jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Current Evidence of Chinese Herbal Constituents with Effects on NMDA Receptor Blockade

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) is an important molecular entity governing a wide range of functions in the central nervous system. For example, the NMDA-R is involved in memory and cognition, and impairment of both (as in Alzheimer’s Disease) is attributed to NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity. With greater understanding of the NMDA-R structure, antagonists with varying degrees of binding-site and subtype selectivity have been developed and put into clinical use. Discovery of target-specific Chinese herbs have also been made in parallel. This article provides an overview of the known active sites on the NMDA-R, followed by a discussion of the relevant herbs and their constituents. Experimental evidence supporting the inhibitory role of the herbal compounds on the NMDA-R is highlighted. For some of the compounds, potential research directions are also proposed to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the herbs. It is envisaged that future investigations based on the present data will allow more clinically relevant herbs to be identified.
Visuals, Structure and Emotion: The Toy Piano in the Dramaturgy of Piano Recitals

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the contribution of the toy piano to the dramaturgy of piano recitals. As a starting point for the study, the concept of artform recital is introduced, as the understanding that all elements come together with the music programme to build the listening experience. In order to weave all these elements together coherently, it is then proposed the application of ideas from dramaturgy. Three piano recitals are observed as case studies, demonstrating how the addition of toy piano performances can contribute to the dramaturgy of recitals by offering a distinct visual interest, allowing other possibilities of exploration of the space of performance and of the pianist’s body movement, suggesting emotional connotations to the listening experience, and by working as a key element in the structure of the programme.
Comparison Study on Pollen Morphology of Wild Eructus rutaecarpa(Juss.)Benth and E.rutaecarpa(Juss.)Benth.var.officinalis(Dode)Huang in Jiangxi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

[Objective] The aim was to provide taxonomic for identifying Eructus rutaecarpa(Juss.) Benth and its variety E.rutaecarpa(Juss.) Benth.var.officinalis(Dode).[Method] Pollen morphology of wild E.rutaecarpa and E.rutaecarpa var.officinalis was examined by scanning electron microscope.[Result] The pollens of E.rutaecarpa and its variety showed no meaningful difference in shape and structure,the number of germinal furrow and the surface sculptures,but difference in shape of germinal furrow and depth of vein eyelet were detected.[Conclusion] The difference offered an effective identification basis for the distinguish of E.rutaecarpa and its variety.
THE CATASTROPHIZING WORRY PROCESS IN GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF AN ANALOG POPULATION

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Effects of structured worry interviews were examined among analog-GAD and nonanxious college students. Thirty-four analog-GAD and 29 nonanxious control participants generated sequences of possible catastrophic outcomes for each of six worry topics using the Catastrophizing Interview Technique (Vasey and Borkovec, 1992). Threat ratings for each topic were collected, and ratings of subjective distress, likelihood of the feared outcome, and perceived control over the feared outcome were obtained immediately following each interview. Results indicated that the analog-GAD group rated the worry topics of achievement, social relations, and economics as more threatening than their nonanxious counterparts. The analog-GAD group also generated more catastrophizing steps and reported higher levels of negative mood following the worry interviews. In addition, the eventual fear underlying each worry was determined by coding the content of the final outcome step from each interview. Results from the coded interview responses indicated that fears of negative emotion and of failure were the most frequently coded categories in each of the six topical domains for the analog-GAD group. Although there was no difference in the proportion of negative emotion codes between analog-GAD and nonanxious groups, the analog-GAD group did receive a greater proportion of failure codes than the nonanxious control group. Results largely replicated the findings of Vasey and Borkovec in an analog-GAD sample. In addition, results suggest that fear of negative emotion underlies worry in general, regardless of diagnostic status, while fears of failure or ineffectiveness are more specific to GAD.
Pressure-induced softening of shear modes in wurtzite ZnO: A theoretical study

