jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Advanced Imaging Techniques for the Characterization of Subcellular Organelle Structure in Pancreatic Islet β Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects more than 32.3 million individuals in the United States, creating an economic burden of nearly $966 billion in 2021. T2D results from a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion from the pancreatic β cell. However, genetic and physiologic data indicate that defects in β cell function are the chief determinant of whether an individual with insulin resistance will progress to a diagnosis of T2D. The subcellular organelles of the insulin secretory pathway, including the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules, play a critical role in maintaining the heavy biosynthetic burden of insulin production, processing, and secretion. In addition, the mitochondria enable the process of insulin release by integrating the metabolism of nutrients into energy output. Advanced imaging techniques are needed to determine how changes in the structure and composition of these organelles contribute to the loss of insulin secretory capacity in the β cell during T2D. Several microscopy techniques, including electron microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and soft X‐ray tomography, have been utilized to investigate the structure‐function relationship within the β cell. In this overview article, we will detail the methodology, strengths, and weaknesses of each approach. © 2024 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 14:5243‐5267, 2024.
Parental Stress Scale: Psychometric Properties in Parents of Preschool Children with Developmental Language Disorder

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Parents of children with developmental disabilities experience more stress compared to those of typically developing children; therefore, measuring parental stress may help clinicians to address it. The Parental Stress Scale (PSS) is a self-rceport measure in the public domain that assesses stress related to child rearing. The present study tested the psychometric properties of the Greek version of the PSS in 204 parents (mean age: 39.4 ± 5.7, 124 mothers and 80 fathers) of kindergarten children diagnosed with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) after a clinical assessment. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to confirm the original four-factor structure. The results showed that the original four-factor structure (parental rewards, parental stressors, lack of control and parental satisfaction) is valid in this specific Greek population. The reliability was high (ω = 0.78) and there were weak correlations (r = −0.372, r = −0.337, r = −0.236), yet of statistical significance (p < 0.001), with similar psychological constructs (quality of life, emotional functioning and worries). Our data confirmed that the PSS is a reliable and valid tool to measure parental stress in parents of children with DLD. Greek clinicians (mental health professionals, speech-language pathologists) can evaluate parental stress and design early interventions targeting specific stress aspects, along with core language interventions for the children.
[The roles of microRNAs in hematopoiesis and hematopoietic malignancies].

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

microRNA(miRNA)是一种内源性、广泛存在于真核生物中的单链小分子RNA,其大小约为21～23个核苷酸,不能编码蛋白质,可以在转录后和翻译水平上影响基因的表达.miRNA在多种生命过程中发挥着作用,miRNA在特定的细胞或组织、时间、发育阶段才会表达,提示它对组织的发育有着潜在的重要作用.近年来发现miRNA在造血的多个方面起着重要的作用:如造血干细胞自我更新、增殖、分化和凋亡,以及免疫细胞的产生、分化和发挥功能[1-2].现将miRNA在造血和造血系统肿瘤中作用综述如下。
Outsourcing in the insurance industry.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The German-speaking insurance industry has witnessed major changes since its deregulation in the 1990s. Nevertheless, the vast majority of insurers continue to operate highly integrated value creation systems. An optimization of the insurance value chain has been predicted and postulated by various industry experts, but has so far not materialized. \nAgainst this background, the study at hand assesses the probability of a major transformation of the value creation logic in the industry. The dominant views and opinions of managers are reflected and analyzed based on a standardized surveys and semi-structured expert interviews.
Impact of Cold-Deacclimation on Brown Adipose Tissue Mitochondrial Energetics, Structure and Mitophagy

