jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Critical Condition for Turbulent Contamination in a Flat-Plate Boundary Layer

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Lateral growth of turbulent wedge is examined experimentally in a flat-plate boundary layer at low Reynolds numbers. Turbulent wedge is generated by exciting hairpin vortices through a small hole at a location where the Reynolds number is subcritical. The lateral growth of turbulent wedge occurs at the momentum thickness Reynolds numbers above 170, with successive growth of low-speed streaks in the ambient laminar flow region. Beyond the critical Reynolds number for the lateral turbulent contamination, the lateral spacing of low-speed streaks newly generated is 45 in wall units using the friction velocity of Blasius flow at the stage of their first appearance and increases to that of the developed wall turbulence as the instability and breakdown of low-speed streaks develop.
Revisiting Moroccan Migrations

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Over the 20th century, Morocco has become one of the world’s major emigration countries. But since 2000, growing immigration and settlement of migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, and Europe confronts Morocco with an entirely new set of social, cultural, political and legal issues. This book explores how continued emigration and increasing immigration is transforming contemporary Moroccan society, with a particular emphasis on the way the Moroccan state is dealing with shifting migratory realities. The authors of this collective volume embark on a dialogue between theory and empirical research, showcasing how contemporary migration theories help understanding recent trends in Moroccan migration, and, vice-versa, how the specific Moroccan case enriches migration theory. This perspective helps to overcome the still predominant Western-centric research view that artificially divide the world into ‘receiving’ and ‘sending’ countries and largely disregards the dynamics of and experiences with migration in countries in the Global South. This book was previously published as a special issue of The Journal of North African Studies.
Early intervention in bipolar disorder, part II: therapeutics. Early Intervention in Psychiatry

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recent evidence has shown that early pharmacological and psychosocial treatment dramatically ameliorates poor prognosis and outcome for individuals with psychotic disorders, reducing conversion rates to full-blown illness and decreasing symptom severity. In a companion paper, we discussed methodological issues pertaining to early intervention in bipolar disorder (BPD), reviewed clinical studies that focus on high-risk subjects as well as first-episode patients, and reviewed findings from brain imaging studies in the offspring of individuals with BPD as well as in first-episode patients. In this article, we discuss how drugs that modulate cellular and neural plasticity cascades are likely to benefit patients in the very early stages of BPD, because they target some of the core pathophysiological mechanisms of this devastating illness. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of agents with neurotrophic and neuroplastic properties are discussed, with a particular emphasis on lithium and valproate. We also discuss their potential use as early intervention strategies for improving symptoms and functioning in patients in the earliest stages of BPD, as well as high-risk individuals.
Monitoring age‐related trends in genomic diversity of Australian lungfish

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract An important challenge for conservation science is to detect declines in intraspecific diversity so that management action can be guided towards populations or species at risk. The lifespan of Australian lungfish ( Neoceratodus forsteri ) exceeds 80 years, and human impacts on breeding habitat over the last half century may have impeded recruitment, leaving populations dominated by old postreproductive individuals, potentially resulting in a small and declining breeding population. Here, we conduct a “single‐sample” evaluation of genetic erosion within contemporary populations of the Australian lungfish. Genetic erosion is a temporal decline in intraspecific diversity due to factors such as reduced population size and inbreeding. We examined whether young individuals showed signs of reduced genetic diversity and/or inbreeding using a novel bomb radiocarbon dating method to age lungfish nonlethally, based on 14 C ratios of scales. A total of 15,201 single nucleotide polymorphic ( SNP ) loci were genotyped in 92 individuals ranging in age from 2 to 77 years old. Standardized individual heterozygosity and individual inbreeding coefficients varied widely within and between riverine populations, but neither was associated with age, so perceived problems with recruitment have not translated into genetic erosion that could be considered a proximate threat to lungfish populations. Conservation concern has surrounded Australian lungfish for over a century. However, our results suggest that long‐lived threatened species can maintain stable levels of intraspecific variability when sufficient reproductive opportunities exist over the course of a long lifespan.
Sea anemones

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Sea anemones Get access J. B. S. J. B. S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s2-V, Issue 125, 22 May 1858, Page 413, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s2-V.125.413e Published: 22 May 1858
Quasi‐biennial oscillation in vertical velocity inferred from trace gas data in the equatorial lower stratosphere

