jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Discontinuation of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate from initial ART regimens because of renal adverse events: An analysis of data from four multi-country clinical trials

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), a potent and commonly used antiretroviral drug, is associated with renal tubular dysfunction and renal adverse events. We evaluated the frequency of, time to, and baseline risk factors for discontinuing TDF from initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens because of renal adverse events from presumed tenofovir renal toxicity. We conducted an observational cohort study as a secondary analysis of data from four clinical trials conducted mainly in low- and middle-income countries. We included ART naïve participants living with HIV who started TDF-containing ART regimens in the trials. Participants had to have estimated creatinine clearance (eCrCl) equal to or greater than 60ml/min before starting ART. The primary outcome was the first instance of discontinuing TDF because of renal adverse events attributed to tenofovir renal toxicity during the first 48 weeks after starting ART. We evaluated the cumulative incidence of discontinuing TDF and associated risk factors using Fine and Gray competing risk regression models with a backward elimination variable selection strategy. There were 2802 ART-naïve participants who started TDF-containing ART from the four clinical trials were included in the analysis. Fifty-eight percent were female, the median age was 34 years, and 87% had CD4 cell counts less than 200 cells/μl. Sixty-four participants (2.4%, 95% CI 1.7%-2.8%) discontinued TDF due to renal adverse events. Among the 64 participants, the median time to discontinue TDF was 9.4 weeks (IQR: 3.4–20.7 weeks). From multivariable Fine and Gray regression models, risk factors for discontinuing TDF were older age, CD4 cell count <200 cells/μl, presence and severity of anemia, and eCrCl <90 ml/min. The risk of discontinuing TDF because of renal adverse events was low in participants initiating TDF-containing ART with advanced HIV and normal renal function, attesting to the tolerability of TDF in ART in low- and middle-income countries.
Development of Interdisciplinary SpinalInterventional Pain Centers

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The lifetime prevalence of spinal pain has been reported as 65% to 80% in the neck and low back. In the US each year, 500,000 - 1,000,000 spine surgeries and 2 to 5 million interventional procedures are estimated to be performed. The burden created by chronic pain is enormous on the patient and society. Thus, the somatic, psychological, and physical manifestations of pain must be addressed in the overall assessment and treatment of these patients. A myriad of treatment options exist for patients in pain however, with none of the modalities providing conclusive evidence in their effectiveness. The optimal course of care requires an integrated delivery system involving a variety of specialists. Due to the complexities of diagnosis and management, patients are best managed utilizing a multidisciplinary approach under an umbrella of services offered by a spinal diagnostic and interdisciplinary pain center. This review identifies various pain syndromes and conditions and provides a model for the establishment of an interdisciplinary pain center as well as the resources, guidelines, and infrastructure required for operating a successful pain center in any setting; free-standing, hospital-based, or academic.
De la victoire en première manche à la " drôle de guerre ". De l'intelligence économique dans les collectifs anti-hydrocarbures de schiste français

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This ongoing research gives the first exploratory results of a study about the collective intelligence processes in the anti-shale hydrocarbon social movements in France, in 2011-2012. There has been only a few researches in information systems about social movements. An inductive approach of qualitative numerical archival data suggested that those collectives were led to practice competitive intelligence, which is usually a business organizations practice. The French case is original because it has seen the victory of the opponents in a first phase, followed by a " drôle de guerre " period where the pro an con are watching over together and make lobbying, a phase where competitive intelligence is crucial for both sides.
Further examination of ON/OFF temporal patterns of auditory signals (completion signals and attention signals) recommended in JIS S 0013

