jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-2 in cancer therapy: recent advances

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recombinant production of human cytokines and their availability for therapeutic use have enriched the armentarium of cancer treatment with a powerful new complementation. Immunotherapy via the clinical application of mediators of the haemopoietic and immune system is aimed at the deliberate modulation of human immune functions for therapeutic benefit. Cytokines have shown the capability to mediate tumour regression in a broad spectrum of human tumours [1,2]. Being the best explored and most frequently applied of these cytokines, interleukin-2 (IL-2) is also felt to be among the most potent one presently in clinical practice. As of today, mainly advanced renal cell carcinoma and metastatic malignant melanoma patients benefit from IL-2 based therapy [3–5], Extensive preclinical and clinical studies suggest a non-linear dose-response correlation for IL-2; this allows for optimal biologic and therapeutic effects of this cytokine at dosages far below the maximum tolerated dose. Therapeutic response to IL-2 has been significantly enhanced due to additive or potentially synergistic effects when administering IL-2 in combination with other cytokines, primarily Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and with cytotoxic agents. However, further work is required to define the role of IL-2 in the treatment of cancer patients.
Single‐Cell Molecular Profiles and Biophysical Assessment of Circulating Tumor Cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This chapter focuses on two major single-cell technology breakthroughs which include molecular profiling and biophysical assessment of tumors cells and their potential applications in the translational study of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Single-cell molecular profiling is powerful for identifying transcription factors, oncogene and tumor-suppressor gene signatures in rare malignant stem cells, and tumor initiation cells. Some major strides were made in target amplification, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, and linear RNA amplification from very limited starting materials of single CTCs. Microfluidic high-throughput quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), gene expression microarray, and RNA-Seq have provided platforms for single-cell gene expression profiling. The technical noise from single-cell stochastic expression and cell-to-cell variability have been identified and significantly reduced for subsequent data analysis. Single-cell gene expression profiling and biophysical assessment of CTC still have some technical limits that need to be overcome in future.
Measurements of Phagocytosis and Phagosomal Maturation

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Phagocytosis is an essential component of the innate immune response. Invading microorganisms are engulfed by neutrophils and macrophages, and subsequently killed by a complex series of reactions that require fusion of the phagocytic vacuole with multiple endomembrane organelles. This vacuolar remodeling process, known as phagosomal maturation, is often the target of intracellular parasites that evade killing by the host immune system. This unit describes detailed protocols for the assessment of phagosome formation and maturation. Particular attention is given to Fc‐ and complement‐receptor mediated phagocytosis, but the protocols provided can be readily adapted to other types of phagocytic processes.
[Kidney transplant in children. Our experience].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report on our experience comprised of 21 kidney transplant procedures (20 from cadavers and 1 from a living donor) performed at the Urology Department of our hospital. Of these, 11 remained functional 2 years following transplantation. Of the 10 transplants that failed, 3 were due to arterial thrombosis, 1 from venous thrombosis, 2 from late rejection, 1 from septic necrosis of the vascular suture area, and 1 because the arterial intima had been "swept away" by transluminal dilatation. We underscore the high incidence (33%) of arterial hypertension in these children submitted to renal transplantation and the good response to treatment with hypertensive agents and/or transluminal dilatation. We emphasize the usefulness of duplex-Doppler ultrasonography in evaluating arterial blood flow and in the diagnosis of arterial stenoses. The surgical techniques, complications, and evolution of transplanted kidney function are discussed.
Embolization of Hepatic Arteriovenous Malformations Using Radiolabeled and Nonradiolabeled Polyvinyl Alcohol Sponge in a Patient with Hereditary Hemorrhagic

