jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
HLA haplotype frequency analysis reveals large patient benefits from stem cell donor recruitment in Black South African population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract: More than 41 million potential unrelated donors are currently listed in registries worldwide. However, these donors are not evenly distributed. In particular, individuals from sub-Saharan Africa are underrepresented, complicating unrelated donor searches for patients from this region. Here, we analyzed HLA allele and haplotype frequencies as well as resulting matching probabilities of the 4 South African population groups (Black African, Coloured, Indian/Asian, and White) based on a data set (n = 56 961) of potential stem cell donors registered with DKMS. Our large data set of well-typed and -characterized individuals allowed for unprecedentedly accurate results for these population groups. One major finding was that the haplotypic diversity of Black South African and White individuals was almost identical. The cumulative frequencies of the 50 most frequent 5-locus (HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB1) haplotypes were 38.9% for the Black African population and 38.5% for the White population. Indian/Asian (27.5%) and especially Coloured populations (20.8%) had lower cumulative frequencies, indicating higher intrapopulation diversity. Consequently, when donors and patients from the same population group were considered, matching probabilities of Black African and White populations were approximately the same and significantly greater than those of Indian/Asian and particularly of Coloured populations. With 1 000 000 registered Black African donors, the probability for Black African patients to find at least 1 fully matched donor would be 80%. Donor recruitment in the Black African population is therefore very promising. For Indian/Asian and Coloured populations, there is at least a good chance of finding a suitable mismatched donor; for example, 51% (92%) for 9/10 (8/10) matched donors at a registry size of 100 000 for the Coloured population.
Year of HIV Diagnosis for 88 Male Inmates (Seroconverters) Who Became Infected with HIV During Incarceration, Georgia State Prison System, United States, 1988–2005.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Year of HIV Diagnosis for 88 Male Inmates (Seroconverters) Who Became Infected with HIV During Incarceration, Georgia State Prison System, United States, 1988–2005.</p>
Direct Delivery of Functional Proteins and Enzymes to the Cytosol Using Nanoparticle-Stabilized Nanocapsules

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Intracellular protein delivery is an important tool for both therapeutic and fundamental applications. Effective protein delivery faces two major challenges: efficient cellular uptake and avoiding endosomal sequestration. We report here a general strategy for direct delivery of functional proteins to the cytosol using nanoparticle-stabilized capsules (NPSCs). These NPSCs are formed and stabilized through supramolecular interactions between the nanoparticle, the protein cargo, and the fatty acid capsule interior. The NPSCs are ~130 nm in diameter and feature low toxicity and excellent stability in serum. The effectiveness of these NPSCs as therapeutic protein carriers was demonstrated through the delivery of fully functional caspase-3 to HeLa cells with concomitant apoptosis. Analogous delivery of green fluorescent protein (GFP) confirmed cytosolic delivery as well as intracellular targeting of the delivered protein, demonstrating the utility of the system for both therapeutic and imaging applications.
Fatty Acids Profiles and Growth Performances of Artemia franciscanaFed with Different Types of Microalgae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Artemia has been considered as one of the most important live diets for crustacean and finfish larviculture as well as broodstocks. However, the basal nutrient of Artemia has been reported to be poor in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA’s) especially eicosapentaenoic acids (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA), essential fatty acids for larval normal growth and gonad maturity in shrimp broodstocks. Thus, the present study aimed at investigating the effect of different microalgal diets on fatty acid content, growth performances and survival rate of Artemia francisciana. The study was performed by culturing instar I nauplii of A. franciscana for 12 days at a stocking density of 100 nauplii/L and fed with one of these microalgae: Chaetoceros calcitrans(T1), Dunaliella salina(T2), Tetraselmis chuii (T3), and Nanochloropsis oculata (T4). The results showed that the different microalgal diets affected fatty acid content, growth and survival rate of A. fransicana. The highest DHA content was obtained from those Artemia fed on D. salina, p<0.05. While DHA content of A. fransciscana fed with the other three microalgae was not significantly different, p>0.05. Another result indicated that EPA contents in the Artemia biomass were not significantly affected by the microalgal diets, p>0.05. In terms of growth and survival rate, A. franciscana fed on C. calcitrans and T. chuiihad better growth and survival rate compared to that of Artemia fed on either D. salina or N. oculata, p<0.05. Due to the faster growth, it was also observed that Artemia fed on T. chuii started producing eggs on day 12. Further studies by feeding the Artemia with a mix of microalgal species either a mix of T. chuii and D. salina or a mix of C. calcitrans and D. salina are highly recommended for better PUFA contents, specific growth rate (SGR) as well as survival rates of Artemia.
Structural and histochemical analyses of the vegetative organs of Eichhornia crassipes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), a free-floating aquatic macrophyte belonging to the family Pontederiaceae, is invasive in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide. Using brightfield and epifluorescence microscopy, we investigated the anatomical structures and histochemical features allowing this species to float freely, and to successfully invade aquatic environments. The roots of water hyacinth have a lignified endodermis with Casparian bands and no suberin, as well as a lignified cortex and hypodermis. The stem epidermis is covered with a thin cuticle, and lignified sclerenchyma delimit the central cylinder with scattered vascular bundles. Air spaces, which included schizogenous intercellular spaces and lysigenous aerenchyma, were observed in the root cortices, while schizo-lysigenous aerenchyma and protoxylem lacunae were observed in the shoots. Key structural features of the water hyacinth, including barriers (e.g. the endodermis, lignified cortex and hypodermis, and cuticle) and air spaces, may allow this plant to float freely and to invade aquatic environments. Thus, our study identified the anatomical features that allow the water hyacinth to thrive in aquatic environments.
Penile Fracture- Outcome of Early Surgical Intervention

