jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Delivery of Molecular and Nanoscale Medicine to Tumors: Transport Barriers and Strategies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tumors are similar to organs, with unique physiology giving rise to an unusual set of transport barriers to drug delivery. Cancer therapy is limited by nonuniform drug delivery via blood vessels, inhomogeneous drug transport into tumor interstitium from the vascular compartment, and hindered transport through tumor interstitium to the target cells. Four major abnormal physical and physiological properties contribute to these transport barriers. Accumulated solid stress compresses blood vessels to diminish the drug supply to many tumor regions. Immature vasculature with high viscous and geometric resistances and reduced pressure gradients leads to sluggish and heterogeneous blood flow in tumors to further limit drug supply. Nonfunctional lymphatics coupled with highly permeable blood vessels result in elevated hydrostatic pressure in tumors to abrogate convective drug transport from blood vessels into and throughout most of the tumor tissue. Finally, a dense structure of interstitial matrix and cells serves as a tortuous, viscous, and steric barrier to diffusion of therapeutic agents. In this review, we discuss the origins and implications of these barriers. We then highlight strategies for overcoming these barriers by modulating either drug properties or the tumor microenvironment itself to enhance the delivery and effectiveness of drugs in tumors.
<title>Investigation of multilayered tissue with in vivo reflectance measurements</title>

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Light propagation in multi-layered tissues was studied theoretically and experimentally on a rabbit thigh and on human forearms. Theoretical investigations were based on a special solution of the diffusion equation considering layered materials or on Monte Carlo simulations. The spatially resolved reflectance of a small diameter laser beam (633 or 751 nm) incident on the tissue was measured in vivo with a CCD-camera based system previously tested with homogeneous tissue simulating phantoms. The optical coefficients were determined either by non-linear regressions to a solution of the diffusion equation or to Monte Carlo simulations. We fitted up to four independent parameters to describe the spatially resolved reflectance from two- and three-layered tissues.
AIDS: increasingly a woman's disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

HIV infections are spreading rapidly among women in China. Women are viewed as more susceptible to HIV infections due to their social status and other characteristics. The physical attributes that increase transmission to women are the open genital configuration and the higher density of HIV infection in men's semen. Women are also more likely to be recipients of blood transfusions because of hemorrhage and anemia during pregnancy and childbirth. Increases in transmission in China are due to prostitution. The lack of symptoms among HIV carriers means sex partners do not know. Prostitutes are not aware generally about their male partners' high risk behavior, such as drug use or HIV infection. Illiteracy is a major reason for lack of information about HIV infections among prostitutes. Women may request condom use, but men may refuse. Premarital sex and having multiple partners increases the risk of transmission. The only effective measure for preventing the spread of AIDS is a health education campaign and improved education. The World Health Organization (WHO) is engaged in a global effort to improve women's status in their social, economic, and political lives. WHO declared a readiness to work with women's groups in preventing AIDS and to provide information to groups and individuals about the danger of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. A study in 1993 revealed that only 34.8% of prostitutes in Beijing, Dalian, Nanjing, and Xian were aware that condoms could protect against HIV infections. 45% never used condoms. 71.1% viewed condoms as useful contraceptives and only secondarily as protection against sexually transmitted diseases or AIDS. Almost 39% of prostitutes' partners agreed to use condoms. 8% agreed only with a decrease in the price of services. 48.2% refused. 68% believed themselves to be at little risk of contracting HIV. WHO estimated that 1 million women became infected with HIV in 1993. Almost 50% of new adult HIV carriers are women. By the year 2000, 13 million women will be HIV infected, and about 4 million women will have died of AIDS. 18.5 million people are currently infected worldwide, and 4.5 million people have AIDS. China, by mid-1995, had 1774 reported cases of HIV and AIDS.
Evaluation of Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential and Serum Zinc Levels in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

