jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
PROFILE OF A NEW PRAZOSIN CONGENER, BL-5111A. STUDIES IN THE RAT

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1. The effects on blood pressure and heart rate of prazosin and a structurally-related congener, BL-5111A, were compared in conscious and anaesthetized rats. 2. Both agents induced dose-related falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, with relatively little effect on heart rate. The hypotensive potency of prazosin was twenty-fold greater than that of BL-5111A. 3. The hypotensive activity of prazosin was abolished by pretreatment with the ganglionic blocking agent, pentolinium, or the alpha-adenoceptor blocking agent, phentolamine, whereas BL-5111A retained significant hypotensive activity (up to 28%) after either pretreatment. 4. Both prazosin and BL-5111A attenuated pressor responses to noradrenaline, and reversed the responses to adrenaline, prazosin being, in this respect, 6 times more potent than BL-5111A. There was a highly significant relationship between the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking activity of either agents and its hypotensive effect. 5. BL-5111A differed from prazosin in possessing, in addition to its predominant alpha-adrenoceptor blocking action, a minor component of action attributable to direct vasodilatation.
Contralateral and Ipsilateral Microsurgical Approaches to Carotid-Ophthalmic Aneurysms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Giant carotid-ophthalmic aneurysms that are eligible for surgical treatment as well as small and large aneurysms dislocating the optic nerve or the chiasm superomedially or medially should be approached via ipsilateral craniotomies. It is recommended that small and large aneurysms of the carotid-ophthalmic segment originating medially, superomedially, or superiorly, displacing the optic nerve or the chiasm superiorly, superolaterally, or laterally, be approached via contralateral craniotomies.
Effects of Herbicide Glyphosate on Fitness Attributes of <i>Zygogramma bicolorata</i> Pallister

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this study, the effects of glyphosate on the biology and fitness of the biocontrol agent Zygogramma bicolorata against parthenium weed. Bioassay of glyphosate was conducted using a minimum range of the field-recommended dose (0.408%). Results showed that indirect exposure to glyphosate caused significant mortality of I, II, III, and IV instar Z. bicolorata grubs. The highest mortality (23.60%) was recorded in the first instar. Furthermore, the total larval developmental period was significantly prolonged in the group exposed to glyphosate (19.50 days) compared to the unexposed group (17.73 days). The application of glyphosate also caused a variation in pupation period. In addition, the longevity of both male and female Z. bicolorata was negatively impacted by glyphosate treatment. Overall, these findings suggest that glyphosate has an ecotoxic effect on Z. bicolorata and may have significant implications for its use as a biocontrol agent for parthenium. It is important to carefully consider the potential risks associated with the use of herbicides and ensure that they are used in a safe and responsible manner to minimize any negative impacts on non-target organisms.
[Establishment of assay system for fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 and pathophysiological roles of FGF-23 in the development of hypophosphatemic diseases].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rickets/osteomalacia is characterized by impaired mineralization of bone matrix. X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia(XLH), autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia(ADHR) and tumor-induced rickets/osteomalacia(TIO) share common clinical features including impaired proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption. Fibroblast growth factor(FGF)-23 was positionally cloned as a responsible gene for ADHR. We have also cloned FGF-23 as a causative factor for TIO. FGF-23 is a polypeptide with 251 amino acids. FGF-23 is proteolytically cleaved between Arg179 and Ser180 and only full-length FGF-23 showed biological activity to induce hypophosphatemia. Using two monoclonal antibodies that recognize N-terminal and C-terminal portion of the processing site of FGF-23, sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for FGF-23 was established. This assay detects only full-length FGF-23. Circulatory level of FGF-23 in healthy controls distributed between 10 to 50 pg/ml suggesting that FGF-23 is a physiological humoral factor. FGF-23 levels in patients with TIO were elevated and rapidly decreased after removal of responsible tumors for TIO. These results confirm that FGF-23 is a causative factor of TIO and indicate that measurement of FGF-23 is useful for diagnosis and management of TIO. Moreover, FGF-23 levels were elevated in most patients with XLH suggesting FGF-23 is also involved in the pathogenesis of XLH. Further analysis is required to clarify more detailed actions of FGF-23 and its roles in the development of other diseases with disordered phosphate metabolism.
IS QUASAR OPTICAL VARIABILITY A DAMPED RANDOM WALK?

