jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reply on RC1

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Coastal mangroves, thriving at the interface between land and sea, provide robust flood risk reduction. Projected increases in the frequency and magnitude of climate impact drivers such as sea level rise and wind and wave climatology reinforce the need to optimize the design and functionality of coastal protection works to increase resilience. Doing so effectively requires a sound understanding of the local coastal system. However, data availability particularly at muddy coasts remains a pronounced problem. As such, this paper captures a unique dataset for the Guyana coastline and focuses on relations between vegetation (mangrove) density, wave attenuation rates and sediment characteristics. These processes were studied along a cross-shore transect with mangroves fringing the coastline of Guyana. The data are publicly available at the 4TU Centre for Research Data (4TU.ResearchData) via https://doi.org/10.4121/c.5715269 (Best et al., 2022) where the collection Advancing Resilience Measures for Vegetated Coastline (ARM4VEG), Guyana, comprises of six key datasets. Suspended sediment concentrations typically exceeded 1âgâLâ1 with a maximum of 60âgâLâ1, implying that we measured merely fluid-mud conditions across a 1âm depth. Time series of wind waves and fluid-mud density variations, recorded simultaneously with tide elevation and suspended sediment data, indicate that waveâfluid-mud interactions in the nearshore may be largely responsible for the accumulation of fine, muddy sediment along the coast. Sediment properties reveal a consolidated underlying bed layer. Vegetation coverage densities in the Avicennia-dominated forest were determined across the vertical with maximum values over the first 20âcm from the bed due to the roots and pneumatophores. Generalized total wave attenuation rates in the forest and along the mudflat were between 0.002â0.0032âmâ1 and 0.0003â0.0004âmâ1 respectively. Both the mangroves and the mudflats have a high wave-damping capacity. The wave attenuation in the mangroves is presumably dominated by energy losses due to vegetation drag, since wave attenuation due to bottom friction and viscous dissipation on the bare mudflats is significantly lower than wave dissipation inside the mangrove vegetation. Data collected corroborate the coastal defence function of mangroves by quantifying their contribution to wave attenuation and sediment trapping. The explicit linking of these properties to vegetation structure facilitates modelling studies investigating the mechanisms determining the coastal defence capacities of mangroves.
Various mechanical tests of carbon fiber monofilaments

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In recent years, in order to accurately predict the mechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic by computer-aided engineering, it has become important to understand the mechanical properties of carbon fiber as a reinforcement material. Since carbon fiber is a material whose properties are highly anisotropic, information on tensile properties only in the axial direction of the fiber is not sufficient for predicting composite properties, and tests to obtain properties in various directions are desired. This paper discusses the anisotropy of carbon fibers by presenting the results of our previous tests on carbon fiber monofilaments, including observation of the changes in fiber diameter, dynamic and static torsion tests, torsion-tension tests, transverse crush tests, axial compression tests and three-point bending tests, and finite element method analysis using elastic moduli obtained from these tests.
Optimization of Aspergillus niger NRC1ami pectinase using citrus peel pectin, purification, and thermodynamic characterization of the free and modified enzyme

