jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effects of Light on the Microcystin Content of Microcystis Strain PCC 7806

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT Many cyanobacteria produce microcystins, hepatotoxic cyclic heptapeptides that can affect animals and humans. The effects of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) on microcystin production by Microcystis strain PCC 7806 were studied in continuous cultures. Microcystis strain PCC 7806 was grown under PAR intensities between 10 and 403 μmol of photons m −2 s −1 on a light-dark rhythm of 12 h -12 h. The microcystin concentration per cell, per unit biovolume and protein, was estimated under steady-state and transient-state conditions and on a diurnal timescale. The cellular microcystin content varied between 34.5 and 81.4 fg cell −1 and was significantly positively correlated with growth rate under PAR-limited growth but not under PAR-saturated growth. Microcystin production and PAR showed a significant positive correlation under PAR-limited growth and a significant negative correlation under PAR-saturated growth. The microcystin concentration, as a ratio with respect to biovolume and protein, correlated neither with growth rate nor with PAR. Adaptation of microcystin production to a higher irradiance during transient states lasted for 5 days. During the period of illumination at a PAR of 10 and 40 μmol of photons m −2 s −1 , the intracellular microcystin content increased to values 10 to 20% higher than those at the end of the dark period. Extracellular (dissolved) microcystin concentrations were 20 times higher at 40 μmol of photons m −2 s −1 than at 10 μmol of photons m −2 s −1 and did not change significantly during the light-dark cycles at both irradiances. In summary, our results showed a positive effect of PAR on microcystin production and content of Microcystis strain PCC 7806 up to the point where the maximum growth rate is reached, while at higher irradiances the microcystin production is inhibited.
Development and Characterization of Perindopril Erbumine Loaded Proniosomal Gel

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The present work deals with the preparation of perindopril erbumine proniosomal gel by coaservation phase separation method by using different surfactants in different ratios. The prepared proniosomal formulation were evaluated for Vesicle size analysis, Surface morphological studies, Rate of spontaneity, encapsulation efficiency, In vitro release Stability studies kinetic data analysis. The vesicle of proniosome varied between 15.13±4.65μm to 24.05±2.10μm (without agitation) from 4.65±5.89μm to 9.7±0.15μm (with agitation), Rate of spontaneity between 9.10±0.65mm3×1000 to 15.26±5.35mm3×1000, % encapsulation efficiency between 70.72±0.39% to 76.43±5.56%. In vitro release profile indicated that, increases in liphophilicity of surfactants decreases release of perindopril erbumine from proniosomal formulations. Among the various formulation studied, proniosomal gel with T20:T60 in ratio of 900:100showed the highest % of drug release (80.03%) over period of 24 hrs. Cumulative amount of drug permeated through rat abdominal skin for optimized formulation was found to be 75.263%. The mechanism of drug release was Non-Fickin diffusion controlled zero order kinetics for optimized formulations PNG3, PNG6, PNG9, PNG12. Stability studies indicated that, the prepared proniosomal gel remained more stable at room refrigeration temperature than oven temperature.
Genetic Interactions Between Brassinosteroid-Inactivating P450s and Photomorphogenic Photoreceptors in Arabidopsis thaliana

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Plants use light as a source of information via a suite of photomorphogenic photoreceptors to optimize growth in response to their light environment. Growth-promoting hormones such as brassinosteroids also can modulate many of these responses. BAS1 and SOB7 are brassinosteroid-catabolizing P450s in Arabidopsis thaliana that synergistically/redundantly modulate photomorphogenic traits such as flowering time. The role of BAS1 and SOB7 in photomorphogenesis has been investigated by studying null-mutant genetic interactions with the photoreceptors phyA, phyB, and cry1 with regard to seed germination and flowering time. The removal of BAS1 and/or SOB7 rescued the low germination rate of the phyA-211 phyB-9 double-null mutant. With regard to floral induction, bas1-2 and sob7-1 showed a complex set of genetic interactions with photoreceptor-null mutants. Histochemical analysis of transgenic plants harboring BAS1:BAS1-GUS and SOB7:SOB7-GUS translational fusions under the control of their endogenous promoters revealed overlapping and distinct expression patterns. BAS1’s expression in the shoot apex increases during the phase transition from short-to-long-day growth conditions and requires phyB in red light. In summary, BAS1 and SOB7 displayed both simple and complex genetic interactions with the phytochromes in a plant-stage specific manner.
A Rationale and Test for the Number of Factors in Factor Analysis

