jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effects of catalytic mineral matter on CO/CO{sub 2} ratio, temperature and burning time for char combustion. Quarterly progress report No. 3, April--June 1990

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We have extended our recently reported method for determining the surface area of single microporous particles, Dudek et al., 1989 using an electrodynamic chamber (EDC) by increasing the operating pressures from 1 at to 25 at. The value of total surface area is determined from adsorption measurements of CO{sub 2} assuming monolayer adsorption. Measurements of CO{sub 2} desorption were also carried out to yield a point to point difference from the adsorption measurements of about 1%. Adsorption-desorption cycles were carried out for 10 particles to yield a scatter of less than 5% in the measured value for saturation adsorption. The major advantage of using high pressure measurements for evaluating the saturation value for CO{sub 2} adsorption is the improved accuracy of the extrapolation procedure. Previous measurements with the EDC at atmospheric pressure, Dudek, et al., 1989, yielded values for the surface area for similar particles of comparable value with a relative error of about 15%. The results of the high pressure measurements are however bounded with an error of about 3%. Also, the equilibrium adsorption-desorption coefficient was found with a high accuracy, whereas from atmospheric measurements it was not practical to obtain an accurate value.
The Characteristics of Storms and Floods in the Yanhe River Basin and the Flood Forecasting Scheme

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Yanhe River is the first-order tributary of the Yellow River, which flows across some significant cities and towns in the southern area of the northern Shaanxi Province, such as Ansai, Yan'an, and Yanchang. It is the main river that causes floods and damages to the above-mentioned cities and towns, so it is very im-portant for flood prevention to develop flood forecasting scheme. On the base of analyzing the characterisctics of storms and floods in the Yanhe River Basin, and on the principle of increasing the forecasting accuracy of the heavy floods and properly taking the normal floods into consideration, the system model is applied with the concept of flood formation and correlation diagram to develop the Yanhe River flood forecasting scheme mainly for the sections of Yan'an City, as well as Ansai and Yanchang County. This scheme can be used tentatively in practice.
Strategies for Managing Childhood Obesity in Primary Schools in the Cape Coast Metropolis of Ghana

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Childhood obesity is a critical global public health issue due to its association with psychological, social, economic and health problems. This study explored the potency of using teachers in managing childhood obesity among primary school pupils in a Ghanaian Metropolis, Cape Coast. Structured questionnaire were used for data collection. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 133 teachers as respondents for the study. Analyses were done using descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations. The study revealed that teachers were appreciably aware of and had useful perceptions of childhood obesity which could be built upon by way of interventional strategies to curb obesity among the school pupils.. These included physical activity-based strategies and dietary-based strategies such as: children being allowed to play and run around during break periods (91.7%); no foods, sweets and drinks being allowed in the classroom during lessons (84.1%); and existence of a school policy that guides the type of foods sold on school premises (72.0%). However, the teachers needed to be supported to effectively manage the phenomenon in the school environment. School authorities could develop policies on sale of food and snacks on school premises and ensure adherence to the policies through strict enforcement.
Multifaceted Analysis of Electrolyte Properties for Batteries

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The role of electrolyte is very important in improving the performance of batteries, such as higher energy density and higher power. This comprehensive paper summarizes two main topics: research on the redox resistance of electrolyte solutions, which is essential for high energy density, and research on improving the reaction rate of active materials, which is essential for high power. With regard to the redox resistance, the concentration effect and local pH in the vicinity of the electrode were focused on. As for the improvement of the active material reaction rate, a novel method for analyzing the current-potential curve using the concept of electrocatalytic reaction was proposed. The availability of the conductometric titration for analyzing complexes in the electrolyte was also presented. These fundamental studies, based on electrochemical theory and methods from a thermodynamic and kinetic point of view, are important for the design of battery electrolytes and for the interpretation of the phenomena.
Study Stability of the Indomethacin Gel

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To study stability of the indomethacin gel. Methods:The indomethacin gel was put in high temperature, high humidity and under strong light with or without package. The variation of its quality was studied. Results:The strong light caused a slight decrease of the quality of the unpacked indomethacin gel; The high temperature (80℃) caused significant decrease of quality of bothe packed and unpacked indomethacin gel. However, the quality was not affected by the high humidity. Conclusion:Indomethacin gel is unstable, slightly unstable, highly stable in high temperature, under strong light and in high humidity, respectively. Indomethacin gel must be coated in lower temperature and be kept away from strong light.
Exploring perceptions of professional expertise within a health and social care context

