jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Mixmaster Universe in a generalized uncertainty principle framework

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Bianchi IX cosmological model is analyzed in a generalized uncertainty principle framework. The Arnowitt-Deser-Misner reduction of the dynamics is performed and a time-coordinate, namely the volume of the Universe, naturally arises. Such a variable is treated in the ordinary way while the anisotropies (the physical degrees of freedom) are described by a deformed Heisenberg algebra. The analysis of the model (passing through Bianchi I and II) is performed at classical level by studying the modifications induced on the symplectic geometry by the deformed algebra. We show that, the Universe can not isotropize because of the deformed Kasner dynamics, the triangular allowed domain is asymptotically stationary with respect to the particle (Universe) and its bounces against the walls are not interrupted by the deformed effects. Furthermore, no reflection law can be in general obtained since the Bianchi II model is no longer analytically integrable. This way, the deformed Mixmaster Universe can be still considered a chaotic system.
Bipinnatins K–Q, Minor Cembrane-Type Diterpenes from the West Indian Gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia kallos: Isolation, Structure Assignment, and Evaluation of Biological Activities

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An extensive chemical study of the secondary metabolites found in the crude organic extract of the gorgonian octocoral Pseudopterogorgia kallos has led to the isolation of seven new cembranolides, bipinnatins K-Q ( 2- 8), and one known compound, bipinnatin E ( 9). The molecular structures of compounds 2- 8, many of which contain unusual structural features, were assigned mainly by 2D NMR spectroscopic methods and X-ray crystallographic analysis. The discovery of compounds 2- 8 may lend support to previously proposed mechanisms for the biosynthesis of recently isolated bioactive natural products from the same gorgonian specimen. The in vitro cytotoxicity of bipinnatins 4, 6, and 7 against the NCI tumor cells MCF breast cancer, NCI-H460 non-small cell lung cancer, and SF-268 CNS cancer was evaluated. However, only bipinnatin Q ( 6) displayed significant cytotoxic activity. Some of the compounds isolated proved to be inhibitors of acetylcholine receptors.
When ivory came from the seas. On some traits of the trade of raw and carved sea-mammal ivories in the Middle Ages

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Even if it played a part, it is not so much the lesser availability of elephant ivory as the Norse expansion in the Northern Atlantic that brought the success of walrus ivory throughout Western Europe and far beyond. The strength of demand did not only bring the extinction of the species in Iceland, but it was also, most probably, one of the main drivers of the sustained Norse settlement of Greenland. Maybe for the first time, at least for such an important luxury production, the division between the places the commodity was gathered and those it was processed is complete. The main workshops were in Norway, mostly in Trondheim, but also in Germany, in England, long after the end of the Danelaw, and even in France and in Castila. Raw tusks were traded, but also carved ivories, which sometimes went back to the initial collection point. Another ivory exported from the Arctic seas, narwhal teeth are even more problematic. The Greenland Norse probably never were in contact with the live sea mammal, but would find its inidentifiable body, or fragments of it, on the shore, after the animals had been eaten by killer whales.
Mechanism of Apoptosis Induced by Curcumin in Colorectal Cancer

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the top three cancer with higher incident and mortality rate worldwide. It is estimated that about over than 1.1 million of death and 2.2 million new cases by the year 2030. The current treatment modalities with the usage of chemo drugs such as FOLFOX and FOLFIRI, surgery and radiotherapy, which are usually accompanied with major side effects, are rarely cured along with poor survival rate and at higher recurrence outcome. This trigger the needs of exploring new natural compounds with anti-cancer properties which possess fewer side effects. Curcumin, a common spice used in ancient medicine was found to induce apoptosis by targeting various molecules and signaling pathways involved in CRC. Disruption of the homeostatic balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis could be one of the promoting factors in colorectal cancer progression. In this review, we describe the current knowledge of apoptosis regulation by curcumin in CRC with regard to molecular targets and associated signaling pathways.
Predictors of Behavioural Support of Tanzania Tourist Destination Branding: Does Engagement of Local Residents Matter?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Destination branding plays a cardinal role in building tourist sector competitiveness. However, while destination branding is considered an inclusive process, very little is known on how local residents can be motivated to offer support towards the inclusive successful destination branding. Therefore, this study adopts a supply-side perspective to explore the role of engagement in achieving inclusive successful destination branding while involving local residents. The study used structured questionnaires that were self-administered in gathering data from 302 respondents who are owners-managers of services organisations in the tourism sector and were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling(SEM). It is confirmed in this study that destination branding is an inclusive process; therefore, behavioural support is promoted through investing in local residents’ engagement which builds destination identification. On top of that, behavioural support towards destination branding is an outcome of the exchange process between local residents and Destination Marketing Organisation (DMO), therefore, destination identification is a role-based identity expressed by local residents.
Don't we forget about biological therapy of hypercholesterolemia with PCSK9-inhibitors?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In many patients it is difficult to achieve the current very low target LDL-cholesterol levels, recommended for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. If statin therapy or statins in combination with ezetimibe are not sufficient, addition of PCSK9 inhibitors should be considered. PCSK9 inhibitors reduce LDL-CH by an average of 50-60 % and reduce the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. They are currently reserved for patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and for patients with familial hypercholesterolaemia, in whom despite intensive hypolipidemic therapy statins with ezetimibe the target LDL-cholesterol value is not reached. In these patients, PCSK9 inhibitors may also be indicated in case of statin intolerance.
Experimental Demonstration of T:(G:G:G:G):T Hexad and T:A:A:T Tetrad\nAlignments within a DNA Quadruplex Stem

