jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
People's science: bodies and rights on the stem cell frontier

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Stem cell research has sparked controversy and heated debate since first human stem cell line was derived in 1998. Too frequently these debates devolve to simple judgments-good or bad, life-saving medicine or bioethical nightmare, symbol of human ingenuity or our fall from grace-ignoring affected. With this book, Ruha Benjamin moves terms of debate to focus on shifting relationship between science and society, on who benefit-or don't-from regenerative medicine and what this says about our democratic commitments to an equitable society. People's Science uncovers tension between scientific innovation and social equality, taking reader inside California's 2004 stem cell initiative, first of many state referenda on scientific research, to consider lives it has affected. Benjamin reveals promise and peril of public participation in science, illuminating issues of race, disability, gender, and socio-economic class that serve to define certain groups as more or less deserving in their political aims and biomedical hopes. Under shadow of free market and in a nation still at odds with universal healthcare, socially marginalized are often eagerly embraced as test-subjects, yet often are unable to afford new medicines and treatment regimes as patients. Ultimately, Ruha Benjamin argues that without more deliberate consideration about how scientific initiatives can and should reflect a wider array of social concerns, stem cell research- from African Americans' struggle with sickle cell treatment to recruitment of women as tissue donors-still risks excluding many. Even as regenerative medicine is described as a participatory science for people, Benjamin asks us to consider if the people ultimately reflects our democratic ideals.
GP 2: Efficient Implementation of a Graph Programming Language

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The graph programming language GP (Graph Programs) 2 and its implementation is the subject of this thesis. The language allows programmers to write visual graph programs at a high level of abstraction, bringing the task of solving graph-based problems to an environment in which the user feels comfortable and secure. Implementing graph programs presents two main challenges. The first challenge is translating programs from a high-level source code representation to executable code, which involves bridging the gap from a non-deterministic program to deterministic machine code. The second challenge is overcoming the theoretically impractical complexity of applying graph transformation rules, the basic computation step of a graph program. \n \nThe work presented in this thesis addresses both of these challenges. We tackle the first challenge by implementing a compiler that translates GP 2 graph programs directly to C code. Implementation strategies concerning the storage and access of internal data structures are empirically compared to determine the most efficient approach for executing practical graph programs. The second challenge is met by extending the double-pushout approach to graph transformation with root nodes to support fast execution of graph transformation rules by restricting the search to the local neighbourhood of the root nodes in the host graph. We add this theoretical construct to the GP 2 language in order to support rooted graph transformation rules, and we identify a class of rooted rules that are applicable in constant time on certain classes of graphs. Finally, we combine theory and practice by writing rooted graph programs to solve two common graph algorithms, and demonstrate that their execution times are capable of matching the execution times of tailored C solutions.
Effect of plasma viscosity on blood flow behaviors in microvessels

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To pursue a better understanding of the counter intuitive observations of plasma viscosity effects on microscopic blood flows, we have numerically simulated the red blood cell dynamics in shear and channel flows and multiple cell flow behaviors in straight microvessels. Our simulations indicate that, in a high-viscosity suspending medium, red blood cells appear more deformable, and this enhances the cell migration in straight microvessels. Also the cell free layer change with plasma viscosity might be helpful to interpret the increase in functional capillary density observed in hemodilution experiments with high-viscosity plasma expanders. Such information could be important to relevant biomedical applications.
A Critical Look at Bullying Prevention School Programs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Okullardaki akran zorbalığının sebepleri ve etkileri konusunda kapsamlı ilk araştırmalar, 1970'lerde Olweus tarafından yapılmaya başlamıştır. Günümüzde de halen kabul gören tanımıyla zorbalık; bir kişinin, diğer bir kişi veya kişiler tarafından kasıtlı, tekrarlı ve en azından bir süre devam eden olumsuz davranışlarla karşı karşıya bırakılması durumudur. Akran zorbalığı ve zorbalığı önleyici programlar dünyada uzun süredir tartışılıyor olmasına rağmen, Türkiye’de son yıllarda önem kazanmaya başlayan bir konudur. Araştırmalar öğrencilerin yarısına yakınının en az ayda bir defa zorbalığa maruz kaldıklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Önleyici programlarla, akran zorbalığının ve mağduriyetin erken yaşlarda azaltılabileceğini kanıtlayan pek çok çalışma bulunmaktadır. Finlandiya, Norveç ve Amerika başta olmak üzere birçok ülkede devlet okullarında zorbalığı önlemek için çeşitli programlar uygulanmaktadır. Türkiye’de zorbalığı önlemek için bazı girişimler olmasına rağmen, alan yazında ilkokul öğrencilerine yönelik etkili bir eylem planına ve önleyici programa rastlanmamıştır. Eğitimcilerin zorbalık önleme programlarının etkisini fark etmeleri, bu konuda adım atmalarını teşvik edebilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı alan yazında geçen önemli zorbalığı önleme programlarının eleştirel bir analizini yapmak ve başarılı programların özelliklerini tespit etmektir
Progress, Idea of

