jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Culture of the Spectator: Conformity and Resistance to Medieval Performances

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In recent years, the drama of medieval Europe has received an unusual amount of attention, somewhat surprisingly given the marginalization it suffered for most of the twentieth century.' With, however, the decline of the ahistorical formalist paradigm, which favored the more obviously plays of the renaissance and later periods, the study of medieval drama has finally come into its own. An important though often undervalued strain of this new interest has taken the form, broadly speaking, of cultural critique aimed at tracing out the ways in which medieval performances of all kinds-whether plays sponsored by guilds or confraternities, royal entries, processionals, or other sorts of public spectacle-were tied to the economic, political, intellectual, religious, and social practices of their local sites of performance. Systematic archival work such as the Records of Early English Drama (REED) project in Great Britain and Bernd Neumann's comprehensive survey of religious drama in Germany, as well as the more individualized inquiries undertaken at various locations in France, Spain, Italy, and the Netherlands,2 have made it easier to trace the intricate filiations linking early European performances to the cultures that produced them. This critical activity, itself part of a pervasive shift in focus within literary studies as a whole, has largely moved away from viewing medieval dramatic performances as literary texts or historical documents or even theatrical events, investigating them instead primarily as forms of social practice.
Matrix metalloprotease polymorphisms are associated with gas transfer in alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is associated with variable development of emphysema and other features of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are believed to be important in the pathophysiology of COPD, and may therefore confer susceptibility to this phenotype in patients with AATD. Objectives: to assess the role of polymorphism of MMP1, MMP3 and MMP12 in AATD phenotypes. Methods: 424 PiZZ subjects from the UK AATD Registry were assessed for history of chronic bronchitis (CB), post-bronchodilator lung function impairment and decline of lung function. Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for MMP1, MMP3 and MMP12 were chosen using HapMap (r 2 >0.8, MAF>0.05) and were genotyped using TaqMan ® genotyping technologies. Quantitative genetic association was assessed using regression modelling to correct for covariates. Results: in patients with AATD, carriers of the G allele of rs678815 ( MMP3) had lower gas transfer (KCO) ( P = 0.025, B =-7.766) than the homozygous wild type, while carriers of the T allele of rs470358 ( MMP1) had higher KCO ( P = 0.025, B = 6.130). Conclusions: variations in MMP1 and MMP3 are associated with gas transfer in AATD, supporting a previous family study showing linkage of KCO to this gene region. Replication of these preliminary data is now required particularly if MMP inhibitors are to be considered as a therapeutic option.
PHOTOMOVEMENT RESPONSES OFPORPHYRIDIUM PURPUREUM1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT The influence of light quality on positive phototopotaxis by the gliding, unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum was obtained using interference filters. Cells exposed to 3 × 10 −7 mol · m 2 · s −1 of various wavelengths for 72 h showed maximum topotaxis at 420 and 440 nm. The lower threshold for positive, movement was approximately 5 × 10 −8 mol · m −2 · s −1 . Random movement occurred at nonactinic wavelengths, and no movement occurred in the dark. Cell motility appeared to be unaffected by light polarity, suggesting that the photoreceptor(s) for topotaxis and photokinesis are randomly oriented.
The platform architecture of systems safety design and management for Civil Aircrafts

