jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Routine clinical reproducibility of hyperemic myocardial blood flow measurements with 15O-water-PET

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Hyperemic myocardial blood flow (MBF) has been shown to provide the most accurate non-invasive diagnosis of hemodynamically significant CAD. A high reproducibility of hyperemic MBF measurements is important for accurate stratification of patients. Previous studies have shown that whole-myocardium hyperemic MBF measurement with 82Rb has a repeatability coefficient (RC) of 50% (1.3 mL/g/min) for a two-day test-retest using adenosine in healthy controls [1] and 21% (0.51 mL/g/min) and 38% (0.90 mL/g/min) for a single-session and two-day test-retest using dipyridamole, respectively, in patients in clinical routine [2]. For 15O-water and adenosine, an RC of 25% (0.90 mL/g/min) has been reported in 1999 for healthy controls, whereas RC at the regional level was &gt;50% [3]. Purpose The aim of the current work is to assess the reproducibility of hyperemic MBF measurements with 15O-water using state of the art technology. Methods Ten patients referred for assessment of ischemia underwent a same day test-retest protocol consisting of 4-min dynamic rest and stress scans starting simultaneously with controlled bolus injection of 400 MBq 15O-water on a digital PET-CT scanner. Patients left the scanner between test and retest sessions and time between test and retest scan sessions was circa 1 h. Adenosine infusion at 140 μg/kg/min was started 2 min prior to each stress scan and continued during the entire scan. Images were analysed using fully automated software. RC (1.96 x SD of test-retest differences), mean relative test-retest difference and within-subject coefficient of variation (wCV) were calculated at the whole myocardium, regional and segmental levels. Results Whole myocardium hyperemic MBF ranged from 1.3 to 4.6 mL/g/min. RC was 15% (0.43 mL/g/min), 23% (0.67) and 27% (0.80) at whole myocardium, regional and segmental levels, respectively. Mean test-retest difference was 7%, 10% and 11%, and wCV was 5.5%, 8.3% and 9.8%, respectively. Figure 1 shows scatter plots of MBF values and figure 2 shows stress MBF polarmaps of a typical patient. Conclusion Automated data analysis and use of modern PET scanners results in a large improvement of reproducibility of hyperemic MBF measurements with 15O-water. Reproducibility of hyperemic MBF with 15O-water is superior to previously published values for 82Rb.Scatter plot of test-retest MBF values Stress MBF polar maps of one subject
Isolation and Characterization of New Bacillus thuringiensis Strains with Insecticidal Activity to Difficult to Control Lepidopteran Pests

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Strains were isolated from soil samples collected from mountains and fields of Yeong–Dong and Ok–cheon, ChungBuk province in order to select B. thuringiensis strains with high insecticidal activities against lepidopteran pests. Eight B. thuringiensis strains producing spores and endotoxin proteins were selected from a total of 26 soil samples. Tests of biological activities in Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, Plutella xylostella, and Aedes aegypti were performed with 8 isolates of B. thuringiensis. CAB565 and CAB566 strains were selected, because such strains showed more than 80% of insecticidal activities against four kinds of pests. Selected two strains formed endotoxin proteins in a typical bipyramidal type. CAB565 and CAB566 strains were identified as thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, and thuringiensis subsp. aizawai, respectively. LC_<50> value of CAB566 strain against larvae of S. litura at the fourth stage was 7.7×10^5 (cfu/ml), which was the highest activity. LC_<50> value of CAB565 strain against larvae of S. exigua at the fifth stage was 3.0×10^6 (cfu/ml), which was high activity. Through SDS–PAGE, CAB565 and CAB566 strains showed a band at 130 kDa. After it reacted with midgut juice of S. litura and S. exigua, a band of toxin protein was shown at 65 kDa. According to results of PCR analysis, it was found that cry1Aa, cry1Ac and cry1I genes were present in CAB565 strain and it was different from B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. cry1Aa, cry1C, cry1D and cry1I genes were present in CAB566 strain and it was different from B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai. As a result of plasmid DNA patterns, B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki KB099 strain and CAB565 strain had 5 and 10 plasmid DNAs, respectively. B. thuringiensis subsp. aizawai KB098 strain and CAB566 strain had 9 and 7 plasmid DNAs, respectively.
Pressure ulcers in paediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It has been shown that pressure ulcer formation in critically ill paediatric patients increases morbidity and mortality. We sought to identify factors associated with pressure ulcer formation in paediatric patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). From December 2014 to 2015, we identified patients at our institution who developed a pressure ulcer to create two cohorts: ulcer and no ulcer. Variables of interest included: type of ECMO, ECMO indication, hours on ECMO, location of cannulas, volume of crystalloid and blood products received during the first 7 days or during the length of the ECMO run, albumin and lactate levels on the day of cannulation, and presence of vasopressor support or steroid therapy. Of 43 patients studied, 11 (25.5%) developed a pressure ulcer. Patients that developed ulcers were older ( P = 0.001) and weighed more ( P = 0.006). Femoral cannulation was more frequent in the ulcer group (36.4% vs 6.3%, P = 0.029), and duration of ECMO was longer ( P = 0.007). Age, weight, duration of ECMO, and femoral cannulation may contribute to the development of pressure ulcers in children who require ECMO support. Further analysis is imperative to identify specific techniques and protocols that will prevent pressure ulcers in this critically ill population.
Understanding October 7 through Hamas’s Adaptability and Leadership Structure

