jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Automated CT Lung Density Analysis of Viral Pneumonia and Healthy Lungs Using Deep Learning-Based Segmentation, Histograms and HU Thresholds

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

CT patterns of viral pneumonia are usually only qualitatively described in radiology reports. Artificial intelligence enables automated and reliable segmentation of lungs with chest CT. Based on this, the purpose of this study was to derive meaningful imaging biomarkers reflecting CT patterns of viral pneumonia and assess their potential to discriminate between healthy lungs and lungs with viral pneumonia. This study used non-enhanced and CT pulmonary angiograms (CTPAs) of healthy lungs and viral pneumonia (SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B) identified by radiology reports and RT-PCR results. After deep learning segmentation of the lungs, histogram-based and threshold-based analyses of lung attenuation were performed and compared. The derived imaging biomarkers were correlated with parameters of clinical and biochemical severity (modified WHO severity scale; c-reactive protein). For non-enhanced CTs (n = 526), all imaging biomarkers significantly differed between healthy lungs and lungs with viral pneumonia (all p < 0.001), a finding that was not reproduced for CTPAs (n = 504). Standard deviation (histogram-derived) and relative high attenuation area [600–0 HU] (HU-thresholding) differed most. The strongest correlation with disease severity was found for absolute high attenuation area [600–0 HU] (r = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.46–0.64). Deep-learning segmentation-based histogram and HU threshold analysis could be deployed in chest CT evaluation for the differentiating of healthy lungs from AP lungs.
Pathogenic free‐living amoebic encephalitis in Japan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Over 600 cases of amoebic encephalitis caused by pathogenic free‐living amoebas ( Balamuthia mandrillaris , Acanthamoeba spp., and Naegleria fowleri ) have been reported worldwide, and in Japan, 24 cases have been reported from the first case in 1976 up to 2018. Among these cases, 18 were caused by B. mandrillaris , four by Acanthamoeba spp., one by N. fowleri , and one was of unknown etiology. Additionally, eight cases were diagnosed with encephalitis due to pathogenic free‐living amoebas before death, but only three cases were successfully treated. Unfortunately, all other cases were diagnosed by autopsy. These facts indicate that an adequate diagnosis is difficult, because encephalitis due to pathogenic free‐living amoebas does not show typical symptoms or laboratory findings. Moreover, because the number of cases is limited, other cases might have been missed outside of those diagnosed by autopsy. Cases of encephalitis caused by B. mandrillaris have been reported from all over Japan, with B. mandrillaris recently isolated from soil in Aomori prefecture. Therefore, encephalitis caused by pathogenic free‐living amoebas should be added to the differential diagnosis of encephalitis patients.
New Soft Structure: Infra Soft Topological Spaces

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

It is always convenient to find the weakest conditions that preserve some topologically inspired properties. To this end, we introduce the concept of an infra soft topology which is a collection of subsets that extend the concept of soft topology by dispensing with the postulate that the collection is closed under arbitrary unions. We study the basic concepts of infra soft topological spaces such as infra soft open and infra soft closed sets, infra soft interior and infra soft closure operators, and infra soft limit and infra soft boundary points of a soft set. We reveal the main properties of these concepts with the help of some elucidative examples. Then, we present some methods to generate infra soft topologies such as infra soft neighbourhood systems, basis of infra soft topology, and infra soft relative topology. We also investigate how we initiate an infra soft topology from crisp infra topologies. In the end, we explore the concept of continuity between infra soft topological spaces and determine the conditions under which the continuity is preserved between infra soft topological space and its parametric infra topological spaces.
Characteristics of Runoff and Sediment Production from Orchard Plots Under Different Mixed and Relay Plantations in Hilly Area with Red Soils