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

It is suggested that if Guttman’s latent-root-one lower bound estimate for the rank of a correlation matrix is accepted as a psychometric upper bound, following the proofs and arguments of Kaiser and Dickman, then the rank for a sample matrix should be estimated by subtracting out the component in the latent roots which can be attributed to sampling error, and least-squares “capitalization” on this error, in the calculation of the correlations and the roots. A procedure based on the generation of random variables is given for estimating the component which needs to be subtracted.
Simultaneous estimation of reference temperature and heat transfer coefficient in transient film cooling problems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper aims to simultaneously estimate the reference temperature and heat transfer coefficient in film cooling situations from transient temperature measurements. The exist-ing steady-state technique is a tedious process and employs distinct boundary conditions to evaluate each parameters of the film cooling. Applying different boundary conditions may lead to errors in the estimated parameters due to differences in aerodynamic condi-tions. On the other hand, a transient technique can estimate both parameters in a single test by utilizing short-duration transient temperature data. Hence, the present study uses a novel approach for solving transient film cooling problems based on the inverse heat con-duction approach, which can simultaneously estimate heat transfer coefficient and refer-ence temperature. The present method employs an optimization technique known as the Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm. The objective function for the inverse algorithm is con-structed using the analytical solution of a transient one-dimensional semi-infinite body. The transient surface temperature data required for the present analysis is obtained through a numerical simulation of film cooling arrangement over a flat surface. Laterally averaged effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient for blowing ratios of 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 are analyzed using the present technique and compared against the steady-state simulation results to demonstrate the methodology. An average deviation of around 7% for the estimated effec-tiveness and 4% for the heat transfer coefficient values are observed between the present IHCP method and the steady state simulation results. The deviation in heat transfer coeffi-cient predominately occurred near the film hole exit of x/d < 5, which might have occurred due to the conjugate solution employed in the present work.
Aerothermal modeling program, phase 2. Element B: Flow interaction experiment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The design process was improved and the efficiency, life, and maintenance costs of the turbine engine hot section was enhanced. Recently, there has been much emphasis on the need for improved numerical codes for the design of efficient combustors. For the development of improved computational codes, there is a need for an experimentally obtained data base to be used at test cases for the accuracy of the computations. The purpose of Element-B is to establish a benchmark quality velocity and scalar measurements of the flow interaction of circular jets with swirling flow typical of that in the dome region of annular combustor. In addition to the detailed experimental effort, extensive computations of the swirling flows are to be compared with the measurements for the purpose of assessing the accuracy of current and advanced turbulence and scalar transport models.
Dynamical system analysis of unstable flow phenomena in centrifugal blower

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Methods of dynamical system analysis were employed to analyze unsteady phenomena in a centrifugal blower. Pressure signals gathered at different control points were decomposed into their Principal Components (PCs) by means of Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA). Certain number of PCs was considered in the analysis based on their statistical correlation. Projection of the original signal onto its PCs allowed to draw the phase trajectory that clearly separated non-stable blower working conditions from its regular operation.
Persistent enterprise components: improving the availability of legacy systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Systems engineers are using object-oriented enterprise components to integrate and provide access to legacy information systems and databases. These components may extend the useful lifetime of a legacy system by making a subset of its data and functionality available to new applications, including intranets and extranets. However, the availability of the legacy systems often does not meet the requirements of these new applications. This paper presents a strategy for migration to enterprise components that improves the effective availability of legacy functionality and data by storing component data in native, object form. It proposes the use of persistence services embedded in the component execution environment to store persistent enterprise data. It compares the approach to alternatives and relates the initial experience in applying this strategy to command and control systems.
Ecological Theology: Roots in Tradition, Liturgical and Ethical Practice for Today

