jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Basic Device Physics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Learn the basic properties and designs of modern VLSI devices, as well as the factors affecting performance, with this thoroughly updated second edition. The first edition has been widely adopted as a standard textbook in microelectronics in many major US universities and worldwide. The internationally renowned authors highlight the intricate interdependencies and subtle trade-offs between various practically important device parameters, and provide an in-depth discussion of device scaling and scaling limits of CMOS and bipolar devices. Equations and parameters provided are checked continuously against the reality of silicon data, making the book equally useful in practical transistor design and in the classroom. Every chapter has been updated to include the latest developments, such as MOSFET scale length theory, high-field transport model and SiGe-base bipolar devices.
Evidence for Imbalanced Furosemide‐Sensitive Na+, K+ Cotransport in Hereditary Stomatocytosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The red cells from 5 related patients with hereditary stomatocytosis were investigated. Maximal rate constant of Na + passive permeability was increased while that of K + passive permeability was nearly normal. Ouabain‐sensitive Na + efflux was elevated. The Na + component of furosemide‐sensitive Na + , K + cotransport was also increased. However, its K + component, determined in 2 patients, remained within normal limits, thus departing from the strict 1:1 stoichiometry of the Na + , K + cotransport system. Yet, intracellular Na + and K + concentrations displayed limited and inconstant changes. A variety of abnormally‐shaped cells, including stomatocytes, were observed in scanning electron micrographs. Upon differential centrifugation, reticulocytes usually concentrated in the most dense region of the gradient. Red cell deformability, as studied by ektacytometry, was reduced. Membrane phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins were increased and decreased, respectively, whereas fatty acid distribution was unchanged. Membrane microviscosity was normal.
Effect of Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products on Diabetic Rat Kidney

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Forty-eight SD rats were used as experimental animals to establish diabetic rat models by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.Changes in kidney coefficient,serum creatinine,serum fluorescence,superoxide dismutase(SOD) in kidney tissue,malondialdehyde(MDA),and reduced glutathione(GSH) were evaluated on rats after feeding with advanced glycation products at various concentrations for 8 weeks.In addition,the effect and mechanism of dietary AGEs on rat kidney were investigated to evaluate the safety of AGEs in diet.The results showed that fluorescent AGEs of AIN93G diet revealed 4 fold increase after baking at high temperature(125 ℃,3 h).Kidney injury caused by AGEs was enhanced during weeks 4 to 8.Approximately 8 weeks later,compared with low AGEs diet,kidney coefficient((14.84±2.09) g/kg),serum creatinine concentration((40.55±3.51) μ mol/L),serum fluorescence value((898.6±58.07) AU) and MDA content((5.05±0.42) nmol/mg pro) in diabetic rats fed on high AGE diet were significantly higher(P0.05),while SOD activity((89.11±11.07) U/mg pro) and GSH level((4.12±0.58) mg/g pro) were decreased without significant difference(P0.05); compared with low AGEs,kidney coefficient,serum creatinine concentration,serum fluorescence value and MDA content of normal rats fed on high AGEs diet were increased by 11.86%,31.76%,44.49% and 163.02%,respectively,while SOD activity and GSH content were decrease by 50.56% and 65.23%,respectively.In conclusion,high AGEs diet can promote the deterioration of renal function in rats and its mechanism may be associated with oxidative stress.Limited intake of AGEs can be introduced as one of the strategies to slow down the deterioration of diabetic nephropathy.
EVOLUTION OF THE GALL WASP–HOST PLANT ASSOCIATION

