jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Predictors of mental state understanding in preschoolers of varying socioeconomic backgrounds

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Two studies investigated the influence of age, language, and family background on the development of preschoolers' social cognitive skills. Study 1 examined variability in economically disadvantaged preschoolers' understanding of fantasy and evaluated the relation of age and language to children's skill in this area. Children were shown drawings of fantasy and real-life events and asked if the event could happen in real life and to justify their responses. Children were more likely to answer correctly when the drawing depicted real-life events. Age and language were positively related to children's overall understanding of fantasy. In Study 2, both low and middle SES preschoolers were included and two false belief understanding measures were added to the battery of tasks. As before, age and language were related to fantasy understanding as well as to false belief performance. In addition, SES was predictive of fantasy understanding, but not false belief performance, regardless of how it was assessed. Social competence was unrelated to the social cognitive variables, even when the effects of age, language, and SES were controlled.
Revisión de los vampiros fósiles (Ghiroptera: Phyllostomidae, Desmodontinael de México

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Fossilskeletalremainsof vampire bats are known from five paleontological sites in México. Desmoduscf. draculaeis recordedin the latest Pleistocene of Loltún Cave: D. stock¡from the late Pleistoceneof La Boca Cave, San Josecito Cave (type locality),and La Presita Cave. and from the early Holoceneof Tlapacoya.The livingcommon vampire,D. rotundus,is known from the latest Pleistoceneof Loltún Cave.The living hairy-leggedvampire. Diphytta ecaudata,occurs in beds of Pleistoceneor early Holocene age of Loltún Cave. Great sizevariationof the remainsof D. stockifrom San Josecito is indicativeof a pronouncedsecondarysexualdimorphism.Apparently,D. cf. draculae and D. rotundus were sympatric in the latest Pleistocene,but D. stockiand D. rotundusappearto have been allopatric.
Investigation of intellectual property essence in the current economic conditions

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Досліджено підходи щодо визначення сутності категорії «інтелектуальна власність». Виявлено наявність різноманітних підходів до визначення поняття «інтелектуальна власність» (юридичний, соціально-філософський, економічний), що обмежують зміст і значення даної категорії. Встановлено, що комплексний підхід, який поєднує усі аспекти поняття «інтелектуальна власність» найбільш повно відображає сутність та природу даного поняття. Досліджені підходи щодо класифікації об’єктів інтелектуальної власності.
Photocatalytic Anion Oxidation and Applications in Organic Synthesis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ions and radicals of the same kind differ by one electron only. The oxidation of many stable inorganic anions yields their corresponding highly reactive radicals, and visible light excitable photocatalysts can provide the required oxidation potential for this transformation. Air oxygen serves as the terminal oxidant, or cheap sacrificial oxidants are used, providing a very practical approach for generating reactive inorganic radicals for organic synthesis. We discuss in this perspective several recently reported examples: Nitrate radicals are obtained by one-electron photooxidation of nitrate anions and are very reactive toward organic molecules. The photooxidation of sulfinate salts yields the much more stable sulfone radicals, which smoothly add to double bonds. A two-electron oxidation of chloride anions to electrophilic chlorine species reacting with arenes in aromatic substitutions extends the method beyond radical reactions. The chloride anion oxidation proceeds via photocatalytically generated peracidic acid as the oxidation reagent. Although the number of reported examples of photocatalytically generated inorganic radical intermediates for organic synthesis is still small, future extension of the concept to other inorganic ions as radical precursors is a clear perspective.
