jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Safety, Biodistribution, and Dosimetry Study of Meplazumab, a Potential COVID-19 Therapeutic Drug, with 131I-Labeling and SPECT Imaging

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a serious threat to public health and is in urgent need of specific drugs. Meplazumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD147, was confirmed to competitively block the binding between the spike of syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and CD147, making meplazumab a promising candidate drug for COVID-19. In this study, biodistribution and dosimetry of 131I-labeled meplazumab were performed to further evaluate its potential as a therapeutic drug for COVID-19. 131I-meplazumab was both safe and tolerant in mice and healthy volunteers. A biodistribution study was performed in normal mice, and blood samples were used for pharmacokinetic analysis. Three healthy volunteers were included and subjected to single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of 131I-meplazumab within 2 weeks. The distribution in mice and humans was consistent with the in vivo distribution of CD147. Biodistribution and SPECT imaging results exhibited that the liver was the organ with the highest uptake for both mice and humans. Deiodination of 131I-meplazumab can be observed in vivo, and taking Lugol's solution can protect the thyroid gland effectively. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of 131I-meplazumab in mice and humans best fit the two-compartment model. The clearance half-life (T1/2β) in mice and humans was 117.4 and 223.5 h, respectively. The results indicated that its pharmacokinetic properties in vivo were ideal. The effective dose calculated from healthy volunteers was 0.811 ± 0.260 mSv·MBq-1, which was twice the value calculated from mice. It was safe and feasible to perform human clinical imaging experiments using a diagnostic dose of 131I-meplazumab after thyroid closure by Lugol's solution. This study will provide more experimental basis for advancing the clinical translation of meplazumab and will be valuable in evaluating therapeutic interventions for patients with COVID-19, as well as providing a reference for clinical translation studies of other antibody drugs.
Daya Paham Petani Karet di Desa Kemuja Kecamatan Mendo Barat Kabupaten Bangka terhadap Penggunaan Koagulan Tawas

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Rubber plants are export commodities that can contribute to efforts to increase Indonesia’s foreign exchange. Rubber, as a leading commodity, has been carried out for a long time by the people of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province as a source of income. Rubber farmers in Indonesia, one of which is in Bangka Regency, namely Kemuja Village, almost all farmers use alum as a rubber coagulant. Based on government regulations, SNI Bokar has set one using coagulants such as Asam ant or Deorub. The people of Kemuja Village once used the coagulant, but the situation did not last long. Various perceptions of farmers on the use of coagulants influence this. This study farmers’ perceptions of using alum coagulants in Kemuja Village, Mendo Barat District. This research was held on November 2021 to June 2022. This study uses the variable perception of 3 indicators: attitudes, interests, and expectations. The research method used is the survey method, which uses the Non Probability Sampling method. The determination of respondents has been carried out intentionally and purposively among as many as 35 respondents. Primary data collection techniques were obtained from interviewing respondents using questionnaires. The method of data analysis used descriptive analysis with a Likert scale. The results showed that the farmer’s perception index score was 66.3 percent, which was positive, consisting of 66.5 percent of attitude indicators perception, 67.4 percent interest, and 64.9 percent hope of using alum as a rubber coagulant.
Abstract 942: HPK1, hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1, is a promising therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Introduction: HPK1, a member of the MAP4K family of protein serine/threonine kinases, is involved in regulating signal transduction cascades in cells of hematopoietic lineage. Recent data from HPK1 knockout animals and kinase-inactive knock-in animals underscores the role of HPK1 in negatively regulating lymphocyte activation. This negative-feedback role of HPK1 downstream of lymphocyte activation and function combined with its restricted expression in cells of hematopoietic origin make it an ideal drug target for enhancing anti-tumor immunity. Experimental Procedures: A structure-based drug design approach was used to identify potent and selective inhibitors of HPK1. Various biochemical and biophysical assays, as well as a primary in vitro T cell activation assay, were utilized for multiple rounds of structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. In vivo target engagement and pharmacodynamic data were generated using an anti-CD3 mouse model. Results: In vitro, HPK1 small molecule inhibition resulted in enhanced IL-2 production in primary mouse T cells and in purified human T cells stimulated with a suboptimal dose of anti-CD3/anti-CD28. Increased selectivity of HPK1 inhibitors relative to T cell-specific kinases and within the MAP4K family was responsible for further enhancing the IL-2 response in activated T cells. In vivo, qd oral dosing of an HPK1 inhibitor completely abrogated phosphorylated SLP-76, induced by administration of anti-CD3. Furthermore, inflammatory cytokine production was enhanced in vivo upon HPK1 inhibition. Conclusion: Pharmacological blockade of HPK1 kinase activity represents a novel and powerful immunomodulatory approach for anti-tumor immunity. Citation Format: David Ciccone, Jennifer Rocnik, Vad Lazari, Ian Linney, Michael Briggs, Alan Collis, Christine Loh, Mark Ashwell, John Montana, Peter Tummino, Neelu Kaila. HPK1, hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1, is a promising therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 942.
Arsenic-Bearing Serpentine-Group Minerals: Mineral Synthesis with Insights for the Arsenic Cycle

