jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Western forest diseases and climate relations: General considerations, dwarf mistletoe and stem rusts

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This is a preliminary, draft outline for organizing information on the relation of climate to western forest diseases. The question is how to assess the threat of these diseases under a regime of climate change. Although forest diseases are often important, assessment of disease-climate relations is a challenging problem due to the multiple values at risk and the complexity of these systems. Several approaches are described and illustrated with examples for mistletoes and stem rust. Only a sampling of examples is given to illustrate a variety of concepts; many additional examples are to be found in the literature. Knowledge gaps are identified.
Effects of a Protein/carbohydrate Energy Drink on Cytokines During Prolonged Cycling in Hot Environmental Conditions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PURPOSE: Intense or prolonged exercise and/or heat stress might actually affect the immune system creating a response similar to trauma or inflammation, which can result in viral infections. For example, during prolonged exercise, inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-a and IL-6 are produced and released. Although there have been several studies examining the effects of nutritional supplementation on cytokine release in elite athletes, studies are few that have observed the effects of diverse energy drinks during exercise in adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this study will be to compare the production and release of inflammatory cytokines TNF-a and IL-6, in addition to the stress hormone cortisol, during prolonged cycling under hot environmental conditions while ingesting fluid that contains a ratio of 4:1 carbohydrates and protein versus water METHODS: Ten elite cyclists cycled for two occasions for 2.5 hours at 75% VO2max in an environmental chamber set at 35 degrees Celsius and 60% relative humidity. During the first session the cyclists were given 4ml*k -1 of water/kg body weight*15 minutes-1. During the second session they were given 4ml*k -1 of a 4:1 protein/carbohydrate drink/kg body weight *15 minutes-1. Blood samples were taken pre, post, 2 hours, and 12 hours post exercise. SPSS data was utilized to analyze data through repeated measures ANOVA RESULTS: Plasma TNF-£, IL-6, and Cortisol were significantly higher (p < 0.05) during the water feeding conditions CONCLUSIONS: Feedings of 4:1 protein/carbohydrate drink during long periods of cycling in hot and humid environments attenuate inflammatory responses in cyclists. This response needs to be addressed since adequate ergogenic aids can be the culprit for immune deficiencies post-competition in hot environments.
MicroRNA-30c-5p ameliorates hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced tubular epithelial cell injury via HIF1α stabilization by targeting SOCS3

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The cellular hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) model is an ideal method to study ischemia-reperfusion injury, which is associated with high mortality. The role of microRNA-30c-5p (miR-30c-5p) in the H/R epithelial cell model remains unknown. In the current study, we observed a significant reduction in apoptosis when miR-30c-5p was up-regulated. We also found decreased levels of C-caspase-3 (C-CASP3) and Bcl-2-associated X (BAX) proteins and increased levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2). Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) showed similar results. Down-regulating miR-30c-5p increased the levels of apoptosis and C-CASP3 and BAX expression; additionally, cell proliferation was inhibited. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) protein expression levels were up-regulated in response to up-regulation of miR-30c-5p expression. The anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects of miR-30c-5p decreased significantly after the HIF1α protein levels were knocked down. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we confirmed that miR-30c-5p targets suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (SOCS3). HIF1α levels increased when SOCS3 was blocked. Our data show that SOCS3 expression enhances apoptosis in the H/R model. In conclusion, up-regulating miR-30c-5p protects cells from H/R -induced apoptosis and induces cell proliferation; furthermore, HIF1α markedly contributes to this protective effect. MiR-30c-5p stabilizes HIF1α expression by targeting SOCS3 to achieve anti-apoptotic and proliferative effects.
Effects of antidepressants on alcohol-induced gastric mucosal injury in rats.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The purpose of the present report is to study the effects of antidepressants such as trimipramine, amitriptyline, maprotiline and mianserin on severe gastric mucosal lesions produced by ethanol in comparison with cimetidine (H2-antihistamine) and dexchlorepheniramine (H2-antihistamine). The percentage of macroscopic mucosal lesions caused by alcohol affects 15% of the mucosal area. But pretreated with cimetidine the affected area was 9.18%, with dexchlorepheniramine 5.01%, with trimipramine 14.46%, with amitripytline 7.94%, with maprotiline 3.8%, and with mianserin 4.07%. Microscopic evaluation reveals that ethanol produces destruction of glandular cells and injures medial and basal layers. All drugs used previously to ethanol produce a decrease of microscopical lesions. A direct relation was found between micro and macroscopical lesions in rats treated with maprotiline, mianserin and dexchlorepheniramine.
The AC5 protein encoded by Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus is a pathogenicity determinant that suppresses RNA silencing‐based antiviral defenses

