jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The supranational character of decisions of international judicial institutions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article examines the supranational nature of the decisions of international judicial institutions. Throughout history, and especially since the second half of the twentieth century, the role of courts has gone beyond national borders. The result of this was the formation of judicial mechanisms that direct their decisions across international borders and supposedly have a higher legal force than the decisions of the courts of individual countries. Among these: the International Court of Justice of the United Nations (decides, in accordance with international law, legal disputes of states referred to it by member states and some neutral parties, and also provides advisory opinions on legal issues referred to it by international organizations), the European Court of Justice on human rights (allows individuals, groups of individuals or non­governmental organizations to submit complaints against a European state to a judicial body after they have been refused satisfaction in their national courts), the International Criminal Court (competes to prosecute persons responsible for war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity), the Court of Justice of the European Union (created a form of decentralized sanctions against non-compliant member states). At the same time, the supranational nature of the decisions of modern international judicial institutions is marked by conditionality: the International Court of Justice of the United Nations can consider a dispute between states only if the respective states have the right to participate in the consideration of the case in court. States can obtain such authority by becoming parties to the Statute of the Court through UN membership or by complying with certain conditions; the implementation of decisions of the European Court of Human Rights is not supported by a strict system of coercion, but is based on voluntary consent to their implementation, which does not always happen; the decision of the International Criminal Court is binding only for those states that have officially expressed their consent to the binding nature of the provisions of the Rome Statute; The Court of Justice of the European Union can only interpret the main treaties and has no authority to interpret national constitutions.
A taxonomic reassessment of the varieties of Oxalis minuta (Oxalidaceae) and the change of O. minuta var. callosa to specific rank as O. hygrophila

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

O . minuta Thunb. var. callosa Salter was included in section Sagittatae of the genus Oxalis L., based on superficial morphological resemblance to O . minuta var. minuta . We questioned this placement due to the reticulate pollen grains displayed by this taxon, whereas members of section Sagittatae have rugulate-reticulate pollen grains. A lack of good herbarium and living specimens prohibited a better taxonomic placement of this taxon. Living plants were recently found in the Pakhuis Pass (Western Cape, South Africa), which enabled this re-assessment of its taxonomic affinities. A suite of morphological and palynological characters were identified that differ significantly from both the typical variety and all other members presently included in section Sagittatae . These include the ovate to elliptic anthers, the orientation of long and mid-level reproductive organs, the absence of an indumentum on the leaves, the presence of calli on the leaflets, sepals and petals, reticulately deposited epicuticular wax on the leaves, the broadly funnel-shaped corolla tube and the basally fused anthers. We therefore raise Oxalis minuta var. callosa to specific rank as O . hygrophila Dreyer, and transfer it from section Sagittatae to section Latifoliolatae .
[Multiple drug dependence: what is the role of substitution treatments?].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Apres avoir replace les traitements de substitution a la methadone dans un contexte de prise en charge multifocale de la dependance aux opiaces, cet article examine la place des traitements de substitution dans la problematique plus complexe de la polytoxicomanie. La litterature vient corroborer l'experience clinique et conclut a l'interet des traitements de substitution pour le traitement au long cours de la dependance a la cocaine, a l'alcool et/ou aux benzodiazepines lorsque parallelement il existe une dependance aux opiaces. En sus de l'effet strictement psychopharmacologique deja demontre de la methadone, on pourrait aussi penser que le cadre de dispensation de la methadone, les reevaluations regulieres de la situation du patient polytoxicomane par des professionnels, la continuite du traitement sur un long terme et la qualite de l'alliance therapeutique semblent etre les processus operants en priorite dans ce type de problematiques.
Research evaluation support services in biomedical libraries