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

消費生活製品の報知音の設計指針であるJIS S 0013では, 報知音に使用すべき ON/OFF パターンをいくつか推奨している. この規格では, ON/OFF パターンを終了音・注意音といった伝達内容別に規定している. そのため, 一つの製品に終了音と注意音をともに組み込む場合, および複数の終了音または注意音を付加する場合には, 次の二つの点が問題となる: (1) 製品のユーザが, 伝達内容の異なる報知音を適切に聞き分けられない可能性がある, (2) 報知音の設計者にとって, 複数推奨された ON/OFF パターンのなかから, 最も適切なものを選択するのが困難である. そこで本研究では, これらの問題を解決するために, JISに規定される報知音を用いて, 非類似度評価および印象評価を聴取者に求める実験を行った. その結果に基づいて, 終了音と混同されやすい注意音の ON/OFF パターン, および報知音を複数使用する場合に選択すべきパターンを示した.
Lengthening of radius in patients with congenital radial club hand, type II

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Congenital radial club hand (CRCH) is characterized by longitudinal underdevelopment of the forearm and hand on the radial surface. Underdevelopment can range from hypoplasia to aplasia of the radius. More than 50 methods to correct the forearm deformities, depending on the degree of radius underdevelopment, have been proposed. Aim. We evaluated the results of CRCH treatment using microsurgical technique and external fixation. Methods. We analyzed 16 patients (age, 4.6 0.9 years) with CRCH type II, according to the classification of Bayne and Klug, treated between 1994 and 2017. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 were patients undergoing microsurgical autotransplants of the epimetaphyseal second metatarsal bone with growth plate to the position of the radius defect and group 2 were patients treated by lengthening of the radius with external fixation. We analyzed the types of deformities, size of the radius defects, and range of motion in upper limb joints before the stage of the lengthening. External fixation index and number of complications also were determined. The type and number of recurrent deformities and timing of their detection were analyzed. Results. The observation period ranged from 12 months to 10 years (average, 3.8 years). In group 1, good results were obtained in 62.5% of cases. After transplantation of the metatarsal bone growth plate, the work of the growth plate continued, characterized by increasing radius length in the later observation period. In group 2, good results were obtained in 50% of cases. Clinical and X-ray examinations showed recurrent hand deviation and radius shortening, which required repeated radius lengthening. Conclusion. Microsurgical transplantation of the second metatarsal bone with growth plate is accepted more in reconstruction of the radial bone in patients with CRCH type II due to creation of a growth zone in the distal part of the radius. Radius lengthening via external fixation is applicable while maintaining the distal epimetaphysis and normal transverse dimensions of the radial bone.
Awareness, access and usage of E-Resources by students of the University of Bamenda

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The proliferation of information technology has improved the way information is generated, stored and retrieved. This paper seeks to examine issues pertaining to awareness, access and usage of e-resources by students of The University of Bamenda. The study adopted the quantitative research method and the descriptive survey design. The study population consisted of students, with a sample of 377 respondents selected across the various faculties and schools that constitute The University of Bamenda. Samples were drawn using the simple random sampling technique and questionnaire was used as the main instrument for data collection. Data gathered during field survey was analyzed quantitatively. Findings of the study revealed that vast majority of students are not aware of the availability of electronic resources in the electronic resources subscribed for by the University but rather expressed their awareness of the broad base internet sources, implying that students are not well informed with regards to the e-library services available in the institution. The study equally revealed that access and usage of e-resources have significantly enhanced the academic outputs of students at all levels. Finally, the study recommended that The University of Bamenda should intensify trainings on the access as well as creating awareness among students on the availability of its e-resources.
Evaluation of Differences in Stress Myocardial Blood Flow by Left Ventricular Geometry Using Positron Emission Tomography.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

