jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular Vibrational Redistribution in the Vibrational Predissociation Dynamics of He−I2

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The intramolecular vibrational redistribution (IVR) process is investigated in wave packet simulations of the vibrational predissociation dynamics of He-I(2)(B,upsilon') in the region of high upsilon' levels, upsilon' = 35-65. The simulations indicate that for upsilon' < or = 45 the dynamics is dominated by direct predissociation, whereas for higher upsilon' levels the onset of IVR appears and becomes increasingly important. The IVR process occurs via coupling of the initial state in the upsilon' manifold to intermediate long-lived resonances belonging to the lower upsilon < upsilon' vibrational manifolds. The IVR dynamics manifests itself in multiexponential behavior and oscillations in the time-dependent population curves associated with the He-I(2)(B,upsilon') initial state, the He-I(2)(B,upsilon < upsilon') intermediate complexes, and the final product states. The population curves corresponding to the upsilon'- 1 intermediate resonances located below the He + I(2)(B,upsilon'-1,j=0) dissociation limit are analyzed. It is found that initial population is transferred to all the intermediate resonance states considered, including those more separated in energy from the initial one. The results obtained for population transfer between the initial and the intermediate states can be explained by the intensity of the matrix elements coupling the initial and the intermediate resonances, in combination with the Rabi's formula for population exchange between two coupled states.
An experimental study on the phenomenon of flow field around the limbs of cyclists

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Reduction of aerodynamic drag is an important topic in the development of a bicycle racing, making it extremely vital to study the flow field phenomenon on the surface of a cyclist. As the wind flows over the human body, the flow separation phenomenon will appear on the surface. The purpose of this research is to study the aerodynamic characteristics of cyclists by utilizing flow visualization method in both water channel and wind tunnel. Cyclist models used in water channel and wind tunnel testing were based on a real male cyclist and printed using a 3D printer. Flow visualization technique was employed to observe the flow phenomenon around the arms, thighs and calves of the cyclist model. It is found that there are vortices meandering along the axial direction at the arms and thighs, double separation lines appear at the lower legs. Then, the surface pressure coefficient of the model was measured on a full-scale model in wind tunnel experiment to verify the flow condition in the vicinity of the model surface. These research methods help in getting a better understanding of the structure of the flow field around the cyclist, and further achieve the purpose of drag reduction.
Trevor O. Lloyd as teacher, scholar, mentor and friend

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this chapter, the author dissertation examined the wartime and post-war fates of four Edwardian patriotic and imperialist organizations in Britain. Trevor O. Lloyd was invaluable to the author as a doctoral supervisor, advocate and friend. Trevor is a humane man practising the Humanities. He is well published in a variety of areas and continued to work on research long after his retirement. Like Matthew, the author first experience of Trevor was through his graduate seminar on Edwardian politics. The author's first meeting with Trevor was in September, 1974, in his office at Sydney Smith Hall at U of T. On introducing himself, he bowed and held out his right arm, gesturing to a chair in which to sit. Trevor went well beyond his duties as a dissertation adviser, as many of the essayists can attest. Trevor had an eclectic taste in alcoholic beverages, and it always surprised the author how much he relished a good pint of real ale.
Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Catch of Silver Crucian Carp, Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) in Lake Eğirdir, Turkey

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Spatial and seasonal variations of silver crucian carp catch for fishing with monofilament trammel nets were investigated in Lake Eğirdir. Fishing experiments were conducted using trammel nets of different mesh sizes ranging from 60 to 160 mm in 2005. The results of this study showed the silver crucian carp catch importantly changed among fishing areas. Hoyran sampling site of the lake gave 5.28 and 2.86 times more catch than kopru and sogula sampling sites, respectively. It was found a significant positive correlation between catch and water temperature variations. The silver crucian carp catch in the summer was 4.71, 2.64, and 1.48 times higher than spring, autumn and winter, respectively.
Virtual assistants for the elderly