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Research should be exciting, and so the aim of the chapter is to create opportunity to consider a less familiar, mixed methods research approach in order to gain insight to individual thoughts, feelings and perceptions; an approach that might more traditionally be associated with 'qualitative' tools. The chapter is based upon a specific research study that was completed in 2019, the focus of which was to increase awareness and access to continuing professional development (CPD). The reader is able to explore a mixed methods research tool (repertory grid technique) and related methodology (personal construct theory) in a relevant, user-friendly manner.
Impact of artificial intelligence on consumer buying behaviors

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is an area that is fast growing in the business world. It has already been applied in many areas for instance commerce and everyday life. With AI in business, the industry will rely on faster cheaper, and more accurate marketing techniques. The present investigation is undertaken to find the relation between AI and consumer buying behavior and secondly to know the difference between customer buying behavior based on their demographics. To achieve these objectives, the researcher has collected data from 314 respondents from Nagpur. The researcher has employed Descriptive statistics, Correlation, Cronbach alpha, Anova, Mann-Whitney Test, and Kruskal-Wallis Test and has utilized SPSS for these tests. Results concluded to have a significant relationship between AI and consumer buying behavior. It was also concluded that there is a difference between consumer buying behavior and gender & monthly income. These were supported with hypothesis testing.
Decreased CD161 activating and increased CD158a inhibitory receptor expression on NK cells underlies impaired NK cell cytotoxicity in patients with multiple myeloma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim As innate immune cells natural killer (NK), NK-like T and CTLγδ are important in antitumour response in multiple myeloma (MM), the aim of this study was to investigate some functional and phenotypical characteristics of these cells in MM. Methods 29 patients with MM prior to therapy, in clinical stage I-III and 15 healthy controls (HCs) were investigated. Percent of immune cells in peripheral blood, NK cell activity, expression of activating (CD161) and inhibitory (CD158a, CD158b) NK cell receptors on CD3 − CD16 + NK cells were evaluated using 51-chromium-release assay and by flow cytometry. Production of interleukin (IL) 2 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α was analysed in supernatants from in vitro activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results In patients with MM the percent of NK cells and their two subsets did not differ from controls, while NK-like T and CTLγδ cells were significantly decreased. Significant impairment of NK cell cytotoxicity, CD107a expression and interferon γ intracellular level was also shown. There was a significant decrease in CD161 and an increase in CD158a receptor expression on NK cells in these patients. Also IL-2 production was lowest in clinical stage III. However, TNF-α production did not differ between patients and HCs. Conclusions Altered expression of CD161 activating and CD158a KIR inhibitory receptor is responsible for impaired antitumour activity of NK cells in MM patients. These new biomarkers may be helpful for patient selection for immunotherapy with cytokines, and novel KIR blocking monoclonal antibodies that enhance NK cell antimyeloma activity and provide clinical benefit.
Developmental expression of tau proteins in the chicken and rat brain: Rapid down‐regulation of a paired helical filament epitope in the rat cerebral cortex coincides with the transition from immature to adult tau isoforms

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The monoclonal antibodies TAU‐1 and AT8 are directed at human microtubule‐associated protein tau epitopes that contain a dephosphorylated and phosphorylated Ser202, respectively, while AT180 and AT270 are anti‐tau monoclonals with epitopes that require phosphorylated Thr181 and Thr231, respectively. We used these antibodies to study the developmental profiles of tau proteins in rat cerebral cortex and chicken optic lobes. In tau extracts from perinatal rat cerebral cortex, AT8 recognized one major protein band of approximately 50 kDa that peaks on postnatal day 6 and declines rapidly to lower levels at day 12. At later stages, the AT8 epitope was expressed by several adult tau isoforms that were, however, stained only very faintly in highly enriched samples. Two additional tau epitopes recognized by AT180 and AT270 were found to be expressed by one or two protein bands up to about postnatal day 19 and then declined. Unlike the AT8 epitope, in the mature brain these epitopes were stained strongly in enriched samples, where they were expressed by a greater number of adult isoforms. Between embryonic day 19 and postnatal day 12, TAU‐1 was found to recognize one major protein band of approximately 50 kDa which migrated slightly faster than the AT8‐binding band. At postnatal day 19 and all older stages (including adult cortex), at least three additional TAU‐1‐binding isoforms with higher apparent molecular weights were present. Hence, the transition from one immature to several adult TAU‐1‐binding tau isoforms between postnatal day 12 and 19 in rat cerebral cortex coincides with the phase of rapid down‐regulation of the AT8 epitope. As in the rat cerebrum, in chicken optic lobes there is a developmental decrease of AT8‐binding proteins which is paralleled by striking changes in the electrophoretic pattern of tau isoforms recognized by TAU‐1. In both rat cerebral cortex and chicken optic lobes, the period of maximal expression of AT8‐binding tau is morphologically characterized by intense axonal growth and beginning synaptogenesis, whereas its subsequent rapid down‐regulation and the appearance of novel TAU‐1‐binding isoforms correlates with synaptic maturation, the onset of spontaneous electrical activity and the beginning of myelination.
R. Cornet, K.A. Spackman (Eds) Essential SNOMED: Simplifying SNOMED CT and Supporting Integration with Health Information Models

