jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Prioritising pathogens for the management of severe febrile patients to improve clinical care in low- and middle-income countries

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background: Severe febrile illness without a known source (SFWS) is a challenge for clinicians when deciding how to manage a patient, particularly given the wide spectrum of potential aetiologies that contribute to fever. These infections are difficult to distinguish clinically, and accurate diagnosis requires a plethora of diagnostics including blood cultures, imaging techniques, molecular or serological tests, and more. When laboratory services are available, a limited test menu hinders clinical decision-making and antimicrobial stewardship, leading to empiric treatment and suboptimal patient outcomes. To specifically address SFWS, this work aimed to identify priority pathogens for a globally applicable panel for fever causing pathogens. Method: A pragmatic two-pronged approach combining currently available scientific data in an analytical hierarchy process and systematically gathered expert input, was designed to address the lack of comprehensive global aetiology data. The expert re-ranked list was then further adapted for a specific use case to focus on community acquired infections in whole blood specimens. The resulting list was further analysed to address different geographical regions (Asia, Africa, and Latin America), and Cohen kappa scores of agreement were calculated. Results: The expert ranked prioritized pathogen list generated as part of this two-pronged approach included typhoidal Salmonella , Plasmodium species and Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the top 3 pathogens. This pathogen list was then further adapted for the SFWS use case to develop a final pathogen list to inform product development. Subsequent analysis comparing the relevance of the SFWS pathogen list to multiple populations and geographical regions showed that the SFWS prioritized list had considerable utility across Africa and Asia, but less so for Latin America. In addition, the list showed high levels of agreement across different patient sub-populations, but lower relevance for neonates and symptomatic HIV patients. Conclusion: This work highlighted once again the challenges of prioritising in global health, but it also shows that taking a two-pronged approach, including the actionability, can result in a broadly applicable priority list. This broad utility is particularly important in the context of product development, where a sufficient market size is essential to achieve a sustainable commercialized diagnostic product to address SFWS.
[A pedigree of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4F (Periaxin mutation)].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a 51-year-old man genetically diagnosed as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 4F. The patient was the first child of healthy, consanguineous parents. He had two sisters and one of them showed similar but milder symptoms. He had gait disturbance since childhood. Then he noticed muscle weakness of his hands at the age of early forties, and more difficulties in gait at the age of late forties. On examination at age 51, he showed absence of all deep tendon reflexes, weakness of the hand and distal leg muscles, pes cavus and decreased sensitivity to touch and vibration in the lower extremities. Electrophysiological studies of the median nerve showed delayed motor nerve conduction velocity and undetectable sensory nerve action potentials. The histology of his sural nerve revealed moderate loss of large myelinated fibers and the diameters of residual fibers shifted to small shown as size-frequency histogram. Many fibers are thinly myelinated and some of the Schwann cells looked as wrapping around the myelinate fibers with their processes. On gene analyses, we identified an Arg 1070 Stop homozygous mutation in the Periaxin, known to be a causative gene for CMT type 4F. Based on these observations, we emphasized that broad genetic analyses are necessary for diagnosis of CMT disease, including so far unidentified mutations among the Japanese populations.
Cyclopropyl compounds as chemical building blocks: Total syntheses of the alkaloids (0) -co Ic h ici ne, i m er u b r i n e a n d g r a ndi r u b r i n e

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Fully regio-controlled total syntheses of the title alkaloids (l), (13) and (14) have been developed. In each case, the key step involved acid- or thermally- promoted ring-expansion of the appropriate o- homo-o-benzoquinone or o-homo-o- benzoquinone monoacetal to generate the troponoid ring associated with the target
Contextualizing Military Health and Trauma: Recommendations for Integrated Care and Couple-Centered Interventions

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Military personnel and their family members are currently facing risks to their health and well-being, yet interventions such as prevention and treatment remain unsuccessful for many families. For instance, almost one-quarter of a million returning troops have been diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the estimated prevalence of PTSD is grossly underestimated due to ineffective assessment. Further, only half of military PTSD sufferers are finding relief in their treatment. Through this literature review, assessment, prevention, and treatment recommendations to improve health outcomes for military personnel are provided by expanding previous medical models and incorporating biopsychorelational principles and data.
Enhanced in vitro fibrinolytic activity of immobilized plasmin on collagen beads

