jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cultivation of festulolium mixed with alfalfa foraging purposes in the forest-steppe of Western Siberia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Festulolium is a promising but little-studied fodder crop. The authors found that in the year of laying the herbage of Festulolium in mixtures, the height of plants increased by 6–11% compared with singlespecies sowing. However, the number of shoots per plant decreased from 3 to 2, and the root length decreased by 20%. The survival rate of plants was 84.9–97.4% after winter, depending on the year of sowing. Survival decreased to 46–92% for alfalfa in mixtures, and it was as low as 46–84% when sown with mixture seeds. This was affected by a decrease in reserve nutrients - sugars in the roots of plants. The sugar content decreased by 26%, from 5.14% to 3.77%. No positive effect was observed when sowing with alternating 1–3 rows of festulolium and 1 row of alfalfa. The introduction of nitrogen at a dose of 30 kg a.i. (active ingredient)/ha increased the efficiency of skip-row planting and sowing with a mixture of seeds by 21% due to the positive responsiveness of the components to fertiliser. An increase in the nitrogen dose to 60 kg/ha harmed alfalfa, reducing its share in the herbage to 7% by the third year of use. This decrease was due to the displacement of the more nitrogen-responsive festulolium. The efficiency of crops increases with a reduction in the share of the cereal component and an increase in the percentage of legumes with an alternation of rows of 1:3. The yield was 35.7–42.7 t/ha of green mass, which is higher than that of the single-species sowing of festulolium by 19–53%. The increase is due to an increase in the leaf coverage of alfalfa plants up to 46–49% (against 44% in control) due to the optimisation of layering in the herbage. The introduction of nitrogen at a dose of 30 kg/ha contributes to an increase in yield by 14% (0.43–5.0 t/ ha) due to the increased share of the cereal component in the mixture, an increase in the number of shoots on the plant by 11.1% and their mass by 12.5–17.8%. The introduction of N 60 in the joint crops of festulolium and alfalfa is not advisable since it does not give a significant increase in yield and does not pay off the costs incurred.
Update on Thalassemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Many advances in the understanding and management of the thalassmia syndromes have been made during the past several years. Our knowledge of normal globin gene function and of the consequences of specific mutations has been advanced by identification of the genetic defects causing thalassemia. Prenatal diagnosis is now possible with molecular biology technology. Standards have been established for transfusion, splenectomy, prevention of postsplenectomy infection, and effective iron chelation therapy. Bone marrow transplantation is now available for those with a compatible familial donor. Research efforts currently are directed toward safer blood products, oral iron chelators, and improved understanding of the developmental regulation of globin gene expression for effective gene transfer.
Spontaneous abortion and fetal abnormality in subsequent pregnancy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hazards of epilepsy SIR,-I was interested to read your leading article on this subject (3 June, p 1436), especially that section in which you state that "from the infrequency of reports of death during sleep apparently due to suffocation during a fit the hazard may be presumed rare-especially in comparison with the frequency of nocturnal fits in children.Even so, substitution of a firm pillow might be a wise safeguard."This statement is certainly contrary to the conclusions drawn by my colleague Dr H J A Longmore and myself in 1970, when three patients with grand mal epilepsy who had died by suffocation in their pillow were reported.'This article stimulated the reply from Dr C Worster-Drought2 on which was based the comment referred to above.Dr Worster-Drought had, during his 45 years as a neurologist in Harley Street, seen no such cases and considered them uncommon.
Brief tutorial to evaluate molecular cavities in large conformational ensembles: a K2P channel study case

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In structural bioinformatics, computational biology, or any other field where is important to assess cavities, clefts, pores, or grooves in a macromolecular system, it is imperative to perform this evaluation over a trajectory or an ensemble of structures to measure all possible structural changes produced by the atomic movements, especially in the constriction regions. This is mainly true in membrane proteins such as ions channels or transporters where the movements of the amino acid residue side chains that form the pore can significantly alter their dimensions and thus affect the protein function. In this work, we present a brief tutorial to measure the radius of the pore within macromolecules in large structural ensembles using non-commercial software widely reported in the literature.
The military coup in Egypt and Turkey: different contexts and results

