jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
INFECTIOUS CATARRH OF MICE

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

A natural outbreak of an infectious catarrh in a colony of Swiss mice is reported. The disease was generally characterized by a peculiar chattering sound during life and by a rhinitis, an otitis media, and a pneumonia at autopsy. The pneumonia was slowly progressive and terminated fatally in a high percentage of cases. The mortality in a group of 75 naturally infected mice was 95 per cent over a period of 11 months. The disease was readily reproducible in susceptible mice by the nasal instillation of exudate from any locus of infection. It was also transmissible by direct contact. In both naturally and experimentally infected animals there was an incubation period of 10 days or more before symptoms were apparent. Recovery from the disease was not observed.
SPLIT-HALF TABLETS: A COMPLETE REVIEW FOR ANALYTICAL TESTING

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A solid oral dosage form (as a tablet) which is an immediate or extended-release dosage form which necessitates the scoring bisect of the tablet. This review discusses the quality attributes and interpretations for the split studies of the various tablet formulations using the analytical techniques. Each method of analysis for the evaluation of split-half tablets in terms of its critical quality attributes discusses in detail explanation of analytical methodology and challenges in formulation development. The results for quantitative analytical evaluation in terms of finished product/stability testing and release of the split-half drug product against the acceptance criterion and also discusses the flowchart guidance for the investigation of out of specification results. The present article provides an insight into the complete analytical evaluation of split-half drug product testing according to the requirements of tablet scoring as per US food and drug administration.
About the Way General Principles Combine with Sector-Specific Rules in Administrative Procedural Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of this chapter is to propose some elements of reflection concerning how general principles of procedure are combined with procedural rules laid down by specific legislation in the various administrative laws. Following some remarks on the concept, the categories, and the functions of general principles, the chapter then focuses on the original orientations of these in the field of administrative law. It stresses the difference between administrative laws in which general principles emerge from case law and those in which they rather derive from written legislation—or the Constitution. Then it concentrates on how general principles combine with sector-specific rules in situations where they coincide: normally, either the general principle or the sector-specific rule prevails, it happens, though, that they apply cumulatively.
Transient 2D IR spectroscopy and multiscale simulations reveal vibrational couplings in the Cyanobacteriochrome Slr1393-g3

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cyanobacteriochromes are bi-stable photoreceptor proteins with desirable photochemical properties for biotechnological applications such as optogenetics or fluorescence microscopy. Here, we investigated Slr1393-g3, a cyanobacteriochrome that reversibly photo-switches between a red-absorbing (Pr) and green-absorbing (Pg) form. We applied advanced IR spectroscopic methods to track the sequence of intermediates during the photocycle over many orders in magnitude in time. In the conversion from Pg to Pr, we have revealed a new intermediate which precedes the Pr formation by using transient IR spectroscopy. In addition, stationary and transient 2D~IR experiments measured the vibrational couplings between different groups of the chromophore and the protein during these intermediate states. Anharmonic QM/MM calculations predict spectra in close-to-quantitative agreement with experimental 2D~IR spectra of the initial and the final state of the photocycle. They facilitate the assignment of the IR spectra and provide an atomistic insight into the coupling mechanism. This serves as a basis for the interpretation of the spectroscopic results and suggests structural changes of the intermediates along the photocycle.
Rethinking resistance under authoritarianism: civil society and non-contentious forms of contestation in post-uprisings Egypt

