jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–2012

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Front Matter Contents (brief) List of Biographies Foreword Acknowledgements Credits Introduction John Jay John Rutledge William Cushing James Wilson John Blair, Jr. James Iredell Thomas Johnson William Paterson Samuel Chase Oliver Ellsworth Bushrod Washington Alfred Moore John Marshall William Johnson Brockholst Livingston Thomas Todd Gabriel Duvall Joseph Story Smith Thompson Robert Trimble John McLean Henry Baldwin James M. Wayne Roger B. Taney Philip P. Barbour John Catron John McKinley Peter V. Daniel Samuel Nelson Levi Woodbury Robert C. Grier Benjamin R. Curtis John A. Campbell Nathan Clifford Noah H. Swayne Samuel F. Miller David Davis Stephen J. Field Salmon P. Chase William Strong Joseph P. Bradley Ward Hunt Morrison R. Waite John Marshall Harlan William B. Woods Stanley Matthews Horace Gray Samuel Blatchford Lucius Q. C. Lamar Melville W. Fuller David J. Brewer Henry B. Brown George Shiras, Jr. Howell E. Jackson Edward Douglass White Rufus W. Peckha Joseph McKenna Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. William R. Day William H. Moody Horace H. Lurton Charles Evans Hughes Willis Van Devanter Joseph R. Lamar Mahlon Pitney James C. McReynolds Louis D. Brandeis John H. Clarke William Howard Taft George Sutherland Pierce Butler Edward T. Sanford Harlan Fiske Stone Owen J. Roberts Benjamin N. Cardozo Hugo L. Black Stanley Reed Felix Frankfurter William O. Douglas Frank Murphy James F. Byrnes Robert H. Jackson Wiley B. Rutledge Harold H. Burton Fred M. Vinson Tom C. Clark Sherman Minton Earl Warren John Marshall Harlan William J. Brennan, Jr Charles E. Whittaker Potter Stewart Byron R. White Arthur J. Goldberg Abe Fortas Thurgood Marshall Warren E. Burger Harry A. Blackmun Lewis F. Powell, Jr. William H. Rehnquist John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor Antonin Scalia Anthony M. Kennedy David H. Souter Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen G. Breyer John G. Roberts, Jr. Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Appendix Material Members of the Supreme Court Author Affiliations Bibliography General Sources on the Supreme Court and the Justices Sources on Individual Justices Books about the Supreme Court for Young Readers Books about Supreme Court Justices for Young Readers Index
A Review on the Evolution of Calendar Anomalies

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this article, we provide a detailed review on the behavior of calendar anomalies (day–of–the–week, January and turn–of–month in particular) to understand their evolution over time. The research in the area of stock market indicates negative returns on Monday and positive returns on Friday; however, in the currency markets, results are opposite, that is, the returns on Monday are positive and higher than the returns on Friday which show negative returns. For the January (TOM) effect, the literature suggest that the returns during January (TOM trading days) are higher (lower) than the returns during rest of the year (non–TOM trading days). Further, these calendar anomalies were stronger during the 1980s and 1990s and have gradually diminished in the recent times which indicate that the markets have achieved a higher degree of efficiency.
Design and analysis of unequal aperture off-axis optical integrator for solar simulators

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The unequal aperture off-axis optical integrator design method is proposed to improve the irradiation uniformity of solar simulators and solve the problem of limited uniformity of optical integrator due to aberrations and uneven distribution of incident radiation. Firstly, the unequal aperture off-axis optical integrator structure is designed based on the scalar diffraction theory to analyze the factors affecting the optical homogenization ability of the optical integrator. Then, the relationship between sub-eye lens aperture and arrangement is explored in combination with Lagrange invariance principle and semi-definite programming theory. Finally, the optimum off-axis amount of sub-eye lens with different ring band is determined from the perspective of geometric optics by using the aberration theory and following the principle of edge light, so as to improve the evenness of optical integrator. The design results are verified by the simulation analysis. The simulation results show that: In the picture plane of optical integrator, the irradiation non-uniformity in the ф 26 mm irradiation plane is 14.87%, which is better than 26.02% in the traditional optical integrator. At the same time, at the effective irradiated surface, the irradiation non-uniformity of 0.53% within the ф 300 mm reaches the irradiation standard of the class A + solar simulator, and the irradiance only decreases by 16.5% compared with the traditional optical integrator, which still meets the index requirement of a solar constant. The goal of improving the evenness of optical integrator is realized without greatly affecting irradiance and without introducing aspherical design.
LHD 6-T_U_01 #189554.1 (analyzed)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Luminance data of the plasma monitor camera. Time variation of the average and maximum luminance within the ROI (Region of Interests) of the plasma images observed by the 6-T port camera, where ROI is (672,10) - (776,86) of the original image of 1920x1080. The luminance value is between 0 and 255 in arbitrary unit.
Telling Our Service-Learning Story: Instructor Perspectives on Service-Learning in the Leadership Classroom

