jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Power to Tax in Sub-Saharan Africa: LTUs, VATs, and SARAs

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the context of achieving the new Sustainable Development Goals, revenue mobilization is a high priority in developing countries and in Sub-Saharan Africa, where governments' ability to tax remains limited. Using a unique revenue dataset spanning the period 1980-2010, we analyze three important tax reforms: the Large Taxpayers Unit (LTU), the Value Added Tax (VAT), and the Semi-Autonomous Revenue Agency (SARA). We propose an ex-post impact assessment of these tax reforms in SSA countries based on propensity-score matching methodology (PSM) and synthetic control method (SCM). VAT and SARA are found to have an unambiguously large and positive effect on non-resource taxes, while the impact of LTU is insignificant—LTU seems however an important precondition for the adoption of the first two reforms. We conclude also that VAT and SARA display some synergy, and their positive effects strengthen several years after their adoption.Keywords: tax reforms; Africa; revenue mobilization; causality.
Constructing togetherness throughout the phases of dementia: a qualitative study exploring how spouses maintain relationships with partners with dementia who live in institutional care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aims and objectives To explore and describe how spouses involve themselves in the relationship with their partners with dementia who live in institutional care. Background Positive reciprocity between partners has been proven to be significant for spouses with partners living with dementia at home. However, little is known about spousal involvement after placement of a partner in an institutional setting. This subject was therefore the focus of this study. Design Constructivist grounded theory was used to develop meaningful concepts considering the relational processes experienced and described by the spouses. Methods Interviews were conducted with 15 spouses (eight women and seven men ranging in age from 64–90 years) of dementia‐afflicted persons living in institutional care. Theoretical sampling, constant comparison and memo‐writing guided the data collection and analysis. Results The analysis showed how the spouses adopted different visiting routines to preserve continuity in their relationship throughout the phases of dementia. Three categories described how these visiting routines were used and adapted along with their partners’ dementia progressions in the process of constructing togetherness: ‘maintaining involvement and intimacy to preserve continuity in their relationship,’ ‘structuring visits to facilitate interaction and communication’ and ‘pursuing moments of mutuality to preserve continuity in a deteriorating relationship.’ Conclusions Being involved and experiencing continuity in the relationship seemed important to the spouses after their partners’ placement in institutional care. In the process of constructing togetherness, visiting routines were used to facilitate situations in which they could connect with their partners. These routines were continuously adjusted throughout the phases of dementia. Relevance to clinical practice There is a need for a systematic approach to provide sufficient support to spouses throughout their partners’ dementia progressions to assist their ongoing involvement.
MELISSOPALYNOLOGY ANALYSIS, PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, MULTI-ELEMENT CONTENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF HONEY SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM BAYBURT, TURKEY

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this study was to determine the plant sources, physicochemical properties, element content and antimicrobial effects of honey samples collected from 10 different regions of the province of Bayburt, Turkey. The melissopalynological analyses showed that the pollen samples of 67 plant taxa belonging to 34 plant families in honey samples were found in different rates and TPS-10 value was found between 16024-90126. In addition to these, the amount of ash was between 0.13% -0.32%, the electrical conductivity value was between 0.36-0.69 mS/cm, the moisture content was between 16.1% and 18.9% and the fructose/glucose ratio was between 0.92-1.18. As a result of physicochemical analysis, it was determined that the data obtained were in compliance with the standard values defined in the Turkish Food Codex (No: 2012/58). Elemental analyzes performed with ICP-MS showed that the K element was the highest (261.34-1863.05 mg/kg) in all honey samples in total among 42 elements. In addition to these, the antimicrobial effects of honey samples and minimum inhibition concentration values (MIC) were determined by agar well diffusion (AWD) method and microbroth dilution method respectively.
New Zealand's system of citizens initiated referenda. by Wayne Mapp

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

tag=1 data=New Zealand's system of citizens initiated referenda. by Wayne Mapp

tag=2 data=Mapp, Wayne

tag=3 data=Agenda,

tag=4 data=2

tag=5 data=4

tag=6 data=1995

tag=7 data=445-454.

tag=8 data=REFERENDUMS

tag=10 data=In 1993 New Zealand initiated the Citizens Initiated Referenda Act.

tag=11 data=1995/1/8

tag=12 data=95/0409

tag=13 data=CAB
Lydbogsbrugere og folkebiblioteket

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The use of audiobooks has risen significantly during the last few years in Sweden, a trend reflected in increasing demands for public libraries to provide their users with these books. Digital books are by no means a new phenomenon in public libraries, but the marked interest in borrowing audiobooks and new ways of distributing have led to changes in public libraries’ digital services and a redistribution of media budgets. This article describes who the audiobook users are and which other media they use. Building on this information, the article asks what challenges the demographic data of audiobook users – such as gender, age, and level of education – may pose for public libraries. Based on a quantitative analysis of survey data from Sweden, it is concluded that audiobook use is more common among young, well-educated people with a high level of digital literacy. Subscription services appear to be more popular among audiobook users, as their sale numbers are higher than lending numbers at public libraries. Nevertheless, the conclusions are that audiobooks have a place in public libraries, as they increase the service to communities and have the potential to reach new users. However, it is unclear if public libraries are reaching new groups by offering audiobooks; although the use of digital public library services is increasing, these services are mainly used by people who are already library visitors, and the public library seems to be primarily associated with the printed book.
Characterization and performance evaluation of CMOS photodetectors implemented in optoelectronic circuits

