jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Influences of short-fibre-reinforced resin composite thickness and curing time on its hardness and depth of cure

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Short-fibre-reinforced resin composite has been recently proposed as a potential substructure in restorative dentistry. This study aimed to analyze the effect of short-fibre-reinforced resin composite (SFRC) thickness and curing time on its hardness and depth of cure (DoC). Twenty-four specimens of SFRC (EverX Posterior™) were prepared in cylindrical molds of 6 mm diameter and two different thicknesses (4 and 5 mm; n = 12 each). Each thickness group was cured with 2-mm light-curing distance at an irradiance of 800 mW/cm2 for 25 and 30 s (n = 6 each). Hardness was measured by Vickers hardness test, and DoC was obtained by calculating the hardness ratio of the bottom-to-top surface (%). Data were statistically analyzed by one-way analysis of variance. In conclusion, the thickness and curing time had significant effect on the hardness and DoC of SFRC as a substructure.
Function and operation of the Doublet III E-coil vacuum breaker system

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The ohmic heating system for the Doublet III fusion research device at General Atomic is required to provide the voltage for the initial breakdown phase (there is no preionization) along with the energy to drive the plasma current to a value of 2.5 MA or greater. This requires a peak one turn voltage of 250 volts (16 kV across coil terminals) and a magnetic flux swing of 5 volt-seconds (peak coil current of 110 kA). This voltage and flux swing is accomplished by reverse biasing the ohmic heating coil (E-coil) where, upon reaching a value of 110 ka the coil current is interrupted and commutated into a RC network producing 16 kV across the coil. The interrruption of the E-coil current is accomplished by the use of an array of vacuum circuit breakers (VCB's) and a counter plus network. A description is given of the ohmic heating circuit and the performance of the vacuum circuit breaker array and its counter pulse system. (MOW)
Probabilistic image segmentation with closedness constraints

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose a novel graphical model for probabilistic image segmentation that contributes both to aspects of perceptual grouping in connection with image segmentation, and to globally optimal inference with higher-order graphical models. We represent image partitions in terms of cellular complexes in order to make the duality between connected regions and their contours explicit. This allows us to formulate a graphical model with higher-order factors that represent the requirement that all contours must be closed. The model induces a probability measure on the space of all partitions, concentrated on perceptually meaningful segmentations. We give a complete polyhedral characterization of the resulting global inference problem in terms of the multicut polytope and efficiently compute global optima by a cutting plane method. Competitive results for the Berkeley segmentation benchmark confirm the consistency of our approach.
Study on the influence of the blade inlet area-to-impeller inlet area ratio on hydraulic performance under various specific speed conditions

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract To investigate the unknown effects of the relationship between the impeller inlet area and blade design on the hydraulic performance of centrifugal pumps at various specific speeds within typical rotating fluid equipment, this paper aims to conduct experiments on three types of pumps with different specific speeds ( n s =155, n s =125, and n s =88). The study analyzes how the S 1 /S 0 ratio, which represents the blade inlet area to impeller inlet area ratio, affects the hydraulic performance of different centrifugal impellers. Furthermore, it explores the changing patterns of how the S 1 /S 0 ratio influences the pump’s head and efficiency. The results indicate a recommended range of S 1 /S 0 ratios for centrifugal pumps optimized for efficiency at different speeds. When considering the impact on cavitation performance, it is suggested that the S 1 /S 0 ratio should not exceed the upper limit of this recommended range.
Molecular simulations of structures and solvation free energies of passivated gold nanoparticles in supercritical CO2

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The interfacial structures and solvation free energies of gold nanoparticles passivated by self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of fluorinated alkanethiols in supercritical CO2 (scCO2) have been studied by using classical molecular dynamics simulation. A fragment-based free-energy perturbation approach was developed here, in which the solvation free energy of passivated metal nanoparticles was partitioned into the contributions from the inner metal core and the outer SAM. This is a first-time attempt to directly simulate the solvation free energy of nano-objects in supercritical fluids. The simulation result suggests that the nanoparticles can be thermodynamically soluble at lower scCO2 density but insoluble at higher density. We have demonstrated that this density dependence of solvation free energy can be ascribed to the effect of the surface SAM in scCO2. The presence of solvent molecules greatly affects the morphology of SAM on nanoparticle. It was observed that increasing the chain length in SAM makes nanoparticles more solvophilic at lower scCO2 density or more solvophobic at higher density. This solvation thermodynamics behavior has been correlated with the specific solvation structure of scCO2 around the passivated nanoparticles.
Molecular evolution of Zika virus, an neglected emerging disease in Africa and Asia

