jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Analytical Calculation Method for Steady-state Current Capacity of HVDC Cables

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The accurate calculation of the steady-state current capacity of HVDC cable is of great significance for the full utilization of its transmission capacity. Firstly, the method of calculating the steady-state current capacity of the HVDC cable is proposed. The method also considers permissible maximum long-term conductor temperature (PMLTCT) and permissible maximum insulation temperature difference (PMITD). Secondly, the steady-state carrying capacity of Â±160 kV cross-linked polyethylene DC cable is calculated by this method, and verified by the finite element method. Finally, the influence of ambient temperature, PMLTCT and PMITD on the steady-state current capacity of DC cable are studied. It is found that the current carrying capacity curves of DC cable which consider PMLTCT and PMITD may intersect with ambient temperature change. If the ambient temperature is higher than intersection temperature, the steady-state current capacity is determined by PMLTCT, and otherwise, the steady-state current capacity is determined by PMITD.
Root carbon resources determine survival and growth of young trees under long drought in combination with fertilization

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Current increases in not only the intensity and frequency but also the duration of drought events could affect the growth, physiology, and mortality of trees. We experimentally studied the effects of drought duration in combination with fertilization on leaf water potential, gas exchange, growth, tissue levels of non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs), tissue NSC consumption over winter, and recovery after drought release in oak (Quercus petraea) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings. Long drought duration (> 1 month) decreased leaf water potential, photosynthesis, and NSC concentrations in both oak and beech saplings. Nitrogen fertilization did not mitigate the negative drought effects on both species. The photosynthesis and relative height increment recovered in the following rewetting year. Height growth in the rewetting year was significantly positively correlated with both pre- and post-winter root NSC levels. Root carbon reserve is critical for tree growth and survival under long-lasting drought. Our results indicate that beech is more sensitive to drought and fertilization than oak. The present study, in a physiological perspective, experimentally confirmed the view of Ellenberg (2009) that the European beech, compared to oak, may be more strongly affected by future environmental changes.
From children’s expressive control to emotion regulation: Looking back, looking ahead

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

In 1984, Carolyn Saarni published an important cross-sectional study on the development of children's expressive control. That paper, as with much of her early work, presaged interest in the development of emotion regulation and of the efforts to understand emotion regulation both in typical and at risk children. In this paper, we look back on Dr. Saarni's work on expressive control and studies that used her creative disappointment task. We discuss conclusions from that work and how this germinal work on expressive control contributed to the study of the broader concept of emotion regulation. We look ahead to the next steps that carry this line of research forward contributing to the development of emotional competence and mental health.
ECONOMIC FREEDOM AND THE SUCCESS OF MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study looks at the relationship between the success of microfinance institutions and the degree of economic freedom in their host countries. Many microfinance institutions are currently not self-sustaining, and both theoretical and empirical work suggests that the economic environment in which they operate is an important factor in their ability to reach this goal, furthering the mission of outreach to the poor. The sustainability of the microfinance institutions is analyzed here using a large cross-section of institutions and countries. The results show that microfinance institutions operate primarily in countries with a relatively low degree of overall economic freedom and that government intervention in the economy can reduce their sustainability.
The size-change principle for program termination

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The "size-change termination" principle for a first-order functional language with well-founded data is: a program terminates on all inputs if every infinite call sequence (following program control flow) would cause an infinite descent in some data values.Size-change analysis is based only on local approximations to parameter size changes derivable from program syntax. The set of infinite call sequences that follow program flow and can be recognized as causing infinite descent is an ω-regular set, representable by a Büchi automaton. Algorithms for such automata can be used to decide size-change termination. We also give a direct algorithm operating on "size-change graphs" (without the passage to automata).Compared to other results in the literature, termination analysis based on the size-change principle is surprisingly simple and general: lexical orders (also called lexicographic orders), indirect function calls and permuted arguments (descent that is not in-situ) are all handled automatically and without special treatment, with no need for manually supplied argument orders, or theorem-proving methods not certain to terminate at analysis time.We establish the problem's intrinsic complexity. This turns out to be surprisingly high, complete for PSPACE, in spite of the simplicity of the principle. PSPACE hardness is proved by a reduction from Boolean program termination. An ineresting consequence: the same hardness result applies to many other analyses found in the termination and quasitermination literature.
Influence of Some Ions on the Membrane Potential of Ascaris Muscle