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Enzyme cost and stability are the main problems facing industrial applications. Consequently, Aspergillus nigerNRC1ami was isolated from rotten orange and recorded a promising pectinase activity (13.8 U/ml). The enzyme was optimized using citrus peel pectin as the sole carbon source and recorded (40 U/ml). It was purified by two steps purifications and recorded 632 purification folds. The pure enzyme showed 14.7% carbohydrate content and consists of 15 amino acids. Glutamic acid was the major (22%) followed by leucine (10.67%) and threonine was the minor (2.70%). A. niger NRC1ami pectinase was conjugated by covalent coupling to sodium periodate (NaIO4) activated polysaccharides. Galactomannan showed the highest recovered activity (85%) and 94.34% reduction in viscosity. The optimum temperature for the pure enzyme shifted from 40°C to 45°C after the conjugation process. Also, the free enzyme showed its optimum activity at pH 5 compared to pH 4, 5 in the conjugated form case. The thermal stability of the free enzyme greatly improved after the modification process. The conjugated process reduced the activation energy to 36%, prolonged the enzyme half-life 5.6-fold at 60°C, and increase the deactivation energy (Ed) by about 19% in comparison to the free form. The D value of the conjugated enzyme increased to 13.2-fold at 50°C in compared to the free form. Gibbs's free energy (ΔG) of the enzyme increased after the modification process, while the enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS) decreased. Na+ and Zn2+ had a stimulating effect on both enzyme forms.
Index coding with side information via penalty method in rank minimisation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Index coding with side information (ICSI) problems can be represented as matrices. These matrices have unique properties with intuitive meaning in its matrix representation. It has been shown by recent studies that minimising the rank of these matrices are equivalent to solving the ICSI problems by finding the minimum index code lengths. This paper investigates the special properties of these matrices associated with the ICSI problems. We will present some theoretical results that will enable us to minimise the rank of these matrices by using a penalty method. The penalty method has been recently shown to have good performance in minimising the rank of positive semidefinite matrices. This paper looks into the implementation of the penalty method to solve ICSI problems. Performance of this implementation will be compared against Alternating Projection (AP) method. AP method has been recently shown to produce promising results in solving ICSI problems by rank minimisation. Key Words: Rank Minimisation, Penalty Method, Proximal Alternating Linearised minimisation, Alternating Projections, Positive Semidefinite
Modeling effects of cerebellar and basal ganglia lesions on adaptation and anticipation during sensorimotor synchronization

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

This study addressed the role of subcortical brain structures in temporal adaptation and anticipation during sensorimotor synchronization. The performance of patients with cerebellar or basal ganglia lesions was compared with that of healthy control participants on tasks requiring the synchronization of drum strokes with adaptive and tempo‐changing auditory pacing sequences. The precision of sensorimotor synchronization was generally lower in patients relative to controls (i.e., variability of asynchronies was higher in patients), although synchronization accuracy (mean asynchrony) was commensurate. A computational model of adaptation and anticipation (ADAM) was used to examine potential sources of individual differences in precision by estimating participants’ use of error correction, temporal prediction, and the amount of variability associated with central timekeeping and peripheral motor processes. Parameter estimates based on ADAM indicate that impaired precision was attributable to increased variability of timekeeper and motor processes as well as to reduced temporal prediction in both patient groups. Adaptive processes related to continuously applied error correction were, by contrast, intact in patients. These findings highlight the importance of investigating how subcortical structures, including the cerebellum and basal ganglia, interact with a broader network of cortical regions to support temporal adaptation and anticipation during sensorimotor synchronization.
Distribution of soil arthropods in different ecosystems of Assam

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Experiments were conducted to observe the quantitative distribution of soil micro arthropods from three different ecosystems, viz. agro-ecosystem, forest ecosystem and fallow land of district Jorhat of Assam during 2006–09 through Tullgren Funnel Method (TFM). The maximum population of soil arthropods (18693 m−2) was recorded in 2007–08, followed by 17081.5 m−2 and 6049.2 m−2 in 2008–09 and 2006–07, respectively, reaching a peak population during the months of August (1101, 3959.6 and 2939.4 m−2 during 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09, respectively) and subsequently a declining trend was observed. Maximum numbers of soil arthropods were collected from the forest ecosystem (17884.7 m−2), followed by agro-ecosystem (14236.3 m−2) and fallow land (9720.9 m−2). Compared with forest and agro-ecosystem, the lowest population of soil arthropods was recorded from fallow land. Amidst all the soil arthropods, soil mites were found to be dominant in all the ecosystems and altogether of 6556.1, 7515.1 and 4423.8 m−2 of soil mites were registered during 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09, respectively, followed by the population of collembola (4565.6, 5767.6 and 3184.1 m−2) and other soil arthropods (3114.6, 4602 and 2113 m−2) during 2006–07, 2007–08 and 2008–09, respectively.
pseudo-asymmetric carbon atom

