jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of recycling activities on the heating value of solid waste: case study of the Greater Vancouver Regional District (Metro Vancouver)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Two main goals of the integrated solid waste management system (ISWMS) of Metro Vancouver (MV) include further recycling of waste and energy recovery via incineration of waste. These two very common goals, however, are not always compatible enough to fit in an ISWMS depending on waste characteristics and details of recycling programs. This study showed that recent recycling activities in MV have negatively affected the net heating value (NHV) of municipal solid waste (MSW) in this regional district. Results show that meeting MV’s goal for additional recycling of MSW by 2015 will further reduce the NHV of waste, if additional recycling activities are solely focused on more extensive recycling of packaging materials (e.g. paper and plastic). It is concluded that 50% additional recycling of paper and plastic in MV will increase the overall recycling rate to 70% (as targeted by the MV for 2015) and result in more than 8% reduction in NHV of MSW. This reduction translates to up to 2.3 million Canadian dollar (CAD$) less revenue at a potential waste-to-energy (WTE) plant with 500 000 tonnes year −1 capacity. Properly designed recycling programmes, however, can make this functional element of ISWMS compatible with green goals of energy recovery from waste. Herein an explanation of how communities can increase their recycling activities without affecting the feasibility of potential WTE projects is presented.
Pursuing Johns: Criminal Law Reform, Defending Character, and New York City's Committee of Fourteen, 1920-1930

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This is a microstudy that takes on some big issues. Thomas C. Mackey's gaze is on a failed campaign in the 1920s to punish men who visited prostitutes, but his mind is on concerns prominent in today's conservative movement: the collapse of morality in modern America, the excesses of feminism, and the folly of social engineering. Sympathizing with the reformers' goal of strengthening moral character, Mackey nonetheless warns against “envisioning the criminal law as the primary vehicle for the reform of private morals” (p. 207). He argues that the reformers erred in favoring legal compulsion over public persuasion. Pursuing Johns is thus a cautionary tale for those seeking to reverse the supposed debasement of American culture and for any advocate of social change. The bulk of the book is a dense narrative about the work of the Committee of Fourteen, an advocacy group that aimed at suppressing prostitution in New York City from 1905 to 1932. Proud of their contributions to closing brothels in the 1910s, committee members sought to further enhance New York's character by demanding the prosecution of customers as well as the prostitutes arrested in vice raids. Losing an important test case in 1921, the committee proposed amending state law to punish both parties engaged in commercial sex. This amendment was unexpectedly supported by members of the National Woman's Party, who saw a chance to challenge the double standard of sexual morality. It was thwarted in part by arguments that the amended law would be unenforceable and counterproductive. The reformers ultimately failed because “the customer amendment proved to be out of step with the accepted norms, values, and traditions of mainstream Americans during the 1920s” (p. 37).
Truths, Lies, and Equivocations: The Effects of Conflicting Goals on Discourse

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This article proposes a situational and discourse-oriented view of a particular class of messages, equivocations, that have usually been dismissed as ineffective or even deceptive. We distinguish between-and measure independently- what a message says (whether it is true or false) and how it is said (whether it is clear or equivocal), and we propose that the nature of the communicative situation determines the position of messages on these two coordinates. Specifically, situations can create external goals or consequences of messages, and these consequences can be positive or negative. There exists a class of situations in which all direct messages (true or false) have negative consequences. We predict that in these avoidance-avoidance conflicts, direct messages will be avoided and indirect, but true, equivocations should occur instead. Using hypothetical scenarios, the first four experiments confirmed that, in such conflicts but not in control conditions, people make their messages equivocal but true. A fifth experiment elicited false messages as well and showed that these could be distinguished from both clear and equivocal truths. Additional analyses showed that equivocations are not lies of omission and that nonverbal leakage did not occur in either equivocal or false messages.
Research on the Training Mechanism of the New Generation Shouldering the Great Responsibility of National Rejuvenation — Taking Guangxi Eco-engineering Vocational & Technical College as an Example