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract When present at elevated levels in drinking water, arsenic is toxic, and magnesian clays are gaining recognition as a source of elevated arsenic in groundwater. In the crust and upper mantle of Earth, arsenic incorporation into clay minerals is influenced by geochemical conditions associated with hydrothermal fluids and metamorphic processes (e.g. serpentinization), meaning that As is a useful tracer of fluid-flow in the deep Earth. To improve understanding of arsenic speciation in groundwater, sediments, soils, and hydrothermal-metamorphic systems, the present study examined arsenic incorporation into magnesian clays by synthesis of serpentine minerals (200 o C, 10 d) with varied concentrations of Si, Al, As 5+ , and As 3+ . The synthesis experiments produced two distinct crystal types, tubular and platy serpentines, each with 10–15% randomly interstratified talc layers. X-ray absorption spectroscopy indicated that As 5+ and As 3+ occurred in the tetrahedral sheet. Single-crystal analysis revealed that tubular crystals contained up to 1 wt.% arsenic [Mg 2.8 (Si 1.8 As 0.2 )O 5 (OH) 4 ] (mean 0.2 wt.% As). The mean composition of platy, high-Al crystals is (Mg 1.8 Al 0.7 )(Si 2.0 )O 5 (OH) 4 , and that of platy, medium-Al crystals with As 3+ is (Mg 2.07 Al 0.52 ) (Si 1.97 As 3+ 0.03 )O 5 (OH) 4 . Charge, geometry, and radius of tetrahedral AsO 4 3– oxyanions are similar to tetrahedral SiO 4 4– , and this facilitates fixation of As 5+ into the tetrahedral sheet of clay minerals. The geometry and size of the larger As 3+ in tetrahedral sites (as a pyramidal AsO 3 3– oxyanion) may limit incorporation relative to As 5+ . Arsenic-bearing Mg clays crystallize in alkaline environments where AsO 4 3– or AsO 3 3– are the dominant As species and where high pH accompanies crystallization of serpentine, talc, chlorite, or Mg-smectite. The presence of tetrahedral As in these clays raises the possibility of tetrahedral As in other Mg clays (e.g. sepiolite or kerolite) as well.
Stock structure analysis of the declining shovel-nosed lobster Thenus unimaculatus (Burton and Davie, 2007) for effective management and conservation along the Indian coast

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The shovel-nosed lobster Thenus unimaculatus (Burton and Davie 2007) is one of India’s most important commercially exploited lobster species. The declining trends and collapse of the sand lobster fishery have been reported from the north-west coast of India. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this decline, but a lack of basic information on population demographics inhibits hypothesis testing. This study attempted morphometric stock structure analysis of T. unimaculatus along the Indian coast, using 673 specimens collected from five locations during 2017-2019. Data was subjected to allometric transformation to remove size effect and further subjected to multivariate analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) using R software. The first eight principal components (PCs) cumulatively explained 73.97% of the total variance. The misclassification rate (MR) of the LDA model performed to optimise separation among different sampling locations and coasts were 0.30 and 0.26 respectively, indicating clear overlap of the stocks. The results of this study revealed the presence of a single spawning stock of shovel-nosed lobster along the Indian coast, providing insights for adopting holistic management strategies to conserve this declining resource. Keywords: LDA, Population structure, Putative stocks, Slipper lobster, Truss
Institutionalising women’s experiences in law: Possibilities and pitfalls of parliamentary gender audit committees

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Feminist legal scholars have long recognised that law is gendered, being a manifestation of power that often works to the detriment of women. This need not be the case. This article tests the capacity of law to make a material difference on women’s lives through parliamentary auditing. The arguments springboard from an innovation emerging in Tasmania in 2022: a Gender and Equality Audit Committee in the Tasmanian Legislative Council. Alongside the Australian Capital Territory’s Standing Committee on the Economy and Gender and Economic Equality, these Australian examples provide a framework to interrogate the possibilities for inclusive, gendered legislative scrutiny.
A rapid protocol for isolation of intact RNA fraction of specific molecular weight for synthesis of large-sized cDNAs

