jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Namib Desert Region Vegetation Database

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Since 1980 many observations of the vegetation in the dry regions of Namibia and South Africa have been recorded in the database of Namib Desert Region Vegetation Database (GIVD ID AF-00-007).All relevés were recorded using a standard size of 1000 m² and include spatial reference data, habitat information and all observed species occurrences with cover and (partly) abundance data.Worth mentioning is that the database has been sampled over a period of several years thereby including different seasons as well as dry and wet years.Many relevés do not show the entire local species pool at the time of documentation.The interpretation of therophytic, geophytic and hemicryptophytic species must take this into consideration.Conditions of strongly grazed plant individuals in particular during dry seasons may have resulted in some inconsistencies in plant identifications, e.g.Stipagrostis hirtigluma subsp.
Long-Path THz-TDS Atmospheric Measurements Between Buildings

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have measured THz pulse propagation through a 186 m distance for which the THz pulses propagated in the atmosphere between two buildings separated by 79.3 m, with different relative humidity (RH) and weather conditions such as clouds, rain, and snow. The THz pulses propagated through rain falling at 3.5 mm/h and snow falling at 2 cm/h equivalent to 2.0 mm/h rainfall. For calm weather, the transmitted THz pulseshapes and relative transit times were measured to a precision of 0.1 ps. These broadband measurements demonstrate the potential of line-of-sight THz communications, THz sensing, and THz imaging through fog and smoke.
Productivity loss/gain in cost-effectiveness analyses for vaccines: a systematic review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The kinds of costs included in cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) for vaccines, such as direct medical costs and indirect costs, may affect their outcomes. While some guidelines recommend inclusion of costs associated with productivity losses/gains, very little guidance is provided about the productivity elements to include and their calculation approach. Areas covered: We conducted a systematic review of CEAs for vaccines and vaccine programs published between 1 January 2010 and 19 November 2019 that included productivity costs using Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. The kind of productivity elements included their calculation approach, and the impact of their inclusion on cost-effectiveness are summarized. Among 88 studies identified, productivity elements included were reported for 71 studies (81%) with absenteeism being the most commonly included element. Only 24 studies (27%) reported the approach used to calculate productivity costs (human capital vs. friction approach). Most studies (81%) reported a more favorable cost-effectiveness with the inclusion of productivity losses/gains. Expert opinion: Inclusion of productivity losses/gains for CEAs for vaccines has resulted in more favorable cost-effectiveness based on the studies reviewed. However, clearer guidance on the productivity elements to include by disease area and more transparency on the calculation method used may be needed.
Narrative Agency

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

While narrative theory acknowledges that consuming a text is both an act of interpretation and creation, some texts offer more agency to create than others. To extend current narrative theory, we introduce narrative agency: the ability to control the development of the story characters and plot, with lasting changes to the narrative world. We first explain how narrative agency stems from spatial embeddedness and character embodiment and then use the three constructs to offer a typology of narrative consumption. We then set an agenda for future research centered on (1) the implications that space and body have for narrative agency, (2) how consumers negotiate interactions and ownership in highly agentic narrative consumption, and (3) the dynamics of return and transformation after highly agentic narrative journeys.
Outcomes of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy in Early Breast Cancer using Methylene Blue and Fluorescein Dye in a Tertiary Care Centre of North East India

