jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Brain regional manganese distribution after chronic manganese treatment

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Chronic manganese encephalopathy in man is characterized by an initial, and more acute, phase of psychosis, followed by disturbances of the extra-pyramidal system not unlike those of Parkinson's disease (Cotzias et al., 1971). Little information is presently available regarding the concentrations of manganese in different brain regions during the pathogenesis of this disease, although there is some suggestion that the regional distribution of this and other transition metals in the human brain is by no means uniform (Curzon, 1975). The distribution of some trace metals in rat and rabbit brain (Hanig & Aprison, 1967; Donaldson et al., 1973) is consistent with this notion. Since we have observed region-specific changes in a number of neurochemical markers in the developmental rat model of chronic manganese encephalopathy (J. Lai, T. Leung & L. Lim, unpublished work), the brain regional distribution of manganese in this animal model has been studied using the sensitive and specific technique of neutron activation analysis. Wistar rats (M.R.C. Porton strain) were administered manganese (MnC1,,4H20, lmg/ml of tap water) via their drinking water at mating. After 10-14 days the males were separated from the pregnant females. Within 48 h of birth the litter size was adjusted to 8-10 pups. Litters were weaned at day 20/21 and the same drinking regimen was continued till the animals were used for experiments. Adult 130 day-old female rats were decapitated and their brains were dissected rapidly on a petri dish on ice by the procedure of Glowinski & Iversen (1 966) into seven regions: hypothalamus, cerebellum, pons and medulla, striatum, midbrain, cerebral cortex and hippocampus (Table 1). Each brain region was freeze-dried and its content of manganese was determined by neutron activation analysis (see Chan et af., 1981). Analysis of the significance of difference was performed using the non-paired t test. In the female rat brain, the manganese concentrations were highest in the midbrain and lowest in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex (Table 1). The manganese concentrations in the other four regions were similar (Table 1). Essentially the same results were also obtained when the concentrations were expressed in terms of per g dry weight of tissue (results not shown). Our results are similar to those reported by Hanig & Aprison (1967) for the rabbit but contrast with those of Donaldson et af . (1973) for the male rat. It is relevant that both groups of workers (Hanig & Aprison, 1967; Donaldson et al., 1973) employed complex procedures for sample preparation
Make a Match dalam Peningkatan Kosakata Bahasa Jerman

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract. The purpose of this study was to determine the Mastery increase of German vocabulary of grade XI students of SMA Negeri 14 Gowa through the Make A Match learning model. The purpose of this study is a classroomaction research which consists of two cycles. The purpose of this study was to determine the planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The subjects in this study were class XI IPS 3 students of SMA Negeri 14 Gowa, totaling 36 people.. The data in this study consisted of two types, namely: quantitative data and qualitative data. Qualitative data were obtained through observation and quantitative data obtained through the Mastery increase of German vocabulary test at the end cycle I and cycle II. The average score the Mastery increase of German vocabulary obtained by students in the first cycle it was 65,6%, while in the second cycle it was 78,3%. These results indicate that the use of Make A Match learning model can increase the German vocabulary of grade XI students SMA Negeri 14 Gowa. Keywords: Learning Model, Vocabulary, Make A Match.
The effect of an eight week jump training program performed on indoor and sand surfaces on verticle jump performance in elite volleyball players

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose – The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an 8-week jump training program, completed on either a hard or sand surface, on vertical jump performance in elite volleyball players. It was of major interest to determine if training on one surface yielded meaningful gains on the other surface. Further, this study sought to determine if the short term jump training program was effective for developing leg muscle function. Method – Eighteen elite national and state volleyball players were split into two groups and trained on either a hard surface (HS, n=10) or a sand surface (SS, n=8). The participants completed 1380 jumps during the 8-week training program progressing from 120-jumps/week to 240-jumps/week. Participants were assessed on both a hard and a sand surface, pre and post training, on volleyball performance tests the block jump (BJ), spike jump (SPJ), as well as leg muscle function via ground reaction force (GRF) data collected during countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ) and drop jump (DJ) performance. Results – The HS group demonstrated significant gains in jump height for BJ on the hard surface (2.6%, p= 0.033) and sand surface (6.7%, p= 0.019) while the SS group only made significant gains in BJ on the sand surface (9.8%, p= 0.009). Neither group demonstrated significant (p<0.05) gains in SPJ performance. Strong correlations between pre intervention BJ and SPJ data suggested a level of consistency in the participants jumping ability regardless of the type of surface or skill (jump). GRF data demonstrated that leg muscle function predictors accounted for 86-89% of the variance associated with volleyball performance jump tests (BJ, SPJ). Conclusion – The 8-week jump training program did not greatly improve the overall vertical jump performance of elite volleyball players. It appears surface does impact performance directly but any gains made from training on either surface are not necessarily isolated to performance on the same surface being trained on. Interestingly, SPJ performance did not demonstrate a strong link to DJ variables, in fact, within this study it appears that the skill of performing a BJ and SPJ are closely related, both rely heavily upon concentric power and this is part of why such strong correlations were seen between the two jump types.
SAFETY IMPLICATIONS OF NORTH AMERICAN RAIL TRANSPORT OF CRUDE OIL

