jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Knowledge of Hospital Acquisition Costs of Antibiotics among Physicians in a Community Hospital

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Purpose Cost-conscious prescribing requires that physicians be knowledgeable about drug costs. A cost card was used as the primary method of educating physicians about antibiotic costs in this facility. A survey was conducted to determine physicians' knowledge of the acquisition costs of antibiotics and to assess the effectiveness of the cost card as an educational tool. Methods Surveys were sent to 433 physicians in the departments of medicine and surgery. Physicians were asked to designate a hospital cost range for 25 antibiotics on formulary. Percentages of correct responses were determined for all antibiotics. Physicians were also asked a series of questions about their sources of drug cost information and whether they believed that this information was sufficient. Results The average percentage of correct answers to the antibiotic cost questions was 31.7%. Of physicians surveyed, 53% felt that they did not receive enough information regarding drug costs and 57% felt that it would be helpful to have more frequent cost updates. Conclusions Despite efforts to provide antibiotic cost information via a cost card, physicians for the most part are not cognizant of antibiotic costs. Physicians are aware that they lack knowledge about the cost of these drugs and desire further information and education. Educational initiatives will be implemented to facilitate cost-conscious prescribing.
Practical strategies for operationalizing optimal allocation in stratified cluster‐based outcome‐dependent sampling designs

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Cluster‐based outcome‐dependent sampling (ODS) has the potential to yield efficiency gains when the outcome of interest is relatively rare, and resource constraints allow only a certain number of clusters to be visited for data collection. Previous research has shown that when the intended analysis is inverse‐probability weighted generalized estimating equations, and the number of clusters that can be sampled is fixed, optimal allocation of the (cluster‐level) sample size across strata defined by auxiliary variables readily available at the design stage has the potential to increase efficiency in the estimation of the parameter(s) of interest. In such a setting, the optimal allocation formulae depend on quantities that are unknown in practice, currently making such designs difficult to implement. In this paper, we consider a two‐wave adaptive sampling approach, in which data is collected from a first wave sample, and subsequently used to compute the optimal second wave stratum‐specific sample sizes. We consider two strategies for estimating the necessary components using the first wave data: an inverse‐probability weighting (IPW) approach and a multiple imputation (MI) approach. In a comprehensive simulation study, we show that the adaptive sampling approach performs well, and that the MI approach yields designs that are very near‐optimal, regardless of the covariate type. The IPW approach, on the other hand, has mixed results. Finally, we illustrate the proposed adaptive sampling procedures with data on maternal characteristics and birth outcomes among women enrolled in the Safer Deliveries program in Zanzibar, Tanzania.
Entrainment flow of emerging jet in a half-space with the no-slip boundary condition

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Current development of micro-scale technologies increases the interest to viscous flows with low and moderate Reynolds numbers. This work theoretically studies the entrainment flow of a viscous jet emerging from a plane wall into a half space. Methods are developed to find physically meaningful similarity solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations with finite values of mass and momentum fluxes and having no characteristic size. Two models are considered: flow dominated by momentum flux and flow dominated by mass flux. A new one-parameter set of momentum-dominated similarity solutions is found. Two linearly independent mass-dominated similarity solutions are found. Algorithms are proposed to evaluate the parameters of the similarity models from the mass and momentum balances. Distributions of flow parameters and stresses at the wall are calculated for the similarity models. They are compared with the corresponding distributions obtained by computational fluid dynamics for a more realistic model with a finite size of the jet origin and competitive influence of the mass and momentum fluxes. Such comparison validates the mass-dominated similarity model at the jet Reynolds number Re <= 10 and the momentum-dominated similarity model at Re >= 30. The obtained results are applied to the problem of evaporation at selective laser melting. It is shown that the theoretically estimated flow velocity corresponds to the experimentally observed one. The theory explains formation of the experimentally observed denuded zone and its widening with decreasing the pressure of the ambient gas.
Perceptions for Transformational leadership, Followers' Psychological Capital and Intent to Leave in Pakistan: an insight from Medical and Engineering Sector

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Through this study, an effort has been made to join in the scholarly endeavor to identify the reasons for brain drain generally and specifically in Pakistan. The mushroom growth of intents to leave among the employees has been recognized as one of the most important factors for brain drain, globally. Identifying the importance of leadership and followers’ psychological capital in reducing intents to leave, the prevailing perceptions for the role of transformational leadership and the psychological capital of the followers among the employees from Medical and Engineering sector of Pakistan, is studied. Data from 149 respondents was collected by Stratified random sampling and distributing questionnaire by mail survey method. Descriptive analysis showed that most of the employees having high levels of perceptions for transformational leader are stronger in terms of their psychological capacities of hope, optimism, resilience and efficacy than their counterparts. However, the intents to leave are found stronger in more educated and experienced employees with greater levels of psychological capital. It is attributed through findings that intents to leave among the employees of Pakistan may reduce by developing their psychological capital through motivational capacity of transformational leadership nevertheless, implication regarding role of transformational leaders are discussed.
A Typology of Transition-Age Youth