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: The currently recommended technique of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in breast cancer is a combination of blue dye (commonly used isosulfan blue or Patent blue violet) and radiotracer-guided technique (Tc99m-labeled sulfur colloid). Neither of the blue dyes are currently marketed in India, are expensive to import, and not easily available. Nuclear medicine facilities are not available at most centers. This study involves using a combination of methylene blue dye and fluorescein dye to detect sentinel lymph nodes. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective, observational study. Patients with first time detected T1 or T2, N0 and M0 breast cancer were eligible for this study and taken up for SLNB using dual dye technique (methylene blue dye and sodium fluorescein dye). N0 status was confirmed both clinically and radiologically. Patients with a previous history of malignancy and those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded from this study. Statistical analysis was done with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: In this study we present outcomes of 50 patients who underwent sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy using a combination of methylene blue and fluorescein dye at our institute. Mean age was 51.8 years and range was 32-70 years. Sentinel node was successfully identified in 47 cases, thereby a 94% of identification rate was observed with this dual method technique and the median sentinel nodes were 2. Among a total of 98 detected sentinel nodes, 47(47.9%) had both blue dye and fluorescein dye uptake. Conclusion: Fluorescein dye is a very cheap alternative to radioactive tracer technique; hence it can be used as an alternative especially in resource constrained countries like ours.
Causal Effect Regularization: Automated Detection and Removal of Spurious Attributes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In many classification datasets, the task labels are spuriously correlated with some input attributes. Classifiers trained on such datasets often rely on these attributes for prediction, especially when the spurious correlation is high, and thus fail to generalize whenever there is a shift in the attributes' correlation at deployment. If we assume that the spurious attributes are known a priori, several methods have been proposed to learn a classifier that is invariant to the specified attributes. However, in real-world data, information about spurious attributes is typically unavailable. Therefore, we propose a method to automatically identify spurious attributes by estimating their causal effect on the label and then use a regularization objective to mitigate the classifier's reliance on them. Compared to a recent method for identifying spurious attributes, we find that our method is more accurate in removing the attribute from the learned model, especially when spurious correlation is high. Specifically, across synthetic, semi-synthetic, and real-world datasets, our method shows significant improvement in a metric used to quantify the dependence of a classifier on spurious attributes ($Δ$Prob), while obtaining better or similar accuracy. In addition, our method mitigates the reliance on spurious attributes even under noisy estimation of causal effects. To explain the empirical robustness of our method, we create a simple linear classification task with two sets of attributes: causal and spurious. We prove that our method only requires that the ranking of estimated causal effects is correct across attributes to select the correct classifier.
Anti-TNF and skin inflammation in IBD: a new paradox in gastroenterology?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Meningothelial cells (MECs) are the cellular components of the meninges. As such, they provide important barrier function for the central nervous system (CNS) building the interface between neuronal tissue and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and are also part of the immune response of the CNS. Human, immortalized MECs were analyzed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy to study the uptake of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, cytokine and chemokine production by MECs was analyzed by cytokine array and ELISA. We found that MECs are highly active phagocytes able of ingesting and digesting large amounts of apoptotic cells. Furthermore, the uptake of apoptotic cells by MECs was immune suppressive via inhibiting the secretion of pro-inflammatory and chemoattractant cytokines and chemokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-16, MIF, and CXCL1, while increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory IL-1 receptor antagonist by MECs. MECs respond with the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines following the uptake of apoptotic cells potentially connecting these cells to processes important for the shut-down of immune responses in the brain.
Consideration for cognitive preferences to enhance effective HCI in online museum exhibits

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Clearly, giving consideration to online museum visitors&#039; cognitive differences challenges curators when planning their exhibits. There are interactive effects between the visitor&#039;s cognitive preferences and the exhibit&#039;s display format on the quality of the resulting human-computer interactions (HCI). The rapid growth of web-mediated technology extends the opportunity to fulfil exhibit facilitation. Although there is research that investigates individual cognitive differences for more traditional learning environments, the concept of online museum exhibits broadens the scope for further research. This paper discusses the interactive effects of cognitive preferences and exhibit display strategies, to highlight the need for consideration of these issues when planning the HCI involved in online exhibit design.
Biosynthesis of Corrinoids and Porphyrinoids. XI. Source of Oxaloacetic Acid for Uroporphyrinogen III Biosynthesis in Arthrobacter hyalinus.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The source of oxaloacetic acid, required for the synthesis of porphyrins in Arthrobacter hyalinus, was examined by means of a feeding experiment with [1, 3-13C2]glycerol, which is transformed to pyruvic acid. A half of the carbon dioxide liberated from pyruvic acid in the formation of acetyl CoA was utilized for carboxylation of pyruvic acid to generate oxaloacetic acid.
The Edwardian country house

