jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Rosiglitazone attenuates renal injury in diabetic rats via inhibiting over-expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the kidney

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To determine whether rosiglitazone attenuates renal injury in diabetic rats via inhibiting over-expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) in the kidney.Methods: One week after induction of diabetes mellitus model,rats were treated with oral rosiglitazone(5 mg·kg-1·d-1) or saline.The urinary excretion rates of albumin(ALB),retinal-binding protein(RBP) and MMP-9 as well as blood glucose were determined at 8th week.The renal pathological changes were observed by electron microscopy and the expression of MMP-9 mRNA in renal tissue was detected by RT-PCR.Results: The urine excretion rates of ALB,RBP and MMP-9 as well as blood glucose were increased in diabetic rats(P0.01).The urine excretion rates of ALB,RBP and MMP-9 was significantly decreased by rosiglitazone(P0.01).The expression of MMP-9 mRNA in the kidney was markedly up-regulated in diabetic rats,and the increased expression was reduced by rosiglitazone(P0.01).Moreover,rosiglitazone remarkably improved renal pathological changes in diabetic rats.Conclusion: Rosiglitazone has a protective effect on renal injury in diabetic rats,which may partly relate to inhibiting over-expression of MMP-9,independently of its hypoglycemic effect.
Convergent Methodologies: Sections 5.1–5.3.2.2

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This chapter contains sections titled: 5.1 General Concepts 5.2 1→2 Branched 5.2.1 1→2 C-Branched and Connectivity 5.2.2 1→2 C-Branched, Alkyne Connectivity 5.2.3 1→2 C-Branched, Ether Connectivity 5.2.4 1→2 C-Branched, Ester Connectivity 5.2.5 1→2 C-Branched, Ether & Imide Connectivity 5.3 1→2 Aryl-Branched 5.3.1 1→2 Aryl-Branched and Connectivity 5.3.2 1→2 Aryl-Branched, Ether Connectivity 5.3.2.1 Focal Functionalization 5.3.2.2 Attachments
One Stage Reconstruction and Refinements for Frontonasal Encephalocele

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The successful correction of frontonasal encephaloceles was shown to depend on a detailed understanding of the pathological anatomy, careful planning of the bone movements to correct these deformities, and attention to detail regarding the placement of scars, positioning of the medial canthi and the nasal reconstruction. Objective: We reviewed our experience at the paediatric neurosurgery department of national institute of neurosciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh and discussed our evolution toward a definitive, single-stage correction, including refinements. Methodology: This was a clinical trial which was conducted in the Department of Paediatric neurosurgery at National institute of Neurosciences & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh fromMay 2014 to April 2019 for a period of five (05) years. Paediatric patients with frontonasal encephalocele were operated. Post-operative outcomes were observed. Result: A total number of 6 patients were operated. All were under 1 year. 3 were male and 3 were female. We operated 6 cases of successful one stage operation for frontonasal encephalocele in very young children. A good cosmetic result had been achieved after operation. Conclusion: In conclusion, a one-stage repair with both a transcranial and external approach is effective surgical management for the frontonasal encephalocele paediatric patients. Journal of National Institute of Neurosciences Bangladesh, 2019;5(2): 111-117
Essays on debt and speculation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

