jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Planar diffractive lens design for sub-100 nm spots at vacuum ultraviolet wavelengths

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Planar diffractive lenses (PDLs) based on the principle of optical superoscillation, have revolutionized far-field super-resolution imaging. A plethora of versatile PDLs have been designed for the visible wavelengths. However, it is challenging to realize PDLs in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) band. Here we demonstrate what we believe to be a new scheme to engineer VUV-focused PDLs possessing high transmission efficiency and sub-diffraction limit focusing, which is achieved by illuminating focused light on a self-designed multi-zone PDL. By leveraging the vector angular spectrum method and the binary particle swarm optimization algorithm, the PDL features not only a long focal length (∼56 λ ) and compact axial focus (∼3 λ ) but also generates a sub-diffraction focal spot (∼79 nm) and high transmission efficiency (∼86.5%) with a λ = 177 nm circularly polarized light illumination. Furthermore, we demonstrate how key aberrations in a refractive converging lens affect the PDL's focusing properties. In addition, we propose a characterization scheme for the PDL sub-100 nm focusing experiment in a vacuum chamber. The PDL is expected to enable miniaturization and integration of super-resolution optical systems in the VUV band.
Event-triggered anytime control with limited resources

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In networked and multi-tasking environment, measurement data and processing resources may not be available at times when control calculations need to be executed. Based on the anytime algorithm been proposed in Stochastic Stability of Event-triggered Anytime Control[1]for control of event-triggered systems(nonlinear)which the processing resources available are time-varying, the algorithm recursively calculates a sequence of tentative plant inputs when a plant state measurement is successfully received and while the processor is available for control, which are stored in a buffer for potential future use. This safeguards for the time-steps when processor is unavailable for control. To make more efficient use of communication and processing resources, we extend this algorithm with two controllers in this dissertation. We present an anytime algorithm which features two control policies: a coarse policy and a ﬁne policy. The ﬁne control policy requires more processing resources than the coarse policy. With this scheme, the network and processing resources can be used more efﬁciently, and performance can be improved. Speciﬁcally, for a given packet dropout rate and process availability, the proposed two-controller scheme achieves better closed-loop performance with a lower channel utilization than alternative control formulations. The stability region is also enlarged with the two-controller scheme.
An interpretation of the deep seismic lines from the Penninic Alps of Valais (Switzerland)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The upper part of three deep seismic lines running across the Penninic Swiss Alps of Valais have been studied. Numerous reflectors illustrate the nappe structure of this internal part of the orogen. These reflectors, even at great depths (20-25 km), can be correlated with outcropping geological features and are most likely produced by lithological boundaries rather than by mylonites zones, which are hardly reflective in such an environment. Our interpretations, largely constrained by projections of the outcropping geology, have improved our knowledge of the deep structure of this segment of the Alpine belt, enhancing the importance of the backfolding and the crustal scale deformation phase which produced the Rawil-Valpelline depression and the Aar-Toce culmination. Furthermore we have here the possibility of correlating seismic patterns produced by ductile folds with the outcropping structures.
Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 Administration in CKD, Why Not?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients affected by chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD) experience a huge cardiovascular risk and cardiovascular events represent the leading causes of death. Since traditional risk factors cannot fully explain such increased cardiovascular risk, interest in non-traditional risk factors, such as hyperhomocysteinemia and folic acid and vitamin B12 metabolism impairment, is growing. Although elevated homocysteine blood levels are often seen in patients with CKD and ESRD, whether hyperhomocysteinemia represents a reliable cardiovascular and mortality risk marker or a therapeutic target in this population is still unclear. In addition, folic acid and vitamin B12 could not only be mere cofactors in the homocysteine metabolism; they may have a direct action in determining tissue damage and cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this review was to highlight homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 metabolism impairment in CKD and ESRD and to summarize available evidences on hyperhomocysteinemia, folic acid and vitamin B12 as cardiovascular risk markers, therapeutic target and risk factors for CKD progression.
Antimicrobial lipids: Natural and synthetic fatty acids and monoglycerides