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The idea of progress, commonly considered one of the most influential and multifaceted ideas in the philosophy of history, holds that material, political, social, intellectual, and moral conditions have continually and by necessity improved throughout human history and that such an improvement will continue in the foreseeable future. Since the Enlightenment the idea of progress and the controversies concerning its validity and ideological connotations have played a crucial role in modern social science discourse. The idea has been employed not only as a powerful conceptual framework to explain social change and the emergence of a new type of society, but also as a means to legitimate the entire endeavor of social science itself. By discovering the mechanism of societal progress and by identifying possible obstacles to progress, social scientists have claimed an authoritative role for themselves in the management of society's affairs. This sociocratic promise, encapsulated in the Comtean positivistic formula savoir pour prévoir, prévoir pour pouvoir , has drawn and continues to draw its strength from the fact that knowledge of nature's laws has been accompanied by an increased control over nature.
Low-sintering-temperature garnet oxides by conformal sintering-aid coating

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Garnet-type solid electrolytes have attracted an extensive attention for high-energy solid-state lithium batteries. However, the high processing temperature up to 1200°C with high cost limits the large-scale production. Here, we report a simple approach to reduce the sintering temperature by a conformal coating of nanoscale amorphous alumina, without sacrificing ionic conductivity. The ceramic sintered at 980°C shows a high ionic conductivity of 0.13 mS cm − 1 at room temperature. It reveals that the second phase segregated at grain boundaries can promote Li-ion transport, block electronic conduction, and improve mechanical property. The Li symmetry cells using this garnet electrolyte indicate a long-term 2500 cycle life and a high critical current density of 0.52 mA cm − 2 . The garnet electrolyte enables the high-voltage cells using Li 1.2 Ni 0.2 Mn 0.6 O 2 to deliver a high specific capacity of 248 mAh g − 1 at 0.05 C-rate. This work provides a new clue to lower sintering temperature for garnet electrolytes, which can extend to other ceramics towards practical applications.
The Measurement of Mathematics Pedagogical Content Knowledge

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

An important determinant of student learning is the quality of teaching which is, in turn, affected by teachers' knowledge of discipline-specific pedagogy. Thus a clearer understanding of what constitutes Mathematics Pedagogical Content Knowledge (MPCK) and its development in teachers is crucial for improving teacher education courses. This symposium reports through three papers the results from a project which seeks to study how primary teachers develop MPCK. This first paper describes an operational definition of MPCK in terms of four constructs and the development of an instrument to measure MPCK. The items of the instrument were designed specifically to measure these constructs in the context of Singapore's primary mathematics curriculum.
Aerosol Indirect Effects on Water Vapor in the UTLS of Typhoon Saomai (2006)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The evolution of landfalling Typhoon Saomai (2006) is simulated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with spectral bin microphysics scheme, showing tropical cyclone (TC) could vertically transport water vapor from troposphere to upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). Three aerosol sensitivity experiments are conducted to explore the indirect effects of aerosol served as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) on overshooting convection (OTC) and water vapor content in UTLS, namely MAR (maritime), MIX (semi‐continental) and CON (continental). Results revealed that CON simulation with high initial aerosol concentration showing invigorated convection at the periphery of the TC, which interfered with the reformation of TC eyewall, leading to TC weakening finally. In addition, CON simulated the least water content in UTLS through suppressing the number of convection overshooting the tropopause level. Most overshooting events take place during TC developing stage in the eyewall region before landfall. Higher levels of CCN concentration could lead to decreased number of OTC in TC, consistently reduced the water vapor content in UTLS. CON and MIX experiments simulated respectively 21.9% (16.2%) and 9.96% (1.5%) less OTC (water vapor content in UTLS) than MAR simulation. Water vapor content in UTLS is affected by the interaction of OTC and ice‐phase microphysics. The interesting point is that the CCN sensitivity experiments show that water vapor content in UTLS of a TC is sensitive to the CCN concentration in the boundary layer.
Error Field and Correction Coils in DTT: a preliminary analysis

