jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Hardwicke Science Gossip, v. 15 (1879), Page 156, ASC00003yy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

‘Science Gossip’ is born from a collaboration between an Arts and Humanities Research Council project in the UK, called ‘Constructing Scientific Communities: Citizen Science in the 19th and 21st Centuries’ (ConSciCom) and the Missouri Botanical Garden who are providing content from the Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL).
Correlation effects in the spectra of polyenes

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A Hamiltonian of the Pariser–Parr–Pople form is employed to investigate the effect of correlation on the π-electron spectrum of polyenes. Two limiting cases for the electron–electron interaction (short- and long-range limit) are considered, and it is shown that they yield descriptions corresponding to the standard valence-bond (Dirac–Heisenberg) and molecular-orbital models, respectively. The intermediate, chemically most interesting, range is examined in detail by means of a full configuration-interaction treatment with an exponential model potential that includes a variable effective range parameter. It is shown that correlation effects become more important as the effective range of the interaction decreases. The states of polyenes are classified as covalent or noncovalent, and it is found that the former are much more sensitive to correlation than the latter. Configuration interaction through double excitations yields a qualitatively correct ordering for all states in the chemical range, but triple and quadruple excitations are required for quantitative results. Applications to butadiene, hexatriene, and benzene demonstrate that correlation effects in these molecules lead to an important lowering in energy of the manifold of covalent states relative to that of the noncovalent states; most important, the first covalent (1A−g) state of the polyenes is found to be near degenerate with the strongly allowed noncovalent (1B+u) state. Density correlation functions and the fluctuation potential are obtained for the polyenes and used to clarify the nature of the correlation correction. Configuration interaction including double excitations is performed for polyenes through C12H14 to exhibit the length dependence of the correlation effects. It is shown that with increasing chain length, an increasing number of covalent states appears in the energy range of the two usually observed excited 1B+u and 1A+g (cis peak) states.
A Nonclassic CCAAT Enhancer Element Binding Protein Binding Site Contributes to α-Methylacyl-CoA Racemase Expression in Prostate Cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract α-Methylacyl-CoA racemase (AMACR), an enzyme involved in branched-chain fatty acid β-oxidation that is normally expressed at high levels in human liver, is specifically and consistently overexpressed at both mRNA and protein levels in human prostate cancer and potentially other cancer types. To characterize the mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation of AMACR at the genetic and epigenetic levels, we performed a series of methylation and reporter assays in prostate cancer tissues and cell lines. The results ruled out altered methylation patterns as the cause of overexpression in prostate cancer cells. However, promoter deletion analysis identified an 8-bp nonclassic CCAAT enhancer element located ∼80 bp upstream of the transcriptional initiation site that is responsible for AMACR expression in both prostate cancer cell lines and cell lines of liver origin. Deletion or mutation of this element completely abolished AMACR promoter activity. Ectopic expression of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β increased luciferase activity driven by a wild-type AMACR promoter sequence but not by the sequence in which the putative CCAAT/enhancer binding protein binding element had been mutated. These results implicate a nonclassic CCAAT enhancer element in the AMACR gene promoter as playing a critical role in the regulation of AMACR gene expression.
Toward Trusting Partnerships between Black Women Childcare Providers and Early Childhood Education Regulatory Agencies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With the national shortage of early childhood educators and the persistent need for racially, ethnically, and linguistically diverse care providers, there must be a critical reflection on how early childhood education (ECE) governing agencies can develop trusting, culturally relevant partnerships with Providers of Color to support the care and education of children and communities. This chapter offers recommendations toward fostering culturally relevant relational trust for ECE regulatory agencies that want to develop empowering partnerships with childcare Providers of Color. Recommendations include developing critical consciousness of unique social histories; rooting assessment and support within communal funds of knowledge; shifting power back into the hands of families and providers; and finally, engaging communities and providers through consistency and organizational integrity.
Experimental observation of non-Markovian quantum exceptional points

