jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Data from Genetic Variants of Methyl Metabolizing Enzymes and Epigenetic Regulators: Associations with Promoter CpG Island Hypermethylation in Colorectal Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Aberrant DNA methylation affects carcinogenesis of colorectal cancer. Folate metabolizing enzymes may influence the bioavailability of methyl groups, whereas DNA and histone methyltransferases are involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. We studied associations of genetic variants of folate metabolizing enzymes (<i>MTHFR, MTR</i>, and <i>MTRR</i>), DNA methyltransferase <i>DNMT3b</i>, and histone methyltransferases (<i>EHMT1, EHMT2</i>, and <i>PRDM2</i>), with colorectal cancers, with or without the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), <i>MLH1</i> hypermethylation, or microsatellite instability. Incidence rate ratios were calculated in case-cohort analyses, with common homozygotes as reference, among 659 cases and 1,736 subcohort members of the Netherlands Cohort Study on diet and cancer (<i>n</i> = 120,852). Men with the <i>MTHFR 677TT</i> genotype were at decreased colorectal cancer risk (incidence rate ratio, 0.49; <i>P</i> = 0.01), but the <i>T</i> allele was associated with increased risk in women (incidence rate ratio, 1.39; <i>P</i> = 0.02). The <i>MTR 2756GG</i> genotype was associated with increased colorectal cancer risk (incidence rate ratio, 1.58; <i>P</i> = 0.04), and inverse associations were observed among women carrying <i>DNMT3b C→T</i> (rs406193; incidence rate ratio, 0.72; <i>P</i> = 0.04) or <i>EHMT2 G→A</i> (rs535586; incidence rate ratio, 0.76; <i>P</i> = 0.05) polymorphisms. Although significantly correlated (<i>P</i> < 0.001), only 41.5% and 33.3% of CIMP tumors harbored <i>MLH1</i> hypermethylation or microsatellite instability, respectively. We observed inverse associations between <i>MTR A2756G</i> and CIMP among men (incidence rate ratio, 0.58; <i>P</i> = 0.04), and between <i>MTRR A66G</i> and <i>MLH1</i> hypermethylation among women (incidence rate ratio, 0.55; <i>P</i> = 0.02). In conclusion, <i>MTHFR, MTR, DNMT3b</i>, and <i>EHMT2</i> polymorphisms are associated with colorectal cancer, and rare variants of <i>MTR</i> and <i>MTRR</i> may reduce promoter hypermethylation. The incomplete overlap between CIMP, <i>MLH1</i> hypermethylation, and microsatellite instability indicates that these related “methylation phenotypes” may not be similar and should be investigated separately. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(11):3086–96)</p></div>
Bitcoin Concepts, Threats, and Machine-Learning Security Solutions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The concept of Bitcoin was first introduced by an unknown individual (or a group of people) named Satoshi Nakamoto before it was released as open-source software in 2009. Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer cryptocurrency and a decentralized worldwide payment system for digital currency where transactions take place among users without any intermediary. Bitcoin transactions are performed and verified by network nodes and then registered in a public ledger called blockchain, which is maintained by network entities running Bitcoin software. To date, this cryptocurrency is worth close to U.S. $150 billion and widely traded across the world. However, as Bitcoin's popularity grows, many security concerns are coming to the forefront. Overall, Bitcoin security inevitably depends upon the distributed protocols-based stimulant-compatible proof-of-work that is being run by network entities called miners, who are anticipated to primarily maintain the blockchain (ledger). As a result, many researchers are exploring new threats to the entire system, introducing new countermeasures, and therefore anticipating new security trends. In this survey paper, we conduct an intensive study that explores key security concerns. We first start by presenting a global overview of the Bitcoin protocol as well as its major components. Next, we detail the existing threats and weaknesses of the Bitcoin system and its main technologies including the blockchain protocol. Last, we discuss current existing security studies and solutions and summarize open research challenges and trends for future research in Bitcoin security.
A new method for multi-pass single-point incremental forming of vertical wall square box with small corner radius

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

According to the sine law, a vertical wall square box cannot be formed by incremental forming with a single-pass process; or rather it must be created with multi-pass processes. It is found that successful forming not only depends on the forming half-apex angle θ of a conical box, but also on the corner radius r. The metal will pile up on the corner for a square box with a small corner radius when the tool paths are unreasonable. Therefore, the tool paths with a gradually reduced corner radius are adopted to overcome this problem. A vertical wall square box with a small corner radius is successfully created.
Methodical Aspects Of Projection Learning Unit In Physical Education At Primary School

