jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional studies of human ADAM 12 in myoblast fusion and Ebola virus VP40 in assembly

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Part I:
ADAM 12 is a member of the growing ADAM protein family that displays a conserved domain organisation: a signal sequence, a pro-, a metalloprotease, adisintegrin, a cysteine-rich, a transmembrane and a cytoplasmic domain. ADAM proteins are found in higher eukaryotes and in most mammalian tissues, and appear to be involved in very diverse developmental processes. In this work, a number of biochemical and biophysical techniques were used to obtain structural information on the disintegrin and cysteine-rich domains of ADAM 12 for which no structural data is available. We also investigated the potential role of ADAM 12in myogenesis and found that ADAM 12 could specifically be retained, by an unknown mechanism, in a perinuclear compartment when expressed in muscle cells, and was unable to provoke myogenesis by itself. A dimerisation partner of ADAM 12 was isolated, namely ADAM 19, which could specifically bind to ADAM 12 in vitro.
Part II:
The Ebola virus matrix protein, VP40, is targeted to the plasma membrane where it is thought to induce assembly and budding of virions. Ebola virus VP40 is a monomer in solution consisting of two domains. Cellular localisation studies ofdifferent VP40 mutants showed that the C-terminal domain is required for plasma membrane association. Moreover, we showed that wild type VP40 and an N-terminally truncated form VP40 (31-326) are both released into the cell culture supernatant, when expressed in 293T cells, in vesicular structures that resemblevirus-like particles as detected by electron microscopy. These results suggest thatVP40 is sufficient for virus assembly and budding. Moreover, VP40 contains two motifs at its N-terminus, which are required for binding to an ubiquitin ligase(Nedd4) and to an inactive E2 enzyme (Tsg101),both of which are here shown to interact with VP40 in vitro. These interactions are believed to improve the budding efficiency.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus disease (white tail disease) in Australia

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The index case of white tail disease (WTD) is presented in adult broodstock prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii from the Flinders River in western Queensland, Australia, in mid-2007. Histological examination revealed extensive myonecrosis with massive infiltration of myonuclei and some haemocytes. Juveniles from the same broodstock but not from 3 other families displayed white muscle lesions. Low-grade chronic mortalities approaching 100% over 1 yr occurred. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) were attempted for both M. rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) with 2 sets of primers and for the satellite virus, extrasmall virus (XSV). All 3 PCRs generated amplicons of the expected sizes. Basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analyses of the 3 consensus sequences identified a 91% match with MrNV viral capsid protein gene, 96% match with MrNV RNA-directed RNA polymerase gene, and a 99% match with M. rosenbergii XSV capsid protein gene. The clinical signs, histopathological lesions and RT-PCR amplicons could be reproduced in M. rosenbergii inoculated with cell-free extracts fulfilling River’s postulates. We conclude that this is an endemic strain of MrNV as the sequences are dissimilar to strains of MrNV circulating around Asia and the Americas. This case only poorly meets the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) case definition for WTD due to the age of the prawns involved and the nature of the inclusion bodies. Perhaps the OIE case definition needs broadening.
HIVepsilon-seq—scalable characterization of intact persistent proviral HIV reservoirs in women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

IMPORTANCE: The lack of a reliable method to accurately detect when replication-competent HIV has been cleared is a major challenge in developing a cure. This study introduces a new approach called the HIVepsilon-seq (HIVε-seq) assay, which uses long-read sequencing technology and bioinformatics to scrutinize the HIV genome at the nucleotide level, distinguishing between defective and intact HIV. This study included 30 participants on antiretroviral therapy, including 17 women, and was able to discriminate between defective and genetically intact viruses at the single DNA strand level. The HIVε-seq assay is an improvement over previous methods, as it requires minimal sample, less specialized lab equipment, and offers a shorter turnaround time. The HIVε-seq assay offers a promising new tool for researchers to measure the intact HIV reservoir, advancing efforts towards finding a cure for this devastating disease.
Nanoscale analysis of interfaces in a metal/oxide/oxide trilayer obtained by pulsed laser deposition

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Sr 2 Fe Mo O 6 ∕ Sr Ti O 3 ∕ Co Fe 2 trilayers grown by pulsed laser deposition on SrTiO3 (001) are investigated by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The stack is epitaxial, independent of whether the CoFe2 electrode is grown at 500 or at 50°C. Thus it is possible to obtain epitaxy near room temperature. The SrTiO3∕CoFe2 interface is quite sharp, while the Sr2FeMoO6∕SrTiO3 interface presents regions of Fe depletion. The chemical composition of the films is close to the nominal stoichiometries. These results could be useful for the growth of heteroepitaxial devices and magnetic tunnel junctions.
On the internal structure of the current sheet in the pulsar wind