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

One of the most remarkable features that distinguish open systems from closed ones is the presence of exceptional points (EPs), where two or more eigenvectors of a non-Hermitian operator coalesce, accompanying the convergence of the correcponding eigenvalues. So far, EPs have been demonstrated on a number of platforms, ranging from classical optical systems to fully quantum-mechanical spin-boson models. In these demonstrations, the reservoir that induced the non-Hermiticity was treated as a Markovian one, without considering its memory effect. We here present the first experimental demonstration of non-Markovian quantum EPs, engineered by coupling a Josephson-junction-based qubit to a leaky electromagnetic resonator, which acts as a non-Markovian reservoir. We map out the spectrum of the extended Liouvillian superoperator by observing the quantum state evolution of the qubit and the pseudomode, in which the memory of the reservoir is encoded. We identify a two-fold second-order EP and a third-order EP in the Liouvillian spectrum, which cannot be realized with a Markovian reservoir. Our results pave the way for experimental exploration of exotic phenomena associated with non-Markovian quantum EPs.
Global climate suitability for <i>Culicoides imicola</i> under historical conditions as represented by the CLIMEX Ecoclimatic Index (EI) for the completed model.

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

<p>Cross-hatching indicates suitable areas when irrigation is integrated in the model (Appendix S2 in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112491#pone.0112491.s001" target="_blank">File S1</a>). Highly suitable areas in dark.</p>
Absence of Runx3 expression in normal gastrointestinal epithelium calls into question its tumour suppressor function

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Runx3 transcription factor regulates cell fate decisions during embryonic development and in adults. It was previously reported that Runx3 is strongly expressed in embryonic and adult gastrointestinal tract (GIT) epithelium (Ep) and that its loss causes gastric cancer. More than 280 publications have based their research on these findings and concluded that Runx3 is indeed a tumour suppressor (TS). In stark contrast, using various measures, we found that Runx3 expression is undetectable in GIT Ep. Employing a variety of biochemical and genetic techniques, including analysis of Runx3-GFP and R26LacZ/Runx3(Cre) or R26tdTomato/Runx3(Cre) reporter strains, we readily detected Runx3 in GIT-embedded leukocytes, dorsal root ganglia, skeletal elements and hair follicles. However, none of these approaches revealed detectable Runx3 levels in GIT Ep. Moreover, our analysis of the original Runx3(LacZ/LacZ) mice used in the previously reported study failed to reproduce the GIT expression of Runx3. The lack of evidence for Runx3 expression in normal GIT Ep creates a serious challenge to the published data and undermines the notion that Runx3 is a TS involved in cancer pathogenesis.
High-Efficiency Conversion of CO2 to Oxalate in Water Is Possible Using a Cr-Ga Oxide Electrocatalyst

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Electrochemical transformation of CO2 into commodity chemicals such as oxalate is a strategy for profitably remediating high atmospheric CO2 levels. Electrocatalysts for oxalate generation, however, have required prohibitively large applied potentials, forcing the use of nonaqueous electrolytes. Here, a thin film comprised of alloyed Cr and Ga oxides on glassy carbon is shown to electrocatalytically generate oxalate from aqueous CO2 with high Faradaic efficiencies at 690 mV overpotential. Oxalate is produced at a surface anion site via a CO-dependent pathway; the process is highly sensitive to the hydrogen-bonding environment and avoids the commonly invoked CO2•– intermediate. Ultimately, this catalytic system accomplishes efficient CO2 to oxalate conversion in protic electrolyte.
Natalizumab reduces loss of gray matter and thalamic volume in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A post hoc analysis from the randomized, placebo-controlled AFFIRM trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Loss of brain gray matter fractional volume predicts multiple sclerosis (MS) progression and is associated with worsening physical and cognitive symptoms. Within deep gray matter, thalamic damage is evident in early stages of MS and correlates with physical and cognitive impairment. Natalizumab is a highly effective treatment that reduces disease progression and the number of inflammatory lesions in patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS). Objective: To evaluate the effect of natalizumab on gray matter and thalamic atrophy. Methods: A combination of deep learning–based image segmentation and data augmentation was applied to MRI data from the AFFIRM trial. Results: This post hoc analysis identified a reduction of 64.3% ( p = 0.0044) and 64.3% ( p = 0.0030) in mean percentage gray matter volume loss from baseline at treatment years 1 and 2, respectively, in patients treated with natalizumab versus placebo. The reduction in thalamic fraction volume loss from baseline with natalizumab versus placebo was 57.0% at year 2 ( p < 0.0001) and 41.2% at year 1 ( p = 0.0147). Similar findings resulted from analyses of absolute gray matter and thalamic fraction volume loss. Conclusion: These analyses represent the first placebo-controlled evidence supporting a role for natalizumab treatment in mitigating gray matter and thalamic fraction atrophy among patients with RRMS. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00027300 URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00027300
Organizational Environments and Performance