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent ultrasonic experiments on single-crystal specimens of the wurtzite $(B4)$ phase of ZnO have shown that, under pressure, this material becomes softer against shear-type acoustic distortions. In the light of these results, we have performed atomistic calculations based on an interatomic pair potential within the shell-model approach. The focus is on the behavior of the elastic moduli ${C}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ as function of pressure. A linear evolution under pressure is observed for the two longitudinal modes ${C}_{11}$ and ${C}_{33}$ with a pressure derivative $\ensuremath{\partial}C/\ensuremath{\partial}P$ of 3.18 and 1.72, respectively. In contrast, the shear moduli ${C}_{44}$ and ${C}_{66}$ exhibit a negative pressure dependence throughout the pressure range with $\ensuremath{\partial}{C}_{44}/\ensuremath{\partial}P=\ensuremath{-}0.30,$ and $\ensuremath{\partial}{C}_{66}/\ensuremath{\partial}P=\ensuremath{-}0.84.$ We show that this behavior can be related to the wurtzite-rocksalt phase transition. Besides, the effect of phonons and the role of bond-bending forces as function of pressure in causing the elastic softening are discussed.
Pharmacological Effect of Beta Toxin ofClostridium perfringensType C on Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The biological effect of purified beta toxin of Clostridium perfringens type C in vivo was investigated. After intravenous injection of the purified beta toxin into rats, a rise in blood pressure and a simultaneous fall in heart rate were observed. After the blood pressure reached a maximum, the heart rate recovered gradually, and electrocardiographic and respiratory changes began. The rise in blood pressure induced by beta toxin tended to be proportional to the amount of toxin. The latent period between the injection of toxin and the onset of the increase, and also the time between the injection and the maximum pressure induced by the toxin decreased with increasing concentration of the toxin. A good correlation was found between the factor producing the rise in blood pressure and beta toxin. Alpha adrenergic and ganglionic blocking agents reduced blood pressure levels elevated by beta toxin. The data suggest that the toxin causes a release of catecholamines, and that the increase in blood pressure was induced by released catecholamines.
Flight Evaluation - J-TEC Airspeed System

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Airspeed calibration tests were conducted on the J-TEC Associates, Inc. Model VA-210 true airspeed sensor to determine its suitability for operational and flight test use as a helicopter and V/STOL aircraft airspeed instrument. The J-TEC system operates on the principle of counting vortices shed by a flubb body (cylindrical post) in the airstream.
Case study of Singapore's Integrated Resorts.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The motivation behind this study is to examine the impacts of the Integrated Resorts (IRs) on the tourism industry. It looks at the international and local gambling and tourism scene to provide a background on the dynamic and competitive environment. The rationale of the government in improving the competitiveness of Singapore using the IRs is investigated, particularly focusing on their economic and social impacts. With the focal point on the two winning bidders of the IRs, an analysis is made using two tourism models on how effective their likely impact on the Singapore’s destination competitiveness. The results of the analysis will also hope to demonstrate how the speculation of the success of the IRs is a matter for debate.
What Drives Radical Halogenation versus Hydroxylation in Mononuclear Nonheme Iron Complexes? A Combined Experimental and Computational Study

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Nonheme iron halogenases are unique enzymes in nature that selectively activate an aliphatic C-H bond of a substrate to convert it into C-X (X = Cl/Br, but not F/I). It is proposed that they generate an FeIII(OH)(X) intermediate in their catalytic cycle. The analogous FeIII(OH) intermediate in nonheme iron hydroxylases transfers OH• to give alcohol product, whereas the halogenases transfer X• to the carbon radical substrate. There remains significant debate regarding what factors control their remarkable selectivity of the halogenases. The reactivity of the complexes FeIII(BNPAPh2O)(OH)(X) (X = Cl, Br) with a secondary carbon radical (R•) is described. It is found that X• transfer occurs with a secondary carbon radical, as opposed to OH• transfer with tertiary radicals. Comprehensive computational studies involving density functional theory were carried out to examine the possible origins of this selectivity. The calculations reproduce the experimental findings, which indicate that halogen transfer is not observed for the tertiary radicals because of a nonproductive equilibrium that results from the endergonic nature of these reactions, despite a potentially lower reaction barrier for the halogenation pathway. In contrast, halogen transfer is favored for secondary carbon radicals, for which the halogenated product complex is thermodynamically more stable than the reactant complex. These results are rationalized by considering the relative strengths of the C-X bonds that are formed for tertiary versus secondary carbon centers. The computational analysis also shows that the reaction barrier for halogen transfer is significantly dependent on secondary coordination sphere effects, including steric and H-bonding interactions.
[Erythrocyte transfusion].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Red cells are the most important and usually the only necessary part of transfused whole blood. Transfusion of concentrated red cells involves several advantages for the recipient (decreased volume load, fewer transfusion reactions, better antianemic effect per unit). The plasma which is separated from whole blood during the preparation of packed red cells can be used for fractionation or for the preparation of platelet concentrates and other special products. The increasing need for blood components makes the substitution of whole blood by packed red cells for transfusion purposes mandatory. The only rare indication for whole blood is fresh blood (i.e. blood up to 48 hours after donation). Red cell concentrates with a hematocrit of 70% are particularly suitable for general use, since the viscosity still allows transfusion without difficulties. With regard to quality and storage time of red cells there is no difference between packed cells and whole blood.
New species of Gumilevia Yakovlev, 2011 (Lepidoptera, Cossidae: Cossinae) from Nigeria with Catalogue of the Genus

