jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Advanced Approaches to Controlling Confounding in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The past two decades have witnessed advances in the design and analysis of epidemiologic studies. This chapter introduces some of these approaches with a focus on confounding control, one of the major methodological challenges in pharmacoepidemiology. Pharmacoepidemiologists try to reduce bias by appropriate choices of study design and analytic strategies. The chapter provides an overview of selected options that fit typical pharmacoepidemiologic data sources and study questions. In any cohort study, the resources needed to collect data on all cohort members can be prohibitive. Even with cohorts formed from computerized databases, there may be a need to supplement and validate data with information from hospital records and other sources. The chapter discusses structural aspects of cohorts and presents three sampling designs within a cohort: nested case—control, multi-time case-control, and case—cohort.
A literature review on teachers’ job satisfaction in developing countries: Recommendations and solutions for the enhancement of the job

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study explored the factors of job satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the recommendations given by the researchers in seventy recruited research studies, which have been conducted for literature review of teachers’ job satisfaction in developing countries. The recruited studies were conducted across 21 countries in Asia and Africa, but the majority of them were in Iran, India, Turkey, Pakistan, China and Malaysia. The main purpose of the study was to explore the various relevant factors and, based on them, give recommendations and solutions for the enhancement of the jobs of teachers who work in educational institutions in developing countries. Included in this study were 61 quantitative, two qualitative, and seven mixed research papers. Conducive working conditions, promotional opportunities, fair remuneration, support from headteachers, colleagues and the community, teacher empowerment, and friendships were found to be the major factors affecting the job satisfaction of teachers. An autocratic management style, mistrust, a non‐transparent system, a work‐life imbalance, an ineffective teaching/learning environment, and unavailability of resources were found to be the main factors affecting job dissatisfaction.
Butin (7,3′,4′-Trihydroxydihydroflavone) Reduces Oxidative Stress-Induced Cell Death via Inhibition of the Mitochondria-Dependent Apoptotic Pathway

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Recently, we demonstrated that butin (7,3′,4′-trihydroxydihydroflavone) protected cells against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced apoptosis by: (1) scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), activating antioxidant enzymes such superoxide dismutase and catalase; (2) decreasing oxidative stress-induced 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels via activation of oxoguanine glycosylase 1, and (3), reducing oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine the cytoprotective effects of butin on oxidative stress-induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, and possible mechanisms involved. Butin significantly reduced H2O2-induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential as determined by confocal image analysis and flow cytometry, alterations in Bcl-2 family proteins such as decrease in Bcl-2 expression and increase in Bax and phospho Bcl-2 expression, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol and activation of caspases 9 and 3. Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic effect of butin was exerted via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-4, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and activator protein-1 cascades induced by H2O2 treatment. Finally, butin exhibited protective effects against H2O2-induced apoptosis, as demonstrated by decreased apoptotic bodies, sub-G1 hypodiploid cells and DNA fragmentation. Taken together, the protective effects of butin against H2O2-induced apoptosis were exerted via blockade of membrane potential depolarization, inhibition of the JNK pathway and mitochondria-involved caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway
Activity of msx-1 type genes during craniofacial development

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary: MSX-1 gene is a member of the MSX homeoboxgene family and it has different functions during the organogenesis process. This homeobox gene isexpressed in sites where epithelium-mesenchyme interactions are required. It also seems to have animportant activity controlling dental and craniofacial development, as investigated in human andmurine models. The following article reviews severasl studies in order to identify MSX.1relationships with dental and craniofacial development. Key words: Odontogenesis. MSX-1.Craniofacial development. Cleft palate. Tooth agenesis.
Supplementary material from "Experimental evidence of warming-induced disease emergence and its prediction by a trait-based mechanistic model"

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Predicting the effects of seasonality and climate change on the emergence and spread of infectious disease remains difficult, in part because of poorly understood connections between warming and the mechanisms driving disease. Trait-based mechanistic models combined with thermal performance curves arising from the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) have been highlighted as a promising approach going forward; however, this framework has not been tested under controlled experimental conditions that isolate the role of gradual temporal warming on disease dynamics and emergence. Here, we provide experimental evidence that a slowly warming host–parasite system can be pushed through a critical transition into an epidemic state. We then show that a trait-based mechanistic model with MTE functional forms can predict the critical temperature for disease emergence, subsequent disease dynamics through time and final infection prevalence in an experimentally warmed system of Daphnia and a microsporidian parasite. Our results serve as a proof of principle that trait-based mechanistic models using MTE subfunctions can predict warming-induced disease emergence in data-rich systems—a critical step towards generalizing the approach to other systems.
Soy phytoestrogens modify DNA methylation of GSTP1, RASSF1A, EPH2 and BRCA1 promoter in prostate cancer cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Epigenetic modifications of DNA, such as the promoter CpG island demethylation of tumor suppressor genes, might be related to the protective effect of soy on prostate cancer.
Ancient mitogenomes show plateau populations from last 5200 years partially contributed to present-day Tibetans

