jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of MATLAB code for differential microstrip antennas

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The modern communication systems rely fundamentally on the information transmission techniques through electromagnetic waves and in those systems, antenna is one of the most essential components which can be used to convert between radio waves and electric power. More specifically, among different structures of antennas, microstrip antennas are of increasing popularity due to its properties of low-cost, low-weight, low-profile and ease of fabrication. The purpose of this project is to develop a program in the MATLAB environment to reduce the computational complexity in the designing process of differential microstrip antennas. Usually, the analysis of microstrip antennas is performed based on different models such as the transmission-line model and the cavity model. To further simplify the analysis and designing process, a computer-aided-design (CAD) model is introduced and each differential microstrip antenna design parameter can be calculated by applying different CAD formulas. This differential microstrip design program is capable of providing guidance and helping designers determine parameters for desired characteristics in the designing process by providing calculated results as well as a tendency plot based on the user input.
Lipid peroxidation and electrogenic ion transport in the jejunum of the vitamin E deficient rat.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Increased concentrations of reactive oxygen species in children with depleted antioxidant defences have been implicated in a cycle of malnutrition, malabsorption, and infection leading to protracted diarrhoea. A rat model of chronic vitamin E deficiency has been used to study the effects of antioxidant depletion on jejunal structure and function in vitro. Basal intestinal short circuit current (Isc), a measure of net electrogenic ion movement across the intestinal epithelium, was greater in chronically vitamin E deficient jejuna than controls, as was the electrogenic secretory response to aminophylline and Escherichia coli STa but not to bethanechol. The galactose stimulated current was also greater in vitamin E deficient jejuna. Indices of lipid peroxidation (concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and malondialdehyde) were increased in the vitamin E deficient small bowel. Small intestinal brush border membranes from vitamin E deficient animals displayed changes in both static and dynamic components of membrane fluidity measured by steady state fluorescence polarography. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that oxidative stress in subjects with compromised antioxidant defences results in small intestinal hypersecretion, which could predispose to or perpetuate protracted diarrhoea.
Use of active comparator tirals in dermatology: A repeated cross-sectional analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Spending on medications is expected to grow to $420 billion in 2023, largely driven by introduction of new branded products. While new branded medications can transform how physicians care for patients, others may not offer meaningful benefit over existing less costly alternatives. As additional new products are approved, the need to include active comparators in dermatologic clinical trials is particularly important to guide clinical decision making.\nMethods: To evaluate the trends in the use of active comparator trials designs, topical medications approved between January 2002 and December 2020 were identified through the 2020 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Orange Book. For each medication, ClinicalTrials.gov was used to identify associated Phase II, III, and IV clinical trials. The frequency of active comparator was determined based on clinical indication and clinical trial phase. A logistic regression was performed to analyze the prevalence of active comparators between the study interval.\nResults: 177 trials met the inclusion criteria. Between 2002 and 2020, there was a decrease in the percentage of clinical trials for acne, psoriasis, and eczema that included an active comparator (-2.5% per year; 95% CI 0.9-4.2%). Phase II studies were most likely to include an active comparator (71%), while phase III studies were least likely (32%).\nConclusion: Although there is a greater need for comparative effectiveness data in the setting of a growing number of available treatments, our results highlight that use of active comparator trials is decreasing over time, which will hinder comparative effectiveness research.
Cloning of otsA gene in Escherichia coli and its transformation into Nicotiana benthamiana

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Trehalose,as an important osmotic regulator,improves plant tolerance to multiple abiotic stress. In Escherichia coli,TPS is a key enzyme for the biosynthesis of trehalose encoded by ots A gene. In this experiment,ots A gene was cloned and transferred into the genome of Nicotiana benthamiana by Agrobacterium-mediated method. The transgenic seedlings in the medium containing 150 mmol / L Na Cl grew much better than wild-type seedlings,indicative of the salt tolerance of ots A-transgenic seedlings.
Written to Dialogise: Ian McEwan's Atonement and Sweet Tooth

