jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative β‑Benzylation\nof 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinolines with Aryl Aldehydes: Access to Functionalized\nQuinolines

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new\nbenzylation protocol, enabling straightforward access to\nβ-benzylated quinolines, has been demonstrated. By employing\nreadily available [RuCl<sub>2</sub>(<i>p</i>-cymene)]<sub>2</sub> as a catalyst and O<sub>2</sub> as a sole green oxidant,\nvarious 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro­quinolines were efficiently converted\nin combination with aryl aldehydes into desired products in a step-\nand atom-economic fashion together with the advantages of excellent\nfunctional group tolerance and chemoselectivity, offering an important\nbasis for the transformation of saturated <i>N</i>-heterocycles\ninto functionalized <i>N</i>-heteroaromatics via a dehydrogenative\ncross-coupling strategy. Mechanistic investigations support that the\nreaction undergoes a monodehydrogenation-triggered β-benzylation\nmode.
Pengaruh Disiplin Belajar Terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Learning discipline is a crucial component that helps students meet their learning objectives, particularly when it comes to honing their critical thinking abilities. The purpose of this study is to examine how learning discipline affects Jakartan high school and vocational high school students' critical thinking abilities. A quantitative approach using a descriptive associative design is the study methodology employed. The sampling procedure was carried out unintentionally mixed with non-probability methods. A Likert scale questionnaire with 40 students as respondents was used to collect the data. The findings demonstrated that, partially and concurrently, studying discipline has a favorable and considerable impact on students' critical thinking abilities. With a t count of 6.176 and a F significance value of 0.000, the positive correlation value is 0.708. According to the analysis of the coefficient of determination (R-Square), learning discipline has a 50.1% impact on critical thinking abilities, with other factors influencing the remaining percentage.
Development, multiplexing, and application of ARMS tests for common mutations in the CFTR gene.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) is a simple, rapid and reliable method for the detection of any mutation involving single base changes or small deletions. We have applied ARMS methodology to the detection of mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Single ARMS tests have been developed for 11 CFTR mutations found in the northwest of England. ARMS reactions for the most common mutations have been multiplexed to give a test which will detect the presence of the delta F508, G551D, G542X, and 621 + 1G----T mutations in a DNA sample. The multiplex test has been validated by the analysis of over 500 previously genotyped samples and has been found to be completely accurate. The rapid detection of the most common mutations has enabled early molecular confirmation of suspected cystic fibrosis in neonates, rapid typing of cystic fibrosis patients and their relatives, and testing of sperm and egg donors.
Reducing the uncertainty in estimating soil microbial-derived carbon storage

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems and plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change and enhancing soil productivity. Microbial-derived carbon (MDC) is the main component of the persistent SOC pool. However, current formulas used to estimate the proportional contribution of MDC are plagued by uncertainties due to limited sample sizes and the neglect of bacterial group composition effects. Here, we compiled the comprehensive global dataset and employed machine learning approaches to refine our quantitative understanding of MDC contributions to total carbon storage. Our efforts resulted in a reduction in the relative standard errors in prevailing estimations by an average of 71% and minimized the effect of global variations in bacterial group compositions on estimating MDC. Our estimation indicates that MDC contributes approximately 758 Pg, representing approximately 40% of the global soil carbon stock. Our study updated the formulas of MDC estimation with improving the accuracy and preserving simplicity and practicality. Given the unique biochemistry and functioning of the MDC pool, our study has direct implications for modeling efforts and predicting the land–atmosphere carbon balance under current and future climate scenarios.
Complexity Assessment of Modular Product Families

