jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ehrlich ascites tumor cells expressing anti-sense glutaminase mRNA lose their capacity to evade the mouse immune system

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) is a key enzyme in rapidly proliferating cells. Using anti-sense technology, an Ehrlich ascites tumor cell line (0.28AS-2) with reduced glutaminase activity has been obtained. We investigated the in vivo growth characteristics of the 0.28AS-2 cells. When injected i.p. into normal Swiss albino mice, the 0.28AS-2 cells were unable to grow. On the contrary, when injected into nude mice, they developed into solid tumors. Mice inoculated with 0.28AS-2 cells kept immunologic memory and rejected a second inoculation with parental Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Expression of both polymorphic epithelial mucin-1 (MUC-1) and the enzyme N-acetyl-α-D-galactosaminidase, proteins implicated in host immune system escape, were markedly diminished in 0.28AS-2 cells. Study of the immune system response in mice inoculated with 0.28AS-2 cells revealed an increase in splenic CD18 cells and the presence of a large number of activated F4/80+ macrophages in the ascites cavity. These features, not observed in mice inoculated with parental Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, indicate that a distinctive, strong immune response occurred in animals inoculated with 0.28AS-2 cells. Our results suggest that inhibition of glutaminase expression using anti-sense technology induces phenotypic changes in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells that allow the development of an effective anti-tumor immune response, which makes the cells unable to develop in vivo tumors. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Plasma thiols redox status by laser‐induced fluorescence capillary electrophoresis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract High concentrations of total plasma thiols such as cysteine and homocysteine are important risk factors for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. We have recently described a new laser‐induced fluorescence capillary electrophoresis (CE‐LIF) method to measure total plasma thiols, in which the baseline separation of cysteinylglycine, homocysteine, cysteine, and glutathione was achieved by adding the organic base N ‐methyl‐ D ‐glucamine to the run buffer. However, because the active fractions of homocysteine and cysteine responsible for vascular injuries are still unknown, research calls for a set up of methods able to analyze different forms of plasma thiols. In this paper, we present an improvement of our previous method that allows the measurement of different thiol forms. Total, reduced, and free thiols were measured by varying the order of disulfide reduction with tributylphosphine and proteins precipitation with 5‐sulfosalicylic acid. After derivatization with 5‐iodoacetamidofluorescein, samples were separated and measured by CE‐LIF using a phosphate/borate buffer in the presence of 75 mmol/L N ‐methyl‐ D ‐glucamine. Oxidized thiols and protein bound thiols were calculated by difference, free minus reduced and total minus free form, respectively. Linearity, reproducibility, analytical recovery, and sensitivity were evaluated. The assay was used to measure the thiols redox status in 15 plasma samples from healthy volunteers.
A non-destructive rapid method for estimation of leaf area in naturally grown Neem (Azadirachta Indica A. Juss.) and Pongamia (Pongamia Pinnata L. Pierre)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Leaf area measurement can be a time consuming process and requires sophisticated electronic instruments. The objective of this research was to develop a simple, accurate, non-destructive and time saving predictive model for leaf area (LA) estimation in Neem and Pongamia. In the present study the authors have developed a regression equation (RE) and a fixed coefficient (FC) to calculate the LA of Neem and Pongamia plants of five year age class grown in natural conditions. The regression equation, Leaf area = L*W*0.6585 - 0.9828 for Pongamia and Leaf area = L*W*0.465x + 0.8781 for Neem was derived by taking actual leaf area as dependent variable and product of L and W, as independent variable (r = 0.97 for Pongamia and r = 0.86 for Neem.) The FC calculated by taking the ratio of actual to product of L and W was found to be 0.634 for Pongamia and 0.572 for Neem. The equation and coefficient was validated and was found significant. The study indicates that either FC or RE can be used with precision to determine LA of Neem and Pongamia grown in natural condition, non-destructively. This type of short cut, rapid method is highly useful when a large number of provenances are to be tested or in places where instrumentation facility is not available.
The New Radionuclide Regulations—A Preview

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Articles in this section of the Journal are dedicated to providing current information about legislative and regulatory developments pertinent to the drinking water industry. They address needs and concerns of water utilities from a practical standpoint; they are not intended to reflect official positions or policies of AWWA. Frederick W. Pontius, associate director for regulatory affairs, prepared this article on the upcoming radionuclide regulations and coordinates development of future articles. Pontius monitors and evaluates legislation and regulations that affect the drinking water industry, prepares official AWWA statements on drinking water issues, and represents the association at meetings, workshops, and study groups.
Nova High‐Speed Jet Experiments

