jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Bifurcation of Two Invariant Closed Curves in a Discrete Model

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A discrete population model integrated using the forward Euler method is investigated. The qualitative bifurcation analysis indicates that the model exhibits rich dynamical behaviors including the existence of the equilibrium state, the flip bifurcation, the Neimark-Sacker bifurcation, and two invariant closed curves. The conditions for existence of these bifurcations are derived by using the center manifold and bifurcation theory. Numerical simulations and bifurcation diagrams exhibit the complex dynamical behaviors, especially the occurrence of two invariant closed curves.
Problems and Countermeasures of Rural Micro-credit

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Micro-credit pushed by the rural financial institutions play a significant role in supporting the economic development and solving the three issues concerning agriculture, countryside and farmers.Pointing at the outstanding issues current micro-credit confront such as the inability to meet the strong demand for the loans from rural areas, slow cash flows and difficulty vulnerable farmers faced in application, this essay makes deep analyses in the reasons and put forward countermeasures to break the dilemma.There are four ways: accelerating the construction of rural financial institutions and outlets; lowering the threshold while improving the efficiency of loaning; perfecting rural credit legal system with reduced risks; expediting management mechanism innovation when focusing on the rural capital contradiction of supply and demand.
An extended Merton problem with relaxed benchmark tracking

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper studies Merton's problem in an extended formulation by incorporating the benchmark tracking on the wealth process. We consider a tracking formulation where the fund manager aims to maximize the trade-off between the expected utility of consumption and the expected largest shortfall of the wealth with reference to the benchmark level. Equivalently, the problem can be interpreted as a mixed stochastic control problem if a fictitious capital injection singular control is allowed, subjecting to the dynamic constraint that the wealth process compensated by the costly capital injection outperforms the benchmark at all times. By considering an auxiliary state process, we formulate an equivalent stochastic control problem with state reflections at zero. For general utility functions and Ito's diffusion benchmark process, we develop a convex duality theorem, new to the literature, to the auxiliary stochastic control problem with state reflections in which the dual process also exhibits reflections from above. For CRRA utility and geometric Brownian motion benchmark process, we further derive the optimal portfolio and consumption in feedback form using the new duality theorem, allowing us to discuss some interesting financial implications induced by the additional risk-taking from the capital injection and the goal of tracking.
Assessing the Transmissibility of the New SARS-CoV-2 Variants: From Delta to Omicron

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Omicron, the latest SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern (VOC), first appeared in Africa in November 2021. At present, the question of whether a new VOC will out-compete the currently predominant variant is important for governments seeking to determine if current surveillance strategies and responses are appropriate and reasonable. Based on both virus genomes and daily-confirmed cases, we compare the additive differences in growth rates and reproductive numbers (R0) between VOCs and their predominant variants through a Bayesian framework and phylo-dynamics analysis. Faced with different variants, we evaluate the effects of current policies and vaccinations against VOCs and predominant variants. The model also predicts the date on which a VOC may become dominant based on simulation and real data in the early stage. The results suggest that the overall additive difference in growth rates of B.1.617.2 and predominant variants was 0.44 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI: −0.38, 1.25) in February 2021, and that the VOC had a relatively high R0. The additive difference in the growth rate of BA.1 in the United Kingdom was 6.82 times the difference between Delta and Alpha, and the model successfully predicted the dominating process of Alpha, Delta and Omicron. Current vaccination strategies remain similarly effective against Delta compared to the previous variants. Our model proposes a reliable Bayesian framework to predict the spread trends of VOCs based on early-stage data, and evaluates the effects of public health policies, which may help us better prepare for the upcoming Omicron variant, which is now spreading at an unprecedented speed.
Demilitarization and Security in El Salvador and Guatemala: Convergences of Success and Crisis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Salvadoran and Guatemalan cases correspond to a new model of public security that is widely shared across Latin America. The more localized processes of demilitarization in the two countries, moreover, appear to share a similar dynamic. In the midst of real reforms, however, the deterioration of public security as directly experienced by much of the population is cause for worry. An examination of the reforms established in the peace accords leads to an interpretation of these experiences in a comparative regional framework.
Levels of Evidence in the Clinical Sports Medicine Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: There has been an increased emphasis on improving the level of evidence used as the basis for clinical treatment decisions. Several journals now require a statement of the level of evidence as a basic gauge of the study’s strength. Purpose: To review the levels of evidence in published articles in the clinical sports medicine literature and to determine if there has been an improvement in the levels of evidence published over the past 15 years. Study Design: Systematic review. Methods: All articles from the years 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010 in The American Journal of Sports Medicine ( AJSM), Arthroscopy, and sports medicine–related articles from The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery–American ( JBJS-A) were analyzed. Articles were categorized by type and ranked for level of evidence according to guidelines from the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. Excluded were animal, cadaveric, and basic science articles; editorials; surveys; special topics; letters to the editor; and correspondence. Statistical analysis was performed with chi-square. Results: A total of 1580 articles over the 4 periods met the inclusion criteria. The percentage of level 1 and 2 studies increased from 6.8% to 12.6%, 22.9%, and 23.5%, respectively ( P < .0001), while level 4 and 5 studies decreased from 78.9% to 72.4%, 63.9%, and 53.0% ( P < .0001). JBJS-A had a significant increase in level 1 and 2 studies (4.1%, 5.1%, 28.2%, 27.8%; P < .0001), as did AJSM (9.4%, 17.1%, 36.1%, 30.1%; P < .0001). Arthroscopy showed no significant change over time. Diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic studies all showed significant increases in level 1 and 2 studies over time ( P < .05). Conclusion: There has been a statistically significant increase in the percentage of level 1 and 2 studies published in the sports medicine literature over the past 15 years, particularly in JBJS-A and AJSM. The largest increase was seen in diagnostic studies, while therapeutic and prognostic studies demonstrated modest improvement. The emphasis on increasing levels of evidence to guide treatment decisions for sports medicine patients may be taking effect.
Dianion cyclization strategy for the synthesis of macrosilaheterocycles

