jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Production of Pectinase and Cellulase by Cladosporium cucumerinum with Dissolved Carbohydrates and Isolated Cell Walls of Cucumber as Carbon Sources

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The scab fungus Cladosporium cucumerinum can use pectins and polygalacturonic acid as sole sources of carbon. Cellulose and Ca‐polygalacturonate are not available carbon sources for the fungus. When growing on sucrose or pectin, pectinase is produced. In these cases the production of cellulase is insignificant. On a mixture of pectin and carboxymethylcellulose also cellulase is produced. Both pectinase and cellulase are released into the culture filtrate when the fungus grows on cell walls without ionic proteins, whereas only cellulase is released when cell walls with ionic proteins are the carbon source. Pectinase produced by the pathogen can bind to isolated cell walls. The bound pectinase can be extracted with 1 M NaCl from cell walls without ionic proteins, but not from cell walls with ionic proteins. A water‐extract or 1 M NaCl‐extract of cucumber hypocotyls with visible disease symptoms contains cellulase but no pectinase activity. Lack of pectinase activity in the 1 M NaCl‐extract may be due to inhibition by a component that could be extracted by NaCl from the cucumber cell walls.
THE INFLUENCE OF KAPOK (Ceiba pentandra) SEED OIL SUPPLEMENTATION ON CELLULOLYTIC ENZYME AND RUMEN MICROBIAL FERMENTATION ACTIVITY OF LOCAL SHEEP

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This research was conducted to study the influence of kapok seed oil (KSO) supplementation oncellulolytic enzyme and microbial fermentation activity. Sheep rumen fluid was used as enzyme sourceand inoculant, whereas carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was used as the substrate. There were 4 levels ofKSO supplementation as treatment, i.e. : 0% (T0), 5% (T1), 10% (T2), and 15% (T3). Two measuredvariables were reduced sugar production rate and gas fermentation production. The data were analyzedby analysis of variance in completely randomized design. The result showed that reduced sugarproduction rate in T0, T1, T2 and T3 treatment groups were 2.58; 2.93; 2.08 and 1.58 mg/gCMC/minute, respectively, whereas gas production were : 15.97; 13.26; 10.54 and 7.57 mg/g CMC,respectively. Kapok seed oil supplementation up to 5% DM of cellulose substrate (CMC) did notinfluence the ruminal cellulolytic enzyme activity. The KSO supplementation level 10% - 15%decreased the ruminal cellulolytic enzyme activity.
Semantic Web resources and Machine Learning systems - Knowledge Graph (SWeMLS-KG)

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This resource is part of our submission to ESWC 2023 resource track, which includes: Datasets:
- Folder "pattern" - a set of SWeMLS patterns represented based on OPMW and P-Plan ontology,
- Folder "shapes" - a set of SHACL constraints to check the conformance of SWeML Systems against SWeMLS patterns as well as a set of SHACL-AF rules to generate links between system components,
- File "swemls-ontology.ttl" - an ontology to represent Semantic Web resources and Machine Learning systems (SWeMLS),
- File "swemls-instances.ttl" - a set of triples representing the extracted metadata from 476 SWeML systems and papers,
- File "swemls-kg.ttl" - an integrated and validated KG containing all above files, including enrichment from SHACL-AF rules using "swemls-toolkit" [2]. These resources are produced based on the result of the Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) reported in [1]. The latest SNAPSHOT-version of the resource can be accessed through our resource landing page: https://w3id.org/semsys/sites/swemls-kg/ [1] Breit, A., Waltersdorfer, L., Ekaputra, J.F., Sabou, M., Ekelhart, A., Iana, A., Paulheim, H., Portisch, J., Revenko, A., Ten Teije, A., van Harmelen, F.: Combining Machine Learning and Semantic Web -A Systematic Mapping Study (under review). ACM CSUR (2022)
[2] Source code of swemls-toolkit is available at: https://github.com/semanticsystems/swemls-toolkit
Phylogeny and Biogeography of Iguanodontian Dinosaurs, with Implications from Ontogeny and an Examination of the Function of the Fused Carpal-Digit I Complex

