jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Study on thrust performance of small water rocket launch

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract For water rocket test of low cost, quick assembly and simple, based on the single water rocket, using Bernoulli equation, the ideal gas adiabatic model and mass conservation theorem, this paper derived both the calculation method of thrust rocket the bottle under the different initial water volume ratio of water pressure, and the rule about how the water rocket thrust and pressure performance change. It is found that the pressure, the jet velocity of the water relative to the water rocket body and thrust of water rocket will decrease with the decrease of water amount under different initial charging pressure and different initial water amount. If the initial pressure is higher, the water rocket will gain more energy and launch faster; However, it doesn’t mean that the more initial water storage ratio is, the better. The maximum velocity obtained by water rocket under the same initial pressure increases first and then decreases with the initial water storage ratio and the optimal initial water storage ratio increases with the increase of initial pressure. According to data calculation, the numerical value increases with the increase of initial pressure. The optimal performance of water rocket can be obtained by taking the maximum pressure and the corresponding optimal initial injection water when the water rocket body is allowed.
Conventional and Corrected Measures of Gender-related Development Index (GDI): What Happens to the Arab Countries Ranking?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The Gender-related Development Index (GDI) developed by the United nations Development Program has been one of the first global instrument to demonstrate that the level of gender equality in a country is not solely dependent upon a country's economic performance. However, the GDI is still closely tied to a country's gross domestic product. Moreover, Population share of the genders enter the formulation of this indicator in such a way that it favors the better performing gender. In the present note, we implement the corrections proposed by Bardhan and Klasen (1999), Mishra and Nathan (2008) and Nathan (2008) to capture this anomaly.
Impulsive Synchronization of Delayed Chaotic Neural Networks With Actuator Saturation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This article focuses on the impulsive synchronization of chaotic neural networks (CNNs) with time-varying delays subject to actuator saturation. By constructing discontinuous Lyapunov function and employing linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach, some sufficient conditions are derived to guarantee the synchronization object of the delayed chaotic neural networks. In addition, the control methods in this article have no strict requirements on the size of time delay and the actuator saturation domain, which is more flexible and practical in real system. Finally, a numerical example is given to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Food sovereignty, gender and everyday practice: the role of Afro-Colombian women in sustaining localised food systems

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

While social and political movements are the scale of action most often identified with food sovereignty-related struggles, everyday provisioning practices are critical for sustaining the distinctiveness and relative autonomy of localised food systems. We examine gendered provisioning in a Colombian, Afro-descendent community as a case study of how food sovereignty is enacted in daily life. Women's everyday food provisioning practices nourish households, sustain socio-cultural and ecological relationships, and maintain greater self-sufficiency within market economy integration processes. Deeper analysis of gendered provisioning highlights complexities, power relationships and challenges within localised food systems and refines understandings of gender dimensions of food sovereignty.
Visions and ruins

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book is a study of cultural memory in and of the British Middle Ages. It works with material drawn from across the medieval period – in Old English, Middle English and Latin, as well as material and visual culture – and explores modern translations, reworkings and appropriations of these texts to examine how images of the past have been created, adapted and shared. It interrogates how cultural memory formed, and was formed by, social identities in the Middle Ages and how ideas about the past intersected with ideas about the present and future. It also examines how the presence of the Middle Ages has been felt, understood and perpetuated in modernity and the cultural possibilities and transformations this has generated. The Middle Ages encountered in this book is a site of cultural potential, a means of imagining the future as well as imaging the past. The scope of this book is defined by the duration of cultural forms rather than traditional habits of historical periodization and it seeks to reveal connections across time, place and media to explore the temporal complexities of cultural production and subject formation. It reveals a transtemporal and transnational archive of the modern Middle Ages.
Internal and external corporate governance mechanisms in the context of the emerging market

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This review paper highlights the internal and external corporate governance mechanisms in the State of Kuwait. It sheds light on the legal environment by which Shari’ah is a major source of legislation. Since culture is influenced by religion, the ownership structure is, therefore, affecting legislation. Further, it discusses the market for corporate control, which is an important determinant of corporate governance external mechanism. Due to regional geopolitical instability, disruption of the full implementation of corporate governance and code of ethics is prevalent. Nevertheless, Kuwait is on the right path for the reinforcement of corporate governance and its code of ethics.
Purification and Identification of IgG from Tiger Serum

