jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The effect of disinfectants on the surface quality of irreversible hydrocolloid impression material and gypsum cast

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate the changes in the surface quality of irreversible hydrocolloid impression materialhydrogum following disinfection with 0.525% sodium hypochlorite, 0.2% Chlorehexidine Gluconate, and 4%Povidone Iodine.Methodology: Forty specimens of alginate impression materials hydrogum were fabricated according to theISO 1563 and were divided into four groups according to the method of solution dipping: group 1: Dip in0.525% sodium hypochlorite, group 2: Dip in 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, Group 3: Dip in 4% Povidone Iodine,Group 4: No treatment with any solution (control group). Then the specimens were poured in type II stone.Surface detail was determined using a stainless steel block in accordance with ISO 1563.Results: The results were subjected to Kruskal – Wallis non parametric test showed no statistical significantdifference in the effect of the disinfection solution on the surface detail quality (P – value 0.392, at p> 0.05).However, the surface quality of the specimens disinfected by sodium hypochlorite showed some degree oferosion or damage to the surface quality of the resultant cast, but the difference was not statisticallysignificant.Recommendations: make microbiological study to evaluate the effect of disinfectant solutions on differentmicroorganisms present in the oral cavity and evaluate the hardness of impression material following the useof disinfectant solutions.
The influence of variations in salinity levels on the biocementing process on soil improvement of liquefaction potential

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This article presents an innovative method of soil improvement cementing to increase the shearing strength of very loose sand with 10% relative density (Dr) in saline conditions. Salt in saline soils destroys the stability of stable soils. In contrast, the salt content reduces the level of homogenization of unstable soils, causes technical problems in calcareous soils, and affects their stability, especially if the salt content is more than 3.0%. The variations in salinity levels can determine the optimal percentage of salt levels in the stabilized soil. The application of biocementation to saline soil can drastically increase the shear strength of soil in soil with potential liquefaction in coastal areas due to earthquakes. Calcium carbonate deposition (MICP) in the microbial-induced biocementing process is a new method that utilizes the metabolic processes of microorganisms in this study using Bacillus sp. In the MICP process, microbes need Ca 2+ ions obtained from fly ash, which can produce SiO 2 and CaO to produce CaCO 3 for binding between particles. Soil improvement was carried out by combining initial soil, fly ash, mycobacteria, and variations in salinity obtained from NaCl with varying percentages of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3,4% after testing at curing times 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The research samples from the UCS and direct shear tests showed that the shear and UC strength that were treated increased. The highest increase in shear strength was at 3,4% salinity at 28 days of 80.9°. CaCO 3 production resulting from the binding between particles in the biocementing reaction can be seen from the results of SEM tests. Soil improvement using biocementing in this study resulted in an effective increase in the strength of loose sand soil in salinity condition.
Envisioning Eye Care From a Rural Perspective: A Photovoice Project From India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background To understand barriers and promoters for accessing eye care by rural communities, we used a modified approach to Photovoice, a community-based participatory action research approach Methods Community members took photographs and wrote or spoke stories based upon a series of questions intended to facilitate deeper thinking. Fifteen rural paramedical team members who were affiliated with the rural network of L V Prasad Eye Institute, and 60 people from four villages reported barriers and promoters for eye care access for 20 villages Results Important barriers for accessing eye care included the following: no caretaker at home for grandchildren except for the grandparent(s), alcoholism, uncontrolled blood pressure, inadequate diabetes management, lack of escort for blind people and elders, affordability, and inadequate clinic staffing during summer season when farming villagers were available. Important promoters for seeking eye care included having a neighbor who had a good surgical outcome in one eye which resulted in the ability to resume work. The Photovoice project offered specific suggestions to hospital management for improving eye care access, including providing evening transportation, providing additional surgical staffing during busy summer season, and the creation of tool spectacle repair kits to be kept at the primary vision centers Conclusions This Photovoice project facilitated a deeper understanding of the important barriers and promoters for accessing eye care by villagers, and by the rural eye care team, offering specific suggestions to hospital management for improving eye care access and to communicate without any inhibiting factors like fear of hierarchy within the hospital administration.
A CASE OF COLITIC CANCER WITH A STENOTIC LESION DEVELOPED DURING CANCER SURVEILLANCE OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は56歳女性．40歳時に左側結腸型潰瘍性大腸炎と診断された．再燃寛解型の経過であったが，最近は慢性持続型であった．毎年のサーベイランス中，下部消化管内視鏡でS状結腸にファイバー通過不能の狭窄所見あり．同部位の生検でGroup5であった．拡大内視鏡ではpit patternはVI-VNであり，EUSでも第4層以深への浸潤の所見を認めた．注腸造影では直腸から脾彎曲部までハウストラの消失し鉛管像を呈しS状結腸に狭窄を認めた．colitic cancerと診断し，大腸全摘術+回腸嚢肛門吻合術+カバリングイレオストミーを施行した．組織学的には周囲にdysplasia散見を伴う45×38mm，muc>tub2，se，n（－）の進行大腸癌であった．慢性持続型潰瘍性大腸炎は，持続する炎症によって背景粘膜にもpitの破壊と修復が繰り返されており，非癌部位でも異常なpit patternを呈することがあり早期発見が難しい．
Erythrocyte indices under conditions of energy drink consumption in Ukraine

