jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Peer Review #1 of "Rituximab increases the risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients who are hepatitis B surface antigen-positive or have resolved hepatitis B virus infection in a real-world setting: a retrospective study (v0.1)"

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background.Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation with a hepatitis flare is a common complication in lymphoma patients treated with immunotherapy and/or chemotherapy.Anti-HBV prophylaxis is suggested for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) patients undergoing rituximab therapy, even those with resolved HBV infection.Since anti-HBV prophylaxis for patients with resolved HBV infection is not covered by national health insurance in Taiwan, a proportion of these patients receive no prophylaxis.In addition, late HBV reactivation has emerged as a new issue in recent reports, and no consensus has been reached for the optimal duration of anti-viral prophylaxis.Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the incidence and outcomes of HBV reactivation in NHL patients in a real-world setting and to study the frequency of late HBV reactivation.Materials.NHL patients who received rituximab and/or chemotherapy at our institute between January 2011 and December 2015 and who were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-or hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb)-positive were reviewed retrospectively.Results.A total of 388 patients were screened between January 2011 and December 2015.In total, 196 patients were excluded because HBsAg was not assessed, HBcAb was negative or not assessed, or they were not treated with immunosuppressive therapy.Finally, the retrospective study included 62 HBsAgpositive NHL patients and 130 NHL patients with resolved HBV infection(HBsAg-negative and HBcAbpositive).During a median 30.5-month follow-up period, seven patients experienced HBV reactivation, five of whom had a hepatitis flare.The incidence of HBV reactivation did not significantly differ between the HBsAg-positive patients and the resolved HBV infection population without anti-HBV prophylaxis(4.8% vs. 3.1%, P=0.683).All patients with HBV reactivation were exposed to rituximab.Notably, late HBV reactivation was not uncommon (two of seven patients with HBV reactivation events, 28.6%).HBV reactivation did not influence the patients' overall survival.An age ≥65 years and an advanced disease stage were independent risk factors for poorer overall survival. Conclusion.The incidence of HBV reactivation was similar between the HBsAg-positive patients with anti-viral prophylaxis and the resolved HBV infection population without anti-HBV prophylaxis.All HBV reactivation events occurred in NHL patients exposed to rituximab.Late reactivation was not uncommon.
Development of the First Aliphatic 18F-Labeled Tetrazine Suitable for Pretargeted PET Imaging – Expanding the Bioorthogonal Tool Box

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>Pretargeting imaging of nanomedicines have attracted considerable interest in nuclear medicine since it has the potential to increase imaging contrast while simultaneously reducing radiation burden to healthy tissue. Currently, the tetrazine ligation is the fastest bioorthogonal reaction available for this strategy and consequently, the state-of-art choice for <i>in vivo</i>chemistry. We have recently identified key properties for tetrazines to be applied in pretargeting. We have also developed a method to <sup>18</sup>F-label highly reactive tetrazines using an aliphatic nucleophilic substitution strategy.<a> In this study, we combined this knowledge and developed an <sup>18</sup>F-labeled tetrazine for pretargeted imaging. In order to develop this ligand, a small structure-property study was carried out. The most promising compound - with respect to reactivity, hydrophilicity and <i>ex vivo</i> blocking effect - was selected for labeling and subsequent PET <i>in vivo</i> imaging. Radiolabeling was achieved in satisfying radiochemical yields, molar activities as well as in high radiochemical purities. The tracer </a><a>displayed favorable pharmacokinetics and remarkable target-to-background ratios in pretargeted experiments - already one hour post injection.</a> We believe that the developed pretargeting imaging agent is a promising candidate for translation into clinical studies.</p>
Management of Switchgrass for the Production Of Biofuel

