jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Role of Group Purchasing Organizations (GPOs) in the U.S. Medical Industry Supply Chain/El Papel De Las Organizaciones De Grupos De Compra (Gpos) En La Cadena De Suministros Médicos En Estados Unidos.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

A group purchasing organization (GPO) is an intermediary in the supply chain for pharmaceuticals and medical equipment. Hospitals and clinics join GPOs in order to aggregate purchases and thereby extract lower prices from suppliers. In the United States, GPOs currently account for more than $25 billion of hospital procurement. Though supporters of GPOs claim they save hospitals and clinics considerable sums, several recent studies have found that lower prices can often be obtained outside of the GPO.This paper argues that GPOs have turned the market for medical products in the U.S. into a bilateral oligopoly. Congressional hearings in 2002 and 2003 revealed that several GPOs had been engaged in non-competitive practices, such as receiving excessive rebates and providing executives with stock options in supplier companies. Faced with possible anti-trust suits and greater Federal government oversight, GPOs have begun to modify their behavior. All this means a solid gap between theory and practice. Los grupos de compra (GPOs) son intermediarios en la cadena de suministro, tanto farmacéuticos como de equipo. Los hospitales y clínicas se agrupan en estas organizaciones de compra con el objeto de obtener mejores precios de los proveedores y en la actualidad suponen más de 25.000 millones de dólares del presupuesto de los hospitales norteamericanos. Mientras que los defensores de estas organizaciones afi rman que contribuyen a ahorrar cantidades importantes de recursos a los hospitales y clínicas, algunos estudios recientes señalan que se podrían obtener precios más bajos fuera de estas organizaciones.En el presente articulo se pone de manifi esto que estas organizaciones han transformado el mercado americano de suministros médicos en un oligopolio bilateral. Las audiencias del congreso en 2002 y 2003 revelaron que varias GPOs habían estado implicados en prácticas contrarias a la competencia como la percepción de rebajas excesivas, o la entrega a sus ejecutivos de opciones sobre acciones de las compañías proveedoras. Actualmente estas GPOs han modifi cado ligeramente sus conductas aunque sigue existiendo una amplia diferencia entre la teoría y su aplicación práctica.
A Spheroid‐Forming Hybrid Gold Nanostructure Platform That Electrochemically Detects Anticancer Effects of Curcumin in a Multicellular Brain Cancer Model

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this study, a multifunctional platform that enables the highly efficient formation of 3D multicellular cancer spheroids and precise real‐time assessments of the anticancer effects of curcumin in a brain tumor coculture model is reported. A highly conductive gold nanostructure (HCGN) is fabricated to facilitate cancer spheroid formation without using anti‐cell adhesion molecules. A neuroblastoma (SH‐SY5Y) and glioblastoma (U‐87MG) coculture model is generated on HCGN with a specific cell‐to‐cell ratio (SH‐SY5Y: U‐87MG = 1:1), and their redox behaviors are successfully measured without destroying the distinct 3D structure of the multicellular spheroids. Using electrochemical signals as an indicator of spheroid viability, the effects of potential anticancer compounds on cocultured spheroids are further assessed. Remarkably, decreased cell viability in 3D spheroids caused by a low concentration of curcumin (30 µM) is detectable using the electrochemical method (29.4%) but not with a conventional colorimetric assay (CCK‐8). The detection is repeated more than ten times for both short‐ (63 h) and long‐term cultivation (144 h) without damaging the spheroids, enabling real‐time, non‐destructive pharmacokinetic analysis of various drug candidates. Therefore, it can be concluded that the hybrid platform is a highly promising, precise, and high‐throughput drug screening tool based on 3D cell cultivation.
Technology-based Entrepreneurs: Does the Internet Make a Difference?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This chapter analyses the personal characteristics of 241 founders of new technology-based firms (NTBFs) that operate in Information and Communication sectors and are located in Northern Italy. It considers both manufacturing, that is, electronics, communication equipment, computers, and service sectors, that is, software, multimedia content, Internet service provider and e-commerce. The concern that Europe is a laggard in the NTBF sector triggered a policy-oriented research effort aimed at analysing factors that favour or inhibit the birth of NTBFs and influence their post-entry performances. In particular, a conspicuous body of new evidence was developed on the characteristics of high-tech entrepreneurs in numerous European countries. The chapter shows that Internet entrepreneurs generally are younger and even less educated than the other sample founders. They quite often are at their first professional experience; if they have prior working experience, it generally is in unrelated industries.
A new species of Bryobiinae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and first report of Aplonobia eurotiae (Mitrofanov & Strunkova) from Turkey