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes isolated for the first time in Zika forest, Uganda in 1947 and repeatedly isolated in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia. Until 2000, only few human cases were reported but in 2007, the first major human outbreak was notified in Yap Island, Micronesia leading to 99 cases. Despite the widespread distribution of Zika virus, very limited information is available on the genetic relationship between the circulating strains. Therefore, we undertook a study on phylogeny and phylodynamics ZIKV in Africa and Asia. Partial and full length genome sequences of 38 strains from Senegal, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic and Malaysia were analysed. Phylogenetic reconstructions and datation were performed while recombination and viral population migrations were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis of the E, NS5 and NS5/3’NC gene showed two distinct ZIKV lineages circulating in Africa and a third lineage formed by the Micronesia and Malaysia strains. Besides, analysis of full length genome sequence allows identification of 5 recombinants isolates in Senegal and Ivory Coast. The 3 gene regions sequences evolved at a average rate of 7.74 x 10-4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. Using the same analysis, we inferred that the most recent common ancestor of all ZIKV samples could be trace 325 years ago. The virus may have arrived in West Africa around 300 years before the present. And the migration rates showed considerable movements of ZIKV between Senegal to Ivory Coast and also to the other countries of East and central Africa. In conclusion, our study confirms previous observations showing divergences between Africa ZIKV isolate from Asia and the evidence of recombinants strains. Asian strains may represent a divergent lineage related to a common ancestor with spread throughout Southeast Asia and the Pacific from Africa.
"I felt like a lonely person in the desert" : a case study on factors moderating interunit communication in multinational headquarters-subsidiary relationship

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

One of the biggest challenges for internationalizing businesses is to develop and maintain efficient internal communication processes across national and cultural borders. This thesis aims to examine what are the most important organizational structures and communicational practices for a successful multinational headquarters-subsidiary relationship, and what do the communicational practices, such as the mechanics of language use and interunit knowledge-transfer, imply about the efficiency of global co-operation. This study considers the experiences of one case company’s Finnish headquarters and Dutch subsidiary on internal communication in a crucial phase of internationalization. The data was collected by interviewing Finnish and Dutch managers and employees working in different positions in the case company. This method enabled an in-depth focus on the perceptions of interunit communication between the globally dispersed units. A qualitative, inductive research method was used in this study to allow the results to naturally emerge from the data while interpreting the phenomenon of interunit communication within a real-life setting of one company. The findings supported the prior research highlighting the multinational company as a knowledge-based network, and brought forth the importance of efficient knowledge-transfer processes as a competitive advantage of multinational companies. Contrary to prior research, the issue of cultural differences was not experienced as a significant risk for either interunit communication nor the headquarters-subsidiary relationship in this case company. However, diversity in languages and communicational practices was seen to hinder the interaction between the units. The results indicated that language and communication management were required specifically in the early phase of internationalization of the case company to be able to build a successful interunit relationship when aiming for both local responsiveness and global integration.
Impact of GRM: New evidence from the Soviet Union

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Gravity information released by the Soviet Union allows the quantitative assessment of how the geopotential research mission (GRM) mission might effect the ability to use global gravity data for continental tectonic interpretation. The information is of an isostatic response spectra for eight individual tectonic units in the USSR. The regions examined include the Caroathians, Caucasus, Urals, Pamirs, Tien-Shan, Altal, Chersky Ridge, and East Siberian Platform. The 1 deg x 1 deg gravity data are used to calculate the admittances are used in two different sorts of tectonic studies of mountain belts in the USSR: (1) interpretation of isostatic responses in terms of plate models of compensation for mountainous terrain. Using geologic information concerning time of the orogeny, lithospheric plates involved, and polarity of subduction in collision zones, they convert the best-fitting flexural rigidity to an elastic plate thickness for the lithospheric plate inferred to underlie the mountains; the isostatic admittance functions is an attempt to directly model gravity and topography data for a few select regions in the Soviet Union. By knowing the value of the expected correlation between topography and gravity from the admittances, the Artemjev's map in mountainous areas can be calibrated, and the maps are converted back to Bouguer gravity. This procedure is applied to the Caucasus and southern Urals.
PRIMO: A Full-Stack Processing-in-DRAM Emulation Framework for Machine Learning Workloads

