jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Serum concentration and safety of intravenous drip versus subcutaneous administration of carboplatin in dogs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Carboplatin is used to treat certain cancers in dogs and cats and is routinely administered via intravenous drip (IVD). Subcutaneous (SC) administration has also been described. However, the toxicity, serum concentrations, and area under blood concentration-time curves (AUCs) of SC carboplatin are unknown. This study aimed to compare serum carboplatin concentrations in dogs after SC and IVD and to monitor any adverse events. In this crossover study, five dogs received SC or IV carboplatin (300 mg/m2). After a minimum of 3 weeks, each dog received the other treatment. No gross skin toxicity or abnormal clinical signs were observed in any of the dogs. Blood test abnormalities were detected in most dogs. Decreased neutrophil and platelet counts, and increased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were found. There was no significant difference in the neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and CRP scores between the groups. Systemic toxicities of SC carboplatin were comparable to those of IVD carboplatin. The time to maximum carboplatin concentration after SC was longer than that after IVD (P<0.001). SC carboplatin remained in the serum longer than IVD carboplatin (P=0.008). The AUC of SC was less than that of IVD (P=0.002). The AUC and time taken to reach the maximum concentration of SC carboplatin were lower than those of IVD carboplatin. This study suggests that SC carboplatin may be an efficacious option for the treatment of tumors in dogs, particularly where IVD administration is challenging.
New Triterpenoid Saponins from Fruits Specimens of Panax japonicus Collected in Kumamoto and Miyazaki Prefectures (1)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Seven new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins, chikusetsusaponin FK1 (1), chikusetsusaponin FK2 (2), chikusetsusaponin FK3 (3), chikusetsusaponin FK4 (4), chikusetsusaponin FK5 (5), chikusetsusaponin FK6 (6), and chikusetsusaponin FK7 (7), and eleven known triterpenoid saponins, ginsenoside Rb3 (9), ginsenoside Rc (10), chikusetsusaponin VI (11), ginsenoside Re (12), ginsenoside Rg1 (13), pseudo-ginsenoside RS1 (14), notoginsenoside R1 (15), chikusetsusaponin L5) (17), chikusetsusaponin L10 (18), chikusetsusaponin IVa (19), and chikusetsusaponin V (20), were isolated from the fruits of Panax japonicus C. A. MEYER, collected in Kumamoto prefecture, Japan, and two new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin, chikusetsusaponin FK5 (5) and chikusetsusaponin FM1 (8), and five known triterpenoid saponins, ginsenoside Rb3 (9), ginsenoside Rc (10), ginsenoside Re (12), ginsenoside Rg1 (13), and floralquinquenoside E (16), were isolated from the fruits of P. japonicus C. A. MEYER, collected in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan. The structures of new chikusetsusaponins were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidences.
Inhibition of RNA Polymerase by Rifampicin and Rifamycin-Like Molecules

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

RNA polymerases (RNAPs) accomplish the first step of gene expression in all living organisms. However, the sequence divergence between bacterial and human RNAPs makes the bacterial RNAP a promising target for antibiotic development. The most clinically important and extensively studied class of antibiotics known to inhibit bacterial RNAP are the rifamycins. For example, rifamycins are a vital element of the current combination therapy for treatment of tuberculosis. Here, we provide an overview of the history of the discovery of rifamycins, their mechanisms of action, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance against them, and progress in their further development.
Sharing Attention Weights for Fast Transformer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, the Transformer machine translation system has shown strong results by stacking attention layers on both the source and target-language sides. But the inference of this model is slow due to the heavy use of dot-product attention in auto-regressive decoding. In this paper we speed up Transformer via a fast and lightweight attention model. More specifically, we share attention weights in adjacent layers and enable the efficient re-use of hidden states in a vertical manner. Moreover, the sharing policy can be jointly learned with the MT model. We test our approach on ten WMT and NIST OpenMT tasks. Experimental results show that it yields an average of 1.3X speed-up (with almost no decrease in BLEU) on top of a state-of-the-art implementation that has already adopted a cache for fast inference. Also, our approach obtains a 1.8X speed-up when it works with the \textsc{Aan} model. This is even 16 times faster than the baseline with no use of the attention cache.
The Impact of the Business Environment on the Size of the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise Sector; Preliminary Findings from a Cross-Country Comparison