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) generates heat through non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) to help animals adapt to cold environments. Adaptation to cold induces several molecular processes in BAT, including increased uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression, mitochondrial number, and mitochondrial activity. However, the mechanisms governing the deactivation of NST during cold- deacclimation in BAT remain unclear. Our study examines the changes in mitochondrial content, structure, and energetics in C57BL6/J (WT) mice and mito-QC reporter mice at several time intervals (3 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours) after moving from a cold-adapted state (7 days at 4°C) to a thermoneutral environment (30°C). We hypothesized that during cold-deacclimation BAT mitochondrial content decreases, mitophagy increases, cristae structure changes, cristae surface area decreases, and oxidative activity decreases. Investigations included mito-QC mice, which express fusion protein (mCherry-GFP) in the mitochondrial outer membrane; during mitophagy the GFP fluorescence diminishes while mCherry fluorescence is preserved. Findings revealed an increase in mitophagy in BAT at 48 hours of cold-deacclimation (p=0.05). However, no changes were observed in key autophagy and apoptotic proteins Parkin, LC3I/II or Beclin in BAT during cold-deacclimation. Fission and fusion markers FIS1 and OPA1 remained unchanged, but FUNDC1 and MFN1 decreased at 48 hours, suggesting mitochondrial fragmentation (p<0.05). Quantitative analysis of transmission electron micrographs demonstrated a decrease in mitochondrial/cytoplasmic area by 48 hours (p<0.001), indicating reduced mitochondrial content. Lipid droplet/cytoplasmic area increased by approximately 50% at 48 hours (p<0.01), consistent with reduced lipolysis during adaptation to thermoneutrality. High-resolution respirometry of permeabilized BAT explants revealed decreased complex I-supported uncoupling at 24 hours (p<0.001) and 48 hours (p<0.01). Complex II-mediated uncoupled respiration decreased at 48 hours (p<0.05), while complex III-derived uncoupled respiration decreased at 3 hours (p<0.05), 24 hours (p<0.05), and 48 hours (p<0.001). Isolated BAT mitochondria exhibited reduced Complex II (p<0.05) and III-mediated uncoupled respiration (p<0.01) at 48 hours. Both total protein content per milligram of tissue (p=0.0001) and total mitochondrial protein per milligram of tissue (p<0.05) decreased over time. However, total UCP1 protein content in BAT remained unchanged over the 48-hour period. Findings overall are consistent with the conclusion that cold-deacclimation decreases mitochondrial content and oxidative activity with increased mitophagy in BAT. Future research directions include investigating details of metabolic changes in BAT during cold-deacclimation using metabolomics.
RENEWAL: A FIGURE OF SPEECH OR A PROCESS SUI GENERIS?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The concept of 'renewal' is widely used in the literature on morphosyntactic change, but hardly ever theorized. Here we scrutinize the viability of this concept theoretically as well as empirically, revisiting in detail the most frequently cited case of renewal, namely the resemblance between the Latin and French synthetic futures. Phenomena accounted for in terms of renewal can also be accounted for in terms of grammaticalization theory. We argue that there is no need and no empirical support for renewal as its own type of change alongside grammaticalization. However, grammaticalization theory so far has neglected to properly account for influences of the existing system on ongoing grammaticalization processes. As an initial approximation of this vast field of study, we propose several domains where we believe that system influences on grammaticalization are operative. On the one hand, this involves making more precise the source determination hypothesis as developed in work by Joan Bybee and colleagues. On the other, it comprises interactions between constructions in paradigm formation.*
Study and application of technical policy limits for layer system recombination in water drive sandstone reservoirs

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Layer system recombination is the combination of main layers and non-main layers into a new injection-production well pattern respectively, in order to reduce interlayer contradictions. The main factors restricting layer system recombination are reservoir physical properties, residual material basis, and economic benefits. In this study, according to the actual reservoir characteristics, a conceptual model is established to study the technical policy limits of layer system recombination. Through numerical simulation and mathematical statistics methods, the variation rules of permeability rank difference, recovery degree rank difference, pressure rank difference, viscosity rank difference, and effective thickness upper limit are studied. And the inflection point of the curve is identified as the technical policy limit of layer system recombination. At the same time, the lower limit of reserve abundance under different oil prices is calculated as the economic limit of layer system recombination. Through remaining oil research and well pattern adaptability evaluation, the well pattern reconstruction study is carried out to effectively expand the water drive sweep range and reconstruct efficient displacement flow field. On the basis of layer system recombination and well pattern reconstruction optimization study, the numerical simulation method is used to carry out the research of injection-production technology policy such as reasonable pressure maintenance level, reasonable injection-production ratio, and reasonable oil production rate, which effectively guides the reservoir injection and production control and consolidates the effect of layer system well pattern reconstruction.
Developmental and educational goals of early childhood education and care – perspective of Warsaw caregivers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The following inquiry aims at exploring the beliefs of caregivers from the Public Crèche Network in Warsaw, the biggest network of this type in Poland, on the importance of fostering different developmental and educational goals in the youngest children. The participating caregivers (N = 449) completed a structured, Internet-based questionnaire on the significance of supporting the development of social, cognitive, physical, emotional and personal goals of 0–3-year-olds in early childhood settings. Also, information on practitioners’ educational background and work experience was collected to investigate whether their beliefs differed depending on these background characteristics. The results revealed no associations between the caregivers’ beliefs and their formal pre-service training (higher education diploma vs none or vocational training) or their work experience (5 years or less experience of work in early childhood settings vs over 5 years of work in the ECEC sector). The findings of the study are discussed with regard to the Polish legal context and potential practical implications.
Coupled axial and transverse currents method for finite element modelling of periodic superconductors

