jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Low‐Ir‐Content Ir0.10Mn0.90O2 Solid Solution for Highly Active Oxygen Evolution in Acid Media

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Iridium (Ir)‐based materials are the most widely used oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts in proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). However, their commercial application suffers from high cost and insufficient activity. To optimize the atom utilization efficiency of Ir, the aim is to engineer and develop a rutile‐structured solid solution catalyst with minimal Ir content, which is identified through a phase boundary. Here, Ir 0.10 Mn 0.90 O 2 represents the lowest Ir content in the desired IrO 2 ‐MnO 2 solid solution. The Ir 0.10 Mn 0.90 O 2 catalyst exhibits outstanding OER performance in acidic electrolytes, reaching a remarkable mass activity of 1135 A g −1 Ir at an overpotential of 300 mV, which is ≈50 times higher than that of a commercial IrO 2 catalyst. Additionally, it demonstrates excellent stability at a current density of 200 mA cm −2 over 120 h during PEMWE operations. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the hydroxylation process can be efficiently promoted by the electron‐withdrawing on Ir sites in Ir 0.10 Mn 0.90 O 2 , contributing to the enhancement of OER activity.
Heat Transfer in Liquid Nitrogen Cooled Superconducting Transformers: An Experimental Investigation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A single-phase, 15-kilowatt electric transformer was modified to replace the secondary copper winding with one formed of Yttrium Barium Copper Oxide [YBCO] superconducting ribbon. YBCO ceramics offer exceptional electrical efficiency at high current when properly cooled to cryogenic temperature. For the present research, a high ratio transformer design induced secondary currents above 200 amperes. This exploited the properties of the YBCO in reducing thermal losses inherent to high currents in conventional conductors. YBCO must operate below its critical temperature of 92K to avoid damage and is typically cooled by immersion in a pool of cryogenic liquid. Immersion cooling makes inefficient use of the cryogen, and a novel cooling method was proposed by the current research. The YBCO was routed within an insulating tube through which liquid nitrogen flowed and the entire assembly operated within a vacuum to minimize heat transfer. To conserve cryogen while respecting the YBCO critical temperature of 92K, the latent heat of nitrogen was exploited and the system designed to operate near the nitrogen boiling point of 77K. The resulting multi-phase system was operated at various conditions and a combined efficiency formula proposed which includes the energy cost of cryogenic fluid. The results demonstrated a 5% efficiency improvement using YBCO materials using a novel tube-cooling arrangement and provide a basis for future research and industrial use.
Topical interests and the mitigation of search engine bias

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Search engines have become key media for our scientific, economic, and social activities by enabling people to access information on the web despite its size and complexity. On the down side, search engines bias the traffic of users according to their page ranking strategies, and it has been argued that they create a vicious cycle that amplifies the dominance of established and already popular sites. This bias could lead to a dangerous monopoly of information. We show that, contrary to intuition, empirical data do not support this conclusion; popular sites receive far less traffic than predicted. We discuss a model that accurately predicts traffic data patterns by taking into consideration the topical interests of users and their searching behavior in addition to the way search engines rank pages. The heterogeneity of user interests explains the observed mitigation of search engines’ popularity bias.
EPISTEMOLOGI KITAB SYARAH HADIS “MANHĀJ DHAWI> AL-NAZ}AR FI> AL-SHARH} ALFIYYAH ‘ILM AL-ATHAR” KARYA SYEKH MAḤFUẒ TARMAS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article tries to examine the epistemology of the book of sharah hadith by Sheikh Mahfudz al-Tarmasi, “Manhāj Dhawi> al-Naz}ar fi> al-Sharh} Alfiyyah ‘Ilm al-Athar”. Sheikh Mahfudz al-Tarmasi himself is an Indonesian scholar from Pacitan who is very competent in the field of hadith. His books are scattered everywhere. However, this article will discuss one of his the book, “Manhāj Dhawi> al-Naz}ar fi> al-Sharh} Alfiyyah ‘Ilm al-Athar” from an epistemological aspect. Before entering into the core discussion, we first explain the notion of epistemology, biography, scientific rihlah and a number of works by Sheikh al-Tarmasi are also described. The research is in the form of library research. So the instrument used is documentation, namely utilizing data sources in the form of books, scriptures, and scientific papers that are relevant to this article. The data is then presented with a descriptive analysis method. The results of this study indicate that the book “Manhāj Dhawi> al-Naz}ar fi> al-Sharh} Alfiyyah ‘Ilm al-Athar” uses the tahlili method, namely the method used to explain the meaning of the hadith from its various aspects. The pattern used is a scientific style, because the style of discussion focuses on hadith science. While the data source is dominated by bi ra’yi sources. The work also meets the coherence theory criteria. So the validity of the book is no doubt.
Birthweight Doubling Time: A Fresh Look

