jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Changing Aesthetics in Biomolecular Graphics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Aesthetics for the visualization of biomolecular structures have evolved over the years according to technological advances, user needs, and modes of dissemination. In this article, we explore the goals, challenges, and solutions that have shaped the current landscape of biomolecular imagery from the overlapping perspectives of computer science, structural biology, and biomedical illustration. We discuss changing approaches to rendering, color, human-computer interface, and narrative in the development and presentation of biomolecular graphics. With this historical perspective on the evolving styles and trends in each of these areas, we identify opportunities and challenges for future aesthetics in biomolecular graphics that encourage continued collaboration from multiple intersecting fields.
GAMAPLUS - a gamma spectrometric system for food contamination evaluation

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Measuring radioactive samples from environment and animal sub-products which usually have low radioactivity and a mixture of radionuclides, requires the use of complex spectrometric systems. The GAMAPLUS system is currently equipped with a 50x50 mm NaI(Tl) scintillation detector that provides a high counting efficiency (typical I-125 efficiency is 82%). All the electronic modules (High Voltage Supply, Pulse Amplifier, ADC) in the system are fully digitally controlled by the computer via a specialized interface and a special device driver, which is a resident program. The spectrum acquisition is performed in the background by the device driver. Spectrum processing (peak search, background subtraction, radionuclide identification, energy and efficiency calibration, activity and associated error calculation) is done by a special application. This one has a user friendly graphic interface and includes database for sample parameter storage and readout facilities. The application program includes also special functions for radioactive mixture measurement. as well as, for Radio-Immune-Assay (RIA) calibration (four-parameter logistic, spline) and evaluation of the unknown RIA concentration. GAMAPLUS is now in use in several regional surveillance laboratories in Romania. (authors)
Electrode architectures for enhanced lithium ion battery performance

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Increasing prevalence of portable electronic devices and growing concern over the consumption of fossil fuels have led to a growing demand for more efficient energy storage options. Lithium ion chemistry has grown to dominate the battery market, but still requires improvement to meet the increasing need for smaller, cheaper, better performing batteries. The use of nanomaterials has garnered much attention in recent years as a potential way of improving battery performance while decreasing the size. However, new problems are introduced with these materials such as low packing density and high reactivity with the electrolyte. This research focuses on the development of an electrode architecture using nanomaterials which will decrease lithium ion transport distance while enhancing electrical conductivity within the cell. The proposed architecture consists of a stacked, 2D structure composed of layers of carbon nanotubes and active material particles, and can be applied to both the anode and the cathode. The process also has the advantage of low cost because it can be performed under normal laboratory conditions (e.g. temperature and pressure) and easily adapted to a commercial scale.
A study of the diffusion of indium into TaS2 and TaSe2 in a scanning electron microscope

