jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Omega-3 Fatty Acids EPA and DHA, as a Part of a Murine High-Fat Diet, Reduced Lipid Accumulation in Brown and White Adipose Tissues

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Excess energy intake can trigger an uncontrolled inflammatory response, leading to systemic low-grade inflammation and metabolic disturbances that are hypothesised to contribute to cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are suggested to mitigate this inflammatory response, but the mechanisms are unclear, especially at the tissue level. Adipose tissues, the first tissues to give an inflammatory response, may be an important target site of action for EPA and DHA. To evaluate the effects of EPA and DHA in white and brown adipose tissues, we fed male C57Bl/6J mice either a high fat diet (HFD) with 5% corn oil, an HFD with 40% of the corn oil substituted for purified EPA and DHA triglycerides (HFD-ED), or normal chow, for 8 weeks. Fatty acid profiling and transcriptomics were used to study how EPA and DHA affect retroperitoneal white and brown adipose tissues. HFD-ED fed mice showed reduced lipid accumulation and levels of the pro-inflammatory fatty acid arachidonic acid in both white and brown adipose tissues, compared with HFD-corn oil fed animals. The transcriptomic analysis showed changes in β-oxidation pathways, supporting the decreased lipid accumulation in the HFD-ED fed mice. Therefore, our data suggests that EPA and DHA supplementation of a high fat diet may be anti-inflammatory, as well as reduce lipid accumulation in adipose tissues.
Computational aeroacoustics: The low speed jet

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Low speed circular, elliptic and planar jets are investigated computationally for basic sound generation and hydrodynamics. The jets are assumed to be incompressible and are simulated using the large eddy simulation (LES) approach. The emitted sound is calculated using Lighthill’s acoustic analogy. Two formulations are used, Lighthill’s stress tensor formulation and Powell’s vortex sound formulation. A new boundary correction for Powell’s formulation is developed in order to account for the finite size of the computational domain. Low to moderate Reynolds number jets are simulated. Good agreement with known hydrodynamic results is achieved. This includes the nature of the transition process, e.g. enhanced mixing and axis switching in the elliptic jet and in some statistical results. The new boundary correction for Powell’s formulation proves to be vital in order to achieve good agreement with Lighthill’s formulation. Some success in high frequency prediction at least for the circular and elliptic jets is achieved in terms of getting the expected asymptotic behaviour. Both formulations show that the elliptic jet noise level is mildly lower than the circular jet noise level. Good to very good agreement is achieved in terms of directivities and frequency spectra with known results for the various jets.
Grid Benefit Analysis Considering the Correlation Between Load Characteristics and Electricity Price

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The existing investment analysis of the engineering projects lacks a comprehensive consideration from the correlation between load characteristics and electricity price. With the implementation of the policy of reducing price and burden, it is very important to analyze the sustainable development of power grid enterprises according to the investment of power grid. This paper mainly discusses the method of calculating the comprehensive benefit considering the load characteristics. First of all, taking economic benefit, technical benefit and social benefit aspects into consideration, a comprehensive index system is proposed to describe the characteristics of those projects; Secondly, according to the different functions, namely Meet the Demand of New Load, Power Out Engineering, Substation Sending Out, based on the method of involving Analytic Hierarchy Process and Entropy Weight, a combination weight strategy is proposed accounting of the differences functions of distribution power grids projects; Finally, a new concept called investment entropy is pointed out to measure the relationship between benefit and investment structure. Taking the data of the State Grid Hunan Electric Power Corporation from 2012 to 2016, the analysis results show that this evaluation method can effectively analyze the correlation between the load characteristics and electricity price.
Multivalent immune complexes divert FcRn to lysosomes by exclusion from recycling sorting tubules