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Polyvinyl alcohol sponge (PVA) radiolabeled with 99mTc-sulfur colloid was used to evaluate a large hepatic arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in a 71-yr-old white female prior to em-bolization. The patient had hereditary hemorrhagic telangi-ectasia (Osler-Weber-Rendu) with severe left-to-right shunt ing through the hepatic AVM which resulted in high-output congestive heart failure. The patient also had severe pulmo nary hypertension. Scintigraphic imaging of the embolized radiolabeled PVA particles allowed us to be certain that the particles did not flow through the liver and inadvertently embolize the lungs; with the patient&apos;s already poor pulmonary status, embolization could have been fatal. J NucÃ-Med 1992; 33:260-262 H,..epatic arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are often treated by transcatheter embolization with polyvinyl alcohol sponge (PVA) (]-8). Embolization therapy, how ever is not benign (3,5,9-11). Inadvertent embolization of the patient&apos;s lungs (flow of PVA through the AVM into the lungs) and reflux migration of PVA to distal vascular sites with subsequent embolization can occur (1,2,5,6,10, 12). The precise location of PVA particles can be determined scintigraphically during and after embolization by radio-labeling them with 99mTc-sulfurcolloid (SC) (12,13). Scin tigraphic monitoring has been instrumental in preventing complications from inadvertent pulmonary and peripheral embolization (5,12). We present a case in which &quot;Tc-SC-PVA was used to evaluate the vascular integrity of a hepatic AVM prior to embolization in a patient with severe pulmonary hypertension in whom inadvertent pulmonary embolization could have been life threatening.
Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Clinical and Environmental Escherichia coli Isolates from Babylon Hospitals

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract A total of (400) clinical and environmental samples were collected during the period from Sep/2018 to Jan/2019 from different hospitals in Hilla city. The isolates were identified and based on microscopic features and standard biochemical tests. The results showed there were (150) isolates of E.coli from clinical and the environmental samples. The clinical isolates (67 isolates) were collected from patients suffering from different infections such as UTI (30 isolates), gastroenteritis (diarrhea) (22 isolates), and wound infections (15 isolates). Also, the environmental isolates (83) were collected from the different site of hospitals environment include surgery room, hospital floors, the hospital cafeteria, the corridors of the hospital, and from workers dress and stool. All 150 E.coli isolates were primarily screened for colistin resistance, The following antibiotics were used for susceptibility testing to the resistance isolates for colistin (17 isolates): Aminoglycosides (Amikacin, Gentamicin, kanamycin ), Sulfonamide (Trimethoprim), Nitrofurans (Nitrofurantoin), Fluoroquinolons (Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin), Cefeme (Cephalothin, Ceftriaxone, Ceftazidime), Macrolides (Erythromycin), carbapenems (Imipenem, meropenem), beta-Lactams (Amoxicillin, Carbenicillin ), Tetracyclin, Chloramphenicol. our result show that E. coli the most causative agent of UTI infection especially in women. there is a high resistance to cefems and beta- lactam antibiotic (100%) among these isolates which play as a cell wall inhibitors. And moderate resistance to ciprofloxacin (52.9%), Chloramphenicol and Norfloxacin (29.14%), and weak resistance to Gentamycin.
Contrast nephrotoxicity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Contrast-medium nephropathy is defined as acute renal impairment that occurs after exposure to contrast media and for which other causes have been eliminated. It is a diagnosis of exclusion. Contrast-induced nephropathy is a major problem for the affected patient, but is an infrequent complication of contrast-material use, affecting less than 1 per cent of low-risk patients. Factors that increase the risk of contrast-medium nephropathy are being identified more specifically. The true incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy cannot be established with certainty because data reported in different studies vary depending on the population studied and the definition of acute renal dysfunction adopted in the study. Extracellular volume expansion has repeatedly been shown to be effective and is the most widely recommended preventive measure. The customary molar dose of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast media is about one-tenth that of conventional iodinated contrast media, which is apparently very advantageous.
Direct shoot organogenesis and plant regeneration from hypocotyl explants in selected genotypes of Leucaena leucocephala—A leguminous pulpwood tree

