jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
INDUCED AGGRESSION IN JEAB: A SURVEY OF PUBLICATIONS

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Early experimental research on induced aggression aimed to set the direct relation between aversive stimulation and aggressive behavior. The generality of the phenomenon was evaluated with variations in the subjects’ species and in the inducting stimuli. Seminal studies on induced aggression were published in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB). The objectives of the present study were systematically present the temporal distribution of publications on induced aggression in JEAB and describe the studies’ methodological aspects. The terms “aggress*”, “fight*”, and “attack*” were searched in the Wiley Online Library database, and selecting criteria were applied. Fifty- eight articles were analyzed. The global representativeness of publications about induced aggression in JEAB is 1.1%. Between 1962 and 1981, there were regular publications about induced aggression in the journal, representing 2.8% of the publications in JEAB in the referred period. During this interval, a first period of publications was marked by investigations involving the exposition of rats and squirrel monkeys to electric shock, which would result in fighting and biting aggressive responses, respectively; a second period was marked by studies involving the exposition of pigeons to schedules of reinforcement, resulting in aggressive pecking responses. The publication pattern of induced aggression on JEAB is in agreement with previous indications regarding the temporal distribution of general publications on induced aggression. Limitations of the present work are discussed, and suggestions for additional research are provided. Keywords: induced aggression, JEAB, survey
Magnesium Enhances Local Anesthetic Nerve Block of Frog Sciatic Nerve

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The present study was designed to examine the effects of increased magnesium concentration on the nerve block produced by lidocaine, benzocaine, and QX 572 (a quaternary derivative of lidocaine). Desheathed whole sciatic nerves from northern Rana pipiens frogs were placed in a sucrose gap chamber and stimulated at various frequencies at supramaximal intensity for the activation of the compound action potential. After control studies, the nerve was bathed by a calcium-free frog Ringer's solution containing magnesium concentrations of 3.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mM with or without 0.5 mM lidocaine, 0.5 mM benzocaine, or 0.75 mM QX 572. Compound action potentials were measured, and nonfrequency and frequency dependent blocks were compared in each solution. Increased magnesium ion concentration, in the absence of local anesthetics, enhanced the nonfrequency dependent block but did not change the frequency dependent block. All three local anesthetics enhanced both types of block. Increased magnesium concentrations enhanced only the nonfrequency dependent benzocaine block. In contrast, increased magnesium enhanced both types of block produced by QX 572 and lidocaine. These results suggest a potentially important interaction between high magnesium concentrations and local anesthetic nerve blocks.
Novel Indazole Propionic Acid Derivatives as AMPK Activators

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This highlight describes novel indazole propionic acid derivatives as AMPK activators. It details the synthesis, pharmaceutical compositions, use, and therapeutic applications of these compounds, particularly for the treatment for AMPK-related diseases, such as inflammatory, autoimmune, and gastrointestinal disorders.
A 30-day kendama program for community-dwelling elderly: Effects on participants' physical and cognitive functions and the practicality of the program

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The results of this study suggested that kendama can be enjoyed easily and is expected to be practiced continuously with friends. Therefore, kendama can serve as an exercise program for reducing the risk of dementia and musculoskeletal disorders. In the future, it will be necessary to reconsider the frequency of individual kendama practice.
Association of transforming growth-factor alpha gene polymorphisms with nonsyndromic cleft palate only (CPO).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Genetic analysis and tissue-specific expression studies support a role for transforming growth-factor alpha (TGFA) in craniofacial development. Previous studies have confirmed an association of alleles for TGFA with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) in humans. We carried out a retrospective association study to determine whether specific allelic variants of the TGFA gene are also associated with cleft palate only (CPO). The PCR products from 12 overlapping sets of primers to the TGFA cDNA were examined by using single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis. Four DNA polymorphic sites for TGFA were identified in the 3' untranslated region of the TGFA gene. These variants, as well as previously identified RFLPs for TGFA, were characterized in case and control populations for CPO by using chi 2 analysis. A significant association between alleles of TGFA and CPO was identified which further supports a role for this gene as one of the genetic determinants of craniofacial development. Sequence analysis of the variants disclosed a cluster of three variable sites within 30 bp of each other in the 3' untranslated region previously associated with an antisense transcript. These studies extend the role for TGFA in craniofacial morphogenesis and support an interrelated mechanism underlying nonsyndromic forms of CL/P.
[Ultrastructure of erythrocytic stage of Plasmodium vivax in humans].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