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new phylogeny of iguanodontian is presented, based on a character matrix of 323 characters, over half of which are drawn from the postcranial skeleton. This was analyzed using both parsimony and time-calibrated Bayesian methods. These produce largely congruent results among Dryosauridae and Ankylopollexia, with two small groups among basal ankylopollexians: Iguanodontidae and an unnamed clade. The holotype of Mantellisaurus is recovered as the sister taxon to RBINS 1551, the holotype of “Dollodon”, supporting the suggestion that the latter is a junior subjective synonym of the former. In both analyses, Rhabdodontidae is expanded to include Tenontosaurus and Muttaburrasaurus. The topology in the basal portion of the tree (pectinate in the parsimony tree and bifurcating in the Bayesian tree) indicates that there is not a strong phylogenetic signal; more work is necessary to resolve this portion of the tree. A method for incorporating juvenile specimens into a phylogeny with adult taxa is discussed. Ontogenetic sequences from taxa across the area of interest are examined, forming a phylogenetic bracket. For these taxa, juvenile specimens and adults are considered as separate OTUs, and characters which differ between juvenile and adult specimens for any taxon are considered ontogenetically sensitive characters. These characters are then coded as unknown for any OTU known only from juvenile specimens, as the adult state is unknown, and is likely to differ from the observed state in the juvenile. When this technique is used, juvenile specimens of Hypacrosaurus and Dryosaurus are recovered at the same node as their respective adult specimens. Orodromeus, however, is not, and substituting the juvenile specimen results in significant changes to the topology in that area. However, this is in the poorly resolved basal region of the tree. When there is a strong phylogenetic signal and a tree is reasonably well resolved, this method is able to accurately place juvenile specimens in a phylogeny. Doing so recovers the undescribed juvenile specimens from the Kirkwood Formation of South Africa as a Dryosaurid. The biomechanics of the fused carpals and first digit of basal ankylopollexians is examined using Finite Element (FE) analysis. This fusion occurred concomitantly with a shift to quadrupedality, and an enlargement of the ungual of the first digit; this study explores whether either of these factors may have served as a driver of carpal-digit I fusion. The initial elements to fuse (the radiale and metacarpal I) may have helped distribute the load from a quadrupedal stance through metacarpal I in Camptosaurus. In the more derived Barilium, effective stresses are more evenly distributed under ungual loading than in Camptosaurus, largely due to the increased proximal-distal depth of the carpal block. Thus, there were likely multiple factors involved in the evolution of this enigmatic structure.
Re-Calibrating the Mercury-Intrusion-Porosimetry-Measured Pore Size Distribution of Coals: A Novel Method for Calculating the Matrix Compression Coefficient

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Accurate measurement of the pore size distribution (PSD) in coals is crucial for guiding subsequent coalbed methane (CBM) engineering practice. Currently, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) measurement has been widely used as a PSD testing method due to its effectiveness and convenience. Nevertheless, it is worth noting that the elevated pressure during the MIP experiments can lead to matrix compressibility, potentially causing inaccurate estimations of PSD in coals. Therefore, correction methods are used to modify the PSD in the high-pressure segment to improve the accuracy of MIP data. This study proposed a novel method with higher accuracy and convenience for calculating the matrix compressibility coefficient compared to the traditional calculation methods. Firstly, the matrix compressibility coefficients of six coal samples were calculated by using low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (LTNA) data. Subsequently, by utilizing the mathematical correlation between Kc (the compressibility coefficient of the coal matrix) and Ro,max (the maximum vitrinite reflectance) from prior research, a novel statistical method was designed to determine the matrix compressibility coefficient of the samples. Finally, the statistical matrix compressibility coefficient determination method was used to examine the fractal characteristics of the actual PSD. The results indicate that when the pressure exceeds 24 MPa, the volume obtained from mercury intrusion exceeds the pore volume measurement. The Kc calculated using the traditional correction method is in the range of 0.876–1.184 × 10−10 m2/N, while the Kc values of our proposed statistical correction method range from 0.898 × 10−10 to 1.233 × 10−10 m2/N, with a comparison error rate of ~0.11–5.25%. The MIP data greater than 24 MPa were effectively corrected using the statistical correction method, thus reducing the mercury intrusion volume error by 91.75–96.40%. Additionally, the corrected pore fractal dimension (D2) values fall within the range of 2.792 to 2.975, which are closer to the actual values than the pore fractal dimension range of 3.186 to 3.339.
Study on Bus Traffic Flow Character at Bus Stops Based on Statistical Model