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: The paper review provides a review of current practices related to evaluating support services reported by seven biomedical and research libraries.Methods: A group of seven libraries from the United States and Canada described their experiences with establishing evaluation support services at their libraries. A questionnaire was distributed among the libraries to elicit information as to program development, service and staffing models, campus partnerships, training, products such as tools and reports, and resources used for evaluation support services. The libraries also reported interesting projects, lessons learned, and future plans.Results: The seven libraries profiled in this paper report a variety of service models in providing evaluation support services to meet the needs of campus stakeholders. The service models range from research center cores, partnerships with research groups, and library programs with staff dedicated to evaluation support services. A variety of products and services were described such as an automated tool to develop rank-based metrics, consultation on appropriate metrics to use for evaluation, customized publication and citation reports, resource guides, classes and training, and others. Implementing these services has allowed the libraries to expand their roles on campus and to contribute more directly to the research missions of their institutions.Conclusions: Libraries can leverage a variety of evaluation support services as an opportunity to successfully meet an array of challenges confronting the biomedical research community, including robust efforts to report and demonstrate tangible and meaningful outcomes of biomedical research and clinical care. These services represent a transformative direction that can be emulated by other biomedical and research libraries.
Low-temperature crystallization and ferroelectric properties of sol-gel derived layer-structured perovskite thin films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The sol-gel derived SBT thin films crystallized, by rapid thermal annealing in an oxygen atmosphere below 550°C, and exhibited preferred (115) orientation. The crystalline perfection improved and the crystallite size increased with temperature up to 700°C. In the case of SBN thin films, a low heating rate of 2°C/min, was necessary for the control of the crystallographic (115) orientation, whereas a rate of 200°C /s (rapid thermal annealing) exhibited a c-axis orientation. The (115) SBT thin film, heated to 700°C, exhibited improved ferroelectric properties.
Application of forensic entomology in carcass examination of royal Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Madhya Pradesh

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Royal Bengal Tiger comes under flagship species that focused for wildlife conservation programme in Indian subcontinents owing to their uncompromised habit and habitats. Though the entomological tools has been using since ancient past for homicidal cases but it could not be applied ever for investigation of wildlife crime pertaining to evidence collection for prosecution and conviction of poachers. Most often carcass of free ranging tigers in the protected or unprotected forest areas being locates under badly putrefied or decomposed stages. Thus identification of carcass needs alternative techniques instead of conventional pathological examinations to collect the facts behind the crime scene. During study period, carcasses of tiger of Kanha Tiger Reserve and Pench Tiger Reserve were examined carefully with the assistance of forests officers and veterinary physicians. The biological samples were collected for assessment of postmortem intervals by following standard protocols. The maggots (8-10) from individual carcass were dissected with the help of scalpel under stereoscopic microscope and teguments of the maggots were separated in sterilized container. From each sample DNA was extracted using DNeasy Blood and Tissue kit and amplified for the Cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene using commercially available specific primers. The PCR products were sequenced unidirectional and the sequence were identified using nucleotide BLAST by NCBI. The occurrence of Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) in both carcasses of tigers envisaged that blow flies of Chrysomya spp. attract earlier towards carcasses and lay eggs around orifices of the animal. The results emphasized the strength of forensic entomology not only for species identification of the blowflies but also useful for knowing the succession waves of forensically important insects in and around the protected forest areas.
Crystal Structures and Electrical Properties of 1:1 and 4:1 PF6 Salts of BO–HBDTTwith an α′-Type Donor Arrangement

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Crystal structures and electronic properties of [BO–HBDTT][PF6] and [BO–HBDTT]4[PF6] have been clarified. The donor packing patterns in these salts can be basically classified into α′-type, in which the donor stacks in the twisted overlap mode regarding the 1,3-dithiole rings. Intrastack intermolecular C–H···O contacts play an important role in the metallic nature of [BO–HBDTT]4[PF6].
Geospatial Modeling of Deep Neural Visual Features for Predicting Obesity Prevalence in Missouri: Quantitative Study (Preprint)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND

The global obesity epidemic demands innovative approaches to understand its complex environmental and social determinants. Spatial technologies, such as geographic information systems, remote sensing, and spatial machine learning, offer new insights into this health issue. This study uses deep learning and spatial modeling to predict obesity rates for census tracts in Missouri.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to develop a scalable method for predicting obesity prevalence using deep convolutional neural networks applied to satellite imagery and geospatial analysis, focusing on 1052 census tracts in Missouri.

