jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Clinical Studies Autograft containment in posterolateral spine fusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Compression and displacement of the developing fusion mass by the paraspinal musculature may be a contributory factor. Biocontainment devices have been clinically used in the skull and mandible to guide bone regeneration. The role of a mechanical device in containing graft material in the developing posterolateral lumbar spine fusion is unclear. PURPOSE: To determine the benefits of using a bioabsorbable graft-containment device for lumbar intertransverse fusion, and to evaluate the biocompatibility of this implant by histological analysis of the host tissue reaction. STUDY DESIGN: A rabbit intertransverse spine fusion model was used to evaluate a bioabsorb-able graft-containment implant. Study and control groups were compared with regard to the rate, volume, and quality of fusion, as well as host tissue reaction to the graft and implant. METHODS: Fourteen adult male New Zealand White rabbits underwent bilateral posterolateral intertransverse spine arthrodesis at L3–L4. The control group (n57) received autograft alone, and the study group received autografts placed in open meshed hemicylinders fashioned from Lac-toSorb sheets (LactoSorb; Biomet Orthopedics Inc., Warsaw, IN). Spines were harvested at 6 weeks and imaged. Radiographs and computed tomography (CT) images were used to calculate the rate,
Equalities and Education in Europe: Explanations and Excuses for Inequality

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

I boken belyser orättvisor i utbildning. De exempel som ges behandlar framförallt länder inom europeiska unionen. Författarna diskuterar att man i europeisk utbildningspolicy för framtiden säger sig vilja närma sig strukturella missgynnanden på ett mer systematiskt sätt.
Disqualified drivers in Victoria: literature review and focus group study

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This report outlines a two phase project into disqualified drivers in Victoria. The first phase of the project comprised a review of the literature related to licence disqualification and explored the feasibility of conducting an in-depth study of disqualified drivers in Victoria. The second phase of the project involved conducting an in-depth investigation into the behaviours and attitudes of disqualified drivers, including contributing family and social influences. Forty disqualified drivers participated in seven focus group discussions and 13 partners/parents of disqualified drivers participated in three separate focus group discussions. The results showed that approximately 60 per cent of the driver participants continued to drive during disqualification. The most common reason provided for the decision to continue driving was to maintain one's employment, although driving for family and social reasons was also commonly reported. Recommendations were made for further research into Victorian Registration and Licensing data and Victorian crash data to quantify the number of disqualified drivers and the extent of the risk they pose on the road. Recommendations were also made for publicity campaigns to raise the perceived risk of detection, improvements in enforcement and the design and implementation of best practice rehabilitation programs. (a)
Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome by progesterone is attenuated by abnormal autophagy induction in endometriotic cyst stromal cells: implications for endometriosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a cytosolic multi-protein complex that induces inflammation and is known to be regulated negatively by autophagy. Previous studies reported an abnormal induction of autophagy linked to progesterone resistance in human endometriotic cells. Therefore, an aberrant autophagy induction response to progesterone might contribute to the altered inflammatory response observed in endometriotic tissues. To evaluate this hypothesis, we elucidate whether regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome by ovarian steroids is mediated by autophagy in human endometrial stromal cells (normal endometrial stromal cells (NESCs)) from patients with uterine leiomyoma (presumed normal) and whether abnormal autophagy induction in endometriotic cyst stromal cells (ECSCs) affects NLRP3 inflammasome-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production. Our results show that estrogen enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in NESCs, resulting in increased IL-1β production. Progesterone decreased NLRP3 inflammasome activity with an increase in autophagy induction in estrogen-treated NESCs. Inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activity by progesterone was blocked by autophagy inhibition. However, progesterone failed to change NLRP3 inflammasome activity and autophagy induction in estrogen-treated ECSCs. In contrast, dienogest, a specific progesterone receptor agonist, reduced NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production through autophagy induction in ECSCs. Furthermore, autophagy induction was decreased and NLRP3 inflammasome activity was increased in endometriotic tissues, which was reversed by preoperative administration of dienogest. In conclusion, our results suggest that progesterone inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation through autophagy in endometrial stromal cells. However, this inhibitory effect is attenuated in endometriotic stromal cells due to an aberrant autophagic response to progesterone, which could lead to an altered inflammatory response in endometriosis.
Structure and Function of the Glandular Vas Deferens in Ascaris suum (Nematoda)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The glandular vas deferens in the linearly arranged male reproductive tract in Ascaris suum produces substances which cause marked morphological and physiological changes in the spermatozoa. The glandular secretions, presumably formed by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi saccules, are extruded from the cells and coalesce to form homogeneous masses in the gland lumen. In sexually inactive worms the secretory material is separated from the spermatozoa by a sphincter comprised of neuro-muscular-like cells. During copulation the sphincter lumen enlarges and the spermatozoa and sperm-activating glandular material are mixed and simultaneously transferred to the female worm.
Retardative Mechanism of Protein Denaturation by Addition of Saccharides during Cold Storage of Minced Fish Meat (Surimi)-I