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The study consists in determining the level of development of the motor capacities for the purpose of readjusting the objectives and contents to the requirements of the teaching-learning system of physical education in primary education, purpose in which it is especially important to rationalize the problem solutions in planning the content of the training process by operationalizing objectives. The practical value is determined by the fact that the structure and methodology of the operationalization-elaborated content, can be realized by starting from its evaluation, and later applied in differentiated mode in the primary education system for becoming wide spread in the cognitive, formative and psychomotor-oriented physical education lessons. In conclusion we believe at the primary school, is an important problem to project content with a lot of movement games based in units of learning, with the same aim and to made a better and attractive content for children at this level at primary school
Decontamination of Radionuclides From Concrete During and After Thermal Treatment

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This project will determine the effect of heating concrete on its engineering properties and the potential to aid in removal of common DOE radionuclide contaminants including 137Cs, 90Sr, 60Co, and U. In the chemical properties subtask, effects on direct volatilization of radionuclides during heating, as well as their subsequent extractability behavior, will be established over a range of temperatures up to the melting point of Portland cement. The main objective of the mechanics and thermodynamics subtask of this investigation is to develop a powerful computational capability to evaluate the effects of various regimes of rapid heating of a contaminated concrete wall or slab.
FSS-Inspired Transmitarray for Two-Dimensional Antenna Beamsteering

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel two-dimensional (2-D) beamsteering transmitarray inspired on frequency selective surfaces is proposed in this paper. Individual phase range is applied to each transmitarray element and thus enabling the steering of the main lobe of an original antenna pattern in both elevation and azimuth planes (2-D-beamsteering). This has been demonstrated on a 5 × 5 unit-cell stacked structure, loaded with surface mount capacitors, coupled to the aperture of a standard gain horn antenna. Additionally, a complete parametric study based on electromagnetic (EM) simulations using CST Microwave Studio is presented to evaluate and characterize unit-cell parameters and the behavior of the array with various numbers of stacked layers and separation distances. Antenna beamsteering with ranges up to Az = 25° and El = 25° are achieved by means of EM simulations and validated against experimental results performed on a physical prototype at 5.3 GHz. The comparisons yield positive results and clearly demonstrate the potential and limitations of using such structures for beamsteering purposes.
Let's Touch

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In Left Turns in Brown Study, Sandra Ruiz proposes “the turn” as a heuristic, a new methodology for emancipatory directives for study. Guiding readers on a theoretical journey marked by Brownness, mourning, and the poetics of citation, Ruiz enacts Brown study shaped by the musicality of diverse forms, primarily poetry, though including memoir, a lyrical-theoretical essay, typographical turn pages, and vignettes. Working from within theory and activism by minoritarian thinkers, Left Turns links several concepts as entangled operations by animating a chorus of ghosts and spirits. Through typographical composition, Left Turns invites embodied readers to turn left into a sound, phrase, idea, in anti-colonial ways of reading, writing, listening, mourning. Continually reordering the dominant circular motions of time and space, the text asks readers to move intentionally with and through blind spots and uses repetition to redirect the reader in the fundamental rhythms of doing again in doing study. Left Turns considers how Brownness—as a theory, practice of deforming form, entity, curious care, immaterial energy—fundamentally harbors loss, mourning, and suffering along with the possibility for more abundant ways of living together queerly.
A Comparative Study of Selected Anthropometric Variables and Health Related Fitness Parameters of High and Low Altitude Male Residents of Himachal Pradesh

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Keeping in view the lack of information about health related fitness of the residents of himachal pradesh, the present study was carried out on 400 males of himachal pradesh, out of which 200 were taken from high altitude(＞2200 m) and 200 were taken from low altitude (＜300 m). The subjects were divided into four groups of 5 years interval. Four components of health related physical fitness namely cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance/strength, flexibility were assessed using standard techniques. The results clearly indicate excellent level of vo2 max in male residents residing at high altitude, even the results of muscular strength/endurance were found to be pretty good in the residents of high altitude. In terms of curl ups for muscular strength surprisingly the residents of 30-45 age group inhabiting low altitude were found to have more strength than the residents of same age group inhabiting high altitude. The findings of the variables are discussed at length in the paper.
Curative effect experiment of Changshan extract combined with Western medicine on chicken coccidiosis

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

In order to test the curative effect of Changshan extract combined with Western medicine in the treatment of chicken coccidiosis,comparative experiments were done to test the effects of Changshan extract combined with Western medicine,Changshan extract and Western medicine used respectively in the treatment of chicken coccidiosis induded by inoculated mixed coccidia spores oocysts.From the research,it might conclude that significant effects were emerged when Changshan extract combined with Toltrazuril,Madura ADM or Sulfaquinoxaline.Weigh gains were 100.3 %,97.1 % and 92.3% while ACI were 185.7,181.2,175.9,which were all higher than these four drugs used,respectively.That means Changshan extract combined with Western medicine is a more ideal strategy in the treatment of chicken coccidiosis.At the same time,this research has provided theoretical support for the application of Changshan extract combined with Western medicine in the treatment of chicken coccidiosis.
Coexpression of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) enhances production of kringle fragment of human apolipoprotein(a) in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In an attempt to increase production of LK8, an 86-amino-acid kringle fragment of human apolipoprotein(a) with three disulfide linkages, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) was coexpressed in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring the LK8 gene in the chromosome. Whereas overexpression of the LK8 gene without coexpressing PDI was detrimental to both host cell growth and LK8 production, coexpression of PDI increased the LK8 production level by 2.5-fold in batch cultivation and 5.0-fold in fed-batch cultivation compared with the control strain carrying only the genomic PDI gene.
Environmentally friendly SPPS I. Application of NaOH in 2-MeTHF/methanol for Fmoc removal