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Over 40 natural or synthetic lipophilic compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity. Gram (+) bacteria and yeasts but not Gram (−) bacteria were affected by these agents. Epimino and selena fatty acids are more active than their corresponding straight chain unsubstituted fatty acids. The position of selenium influenced the antimicrobial activity of the fatty acid. The presence and position of a double or triple bond, usually an important factor in long chain fatty acids (>C 14 ) had little or no effect in C 11 fatty acids. Optimum antimicrobial activity was found for fatty acids and their corresponding monoglycerides when the chain length was C 12 . The dilaurin derivative was not active.
Epidural diet regimen.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Continuous quality improvement presents many avenues for change. We decided to evaluate the number of complaints of nausea and vomiting from patients receiving preservative-free (PF) epidural morphine reinjections. A systematic study of this problem involved a survey of all patients receiving epidural pain management. Staff from the Department of Anesthesia and pain management nurses monitored the results, and after 2 months recommendations were made to change the diet of these patients for the first 24-hour postoperative period. Only those patients who received PF epidural morphine reinjections had problems with nausea and vomiting. Therefore, only these patients were started on the epidural diet regimen. After several modifications of the diet, we found that there were 80% less complaints of nausea and vomiting in patients adhering to this diet plan while receiving PF epidural morphine.
Customer Experience Analysis of Women's Bag Design by Psychometric Method to Imagine Experience

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recently, Customer experiences are significant not only for Marketing but also for product design including Affective engineering. As far as its Customer experience is concerned, qualitative investigation is focused on it. However, a quantitative investigation method has not been established. Then, since customer experience is based on inference of past memory and experience, this paper devised an evaluation method presumed from uncertain evidence. As a method of analysis, a questionnaire survey was conducted using the experiences of using Women's commuter bags and the evaluation items of sensory experiences of them. We also analyzed the survey results using Rough sets and Multiple regression analysis. At the time of this analysis both positive and negative decision classes of Rough sets were used and positive and negative evaluations were analyzed. As a result of analysis, knowledge of design was obtained from Rough sets. From the marketing perspective, evaluation terms with high contribution of Customer experience were extracted by Multiple regression analysis.
Blinded by Familiarity? Institutional Investors under Adverse Performance Shocks

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Institutional investors’ irrational familiarity bias can dominate their information advantage under adverse performance shocks to the home assets in their portfolios. Using data of U.S. REITs from 1993 to 2015 and the events of public non-REIT firm acquisitions, this paper investigates how institutional investors react to the geography-specific shocks to home assets. Equity REITs perform worse if they hold more properties in counties where the acquired non-REIT firms are located. Ifthe value of properties that a REIT owns in the target county increases by 10 percentage points, its abnormal return (alpha) decreases by 14.7% in one month after the acquisition announcement. This negative impact is more prominent if the REIT owns more offices than other types of properties in the county, or if the acquired firms are larger than other remaining public firms in the county. Also, the REIT’s return on asset and dividend yield decrease by 6.4% and 5.4% in the next quarter. However, using a difference-in-differences model, I find that institutional home investors are less likely than institutional non-home investors to lower the holdings of affected REITs after the acquisitions. This familiarity bias is stronger if the investors are closer to the affected properties or implement more active investment strategies.
Rhotics in Shipibo-Konibo Spanish

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter presents a phonetic study of the trill /r/ and the tap /ɾ/ in Shipibo-Konibo Spanish, examines their characteristics, and compares them to those found in monolingual Peruvian Amazonian Spanish. The study shows that L2 Shipibo-Konibo Spanish is not a uniform phenomenon, but rather is comprised of different varieties defined by speakers’ levels of proficiency and type of Spanish with which they are in contact. It identifies speakers of Type-I, who do not have a high level of proficiency in Spanish; speakers of Type-II, who show an advanced level as a result of their contact with rural Amazonian Spanish; and speakers of Type-III, who also have a high level of proficiency in Spanish that results from contact with urban monolingual Spanish.
Detection, identification and significance of phytoplasmas in grasses in northern Australia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sugarcane yields have been severely reduced by white leaf and grassy shoot phytoplasma diseases in many parts of Asia. Australian sugarcane crops are not known to be affected by these diseases, but plant pathogenic phytoplasmas found in other introduced and native grasses in northern Australia could pose a serious threat to the Australian sugarcane industry. To further evaluate this threat, leaves from plants of 20 grass species, with and without symptoms, were collected during field surveys in northern Australia and tested to determine whether phytoplasmas were present and whether symptoms were reliable indicators of phytoplasma presence. Molecular tools were used to detect and characterize phytoplasmas. Four different phytoplasmas were found in seven grass species known to grow near healthy sugarcane crops. All the phytoplasmas were closely related to sugarcane white leaf phytoplasma (SCWL), one of the phytoplasmas that causes disease in sugarcane in Asia. Four of the host plant species and two of the phytoplasmas were new records. The relationship between symptoms and phytoplasma presence was poor. Because some plants with symptoms tested negative for phytoplasmas, a series of surveys was carried out in which flowers, leaves, roots and stems of two known host plant species, Whiteochloa cymbiformis and Sorghum stipoideum , were tested separately on nine occasions during two wet seasons. This was done to investigate the distribution of phytoplasmas within plants over time. Results showed that spatial and temporal variation of phytoplasmas occurred in these two host plant species. Hence, evaluation of disease distribution within a region requires repeated testing of all plant parts from plants without symptoms, as well as those with symptoms. To date, there is no report of a vector capable of transmitting to Australian sugarcane the phytoplasmas found in grasses in this study. If one is present, or occurs in the future, then native and introduced grasses could constitute a large reservoir of phytoplasma for vectors to draw on. This work provides an early warning for the sugarcane industry that the potential for infection exists.
Fiscal Policy and regional inequality in Brazil

