jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Management of complex pleural space infections: As the pendulum swings

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Management of a complicated parapneumonic effusion(CPPE) and empyema requires antibiotics and drainage. Guidelines recommend surgery as the primary intervention for drainage. The Second Multi-center Intrapleural Sepsis Trial(2011) shows effective drainage of CPPE/empyema with dual-agent intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy(IPFT). We aim to describe the treatment and temporal trends of CPPE/empyema drainage at a tertiary referral teaching hospital. Methods: Single center, retrospective review of adults who underwent management for CPPE/empyema with IPFT or surgery from 05/2013-07/2017. IPFT treatment was defined as any dose of dual-agent IPFT. Results: We identified 245 patients with CPPE/empyema. IPFT was the initial treatment in 80%(195/245), while 20%(50/245) had initial surgery(Table 1). There was no difference in age or RAPID score between the groups. CPPE was more common in the IPFT group, while empyema was more common in the surgery group. Surgery, as the initial modality for pleural space drainage, declined in each successive year of study: 54%(15/28) in 2013, 24%(12/49) in 2014, 22%(13/60) in 2015, 10%(6/59) in 2016, and 8%(4/49) in 2017. Conclusion: Despite guideline recommendations, we identified a steady decline in surgery as the primary drainage tool at our center after the initiation of IPFT in 2013. In four years, surgery has fallen from 54% to 8% as the initial drainage tool. Direct comparison of surgery and IPFT is necessary in the management of CPPE and empyema.
Valproic acid hepatic fatalities

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

We reviewed all US cases of fatal hepatotoxicity coincident with valproate anticonvulsant therapy that were reported between 1978 and 1984. Thirty-seven hepatic fatalities were determined to have occurred coincident with the use of valproate. All but one patient had such other medical conditions as mental retardation, developmental delay, congenital abnormalities, and other neurologic diseases. The primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction (1/500) was found to be in children 0 to 2 years old receiving valproate as polytherapy. The risk declined with age and was low in patients receiving valproate as monotherapy (1/37,000). No hepatic fatalities occurred in patients above the age of 10 years receiving valproate as monotherapy.
Second and third order nonlinear optical properties of microrod ZnO films deposited on sapphire substrates by thermal oxidation of metallic zinc

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We report the preparation of microcrystalline ZnO thin films on sapphire substrates using a simple method based on the thermal evaporation of metallic Zn in vacuum with further annealing process. The aim of annealing in the oxygen atmosphere in the range of 800–850°C was to obtain the high quality ZnO films. The surface morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The polycrystalline films with ZnO microrods at different stages of their growth were investigated. Second and third harmonic generation measurements were performed by means of the rotational Maker fringe technique using Nd:YAG laser at 1064nm in picosecond regime. The obtained values of second and third order nonlinear susceptibilities were found to be high enough for the potential applications of the investigated materials in the optical switching devices based on refractive index changes.
PENGARUH BAHAN PENGEKSTRAK DAN TINGKAT KADAR AIR TERHADAP VIABILITAS DAN VIGOR BENIH KAKAO (Theobroma cacao L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This research is intended to determine the effect of extracting materials and appropriate levels of water content on cocoa seeds, and whether or not there are any differences between the viability and the vigor of cocoa beans. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology of the Faculty of Agriculture of Syiah Kuala University. The experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design of 3 x 3 factorial pattern with 3 x replications, so there were 9 treatment combinations and 27 experimental units. The factors studied were extracts consisting of 3 levels, namely: husk ash, sawdust and whiting and three levels of air three levels, namely: 30%, 25%, and 15%. Measurable benchmarks include Growing Potential (PT), Growing Power (DB), Vigor Index (IV), Growth Rate (KCT), Growth Unity (KST), Time Required to Achieve 50% of Total Relative Germination (T50) and Normal Dry Sprout Weight (BKKN). The results of this study showed that extracting foods are very strong on the viability and strength of the cocoa seeds, which is balanced by the growth potential benchmarks (PT), power growth (DB), growth rate (KCT), growing lavency (KST), the time required to achieve 50% germination total (T50), vigor index (IV) and normal germination weight (BKKN). Meanwhile, fertility rate grew (KST), time needed to reach 50% total relative germination (T50), spirit index (IV) and normal dried germination (BKKN). The results of this study can be concluded that there is a very real interaction between the treatment of extracting materials with cocoa beans content levels. The interaction between sawdust and 30% moisture content is the best combination. Reproduction extracting materials to the effectiveness of increasing viability and vigor of cocoa seeds. The best extraction material is found in the sawdust extracting material. The degree of air hardness to the strength of increased viability and strength of cocoa seed. The best levels of cocoa seed air are found at 30%. Keywords: cocoa, extract, seed
Effects of Diffusion Time-dependent Tractography Focused on Skeletal Muscles