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The influence of several ions on the membrane potential of the somatic muscle of Ascaris has been investigated by changing their concentration in the surrounding solution. When [K]o is increased at the expense of [Na]oleaving [Cl]o constant, the membrane potential is first seen to increase. [K]o higher than 45 mM reduces the membrane potential with a slope of 23 mv for a tenfold change in [K]o. However, when [K]o is increased keeping [Na]o and [Cl]o low and constant, the line relating the membrane potential with log [K]o has a slope of almost 50 mv. If [Cl]o is reduced in the absence of external Na, after the [K]o is increased to 45 mM, the membrane potential decreases with a slope of 59 mv per tenfold change in [Cl]o in close agreement with the Nernst equation. If Cl- is replaced by SO42-, a depolarization is produced, while chloride replacement by NO3-, Br-, and I- results in a hyperpolarization of the membrane. Removal of the external Na+ ions increases the average membrane potential by 17 mv.
A Re-evaluation of Colorectal Neuroendocrine Tumors Based on WHO 2010

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

【はじめに】神経内分泌腫瘍は2010年のWHO分類からKi67と核分裂像によりNET G1，NET G2，NECに分類された．カルチノイドはNET G1，内分泌細胞癌はNECと考えられているが，今回より加わったNET G2を含めて，未だ不明な点が多い．【方法】2000年1月～2013年6月に当教室で治療した大腸腫瘍3,090例のうち，神経内分泌腫瘍と診断された症例を対象とし，臨床病理学的因子および施行治療，予後を評価した．NET G1のリンパ節転移の有無と腫瘍径，リンパ管侵襲，静脈侵襲との関連を検討した．【結果】対象は102例（NET G1，NET G2，NEC，MANEC=88，4，6，4）腫瘍径の中央値（mm）はNET G1，NET G2，NEC，MANEC=7，19，47，22．リンパ節転移率はNET G1，NET G2，NEC，MANEC=11％，75％，83％，50％．遠隔転移率はNET G1，NET G2，NEC，MANEC=0％，50％，83％，0％．5年生存率はNET G1，NET G2，NEC，MANEC=94.5％，37.5％，16.7％，100％．NET G1は腫瘍径1-6mm，7-9mm，10mmでリンパ節転移率が0％，13％，33％．リンパ管侵襲陽性症例の半数にリンパ節転移を認めた．【結語】大腸神経内分泌腫瘍に関するWHO 2010分類は悪性度を反映し，予後をよく層別化し，NET G2，NECは予後不良であった．NET G1は腫瘍径10mm以上もしくはリンパ管侵襲陽性が追加外科切除の適応と考えられた．
Confidence in Pursuing Engineering: How First-Generation College Students' Subject-Related Role Identities Supports their Major Choice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This full research category paper examines how first-generation college students' mathematics and physics identity support the development of an engineering identity and how the three STEM identities support students' commitment to choose an engineering major. This study focuses on first-year, first-generation college students in engineering ( $n=616$ ). The purpose of only focusing on first-year students was to understand how their decision to pursue engineering is shaped before engaging in engineering or college coursework. Structural equation modeling was used to test direct and indirect paths of students' STEM identities on engineering major commitment. First-generation college students' perceptions of themselves as capable and interested mathematics learners supported their views of themselves as capable physics and engineering learners. Forming an identity as a math and physics person supported the development of an engineering identity. First-generation college students' engineering identity supported their confidence of choosing an engineering major. However, female and Latinx first-generation college students were less likely to see themselves as physics people. Female first-generation college students were also less confident about their choice to pursue engineering. The findings elucidate the difference each subject-related role identities have on first-generation college students' developing engineering identity and confidence in their major choice.
A Generalized Net For Machine Learning Of The Process Of Mathematical Problems Solving

