jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Spreading News: The Coverage Of Epidemics By American Newspapers And Its Effects On Audiences - A Crisis Communication Approach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Launched in 2002 in response to inadequate communications during the anthrax attacks and in preparations to the threats posed by H5N1, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) framework provides health professionals with trainings, tools, and resources to help them communicate effectively during emergencies and public health crises. Since that time, the framework has been used by the organization during outbreaks of infectious diseases. A core argument of CERC is that lack of certainty, efficacy, and trust serve as barriers to compliance with and support in CDC during an outbreak. According to CERC, providing the public with information about health and social risks, as well as information about ways individuals and organizations may ameliorate threats, could counter these perceptions, improve communications, and eventually save lives. However, the dissemination of the organization’s crisis messages depends largely on the mass media coverage. Understanding the news media’s agenda, priorities and role during outbreaks is essential for improving the cooperation between CDC and journalists. However, CERC provides little information about the actual behavior of journalists during crises, as reflected in news coverage of past outbreaks. This work aims to fill that gap in our understanding of the routinization of news during epidemics and its impact on audiences by systematically analyzing the coverage of epidemics in leading newspapers and using experiments to test its effects.\nThis study analyzed 5,006 articles from leading American newspapers covering three epidemics: H1N1, Ebola, and Zika. Using a mixed method of automated and manual content analysis, it identified three distinct themes used to cover the diseases; pandemic, scientific, and social. Next, manual content analysis was conducted to assess the prevalence of information components theorized by CERC to increase certainty, efficacy and trust- information about medical/health risks, social/economic disruptions, and potential individual and organizational responses to ameliorate risks and reduce harm. Analysis of the themes based on CERC principles demonstrated substantial discrepancies between what CDC aims to communicate during epidemics and what the media actually disseminated to the public. An experiment (n = 321) found that exposure to articles representing the themes affected perceptions of certainty, efficacy, and trust, that in turn were associated with intentions to comply with CDC. The experiment also demonstrated the ability of coverage that follows CERC principles more closely to reduce harmful perceptions that were associated with behavioral intentions in target audiences. Implications for public health organizations and communicators are discussed, including ways to improve cooperation with journalists and the use of alternative direct-channels for filling gaps in news media coverage.
Sympathy for the Criminal: The Criminal Celebrity in Eighteenth-Century London

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article investigates the rise and fall of the criminal celebrity in London between 1660 and 1790. It explains how, through the dramatic expansion of print culture and the rise of sensibility, a small number of highwaymen, thieves and a bigamist were able to seek and receive substantial public sympathy, despite widespread concerns about the extent of crime in London. However, in the early nineteenth century, changing attitudes towards crime and new penal practices led to the disappearance of this type of positive criminal celebrity. These findings contribute to our understanding of both changing attitudes towards crime and the wider history of celebrity.
The Urban Church Imagined

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Drawing on nearly two years of ethnographic data and 55 qualitative interviews, this book examines the ways in which race, class, gender, and consumption intersect with an urban context to shape the goals, identity, and experiences of a new religious congregation in Chicago. Downtown Church wants to be a church “of” and “for” the city, and wants to accomplish that goal by developing a membership that is young, trendy, sophisticated, and racially diverse. Consequently, the urban environment fosters a particular set of expectations about both cultural consumption and racial diversity—a “racialized urban imaginary”—that shapes the congregation and its self-identity. This imaginary also situates the relationship between race and place as a motivating factor for the types of interracial interaction experienced within this urban-based congregation. Church leaders and congregants negotiate between their imagined ideas of what a church in the city should look like and the structures of inclusion and exclusion these imaginaries help create and recreate. In particular, two notable organizational practices flow from the imaginary. The first, “managed diversity,” is the leadership’s attempt to attract a diverse membership, but keep it within a balance among the groups represented. The second, “racial utility,” involves the conscious and often strategic use of racial identity, by both the leadership and the membership, to accomplish their goals. This work contributes to the growing constellation of studies on urban religious organizations and multiracial congregations, as well as the emerging scholarship on intersectionality and congregational characteristics in American religious life.
The Scientific Basis of Tobacco Product Regulation: Report of a WHO Study Group