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Edwardian Country House gives an insight into the romance and reality of Edwardian society and evokes the golden years before World War I. In this illustrated book, Juliet Gardiner explores the key events in the social calendar of a wealthy Edwardian family - a fancy dress ball, a society dinner party, a village fete, a musical evening, a shooting party - from not only the points of view of the family, but also from that of the servants. Detailed descriptions of the day-to-day activities involved in running a country house are told through diary extracts, letters, advice manuals and recipes, while special craft features enable readers to create a range of authentic Edwardian delights for themselves. Providing a look at a period that was glorious for a few but certainly not all, this is a book on Edwardian life as seen through 21st-century eyes.
Development of food‐grade expression system for d‐allulose 3‐epimerase preparation with tandem isoenzyme genes in Corynebacterium glutamicum and its application in conversion of cane molasses to D‐allulose

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract D ‐Allulose 3‐epimerase (DAE) has been applied to produce D ‐allulose, a low‐calorie and functional sweetener. In this study, a new DAE from Paenibacillus senegalensis was characterized in Escherichia coli . Furthermore, we presented a tandem isoenzyme gene expression strategy to express multiple DAEs in one cell and construct food‐grade expression systems based on Corynebacterium glutamicum . Seventeen expression cassettes based on three DAE genes from different organisms were constructed. Among all recombinant strains, DAE16 harboring three DAE genes in an expression vector exhibited the highest enzyme activity with 22.7 U/mg. Whole‐cell transformation of DAE16 produced 225 g/L D ‐allulose with a volumetric productivity of 353 g·g −1 ·hr −1 . The catalytic efficiency of strain C‐DAE9 integrating total 11 DAE genes in chromosome was 16.4‐fold higher than strains carrying one DAE. Fed‐batch culture of C‐DAE9 gave enzyme activity of 44,700 U/L. We also expressed a thermostable invertase in C. glutamicum and obtained enzyme activity of 29 U/mg. Immobilized cells expressing DAE or invertase exhibited 80% of retained activity after 30 cycles of catalytic reactions. Those immobilized cells were coupled to produce 61.2 g/L D ‐allulose from cane molasses in a two‐step reaction process. This study provided an efficient approach for enzyme preparation and allowed access to produce D ‐allulose from other abundant and low‐cost feedstock enriched with sucrose.
Retention in maxillofacial prostheses

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Facial disfigurement affects the functional, social and psychological well-being of an individual. It reduces an individual’s self esteem and acceptance in the society. It can be congenital or acquired. Prosthetic rehabilitation and surgical reconstruction techniques are the ways to lessen or diminish the problems associated with facial disfigurement. Prosthetic rehabilitation is favored as it is less invasive and affordable. The success of a prosthetic rehabilitation of any part relies on the availability of a method of attaching the artificial substitute securely to its place. Various means of retention have been developed over the years from metal bands to implants. With the advancing technology, in cases where anatomic undercuts are futile, craniofacial implants prove to be a boon for rehabilitation. In this literature review, the various modes of retention available for maxillofacial prostheses were assessed and appraised.
Association between dyslipidemia and antihypertensive and antidiabetic treatments in a China multicenter study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Dyslipidemia is an emerging disease in China, especially in the presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. We investigated the association of dyslipidemia with the use of antihypertensive and antidiabetic agents. The study participants (n = 2423) were hypertensive and diabetic patients enrolled in a China nationwide registry. Serum mean ± (SD, except for serum triglycerides, median [interquatile range]) concentrations were 1.38 (0.97‐2.02) mmol/L, 4.85 ± 1.12 mmol/L, 1.30 ± 0.36 mmol/L, and 2.89 ± 0.92 mmol/L for triglycerides and total, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 18.9%, 13.5%, 16.6%, and 37.7% for hypertriglyceridemia (serum triglycerides ≥2.3 mmol/L), hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol ≥6.2 mmol/L or LDL cholesterol ≥4.1 mmol/L), low HDL cholesterol (HDL cholesterol <1.0 mmol/L), and any of the three lipid disorders, respectively. Treated (n = 1647), compared with untreated hypertensive patients (n = 303), had a significantly ( P ≤ .0006) lower serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, but similar serum triglycerides ( P = .20). Treated (n = 1325), compared with untreated diabetic patients (n = 238), had a significantly ( P ≤ .004) lower serum triglycerides, and total and LDL cholesterol, but similar serum HDL cholesterol ( P = .81). After adjustment, the odds ratios (OR) were significant for hypercholesterolemia (OR 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58‐0.997, P = .048) and low HDL cholesterol (OR 1.56, CI 1.19‐2.03, P = .001) in treated versus untreated hypertension, and for low HDL cholesterol (OR 1.50, CI 1.18‐1.89, P = .0008) in treated versus untreated diabetes. In conclusion, the prevalence of dyslipidemia differed between treated and untreated hypertension and diabetes.
Isolation of cDNAs from Lactrodectus hesperus