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This essay examines Hamas's pragmatic adaptability and its decentralized leadership structure in order to offer insight into the movement's decision to attack on October 7, 2023. It hones in on Hamas's decision-making processes since it gained control of Gaza in 2007, situating the discussion within regional and international attempts to contain the movement into mainstream politics. The essay presents a critique of this approach to Hamas since 2007, highlighting regional and international failures to engage with Hamas as both a resistance movement and governing ­authority. Ultimately, the essay aims to clarify the complex interactions between Hamas's leadership model and regional actors that preceded the October 7 events.
Derivations Leading to Ampere's Force Law

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper paraphrases from this author's perspective some of the derivations of
Andre-Marie Ampere relating to formulation of what became known as "Ampere's Force Law".
It is compared to Neumann's Force Law and it is shown that both are equivalent in force
predictions between parallel wires, but not for collinear (in-line) wire segments. Ampere's Force Law
predicts a repelling force for collinear wire segments; Neumann's Force Law predicts an attractive
force, not in agreement with the interpretation of observations by Ampere and other investigators.
THE BREEDING OF LOCAL CORN BY MULTIGAMMA RADIATION METHOD (NUCLEAR) IN WEST TIMOR NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Corn is one of Nusa Tenggara Timur main commodities. This plant has prospect to be increased in NTT, because it is adapted to the soil which has calcium deposits with relative low rainfall (dry soil) and high salinity. This research aimed to develop local corn variety through breeding by multi-gamma radiation method, selection, and crossing to obtain the prime seed of the local corn with different characteristics to its source plant.The method of research is breeding of local corn using gamma and multi-gamma radiation methods to produce several varieties of prime seed, so is very easy to select and obtain the prime seed of local corn. The other methods are comprised of observation, sampling, analysis, comparative, and interpretation.The result obtained on the first step (first year) is the selected mutation variety (the prime seed of local corn) with production 11 tons per ha (local yellow corn) and 9 tons per ha (local white corn). The production increase 36.4% (local yellow corn) and 33.3% (local white corn). On the second step (first year), obtained addition variety of selected mutation and more superior variety is resulted of crossing with production 13 tons per ha (local yellow corn) and 10 tons per ha (local white corn). The production increases 46.2% (local yellow corn) and 40.0% (local white corn). These results show that the breeding of local corn by multi-gamma radiation method and crossing can produce primer seed and has a certain quality to increase production significantly of the farmer on the sector of corn commodity.
A strategy for constructing and verifying short hairpin RNA expression vectors.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The application of RNA interference (RNAi) to study gene function is now commonplace in a variety of biological systems. Producing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) by DNA vectors is one popular strategy for RNAi applications. Here, we describe a one-step PCR method, termed reverse PCR, for constructing shRNA expression vectors. Characteristically, the pair of primers binds to circular plasmid in a back-to-back manner. The anchored primers provide the templates of shRNA sense strand and antisense strand locating to the two separate ends of PCR segment, which will benefit the PCR amplification and subsequent cloning by avoiding premature formation of a hairpin configuration. Finally, the establishment of a circular vector is achieved by self-ligation of the single PCR product. In addition, our results indicated that the hairpin loop including a single restriction site is resistant to digestion, while inclusion of twin restriction sites in the loop leads to activity, creating an optimal strategy for verifying sequences of shRNA template.
Variation in the protein content of single seeds of four varieties of oil seed rape

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Single seeds of four varieties of oil seed rape, Bronowski, Gulle, Zephyr and Oro were analysed for protein content using a micro‐Kjeldahl method. Considerable variation was detected and protein levels ranged from 11 to 42% of total seed dry weight. Approximately 70% of the seed protein was found in the cotyledons. Heavier seeds were found to contain more protein in all four varieties, though no correlation could be detected between the percentage protein content of the seeds and seed weight.
Sha'rawi, Huda (1879–1947)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Egyptian feminist leader Huda Sha'rawi was born on her father's estate in Minya in Upper Egypt. Her father, Sultan Pasha, was a wealthy landowner and a provincial administrator, and a member of the national Chamber of Deputies. Her mother, Iqbal Hanim, was a young woman of Circassian origin brought from Turkey to Egypt as an infant.
COMPETITIVE STRATEGIES ADOPTED BY AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN NAIROBI, KENYA AND CHALLENGES FACED IN THEIR IMPLEMENTATION