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This phenomenological study examined the experiences of ten college instructors who use service-learning in the undergraduate leadership classroom. Since leadership is often a service-learning outcome for students (Bringle & Hatcher, 1996; Eyler & Giles, 1999; Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005), service-learning is regarded by many instructors as an appropriate pedagogical approach in leadership classes (Rama, Ravenscroft, Wolcott, & Zlotkowski, 2000; Zlotkowski, 1996). Thus, the focus on instructors of undergraduate leadership courses. The current study employed a phenomenological approach in order to deeply explore instructor experiences. The goal of this exploration was that instructor experiences and the meaning they make from those experiences—their perspectives—will be better understood. The bulk of research on service-learning to date has focused on student outcomes and experiences (Eyler & Giles, 1999; Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005). The important role played by faculty is acknowledged but not well explored. Knowing that the decisions made by instructors about the use (or not) of service-learning and the way in which it is approached can impact student outcomes and experiences, it is important to better understand the experiences of instructors. Understanding instructor experiences with service-learning, and the meaning they make from those experiences, can shed light on the decisions instructors make about whether to use service-learning, what kinds of service-learning strategies to use, and what expectations they have for the outcomes of service-learning relative to their classes and students. Findings from this study indicate that the experiences of leadership educators relative to service learning are closely linked to their perspectives on leadership and to the experiences of their students. Ultimately, instructors who use service-learning to help students learn about leadership find that they themselves gain leadership experiences and their own ideas about leadership are impacted.
Effect and mechanism of heme oxygenase-1 alleviating rat bile duct ischemia-reperfusion injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in rat bile duct ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods 128 SD rats were randomly divided into a saline group (Saline),empty virus group (Adv),induced group (Adv-HO-1),and inhibition group (HO-1 siR-NA).Rats were injected using 0.5ml of saline,empty adenovirus,HO-1 adenovirus,and siRNA adenovirus (2× 109 TU/rat) via the dorsal penile vein 24 h before surgery.Liver function and bile composition was analyzed at 1 h,24 h,7d,and 14 d after reperfusion.The liver's histopathological changes and infiltration of inflammatory cells to the bile duct were examined,and the expression of HO-1,multidrug resistance protein (Mrp2),sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp),and bile salt export pump (Bsep) protein were detected.Results Liver function was significantly reduced in the induced group after surgery,and hepatocytes and bile duct injury was attenuated.In comparison to the Adv-HO-1 group,abundant inflammatory cells and irregular configuration of bile ducts were seen in liver tissues of the HO-1 siRNA group.The expression of HO-1,Mrp2,Ntcp,and Bsep were significantly higher in the induced group than the suppressed group.However,serum conjugated bile salts,total bilirubin,and bile salt/phospholipid in the suppressed group was significantly higher than that in the induced group.Conclusions HO-1 can prevent biliary ischemia-reperfusion injury and reduce the accumulation of inflammatory cells around the bile duct.The inhibition of HO-1 enhanced the bile salt/phospholipid ratio aggravating cholangitis and cholestasis.

Key words:
Heme oxygenase-1; Biliary tract; Reperfusion injury
Emotional state transfer model based on FSM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, the mathematical model of emotional state transition is proposed based on finite state machine (FSM) and Gross's process model of emotion regulation strategies. Firstly, Gross emotion regulation theory and FSM are described. And the initial values of emotional state transition probability matrix are calculated by the interaction between emotions. Then emotional intensity attenuation function by external stimuli is constructed, and we analyzed its effect on the emotional state transition probability. Finally, by the simulation and verified of the mathematical model, the results show that the model proposed can effectively describe the influence of emotional intensity attenuation to transition probability.
Irruptions: evidence for breeding season habitat limitation in Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Robinson, S. G., J. Fraser, D. Catlin, S. M. Karpanty, J. Altman, R. Boettcher, K. Holcomb, C. Huber, K. Hunt, and A. Wilke. 2019. Irruptions: evidence for breeding season habitat limitation in Piping Plover (Charadrius melodus). Avian Conservation and Ecology 14(1):19. https://doi.org/10.5751/ACE-01373-140119
Algorithmically detecting whether a compact set is connected or not

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we study whether there is a program always terminating the connectiveness of a given Constructive Metric Compact Set (CMCS), a collection of finite epsilon nets formed by computer generated Cauchy sequences with a convergence regulator. If such decisive program Q exists, by applying Q to a given CMCS's G(n), we determine the terminality of an unextendible P(n) which runs with G(n) simultaneously. The universality of Q demands the extendiblity of P(n), and it leads to contradiction. Thus, we prove that finding a program deciding the connectiveness of all CMCSs, which is of some importance in both topology and constructive mathematics, is impossible.
Developmental morphology of the thalloid Hydrobryum japonicum (Podostemaceae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

