jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Laughter: A Tool in Moral Perfectionism?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay considers two themes which have not, to my knowledge, previously been connected: the role of laughter in Nietzsche's thought (with particular reference to Thus Spoke Zarathustra); and what several commentators have recently taken to calling Nietzsche's 'moral perfectionism'. Though some writers have discussed laughter in Nietzsche, the attention it has been given remains relatively minimal. When laughter is discussed, it is more likely to be construed on a metaphorical level, and connected with such themes as 'lightness' and 'dance' (for Zarathustra does indeed make these associations);1 or the focus put upon Part IV as some kind of literary comedy.2 The former is keen to link laughter with joy; the latter tends to focus upon the more obviously parodic elements of Part IV, such as the 'Ass Festival'. I have myself commented elsewhere upon a Nietzschean laughter which is essentially joyous, contrasting a Zarathustran 'laughter of the height' with a 'laughter of the herd'; a Bergsonian laughter of social correction.3 But in this essay, I want to consider another kind — or use — of laughter, of which there are also traces in Zarathustra. This laughter, I shall suggest, can play an important role in a project of 'moral perfectionism'. So the essay is not primarily a piece of 'Nietzsche scholarship'.KeywordsMoral DiscourseIntellectual VirtueMoral PerfectionismReligious FestivalEternal RecurrenceThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
INSTITUTIONALIZING CUSTOMARY COURT IN INDONESIAN JUSTICE SYSTEM AS AN EFFORT TO REALIZE ACCESS TO JUSTICE RIGHT FOR INDIGENOUS PEOPLE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aims to find customary court institution form in an effort to reinstitute customary court in Indonesia. This research is a prescriptive doctrinal legal research, using statutory and conceptual approaches. The data used is secondary data in the form of primary legal materials, while data analysis technique used is qualitative non-positivistic using hermeneutic interpretation method. Customary disputes are included in the realm of material law that occur in the space of indigenous peoples, if they are resolved by a different formal legal institution, namely the general court as regulated in Law no. 21 of 2001 on Special Autonomy for Papua Province. In principle, the customary court is the last judiciary based on customary law, but efforts to obtain justice (access to justice) and the truth are the human rights of everyone. Therefore, everyone who seeks justice must be interpreted as the right to obtain fair recognition, guarantee, protection and legal certainty and be treated equally before the law. The idea of reviving customary justice is important because as a body of customary courts it is in charge of adjudicating customary law disputes that occur in the community.
Squeeze film based magnetic fluid in between porous circular disks with sealed boundary

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Efforts have been made to study the effect of the magnetic fluid lubricant and the sealing of the boundary for the squeeze film between two circular disks when the upper disk having a porous facing with its boundary sealed, approaches the non-porous lower disk normally. The modified Reynolds equations for the fluid region and the governing Laplacian equation for the pressure in a porous region are solved with appropriate boundary conditions. Expressions are obtained for pressure, load carrying capacity and the response time. The results are presented graphically. The combined effect of the magnetic fluid lubricant and sealing of the boundary increases the load carrying capacity significantly and hence the performance of the bearing can be enhanced considerably by sealing the boundary and taking a magnetic fluid as lubricant.
Study on Karyotypes of 4 Species of Lily in Liaoning Province

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Karyotypes of 3 species and 1 variaty in Lilium L.native to Liaoning province were studied.The results showed that the karyotypes of them were:① L.concolor Salisb.var.buschianum(Lodd.)Baker.2n=4m(2SAT)+4st+16t(2SAT);②L.pumilum DC.2n=6sm(2SAT)+12st+6t;③L.amabile Palib.2n=4m(2SAT)+8st+12t(2SAT);④L.cernum Kom.2n=2m(2SAT)+2sm(2SAT)+12st+8t.There were obvious differences in relative length,arm ratio,ordinal numbers of chromosome,its distinction and karyotypical types among four species.The karyotypes of other species were 3B,except L.pumilum C.was 3A.
ImmersiMed: Cross-platform simulation training

