jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Understanding the relationship between the optimization criteria in two-view motion analysis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The three best known criteria in two-view motion analysis are based respectively, on the distances between points and their corresponding epipolar lines, on the gradient-weighted epipolar errors, and on the distances between points and the reprojections of their reconstructed paints. The last one has a better statistical interpretation, but is, however much slower than the first two. In this paper we show that the last two criteria are equivalent when the epipoles are at infinity, and differ from each other only a little even when the epipoles are in the image. The first two criteria are equivalent only when the epipoles are at infinity and when the observed object has the same scale in the two images. This suggests that the second criterion is sufficient in practice because of its computational efficiency. The result is valid for both calibrated and uncalibrated images.
Oxandra Richard 1845

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Key to species of the genus Oxandra in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest 1. Leaves with tertiary veins distinctly reticulate........................................................................................................... 2 - Leaves with tertiary veins not reticulate or only slightly reticulate.............................................................................. 3 2. Leaves elliptic to narrowly ovate with a cordate base; pedicels 3–6 mm long, bracts 2–10; stipe of monocarps 1–4 mm long .................................................................................................................................................... O. reticulata - Leaves narrowly elliptic with an acute to slightly attenuate base; pedicels 12–15 mm long, bract 1; stipe of monocarps 7–8 mm long ................................................................................................................................ O. unibracteata 3. Androdioecious; outer petals lanceolate; stipe of monocarps 7 mm long ................................................. O. martiana Hermaphrodite, perfect flowers; outer petals orbiculate; stipe of monocarps 1 mm long ................................ O. nitida
Fixed- and Variable-Rate Mortgages, Business Cycles, and Monetary Policy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper studies how the proportion of fixed- and variable-rate mortgages affects business cycles and welfare. I develop and solve a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with a housing market and a group of constrained individuals who need housing collateral to obtain loans. The model predicts that with mostly variable-rate mortgages, an exogenous interest rate shock has larger effects on borrowers than in a fixed-rate economy. For plausible parameterizations, aggregate differences are muted by wealth effects on labor supply and by the presence of savers. For given monetary policy, a high proportion of fixed-rate mortgages is welfare enhancing.
Seeking the Spiritual Self within the Interior Environment: Analyzing the Work of Heidegger to Define the Human-Object Relationship

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Introduction The often cited alienation of contemporary society has given rise to the need to create sacred spaces where one may discover a spiritual experience. This desire for sacred space emanates from a fundamental and long standing need of humans to connect with their origins. The modern psyche springs from the legacy of past generations and is a “thread of interconnections woven back into the fabric of time” (Barrie, 1996, p. 3). However, the current state of humankind emphasizes and relies on scientific methodology and technological innovation, diminishing the philosophical resources needed to experience art, architecture, or design in general in terms of the sacred. In a sacred space, one realizes personal awareness and knowledge that connects the individual to the community on a psychosocial level. While humankind continues to seek connections to icons and objects of modern culture searching for a sense of self, deliberate efforts to create non-liturgical sacred spaces have all but disappeared. The notion of sacredness as a fundamental societal need seems to become more antiquated as human evolution progresses towards a future that technological innovation creates.
Squalene, lanosterol and cholesterol synthesis from acetate in neonatal chick tissues.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Acetate incorporation into squalene, lanosterol and cholesterol by liver and kidney slices and intestinal mucosa scrapes from neonatal chick was studied. Contrary to what is observed when using mevalonate as substrate, cholesterol was the main nonsaponifiable synthesized from acetate in all the conditions assayed. Low percentages of squalene and lanosterol were synthesized by liver and kidney slices, while in intestinal mucosa squalene was practically undetectable. The highest percentage of radioactivity in cholesterol was found in liver, followed by intestinal mucosa and kidney. Relative percentages of squalene, lanosterol and cholesterol were practically similar in each tissue at any incubation time and acetate concentration considered. Only in kidney these percentages, especially in the case of squalene, seemed to decrease at higher acetate concentrations (8-12 mM).
Dissection of the mutation accumulation process during bacterial range expansions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Background Recent experimental work has shown that the evolutionary dynamics of bacteria expanding across space can differ dramatically from what we expect under well-mixed conditions. During spatial expansion, deleterious mutations can accumulate due to inefficient selection on the expansion front, potentially interfering with and modifying adaptive evolutionary processes. Results We used whole genome sequencing to follow the genomic evolution of 10 mutator Escherichia coli lines during 39 days ( ~1650 generations) of a spatial expansion, which allowed us to gain a temporal perspective on the interaction of adaptive and non-adaptive evolutionary processes during range expansions. We used elastic net regression to infer the positive or negative effects of mutations on colony growth. The colony size, measured after three day of growth, decreased at the end of the experiment in all 10 lines, and mutations accumulated at a nearly constant rate over the whole experiment. We find evidence that beneficial mutations accumulate primarily at an early stage of the experiment, leading to a non-linear change of colony size over time. Indeed, the rate of colony size expansion remains almost constant at the beginning of the experiment and then decreases after ~12 days of evolution. We also find that beneficial mutations are enriched in genes encoding transport proteins, and genes coding for the membrane structure, whereas deleterious mutations show no enrichment for any biological process. Conclusions Our experiment shows that beneficial mutations target specific biological functions mostly involved in inter or extra membrane processes, whereas deleterious mutations are randomly distributed over the whole genome. It thus appears that the interaction between genetic drift and the availability or depletion of beneficial mutations determines the change in fitness of bacterial populations during range expansion.
The year in cardiovascular medicine 2020: epidemiology and prevention

