jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Parodies of Ownership

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"What is the relationship between hip-hop and African American culture in the post-Civil Rights era? Does hip-hop share a criticism of American culture or stand as an isolated and unique phenomenon? How have African American texts responded to the increasing role intellectual property law plays in regulating images, sounds, words, and logos? Parodies of Ownership examines how contemporary African American writers, artists, and musicians have developed an artistic form that Schur terms "hip-hop aesthetics." This book offers an in-depth examination of a wide range of contemporary African American painters and writers, including Anna Deavere Smith, Toni Morrison, Adrian Piper, Colson Whitehead, Michael Ray Charles, Alice Randall, and Fred Wilson. Their absence from conversations about African American culture has caused a misunderstanding about the nature of contemporary cultural issues and resulted in neglect of their innovative responses to the post-Civil Rights era. By considering their work as a cross-disciplinary and specifically African American cultural movement, Schur shows how a new paradigm for artistic creation has developed."--Publisher's description
Downregulation of GLI3 Expression Mediates Chemotherapy Resistance in Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Aberrant activation of the hedgehog (HH) pathway is observed in many neoplasms, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The glioma-associated oncogene homolog (GLI) transcription factors are the main downstream effectors of the HH signaling cascade and are responsible for the proliferation and maintenance of leukemic stem cells, which support chemotherapy resistance and leukemia relapse. Cytarabine (Ara-C)-resistant variants of AML cell lines were established through long-term cultivation with successively increasing Ara-C concentrations. Subsequently, differences in GLI expression were analyzed by RT-qPCR. GLI3 mRNA levels were detectable in parental Kasumi-1, OCI-AML3, and OCI-AML5 cells, whereas GLI3 expression was completely silenced in all resistant counterparts. Therefore, we generated GLI3-knockdown cell lines using small hairpin RNAs (shRNA) and evaluated their sensitivity to Ara-C in vitro. The knockdown of GLI3 partly abolished the effect of Ara-C on colony formation and induction of apoptosis, indicating that GLI3 downregulation results in Ara-C resistance. Moreover, we analyzed the expression of several genes involved in Ara-C metabolism and transport. Knockdown of GLI3 resulted in the upregulation of SAM and HD domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), cytidine deaminase (CDA), and ATP-binding cassette C11 (ABCC11)/multidrug resistance-associated protein 8 (MRP8), each of which has been identified as a predictive marker for Ara-C response in acute myeloid leukemia. Our results demonstrate that GLI3 downregulation is a potential mechanism to induce chemotherapy resistance in AML.
EFFECT OF CALCIUM LEVEL AND TRACE MINERALS ON THE RESPONSE OF YOUNG PIGS TO UNIDENTIFIED GROWTH FACTORS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Variable results have been reported when different sources of unidentified growth factors have been fed to early weaned pigs and to growing and finishing swine. Gard et al. (1955) using weanling pigs fed purified diets, reported no clear cut evidence that dried brewers yeast, dried whey or menhaden fish solubles contained unidentified growth factors; but, a grass juice concentrate produced significant growth responses. Noland et al. 1955 reported variable results with condensed tuna fish solubles but obtained a significant growth response from cod liver mycelium. Meade (1956) reported that the addition of several sources of unidentified growth factors in pig starters did not result in a consistent increase in gains. In contrast, recent studies with chicks (Camp et al., 1956; Morrison et al., 1956; Supplee et al., 1956) have shown that several sources of unidentified growth factors as well as the ash of these growth factors will stimulate growth in chicks when added to purified diets. The objectives of this study were: (1) to formulate and test a “semi-purified” diet suitable for studying various sources of unidentified growth factors; (2) to study various levels of minerals as they effect the response to unidentified growth factors; (3) to study the effect of various crude and pure sources of unidentified growth factors on the young pig. This study was composed of five experiments in which early weaned pigs 21 days of age were fed for a period of 6 to 10 weeks. These pigs averaged about 10 lb. initially and were allotted
Spinal Subdural Hematoma following Epidural Anesthesia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The spinal subdural space is an avascular, potential space and is a rare location for intraspinal hematomas. Compared to spinal epidural hematomas, spinal subdural hematomas are uncommonly described complications of lumbar puncture for spinal or epidural anesthesia, particularly in patients who have no pre-existing bleeding disorders or history of antiplatelet or anticoagulant intake. We describe a 19-year-old girl who had a large thoracolumbar spinal subdural hematoma following epidural anesthesia for elective cholecystectomy with no pre-existing bleeding diathesis that caused rapidly developing paraplegia that evolved over the next 2 days following surgery. Nine days after the initial surgery she underwent multilevel laminectomy and surgical evacuation with eventual satisfactory recovery. Even epidural anesthesia without thecal sac violation can result in bleeding in the spinal subdural space. The possible sources of bleed in this space may be from injury to an interdural vein or extravasation of subarachnoid bleed into the subdural space. When neurological deficits occur, prompt imaging is mandatory and early evacuation yields gratifying results.
Community participation and health care priorities: reflections on policy, theatre and reality in Britain

