jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
CHINESE AS A LINGUA FRANCA IN GREATER CHINA

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This discussion provides current perspectives on the use of Chinese as a lingua franca among the Han peoples of greater China. As a national lingua franca, Mandarin Chinese or pŭtōnghuąChinese morpho-syllables intended to be read in pŭtōnghuą or Mandarin are represented in pìnyīn; those which are meant to be read in Cantonese are represented in Jyutping () with two numbers in superscript indicating the tone contour (Fan et al., 1997). is unsurpassed in terms of the number of speakers. It is however not yet widely spoken in many dialect areas of China. This is why the promotion of pŭtōnghuą among dialect speakers continues to be an important part of the language policy and planning of the People's Republic. In Taiwan, as a result of some four decades of hegemonic enforcement of the National Language Movement until 1987, an absolute majority of the Taiwanese can understand and speak Mandarin, but Southern Min continues to be commonly used in the southern parts of the island, partly because for many Taiwanese, language choice is closely bound up with national and ethnolinguistic identity. In the two special administrative regions of China, Hong Kong, and Macao, Cantonese continues to serve as a lingua franca among the Chinese there. It is the only dialect which has attained a level of prestige that rivals that of the standard national language, and which has evolved written forms of its own that are commonly used in informal genres of media discourses.
Using Seme Based Graph to Estimate Chinese Lexical Semantic Relatedness

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A robust numerical measures of lexical relatedness is significant for many applications, such as text summarization system and information retrieval researches. Standard seme-based measures of word pair relatedness are based on only the comparison of semes of the two words. This paper propose a new model called seme based graph using an extended random walk to measure explicit and implicit relatedness between two semes. Comparing to traditional random graph walk model, our model uses average encounter probability instead of average arrival probability and avoid an ambiguous divergence measure method. Then, this paper presents an dynamic programming algorithm to compute the relatedness scores. According to our experiments, the model has following advantages: 1) relatedness scores is determined highly congruous with the perspective of human cognition. 2)high correlated with human judgments at ρ=0.8. 3)very fast and low cost.
Studies on Physico-Chemical and Nutritional Parameters for the Production of Ethanol from Mahua Flower (Madhuca indica) Using Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ? 3090 Through Submerged Fermentation (smf)

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Effect of various Physico-Chemical and Nutritional parameter for the production of ethanol from mahua flower using Saccharomyces cerevisiae -3090 through submerged fermentation have been studied. Substrate mahua flower contains 68% Total sugar. Yeast strain S.cerevisiae-3090 was obtained from National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Pune, South India. Maximum production of ethanol obtained at different optimized parameters such as substrate concentration at 28%, p H at 5.0, Inoculum level at 2%, Inoculum age at 48 hours, Temperature 300c, Urea at 0.06 %, Copper sulphate 3 ppm, Sodium Potassium Tartrate 1.0 g/l and fermentation period is 48 hours is 13.450%(w/v). Effect of Sodium Potassium Tartrate and Urea showed the maximum production of ethanol. It is also conformed that the designed media is suitable for ethanol yield for large scale production.
Seizures in Organ Transplant Recipients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Seizures are a nonspecific neurological manifestation of cerebral dysfunction and not indicative of any particular disease processes or pathology. As such, the evaluation and treatment of seizures in transplant patients generally follow the same clinical approach as for other patients. A seizure in a transplant patient is commonly unanticipated and entirely unexplained. The effects can be substantial with aspiration, loss of vascular catheters, and tissue trauma. Patients undergoing organ transplantation are at risk of seizures for multiple reasons, and while much of the neurological and transplantation literature reports on the incidence of seizures according to the particular organ transplanted, there are many similarities (e.g., Immunosuppression drugs) and we will try to concentrate on organ transplantation as a whole.
Calling patterns of Western purple-faced langurs (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidea: Trachypithecus vetulus nestor) in a degraded human landscape in Sri Lanka

