jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Physical Characteristics of Recent Household Margarines

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

To investigate the physical characteristics of recent household margarines, 19 brands of margarine and 6 brands of fat spread were measured for their hardness index by cone-penetration, hardness (R) by a Reometer, oil-off value, solid fat content (SFC), open-tubed melting point (EMP) and softening point by JIS (ESP) and clear point (MCP), dropping point (MDP) and softening point (MSP) by Elex and Mettler automatic melting point apparatus.1) The hardness of margarine decreased in the order of high linoleic soft>common soft>carton hard>parchment hard. Fat spread tended to be softer than the soft margarine, but to soften more slowly with increase in temperature. No difference was observed in their softeess at 20°C or higher. Softer margarines tended to oil-off more easily and showed less SFC. However, although fat spread was softer, it showed greater SFC and less oil-off value than the soft margarine.2) In MDP and MSP, few differences were observed in measurements on the product and oil phase. The former for fat spread clearly exceeded that of the latter.3) Oil-off values were correlated with hardness indexes, but tended to scatter in a softer region of the hardness index greater than 200. The relationship of hardness (R) to oil-off value could be expressed as a hyperbola, indicating the latter to be lower than 1% at a hardness (R) exceeding 1000 and to rapidly increase at a hardness less than 200.4) The hardness index and SFC at 10°C were correlated with total % of saturated fatty acid plus trans-18 : 1, and with total % of unsaturated fatty acid except trans-18 : 1. However, both values were closely correlated with total % of polyunsaturated fatty acid (18 : 2+18 : 3).
Deletion of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2a gene as a marker of oropharyngeal carcinomas non-associated with human papillomavirus and its prognostic value

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients with human papilloma virus associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma generally have better treatment outcomes and prognosis compared to those with non-papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. However, prognostic evaluation for non-papillomavirus-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma remains a problem that could be solved through the molecular mechanisms of squamous cell carcinoma for the purpose of further development of target therapies. Detection of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2a gene deletion in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas can have clinical significance as it may serve as a prognostic marker and potentially guide treatment decisions. To investigate and analyze cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2a gene alterations in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma comparing with clinical data (age of the patient, TNM stage), their histological features and occurrence of papillomavirus infection markers (p16 expression). Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples after transoral radical surgery of oropharyngeal tumors from 26 male patients with average age 57.35±10.33 years were studied. Histological, immunohistochemical analyses and fluorescent in-situ hybridization were performed to assess histological features, p16 expression, and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2a gene gene abnor­malities respectively. Homozygous deletion of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2a gene was statistically analyzed and compared with p16 expression, age, and occurrence of nodal metastases in investigated patients. Our study demonstrated that the patients with non-papillomavirus-oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2a gene homozygous deletion had the highest risk of the nodal metastases development. Our findings suggest that not only detection of the loss of p16 expression, but also the evaluation of homozygous cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2a gene deletion might be predictive of worse outcome specifically in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas.
Can the Fertility Potential of a Seminal Sample Be Predicted Accurately?*

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This paper highlights the most critical aspects of the problem of predicting fertility. To determine if a laboratory test(s) is highly correlated with fertility it is essential to have: a) specific, precise and accurate laboratory tests, and b) precise and accurate fertility data. Acquisition of precise and accurate data for laboratory tests and fertility of spermatozoa in the same sample is not easy. Data derived from in vitro fertilization are not tests of fertility, because only a subset of the attributes important for fertilization in vivo are tested. Because of deficiencies in fertility data, there probably is no valid report for human spermatozoa correlating results of laboratory tests and fertility, and very few valid studies for laboratory or domesticated animals. There is little doubt that objective measures of sperm motion, acrosomal status, or other characteristics are significantly correlated with fertility. However, establishment of the correlations between a group of attributes and fertility is not the question of interest. The goal is prediction of fertility. There has been no recent effort to develop a prediction of fertility or fecundity based on sperm characteristics, and achievement of this goal may be elusive.
Factors That Influence School Board Policy Making