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Young adulthood is a time of transition which poses particular challenges for youth who are homeless or at risk of homelessness, including those exiting foster care. The instability of being homeless puts youth at greater risk of many poor outcomes. Connection to relevant housing resources and services are critical to ensure that young adults have the opportunity to succeed. Better aligning youths’ needs with relevant housing resources can help young adults become and remain stably housed, leading to better lifetime outcomes. This study presents a typology of young adults who exit foster care and residential programs for homeless young adults, including emergency shelters and transitional living programs. The study uses administrative data to follow a cohort of 8,795 young adults, including young parents and unaccompanied young adults from ages 18 through 21, who exited foster care or homeless services. Using sequence analysis, subsequent service use after exit, including utilization of homeless services, hospitals, jail, subsidized housing, and supportive housing, was used to build three-year trajectories of service use patterns of youth. These patterns were then grouped together based on similarity using cluster analysis to form six distinct groups of youth: (1) Minimal Service Use, (2) Later Homeless Experience, (3) Earlier Homeless Experience, (4) Consistent Subsidized Housing, (5) Consistent Supportive Housing, and (6) Frequent Jail Stays. Profiles were developed for each typology to comprehensively, but concisely, describe differences in the characteristics of each group of youth. Models were also developed to determine factors that were predictive of each typology. This typology is being used to inform prioritization processes for housing resources and to better understand how to target programs based on potential pathways of youth.
A higher-order covolume method for planar div-curl problems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Covolume methods constitute a generalization to unstructured meshes of classical staggered mesh techniques. In this paper, a fourth-order method is proposed and it is proved rigorously that the order is indeed 4 in a standard norm. This result is for structured meshes only, and for div–curl equations in two-dimensional space. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thievery Of Literature. Consequences Of The Interaction Between Politics And Commerce For The Form And Content Of Pamphlets