658 Introduction: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a common compensatory mechanism for chronic increases in myocardial wall stress that often results in pathology characterized by impaired myocardial blood flow that is independent of epicardial coronary artery disease. Impairment in myocardial blood flow has been closely tied to cardiovascular outcomes, but stress myocardial blood flow (sMBF) differences have not been examined in the context of the four established ventricular geometries; normal, remodeled, concentric, and eccentric. Methods: We set out to examine sMBF in 1,488 individuals with echocardiograms and PET stress tests without significant perfusion abnormalities within 30 days of each other. PET stress scans were performed under fasting conditions and with patients abstaining from caffeine and caffeine analogues for 24 hours prior to 2D acquisition on an Attrius PET scanner (Positron, Westmont, IL) with Ge-68 rod source attenuation correction. Rest emission data were obtained over 7 min using generator-produced Rb-82 (Bracco Diagnostics, Monroe Township, NJ). Hyperemia was achieved with intravenous infusion of dipyridamole (0.56 mg/kg) or adenosine (140 mcg/kg/min). The first two minutes of the emission images were binned to form the arterial input data. The final five minutes of the emission images were binned to form the myocardial uptake data. MBF was collected using FDA-approved software (HeartSee™, University of Texas, Houston). 2D echocardiography parameters were collected using GE Vivid E95 (General Electric Vingmed, Horton, Norway) ultrasound machines equipped with a 4-7 MHz transducer. sMBF was stratified by gender and LV groups and estimated averages were obtained after adjusting for significant covariates from a pool of 20 clinically judged as potentially relevant. Covariates included were those being significant (p Results: In patients with normal LV geometry, mean sMBF (cc/min/g) was significantly higher in women than in men; 1.93 ± 0.07 vs. 1.55 ± 0.05 (p
Additional file 9 of Characterisation of plasmodial transketolases and identification of potential inhibitors: an in silico study

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Additional file 9. Density distribution plots of backbone Cα RMSD values. Both hit-free and hit-bound systems are represented. Several conformations can be identified by comparing the the Cα RMSD distribution of the holo and holo–ligand bound systems.
Non-invasive digestion monitoring with an FDA-cleared wearable biosensor: further validation for use in tracking food ingestion

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Obesity affects one-third of the US population and accounts for $200 billion/year in expenditures [1]. Diet and exercise form the cornerstone of management, yet are often ineffective [2]. Mobile health applications (mHealth apps) can augment traditional strategies; Gill and Panda [3] demonstrated that obese patients can modify their eating behavior and lose weight using an mHealth app to track food intake. While promising, these apps typically require active data input and currently lack passively collected, physiologic input to support sustained behavior change.

Acoustic gastrointestinal surveillance (AGIS) using a wearable biosensor (AbStats; GI Logic, Pasadena, CA) is cleared by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a validated technique to non-invasively measure intestinal motility [4–6]. Two biosensors adhere to the external abdominal wall and analyse intestinal sounds (Supplementary Figure 1), which are counted and time-averaged per minute to yield an “intestinal rate” (IR). By listening to bowel contractions and counting them using an app, AGIS enables patients to monitor digestion continuously using a wearable “gut speedometer.” In prior studies, AGIS distinguished post-operative ileus from non-ileus surgical patients and predicted ileus onset with 97% accuracy [5, 6]. We now seek to determine whether AGIS biosensors can distinguish small, calorically light meals from large, calorically dense meals in healthy subjects in a proof-of-concept study.
Trans-Arctic propagation effects of changes in ice morphology