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

公交停靠站是城市公共交通系统的重要组成部分,公交停靠站不仅关系到公共交通运输的质量和效率,而且影响公共交通的运行质量和城市环境.本文采用人工计数法对哈尔滨市东大直街公交停靠站的公交车到达时间、服务时间、机动车流量进行统计,运用数理统计法整理调查数据,采用概率统计模型拟合了公交车辆到迭和服务时间的分布特性,给出了分布拟合函数.
Detection of Francisella tularensis and analysis of bacterial growth in ticks in Japan

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Francisella tularensis has been detected in ticks, suggesting that it is a tick-borne pathogen. However, F. tularensis has not been detected in ticks in Japan since 1991. In this study, we performed a large-scale analysis of DNA isolated from ticks in Japan and detected F. tularensis by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR. We found that F. tularensis could survive in ticks based on an experimental tick-infection model. We also identified a bacterial factor that contributes to survival in ticks. Our results suggest that ticks are candidate vectors that mediate F. tularensis infection in Japan.
The challenges surrounding preclinical testing in transcatheter device development and the implications on the clinic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transcatheter devices have contributed significantly to the advances achieved in treating many cardiovascular conditions over the last few decades. Sophisticated and detailed preclinical testing is not only a regulatory requirement to support an investigational device exemption (IDE) application, but more crucially its success and accuracy is needed to safeguard patients during the subsequent clinical testing stages. Areas covered: This article covers the regulatory background as well as specific considerations related to pre-clinical testing of transcatheter devices. Expert commentary: The lifecycle of a device is complex, but the period of commercialization may be short with little time for manufacturers to recuperate the costs associated with device development and (pre) clinical testing. Regulatory bodies such as the FDA require comprehensive data on pre-clinical testing prior to considering approval of an investigational device exemption to start trials in humans, which should include some data on safety and efficacy of a device. Preclinical testing needs to evaluate a variety of factors, such biocompatibility, material performance, durability, toxicology, particulation, protection against user error and device malfunction, potential hazards, and many more.
Human security and global governance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Human security, like all security, is a contested concept. That is, it is construed and represented in a subjective fashion, in parallel with all other matters claimed to be security issues by virtue of the language used. If realism engages weakly with a narrow interpretation of human security, defined loosely as—but limited tightly by—the idea of damage to civilians occurring as a consequence of political violence, it effectively rejects the broader imaginings of what human security can and does mean. Human security can be enhanced through reverse engineering: of the policies of global governance which preventably incur mass lethality. Global governance and neo-liberalism have long advocated and authorised, to the exclusion of local solutions, transnational corporations to privatise and render efficient otherwise inefficient state delivery of biopoverty essentials such as water. This chapter presents a consideration of human security revolving around biopoverty. Biopoverty is the avoidable absence of resources—nutrition, medicine, water, sanitation, vaccination—without which civilians die unnecessarily.
Hydroxychloroquine for the Prevention of Covid-19 - Searching for Evidence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), has generated a worldwide pandemic. The interruption of its spread depends on a combination of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions. Initial SARSCoV-2 prevention includes social distancing, the use of face masks, environmental hygiene, and hand washing.1 Although the most important pharmacologic interventions to prevent SARSCoV-2 infection are likely to be vaccines, the repurposing of established drugs for short-term prophylaxis is another, more immediate option.
Effects of Exercise Intervention on Falls Risk Score in Aging Adults with History of Falling

