jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
New designs for far-infrared beam splitters

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We explore theoretically the design of multilayer beam splitters for the far-infrared that are based on coated pellicles as well as on solid substrates. The specific design criterion considered is as high a value as possible of the efficiency E = 4RT throughout the 10-140-µm spectral region. Here R and T are the reflectance and the transmittance of the beam splitter, respectively. In the numerical study the refractive indices of the substrates and coating materials varied between 1.50 and 4.00. To survey the range of designs, we make a number of simplifying assumptions, the significance of which is later investigated. Various potential manufacturing problems are considered. It is shown that the performance of the beam splitters is not sensitive to the accuracy with which the layer thicknesses can be controlled. However, it does depend strongly on the lowest available refractive index of the coating materials. The performance is particularly sensitive to the extinction coefficients of solid substrate materials. Multilayer designs presented should be useful for use in Fourier-transform spectrometers, as well as in other applications that do not require as high a spectral resolution.
The Close Relationship between the Careless Production of New Apricot Trees and the Spread of a Causal Agent of Bacterial Canker in Apricot Orchards

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy The Close Relationship between the Careless Production of New Apricot Trees and the Spread of a Causal Agent of Bacterial Canker in Apricot Orchards Iveta Pánková*, Václav Krejzar and Radka Krejzarová Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 16106 Praha 6, Czech Republic *Corresponding author: Iveta Pánková, Crop Research Institute, Drnovská 507, 16106 Praha 6, Czech Republic Submission: November 19, 2021Published: December 07, 2021 DOI: 10.31031/MCDA.2021.09.000722 ISSN 2637-7659Volume9 Issue 5
Update on the use of rituximab for intractable rheumatoid arthritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It has been 3 years since rituximab, a mouse x human chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that selectively depleted B cells, was approved by the FDA for the treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with an inadequate response to anti-TNF therapies. Since approval rituximab has become a part of standard treatment, and additional data have become available on long-term efficacy and safety both from clinical trials and from post-marketing surveillance. In open long-term follow-up from clinical trials, patients treated with multiple courses of rituximab continued to respond in terms of signs and symptoms, and damage assessed radiographically was significantly inhibited. Moreover, the rate of serious infectious events was not increased as the number of courses increased. However, because of case reports of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab for non-malignant conditions, a black box warning has been added. Studies on the immunologic correlates of response to rituximab treatment including B cell subsets in peripheral blood and synovial biopsies are providing clues into how rituximab works for autoimmune disease. However, at this time we are not able to explain why some patients do not respond and cannot predict who will respond. Future challenges for the further development of rituximab for intractable RA will be discussed.
PENERAPAN MEDIA GAMBAR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR PJOK SISWA KELAS IV SD NEGERI 004 TEMBILAHAN KOTA KECAMATAN TEMBILAHAN

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study is peneilitian class action was motivated by the low learning PJKO fourth grade students SD Negeri 004 Tembilahan Kota. This is evident from the acquisition value of the average students who are still under the KKM is equal to 56,00 being KKM specified value is 61, other than that of the 20 students only 7 (35.00%) students who completed their study results. Based on this the researchers applied media with the aim of improving student learning outcomes PJOK. This classroom action research conducted in SD Negeri 004 Tembilahan Kota in the fourth grade with the number of students 20 students, the study was conducted 2 cycles and be done with four stages: planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The results showed that after the implementation of learning media, learning outcomes PJOK increase, evidenced by the acquisition: "At the initial data is the number of students who completed 7 students (35.00%) with an average nilaia 56.00, in the first cycle increased by the number of students who completed totaling 13 students (65.00%) with the average value of students increased to 72.50. And the second cycle learning outcomes increased with the number of students who completed the acquisition of up to 19 students (95.00%) with the acquisition value by an average of 83.25. Based on this acquisition can be concluded that the application of instructional media can improve learning outcomes PJOK fourth grade students SD Negeri 004 Tembilahan Kota.
Nonadiabatic braiding of Majorana modes