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The rapid ageing population has always been a concern in Singapore over the years. The Singapore government have introduced various policies in coping with the ageing population issues. Although the various financial schemes provided by the government play an essential part in the ageing population, but there is a greater need in professional healthcare to provide meticulous healthcare for the elderly. In addition, the government have worked towards the smart nation by initiating various senior academy programs in providing series of IT related courses for the elderly. This initiative allows the elderly to experience and integrate into the community and enhances the quality of life. This project aims to develop a system to encourage elderly to age in place through healthy living with the use of the IT technology such as sensors, and intelligent agents in providing meticulous all-round tender care to the elderly in their own home. The system consists of four components which are the virtual environment, the knowledge-based situation awareness model (SAM), the smart agents and the web portal. The virtual environment replicates the environment of an elderly living alone in her own home where sensors are installed to collected sensory data. The SAM is a knowledge-based that stores the sensory data collected from the virtual environment. The smart agents consist of the Smart Butler and Virtual Nurse that resides on different platform that can provide responsive feedback and recommendation to the elderly using the sensory data stored in SAM. The web Portal is a web-based support hub that cares for the wellness of the elderly based on the physical, cognitive, emotional and social aspect. The main functions completed in this project includes the integration the monitoring of the daily actives of the elderly in an unobtrusive manner using the sensory data collected and intelligent agents to provide responsive communication with elderly. When an abnormity is detected, priority-based services will be delivered by the agents autonomously where the agent will notify the family member and care-giver by posting onto the timeline in the eHealthPortal. Besides monitoring the activity of the elderly, the agent can encourage healthy living to the elderly by recommending suitable courses and events with the use of web-crawler. The web-crawler crawls for relevant courses and events from the source websites that are mainly caters to the elderly users. Furthermore, after the elderly expresses her interest in the recommended courses or events. The agent can register the courses and events on behalf for the elderly by adding them into her personalized calendar. As such, the overall project aims to create awareness and benefiting the elderly who are aging in their own home by using the IT technology.
The Establishment of “Belt and Road” International Investment Disputes Settlement Institution

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the context of the growth of regional international investment disputes (IIDs) caused by the Belt and Road (B&R) initiative, having a third-party settlement will play an important role in IIDs. Currently, the B&R countries have mostly selected ICSID as the IIDs settlement institution in their Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), which makes cases where a B&R country is respondent to be handled by nationals of countries outside the B&R area. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a B&R IIDs Settlement Institution, for the purpose of optimizing the current situation of IIDs settlement in the B&R region, dealing with the constantly-increasing regional IIDs, better protecting geographical investments, and facilitating China to participate in and further guide the reconstruction of international investment regulations. Moreover, the feasibilities in law, platform and resources for its establishment have been available. With respect to the path option, we should take the Asia Infrastructure Investment Bank as a platform to draft a convention, take the ICSID Convention as a reference for structure and system innovation, and devote great efforts to driving B&R countries to conclude the convention.
Strategic Voting Versus Sincere Voting

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

People do not always vote for the party that they like the most. Sometimes, they choose to vote for another one because they want to maximize their influence on the outcome of the election. This behavior driven by strategic considerations is often labeled as “strategic voting.” It is opposed to “sincere voting,” which refers to the act of voting for one’s favorite party. Strategic voting can take different forms. It can consist in deserting a small party for a bigger one that has more chances of forming the government, or to the contrary, deserting a big party for a smaller one in order to send a signal to the political class. More importantly the strategies employed by voters differ across electoral systems. The presence of frequent government coalitions in proportional representation systems gives different opportunities, or ways, for people to influence the electoral outcome with their vote. In total, the literature identifies four main forms of strategic voting. Some of them are specific to some electoral systems; others apply to all.
VL-ROUTE: A Cross-Layer Routing Protocol for Visible Light Ad Hoc Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Visible Light Ad Hoc Networks (LANETs) is being perceived as an emerging technology to complement Radio Frequency (RF) based ad hoc networks to reduce congestion in the overloaded RF spectrum. LANET is intended to support scenarios requiring dense deployment and high data rates. In Visible Light Communication (VLC), most of the attention has been centered around physical layer with emphasis on point-to-point communication. In this work, we focus on designing a routing protocol specifically to overcome the unique challenges like blockage and deafness that render routes in LANETs highly unstable. Therefore, we propose a cross-layer optimized routing protocol (VL-ROUTE) that interacts closely with the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer to maximize the throughput of the network by taking into account the reliability of routes. To accomplish this in a distributed manner, we carefully formulate a Route Reliability Score (RRS) that can be computed by each node in the network using just the information gathered from its immediate neighbors. Each node computes an RRS for every known sink in the network. RRS of a given node can be considered as an estimate of the probability of reaching a given sink via that node. The RSS value is then integrated to the utility based three-way handshake process used by the MAC protocol (VL-MAC) to mitigate the effects of deafness, blockage, hidden node, and maximize the probability of establishing full-duplex links. All these factors contribute towards maximizing the network throughput. Extensive simulation of VL-ROUTE shows 124% improvement in network throughput over a network that uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) along with shortest path routing. Additionally, VL-ROUTE also showed up to 21% improvement in throughput over the network that uses VL-MAC along with a geographic routing.
Clinical significance of FDG PET-CT unexpected colorectal focal findings: Our experience in 2193 patients studied for known or suspected not colorectal cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