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The authors of the present paper prepared a series of research related to the ways of representation by Generalized nets (GNs, see [1] and the Appendix) the process of machine learning of different objects, e,g" neural networks, genetic algorithms, GNs, expert systems, systems (abstract, statical, dynamical, stohastical and others), etc. Working on their research [21, where they gave a counterexample of the 62-nd Smarandachejs problem (see [3]), they saw that the process of the machine learning of the process of the mathematical problems
solving also can be described by a GN and by this reason the result form [2] was used as an example of the present research. After this, they saw that the process of solving of a lot of the Smarandache's problems can be represented by GNs in a similar way and this will be an object of next their research.
Reinforcement Learning and Human Behavior

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The dominant computational approach to model operant learning and its underlying neural activity is model-free reinforcement learning (RL). However, there is accumulating behavioral and neuronal-related evidence that human (and animal) operant learning is far more multifaceted. Theoretical advances in RL, such as hierarchical and model-based RL extend the explanatory power of RL to account for some of these findings. Nevertheless, some other aspects of human behavior remain inexplicable even in the simplest tasks. Here we review developments and remaining challenges in relating RL models to human operant learning. In particular, we emphasize that learning a model of the world is an essential step prior or in parallel to learning the policy in RL and discuss alternative models that directly learn a policy without an explicit world model in terms of state-action pairs.
Personal Responsibility and the Law of Nations. By Elizabeth Thorneychoft. [The Hague; Martinus Nijhoff. 1961. 87 pp. Fl. 8.] - The Formal and the Material Concept of Flag Equality. By Hans Georo Röhreke. Gothenburg School of Economics and Business Administration Publications, No. 4, 1961. [Gothenburg: Akademifdrlaget-Gumperts. 1961. 20 pp. Kr. 5.] - Law and the Algerian Revolution. By Mohammed Bedjaoui. [Brussels: Publications of the International Association of Democratic Lawyers. 1961. 260 pp. B fr. 150.] - Diritto Internazionale Pubblico. By Ludovico Matteo Bentivoglio. Extract from Novissimo Digesto Italiano. [Turin: Unione Tipograflco—Editrice Torinese. 1961. 75 pp.] - Le Benelux Commenté. Textes Officiels. By Jacques Karelli and Fritz de Kzmmeteb. [Brussels: Etablissements Emile Bruylant. 1961. 864 pp. B. fr. 810 (leather) or B. fr. 580 (paper).] - Britain and the Common Market. By John Pindeh. [London: The Cresset Press. 1961. x and 184 pp. 12s. 6d.] - The British Constitution. By SirIvor Jennings. Fourth edition. [Cambridge: The University Press. 1961. xi and 210 pp. 21s. (cloth) or 10s. 6d. (paper).] - Fundamental Rights in the Irish Law and Constitution. By John Maurice Kelly. [Dublin: Alien Figgis & Co., Ltd. 1961. xi and 261 and (Table of Cases, Bibliography and Index) 18 pp. £1 15s. net.] - Annual Survey of South African Law, 1960. Published for the Faculty of Law, University of the Witwatenrand, Johannesburg.[Cape Town: Juta & Co., Ltd.1961. xxxv and 469 pp.] - Acta Juridica, 1960. Published under the Auspices of the Faculty of Law, University of Cape Town. Special Number to Mark Fifty Years of the South African Union. [Cape Town: A. A. Balkema. 1961. viii and 891 pp.] - The Changes Effected in the Soviet Criminal Law by the Legislation of December, 1958. By Leon Bora. [Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, Faculty of Law, Institute for Legislative Research and Comparative Law. 1961. 82 (English Summary) and 115 pp.] - Prajudizien als Rechtsquelle. Eine Studie zu den Hethoden der Rechts findung. By Oscar Adolf Germann. Acta Instituti Upsalinsis Iurisprudentiae Comparativae, II. [Stockholm: Almquist & Wiksell. 1960. 52 pp. Kr. 8.] - Motiv und Schuld. Eine psychiatrische Studie über den Handlungsaufbau bei kriminellem Verhalten. By Fhiedhich Stumpfl. [Vienna: Verlag Franz Deuticke. 1961. vii and 76 pp.] - Nordisk. Råd. 9th Session, 1961. Copenhagen. [Stockholm: Kungl. Boktryckeriet P. A. Norstedt & Sfiner, 1961. 1428 pp.]