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray analyser is used to study in situ the thermal diffusion of indium into single crystals of TaS2 and TaSe2, the diffusion being parallel to the layers. The diffusion process causes distortion of the crystals which can be observed by scanning electron microscopy. The diffusion coefficients D are obtained at various temperatures, T, from the X-ray line scans and the times of diffusion. Graphs of ln D versus 1/T show that the diffusion can be characterised by D0 a diffusion constant and E0 an activation energy where for In/TaS2 D0 = 6.7 × 10−7 m2 s−1, E0 = 0.28 eV mol−1 and for In/TaSe2 D0 = 2.65 × 10−6 m2 s−1 and E0 = 0.44 eV mol−1. Transmission electron diffraction studies show that thermally diffused indium orders in TaS2 and in TaSe2 and that the ordering increases as the temperature is reduced from room temperature to 100 K. The patterns indicate the presence of orientational variants. In InxTaS2 (x ≦ 0.2) three orientation variants of a rectangular, \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 2a_0 \times \,\sqrt {\rm 3} \,a_0 $\end{document}, superlattice have been observed where a0 is a basal plane lattice vector for TaS2. Ein Rasterelektronenmikroskop, das mit einem energiedispersiven Röntgenanalysator ausgerüstet ist, wird zur in-situ-Untersuchung der thermischen Diffusion von In in TaS2- und TaSe2- Einkristallen verwendet. Die Diffusion erfolgt parallel zu den Schichten. Der Diffusionsprozeß verursacht Kristallverspannungen, die mit dem Rasterelektronenmikroskop verfolgt werden. Die Diffusionskoeffizienten D werden bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen mit Hilfe der Röntgenstrahllinienraster und aus den Diffusionszeiten ermittelt. Auftragung von ln D über 1/T zeigt, daß die Diffusion durch die Diffusionskonstante D0 und die Aktivierungsenergie E0 bestimmt sind, wobei für In/TaS2 D0 = 6,7 × 10−7 m2 s−1, E0 = 0,28 eV mol−1 und für In/TaSe2 D0 = 2,65 × 10−6 m2 s−1 und E0 = 0,44 eV mol−1 ist. Transmissionselektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß sich das thermisch diffundierte Indium in TaS2 und TaSe2 ordnet und daß die Ordnung mit Temperaturabnahme von Raumtemperatur auf 100 K zunimmt. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf das Vorhandensein von Orientierungsvarianten hin. InxTaS2 (x ≦ 0,2) werden drei Orientierungsvarianten eines rechteckigen \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ 2a_0 \times \,\sqrt {\rm 3} \,a_0 $\end{document} -Supergitters gefunden, wobei a0 ein ebener Basisgittervektor für TaS2 ist.
A Conceptual Framework for Effective Knowledge Management Using Information and Communication Technologies

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper investigates the role of information and communication technologies in enabling and facilitating the conversion of knowledge objects in knowledge management and explores how these roles might be affected in an organization. Such an investigation is based on a critical analysis of the relationships between data, information and knowledge, leading to the development of a transformation model between data, information and knowledge. Using a multi-method approach, in this paper, the author presents a conceptual framework for effective knowledge management in an organization. The author discusses the implications of the proposed framework for designing and developing knowledge management systems in an organization.
JGR papers on LAGEOS

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

AGU is inviting contributions to a special issue of the Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR) devoted to the results from analyses of Laser Geodynamics Satellite (LAGEOS). Examples of topics appropriate for the issue include, but are not limited to: (1) Geodesy: gravity field, intersite baseline distances, polar motion, earth tides, and satellite orbit perturbations (2) Tectonophysics: tectonic plate motion, crustal deformation, gravity and geoid interpretation, and mantle convection, structure, and rheology (3) Solid earth‐ocean‐atmosphere interactions.
A MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATION STUDY OF CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES AND SOLVATION OF Aβ PEPTIDE IN TRIFLUOROETHANOL AND WATER

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of amyloid beta peptide have been performed in aqueous solutions of trifluoroethanol with different concentrations. The amount of α-helical secondary structure increases when going from pure water to trifluoroethanol-rich solutions. The conformation obtained in 40% (v/v) trifluoroethanol solution is very similar to the experimental observations of beta peptide in sodium dodecyl sulfate micelle. In this solution, the peptide has two helical segments connected through a looped region. The C-terminal helix of beta peptide unfolds in pure water. The effect of trifluoroethanol on peptide's secondary structure has been explained using the properties calculated from MD trajectories.
LHD 9O-BC01-01-NF #161580.2

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The plasma monitor cameras are installed in 6-T, 6-O and 10-O ports for monitoring LHD plasmas. Five cameras are set in 3-O port for observing the lower divertor structure near 2.5-L port and the plasma-wall interactions on the divertor plates.
ChemInform Abstract: New Efficient Synthesis of 5,6‐Disubstituted‐3‐phenyl‐1,2,3‐triazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidin‐7‐ones via a Tandem Aza‐Wittig Reaction.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Most of the title compounds (VI) (12 examples) possess good herbicidal activity against the roots and stalk of rape and barnyard grass.
FILM AND THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY Ed. Jeff Menne and Christian B. Long. Routledge, 2015. 280 pp. $145 cloth.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

