jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ingenol-3-Angelate Suppresses Growth of Melanoma Cells and Skin Tumor Development by Downregulation of NF-κB-Cox2 Signaling

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND A recent focus in skin cancer prevention intervenes though modulating molecular links between inflammation and cell growth signaling, such as NF-κB. This study elucidates the effect of a non-tumor promoting phorbol ester, ingenol-3-angelate (I3A), on the growth of human melanoma cells and on the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced skin inflammation and 7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin carcinoma in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay, cell proliferation by clonogenic assay, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest was analyzed by flow cytometry, protein expression was studied by IHC and Western blotting, and gene expression by qPCR. RESULTS I3A suppressed the survival and proliferation of human melanoma cells with estimated IC50 values around 38 and 46 μM for A2058 and HT144 cell, respectively. I3A activated the protein levels of PKCδ and PKCε, which induced apoptosis by activating caspase-9 and caspace-3 followed by lowering of mitochondrial membrane potential and enhancing DNA fragmentation. I3A induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest as well as G2/M phase arrest in both cell lines. I3A inhibited the levels of NFκB p65 protein as well as phosphorylation of p65 and its nuclear translocation. I3A suppressed the gene expression of NF-κB, COX-2 and iNOS. I3A inhibited TPA-induced inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia in female ICR mice by downregulating NF-κB and iNOS. I3A suppressed the growth of skin tumor in DMBA-induced mice in dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS The mechanism of I3A induces apoptosis in human melanoma cells and suppresses skin inflammation and carcinoma via downregulation of NF-κB-iNOS-COX-2 signaling.
Model-free nuclear magnetic resonance study of intermolecular free energy landscapes in liquids with paramagnetic Ln3+ spotlights: Theory and application to Arg-Gly-Asp

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We propose an easily applicable method for investigating the pair distribution function of a lanthanide Ln3+ complex LnL (L = ligand) with respect to any solvent or solute molecule A carrying observable nuclear spins. Let r be the distance of Ln3+ to the observed nuclear spin I. We derive a simple expression of the experimental value of the configurational average of 1/r6 in terms of longitudinal paramagnetic relaxation (rate) enhancements (PREs) of the spin I measured on a standard high-resolution NMR spectrometer and due to well-chosen concentrations of LnL complexes in which Ln3+ is a fast-relaxing paramagnetic lanthanide or the slowly-relaxing gadolinium Gd3+. The derivation is justified in the general case of a molecule A which is by turns in a bound state where it follows the complex and a free state where it moves independently. It rests on the expression of the underlying PRE theory in terms of the angle-dependent pair distribution function of LnL and A. The simplifications of this theory in the high-field regime and under the condition of fast exchange between bound and free states are carefully discussed. We also show that original information on the angle dependence of the molecular pair distribution function can be gained from the measured paramagnetic dipolar shifts induced by complexed fast-relaxing Ln3+ ions. The method is illustrated by the case study of the anionic Lnttha3− = [Ln3+(ttha)]3− (ttha6− = triethylene tetraamine hexacetate) complex interacting with the biologically important tripeptide Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) which carries peripheral ionic groups. The usefulness of an auxiliary reference outer sphere probe solute is emphasized.
Electronic States in a Non-Concentric Circular Quantum Corral

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The eigenvalue problem in a non-concentric circular quantum corral was studied with a conformal mapping method. The energy spectra of electrons show the properties of anti-crossing between the nearby energy levels. This property of energy spectra is caused by the Jacobian of the conformal transformation. We also give the probability density of the electronic states that confined in the non-concentric circular quantum corral. Quantum corral geometry has a stronger effect on electronic states of higher energies than that of lower energies.
In vitro Edwardsiella piscicida CK108 Transcriptome Profiles with Subinhibitory Concentrations of Phenol and Formalin Reveal New Insights into Bacterial Pathogenesis Mechanisms