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Often it is claimed that themes occasionally present in Christianity such as anthropocentrism, ecological alienation, and redemption as a world‐escaping disembodied immortality, translated directly into large‐scale abuse of nature and subsequent ecological crisis. Such a view is too simplistic, however. Instead the present environmental and ecological crisis may be primarily traced to cultural, economic, and technological developments of the last 500 years. Indeed, within Christian monasticism, ecofeminism, covenantal ethics, and cosmic christology, one finds ample resources for the transformation of human attitudes towards nature and a brighter ecological future.
Manufacturing of Ultra-light Ceramsite from Slate Wastes in Shangri-la, China

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The physical and chemical analyses of mineral waste such as moisture content, water absorption, freezing-thawing resisting sexual, chemical composition and crystal structure were investigated. In the technological process of crushing, screening, molding, drying, preheating, sintering and cooling, many parameters were changed to eliminate the influence of freeze thaw stability and the ball billets were processed into slate ceramsites eventually. Adopting orthogonal experiment and range analysis, the optimal technology parameters were confirmed as preheating temperature of 300°C for 25 minutes and sintering temperature of 1230°C for 20 minutes. Slate wastes in Shangri-la could foam and expand without any additive. The ultra-light ceramsite could be directly used as building aggregate, since the analysis results of its leaching toxicity were eligible. Besides, effects of sintering temperature on physical property and crystal phase were also explored in this study. Key words: Porous ceramics, Mullite, Thermal expansion, Ultra-light ceramsite, Freeze thaw stability
Nicholas Schofield (ed.), A Roman Miscellany: The English in Rome 1550–2000, Gracewing, Leominster, 2002, ISBN 0 85244 575 X, pp. xiv, 202.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

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Selection and Cultivation of Attenuated Virus Strains of vvIBDV and Its Genetic Stability Examination

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

This experiment involved in the cell-cloned strains GX-IBDVE10C25Cl5 which come from GX8/99 of vvIBDV isolated in China.Let this strains passage on CEF for 25 generations.With clone-cell-passaged virus,TCID50(0.1ml)and the pathogenicity experiment on 41-day SPF chicken were tested.The result demonstrated that clone-cell-passaged virus virulence is slowly decreasing;there is little difference between the immune index,changing of pathological organs and normal chickens.This result proved that clone-cell-passaged strain has been cultivated attenuated virus.With the passage increasing,the transmissibility is stable.It is expected that this attenuated strains can offer a new way in controlling the infection of vvIBDV.
An Air Traffic Control Simulation Fidelity Definition and Categorization System

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Air traffic control is an industry that relies heavily on simulation, yet there is little domain-specific research to inform its use for training. Based on the literature and interviews with personnel at an air navigation service provider, this paper proposes a definition of air traffic control simulation fidelity as well as a simulation categorization system. The definition serves as an objective reference that captures all the components of the work environment that can affect the perceived fidelity of a simulation. The categorization system presents a consistent and structured tool for being able to easily compare and differentiate simulation environments. Further validation work is also discussed.
Structural Snapshots of α‐1,3‐Galactosyltransferase with Native Substrates: Insight into the Catalytic Mechanism of Retaining Glycosyltransferases