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, we propose the Coupled Axial and Transverse currents (I) (CATI) method, as an efficient and accurate finite element approach for modelling the electric and magnetic behavior of periodic composite superconducting conductors. The method consists of a pair of two-dimensional models coupled via circuit equations to account for the conductor geometrical periodicity. This allows to capture three-dimensional effects with two-dimensional models and leads to a significant reduction in computational time compared to conventional three-dimensional models. After presenting the method in detail, we verify it by comparison with reference finite element models, focussing on its application to twisted multifilamentary superconducting strands. In particular, we show that the CATI method captures the transition from uncoupled to coupled filaments, with accurate calculation of the interfilament coupling time constant. We then illustrate the capabilities of the method by generating detailed loss maps and magnetization curves of given strand types for a range of external transverse magnetic field excitations, with and without transport current.
Beta phase enhancement in PVDF-based copolymer by nanocomposites with modified clays

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) has drawn much attention due to the attractive properties such as piezo-, pyro-, and ferroelectricity, which are rarely exhibited in other polymers. The β phase has the largest spontaneous polarization (p) per unit cell of all polar phases and thus exhibits the highest piezo-, pyro and ferroelectric activities. This project aims to enhance β phase of PVDF based copolymer PVDF-HFP through the corporation of nanoclays. Three types of clays were used in this project namely clay1, clay2 and clay3. Clay1 is the pristine montmorillonite clay, clay2 is the pristine clay modified by organic surfactant and clay3 is POSS-modified clay of which the method of synthesis is explained in experiment procedure session. Clays were added into the polymer during the solution making step and thin films were made on glass slides by evaporating out all the solvents. The dry thin films were characterized by using polarizing microscope (POM), Wide Angle X-ray Diffraction (WAXD), Attenuated Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (AT-FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Contact Angle measuring equipment. The results showed that by incorporated with nanoclays, the β phase in the PVDF-HFP samples was enhanced. Among the three types of clays, clay3 shows the most significant effect on enhancing β phase, followed by clay2 and clay1 has the least effect.
MULTIPLE RECURSIVE DIVISION EXPLANATIONS FOR IMAGE CLASSIFICATION PROBLEMS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The aim of the research. In this paper, the approach to search for multiple explanations of the CNN image classification case is proposed. Research results. The core of the method is recursive division (RD), that performs the perturbation of the input image with hiding different rectangular parts. The explanation is represented as a complementary images pair (CIP): two images that allow us to visualize the parts of the image which are important enough to change the class of the input image when hidden and at the same time are important enough to preserve the initial classification result when visible. The parameters of RD method are discussed to choose the criteria to stop the processing when few explanations are found or the further processing requires too much time and/or memory resources. Two approaches to merge multiple CIP back to single explanation using SLIC segmentation were proposed. They allowed us to reduce the useful image explanation area and sometimes find more visually attractive CIP compared to previous RD implementations. Such merging is not strictly required just multiple CIP explanations are good enough for analysis of the CNN. Conclusion. The implementation of the proposed approach for cats and dogs breed classification problem was compared with other popular methods like RISE and Grad-CAM, the benefits and drawbacks are discussed. The performance analysis confirmed the advantage of the proposed methods as they are comparable or faster with known and allow us to find multiple explanation images.
Anion\nEngineering on 3D Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets Array toward\nWater Splitting

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Anion\nengineering on transition-metal-based materials has been put forward\nas an important strategy to develop efficient and stable non-noble-metal\nelectrocatalysts toward water electrolysis, including both hydrogen\nevolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). On the\nbasis of theoretical predictions, a three-dimensional (3D) integrated\nelectrode constructed by P-decorated Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub> nanosheet\narrays (Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub>|P) was prepared via a facile two-step\nmethod. The suitable controlled incorporation of P anions into the\nNi<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub> matrix can have little influence on the\ncrystal structure, and meanwhile can effectively modify the electronic\nstructure, increase the concentration of charge carrier, supply more\ndelocalized electrons, facilitate more active sites to be electrically\nactivated, optimize the hydrogen adsorption Gibbs free energy, strengthen\nthe interaction for water molecules, and benefit the oxidation of\nNi<sup>2+</sup> to Ni<sup>3+</sup> oxo-/hydroxides. As a result, the\nfreshly achieved 3D Ni<sub>3</sub>S<sub>2</sub>|P electrode exhibits\nhigher activity with lower overpotential toward HER and OER, in comparison\nwith its pristine counterpart. Furthermore, when employed in an overall\nelectrolytic cell as both cathode and anode, it can reduce the required\novervoltage of 100 mV for reaching 10 mA cm<sup>–2</sup> current\ndensity, verifying the great potential of anion engineering in the\ndesign of bifunctional materials for overall water splitting.
An Ecologically Oriented Human Environment is an Integral Criterion for the Quality of Life