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the intertext of Atonement (2001) and Sweet Tooth (2012), McEwan unmasks monological writing and reading processes which destructively deny the individual subject its complexity. Empowering the individual subject to fight its ideological determination, he suggests (literary) possibilities of dialogical involvement to unbind the individual subject into critically thinking its social and historical situatedness. Writing a readerly text of writerly potential which requires the reader’s active participation to become an instrument of dialogue, McEwan introduces two acting writers, Briony Tallis and Tom Haley, who are familiar with intertextual theory and share McEwan’s dialogical approach to the literary text. They critically mediate Briony’s and Serena’s development from monological to dialogical subjectivity by personalising different stages of intertextual theory (Saussure, Bakhtin, Kristeva and Barthes) and its advancement of dialogue and dialogical subjectivity within each protagonist’s literary development. Allowing his readers to observe how Briony Tallis and Tom Haley meticulously write and criticise Briony and Serena, protagonists who initially author but finally write their context when they unlock the critical potential of the intertextual process in dialogising the readerly and the writerly, McEwan provides his readers with a space in which to try their critical potential: reading Atonement and Sweet Tooth and daring to assume the responsibility of dialogical double agency (Barthes and Genette), they might not only become aware of monological and dialogical writing and reading processes but they might join in productively exploring narrative possibilities to dialogise (their) individual subjectivity.
Ontology of the Theory of Relativity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Both relativistic mechanics and Newtonian mechanics are based on principles that have ontological implications. We propose a series of formalisms that rigorously define the ontology underlying mechanical theories, in order to clarify and formally establish the ontology of the physics of motion. Special attention has been paid to relativistic theories. Through the proposed methodology, the concept of ontological consistency is developed and the conditions required for such consistency to be satisfied in any theory are established. In particular, the consistency test is performed for Newtonian mechanics, special relativity theory, and general relativity theory.
An evaluation of the penetration of cefuroxime axetil into human paranasal sinus tissue.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nineteen patients presenting for sinus surgery were studied to evaluate the percentage penetration from serum to paranasal sinus tissue of a single orally administered dose of cefuroxime axetil. The methods and results are presented. Cefuroxime penetrates well into human sinus mucosa following oral administration and the concentrations obtained exceed minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefuroxime for the most common pathogens in sinusitis.
Intergenerational GAA repeat frequencies.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Analysis of intergenerational transmission of GAA repeat expansion frequency based on the parental genotype (WT = GAA<sup>+</sup>/<i>Mlh1</i><sup>+/+</sup>, Het = GAA<sup>+</sup>/<i>Mlh1</i><sup>+/−</sup>). Frequencies of ‘GAA expansions’, ‘no change’ and ‘GAA repeat contractions’ transmitted to offspring are represented as percentages of total GAA repeat transmissions. Chi squared (<i>x</i><sup>2</sup>) statistical testing was applied to this expriment. WT n = 30 GAA PCR products from 10 mice; Het n = 63 GAA PCR products from 21 mice; *** = p<0.001.</p>
Downsizing in America: Reality, Causes, and Consequences

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

"Downsizing in America offers a range of compelling hypotheses to account for adoption of downsizing as an accepted business practice. In the short run, many companies experiencing difficulties due to decreased sales, cash flow problems, or declining securities prices reduced their workforces temporarily, expanding them again when business conditions improved. The most significant trigger leading to long-term downsizing was the rapid change in technology. Companies rid themselves of their least skilled workers and subsequently hired employees who were better prepared to work with new technology, which in some sectors reduced the size of firms at which production is most efficient." "Baumol, Blinder, and Wolff also reveal what they call the dirty little secret of downsizing: it is profitable in part because it holds down wages. Downsizing in America shows that reducing employee rolls increased profits, since downsizing firms spent less money on wages relative to output but it did not increase productivity. Nor did unions impede downsizing. The authors show that unionized industries were actually more likely to downsize in order to eliminate expensive union labor. In sum, downsizing transferred income from labor to capital - from workers to owners." "Downsizing in America combines an investigation of the underlying realities and causes of workforce reduction with an insightful analysis of the consequent shift in the balance of power between management and labor, to provide us with a deeper understanding of one of the major economic shifts of recent times - one with far-reaching implications for all American workers."--BOOK JACKET.
SAIL: Summation-bAsed Incremental Learning for Information-Theoretic Text Clustering