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A template-based approach was used to design unprecedented architectural motifs into a known\nDNA framework. The structure formed by the sequence d(GCGGTTGGAT) in 0.1 M Na<sup>+</sup> solution has\nbeen determined using molecular dynamics simulations constrained by distance and dihedral restraints\nderived from NMR experiments. The molecular topology has been previously observed for the sequence\nd(GCGGTGGAT) (Webba da Silva, M. (2003) <i>Biochemistry</i> <i>42</i>, 14356−65). Insertion of a single thymine\ninto the double chain reversal formed by the segment GGTGG results in the unprecedented experimental\ndemonstration of a T:(G:G:G:G):T hexad. The bi-stranded hexad results from the pairing alignment of\ntwo G(T−G) triads. Each triad results from recognition of the sheared edge of a guanine by the Watson−Crick edge of a thymine of the segment GGTTGG. The alignment is stabilized by base-stacking of the\nthymine to the sugar pucker of the preceding thymine. The latter is involved in formation of the T:A:A:T\ntetrad alignment by forming a hydrogen bond with the free amino proton of a Watson−Crick aligned\nA:A mispair. We have thus established that residues in double chain reversal loops linking juxtaposed\ntetrads of a quadruplex stem may facilitate formation of yet unknown hydrogen bond alignments. By\nemploying a systematic approach analysis of sequence motifs appearing in double chain reversals, bridging\ntetrad layers should allow for the prediction of topologies and architectural motifs appearing in biologically\nrelevant genomic regions.
Map position of dysgenetic lens (dyl) locus on chromosome 4 in the mouse

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary The autosomal recessive gene, dysgenetic lens ( dyl ) in the mouse has been mapped on chromosome 4. Two- and three-point crosses involving b (brown) and Mup -1 (Major urinary protein-1) indicate the following gene order: dyl–b–Mup -1. The approximate distance between dyl and b is 12 and between dyl and Mup -1 is 20 cM.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Highly Chemoselective α‐Iodination of N‐Allylic Carboxamides and Lactams.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Leukocyte Labeling in Rats during and after Continuous Infusion of Tritiated Thymidine: Implications for Lymphocyte Longevity and DNA Reutilization

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Leukocyte labeling was studied in rats during and after continuous intravenous infusion of H3-thymidine. The radioisotope was administered for varying periods up to 271 days. The results permit the following conclusions: 1. The median survival of small lymphocytes is about 1 month. Five to 8 per cent of small lymphocytes have a life span of more than 9 months. 2. Following the administration of H3-thymidine, reutilization of the tracer markedly delays the fall-off of labeled cells in the peripheral blood. Reutilization probably involves H3-thymidine released from labeled DNA during cell death, since suppression occurs with massive infusion of non-labeled thymidine. 3. Unlike granulocytes and large lymphocytes, small lymphocytes label nonuniformly, and appear to be comprised of at least two populations with different intensities of labeling and different turnover rates. The more heavily labeled cells have the faster turnover. 4. The complexity of the labeling process indicated by the present observations must be considered in the interpretation of H3-thymidine data. However, the survival of unlabeled cells during continuous H3-thymidine infusion remains a valid means of measuring the life spans of circulating blood cells.
B-Lymphoid Blast Phase–Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Current Therapeutics

