jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effects of Standardisationon Suspension and Steering Kinematics on Diverse Vehicle Architecture

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Automotive industry is progressively embracing newer technology for buses, as they are increasingly becoming the backbone of urban transportation. Buses are generally classified based on floor heights, lengths, seating capacity and applications besides lot of other parameters. Generally low floor / low entry buses are used for city transportation, while high floor / high deck buses are used for inter urban and intercity transportation. Yet in a few developing and underdeveloped geographies across the globe, high deck or the semi low floor buses are still used for city/urban transportation. There could be a lot of reasons like infrastructure limitations, the cost of ownership or in some cases even the topology of these geographies could be unfriendly towards low floor buses and low ground clearances.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Varying customer requirements, applications and environmental factors necessitates a broad range of offerings from any bus OEM. From the OEM's perspective, increased variety poses technical capability challenges and delays new product configurations. In general while designing any system, subsystem or component for a wide vehicle, the term ‘standardization’ comes into picture as it has its own advantages like lesser cost per large volumes, part count reduction, service ease etc. On the flip side, there could be compromises on performance. Hence, the influence of different parameter on vehicle performance should be known prior to standardization.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph"/><div class="htmlview paragraph">A vehicle's ride and handling performance is primarily influenced by suspension and steering system hard points. These parameters / hard points are even more critical for passenger vehicles. The study discussed in this paper is being carried out to analyze the effect of standardization on suspension and steering system kinematic behavior when these systems are designed to suit different vehicle architectures (low floor to high floor).</div></div>
Risk factors of extubation failure in extremely low birth weight infants: a five year retrospective analysis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Extubation failure is one of the most serious complications in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI) on mechanical ventilation therapy. We performed a 5-year retrospective analysis to realize the status of extubation failure in ELBWI. Extubation failure was defined as requirements of re-intubation within 72 hours after extubation. The extubation failure rate was 21% (29/138). The mean birth body weight was 808.3 +/- 140.4 gm. The mean gestational age was 25.8 +/- 1.2 wks. The incidence of chronic lung disease (CLD) in infants with extubation failure was 100% (29/29). Apnea of prematurity 49% (14/29) and post-extubation atelectasis 39% (11/29) were the most common reasons for reintubation. The major microbiology findings which correlated with nosocomial pneumonia in infants with extubation failure were Acinetobacter baumanni (21%), Klebsiella pneumonia (21%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (14%), and Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (14%). In conclusion, post-extubation atelectasis and apnea were the most common reasons for reintubation. ELBWI with extubation failure had higher incidences of post-extubation atelectasis, CLD, and nosocomial pneumonia. Further prospective studies are needed in order to clarify the appropriate extubation program for ELBWI and to prevent post-extubation atelectasis and nosocomial pneumonia.
A fuzzy object query language (FOQL) for image databases

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Content based retrieval systems have been developed for querying image data in which the users can pose queries based on visual properties such as color and texture. These systems, which have advanced the state of the art in image database systems, remarkably lack formal query languages. The traditional query languages are unable to capture the inherent fuzzy nature of the image data and content based querying. The fuzzy object query language (FOQL) presented in this paper addresses the need to support fuzzy values and fuzzy collections required for image databases. It can be used for defining schemas and high level concepts, and for querying image databases. It captures the inherent fuzzy nature of content based retrieval by keeping the query results fuzzy as against other query languages. The users can interactively refine their queries and high level concept definitions using recursive and named query definition constructs in FOQL. Being an extension of ODMG-OQL, FOQL can be easily mapped to ODMG-compliant visual query languages.
Thermodynamic properties of calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO4

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Calcium alkali phosphates Ca(Na,K)PO 4 are main constituents of bioceramics and thermochemically produced phosphorus fertilizers because of their bioavailability. Sparse thermodynamic data are available for the endmembers CaNaPO 4 and CaKPO 4 . In this work, the missing data were determined for the low-temperature phase modifications of the endmembers CaNaPO 4 and CaKPO 4 and three intermediate Ca(Na,K)PO 4 compositions. Standard enthalpy of formation ranges from − 2018.3 ± 2.2 kJ mol −1 to − 2030.5 ± 2.1 kJ mol −1 and standard entropy from 137.2 ± 1.0 J mol −1 K −1 to 148.6 ± 1.0 J mol −1 K −1 from sodium endmember β-CaNaPO 4 to potassium endmember β′-CaKPO 4 . Thermodynamic functions are calculated up to 1400 K for endmembers and the sodium-rich intermediate phase β-Ca(Na 0.93 K 0.07 )PO 4 . Functions above 640 K are extrapolated because of the phase transition from low- to high-temperature phase. Impurities in the synthesized intermediate phases γ-Ca(Na 0.4 K 0.6 )PO 4 and γ-Ca(Na 0.35 K 0.65 )PO 4 and one additional phase transition around 500 K impeded the determination of high-temperature thermodynamic functions. In general, data for phase transition temperatures agree with the previously reported phase diagrams.
<title>Embedded quasi-distributed sensor for composite material</title>