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Motivation: In the skeletal muscles, the effects of varying diffusion times have rarely been investigated, and to what extent they are affected is unclear. Goal(s): This study aimed to determine the effect of diffusion time on skeletal muscle delineation and anisotropy. Approach: Tensor analysis and tractography measurements were performed on the hind legs of mice to investigate the relationship between diffusion time and myofiber delineation and anisotropy in skeletal muscles. Results: Longer diffusion times allowed us to assess diffusion movements within muscle fibers and capture the precise organization of the skeletal muscles. Impact: The effect of varying diffusion times on skeletal muscle myofibers was clarified. The results suggested that this method could be applied to human skeletal muscles for the examination of intramuscular tissues.
Structural and Functional Stability of Biomolecules Based on Geumgang Ratio

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

All natures and things of this world make a fixed ratio. Geumgang ratio, the iIndignous formative ratio of Korea is simple, stable, and practical as well as having aesthetic factors of golden ratio, so has been applied to design of building, work of art, and househld item, etc.BR This study carried out to examine the distinctiveness based on an analysis on various cases of Geumgang ratio and to compare and analyze the link between molecular structure and function through a case study on Geumgang ratio discovered in biomolecular structure such as nucleic acid, protein, and ribonucleoprotein forming biosystem. BR Geumgang ratio was found in ancient remains, traditional buildings, traditional furnitures and household Items in this country and in nature such as pruning of syconus and petal number of plants getting out of Fibonacci number. The ratio could be found in the biomolecular structure such as nucleic acid, zymoprotein and ribonucleoprotein.BR Based on the results obtained in this study, it has been considered Geumgang ratio could be served for not only industrial design of commercial item but also the molecular design of new drug such as anticancer and biologically active agents. In Advance, the more detailed researches on having visual data on the level of nanoscale using electron microscope(EM) or scanning tunneling microscope(STM) would be needed for the practical application to biomedical field.BR In Advance, the more detailed researches on having visual data on the level of nanoscale using electron microscope(EM) or scanning tunneling microscope(STM) would be needed for the practical application to biomedical field.
Against the New Utopianism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Why do utopian dreams of a peaceable kingdom run high despite all historic evidence to the contrary? Examining this question in light of the current struggle on how best to respond to terrorism and within the framework of a just war tradition indebted to Augustine, the paper examines, first, the new utopianism, before going on to assay the ongoing capacities of Augustinianism as an alternative way to frame issues of international justice in light of contemporary threats.
Radiation-induced defects in chemical-mechanical polished MOS oxides

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Defect centers in chemical-mechanical polished MOS oxides generated by either X-ray irradiation or high-field stress have been characterized using electron paramagnetic resonance and C-V analysis. In X-ray irradiated samples equivalent densities of both oxide trap E' and interface-trap P/sub b0/ centers were detected in unpolished and polished oxides. In addition, significantly larger (6 times) densities of P/sub b1/ centers were observed in irradiated chemical-mechanical polished oxides as opposed to unpolished oxides. This suggests that the polishing process alters the SiO/sub 2//Si interface. However, the P/sub b1/ centers detected in these samples do not respond electrically like conventional interface traps or border traps. This raises questions concerning the electrical and physical nature of P/sub b1/ centers in these oxides. The high-field stress data showed no difference in the density of defect centers induced in polished and unpolished oxides P/sub b1/ centers were not observed in either oxide following high-field stress.
Simulation for the production of synthetic natural gas for vehicles (SNGV) from palm waste via gasification with in-situ CO2 capture