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, the size of deep learning models has significantly increased, making the excessive memory access between the AI processor and DRAM a major bottleneck of the system. The processing-in-DRAM (DRAM-PIM) concept has emerged as a promising solution, which integrates computing logic within memory, thus saving abundant access to external memory. Although many simulators have been proposed to model and analyze the benefits of DRAM-PIM, they are often too slow to run an entire application. FPGA-based emulators have been introduced to overcome this limitation. However, none of the prior works include the full software stack from the model to DRAM-PIM hardware. This paper presents a full-stack processing-in-DRAM emulation framework named PRIMO, the first emulation framework that can model and analyze DRAM-PIM for end-to-end ML inference. PRIMO enables software developers to develop and test their customized software stacks on various ML workloads without requiring a real DRAM-PIM chip. Moreover, it allows designers to explore design space and monitor memory access patterns, facilitating software and hardware co-design for efficient DRAM-PIM architectures. To achieve these goals, we develop a real-time FPGA emulator that emulates DRAM-PIM architecture and generates experimental results such as predicted cycle information and computed output at incomparably high speeds compared to the CPU-based simulation. In addition, we propose a software stack comprising a PIM compiler that enables the execution of various ML workloads, including end-to-end inference, and a PIM driver that runs the workloads with high bandwidth utilization by leveraging virtual memory scatter-gather DMA. Finally, we demonstrate that PRIMO can successfully emulate DRAM-PIM 106.64-6093.56× faster than the CPU-based simulation framework for ML workloads ranging from small microbenchmarks to end-to-end inference of ResNets.
Data from: Good parenting may not increase reproductive success under environmental extremes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

For species exhibiting parental care, the way in which parents adjust care behaviour to compensate for environmental change potentially influences offspring survival and, ultimately, population viability. Using the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – a species in which males provide parental care by building and tending a nest and fanning the eggs – we examined how low dissolved oxygen (DO) levels affect paternal care, embryo development and survival. While levels of nest tending were unaffected by DO level, we found that larger males fanned their embryos more under low oxygen conditions. This resulted in faster rates of embryo development within the clutches of these larger males, but reduced embryo survival at 7d post-fertilisation compared to clutches of smaller males. Our results suggest that although parents may attempt to compensate for environmental change via alterations to care behaviour, their ability to do so can be dependent on parental phenotype. This sets up the potential for oxygen levels to act on the strength and direction of selection within populations. We discuss possible explanations for the surprising result that supposedly adaptive changes in care behaviour by large males (i.e. increased fanning) led to reduced embryo survival at 7d post-fertilisation, and whether, as a consequence, acute environmental conditions may have the potential to overwhelm selection on sexual traits.
P3.085 Syphilis on the Rise in Germany - is It Temporary or a New Trend?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background

Since 2001, laboratories in Germany are required to notify newly diagnosed cases of syphilis directly to the Robert Koch-Institut (RKI). The number of syphilis cases doubled 2001–04 to over 3000/year, remained stable until 2008 and decreased in 2009. Syphilis cases rose by 10% in 2010 and 22% in 2011. We analysed preliminary syphilis surveillance data from 2012 to assess whether this rise is continuing in 2012.

Methods

Laboratories anonymously notify syphilis diagnoses to RKI and physicians complete laboratory findings with clinical information. Potential double notifications were identified by comparing available demographic data, diagnosis date, antibody titers, and clinical information. Syphilis was defined as: direct detection by microscopic or histological examination; positive screening test plus confirmation tests and VDRL/KBR activity, detection of IgM antibodies or clinical information consistent with syphilis. We described syphilis cases by month of diagnosis, age, sex and area of residence. If available, we analysed the data by transmission category.

Results

Overall, 4380 cases were reported in 2012 (until 31.01.2013), corresponding to an 18.3% rise compared to 2011. The overall incidence was 5.3 per 100,000 inhabitants, with highest incidences in Cologne (28.0), Munich (22.7) and Berlin (20.6). The median number of monthly notified cases increased from 253 in 2010 to 374 in 212. Notified cases increased in 12/16 federal states. Of notified cases, 93.1% were from men. The increase in 2012 was higher in women (26.7%) than men (17.8%). The likely mode of transmission was available for 72.8% of cases; of these, 75.7% were men who have sex with men (MSM) and in 16.4% heterosexual transmission was reported.

Conclusion

Syphilis cases continue to increase since 2010, which is mainly attributable to MSM in large cities. Consistent condom use, early diagnosis and treatment are important to minimise the risk of syphilis and subsequently potential HIV transmission.
Measuring Code Optimization Impact on Voltage Noise

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract—In this paper, we characterize the impact of compiler optimizations on voltage noise. While intuition may suggest that the better processor utilization ensured by optimizing compilers results in a small amount of voltage variation, our measurements on a Intel R © CoreTM2 Duo processor show the opposite – the majority of SPEC 2006 benchmarks exhibit more voltage droops when aggressively optimized. We show that this increase in noise could be sufficient for a net performance decrease in a typical-case, resilient design. I.
Modelling the Assessment of Influence of Institutional Factors on the Learning Process of Future Business Managers