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Summary It is generally accepted that begomoviruses in the family Geminiviridae encode four proteins (from AC1/C1 to AC4/C4) using the complementary‐sense DNA as template. Although AC 5/C5 coding sequences are increasingly annotated in databases for many begomoviruses, the evolutionary relationships and functions of this putative protein in viral infection are obscure. Here, we demonstrate several important functions of the AC 5 protein of a bipartite begomovirus, Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus ( MYMIV ). Mutational analyses and transgenic expression showed that AC 5 plays a critical role in MYMIV infection. Ectopic expression of AC 5 from a Potato virus X ( PVX ) vector resulted in severe mosaic symptoms followed by a hypersensitive‐like response in Nicotiana benthamiana . Furthermore, MYMIV AC 5 effectively suppressed post‐transcriptional gene silencing induced by single‐stranded but not double‐stranded RNA . AC 5 was also able to reverse transcriptional gene silencing of a green fluorescent protein transgene by reducing methylation of promoter sequences, probably through repressing expression of a CHH cytosine methyltransferase ( DOMAINS REARRANGED METHYLTRANSFERASE 2) in N. benthamiana . Our results demonstrate that MYMIV AC 5 is a pathogenicity determinant and a potent RNA silencing suppressor that employs novel mechanisms to suppress antiviral defenses, and suggest that the AC 5 function may be conserved among many begomoviruses.
On Orthogonal Polynomials and Finite Moment Problem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Background: This paper is an improvement of a previous work on the problem recovering a function or probability density function from a finite number of its geometric moments, [1]. The previous worked solved the problem with the help of the B-Spline theory which is a great approach as long as the resulting linear system is not very large. In this work, two solution algorithms based on the approximate representation of the target probability distribution function via an orthogonal expansion are provided. One primary application of this theory is the reconstruction of the Particle Size Distribution (PSD), occurring in chemical engineering applications. Another application of this theory is the reconstruction of the Radon transform of an image at an unknown angle using the moments of the transform at known angles which leads to the reconstruction of the image form limited data. Objective: The aim is to recover a probability density function from a finite number of its geometric moments. Methods: The tool is the orthogonal expansion approach. The Shifted-Legendre Polynomials and the Chebyshev Polynomials as bases for the orthogonal expansion are used in this study. Results: A high degree of accuracy has been obtained in recovering a function without facing a possible ill-conditioned linear system, which is the case with many typical approaches of solving the problem. In fact, for a normalized template function f on the interval [0, 1], and a reconstructed function ; the reconstruction accuracy is measured in two domains. One is the moment domain, in which the error (difference between the moments of f and the moments of ) is zero. The other measure is the standard difference in the norm -space || f - || which can be ≈ 10 -6 or less. Conclusion: This paper discusses the problem of recovering a function from a finite number of its geometric moments for the PSD application. Linear transformations were used, as needed, so that the function is supported on the unit interval [0, 1], or on [0, α] for some choice of α. This transformation forces the sequence of moments to vanish. Then, an orthogonal expansion of the Scaled Shifted Legendre Polynomials, as well as the Chebyshev Polynomials, are developed. The result shows good accuracy in recovering different types of synthetic functions. It is believed that up to fifteen moments, this approach is safe and reliable.
Thickness Dependence of Structure and Optical Characteristics in Fluorine-Doped SnO2Films Grown by Spray Pyrolysis Method

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Transparent conducting thin films of fluorine-doped SnO2 were deposited on glass substrates by a spray pyrolysis technique in order to investigate the effect of film thickness. These films were prepared at a substrate temperature of 500 °C. The thickness of the samples was between approximately 70 nm and 1.5 µm. The preferred grain orientation of the films varied with increasing film thickness. The grain size of the surface increased with increasing film thickness. Crystal growth occurred at several stages of film growth. In the first stage, pores were formed in the film. Secondly, the grains grew in two dimensions and completely coved the substrate surface. Finally, the grains became columnar crystals with increasing film thickness. The electrical resistivity decreased with increasing film thickness although this was accompanied by a decrease in optical transmittance. The IR absorption increased despite a constant carrier concentration. Film thickness also increased. This result meant that with a constant high carrier concentration, the increased film thickness enhanced the absorption.
A Yellow-Eyed Mutant of the Melon Fly1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article A Yellow-Eyed Mutant of the Melon Fly Get access R. M. Kobayashi, R. M. Kobayashi Hawaiian Fruit Flies Investigations, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Honolulu, Hawaii 96804 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. L. Chamers, D. L. Chamers 3 Hawaiian Fruit Flies Investigations, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Honolulu, Hawaii 96804 3Present address: Insect Attractants, Behavior, and Basic Biology Research Laboratory, Agric. Res. Serv., Gainesville, Fla. 32601. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. L. Schneider E. L. Schneider Hawaiian Fruit Flies Investigations, Agric. Res. Serv., USDA, Honolulu, Hawaii 96804 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 66, Issue 3, 1 June 1973, Pages 792–793, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/66.3.792 Published: 01 June 1973 Article history Received: 30 October 1972 Published: 01 June 1973
INTRAVENOUSLY INDUCED ANESTHESIA FOR OPERATIONS ON THE LARYNX UNDER DIRECT LARYNGOSCOPY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

