jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ivories and Inscriptions from Islamic Spain

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Precious boxes of finely carved ivory are some of the fanciest and best-known works of early Islamic art from Spain. Two of the most famous examples are the so-called al-Mugirah pyxis, a small cylindrical box in the Louvre (fig. 1), and the so-called Pamplona casket, a large rectangular box with pitched lid preserved in the Museo de Navarra at Pamplona (fig. 2). These two pieces can be taken to epitomize a group of 29 ivories produced under Muslim patronage in the Ibe rian peninsula from the mid-tenth century to the mid-eleventh.1 The two objects shown here share many visual and technical similarities that are common to the group. They are finely carved in relief on a smooth ground, and most of the surface is covered by a dense patterning of plants and leaves. A few of the pieces are exclusively decorated with vegetal ornament, but most, in cluding these two, have cartouches or medallions formed by twisting bands and filled with vignettes and small figural scenes. Complete pieces usually have (or had) inscriptions in Arabic, carved in a plain or foliated kufic script around the lower edge of the lid. The two objects exemplify the two techniques of construction used to craft the Spanish ivories. The small pyxis is carved from a single piece of ivory, whereas the larger casket is composed of nineteen ivory plaques fitted around a wooden frame. Most of the objects, like these two, were meant to be seen from the outside. The only one clearly meant to be viewed open is a hinged box in Burgos with a plain, undecorated exterior.2 It is divided lengthwise into two halves, each of which contains five large concave roundels linked by four small holes. Cylindrical slots at both ends of both sides are framed by short repeated texts in Arabic. This piece has been called either a game box or a cosmetic case. The other ivories probably served as containers for precious substances. A poem which goes around one in the Hispanic Society of America is composed in the first person as though the object were speaking and mentions its function as a container for precious unguents:
Identifying SAR permeability zones on groundwater recharge areas

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

High-resolution multidate SAR spring images with similar incidence angles were used to update permeability maps over recharge areas on glacial aquifers. From a difference image produced from two dates in early spring we interpreted high medium and low permeability zones. These SAR permeability zones are related to the distribution and behavior of soil moisture on different surficial deposits and slopes. Permeability thematic maps will be useful to identify nutrient infiltration patterns and accumulation on farmed recharge areas.
The Surjective Monad Theory of Reality: A Qualified Generalization of Reflexive Monism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

