jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Combining multiple ground truth annotations for segmentation training for oral cavity cancer

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Annotation of true ground truth is a difficult task for many computational pathology problems. Types of ground truth labels in the field include bounding boxes, text labels, binary class labels, and full tissue maps. The compounding issue is when multiple different pathologists label the same image, and there is disagreement between them. In this work, we investigate multiply reannotated tumor maps for squamous cell carcinoma, and if different annotation fusion methods have an impact on tumor segmentation. We find in this work that tumor label maps with an average annotation similarity of 0.759, do not have a significant quantitative difference in tumor segmentation.
Boon or Bane? Discursive Construction of the Shale Gas Controversy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explores strategies in pro and anti-shale organizations’ discourse by combining the Discourse-Historical Approach (Wodak, 2001) with corpus linguistics. With the help of keyword lists, collocations, concordances, and key semantic domains, the representations of shale gas extraction, relevant actors and argumentation schemes in opposing discourses of the pro-shale Marcellus Shale Coalition and anti-shale Americans Against Fracking were analyzed. The findings of the study show that the advocates presented shale gas as a bonus for the crisis-struck American society while backgrounding its environmental impacts. The opponents, on the other hand, represented shale gas as a threat to the American ecosystem and public health through an alarming and scientific discourse. The empirical findings of this study add to a growing body of literature on discursive strategies employed by opposing camps of environmental controversies.
Steric effects in the synthesis of ortho-substituted 1,1'-binaphthalene derivatives by the SRN1 and the Stille reaction

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The scope of the S RN 1 mechanism and the Stille reaction to synthesize 1,1´-binaphthalene derivatives was investigated.The best yield of 2'-methoxy-1,1'-binaphthalenyl-2-ol (52%) was obtained in liquid ammonia or DMSO by the S RN 1 irradiated reaction of 1-iodo-2methoxynaphthalene with the anion of 2-naphthol.A lower yield (40%) of BINOL is obtained in water with 1-iodo-2-hydroxynaphthalene as substrate when the reaction is sonicated before irradiation.The Stille reaction between (2-methoxy-1-naphthyl)-trimethylstannane and 1-iodo-2methoxynaphthalene afforded low yields (15-11%) of the 1,1´-binaphthalene derivative.Based on AM1 and B3LYP calculations the yields of the 1,1´-binaphthalene derivatives obtained through the electron transfer S RN 1 reaction can be attributed to kinetic factors of the radicalnucleophile coupling step.
The CP properties of the lightest Higgs boson with sbottom effects

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In the framework of the recently proposed gluino-axion model, using the effective potential method and taking into account the top-stop as well as the bottom-sbottom effects, we discuss the CP--properties of the lightest Higgs boson, in particular its CP--odd composition, which can offer new opportunities at collider searches. It is found that although the CP-odd composition of the lightest Higgs increases slightly with the inclusion of the sbottom effects, it never exceeds %0.17 for all values of the renormalization scale Q ranging from top mass to TeV scale
Progress in Gas-Side Fouling of Heat-Transfer Surfaces: 1989-1995