"FILM AND THE AMERICAN PRESIDENCY Ed. Jeff Menne and Christian B. Long. Routledge, 2015. 280 pp. $145 cloth.." Journal of Popular Film and Television, 45(4), pp. 236–237
ZrO2 on GaN metal oxide semiconductor capacitors via plasma assisted atomic layer deposition

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

ZrO2 has been deposited on GaN by Atomic Layer Deposition. Multiple Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Capacitors with 4.4 nm, 5.4 nm, and 8.5 nm of ZrO2 oxide were fabricated with Cr electrodes. Capacitance measurements produce capacitance densities as high as 3.8 μF/cm2. Current densities of 0.88 A/cm2 at 1 V for the 4.4 nm oxides and hysteresis values of less than 6 mV were observed for the 5.8 nm oxide, indicating an interfacial Dit not greater than 6.4 × 1010 cm2. Temperature dependent current measurements revealed no signature Poole-Frankel component. Comprehensive assessment of these measurements indicates a low defect density oxide formed on GaN with a low number of interface states.
Hamiltonicity, pancyclicity, and full cycle extendability in multipartite tournaments

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A digraph with vertices is Hamiltonian (pancyclic and vertex‐pancyclic, respectively) if contains a Hamilton cycle (a cycle of every length , for every vertex , a cycle of every length through , respectively.) It is well‐known that a strongly connected tournament is Hamiltonian, pancyclic, and vertex pancyclic. A digraph is cycle extendable if for every non‐Hamiltonian cycle of , there is a cycle such that contains all vertices of plus another vertex of . A cycle extendable digraph is fully cycle extendable if for every vertex , there exists a cycle of length 3 through . Note that full cycle extendability is a stronger property than vertex pancyclicity. While it is well‐known that every strongly connected tournament is vertex pancyclic, Hendry showed that not every strongly connected tournament is fully cycle extendable and characterized an infinite class of strongly connected tournaments, which are not fully cycle extendable. A ‐partite tournament is an orientation of a ‐partite complete graph (for , it is called a bipartite tournament). Gutin and later Häggkvist and Manoussakis characterized Hamiltonian bipartite tournaments. A bipartite digraph with vertices is even pancyclic (even vertex pancyclic, respectively) if contains a cycle of every even length (a cycle of every even length through for every , respectively). Beineke and Little, and Zhang proved that every bipartite tournament is even pancyclic and even vertex pancyclic, respectively, if and only if it is Hamiltonian and does not belong to a well‐defined infinite class of regular bipartite tournaments. We prove that unlike in the case of tournaments, every even pancyclic bipartite tournament is fully cycle extendable. We show that this result cannot be extended to ‐partite tournaments for any fixed (where we naturally replace even vertex pancyclicity by vertex pancyclicity).
A novel neuro-optimization method for multi-operator scheduling in cloud-RANs

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The software-defined approach of cloud radio access networks (C-RANs) enables supporting multiple virtual operators (VOs) on the same physical infrastructure. In this shared environment, a coordinator is needed to manage the sharing of resources between the VOs. Designing a coordinator is about striking a good balance between the flexibility given to the VOs, and the efficiency of the resource utilization. In this paper, we study the problem of coordinated scheduling in the multi-operator cloud-RAN environment. We formulate the problem as a distributed scheduling performed by the VOs, after which they submit their resource requests to a centralized coordinator. The coordinator selects a subset of non-conflicting requests for transmission. We show that the problem in the general case is NP-hard. We then discuss two special cases and relate them to the existing communication protocols. By gaining insights from these two special cases, we propose a general heuristic, which works on any formulation of the problem, and is still able to provide close-to-optimum performance in the special cases we considered. The heuristic is shown to have some similarities to the neuro-computation techniques such as Hopfield-network. Finally, simulation results are provided to show the efficiency of the proposed algorithms.
STUDIES ON LIPASE. III. ON THE ACTIVATION OF LIVER ESTERASE