After the merozoite entered the erythrocyte, the membrane debris in the parasitophorous vacuoles of early ring form was passed out through a narrow external aperture in erythrocyte to the exterior. The trophozoite was oval or irregular in shape. Ingestion of host cell cytoplasm occurred cystostomally. The asexual parasite possessed cristate mitochondria and was surrounded by a single-membraned pellicle. The gametocyte possessed cristate mitochondria and was surrounded by two unit membranes. The cytoplasm of mature macrogametocytes contained many ribosomes, mitochondria and osmiophilic bodies and a small nucleus while microgametocytes contained fewer ribosomes, osmiophilic bodies and mitochondria and a large nucleus. Three characteristic morphological alterations were observed within the host cells, that is, small vesicles, cytoplasmic cleft and caveola-vesicle complex. The clefts within the cytoplasm of the host erythrocytes were present in all human malarial parasites. The small vesicles distributed all over the cytoplasm were surrounded by a unit membrane. The caveola-vesicle complex consisted of caveolae was surrounded by small vesicles and probably corresponds to a Schüffner's dot. (Figs. 1-13).
Nutritional supplementation of an apple callus extract to target epidermal aging

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The global increase in life expectancy has led to a growing elderly population, which places a significant burden on healthcare systems. As a result, there is a growing interest to improve healthspan and promote healthy aging with accessible means, such as nutrition and lifestyle interventions. The skin, the body's largest organ and first line of defense against environmental stressors, is particularly vulnerable to aging due to both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Various molecular and biochemical changes can drive skin aging, including the depletion of stem cells, which can lead to impaired skin properties. Nutrition plays a crucial role in skin aging, and dietary supplements could be a viable intervention to support a healthy skin. In this study, a plant callus extract from a specific apple variety (Malus Domestica Borkh), the Uttwiler Spätlauber, was evaluated as a dietary supplement to combat epidermal aging. The extract was found to maintain the function of keratinocyte progenitor cells during aging in vitro. Furthermore, an open-label pilot clinical study involving 31 female volunteers showed that the intake of apple callus extract led to improvements in skin elasticity, density, and firmness after 56 days of supplementation. This study highlights the potential of plant callus extracts as natural dietary supplements to support healthy skin aging. The use of plant callus cultures provides a sustainable and reproducible source of bioactive molecules, which is gaining acceptance in the nutraceutical market. These findings suggest that dietary interventions can play a role in promoting healthy skin aging and contribute to a holistic approach to improving healthspan during the aging process.
Park Aesthetics Between Wilderness Representations and Everyday Affordances

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Scholars criticize privileging aesthetics over social and ecological considerations in park design. I argue that the real culprit is not aesthetics, but aestheticism. Aestheticism treats aesthetic objects as if they were ontologically distinct from everyday objects. Aestheticism in park design—treating parks like artworks to be admired like paintings—dovetails into treating parks like representations of a romanticized wilderness: of pristine, untouched landscapes. I argue that aestheticism is a means of constructing an ontological distinction between the beholder and the beheld, for landscapes are not truly pristine if they are sullied by human presence. As an alternative, and while drawing on the works of John Dewey and Yuriko Saito, I argue for a continuity between everyday objects and aesthetic objects. I also draw attention to the question of whose every day is privileged and propose to introduce Wittgenstein’s concept of multi-aspectivity in the analysis of everyday affordances.
Exploring factors influencing whether residents participate in square dancing using social cognitive theory

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Physical inactivity is a worldwide public health problem, and it is a risk factor for several chronic diseases. Square dancing nightly may be an efficient way to promote physical activity among Chinese residents. This study aims to explore factors that affect resident participation in square dancing on the basis of social cognitive theory constructs (outcome expectations, outcome expectancies, self-efficacy, self-control, and environment) that may provide a scientific basis for designing interventions to promote physical activity in the future. Forty squares near neighborhood communities in Chongqing were randomly selected. A sample of 1732 residents who came to these squares at 18:00–21:00 were interviewed using a social cognitive theory questionnaire jointly developed by researchers from Chongqing Medical University and Jackson State University. Among 1732 respondents, 279 (16.1%) were male and 1457 (83.9%) were female. A total of 939 (54.2%) of the respondents were square dancers. The mean age of the dancers was 58.6 (SD = 9.1) years. Of the dancers, 825 (87.9%) danced at least 150 minutes every week, and 792 (84.2%) indicated that they had danced for more than 1 year. All the constructs of social cognitive theory were significantly different between residents whether they danced or not ( P < .001 for all). Women (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.03–2.31) were more likely to dance. Nonretired residents (OR = 0.53, 95% CI: 0.39–0.74) were less likely to dance. Residents with income of more than CNY 4000 per month were less likely to dance (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.23–0.86). Residents with high self-efficacy (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.81–2.22), and high self-control (OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.18–1.34) were more likely to dance. This study provides salient implications for developing interventions to promote square dancing by using social cognitive theory. Gender, retirement, income, and self-efficacy would be the factors influencing whether residents participate in square dancing.
Structural Health Monitoring of Rotating Machines in Manufacturing Processes by Vibration Methods