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper aims to estimate the long-term impacts of an austerity policy in the Brazilian regions. Our main contribution is to measure those effects using a dynamic interregional general equilibrium model, capturing the indirect impacts in sectors and regions, in addition to the direct effects of the expenditure cuts. The main results show that the fiscal adjustment would attenuate growth in most of the Brazilian states by 2037. Municipalities located in the poorest regions would be relatively more affected. Furthermore, the adjustment would have a negative impact on regional inequalities in all scenarios, both at the state and municipal levels.
Analysis of the transport users’ behaviours and preferences commuting to traffic generators in Radom

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Transport needs result from the essence of human needs (from the need for movement or from natural mobility) and from the scientific, cultural, economic or administrative activities carried out. They have a diverse character resulting from both objective and subjective reasons, and their consequence is the emergence of journeys. The specificity of these mobility can be analyzed in reference to various spaces related to the implementation of journeys. The purpose of the paper is to present the results of research carried out as part of the project Strategy for urban development of the Radom Functional Area (ROF). These studies concerned the recognition of transport users’ behaviours and preferences of commuting in Radom. The research was carried out in traffic generators performing the most important urban functions and defining the specificity of socio-economic processes in Radom.
Alterations in Ileal Secretory Cells of The DSS-Induced Colitis Model Mice

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Inflammatory bowel disease is triggered by abnormalities in epithelial barrier function and immunological responses, although its pathogenesis is poorly understood. The dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis model has been used to examine inflammation in the colon. Damage to mucosa primality occurs in the large intestine and scarcely in the small intestine. To evaluate the effect on the ileum, we histologically analyzed the inflammatory and recovery phases in DSS model mice, and 40 kDa FITC-dextran was used to investigate barrier function. In the inflammatory phase, histological damage was insignificant. However, expanded crypts, hypertrophic goblet and Paneth cells, increased mucus production and secretion were observed. The cellular morphology was restored to that of the control in the recovery phase. According to in situ hybridization and lectin histochemistry, the expression of intestinal stem cell markers, secretory cell differentiation factors, and glycosylation of secretory granules in Paneth cells differed in the DSS model. DSS-treatment did not influence the barrier function in the ileum, and FITC-dextran did not diffuse via the paracellular pathway into the mucosa. However, cells incorporating FITC appeared even under normal conditions. The number of FITC-positive Paneth cells was lower in the DSS group than the control group. Our results showed morphological and functional alterations in ileal epithelial cells, especially secretory cells, in the DSS colitis model.
Lipid-Rich Carcinoma of the Female Breast - Clinical, Mammographic, Sonographic, and Histologic Diagnosis: Case Report and Literature Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Lipidreiche Mammakarzinome stellen mit einer Inzidenz von 1 - 1,6 % eine sehr seltene Entität unter den Mammakarzinomen dar. In der Literatur sind lediglich 50 Fälle publiziert, davon je einer bei einem Mann und einem Kind und 48 bei der Frau. Klinische, sonographische und mammographische Zeichen für diese Sonderform des Mammakarzinoms, histologische Charakteristika und das therapeutische Management werden beschrieben und diskutiert.
Genetic and Phenotypic Diversity and Evaluation of Total Phenolics and Antioxidant Properties of Garlic Landraces from Lazio Region (Central Italy): “Aglio Rosso di Proceno” and “Aglio Rosso di Castelliri”