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Vertical velocity variations associated with the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in the equatorial lower stratosphere are investigated with the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) data from 1993 to 1998. The vertical velocity is inferred from ascent rates of an annual cycle in total water ([H 2 O] + 2[CH 4 ]) profiles around the 20–60 hPa layer over the equator. The zonally averaged ascent rates of total water anomalies exhibit QBO‐related variations with anomalies of 0.10–0.15 mm s −1 between 20 and 40 hPa at the equator, whereas there scarcely exists an annual cycle in the ascent rates. The QBO variation of the ascent rates shows that its positive anomalies precede negative anomalies of temperature and ozone variations by about 2–3 months at the equator and 30–60 hPa. This phase relationship is in conflict with former results from several two‐dimensional model studies, which have reported that vertical velocity variations are almost out of phase with temperature anomalies preceding ozone anomalies by a few months. It is supposed that these differences could be caused by the observed large tendency of temperature anomalies, which is related to the observed rapid acceleration of the QBO westerly. An estimate of vertical advection of zonal momentum expected from the ascent rates suggests that the asymmetric acceleration of the zonal wind QBO can be explained by the QBO‐induced vertical velocity being asymmetric between the easterly and the westerly shear zones.
The Grammar of Pain

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper discusses Wittgenstein’s conception of grammatical investigations and shows how such an investigation, rightly understood, can elucidate the concept of pain. Philosophical attention to the concept of pain tends to lead philosophers in very different directions. A certain set of examples of uses of the concept might lead your thinking “outwards” towards behaviourism, whereas another set of examples might lead you inwards. I develop an understanding of grammatical investigations that does not hide complexities of language, arguing that grammar is as complex as the phenomenon of pain is. In divergence with e.g. Peter Hacker, I try to show how “grammatical investigations” cannot result in rules for the correct uses of language. The formulation of such rules tends to come together with a ‘one-sided diet’ (PI § 593). In contrast, I argue that what pain can teach us about grammar is that grammar, in Wittgenstein’s sense, is not, and cannot be, regulatory, and that it is the elasticity of a concept, if anything, that is its essence.
Current Status of Single Port Laparoscopic/Robotic Surgeries for Urogenital Cancers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Single port laparoscopic or robotic surgery is emerging and progressing but is still very challenging for many surgeons due to less degree of motion and limited space leading to instrument crash. With the aid of new technology and instrumentation, limitations are constantly broken in robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. A lot of initiations have been done over the past a few years. A wide range of single port laparoscopic or robot-assisted laparoscopic pelvic and retroperitoneal urological procedures can be done with different approaches for treating urogenital cancers. Randomized trials with larger sample size and longer postoperative follow up are suggested for further evaluation of the outcomes and added value.
Level Crossing in Random Matrices: I. Random perturbation of a fixed matrix

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider level crossing in a matrix family $H=H_0+λV$ where $H_0$ is a fixed $N\times N$ matrix and $V$ belongs to one of the standard Gaussian random matrix ensembles. We study the probability distribution of level crossing points in the complex plane of $λ$, for which we obtain a number of exact, asymptotic and approximate formulas.
Production

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

was produced in Georgia [1]. Georgia is the number one state in peanut acreage, production and value. The state’s 2000 crop was planted on 540,000 acres with a value of $355 million and a volume of 1.3 billion pounds per year [2]. Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been a disease in Georgia peanuts since 1986. It has a host range that includes more than 500 plant species, including many crops, and it is present in most Georgia peanut fields [3]. Georgia is at greater risk than other peanut states because several TSWV susceptible crops are grown in close proximity to peanuts (tobacco, tomatoes and other vegetables) [24]. Incidence levels vary with region and year. In severe infestations, incidence levels have exceeded 90 % [22]. By 1989, peanut plants showing symptoms of spotted wilt were found in almost every peanut field surveyed in Georgia, and by 1993, incidence of symptomatic plants approached 60 % in some fields [20]. Symptoms of TSWV in peanuts vary. They include white ring spots developing on leaves, and stunting of the plant [4]. Symptoms such as stunting can be more severe if infection occurs early
Bioassay of 2'-Deoxyguanosine/8-Hydroxy-2'- Deoxyguanosine by HPLC With Electrochemical/ Photodiode Array Detection