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose: This article examines factors that affect school board policy making about student diversity within two southern urban-suburban school districts experiencing changing demographics: Jefferson County Public Schools and the Wake County Public School System. Both districts have a history of voluntary integration efforts, and research shows that racially diverse countywide districts can make integration more feasible. However, as courts constrain mechanisms used in policies to establish/maintain racial integration, it is crucial to examine how school boards make policy decisions while navigating the politics of their communities and competing conceptions surrounding racial diversity. Research Method/Approach: This study employed qualitative case study methods to understand under what circumstances school boards are creating policy, paying particular attention to the local sociopolitical and geographic contexts. Data collected consisted of 37 interviews with school district officials and community stakeholders. Mainstream and specialty media articles, legal documents, and policy documents from the districts or other governmental bodies also helped frame the local contexts. Findings and Lessons Learned: The two districts in our study illustrate political and legal factors that create complex environments to pursue school-level diversity even in districts with a long history of diversity policies. Our study also illustrates the difficult role of the superintendent and school boards in leading diverse communities with different histories and experiences as they navigate the local politics of diversity amid a variety of competing policy goals. We conclude with implications including the importance of remaining vigilant about student diversity efforts and perfecting technical details to minimize politicization about diversity policies.
The interpretation of violent worldviews

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In December 1998 the New York Times reported that a Vodou priest in New Jersey was indicted on charges of conspiring to kill a woman at a religious ceremony. While the incident itself still remains controversial – if the woman was burned by the priest or set herself ablaze by bumping into a candle – the case attracted considerable attention. Even today Vodou still conjures up images of human sacrifice and cannibalism. It was easy to make people believe in an attempted murder, even when the police failed to find any motive (New York Times, 12 December 1998, p. B1). The woman was indeed injured during the ceremony, but this does not provide sufficient grounds simplistically to reduce the religious system of Vodou to one aspect, viz. violence.
Modification of Carbon Black by Laser Irradiation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The effect of modification of Cabot Corporation SPHERON 5000 carbon black suspended in bi-distilled water by laser irradiation (CuBr 2 laser with fundamental wavelength of λ = 511nm and 2 kHz repetition rate) has been studied. The carbon black suspensions were prepared by mixing 0.10 g carbon black previously treated with acetone in 100 ml bi-distilled water. Different laser beam fluencies and different irradiation times were used in order to optimize the modification process. The modified suspensions were decanted after sedimentation and dried. The powder fractions obtained were studied by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.
Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles: A New Private Multi-Channel UWB MAC Protocol Design for Distributed Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication Principles
"A New Private Multi-Channel UWB MAC Protocol Design for Distributed Network,"
by Hong Shi
in the Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, 2008. WiCOM '08. Oct. 2008
After careful and considered review of the content and authorship of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IEEE's Publication Principles.
This paper contains significant portions of original text from the paper cited below. The original text was copied without attribution (including appropriate references to the original author(s) and/or paper title) and without permission.
Due to the nature of this violation, reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper, and future references should be made to the following article:
"A New Private Multi-Channel UWB MAC Protocol Design for Distributed Network,"
by Zhi-hong Xiao; Yao-hui Wu; Zong-qi Guan
in the Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 2008. WKDD 2008. Jan. 2008 pp. 489-492
Kinetics of short contact time coal liquefaction. Part II: Effect of nature of coal and solvent

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A bituminous coal (Powhatan No. 5) and a subbituminous coal (Belle Ayr) were liquefied in the presence of hydrogen donor solvents. Statistical analyses of the data showed that for contact times up to 10 min, the coal conversion, measured in terms of tetrahydrofuran solubles, was not significantly different for the two coals. However, the subbituminous coal gave more asphaltenes than the bituminous coal. The hydrogen‐donating capacity of the solvent was varied by the addition of hydrogenated phenanthrene to SRC‐II recycle solvent. The results indicated that there are two routes for the formation of oils from coal. One is by adduct formation giving asphaltenes and preasphaltenes, which in turn gives oils, and the other is direct oil formation from coal. The preferred route depends on the hydrogen‐donating capacity of the solvent. The kinetic model, proposed in Part I of this paper, is extended to account for the change in the donor capacity of the solvent.
Process Analytics Model Approach in Healthcare