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This work presents our vision and work-in-progress on a new platform for immersive virtual and augmented reality (AR) training. ImmersiMed is aimed at medical educational and professional institutions for educating nurses, doctors, and other medical personnel. ImmersiMed is created with multi-platform support and extensibility in mind. By creating consistent experiences across different platforms and applications, ImmersiMed intends to increase simulation availability. Furthermore, it is expected to improve the quality of training and prepare students better for more advanced tasks and boost confidence in their abilities. Tools for educators are being provided so new scenarios can be added without the intervention of costly content creators or programmers. This article addresses how Immersive’s mixed platform approach can ease the transition from basic school training to real-world applications by starting from a virtual reality simulation and gradually let the student move on to guided AR in the real world. By explaining the idea of a single development platform for multiple applications using different technologies and by providing tools for educators to create their own scenarios, ImmersiMed will improve training quality and availability at a low training and simulation costs.
A hybrid suspended core fiber with improved nonlinearity and dispersion characteristics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The nonlinearity and dispersion characteristics of a suspended core fiber with different fluid filling methods and slot-structure-embedded core configuration is simulated and analyzed here. Firstly, four suspended core bismuth fibers were filled with high nonlinear fluid CS2 fluid by selective filling method. With the selective filling method, due to the mode redistribution effect, the nonlinearity of optical fiber is significantly enhanced, and the dispersion characteristics of optical fiber can be customized more smoothly. Furthermore, an elliptical, nonlinear fluid-filled nanoscale slot structure is embedded into the suspended Bismuth fiber core for mode distribution adjustment and nonlinearity enhancement, while the cladding air holes are partially filled with nonlinear fluid CS2 for mode field compression and nonlinearity enhancement. Finally, the fiber parameters and the slot size are tailored properly for adjusting the fiber dispersion characteristic. Simulation results show that an ultrahigh nonlinear coefficient that reaching up to 12023W-1km-1 and a flattened dispersion with fluctuation less than 22ps/Km/nm at C-band are possible after the optimization.
Oral Cavity Calprotectin and Lactoferrin Levels in Relation to Radiotherapy

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background: Lactoferrin, an iron-binding glycoprotein, and calprotectin, a calcium binding protein, are sensitive markers of inflammation and their fecal levels increase during radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients. With this background, we analyzed mouthrinse calprotectin and lactoferrin levels of head- and neck-cancer patients before, during and after radiotherapy. Methods: Twenty cancer patients (mean age 55.85 ± 15.01, 80% male), who had been planned to undergo radiotherapy to the head and neck area, were included in this study. Mouthrinse samples were collected before radiotherapy, at the 3rd and 6th weeks of radiotherapy and 4 weeks after the radiotherapy. Mouthrinse samples were analyzed for calprotectin and lactoferrin using commercial ELISA kits. Results: Calprotectin levels increased significantly during radiotherapy (p = 0.022). Both markers, lactoferrin (p = 0.011) and calprotectin (p = 0.006), decreased significantly after the treatment. Conclusions: Present study results may suggest that the elevations in calprotectin and lactoferrin levels during radiotherapy reflect the increased and emerging inflammatory environment in the oral cavity, thus may increase the risk of periodontal disease initiation or progression.
The generation and effect of electrostatic fields during an auroral disturbance

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The equations of motion of electrons and ions in the presence of electric, magnetic, and neutral particle velocity fields are derived for conditions likely to exist in an auroral arc. The electric field resulting from charge separation is computed. Electron densities, charged-particle motion, and electric currents are also computed. It is shown how these computations can account for magnetic bays, electron drifts, and electric field fluctuation observed during auroral disturbances. Analytical expressions for electric field strengths and neutral plasma drift velocities are derived.
Knockout of Fatty Acid Synthase induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Porcine Early Embryos

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of long chain fatty acid. During development, FASN plays a role in growth rather than the energy storage pathways. In this study, we hypothesis that knockout of FASN may affect the early embryonic development through induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The function of FASN was studied using the Crispr/Cas9 technology. We found that FASN knockout induced ER stress by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), further resulted in the activation of adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR), caused the splicing of XBP1. In addition, FASN knockout increased ATF4 and CHOP expression, influenced phosphorylation of PERK. At last, Ca2+ was released from the ER and then taken up by the mitochondrial and influenced mitochondrial function, initiated apoptosis. These results demonstrated that FASN knockout induced generation of ROS, which mediated the activation of UPR via the ER and subsequent apoptosis in porcine early embryos.
Variations of cosmic large-scale structure covariance matrices across parameter space