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Focusing on the step-by-step transformation of the traditional solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) into an environmentally friendly process, we herein report the elimination of environmentally hazardous components (piperidine, DMF and DCM) from this technique.
Transient Receptor Potential Channel 6–Mediated, Localized Cytosolic [Na + ] Transients Drive Na + /Ca 2+ Exchanger–Mediated Ca 2+ Entry in Purinergically Stimulated Aorta Smooth Muscle Cells

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The Na + /Ca 2+ exchanger (NCX) is increasingly recognized as a physiological mediator of Ca 2+ influx and significantly contributes to salt-sensitive hypertension. We recently reported that Ca 2+ influx by the NCX (1) is the primary mechanism of Ca 2+ entry in purinergically stimulated rat aorta smooth muscle cells and (2) requires functional coupling with transient receptor potential channel 6 nonselective cation channels. Using the Na + indicator CoroNa Green, we now directly observed and characterized the localized cytosolic [Na + ] ([Na + ] i ) elevations that have long been hypothesized to underlie physiological NCX reversal but that have never been directly shown. Stimulation of rat aorta smooth muscle cells caused both global and monotonic [Na + ] i elevations and localized [Na + ] i transients (LNats) at the cell periphery. Inhibition of nonselective cation channels with SKF-96365 (50 μmol/L) and 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate (75 μmol/L) reduced both global and localized [Na + ] i elevations in response to ATP (1 mmol/L). This effect was mimicked by expression of a dominant negative construct of transient receptor potential channel 6. Selective inhibition of NCX-mediated Ca 2+ entry with KB-R7943 (10 μmol/L) enhanced the LNats, whereas the global cytosolic [Na + ] signal was unaffected. Inhibition of mitochondrial Na + uptake with CGP-37157 (10 μmol/L) increased both LNats and global cytosolic [Na + ] elevations. These findings directly demonstrate NCX regulation by LNats, which are restricted to subsarcolemmal, cytoplasmic microdomains. Analysis of the LNats, which facilitate Ca 2+ entry via NCX, suggests that mitochondria limit the cytosolic diffusion of LNats generated by agonist-mediated activation of transient receptor potential channel 6–containing channels.
Exacerbation of collagen induced arthritis by Fc&amp;gamma; receptor targeted collagen peptide due to enhanced inflammatory chemokine and cytokine production

