jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms Regulating Transient Receptor Potential Cation Channel A1 (TRPA1) and Their Roles in Nociception and Nociceptive Sensitization

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Nociception is the sensory nervous system that detects harmful stimuli including excessive heat, cold, toxic chemicals, and noxious mechanical stimulations. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a group of evolutionarily conserved ion channels consisting of 4 subunits, each with 6 transmembrane spans, and detect a variety of external and internal nociceptive stimuli. Due to their critical roles in nociception, it is essential to understand the mechanisms that regulate TRP channels and subsequent nociception. Here, I investigated two distinct types of regulation of Drosophila transient receptor potential cation channel A1 (TrpA1): regulation via the expression of different TrpA1 isoforms, and via its binding with associated proteins. I found that one of the TrpA1 isoforms, TrpA1(E), inhibits the thermal responses of other TrpA1 isoforms in vitro. I also identified potential TrpA1 binding partners through Co- immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and mass spectrometry analysis. These binding partners need further validation and characterization through biochemical, cellular, and behavioral assays to illustrate their roles in nociception, and may serve as potential drug targets for chronic pain.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Chungpesagan-tang is Related to the Inhibition of ${\beta}-Glucuronidase$

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

and hepatoprotective effects of Chungpesagan-tang, which has been used for liver diseases and stroke, on hepatotoxicity of rats was investigated. Chungpesagan-tang potently inhibited . Serum AST, ALT and LDH levels of the group orally treated with Chungpesagan-tang (100 mg/kg) were lowered to 47, 28 and 58% of the group, respectively. Among the ingredients of Chungpesagan-tang, Puerariae Radix, Scutellariae Radix and Rhei Rhizoma potently inhibited the and protected liver injury. The hepatoprotective activity of Puerariae Radix was affected by ingredients of Chungpesagan-tang: Scutellariae Radix had the synergistic activity, but Angelicae Tenussimae Radix exhibited the antagonistic activity. These results suggest that the inhibitor of herbal medicines may protect liver injury and puerarin should be a natural prodrug for the hepatoprotective effect.
Pomphorhynchus laevis manipulates Gammarus pulex behaviour despite salt pollution

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Salt pollution of freshwater ecosystems represents a major threat to biodiversity, and particularly to interactions between free‐living species and their associated parasites. Acanthocephalan parasites are able to alter their intermediate host's phenotype to reach final hosts, but this process could be affected by salt pollution, thereby compromising survival of the parasite. We experimentally assessed the impact of salt on the extended phenotype of the parasite Pomphorhynchus laevis in their intermediate host, the amphipod Gammarus pulex , based on three amphipod behaviours: distance covered in flowing water, phototaxis, and geotaxis. We hypothesised that: (1) salt pollution negatively affected the behaviour of uninfected gammarids, and (2) that P. laevis could maintain their capacity to manipulate their host despite this pollution. All three amphipod behaviours were altered by P. laevis : infected G. pulex covered a greater distance, were less photophobic and were more attracted to the water surface than uninfected amphipods, in control or salt‐polluted water. However, salinity reduced distance covered in flowing water and increased attraction to the water surface of uninfected and infected G. pulex . For the phototaxis behaviour, P. laevis enhanced this capacity of manipulation in salt‐polluted water compared to control water. Pomphorhynchus laevis can still manipulate the behaviour of their intermediate host in salt‐polluted water. Acanthocephalan parasites have not been known to be able to manipulate their intermediate host when under pollution stress. Trophic interactions, but not the chances of parasite transmission to their definitive host, appear to be affected by salt pollution. Our study indicates that behavioural modifications induced by complex lifecycle parasites should be more considered in the context of growing concentrations of chemical pollutants in some freshwater ecosystems. Interspecific interactions, and particularly host–parasite relationships, are a key component of ecosystem stability and their alteration could result in major changes in energy flow.
phylogeny-aware graph algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Motivation: Accurate alignment of large numbers of sequences is demanding and the computational burden is further increased by downstream analyses depending on these alignments. With the abundance of sequence data, an integrative approach of adding new sequences to existing alignments without their full re-computation and maintaining the relative matching of existing sequences is an attractive option. Another current challenge is the extension of reference alignments with fragmented sequences, as those coming from next-generation metagenomics, that contain relatively little information. Widely used methods for alignment extension are based on profile representation of reference sequences. These do not incorporate and use phylogenetic information and are affected by the composition of the reference alignment and the phylogenetic positions of query sequences.
Puroindoline B Limits Binding of Puroindoline A to Starch and Grain Softness

