jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Raster images and measurement with a Vickers M86 scanning microdensitometer and interferometer by computer control

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

SUMMARY A simple and easily adaptable interface between a Vickers M86 scanning microdensitometer and microinterferometer and a Z80 CP/M based microcomputer (Zenith Z89) is described. The hardware is supplemented by a software package written in Fortran‐66, linked with an assembly routine for two‐dimensional spot control and measurement. Facilities are provided for background correction, image processing, calibration of the spot movement, correction for glare, diffraction and finite spotsize and computer‐aided focusing. Results can be plotted on a matrix printer and on a graphical unit as ruled surface plot, as isophase or isodensity contour diagram or in three‐dimensional projection with hidden line removal.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Somatic NF1 inactivation is a frequent event in sporadic pheochromocytoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Germline mutations in the RET, SDHA, SDHAF2, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, MAX, TMEM127, NF1 or VHL genes are identified in about 30% of patients with pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma and somatic mutations in RET, VHL or MAX genes are reported in 17% of sporadic tumors. In the present study, using mutation screening of the NF1 gene, mapping of chromosome aberrations by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array, microarray-based expression profiling and immunohistochemistry (IHC), we addressed the implication of NF1 somatic alterations in pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. We studied 53 sporadic tumors, selected because of their classification with RET/NF1/TMEM127-related tumors by genome wide expression studies, as well as a second set of 11 independent tumors selected on their low individual levels of NF1 expression evaluated by microarray. Direct sequencing of the NF1 gene in tumor DNA identified the presence of an inactivating NF1 somatic mutation in 41% (25/61) of analyzed sporadic tumors, associated with loss of the wild-type allele in 84% (21/25) of cases. Gene expression signature of NF1-related tumors highlighted the downregulation of NF1 and the major overexpression of SOX9. Among the second set of 11 tumors, two sporadic tumors carried somatic mutations in NF1 as well as in another susceptibility gene. These new findings suggest that NF1 loss of function is a frequent event in the tumorigenesis of sporadic pheochromocytoma and strengthen the new concept of molecular-based targeted therapy for pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma. PMID: 22962301
Discovering Higher Education Institutions before Solerno

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Aim/Purpose: The purpose of this manuscript is to bring communities of learners before Solerno, Bologna, and Paris from the margin to the center of history of higher education discourse. Background: Most history of higher education coursework in the global west begins with institutions of higher learning in western Europe – Solerno, Bologna, and Paris. However, this tradition discounts the histories of higher education particularly of institutions in the global east, which predate European models Methodology: The author brings these communities of learners from the margins to the center of higher education histories by way of historical overview. Contribution: In so doing, the author informs scholar instructors of ancient higher education from a more globalized perspective. Findings: The major finding of this work is that there is a history of higher education prior to the rise of institutions in the global west. Recommendations for Practitioners: From this work, history of higher education coursework in the global west should be adjusted to include acknowledgement as well as greater exploration of ancient higher education institutions as part of our collective global under-standing of the history of higher education. Future Research: This work more broadly identifies for open exploration of ancient higher education institutions.
Why Antirealists Can’t Explain Success

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Scientific realism explains the success of novel predictions by assuming that theories are at least partially true accounts of the unobservable reality. Here ‘novel’ means not used essentially in constructing the theory, heterogeneous to previous observations and a priori improbable. I argue that no alternative antirealist explanation is possible: van Fraassen’s evolutionary analogy explains why we don’t have unsuccessful theories, not why we have some successful ones. His empirical adequacy and Fine’s surrealism (i.e., that theories are compatible with all the observable data) do not entail that they predict anything, let alone new phenomena. Hacking’s deflationist explanation, that success is already explained by theories themselves, presupposes the truth of theories. Saying that theories have true novel consequences because they are instrumentally reliable (Fine, Lyons), or predictively similar to the true theory (Stanford) is like saying that they have lots of true consequences, including many novel ones. But this repeats the explanandum rather than explaining it. Moreover, realists have a plausible account of how partially true theories can be found, but antirealists cannot not explain how theories with true novel consequences can be found (except by looking for partially true theories): by inductive extrapolation one can only predict observations homogeneous to the old ones.
Introduction of super rice Tianyou 998,its planting performance and high-yielding cultivation techniques