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

After the Arab Spring, Egypt and Turkey suffered military coups. In Egypt, the first elected government was overthrown by a military coup, and the military regained full power. After three years, the military is still a major player in Egyptian developments. In Turkey, despite various internal and regional problems faced by the Erdogan government, the coup did not succeed and was defeated by the resistance of civil society. The present study seeks to explore the political and social contexts of the above-mentioned coups using theories of military intervention in politics and explain the theoretical results of the coups in Egypt and Turkey. In this regard, the main question of the research is: What factors have led to the success of the coup in Egypt and its failure in Turkey? To answer the above question, comparative explanatory method is used and the data collection method is library. The findings indicate that the different outcomes of the military coups in Egypt and Turkey can be explained by the different status of the components of the level of political institutionalization, the integration of the armed forces and the response of civil society in these two countries.
The HOMER UIMS for dual user interface development: Fusing visual and non-visual interactions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Existing systems which enable accessibility to graphical user interfaces (GUIs) by blind people follow an `adaptation strategy'; each system adopts its own hard-coded policy for reproducing visual dialogues in a non-visual form, without knowledge about the application domain or the particular dialogue characteristics. It is argued that non-visual user interfaces should be more than automatically generated adaptations of visual dialogues. Tools are required to facilitate purposeful non-visual interface construction, allowing iterative design and implementation. Such tools should cater for the construction of `integrated' user interfaces, which are concurrently accessible by sighted and blind users. Thus, the concept of dual user interfaces is introduced, arguably as the most appropriate basis to address this important issue of concurrent accessibility, in order to prevent segregation of blind people in computer-based working environments. A user interface management system (UIMS) has been developed, called HOMER, which facilitates the development of dual user interfaces. HOMER supports the integration of visual and non-visual toolkits of interaction elements; a non-visual toolkit, called COMONKIT, has been also implemented for building non-visual user interfaces, and has been incorporated in HOMER.
Data from BCMA-Specific ADC MEDI2228 and Daratumumab Induce Synergistic Myeloma Cytotoxicity via IFN-Driven Immune Responses and Enhanced CD38 Expression

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>AbstractPurpose:<p>Efforts are required to improve the potency and durability of CD38- and BCMA-based immunotherapies in human multiple myeloma. We here delineated the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying novel immunomodulatory effects triggered by BCMA pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) antibody drug conjugate (ADC) MEDI2228 which can augment efficacy of these immunotherapies.</p>Experimental Design:<p>MEDI2228-induced transcriptional and protein changes were investigated to define significantly impacted genes and signaling cascades in multiple myeloma cells. Mechanisms whereby MEDI2228 combination therapies can enhance cytotoxicity or overcome drug resistance in multiple myeloma cell lines and patient multiple myeloma cells were defined using <i>in vitro</i> models of tumor in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, as well as in human natural killer (NK)-reconstituted NOD/SCID gamma (NSG) mice bearing MM1S tumors.</p>Results:<p>MEDI2228 enriched IFN I signaling and enhanced expression of IFN-stimulated genes in multiple myeloma cell lines following the induction of DNA damage–ATM/ATR-CHK1/2 pathways. It activated cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3 and STAT1-IRF1–signaling cascades and increased CD38 expression in multiple myeloma cells but did not increase CD38 expression in BCMA-negative NK effector cells. It overcame CD38 downregulation on multiple myeloma cells triggered by IL6 and patient BM stromal cell-culture supernatant via activation of STAT1-IRF1, even in immunomodulatory drug (IMiD)- and bortezomib-resistant multiple myeloma cells. <i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> upregulation of NKG2D ligands and CD38 in MEDI2228-treated multiple myeloma cells was further associated with synergistic daratumumab (Dara) CD38 MoAb-triggered NK-mediated cytotoxicity of both cell lines and autologous drug-resistant patient multiple myeloma cells.</p>Conclusions:<p>These results provide the basis for clinical evaluation of combination MEDI2228 with Dara to further improve patient outcome in multiple myeloma.</p></div>
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Network Slice Placement and the DeepNetSlice Toolkit