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Cardiovascular disease and cancer continue to be the major causes of death worldwide and the two conditions have more in common than previously acknowledged. In fact, both diseases share many predisposing factors and mechanisms, with a common background of low-grade inflammation. Thus, both cardiologists and oncologists should score both cardiovascular and cancer risk factors and develop risk reduction strategies for their patients.
Functional analysis of the p47phox gene promoter

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Defects in the p47phox gene that encodes a cytosolic component of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase complex are responsible for the majority of cases of autosomal recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disorder (AR-CGD). Somatic gene therapy for p47phox-deficient AR-CGD requires regulated, sustainable expression of in cells affected by CGD. This thesis investigated regulation of the gene with the ultimate aim of constructing a retroviral vector that incorporates p47phox regulatory sequence. Myeloid and non-myeloid cell lines were transfected with CAT reporter gene constructs containing 57-3100 base pairs (bp) of the p47phox 5' promoter. Assay of CAT activity in stable transfectants demonstrated that -3100bp promoter was insufficient to direct fully regulated expression. However, an inhibitory region located upstream of position -500, and proximal sequence (-143bp) sufficient for the direction of significant expression in myeloid cells were identified. Mutation analysis demonstrated that an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) located between positions -103 and -116 and a consensus binding site for the Ets family transcription factor PU.1 located between positions -38 and -43 were required for optimal expression in myeloid cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) demonstrated myeloid and B-cell-specific binding of PU.1 at the consensus binding site. EMSA revealed that PU.1 bound as four distinct species in a cell-type-specific pattern that altered significantly in response to myeloid differentiation. Phosphatase treatment of nuclear extract suggested that PU.1 EMSA complexes were differentially phosphorylated. Based on the results of functional and protein binding studies, a -143bp p47phox promoter fragment containing ISRE and PU.1 motifs was incorporated into a U3-deleted retroviral vector and stably transfected into a retroviral packaging line to produce a replication-deficient p47phox CAT reporter retrovirus. Transduction of myeloid and non-myeloid cell lines resulted in significant CAT reporter gene activity in myeloid cells.
Application of Remote Ischemic Preconditioning in Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy with Anthracyclines

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The most active agents for the treatment of breast cancer are the anthracyclines whose clinical usefulness is limited by cumulative dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, which results in congestive heart failure among other limiting factors. With all the attempts to minimize chemotherapeutic cardiotoxicity, remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been considered as a potent endogenous mechanism capable of inhibiting inflammatory responses. Objective: This study aimed to verify if RIPC may be effective as prophylaxis to prevent anthracycline- induced cardiotoxicity in oncological patients. Methods: The preconditioning method was based on four to five-minute cycles of a blood pressure cuff insufflation around the upper arm (either left or right) from 200 mmHg to 250 mmHg, inducing ischemic intervals interspersed with 5 minutes of reperfusion. Results: In this work, echocardiogram results showed a ventricular mass variation that can get worse during chemotherapeutic treatment; however, in patients who had been undergoing RIPC sessions over a period of 6 months, it was observed that this change did not occur. The parameters for troponin T levels were considered; they were higher in patients who were not undergoing RIPC in relation to those who were. When both cases were compared, it was possible to infer that there was a clinically significant improvement for those who went through the procedure. Conclusion: Thus, through the analysis of this study, it is possible to conclude that RIPC is a lowcost, non-invasive procedure which brings cardiac protection for patients undergoing chemotherapy with anthracyclines, providing support in the treatment of cancer.
Mitochondrial DNA sequences reveal the photosynthetic relatives ofRafflesia, the world's largest flower