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A practical and efficient method for the preparation of silaheterocycles is described. The key step involves the initial formation of symmetrical chiral ditopic ligand, N,N′‐1,2‐cyclohexylenebis(salicylideneimine) followed by sequential deprotonation with NaH to form dianion intermediate, which reacts with diorganodichlorosilanes to furnish dibenzodioxadiazasilamacrocycles. The products were characterized by satisfactory elemental analyses and spectral (IR, 1 H, 13 C, 29 Si NMR, and Mass) studies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 19:455–460, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/hc.20460
Simultaneous Structural Monitoring over Optical Ground Wire and Optical Phase Conductor via Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Optimizing the use of existing high-voltage transmission lines demands real-time condition monitoring to ensure structural integrity and continuous service. Operating these lines at the current capacity is limited by safety margins based on worst-case weather scenarios, as exceeding these margins risks bringing conductors dangerously close to the ground. The integration of optical fibers within modern transmission lines enables the use of Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing (DFOS) technology, with Chirped-Pulse Phase-Sensitive Optical Time-Domain Reflectometry (CP-ΦOTDR) proving especially effective for this purpose. CP-ΦOTDR measures wind-induced vibrations along the conductor, allowing for an analysis of frequency-domain vibration modes that correlate with conductor length and sag across spans. This monitoring system, capable of covering distances up to 40 km from a single endpoint, enables dynamic capacity adjustments for optimized line efficiency. Beyond sag monitoring, CP-ΦOTDR provides robust detection of external threats, including environmental interference and mechanical intrusions, which could compromise cable stability. By simultaneously monitoring the Optical Phase Conductor (OPPC) and Optical Ground Wire (OPGW), this study offers the first comprehensive, real-time evaluation of both structural integrity and potential external aggressions on overhead transmission lines. The findings demonstrate that high-frequency data offer valuable insights for classifying mechanical intrusions and environmental interferences based on spectral content, while low-frequency data reveal the diurnal temperature-induced sag evolution, with distinct amplitude responses for each cable. These results affirm CP-ΦOTDR’s unique capacity to enhance line safety, operational efficiency, and proactive maintenance by delivering precise, real-time assessments of both structural integrity and external threats.
Protein design community balances openness, security

