jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
AN ACOUSTICAL STUDY OF FLAT- AND ROUND-BACKED DOUBLE BASSES

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The form of the violin has prevailed as the standard for the violin, viola and violoncello, but not for the double bass. Surveys reveal that while some tendencies exist among instrument makers and musicians, opinions about the sound of the two main types of basses, flat- and round-backed, often conflict. Several new double basses of nearly identical form and extremely similar materials were created especially for this study, presenting a unique opportunity to define acoustical characteristics of flat-backed and round-backed basses. The pairs of instruments differ, in theory, only in the form of the back. Laser vibrometry, analysis of audio recordings made in an anechoic chamber, and listening test surveys were used to delineate differences between the types concerning radiation characteristics and timbre. A special flat back for an existing violoncello was also made, tested and compared to a similar instrument of the standard form. Room acoustics and psychoacoustical considerations are discussed along with experimental results to offer an explanation about why the double bass is the only modern bowed instrument in use that has a flat back. 1.
Automatic detection of Feature Envy and Data Class code smells using machine learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

<p> A code smell is a surface indication that usually corresponds to a deeper problem in the system. Detecting and removing code smells is crucial for sustainable software development. However, manual detection can be daunting and time-consuming. Machine learning (ML) is a promising approach towards the automation of code smell detection. The first ML-based methods were classifiers trained on feature vectors comprising software metrics extracted by off-the-shelf tools. Determining the optimal set of metrics is a complex problem that requires both ML and software engineering expertise. Recently source code embedding models emerged as a viable feature-inferring alternative. However, their potential is yet to be fully explored. To that aim, we compare state-of-the-art source code embedding models (CuBERT and CodeT5) with the models trained on metrics returned by the CK Tool and RepositoryMiner tools. We focus on detecting the Data Class and Feature Envy code smells within a large-scale, manually labeled, publicly available dataset. After extensive experiments (51 test/train splits), we found that source code embedding models have comparable performances with software metrics, a that they indeed can capture important characteristics of the source code. We discuss our findings in detail in the paper.</p>
Viral escape in the CNS with multidrug-resistant HIV-1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: HIV-1 viral escape in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) despite viral suppression in plasma is rare [1,2]. We describe the case of a 50-year-old HIV-1 infected patient who was diagnosed with HIV-1 in 1995. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was started in 1998 with a CD4 T cell count of 71 cells/iL and HIV-viremia of 46,000 copies/mL. ART with zidovudine (AZT), lamivudine (3TC) and efavirenz achieved full viral suppression. After the patient had interrupted ART for two years, treatment was re-introduced with tenofovir (TDF), emtricitabin (FTC) and ritonavir boosted atazanavir (ATVr). This regimen suppressed HIV-1 in plasma for nine years and CD4 cells stabilized around 600 cells/iL. Since July 2013, the patient complained about severe gait ataxia and decreased concentration. Materials and Methods: Additionally to a neurological examination, two lumbar punctures, a cerebral MRI and a neuropsycological test were performed. HIV-1 viral load in plasma and in CSF was quantified using Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 version 2.0 (Cobas Ampliprep, Roche diagnostic, Basel, Switzerland) with a detection limit of 20 copies/mL. Drug resistance mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and protease were evaluated using bulk sequencing. Results: The CSF in January 2014 showed a pleocytosis with 75 cells/iL (100% mononuclear) and 1,184 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL, while HIV-1 in plasma was below 20 copies/mL. The resistance testing of the CSF-HIV-1 RNA showed two NRTI resistanceassociated mutations (M184V and K65R) and one NNRTI resistance-associated mutation (K103N). The cerebral MRI showed increased signal on T2-weighted images in the subcortical and periventricular white matter, in the basal ganglia and thalamus. Four months after ART intensification with AZT, 3TC, boosted darunavir and raltegravir, the pleocytosis in CSF cell count normalized to 1 cell/iL and HIV viral load was suppressed. The neurological symptoms improved; however, equilibrium disturbances and impaired memory persisted. The neuro-psychological evaluation confirmed neurocognitive impairments in executive functions, attention, working and nonverbal memory, speed of information processing, visuospatial abilities and motor skills. Conclusions: HIV-1 infected patients with neurological complaints prompt further investigations of the CSF including measurement of HIV viral load and genotypic resistance testing since isolated replication of HIV with drug resistant variants can rarely occur despite viral suppression in plasma. Optimizing ART by using drugs with improved CNS penetration may achieve viral suppression in CSF with improvement of neurological symptoms.
Aerobic and Anaerobic Mineralization of Nebraska Sandhills Subirrigated Meadow Soils

