jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Chloride flux from blood to CSF: inhibition by furosemide and bumetanide

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Movement of chloride from blood to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is one of the factors that may be involved in regulation of CSF [Cl-], which is important to CSF acid-base balance. We made quantitative measurements of the unidirectional flux of radiolabeled chloride between blood and CSF in anesthetized dogs, using 38Cl, a short-lived isotope (half-life 37.3 min). This allowed multiple studies to be performed in a given animal. A three-compartment model for the blood, CSF, brain extracellular fluid, and ventriculocisternal perfusion system was used to determine the flux rate. With normocapnia, the flux was 0.01.1 min-1. The influx could be reproducibly measured for three separate determinations in the same animal over a period of 6 h, being 98 +/- 6% of the control first run on the second run and 113 +/- 6% on the third. Furosemide and bumetanide, inhibitors of sodium-coupled chloride movement, lowered the flux to 43 +/- 3% and 55 +/- 6% of control, respectively. The combination of hypercapnia and furosemide lowered the influx to 63 +/- 9% of control. These results indicate that a major mechanism of chloride entry into CSF is sodium-dcoupled chloride transport.
Detection of hepatitis C virus in paraffin-embedded liver biopsies of patients negative for viral RNA in serum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Driess, Volker; von Both, Ingo; Muller, Marion; Gerken, Guido; Schirmacher, Peter; Odenthal, Margarete; Bartenschlager, Ralf; Drebber, Uta; zum Büschenfelde, Karl-Hermann Meyer; Dienes, Hans Peter
Printed high mobility AMOS thin film transistors

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The report is done to investigate the effects the addition of gallium to the IZO thin film transistor and hydrogen peroxide to the IGZO solution processed thin film transistor. One major issue of the IZO Thin film transistor is with the instability of the device caused by the formation of vacancy defects, which causes performance issues with the device In this report, we added Gallium to form IGZO TFTs, and the mobility of the IZO in comparison with the IGZO TFTs has increased from 5.03 cm2/V.s to 6.98 cm2/V.s and the threshold voltage from -2.67 volts to -2.02 volts. With the addition of hydrogen peroxide to the IGZO TFTs, the mobility of the IGZO device has increased from 6.98 cm2/V.s to 8.04 cm2/V.s and the threshold voltage from -1.68 volts All the results above suggests that the addition of gallium and the addition of hydrogen peroxide results in a improvement in the device parameters
Expression of TRPC1 and SBEM protein in breast cancer tissue and its relationship with clinicopathological features and prognosis of patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study investigated the relationship of the expression of transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1), small breast epithelial mucin (SBEM) in breast cancer tissues with clinical pathological features and prognosis of patients. Altogether 50 patients with breast cancer who were treated in Weifang People's hospital from April 2017 to November 2018 were selected, and the mRNA and protein differences of TRPC1 and SBEM in breast cancer patients and normal breast cancer tissues were detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Spearman test was used for correlation analysis. Logistic univariate and multivariate analysis were performed on the risk factors related to breast cancer metastasis in breast cancer patients. The expression of TRPC1 and SBEM in breast cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in normal breast tissues (P<0.001). The mRNA expression of TRPC1, SBEM and protein was not related to age, tumor size and tissue grade of breast cancer patients, but related to TNM stage, clinical stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.001). The relative expression of TRPC1 was positively correlated with clinical stage of breast cancer (r=0.992, P<0.001). The relative expression of SBEM was positively correlated with the clinical stage of breast cancer (r=0.853, P<0.001). The relative expression of TRPC1 was positively correlated with TNM staging of breast cancer (r=0.860, P<0.001). The relative expression of SBEM was positively correlated with TNM staging of breast cancer (r=0.880, P<0.001). Multivariate conditional Logistic regression analysis showed that TNM staging, TRPC1, SBEM were independent risk factors for malignant breast cancer metastasis. On the contrary, expression of TRPC1 and SBEM in breast cancer tissues was up-regulated. TRPC1 and SBEM may be involved in the process of breast cancer occurrence, development and metastasis, and can be used as potential tissue biomarkers in diagnosis of breast cancer metastasis and disease assessment.
Lethal, laggard and flowering time variants in generations following thymidine analogue treatment of Arabidopsis buds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