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

All parasites are thought to have evolved from free-living ancestors. However, the ancestral conditions facilitating the shift to parasitism are unclear, particularly in plants because the phylogenetic position of many parasites is unknown. This is especially true for Rafflesia , an endophytic holoparasite that produces the largest flowers in the world and has defied confident phylogenetic placement since its discovery >180 years ago. Here we present results of a phylogenetic analysis of 95 species of seed plants designed to infer the position of Rafflesia in an evolutionary context using the mitochondrial gene matR (1,806 aligned base pairs). Overall, the estimated phylogenetic tree is highly congruent with independent analyses and provides a strongly supported placement of Rafflesia with the order Malpighiales, which includes poinsettias, violets, and passionflowers. Furthermore, the phylogenetic placement of Mitrastema , another enigmatic, holoparasitic angiosperm with the order Ericales (which includes blueberries and persimmons), was obtained with these data. Although traditionally classified together, Rafflesia and Mitrastema are only distantly related, implying that their endoparasitic habits result from convergent evolution. Our results indicate that the previous significant difficulties associated with phylogenetic placement of holoparasitic plants may be overcome by using mitochondrial DNA so that a broader understanding of the origins and evolution of parasitism may emerge.
Realization of Natural User Interface for Computer Control With KNN Classifier Enhanced Smart Glove

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Gesture interaction is a commonly used solution when introducing Natural User Interface (NUI), a kind of user interface where the interaction is direct and consistent with natural heuristic behaviors. In this paper, a smart glove with efficient real-time hand orientation calculation and accurate static hand gesture prediction is proposed. This custom-built wireless glove consists of flex sensors, an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor, a microcontroller with multi-channel ADC/AMP (analog to digital converter and amplifier), a Bluetooth module, and an Arduino Micro Pro. K-Nearest-Neighbor (KNN) classifier is implemented to assist static hand gesture prediction with the validated accuracy exceeding 97%. This supervised machine learning algorithm allows a highly customizable smart glove which the input gestures, input number of gestures, and the associated activating functions are all easily changeable by the users any time. To show the benefits of combining the NUI and supervised machine learning, a validation experiments, computer control, were conducted.
Macular Development in Aggressive Posterior Retinopathy of Prematurity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose . To report anatomic outcomes after early and confluent laser photocoagulation of the entire avascular retina, including areas in close proximity to the fovea, in patients with APROP. We aspire to demonstrate fundoscopic evidence of transverse growth and macular development following laser treatment in APROP. Methods . Retrospective review of 6 eyes with APROP that underwent confluent laser photocoagulation of the entire avascular retina. Photographic fundoscopic imaging was performed using the RetCam to compare outcomes after treatment. Results . Mean birth weight and gestational age were 704.8 g and 24.33 weeks, respectively. There were 2 females and 1 male. The average time to laser was 9.3 weeks after birth, with the mean postmenstrual age of 34 weeks. Two eyes had zone 1 and 4 eyes had posterior zone 2 disease. Three eyes developed 4A detachments, which were successfully treated. All 6 eyes experienced transverse growth, with expansion of the posterior pole and anterior displacement of the laser treatment. Conclusion . Confluent photocoagulation of the entire avascular retina, regardless of foveal proximity, should be the mainstay for treating APROP. Examination should be conducted within 5–10 days to examine areas previously hidden by neovascularization to ensure prudent therapy. Macular development involves both transverse and anterior-posterior growth.
An inquiline fig wasp using seeds as a resource for small male production: a potential first step for the evolution of new feeding habits?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The processes allowing evolutionary transitions in resources used by parasitic wasps are largely unknown. Microhymenopteran communities associated with figs could provide a model system to investigate such transitions. We investigate here a species of genus Idarnes. The larvae generally develop as inquilines of the pollinating wasp larvae. However, in figs where the parasitic pressure is high, eggs are laid in developing seeds. These eggs turn into small males. This is the first report of seed consumption by a fig wasp. Using an alternative resource to produce small males could provide a pathway to select for increased ability to use this resource and hence provide an intermediate step for evolving the capacity to use new resources.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expeditious Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐ and 2‐Alkylquinazolin‐4(3H)‐ones.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Metamifop:A New Post-temergence Grass Killing Herbieide for Use in Rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Metamifop is a new arylphenoxypropionate herbicide, providing excellent control no a wide range of annual grass weeds, Appled post emergence in paddy and direct seeded rice cultivation, metamifop at the rates of 90～200g a i /ha give excellent control of the major grass weeds including Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa chinensis, Digitaria spp. And Eleusine indica. In 3 years of experiments,problematic grass weeds in rice cultivation were excellently controlled (90%～100%)with the dose rates of 90～200g a i /ha metamifop.The most favorable time for application was between the 2 leaf stage and end of tillering.
Supplementary Data File S1 from USP1 expression driven by EWS::FLI1 transcription factor stabilizes Survivin and mitigates replication stress in Ewing sarcoma