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background To evaluate the clinical features, treatment options and outcome of different modalities of treatment, for penile fracture . Methods: In this descriptive study cases of penile fracture were enrolled on the basis of history, physical examination. Cause of fracture and extent of urethral damage was assessed. In patients who underwent surgical exploration, urethral tear was repaired. In patients with complete urethral transection end to end anastomosis was performed. Results: Out of 32 cases, 27 (84.4%) underwent surgical exploration, 5 were conservatively managed because of refusal from surgery. Surgery was performed in 27 patients (all had fractures). Majority(70.4%) had tear of tunica albuginea of Rt. Corpus cavernosum. In 06 (22.22%) cases associated urethral injury was found. In 02 cases, with complete urethral transection, end-to-end anstomosis was performed and good voiding function (urine flow rates 22-24ml/sec mean 23.4ml/sec) was achieved. All 27 cases achieved normal curvature and erectile function. Among 5 patients submitted to conservative management, 2 developed curvature abnormality but with satisfactory erection, one patient has mildly painful erection requiring analgesics before sexual activity and one patient has residual penile mass unable to perform sexual activity. Conclusions: Penile fracture is a urologic emergency requiring clinical diagnosis and early surgical management to avoid complications related to erectile dysfunction.
Medical errors: a common problem

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Papers p 517 Letters p 548 Reviews pp 562, 563

Medical errors continue to dominate newspaper headlines. There is rarely an informed comment on likelihood or cause, rather a tacit assumption that they should never happen—and an implicit conclusion that they are getting more common. What is the truth? Firstly, errors have always happened. Secondly, there has been no clear indication as to how common they are in the United Kingdom—though a pilot study in this week's issue represents a first attempt to quantify the size of the problem (p 517).1 Alongside this is the difficulty of indicating risk. To a bereaved relative the knowledge that there was a 1 in 1000 risk is no consolation—for them it was 1 in 1. In a country where millions are spent every week on the national lottery the concept of risk is obviously alien. What is clear, however, is both that we need to know more about errors and to do more about them.

How common are errors? Can they be minimised? And how should we tackle risk management? One problem in assessing the frequency of errors is that we are deeply immersed in a blame culture, so it is hard to persuade people …
Genetic mutations in Turkish population with pulmonary embolism and deep venous thrombosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an universal health hazard throughout the world. Pulmonary embolism (PE) along with deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a major clinical manifestation of VTE and inherited and acquired risk factors increase the risk. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between factor V (G1691A, A1090G, and A1299G), prothrombin (PT G20210A), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T) mutations, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1 -675) polymorphism, and VTE in Turkish population. Between years 2005-2009, 80 Turkish patients diagnosed with PE and PE+DVT and 104 controls at our institution and agreeing to participate, were consecutively recruited in the study. Heterozygous factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation was significantly higher among patients (p =.04) with allele frequency of 6.3% (p =.01). Heterozygous PT G20210A mutation was also significantly higher among patients (p=.001) with allele frequency of 6.9% (p =.003). MTHFR 677TT genotype was significantly higher in patients (p =.009) with allele frequency of 23.8% (p =.005). No significant difference was found in FV A1090G and FV A1299G mutation rate as well as PAI-1 genotypes and their allele frequencies (p >.05). Thus, frequencies of FV G1691A, PT G20210A, and MTHFR C677T mutations are higher in patients with VTE. FV A1090G, FV A1299G mutations, and PAI-1 gene polymorphisms may not be a risk factor for VTE in Turkish population. However, further follow-up evaluation in larger, multi-center series is required to determine the role of these genetic mutations as a risk factor for VTE in Turkish population.
Vehicle Positioning Using Wi-Fi Networks and GPS/DR System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a method to integrate Wi-Fi networks with global positioning system (GPS) and dead reckoning (DR) system for tracking a vehicle in the urban areas by using the federated form of unscented Kalman filer (UKF) and Kalman filer (KF). Due to non-line-of-sight conditions and multipath propagation environments, the estimation of the GPS/DR integrated positioning system lacks acceptable accuracy for demanding applications, such as continuous vehicle tracking. Comparing with GPS, a fingerprinting positioning method based on Wi-Fi signal strength observations could continuously log location information without visibility to the sky. Numerical results show the improvement of the algorithm proposed in the paper.
Organic Nanomaterials as Anticancer Agents for Drug Delivery Applications