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Endosperm texture affects end‐use and milling qualities of wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). The Hardness ( Ha ) locus controls the majority of grain hardness variation and contains the Puroindoline a ( Pina ) and b ( Pinb ) genes. Soft kernel texture results when both Pina and Pinb are present in wild‐type form, whereas hard‐textured wheats contain a mutation in either Pin Past studies suggested that grain hardness is correlated with soft type PINA and PINB, not total puroindoline. The primary objective of this study was to determine which PIN limits grain softness in soft wheats. To accomplish this, six transgenic Pin lines created in the hard wheat cultivar Hi‐Line were crossed with the soft wheat cultivar Heron. Resulting F 2:3 progeny homozygous for the Pin transgene(s) and the soft‐type Ha locus were evaluated in two environments through 2 yr by measuring grain hardness and puroindoline levels. Genotypes containing added PINB were 7.4 units softer in grain texture, as measured with the Single Kernel Characterization System, than genotypes with added PINA ( P < 0.001). In genotypes with added PINB, a 2.6‐ to 4.8‐fold increase was detected in both PINA and PINB bound to starch, whereas only an increase in PINA was detected in added PINA genotypes. Results indicate that increased PINB increases total PIN starch levels and decreases grain hardness more than increased PINA. This demonstrates that PINB limits the binding of PINA to starch, and grain softness in soft wheats.
Effects of Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii) Condensed Tannins on Intake, Protozoa Population, Ruminal Fermentation, and Nutrient Digestibility in Jersey Steers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of condensed tannins (CT) from black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) on feed intake, ruminal protozoa population, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in Jersey steers. Five ruminally-cannulated steers were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, with five periods of 20 days each (14 days for diet adaptation and six days for sample collection per period). Treatments were composed of dietary inclusion levels of condensed tannins at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 g/kg of diet dry matter. Intakes of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and total digestible nutrients were not affected by condensed tannins. The ruminal pH was reduced linearly with tannin levels. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration was not affected by tannins. Tannins reduced the molar proportion of acetate and did not affect the ruminal protozoal population, which might be related to the low doses used. Digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber were not altered; however, there was a linear reduction in crude protein digestibility. Based on these results, CT extracts from black wattle are not recommended for improving nutrient utilization in steers at the tested levels.
Corporations and corporatism: Swedish big business and the Harpsund conferences 1955–1962

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Between 1955 and 1962, the Swedish Social Democratic Prime Minister Tage Erlander invited big business leaders to his country estate Harpsund to discuss issues of common concern. Erlander called the conferences ‘consultative democracy’ and the meetings have come to symbolise compromise and cooperation between big business and organised labour during the zenith of Swedish corporatism. This article finds that participating in the talks was a political maximisation strategy for business. Corporatist institutions, such as the Harpsund conferences, were used to communicate business core issues to the government, while at the same time, businesses tried to return the centre-right parties back into power through financial support and public relations campaigns. The article further argues that the cordial relationship between business and labour at the Harpsund conferences fits Katzenstein’s theories on corporatism, including the factors of an export reliant economy, an ideology of social partnership between elites, centralised peak organisations and continuous political bargaining between interest groups, the state, and political parties. Also, the article maintains that the unique good relations were a consequence of a generation of leaders on both sides who gained influence in an era of fast economic growth and mounting international geopolitical tension.
Managers’ Perceptions of and Behavioral Responses to COVID-19 Threats: A Role of Ethical Leadership

