jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Developmental Differences in Functioning in Youth With Social Phobia

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Social phobia (SoP) in youth may manifest differently across development as parent involvement in their social lives changes and social and academic expectations increase. This cross-sectional study investigated whether self-reported and parent-reported functioning in youth with SoP changes with age in social, academic, and home/family domains. Baseline anxiety impairment data from 488 treatment-seeking anxiety-disordered youth (ages 7-17, N = 400 with a SoP diagnosis) and their parents were gathered using the Child Anxiety Impact Scale and were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. According to youth with SoP and their parents, overall difficulties, social difficulties, and academic difficulties increased with age, even when controlling for SoP severity. These effects significantly differed for youth with anxiety disorders other than SoP. Adolescents may avoid social situations as parental involvement in their social lives decreases, and their withdrawn behavior may result in increasing difficulty in the social domain. Their avoidance of class participation and oral presentations may increasingly impact their academic performance as school becomes more demanding. Implications are discussed for the early detection and intervention of SoP to prevent increased impairment over the course of development.
Hypoxia selectively upregulates cation channels and increases cytosolic [Ca2+] in pulmonary, but not coronary, arterial smooth muscle cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ca 2+ signaling, particularly the mechanism via store-operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE) and receptor-operated Ca 2+ entry (ROCE), plays a critical role in the development of acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction and chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia differentially regulates the expression of proteins that mediate SOCE and ROCE [stromal interacting molecule (STIM), Orai, and canonical transient receptor potential channel TRPC6] in pulmonary (PASMC) and coronary (CASMC) artery smooth muscle cells. The resting cytosolic [Ca 2+ ] ([Ca 2+ ] cyt ) and the stored [Ca 2+ ] in the sarcoplasmic reticulum were not different in CASMC and PASMC. Seahorse measurement showed a similar level of mitochondrial bioenergetics (basal respiration and ATP production) between CASMC and PASMC. Glycolysis was significantly higher in PASMC than in CASMC. The amplitudes of cyclopiazonic acid-induced SOCE and OAG-induced ROCE in CASMC are slightly, but significantly, greater than in PASMC. The frequency and the area under the curve of Ca 2+ oscillations induced by ATP and histamine were also larger in CASMC than in PASMC. Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger-mediated increases in [Ca 2+ ] cyt did not differ significantly between CASMC and PASMC. The basal protein expression levels of STIM1/2, Orai1/2, and TRPC6 were higher in CASMC than in PASMC, but hypoxia (3% O 2 for 72 h) significantly upregulated protein expression levels of STIM1/STIM2, Orai1/Orai2, and TRPC6 and increased the resting [Ca 2+ ] cyt only in PASMC, but not in CASMC. The different response of essential components of store-operated and receptor-operated Ca 2+ channels to hypoxia is a unique intrinsic property of PASMC, which is likely one of the important explanations why hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction and induces pulmonary vascular remodeling, but causes coronary vasodilation.
Hemodynamic-Based Evaluation on Thrombosis Risk of Fusiform Coronary Artery Aneurysms Using Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulation Method

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) have been reported to associate with an increased risk for thrombosis. Distinct to the brain aneurysm, which can cause a rupture, CAA’s threat is more about its potential to induce thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction. Case reports suggest that thrombosis risk varied with the different CAA diameters and hemodynamics effects (usually wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index (OSI), and relative residence time (RRT)) may relate to the thrombosis risk. However, currently, due to the rareness of the disease, there is limited knowledge of the hemodynamics effects of CAA. The aim of the study was to estimate the relationship between hemodynamic effects and different diameters of CAAs. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provides a noninvasive means of hemodynamic research. Four three-dimensional models were constructed, representing coronary arteries with a normal diameter (1 x ) and CAAs with diameters two (2 x ), three (3 x ), and five times (5 x ) that of the normal diameter. A lumped parameter model (LPM) which can capture the feature of coronary blood flow supplied the boundary conditions. WSS in the aneurysm decreased 97.7% apparently from 3.51 Pa (1 x ) to 0.08 Pa (5 x ). OSI and RRT in the aneurysm were increased apparently by two orders of magnitude from 0.01 (1 x ) to 0.30 (5 x ), and from 0.38 Pa −1 (1 x ) to 51.59 Pa −1 (5 x ), separately. Changes in the local volume of the CAA resulted in dramatic changes in local hemodynamic parameters. The findings demonstrated that thrombosis risk increased with increasing diameter and was strongly exacerbated at larger diameters of CAA. The 2 x model exhibited the lowest thrombosis risk among the models, suggesting the low-damage (medication) treatment may work. High-damage (surgery) treatment may need to be considered when CAA diameter is 3 times or higher. This diameter classification method may be a good example for constructing a more complex hemodynamic-based risk stratification method and could support clinical decision-making in the assessment of CAA.
One pot synthesis of novel thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles: A useful synthetic application of the acidified acetic acid method