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Based on the long term(2002-2005) in situ runoff plots observation experiment in Yan gully catchment in Dean county,Jiangxi province,the characteristics of runoff and eroded sediment under different mixed and relay plantation types and their response to rainfall events were compared to identify the effects of mixed and relay plantation on the soil erosion of sloping orchard land.The interaction between the soil structure,soil water retention capacity and external environmental forces,such as rainfall,evaporation and sediment movement,was also discussed in this paper.The results showed that grass plantation in orchard significantly reduced soil erosion(95%) and surface runoff(80%) in comparison with control plot only planting citrus,with the highest performance of Paspalum natatum plantation.Comparing with contour tillage,sloping tillage increased soil erosion by 77% and surface runoff by 20%.The simple contour tillage might not perform good conservation during heavy monsoon storms due to the failure of the small banks,which was indicated by highest slope ratio of 2.68 by equation fitting for all the plot treatments.Rainfall amount during storm events could be an important indicator for modeling runoff and sediment exported from sloping plots based on the regressed equations which was especially for Poyang lake watershed with monsoon climate.The study provided a scientific base for evaluation of agro-forestry system functions in the hilly area with red soils.
Adaptive control of piezoelectric walker actuator

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work focuses on the design of adaptive controller for high precision positioning purposes using PiezoLegs actuator. Actuator is driven with the set of periodical sine shaped voltages with known frequency, amplitude and phase shift between the phases. Clear relationships between the amplitude and phase shifts between the phases and actuator step size have been established. Based on these relationships adaptive controller has been designed. Controller is a linear, cascaded type of feedback controller that uses position feedback from an encoder. Based on the information of the absolute error controller performs the adaptive step size modulation by changing amplitude or phase shift of the driving voltages. Proposed algorithm is validated experimentally. Experimental results show satisfactory level performance, controller achieves fast settling time, no overshoot response and high accuracy of positioning with small steady state errors.
Diffuse electrical injury-a study of 136 subjects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Some electrical injuries defy explanation by the theories of thermal damage or electroporation. In rare electrical contacts, symptomatology arises that is remote to the theoretical current pathway and is often disproportionate to the parameters of electrical contact. The rarity with which this type of diffuse electrical injury (DEI) occurs often leads to diagnoses that the symptoms are of a nonorganic nature. An on-going Web-based interactive survey is being used to locate and query individuals suffering from rarely occurring responses to electrical contact. The research results indicate that there is a symptomatology fingerprint associated with the class of electrical shock injury studied.
Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Soils Solidified by Microbially Induced CaCO3 Precipitation (MICP)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) uses the metabolic function of microbes to carry out biochemical reactions with other substances in the environment. Through the controlled growth of inorganic minerals, soil particles are cemented and soil pores are filled to solidify the soil and reduce its permeability. Thus, the application of this technology was foreseen in geotechnical engineering and environment (building antiseepage, contaminated soil restoration, slope soil erosion, and sand liquefaction). In this review article, based on current research findings, the urea hydrolysis and the cementation mechanism of MICP are briefly described. The influences of factors such as enzyme activity, cementation solution concentration, pH, temperature, grouting method, and particle size on MICP‐treated soil are discussed. The engineering properties of MICP‐treated soils are evaluated, for instance, the strength, stiffness, liquefaction resistance, permeability, and durability. The applications of MICP technology in ground improvement, geotechnical seepage control, foundation erosion resistance, and fixation of heavy metals are summarized. Finally, future directions of the development of MICP technology are elucidated to provide a reference and guidance for the promotion of MICP technology in the geotechnical engineering field.
ChemInform Abstract: Polycyclic N‐Heterocyclic Compounds. Part 70. Synthesis of 5‐Amino‐1,2‐dihydrofuro[2,3‐b]pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐d]pyridines and Related Compounds. Evaluation of Effects on Lipoprotein Lipase mRNA Expression.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The tetracyclic title heterocycles (II) are synthesized via a Truce—Smiles rearrangement.
A Computer Program Package For Use With the Southern Pine Seed Orchard Inventory-Monitoring System

