jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Lebanon defied: Musa al-Sadr and the Shi'a community

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This volume traces the emergence of the Shi'a community as part of the turbulent international conflicts that swept Lebanon in the 1980s. The book explores the parochial origins of the Shi'a movement and charts its transformation into a revolutionary force bent on assuming a decisive role in a rapidly changing Lebanese polity. It also examines the role of the leader Musa al-Sadr in the context of interrelated factors such as the regional milieu, Lebanese history and political culture, Shi'ism as a revolutionary paradigm and the modernization process.
How Y chromosomes become genetically inert.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have investigated the mechanistic aspects of inactivation of the major larval cuticle protein genes (Lcp1-4) in Drosophila miranda during Y chromosome evolution. The Lcp genes are located on the X2 and neo-Y chromosomes in D. miranda but are autosomally inherited in all other Drosophila species investigated so far. In the neo-Y chromosome all four Lcp loci are embedded within a dense cluster of transposable elements. The X2 Lcp1-4 loci are expressed, while the Y chromosomal Lcp3 locus shows only reduced activity and the Lcp1, Lcp2, and Lcp4 are completely inactive. Our results suggest that Lcp1 and Lcp3 loci on the degenerating Y chromosome of D. miranda are silenced by neighboring transposable elements. These observations support our assumption that the first step in Y chromosome degeneration is the successive silencing of Y chromosomal loci caused by trapping and accumulation of transposons.
Tracking the Wandering Waters

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In 1972 the International Field Year for the Great Lakes finally took to the field as a multidisciplinary study of Lake Ontario. Various physical, biological, and human use factors affecting the entire water mass are being investigated. Measurement of the circulation patterns within the water mass relates to all aspects of the lake and is vital for a true cross‐discipline study. As a brief, concise layman's catalogue of the instruments and techniques presently being used to obtain measurements of currents in the Great Lakes, Measurement of Currents in the Great Lakes is an excellent job. The differences between the fixed meter, or Eulerian technique, and the free‐drifter, or Lagrangian technique, and the advantages of each are clearly stated, as are the discussions of the various support buoys and towers. The technical descriptions and diagrams are explicit and uncluttered with technical details needed only when actually working with the equipment. Appendix 2 provides the concerned reader with the names and addresses of the current meter manufacturers who can supply all the technical information concerning specific meters mentioned in the manual.
Public Health Policy and Human Rights

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

公衆衛生政策は私的権利の制限(私権制限)を伴うことが多い。私権に関わる例としては,公衆衛生情報と個人のプライバシー,コミュニケーション政策と表現の自由,検疫・隔離や強制的入院と個人の自律や自由,安全衛生基準と経済活動の自由などの間に見られる対立が挙げられる。国家・自治体は公共の福祉のために私権を正当に制限し得るとされるが,公衆衛生領域における政府の責務と権限が拡大する中,人権保護に関する議論を整理し制度を整えることは重要な課題である。本稿は,現代の米国における議論を総括紹介し,今後の議論に資すことを目的とした。公衆衛生政策を人権保護の観点から検討する際には,正当性,合理性,経済的負担と効率,私権制限の程度,公平性,政策相互の整合性が系統的に評価されることが望ましい。また,こうした評価を制度化し実効性のあるものとするためには,正当な法的手続きと政治過程の透明性確保が重要と考えられる。前者は,実質的正当性と形式的正当性の両者からなる。
[Primary localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder: a case report].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A case of primary localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder is reported. A 57-year-old male who complained of macrohematuria visited our hospital. Cystoscopic examination revealed a broad basic tumor from the anterior wall to the right wall. Suspecting a bladder tumor we performed a transurethral resection. However, the histopathological examination of the specimen revealed amyloid deposition and no malignant changes. Serum electrophoresis pattern was normal and urinary Bence-Jones protein was negative. Neither rectal nor gastric biopsy revealed amyloids. From these findings, we made a diagnosis of the primary localized amyloidosis of the urinary bladder. We collected 42 cases from the Japanese literature and discuss the clinical features of this disease.
Freedom of the Will: A Conditional Analysis

