jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Ammonia-Nitric Oxide Combustion

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The combustion characteristics of premixed ammonia-nitric oxide mixtures at atmospheric and elevated conditions were numerically examined. The laminar burning velocity, flame temperature and flammability limits were determined using the GRI 3.0 and the Miller-Bowman 1989 reaction mechanisms in CHEMKIN. A freely propagating adiabatic flame was assumed to facilitate the investigation. The laminar burning velocities and the flammability limits predicted with the two mechanisms were compared with experimental values measured in a constant volume combustion chamber. The predicted flammability limits are at ammonia-nitric oxide equivalence ratios of 0.2 and 3.5. The predicted laminar burning velocity increases with the unburnt mixture temperature and decreases with the pressure with a peak value at ammonia-nitric oxide equivalence ratio of 0.9. The Miller-Bowman 1989 mechanism predicts results closer to the measured values than the GRI 3.0 mechanism when the laminar burning velocity is concerned. For the adiabatic flame temperature, the predictions from both mechanisms agree well with each other.
National Intelligence Systems as Networks: Power Distribution and Organizational Risk in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article compares the intelligence systems of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Three questions drive the research: How are the national intelligence systems organized? How is power distributed among organizations in each country? What are the organizational risks? By employing Network Analysis to publicly-available data on intelligence agencies, collegiate bodies, and supervising organizations, authority relations and information flows were mapped. Regarding organizational configuration, similarities were found between India and Russia, as well as between China and South Africa. Brazil differs from the four countries. As for the power distribution, in Russia, Brazil, and India intelligence is subordinated to the government, and shows more centrality in the cases of China and South Africa. Finally, Russia runs the highest risk of having an intelligence system less able to adapt to strategic circumstances, at the same time being the most resilient among the five countries. Likewise, China has the highest risk of a single actor being able to retain information, acting as a gatekeeper. Network Analysis has proved to be a useful approach to promote a comparative research program in the Intelligence Studies field.
Orthodoxy in Germany and its Eastern Counterpart at the Turn of the Century

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Orthodoxy in Germany and its Eastern Counterpart at the Turn of the Century Get access Mordechai Breuer Mordechai Breuer Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book, Volume 41, Issue 1, January 1996, Pages 75–86, https://doi.org/10.1093/leobaeck/41.1.75 Published: 01 January 1996
Planning for the Upper Mobile Bay Beneficial Use Wetland Creation Site

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Alabama State Port Authority (ASPA) currently has high annual dredge maintenance costs due to limited dredge management options. The ASPA 2018 master plan identified that an improved dredged material management program could result in millions of dollars of annual savings. The Upper Mobile Bay Beneficial Use Wetland Creation Site project represents a positive paradigm shift in ASPA's dredge material management approach that results in environmental stewardship and economic benefits for the port. ASPA was directly impacted economically by the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. Resulting civil penalties are funding the Resources and Ecosystems Sustainability, Tourist Opportunities and Revived Economies of the Gulf Coast States Act (RESTORE Act), which established the Gulf Coast Ecosystem Restoration Council (Council) to implement a comprehensive plan for economic and environmental recovery. Wetland creation through the beneficial use of dredged sediments simultaneously restores ecosystems while bolstering the Gulf Coast's economy.
Religion and Politics of Contemporary Japan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the 1980s, the characteristics of high-technological society have become more and more marked in advanced countries. There are two or three problems that reveal significant differences with advances in previous periods. First, the continuous increase of nuclear power of both USA and Soviet Union since the Second World War. Second, while modern technology developed from the production technology of the Industrial Revolution, it has been recently spreading to other spheres, principally as a result of the advances in electronics. The chapter looks at the general characteristics of the religious attitudes for the Japanese. The religious characteristics are reflected in the political attitudes of the Japanese in general. Scientific technology can bring about the termination of the human race altogether. Under such circumstances, the contents of beliefs or religions are bound to change. The Japanese registered the lowest percentage of 'hopeful' replies among ten countries.
Patients' views on a nurse-led prostate clinic.

Field: Nursing (Health Sciences)