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Gall wasps, or cynipids, form the second largest radiation of galling insects with more than 1300 described species. According to current views, the first cynipids were phytophagous and developed in herb stems of the Asteraceae without modifying plant growth or development. The first galls were supposedly multichambered stem swellings, and subsequent trends involved increase in gall complexity and reduction in the number of larval chambers. Gall wasps also have many of the features believed to be characteristic for phytophagous insects radiating in parallel with their host plants. We tested these hypotheses by mapping characters onto a recent estimate of higher cynipid relationships from a morphology-based analysis of exemplar taxa, controlling for phylogenetic uncertainty using bootstrapping. Characters were also mapped onto a metatree including all gall wasps, assembled from phylogenetic analyses as well as recent classifications. The results contradict many of the current hypotheses. The first cynipids with extant descendants were not Asteraceae stem feeders but induced distinct single-chambered galls in reproductive organs of herbaceous Papaveraceae, or possibly Lamiaceae. There has been a general trend toward more complex galls but the herb-stem feeders evolved from ancestors inducing distinct galls and their larval chambers are best understood as cryptic galls. Woody hosts have been colonized only three times, making the apparently irreversible transition from herbs to woody hosts one of the most conservative features of the gall wasp–host plant association. The evolution of host plant preferences is characterized by colonization of preexisting host-plant lineages rather than by parallel cladogenesis. Cynipids are mono- or oligophagous and host-plant choice is strongly phylogenetically conserved. Yet, the few major host shifts have involved remarkably distantly related plants. Many shifts have been onto plant species already exploited by other gall wasps, suggesting that interspecific parasitism among cynipids facilitates colonization of novel host plants. Corresponding Editor: K. Shaw
SPECIES COMPOSITION AND ECOLOGICAL-ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE WEEVILS (CURCULIONIDAE) IN THE INNER-MOUNTAINOUS DAGESTAN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Aim. The purpose of this research study is to determine the species composition of the study area, ecological and zoogeographical analysis, identification of trophic specialization, showing the dependence of the weevils to certain life forms of plants. Location. The work is based on observations and contributions received as a result of complex expeditions Ecological-geographical faculty of the Dagestan State University and the Institute of Applied Ecology in the territory of Inner Mountainous Dagestan. Methods. Materials presented of collection: of assistant professor of the De-
Clinicopathological Findings of Surgically Treated Nasal Cavity Schwannomas: A Case Series

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives: Nasal cavity schwannomas are exceedingly rare, benign neoplasms that pose challenges in clinical differentiation from other nasal tumors. Methods: This study presents 5 cases of nasal cavity schwannoma treated surgically over a 10 year period, along with a review of the literature. Results: The most prevalent symptoms included unilateral nasal obstruction and intermittent nosebleeds. Tumors originated from various nasal sites, including the septum, middle conchae, lateral nasal wall, and alar mucosa. All surgeries were conducted transnasally, with 3 tumors excised en bloc, and the remaining two subjected to piecemeal resection. Ancient schwannoma was identified in 4 cases. No instances of recurrence were observed during the average 61 month follow-up period. Conclusions: The definitive diagnosis of schwannomas necessitates histopathological examination. An endoscopic approach to the nasal cavity, obviating the need for external intervention, proved highly effective and appropriate for both diagnosis and symptom alleviation.
Numerical modelling of the German Aschau shallow water range

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The acoustical shallow water range in Aschau in the Eckernförde Bay (Baltic Sea) is used for the measurement of ship noise spectra of Navy ships. The measured noise spectra of ships at the Aschau range show a characteristic dip in the low frequency region between 20 Hz and 30 Hz, dubbed the "Aschau hole". It was assumed that the reason for this phenomenon lies in the specific seafloor characteristics of the Eckernförde Bay. Numerical calculations with the OASES code show that the breakdown in acoustic transmission can indeed be attributed to the seafloor in the Eckernförde Bay. The muddy bottom exhibits the phenomenon of acoustic turbidity caused by a high content of bubbles created by bacterial activity. In order to show this measured spectra from the German research vessel "RV Planet" are simulated with a modelled transmission loss and a source spectrum form a measurement of the ship at the Heggernes deep water range in Norway. The numerical modelling of the transmission loss in Aschau utilises information from bottom profiling sonar and existing data from geophysical measurements in the Eckernförde Bay.
Influence of Charged Polypeptides on Nucleation and\nGrowth of CaCO<sub>3</sub> Evaluated by Counterdiffusion Experiments