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) facility, construction starting at Frascati, Italy, is designed to test different solutions for divertor in view of DEMO. A preliminary analysis of the error fields (EFs) assumed a simplified model of rigid and independent displacements and rotations. A methodology based on the first order truncated Taylor expansion has been applied, linking the displacement parameters and the EFs within the required accuracies. A system of in-vessel copper coils has been designed to counteract EFs and the ampere-turns necessary to force them back within the request limits has been calculated. Here, the details of the analysis have been provided.
Population Dynamics and Distribution Patterns of Diurnal Raptors in Northeastern Algeria: Seasonal Variation and Some Nesting Characteristics

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Providing a live data monitoring of raptor abundances and spatial localization of their most important nesting areas is very helpful in building a strong future study and applying a sound strategy for effective safeguarding of these emblematic species. Using geographic information system (GIS) and global positioning system (GPS) techniques, we investigated spatial patterns of raptors distribution in the northeastern areas of Algeria during two consecutive breeding seasons (2014 and 2015). The total area sampled (31,000 km 2 ) host diverse raptor species (14 species), among them, the threatened species Egyptian vulture ( Neophron percnopterus ; 108 individuals and 19 active nests) and red-footed falcon ( Falco vespertinus ; 12individuals). The value of the region is attested by the presence of an abundant population of nesting black kite ( Milvus migrans ; 337 individuals). The large-scale spatial analyses of the studied region illustrate certain similarities in nesting habitat selection among raptors. Almost all species (90% of 209 nests detected) preferred to nest within multispecies assemblages (20 raptor assemblages found) and occupied altitudinal rocky cliffs across the inland region (semi-arid zones) rather than coastal region (sub-humid zones). Among all raptor species, exclusively, the common kestrel ( Falco tinnunculus ) is relatively synanthropic, because it was found to breed within cities (tolerate human activities). The raptor community in the coastal versus inland regions differed by 14%. The latter area seems to be more preferred in nest building, probably consequence of their semi-arid bioclimatic and landscapes characteristics, where high elevations and grasslands forming mosaics with Oak, Alpine, and Cedar forests are patchily distributed. The study is a first mapping database of important nesting sites dispatched across the northeastern areas of Algeria, and it can be effectively used in future complementary researches that aim to elucidate environmental factors that affect raptors life cycle.
Hacking Google reCAPTCHA v3 using Reinforcement Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a Reinforcement Learning (RL) methodology to bypass Google reCAPTCHA v3. We formulate the problem as a grid world where the agent learns how to move the mouse and click on the reCAPTCHA button to receive a high score. We study the performance of the agent when we vary the cell size of the grid world and show that the performance drops when the agent takes big steps toward the goal. Finally, we used a divide and conquer strategy to defeat the reCAPTCHA system for any grid resolution. Our proposed method achieves a success rate of 97.4% on a 100x100 grid and 96.7% on a 1000x1000 screen resolution.
A Spacecraft Housekeeping System-on-Chip in a Radiation Hardened Structured ASIC

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Housekeeping systems are essential to health monitoring of spacecraft and instruments. Typically, sensors are distributed across various sub-systems and data is collected using components such as analog-to-digital converters, analog multiplexers and amplifiers. In most cases programmable devices are used to implement the data acquisition control and storage, and the interface to higher level systems. Such discrete implementations require additional size, weight, power and interconnect complexity versus an integrated circuit solution, as well as the qualification of multiple parts. Although commercial devices are readily available, they are not suitable for space applications due the radiation tolerance and qualification requirements. The Housekeeping System-o n-A-Chip (HKSOC) is a low power, radiation hardened integrated solution suitable for spacecraft and instrument control and data collection. A prototype has been designed and includes a wide variety of functions including a 16-channel analog front-end for driving and reading sensors, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, on-chip temperature sensor, power supply current sense circuits, general purpose comparators and amplifiers, a 32-bit processor, digital I/O, pulse-width modulation (PWM) generators, timers and I2C master and slave serial interfaces. In addition, the device can operate in a bypass mode where the processor is disabled and external logic is used to control the analog and mixed signal functions. The device is suitable for stand-alone or distributed systems where multiple chips can be deployed across different sub-systems as intelligent nodes with computing and processing capabilities.
Is there more than one inflammatory phenotype in asthma?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Circumstantial evidence suggests an important role for neutrophilic airways inflammation in addition to eosinophilic airways inflammation in non-severe asthma.