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The damped random walk (DRW) model is increasingly used to model the\nvariability in quasar optical light curves, but it is still uncertain whether\nthe DRW model provides an adequate description of quasar optical variability\nacross all time scales. Using a sample of OGLE quasar light curves, we consider\nfour modifications to the DRW model by introducing additional parameters into\nthe covariance function to search for deviations from the DRW model on both\nshort and long time scales. We find good agreement with the DRW model on time\nscales that are well sampled by the data (from a month to a few years),\npossibly with some intrinsic scatter in the additional parameters, but this\nconclusion depends on the statistical test employed and is sensitive to whether\nthe estimates of the photometric errors are correct to within ~10%. On very\nshort time scales (below a few months), we see some evidence of the existence\nof a cutoff below which the correlation is stronger than the DRW model, echoing\nthe recent finding of Mushotzky et al. (2011) using quasar light curves from\nKepler. On very long time scales (> a few years), the light curves do not\nconstrain models well, but are consistent with the DRW model.\n
Lifespan of T cells: Differential requirements for the survival of young and aged naïve CD4 T cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

An age‐associated increase in susceptibility to various infectious diseases results from age‐related changes in the immune systems. We reported that reconstitution of T cells in aged mice partially restored the defects in antigen‐driven expansion and cytokine production of naïve T cells. Thus, it is postulated that thymic involution and the decline in the production of new T cells in elderly result in an accumulation of naïve cells that have persisted for an extended time and that have therefore become dysfunctional. However, our understanding about naïve T cell homeostasis in aged animals remains incomplete. Here we found that turnover of naïve CD4 T cells in aged mice was slower than in young mice, in spite of decreased ability of aged cells to drive homeostatic proliferation. Transfer experiments revealed that the survival advantage of aged naïve CD4 T cells was controlled by T cell‐intrinsic factors and was less dependent on TCR signaling mediated by self‐MHC recognition. Thus, we suggest that the survival advantage of aged naïve CD4 T cells leads to their longer lifespan, which in turn contributes to immune impairments with aging. This has important implications for understanding how and why aged individuals develop defects that prevent their efficient response to vaccination. Supported by grant AG‐21600 and the Trudeau Institute.
Przestępczość nieletnich dziewcząt we współczesnej w Polsce

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim of the research was to learn about juvenile girls in Poland: who they are, what we know about their families, what kind of prohibited acts they commit. Another goal was to confront the results of the survey with the common beliefs. The society is convinced that girls became more cruel and violent and even petit crimes are committed more often. The research results do not confirm such a proposition.
[Congenital genital anomalies. Aspects of diagnostics and treatment].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Congenital genital anomalies are a very complex pathology. In order to clarify its causes it is important to revert to the genetic conditions and regularities of embriological development. The genital disturbances are mostly determined by chromosomal or endocrinic disorders or by impaired biochemical processes. Clinical problems arise when the genetical sex is in discrepancy with ambiguous genitalia. True hermaphroditism, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, testicular feminization and gonadal dysgenesis are the most common syndromes. Diagnostic criteria applied are similar for all (establishment of karyotype, investigation of hormones and their derivates, genital ultrasound and endoscopy, if needed - radiological examination), but medical and surgical treatment is applied to each patient individually.
Morphology evolution and location of ethylene-propylene copolymer in annealed polyethylene/polypropylene blends

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Binary blends of linear low density polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), and ternary blends of PE, PP, and EP copolymer (EPR) were prepared in a finely mixed state. In all blends the ratio of PP to PE was 85/15. In some of the blends, the PE component was labeled with a fluorescent dye; in other blends, the EPR component was labeled. These blends were investigated by laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy [LCFM] as a function of annealing time as well as EPR compatibilizer content. In this way we were able to follow the evolution of sample morphology and the location of the EPR in the blends. The presence of EPR in the blends retards the growth of droplets of the dispersed PE phase. When EPR was added in amounts up to 5 wt %, it tended to cover the PE droplets in patches rather than form a true core-shell structure. In the LCFM images, the EPR/PP interface appeared sharper than the EPR/PE interface. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 979–991, 1997
Evaluating China's role in achieving the 1.5&deg;C target of the Paris Agreement