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Plasmin was immobilized on collagenous substrates using carbodiimide as a linking agent. The kinetics of soluble and immobilized plasmin were monitored by reacting them with the chromogenic substrate S‐2251 (H‐D‐Val‐Leu‐Lys‐pNA) in the presence and absence of a2‐antiplasmin (a2‐PI). The ability of immobilized plasmin to lyse synthetic clots formed from fibrinogen and thrombin was determined by detecting the formation of fibrin degradation products (FDP). The activity of immobilized plasmin was 0.02 casein units (CU)/mg of collagen. The kinetic analysis of soluble and immobilized plasmin in the presence and absence of a2‐PI shows that while soluble plasmin activity was inhibited by the presence of a2‐PI, the plasmin inhibitor did not interfere with the ability of immobilized plasmin to attack fibrin. In the absence of a2‐PI, the ability of the immobilized plasmin to lyse synthetic clots was the same as that of soluble plasmin. In the presence of a2‐PI, immobilized plasmin produced twice the amount of FDP as did soluble plasmin. The immobilized plasmin activity was stable for a period of at least 3 months.
Non-invariance of Weak Approximation with Brauer–Manin Obstruction

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study weak approximation with Brauer–Manin obstruction with respect to extensions of number fields. For any nontrivial extension [Formula: see text], assuming a conjecture of M. Stoll, we prove that there exists a [Formula: see text]-threefold satisfying weak approximation with Brauer–Manin obstruction off all archimedean places, while its base change to [Formula: see text] fails. Then we illustrate this construction with an explicit unconditional example.
Diseño de conexiones tipo perno en vigas compuestas de acero y hormigón en situación de incendio

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work studies the factors that impact on the fire resistance of stud connections in steel–concrete composite structures, considering beams with solid slab. The design of the experiment, the thermal modeling of the push-out specimens, with or without fire protection material, and the analysis of the significance of the different parameters in the temperature relationships are carried out. Finally, the temperatures that should be considered in the concrete and the connector, expressed as percentages of the steel flange temperature, are proposed in order to determine the reduction factors of the connection resistance in fire situation. The results demonstrate that the percentages proposed in EN 1994-1-2 (2005) to determine the temperature in the concrete and the connector, based on the temperature in the steel flange, are not valid for all design situations within the scope of the code. Rev. ing. constr. [online]. 2015, vol.30, n.1, pp. 39-52. ISSN 0718-5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50732015000100004
In vitro maturation of mouse oocytes isolated from late, middle, and pre‐antral graafian follicles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Oocytes were dissected from late, middle, and pre‐antral Graafian follicles from sexually mature mice (6–8 weeks old), cultured in vitro in a chemically defined medium for 18 hours, and scored for meiotic maturation. Between 83–91% of the oocytes removed from antral follicles (300–600 μm in diameter) progressed to either metaphase I or metaphase II. In marked contrast, 98% of the oocytes removed from pre‐antral follicles (100–150 μm in diameter) failed to resume meiosis and remained in the germinal vesicle stage. These and other data suggest there is a close correlation between the capacity of the mouse oocyte to resume meiosis and the appearance of the antrum in the developing follicle.
Pidotimod – Current Role and Evidence

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Recurrent respiratory infections (RRIs) are common in the pediatric age group and in patients with chronic respiratory disorders, leading to frequent hospitalization and poorer quality of life. Studies have shown that an immature immune system in childhood can predispose to RRIs, leading to adult life. Immunomodulators are drugs which modulate the immune system of the host to increase resistance against various infections. They interact with specific receptors and cellular components of innate and adaptive response to modulate the immune response. Pidotimod (PDT) is one such immunomodulator which has shown emerging evidence in the past 2 decades, to reduce the recurrence of lower respiratory tract infections and help in faster recovery from the same. This review highlights the evidence behind the potential role of PDT in the prevention and management of RRIs.
95 Molecular modelling studies of enterostatin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The pepbde hormone, enterostutin is formed in the duodenum by the mypsin-catalysed cleavage of procdipase to form colipase and release enterostatin [l]. Its effects are biokgcally interesting [2]: inhibiting food intake, particularly fat-rich diets, in rats [l]. Enterostatin appears to bind to target neurons to elicit a satiation signal and inhibit feeding [l]. he primary structure of enterostatin is highly conserved ac~oss species Table 1.
The Temptation of Utopia and the Problematics of Language in Canetti's Auto da fé

