jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Internal Rotation in n-Propyl Chloride and Bromide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Infrared spectra of n-propyl chloride and bromide have been measured in the gaseous, liquid and solid states. The Raman measurement was also made in the liquid state. From the normal vibration calculation and by comparison with the spectra of ethylene chlorhydrin it has been concluded that in the liquid state both the trans and gauche forms are present and of these only the trans form persists in the solid state. The energy difference between the trans and the gauche forms has been determined by the absorption intensity measurement.
Revealing the Potency of Natural Compounds as Dual Kinase Blockers by Structure-Based Modeling and Extensive MD Simulation Strategy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Upregulation of MAPK pathway receptors has been majorly reported for the accumulation of tumor cells in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Several scientific endeavors were committed to developing checkpoint inhibitors for MAPK intermediates. However, poor toxicity profiling and over-expression of other kinases diminish the treatment outcomes. Recently, dual-action drugs are developed to overcome the ineptness and drug resistance that typically occur when the usage of individual checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, we screened 1574 natural compounds from the NPACT database using high-end computational tools against these attractive kinase targets (RAF and MEK). Initially, Glide docking and prime-MM/GBSA analysis yielded a total of seven hit compounds that showed better binding potency on both targets. The van der Waals interaction energy highly favors the binding of the compound with respective target receptors. Later, we used dynamics ensembles to examine the essential and stable interactions in the complex structures through 16 different MD simulations (50[Formula: see text]ns) cumulatively in both RAF and MEK systems. These extensive MD analyses resulted in two lead compounds such as NPACT00282 and NPACT01075 having the potential to make a stable complex with RAF and MEK receptors. Notably, the interaction of compounds with CYS532 and TYR125 in RAF and MEK, respectively, might play a crucial role in the compound’s binding process. Furthermore, these lead compounds exhibited good pharmacokinetic/dynamic characteristics. Collectively, we believe that these lead compounds are able to provide better therapeutic options and thus overcome the shortcomings in lung cancer treatment.
The protective effect of vaccination against experimental pneumonia in cattle with Haemophilus somnus outer membrane antigens and interference by lipopolysaccharide.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A semi-purified outer membrane anionic antigen (AA) fraction was isolated from Haemophilus somnus by a modified procedure of anion exchange chromatography to yield a protein fraction free of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The AA fraction (1 mg) was administered with or without the homologous lipopolysaccharide (10 micrograms/kg body weight) as vaccines to groups of cattle twice, three weeks apart. A control group which did not receive any antigen was included in the trial. Six weeks after the first vaccination, the animals were challenged intratracheally with a virulent pneumonic strain of H. somnus (70986) and observed for clinical signs of respiratory disease. The cattle were euthanized six days later and the lungs were evaluated for the severity of lesions macroscopically as well as histopathologically. Vaccination with AA alone provided the best protection against pneumonia as indicated by significantly lower clinical scores, less extensive gross lung lesions and mild histopathological lesions with immune cell infiltration. However, when AA was combined with LPS in the vaccination, this protective effect was negated and the animals showed more detrimental histopathological lesions than the controls.
Directional infrared temperature and emissivity of vegetation: Measurements and models