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles and some of its analogues were firstly synthesized starting from 3-benzyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (13). 3-Benzyl-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiol (13) was synthesized and reacted with aromatic ketones using the acidified acetic acid method (AcOH/H+) to give directly the cyclized 5-aryl-2-benzyl-1,3-thiazolo[3,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles (15a-f) rather the thioketones 14. The isomeric 2-benzyl[2,3-c]-1,2,4-triazoles 16 could not be obtained using this method. The reaction of 1-phenylacetyl-3-thiosemicarbazide (17) with phenyl bromomethyl ketones in refluxing ethanol afforded the 2-(phenylacetyl-hydrazino)-4-phenylthiazole (18) which, cyclized into 16a upon refluxing in POCl3. The tricyclic system 20a–d was successfully prepared in one pot reaction using the acidified acetic acid in high reaction yield and short reaction time. Formation of both 15a–l and or 16a–c was assigned by the molecular minimization energy (MME) calculations which indicated that the formation of 15 is more favorable than the isomeric compounds 16. Examination of the biological activity against the selected bacteria and fungi revealed that the title compounds possess significant growth promoting effect. Keywords: ThiazolotriazolesSynthesisAcidified acetic acid methodCyclocondensationMME calculations and biological activity Acknowledgements The authors wish to offer grateful thanks to Assiut University (Egypt) for supporting this work.
Social behavior and cooperative breeding in a precocial species: The Kalij Pheasant (Lophura leucomelanos) in Hawaii

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT We examined social behavior and documented cooperative breeding in Kalij Pheasants (Lophura leucomelanos) in an introduced population in Hawaii, only the third reported instance of cooperative breeding in Phasianidae. Birds in 31 distinct social groups occupied overlapping home ranges, and group composition remained relatively constant over the 3-yr study period. Each social group contained 1 breeding female and 1 to 6 males. One male was socially dominant in each multiple-male group. Age was the only factor found to determine within-group dominance, suggesting that subordinate males may gain dominance and breeding status by staying in the group. All adults exhibited cooperative behavior, including caring for chicks, agonistic behaviors against conspecific intruders, and vigilance against predators. Average population density was high (3.21 residents per ha), which may lead to habitat saturation in this population. The adult sex ratio was male-biased, with an average M:F ratio of 2.1:1.0. Genetic sex identification of egg samples revealed unbiased primary and secondary sex ratios, which suggests that the bias in adult sex ratio may be caused by differential survival and/or dispersal. Paternity analysis of 13 broods revealed that ~68% of offspring were fathered by the dominant male of the social group, while ~17% were fathered by subordinate males in the group, suggesting that helpers gained some direct benefit by sharing reproduction. We suggest that cooperative breeding may be more common in precocial species than conventionally recognized.
Studies on the validity of the reduced bending stiffness method for eccentrically stacked laminates

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The reduced bending stiffness method is used in the framework of computational models for stringer stiffened panels. Here, the stringer foot is often stacked on top of the skin of the panel and leads to a stacked laminate with extensional bending stiffness coupling. The validity of the reduced bending stiffness method for the mentioned laminate type is investigated and assessed, as only unsymmetrical laminates without eccentricity have been considered in existing literature. In exemplary studies, the influence of the coupling effects is shown, which allows drawing conclusions on the error that is introduced in, e. g. closed‐form analytical approximate solutions for the buckling of stringer stiffened panels.
The Quality Of Public Services In Administration

