jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparison and discussion of the treatment guidelines for small cell lung cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which accounts for 15% to 17% of all lung cancers, is one of the leading causes of cancer‐related death worldwide. More than 130 000 new diagnoses of SCLC and 100 000 deaths from the disease were estimated to have occurred in China in 2013. The existing guidelines of SCLC therapeutic principles differ by region. In recent years, new immunotherapy and targeted therapy treatments have been lacking. In order to understand the current status of SCLC treatment in more detail, we identified the similarities and differences among the latest National Comprehensive Cancer Network Clinical Practice Guidelines for SCLC, the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology Lung Cancer Guidelines, and the European Society for Medical Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines for Metastatic SCLC, and present a reference of treatment strategies that should prove beneficial for the treatment of patients with SCLC.
TEMPORARY KERATOPROSTHESIS COMBINED WITH VITRECTOMY FOR SEVERE GLOBE INJURY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To describe a case of a 44-year-old man with ocular trauma after a mine explosion. From the moment of the injury, the patient reported significant visual impairment (no perception of light in the right eye and a perception of light without localization in the left eye). The patient was diagnosed with a double-sided penetrating corneal scleral wound and traumatic cataract, retinal detachment, and intraocular foreign bodies after a battlefield mine explosion. Methods: The three-stage procedure, consisting of using soft contact lens as temporary keratoprosthesis, vitrectomy, and penetrating keratoplasty, was performed in the damaged eye. Results: A soft contact lens allowed for excellent visualization of the posterior segment during vitrectomy. At the 1-month follow-up, the eye that was operated on could sense light. The corneal transplant remained translucent, and the retina was attached. Conclusion: The described method, when performed by an experienced surgeon, may aid in simultaneously treating coexisting corneal opacification and vitreoretinal disorders.
The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and excretion of columbianetin acetate and its metabolite columbianetin were analysed in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS after administration of columbianetin acetate and Angelicae pubescentis radix extract

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Angelicae pubescentis radix (APR) has been widely used in the clinic for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.
Impact of Adolescent Social Isolation on Adult, Binge-Like Ethanol Consumption and Plasma Corticosterone in High-Alcohol-Preferring Mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Adolescent stress exposure increases the likelihood of alcohol misuse and alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adulthood; however, it is not clear how genetic and environmental factors interact to increase risk. This study examined how adolescent social isolation affects adult binge-like ethanol drinking and levels of the stress hormone corticosterone in male and female mice with a genetic predisposition toward high alcohol preference (HAP). Twenty-eight HAP mice were separated into group-housed (GH) and socially isolated (SI) conditions (n = 13, 13). Binge drinking was assessed using a drinking in the dark (DID) procedure. Blood samples were taken before DID and after the 4th (last) day of DID. Overall, adolescent social isolation increased adult binge drinking in a sex-and time-dependent manner. Analysis of Hour 1 intake across the 4 days indicated that SI males drank significantly more than GH males, and this was not the case in females. There was no significant effect of housing for Hour 2. On Day 4, after 2 hours of consumption, social isolation increased drinking regardless of sex. Plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels decreased following drinking, but there were no sex or housing group differences. There were correlations between CORT levels and drinking, but only for SI females. These findings demonstrate that adolescent social isolation promotes binge-like drinking in both male and female adult mice with a genetic predisposition for high alcohol preference; however, this relationship is time-dependent, and males may be more sensitive than females to social isolation stress. Additionally, corticosterone levels change with regard to binge-drinking and sex.
Pharmacokinetics of Eight Flavonoids in Rats Assayed by UPLC-MS/MS after Oral Administration of Drynariae rhizoma Extract