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper presents results of the active diagnostics experiments on influence of fatigue metal damage of the inner race of bearing and unbalance of rotating masses on vibration generated by the machine. Analysis of vibration related phenomena is a solution commonly applied in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems. The application of vibroacoustics methods for technical condition monitoring has been developed in the past years in many systems of manufacturing processes. Vibroacoustic methods, based on the analysis of vibration or acoustic signals perceived as residual processes of non-invasive nature, is becoming more and more important in this respect. The scope of its application as well as the applicability of methods in numerous diagnostic systems also results from the capabilities of advanced methods of signal analysis and identification of numerous characteristics of technical condition. One of the most common operation damages are caused by rolling bearings wear. The scope of research contains tests on bearing damage and the unbalance of disc. The wear processes and unbalance are closely related to the vibration levels (arising from the mass loss of plastic deformation, and the fatigue damage). The research was conducted on special research test bench for vibration monitoring for rotating machinery. Structural health monitoring of machinery has to be conducted in different states and working conditions of the manufacturing system. Thus for simulating of different operating conditions the experiments have been conducted during run up of the machine which consist the transient states of working and during work on constant rotational speed of the power generate engine. For the identification of the symptoms of the machinery and equipments health monitoring the vibration signal have been analysed in time domain and frequency transformation as well. The performed signals are not stationary. Thus it is better to observe the signal simultaneously in time and frequency domains. For this purpose the spectrograms were determined. Spectrograms computes the short-time Fourier transform of a signal by default divided into segments. During the transformation the Hamming window and noverlap were used. For the comparison of the vibration of good and damage bearings signals registered for different frequencies have been presented in form of spectrograms and RMS distributions.
Improved Determination of the Best Fitting Sine Wave in ADC Testing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The sine wave test of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) means to excite the ADC with a pure sine wave, look for the sine wave which best fits the output in least squares (LS) sense, and analyze the difference. This is described in the IEEE standards 1241-2000 and 1057-1994. Least squares is the "best" fitting method most of us can imagine, and it yields very good results indeed. Its known properties are achieved when the error (the deviation of the samples from the true sine wave) is random, white (the error samples are all independent), with zero mean Gaussian distribution. Then, the LS fit coincides with the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameters. However, in sine wave testing of ADCs, these assumptions are far from being true. The quantization error is partly deterministic, and the sample values are strongly interdependent. For sine waves covering less than, say, 20 quantum levels, this makes the sine wave fit worse than expected, and since small changes in the sine wave affect the residuals significantly, especially close to the peaks, ADC error analysis may become misleading. Processing of the residuals [e.g., the calculation of the effective number of bits, (ENOB)] can exhibit serious errors. This paper describes this phenomenon, analyzes its consequences, and suggests modified processing of samples and residuals to reduce the errors to negligible level.
Polyclonal

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The primary objective of this “Glossary of Terms Used in Immunotoxicology” is to give clear definitions for those who contribute to studies relevant to immunotoxicology but are not themselves immunologists. This applies especially to chemists who need to understand the literature of immunology without recourse to a multiplicity of other glossaries or dictionaries. The glossary includes terms related to basic and clinical immunology insofar as they are necessary for a self-contained document, and particularly terms related to diagnosing, measuring, and understanding effects of substances on the immune system. The glossary consists of about 1200 terms as primary alphabetical entries, and Annexes of common abbreviations, examples of chemicals with known effects on the immune system, autoantibodies in autoimmune disease, and therapeutic agents used in autoimmune disease and cancer. The authors hope that among the groups who will find this glossary helpful, in addition to chemists, are toxicologists, pharmacologists, medical practitioners, risk assessors, and regulatory authorities. In particular, it should facilitate the worldwide use of chemistry in relation to occupational and environmental risk assessment.
Teams Construct Knowledge During Project-Driven Social Interactions