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Dutch Republic is often considered as a land of Cockaigne for printers, booksellers, gazetteers and pamphleteers. Historians and philologists have mostly used them to collect facts, illustrate attitudes of mind, analyse party strife and ideological differences and investigate literary topics. The temptation to deduce public opinion from the highest common factor of pamphlets, however, is often hard to resist for lack of other continuous sources concerning the collective state of mind in the seventeenth century. The impact of political pamphleteering on public opinion, the theme of this chapter. The chapter focuses on political issues of the Dutch Republic. The age of De Witt, the first stadtholderless era, was characterised by great dangers to the external and internal security of the state, as a result of wars, popular disturbances and faction disputes, as well as vehement debates and controversies concerning the necessity and value of the stadtholderate. Keywords:De Witt; Dutch Republic; political pamphleteering; public opinion
Comparison of Pressure-Controlled Ventilation with Volume Guarantee and Volume-Controlled Ventilation mode in Patients under Laparoscopic Surgery: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Background：In traditional Volume-Controlled Ventilation (VCV) mode, the creation of pneumoperitoneum during laparoscopic surgery may lead to Ventilator-Associated Lung Injury (VALI). Pressure-Controlled Ventilation with Volume Guarantee (PCV-VG) mode ensures providing adequate oxygen supply to patients while reducing the risk of lung injury. Methods：Eligible randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were searched in Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Sino Med, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Wan-Fang MED without language restriction up to March 2019. The primary outcome of this meta-analysis was airway peak pressure (Ppeak) at 30, 60 or 90 mins after complete CO2 insufflation. This meta-analysis was followed the recommendations of the PRISMA statement. Results：Finally, 9 articles were included. The Ppeak in the PCV-VG group was lower than that in the VCV group, and the difference was statistically significant at 30mins [Mean Difference (MD)= -3.55, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)= -5.13 to -1.98, I2=83%], 60mins [MD= -5.76, 95%CI= -8.15-3.36, I2=93%], 90 mins [MD= -4.59, 95%CI= -5.43-3.74, I2=30%] after complete CO2 insufflation. Meanwhile, PCV-VG mode could effectively reduce airway mean pressure (Pmean) and improve dynamic compliance (Cdyn) of patients after complete CO2 insufflation in laparoscopic surgery compared to VCV mode. However, no significant difference was found in PetCO2, HR, MAP, PH, PaO2, and PaCO2 between the two-ventilation modes. Conclusions: PCV-VG mode are superior to VCV mode in providing adequate oxygenation at lower airway peak pressure and greater dynamic compliance in patients under laparoscopic surgery.
Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Skin Explore Angiogenesis-Independent Mechanisms of Tumour Vascularization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims. To evaluate the vascularization in basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the skin. Methods. We performed CD31 (i.e., panendothelial marker) and CD105 (i.e., proliferating endothelium marker) immunostaining on samples of 70 SCCs and 70 BCCs of the skin. We evaluated the relative blood vessel area using the Chalkley counting method in each histologic subtype of these tumours. We calculated the degree of proliferation of blood vessel endothelium dividing CD105-Chalkley score by CD31-Chalkley score. Results. We found significantly higher peritumoral and intratumoral blood vessel area in SCC when compared to BCC (both with CD31 and CD105). Chalkley counts differed significantly between groups with different BCC histologic subtypes and SCC with different grade of differentiation. Surprisingly, the degree of proliferation of blood vessel endothelium was higher in BCC when compared to SCC. Conclusions. While SCC exhibited significantly higher intratumoral and peritumoral blood vessel areas compared to BCC, the relatively low rate of proliferating endothelium in this tumour type suggests the existence of endothelial-sprouting-independent mechanisms of vascularization in SCC.
[The occupational spectrum in alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The professional spectrum was analysed in 898 patients with ascertained alveolitides and lung fibroses. Most frequent were fibroses in occupations from agriculture and forestry (167 = 18.6%). Then followed workers in metal (119 = 13.3%), commerce and supply (69 = 7.7%), transport (46 = 5.1%), economic management (46 = 5.1%), building trade (42 = 4.7%) and textile workers (34 = 3.8%). The proportion of the other professional branches was lower than 3.5%. Close connections between disease and profession were seen in the employees in agriculture. The group is formed above all by farmer's lungs (exposure against hay, straw, pellets, corn, fruit, vegetables and so on) and bird-fanciers' lungs. In the other professional groups the rate of the etiologically clarified cases is essentially smaller. Particularly the metal branches are a centre for further investigations.
Relationship between serum vitamin D3 concentration and anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease in China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective In the present study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin D3 concentration and anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in China, to assist understanding of the effects of vitamin D treatment in such patients. Methods A total of 225 patients with CKD were enrolled and a range of laboratory parameters were measured. The participants were allocated to three groups, according to their serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration: a severe deficiency group, a deficiency group, and a sufficiency group. The prevalences of anaemia in the three groups were assessed, and the factors associated with anaemia in patients with CKD were analysed using logistic regression. Results The prevalences of anaemia were 79.5% in the severe deficiency group, 63.5% in the deficiency group, and 48.0% in the sufficiency group. The prevalence of anaemia gradually increased with the severity of vitamin D3 deficiency. The prevalences of anaemia in participants with stages 1 to 5 CKD were 21.1%, 30.4%, 39.5%, 78.7%, and 94.6%, respectively. Conclusion Vitamin D3 deficiency may increase the risk of anaemia in patients with CKD.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ALKYLATING AGENTS.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Summary The term “alkylating agent” has been defined and a detailed discussion made of the mechanisms (Sn1 and Sn2) by which they interact with nucleophilic centers. The various nucleophiles likely to be encountered in vivo are discussed in terms of their relative reactivities toward alkylating agents. With regard to Sn2 reactors it was possible to group them into four sections on the basis of their chemical reactivity and the “spread” in their affinity toward different nucleophiles. The groups comprised ( a ) the epoxides, ethyleneimines, and β-lactones; ( b ) the primary alkyl methanesulfonates; ( c ) primary alkyl halides; and ( d ) α-halo acids and ketones. An attempt has been made to correlate the reactivity of the Sn2 and Sn1 reactors with their known pharmacological properties and the likelihood of their reaction with the various cellular constituents. In particular, the effects of the alkylating agents on nuclear material and cell division, the blood components, male fertility, and the immune response have been discussed in detail, and the chemistry involved in the interaction of the alkylating agents with compounds of biological importance such as the nucleic acids, proteins, and peptides has been critically examined. The importance and limitations of the alkylating agents as chemotherapeutic drugs and as tools for examining the basic mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis and mutation have been considered in the light of recent findings.
Netrin-1 Overexpression Promotes White Matter Repairing and Remodeling after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Damage of oligodendrocytes after ischemia has negative impact on white matter integrity and neuronal function. In this work, we explore whether Netrin-1 (NT-1) overexpression facilitates white matter repairing and remodeling. Adult CD-1 mice received stereotactic injection of adeno-associated virus carrying NT-1 gene ( AAV-NT-1). One week after gene transfer, mice underwent 60 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The effect of NT-1 on neural function was evaluated by neurobehavioral tests. Proliferated oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), newly matured oligodendrocytes, and remyelination were semi-quantified by immunohistochemistry. The role of NT-1 in oligodendrogenesis was further explored by examining specific NT-1 receptors and their function. Netrin-1 overexpression was detected in neurons and astrocytes 2 weeks after AAV-NT-1 gene transfer and significantly improved the neurobehavioral outcomes compared with the control ( P<0.05). In comparison with the control, proliferated OPCs, newly matured oligodendrocytes, and remyelination were greatly increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere of AAV-NT-1-transduced mice. Furthermore, both NT-1 receptors deleted in colorectal carcinoma and UNC5H2 were expressed on OPCs whereas only UNC5H2 was expressed in myelinated axons. Our study indicated that NT-1 promoted OPC proliferation, differentiation, and increased remyelination, suggesting that NT-1 is a promising factor for white matter repairing and remodeling after ischemia.
Geospatial Analysis of Agriculture Land Loss in Qena City, Upper Egypt