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

As a traditional Chinese medicine, Drynariae rhizoma (Kunze ex Mett.) J. Sm. has been used to treat osteoporosis and bone resorption for 2500 years. Based on the previous study and literature references, flavonoids were proved to be the most abundant and main active compounds of Drynariae rhizoma for osteoporosis treatment. In order to make good and rational use of Drynariae rhizoma in future, a rapid, sensitive, and selective ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of eight main flavonoids in rat plasma after oral administration of the Drynariae rhizoma extract, including neoeriocitrin, luteolin-7- O - β - D -glucoside, astragalin, naringin, eriodictyol, luteolin, naringenin, and kaempferol. Plasma samples’ pretreatment involved a solid-phase extraction column. The separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC TM BEH C 18 column with a gradient mobile-phase system of acetonitrile and 1% acetic acid in water. The detection was performed using a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization interface (ESI) by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) in the positive ion mode. All calibration curves exhibited good linearity ( r 2 > 0.9990) over the measured ranges. The intraday and interday precisions (RSD) were within 13.87%, and the accuracy (RE) ranged from −14.57% to −0.25% at three quality control levels. Extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability were satisfactory. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of the eight flavonoids of interest were clearly elucidated.
Twitter democracy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Social media offers new ways for citizens to discuss and debate politics and engage in the democratic process. These online systems could be places for rich policy relevant debate, which is favored by scholars of deliberative democracy. Alternatively, social media might be a platform for an identity driven form of political discourse that is routinely scorned by scholars of democracy. To examine these two possibilities, we analyzed tweets sent during three national elections, the defining participatory process of democracy. Our dataset includes over 760,000 tweets gathered during national elections in Nigeria, Ghana and Kenya from 2011 to 2013. In order to analyze the degree to which Twitter was being used for policy relevant discussion we developed policy term sets through a text analysis of the major political party platforms. To examine the amount of discourse focused on identity issues we created identity term sets based upon national religious, tribal, and regional differences. In Nigeria, where divisive identity politics feed violence and electoral misconduct, discussion of tribe, region, and religion dominate mentions of platform policies. In contrast Ghanaians, who enjoy the most robust democracy of the three countries, were seven times more likely to discuss policy issues rather than identity. Kenyan democracy is still undergoing consolidation, and tweets again reflect this, with almost as many tweets devoted to tribal identity as campaign policy. These findings suggest that social media discussions may echo the state of democratic deepening found in a country during its national elections.
[Treatment of coagulation disoreders in patients with diabetes mellitus type II].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Efficacy of out-hospital treatment of coagulation disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus type II (DMII) in comparison with non-diabetic patients after aortic-femoral reconstruction was studied. Long-term results were obtained within 65,1±3,95 months after surgery. Data of 67 patients were obtained, of them 32 had severe DMII, 35 patients had no diabetic disorders. 94% of patients had various hypercoagulation disorders and thrombophilia stage I-II. Desagregant therapy was noneffective in 70,1% of patients. Patients with atherosclerosis after reconstructive vascular surgery showed disorders of both thrombocytic and plasma links of coagulation, which requires combined (anticoagulant and desagregant) therapy. Patients with DMII require also blood glucose and HbA1c control postoperatively.
Accuracy of curability expectations in patients with gastrointestinal cancers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Assessment of illness and treatment understanding among cancer patients has largely focused on those with advanced disease. Less is known about patient expectations at earlier stages of cancer and potential modifiers of accurate understanding. Methods We assessed accuracy of cure expectations in patients across all stages with gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Accuracy was determined by independent reviews of patient health records by oncologists on the investigative team. Impact on cure accuracy of selected clinical variables and health‐information preferences was analyzed. Results Hundred and thirty five patients were included for analysis, with 100% interrater agreement for accuracy between oncologist reviewers. Sixety five patients (48%) had accurate cure expectations from their cancer treatment. Accuracy was lower in Stage IV versus Stage I–III disease (35% vs. 63%, p < 0.01), lower in unresectable versus resectable disease (35% vs. 67%, p < 0.01), and higher in patients with early‐stage disease who received adjuvant chemotherapy versus those who did not (78% vs. 53%, p = 0.04). Accuracy did not differ by health‐information preferences and remained stable over time. Of 63 patients who died, baseline accuracy differed by location of death ( p = 0.03), with greater accuracy in those who died with home hospice (56%). Accuracy was lower in those who were hospitalized in the last 30 days of life versus those who were not (25% vs. 59%, p = 0.01). Conclusions Inaccurate cure expectations are prevalent across all stages of GI cancers, but particularly among those with metastatic or unresectable disease. High‐quality, iterative communication strategies may facilitate patient illness and treatment understanding throughout the disease course.
High Ammonium Reduces Root Gravitropism in Arabidopsis and Its Corresponding Mechanism