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The article describes Gumilevia mungoparki sp. n. from the Nigeria. The detailed diagnosis is given. The catalogue of the Genus Gumilevia Yakovlev, 2011 is provided. The article is illustrated with six figures.
Relationship between pregnancy induced diabetes and adipocytokins

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To explore the relationship between the serum adipocytokins of adiponectin,TNF-α and leptinin and pregnancy induced diabetes.Methods:Radioimmunoassay was used to detect the serum adiponectin,leptin and c-peptide ELISA was applied to detect TNF-α levels in 50 women with pregnancy induced diabetes and 36 normal pregnant women,electrochemiluminescent immunoassays and pressure liquid chromatography(LPLC) were used to measure serum insulin and HbA1c respectively,and glucose oxidase method to measure the fasting glucose levels.Results: Compared with the normal pregnant women,adiponectin was significantly lowered [(10.3±2.4)(ug/ml) vs(15.6±3.2)μg/ml],TNF-α was elevated [(4.6±1.5)ng/ml vs(3.3±1.6)pg/ml],and leptin significantly highered [(15.3±3.8)ng/ml vs(10.3±2.1)ng/ml ] in women with pregnancy induced diabetes;TNF-α and leptin levels positively correlated with serum insulin levels,glucose levels,C-peptide and HbA1c,whereas adiponectin negtively with the corresponding parameters.Conclusions: ⑴ Women with pregnancy induced diabetes have significantly lower adiponectin and higher TNF-α and leptin in comparison to normal pregnant women;⑵ Elevated TNF-α,leptin and decreased adiponectin may not simply reflect maternal insulin resistant state,but contribute to the impaired glucose metabolism during pregnancy and increase risk for the development of type 2 diabetes.Adipocytokins may forecast the risk of metabolism syndrome.
Transnational Entrepreneurship: A New Perspective on a Cooperative Approach towards Cross-border Entrepreneurship

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Cross-border cooperation in the early stages of a start-up might be one way of developing a sustainable and scalable business model for young enterprises. Thus, this paper is anchored at the intersection of the research areas of international Entrepreneurship and business model innovation. Its intention is to open up diverse perspectives for researchers in the field of cross-border Entrepreneurship. For this complex approach of cross-national cooperation, a theoretical framework with helpful knowledge has been developed. This work is considered relevant in view of the possible future developments in the fields of Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Global developments, such as the rapid growth of digitization, have a strong impact on the global economic situation as well as the field of Entrepreneurship (Kollmann et al. 2017). While on the one hand many people in Europe fear falling behind China and the USA when it comes to innovation, the associated potential for new, globally applicable business models is often neglected even though start-ups might have the courage to address them. However, they usually lack the resources and market access they need to implement their objectives. Therefore, this paper offers a new perspective on Transnational Entrepreneurship (TE) and demonstrates an approach for a cooperative possibility, how young companies can successfully discover cross-border market opportunities together with other start-ups and implement new business models successfully, providing a new perspective and first practical implications from action research-based pilot projects for Transnational Entrepreneurship. Furthermore, first practical implications were implemented through a university project in the challenging environment of resource constraints and cross-border communication. Keywords: transnational, entrepreneurship, cooperation, business model,
Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia following head injury.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 40-year-old female after a closed head injury presented with bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Attempted convergence was abnormal and MRI revealed the focal hemorrhage in the medial longitudinal fasciculus region by showing bright signal in the a pontomesencephalic region in the midline on both T1 and T2 weighted images. The patient regained normal ocular mobility after six months of the injury. The medial longitudinal fasciculus, which is believed to be lesioned in cases of internuclear ophthalmoplegia, is an unusual and rare finding, particularly in patients victims of head injury without further neurological signs. Isolated internuclear ophthalmoplegia should be considered in the differential diagnosis when one encounters an adduction deficit in a patient suffering head injury.
The pathological and immunohistochemical profile of tumor angiogenesis in perforated sigmoid carcinoma–Case report and short literature review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<b>Background:</b> Little is known about the physiopathological factors or mechanisms that underlie tumor invasion of the serosa and lead to perforation in the peritoneal cavity. The aim of the work was to analyze the pathological and immunohistochemical factors of tumor neoangiogenesis which could influence tumor perforation in colorectal cancer.<br /> <b>Results and discussions:</b> 451 cases of complicated colorectal carcinomas were statistically analyzed, of which 19 cases were perforated sigmoid tumors. The immunohistochemical detection of mutant p53 proteins was the first molecular parameter examined in the context of the search for markers predicting the natural evolution mode in colorectal carcinomas.<br /> <b>Conclusions</b>: Both loss of p53 and overexpression of bcl-2 proteins confer immortalization on cancer cells by inhibiting the processes leading to apoptosis. The paper proposes a review of the specialized literature, but also the presentation of a clinical case.
A meta-analysis of the impacts of best management practices on nonpoint source pollutant concentration