More recently, it has been shown that I125-labelled IUdR applied to premeiotic buds of Arabidopsis becomes incorporated selectively into nuclei of gametophytic cells (BROWN and SMITH, 1964). Such incorporation into DNA of cells which are progenitors of gametes is a prerequisite for the production of sexually transmissable genetic change in higher plants that can be attributed to the proposed mechanism of base pair substitution following analogue replacement of thymidine in DNA (FREESE, 1963). Our observations on Arabidopsis thaliana progeny populations derived from plants treated with 5-iodo or 5-bromodeoxyuridine, (IUdR or BUdR), were aimed at detecting any visible changes due to genetic alteration induced by such treatments. Deviations from the control populations were readily discernable under the uniform conditions of growth obtained.
A STUDY OF HAEMATOLOGICAL MANIFESTATIONS IN HUMAN IMMUNE DEFICIENCY VIRUS POSITIVE PATIENTS BEFORE AND AFTER ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND \nHIV infection is a multisystem disease and haematological abnormalities are among the most common complications of HIV. \nHIV associated haematological abnormalities seem to be dependent on the level of virus replication, as these abnormalities are \nsevere in late stage AIDS patients with high viremia. These abnormalities reflect the underlying immune status and may be \nprevented or corrected by use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). \nMETHODS \nOne hundred HIV positive patients, symptomatic as well asymptomatic, diagnosed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay \n(ELISA) method according to the National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) guidelines were included. Complete haematological \nprofile was recorded. The haematological parameters of each patient were evaluated at 0-, 6- and 12-months following initiation \nof HAART. \nRESULTS \nOut of 100 patients included in this study, 58% (58) were males and 42% (42) were females with the sex ratio of 1.38:1. The \nhaematological profiles were presented as mean ± standard deviation. A p value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. \nThere was a significant improvement in CD4 cells, haemoglobin, red cell count and haematocrit and platelet counts after 6 \nmonths and 12 months of therapy. Improvement in total count, absolute neutrophil count and absolute lymphocyte count was \nobserved after 12 months of HAART. \nCONCLUSIONS \nThis study shows that there was improvement in all parameters in these patients and also in the stage of disease when they \nwere followed for one year. So, regular follow up and compliance of patient is of utmost importance in checking the progress \nof disease as well as ensuring better quality of life. It can be concluded that in people living with HIV/AIDS, HAART is useful for \nmodifying the mortality and morbidity.
Percutaneous absorption of Cinnamon Cortex extract ethosomes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective To investigate the methods of enhancing the permeability in Cinnamon Cortex extract transdermal drug delivery system with ethosomes as a vector.Methods Cassia oil was extracted by steam distillation and injected into ethosomes with different concentration.The amount of cinnamic acid passing through the skin of SD male rats released from ethosomes was determined by HPLC under the model of Franz diffusion cells in vitro.Results Compared to CC,ethosome with 20% ethanol,the permeabilities of CC ethosomes with 30%,40%,and 50% ethanol were increased by 1.31-,1.69-,and 2.06-fold,respectively.Compared to CC ethosome with 30% ethanol,the permeabilities were increased by 2.31-,1.10-,and 3.40-fold,with the penetration enhancer of Azone alone,propylene glycol alone or both,respectively.The permeability of CC ethosome gel was higher than that of CC ethosome and cassia oil gels.Conclusion The transdermal permeability of CC extract is enhanced by rising the concentration of ethanol,adding penetration enhancer,and preparing hydrogel.
The Role of the Judge in the Evolution of the Common Law: A Legal Historian’s Perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Common Law is buttressed by the involvement of Judges in its evolutionary process. Arguably, Judges make law through the creation of legal rules or by their interpretation of statute as the times change.1 In the landmark English case of R v R2, this was evident where the UK Supreme Court (formerly the House of Lords) concluded that the traditional view that a husband could not be guilty of raping his wife was now unacceptable therefore resulting in Marital Rape as an offence. Interestingly, in some countries including the Bahamas the marital rape exemption still applies. “The role of a Judge is to serve the community in the pivotal role of administering justice.”3 This has certainly been a foundational view over the centuries and continues to exist. There is a view albeit from those on the receiving end of sentencing in criminal matters that the role of a Judge is simply to send persons to prison.4 “In a system of judge made law, judges are nominally bound to follow precedent whenever deciding cases, but in actual fact do depart from precedent from time to time.”5 At the commencement of legal studies we would have all discussed and/or debated the merits of stare decisis , however, without the departures from precedent through the formation of a new rule, the law could never evolve.
Climate change and hydrologic process response in the Tarim River Basin over the past 50 years

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Climate change and hydrologic process response in the Tarim River Basin over the past 50 years are the focus of more and more researchers' attention. In this paper, both temperature and precipitation time series were found to present a monotonic increasing trend using nonparametric tests. Noticeably, a significant step change in both temperature and precipitation time series occurred in 1986. By contrasting the trends of natural water process in headstream and mainstream, we found that it was anthropogenic activities not climate change that caused the river dried up and vegetation degenerated in the lower reaches of Tarim River. The results of gray correlation analysis show that the runoff of higher latitude distributing river is more closely associated with winter snow stocking, while that of lower latitude is more closely related to summer temperature. Runoff in the headstream is more sensitive to precipitation, while that in the mainstream is more sensitive to evaporation. The strong evaporation caused by increasing temperature weakened runoff to some extent in spite of the fact that precipitation increased over the past 50 years.
Parallel bayesian policies for finite-horizon multiple comparisons with a known standard

