jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Porous Metal Particles with Controlled Surface Structures by Barrel Anode Etching

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Porous Al particles with etching pits on their surfaces were prepared by anode etching using a rotating barrel. In this process, Al particles were placed in a barrel with a Pt plate electrode at the bottom. The Al particles were electrified by contacting the Pt electrode in the rotating barrel, and anode etching occurred on the surfaces of the Al particles. The structure of the etching pits formed on the surfaces of the Al particles could be controlled by adjusting the current and electrolysis time during the barrel anode etching. In addition, using an electrolyte solution with a surfactant, it was possible to form etching pits even on the surfaces of Al particles with sizes of 5 μm or less. Porous Mg particles could also be prepared by barrel anode etching using fine Mg particles as the starting material. The porous metal particles obtained using this process have a wide range of potential applications, including sensors, catalyst carriers, and batteries.
The role of accounting in conflicts resolution

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose This study aims to examine an alternative use of accounting information and technology (forensic audit) for resolving conflicts between two government agents and consequently enhancing accountability in Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts contextualised explanation of case study theorising. Data for the study were gathered from two primary documents: the forensic audit report of PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC) and the report of the Senate Committee on Finance and Appropriation. The theory of mediation is used to illuminate the mediation process and its implication for accountability. Findings The study finds that the mediator (PwC) was able to resolve the dispute using different problem-solving techniques (data gathering and fact finding) of accounting and provide guidance on the necessary steps to be taken to enhance accountability. Whilst the disputants agreed to the audit firm’s findings, further actions to hold relevant parties accountable were not taken by the government. Accounting aids in realising accountability, but it is not the ultimate tool, as it operates within a host of other accountability infrastructures that subvert its impact. Research limitations/implications This study uses a single case to understand the role of accounting in conflicts resolution. Therefore, as a general limitation of a case study design, we do not generalize beyond the case examined in this study. Practical implications The study has implications for accounting practice in developing countries. Firstly, the paper finds that accounting is held in high esteem as having the ability to unravel mysteries through its problem-solving techniques. Secondly, professional accounting firms need to maintain a high level of competence and integrity to sustain this position. Thirdly, accounting can help answer the question “Who should be held accountable?” Originality/value The study examines a novel case of how accounting is used in resolving conflicts in a rare setting and in ensuring accountability over public funds.
Eugenic Abortion as Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities: Another Perspective on Current Constitutional Case in Poland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