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have conducted high-speed jet experiments using the Nova laser facility located at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The experiments make use of energy deposited in a Nova hohlraum to launch a strong shock down the axis of a cylindrical, millimeter-scale package containing a plastic/foam interface. The passage of the shock causes a hemispherical indentation at the interface to invert and form a plasma jet. The jet-tip velocity is approximately 60 km s-1, with a corresponding jet-tip Mach number of about 17. An X-ray backlighter foil and an electronic X-ray framing camera are used to radiograph the flow side-on. Vortical structures are observed, and the development of the jet over time is measured. An additional set of experiments was undertaken to elucidate these structures using a tracer material. Numerical simulations have been performed to provide additional insights into this flow and to permit examination of unmeasured quantities. The experiments include aspects of observed astrophysical jet phenomena, which could prove useful for benchmarking codes.
Updating the Gender Gap(s): A Multilevel Approach to What Underpins Changing Cultural Attitudes

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A number of studies have shown that men and women hold dissimilar opinions on a variety of issues. While we have been cognizant of the existence of the gender gap, none of the extant research examines the extent to which these differences are a consequence of period and cohort effects simultaneously. Cohort and period explanations are central to how scholars theorize large-scale changes in public opinion. This study uses a multilevel approach—employing cross-classified random effects models—to explore the underpinnings of gender differences on social and cultural issues (such as social welfare opinions, gender roles, sexuality, abortion, racial equality, and crime- and justice-related attitudes) stemming from the replacement of individuals or because men and women are changing how they think. The advantage is that this approach encourages an effort to examine the relative impact of compositional and contextual factors over time and across birth cohorts and assesses the consequences of how changes in these factors affect some of our most fundamental hypotheses about the origins of a gendered culture war.
Stability of spherical nuclei in the inner crust of neutron stars

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Neutron stars are the densest objects in the Universe. In this paper we consider so-called inner crust - the layer, where neutron-excess nuclei are immersed into degenerate gas of electrons and sea of quasi-free neutrons. It was generally believed that spherical nuclei become unstable with respect to quadrupole deformations at high densities and here we consider this instability. Within perturbative approach we show that spherical nuclei with equilibrium number density are, in fact, stable with respect to infinitesimal quadrupole deformation. This is due to background of degenerate electrons and associated electrostatic potential which maintain stability of spherical nuclei. However, if the number of atomic nuclei per unit volume is much less than the equilibrium value, instability can arise. To avoid confusion we stress that our results are limited to infinitesimal deformations and do not guaranty strict thermodynamic stability of spherical nuclei. In particular, they does not exclude that substantially non-spherical nuclei (so-called pasta phase) represent thermodynamic equilibrium state of the densest layers of neutron star crust. Rather our results points that spherical nuclei can be metastable even if they are not energetically favourable and the timescale of transformation of spherical nuclei to the pasta phases should be estimated subsequently.
International validation of the Metabolic Exercise test data combined with Cardiac and Kidney Indexes (MECKI) score in heart failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims Current European heart failure (HF) guidelines suggest the use of risk score: among them, the Metabolic Exercise test data combined with Cardiac and Kidney Indexes (MECKI) score has demonstrated to be one of the most accurate. However, the risk scores are still poorly implemented in clinical practice, also due to the lack of strong evidence regarding their external validation in different populations. Thus, the current study was designed as an external validation test of the MECKI score in an international multicentre setting. Methods and results The study cohort consisted of patients diagnosed with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) across international centres (not Italian), retrospectively recruited. Collected data included demographics, HF aetiology, laboratory testing, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiographic findings, and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) results as described in the original MECKI score publication. A total of 1042 patients across 8 international centres (7 European and 1 Asian) were included and followed up from 1998 till 2019. Patients were divided according to the calculated MECKI scores into three subgroups: (i) MECKI score &lt;10%, (ii) 10–20%, and (iii) ≥ 20%. Survival analysis comparison among the three MECKI score subgroups showed a worse prognosis in patients with higher MECKI score value: median event-free survival times were 4396 days for MECKI score &lt;10%, 3457 days for 10–20%, and 1022 days for ≥20% (P &lt; 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the ROC curves (AUC) were like those reported in the original internal validation studies. Conclusion In patients diagnosed with HFrEF, the power of the MECKI score was confirmed in terms of prognosis and risk stratification, supporting its implementation as advised by the HF guidelines.
Regulation of Actin-Myosin Cytoskeletal Changes Involved in Cancer Metastasis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract : This research is aimed to define the molecular events mediating tumor cell migration during metastasis. Although myosin is required for motility, how force is generated to initiate and maintain directed movement of non-muscle cells remains poorly understood. We have two approaches to elucidate myosin-based motility with high spatial and temporal resolution. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged myosin II regulatory light chain (RLC) has allowed us to follow the reorganization of the myosin network during motility. Since RLC is regulated by multiple signals, further understanding of the signaling events cannot be accomplished without dynamic spatio-temporal dissection of the pathways. To accomplish this, we have generated a novel biosensor that allows us to simultaneously monitor the subcellular localization of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and its state of activation, we have characterized how myosin is regulated at various subcellular regions during cell motility. To establish a baseline for studies of breast cancer cells, we used PTK-2 epithelial cells to understand the role of myosin at the leading edge of motile cells. The MLCK-FIP biosensor has highlighted myosin function unlikely to be controlled. Our initial efforts have established the necessary techniques and the basic principles of MLCK-mediated non-muscle myosin regulation to characterize the fundamental differences in the acto-myosin cytoskeleton in non-invasive and the highly aggressive tumor breast cancer cells.
An Emerging Era in the Management of Parkinson's Disease: Wearable Technologies and the Internet of Things