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Pipelines have historically transported most of the U.S. crude oil. However, the existing pipeline network does not have the ability to move the increased levels of production that has been generated by fracking. Railroads have been called on to fill the void because common carrier railroads are legally required to transport hazardous materials. Rail shipments of crude oil expanded to almost 374 million barrels in 2014, up from 20 million in 2010. Railroads are improving safety of operations by: reinvestments, technological advancements, wayside wheel bearing detectors along routes, routing models utilizing 27 risk factors. Rails have initiated on their own emergency response capabilities including hazmat response contractors and environmental consultants to ensure that community impacts are addressed properly. Advantages of transporting crude oil by rail include geographical flexibility, responsiveness and efficiency. Should railroads be allowed to continue to move crude oil? Until the government allows more pipelines to be built to move the crude oil, railroads are the only realistic safe alternative. Keywords Rail crude oil movement, Rail tank cars, Rail safety movement, U.S. crude oil production
Biomarkers of tumor microenvironment of malignant neoplasms of kidneys, urinary bladder, and prostate gland (literature review)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The development of malignant tissue transformation is accompanied by the accumulation of immune system cells or tumor microenvironment cells (MCO) in it. Three variants of immune cell accumulation were identified: the ‘immune desert’ phenotype, ‘hot’ tumors, with a cytolytic T-cell response. The review presents immunotherapeutic strategies of exposure in order to enhance the ability of McO to initiate immune mechanisms capable of blocking the development of tumor tissue. The analysis of the presented data on the importance of immuno-oncological biomarkers as laboratory indicators of the therapeutic effectiveness of drug therapy aimed at restoring key immune defense pathways in oncourological diseases was carried out. The results of the study of the effectiveness of immuno-oncological biomarkers for assessing the state of antitumor immunity in malignant neoplasms of the bladder, kidneys, prostate gland are summarized.
Phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II CTD regulates H3 methylation in yeast

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Histone methylation is now realized to be a pivotal regulator of gene transcription. Although recent studies have shed light on a trans-histone regulatory pathway that controls H3 Lys 4 and H3 Lys 79 methylation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the regulatory pathway that affects Set2-mediated H3 Lys 36 methylation is unknown. To determine the functions of Set2, and identify factors that regulate its site of methylation, we genomically tagged Set2 and identified its associated proteins. Here, we show that Set2 is associated with Rbp1 and Rbp2, the two largest subunits of RNA polymerase II (RNA pol II). Moreover, we find that this association is specific for the interaction of Set2 with the hyperphosphorylated form of RNA pol II. We further show that deletion of the RNA pol II C-terminal domain (CTD) kinase Ctk1, or partial deletion of the CTD, results in a selective abolishment of H3 Lys 36 methylation, implying a pathway of Set2 recruitment to chromatin and a role for H3 Lys 36 methylation in transcription elongation. In support, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate the presence of Set2 methylation in the coding regions, as well as promoters, of genes regulated by Ctk1 or Set2. These data document a new link between histone methylation and the transcription apparatus and uncover a regulatory pathway that is selective for H3 Lys 36 methylation.
A Study on the Runoff Characteristics of Non-point Source in Urban Watershed - Case Study on the Dalseo and Daemyung Watershed