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

New artificial intelligence tools for biomolecular design enable researchers to build completely new proteins to make protein-based nanomaterials, antibodies, and other drug candidates. The field looks set to keep advancing rapidly, with the amount of computational resources devoted to training biological sequence models doubling about every 4 months. While dazzling, these advances also concern biosecurity experts. "It's very, very hard to separate the benefits from the risks," science policy consultant Sarah Carter tells C&EN. For example, a hypothetical AI tool to identify vaccine targets could also predict vaccine escape, Carter says. In early April, experts gathered at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) to discuss ways to mitigate the risks that AI poses without delaying scientific progress. "I do think one of the chief risks is being overconservative in this space," Joseph Buccina of the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology said during the meeting. In March,
Proceedings of the Workshop on Brain Analysis using COnnectivity Networks - BACON 2016

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Understanding brain connectivity in a network-theoretic context has shown much promise in recent years. This type of analysis identifies brain organisational principles, bringing a new perspective to neuroscience. At the same time, large public databases of connectomic data are now available. However, connectome analysis is still an emerging field and there is a crucial need for robust computational methods to fully unravelits potential. This workshop provides a platform to discuss the development of new analytic techniques; methods for evaluating and validating commonly used approaches; as well as the effects of variations in pre-processing steps.
Exploring the Link between Seafood and Traditional Fish Sauces, and Blood Pressure: A Bandar Kong Cohort Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: High blood pressure (BP) is a risk factor for various health conditions, and dietary factors have been linked to the development of high blood pressure. Scientific studies have shown that consuming marine food, particularly oily fish, can be beneficial in reducing blood pressure levels. This study aims to investigate the relationship between traditional fish sauces and seafood consumption, and blood pressure levels in Bandar Kong Cohort study. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses were performed using data from 2823 volunteers, collected through questionnaires and BP measurements following a standardized protocol. Age-adjusted and multivariate associations between BP and seafood consumption were estimated using multiple linear regressions. Three models of analysis were used: model 1, daily energy intake; model 2, daily energy intake along with age; and model 3, daily energy intake, age, education, body mass index (BMI), residence, occupation, marital status, using hookah, socio-economic status, physical activity, and family history of hypertension. Results: Among 2823 participants (age; 46.88±8.94 yrs.), 1138(40.3%) men and 1685(59.7%) women, 693 (24.5%) individuals had hypertension, (n=288) accounting for 25.3% men and (n=405) 24.0% women. After adjusting for covariates, the study found significant negative relationships between the consumption of salted fish-water, Mahyaveh and Suragh (traditional Iranian fish sauces), and BP. Conclusions: This study suggests that consuming traditional Iranian fish sauces, Mahyaveh and Suragh, is associated with lower BP levels. This study sheds light on potential benefits of traditional dietary choices for regulating blood pressure.
Gas Source MBE Growth of GaSb

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Gas source molecular beam epitaxal growth of GaSb is investigated. Sb(CH 3 ) 3 is found to decompose effectively when the cracking furnace temperature is higher than 800°C. A mirror-like GaSb epi-layer is shown to be obtainable using Sb(CH 3 ) 3 and a solid Ga source for the first time.
BRIDGING EASTERN AND WESTERN MEDICINE: INTEGRATING TCM INTO LUNG CANCER TREATMENT

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute pancreatitis (AP) can manifest as a severe, life-threatening condition, and early identification of patients at risk of progression to severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is crucial. This study explores the potential of blood uric acid (UA) levels as a marker for assessing disease severity and predicting prognosis in SAP patients. The research aims to provide a practical and efficient method for identifying high-risk patients and guiding timely interventions
Placental growth factor as a sensitive biomarker for vascular cognitive impairment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract INTRODUCTION High‐performing biomarkers measuring the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia are lacking. METHODS Using a multi‐site observational cohort study design, we examined the diagnostic accuracy of plasma placental growth factor (PlGF) within the MarkVCID Consortium ( n = 335; CDR 0‐1). Subjects underwent clinical evaluation, cognitive testing, MRI, and blood sampling as defined by Consortium protocols. RESULTS In the prospective population of 335 subjects (72.2 ± 7.8 years of age, 49.3% female), plasma PlGF (pg/mL) shows an ordinal odds ratio (OR) of 1.16 (1.07‐1.25; P = .0003) for increasing Fazekas score and ordinal OR of 1.22 (1.14‐1.32; P < .0001) for functional cognitive impairment measured by the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. We achieved the primary study outcome of a site‐independent association of plasma PlGF (pg/mL) with white matter injury and cognitive impairment in two of three study cohorts. Secondary outcomes using the full MarkVCID cohort demonstrated that plasma PlGF can significantly discriminate individuals with Fazekas ≥ 2 and CDR = 0.5 (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.74) and CDR = 1 (AUC = 0.89) from individuals with CDR = 0. DISCUSSION Plasma PlGF measured by standardized immunoassay functions as a stable, reliable, diagnostic biomarker for cognitive impairment associated with substantial white matter burden.
Technology development and medium optimization for perfusion cultures of a mAb producing CHO cell line