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The neonatal receptor for immunoglobulin G (IgG; FcRn) prevents IgG degradation by efficiently sorting IgG into recycling endosomes and away from lysosomes. When bound to IgG-opsonized antigen complexes, however, FcRn traffics cargo into lysosomes, where antigen processing can occur. Here we address the mechanism of sorting when FcRn is bound to multivalent IgG-opsonized antigens. We find that only the unbound receptor or FcRn bound to monomeric IgG is sorted into recycling tubules emerging from early endosomes. Cross-linked FcRn is never visualized in tubules containing the unbound receptor. Similar results are found for transferrin receptor, suggesting a general mechanism of action. Deletion or replacement of the FcRn cytoplasmic tail does not prevent diversion of trafficking to lysosomes upon cross-linking. Thus physical properties of the lumenal ligand–receptor complex appear to act as key determinants for sorting between the recycling and lysosomal pathways by regulating FcRn entry into recycling tubules.
Sartre and the Press

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Sartre's involvement in the press was a natural, logical development of his writing activities in other spheres. Between 1944 and 1980, Sartre produced numerous articles and gave many interviews for the daily and periodical press relating both to his own work and to his current views on the national and international political situation. It is, of course, important to stress initially that, unlike Nizan, unlike Aron, Sartre at no stage in his development was a regular contributor to a specific newspaper/ periodical. There is nothing in Sartre's output that is comparable to Nizan's journalistic contributions to L'Humanité and Ce Soir, or to Aron's contributions to Le Figaro and L'Express, for example. Sartre perceived the press as a forum for cultural intervention at opportune moments, rather than as a privileged textual site for regular political commentary. Although Sartre's contributions to Les Temps Modernes are both impressive and significant, they are of a different order to the daily and weekly journalism of Nizan and Aron.
Does the aspiration of lamp oil increase the alveolar diffusion barrier for oxygen? proving clinical findings in an in-vitro alveolar space chamber experiment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Based on a Federal Institute for RiskAssessment (BfR) detailed analysis (57,093 reports between 1990-2008) of aspiration cases with liquid preparations, the aspiration risk is clearly associated with the ingestion of distinct aliphatic hydrocarbons with a chain length from C8 to C16. These are the main compounds of paraffin-containing lamp oils, grill lighters and kerosene. Based on their typical lowviscosity, low surface tension and low vapour pressure these substances can enter the deep spaces of the lung. More than 320 serious cases and five deaths of children have been documented in the BfR since 1990 with the typical signs of lack of oxygenation, giving strong clinical indications for an oxygen intra-alveolar diffusion barrier effect. To prove this hypothesis, the intraalveolar surface and the oxygen transfer was simulated in an in vitro Alveolar Space Chamber (ASC) experiment. Methods: A gas-tight Plexiglass-measuring chamber (diameter 115 mm, height 115 mm, wallthickness 15 mm) was half-filled with fluorocarbon(FC-43) to generate a liquid-gas surface to simulate the alveolar surface. The oxygen-transport through the surface was measured in the bottom liquid part of the chamber by a Unisense oxygen micro sensor,connected to a high-sensitivity Pico-ammeter. Results:The results of the experiments revealed that the alveolar surfactant can be considered as a strong accelerator to the oxygen transfer into the liquid space of the capillary lung system. In contrast to these findings, generated microfilms of lamp oils reduce the transfer of oxygen through the surface to a high extent (minimum 9-15fold). Transferring these findings to the clinical course of the documented serious lamp oil aspiration, the ASC-experiment could give clear indications of the pathophysiological mechanism. The characteristic physico-chemical properties of ingested lamp oils gives these liquids the capacity to spread deep into the lung, and finally into the alveolar spaces with the effect of building up a persistent diffusion barrier for oxygen.This could explain the severe asphyxia and deathd ocumented in BfR cases. Conclusion: The ASC experiment gives a plausible understanding of the clinical findings in cases of serious lamp oil aspirations.The experiment is currently being extended to find new additional therapeutic tasks in cases of severe aspiration.
Amazonia revealed: forest degradation and loss of ecosystem goods and services in the Amazon Basin