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Current challenges demand a profound restructuration of the global healthcare system. A more efficient system is required to cope with the growing world population and increased life expectancy, which is associated with a marked prevalence of chronic neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). One possible approach to meet this demand is a laterally distributed platform such as the Internet of Things (IoT). Real-time motion metrics in PD could be obtained virtually in any scenario by placing lightweight wearable sensors in the patient's clothes and connecting them to a medical database through mobile devices such as cell phones or tablets. Technologies exist to collect huge amounts of patient data not only during regular medical visits but also at home during activities of daily life. These data could be fed into intelligent algorithms to first discriminate relevant threatening conditions, adjust medications based on online obtained physical deficits, and facilitate strategies to modify disease progression. A major impact of this approach lies in its efficiency, by maximizing resources and drastically improving the patient experience. The patient participates actively in disease management via combined objective device- and self-assessment and by sharing information within both medical and peer groups. Here, we review and discuss the existing wearable technologies and the Internet-of-Things concept applied to PD, with an emphasis on how this technological platform may lead to a shift in paradigm in terms of diagnostics and treatment.
Family Orientation: Individual-Level Influences on Family Firm Outcomes

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The premise of this article is that to understand how family affects business, the issue of how individual family members relate to the family must also be addressed. To that end, we propose family orientation (FO) to assess the extent to which individuals perceive and value family involvement. Drawing on the family therapy literature, including Bowen's family systems theory and contextual family therapy, we identify and develop five dimensions of FO—tradition, stability, loyalty, trust, and interdependency. We also discuss factors that might affect an individual's FO score, how FO might enhance understanding of other family business processes and practices, and future research directions.
The trusted third party or digital notary in Spain: effect on virtual transactions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Transactions carried out electronically are experiencing significant growth. However, in practice, certain differences may arise between parties to a transaction. To prove the existence of a transaction, as well as the specific circumstances in which it occurred, the concept of the digital notary or trusted third party was developed. Although this concept is intended to demonstrate the existence of certain elements, as we shall see, it is different from the notary in Latin systems. In the following article, we will refer to companies – both public and private – that have implemented this service. To provide it in a timely manner, they have to use certain security techniques, which we will analyse below.
Impact on Quality of Life of Full-Time and Night-Time Braces in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Study Design. Randomized clinical trial. Objective. To compare the effect on quality of life of night-time (NT) and full-time (FT) brace treatment for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Summary of Background Data. Conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) with full-time (FT) braces has proven to prevent the risk of progression and the need for surgery, with an inversely proportional relationship to the number of hours worn. However, therapeutic adherence and its effect on quality of life continue to pose a clinical challenge. Materials and Methods. Open-label clinical trial including AIS patients with curves between 25-45 degrees randomized to either NT or FT brace group. Follow-up occurred over two years, assessing treatment efficacy through radiographs and quality of life using SRS-22 and visual analog scale (VAS) questionnaires scores at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Compliance was monitored with thermal sensors every three months. Statistical analyses were conducted, with significance set at P < 0.05. Results. 78 AIS patients, predominantly females (85.9%), were recruited, including 35 (44.87%) in FT group and 43 (55.13%) in NT. Initial Cobb angles were comparable between groups. Nine patients were excluded, and eight required surgery (NT 12.82%, FT 10%). After two years, both braces showed similar effectiveness in preventing curve progression. No differences on SRS-22 nor VAS scores were found before treatment. At six-month follow-up, NT group reported significantly better outcomes in “Self-image” compared to FT ( P =0.047). After one year, NT patients reported less pain compared to baseline ( P =0.048) Conclusions. According to our results, both braces are equally effective in avoiding the progression of the deformity and need for surgery. However, FT brace has a higher impact on self-image and pain compared to NT brace.
Preserving Nuclear Power's Place in a Balanced Power Generation Policy

