jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
PIAAC and its Methodological Challenges

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article gives an overview of the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) and introduces the methodological challenges in implementing the survey – especially those encountered in Germany. Adherence to high methodological standards is a prerequisite to participation in PIAAC and to inclusion of the national data of the respective participating countries in the international dataset (OECD, 2010). Depending on the standard in question, and on national circumstances, compliance is a challenging undertaking. This Special Issue discusses methodological challenges at different levels, and steps taken to implement PIAAC standards in Germany. The aspects addressed include sample design, survey instruments, field work preparation, data collection, and estimation standards. In this introductory article, we outline the central elements of the PIAAC design and the methodological challenges of the survey, and we present the other six articles in this Special Issue.
Coach to learn and learn to coach: synergising performance and development in the athlete-coach-environment learning system

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

While high-performance sport traditionally highlights a dualist perspective on distinct pathways of development and performance coaching, an ecological dynamics rationale recognises the deeply entwined relations between development and performance. Acknowledging an athlete-environment-centred approach, an increasingly relevant topic concerns “coach learning”, supporting the idea that theories of athlete development present useful insights for understanding coach development. In this position paper, it is argued that athlete and coach learning are not independent from one another, thus forming part of an athlete-coach-environment learning system. This first of two insights papers discusses the contiguity between athlete development and performance and coach learning. It seeks to highlight a dual coach learning pathway towards “coaching to learn” (infused by knowledge of the environment) and “learning to coach” (supported by knowledge about the environment). To underline the interconnectedness of athlete/coach learning, two examples are discussed from: I) the 2021 Wheelchair Rugby League World Cup; and II), high-performance workshops for Olympic sport coaches.
Red shifts of photons and massive particles

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Red‒shift phenomena were attributed to different mechanisms: Doppler red shifts and gravitational red shifts. Here, based on Space Motion Theory, a common mechanism of red shifts is concluded into a formula: 1+z=(Ec/Ec’)(Eqr/Eqs), where z represents the value of a red shift; (Ec/Ec’), named the photonic red shift, signifies the energy change of the photon through the vacuum distributions of the sender and the recipient; (Eqr/Eqs), named the massive‒particle red shift, means the absolute‒energy quantity ratio of the recipient to the sender. Furthermore, according to energy conservation and momentum conservation, the mechanism of photonic red shifts is deduced. The analyses herein verify the existence of vacuum distribution and space background mathematically.
Inner interreligious dialogue in global Christianity – a consideration of case studies from Korea and Southern Africa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article discusses the issue of plurality in world Christianity. Considering two contemporary contexts, South Korea and Southern Africa, this article claims that the interreligious pluralities as evidenced in much of contemporary Christianity are tobe understood in continuity with some of the foundational experiences of the early church, especially in the city of Antioch. This plurality, which can also be described as hybridity, acquires intercultural theological significance when understood as inner interreligious dialogue. This is further described as a mostly subconscious process by which contemporary Christians continue to engage with their pre-Christian traditions. From a phenomenological point of view this process is demonstrable in Christian history. Theologically speaking it has the potential to debunk myths of Christian ‘purity’ and to expose fundamentalists’ assertions of their own ‘orthodoxy’ astantamount to wishful thinking. Finally, this article makes the case that this process of inner interreligious dialogue, when brought to the surface may positively enhance the quality of real outward dialogue with representatives of other faiths or systems of belief and value.
Humanitarian Intervention and the Clean Hands Doctrine in International Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A serious issue that has confronted the international community is the legality of humanitarian intervention. Although the majority of scholars reject the existence of a doctrine of humanitarian intervention, could the attacked state invoke the responsibility of an intervening state before an international tribunal? This article attempts to answer this question in light of the often misunderstood clean hands doctrine in international law. It first concludes that under the lex lata , humanitarian intervention is prohibited under international law. This raises the question whether the clean hands doctrine may nevertheless preclude a court or tribunal from adjudicating in favour of a state that has been subject to humanitarian intervention. Although the clean hands doctrine exists under international law in various manifestations, its applicability in cases concerning humanitarian intervention is lacking. The article finally considers whether the jus cogens status of the prohibition of the use of force would prevent the applicability of the clean hands doctrine to humanitarian intervention cases were the clean hands doctrine to evolve into a customary international legal norm.
CMAJ Specialty Spotlight Obstetrics and gynecology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Use: With this technique, a refinement of transvaginal ultra-sound imaging, saline is infused into the uterine cavity to en-hance the imaging of the endometrium. The procedure was initiated because of the low sensitivity and specificity of trans-vaginal ultrasound for detecting endometrial pathology. In addition, the cost, inconvenience and radiation exposure asso-ciated with hysterosalpingography and the surgical risks of hysteroscopy are often avoided if sonohysterography is suc-cessful. The procedure is performed in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle; at this time, pregnancy can be ruled out and image quality is at its best because the endometrium is thin-nest just after a period. After a baseline transvaginal ultra-sound has been done, a soft catheter is placed in the uterus, and the uterine cavity is distended with saline; no analgesia
Numerical Analysis of a Small Size Baffled Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Using Different Nano-Fluids