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Amazon Basin is one of the world's most important bioregions, harboring a rich array of plant and animal species and offering a wealth of goods and services to society. For years, ecological science has shown how large-scale forest clearings cause declines in biodiversity and the availability of forest products. Yet some important changes in the rainforests, and in the ecosystem services they provide, have been underappreciated until recently. Emerging research indicates that land use in the Amazon goes far beyond clearing large areas of forest; selective logging and other canopy damage is much more pervasive than once believed. Deforestation causes collateral damage to the surrounding forests – through enhanced drying of the forest floor, increased frequency of fires, and lowered productivity. The loss of healthy forests can degrade key ecosystem services, such as carbon storage in biomass and soils, the regulation of water balance and river flow, the modulation of regional climate patterns, and the amelioration of infectious diseases. We review these newly revealed changes in the Amazon rainforests and the ecosystem services that they provide.
Lipid stability of egg and laying performance of Japanese quail feed with extract of guava (Psidium guajava L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two experiments were conducted in order to evaluate the effect of dietary inclusion of guava extract on laying performance and lipid stability of egg of Japanese quails. For the first experiment, 384 Japanese quails with 42 days old were distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0.0; 3.0; 6.0; 9.0 g.kg-1 guava extract), 6 replicates, and 16 birds/replicate. The experimental period lasted 84 days, divided into 4 cycles of 21 days. The parameters evaluated were: feed consumption, egg production, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, egg weight, and egg internal and external qualities. On the second experiment, 400 eggs from Japanese quails fed with diets containing four levels of guava extract were distributed in a completely randomized design with a 4x4 factorial arrangement (guava extract levels and storage time: 0, 9, 18, 27 days) with 5 replicates. Analysis of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was performed on egg yolks. Data were submitted to regression analysis, using α=0.05. On the first experiment, the laying performance parameters were not influenced by the inclusion of guava extract in the feed, and eggshell thickness decreased linearly. On the second experiment an interaction was observed between the studied factors, affecting lipid oxidation in egg yolks. At nine days of storage, there was a quadratic effect of levels of dietary guava extract on lipid oxidation of yolk, being observed that using 4.8 g.kg-1 of guava extract on feed results in less lipid oxidation.
Data for evaluating drugs is often poor, say experts

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Evidence based medicine is moving from relatively simple questions about a drug's safety and effectivenesss to thornier questions of relative clinical effectiveness and cost effectiveness, international experts agreed at a meeting last week. The experts, from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Germany, had assembled to discuss these issues with congressional and policy staff in Washington, DC.

“While there is a lot of data out there, unfortunately it is often very poor,” said Dr Peter Littlejohns, director of the UK's National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. …
Characterization of Tumble Motion in SI Engines: A New Parameter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A well-timed turbulence due to tumble in SI engines is found to be of substantial benefit to the engine combustion process. A mean flow analysis of tumble motion in conjunction with k-ε turbulence model has been developed to provide a detailed mechanism for turbulence enhancement due to tumble. Considering that the tumble phenomenon is highly geometry dependant, an attempt is made to relate tumble-generated turbulence to the parameters relating to intake conditions and combustion chamber geometry. Finally, a new parameter ‘vortex life span’ has been proposed to characterize tumble and its turbulence, which globally encompasses intake and combustion chamber related features. The sensitivity of this parameter is demonstrated at various operating conditions. It is found that the ‘vortex life span’ has an inverse relationship with commonly measured BDC tumble ratio and is more sensitive to the chamber geometry effects.
Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Investigation of CO Adsorption on Hydrated Ru/Al2O3