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The realization and manipulation of Majorana zero modes have drawn significant attention for their crucial role in enabling topological quantum computation. Conventional approaches to the braiding of Majorana zero modes rely on adiabatic processes. In this work, using a composite 2-Kitaev-chain system accommodating Majorana zero modes as a working example, we propose a nonadiabatic and non-Abelian geometry phase-based protocol to execute operations on these Majorana zero modes. This is possible by locally coupling the edge sites of both quantum chains with an embedded lattice defect, successfully simulating the braiding operation of two Majorana modes in a highly nonadiabatic fashion. To further enhance the robustness against control imperfections, we apply a multiple-pulse composite strategy to our quantum chain setting for second-order protection of the braiding operations. Our proposal can also support the fast and robust realization of the π/8 gate, an essential ingredient for universal quantum computation. This work hence offers a potential pathway towards the nonadiabatic and fault-tolerant control of Majorana zero modes.
Balance of nitrogen and phosphorus in a paddy field of central Korea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The present study was carried out during a period of 1 y (from May 1, 1997 to April 30, 1998) in a rice cultivation area not affected by livestock farming, farmstead, and industrial complexes to investigate the balance of nutrients in rainfall, irrigation water, runoff water, and infiltration water. The soil of the experimental field belonged to the Jisan series (SiL; fine loamy, mixed mesic family of Fluventic Haplaquepts) covering on area of 5,000 m2 (100 m × 50 m). In the investigated area, the amount of rainfall was 1,095 mm during the cropping season and 415 mm during the non-cropping season (off-season). The annual rainfall was 1,510 mm. The total amount of runoff water was 1,043 mm during the cropping season and 281 mm during the off-season and the added total amount of runoff water during the two seasons was 1,324 mm. The input amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus were as follows: 217.6 kg ha-1 for nitrogen and 27.2 kg ha-1 for phosphorus from chemical fertilizer, 39.5 and 0.7 kg ha-1 y-1 f...
Prevalence and Clinical Correlations of Cyanocobalamin Deficiency in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease: A Single Center Cross-Sectional Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) is crucial for red blood cell formation, neurological function, and DNA synthesis. Patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) experience rapid red blood cell turnover and increased erythropoiesis, which can deplete B12 reserves and exacerbate hematological complications. Although folic acid supplementation is commonly used to support red blood cell production in SCD, it can mask B12 deficiencies, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Untreated B12 deficiency can result in severe neurological and hematological issues. Despite this, routine screening for B12 levels is not widely implemented for SCD patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence of B12 deficiency in adults with SCD at a comprehensive sickle cell center and to explore the relationship between B12 levels and neurological symptoms, along with other clinical and laboratory correlations. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from May to July 2024 at our institution, including SCD patients aged 18 and older who had undergone B12 screening within the past year. We collected demographic data and medical histories, focusing on hemoglobin genotype and neurologic symptoms. B12 levels were classified as normal (≥400 pg/mL), borderline (300-399 pg/mL), or deficient (&lt;300 pg/mL). We used descriptive statistics to summarize the data and applied Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests and t-tests for comparisons, considering a P-value &lt;0.05 as significant. Analysis was performed using STATA version 18. Results The study included 100 adult SCD patients. The gender distribution was approximately 60% female in both the borderline/deficient and normal B12 groups, with a racial composition predominantly Black (98%). Hemoglobin genotype distribution differed significantly between the groups (P = 0.039), indicating a possible interaction between SCD severity and B12 deficiency. Patients with B12 deficiencies were more likely to be prescribed supplements (85.2% vs. 9.6%; P &lt; 0.001). Neurologic symptoms were more common in the normal group (35.6% vs. 22.2%), although not significantly (P = 0.20). Laboratory results showed no significant differences except in hemoglobin S percentage (P = 0.028). Vitamin D deficiency was prevalent in 80% of those with B12 deficiencies and 90.4% with normal levels. Conclusion This study highlights a significant prevalence of B12 deficiency (27%) among adults with SCD at our center, underlining the need for routine B12 screening. Despite a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency across all patients, there was no significant correlation between vitamin D and B12 levels, suggesting independent pathways of deficiency. The consistent use of folic acid, which may mask B12 deficiency symptoms, and the higher incidence of neurologic symptoms in patients with normal B12 levels warrant further investigation to better understand the relationship between B12 levels and neurological outcomes in SCD.
Letter: Raynaud's phenomenon as side effect of beta-blockers.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.

The English Housing Survey (EHS) is a continuous national survey commissioned by the Ministry of Housing, Community and Local Government (MHCLG) that collects information about people's housing circumstances and the condition and energy efficiency of housing in England. The EHS brings together two previous survey series into a single fieldwork operation: the English House Condition Survey (EHCS) (available from the UK Data Archive under GN 33158) and the Survey of English Housing (SEH) (available under GN 33277). The EHS covers all housing tenures. The information obtained through the survey provides an accurate picture of people living in the dwelling, and their views on housing and their neighbourhoods. The survey is also used to inform the development and monitoring of the Ministry's housing policies. Results from the survey are also used by a wide range of other users including other government departments, local authorities, housing associations, landlords, academics, construction industry professionals, consultants, and the general public. The EHS has a complex multi-stage methodology consisting of two main elements; an initial interview survey of around 12,000 households and a follow-up physical inspection. Some further elements are also periodically included in or derived from the EHS: for 2008 and 2009, a desk-based market valuation was conducted of a sub-sample of 8,000 dwellings (including vacant ones), but this was not carried out from 2010 onwards. A periodic follow-up survey of private landlords and agents (the Private Landlords Survey (PLS)) is conducted using information from the EHS interview survey. Fuel Poverty datasets are also available from 2003, created by the Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC).