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this study, numerical simulation was used to investigate the effect of adding different nano-particles into the fluid on the performance of a baffled shell-and-tube heat exchanger. A three-dimensional modeling approach was followed to analyze the effect of different nano-fluids, at various volume fractions, as applied in a baffled shell-and-tube heat exchanger. Once finished with validating the grid independency and results, we proceeded to obtain heat transfer rate, pressure drop, outlet shell temperature and exchanger effectiveness for different volume fractions and particle size of different nano-fluids. The studied nano-particles in the present work included Al2O3, CuO, Fe2O3, Cu, Fe, SiO2, and Au, with water and ethylene glycol employed as base fluids. With constant mass flow rate for all cases, the results indicated that, the addition of nano-particles had reduced the heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop and the rate of heat transfer through the shell, even though it had increased outlet shell temperature. In other words, considering a constant heat transfer rate, the presence of nano-fluids in a baffled shell-and-tube heat exchanger is likely to be associated with increased outlet shell temperature. Another consequence presents that using ethylene glycol as base fluid leads to higher effectiveness compared with water as a base fluid in exchanger.
Prostate Cancer Localization Using Multiparametric MR Imaging: Comparison of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) and Likert Scales

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose To compare the recently proposed Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scale that incorporates fixed criteria and a standard Likert scale based on overall impression in prostate cancer localization using multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Materials and Methods This retrospective study was HIPAA compliant and institutional review board approved. Seventy patients who underwent 3-T pelvic MR imaging, including T2-weighted imaging, diffusion-weighted imaging, and dynamic contrast material–enhanced imaging, with a pelvic phased-array coil before radical prostatectomy were included. Three radiologists, each with 6 years of experience, independently scored 18 regions (12 peripheral zone [PZ], six transition zone [TZ]) using PI-RADS (range, scores 3–15) and Likert (range, scores 1–5) scales. Logistic regression for correlated data was used to compare scales for detection of tumors larger than 3 mm in maximal diameter at prostatectomy. Results Maximal accuracy was achieved with score thresholds of 8 and higher and of 3 and higher for PI-RADS and Likert scales, respectively. At these thresholds, in the PZ, similar accuracy was achieved with the PI-RADS scale and the Likert scale for radiologist 1 (89.0% vs 88.2%, P = .223) and radiologist 3 (88.5% vs 88.2%, P = .739) and greater accuracy was achieved with the PI-RADS scale than the Likert scale for radiologist 2 (89.6% vs 87.1%, P = .008). In the TZ, accuracy was lower with the PI-RADS scale than with the Likert scale for radiologist 1 (70.0% vs 87.1%, P < .001), radiologist 2 (87.6% vs 92.6%, P = .002), and radiologist 3 (82.9% vs 91.2%, P < .001). For tumors with Gleason score of at least 7, sensitivity was higher with the PI-RADS scale than with the Likert scale for radiologist 1 (88.6% vs 82.6%, P = .032), and sensitivity was similar for radiologist 2 (78.0% vs 76.5, P = .467) and radiologist 3 (77.3% vs 81.1%, P = .125). Conclusion Radiologists performed well with both PI-RADS and Likert scales for tumor localization, although, in the TZ, performance was better with the Likert scale than the PI-RADS scale. © RSNA, 2013 Supplemental material: S1
The september 11 event, 2001 and Islamic movement in Southeast Asia; a socio-politico comparative studies among the majority and minority Muslim countries

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper discusses the socio-politico Islamic movement in Southeast Asia after the September 11 Event, 2001. The objective of the paper is to examine the relationship between the September 11 event and the political situation and the socio-politico Islamic movement in the Southeast Asian countries. What different between the majority and minority Muslim population countries in Southeast Asia? The paper will not go to a specific discussion to any particular country, but a general discussion on Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand. This paper hopes could analyse the relationship between the September 11 event 2001and the socio-politico Islamic development changes in Southeast Asia; the differences between the majority of Muslim population countries and the minority Muslim population countries. Malaysia and Indonesia are the two countries that the majority population are the Muslim, otherwise, Thailand and the Philippines are not; Thailand is Buddhist and the Philippines is Christian Catholic countries. There are dramatic changes and unstable condition in the minority Muslim countries (i.e in the Southern Part of Thailand and the southern part of the Philippines) after the September 11 and relatively different in the situation in Malaysia and also in Indonesia.
The Demeaned Avant-Garde and the Art of Cognition