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

At present, the population of higher vocational colleges has become an important part of higher education students. It is particularly important to explore the training mechanism of the new generation who plays the role of national rejuvenation at this stage. Starting from the fundamental task of "building morality and cultivating people", Guangxi Eco-Engineering Vocational & Technical College realizes the cultivation of students' self-driving through the cultivation of students' socialist core values and the cultivation concept of "three aspects of education". By strengthening the tripartite linkage of schools, teachers and students, we increase the subject function of schools in educating people, and comprehensively improve teachers' ability to educate people, as well as cultivating students' learning initiative to improve their self-driving ability, and improving students' comprehensive quality in all aspects, so as to cultivate new people of the times who shoulder the great task of national rejuvenation.
Relationship between Experiences in a High School Athletic Club and Resilience

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between experiences in a high school athletic club and resilience. One hundred and ten high school athletic club students (58 first year students ; 36 males, 22 females, 52 second year students ; 30 males, 22 females) completed an athletic situational skills scale, a life skills scale (Ueno and Nakagomi, 1998) and an adolescent resilience scale (Oshio et al., 2002) . Both the athletic situational skills scale and the life skills scale are used to evaluate the psychological skills of students in both their athletic club and school life. The adolescent resilience scale has three subscales, including novelty seeking, emotional regulation, and positive future orientation. Structural equation modeling method was used for the analysis in this study. From the results, it was found that psychological skills in an athletic club relate to resilience through psychological skills in school life. The relationship between experiences in an athletic club and resilience of the second year students was stronger than that of the first year students. This suggests that experiences in a high school athletic club strengthen the resilience of the students if the coaches can work to integrate psychological skills that have been acquired through participation in athletic clubs into school life.
Assessment of an Artificial Intelligence Tool for Estimating Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction in Echocardiograms from Apical and Parasternal Long-Axis Views

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This work aims to evaluate the performance of a new artificial intelligence tool (ExoAI) to compute the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in echocardiograms of the apical and parasternal long axis (PLAX) views. We retrospectively gathered echocardiograms from 441 individual patients (70% male, age: 67.3 ± 15.3, weight: 87.7 ± 25.4, BMI: 29.5 ± 7.4) and computed the ejection fraction in each echocardiogram using the ExoAI algorithm. We compared its performance against the ejection fraction from the clinical report. ExoAI achieved a root mean squared error of 7.58% in A2C, 7.45% in A4C, and 7.29% in PLAX, and correlations of 0.79, 0.75, and 0.89, respectively. As for the detection of low EF values (EF < 50%), ExoAI achieved an accuracy of 83% in A2C, 80% in A4C, and 91% in PLAX. Our results suggest that ExoAI effectively estimates the LVEF and it is an effective tool for estimating abnormal ejection fraction values (EF < 50%). Importantly, the PLAX view allows for the estimation of the ejection fraction when it is not feasible to acquire apical views (e.g., in ICU settings where it is not possible to move the patient to obtain an apical scan).
Real-world walking cadence in people with COPD

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION The clinical validity of real-world walking cadence in people with COPD is unsettled. Our objective was to assess the levels, variability and association with clinically relevant COPD characteristics and outcomes of real-world walking cadence. METHODS We assessed walking cadence (steps per minute during walking bouts longer than 10 s) from 7 days' accelerometer data in 593 individuals with COPD from five European countries, and clinical and functional characteristics from validated questionnaires and standardised tests. Severe exacerbations during a 12-month follow-up were recorded from patient reports and medical registries. RESULTS Participants were mostly male (80%) and had mean±sd age of 68±8 years, post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV$_{1}$) of 57±19% predicted and walked 6880±3926 steps·day$^{-1}$. Mean walking cadence was 88±9 steps·min$^{-1}$, followed a normal distribution and was highly stable within-person (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.92, 95% CI 0.90-0.93). After adjusting for age, sex, height and number of walking bouts in fractional polynomial or linear regressions, walking cadence was positively associated with FEV$_{1,}$ 6-min walk distance, physical activity (steps·day$^{-1}$, time in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, vector magnitude units, walking time, intensity during locomotion), physical activity experience and health-related quality of life and negatively associated with breathlessness and depression (all p<0.05). These associations remained after further adjustment for daily steps. In negative binomial regression adjusted for multiple confounders, walking cadence related to lower number of severe exacerbations during follow-up (incidence rate ratio 0.94 per step·min$^{-1}$, 95% CI 0.91-0.99, p=0.009). CONCLUSIONS Higher real-world walking cadence is associated with better COPD status and lower severe exacerbations risk, which makes it attractive as a future prognostic marker and clinical outcome.
Using a PCR‐Based Method To Analyze and Model Large, Heterogeneous Populations of DNA