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Tianyou 998 is a new three line hybrid combination of good quality and high yield,which has been bred by crossing of good quality indica CMS line Tianfeng A as female parent and Guanghui 998 as male parent.It was registered by Guangdong Committee for Crop Variety Registration in Feb.2004,and National Variety Approval Committee in 2006.Tianyou 998 has been planted in more than 6666.7 ha in Baipeng,Chengtuan,Chuanshan,Jinde,Liyong,Luoman township of Liujiang County,Guangxi(China) since it has been introduced in 2006.It showed the characteristics of wide adaptability,strong disease and lodging resistances,high-yield,good color and grain quality,etc.Its high-yield cultivation techniques require better rice seedling and field management,timely transplanting,cultivating strong seedling,intertillage and weeding operations,harvesting techniques and post harvest management.
Current management options for osteonecrosis of the femoral head: part 1, diagnosis and nonoperative management.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is a multifactorial disease that can result in significant clinical morbidity and affects patients of any age, including young and active patients. Late sequelae of femoral head osteonecrosis include femoral head collapse and subsequent degeneration of the hip joint. A high index of suspicion and improved radiographic evaluation allow orthopedic surgeons to identify this disease at an earlier stage. Current management options for hip osteonecrosis have results that vary according to patient population and disease stage. Modifications of older techniques, as well as emerging technologies, have led to the development of management strategies that may be able to alter the course of femoral head osteonecrosis.
Poisoning. Diagnosis and Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives

This study aimed to assess whether adults with proteinuria were at a higher risk of incident colorectal cancer (CRC) than those without proteinuria using a large-scale population-based database.

Design

A retrospective observational study.

Setting

The JMDC Claims Database, an administrative health claims database, was used. Data were collected between 2005 and 2020.

Participants

We selected records of participants (n=3 543 705) who underwent health check-ups, including physical examinations, blood tests and urine dipstick tests. We excluded participants who were aged <20 years (n=25 577), had a history of CRC, colorectal disease, renal disease and renal replacement therapy (n=114 888), or had missing data on medications (n=170 145), cigarette smoking (n=14 835), alcohol consumption (n=366 414) or physical activity (n=106 550). Finally, we analysed 2 745 296 participants.

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome was CRC at any stage.

Results

Participants were categorised as having no proteinuria (n=2 435 872), trace proteinuria (n=231 153) or positive proteinuria (n=78 271). Over a mean follow-up period of 1189±914 days, 10 615 CRC diagnoses were recorded. The incidence of CRC (95% CI) was lowest in participants without proteinuria (11.7; 95% CI, 11.5 to 11.9 per 10 000 person-years), followed by trace proteinuria (12.5; 95% CI, 11.7 to 13.3 per 10 000 person-years) and positive proteinuria (16.1; 95% CI, 14.6 to 17.7 per 10 000 person-years). After multivariable adjustment, compared with no proteinuria, HRs for incident CRC were 1.20 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.29) and 1.23 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.36) for trace and positive proteinuria, respectively. The association between proteinuria and incident CRC existed in participants after multiple imputations for missing data, with a follow-up period of ≥365 days, regardless of age, sex, obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Conclusions

Trace and positive proteinuria were associated with a greater risk of incident CRC. Assessment of proteinuria could help identify individuals at an increased risk of CRC.
Tunneling through AlxGa1−xAs single barriers under hydrostatic pressure

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Transport properties of AlxGa1−xAs single barrier tunneling diodes with barrier compositions ranging from x=0.38 to x=1.00 are investigated. The pressure dependence of the tunneling current is used to monitor two distinct transport channels in these devices. The first channel is governed by the conduction-band offset between Γ-like states in the GaAs contacts and the AlxGa1−xAs barrier, which is independent of pressure. The barrier height for the second channel is determined by the X minima and not by the Γ minimum in the AlxGa1−xAs layer. Only this second conduction-band profile is pressure dependent. The crossover from the first to the second transport regime is observed directly in the sample with x=0.50.
Data analysis of vehicular noise pollution and its perception in the cities of Juliaca and Puno, Puno region - 2021

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Noise pollution generated by vehicular traffic can have a significant impact on the quality of life of residents, affecting their physical and emotional well-being. To determine the relationship between vehicular noise pollution and the perception of the population in the cities of Juliaca and Puno, a descriptive and correlational study was carried out. Data were collected using registration forms and questionnaires, using 10 representative sampling points on the roads with the highest traffic and surveying 584 randomly selected people. The results revealed sound pressure levels that exceed the limits established by regulations in both cities. Minimum values of 67,84 dB in Puno and 68,03 dB in Juliaca, and maximum values of 83,86 dB and 78,83 dB, respectively, were found. In addition, a positive but low correlation (r = 0,142) was identified between noise pollution and population perception. These findings highlight the exposure of the population to vehicular noise pollution levels that exceed the permissible limits, which can have negative consequences for health and well-being. It is necessary to implement effective measures to reduce noise pollution and improve the quality of life of residents in both cities. These results provide valuable information for the development of appropriate mitigation strategies
The largest and most ambitious quantitative spectroscopic analysis of B-type supergiants in the Milky Way