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In 1979, at the exhibition L’avanguardia polacca 1910–1978. S.I. Witkiewicz, costruttivismo. artisti contemporanei [Polish Avant-Garde 1910–1978. S.I. Witkiewicz, Constructivists, Contemporary Artists] staged at the Palazzo delle Esposizioni in Rome, Tadeusz Kantor’s works were displayed alongside pieces by Stanisław Witkiewicz (also known as Witkacy), constructivists, and young Polish avant-garde. On being juxtaposed with the latter, the artist decided on an addition to his part of the show with the aim of “completing” it (L’avanguardia, 1979) – the adjoining rooms were to host an exposition of artworks by Cricot 2 Theatre actors (Le opere, 1979: 94–95). Upset about the limited space in the Palazzo put at his disposal by curator Ryszard Stanisławski (The transcription, 2013: 1), he still managed to provide a selection of avant-garde works that were bold, numerous and manifold, while demonstrating a distinctive style that tended to be odd, pitiful and astounding. A visit to the sections arranged by Kantor encouraged reflection on the role he himself, as well as the circles gathered around the Krakow Group and the Foksal Gallery in Warsaw occupied in the Polish world of art.
Effects of Spirodiclofen on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) in black currants.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An effect of Spirodiclofen 240 g/l to the seasonal abundance of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.) was studied in black currants under field conditions in 2003-2004. Spirodiclofen 240 g/l 0.6 l/ha affected two-spotted spider mite by 81.3-100.0% after 7 days, 92.0% after 14 days and 67.7-87.7% a month after treatment. There was generally no difference between the number of spider mites in plots treated with Spirodiclofen 240 g/l 0.6 l/ha and Spirodiclofen 240 g/l 0.3 l/ha. Spirodiclofen had a long term of action. An efficiency of insecticide - acaricide Lambdacihalotrin 50 g/l, 0.4 l/ha against two spotted spider mite was: 47.4-100.0% after 7 days, 72.5% after 14 days and 0.0-63.9% a month after treatment. Lambdacihalotrin had statistically lower action on spider mite in comparison with Spiradiclofen after 14 days and 2 months after application. The number of two spotted spider mites statistically was higher after Lambdacihalotrin treatment in comparison with unsprayed plots. It can be explained that Lambdacihalotrin 50 g/l, 0.4 l/ha was toxic to predatory mites (Phytoseiidae spp.), meanwhile the number of phytophagous mites were reduced by predacious mites in unsprayed plots.
Enhancing Integrated Communication Network Service Using a Queueing Model

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper describes a strategy for efficiently constructing the demand servicing process of an Integrated Communication Network (ICN). Performance analysis, service problems, and relief action of ICNs are provided. End-to-end statistical performance parameters are first used to measure network compliance over a given fixed period. If any of the performance objectives are not satisfied, a servicing function determines the corrective action required to maintain service quality. The advantage of this network model is its efficiency and flexibility in handling a variety of services and applications. Enhanced network service and ICN traffic problems are solved using adaptive queuing models.
Sp alpha I/65: a new variant of the alpha subunit of spectrin in hereditary elliptocytosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Two molecular defects involving the spectrin heterodimer (SpD) contact site of the alpha chain (the alpha I domain) were previously identified using limited tryptic digestion followed by two-dimensional isoelectric focusing/sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both are characterized by atypical peptide maps which reveal a marked decrease of the 80,000-dalton alpha I domain and a formation of new major peptides of either 74,000 (Sp alpha I/74) or 46,000 (Sp alpha I/46) daltons. We now report a third variant of the spectrin alpha chain, designated Sp alpha I/65, in three unrelated black families. In all three probands, the percentage of SpD in the low ionic strength (O degrees C) membrane extracts was increased to 19% to 32%. One- and two- dimensional electrophoretic separations of limited tryptic digests of spectrin from all three probands revealed a decrease of the alpha I domain of spectrin and the concomitant appearance of peptides at 65,000 daltons and isoelectric points ranging from 5.2 to 5.3. The abnormal 65,000-dalton peptides could be stained with an antiserum which had been raised against the alpha I domain, indicating that it was derived from the alpha I domain.
Controlling water-window high-harmonic generation with sub-cycle synthesized waveforms