Sampling the three components of shyness: The Shyness Syndrome Inventory.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A model of shyness as a syndrome composed of affective, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms is discussed. Based on this model, the Shyness Syndrome Inventory (SSI) was developed. In addition to item content representing the three components, the SSI includes three diagnostic paragraphs which describe the symptoms characteristic of each component. To investigate the reliability and validity of the SSI, the inventory was administered to two samples: a group of 254 University of Michigan undergraduates and a community sample of 100 newlywed couples. In both of these samples, shyness was examined in relationship to constructs such as self-esteem, affiliation, and self-consciousness, as well as more general personality traits. In Study 1, the SSI correlated with measures of affiliation, public self-consciousness, emotionality, and self-esteem. The component paragraphs appeared to differentiate somewhat among a variety of self-reported problems associated with shyness. In Study 2, the SSI correlated with self and observer reports of shy behavior, interviewer ratings of shyness, and personality traits such as introversion, neuroticism, disagreeableness, submissiveness, and self-esteem. In both studies, factor analysis of the SSI yielded one global shyness factor. Results suggest that the three components converge towards a global construct of shyness. The measure appears to possess good internal consistency reliability and is content valid. The SSI is evaluated in terms of the measure's promise for assessing shyness symptoms, directions for future research, and potential clinical applications, such as matching treatment strategies to an individual's particular shyness symptoms.
There still a long way to go for cancer registration in China.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Cancer is currently a global issue. Every year, millions of people die of cancer. Cancer is now the top killer of population health in China because of the pollution of the environment, water and air is getting worse day by day, also the food additives and pesticides are overused widespread. In recent years, the cancer incidence and mortality increased rapidly in China. So, it is very important to collect information about cancer cases, cancer deaths, cancer follow-up and survival data at national level for cancer surveillance, intervention evaluation, and policy or decision-making (1).
Shallow Low‐Frequency Tremor in the Northern Japan Trench Subduction Zone

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We found offshore shallow low‐frequency tremor in the northern Japan Trench subduction zone, using records from the Seafloor Observation Network for Earthquakes and Tsunamis along the Japan Trench. The tremor aligned with a narrow zone, which follows the 10‐ to 25‐km depth contours of the plate interface and occurred in two distinct areas, off Tokachi and Sanriku, separated by a gap. In the 1.75 years examined, two episodes lasting for a few weeks were identified off Tokachi. During these episodes, tremor occurred concurrently with swarms of very low frequency earthquakes and migrated laterally about 120 km along the trench strike. In contrast, tremor off Sanriku lasted shorter (half a day to 5 days) and repeated at shorter intervals (1–4 months). The variation in tremor behavior such as duration, recurrence, migration, and the association with very low frequency earthquakes suggests along‐strike heterogeneities in frictional properties at the shallow plate interface.
Nutritional cues in cystic fibrosis sputum regulate number and functioning of flagella through flhF and c-di-GMP-related protein BCAL1069 in Burkholderia cenocepacia K56-2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Burkholderia cenocepacia infections in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are difficult to treat due to resistance to multiple antibiotics, implying the need to identify new therapeutic targets to eradicate lung infections. The sputum of CF patients is rich in amino acids and was previously shown to increase flagellar gene expression in B. cenocepacia. However, the molecular mechanisms by which B. cenocepacia regulates swimming motility and flagellar biosynthesis are not understood. In the first part of this thesis, I elucidate how CF sputum conditions regulate swimming motility and flagellar biosynthesis in B. cenocepacia K56-2. Electron microscopy and flagella staining of B. cenocepacia demonstrated that the increased motility and flagellin corresponds to multiple flagella expressed under CF sputum conditions. I created a deletion ∆flhF mutant that exhibited downregulation in flagellin expression and displayed 80% aflagellated bacterial subpopulations. These results demonstrate that CF sputum nutritional conditions regulate flagellin and flagellation pattern through flhF in B. cenocepacia K56-2. In the second part of the thesis, I investigated the role of c-di-GMP metabolizing genes in the swimming motility of B. cenocepacia K56-2 in CF sputum conditions. Overexpression of the wspR gene that causes an increase in c-di-GMP levels resulted in a significant reduction in the motility of B. cenocepacia K56-2. The increased c-di-GMP levels did not affect flagellin expression and flagellar biosynthesis. Screening of the putative c-di-GMP genes insertional mutants for defective motility led us to identify a BCAL1069 gene, which encodes a protein with a putative sensory signaling PAS domain, and c-di-GMP metabolizing GGDEF and EAL domains. Further, the reduced swimming motility of the BCAL1069 mutant was evident in CF nutritional conditions and in the presence of arginine and glutamate. The increase in intracellular c-di-GMP levels in the BCAL1069 mutant indicated that BCAL069 possesses an EAL domain (phosphodiesterase) activity. Thus it appears that BCAL1069 mediates swimming motility of B. cenocepacia K56-2 in response to CF sputum nutritional cues by changing intracellular c-di-GMP levels. Taken together, the findings of this thesis suggest that CF sputum conditions regulate number and functioning of flagella in B. cenocepacia K56-2 through the flhF and BCAL1069 genes, respectively.