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Currently there are no published data on switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) yield potential for the state of Massachusetts. Our objective was to determine how cultivars preform in this northeastern United States climate and how harvest management affected over all yield. Five high-yielding upland cultivars (Blackwell, Carthage, Cave-in-Rock-, Shawnee, and Shelter) were harvested at senescence, kill-frost, and spring (Fall, Winter, Spring) between 2009-2011. Nitrogen fertilizer was added to plots at a rate of 100 kg ha in June of each year. Measurements were taken of yield, ash, total nitrogen, and mineral content in the feedstock and non-structural carbohydrates in roots at each time of harvest. In the first year all varieties produced their highest yields at senescence. Carthage was the highest yielding variety, and harvesting in fall consistently produced higher yields than harvesting in winter or spring. Harvesting Cave-in-Rock, Shawnee, Blackwell, and Shelter as the plant went into senescence in the first year caused a dramatic reduction in yield the following year, such that winter harvests were equivalent to or better then fall harvests. Nutrients such as N, P, K, Mg and ash all decreased in the feedstock when the harvest was delayed from fall to winter or spring. Soluble nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in the roots were three times higher in the winter than in the fall. These levels decreased again in the spring. Massachusetts yields ranged from 6.8 Mg ha to 12.6 Mg ha across upland varieties in all years. Seven lowland or low yielding
Resilience and challenges of peritoneal dialysis survivors in the aftermath of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains understudied in disaster nephrology. This retrospective multicenter study explores the experiences of PD survivors following the February 6, 2023, Kahramanmaraş Earthquake. Methods Adult PD patients from 11 affected cities were analyzed to assess challenges faced during and postearthquake, alongside clinical outcomes. Results Among 101 participants (median age: 45 years, median PD duration: 24 months), 57 were female, with 79 on continuous ambulatory PD. Challenges included power outages and water shortages, with primary shelter in kin's houses (33%) and homes (28%). Twelve patients experienced PD program delays, and three lacked assistance postdisaster. Sixteen patients changed PD modalities, with seven experiencing postearthquake peritonitis. Clinical parameters remained stable, except for a slight decrease in hemoglobin levels. Conclusion Despite challenges, PD survivors exhibited resilience, highlighting the importance of addressing peritonitis and unusual pathogens in disaster preparedness initiatives.
Exploring RNA structures by means of molecular dynamics simulations : the flavin mononucleotide aptamer, coaxial stacking in a nicked hairpin and water-mediated base pairs in a duplex

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Es wurden Molekulardynamik Simulationen von verschiedenen RNA Strukturen durchgefuehrt, u.a. von einem FMN-RNA Aptamer, ein Modell zum Koaxialen Stacking und eine Helix mit 2 wasservermittelten Basenpaaren.
Degradation of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan of Chemically Extracted Acellular Nerve by Chondroitinase ABC

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To observe the degradation of Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan(CSPG) of chemically extracted acellular nerve(CEAN) by Chondroitinase ABC.Methods: The CEAN was prepared from the sciatic nerve of rats which were then degraded by Chondroitinase ABC and dyed by HE staining.CSPG and Laminin immunohistochemical staining were performed to evaluate the structure and ingredient of CEAN after degrading CSPG from CEAN.Fifteen Wister rats were randomly divided into three groups(n=5 in each group),the autograft group(A group),acellular nerve allograft group(B group) and acellular nerve treated with Chondroitinase ABC allograft group(C group).A 10-mm gap was bridged with autografing,chemically extracted acellular nerve allograft and chemically extracted acellular nerve treated with Chondroitinase ABC respectively.The nerve regeneration length of 3 groups was measured on day 15 after operation.Results: The expression of CSPG in the CEAN was decreased significantly after being treated with Chondroitinase ABC whereas no significant changes of the structure of the CEAN was detected by HE or Laminin immunohistochemical staining.The length of nerve regeneration in A group was longer than that in other groups(P0.05) while the nerve regeneration in C group was significantly improved relative to that in B group(P0.05).Conclusion: Chondroitinase ABC treatment can decrease CSPG and improve the speed of peripheral nerve regeneration repaired with CEAN.
Fabrication of hydrogel mini-capsules as carrier systems