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate the internal structure of the current sheet in the pulsar wind within force-free and two-fluid MHD approximations. Within the force-free approximation we obtain general asymptotic solution of the Grad-Shafranov equation for quasi-spherical pulsar wind up to the second order in small parameter $\varepsilon = (\Omega r/c)^{-1}$. The solution allows an arbitrary latitudinal structure of the radial magnetic field, including that obtained in the numerical simulations of oblique rotators. It is also shown that the shape of the current sheet does not depend on the latitudinal structure. For the internal region of the current sheet outside the fast magnetosonic surface where the force-free approximation is not valid we use two-fluid MHD approximation. Carrying out calculations in the comoving reference frame we succeed in determining intrinsic electric and magnetic fields of a sheet. It allows us to analyze time-dependent effects which were not investigated up to now. In particular, we estimate the efficiency of the particle acceleration inside the sheet. Finally, after investigating the motion of individual particles in the time-dependent current sheet, we find self-consistently the width of the sheet and its time evolution.
Spitzer Observations of Centaurus A: Synchrotron Emission in the Infrared

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present measurements obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope in five bands from 3.6-24microns of the northern inner radio lobe of Centaurus A, the nearest powerful radio galaxy. We show that this emission is synchrotron in origin. Comparison with ultraviolet observations from GALEX shows that diffuse ultraviolet emission exists in a smaller region than the infrared but also coinciding with the radio jet. It is plausible that synchrotron emission extends to ultraviolet wavelengths without a break, however further data are required to confirm this.
Development of the writing skills of students in compulsory education in Spain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Acquiring writing skills requires an entire academic lifetime but acceptable levels of profi ciency should be covered in compulsory education.Th is research verifi es the beginner, intermediate and advanced levels of writing skills in the Spanish education system.It compares both the development of knowledge and the associated diffi culties in interviews with 40 students from the even years of primary and secondary education.Descriptive and correlational analyses were made, aft er coding their statements according to the theoretical model used.Th ey revealed an unexpected stagnation, depending on the levels, with important educational implications.
MYCN Fish combined with immunohistochemistry is a more prognostic factor for neuroblastoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: MYCN is an identified driver and important prognosticator of neuroblastoma and performs biological function at protein level. At present, most detection methodologies focus on MYCN DNA level and fail to detect MYCN protein expression for poor antibody, especially in China. Results： In the present study, through the analysis of neuroblastoma gene expression profile data, we found MYCN expression is closely related with prognosis of neuroblastoma, especially in stage I-III and IVs at RNA level in current medical conditions. FISH was almost accurate as WES to test MYCN DNA level based on our hospital data. In 56 neuroblastoma cases, IHC analysis by a newfound antibody (#84406s, Cell Signaling Technology) demonstrated a 75%-85% concordance with FISH. Further analyzing those cases with inconsistent results, we found patients with FISH + but IHC score<9 all had no adverse events, while 63.6% patients with FISH + and IHC score≥9 tended to have poor outcome. As to those MYCN FISH - patients, once their tumor showed MYCN protein expression, all of them were poor prognosis, while 81% of the rest patients with neither MYCN gene nor protein expression had ideal prognosis. Conclusions: The results suggest that this newfound antibody is reliable in IHC, and IHC combined with FISH performs better in evaluating prognosis and guiding treatment.
Ethics and information technology use: a survey of US based SMEs

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to study the beliefs and attitudes of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) toward the ethical use of information technology (IT). This research in progress paper presents findings from an “ethics survey” conducted in the USA. The initial data presented here suggest that even though IT has become an integral part of the US SMEs, there is a clear lack of awareness of basic ethical issues. The participants on this survey did not seem to understand the importance of their moral and ethical responsibilities in the use of IT. In a follow‐up of this study, we hope to extend and use the initial findings to conduct focused in‐depth interviews with some of the survey participants. In a subsequent stage we wish to conduct a similar research for large enterprises, so as to compare and contrast the extent of IT related ethical practices in businesses.
Solar Wind Conditions During the First 42 Months of Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Knowledge of the solar wind conditions is important to study the magnetosphere by missions, such as Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) and the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS). We examine the magnetic field and plasma data obtained by three solar wind monitors, ACE, Wind, and DSCOVR to check the consistency and survey the statistical properties of the solar wind during 2015–2018, the first 42 months of the MMS mission. In the consistency study, we exclude the effect of limited cross‐flow correlation lengths of solar wind properties and confirmed that the magnetic field measurements from different spacecraft are consistent on average. We also suggest that ACE and Wind measurements are best used for the temperature and velocity data; while for density measurements, DSCOVR and Wind data should be used when available. In the statistical study, by comparing the recent data with that in 2008, we find that the magnetic field conditions are generally the same but the plasma properties have changed. On average, the MMS measurements are obtained when Earth is in a lower dynamic pressure and smaller plasma beta solar wind than that of previous studies. These 2015–2018 conditions favor the occurrence of magnetic reconnection, which assumes a great role in driving the dynamics of the magnetosphere.
Access and dental health service utilization by children of government schools in Bangalore, India: A parent perspective

