jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Constituents of Lyonia ovalifolia DRUDE var. elliptica HAND.-MAZZ. XI. : Structure of Triterpenoid Glucoside, Lyofolic Acid.(1)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Lyofolic acid was reinvestigated by silica gel column chromatography and it was found to be contaminated with two minor components, one of which was identified as deacetyllyofolic acid. The molecular formula of lyofolic acid was revised as C38H62O11·2H2O. Alkaline hydrolysis of lyofolic acid gave a deacetylated compound, C36H60O10·3H2O, which was proved identical with one of the minor components. Hydrolysis of lyofolic acid with methanolic hydrogen chloride yielded lyofoligenic acid, C30H50O5, and glucose, and the signal of acetoxyl group disappeared in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of its aglycone. Genic acid contains one cyclopropane ring which has an isolated methylene group [chemical formula], two secondary and one tertiary alcohols, and one carboxylic acid group. Isopropylidene derivative was formed with acetone and p-toluenesulfonic acid between one secondary and one tertiary hydroxyl groups, [chemical formula].
Patent use exception for user-generated inventions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The high-tech corner of the user-innovation scene is dominated by makers. The expansion of the maker movement embraced fields such as robotics, electronics, and 3D printing, where makers are not only hobbyists, but true contributors to technological progress. By contesting the classical paradigm of innovation incentivized by IP protection, they question the established principles of patent law. In consequence, we observe friction between two discrepant approaches and philosophies: open communal workings (making) and closed proprietary operations (patents). In addition to that, changes in IP practice and the dynamic of making provokes concerns about the free use of the patented ideas. The fact of public sharing, even in a form of one “innocent” Internet post, e.g. suggesting (instructing) certain patent improvements, can be sufficient to claim indirect patent infringement or inducement to infringe. The research addressed the question of the applicability of patent excpetions (limitations of the patent exclusivity) that enable defence in patent infringement cases. It also examined those measures with regard to the scope of the freedom-to-operate they provide. In the course of the project it was demonstrated that the communitarian profile of the movement and the uncontrollable dissemination of information do not allow for the movement to fit under the protective umbrella of patent limitations. The study proposes a novel solution within the framework of patent limitations to address free tinkering and the public dissemination of information. Its objective is plain and simple: to free makers from infringing patent rights, from being involved in patent puzzles and from decoding patent claims.
Maier-Saupe Theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Generalized Maier-Saupe theory (GMST) within Tsallis thermostatistics (TT) has been used to investigate the second rank order parameter in a nematic liquid crystal, N-p-methoxybenzylidene p-n-butylaniline (MBBA). Also, the free energy has been investigated at the nematic-isotropic phase transition temperature and the effect of the nonextensivity has been demonstrated.
Clinical study of the effects of edaravone and Ozagrel in the treatment of 30 patients with acute ischemic stroke

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore the clinical effects and safety of edaravone and ozagrel in treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Methods 60 patients with a cute ischemic stroke were divided into two groups randomly,each group 30 patients.The treatment group was treated by edaravone and ozagrel,and the control group was treated by ligustrazine injection.Before and 14 days after treatment,the neurologic impairment and clinical curative effect of the two groups were evaluated respectively. Results The effective rate in the treatment group was 86.6%,and that in the control group was 63.3%.The difference between the two groups was statistically significant(P＜0.05). Conclusion Edaravone and ozagrel in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke was effective and worthy of being widely used.

Key words:
Edaravone; Ozagrel; Cerebrovascular Accident
AnnalesCambrie

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Annales Cambrie (The annals of Wales) is the name given by scholars to a family of Latin chronicles descended from an ancestral chronicle compiled at St. Davids in southwest Wales (Dyfed) in the mid‐tenth century. The earliest offshoot of this chronicle to survive, London, British Library, MS Harley 3859, is preserved in an Anglo‐Norman manuscript of c. 1100, as an insertion, together with a collection of Welsh genealogies, into its copy of the Historia Brittonum . The Historia Brittonum was composed in 829/830 in Gwynedd; but the inserted material belongs to Dyfed during the reign of Owain ap Hywel Dda (950–88). These three texts in the Harleian MS constitute the most important Welsh evidence for the political history of Wales and the Britons up to the mid‐tenth century. To judge by the fact that the last entry in the Harleian chronicle belongs to 954 and by the form of the names, it seems that the Anglo‐Norman copyist transcribed directly, or perhaps at one remove, the tenth‐century text.
Avoidant Attachment Mediates Cultural Differences in Likelihood to Surrender Pets