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Gas-side fouling is the deposition of an insulating layer of material onto a heat-transfer surface in the presence of a dirty gas stream. This review updates an extensive overview of gas-side fouling presented about six years ago in Applied Mechanics Reviews, Marner (1990). Four major topics are covered in this review: (a) various aspects of gas-side fouling, (b) gas-side fouling mechanisms of which the most important is transport to the surface, (c) experimental studies including gas-side fouling measuring devices, and (d) analytical studies including deposition, heat transfer, and pressure drop models. Gas-side fouling is an extremely complex, multifaceted phenomenon and substantial work continues in an attempt to better understand the processes involved.
Comparative Study on the Lubrication of Ti3C2TX MXene and Graphene Oxide Nanofluids for Titanium Alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Titanium alloys are difficult to machine and have poor tribological properties. Nanoparticles have good cooling and lubricating properties, which can be used in metal cutting fluid. The lubrication characteristics of the two-dimensional materials Ti3C2TX MXene and graphene oxide in water-based fluid for titanium alloys were comparatively investigated in this paper. Graphene oxide had smaller friction coefficients and wear volume than Ti3C2TX MXene nanofluid. As to the mechanism, MXene easily formed TiO2 for the tribo-chemical reaction, which accelerated wear. Moreover, GO nanofluid can form a more uniform and stable friction layer between the frictional interface, which reduces the friction coefficient and decreases the adhesive wear. The effects of different surfactants on the lubricating properties of MXene were further investigated. It was found that the cationic surfactant Hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (1631) had the lowest friction coefficient and anti-wear properties for the strong electrostatic attraction with MXene nanoparticles. The results of this study indicate that 2D nanoparticles, especially graphene oxide, could improve the lubricating properties of titanium alloys. It provides insight into the application of water-based nanofluids for difficult-to-machine materials to enhance surface quality and cutting efficiency. The developed nanofluid, which can lubricate titanium alloys, effectively has very broad applications in prospect.
Escape from a Life of Secrets and Emergence of Psychopathy from a Mask of Sanity

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the progression of psychopathy within the main character of Jim Thompson’s The Killer Inside Me. Lou Ford hides behind a social mask depicting a kindhearted oaf to conceal the psychopathic and violent personality that lies beneath. Throughout the novel, Lou Ford’s psychopathic personality begins to surface as he progresses from mere verbal jabs to murder as he tries to escape from his past and his obligations to his father. These obligations that he has put upon himself keep him from leaving the town; however, as he destroys the chains that bind him to the town by murdering those who represents these chains, his psychopathic personality, which is his real personality, grows in strength, and soon, the truth of his violent nature is known by the rest of the characters. In the end, to truly escape from the town, Lou Ford commits his final act: suicide. This act of suicide frees him from the past and he was able to be who he always was, a psychopath.
Selective complexation and efficient separation of cis/trans-1,2-dichloroethene isomers by a pillar[5]arene

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The complexation and separation of industrially important cis- and trans-1,2-dichloroethene (cis- and trans-DCE) isomers using perethylated pillar[5]arene (EtP5) are described.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Analysis of p27(Kip1) expression in insulinomas developed in pancreatic beta-cell specific Men1 mutant mice.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a hereditary disease characterised by the occurrence of multiple endocrine tumours. The biological functions of the responsible gene, MEN1, and its encoded protein, menin, remain so far largely elusive. The recent generation of Men1 mutant mice by our group and other laboratories provides powerful tools allowing for the identification of cellular and molecular events that occur after gene disruption. Interestingly, it has been recently reported that p27(Kip1) expression is regulated by menin and that decreased p27(Kip1) expression can be found in MEN1 insulinomas and parathyroid adenomas. In order to address whether and when p27(Kip1) expression alters during insulinoma development in pancreatic beta-cell-specific Men1 mutant mice, we analysed p27(Kip1) expression in islet lesions from mutant mice at different ages. Our data revealed that p27(Kip1) protein expression was reduced in 40 out of 52 (77%) insulinomas analysed, whereas the remaining 12 insulinomas (23%) did not show altered p27(Kip1) expression. No difference between the insulinomas with and without decreased p27(Kip1) expression could be observed in terms of histological features or menin inactivation. Furthermore, our analysis on hyperplastic and dysplastic islets developed in young mutant mice showed the lack of detectable alteration in p27(Kip1) expression, despite evident loss of menin expression in a substantial proportion of islet cells. Our work confirms the altered p27(Kip1) expression reported in tumours from MEN1 patients, whereas it suggests that other molecular events may also participate in the tumorigenesis process initiated by the Men1 gene inactivation. PMID: 16528608
Dietary Aureomycin and the response of the fowl to stressors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1. Conventional or gnotobiotic chicks, when injected from 1 d to 3 weeks of age with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (120IU/kg, three times weekly), showed a depressed growth rate, adrenal hypertrophy and depletion of cholesterol form the adrenal glands. 2. Feeding a diet supplemented with aureomycin (10 mg/kg) did not have any consistent ameliorating effect on the response of the stressed bird as judged by the above parameters. 3. It was found that treating germfree chicks with five daily injections of sterile milk on days 3 to 7 did not depress growth rate at any time, nor could differences in adrenal size or cholesterol stores be detected at the end of the 21-d experimental period. The responses were not modified by feeding an aureomycin-supplemented diet.
EXTH-49. DEVELOPMENTAL ANTIGENS CAN TARGET EMBRYONAL PEDIATRIC BRAIN CANCERS IN ADOPTIVE CELLULAR THERAPY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Mutations in tumor neoantigens have shown promise in immunotherapies for many cancers, yet pediatric brain tumors, which typically have a lower mutational burden, offer fewer opportunities to capitalize on these targeted therapies. Studies indicate that medulloblastoma (MB) and brain stem gliomas (BSG) originate from abnormal reactivation of post-natal developmental processes. This led us to investigate whether proteins expressed during the early post-natal development of the mouse cerebellum and brainstem could be powerful antigens to fight MB and BSG, respectively. We performed both in vitro and in vivo studies in mice with the RNA of developmental antigens from the brain stem and cerebellum in an adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) platform. We evaluated the reactivity and therapeutic efficacy of these treatments as sustainable antigenic targets against BSG and MBs. We demonstrate that T cells activated towards these non-mutated, tissue-specific developmental antigens can recognize distinct subtypes of MB and BSG, and activate specifically without cross-reacting to the normal brain. This conferred a survival benefit in established orthotopic models of these pediatric brain tumor types. Our research exhibits the value developmental antigens can offer when serving as tumor rejection antigens in MB and BSG.
Enrofloxacin enhances the effects of chemotherapy in canine osteosarcoma cells with mutant and wild‐type p53