My dissertation consists of three essays with the common theme of analyzing economic models of financial assets markets featuring heterogeneous market participants and testing the predictions of these models empirically. In the first essay, I present a simple model of heterogeneous traders and demonstrate that different sources of heterogeneity (discount factors vs. return expectations) imply opposite signs for the relationship of turnover and expected returns. This motivates me to analyze the correlational empirical relationship between asset turnover and measures of expected returns, both survey- and model-based, for the US stock and housing markets. I obtain mixed evidence on the sign of the turnover-expected return relationship in the stock market, while in the housing market the relationship is moderately positive. In the second essay (authored jointly with Andrea Fabiani and Luigi Falasconi), I ask whether monetary policy influences the maturity structure of corporate debt. I answer this question by exploiting: i) time-series and firm-level data on debt maturity for the US corporate sector; ii) several proxies of FED monetary interest rate shocks. The results show that a loosening of the policy rate lengthens corporate debt maturity, an effect entirely driven by the adjustments of very large companies. I explain such findings through a model combining moral-hazard frictions and yield-seeking investors, who increase their demand of long-term debt-securities when the policy rate goes down. Only large and unconstrained companies can accommodate the demand shift. Empirical evidence on the response of corporate bond issuance by large companies and holdings by mutual funds validates the proposed mechanism. In the third essay (authored jointly with Ilja Kantorovitch), I test the theoretical predictions of the differences-of-opinion literature by analyzing the extensive online discussion on Bitcoin by potential Bitcoin investors to build a time-varying sentiment distribution, defining disagreement as dispersion in sentiment. High disagreement is associated with negative subsequent returns, high turnover growth, and high volatility, confirming the theory’s predictions. However, I do not find that an increase in disagreement increases the price, which is seemingly at odds with the theoretical prediction of disagreement leading to overpricing. As the theory predicts, the effect of disagreement weakens significantly after shorting instruments were introduced at the end of 2017. The results are economically significant: at the monthly frequency, a one standard deviation increase in disagreement leads to a 9:2 percentage points lower cumulative return over the following eight months, and the adjusted R2 of regressing contemporaneous returns on average sentiment and disagreement is 0:33.
Individually adaptive learning management system project

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This article presents a project of a generalized and intelligent learning management system. The whole project is organized upon the circular information flow between the system and the learner. The main feature of the system is its adaptability to the individual learner with the goal to maximize learning process results. This aim defines three major units of the system: Tracking subsystem, Individualizing subsystem, and Adaptation subsystem. They are situated sequentially along the information stream. The result of the work is the definition of a complete individually adaptive learning management system (IALMS).
Don’t Make Me Automate! Students Find Themes of Trust and Discovery Examining Drivers' Experiences with Existing Automation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Don't Make Me Automate! Students Find Themes of Trust and Discovery Examining Drivers Experiences with Existing Automation This preliminary examination investigated the emotional and behavioral characteristics of drivers using existing automation (e.g. Cruise Control, ACC, Assisted Back-Up, Lane Keeping) in cars. The current work aimed to classify and decode the emotional continuum of users incorporating existing automation features in both their personal vehicles, as well as cars chosen for observation of driver experience. Conducted in a graduate level course in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at a west coast university in the United States, the team developed and used a go-pro template approach-taking videos, audios, and picture - of test drives of personally owned cars and of new cars during dealership visits. The study explored user responses to existing automation two ways: how the driver is acting (if or not the driver is undertaking automated activity) and an assessment of why the driver is acting that way based on graduate students observations of videotaped results. Within this observational study scenario, the team examined the driver's stated and physical responses to using (potentially for the first time) the automation in their vehicles. The results tell the "drive-along" story through students' perspectives after examining videos of test drives. The analysis characterized emerging images and themes as emotions, defined in a broad sense, during the first trial of automotive features. In addition to observing initial driver resistance, one salient observation was the sequentially reliant nature of three themes. 'Trust', 'Discovery', and 'Sensing Connection as Engagement' are noted in high responses from participants most noticeably one after the other, such that the increased response of one is largely dependent on the increased response of the previous theme. E.g. a participant is highly unlikely to show willingness to 'discover' without a strong sense of 'trust' in the capabilities of her vehicle, and - in turn - a participant cannot 'sense connection as engagement', without some high degree of discovery for one or more semi-autonomous features. Results indicate that it is possible to facilitate the student's qualitative and quantitative mindset in preliminary research, while considering emotional aspects of the human-car relationship. Implications for further work in class approaches - student interviews, mini experiments, simulations, test-drives- are discussed.
Characterization of time variation on 1.9 GHz fixed wireless channels in suburban macrocell environments