Nurse-led clinics are being established in a number of specialties including urology. Men attending a nurse-led clinic for suspected prostate cancer were surveyed to investigate their perception of and satisfaction with a nurse-led clinic and to establish whether this model of care met expectations. The results showed that patients were satisfied with the service. This adds to the growing body of evidence supporting nurse-led services.
FIGURE 9. Leptestheria nobilis. A in New leptestherid clam shrimps (Pancrustacea: Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata Leptestheriidae) from peninsular India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURE 9. Leptestheria nobilis. A. Head (male), B. Telson (male), C. Head (female), D. Telson (female) (Scale bars 1mm for A–D).
Comparison of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy with Laparoscopic Cryoablation in the Treatment of Localised Renal Tumours: A Propensity Score-Matched Comparison of Long-Term Outcomes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Preserving renal function and controlling oncological outcomes are pertinent when managing renal neoplasms. Cryoablation is the recommended treatment only for clinical T1a stage renal tumour. Here, we compared the outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (RaPN) and laparoscopic cryoablation (LCA) in the treatment of patients with localised T1-T2 renal tumours. Overall, 86 patients who received RaPN and 78 patients underwent LCA were included in this study. The intraoperative, postoperative, and oncological outcomes in the LCA group were non-inferior to the RaPN group. Moreover, LCA demonstrated shorter operative time (267.45 ± 104.53 min vs. 138.56 ± 45.28 min, p < 0.001), lower blood loss (300.56 ± 360.73 mL vs. 30.73 ± 50.31 mL, p < 0.001), and slight renal function deterioration because of the reduced invasiveness, without compromising on the oncological outcomes.
Additional file 3: of Discovery and genome characterization of three new Jeilongviruses, a lineage of paramyxoviruses characterized by their unique membrane proteins

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Table S1. List of GenBank accession numbers of all viral sequences used, ordered by genus. A single representative sequence was used for each (putative) paramyxovirus species. Viruses marked with an ‘*’ represent putative species that have not yet been recognized by ICTV. (DOCX 24 kb)
Epidemiological Studies of Tomato Leaf Curl Virus in Marathwada Region of Maharashtra, India

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The field experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Scheme (Vegetable) VNMKV, Parbhani of during Rabi, 2017-18 and Summer 2018-19.The epidemiological studies viz., yield losses, vector population dynamics and disease incidence were recorded during the course of investigation.The tomato leaf curl virus disease of tomato has been found to cause heavy yield losses i.e. 96.80 and 98.43 in both Rabi and Summer season, respectively.However, the outbreak was not uniform throughout season.In Rabi season whitefly population and disease incidence was higher i.e. 2.06/ leaf and 25.94 per cent, respectively, whereas in Summer season whitefly population and disease incidence was 5.13/ leaf and 31.08 per cent, respectively.The whitefly population and disease incidence was relatively more in Summer than Rabi transplanting crop.A strong positive correlation was obtained between vector population dynamics and disease incidence in tomato plants.
Synthesis of Spirocyclopropane Oxindoles via Michael-Initiated Cyclopropanation of Pyridinium Salts with 3-Ylidene Oxindoles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A Michael-initiated ring-closure reaction of pyridinium salts with arylidene oxindoles has been developed. A wide range of aryl-substituted spirocyclopropane oxindoles has been achieved in moderate to good yields (41–99%). This efficient strategy exhibits good functional group compatibility and may serve as an attractive method for the synthesis of diverse cyclopropanes.
Development of lentiviral vectors to study the influence of angiogenic molecules on glioma growth