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work presents the first example of structure mode shapes recovering by means of an embedded quasi-distributed fiber-optic sensor. The developed feed-forward quasi-distributed polarimetric sensor allows a distributed recovery of the structure strain while maintaining low- invasivity, high-sensitivity, and high spatial resolution. The first three modes of a CRFP cantilever have been recovered both in frequency and in modal shape by means of the 8- segment sensor. The excellent agreement between the theoretical datum and the experimental results confirms the suitability of the presented architecture in developing advanced sensing systems for structure application.
Centralisation and Decentralisation as Tendencies of Union Organisational and Bargaining Policy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

At first glance there would hardly seem to be anything less comparable than the situation of the unions in the Federal Republic of Germany and in Italy. In the former country, there is a unitary organisation for blue- and white-collar workers; in the latter, three different, politically oriented unions. In the former, a union structure which has remained nearly unchanged since the establishment of the DGB in 1949; in the latter, a dynamic of division and reunification which has by no means reached its conclusion. In the former, a degree of legal regulation of labour relations that is not to be found anywhere else in Western Europe; in the latter, a militant working class that, in the 'Hot Autumn' of 1969, swept away all regulations similar to obligations for industrial peace, which had anyway only been introduced by a recent labour contract. In the former, the right to strike is granted only to a recognised group of workers; in the latter, it is a right of the individual worker. This list of differences could easily be expanded, but more important than such considerations is the conspicuous difference between the social movements in Italy and in the BRD.
Fostering the high‐involvement model of human resource management: what have we learnt and what challenges do we face?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The high‐involvement model of human resource management (HRM) is seen as offering major benefits to organisations, employees and societies through enhancing employee motivation, enabling people to reach more of their potential, and producing better quality and innovation. However, it would be a mistake to imagine that we can stimulate more of it by simply ‘turning up the volume’ on its virtues. In this article, we highlight what we have learnt about the model, including the contextual factors that enable and constrain its uptake. We also discuss the tensions that affect the quality and sustainability of particular implementations. These include the need to retain employee commitment when it is threatened by all‐too‐common periods of restructuring, the need to manage the relationship between greater involvement and work intensification, and the need to ensure a good match between the kinds of autonomy that employees value and the working arrangements that organisations need in complex, interdependent teamwork.
Response of cultured human brain tumors to nitrosoureas: Correlation with clinical data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An in vitro microcytotoxicity assay was utilized to determine the sensitivity of 58 cultured human malignant gliomas to the chemotherapy agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Of 58 such tumors, 42 (72%) showed a statistically significant cytotoxic response to BCNU in this assay. For those responding tumor lines, the cytotoxic index ranged from 0.25 to 0.76, with most clustered at the 0.40 level. To determine the therapeutic predictive relevance of such microcytotoxicity testing, the clinical course of patients receiving postoperative radiation therapy plus two or more doses of nitrosourea chemotherapy, as well as two or more computerized tomographic scans, was evaluated. In the 14 patients meeting all these criteria, tumor size increased in all five patients whose tumors did not respond to BCNU in the microcytotoxicity test. Six of the nine patients whose tumors in culture showed significant sensitivity to BCNU in vitro showed a clear decrease in tumor size over periods ranging from 17 to 48 months. Tumors in two patients increased in size, and one remained unchanged over the interval studied. These data support the concept that in vitro microcytotoxicity testing can be predictive of clinical response. Further study of this correlation seems warranted.
Third Report of the North Dakota Bird Records Committee: 2004-2005

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Since 1979, North Dakota's bird records committee has collected, evaluated, and archived documentations of rare bird occurrences in the state. In 2004 and 2005, this committee resolved 189 rare bird records. On the basis of these record reviews, six species were ad~ed to the North Dakota state bird list: mottled duck (Anas fulvigula), yellow-billed loon (Cavia adamsii), white-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus), little stint (Calidris minuta), glaucous-winged gull (Larus glaucescens), and great black-backed gull (Larus marinus). Four species were added to the list of nesting species within the state: snowy egret (Egretta thula), tricolored heron (Egretta tricolor), violet-green swallow (Tachycineta thalassina), and house finch (Carpodacus mexicanus). Based on the records reviewed, we recommend changes in the recognized status of 27 avian species.
Comparison of the Total Polyphenol Content and Antioxidant Activity of Chocolate Obtained from Roasted and Unroasted Cocoa Beans from Different Regions of the World