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Although urbanization presents opportunities for new urban developments, it may have serious problems on environment and land use/cover patterns. The present study aims to evaluate the performance of built‑up delineation index set (BDIS) for mapping agricultural land loss in Upper Egypt. Three Landsat images were obtained for the years 1986, 2000, and 2016 and utilized as inputs to calculate the BDIS variables. Then a supervised classification technique (i.e., support vector machine) was used to classify the images. The findings showed that urban areas have witnessed a dramatic expansion at a growing rate of 44.1% during the 30 years. As a result, the loss of the agricultural land was found to be approximately 64.83 ha, which represents -4%, during the same period because of the urban expansion and the illegal construction of settlements. These findings would support the local decision makers in urban and agriculture land management authorities to develop sustainable development plans that control the spatiotemporal urban expansion and agricultural land loss.
Exploring computer vision syndrome among primary school students in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background The use of different electronic devices is increasing among students due to rapid advancements in digital technology. The prevalence of computer vision syndrome (CVS) has increased among school children after the COVID-19 pandemic. Different symptoms of CVS, such as eye strain, headache, blurred vision and visual discomfort, have become major public health problems. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of CVS, identify its risk factors, evaluate parental awareness and examine the impact of COVID-19 on screen time among primary school children in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods Primary data were collected from the parents of 500 primary school students aged 5–14 years using a convenience sampling method through face-to-face interviews. A structured questionnaire was administered to collect demographic information, screen usage patterns, ambient conditions and details regarding the children’s academic performance. The Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire scale was used to assess the prevalence and severity of CVS. Various statistical analyses were performed, including χ 2 tests, Fisher’s exact tests and logistic regression, to identify significant predictors of CVS (p<0.05). Results Findings revealed that 16.4% of children were affected by CVS, with key risk factors including age, school year, maternal education and daily screen time. Children with CVS commonly reported headaches and itchy eyes, which negatively impacted their academic performance. Surprisingly, 67.4% of parents were unaware of CVS, and the odds of developing CVS were 3.74 times higher among children using electronic devices for more than 4 hours daily. Conclusions The study explored the low prevalence of CVS among primary school students in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Several symptoms, like headaches and eye discomfort, were identified that impaired their academic performance. Additionally, many parents were largely unaware of CVS. Therefore, it is necessary to take proper strategies to be aware of the consequences and lessen the prevalence of CVS to save our future generation.
Influence of Intracellular Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate Played on Stress Resistances of Bacillus thuringiensis Vegetative Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Using Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)strain BMB171,poly-3-hydroxybutyrate(Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)synthetic gene cluster(phaRBC)strengthen strain BMB171+p and PHB synthase gene(phaC)blocked mutant BMB171-p to investigate the influence of PHB on resistance to the environmental stress of Bt vegetative cells for the purpose,the differences of reverse environmental tolerances(including heat,cold-resistant,UV-resistant and hunger) were systematically compared.The results indicated that intracellular PHB could strengthen stress resistances of Bt cells to adverse environments.
Homological stability for moduli spaces of high dimensional manifolds. II

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We prove a homological stability theorem for moduli spaces of manifolds of dimension $2n$, for attaching handles of index at least $n$, after these manifolds have been stabilised by countably many copies of $S^n \times S^n$. Combined with previous work of the authors, we obtain an analogue of the Madsen--Weiss theorem for any simply-connected manifold of dimension $2n \geq 6$.