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACTAcross two studies, pet owners residing in Western and Eastern countries completed surveys documenting their experiences with a particular pet and their likelihood of surrendering that pet in the future. In study 1, we targeted dog owners from the USA, Pakistan, and Hong Kong (n = 266). In study 2, we targeted both dog and cat owners from the same countries, as well as the UK, Canada, and the Netherlands (n = 236). Results were largely replicated across samples. Participants from Eastern countries indicated a greater likelihood to surrender their preferred pet compared with participants from Western countries. The Eastern and Western samples differed on several variables, including number of concerns and problem behaviors reported for their pets, belief in animal mind, and attachment styles. However, a single factor – avoidant attachment style – significantly mediated the greater likelihood to surrender a pet across both studies. Those from Eastern cultures were more likely to have anxious and avoidant attachment styles compared with those from Western cultures, and the avoidant attachment style was associated with a greater likelihood to surrender a pet. Future studies should investigate possible reasons for cultural differences in attachment style to pets.KEYWORDS: Attachment style; cats; dogs; human–animal interactionpet surrenderproblem behaviors Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1 Participants completed some additional measures in study 1, including the Lexington Attachment to Pets Scale and the Experience in Close Relationships Scale, but data from these were not analyzed here for the sake of consistency with the shorter survey in study 2 and parsimony.2 Separate mediation regressions were conducted for each mediator as well. These regressions included data from 205–251 participants. Results were largely consistent with the results from the single model so, for the sake of parsimony, only results from the single, inclusive model will be reported.3 Although attachment strength, pet attitudes, and belief in animal mind predicted LPS when they were included in separate models, the inclusive model suggests that these variables do not contribute unique sources of variance.
Hydrological modelling applied to flooding assessment in the urban coastal city in Brazil

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The urban region of many coastal municipalities is marked by the growing process of urbanization of its marine river plain and presents great challenges related to the drainage of rainwater. This study seeks to verify the influence of the flood wave, coming from the upper part of the Macaé River hydrographic basin, in the flooding of the urban area, using MOHID platform, Land module, for the hydrodynamic simulation. The municipality of Macaé, located in the north of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), has a dense network of tributary channels, built to drain more quickly the waters that accumulate in the floodplains during the rainy seasons. The current configuration of this system is insufficient to reconcile the current land use and runoff, and the floods impose several economic losses. Given this scenario, the Hydrographic Basin Committee of the region, through its Water Resources Plan, recommended studies on the theme, pointing out the need for a more detailed topographic description. The results of the model were compared with a rain that occurred in March 2018, which caused flooding in various points of the urban area. The methodology used can be applied in other municipalities with the same need.
Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata VI004150A-G

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek var. radiata
Common name(s): Mungbean
Other names: NEMB- 43 (GREEN)
Conserved by: World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg), Chinese Taipei (Taiwan)
Local sample unique identifier: VI004150A-G
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1976-02-01
Other identifiers: n/a,V05151
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
Genetic Characterisation of Fungi Producing Aflatoxins B1, Isolated from Wheat Grains in Karbala Governorate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The widespread spread of fungi is one of the most important problems facing us at the present time because of their widespread spread in nature, causing major economic losses to the food and feed industry and seriously threatening human health due to their toxins passing through the food chain. Aflatoxins are one of the most dangerous mycotoxins produced by fungi and commonly found in grains and animal feed due to their toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic effects on human and animal health. In this study, fungal isolates producing aflatoxins were isolated from grains in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, for the year 2024. The study’s findings demonstrated that various frequencies of fungal contamination were present in each wheat sample. At frequencies of 33.33%, 25.80%, 29.03%, and 11.82%, respectively, the fungus Aspergillus caespitosus , Fusarium equiseti , Alternaria alternate , and Talaromyces tiftonensis were isolated. The ammonia test and thin layer chromatography (TLC) revealed that all fungal isolates produced aflatoxin B1. They were then identified molecularly using polymerase chain reaction technology, and the nitrogenous base sequence was determined using the ITS4 and ITS5 primers. The sequences of the numerous bases were evaluated using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool software (BLAST), which proved that the isolates belonged to species such as Aspergillus caespitosus, Fusarium equiseti, Alternaria alternate, and Talaromyces tiftonensis . Furthermore, comparing these sequences to the data available in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database revealed that the strains of the isolates in this investigation were (93% -100%) identical to global strains The strains under investigation were identified in the GenBank database by the sequence codes PP216644.1 for Aspergillus caespitosus , PP216655.1 for Fusarium equiseti , PP216658.1 for Alternaria alternate , and PP216657.1 for Talaromyces tiftonensis . For every isolate, a genetic tree was constructed.
I Will Follow You: The Combined Use of Songwriting and Art to Promote Healing in a Child Who Has Been Traumatized