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: The consumption of energy drinks, especially among young people, is constantly growing worldwide despite warnings about their safety. Therefore, determining the consequences of their impact on the human body and well-being is an actual issue. This work aimed to study the state of endogenous intoxication and the antioxidant system of erythrocytes in experimental animals that consumed energy drinks. Methods: The study was conducted on rats that consumed energy drinks for a month. Samples for analysis were taken on the 10th day after the end of the experiment. The biochemical methods of analysis were used to assess the state of endogenous intoxication by the erythrocyte intoxication index and the content of middle mass molecules (MMM), the state of oxidative modification of proteins, and the state of the antioxidant system by the fermentative activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase. Statistical methods were used to determine the reliability of the study results. Results: It was found that the value of the erythrocyte intoxication index significantly increased by 1.8 times (p<0.001), the content of MMM254 by 1.2 times (p<0.001), and the content of MMM280 – by 3 times (p<0.001), indicating the development of endogenous intoxication. The activation of the processes of oxidative modification of proteins is proved by the increase in the oxidative modification of the protein index by 1.1-1.3 times. It was shown that the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase decreased by 1.1 times, and CAT activity increased by 1.3 times (p<0.001). A 1.5-fold decrease in the ratio between superoxide dismutase and CAT enzymes was also found. Conclusions: The results indicate damage in the antioxidant system, a decrease in the effectiveness of antioxidant protection, and the development of oxidative stress. The results obtained in this work may help study the potential adverse health effects of energy drinks consumption.
Accent Bias and Fair Access in Britain

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Note: This talk has not gone through a process of peer review, and findings should therefore be treated as preliminary and subject to change. SOAS Linguistics Webinars: Accent Bias and Fair Access in Britain
April 28, 2021 Erez Levon
Professor of Sociolinguistics, University of Bern Abstract: Accent is one of the most salient signals of social background in Britain, yet its role in unequal professional outcomes remains under-examined. In this talk, I present results from a set of recent studies conducted to examine accent bias in Britain: 1) a nationwide survey of attitudes to accent concepts (labels), 2) a nationwide survey of attitudes to accent variation in speech, and 3) a specialist survey of accent attitudes among legal professionals. Together the studies show continuing bias in Britain, particularly against working-class accents, but also incremental attenuation of bias by context. I discuss the implications of these findings for the role that accent bias might play in impeding social mobility and professional advancement in the UK, and I mention possible interventions and policy initiatives that could help in overcoming the negative effects of accent bias.
FLORISTICS IN THE 21ST CENTURY: BALANCING USER-NEEDS AND PHYLOGENETIC INFORMATION

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The status of floristic work on pteridophytes around the world is reviewed. Relatively modern floras exist for most temperate and Mediterranean areas, including Europe, the former Soviet Union, North America north of Mexico, Chile, South Africa, and Australia, but are absent, partial, or outdated for many, if not most, tropical and subtropical countries/regions. Exceptions in the New World include Mexico, Mesoamerica, and certain of the Antilles. For many areas we have only annotated checklists (e.g., Tropical East Africa, Malaysia, Mount Kinabalu) or partially written floras (Ecuador, Malesia). Modern treatments for island floras are also few, exceptions being for New Zealand (Brownsey & Smith-Dodsworth, 2001), Hawaii (Palmer, 2003), and the Mariana Islands (Raulerson & Rinehart, 1992). Floristic “hotspots”, e.g., Colombia, Brazil, Madagascar, New Guinea, and the Himalayas, often have inadequate or incomplete modern accounts. Treatments of the ferns are planned or in progress for many countries, including Venezuela, Bolivia, East Africa, and China, but these often proceed at a painstakingly slow pace. Local florulas, such as for Barro Colorado Island in Panama, complement larger regional floras while serving different, but overlapping, purposes; Flora Guaramacal (Venezuela), Central French Guiana (Saul), and the Hong Kong flora are notable examples. Ideally, modern pteridofloras should incorporate recent phylogenetic conclusions at various ranks (especially family, genus), multi-access keys, comments on relationships and taxonomic problems, and references to phylogenetic literature, coupled with access to online data-bases (interactive keys, gazetteers, publication data, distribution maps, images and photographs, specimen citations, trees of relationship, and links to pertinent websites). Two families usually considered “fern allies”, Psilotaceae and Equisetaceae, are now thought to be intimately related to basal ferns, and this evidence needs inclusion into floristic literature. Many traditional genera (e.g., Asplenium, Pellaea, Polypodium, Pteris) need substantial recircumscription to meet criteria of monophyly or even paraphyly in floras. The dwindling number of people with broad expertise in floristics, fern systematics, and identification seriously constrains the creation of modern floras, and is expected to be an increasing problem in the future.
Effect of drought on photosynthesis in Trifolium repens : maintenance of photosystem II efficiency and of measured photosynthesis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