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The organizational environment is a key issue in management and organization studies (Boyd and Gove, 2006). Contingency theorists, in particular, posit a direct link between the relative 'task difficulty' that the environment poses and organizational outcomes (see Donaldson, 2001). In this chapter, we theorize the nature of the organizational environment in the public sector, distinguishing between its technical and institutional aspects; survey the existing quantitative evidence on the environment-performance relationship in public organizations; and empirically assess the effects of the technical and institutional environment on the achievements of local government service departments in Wales. Drawing on the Miles and Snow model, we then go on to examine the combined effects of the environment and strategic management on public service performance in subsequent chapters.
High resolution electron microscope studies of chromosomal fibers

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Techniques are described for mounting and visualizing biological macromolecules for high resolution electron microscopy. Standard techniques are included in a discussion of new methods designed to provide the highest structural resolution. Methods are also discussed for handling samples on the grid, for making accurate size measurements at the 20 A level, and for photographically enhancing image contrast. The application of these techniques to the study of the binding of DNA polymerase to DNA is described. It is shown that the electron micrographs of this material are in agreement with the model proposed by Dr. Arthur Kornberg. A model is described which locates several active sites on the enzyme. The chromosomal material of the protozoan tetrahymena has been isolated and characterized by biochemical techniques and by electron microscopy. This material is shown to be typical of chromatin of higher creatures. Comparison with other chromatins discloses that the genome of tetrahymena is highly template active and has a relatively simple genetic construction. High resolution electron microscope procedures developed in this work have been combined with standard biochemical techniques to give a comprehensive picture of the structure of interphase chromosome fibers. The distribution of the chromosomal proteins along its DNA is discussed.
Foliar Uptake of Nutrients by Selected Ornamental Plants1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Rooted cuttings of Pilea cadierei Gagnep. & Guillaum., Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Giant #4 Indianapolis White, Hedera helix L. cv. Thorndale, Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc. and young plants of Juniperus chinensis L. cv. Mint Julep and Ligustrum X vicaryi were exposed for 3 weeks to either water mist or mist to which a complete all soluble fertilizer (23N-8P-14K) was added; roots and root medium were protected from the mist. The N, P and usually K content of all plants increased after foliar application of nutrients. Pilea , pachysandra and Hedera increased in height, dry weight, and number of lateral breaks; privet increased in height and overall greening of the foliage occurred. The optimum concentration of foliar-applied nutrients was 600 ppm for Pilea , 750 ppm for Hedera and pachysandra and 300 ppm for Ligustrum ; higher concentrations caused foliage injury. Injury occurred to chrysanthemum and juniper at all concentrations studied. Cuticle thickness and plant tolerance to foliar nutrition were not correlated.
Pleural and pericardial effusion as the first sign of multiple myeloma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We report a case of IgA-kappa multiple myeloma in a 68-year-old woman that was revealed by concomitant pleural and pericardial effusion. These effusions were found to be caused by myeloma and were verified by cytological examination of the pleural fluid and pericardial biopsy. The patient had neither osteolytic lesions nor Bence-Jones proteinuria. After a pericardiocentesis, her condition improved with a melphalan and prednisolone treatment. As far as we know, such a phenomenon is rare and has never been reported yet as a way of diagnosing multiple myeloma.
Functional Organization of The Aspergillus Nidulans Trpc Promoter