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is gaining increasing interest in the development of solutions for the placement of network slices on top of a physical network infrastructure. Although the majority of related works exploits simulations for training and evaluation purposes, authors typically have their own definition of the problem at hand. This leads to significant implementation efforts, including the development of the environment. To address the lack of RL platforms tailored to the problem of Network Slice Placement (NSP), we propose DeepNetSlice, a highly customizable and modular toolkit, serving as a RL environment and strongly integrated with main RL libraries. We validate our toolkit through comparative evaluations with related work and the development of a RL approach for the NSP problem that improves state-of-the-art results by up to 8.95% in \n acceptance ratio. Our RL approach exploits a graph convolutional network and leverages a multi-worker advantage actor critic learning algorithm with generalized advantage estimation. Two further contributions of this work are the application of invalid action masking in the context of NSP, and a novel analysis on the generalization capabilities of our method, where we show its effectiveness with dynamic network infrastructures, unlike previous works in literature.
Formation of Cu6Sn5 phase by cold homogenization in nanocrystalline Cu-Sn bilayers at room temperature

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Solid state reaction between nanocrystalline Cu and Sn films was investigated at room temperature by depth profiling with secondary neutral mass spectrometry and by X-ray diffraction. A rapid diffusion intermixing was observed leading to the formation of homogeneous Cu 6Sn5 layer. There is no indication of the appearance of the Cu3Sn phase. This offers a way for solid phase soldering at low temperatures, i.e. to produce homogeneous Cu6Sn5 intermediate layer of several tens of nanometers during reasonable time (in the order of hours or less). From the detailed analysis of the growth of the planar reaction layer, formed at the initial interface in Sn(100 nm)/Cu(50 nm) system, the value of the parabolic growth rate coefficient at room temperature is 2.3 x 10-15 cm2/s. In addition, the overall increase of the composition near to the substrate inside the Cu film was interpreted by grain boundary diffusion induced solid state reaction: the new phase formed along the grain boundaries and grew perpendicular to the boundary planes. From the initial slope of the composition versus time function, the interface velocity during this reaction was estimated to be about 0.5 nm/h.
Teaching Plagiarism Prevention to College Students

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Teaching Plagiarism Prevention to College Students: An Ethics-Based Approach provides an innovative approach to plagiarism instruction by grounding it in ethics theory. By providing an ethics foundation to plagiarism instruction, this book helps the plagiarism instructor to address both unintentional and intentional plagiarism behaviors among students. This book provides tools to address why plagiarism is an important ethical issue in an academic environment.This book introduces general principles of ethics adaptable to library instruction of plagiarism in a variety of learning settings. It guides an instructor through curriculum pedagogical design drawing on library and ethics training literatures. It provides examples of materials to support the implementation of an ethical approach to plagiarism instruction. Finally, it outlines a detailed approach to assessment in order to measure changes in student reactions, learning, and behaviors as a result of this instruction. It further provides guidance in how to communicate institutional outcomes to key decision-makers.
Controllability of impulsive mixed type Volterra–Fredholm stochastic systems with nonlocal conditions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Summary This paper investigates complete controllability of impulsive mixed type Volterra–Fredholm stochastic systems with nonlocal conditions. Sufficient conditions are established for complete controllability of a class of impulsive stochastic integrodifferential systems with nonlocal conditions. The results are obtained by a fixed point approach on condition that the corresponding linear system is completely controllable. Finally, an example is given to illustrate our results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2n-Stream Thermal Emissions from Clouds