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Gravitropism is one of the important factors in determining the spatial architecture of root system and thus has a great effect on the capacity of plants to anchorage and take up water and nutrients in the soil. Besides controlled by gravity, root gravitropism is also affected by various environmental stimuli. The effects and corresponding mechanism of ammonium on root gravitropism in Arabidopsis were studied with agar medium. The results showed that all concentrations of (NH4)2SO4 used significantly inhibited root gravitropic curvature at earlier time, but the gravitropic angles became smaller along with treatment prolonging. Equal concentrations of NaCl had less inhibitory effect on root gravitropism than that of (NH4)2SO4 and various concentrations of mannitol did not inhibit root gravitropism. Histochemical staining showed that there was no rapid degradation of amyloplast in root columella cells of Col-0 under ammonium stress within 12 h period, and the starchless mutant pgm-1 displayed similar root gravitropic change pattern as that of Col-0 when treated with ammonium. However, the agravitropism of auxin transporter mutants aux1-22 and eir1-1 can be partially rescued by ammonium treatment. These results indicated that the effect of ammonium on root gravitropism might be independent of the amyloplast in gravity sensing cells.
Agitation in the patient with dual pathology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction The consumption of toxic substances often causes agitation, which makes more difficult the pharmacological management of the symptoms. Objective About one case, a search was performed of the different therapeutic options in the agitation takes place in the context of intoxication. Methods Thirty-five-year-old male patient diagnosed of dual pathology under treatment since 2003 in our outpatient. The patient shows paranoid schizophrenia disorder due to alcohol, cannabis and cocaine use disorder, summing up different pharmacological treatments with no remission. Whilst the examination is taking place the patient is under alcohol and cannabis effects. His physical and verbal behaviour are aggressive showing psychotic instability. The therapeutic team administers loxapine to its patient. Results The inhaled loxapine turned out to be a good alternative in the case given. Conclusion Handling agitation when toxics are involved is complex. The new formulation of inhaled loxapine helps to control agitation quickly and it might be a feasible option for this kind of patients. Disclosure of interest The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Total Knee Arthroplasty Versus Education and Exercise for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Propensity‐Matched Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective We estimate the treatment effect of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) versus an education and exercise (Edu+Ex) program on pain, function, and quality of life outcomes 3 and 12 months after treatment initiation for knee osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Patients with knee OA who had undergone TKA were matched on a 1:1 ratio with participants in an Edu+Ex program based on a propensity score fitted to a range of pretreatment covariates. After matching, between‐group differences in improvement (the treatment effect) in Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score 12‐item version (0, worst to 100, best) pain, function, and quality of life from baseline to 3 and 12 months were estimated using linear mixed models, adjusting for unbalanced covariates, if any, after matching. Results The matched sample consisted of 522 patients (Edu+Ex, n = 261; TKA, n = 261) who were balanced on all pretreatment characteristics. At 12‐month follow‐up, TKA resulted in significantly greater improvements in pain (mean difference [MD] 22.8; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 19.7–25.8), function (MD 21.2; 95% CI 17.7–24.4), and quality of life (MD 18.3; 15.0–21.6). Even so, at least one‐third of patients receiving Edu+Ex had a clinically meaningful improvement in outcomes at 12 months compared with 75% of patients with TKA. Conclusion TKA is associated with greater improvements in pain, function, and quality of life, but these findings also suggest that Edu+Ex may be a viable alternative to TKA in a meaningful proportion of patients, which may reduce overall TKA need. Confirmatory trials are needed.
On the wage-profit relation in a Sraffa system with joint production