The EHS interview survey sample formed part of the Integrated Household Survey (IHS) (available from the Archive under GN 33420) from April 2008 to April 2011. During this period the core questions from the IHS formed part of the EHS questionnaire.

End User Licence and Special Licence Versions:
From 2014 data onwards, the End User Licence (EUL) versions of the EHS will only include derived variables. In addition the number of variables on the new EUL datasets has been reduced and disclosure control increased on certain remaining variables. New Special Licence versions of the EHS will be deposited later in the year, which will be of a similar nature to previous EHS EUL datasets and will include derived and raw datasets.

Further information about the EHS and the latest news, reports and tables can be found on the GOV.UK English Housing Survey web pages.
The economics of shale gas in the natural gas markets.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study analyses the impact of shale gas in the natural gas market using Granger causality, two-part analysis and log-linear models for USA, Europe and Asia respectively. Broadly, the impact of shale gas on natural gas market differs by region. This is due to the difference in market structure and natural gas demand. Shale gas has the biggest impact on the United States market as the production quantity is large and is growing. The cheap and abundance of shale gas lay downwards pressure on the natural gas price and affect the natural gas market of United States. In Europe, natural gas production has been small and largely dependent on gas imports from dominant Russian producers thereby accounting for its oligopolistic market structure. The emergence of shale gas is the key catalyst for the European countries to break dependence on Russian gas imports. For Asia, the emergence of shale gas has attracted major energy firms to pump in monies to extract shale gas in order to increase natural gas supply and improve energy security. The key factors making the impact different across the natural gas market appear to be the liberalized market in USA, role of the Russian exporters in Europe, the ever-increasing natural gas demand in Asia-Pacific. By employing causality test for United States, it was found that shale gas production had contributed to the fall of Henry Hub spot price; however, the shale gas production had no causality with the wellhead and commercial consumer price of natural gas. For Europe, the two-part analysis deploys a complementarity problem in the first half to analyze the impact of shale gas on each of the players in the natural gas model, followed by an analysis of the relationship between population density and shale gas investment. It finds 3 that shale gas plays a positive role in improving the profits of most players in the market, but the overall benefits of shale gas is subject to population density, which differs across European countries. A log-linear model is adopted for Asia to include the impact of shale gas investments in natural gas consumption of three countries namely, Japan, South Korea and China. It finds that shale gas investments play a positive role on raising natural gas consumption, thereby beneficial for growth and energy security in the region.
Titulature of the Kara-Khitay rulers in Muslim sources of the 12th–15th centuries