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

We consider the problem of multiple comparisons with a known standard, in which we wish to allocate simulation effort efficiently across a finite number of simulated systems, to determine which systems have mean performance exceeding a known threshold. We suppose that parallel computing resources are available, and that we are given a fixed simulation budget. We consider this problem in a Bayesian setting, and formulate it as a stochastic dynamic program. For simplicity, we focus on Bernoulli sampling, with a linear loss function. Using links to restless multi-armed bandits, we provide a computationally tractable upper bound on the value of the Bayes-optimal policy, and an index policy motivated by these upper bounds.
Long-Period Wave Propagation and its Influence on Sediment Transport Over a Typical Beach in West Africa

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The dominant wave in the west coast of Africa is bimodal spectrum wave consisting largely of long-period swell, where the spectral peak period is large (Tp = 8∼22s). The speed of long-period swell is also great, so the interaction mechanism of long-period wave with seabed is very complicated, which causes strong sediment transport and dramatic beach evolution. Therefore, the water-sediment movement characteristics are very different from those along the coast of China. However, there are few studies on the hydrodynamic processes in West Africa, and the propagation and deformation law of this kind of low frequency swell in the nearshore area and its influence on sediment transport and beach evolution are still unclear, which has caused serious problems to the design and construction of overseas projects, and needs to be studied urgently. In this paper, according to the characteristics of the west coast of Africa, the typical beach of Benin Bay is selected to establish a physical model test of beach profile, and the shallow water deformation and breaking of waves, the response characteristics of pore water pressure and the changes of nearshore topography are studied. In the experiment, two-peak spectra wave groups and long-period regular wave groups with different incident conditions were set up. Wave height meter, Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) technology, pore water pressure sensor array and Sony Alpha 3 high-speed camera were used to observe the changes of free liquid surface, boundary layer velocity, pore water pressure gradient and nearshore topography during wave propagation. This study reveals the evolution of wave propagation and sediment transport mechanism under long-period waves in the West African coast, and the results can provide scientific and theoretical basis for beach protection and restoration in Benin sea area.
Kin Recognition in two Species of Cellar Spiders, (Pholcidae), and its Effects on Inter- and Intra-Specific Predation of Spiderlings

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Intraguild predation and cannibalism are important behaviors that provide resources and influence interactions between different predators. Cannibalistic species should have a mechanism to identify offspring and suppress predation. We tested this hypothesis using two nonnative species of pholcid spiders in Ohio, Pholcus phalangioides and Pholcus manueli. In the laboratory we allowed females of both species to produce clutches. Once hatched the spiderlings were separated from their mother for 1 h and then reintroduced to the mother, a conspecific, or were introduced to an heterospecific adult female. The proportion of prey items consumed was recorded. Pholcus phalangioides predation patterns were consistent across species, but P. manueli feed on P. phalangioides young at twice the rate of young conspecifics, treating heterospecific young similar to control crickets. Further, mothers did not prey on their own young. These results highlight an important biological difference between the two species and indicate that intraguild predation may play an important role in interactions between the two species.
Physiological and biochemical aspects of the avian uropygial gland

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This review discusses different aspects of the uropygial gland of birds. The gland exhibits a striking morphological diversity in size, shape and presence/absence of tufts of feathers. It was shown that acidic mucins, neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids are normal components of secretion. Several morphological and physiological aspects of the gland were studied on Rock Pigeon Columba livia Gmelin, 1879. The amount of the uropygial gland secretion, its lipid content and fatty acids profile were determined. The extracted lipid mixture contained of C14 to C20 fatty acids, mostly unsaturated; the saturated fatty acids were mainly 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0. No correlation was found between the size of the gland and the aquatic/terrestrial nature of the species. Ablation of the gland did not affect survival, body weight, feeding rate and serum cholesterol, total lipids or calcium levels after 32-120 days. The possible role of the gland in the protection against lipophilic compounds was discussed. The function of the gland is still a subject of controversy. It is accepted that its secretion confers water-repellent properties on the feather coat and maintain the suppleness of the feathers. Other physiological roles of the gland secretion may be associated to pheromone production, control of plumage hygiene, thermal insulation and defence against predators. Concerning the endocrine regulation of the uropygial function, there is scarce information presenting evidence for steroid regulated mechanisms.
The symplectic structure of the $\mathrm{PGL}_n(\mathbb{R})$-Hitchin component