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Infant birthweight doubling time is widely quoted as being achieved between 5 and 6 months. The purpose of this study was to determine the time of birthweight doubling and to identify important related variables. A total of 357 normal infants with birthweights between 2,500 and 4,100 gm were studied. Mean age of birthweight doubling for the entire group was 119 days (3.8 months). Bottle-fed infants doubled their birthweights earlier than breast-fed infants: 113 days vs. 124 days (P &lt; .05). Boys doubled their birthweights earlier than girls: 111 days vs. 129 days (P &lt; .0001). Solids were introduced earlier in bottle-fed infants (mean, 1.9 months) than in breast-fed infants (mean, 3.9 months). Harvard percentiles for mean group weight and length at the time of birthweight doubling were: for bottle-fed infants, 75th and 55th percentiles respectively; for breast-fed infants, 55th and 60th percentiles respectively; for boys, 75th percentile for both weight and length; for girls, 50th percentile for both weight and length. Thus, bottle-fed infants appear to have weight gains in excess of length gain and may be developing early obesity. In light of the poor prognosis in treating obesity, closer supervision of early infant feeding practices is indicated.
Actual versus optimal utilization of radiotherapy in lung cancer: Where is the shortfall?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Estimates of ideal radiotherapy utilization in lung cancer range from 61% to 74%. Actual utilization rates are lower than this. The aim of the present study was to identify those groups where there was the greatest discrepancy between actual and ideal utilization. Methods: The study population consisted of South‐Western Sydney Area Health Service residents who were diagnosed with lung cancer in 1993 or 1996. A clinical audit of medical records was performed to collect details on patient demographics, tumor factors, treatment details and outcome. Results: There were 527 patients diagnosed with lung cancer. Treatment data were available for 499 (95%) patients of which 279 (56%) received radiotherapy. Radiotherapy utilization declined with increasing age and decreasing performance status. When comparing actual with ideal utilization, the greatest shortfall in radiotherapy was seen in small cell lung cancer (55% vs 79%) followed by stage I (35% vs 50%) and IV non‐small cell lung cancer (65% vs 83%). There was under‐utilization of chest radiotherapy (79% vs 88%) and definitive radiotherapy (14% vs 50%). Conclusions: Definitive chest radiotherapy is underutilized in lung cancer, particularly in patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer and stage I non‐small cell lung cancer. This is partly due to non‐referral of patients but also a palliative approach by radiation oncologists. These factors have to be addressed in order to optimize survival and quality of life for lung cancer patients.
Surrogate mother, the modest witness of new reproductive technology: Understanding technobiopower in the posthuman era

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the complex topography of technobiopower in what has been referred to as the posthuman era, following the commercial surrogacy phenomenon. To do so, I refer to commercial surrogates as the "modest witness" of this situation, a term derived from Donna Haraway's conceptual toolbox. The modest witness starts from her situated position, and records and informs about what happens. By placing commercial surrogates in the position of modest witness, this paper attempts to visualize the complex and multi-layered network of technobiopower. In the posthuman era where technological possibility re-characterizes birth and death, commercial surrogates are concrete bodies as well as symbolic markers that are captured within the complex network of bio-capital, bio-power, reproductive rights and bio-labor. If discussions on the posthuman emphasize new technological possibilities, deconstruction of traditional systems and advancement into a new world, commercial surrogates— as the "modest witness" of this era— will then reveal and demonstrate the pain that must be endured for obtaining this opportunity and the dominance of technobiopower about which we are not conscious.
“Effect of mode of delivery: normal, induced and caesarean section on neonatal serum bilirubin”

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: To compare neonatal serum bilirubin and certain haematological factors in Normal, induced and Caesarean section.
Materials and Methods: 90 neonates were divided into three groups according to the mode of delivery (normal, oxytocin induced vaginal delivery & caesarean) and neonatal serum bilirubin levels were estimated and compared with each group.
Result: Out of the 90 subjects, it was found that there is statistically significant increase of neonatal serum bilirubin in oxytocin induced vaginal delivery and caesarean section on day 3. In contrast, on day 1 and day 5, statistically significant neonatal hperbilirubinemia is noticed only in oxytocin induced vaginal delivery.
Conclusion: It is concluded from the present study that neonatal serum bilirubin rises from day 1 to day 3 and then start decreasing on day 5. On day 3, neonatal serum bilirubin is statistically significant increase in neonates delivered by oxytocin induced or Caesarean sections.