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Conventional drug administration often results in systemic action, thus needing high dosages and leading to potentially pronounced side effects. Targeted delivery, employing carriers like nanoparticles, aims to release drugs at a target site, but only a small fraction of nanoparticles actually reaches it. Microrobots have been proposed to overcome this issue since they can be guided to hard-to-reach sites and locally deliver payloads. To enhance their functionality, we propose microrobots made as deformable capsules with hydrogel shells and aqueous cores, having the potential added advantages of biocompatibility, permeability, and stimulus-responsiveness. In this study, we present a cost-effective method for fabricating core-shell structures without the use of organic solvents or surfactants. The process begins with the dripping of a mixture of hydrogels, agarose and alginate, into a solution to gelate the drops into beads. After they are loaded with calcium ions at different concentrations, they are immersed in an alginate solution to form the shell. Finally, the beads are heated to let the agarose melt and diffuse out, leaving a liquid core. By varying the concentration of calcium ions, we obtain shells of different thickness. To estimate it, we have developed a method using the colour intensity from microscope images. This allowed us to observe that lowering the calcium ions concentration below a threshold does not lead to the formation of continuous shells. For higher concentrations, although the core may remain partially gelled, continuous shells successfully form. Therefore, our fabrication process could find applications in drug delivery, encapsulation systems, and microrobotics.
Increased gastric secretory capacity in smokers without gastrointestinal lesions.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The relationship between smoking and gastric secretory capacity was studied in 201 25-40 year old healthy subjects with normal laboratory data and no gastrointestinal lesions. Basal acid output (BAO) and peak acid output (PAO) were determined in all, and basal and stimulated pepsin outputs were measured in 85 participants. The accuracy of the patients' statements was checked by urinary nicotine assay. Basal acid output and PAO were significantly higher in male smokers (n = 55) than in male non-smokers (n = 49). In women PAO in smokers (n = 38) was higher than in non-smokers (n = 59). Female smokers (n = 38) had a higher pepsin output than female non-smokers (n = 23). Eight variables were considered in relation to BAO and PAO: age, height, weight, alcohol abuse, smoking habits, duration of smoking habit, number of cigarettes per day, and the product of years of smoking multiplied by daily number of cigarettes. The daily number of cigarettes X years of smoking was most closely correlated with BAO and PAO by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. It was concluded that smoking is related to increased gastric acid capacity.
Hypoferremia Produced by Plasma from Endotoxin-Treated Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

After intravenous injection of endotoxin in the rat, a hypoferremia-producing factor remained in the plasma for 5-6 hr. This factor was different from endotoxin incubated in vitro with rat plasma. Endotoxin, however, was still present, suggesting the in vivo formation of a protein—endotoxin complex. The possibility of an intermediate being involved in the production of hypoferremia in the rat after endotoxin injection was discussed.
STRESS AND COPING STRATEGIES AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Medical education is considered challenging as medical students have to confront diverse varieties of stress during all study years that affects their physical and psychological health and hinder coping abilities. The present study was aimed to examine stress and coping strategies of medical students studying in a private medical college. It was hypothesized that there is likely to be a relationship among stress and coping strategies and differences may exists in stress regarding gender and year of study. A sample of medical students N=200 was selected randomly from Akhtar Saeed Medical & Dental College Lahore. Age range of participants was18to 26 years (M=21).The Medical Students Stressor Questionnaire MSSQ- 40 (Yusoff, Rahim, 2010) was used to assess Stress of medical students and The Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced COPE-28 (Montel,Albertini, Desnuelle, Spitz, 2012) was used to assess Coping skills adopted by medical students. Pearson product moment correlation analysis was carried out to identify relationships among stress, coping strategy and demographics of medical students. T-Test and ANOVA was performed to explore the differences of study variables and demographics. The findings showed a positive relationship between stress and coping. Results revealed a high stress level in female students as compared to male students. Academic stressor was found to be the most influencing factor whereas Avoidance coping was mostly used by medical students in Akhtar Saeed Medical and Dental College, Lahore. A higher stress rate was observed in 2nd year medical students among all study years. It was concluded that stress has a positive relationship with coping and significant differences were found regarding socio-demographics (gender, year of study). Keywords: Medical Students, Stress, Coping strategies, Brief COPE, MSSQ
Entropy In Cluster Analysis Of Single Events In Heavy Ion Collisions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Introduction The analysis of the KLM collaboration data [1] for Pb(158 GeV/nucleon) Ag/Br collisions indicated the existence of events with strong dynamical uctuations. The use of factorial moments as a tool for preliminary selection of events was suggested. In our previous paper [2] we analyzed the cluster structure of events resulting from the heavy ion collision data and from the Monte Carlo (MC) generators. We investigated the dependence of the cluster distributions on the parameter dening a cluster size. The quantity we worked with was the second scaled factorial moment as a function of averaged multiplicity n with two subtracted (i.e. n 2): ~ F 2 = (n 2)(n 3) (n 2) 2 : (1) We gave also a motivation for the choice of such a discrimination tool. In full agreement with the suggestion
The Asia-Pacific Strategic Triangle