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In recent years, the British government has attempted to make the finite nature of publicly funded health care explicit and to involve the 'public' in discussions about which treatments (or indeed patients) should be given priority over others. This article considers the nature of the new political emphasis upon local participation through an analysis of policy and illustrative reference to a system of participatory forums in the field of mental health planning developed in an area of southern England. The tendency by the health authority in question not to respond to many of the issues raised by the forums illustrates two characteristics of the health service in Britain. Firstly, there continues to exist a political, managerial and clinical hegemony within the service such that health authorities tend not to have to account for the weight they attach to local views or the manner in which such preferences are measured against other imperatives and considerations. In a second respect, the simplistic notion of the 'purchase' of health care by health authorities on behalf of local populations is problematic. Health authorities are faced with a panoply of political, statutory and bureaucratic requirements that preclude activity in accordance with 'market forces'. This in turn renders the idea of local 'advice' to purchasers considerably more complex than the associated political rhetoric intimates.
[Use of anabolic androgenic steroids, growth hormone and erythropoietin by patients in general practice].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The use and side effects of AAS are commonly reported in general practice, whereas the use and side effects of GH and EPO seem to be uncommon. Their use is mainly by men under 40 years of age. The use of AAS is often connected with dermatological and musculoskeletal side effects. It is recommended also to consider possible use of AASs when consulted by a patient with unexplained symptoms of cardiovascular disease, psychological or sexual dysfunction, gynaecomastia or liver dysfunction.
Possible Role for Cryostabilizers in Preventing Protein and Lipid Alterations in Frozen-Stored Minced Muscle of Atlantic Mackerel

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Adding DE 18 maltodextrin (80 g kg(-1)) to high-fat minced mackerel was highly effective against lipid oxidation and protein and color changes during frozen storage. It increased the temperature of ice-melting onset (Tm') and decreased freeze concentration of solutes in the unfrozen water (UFW) phase, which would have allowed it to effectively slow such perturbations. This maltodextrin showed a higher effectiveness against lipid oxidation, but was slightly less effective in preventing the loss of protein solubility than common cryoprotectants, that is, an equiproportional mixture of sucrose and sorbitol. Such differences in effectiveness were much higher in low-fat minces, in which lipid oxidation proceeded to a much lower extent. Consequently, prior to replacing traditional cryoprotectants with maltodextrins, it should be known which processes limit the shelf life of the food. Decreasing (from 80 to 50 g kg(-1)) the proportion of maltodextrin added to high-fat minced mackerel showed that although it affected only slightly the effectiveness against lipid oxidation, it did notably affect the effectiveness in preventing the loss of protein solubility and color changes. Therefore, such a decrease could be accepted only if lipid oxidation is the most limiting process of shelf life, but does not seem appropriate when protein changes are important.
Cervical screening and artificial intelligence

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Currently, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in gynecology is at the initial stage of its implementation. To date, cervical cancer (cervical cancer) is the second most common malignant tumor. Untimely diagnosis of the disease has a serious impact primarily in remote regions of the country, which is directly related to the lack of laboratory equipment, difficulties in transporting materials, as well as the lack of highly qualified cytologists and colposcopists. AI-based programs for reading cytological images, HPV identification and colposcopy have been created to date, which makes it possible to increase the availability of visual screening for women throughout the country, including those living in remote regions. In addition, it helps to improve the timely diagnosis of breast cancer in women through cervical screening using AI systems. The review presents the main categories of AI, including machine learning methods, and includes foreign and domestic research on AI-based technologies for performing cytological examination and colposcopy, published between 2019 and 2024. The search for literature sources was conducted on the PubMed platform. The search queries included the following keywords: “cervical screening”, “artificial intelligence in gynecology”, “artificial intelligence in colposcopy”, “artificial intelligence in cervical screening". It was found that AI programs for the interpretation of Pap smear (Al-Pap) are 5.8% more sensitive to the detection of CIN2+ than manual counting with a slight decrease in specificity. In studies based on AI processing of colposcopic images, the percentage of coincidence between the results and the histological conclusion was higher than when interpreted by specialist doctors by 16.64%. When identifying HSIL+ with artificial intelligence, a higher sensitivity was revealed, 11.5% higher than the conclusion of the colposcopist, while the specificity was practically comparable. The Russian Federation is actively developing a domestic digital portable colposcope on the basis of the Samara State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, together with specialists from the Almazov National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, as well as the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University for reading and interpreting colposcopic images.
Midline cleft of the upper and lower lips