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Today’s companies are confronting the threat of increased complexity through a modular product architecture. The implementation of a modular structure comes with high effort, yet during the application phase these expenditures are compensated by efficient complexity handling. However, the modular structure is not permanent. Decisions on new modules and module variants have to be made, while simultaneously ensuring commonalities within the product family. When preparing such decisions, an insufficient amount of support exists to calculate with reasonable effort the complexity costs. Therefore, a new approach to examine complexity costs has been derived and subsequently tested at Bosch Thermotechnik.
Problems in Anaesthesia: Paediatric Anaesthesia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Stoddart, P. and Lauder, G. , eds. Martin Dunitz (Taylor and Francis Group plc) ISBN: 1841842125 , Price: £60.00, 272pp This book approaches the topic of paediatric anaesthesia using a ‘problem-based’ approach that immediately makes it stand out from other current texts. The editors have assembled a wide range of authors from specialist and non-specialist paediatric centres in the UK and USA to contribute to this book. The ‘problem-based’ approach is refreshing and enables familiar topics to be covered in a fashion which can be used to facilitate learning by the individual or as a teaching aid in theatre. There are 35 chapters which all follow a similar template consisting of a brief introduction followed by a presentation of a case and then a discussion of the relevant pathophysiology and anaesthetic management. The major learning points are reinforced with bullet points at the end of each chapter. This design, combined with the concise nature of each topic covered, makes each chapter instantly readable. The topics chosen cover a wide number of challenges faced by paediatric anaesthetists and, although the majority are applicable to specialist paediatric centres, a reasonable proportion cover problems faced by anaesthetists in district general hospitals. The cases selected within the book allow anaesthetic issues for all the surgical specialties to be discussed. Some cases are encountered only in specialist paediatric centres, such as ‘Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome’ and ‘Craniotomy for Medulloblastoma’. Others are more broadly applicable to both paediatric centres and district general hospitals such as ‘Tonsillectomy in a Child with Sleep Apnoea’, ‘Appendectomy in a Child with Insulin Dependent Diabetes’ and ‘Multilevel orthopaedic surgery in a child with cerebral palsy’. Several chapters focus on peri-operative issues encountered by paediatric anaesthetists such as ‘The Screaming Child’ and ‘Problems in Recovery’ as well as the management of chronic pain. The book manages to cover all the essential information found in other paediatric texts but presents them in a concise problem-based fashion. The selection of cases is an excellent mix of clinical and anaesthetic difficulties combined with a clever mix of common and rare conditions encountered by practitioners. I would recommend this book to any anaesthetist with an interest in paediatrics. I myself do not work in a specialist paediatric centre but found the majority of the chapters very interesting and useful. It should certainly be an essential acquisition for any department.
Online Deformable Object Tracking Based on Structure-Aware Hyper-Graph

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recent advances in online visual tracking focus on designing part-based model to handle the deformation and occlusion challenges. However, previous methods usually consider only the pairwise structural dependences of target parts in two consecutive frames rather than the higher order constraints in multiple frames, making them less effective in handling large deformation and occlusion challenges. This paper describes a new and efficient method for online deformable object tracking. Different from most existing methods, this paper exploits higher order structural dependences of different parts of the tracking target in multiple consecutive frames. We construct a structure-aware hyper-graph to capture such higher order dependences, and solve the tracking problem by searching dense subgraphs on it. Furthermore, we also describe a new evaluating data set for online deformable object tracking (the Deform-SOT data set), which includes 50 challenging sequences with full annotations that represent realistic tracking challenges, such as large deformations and severe occlusions. The experimental result of the proposed method shows considerable improvement in performance over the state-of-the-art tracking methods.
Gastrointestinal: Juvenile polyposis syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 5-year-old boy was referred for evaluation because of the development of a rectal prolapse. He had intermittent rectal bleeding but there was no history of abdominal pain or diarrhea. Anal examination revealed a prolapsed rectum while flexible sigmoidoscopy revealed multiple polyps extending from the anus to at least the transverse colon. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was normal. A barium enema X-ray showed multiple rectal and colonic polyps, but the procedure was abandoned prematurely because it aggravated the rectal prolapse (Fig. 1). Histological evaluation revealed multiple juvenile polyps without adenomatous change or dysplasia. He was treated by total colectomy with the creation of an ileal pouch. The appearance of multiple rectal polyps on a barium enema X-ray in a different patient with juvenile polyposis syndrome is shown in Figure 2. Patients with multiple polyposis syndrome develop multiple hamartomatous polyps in the gastrointestinal tract early in life, particularly in the colon. Patients usually present as children (<10 years) with rectal bleeding or intussusception. Typical polyps are covered by normal colonic epithelium and are not considered to be neoplastic. However, many patients develop synchronous adenomatous polyps or mixed juvenile/adenomatous polyps and there is a higher than expected risk for cancer, largely in the colon. Genetic studies have revealed mutations in tumor suppressor genes (either DPC4 or PTEN) in the majority of patients. In relation to management, patients with a relatively small number of polyps can be managed by endoscopic polypectomy, but those with numerous polyps often need either total colectomy or subtotal colectomy with an ileorectal anastomosis. Multiple juvenile polyps can also occur in Cowden's disease and Bannayan–Ruvalcaba–Riley syndrome. These disorders share genetic mutations with juvenile polyposis syndrome but affected individuals have prominent extraintestinal manifestations and appear to be at lower risk for gastrointestinal cancer.
Media agenda and online public agenda : a study of the SARS outbreak in China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The agenda setting theory proposed that the media agenda has a great impact on the public agenda. Issues prominent in mass media become prominent in the audience’s picture as well. The global outbreak of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) crisis in 2003 provides a rare opportunity to examine the question about media presentation of an international health crisis and its impact on public opinions. In particular in the China situation, as an integral part of the communist political systems, the Chinese media directly demonstrated the government stance. It would be quite interesting to explore its impact on the public’s perception of the SARS situation.
AWEU-Net: An Attention-Aware Weight Excitation U-Net for Lung Nodule\n Segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Lung cancer is deadly cancer that causes millions of deaths every year around\nthe world. Accurate lung nodule detection and segmentation in computed\ntomography (CT) images is the most important part of diagnosing lung cancer in\nthe early stage. Most of the existing systems are semi-automated and need to\nmanually select the lung and nodules regions to perform the segmentation task.\nTo address these challenges, we proposed a fully automated end-to-end lung\nnodule detection and segmentation system based on a deep learning approach. In\nthis paper, we used Optimized Faster R-CNN; a state-of-the-art detection model\nto detect the lung nodule regions in the CT scans. Furthermore, we proposed an\nattention-aware weight excitation U-Net, called AWEU-Net, for lung nodule\nsegmentation and boundaries detection. To achieve more accurate nodule\nsegmentation, in AWEU-Net, we proposed position attention-aware weight\nexcitation (PAWE), and channel attention-aware weight excitation (CAWE) blocks\nto highlight the best aligned spatial and channel features in the input feature\nmaps. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed model yields a\nDice score of 89.79% and 90.35%, and an intersection over union (IoU) of 82.34%\nand 83.21% on the publicly LUNA16 and LIDC-IDRI datasets, respectively.\n
Pecha Kucha: An Effective Strategy for Teaching Speaking in an Indonesian Junior High School