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Citation: 'pseudo-asymmetric carbon atom' in the IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 3rd ed.; International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 2006. Online version 3.0.1, 2019. 10.1351/goldbook.P04921 • License: The IUPAC Gold Book is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike CC BY-SA 4.0 International for individual terms. Requests for commercial usage of the compendium should be directed to IUPAC.
Alexander Disease: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Alexander disease (AD) is a rare progressive lethal leukodystrophy usually affecting infants and characterized by progressive failure of central myelination and accumulation of Rosenthal fibers (RFs) in astrocytes. Despite strong male predilection and infrequency of involved siblings, an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance is presumed. We report a typical case of infantile AD with imaging studies, a complete autopsy, and a critical literature review. Recent studies of AD have identified several stress proteins plus glial fibrillary protein as major constituents of RFs but have not clarified the basic defect. Advances in understanding of astrocyte function suggest an important role in the process of myelination that may be interrupted in AD. The nosology of putative juvenile-onset and adult-onset examples continues to be uncertain.
A Comparative study on the therapeutic potential of ocular and non-ocular stem cell secretome on alkali induced limbal stem cell niche damage

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The study of secretome from stem cells has become a promising area of research in limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of secretome from AD-MSCs and LSCs in a culture of alkalidamaged LSCs as a model of limbal niche damage. Secretome was derived from 4 passages of AD-MSCs and LSCs under serum deprivation conditions. LSCs were damaged using 6,25mM NaOH to generate a limbal niche damage model and were then divided into 5 groups consisting of a control group, as well as 50% AD-MSCs, 25% AD-MSCs, 50% LSCs and 25% LSCs as the treated groups. After 48 hours of treatment, cell proliferation was determined by MTT-assay and cell migration was determined by in vitro scratch assay. VEGF supernatant was measured to analyze anti-angiogenic properties. A concentration of EGF and HGF in secretome was measured using ELISA. The data were analyzed using Oneway ANOVA dan post-hoc Tukey. Secretome derived from AD-MSCs and LSCs successfully promoted the proliferation and migration of LSCs, compared to the control, with the highest proliferation and migration rate seen in the 50% LSC secretome group ((94.38±2.51%, P 0.000; 68.52 ± 3.51%, P 0.000, respectively). EGF (1216.67 pg/mL) and HGF (2943.33 pg/mL) levels were higher in LSC secretome compared to the secretome of AD-MSCs. A 50% AD-MSC secretome with a level of VEGF supernatant at 65 pg/mL showed better anti-angiogenic activity. Secretome from ocular and non-ocular stem cells demonstrated clear therapeutic benefits inlimbal niche damage.
C-REACTIVE PROTEIN LEVELS BEFORE AND AFTER ULTRA ENDURANCE EXERCISE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