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Phenol and formalin are major water pollutants that are frequently discharged into the aquatic milieu. These chemicals can affect broad domains of life, including microorganisms. Aquatic pollutants, unlike terrestrial pollutants, are easily diluted in water environments and exist at a sub-inhibitory concentration (sub-IC), thus not directly inhibiting bacterial growth. However, they can modulate gene expression profiles. The sub-IC values of phenol and formalin were measured by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay to be 0.146% (1.3 mM) and 0.0039% (0.38 mM), respectively, in Edwardsiella piscicida CK108, a Gram-negative fish pathogen. We investigated the differentially expressed genes (DEG) by RNA-seq when the cells were exposed to the sub-ICs of phenol and formalin. DEG analyses revealed that genes involved in major virulence factors (type I fimbriae, flagella, type III and type VI secretion system) and various cellular pathways (energy production, amino acid synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism and two-component regulatory systems) were up- or downregulated by both chemicals. The genome-wide gene expression data corresponded to the results of a quantitative reverse complementary-PCR and motility assay. This study not only provides insight into how a representative fish pathogen, E. piscicida CK108, responds to the sub-ICs of phenol and formalin but also shows the importance of controlling chemical pollutants in aquatic environments.
Global Dynamics of Sixth-Order Fuzzy Difference Equation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Across many fields, such as engineering, ecology, and social science, fuzzy differences are becoming more widely used; there is a wide variety of applications for difference equations in real-life problems. Our study shows that the fuzzy difference equation of sixth order has a nonnegative solution, an equilibrium point and asymptotic behavior. y i + 1 = D y i − 1 y i − 2 / E + F y i − 3 + G y i − 4 + H y i − 5 , i = 0,1,2 , … , where y i is the sequence of fuzzy numbers and the parameter D , E , F , G , H and the initial condition y − 5 , y − 4 , y − 3 , y − 2 , y − 1 , y 0 are nonnegative fuzzy number. The characterization theorem is used to convert each single fuzzy difference equation into a set of two crisp difference equations in a fuzzy environment. So, a pair of crisp difference equations is formed by converting the difference equation. The stability of the equilibrium point of a fuzzy system has been evaluated. By using variational iteration techniques and inequality skills as well as a theory of comparison for fuzzy difference equations, we investigated the governing equation dynamics, such as its boundedness, existence, and local and global stability analysis. In addition, we provide some numerical solutions for the equation describing the system to verify our results.
Ground delay program planning under uncertainty in airport capacity

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents an algorithm for assigning flight departure delays under probabilistic airport capacity. The algorithm dynamically adapts to weather forecasts by revising, if necessary, departure delays. The proposed algorithm leverages state-of-the-art optimization techniques that have appeared in recent literature. As a case study, the algorithm is applied to assigning departure delays to flights scheduled to arrive at San Francisco International Airport in the presence of uncertainty in the fog clearance time. The cumulative distribution function of fog clearance time was estimated from historical data. Using daily weather forecasts to update the probabilities of fog clearance times resulted in improvement of the algorithm's performance. Experimental results also indicate that if the proposed algorithm is applied to assign ground delays to flights inbound at San Francisco International airport, overall delays could be reduced up to 25% compared to current level.
Dynamics of Perceived Barriers to Change Physical Activity and Eating Habits in Adults Before and During a Lifestyle Intervention in a Primary Care Setting: A Mixed Methods Approach

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: There is scarcity of data exploring the dynamics of barriers to changing physical activity (PA) and eating habits during a lifestyle intervention in a primary care setting. The aim of the present study was to investigate barriers to lifestyle change before and during a primary care lifestyle intervention in adults with different sociodemographic backgrounds. Methods: Barriers to healthy eating and PA were assessed in 114 adults (age = 55 ± 9 years) using a questionnaire before inclusion in the intervention. During the lifestyle intervention, factors perceived as obstacles to reach goals for PA and healthy eating habits were collected using focus group interviews in a sub-sample of 25 adults and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: At least 1 barrier to changing eating and PA habits was reported in 65% and 67% of the population, respectively, without differences due to sex, place of birth, and educational level. Before entering the lifestyle intervention, intrapersonal factors including lack of willpower and lack of enjoyment were the dominant barriers to PA and healthy eating, irrespective of place of birth, sex, and education level. In contrast, environmental factors such as lack of support from family and work-related constraints emerged as important barriers to overcome during the action phase of the lifestyle intervention. Conclusions: The present study highlights the dynamics of barriers to changing PA and eating habits in a primary care lifestyle intervention, emphasizing the need for barrier assessment during the different phases of an intervention to tailor support activities for successful lifestyle behavioral change.
The transient museum: Or a vision of the not-yet-here

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay forwards the idea of the transient museum, a theoretical and utopian project aimed at dismantling the visual logics that support the contemporary art museum. Beginning from the premise that such museums are predicated upon colonial and capitalist visual logics, the transient museum imagines ways of being in but not of the contemporary art museum and the economies of circulation it engenders. Its tactics engage visuality but, equally, a politics of the body and of movement. As such, Gwyneth Shanks frames two ways of performing the transient museum, against acquisition and an aesthetics of concealment, analyzing highly performative artworks by artists Rafa Esparza and Nari Ward to explain these categories. She argues that the transient museum names ever-accumulating forces of global and historical crisis—forces to which neither the museum nor contemporary art are immune—as a practice of enacting hope and remaking the contours of contemporary art.
Eyewitness memory in the news can affect the strategic regulation of memory reporting

