jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A robust approach for analyzing and mapping hierarchical brain connectome towards laminar-specific neural networks

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Probing neuronal activity and functional connectivity at cortical layer and sub-cortical nucleus level provides opportunities for mapping local and remote neural circuits and resting-state networks (RSN) critical for understanding cognition and behaviors. However, conventional resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) has been applied predominantly at relatively low spatial resolution and macroscopic level, unable to obtain laminar-specific information and neural circuits across the cortex at mesoscopic level. In addition, it is lack of sophisticated processing pipeline to deal with small laminar structures in rodent brains. To fill this gap, we conducted a high-resolution rs-fMRI study of mouse brain at ultra-high field and developed an fMRI preprocessing pipeline that features in random matrix theory-based principal component analysis to remove thermal noise, non-rigid image registration strategy to improve head motion estimation, one-time image voxel shift correction to minimize multi-interpolation-induced spatial blur, and improve subject-level alignment to facilitate group analysis. By applying this pipeline to the high-resolution mouse rs-fMRI with atlas-based connectivity analysis, we achieved high-quality hierarchical connectomes covering from large brain regions to cortical layers, and between white matter bundle fibers and cortices in mice. We demonstrate the hierarchical connectomes connecting to three representative brain regions: somatosensory areas, hippocampal regions, and lateral forebrain white matter bundles, showing previously undetected networks. The distinct laminar-specific networks evidence that the spontaneous neuronal activity is not uniform across the cortical layers in the resting brain, consistent with the layer-specific neuronal projection patterns that were observed in AAV viral tracer projections. Additionally, we also observed extended functional connections in areas with sparse viral tracer projections. The feasibility of achieving laminar-specific connectomes with distinct RSNs provides opportunities to study neural circuits and brain functions at multiple scales, though achieving high fidelity and specificity in mapping laminar-specific connectomes may require even higher spatial resolution.
Metastatic Thymic Carcinoid: Does Surgeon Have a Primary Role?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thymic carcinoids are rare mediastinal tumours. These are aggressive tumours that often present late and have poor prognosis. Primary surgical treatment is recommended even in metastatic tumours since the role of adjuvant therapy is not well established. We present a case of metastatic thymic carcinoid managed with surgical excision.
Assessment of Sampling Effects on Various Satellite-Derived Integrated Water Vapor Datasets Using GPS Measurements in Germany as Reference

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Passive imagers on polar-orbiting satellites provide long-term, accurate integrated water vapor (IWV) data sets. However, these climatologies are affected by sampling biases. In Germany, a dense Global Navigation Satellite System network provides accurate IWV measurements not limited by weather conditions and with high temporal resolution. Therefore, they serve as a reference to assess the quality and sampling issues of IWV products from multiple satellite instruments that show different orbital and instrument characteristics. A direct pairwise comparison between one year of IWV data from GPS and satellite instruments reveals overall biases (in kg/m 2 ) of 1.77, 1.36, 1.11, and −0.31 for IASI, MIRS, MODIS, and MODIS-FUB, respectively. Computed monthly means show similar behaviors. No significant impact of averaging time and the low temporal sampling on aggregated satellite IWV data is found, mostly related to the noisy weather conditions in the German domain. In combination with SEVIRI cloud coverage, a change of shape of IWV frequency distributions towards a bi-modal distribution and loss of high IWV values are observed when limiting cases to daytime and clear sky. Overall, sampling affects mean IWV values only marginally, which are rather dominated by the overall retrieval bias, but can lead to significant changes in IWV frequency distributions.
Remembering the Past and the Trap of Consciousness: Dan Pagis and the Photograph

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Photographs are a recurrent motif in Dan Pagis's poetry, which attests to the profound connection between his poetry and various aspects of the art of photography. In Pagis's work, poems dealing with photographs usually illustrate the limitations of memory. It is ironic that photographs, which can ostensibly bring us closer to the past, serve as additional means in the poetics of displacement that characterizes the poetry of a survivor unable, or unwilling, to remember. In my article I focus on the erasure of memory that characterizes most of his poetry. I prefer to analyze Pagis's use of photographs to point to the captivity of consciousness, and offer several prominent examples that place his photography poems in the broader context of his oeuvre.
Aircraft Propulsion Systems: Technology and Design. Edited by G. C. Oates. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Washington, D.C.1989. 528 pp. Illustrated. $39.95 (AIAA Members), $49.95 (Non-Members).

