jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reduced in vitro erythroid progenitor cell growth in bronchial cancer.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Peripheral blood and bone marrow were studied in 21 men with disseminated untreated bronchial cancer in an attempt to define abnormalities of erythropoiesis associated with the development of anaemia. Haemoglobin concentration at or below 13 g/dl was present in 13 cases. Marrow morphology was normal in all cases except one, in which small numbers of tumour cells were found. Clonal assay of erythroid progenitors showed a significant decrease in the number of BFU-E (p = 0.03) and CFU-E (p = 0.01) compared with cultures from normal marrow (12 subjects). The growth of granulocyte and macrophage progenitors (GM-CFCs) was similar in patients with bronchial cancer and normal subjects. When normal marrow was incubated in the presence of serum from bronchial cancer patients, no inhibitory factors could be detected either for BFU-E or CFU-E growth. In all patients circulating T8 numbers were significantly raised (p = 0.0002). Consequently, the median T4:T8 ratio in blood was 1.2, and this was significantly lower than the ratio of 1.7 found in 20 normal subjects (p = 0.036). In 18 patients the bone marrow T4:T8 ratio of 1.1 was significantly lower than the ratio of 2.9 found in seven normal subjects (p = 0.04). Total blood white cell counts, neutrophils, and monocyte numbers were also increased (p = 0.0001; p = 0.0001; p = 0.002).
The Role of Culture and Belief Systems in Shaping Customary Land Reform

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In their quest for economic development through increased private investment, many developing countries are reformulating land policies to pave way for the transformation of communal land rights into private property. However, these customary land reform efforts have often been frustrated by indigenous people who feel such proposals threaten rural livelihoods and undermine the traditional political structures. Most of the research on this subject has focused on whether, how and/or to what extent the objectives of land reforms (e.g. tenure security and hypothecation) have been achieved. However, there is a lack of scholarly research on how and why indigenous people¡¯s cultural perspectives and belief systems on land (can) undermine progress on customary land reform. The paper examines and shows how customary land reform aspirations can be undermined by not only the ambiguity of national legal frameworks and lack of participation of local communities in the design of land reform policies/law, but also the indigenous people¡¯s long-standing cultural perspectives/belief systems on customary land (reform). We recommend that more innovative ways and further research are needed to achieve land reform and economic development. This, however, should take on board the cultural aspirations of the indigenes¡¯ way of life, belief systems and values.
Low Pressure Membrane Separation Process to Remove Heavy Metal Complexes

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: The overall objective of this investigation is to establish the rejection behavior of heavy metals in the presence of complexing agents, utilizing negatively charged ultrafiltration membranes. An extensive experimental investigation is conducted with Zn2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, and Cu1+ in the presence of cyanide, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, and oxalates, under insignificant concentration polarization condition. The rejection dependence of the heavy metals is found to be a function of feed metal concentration, metal types, complexing agent to metal feed molar ratio, pH and ionic strength. The dependence of rejection behavior of heavy metals and complexing agents on pH and concentration is explained in terms of metal complex species distribution and Donnan Exclusion model. For EDTA and oxalate systems, the rejections of metal are independent of initial metal concentration; whereas for the cyanide system the rejections of both metal and cyanide decrease with concentration. At transmembrane pressure of 5.6 x 105 N/m2, metal rejections range between 77% to 96%. For all cases, the rejection of metal is highly dependent on the size and charge of the complex metal species. For example, the rejections of Zn(CN)2-4 > Zn(CN)31-, and Cu(EDTA)2- > Cu(CN)32- > Cu(C2O4)2- are observed. Funding information: The work upon which this report is based was supported in part by funds provided by the Office of Water Research and Technology, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C., as authorized by the Water Research and Development Act of 1978. Public Law 95-467.
The chronology of the Athenian New Style Coinage

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Miss M. Thompson has now placed at our disposal a far greater body of evidence for studying the Athenian New Style coinage than was previously available. This is a service which cannot be underestimated. Nevertheless it is my belief that her evidence can be differently interpreted. She begins the coinage in 196/5 and ends it in 88/7.1 propose to argue here for a beginning c. 164 and an end towards the end of the Roman Republic.
The study of finite element method to predict effective elastic modulus of composites