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

AbstractLiving organisms exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS) on a continual basis will promote oxidative stress, thereby forming mutations in DNA and damage to cells. As an end result, it has been shown that modified forms of damaged DNA can lead to mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, degenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, and aging (1–16). With this in mind, the DNA nucleoside 2′-deoxyguanosine (dG) undergoes a hydroxylation reaction at the C-8 position to yield a useful biomarker, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) that has been employed to measure oxidative damage as illustrated in Fig. 1. Other disease/nondisease related events resulting in the formation of this oxidation product, 8-OH-dG, are reported by Möller et al. (5). There have been a wide variety of assays used in the detection of free radical-mediated DNA oxidation products such as: high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrochemical and ultraviolet detection (HPLC-ECD and HPLC-UV) (2–9,12,13,16–21,24), liquid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS and GC-MS) (4,10,12,22–27), postlabeling techniques (32P-HPLC [5], 32P-TLC [thin-layer chromatography] [30–33], or fluorescent probe-HPLC [34]), antibody assays (35–37), and lastly, HPLC using tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS) (1,23,25,26,28,29). R. A. Floyd, H. Kasai, and others (9,17,18,38,39) were some of the early pioneers for accurately measuring DNA oxidation adducts using HPLC in series with electrochemical, spectrophotometric, or fluoro-metric detection in order to determine the level of oxidative DNA damage in cells. The hydroxylation reaction of dG to yield the 8-OH-dG oxidation product as discussed in the text. KeywordsMethylene BlueContinual BasisEarly PioneerPicomole LevelRespective Retention TimeThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
LIFO‐FIFO, ACCOUNTING RATIOS AND MARKET RISK: A RE‐ASSESSMENT

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper re‐examines the effect of the inventory costing method on the association between accounting risk measures (ARMs) and market risk, and extends earlier research in several respects. The groups of FIFO and LIFO firms are matched on the basis of various financial characteristics to reduce selfselection bias, and the effect of inventory costing methods on the usefulness of ARMs in predicting market risk is investigated. The findings indicate that predictions based on FIFO show an improvement on market based predictions, but predictions based on LIFO fail to show such an improvement.
Expression of NF-κB-p65 and α-SMA in the Study of Capsules formed by Surface Textured Implants Versus Foam Covered Silicone Implants in a Rat Model.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Activation of NFκB-p65 plays a key role in the evolution of capsule formation and maintenance of inflammation by regulating the healing process. Similarly, higher and more prolonged levels of inflammation (increased NF-κB-p65 results in increased inflammation) and lower α-SMA (higher α-SMA is protective against capsular contracture) did not directly translate to a thicker capsule and ultimately, capsular contracture in foam covered silicone implants.
PREDICTION OF CTL EPITOPES OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM ANTIGENS AND PROKARYOTIC EXPRESSION OF A MULTI-EPITOPE GENE

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte(CD8+ CTL) epitopes of Cryptosporidium parvum vaccine candidate antigens were predicted by bioinformatics softwares.A multi-epitope gene CpCTL10 contained ten epitopes with high scores that were selected from 6 vaccine candidate antigens and were designed by linking flexible amino acids(GGGGS or GPGPG) between epitopes.The nucleotide sequence of above multi-epitope gene CpCTL10 was synthesized and linked into prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a(+).The recombinant plasmid pET-28a(+)-CpCTL10 was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) competent cells with induction of IPTG.The expressed recombinant protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot.The results showed that the recombinant protein with molecular weight of 18 kDa was expressed mainly in inclusion bodies.The recombinant protein accounted for approximately 55.3 % of the total protein and 75.1% of the purified bacterial proteins.Western blot analysis showed that the expressed protein could be specifically recognized by the antisera from C.parvum infected mice,indicating its strong antigenicity.
ELF3 Is a Target That Promotes Therapeutic Efficiency in EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells via Inhibiting PKCί

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

(1) Background: Mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) proteins account for many non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), and EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are being used as targeted therapeutics. However, resistance to TKIs continues to increase owing to additional mutations in more than half of the patients receiving EGFR TKI therapy. In addition to targeting new mutations with next-generation therapeutics, it is necessary to find an alternative target to overcome the challenges associated with resistance. (2) Methods: To identify potential alternative targets in patients with NSCLC undergoing targeted therapy, putative targets were identified by transcriptome profiling and validated for their biological and therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo. (3) Results: ELF3 was found to be differentially expressed in NSCLC, and ELF3 knockdown significantly increased cell death in K-Ras mutant as well as in EGFR L858R/T790M mutation harboring lung cancer cells. We also found that auranofin, an inhibitor of protein kinase C iota (PKCί), a protein upstream of ELF3, effectively induced cell death. (4) Conclusions: Our study suggests that blocking ELF3 is an effective way to induce cell death in NSCLC with K-Ras and EGFR T790M/L858R mutations and thus advocates the use of auranofin as an effective alternative drug to overcome EGFR TKI resistance.
Personalized electronic medical records