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An efficient in vitro plant regeneration system in subabul (Leucaena leucocephala), a leguminous pulp wood tree species, was established. The induction of shoots was achieved from selected elite clones of subabul K-8, K-636 and also wild type on MS medium supplemented with 2 % sucrose and different concentrations (0.88 to 24.6 μM) of plant growth regulators (BA, Kn, 2iP & TDZ). The best medium for shoot regeneration was MS with 22.2 μM BA (5 shoots per explant), followed by 22.7 μM TDZ (4.6 shoots per explant). Addition of putriscine (9.3 μM) to MS medium containing 22.2 μM BA enhanced the number of multiple shoots to 7-8 but not the frequency of response. Shoot initials (measuring 1 cm) when separated and transferred on to MS medium containing 1.4 μM GA3 elongated to 2-5 cm in 15-20 d with 80% frequency. The per cent frequency of shoot differentiation was almost identical in the genotypes K-8 and K-636 but it differed significantly from the wild type. Leaf yellowing and abscission in all the genotypes was curtailed by supplementing the medium with 685 μM glutamine or 540 μM adenine. The excised shoots were transferred to root regeneration media containing 2.46 and 4.98 μM IBA or 2.6 and 5.3 μM NAA. Root regeneration was noticed with 100% frequency in all the three genotypes in presence of IBA or NAA. Plantlets were transferred successfully to the pots with 70% survival rate with no visible morphological variations. The protocol can be utilized for mass propagation and genetic transformation studies of this important pulpwood species.
First record of <i>Phycocaris simulans</i> (Decapoda; Hippolytidae) from the Republic of Maldives

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phycocaris simulans (Kemp 1916) is the only species in the genus Phycocaris (family Hippolytidae).It is commonly known as hairy shrimp due to the extreme camouflage that closely resembles the small turf of algae within which it can often be found (Johnson 1989;Gan and Li 2017).Phycocaris simulans was originally described by Kemp (1916) from the Andaman Islands and more recently by Gan and Li (2017) from Hainan Island in the South China Sea, although only a few reports have been published (e.g.Johnson 1989; Preston and Doherty 1990).To date, the known geographic distribution comprises the Andaman Islands (Kemp 1916), Heron Island and Darwin, Australia (Bruce 1983), Kume Island, Japan (Kawamoto and Okuno 2003) and Hainan Island, China (Gan and Li 2017).During a biodiversity survey in April 2016 a single specimen of P. simulans was observed (Fig. 1) at 20 m depth on the south side of the coral reef surrounding Angaagaa Island, Ari Atoll, Republic of Maldives.The reef is a circular-shaped coral formation of around 1 km in maximum diameter with the island on the east side.The reef consists of gentle slopes with around 80% of coral cover mainly dominated by branching and tabular Acropora spp.colonies.The specimen was found motionless on a small turf of filamentous red algae partially covering a dead tabular Acropora sp., which was also coated by green algae, tunicates and sponges.The dead Acropora sp.colony, of around 50 cm in maximum diameter, was lying on the slope in a relatively sheltered area with no direct exposure to the current.The shrimp was photographed for subsequent observations, but could not be collected (Fig. 1a).The original description of Kemp (1916) and the recent description of Gan and Li (2017) were used as guidelines for the identification.The shrimp was identified as Phycocaris simulans due to the presence of hairs at the junction of the cornea and stalk (Fig. 1b-c) which is a unique and remarkable feature reported in both descriptions.Moreover, this morphological characteristic is not known in any other genera of the family Hippolytidae.Thus, to the best of our knowledge this finding represents the first record of P. simulans in the Republic of Maldives and it confirms that this species is more widespread throughout the Indian Ocean than previously thought.Considering the paucity of studies regarding this genus, further investigations are needed to clarify its habitat preferences, distribution and diversity.
Intellectual property

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the previous chapter, we focused on the positive aspects of R&D by examining the interplay between market structure and innovation. In consequence, we were not too specific about the exact regime of intellectual property (IP) protection. In this chapter, we want to adopt a more normative point of view and study how IP protection should optimally be organized. This chapter also provides the reader with a broad (and essentially non-technical) description of the realm of IP.
Adaptivity of winter triticale varieties in environments of Forest–steppe of Ukraine