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Falls are the leading cause of death by injury and most common cause of nonfatal injuries among adults 65 years and older in the United States. Current evidence suggests that at least 1 in 3 persons 65 years and older will experience a fall each year. Modifiable risk factors such as muscle weakness, mobility, and balance have been identified. Therefore, it is important to identify interventions that can positively alter the risk factors and decrease falls risk. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of an exercise intervention on falls risk in aging adults with a history of falling. METHODS: Twenty-two aging adults (74.41±7.57 years; 1.62±.10 m; 78.58±19.20 kg) with a falls history (Fallers) completed this study. An 8-week intervention program utilizing the LEBED method, a dance therapy program, was implemented for 1 hour, twice per week, and attendance was recorded at each session. A Faller was defined as a participant who had fallen within the year prior to the study. Falls risk scores (FRS) were calculated using the NeuRA FallScreen® Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) at pre- and post-intervention. The components that make up the composite FRS include proprioception, leg strength, balance, reaction time, and visual acuity. Pre- and post-intervention FRS were compared. A repeated measures ANCOVA for pre- and post-assessment data with attendance as a covariate was conducted (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The average attendance during the 8-week intervention was 73.6±15.4%. There was no statistical significant difference between pre- (1.39±0.91) and post-assessment (1.66±1.43, p>0.05) FRS. CONCLUSIONS: This study compared pre- and post-assessment FRS in aging adults after an 8-week dance therapy intervention. Results indicate that the intervention was not effective in influencing the composite FRS in aging adults with a history of falls. However, investigation of the individual PPA components might show improvements in specific areas. Analysis of each PPA component may represent important improvements for falls risk. Further research should consider length of intervention, larger sample size, and frequency of sessions and respective attendance to design targeted intervention programs to decrease falls risk. Research supported by grant from the Potomac Health Foundation.
Natural and Synthetic Rubber. XVIII. The Protein from Natural Rubber and Its Amino Acid Constituents

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The protein constituent of rubber has been extracted from the natural rubber by removal of the rubber hydrocarbon with solvents followed by electrodialysis of the residue. This material has been analyzed, subjected to hydrolysis, and its amino acid constituents have been separated and identified.
Using a Wizard of Oz study to inform the design of SenToy

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We describe the design of an affective control interface, SenToy, a doll with sensors that allows users to control their avatars in an adventure game. A Wizard of Oz study was used early in the design process to find the best relationship between user movements of SenToy and the resulting affective expressions and movements of their avatar on the screenon the screen. The results from the study showed that there are behaviors and gestures that most users will easily pick up to express emotions. It told us which dimensions of movements (distance to screen, movements of limbs, etc.) that work most easily will be picked up by users. We describe in what way the results from the study have affected the design of the SenToy and the hardware requirements. Wizard of Oz studies have previously been used for natural language interface and intelligent agent design and we show that it can also be used in the domain of affective input-device design.
Distribution of bacteriosis in- duced by Erwinia amylovora in various types of plants of Polissya biocenosis under condition of pathogen contamination by bacteriophage