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Information-theoretic clustering aims to exploit information-theoretic measures as the clustering criteria. A common practice on this topic is the so-called Info-Kmeans, which performs K-means clustering with KL-divergence as the proximity function. While expert efforts on Info-Kmeans have shown promising results, a remaining challenge is to deal with high-dimensional sparse data such as text corpora. Indeed, it is possible that the centroids contain many zero-value features for high-dimensional text vectors, which leads to infinite KL-divergence values and creates a dilemma in assigning objects to centroids during the iteration process of Info-Kmeans. To meet this challenge, in this paper, we propose a Summation-bAsed Incremental Learning (SAIL) algorithm for Info-Kmeans clustering. Specifically, by using an equivalent objective function, SAIL replaces the computation of KL-divergence by the incremental computation of Shannon entropy. This can avoid the zero-feature dilemma caused by the use of KL-divergence. To improve the clustering quality, we further introduce the variable neighborhood search scheme and propose the V-SAIL algorithm, which is then accelerated by a multithreaded scheme in PV-SAIL. Our experimental results on various real-world text collections have shown that, with SAIL as a booster, the clustering performance of Info-Kmeans can be significantly improved. Also, V-SAIL and PV-SAIL indeed help improve the clustering quality at a lower cost of computation.
Prediction of summer precipitation via machine learning with key climate variables：A case study in Xinjiang, China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Study region: Xinjiang is located in the mid-latitude region of Eurasia in northwestern China. Precipitation is predominantly concentrated in northern Xinjiang, while southern Xinjiang remains comparatively arid. Summer precipitation accounts for 54.4 % of the annual total. Study focus: This study aims to develop a machine learning model to predict summer precipitation (June–August) in XJ and explore the key variables contributing to summer precipitation in this region. The SHapley Additive exPlanations method was integrated with an extreme tree model to quantify the contributions of variables towards precipitation. Artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and extreme gradient boosting were considered to predict summer precipitation. To train the ML model, we used precipitation data from 1961 to 2012, whilst the forecast results from 2013 to 2017 were used for validation. New hydrological insights for the regions: The results demonstrated that the ANN model achieved robust performance during both the training and validation periods. For Northern and Southern XJ, the Mean Absolute Error and Root Mean Square Error of the ANN model were 15.34 (20.40) and 23.21 (30.01), respectively. The SHAP analysis showed that in the context of Northern Xinjiang, the Niño B Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly, Western Pacific Subtropical High Intensity, Pacific Subtropical High Intensity, and Multivariate ENSO Index play crucial roles in the prediction of summer precipitation. In Southern Xinjiang, the South China Sea Subtropical High Intensity, South China Sea Subtropical High Area, Western Pacific Warm Pool Strength, and Atlantic multidecadal oscillation have emerged as key variables affecting summer precipitation forecasting.
GRID-STEP OPTIMIZATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THERMAL IMPACT ON THE TECHNICAL SYSTEM

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The article solves applied problems of optimizing the parameters of technical systems under the influence of concentrated, discrete sources of thermal load. To improve the accuracy and speed of solving applied optimization problems, the authors propose a generalized procedure for finding the optimal thermal load parameters. This procedure consists of well-known computational methods for solving boundary value problems and ensuring the optimization of the objective function and its parameters. To calculate the values of the temperature field, it is necessary to solve a nonlocal boundary value problem of a system of nonlinear differential heat transfer equations. In order to find the conditions for the correctness of boundary value problems, the authors used the theory of pseudo-differential operators in the space of generalized slow power functions. This made it possible to guarantee the correctness of computational and applied optimization mathematical models. The procedure for grid-step optimization of the parameters of thermal action on a multilayer material proposed by the authors is based on a grid approach with discretization of the main parameters of thermal load and grinding of a large uniform grid in the vicinity of the selected node of the large grid. The directed search for local extremes of the mesh model is carried out by the nodes of the crushed mesh. The search for local extrema is performed by selecting the next node of a large grid. This approach will increase the accuracy of solving applied optimization problems by allowing further mesh refinement and refinement of the values of local extremes, and, consequently, refinement of the values of the global extremum of the objective function. The optimization of the thermal impact parameters was carried out according to the criterion of reducing damage to the test material. This makes it possible to increase the accuracy of the technological process of thermal action on a multilayer material.
A Tactile Sensing Strategy for Model-Based Object Recognition