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The educational model of the twentieth century has become obsolete partly because we did not pay enough attention to facilitating interaction and collaboration between learners and partly because it has been rendered irrelevant to real life. The replacement of the teacher-centered paradigm with the childcentered paradigm is not a sufficient condition for promoting collaboration, and it does not, by itself, encourage more interactions between individual learners. Interactions require structured methodologies, and collaboration requires a purpose. In this chapter, we highlight how a project-driven construction of knowledge is achieved when (1) projects are socially relevant, (2) projects are carried out as group activities, (3) technology serves to create the learning space, and (4) structured methodologies facilitate meaningful, well-organized interactions between the members of the project team.
Ward Distribution and Drug Resistance Analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE To investigate the ward distribution and resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii.METHODS Bacteria culture and identification were adopted by conventional method.Susceptibility was tested by Kirby-Bauer method.RESULTS A.baumannii was the most isolated from sputum in all specimens,which accounted for 60.7%,being the highest percentage.Next was from secretion,accounted for 15.7%.A.baumannii was mainly distributed at wards,especially at neurosurgery ward.Next were at respiratary department,ICU and orthopedics wards.The resistance of A.baumannii were serious.Muti-drug resistance was common.The lowest drug resistance rate was to imipenem(13.5%).For 13 antibacterial agents,the rates of drug resistances were higher than 50.0%.For gentamicin,amikacin,ciprofloxacin,chloramphenicol,sulfamethoxazole,and piperacillin,the rates of drug resistance were 56.2%,60.7%,53.9%,62.9%,62.9% and 57.3%,respectively.For second and third generation cephlosporins,and aztreonam,the drug resistance rates were 51.7% to 66.3%.For cefoxitin and ampicillin,the drug resistance rates were higher to 89.9% and 91.0%.CONCLUSIONS The resistance of A.baumannii causing nosocomial is serious.The reasonable use of antibacterial agents must based on the result of susceptiblity test.The disinfection should be strengthened for hospital environment and medical staff in order to control existance and spread of A.baumannii in hospital.
Hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid function in anorexia nervosa: influence of weight gain.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The functional state of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis was assessed in 14 women and girls with anorexia nervosa when at low body weight and again in 12 cases after they had gained weight. Mean serum thyroxine concentrations were low before and after weight gain. Mean serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were substantially reduced at low weight and doubled after weight gain, the absolute values being linearly correlated with body weight expressed as a percentage of the ideal. Concentrations of reverse T3 were greatly increased in some patients initially and fell with weight gain. Basal concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were unchanged after weight gain but the TSH response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone was significantly augmented; delayed patterns of response were found in seven out of 12 patients tested before and three out of 12 patients tested after weight gain. Changes in the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid axis are common in anorexia nervosa and probably represent both peripheral and central adaptations to the altered nutritional state.
Multitemporal image analysis of the green space dynamics: raising issues from the Bucharest case study

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The dynamics of the green space in urban areas are key components for the urban environment monitoring options and of the urban planning strategies. In the European Union, specific regulations provide the quantitative measures for green space areas necessary for each inhabitant of a city. To assess the situation in the case of Bucharest, we used the multitemporal analysis of remotely sensed imagery based on Landsat archive available. This enabled us to characterize the possibility to monitor and assess the changes in the vegetation cover over a quarter of a century, and raised a series of issues based on the remote sensing observations and image processing. The quantitative assessment of the green spaces is further developed into proposals related to the green space provisions in urban planning, but also revisions of the quantitative measures used in regulations.
Situating private equity capital in the land grab debate

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper examines the private equity investment landscape in African land and agriculture markets by exploring two underlying questions: (1) Within the global land grab trend, how is power manifested for private equity investors? and (2) What are the development implications of private equity-backed investments? The essay begins with an overview of the recent rise of private equity in African land markets. It then analyzes the power relations embedded in this trend, particularly exploring the issues of information asymmetry and 'creative destruction' inherent in private equity finance, and their implications for governance and labour. Finally, the paper examines the power dynamics that characterize the relatively new relationship between private equity groups and development finance. Drawing on several illustrations of the World Bank Group's involvement in private equity-backed land investments, this paper demonstrates how the overlapping interests between development finance and private equity groups, in part, explain private equity's presence in emerging farmland markets.