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 2018 President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi secured a second presidential term in a constrained political environment exacerbated by his control over the media, prosecution of journalists and activists, and his crackdown on civil society. As a result of such resilient authoritarianism, the optimism that once defined the Egyptian uprisings has turned into cynicism. This paper contributes to the literature surrounding civil society and resistance in authoritarian contexts by offering an examination of the interplay between authoritarian tendencies and their resistance in post-uprisings Egypt. I argue that we should view al-Sisi’s regime as representing an authoritarian system that is not absolute, despite its soft and hard repressive methods, but one that still offers limited space for civil society organizations (CSOs) to function. This limited space importantly comprises covert resistance methods which can offer Egyptian CSOs opportunities to resist the state’s legal and extra-legal restrictions. The resistance methods considered in this paper need to be understood in Gramscian terms as they encompass the limited means available by which CSOs can negotiate the terrain of hegemonic contestation under the existing authoritarian context. Given al-Sisi’s re-election and the sustained crackdown on Egyptian civil society, the need to analyse such forms of resistance is pertinent.
Effect of Pneumatic Tube Delivery System Rate and Distance on Hemolysis of Blood Specimens

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background We evaluated the effects of pneumatic tube system (PTS) transport rates and distances on routine hematology and coagulation analysis. PTS effects on centrifuged blood samples were also examined. Method The study was completed at Dicle University Hospital, which has the longest pneumatic tube system in Turkey. Blood samples were collected at three different locations within the hospital and an emergency department, and delivered to the central laboratory by the PTS or a human carrier. Samples were transported at different rates and over varying distances. Each specimen's potassium (K) and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, in both the serum and plasma, were tracked to monitor hemolysis. Measurements of LDH and K were obtained using heparin or citrate. Result A positive correlation was observed between distance and hemolysis in serum samples transported at 4.2 m/sec, and at 3.1 m/sec for more than 2200 m (r = 0.774 and r = 0.766, respectively). Distance and hemolysis were also correlated in non‐centrifuged samples (r = 0.871). The alterations in plasma LDH and K levels at different rates and PTS lengths were not statistically significant. Conclusion The rate of hemolysis in PTS transported samples, dependent on PTS length and rate, may seriously affect routine tests of non‐centrifuged samples.
Abstract 6607: Dried blood spot (DBS) sample analysis for drug and metabolomic profiling in oncology clinical trials: Cost-effective decentralized sampling modality for precision oncology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The COVID19 pandemic accelerated opportunities for innovation within the decentralization process of clinical trials with opportunities for implementation of patient-centric workflows for efficiency and cost-reduction. Decentralized sample collection, particularly whole blood using dried blood spots (DBS) provides the ideal mechanism for patient driven sample collection with ease of access to sample generation, drug level assessments and metabolomic prMegofiling, providing longitudinal real-time measure of drug specific pharmacodynamic readout for safety and efficacy. In this study, we report the development of a protocol for the capture and comprehensive profiling of metabolomics using dried blood spots from a cohort of 49 healthy volunteer donors. Using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometric (UPLC-MS/MS) methods an untargeted metabolomic approach resulted in the identification of &gt;800 biochemicals of which a significant subset was found to be presented in corresponding matched plasma (from whole blood) samples. The biochemicals identified from the DBS samples included metabolites that were part of the lipid, amino acid, nucleotide, peptide, cofactors, carbohydrate and energy super pathways. A significant number of metabolites identified in the DBS samples were xenobiotics including those representing the biotransformation products of drugs. The overall metabolite profiles were analyzed for precision and accuracy of measure, variability in performance and dynamic range to establish benchmarks for evaluation. An additional cohort with a longitudinal sampling as part of the protocol provided the reproducibility of the analytic method for inter-day variability of metabolite performance over time. Although metabolomic profiles varied between individuals from a population perspective, there was minimal variation observed within individuals when samples were profiled longitudinally over several weeks. Thus, the protocols for DBS collection and the corresponding capture of a large set of metabolites with reproducible performance provides an opportunity for its implementation in oncological clinical trials as part of a de-centralized clinical trial solution. Citation Format: Kelli Goodman, Megan R. Showalter, Anne M. Evans, Matthew W. Mitchell, Rangaprasad Sarangarajan. Dried blood spot (DBS) sample analysis for drug and metabolomic profiling in oncology clinical trials: Cost-effective decentralized sampling modality for precision oncology. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6607.
Research Progress of TypeVI Secretion System of Bacteria