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Aircraft Propulsion Systems: Technology and Design. Edited by G. C. Oates. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Washington, D.C.1989. 528 pp. Illustrated. 49.95 (Non-Members). - Volume 94 Issue 935
Metabolic Priorities During Heat Stress With An Emphasis on Skeletal Muscle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT: Environmental heat stress undermines efficient animal production resulting in a significant financial burden to agricultural producers. The reduction in performance during heat stress is traditionally thought toresult from reduced nutrient intake. Recently, this notion has been challenged with observations indicating heat-stressed animals may exploit novel that homeorhetic strategies to direct metabolic and fuel selection priorities independent of nutrient intake or energy balance. Alterations in systemic physiology support a shift in metabolism, stemming from coordinated interactions at whole-body and tissue-specific levels. Such changes are characterized by increased basal and stimulated circulating insulin concentration, in addition to the ostensible lack of basal adipose tissue lipid mobilization coupled with reduced adipocyte responsiveness to lipolytic stimuli. Hepatic and skeletal muscle cellular bioenergetics also exhibit clear differences in carbohydrate production and use, respectively, due to heat stress. The apparent dichotomy in intermediary metabolism between the 2 tissue types may stem from factors such as rboxylic acid cycletrica substrate flux and mitochondrial respiration. Thus, the heat stress response markedly alters post-absorptive carbohydrate, lipidand protein metabolism , through coordinated changes in fuel supply and utilization across tissues in a manner that is distinct from commonly recognizable changes that occur in animals on a reduced plane of nutrition. Perhaps most intriguing is that the coordinated systemic, cellular, and molecular changes appear conserved across physiological states and amongst different ruminant and monogastric species. Ultimately, these changes result in the reprioritization of skeletal muscle fuel selection during heat stress, which may be important for whole-body metabolism and overall physiological adaptation to hyperthermia.
Replication data for: INDIA (2009): Piloting LLIN communication for prevention of malaria among pregnant women and children (ages 0-1) in Jharkhand. Round One.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The program did not have scope for a full scale quantitative research. Therefore, in order to get an overview about the status of indicators to be targeted through various communication activities it was proposed and finally decided in consultation with UNICEF representatives that a total of 100 structured questionnaires would be canvassed in selected 10 villages. The criteria for selection of the villages was based on the tribal population of the selected blocks and it was decided that a total of 6 villages dominated by Santhal tribe and 2 villages each dominated by Sauria Paharia and Mal Paharia to be undertaken for the research purpose. A total of 100 structured questionnaires were canvassed in order get an overview about the possible indicators targeted through various communication activities. The villages for data collection were purposively selected based on the distance (proximal and distant located) from the block headquarter and it was done in consultation with NGOs, selected by UNICEF for carrying out Routine Immunization (RI) bundling activities. Full list of household having pregnant and lactating mothers was obtained from Anganwadi worker (AWW) for the purpose of selecting respondents. Subsequently, this list was used as sample frame for selecting respondents. Five males and five females were randomly selected using currency note method from this list in each village. Ten structured interviews were conducted in each selected villages. and Apart from this in-depth interviews (IDI) with either the AWW or Sahiya was conducted in each village. Hence, total ten IDIs were conducted. Additionally, a total of ten focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted with male and female groups, separat ely. FGDs were conducted in a nearby village (having similar tribal dominance) located at close proximity of the selected village.
[Epitheliomas of the margin of the larynx. Definition, classification and extension (author's transl)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Studying 213 cases of epithelioma of the laryngeal margin, the authors report on a 3-part study. The first part defines, classifies and specifies the extension of marginal epitheliomas, the second part studies anterior margin epitheliomas and the third, epitheliomas of the lateral margin. This first part shows that the laryngeal margin forms a precise anatomo-clinical entity which must be subdivided into anterior lateral posterior and total margins. The anterior margin consists of the free edge, the supra-hyoid laryngeal side of the epiglottis and, for the authors, the laryngeal side of the epiglottis that belongs, for the UICC, to the oropharynx. The lateral margin consists of the aryteno-epiglottic fold and, for the authors, of the intersection of the three fold that are not mentioned in the UICC or the AJC classifications. The arytenoid cartilage forms the posterior margin. Together, tumors of the anterior margin and the lateral margin make up for 94% of marginal tumors. This first part specifies the macroscopic aspects of marginal epitheliomas with their local and lymphatic extension.
The Impact of Training Iterations on ANN Applications Using BPNN Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Training Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has attracted many researchers for a long time. This paper investigates the impact of training iterations of ANN using Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN) algorithm. The two sets of adjustable parameters, i.e., the learning rate and number of hidden nodes in the hidden layer are used to analyze the impact of training iterations of ANN applications is used. The applications that are used in this research are XOR problem and Digit Recognition. The efficacy of the results using BPNN algorithm is shown through an analysis of the impact of training iterations and by presenting simulation results from two different applications.
Riding the Technological Rapids with the Millennials