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Journal Article STUDIES ON LIPASE. III. ON THE ACTIVATION OF LIVER ESTERASE Get access TOSHIICHI YAMAMOTO TOSHIICHI YAMAMOTO Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Kyoto, Medical FacultyKyoto Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 38, Issue 4, December 1951, Pages 335–341, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a126262 Published: 01 December 1951 Article history Received: 26 July 1951 Published: 01 December 1951
Restructuring Democratic Infrastructures: A Policy Approach to the Journalism Crisis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Democracy requires a free press. However, most people rarely reflect on the requisite infrastructures and policies that maintain a healthy press system. Today, as we look to journalism to protect us against misinformation and authoritarianism, the press is in a structural crisis. Journalism's institutional support is collapsing, leaving entire regions and issues uncovered at a time when we desperately need reliable information and robust reporting. The crisis is disproportionately harming specific groups and regions, especially communities of color, rural areas, and lower socio-economic neighborhoods. This article addresses key policy issues that are central to the future of journalism, including those connected to media ownership, broadband policy, and the rise of new digital monopolies such as Facebook. It concludes with a call for designing a new public media system in the United States.
Optimal Bounds for Solving Tridiagonal Systems with Preconditioning

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $(1)T{\bf x} = {\bf f}$ be a linear tridiagonal system of n equations in the unknowns $x_1 , \cdots ,x_n $. It is proved that $3n - 2$ (nonscalar) multiplications/divisions are necessary to solve $(1)$ in a straight-line program excluding divisions by elements of ${\bf f}$. This bound is optimal if the cost of preconditioning of T is not counted. Analogous results are obtained in case (i) T is bidiagonal and (ii) T and ${\bf f}$ are both centrosymmetric. The existence of parallel algorithms to solve $(1)$ with preconditioning and with minimal multiplicative redundancy is also discussed.
A Deep Learning Approach for Chromium Detection and Characterization from Soil Hyperspectral Data

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

High levels of chromium (Cr) in soil pose a significant threat to both humans and the environment. Laboratory-based chemical analysis methods for Cr are time consuming and expensive; thus, there is an urgent need for a more efficient method for detecting Cr in soil. In this study, a deep neural network (DNN) approach was applied to the Land Use and Cover Area frame Survey (LUCAS) dataset to develop a hyperspectral soil Cr content prediction model with good generalizability and accuracy. The optimal DNN model was constructed by optimizing the spectral preprocessing methods and DNN hyperparameters, which achieved good predictive performance for Cr detection, with a correlation coefficient value of 0.79 on the testing set. Four important hyperspectral bands with strong Cr sensitivity (400–439, 1364–1422, 1862–1934, and 2158–2499 nm) were identified by permutation importance and local interpretable model-agnostic explanations. Soil iron oxide and clay mineral content were found to be important factors influencing soil Cr content. The findings of this study provide a feasible method for rapidly determining soil Cr content from hyperspectral data, which can be further refined and applied to large-scale Cr detection in the future.
Pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila in giant freshwater prawn; Macrobrachium rosenbergii, cultured in East Malaysia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Aeromonas infections are becoming a major risk factor in commercial aquaculture and it has been reported that a wide variety of fish and shellfish species are susceptible to this infection. In this study, 3 isolates of Aeromonas hydrophila were isolated from giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) cultured in Kuala Pilah Simbilan Nigri in East Malaysia. Conventional and rapid identification systems (API 20E strips) were used for preliminary identification based on the biochemical characters of the isolated bacteria. On the other hand, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the universal primer 16S rRNA, was done as an accurate and confirmatory identification. The virulence of A. hydrophila was determined using a pathogenicity test via I/M injection. The results revealed that the isolated bacteria were identified as A. hydrophila that revealed a high degree of similarity (98%) to the NCBI or Genbank database. Based on pathogenicity test results, LD50 was determined as 1×106 CFU/50µl, while 1×107 CFU/50µl induced 100% mortality in the experimentally injected prawns. Histopathological changes were found in several organs including gill, hepatopancreas and heart. Those changes were mainly, melanisation, tissue erosion and necrosis, infiltration and hyperplasia of gill lamellae and mild or massive haemocyte reaction in the infected organs.
Quest for a Star: The Civil War Letters and Diaries of Colonel Francis T. Sherman of the 88th Illinois (review)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