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Many\nmineralization processes occur in convection-free conditions.\nUnderstanding these processes requires knowledge of crystal nucleation\nand growth processes in gels or high viscous sol systems. In this\nwork, the crystallization parameters of calcium carbonate in an agarose\nviscous sol using counterdiffusion crystallization were monitored\nas a function of time. Additionally, by comparing the precipitation\nparameters in the high viscous sol entrapping charged polypeptides,\nnamely, poly-l-lysine (pLys), poly-l-aspartate (pAsp),\nand poly-l-glutamate (pGlu), it was possible to establish\nthe polypeptide capability to inhibit, or eventually promote, the\ncalcium carbonate nucleation and/or crystal growth processes. The\npolymorphism and morphology of the precipitates indicate that pLys\nonly influences the growth mechanism of calcium carbonate without\naffecting the nucleation process. On the contrary, pAsp and, to a\nminor extent, pGlu affect both nucleation and growth. The application\nof this analysis can be extended to other additives and macromolecules\nable to affect crystallization processes.
FATTY ACID AND TOCOPHEROL COMPOSITION OF SEMEN COMPONENTS IN THE RABBIT

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to determine and compare the lipid composition and the tocopherol contents in the different components of rabbit semen: spermatozoa, seminal plasma and granules. Semen was collected via an artificial vagina from 16 rabbits. Semen collection was repeated in two subsequent weeks. Two ejaculates were obtained from each male on the same day. Individual ejaculates were pooled in 3 semen samples from 5-6 bucks each. Sperm concentration, viability and motility were measured. Granule concentration was also estimated. Seminal plasma was separated after centrifugation; spermatozoa and granules were separated by Percoll ® density gradient centrifugation. Lipid were extracted from semen components and separated by TLC; fatty acid composition of phospholipid was determined by GC on capillary column. The content of tocopherols in semen components was determined by HPLC. Semen quality was good and the mean values recorded were in agreement with standard reproductive performance of bucks. Phospholipid was the most important lipid class found in the different components of rabbit semen. The characteristic fatty acid composition of rabbit spermatozoa has been confirmed: polyunsaturates accounted for the major proportion of fatty acids and were mainly represented by C22:5n-6 (36%); n-3 polyunsaturates were present in very low proportion, and also the proportion of monounsaturates was low. The fatty acid composition of phospholipid in seminal plasma and granules showed a lower level of unsaturation and a greater proportion of oleic acid in comparison with the gamete composition. Of interest was the presence of consistent proportion of different n6 polyunsaturate s, from C18:2 to C22:5, in seminal plasma. Two main forms of tocopherols, α and δ, have been found in all components of rabbit semen, and spermatozoa were the preferential site of accumulation.
A two-stage solution approach to multidimensional periodic scheduling

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a two-stage solution approach to the multidimensional periodic scheduling (MPS) problem. This problem originates from the design of high-throughput digital-signal-processor systems, where highly parallel execution of loops is of utmost importance. We introduce the concept of multidimensional periodic operations in order to cope with problems originating from loop hierarchies and explicit timing requirements. In the first stage of the approach, we assign periods to the multidimensional periodic operations such that storage costs are minimized. This is done by means of branch-and-bound, based on a linear programming and constraint-generation technique. In the second stage, we assign start times to the operations and determine on which processing units (PUs) they are executed. This is done by means of an iterative approach. The two major subproblems of MPS concerning checking data dependency constraints and PU constraints are solved by means of an all-integer integer-linear-programming technique. This technique is used as a subroutine in the above two stages. The effectiveness and efficiency of the approach are good, which is illustrated by means of some practical examples
The Anglican Clergy-in-Uniform