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study of calling patterns is a useful non-invasive method for determining population densities and the taxonomic relationships of rare or cryptic animal species. The Western purple-faced langur Trachypithecus vetulus nestor , endemic to Sri Lanka’s lowland rainforests, is severely impacted by forest fragmentation, with most remaining populations living almost completely in home gardens. Due to their shy nature, little is known about the behaviour of this subspecies; analysing the regular loud calls emitted by these langurs could allow for improvement of census techniques, clarification of their taxonomy, and an understanding of the impact of forest destruction on their behaviour. In 2007, we recorded the calling patterns of five male T. v. nestor at Talangama Wetlands. Time, duration, weather conditions, and stimulant of 253 calls were noted. Loud calls comprised three structural units: harsh barks, whoops and residuals. The average call contained 4 phrases and 3.8 residuals, was 38 seconds in length, had an average maximum frequency of 3.5 kHz, a formant frequency of 0.36 kHz, and a fundamental frequency of 0.2 kHz. Significant differences were found between individuals for the number of phrases and residuals within a call, two different phrase lengths, the formant frequency and the fundamental frequency. The earliest call occurred at 05:27 hrs, while the latest was made at 17:57 hrs. The greatest percentage of calls (73.5%) was heard in the morning (05:00-09:59 hrs), mostly stimulated by territorial battles with neighbouring troops. These results show that vocalisations can be used to distinguish individual males; as langurs are more often heard than seen, and most troops contain only a single adult male, vocalisations may be used to determine the number of troops in an area. Calls of this taxon also differed from the other subspecies, suggesting that they may be used to distinguish subspecies and their boundaries. Finally, calling behaviour differed from other subspecies. Deforestation may be a direct cause of different calling patterns. These baseline data form a valuable starting point for further studies of this Critically Endangered primate.
Synergy and Other Interactions between Polymethoxyflavones from Citrus Byproducts

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The citrus by-products released from citrus processing plants may contain high levels of potentially bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, which are a widely distributed group of polyphenolic compounds with health-related properties based on their antioxidant activity. In the study reported here, the potential bioactivities and antioxidant activities of extracts, fractions and compounds from citrus by-products were evaluated along with the chemical interactions of binary mixtures of compounds and complex mixtures. The bioactivities and interactions were evaluated in wheat coleoptile bioassays and the antioxidant activity was evaluated by the al DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhdrazyl radical) radical scavenging assay. The extracts, fractions and most of the isolated compounds (mainly polymethoxyflavones) showed high activity in the wheat coleoptile bioassay. However, the antioxidant activity was not consistently high, except in the acetone extract fractions. Moreover, a study of the interactions with binary mixtures of polymethoxyflavones showed the occurrence of synergistic effects. The complex mixtures of fractions composed mainly of polymethoxyflavones caused a synergistic effect when it was added to a bioactive compound such as anethole. The results reported here highlight a new application for the wheat coleoptile bioassay as a quick tool to detect potential synergistic effects in compounds or mixtures.
Linear algebra and congruences for MacMahon’s k-rowed plane partitions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we provide an algorithm to detect linear congruences of [Formula: see text], the number of MacMahon’s [Formula: see text]-rowed plane partitions, and give a quantitative result on the nonexistence of Ramanujan-type congruences of the [Formula: see text]-rowed plane partition functions. We also show [Formula: see text] that the number of partitions at most [Formula: see text] parts always admits linear congruences.
Quantitation of Serum Hemoglobin-Binding Capacity Using Cellulose Acetate Membrane Electrophoresis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract A method is described for the quantitation of serum hemoglobin-binding capacity (haptoglobin level) using cellulose acetate membrane electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is carried out for 90 mm. Eight membranes are dried, stained, and scanned within 45 mm. The reproducibility of this technic is within ± 10%.
The Scottish Mesothelioma Network: Impact of a national MDT on overall survival in pleural mesothelioma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Optimal care in malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) requires specialist diagnostic tools, histology, and effusion management, providing a rationale for specialist multi-disciplinary team (sMDT) working. The Scottish Mesothelioma Network, established in April 2019, coordinates a national sMDT and provision of specialist services. Aims: We hypothesize that sMDT care is associated with improved overall survival in MPM. Methods: All Scottish cases diagnosed April 2017-January 2022 were allocated to pre- and post-network cohorts. Data was extracted from local and national databases. Overall survival was recorded from date of first suspicious imaging to death. All cases had ≥12-months follow-up. Restricted Mean Survival Time (RMST) at 1 year was used for survival analyses. Results: 654 patients were studied (pre n=282, post n=327). Unadjusted RMST analysis (Figure 1A) revealed superior mean survival in post-network cases at 1-year. This retained statistical significance on adjusted analysis (+0.6 months, p=0.013). Subgroup analysis showed marked survival improvement in post-network non-epithelioid cases (Figure 1B). Conclusions: Establishment of a sMDT is associated with improved overall mean survival. This may be driven by improvements in non-epithelioid survival. Enhanced access to therapy, trials and holistic care may explain our findings; analyses are ongoing. These data support wider adoption of sMDTs.
Leveraging a phased pangenome for haplotype design of hybrid potato