On 22 October 2020, the Polish Constitutional Tribunal has declared provisions admitting eugenic abortion unconstitutional (case sign. K 1/20, not officially published yet). Tribunal stated that the said provisions sanction eugenic practices in relation to the unborn child deny respect and protection of human dignity (Art. 30) and the principle of legal protection of the life of every human being (Art. 38). Tribunal has not referred to another objection indicated in the MP?s motion that making the protection of unborn child?s right to life dependent on its health status was tantamount to illegal direct discrimination (Art 32). Nevertheless, it seems noteworthy to underline that a negative assessment of a disease, handicap, or disability is not legally tantamount to a negative assessment of the affected human being, their dignity and the value of their life. Human life valued so highly on normative grounds, regardless of the person?s health condition, means that the life of a conceived child with malformations should be protected under penal law to the same extent as the life of a conceived and properly developing child. The admissibility of selective abortion based on the health status of the foetus must be recognized as unacceptable, just as abortion based on gender, race or social origin of the foetus.
Ancillary Ligands Dependent Structural Diversity of\nA Series of Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on 3,5-Bis(3-carboxyphenyl)pyridine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A series of novel multidimensional\ntransition metal–organic\nframeworks (MOFs), [Cu­(Hbcpb)<sub>2</sub>]<sub><i>n</i></sub> (<b>1</b>), [Co­(bcpb)]<sub><i>n</i></sub> (<b>2</b>), [Co­(Hbcpb)<sub>2</sub>(1,4-bib)]<i>n</i> (<b>3</b>), {[M­(bcpb)­(1,4-bimb)]·xH<sub>2</sub>O}<i>n</i> (<i>M</i> = Co (<b>4</b>), Cu (<b>5</b>),\nNi (<b>6</b>), <i>x</i> = 1 for <b>5</b>, 2\nfor <b>4</b> and <b>6</b>), [Co­(bcpb)­(4,4′-bibp)]<sub><i>n</i></sub> (7), {[Co­(bcpb)­(4,4′-bibp)]·2H<sub>2</sub>O}<sub><i>n</i></sub> (<b>8</b>), and [Ni<sub>2</sub>(bcpb)<sub>2</sub>(4,4′-bimbp)<sub>2</sub>]<sub><i>n</i></sub> (<b>9</b>), were synthesized under hydrothermal\nconditions in the presence of N-donor ancillary ligands [H<sub>2</sub>bcpb = 3,5-bis­(3-carboxyphenyl)­pyridine, 1,4-bib = 1,4-bis­(1H-imidazol-4-yl)­benzene,\n1,4-bimb = 1,4-bis­(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)­benzene, 4,4′-bibp =\n4,4′-bis­(imidazol-1-yl)­biphenyl, 4,4′-bimbp = 4,4′-bis­(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)­biphenyl].\nTheir structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction\nanalyses and further characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra,\npowder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and thermogravimetric (TG) analyses.\nBy adjusting the reaction pH, the H<sub>2</sub>bcpb ligand is partially\ndeprotonated to give the Hbcpb<sup>–</sup> form in <b>1</b> and <b>3</b>, and completely deprotonated to afford the bcpb<sup>2–</sup> form in <b>2</b> and <b>4</b>–<b>9</b>. Complex <b>1</b> exhibits a two-dimensional (2D)\n(3,6)-connected kgd topology with the Schläfli symbol of (4<sup>3</sup>)<sub>2</sub>(4<sup>6</sup>·6<sup>6</sup>·8<sup>3</sup>). The three-dimensional (3D) framework of <b>2</b> is\ndefined as a (4,4)-connected pts topology with the Schläfli\nsymbol of (4<sup>2</sup>·8<sup>4</sup>). Complex <b>3</b> displays a (4,6)-connected pcu topology with the Schläfli\nsymbol of (4<sup>12</sup>·6<sup>3</sup>) built from 4<sup>4</sup> 2D nets with the help of 1,4-bib. Complexes <b>4</b>–<b>6</b> are isomorphism and show a 3D (3,5)-connected mbm framework\nwith the Point Schläfli symbol of (4·6<sup>2</sup>)­(4·6<sup>6</sup>·8<sup>3</sup>). The supramolecular isomers of <b>7</b> and <b>8</b>, resulted from the different pH in the\nreaction, exhibit (3,5)-connected (4<sup>2</sup>·6<sup>7</sup>·8)­(4<sup>2</sup>·6) 3,5-L2 and (4,6)-connected (4<sup>4</sup>·6<sup>10</sup>·8)­(4<sup>4</sup>·6<sup>2</sup>) fsc topology, respectively. Complex <b>9</b> can be regard\nas an unprecedented (3,5)-connected 3D 3,5-T1 frameworks with the\npoint Schläfli symbol of (4<sup>2</sup>·6<sup>5</sup>·8<sup>3</sup>)­(4<sup>2</sup>·6). The results revealed that the crystal\narchitectures and the coordination modes of H<sub>2</sub>bcpb are\nattributed to the factors, including metal cations, pH, and the N-donor\nancillary ligands.
Stereotyping Among Graduate Students in Mental Health Fields: An EEG Study

