jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Normal hypocretin-1 levels in Parkinson’s disease patients with excessive daytime sleepiness

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AIMS: To develop and validate a rapid and economical semiautomated approach to the measurement of immunostainable tissue components which is applicable to routine diagnostic practice. To apply this approach to the measurement of macrophages in renal biopsy specimens in nephrotic states, as protein in the renal tubules may induce macrophage infiltration, and the morphology of macrophages in tissue sections does not lend itself to cell counting. METHODS: Macrophages were identified by immunostaining with a pan-macrophage marker, followed by digital image capture and analysis using a macro procedure written for the freeware image analysis program NIH-Image. RESULTS: The method was rapid, robust and accurate to within the limits imposed by sampling error inherent in the use of small needle biopsy specimens. Very few macrophages are found in normal kidney (mean volume fraction (+/- 95% confidence limits) 0.04% (0.02%)) but infiltration of macrophages was detected in minimal change nephropathy (0.29% (0.12%)) and in membranous glomerulonephritis (0.42% (0.11%)). A statistically significant correlation was found between macrophage volume fraction and weight of proteinuria in minimal change nephropathy but not in membranous glomerulonephritis. Correlations were found in both diseases between macrophage volume fraction and serum creatinine at time of biopsy. CONCLUSIONS: The equipment is inexpensive and measurement takes less than one minute per biopsy specimen. The results indicate that macrophage infiltration is part of the pathological process in minimal change nephropathy and membranous glomerulonephritis. The correlation with creatinine at time of biopsy suggests that renal impairment in minimal change nephropathy may result from infiltration by immunologically active cells and not merely from haemodynamic changes in nephrons. However, the correlation is not close, indicating that the relation between macrophage infiltration and disease severity is not a simple one.
SCORE: Shared care of Colorectal cancer survivors: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common cancer affecting both men and women. Survivors of CRC often experience various physical and psychological effects arising from CRC and its treatment. These effects may last for many years and adversely affect QoL, and they may not be adequately addressed by standard specialist-based follow-up. Optimal management of these effects should harness the expertise of both primary care and specialist care. Shared models of care (involving both the patient's primary care physician [PCP] and specialist) have the potential to better support survivors and enhance health system efficiency. Methods/design: SCORE (Shared care of Colorectal cancer survivors) is a multisite randomised controlled trial designed to optimise and operationalise a shared care model for survivors of CRC, to evaluate the acceptability of the intervention and study processes, and to collect preliminary data regarding the effects of shared care compared with usual care on a range of patient-reported outcomes. The primary outcome is QoL measured using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30 questionnaire. Secondary outcomes are satisfaction with care, unmet needs, continuity of care and health resource use. The shared care model involves replacement of two routine specialist follow-up visits with PCP visits, as well as the provision of a tailored survivorship care plan and a survivorship booklet and DVD for CRC survivors. All consenting patients will be randomised 1:1 to either shared care or usual care and will complete questionnaires at three time points over a 12-month period (baseline and at 6 and 12 months). Health care resource use data will also be collected and used to evaluate costs. Discussion: The evaluation and implementation of models of care that are responsive to the holistic needs of cancer survivors while reducing the burden on acute care settings is an international priority. Shared care between specialists and PCPs has the potential to enhance patient care and outcomes for CRC survivors while offering improvements in health care resource efficiency. If the findings of the present study show that the shared care intervention is acceptable and feasible for CRC survivors, the intervention may be readily expanded to other groups of cancer survivors. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12617000004369p. Registered on 3 January 2017; protocol version 4 approved 24 February 2017.
Three-dimensional computer graphics of the movement of the arytenoid cartilage.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The structure of the crico-arytenoid joint was demonstrated by computer graphics of the human larynx reconstructed from serial cross sections. The cricoid facet was more or less oval, and its sagittal cross section could be approximated to part of a circle. In frontal cross sections of the cricoid facet, the medial part was more sharply curved than the lateral part. At the anterior part of the facet, these curvature radii became similar.Computer simulation of the movement of the arytenoid cartilage was then performed. Simulation of the sliding motion of the arytenoid cartilage showed the vocal process to move less in the antero-posterior direction than in the other direction. Simulation of the rocking motion of the arytenoid cartilage showed the arytenoid cartilage to move more widely at the median position than at the anteriorly- or posteriorly-sliding position. The movement of the vocal process was greatest at this median position.It will be necessary to identify the direction of the internal laryngeal muscle fibers by examination of the reconstructed larynx. Then it will be possible to simulate the relationship between the condition of the laryngeal muscles and the glottal shape.
Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Chitinase Gene Upstream from Isaria fumosorosea