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the role of aerobic and anaerobic conditions in the processes of mineralization of organic matter in wet meadow soils.\nIt was reasoned that since the organic matter was the main source of many nutrients in these soils, any change in the environment to cause increased aerobic or anaerobic conditions would in turn affect the soil microbial population activity and subsequent release of mineralized nitrogen, phosphorous and sulfur. The investigation involved two phases. One phase was a greenhouse study in which growth and nutrient uptake by sudan grass were used to investigate the influence of saturating wet meadow soils. Plants grown under saturated conditions were compared with those grown in the same soil under aerated conditions. The other phase involved a series of soil incubation studies in which aerobic and anaerobic conditions were maintained under constant temperature conditions. The influence of these environments on the decomposition of the soil organic matter was determined by measurement of the ammonium and nitrate forms of nitrogen as well as extractable phosphorus. Data obtained were used to determine the speed of reaction in the processes of ammonification and nitrification of these soils. \nAdvisor: Leon Chesnin
Etude de la bioactivité comparée et des effets secondaires de Bacillus thuringiensis H 14

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract After presenting their research program about Bacillus thuringiensis serotype 14, the authors test the bioactivity of a primary powder composed of that serotype on Culex pipiens L. and Anopheles stephensi (Liston). Afterward, they approach on original study of the secondary effects of that bacteria serotype on Chironomus plumosus L., Limnophilus flavicornis L., Daphnia magna Straus and Tilapia nilotica L., which are characteristic species of freshwater biocenoses and belong to distinct ecological and taxonomic groups. The bacteria shows a noteworthy toxicity to tested culicid larvae. Results gained by observing the freshwater fauna indicate that the serotype 14 can be considered a specific control agent of some Diptera and does not affect the other organisms. Zusammenfassung Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Bioaktivität und Sekundärwirkungen von Bacillus thuringiensis H 14 Nach Darstellung des Forschungsprogramms über den Bacillus thuringiensis Serotyp 14, wird zunächst die Bioaktivität dieses Serotyps an Culex pipiens L. und Anopheles stephensi (Liston) untersucht. Danach werden die Sekundärwirkungen des Bacillus auf Chironomus plumosus L., Limnophilus flavicornis L., Daphnia magna Straus und Tilapia nilotica L. betrachtet. Diese Arten der dulcikolen Biozönose gehören eigenen ökologischen und taxonomischen Gruppen an. Der Bacillus weist eine bemerkenswerte toxische Wirkung auf die untersuchten Culiciden‐Larven auf. Die an der dulcikolen Fauna erhaltenen Ergebnisse zeigen, daß der Serotyp 14 als ein spezifisches Kontrollagens für gewisse Dipterien angesehen werden kann und in keiner Hinsicht das Leben der anderen Organismen gefährdet.
When Evolutionary Computation Meets Privacy