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Now that many large emitting countries have set goals for reaching zero emissions in this century at the COP26, it is important to clarify the role of each country in achieving the 1.5°C target of the Paris Agreement. Here, we evaluated China's role by calculating the global temperature impacts caused by different national emission pathways to zero emissions in the future. Our results showed that China's contribution to global warming in 2050 is 0.17°C on average, with a range of 0.1°C to 0.22°C. Specifically, the peak contributions of these pathways vary from 0.1°C to 0.23°C, with the years reached distributing between 2036 and 2065. The large difference in peak temperature arises from the differences in emission pathways of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). We further analyzed the effect of the different mix of CO2 and CH4 mitigation trajectories from China's pathways on the global mean temperature. We found that near-term CH4 mitigation reduces the peak temperature in the mid-century, whereas it plays a less important role in determining the end-of-thecentury contribution to reaching the global temperature warming goal of 1.5°C. The most effective way to shave the peak temperature would be early CH4 mitigation action, further contributing to reducing the temperature overshoot along the way toward the 1.5°C target.
A study of the cognitive vulnerability of first degree parents' of patients suffering from schizophrenia

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Schizophrenic patients and their first-degree relatives suffer from cognitive deficits in different area (memory, executive, attentional and language functions) which allows us to consider these deficits as endophenotypes of schizophrenia. Schizophrenic patients also suffer from a lack of autobiographical memory and instability of identity: our study aims to determine whether this deficit and this instability are endophenotypes of schizophrenia. In order to reach this objective, we evaluated first-degree relatives. The results show that first-degree relatives suffer from cognitive deficits but, contrary to our hypotheses, not any deficit of specificity or instability of identity have been highlighted among these parents.
Persistence and Comprehensiveness of Extreme Precipitation Events in the South of Brazil: Space Variability and Atmospheric Patterns

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The southern region of Brazil is characterized, due to its geographical location, by the diversity of meteorological systems operating throughout the year, resulting in adverse weather conditions. This work analyzes the extreme events of precipitation, characterizing them according to their persistence and comprehensiveness, and the related atmospheric patterns. The development of a computational algorithm allowed the identification and knowledge of the spatial comprehensiveness of the extreme precipitation events, which were classified in a comprehensive and noncomprehensive character, resulting in four precipitation groups identified according to the criteria of intensity, persistence and comprehensiveness. The results showed that summer is the preferred season for the occurrence of extreme events in all the analyzed categories, a greater number of events occur between the northern Rio Grande do Sul and Paraná, and for the cases of Persistent Rain, the Santa Catarina coast is a region favorable to this type of event. Among the main atmospheric processes for the occurrence of extreme events with a comprehensive character are the humidity availability in the lower layers of the troposphere, along with jet in high level and a dug in medium levels.
Splenectomy: experience from Tikur Anbessa Hospital, Addis Ababa 1988-2007.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

the described series of splenectomies is high in number. That should be expected in countries like Ethiopia, where tropical conditions like schistosomiasis and malaria have a high prevalence causing splenomegally and where the removal of the spleen is often in combination with portoazygos disconnection. Splenectomies for other indications are similar in number in western countries. The functions of the spleen are very important and to some extent vital and splenectomy should not be undertaken unless there is a rational ground.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Oxazolidines with Triethylsilane in the Presence of Dicyclopentadienylzirconium Dichloride

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
High Sodium Intake: Review of Recent Issues on Its Association with Cardiovascular Events and Measurement Methods

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There has been a long-known association between high dietary sodium intake and hypertension, as well as the increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Reduction of sodium intake is a major challenge for public health. Recently, there have been several controversial large population-based studies regarding the current recommendation for dietary sodium intake. Although these studies were performed in a large population, they aroused controversies because they had a flaw in the study design and methods. In addition, knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of the methods is essential in order to obtain an accurate estimation of sodium intake. I have reviewed the current literatures on the association between sodium intake and cardiovascular events, as well as the methods for the estimation of sodium intake.
Surplus spermine does not protect salmon cells against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced stress, but excess spermine is eliminated through spermidine/spermine N1‐acetyltransferase (SSAT)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The present trials tested the efficiency of surplus spermine to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress following LPS-induced stress using an in vitro model of head kidney and liver cells isolated from Atlantic salmon. Spermine did not protect cells from LPS-induced inflammatory response at either 0.3, 0.6 or 0.9 mM. However, as the gene expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) increased with increasing spermine concentration, we addressed possible oxidative effects of the increased SSAT using its activator DENSPM or inhibitor of polyamine oxidation of the acetylated polyamines using MDL72527 at a spermine concentration of 0.6 mM. There was no significant effect of DENSPM, but MDL72527 decreased gene expression of GPX-3 (p = .04), while gene expression of catalase and MnSOD was unaffected by treatment (p = .30 and p = .48, respectively). In conclusion, spermine did not protect cells from LPS-provoked inflammation. The higher the spermine concentration, the more SSAT producing acetylated spermine occurred. Inhibiting the acetylated polyamine oxidases by MDL72527 improved oxidation status as expected due to a lower endogenous production of H2O2 by polyamine and acetylated polyamine oxidases. Probably care should be taken using polyamines or arginine as functional ingredients to avoid any increased oxidation within cells.
Flexible, Parameter-Controlled Nanoliter Pipetting on a Tecan xyz Platform