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

治療薬を患部のみに集積させ,効果を発揮させるドラッグデリバリーシステム(DDS)の発展は,とくに抗がん剤のように強い副作用が発現する治療薬の開発において重要である。本解説では,抗がん活性物質SN-38をモデル化合物として,有機ナノ粒子の作製手法である再沈法を駆使した単一分子のみで構成されるナノ薬剤の作製手法の確立,ナノ薬剤からの薬物放出を制御するための分子設計,さらに,細胞実験・動物実験による薬理活性評価に関する研究事例を解説する。
A newly recorded species of the genus Limothrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in China, with a key to Chinese species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Limothrips angulicornis Jablonowski, 1894 is newly recorded for the fauna of China. The genus Limothrips Haliday, 1836 (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) now includes three species in China. In addition, two previously recorded Limothrips species were also distributed in Palaearctic region of China, and there is no record in south and east of China, Oriental region. A key is provided to identifying of Chinese species of the genus Limothrips.
Functional relations among constructs in the same content domain at different levels of analysis: A typology of composition models.

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Composition models specify the functional relationships among phenomena or constructs at different levels of analysis (e.g., individual level, team level, organizational level) that reference essentially the same content but that are qualitatively different at different levels (M. T. Hannan, 1971; K. H. Roberts, C. L. Hulin, & D. M. Rousseau, 1978; D. M. Rousseau, 1985). Specifying adequate composition models is a critical component of good multilevel research. A typology of composition models is proposed to provide a framework for organizing, evaluating, and developing constructs and theories in multilevel research. Five basic forms of composition are described and illustrated. Implications of the typology are discussed.
Design as rhetoric: A New South Wales technology education curriculum perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The imperatives in education of preparation for work and the ability to be active (productive) participants in the evolving technological society drive much of the current agenda in technology education. This agenda increasingly privileges technical ways of knowing in design over more aesthetic, creative and hermeneutical ways of knowing or arts oriented ways of knowing in design. Increasingly the aesthetic dimensions of design education are present in curriculum as broad overarching rhetoric with the reality a more specific technical curriculum driven by a conservatism that serves technical interests of control, for industry, training and economic imperatives. This paper will attempt to deconstruct some of the history and curriculum forces that have shaped and are shaping design in technology education. It will examine those aspects of design thinking which gave rise to its central pedagogical positioning in design & technology and general curricula and have since isolated designing in many curriculum from their aesthetic hermeneutic and cultural beginnings. Design is now being realigned and re-designed within current technology literacy statements and technology curricula. This association brings together the engineer and the designer, science, mathematics and technology education and is poised to loose much of what originally defined its unique aesthetic knowing and design literacy.
Abstract 2732: A self-replicating RNA precision medicine approach to therapeutic protein delivery of narrow therapeutic index biomolecules