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

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Women's rights in transition: the collision of feminist interest groups, religion and non‐governmental organizations in three Latin American countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explores the roles and successes of feminist interest groups, religious interests and non‐governmental organizations in promoting or blocking reproductive policies in three Andean countries—Chile, Ecuador and Peru. Access to reproductive services and facilities, such as birth control and elective abortion, in the transitional democracies of Latin America has remained as restricted as under authoritarian regimes. The issue is complicated by the involvement of ideologically driven domestic and foreign interests attempting to influence policy decisions. The political outcomes have significant implications for the nature of democracy and for women's representation across Latin America. The evidence shows that successes have been varied for all women's groups involved in the reproductive rights issue. The primary reason appears to be that, despite advances in political representation in the region, the more established religious interests and other countervailing forces have managed to maintain the status quo in the face of feminist interest group demands. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the transfer of evolutionary couplings to industry

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we describe a case study at Philips Healthcare MRI focusing on evolutionary couplings, i.e., a technique to infer relationships among modules by analyzing their history of changes in the source code archive. In this case study, we failed to transfer CouplingViewer, a tool implementing the current state-of-art in evolutionary couplings, to industry. According to the industrial experts an important industrial requirement was not met: the signal-to-noise ratio was too low.
Artist-Sorceress: Photography and Digital Metamorphosis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article explores the negative stereotype of the witch. The artist uses high-end computer-imaging technology to alter large format photographic images on the computer screen. She discusses the process of working in still-life photography—and specifically the tradition of the Vanitas—with computer montage techniques. A particular emphasis is placed upon the potential of computer compositing for fusing image and text, experimenting with image metamorphosis and promoting visual illusion. The artist develops a model for the witch/sorceress as a reaction against cultural stereotypes.
Phonon Drag Thermopower in Silicene in Equipartition Regime at Room Temperature