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to meet CCAR/FAR/CS 25.1309 airworthiness requirements, commercial airplane safety design and management platform has been established, combined with the COMAC new plane development procedures.In areas of development processes management, life cycle configuration management and security quantitative analysis, this engineering method will provide aircraft systems security analysis and assessment, airworthiness work flow management and technical support and guarantee, to initiate research and development in this field in China, and to improve China's commercial airplane airworthiness certification work.
Pathogenesis of a variant in the 5′ untranslated region of ADAR1 in dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria (DSH) is a pigmentary genodermatosis caused by mutations in ADAR1 . In this study, we performed mutation analysis on a family that included typical DSH patients. No mutations were found in any coding regions or exon–intron boundary regions of ADAR1 , but a previously unreported non‐coding heterozygous variant, c.‐60A>G, was found in the 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) of ADAR1 in the proband and her mother. The function of 5′UTR in mRNA is not well‐understood. To understand the pathogenesis of the variant and the function of the 5′UTR of ADAR1 , we constructed two reporter genes carrying the ADAR1 5′UTR sequence with/without the variant between the PGK promoter and a luciferase coding sequence, and performed luciferase assays, semi‐quantitative PCR analyses, and polysomal assays. In human melanocytes, c.‐60A>G induced a 16% reduction in transcription and a 51% reduction in translation. Our results indicate that the 5′UTR c.‐60A>G variant adversely affects the post‐transcriptional step in gene expression, leading to DSH. Detailed functional assays of the 5′UTR of ADAR1 in the present study revealed the gene expression to be not only downregulated, but also upregulated by defects in 5′UTR depending on the locations. The regulation of translation by 5′UTR is very complicated.
Assessment of Apparent Diffusion Coefficients and SUVs as Predicators of Histological Differentiation in Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim The study aims to assess minimal apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC min ) and SUV max as predictors of histological differentiation in patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC) and to determine cutoff values for each histopathological tumor grade. Patients and Methods A retrospective study of 41 ASCC patients (14 males, 27 females; mean age, 65 ± 13 years) staged with FDG PET/CT and MRI (mean scan time interval, 21 ± 11 days). SUV max and ADC min values were measured and compared with histopathological tumor grading obtained from biopsy. Results The mean size and tumor volume were 3 ± 2 cm and 16.5 ± 27.3 cm 3 , respectively. The mean ADC min values for well-, moderately, and poorly differentiated ASCC were 935 ± 179, 896 ± 123, and 637 ± 114, respectively. The mean SUV max for well-, moderately, and poorly differentiated ASCC were 6.9 ± 1.8, 11.5 ± 4.1, and 13.4 ± 2.6, respectively. The difference in mean ADC min values between poorly and moderately/well-differentiated tumors was statistically significant, whereas this was not significant between moderately and well-differentiated tumors. Differences in SUV max values were statistically significant between poorly/moderately and well-differentiated tumors, whereas there was no statistical significance between poorly and moderately differentiated tumors. By combining the 2 modalities using cutoff values of 675 × 10 −6 mm 2 ·s −1 for ADC min and 8.5 for SUV max , it was possible to differentiate the tumor categories with a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value, respectively, of 84.6%, 96.4%, 91.7%, and 93.1% for well-differentiated ASCC, 76.5%, 87.5%, 81.3%, and 84% for moderately, and 90.9%, 89.3%, 76.9%, and 96.2% for poorly differentiated ASCC, respectively. Conclusions ADC min and SUV max values correlated with the degree of differentiation in ASCC and can be used as predictors of tumor grading and aggressiveness. Combined ADC min and SUV max cutoff values can therefore be used for early patient risk stratification and treatment decision making.
Reevaluating cases of trait‐dependent diversification in primates

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Objectives Previous investigations have identified several ecological traits that may have shaped differences in species richness among primate clades by influencing speciation and extinction probabilities. In this study, I reevaluate these cases in light of concerns about high false‐positive rates of the methods used to detect trait‐dependent diversification. Materials and methods Data for six traits were taken from the literature: activity pattern, sociality, mating system, terrestriality, frugivory, and mutualistic interactions with angiosperms (i.e., seed dispersal and pollination). These traits were treated as binary variables and analyzed in a phylogenetic framework using likelihood‐based and nonparametric methods for estimating trait‐specific diversification rates. Results Of the traits analyzed here, only activity pattern was found by all methods to be correlated with diversification: diurnal primates diversify at higher rates than nocturnal primates. Solitary foragers have a lower rate of diversification than group‐living primates, but this link is driven by the association between solitariness and nocturnality. Discussion These results indicate that ecological traits have had a more limited influence on primate diversification than suggested by previous studies. The false positives detected here can be linked with heterogeneity in diversification caused by sources other than the focal traits. One of these sources is the very high rate of diversification in Cercopithecoidea found in previous investigations. Another is the correlation between activity patterns and diversification. The underlying causal mechanism for the contrast in diversification dynamics between diurnal and nocturnal primates is unclear, but this correlation highlights the important role of activity pattern in shaping primate evolutionary history.
Genetic diversity analysis of Andrographis paniculata in China based on SRAP and SNP