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Millennial Generation is generally agreed to be those born between approximately 1982 and 2002. Neil Howe and Bill Strauss are credited with coining the term Millennials, as well as generally defining the birth years of this generation in their book Millennials rising: the next great generation. A few others disagree and define this generation as starting as early as 1979 or as late as 1984; additionally, there are even those who define the Millennial generation as ending as early as 1994.\nThere is no easy way to define a generation. In the past, many have used the change in birth statistics to define generations, but there are other ways to confirm the birth years of any particular generation that may make more sense (Howe and Strauss, 2000, p.40). One of the most interesting is to define generations based on what experiences they missed.
Does time spent in the residential neighbourhood moderate the relationship between neighbourhood walkability and transport-related walking? a cross-sectional study from Toronto, Canada

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Objectives Studies have investigated the influence of neighbourhood walkability on residents’ walking behaviour, aiming to increase physical activity and reduce dependence on automobiles. Previous research, however, has not considered how the amount of time spent in the residential neighbourhood may modify this relationship. Our objective was to determine how time spent in the residential neighbourhood affects the relationship between neighbourhood walkability and walking for transport. Design Using a cross-sectional sample of 2411 adults, we analysed the association between walkability (an index combining land-use mix, dwelling density and street connectivity) and transport-related walking (controlling for the effects of gender, age, income, self-rated health and regular access to private transport) testing for interactions by time spent in the neighbourhood. Primary outcome measure Minutes spent walking for transport per week. Setting Toronto, Canada. Participants Participants were aged 25 to 65. The survey had a 72% response rate. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, the walkability index was weakly associated with walking (1 SD of walkability score is associated with 0.25 more minutes walking/week, p<0.01). Land-use mix was more strongly associated with walking than the walkability index. Time spent at the residential neighbourhood modified the relationship between land-use mix and transport-related walking in a dose-effect manner (p<0.01), those spending 5 hours on average at their residential neighbourhood have 0.2 min/day more walking for each additional land-use mix score and those spending 12 hours have 0.5 min/day more walking for each additional land-use mix score. Conclusions Our findings suggest that walkability is associated with increased walking time, but it is modified by time spent in the neighbourhood. Our study underscores the importance of testing ‘time spent in the neighbourhood’ as a modifier of environmental exposures in studies of environmental correlates of walking.
Assessment of Mpanda groundwater contamination and the effectiveness of the baobab seeds-derived biochar for iron removal from groundwater

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Groundwater in Mpanda District, Tanzania, faces excessive iron content, causing a reddish brown colouration due to oxidized iron species. The present study evaluated Mpanda groundwater contamination and the effectiveness of baobab seeds-derived biochar for iron removal from groundwater. First, the physicochemical quality of groundwater was investigated. Nineteen boreholes were randomly selected for assessment, with samples collected in rainy and dry seasons. The study revealed significant variations in groundwater quality both between seasons and among boreholes. Temperature, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, lead, iron and manganese exceeding World Health Organization and Tanzania Bureau of Standards limits in some boreholes; necessitating water treatment for human use. Second, the effectiveness of baobab seeds-derived biochar for iron removal from groundwater was assessed. Baobab seeds, were sun-dried, oven dried at 105 ºC, carbonized at 700 ºC, and ground into fine powder. The influence of pH, time, temperature and dose of biochar on the iron removal from groundwater was assessed. Six 1000 mL beakers were filled with groundwater and adsorbent doses of 0.6 g/L, 1.2 g/L, 1.8 g/L, 2.4 g/L, and 3.0 g/L were added into five beakers with the sixth serving as a control. The highest removal efficiency of iron was observed within 5.0-8.0 pH range. Over time, the removal efficiency increased to 87% at 120 minutes and 3.0 g dose, with an initial iron concentration of 5.88 mg/L and residual concentration of 0.76 mg/L. Baobab seeds-derived biochar showed promising efficiency in removing iron ions and is recommended for sustainable iron removal from groundwater.
[Free radical generation and lipid peroxidation induced by 2,4-dichlorophenol in liver of Carassius auratus].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Free radical generation in liver of larval fish (Carassius auratus) after 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) injected intraperitoneally 24 h was studied with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping technique and alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) as spin trap reagent. The results show that there is a significant increase of free radical generation in the liver of the fish treated with 2,4-DCP (0.025, 0.05, 0.5, 5, 25 mg/kg) compared with that of the control (p<0.05). The free radical generation correlates well with the dose of 2,4-DCP administered. The regress equation for dose-effect relation is y = 1189ln(x) + 9220, r2 = 0.9856. The six-line composed of three groups with two hyperfine splitting peaks in each shows a typical PBN/*OH EPR spectrum. The hyperfine splitting constants for the PBN-adducts is alphaN = 13.7 Gauss, alphaH= 1.8 Gauss, g factor is 2.0058, which is consistent with the characteristics of PBN-hydroxyl radical adduct reported from the literature. Results also show that there is a significant increase for malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the treated groups compared with that of the control (p<0.05). The mechanisms of free radical generation and lipid peroxidation induced by 2,4-DCP are discussed in this study.
An Optimal Satellite Selection Schema in Feeder Link Mapping for High-Capacity Scenario