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The third meeting of the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) was held in Kobe, Japan from 28 to 30 June 2006. The meeting was held in response to Decision 15 of the first session of the Conference of the Parties to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (1), held in Geneva, Switzerland from 6 to 17 February 2006. During that session, the Parties adopted the templates for the elaboration of guidelines for the implementation of Articles 9 and 10 of the Framework Convention, which relate to the regulation of the contents of tobacco products and of tobacco product disclosures. According to the template, work on the guidelines should be based on the work already done by the Study Group and the WHO Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI), which serves as the Study Group’s secretariat and coordinating body. This report presents the conclusions reached and recommendations made by the members of the Study Group at its third meeting, during which it reviewed four background papers specially commissioned for the meeting and which dealt, respectively, with the following four themes. 1. The contents and design features of tobacco products: their relationship to dependence potential and consumer appeal. 2. Candy-flavoured tobacco products: research needs and regulatory recommendations. 3. Biomarkers of tobacco exposure and of tobacco smoke-induced health effects. 4. Setting maximum limits for toxic constituents in cigarette smoke. The Study Group’s recommendations in relation to each theme are set out at the end of the section dealing with that theme; its overall recommendations are summarized in section 6.
Ophiozonella novaecaledoniaen.sp. (Ophiuroidea, Echinodermata): description, ontogeny and phyletic position

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A new species of Ophiozonella (Ophiuridae, Ophiolepidinae) collected from the bathyal zone of New Caledonia is described and its post-metamorphic growth stages are illustrated and discussed. This species displays different characters inferred to be progenetic, including small size and juvenile morphology. A morphocline of dorsal disc structure in the genus Ophiozonella is elaborated and the general phenomenon of paedomorphosis in the Ophiuridae is considered.
Superior aluminium (Al) tolerance of Stylosanthes is achieved mainly by malate synthesis through an Al‐enhanced malic enzyme, SgME1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Stylosanthes (stylo) is a dominant leguminous forage in the tropics. Previous studies suggest that stylo has great potential for aluminium (Al) tolerance, but little is known about the underlying mechanism. A novel malic enzyme, Sg ME 1, was identified from the Al‐tolerant genotype TPRC 2001‐1 after 72 h Al exposure by two‐dimensional electrophoresis, and the encoding gene was cloned and characterized via heterologous expression in yeast, Arabidopsis thaliana and bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) hairy roots. Internal Al detoxification might be mainly responsible for the 72 h Al tolerance of TPRC 2001‐1, as indicated by 5.8‐fold higher root malate concentrations and approximately two‐fold higher Al concentrations in roots and root symplasts of TPRC 2001‐1 than those of the Al‐sensitive genotype Fine‐stem. An accompanying increase in malate secretion might also reduce a fraction of Al uptake in TPRC 2001‐1. Gene and protein expression of Sg ME 1 was only enhanced in TPRC 2001‐1 after 72 h Al exposure. Overexpressing Sg ME 1 enhanced malate synthesis and rescued yeast, A. thaliana and bean hairy roots from Al toxicity via increasing intracellular malate concentrations and/or accompanied malate exudation. These results provide strong evidence that superior Al tolerance of stylo is mainly conferred by Al‐enhanced malate synthesis, functionally controlled by Sg ME 1 .
Allosteric Modulation of CB 1 by Pregnenolone

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The endocannabinoid system plays a role in diverse conditions such as anxiety, addiction, eating and memory disorders. Endocannabinoids are produced by postsynaptic neurons and activate receptors on presynaptic neurons in order to decrease neurotransmitter release. In the brain, the most important receptor activated by endocannabinoids is cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB 1 ). Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active ingredient in marijuana, also activates this receptor. THC and similar drugs have therapeutic potential in the treatment of pain, Alzheimer's disease, anxiety, arthritis, and cancer. A downside to the medicinal use of THC is that it also induces psychotropic effects. Recently, it was discovered that pregnenolone binds to CB 1 , where it acts as an allosteric modulator that decreases the effects of THC. An allosteric modulator is a molecule that modifies receptor function by binding somewhere other than the active site. Discovery of allosteric modulators is significant because it means that there may be additional ways to target CB 1 that have a reduced rate of psychotropic effects. The Messmer SMART (Students Modeling a Research Topic) Team has created a model of CB 1 bound to pregnenolone using 3D printing technology. Our model highlights the amino acids E133 and R409, which form hydrogen bonds with pregnenolone and are required for its binding to the allosteric site of CB 1 . Studying the interaction between CB 1 and pregnenolone will allow for a greater understanding of the interaction between synaptic function and pregnenolone levels as well as the design of additional allosteric modulators for testing as therapeutics. This program is supported by a grant from NIH‐CTSA.
Validação e determinação de patulina em suco de maçã utilizando cromatografia líquida acoplada a espectrometria de massa tandem