What remains of presence and use in the universal dark (or perhaps, after all, in a too \nluminous, sight-blinding place), when mirrors are traceless as if without glass, when \neyes are both mindfully and senselessly strained: wakeful but not ultimately cognizant \nenough — being a splendid spark at best, but incapable of self-illumination and shed- \nding light on existents as if (situated) in themselves —, when no reflection remains \nwithin and without? Indeed, only that exceedingly singular, somewhat pre-existent \n(i.e., pre-reflexive) Motion and Moment without reflection inheres, which is our char- \nacteristic redefinition of Noesis or Surjectivity. This, since Reality can in no way be re- \nduced to Unreality, even in such noumenal darkness where existence and non-existence \nare both flimsy, for otherwise at once — at one universal Now and Here — all would \ncease to exist, “before before” and “after after”; and yet all that, nay Being itself, al- \nready exists with or without (the multiplicity of) reflective attributes, i.e., without the \nslightest chance to mingle, by both necessity and chance, with Non-Being and hence \nwith multiplicity! That is simply how chanceless Reality is in itself, suddenly beyond \nboth the possible and the impossible, such that even Unreality (as it is, without history), \nwhich is a lingering “backwater part” of the Universe after all, can only be (i.e., be \n“there”, even if that simply means “nothing”, “nowhere”) if and only if Reality \nIS \n, i.e., \nif Reality is One even without operational-situational sign or space in the first place, and \nnot the other way around. Such, then, is what chance, i.e., the chance of reflection, may \nmean in the Universe — and not elsewhere: Reality is such that if it weren’t Such, both \nReality and Unreality would be Not, ever. He who fails to see this at once — as One — \nwill not be able to understand the rest of the tale, Here and Now (or, as some say, “Now- \nHere”, “Nowhere”, or as Wittgenstein would have put it, “senselessly”), with or without \nthe Universe as we commonly know it. — A first self-query in epistemic solitude.
Dickkopf-1 Enhances Inflammatory Interaction Between Platelets and Endothelial Cells and Shows Increased Expression in Atherosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective— Based on the emerging importance of the wingless (Wnt) pathways in inflammation and vascular biology, we hypothesized a role for Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1), a major modulator of Wnt signaling, in atherogenesis and plaque destabilization. Methods and Results— We report increased levels of DKK-1 in experimental (ApoE −/− mice) and clinical (patients with coronary artery disease [n=80] and patients with carotid plaque [n=47]) atherosclerosis, both systemically (serum) and within the lesion, with particularly high levels in advanced and unstable disease. We identified platelets as an important cellular source of DKK-1 as shown by in vitro experiments and by immunostaining of thrombus material obtained at the site of plaque rupture in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction, with strong immunoreactivity in platelet aggregates. Our in vitro experiments identified a role for platelet- and endothelial-derived DKK-1 in platelet-dependent endothelial activation, promoting enhanced release of inflammatory cytokines. These inflammatory effects of DKK-1 involved inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and activation of nuclear factor κB. Conclusion— Our findings identify DKK-1 as a novel mediator in platelet-mediated endothelial cell activation. The demonstration of enhanced DKK-1 expression within advanced carotid plaques may suggest that this DKK-1-driven inflammatory loop could be operating within the atherosclerotic lesion.
Genotype by environment interactions in meat-type chickens and laying hens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Interactions between genotype and environment have been neglected in selection, as rearing conditions were standardised, so that interactions were of limited importance. Nowadays, selection firms are concentrated, which leads to a reduction in the number of available lines and to more standardized selection conditions in selection. Simultaneously, poultry production is developing in an increasing number of environments (rearing conditions and climates). This work therefore aimed at answering to several questions posed to poultry breeders: which line has to be chosen for a specific rearing condition, in which environment and on which criterion have animals to be selected? In order to answer the first question, we compared growth, carcass composition, meat technological and organoleptic quality of standard and label meat-type chickens, reared either in temperate climate or under hot conditions. Label chickens presented the three possible genotypes to the naked neck gene Na. Our study showed that the label chickens were more resistant to hot temperature than broilers. However, the Na gene did not bring any additional advantage in terms of heat resistance. Finally, we also found several triple genotype by temperature by sex interactions, which showed that results found in one sex cannot be easily extrapolated to the other sex. In a second part, we were in the situation in which the genotype was already chosen, as we worked on traditional laying hens, the la Gauloise Noire and the Gauloise Doree. These breeds are to be reared in traditional conditions, outside, where they are under natural photoperiodic variations. In this part, the question was therefore to determine whether the best selection environment was claustration with a fixed light program or with a light program simulating natural diurnal variations. We did not find much significant genotype by environment interactions. However, in the Gauloise Doree, sires ranked very differently in both environments, which implied that selecting candidates in claustration environment would lead no to keep the best males. For some traits showing crossed interactions, the selected candidates would even be the worse in natural conditions. In the last part, we studied the interaction between rearing system and genotype in label chickens. These animals are selected in claustration but are production in an environment with access to open-air. Genetic correlations estimated between both environments showed the presence of genotype by environment interactions on growth and carcass composition. However, there were of sufficiently limited importance to justify the selection in claustration. Moreover, we evaluated the possibilities of selection of feed conversion ratio in this genotype. Direct selection is possible from heritability estimate, but it implies to rear animals in cage. Ignoring interaction leads to choose fatness as the best indirect selection criterion of feed conversion ratio, in cage. At the opposite, taking interactions into account leads to choose growth
ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF MEROCYANINE 540

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Simultaneous exposure to the lipophilic dye merocyanine 540 (MC 540) and white light inactivates several enveloped viruses. The same treatment appears to have little or no effect on pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells, mature red cells, and mature leukocytes. At least some components of the clotting system are spared, too. The molecular basis of the virucidal effect of MC 540 and light is not yet completely understood. Based on what is known about the interactions of MC 540 with cells and artificial membranes, it seems likely that MC 540 binds to and damages the viral envelope. MC 540‐mediated photosensitization may have implications for the sterilization of bone marrow and blood products, the preparation of vaccines, and selected areas of antiviral therapy.
Efficacy of the Newly Invented Eyelid Clamper in Ultra-Widefield Fundus Imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Ultra-widefield fundus imaging is widely used for obtaining wide angle images of the retina in one single image. Although it has a potential to obtain a wide area of retinal photographs, images are often obstructed by eyelashes or eye lids. In this study, we used a newly invented eyelid clamper, which can keep an eye open without touching conjunctiva or lid margin, to assess the efficacy in clinical use by comparing with conventional tape fixation. Methods: Ultra-widefield fundus images were captured with an ultra-widefield imaging system in 19 patients who visited to the outpatient clinic of Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University Hospital with the eyelid clamper or a conventional tape fixation. The area of imaged retinas was outlined and quantified with pixels. After obtaining images, patients answered a questionnaire. Results: The average number of pixels in total areas with the eyelid clamper or with tape fixation were 4.31 &plusmn; 0.35 and 4.32 &plusmn; 0.34 mega pixels, respectively, showing no significant difference between the groups (p = 0.889). The average face pain scale of the eyelid clamper was 1.13 on a scale of 0 to 5. The number of patients who did not feel any pain was nine (47.4%). Conclusions: The eyelid clamper can be applied in clinical setting and can better support obtaining sufficiently wide fundus images compared to a conventional tape fixation.
Privacy Preservation by Disassociation TR-IMIS-2011-1