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In molecular microbiology, isolation of particular gene fragments from restriction enzyme digests is routinely performed using a physical separation of the DNA fragments by electrophoresis, followed by recovery of the DNA of interest from agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide, by cutting out gel slices under UV. When the method is used for isolation of RNA of defined sizes from total cellular RNA for cloning of cDNAs derived from specific transcripts, UV irradiation together with ribonuclease contamination causes severe fragmentation of RNA entrapped in agarose gels. This situation increases uncertainty in synthesizing large-sized cDNA from RNA eluted there from. In this paper, I provide a 1 h protocol for isolation of intact RNA fraction of given molecular weight from total cellular RNA without degrading the target transcripts by UV. The new protocol was derived through combination and modification of those for isolation of specific DNA fragments and proteins. Quality of RNA fraction obtained was sufficient for synthesis of large-sized, complete cDNAs.
Dialect differences and the perception of the fricative-affricate-stop distinction in English

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The fricated portions of the naturally produced words ship, shop, shoe (as produced by a standard English speaker) were systematically reduced by computer editing. These edited syllables were randomized and presented to 20 adult listeners, 10 of whom spoke a variety of standard English and 10 of whom spoke a variety of nonstandard English which has been influenced by Spanish. Listeners judged each syllable as having initial fricative, affricate, or stop (e.g., ship, chip, or tip). Results show a cross-over in judgments from fricative to affricate (e.g., ship to chip) and from affricate to stop (e.g., chip to tip) in specific ranges of fricative durations for both groups of listeners. However, the range of durations judged ambiguous was greater for the speakers of the Spanish influenced dialect particularly between the fricative and affricate categories. This may be a reflection of the phonological status of this distinction in the nonstandard dialect.
Defining the Heterogeneity of Anti-Tumor Antibody Responses

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Studies were undertaken to analyze the humoral in vivo and in vitro antibody response of BALB/c mice to a syngeneic MSV-induced tumor cell line. With a sensitive radioimmunoassay, sera obtained from individual progress or and regressor mice were shown to vary greatly in total tumor-specific antibody concentration as well as immunoglobulin class distribution of the antibody, but no significant difference existed between the groups of progressor and regressor mice as a whole. In addition, serum antibodies from all animals were shown to have extensive cross-reactivity against a variety of cell lines chosen to share one or more antigens with the cell line used for immunization. Conversely, when in vitro fragment cultures of splenic tissue from progress or and regressor mice were stimulated with tumor-related antigen, differences in responsiveness among normal, progressor, and regressor mice were observed. In addition, antibodies derived from fragment cultures displayed several different cross-reactivity patterns all of which were more restricted in specificity than serum antibodies.
A comparative assessment of South Africa's proposed systems to protect traditional knowledge

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study entitled, A Comparative Assessment of South Africa’s \nProposed Legislation to Protect Traditional Knowledge, is to examine how the \nprotection intended to be afforded to traditional knowledge, by the Intellectual \nProperty Laws Amendment Act 28 of 2013 (IPLAA) compares with the protection \nproposed by the Protection, Promotion, Development and Management of \nIndigenous Knowledge Systems Bill (IKS Bill). Furthermore, the dissertation aims \nto investigate how either of these proposed systems compare with established \ninternational and foreign initiatives. It is accepted for the purpose of this \ndissertation that the protection of traditional knowledge is advantageous, fair and \nreasonable in the context of South Africa today. \nThis dissertation seeks to analyse the most fair and appropriate way to protect \ntraditional knowledge within South Africa and to determine the suitability of the \nIPLAA and the IKS Bill, and whether both pieces of legislation are necessary. \nThere will also be an examination of international and foreign initiatives in order to \ngauge global standards and assess where South Africa lies in relation to such \ninitiatives. Upon the findings of its analysis, this study aims to make \nrecommendations and suggestions to improve the protection of traditional \nknowledge in South Africa.
An Ellipsoidal Luneburg Lens Antenna for Gain Enhancement and Beam Scanning

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An ellipsoidal Luneburg lens antenna based on transformation optics is designed for gain enhancement and beam scanning. Compared with the traditional spherical Luneburg lens, the profile height is reduced. The transformed media parameters are improved to be isotropic and nonmagnetic for uncomplicated processing. To better clarify the design theory and process, a patch antenna is used as the feed of the lens at 10 GHz in the simulation. The final results show that the lens antenna can achieve a maximum gain of 18.4 dB, which is 11.9 dB higher than that of the individual patch antenna and the scanning angle can reach ±42° with a gain loss of 3 dB.
Assessing the impacts of environmental change on British pollinators (Syrphidae) using next generation sequencing techniques