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

According to the study Voices of the Poor from the World Bank, poor people expect to escape poverty through "income from their own business or wages earned in employment". A streamlined business environment supporting the sustainable development of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) may contribute to improve the living conditions of low income households in terms of employment opportunities. The paper tries to determine if having a larger SME sector is the result of competitive or constraining business environments. Applying an OLS estimation of a multiple linear regression model using cross-country data, the study attempts to assess how much of the cross-country variation in the contribution to employment and the size of the SME sector in the economy can be explained by cross-country variation in business environment regulations. The estimation results show that low entry costs, easy access to finance, and good levels of business sophistication and innovation predict a larger SME sector. There is a weak association with high exit costs as well. A productive and competitive SME sector must be associated with sophisticated and innovative business environments, in that sense the paper tries to contribute a basis for gauging this approach.
Macro-regional variation in attitudes toward and experiences of vulvar and vaginal atrophy among Italian post-menopausal women: a post hoc analysis of REVIVE survey data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Italian participants in the European REVIVE survey reported that vaginal and vulvar atrophy (VVA) impaired various aspects of their lives, notably the ability to enjoy sex. The aim of the present study was to explore regional differences in knowledge, experiences, and treatment of VVA in the Italian REVIVE sample (n = 1000), which was analyzed according to region of residence. While many respondents were unfamiliar with the VVA condition, most could relate their VVA symptoms to the menopause. The rate of diagnosis of VVA was twice as high in Central Italy as in the North-East. For individual VVA symptoms, 25.4-41.6% of respondents judged that the symptom had worsened over time. There were no significant regional differences for symptoms in terms of reported rate, change in severity, impact on sexual activity, or health-care visits. Testosterone cream and OTC medication based on hyaluronic acid showed significant regional differences in lifetime rates of use. In Italy, there are modest regional differences in knowledge, diagnosis, and treatment of VVA, some of which may be explained by inter-regional differences in health care. Further efforts are needed to ensure that Italian women are properly informed about VVA and have access to appropriate health care and treatments.
The influence of mineral nutrition, stage of harvest and flower position on seed yield and quality of phaseolus Vulgaris L.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this work the effects of mother plant nutrition and flower position on the plant in relation to different harvest stages on French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Cascaded; seed yield, quality and progeny performance have been studied. In three pot experiments under glass and one in the field, different levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and molybdenum were applied to the mother plant and it was found that higher seed yields were obtained with the higher nutrient levels tested, but these high seed yields were not necessarily accompanied by high quality. Seed yield and quality increased with the increase of nitrogen and potassium. The phosphorus effect however, was different, in that the seed yield increased in relation to the levels but the seed quality decreased. Molybdenum was found to be necessary in moderate amounts, especially for the seed quality. The interactions between nitrogen and phosphorus levels (NP) and between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) were found to be very important for bean seed quality, because their significant effect was similar and constantly present in most of the seed vigour components examined. It seems that the combinations of high nitrogen levels with moderate amounts of phosphorus applied to the mother plant resulted in seed of good quality. In one pot experiment under glass the progeny performance was examined, using seed from the 1st mother plant nutrition experiment and it was found that the mother plant nutrition affected the progeny in it*s early stages. This effect disappeared later and no difference in progeny seed yield was found. In two pot experiments under glass the bean pods were harvested at different stages and the pods from the main axis were separated from the pods on the secondary branches grown mainly from the axils of the primary leaves. It was found that the quality of seed from the secondary branches was lower than the quality of seed from the main axis. However, this difference in seed quality became less with the later harvests. The following tests were used to assess seed quality: the official germination test, seedling evaluation test, cold test, and electrical conductivity test. In addition, the seed size was determined and the seeds were analysed for total nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content.
Mean European Carbon Sink Over 2010–2015 Estimated by Simultaneous Assimilation of Atmospheric CO2, Soil Moisture, and Vegetation Optical Depth

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The northern land biosphere is believed to be the main global sink of CO 2 , but the contribution of Europe is uncertain. While bottom‐up estimates and inverse atmospheric transport studies based on atmospheric CO 2 observed in situ or from space by OCO‐2 point to a moderate rate of uptake, some other inversions based on remotely sensed atmospheric CO 2 from GOSAT/SCIAMACHY and biomass estimates from passive microwave satellite data point to a large sink of around 1 Gt C/yr. We present results from combining both approaches in a data assimilation framework, inverting a biosphere model against in situ atmospheric CO 2 and passive microwave measurements. When assimilating all observations, we estimate a European carbon sink of 0.303 ± 0.083 Gt C/yr for 2010–2015. The result agrees with other bottom‐up studies and atmospheric inversions using in situ CO 2 or OCO‐2 observations pointing to potential data problems when using observations from GOSAT or SCIAMACHY to estimate the European CO 2 sink.
Testing for unit roots in panels in the presence of structural change with an application to OECD unemployment

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

There has been extensive research on testing for unit roots in the presence of structural change and on testing for unit roots in panels. This chapter takes a small step towards combining the two research agendas.We propose a unit root test for non-trending data in the presence of a one-time change in the mean for a heterogeneous panel.The date of the break is determined endogenously.We perform simulations to investigate the power of the test,and apply the test to a data set of annual unemployment rates for 17 OECD countries from 1955 to 1990.
CFD Analysis of Enhancement of Heat Transfer of Automobile Radiator with Hybrid Nanofluid as a Coolant