BACKGROUND:
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder is a behavioural and neurocognitive condition characterized by developmentally inappropriate and impairing levels of gross motor overactivity, inattention and impulsivity. Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP) is an important neurophysiological tool which can be used to assess the functional integrity of the auditory pathway and its neurotransmission. It has been widely used for the detection of asymmetrical conduction of auditory stimuli in the auditory pathway. Using BAEP, we can easily detect the early changes occurring in the auditory pathway in children
with ADHD and detect hearing impairment which may contribute to inattention even before clinical manifestation.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
1. To determine the functional integrity of auditory pathway in children with ADHD by recording brainstem auditory evoked
potential.
2. To assess serum zinc levels in these children.
3. To find the correlation between serum zinc levels and Brainstem auditory evoked potential in children with ADHD.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
30 boys with ADHD in the age group 6 - 11 years without any
clinical evidence of hearing impairment were included in the study. Controls were age and BMI matched healthy children. Both the controls and ADHD children were subjected to BAEP and serum zinc levels were also measured. The data were analyzed by Student ‘t’ test.
RESULTS:
ADHD children showed significant prolongation of wave III, V
absolute latencies and I-III, I-V IPLs of BAEP. The serum zinc levels were significantly decreased in ADHD children when compared to controls suggesting the contribution of zinc in the pathogenesis of ADHD.
CONCLUSION:
There was significant prolongation of central conduction time in ADHD children even though there was no clinical evidence of hearing impairment assessed by pure tone audiogram prior to the study. Hence BAEP can be utilized as an objective electrophysiological tool to evaluate
the functional integrity of auditory pathway from the external ear to lower brainstem.
Optical MEMS based micromirror arrays: fabrication,characterization and potential applications in smart active windows

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Millions of micromirrors inside building glazing are envisaged to guide and control light by electrostatic actuation, enabling energy saving and tailored personalized lighting in smart buildings. The amount, direction and degree of steering of the guided light are tailored to winter, summer, variable daytime requirements and presence and position of persons. Micromirror arrays have been designed, fabricated, characterized and finally placed in a modern quadruple insulation glazing inside a miniature room. Experimental data on actuation voltages, lifetime, power consumption and heat impact regulation are presented.
Renewable Energy: Sources, Integration and Application: Review Article