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Midline clefts of both upper and lower lip are extremely uncommon. Couronne reported the first case in 1819, and fewer than 80 cases have been discovered in the literature to date. The incidence is about 1:1,000,000 births. This case report describes a 5-year-old male boy having midline cleft of the upper and lower lip and cheiloplasty done by local advancement flap.
Licentiate Examinations in English Speaking Developed Countries USA, UK as Against Proposed National Exit Test (NExT) as a Licentiate Examination in India – A Narrative Review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract The global expansion of knowledge and culture has led to increased migration of medical professionals across nations. To ensure the quality and standard of medical practice, countries have implemented licentiate examinations to assess the eligibility of Foreign Medical Graduates (FMGs). In this context, India’s vast number of medical schools and its role as the largest global supplier of trained health manpower necessitate the introduction of a National Licentiate Examination. This study compares the proposed Indian licentiate exam with similar tests in the U.S. and U.K., considering the rapid evolution of medical education standards in developed countries. As of September 2023, over 700 Indian medical schools are listed in the World Federation of Medical Education directory, reflecting the recognition of India’s National Medical Commission. The National Exit Test (NExT), proposed to standardize medical education and assess both Indian graduates and FMGs, is crucial given the 54% increase in medical schools between 1995 and 2003. Comparative appraisal of NExT with existing licentiate exams in the U.S. and U.K. is essential to ensure India aligns with international standards and maintains its role as a global leader in health manpower training.
Macrozoobenthos and sediment composition in the North Sea and the Wadden Sea near the Island of Sylt between 1992 and 2002

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In order to log the temporal development of macrozoobenthos populations, three coastal areas of the North Sea and the Wadden Sea near Sylt were sampled at least once a year in autumn. Each area was subdivided into four subunits about 1-2 km apart from each other, and each subunit was sampled by six box cores. These cores were analysed for both macrozoobenthos and the granulometric sediment composition.After six years we started to compare the benthos data with data from larger-scale spatial sampling. It turned out that local sampling sites of a few km² failed to adequately describe population development on a regional scale (tens of km) in most of the species, i.e. spatial extrapolation is not possible in the highly dynamic shallows of the North Sea. As a consequence, this sampling program ceased in 2002 and was replaced by a 9,000 km² sampling grid from 2003 onwards - see doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.870467
Effects of VPA in combination with HA14-1 on a Bcl-2 overexpressed leukemia cell line BALL-1

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

AIM: To observe the effects of valproic acid(VPA) and HA14-1 on Bcl-2 overexpressed leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo.METHODS:(1) Cells were divided into control group,HA14-1 group,VPA group and HA14-1+VPA group.The apoptotic rate,the mean fluorescent index(MFI) of Bcl-2,the levels of caspase 3,8 and 9 were detected with FCM.(2) 24 h after transplantation with BALL-1,the NOD/SCID mice were divided into 4 groups as(1),then the survival time was compared.The expression of CD19 in the peripheral blood cells,bone marrows,livers,spleens and lungs of each group was detected.RESULTS:(1) The apoptotic rate in HA14-1+VPA group was(76.5±6.9)%,this was significantly elevated compared to the data in other groups(P0.01).In HA14-1 group and combination group,there were lower Bcl-2 and higher caspase 9 and caspase 3 levels,compared with other two groups.Between these two groups the above three index were also significant different(P0.01).(2) The survival time of the combination group was(87.5±4.5) days,significantly longer than that in any other groups.The expression of CD19 in detected organs in combination group was lower than that in control or single treatment group.CONCLUSION: Combination of HA14-1 with VPA can overcome resistence to VPA in leukemia cells of high Bcl-2 level.
A Study on the Reliability and Validity of Seoul-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living(S-IADL)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives：Seoul-Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (S-IADL) was developed to assess elderly person’s instrumental everyday activities. This study aims to develop standardized IADL assessment scale and to confirm the reliability and validity of the S-IADL. Methods：The 336 controls were included in standardization study. Reliability and validity of S-IADL were tested by 72 Alzheimer’s disease patients and 72 controls matched to age, sex, and education. We also conducted Receiver Operating Characteristics curve for sensitivity and specificity of S-IADL. Results：Because of positively skewed distribution of S-IADL, standardization data were presented using 1SD and 2SD value. Internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and interrater reliability were statistically significant. Principal axis factoring analysis revealed two factors that accounted for 59.95% of the total variance, and second factor was items sensitive to sex (3.preparing food/cooking, 4.household chores). S-IADL was correlated significantly with other standardized cognitive measures, demonstrating good convergent validity. With a cut-off point of 8, the S-IADL had a sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 93.1% in the diagnosis of dementia. Also, with a 2SD standardized data, sensitivity was 81.9% and specificity was 93.1%. Conclusion：Our study showed that the S-IADL could be a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of functional disabilities of Korean dementia patients. Particularly, S-IADL had higher sensitivity and specificity than other IADL instruments, suggesting that it is useful to early detection of dementia
Sensitive Tumor Cell Line for Annonaceous Acetogenins and High Therapeutic Efficacy at a Low Dose for Choriocarcinoma Therapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Annonaceous acetogenins (ACGs) have attracted much attention because of excellent antitumor activity. However, the lack of selectivity and the accompanying serious toxicity have eventually prevented ACGs from entering clinical application. To decrease the side effects of ACGs, the cytotoxicity of ACGs on 10 types of tumor cell lines was investigated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) test to identify one that was very sensitive to ACGs. Meanwhile, ACGs nanoparticles (ACGs-NPs) were prepared using poloxamer 188 (P188) as an excipient so as to solve the problem of poor solubility and the in vivo delivery of ACGs. ACG-NPs were 163.9±2.5 nm in diameter, negatively charged, and spherical with a high drug loading content (DLC) of 44.9±1.2%. MTS assays demonstrated that ACGs had strong cytotoxicity against JEG-3, HeLa, SiHa, MCF-7, A375, A2058, A875, U-118MG, LN- 229, and A431 cells, among which JEG-3 cell line was extremely sensitive to ACGs with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 0.26 ng/mL, a very encouraging discovery. ACGs-NPs demonstrated very good dose-dependent antitumor efficacy in a broad range of 45?1200 μg/kg on JEG-3 tumor-bearing mice. At a very low dose (1200 μg/kg), ACGs-NPs achieved a high tumor inhibition rate (TIR) of 77.6% through oral administration, displaying a significant advantage over paclitaxel (PTX) injections that are currently used as first-line anti-choriocarcinoma drugs. In the acute toxicity study, the half lethal dose (LD50) of ACGs-NPs was 135.5 mg/kg, which was over 100 times as of the effective antitumor dose, indicating good safety of ACGs-NPs. ACGs-NPs show promise as a new type of and potent anti-choriocarcinoma drug in the future.
Hepatitis E Virus Genotype 3 in Shellfish, United Kingdom