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In considering the future of nuclear power for electricity production in the U.S., it is necessary to consider the present public perception of nuclear power. It is also necessary to consider public perceptions of the various competing sources of electricity production. These include coal, natural gas, and the several "green" or "renewable" sources, including hydro, wind, and solar. Note that petroleum is no longer part of this discussion; its use has diminished to barely 1% of electricity production.
Comprehensive analyses of miRNAs revealed miR-92b-3p, miR-182-5p and miR-183-5p as potential novel biomarkers in melanoma-derived extracellular vesicles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators in the intercellular communication, influencing the function and phenotype of different cell types within the tumor micro-milieu and thus promote tumor progression. Since EVs safely transport packages of proteins, lipids and also nucleic acids such as miRNAs, EVs and their cargo can serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate EV embedded miRNAs specific for melanoma, which could serve as potential biomarkers. In contrast to previous studies, we not only analysed miRNAs from EVs, but also included the miRNA profiles from the EV-secreting cells to identify candidates as suitable biomarkers. While the characterization of EVs derived from normal melanocytes and melanoma cells showed largely comparable properties with regard to size distribution and expression of protein markers, the NGS analyses yielded marked differences for several miRNAs. While miRNA load of EVs derived from normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEMs) and melanoma cells were very similar, they were highly different from their secreting cells. By comprehensive analyses, six miRNAs were identified to be enriched in both melanoma cells and melanoma cell-derived EVs. Of those, the accumulation of miR-92b-3p, miR-182-5p and miR-183-5p in EVs could be validated in vitro. By functional network generation and pathway enrichment analysis we revealed an association with different tumor entities and signaling pathways contributing melanoma progression. Furthermore, we found that miR-92b-3p, miR-182-5p and miR-183-5p were also enriched in EVs derived from serum of melanoma patients. Our results support the hypothesis that miRNAs derived from EVs can serve as prognostic or diagnostic liquid biopsy markers in melanoma. We identified EV-derived miRNAs and showed that those miRNAs, which were enriched in melanoma cells and EVs, are also found elevated in serum-derived EVs of patients with metastatic melanoma, but not in healthy subjects.
Novel Olig 1-coding variants and susceptibility to multiple sclerosis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Olig1 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor expressed in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage in the nervous system. Its role during normal development has not yet been fully resolved, but it is known that in adult life the protein is crucial in the process of remyelination after injury.[1][2][3] Olig1 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in early remyelinating lesions in rodent models of demyelinating disease as well as in oligodendrocyte precursor cells at the edge of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions.[1] Olig1 specifically regulates the expression of the major myelin-specific genes during oligodendrocyte maturation in the brain,[2] and remyelination after injury is impaired in Olig1-/- mice.[1] In patients with MS, remyelinating capacity is limited even though oligodendrocyte precursor cells are often efficiently recruited.[4] These findings raise the question whether genetic variants in the Olig1 gene (Olig1) influence remyelinating capacity and vulnerability to the consequences of a demyelinating event.[5]
Contiguous redshift parameterizations of the growth index

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The growth rate of matter perturbations can be used to distinguish between\ndifferent gravity theories and to distinguish between dark energy and modified\ngravity at cosmological scales as an explanation to the observed cosmic\nacceleration. We suggest here parameterizations of the growth index as\nfunctions of the redshift. The first one is given by $\\gamma(a)=\\tilde\\gamma(a)\n\\frac{1}{1+(a_{_{ttc}}/a)}+\\gamma_{_{early}} \\frac{1}{1+(a/a_{_{ttc}})}$ that\ninterpolates between a low/intermediate redshift parameterization\n$\\tilde\\gamma(a)=\\gamma_{_{late}}(a)= \\gamma_0 + (1-a) \\gamma_a$ and a high\nredshift $\\gamma_{_{early}}$ constant value. For example, our interpolated form\n$\\gamma(a)$ can be used when including the CMB to the rest of the data while\nthe form $\\gamma_{_{late}}(a)$ can be used otherwise. It is found that the\nparameterizations proposed achieve a fit that is better than 0.004% for the\ngrowth rate in a $\\Lambda$CDM model, better than 0.014% for\nQuintessence-Cold-Dark-Matter (QCDM) models, and better than 0.04% for the flat\nDvali-Gabadadze-Porrati (DGP) model (with $\\Omega_m^0=0.27$) for the entire\nredshift range up to $z_{_{CMB}}$. We find that the growth index parameters\n$(\\gamma_0,\\gamma_a)$ take distinctive values for dark energy models and\nmodified gravity models, e.g. $(0.5655,-0.02718)$ for the $\\Lambda$CDM model\nand $(0.6418,0.06261)$ for the flat DGP model. This provides a means for future\nobservational data to distinguish between the models.\n