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Patulin (PAT) is a mycotoxin produced by certain fungal species which is frequently found contaminating apples and derived products, especially juice. Several fungal pathogens, in particular Penicillium species, have been identified as causative agents of diseases in apples. PAT contamination may occur due to reasons as geographic differences, climatic conditions, agricultural practices, cultivars and postharvest environment, which may affect fruit composition. This toxic contaminant is associated with mutagenic, immunosuppressive and neurotoxic effects in humans and animals. In Brazil and in the world effective control of PAT contamination depends on reliable analytical methods. This study developed and validated a technique for the analysis of PAT in samples of industrialized apple juice based on liquid-liquid extraction, using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent. Detection via mass spectrometry was performed after Atmospher Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI). Mean recoveries of 97.5, 92.49 and 96.92% were reached for 4, 8 and 20 μg/L of PAT, respectively. The mean recovery of the method was 95.64%. The reproducibility of the presented methodology was confirmed when the results of a FAPAS proficiency test, showing a 95.9% recovery, in addition to presenting a good selectivity. The method uncertainty was estimated on three different days for three concentrations 4, 8 and 20 μg / L in replicates of 7 times each concentration, obtaining 0.37%, 6.62%The analyte was monitored with an APCI source in negative ion mode to identify its fragments. The 24 analyzed samples presented PAT levels below the limit of quantification.
An Asian Perspective of Occupational Stress Coping Model: A Case Study of Sri Lankan Employees

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Sri Lanka has one of the highest rates of natural disasters and violent conflicts in the world. Yet there is a lack of research on its unique socio-cultural characteristics that determine an individual's cognitive and behavioural responses to distressing encounters. This study extends Goh, Sawang and Oei's (2010) revised transactional model to examine the cognitive and behavioural processes of occupational stress experience in the collectivistic society of Sri Lanka. A time series survey was used to measure the participant's stress-coping process. Using the revised transactional model and path analysis, a unique Sri Lankan model is identified that provides theoretical insights on the revised transactional model, and sheds light on socio-cultural dimensions of occupational stress and coping, thus equipping practitioners with a sound theoretical basis for the development of stress management programs in the workplace.
High- T c Superconductor Detection Coils for a Magnetic Resonance System

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Considering that in a magnetic resonance system, if the detection coil contributes dominantly to the system noise, the performance of the whole system can certainly be improved by switching to a detection coil made of a high-temperature superconductor, and using YBa2Cu3O7 thin films on 25?25?mm2 LaAlO3 substrates, we have prepared two kinds of detection coils: single-coil and two-coil. Encouragingly, their quality factors are measured to be Q>2500 for two-coil (at 22.566?MHz and 77?K) and Q>5500 for single-coil (at 92.3?MHz and 77?K), respectively. Here, we describe the details of the design, fabrication and testing of the coils.
[Ultrasonic study with hydrotubation of tubal patency].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Ultrasonic study of tubal patency using 1.5% hydrogen peroxide as the contrast medium during hydrotubation was performed in 147 sterile women. Hysterosalpingography was also done for the same patients. In 42 cases, laparoscopic examination of the tubes was carried out to assess the accuracy of the above two diagnostic procedures. The correspondence rate between laparoscopic findings and ultrasonography was 88.0% and 60.0% with hysterosalpingography. The difference was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Animal experiment did not reveal any untoward effect of 1.5% hydrogen peroxide on the local tissues exposed to the solution except a transient increase of lymphocyte infiltration and exudate. Regardless of its numerous advantages, neither hysterosalpingography nor ultrasonic examination can demonstrate minute pathologic changes in the lumen of the tube. The authors pointed out that ultrasonic study combined with laparoscopic examination is the best choice diagnosis for tubal abnormalities.
Multifaceted Sentiment Detection System (MSDS) to Avoid Dropout in Virtual Learning Environment using Multi-class Classifiers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Sentiment analysis with machine learning plays a vital role in Higher Educational Institutions (HEI) for decision making. Technology-enabled interactions can only be successful when a strong student-teacher link is established, and the emotions of students are clearly comprehended. The paper aims at proposing Multifaceted Sentiment Detection System (MSDS) for detecting sentiments of higher education students participating in virtual learning and to classify the comments posted by them using Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. Present research evaluated a total of n=1590 students’ comments with the presence of three specific multifaceted characteristics each providing 530 comments to perform Sentiment Analysis (SA) for monitoring their sentiments, opinions that facilitate predicting dropout in virtual learning environment (VLE). This begins with the phrase extraction; then data pre-processing techniques namely digits, punctuation marks and stop-words removal, spelling correction, tokenization, lemmatization, n-grams, and POS (Part of Speech) are applied. Texts are vectorized using two feature extraction techniques with count vectorization and TF-IDF metrics and classified with four multiclass supervised ML techniques namely Random Forest, Linear SVC, Multinomial Naive Bayes, and Logistic Regression for multifaceted sentiment classification. Analyzing students’ feedback using sentiment analysis techniques classifies their positive, negative, or even more refined emotions that enables dropout prediction. Experimental results reveal that the highest mean accuracy result for device efficiency, cognitive behavior, technological expertise with cloud learning platform usage were achieved by Logistic Regression with 98.49%, Linear SVC with 93.58% and Linear SVC with 92.08% respectively. Practically, results confirm feasibility for detecting students’ multifaceted behavioral patterns and risk of dropout in VLE.
C‐reactive protein and incident diabetes in patients with arterial disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Systemic low‐grade inflammation, as measured by high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (hs CRP ), may contribute to the risk of type 2 diabetes in patients with manifest arterial disease. Methods Cohort study in 4072 patients with manifest arterial disease without diabetes. The relation between quartiles of hs CRP and type 2 diabetes was assessed with Cox regression analyses, taking age, smoking and blood pressure–lowering medication and lipid‐lowering medication into account. Insulin resistance was estimated with homeostasis model of insulin resistance ( HOMA ‐ IR ). In exploratory models, adjustments were performed for body mass index ( BMI ) and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness. Results During a median follow‐up of 5·0 ( IQR 2·5–8·2) years, 288 subjects developed diabetes. High hs CRP was independently associated with incident diabetes (Q4 vs. Q1 males: HR 1·62; 95% CI 1·06–2·48; females: HR 3·12; 95% CI 1·57–6·21). HOMA ‐ IR at baseline is related to hs CRP plasma levels (Q4 vs. Q1: males: β 0·27; 95% CI 0·19–0·36; females: β 0·35; 95% CI 0·22–0·48). The risk of diabetes associated with hs CRP was abolished in males (Q4 vs. 1 HR 1·23; 95% CI 0·80–1·88) and attenuated in females (Q4 vs. 1 HR 2·32; 95% CI 1·14–4·75) after adding BMI to the model, but not modified by statin use ( P for interaction: 0·61). Conclusions Patients with manifest arterial disease with high hs CRP plasma levels are at increased risk to develop type 2 diabetes and are more insulin resistant as compared to those with low hs CRP levels. This increase in risk is more pronounced in females than in males and is not modified by statin use.
Toxic Work Environments