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We observed temporal fading on 1.9 GHz fixed wireless channels during short-term measurements at 107 different locations in a suburban macrocell environment characterized by flat terrain and heavy foliage in order to determine how the rate of fading varies with average wind speed and distance. For each location, we estimated: (1) the Ricean K-factor using a moment-based estimator and (2) an equivalent Doppler frequency which is related to the maximum Doppler frequency by a factor that depends upon the shape of the Doppler spectrum. We did so by fitting the measured level crossing rate (LCR) and average fade duration (AFD) distributions to expressions normally justified for mobile wireless links using a method recently proposed by Feick, Valenzuela and Ahumada (2007). As has been observed at other sites, the Ricean K-factor decreased with both average wind speed and distance. However, we found that the equivalent Doppler frequency was effectively uncorrelated with wind speed and noticeably increased with distance. Similar measurements at other sites will be required to determine the extent to which these trends are affected by foliage density and tower height.
From Chinese Exclusion to Guantanamo Bay: Plenary Power and the Prerogative State. By Natsu Taylor Saito. (Boulder: University Press of Colorado, 2007. xii, 497 pp. $34.95, ISBN 978-0-87081-851-6.)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Natsu Taylor Saito's From Chinese Exclusion to Guantánamo Bay, seeks to “reveal in broad strokes” the “significance” of the plenary power doctrine to “American law” (p. 15). Saito argues that the progress of the doctrine reveals much about the way America deals with “those not explicitly enslaved but [who are] the subjugated Other under U.S. law—the people in external colonies, those subject to internal colonial rule, and those explicitly recognized as subjects of another sovereign” (ibid.). Working along with its doctrinal cousin “military necessity,” the doctrine allows the American government to deprive relatively powerless groups of protections of judicial review. Presenting itself as “a nation of laws that gives optimal protection to human rights and democratic processes,” the United States eschews the jurisdiction of international decision-making bodies,” leaving those injured by abusive government policy without effective remedies (p. 14). Saito traces the history of the plenary power doctrine in the Supreme Court's jurisprudence. After the Civil War and the subjugation of American Indians, the country addressed two principal concerns: “the place of those deemed Other within American Society, and the extent to which the United States would follow the path of European imperialism” (p. 16). The plenary power doctrine emerged as a way to resolve these crucial issues, doing grievous harm to many in the process. The infamous Chinese exclusion cases, The Cherokee Tobacco case (1870) (in which the Court declined to strike down a federal act that violated a treaty with American Indians), and the so-called Insular Cases (in which the Court held that those living in American territories were not entitled to the full protections of the U.S. Constitution) were all products of the extreme judicial deference given to the political branches of government. Those measures were enacted and tolerated by the majority of American citizens because the people being deprived of their rights were racial or ethnic minorities: hence the national acceptance later of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II and the refusal to prohibit “immigration laws that discriminate on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion” (p. 26). What gives Saito's critique of plenary power its particular urgency, of course, is what has happened to the country since September 11, 2001. The perpetrators of the attack were Arab, Muslim, and foreign. It was easy to cast those who shared their ethnic and religious identities as, in Saito's term, “the Other,” whose rights could be abrogated without much recourse.
Design and Validation of Induction Heat Treatment Processes Utilizing 2D and 3D Computer Simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper will address practical aspects of developing induction heat treatment processes – induction hardening processes in particular. Examples will be presented to illustrate methods of improving inductor and process designs utilizing computer simulation. A number of everyday challenges encountered by heat treatment practitioners will be addressed, specifically challenges related to metallurgical and mechanical quality. The value of utilizing computer simulation will be demonstrated in these real-world solutions through the revelation of subtle facets of induction heat treatment that cannot otherwise be physically observed or measured.
Determinants of chain performance in the European traditional food sector

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Organizations nowadays no longer compete as independent entities, but as chains (Christopher, 1998, Cox, 1999, Lambert and Cooper, 2000). Hence, being part of a well-performing chain is crucial for the future of the individual food firm, especially in the context of the globalizing economy. As a result, understanding differences between low, medium and high performing chains is essential for the different chain members. The objective of this study is to measure and to identify the main determinants of traditional food chain performance. Therefore, quantitative data were collected via individual interviews with 271 chain members (91 suppliers, 91 focal companies and 89 customers) of 91 traditional food chains from three European countries (Belgium, Italy and Hungary), representing six different traditional food product categories (cheese, beer, ham, sausage, white pepper and bakery). The results differentiate six different kinds of chain imbalances, namely: dyadic upper and lower, upand downstream, internal and external indicate both dyadic and chain-wise imbalance. Most chain imbalances are noticed in relation to lowering logistic costs and to reducing lead time. Further, the most discriminating determinant of low, medium and high performing chains is chain reputation. Governance structures although do not reveal any significant difference. These results are valid across member states, across product categories and across different sized chains. Future research should investigate whether the wellperforming chains generate a sustainable competitive advantage over time. In addition, performance indicators can be enlarged with parameters other than economical ones such as ecological and social ones.
A comparison study of the detection of MDMA in urine between liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and colloidal gold strip