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The students’ uninterest in joining their speaking class caused their low speaking skills. They were not interested because the strategy used by the English teacher when teaching was not interesting. Therefore, the researchers used Pecha Kucha strategy to teach them speaking in this present study. The objectives of this study were to know: (1) the students’ speaking skills before being taught using Pecha Kucha, (2) the students’ speaking skills after being taught using Pecha Kucha and (3) whether or not there was any significant effectiveness of using Pecha Kucha for teaching speaking. This pre-experimental study used a one group pre-test post-test design. This study was conducted in one of state junior high schools located in Diwek, Jombang, Indonesia. The population of this research was class VIII of that school. They consisted of 256 students. Meanwhile, the sample was class VIII B comprising of 32 students. This sample was taken using a purposive sampling. The instruments used for collecting the data were the pre-test and post-test. After the data were collected, the researchers analysed the data using statistical descriptive and a paired-sample t-test. The results indicated that: (1) the students’ speaking skills before the implementation of Pecha Kucha was low, (2) the students’ speaking skills after the implementation of Pecha Kucha was excellent and (3) Pecha Kucha was effective for teaching speaking. It is highly recommended that the students and the English teachers use Pecha Kucha in their speaking classes.
Effects of a randomized maintenance intervention on adiposity and metabolic risk factors in overweight minority adolescents

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Objective The objective of this study was to assess the effects of a maintenance programme (monthly newsletters vs. monthly group classes and telephone behavioural sessions) on obesity and metabolic disease risk at 1 year in overweight minority adolescents. Methods After a 4‐month nutrition and strength training intervention, 53 overweight L atino and A frican– A merican adolescents (15.4 ± 1.1 years) were randomized into one of two maintenance groups for 8 months: monthly newsletters ( n = 23) or group classes ( n = 30; monthly classes + individualized behavioural telephone sessions). The following outcomes were measured at months 4 (immediately following the intense intervention) and 12: height, weight, blood pressure, body composition via BodPod ™ (Life Measurement Instruments, Concord, CA , USA ), lipids and glucose/insulin indices via frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Results There were no significant group by time interactions for any of the health outcomes. There were significant time effects in several outcomes for both groups from months 4 to 12: bench press and leg press decreased by 5% and 14%, respectively ( P = 0.004 & P = 0.01), fasting insulin and acute insulin response decreased by 26% and 16%, respectively ( P < 0.001 & P = 0.046); while high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin sensitivity improved by 5% and 14% ( P = 0.042 & P = 0.039). Conclusions Newsletters as opposed to group classes may suffice as follow‐up maintenance programmes to decrease type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk in overweight minority adolescents.
Dream Recall and Attitude toward Dreams

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Scores of 46 part-time college students (mean age 25.8 yr., SD = 5.7, 21 women, 24 men) on a 16-item inventory measure of attitudes toward dreams were only weakly related to the students' own estimates of their dream recall frequency in the last 6 mo. ( r = .31), and unrelated to a similar estimate of nightmare recall frequency.
Germany forced to tackle high death rates from breast cancer

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives

Job exposure matrices (JEMs) are increasingly used to estimate physical workplace exposures. We conducted a cross-national comparison of exposure estimates from two general population JEMs to aid the interpretation of exposure–outcome associations across countries and to explore the feasibility of cross-national application of JEMs to provide workplace physical exposure estimates.