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Les glioblastomes sont des tumeurs du système nerveux central hautement létaux. Ils se caractérisent par leur grande infiltration dans les tissus avoisinants. Ils modifient les vaisseaux sanguins préexistants et ils migrent d’une façon perivasculaire. Cette cooption vasculaire est un processus entraînant l’expression d’Angiopoietine-2 (Angpt2) par des cellules endothéliales et sa liaison au récepteur Tie2. Le premier objectif de cette étude était d’examiner le potentiel thérapeutique de deux protéines qui pourraient interférer avec Angpt2, à savoir Angpt3 et la partie soluble extracellulaire du récepteur Tie2 (sTie2). Le deuxième objectif était de développer des vecteurs lentiviraux capables d’exprimer ces protéines, tout en offrant la possibilité d’identifier et détruire les cellules génétiquement modifiées. À cette fin, nous avons construit un vecteur contenant une cassette bicistronique qui exprime le marqueur amélioré de la protéine fluorescente verte (EGFP) fusionnée au gène suicide provenant du virus herpès simplex de type I-thymidine kinase (HSVtk). Les cellules du gliome GL261 transduites avec ce vecteur pourraient être suivies et tuées sur demande par l’administration de la prodrogue ganciclovir, soit in vitro, soit après l'implantation dans le cerveau des souris. Malgré l’expression des hauts niveaux d’Angpt3 et de sTie2 obtenus avec ce vecteur, nous avons observé qu’Angpt3 augmente la déstabilisation capillaire et la croissance de gliomes, alors que sTie2 n’exerce aucun effet. Globalement, cette étude a permis de comprendre l’importance de la voie de signalisation de Tie2 dans le développement des gliomes et le rôle d’Angpt3, mais suggère que ni cette molécule ni sTie2 soient des agents efficaces contre les gliomes malins. Cette étude fournit également le prototype d’un vecteur lentiviral pour la thérapie génique plus sécuritaire.
Autoregulation of GLD-2 cytoplasmic poly(A) polymerase. RNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation regulates mRNA stability and translation and is required for early development and synaptic plasticity. The GLD-2 poly(A) polymerase catalyzes cytoplasmic polyadenylation in the germline of metazoa. Among vertebrates, the enzyme is encoded by two isoforms of mRNA that differ only in the length of their 39-UTRs. Here we focus on regulation of vertebrate GLD-2 mRNA. We show that the 39-UTR of GLD-2 mRNA elicits its own polyadenylation and translational activation during frog oocyte maturation. We identify the sequence elements responsible for repression and activation, and demonstrate that CPEB and PUF proteins likely mediate repression in the resting oocyte. Regulated polyadenylation ofGLD-2mRNA is conserved, as are the key regulatory elements. Poly(A) tails of GLD-2 mRNA increase in length in the brain in response to neuronal stimulation, suggesting that a comparable system exists in that tissue. We propose a positive feedback circuit in which translation of GLD-2 mRNA is stimulated by its polyadenylation, thereby reinforcing the switch to polyadenylate and activate batteries of mRNAs.
Dialectics of English Linguistics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The research article “DIALECTICS OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS” is an outcome of the direct study and observation of the use of English, of the teaching faculty at about 21 colleges, particularly Engineering colleges in Coastal Andhra area. It intends to expose various dialectics of English as a second language, identify redundant usage and use effective English. Change of trends in meaning and usage occurs mainly in the two components of communication, namely vocabulary and grammar, due to lack of clear understanding of Syntax and Semantics. Form of words like heterophones, besides other forms, confuses the learners. Confusion over the use of the American, the Australian, the British and the Indian English, in pronunciation, spelling as well as meaning: Word such as ‘Offing’ to mean ‘likely to happen soon’ is quite misleading. Exposure to Mass Usage has great influence on pronunciation of words by the masses and media Ex. Koombing, ‘baeverse’ etc. Bilingual errors, the result of undue influence of mother tongue, is a proven case, in all Indian States. Similarly the use of double positives, wrong association of words, double negatives, and mistaken negatives as positives has become the worst cases of mass influence. Use of colloquial or slang words due to interaction with people from different regions on account of L.P.G, result in assimilation, integration of this class of vocabulary, percolating subconsciously by the process of osmosis. Lack of suitable vocabulary, among English professionals ranging from lecturers to professionals, lead to monotonous use of words. For example, the word “beautiful” is used to describe many nouns.
Production of Acetaldehyde via Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethanol in a Chemical Looping Setup

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel chemical looping (CL) process was demonstrated to produce acetaldehyde (AA) via oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethanol. Here, the ODH of ethanol takes place in the absence of a gaseous oxygen stream; instead, oxygen is supplied from a metal oxide, an active support for an ODH catalyst. The support material reduces as the reaction takes place and needs to be regenerated in air in a separate step, resulting in a CL process. Here, strontium ferrite perovskite (SrFeO3-δ) was used as the active support, with both silver and copper as the ODH catalysts. The performance of Ag/SrFeO3-δ and Cu/SrFeO3-δ was investigated in a packed bed reactor, operated at temperatures from 200 to 270 °C and a gas hourly space velocity of 9600 h-1. The CL capability to produce AA was then compared to the performance of bare SrFeO3-δ (no catalysts) and materials comprising a catalyst on an inert support, Cu or Ag on Al2O3. The Ag/Al2O3 catalyst was completely inactive in the absence of air, confirming that oxygen supplied from the support is required to oxidize ethanol to AA and water, while Cu/Al2O3 gradually got covered in coke, indicating cracking of ethanol. The bare SrFeO3-δ achieved a similar selectivity to AA as Ag/SrFeO3-δ but at a greatly reduced activity. For the best performing catalyst, Ag/SrFeO3-δ, the obtained selectivity to AA reached 92-98% at yields of up to 70%, comparable to the incumbent Veba-Chemie process for ethanol ODH, but at around 250 °C lower temperature. The CL-ODH setup was operated at high effective production times (i.e., the time spent producing AA to the time spent regenerating SrFeO3-δ). In the investigated configuration with 2 g of the CLC catalyst and 200 mL/min feed flowrate ∼5.8 vol % ethanol, only three reactors would be required for the pseudo-continuous production of AA via CL-ODH.
Species composition and classification of natural vegetation in the abandoned lands of the hilly-gullied region of North Shaanxi Province