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Bryobiinae (Acari: Tetranychidae) of Turkey are reviewed and presented here. The distribution and habitats of these species are provided. A new Bryobia species, Bryobia cagani sp. nov., is described based on four females which were collected on grass and lettuce in a garlic field located at Kastamonu. Aplonobia eurotiae (Mitrofanov & Strunkova) (Acari, Tetranychidae) is reported for the first time in Turkey, based on specimens collected on a Pinus sp. (Pinaceae) from the Nemrut Mountains close to Adıyaman. Aplonobia eurotiae is re-described and an identification key to the Turkish species of Bryobiinae and world species of Aplonobia is presented.
SISTEM INFORMASI PENJUALAN BARANG ELEKTRONIK PADA TOKO N2 (NEFA & NAILA) DI KEL. RANTAU BADAK

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

N2 Store (Nefa and Naila) Processing of sales and inventory data that has not been computerized raises several problems, including inaccurate inspection of existing items, frequent occurrence of goods disputes, search for the number of items and relatively long report-making process, errors in recording sales notes for example writing product name, price and quantity of goods. With the information system on selling goods at N2 Store (Nefa and Naila) computerized all previously conventional sales document data can now be stored properly. The benefits of this research are as input for N2 Store (Nefa & Naila) in Ex. Rantau Badak is expected with this new system to increase sales and progress for the store, both in the field of purchasing goods and selling goods to the consumers of N2 Store (Nefa and Naila) in Kel. Rantau Badak. The result of this research is an information system application for selling electronic goods at N2 store (Nefa and Naila) in Kel. Rantau Badak. With this application it can help Nefa and Naila store in the process of selling electronic products.
Motor fluctuations in Parkinson disease – a mini-review of emerging drugs

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

New formulations of levodopa to improve bioavailability are in development. These include another subcutaneous infusion with efficacy in reducing motor fluctuations and an intranasal delivery with tolerability reported. An oromucosal formulation of apomorphine was safe, further studies are needed. Preliminary results of a phase III study of dopamine D1/D5 agonist tavapadon and phase II of CVN424, a GRP6 inverse agonist suggest improved ON time. Negative studies were reported with foliglurax (MGluR4 inverse agonist) and the repurposed drugs naftazone and bumetanide. Several novel targets are in early-stage development with results awaited. Overall, it is unclear whether the field is significantly further ahead, as the benefit of these emerging drugs in comparison with currently available agents for motor fluctuations needs to be clarified.
A proposal of topographic map symbols for large-scale maps of urban areas in Brazil