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Type Ⅵ secretion system(T6SS) is one of the latest secretion system in bacteria.The results showed that T6SS of bacteria is closely related with the virulence.This paper summarized the research progress of the components,regulation and the presumptive model of type Ⅵ secretion system in bacteria.
Binary Level-Set Shape Optimization Model and Algorithm for Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy in Radiotherapy Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We introduce, in this paper, a variational framework for the construction of improved treatment plans in volumetric modulated arc therapy for cancer treatment. This framework consists of a shape optimization component, from the molding of beam shapes, as well as strong constraints, from the equipment involved, on both beam shapes and intensities. We apply the binary level-set method, to handle complex shape topologies, and the fast sweeping method, to handle beam intensity constraints. The result is a fast, flow-based algorithm, in a simplified setting, that guarantees energy decrease. We include numerical simulations of clinical cases to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach.
The Application of Zebrafish in the Study of the Tumor Antiangiogenesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recently,zebrafish,as a new model species,has been used widely in the study of developmental mechanism of the embryo,a model of human disease and the drug screening.Zebrafish has been applied widely in the study of the drug for tumor antiangiogenesis with the development of the advanced technology of the mutagenesis and the confocal microscopy using for observation.Zebrafish applied in the screening of tumor antiangiogenesis drug and the mechanism of tumor angiogenesis are summered.
Impact of polylactide (PLA) on the quality of bio-products in contact