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This article describes music therapy services provided to a six-year-old child who had been physically and sexually abused. While the music therapist had been meeting with the child for over a year at the time of this writing, this report focuses on an intervention implemented over the course of approximately six months. It presents a new way of combining songwriting and visual art to facilitate emotional expression, specifically, the use of therapist-composed songs in response to the child's drawings. The drawings and therapist-composed songs are related to emotions that the child chose as being important for her healing. Several processes are explained, including (a) how the child was encouraged to use visual art, (b) how the therapist composed each song, and (c) how the child responded to the therapist-composed songs. The paper further summarizes the essential elements of this approach, including giving the child control of the process, providing validation and acceptance for the child and where she is in the healing process, increasing her self-esteem, and providing a healthy emotional outlet. Three audio examples are included with their corresponding drawings. The clinical considerations of establishing sufficient rapport with the child, already having a strong songwriting background, flexibility with the various ways a song can be written and the client's chosen level of involvement, and collaborating with an art therapist are included in the discussion of this paper.
Large-aperture CsLiB6O10 frequency doubler for high-energy Nd:glass laser

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We describe the demonstration of the high pulse energy and high efficiency second-harmonic generation (SHG) at 532-nm using large aperture CsLiB6O10 (CLBO) crystals for the first time to our knowledge. A pulsed green energy of 25 J has been generated with 34 J of input 1064-nm Nd:glass laser radiation using a two-stage crystal architecture. High conversion efficiency of 74% has been attained at fundamental laser intensity of only 370MW/cm2. This result represents the highest green pulse energy ever reported using the CLBO crystals. We discuss in detail the design and performance of SHG using CLBO crystals.
Comment on Vierck CJ Jr: Mechanisms underlying development of spatially distributed chronic pain (fibromyalgia). Pain 2006;124:242–62

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1Department of Rheumatology and Pain Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia 2Department of Rheumatology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia *Corresponding author. Tel.: +61 2 9361 5900; fax: +61 2 9361 5061. E-mail: [email protected]
P13.22: Urine production rate in fetuses with digestive tube obstruction and central nervous system defects complicated with polyhydramnios by using three‐dimensional ultrasonography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To evaluate the change of urine production rate (UPR) in the fetuses with digestive tube obstruction and central nervous system (CNS) defects by using the virtual organ computer-aided analysis (VOCAL) technique of three-dimensional ultrasound (3D US). 58 women with normal singleton pregnancy at 15 ∼ 38 weeks' gestation were selected as the control group. 10 consecutive fetuses with digestive tube obstruction and 20 fetuses with CNS defects in the same period were selected as the case group. 5 fetuses with anencephalia were considered as a subgroup of CNS defects. All cases in the case group were complicated with polyhydramnios. Fetal bladder volume was measured within a 2 ∼ 5 minute interval by using VOCAL technique of 3DUS, and fetal UPR was calculated using the equation:UPR (ml/h) = (the second bladder volomn—the first bladder volomn) × 60/time interval (min). To adjust for gestational age (GA), UPR was transformed to Z-score using the formulae: Z-score = (UPR—mean UPR)/SD of UPR at a specific GA. Then, Z-score of the case groups were compared with the control group. UPR of digestive tube obstruction group, CNS defects group and anencephalia group had no significant difference from the control group (Z-score of − 0.20 ± 0.31, 0.05 ± 1.98, 0.12 ± 0.85 vs. − 0.26 ± 0.46, all P > 0.05). (1) Fetal UPR is normal in fetuses with digestive tube obstruction. Complication with polyhydramnios in this defect is due to the absorption in the digestive tube. (2) No matter it is anencephalia or other types, fetal UPR in CNS defects is normal. Therefore, polyhydramnios in CNS defects is not attributed to the increase of urine production that causes.
Polypodium simplex Burm. f.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Polypodium simplex Burm. f., Fl. Ind.: 235. 1768. Lectotypus (designated here): INDONESIA. Java: s.d., Pryon s.n. (G-PREL [G00818253]!) (Fig. 7). Notes. – In the protologue, BURMAN (1768: 235) referred to a plate in RUMPHIUS’s Herbarium Amboinense (1750: 70, tab. 30, fig. 1) and a Kleynhoff collection in his herbarium. Thus a lectotypification is necessary. The only original material in G-PREL is a Pryon collection from Java that Burman erroneously attributed to Kleynhoff: the polynomial “ Filix non ramosa foliis integris alternis ” cited in the protologue appears in Pryon’s typical handwriting on the sheet. This collections is here designated as lectotype (Fig. 7). The Pryon specimen in G-PREL clearly represents a species of the genus Drynaria (Bory) J. Sm. It corresponds to Drynaria rigidula (Sw.) Bedd., showing a sterile frond with anastomosing veins and narrow pinnae articulate to rachis. BURMAN (1768) ’s Polypodium simplex predates SWARTZ (1801) ’s P. rigidulum. In order to allow the further use of a well-known and widely used fern name (A. Smith, pers. comm.) and to avoid disadvantageous nomenclatural changes entailed by the strict application of the ICN rules (TURLAND et al., 2018: Art. 14.1), a proposal to conserve Swartz’s name over Burman’s is in preparation.
Power Analysis Side-Channel Attacks on Symmetric Block Cipher Magma.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents an overview of power analysis side-channel attack and experimental results of power consumption measurements charts for encryption algorithm Magma (GOST R 34.12 - 2015 (n = 64)). Magma cipher was implemented at Arduino electric board (namely Arduino Uno). Measurements were made by using a LECROY WavePro 7100A oscilloscope with a 1 GHz bandwidth and 10 GHz / 4 channel sampling frequency. Our experiments led to finding segments and getting power value of each encryption operations and marked segments of each encryption rounds.
Acupuncture at ST36 prevents chronic stress-induced increases in neuropeptide Y in rat