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Directional thermal radiance from vegetation depends on many factors, including the architecture of the plant canopy, thermal irradiance, emissivity of the foliage and soil, view angle, slope, and the kinetic temperature distribution within the vegetation-soil system. A one dimensional model, which includes the influence of topography, indicates that thermal emissivity of vegetation canopies may remain constant with view angle, or emissivity may increase or decrease as view angle from nadir increases. Typically, variations of emissivity with view angle are less than 0.01. As view angle increases away from nadir, directional infrared canopy temperature usually decreases but may remain nearly constant or even increase. Variations in directional temperature with view angle may be 5C or more. Model predictions of directional emissivity are compared with field measurements in corn canopies and over a bare soil using a method that requires two infrared thermometers, one sensitive to the 8 to 14 micrometer wavelength band and a second to the 14 to 22 micrometer band. After correction for CO2 absorption by the atmosphere, a directional canopy emissivity can be obtained as a function of view angle in the 8 to 14 micrometer band to an accuracy of about 0.005. Modeled and measured canopy emissivities for corn varied slightly with view angle (0.990 at nadir and 0.982 at 75 deg view zenith angle) and did not appear to vary significantly with view angle for the bare soil. Canopy emissivity is generally nearer to unity than leaf emissivity may vary by 0.02 with wavelength even though leaf emissivity. High spectral resolution, canopy thermal emissivity may vary by 0.02 with wavelength even though leaf emissivity may vary by 0.07. The one dimensional model provides reasonably accurate predictions of infrared temperature and can be used to study the dependence of infrared temperature on various plant, soil, and environmental factors.
Corneal Complications of Ocular Medications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An overview of the corneal toxicity of various ophthalmic medications is presented. Glaucoma medications. local anesthetics, ophthalmic preservatives, anti-virals, corticosteroids, and sodium hyaluronate are discussed from a clinical point of view. Ocular medications can adversely affect the cornea both directly and indirectly, structurally and metabolically.
Whole-Exome Sequencing Identified Rare Genetic Variants Associated with Undervirilized Genitalia in Taiwanese Pediatric Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Disorders/differences of sex development (DSDs) are a group of rare and phenotypically variable diseases. The underlying genetic causes of most cases of 46XY DSDs remains unknown. Despite the advent of genetic testing, current investigations of the causes of DSDs allow genetic-mechanism identification in about 20–35% of cases. This study aimed primarily to establish a rapid and high-throughput genetic test for undervirilized males with and without additional dysmorphic features. Routine chromosomal and endocrinological investigations were performed as part of DSD evaluation. We applied whole-exome sequencing (WES) complemented with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification to seek explainable genetic causes. Integrated computing programs were used to call and predict the functions of genetic variants. We recruited 20 patients and identified the genetic etiologies for 14 (70%) patients. A total of seven of the patients who presented isolated DSD phenotypes were found to have causative variants in the AR, MAP3K1, and FLNA genes. Moreover, the other seven patients presented additional phenotypes beyond undervirilized genitalia. Among them, two patients were compatible with CHARGE syndrome, one with Robinow syndrome, and another three with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. One patient, who carried a heterozygous FLNA mutation, also harbored a heterozygous PTPN11 mutation and thus presented some phenotypes of Noonan syndrome. We identified several genetic variants (12 nonsense mutations and one microdeletion) that account for syndromic and nonsyndromic DSDs in the Taiwanese population. The identification of these causative genes extended our current understanding of sex development and related congenital disorders.
PTH-132 Gastrostomy Insertions: Is It All About Choosing The Right Patients? A Comparison Between Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy (peg) And Radiologically Inserted Gastrostomy (rig) Indications, Complications And Mortality Rates

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Nottingham University Hospitals (NUH) NHS Trust serves as a tertiary centre for Gastroenterology, Stroke, Neurosurgery and Oncology. Our current practice for vetting referrals differs for PEG and RIG. PEG requests are forwarded to the Nutrition Team for vetting. RIG referrals are sent directly to Radiology for vetting. Our Specialist Nutrition nurses provide a robust assessment including clinical assessment, dietician and speech and language therapy review. Complex cases are discussed with a Gastroenterologist. Pre-procedure review of RIG patients may be undertaken by any physician. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all PEG and RIG referrals from 2012. The nutrition records, case notes and electronic records were reviewed. We collected data on referring specialty, indication and 30-day complication and mortality rates. Data was collated onto a database for analysis. Results 329 referrals were received; 148 for PEG and 181 for RIG. Of these, 76 (51.4%) were deemed appropriate for PEG and 168 (92.8%) for RIG. Reasons for refusal included patient fitness, meeting nutritional needs, suitable for alternative method of feeding or unsuitable for anatomical/technical reasons. Main service users were Stroke and Neurology, other medical specialties, Clinical Oncology, Neurosurgery and Ear, Nose and Throat. Indications included intracranial events, head and neck cancers and dysphagia secondary to gastroenterological, neuromuscular or neurodegenerative conditions. 30-day complications: Stoma site infections; (15.8% for PEG and 19.6% for RIG), chest infections; (6.58% for PEG and 6.55% for RIG) and minor complications (including blocked or dislodged tube); (5.26% for PEG and 11.9% for RIG). Major complications were low (0% for PEG and 2.97% RIG - including perforation (0.60%), respiratory arrest (0.60%), desaturation (0.60%) and pneumoperitoneum (1.19%)). 30-day all-cause mortality was 6.58% (PEG) and 8.33% (RIG). Conclusion Pre-screening PEG referrals identified more inappropriate cases than those referred for RIG. With the exception of chest infections, 30 day minor and major complications were lower in the PEG group, as was 30-day all-cause mortality. We hypothesise that the less rigorous screening process may be contributing to excess complication and mortality rates of RIG insertion. This may, or may not be unique to our Trust. RIG is usually the second line method of insertion, and we recognise that this patient group may have a poorer premorbid state. We recommend formal assessment of all gastrostomy referrals regardless of insertion technique. The Nutrition Team is currently looking towards pre-screening all gastrostomy referrals. Disclosure of Interest None Declared.
Quantifying the benefits of remission duration in focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Although the clinical benefit of obtaining a remission in proteinuria in nephrotic patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is recognized, the long-term value of maintaining it and the impact of relapses on outcome are not well described. Methods We examined the impact of remissions and relapses on either a 50% decline in kidney function or end-stage kidney disease (combined event) using time-dependent and landmark analyses in a retrospective study of all patients from the Toronto Glomerulonephritis Registry with biopsy-proven FSGS, established nephrotic-range proteinuria and at least one remission. Results In the 203 FSGS individuals with a remission, 89 never relapsed and 114 experienced at least one relapse. The first recurrence was often followed by a repeating pattern of remission and relapse. The 10-year survival from a combined event was 15% higher in those with no relapse versus those with any relapse. This smaller than anticipated difference was related to the favourable outcome in individuals whose relapses quickly remitted. Relapsers who ultimately ended in remission (n = 46) versus in relapse (n = 68) experienced a 91% and 32% 7-year event survival (P &lt; .001), respectively. Using time-varying survival analyses that considered all periods of remission and relapse in every patient and adjusting for each period's initial estimated glomerular filtration rate, the state of relapse was associated with a 2.17 (95% confidence interval 1.32–3.58; P = .002) greater risk of experiencing a combined event even in this FSGS remission cohort. Conclusion In FSGS, unless remissions are maintained and relapses avoided, long-term renal survival remains poor. Treatment strategies addressing remission duration remain poorly defined and should be an essential question in future trials.
Unraveling the Black Box of Prison Visitation: Incarcerated Individuals’ and Visitors’ Conversations and Feelings During Visitation Hour