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We analyze thermal emission of radiation in homogeneous clouds. The clouds have negligible horizontal variation, but the temperature can vary vertically. The radiation at optical depth $τ$ above the cloud bottom is characterized by intensity values $I(μ_i,τ)$ at $2n$ Gauss-Legendre direction cosines $μ_i$, the roots of the $2n$th Legendre polynomial, $P_{2n}(μ_i)=0$. Scattering matrices describe the intensity fraction with incoming direction cosine $μ_{i'}$ that is scattered to intensity with outgoing direction cosine $μ_{i}$. Green's-function matrices describe radiation generated by infinitesimally thin layers of cloud particulates, thermally emitting at the source optical depth $τ'$. For thin isothermal clouds of optical thickness $τ_c\le1$, thermal emission is mainly determined by the single scattering albedo $\tilde ω$. The emitted intensity is limb brightened and depends little on the scattering phase function. For optically thick isothermal clouds, with $τ_c \gg 1$, purely absorbing clouds with $\tildeω= 0$ become perfect blackbodies and emit isotropic Planck intensity. Thick isothermal clouds with moderate single scattering albedos emit substantially less thermal radiation than black bodies and the emission depends strongly on the anisotropy of the scattering phase function. Clouds with strong forward scattering are ``blackest" and emit the most thermal radiation. There is limb darkening which is most pronounced for strongly forward-scattering phase functions. The limb darkening in thick, isothermal, scattering clouds is not due to temperature gradients, as it is for the Sun. With scattering, nearly vertical radiation produced by thermal emission escapes through the surface more efficiently than nearly horizontal radiation. There is limb darkening even for purely absorbing particulates for clouds with hot interiors.
COMPONENTS OF VARIANCE MODELS WITH TRANSFORMATIONS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Summary Power transformations are a popular way to improve the agreement between the observations and the assumptions in a statistical model. In this paper it is assumed that the data, after appropriate power transformation Λ, satisfies a variance components model, with independent Gaussian components. The focus is on inference for quantities which have an interpretation regardless of the choice of Λ (Carroll & Ruppert, 1981) – in particular the intraclass correlation coefficient ρ, the predicted probability of a new observation being less than a specified value and the predicted quantile. It is shown that, in the case Λ= 0, the asymptotic variance of ρ is the same, whether or not one treats Δ as estimated or as known. This supports an empirical conjecture of Solomon (1985). For predicted probabilities and predicted quantiles the variance when A is estimated is shown to be only slightly greater than the variance assuming Δ is known, except in the tails of the distribution where there can be substantial difference between the two variances.
Supplementary Figure 7 from Preclinical Characterization of Novel Chordoma Cell Systems and Their Targeting by Pharmocological Inhibitors of the CDK4/6 Cell-Cycle Pathway

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>Proliferation assay using Alamar Blue assay for U-CH2, 3, 6 and 10. Increasing concentrations of Palbociclib lead to an increase of growth inhibition of chordoma cells.</p>
3-D Movement of Flame Fronts in a Propane-Air Turbulent Premixed Flame (Part I, Flame-Front Movement on the Centerline)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