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to reveal genetic diversity of domestic Andrographis paniculata and its impact on quality, genetic backgrounds of 103 samples from 7 provinces in China were analyzed using SRAP marker and SNP marker. Genetic structures of the A. paniculata populations were estimated with Powermarker V 3.25 and Mega 6.0 software, and polymorphic SNPs were identified with CodonCode Aligner software. The results showed that the genetic distances of domestic A. paniculata germplasm ranged from 0. 01 to 0.09, and no polymorphic SNPs were discovered in coding sequence fragments of ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase. A. paniculata germplasm from various regions in China had poor genetic diversity. This phenomenon was closely related to strict self-fertilization and earlier introduction from the same origin. Therefore, genetic background had little impact on variable qualities of A. paniculata in domestic market. Mutation breeding, polyploid breeding and molecular breeding were proposed as promising strategies in germplasm innovation.
Modeling and Simulation in the Secondary School Curriculum: The Impact on Teachers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The STACIN Project is a development, implementation, and research effort that examines the impact of systems thinking, simulation, and modeling in precollege curricula on student learning, classroom processes, and organizational change. Nearly 100 teachers have been trained to use systems thinking in their secondary school curricula. This article examines how systems thinking affects teachers and classroom processes. A two‐dimensional matrix is presented to characterize the modes of adaptation employed by the teachers as they use modeling and simulation in their courses. The dimensions include teacher proficiency with technology and the specific systems applications observed in classes. A discussion of issues related to the use of systems in precollege instruction also is included.
[Interest of psychiatric guidelines in managing agitation in intensive care].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This paper discusses the importance of psychiatric guidelines and the position of the psychiatrist in the management of agitation in the intensive care unit. The use of psychiatric validated scales to assess agitation seems to ameliorate the quality of care in psychiatry, but also in intensive care. Psychiatric experts' recommendations for managing agitation are given, which is useful to create an open discussion with the intensivists. The use of sedative medication to protect the patient, staff and to prevent an escalation of violence remains a personal choice for each practitioner, depending on individual patient needs and context. In the treatment of agitated patients, an equilibrium needs to be found between the subjective dimension and the available data from evidence based medicine.
Ultrasound-Assisted Preparation of Maillard Reaction Products Derived from Hydrolyzed Soybean Meal with Meaty Flavor in an Oil-In-Water System

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the present work, we prepared Maillard reaction products (MRPs) derived from enzyme hydrolyzed soybean meal with ultrasound assistance in an oil-(oxidized lard)-in-water system (UEL-MRPs) or oil-free system (UN-MRPs), and the effect of ultrasound on the properties of the obtained MRPs was evaluated. The analysis of fatty acids in lard with different treatments showed that ultrasound can generate more unsaturated fatty acids in the aqueous phase. The UV–Vis absorbances of UEL-MRPs, UN-MRPs, and MRPs obtained in an oil-in-water system (EL-MRPs) and MRPs obtained in an oil-free system (N-MRPs) at 294 and 420 nm indicated that ultrasound could increase the amount of Maillard reaction intermediates and melanoids in the final products of the Maillard reaction. This was in line with the result obtained from color change determination—that ultrasound can darken the resultant MRPs. Volatile analysis showed ultrasound can not only increase the number of volatile substances, but also greatly increase the composition of volatile substances in UEL-MRPs and UN-MRPs, especially the composition of those contributing to the flavor of the MRPs, such as oxygen-containing heterocycles, sulfur-containing compounds, and nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Descriptive sensory evaluation revealed that UN-MRPs and UEL-MRPs had the highest scores in total acceptance, ranking in the top two, and UEL-MRPs had the strongest meaty flavor among these four kinds of MRPs. Furthermore, the measurements of antioxidant activities, including DPPH radical-scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability, and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, were conducted, showing that UN-MRPs exhibited the highest antioxidant activity among all the MRPs.
Enhanced apoptotic response to photodynamic therapy after bcl-2 transfection.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Apoptosis is a cellular death process involving the sequential activation of a series of caspases, endonucleases, and other enzymes. The initiation of apoptosis can be inhibited by overexpression of bcl-2 and certain other members of a related family of proteins. We examined the effects of bcl-2 overexpression on the apoptotic response to photodynamic therapy (PDT), using aluminum phthalocyanine as the photosensitizing agent. In this study, we compared the immortalized human breast epithelial cell line MCF10A with a subline (MCF10A/bcl-2) transfected with the human bcl-2 gene. The latter was approximately 2-fold more sensitive to the phototoxic effects of PDT. At a 50 mJ/cm2 light dose, photodamage to MCF-10A/bcl-2 resulted in a greater loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (delta(psi)m), enhanced release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, a more rapid and greater activation of caspase-3, and a greater apoptotic response. Western blot analysis revealed that the transfected cell line showed overexpression of both bcl-2 and bax, and that PDT caused selective destruction of bcl-2, leaving bax unaffected. The greater apoptotic response by the transfected line is, therefore, attributed to the higher bax:bcl-2 ratio after photodamage.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Active and Passive Voice in Three News Texts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper applies CDA (critical discourse analysis) to display the hidden relationship between language and power in the discourse of the media; it focuses on the issues which are related to the use of passive or active voice, and tries to investigate which forms of voice are used (passive or active). Data have been collected from three different news texts on the subject of Iraq War Logs. The data have been analysed by using the framework model of Fowler et al. [6] and the findings have been discussed within the framework which is provided by Fairclough, N. [4]. The results show that there is a hidden relationship between language and power in the discourse of the media. Access to the media discourse is limited to specific people only, while other people lack this access. Moreover, the types of voice (passive or active) that are used in different texts determine which sentences are more powerful.
Thermodynamic Simulation on the Behavior of Recycling Elements in the Iron Bath Smelting Reduction Process.