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: Similar to graphene, zero band gap limits the application of Silicene in nanoelectronics despite of its high carrier mobility. In this article we calculate the contribution of electron-phonon interaction to thermoelectric effects in silicene. One considers the case of free standing silicene taking into account interaction with intrinsic acoustic phonons. The temperature considered here is at room temperature. We noticed that the contribution to thermoelectromotive force due to electron drag by phonons is determined by the Fermi energy. The explicit temperature dependence of the contribution to thermoelectromotive force deriving from by phonons is weak in contrast to that due to diffusion, which is directly proportional to temperature. Thus a theoretical limit has been established for a possible increase of the thermoelectromotive force through electron drag by the intrinsic phonons of silicene. Keywords: Phonon-drag thermopower, electron-diffusion thermopower, silicene, fermi energy, zero band gap
De NovoMutation ofKAT6BGene Causing Atypical Say–Barber–Biesecker–Young–Simpson Syndrome or Genitopatellar Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mutations in KAT6B gene are responsible for Say-Barber-Biesecker-Young-Simpson syndrome (SBBYSS) and genitopatellar syndrome (GPS), with most mutations occurring in exon 18. A 4-year-old Chinese boy presented with short stature but no other clinical features of SBBYSS or GPS had a de novo novel nonsense pathogenic mutation in exon 14 of the KAT6B gene at position c.2636T>A (p.Leu879X). The correlation analysis of genotype-phenotype indicated distinctive clinical features (short stature, growth hormone deficiency, and delayed bone age) compared with the classical mutations of KAT6B gene. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of KAT6B gene mutation in any Chinese individual. This work expands the mutant phenotypic spectrum of the KAT6B gene.
The optimization of profiled diffusers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Methods have been developed to produce profiled diffusers that create a large amount of diffusion. The methods are iterative and required the development of a new parameter to measure diffusion. Achieving scattering independent of angle has been attempted over a wide bandwidth. The methods are also applicable to other diffusion criteria. The diffusers consists of a series of wells of the same width but of different depths similar to Schroeder diffusers. Applications include concert halls, theatres, and studio monitor rooms. The new diffusers have been shown to create better, more uniform diffusion than the previous designs of Schroeder. This is due to the new designs being reliant on accurate boundary element prediction methods rather than more approximate techniques.
Effect of storage conditions on nitrosated, acylated, and oxidized pyridine alkaloid derivatives in smokeless tobacco products.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Very large concentration increases in nitrite (34-fold), nitrosated pyridine alkaloids, and related 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (14- to 33-fold) occurred in moist snuff during storage at 24 degrees C for 52 weeks, whereas, decreases in all parent and some acylated pyridine alkaloids were observed in the same material. Nitrite concentrations in dry snuff decreased up to 90% during storage; increased contents of nitrosated alkaloids and NNK of 30 to 80% were also observed. Storage effects on chewing tobacco included a 75% increase in nitrite and small increases of nitrosated alkaloids and NNK. Sums of parent alkaloids in moist snuff decreased 24 and 54% after storage for 24 weeks at 24 and 32 degrees C, respectively, while sums of alkaloid derivatives increased, up to 36-fold for nitrosated alkaloids and NNK, 92% for acylated, and 133% for oxidized components. Levels of N'-nitrosonornicotine, NNK, and N'-nitrosoanatabine after 52 weeks' storage at 24 degrees C were 547, 41, and 296% higher, respectively, in ambient air-exposed moist snuff than in the nonexposed counterpart. A mathematical model was evaluated and used to calibrate nonlinear gas chromatography alkali bead detector response to the individual components. This permitted the use of a single analysis for all required individual compounds over a wide concentration range.
Triazolecarboxamidate Donors as Supporting Ligands for Nickel Olefin Polymerization Catalysts

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

To increase the structural diversity of dinucleating platforms that are used in the construction of olefin polymerization catalysts, we are exploring new ligand designs that feature non-alkoxide/phenoxide bridging groups. In the current study, we demonstrate that 1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamidate donors are excellent N,N-chelators for nickel and can readily bind secondary metal ions. We found that sterically bulky nickel triazolecarboxamidate complexes are active as ethylene homopolymerization catalysts and can afford low molecular weight polyethylene with about 80–130 branches per 1000 carbon atoms. The addition of zinc salts to our nickel complexes led to catalyst inhibition in some cases, which we have attributed to the formation of catalytically inactive mixed-metal species. To circumvent this problem, we anticipate that further elaboration of the triazolecarboxamidate ligand could provide discrete heterobimetallic complexes that will be useful as single-site catalysts with unique reactivity patterns.
Habilyzer: Empowering Office Workers to Investigate their Working Habits using an Open-Ended Sensor Kit

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Office work presents health and wellbeing challenges, triggered by unhealthy working habits or environmental factors. While technologies for vitality in the office context gain popularity, they are often solution-focused and fall short in acknowledging personal needs. Building on approaches from personal informatics, we see value in opening up the design space of tracking and sensing technologies for office workers. We designed and deployed an open-ended sensor kit and conducted two complementary studies to investigate the value of empowering office workers to investigate their own working habits. Findings show that Habilyzer triggers curiosity about working habits, and wireless sensors contribute to inquire into those habits, possibly supported by additional tools. We contribute new insights into how an open-ended sensor kit can be designed to support self-tracking practices and underlying reflections in the underexplored context of office work. It is an alternative approach to workplace vitality, moving from solution-oriented technologies to inquiry-enabling tools.