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

To clarify the retardative mechanism of protein denaturation by the addition of saccharides during cold storage of minced fish meat (Surimi), the behavior of electrolytes in sucrose solution was studied by the electrochemical method and the following results were obtained. 1) The electrical conduction of electrolytes in sucrose solution is small in comparison with that of electrolytes in water. This is caused by the decrease in the migration of ions. 2) The degree of dissociation of electrolytes in sucorse solution is exactly equal to that of electrolytes in water. 3) The relation between conductivity and viscosity of the solvent, as to the sucrose solution, follows WALDEN's rule. 4) The denaturation of actomyosin during storage under various circumstances is retarded also by the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG).
Simulation of stenosis effect on airflow pattern in trachea and main bronchi

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Tracheal stenosis is a condition where the diameter size of trachea wall decreases and leads to the obstruction of the breathing airflow. Investigation on the effect of the stenosis to the airflow pattern in the trachea and main bronchi is the objective for this study. CT-scan images of two airways models were modeled, one with the stenosis and one without. Numerical solution was used to study the airway pattern inside the airway. Different boundary conditions of inspirations flow rate were applied; 15 l/min, 60 l/min and 100l/min where the ratio for the right main bronchus is 55% and for the left main bronchus is 45%. The results showed that the pressure drop inside the stenosis model is higher compared to that of healthy model. The pressure drop was also shown to interrupt the inlet condition into the main bronchi.
Bayesian versus Classical Econometric Inference to Revisit the Role of Human Capital in Economic Growth

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Application of Bayesian inference to analyze real economic phenomena is rare in the literature on applied economics. This study contributes in two ways. Firstly, it contributes to methodological advancement in the literature on applied economic modeling by estimating a structural model using the classical econometric framework as well as the Bayesian two-stage econometric framework. The performance of the two approaches is compared due to the small sample size and the best model is selected. Secondly, the study is used to get fresh evidence about the impact of human capital upon economic growth in the form of Bayes mean estimates along with their Highest Posterior Density Intervals (HPDIs) which give certain ranges of estimates within which the parameters are likely to lie. Annual data on the Pakistan economy ranging from 1965 to 2019 is used for the estimation of the model. Classical estimates are obtained using the efficient GMM method. Bayes mean estimates are simulated using a Bayesian two-stage procedure assuming multivariate normal-Wishart informative priors. Results show that the Bayesian econometric framework gives more precise parameters’ estimates as compared to the classical econometric framework, and hence, the Bayesian inference may be preferred over classical inference, especially in the case of a small sample size. The Bayes estimates show that a 1% increase in education capital and health capital causes raising economic growth by 0.0091% and 0.1778%, respectively, with a 0.95 probability that the estimates are likely to lie within the intervals 0.0085%–0.0097% and 0.1606%–0.1952%, respectively. Hence, human capital might be considered a vital factor to achieve economic growth in Pakistan. Moreover, health capital shows strong effects as compared to education capital in the process of economic growth.
Crystal structure thermal evolution and novel orthorhombic phase of methylammonium lead bromide, CH3NH3PbBr3