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Process analytics involves the relationship between the doctor, diagnostic centers and patient. The primary advantages of using process analytics in healthcare are expert guidance, global medical assistance, and possible alternate treatment mechanisms. The secondary advantages are the analysis of the same type of disease complications and the creation of a disease-based healthcare data repository. This chapter focuses on the process model-based approach for healthcare analytics. The two emerging techniques Big data and IoT are needed to be incorporated with the process model for storing and analyzing the healthcare data. The first category assists administrators with identifying areas to streamline operations and concretely increase savings. Research and development are crucial aspects of healthcare, providing new innovative solutions and treatments that can be properly tracked, measured, and analyzed.
Non-take up of the supplemental child benefit for children with a disability in Belgium : a mixed-method approach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Families with disabled children run a greater risk of being poor, and although policies providing poor families with financial benefits should be effective in reducing poverty, the actual effectiveness is often jeopardized by the issue of non-take up (NTU). Yet, how NTU affects the impact of benefits aimed at disabled children is for the most part uncharted territory. In this article, we fill this gap using a mixed-methods approach to (i) estimate the magnitude and characteristics of NTU in the Belgian ‘supplemental child benefit’ by drawing on a large-scale administrative dataset on childhood disabilities; and (ii) explore the determinants of NTU by means of semi-structured interviews with experts. We estimate a NTU rate of at least 10%, a substantial figure given that the benefit is not income-tested. This mainly concerns children with ‘less visible disabilities’ (autism spectrum disorder and other intellectual and psychological disorders) and results from insufficient information provision about the benefit’s existence and eligibility criteria; process costs, for instance the long waiting period and complexity of the procedure; and the way the scale to assess a child’s disability is constructed.
Dynamics and affecting factors of bulbil germination in Pinellia ternata

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Objective To study dynamics and affecting factors of bulbil germination in Pinellia ternata for directing application and elucidating developmental biology of bulbil. Methods The dynamics of bulbil germination and effects of bulbil size, planting deep, soil humidity, and different sources on bulbil germination and seedling growth were studied using completely randomized experimental design. Results(When bulbil) of P. ternata from Nanchong County, Sichuan Province started to germinate for about 14 d after planting, germination rate was up to 60% at 23 d after planting and it ended to germinate at after planting. Germination rate of bulbil in diameter ≥8 mm was higher than that in diameter 5—8 mm. Effects of two kinds of planting deep (10 and 20 mm) on bulbil germination and seedling growth were not significant. However, the germination rate of bulbil in humidity-kept soil was higher than that in drought-threatened one. From the planting through 23 d, the bulbil germination rate of P. ternata from Nanchong County, Sichuan Province was significantly higher than that from Xinjiang County, Shanxi Province. Subsequently, the difference of their bulbil germination rate was not significant. In addition, it was discovered that the shape of leaves varied when bulbils of P. ternata from different sources germinated. Conclusion It is very important for propagation and production of P. ternate to develop the larger bulbil and to keep soil humidity. Furthermore, bulbil of P. ternata from different sources possesses different characters of germination and growth, so research and choice on the source and lines of P. ternata should be regarded in their production.
Gas hydrates and slope stability

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Global warming affects the seabed in many different ways. One way which causes concern is \nthe effect that bottom water warming has on marine gas hydrates. These ice-like crystals of \nwater and gas dissolve, which changes the stability of continental margins. In a worst-case \nscenario this may facilitate submarine landslides and associated tsunamis that could reach \ncentral Europe.
An ELISA-based amperometric biosensor within a photo-patternable adhesive microfluidic channel

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We present an amperometric biosensor enhanced by redox cycling under laminar flow at microelectrodes. The device integrates the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and the interdigitated electrode array within a photo-patternable adhesive microfluidic channel. The adhesive enables us to perform high quality bioassay within a microfluidic channel. Laminar flow enhances the mass transport not only from enzymatic region to the redox cycling electrodes, but also between the redox cycling electrodes. As a result, the performance of biosensors is enhanced.
Additional file 2 of The core autophagy machinery is not required for chloroplast singlet oxygen-mediated cell death in the Arabidopsis thaliana plastid ferrochelatase two mutant

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Additional file 2: Table S1.List of autophagy-related genes and expression data used in heatmap generation.Table S2. List of predicted microautophagy-related genes and expressiondata used in heatmap generation. Table S3. Mutants used in this study. TableS4. Primers use in this study.
Celebrity, work and the reality-talent show:Strictly Come Dancing/Dancing with the Stars