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study was conducted to identify the runoff characteristics of non-point source according to rainfall in Dalseo and Daemyung watershed. Land-uses of the Dalseo and Daemyung watershed were surveyed to urban $72.1\%$ and mountainous $6.7\%$, and urban $49.3\%$ and mountainous $20.5\%$, respectively Mean runoff coefficients in each area were estimated to Dalseo watershed 0.49 and Daemyung watershed 0.16. In the relationship between the rainfall and peak-flow correlation coefficients(r) were determined to Dalseo watershed 0.9060 and Daemyung watershed 0.5620. In the relationship between the antecedent dry period and flrst flow runoff correlation coefficients(r) were determined to Dalseo watershed 0.7217 and Daemyung watershed 0.2464. In the relationship between the rainfall and watershed loading, exponent values of SS in Dalseo and Daemyung watershed were estimated to 0.54 and 0.496, respectively.
Genotype and Media Effects on Callus Formation and Regeneration in Barley1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The success of barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cell and tissue culture research depends upon reliable callus culture and plant regeneration procedures. The objective of this study was to identify callus‐inducible genotypes, to evaluate media for effectiveness in promoting callus growth, and to identify genotypes capable of regenerating plants. Ninety‐one barley genotypes were evaluated for initiation and maintenance of callus growth. Forty‐five of the genotypes initiated callus, while 46 did not. Callus cultures were maintained by subculturing onto fresh media at monthly intervals. Genotypic variation was noted for longevity and rate of growth of callus cultures. Calli of several genotypes were maintained for more than 2 years. Murashige and Skoog's (MS) media promoted more callus initiation and provided better callus maintenance than media of Blaydes (B), Gamborg et al. (B5), Norstog (N), and Shenk and Hildebrandt (SH). Frequencies of callus initiation were high when either 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg/L of 2,4‐D (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) were added to the media. There were significant genotype ✕ media interactions for callus initiation. Established calli were transferred to differentiation media to promote plant regeneration. Although there were genotypic differences in regeneration, the overall frequency was low (15%). Seventy percent of the regenerated plants were from calli of the cv. Akka and Wisconsin experimental selection X2387‐3.
Change in torsional elastic constants of DNA under axial tension

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Deoxyribose-nucleic acid (DNA) is one of the most unique things that attracts researchers and scientists to study about it. It is an interesting molecule which has a geometry of that it could amazingly pack and fit its actual length of about 7 centimetres long into the cells in our bodies. Understanding the twisted molecule could open many possibilities in the future; especially in medical science and engineering. Experiments have been done on DNAs, but it is still unknown to why the molecules behave in its own way. Stretching and twisting of the DNA could lead to many different forms; old and new. It happens to be elastic due to its ability to retrieve its shape sometimes, without breaking or overstretching. However, in some experiments, it was found that under a certain force, the molecule happens to be stronger and more resistant to twisting. This study attains to understand the phenomena behind the change of its apparent torsional stiffness involving first- and second- order elasticity theory. Simulations of several materials— from elements like silver to one of which is as close to a DNA (the cells found in the heart)— are done to investigate the possible reasons of change in the apparent torsional stiffness of a DNA. It is also compared with some previous studies done on DNA. This project theoretically suggests that the second-order elasticity theory may be a reason to the mentioned activity and characteristics of a DNA. Torsional stiffness of a specimen varies with the forces applied on it. Hence, with this knowledge, researchers and scientist could take into consideration of this matter, and progress further.
The taxonomy, life cycle and pathology of Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati (Acarina, Sarcoptidae): A review in a Fennoscandian wildlife perspective

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Mites constitute an old cosmopolitan group, abundant in various terrestrial and aquatic habitats of considerable environmental variations. The majority of mites are free-living, whereas some have evolved parasitic relationships with a variety of animals either as endo- or ectoparasites. The ectoparasitic and skin burrowing Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati, cause sarcoptic and notoedric mange among a variety of mammalian species, including humans. In a non-adequate host these mites lead to pseudo-scabies which is often self-curable. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent knowledge on the taxonomy, life cycles and pathology of these two mites, which are of relevance to Fennoscandian wildlife, by considering knowledge on transmission vectors, host immunology, and some documented outbreaks. These mites affect the health and survival of mammals in four ways; 1) skin tissue damages, 2) loss of body fluids, 3) allergic reactions and 4) secondary bacterial infections. A short-term effect of outbreaks is usually high mortality, and long-term effects vary from extinction to biased population structure to no effect at all. Red foxes are generalist predators that are important end-hosts for mites that develop disease depending on their immunity status, and transmit mites to other hosts. Outbreaks of mange may possibly have ecological consequences on a wider scale. In an endangered species, like the arctic fox or Eurasian lynx, loss of only a few individuals can be critical. It might be wise for management authorities to develop emergency plans to minimize consequences of outbreaks of sarcoptic or notoedric mange in threatened species such as the arctic fox and the lynx.
Comparison of Five Wheat Models Simulating Phenology under Different Sowing Dates and Varieties