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Freedom of the Will provides a novel interpretation of G. E. Moore’s famous conditional analysis of free will and discusses several questions about the meaning of free will and its significance for moral responsibility. Although Moore’ theory has a strong initial appeal, most metaphysicians believe that there are conclusive arguments against it. Huoranszki argues that the importance of conditional analysis must be reevaluated in light of some recent developments in the theory of dispositions.
The original analysis can be amended so that the revised conditional account is not only a good response to determinist worries about the possibility of free will, but it can also explain the sense in which free will is an important condition of moral responsibility. This study addresses three fundamental issues about free will as a metaphysical condition of responsibility. First, the book explains why agents are responsible for their actions or omissions only if they have the ability to do otherwise and shows that the relevant ability is best captured by the revised conditional analysis. Second, it aims to clarify the relation between agents’ free will and their rational capacities. It argues that free will as a condition of responsibility must be understood in terms of agents’ ability to do otherwise rather than in terms of their capacity to respond to reasons. Finally, the book explains in which sense responsibility requires self-determination and argues that it is compatible with agents’ limited capacity to control their own character, reasons, and motives.
Surgical Treatment of Old Monteggia Fracture in Children.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Three cases of old monteggia fracture were by reconstruction of the annular ligament. Our cases consisted of two girls and one boy ranging in age from 4 to 10 years old. Follow-up ranged from 1.7 to 66 months. All cases could be classified as I of Bado. Thereafter.satisfactory results were obtain in the cases.
Ophthalmic Preservatives as Absorption Promoters for Ocular Drug Delivery

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The effects of ophthalmic preservatives on the drug permeability through isolated ocular membranes of albino rabbits were investigated using a two-chamber glass diffusion cell. Tilisolol and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextrans (average molecular weights 4400 and 9400 Da; FD-4 and FD-10, respectively) were used as model penetrants of ophthalmic β-blockers and peptide drugs. Preservatives significantly enhanced the corneal penetration of not only tilisolol but also FITC-dextrans. Especially, benzalkonium chloride increased the corneal permeability of FD-4 and FD-10 by 28·8 and 37·1 times, respectively. These results indicate the usefulness of ophthalmic preservatives as absorption promoters for the ocular delivery of β-blockers and hydrophilic macromolecules. Preservatives also enhanced the conjunctival permeability of tilisolol, FD-4 and FD-10. The promoting effect of preservatives on the conjunctival drug penetration was smaller than that on the corneal one. Preservative increased the ratio of corneal to conjunctival permeability of tilisolol, FD-4 and FD-10. The different responses of corneal and conjunctival drug penetrations to ophthalmic preservatives may be useful to control the extent and pathway for the ocular and systemic absorptions of instilled drugs.
Information trust and groundwater management: Evaluating the role of formal versus informal information sources in adoption of groundwater conservation practices among California farmers

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The future of farming in many water-stressed regions will depend in large part upon sustainable management of groundwater. Understanding the drivers associated with uptake of groundwater conservation practices in agriculture is thus critical for policy, programmatic, and technical support development. While a rich body of research has explored farmers’ conservation practice adoption, understanding of groundwater conservation practices is more limited, especially regarding the role of farmer networks and information sources. This study explores how information sources influence the actual and intended adoption of groundwater management practices in California, which instituted a statewide policy in 2014 to regulate and implement groundwater conservation practices. Using survey data from farmers (n=553) in three largely agricultural counties of California, we examine the extent to which farmers’ preferred and actual sources for groundwater policy information are associated with adoption of groundwater conservation practices while controlling for farm and farmer attributes. We find that farmer trust in groundwater policy information from informal sources such as other farmers, social media, and popular media is negatively associated with both current adoption and intended future adoption of groundwater conservation practices. These findings suggest that policymakers and extension agents seeking to spread conservation information could tap into peer-to-peer networks and partner with a diverse range of organizations to ensure that they send trusted information to farmers. This analysis can help build a richer understanding of how farmers’ groundwater management behavior is highly dependent upon social and policy contexts.
Strongly Asymmetric Tricriticality of Quenched Random-Field Systems

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In view of the recently seen dramatic effect of quenched random bonds on\ntricritical systems, we have conducted a renormalization-group study on the\neffect of quenched random fields on the tricritical phase diagram of the spin-1\nIsing model in $d=3$. We find that random fields convert first-order phase\ntransitions into second-order, in fact more effectively than random bonds. The\ncoexistence region is extremely flat, attesting to an unusually small\ntricritical exponent $\\beta_u$; moreover, an extreme asymmetry of the phase\ndiagram is very striking. To accomodate this asymmetry, the second-order\nboundary exhibits reentrance.\n
Oxidative stress in mitochondria of the brain tissue with aluminum neurotoxycosis and applying of glutathione and modulators of coenzyme A biosynthesis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Using an experimental model of aluminum neurotoxicosis, it was established that under conditions of chronic administration of aluminum chloride to rats, oxidative stress develops and inhibits the redox potential of the glutathione system in the mitochondrial and postmitochondrial fractions of the cerebral hemispheres. It was shown that the ingestion of N-acetylcysteine, as well as its combined use with coenzyme A biosynthesis precursors (D-panthenol or D-pantetin) against the background of aluminum neurotoxicosis, leads to a marked decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species by mitochondria, a decrease in the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and normalization of GSH content and its biosynthesis in brain tissue. The results indicate a high efficiency of the biosynthesis precursor of glutathione N-acetylcysteine in the prevention of oxidative stress in the chronic model of aluminum neurotoxicosis, which may be the rationale for its use as a modulator of mitochondrial redox status in the development of neurodegenerative pathology.
Uji Larvasida Ekstrak Etanol Buah Mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia L.) terhadap Jentik Nyamuk Aedes Aegypti

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an endemic disease in Indonesia and includes acute viral infections from Flaviviridae family that are transmitted through intermediate host Aedes aegypti with symptoms of sudden high fever for two to seven days accompanied by bleeding. Noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) contains active compounds as larvacide such as alkaloids, saponins, proxeronin and terpenoids. The purpose of this research is to know larvacide activity of ethanol extract of noni fruit to Aedes aegypti larvae death. This is an experimental research with post test only control group design. The sample used is 700 Aedes aegypti larvae which have reached III/IV instar and ethanol extract of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) divided into 5 concentrations, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 4%, 8% and two control group namely negative control and positive control. Each treatment was repeated 4 times. The larvacide activity test was performed by observing the number of larvae deaths within 24 hours at 1 hour, 2 hour and 24 hour observation (5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 1440 min) and looking at the LC50 and LT50 values of the larvae tested. Result of this research shows that noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) has a larvacide activity against the death of Aedes aegypti larvae. The Death of larvae was highest at 8% concentration with 100% death percentage in the 10 minutes and lowest at 0,5% concentration with 86% death percentage in the 1440 minutes. The probit analysis obtained LC50 in the 120 minutes is 1,44544% and LT50 at concentration of ethanol extract of noni fruit 2% is 70,8 minutes. From this research can be concluded that ethanol extract of noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) has a larvacide activity to Aedes aegypti larvae death.
Inspecting smoking addiction in youth in Türkiye: A latent class analysis using the Turkish version of the cigarette dependence scale

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Recent significant studies have focused on whether smoking behavior is a voluntary choice or an addiction. Inspired by these studies, this paper aims to explore smoking behavior in Türkiye using the Turkish version of the Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS)−12. The study administered the Turkish CDS-12 scale to 651 college student smokers in Türkiye, involving three main components: construct and convergent validity, Latent Class Analysis, and ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve analysis. In the exploratory factor analysis, the scale explained 46.03% of the total variance with a one-factor structure, and the factor loadings ranged from 0.30 to 0.78. Additionally, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value demonstrated excellent suitability (KMO = 0.94). Confirmatory factor analysis results supported an excellent fit for the one-factor model (RMSEA = 0.034, NFI = 0.95, NNFI = 0.97, CFI = 0.98, GFI = 0.99, AGFI = 0.98). Furthermore, Cronbach’s alpha value reinforced this result (α = 0.91). The Latent Class Analysis identified three levels of smoking: ‘high-level addicted smokers’(26.8%), ‘middle-level addicted smokers’(49.7%) and ‘low-level addicted smokers’(23.5%). Notably, 31% of college students scored above 39, categorizing them as smoking addicts. In conclusion, the Turkish CDS-12 scale demonstrates validity and reliability, making it suitable for researching smoking addiction in Türkiye.
The Role of Earnings Forecasts in Asset Pricing Models and Estimates of the Cost of Capital

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Analysts’ forecasts are a critical input for the Implied Cost of Capital (ICC) estimation. This dissertation makes three contributions to the literature. (1) I measure the impact of analysts’ forecast errors on ICC estimates, (2) I propose a model that outperforms the most popular methods from the literature in terms of forecast accuracy and bias, and (3) I introduce a Fitted ICC as an alternative to the raw ICC estimates to achieve a higher correlation to future returns.
Design for Learning

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Often, mental development is viewed as resulting either from domain-general learning mechanisms or from highly specialized modules containing substantial innate knowledge. However, an evolutionary developmental perspective suggests that learning and specialization are not necessarily in opposition. Instead, natural selection can favor learning mechanisms that rely on information from the environment to construct adaptive phenotypes, exploiting recurrent properties of fitness-relevant domains. Here we consider the possibility that early action understanding is centered on domain-specific action schemas that guide attention towards domain-relevant events and motivate learning about those domains. We examine chasing as a case study. We report studies (1) exploring the mechanisms that guide infants' attention to chasing events and (2) examining the inferences and judgments that children and adults make. We argue that these findings are consistent with the possibility that natural selection has built "islands of competence" in early action understanding that serve as kernels for future learning and development.
Kids content and YouTube as a Play-base Learning Education

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This paper analyzes the play form of <Boram Tube>, an individual YouTuber with the highest number of subscribers as of 2019, in terms of socio-dramatic play, and attempts to identify the significance of such play on the child's developmental psychology. This study is meaningful in that it looks at the educational significance of kids content on YouTube. The contents of <Boram Tube> are analyzed in the dimension of imagining objects, characters, and situations, and their significance is analyzed in connection with the cognitive, perceptual, and emotional development of children. In conclusion, this has been clarified that as the cognitive, perceptual, and emotional development of children is deepened by the dimension of social drama shown in <Boram Tube>, children's sense of self as a social being is developing among others such as peers and parents.
Environmentally Friendly Cleaners for Removing Tar from Metal Surfaces

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : As part of its mission, the Sustainable Painting Operations for the Total Army (SPOTA) working group evaluated solvents that will not impact the environment while cleaning armament equipment, in particular ground vehicles. ERDC-CERL researchers, in support of the SPOTA program, were tasked with conducting a preliminary study and develop a methodology to evaluate environmentally friendly cleaners that would be effective in cleaning road tar on military vehicles. The study involved an extensive literature review of commercial environmentally friendly tar removers (both products and methodologies). Twenty six commercial tar removal products were identified as possible solvents for removing the tar stains from ground vehicles. In addition, laboratory coupon evaluations were conducted using three select commercial products. This report presents the results of the search for commercial tar removal solvent systems, and a laboratory evaluation of select solvent systems for removing tar from steel coupons.
Barriers to and Opportunities for Light-Duty Vehicle Electrification in India: Insights From a Survey of Experts