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The clarification of the genetic origins of present-day Tibetans requires an understanding of their past relationships with the ancient populations of the Tibetan Plateau. Here we successfully sequenced 67 complete mitochondrial DNA genomes of 5200 to 300-year-old humans from the plateau. Apart from identifying two ancient plateau lineages (haplogroups D4j1b and M9a1a1c1b1a) that suggest some ancestors of Tibetans came from low-altitude areas 4750 to 2775 years ago and that some were involved in an expansion of people moving between high-altitude areas 2125 to 1100 years ago, we found limited evidence of recent matrilineal continuity on the plateau. Furthermore, deep learning of the ancient data incorporated into simulation models with an accuracy of 97% supports that present-day Tibetan matrilineal ancestry received partial contribution rather than complete continuity from the plateau populations of the last 5200 years.
LIGHT TECHNOLOGY IN A HIGH-COMPLEXITY HEALTH UNIT: A MULTIPROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction. The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) is marked by the hard technology and dominated by the technical language, and can become a scenario of strong emotions, conflicts and feelings for the family, settling in a hostile environment. In this context, parents experience feelings of guilt, fear, anguish, and disability. In this perspective, it is necessary to think of care strategies that use light technology in health care in hospitals of high complexity. Objective. Provide a playful moment with the mothers of babies hospitalized in the Neonatal ICU. Methods. Report of experience of the celebration of the day of the children, on October 12, 2018, carried out by the multiprofessional team of the Maternity School Januario Cicco, in the auditorium of said institution.There were jokes, children’s dances and a karaoke. Popcorn was distributed as a souvenir in the shape of a slipper with jujube, made with disposable cup, in blue and pink, depending on the sex of the baby. This memory was made by residents of the Multiprofessional Residence in Neonatal Intensivism. Results. The activity counted on the participation of 15 mothers, 1 professional and 8 residents of said service, providing teaching-service integration. Through this activity it was possible to provide a moment of integration, communication, creativity and affectivity. Both mothers and residents were able to develop their communicative and bonding skills. Conclusion. The activity revealed the importance of including playfulness in the hospital as an instrument capable of modifying unpleasant situations arising from the prolonged hospitalization process, since it proposes to care in an integrated way. The entire process, in addition to benefiting children and residents, has made the local health service more humanized.
Abstract 16493: Comparison of Left Ventricular Volumes and Ejection Fraction Measured by Non-contrast 2 Dimensional, Contrast 2 Dimensional and 3 Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiography in Patients With Heart Failure During One Examination, to Measurements by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Non-contrast 2D TTE (2D NC TTE) is done in patients with HF to assess LV EDV and ESV and EF. 2D contrast and 3D TTE (2D C TTE, 3D TTE) are also done. Hypothesis: There are no distinct cut-offs for LV volumes for 2D C TTE or 3D TTE volumes. And, it is not known which of these measurements should be reported. The relative differences in these measurements, and their relative accuracy, compared to CMR is unknown. Methods: This is an observational, retrospective analysis of 239 HF patients who had 2D NC, 2D C, 3D TTE, and CMR. We measured bi-plane LV EDV and ESV, ml), and EF (%) in the 2D NC and C TTEs, and 3D LV EDV and ESV were measured in one TTE. Results: Data from 35 of the 239 patients are shown. 2D NC LV volumes were significantly smaller than 2D C volumes (EDV: 189±80 Vs. 227±86 and ESV: 133±68 Vs. 158±77, p<0.001 for both). 2D NC TTE volumes were significantly smaller than 3D TTE volumes (EDV: 189±80 Vs. 206±85 and ESV: 133±68 Vs. 154±70). But, only 2D C EDV was significantly smaller than 3D TTE (227±86 Vs. 206±85, p<0.01), ESV was not significantly different between the two. Compared to CMR, 2D C TTE did not show any significant differences in volumes because contrast was able to identify the compacted myocardial edge. In 3D TTE, only EDV was significantly smaller than CMR (p<0.01) but not 3D TTE ESV, because there is a bigger separation of trabeculated and compacted myocardial edges in ED which is less so in systole. 2D NC TTE EDV and ESV were both significantly smaller (p<0.001) than CMR because the trabeculated myocardial edge is used to measure these. There were no significant differences in EF between the three TTE methods. Figure 1 shows an example. Conclusions: In HF, 2D NC is smaller than 2D C TTE LV volumes, the latter being larger and comparable to CMR. Thus, there is a need to identify specific cut-offs for contrast TTE LV volumes to classify LV size. 3D TTE volumes are comparable to CMR, but smaller than 2D C TTE volumes. Contrast 3D TTE may prove to be most comparable to CMR when this becomes available.
Optical Correlation Based Pose Estimation Using Bipolar Amplitude Spatial Light Modulators