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival time in dogs receiving adequate local control for appendicular osteosarcoma, but most dogs ultimately succumb to metastatic disease. The fluoroquinolone antibiotic enrofloxacin has been shown to inhibit survival and proliferation of canine osteosarcoma cells in vitro . Others have reported that fluoroquinolones may modulate cellular responses to DNA damaging agents and that these effects may be differentially mediated by p53 activity. We therefore determined p53 status and activity in three canine osteosarcoma cell lines and examined the effects of enrofloxacin when used alone or in combination with doxorubicin or carboplatin chemotherapy. Moresco and Abrams canine osteosarcoma cell lines contained mutations in p53, while no mutations were identified in the D17 cells or in a normal canine osteoblast cell line. The addition of enrofloxacin to either doxorubicin or carboplatin resulted in further reductions in osteosarcoma cell viability; this effect was apparent regardless of p53 mutational status or downstream activity.
Relationship of Glutathione Status with Oral Pre-cancer and Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Oral cancer accounts for the majority of the cancer in South East Asian region and especially in the Indian subcontinent. If diagnosed at an early stage the disease is reported to have a better prognosis. Sialochemistry involving antioxidants has recently gained importance for oral cancer risk assessment because of its non-invasive nature. The aim of this study was to estimate the levels of glutathione in saliva of patients with oral cancer, oral leukoplakia and healthy controls. Three study groups comprising of, 25 oral cancer patients, 25 oral leukoplakia patients and 25 healthy controls were involved in the study. Saliva sample collected from the patients were evaluated by Beutlers method. The data obtained were analyzed using the one way ANOVA test. There was a significant difference between the levels of salivary glutathione in between oral cancer, oral leukoplakia groups when compared to healthy controls. The levels of salivary glutathione were lower in oral cancer when compared to oral leukoplakia but the difference was not statistically significant. The results suggest that salivary gluthione level estimation could be used for determine the risk of oral cancer as a non-invasive modality.
Study on the stability of brown coal batter with opened cracks on Maddingley brown coal mine