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Due to abundance of oil palm waste worldwide, it is a good candidate to be used as a feedstock for synthetic natural gas for vehicles (SNGV) production. Biomass gasification is one of the promising methods for SNGV production. This work focuses on the gasification with in-situ CO 2 capture using CaO as absorbent materials for SNGV production from palm oil empty fruit bunch (EFB). Two parameters (temperature 500-900°C and steam/biomass ratio 1-2.2) have been studied on the production of SNGV via simulation approach in ASPEN HYSYS. The model has been also validated with literature and showed good agreement. The results showed that the EFB has good potential to produce higher yield of SNGV at lower temperature. The higher value of SNGV (4 kg/hr) is obtained due to the lower concentration of CO 2 caused by using CaO as sorbent material.
Causal factors of mass mortality of hatchery reared Clarias gariepinus fry during exogenous feeding

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The study investigated the causal factors associated with mass mortality of hatchery-reared Clarias gariepinus Burchell 1822 fry during exogenous feeding. A feeding trial and fry re-infection trial were conducted using four different starter diets. The food samples were fed to 480 post-yolk-absorbed fries for 21 days in two replicates. Samples of dead fry were cultured for bacteria using standard methods. The total aerobic and coliform were significantly higher in all food samples, meanwhile, alkaline pH (9.25±0.34) and low dissolved oxygen (4.5±1.08) were not significantly different (P>0.05) in all water tanks. The bacterial pathogens isolated from dead fries were Aeromonas hydrophila Stainer, 1943 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Migula, 1990, whereas significantly higher mortality in experimentally infected fry was observed (α < 0.05). Mass mortality of C.gariepinus fry observed in this study was associated with bacterial pathogens, bacterial contamination of food, alkaline pH, and low dissolved oxygen.
Factors Affecting Manufacturing Exports

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study aims to determine the factors that influence manufacturing exports inIndonesia. This study uses time-series data with 40 data observations starting fromthe 1st quarter of 2010 to the 4th quarter of 2019. This study's analysis method is theÂ vector error correction model (VECM), which can dynamically describe the shortterm and long-term effects. Export determinants to be examined are inflation, theÂ rupiah exchange rate, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and Foreign DirectInvestment (FDI). This study indicates that inflation at lag 1 harms manufacturedexports both in the short and long term. Furthermore, GDP has a positive effect onmanufacturing exports in the short run at lag 1 and lag 2, while in the long run, GDPhas a positive effect only on lag 1. Meanwhile, the exchange rate and FDI factors didnot affect manufactured exports, both in the short and long term. This study impliesthat inflation and GDP are essential factors in designing policies to increase exportsin Indonesia, including exports of manufactured products.
Factors associated with the maintenance in food texture for dependent older people with dysphagia living in nursing home – A retrospective cohort study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives Maintaining the texture of the food that nursing home residents eat is critical for maintaining quality of life and preventing malnutrition. The aim of the present study was to identify the conditions necessary for maintaining food texture for this population. Materials and Methods The study included 143 people for whom reevaluation 1‐year post‐baseline was possible from among 256 dependent older people who consumed solid food on admission to a nursing home (baseline). The age, sex, primary disease, activities of daily living, nutritional status, oral status, swallowing ability, primitive reflexes, and food texture of the participants were determined. The participants who ate pureed or jelly after 1 year were identified and evaluated to determine factors related to maintenance of a solid diet. Results A total of 21 participants (14.7%) changed to a pureed or jelly diet after 1 year. Multivariate analysis showed good activities of daily living ( p < .05), good swallowing ability ( p < .05), and maintained nutritional status ( p < .05) to be correlated with solid food maintenance. Conclusions Maintaining activities of daily living, feeding and swallowing ability, and nutritional status appear to be important factors for the maintenance of a solid diet.
[The measurement and numerical study of numerical aperture of photonic crystal fiber].