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Sur la relation entre salaire et profit dans un système Sraffien de production jointe Jusqu'à présent, la théorie économique n'est pas parvenue à démontrer la validité de l'affirmation de Sraffa selon laquelle la relation linéaire entre salaire et profit existe également dans les systèmes de production jointe pour autant que la marchandise étalon soit prise comme numéraire. Cet article montre que dans le cas de capital circulant, la relation de Sraffa est valide si les coefficients des matrices satisfont la règle proposée par les Nations unies (du moins une version générale de cette règle) pour standardiser les mesures de productivité. Quelques extensions sont traitées aussi.
Meeting the demands of highly precise Ion Beam Therapy - how a flat-panel detector can improve conformance tests

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Radiotherapy with scanned particle beams enables a highly precise dose conformity to the target region while surrounding healthy tissue is widely spared. This leads to increased demands on the verification of the applied parameters of the beam and treatment plans. In several studies the potential of the commercially available amorphous silicon flat-panel detector RID 256-L (Perkin Elmer, Germany), originally designed for photon imaging, to meet these demands, and to simplify, fasten and extend clinically required conformance tests was investigated. The experiments were performed at the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center HIT, which employs a synchrotron and a raster scanning technique for patient treatments with proton and carbon ion beams. At HIT daily tests of the beam parameters including spot position, spot width and homogeneity of a scanned field are performed. A direct comparison with the currently used radiographic films showed that the flat-panel detector offers an adequate alternative to films, while being substantially faster. Furthermore, the detector was used to measure the water equivalent thickness of different samples and to obtain a high-resolution carbon ion computed tomography employing an energy scanning technique. This method offers a powerful tool to evaluate the performance of treatment planning algorithms by studying beam range uncertainties. The presented studies show that the investigated flat-panel device allows to enhance the acquired information in ion beam verification measurements and provides high spatial resolution, sensitivity and speed. It is therefore highly attractive to be used in measurements meeting the clinical needs.
Avoidance response to an unfamiliar human by dairy cows on pasture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

When managing dairy cows, a positive human-animal relationship (HAR) is necessary to maintain good health, productivity and welfare. Cows displaying more fearful behaviour may be difficult to handle during routine health procedures, have reduced milk yields and be at increased risk of injury to both themselves and stockpersons. To identify on-farm factors with a positive influence on HAR among dairy cows in pasture-based systems, 85 dairy herds (range 38-253 cows/herd) were enrolled throughout southern Ireland. At each farm, an avoidance test was conducted on a proportion of cows while grazing; a scorer slowly approached and attempted to touch individual cows, recording their moment of retreat according to 5 categories: (1) >2 m from scorer; (2) 1-2 m from scorer; (3) within 1 m of scorer, but avoids extended hand; (4) accepts extended hand but avoids touch; and (5) accepts touch. Results were categorised into percentage of fearful cows (category 1 or 2) and percentage of non-fearful cows (categories 4 or 5) per farm and data were log-transformed for normality before analysis. Additionally, farmers were surveyed regarding their management practices. Factors with potential to influence cows’ behaviour were identified and included in a multivariable regression model. Non-significant variables were removed through manual backwards selection until only those with P<0.05 remained. The final variables retained in the model were number of stockpersons and herd size. The back-transformed percentage of non-fearful cows was 18.4% higher on farms with 4 or more stockpersons compared to farms with only 1 (P=0.003). The percentage of non-fearful cows also decreased by 2.3% for every 10 cow increase in herd size (P=0.02). These results suggest that reduced herd sizes and interaction with more people have a positive effect on HAR in dairy cows at pasture.
Two-dimensional specification of universal quantification in a graphical database query language