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The nature of prison visits is likely to explain differences in visitation effects, but has received little research attention. Unique survey data of the Dutch Prison Visitation Study enable us to provide a first systematic account of the nature of visits, by describing the topics of conversation and experienced feelings of both incarcerated individuals ( n = 787) and visitors ( n = 662). Results indicate much variation in feelings (positive and negative) and topics of conversation (emotional and problem-solving topics), a strong link between topics and feelings, and show that visitors have more negative visitation experiences than incarcerated individuals. These insights into the nature of visits help to uncover the black box of prison visitation and provide directions for future research.
Human Factors and the Design of Time Sharing Computer Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The advent of computer time sharing poses an extraordinary challenge to human factors research during the next decade. Before time sharing, two facts combined to de-emphasize the importance of human factors considerations in the design of computer systems: (1) the cost of the computer's time was exorbitantly high relative to the cost of users' time, and (2) the users constituted a select, highly skilled and highly motivated group of specialists. Two of the promises of time sharing, however, are (1) a drastic reduction in the cost of computer time to the individual user, and (2) the large scale availability of computer facilities to individuals untrained in any areas of computer technology. Human factors considerations then become important both for economic and psychological reasons. This paper briefly notes what a few of these considerations are.
The Essential Oil Composition ofTanacetum macrophyllum(Waldst. et Kit.) Schultz. Bip.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A water distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Tanacetum macrophyllum (Waldst. et Kit.) Schultz.Bip. was analyzed both by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/M S). The major components were identified as β-eudesmol (21.4%) and cis-chrysanthenol (12%). Seventy five components were characterized representing 86.5% of the oil.
224: ARE PICC LINES ACCURATE FOR CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE (CVP) TRANSDUCTION IN CRITICALLY ILL CHILDREN?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pham, Nhat; Harvey, Helen; Foley, Jennifer; Proudfoot, James; Gorenc, Kathleen; Wells, Alan; Coufal, Nicole; Holt, Dayna; Khanna, Sandeep Author Information
Illegitimate trade in Luxury Supply chain: main issues and countering strategies

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The aim of this paper is to provide a supply chain view of counterfeiting and illegitimate trade phenomena, such as factory overruns, gray market, supply chain infiltrations, product diversion, retail service counterfeiting and sale of stolen goods, to define and illuminate the interaction of the legitimate and the illegitimate supply chains in the fashion industry. We reviewed the literature on illegitimate trade and we used the LISC model to represent and include all the illegitimate trade phenomena under analysis, introducing the notion of perspective. We present preliminary findings from several companies that we have gathered data, using a case study research approach.
On the Power of Centralization in Distributed Processing

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this thesis, we propose and analyze a multi-server model that captures a performance trade-off between centralized and distributed processing. In our model, a fraction $p$ of an available resource is deployed in a centralized manner (e.g., to serve a most-loaded station) while the remaining fraction $1-p$ is allocated to local servers that can only serve requests addressed specifically to their respective stations. Using a fluid model approach, we demonstrate a surprising phase transition in the steady-state delay, as $p$ changes: in the limit of a large number of stations, and when any amount of centralization is available ($p>0$), the average queue length in steady state scales as $\log_{1/(1-p)} 1/(1-λ)$ when the traffic intensity $λ$ goes to 1. This is exponentially smaller than the usual M/M/1-queue delay scaling of $1/(1-λ)$, obtained when all resources are fully allocated to local stations ($p=0$). This indicates a strong qualitative impact of even a small degree of centralization. We prove convergence to a fluid limit, and characterize both the transient and steady-state behavior of the finite system, in the limit as the number of stations $N$ goes to infinity. We show that the sequence of queue-length processes converges to a unique fluid trajectory (over any finite time interval, as $N$ approaches infinity, and that this fluid trajectory converges to a unique invariant state $v^I$, for which a simple closed-form expression is obtained. We also show that the steady-state distribution of the $N$-server system concentrates on $v^I$ as $N$ goes to infinity.
The effect of solar wind structures on the storm-time magnetosphere