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The main purpose is to analyses the experience and the modelling of hierarchy of institutional factors that have their impact on the learning process and the formation of professional competence of business managers. The methodological basis is graph theory and hierarchical structuring methods. A graph is a set of points (vertices) and lines (edges), they are connected. We can also say that a graph is a set of points and lines at which the end of each belongs to a set of points. The data obtained make it possible to systematize the practical and theoretical achievements in the process of learning business managers and using the theory of graphs and the hierarchical ordering modelling, the priority of institutional factors influencing the learning process of business managers were established. The proposed modelling of the level of influence of institutional factors on the learning process of business managers is specific for the study area, since it used expert opinions of persons who are involved in the learning process of business managers. In the future, this simulation can be used for other sectors of higher education. This modelling of the impact of institutional factors can be used for higher education institutions that specialize in learning business managers.
Risk of COVID-19 reinfection and its severe complications in adults treated with long-term opioids for chronic non-cancer pain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Since December 2019, over 770 million cases and over 6.9 million deaths attributed to SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported globally. 1 The pandemic has disproportionately affected populations impacted by chronic health issues, including people with chronic non- cancer pain. 2,3 Research has shown the COVID-19 pandemic increased the burden of chronic pain, with worsened social isolation, economic stress, anxiety, and disrupted access to pain management contributing to this distress. 2,4,5 Pharmacological treatments, including long-term opioid therapy (LTOT), are a part of standard of care in chronic non-cancer pain, 6,7 with an increase in opioid medication use for managing chronic pain noted likely in compensation for stopping physical/psychological treatments due to the pandemic.
Comparative Ethnographic Narrative Analysis Method: Comparing Culture in Narratives

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Narrative data analysis aims to understand the stories’ content, structure, or function. However narrative data can also be used to examine how context influences self-concepts, relationship dynamics, and meaning-making. This methodological paper explores the potential of narrative analysis to discover and compare the processes by which culture shapes selfhood and meaning making. We describe the development of the Comparative Ethnographic Narrative Analysis Method as an analytic procedure to systematically compare narrators’ experiences, meaning making, decisions, and actions across cultures. This analytic strategy seeks to discover shared themes, examine culturally distinct themes, and illuminate meta-level cultural beliefs and values that link shared themes. We emphasize the need for a shared research question, comparable samples, shared non-biased instruments, and high-fidelity training if one uses this qualitative method for cross-cultural research. Finally, specific issues, trouble-shooting practices, and implications are discussed.
Protective Mechanism of Rice-Derived Lipids and Glucosylceramide in an In Vitro Intestinal Tract Model

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We previously reported that the ethanol extract from polished rice suppresses inflammation and the formation of aberrant crypt foci in the mouse colon and particularly focused on the plant sphingolipid glucosylceramide (GlcCer). Here, we investigated the effects of rice lipid fractions and GlcCer on differentiated Caco-2 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in particular, we evaluated the mechanism of action of GlcCer using related substances and metabolic enzyme inhibitors. Rice-derived polar lipids suppressed the LPS-induced reduction in the number of cells. The polar lipids with higher GlcCer content exerted a better effect than the other fractions. GlcCer-related substances reversed the LPS-induced reduction in the number of cells, and GlcCer-metabolic inhibitors, including a sphingosine kinase inhibitor, suppressed the beneficial effects of GlcCer-related substances. These results suggest that GlcCer is a rice component with intestinal protection. Secondly, GlcCer is metabolized during inflammation and protects intestinal cells by maintaining the sphingolipid levels in cells and producing sphingoid base-1-phosphate.
Anarchism and syndicalism in the colonial and postcolonial world, 1870–1940: the praxis of national liberation, internationalism, and social revolution

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

edited by Steven Hirsch and Lucien van der Walt, Leiden, Brill, 2010, 431 pp., €109.00 (hbk), ISBN 978 9 0041 8849 5 In the current age of austerity, when global corporations dominate the flow of c...
Implantation underneath the abdominal anterior rectus sheath enables effective and functional engraftment of hPSC-islets

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived islets (hPSC-islets) are a promising alternative to primary human islets for the treatment of insulin-deficient diabetes1-3. We previously demonstrated the feasibility of this approach in nonhuman primates. However, the therapeutic effects of hPSC-islets can be limited by the maladaptive processes at the transplantation site. Here, we demonstrate successfully implantation of hPSC-derived islets in a new transplantation site in the abdomen, the sub-anterior rectus sheath, in eight nonhuman primates. In this proof-of-principle study, we find that hPSC-islets survive and gradually mature after transplantation, leading to improved glycemic control in diabetic primates. The in situ gene expression analysis of hPSC-islet grafts under anterior rectus sheath in Monkey 5 and 6 using Stereo-seq. In human grafts, we observed the expression and enrichment of islet hormones, canonical islet-enriched transcription factors and genes involved in insulin processing, insulin secretion, glucose metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation, and ion channel.