jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Switch magnetic field device study

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The purpose of this project is to design and fabricate a switch magnetic field device using neodymium iron boron magnet to concentrate the magnetic field using power electronics with the eventual aim of determining if the device can be used in a diaphragm pump. Diaphragm pumps are hydraulically or mechanically actuated positive displacement pumps designed to handle a variety of pressures and flow rates. They are pumps that use the up-and-down movement of a cupped, elastic surface to generate liquid flow. When the pump pushes into the liquid, it adds pressure and displaces a certain amount of fluid. When it is pulled back from the liquid, it draws in more fluid. The diaphragm pump uses check-valves to prevent the backflow of fluid through the entry valve. Diaphragm pumps incorporate either hydraulic fluid or pistons to control the movement of the diaphragm. [1] The eventual aim of this project is to replace the hydraulic or mechanical actuator in the pump with an actuator that is driven by magnetism instead. This is to be achieved using the switching of magnetic fields to move the actuator. The main factor that determines if this idea can be implemented successfully will be the force that can be produced from the device. In order to generate the switching field effect, power electronics specifically a H-bridge is needed to produce the effect. Finding a suitable H-bridge is essential to the successful operation of the circuit. Finally, a comparison of the magnetic force produced from the different designs will be done and suggestions for future design improvement that hopefully leads to the successful implementation in real life.
Conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRC) methodology does not allow the in vitro expansion of patient‐derived primary and metastatic lung cancer cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Availability of tumor and non‐tumor patient‐derived models would promote the development of more effective therapeutics for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recently, conditionally reprogrammed cells (CRC) methodology demonstrated exceptional potential for the expansion of epithelial cells from patient tissues. However, the possibility to expand patient‐derived lung cancer cells using CRC protocols is controversial. Here, we used CRC approach to expand cells from non‐tumoral and tumor biopsies of patients with primary or metastatic NSCLC as well as pulmonary metastases of colorectal or breast cancers. CRC cultures were obtained from both tumor and non‐malignant tissues with extraordinary high efficiency. Tumor cells were tracked in vitro through tumorigenicity assay, monitoring of tumor‐specific genetic alterations and marker expression. Cultures were composed of EpCAM+ lung epithelial cells lacking tumorigenic potential. NSCLC biopsies‐derived cultures rapidly lost patient‐specific genetic mutations or tumor antigens. Similarly, pulmonary metastases of colon or breast cancer generated CRC cultures of lung epithelial cells. All CRC cultures examined displayed epithelial lung stem cell phenotype and function. In contrast, brain metastatic lung cancer biopsies failed to generate CRC cultures. In conclusion, patient‐derived primary and metastatic lung cancer cells were negatively selected under CRC conditions, limiting the expansion to non‐malignant lung epithelial stem cells from either tumor or non‐tumor tissue sources. Thus, CRC approach cannot be applied for direct therapeutic testing of patient lung tumor cells, as the tumor‐derived CRC cultures are composed of (non‐tumoral) airway basal cells.
A CNN-Based Crack Analysis Model for Metal Specimens