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Kontinuierliche Produktion von therapeutischen Proteinen bietet viele Vorteile gegenüber Batch Verfahren und gewinnt in der biopharmazeutischen Industrie zunehmend an Bedeutung. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine "Pseudoperfusions"-Methode auf Basis eines diskontinuierlichen Perfusionsmodus, der in Tubes und Schüttelkolben durchführbar ist, für eine Antikörper exprimierende CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) Zelllinie entwickelt. Optimale Schüttelparameter bezüglich Schüttelgeschwindigkeit, Einstellwinkel und Kultivierungsgefäß wurden ermittelt. Die optimalen Einstellungen wurden für das mit verschiedenen Kombinationen von Cell Boosts angereicherte CDM4NS0-Basalmedium verwendet, um den Einfluss auf den Zellmetabolismus und die Antikörperproduktivität zu bestimmen. Dies ermöglichte die Optimierung eines Perfusionsmediums unter Verwendung eines neuartigen Ansatzes basierend auf statistischer Versuchsplanung. Für die ausgewählten CHO Perfusionskulturen wird vorgeschlagen, das CDM4NS0-Basalmedium mit 11,06% Cell Boost 1 und 19,90% Cell Boost 3 anzureichern. Das mit Cell Boost angereicherte Medium zeigte in einem WAVE-Perfusionsexperiment bei einer Perfusionsrate von 1 RV/d sowohl eine 1,8 fach höhere maximale Zellkonzentration von 13,4×10^7 c/mL als auch einen 2,0-fach höheren maximalen Titer von 1,4 g/L im Vergleich zum gewöhnlichen Medium. Durch Erhöhung der Perfusionsrate des angereicherten Mediums auf 2 RV/d wurde die maximale Zellkonzentration auf 22,5×10^7 c/mL weiter erhöht und maximale Titer von bis zu 3,4 g/L im Perfusionsmodus erreicht.
IDENTIFIKASI PENYAKIT YANG MENYERANG BIBIT SENGON (Paraserianthes moluccana (Miq.), Barneby & J.W. Grimes) DI PERSEMAIAN DAN PENGENDALIANNYA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Identification of Disease Attacks and Control on Sengon (ParaserianthesÂ moluccana (Miq.), Barneby & J.W. Grimes) Â Seedling in NurseryPlant diseases are one of the problems on seedlings of sengon (Paraserianthes moluccana (Miq.), Barneby & J.W. Grimes). Diseases infestation on the seedlings can cause a problem at the plantation. Diseases interference has a big value, since sengon is a perenial tree that need a long time until harvesting. The objective of this research was to identify the pathogens of diseases that infested on sengon seedlings. The research was conducted at Nursery of Forestry Research Institute Center with 250 plants of sengon. Disease incidence and severity were measured and the data was analyzed with SAS program. The research result showed that disease infested at the nursery of sengon seedlings was powdery mildew (Oidium sp.). The observation showed that the incidence of powdery mildew was 78.00%, while the severity was 39,12%. Based on the leaves number, the compound leaves were categorized into four category, i.e. very few, few, plenty, and very plenty. Sengon in the category of very plenty compound leaves (31-49 leaves) showed a significant difference against the disease incidence of powdery mildew, with the lowest incidence of 24,23%.Keywords : Nursery, Oidium sp., powdery mildew, Paraserianthes moluccanaÂ ABSTRAKPenyakit merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang terjadi dalam pembibitan sengon (Paraserianthes Â moluccana (Miq.), Barneby & J.W. Grimes).Terjadinya investasi penyakit di dalam bibit menyebabkan penanaman menjadi terganggu. Gangguan tersebut sangat besar artinya mengingat bahwa sengon merupakan tanaman tahunanyangmembutuhkan waktu yang panjang sampai pemanenan.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi patogen penyebab penyakit pada pembibitan. Penelitian dilakukan di persemaian Â Kelompok Peneliti Perlindungan Hutan, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan hutan Bogor menggunakan 250 tanaman sengon. Peubah yang diamati adalah insidensi dan intensitas penyakit dan data dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam program SAS untuk melihat keterkaitan antara jumlah daun majemuk dengan intensitas serangan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyakit yang menyerang bibit sengon adalah embun tepung (Oidium sp.). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan insdensi penyakit embun tepung mencapai 78% sedangkan intensitas serangan tertinggi mencapai 39,12%. Berdasarkan jumlahnya, daun majemuk dikategorikan ke dalam empat kategori, sangat sedikit, sedikit, banyak, dan sangan banyak. Tanaman pada kategori jumlah daun majemuk sangat banyak (31-40 daun) menunjukkan perbedaan nyata terhadap intensitas serangan embun tepung dengan intensitas penyakit paling rendah yaitu 24,23%.Kata kunci : bibit, embun tepung, Oidium sp., sengon.
Foreign Observation How DPRK Was Born in E-commerce Livestreaming?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