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The sequence of 5′-upstream region of the chitinase gene Ifuchi1 from Isaria fumosorosea was obtained by genome walking method according to the full-length genome nucleotide sequence of the Ifuchi1 to investigate the regulatory mechanism of Ifuchi1 gene expression.The 5′-upstream fragment of 2 402 bp of Ifuchi1 was successfully cloned and sequenced,and there are two introns compared to the cDNA of Ifuchi1 gene.Transcriptional elements in the 5′-upstream region of Ifuchi1 A were predicted by the TFSEARCH 1.3 software.The results showed that there are no obvious TATA and/or CAAT box,while there are four potential binding sites for carbon regulatory elements as 5'(g/c)YggRg3'and three potential binding sites for nitrogen as near GATA.There might be potential glucose inhibitor sequence and stress reaction elements among those elements.All of those results will be the basis for further clarifying the regulatory mechanism of chitinase Ifuchi1 expression.
Release kinetics and diffusion coefficients of solid and liquid pesticides through interpenetrating polymer network beads of polyacrylamide‐g‐guar gum with sodium alginate

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Grafting of acrylamide onto guar gum is achieved by Ce(IV) induced free‐radical polymerization to prepare interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) beads of polyacrylamide‐ g ‐guar gum with sodium alginate by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. Two widely used pesticides, solid chlorpyrifos and liquid fenvelarate, are loaded up to 60–70% efficiency in the IPN beads. The polymer and beads are characterized by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy to confirm grafting and to understand the possible interactions between the pesticides and the polymer matrix. Scanning electron microscopy is used to study the morphology of the beads. Equilibrium swelling experiments indicate that the swelling of the beads decreases with an increase in crosslinking, as well as an increase in pesticide loading. The in vitro release studies are performed under static conditions, and the release data are fitted to an empirical relationship to evaluate the transport parameters. Diffusion coefficients are calculated for the transport of pesticides through the polymeric beads using the initial and later time approximation methods. These values show a decrease with increasing crosslinking and increasing pesticide loading. Long‐term diffusion coefficients as computed by Fick's equations are found to be smaller in magnitude when compared to the initial time diffusion coefficients. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 451–457, 2003
Contribution of Spatial Frequency and Orientation to upright and inverted face perception

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

It was recently shown that expert face perception relies on the extraction of horizontally oriented visual cues. Picture-plane inversion was found to eliminate horizontal, suggesting that this tuning contributes to the specificity of face processing. The present experiments sought to determine the spatial frequency (SF) scales supporting the horizontal tuning of face perception. Participants were instructed to match upright and inverted faces that were filtered both in the frequency and orientation domains. Faces in a pair contained horizontal or vertical ranges of information in low, middle, or high SF (LSF, MSF, or HSF). Our findings confirm that upright (but not inverted) face perception is tuned to horizontal orientation. Horizontal tuning was the most robust in the MSF range, next in the HSF range, and absent in the LSF range. Moreover, face inversion selectively disrupted the ability to process horizontal information in MSF and HSF ranges. This finding was replicated even when task difficulty was equated across orientation and SF at upright orientation. Our findings suggest that upright face perception is tuned to horizontally oriented face information carried by intermediate and high SF bands. They further indicate that inversion alters the sampling of face information both in the orientation and SF domains.
Neuronlike adaptive elements that can solve difficult learning control problems

