within hosts and their consequences for pathology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Despite the ubiquity of bilateral symmetry among animals, a long‐standing mystery centers on why parasites that infect paired organs often do so non‐randomly. Examples from diverse host and parasite taxa continue to accumulate, yet little is known about their causes or implications for host–parasite fitness. We combined field surveys, experimental infections, and parasite choice assays to evaluate both competing explanations for – and consequences of – asymmetric infections of amphibian kidneys by echinostome trematodes, which are widespread and potentially pathogenic infections of larval amphibians. Samples from 6001 hosts representing 26 species indicated that echinostome infections exhibit a consistent, right‐kidney bias, with ˜ 62% of parasites in the right kidney. This pattern could not be explained by variation in kidney size or total infection. Experimental infections of three anuran species reproduced this pattern, with 64% of infections in the right kidney, and indicated it was not the result of differential host or parasite mortality. Based on sequential infection experiments and parasite choice assays, we further showed that earlier infections did not affect the distribution of subsequently colonizing parasites and that echinostome cercariae followed host‐derived cues rather than exhibiting congenital ‘sidedness’. We advance the hypothesis that variation in the position of the right kidney along the anterior–posterior axis controls cue strength in the right nephric duct and thus determines parasite encystment. Correspondingly, anatomical measurements from a subset of larval amphibian hosts revealed that the relative position of the right kidney explained 83% of the variation in infection bias, with no additional contributions associated with kidney volume or host size. We also show that the degree of right‐kidney bias associated positively with host growth in experiments. Morphological asymmetries could therefore function as a unique form of tolerance to mitigate the consequences of infection, despite the oft‐cited costs of asymmetry for mate selection and enemy vulnerability.
Toward a novel architecture for beam steering of active phased-array antennas

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper introduces an architecture capable of generating four mutually phase shifted radio frequency signals for beam steering of active phased array antennas (APAAs) to be eventually integrated into a single Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). Targeting space and weight constrained applications, the proposed architecture features an 8051 IP-core and four custom DDS-PLL phase shifters based on synchronous delay-lines with programmable lengths. As a first step towards the ASIC realization of the system, the proposed architecture has been implemented and tested for functional correctness through a hybrid prototype based on an Altera DE2-115 board and a custom four channel PLL board.
Breaking Old Patterns: Psychodynamic Frameworks for Self‐Coaching

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This chapter looks at individual frameworks for coaching, focusing on psychodynamic modalities. These frameworks are approaches that emphasize the continuity of past and present—how old patterns replay themselves in the present—and the ways in which current relationships can remake patterns born of prior, negative relationship experiences. The chapter explains how psychodynamics are related to trading and how the dynamic framework can inform your own efforts at self-coaching. The core perspective of the psychodynamic model is that current problems are reenactments of conflicts and patterns from past relationships. The self is viewed as the result of years of internalization of relationship experiences. Two crucial transitions that occur in psychodynamic work are viewing your past patterns as alien to you and experiencing them as your own, personal obstacles. One of the cardinal principles of psychodynamic work is that change often occurs in the context of relationships. When you are your own trading coach, one of your challenges is to surround yourself with the right kind of relationships. An important insight from psychodynamic psychology is that our defenses—the ways we cope with the pain from past patterns of conflict—can take a physical manifestation.
Employment equity and elimination of discrimination: Where are women with disabilities in the hierarchy?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To remedy the structural and systemic socio-economic effects of apartheid, colonialism and patriarchy, South Africa’s constitutional legal framework provides creative remedies through anti-discrimination and employment equity (affirmative action) legislation to promote equal participation of women with disabilities in the workplace. In an Equality Court hearing, Singh, an applicant for a position of magistrate, argued that she was excluded from being short-listed ostensibly because as a partially blind woman, she would be unable to meet the requirement of a valid driver’s licence. Her disability status was not considered in applying the short-listing criteria. Singh successfully challenged the discrimination inherent in the short-listing process in Singh v Minister of Justice and Constitutional Development and Others (SA National Council for the Blind and another as Amici Curiae). The Equality Court ordered the Magistrate’s Commission to revise its criteria for short-listing in the appointment of magistrates to reflect the necessary racial and gender composition in appointments in the judiciary as well as to have regard for the need to promote persons with disabilities in its short-listing and appointment processes. The article will consider the relationship between race, gender and disability in employment equity (with emphasis on gender and disability) against the backdrop of the Singh case. It outlines the monitoring roles of two constitutional watchdogs: the Commission for Gender Equality (CGE), and the South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC); and the enforcement role of the Commission for Employment Equity (CEE), in promoting equal workplace participation. The analysis of the Singh case and the greater legislative scheme can be used for employees and employers generally in understanding not just the importance and need for advancement of persons with disabilities in the workplace, but also in how this category of employees is considered in the hierarchy of other transformational grounds, such as race and gender and why it is not subordinate to those statuses. The article argues for a fuller notion of diversity, than mere representivity in employment equity, which would necessitate transforming current notions of “able-bodied and able-minded” norms within workplace processes of recruitment, appointment and retention practices. It recommends accountability fostered by the monitoring of state compliance by the Chapter Nine institutions, as well as strategic litigation to challenge state and non-state inaction or omissions.