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The study of populations of large size and high diversity is limited by the capability of collecting data. Moreover, for a pool of individuals, each associated with a unique characteristic feature, as the pool size grows, the possible interactions increase exponentially and quickly go beyond the limit of computation and experimental studies. Herein, the design of DNA libraries with various diversity is reported. By using a facile analytical method based on real‐time PCR, the diversity of a pool of DNA can be evaluated to allow extraordinarily high heterogenicity (e.g., >1 trillion). It is demonstrated that these DNA libraries can be used to model heterogeneous populations; these libraries exhibit functions such as self‐protection, suitability for biased expansion, and the possibility to evolve into amorphous structures. The method has shown the remarkable power of parallel computing with DNA, since it can resemble an analogue computer and be applied in selection‐based biotechnology methods, such as DNA‐encoded chemical libraries. As a chemical approach to solve problems traditionally for genetic and statistical analysis, the method provides a quick and cost‐efficient evaluation of library diversity for intermediate steps through a selection process.
Penerapan Akuntansi dalam Rumah Tangga

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study aims to examine the role of accounting in the Maulo'o Village community and how accounting is applied in households regarding four important things, namely budgeting, recording, decision making and long-term planning. This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological study approach. The results of the study indicate that the application of accounting in households plays a very important role in people's lives. The important role of accounting and the benefits of accounting in household life are useful for stabilizing household finances, controlling expenses and prioritizing primary needs and preventing families from debt activities. The application of accounting in the decision-making practices of eight housewife informants in Maulo'o Village always discusses with her husband in making decisions and also prioritizes primary needs such as children's education costs and does not forget to always save for future needs.
Generalized Tate curve and integral Teichmüller modular forms

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we establish a higher genus version of the Tate (elliptic) curve, i.e., for a given degenerate curve, we construct its universal deformation defined over the ring of formal power series of certain deformation parameters whose coefficients are in a finitely generated z-algebra described by the dual graph of the degenerate curve. Further, we study automorphic forms on the moduli space of algebraic curves (which we call Teichmüller modular forms) by evaluating these forms on the generalized Tate curve. In particular, we show that integral Teichmüller modular forms of given degree make a finitely generated ring, and we describe the structure of this ring in degree 2 and 3 cases.
Hierarchical Link and Code: Efficient Similarity Search for Billion-Scale Image Sets