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

For the past years, experiments to obtain genes that code for proteins spun into spider silk fibers have been carefully conducted. The silk produced by Latrodectus hesperus, commonly known as the black widow spider, is known for its high tensile strength and durability, and thus by manufacturing it as synthetic biological product, it would be possible to replace standard engineering materials such as steel. In our studies, we attempted to identify new silk genes that coded for proteins spun into spider silk fibers. Moreover, we also searched our library for gene products involved in the silk pathway. For our experimental work, we were given a cDNA library that was prepared from the abdominal silk-producing glands of the L. hesperus. To isolate different cDNA molecules from the library, we plated the library and randomly picked 25 individual plaques. Spider cDNAs were excised from the viral chromosome and the resulting recombinant plasmids were then transformed into the Escherichia coli. The plasmids were then isolated from the bacteria. In order to confirm that cDNAs were present within the recovered plasmids, the plasmid was digested with restriction enzymes and their products were subject to agarose gel electrophoresis. After confirmation the plasmids were subject to DNA sequencing and bioinformatics was used to study the identity of the retrieved genes.
A Lyapunov stability proof for nonlinear-stiffness PD control

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A stability proof is presented for a nonlinear PD (NPD) controller and third order systems. Nonlinear-stiffness control has been described previously in the literature and experimentally demonstrated; but to date, no stability proof has been given for systems of degree greater than 2 and the case where the stiff gain exceeds the limit established by the circle criterion. The limitation is important because, for this case, the circle criterion is quite conservative and much of the benefit of NPD control comes with gains greater than could previously be proven to be stable. The stability of 3/sup rd/ order systems with nonlinear-stiffness PD control and gains exceeding the circle-criterion limit is established by demonstrating a Lyapunov function. The damping achieved by high-gain NPD control is demonstrated by simulation.
[Severe strongyloidiasis with pseudotumor pancreatic involvement. Clinical case].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report the first clinical case of a patient with a severe hyper infestation due to Strongyloides stercoralis who developed a pancreatic pseudotumoral complication. Its clinical aspects, auxiliary exams, therapeutic schedule, evolution and the roentgenographic, ultrasound and TAC images are shown in this paper.
Evidence for a specific glutamate/H/sup +/ cotransport in isolated mesophyll cells. [Asparagus sprengeri]