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the field of engineering, the combination of deep learning and traditional simulation has become a research hotspot. In healthy structure monitoring problems, strain sensors are spaced and spatially arranged to collect strains. However, methods such as strain gauges can only capture single-point strains, and in many cases these more discrete strain information is insufficient to determine the damage of the target. In this paper, we combine the strain field with deep learning methods to propose a novel damage detection method based on strain image inversion to perform crack information of workpieces. The method defines the type and location of cracks on the specimen as labels, a large number of simulated strain images as datasets, and uses CNN networks to train the model. The results show that the obtained crack inversion model for metal specimens can achieve 93.99% accuracy.
hTERT promotes the invasion of gastric cancer cells by enhancing FOXO3a ubiquitination and subsequent ITGB1 upregulation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and aims Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) plays an important role in cancer invasion, but the relevant mechanism is not well known. This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of hTERT in gastric cancer metastasis. Design Proteomics analysis, qPCR and western blotting were used to screen for hTERT-regulated candidate molecules in gastric cancer invasion. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) qPCR was performed to identify the binding sites of hTERT at the regulatory region of the integrin β1 ( ITGB1 ) gene. ChIP assays were further applied to elucidate the transcription factors that bound to the regulatory region. The interactions between hTERT and the transcription factors were tested by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down experiments. Moreover, the revealed pathway was verified in tumour-bearing nude mice and human gastric cancer tissues. Results ITGB1 was identified as a downstream gene of hTERT, and there were two hTERT-binding regions within this gene. hTERT alleviated the binding of forkhead box O3 (FOXO3a) to FOXO3a binding element (+9972∼+9978), but it enhanced the binding of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) to FOXM1 binding element (−1104∼−1109) in ITGB1 gene. Importantly, FOXO3a played a major role in hTERT-induced ITGB1 expression, and the hTERT/murine double minute 2 (MDM2) complex promoted the ubiquitin-mediated degradation of FOXO3a. Moreover, hTERT increased ITGB1 expression in xenograft gastric cancer, and the level of hTERT was positively correlated with that of ITGB1 in human gastric cancer tissues. Conclusions The hTERT/MDM2–FOXO3a–ITGB1 pathway markedly contributes to hTERT-promoted gastric cancer invasion, suggesting that this pathway might be a novel target for the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer metastasis.
SUCCINIC ACID-ESTERFIED AND CROSS-LINKING POTATO STARCH:APPLICATION IN STIRRED YOGURT

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The report in research of succinic acid-esterified and cross-linking potato starch is scarce.The purpose of the article is studying the in-service using result of succinic acid-esterified complex modified potato starch as additive in stirred yogurt.Using succinic acid-esterified and cross-linking potato starch as stabilizing agent,organoleptic investigations,separating ratio of whey and viscosity of stirred yogurt as indexes,modified starch in sale as contrast to evaluate the result of succinic acid-esterified and cross-linking potato starch.The match of starch and xanthan gum has been studied.The results show that,adding the succinic acid-esterified and cross-linking potato starch can reduce educe ratio of whey,compare with contrast,it has non-significant deviation in this aspect;it's color and luster,viscosity and structural condition are better than contrast.The succinic acid-esterified and cross-linking potato starch is suited for processing of stirred yogurt,and it has favourable compatibility with xanthan gum,the best combination: the amount of succinic acid-esterified complex modified potato starch is 0.3%,the amount of xanthan gum is 0.04%.
ALT1^ (MEINE DGS – annotiert. Öffentliches Korpus der Deutschen Gebärdensprache, 1. Release)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Ein Type aus der Annotation von MEINEDGS mit allen seinen Tokens aus MEINEDGS: The Public DGS Corpus consists of more than 50 hours of video data from the DGS-Korpus project made available together with annotations for research purposes. In this project, data were collected all across Germany in the timeframe 2010-2012. The public corpus shows 330 informants in 4 different age groups (from 18 years on) from 13 different regions. All parts are conversations between two informants in German Sign Language (DGS). The majority of transcripts included cover discussions and reports on Deaf life and personal experiences, although there are examples of other tasks such as story retellings as well.
Transcripts are made available in iLex and ELAN format as well as in SRT subtitles format that can be imported in MaxQDA and other analysis tools, together with the mp4 video files in 360p50. Diese DOI identifiziert die Version 1.0 des Datensatzes.
Scalable Hybrid Computation with Spikes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We outline a hybrid analog-digital scheme for computing with three important features that enable it to scale to systems of large complexity: First, like digital computation, which uses several one-bit precise logical units to collectively compute a precise answer to a computation, the hybrid scheme uses several moderate-precision analog units to collectively compute a precise answer to a computation. Second, frequent discrete signal restoration of the analog information prevents analog noise and offset from degrading the computation. And, third, a state machine enables complex computations to be created using a sequence of elementary computations. A natural choice for implementing this hybrid scheme is one based on spikes because spike-count codes are digital, while spike-time codes are analog. We illustrate how spikes afford easy ways to implement all three components of scalable hybrid computation. First, as an important example of distributed analog computation, we show how spikes can create a distributed modular representation of an analog number by implementing digital carry interactions between spiking analog neurons. Second, we show how signal restoration may be performed by recursive spike-count quantization of spike-time codes. And, third, we use spikes from an analog dynamical system to trigger state transitions in a digital dynamical system, which reconfigures the analog dynamical system using a binary control vector; such feedback interactions between analog and digital dynamical systems create a hybrid state machine (HSM). The HSM extends and expands the concept of a digital finite-state-machine to the hybrid domain. We present experimental data from a two-neuron HSM on a chip that implements error-correcting analog-to-digital conversion with the concurrent use of spike-time and spike-count codes. We also present experimental data from silicon circuits that implement HSM-based pattern recognition using spike-time synchrony. We outline how HSMs may be used to perform learning, vector quantization, spike pattern recognition and generation, and how they may be reconfigured.
Production, purification and characterization of polysaccharide lytic enzymes of a marine isolate, Bacillus cereus NRC-20 and their application in biofilm removal