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Protein drug replacement using nucleic acid technologies has been a sought-after solution for in situ production of proteins with poor half-lives and challenging manufacturability. Linear mRNA approaches have failed clinically in this technological use case due to low levels of protein expression and poor durability. Self-replicating RNA (srRNA) is a new technology for expression of biotherapeutics combining the advantages of fully synthetic drug products with higher peak levels of protein expression with active expression persisting out to 49 days. RBI-2000 is a novel srRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle and encoding two distinct proteins on the same strand of RNA. The first protein is a pro-inflammatory multimeric cytokine to promote de novo immune cell generation and infiltration. The second molecule is a single chain high affinity protein antagonist of downstream mediators of the inflammasome to prevent sterile inflammation, aberrant angiogenesis, and tumor invasiveness. We selected a novel alphaviral vector which demonstrated an enhanced peak level of protein expression vs. the prototypical vector that has been used in other RNA products. These encoded proteins elicited a pharmacodynamic response that had no evidence of decay in the first 7 days following a single treatment down to doses of 0.01 mcg. Using an implanted MC38 tumor model, tumor control was obtained at the lowest, single dose tested at 0.1 mcg of RBI-2000. When tested in combination with a checkpoint inhibitor (CPI), a single dose of the CPI and a single dose of RBI-2000 at 10 mcg resulted in 80% tumor control in the mice (8/10 mice). Tumor re-challenge of the mice at a site distal to the original implantation showed 100% protection. Collectively, these data demonstrate the feasibility of novel srRNA vectors as a protein drug replacement approach including for the expression of complex, multimeric cocktails of proteins. Citation Format: Zelanna Goldberg, Christian Maine, Gabrielle P. Dailey, Christine Domingo, Gaelle Picarda, Hunter Little, Annie Chou, Jessica Sparks, Darina Spasova, Shigeki Miyake-Stoner, Christopher A. Rabiola, Erika J. Crosby, Zachary C. Hartman, Herbert K. Lyerly, Nathaniel Wang, Parinaz Aliahmad. A self-replicating RNA precision medicine approach to therapeutic protein delivery of narrow therapeutic index biomolecules [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 2732.
Hypnosis and its applications in Dentistry

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objective: Research through a literature review the use of hypnosis as an anxiety control technique in dentistry. Methodology: Searches were conducted using descriptors in PubMed Central, BVS/BIREME, Web of Science, SciELO, The Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. In addition, considering that this article is a literature review, the view of Mattos (2015) was used to structure this work. Results: Our research resulted in 20 articles. The Federal Council of Dentistry (CFO) Decision 45/2008 was used as a reference for complementary standards for qualification in integrative and complementary oral health practices. Conclusion: Despite the mysticism that surrounds it, hypnosis is, in fact, a scientifically proven tool that helps to reduce costs, as it can be an alternative to anesthetics and medications with analgesic effects. This makes it possible to treat patients' adversities and promote comfort. Scientific studies in this area have great potential in dental clinics and other oral hygiene environments.
CXCL12/CXCR4 facilitates perineural invasion via induction of the Twist/S100A4 axis in salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The activation of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis participated in the progression of multiple cancers, but potential effect in terms of perineural invasion (PNI) in SACC remained ambiguous. In this study, we identified that CXCL12 substantially expressed in nerve cells. CXCR4 strikingly expressed in tumour cells, and CXCR4 expression was closely associated with the level of EMT‐associated proteins and Schwann cell hallmarks at nerve invasion frontier in SACC. Activation of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis could promote PNI and up‐regulate relative genes of EMT and Schwann cell hallmarks both in vitro and in vivo, which could be inhibited by Twist silence. After overexpressing S100A4, the impaired PNI ability of SACC cells induced by Twist knockdown was significantly reversed, and pseudo foot was visualized frequently. Collectively, the results indicated that CXCL12/CXCR4 might promote PNI by provoking the tumour cell to differentiate towards Schwann‐like cell through Twist/S100A4 axis in SACC.
Preschool Children’s Acquisition of Compounds

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter reviews some of the important findings in children’s acquisition of compounds. It focuses on what children have to learn about compounds, and takes a brief look at some important cross-linguistic variation in compounds. Children’s ability to create novel forms in their target language is impressive and their ability to form novel compounds is no exception. Children can use novel compound nouns with a variety of meanings from early on, sometimes with meanings that they are unlikely to have heard before.
Optical monitoring of characteristics of the stratospheric aerosol layer and total ozone content at the Siberian Lidar Station (Tomsk: 56° 30′ N; 85° E)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

We consider the results of long-term remote optical monitoring obtained at the Siberian Lidar Station of Institute of Atmospheric Optics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk (56° 30′ N, 85° E). The scattering characteristics of stratospheric aerosol layer, obtained according to data of lidar measurements recorded since 1986, are presented. We analyse the trends of changes in the total ozone (TO) content over Tomsk for the period 1996–2013 according to data of spectrophotometric measurements employing Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data for the period 1979–1994. We determined the periods of elevated content of stratospheric aerosol over Tomsk after a series of explosive eruptions of volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire and Iceland in 2006–2011. Since the second half of the 1990s we have recorded an increasing TO trend, equalling 0.65 DU/year for the period 1996–2013.