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Access to oral health care refers to patient's ability to utilize oral health care. The availability of oral health services is very scarce in rural India; therefore, the unmet treatment needs of rural population are very high. Aim: We aimed to determine the dental service utilization and factors affecting the same among the 6–12-year-old government schoolchildren in Bangalore South-1, Karnataka, India. Methodology: In-depth interviews regarding access, utilization of dental services, and factors affecting them were conducted with 1080 parents/guardians of 6–12-year-old government schoolchildren from Bangalore South-1 in this cross-sectional analytical study. Chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were used for data analysis using SPSS version 20.0 (IBM Corp. Ltd.). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. Results: The most common ailment reported by parents was gum problem (17.5%). Only 7.80% of the parents visited dental facility in the past 12 months. Majority of the parents (62.1%) had access to private dental health services. The barriers to utilization of dental services majorly included financial constraints (45.19%) and parent's unawareness of the oral health-care facilities nearby (21.84%). Multiple regression analyses showed that the head of the household with middle school education and high school education (odds ratio = 1.55; 1.74) had a higher probability of having visited a dentist in the past 1 year. Conclusion: Dental service utilization rate was very low in the past 12 months. Relief from pain was the sole reason for visiting a dentist. Oral health-promoting programs and provision of government hospitals are required for increased utilization of dental services so as to improve the dental attitude, accessibility, and affordability and overcome the barriers among the parents.
The New Stapler Device Is Good, But Needs More Evaluation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

enced one anastomosis leakage in patients with rectosigmoid colon cancer.The compression anastomosis technique needs more large-scale clinical studies and more data on rectal cancer surgery before it will be accepted.A bad workman finds fault with his tools.For good gastrointestinal anastomosis, strict adherence to operative principles may be more important than the type of surgical device used.These principles include adequate exposure of the surgical field, the use of well-vascularized tissue, absence of tension, no fecal contamination, watertight closure, mucosal apposition and meticulous technique [5].
Role of glutathione transferases in the improved acclimation to salt stress in salicylic acid-hardened tomato

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Three weeks old Solanum lycopersicum L. cvar. Rio Fuego plants , which grew in hydroponic culture, were pre-treated with 10 -7 M or 10 -4 M salicylic acid (SA) and 100 mM NaCl was added to the nutrient solution from the 6 th week. The activity of glutathione transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) were analyzed spectrophotometrically after one week salt stress. All of these activities are connected to GST enzyme family, but the changes were different at the end of the pre-treatment or after the NaCl stress. SA enhanced the GPOX activity in the highest extent by the end of the three-week- period, while in glutathione transferase function there was no significant changes. The salt treatment mostly enhanced these enzyme activities but in the SA-pre-treated plants the GST and GPOX activities were elevated in a higher extent. In contrast to the lower SA concentra- tion, pre-treatment with 10 -4 M SA maintained the DHAR activities at the control level even in roots. Our results indicate that the increased antioxidant enzyme activities may be the part of the hardening effect of SA. GSTs can participate in the maintenance of the redox state of cells
Culture-boundness and problems of cross-cultural phraseology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