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Objective To establish a method for purification of IgG from tiger serum with high purity. Methods The tiger serum was subject to precipitation with ammonium sulfate and then purified by Protein-A Affinity Chromatography and anion exchange chromatography,The purity of IgG was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western-Blot methods.Results Eighty-four mg IgG was purified from 80 mL tiger serum using Protein-A Affinity Chromatography and Thirty mg IgG was further purified from the 84mg affinity purification IgG using anion exchange chromatography.Conclusion The method was established for purification of tiger IgG,and provide IgG antigens for the production of polyclonal rabbit anti-tiger-IgG secondary antibody.
Real-time reverberation time series simulation for embedded simulation of bistatic active sonar

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A fast method to generate element-level active sonar reverberation time series from reverberation time-intensity predictions is developed. The approach utilizes bistatic directional estimates of reverberation time series intensity provided by the ARTEMIS ray-flux code [1]. The computation time of the approach is sufficiently fast as to render it capable of providing faster than real-time reverb estimates for typical pulse repetition intervals.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Palaearctic Hoplitis bees of the subgenera Chlidoplitis and Megahoplitis (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Palaearctic Hoplitis bees of the subgenera Chlidoplitis and Megahoplitis (Megachilidae, Osmiini): biology, taxonomy and key to species". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, https://bionomia.net/dataset/70f988df-b3bb-4994-a6a4-ab51934194d5 using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, https://gbif.org/dataset/70f988df-b3bb-4994-a6a4-ab51934194d5. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Factor affecting the treatment response of drug-addicted women

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study was a 4-year longitudinal evaluation of a therapeutic community for drug addicted women. Pre-treatment variables of interest included 3 major indices of resources that served as predictors of women's response to treatment. Psychological measures and a willingness for treatment comprised the personal resources index. Early family environment factors and current family relationship measures comprised the family resources index. The third index, social resources, included social support networks and social adaptation measures, including pre-treatment length of drug use, criminal involvement, employment, and level of education. In-treatment variables included 4 psychological status instruments, a social support network interview, and a treatment environment scale. All in-treatment repeated measures were administered at baseline, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months. Outcome variables included retention and post-treatment measures of the 3 resource indices. Follow-up interviews were administered at 6, 12, and 24 months after termination of treatment. Pre-treatment psychological scores predicted their respective outcome variable scores. Pre-treatment scores on family relationship variables did not predict post-treatment scores. Pre-treatment measures of social support failed to predict follow-up involvement in social networks. However, prior years of drug use, legal involvement, and level of education predicted post-treatment abstinence, pursuit of continuing education, and involvement in aftercare. Discussion addresses the problems inherent in field research.
MicroRNA-21 regulates T cell apoptosis by directly targeting the tumor suppressor gene Tipe2 (IRM10P.755)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract MicroRNAs (MiRs) are short non-coding RNAs that can regulate gene expression. It has been reported that miR-21 suppresses apoptosis in activated T cells, but the molecular mechanism remains undefined. Tumor suppressor Tipe2 is a newly identified anti-inflammatory protein of the TNFAIP8 family that is essential for maintaining immune homeostasis. We report here that miR-21 is a direct target of NF-κB and could regulate Tipe2 expression in a Tipe2 coding region-dependent manner. In activated T cells and macrophages, Tipe2 expression was markedly down-regulated while miR-21 expression up-regulated. Importantly, Tipe2-deficient T cells were significantly less sensitive to apoptosis. Conversely, over-expression of Tipe2 in EL-4 T cells increased their susceptibility to activation-induced apoptosis. Therefore, Tipe2 provides a molecular bridge between miR-21 and cell apoptosis; MiR-21 suppresses apoptosis in activated T cells at least in part through directly targeting tumor suppressor gene Tipe2.
In-plane magnetocrystalline anisotropy observed on Fe/Cu(111) nanostructures grown on stepped surfaces