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Similarity search is an indispensable component in many computer vision applications. To index billions of images on a single commodity server, Douze et al. introduced L&C that works on operating points considering 64-128 bytes per vector. While the idea is inspiring, we observe that L&C still suffers the accuracy saturation problem, which it is aimed to solve. To this end, we propose a simple yet effective two-layer graph index structure, together with dual residual encoding, to attain higher accuracy. Particularly, we partition vectors into multiple clusters and build the top-layer graph using the corresponding centroids. For each cluster, a subgraph is created with compact codes of the first-level vector residuals. Such an index structure provides better graph search precision as well as saves quite a few bytes for compression. We employ the second-level residual quantization to re-rank the candidates obtained through graph traversal, which is more efficient than regression-from-neighbors adopted by L&C. Comprehensive experiments show that our proposal obtains over 30% higher recall@1 than the state-of-thearts, and achieves up to 7.7x and 6.1x speedup over L&C on Deep1B and Sift1B, respectively.
SU‐C‐BRB‐06: Utilizing 3D Scanner and Printer for Dummy Eye‐Shield: Artifact‐Free CT Images of Tungsten Eye‐Shield for Accurate Dose Calculation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of a tungsten eye‐shield on the dose distribution of a patient. Methods: A 3D scanner was used to extract the dimension and shape of a tungsten eye‐shield in the STL format. Scanned data was transferred into a 3D printer. A dummy eye shield was then produced using bio‐resin (3D systems, VisiJet M3 Proplast). For a patient with mucinous carcinoma, the planning CT was obtained with the dummy eye‐shield placed on the patient's right eye. Field shaping of 6 MeV was performed using a patient‐specific cerrobend block on the 15 × 15 cm 2 applicator. The gantry angle was 330° to cover the planning target volume near by the lens. EGS4/BEAMnrc was commissioned from our measurement data from a Varian 21EX. For the CT‐based dose calculation using EGS4/DOSXYZnrc, the CT images were converted to a phantom file through the ctcreate program. The phantom file had the same resolution as the planning CT images. By assigning the CT numbers of the dummy eye‐shield region to 17000, the real dose distributions below the tungsten eye‐shield were calculated in EGS4/DOSXYZnrc. In the TPS, the CT number of the dummy eye‐shield region was assigned to the maximum allowable CT number (3000). Results: As compared to the maximum dose, the MC dose on the right lens or below the eye shield area was less than 2%, while the corresponding RTP calculated dose was an unrealistic value of approximately 50%. Conclusion: Utilizing a 3D scanner and a 3D printer, a dummy eye‐shield for electron treatment can be easily produced. The artifact‐free CT images were successfully incorporated into the CT‐based Monte Carlo simulations. The developed method was useful in predicting the realistic dose distributions around the lens blocked with the tungsten shield.
Effects of Oestrogen on Ischemia-induced Neurogenesis in the Dentate Gyrus of Rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

To study the effects of oestrogen on ischemia-induced neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus,thirty-two adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups:the control surgery group with oestrogen administration(SE),the control surgery group with normal saline administration(SN),the middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)group with oestrogen administration(ME)and the MCAO group with normal saline administration(MN).The MCAO rats were occluded for 90 min by an intraluminal filament and then recirculated.After 1,3,12,24 and 28 h of MCAO,the rats of the four groups were killed to investigate the infarct volume,apoptosis and neurogenesis.The cerebral infarct volume in the ME group was significantly smaller than that of the MN group(P0.05).No significant cell loss was seen in the dentate gyrus.Cerebral ischemia led to increased neurogenesis,which is independent of cell death in the ipsilateral dentate gyrus(P0.05).BrdU-positive cells in the ipsilateral dentate gyrus of the ME group were significantly increased when compared with those of the MN group(P0.05).In the SE group,BrdU-positive cells in both the ipsilateral and contralateral dentate gyrus,were increased when compared with those of the SN group(P0.05).We concluded that oestrogen plays an important role in neurogenesis,which is independent of ischemia-induced by MCAO in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of rats.
The Soluble CTLA-4 Receptor and its Emerging Role in Autoimmune Diseases

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

CTLA-4, expressed by activated T and B lymphocytes, is a co-stimulatory receptor transducing a potent inhibitory signal. Increasing evidence showed CTLA-4 gene as an important susceptibility locus for autoimmune endocrinopathies and other autoimmune disorders. A soluble form of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (sCTLA-4) was recently found and shown to possess CD80/CD86 binding activity and in vitro immuno-regulatory functions. sCTLA- 4 is generated by alternatively spliced mRNA. Low levels of sCTLA-4 have been detected in normal human serum, but increased serum levels have been observed in several autoimmune diseases (e.g. Graves disease, myasthenia gravis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type 1 diabetes, systemic sclerosis, celiac disease and autoimmune pancreatitis disease). The biological significance of increased sCTLA-4 serum level has not been fully clarified. On one hand, we can hypothesize that sCTLA-4 can specifically inhibit the early T-cell activation by blocking the interaction of CD80/CD86 with the costimulatory receptor CD28. On the other hand, higher levels of sCTLA-4 could compete with membrane-bound CTLA-4 for CD80/CD86, in later T lymphocytes activation phase, causing a reduction of inhibitory signaling. Thus, this doubleedged nature of CD80/CD86 blocking by sCTLA-4 may result in different outcomes during the clinical course of the disease. Keywords: CTLA-4, immunoregulation, organ specific autoimmunity
A Case of Rectal Cancer with a Lump Kidney in which 3D-CT was Useful