While many laryngologic operations can be performed under indirect laryngoscopy, the ease with which suspension laryngoscopy can be employed at the present time makes indirect laryngoscopy hardly necessary. Suspension laryngoscopy has certain advantages for both the patient and the surgeon. The patient finds it less trying than indirect laryngoscopy, particularly if he is nervous and excitable. The surgeon, in turn, is not hampered during the operative procedure by spasticity in the patient. This method is particularly valuable when it is necessary to take a specimen of the lesion and wait for a diagnosis on the basis of a fresh, frozen section. If the microscopic diagnosis makes treatment necessary, the whole procedure may be completed at the one time while the patient is still asleep. Most intraoral laryngologic operations at the Mayo Clinic are done employing the induction of anesthesia to be described and using suspension laryngoscopy. The anesthesia for suspension
NONPARAMETRIC MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATION OF A CONCAVE RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE VIA GEOMETRIC PROGRAMMING

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve plots the true positive rate of a classier against its false positive rate, both of which are accuracy measures of the classier. The ROC curve has several interesting geometrical properties, including concavity which is a necessary condition for a classier to be optimal. In this paper, we study the nonparametric maximum likelihood estimator (NPMLE) of a concave ROC curve and its modification to reduce bias. We characterize the NPMLE as a solution to a geometric programming, a special type of a mathematical optimization problem. We find that the NPMLE is close to the convex hull of the empirical ROC curve and, thus, has smaller variance but positive bias at a given false positive rate. To reduce the bias, we propose a modification of the NPMLE which minimizes the $L_1$ distance from the empirical ROC curve. We numerically compare the finite sample performance of three estimators, the empirical ROC curve, the NMPLE, and the modified NPMLE. Finally, we apply the estimators to estimating the optimal ROC curve of the variance-threshold classier to segment a low depth of field image and to finding a diagnostic tool with multiple tests for detection of hemophilia A carrier.
Education: The Global Gender Gap

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Girls’ education is a fundamental right, as well as a catalyst for economic growth and human development. Despite this, girls comprise two-thirds of the 125 million children across the world who are not in school. The World Education Forum in Dakar in April 2000 provides an opportunity to launch a concrete programme to deliver the internationally agreed target of achieving Universal Primary Education by 2015, and to close the gender gap in education. The British Government should provide the international leadership required to tackle the global education crisis, and to close the gender gap. This kind of leadership has been extremely effective on debt relief. The Prime Minister should take the lead in launching a global initiative aimed at mobilising $8 billion per annum in support of national education reform strategies with robust monitoring of progress towards Universal Primary Education, and the elimination of the gender gap in education.
Pre-, post- and delayed post-test evaluation of the conceptual understanding of direct current resistive electric circuits of cohorts of first year electrical engineering students

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is an increasing diversity of educational background of students entering ordinary degree (Level 7) and honours degree (Level 8) programmes in engineering at Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT). Partly as a result, student reasoning about basic electricity concepts often differs from accepted explanations. The paper reports, analyses and reflects on the results of a multiple-choice diagnostic test to assess student understanding of such concepts (developed for U.S. high school and college students [1]) taken, as a pre-test, by four cohorts of first year students, on the same DIT Level 7 engineering programme, from 2008-12 (n=106) and two cohorts of first year students, on the same DIT Level 8 engineering programme, from 2010-12 (n=64). The performance of the student cohorts is similar, and is little influenced by previous exposure to relevant subjects in second level (high school) education. In the 2012-13 academic year, an updated version of the diagnostic test was taken, in a pilot study, by one cohort of first year students on the DIT Level 8 engineering programme; this test was administered as a pre-test before instruction, as a post-test immediately after instruction and as a delayed post-test approximately fifteen weeks after instruction. Results show that there is little improvement in conceptual understanding of d.c. resistive electric circuits, as measured by the test, when pre-test, post-test and delayed post-test scores are compared.
Determining the prevalence of injuries, musculoskeletal symptoms, and stressors in athletic training students