507 Objectives: Aim of the study was to assess the clinical value of colonic focal findings incidentally detected by FDG PET-CT and verify if this technique can identify cancerous and precancerous colorectal lesions. Methods: We reviewed the reports of 2193 patients (pts) who underwent FDG PET-CT for known or suspected cancer originating from lung (23/43), skin or soft tissue (6/43), lymph nodes (4/43), stomach (4/43), genitourinary organs (4/43), esophagus (1/43), thyroid (1/43). Focal sites of increased FDG uptake corresponding to wall thickening or soft tissue mass were interpreted as suggestive of malignant or pre-malignant lesions (MPML). Histology was our gold standard for all the lesions that appeared suspicious at colonoscopy. Results: Histology was available in 43 (81,1%) of the 53/2193 patients (2,4%), in whom FDG discovered MPML findings and corresponded to: cancerous lesions in 13/43 (30,2%); precancerous lesions in 16/43 (37,2%) (8 high-to-mild-grade displastic, MGDA, and 8 low-grade displastic adenomas, LGDA); false positive (FP) in 14/43 (32,6%) [4 inflammatory, 1 haemorrhoids and 9 no abnormality). SUVmax was higher in carcinomas (20.7 ± 12.7) and HMGDA (11.9 ± 4.6) than in the LGDA (7.0 ± 2.8) and in the FP (9.5 ± 4.4) groups. FDG findings suspicious of MPML were located in 60% (26/43) of cases in rectum/sigma in and 40% (17/43) in colon. Conclusions: Although FDG PET-CT unexpected colorectal focal findings are found only in about 2,4% of cases, in our series they have a remarkable risk of being a cancerous or precancerous lesions, approaching 67,4% (30,2% and 37,2% cancerous and precancerous lesions respectively). This relatively high rate of malignancy, compared with previous studies which used “PET alone”, is probably due to the “strict” criteria used for interpretation, which was based on matching a positive FDG uptake and an accompanying anatomical abnormality, as detected by CT. Such results strongly support the need to systematically send to colonoscopy all patients with an incidental focal colorectal FDG uptake associated with any significant anatomical finding on a PET/CT scan.
Clinical Observation of Meniere's Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

我々の経験した55例のメニエール病症例につき, その年令分布・聴力型・聴力損失等を検討した. その結果, これらの項目については, 諸家の報告とほぼ同様の傾向を示した.また, 新鮮例で経過観察の十分行なえた24例について, 保存的治療とめまいおよび聴力の経過を検討した. めまいについては, 95.8%の改善がみられたが, めまいの完全消失例はなかった. 聴力は, 62.5%が不変・33.3%が悪化を示した.さらに, 3例の症例をあげ, 保存的治療とめまい・聴力の経過を示すとともに, 聴力の変動について, 保存的治療および手術治療に関する文献的考察を加えた.以上の結果より, めまいの完全治癒・聴力の保存のために, よりよい治療法の確立が望まれることを強調した.
The impact of strike action on healthcare delivery: A scoping review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Strike action carried out by healthcare workers raises a range of ethical issues. Most fundamentally, as a strike is designed to disrupt, it has the potential to impact patient outcomes and healthcare delivery. This paper synthesises and analyses the empirical literature that details the impact of strike action on healthcare delivery. Methods A systematic scoping review was utilised to examine the extent, range and nature of research activity. Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Bioethicsline, EconLit and Web of Science were searched, yielding 5644 results. Papers were included if they examined the impact that strike action had on healthcare delivery (i.e., admissions, presentations, waiting time). After screening, 43 papers met inclusion criteria. Results Nineteen studies explored presentations to emergency or admissions to hospital. Both dropped dramatically when comparing non‐strike to strike periods. Ten studies examined length of stay in hospital and waiting times. No clear relationship was found with strike action, with some studies showing that wait times decreased. Nine studies examined the impact of strike action in facilities that were not on strike, but were impacted by nearby strike action along with the impact that strike action had on treatment seeking. Hospitals dealing with these upstream impacts often saw increase in presentations at hospitals, but results relates to treatment seeking during strike action were mixed. Conclusion Strike action can have a substantial impact on the delivery of healthcare, but this impact is not felt uniformly across services. While many services are disrupted, a number are not, with several studies reporting increased efficiency.
Do Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide vestigial mutualistic benefits to ants when living as social parasites inside Myrmica ant nests?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Caterpillars of the lycaenid butterfly Maculinea rebeli Hirschke (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) live for 11–23 months as social parasites in Myrmica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) red ant nests, a trait that is believed to have evolved from mutualistic myrmecophilous ancestry. Although Maculinea rebeli caterpillars harm Myrmica larvae, they simultaneously produce copious secretions which the adult worker ants imbibe, perhaps representing a vestige of the ancestral mutualism. We report the results of laboratory experiments designed to test alternative hypotheses: (i) Maculinea rebeli caterpillars provide a beneficial source of sugar in return for being tended by Myrmica workers; (ii) Maculinea rebeli harms its host by stressing the workers by competing for available sugar. Comparisons were made of Myrmica worker fitness after 90–450 days under all possible combinations of three experimental treatments: ± M. rebeli caterpillars, ± sucrose and ± ant brood. Caterpillars always reduced the survival of both ant workers and their larvae, even when sugar was not provided, suggesting that M. rebeli is wholly parasitic on all stages in its host colony. The results also confirmed the importance of sucrose in the diet of Myrmica , and showed that M. rebeli caterpillars which eat ant brood to supplement their normal trophallactic feeding by workers develop more quickly ‐ but have the same survival and pupal weights – as caterpillars that are fed solely by worker ants.
An advanced management architecture for IN