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Mechanically isolated Asparagus sprengeri Regel mesophyll cells were suspended in 1 millimolar CaSO/sub 4/. Immediate alkalinization of the medium occurred on the addition of 1 millimolar concentrations of L-glutamate (Glu) and its analog L-methionine-D,L-sulfoximine (L-MSO). D-Glu and the L isomers of the protein amino acids did not elicit alkalinization. L-Glu dependent alkalinization was transient and acidification resumed after approximately 30 to 45 minutes. At pH 6.0, 5 millimolar L-Glu stimulated initial rates of alkalinization that varied between 1.3 to 4.1 nmol H/sup +//10/sup 6/ cells minute. L-Glu dependent alkalinization was saturable, increased with decreasing pH, was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide-p-trichloromethoxyphenyl hydrazone (CCCP), and was not stimulated by light. Uptake of L-(U-/sup 14/C)glutamate increased as the pH decreased from 6.5 to 5.5, and was inhibited by L-MSO. L-Glu had no influence on K/sup +/ efflux. Although evidence for multiple amino acid/proton cotransport systems has been found in other tissues, the present report indicates that a highly specific L-Glu/proton uptake process is present in Asparagus mesophyll cells.
Classification and functions of sulfate activating complexes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The first step of intracellular sulfate activation,transfer of adenylyl moiety of ATP onto sulfate to produce adenosine 5’-phosphosulfate(APS) and pyrophosphate is an extremely unfavorable reaction catalyzed by ATP sulfurylase(ATPS;EC 2.7.7.4).It had been found that ATPS boosts APS synthesis by forming sulfate activating complexes(SACs) with enzyme(s) involving in sulfate assimilation.In this article,GTPase type SAC,APSK type SAC and APSR type SAC these three types SACs currently found were reviewed,and approaches evolved to promote synthesis of APS and current popular research areas were also discussed.
VALIDATION OF INAPPROPRIATE LEFT VENTRICULAR MASS DEFINED BY AMBULATORY SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE IN MULTICENTER REGISTRY STUDY DATABASE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Inappropriately high left ventricular mass (LVM) (ihLVM) was reported to be risk marker for cardiovascular event regardless of the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). But the prediction of LVM is limited by inaccurate calculation of stroke work (SW) using casual systolic blood pressure (SBP). We proposed revised prediction equation using ambulatory SBP to calculate SW which has not been validated. Design and method: For 1177 subjects among Korean ABPM registry in whom echocardiography data are available, observed/predicted ratios of LVM (OPR-LVM) was compared between the old method using casual SBP and revised method using Ambulatory SBP. LVM was calculated using Devereux equation. Predicted LVM was calculated by old method; 54.9 + 0.67*SW + 7.62 x height^2.7 −13.2 x sex and 43.11 + 0.61 x SW + 9.21 x height^2.7–13.99 x sex (male = 1, female = 2). Results: Age was 55.5 ± 14.2 and female was 48%. Casual SBP was 142.8 ± 20.5 mmHg and Ambulatory SBP was 135.4 ± 15.6 mmHg. BMI was 24.7 ± 3.2 and metabolic syndrome (MetS) was noted in 32.1%. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 88.8 ml/min/1.72m2 and clinical cardiovascular diseases were noted in 30.1%. For normal, ihLVM, appropriate (a) LVH, and ihLVH, 56.6%, 1.5%, 27.4%, and 14.5% in old method and 51.7%, 6.37%, 14.7%, and 27.2% for revised method (p < 0.0001). In stepwise multivariable regression analysis for OPR by revised method, age (beta = 0.072, p = 0.0002) and MetS (beta = 1.245, p = 0.0323) was significant in addition to OPR by old method. In untreated subjects(n = 751), age (beta = 0.067, p = 0.008) and MetS (beta = 3.214, p < 0.0001) were significant for higher OPR by revised method. But in treated subjects (n = 426), MetS (beta = −2.421, p = 0.0025) and eGFR (beta = −0.063, p = 0.0025) were significant. Conclusions: Compared with revised method, underestimation of OPR in untreated subject and overestimation of OPR by old method were related to MetS and age or eGFR. Because these factors are closely related to the BP and LVM, clinical value of OPR by revised method needs prospective study.