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Counselors are obligated to work effectively with diverse groups, yet stereotyping and biases can impede counselors’ efforts. Understanding implicit processes in social cognition among counselors is important because implicit stereotyping and biases can negatively influence counselors’ work. Investigation of cognitive processes through electroencephalography (EEG) can illuminate implicit tendencies that potentially lead to microaggressions toward clients. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that graduate students in mental health fields would show indicators of stereotyping in a priming experiment that measured stereotyping implicitly. Both neural (N400 event-related potential component) and behavioral (reaction time) measures were used as indexes for stereotyping. The results showed neural and behavioral markers of stereotyping toward Black men and White women in a sample of graduate students in mental health fields composed of mostly White women. Implications for counseling practice and research are discussed.
Distinction between “high grade MALT” and diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In order to communicate data about various lymphomas, it is necessary that we all speak the same language. To this end, many lymphoma classification schemes have been devised over the years. The most recent and current “official” lymphoma classification is that proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO).1,2 It differs very little from the previous “official” classification, the REAL (Revised European-American Lymphoma classification).3 Because the WHO classification is explicit, it is easy to follow and, if used correctly, studies using WHO terms should be reproducible and easy to interpret. However, when authors use language and classification schemes that are not widely accepted, they risk misinterpretation or that their data may be overlooked.

In the early 1980s, authors began referring to low grade B cell lymphomas that arise in mucosal locations as either “marginal zone” or mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (“MALT”) lymphomas.4,5 Being the catchier of the two terms “MALToma” became dominant in the common parlance. However, this led to some confusion because the “MALT” descriptor has the connotation that there is only one type of lymphoma that arises in mucosal …
Reduction of truncation artifacts in fan beam transmission by using parallel beam emission data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We describe a method to reduce the truncation artifacts in the fan beam transmission image reconstruction of a simultaneous transmission and emission SPECT system. Parallel hole collimation is adopted for the measurement of both emission photopeak and Compton scatter photons, which are also used to obtain the body and lung outlines. The lung outlines can be refined using attenuation coefficient (/spl mu/) estimates from within the fully sampled region (FSR) of the attenuation map computed using the truncated transmission data. The regions of the lungs and other soft tissues are assigned appropriate attenuation coefficients to create the attenuation map with no truncation, which are then reprojected to augment the transmission projection data. A match of the total attenuation between the real and reprojected data is made at each projection angle in each slice to account for the different attenuation coefficients in different slices. Finally, a reconstruction of the combined measured and augmented data is performed. We demonstrate that this method can significantly reduce the truncation artifacts using two phantom studies. When some portion of the heart falls outside the FSR, the attenuation map estimated from this method can more effectively correct for the attenuation in the emission data than the truncated map.< >
Reactor modelling of treatment chamber for the inactivation of Escherichia coli by radio frequency electric field – mechanistic versus empirical approaches

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND Inactivation of Escherichia coli , suspended in McIlvaine buffer, was investigated by the application of radio frequency electric field (RFEF) under single‐stage, multi‐stage and recirculation flow configurations using a parallel‐plate treatment chamber. Changes in the survival fraction were correlated, through predictive microbiology, as a function of key process parameters: electric field strength, temperature, time and flow rate, as well as the intrinsic media properties: pH and electrical conductivity. Various empirical models, including Hülsheger, Peleg, Geeraerd and Weibull were compared with mechanistic models, such as the first‐order exponential decay and the two‐term exponential models. Mechanistic models were employed to formulate reactor models by performing differential mass balances over the inactivation chambers, with plug‐flow‐reactor (PFR) assumption for single‐ and multi‐stage configurations, and differential PFR for recirculation configuration. RESULTS The single‐stage configuration with variable flow rate was proven unsuitable for kinetic studies. Nonlinear logarithmic inactivation profiles were observed with multi‐stage and recirculation. The two‐term exponential mechanistic model effectively explained the kinetics of inactivation. Treatment chambers were successfully modelled mechanistically with reaction engineering principles. Common kinetic constants fitted the experimental data for all flow configurations. The intrinsic properties of media also influenced process kinetics. CONCLUSIONS The presence of variable resistances amongst microbial population adds nonlinearity in RFEF processing with the extension of the treatment time. The research showed that unlike empirical models, the mechanistic approach can explain the complex inactivation behaviour for all flow configurations. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
S3053 THUMB RECONSTRUCTION WITH SECOND TOE-TO -HAND