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Methylammonium (MA) lead trihalide perovskites, CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 (X = I, Br, Cl), have emerged as a new class of light-absorbing materials for photovoltaic applications, reaching efficiencies of 23% when implemented in solar cell heterojunctions. In particular, MAPbBr 3 is a promising member with a large bandgap that gives rise to a high open circuit voltage. Here we present a structural study from neutron diffraction (ND) data of an undeuterated MAPbBr 3 specimen, carried out to follow its crystallographic behaviour in the 2–298 K temperature range. Besides the known crystallographic phases, i.e. the high-temperature Pm \(\stackrel{-}{3}\) m cubic structure, the intermediate I 4 /mcm tetragonal symmetry and the low-temperature Pnma orthorhombic phase, we additionally identified, from a detailed sequential ND analysis, a novel intermediate phase within the 148.5–154.0 K temperature range as an orthorhombic Imma structure, early associated with a coexistence of phases. Moreover, our ND data allowed us to unveil the configuration of the organic MA units and their complete localization within the mentioned temperature range, thus improving the crystallographic description of this compound. The evolution with temperature of the H-bonds between the organic molecule and the inorganic cage is also followed. A deep knowledge of the crystal structure and, in particular, the MA conformation inside the perovskite cage seems essential to establish structure-property correlations that may drive further improvements.
Active Helicobacter pylori Infection is Independently Associated with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Morbidly Obese Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) emerges as an important global burden and Helicobacter pylori infection (Hp-I) has been suggested as a risk factor of NAFLD, although controversy exists. This retrospective study aimed to investigate a potential impact of active Hp-I on NAFLD severity in morbidly obese patients, subjected to bariatric surgery and gastric biopsy for documentation of Hp-I. Of 64 eligible participants, 15 (23.4%) were diagnosed with active Hp-I, showing higher rates of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) than those without Hp-I (86.7% vs. 26.5%, respectively; p < 0.001). Concerning histological lesions, steatosis grade (p = 0.027), ballooning (p < 0.001), lobular inflammation (p = 0.003), and fibrosis stage (p < 0.001) were also more severe in Hp-I positive patients. Likewise, liver function tests, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and arterial hypertension were significantly higher in Hp-I positive patients. Hp-I was independently positively associated with NASH (beta = 3.27; p = 0.002), severe NASH (beta = 2.37; p = 0.018), and the presence of fibrosis (beta = 3.86; p = 0.001) in a binary regression model, after adjustment for potential confounders. In conclusion, active Hp-Ι was independently associated with NASH and fibrosis, findings offering potential clinical implication.
Microstructured flexible polymer films with embedded phosphor for multifunctional passive radiative cooling

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Passive daytime radiative cooling schemes are of much interest because of their attractive potential to reduce energy consumption. However, the structural conditions for designing and fabricating efficient radiative cooler limit their optical diversity and hinder their practical utilization ( e.g. light-emitting cooling panels, smart window systems, smart signboards, or anticounterfeiting). Here, multifunctional passive radiative cooling films are demonstrated by simultaneously implementing speckle image holography disordered microstructures and phosphor particles into the radiative polymer layer. The as-obtained multifunctional film exhibits high total reflectivity in the sunlight region (∼89%) and strong infrared emissivity (∼91%) within the atmospheric window band (8–13 μ m), thus achieving subambient cooling of ∼4.1 °C under direct sunlight in a nonvacuum setup. Interestingly, the multifunctional structural films can be acted as light-emitting films under violet or blue illumination and also can be easily patterned by drawing, cutting or pixelating. The multifunctional structured films demonstrated here can be utilized for potential UV resistance, smart window displays, anticounterfeiting cooling systems, roofing materials and certain aesthetic purposes.
In vitro protein digestibility of direct‐expanded chickpea–sorghum snacks