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The objective of this paper is to give insight into the debate over the strategic triangle and how it impacts conflict and security in South Asia. First the new geopolitical motives of the United States in the Asia-Pacific are outlined. Then the concept of strategic triangle is elaborated and its applicability discussed; third, details about China and India’s relations and responses to the new US policy are being analyzed; the perspective turns to the implications for conflict and security in South Asia with a focus on Afghanistan and Iran where oil and energy security are the main denominators of foreign policy calculations and moves in the strategic triangle; and finally, some concluding remarks are offered to explain the recent shifts in interactions between these core players in the emerging world order and whether a new geopolitical architecture is emerging.
Necessary Optimality Conditions for Dynamic Systems Described by Ordinary Stochastic Difference Equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The stochastic optimal control problem of an ordinary non-linear discrete stochastic system is considered. The quality of control is estimated by the mathematical expectation of the Boltz type functional to be minimized. Considering that the control domain is open, first and second orders stochastic type necessary optimality criterions are formulated and proved, including stochastic Euler equation.
Clinical observation of colon carcinoma treated with Boerning capsules plus FOLFOX4 regimen

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

目的将为结肠癌在临床的治疗加 FOLFOX4 政体评估效果和 Boerning 囊的不利反应。有冒号癌的方法彻底的病人随机从 2005 年 1 月被划分成二个组到 2006 年 5 月：组 A (45 个病人) 是加 FOLFOX4 政体治疗的收到的 Boerning 囊，并且组 B (49 个病人) 仅仅是接受 FOLFOX4 政体治疗。结果 Boerning 囊能显然改进结肠癌病人的生活质量。在组 A 的重量获得比组 B 的高。不重要在身体免疫者功能变化(T 房间亚群) 存在。但是它能改善由化疗导致了的不利反应。结论 Boerning 囊能改进结肠癌病人的生活质量并且改善由化疗导致了的症状和症状。
Do We Want a Revolution without Revolution? Reflections on Political Authority

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

How can we move past revisionism? This article suggests that a first step is to recognize its strengths: Furet was right to underscore the transformative effects of revolution on political culture. But his interpretation of its significance was flawed. Not only did the events of July 1789 transform the understanding of revolution that had prevailed in previous months, but this concept continued to evolve over the next four years. It gradually went from being identified with a popular “right of resistance” to becoming a future-oriented and open-ended concept, associated with state action. This transformation peaked in October 1793, when the National Convention declared “revolutionary government.” At this point, revolution provided the sole political authority for the Revolution. This legacy of the French Revolution would live on in the great revolutions of the twentieth century. Comment sortir de l’impasse du révisionnisme? Cet article suggère qu’en premier lieu il faut reconnaître ses atouts: Furet avait raison de souligner le pouvoir transformateur de la révolution sur la culture politique. Mais l’interprétation qu’il donna de son sens est insuffisant. Les événements de juillet 1789 ont non seulement transformé la signification de « révolution » qui était en cours les mois précédents, mais ce concept a continué d’évoluer pendant les quatre années suivantes. D’abord identifié comme un droit populaire de résistance, il s’est transformé progressivement en un concept ouvert, orienté vers le futur, et associé avec le pouvoir d’état. Cette transformation toucha son comble en octobre 1793, quand la Convention proclama le « gouvernement révolutionnaire ». Dès ce moment, la révolution constitua la seule autorité politique pour la Révolution. Cette contribution de la Révolution française se retrouvera dans les grandes révolutions du vingtième siècle.
Evolution of Granulomatous Colitis in a Child with Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