The Diurnal Variation and Influence Factors of VOC of Platycladus orientalis in Spring

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The samples of Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)from Platycladus orientalis were collected by the method of absorption thermodesorption,the physiological characteristics of the species were measured by Li-cor6400.The results showed:(1) There were 106 kinds of VOCs belonging to 9 classes in amount,the main VOCs of the P.orientalis in spring were terpenes.The VOCs beneficial to human being included terpene,ethyl acetate,decanal,and the harmful VOCs were chloroform,benzene,and toluene.(2) The total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs) concentration followed a three peaks and two pattern,the peaks were at 5:00,13:00,and 19:00,and the vales were at 17:00 and 23:00—1:00.The appearance time of healthful components were at 5:00,9:00,15:00,and 19:00;the appearance time of unwholesome components were at 15:00,21:00—1:00.(3) When the temperature was high,the illumination was strong,the humidity was low,the TVOCs concentration would be high,conversely,it would be low.The diurnal variation of transpiration rates,photosynthetic rates and the stomatal conductance were accorded with the concentration of TVOCs.It showed a very significantly positive relationship between the physiological characteristics and TVOCs concentration;a significantly positive relationship between the illumination and TVOCs concentration.
Millimeter-wave wireless backhauling for 5G small cells: Scalability of mesh over star topologies

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Mobile backhauling, small cells and MmWave are key supportive technologies for 5G revolution. Mobile backhauling is the key enabler and also a showstopper for 5G small cells deployments. Scalability and reliability with high data rate and larger bandwidth are important factors to choose the small cell backhauling topology. In this paper, We consider the star and mesh topologies for the MmWave wireless backhauling. Simulations are conducted over random networks. The system throughput, scalability, reliability and fairness are used to compare the two different topologies under different considered scenarios. These scenarios include the Line-Of-Sight (LoS) and the Non-Line-Of-Sight (NLoS) connections as well as different cell sizes.
Outcome of Rotator Cuff Repair in Large-to-Massive Tear With Pseudoparalysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Active range of motion deficit is one of the alleged negative influencing factors of rotator cuff repair. Recently, with the popularity of reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA), there is a tendency toward performing RTSA in cases of nonarthritic large-to-massive tears with pseudoparalysis. Hypothesis: Rotator cuff repair in patients with active motion deficit may yield inferior outcome. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Among 195 complete repairs of large-to-massive rotator cuff tears, 35 patients experienced painful pseudoparalysis preoperatively. Propensity score matching (1-to-1) was performed between pseudoparalytic and nonpseudoparalytic groups. Finally, 29 patients in each group were matched using the following variables: age, gender, dominance, onset period, aggravation period, number of tendons involved, retraction, operation method (arthroscopic or mini-open), rows of repair (single or double), number of anchors, and fatty degeneration of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and subscapularis. At least 1 year after surgery (mean, 30.5 months), range of motion, visual analog scale for pain and satisfaction, Constant score, Simple Shoulder Test, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and University of California, Los Angeles shoulder rating scale (UCLA score) were evaluated. Healing of repaired cuffs was evaluated by computed tomography arthrography. Results: Range of motion was improved in both groups after rotator cuff repair. Active forward elevation had significantly improved postoperatively in the pseudoparalytic group ( P < .001). All functional outcome scores improved at the final follow-up visit compared with preoperative values (all P < .05). Preoperative Constant, ASES, and UCLA scores were significantly inferior in the pseudoparalytic group, but all except the Constant score showed no differences between the 2 groups at the final follow-up ( P = .04). Postoperatively, 7 patients (24.1%) in the pseudoparalytic and 1 (3.4%) in the nonpseudoparalytic group showed pseudoparalysis ( P = .03). Among 37 patients who underwent postoperative computed tomography arthrography, cuff healing was achieved in 6 of 18 (33.3%) in the pseudoparalytic and 9 of 19 (47.4%) in the nonpseudoparalytic group ( P = .385). Conclusion: Recovery from pseudoparalysis after rotator cuff repair was evident in a large portion of the study group, and postoperative function and cuff healing were not different according to the presence of pseudoparalysis. Considering possible complications and longevity of RTSA, rotator cuff repair should be the first-line treatment option for large-to-massive tears.