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The numerical aperture is an important parameter of optical fiber, and the fiber with high numerical aperture can be well used in fiber laser and laser-induced fluorescence system. The numerical aperture of the photonic crystal fiber is different from that of traditional step optical fiber, which is closely related to the wavelength. In the present paper, a spectrometer was used to measure the numerical aperture of photonic crystal fiber, and a lot of refractive index photonic crystal fibers were measured and simulated to investigate the impact of wavelength, the diameter of air-hole and the pitch on numerical aperture. According to the measured numerical aperture, the parameters of fiber related with wavelength can be better studied, including nonlinearity coefficient, macro-bending loss, effective mode area, cut-off wavelength and so on, and satisfactory results were achieved.
Pre‐program function predicts outcomes in workers’ compensation post‐lumbar fusion patients

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine if pre‐program function could predict functional outcomes following a sports performance based rehabilitation program in workers’ compensation patients (n=63). PDL was measured at program start (PDL1) and completion (PDL2). PDL was classified by occasional occupational lifting requirements: LIGHT (L; 20lbs), LIGHT‐MEDIUM (LM; 35lbs), MEDIUM (M; 50 lbs), MEDIUM‐HEAVY (MH; 75lbs), HEAVY (H; 100lbs), VERY HEAVY (VH; >100lbs). For analysis, PDL was assigned a numerical value: L=1, LM=2, M=3, MH=4, H=5, VH=6. A one‐way ANOVA was used to analyze relationships between PDL. Fisher’s Exact Test was used for post‐hoc analysis. Pooled comparisons were analyzed by a Student’s t‐test. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Data are mean±SD. PDL1: L=2, LM=42, M=10, MH=6, H=2, VH=1. PDL2: L=1, LM=1, M=11, MH=25, H=7, VH=20. When grouped by PDL1, PDL2 did not vary between groups (p=0.0574), therefore L and LM (L/LM, n=44) were pooled along with M, MH, H, and VH (M/H, n=19). After pooling, PDL2 varied between L/LM and M/H groups (p=0.0225). The number of rehabilitation sessions also varied between L/LM and M/H groups (36±22 v 32±11 respectively). These results indicate that preprogram screening can be used to predict functional outcomes following rehabilitation. In addition, these results indicate that patients starting at lower functional levels require additional rehabilitation sessions to achieve similar outcomes.
Evaluation of 2 Hematology Analyzers in Body Fluid Mode versus Flow Cytometry Immunophenotyping of Mainly Neurosurgical Cerebrospinal Fluid Samples

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the measurement of leukocytes in CSF with the ADVIA 2120, no valid results could be obtained in blood-stained CSF samples (erythrocytes >1,500/µl). In blood-free CSF samples (erythrocytes <1,500/µl), measurements of leukocytes, and polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells performed with the ADVIA 2120 and XE-5000 produced almost identical good results. Determination of CSF cells with the XE-5000 is presently the best automated method for counting leukocytes of blood-stained CSF.
Liberalism, modern constitutionalism and nation building in the Belgian Constitution of 1831 : a comparative perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Belgian Constitution of 1831 is often described as ‘liberal’ because of the radical implementation of various aspects of ‘modern constitutionalism’, particularly of some fundamental rights. However, such a view does not take into account that the liberals of the early nineteenth century were heirs to the revolutionary tradition of the late eighteenth century and were, therefore, not only interested in implementing principles of modern constitutionalism but also in nation building. They were looking for a proper balance between fundamental freedoms and the exigencies of the state. In this paper, it is argued that the radical way in which some fundamental rights are formulated in the Belgian Constitution, should not only be attributed to liberal commitments. After all, the success of the Belgian Revolution was the result of a coalition between the liberal and Catholic opposition to King William I. Since the Belgian Catholics had adopted a policy of using fundamental rights as a means to safeguard the position of the Church, the radical way in which some of these rights were implemented in the new Constitution was at least as much the result of Catholic pressure as of liberal influence. La Costituzione belga del 1831 e spesso descritta come ‘liberale’ a causa della radicale implementazione di vari aspetti del ‘costituzionalismo moderno’, in particolare di alcuni diritti fondamentali. Tuttavia, tale modo di vedere non prende in considerazione che i liberali del primo Ottocento erano eredi di una tradizione rivoluzionaria del tardo Settecento ed erano, pertanto, interessati non solo ad implementare principi del costituzionalismo moderno, ma anche a costruire la nazione. Essi cercavano un equilibrio corretto tra liberta fondamentali ed esigenze dello Stato. In questo paper, si sostiene che il modo radicale col quale alcuni diritti fondamentali sono formulati nella Costituzione belga, non dovrebbe essere attribuito soltanto all’impegno liberale. Dopo tutto, il successo della Rivoluzione belga fu il risultato di una coalizione tra l’opposizione liberale e cattolica al re Guglielmo I. Poiche i cattolici belgi avevano adottato una politica di utilizzo dei diritti fondamentali come mezzo per salvaguardare la posizione della Chiesa, il modo radicale col quale alcuni di questi diritti furono applicati nella nuova Costituzione fu almeno il risultato tanto di pressioni cattoliche quanto di influenze liberali. Keywords / Parole chiave: Belgian Constitution, nation building, liberalism, modern constitutionalism, comparative constitutionalism / Costituzione belga, nation building, liberalismo, costituzionalismo moderno, costituzionalismo comparato.
Flubendazole: Safety regarding Egg Production and Reproductive Performance of Breeder Chickens