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Is to show a model of good practice in public management by implementing a quality system in Prefecture. The national context in which change and reforming government is synthesized in any government program, based on new principles, which includes the following objectives: Public administration reform, based on increasing local autonomy and the financial and economic; restructure the central and local government, aiming to achieve an effective organizational model of administrative structures, while drastically reducing public expenditure; reducing bureaucracy and streamlining public services. The Prefecture aims to provide citizens, high-quality public services, in accordance with the needs, requirements and expectations, as well as those established by law. Thus, the institution will sustain a strong culture of quality, to ensure continuous improvement of services and to increase its customer satisfaction; The paper introduces a new concept: "Citizen – customer”, public service consumer.
[Histologic types of gastric cancer according to the Lauren classification at the Cayetano Heredia National Hospital].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The histological samples of stomach with gastric cancer diagnosis were evaluated and classified according to Lauren's criteria. The samples were obtained of 148 patients attended at the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú, between January 1988 and December 1995. According to this classification 99 patients (67%) were from the intestinal type and 40 (27%) from the diffuse type. A group of nine patients (6%) was considered as mixed and unclassified. The diffuse type was more frequent in females and the intestinal type for males. We demonstrated with statistical validity that the diffuse type is more frequent in the youngest and the intestinal type in the oldest. In this study there was no significative statistical difference for the localization according the histologic type. However in the three groups the simultaneous involvement of two gastric regions is very frequent, mainly in pyloric antrum and body of the stomach.
Potential use of beta-mannan from copra meal as a feed additive for broilers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The uses of a prebiotic to replace antibiotic growth promoters, mycotoxin and cholesterol binders in broiler diets have been commonly practiced over the last three decades. Many products have appeared commercially to replace antibiotic growth promoters and to tackle the problems of mycotoxins contamination. Mannose-based carbohydrates, particularly mannan-oligosaccharides from yeast, appear to have properties of coping with the mycotoxin related problems. Over the last three years, studies on the use of copra-mannan (CM) in this respect have produced promising results. CM has been found to effectively improve bird performance. When the birds were challenged against Escherichia coli, the supplementation of the feed with CMs was able to maintain growth performance of birds to the same level as the growth of birds fed commercial mannan-oligosaccharides or antibiotics. Contamination of feed with 0.3 ppm aflatoxin B1 reduced feed digestibility, but not when the feed was mixed with CM. The supplementation of the diet with CMs protects the birds from wet droppings when the birds were challenged by either Escherichia coli or aflatoxin contamination. Since there is a conflicting information about using mannans in the diet, particularly between using legume mannans as an antinutrient and yeast mannans as a pronutrient, this paper reviews the potential use of CMs for the purposes of promoting growth and improving health status of broiler chickens.
Controlling Pd Morphology in Electrodeposition from Nanoparticles to Dendrites via the use of Mixed Solvents

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

<p>By changing the mole fraction of water (cwater) in the solvent acetonitrile (MeCN), we report a simple procedure to control nanostructure morphology during electrodeposition. We focus on the electrodeposition of palladium (Pd) on electron beam transparent boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Three solutions are employed MeCN rich (90% v/v MeCN, cwater = 0.246), equal volumes (50% v/v MeCN, cwater = 0.743) and water rich (10% v/v MeCN, cwater = 0.963) with electrodeposition carried out under diffusion-controlled conditions for fixed time periods (50, 150 and 300 s). Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) reveals that in MeCN rich solution, Pd atoms, amorphous atom clusters and (majority) nanoparticles (NPs) result. As water content is increased, NPs are again evident but also elongated and defected nanostructures which grow in prominence with time. In the water rich environment, NPs and branched, concave<sup> </sup>and star-like Pd nanostructures are now seen, which with time translate to aggregated porous structures and ultimately dendrites. We attribute these observations to the role MeCN adsorption on Pd surfaces plays in retarding metal nucleation and growth.</p>
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFER OF LYMPH NODE CELLS

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The transfer to rabbits of homologous lymph node cells which have been incubated in vitro with Shigella-trypsin filtrate leads to the appearance of agglutinins to Shigella in the sera of the recipients. In the present study it has been found that the prior injection of the prospective recipients with blood leucocytes from the donor animals prevented the appearance of anti-Shigella agglutinins. The following observations have been made in this system: 1. The degree of the pre-injection effect was found to be a function of the number of leucocytes injected and of the interval between such pre-injection and the transfer of the antigen-incubated lymph node cells. 2. The pre-injection of leucocytes at appropriate intervals could also cause the failure of antibody to appear in sera of recipients of lymph node cells when these were obtained from donor rabbits injected with Shigella, 1, 2, or 3 days prior to cell transfer. 3. Agglutinins failed to appear in cell-transfer experiments after the pre-injection not only of blood leucocytes, but also of lymph node cells, peritoneal exudate cells, or thymus cells of rabbits. This effect was not brought about by pre-injection of erythrocytes of rabbits or leucocytes of chicken, cow, or horse. The pre-injection of leucocytes of human blood had an effect of partial suppression. 4. When the leucocytes for pre-injection were pooled from groups of rabbits, either the prospective donors of the lymph node cells or other rabbits, essentially complete suppression of agglutinin titers occurred regularly. When the leucocytes for pre-injection were obtained from an individual rabbit and the lymph node cells from another rabbit the suppression of the recipients' titers occurred sporadically. 5. When the recipient's own leucocytes were pre-injected the subsequent agglutinin titers were somewhat lower than those of the non-pre-injected controls. When the recipient's whole blood was re-injected as the source of leucocytes the subsequent agglutinin titers were as high as those of the non-pre-injected controls. 6. The pre-injection effect was not obtained if the leucocytes had been heated, frozen and thawed, suspended in distilled water, lyophilized, or treated with sodium iodoacetate. However, sonic oscillation or x-irradiation of the leucocytes had no effect on their capacity to bring about the pre-injection effect.
Technical and economic aspects when using both DC (-48 V) and AC (230 V) telecom systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The fast-growing development of the telecom industry generates an increasing need to provide both DC and AC reserve power systems in the same telecom power plant. This need arises from the widespread use of computer-like equipment to perform functions such as traffic measurements, dynamic routing control, billing, surveillance, control and maintenance. The ability to perform these functions remotely from a central location is particularly important as the number of nodes in the telecom network grows to provide enhanced and new services. The focus in this paper is how the AC part can be provided, as the traditional DC power plant is already well documented in this forum. The paper makes comparisons between three power system architectures. The discussion includes reliability considerations, methods to achieve redundancy, maintenance aspects of service and operation, methods of charging and maintaining batteries and means to determine battery condition and predict capacity. It also describes conditions that must be taken into consideration when selecting telecommunication power system architectures.
Zakah compliance in Muslim countries: an economic and socio-psychological perspective