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Microsurgical techniques have become useful in reconstructive surgeryn of the hand. Toe-to-hand transplantation is currently the procedure of choice for thumb loss reconstruction, as well traumatical as congenital. For a successful outcome meticulous planning is imperative and presumes a thorough knowledge of pertinent anatomy and surgical technique The method of thumb reconstruction must be individualized and is dependent on the patient’s functional needs, age, and the level of the amputation. Postoperatvely, diligent nursing care is essential in assuring a positive outcome. From Nov. 1979 to Dec. 2001 53 second toe-to-hand transfers were performed at Center of Replantation of Limbs in Trzebnica/Poland. Mean age was 27 years. Males (79%) and manual workers (91%) dominated the series The rate of failure was 5,5%. The transfer gave functionally acceptable thumb with 8–12 mm two poin discrimination, on average 55% of strength in pinching (compared with unaffected side), 35 degrees of range flexion (but with flexion contracture)and poor cosmesis. Second toe transfers are preferable in cases with proximal thumb amputations, and in children. Their main advantage is the minimal morbidity of the donor site.
Technology readiness assessment and performance forecast on a 19 seats E-STOL EIS 2032

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The European Flightpath 2050 connectivity goal, to enable European people to reach any desired destination, door to door, in 4 hours, increases the interest in Small Air Transportation (SAT), to enhance global connectivity. The connectivity goal should come alongside with environmental target: FlightPath 2050 aims to reduce by 75% C02 emissions and by 90% NOx emissions. Within the EU Clean Sky 2 framework, a future affordable and green commuter belonging to EASA CS 23 has been designed, collecting all the novel technologies developed in the CleanSky 2 frame [1]. This work presents a further step on the 19-seater development: a technology readiness and assessment to electrify the short take-off and landing (STOL) aircraft is presented, considering the expected entry into service (EIS) in 2032, rationalizing the design choices considered as most suitable to obtain a hybrid electric E-STOL and the consequent gains in terms of emission reduction on a typical mission range.
Balanced Crystallinity and Nanostructure for SnS2 Nanosheets through Optimized Calcination Temperature toward Enhanced Pseudocapacitive Na+ Storage

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are expected to take the place of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) as next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices due to the cost advantages they offer. However, due to the larger ion radius, the reaction kinetics of Na+ in anode materials is sluggish. SnS2 is an attractive anode material for SIBs due to its large interlayer spacing and alloying reactions with high capacity. Calcination is usually employed to improve the crystallinity of SnS2, which could affect the Na+ reaction kinetics, especially the pseudocapacitive storage. However, excessively high temperature could damage the well-designed nanostructure of SnS2. In this work, we uniformly grow SnS2 nanosheets on a Zn-, N-, and S-doped carbon skeleton (SnS2@ZnNS). To explore the optimal calcination temperature, SnS2@ZnNS is calcined at three typical temperatures (300, 350, and 400 °C), and the electrochemical performance and Na+ storage kinetics are investigated specifically. The results show that the sample calcined at 350 °C exhibited the best rate capacity and cycle performance, and the reaction kinetics analysis shows that the same sample exhibited a stronger pseudocapacitive response than the other two samples. This improved Na+ storage capability can be attributed to the enhanced crystallinity and the intact nanostructure.
Loss and inactivation of PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 gene in lung cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Objective The recently identified PTEN/MMAC1/TEP1 gene is the first tumor suppressor encoding a phosphatase,which mutated in multiple tumors. Our research aims to detect loss of heterozygosity and inactivation of PTEN in lung cancer. Methods 24 lung cancer fresh samples paired with normal tissue, 18 archival paraffinembedded sections of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) were included. For 24 fresh samples, PCRLOH was used to detect Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in or near PTEN loci. In situ hybridization, Western blot and or immunohistochemistry were proceeded for mRNA and protein expression of PTEN in lung cancer samples. Southern, Northern and Western blot were done to exam PTEN abnormality in one NSCLC and three SCLC cell lines. Results Among these 24 fresh samples PTEN LOH was detected in 11 out of 24 cases(45.8%) and 6 cases had no PTEN mRNA and protein expression. Results in situ hybridization were in conformity with that of immunohistochemistry/Western blot in our research. No protein expression was detected in 8/18(44%) archival paraffin cases of SCLC. Southern,Northern and Western blot confirmed homozygous deletion in one SCLC cell line. Conclusion Lung cancers had LOH and inactivation of PTEN.
Turning the tide on female genital mutilation in a high prevalence country: a programmatic data analysis for Sudan’s comprehensive health sector response, 2016–2018