132 Purpose: To describe the changes in endoscopic appearance and histology in a child with CGD who developed granulomatous colitis following infection with rotavirus and adenovirus 40-41. Case Report: This 8 yo boy was admitted 2/99 with fever, increasing diarrhea and abdominal cramping. He had been diagnosed with CGD at 3 years of age; flex. sigmoidoscopy histologically normal. On this admission, colonoscopy to 50 cm showed numerous small punctate hemorrhages but no ulcers. Biopsies, which were followed by mucosal bleeding, showed rare focal cryptitis suggestive of mild colitis of infectious etiology. No granulomas were seen. EGD: scattered antral erosions. Stools: positive for fecal WBCs, rotavirus and Adenovirus 40-41. Serologies for P-ANCA (76.2) and ASCA (IgA 114.6) were positive (Prometheus Labs., CA). He was treated with prednisone, Asacol and lactobacillus GG for 4 wks. Initially, the symptoms resolved but recurred within 5 wks. Repeat colonoscopy now showed pancolitis with scattered ulcerations. Biopsies showed severe active colitis from the rectum to the cecum, with granulomas. He improved after TPN and broad spectrum antibiotics and was discharged 3 wks later. Conclusions: Sequential histologic changes have not been previously described in children with CGD who develop colitis. Furthermore, the frequency of P-ANCA and ASCA in children with CGD, with and without granulomatous colitis, is unknown. Additional pts. with CGD should be studied to understand the course of granulomatous colitis in this disorder and its differentiation from Crohn's disease.
Adapting the pyramid wavefront sensor for pupil fragmentation of the ELT class telescopes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The next generation of Extremely Large Telescope (24 to 39m diameter) will\nsuffer from the so-called "pupil fragmentation" problem. Due to their pupil\nshape complexity (segmentation, large spiders ...), some differential pistons\nmay appear between some isolated part of the full pupil during the\nobservations. Although classical AO system will be able to correct for\nturbulence effects, they will be blind to this specific telescope induced\nperturbations. Hence, such differential piston, a.k.a petal modes, will prevent\nto reach the diffraction limit of the telescope and ultimately will represent\nthe main limitation of AO-assisted observation with an ELT. In this work we\nanalyse the spatial structure of these petal modes and how it affects the\nability of a Pyramid Wavefront sensor to sense them. Then we propose a\nvariation around the classical Pyramid concept for increasing the WFS\nsensitivity to this particular modes. Nevertheless, We show that one single WFS\ncan not accurately and simultaneously measure turbulence and petal modes. We\npropose a double path wavefront sensor scheme to solve this problem. We show\nthat such a scheme,associated to a spatial filtering of residual turbulence in\nthe second WFS path dedicated to petal mode sensing, allows to fully measure\nand correct for both turbulence and fragmentation effects and will eventually\nrestore the full capability and spatial resolution of the future ELT.\n
Leadership and Corruption: The Need for Institutional Control And Public Accountability in Nigeria

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Corruption is a malfeasance which thrives in an environment of weak institutional leadership. Despite mounting evidence and increased awareness in the fight against the scourge, it has largely become a social pandemic associated with leadership conundrum in various areas of public life. This paper is therefore a critical examination of the socio-cultural and system related factors that create opportunities for this deviant behaviour in Nigeria. It traced the nationâ€™s legacy of poor leadership to the pervasiveness of the grand scale corruption in the Nigerian society and further discussed the kleptocratic manifestation of the social ill which is obstructive to the national development and growth. On the basis of the submission, possible ways of mitigating the risk of the social menace were suggested. The paper concluded that if corruption is to be put on abeyance, the political leadership needs to be genuinely supportive in fostering a culture of resistance to the scourge by demonstrating unalloyed commitment to public accountability and strengthening reforms for improving institutional integrity across the nationâ€™s economy.