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The objective of the Trans-Arctic Propagation (TAP) experiment carried out in the spring of 1994 was to investigate the feasibility of using acoustic thermometry for inferring changes in the Arctic climate [P. Mikhalevsky, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 94, 1760(A) (1993)]. An important issue is which acoustic property will provide the strongest climate change signature. The sensitivity of various properties of the acoustic field to changes in ice volume was investigated theoretically. A perturbation formulation for 3-D scattering from rough ice has been combined with the kraken normal-mode code to provide a model of the second-order statistics of the acoustic field. Such a hybrid model has been shown to provide excellent agreement with historical Arctic transmission loss data [LePage and Schmidt, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 96, 1783–1795 (1994)]. We use this model to investigate the sensitivity of deterministic properties of the coherent field, such as modal loss, and modal phase and group velocity, to change in ice thickness and roughness statistics. In addition, the model has been use to investigate the sensitivity to changes in the ice cover of the higher-order statistics such as cross-modal correlation, and spatial correlation in general. Comparing these theoretical sensitivity measures, we discuss the potential performance of both deterministic and statistic acoustic thermometry in the Arctic.
Bifunctional Nitrone-Conjugated Secondary Metabolite Targeting the Ribosome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Many microorganisms possess the capacity for producing multiple antibiotic secondary metabolites. In a few notable cases, combinations of secondary metabolites produced by the same organism are used in important combination therapies for treatment of drug-resistant bacterial infections. However, examples of conjoined roles of bioactive metabolites produced by the same organism remain uncommon. During our genetic functional analysis of oxidase-encoding genes in the everninomicin producer Micromonospora carbonacea var. aurantiaca, we discovered previously uncharacterized antibiotics everninomicin N and O, comprised of an everninomicin fragment conjugated to the macrolide rosamicin via a rare nitrone moiety. These metabolites were determined to be hydrolysis products of everninomicin P, a nitrone-linked conjugate likely the result of nonenzymatic condensation of the rosamicin aldehyde and the octasaccharide everninomicin F, possessing a hydroxylamino sugar moiety. Rosamicin binds the erythromycin macrolide binding site approximately 60 Å from the orthosomycin binding site of everninomicins. However, while individual ribosomal binding sites for each functional half of everninomicin P are too distant for bidentate binding, ligand displacement studies demonstrated that everninomicin P competes with rosamicin for ribosomal binding. Chemical protection studies and structural analysis of everninomicin P revealed that everninomicin P occupies both the macrolide- and orthosomycin-binding sites on the 70S ribosome. Moreover, resistance mutations within each binding site were overcome by the inhibition of the opposite functional antibiotic moiety binding site. These data together demonstrate a strategy for coupling orthogonal antibiotic pharmacophores, a surprising tolerance for substantial covalent modification of each antibiotic, and a potential beneficial strategy to combat antibiotic resistance.
Blood TDP-43 Combined with Demographics Information Predicts Dementia Occurrence in Community Non-Dementia Elderly1

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background: TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) and neurofilament light chain (NfL) are promising fluid biomarkers of disease progression for various dementia. Objective: We would explore whether blood levels of NfL and TDP-43 could predict the long-term progression to dementia, and the relationship of TDP-43 levels between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Methods: A total of 86 non-dementia elderly received 7-year follow-up, and were divided into 49 stable normal control (NC)/mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects, 19 subjects progressing from NC to MCI, and 18 subjects progressing from NC/MCI to dementia. Blood TDP-43 and NfL levels, and cognitive functions were measured in all subjects. Furthermore, another cohort of 23 dementia patients, including 13 AD and 10 non-AD patients received blood and CSF measurements of TDP-43. Results: In cohort 1, compared to stable NC/MCI group, there were higher levels of blood TDP-43 at baseline in subjects progressing from NC/MCI to dementia. The combination of baseline blood TDP-43 levels with demographics including age, education, and diabetes had the detection for dementia occurrence. Baseline blood levels of NfL are negatively associated with cognitive function at 7-year follow-up. In cohort 2, we found there were no relationship between CSF and blood levels of TDP-43. Moreover, the levels of TDP-43 in CSF was positively associated with the age of patients, especially in AD group. Conclusion: Single blood TDP-43 could not estimate dementia occurrence; however, TDP-43 combined with demographics has the predictive effect for dementia occurrence and NfL level is associated with a decrease of cognitive function.
To Create or to Redistribute? That is the Question