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Glycosyltransferases (GTs) are a key family of enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of glycosidic bonds in all living organisms. The reaction involves the transfer of a glycosyl moiety and can proceed with retention or inversion of the anomeric configuration. To date, the catalytic mechanism of retaining GTs is a topic of great controversy, particularly for those enzymes containing a putative nucleophilic residue in the active site, for which the occurrence of a double‐displacement mechanism has been suggested. We report native ternary complexes of the retaining glycosyltransferase α‐1,3‐galactosyltransferase (α3GalT) from Bos taurus , which contains such a nucleophile in the active site, in a productive mode for catalysis in the presence of its sugar donor UDP‐Gal, the acceptor substrate lactose, and the divalent cation cofactor. This new experimental evidence supports the occurrence of a front‐side substrate‐assisted S N i‐type reaction for α3GalT, and suggests a conserved common catalytic mechanism among retaining GTs.
Style and Function in Roman Decoration

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This important book puts forward a new interpretation of Roman decorative art, focusing on the function of decoration in the social context. It examines the three principal areas of social display and conspicuous consumption in the Roman world: social space, entertainment, and dress, and discusses the significance of the decoration of objects and interiors within these contexts, drawing examples from both Rome and its environs, and the Western provinces, from the early Imperial period to Late Antiquity. Focusing on specific examples, including mosaics and other interior décor, silver plate, glass and pottery vessels, and jewellery and other dress accessories, Swift demonstrates the importance of decoration in creating and maintaining social networks and identities and fostering appropriate social behaviour, and its role in perpetuating social convention and social norms. It is argued that our understanding of stylistic change and the relationship between this and the wider social context in the art of the Roman period is greatly enhanced by an initial focus on the particular social relationships fostered by decorated objects and spaces. The book demonstrates that an examination of so-called 'minor art' is fundamental in any understanding of the relationship between art and its social context, and aims to reinvigorate debate on the value of decoration and ornament in the Roman period and beyond.
A neutrophil intrinsic impairment affecting Rab27a and degranulation in cystic fibrosis is corrected by CFTR potentiator therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Key Points In people with cystic fibrosis, defective CFTR function alters neutrophil cytosolic ion homeostasis leading to impaired degranulation. By normalizing CFTR function, ivacaftor treatment corrects neutrophil degranulation resulting in normalized killing of bacteria.
Cardiovascular Actions of Orexin‐A in the Rat Subfornical Organ

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Orexin‐A is a neuropeptide, primarily produced in the lateral hypothalamic/perifornical hypothalamus. Orexin receptors and immunoreactive neuronal fibres are widely distributed throughout the brain, suggesting integrative neurotransmitter roles in a variety of physiological systems. Intracerebroventricular injections of orexin‐A increase blood pressure and stimulate drinking, and the subfornical organ (SFO), a circumventricular structure implicated in autonomic control, is a potential site at which orexin may act to exert these effects. We have therefore used microinjection techniques to examine the effects of orexin‐A administered directly into the SFO on blood pressure and heart rate in urethane anaesthetised male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Orexin‐A microinjection (50 fmol) into the SFO caused site‐specific decreases in blood pressure (SFO: mean area under curve (AUC) = −681.7 ± 46.8 mmHg*s, n = 22 versus non‐SFO: 63.68 ± 54.69 mmHg*s, n = 15, P < 0.001), and heart rate (SFO: mean AUC = −26.7 ± 2.8 beats, n = 22, versus non‐SFO: mean AUC = 1.62 ± 2.1 beats, n = 15, P < 0.001). Vagotomy did not alter the hypotensive or bradycardic responses elicited by orexin‐A microinjection. Prior α‐adrenoceptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine (1 mg/kg, i.v.) masked the orexin‐A induced blood pressure (mean AUC = −122.6 ± 17.6 mmHg*s, n = 4, P < 0.01 paired t‐test) and heart rate (mean AUC = −6.7 ± 1.7 beats, n = 4, P < 0.05, paired test) response. The orexin‐A induced heart rate response was attenuated when β‐adrenoceptors were blocked with propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.v.; mean AUC = 0.6 ± 2.8 beats, n = 5, P < 0.01 paired t‐test). These studies demonstrate that microinjection of orexin‐A into the SFO causes site specific decreases in blood pressure and heart rate which is mediated by a reduction in sympathetic tone.
Maize yield in a dryland area as affected by rainfall variability