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Canetti's Auto da fé presents the reader with an extremely complex fictional univers which problematizes the very relationship between text and context, the word and the world, story and history, signifier and signified. What is at stake here is the very possibility of the novel and, by extension, of text in general to make any kind of meaning, to extract a minimal signification from the historical phenomena it purports to metaphorize. The article focuses mainly on the temptation of the novel to posit an opening, an exit from the nihilism of Europe between the two World Wars which the novel attempts to measure up to. But this proves to be a game with an idea (perhaps the idea of Utopia itself) that the text posits and then cancels out in the absence of historical meaning.
Chemical Imaging with Variable Angles of Incidence Using a Diamond Attenuated Total Reflection Accessory

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A new development in Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging using a diamond attenuated total reflection (ATR) imaging accessory in a novel manner that allows the angle of incidence to be varied in order to obtain images from subsurface layers of different thickness is introduced. Chemical images of samples from the same area but with different depths of penetration are obtained by changing the angle of incidence as well as using different spectral bands at different wavenumbers. Changes in the angle of incidence with this accessory were made possible by taking advantage of the relatively large numerical aperture employed by the original imaging optics. This arrangement allowed us to introduce an additional movable aperture in the optical design to restrict the angle of incidence to certain values. Two samples have been studied, one for the calibration of the angle of incidence while the other demonstrates the capability of obtaining three-dimensional (3D) information using this approach. Advantages of this new approach include the relatively high spatial resolution (it can spatially resolve features as small as 12 μm without a microscope) and no change in the imaging area and sampling area during manipulation of the angle of incidence.
Histories of Medicine in the Household: Recovering Practice and ‘Reception’

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Introducing the essays in this special issue on medicine in the household, Bivins, Marland and Tomes briefly sketch the existing historiography and argue for the enduring importance of the household as a site of medical decision making and practice. The household as explored by this collection also offers a valuable space within which to test new methodologies addressing the challenges that face historians and other scholars seeking to trace the reception, adoption and adaptation of new knowledge, practices and products. \n \n
Comparative Analysis of International Stock Market Volatility with ARCH Model

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In stock markets, the price is fluctuating around its average value with the time being. One of the volatilities is the variance heteroscedasticity. It is found that auto-regressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model provides an alternative approach for the simulation of stock heteroscedasticity. In this paper, the application of ARCH and its modified models is presented for the risk analysis based on the stock index of America, Europe, China and other countries in Asia Pacific. GARCH-M model is used to test the long-term volatility self-similarity and the correlation between risk and return; TGARCH model is introduced to test the volatility leverage effect; EGARCH model is applied to verify the asymmetry heteroscedasticity of stock price fluctuation.
ChemInform Abstract: 8′‐Hydroxyzearalanone (I) and 2′‐Hydroxyzearalanol (II): Resorcyclic Acid Lactone Derivatives from the Marine‐Derived Fungus Penicillium sp.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Numerical study of the bearing capacity of a strip footing on tow layered clay under inclined loading

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The bearing capacity of a strip footing resting on a homogeneous and isotropic soil hasbeen the subject of numerous theoretical and experimental studies. However, in practice the soilis never homogeneous. It is therefore important to introduce the effect of stratification on thebearing capacity. This paper aims to indicate the modifications that must be made to the bearingcapacity of a rough strip footing resting on two layered clay subjected to inclined load. The finite-difference code Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua (FLAC) is used to estimate the bearingcapacity factor Nc* as well as the failure envelope and the inclination factors ic, in the case ofinclined loading. The study is carried out considering two layers clays of different shear strengths,where the thickness of the upper clay layer is comparable to the width of a rigid footing. Theresults obtained show clearly that the bearing capacity of a strip footing is generally depends onthe strength ratio of the soil layers (cu1/cu2) and the relative thickness of the top layer (D/B).
Rheological Properties of Composite Materials for Manufacturing Sprayers of Agricultural Sprinklers