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Athletic training is one of the youngest and most rapidly growing professions in the medical field. One of the most prevalent problems with this young profession is the lack of information in the literature about injury, illness, and symptom reporting throughout the course of their career. The purpose of this study was to determine the self-reported prevalence of clinical-related injury, and musculoskeletal disorders/dysfunctions in current athletic training students. I hypothesized that the low back, neck, hand, and knee would be the most frequently affected body areas. Athletic training students from the University of Arkansas were recruited to take this survey. Descriptive statistical analyses of these responses were used to understand symptom, illness, and job stressors. The most commonly reported symptom was lower back pain (77%), followed by neck and shoulder pain (56%). Four of 14 (28.6%) people who reported lower back symptoms said that it also affected their work. Inadequate sleep, long work weeks, and long work days were the three top contributors to mental stressors. We also found in investigating environmental stressors that by grouping job uncertainty, inadequate staffing, and workload greater than usual all could stem from a similar issue of workplace culture. This information can be used to create educational competencies for students to decrease injury and reduce musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace.
Nazirites in Late Second Temple Judaism: A Survey of Ancient Jewish Writings, the New Testament, Archaeological Evidence, and Other Writings from Late Antiquity. By STUART CHEPEY.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This volume, a revision of a doctoral dissertation written in Oxford under the supervision of Martin Goodman, is a summary and analysis of the evidence for Nazirites from c.200 bc to ad 70. The overall aim is limited to surveying the material, assessing its historicity, and identifying what presuppositions about the Nazirate underlie it. On the other hand, ‘what this study is not attempting to do it to write a complete history of the Nazirate or the institution of the Nazirite vow in this era’ (p. 15). Perhaps surprisingly, there has been no major study of the Nazirate since a dissertation by H. Salmanowitsch in 1931, so the present volume attracts some welcome attention to this fascinating subject. An introduction has a brief sketch of Numbers 6 and the biblical passages about Samson, Samuel, and the Nazirites in Amos. It also surveys some recent studies of the Nazirite vow, including especially those which have an eye on New Testament discussions of the Synoptic Gospels and Acts. There is a brief statement on method: the study proceeds in chronological order, including all potential evidence, whether it turns out to be useful or not.
Characterization of RFRS9, a second member of the Rhizobium fredii repetitive sequence family from the nitrogen-fixing symbiont R. fredii USDA257

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The genome of the nitrogen-fixing symbiont, Rhizobium fredii USDA257, contains nine copies of repetitive sequences known as the R. fredii repetitive sequence (RFRS) family. We previously sequenced RFRS3, which is linked to symbiosis plasmid-borne nodulation genes of this organism and has substantial homology to the T-DNA of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and lesser homology to reiterated sequences of Bradyrhizobium japonicum. Here we characterize a second family member, RFRS9. The EcoRI fragment containing RFRS9 is 1,248 bp in length and contains a single 666-bp open reading frame that is flanked by perfect 8-bp inverted repeats. Nucleic and amino acid sequences corresponding to the C terminus of the putative RFRS9 protein are nearly identical to those of RFRS3, and they retain homology to DNA from A. rhizogenes. The central portion of the RFRS9 protein also appears to be related to the S locus-specific glycoprotein family of pollen stigma incompatibility glycoproteins from Brassica oleracea, which are involved in signal perception. Sequences that define the RFRS family are restricted to the open reading frame of RFRS9 and associated upstream sequences. These regions also contain a second group of repetitive sequences, which is present in four copies within the genome of USDA257. Both families of repetitive sequences are ubiquitous in R. fredii, and they are preferentially localized on symbiosis plasmids. Southern hybridization confirms that sequences homologous to RFRS9 are present in broad-host-range Rhizobium sp. strain NGR234, in A. rhizogenes, and in two biotype 3 strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens.
Demystifying the Base and Novel Performances for Few-shot Class-incremental Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Few-shot class-incremental learning (FSCIL) has addressed challenging real-world scenarios where unseen novel classes continually arrive with few samples. In these scenarios, it is required to develop a model that recognizes the novel classes without forgetting prior knowledge. In other words, FSCIL aims to maintain the base performance and improve the novel performance simultaneously. However, there is little study to investigate the two performances separately. In this paper, we first decompose the entire model into four types of parameters and demonstrate that the tendency of the two performances varies greatly with the updated parameters when the novel classes appear. Based on the analysis, we propose a simple method for FSCIL, coined as NoNPC, which uses normalized prototype classifiers without further training for incremental novel classes. It is shown that our straightforward method has comparable performance with the sophisticated state-of-the-art algorithms.