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract. This paper addresses a historical issue in Brazil that is that topographic mapping has been performed without application of the theories of cartography to local reality. With the lack of research on this subject, the rules and standards for topographic mapping in Brazil are based on solutions that have been developed in other countries. Even though topographic maps are not a frequent topic of cartographic research, as cited by Kent (2009), when the methods, techniques, and standards are imported from other countries, they are established by considering different natural, rural, and urban landscapes; different histories of land use and occupation; and different cultures. Consequently, it is essential to develop studies that address the theoretical issues of topographic mapping and to verify their suitability to Brazilian reality, considering the geographical aspects that must be represented in topographic mapping. Such a foundation of scientific knowledge is essential to producing solutions that are adapted to the environmental conditions and needs of Brazilian users and society.
Long-term results after augmented surgery for patients with positive prism adaptation test.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Prism Adaptation Test (PAT)により、陽性反応(eat up現象)がみられた後天性内斜視8例に対して増強手術を実施し、眼位変化、両眼視機能と網膜対応を検討した。術後の網膜対応により、3群に分類した。第1群は術後NRCと判断され、最終眼位は正位～14ΔETと良好であり、両眼視機能の改善がみられた。第2群は網膜対応検査ではARCであったが、術前よりも内斜視角の減少がみられた。第3群は手術前にARCと診断されていたが、手術後に眼位が外斜視化すると、NRCに変化した。3～7年の観察結果では、増強手術後の眼位は良好であり、複視の訴えもなかったが、今後さらに長期的に経過観察する必要があると思われた。また、PATの判定方法やPrism Adaptation Research Groupの結果をもとに、手術の適応についても今後検討が必要であると考えられた。
Development of Electron Cyclotron Resonance Ion Sources for Carbon-Ion Radiotherapy

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Compact ECR ion sources have been developed for high energy carbon-ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT). Three compact ECR ion sources have been developed as the prototype at NIRS. The first ion source was used the microwave of 2.45 GHz to reduce the construction cost of the source as much as possible. This ion source could not obtain enough intensity of C²⁺ because there were problems in microwave injection and beam extraction system. The second and third ion sources, named Kei and Kei2, solved these problems. The structure of Kei and Kei2 were similar, however Kei2 improved on the magnetic field configuration. The beam intensity of 0.26 mA and 0.78 mA for C⁴⁺ were obtained by Kei and by Kei2, respectively. All of later C-ion RT facilities in Japan, the Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, the Saga Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Tosu, and the Ion-beam Radiation Oncology Center in Kanagawa, installed copies of Kei2 and named them KeiGM, KeiSA, and KeiGM3. On the other hand, the original Kei2 have been installed in the HIMAC at NIRS and produces carbon beams for experimental use. Developments and some improvements of these Kei-series ECR ion sources will be reported.
Hodgkin's Disease Terminating in Acute Leukaemia: Report of Seven Cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary: Hodgkin's disease terminating in acute leukaemia. M. M. Wolf, I. A. Cooper and J. C. Ding, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1979, 9, pp. 398–402. Acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia developed in seven patients treated for Hodgkin's disease. All had received intensive radiotherapy and chemotherapy. One patient had clinical evidence of active Hodgkin's disease at the time of diagnosis of acute leukaemia, and of four other patients who had a post mortem examination another showed evidence of Hodgkin's disease. The median time from the first presentation with Hodgkin's disease to the development of acute leukaemia was 7·7 years. Chromosomal abnormalities were found in four patients. A preleukaemic phase was present in three patients. Survival following diagnosis of acute leukaemia was short (median four weeks) and only one patient achieved a complete remission. Although published data suggests that radiation exposure is an important aetiologic factor in the induction of acute leukaemia in patients with Hodgkin's disease, it appears likely that additional chemotherapy may have a significant potentiating effect.
Coherent thermodynamic model for ice Ih—A model case for complex behavior

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

New data on the variation of the thermal expansion of ice Ih with temperature at ambient pressure together with new evaluations of the bulk modulus and earlier data for the heat capacity provide the basis for a coherent thermodynamic modeling of the main thermophysical properties of ice Ih over its whole range of stability. The quasi-harmonic approximation with one Debye term and seven Einstein terms, together with explicit anharmonicity, represents the dominant contribution next to minor “anomalies” from hydrogen ordering and lattice defects. The model accurately fits the main features of all experimental data and provides a basis for the comparison with earlier determinations of the phonon density of states and the Grüneisen parameters.
Decomposition of the Shrinking Middle-class and Directional Mobility in Finland 1995–2012