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The highly popular international format Strictly Come Dancing/Dancing with the Stars is an example of those reality-television formats that put celebrities into direct competition with one another. The article considers why such shows, and indeed competitive reality-television shows generally, are popular with broadcasters in the post-broadcast era. The ability to cast celebrities as in-house promotions for other network shows is identified as one element of this. Examination of series of Strictly Come Dancing and the Australian version of Dancing with the Stars from 2010 to 2012 also reveals that the format provides a valuable site for the valorisation of work, although as is usual for celebrity discourse, the work of actually being a celebrity, including cross-promotion, is not part of this. A distinctive aspect of this particular format is a related sub-theme of incompetence, and this article explores the utility of this in terms of generating interest in this popular format.
Research on Design of Program - Controlled Switches

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the 1990s, the development of program-controlled switches in our country has experienced the development process from thescratch; especially the successful development of large-scale program-controlled switches has brought great vitality to our informationindustry. This time, I mainly introduced to ZTE ZXJ10 program-controlled switchboard to design distributed modularization in programcontrolledswitch. ZXJ10 digital program-controlled switching system is distributed between modules, module classification control,centralized management of the open architecture, based on general computer platform, LAN technology as the support, client/server modeto control the basic form of structure, in order to make the system has flexible networking ability, strong call processing capability, highreliability, good compatibility and expansibility.
Pastoral Bearings: Lived Religion and Pastoral Theology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Pastoral Bearings signifies a culmination of major shifts in the field of pastoral theology in a number of ways. First, religious practice is no longer viewed as the prerogative of the religious community or its officially sanctioned leaders alone, whose interest may be the maintenance of a set of ideological tenets. Religious practice is now viewed as a complex set of lived experience by which the participating persons in it exercise their agency and navigate in the religious geography that is informed by the experience of the past, present, and other contexts (Bevans, 2002). The changing religious topography in the United States coupled with the decline of mainline Protestant communities is likely to have contributed partially to this change. Pastoral Bearings is an excellent example of a collection of pastoral contextual theology in action that addresses the empowerment of individuals and their postmodern context-dependent meaningmaking processes (cf. Patton, 1993; Ramsay, 1998; Lartey, 2006).
Arteriosclerosis obliterans in lower extremity accompanying type-2 diabetes mellitus——report of 43 cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the rational diagnostic methods for arteriosclerosis obliterans in lower extremity accompanying type-2 diabetes mellitus. Methods Several hundreds of outpatients with type-2 diabetes mellitus who complained paraesthesia, pain, ulcer or gangrene in lower extremity were selected to receive segmental blood pressure or color Doppler ultrasound examination. The patients with ischemia sign by either of these two examinations were asked to receive further examinations such as magnetic resonance angiography(MRA), spiral computed tomoangiography (SCTA) or digital substraction angiography(DSA) to make a definite diagnosis. Results Forty three patients were diagnosed as type-2 diabetes mellitus complicated by arteriosclerosis obliterans in lower extremity by segmental blood pressure examination at first. The ankle/brachial index(ABI) ranged from 0.00 to 0.68, with an average of 0.36. Then all the patients received MRA, SCTA or DSA examination to make definite diagnosis. The diagnoses of all patients were confirmed and classified. Of these patients, 5 had aortic-iliac artery occlusion, 19 had femoral artery occlusion, 11 had femoral artery occlusion combined with one or two branches of popliteal artery occlusion, and 8 had occlusion of arteries below the knees. According to these results, all the patients received adequate therapies. Conclusions Segmental blood pressure or color Doppler ultrasound can be used to detect patients as the first choice,since they are easy to be performed, cheap, non-invasive,and acceptable. MRA and SCTA are also harmless, and can make a diagnosis about the area and the degree of artery occlusion, but they are expensive. The exact diagnostic method is DSA.
Quartz Tuning‐Fork Based Carbon Nanotube Transfer into Quantum Device Geometries

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

With the objective of integrating single clean, as‐grown carbon nanotubes into complex circuits, we have developed a technique to grow nanotubes directly on commercially available quartz tuning forks using a high‐temperature chemical vapor deposition process. Multiple straight and aligned nanotubes bridge the >100 µm gap between the two tips. The nanotubes are then lowered onto contact electrodes, electronically characterized in situ, and subsequently cut loose from the tuning fork using a high current. First quantum transport measurements of the resulting devices at cryogenic temperatures display Coulomb blockade characteristics.