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Blending cereals with pulses provides a balanced protein with higher biological value as their amino acid compositions are complementary. Extrusion not only can improve protein digestibility but also may reduce essential amino acid content. This study investigated the effects of extrusion parameters and blend ratio on in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) and IVPD‐corrected amino acid score (IVPDCAAS) of direct‐expanded chickpea–sorghum snacks. Chickpea–sorghum blends (50:50, 60:40, and 70:30 chickpea:sorghum, w/w) were extruded at 10 combinations of moisture content (16%, 18%, and 20%) and barrel temperature (120°C, 140°C, and 160°C), and at 169°C and 15% moisture, the conditions identified in a previous study as producing maximal expansion. Chickpea and sorghum flours were extruded at 140°C and 18% moisture for comparison purposes. The IVPD of raw 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30 chickpea–sorghum blends ranged from 76% to 78%; values for raw chickpea and sorghum flours were 79% and 74%, respectively. Extrusion increased IVPD ( P < 0.05) of all flours and blends. An increase in extrusion temperature increased the IVPD of extrudates ( P < 0.05), whereas an increase in moisture content had the opposite effect ( P < 0.05). The IVPDCAAS of raw 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30 chickpea–sorghum blends were 0.64, 0.72, and 0.73, respectively; values for raw chickpea and sorghum flours were 0.74 and 0.27, respectively. Extrusion increased IVPDCAAS ( P < 0.05). The 70:30 chickpea–sorghum blend extruded at the maximal expansion exhibited the highest protein quality indicating this to be the optimal condition for snack production.
Additional file 1 of A network approach to investigating the key microbes and stability of gut microbial communities in a mouse neuropathic pain model

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Additional file 1: Supplemental Figure 1. Assessment of sufficient sequencing depth by rarefaction analyses. Individual rarefaction curves for each time-series sample from the Sham (blue) or SNI (red) group. Supplemental Figure 2: Multiple linear regression analyses for the final ranks of microbes and centrality. A) Sham group (p value
An independent time optimized hybrid infrastructure for big data analytics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In Big data domain, platform dependency can alter the behavior of the business. It is because of the different kinds (Structured, Semi-structured and Unstructured) and characteristics of the data. By the traditional infrastructure, different kinds of data cannot be processed simultaneously due to their platform dependency for a particular task. Therefore, the responsibility of selecting suitable tools lies with the user. The variety of data generated by different sources requires the selection of suitable tools without human intervention. Further, these tools also face the limitation of recourses to deal with a large volume of data. This limitation of resources affects the performance of the tools in terms of execution time. Therefore, in this work, we proposed a model in which different data analytics tools share a common infrastructure to provide data independence and resource sharing environment, i.e. the proposed model shares common (Hybrid) Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) between three Name-Node (Master Node), three Data-Node and one Client-node, which works under the DeMilitarized zone (DMZ). To realize this model, we have implemented Mahout, R-Hadoop and Splunk sharing a common HDFS. Further using our model, we run [Formula: see text]-means clustering, Naïve Bayes and recommender algorithms on three different datasets, movie rating, newsgroup, and Spam SMS dataset, representing structured, semi-structured and unstructured, respectively. Our model selected the appropriate tool, e.g. Mahout to run on the newsgroup dataset as other tools cannot run on this data. This shows that our model provides data independence. Further results of our proposed model are compared with the legacy (individual) model in terms of execution time and scalability. The improved performance of the proposed model establishes the hypothesis that our model overcomes the limitation of the resources of the legacy model.
Changes and Distribution of Economic Blocks in Jiangsu Province Based on the Double-bridge Economic Belts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With the completion of Ning-xi(Nanjing-Xi'an) Railway,Ning-xi Railway and Beijing-Shanghai Railway join together at Nanjing and two Eurasian continental bridges(hereafter called the Double-bridge) come into being to the East of Xi'an City.The Double-bridge crosses the north and south of Jiangsu province.With the coming of the era of bridge economy in the 21st century, the original three economic blocks of Jiangsu(i.e.Southern,Central and Northern Jiangsu Economic Blocks) will accordingly change.This paper probes into the changes and new distribution of economic blocks after the completion of the Double-bridge.
An Enterprise Systems Model to Deliver Innovation in the Healthcare Industry Based on Cognitive and Social-Tech Engineering