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Purpose Although Zakah is the cornerstone of the social protection system in Muslim societies, providing relief to those in need and collecting funds from those who have access to money and property, many administrative and legal improvements need to be made to ensure that Zakah funds are managed effectively and efficiently in Muslim states. It is therefore important to recognize why some Muslims are not paying their Zakah through Zakah authorities. The purpose of this paper is to propose a viable and comprehensive research model, derived from an economic and socio-psychological perspective, to provide a richer understanding of Zakah payers’ compliance behaviour. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on extant literature, this study offers a conceptual framework for a better understanding of compliance behaviour by proposing an economic and socio-psychological model based on Fischer’s tax compliance model, which could be applied cautiously in an Islamic setting like Zakah. Findings The four main categories of the Fischer model are derived from socio-psychological and economic perspectives, namely, attitude and perception (system fairness, ethics and peer influence); Zakah system structure (Zakah law complexity and law enforcement); non-compliance opportunity (education level, wealth source and occupation); and demographic factors (age and gender). Each has much to offer in understanding Zakah payers’ compliance decisions. To suit the nature of Zakah, the influence of Islamic religiosity and the moderating effect of trust in the Zakah institution are incorporated into the model. Practical implications Those Muslim communities that strive to have functional Zakah systems to search for solutions to the perennial problem of low Zakah funding and its damning consequences, are offered a compliance model for systematically assessing Muslims’ compliance behaviour with Zakah provisions. This framework is anticipated to offer invaluable input to policymakers in streaming and strategizing the minimization of losses of Zakah revenue to Zakah authorities. Originality/value Although behavioural models such as the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour have been extensively used in Zakah compliance studies, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is perhaps the first to apply a socio-psychological and economic framework, emerging from tax literature, in the Zakah environment to develop fully understanding of Zakah payers’ compliance decisions.
Maximum power tracking for photovoltaic energy conversion system

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Photovoltaic systems convert light energy into electricity. Photovoltaic cells or solar cells rely on the photovoltaic effect to absorb the energy of the sun and cause current to flow between two oppositely charge layers. A solar cell has a maximum power operating point (MPOP) which varies with changing atmospheric conditions, radiation and temperature. The current produced by a solar cell depends on the voltage, i.e. the current is the function of the voltage and therefore the generated power can be varied.
Progressive vitiligo with rosette sign under dermatoscope: a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a case of progressive vitiligo with rosette sign under dermatoscope. A 58-year-old man complained of white patches on the dorsal hands, scrotum and groin for 3 months. Dermatological examination revealed round or irregularly shaped hypopigmented spots or porcelain white patches with sharp or undefined boundaries on the dorsal hands, scrotum and groin. Dermatoscopic examination showed bright white rosette sign on the white patch of the dorsal hands, and hypopigmentation around hair follicle on the scrotum. After the skin lesions fully developed, the rosette sign on the dorsal hands disappeared. Diagnosis: Vitiligo vulgaris (progressive, sporadic).
Stimuli‐Responsive Fluorescent Nanoswitches: Solvent‐Induced Emission Enhancement of Copper Nanoclusters

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Copper nanoclusters (CuNCs) as a new class of fluorescent materials have attracted a great deal of interest due to their outstanding fluorescence properties. In this work, a variety of organic solvents were used to induce self‐assembly of glutathione‐capped CuNCs (GSH‐CuNCs) to form ordered assemblies with enhanced fluorescence properties. Assemblies with multicolor fluorescence emission were constructed on the basis of the aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) of GSH‐CuNCs and the solvent effect. The fluorescence emission from these GSH‐CuNCs assemblies can also be tuned from yellow to purple by changing the organic solvent. A possible mechanism based on the size of the assemblies and electron transfer was explored to explain the solvent effects on GSH‐CuNCs. Stimuli‐responsive nanoswitches with excellent reversibility can be controlled by changing the type of organic solvent and the ratio of the organic solvent to the aqueous solution of GSH‐CuNCs. As the CuNCs assemblies exhibit strong, stable, and color‐tunable fluorescence, they were employed as color‐conversion materials for recognizing different organic solvents.