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To verify the determination of colloidal gold strip on detecting 3,4-methylened-ioxymethamphetamine ( MDMA) and its metabolite in urine of the drug addicts compared with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry( LC/MS). Methods:Select the drug addicts treated in substance dependence department of Guangzhou brain hospital as the objects in our study. Detect MDMA and its metabolite in urine of the drug addicts by way of LC/MS and colloidal gold strip respectively. Calculate and analyze the index of sensitivity, specificity, Youden’s index and total coincidence rate based on the detection results of colloidal gold strip when compared with the golden-standard(LC/MS). Results:Compared with LC/MS, the sensitivity, specificity, Youden’s index and total coincidence rate of the detection results of colloidal gold strip were 100.00%, 98.88%, 0.9888 and 98.97% respectively. Kappa=0.936,P=0.00. Conclusion:Compared with LC/MS, colloidal gold strip is more simple and intuitive, faster and more time-saving in operation, and is better sensitivity and specificity in determination.
Role of enzyme-flavonoid therapy in controlling inflammatory pathology of pelvic inflammatory disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a clinical syndrome ensuing infection-induced inflammation of the upper reproductive tract in females. It is mostly characterized by chronic pelvic pain and can lead to severe outcomes like tubal-factor infertility or ectopic pregnancy. The treatment primarily focuses on eradication of infection and control of the inflammatory consequences. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are most commonly used for the control of inflammation, but their use is limited by adverse effects, especially when used in the long-term. Systemic Enzyme Therapy (SET) using a combination of Trypsin-Bromelain-Rutoside have a long history of clinical use in various inflammatory conditions, including PID. It is an effective alternative to conventional therapies for managing the symptoms and preventing the complications of PID. SET moderates the inflammatory response, prevent scar formation and adhesions. The various mechanisms by which SET acts on the relevant pathophysiology of PID have been presented in this review. Results from clinical studies have also been discussed, including comparative studies of SET against placebo or conventional anti-inflammatory agents, and when given concomitantly with antibiotics versus antibiotics alone in a variety of acute and chronic PID-related conditions.
Lithic Record

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Four paragraphs of text are shown. The paragraphs are of increasing lengths. https://s3-euw1-ap-pe-df-pch-content-public-p.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/9781003303978/4ee9b2f5-2d5a-4580-87b1-9141f50675b9/content/un12_03.tif" xmlns:xlink="https://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/>
MicroRNA Networks Modulate Oxidative Stress in Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Imbalanced regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant factors in cells is known as “oxidative stress (OS)”. OS regulates key cellular physiological responses through signal transduction, transcription factors and noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Increasing evidence indicates that continued OS can cause chronic inflammation, which in turn contributes to cardiovascular and neurological diseases and cancer development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small ncRNAs that produce functional 18-25-nucleotide RNA molecules that play critical roles in the regulation of target gene expression by binding to complementary regions of the mRNA and regulating mRNA degradation or inhibiting translation. Furthermore, miRNAs function as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes in cancer. Dysregulated miRNAs reportedly modulate cancer hallmarks such as metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis and tumor growth. Notably, miRNAs are involved in ROS production or ROS-mediated function. Accordingly, investigating the interaction between ROS and miRNAs has become an important endeavor that is expected to aid in the development of effective treatment/prevention strategies for cancer. This review provides a summary of the essential properties and functional roles of known miRNAs associated with OS in cancers.
Dynamic approach for measuring the coupling of software systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper a dynamic approach to measure the coupling of software systems is proposed. The conventionally used static measures are only limited suitable for the evaluation and characterization of such systems. We extend the static methodology with a dynamic component and define new measures based on this approach. A model for system characterization based on varying execution profiles is given. The layout of an automated monitor system is presented which can be directly integrated into a software development system.