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は74歳，女性．平成24年12月より排便時出血を認めていた．平成25年3月に当院消化器内科を受診し大腸内視鏡検査を施行，直腸S状結腸部に3/4周性の2型腫瘍を認めた．腹部CT検査で骨盤内に融合した腎を認めた．同年5月に手術目的に当科を紹介された．腎の先天性奇形のうち，交叉性腎変位は比較的稀とされている．塊状腎は，交叉性腎変位の中でも融合した腎が正常より下部に位置し，尿管や腎動静脈の奇形を伴うことが多く，直腸癌の手術においてはその解剖学的位置関係が重要となる．今回われわれは，塊状腎を合併した直腸癌を経験した．胃潰瘍・子宮筋腫術後のため開腹で前方切除術を行ったが，術前検査として各種3D-CTをfusionさせ，腸管・尿管・血管の位置関係を術前に把握し，術中の尿管損傷などの合併症なく手術を終了できた．腎奇形を伴う直腸癌の手術において，各種3D-CTをfusionすることは有効と考えられた．
Comparing Subtraction-Free and Traditional AMI

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents FPGA implementations of traditional almost Montgomery inverse and subtraction-free almost Montgomery inverse and compares their space and time properties. The subtraction-free algorithm with its hardware architecture overcomes the disadvantages of currently known methods (e.g. Gutub, et al., 2002). The ">" or "<" tests that require either extra clock cycles or extra chip area are completely eliminated.
Evaluation of cassava-based systems for adaptation to climatic variations in eastern Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Three cassava-based systems viz: solely cassava (SC), cassava + pigeon pea (C + P) and Cassava + pigeon pea + maize were evaluated for five years using cassava root, shoot yields and their ratio as the index of adaptation to climatic variations. The study was carried out in two locations, one within the University of Nigeria, Nsukka (UNN) farm near the Meteorological station and the other about one km off the Campus and in a newly cleared forestland. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times in each location. Three climatic elements (rainfall, temperature and relative humidity) were obtained from the Meteorological station each year. The yields were significantly (p≤0.05) affected by location, year, and the cropping systems. Out of the three climatic variables the relative humidity accounted for about 60% variation in root yield and 56% in shoot yield. Their ratio was not significantly influenced. The highest average root yield (15 t ha-1) came from C + P + M plots at forestland location and the least (2.2 t ha-1) from C + P plots at the UNN location. Thus, C + P + M mixture was considered the most adapted to the area.Keywords: Cassava, climate, cropping systems, Eastern Nigeria
Study on Enhancing ESD Reliability Through A Area Modulation of High-Voltage nLDMOSs with the Drain Embedded STI

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A TSMC's $0.18-\mu \mathrm{m}$ BCD process for high-voltage LDMOS devices is utilized in this paper. To effectively disperse the high temperatures generated during device operation and prevent ESD in circuit devices, a Shallow Trench Isolation (STI) layer has been embedded at the drain end of the nLDMOS. By the employing STI to isolate the N + area at the center of the drain end, the study explores the reliability of STIs at various proportions of the drain end area concerning ESD capability. As the current passes through the drain end, the temperature rises, and there is a greater increase in I t2 when there is a larger temperature difference between the central N + and the outer N + . From the experiment data, when the STI area reached 40% of the drain end, I t2 could increase to 1.97A, exhibiting the best quality factor of $2309.357\ \mu \mathrm{A}/\mu \mathrm{m}2$ .