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The public is increasingly exposed to news about eyewitness memory errors. This study draws from the strategic memory regulation framework [Goldsmith, M., Koriat, A., & Weinberg-Eliezer, A. (2002). Strategic regulation of grain size memory reporting. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131(1), 73-95. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.131.1.73] to make predictions about how eyewitness memory reporting is affected by exposure to such reports. In Experiment 1, participants (n = 226) viewed a mock crime, were exposed to a fictitious news report about eyewitness memory accuracy (memory is accurate, memory is inaccurate, or a control condition), and then recalled the mock crime. Participants who read that eyewitness memory is inaccurate were less confident in their memory accuracy and reported less information about the mock crime compared to those in the other conditions. The specificity and accuracy of recall did not vary across conditions, however. In Experiment 2, participants (n = 2,491) watched a mock crime and were asked to identify the perpetrator from a simultaneous lineup. Participants who read that eyewitness memory is inaccurate evaluated their memory for the mock crime as relatively poorer but their lineup decisions did not differ compared to other participants. This suggests that news about eyewitness memory inaccuracy affects how people evaluate their memory capability, and differentially affects memory output depending on the memory task.
Controlled Radical Polymerization

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The fundamentals of controlled/"living" polymerization are discussed and the effects of slow initiation, transfer, termination and slow exchange on rates, molecular weights, polydispersities and end-functionalities are described. Some special features of and requirements for controlled radical polymerization are presented. Historical evolution of concepts leading to controlled radical polymerization is reviewed. Developments of several basic concepts in this field are summarized. Potential prospects for controlled radical reactions are evaluated.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of Schiff base of chitosan and acylated chitosan

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Chitosan, a biocompatible, biodegradable, nontoxic polymer, is prepared from chitin, which is the second most naturally occurring biopolymer after cellulose. Schiff base of chitosan, sorbyl chitosan, and p ‐aminobenzoyl chitosan were synthesized working under high‐intensity ultrasound and their antimicrobial properties were analyzed against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and Aspergillus niger . The structures of the derivatives were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The results of antimicrobial activities indicated that the antimicrobial activities of the derivatives increased with increasing the concentration. The antibacterial activity of schiff base of chitosan against E. coli was stronger, while acylated chitosan had better inhiting effect on S. aureus than others. It was also found that the antifungal activities of the derivatives were stronger than that of chitosan, and schiff base of chitosan was obviously superior to acylated chitosan. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Impacts of Community Forestry on Livelihoods in the Middle Hills of Nepal

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper attempts to assess the livelihood impacts of community forestry based on Forest User Groups (FUGs) in the Middle hills of Nepal, using data from the Koshi hills region in the East. The general finding is that impacts are diverse both within and between FUGs, but have been generally positive, in terms of improved levels and security of forest product and benefit flows, various household income-generating opportunities, support for community infrastructure and development activities, and improved ‘social capital ’ for collective planning and action. Nevertheless, impacts to date are below their potential, and the needs of rural households require more investigation to determine what further opportunities exist and how policy and extension agencies may offer specific needs-oriented support. INTRODUCTION1 This paper attempts the challenging task of assessing the livelihood impacts of the case-study FUGs. One key question is: impact compared to what? The livelihood impact must be contrasted with the alternative situation if the FUG had not been initiated. Most FUGs were formed to regulate over-extraction, which was causing forest degradation, and so the alternative scenario is likely to have been
Coronary Disease Surveillance in the Community: Angiography and Revascularization

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Temporal declines in cardiac stress tests results, coronary revascularization, and cardiovascular mortality have suggested a decline in the population burden of coronary disease until the 2000s. However, recent data indicate these favorable trends could be ending. We aimed to assess the evolution of the population burden of coronary disease in the community by examining trends in angiography and revascularization. Methods and Results We analyzed age‐ and sex‐adjusted trends from all coronary angiographic diagnostic procedures and revascularizations performed in Olmsted County, MN from 2000 to 2018. A total of 12 981 invasive angiograms were performed among 9049 individuals (64% men; 55% aged ≥65 years). Adjusted angiography rates decreased by 30% (95% CI , 25%–34%) between 2000 and 2009 and leveled off thereafter. Including computed tomography, angiography uncovered an increase in angiography use in recent years (risk ratio=1.15 [95% CI , 1.07–1.23] for 2018 versus 2014) and a decline in the prevalence of anatomic CAD from 2000 to 2018. CAD severity declined substantially from 2000 to 2009, followed by a plateau. Among 6570 revascularizations (72% men; 57% aged ≥65 years), 77% were percutaneous coronary interventions and 23% coronary artery bypass graft surgeries. The adjusted revascularization rates declined by 34% (95% CI , 27%–39%) from 2000 to 2009, followed by a plateau (risk ratio=1.10 [95% CI , 1.00–1.22]). Conclusions Between 2000 and 2018 in the community, coronary angiography use declined initially, leveled off, and then increased. Trends in CAD severity and revascularization use decreased then plateaued. The most recent trends are concerning as they suggest the burden of coronary disease is no longer declining. This warrants reinvigorated primary prevention and population surveillance.
On Tibetan-Language Braille and Its Abbreviations