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper investigates the middle-class decline in Finland from 1995 to 2012. The purpose is to examine how changes in the probabilities of belonging to the middle class in different socioeconomic groups have contributed to the middle-class decline while taking into account changes in the relative sizes of the groups. A decomposition analysis indicates that most of the decline has been due to the probability effect, especially among the least-educated population. Changes in age demographics and educational structure have contributed to the decline. The results of the decomposition are supported by mobility results, which indicate that individuals with a tertiary (no secondary) degree have been subject to upward (downward) mobility over the observed time period. In conclusion, the middle-class decline and polarization in Finland are asymmetrically reflected in different education groups. The highly educated have climbed up the income distribution, while the least educated have fallen.
PREVENTION OF DIPHTHERIA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In this review, three questions relating to the prevention of diphtheria will be critically discussed: What is the best statistical method of checking the efficiency of active immunization against diphtheria? What are the severity and the clinical typology of diphtheria which occurs in previously immunized children? How may the limits of antitoxin treatment of toxic diphtheria be overcome by nonspecific preventive therapy?

STATISTICAL METHODS

Method Presenting Morbidity Curves Before and After the Introduction of Immunization.—Among the statistical methods used to check the efficiency of immunization there is one which is often applied in an uncritical fashion. It consists of obtaining local statistics on diphtheria morbidity before and after the introduction of active immunization in a given community. In order to use this method scientifically the natural trend of diphtheria morbidity in a certain area must be followed over a long period. In chart 1 diphtheria morbidity
Cigarette smoking is associated with amplified age-related volume loss in subcortical brain regions

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

BackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging studies of cigarette smoking-related effects on human brain structure have primarily employed voxel-based morphometry, and the most consistently reported finding was smaller volumes or lower density in anterior frontal regions and the insula. Much less is known about the effects of smoking on subcortical regions. We compared smokers and non-smokers on regional subcortical volumes, and predicted that smokers demonstrate greater age-related volume loss across subcortical regions than non-smokers.MethodsNon-smokers (n=43) and smokers (n=40), 22-70 years of age, completed a 4T MRI study. Bilateral total subcortical lobar white matter (WM) and subcortical nuclei volumes were quantitated via FreeSurfer. In smokers, associations between smoking severity measures and subcortical volumes were examined.ResultsSmokers demonstrated greater age-related volume loss than non-smokers in the bilateral subcortical lobar WM, thalamus, and cerebellar cortex, as well as in the corpus callosum and subdivisions. In smokers, higher pack-years were associated with smaller volumes of the bilateral amygdala, nucleus accumbens, total corpus callosum and subcortical WM.ConclusionsResults provide novel evidence that chronic smoking in adults is associated with accelerated age-related volume loss in subcortical WM and GM nuclei. Greater cigarette quantity/exposure was related to smaller volumes in regions that also showed greater age-related volume loss in smokers. Findings suggest smoking adversely affected the structural integrity of subcortical brain regions with increasing age and exposure. The greater age-related volume loss in smokers may have implications for cortical-subcortical structural and/or functional connectivity, and response to available smoking cessation interventions.
Value chain analysis of carp fish seed farms in some selected areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study is an attempt to analyze the prevailing value chain of fish seed farms in some selected areas of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh. Data were collected from 280 fish seed farms owners (56) and traders (224) covering four Upazilas of Mymensingh district namely Mymensingh Sadar, Gauripur, Muktagacha, and Trishal from the period of July 2019 to October 2019 through purposive random sampling technique. Three important fish seed species of carp; namely Rui, Catla, Mrigel were selected to address the following objectives: typical value chain map and marketing system of fish seed farms, determination of the net value addition of fish seed production and marketing, and problems impacting different actors in the value chain. Total net marketing margin per 10 Kg. spawn and per 100000 pieces’ fingerlings are Tk. 20204 (190.43 USD) and Tk. 43148 (406.69 USD), respectively. Among all three intermediaries, the net marketing margin of the retailer is the highest. A large percentage of value addition is covered by paiker for both cases and that is 20.85% and 31.2%. The study finds that fish seed farms with hatcheries are more profitable than fish seed farms with nursery. The yearly net return from spawn production in the hatchery is Tk. 4324775 (40763.15 USD) and from fingerling production in the nursery is Tk. 2388126 (22509.27 USD). The owners and traders have currently been facing some difficulties. Lack of information about good quality seed, the higher price of inputs, and lack of extension service is some of the examples. If these problems could be solved, fish seed farms and market intermediaries could earn a higher profit than the existing level.
The Binary Minimum-energy Parseval Frames and Pseudo-frames and Applications in Economics and Management