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Packaging plays a major role in the preservation of food but mass transfer between the packaging material and foodstuff occurs during shelf life leading to the quality deterioration. Polylactide (PLA) is a novel packaging material; therefore its interaction with food was investigated at service conditions. The sorption of ethyl esters, benzaldehyde and 2-nonanone at low concentrations and in mixture and the effects on the thermal properties of PLA were studied. Multiple Headspace Extraction (MHE) and Multiple Headspace coupled to Solid Phase MicroExtraction (MHS-SPME) developed here allow to show a high affinity for moderately hydrophilic molecules sharing structure similarities with PLA such as ethyl acetate. However, a very high affinity for the aromatic structure of benzaldehyde was revealed which seems to favor interaction and sorption of the aroma compounds present in the mixture. At 0.01 activities, a plasticization by aroma compounds was observed and a solvent induced crystallization seemed to be correlated to the sorption of benzaldehyde. The contact between a flavored food emulsion and PLA, using conditions near the PLA glass transition showed that PLA hydrolysis was moderate and oil and aroma compound sorption was low. The formation of VOC during the PLA manufacturing process was assessed by MHS-SPME. Lactides, acetaldehyde and 2,3-pentanedione are VOCs present in PLA after extrusion and thermoforming. The two latter compounds increased after extrusion and then decreased or disappeared after thermoforming.
Investigating the sensitivity of Venturia inaequalis isolates to difenoconazole and pyraclostrobin in apple orchards in China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The resistance level of 90 single lesion conidial isolates of Venturia inaequalis collected from multiple commercial orchards in Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces and Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China to the demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide difenoconazole and quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide pyraclostrobin was examined. The EC 50 values of the 90 isolates to difenoconazole and pyraclostrobin ranged from 0.143 to 6.735 μg/mL and 0.084 to 2.026 μg/mL, respectively. Among the isolates, 19 had resistance, 66 had reduced sensitivity, and five had sensitivity to difenoconazole; eight had resistance, 81 had reduced sensitivity, and one had sensitivity to pyraclostrobin. Although a weak correlation between difenoconazole and pyraclostrobin was detected, four isolates were identified as resistant to difenoconazole and pyraclostrobin. However, isolates with practical resistance were not found widely in our study and were only sporadic in a few places, indicating that at present, difenoconazole and pyraclostrobin are still safe for disease management in the apple-growing areas of Shaanxi, Gansu and Xinjiang. However, the risk of fungicide resistance should be managed with caution, and yearly monitoring of resistance development is necessary.
Titanium-Based Hydrides as Heterogeneous Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The problem of activating N2 and its subsequent hydrogenation to form NH3 has been approached from many directions. One of these approaches involves the use of transition metal hydride complexes. Recently, transition metal hydride complexes of Ti and Ta have been shown to activate N2, but without catalytic formation of NH3. Here, we show that at elevated temperatures (400 °C, 5 MPa), solid-state hydride-containing Ti compounds (TiH2 and BaTiO2.5H0.5) form a nitride-hydride surface similar to those observed with titanium clusters, but continuously (∼7 days) form NH3 under H2/N2 flow conditions to achieve a catalytic cycle, with activity (up to 2.8 mmol·g·-1·h-1) almost comparable to conventional supported Ru catalysts such as Cs-Ru/MgO or Ru/BaTiO3 that we have tested. As with the homogeneous analogues, the initial presence of hydride within the catalyst is critical. A rare hydrogen-based Mars van Krevelen mechanism may be at play here. Conventional scaling rules of pure metals predict essentially no activity for Ti, making this a previously overlooked element, but our results show that by introducing hydride, the repertoire of heterogeneous catalysts can be expanded to include formerly unexamined compositions without resorting to precious metals.
Cybernetic Training for Autonomous Robots: Generalizable Autonomy in Robot Manipulation Towards Human Augmentation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Semi-Supervised autonomy, with the maturation and integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning, is the next frontier of robotics.Existing robots perform poorly in dynamic and unstructured environments.Traditional machine learning requires a timeconsuming and expensive trial-and-error approach.The state-of-the-art AI and ML solutions are environment-specific and hard to replicate as conditions change.As a result, many industries cannot benefit from the efficiencies offered by these technological advancements.Cybernetic Training for Autonomous Robots (CYTARTM) technology framework is focused on bringing autonomy to unstructured workplaces.This framework uses multi-modal sensor data to optimally perceive, interact, and conceptualize unstructured environments.Combined with our success-based reinforcement learning AI approach, the semi-supervised autonomy framework harnesses the power of real-time and learned-behavior data inputs that enable robots to execute task-specific autonomy in unstructured environments successfully.CYTARTM framework deploys an advanced robot learning methodology to teach a robot how to mimic the way humans successfully learn tasks in unstructured environments, including underwater environments, construction sites, and tarmacs, greatly reducing the reliance on traditional AL/ML approaches requiring large quantities of task-specific training data to execute simple tasks.The talk will discuss the benefits of robotic systems that combine human intelligence, instincts, and judgment with machines' strength, endurance, and precision to bring autonomy to unstructured workplaces.These robots can augment human performance and awareness and provide the ability for them to operate autonomously when trained or remotely supervised by a human operator in unstructured, dynamic environments.The benefits can be multiplied by allowing such systems to leverage AI/ML technologies to learn from their operators how to execute tasks and then be able to conduct those tasks independently in a weakly structured environment.
Model Based Dispatch Optimisation for Residential Districts – Analysing the Integration of Electricity Storage Systems and their Environmental Impact

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In the European Union, residential districts consume a significant share of the total electricity, which is still mainly generated by conventional power plants. Consequently, utilising renewable energy carriers combined with electricity storage systems are necessary to mitigate climate change. To assess the electricity generation and the storage operation a techno-economic bottom-up model is applied and combined with a Life Cycle Assessment to evaluate the environmental impacts of the applied electricity storage system. Under the taken assumptions electricity storage systems have the potential to increase the degree of self-supply and autarky of the energy system as far as their prices decrease.
A study on the differential response of malting barley genotypes to boron toxicity