이 논문은 북·중 국경 너머 북한을 배경으로 방송을 하며 특산물을 판매하는 ‘장백 특산물 라이브커머스’에서 북한을 어떻게 재구성하는지, 즉 ‘타자’서사는 어떻게 그려지고 있는지, 거기에는 어떤 의미가 작동하는지는 분석했다. 북한은 마케팅 수단으로서 ‘상상적으로’ 소비되지만, 진행자들에 의해 끊임없이 서사화되고 타자화되면서 시청자들에게는 ‘보이는’ 이국인 동시에 ‘보는’ 권력을 행사할 수 있는 욕구발산의 공간으로 되고 있다. 라이브커머스에서 여성들은 남성의 응시 아래서 욕망의 객체가 되고, 관음적 대상으로 완전히 자주성과 주체성을 상실한다. 이런 의미에서 라이브커머스에서의 보는 권력은 다분히 권력적이고 가부장적이다. 마지막으로 라이브커머스에서는 중국과 북한이라는 이항대립을 통해 선명한 오리엔탈리즘을 드러내고 있다. ‘중국/북한’, ‘중국의 오늘/어제’의 반복적 재생은 ‘경계와 배제를 통해’, ‘우리, 이곳’이라는 ‘정체성’을 구성하는 데 일조하고 있다. 이렇게 라이브커머스는 중국인들에게 북한에 대한 고착화된 평면적인 이미지를 더욱 강화하는 역할을 하고 있다. 즉 중국인들에게 오리엔탈리즘적 시각을 내면화하고, 한편으로는 타자화하면서 그것의 정체성을 고정시키고 있다.
Can a Digital Book Tracking System Help to Get Books into the Hands of Children?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Digital book tracking systems have potential to address some major book supply challenges by providing accurate and easy to access information on the status of books along the supply chain. The evidence from the application of track and trace in Cambodia and a few other countries shows its potential to provide a cost-effective and scalable solution to some major book supply challenges faced by many developing countries. When the right books reach schools and students, the process of teaching and learning to read can begin. Going forward, evaluations of the scale-up of track and trace in Cambodia and of the interventions in Nepal, Niger, and India will yield evidence to inform the design and implementation of book tracking systems in similar country contexts.
MERCURIAL DIURETICS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ACUTE toxicity of mercurial diuretics has been noted frequently, but no extensive investigation of substances to counteract this toxicity has been reported.1There are two apparently distinct immediate reactions in human beings—a nonfatal hypersensitivity2and a fatal cardiac reaction. Experiments in animals1aand observations in human beings1chave determined that death is caused by ventricular fibrillation. Ascorbic acid has been used to detoxify chemotherapeutic heavy metals, especially arsenic.3It is an effective physiologic reducing agent. Certain animals, including dogs, can synthesize ascorbic acid and are therefore suitable experimental animals. We have extended the investigation of the mechanism of immediate death in dogs from mercurial diuretics for the three commonly employed ones, mercurophylline injection, mersalyl and theophylline and mercuhydrin. We have also studied the possible detoxifying effect of ascorbic acid on these preparations. The addition of another substance to a mercurial diuretic in an effort to