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Aim. To determine level of plasticity and stability by yield capacity of winter triticale varieties in environments of Forest-Steppe ofUkraine depending on their origin.Methods. Measuring-weight (yield capacity analysis), morphological and physiological (determination of plant biometric indices) and mathematical statistics (for assessing the reliability of research results).Results. It was found that in 2012 mean yield capacity of winter triticale was 5.3 t/ha with Хmin = 4.6 t/ha, Xmax = 6.1 t/ha, R = 1.5 t/ha, and Cv = 9.4%. In 2013 these values were 6.6, 5.1, 8.0, 2.9 t/ha, and 12.0%, respectively. In 2014 they were 5.0, 3.7, 6.7, 3.1 t/ha, 14.6%, and in 2015 they were 5.3, 3.9, 6.8, 2.9 t/ha, 15.3%Ecological index was the highest in 2014 (0.75) with mean yield capacity 6.91 t/ha, whereas it was the lowest in 2012 (-0.85) with yield capacity 5.31 t/ha.Conclusions. Across 4 years of researches the varieties of winter triticale Rarytet, ADM 8,Amur,Yukon (Ukraine), Tsekad 90 (Russia), Utro (Belarus) were distinguished by yield capacity.The most valuable genotypes were defined for which bi exceeds 1 and variance of stability (S2) is insufficient, thus testifying to progressive increase of a feature when environments of cropping increase. These are Ukrainian varieties Blahodatne, Rozivske 6, Vizerunok, and Amur.
Safety assessment of navigation environment in waterway based on extension matter-element

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With the continuous development of maritime transportation, the flow of ships and the density of navigation are growing continuously. The traffic of ships is getting busier. As a result, the number of maritime traffic accidents is more than before, and the navigation environment is becoming more complex. Therefore, it is necessary to make a scientific and reasonable assessment. This paper identifies the factors that affect the safe navigation of channels from the perspective of navigation environment in a traditional system engineering way. In addition, this paper pursues establishing a model based on extension matter-element theory for these factors, combined with AHP method, to evaluate the safety of the traffic navigation environment of channels. 3 channels of the Ningbo Zhoushan Port are selected as an example to verify the accuracy of the model. The safety assessment results of Ningbo Zhoushan port show that they are all of low risk. Finally, it is concluded that the matter-element model is accurate for navigation environment safety assessment.
Effective Constitutive Parameters Extraction of Bianisotropic Metamaterials Using Bloch Modes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this article, a method is proposed to extract the effective constitutive parameters of bianisotropic metamaterials using Bloch modes. We consider 3-D structures that are realized by stacking identical unit layers, where each unit layer is a 2-D periodic array of metallic or dielectric elements of arbitrary shape embedded in a background dielectric medium. Bianisotropic metamaterials do not satisfy the condition of reflection symmetry of unit layers considered in previous studies. The eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the generalized transfer matrix of a unit layer are related to the Bloch modes of the structure. When only two dominant Bloch modes exist, closed-form expressions are found for effective permittivity, permeability, and magnetoelectric tensors of the medium. The effects of nondominant Bloch modes are taken into account as interface surface impedance matrices. The calculated scattering parameters of a slab of bianisotropic metamaterial are shown to be in good agreement with the results obtained from full-wave electromagnetic simulations using commercial solvers.
Standardisation of karpurasava.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Asavas and aristhas are medicines prepared by fermentation. In some medicines alcohol produced by fermentation is distilled and added to the powdered drugs for a fixed period, filtered and the filtrate is used as medicines.Karpurasava is prepared by distilling the alcohol. The quantity of alcohol in the distillate was 9.87% by the textual method while it was 5.77% by glass distillation apparatus. The alcohol content in Karpurasava was 8.7%.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF STEEL LEAF SPRING WITH COMPOSITE LEAF SPRING AND FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE LEAF SPRING