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: The performance of the radiator depends on the fluid used in it as a coolant. The conventional fluids like water, ethylene glycol used as a coolant have low thermal conductivity and are not enough for transferring the heat to more extend. Nanoparticles because of their high thermal conductivity enhances the performance of the radiator when added into the base fluid. In the present work Al2O3-CuO/ Water based hybrid nanofluid is used as a coolant for the CFD analysis of automobile radiator. Different mixing ratios (80:20, 60:40,50:50,40:60 and 20:80) of Al2O3-CuO nanoparticles are used in water with 1% volume concentration. The inlet temperature and volume flow rate of fluid are kept constant. The nanofluid with 20:80 mixing ratio of Al2O3-CuO gives maximum enhancement in heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number than water by 72% and 65% respectively. Keywords: Coolant, Heat Transfer Coefficient, Nusselt Number, Hybrid Nanofluids, Radiator
Power Techniques for Improving Green Sand System Performance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The production of green sand systems in iron foundries can be improved by controlling batch-to-batch mulling energy instead of controlling the mulling time. In this study, sand data from 4 foundries were evaluated before and after the transition from conventional mull-to-time (MTT) to mull-to-energy stable power mulling strategies (MTESP). Unnecessary over-mulling was eliminated with MTESP strategies, which significantly brought down the time by 75%, thus increasing the mulling output. In the process, sand properties were not adversely impacted. However, in terms of scrap, there was a 50% reduction in sand-related scrap after MTESP implementation. This paper evaluates green sand system changes during production foundry transitions from MTT strategies to MTESP strategies to significantly reduce the time, power and cost of mulling. In addition, control strategies to identify the point of stable power during mulling have been evaluated.
Incidence of Galactorrhea in Young Women Using Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Galactorrhea is rarely mentioned as a possible side effect of the use of Depot-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA). Over the last few years, we have noticed an increased number of patients complaining of galactorrhea. A review of clinical data showed that between 1999 and 2005, 360 adolescents in our clinic used DMPA for at least 6 months. After medical follow-up, 13 (3.6%) of these patients were found to have developed galactorrhea. The mean age of the patients was 19.4 years with a range from 13—24. Prolactin levels in these patients were normal, and in all subjects, the galactorrhea resolved spontaneously within the next year in both patients who continued use and those who discontinued use of DMPA. It appears that galactorrhea is a benign side effect and as previous reports have suggested, it did not seem to be related to changes in Prolactin levels in our patients. It is thought that this is a progesterone-mediated effect. We believe that reassurance and education of patients is sufficient and there is no evidence of need for further intervention. Since the sample size is small in this study, additional research is recommended as to validate the presence of progesterone-mediated effects secondary to the use of DMPA.
Creep- and fatigue-resistant, rapid piezoresistive responses of elastomeric graphene-coated carbon nanotube aerogels over a wide pressure range

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Lightweight, flexible piezoresistive materials with wide operational pressure ranges are in demand for applications such as human physical activity and health monitoring, robotics, and for functional interfacing between living systems and wearable electronics. Piezoresistivity of many elastomeric foams of polymers and carbon allotropes satisfies much of the required characteristics for these applications except creep and fatigue resistance due to their viscoelasticity, critically limiting the reliability and lifetime of integrated devices. We report the piezoresistive responses from aerogels of graphene-coated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), made using a facile and versatile sol–gel method. Graphene crosslinks the junctions of the underlying random network of SWCNTs, generating lightweight elastomeric aerogels with a mass density of ≈11 mg mL−1 (volume fraction ≈7.7 × 10−3) and a Young's modulus of ≈0.4 MPa. The piezoresistivity of these aerogels spans wide compressive pressures up to at least 120 kPa with sensitivity that exhibit ultrafast temporal responses of <27 ms and <3% delay ratio over 104 compressive loading–unloading cycles at rates between 0.1–10 Hz. Most importantly, the piezoresistive responses do not show any creep at least for 1 hour and 80 kPa of compressive static loading. We suggest that the fatigue- and creep-resistant, ultrafast piezoresistive responses of these elastomeric aerogels are highly attractive for use in dynamic and static lightweight, pressure sensing applications such as human activity monitoring and soft robotics.
Adaptive soft frequency reuse scheme for inbuilding dense femtocell networks

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Femtocell networks have emerged as a key technology in residential, office building or hotspot deployments that can significantly improve the coverage and performance of next-generation wireless networks. But, in the co-channel deployment scenarios, dense inter-femto interference might significantly deteriorate the overall system performance. In this paper, a new adaptive soft frequency reuse scheme in the dense femtocell networks is proposed where multiple dominant interference from dense femtocells is classified into a number of groups, and different frequency reuse factors and transmit powers for these groups are adjusted adaptively to mitigate the mutual interference. Simulation results show the proposed scheme yields great performance gains in terms of the spectrum efficiency relative to the legacy soft frequency reuse and universal frequency reuse.
The Acceptable Daily Intake of Food Additives