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Most previous research projects into competitive strategies have concentrated generally on developed countries. Not many local studies have focused on the Competitive Strategies adopted by Aga khan University Hospital in Nairobi, or hospital industry in Kenya. This study therefore sought to fill the existing research gap by carrying out a case study on Competitive Strategies adopted by Aga khan University Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya and challenges faced in their implementation amidst the turbulent business environment. The target population of this study was the managerial staff working at the Aga khan University Hospital in Nairobi, Kenya. The study focused particularly on the department heads of this pivotal Hospital in the country. This paper utilized an interview guide similar to those used in various previous research projects. The study collected qualitative data using a self-administered interview guide. The response received was analyzed by content analysis. From the findings, the study established that the majority (85%) of respondents stated that product design/style, advertisements/promotions, quality products, brand reputation and use of publicity were the major strategies that were employed to remain competitive in the market
Managing conflicting issues: a decision‐making tool for technology adoption by VSEs

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Decision making is a vital part of the adoption process of new technologies by VSEs; however, to date, little has been written on this subject. This paper outlines a number of approaches to decision making currently in the literature and argues that most of them are inappropriate to VSEs. A decision‐making tool most appropriate for VSEs in a technology adoption process is suggested. Sets of conflicting issues are conceptualised as a decision‐dilemma which have the ability to impede the adoption of new technology. Thus, the tool is designed to allow owners/managers of VSEs to manage these decision‐dilemmas at any time during the process of new technology adoption.
Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathways in spondyloarthritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose of review Cytokines are major drivers of autoimmunity, and biologic agents targeting cytokines have revolutionized the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway represents a group of several intracellular molecules with a key role in signal pathways activated by growth factors and cytokines. These kinase proteins are associated with the signaling process of multiple key cytokines, which regulates various T-cell subpopulations and their effector cytokines. Development of novel drugs to inhibit this kinase cascade is an emerging field in clinical immunology. Thus, it is essential to have insights about the regulatory role of the JAK-STAT cytokine signaling in relation to autoimmune diseases and its applications in spondyloarthritis. Recent findings JAK-STAT kinase signaling proteins have been extensively studied in rheumatoid arthritis. Initial observations suggest that JAK-STAT kinase signaling cascade regulates activation and proliferation of the IL17 + effector memory T cells and thus has a potential role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. Summary Here, we provide an overview of the clinical rheumatologists about the significance of JAK-STAT signaling system in rheumatic diseases and introduce the potential application of JAK and STAT inhibitors in spondyloarthritis.
Alzheimer’s Disease: Current and Future Treatments. A Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a currently incurable neurodegenerative disorder whose treatment poses a big challenge. Proposed causes of AD include the cholinergic, amyloid and tau hypotheses. Current therapeutic treatments have been aimed at dealing with the neurotransmitter imbalance. These include cholinesterase inhibitors and N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists. However, current therapeutics have been unable to halt AD progression. Much research has gone into the development of disease-modifying drugs to interfere with the course of the disease. Approaches include secretase inhibition and immunotherapy aimed at reducing plaque deposition. However, these have not been successful in curing AD as yet. It is believed that the main reason why therapeutics have failed to work is that treatment begins too late in the course of the disease. The future of AD treatment thus appears to lie with prevention rather than cure. In this article, current therapeutics and, from there, the future of AD treatment are discussed.
Phase-field lattice Boltzmann simulation of three-dimensional settling dendrite with natural convection during nonisothermal solidification of binary alloy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Understanding the motion and growth behaviors of equiaxed dendrites during solidification is important for predicting macrosegregation. In this study, we develop a phase-field lattice Boltzmann (PF-LB) simulation method for the settling and growth of an equiaxed dendrite during the nonisothermal solidification of a binary alloy. The PF-LB computations are accelerated by employing parallel computation using multiple graphic processing units (GPUs) and the octree block-structured adaptive mesh refinement method, which incorporates multiple mesh and time increment methods. By using the developed method, we can simulate the three-dimensional long-distance settling dendrite while considering the effects of latent heat release and natural convection. From the simulation results, we confirm that the natural convection due to the high solute concentration around a dendrite reduces the settling velocity. In addition, we observe that the temperature increase owing to latent heat release slows dendrite growth, which in turn slightly slows the settling velocity. From these results, we confirm that the effects of latent heat release and natural convection are not negligible in the quantitative evaluation of settling dendrites.
Donovanosis: report of two cases with rare complications.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