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Eszter Szarka1*, Zsuzsa Neer1*, P&amp;eacute;ter Balogh2, Monika &amp;Aacute;dori1, Adrienn Angyal1, J&amp;oacute;zsef Prechl3, Endre Kiss1,3, Dorottya K&amp;ouml;vesdi1, Gabriella S&amp;aacute;rmay11Department of Immunology, E&amp;ouml;tv&amp;ouml;s Lor&amp;aacute;nd University, 1117 Budapest, 2Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of P&amp;eacute;cs, P&amp;eacute;cs, 3Immunology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Science at E&amp;ouml;tv&amp;ouml;s Lor&amp;aacute;nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary*These authors contributed equally to this workAbstract: Antibodies specific for bovine type II collagen (CII) and Fc&amp;gamma; receptors play a major role in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Our aim was to clarify the mechanism of immune complex-mediated inflammation and modulation of the disease. CII pre-immunized DBA/1 mice were intravenously boosted with extravidin coupled biotinylated monomeric CII-peptide epitope (ARGLTGRPGDA) and its complexes with biotinylated Fc&amp;gamma;RII/III specific single chain Fv (scFv) fragment. Disease scores were monitored, antibody titers and cytokines were determined by ELISA, and binding of complexes was detected by flow cytometry and immune histochemistry. Cytokine and chemokine secretion was monitored by protein profiler microarray. When intravenously administered into collagen-primed DBA/1 mice, both CII-peptide and its complex with 2.4G2 scFv significantly accelerated CIA and increased the severity of the disease, whereas the monomeric peptide and monomeric 2.4G2 scFv had no effect. Fc&amp;gamma;RII/III targeted CII-peptide complexes bound to marginal zone macrophages and dendritic cells, and significantly elevated the synthesis of peptide-specific IgG2a. Furthermore, CII-peptide containing complexes augmented the in vivo secretion of cytokines, including IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-23, and chemokines (CXCL13, MIP-1, MIP-2). These data indicate that complexes formed by the CII-peptide epitope aggravate CIA by inducing the secretion of chemokines and the IL-12/23 family of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Taken together, these results suggest that the in vivo emerging immune complexes formed with autoantigen(s) may trigger the IL-12/23 dependent pathways, escalating the inflammation in RA. Thus blockade of these cytokines may be beneficial to downregulate immune complex-induced inflammation in autoimmune arthritis.Keywords: collagen-induced arthritis, Fc gamma receptor, immune complex, inflammation, targeting&amp;nbsp;
WHAT’S VOLUNTARY IN STANCE VOLUNTARISM?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Stance voluntarism highlights the role of the will in epistemic agency, claiming that agents can control the epistemic stances they assume in forming beliefs. It claims that radical belief changes are not compelled by the evidence; they are rationally permitted choices about which epistemic stances to adopt. However, terms like “will”, “choice”, and “stance” play a crucial role while being left as vague notions. This paper investigates what kind of control rational agents can have over epistemic stances. I argue that whether epistemic stances are voluntary depends on what kind of stance is being assessed. Sometimes epistemic stances are taken to be evaluative attitudes about how to produce knowledge. This kind of stance is not directly controllable, since it is essentially connected to beliefs, and believing is not voluntary. But sometimes epistemic stances are taken to be styles of reasoning and modes of engagement, expressing ways of approaching the world in order to produce knowledge, which can be voluntary. Overall, this supports a formulation of stance voluntarism as a dual-systems theory of epistemic agency, where epistemic rationality is compounded by a dynamic interplay between involuntary processes of belief formation and voluntary processes of cognitive guidance.
Morphometric analysis of caryopsis in some species of Eragrostis (Poaceae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Seed exomorphic characters of nine different species of Eragrostis were investigated by Light and Scanning electron microscopy. In the present study the micro-morphological characteristics features of caryopses such as shape, dimension, colour, epidermal cell surface structure and features of anticlinal and periclinal walls have been carried out. Light microscopy revealed that most of the studied caryopses varied in shape from oblong to ovate/ ovoid. The caryopsis in most of the species of Eragrostis are sticky in nature due to the presence of surface slime cells, which makes them appear shiny and transparent. This morphological feature could only be observed under SEM. The nine different species could be differentiated on the basis of shape and position of the hilum and embryo.
Microstructure, Texture and deformation behavior of lithium containing magnesium alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: In the present work the deformation behavior of magnesium alloys with different lithium content has been investigated in terms of microstructures, crystal parameters, textures and mechanical properties. The lattice constants of α phase (hcp) determined by XRD varied with its lithium content and at the same time there are some changes in the texture composition. The plasticity would remarkably increase while β phase (bcc) becomes dominant in the microstructure of alloys.
A Note on the Existence of a Nash Equilibrium Point in Stochastic Differential Games

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Using the implicit function lemma of Beneš [SIAM J. Control, 1970] we derive a sufficient condition for the existence of a Nash equilibrium point in a feedback form in N-person stochastic differential games, which is an addendum to the existence theorem given by the author [SIAM J. Control, 1978].
[haematologica] 2004;89:1299-1305 DONATELLA BARISANI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hemochromatosis gene mutations and iron metabolism in celiac disease Celiac disease is a disorder caused, ingenetically susceptible subjects, bygluten (a protein fraction present in wheat, barley and rye). It is a frequent con-dition in both Europe and the USA, affect-ing about 1 in every 200/100 individuals.1 Although the pathogenesis is not com-pletely understood, intestinal T lymphocytes and cytokines play important roles in caus-ing the small bowel mucosal damage which is characterized by flattening of villi, increased crypt depth and inflammatory infiltration.2 The presence of a genetic component in this disease is supported by several pieces
Mikro ve nano kakao liflerinin üretilmesi ve keklerde kullanılması.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The main objective of this study was to investigate micro and nano cacao fibers and their effects on quality, texture and staling of cakes. In the first part of the study, rheological properties of cake batter with different concentrations (0 %, 3 %, 6 %, 9 %, 12 %) cacao micro and nano fiber, and cacao powder were determined. Cake batter was found to show shear thinning and time independent behavior for all formulations and fit the Power Law model. The viscosity increased as the percentage of fiber increased. Both G’ and G’’ values increased with oscillatory frequency and percentage of fiber. In the second part of the study, physical properties (specific volume, texture, color and weight loss), sensory properties of cakes and textural changes during storage were determined. Addition of micro and nano cacao fibers to the cake formulation decreased specific volume, weight loss and L* values. It increased hardness, springiness, chewiness, resilience and elastic recovery values and minimized textural changes during storage. Fiber addition also improved the cake acceptability of the cakes in terms of odor, taste and color.