We’ve built this digital research platform to provide academics everywhere with fast, stable and secure digital access to our library of over 110,000 scholarly books and 800,000 journal articles. We’ve tested the platform in close cooperation with leading academic institutions. If you have any questions or you notice something doesn’t quite work as it should, please visit our Help/FAQ page and let us know.
John Rawls and Oxford Philosophy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Scholarship historicizing John Rawls has put paid to the view that his work was without precedent. This article sets out to find out why, then, A Theory of Justice stirred such philosophical excitement, even among British philosophers in a position to recognize its antecedents. I advance the view that his work is helpfully understood as fulfilling the promise of the “naturalist” revival in ethics begun at Oxford by Philippa Foot and Elizabeth Anscombe. After briefly surveying the development of analytic philosophy, I argue that Rawls's contribution was to reconceive ethics so that it was an investigation neither of an independent ethical reality nor of the logic of moral language. Rather, it was concerned with a class of facts about ourselves. Rawls's practice of ethics adopts as its central focus the ongoing human practice of justification. I place Rawls's turn from religious faith to justification between persons alongside similar shifts in Plato's Euthyphro and in the biographies of Kant and Sidgwick. I try to show the distinctiveness of Rawls's focus by contrasting his search for human self-understanding with the project of R. M. Hare, his most prominent non-naturalist critic, who charged Rawls with offering an inadequate account of the authority of ethics.
Lessons from failure: Pollution blacklisting and firm's green innovation

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article investigates the impact of pollution blacklisting on firm green innovation (GI) by a unique information disclosure project from 782 Chinese listed firms in heavily polluting industries during 2015–2019. Our research found that pollution blacklisting establishes a poor environmental perception and puts firms under greater legitimacy pressure than their peers, forcing them to go beyond compliance through more substantial long‐term solutions like GI to reestablish environmental legitimacy and win social support again. For firms with high levels of media coverage, the positive effect of pollution blacklisting on GI is strengthened, while for firms with bureaucratic political connections, the positive effect is weakened. The findings have important theoretical and practical implications for GI management and relevant information disclosure practice.
Responsive internal program evaluation as an quality monitoring mechanism alternative at HEI in Malaysia: A case study / Ahmad Saruddin Endut

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The exponential changes in technology and economic environment have resulted in greater changes to the educational landscape all over the world. These changes in the forms of internationalization and massification of enrolment have highlighted the growing concerns and crucial needs for quality and quality assurance in education. Proactive and responsive measures are continually in demand as important elements towards continuous improvement. Accreditations, peer reviews and quality audits are several external quality monitoring mechanisms that have been developed by quality assurance agencies with the motive to enhance accountability and improvement of quality. The first objective of this study is to take a proactive measure at an institutional level in developing an internal quality monitoring mechanism. With the motive for improvement, this mechanism is responsive to the stakeholders’ need for information in its development and in evaluating the quality of educational program by taking into consideration the issues and concerns of stakeholders as advance organizers of the evaluation. The foci of quality consist of quality as exceptional or excellence, quality as transformation and quality as fitness for purpose are designed and targeted at the output and outcome dimensions of a program which will complement the existing mechanisms that targeted only on inputs and processes. This developed internal quality monitoring mechanism is conceptually framed on the Logic Model for evaluation, modified Stake’s responsive evaluation approach, Bennett’s Targeting Outcomes of Programs Hierachy and utilizes Logic Model’s archetype indicators as its parameters…
Is Full Employment an Appropriate Monetary Policy Target

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Full employment is an important public policy objective. The unprecedented level of unemployment observed in the aftermath of the global crisis represents a major policy failure. This paper reexamines whether this policy failure is one we should associate with monetary policy and whether full employment is an appropriate target for monetary policy. It is recalled that a few decades ago, full employment was considered by many to be a proper monetary policy target. This changed with the advent of ination targeting that recognized the value of the primacy of price stability. Following a brief historical review, it is argued that full employment is not an appropriate target for the central bank and should be avoided for the same reasons that led central banks to put price stability above other objectives as an operational target in the latter part of the twentieth century. Lack of knowledge about what constitutes full employment in real time and the risk of politicization of the central bank in the face of possibly politically motivated disagreements about its measurement make full employment an unsuitable target.
Usage and Impact of Model-Based User Authorization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Identity management projects are often a great challenge for organizations. This is not due to the technical complexity of these projects, but due to the fact that managing access to resources and services involves a deep understanding of organizational responsibilities, workflows, and processes. The presented approach aims at enabling domain experts to deal with that complexity without the support of external expertise. To accomplish this, the approach involves the organizational dimension of role engineering. The integration of the organizational layer is achieved by seamlessly integrating model data from process optimization projects. Conceptual models carry knowledge about the structure of an organization and its processes. The role engineering process is driven by the information in these models. The presented approach is not limited to the technical level and thus allows a high degree of automation. This research deals with – in addition to a practical illustration – a theoretical answer to the question whether it is even possible to integrate semi-formal models in an automated transformation process of transformation and requirements for such a process. The aim of this paper is to give a first positive answer to this question and to provide a way to automatically generate a useful setting for configuring identity management systems based on semi-formal models.