What makes Quest for a Star stand out among similar published collections is the author's political commentary. Col. Francis ("Frank") Trowbridge Sherman was no ordinary officer, but the son of Francis Cornwall Sherman, Chicago's Democratic wartime mayor. Although this volume contains rich descriptive accounts of major western battles and prison life, most of the letters were written by Sherman to his father. A War Democrat, the younger Sherman vents opinions about conduct of the war, political climate in the army, and his father's truckling with Peace Democrats. Even the book's title refers to the self-taught colonel's pursuit of promotion and the political machinations involved in this ambition.
CORSAIR - questionnaires

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In February 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic spread to the UK. The Department of Health and Social Care (DHSC) had begun a series of surveys to explore public responses in late January 2020. Our project was activated by NIHR shortly after these surveys began.In total, DHSC commissioned 73 waves of data collection. Data collection for the first survey was carried out on 28 to 30 January 2020 and data collection for the last wave was carried out on 11 to 13 April 2022 (n=149,640 responses). Surveys were conducted weekly at first, then moved to a fortnightly rhythm with some exceptions.During the COVID-19 pandemic, we contributed to survey design and analysed these data as part of a service evaluation of the Department of Health and Social Care’s public communications campaign. Now that the UK is no longer actively responding to the pandemic, we have been granted ethical approval to carry out secondary analyses of the pre-existing CORSAIR dataset by the Psychiatry, Nursing, and Midwifery (PNM) Research Ethics Panel (reference number LRS-22/23-39099).This record includes the questionnaires used for each wave of the study.
Regulating Private Military Companies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This work examines the ability of existing and evolving PMC regulation to adequately control private force, and it challenges the capacity of international law to deliver accountability in the event of private military company (PMC) misconduct. From medieval to early modern history, private soldiers dominated the military realm and were fundamental to the waging of wars until the rise of a national citizen army. Today, PMCs are again a significant force, performing various security, logistics, and strategy functions across the world. Unlike mercenaries or any other form of irregular force, PMCs acquired a corporate legal personality, a legitimising status that alters the governance model of today. Drawing on historical examples of different forms of governance, the relationship between neoliberal states and private military companies is conceptualised here as a form of a 'shared governance'. It reflects states' reliance on PMCs relinquishing a degree of their power and transferring certain functions to the private sector. As non-state actors grow in authority, wielding power, and making claims to legitimacy through self-regulation, other sources of law also become imaginable and relevant to enact regulation and invoke responsibility.
A New Map Of Arkansas Compiled From The Latest Information by James Callan, Civil Engineer, Washington City. Philadelphia. Published by S. Augustus Mitchell. 1839. Sold By Thomas, Cowperthwait & Co. No. 253 Market Street. Entered ... 1836 by S. Augustus Mitchell ... Pennsylvania. Engraved by J.H. Young.

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

1st edition 1836, copyright 1836; this is likely the third edition. Scarce, not in Phillips. This map is not listed in any collections; it an early and important map of Arkansas, first published the year (1836) that Arkansas became a state. James Callan compiled the map but little else is known about him. The map shows Land Districts and offices, Military Bounty Lands and Military Townships "unfit for cultivation," Steam Boat Routes, and much other political and physical detail. In the southwest corner of the state the boundary line is west of the final boundary and a line even further west is listed as "Proposed Boundary of Arkansas." See Heaston Catalogue 11 #16 for a copy of the 1837 edition described as "one of the few early Arkansas pocket maps." Full color, folded into beautiful stamped burgundy leather covers 12.5x7.5 with "Mitchell's Map Of Arkansas" in gilt. Prime meridian is Washington D.C. Relief shown by hachures.