White clover plants (Trifolium repens L.; cv. Crau) were grown from seedlings in controlled conditions and then subjected to an edaphic drought by withholding watering. A strong reduction of leaf gas exchange due to stomatal closure in the early state of water deficit (1 to −1.2 MPa) was observed. Chlorophyll a measurements demonstrated that the photochemistry of PSII, the light driven electron transport and enzymatic reactions requiring ATP and NADPH in chloroplasts were not affected by plant water status. Moreover, oxygen evolution showed that the capacity of the photosynthetic apparatus was not altered by the stress
Eleştirel Düşünme ve Problem Çözme Becerileri İle İlgili Yapı- lan Çalışmaların Meta Değerlendirmesi (2000-2022)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the studies in the field of critical thinking and problem solving skills. 27 studies were evaluated in the study. For this purpose, studies involving the relationship between "critical thinking and problem solving" were obtained from Google Academic, Web of Science, ERIC, YÖKTEZ databases. The sample of the study consists of 27 articles, master's and doctoral theses. The studies in this study were analyzed in terms of type, publication year, research method, sample, sampling method, data collection tools and variables. As a result of the study, it is seen that most of the researches are made in the type of articles, with the quantitative research method, university students are emphasized as the sample, and the researches intensify after 2010 as the publication year. In addition, it is seen that the concept of problem solving is considered as the dependent variable. For these reasons, different methods can be used with different sample groups in possible studies.
CELL‐MEDIATED IMMUNITY TO HERPES VIRUS TYPE‐1 IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT CORNEAL HERPES SIMPLEX

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The proportion of T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, their phytohae‐magglutinin reactivity, and the leycocyte migration inhibitory effect of purified tuberculin protein were found to be equal in 25 recurrent corneal herpes simplex patients and 17 healthy individuals who had never suffered from clinically manifest herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Conversely, the HSV vaccine inhibited the leucocyte migration in the healthy group, but not in the recurrent herpes patients when the clinical symptoms were manifest. In 14 recurrent corneal herpes simplex patients, the examinations were repeated after a 3‐month symptom‐free period, and in these periods the patients corresponded equally to the healthy group in every respect.
Breast‐feeding as a Protection against Gastroenteritis and Other Infections

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This editorial reviews current knowledge of the mechanisms by which breastfeeding protects infants against gastroenteritis and other infections. Breast milk averts the disadvantage of contamination with micro-organisms in the handling process common to indigenous foods used in the weaning period and commercial milk products. The infections caused by contaminated food and water compound the malnutrition already caused by inadequate weaning food. Human milk is thought to contain several nonspecific and specific factors that provide protection against infections such as gastroenteristis and upper respiratory tract infections. Analogues to epithelial cell receptors may prevent the mucosal attachment of potential pathogens. Protection of the breast-fed infant against cholera has been shown to be related to the level of the IgA antibodies in the mother's milk against the cholera lipoplysaccharide and enterotoxin.
Face repetition probability does not affect repetition suppression in macaque middle lateral face patch.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

It has been proposed that repetition suppression (i.e. a reduced neural activity when stimuli are repeated) results from a fulfilled expectation of repetition or a reduced prediction error (Summerfield et al., 2008). This implies that repetition suppression should increase when a repetition is expected and decrease when it is unexpected. While this prediction is supported by human functional imaging (fMRI) studies (e.g. Summerfield et al., 2008), no evidence was found in macaque inferior temporal cortex (IT) spiking activity (Kaliukhovich & Vogels, 2011). Here, we tested three possible explanations for this discrepancy by recording spiking activity in macaque IT. First, we performed recordings in face patch ML instead of outside of a face-selective region. Second, we used faces as stimuli. Third, we required our monkeys to perform a task instead of passive fixation. In two experiments, we manipulated the probability of a face repetition (75% or 25%) between blocks of 40 trials. A trial consisted of two face presentations that were either a repetition (same face identity) or an alternation, followed by a saccade response by the monkey to receive a reward. In a first experiment, we included target trials where one face was inverted. The task (did the trial contain an inverted face?) was orthogonal to the manipulation of repetition probability. We observed repetition suppression, but there was no effect of repetition probability on its magnitude (face-selective cells in 2 monkeys). In a further experiment, we made a face repetition relevant to the task (i.e. was the face repeated?). There was a clear performance bias dependent on the probability of a face repetition, but again no effect on the responses (face-selective cells in 1 monkey). In conclusion, regardless of whether a face repetition is explicitly relevant for the monkey, we see no evidence of a prediction error response in ML. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2017
THE CONCEPT OF E-MACHINE: ON BRAIN HARDWARE AND THE ALGORITHMS OF THINKING