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Cost pressure and rising throughput requirements are important drivers for assay miniaturization. Typical examples for the trend “smaller is better” are found in BioChip applications and in High Throughput Screening (HTS), which is evolving from the 96-well standard to high-density microplates with 384, 864, 1536 or more wells. These applications require the automated pipetting of liquids in the submicroliter volume range, a difficult task for traditional automated liquid handling systems based on syringe pumps.Tecan developed a new device for the accurate pipetting of volumes in the nanoliter range. Based on ink-jet printer technology, this device allows the exact control of the volume of the ejected droplets via a set of parameters. The integration of this new technology into Tecan's flexible xyz-platforms allows an easy use of this powerful technology for several applications. Results such as volume range, accuracy and precision are discussed.
The Self‐Generative Mind in Education: Review and Future Directions

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT Since the turn of the millennium, there has been a surge of interest in diverse forms of spontaneous thinking, such as mind‐wandering, and their associated brain networks. Studies demonstrate the pervasiveness of these phenomena as well as their effects on education‐relevant domains such as academic skills, well‐being, creativity, executive functions, and socioemotional competencies. Based on a neurophenomenological approach and drawing on cognitive and neuroscience research, this article reviews this field and develops a framework for understanding deliberate and nondeliberate states of students' minds in the classroom and their associated brain circuitry. Different approaches to these states are examined from an educational perspective and ways in which this discourse can further be developed are suggested.
Development of cabozantinib for the treatment of prostate cancer [Corrigendum]

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Development of cabozantinib for the treatment of prostate cancer [Corrigendum] Vaishampayan UN. Core Evidence. 2014;9:61–67.On page 62, line 6 of the Introduction section and page 67, line 2 of the Disclosure statement, "Exelexis Inc." should read "Exelixis Inc.".Read the original article
Trends in health workers' compliance with outpatient malaria case-management guidelines across malaria epidemiological zones in Kenya, 2010–2016

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Health workers' compliance with outpatient malaria case-management guidelines has been improving, specifically regarding the universal testing of suspected cases and the use of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) only for positive results (i.e., 'test and treat'). Whether the improvements in compliance with 'test and treat' guidelines are consistent across different malaria endemicity areas has not been examined. Methods Data from 11 national, cross-sectional, outpatient malaria case-management surveys undertaken in Kenya from 2010 to 2016 were analysed. Four primary indicators (i.e., 'test and treat') and eight secondary indicators of artemether-lumefantrine (AL) dosing, dispensing, and counselling were measured. Mixed logistic regression models were used to analyse the annual trends in compliance with the indicators across the different malaria endemicity areas (i.e., from highest to lowest risk being lake endemic, coast endemic, highland epidemic, semi-arid seasonal transmission, and low risk). Results Compliance with all four 'test and treat' indicators significantly increased in the area with the highest malaria risk (i.e., lake endemic) as follows: testing of febrile patients (OR = 1.71 annually; 95% CI = 1.51–1.93), AL treatment for test-positive patients (OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.26–1.92), no anti-malarial for test-negative patients (OR = 2.04; 95% CI = 1.65–2.54), and composite 'test and treat' compliance (OR = 1.80; 95% CI = 1.61–2.01). In the low risk areas, only compliance with test-negative results significantly increased (OR = 2.27; 95% CI = 1.61–3.19) while testing of febrile patients showed declining trends (OR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.79–1.01). Administration of the first AL dose at the facility significantly increased in the areas of lake endemic (OR = 2.33; 95% CI = 1.76–3.10), coast endemic (OR = 5.02; 95% CI = 2.77–9.09) and semi-arid seasonal transmission (OR = 1.44; 95% CI = 1.02–2.04). In areas of the lowest risk of transmission and highland epidemic zone, none of the AL dosing, dispensing, and counselling tasks significantly changed over time. Conclusions There is variability in health workers' compliance with outpatient malaria case-management guidelines across different malaria-risk areas in Kenya. Major improvements in areas of the highest risk have not been seen in low-risk areas. Interventions to improve practices should be targeted geographically.