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Singapore is found to be among the top ten in world’s fastest aging population [1]. This is due to factors like low birth rates and high life expectancy. To meet the increase need to provide better healthcare services to these elderly and also to position Singapore itself as a medical hub, more doctors and nurses are needed from the already shrinking workforce. In the face of this scenario, robots can help to take over some of the more mundane and routine works in the hospitals, thus allowing the hospital staff to focus more on other areas which requires the human touch. In this light, this project shall address this issue with the prototype of a controllable robot, which will assist doctors and nurses at bedside. As the robotic hardware and firmware is developed by another team, this report shall focus only on the software capabilities. The aim of the software is to provide both robotic and clinical functions. The robotic function shall consist of a Graphical User Interface to control the firmware of the robot while the clinical functions shall streamline clinical processes by rapidly and selectively present and update information at bedside.
Management of fever in children under 5 years of age within paediatric emergency department

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Fever is one of the commonest reasons for presentation to healthcare services. It is often a cause of concern for parents and can be diagnostically challenging for healthcare professionals. Abiding by established guidelines on fever management is therefore of utmost importance to ensure proper use of antipyretics within the community. Objectives This audit aimed to assess the management of children aged up to 5 years presenting with fever to the Paediatric Emergency Department at Mater Dei Hospital, including assessing awareness of NICE guidelines on fever management amongst paediatric doctors and nurses. Method Data was collected from Paediatric Emergency Department Assessment Sheets for January 2017. An online questionnaire based on the NICE guidelines for fever management in children under 5 years was distributed to staff working within the Department of Child and Adolescent Health. Results 255 children aged up to 5 years presented with fever at the Paediatric Emergency Department in January 2017. 22.7% of children were aged between 24 months up to 3 years. The average time for first medical contact was 51 minutes. 23.9% presented with fever of 1 day duration. Respiratory rate was not recorded in 62% of cases whilst blood pressure was only recorded in 19.1% where applicable. Antipyretics were given in 73.8% of febrile cases despite distress only being documented in 6.8%. Conclusion More education is required on proper antipyretic use and pre-discharge advice. Routine measurement and documentation of all parameters should be encouraged both on initial assessment and pre-discharge.
Chinese Housing Reform and Social Sustainability: Evidence from Post-Reform Home Ownership

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Since 1978, China has undergone an institutional reform, from a welfare-oriented housing allocation system to a market-oriented one. But with high housing prices, affordability is a major obstacle to home ownership for Chinese citizens. Now, the government has started to change the goal of housing policy from present economic benefits to sustainable housing, so future generations will have a decent place to live. Housing is an important indicator for social stratification, and home ownership, which is an important component of social sustainability in the Chinese context, is influenced by multiple factors that vary across countries. Although China has a long tradition of home ownership, there is a lack of comprehensive research on post-reform housing inequality. By undertaking a large-scale field study in the city of Xiamen, our research explored to what extent home ownership varies across socio-economic classes, and improves understanding of the reasons behind home ownership inequality. It was discovered that people have a variety of resources from which housing can be obtained, and that commercial housing served as the primary housing source, although, due to path dependence, public housing still comprises an important source of housing, as well as self-built houses. A structural equation model (SEM) was used to further explore the driving forces of home ownership inequality. The model indicated that hukou (household registration) status has the strongest effect on home ownership, followed by education, with family income and occupation as less important factors. Along with income and education, home ownership has a direct effect on people’s perception of their own socio-economic status (SES). A probability model of home ownership was developed, based on logistic regression. Local families with higher levels of income and education with at least one member working in a publicly owned organization had a higher probability of home ownership. Lastly, since 1999, housing reform in Xiamen has tended to increase social stratification, with negative economic and social consequences. Therefore, policies should pay more attention to the welfare of renters and integrating the migration process into urban planning.
Sutureless Skin Closure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BmDIC ¶sHand a small outbreak was recorded in Bristol in 1961 2 A week ago two cases were seen in Bristol, and within the last ten days at least 20 cases have occurred in a small area of Buckinghamshire.A very similar outbreak has occurred in Swindon involving about the same numbers.Recent observations suggest that some patients in these outbreaks may only suffer from mouth ulcers, and this fact and the mildness of the condition may not cause it to be recognized immediately.It seems, however, that the disease may well be occurring in many different parts of the country, and it would be of interest to hear of further outbreaks that have occurred.-Weare, etc.,