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : Pose estimation using a bank of filters and a pose search algorithm approach was performed in both the digital and optical domains sub-degree standard deviations in accuracy. The digital routine required less image processing than the optical method. This is because of this inability of the input SLM to achieve the resolution of the original digital image. The digital method is also capable of implementing complex composite filter designs. These filters generally performed poorly when directly optically implemented. This was not an unexpected result ar was due to the limited dynamic range of the filter SLM and its amplitude only (real valued) modulation. Using Matlab as an interface to the correlator for the pose estimation routine and for the development of filter conversion algorithms and image processing of the 3D software generated training images allowed for the programming and generation of the filter bank and image loading sequence for bank of filters with search algorithm proof of concept. This allowed for programmable changes to filter designs or image processing to be implemented within a single software platform. This general approach to pose estimation is therefore more streamlined and less costly in time and hardware from development to simulation than other existing approaches.
Multiobjective Water Resources Management Planning

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A multiobjective optimization procedure using the constraint linear programming technique is developed to assist water resources planners to establish a more unified basin‐wide management plan which will simultaneously consider the three major aspects in basin‐wide planning: (1) Water supply allocation; (2) water quality control; and (3) prevention of undesirable overdraft of the ground‐water basin. This optimization procedure is designed to be applied in concert with one or more simulation models: A ground‐water quantity‐and‐quality model or a river flow‐and‐mass transport model, or both, and a model which routes the water from the supply sources to various demand points, through the wastewater collection and treatment facilities, and ultimately to the disposal sites. To create the necessary linkage between the optimization procedure and the simulation models, the influence coefficient method is used as the connecting agent. With this agent, the optimization procedure can be carried out independently of the simulation models, while, at the same time, keeping a good representation of the response surface of the simulation models in the optimization procedure.
Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The handling of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has emerged as a critical environmental concern as more and more people select electric automobiles and electric cars are seen on the road more regularly. If the spent LIBs are not recovered in time, they will cause serious damage both ecologically and socially harmful. Through recycling, the environmental impact of LIBs can be greatly reduced, and valuable materials can be recovered. In this research, the current situation of LIBs recycling methods, including pyrometallurgy, direct recycling methods and hydrometallurgy are reviewed. Pyrometallurgical recycling is a widely used method which can use little pretreatment. It uses high temperature reaction to reduce the and recover valuable metals. In the hydrometallurgy, chemical leaching of LIBs enables the extraction of several different metals, including lithium, cobalt, manganese, nickel, and aluminum. It is more efficient to refine and separate metals using hydrometallurgy. Direct recycling is a promising approach that recycles valuable metals directly rather than transforming them into raw materials through the application of physical and chemical processes. In conclusion, recycling lithium-ion batteries is a crucial industry that may help address environmental issues and offer a reliable source of valuable resources. The development of LIBs recycling has great prospects and can aid in the sustainable exploitation of resources.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SHEAR BOND STRENGTH BETWEEN CONVENTIONAL AND FLOWABLE ORTHODONTIC ADHESIVES

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Flowable resin composites have been recommended for many clinical uses and have been formulated in a variety of compositions and viscosities to meet various uses.Aim of the work: To determine if flowable composite with or without primers could be used in orthodontic bracket bonding. Materials and Methods: Sixty human premolars and sixty metal brackets were randomly and equally divided into four subgroups. 1A subgroup (TXT with primer), 1B subgroup (TXT without primer), 2A (GF with primer) and 2B (GF without primer). After 72 hours, debonding was performed with a shearing force. The SBS (Shear Bond Strength) and the mode of bond failure were examined with ARI. Another twenty eight teeth were bonded by the same protocol to evaluate microleakage after thermocycling and dying with 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours.Results: Respective SBS results of the four subgroups were 14.6 ± 5.3, 13.3 ± 6.8, 18.9 ± 6.1 and 12.5 ± 5.9 MPa respectively. SBS value of subgroup 2A were significantly higher than subgroups 1A, 1B and 2B. After debonding ARI scores 0 and 1 were predominant in subgroups 1A, 1B and 2B, where subgroup 2A had ARI scores of 1 and 2. Subgroups 1B and 2B showed microleakage at both bracket-adhesive and enamel- adhesive interfaces, while subgroups 1A and 2A only 43% showed microleakage at bracket-adhesive interface. Conclusions: Flowable composite (GF) can be successfully used for bonding orthodontic brackets as it provided SBS comparable with conventional composite (TXT), as well as can be used without primer as it gives a clinically acceptable SBS and favorable bond failure pattern. However, from microleakage point of view flowable composite (GF) with primer demonstrated the best performance.
IDRA weather radar measurements - day 2018-09-04