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we focus on the preservation of user privacy in the publication of sparse multidimensional data. Existing works protect the users’ sensitive information by generalizing or suppressing quasi identifiers in the original data. In many real world cases, neither generalization nor the distinction between sensitive and non-sensitive items is appropriate. For example, web search query logs contain millions of terms that are very hard to categorize as sensitive or non sensitive. At the same time, a generalization-based anonymization would remove the most valuable information in the dataset; the original terms. Motivated by this problem, we propose an anonymization technique termed disassociation that preserves the original terms but hides the fact that two or more different terms appear in the same record. Up to now, such techniques were used to sever the link between quasiidentifiers and sensitive values in settings with a clear distinction between these types of values. Our proposal generalizes these techniques for sparse multidimensional data, where no such distinction holds. We protect the users’ privacy by disassociating combinations of terms that can act as quasi-identifiers from the rest of the record or by disassociating the constituent terms, so that the identifying combination cannot be accurately recognized. To this end, we present an algorithm that anonymizes the data by first clustering them and then locally disassociating identifying combinations of terms. We analyze the attack model and extend the km-anonymity guaranty to the aforementioned setting. We empirically evaluate our method on real and synthetic datasets.
Resilience in the event of long-term absenteeism

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Long-term absenteeism is a persistent problem in the police organisation in the Netherlands. Around 4% of staff has been absent for over three months. For the National Police's Enhancing Professional Resilience programme, we conducted research into opportunities for increasing people's resilience when returning to work after such a long period of absenteeism. This research provides suggestions for dealing with the problem of long-term absenteeism effectively. The following issues turned out to be important: the scope of employees of their reintegration process, reciprocity in the relationship between line manager and police employee, greater knowledge of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and its causes and finally, dealing with diversity in the organisation in an active manner.
Antifertility effect of betel nut (Areca catechu L) in male rat

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Betel nut (Areca catechu L) are traditional beverages in Jambi. Betel nut high dose has a cytotoxic effect on testis and other organs—limited data about the effect of betel nut as male antifertility.Purposes: This study aimed to determine the effect of infertility on betel nut use at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) in male rats. Methods: Ten male Sprague Dawney rats that had passed the fertility test, aged 2-3 months and weighing 150-200 grams ware used in this study. The rat was grouped into two groups randomly. Group 1, as the negative control, were received aqua dest, and group 2 was treated by betel nut with dose 50 mg/kg BW for 35 days. When terminated, testis weight weighed using micro scales. Blood collected for measuring testosterone levels. Histopathology assessment of testis used Hematoxylin Eosin Staining and sperm counting from cauda epididymis.Results: The weight of testis in the group received betel nut was lower than the control group. The histopathology of testis showed shrunk, reduced the diameter of seminiferous tubules, and like cytolytic lesions in the germinal layer—the total sperm number and progressive sperms also lower than the control group (p<0.05). There was no abnormality in Leydig cell and interstitium tissue. Male rats after treatment could not impregnate the female rats.Conclusion: Betel nut at dose 50 mg/kg BW have antifertility activity in male rats.
Impact Of Road Connectivity On Daily Livelihood Sustainability Of Commuters In Sandeshkhali-I CD Block, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Background: The study area has different infrastructural deficiencies with compare to other regions. The natural constraints for communication, Poverty, Infrastructural deficiency, Rurality, and Transportation barriers are the main problems in this region. This study has tried to determine the different road connectivity and their impacts on daily sustainable livelihoods among the commuters of Sandeshkhali-I CD block in North 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: The study has used the Primary and Secondary data to fulfill the objectives. To execute the objectives, road networks are differentiated to measure the road connectivity indices (Alpha, Beta and Gamma Index) from different Gram Panchayats (GPs) to find out the road network condition in this rural deltaic region of the Indian Sundarban. Using the Random sampling to collect the primary data through questionnaire from commuters at different busiest places in the study area. Based on different selected livelihood components, the daily livelihood sustainability index has been evaluated. To find out the relationship the road connectivity Indices (R.C.I.) and daily livelihood sustainability index (D.L.S.I.) are correlated with the help of Karl Person ‘r’ value. Results: The highest values of Alpha, Beta and Gamma Indices are 0.34, 1.89 and 0.65 with respect to Metalled and Unmetalled roads. The daily livelihood sustainability index value has been found 54.33 and 17.54 as the highest and lowest respectively. The positive and negative values are present in the correlation between R.C.I. and D.L.S.I. Conclusion: From the outcome, most of the GPs are under the low and very low livelihood sustainability category whereas, the rest of the GPs have medium to high livelihood sustainability status as per selected class. The study concluded that the development needs to be accounted for because of intra-regional imbalance among the road connectivity as well as daily livelihood sustainability that has already existed in this area
WHY RUSSIA CRIMEA OR COULD THE PENINSULA TO REMAIN UKRAINIAN