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

SNOMED CT (SCT) has been designed and implemented in an era when health computer systems generally required terminology representations in the form of singular precoordinated concepts. Consequently, much of SCT content represents pre-coordinated concepts and their relationships. In this conceptual paper the role of pre- and post-coordinated terminology expressions are considered in the context of the current development direction of Electronic Health Records and the use of communications and knowledge repositories. The move from current SCT structures to an implementation form of SCT that focuses on “atomic concepts”
Evaluation of the left ventricular eccentricity index for assessing dogs classified by pulmonary hypertension probability

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objective To evaluate the left ventricular eccentricity index (EI) across different pulmonary hypertension (PH) probability groups and cardiac cycle phases. Methods This retrospective study enrolled 121 client-owned dogs with PH between February 2020 and July 2024. History, radiography, echocardiography, and other medical recordings were reviewed. Dogs with PH were diagnosed and classified according to the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus guidelines. The EI was measured at end diastole (EId) and end systole (EIs). The t , Mann-Whitney U , and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare EI between PH groups. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was applied to assess the EI for predicting PH and right-sided congestive heart failure. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation of EId and EIs with both tricuspid regurgitation velocity and right pulmonary artery distensibility index. Results This study enrolled 37 healthy (control) and 84 dogs with PH. Both EId and EIs were significantly different between the control and PH groups (EId/EIs, 1.16/1.13 vs 1.31/1.66). An EIs value of 1.22 distinguished the 2 groups with a sensitivity of 0.7 and specificity of 1 (AUC, 0.78). Both EId and EIs were positively correlated with tricuspid regurgitation velocity but not with the right pulmonary artery distensibility index. Conclusions The EI is useful for evaluating septal flattening in dogs with PH under various conditions. The EId showed inferior power to the EIs in assessing PH but aided screening for right-sided congestive heart failure and volume overload. Clinical Relevance The EI can help clinicians to more accurately assess PH probabilities, specifically regarding ventricles.
Trajectory optimization using fast-time repetitive computation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A perturbation method of computing optimum t r a j e c t o r i e s is described.This method uses fast -t i m e r e p e t i t i v e computations i n determining control impulse response functions and requires only dynamic solutions of t h e state equations.The solution of additional l i n e a r adjoint equations i s not required.Both a lqybrid and a d i g i t a l computer mechanization of t h i s impulse response method a r e described.nization are presented, using t h e same problem formulation i n each case.The problem constraints were t h a t a reentry vehicle t r a v e l a specified range, that t h e control remain within specified limits, and t h a t t h e heat input t o t h e vehicle be minimized. Sample solutions f o r each computer mecha-A comparison i s made betweent h e hybrid computer and t h e d i g i t a l corrrputer mechanizations, each computed near optimum t r a j e c t o r i e s i n about 2 minutes and f u l l optimum t r a j e ct o r i e s i n about 5 minutes of computer t i m e .--V .
1H and 13C nmr studies of cyclic and linear dipeptides containing threonyl, seryl, aspartyl, and histidyl residues

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The side‐chain conformations of D ‐ or L ‐ Thr, D ‐ or L ‐Ser, L ‐Asp, and L ‐ His residues in cyclic and linear dipeptides in D 2 O or in DMSO‐d 6 are deduced from vicinal ( 1 H, 1 H) and ( 13 C, 1 H) coupling constants. Vicinal ( 13 C, 13 C) coupling constants strongly depend on substituents and cannot be used without a more sound analysis. In cyclic dipeptides, the Thr and Ser side chains are folded above the DKP ring, with χ 1 near 60°. The L ‐Asp side chain interacts more specifically with peptide bonds (χ 1 near 300°). The L ‐ His side chain is more flexible and its conformation depends on the proximity of a second side chain and on solute‐solvent interactions. In all cases, this side chain is not completely folded. In linear dipeptides, the conformation of a C‐terminal L ‐His residue is mainly influenced by the end carboxylic group. On the other hand, a N‐terminal L ‐His residue interacts more easily with a neighboring L ‐Asp residue. In aqueous solution, the imidazole p K a depends on the proximity of terminal and lateral charged groups but does not reveal any specific interaction in cyclic dipeptides. A comparison between the conformations of cyclic peptides observed in solution, in the crystalline state and calculated by empirical methods, allows one to point out the discriminating role of the packing in crystals, and of solute‐solvent interactions in solution.
Cost‐effective ecological restoration