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Sudan has about 87% of females aged 15–49 years living with female genital mutilation (FGM), mostly performed by midwives (64%). In 2016, the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH) adopted the WHO’s global strategy to stop healthcare providers from performing FGM. Our review of activity reports from 2016 to 2018 found the format of activities (N=95) was mainly meetings (58%) and trainings (31%) with median costs of US$10 645 and US$14 964, respectively. The FMoH (57%) and student/professional associations (25%) implemented activities at national (36%) and state (62%) level. The costs of activities were highest for FMoH compared with student/professional associations and academia, respectively. Sudan addressed WHO’s global strategy pillars through FGM-related policies and plans (pillar 1), trainings (pillar 2) and monitoring, evaluation and accountability materials (pillar 3) targeting mainly community midwives (N=16 183) as well as creating supportive legislative and regulatory environment (pillar 4). Governmental funding on training was comparable to donor’s resulting into 31% of community midwives trained on FGM complications management. Further, 31% of community midwives signed declarations or petitions to end FGM practice, while 19% were sensitised on punitive administrative measures for conducting FGM. Although Sudan implemented a laudable health sector response to address FGM, there is a need to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of past and ongoing interventions. Particular attention to costs and quality assurance data is essential to identify cost efficient implementation approaches to reach the remaining sizeable number of health professionals to stop their involvement in FGM.
Digital micromirror device-based common-path quantitative phase imaging

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We propose a novel common-path quantitative phase imaging (QPI) method based on a digital micromirror device (DMD). The DMD is placed in a plane conjugate to the objective back-aperture plane for the purpose of generating two plane waves that illuminate the sample. A pinhole is used in the detection arm to filter one of the beams after sample to create a reference beam. Additionally, a transmission-type liquid crystal device, placed at the objective back-aperture plane, eliminates the specular reflection noise arising from all the “off” state DMD micromirrors, which is common in all DMD-based illuminations. We have demonstrated high sensitivity QPI, which has a measured spatial and temporal noise of 4.92 nm and 2.16 nm, respectively. Experiments with calibrated polystyrene beads illustrate the desired phase measurement accuracy. In addition, we have measured the dynamic height maps of red blood cell membrane fluctuations, showing the efficacy of the proposed system for live cell imaging. Most importantly, the DMD grants the system convenience in varying the interference fringe period on the camera to easily satisfy the pixel sampling conditions. This feature also alleviates the pinhole alignment complexity. We envision that the proposed DMD-based common-path QPI system will allow for system miniaturization and automation for a broader adaption.
Imaging of early inflammation in low-to-moderate carotid stenosis by 18-FDG-PET

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It is not clear if 18FDG-PET can be useful for detection of inflammation in low to moderate carotid stenosis. We studied 15 patients scheduled for endarterectomy with contralateral carotids with less than 50% stenosis. 18-FDG-PET was performed prior to CEA and 3 months following surgery. FDG-uptake values were calculated based on maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) and corresponding uptake ratios. We confirmed by CD68 macrophage staining that FDG accumulation corresponds to active inflammation (R=0.8 p less than 0.005). We found significant correlation between the FDG-uptake in the carotids scheduled for CEA and contralateral carotids with low to moderate stenosis (R=0.9 p less than 0.001). The FDG uptake ratio in the contralateral arteries remained stable on the follow-up imaging (1.15+/-0.2 vs. 1.14+/-0.1, R=0.7 p=0.006). We did not find correlation between FDG uptake and symptomatic or asymptomatic patients, degree of carotid stenosis and vascular risk factors. This is a prospective, preliminary in vivo study demonstrating that low to moderate carotid atherosclerosis can be detected using 18-FDG-PET imaging and highlights the truly systemic nature of atherosclerosis.