We describe the unique development and branching of lobed thalli in Hydrobryum japonicum. Lobe formation begins with meristem initiation at random sites near the thallus margin fringed by protective tissues. As the protective tissues are successively peeled off particularly in the growing new lobes, the lobes become naked and then become fringed again by new protective tissues that develop from the marginal part of the new meristems. Subsequently the meristems become less active and are differentiated into parenchymatous ground tissue at maturity. The random pattern of meristem formation during the sporadic development gives rise to a nonorderly branching pattern of the thalli. Some other lobes (∼10%) are regenerated from injured parts of the thalli. The vegetative shoots arise endogenously near the thallus margin and are enclosed by the nonvascular strand nets. The rudimentary shoot apices remain embedded in the thalli. The thalli, though remarkably different from typical roots of other angiosperms, might be extremely transformed roots.
Chinese Consumer Willingness to Pay for Pork with Credence Quality Attributes

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Food labeling has become increasingly important in pork marketing. Various labels such as local production, organic, and non-GMOs are reported as being valued by consumers across different countries and cultures. China is the largest pork consumer and producer in the world. However, studies on Chinese consumer perception and willingness to pay for various pork attributes are scarce. This study examines how credence attributes related to pork quality may affect Chinese consumers’ pork consumption. Results show that Chinese consumers are particularly responsive to pork’s food safety information and they also attach value to authenticity of the product information.
A Re-Evaluation of Trapped Plasma in the Microhematocrit Determination.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Trapped plasma is that amount of intracellular plasma remaining in the packed cell column of the microhematocrit after centrifugation. It artificially increases the packed cell column constituting a positive bias to the hematocrit. The amount of trapped plasma varies as a function of cell packing. Foremost are the physical forces applied in the microhematocrit determination. The speed of the centrifuge and length of time of centrifugation are the major contributors. Cell packing is also dependent on the deformability of the cell, an intrinsic property of the erythrocyte. To a lesser extent, trapped plasma is affected by factors such as the anticoagulant used and plasma osmolality.
Chromium influence on Mg-Al intracrystalline exchange in spinels and geothermometric implications

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Flux-grown spinel crystals belonging to the MgAl2O4-MgCr2O4 spinel series were investigated to reveal the effects of Cr substituting for Al on cation distribution and their influence on Mg-Al intra- crystalline exchange. Samples were structurally and chemically characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe, and cation distribution was obtained with a tested optimization model for site populations. The results evidenced that the contribution of the tetrahedral bond distance to the unit-cell parameter is smaller than that of the octahedral bond distance, which is driven by the substitution of Cr for Al. Moreover, the influence that Cr exerts on Mg-Al order-disorder intersite exchange is non-linear along the whole series. The comparison between the cation distributions derived from crystal-chemical data and the O’Neill-Navrotsky thermodynamic model (with αMg-Al = 23 kJ/mol and bMg-Al = 13 kJ/mol) shows large discrepancies, which can be reconciled assuming αMg-Al values variable from 23 to 100 kJ/mol as a function of Cr. This suggests that, irrespective of temperature, the Al ordering at the octahedrally coordinated site increases with increasing Cr substitution for Al. The geothermometric implications of the present study point out that closure temperatures, calculated from a well-tested intersite geother- mometer, are reliable for spinels with magnesiochromite component smaller than 85%, i.e., Cr/(Cr+Al) < 0.85, whereas spinels with larger magnesiochromite component yield unreliable closure temperature.
A fenyőfagyöngy (Viscum album subsp. austriacum) elterjedése és gyakorisági viszonyai Magyarországon

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Based on the data collected between 2015 and 2023, we present a detailed account of the occurrences and current distribution of Viscum album subsp. austriacum in Hungary. We present its fre­quency and abundance, and also examine the factors influencing its distribution and prevalence. The taxon is generally widespread in the western half of Western Transdanubia, where it is a characteristic (and partially native) element of the mixed pine forests of the Vendvidék, Felső-Őrség, Kőszeg Hills, and the Pinka Plain. Its occurrence has been confirmed in almost all (older) Scots pine and black pine stands of the Sopron Hills, where it has become a mass pest in several locations. Based on our studies, the current distri­bution of the taxon in Southwestern Transdanubia follows the border of the native distribution of Scots pine, but in the Kemeneshát and the Sopron–Vas Plain, the regional boundary extends 10–25 km beyond it. The frequency of pine mistletoe within the subcompartments was highest in mixed coniferous stands. We also recorded a mass infection that played a significant role in the degradation of the stands. The notable increase in the number of occurrences can be explained by the significant under-mapping of the taxon to date, as well as its documented spread throughout Europe. It is also assumed to be linked to the increasing­ly unfavorable health status of coniferous forests in Hungary. This process may be facilitat­ed by the fact that the resistance of Scots pine forests in both hilly and lowland regions has significantly declined due to the increasing length and frequency of drought periods. Compared to previous years, forest stands in weakened condition are more susceptible to infections by pathogenic organisms, such as mistletoe.
Fuzzy clustering using kernel method