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Drawing on affective events theory, this study framed and tested a model examining the process of sequential mediating roles of managers' anxiety and frustration on the link between managers' perception of COVID-19 threats and two negative behavioral outcomes, customer-directed deviant behavior, and coworker abuse. We conducted two empirical studies in tourism-related service settings in Pakistan. In Study 1 (i.e., data collected from frontline managers of tour operators), the results supported our proposed model that the relationships between managers' perception of COVID-19 threats, and customer-directed deviated behavior and co-worker abuse are each sequentially mediated first by managers' anxiety and then by frustration. Study 2 (where the data were collected from hotel frontline managers using a time-lagged approach) supported our sequential mediation process when predicting customer-directed deviant behavior and coworker abuse. Moreover, ethical leadership moderated the sequential indirect effects on these relationships. We conclude by discussing implications for research and practice.
Identification And Quantification Of Stressors Affecting Motorized Two Wheeler Riders: An Ergonomic Attempt

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Motorised two-wheelers are cost effective fuel-efficient system to manage occupational compulsions and time bound responsibilities but on the other hand they account for maximum traffic accident deaths. Bike riders are exposed to prolonged static posture causing significant angular deviations at all most all joints of the body as well as lumbar angle (L1-L5). All these postural alterations are contributory factors to stress and musculo-skeletal symptoms. Although the vibration remains within the OSHA limit, the vibration map and pain map of a two-wheeler rider’s were observed to have strong correlations. Varied emotional and psychosocial components contribute to cumulative stress among them. Bike riding also involves visual acuity, which alters critical flicker frequency of the riders indicating immense visual stress and subsequent adaptation. Proper stress management, ergonomic intervention in engineering revisions of the two wheeler design may contribute to reduce chances of accident and ensure safety, wellbeing and performance of the riders.
Bone Disease in the Common Marmoset

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) is a New World primate that is used in biomedical research due to its small size and relative ease of handling compared with larger primates. Although bone disease in common marmosets is well recognized, there are very few detailed descriptions in the literature that cover the range of lesions seen in these animals. For all animals used to model human disease, it is important to be aware of background lesions that may affect the interpretation of study findings. This retrospective study details bone diseases encountered in marmoset breeding colonies at 2 different institutions. Affected marmosets at Johns Hopkins University had lesions compatible with diagnoses of rickets, fibrous osteodystrophy and osteopenia. Affected marmosets at the Wisconsin National Primate Research Center exhibited severe lesions of osteoclastic bone resorption and remodeling that had an unusual distribution and were not easily categorized into a known disease entity. The purpose of this report is to document these naturally occurring skeletal lesions of common marmosets and suggest an approach to evaluating skeletal disease in prospective studies of these animals that will allow the most accurate diagnoses.
National and racial stereotypes in Shakespeare films

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

We all object to stereotypes. They are oversimplified preconceptions, involving those who trade in them in lazy thinking and prejudice. They don't derive from direct experience. They are subject to fashion. And they tend to come into conflict with one another. But however objectionable they may be, on intellectual or moral grounds, we can't avoid them in our own, as well as other people's, thinking.
A DECISION SUPPORT FRAMEWORK FOR PLANNING AND PRIORITIZING URBAN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES UNDER UNCERTAINTY CONDITIONS: A CASE STUDY