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>RT-qPCR array of DUBs. RQ values of EWS cell lines normalized to GAPDH, represented as fold change relative to hMSC.</p>
Curricular designs for general education at the UGC- supported universities in Hong Kong

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Universities in Hong Kong are undergoing a period of unprecedented change.
They are growing their enterprise by one third as the standard period of study for
a bachelor’s degree is being extended from three years to four years, commencing
in September 2012. Leading up to this change, secondary education is also being
extensively restructured, meaning that students entering university will be one
year younger and have a different skill set in comparison to those currently in
attendance. As part of these changes, the universities are developing new general
education programs, in some cases building on a strong tradition, but in others
starting from a very minimal base. This chapter will summarize the programs
that have been developed and compare them with each other and with those
operating in the United States. Particular attention will be paid to the general
education programs at Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU), which serve
as a useful case study for general education reform.
Thermal treatment of railway wheels using the PTA method

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The traditional method of regeneration of railway wheels is the correction of the shape of the running surface by reprofiling using semiautomatic lathes adapted to machining and measuring the parameters of railway wheels. Traditional reprofiling causes the thickness of the rim to decrease over time to such an extent that it has to be replaced. During reprofiling, at least 6 mm of metal is removed from the running surface of the wheel.One of the possible effective ways to create, produce, analyse, and optimise new and existing industrial production processes of metal treatment, including laser technologies, is to develop qualitative and quantitative knowledge helping to understand the thermal processes existing in the mutual relations between wear resistance and hardness.As a result of accidents that occurred on the world railways, it was found out that the traditional surfacing process, including cladding and or remelting, is not used for wheel regeneration for safety reasons.Therefore, fibre laser cladding was chosen for investigation as a more sophisticated tool compared to the often used Diode Laser, which has a more accurate laser beam with even higher energy density. Depending on the situation and the welding technique used, the weld can be made with materials in the form of fine powder, wire, or self-shielding wire.As a result of cladding, the surface layer can be enriched with metal particle, and in some cases, a high-quality top layer can be obtained. Concerning the original practical implications of this work, it was important to investigate the appliance possibility of cladding for enhancement of the surface properties.The scientific reason was also to describe structure changes and compounds occurring on the remelted laser surface. It is also important to determine the laser treatment parameters, particularly the laser power, to achieve a high value of layer hardness and wear resistance to protect the newlynew developeddeveloped material from losing their properties and to make the wheels surface more resistant to wear.
Absorption of Oral Ciprofloxacin in a Patient with Cardiogenic Shock

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Congestive heart failure and cardiogenic shock can alter the absorption process of some drugs. The absorption of ciprofloxacin has been studied in several disease states, but the effect of cardiogenic shock on its absorption is unknown. A 63‐year‐old man had a large myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. When he began taking ciprofloxacin for pneumonia, he had renal and cardiac failure. Ciprofloxacin 500 mg was administered every 24 hours by nasogastric tube. Blood samples were collected 5 minutes prior to the second dose (20 hrs after the initial dose) and then regularly until 11 hours after the dose. Samples were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography. The trough concentration 20 hours after the initial dose was 3.7 μg/ml, and the serum concentrations after the second dose went from 5.6 to 4.94 μg/ml over the 11‐hour sampling period. The peak concentration of 5.6 μg/ml occurred within 30 minutes after ciprofloxacin administration. It can be concluded from this case study that ciprofloxacin was adequately absorbed in this patient with multiple organ failure.