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The adsorption of CO on hydrated 5 wt % Ru/Al2O3 produced νCO absorbance features at ∼2048, 1992, and 1924 cm-1 that are red-shifted by 50−116 cm-1 from those seen in the absence of water (2020−2040, 2080, and 2140 cm-1). This red-shift most likely arises from dipole−dipole interaction between coadsorbed CO and water molecules since (1) the exact frequency of the νCO absorbance feature depends upon the amount of coadsorbed water and (2) the presence of flowing liquid water further red-shifts the frequencies. These νCO absorbance features are uncorrelated, since the relative intensities of the νCO absorbances at 2049, 1992, and 1924 cm-1 depend on the amount of coadsorbed water and CO on the surface. Temperature programmed desorption done with TGA-MS indicated three different high-temperature CO2 desorption peaks. These CO2 peaks (T ≈ 350, 400, and 550 °C) are most likely the result of the oxidation of adsorbed CO reacting with surface adsorbed water (COads + H2Oads → H2 + CO2) and/or the disproportionation of CO (2CO → Cads + CO2). These high-temperature CO2 desorption peaks suggest that CO strongly adsorbs to hydrated 5 wt % Ru/Al2O3 catalysts. This is corroborated by the fact that intensities of the νCO absorbance features do not decrease in the presence of flowing liquid water.
Optimal dispatching method for smoothing power fluctuations of the wind-photovoltaic-battery hybrid generation system

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The combination operation of wind-photovoltaic-battery hybrid power system brings a new challenge to the traditional generation dispatching. Based on the operating status of energy storage, the forecast of wind power and photovoltaic power output, this paper focuses on the optimization of the day-ahead generation scheduling of the wind-photovoltaic-battery hybrid power system. An active power dispatching model is built to maximize the profit of hybrid power system where kinds of operating constraints are considered. To realize the smoothness of generated power, the punishment of multi-point coupling fluctuations of generating curve is added to the optimization objective. The model proposed is solved by a linear programming optimization algorithm. Simulation results indicate that the output characteristic of hybrid power system is similar to the conventional power system. Thus, it greatly improved the integration capacity of intermittent energy.
Synthesis of Mono N-Substituted Guanylthioureas

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A convenient method for the synthesis of mono N-substituted guanylthioureas in reasonable yields from readily available starting materials has been developed. In contrast to the previously published method, the use of highly noxious hydrogen sulfide is avoided. The method allows the rapid preparation of guanylthioureas since the synthesis of each requires only a single step from a common intermediate, the S-methylated derivative of dithiobiuret.
Digital and Cephalic Vasomotor Orienting Responses to Indifferent, Signal, and Verbal Stimuli

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Both digital and cephalic components of the vasomotor orienting response (VOR) were studied with the use of a habituation procedure. A habituation criterion of 8 nonresponses on 10 successive trials was used with respect to the digital vasomotor responses. All 12 subjects received the three stimulus conditions: a) a tone of moderate intensity (60 dB, 500 Hz, 10‐sec duration) as an indifferent stimulus (IS), b) the same tone as a signal stimulus (SS) for clenching the hand, and c) a verbal stimulus (VS) for clenching the hand but no tone. The SS condition followed the IS condition, and the VS condition was administered either preceding the IS or following the SS condition. The tone produced a decrease in the digital blood volume and an increase in the cephalic blood volume which habituated more slowly under the SS condition. However, the VOR was weakened significantly faster in the digital than in the cephalic component. Different measures of habituation rate, including the max‐rate score, were used and the outcomes were compared.
A Rare Case of Ischemic Enteritis Presenting as Obscure Overt Bleeding