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The polyphenol content of cocoa beans and the products derived from them, depend on the regions in which they are grown and the processes to which they are subjected, especially temperature. The aim of the study was to compare the total content of polyphenols and antioxidant activity of chocolates obtained from roasted and unroasted cocoa beans. The chocolates produced from each of the six types of unroasted beans and each of the five types of roasted beans were investigated. The seeds came from Ghana, Venezuela, the Dominican Republic, Colombia and Ecuador. The highest total polyphenol content was determined in cocoa beans originating from Colombia and in the chocolates obtained from them. A higher content of total polyphenols was found in unroasted cocoa beans, which indicates the influence this process had on the studied size. The ability to scavenge free DPPH radicals was at a high level in both the beans and the chocolates produced from them, irrespective of the region where the raw material was grown. A positive correlation between the total polyphenol content and the ability to scavenge free radicals was found.
ANALYSIS OF DRAIN FLUID PARTICLE CONTENT AFTER IMPLANTATION OF AN ANTIBIOTIC-ELUTING BONE GRAFT SUBSTITUTE CLOSE TO A PARTIAL PELVIC REPLACEMENT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Endoprosthetic reconstruction for pathologic acetabular fractures is associated with a high risk of periprosthetic joint infection. In this setting, bone defect reconstruction utilising co-delivery of a synthetic bone substitute with an antibiotic, is an attractive treatment option from both, therapeutic and prophylactic perspective. We wished to address some concerns that remain regarding the possible presence of potentially wear inducing particles in the periprosthetic joint space subsequent to this procedure. We analysed a drain fluid sample from an endoprosthetic reconstruction of a pathologic acetabular fracture with implantation of a gentamicin eluting, biphasic bone graft substitute, consisting of 40% hydroxyapatite (HA) and 60% calcium sulphate (CERAMENT G), into the residual peri-acetabular bone defect. This sample was divided into two 1.5ml subsamples, to one of which 100mg HA particles were added as control before burning off all organic substance at very high temperature. These heat treated samples were then examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDAX) and compared to a reference sample consisting of HA particles only. On SEM, hydroxyapatite particles were readily recognisable in the control and reference samples, whereas only very few particles over 2μm were apparent in the ”pure” drain sample. EDAX revealed that very large amounts of salts were present in both drainage samples. The pure drainage sample however, contained markedly lower amounts of calcium and phosphate compared to reference and control samples. No HA particles as such, were seen in the pure sample, however their presence cannot be excluded with absolute certainty, as some particles might have been hidden within the large salt conglomerates. We could not find clear evidence that the drain fluid really contained HA particles. More thorough investigations are needed and future analyses with prior removal of the high salt content would likely yield more conclusive results.
Computer Program for Design and Analysis of Sheet Pile Walls by Classical Methods (CWALSHT). User's Guide

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : This report describes a computer program called CWALSHT which performs design and/or analysis of either cantilever or anchored sheet pile walls. The program uses classical soil mechanics procedures for determining the required depth of penetration of a new wall or assesses the factors of safety for an existing wall. Seepage effects are included in a simplified manner in the program. CWALSHT was developed from specifications provided by the Computer- Aided Structural Engineering (CASE) Task Group on Sheet Pile Structures. The remainder of this report is organized as follows: 1) Part II describes the general sheet pile retaining structure and the soil system to be designed or analyzed by the program; 2) Part III describes the procedures employed in the program for calculating earth pressures on the wall due to the adjacent soil, unbalanced hydrostatic head, and surcharge loads on the soil surface; 3) Part IV reviews the methods for determining the required depth of penetration for each type of wall; 4) Part V describes the computer program; and 5) Part VI presents example solutions obtained with the program. Keywords: Retaining walls; Safety factor; Army Corps of Engineers.
Implementation issues on the design of current loops based on resonant regulators for isolated microgrids