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Southern pine seed orchards covering more than 10,000 acres currently produce over 160,000 pounds of improved seed having a potential of 1 billion seedlings annually. By the year 2000, annual seed production · is expected to reach 500,000 pounds. Seed orchards not only represent potential for improved growth, wood quality and pest resistance, but they also represent a large capital investment in orchard establishment and equipment and the ~ignificant annual costs of orchard maintenance, protection and harvesting. Since the immediate goal of the seed orchard investment is the annual production of cones and seed, the task of the seed orchard manager could be greatly lightened by a system that will forecast annual cone and seed crops and monitor production efficiency. Such a system has been developed by Bramlett and Godbee (1982). In the Inventory- Moni taring System (IMS) a set of sample trees are chosen from the seed orchard population. Then, based on the survival of cones on tagged sample branches in each sample tree, the expected number of cones and seed from the orchard can be predicted as early as 18 months prior to cone harvest. Bramlett and Godbee (1982) detailed various procedures for the selection of sample trees as well as methods for choosing sample branches and conducting flower, cone let and cone counts. Besides providing guidelines for data collection in the orchard, the authors also defined the variables used in the calculation of predicted cone and seed yields, including cone efficiency, seed potential, seed efficiency, extraction efficiency and germination efficiency. They showed how to compute (or update) the values of these variables and how to apply them in models to calculate predicted bushels of cones, predicted pounds of seed, predicted number of seedlings and other predicted values for the orchard. In addition to these predicted values, Bramlett and Godbee (1982) also demonstrated how the IMS can be used by the orchard manager to evaluate orchard productivity, identify the factors reducing yields, and formulate corrective action, including fertilization and pest management. \nBecause a great deal of record-keeping and repetitive mathematical operations are involved in the IMS, it is ideally suited to computerization. A computerized version of the IMS not only has the advantage of efficient data storage and manipulation, but it also makes possible the application of more sophisticated mathematical models as they become available, and facilitates the utilization of productivity data accumulated from year to year to improve the accuracy\nof the system.
Pluralism and the Unity of Science

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay argues for a conception of the unity of science that is of distant but distinct Kantian provenance. We first review some of the challenges that undermined two influential predecessor conceptions of the unity of science. Many of these criticisms were raised by pluralists, who found them reason enough to embrace the disunity of science. We propose an alternative response. We argue that the epistemic advantages of pluralism arise only when it is combined with a limiting constraint: when it is what we call unified pluralism. Moreover, once we accept unified pluralism, an ideal emerges of a pluralist unity of science. We argue that we have good reason to adopt this ideal as regulative of scientific inquiry, and as guiding discovery of the laws of nature when and where they exist.
Curative Effect of the Combination of Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell Transplantation and Tongmai Huayu Soup on Diabetic Foot

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To probe the curative effect of the combination of autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation and Tongmai Huayu soup on diabetic foot.Methods 45 patients with diabetic foot caused by chronic lower limb ischemia were randomly divided into regularly treated group(group A) including 15 cases with 30 affected limbs,and autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation treated group(group B)including 15 cases with 28 affected limbs,and combination of autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation and Tongmai Huayu soup treated group(group C)including 15 cases with 29 affected limbs.The parameters and curative effect was evaluated after 12 weeks' treatment.Results There was no statistical significance of parameter in group A(P0.05).It showed improvement in limb ache,cold feeling,intermittent limping,the ankle-brachial index,skin temperature in group B and C(P0.05).The curative effect of group C on alleviating limb ache,cold feeling,intermittent limping,skin temperature was more effective than that of group B.There was a statistical significance(P0.05).Conclusion Autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation is an effective method for treating diabetic foot caused by chronic lower limb ischemia.The combination with Tongmai Huayu soup improves the curative effect of autologous bone marrow stem cell transplantation.
A Study on Sexual Grooming Against Minors