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chronic stress, as seen in post-traumatic stress disorder, can exacerbate existing diseases. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been proposed to treat chronic stress, although information on its efficacy or mechanism(s) of action is limited. While many factors contribute to the chronic stress response, the sympathetic peptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY), has been shown to be elevated in chronic stress and is hypothesized to contribute to the physiological stress response. Our objective was to determine if EA at acupuncture point stomach 36 (ST 36 ) is effective in mitigating cold stress-induced increase in NPY in rats. Both pretreatment and concomitant treatment with EA ST 36 effectively suppressed peripheral and central NPY after 14 d of cold stress ( P < 0.05). The effect was specific, as NPY in Sham-EA rats was not different than observed in stress-only rats. Additionally, the effect of EA ST 36 was long-lasting, as NPY levels remained suppressed despite early cessation of EA ST 36 , while exposure to cold stress was continued. In the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), it was notable that changes in NPY mirrored plasma NPY levels, and that the significant elevation in PVN Y1 receptor observed with stress was also prevented with EA ST 36 . The findings indicate that EA ST 36 is effective in preventing one of the sympathetic pathways stimulated during chronic stress, and thus may be a useful adjunct therapy in stress-related disorders.
The Scope of Military Jurisdiction for Violations of International Humanitarian Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Drafters of international humanitarian law (IHL) treaties clearly envisaged a role for military justice systems in the implementation and enforcement of these treaties. Nevertheless, the adequacy of military jurisdiction over violations of international law is being questioned in certain spheres. In the context of these debates this article considers the domestic rationale for military justice systems and explores the role and limits of military jurisdiction in combating impunity for violations of IHL. In focusing on the need to effectively repress and suppress all violations of IHL, the article addresses the extent to which some sort of military justice may be necessary for the effective enforcement of certain provisions. It also explores the way in which increased scrutiny of the impact of these justice systems on the rights of individuals has led to restrictions on the format and scope of military jurisdiction. Although there are difficulties in internationalising the discussion on military jurisdiction because of differences in domestic legal traditions, the choice of effective IHL enforcement mechanisms, which includes the choice of military or civilian jurisdiction, is key in combating impunity for violations of this body of law and protecting the rights of those involved.
Translation by machine of complex nominals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a method for compositionally translating noun-noun (NN) compounds, using a word-level bilingual dictionary and syntactic templates for candidate generation, and corpus and dictionary statistics for selection. We propose a support vector learning-based method employing target language corpus and bilingual dictionary data, and evaluate it over a English ↔ Japanese machine translation task. We show the proposed method to be superior to previous methods and also robust over low-frequency NN compounds.
Modern Utilitarianism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Utilitarianism is the view that one should do whatever will bring about the greatest amount of good. It was first clearly propounded in the eighteenth century by the philosopher Jeremy Bentham (1789). Leading figures in its subsequent development were John Stuart Mill (1863) and Henry Sidgwick (1874), both philosophers with a strong interest in economics. Throughout its history, economists have had a strong influence on the development of utilitarian thinking. Recently, work by the economist John Harsanyi (1953, 1955, 1977a) has been particularly influential. Important recent writings include Griffin (1986), the debate contained in Smart and Williams (1973) and the collection in Sen and Williams (1982).
II. The RNA Replication of Hydroxylamine-inactivated Polioviruses

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

If cells are exposed to a mixture of hydroxylamine inactivated and infectious viruses the total rate of viral RNA-replication is lower than if the cells are infected with the same number of infectious viruses alone. This inhibitory influence of inactivated viruses depends on the ratio of infectious: inactivated viruses in the inoculum. One lethal hit by hydroxylamine suffices to produce the effect. In fact, viruses with few lethal hits inhibit more strongly than those with many lethal hits in their genome. There is also no replication of viral RNA with lethal hits if the cells are infected simultaneously both with active and inactive virus.