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The likelihood function for cosmological parameters, given by e.g. weak lensing shear measurements, depends on contributions to the covariance induced by the nonlinear evolution of the cosmic web. As nonlinear clustering to date has only been described by numerical $N$-body simulations in a reliable and sufficiently precise way, the necessary computational costs for estimating those covariances at different points in parameter space are tremendous. In this work we describe the change of the matter covariance and of the weak lensing covariance matrix as a function of cosmological parameters by constructing a suitable basis, where we model the contribution to the covariance from nonlinear structure formation using Eulerian perturbation theory at third order. We show that our formalism is capable of dealing with large matrices and reproduces expected degeneracies and scaling with cosmological parameters in a reliable way. Comparing our analytical results to numerical simulations we find that the method describes the variation of the covariance matrix found in the SUNGLASS weak lensing simulation pipeline within the errors at one-loop and tree-level for the spectrum and the trispectrum, respectively, for multipoles up to $\ell\leq 1300$. We show that it is possible to optimize the sampling of parameter space where numerical simulations should be carried out by minimising interpolation errors and propose a corresponding method to distribute points in parameter space in an economical way.
Influence of Filler Content and Filler Size on the Curing Kinetics of an Epoxy Resin

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this research, the influences of filler content and filler particle size on the flow-hardening behavior were investigated by a measuring mixer. In order to more reliably assess the observed rheological behavior, isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were employed to study the curing kinetics of the compounds. The measured data can be fitted well with Kamal-Sourour’s model modified by the diffusion correlation according to Chern and Poehlein. After that, the influence of filler content and size on the kinetic parameters are presented discussed. The results show that the ultimate glass transition temperature is significantly lower for pure epoxy resin (EP) than for compounds filled with surface-treated glass beads, which have an essential effect on the diffusion-controlled reaction at different curing temperatures. For the surface-treated glass beads used in this study, the reaction speed in the early curing stage is accelerated by increasing filler content or decreasing of filler size. In the later curing stage, the reaction speeds of compounds with higher filler content or smaller fillers reduce more quickly. The study of reaction kinetics indicates that the activation energy Ea1, Ea2, the reaction order m, and n are affected differently by varying filler content and size.
Structural and genetic characterization of lipopolysaccharides extracted from disease causing non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae strains

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This thesis deals with the structure and genetic blueprint of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) expressed by the Gram-negative bacterium Haemophilus influenzae (H.influenzae). H. influenzae is an opportunistic pathogen that regularly colonizes the upper respiratory tract and exists in encapsulated (typeable) or nonencapsulated (non-typeable) forms (NTHi). Prior research has indicated that the surface expressed lipopolysaccharides (LPS) is a major virulence factor of H. influenzae. Pathogenic behavior can for example result in respiratory tract infections, otitis media (OM) or invasive disease such as meningitis. \n \n \n \nThe thesis contains detailed studies of the phase-variable glycosyltransferase lex2. This transferase was shown to act either as a glucosyltransferase or galactosyltransferase depending on one single key amino acid. This was established by elucidation of LPS expressed by genetically defined lex2 mutant strains or transformant strains in which the transferase activity was removed or altered. Moreover, two structural characterizations of non-typeable clinical isolates, strains 2019 and R2866 are investigated. NTHi R2866 is an atypical non-typeable strain as itwas isolated from a child with meningitis. Our data indicate that R2866 produces an extremely heterogeneous population of glycoforms with expression of L-glycero-Dmanno-heptose (L,D-Hep) in its outer core. This residue was evidenced to carry a phoshocholine (PCho) residue in O-7 position, a substitution which is novel. Moreover, this study includes data obtained for genetically defined mutant strains R2866lpsA and R2866losB2 as these demonstrated detailed LPS structures not seen in wild-type. \n \n \n \nThe characterization of LPS expressed by 2019 wild-type strain and mutant strains 2019lex2, 2019lpt3 and 2019pgmB add to the previously published structure of 2019. In 1992 it was established that lactose is linked to the proximal heptose (Hep I) of the conserved triheptosyl inner-core moiety, no other structures were reported. We show that the middle heptose (Hep II) can express a beta-D-Galp-(1--->4)-beta-D-Glcp-(1--->4)-alpha-DGlcp-(1--->3 epitope. Interestingly, the lex2 mutant was indicated to be substituted at O-2 at Hep III by beta-D-Glcp which, in turn, can be further extended. Such elongations have never been reported for NTHi 2019 before. NTHi 2019 belongs to a small subset of strains that express one additonal phosphoethanol amine (PEtn) residue in its outer core. Here, we establish that PEtn substitutes O-3 of the distal heptose (Hep III). This PEtn substituent was absent in the lpt3 mutant indicating Lpt3 to be the transferase required to add PEtn to Hep III.
Immune-checkpoint inhibitor resistance in patients with cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has transformed the landscape of oncology, offering significant improvements in patient survival and achieving remarkable long-term outcomes. Despite these advances, the therapeutic benefits of ICIs are not universal, and existing biomarkers often fall short in accurately predicting patient responses. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying resistance to ICIs is essential for the development of strategies to mitigate these challenges and enhance therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a detailed exploration of the resistance mechanisms associated with ICIs, focusing on the role of the tumor microenvironment and intrinsic tumor cell alterations in mediating both primary and secondary resistance. Furthermore, it evaluates emerging strategies to overcome resistance, including combination therapies and innovative therapeutic approaches. By dissecting the molecular and immunological pathways implicated in ICI resistance, this review aims to highlight novel predictive and prognostic biomarkers and outline optimized therapeutic strategies to maximize the clinical impact of ICIs in cancer management.
Cut off Value of Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) in Screening and Diagnosis of Iron Deficiency Anemia and b Thalassemia Trait