C-reactive protein (CRP) is released by the body in response to acute injury, infection or other inflammatory stimuli and is associated with risk of cardiovascular disease. PURPOSE To assess blood levels of highly sensitive CRP prior to and following the Hawaii Ironman triathlon (2.4 mile swim, 112 mile bike, 26.2 mile run). METHODS Twenty-seven athletes (10 females, 17 males) over 50 years old (average age:58, ± 7.5 yrs, range:50–79) participated in the study. All women were postmenopausal. Athletes reported for pre-race morning blood draw (choice of either) 72 or 48 hours prior to race start, and again immediately following race finish. Post-race CRP levels were collected on 22 athletes (5 athletes did not finish the race). RESULTS Average finish time for females was 14:23 (race average for > 50 y.o. female finishers:14:40), males 13:31 (race average for > 50 y.o. male finishers:13:06). CRP rose on average by 5.2 ± 5.4 mg/L (p < 0.001). Baseline CRP levels were reported in the following risk categories for cardiovascular disease:59% (n = 16) lowest risk (defined as:0.0–0.6 mg/L), 11% (n = 3) low-risk (0.7–1.1 mg/L), 19% (n = 5) moderate risk (1.2–1.9 mg/L), 4% (n = 1) high-risk (2.0–3.8 mg/L), 7% (n = 2) highest risk (3.9–15.0mg/L). Post-race CRP levels in 77% of the finishers (17/22) rose from a lowest, low or moderate risk category to a high or highest risk category (p < 0.001). 54.5% (12/22) of CRP levels were of a highest risk category following the race. CRP for two male athletes decreased from a highest risk to a high-risk category (by 3.1 and 1.2 mg/L, respectively) following the race. CONCLUSION At pre-race baseline, ultra-endurance athletes show low levels of CRP, a risk factor for heart disease, consistent with known low risk in this group. However, CRP levels measured immediately after prolonged exercise are elevated, suggesting inflammation. The duration of elevation and implications for long-term risk are unknown.
Comprehensive Characterization of Hematological, Renal, and Cardiovascular Profiles in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to investigate the etiology, clinical consequences, and cardiovascular burden of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in severe CKD and end-stage renal disease. In addition, potential diagnostic markers were identified. Methods: In this single-center cross-sectional study, CKD patients (stage 3b–5) from the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University were randomly matched 1:1 based on age, sex, and CKD stage between January 2020 and December 2022. Clinical and laboratory data—including blood cell counting, blood lipids, liver and kidney function, blood coagulation, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, and troponin T—were collected from the Unified Digital Medical Record system. Additionally, transthoracic echocardiography and electrocardiogram results were collected upon patient admission. PH severity was classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on echocardiographic findings, and subgroup analyses were performed according to this classification. Results: A total of 440 CKD patients were enrolled with 220 patients diagnosed with PH (PH group) and 220 without PH (non-PH group). PH patients exhibited significantly lower red blood cell counts (2.76 (2.39, 3.2) × 10 12 /L vs. 3.14 (2.67, 3.73)×10 12 /L, P < 0.001), hemoglobin levels (82 (71, 93) g/L vs. 95 (79, 109) g/L, P < 0.001), and higher D-dimer (1.31(0.74, 2.75) mg/L vs. 0.83 (0.50, 1.47) mg/L, P < 0.001). Cardiac biomarkers, including N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (23,705 (6,809, 35,000) ng/L vs. 2,644 (665, 10,818) ng/L, P < 0.001) and troponin T (0.070 (0.032, 0.134) μg/L vs. 0.031 (0.013, 0.066) μg/L, P < 0.001), were markedly elevated in the PH group. Echocardiographic findings revealed significant right ventricular enlargement (29 (26, 32) mm vs. 27 (25,29) mm, P < 0.001) and a higher prevalence of pericardial effusion (62.7% vs. 25.0%, P < 0.001) in PH patients. Cardiac conduction abnormalities were more prevalent in PH patients, with significantly higher rates of atrial fibrillation, supraventricular premature beats, and right bundle branch block (all P < 0.05). There are 109 patients with mild PH, 83 with moderate PH, and 28 with severe PH. Left ventricular remodeling and functional impairment were observed in moderate and severe PH patients. Conclusion: Progressive PH in CKD patients is associated with significant cardiovascular abnormalities. Routine echocardiographic surveillance and biomarker monitoring are crucial for early risk stratification and management. Further research is needed to explore targeted therapies to improve outcomes in this high-risk population.
First experiences with the Audible Contrast Threshold test as a suprathreshold measure of aided hearing-in-noise abilities

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Understanding speech in realistic noisy situations is one of the major complaints of hearing-impaired listeners. Currently, there is no broadly accepted and time-efficient individual measure about the performance in such situations considered within the process of fitting a hearing aid for prescribing [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL]
Neonatal videolaryngoscopy as a teaching aid: the trainees’ perspective