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

At present, the use of polymeric composite materials is becoming increasingly popular in various industries, including the application thereof in the agricultural sector. Polyoxymethylene (POM) has been chosen for the fabrication of the samples and is used in parts requiring for high rigidity, low friction, and excellent dimensional stability. This polymer is resistant with respect to impact loads, organic solvents, and oils and can be easily processed. Adding fillers in the form of fibers and particles to the POM polymer matrix provides improving POM performance characteristics, including physicomechanical properties. This paper presents the results of studies on the rheological properties of composite materials based on polyoxymethylene filled with fiberglass, silicon carbide, and graphite, obtained by means of mixing with the use of a HAAKE PolyLabRheomix 600 OS twin-rotor batch mixer. It has been found that, with increasing filler volume content to 20%, the viscosity of composites containing graphite and fiberglass exhibits a three- to fivefold increase as compared to the initial polymer. With increasing load, the value of the viscosity of the mixtures increases to an insignificant extent. For silicon carbide, the value of viscosity slightly varies depending on the amount of filler and on shear velocity. The highest viscosity is observed in the case of graphite, whereas the lowest is registered for silicon carbide, which may be connected with the size and shape of the particles. Resulting from the studies, it has been concluded that the most technologically appropriate material for the manufacture of agricultural sprinklers is a mixture of polyoxymethylene with silicon carbide, since it has the lowest viscosity.
Hepatitis B (HBV), Hepatitis C (HCV) and Hepatitis Delta (HDV) Viruses in the Colombian Population—How Is the Epidemiological Situation?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Viral hepatitis B, C and delta still remain a serious problem worldwide. In Colombia, data from 1980s described that HBV and HDV infection are important causes of hepatitis, but little is known about HCV infection. The aim of this study was to determine the currently frequency of HBV, HCV and HDV in four different Colombian regions.This study was conducted in 697 habitants from 4 Colombian departments: Amazonas, Chocó, Magdalena and San Andres Islands. Epidemiological data were obtained from an interview applied to each individual aiming to evaluate risk factors related to HBV, HCV or HDV infections. All samples were tested for HBsAg, anti-HBc, anti-HBs and anti-HCV markers. Samples that were positive to HBsAg and/or anti-HBc were tested to anti-HDV. Concerning the geographical origin of the samples, the three HBV markers showed a statistically significant difference: HBsAg (p = 0.033) and anti-HBc (p<0.001) were more frequent in Amazonas and Magdalena departments. Isolated anti-HBs (a marker of previous vaccination) frequencies were: Chocó (53.26%), Amazonas (32.88%), Magdalena (17.0%) and San Andrés (15.33%)--p<0.001. Prevalence of anti-HBc increased with age; HBsAg varied from 1.97 to 8.39% (p = 0.033). Amazonas department showed the highest frequency for anti-HCV marker (5.68%), while the lowest frequency was found in San Andrés Island (0.66%). Anti-HDV was found in 9 (5.20%) out of 173 anti-HBc and/or HBsAg positive samples, 8 of them from the Amazonas region and 1 from them Magdalena department.In conclusion, HBV, HCV and HDV infections are detected throughout Colombia in frequency levels that would place some areas as hyperendemic for HBV, especially those found in Amazonas and Magdalena departments. Novel strategies to increase HBV immunization in the rural population and to strengthen HCV surveillance are reinforced by these results.
Vitamin C supplementation for asthma: Feedback submitted by Harri Hemila, 24 March 2009

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In 2009, I found that there were several errors in the Cochrane review “vitamin C supplementation for asthma” (2009) [1]. For example, there were errors in data extraction; one trial had 20 participants, but only 11 participants were included in the Cochrane analysis. There were errors in the calculations, and the unpaired t-test was used when the paired test should have been used. My feedback was published in the (2010) version of the “2009” review [2], on page 27. The managing editor, Emma Welsh, wrote a response to my criticism in the (2012) version of the “2009” Cochrane review [3]. Simultaneously, the three analysis figures, which were the main focus of my critique, were removed from the review [4]. In their absence, however, my feedback though originally valid became irrelevant. Furthermore, the remaining figures were renumbered so that the figure numbers in my feedback indicated real but different figures; therefore, readers would consider that I was confused. Finally, many responses by Welsh did not seem valid [4]. I contacted David Tovey, Editor-in-Chief of Cochrane, but our correspondence did not lead to any constructive efforts to correct the problem. After a year, I contacted COPE which stated that the original (2009) version must be made available to readers; see a brief summary of the long process [5]. As a result of this process, one single PubMed record (#19160185) [6] links to two different versions of the same “2009” Cochrane review. The PubMedCentral version (2009) includes all the original figures, but not my feedback [1]. The Cochrane Library version (2012) includes my feedback, but does not include the three analysis figures to which my feedback focused [3]. This document is a copy of that (2012) review [3]. My feedback is on pages 20-21. Finally, a third version of the “vitamin C supplementation for asthma” (2010) has both the original figures and my feedback, and is available at the University of Helsinki Digital Archive and Zenodo [2]. Furthermore, the errors that I pointed out in 2009 existed already in the 2001 version of the Cochrane review, so the review had been misleading readers over a decade [4]. Eventually, the review was withdrawn by Cochrane [7]. 1. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6176494 2. https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10853677 3. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000993.pub3 4. https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.6405803 5. https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13216 6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19160185 7. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24155047