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The Joint FAGWHO Expert Committee on Food Additives has evaluated in the past 15 years the acceptable daily intake of more than 200 food additives. This outstanding piece of work of major importance has marked a turning point in the field of the national and international public health policies concerning the control of the use of food additives and consequently the control also of food quality. It is of major importance therefore that the validity of such evaluations be fully recognized in scientific quarters. Because of certain aspects of the concept, namely the double range of safety margin of acceptable tolerance levels of these constituents in food, one unconditional and the other conditional, some doubt regarding the validity of the concept is liable to arise. A critical analysis of this aspect of the question is made, leading to the suggestion that with the exception of possibly a few cases, this double range of acceptability of an additive might usefully be dropped. At the same time a few other aspects of the problem are envisaged, namely, the necessity of evaluating the probable intake of the additives, short of which the acceptable daily intake concept fails to acquire practical significance. © 1973 Informa UK Ltd All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SPENT COFFEE GROUND (SCG) EXTRACTED USING ULTRASONIC-ETHANOL ASSISTED EXTRACTION METHOD

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Spent coffee grounds (SCG) a by-product from coffee industries, coffee shops and domestic users contain large amounts of organic compounds which could be re-used as source antioxidants for foods or cosmetics. This project aims to study the antioxidant activity of three different spent ground coffee varieties (Robusta, Liberica and Arabica) extracted using ultrasonic-ethanol assisted extraction method utilizing 60% ethanol. The extracted samples were analysed using DPPH, FRAP, FTC and TBA, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and also individual flavonoids to measure the quality and quantity of antioxidative activity in spent coffee. Robusta and Liberica SCGs exhibited similar activity (p>0.05) towards DPPH scavenging and ferric reducing reaction. Both showed 77.99±0.92 and 77.75±0.04%, respectively for DPPH, and 26.82±2.92 and 24.41±0.49 mg TE/g dry sample, respectively for FRAP. In FTC and TBA analyses, Robusta SCG was found to have the least activity with 61.07±2.43% and 2.9±0.14% respectively. Spent Arabica has similar inhibition percentage (p>0.05) as Liberica SCG in FTC (57.08±0.9 and 50.54±4.23% respectively), yet has different inhibition activity (p<0.05) in TBA (4.3±0.14 and 7.4±1.41% respectively). Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be the highest in Arabica SCG with 941.04±37.25 mg GAE and 78.21 mg QE/g dry sample, respectively. Liberica and Robusta SCGs contain a total of phenolic content of 661.14±2.86 and 547.51±59.5 mg GAE/g dry sample, respectively and a total of flavonoid content of 71.64±1.85 and 20.66±7.82 mg QE/g dry sample. Individual flavonoids of luteolin and quercetin were present in all the three spent ground coffee varieties. Results from the study illustrated that the three different varieties of SCGs showed different extract yields as well as diverse traits of antioxidant activity that could serve as a good antioxidant.
Fiftieth Anniversary of the Adoption of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees: Resolution adopted without a vote by the IPU Council at its 168th session

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Fiftieth Anniversary of the Adoption of the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees: Resolution adopted without a vote by the IPU Council at its 168th session Refugee Survey Quarterly, Volume 20, Issue 3, January 2001, Pages 120–121, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/20.3.120 Published: 01 January 2001
Cricoarytenoid subluxation, computed tomography, and electromyography findings

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A case of cricoarytenoid subluxation secondary to endotracheal intubation and documented by computed tomography (CT) and electromyography (EMG) is reported. Successful endoscopic reduction of the displaced arytenoid is confirmed by CT. The normal anatomy and physiology of the cricoarytenoid joint is presented and the literature regarding this rarely reported injury is reviewed. Based on this review and the case reported, a treatment plan is proposed.
Description of Epistylis riograndensis n.sp. (Ciliophora: Peritrichia) found in an

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Epistylis riograndensis n. sp., a freshwater peritrich hosting symbiotic algae in its cytoplasm, was collected from an arti-ficial lake, in a Botanical garden in Southern Brazil. Its detailed morphology was investigated using live and silver-stained specimens. The colonial sessile E. riograndensis has elongate zooids measuring, on average, 162 μm in length and 45 μm in width. A single contractile vacuole located near the infundibulum and a C-shaped macronucleus located transversely in the adoral half of the cell were also observed. The oral infraciliature revealed in silver-stained specimens was typical of peritrich ciliates. Three infundibular polykineties consisting of 3 rows of kinetosomes were observed. Molecular analy-ses of 18s rDNA placed E. riograndensis among other Epistylis species in the Order Vorticellida.