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Radar range: standard. Max rain level: strong rain. Parent item: IDRA weather radar measurements - month 2018-09 Measuring instrument: IDRA atmospheric radar in CESAR observatory, Cabauw IRCTR has built a high resolution radar system, IDRA (IRCTR Drizzle Radar), aimed at the detailed observation of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall and drizzle. The system was placed at the end of August 2007 on top of a 213 m high meteorological tower in the CESAR (Cabauw Experimental Site for Atmospheric Research) observatory in Cabauw, The Netherlands. This location has several advantages: In the first place, an increased sensitivity due to the reduction of the influence of ground clutter. Secondly, it allows direct observation of the horizontal distribution of low level clouds and fog. Finally, the presence of other instruments in the vicinity enhances the understanding of the physical processes in the atmosphere by synergistically combining their measurements. Data from other instruments at CESAR are available at {http://www.cesar-database.nl}. IDRA provides the horizontal distribution of reflectivity, mean Doppler velocity, Doppler spectrum width and polarimetric parameters like differential reflectivity, linear depolarization ratio or specific differential phase. The data collected is freely available to the scientific community.
Gender, Tutoring And Track In Egyptian Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Egypt, girls have traditionally been educationally
disadvantaged. This disadvantage, however, has been focused on the
failure to enter school. Increasingly it is recognized that girls who
ever-enroll are at least as likely to complete primary and secondary
education as boys. Still the belief persists that girls, especially those
from poor families, will be disadvantaged in terms of school
expenditures and the transitions to secondary and higher education.
We examine expenditures on tutoring during the final year of
preparatory school, and the transition to specific tracks of secondary
education. Tests during the last year of preparatory largely determine
a student’s educational future. Results show that girls, even girls from
poor families, are not disadvantaged in terms of expenditures,
whether for tutoring, fees or general expenses. Moreover, girls are
more likely than boys to advance to general secondary education, the
track that leads to higher education.
Understanding Consumer Behavior towards Chatbots: An Empirical Study of Indian E-Commerce Users

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The rise of artificial intelligence has made chatbots a core element of customer service in Indian e-commerce. Consumer attitude toward Chabot usage is essential to improving user experience and adoptionS. This research examines consumers' perspectives by introducing additional constructs (enjoyment, technicality, and perceived risk) to the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), hence, providing an answer to current gaps found in the literature. A sequential exploratory mixed method approach was used, where a pilot study was performed with 200 Indian e-commerce users. Using Principal Component Analysis, variables clustered into eight factors: perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, excitement, technicality, perceived ease, perceived value, attitudes towards chatbots, and intention to use. These research results provide significant original findings regarding consumers' accepted chatbots in research literature and practice. This study is a stepping-stone towards the establishment of a reliable measurement scale and the identification of future directions to make AI adoption models in digital commerce more accurate.
Electrophysiological effects of cholinergic agents on the CNS of a nicotine‐resistant insect, the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract To assess the relative sensitivity of Manduca sexta central nervous system (CNS) to nicotine and other cholinergic agonists, global electrophysiological recording techniques were used. Comparisons were made between the tobacco hornworm and Periplaneta americana . Cords were tested in intact and partially desheathed conditions using two different recording methods (differential recording of activity in interganglionic connectives and non‐electrolyte gap recording of potentials developed in the ganglion). Both recording methods indicate that the Manduca tissue is about 100‐fold less sensitive to nicotine than Periplaneta , suggesting that mechanisms local to the CNS contribute to Manduca's ability to subsist on a nicotine‐rich diet. The threshold for response of desheathed Manduca cords to nicotine (during 5‐min exposures) is 5 × 10 −5 M nicotine. Desheathing increases the sensitivity of the Manduca CNS to nicotine but does not make the tissue equally as responsive as the Periplaneta CNS. The cholinergic agonists acetylcholine, muscarine, lobeline, and tetramethylammonium and the anticholinesterase, eserine, all induce neural activity in Manduca , indicating that the tissue is not intrinsically insensitive to cholinergic agents. The tertiary amide N'‐methylnicotinamide potentiates the toxicity of nicotine to the Manduca CNS.