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The most concerning consequences of iron deficiency in children are the alterations of cognitive, motor, and behavioral performance. Persistent neurocognitive changes despite iron repletion have increased the importance of prevention and early detection of iron deficiency. Objectives: To evaluate the cut off value of red cell distribution width (RWD) in the screening and diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and â thalassemia trait (BTT). Methods: It is a cross sectional study performed at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital from July 2006 to July 2008. Total 52 patients, age ranged from 1-12 years were included in the study. Among them 27 cases were IDA and 25 cases were BTT. Complete blood count (CBC), serum ferritin and hemoglobin (HB) electrophoresis were measured. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of differential and cutoff value for RDW discrimination index in differentiation between IDA and BTT were performed. Results: Age ranged from 1-12 years. In IDA group male were found 16(59%), female were 11(41%) and in BTT group male were 15(60%), female were 10(40%). The Hb% value in IDA group was significantly (p<0.0001) lower than value for BTT. An elevation of RBC distribution width (>14.6) in IDA had a sensitivity of 81%, specificity of 84%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 85% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 81%; value of RBC distribution width (<14.6) in BTT had a sensitivity of 84%, specificity of 81%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 81% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 85%. An elevation of RBC distribution width (>16) had a sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 92%, and positive predictive value (PPV) of 90% in distinguishing iron deficiency anemia from thalassemia trait. Moreover, eleven (11) of 27 patients with iron deficiency had RBC distribution width values greater than 18 compared to one (1) of the patients with thalassemia trait. An elevation of RBC distribution width ³18 specificity of 96% and positive predictive value (PPV) of 92%. Conclusion: The rersult of the study, in patients with microcytic hypochromic anemia, RDW value e³14.6% and Hb level< 10gm/dl, iron deficiency is the most likely diagnosis. RDW value (>16) is a reliable diagnostic tool in differentiation between IDA and BTT. Red cell distribution width (RDW) above 16% is the best index of IDA. DS (Child) H J 2021; 37(1): 51-58
RPE65 and the Accumulation of Retinyl Esters in Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The RPE 65 protein of the retinal pigment epithelium ( RPE ) enables the conversion of retinyl esters to the visual pigment chromophore 11‐ cis retinal. Fresh 11‐ cis retinal is generated from retinyl esters following photoisomerization of the visual pigment chromophore to all‐ trans during light detection. Large amounts of esters accumulate in Rpe65 −/− mice, indicating their continuous formation when 11‐ cis retinal generation is blocked. We hypothesized that absence of light, by limiting the conversion of esters to 11‐ cis retinal, would also result in the build‐up of retinyl esters in the RPE of wild‐type mice. We used HPLC to quantify ester levels in organic extracts of the RPE from wild‐type and Rpe65 −/− mice. Retinyl ester levels in Sv/129 wild‐type mice that were dark adapted for various intervals over a 4‐week period were similar to those in mice raised in cyclic light. In C57 BL /6 mice however, which contain less Rpe65 protein, dark adaptation was accompanied by an increase in ester levels compared to cyclic light controls. Retinyl ester levels were much higher in Rpe65 −/− mice compared to wild type and kept increasing with age. The results suggest that the RPE 65 role in retinyl ester homeostasis extends beyond enabling the formation of 11‐ cis retinal.
Superantigens and Bacterial DNA as Cytokine Inducers in Gram-Positive Sepsis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus cause severe and life-threatening infections, including systemic bacteremia (sepsis) and local infections that eventually may lead to toxic shock syndrome (TSS). In addition, staphylococci not only play an important role as a single causative agent of a systemic infection, but they also can be isolated frequently from blood cultures, together with other infectious agents, especially Gram-negative bacteria. Although major steps in the patho-genesis of Gram-negative infections have been elucidated in the last decades, it was unknown for a long time which constitutive components or induced products of staphylococci would contribute to pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections.