jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Rational design of thioamide peptides as selective inhibitors of cysteine protease cathepsin L

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Information on the effects of sidechain and backbone modification on the activity of cathepsin (Cts) L, V, K, S, and B was used to design a thioamide peptide that is inert to all Cts and selectively inhibits Cts L.
Sustainability and Firm Performance: A Review and Analysis Using Algorithmic Pathways in the Throughput Model

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper reviews the prior research on the relationship between sustainability and a firm’s performance and proposes algorithmic pathways in the throughput model that could be used to improve the research findings for such research. Results of our literature search were mixed. Some studies reported a positive relationship between a firm’s sustainability efforts and profitability while others found a negative to no relationship. Studies found reasons for implementing sustainability even though it is a loss-bearing activity; other studies found reasons for not practising sustainability. Reasons for not practising sustainability ranged from absence of external pressure; not viewing the sustainability report as a business obligation; deeming it too expensive for small firms; to a lack of resources. Our evaluation of the prior research also found that the prior studies excluded an important class of assets—non-financial intangible assets—in their evaluation of the relationship between sustainability efforts and profitability. The contribution of this study is that the throughput model along with its six dominant algorithms depicts the significance of triple bottom line concepts of economic, social, and environmental variables influencing performance.
The Gnostic in Us All: Thinking from the Macrobiotics of Michio Kushi

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Around 1970 in graduate school, I wrote a paper on the Gospel of Thomas , one of the documents discovered at Nag Hammadi in 1945. The debate over its gnosticizing elements was alive and well, and I weighed in with an argument that its thorough oblivion to history rendered it Gnostic—in the capital-“G” sense. I published a revised version of the paper in an academic journal in 1976. Then in 1986, I began to practice macrobiotics. As I studied the teachings of Michio Kushi, its foremost American teacher, I began to suspect religion. With longtime political interests in world government, Kushi elaborated on a cosmological spiral, with humans descending from a “unique principle” as it divided into yin and yang. Finding balance with yin and yang energies through diet and lifestyle would lead to alignment and peace, even as the earth itself wobbled on its axis through cycles that lasted thousands of years—the earth’s particular location influencing humans for good or ill. Even so, if macrobiotic principles were followed, what lay ahead was “one peaceful world.” Somewhere on the road to one peaceful world, Kushi discovered the Gospel of Thomas . He began to use it regularly in his popular “spiritual” seminars. This article leverages an account of the gnostic (here small-“g”) content of macrobiotics on Michio Kushi’s commentary on the Gospel of Thomas —The Gospel of Peace (1992)—and also on related works. The paper explores the gnosticism of macrobiotic foodways and a peaceful world in terms of American culture, looking for lines of connection and viewing them as encrypted signs—in the twenty-first century still—of the gnostic in us all.
Serum Uromodulin in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Controls: Its Potential Role in Kidney Health

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Uromodulin is a kidney-specific tubular protein, and its assessment in serum (sUMOD) reveals the potential as a novel marker for function and the integrity of renal parenchymal cells and does not directly depend on the glomerular filtration rate. Early diabetic nephropathy parallels glomerular hyperfiltration, often leading to diagnostic misinterpretation. Moreover, traditional kidney function markers are not able to diagnose structural lesions. Recent data show that sUMOD is linked to glucose intolerance in adults. Thus, we launched to assess the hypothesis that sUMOD is also associated with kidney function, biometric data, and quality of metabolic control in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Patients and methods Patients with type 1 diabetes (n=135) and healthy controls (n=69) were recruited to participate in the trial. Clinical, biometrical data, sUMOD, and other laboratory parameters were assessed. Results The mean concentrations of sUMOD in diabetic patients and controls were comparable (201.19±103.22 vs. 198.32±84.27 ng/mL, p=0.832). However, in contrast to healthy controls, sUMOD levels in patients with diabetes were associated with serum-creatinine (r=−0.368, p<0.0001), age (r=−0.350, p<0.0001), height (r=−0.379, p<0.0001), body weight (r=−0.394, p<0.0001), Body mass index (r=−0.292, p=0.001), daily insulin dosage (r=−0.300, p<0.0001), HbA1c (%) (r=−0.190, p=0.027), standardized HbA1c/IFCC (mmol/mol) (r=−0.189, p=0.028), and systolic (r=−0.299, p<0.0001) and diastolic (r=−0.235, p=0.006) arterial blood pressure. Conclusions Our study shows that children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes disclose similar sUMOD concentrations as healthy controls. Serum UMOD appears to indicate higher risks for kidney tissue remodeling and possibly subsequent cardiovascular alterations. However, further studies are mandatory to settle these findings.
Effect of Trichloroethylene on Cilia Activity in Rabbit Trachea

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The ciliotoxicity of trichloroethylene was studied in terms of the time required for ciliostasis in specimens of trachea from 35 male rabbits following exposure of the specimens to different vapour concentrations. The highest vapour concentration was linked with the most rapid ciliostasis but even in the lowest concentration tested, 5.000 p.p.m. (26g/m 3 ), hastened ciliostasis. Specimens from the upper region of the trachea underwent ciliostasis more slowly than did those from the lower region. The absolute uptake of trichloroethylene was lower in the former than in the latter specimen. The difference in uptake could not be explained by a difference in weight or in lipid content. That ciliostasis occurred at different times depending upon the region of the trachea, favours the theory of a critical tissue concentration for trichloroethylene.
Productivity, physiological quality and chemical composition of crambe seeds in different doses of phosphorus.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The crambe is a brassica with high content of oil used for biodiesel production and that has aroused interest in the short cycle and low production cost. However, there are doubts about their response to phosphated fertilization. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different doses of phosphorus on yield, physiological quality, chemical composition and oil content of crambe seeds. The treatments consisted of five doses of phosphorus (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha(-1)) applied at sowing. There was no effect of phosphorus on mineral composition and oil content of the seeds of crambe that showed the following averages: 30.11 N, 7.46 P, 7.35 K, Ca 10.06, 6.58 mg and 8.98 g kg(-1) S; 36.25 Cu, Fe 169.40, 36.75 Mn 73.60 mg kg(-1) Zn and 30.22% oil. It was concluded that the productivity of crambe increases with phosphorus rates of up to 100 kg ha(-1), but its use does not affect the survival rate of plants, dry mass, the mass of thousand seeds, the physiological quality, chemical composition and oil content of the seed.
Far-field impact of water injection dredging in the Crouch River

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Water injection dredging (WID) is a dredging technique by which the sediment to be removed is fluidised through low-pressure injection of water into the bed. Upon fluidisation, the mud flows as a density current away from the dredging site. In this paper the far-field effects of WID are evaluated—that is, the large-scale dispersion and deposition patterns of the mobilised sediments are determined. This is done with numerical simulations using a two-layered fluid mud model, which takes account of the effects of supercritical fluid mud flow, and for all mud exchange processes in the vertical direction. This model is applied to simulate a dredging work carried out in the River Crouch, UK. The agreement of the numerical results with observed patterns of dispersion and deposition is satisfactory. Next it is shown how this model can be used to evaluate alternative dredging strategies. With respect to the WID operations in the River Crouch, it is concluded that the far-field effects of the work are small.
Reframing the Theory of the Sublime: Pillars and Modes

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Preface, Acknowledgements Introduction 1. Longinus 2. Burke 3. Kant 4. Nietzche 5. Weiskel and Crowther 6. Lyotard and Ferguson 7. Zizek and Eagleton 8. Bloom, Nye, and Gilbert-Rolfe 9. Sartre and Jung Conclusion Index Bibliography
The Method of Cleavage in the Sporangia of Certain Fungi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The division of the multinucleated sporangia into spores and the delimitation of the sporangium from the sporangiophore by a dome-shaped cross partition present many features of special cytological interest. Erroneous views on both processes are still current in the literature and as to the formation of the columella certain textbooks, both old and recent, are still entirely out of harmony with the facts. The literature dealing with the common molds, Mucor and Rhizopus, constitutes some of the earliest contributions to mycological research. Corda ( I ), the father of microscopic mycology, gave us the first description and illustration of the method of the columella and spore formation in Ascophora mucedo, now known as Rhizopus nigricans. He writes: Nun rundet sich die kolbige Verdickung allmalig, und gleichzeitig erfiillt die gelbe Masse ihren Hohlenraum vollig . . . aus dem unteren Theile mit dem Stiele verbunden beginnt allmalig die polsterartige Erhebung der Columella, und gleichzeitig beginnt die obere Masse undeutliche und noch isolirte Zellen zu bilden welche sich vermehren und endlich in enger Verbindung die ganze Sporangie erfullen. His figure 78 (5-9) depicts the columella as at first slightly arched and gradually pushing up into the sporangium, while the spores are represented, at their very inception, as polyhedral masses. These figures of Corda are doubtless responsible for the persistent, erroneous accounts of the columella formation still to be found in certain textbooks, though Corda's statements were soon contradicted by Fresenius. Fresenius (20), also studying Rhizopus nigricans, states he was unable to observe the phenomena described and figured by Corda. He writes: Was iiber Bau und Entwickelung der Sporen bei Corda gesagt und abgebildet ist scheint mir v6llig aus der Luft gegriffen zu sein. Further, also as early as 1872, Brefeld (7), 143
The cost of home-based terminal care for people with AIDS in South Africa.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Providing palliative HBC to PWAs in their last year of life using the ICHC model costs R2 840 per patient per year. Even with this level of HBC input, patients still incurred hospital costs of R2 522 and primary care clinic costs of R1 154 per patient per year. HBC costs are increased in rural areas where a vehicle is required for staff transport. HBC shows considerable potential to deal cost-effectively with growing palliative care needs in the face of the AIDS epidemic, but we need to understand better the true extent to which HBC can substitute for hospitalisation.
Prey processing in Leurognathus marmoratus and the evolution of form and function in desmognathine salamanders (Plethodontidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Function and biological role of morphological specialization in desmognathine salamanders are analysed in the light of studies of feeding in Leurognathus marmoratus . Nine morphological features uniquely characterize the Desmognathinae as compared to its sister group, the Plethodontinae, and other salamanders: (1) heavily ossified and strongly articulated skull and mandible; (2) flat, wedgelike head profile; (3) stalked occipital condyles; (4) modified atlas; (5) modified anterior trunk vertebrae; (6) atlanto-mandibular ligaments; (7) enlarged dorsal spinal muscles; (8) enlarged quadrato-pectoralis muscles; and (9) hind limbs relatively larger than forelimbs. Dorsoventral head mobility is increased at the atlanto-occipital joint by the stalked occipital condyles which simultaneously increase the mechanical advantage of the hypertrophied axial muscles that cross the joint. During head depression the atlanto-mandibular ligaments are placed in tension. Force generated by the quadrato-pectoralis muscles is transmitted directly to the mandible, creating a powerful bite with the jaws in full occlusion. Desmognathines use an efficient static pressure system for subduing and/or killing prey items held in the jaws, not a kinetic-inertial mechanism, as previously suggested. Leurognathus exhibits a behaviour ('head-tucking') unique to desmognathines that is consistent with the static-pressure hypothesis. Several desmognathine features (1, 2, 5, 7, 9) are not explicable as adaptations for feeding; these function as locomotory specializations for burrowing, especially for wedging under rocks within and alongside streams. Desmognathines use head-tucking during such wedging and burrowing movements, thus locomotory specializations act in concert with the feeding specializations. We suggest that origin of the atlanto-mandibular ligaments can be considered a 'key innovation' in that it allowed the secondary invasion of stream habitats by adults of ancestral desmognathines.
Youth Awareness on Sustainable Development: The Mediating Effect of Place Attachment in Selangor, Malaysia**

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Youths formed a significant percentage of Malaysia’s population, hence their participation and engagement in sustainable development is crucial for the transformation of the nation’s development landscape. However, the awareness on sustainable development among the youth population in Malaysia has yet to achieve satisfactory level after many years of exposure. introduced. This study aims to identify the relationship between knowledge, attitude and social influences on sustainable development awareness among youth in Selangor, the state that has the highest population of youth in Malaysia. It also examines the mediating effect of place attachment. The study employs quantitative approach. Using cross-sectional survey, there are 385 respondents that was identified through the convenience sampling technique. The findings revealed a significant relationship between knowledge, attitude and social influences on sustainable development awareness among youth in Selangor. The multiple regression analysis ranked knowledge as the most influential factor in youth’s awareness on sustainable development. Place attachment also mediates the relationship between knowledge, attitude and social influences on sustainable development awareness among youth. Through the findings, this study suggests that enhancing sustainability education and awareness campaigns can amplify the youth’s awareness on sustainable development.
Expression and assembly of spectrally active recombinant holophytochrome.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

To develop an in vitro phytochrome assembly system, we have expressed an oat phytochrome cDNA in both the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the bacterium Escherichia coli. Analysis of soluble protein extracts showed that the recombinant apophytochromes were full-length and capable of covalently attaching the phytochrome chromophore analogue phycocyanobilin. Difference spectra indicated that in vitro-assembled holophytochrome species were photoreversible; however, maxima and minima difference absorption values were blue-shifted relative to those of the native photoreceptor. Extracts containing the recombinant apophytochromes were also incubated with phytochromobilin, the natural chromophore synthesized from biliverdin by cucumber etioplast preparations. In these experiments, the difference spectrum obtained was identical to that of native oat holophytochrome. These results suggest that the recombinant apophytochromes adopt a structure similar to that of the apoprotein biosynthesized in vivo. ELISAs were used to quantitate phytochrome expression levels in both yeast and E. coli extracts. These measurements show that 62-75% of the phytochrome apoprotein in the soluble protein extract was competent to assemble with bilins to form spectrally active holophytochrome.
Characteristics of hand and machine-assigned scores to college students’ answers to open-ended tasks

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Assessment of learning in higher education is a critical concern to policy makers, educators, parents, and students. And, doing so appropriately is likely to require including constructed response tests in the assessment system. We examined whether scoring costs and other concerns with using open-end measures on a large scale (e.g., turnaround time and inter-reader consistency) could be addressed by machine grading the answers. Analyses with 1359 students from 14 colleges found that two human readers agreed highly with each other in the scores they assigned to the answers to three types of open-ended questions. These reader assigned scores also agreed highly with those assigned by a computer. The correlations of the machine-assigned scores with SAT scores, college grades, and other measures were comparable to the correlations of these variables with the hand-assigned scores. Machine scoring did not widen differences in mean scores between racial/ethnic or gender groups. Our findings demonstrated that machine scoring can facilitate the use of open-ended questions in large-scale testing programs by providing a fast, accurate, and economical way to grade responses.
Predicting Primary Care Use Among Patients in a Large Integrated Health System

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: Most Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System enrollees age 65+ also have the option of obtaining care through Medicare. Reliance upon VA varies widely and there is a need to optimize its prediction in an era of expanding choice for veterans to obtain care within or outside of VA. We examined whether survey-based patient-reported experiences improved prediction of VA reliance. Methods: VA and Medicare claims in 2013 were linked to construct VA reliance (proportion of all face-to-face primary care visits), which was dichotomized (=1 if reliance >50%). We predicted reliance in 83,143 Medicare-eligible veterans as a function of 61 baseline characteristics in 2012 from claims and the 2012 Survey of Healthcare Experiences of Patients. We estimated predictive performance using the cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve, and assessed variable importance using the Shapley value decomposition. Results: In 2012, 68.9% were mostly VA reliant. The AUROC for the model including claims-based predictors was 0.882. Adding patient experience variables increased AUROC to 0.890. The pseudo R 2 for the full model was 0.400. Baseline reliance and patient experiences accounted for 72.0% and 11.1% of the explained variation in reliance. Patient experiences related to the accessibility of outpatient services were among the most influential predictors of reliance. Conclusion: The addition of patient experience variables slightly increased predictive performance. Understanding the relative importance of patient experience factors is critical for informing what VA reform efforts should be prioritized following the passage of the 2018 MISSION Act.
FIGURE 3. Begonia apiensis. A in Revision of Begonia (Begoniaceae) from the Melinau Limestone in Gunung Mulu National Park and Gunung Buda National Park, Sarawak, Borneo, including thirteen new species

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

FIGURE 3. Begonia apiensis. A. habit with protogynous inflorescence; B. inflorescence with a single female flower and several immature male flowers; C. male flowers; D. fruit. All photos from SFC 3006 by Connie Geri.
Data from Detection of Tumor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway Dependence by Serum Mass Spectrometry in Cancer Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p><b>Background:</b> We hypothesized that a serum proteomic profile predictive of survival benefit in non–small cell lung cancer patients treated with epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) reflects tumor EGFR dependency regardless of site of origin or class of therapeutic agent.</p><p><b>Methods:</b> Pretreatment serum or plasma from 230 patients treated with cetuximab, EGFR-TKIs, or chemotherapy for recurrent/metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) or colorectal cancer (CRC) were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Each sample was classified into “good” or “poor” groups using VeriStrat, and survival analyses of each cohort were done based on this classification. For the CRC cohort, this classification was correlated with the tumor EGFR ligand levels and <i>KRAS</i> mutation status.</p><p><b>Results:</b> In the EGFR inhibitor–treated cohorts, the classification predicted survival (HNSCC: gefitinib, <i>P</i> = 0.007 and erlotinib/bevacizumab, <i>P</i> = 0.02; CRC: cetuximab, <i>P</i> = 0.0065) whereas the chemotherapy cohort showed no survival difference. For CRC patients, tumor EGFR ligand RNA levels were significantly associated with the proteomic classification, and combined <i>KRAS</i> and proteomic classification provided improved survival classification.</p><p><b>Conclusions:</b> Serum proteomic profiling can detect clinically significant tumor dependence on the EGFR pathway in non–small cell lung cancer, HNSCC, and CRC patients treated with either EGFR-TKIs or cetuximab. This classification is correlated with tumor EGFR ligand levels and provides a clinically practical way to identify patients with diverse cancer types most likely to benefit from EGFR inhibitors. Prospective studies are necessary to confirm these findings. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(2); 358–65</p></div>
Lectin Microarray-Based Sero-Biomarker Verification Targeting Aberrant O-Linked Glycosylation on Mucin 1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Glycoform of mucin 1 (MUC1) in cancerous cells changes markedly with cell differentiation, and thus, qualitative detection and verification of the MUC1 glycosylation changes have potential diagnostic value. We have developed an ultrasensitive method to detect the changes in cholangiocarcinoma (CC), which produces MUC1, and applied it in the diagnostics development. The focused glycan analysis using 43-lectin-immobilized microarray could obtain the glycan profiles of sialylated MUC1 in 5 μL of sera. The high-throughput analysis detected disease-specific alterations of glycosylation, and the statistical analysis confirmed that use of Wisteria floribunda agglutinin (WFA) alone produced a diagnostic score sufficient for discriminating 33 CC cases from 40 hepatolithiasis patients and 48 normal controls (p < 0.0001). The CC-related glycosylation change was verified by the lectin-antibody sandwich ELISA with WFA in two cohorts: (1) 78 Opisthorchis viverrini infected patients without CC and 78 with CC, (2) 33 CC patients and 40 hepatolithiasis patients (the same cohort used for the above lectin microarray). The WFA positivity distinguished patients with CC (opisthorchiasis: p < 0.0001, odds ratio = 1.047; hepatolithiasis: p = 0.0002, odds ratio = 1.018). Sensitive detection of qualitative alterations of sialylated MUC1 glycosylation is indispensable for the development of our glycodiagnostic test for CC.