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The tetraploid genome and clonal propagation of the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)1,2 dictate a slow, non-accumulative breeding mode of the most important tuber crop. Transitioning potato breeding to a seed-propagated hybrid system based on diploid inbred lines has the potential to greatly accelerate its improvement3. Crucially, the development of inbred lines is impeded by manifold deleterious variants; explaining their nature and finding ways to eliminate them is the current focus of hybrid potato research4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9-10. However, most published diploid potato genomes are unphased, concealing crucial information on haplotype diversity and heterozygosity11, 12-13. Here we develop a phased potato pangenome graph of 60 haplotypes from cultivated diploids and the ancestral wild species, and find evidence for the prevalence of transposable elements in generating structural variants. Compared with the linear reference, the graph pangenome represents a broader diversity (3,076 Mb versus 742 Mb). Notably, we observe enhanced heterozygosity in cultivated diploids compared with wild ones (14.0% versus 9.5%), indicating extensive hybridization during potato domestication. Using conservative criteria, we identify 19,625 putatively deleterious structural variants (dSVs) and reveal a biased accumulation of deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms (dSNPs) around dSVs in coupling phase. Based on the graph pangenome, we computationally design ideal potato haplotypes with minimal dSNPs and dSVs. These advances provide critical insights into the genomic basis of clonal propagation and will guide breeders to develop a suite of promising inbred lines.
Incorporating the Competencies of Evidence‐Based Veterinary Medicine Focused on Pharmacotherapeutics Into Clinical Rotations for Small Animal Dermatology and Food Animal Medicine and Surgery at a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital in the US