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

It is shown how a system consisting of two neuronlike adaptive elements can solve a difficult learning control problem. The task is to balance a pole that is hinged to a movable cart by applying forces to the cart's base. It is argued that the learning problems faced by adaptive elements that are components of adaptive networks are at least as difficult as this version of the pole-balancing problem. The learning system consists of a single associative search element (ASE) and a single adaptive critic element (ACE). In the course of learning to balance the pole, the ASE constructs associations between input and output by searching under the influence of reinforcement feedback, and the ACE constructs a more informative evaluation function than reinforcement feedback alone can provide. The differences between this approach and other attempts to solve problems using neurolike elements are discussed, as is the relation of this work to classical and instrumental conditioning in animal learning studies and its possible implications for research in the neurosciences.
Long-term Follow-up of 84 Patients With Giant Prolactinomas—A Swedish Nationwide Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Purpose To describe the clinical presentation and treatment outcomes in a nationwide cohort of patients with giant prolactinomas. Methods Register-based study of patients with giant prolactinomas [serum prolactin (PRL) &gt; 1000 µg/L, tumor diameter ≥40 mm] identified in the Swedish Pituitary Register 1991-2018. Results Eighty-four patients [mean age 47 (SD ±16) years, 89% men] were included in the study. At diagnosis, the median PRL was 6305 µg/L (range 1450-253 000), the median tumor diameter was 47 mm (range 40-85), 84% of the patients had hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, and 71% visual field defects. All patients were treated with a dopamine agonist (DA) at some point. Twenty-three (27%) received 1 or more additional therapies, including surgery (n = 19), radiotherapy (n = 6), other medical treatments (n = 4), and chemotherapy (n = 2). Ki-67 was ≥10% in 4/14 tumors. At the last follow-up [median 9 years (interquartile range (IQR) 4-15)], the median PRL was 12 µg/L (IQR 4-126), and the median tumor diameter was 22 mm (IQR 3-40). Normalized PRL was achieved in 55%, significant tumor reduction in 69%, and combined response (normalized PRL and significant tumor reduction) in 43%. In the primary DA-treated patients (n = 79), the reduction in PRL or tumor size after the first year predicted the combined response at the last follow-up (P &lt; .001 and P = .012, respectively). Conclusion DAs effectively reduced PRL and tumor size, but approximately 1 patient out of 4 needed multimodal treatment. Our results suggest that the response to DA after 1 year is useful for identifying patients who need more careful monitoring and, in some cases, additional treatment.
Effects of Lifestyle Intervention on Plasma Trimethylamine N-Oxide in Obese Adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Accumulating evidence linking trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk has prompted interest in developing therapeutic strategies to reduce its production. We compared two lifestyle intervention approaches: hypocaloric versus eucaloric diet, combined with exercise, on TMAO levels in relation to CVD risk factors. Sixteen obese adults (66.1 ± 4.4 years, BMI (body mass index): 35.9 ± 5.3 kg/m2, fasting glucose: 106 ± 16 mg/dL, 2-h PPG (postprandial glucose): 168 ± 37 mg/dL) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of exercise (5 days/week, 80–85% HRmax (maximal heart rate)) plus either a hypocaloric (HYPO) (−500 kcal) or a eucaloric (EU) diet. Outcomes included plasma TMAO, glucose metabolism (oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps for glucose disposal rates (GDR)), exercise capacity (VO2max, maximal oxygen consumption), abdominal adiposity (computed tomography scans), cholesterol, and triglycerides. Results showed that body composition (body weight, subcutaneous adiposity), insulin sensitivity, VO2max, and cholesterol all improved (p < 0.05). HYPO decreased the percentage change in TMAO compared to an increase after EU (HYPO: −31 ± 0.4% vs. EU: 32 ± 0.6%, p = 0.04). Absolute TMAO levels were not impacted (HYPO: p = 0.09 or EU: p = 0.53 group). The change in TMAO after intervention was inversely correlated with baseline visceral adipose tissue (r = −0.63, p = 0.009) and GDR (r = 0.58, p = 0.002). A hypocaloric diet and exercise approach appears to be effective in reducing TMAO. Larger trials are needed to support this observation.
Analysis of Areas of Financial and Economic Cooperation Between China and Russia

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The article reveals the relevance of the problem of studying the possible areas of financial and economic cooperation of such large countries as China and Russia, as well as the role of developed and developing countries, in the face of a decline in world trade growth and increased global competition.The study uses statistical, cluster and factor analysis of economic growth and financial solvency of China and Russia based on an assessment of the dynamics of the main indicators.As a result of the analysis of the dynamics of economic growth, the following areas of cooperation between China and Russia are identified: "GDP per capital, PPP (current international $)" and" Gross capital formation (current US$)", due to the increase in hydrocarbon exports and equipment purchases.The results of the analysis of the proximity matrix of indicators of financial solvency of China and Russia revealed the following priorities: China -"Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)" and "Gross capital formation (% of GDP)"; Russia -"Broad money growth (annual %)" and "Inflation, GDP deflator (annual).The General direction of international cooperation between China and Russia to ensure financial solvency is "Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)".
From Independence to Wardship: The Legal Process of Erosion of American Indian Sovereignty, 1810-1903

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Walter L. Williams; From Independence to Wardship: The Legal Process of Erosion of American Indian Sovereignty, 1810-1903. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 1 January 1983; 07 (4): 5–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.17953/aicr.07.4.042g330075707u13 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest Search
Interview with Bruce Park, 1988.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

During the interview Bruce talks of living in South Perth before, during and after the Second World War. He speaks of how the war impacted on the suburb. He recalls the family photographic business and how it operated. He also recalls how the business was taken over by American Catalina servicemen in the evenings during the war. He reflects on many aspects of life in the suburb including looking back on fun memories of his childhood. He talks of his involvement in speedboat racing on the Swan River and looks at many aspects of the changed community of South Perth.
Design of Adhesive-free Bio-based Suspended Ceiling Tiles Using Nanocellulose