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In screening for marine bacterial polysaccharide lytic enzymes, the most potent isolate was identified as Bacillus cereus NRC-20. This strain showed high alginase, dextrinase, pectinase and carboxymethyle-cellulase productivity when production medium was adjusted at pH 6.0 and contains (g/l): 3.0 sodium alginate, 3.0 malt extract, 30.0 jatropha cake and inoculated with 8% (v/v) of a 24 h old cell suspension and incubated at 30°C for 48 h on a rotary shaker at 200 rpm. These enzymes mixture were precipitated by 60% acetone and purified by using sephadex G-100, whereas SDS-PAGE suggested a molecular weight of approximately 17, 20, 89 and 279 KDa, respectively. The optimum partially purified enzymes activity when enzyme protein concentration was 27.4 mg/ml and substrate concentration 5.0 g/l shown after 90 min of incubation at 30°C and pH 5 and stable at 60°C for 60 min. The enzymes activities were enhanced in the presence of 0.02 M Na+ and K+ ions and completely inactivated by Mg+2, Cu+2, Co+2 and Pb+2 The enzymes mixture affected the matrix integrity of different microbial biofilms artificially grown on stainless steel sheets of Bacillus subtilis NRRL B-4219, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27953 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Key words: Bacillus cereus, polysaccharide lytic enzymes production, fermentation parameters, enzyme characterization, biofilm removal.
An Investigation of an Inclined Jet in a Crosswind

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Summary Wind-tunnel experiments were conducted to determine the interference characteristics of an inclined turbulent jet exhausting from a flat plate into a turbulent subsonic crosswind. The jet was not yawed with respect to the undisturbed free stream. The suction force (lift loss), the jet penetration into the crosswind, the jet deflection and the rate of total pressure decay along the jet centre line were all reduced by an increase in the inclination of the jet. The centre of pressure moved downstream. These results were attributed to a decrease in the entrainment rate of the jet as the inclination increased in a downstream direction.
Overexpression of a soybean 4-coumaric acid: coenzyme A ligase (GmPI4L) enhances resistance to Phytophthora sojae in soybean