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ischemic enteritis (IE) is defined as hypoperfusion of the mesenteric vessels to the small bowels and is a rare diagnosis due to rich collateral vasculature. IE typically presents with nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting and rarely presents with melena. Risk factors include hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart disease and atherosclerosis. IE is difficult to diagnose as no set diagnostic criteria exists and endoscopiy is often not the first line of work up for patients who present with these symptoms. We report an atypical presentation of ischemic enteritis, which has rarely been documented endoscopically. A 78-year old male presented with chest pain and was found to have a myocardial infarction. His medical history included hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and right-sided heart failure. His hospital course was complicated by acute respiratory failure, secondary to cardiogenic shock, requiring intubation. Over 24 hours, he developed maroon colored stools with hemoglobin dropping from 7.6 g/dL to 6.6 g/dL, prompting endoscopic evaluation. Colonoscopy revealed blood clots in the terminal ileum, cecum and ascending colon with a patchy, erosive appearance concerning for ischemic colitis. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed stress gastropathy. Neither upper or lower endoscopy identified a source of bleeding. Small bowel capsule endoscopy showed ulcerations in the proximal small bowel. Single balloon enteroscopy revealed a large, circumferential ulceration in the jejunum, 40 centimeters in length, shallow, irregular and without heaped borders. Pathology of the biopsied ulcer revealed fragments of inflamed granulation tissue with no overt microorganisms, viral changes, granulomas or malignancy seen. The ulceration was likely a result of ischemic enteritis, given the macroscopic and microscopic findings and a clinical diagnosis of ischemic cardiomyopathy. Endoscopic therapy was not done, as the bleeding was noted to occur in a multi-focal distribution. Despite aggresive medical management, the patient failed numerous weaning trials, had a progressive decline in nutritional status and was transitioned to hospice care.Figure 1Figure 2Ischemic enteritis is a rare condition and the presentation as an obscure-overt GI bleed is of greater rarity given that nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain are the most common symptoms. Endoscopic findings include circumferential stenosis with thickening of the walls and histologic characteristics include inflammatory cell infiltration. A majority of patients with IE develop multi-organ failure, sepsis and ultimately succumb to death. Thus, when encountering a patient with risk factors for ischemia in the setting of obscure overt bleeding, IE should be highly considered. In this case, balloon enteroscopy was vital in diagnosis and also captured images infrequently reported in the medical literature.
Supplemental Table 2 from Phase I/II Trial of Exportin 1 Inhibitor Selinexor plus Docetaxel in Previously Treated, Advanced <i>KRAS</i>-Mutant Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplemental Table 2. Treatment-emergent adverse events occurring in at least 10% of the overall cohort according to dose level of selinexor.</p>
SELF-EXPANDABLE METAL STENTS IN PATIENTS WITH MALIGNANT BOWEL OBSTRUCTION: A SINGLE TERTIARY CENTER EXPERIENCE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Bowel obstruction is possible, but not a frequent tumor complication. Self-expandable metal stent (SEMS) placing is of high importance for solving this condition. It could be used as a bridge to surgery (BTS) or for palliative approach when surgery is not an option. Aim: To present the experience of a single tertiary center in SEMS usage from 2010 to 2016. An important step forward was made when SEMS replaced the previously used conventional surgical management of bowel obstruction. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study of self-expandable metal stents inserted by a single endoscopist in our center. Searching our clinical database 46 patients with SEMS were identified. We performed analysis of patients' demographic characteristics, as well as, analysis of the type of stents used, placement success rate, and number and type of complications. Results: SEMS was placed in 46 patients. 30 patients were male (65.2%). The median age was 74 years, range from 43 to 88 years. We divided our patients into two categories: BTS and palliative purpose. The most common stent positioning was rectum in 37% of patients (n=17). Other localizations were: right-sided colon 4.3% (n=2), ascendens 17.4% (n=8), transverse colon 4.3% (n=2), left colon 4.3% (n=2), sigmoid 21.7% (n=10) and rectosigmoid 10.9% (n=5). Most of SEMS used (56.4%) were 10 cm in length. Other stent dimensions were 5, 8 and 12 cm. To deduce, stent placing solved obstruction problems in all 46 patients (100%), while simultaneously the complication incidence was low. The most frequent early complication was perforation (n=4), while the most common late complication was restenosis (n=2). Conclusion: Our experience gained during a six year period confirmed that use of SEMS has provided an important improvement in malignant bowel obstruction management with its less invasive and simpler to use technique followed by a rather low complication rate.