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

After a 26-mm precipitation in February 2014, noticeable ground movements were recorded on the north batter of Maddingley brown coal open pit, Victoria. To investigate the rainfall effect on the stability of the brown coal batter with opened cracks, a three-dimensional geologic model was developed, and the finite element program encoded in Plaxis 3D was employed to conduct a complex two-phase (fluid-solid) coupled numerical simulation. It was found that the simulated deformations were well agreed with the field survey data. There were ground movements along the length of cracks on both sides of the crack with larger movement towards the pit bottom. The coupled effect of hydrostatic forces from the crack in the rear of the batter and from the clay layer underlain the batter caused the block to slide, or batter failure. From the results, it revealed that both short-term high rainfall intensity precipitation and long enduring low rainfall intensity precipitation could cause the brown coal batter with opened cracks instable.
Coimmunocapture and Electrochemical Quantitation of Total and Phosphorylated Amyloid-β40 Monomers

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Phosphorylated proteins play important roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The most abundant constituent in AD's brain deposit is the amyloid-β40 peptide (Aβ40). Based on it, the degree of phosphorylated Aβ40 in body fluids (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid, CSF), which is defined by the ratio of phosphorylated Aβ40 to total Aβ40 (pAβ40/tAβ40), is anticipated to be an index for early diagnosis of AD. The major challenge in pAβ40/tAβ40 detection is the large concentration difference between two Aβ40 forms in the real samples, which usually requires multichannel equipment and complicated detection process. In this paper, we revealed the unexpected close affinities of the anti-Aβ40 antibody to Aβ40 (40.2 nM-1) and to pAβ40 (42.3 nM-1). Based on it, a convenient coimmunocapture and electrochemical quantitation of tAβ40 and pAβ40 was achieved on an anti-Aβ40 antibody immobilized Au electrode (anti-Aβ40/Au). Once Aβ40 and pAβ40 were synchronously captured on the anti-Aβ40/Au electrode, the tAβ40 levels in CSF samples were quantified with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. With the signal amplification from Cd2+/Ti4+-functionalized titanium phosphate nanospheres (Cd2+/Ti4+@TiP) which was selective conjugated to pAβ40, concentrations of low abundant pAβ40 as low as 1 fM were readily measured by square wave voltammetry. Our results reveal that despite the concentrations of tAβ40 and pAβ40 fluctuate in each individual case, the concentration ratios of pAβ40/tAβ40 in CSF samples from AD patients are significant larger than those from healthy donors. It demonstrates that the degree of phosphorylated Aβ40 is hopeful to be an effective index for evaluating the AD progress and improving the accuracy of clinic AD diagnosis.
Consequences of regional accent differences for speech perception studies

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Sociophonetic research has demonstrated effects of regional accent on vowels. However, little attention is paid to regional accent in hearing and speech perception studies that use standard vowel stimuli. This poster illustrates the importance of these factors to perception. A library of synthetic vowels from nine different regions of the U.S. (e.g., southern California, upper Midwest) was generated according to published formant values. The vowels were categorized into three groups (near, medium, far) according to Euclidean distance in an F1 by F2 space relative to Pacific Northwest (PNW) vowels. Based on several experimental factors, two vowel pairs representing the high back and low front vowels were chosen as stimuli. The near, medium and far exemplars and PNW exemplars were presented to native PNW listeners in a forced-choice identification task. Dependent variables were identification accuracy and reaction time. Task difficulty was manipulated using background noise level. Results indicate that recognition scores were poorer, and reaction time was longer, for vowels that were spectrally distant from the listener's regional accent. These data suggest that researchers should take into account regional accent in selecting vowel stimuli or generating synthetic vowels for general-use speech perception tests. Supported by NIDCD (DC00033, RO1 DC006014).
The Role of Waixenicin A as Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin 7 Blocker

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Transient receptor potential melastatin 7 ( TRPM 7) plays a role in a number of physiological and pharmacological functions in variety of cells. The aim of this study was to clarify the role for TRPM 7 channels and the effect of waixenicin A on the pacemaking activity of interstitial cells of C ajal ( ICC s) and on the cell viability of the human gastric and breast adenocarcinoma cell lines, AGS and MCF ‐7, respectively. Waixenicin A decreased the amplitude of pacemaker potentials in cultured ICC clusters and inhibited TRPM 7 currents, but had no effect on C a 2+ ‐activated Cl − conductance ( ANO 1). Furthermore, waixenicin A was found to inhibit the growth and survival of AGS and MCF ‐7 cells. These findings indicate that TRPM 7 channel modulates intestinal motility and regulates the pathophysiology of human gastric and breast adenocarcinoma cells. These findings suggest that TRPM 7 channel be considered a potential target for the treatment of gut motor disorders and gastric and breast cancer.
Evidence for the Need to Renorm the Bayley Scales of Infant Development Based on the Performance of a Population-based Sample of 12-month-old Infants