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The species composition,frequency and cover of species,and vegetation types of natural vegetation in Yan'an,An'sai and Wuqi in a transect of 174 samples in the abandoned lands in the hilly-gullied region of the North Shaanxi Province were analyzed and classified using TWINSPAN.The analysis of species composition shows that almost half of the species belong to the gramineae,compositae,leguminoseae and rosaceae,and nearly 75% of species belong to the north temperate,old world temperate,cosmopolitan and pantropic groups,the hydro-ecological types are mainly xerophytic-mesophytic,mesophytic and xerophytic,and the main life form is the hemicryptophyte.The TWINSPAN analysis shows the main vegetation types of the area.In the earlier stages of succession from annual to perennial herbs in Yan'an,An'sai and Wuqi,the main plant communities include the dominant species Artemisia scoparia,Leymus scalinus,Lespedeza davurica,Stipa bungeana,Artemisia gmelinii,Artemisia giraldii and Bothriochloa ischaemun in different combinations,and these species have higher cover and frequency.However,in the later stages of succession,the vegetation of different zones,aspect and slope changes significantly.In the forest zone in the Yan'an area,the vegetation of shady slopes is Rosa xanthina,Acer buergerianum,Quercus liaotungensis dominated communities,and the vegetation of sunny slopes is Sophora viciifolia and Platycladus orientalis dominated communities.In the forest-steppe zone in the An'sai area,the vegetation of shady slopes is Rosa xanthina,Syringa julianae,Ostryopsis davidiana dominated communities,and on sunny slopes is Bothriochloa ischaemun and Sophora viciifolia dominated communities.In the steppe zone in the Wuqi area,the vegetation variation between sunny and shady slopes is not obvious and the main vegetation types consist of perennial herbs.The shrub and tree species in the later stages are all phaenerophytes,and the species of sunny slopes are mainly xerophytic and mesophytic,and of shady slopes are mainly mesophytic,with higher cover but occurring only sporadically,and are not the main vegetation types in the hilly-gullied region of the North Shaanxi Province.
Students' attitudes to science in urban and rural schools in Trinidad and Tobago

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study is a pilot project that attempts to analyse, on a small scale, students' attitudes towards science in two different localities - one urban and one rural - in Trinidad and Tobago. Though the sample was small, the study suggests that students attending urban schools generally display a more positive attitude toward science - in terms of its perceived relevance and usefulness as well as its interest and challenge level - than students attending rural schools. Furthermore, the project revealed that the attitudes displayed by boys were different from those displayed by girls within each locality, and that the gender difference was more pronounced in the rural schools. Additionally, it was found that urban girls had the most positive attitudes towards science, while more than 80 percent of rural girls perceived science as being difficult, with many of them indicating that it was not a subject they were inclined to pursue at higher levels.
The effects of single and combined application of ramipril and losartan on renal structure and function in hypertensive rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of single and combined administration of ramipril and losartan on renal structure and function in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Thirty-two 9-week-old SHRs and eight Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats were randomly divided into five groups: the WKY control group, the SHR control group, the SHR-ramipril group, the SHR-losartan group, and the SHR-combined mediation group. The rat body weight, SBP, heart rate, and urinary albumin excretion rate (UAER) were measured. (1) The SBP was reduced to the normal level in all groups of rats except for the SHR control group. Combined administration of ramipril and losartan can be reduced to the normal level earlier than single (P < 0.01). (2) The SHR-ramipril group and the SHR-losartan group still experienced a higher UAER than that in the WKY control group (P < 0.01). (3) The renal mass/BW ratio was decreased in the SHR-ramipril group, SHR-losartan group, and SHR-combined medication group compared to that in the SHR control group (P < 0.01). (4) Compared with the SHR control group, the SHR-ramipril group, the SHR-losartan group, and the SHR-combined medication group had a lower percentage of the IOD of glomerular collagen relative to the glomerular area (P < 0.01). (5) The reduction in tubulointerstitial injury score was more significant in the SHR-combined medication group than in the SHR-ramipril group and the SHR-losartan group (P < 0.01). The combination of ramipril and losartan is superior to either single drug in reducing the UAER, resisting glomerular collagen deposition, and protecting renal tubular structure.
Financial Reforms and Financial Instability

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In this paper we analyze empirically the relationship between different financial reforms and financial instability. We also analyze the relationship between financial liberalization and financial instability, where financial liberalization is measure as an aggregate of different financial reforms. Using data from Laeven and Valencia (2008) on banking crises and from Abiad et al. (2010) on financial reforms, we find a positive relationship between financial liberalization and frequency of banking crises. This relationship remains robust to different specifications of the regression model. Furthermore, we find that the effects of financial liberalization on financial instability are different in the short-run and in the long-run. The increase in financial instability that comes after financial reforms is mainly concentrated in the window of five years after the reforms. If a banking crisis does not occur during those five years, the probability of having a banking crisis later on becomes negligible. Finally, we find that the contribution of every reform to financial instability differs. While every reform increases the probability of a banking crisis, the effect is higher for stock market reforms and for the removal of barriers to entry to the banking system.