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A finite element analysis of the effective elastic modulus of SiC three-dimensional(3-D) networks and particle reinforced metal matrix composites is presented.The calculated results show that the relationship between volume fraction of reinforcement and elastic modulus of composites is nonlinear.The Young's modulus,bulk modulus and shear modulus of 3-D network-reinforced composite are more than those of particle-reinforced composite when they have the equivalent amount of volume fractions of reinforcement.
Differential effects of thapsigargin analogues on apoptosis of prostate cancer cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ‐ ATP ase ( SERCA ) by thapsigargin (Tg) and Tg‐type analogues is considered to trigger cell death by activation of apoptotic pathways. Some of these analogues may be useful as antineoplastic agents after appropriate targeting as peptide conjugated prodrugs to cancer cells. With this in mind, this study evaluates the effect on LNC aP androgen‐sensitive cancer cells of thapsigargin substituted with 12‐aminododecanoyl linkers and Leu (Leu‐8 ADT ), aspartate (Asp‐8 ADT ) or Boc‐8 ADT . Our results show that both Leu‐8 ADT and Asp‐8 ADT result in rapid ER calcium depletion and an influx of calcium across the plasma membrane by activation of store‐operated calcium entry. By contrast, ER Ca 2+ depletion by Boc‐8 ADT is a very slow process that does not perceptibly increase cytosolic Ca 2+ and activate store‐operated calcium entry, because the inhibition of SERCA with this compound is very slow. Nevertheless, we find that Boc‐8 ADT is a more efficient inducer of apoptosis than both Tg and Leu‐8 ADT . Compared with Tg and the other analogues, apoptosis induced by Asp‐8 ADT is very modest, although this compound also activates store‐operated calcium entry and at high concentrations (1 μ m ) causes severe morphological changes, reflecting decreased cell viability. We conclude that many factors need to be considered for optimization of these compounds in antineoplastic drug design. Among these ER stress induced by Ca 2+ endoplasmic reticulum mobilization seems particularly important, whereas the early cytosolic increase of Ca 2+ concentration preceding the executive phase of apoptosis appears to be of no, or little, consequence for a subsequent apoptotic effect.
Frictional Characteristics and Tribological Mechanisms of Ionic Liquid Lubricants in Ceramic Tribo-Systems

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to their excellent mechanical stability, chemical stability, and environmentally friendly properties, ceramic materials have received extensive attention for years. Meanwhile, ionic liquids (ILs) have been found to effectively enhance tribological properties when applied as lubricants, which has become a distinctive example of their wide exploration. Here, three novel proton-type ionic liquids containing different polar groups were designed and synthesized as pure lubricants for use on different ceramic friction couples (silicon nitride–silicon nitride, silicon nitride–silicon carbide, and silicon nitride–zirconium oxide contacts), and their lubrication effect was evident. The results indicate that the adsorption behavior and frictional characteristics of different polar groups on a ceramic friction interface differ, largely depending on tribochemical reactions and the formation of a double electric layer on the interface between the ILs and ceramic substrates, without obvious corrosion during sliding. The friction coefficient is reduced by more than 80%, and this excellent anti-friction effect demonstrates that the constructed ionic liquid–ceramic interface tribological system shows good application potential. Based on the analyses of SEM, EDS, and XPS, the tribochemical reaction on the sliding asperity and the film-forming effect were identified as the dominant lubrication mechanisms. Here, the high lubricity and anti-wear performance of ILs containing phosphorus elements on different ceramic contacts is emphasized, enriching the promising application of high-performance ILs for macroscale, high-efficiency lubrication and low wear, which is of significance for engineering and practical applications.
Flexible planning strategies of sustainable city development

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recognizing the uncertainty of future city development is the basic starting point of sustainable urban planning. Flexibility in design enables the development of ?age-friendly cities?, reducing the risks of functional failures caused by changing living circumstances. Planning strategies that enable adaptation of the system to changing environmental, functional, social and technological conditions are essential to the long service life and the resilience of buildings and hence to sustainable city development. This paper considers the implementation of flexible design strategies within the concept of sustainability, defined as a key tool of urban renewal and resilient city development. Value-enhancing flexibility in urban and architectural design is an essential resource for all participants of integrative city development: designers, managers, financial analysts, investors, regulators and academics. Considering this, it is essential to support the flexibility in both conceptual and legislative framework of sustainable urban strategies.
EFFECTS OF ROASTING TEMPERATURE AND TIME ON BULK DENSITY, SOLUBLE SOLIDS, BROWNING INDEX AND PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF CORN KERNELS