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A computer program system was developed to simulate the smelting reduction ironmaking process. This system, combining the database MALT with the phase equilibrium calculation software ChemSage-derived from the widely well-known SOLGASMIX, can be expected to deal with problems encountered in metallurgical processes. As an example, the behaviors of some recycling elements, such as Na, K, Zn and S, in the smelting reduction process have been investigated from the thermodynamic point of view in case of the dust being recycled. The simulation results indicate that Zn is most influential on sulphur behavior among Zn, Na and K, and ZnS is the prevailing form of the deposited sulphur when there is zinc existing in the system. Zn can effectively prevent sulphur from entering the outlet gas. Alkaline components, especially potassium K, accumulate as carbonates in the system. At a high post combustion ratio of the gas generating from the smelting reduction furnace, or at a lower temperature of Cooler 1, FeS deposition takes place and results in an appreciable amount of sulphur leaving the system in the outlet gas.
Herding cats: Competitive underwriting of catastrophe‐exposed property risks ‐ A teaching case

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Abstract Risk management is an important aspect of property insurance sales, underwriting, and rating that is covered lightly in standard texts or publishers' materials. This case is based on the risk management considerations of a fictitious insurer within an often competitive and always high‐stakes industry segment—the primary insurance market for property catastrophes. The case is primarily concerned with performance management and the inherent tension that the competitive business environment can add to the management of insurance sales, underwriting, and rating risk. This case engages students in risky decision making with the option to use a simulation game that can be restricted to one round and one class period or played over several rounds in or out of class time. The game simulates randomized loss occurrences (based on pseudo‐realistic probabilities) and competitive market dynamics (also containing an element of randomness). The case requires basic knowledge of commercial property insurance rating and underwriting, catastrophe risk, insurer performance analysis (namely, loss ratios and the premium‐to‐surplus ratio), and risk preferences. Decision making under uncertainty—with an appreciation of the linkages between sales, underwriting, loss costs, and risk capital—is a key learning of the case analysis. Group decision‐making is an element of the case, and as such a secondary learning is negotiation and conflict resolution. Usage of Excel for case analysis is necessary.
Travel Motivations as Criteria in the Wellness Tourism Market Segmentation Process

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to explore travel motivations as criteria in the segmentation process of wellness tourists. Data was collected through a self-complete questionnaire on a sample of tourists staying in one out of 15 wellness hotels situated in four wellness tourism regions of the Republic of Croatia. Research was conducted fromMay through June in 2013. The data were processed using univariate, bivariate and multivariate statistics. Univariate statistics was used for a general description of the sample; bivariate analysis was applied to examine the differences among the clusters, whilemultivariate statistics was employed in order to determine the factors underlying the travel motivation construct and to discover the clusters. A total of nine travelmotivation factors were identified by applying the theory of the push and pull travel motivations (three push motivation factors, and six pull motivation factors). Push travel motivation factors were labelled as Health trend, Relaxation and reward, and Novelty; pull motivation factors related to a wellness tourist product were labelled as Basic wellness, Intangible wellness, and Extra wellness, while pull motivation factors related to tourist destination were labelled as Cultural and natural heritage, Entertainment and recreation, and Landscape. Three clusters emerged by using travel motivation factors as segmentation criteria (high wellness, immaterial wellness, and low wellness clusters). Relaxation, wellness infrastructure and natural resources are important factors in wellness tourismresearch.However, both push and pull motivation factors are important variables in distinguishing among the segments.
LANGUAGE AND SPEECH, VoL 29, Part 4,1986 THE PHYSIOLOGICAL SPECIFICATION OF AMERICAN ENGLISH VOWELS*

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Use of a new opto-electronic device showed that the stressed vowels produced by a native speaker of English could be clearly differentiated according to tongue position. The distance of the tongue from four sensors located along the hard palate was measured in multiple tokens of vowels in aIb _bl contcx t. There was little token-to-token variability (standard deviations of less than 1.0 mm). With the exception of a reversal between the onglide oflell and1&amp;1,the height of the tongue differed according to phonological height as expected. The tongue was lower in back vowels than corresponding front vowels, sugges-ting a biomechanicallinkage between tongue height and frontness-backness. Schwa differed from all other vowels, from the &quot;average &quot; tongue configuration seen in stressed vowels, and from the &quot;neutral &quot; configuration in pauses. The talker, a Southerner, diphthongized/II and 1&amp;1, but showed relatively little tongue movement in laU/(compared to that inlall and 1:J1f).Relatively little tongue movement was also seen in thelaul spoken by a second talker, who showed a significantly greater change in upper lip position in producinglau I than in fall or 1:J1/.This finding suggests that lip rounding and tongue movement may &quot;trade off&apos; as articulatory means for producing the rapid spectral change in diphthongs.