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The goal of this paper is to call into question the popular thesis that the problem of the algorithms performed by the brain (algorithms of thinking) has but little to do with the problem of brain hardware. The paper presents a simple example of a ”brain– like ” universal associative processor (referred to as E–machine) for which such a thesis would be obvi-ously inadequate. More sophisticated examples of E–machines were studied in [2]. 1 A Simple example of E- ma-chine Consider the ”neural ” network schematically shown in Figure 1. The big circles with incoming and out-going lines represent centers: elements which are as-
A Complete and Simplified Datasheet-Based Model of PV Cells in Variable Environmental Conditions for Circuit Simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper proposes two mathematical models of a photo-voltaic (PV) cell—the complete model and the simplified model—which can be used also for modeling a PV module or a PV string under any environmental condition. Both of them are based on the well-known five-parameters model, while the approach allows to write a new descriptive equation, whose terms are functions of the information always available in the modern datasheet of a PV module’s manufacturer. This implies that no pre-processing of the datasheet parameters is needed to use the proposed model, whichever the solar irradiance and the cell/module temperature are. Moreover, these models are interpreted from a circuital point of view, providing the electrical circuits constituted only by basic electrical components. Particularly, in order to take into account the variability of the environment parameters, several variable resistors and voltage-controlled sources are used. The proposed models are tested with the datasheet parameters of commercial PV modules.
Modeling and measuring charge sharing in hard x-ray imagers using HEXITEC CdTe detectors

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory's HEXITEC ASIC has been designed to provide fine pixelated X-ray spectroscopic imaging in combination with a CdTe or CZT detector layer. Although HEXITEC's small pixels enable higher spatial resolution as well as higher spectral resolution via the small-pixel effect, they also increase the probability of charge sharing, a process which degrades spectral performance by dividing the charge induced by a single photon among multiple pixels. In this paper, we investigate the effect of this process on a continuum X-ray spectrum below the Cd and Te fluorescence energies (23 keV). This is done by comparing laboratory measurements with simulations performed with a custom designed model of the HEXITEC ASIC. We find that the simulations closely match the observations implying that we have an adequate understanding of both charge sharing and the HEXITEC ASIC itself. These results can be used to predict the distortion of a spectrum measured with HEXITEC and will help determine to what extent it can be corrected. They also show that models like this one are important tools in developing and interpreting observations from ASICs like HEXITEC.
Minimal change nephropathy in a 7-year-old boy with Rosai-Dorfman disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Rosai-Dorfman (R-D) disease is a benign lympho-histiocytosis of the lymphoid system. Immune derangement due to cytokine over-expression (tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1b and IL-6) has been considered the cause of R-D disease. We present a 7-year-old boy with R-D disease who developed minimal change nephropathy (MCN) during the progression of R-D disease. The patient was resistant to oral prednisolone; and the remission of both R-D disease and MCN was achieved with oral cyclophosphamide (2 mg/kg, 12 weeks). MCN, the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in childhood, is generally accepted to emerge by way of cytokine derangement. Correlation between R-D disease activity and the development and remission of nephrotic syndrome in our case suggested that nephrotic syndrome had been induced through some R-D disease-related immune mechanisms.
Research Article Neuroprotective Properties of a Standardized Extract from

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Copyright © 2014 Iana Calou et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Myracrodruon urundeuva Fr. All. (Anacardiaceae) is a Brazilian medicinal species, which is common to the Northeastern Brazilian semiarid region, whose stem-bark is widely used in folk medicine. It is an endangered species, presenting as main bioactive components tannins and chalcones. In this work, we studied the neuroprotective effects of a standardized extract from cultivated M. urundeuva (SEMU), in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Thus, a unilateral injection of 6-OHDA was done into the rat right stratum. The animals were submitted to stereotaxic surgery, then treated with SEMU (5, 10, 20, or 40mg/kg, p.o.) for 2 weeks, subjected to behavioral tests, and euthanized for striata dissections and neurochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical analyses.We showed, for the first time, that SEMU reverted behavioral alterations seen in the 6-OHDA-lesioned group and partially blocked the decrease in DA and DOPAC contents. The numbers of viable neurons and TH immunopositive cells were increased by SEMU. In addition, the SEMU-treated 6-OHDA groups showed lower numbers of GFAP and OX-42 immunopositive cells. The neuroprotective action of SEMU is possibly related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties ofM. urundeuva, pointing