Keywords: Serum bilirubin, Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, Oxytocin induced
Evaluasi Metode Pembelajaran Berbasis Proyek pada PAUD Kota Surabaya Penerapan Implikasinya terhadap Akreditasi dan Pengembangan Karakter Anak

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Evaluation of Project-Based Learning method can improve the results of accreditation and character development of PAUD children. Project-Based Learning method has great potential in character development and accreditation of educational institutions. This study also collected quantitative data on children's learning outcomes through questionnaires distributed to parents. This questionnaire is designed to measure children's character development, including social, emotional, and critical thinking skills. PBL is one of the effective methods in creating such an environment. Through projects, children are invited to engage in challenging activities that are relevant to their daily lives. The application of PBL not only improves children's academic skills but also supports the development of social and emotional skills that are important for their future lives
Numerical Modelling and Analysis of the Effects of Process Parameters on Pulsed Electromagnetic Crimping

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Pressure joining of wires is an ineluctable task encountered during temporary or permanent connection between wires for high power transmission lines or between other electrical and electronic equipments. Poor electrical contact between the joints can lead to decrease in mechanical strength as well as increased contact resistance. This further leads to additional power loss in transmission lines. It can also result in continuous sparking which causes local overheating of the components. Thus, improper design of the contact is one of the major causes of failures of high voltage transmission lines and other similar electrical equipments.
Temporal Logic Control of POMDPs via Label-based Stochastic Simulation Relations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The synthesis of controllers guaranteeing linear temporal logic specifications on partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDP) via their belief models causes computational issues due to the continuous spaces. In this work, we construct a finite-state abstraction on which a control policy is synthesized and refined back to the original belief model. We introduce a new notion of label-based approximate stochastic simulation to quantify the deviation between belief models. We develop a robust synthesis methodology that yields a lower bound on the satisfaction probability, by compensating for deviations a priori, and that utilizes a less conservative control refinement.
Chelonus inanitus bracovirus encodes lineage-specific proteins and truncated immune IκB-like factors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Bracoviruses and ichnoviruses are endogenous viruses of parasitic wasps that produce particles containing virulence genes expressed in host tissues and necessary for parasitism success. In the case of bracoviruses the particles are produced by conserved genes of nudiviral origin integrated permanently in the wasp genome, whereas the virulence genes can strikingly differ depending on the wasp lineage. To date most data obtained on bracoviruses concerned species from the braconid subfamily of Microgastrinae. To gain a broader view on the diversity of virulence genes we sequenced the genome packaged in the particles of Chelonus inanitus bracovirus (CiBV) produced by a wasp belonging to a different subfamily: the Cheloninae. These are egg-larval parasitoids, which means that they oviposit into the host egg and the wasp larvae then develop within the larval stages of the host. We found that most of CiBV virulence genes belong to families that are specific to Cheloninae. As other bracoviruses and ichnoviruses however, CiBV encode v-ank genes encoding truncated versions of the immune cactus/IκB factor, which suggests these proteins might play a key role in host–parasite interactions involving domesticated endogenous viruses. We found that the structures of CiBV V-ANKs are different from those previously reported. Phylogenetic analysis supports the hypothesis that they may originate from a cactus/IκB immune gene from the wasp genome acquired by the bracovirus. However, their evolutionary history is different from that shared by other V-ANKs, whose common origin probably reflects horizontal gene transfer events of virus sequences between braconid and ichneumonid wasps.
Predicted Effect of Exponential Charging Profiles on Photoinjected Currents in Silicon Dioxide

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Photocurrents produced by electron photoinjection over a contact interface barrier into an insulator are significantly affected by any charging which occurs in the insulator. The photoinjection is most seriously affected by negative charging near the maximum of the interface barrier potential. In this paper normalized photocurrent solutions are derived for negative exponential charging distributions at the injecting interface. With the aid of the normalized solutions the photocurrent I-vs-V measurements can be used to directly determine (or approximate to) the peak charge density at the interface (N0) and the exponential decay distance (xc). A plot of the ratio of the barrier distance with charging (x0) to the barrier distance without charging (x00) vs voltage has a maximum for x0 equal to 2xc. The N0 value may then be calculated from the quadratic dependence of N0 on the magnitude of the maximum ratio of x0/x00. Total electron charge densities (N0xc) as low as 109 cm−2 can be measured.
REAL INTEREST RATE TRENDS: THE INFLUENCE OF SAVING. INVESTMENT AND OTHER FACTORS