Methods

We compared physical exposure estimates from two general population JEMs created from the FrenchCohorte des consultants des Centres d’examens de santé study (27 exposure variables) and the American Occupational Information Network database (21 exposure variables). These exposure variables were related to physical demands or ergonomic risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders. We used a crosswalk to match French Profession et Catégorie Sociale job codes with American Standard Occupational Classification job codes and calculated Spearman’s correlations and Cohen’s kappa values for exposure variable pairs between these French and American JEMs. We defined a priori 50 matched French and American JEM variable pairs that measured similar exposures.

Results

All variable pairs measuring similar physical exposures demonstrated positive correlations. Among the 50 matched pairs, 33 showed high correlation (ρ≥0.70) and 46 showed at least moderate agreement (κ≥0.41). Exposures expected to be mutually exclusive (manual work vs office work) showed strongly negative correlations.

Conclusions

French and American general population physical exposure JEMs were related, sharing moderate to high association and moderate to substantial agreement between the majority of variable pairs measuring similar exposures. These findings will inform cross-national comparisons of study results and support some uses of general population JEMs outside their countries of origin.
A STUDY ON THE MECHANISM OF KNORR-PAAL CONDENSATIONS II.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The following points derived from a kinetic study of the Knorr-Paal condensation prove that its mechanism can be no other than a simple carbonyl addition and eliminative dehydration: (1) It has the most striking feature of a characteristic bellshaped graph of reaction rate as a function of pH. (2) It has unusually large negative activation entropy as well as extremely low activation enthalpy. (3) For the condensation of p-ethoxyaniline and a β-diketone with p-substituted benzoic acids as catalysts, it also has the characteristic Brnsted α value 0.25. (4) It has a Hammett plot of ρ~+=-0.881 which also correlates with the rates much better than ρ~- or ρ. (5) These condensations have excellent LFR with those of acetylacetone with the same group of anilines.The present work has achieved the following conclusions: (1) Within a range of pH 1～9 so fartested, the order of this reaction increases from 1 to 2 continuously with decreasing pH. A fractional order has been proven not to be a mixture of orders of 1 and 2, but a mere result of a transition from a rate-controlling step of dehydration to one of addition. (2) In sharp contrast to the slow rates of Schiff's base formation from methyl ketones, it seems unlikely that Schiff's base is an intermediate or a by-product of this condensation under our reaction conditions. (3) The induction periods clearly demonstrated by most of the first order reactions indicate their rate-controlling step to be the later dehydration, while those second order reactions without this time lag must have the addition step as rate-controlling and those with a fractional order have the addition and dehydration steps of a comparable rates. A kinetic equation is derived to account for the possible mechanisms of these reactions. (4) When addition is ratecontrolling, a maximum rate is found at a pH very near the p K_α value of the amine. But when steric strain is present in the reactants, either a super acid must be employed as catalyst or the general acid used must be under pertinent control. This is because the acid then accelerate the rate of addition much less than that of elimination which is singularly favored by strain-relieving and the maximun rate will reach at a pH value higher than the p K_α value of the amine. (5) This work disproves mechanisms such as that of a dienol form of dehydration, a concerted displacement on a carbonyl group, an electrocyclic process for the forward condensation as well as a mechanism suggested for the reversed reaction by Findlay. Two reasonable alternative mechanisms are advanced for the Knorr-Paal condensation and an improved generalized chemical equation for the formation of a five-membered heterocylic ring compound from a β-diketone is proposed to replace the old dienol formalism which is still widely found in the textbooks of organic chemistry today.
Nature of the Morphine Receptor Present in the Squid Axon

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Two morphine antagonists, M5050 and naloxone, are equally potent as morphine in blocking peak transient and late steady-state currents in squid axons. Etorphine (M99), a very potent morphinelike analgesic, was no more potent in this preparation than was morphine. The reduction of ionic currents was completely reversible and not accompanied by depolarization of the nerve membrane. The results of these experiments tend to exclude the squid axonal preparation as a good model for studying the analgesic properties of morphine-like compounds. Two interesting findings were (a) naloxone, unlike all the other compounds, significantly shortens the amount of time required for sodium to reach its peak value following a step-depolarization and (b) M99 and M5050 produce a significant potassium inactivation.