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Renewable technologies are technically viable and economically attractive; traditional energy technology receives many investment dollars. This study examines the integration of renewable energy sources using functions that associate emissions with power generation; traditional producing units can represent these emissions. The environment friendly design has become a significant concern in the first decade of the 21st century. As a result of climate change and a limited supply of traditional energy sources (fossil fuel), the world needs to take renewable energy seriously. Renewable sources of energy are derived from the energy flow that occurs naturally in a continual manner. Many people define renewability as the ability to regenerate at a rate equal to or faster than a given energy source's depletion rate. Currently, fossil fuels are used to meet most energy needs, which should be replaced in the future by cleaner energy sources, such as renewables or nuclear energy. Building integration systems aim to replace a building element with a solar panel array to boost the RES system's viability. Renewable energy sources can be used to lessen the use of fossil fuels when certain criteria are satisfied. The use of renewable energy sources in buildings has well-understood environmental and economic benefits in this study. By relying on sustainable sources of energy, we can save as much energy as feasible.
[Uterus preserving surgery versus vaginal hysterectomy in treatment of uterine descent: a systematic review].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Although some uterus preserving procedures are associated with shorter operation time, shorter duration of hospital stay and less blood loss than vaginal hysterectomy, based on the current literature there is no clear preference for either uterus preserving surgery or hysterectomy in surgical treatment of uterine descent, since randomised trials of sufficient quality are lacking. Prospective clinical randomised trials with long term follow-up are needed to investigate the value of uterine preserving procedures.
Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor-Mediated Apoptosis Is Potentiated by FasL and Increased with IFN-α in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Abstract 4428 The Fas death receptor (CD95/TNFSFR6) conveys death and non-death signals through binding to its cognate ligand, FasL (CD95L)1,2. Fas is expressed constitutively in CD34+ cells of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia3. In order to explore the implication of Fas in CML patient's response, we aimed at analyzing expression and function of Fas in the imatinib-sensitive human Bcr-abl+ Fas+ AR 230S cell line, and in its imatinib-resistant counterpart AR 230R. We analysed the Fas-mediated apoptosis of AR230S and showed that not only imatinib (Figure 1) but also nilotinib and dasatinib (data not shown) potentiate Fas-L mediated apoptosis. This potentiation is dose dependent (Figure 2). Interestingly, there is no potentiation of TKI-mediated apoptosis by FasL in the imatinib-resistant counterpart AR 230R which is Fas negative. The Fas knockdown with a lentivirus-expressing a FAS-shRNA in AR 230S was associated with a disappearance of potentiation effect, whereas the up regulation of Fas expression in AR230 S cell line using lentivirus-expressing human Fas (hFas) induced an emphasized potentiation effect confirming the pivotal role of Fas in the potentiation of TKI-mediated apoptosis. Notably, IFN-α is able to enhance expression of Fas on CD34+ cells from CML patients3. We thus explored the action of IFN-α on the Fas potentiation of TKI-mediated apoptosis. We observed that preincubation with IFN-α increased potentiation in a dose-dependant manner (Data not shown). In conclusion, our preliminary results demonstrate the pivotal role of Fas in the potentiation of TKI-mediated apoptosis and highlight the role of IFN-α in the design of CML treatments. Figure 1: Percentage of FasL-mediated apoptosis in AR230 cell line. Apoptosis induced by FasL in presence or in absence of imatinib was analyzed by propidium iodide staining of cellular DNA content and shown as percentage of sub-G1 to the whole population. Figure 1:. Percentage of FasL-mediated apoptosis in AR230 cell line. Apoptosis induced by FasL in presence or in absence of imatinib was analyzed by propidium iodide staining of cellular DNA content and shown as percentage of sub-G1 to the whole population. Figure 2: Dose-dependentof FasL mediated apoptosis in absence or in combination with imatinib. Apoptosis induced by FasL in presence or in absence of imatinib analyzed by propidium iodide staining of cellular DNA content and shown as percentage of sub-G1 to the whole population. Each point represents the mean ± S.E.M. of 3 experiments. Figure 2:. Dose-dependentof FasL mediated apoptosis in absence or in combination with imatinib. Apoptosis induced by FasL in presence or in absence of imatinib analyzed by propidium iodide staining of cellular DNA content and shown as percentage of sub-G1 to the whole population. Each point represents the mean ± S.E.M. of 3 experiments. Disclosures: Legros: Novartis: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau; BMS: Speakers Bureau; Celgene: Speakers Bureau.
COMPARISON ON IRIS DATASET USING CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many classification techniques are implemented on different datasets in Machine Learning. This paper gives an idea on different classification techniques implementation and comparison with example an Iris Species Dataset. First dataset is preprocessed and categorized into two parts training set and test set then techniques like K-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree, Support Vector Machine(SVM) and Random Forest are used. Finally, accuracy of different techniques is compared.
EXAMINATION OF THE CHANGED PROGRAM OF UNDERGRADUATE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHING

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

One of the most important elements in the success of educational activities is \nincrease the quality of education that teachers receive at their undergraduate level, \nwhich will increase the quality and success of the teaching profession. Increasing \nknowledge accumulation in the information age and adaptation to changing social, \npolitical and individual values are changing at certain intervals, as in the case of \nintention and undergraduate programs, as in all other programs. Within this scope, the \nHigher Education Council went to organize courses and contents of 25 undergraduate \nprograms to be implemented in 2018-2019 academic year. In 2017, the General \nCompetencies and Teachers Strategy Paper (2017-2023) of the Teacher Profession \ndeveloped by the Ministry of National Education was taken into consideration in the \npreparation of the new programs. Within the scope of the adaptation to the Bologna \nprocess, the standard is provided among the faculties in terms of ECTS, and 25% of \nthe elective courses are included. Within the changing programs, there are also a \nnumber of regulations in the classroom teacher's undergraduate program. The course \ndensity of the new classroom education program is as follows: 46% field education \ncourses, 35% vocational courses and 19% general culture courses. In the current \norder, the 178 hours of class training was reduced to 150 hours with a new update. A \nnumber of lessons were removed and other courses were added. Same courses \nmerged. In this study, which is used in the method of document examination, the \nchanging primary school teaching education undergraduate program is examined in \nterms of course and content.
Effects of Nd and Mn Co-dopant on the Micro Structure and Optical Properties of BiFeO3 Thin Films Elaborated by Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Bismuth Ferrite (BiFeO 3 ), Neodymium (Nd) and Manganese (Mn) (Bi 1-x Nd x Fe 1-y Mn y O 3 ) with (x, y = 0.03, 0.03; 0.03, 0.05; 0.05, 0.03; 0.05, 0.05) were prepared by Chemical Solution Deposition (CSD) method at annealing temperatures of 550 °C. The effects of addition of Nd and Mn co-dopants in the BiFeO 3 on the crystal structure and optical properties are presented. The results of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) characterization showed that the addition of Nd and Mn co-dopants leads the diffraction angles to shift to smaller angles and to decrease the crystal size. Doped-BiFeO 3 samples were characterized by UV-vis in the wavelength range of 200 nm-800 nm. The transmittance value of Bi 1-x Nd x Fe 1-y Mn y O 3 samples decreased in the wavelength range of 400-800 nm (UV light). The addition of Nd and Mn co-dopants to BiFeO 3 caused light dispersion and refractive index to decrease.
Nonsteroidal Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists: Exploring Role in Cardiovascular Disease

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract: Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid hormone, plays a role in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular disease states. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) have been shown to improve clinical outcomes in select patient populations. However, use of available steroidal receptor antagonists, eplerenone and spironolactone, is often limited by the risk or development of hyperkalemia. Nonsteroidal MRAs have been designed to overcome this limitation. The nonsteroidal MRAs have been studied in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, hypertension, and to lower the risk of cardiac and renal outcomes in those with type 2 diabetes and renal disease. In this review, the pharmacology of the MRAs is compared, the data evaluating the use of nonsteroidal MRAs are examined, and the place of this new generation of therapy is discussed. At this time, it seems that there could be a future role for nonsteroidal MRAs to reduce the risk of renal outcomes in high-risk individuals.
Rice-prawn Farming System: Impacts on Soil Quality and Land Productivity for Modern Varieties of Paddy Production in Bangladesh

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The rice-prawn gher (RPG) farming system, locally known as the White Revolution, is an advanced, indigenous agricultural technology solely developed by local farmers in southwestern Bangladesh in the mid-1980s. This paper examined the impact of RPG farming on soil quality and land productivity of paddy production of modern varieties (MV) in Bangladesh. Two contrasting farming systems â€” RPG and year-round modern varieties (YRMV) â€” were considered. A total of 40 farmers (20 farmers from RPG and 20 from YRMV paddy farming) were randomly selected. Each of the sampled 20 RPG and 20 YRMV paddy farmers owned 30 farm plots. Soil sample collection procedures were conducted in two phases â€” at the beginning of paddy transplanting and during harvesting â€” in both farming systems. RPG farming has significant impacts on soil quality and land productivity in Bangladesh. The findings indicate that the leftover feeds of prawn production provide a significant amount of soil nutrients, such as nitrogen, soil organic matter, phosphorus, potassium, to soils in fields for paddy production under the RPG farming system. As a result, RPG farmers use comparatively less chemical fertilizers per unit of MV paddy production compared to YRMV farmers. Moreover, per unit yield of MV paddy was higher in RPG farming than in YRMV paddy farming.
Making Race in the Courtroom: The Legal Construction of Three Races in Early New Orleans