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We have examined the effect of small- and large-scale structures in the solar wind on the topology and dynamics of the Earth's magnetosphere during magnetic storms. To do so, we ran global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of a magnetic storm that occurred on 23-24 May 2000 by using upstream solar wind data from the ACE, IMP-8, and Wind spacecraft to run separate simulations of the global magnetosphere. This study suggests that the presence of small-scale structures in the solar wind can affect the global configuration of the magnetosphere.
ESF/REPOSITORY INTERFACE LAYOUT COORDINATE GEOMETRY ANALYSIS

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this analysis is to produce coordinate geometry calculations sufficient to establish the position of the conceptual Geologic Repository Operations Area (GROA) as it relates to the position of the Exploratory Studies Facility (ESF) planned exploratory drifting and the physical site. The focus of this analysis is to show the mathematical validity of the arrangement. The documentation which supports the development of the configuration can be found in References 5.3 and 5.4. This analysis supports the production of the ESF/GROA Interface drawings which are used by the Project to demonstrate and control the physical interfaces between the ESF and Repository.
Affiliate stigma and caring burden among primary caregivers of adult patients with severe mental illness: a facility-based cross-sectional study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction: Although caregivers play an important role in the treatment and recovery of various patients, several studies showed that primary caregivers of adults with severe mental illness (AWSMI) experience widespread stigma and have a high burden. However, there are limited studies in developing countries that assessed stigma and burden among primary caregivers of AWSMI. Objectives: The present study aimed to assess affiliate stigma and caring burden among caregivers of AWSMI at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College(SPHMMC), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was applied. A total of 375 caregivers of AWSMI were recruited using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected usinga systematic random sampling method. The collected data includes tools and structured questionnaires including the family stigma scale, attitude toward mental illness questionnaire, family burden interview, Oslo 3-items social support scale, sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of the caregivers and the patients, and burden of caregivers. Descriptive and binary logistic regression were performed to analyze the data. Results: Caregivers (n =375) of patients with bipolar disorder (n = 50), anxiety disorders (n= 82), MDDs (n =103) and schizophrenia (n = 140) participated in the study, with a response rate of 95.7%. Half of the participants (187) were female. The results showed that around half (54.9%) of the caregivers experienced or perceived stigma. The factors that were associated with stigma among caregivers were caregiving patients with schizophrenia (AOR: 1.91; 95% CI: 0.86, 4.2; p = 0.003), attitude towards people with mental illness (AOR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.23, 3.4; p = 0.005), social support (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.30, 0.82; p = 0.006), patient history of psychiatric admission (AOR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.57; p < 0.0001) and superstitious belief (AOR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.15, 0.52; p < 0.0001). The findings also illustrated that a large proportion of caregivers (89%) had moderate to severe burden. Conclusions: Overall, the current findings showed that stigma and burden among caregivers of AWSMI are high, indicating the urgent need to provide interventions such as psycho-education and contextualized support for caregivers and improving public's awareness about mental illness. Furthermore, types of illness, social support, attitude towards people with mental illness, patient history of psychiatric admission and superstitious beliefs are important determinants of stigma.
E-Waste and Bio-Hydrometallurgical Recovery of Gold: A Review

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In India, current recycling and processing of e-waste is managed almost entirely by the informal sector or the unskilled labour (95%). The crude recycling activities cause irreversible health and environmental hazards and the loss of valuable materials due to the poor recovery of base and precious metals. Recycling done by the unskilled labour has been disclosed and alternative recycling strategies which are environment friendly and which aims at higher recovery of materials is being sought. Bio-hydrometallurgy processing technology makes use of microorganisms, bacteria and archea as self-generating biocatalysts to facilitate the dissolution of minerals and manipulation of solution chemistry to achieve recovery or treatment of dissolved metals and elements. The existing methods practiced for recycling of e-waste in India are by pyro-metallurgical and hydrometallurgical routes. Bio-hydrometallurgy offers many advantages over conventional methods, including its relative simplicity, less exacting operational requirements, low energy input, reduced need for skilled labour, and environmental friendliness.