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

To provide various advanced telecommunications services and to enhance their operations, it is necessary to introduce a flexible and adaptable architecture on the Intelligent Network (IN). IN may be seen as one of the most innovative concepts of that last decade, if this flexibility and adaptability may be achieved. One way to reach such a goal is to introduce some intelligence. In that way, we propose a new management architecture for IN introducing concepts from the field of Distributed Artificial Intelligence. First, this paper describes a proposed generic architecture to support the IN management aspects. Then, to provide an intelligent architecture, we investigate the field of Distributed Artificial Intelligence, and a model adapted to these new concepts is proposed. Finally, we propose the integration of the generic IN management architecture and the intelligent model to provide an intelligent architecture for IN management.
Voracious and Heuristic Algorithms: A focus on the Minimum Path Problem

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Introduction— The problem of the shortest route or minimum cost route, has been one of the topics most studied by areas of knowledge such as Operations Research, Computer Science and Decision, Telecommunications, Plant Distribution, Planning of Projects, among others, searching, for example: optimize and reduce the costs that represent the distribution of goods, obtain the minimum amount of time necessary to complete a project, or calculate the shortest possible route between computers connected to a network. Objective— We will study the behavior of three voracious algorithms that allow us to calculate the minimum cost route between two points (initial state and objective state) in a weighted graph and with heuristics. Methodology— Was implemented in Java, and the Greedy, A* and Dijkstra algorithms were adjusted to the problem in question. Subsequently, two instance cases were designed, one negative and one positive. Results— In the negative instance results the heuristic of the node was modified to allow the selected algorithm to escape from local optima and thus obtain a complete result, that is to say reach the objective state, which, in some cases, will not necessarily be the most optimal result. Conclusions— By comparing the three algorithms, it was determined that the Dijkstra algorithm always yields complete and optimal results. For its part, Greedy and A*, need heuristics to reach a complete result, but not optimal.
Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase Accounts for the Direct Vascular Effects of Hydrochlorothiazide

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract —Hydrochlorothiazide has been shown to exert direct vasodilator effects by activation of calcium-activated potassium (K Ca ) channels in human and guinea pig isolated resistance arteries. Since hydrochlorothiazide binds to and inhibits the enzyme carbonic anhydrase and because K Ca channel activation is pH sensitive, we investigated the role of intracellular and extracellular carbonic anhydrase in the vascular effects of thiazide diuretics. Small arteries were isolated from guinea pig mesentery and studied by use of a microvascular myograph technique. In some experiments, tone and intracellular pH (pH i ) were measured simultaneously with 2′,7′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)′-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF- am) . Bendroflumethiazide, a thiazide diuretic with minimal inhibitory effects on carbonic anhydrase, had little effect on noradrenaline-induced tone (16±8% relaxation) compared with hydrochlorothiazide (74±12% relaxation). In contrast to hydrochlorothiazide, the action of bendroflumethiazide was unaffected by 100 nmol/L charybdotoxin, a selective blocker of K Ca channels. All inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase relaxed noradrenaline-induced tone in a concentration-dependent manner, and this effect was blocked by charybdotoxin. Hydrochlorothiazide and the inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase failed to relax tone induced by a depolarizing potassium solution. Acetazolamide and hydrochlorothiazide increased pH i by 0.27±0.07 and 0.21±0.04, respectively, whereas bendroflumethiazide had a much smaller effect: 0.06±0.03. The rise in pH i induced by any agent was not inhibited by charybdotoxin. The vasorelaxant effect of hydrochlorothiazide is shared by other inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase. Inhibitors of carbonic anhydrase, but not bendroflumethiazide, cause intracellular alkalinization, which is associated with K Ca channel opening. These data suggest that the vasodilator effect of thiazide diuretics results primarily from inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell carbonic anhydrase, which results in a rise in pH I , leading to K Ca channel activation and vasorelaxation.