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The dynamics of slavery in the antebellum South helped create a notable rigidity of race and the rights of peoples of African descent. Louisiana was different. The role of law in creating and sustaining that difference has been explored by a number of scholars, including Judith Kelleher Schafer and Rebecca J. Scott. Kenneth R. Aslakson's insightful Making Race in the Courtroom contributes to our understanding of how civil law and French and Spanish cultural influences helped shape a different set of racial dynamics in one section of the American South. The American settlers who came to New Orleans after the 1803 Louisiana Purchase brought with them a set of attitudes toward law and race different from those found in other parts of the Americas. If the famous or infamous one-drop rule was yet to be formally codified, the idea that blacks and mulattoes belonged to the same group with the same legal disabilities was the prevailing view in the United States, particularly in the slave states. Americans would enter a New Orleans where the racial reflexes of the population had been more conditioned by legal and cultural precepts found in the French and Spanish Empires than by the norms that were emerging in the new American Republic. Among these precepts was the view that free mulattoes were a group apart from the enslaved black population. They were to be entitled to a set of rights inferior to those enjoyed by whites but nonetheless vastly superior to those granted to blacks. Aslakson's work is particularly valuable in discussing how settlers from St. Dominque and Cuba helped fortify this view and how it came to be applied concretely in New Orleans courts.
The First Pediatric Heart Transplantation Bridged by a Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device in Korea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Treatment options for children with end-stage heart failure are limited. We report the first case of a successful pediatric heart transplantation bridged with a durable left ventricular assist device in Korea. A 10-month-old female infant with dilated cardiomyopathy and left ventricular non-compaction was listed for heart transplantation. During the waiting period, the patient's status deteriorated. Therefore, we decided to provide support with a durable left ventricular assist device as a bridge to transplantation. The patient was successfully bridged to heart transplantation with effective support and without any major adverse events.
Feminism and Labor Unions:

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Usually, feminist service programs must rely on state funding, and as a consequence, may be diverted from advancing women's agendas. They require stratagems, preferably backed by the law, to counter these pressures. A study of labor unionized shelters in Canada and the United States found that one possibility is collective bargaining. These women's programs and their unions demonstrated that they can effectively transform state regulation at two levels. First, collective bargaining which is governed by labor law can be reshaped to advance the valuation and support of caregiving and workers' say over its delivery. Second, collective bargaining is a way of strengthening women's programs in their negotiations with public as well as private funding bodies. Their initiatives can guide radical social workers' efforts to maintain both their ideals and professional role.
Observations on the Ability of Larvae of Anopheles maculipennis, Mg., to crawl

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

My observations in 1923, and more particularly in 1924, made both in nature and in the laboratory, have proved that larvae of Anopheles maculipennis , Mg., are able to crawl quite actively and, under certain conditions, may wander from one pool to another.
Quality of Life after Hepatectomy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

肝切除施行後3か月以上経過生存中の非担癌状態の71例を対象に, quality of life (QOL) に関する独自のアンケート調査を行い, 肝切除術後QOLと, 臨床事項, 肝機能変化状況との関連を検討した.主成分分析の結果, 肝切除後QOLに強く関与するアンケート項目は, 食欲, 仕事・家事, 睡眠, 体調であった.肝切除後QOLは身体面, 精神面では比較的良好であったが, 社会的機能や身体感覚面では低下していた.また, 肝切除後QOLに強く関与する臨床事項は, 宿主側因子では肝切除時年齢, 疾患の良悪性, 術前ICGR15, 肝切除後経過年数であり, 治療側因子では術後合併症の有無と肝切除後遠隔時の蛋白合成能維持であった (p<0.05).しかし, 2区域以下の肝切除量, 残肝復元率との関連は認めなかった.以上より, 肝切除後の良好なQOLの獲得には, 術後合併症の防止と遠隔時の肝蛋白合成能維持が重要であることが示唆された.