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Material science is an interdisciplinary field applying the properties of matter to various areas of science and engineering.Frames have become the focus of active research field, both in the -ory and in applications.In the article, the binary minimum-energy wavelet frames and frame multi -resolution resolution are introduced.A precise existence criterion for minimum-energy frames in terms of an ineqity condition on the Laurent poly-nomial symbols of the filter functions is provided.An explicit formula for designing minimum-energy frames is also established.The sufficient condi tion for the existence of tight wavelet frames is obtained by virtue of a generalized multiresolution analysis.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus nsp1 Inhibits Host Gene Expression by Selectively Targeting mRNAs Transcribed in the Nucleus while Sparing mRNAs of Cytoplasmic Origin.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus nsp1 Inhibits Host Gene Expression by Selectively Targeting mRNAs Transcribed in the Nucleus while Sparing mRNAs of Cytoplasmic Origin.
The gestural organization of vowels: A cinefluorographic study of articulator gestures in Greenlandic

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Movements of individual articulators are analyzed to elucidate principles of gestural organization in vowels. Procedures for tracking articulator gestures from x-ray motion films, and results obtained on coarticulation in Swedish, Bulgarian, and Greenlandic are reported in Wood [J. Phon. 19, 281–292 (1991); Proc. 3rd Congr. I. C. P. L. A. 191–200, Helsinki (1994); Proc. 13th I. C. Ph. Sc. 1, 392–395, Stockholm (1995); J. Phon. 24, 139–164 (1996); Proc. 4th Speech Prod. Seminar 61–64, Grenoble (1996)]. Tongue body movement was organized as predicted from a spectrographic study of Greenlandic vowels in Wood [Working Papers 4, 58–94, Lund (1971)] and according to the principles reported for English and Arabic in Wood [J. Phon. 7, 25–43 (1979)]. Greenlandic has three vowel phonemes, but the allophonic variation means all four tongue body gestures (palatal, velar, uvular, pharyngeal) are utilized. All articulator gestures needed for a vowel converged on a typical configuration, those arriving earlier being held until all were in position. The configuration was held briefly before the articulators were withdrawn. Coarticulation was organized by queuing oncoming gestures that are antagonistic to current gestures, avoiding conflicts.
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN COGNITIVE STYLE AND STUDENTS’ LEARNING ACHIEVEMENT ON GEOMETRY SUBJECT

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The objective of the research is to identify whether there is positive correlation between cognitive style and students’ learning achievement on geometry subject. The research is classified as correlational quantitative research. The independent variable is cognitive style while the dependent variable is students’ achievement on geometry subject. The population of the research is all students of mathematics education program at Widya Dharma University in the academic year of 2015/2016. The sample is the students in semester IV B. It was taken by cluster random sampling. The instrument to determine cognitive style is psychiatric test, GEFT, which is developed by Witkin in 1977. While the instrument that is used to get students’ achievement data on geometry subject is test. The technique of data analysis is simple linear regression analysis. The result of the research is there is positive correlation between cognitive style and students’ learning achievement on geometry subject. The coefficient determination is r2 = 0.6209. It means the increase and decrease of students’ learning result on geometry subject 62.09% can be explained by cognitive style with linear correlation equation Ŷ= -2.9650 + 4.6513X. Meanwhile, 37.91% is influenced by other factor. 13 out of 17 samples are categorized as students FD and 4 students are classified as FI. The mean score of students FD is 16 while students FI is 59.5385. It means students FI has better learning achievement than students FD on geometry subject..