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, evolutionary computation (EC) has experienced significant advancements due to the integration of machine learning, distributed computing, and big data technologies. These developments have led to new research avenues in EC, such as distributed EC and surrogate-assisted EC. While these advancements have greatly enhanced the performance and applicability of EC, they have also raised concerns regarding privacy leakages, specifically the disclosure of optimal results and surrogate models. Consequently, the combination of evolutionary computation and privacy protection becomes an increasing necessity. However, a comprehensive exploration of privacy concerns in evolutionary computation is currently lacking, particularly in terms of identifying the object, motivation, position, and method of privacy protection. To address this gap, this paper aims to discuss three typical optimization paradigms, namely, centralized optimization, distributed optimization, and data-driven optimization, to characterize optimization modes of evolutionary computation and proposes BOOM (i.e., oBject, mOtivation, pOsition, and Method) to sort out privacy concerns related to evolutionary computation. In particular, the centralized optimization paradigm allows clients to outsource optimization problems to a centralized server and obtain optimization solutions from the server. The distributed optimization paradigm exploits the storage and computational power of distributed devices to solve optimization problems. On the other hand, the data-driven optimization paradigm utilizes historical data to address optimization problems without explicit objective functions. Within each of these paradigms, BOOM is used to characterize the object and motivation of privacy protection. Furthermore, this paper discuss the potential privacy-preserving technologies that strike a balance between optimization performance and privacy guarantees. Finally, this paper outlines several new research directions for privacy-preserving evolutionary computation.
A Cognitive Semantic Analysis of Selected American Political Caricatures on Covid 19

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Political caricatures are reflections of real situations or affairs that are summarized through drawings. Recently, they have become key elements in political communication since they manipulate different verbal and visual elements in shaping the political messages and attracting the recipient's attention. These different modes include verbal and visual elements. Accordingly, they provide a new framework to understand political discourse. This paper is an attempt to examine the efficiency of Langacker’s (2008-2017) construal dimension of prominence to the analysis of visual and verbal elements of political caricatures. It aims to prove that the prominence parameters of profiling and trajectory/ landmark alignment can account for the phenomenon of multiple construal triggered by visual and verbal modes, and the process of meaning construction in political caricatures. To achieve these aims, a sample of American political caricatures published on Covid 19 has been selected to be analyzed. Analysis of the selected data shows that the semantic content of the political cartoons resides on the visual and verbal elements employed in these caricatures. Both types of elements highly depend on Langacker’s two construal parameters of prominence, profiling and trajector/landmark, in constructing and conveying their intended messages. In addition, the way the conceptualizers construe the scenes participates greatly to decoding these messages.
Social Structure and Conflict: Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

We test the long-standing hypothesis that ethnic groups that are organized around 'segmentary lineages' are more prone to conflict and civil war. Ethnographic accounts suggest that in segmentary lineage societies, which are characterized by strong allegiances to distant relatives, individuals are obligated to come to the defense of fellow lineage members when they become involved in conflicts. As a consequence, small disagreements often escalate to larger-scale conflicts involving many individuals. We test for this link between segmentary lineage and conflict across 145 African ethnic groups in sub-Saharan Africa. Using a number of estimation strategies, including an RD design at ethnic boundaries, we find that segmentary lineage societies experience more conflicts and ones that are longer in duration and larger in scale. We also find that the previously-documented relationship between adverse rainfall shocks and conflict within Africa is only found within segmentary lineage societies.
Using Dynamic Audio Feedback to Support Peripersonal Reaching in Visually Impaired People

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Blind children engage with their immediate environment much less than sighted children, particularly through self-initiated movement or exploration. Research has suggested that providing dynamic feedback about the environment and the child--s actions within/against it may help to encourage reaching activity and support spatial cognitive learning. This paper presents an initial study suggesting the accuracy of peripersonal reaching can be improved by the use of dynamic sound from both the objects to reach for and the reaching hand itself (via a worn speaker) that changes based on the proximity of the hand to the object. The demonstration will let attendees try the interaction and feedback designs.
Energy Production in Cardiac Isotonic Contractions