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Magnetic in-plane and out-of-plane anisotropies measured by angle dependent x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) on fcc Fe nanostructures are discussed and compared with fcc FeNi nanostructures. All studies were performed using XMCD at the Fe ${L}_{2,3}$ edges for Fe grown on a Cu(111) vicinal vic surface. The step induced in-plane anisotropy in the step decoration regime is analyzed by measuring the orbital magnetic moment dependence as a function of the in-plane azimuth and out-of-plane incidence angles. In the one-dimensional limit where the out-of-plane magnetic easy axis dominates, Fe/Cu(111) shows a large in-plane orbital magnetic moment anisotropy leading to a magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy of 0.4 meV/atom and an in-plane magnetic easy axis perpendicular to the steps. In the nanometer scale the aspect ratio of the elongated rectangular Fe stripes are found to be responsible for the in-plane and out-of-plane anisotropy. This is coherent with previous findings where the circular shaped fcc ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.65}{\mathrm{Ni}}_{0.35}$ nanostructures do not show any in-plane anisotropy. The three-dimensional nanostructures are characterized by magnetic orbital moments connected with the number of broken bonds in the direction of the quantization axis defined by the direction of the saturation field. The microscopic origin of the in-plane large orbital magnetic moment anisotropy is attributed to the nanometer size of the structures perpendicular to the steps and to the asymmetry of the number of broken bonds in the plane.
Assisted Reproductive Technology and Origins of Disease: The Clinical Realities and Implications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The majority of offspring born following assisted reproductive technology (ART) achieve equivalent development milestones and demonstrate comparable health as spontaneously conceived children. Yet, multiple studies have suggested offspring conceived with ART have slightly increased risk of metabolic derangements, cardiovascular disease, and malignancy. However, the associations observed in these studies often inadequately control for a variety of confounding variables, such as multiple gestation, premature birth, and low birth weight. Furthermore, many studies fail to account for the increased risk of many of these pathologies in the offspring of subfertile women in general. Lastly, the absolute risk of most of the ailments studied is extremely low. In nearly all examples, the number of women who would need to be treated to observe one additional diagnosis is substantially high. When compared with the number of couples who would have remained childless due to severe male factor infertility or would have been exposed to the risk of passing on a severe monogenic disorder, the general increased risks to ART-exposed children is very small.
Initial clinical experience with computed radiography imaging in an emergency department.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In the emergency setting, dual imaging was performed in 42 examinations using conventional and computed radiography imaging (CRI) systems. Six specialists considered computed images to be preferable to conventional radiographs in 28% of observations, of equal quality in 50% of observations, and of lesser quality in 22% of observations, even though incorrect processing algorithms were used in 62% of the digital exams. Correct processing improved CRI image characteristics and increased its desirability over conventional studies, suggesting that digital imaging will have greater application in the emergency setting as processing features are simplified.
The Process of Cognitive Liberation: Cultural Synapses, Links, and Frame Contradictions in the U.S.‐Central America Peace Movement*

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Based upon qualitative interviews with thirty‐two Central American peace activists, this article elaborates the process of “cognitive liberation” through the application of frame analysis. In addition, I seek to explain the diffusion of this social‐psychological state from Central to North America. Attention is given to the role of the church as a common cultural link that functioned as a micro‐mobilizing context, which provided missionaries who served as “meso‐mobilizing actors.” The term frame contradictions is introduced to specify the condition in which irreconcilable differences between a movement's frame and its opponent's frame are exposed, thereby facilitating frame adoption. I conclude that some type of cultural link is necessary for the development of a common frame that can integrate groups cross‐nationally and that can provide agents of mobilization to serve as a synapse through which frames can be transmitted from one country to another.
Small Island States in the Face of Climatic Change: The End of the Line in International Environmental Responsibility

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Small island developing states (SIDS) are increasingly recognized as deserving of special consideration both in international law generally and in international environmental law in particular.This special recognition has grown since the 1992 Earth Summit and was clearly reflected in the 1994 Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States (to be revisited in 2004) and within the 2002 Plan of Implementation from the World Summit on Sustainable Development. 1 These documents all reflect the same consideration: that most SIDS face an uphill battle in meeting the challenges of sustainable development irrespective of climate change.Accordingly, they already need specific assistance to meet the economic, social, and environmental problems which already affect them.Accordingly, as the Political Declaration of the 2002 World Sum-
Interacting Stellar Wind and Photoionization Models of the SN 1987A Remnant