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Empirical constraints are master keys for testing theoretical evolutionary model predictions. In massive stars, the region in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (HRD) in which the Blue Supergiants (BSGs) are located sets several important constraints to the models, and in particular to the theoretical end of the main sequence (MS). So far, we are missing from a full quantitative spectroscopic analysis (QSA) of a sample of BSGs large enough to be statistically significant and without observational biases. We present results from a QSA of a sample of ∼700 Galactic BSGs for which we have high-resolution multi-epoch optical spectra.
Management of Hereditary Colon Cancer Syndromes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hereditary cancers account for approximately 10% of the overall cancer burden. As such, colorectal cancer is no different. The most common hereditary colorectal cancers are hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or the Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). There are, however, other less well-known inherited syndromes for which the colon and rectum are at risk, such as familial juvenile polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and Cowden syndrome.
Book Review 4: Proportionality and the Rule of Law: Rights, Justification, Reasoning, edited by Grant Huscroft, Bradley W. Miller &amp; Grégoire Webber, 2014 596

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"Book Review 4: Proportionality and the Rule of Law: Rights, Justification, Reasoning, edited by Grant Huscroft, Bradley W. Miller & Grégoire Webber, 2014 596" published on 11 Jul 2019 by Brill | Nijhoff.
Validation of an integrated service model, Health-RESPECT, for older patients in long-term care institution using information and communication technologies: protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction There is an increased healthcare need to manage institutionalised older patients owing to the ageing population. To overcome substantial future challenges, the Health-RESPECT (caRE Systems for Patients/Elderly with Coordinated care using icT), a new information and communication technologies based integrated management service model, was developed to provide effective management, enable consultation with distant professionals and share medical information between acute care hospitals and long-term care institutions. Methods and analysis A cluster randomised controlled trial will be conducted to examine the effectiveness of the Health-RESPECT in older patients with chronic diseases and their medical staff in charge. Intervention involves registration with simple comprehensive geriatric assessment, establishment of an individualised care plan for three chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes and heart failure), medication and rehabilitation management, periodic video-conference and in-system assessment after intervention period. Primary outcomes are control levels of the three chronic diseases, adequacy of drug management and overall functional status. Patients will be assessed at before and after study period and 3 months after study ended. Analysis will be carried out with an intention-to-treat principle. In addition to evaluate intervention effects, clinical usability and economic evaluation will be assessed. Ethics and dissemination The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Seoul National University Bundang Hospital Institutional Review Board. Study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number KCT0004360.
Poverty Concentration in the Prismatic Metropolis: The Impact of Compositional and Redistributive Forces Within Los Angeles, California, 1990–2000

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

:The degrees to which poor populations are spatially concentrated within metropolitan areas are influenced by two sets of forces. In this article, I refer to the first set of forces as redistributive forces, which includes intrametropolitan forces that redistribute populations among different neighborhoods. The second set of forces includes metropolitan-wide processes that alter the relative poverty composition of the overall metropolitan population. These latter processes are referred to here as compositional forces. This research investigates the degrees to which these two sets of forces impacted poverty concentration among racial and ethnic groups within Los Angeles County, CA from 1990 to 2000. Both forces generally functioned to increase poverty concentration among all groups considered, with compositional forces having the stronger effect. Evidence suggests that the residential experiences of poor whites, African Americans, and Hispanics were strongly influenced by the migratory behavior of the nonpoor in Los Angeles. The Asian population, however, exhibited some evidence of ethnic (or racial) "self-selectivity," as this population exhibited less interclass segregation over time. Despite increased poverty concentration, findings demonstrate that Los Angeles became slightly less segregated by race and ethnicity during the 1990s.
Improved Sensitivity of Ultrasound‐Based Subharmonic Aided Pressure Estimation Using Monodisperse Microbubbles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives Subharmonic aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) has been shown effective for noninvasively measuring hydrostatic fluid pressures in a variety of clinical applications. The objective of this study was to explore potential improvements in SHAPE sensitivity using monodisperse microbubbles. Methods Populations of monodisperse microbubbles were created using a commercially available microfluidics device (Solstice Pharmaceuticals). Size distributions were assessed using a Coulter Counter and stability of the distribution following fabrication was evaluated over 24 hours. Attenuation of the microbubble populations from 1 to 10 MHz was then quantified using single element transducers to identify each formulation's resonance frequency. Frequency spectra over increasing driving amplitudes were investigated to determine the nonlinear phases of subharmonic signal generation. SHAPE sensitivity was evaluated in a hydrostatic pressure‐controlled water bath using a Logiq E10 scanner (GE Healthcare). Results Monodisperse lipid microbubble suspensions ranging from 2.4 to 5.3 μm in diameter were successfully created and they showed no discernable change in size distribution over 24 hours following activation. Calculated resonance frequencies ranged from 2.1 to 6.3 MHz and showed excellent correlation with microbubble diameter ( R 2 > 0.99). When investigating microbubble frequency response, subharmonic signal occurrence was shown to begin at 150 kPa peak negative pressure, grow up to 225 kPa, and saturate at approximately 250 kPa. Using the Logiq E10, monodisperse bubbles demonstrated a SHAPE sensitivity of −0.17 dB/mmHg, which was nearly twice the sensitivity of the commercial polydisperse microbubble currently being used in clinical trials. Conclusions Monodisperse microbubbles have the potential to greatly improve the sensitivity of SHAPE for the noninvasive measurement of hydrostatic pressures.
Alternative approaches to K-12 school technology illustrated by an experimental course in technical investigations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