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Introduction Best management practices (BMPs) are important tools for mitigating the impact of non-point source pollutants on water quality. Drivers of the high variance observed in BMP performance field tests are not well documented and present challenges for planning BMP construction and forecasting water quality improvements. Methods We conducted a systematic review of published nonpoint source water quality BMP studies conducted in the United States and used a meta-analysis approach to describe variance in pollutant removal performance. We used meta-regression to explore how much BMP pollutant removal process, influent pollutant concentration, and aridity effected BMP performance. Results Despite high variance, we found the BMPs on average were effective at reducing fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations. We found that influent concentration and interaction effect between the BMP pollutant removal process and aridity explained a substantial amount of variance in BMP performance in FIB removal. Influent concentration explained a small amount of variability in BMP removal of TP and orthophosphate (PO 4 ). We did not find evidence that any of our chosen variables moderated BMP performance in nitrogen or TSS removal. Through our systematic review, we found inadequate spatial representation of BMP studies to capture the underlying variability in climate, soil, and other conditions that could impact BMP performance.
Batteryless Bluetooth Anemometer Employing 2-cm Axial Turbine as Both Power Source and Wind Speed Transducer

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We report a miniature, self-powered wireless anemometer in which a 2 cm-diameter axial turbine acts as both the power source and the wind speed transducer. The device is cylindrical with an outside diameter of 3.2 cm and a length of 5.5 cm. The turbine is a simple, low-cost device fabricated mainly by 3D printing. Wind speed measurements are made by temporarily removing the electrical load from the turbine and then measuring its rotation rate and angular acceleration. With these data, and an analytical model of the turbine dynamics, an estimate of the wind speed can be obtained. Control electronics has been developed that adjusts the interval between measurements to suit the available wind power and applies parasitic loading at higher wind speeds to prevent turbine overspeed. Wind speed and temperature data are sent via a Bluetooth Low Energy wireless link to a data collection node. Wind tunnel tests indicate that the anemometer can operate at wind speeds down to 3 m/s and provide measurements with an average lying within ±0.17 m/s of the true wind speed and a worst case standard deviation of 0.41 m/s for wind speeds in the range 3 to 9 m/s.
Peer Review #1 of "The first report of the prevalence of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria (v0.1)"

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae are the two main microsporidian parasites causing nosematosis in honey bee Apis mellifera.The aim of the present study is to investigate the presence of Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the area of Bulgaria.The 16S (SSU) rDNA gene region was chosen for analysis.A duplex PCR assay was performed on 108 honey bee samples from three different parts of the country (South, North and West Bulgaria).The results showed that the samples from the northern part of the country were with the highest prevalence (77.2%) for Nosema ceranae while those from the mountainous parts (the Rodopa Mountains, South Bulgaria) were with the lowest rate (13.9%).Infection with Nosema apis alone and co-infection N. apis/N.ceranae were not detected in any samples.These findings suggest that Nosema ceranae is the dominant species in the Bulgarian honey bee.It is not known when the introduction of Nosema ceranae in Bulgaria has occurred, but like in the rest of the world, this species has become the dominant one in Bulgarian Apis mellifera.In conclusion, this is the first report for molecular detection of Nosema infection of honey bee in Bulgaria.The results showed that N. ceranae is the main Nosema species in Bulgaria.
Imprinting and critical periods in early development

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The review addresses the fundamental process of ‘imprinting’. In his classical studies on newly hatched goslings Konrad Lorenz analysed the development of social binding and established the term ‘imprinting’ to describe this process. One of his major ideas was that imprinting occurs in ‘critical periods’, which are limited and severely restricted to the animal's very early life. For some time past, the term ‘imprinting’ is also used for an epigenetic mechanism, the ‘genomic imprinting’, which can be simply defined as gamete-of-origin dependent modification of genotype. Furthermore, in the course of the perinatal period ‘imprinting’ of physiological control systems occurs. Functional systems of the organism develop from open loop systems without feedback control into closed systems controlled by feedback mechanism. During ‘critical periods’, the actual environment influences the development of the respective physiological control systems for the entire life period, especially by changes in neuroorganization and expression of related effector genes. On the one hand, these mechanisms may cause perinatal malprogramming, which has been related to, e.g., metabolic disorders and cardiovascular diseases during later life in humans as well as in animals. On the other hand, knowledge on these mechanisms might be specifically used to induce long-term adaptation of the organism, for instance, to the postnatal climatic conditions (epigenetic temperature adaptation). Furthermore, the question if ‘critical period’ and ‘sensitive period’ are synonymous or different, and problems of identifying these developmental windows are discussed. Environmental manipulation of immature physiological mechanisms may be a physiological tool for characterization of ‘critical periods’.