Glioblastoma and Methionine Addiction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glioblastoma is a fatal brain tumor with a bleak prognosis. The use of chemotherapy, primarily the alkylating agent temozolomide, coupled with radiation and surgical resection, has provided some benefit. Despite this multipronged approach, average patient survival rarely extends beyond 18 months. Challenges to glioblastoma treatment include the identification of functional pharmacologic targets as well as identifying drugs that can cross the blood-brain barrier. To address these challenges, current research efforts are examining metabolic differences between normal and tumor cells that could be targeted. Among the metabolic differences examined to date, the apparent addiction to exogenous methionine by glioblastoma tumors is a critical factor that is not well understood and may serve as an effective therapeutic target. Others have proposed this property could be exploited by methionine dietary restriction or other approaches to reduce methionine availability. However, methionine links the tumor microenvironment with cell metabolism, epigenetic regulation, and even mitosis. Therefore methionine depletion could result in complex and potentially undesirable responses, such as aneuploidy and the aberrant expression of genes that drive tumor progression. If methionine manipulation is to be a therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma patients, it is essential that we enhance our understanding of the role of methionine in the tumor microenvironment.
Density functional theory studies on structures and absorption spectra of [Au(tpy)Cl]2+ and its derivatives: Role of basis set, functional, solvent effect, and spin orbit effect

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The geometries of [Au(tpy)Cl] 2+ (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine) and its derivatives ( 1 – 4 ) were optimized using relativistic density functional theory (DFT) at both scalar and two‐component spin orbit coupling (SOC) level of theory via zero order regular approximation (ZORA). The combination of OPTX exchange, PW91c correlation functional (denoted as OP91), all‐electron ZORA TZ2P basis set was found to be the optimal combination for geometry. The results reveal that both SOC and substituents have little effect on the geometry of complexes 1 – 4 . Then, their absorption spectra were investigated by scalar relativistic time dependent DFT (TDDFT)/SAOP/TZ2P in vacuum, in CH 2 Cl 2 , CH 3 CN solvents by means of conductor like screening model. The calculations indicate that the nature of the low‐lying spin‐allowed excited states is gold‐perturbed intraligand transition, namely charge reorganization. This fact also demonstrates that the influence of the polarity of solvent on absorption spectra of 1 – 4 is negligible. The spin orbit TDDFT was also performed to get further insight into the effect of SOC on the absorption spectra. It is found that the SOC has little influence on the simulation of electronic spectrum of complexes 1 – 4 due to no significant involvement of d‐orbitals during electronic transition. Our conclusions are reliable and are in good agreement with the previous experimental results and theoretical investigations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Backup whenever you’re worried - A study of data-backup practices in an academic environment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Data backup is one of many security related topics, and has been the target for many researches as to improve different techniques. However, studies have shown that backup is not a natural behavior for many, and some neglect its importance completely. Some argue that security can only be improved completely if an understanding of what cultural acceptance toward security is as well as what practices is being accepted and used. This paper aims not to improve the culture towards security, but rather to explore the practices and cultural compliance regarding data backup among employees and students at a university.\nA case study was made at an institution of a university. The study consisted of a quantitative study (survey) as well as a qualitative (interview). The survey was designed to extract the practices and cultural compliance to be expressed in a descriptive statistical fashion. The interview was designed as open and was analyzed using a phenomenological approach.\nThe study shows that the respondents recognized themselves mainly at a level of; Culture, Commitment and Apathy. Meaning that the participants performed security related routines as part of, or close to, their natural behavior (Culture and Commitment), or were unmotivated to proceed with good praxis (Apathy). None of the participants recognized themselves at the disobedience level. The overall backup devices used were external hard disks and the use of online backup, dropbox. None of the participants used CD, DVD or Blue-Ray to backup their data. Nearly none of the participants used the universities servers as backup service. It was found that most backups were not protected in any way. The overall respondents found backup to be of importance and none considered it to be of no importance. Most difficult or least motivating among the participants in keeping regular backup was to remember doing so. It was also found that the most common regularity for both students and employees was to backup their data only whenever they felt worried for some particular file and folders.