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Ecological restoration is a multibillion dollar industry critical for improving degraded habitat. However, most restoration is conducted without clearly defined success measures or analysis of costs. Outcomes are influenced by environmental conditions that vary across space and time, yet such variation is rarely considered in restoration planning. Here, we present a cost‐effectiveness analysis of terrestrial restoration methods to determine how practitioners may restore the highest native plant cover per dollar spent. We recorded costs of 120 distinct methods and described success in terms of native versus non‐native plant germination, growth, cover, and density. We assessed effectiveness using a basic, commonly used metric (% native plant cover) and developed an index of cost‐effectiveness (% native cover per dollar spent on restoration). We then evaluated success of multiple methods, given environmental variation across topography and multiple years, and found that the most successful method for restoring high native plant cover is often different from the method that results in the largest area restored per dollar expended, given fixed mitigation budgets. Based on our results, we developed decision‐making trees to guide practitioners through established phases of restoration— site preparation , seeding and planting , and maintenance . We also highlight where additional research could inform restoration practice, such as improved seasonal weather forecasts optimizing allocation of funds in time or valuation practices that include costs of specific outcomes in the collection of in lieu fees.
Incorporating advanced behavioral models in integer optimization

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Modern demand models rely on discrete choice models. These models are able to predict the choice behavior of individuals in a detailed way, accounting not only for the price and quality of the goods, but also for the characteristics of the customers. Consequently, they allow to capture the heterogeneity of the behavioral patterns in the population, that generate the demand. Unfortunately, these models are highly non linear and non convex in the variables of interest, and are therefore difficult to include in an integer optimization framework. In this talk, we propose a new modeling framework that leads to a linear formulation of any discrete choice model, allowing to include them in an integer optimization framework. As the project is at an early stage, the fundamental concepts will be presented, together with some illustrative examples. The pros and cons of the approach will also be discussed.
Efficient Ring Opening Reactions of N-Tosyl Aziridines with Amines and Water in Presence of Catalytic Amount of Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract While methyl- and benzylamines opened N-tosyl aziridines 1 very efficiently in acetonitrile with complete regio- and stereoselectivity to give the corresponding diamines 2 and 3, respectively, in excellent yields, similar openings with water could only be achieved in the presence of a catalytic amount of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate under very mild conditions furnishing the amino alcohols 4.
TNF gene polymorphisms in Graves’ disease: TNF-308 A/G meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto thyroiditis, are associated with human MHC polymorphisms. The present study analysed two polymorphisms within tumour necrosis factor (TNF) genes (TNF-308 A/G SNP and TNFb (CT)n microsatellite) in a sample of 106 GD patients and 199 controls from the Tunisian population. The present study was designed to investigate genetic association of these polymorphisms (taken separately or considered as a haplotype) with GD development. Statistical analysis confirmed the association between the TNF-308 A allele and GD (p = 0.002), previously reported in a Tunisian familial study. The data from the present study suggest that the TNF-308 A allele plays a role in GD pathogenesis in the Tunisian population. This association was further confirmed by a meta-analysis on eight published studies (p < 0.0001). Haplotype analysis with GD revealed an associated haplotype (TNFb3-TNF-308 G haplotype: chi2 = 13.16; p = 0.0003).
Going Beyond Woodward and Hoffmann's Electrocyclizations and Cycloadditions: Sigmatropic Rearrangements**

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract On June 1, 1965, R. B. Woodward and Roald Hoffmann published their third communication in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in which they applied orbital symmetry control to explain the mechanism of a wide variety of valence isomerizations that they termed “sigmatropic reactions.” This publication reveals the research trajectory taken by Hoffmann from which this portion of the no‐mechanism problem was solved. Hoffmann used five different quantum chemical tools, all based on either extended Hückel theoretical calculations or frontier molecular orbital theory, in his research. Hoffmann′s laboratory notebooks and his three draft manuscripts along with Woodward′s four subsequent drafts have survived the past 59 years and provide an excellent window into the thinking and manuscript‐writing processes used by these Nobel laureates in February‐April 1965.