3-D movement of flame fronts in propane-air turbulent premixed Bunsen flames have been examined by a four-element electrostatic probe. Measurements were conducted at three different positions in a turbulent flame brush, one position on the centerline and two positions off axis. The probability distributions of the magnitude and of the direction cosines nj of the velocity vector of the flame-front propagation are examined. This paper reports results obtained on the centerline of the burner. Velocity vectors of the flame fronts are distributed symmetrically around the burner axis independent of whether the flame front passes the measuring position in the unburnt-to-burnt or burnt-to-unburnt direction. The direction cosine n3 in the z (vertical) direction peaks strongly near unity. The most probable value of other two cosines, n1 and n2, these in the x and y (horizontal) directions, is zero. The magnitude of the velocity vector of the flame front on the average is maximum when n1, n2 and n3 are 0, 0 and 1, respectively.
Hindered\nStepwise Aggregation Model for Molecular Weight Determination of Heavy\nPetroleum Fractions by Vapor Pressure Osmometry (VPO)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Venezuela Orinoco heavy crude oil\nwas fractionated into diesel, vacuum gas oil (VGO), vacuum residue\n(VR), and asphaltene fractions, which were subjected to molecular\nweight (MW) measurement by vapor pressure osmometry (VPO). The VPO\nis known to overestimate the average molecular weight (MW) of heavy\nhydrocarbons, because of molecular aggregation. This paper proposes\na hindered stepwise aggregation (HSA) model to simulate the molecular\naggregation and used the model to estimate the true MW of heavy petroleum\nfractions. A data regression procedure was developed to determine\nthe model parameters, aggregation equilibrium constant, and aggregate\ndistribution, using a fast simulated annealing (FSA) algorithm based\non the VPO data. This data analysis method is self-tuned to fit the\nVPO data to the HSA models of various petroleum fractions using the\noptimized solution of the FSA algorithm. The results showed that the\nVPO data of heavy petroleum fractions at various solution concentrations\nwere in good agreement with those predicted by the HSA model. The\naggregation equilibrium constant and aggregate distribution data obtained\nfrom the HSA model suggested that various degrees of molecular aggregation\noccur in heavy petroleum fractions. The molecules of diesel and VGO\nwere monomers, regardless of the solution concentration. The molecules\nof VR formed dimer aggregates at high solution concentrations; the\nnumber of dimer aggregates exceeded that of monomers as the solution\nconcentration increased. The molecules of asphaltenes were polymer\naggregates. The size of asphaltene polymer aggregates increased significantly\nwith the solution concentration. The MW of asphaltenes determined\nby the HSA model was much lower than that by the conventional linear\nregression method.
Cholangiocarcinoma coexisting with developmental liver cysts: a distinct entity different from liver cystadenocarcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report one liver cystadenocarcinoma and two cholangiocarcinomas coexisting with developmental liver cysts. The cystadenocarcinoma was a solitary multilocular cyst with histological features similar to those seen in ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. In contrast, the other two tumours were a mixture of solid adenocarcinoma and multiple non‐neoplastic cysts containing serous fluid and lined mainly by atrophic epithelium. In both these cases renal cysts were also present and in one case there was focal malignant change of the epithelium lining the cysts from which the solid adenocarcinoma could have originated. Our observations support the view that cholangiocarcinoma associated with developmental liver cysts is an entity different from liver cystadenocarcinoma.
Radioiodine Therapy in Benign Thyroid Diseases: Effects, Side Effects, and Factors Affecting Therapeutic Outcome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Radioiodine (131I) therapy of benign thyroid diseases was introduced 70 yr ago, and the patients treated since then are probably numbered in the millions. Fifty to 90% of hyperthyroid patients are cured within 1 yr after 131I therapy. With longer follow-up, permanent hypothyroidism seems inevitable in Graves' disease, whereas this risk is much lower when treating toxic nodular goiter. The side effect causing most concern is the potential induction of ophthalmopathy in predisposed individuals. The response to 131I therapy is to some extent related to the radiation dose. However, calculation of an exact thyroid dose is error-prone due to imprecise measurement of the 131I biokinetics, and the importance of internal dosimetric factors, such as the thyroid follicle size, is probably underestimated. Besides these obstacles, several potential confounders interfere with the efficacy of 131I therapy, and they may even interact mutually and counteract each other. Numerous studies have evaluated the effect of 131I therapy, but results have been conflicting due to differences in design, sample size, patient selection, and dose calculation. It seems clear that no single factor reliably predicts the outcome from 131I therapy. The individual radiosensitivity, still poorly defined and impossible to quantify, may be a major determinant of the outcome from 131I therapy. Above all, the impact of 131I therapy relies on the iodine-concentrating ability of the thyroid gland. The thyroid 131I uptake (or retention) can be stimulated in several ways, including dietary iodine restriction and use of lithium. In particular, recombinant human thyrotropin has gained interest because this compound significantly amplifies the effect of 131I therapy in patients with nontoxic nodular goiter.