Modeling the Active Site\nof [NiFe] Hydrogenases and\nthe [NiFe<sub>u</sub>] Subsite of the C-Cluster of Carbon Monoxide\nDehydrogenases: Low-Spin Iron(II) Versus High-Spin Iron(II)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A series\nof four [S<sub>2</sub>Ni­(μ-S)<sub>2</sub>FeCp*Cl]\ncompounds with different tetradentate thiolate/thioether ligands bound\nto the Ni­(II) ion is reported (Cp* = C<sub>5</sub>Me<sub>5</sub>).\nThe {S<sub>2</sub>Ni­(μ-S)<sub>2</sub>Fe} core of these compounds\nresembles structural features of the active site of [NiFe] hydrogenases.\nDetailed analyses of the electronic structures of these compounds\nby Mössbauer and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy,\nmagnetic measurements, and density functional theory calculations\nreveal the oxidation states Ni­(II) low spin and Fe­(II) high spin for\nthe metal ions. The same electronic configurations have been suggested\nfor the C<sub>red1</sub> state of the C-cluster [NiFe<sub>u</sub>]\nsubsite in carbon monoxide dehydrogenases (CODH). The Ni–Fe\ndistance of ∼3 Å excludes a metal–metal bond between\nnickel and iron, which is in agreement with the computational results.\nElectrochemical experiments show that iron is the redox active site\nin these complexes, performing a reversible one-electron oxidation.\nThe four complexes are discussed with regard to their similarities\nand differences both to the [NiFe] hydrogenases and the C-cluster\nof Ni-containing CODH.
Normative Values for Femoral Length, Tibial Length, and the Femorotibial Ratio in Adults Using Standing Full-Length Radiography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Knowledge of the normal length and skeletal proportions of the lower limb is required as part of the evaluation of limb length discrepancy. When measuring limb length, modern standing full-length digital radiographs confer a level of clinical accuracy interchangeable with that of CT imaging. This study reports a set of normative values for lower limb length using the standing full-length radiographs of 753 patients (61% male). Lower limb length, femoral length, tibial length, and the femorotibial ratio were measured in 1077 limbs. The reliability of the measurement method was tested using the intra-class correlation (ICC) of agreement between three observers. The mean length of 1077 lower limbs was 89.0 cm (range 70.2 to 103.9 cm). Mean femoral length was 50.0 cm (39.3 to 58.4 cm) and tibial length was 39.0 cm (30.8 to 46.5 cm). The median side-to-side difference was 0.4 cm (0.2 to 0.7, max 1.8 cm) between 324 paired limbs. The mean ratio of femoral length to tibial length for the study population was 1.28:1 (range 1.16 to 1.39). A moderately strong inverse linear relationship (r = −0.35, p < 0.001, Pearson’s) was identified between tibial length and the corresponding femorotibial ratio. The PACS-based length measurement method used in this study displayed excellent inter-observer reliability (ICC of 0.99). This study presents a normal range of values for lower limb length in adults and is the first to identify a linear relationship between tibial length and the femorotibial ratio.