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Changes in physicochemical properties of corn kernels as affected by roasting temperature and time were investigated and described using mathematical equations. Corn kernels were roasted for up to 50 min at 160, 180, 200, 220 and 240C. The weight, bulk density, soluble solids, pH, browning index and phenolic compounds of roasted corn were assayed throughout the roasting process. The levels of weight, bulk density and pH of corn decreased, while the levels of soluble solids, browning index and phenolic compounds increased, when the roasting temperature and time increased. The higher chemical changes in corn occurred at above 200C. The change patterns in the levels of soluble solids and phenolic compounds during roasting satisfactorily followed first-order and zero-order equations, respectively. Temperature dependence of these changes was described by Arrhenius equation. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Corn (Zea mays L.) is treated by various food processing technologies including roasting in order to be consumed as foodstuff. Quality and utilization of roasted corn may be dependent on the roasting conditions. However, the control of roasting process is roughly carried out by an experience of operators. In the present study, the changes in physicochemical properties of corn kernels during roasting process were determined. The results showed that physicochemical changes in corn were significantly affected by the roasting temperature and time. Thus, roasting temperature and time should be quantitatively controlled to obtain a desired quality of the roasted corn kernels. The change kinetics of physicochemical property obtained in this study could be considered as an indicator for quality control in roasting processes dependence on the utilization of the roasted corn kernels.
Another Basic Organic Chemical for American Industry...

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAdvertisementAnother Basic Organic Chemical for American Industry...Cite this: Chem. Eng. News 1947, 25, 8, obcPublication Date (Print):February 24, 1947Publication History Published online5 November 2010Published inissue 24 February 1947https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v025n008.obcCopyright © 1947 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views58Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (70 KB) SUBJECTS:Organic compounds Get e-Alerts
An Extension to the Delone and Mclean Information Systems Success Model and Validation in the Internet Banking Context

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The modern internet era opened a plethora of opportunities for doing business online. Internet banking (IB) is one such innovation which made greater strides from the humble beginnings in the mid 1990s. It is important for Bank practitioners to know what are the factors contributing to the success of new technology by customers to enable them better placed in the competitive segment. This study proposes an extension to the Delone and Mclean IS Success model to evaluate Information Systems(IS) success in the context of internet banking, with a security as a new dimension. Data collected from 312 respondents. The results found that security is a key factor for IB success. Furthermore, the study found that the dimension system quality has not had any substantial effect on IB user satisfaction, however, security and information quality if found to influence user satisfaction. Based on the findings, some implications for research and practice were prescribed, in addition to directions for future researchers of IS success in the IB context.
Substance Use After Release from Prison

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter discusses the substantial proportion of prisoners globally who have a history of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use and dependence. Incarceration usually provides a period of abstinence or reduced substance use, but this reduction is often transientand many ex-prisoners rapidly return to pre-incarceration levels of substance use. Substance use after release from prison is affected by both individual factors, such as substance use history and personal expectations, and interpersonal factors, such as social networks. Released prisoners often return to environments in which drugs are readily available and substance use is accepted or normative. Structural factors, such as poor access to substance use treatment and other health services, unstable housing and limited employment options, can create additional stressors that increase the risk of harmful substance use. Given the paucity of epidemiological evidence, the natural history of substance use after release from prison remains poorly understood. In particular, there is a dearth of evidence relating to resumption of alcohol, tobacco, and non-injecting illicit drug use following release from prison. Furthermore, although substance use in ex-prisoners is affected by structural and interpersonal factors, interventions to address problematic substance use typically focus on the individual. Additional research in this area is urgently needed to inform evidence-based policies and interventions.
Microstructure and Properties of Porous Si3N4/Dense Si3N4 Joints Bonded Using RE–Si–Al–O–N (RE = Y or Yb) Glasses

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The joining of porous Si3N4 to dense Si3N4 ceramics has been successfully performed using mixed RE2O3 (RE = Y or Yb), Al2O3, SiO2, and α-Si3N4 powders. The results suggested that the α-Si3N4 powders partly transformed into β-SiAlON and partly dissolved into oxide glass to form oxynitride glass. Thus, composites of glass/β-SiAlON-ceramic formed in the seam of joints. Due to the capillary action of the porous Si3N4 ceramic, the molten glass solder infiltrated into the porous Si3N4 ceramic side during the joining process and formed the “infiltration zone” with a thickness of about 400 μm, which contributed to the heterogeneous distribution of the RE–Si–Al–O–N glasses in the porous Si3N4 substrate. In-situ formation of β-SiAlON in the seam resulted in a high bonding strength. The maximum bending strength of 103 MPa and 88 MPa was reached for the porous Si3N4/dense Si3N4 joints using Y–Si–Al–O–N and Yb–Si–Al–O–N glass solders, respectively.
Instruments Measuring Nursing Staff Competence in Community Health Care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