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Non-Terrestrial-Network (NTN) can provide seamless and ubiquitous connectivity of massive devices. Thus, the feeder links between satellites and gateways need to provide essentially high data transmission rates. In this paper, we focus on a typical high-capacity scenario, i.e., LEO-IoT, to find an optimal satellite selection schema to maximize the capacity of feeder links. The proposed schema is able to obtain the optimal mapping among all the satellites and gateways. By comparing with maximum service time algorithm, the proposed schema can construct a more balanced and reasonable connection pattern to improve the efficiency of the gateways. Such an advantage will become more significant as the number of satellites increases.
A failing local exchange deal: rights to land and resources in the WanBao rice investment in Mozambique

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter analyses the implementation of the WanBao investment by focusing on the relationship between small-scale rice-producers and WanBao, a Chinese investor, as it evolved over time, and exploring what types of exchange deals farmers involved in rice production established with WanBao. The chapter also analyses the relationships between WanBao, the ruling elite and local populations, as these had an important bearing on how the rice investment was implemented. It is argued that, if one looks at the farmers who were trained by means of the rice investment, the Wanbao initiative can to a considerable extent be considered a success, as it developed something approaching a reciprocal exchange deal, giving farmers access to training, new technologies and inputs. However, seen from a broader perspective in which farmers were excluded from the investment by the local state, while local ruling-elite farmers obtained access to inputs and loans without using them productively, the picture becomes murkier. The fact that the investment failed economically is due less to relations between the investor and local farmers, than to the dynamics of relations between the investor and the national and provincial ruling elites, which undermined the economic feasibility of this initially promising investment in rice.
Scribal exercise, PNN?, KTU 4.607

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

[Text Description:] Ugaritic Tablet KTU 4.607 ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] KTU 4.607; KTU2 4.607; KTU3 4.607; CTU 4.607; CAT 4.607; RS 19.003; DO 4990 ❧ [Excavation Description:] Found during excavations at Ras Shamra. ❧ [Medium:] Clay ❧ [Script Note:] Alphabetic Cuneiform
Walking With God: Realism, Fanaticism, and the Future of Jewish Law

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Since the mid-twentieth century, converging factors have enabled haredi (“ultra-orthodox”) Jews to exert considerable influence on more moderate forms of observant Judaism. In the area of Jewish law, this has led to a shift from rabbinic realism, characterized by contextual and lenient rulings, to fanaticism, which views stringency as the only authentic mode of Jewish legal interpretation. This paper examines two historically moderate communities particularly affected by haredization: modern Orthodoxy in America and Sephardic Judaism in Israel. From these case studies, it will become clear that without significant efforts to revive and promote a middle-of-the-road approach, observant Judaism will continue to be dominated by fundamentalist views.
Development and validation of the Quality of Dying Index for adults aged 80 and older at the end of life

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

With population aging accelerating, ensuring high-quality end-of-life care for older adults is urgent. This study developed and validated the Quality of Dying Index (QODI) for adults aged 80-105 using data from 2,705 decedents in the 2022 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. The 23-item QODI includes three subdomains: activities of daily living, cognitive functioning, and hospitalizations. Internal consistency was high (Cronbach's α ≥ 0.90), and convergent and divergent validity were supported by significant correlations with related constructs. Known-group validity was confirmed, and concurrent validity was demonstrated with AUC ≥ 0.70 across subdomains. Findings were consistent across age and sex subgroups. The QODI is a reliable, multidimensional tool for assessing the quality of dying in advanced old age, offering insights to inform hospice planning and end-of-life services. Developed and initially validated in a Chinese cohort, the index has uncertain external validity to other countries and cultural groups, and cross-national validation is warranted.