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The power of the Qara-Khitay for a relatively short period of time, by historical standards, from the second quarter of the 12th to the beginning of the 13th centuries. had a huge impact on the political development of eastern Desht-i Qipchak, as well as on the settled Muslim regions of Transoxiana and Khorasan. The rulers of the Qara-Khitay actively intervened in the struggle for the “Seljuk inheritance” after the death of Sultan Sanjar in 1157 with the Khorezmshahs of the Anushteginid dynasty and the sultans of Gur, to subordinate to their power the regional rulers of Transoxiana, as well as individual nomadic Turkic tribes in these lands — for example, the Qarluks. In this regard, the history of the Qara-Khitay state was reflected in numerous Muslim historical and geographical writings of the pre-Mongol era and later period. Modern researchers, both in their works on the history of Central Asia and in the few works dealing directly with the Qara-Khitay state, call the Qara-Khitay ruler uniformly — “Gur Khan”. However, there is no such unanimity regarding the title of the Qara-Khitay ruler in the composition of Muslim historical and geographical works, especially pre-Mongol time. Moreover, up to a certain point, the title “Gur Khan” does not occur in them at all, and Muslim authors use other markers to denote the Qara-Khitay ruler. In this regard, it was interesting to trace the evolution of this title as part of Muslim sources not only of the 12th — early 13th centuries, but also as part of later monuments. All this will make it possible to understand more clearly not only how the authors of different times titled the Qara-Khitay ruler, but also what they understood by this or that title, how well they imagined its origin, etc. This will also allow us to highlight a certain tradition of describing the history of the Qara-Khitay statehood as part of Muslim historical writings and identify the key monuments in this case, as well as highlight certain controversial subjects related to the titulature of the Qara-Khitay rulers.
COVID-19 Myocarditis Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Management: A Narrative Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The purpose of this article is to review the cases of myocarditis in COVID-19 patients and synthesize the current understanding regarding the presentation, diagnosis, and management of myocarditis in the setting of COVID-19 disease. Background: The novel coronavirus disease has shown serious implications for the cardiovascular system, including acute myocardial injury, arrhythmias, venous thromboembolism, and myocarditis. Several cases of myocarditis in COVID-19 patients have been reported since the disease's emergence at the end of 2019. The diagnostic approach and management have been variable. The purpose of this narrative review is to gather the most reliable published material regarding myocarditis in COVID-19 and present it as an overview to simplify the current understanding we have of this disease. Methods: We screened PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. We then selected peer-reviewed and pre-print articles published in English that were related to the involvement of the cardiovascular system in COVID-19, with a focus on myocarditis. We included case reports describing myocarditis in COVID-19 patients and summarized their clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management. References of the selected articles were also screened, and some were included when relevant. Discussion: This article is subdivided into sections that discuss the clinical presentation of COVID-19 myocarditis and move on to various diagnostic approaches and management options. Each subsection presents a brief literature review followed by a summary and interpretation of what was found in the reported cases. Conclusion: After noticing the involvement of the cardiovascular system in COVID-19 patients, specifically through myocarditis, we present this narrative review to provide the medical community with a unified article regarding the current understanding of myocarditis in COVID-19 patients. This article further stresses the necessity of establishing proper treatment guidelines for COVID-19 myocarditis.
Serotonin Syndrome and Rhabdomyolysis Induced by Concomitant Use of Triptans, Fluoxetine and Hypericum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We describe a 28-year-old woman affected by migraine without aura according to the ICHD-2 criteria who manifested with seizures as presenting symptom of a serotonin syndrome characterized by mild and transient fever and subtle postural hand tremor. Few days later she developed an acute rhabdomyolysis with associated increased D-dimer and liver enzymes. The condition was precipitated by triptans use. Chronic therapy with fluoxetine, taken to treat an eating disorder, and the use of a self-prescribed herbal medication containing hypericum predisposed to a serotonergic hyperstimulation. This case report calls attention on the importance to avoid multidrug regimens for the prevention of serotonin syndrome that can present with atypical symptoms and may worsen with severe acute rhabdomyolysis.
Identification of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Genes Involved in Incompatibility with Soybean Plants Carrying the Rj4 Allele

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Symbioses between leguminous plants and soil bacteria known as rhizobia are of great importance to agricultural production and nitrogen cycling. While these mutualistic symbioses can involve a wide range of rhizobia, some legumes exhibit incompatibility with specific strains, resulting in ineffective nodulation. The formation of nodules in soybean plants ( Glycine max ) is controlled by several host genes, which are referred to as Rj genes. The soybean cultivar BARC2 carries the Rj4 gene, which restricts nodulation by specific strains, including Bradyrhizobium elkanii USDA61. Here we employed transposon mutagenesis to identify the genetic locus in USDA61 that determines incompatibility with soybean varieties carrying the Rj4 allele. Introduction of the Tn 5 transposon into USDA61 resulted in the formation of nitrogen fixation nodules on the roots of soybean cultivar BARC2 ( Rj4 Rj4 ). Sequencing analysis of the sequence flanking the Tn 5 insertion revealed that six genes encoding a putative histidine kinase, transcriptional regulator, DNA-binding transcriptional activator, helix-turn-helix-type transcriptional regulator, phage shock protein, and cysteine protease were disrupted. The cysteine protease mutant had a high degree of similarity with the type 3 effector protein XopD of Xanthomonas campestris . Our findings shed light on the diverse and complicated mechanisms that underlie these highly host-specific interactions and indicate the involvement of a type 3 effector in Rj4 nodulation restriction, suggesting that Rj4 incompatibility is partly mediated by effector-triggered immunity.
The Dyad School Success/Failure in the Academic Development of the Working Class Women from Mendoza

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The notion of academic performance renders account of the results achieved by the students during their school education. Internally, there are two opposed phenomena: school success and school failure. Sociology of education has contributed to the discussion of both notions revealing their social nature closely related to the institutional and socio-cultural contexts in which education is developed. This paper is the result of a research project conducted for our doctoral thesis. Its purpose is to contribute to enlighten the scopes of this discussion, by analyzing the school development of a group of working class women from Mendoza. We were interested, in the first place, in knowing the reasons why they quit school when they were young girls or adolescents. Subsequently, we have approached the opportunities they had to access the system again during their adulthood, the obstacles they had to face and the resources to be able to complete the medium level.