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Blast crisis (BC) is one of the most dreaded complications of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Fortunately, the incidence of BC has diminished markedly in the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) era. The primary objective of initial treatment in BC is to achieve a second chronic phase (CP) and to proceed to an allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) in eligible patients. The clinical outcome of patients with CML BC remains unsatisfactory, even with highly potent TKIs, as remissions are short lived and there is an unmet need for novel therapies. We provide a comprehensive summary reviewing the current management of Lymphoid BC.
Neural networks and static voltage stability in power systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A power system is an interconnected network of mainly generation, transmission/distribution, and consumption of electrical energy. The steady-state operation of maintaining voltage stability is done by switching various controllers scattered all over the network. Some of the common controllers are the PV or generation buses voltage magnitudes, static reactive power (VAR) compensators, and under load tap transformers. When a contingency occurs, whether forced or unforced, the dispatcher in the energy control center is to alleviate the problem in a minimum time, cost, and effort. Persistent problem may lead to blackout. The dispatcher is to have the appropriate switching of controllers in terms of type, location, and size to remove the contingency and maintain voltage stability. Wrong switching may worsen the problem and that may lead to blackout. Thus, to do this intricate and delicate switching is a challenging task and requires highly experienced dispatcher. This work proposed and used an artificial neural network (ANN) to assist the dispatcher in the decision making.
Data from Phase I/II Study of the WEE1 Inhibitor Adavosertib (AZD1775) in Combination with Carboplatin in Children with Advanced Malignancies: Arm C of the AcSé-ESMART Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>AbstractPurpose:<p>AcSé-ESMART Arm C aimed to define the recommended dose and activity of the WEE1 inhibitor adavosertib in combination with carboplatin in children and young adults with molecularly enriched recurrent/refractory malignancies.</p>Patients and Methods:<p>Adavosertib was administered orally, twice every day on Days 1 to 3 and carboplatin intravenously on Day 1 of a 21-day cycle, starting at 100 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/dose and AUC 5, respectively. Patients were enriched for molecular alterations in cell cycle and/or homologous recombination (HR).</p>Results:<p>Twenty patients (median age: 14.0 years; range: 3.4–23.5) were included; 18 received 69 treatment cycles. Dose-limiting toxicities were prolonged grade 4 neutropenia and grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia requiring transfusions, leading to two de-escalations to adavosertib 75 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/dose and carboplatin AUC 4; no recommended phase II dose was defined. Main treatment-related toxicities were hematologic and gastrointestinal. Adavosertib exposure in children was equivalent to that in adults; both doses achieved the cell kill target. Overall response rate was 11% (95% confidence interval, 0.0–25.6) with partial responses in 2 patients with neuroblastoma. One patient with medulloblastoma experienced unconfirmed partial response and 5 patients had stable disease beyond four cycles. Seven of these eight patients with clinical benefit had alterations in HR, replication stress, and/or RAS pathway genes with or without TP53 alterations, whereas TP53 pathway alterations alone (8/10) or no relevant alterations (2/10) were present in the 10 patients without benefit.</p>Conclusions:<p>Adavosertib–carboplatin combination exhibited significant hematologic toxicity. Activity signals and identified potential biomarkers suggest further studies with less hematotoxic DNA-damaging therapy in molecularly enriched pediatric cancers.</p></div>
Maximizing dynamic range of microwave kinetic inductance detectors through high-speed tone tracking

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs) operate through means of a superconducting resonator that changes resonant frequency and quality factor when incident photons are absorbed in the superconducting material. Incident power on MKIDs is determined by reading out the phase and amplitude of a tone injected into each detector. However, if the incident power on an MKID changes too drastically and the resonant frequency moves too far from the probe tone, amplitude information becomes useless and the detector is effectively out of commission until a VNA sweep is used to relocate resonances. Here we present the designs and preliminary results of a tone-tracking firmware that uses phase information to maintain an on-resonance probe tone at all times, removing the need for time-intensive VNA sweeps during observations and effectively maximizing the dynamic range of MKIDs. We will conclude with a discussion on future NASA missions that hope implement this tone-tracking design.
Occipitocervical Fusion for Severe Atlantoaxial Dislocation in an Underdeveloped Child with Chondrodysplasia Punctata

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Case: We present a case of brachytelephalangic chondrodysplasia punctata with a severe atlantoaxial dislocation in an underdeveloped child. The patient underwent halo jacket application using 10 halo pins with <1 lb/in 2 of torque, followed by posterior occipitocervical fusion with onlay rib and iliac autografts. After bone grafts and replacement of the halo ring multiple times, successful osseous fusion had been achieved by the 2-year follow-up. Conclusion: Although simple bone-grafting with a halo jacket is useful in underdeveloped patients with skeletal dysplasia, the complications related to halo fixation, including cranial bone perforation, and the patient’s neurological status must be carefully monitored.
Robust control of a high temperature multiburner heating plant

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The design of robust linear and nonlinear controllers for a multiburner heating plant commonly seen in industry is described. First a nonlinear controller design based on sliding mode theory is developed. A nonlinear observer is used for state estimation and the resulting nonlinear controller-observer pair is implemented on a nonlinear simulation facility. An H∞ approach is employed to design a linear robust controller. The nonlinear simulation results for this controller are also shown. Finally, a quantative comparison between the performance of both controllers is presented.
(Dimethylamino)methylene hydantoins as building blocks in the synthesis of oxoaplysinopsins and parabanic acids with antifungal activity