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) caused by Phytophthora sojae is a destructive disease worldwide. The enzyme 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL) has been extensively studied with regard to plant responses to pathogens. However, the molecular mechanism of the response of soybean 4CL to P. sojae remains unclear. In a previous study, a highly upregulated 4CL homologue was characterised through suppressive subtractive hybridisation library and cDNA microarrays, in the resistant soybean cultivar ‘Suinong 10’ after infection with P. sojae race 1. Here, we isolated the full-length EST, and designated as GmPI4L (P. sojae-inducible 4CL gene) in this study, which is a novel member of the soybean 4CL gene family. GmPI4L has 34–43% over all amino acid sequence identity with other plant 4CLs. Overexpression of GmPI4L enhances resistance to P. sojae in transgenic soybean plants. The GmPI4L is located in the cell membrane when transiently expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Further analyses showed that the contents of daidzein, genistein, and the relative content of glyceollins are significantly increased in overexpression GmPI4L soybeans. Taken together, these results suggested that GmPI4L plays an important role in response to P. sojae infection, possibly by enhancing the content of glyceollins, daidzein, and genistein in soybean.
Flow Noise Source: Resonator Coupling

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper investigates the coupling mechanism between flow noise sources and acoustic resonators. Analytical solutions are developed for the classical cases of monopole and dipole types of flow noise sources. The effectiveness of the coupling between the acoustic resonator and the noise source is shown to be dependent on the type of noise source as well as its location on the acoustic pressure mode shape. For a monopole source, the maximum coupling occurs when the noise source is most intense near an acoustic pressure antinode (i.e., location of maximum acoustic pressure). A numerical study with the impedance method demonstrates this effect. A dipole source couples most effectively when located near an acoustic pressure node.
The Optimal Allocation Policy of IBM 3330 Single Density Disk Devices.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As a data processing department grows and Its use of direct access storage devices Increases, It becomes necessary to efficiently allocate and manage secondary storage. On the IBM 370 computer, tvo allocation techniques are usually employed. These are cylinder and track allocation. As data acts (flics) are created and deleted, some degree of pack fragmentation Is unavoidable. The problem with pack fragmentation Is that It can become so severe that data set allocation is Impossible. One possible solution is to reorganize (compress) the pack; i.e. move data sets so as to increase the amount of contiguous free spaces. Most reorganiratlon requires exclusive control of the computer. Depending on the frequency of this reorganization, it can be very time consuming and more importantly, It can be very costly. A simulation model is built to examine the tvo above mentioned techniques. The main emphasis Is on the comparison of cylinder allocation and track allocation. The model uses GASP II to simulate an IBM 370/165 with 3330 MOD 1 type disk drives. Statistics are collected from the Systems Management Facility (SMF) of the OS/MVT operating system. Every tine a flic, which van opened for output, la closed a type 15 record la urltten by SMF. Thlo record Includes such information as flic creation time, sire, and data act charactcrlstlea. With the collection of thcoc records It In possible to determine needed simulation statistics. Inter arrival tines and average file size can be calculated. There are also type 17 SMF records written every tine a flic Is scratched. The scratch records, In combination with the type 15 records, provide the average life of a flic. These three statistics (arrival time, size, and flic life) are needed to build the disk allocation model. Several considerations were designed Into the model. While most computer Installations with disk secondary storage devices have several modules on line at one time, this simulation model will examine only one IBM 3330 MOD 1 pack. Also, statistics were calculated with SMF records collected betveen the times of 08:00 and 16:00. If not restricted to one pack and this tine period, the model would have become too large and unmanagablo. The operating system to be simulated is 0S/MVT 21.8A and the allocation algorithm uses the fix fit technique. All files are allocated as contiguous, one extent, physical sequential data sets. The results of the Investigation show that cylinder allocation techniques yield less pack fragmentation. This type of allocation does, however, have a greater potential for wasting space on the disk pack.
Research on wheel/rail contact surface temperature and damage characteristics during sliding contact of a wheel