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The energy output of rabbit papillary muscle is examined and it is shown that there is more energy liberated in an afterloaded isotonic contraction than in an "equivalent" isometric contraction. This statement holds true regardless of whether equivalence is based on the proposition that tension or the time integral of tension is the best index of muscle energy expenditure. Besides the external work performed there is additional heat production in isotonic contractions and this heat increases as the afterload is decreased. The additional heat is more evident when tension rather than the time integral of tension is made the determinant of energy expenditure. It is shown in single contractions that the rate of isotonic heat production, regardless of afterload size, never exceeds the heat rate recorded in an isometric contraction at the same initial length. Experiments reveal no simple linear correlation between isotonic energy output and contractile element work. Problems associated with the compartmentalization of the energy output of a contraction are discussed.
Structure identification and biological activities of a new polysaccharide isolated from Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Sing

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: Polysaccharide biology, whose core is the structure, function, and edible value of polysaccharides, is regarded as the last great scientific frontier outside the field of protein and nucleic acid research. Materials and Methods: In this study, highperformance gelpermeation chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis were performed to identify the structure of a new polysaccharide isolated from Lyophyllum decastes (Fr.) Sing (LDS-1). The anticancer and immunomodulatory ability of the polysaccharides (LDS-1) was also investigated. Results: The results showed that the average molecular weight of LDS-1 was 8681 Da, and the ratio between glucose and galactose was 2:1. Structural analysis revealed four (1 →4)-α-D-Glcp moieties with branches at 6-O position, and the branches consisted of two (1 →6)-β-D–Galp moieties. Our results showed that LDS-1 exhibits immunological activity. At a concentration ranging from 2.5 to 25 μg/mL, LDS-1 could distinctly promote the growth of T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, and RAW264.7 cells; increase the secretion of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, TNF-β, and interleukin-2, and enhance the phagocytotic activity of RAW264.7 cells to phagocytize fluorescent microspheres, when compared with the blank control group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, under in vitro conditions, LDS-1 (2.5-20 μg/mL) exhibited significant antineoplastic activity (P < 0.01) against colon cancer cells (CT26.WT) and S180 cells when compared with the blank control group. However, the inhibition effect was different. The research for antineoplastic activity of LDS-1 in vivo indicated that the tumor inhibition rate was 54.32%. Conclusion: In conclusion, the polysaccharides of LDS-1 exhibited good biological activities, which shows that it can be used as an immunomodulator and an antitumor agent.
Soil Preparation and Liming for Vegetable Gardens