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is the second most significant species within the Allium genus worldwide, widely used in cooking and both traditional and modern medicine due to its beneficial biological and therapeutic properties. In Italy, diverse pedo-climatic conditions and historical–cultural fragmentation have led to the development of various garlic landraces, prized for their unique organoleptic qualities and cultural importance. This study aimed to assess the intra-varietal diversity and uniqueness of two red garlic landraces from the Lazio region in central Italy, “Aglio Rosso di Castelliri” and “Aglio Rosso di Proceno”, using SSR and ISSR molecular markers, along with evaluations of bulb morphological traits, total phenolic content, and antioxidant properties. The molecular analysis included 11 accessions of “Aglio Rosso di Castelliri”, nine of “Aglio Rosso di Proceno”, and 15 control accessions, comprising eight Italian red-type garlic landraces, four Spanish red garlic commercial varieties, two white garlic accessions, and an accession of A. ampeloprasum var. holmense used as an outgroup. SSR and ISSR markers revealed moderate genetic diversity within the collection, with mean PIC values of 0.41 and 0.17, respectively. The molecular data identified four distinct genetic clusters, with the two Lazio landraces forming separate groups, indicating their genetic distinctiveness. The results from the STRUCTURE analysis support the hypothesis that these landraces may have originated from the widely cultivated “Aglio Rosso di Sulmona” or a common ancestral population once prevalent in central Italy. The study also revealed significant intra-population genetic diversity within the two garlic landraces, underscoring the need for in situ conservation and clonal selection. Phenotypic evaluations confirmed the distinctiveness of the two landraces, with “Aglio Rosso di Castelliri” characterized by smaller bulbs and cloves with higher dry matter content and distinct color profiles. Additionally, significant variation in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity was observed by analyzing 13 selected accessions from the two landraces (six from “Aglio Rosso di Proceno” and seven from “Aglio Rosso di Castelliri”) and five red garlic control accessions, with the two Lazio landraces exhibiting higher levels than the control group. This study highlights the importance of integrating molecular, phenotypic, and chemical analyses to understand garlic landrace diversity, with significant implications for their conservation and protection of local agro-food products.
Context and Initial Conditions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter provides context and description about rebel group formation in Uganda since 1986. Doing so supports several theoretical assertions from Chapter 2 about the strategic approach of initial rebel leaders and the initial conditions they typically face in weak states. The chapter first sketches the key events that led to Uganda's exceedingly low state capacity in 1986, the year in which this book's analyses of rebel group formation begins. It then describes the nascent Ugandan rebel leaders' initial stated goals, their initial lack of strong ideology or material and organizational endowments, and the clandestine nature of their early days. It shows that in Uganda, it was small, secretive groups of rebel entrepreneurs – not large groups of intensely aggrieved, protesting citizens – who initially formed groups that aimed to use violence to challenge the state. The chapter also checks the relevance of these initial conditions of rebel group formation beyond the borders of Uganda, in several other Eastern and Central African states.
Microstructure of N-Picolylpolyurethane Transition Metal Complexes

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Spectroscopic methods are used to investigate coordination structure of N-picolylpolyurethane transition metal complexes (PUPYM, M = Co2+ and Ni2+). Geometrical arrangement of ligands in first-shell coordination sphere of metal ions is postulated to be tetrahedral CoL2Cl2 and octahedral NiL2Cl2Z2, where L is the picolyl group and Z is a hydrate. From extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis, bond lengths for metal−chlorine and metal−ligand of PUPYM are similar to those of small molecular weight transition metal complexes. A two-phase model of PUPYM, which best describes the experimental data of DMTA and SAXS, is proposed. One microphase is the hard domain of self-segregated hard segments brought about by metal−ligand interaction, and the other phase is the matrix of soft segments. Transition metal ion−ligand moieties and their interactions dominate the macroscopic thermal behavior of PUPYM. The ligand field stabilization energy difference (ΔLFSE) between metal d-electrons in complexes with two picolyl ligands in the coordination sphere of metal ions and complexes maintaining one picolyl ligand as coordination pendent group is calculated on the basis of observed coordination structure, and it represents the energy supplied to split coordination cross-links. ΔLFSE of polyurethane nickel(II) complex is larger than that of the cobalt(II) complex. Since the mobility of hard segments is in inverse proportion to the strength of coordination cross-links, a higher α-transition temperature of PUPYNi2+ with respect to PUPYCo2+ is found as expected.
Single-frequency dielectric relaxation used to characterize the glass transition time of polydextrose

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Dielectric relaxation methods are applicable to powdery materials such as carbohydrates. These materials have relaxations that occur in the milli-Hz range while samples are held at fixed temperatures and fixed water activities, a w, (relativity humidity). Under proper conditions these materials undergo physical changes where the initially glassy powder transitions to an amorphous equilibrium state at the glass transition temperature, T g. Determining this transition involves characterizing the boundary curve (T g versus a w) which determines T g and a w conditions where materials are stable with long-shelf life or unstable with very a short shelf-life. This paper serves to illustrate multiple methodologies which can be used to characterize glass transition from frequency-spectra. Three methodologies are described: peak-broadening, peak-shift, and single-frequency. The new single frequency method not only provides results that identical to those of the peak-shift method but increases the data acquisition speeds by a factor of 5. This method is illustrated on polydextrose, a common sugar substitute. The information gathered can then be used to construct the boundary curve which is used to characterize the shelf-life of a material at various conditions.