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study results of the spread of bacterial disease induced by Erwinia amylovora, which is the carrier of bacteriophages on pears, quince, hawthorn, hazel and other types of plants in the environment in different climatic regions of Polissya. Based on the survey a detailed assessment of the affected plant habitus, based on their growth and development during the growing season is presented. At the same time, plants, leaves, branches, fruits and root system were analyzed for the detection of pathogens. It was investigated that blackening of leaves and drying of tops and lateral branches in pears, apple and stone species of plants are the main symptoms of fireblight. Characteristically, the middle tier of plants is often affected by pathogens in a mixed complex infection. This complex infectious and pathological process is especially evident in recent years under conditions of warming up the climate. Microbiological, virological and environmental methods were used in the work. It is important that new opportunities for the accumulation of phages are opened on the basis of taking into account the development of bacterial disease in various plant species, which are common in forest ecosystems, parks, reserves and agrocenoses. Such studies, in our opinion, create the preconditions for the discovery of plant-reservoirs of bacteria and its phages in combination with phytovirused, microscopic fungi. Taking into account the considerable spread of fireblight in plants, an important task today in the agro-industrial complex is to use stable varieties of crops against the pathogen of this disease.
The effect of removable acrylic dental prostheses on immune homeostasis of the oral mucosa depending on the applied materials and structures

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Aim. To pathogenetically substantiate the effectiveness of performing prosthetic appliances of the dentition defects and predicting the results of occlusal rehabilitation of patients with pathology of the dental system based on the analysis of immune homeostasis of the oral mucosa. Methods. Examined were 39 people with secondary partial (I and II class according to Kennedy) and complete lack of teeth aged from 25 to 85 years, for whom removable acrylic dentures were manufactured. The control group included 18 people aged 20-85 years with abnormal dentition, requiring preliminary surgical preparation for prosthetics. Three age groups were identified: 20-40 years (first group), 40-60 years (second group), aged 60 and above (third group). Conducted was a morphological study of prosthetic bed biopsies obtained after 3, 6 and 12 months after returning the prostheses with immunohistochemical determination of markers for CD68, CD204, and CD163, with high specificity for dendritic cells, mast cells and macrophages, respectively, providing the immune homeostasis of the oral mucosa. For identification of intraepithelial lymphocytes determined was the expression of CD4 and CD8. In order to evaluate the intensity of regeneration of epithelial cells determined was the expression of the Ki-67 marker. Results. In the individuals of the first and second age groups noted was the predominance of dendritic, mast cells, CD4+ and CD8+. In patients of the third group the dynamics of the content of CD68+ and CD163+ cells in the mucosa of the prosthetic bed was less pronounced. A direct strong correlation relationship between the proliferation index and the number of CD68+, CD204+, CD4+, CD8+ cells, which provide the immune homeostasis of the oral mucosa in these patients, was established. A direct strong correlation relationship between the clinical changes in the oral cavity in the process of usage of the removable dentures and the absolute number of lymphocytes and dendritic cells in the inflammatory infiltrate was established. Revealed were the dynamics of changes in mitotic activity of keratinocytes in the process of usage of the removable dentures and the correlation of these parameters with the terms of use of the prostheses. Conclusion. The changes of the immune homeostasis parameters of the oral mucosa with this type of prosthesis can be considered a basis for pathogenetic substantiation of treatment and predicting the outcomes of occlusal rehabilitation of dental patients.
A Critical Framework for Intercultural Communication

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter illustrates current approaches to critical intercultural communication and it engages with the theoretical presuppositions in the work of leading critical interculturalists. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the philosophical underpinnings of these critical intercultural frameworks that are paradigmatic of perspectivism, social constructivism and emancipatory critique. This critical reading problematizes two of the constructs that are more commonly employed in intercultural communication: the role of tolerance in shaping the relation between self and other, and the idea of intercultural awareness as a narrative of reconciliation and final erasure of all differences.
Perceptions of Threat in the 21st Century

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The goal of this work is to explain the US’s continued disregard for the threat of low-tech attacks like those of 9/11. This work shows that misperceptions of threat within the US have led to an inability to adapt to the changing nature of warfare in the 21st century. This is done by examining data found in the Global Terrorism Database as well as defense spending, which supports the hypothesis that the US places more emphasis on high-tech threats even though low-tech threats are more deadly in terrorist attacks. This work shows that existing perceptions of threat and security within the US are outdated and ineffective, and that new norms of threat perception are needed.