2 cases of Donovanosis with unusual presentations, anal stricture in a 25-year old man, and massive enlargement of the labia in a 25-year old woman, are described. The man had a 15 x 6 cm laque from the natal cleft to the scrotum, constricting the anus so that he could only pass painful ribbon stools. The center was ulcerated for 4 cm around the anus. The patient had no other positive laboratory or clinical findings. The lesion had developed from a pustule that developed into an ulcerative lesion 7 years ago, just after a homosexual contact. A tissue smear, but no a biopsy, showed Donovan bodies. The patient was cured with 21 days of oral sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, 2 tablets of 400/80 mg twice daily. The woman's labia were both solidly enlarged and edematous, surrounded by ulceration of the groins and perineum. She also had no positive laboratory or systemic clinical findings. Her biopsy showed a few Donovan bodies, but repeated tissue smears were negative. Her ulcer was healed completely in 20 days with oral tetracycline, 2.0 g daily, but her labia remained swollen.
Using product design methods in designing and validating entreprise models

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In our research, the enterprise is considered as a system evolving in an environment (the market, the concurrences, suppliers, humanity) with given objectives, generating certain values, that carries out an activity (a set of processes) and sees its internal structure evaluating without loosing its unique identity. To handle the complexity, the ever-changing state of this particular system many models are proposed. The profusion of enterprise models makes it confusing to understand and use them. But as enterprises continue their evolution, we will be building new models to fit new enterprise needs. But models design is rarely discussed. Besides, it is already difficult to choose between different existing models. Studying models' validation can give us some criteria to assume that a model is more efficient and though will be better used. In this paper, we, first, draw a state of the art of enterprise models that will justify our focus on some enterprise models. Second we present a design method to guide the building of selected enterprise models. The proposed design method is made clear by its application to a selected model. Third, we are proposing to validate the model through the functions it is fulfilling for the enterprise. And finally we present the perspective for our research.
Experimental Detection of Left-to-Right Circulatory Shunts with Injections of Krypton85

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SummaryLeft-to-right shunts were constructed in 8 mongrel dogs by anastomosis of left subclavian artery to left pulmonary artery. When solutions of krypton85 were injected into the root of the aorta proximal to a functioning shunt, the krypton gas could be detected in the airway by a Geiger-Müller tube in less than 5 seconds. When similar injections were made in the absence of a shunt, the appearance time was usually 10 seconds or more. Thus, by monitoring expired gas it is possible to detect the presence of a shunt resulting in early appearance of Kr85 in pulmonary arterial blood following injection into the left side of heart or the aorta.
Variable Universe Adaptive Fuzzy Control for Liquid Lever

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Variable universe adaptive fuzzy controller tunes automatically the contraction-expansion factor and universe varies with error of the system. By this approach, the accuracy and the adaptivity of the system can be improved. Aiming at the nonlinearity and time-delay of the plant, a variable universe adaptive fuzzy control for liquid lever system is proposed. First, the mathematical model of the plant is established. Then, a variable universe adaptive fuzzy controller (VUAFC) is designed to control the open degree of valve in the liquid lever system. Simulation results show that the approach improves performance in the transient and steady state of liquid lever.
Depression of cell-mediated immunity in old age and the immunopathic diseases, lupus erythematosus, chronic hepatitis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cell-mediated immunity was assessed in man by summation of positive delayed hypersensitivity (DHS) responses to five test antigens, Candida, mumps, trichophyton, tuberculin and streptokinase-streptodornase (Varidase). The study included forty-four controls comprising healthy persons and hospital inpatients with minor illnesses, forty-five aged persons, twenty-four patients with active chronic hepatitis (ACH), nine with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and fourteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis. For controls and the group with ACH, cell-mediated immunity was assessed also by transformation of blood lymphocytes with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The incidence of positive DHS responses to all antigens fell with advancing age, and responsiveness was significantly lower in all three groups of immunopathic disease, particularly ACH. Prednisolone was not associated with significantly depressed DHS reactions, but combined prednisolone and azathioprine were. Weak DHS responses were associated significantly with low titres of natural antibody to flagellin and with lower humoral immune responses to flagellin. Lymphocyte transformation in response to PHA in ACH was significantly less than in healthy controls. Thus certain autoimmune diseases show an immunological imbalance in the form of depressed cell-mediated immunity to extrinsic antigens and `hyperactive' humoral immune responses to `self' antigens and selected extrinsic antigens.