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In a comparative field trial, 5,950 meat breeder chickens were medicated via feed for 7 consecutive days with 60 ppm of the anthelmintic flubendazole. This treatment cured the birds of an infection with Ascaridia galli and Capillaria obsignata. A slight but transitory diarrhea was observed in treated chickens. The applied medication did not unfavorably affect egg production, fertility, or hatchability.
The Gfi-1B Proto-Oncoprotein Represses p21WAF1 and Inhibits Myeloid Cell Differentiation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Gfi-1 is a cellular proto-oncogene that was identified as a target of provirus integration in T-cell lymphoma lines selected for interleukin-2 (IL-2) independence in culture and in primary retrovirus-induced lymphomas. Gfi-1 encodes a zinc finger protein that functions as a transcriptional repressor. Here we show that Gfi-1B, a Gfi-1 related gene expressed in bone marrow and spleen, also encodes a transcriptional repressor. IL-6-induced G1 arrest and differentiation of the myelomonocytic cell line M1 were linked to the downregulation of Gfi-1B and the parallel induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1. Experiments addressing the potential mechanism of the apparent coordinate regulation of these genes revealed that Gfi-1B represses p21WAF1 directly by binding to a high-affinity site at -1518 to -1530 in the p21WAF1 promoter. Forced expression of Gfi-1B, but not of Gfi-1B deletion mutants lacking the repressor domain, blocked the IL-6-mediated induction of p21WAF1 and inhibited G1 arrest and differentiation. We conclude that Gfi-1B is a direct repressor of the p21WAF1 promoter, the first such repressor identified to date, and that sustained expression of Gfi-1B blocks IL-6-induced G1 arrest and differentiation of M1 cells perhaps because it prevents p21WAF1 induction by IL-6.
Preparation of Modified Rosin Dispersion and Its Adhesion Properties

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The modification of rosin using maleic anhydride,pentaerythritol,butyl acrylate,wood oil,acrylic acid was investigated.Each influencing factor was comprehensively analysed by an orthogonal experiment,then the optimum dosage of each reactant and the optimum conditions were obtained as follows:pentaerythritol(4.76 g),butyl acrylate(15 g),acrylic acid(2 g),wood oil(3 g),and the wood oil should be added before butyl acrylate.The ratio of sodium dodecyl sulfate and OP-10 for 1∶1 was chosen as the emulsifier.Then the modified rosin dispersion of higher stability could be obtained by their synergies.By the thermal analysis,IR,the stretch performance test,the high temperature stability examination,quick-drying test and so on.Results showed that the modified rosin dispersion had better performances than the market modified rosin,and it could partly take place of the original natural polymer that the main component was polyisoprene,but it did not affected the adhesion properties,so the costs was reduced and the purposes of the modification could be achieved.