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Building the skills and knowledge necessary to practice evidence‐based veterinary medicine (EBVM) should occur throughout the veterinary curriculum. Operationalizing EBVM includes asking a clinical question in PICO format, searching the biomedical literature for evidence, critically appraising the evidence, and applying the evidence to make a clinical recommendation. At the Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, we have embedded EBVM skill‐reinforcing assignments into two clinical rotations, Dermatology and Food Animal Medicine and Surgery. In this paper, we describe the implementation and the evolution of assignments, including the learning objectives, workflow, and grading rubrics. We also summarize the types of PICO questions pursued by students. We conclude with the pharmacologist's and the clinicians' reflections on the value of the assignments and the approach of collaboration among specialists.
Two Cases of Epibulbar Osseous Choristoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ëª©ì  ìêµ¬ë°ê¹¥ ê³¨ì± ë¶ë¦¬ì¢ 2ë¡ë¥¼ ë³´ê³ íê³ ì´ì ëí ë¬¸í ê³ ì°°ì íê³ ì íë¤. ì¦ë¡ìì½ 26ì¸ ë¨ìì 50ì¸ ì¬ìê° í¹ë³í ì¦ì ìì´ ì°ì°í ë°ê²¬ë ê²°ë§í ì¢ ê´´ë¥¼ ì£¼ìë¡ ì ìëìë¤. ì¸ìë ¥ì´ë ì ì ì  ê°ì¼, í¹ì´ ë³ë ¥ì ììë¤. ì¢ ê´´ë ê°ê° ìì´ì¸¡ê³¼ íì´ì¸¡ ê²°ë§ ìëì ìì¹íìê³ , ì¢ ê´´ì ëí ì ì ì ì ìííìë¤. Hematoxyline and eosin ì¼ìì ì´ì©í ë³ë¦¬ì¡°ì§ê²ì¬ì ì±ìë ê³¨ì¡°ì§ì´ íì¸ëì´ ìêµ¬ë°ê¹¥ ê³¨ì± ë¶ë¦¬ì¢ ì¼ë¡ ì§ë¨ëìë¤. ì í ì¬ë°ì´ë í©ë³ì¦ì ë³´ì´ì§ ììë¤. ê²°ë¡ ìêµ¬ë°ê¹¥ ê³¨ì± ë¶ë¦¬ì¢ ì ëë¬¸ ì§íì´ì§ë§ ì´ë¤ ì°ë ¹ê³¼ ì±ë³ì íìììë ì§ë¨ë ì ìë¤. ë°ë¼ì ë¬´ì¦ìì ê²°ë§ ìë í¹ì ìêµ¬ë°ê¹¥ì ì¢ ê´´ê° í¹í ì´ì¸¡ì ë°ê²¬ë ê²½ì° ìêµ¬ë°ê¹¥ ê³¨ì± ë¶ë¦¬ì¢ ì ì¼ëì ëì´ì¼ íê² ë¤. Keywords: Epibulbar osseous choristoma, Epibulbar osteoma, Subconjunctival osteoma
Comparing cancer patient and provider perspectives on fatigue and pain.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e17680 Background: Estimates of fatigue incidence in patients with cancer range from 17% to 90%, and estimates of pain incidence range from 33% to 64%. In 1997, Vogelzang et al reported that 78% of patients with cancer experienced fatigue and 61% indicated that fatigue adversely impacted daily life more than pain, whereas only 37% of oncologists shared these perceptions. Our study provides an update to these estimates among patients with cancer and healthcare providers (HCPs), which can help prioritize symptom assessment and management in the clinic. Methods: Respondents were recruited from the general US population to provide a random sample of patients with cancer by online survey firms Harris Poll Online and Schlesinger Associates. Oncology HCPs were recruited by Food and Drug Research, Inc. and Toluna, Inc. Surveys were designed to assess the impact of fatigue and pain. The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the perceptions of cancer patients, oncologists, and oncology nurses about the occurrence and impact of fatigue and pain in patients being treated with chemotherapy. Data were summarized by information source and compared across sources. Results: From June to November 2012, of 1,122 eligible patients, 572 (51%) elected not to participate and 550 (49%) completed the survey. Of 533 eligible oncologists and 617 eligible oncology nurses, 400 oncologists and 400 oncology nurses completed the survey. 58.4% of patients reported that fatigue affected their daily life more than pain during chemotherapy versus 28.8% of oncologists and 25.0% of oncology nurses with this perception. 97.5% of patients reported experiencing fatigue and 86.2 % reported pain during chemotherapy. Oncologists and oncology nurses estimated that 77.9% of patients experienced fatigue, and that 43.6% of patients experienced pain, resulting in HCPs underestimating fatigue by 20% (95% CI, 18%-21%) and pain by 43% (95% CI, 39%-46%). Conclusions: This survey demonstrates the importance of fatigue in the daily life of patients with cancer during chemotherapy. HCPs continue to underestimate the prevalence of fatigue and pain in patients with cancer, a finding that should be considered in the assessment and management of treatment-related symptoms.
Facile Recycling of Waste Fabrics for Preparing Multifunctional Photothermal Protective Materials