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The $\mathrm{PGL}_n(\mathbb{R})$-Hitchin component of a closed oriented surface is a preferred component of the character variety consisting of homomorphisms from the fundamental group of the surface to the projective linear group $\mathrm{PGL}_n(\mathbb{R})$. It admits a symplectic structure, defined by the Atiyah-Bott-Goldman symplectic form. The main result of the article is an explicit computation of this symplectic form in terms of certain global coordinates for the Hitchin component. A remarkable feature of this expression is that its coefficients are constant.
On ISS-Lyapunov Functions for Mechanical Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

For two canonical models of mechanical systems with disturbances presented by Rayleigh-and Liénard-type equations, several designs of Lyapunov functions are investigated. Under given restrictions, the existence of these functions implies global or local input-to-state stability property for the systems. The proposed stability conditions are constructive, which is demonstrated in applications.
How to threaten male gamers: The effects of stereotype threat on video game performance

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A total of 70 participants (47.1% men) took part in a lab experiment that manipulated stereotype threat (i.e., the risk of confirming a negative stereotype about one’s group) between playing a video game (Bejeweled 3). Participants performed generally worse after reading a fictitious article on gaming research that women would still play less and perform worse in games than men (ST condition). In contrast to males, however, female participants reported greater frustration from reading this article than their colleagues who read that women and men no longer differ in terms of playing frequency and performance skills (no ST condition). Interestingly, a reverse pattern of results was obtained for male participants, who reported a stronger negative effect of the article in the no ST condition on their ability to show their best gaming performance. Apparently, stereotype threat may affect video game performance both for women and men, but for different reasons.
Alkaline and Carbonate-rich Melt Metasomatism and Melting of Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle: Evidence from Mantle Xenoliths, NE Bavaria, Bohemian Massif

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Peridotite xenoliths hosted by Cenozoic basanite lava flows (21·2–23·5 Ma) occur at several localities in the western continuation of the Ohře/Eger rift (Central European Volcanic Province) in NE Bavaria, Bohemian Massif. Detailed petrography, major and trace element compositions of whole-rock samples and selected mineral phases as well as Sr–Nd–Li isotopic compositions for a suite of mantle xenoliths from Zinst, Hirschentanz and Teichelberg document variable degrees of partial melting and metasomatism. Melting models based on whole-rock major element composition and Cr# of spinel indicate ∼6–30% melting in the spinel stability field. Subsequent metasomatism by alkaline and carbonate-rich melts resulted in modal and cryptic metasomatism, expressed by the presence of carbonate-bearing silicate melt pockets with complex secondary mineral assemblages and by enrichment in light rare earth elements, Li, Rb, U, Pb, high field strength elements and P. The carbonate is most probably associated with fractionation of the Na-rich silicate melt. High P contents, variable but low to negative δ7Li values from +2·5 to −9·7‰, coupled with 87Sr/86Sr ratios between ∼0·7032 and ∼0·7041 may reflect a significant contribution of recycled crustal material such as eclogite in the infiltrating melts responsible for metasomatism, although the Li isotope compositions may reflect kinetic modifications through diffusion. The trace element geochemistry of clinopyroxene, carbonate and melt pockets suggests that clinopyroxene plays a very important role in fractionation of the rare earth elements, high field strength elements and Sr, whereas carbonate does not host large quantities of incompatible trace elements except for Sr, Ba and, to a lesser extent, Th and U.
Guest editorial: Old and New Challenges for Welfare Regimes – A Global Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Purpose This paper aims to present an introduction to the special issue titled “Old and New Challenges for Welfare Regimes: A Global Perspective.” Design/methodology/approach The authors of the special issue combine case studies and comparative analysis across America, Asia, Africa and Europe. The authors were invited to develop the authors'ir studies with a focus on one or more of three axes: (1) institutional and governance challenges surrounding the implementation and expansion of social welfare programs,; (2) state of the art and diversity across emerging welfare states and; (3) challenges associated with migration and demographic pressures. Findings Articles in this special issue contribute to the authors' understanding of recent challenges and transformations of welfare regimes, with special attention to the following policy areas: youth emancipation, the reduction of poverty and income inequality, social protection and taxation, the role of historical institutionalism to better understand social policy implementation and expansion, the lack of transformative social protection in “’New Right’” governments, determinants of social equality and the transformative effect of migration into welfare states. Originality To the authors' knowledge, the existing publications on transformations and challenges of welfare regimes are still very much centered on a Western European context. The global perspective and diversity of policy areas covered aims to shed light on the important lessons and policy implications from less traditional welfare states.
Sinonasal Tract Meningioma: A Case Report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 53-year-old male presented with persistent right nasal obstruction and recurrent epistaxis. He was initially managed as a case of nasal polyposis. However, persistence of symptoms prompted consult with another ENT specialist. Further evaluation revealed meningioma in the sinonasal tract. The patient underwent bifrontal craniotomy with excision of the intracranial extension of the tumor and endoscopic excision of the intranasal meningioma. Follow-up revealed resolution of symptoms and absence of tumor recurrence.