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A field experiment was carried out to study the differential response of eight malting barley genotypes to boron \ntoxicity in Aydın, Turkey. Genotypes were grown with and without the application of 40 kg B ha-1. Total dry \nmatter yield, grain yield and boron concentration of roots, stems, leaves and ears were determined. Boron \napplication resulted in toxicity symptoms at the flag leaves and reduced total dry matter and grain yield as 12.2% \nand 30.5%. Line 7 gave both the lowest yield reduction and toxicity reading score. In soils both with and without \nadded boron, boron concentrations from the lowest to the highest were determined as ear, stem root and leaf, \nrespectively. When boron was added to the soils, boron concentration of root, stem and leaf were found to be \ndifferent from each. Applying excess amount of B to the soil resulted in dramatic increases in B concentration of \nplant parts, demonstrating that cultivars have different abilities to accumulate B if the supply in the soil is too \nhigh. In general, line 7 was found as the most tolerant to B toxicity. Another conclusion drown leaf symptom \nscoring for B tolerance was more reliable than measuring plant boron concentrations.
Laser damage comparisons of broad-bandwidth, high-reflection optical coatings containing TiO2, Nb2O5, or Ta2O5high index layers

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We develop and characterize high index of refraction thin films by e-beam evaporation of Ti3O5, Ta2O5 and Nb2O5 in reactive, ion-assisted deposition processes. We then deposit broad bandwidth high reflection (HR) coatings based on quarter-wave stacks of these high index layers alternating with SiO2 low index layers. The HR band is centered at 1054 nm and designed for 45o angle of incidence. We compare the laser induced damage thresholds of these coatings in order to explore tradeoffs between their laser damage properties and HR bandwidths.
Indian ethics: classical traditions and contemporary challenges

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Contents: Preface General introduction: Thinking ethics, the West and India. Introduction to Part A Early Indian Ethics - Vedas to the Gita dharma, rites to 'Right': Dharma, imperatives, and tradition: toward an Indian theory of moral action, J.N. Mohanty Dharma and rationality, Bimal Krishna Matilal The myth of the ethics of Purusartha or humanity's life-goals, Daya Krishna The fires of strangers: a Levinasian approach to Vedic ethics, Laurie L. Patton Samkhya-Yoga ethics, Roy W. Perrett Ethics of liberation in Patanjali's yoga, Ian Whicher Karma's suffering: a Mimamsa solution to the problem of evil, Purushottama Bilimoria Dana as a moral category, Maria Heim. Introduction to Part B: Buddhist and Jain Approaches to Ethical Decision Making: Purgation and virtue in Jainism: toward an ecological ethic, Christopher Key Chapple Buddhist ethical theory, Padmasiri de Silva Are there 'human rights' in Buddhism?, Damien Keown Buddhism and democracy, Jay L. Garfield Buddhist reductionism and the structure of Buddhist ethics, Mark Siderits Animal ethics and ecology in classical India - reflections on a moral tradition, M.K. Sridhar and Purushottama Bilimoria. Introduction to Part C: Reflections on Moral Ideals and Modernity Ghandi and Nonviolence: Hindu theory of tolerance, Bhikhu Parekh Action oriented morality in Hinduism, Christopher Key Chapple The ethical irrationality of the world: Weber and Hindu ethics, Pratap Bhanu Mehta Social injustice, retribution and revenge: a normative analysis of the contemporary social scene, Rajendra Prasad Gandhi, empire and a culture of peace, Joseph Prabhu Ethical skepticism in the philosophy of Sri Aurobindo, Stephen Philips. Index.
The leaf anatomy of Yucca glauca Nutt.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The detailed anatomy of Yucca glauca leaf, a potential source of medicinally useful steroid precursors, is described. The most useful diagnostic features are papillose epidermal cells, large acicular crystals of calcium oxalate, partially lignified fibres and cells from the modified leaf margins. The characteristic cells of the margins are the epidermal cells, trichomes and strongly lignified, spirally pitted fibres, none of these three cell types being found in the rest of the leaf. No previous description of modified leaf margins has been observed in the literature for any Yucca species.