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

According to the World Health Organization, India has the world’s worst air quality. Among other factors, vehicular pollution from the increasing stock of passenger vehicles has contributed to India’s deteriorating air quality. This increasing stock is also a factor in India becoming the third-highest oil-consuming and greenhouse gas (GHG)-emitting country worldwide.
Vein of Galen Malformation—Experience of the Last 13 Years in a Reference Center from South-Eastern Europe

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The vein of Galen malformations (VoGMs) is mainly correlated with the retention of an embryonic pattern of vascularity, inducer of vein of Galen dilation, and formation of arteriovenous communications that give rise to the risk of systemic shunting, causing cardiac dysfunction, vascular steal, and venous hypertension. This is a rare cerebral vascular malformation in the newborn, accounting for 1% of all cerebral arteriovenous malformations and occurring in approximately 1 in 25,000–50,000 live births. We review nine cases of newborns diagnosed with vein of Galen malformations (VoGMs) to assess whether this pathology demonstrates a marked improvement over the past 13 years in diagnostic accuracy, treatment approaches, and patient survival rates within our clinic. Medical treatment was focused on providing inotropic support and tightly controlled peripheral and pulmonary vasodilation with the aim of overriding the effects of high output heart failure. Most of the patients underwent liver failure and flow-mediated pulmonary hypertension, while half of the newborns expressed anomalies of the nervous system due to impaired cerebral hemodynamics. Given the unavailability of endovascular treatment in our unit, which predisposes the newborns to a higher vital risk, we recognize the importance of delivering tailored intensive care aimed at maintaining cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic stability until a curative intervention can be performed in a specialized center.
Effect of Integrated Nitrogen Management on Rice and Rice Fallow Rabi Crops

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment was conducted at College Farm, Agricultural College, Bapatla during 2015-16 and 2016-17 of both kharif and rabi seasons. The results of the work indicated that the application of INM (Integrated nitrogen management) M2 includes 50% RDN+ 25% N through FYM + 25% N through neem cake + recommended dose of microbial consortium (Azospirillum + PSB @ 2.5kg ha-1) recorded significantly higher grain yield and straw yield of rice over M1 (100% RDN) and residual effect of INM and 100% RDF (for each crop) gave higher yields of blackgram, maize, sorghum, sunflower and mustard. Significantly 25-30% higher yields were obtained in blackgram, maize, sorghum, sunflower and mustard crops.
[Thrombocytopenia associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Immunologic study of 60 patients addicted to parenteral drugs].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thrombocytopenia associated to infection by the human immunodeficiency virus in intravenous drug addict patients is due to the concurrence of multiple factors. The relevance of each may vary according to the risk practice of the collective analysed and even within the same group of some individuals or others. The numerous serologic findings in these patients fundamentally express the existence of a chronic polyclonal stimulation of B cells which may be initiated by the action of the drug itself and which becomes aggravated during the course of the multiple acquired infections among which that due to the human immunodeficiency virus is of note.
EFFECT OF THE VEGETATION AND SUBSURFACE WATER LEVEL ON NITROGEN REMOVAL IN A FIVE-STAGE VERTICAL FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLAND

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, the effect of the vegetation and subsurface water level on nitrogen removal was elucidated based on two years performance obtained in a real scale vertical flow constructed wetland consisting of five-stage treatment. Neither presence of the vegetation and half-saturated condition had significant positive effect on nitrogen removal in the first year operation. It needs one year operation to stabilize ammonification and nitrification process and presence of the vegetation offered a significant improvement of TN removal in the second year. Stimulation of nitrogen removal was significant at downstream treatment stage among five-stage, resulting in a high overall nitrogen removal in the second year operation. This tendency was obvious especially in the vegetated condition regardless of the subsurface water level, suggesting no significant effect of half-saturated condition. Based on the variation of annual nitrogen removal through five-stage treatment, potential mechanisms of effect of the vegetation and subsurface water level on nitrogen removal were discussed.