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Classical fuzzy C -means (FCM) clustering is performed in the input space, given the desired number of clusters. Although it has proven effective for spherical data, it fails when the data structure of input patterns is non-spherical and complex. In this paper, we present a novel kernel-based fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm (KFCM). Its basic idea is to transform implicitly the input data into a higher dimensional feature space via a nonlinear map, which increases greatly possibility of linear separability of the patterns in the feature space, then perform FCM in the feature space. Another good attribute of KFCM is that it can automatically estimate the number of clusters in the dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed method has better performance in the Ring dataset.
Urban‐rural differences in tobacco product availability in food retailers, United States, 2017

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Purpose Tobacco use prevalence is higher in rural compared to urban settings, possibly due to differences in tobacco availability, including the option to purchase food and other essential items in stores that do not sell tobacco (tobacco‐free food retailers). The goal of this research is to determine whether tobacco‐free food retailer availability varies by urbanicity/rurality. Methods Using the 2017 National Establishment Time‐Series database, we identified food retailers across all census tracts containing food retailers in the United States (n = 66,053). We used multivariable logistic and linear regression models to test whether tobacco‐free food retailer availability varied across 4‐levels of census tract urbanicity/rurality (urban, suburban, large town, and small town/rural) for 2 outcomes: (1) the presence of at least 1 tobacco‐free food retailer and (2) the percent of all food retailers that were tobacco‐free. Findings Compared to urban core census tracts, suburban census tracts had a lower odds (aOR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.73, 0.81) of having at least 1 tobacco‐free food retailer, while small town/rural census tracts had greater odds (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.15, 1.32). Suburban census tracts (B = –2.29, P < .001) and large town census tracts (B = –1.90, P < .001) also had a lower percentage of tobacco‐free food retailers compared to urban census tracts. Conclusions Compared to urban cores, tobacco‐free food retailers were less prevalent in suburban and large town areas, though similarly or slightly more available in rural areas. Future research should assess whether these differences depend on varying store types.
Low-Cost and Stable Aramid Nanofiber Membranes for Osmotic Energy Conversion

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Osmotic energy from mixing seawater and river water offers a promising alternative to traditional nonrenewable resources. Harvesting osmotic energy requires the design of ultrathin membranes with high ion selectivity for high ionic conductance. However, lab-scale membranes suffer from high-cost, low mechanical properties, and limited membrane area. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of large-scale self-standing aramid nanofiber (ANF) membranes with thickness of several micrometers through a simple blade-coating method. The properties of fabricated ANF membranes were investigated in detail, which showed great mechanical chemical stability, high mechanical properties, and surface charge density. The application for osmotic energy conversion was further explored, and the ANF membrane with intact structure gave an output power density of 0.83 W m-2 for 50-fold NaCl. Moreover, the power density can reach up to 7.63 W m-2 when the concentration gradient increased to 500-fold. The ANF energy generator maintained the output capacity for 15 days. This scalable and low-cost ANF membrane provides a promising opportunity to harvest osmotic energy for practical energy plants.
Di(pyridin-2-yl)amino-substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines and their Ru( ii )–Pd( ii ) dinuclear complexes: synthesis, characterization and application in Cu-free Sonogashira reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Dinuclear complexes [(bpy) 2 Ru(Phen-NPy 2 )PdCl 2 ] 2+ were used as photoactivated precatalysts in a Cu-free Sonogashira reaction. They provide three times faster product formation than the mixed catalytic system [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2+ /(RNPy 2 )Cl 2 .
Mobile Application Prototype for the Development of Phonological Awareness in Children’s School

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This document exposes a technological tool to support the learning of Phonological Awareness skills, built under the guidelines proposed by Jiménez and Ortíz and aims to train high school children in the acquisition of this metalinguistic skill through a variety of activities (syllabic, intrasyllabic, and phonemic awareness) and immediate feedback, to acquire an excellent reading-writing process.The tool obtained is an application for the Android operating system that is easy to install, learn and configure by the therapist.For the construction of the software prototype, we have chosen to follow a methodology based on: i) the ADDIE instructional model (Analysis-Design-Develop-Implement-Evaluate), ii) the agile development methodology SCRUM, iii) the Methodological Guide for the creation of developments accessible virtual curricula; and iv) the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM); with the contribution of a multidisciplinary team made up of experts in information and communication technologies, linguistic rehabilitation, education, and graphic design.During the five phases of the methodology, the users' requirements were considered.