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Core Ideas We compared the mechanism and capacity of five wheat phenology models by varied phases. Models reproduced growing phases well by suitable sowing dates and local varieties. Simulations were unsatisfactory under late sowing dates and colder conditions. Crop phenology is closely related to yield formation and crop management. Phenology module is one of the essential components that affect the call of model parameters and performance of whole model. We analyzed different algorithms of five widely used wheat models (WOFOST, CERES‐Wheat, APSIM‐Wheat, SPASS, and WheatSM) and studied the simulation accuracy by field experimental data with three varietal types under varied sowing dates in four sites in the North China plain. Simulation results were in good agreement with the observations in terms of jointing, flowering, and maturity stage. The absolute root mean square error (RMSEa) value for emergence to jointing (E‐J) phase was 3.7 d for WheatSM and >5 d for CERES, APSIM, and SPASS. The RMSEa for the sowing to emergence (S‐E) phase was approximately 4 d, but the normalized root mean square error was >30% for APSIM and CERES. The RMSEa was larger (4.8 d) for SPASS from jointing to flowering (J‐F) compared with other models (2.8–3.7 d). It ranged from 3 to 4 d from flowering to maturity (F‐M) for all models. The five models yielded better predictions in warmer growing conditions than in colder conditions. The RMSEa increased with delayed sowing dates for five models, with average values of 2.7, 3.7, and 5.2 for suitable sowing, sowing delayed by 10 and 20 d, respectively. The five models could well reproduce different growing phases under the conditions of suitable sowing dates and with local varieties, but the performances of models was unsatisfactory, especially under late sowing dates.
THE APPLICATION OF A DYNAMIC FORECASTING MODEL WITH INVENTORY CONTROL PROPERTIES

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article summarizes the application of a forecasting model. Forecasts are made of monthly sales of products which do not change in style on an annual basis. The model is an exponential smoothing model. Adjustments of the parameters of the model are made whenever the average forecast error over the previous four periods is too large to be explained solely by unassignable causes. The efficiency gained in using the model is measured by the ratio of the standard deviation of the forecast errors to the standard deviation of sales. If this ratio is less than one, then the safety stock level that is carried for a given product can be reduced if sales are forecasted with the model and the standard deviation of the forecast errors is used to determine the safety stock level. The net effect is the reduction in the cost of carrying safety stocks. The results of the proposed model are also compared to a similar set of results generated from a basic, exponential model.
A distributed DNS traffic monitoring system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The domain name system (DNS) is a complex distributed database on which most Internet services rely on. As its monitoring is critical, it is necessary to continuously monitor DNS traffic for identifying anomalies, measuring performance, and generating usage statistics. This paper describes the design and implementation of a distributed realtime DNS monitoring system, that is able to monitor the authoritative name servers of the it country code Top Level Domain (ccTLD). In addition to the production of usage records, it is able to understand trends, characterize economical relationships, and also track suspicious activities.
Detection of Early Stages of Myxobolus Cerebralis in Fin Clips from Rainbow Trout (Onchorynchus mykiss)

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was used to detect early stages of Myxobolus cerebralis in caudal and adipose fin samples from rainbow trout (RT). To determine sensitivity, groups of 10 RT were exposed to 2,000 M. cerebralis triactinomyxons/fish for 1 hour at 15 degrees C and subsequently moved to clean recirculating water. Fish were held for 2 and 6 hours and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 30, and 60 days before sampling by nonlethal fin biopsy. Nested PCR performed on fin clips showed that M. cerebralis DNA was detected in caudal fin tissue in 100% of fish up to 5 days postexposure. At days 7 and 10 postexposure, 80% of fish were positive, and at 60 days postexposure, 60% of fish were positive using this technique. Conversely, testing on adipose fin clips proved less sensitive, as positive fish dropped from 80% at day 7 to below 20% at day 10 postinfection. Since detection of M. cerebralis infection using caudal fin samples coupled with nested PCR is an effective method for detection of early parasite stages, use of this technique provides for accurate, nonlethal testing.
Hydrology of peatlands

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Understanding the hydrology is fundamental for understanding peatland habitats, and this chapter considers both the quantitative and qualitative (chemical) aspects of water in peatlands. It describes how depth to the water table (DWT) governs vegetational physiognomy, plant occurrence, and growth. Hydraulic conductivity is an important concept affecting the water flow in the peat; and how the conductivity is related to degree of decomposition (humification) of the peat, is discussed. Variation in hydraulic conductivity is a basis for the separation in bogs between an upper, aerated ‘active layer’ (acrotelm) and the lower, constantly anoxic ‘inactive layer’ (catotelm). The water balance of a peatland is an accounting of the inputs, outputs and storage of water. The variation in water chemistry (with a focus on pH, calcium content, and electric conductivity) in peatlands is discussed, and methods for measurement introduced.
Incidental Orienting Tasks and the Recall Performance of Acutely Intoxicated Subjects

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

An incidental-learning paradigm employing a semantic and phonetic orienting task was used to determine whether poor recall performance by intoxicated subjects is due to a storage deficit resulting from a superficial analysis of the presented materials. Forty-eight male, heavy social drinkers served as subjects. Both recall and latency measures closely replicated past research using similar orienting tasks. Intoxicated subjects did not differ significantly from sober subjects in the speed or accuracy with which they answered the orienting questions. Despite the apparent similarity in processing, intoxicated subjects consistently recalled fewer words. It was tentatively suggested that alcohol-induced retention deficits may be due to a reduction in breadth rather than depth of processing.