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Increasing competition and innovation in automobile sector tends to modify the existing products by new and advanced material products. A suspension system of vehicle is also an area where these innovations are carried out regularly. Leaf springs are one of the oldest suspension components that are being still used widely in automobiles. Weight reduction is also given due importance by automobile manufacturers. The automobile industry has shown increased interest in the use of composite leaf spring in the place of conventional steel leaf spring due to its high strength to weight ratio. The introduction of composite materials has made it possible to reduce the weight of the leaf spring without any reduction in load carrying capacity and stiffness. Therefore the objective of this paper is to present a general study on the performance comparison of composite (Glass Fibre Reinforced plastic- GFRP) leaf spring and conventional leaf spring. Leaf spring is modelled in Unigraphics NX4 software and it is imported in ANSYS 11.0. The conventional steel leaf spring and the composite leaf spring were analyzed under similar conditions using ANSYS software and the results are presented. An Eglass/Epoxy composite leaf spring is fabricated using hand layup method. The composite and steel leaf spring is tested using universal testing machine and the results are compared.
Light and Mass Transport Computations Guide the Fabrication of 3D-Structured TiO2 and Au/TiO2 Aerogel Photocatalysts for Efficient Hydrogen Production in the Gas Phase

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<p>Efficient mass transfer and light utilization are essential for high photocatalytic production rates. Here, we present a hierarchical three-dimensional (3D)-printed aerogel photocatalyst that unites both aspects by taking inspiration from the light scattering in clouds during photochemical processes and from mass transfer in plants during photosynthesis. We combine the geometric freedom of additive manufacturing with computational fluid dynamics and Monte Carlo simulations to guide the implementation of a self-supported aerogel in a continuous gas flow reactor. Here, 3D microstructuring reduced the pressure drop of a monolithic aerogel by 5 orders of magnitude without compromising the gas permeation and the light-harvesting efficiency of the intrinsic nanoporous material. We match the macroscopic thickness with the ultraviolet (UV) light penetration depth and show that the 3D aerogel of 1.1 mm thickness improves photocatalytic hydrogen production rates relative to the nanoparticle powder by a factor of five from 1.3 to 6.6 μmol g<sup>-1</sup>h<sup>-1</sup>for TiO<sub>2</sub>and from 30.0 to 141.8 μmol g<sup>-1</sup>h<sup>-1</sup>for Au/TiO<sub>2</sub>, respectively. Ultimately, our approach can be applied for other nanomaterials to boost the overall performance of a variety of photochemical processes and reactor designs.</p>
Screening of Hemoglobin A1c in Gestational Diabetes among women attending metabolic clinic at a tertiary care hospital in Uttar Pradesh

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common medical condition that complicates pregnancies..Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a diabetic metabolic disorder that occurs in 4% of all pregnant women and 14% of ethnic groups with more prevalence of type II diabetes. It can be defined as increased or abnormal insulin resistance, decreased insulin sensitivity or glucose intolerance with first diagnosis during pregnancy. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic screening value of the HbA1c, prevalence of GDM and associated risk factors. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the metabolic clinic; in the department of Biochemistry located at SIMS, Hapur. A semi-structured pretested questionnaire was used for data collection. Following the DIPSI guidelines, patients with plasma glucose values >140 mg/dl were labeled as GDM. Statistical methods used were OR (CI95%), percentage, Chi square. Results: Out of 500, 6.72% had GDM. Among all GDM patients, 64.71% had age more than 30 years, 70.59% had BMI more than 25, 41.18% had gravida more than 3 and p- value was significant with regard to age and BMI. P value was found to be significant for risk factors namely positive family history of Diabetes Mellitus, history of big baby and presence of more than one risk factor. Conclusion: GDM is associated with high BMI, early pregnancy loss, family history of DM and previous history of big baby and there could be more than one risk factor. Thus universal screening followed by close monitoring of the pregnant women for early detection of GDM may help improving maternal and fetal outcomes.