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bivalve mollusks (shellfish), such as mussels and oysters, are filter feeders; they concentrate microorganisms of human and animal origin (up to 100×) from the surrounding environment. Several recent reports have linked the incidence of human infection with hepatitis E virus (HEV) to consumption of undercooked pork, game products, and shellfish (1,2). Infectious HEV has been found in swine manure and wastewater (3); therefore, application of manure to land and subsequent runoff could contaminate coastal water, leading to contamination of shellfish and, subsequently, possible human infection.
Local convergence of Cauchy-type methods under hypotheses on the first derivative

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We present a local convergence analysis of Cauchy-type methods free of the second derivative using hypotheses only on the first derivative. In earlier studies such as Amat et al. (2003, 2008), Hernández and Salanova (1999), Jarratt (1996), Kou (2007), Parhi and Gupta (2007), Rall (1979) and Ren et al. (2009) hypotheses up to the fourth derivative have been used to show convergence although the method requires evaluations of the function and its derivative. This way we extend the applicability of these methods. Numerical examples are provided in this study where earlier results cannot apply but the new results can apply to solve equations.
Intrinsic and Environmental Effects in the Structure and Magnetic Properties of Organic Molecular Magnets:  Bis(imino)nitroxide

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The structure, conformational behavior, and magnetic coupling constant of a prototypical organic molecular magnet (the bis(imino)nitroxide) have been investigated in vacuo and in solution, combining a recent density functional theory/Hartree−Fock model with a refined continuum description of the solvent. Comparison with previous sophisticated computations for a simplified model shows that our approach provides reliable magnetic couplings for a wide range (0−2000 cm-1) of interactions between the radical subunits. The computations performed for the true compound at the experimental conformation show that structural and magnetic parameters are in remarkable agreement with experiment. Solvent effects are negligible concerning the magnetic coupling but modify the conformational behavior leading to an inter-ring torsional angle in better agreement with the experimental value.
Supplemental Table 3 from An Immunogenetic Signature of Ongoing Antigen Interactions in Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphoma Expressing IGHV1-2*04 Receptors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>IGK/L rearrangements'intraclonal diversification characteristics. Counts, distribution, hotspot targeting of confirmed/unconfirmed mutations and respective amino acid changes across gene groups and IGLV subregions.</p>
Partially observable restless bandits with restarts: indexability and computation of Whittle index

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

We consider restless bandits with restarts, where the state of the active arms resets according to a known probability distribution while the state of the passive arms evolves in a Markovian manner. We assume that the state of the arm is observed after it is reset but not observed otherwise. We show that the model is indexable and propose an efficient algorithm to compute the Whittle index by exploiting the qualitative properties of the optimal policy. A detailed numerical study of machine repair models shows that Whittle index policy outperforms myopic policy and is close to optimal policy.