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In April 1930, Frank Percival Crozier, a former Brigadier General who had seen extensive service on the Western Front during the war but later embraced pacifism, was quoted in the Daily Mirror as saying that during a war a Christian country ceases to be Christian. 'For this reason', he insisted 'chaplains are quite out of place during a war. There were some very fine chaplains at the Front. They served a useful purpose when they gave out cigarettes and that sort of thing. But their usefulness was limited to that'.1 Crozier's memoir of his wartime experiences, A Brass Hat in No Man's Land, was first published shortly before these remarks were made. The iconoclastic and disenchanted tone of the book, as well as the author's preference for colourful vignettes at the expense of chronological coherence, bear some comparison with the text of Goodbye to All That. Yet unlike Graves, and indeed Siegfried Sassoon, Edmund Blunden, and Guy Chapman, Crozier had significant pre-war experience as an officer with regular and irregular armed forces. He had fought in the South African War and had gone on to serve with a variety of military and paramilitary formations in West Africa, Canada, and Ireland. He also had a wartime record of aggressively efficient command of combat troops and a post-war history that included a brief command of the notorious Auxiliary forces during the Anglo-Irish War.2
Effects Of Goal Orientation On The Content Of Free-Set Goals

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The effects of goal orientation (GO) on the types of goals set by students and on factors associated with effective goal-setting practices were examined. Using free-set goal methodology, 380 college students from a Midwest university freely reported their goals for semester, college, and long-term time frames and their confidence and commitment toward those goals. All students tended to set outcome goals regardless of their GO. LGO was positively correlated with goal difficulty, goal specificity, goal commitment, and goal confidence. While Avoid PGO was negatively correlated with goal difficulty and goal specificity, it was positively correlated with goal commitment and goal confidence. Approach PGO was not related to goal difficulty or goal specificity, however it was negatively related to goal commitment and goal confidence. Implications of this study include a better understanding of the benefits and detriments of goal orientation and a clearer understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of goal orientation theory.
Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Screening for abdominal aortic aneurysms may be useful to decrease mortality related to rupture. We conducted a study to assess the prevalence of abdominal aortic aneurysms in southern Brazil and to define risk factors associated with high prevalence of this disorder. The screening was conducted using abdominal ultrasound. Three groups were studied: Group 1 - cardiology clinic patients; Group 2 - individuals with severe ischemic disease and previous coronary surgery, or important lesions on cardiac catheterism; Group 3 - individuals without cardiac disease selected from the general population. All individuals were male and older than 54 years of age. The ultrasonographic diagnosis of aneurysm was based on an anteroposterior abdominal aorta diameter of 3 cm, or on an abdominal aorta diameter 0.5 cm greater than that of the supra-renal aorta. RESULTS: A total of 2.281 people were screened for abdominal aortic aneurysms in all groups: Group 1 - 768 individuals, Group 2 - 501 individuals, and Group 3 - 1012 individuals. The prevalence of aneurysms was 4.3%, 6.8% and 1.7%, respectively. Age and cigarette smoking were significantly associated with increased prevalence of aneurysms, as was the diagnosis of peripheral artery disease. DISCUSSION: We concluded that screening may be an important tool to prevent the mortality associated with abdominal aortic aneurysms surgery. Additionally, the cost of screening can be decreased if only individuals presenting significant risk factors, such as coronary and peripheral artery disease, smokers and relatives of aneurysm patients, are examined.
Assessment of Spinster homologue 2 (Spns2)‐dependent transport of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate as a therapeutic target