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We investigated the functional organization of the Aspergillus nidulans trpC promoter by the sequential removal of sequences upstream of the major trpC mRNA cap site (+1). DNA fragments containing promoter mutations were fused to the Escherichia coli lacZ gene, and a novel method was used to select for integration of the fusion gene at the Aspergillus argB locus. beta-Galactosidase assays and S1 nuclease protection experiments demonstrated that the promoter mutations affected gene expression in three ways: (i) 5' deletions up to -82 resulted in variable increases in beta-galactosidase activity, depending on the growth conditions; (ii) a deletion from -67 to -11 did not alter the level of beta-galactosidase activity, but did give rise to mRNAs with aberrant 5' ends; and (iii) a 5' deletion with an endpoint at -11 and an internal deletion from -142 to -11 abolished gene expression. These results indicate that sequences upstream of -82 reduce transcription of the trpC gene and that distinct DNA sequence elements are required for expression versus correct initiation of transcription of the trpC gene. The sequences essential for trpC expression do not include the common eucaryotic promoter elements CCAAT and TATAAA. To our knowledge, this is the first functional analysis of a promoter from a fungus other than Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Factor Structure of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire in Turkish Children and Gender, Grade-Level, and Socioeconomic Status Differences in Reactive and Proactive Aggression

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The present study aimed to evaluate the factor structure of the Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ) with Turkish children, and to investigate gender, grade-level, and socioeconomic status (SES) differences in reactive and proactive aggression. Participants consisted of 1,081 Turkish children (544 boys and 537 girls) aged 9 to 14 years. Findings from the confirmatory factor analysis provided evidence for the two-factor reactive-proactive model. It was also found that the factor structure of the RPQ was the same across gender groups. Reactive and Proactive Aggression scales and Total Aggression scale showed high internal consistency. Boys got higher scores on both Reactive and Proactive Aggression scales. Reactive and proactive aggression increased with age until Grade 7 in both boys and girls. Finally, the findings showed that, for both boys and girls, children with low SES had significantly higher reactive and proactive aggression scores than children with middle and high SES.
Classical lichen planus and lichen planus pigmentosus inversus overlap with dermoscopic features

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 35-year-old man was referred to our hospital with a 3 months history of itchy cutaneous eruption on the trunk and asymptomatic cutaneous eruption on both groins. Physical examination revealed several, purplish-brown, scaly papules on the trunk and well-circumscribed, brown patchs in a linear distribution, on the bilateral inguinal regions. Dermoscopic examination of papules on the trunk revealed white crossing lines surrounded by brown dots; dermoscopic examination of patchs on groins revealed gray-brown dots and globules. According to histological, dermoscopical and clinical changes, the diagnoses of classical lichen planus (LP) for the lesions on the trunk; and lichen planus pigmentosus inversus (LPPI) for the lesions on the inguinal regions were made. Inhere we have described a rare case of LPPI and classical LP with dermoscopic features; and we suggest that LPPI is a variant of classical LP.
‘Fake news’ discourses

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article explores the strategic use of ‘fake news’ discourses in non-democratic contexts using a mixed-methods approach grounded in social network analysis and discourse theory. In contexts such as Russia and Iran, where the opposition generally does not have unrestricted access to the political public sphere, social media platforms serve to influence discourses. Given the prevalence of fake news discourses, previous studies have already focused extensively on the political elite and their use of this discourse within Western or Anglo-American contexts, and on the typologies of ‘fake news’. Our findings address this research gap and suggest that ordinary users in non-Western and non-democratic settings do not differentiate between ‘fake news’ types. Rather, they employ the discourse as a means to strategically delegitimise and discredit their opponents.
Optical polarization in the disc around Pictoris