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Waste fabrics have caused serious environmental pollution and resource waste, while recycling is still inefficient and costly. Herein, we designed an efficient and green method of recycling waste fabrics for the preparation of multifunctional photothermal protective materials. Modified carbonized fibers (MCFs) were obtained from carbonized waste fabrics and modified with dopamine and dodecylamine. Thanks to the photothermal synergy between polydopamine and the CFs, the MCF coating exhibited more than 95% light absorptivity in the visible wavelength range, which can rapidly heat up to 95.3 °C within 120 s under 1 kW/m2 illumination. The excellent photothermal property in collaboration with superhydrophobicity endows MCF coating with obviously active de-icing and passive anti-icing properties. Moreover, the surface of the coated fabric can maintain a temperature of 20.1 °C under 0 °C with 1 kW/m2 illumination, illustrating the personal thermal management (PTM) characteristics. Furthermore, the MCF coatings exhibited excellent mechanical and chemical durability, which significantly extended their service life. More importantly, the noteworthy breathability made the fabric suitable and comfortable to wear. This self-cleaning photothermal protective coating with PTM, active de-icing, and passive anti-icing properties greatly broadens the application of recycled waste fabrics and the utilization of sustainable solar energy.
Do anger expression and emotional distress affect diabetes patients' well-being?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Preliminary results demonstrated that anger coping style is linked to mental and physical health in diabetes (Kolbasovsky, 2004; Yi et al., 2008). The present study examined the effect of anger expression and emotional distress on well-being of diabetics. A sample of diabetic patients (n1⁄488 type I, n1⁄4111 type II) completed the WHO-five well-being index, the Problem Areas in Diabetes scale and the State-Trait-Anger-Expression-Inventory. Results showed that diabetics with type I demonstrated significantly more emotional distress than type II patients and that well-being was negatively correlated with emotional distress and anger in. Regression analyses showed that well-being was predicted for both types of diabetes by emotional distress. In addition, type II patients’ well-being could be explained by anger in. These findings confirmed anger in as a risk factor of type II diabetics’ mental health. Considering these results, anger-management interventions may be useful in particular for type II diabetics’ patients.
Egypt, Islam and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900–1930, by Israel Gershoni and James P. Jankowski. 274 pages, notes, bibliography, index. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1986. $39.95.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Egypt, Islam and the Arabs: The Search for Egyptian Nationhood, 1900–1930, by Israel Gershoni and James P. Jankowski. 274 pages, notes, bibliography, index. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York, 1986. $39.95. - Volume 21 Issue 2
In vitro Antioxidant activity of Exopolysaccharide extracted from Marine Sediment Soil bacteria

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was identification and characterization of highly efficient Exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing bacteria in marine sediment soil. Molecular identification of this bacterium with the highest EPS production was carried out using 16S rRNA gene amplification. The results showed that this bacterium is belonging to the genus Bacillus. EPS productions were studied in different conditions (pH, temperature, carbon, nitrogen, incubation time, NaCl, metal ions and agricultural wastes) for the genus Bacillus. The production of EPS was observed highest while in the presence of pH-8, temperature 35, glucose, peptone, incubation time 24hrs, NaCl concentration 2%, calcium chloride and rice bran 84.16µg/ml. The in vitro antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides such as hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (81±0.14), DPPH radical scavenging assay (69±0.72), ABTS inhibition assay (64±0.34), hydroxyl scavenging assay (74±0.49), superoxide anion radical scavenging assay (71±0.27) were analysed by comparing with standard gallic acid. Bacterial EPS was analysed by FT-IR spectrum
Field Experiments on Sensitive Organizational Topics

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Organizational scholars study a number of sensitive topics that make employees and organizations vulnerable to unfavorable views. However, the typical ways in which researchers study these topics—via laboratory experiments and field surveys—can be laden with problems. In this article, the authors argue that the difficulties in studying sensitive topics can be overcome through the underutilized method of field experiments, detail strategies for conducting high-quality experimental field studies, and offer suggestions for overcoming potential challenges in data collection and publishing. As such, this article is designed to serve as a guide and stimulus for using the valuable methodological tool of field experiments.
Internal DTV receiving antenna for laptop application

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A novel internal metal-plate monopole antenna suitable for digital television (DTV) signal reception in the UHF band for laptops is presented. The proposed antenna is a U-shaped metal-plate monopole with a compact cross-sectional area of 5 × 10 mm2. When mounted at the top edge of the supporting metal frame of the laptop display, the proposed antenna shows a low profile of 10 mm only, yet provides a wide operating bandwidth (2.5:1 VSWR) of 310 MHz (about 50% centered at 625 MHz), making it not only suitable for DTV signal reception in the UHF band but also capable of being embedded within the casing of the laptop as an internal antenna. The proposed internal DTV receiving antenna is implemented and studied. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 4–6, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20531