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

아동청소년은 성적인 대상이 될 수 없으나 이들에 대한 성적인 접근인 그루밍은 지속적으로 발생하고 있으며, 특히 인터넷 공간에서의 그루밍은 여러 제도적 장치에도 개선되고 있지 못하다. 현실적으로, 입시중심의 생활에서 인터넷상의 교류가 거의 유일한 활력소인 아동청소년의 환경과 인터넷상의 익명성을 이용한 일부 왜곡된 성적욕구는 유기적으로 결합될 수 밖에 없는 구조이며 이미 사회문제가 되었으며 향후 전망도 상당히 부정적인 것이 사실이다.BR 그루밍은 성범죄이며 아동청소년에게 평생 지울 수 없는 고통이 되나, 일부 유형의 경우 아동청소년이 특정 행동에 동의 내지 동조했다는 이유로 성범죄가 부정되는 경우가 있다. 그러나 성적인 문제에 있어 아동청소년의 동의는 다른 성범죄와 다르게 문제의 본질이 아니며 일반적인 동의의 개념 보다는 좁고 명확해야 한다. 즉 전체 행위들의 제반사항의 전후에 엄격한 해석이 요구된다.BR 따라서 신설조문인 제15조의2의 ‘성착취’와 ‘지속적’‧‘반복적’ 등으로 규정된 부분은 세밀한 보충이 필요하며 가해자로 설정되어 있는 성인은 또래나 19세에 근접한 미성년자에 의해 발생하는 그루밍도 감안하여 개선의 여지가 있다. 이외에도 그루밍은 예상보다 복잡다단한 사례가 있을 수 있으며 이러한 형태 중 문제되는 행위를 구체적으로 정형화 하여 규정하는 것은 앞으로도 상당히 힘든 과정이 될 것으로 예상된다.BR 그렇지만 아동청소년에 대한 성범죄는 반드시 해결해야 할 우리의 당면과제이며 그루밍은 그 중심에 있는 것이 사실이다. 따라서 그루밍을 근절하기 위해 법적인 보완 외에 아동청소년에 대한 관련교육은 필수적이고 사진이나 동영상의 유출 방지 등 피해자를 보호할 수 있는 방안도 필요하며 이러한 제반사항을 모두 포함할 수 있는 관련규정의 합리적 보완이 필요하다.
Cardiotoxicity with antihypertensive drugs (literature review). Part II. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and multi-drug intoxication

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Overdose with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, especially in combination with other cardiovascular drugs, is limited by a small number of publications. A serious problem is an overdose with combined drugs with a fixed dose and poisoning with several drugs at the same time. ACE inhibitors poisoning has serious complications and can lead to a fatal outcome. Acute ACE inhibitors poisoning comes out in disorders of hemocirculation, where one of the predisposing mechanisms of decompensation of blood circulation is the failure of cardiomyocytes, the pathogenesis of which is not fully studied. Therefore, the currently used the methods of cardio- and hemodynamic disorders correction which are currently used do not always give a positive effect. The review highlights the difficulties of clinical and functional diagnosis and treatment of overdose with ACE inhibitors, combined drugs with a fixed dose, as well as poisoning with several drugs.
The interaction between temporal grouping and phonotactic chunking in short-term serial order memory for novel verbal sequences

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The current study investigated the ways long-term memory contributes to short-term serial order memory of novel verbal sequences, focusing on long-term knowledge of bi-element frequency, that is, co-occurrence frequency of two consecutive elements in a linguistic environment. Participants performed two types of immediate serial recall of nine-element (nine-mora) sequences: low bi-mora frequency sequences where all eight associations between the nine morae were low frequency, and mixed bi-mora frequency sequences, with high-frequency associations for six of the eight bi-morae. Experiment 1 confirmed the bi-directional bi-mora frequency effect, meaning better recall performance for morae having high-frequency association with either the preceding mora (forward association) or the following mora (backward association). In Experiment 2, two temporal pauses were inserted in each list to disrupt high-frequency associations with the preceding mora or the following mora. The results showed that the bi-element frequency effect diminished when the high-frequency backward association was disrupted but the effect remained when the high-frequency forward association was disrupted. We discuss possible mechanisms underlying the asymmetric influence of temporal pauses on interactions between short-term memory and linguistic long-term memory.
Expression of lumbrokinase genes in eukaryotic cell COS-7