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

An optimal enterprise system that fosters innovation is based on people, process and technology. However, current enterprise systems lack a significant involvement of the human aspects. An innovation model can incorporate those three components to provide greater value to stakeholders, drive organizational growth, gain a competitive advantage and achieve greater end-user satisfaction. We investigated how an enterprise systems model for open innovation could be created based on existing innovation socio-technical frameworks and how that model may benefit the UK National Health Service (NHS). We carried out a literature review of enterprise systems models, cognitive and social-tech engineering and innovation management. Two researchers undertook a thematic analysis of 46 academic papers. Themes included business sectors, types of innovation strategy and the use of cognitive and social-tech engineering elements. Results show that little application of innovation models within the healthcare sector has been undertaken to foster innovation. We suggest that existing innovation frameworks such as the Innovation Pentathlon Framework, the NASA's partnering incentive and the Tesco club card scheme may be the basis for the creation of a healthcare innovation model that incorporates substantive human aspects, including human cognition and human reward. Since the cost of missing medical appointments in the NHS is around $1390 million dollars per year, our innovation model may be implemented to improve patient attendance to family doctors and hospital appointments. The model strategy comprises rewarding people with shopping vouchers (Tesco club card points or nectar points) each time they confirm or cancel a medical appointment online or by SMS text message. With this model, the NHS would improve the management of their resources, may improve the quality of service and may have higher user satisfaction. Nevertheless, future challenges may include the adaptation of current NHS business processes and the management of the collaboration with private organizations.
Subsolidus evolution and alteration of titanomagnetite in ocean ridge basalts from Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program Hole 504B9 Leg 83: Implications for the timing of magnetization

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Magnetic minerals in six samples of oceanic basalts of the transition zone and upper sheeted dikes from Deep Sea Drilling Project/Ocean Drilling Program (DSDP/ODP) Hole 504B, Leg 83, were studied by methods of rock magnetism and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM observations showed that the magnetic mineral in these basalts is end‐member magnetite (TMO) of extremely fine‐grain size (30–100 nm) primarily in the range of pseudosingle‐domain magnetite, consistent with the rock magnetic properties including hysteresis parameters, Curie temperature, and low‐temperature measurements (Verwey transition). Magnetite formed by two different processes: (1) oxidation‐“exsolution,” true exsolution, and hydrothermal alteration, and (2) oxidation‐exsolution, a second stage of oxidation‐exsolution, and hydrothermal alteration. The primary titanomagnetite (TM60‐70) that crystallized from the melt thus evolved to end‐member magnetite coexisting with titanite (sphene), kassite, ulvöspinel (TM ∼ 87), and ilmenite on a submicroscopic scale. On the basis of the formation mechanisms of the magnetic carrier, the primary titanomagnetite (TM ∼ 60) with Curie temperature of ∼180°C did not acquire thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) in these basalts. Instead, the Ti‐bearing magnetite (TM ∼ 10–20) that formed as oxidized or exsolved lamellae acquired its first thermal chemical remanent magnetization (CRM) at ∼ 500–400°C during subsolidus cooling. Upon the onset of hydrothermal alteration the recrystallized end‐member magnetite acquired a second CRM. The natural remanent magnetization of the basalts from the transition zone and upper sheeted dikes is therefore characteristic of CRMs that were acquired when titanomagnetite altered, in part, to magnetite during subsolidus cooling and hydrothermal alteration close to the ridge axis.