The existence of different clinical phenotypes of asthma is a concept that has excited considerable interest in academic, clinical, and pharmaceutical quarters. The source of this confusion goes back to the original Greek definition of asthma as a description for transient breathlessness. The ancients recognised that the symptoms of asthma could be triggered by cardiac or bronchial disease. The term “cardiac asthma” has been replaced by the physiological and pathological definitions of left ventricular failure and pulmonary oedema. Within bronchial asthma, definitions have continued to focus on physiological measurements and clinical context, including exercise induced asthma, nocturnal asthma, acute severe asthma, occupational asthma, etc. Implicit in these clinical phenotypes is the unspoken assumption that the clinical context dictates the pathophysiological mechanism. The demonstration that eosinophilic inflammation is a characteristic feature of many asthmatic airways led, during the 1990s, to the unhealthy and erroneous view that all asthma might be caused by eosinophils. Indeed, at one stage asthma was in danger of being defined for pharmaceutical purposes as eosinophilic airways inflammation. The few dissenting voices were drowned out by a series of studies showing the “anti-inflammatory” effects of anti-asthma drugs by virtue of a proxy effect on airways eosinophilic. Given the known dependence of eosinophils on T cells and cytokines such as interleukin 5 (IL-5), a further dogma arose that all asthma was orchestrated by T cells producing IL-5 and IL-4, the Th2 cytokines.

This issue of Thorax features a hypothesis paper by Douwes et al 1 that questions the assumption that Th2 driven allergic inflammation is the pathogenetic mechanism behind the majority of cases of asthma. Douwes and colleagues draw from several sources of evidence to argue that non-allergic, non-eosinophilic asthma …
StoryPivot

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As the world evolves around us, so does the digital coverage of it. Events of diverse types, associated with different actors and various locations, are continuously captured by multiple information sources such as news articles, blogs, social media etc. day by day. In the digital world, these events are represented through information snippets that contain information on the involved entities, a description of the event, when the event occurred, etc. In our work, we observe that events (and their corresponding digital representations) are often inter-connected, i.e., they form stories which represent evolving relationships between events over time. Take as an example the plane crash in Ukraine in July 2014 which involved multiple entities such as "Ukraine", "Malaysia", and "Russia" and multiple events ranging from the actual crash to the incident investigation and the presentation of the investigator's findings. In this demonstration we present StoryPivot, a framework that helps its users to detect evolving stories in event datasets over time. To resolve stories, we differentiate between story identification, the problem of connecting events over time within a source, and story alignment, the problem of integrating stories across sources. The goal of this demonstration is to present an interactive exploration of both these problems and how events can be dynamically interpreted and put into context in real-world datasets.
Fabrication details of Ba1-xKxFe2As2films by pulsed laser deposition technique

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Among Fe-based superconductors, potassium doped $BaFe_2As_2$ is favorable for applications because of its relatively high transition temperature and low anisotropy. To study the superconducting properties and the applicable aspects, high quality thin films of potassium doped $BaFe_2As_2$ should be fabricate. However, the high volatility of potassium makes it difficult to fabricate thin films of this compound. In this paper, we discuss the details of the experimental conditions used to fabricate $Ba_{1-x}K_xFe_2As_2$ films by ex situ PLD method. In the first set of samples, barium ratio in the target was controlled to make films with various potassium doping rate. However, in the second set of samples, the amount of potassium was controlled to find out optimal conditions for making high quality $Ba_{1-x}K_xFe_2As_2$ films.
Malaysian dental therapists’ job motivation, job satisfaction, intention to leave and perceived future roles

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To assess Malaysian dental therapists’ job satisfaction, motivation, turnover intention and perceived future roles, following recent changes in the regulations that allow them to provide dental care within their scope of practice in the private sector. Methods A self‐administered questionnaire was distributed to public dental therapists who were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. Questions included items on social structure, job satisfaction and motivation (based on the Warr‐Cook‐Wall scale), turnover intention (based on four cognitive processes) and perceived future roles. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the predictors of dental therapists’ turnover intention. Results Overall, a majority (>90%) of the participants had high job satisfaction and job motivation, with total mean scores of 45.70 ± 6.86 and 21.16 ± 2.63, respectively. A total of 8.3% intended to leave the public sector to work in a different organization. Of those who chose to remain as a dental therapist in the next five years, only 7% considered working in the private sector. The significant predictors for turnover intention were educational attainment, years of working experience, job satisfaction level and future preferred working sector. Conclusion Although the newly introduced Dental Act allows dental therapists to expand their roles to the private setting, very few intended to do so. This could be related to them having a high level of job satisfaction and job motivation while serving in the public sector.