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper analyzes the influence of state feedback coupling between the capacitor voltage and inductor current in voltage source inverters (VSI) operating in stand-alone microgrids. A decoupling technique is proposed as an effective measure to enhance the dynamics. Further implementation issues and control structures are also considered. Lab-scale experimental results prove the validity of the approaches.
Redescription and postmarsupial development of Apseudopsis latreillii (Crustacea: Tanaidacea)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Apseudopsis latreillii is a common tanaidacean species widely-distributed in the north-east Atlantic, but its diagnostic characters remain unspecified. Furthermore, intraspecific variation in relation to its developmental stages has not been described. Knowledge about this variation is needed owing to the difficulty of identification of the significant number of juvenile specimens within samples, particularly when sympatric with other apseudid species. Specimens from three different localities of the north-east Atlantic have been examined, and the size of 766 individuals has been measured. Study of postmarsupial development shows that the manca II is followed by two juvenile stages before reaching maturity. Males present two possible morphologies. After a preparatory stage, females pass through a sequence of copulatory instars followed by intermediate stages in which the female loses the ovisac after manca release. Characters allowing the distinction of A. latreillii specimens regardless of developmental stage are the combination of a pointed and downturned rostrum, pereonites without apophyses, three ventral spines on the pereopod 1 propodus, and one dorsodistal spine on the merus.
Vasorelaxing effect and possible chemical markers of the flowers of the Mexican Crataegus gracilior

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The vasorelaxing effect of the methanol extract of the flowers of Crataegus gracilior, a Mexican medicinal plant used to treat some cardiovascular diseases, was assessed, and its possible chemical markers identified. The extract produced a potent vasodilator effect on isolated rat aortic rings (EC50 = 1.83 ± 1.39 µg/mL; Emax = 100 ± 3.4%). Vitexin, the most commonly identified flavonoid in the flowers and used to standardise some Crataegus species, was not found at all in this plant sample. Instead, daucosterol, and corosolic and euscapic acids were purified. The two triterpene acids have been reported to possess beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases. These results indicate that the vasodilator effect might induce the hypotensive effect claimed by users, and that euscapic and corosolic acids may be the main vasodilator compounds, and can then be employed as the chemical markers towards the future standardisation of the extract.
Physical and Magnetic Properties of Silicon Doped with Impurity Germanium Atoms

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the results of a study of silicon diffusion-doped with germanium impurity atoms. For the diffusion of germanium impurity atoms, the original single-crystal silicon of the KEF-100 brand was used, in which the phosphorus concentration was equal to Np≈5ꞏ1013cm-3. The selection of such a concentration of phosphorus impurity atoms was justified by the fact that this concentration of phosphorus atoms has practically no effect on the electrophysical properties of the obtained samples of silicon doped with germanium impurity atoms (Si<Ge>) due to the high solubility of germanium impurity atoms in silicon. As shown by the conducted experimental studies in silicon samples doped by the developed new technology, there are a number of important practical features as well as, the time of the diffusion process of impurity atoms of germanium in silicon according to the developed new technology is reduced by 2‑2.5 times, the power consumption during diffusion is reduced by 2 times, the formation of various impurities, silicides, both on the surface and at the surface region of silicon and surface erosion are almost completely eliminated. The study of the electrophysical and magnetic properties of silicon doped with impurity atoms of germanium showed that on the surface and in the near-surface, in addition to the formation of saturated layers of impurity atoms of germanium, binary compounds GexSi1-x are also formed. Based on the X-ray energy dispersive microanalysis, it was determined that the concentration of silicon atoms on the surface is ~44.32%, germanium atoms ~38.11%, oxygen atoms ~15.58% and carbon atoms ~1.98%. These data showed that the number of germanium atoms on the surface is almost half the number of the main silicon atoms. The presence of impurity germanium atoms leads to a strong change in the fundamental parameters of the original silicon. The results of the study showed that in the samples of silicon doped with impurity germanium atoms, ferromagnetic properties are observed at relatively high temperatures (T = 300 K). For the first time in the samples of silicon doped with impurity germanium atoms, galvanomagnetic parameters such as Ms-saturation magnetization, Mr-residual magnetization and Hc-coercive force were determined. It was shown that in samples of silicon doped with impurity atoms of germanium, the fundamental parameters (the value of the width of the forbidden zone, mobility and band structure) of the original silicon change in a wide range, which leads to an expansion of the spectral range of photosensitivity, as well as magnetic properties, i.e. ferromagnetism is observed at relatively high temperatures (T=300 K).
Assessment of people’s livelihood vulnerability under the impact of drought in Krongno district, Dak Nong province using livelihood vulnerability index

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Krong No was evaluated that it was the most severely affected district in Dak Nong province under impacts of drought in 2015-2016. The objective of this study was to assess the people’s livelihood vulnerability in Krong No district in Daknong province by using Livelihood Vulnerability Index developed by Hahn et al. (2009) and field survey. The obtained results indicated that LVI of Krong No district reached to medium level (0.444). However, there was an unbalance point in major components of the LVI. The most vulnerable components were water (0.774) livelihood strategies (0.661), whereas, five other components were lower than 0.5. The descreasing order of the vulnerability was food, drought, social networks, health and sociodemographic profile. Another result showed that Quang Phu and Nam N'dir were two of five communes which were needed the support.