School technology programmes in the western world are being pursued through the age ranges 5-15/16 and 11-15/16 and in some countries they are compulsory. Information technology is likely to be a cross curricular activity. The objectives and content of such programmes may differ considerably from the objectives that engineers might believe they should have. The term technology is broadly interpreted, as in every day life, and there is no specific focus on engineering. Given that they are based on design and make activities they respond to neglected areas of the curriculum, i.e. the provision of practical work, the tapping of spatial ability and creative talent, and the development of problem-solving skills. Such aims contribute to the completion of a child's general education and there the matter should rest. Among the criticisms that have been levelled against these programmes are that they pay inadequate attention to the role of science in technological development. However, it may be objected that students would, in any event, be more able to cope with an engineering oriented curriculum in senior high school (i.e. post 15/16).
Reduced plasma all-transretinoic acid level in a patient with Crohn's disease with acute promyelocytic leukemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a metabolite of vitamin A that is used for molecular targeting therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Most patients with relapse after ATRA therapy show acquired resistance to ATRA, which seems to result from low plasma levels of the drug during therapy. This may be because of increased oxidative catabolism of ATRA or expression of the multidrugresistance gene product. Moreover, we have reported that impaired absorption can lead to lower plasma ATRA levels in patients with gastrointestinal complications [1]. Here, we describe the pharmacokinetics of ATRA in a patient with Crohn’s disease. A 13-year-old girl had been diagnosed with Crohn’s disease 9 months previously after standard endoscopic and histological evaluation. Treatment with steroids and 5-aminosalicyclic acid (5-ASA), as well as parenteral nutrition, led to a gradual improvement of her clinical state. She had no complications, so oral steroids therapy was tapered. Suddenly, she developed fever and blackish diarrhea, and was admitted with severe anemia. The hemoglobin was 6.5 g/dL, so red cell transfusion was performed. Bone marrow aspiration gave a diagnosis of APL. The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction detected a PML/RARa fusion chimeric gene. Colonoscopy revealed severe ulceration of the ascending colon and cecum.
A STUDY OF WILD ERGOTS IN NORTH AND NORTHEASTERN CHINA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An ecological survey of ergot production on various hosts in Changpei and Kuyan districts was made in 1957.Alkaloid contents of ergot collections from the above mentioned districts as well as from Northeastern China were analysed. The average percentages of ergot infection of Aneurolepidium chinese,A.dasystachys,Hordeum brevisubulatum,H.violaceum,Secale cereale,Agropyron cristatum and Clinelymus dahuricus were 68.48,60.97,60.00,50.00,42.00,14.00 and 6.59 respectively.Calamagrostis epigeios was very lightly infected,while there was no infection at all on wheat,barley and Bromus inermis.A.dasystachys,A.chinense,and Clinelymus dahuricus were most widely distributed among wild hosts,and their average numbers of culms per square meter were 61,79,and 38 respectively.According to preliminary estimation,the annual production of ergot in Changpei and Kuyan exceeded 60 tons.The ecological factors that favored the ergot epidemic were:(1)The presence of widely distributed susceptible host plants,(2)The presence of large amount of inoculum,(3)Severe winter that favors the venalization of ergot and wet summer that favors infection.Ergots were mostly formed from July 20 to August 10,with the middle part of August being the most suitable time for harvest. The total alkaloid contents of ergot varied with different hosts and decreased by the following order:Calamagrostis epigeios(0.577% estimated as ergotoxine),Clinelymus sibiricus(0.44%),Clinelymus dahurious(0.30—0.34%),Aneurolepidium dasystachys(0.13—0.15%),Aneurolepidium chinense(0.115%),rye(0.061—0.065%).The amount of total alkaloid of the ergots from same host species was rather stable and there seemed no significant differences among different localities.It appeared that there was no relationship between the size or color of ergot and the amount of alkaloid contents.Ergots of Aneurolepidium dasytachys,A.chinense,Clinelymus dahuricus,C.sibiricus and of rye were identified as Claviceps purpurea(Fr.)Tnl.and ergot of Calamagrostis epigeios was identified as C.microcephala(Wallr.)Tul.