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

British pollinating insects are vital for their contribution to crop yields as well as maintenance of semi-natural environments across the UK. The Syrphidae family are highly diverse and thought to be an important pollinating group. In order to understand the evolutionary relationships in this family, mitochondrial genomes were used to build the largest tree of the Syrphidae family to date. This tree was used to establish relative ages for divergences within the family, and to explore the evolution of diverse syrphid larval life histories. The recent introduction of a UK pollinator monitoring programme has resulted in a large amount of data with the potential to inform conservation and management, presenting an opportunity for DNA analysis. A CO1 reference database was curated and tested for UK syrphids, resulting in sequences for 70% of UK species and highlighting difficulties in DNA identification. Barcoding of syrphids was then expanded by also metabarcoding pollen from gut samples. This showed the diversity of plant – syrphid interactions at an individual level across three different land use types. It also highlighted the importance of including syrphid larval life histories in analyses of this family, as these appeared to have a larger effect on species composition than pollen composition did. Finally, the reach of this thesis was expanded to include non-bee and non-syrphid pan trap visitors from the pollinator monitoring programme. This highlighted the diversity of non-syrphid Dipterans and allowed species and phylogenetic diversity to be compared in these bulk insect samples. Using DNA methods to analyse monitoring data has the potential to increase our knowledge of cryptic species, phylogenetic diversity and pollinator associations. Alongside this, DNA can be used to analyse large datasets of diverse pollinating insects which otherwise would be overlooked.
10. The European Court of Auditors and the European Ombudsman:

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Both the European Court of Auditors (ECA) and the European Ombudsman (EO) have been coined as European Union (EU) ‘watchdogs’. They have very different mandates: the Court audits the EU’s finances and the Ombudsman investigates complaints of maladministration by EU institutions and bodies. It might then come as a surprise that they have quite a lot in common. Their main EU institution of scrutiny is the European Commission, and they need to preserve their independence as oversight institutions. Neither has the power to impose sanctions on the institutions they investigate. Both the Court and the Ombudsman also cooperate with their national counterparts. In this chapter, we shed light on these EU ‘watchdogs’, which have thus far been under-researched. We do this by examining the key features of their institutional set-up and how they work. We also analyse how they have succeeded in interpreting their role beyond legal provisions and how they have dealt with crisis.
Hydroxy-steroids. Part VII. The preparation and reactions of 3α-iodo-5α-cholestan-2β-yl trifluoroacetate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Iodine trifluoroacetate, generated from iodine and silver trifluoroacetate, adds stereospecifically to 5α-cholest-2-ene to give 3α-iodo-5α-cholestan-2β-yl trifluoroacetate (II) in 72% yield. Further reactions of this product provide convenient preparations of 5α-cholestan-2β-ol (III), 2β,3β-epoxy-5α-cholestane (IV), and 5α-cholestane-2β,3β-diol (VI; R = H).
THE AFRICAN SCARE OF FALL ARMYWORM: ARE SOUTH AFRICAN FARMERS IMMUNE?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The manifestations of Fall Armyworm [FAW] (Spodoptera frugiperda) in South Africa were all clearly reminders of the seriousness of this epidemic in 2019. The scare caused by FAW as an African Moth continues to multiple largely. This is becoming a factor for African farmers, seeking urgent acknowledgement of the associated detrimental effects mapped with economic, social, environmental opportunities and fully exploitation of sustainable agriculture in the country and elsewhere. This study adopted qualitative research approach, with an aid of non-empirical research design: Systematic review, closely looking at recent reputable reports across globe, while using South Africa as a case study, from 1995-2019 (i.e. 24 years’ projection). This study found that South African readiness against FAW is [currently] highly questionable, with the consequences of failing to act clearly felt by many South African farmers, therefore, the strategies geared towards this pandemic [might] not be able to totally stop the clock on its effects on farming practices, however, revisiting and adding to the available strategies can be beneficial to this sector to holistically affirm and sustain agriculture in South Africa as one of the two sectors at the core of economic development.It is concluded that there is no single solution to respond to this elusive spread, thus, multi-agency approach is highly sought. For recommendations, available precautions should not be limited to the positive use of furrows, chemicals, clear warning to cattle farmers and swift reporting of outbreaks. The interventions of South African government [i.e. Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Forestry - DAFF] and other interested parties remains important in response. One of the essential components relates to investing more energies of understanding the ignored effects of FAW on South African farmers.