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We are investigating the SN 1987A remnant by modeling the circumstellar environment of the progenitor star. Interacting stellar winds models have been reasonably successful at reproducing the gross features of the nebula, but some details, such as the early rise of the radio and x-ray emission from the supernova blast and the presence of the outer rings, are not explained in a pure wind model. In this paper we describe preliminary results from 2-D models that incorporate the effects of photoionization due to radiation from the central star. These models have successfully produced a thick HII region, as needed to produce the early radio and X-ray emission. The HII region is thickest away from the equatorial plane. The models have also produced a feature resembling the outer rings, but we suspect this to be an artifact of the 2-D calculations that would not persist in 3-D.
Some Disputed Points in Primary Election Legislation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The widespread interest in nominating systems, particularly during the last ten years, has given rise to a great number of problems new to American politics. These questions are puzzling the reformer, the practical politician, the lawmaker and the judge. They are of absorbing interest to the student of political institutions and tendencies. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss only three of these problems, namely: the test of party allegiance, the formation of the platform under the direct primary system, and the majority required for nomination. As the party primary becomes more and more like an election, the more important does the question of party membership become. What constitutes a republican or a democrat? and how shall a satisfactory legal test be made? Originally this was a matter over which the party authorities possessed exclusive jurisdiction, and which they might regulate and control in their discretion. The republican committee decided what evidence was necessary to establish a right to participate in republican primaries, and the democratic committee denned and determined the essentials of democracy. The abuse of this power in many cases led to legal regulation of the party test. The most frequent test required is an expression of intention to support the party candidates in the ensuing election, coupled with a statement of past support of or affiliation with the party. In Michigan the test includes a declaration of sympathy with the objects of the party. In New Jersey, the voter must state that he supported a majority of the party's candidates at the last election, and intends to support the candidates named in the primary. South Dakota requires previous support of the party, belief in a “substantial part” of principles of the party, and intention to support the candidates nominated. Pennsylvania requires a declaration that the intending voter supported a majority of the party's candidates at the last election. The Missouri law of 1901 merely required that the voter answer affirmatively the question Are you a——?
Community, Identity and Control as Keywords in Building Fortitude, Grit, and Flourishing through Positive Organizational Behavior: The Case of Finnish Music Classes

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This research sought evidence for the claim (Haslam et al., 2009) that supportive communities are essential for the building of positive identity and feeling of control that nurture the social type of resilience. The study investigated the presence of these three elements in an educational context. The data were collected by mixed methods from two Finnish comprehensive schools, including 79 music class students (ages 9–13) and their teachers. The results revealed how the old music class tradition strengthened children’s trust and hope related to their goals. Elements that supported fortitude and a “zone of challenge and vulnerability” were identified and integrated into the grit model of Trust, Hope, and Love (Olander & Saarikallio, 2024a). The resulting model of positive education displays ideal conditions for fostering an educational process that builds personal growth and flourishing.
REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE BOARD MEETING

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

It has been a refreshing experience to me, as a practicing pediatrician, to serve as Liaison Officer from the Academy to the Children's Bureau during the past year, to talk with practitioners of pediatrics, teachers, state and federal employees of the agencies interested in child health and to have the opportunity through this study of sampling the varied experiences and opinions of Academy members. I am impressed with the fact that American pediatrics is by no means static but is wide awake, thinking and acting. It is also encouraging for one who participated on a state and national level in the difficult and controversial Study of Child Health Services conducted by the Academy to learn that, if nothing else had been accomplished, there are almost nationwide evidences of increased interest in child health and stimulated planning to meet its needs. From the present study, I would infer that in most states the relationships between practicing pediatricians and state agencies involved in child health are satisfactory to excellent but there is general recognition, even in these states, that mutual education and understanding is needed and can best be developed by better acquaintance and more frequent consultations between these groups. Statewide planning of this type, trained personnel and enhanced funds will be needed in many states if the numerous programs for improvement of child health, which are already recognized, are to be carried out. There seems to be rather general agreement that planning should proceed on local, state and national levels but that establishment of policies and control of funds should preferably proceed on the state level through consultation between directors of state agencies and practitioners of medicine in the various fields involved. There are evidences that relationships between pediatricians of this country and the Children's Bureau are improving but that old suspicions and present misunderstandings should be discussed very frankly and advantage should be taken of every opportunity which offers better understanding and cooperative action on a fair basis. Many needs in the field of child health are evident which can best be met by coordinated planning and cooperative action between the practitioner, the teacher, the state and federal employee and the general public, but this is only to be accomplished without undue friction if proper fields of endeavor are recognized and if attitudes of suspicion and tendencies to work at cross purposes are eliminated. May I express my sincere appreciation to all Academy officers, officials of the Children's Bureau, State Chairmen and members of the Academy who have so willingly given of advice and help in this study, and especially to the State Chairmen of the Academy who have given generously of their time and whose thoughts are reflected in this report.