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The blind people in Tibet need a scientific and practical program of Tibetan-language Braille and its abbreviations,but presently there is no mature program of Tibetan-language Braille in China.The existing two programs of Tibetan-language Braille are not consistent with the rules of both tactile reading and Tibetan language.The research into Tibetan-language Braille is supposed to focus on both the basic program and the abbreviations,and give full play to latecoming advantages.According to the rules for the combination of Tibetan letters,the frequency of using these letters,and the tactility of Braille symbols,the letter symbols of the Tibetan language can be designed in pursuit of the overall optimization of the tactility of Tibetan-language Braille.Tibetan-language Braille is supposed to combine the rules of using Tibetan letters and the rules of tactility in Braille symbols,and a scientific and concise Tibetan-language Braille and its abbreviations are expected to be created.
Breaking the Silence: An IPA study exploring the experiences, thoughts, feelings and perspectives of teachers working with Selectively Mute children.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Research has shown that Selective Mutism occurs more frequently within the school setting particularly when children first start school. A great deal of the research available on Selective Mutism within the school setting is based on evaluating intervention and there is currently a gap in the literature concerning the experiences of teachers. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to give teachers a voice and provide greater insight into how Educational Psychologists can support teachers when working with a Selective Mute in the classroom. Five teachers’ perspectives were gained using semi-structured interviews and Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis was used to analyse the data. Superordinate themes emerged for each of the five teachers leading to six overarching themes that were identified across the whole sample: attempting to create an inclusive environment; taking ownership for helping the child to speak; using others as a source of support; a challenging experience for the teacher; the frustration of teaching a Selective Mute and requiring support and training from other professionals. The findings have been discussed in relation to existing literature and theory. Implications for teachers, the Educational Psychology service and the local authority were considered in regard to providing training and supervision in order to support teachers more effectively.
Application of the Source-Jerk method using a neutron generator in a subcritical reactor

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the application of the Source-Jerk method using a neutron generator in the VR-1 reactor. The experiments were carried out on a shutdown reactor with subcriticality greater than -10 βeff. A D-D neutron generator located in the radial channel of the VR-1 reactor was used as an external neutron source for the Source-Jerk method. The obtained results were discussed and compared with a conventional Source-Jerk method used at the VR-1 reactor and with the values calculated by the Serpent 2 code. The presented experimental works and their results will allow to extend the methods of reactivity measurements on the VR-1 reactor. They will also help to optimise reactivity measurements on the new subcritical reactor VR-2, which is currently being commissioned at the Czech Technical University in Prague.
High impedance fault identification method of distribution network

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

High impedance fault is always difficult to be identified due to its unobvious fault signature and difficult detection.This paper decomposes the transient signal in multi-scale by utilizing the good localization performance of the wavelet in both time domain and frequency domain,reconstructs the wavelet coefficients under each scale,takes the wavelet reconstruction coefficient under the scale of 3,calculates the size spectrum of each feeder line in timing floating window and identifies the circuits in which the faults lined according to the value of the size spectrum.A high impedance fault simulation system is built based upon the study of the various transient signals in power systems,and the high impedance fault simulation analysis of the distribution feeder is undertaken through PSCAD simulation platform using high impedance fault model.Simulation analysis shows that the method can effectively extract the feature of high impedance fault on high impedance fault identification.
Optical Detection of the Hidden Nuclear Engine in NGC~4258

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The sub-parsec masing disk recently found to be orbiting a central mass of $\sim3.6\times10^7$~\msun\ in the Seyfert/LINER galaxy NGC~4258 provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a massive black hole in the nucleus of a galaxy. The disk is oriented nearly edge-on %($\bf i=83$°) and the X-ray spectrum %(Makishima \etal\ 1994) is heavily absorbed. Therefore, in this galaxy, the optical emission-line spectrum generally exhibited by an active galactic nucleus is perhaps best sought using polarized light: probing for light scattered off material surrounding the central source. New polarimetry of NGC~4258 has uncovered a compact polarized nucleus whose spectrum consists of a faint blue continuum similar to those of unobscured quasars ($F_ν\proptoν^{-1.1}$), plus broadened (\twid1000\kms) emission lines. The lines are strongly linearly polarized ($5-10$\%) at a position angle (85°$\pm$2°) coincident with the plane of the maser disk. This result provides substantiating evidence for a weakly active central engine in NGC~4258 and for the existence of obscuring, orbiting tori which impart many of the perceived distinctions between various types of active galaxy.