METHODS

Our analysis followed 3 steps. First, Sentinel-2 satellite images were processed using the Residual Network-50 model to extract environmental features from 63,592 image chips (224×224 pixels). Second, these features were merged with obesity rate data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for Missouri census tracts. Third, a spatial lag model was used to predict obesity rates and analyze the association between deep neural visual features and obesity prevalence. Spatial autocorrelation was used to identify clusters of obesity rates.

RESULTS

Substantial spatial clustering of obesity rates was found across Missouri, with a Moran I value of 0.68, indicating similar obesity rates among neighboring census tracts. The spatial lag model demonstrated strong predictive performance, with an <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.93 and a spatial pseudo <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> of 0.92, explaining 93% of the variation in obesity rates. Local indicators from a spatial association analysis revealed regions with distinct high and low clusters of obesity, which were visualized through choropleth maps.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the effectiveness of integrating deep convolutional neural networks and spatial modeling to predict obesity prevalence based on environmental features from satellite imagery. The model’s high accuracy and ability to capture spatial patterns offer valuable insights for public health interventions. Future work should expand the geographical scope and include socioeconomic data to further refine the model for broader applications in obesity research.
Comparison of Two Scoring Methods for the Short Form of the Manifest Anxiety Scale and Eysenck's Extraversion (E) and Neuroticism (N) Scales

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

83 undergraduates at the University of Texas (Austin) were administered two forms of the MAS, E, and N scales. One form called for traditional true/false responses (scored 2/1); the other, responses along a 6-point continuum (scored +3/–3). Correlations and reliability estimates for the scales under both conditions reflect the equivalence of the scoring methods.
GOOD PRACTICES TO REDUCE PSYCHOSOCIAL RISKS IN SITE TEAMS OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Psychosocial risks are all those working conditions that have the capacity to affect the day-to-day life of workers, as well as the development of their work, whether on a physical, psychological or social level. In the construction sector, despite the high rate of sick leave, there are no studies that evaluate, analyze and propose good practices for this type of risk, and more specifically for the risks that affect the work teams of construction companies. This article summarizes part of the results of a research project whose objective was to carry out an analysis of the good practices that are commonly used in the industry to avoid these risks, and to select the most appropriate and priority ones to implement in the construction teams of construction companies. The conclusions of the research were that the most appropriate and feasible good practices to implement in site teams and avoid the most recurrent risks are: Implementing clear and defined procedures, so that workers know how they have to carry out their tasks; Clearly and simply defining the functions, competencies and tasks that have to be carried out in each job that makes up the work teams; Welcome plan for new employees; Improving and implementing communication channels and a conflict management channel and humanizing organizations, with people-oriented leadership. Keywords: Psychosocial risks, FPSICO, work teams, Good practices, Zero accidents.
Shear assessment of prestressed concrete bridges

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The shear capacity of existing concrete structures is often unable to meet current standards requirements. This can be due to inadequacies in shear design provisions at the time of the original design, deterioration of materials, increased load requirements and higher demand in shear capacity owing to flexural strengthening. However, assessment methods are often conservative, and the actual strength may be sufficient to sustain the specified load. This paper describes the results of an experimental investigation into the shear capacity of prestressed concrete bridge beams post-tensioned transversely to form a deck. It is shown that the ultimate shear capacity of these structures can be significantly greater than suggested by the relevant standards. Analytical models based on the upper-bound theorem of plasticity theory are successfully applied, resulting in realistic predictions. Use of the proposed methodology would allow significant savings, as the cost associated with replacing or strengthening the structure can be avoided or minimised, encouraging a sustainable approach.
Primary pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma in children: Report of three cases with review of literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Primary pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma in children is rare. Three children aged three, nine and three years were evaluated for abnormal shadows on radiological examination with pneumothorax in two cases. Resection and histopathological examination revealed embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in all and cystic malformation in first case. All the three children were treated with surgery and first two received adjuvant chemotherapy. The disease free duration was 160 months, 19 months and seven months respectively. The literature on primary pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma in children was reviewed.
Mutation of K-ras protooncogene in human ovarian epithelial tumors of borderline malignancy.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The mutation of K-ras protooncogene was examined in 44 cases of borderline ovarian epithelial tumors and 18 cases of invasive ovarian carcinomas. In borderline tumors, K-ras mutations are a common feature, having been found in 21 of 44 cases (48%). Twenty of the 21 mutations were identified at codon 12, and one was identified at codon 13. A detailed analysis of the mutation pattern of K-ras revealed a close association with the histological cell types of the tumor. Mutation of K-ras was detected at a higher frequency in mucinous borderline tumor (identified in 12 of 19 cases) compared to serous borderline tumor (identified in 9 of 25 cases). K-ras mutation was also detected in invasive mucinous and serous ovarian carcinomas, hence supporting the notion that borderline ovarian tumors may represent a pathological continuum between benign and frankly invasive diseases.
Histoplasmosis associated hemophagocytosis- a rare cause of pancytopenia in an immunocompetent patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pancytopenia as a result of hemophagocytosis in a middle-aged man presenting with high-grade fever of unknown etiology could be a rare consequence of Histoplasmosis infection. In the past, many cases of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection contracting histoplasmosis-induced hemophagocytosis have been well documented, however, little data has been entered in the setting of HIV non-reactive status. Interestingly, we report a case of histoplasmosis in an immunocompetent male with the presence of yeast forms of H. capsulatum in the bone marrow smears. The patient was subsequently placed on Amphotericin B and corticosteroids but lost to the infectious disease. Cases like this, highlight the importance of taking into account the early decision for bone marrow sampling with careful attention to microscopic details as incidental pathologies may be elicited which could have significant effects on patient’s prognosis.
Decoding the role of long noncoding RNAs in the healthy aging of centenarians