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective: To study the biological activity of proteins expressed by lumbrokinase genes in eukaryotic cell COS-7. Methods: The F-3 and F-5 genes were inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+),respectively. The recombinant plasmids pcDNA-3 and pcDNA-5 were transfected into COS-7 cells. After transfection, the supernatant of culture medium were collected separately at 24 h, 36 h, and 48 h. Using fibrin plate, the fibrinolytic activity of the culture medium was examined. Results: The recombinant expression vector of pcDNA-3 and pcDNA-5 were constructed, and expressed successfully in COS-7 cells. The product in the supernatant of culture medium had obvious fibrinolytic activity defected by fibrin plate method. Conclusion: The genes that encode the F-3 and F-5 can be expressed in the eukaryotic cell COS-7 and the product had the fibrinolytic activity.
Cross-linking of U2 snRNA using nitrogen mustard. Evidence for higher order structure.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Nuclear mRNA precursors are spliced by a large macromolecular complex called the spliceosome which contains, in most eucaryotes, five small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) each in the form of a small ribonucleoprotein particle (the U1, U2, U5, and U4/U6 snRNPs). Although secondary structures have been derived for all five spliceosomal snRNAs based on phylogenetic, biochemical, and genetic data, little tertiary structure information is available. Here we use the general cross-linking reagent nitrogen mustard [bis-(2-chloroethyl)methylamine] to detect tertiary interactions within U2 snRNA. After the cross-linking of deproteinized HeLa nuclear extract, two intramolecularly cross-linked U2 species with anomalous electrophoretic mobility can be detected (X-U2#1 and X-U2#2). The 3' and 5' boundaries of each cross-link were determined by rapid enzymatic RNA sequencing of end-labeled RNA. X-U2#1 is cross-linked between the region U41-U55 and G105 or G106, X-U2#2 between U53 and G97 or G98. We then tested the ability of the two cross-linked species to bind snRNP proteins in vitro (in nuclear extract or S100) and in vivo (in Xenopus oocytes). X-U2#2 reconstituted efficiently both in vitro and in vivo but X-U2#1 did not, as judged by immunoprecipitation with antibodies specific for Sm- and U2-specific proteins. Since the cross-link in X-U2#2 involves the Sm binding site but does not block snRNP assembly, our data strongly suggest that the Sm binding site lies on the surface of the native snRNP.
Retrospective analysis of factors associated with outcome of proximal interphalangeal joint arthrodesis in 82 horses including Warmblood and Thoroughbred sport horses and Quarter Horses (1992–2014)

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Summary Reasons for performing study Outcomes associated with arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal ( PIP ) joint in Quarter Horses used for Western performance activities are well documented but little is known regarding outcomes for other types of horses. Objectives To identify factors associated with outcomes, including breed and activity, after arthrodesis of the PIP joint in Warmbloods, Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses. Study design Retrospective case series. Methods Surgical case records of 82 Quarter Horses principally engaged in Western performance and Thoroughbred or Warmblood breeds principally engaged in showing, showjumping and dressage, with arthrodesis of the PIP joint were reviewed. Arthrodesis was performed with either 3 transarticular cortex bone screws placed in lag fashion, a dynamic compression plate ( DCP ) with 2 transarticular cortex bone screws placed in lag fashion, or a locking compression plate ( LCP ) with 2 transarticular cortex bone screws placed in lag fashion. Demographic data, clinical presentation, radiographic findings, surgical technique, post operative treatment and complications were recorded. Long‐term follow‐up was obtained for all 82 horses. Results Osteoarthritis of the PIP joint was the most common presenting condition requiring arthrodesis, which was performed with either the 3 screw technique (n = 41), DCP fixation (n = 22), or LCP fixation (n = 19). Post operatively, 23/31 (74%) Warmbloods/Thoroughbreds and 44/51 (87%) Quarter Horses achieved successful outcomes. Thirteen of 23 (57%) Warmbloods/Thoroughbreds and 24 of 38 (63%) Quarter Horses, used for athletic performance, returned to successful competition. Within this subgroup of horses engaged in high‐level activity, regardless of breed type, horses undergoing hindlimb arthrodesis were significantly more likely to return to successful competition (73%; 33/45) than those with forelimb arthrodesis (25%; 4/16, P = 0.002). Conclusions Arthrodesis of the PIP joint in Warmbloods/Thoroughbreds and Quarter Horses results in a favourable outcome for return to their intended use and athletic competition.