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Probably the most physical part of vegetable gardening is preparing the soil for planting. In large gardens, mechanical equipment, such as rototillers or tractor-drawn plows, often is necessary, and it may be practical to rent such equipment or hire someone. However, in smaller gardens, the task can be accomplished with a spade, spading fork, or shovel. Much depends on the type of roots and vegetation that must be removed. This 2-page fact sheet was written by James M. Stephens and Guodong Liu, and published by the UF Department of Horticultural Sciences, June 2013. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/vh024
Stereology of the pterygopalatine ganglion of the rat.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The right pterygopalatine ganglia (PG) of 9 male Wistar-strain rats were dissected, embedded in Epon (3 specimens) or paraffin (6 specimens), and prepared for stereological examination under light microscopy. The perikarya were quantitatively characterized, and the ganglionic volume was determined. Stereology is an efficient method for the quantitative evaluation of the perikarya of the PG. The results(expressed as mean +/- standard deviation) were: a) areal fraction occupied by the perikarya = 53.8 +/- 7.4%; b) the perikaryal surface area per volume = 0.101 +/- 0.013 microns-1; c) the number of perikarya per volume x 10(-5) = 5.26 +/- 0.99 microns-3; d) the mean profile area of the perikarya (apk) = 505.93 +/- 78.29 microns 2; e) the mean perikaryal volume (vpk) = 9,179.33 +/- 1,533.52 microns 3; and f) the ganglionic volume = 0.210 +/- 0.127 mm3. The low coefficient of variation the apk and vpk values suggests the presence of only one population of neurons in the PG of the rat. The number of perikarya in the PG is about 11,046 per ganglion. As compared to analogous data in the otic ganglion of the rat, the PG did not show statistically significant stereological differences, but the relatively higher number of neurons found in the PG is probably associated with the higher functional activity of this ganglion.
Histogram Constraint Based Fast FCM Cluster Image Segmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Fussy c-mean cluster algorithm (FCM) is often used in image segmentation, but most FCM algorithm is time wasteful, for the purpose of improving segmentation efficiency, a fast segmentation algorithm based on histogram constraint is proposed. The new algorithm resample initial image to reduce data size, but reduction of data size space may cause distortion and make FCM converged to error threshold, in order to get best segmentation result, constraint based on distance deviation of histogram is incorporated. The initial histogram is smoothed to get its profile before calculating distance deviation, and its amplitude is transformed to a unified value. Correct resample ratio can be calculated from the changed histogram by golden section searching algorithm. Experiments are performed to validate the new fast FCM and the results shown that the segmentation result keeps in the same level with traditional FCM algorithm while the processing speed increases greatly. Compared with the other algorithms, the consumed time of our method is 1.0%-4.8% of traditional FCM algorithm, 3.4%-9.4% of 2D entropy algorithm and 5.1%-13.6% of Otsu algorithm, the average processing efficiency is 63, 22 and 15 times higher than above algorithms. The experiment results are consistent with theory and prove that distance deviation of histogram can reflect distortion degree of resample image, and the right segmentation can be deduced from reduced data.
Effective Communication and Collaboration in Project Management: a Study of the Use of Document Version Control in Higher Education

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Facilities planning in higher education necessitates collaborative efforts from various stakeholders working as a cohesive team. This study emphasizes the significance of implementing document version control to attain communication that is both effective and efficient while establishing a collaborative approach. The study advocates for Document Management Systems that allow for document sharing and should be a standardized tool for group document collaboration.
Analysis of the Evaluation Factors of Content Design for Learning Immersion in Museums Using Augmented Reality Technology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

본 연구는 증강 현실 기술을 활용한 박물관 환경에서 학습 몰입을 촉진하는 핵심 요소와 그 중요성 계층 평가를 목표로 한다. 이를 위해, 선행 연구를 통해 도출된 평가 요소들을 바탕으로 증강 현실 박물관에 방문한 방문객들을 대상으로 한 설문 조사를 실시하였다. SPSS 통계 프로그램을 사용하여 탐색적 요인 분석과 신뢰도 분석을 수행하여 평가 요소들의 구조적 유효성과 일관성을 보장하였다. 이어서, 전문가 평가를 기반으로 AHP 계층 분석 방법을 활용하여 각 요소의 중요성을 정렬하고 정량적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 상위 요인 중 '몰입체험 요인'의 중요성이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 하위 요소 중에서는 '몰입감', '흥미', '상호작용'이 가장 핵심적인 요소로, 증강 현실 기술을 활용한 박물관에서 방문객의 학습 몰입도를 향상시키는 데 유리함을 보여주었다. 본 연구가 제시하는 전략적 제안과 방안은 박물관의 전시 디자인을 최적화하여 방문객의 학습 몰입도를 향상시키고, AR 기술이 박물관 분야에서 보다 넓게 적용될 수 있는 효율적인 방법론을 모색하는 것을 목적으로 한다.
Measurement of benthic nutrient fluxes in mediterranean shellfish farms - a methodological approach

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Benthic chambers were used to investigate fluctuations in nutrient fluxes and oxygen changes when comparing two benthic biota. Muddy sediments located under mussel-cultivation ropes were compared with a station outside the mussels' influence. Biodeposition from the mussels results in a drastic increase in the nutrient fluxes. A standard procedure is established in order to give reliable comparisons between stations and seasons: as a rule it should include six-hour periods of incubation with sampling intervals of two hours and at least four benthic chambers - preferably six - at each station.