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The notion of a toxic work environment was explored as a systemic organizational issue. Structural equation modeling of survey data from 501 participants revealed that workers’ toxicity appraisals were associated with a variety of sources of workplace toxicity, including leaders, coworkers, and aspects of one’ job and organization. Qualitative analyses of participants’ open-ended comments depicted a range from very nontoxic work environments, wherein there was respect, constructive communication between management and employees, and issues were dealt with quickly, to very toxic work environments, wherein there was abuse, difficult conditions of work, and issues were left to fester. Although management-related sources of toxicity most strongly predicted toxicity appraisals, management’s lack of involvement of workers in matters that affect them had a stronger influence on toxicity appraisals than did abusive supervision. The findings highlight the importance of taking a broad view of the workplace toxicity phenomenon, and suggest a need to shift the leadership focus in toxicity research from that of a ‘toxic leader’ to leadership that enables toxicity. To remedy a toxic work environment, interventions could involve changes to the ways in which management designs and monitors conditions of work, as well as how they react to workers’ distress. Ultimately, given the complex dynamics involved, it is more effective to prevent workplace toxicity than to remediate it; recent trends in the promotion of workplace psychological health and safety provide direction for such prevention.
Use of Differential Geometry Properties for Multichannel First Break Picking

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Microseismic imaging has proven to be a value technology to image hydraulic fracture geometry. However, the relationship between the microseismic deformation and the geomechanical response of the rock to the hydraulic fracturing process needs to be properly understood in order to exploit additional microseismic information to better characterize the hydraulic fracture effectiveness. Here, observations are given that shows that the microseismic deformation represents a high-frequency, predominantly shearing and small proportion of the deformation in contrast with the slow, predominantly aseismic, tensile hydraulic fracture opening. A common engineering interpretation of the hydraulic fracture effectiveness is the total stimulated volume of the reservoir, typically based on the microseismically active volume. The volume of the microseismic cloud is shown to represent an overestimation of microseismic deforming volume depending on the microseismic location uncertainties, which in turn can include stress induced deformation and so is an upper limit on the hydraulically created fracture volume. The microseismic does describe the relative proportion of the geomechanically deforming rock and when interpreted in light of a complex fracture mechanics model can be used to estimate the extent and effectiveness of the open, flowing hydraulic fracture.