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An outstanding problem in model-based recognition of objects by robot systems is how the system should proceed when the acquired data are insufficient to identify the model instance and model pose that best interpret the object. Such a situation can arise when there are multiple model instances that could be interpretations of the object, or when there are ambiguous poses of a given model instance. This work proposes a generic method for automatically finding a path along which the robot could move a tactile sensor, so that the robot system can uniquely and efficiently identify the object. The problem framework is defined, a methodology for finding paths is proposed, and an evaluation of the costs and benefits of sensing paths is presented, all of which must be done in the presence of geometric uncertainty about the possible locations and orientations of the object. The two-dimensional problem is solved by a projection-space approach, in which the optimal sensing path is found by efficiently searching through the sets of paths passing through each object face. A path is sought which distinguishes as many distinct interpretations as possible, subject to design constraints. It is shown that employing realistic assumptions the problem is tractable, and that for the two-dimensional case the solution time is comparable to the robot motion time. For the three-dimensional problem, an analysis of the structure of the path parameter space shows why the problem is inherently difficult. Several alternative solutions are examined, and a taxonomy of approaches classifies related work into a more general hierarchy of problem decompositions.
Enabling Self-Expression: The Use of Roles to Dynamically Change Adaptation Patterns

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Self-expression is the capability of a system of changing its adaptation pattern at runtime; this can lead to better performance still keeping the achievement of the global goal in a Collective Adaptive System (CAS). In this paper, we show how self-expression can be achieved by means of roles. Developers can embed the adaptation logic in pieces of software that represent roles that system units can play: by changing the roles at runtime, the adaptation pattern changes as a consequence. Exploiting a swarm robotics case study, we show the applicability of our approach and the improvement of the performances with respect to keeping the same pattern during the execution.
Scalloped beam amplification

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Scalloped beam amplification occurs when an rf signal propagates along an electron beam of periodically varying diameter whose scallop wavelength is adjusted to be one-half the effective plasma wavelength in the beam. The dependence of this gain mechanism on frequency, magnetic field, voltage, and current has been investigated experimentally, and over two db gain per scallop has been measured. In the particular setup used, positive ion oscillations caused smearing of true scalloped beam amplification effects.
Amplifier classes, A to S

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The alphabetical classification of electronic amplifiers appears to date back to the earliest era of electronics, and as such could well be approaching the centenary mark. Its survival to the present day represents a remarkable continuity, given the vast changes in technology that have taken place in the intervening decades. It can also represent a distraction for the modern RFPA designer working with solid state active devices and GHz frequencies, both of which were well below the horizon when the original classification came into general use. The plan in this chapter is to introduce and define the various Classes,1 and then consider how the original intent is often modified in typical modern applications, sometimes to the point where the original concept migrates into something palpably different.
Monitoring Hotspots Using Thermal Sensors on MODIS Aqua/Terra Satellite System: A Case Study of National Park Areas in Northern Thailand

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This research presents the remote sensing data on hotspots in four national parks located in Chiang Mai province, Thailand: Sri Lanna National Park, Huai Nam Dang National Park, Doi Pahom Pok National Park, and Doi Inthanon National Park. To mitigate the devastating impacts of these wildfires, effective monitoring and management strategies are necessary. Remote sensing technology provides a promising approach for mapping burnt areas and understanding fire regimes at a regional scale. The primary focus of this research is to employ the MODIS Aqua/Terra satellite system for obtaining historical remote sensing data on hotspots. The advantages of remote sensing include accurate identification and mapping of burnt areas, regular monitoring, rapid data acquisition, and historical data analysis. The MODIS sensor, specifically designed for fire monitoring, offers enhanced fire detection and diagnosis, multiple channels for qualitative and quantitative analysis, and precision positioning capabilities. The research results presented in the analysis contribute to the understanding of fire incidents and hotspot occurrences within the four national parks studied. This paper suggests the optimization of early detection of forest and land fires through the utilization of Artificial Intelligence (AI), presenting it as a recommendation for future endeavors. The research emphasizes the significance of implementing efficient policies and management strategies to effectively tackle the challenges associated with fires in these ecologically significant areas.
Saint Ezequiel Moreno Díaz: “Liberalism is a sin”. Ultramontane Catholicism in Colombia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article provides a historical reconstruction of the period of time during which Ezequiel Moreno Diaz, who is now considered a saint in the Catholic Church, served as bishop of Pasto, in an attempt to characterize him, based on his pastoral sermons and writings, as the greatest exponent of ultramontane Catholicism in Colombia.