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Issues of new environmental risks and direct threats to the health and life of current living people with the advent of the post-industrial period of the fourth technological revolution and new forms of communication without borders and customs are examined. The global and liberal economy, according to world experts, has transformed into a "zombie economics of global post-truth." Such a transformation has given rise to a whole range of new environmental risks and threats for those living in the process of production and use of a wide range of goods and services. The various examples that have already manifested themselves in the current life of living people show the need for the formation of a twofold concept of sustainable development - resource-saving and biospheric - as its equivalent components. It is noted that the natural environment cannot change as quickly as the volume of innovations of the fourth technological revolution breaks into world politics and the economy. This increases the contradictions of the “zombie economics” and the global “post-truth” with the flora and fauna surrounding us, the billionth world of living organisms of the Earth’s biosphere, and expands the environmental risks and threats that are dangerous for our immediate descendants.
Directive effects in the sulfonation of iodobenzene :|banionic hyperconjugation and lithium amides ; high pressure studies on organic compounds

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The isomer distribution in the sulfonation of iodobenzene at -12.5°C. with sulfur tr~oxide (S-35) in liquid sulfur dioxide was found to be 1.40 ± 0.11% ortho, 0.34 ± 0.11% meta, and 98.26 ± 0.11% para. Pure sodium salts of each of the isomers were made from the corresponding aminobenzenesulfonic acids. After dilution with an aliquot of the sulfonation mixture, the salts were purified by recrystallization and were counted by liquid scintillation counting. Attempts to determine the relative rate of sulfonation between toluene and iodobenzene failed. The radioactive sodium p-iodobenzene sulfonate could not be separated from sodium p-toluenesulfonate by recrystallization. The lithium amides of methylamine, ethylamine, isopropylamine, tert-butylamine and 2-aminopropane-2-d were prepared from phenyl lithium and the amines. Infrared spectra of the amides were scanned in the C-H region. Comparison of the spectra of the amides and the amines showed no shifts like those found for the corresponding alcohol-alkoxide spectra. It was therefore concluded that anionic hyperconjugation could not account for the shift in the spectra of the alcohol-alkoxide system. The behavior of cyclooctatetraene, the silver adduct of cyclooctatetraene, norbornadiene, diphenylacetylene, tetraphenylcyclobutadiene-palladium chloride and ferrocene was studied under high pressures ranging from 15 to 55 kats. and with temperatures from 25 to 850°C. This work was carried out with Hall's tetrahedral anvil apparatus. If the temperature was high enough each of these compounds was found to decompose. When the temperature was below the decomposition temperature, cyclooctatetraene, diphenylacetylene and norbornadiene polymerized. No evidence of a valence tautomerization was found. The silver adduct of cyclooctatetraene and tetraphenylcyclobutadiene-palladium chloride decomposed at high temperatures. No other results were noted with these two compounds. Ferrocene underwent decomposition by iron catalysis to a mixture of iron carbides at pressures from ambient to 55 kats. and temperatures above 500°C. The same products were observed if no iron was added and the temperature and pressure were 55 kats. and 800°C., respectively. A preliminary spectrophotometric study of benzonitrile in 25%-ethyl alcohol-75% water was carried out. Cupric bromide and hydrobromic acid or cupric chloride and hydrochloric acid were added to constant ionic-strength solutions of benzonitrile. No evidence was found in the ultraviolet region for any complex ion formation. The same results were found for p-fluorobenzonitrile.
Issue Editorial Masthead

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIssue Editorial MastheadCite this: J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2020, 11, 4, XXX-XXXPublication Date (Web):February 20, 2020Publication History Published online20 February 2020Published inissue 20 February 2020https://doi.org/10.1021/jzv011i004_1355424Copyright © 2020 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (159 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
General Practitioner Perceptions and Practice Related to Adolescent Depressive Presentations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recognizing that child and adolescent psychiatry operates in the context of opinions, we set out to discover GPs' views and prescribing practices in connection to adolescent depressive presentations. Two-thirds o-.f respondents felt there had been a recent increase in presentations and their views oil the reasons were further examined. However, only one third have been prescribing more often and the reasons for this were also examined. It is clear that although they recognize increased unhappiness among youngsters this is not often seen as 'illness depression'. The implications are further discussed.