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction Neonatal intubation is a challenging skill to acquire. A randomised controlled trial (RCT) found junior trainees had higher intubation success rates if their supervisor shared their airway view on a videolaryngoscope screen compared with intubations where the supervisor could not see the videolaryngoscope screen. The intubations in the trial were supervised by a group of experienced neonatologists who developed an intubation teaching package that aimed to be informative, consistent and supportive. We surveyed the trainees to assess their experiences of the intubation attempts. Methods Trainees participating in the RCT completed questionnaires anonymously after each intubation attempt. Questionnaires used 5-point Likert scales and free comment sections. Quantitative analysis was performed using descriptive statistics. In a qualitative analysis, free comments were coded to identify central recurring themes. Results Two hundred and six questionnaires were completed by 36 trainees. The majority reported that the guidance received during intubation was helpful, the postprocedure feedback was educational and their confidence levels were increased. Trainees appreciated a controlled environment and calm, consistent guidance. They found intubations in the delivery room, those involving unstable infants, large audiences and parental presence more stressful. Responses were positive whether the videolaryngoscope screen was visible or covered, emphasising the importance of consistent guidance. Overall, 16% of intubations were reported as intimidating. Conclusion The shared airway view offered by videolaryngoscopy was well received. In addition, taking measures to control the setting, with standardised guidance and feedback, improved confidence and created a more positive learning experience.
Fagopyrum 17: 15-19(2000) Locallzation and morphology of the buckwheat embryo

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The position, shape and size of the embryo in buckwheat seed has not yet been resolved. This paper describes com-puter aided three-dimensional reconstruction ofthe buckwheat embryo using two-dimensional images obtained by pro-gressively grinding the seeds. We found that cotyledons are double curved in the proximal part and that they reach the testa only with their margins. In the distal part, the two cotyledons extend tightly along the testa. In some seeds the cotyledons form a spiral in a clockwise direction and in others in an anticlockwise direction. The ratio among the two cotyledon orientations was 55: 45. We found no correlation between kernel weight and the orientation. The length of the embryo proper was found to be in the range of31-56 % of the seed length (in average 42%). The variability of the length of the embryo proper was much higher than the variability of the seed length.
Features of the iron determination in dust emissions of gas purification of electrometallurgical production

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Features of the iron determination in dust emissions of gas purification at electrometallurgical facilities are considered. The elemental and phase compositions of dust emissions were determined using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis (EDXRF) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Sample preparation conditions were optimized with allowance for the analytical methods used. The phase composition of dust emissions represented mainly by zincite, zinc ferrite, halite and sylvite was preliminary determined by X-ray phase analysis. Model mixtures were prepared and used to construct calibration dependences taking into account the results of diffractometric studies. A technique for rapid x-ray fluorescence determination of iron in dust emissions of gas purification has been developed. The methods for iron determination tested on real samples of dust emissions of electrometallurgical production demonstrated a satisfactory convergence of the results obtained by EDXRF ( S r = 1.3%) and ICP-AES ( S r = 2.6%).
Physical Activity, Ability to Walk, Weight Status, and Multimorbidity Levels in Older Spanish People: The National Health Survey (2009–2017)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background. Many studies have shown a relationship between physical functioning and health status in older people. Aim. The purpose of this study was to analyze the temporal trends of physical activity (PA), ability to walk, weight status, self-perceived health, and disease or chronic health problems in people over 65 years from 2009 to 2017, using the European Health Survey in Spain and the National Health Survey in Spain. Methods. This study included 13,049 older people: 6026 (2330 men and 3696 women; age (mean, SD (Standard Deviation)) = 75.61 ± 7.11 years old) in 2009 and 7023 (2850 men and 4173 women; age (mean, SD) = 76.01 ± 7.57 years old) in 2017. Results. In 2017, older people exhibited lower values of moderate PA (p < 0.001), a lower number of hours of walking per week (p < 0.001), and worse self-perceived health status (p < 0.001) compared to 2009. These differences are maintained when comparing the sexes. Compliance with PA recommendations was 27.9% and 6.1% (chi-squared = 352.991, p < 0.001) in 2009 and 2017, respectively. There were no significant differences in weight status between older people in 2009 and 2017. In 2017, older people had significantly high percentages of disease or chronic health problems (p < 0.05), number of diseases (p < 0.001), severe difficulty walking 500 m without assistance (p < 0.05), and severe difficulty going up or down 12 stairs. Conclusions. From 2009 to 2017, Spanish older people worsened their PA levels and perception of their health status, and they increased their disease levels, which could be associated with the worsening of ability to walk in 2017.