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

© 2024 Brazilian Operations Research Society.The study addresses decision-making under conditions of uncertainty regarding the development of public policies and sustainable development strategies in an urban region in Brazil. Based on the case study, a decision support framework for planning and prioritizing urban sustainable development strategies (SDS) under uncertainty conditions is developed. In the framework social, economic and environmental factors have been considered using a fuzzy multi-criteria comprehensive evaluation approach in order to analyze and select SDSs. Critical factors and sub-factors for SDS are identified with the active participation of a committee of experts and representatives from different sectors of civil society. As a result, a set of urban sustainable development strategies are prioritized using the Fuzzy VIKOR Method that will help local authorities to improve their decisions. The decision support-framework illustrates the combination and application of Operations Research Methods in solving a complex problem related to decision-making in public management.
Preparation of Vanillonitrile and Vanillic Acid from Vanillin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of Vanillonitrile and Vanillic Acid from VanillinConrad Schuerch Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 6, 2293–2294Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01186a514https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01186a514research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views293Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Crotalase, a Fibrinogen-Clotting Snake Venom Enzyme: Primary Structure and Evidence for a Fibrinogen Recognition Exosite Different from Thrombin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary Crotalase, a fibrinogen-clotting enzyme isolated from the venom of Crotalus adamanteus, and its overlapping fragments were subjected to Edman degradation. The resulting amino acid sequence, VIGGDEC NINEHRFLVALYDYWSQLFLCGGTLINNEWVLTAAHCDRTHI LIYVGVHDRSVQFDKEQRRFPKEKYFFDCSNNFTKWDKDIM LIRLNKPVSYSEHIAPLSLPSSPPIVGSVCRAMGWGQTTSPQET LPDVPHCANINLLDYEVCRTAHPQFRLPATSRTLCAGVLEG GIDTCNRDSGGPLICNGQFQGIVFWGPDPCAQPDKPGLYTK VFDHLDWIQSIIAGEKTVNCP, is characteristic of a serine protein-ase. Comparison with thrombin, the physiological fibrinogen-clotting enzyme, showed that thrombin’s fibrinogen-recognition exosite (FRE) is poorly represented in crotalase. Hirudin, a FRE-dependent inhibitor, had no effect on crotalase. Spatial modeling of crotalase yielded a possible alternative fibrinogen-recognition site comprised of Arg 60F, Lys 85, Lys 87, and Arg 107 (underlined in the sequence above). Crotalase also lacks thrombin’s YPPW loop, as well as its functionally important ETW 146-148, and its heparin-binding site. The enzyme contains a single asparagine-linked glycosylation site, NFT, bearing neutral and amino sugars that account for 8.3% of the enzyme’s total molecular weight of 29,027. The calculated absorbance of crotalase at 280 nm, 1%, cm-1is 15.2.
THE ROLE OF EARLY SURGERY FOLLOWING MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY This co‐operative study was a prospective randomised study to evaluate the role of coronary bypass surgery following acute myocardial infarction. The criterion for entry was an early positive exercise tolerance test. All patients who satisfied the clinical criteria of acute myocardial infarction but who were excluded had information on survival obtained after two years. A total of 4658 patients were assessed, with 3334 (71 %) having a modified exercise test. This test was positive in 728 patients, of whom 598 then underwent coronary angiography. Three hundred and forty‐eight patients were randomised (surgery 168, continuing medical treatment 180). At two years the survival in the medical group was 96% and in the surgical group was 93%. At five years the corresponding figures were 88% and 91%. Sub group analyses in terms of age, ejection fraction and extent of vessel disease failed to show any significant differences between those randomised to medicine or surgery. A positive exercise test early after infarction does help to delineate those more likely to require intervention, but a negative exercise test is not an indication for complacency.
Teyl by Using Songs and Games in Students’ Learning Motivation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study aimed at finding out whether the use of songs and games in teaching English to young learners give an effect in students' learning motivation at MI Brawijaya Trowulan, Mojokerto. In order to achieve the goal of the study, quasi experimental design was utilized. In this study was used 2 classes as the sample, they are experimental group and control group. The questionnaires were used to collect the data. Then the data were analyzed by using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) through SPSS 24. In the process of English teaching learning, the researcher applied 2 songs which are “Jobs Song” and “Eat and Drink All Day Long” and 2 games which are “Suit Game” and “The Mime Game”. The study revealed that TEYL by using songs and games could make young learners enjoy and feel fun the learning process, enthusiastic, become confident to perform, and involved to be participant. Consequently, the result of this study has enhanced the students’ learning motivation.
Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions in Family Firms – A Comparison of Founding and Non-Founding Family Firms

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Family ownership is widespread and family owners are often characterized by risk-aversion and a long-term focus. We separate between founding family firms and non-founding family firms with long-term interests to investigate their impact on the financing and investment decisions. From our regression models, we can conclude that founding families carry less leverage but invest more in R&amp;D. While the leverage results are consistent when put through a battery of robustness tests, the R&amp;D results are more volatile. Risk-aversion and socioemotional attachment are used to explain the lower levels of leverage, but these fail to explain the higher levels of R&amp;D. The higher levels are believed to stem from the entrepreneurial trait inherent in founding family firms. Moreover, other factors are also proven to be of importance for these family firms in terms of their financing and investments decisions, e.g. industry effects. Having to conform to such factors, the discretion for owner preferences is believed to decrease. This study contributes to the existing body of literature by demonstrating the heterogeneity of family firms and the importance of differing owner interests.