There is currently no review of instruments that measure nursing staff competence in community health care. This study aims to (a) identify competence measurement instruments developed for nursing staff in community health care, and (b) explore conceptual and methodological issues concerning these instruments. A systematic literature search was made for the period 2000-2012. Instruments were evaluated for target group, content, and methodological quality. Of 11 identified instruments, all self-report, only four provided sufficient evidence of instrument validity. Few instruments had conceptualized competence by defining and operationalizing the concept. The evidence of the quality of the instruments varied greatly and was generally not sufficient. This review may help researchers decide which existing competence measurement instrument to use or whether they have to develop a new instrument.
[Changes of cerebral blood flow during 21 d head-down tilt bed rest and the effect of lower body negative pressure during the last week].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective. To investigate the changes of cerebral blood flow (CBF) during 21 d head-down tilt (HDT) bed rest and the effect of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) in the last week. Method. Twelve healthy male subjects were randomly divided into control and LBNP groups, with 6 in each group. All of them were exposed to -6 degrees HDT for 21 d. The LBNP group received -4.0 kPa LBNP training 1 h/d in the last week of HDT while the control group did not. CBF and cerebral vascular resistance were measured by rheoencephalogram in pre-HDT, day 3, 10 and 21 of HDT. Result. In control group, left cerebral I quadrant area and inrush velocity decreased significantly during HDT, and left cerebral delta Gy wave crest height decreased significantly, whereas left cerebral resistance index increased significantly on day 3 and 21 of HDT as compared to those of pre-HDT. In LBNP group, left cerebral I quadrant area decreased significantly, and left cerebral delta Gy wave crest height and inrush velocity tended to decrease on day 3 and 21 of HDT, whereas left cerebral resistance index increased significantly during HDT as compared to those of pre-HDT. There were no significant differences between above indexes in control group and LBNP group. Conclusion. It is suggested that 21 d HDT may increase cerebral vascular resistance and decrease CBF, which can not be prevented by LBNP training in the last week of 21 d HDT.
Population Genetic Structure of Two Mayflies (Ephemerella subvaria, Eurylophella verisimilis) in the Delaware River Drainage Basin

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The population genetic structure of two species of mayflies was studied using protein electrophoresis at eight locations in the headwater region of the Delaware River drainage basin. Study sites were located upstream and downstream from two large reservoirs. The working hypothesis was that little or no genetic differentiation occurs between conspecific populations within and among tributaries of the same drainage basin. A total of 24 and 28 loci were examined for Eurylophella verisimilis and Ephemerella subvaria respectively. Geographic differentiation was significant for three of nine polymorphic loci (average FST=0.028) for Ep. subvaria when all populations were compared. Spatial variation in allele frequencies among populations of Ep. subvaria was substantially higher in the West Branch than in the East Branch of the Delaware River. The spatial cline of allele frequencies for certain loci of Ep. subvaria paralleled environmental gradients in the vicinity of the two reservoirs but no cause-effect relationship can be implied without more extensive data. Regardless, the results for Ep. subvaria failed to support the hypothesis. In contrast, geographic differentiation for Eu. verisimilis was low, being limited to one locus and caused by allelic abnormalities at one site (average FST=0.008). No significant spatial clines were observed for Eu. verisimilis among study sites. These data seem to be consistent with the hypothesis. There was no indication of disrupted gene flow caused by the reservoirs acting as barriers to dispersal by larval drift or adult flight in either species. However, additional data on species in drainage basins without potential barriers to gene flow are needed to adequately test the hypothesis.
PENGGUNAAN ALAT HERBST PADA MALOKLUSI KLAS II DENGAN MANDIBULA RETROGNATHI (TINJAUAN PUSTAKA)

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

In Orthodontics, functional appliance can be used as a preliminary appliance in treating class II malocclusion with retruded mandible. This type of removable appliance needs patient's full cooperation. However, there is one type of fixed functional appliance known as : Herbst Appliance, which was introduced by Herbst in 1909 and redeveloped by Panchers in 1979. By using this appliance, the treatment period is much shorter compared to that of other removable functional appliances and results is more effective. This telescopic mechanism principle produces posterior forces to maxillary dentoalveolar complex and anterior forces to mandibular dentoalveolar complex. The expected effect of the treatment is longer mandible, distal movement of upper molars, mesial movement of lower molars, higher vertical dimension and a decrease of profile convexity. Based on those facts, in treating class II malocclusion -division I or II - a Herbst appliance might be taken into consideration.