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present the first results concerning synthesizer-driven high-harmonic generation that reach the water-window region. This approach holds the promise of offering greater spectral tunability in the generation of isolated attosecond pulses and at the same time of achieving higher photon-flux, required for attosecondresolved soft X-ray transient absorption experiments.
Tobacco Mosaic Virus Reconstitution Using Inactivated Nucleic Acid.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SummaryTMV-RNA inactivated by various means, in particular by reaction with propylene oxide, retains its ability to form virus-like rods with native TMV-protein. Such reconstituted inactive virus is serologically indistinguishable from the intact virus. The structural and potential practical implications of this observation are discussed.
Peer Review #2 of "Carbon isotope discrimination and the factors affecting it in a summer maize field under different tillage systems (v0.1)"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Based on two years of field experiments, under different soil tillage methods and straw management practices, which included conventional tillage (CT), subsoiling (SS), rotary tillage (RT), and no-tillage (NT), combined with either straw return (S) or straw removal (0), we characterized the dynamic changes in Δ 13 C among three height layers [upper (U, 240 cm above the ground), middle (M, 120 cm above the ground), and lower (L, 30 cm above the ground)] of the summer maize canopy.The Δ 13 C, the factors affecting it, and the relationships between Δ 13 C and soil water content (SWC), the leaf area index (LAI), canopy microclimate, and the CO 2 concentration were elucidated.The results indicated that the Δ 13 C of summer maize at the pre-filling stage was greater than that at the post-filling stage.Δ 13 C also varied at different heights, with the order of the Δ 13 C values being L > U > M.Among the different tillage methods, the Δ 13 C values were ordered SS S > CT S > RT S > NT S .SS S and NT S significantly increased the LAI; air temperature and relative humidity tended to gradually decrease with the increase in height of summer maize.Correlation analyses of the various influencing factors and Δ 13 C showed that SWC, LAI, air temperature, and CO 2 concentration were all positively correlated with Δ 13 C, in which LAI and air temperature were significantly or extremely significantly positively correlated with Δ 13 C.In
Air embolism of the brain in rabbits pretreated with mechlorethamine.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Infusion of 400 microliters air into the left internal carotid artery of five anesthetized rabbits caused transient pial arteriole air embolism, an immediate 41.9 +/- 0.8% dilatation of the embolized vessels, suppression of the cortical somatosensory evoked response to 29.4 +/- 2.7% of baseline, and a progressive decline in ipsilateral cerebral blood flow (measured by hydrogen clearance) to 46 +/- 4.1% of baseline after 2 hours. These values were significantly different from those at baseline and from the responses of 10 control rabbits given equivalent intracarotid saline infusions. Twelve other rabbits were made leukopenic by treatment with 1.5 mg/kg i.v. mechlorethamine 72 hours prior to study. Mean +/- SEM leukocyte count decreased from 6,320 +/- 73/mm3 to 1,890 +/- 66/mm3 without any change in the leukocyte differential or erythrocyte and platelet counts. Intracarotid infusion of saline into seven of the leukopenic rabbits caused no changes. In the other five leukopenic rabbits, infusion of 400 microliters air caused air embolism but did not produce the anticipated declines in cerebral blood flow or the cortical somatosensory evoked response, both of which remained indistinguishable from baseline values and responses in the seven saline-treated leukopenic controls. Similarly, air-embolized arterioles showed nonsignificant dilatation in leukopenic rabbits. Our data suggest that the decreases in both cerebral blood flow and brain function seen after air embolism require the presence of leukocytes.
Baclofen-induced toxicity in renal disease with neurotoxicity and skin rash

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Baclofen is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for spasticity and is also used off-label for trigeminal neuralgia, cluster headache, and substance abuse dependency. Baclofen is 90% renally excreted and has a variable threshold for toxicity in patients with chronic kidney disease. We present a case of accidental overdose of baclofen in a 58-year-old woman with intractable trigeminal neuralgia. She presented with baclofen neurotoxicity symptoms including confusion and tremors and had a morbilliform rash in the dorsum of both hands. This simultaneous presentation is rare and has never been reported. Her symptoms resolved after hemodialysis treatment.
A template-dependent dislocation mechanism potentiates K65R reverse transcriptase mutation development in subtype C variants of HIV-1. PLoS One 2011

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Numerous studies have suggested that the K65R reverse transcriptase (RT) mutation develops more readily in subtype C than subtype B HIV-1. We recently showed that this discrepancy lies partly in the subtype C template coding sequence that predisposes RT to pause at the site of K65R mutagenesis. However, the mechanism underlying this observation and the elevated rates of K65R development remained unknown. Here, we report that DNA synthesis performed with subtype C templates consistently produced more K65R-containing transcripts than subtype B templates, regardless of the subtype-origin of the RT enzymes employed. These findings confirm that the mechanism involved is template-specific and RT-independent. In addition, a pattern of DNA synthesis characteristic of site-specific primer/template slippage and dislocation was only observed with the subtype C sequence. Analysis of RNA secondary structure suggested that the latter was unlikely to impact on K65R development between subtypes and that Streisinger strand slippage during DNA synthesis at the homopolymeric nucleotide stretch of the subtype C K65 region might occur, resulting in misalignment of the primer and template. Consequently, slippage would lead to a deletion of the middle adenine of codon K65 and the production of a-1 frameshift mutation, which upon dislocation and realignment of the primer and template, would lead to development of the K65R mutation. These findings provide additional mechanistic evidence for the facilitated development of the K65R