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Ill . Prospective influences on saving. investment and the real interest rate . . . 130 A . Government saving 130 B . 131 C . Demographic effects 134 IV . Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 1 . Trends in saving. investment and real interest rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A . World saving and investment rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The sensitivity of saving and investment to real interest rates . . . . . . . Specific factors behind the development of real interest rates . . . . . . .
Blood Studies on Trichuris-Infested and Worm-Free Children in Louisiana 1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract SummaryThe blood picture was studied in 550 rural white children 5 to 14 years old in south-central Louisiana. Of these 197 were infected with trichuris; 140 with trichuris and some other intestinal worm, usually ascaris; and 213 were worm-free. The blood picture was essentially the same in all groups, i.e., 11.22 to 11.52 grams hemoglobin per 100 cc. blood; 4.5 to 5.0 million erythrocytes per cmm. blood; mean corpuscular hemoglobin of 23.0 to 23.7 micro micrograms; and a relative lymphocytosis of 46.4 to 47.2 per cent. These children are known to suffer from undernourishment and it is suggested that most of them both parasitized and worm-free, suffer from a nutritional anemia. There is no evidence that the blood picture is effected by the trichuris infestation.
Chitin Amendments for Control of Meloidogyne arenaria in Infested Soil. II. Effects on Microbial Population

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of chitin on soil microflora and on nematodes was studied in microplots containing a sandy loan [pH = 6.0 and organic matter content 1% (w/w)] infested with Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood. Ground chitin was added to soil at rates of 0-4.0% (w/w). The chitin was allowed to decompose for 10 weeks, during which time soil samples were collected every 15 days. After 10 weeks, soil from each plot was transferred to the greenhouse and planted with 'Summer Crookneck' squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) to assess degree of root galling caused by the nematode. Chitin treatments at rates of 0.4% and above reduced root galling; however, at rates 0.8%, chitin amendments were phytotoxic to the plants. Chitin amendments at rates of 1% and above resulted in an increase in pH, conductivity, nitratenitrogen, ammoniacal-nitrogen and chitinase activity. Fungal populations were stimulated by chitin amendments at rates of 1% and above. Elements of a mycoflora previously associated with parasiti
Seipin regulates the formation of nuclear lipid droplets from a distance

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Nuclear lipid droplets (nLDs) are poorly characterized outside of the liver. In this issue, Sołtysik et al. (2020. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202005026) show that seipin is absent from the nucleus but seipin deficiency promotes nLD formation by increasing nuclear phosphatidic acid.
Impact of hepatobiliary service centralization on treatment and outcomes in patients with colorectal cancer and liver metastases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Centralization of specialist surgical services can improve patient outcomes. The aim of this cohort study was to compare liver resection rates and survival in patients with primary colorectal cancer and synchronous metastases limited to the liver diagnosed at hepatobiliary surgical units (hubs) with those diagnosed at hospital Trusts without hepatobiliary services (spokes). Methods The study included patients from the National Bowel Cancer Audit diagnosed with primary colorectal cancer between 1 April 2010 and 31 March 2014 who underwent colorectal cancer resection in the English National Health Service. Patients were linked to Hospital Episode Statistics data to identify those with liver metastases and those who underwent liver resection. Multivariable random-effects logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio of liver resection by presence of specialist hepatobiliary services on site. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results Of 4547 patients, 1956 (43·0 per cent) underwent liver resection. The 1081 patients diagnosed at hubs were more likely to undergo liver resection (adjusted odds ratio 1·52, 95 per cent c.i. 1·20 to 1·91). Patients diagnosed at hubs had better median survival (30·6 months compared with 25·3 months for spokes; adjusted hazard ratio 0·83, 0·75 to 0·91). There was no difference in survival between hubs and spokes when the analysis was restricted to patients who had liver resection (P = 0·620) or those who did not undergo liver resection (P = 0·749). Conclusion Patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous metastases limited to the liver who are diagnosed at hospital Trusts with a hepatobiliary team on site are more likely to undergo liver resection and have better survival.
A novel triple-band cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna using varying permittivity in &#x03D5;-direction

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel triple-band cylindrical dielectric resonator antenna using varying permittivity in φ-direction fed by coaxial probe is proposed in this paper. The proposed structure is constructed using three different materials having different permittivites. In order to determine the performance of various design parameters on resonance frequency and bandwidth, parametric studies have been performed. It is observed that the proposed structure resonate at three different frequencies of 4.93 GHz, 6.46 GHz and 7.41 GHz respectively.
Personnel Discipline and Industrial Relations on the Railways of Republican China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Chinese National Railways of Republican China (1912‐37) had a personnel administration the equal of any of the major railway systems of the period. Railways require a sophisticated personnel bureaucracy to train, monitor and enforce codes of conduct which would ensure the safety of passengers, freight and the huge investment in rolling stock and fixed capital. Only the military had previously administrative structures approaching the modern railway companies, the first modern business to organise on such a scale large numbers of employees over vast geographic areas. In China the railway introduced not only a new transport technology but also played a major role in creating the new industrial working class through the regimes of work and discipline their administration created. Drawing on neglected railway personnel archives, this paper examines the work organisation and structures of discipline that governed the working day of Chinese railway employees.