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

An adhesive-free, bio-based suspended ceiling tile (nanocellulose ceiling tile (NCT)) with mildew and mold resistance, fire retardancy, and water repellence was developed and compared with commercial products (M257, M266, and M935). The NCT produced the greatest contact angle values: 145.0° (1.37% coefficient of variation (CV)) on the top surface, 137.8° (2.15% CV) on the bottom surface, and 142.2° (3.41% CV) on the edges. The thermal resistivity (R-value) of the NCT was also greater (3.14 °F∙ft2∙h/BTU (1.32% CV)), so the thermal conductivity (k-value) was lower (0.046 W/(m∙K)) than the compared commercial products (M257, M266, and M935). The NCT demonstrated resistance to mildew and mold growth, with zero defacement. Each product (NCT, M257, M266, and M935) evaluated was fire retardant, with zero horizontal flame propagation. The results showed that the NCT was an advanced ceiling tile prototype treated against fire, water, and mildew and mold growth throughout its thickness, with promising results compared to current ceiling tiles on the market.
School-Based Violence Prevention Programs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract School violence in the United States is an issue of grave concern for educators, students, parents, and communities. Many schools have responded to the problem by initiating prevention interventions without empirical evidence of effectiveness, assuming it is better to do something rather than to do nothing. In some cases though, more harm than good may result when such intervention strategies and programs are implemented only for the sake of doing something in response to the problem. The literature review examines research on school violence and provides a review of selected school-based violence prevention programs with beginning empirical support of their effectiveness. The authors stress the importance of schools implementing school-based violence prevention programs that have produced empirical evidence of effectiveness.
The Story of the Malakand Field Force: An Episode of Frontier War

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

First published in 1898 this text describes the force to which Churchill was attached when it was sent to subdue the rebellious Mohmands on the North-West Frontier in 1897. The author was a subaltern in the 4th Hussars but found regimental life too quiet to satisfy his adventurous spirit and when he heard that a Field Force of three Brigades was being formed under General Sir Bindon Blood to quell a revolt of the Pathan tribesmen, asked to join it.
Digital rheumatology in the era of COVID-19: results of a national patient and physician survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective To analyse the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on rheumatic patients’ and rheumatologists’ usage, preferences and perception of digital health applications (DHAs). Methods A web-based national survey was developed by the Working Group Young Rheumatology of the German Society for Rheumatology and the German League against Rheumatism. The prospective survey was distributed via social media (Twitter, Instagram and Facebook), QR code and email. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and regression analyses were performed to show correlations. Results We analysed the responses of 299 patients and 129 rheumatologists. Most patients (74%) and rheumatologists (76%) believed that DHAs are useful in the management of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) and felt confident in their own usage thereof (90%; 86%). 38% of patients and 71% of rheumatologists reported that their attitude had changed positively towards DHAs and that their usage had increased due to COVID-19 (29%; 48%). The majority in both groups agreed on implementing virtual visits for follow-up appointments in stable disease conditions. The most reported advantages of DHAs were usage independent of time and place (76.6%; 77.5%). The main barriers were a lack of information on suitable, available DHAs (58.5%; 41.9%), poor usability (42.1% of patients) and a lack of evidence supporting the effectiveness of DHAs (23.2% of rheumatologists). Only a minority (<10% in both groups) believed that digitalisation has a negative impact on the patient–doctor relationship. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic instigated an increase in patients’ and rheumatologists’ acceptance and usage of DHAs, possibly introducing a permanent paradigm shift in the management of RMDs.
β-Scorpion toxins

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract β-Toxins are responsible for the life hazard constituted, in Central and South America, by scorpion stings. They are qualitatively and quantitatively the most important polypeptides of the venom. They are made of one single polypeptide chain of 60 to 66 amino acid residues crosslinked by four disulfide bridges (Possani et al. 1981; Bechis et al. 1984; Martin-Eauclaire et al. 1987; Ceard et al. 1992; Zamudio et al. 1992). The structure of variant 3 from Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing has been deter¬ mined at high resolution by X-ray crystallography (Fontecilla-Camps et al. 1980). This protein although poorly active on mouse has an amino acid sequence very close to that of the most potent β-toxins: it shows a common structure made up of one a-helix and one triple stranded β-sheet maintained in position by two conserved disulfide bridges (Cys-25 and Cys-51, Cys-29 and Cys-53). Two more disulfide bridges link in one hand loops protruding from this region (Cys-16 and Cys-41) and, on the other hand, the (-terminal end of the chain to the N-terminal region (Cys-12 and Cys-72). On one side of the molecule, a hydrophobic surface exists, which has been implicated in the high affinity binding of β-toxins to their pharmacological target (Fontecilla-Camps et al. 1980). β-Toxins were defined as those toxins which behave like toxin II of Centruroides Suffusus suffusus (Css II): they bind to site 4 of the voltage-dependent sodium channel present in rat brain synaptosomes (Jover et al. 1980) modifying the activation process and inducing repetitive firing on frog myelinated nerve on voltageclamp conditions (Couraud et al. 1982; Martin-Eauclaire and Couraud 1995).