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A one-pot reaction of methyl N -aryl and N -benzylglycinates with isocyanates and DMFDMA led to 5-(dimethylamino)methylene hydantoins, which were converted into oxoaplysinopsines and parabanic acids. These compounds exhibit a high antifungal activity.
The effect of phase composition of Ti-20 at % Cr alloy on its anodic activation in the chloride and bromide solutions

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effect of phase composition of Ti-20 at % Cr alloy on its anodic behavior in the solutions containing aggressive Cl− and Br− anions and, for comparison, non-aggressive SO 4 2− anion is studied. Different phase compositions of the alloy were obtained by using different modes of heat treatment. The features of anodic behavior of alloys with various phase compositions are related to the electrochemical properties of titanium and chromium, their tendency to passivation and breakdown of passivity in the presence of various anions.
Science and Religion

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The science–religion interaction spans so many fields, years, sources, etc., that a comprehensive view is no small task. This survey will be especially oriented to the discussion that has grown primarily out of the intellectual tradition of Western Christendom, but which aspires to universality. The Western Christian discussion, of course, profited in the late medieval era from Arabic transmission of Greek texts, whether pagan or Christian, as well as more distinctively Islamic and Jewish contributions. The Western Christian tradition, however, ultimately took some dramatic turns in response to the 16th-century Protestant Reformation and its aftermath. The history of science lately has produced many informed and balanced treatments. One important theme is the rejection of “Whiggish” history, which portrays the past with a bias to ratify the present. Instead, one must aim to enter sympathetically into the mindsets of the historical actors. Can one then return to the present in a more critical way? One major task of philosophy is to assess the types and bases of knowledge claims in other disciplines. Thus, the philosophy of science and the philosophy of religion, broadly construed to include certain traditional parts of theology (prolegomena, apologetics), are relevant, as is much of medieval philosophy. Besides sciences and theologies (including church history), one thus also needs an adequate command of the history of science, the philosophy of science, the sociology of science, and relevant parts of general intellectual history. Such, at least, were some of the aspirations involved in this article’s compilation. The question of whether science(s) has, or needs, a logic is important. Certainly, deductive logic is inadequate. Bayesianism, making systematic use of the probability calculus, might be adequate. A key issue is Hume’s problem of induction. Many philosophers agree that it cannot be solved, and some—generally those who are still working on a solution—think that the lack of a solution would render science no more justifiable than fortune telling (or Bible reading, for that matter) as a source of beliefs. This article is organized more or less chronologically in terms of the issues discussed, forming a selective slice of the intellectual history of the West since the medieval period, while encouraging critical reflection using methodological insights available in the early 21st century. It is hoped that this organization facilitates both a non-Whiggish history and a useful critical understanding for contemporary application.
Discordance rate of PD-L1 expression between primary and metastatic lesions in urothelial carcinoma (UC).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

493 Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) targeting PD-1 or PD-L1 are effective in select patients with advanced UC. High PD-L1 expression enriches for response to ICIs; however, the predictive value of PD-L1 expression is limited, which may be due in part to dynamic expression of PD-L1 in the tumor environment. We sought to characterize PD-L1 expression in primary UC and paired metastatic lesions to gain insight into the potential temporal discordance of tumor PD-L1 expression during the metastatic process. Methods: Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining for PD-L1 using the SP-142 antibody was performed on primary tumors and matched metastatic specimens in 83 patients with advanced UC. IHC staining was scored for the percentage of cells positive ( < 5%, ≥5%) in tumor cell (TC) and immune cell (IC) compartments. Correlation of PD-L1 expression in TCs and ICs was estimated using Spearman’s correlation coefficients (ρ). Cohen’s kappa statistics (κ) were utilized to assess the agreement in PD-L1 expression between groups. Results: High (≥5%) PD-L1 expression in primary and metastatic biopsies, respectively, was observed in 6.1% and 14.6% of TCs and in 7.8% and 11.7% of ICs. High co-expression of PD-L1 in both TC and IC compartments was infrequent in primary and metastatic lesions (3.6% and 2.6%, respectively). PD-L1 expression in TCs was positively correlated with PD-L1 expression in ICs in primary tumors (ρ = 0.47) and in metastatic lesions (ρ = 0.27). TC PD-L1 expression in primary tumors was correlated with TC PD-L1 expression in paired metastatic lesions (ρ = 0.44) but there was minimal agreement in high expression rates between primary and metastatic lesions in the TC compartment (κ = 0.147). IC PD-L1 expression in primary tumors was not correlated with IC PD-L1 expression in paired metastatic lesions (ρ = 0.05) and there was poor agreement in high expression rates between primary and metastatic lesions in the IC compartment (κ = 0.086). Conclusions: High PD-L1 IC expression is temporally discordant between primary and metastatic UC lesions. Future studies of PD-1/PD-L1 targeted therapies in patients with metastatic UC should utilize recent biopsies of metastatic lesions to define PD-L1 expression when feasible.