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Goal. Find out why the leadership of the Russian Federation immediately agreed to join the Crimea and refuses not only from the accession of Donbass, but also from recognizing the independence of LDNR? And the last question, though history does not accept subjunctive mood, but still, could the Crimea to stay Ukrainian? Methods. Methods were used: analysis, analogy, deduction, induction, classification, observation, generalization, synthesis. Results. The analysis of the situation in Crimea on the subject of the inevitability of joining Russia. Conclusion. Whether Russia can go to the loss of the Crimean base, and, in fact, completely lose control and influence on their own South? No! Were there Russian analysts calculate in advance the possible actions and risks with the threat of loss of base? Of course, Yes. Were there any other options besides the annexation of Crimea? Yes. And these options, Russia continued to implement 23 years after the collapse of the USSR. Almost all negotiations Ukraine-Russia at the highest level relate to the topic of the black sea fleet. What caused Russia to take the most dramatic option? The victory of the Ukrainian euromaidan, after which it was clearly declared about intention of Ukraine to denounce the Kharkiv agreements.
Admission control algorithm based on the effective bandwidth in vehicle‐to‐infrastructure communication

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With pervasive of mobile computing and wireless communication, the vehicular ad‐hoc network has become a key technology in modern day's information exchange. Due to the fast growing number of vehicles and saturation of the transport infrastructure, it is inhabitable to come out with better solution considering the available resources. In this study, thorough traffic analysis has been carried out to suggest a better model. Further, an attempt has been made to propose an admission control algorithm based‐on the parameters evolve from the mathematical analysis. Moreover, the performance analysis has been shown to establish the efficacy of the algorithm.
Supplementary material from "Estimating shifts in diversification rates based on higher-level phylogenies"

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Macroevolutionary studies recently shifted from only reconstructing the past state, i.e. the species phylogeny, to also infer the past speciation and extinction dynamics that gave rise to the phylogeny. Methods for estimating diversification dynamics are sensitive towards incomplete species sampling. We introduce a method to estimate time-dependent diversification rates from phylogenies where clades of a particular age are represented by only one sampled species. A popular example of this type of data is phylogenies on the genus or family-level, i.e. phylogenies where one species per genus or family is included. We conduct a simulation study to validate our method in a maximum-likelihood framework. Further, this method already became included into the Bayesian package MrBayes, which led to new insights into the evolution of Hymenoptera.
Landscape response will reduce glacier sensitivity to climate change in High Mountain Asia

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In High Mountain Asia (HMA) climate change threatens mountain water resources as glaciers melt, and the resulting changes in runoff and water availability are hypothesised to have considerable negative impacts on ecological and human systems. Numerous assessments of the ways in which glaciers will respond to climate warming have been published over the past decade. Many have used climate model projections to argue that HMA glaciers will melt significantly this century. However, we show that this is only one way in which glaciers might respond. An alternative scenario is one in which increasing valley-side instability releases large amounts of rock debris onto glacier surfaces. This then inhibits glacier melting to the extent that glacier ice becomes preserved under a thick rock debris cover. We call this alternative scenario the Paraglacial Transition and this has rarely been articulated in the context of HMA. In this paper we discuss this landscape transition and use understanding of past glacier dynamics to assess its likelihood. Better understanding of how HMA glaciers respond to climate change is critical for underpinning climate change adaptation strategies and to ensure that this highly populated region is in a strong position to meet sustainable development goals.