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Imaging polarimetry of the β Pic disc shows thai it is reflection nebulosity solely illuminated by the central star. The level of polarization in both segments of the disc is 17±3 per cent (R waveband) and is relatively constant in the distance range 15–30 arcsec from the star. We find that the β Pic disc shows up in polarized light when we treat the light surrounding the bright star as simple reflection nebulosity. This procedure does not require complicated background subtractions from reference stars and should provide a simple and fast method of locating planetary and protoplanetary discs surrounding other stars.
Neonatal sepsis and meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis: a case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: To report a full-term newborn infant that developed a sepsis associated to meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C on the 14th day of life. CASE DESCRIPTION: The patient was a term female infant, born to a mother with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, with birth weight of 2,610g, Apgar Score 1, 4 and 8, who needed mechanical ventilation for 24 hours. On the 7th day of life, the neonate was discharged from the hospital with good overall condition. On the 15th day of life, the newborn infant presented fever and respiratory failure. The cerebrospinal fluid showed 1042 cells/mm³, with neutrophilic predominance, protein of 435 mg/dL, and glucose < 10 mg/dL. The blood and the cerebrospinal fluid cultures were positive for Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C. The neonate was hospitalized, needing mechanical ventilation and vasoactive drugs, and received 21 days of crystalline penicillin. After hospital discharge, there were no signs of neurological sequels and the infant was able to be breastfed. The case report presents a unique situation: an uncommon etiology of neonatal meningitis and favorable evolution, despite neurological sequels reported in the literature. This report emphasizes the need to prevent the premature exposure of newborn infants to pathological agents, especially if they presented birth injuries and/or are preterm, due to their lack of immunological capacity.
Oxygen Reserve Index

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

AbstractAbstract During prolonged apnea in healthy anesthetized children, the Oxygen Reserve Index detected impending desaturation in median of 31.5 s (interquartile range, 19 to 34.3 s) before noticeable changes in Spo 2 occurred. Background Pulse oximetry provides no indication of downward trends in Pa o 2 until saturation begins to decrease. The Oxygen Reserve Index (ORI) is a novel pulse oximeter–based nondimensional index that ranges from 1 to 0 as Pa o 2 decreases from about 200 to 80 mmHg and is measured by optically detecting changes in Sv o 2 after Sa o 2 saturates to the maximum. The authors tested the hypothesis that the ORI provides a clinically important warning of impending desaturation in pediatric patients during induction of anesthesia. Methods After preoxygenation, anesthesia induction, and tracheal intubation, the anesthesia circuit was disconnected and oxygen saturation was allowed to decrease to 90% before ventilation recommenced. The ORI and Sp o 2 values were recorded from a Masimo Pulse Co-Oximeter Sensor at the beginning of apnea, beginning and end of intubation, beginning and end of the ORI alarm, and 2 min after reoxygenation. Results Data from 25 healthy children, aged 7.6 ± 4.6 yr, were included in the analysis. During apnea, the ORI slowly and progressively decreased over a mean of 5.9 ± 3.1 min from 0.73 ± 0.16 at the beginning of apnea to 0.37 ± 0.11. Sp o 2 remained 100% throughout this initial period. Concurrently with alarm activation, the ORI began to decrease rapidly, and in median of 31.5 s (interquartile range, 19 to 34.3 s), saturation decreased to 98%. Conclusions In this pilot study, the ORI detected impending desaturation in median of 31.5 s (interquartile range, 19–34.3 s) before noticeable changes in Sp o 2 occurred. This represents a clinically important warning time, which might give clinicians time for corrective actions.