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Aging is the largest risk factor of major human diseases. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) as the key regulatory elements have shown a strong impact on multiple biological processes as well as human disease mechanisms. However, the roles of lncRNAs in aging/healthy aging processes remain largely unknown. Centenarians are good models for healthy aging studies due to avoiding major chronic diseases and disabilities. To illustrate their ubiquitous nature in the genome and the ‘secrets’ of healthy aging regulation from the perspective of lncRNAs, peripheral blood samples from two regions consisting 76 centenarians (CENs), 54 centenarian-children (F1) and 41 spouses of centenarian-children (F1SP) were collected for deep RNA-seq. We identified 11 CEN-specific lncRNAs that is particularly expressed in longevous individuals. By kmers clustering, hundreds of human lncRNAs show similarities with CEN-specific lncRNAs, especially with ENST00000521663 and ENST00000444998. Using F1SP as normal elder controls (age: 59.9 ± 6.6 years), eight lncRNAs that are differentially expressed in longevous elders (CEN group, age: 102.2 ± 2.4 years) were identified as candidate aging/health aging–related lncRNAs (car-lncs). We found that the expression of eight car-lncs in human diploid fibroblasts displayed dynamic changes during cell passage and/or H2O2/rapamycin treatment; of which, overexpression either of THBS1-IT1 and THBS1-AS1, two lncRNAs that highly expressed in CENs, can remarkably decrease p16, p21 and the activity of senescent related β-galactosidase, suggesting that THBS1-IT1 and THBS1-AS1 can inhibit cellular senescence. We provided the first comprehensive analysis of lncRNA expression in longevous populations, and our results hinted that dysregulated lncRNAs in CENs are potential protective factors in healthy aging process.
Injections of Multi‐MeV Electrons in the Magnetosphere of Jupiter

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Energetic particle injections provide a means for fast inward radial transport and adiabatic acceleration of electrons in the magnetosphere of Jupiter. Furthermore, enhanced whistler‐mode wave activity during injections can further accelerate electrons to MeV energy. All in all, injections may contribute to the creation of the most extreme radiation belts of the solar system. In this article, we present the first survey of the >1 and >11 MeV electron fluxes observed by the Galileo mission during <1 MeV electron injections. We find that the flux of MeV electrons remains nearly unchanged during most of the sub‐MeV electron injections, possibly because the MeV particles quickly drift out of the injection corridor. Nevertheless, we report the discovery of six time periods at M = 11–20 when the flux of MeV electrons is increased by a factor of more than 3 during injection events. The Galileo observations therefore indicate that magnetospheric injections may play a dominant role for the radial transport and acceleration of MeV electrons at Jupiter, at least transiently.