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Severe friction on wheel/rail contact interface in the process of a train emergency braking can cause significant thermal and mechanical phenomena. Obvious friction heat and serious material damage will appear on the contact surface. In this article, the variation law of temperature and surface damage during a wheel sliding contact process are investigated. To achieve the research objective, a three-dimensional (3D) thermo-mechanical coupling contact finite element model (FEM) is established, and the temperature-dependent material parameters are used. The FEM is adopted to analyze the temperature distribution law on the contact surface. At the same time, a sliding contact testing machine is used to study the damage of materials in the contact area during the sliding contact. The study results indicate, the highest temperature of wheel and rail material is respectively 1014 ℃ and 461.8 ℃ during sliding contact. High temperatures are located at the subsurface and surface areas of contact region. When the distance to contact surface exceeds 1.4 mm, the temperature changes slightly. The types of damage on wheel surface are grooves and material peeling, while the flaky spalling, corrosive pitting, adhesion and grooves appear on the rail surface. Meanwhile, many cracks can be found on the contact surface, which is a major factor leading to material damage. The research results of this article are of great significance for understanding the thermal and mechanical damage of wheel/rail materials.
Engineering of Green Carbon Dots for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Carbon dots (CDs) are attracting increasing research attention due to their exceptional attributes, including their biocompatibility, water solubility, minimal toxicity, high photoluminescence, and easy functionalization. Green CDs, derived from natural sources such as fruits and vegetables, present advantages over conventionally produced CDs, such as cost-effectiveness, stability, simplicity, safety, and environmental friendliness. Various methods, including hydrothermal and microwave treatments, are used to synthesize green CDs, which demonstrate strong biocompatibility, stability, and luminescence. These properties give green CDs versatility in their biological applications, such as bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. This review summarizes the prevalent synthesis methods and renewable sources regarding green CDs; examines their optical features; and explores their extensive biological applications, including in bioimaging, biosensing, drug/gene delivery, antimicrobial and antiviral effects, formatting of mathematical components, cancer diagnosis, and pharmaceutical formulations.
Einige Bemerkungen zur Rolle von Hypertexten im glottodidaktischen Prozess

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the contemporary foreign language didactics hypertexts play an increasingly important role, which is reflected in the glottodidactic discourse. The aim of the article is a juxtaposition of the elements which facilitate or limit reception of hypertexts in the glottodidactic process. Accordingly, the main problems which appear during student’s work with hypertexts are listed, and solutions to some of them are also suggested. Moreover, the arguments presented are in favour of the application of hypertexts in the glottodidactic process.
New Zealand and Samoan group, in Samoa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

New Zealand and Samoan group, photographed in 1899 by reporter Malcolm Ross, in Samoa. Includes troops crouching with rifles. Two Samoan women stand on the left.
Previously incorrectly titled 'New Zealand and Samoan group, during the 1888-1889 civil war in Samoa'
Ross went to Samoa in 1899 and at the beginning of World War 1 (Information from the Dictionary of New Zealand Biography, 1993, Vol 2,page 400a). This photograph was probably taken during one of those visits.
Quantity: 1 b&w original negative(s).
Physical Description: Glass negative
Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Strategies of Urban Agglomerations from a Spatiotemporal Perspective: An Empirical Analysis Based on the Nanjing Urban Agglomeration

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study selects nine cities within the Nanjing urban agglomeration. Based on the traditional gravity model, the study constructs an evaluation index system for assessing the comprehensive strength of cities, applies the entropy method to calculate the cities overall strength, and uses an improved potential model to investigate the internal spatial structure and development relationships within the urban agglomeration. The results indicate that from 2010 to 2020, the southern region of the Nanjing urban agglomeration formed the strongest interaction zone. Nanjing exhibits a clear agglomeration effect, with some peripheral cities benefiting from its radiation effect, while Huaian and Wuhu, located at the northern and southern ends of the agglomeration, lag in development and show relatively slow growth. Based on these findings, the study proposes a strategy for developing the Nanjing urban agglomeration into a hierarchical urban system of one core, one sub-core, and three tiers and a spatial structure of one center, three circles, and four clusters, aiming to create an imbalanced balance in spatial distribution.