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background and Purpose Sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator (SRM) drugs suppress immune system function by disrupting lymphocyte trafficking, but SRMs are broadly immunosuppressive with on‐target liabilities. Another strategy to modulate the immune system is to block S1P transport. This study tests the hypothesis that blockers of S1P transport (STBs) mediated by Spinster homologue 2 (Spns2) approximate the efficacy of SRMs without their adverse events. Experimental Approach We have discovered and optimized STBs to enable investigations of S1P biology and to determine whether S1P transport is a valid drug target. The STB SLF80821178 was administered to rodents to assess its efficacy in a multiple sclerosis model and to test for toxicities associated with SRMs or Spns2‐deficient mice. Further, potential biomarkers of STBs, absolute lymphocyte counts (ALCs) in blood and S1P concentrations in plasma and lymph, were measured. Key Results SLF80821178 resembles SRMs in that it is efficacious in a standard multiple sclerosis model but does not evoke bradycardia or lung leakage, common to the SRM drug class. Also, chronic SLF80821178 administration does not affect auditory responses in adult mice despite the neurosensorial hearing defect observed in Spns2‐null mice. While both SRM and STB administration decrease ALCs, the maximal effect is less with an STB (45% vs. 90%). STBs have minimal effects on S1P concentration in plasma or thoracic duct lymph. Conclusion and Implications We found nothing to invalidate Spns2‐dependent S1P transport as a drug target. Indeed, STBs could be superior to SRMs as a therapy to modulate immune system function.
Toward an executive origin for acquired phonological dyslexia: a case of specific deficit of context-sensitive grapheme-to- phoneme conversion rules.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Phonological dyslexia is a written language disorder characterized by poor reading of nonwords when compared with relatively preserved ability in reading real words. In this study, we report the case of FG, a 74-year-old man with phonological dyslexia. The nature and origin of his reading impairment were assessed using tasks involving activation and explicit manipulation of phonological representations as well as reading of words and nonwords in which the nature and complexity of grapheme-to-phoneme conversion rules (GPC rules) were manipulated. FG also underwent an extensive neuropsychological assessment battery in which he showed impaired performance in tests exploring verbal working memory and executive functions. FG showed no phonological impairment, and his performance was also largely unimpaired for reading words, with no effect of concreteness, grammatical class, morphological complexity, length or nature and complexity of the GPC rules. However, he showed substantial difficulties when asked to read nonwords with contextual GPC rules. The contribution of FG's executive deficits to his performance in reading is discussed.
Company profile: BluePen Biomarkers LLC - integrated biomarker solutions

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

BluePen Biomarkers provides a unique comprehensive multi-omics biomarker discovery and validation platform. We can quantify, integrate and analyze genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and lipidomics biomarkers, alongside clinical data, demographics and other phenotypic data. A unique bio-inspired signal processing analytic approach is used that has the proven ability to identify biomarkers in a wide variety of diseases. The resulting biomarkers can be used for diagnosis, prognosis, mechanistic studies and predicting treatment response, in contexts from core research through clinical trials. BluePen Biomarkers provides an additional groundbreaking research goal: identifying surrogate biomarkers from different modalities. This not only provides new biological insights, but enables least invasive, least-cost tests that meet or exceed the predictive quality of current tests.
Solving Sample-Level Out-of-Distribution Detection on 3D Medical Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep Learning (DL) models tend to perform poorly when the data comes from a distribution different from the training one. In critical applications such as medical imaging, out-of-distribution (OOD) detection helps to identify such data samples, increasing the model's reliability. Recent works have developed DL-based OOD detection that achieves promising results on 2D medical images. However, scaling most of these approaches on 3D images is computationally intractable. Furthermore, the current 3D solutions struggle to achieve acceptable results in detecting even synthetic OOD samples. Such limited performance might indicate that DL often inefficiently embeds large volumetric images. We argue that using the intensity histogram of the original CT or MRI scan as embedding is descriptive enough to run OOD detection. Therefore, we propose a histogram-based method that requires no DL and achieves almost perfect results in this domain. Our proposal is supported two-fold. We evaluate the performance on the publicly available datasets, where our method scores 1.0 AUROC in most setups. And we score second in the Medical Out-of-Distribution challenge without fine-tuning and exploiting task-specific knowledge. Carefully discussing the limitations, we conclude that our method solves the sample-level OOD detection on 3D medical images in the current setting.