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Assessment on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development of 305 twelve-month-old infants born at full term (>2,500 grams) in rural North Carolina resulted in mean Mental Developmental Indexes (MDI's) of 114 and 109 for whites and nonwhites, respectively, and a mean Psychomotor Developmental Index (PDI) of 110 for each group. Because the sample was systematically drawn from the entire population of an eight-county region, such high scores raised the suspicion that the 1969 Bayley norms are outdated. Exploration of alternative hypotheses suggested that home testing might have positively affected sample scores, but support for the hypothesis that the Bayley norms for 12-month-olds are outdated was derived from published means for other samples of infants born in the 1970s and from recent age placement revisions of items on the Gesell Developmental Examination. A renorming of the Bayley Scales is recommended.
Long-term clinical outcomes informed by artificial intelligence-enabled single-lead ECG detection of reduced ejection fraction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background * Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is linked to poor clinical outcomes (1, 2). * Despite its increasing prevalence, reduced LVEF is often undetected due to resource-limited echocardiography and lack of suitable point-of-care diagnostic tools. * Previous studies have shown that an artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiogram (AI-ECG) algorithm can accurately identify patients with reduced LVEF, but may also offer novel insights on long-term prognosis (3, 4). Purpose We aimed to determine if an AI-ECG algorithm designed for detecting reduced LVEF can also independently predict 2-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and all-cause mortality. Method * A retrospective multicentre observational study investigating the ability of AI-ECG to predict long-term clinical outcomes (i.e. over two years' follow up). * Analysis included a total of 1,007 consecutive unselected patients attending for routine echocardiography, with a single-lead ECG recording performed at the same time. * An AI-ECG algorithm, designed to identify impaired LVEF, was applied to each single-lead ECG. * Occurrence of MACE and all-cause mortality associated with AI-ECG results (Figure 1) was investigated using Cox regression; evaluating performance of AI-ECG results as a classifier (0 or 1) and as a probability score (0 to 1). * The study was approved by the UK Health Research Authority (reference 21/LO/0051). Results * The mean age was 62.3 years. 52.4% of patients were male and 57.5% of patients were White. * Appropriately, patients with a positive AI-ECG had a higher MACE rate compared to those with a negative AI-ECG (34.2% vs. 11.9%; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.02; 95% CI, 1.46 – 2.81; p &lt; 0.005), primarily driven by increased mortality (23% vs. 9.6%; p &lt; 0.0001; aHR 1.65; 95% CI, 1.12 – 2.43) and heart failure hospitalization (14.5% vs. 1%; p &lt; 0.0001) – Figure 2. * AI-ECG probability score (per 10% increase) was significantly associated with MACE (aHR 1.17; 95% CI, 1.09 – 1.25; p &lt; 0.005) and all-cause mortality (aHR 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02 – 1.20; p = 0.01). * Importantly, sub-analysis of AI-ECG for those who have a normal LVEF (i.e. ≥50%) continued to show association between positive AI-ECG and MACE (27.2% vs. 11.9%; p &lt; 0.0001; aHR 1.70, 95% CI 1.17 – 2.48) and all-cause mortality (20.4% vs. 9.6%; p &lt; 0.0001; aHR 1.53, 95% CI 1.00 – 2.36). Conclusion An AI-ECG algorithm designed to identify impaired LVEF can identify patients at risk of MACE and all-cause mortality from single-lead ECG screening – regardless of their LVEF. Such results may enable further risk stratification for cardiovascular investigations through the simple addition of single-lead ECG recording.