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This study aimed to report maize yield in a dryland area of North Lombok as affected by rainfall variability. A three-year study was conducted during a period of maize growing season (December to April) in 2015/2016, 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 in Gumantar village, North Lombok. Daily rainfall data was collected from a rain gauge installed in one of maize farmers’ land. Estimation of drain upper limit and crop lower limit was done based on gravimetric method. Hand-held core kits were used to collect soil samples at 0-15cm, 15-30cm, 30-60cm depth at sowing, fast vegetative growth stage (35 days after sowing=DAS), grain filling stage (85 DAS), and at harvest. Maize yield data were collected from 20 farmers that all grew maize as main crop and legume crop (ground nut or mung bean) as secondary crop. There was great rainfall variability in term of the beginning of rainy season, volume and distribution of the rain as well as the occurrence of dry-spell period resulted in great maize yield variability. The highest maize yield recorded was 8.4 ton/ha and the lowest was 0.6 ton/ha. Growing legume crop in addition to maize can be a good practice in dryland area to avoid total yield loss.
Poorly Drained Conditions and Root Development of Eight Indeterminate Soybean Cultivars1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The productivity of soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] grown on the poorly drained, finely textured soils of southwestern Ontario is often limited by excess spring rainfall. Identifying cultivars able to withstand these conditions may improve productivity. The objective of this experiment was to determine if the effect of poorly drained, non‐flooded conditions on the early root growth of soybeans varies between cultivars. ‘Amcor’, ‘Beeson 80’, ‘Corsoy’, ‘Hawkeye 63’, ‘Harosoy 63’, ‘Kentland’, ‘Premier’, and ‘Wayne’ soybean cultivars were evaluated. Drainage treatments were imposed by maintaining 0.0 to 0.002 m or 0.002 m to 0.0028 m aggregate fractions of Brookston clay loam (clayey, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquolls) at < 0.02 MPa suction. Plants were grown until 21 days after emergence in 0.0762 m i.d. by 0.92 m long acrylic tubes immersed in 23 °C constant temperature baths located in a controlled environment room. Daytime (16 h) ambient temperatures were maintained at 27 °C and night temperatures at 20.0 °C. Response variables analyzed were the rate of taproot and lateral root extension with time, the number of upper lateral roots with depth, and top and root dry weight. The poorly drained treatment significantly reduced the rate of taproot and lateral root extension; however, the magnitude of the response varied between cultivars. Premier and Harosoy 63 exhibited the largest and Corsoy the smallest reduction in root extension. The number of upper lateral roots was not significantly affected by the drainage treatments. The top/root ratio was significantly higher for the poorly drained treatment due to a greater reduction in root than in shoot dry weight. The results indicate that soybean cultivars differ in their ability to withstand poorly drained conditions during vegetative growth.
Effect of Ag and Zr solutes on dislocation emission from the Σ11(332)[110] symmetric tilt grain boundary in fcc Cu

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Addition of solutes is commonly used to stabilize nanocrystalline materials against grain growth. However, segregating at grain boundaries, these solutes also affect the process of dislocation nucleation from grain boundaries under applied stress. Using atomistic simulations we demonstrate that the effect of solutes on the dislocation nucleation strongly depends on the distribution of solutes at the grain boundary, which can vary dramatically depending on the solute type. In particular, our results indicate that the solutes with a smaller size mismatch can be more effective in suppressing dislocation emission from grain boundaries. Bearing in mind that dislocation slip originating from grain boundaries or their triple junctions is the dominant mechanism of plastic deformation when grain sizes are reduced to the nanoscale, we emphasize the importance of the search for the optimal solute additions, which would stabilize the nanocrystalline material against grain growth and, at the same time, effectively suppress the dislocation nucleation from the grain boundaries.