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This study delves into the persistent low GDP growth observed in the post-crisis period, despite aggressive financial easing measures. It explores how economic agents allocate available funds, either through investments in new capital creation or the acquisition of existing assets for capital gains (asset redistribution). The former approach bolsters total income and employment, while the latter reshapes wealth distribution among agents. Through a combination of theoretical insights and empirical evidence, we argue that during economic downturns, investors often find it more lucrative, and lenders consider it safer, to finance the repurchasing of existing assets rather than investing in new ones. This trend not only worsens recessions but also hampers the recovery process by limiting entrepreneurs’ access to funding and altering the economy’s capital structure. Moreover, given that asset redistribution tends to benefit the wealthy, a surge in inequality fosters a cycle of income redistribution, further exacerbating economic downturns.
Plantar heel pain and its 3-mode 4-stage treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The most common cause for heel pain is plantar fasciitis. The diagnosis can usually be made by clinical examination, but sometimes ENMG (electroneuromyography), ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging examinations are helpful. Other reasons for heel pain, e.g., nerve entrapments, atherosclerosis/ischemia, and fat pad degeneration, should be excluded. Plantar fasciitis can also present a symptom of chronic seronegative spondyloarthropathies or reactive arthritis. In the case of common plantar fasciitis, three different modes of treatment can be administered, namely, (1) anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatment, (2) rest and diminution of the strain at the insertion, and (3) maintenance of the tension and flexibility of the soft tissues. A simple four-step treatment plan algorithm, based on symptoms, their duration, and response to treatment, is presented. Operative treatment is seldom needed if the algorithm is correctly followed. Operative treatment is recommended only when the pain remains resistant to conservative treatment after more than 1 year. For operative treatment, partial release of the fascia close to insertion to avoid flat foot and secondary strain on the calcaneocuboid and midtarsal (Lisfranc) joints is our preferred option.
Depression, Rumination, and Impulsive Action: A Latent Variable Approach to Behavioral Impulsivity

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Previous research on the relationship between rumination and behavioral impulsivity has been limited because impulsivity was assessed by using individual tasks. This study examined the concurrent associations of a latent variable named impulsive action with rumination and depression to alleviate the task-impurity problem and the low reliability of laboratory tasks assessing impulsivity. This study also examined whether stressors mediated the association between impulsive action and rumination. University students in Japan (N = 176) conducted three laboratory tasks assessing impulsive action: the Go/No-Go Task, the Stop Signal Task, and the Conners Continuous Performance Test 3rd Edition. They also completed self-report measures of rumination, stressors, and depression. Results indicated that the latent variable named impulsive action constructed from the performance in these three tasks was positively associated with rumination. Moreover, stressors mediated this association. Also, impulsive action was positively associated with depression via the increase in stressors and rumination. These findings and those of previous studies examining associations between rumination and self-reported impulsivity suggest that impulsivity might be a determinant of rumination.
Extensions for the activated sludge modelling framework for xenobiotic organic micro-pollutants (ASM-X) - sorption, sequestration and co-metabolism of diclofenac and carbamazepine

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Conventional models, describing the xenobiotic organic micro-pollutant fate in sewage treatment can be limited in describing full-scale systems. This can, in part, be explained by the fact that these models have been identified and calibrated using data obtained in batch experiments spiked with reference substances. Xenobiotic parent compounds, however, can be formed from other sewage fractions, occurring in municipal sewage, i.e. from human conjugates, other commercial chemicals and from fractions sorbed onto hydrolysable particulate, dissolved and colloidal matter (DCM) – some of which are very difficult or impossible to detect (Plosz et al., 2010a). Additionally, besides neutral chemicals, contaminants, in particular pharmaceuticals can be acidic, basic, amphoteric or zwitterionic. Under different pH conditions, typical to WWTPs, their partitioning behaviour thus cannot be accounted for by a single sorption coefficient, KD (Plosz et al., 2010b). Furthermore, growth substrates can impact the cometabolic substrate oxidation process – a compound specific impact that should be accounted for in process models (Plosz et al., 2010b). The available terminal electron acceptors (e.g., oxygen, nitrate) and the metal salt (iron, aluminium) dosed for phosphorus removal can additionally influence contaminant removal (Plosz et al., 2010b). Thus a new framework of activated sludge modelling for xenobiotics (ASM-X) has been recently proposed (Plosz et al., 2010a,b).