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A technique is proposed for specifying universal quantification and existential quantification (combined with negation) in a two-dimensional (graphical) database query language. Unlike other approaches that provide set operators to simulate universal quantification, this technique allows a direct representation of universal quantification. Syntactic constructs for specifying universal and existential quantifications, two-dimensional translation of universal quantification to existential quantification (with negation), and translation of existentially quantified two-dimensional queries to relational queries are presented. The resulting relational queries can be processed directly by many existing database systems. The authors claim that this technique renders universal quantifications easy to understand. To substantiate this claim, they provide a simple, easy-to-follow guideline for constructing universally quantified queries.< >
Data from Osimertinib and Selpercatinib Efficacy, Safety, and Resistance in a Multicenter, Prospectively Treated Cohort of <i>EGFR</i>-Mutant and <i>RET</i> Fusion-Positive Lung Cancers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>AbstractPurpose:<p>Acquired <i>RET</i> fusions have been reported at resistance to treatment with EGFR inhibitors in <i>EGFR</i>-mutant non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, a multicenter cohort of patients with <i>EGFR</i>-mutant lung cancers treated with osimertinib and selpercatinib for <i>RET</i> fusion–mediated osimertinib resistance has not previously been published.</p>Patients and Methods:<p>Patients who received selpercatinib in combination with osimertinib on a prospective expanded access clinical trial (NCT03906331) and single-patient compassionate use programs across five countries were centrally analyzed. All patients had advanced <i>EGFR</i>-mutant NSCLC with a <i>RET</i> fusion detected from tissue or plasma following osimertinib therapy. Clinicopathologic and outcomes data were collected.</p>Results:<p>Fourteen patients with <i>EGFR</i>-mutant and <i>RET</i> fusion–positive lung cancers who experienced prior progression on osimertinib received osimertinib and selpercatinib. <i>EGFR</i> exon 19 deletions (±T790M, 86%) and non-<i>KIF5B</i> fusions (<i>CCDC6-RET</i> 50%, <i>NCOA4-RET</i> 36%) predominated. Osimertinib 80 mg daily and selpercatinib 80 mg twice daily were the most commonly administered dosages. The response rate, disease control rate, and median treatment duration were 50% [95% confidence interval (CI), 25%–75%, <i>n</i> = 12], 83% (95% CI, 55%–95%), and 7.9 months (range, 0.8–25+), respectively. Resistance was complex, involving EGFR on-target (<i>EGFR</i> C797S), RET on-target (<i>RET</i> G810S), and off-target (<i>EML4–ALK/STRN–ALK</i>, <i>KRAS</i> G12S, <i>BRAF</i> V600E) mechanisms; <i>RET</i> fusion loss; or polyclonal mechanisms.</p>Conclusions:<p>For patients with <i>EGFR</i>-mutant NSCLC with an acquired <i>RET</i> fusion as a mechanism of EGFR inhibitor resistance, the addition of selpercatinib to osimertinib was feasible and safe and offered clinical benefit, supporting the prospective evaluation of this combination.</p><p><i><a href="https://aacrjournals.org/clincancerres/article/doi/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-0993" target="_blank">See related commentary by Krebs and Popat, p. 2951</a></i></p></div>
Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability in elderly people

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Assessment of the ability of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) to regulate blood pressure (BP). This is of particular importance for elderly people, for whom the project was designed. We measure a patient's BP noninvasively under various conditions: deep respiration, passive tilt, etc. The variability of the heart rate in the lower frequency band (LF) (0.04 - 0.15 Hz) is known to have sympathetic- and parasympathetic origin, while in the higher (HF) (0.15 - 0.4 Hz) it is vagally mediated. We do a Time-Frequency analysis for the two frequency bands (Wigner) and eliminate the 'cross-terms' with a novel method due to Qian and Chen. We obtain a clear resolution of the activity in LF and HF over time. Research is ongoing aiming at identifying unambiguously the sympathetic and vagal activity.