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The ability to produce a high performance monolithic CMOS photodetector could enable greater use of optics in short-distance communication systems and photonic information processing systems. The quest for a photodetector compatible with a high-volume high-yield CMOS process has yet to produce a clear winner, and has proven quite challenging. We present in this paper several different photodetector structures implemented with a conventional CMOS fabrication process that can be incorporated into optical data links and information processing systems. As a result, it combines the parallelism associated with optics and the data processing capabilities associated with CMOS logic.
Simultaneous Estimation of Number of Clusters and Feature Sparsity in Clustering High-Dimensional Data

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Estimating the number of clusters (K) is a critical and often difficult task in cluster analysis. Many methods have been proposed to estimate K, including some top performers using resampling approach. When performing cluster analysis in high-dimensional data, simultaneous clustering and feature selection is needed for improved interpretation and performance. To our knowledge, none has investigated simultaneous estimation of K and feature selection in an exploratory cluster analysis. In this paper, we propose a resampling method to meet this gap and evaluate its performance under the sparse K-means clustering framework. The proposed target function balances between sensitivity and specificity of clustering evaluation of pairwise subjects from clustering of full and subsampled data. Through extensive simulations, the method performs among the best over classical methods in estimating K in low-dimensional data. For high-dimensional simulation data, it also shows superior performance to simultaneously estimate K and feature sparsity parameter. Finally, we evaluated the methods in four microarray, two RNA-seq, one SNP and two non-omics datasets. The proposed method achieves better clustering accuracy with fewer selected predictive genes in almost all real applications.
Empowering Public Officials by Bridging the Digital Divide With Smart Technology for Public Services

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As cities move towards the Smart City vision, the integration of IoT devices promises economic growth and operational efficiency. However, discussions surrounding social equity promoted by smart technologies are often overlooked. This chapter examines the potential of IoT to address key challenges in developing smart cities, particularly focusing on how it can bridge the digital divide and empower public officials. It also explores the generational gap in technological literacy, emphasizing the need for digital inclusion among older populations who may struggle with new technologies. The methodology involves a comprehensive literature review, data analysis from existing smart city projects, and expert interviews with policymakers. By analyzing real-world case studies and data-driven insights, this research provides a holistic view of the role of IoT in fostering social equity. The findings highlight the importance of empowering public officials with the digital skills and regulatory frameworks necessary to ensure that smart city services are accessible and equitable for all citizens.
God's Cinderella

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Chesterton reflecting on the grotesque in nature wrote, “I knew there can be laughter On the secret face of God.” But certain gestures in God’s providence even more than in His creation hint at whatever in the divine intellect is the prototype of a sense of humour in ours. It seems, for instance, something like a heavenly jest that the canonisation of Margaret of Hungary should have been reserved for an age that passionately disapproves of almost everything she exemplifies. To begin with, was she not doomed by her parents, even before her birth, to a life of inhuman self-repression? In 1241 Bela IV of Hungary and his queen had been hunted from one refuge to another by a Tartar invasion—that nightmare of eastern Europe in the 13th century. Tracked to their last resort, an island fortress in the Adriatic, they awaited inevitable capture and such gruesome death as might suit the horrid humour of their pursuers. At the queen’s suggestion they promised to consecrate their unborn child to God if He should save their kingdom and lives. Thereupon the Tartars, their attention suddenly distracted by news recalling them to their own country, turned their backs on the prey within their reach and departed. Margaret of Hungary belongs to the category of born saints. For generations God had been preparing her as a willing victim for her country. Sanctity was in her blood. Hungary’s first three kings, her ancestors, had been St. Stephen, St. Emeric and St. Ladislas I.
Acidic patch histone mutations and their effects on nucleosome remodeling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Structural and biochemical studies have identified a histone surface on each side of the nucleosome disk termed ‘the nucleosome acidic patch' that acts as a regulatory hub for the function of numerous nuclear proteins, including ATP-dependent chromatin complexes (remodelers). Four major remodeler subfamilies, SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, and INO80, have distinct modes of interaction with one or both nucleosome acidic patches, contributing to their specific remodeling outcomes. Genome-wide sequencing analyses of various human cancers have uncovered high-frequency mutations in histone coding genes, including some that map to the acidic patch. How cancer-related acidic patch histone mutations affect nucleosome remodeling is mainly unknown. Recent advances in in vitro chromatin reconstitution have enabled access to physiologically relevant nucleosomes, including asymmetric nucleosomes that possess both wild-type and acidic patch mutant histone copies. Biochemical investigation of these substrates revealed unexpected remodeling outcomes with far-reaching implications for alteration of chromatin structure. This review summarizes recent findings of how different remodeler families interpret wild-type and mutant acidic patches for their remodeling functions and discusses models for remodeler-mediated changes in chromatin landscapes as a consequence of acidic patch mutations.
Written Supervisory Procedures: Friend or Foe?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This article offers a practical approach to demonstrating the pitfalls of broker‐dealers not preparing written supervisory procedures. By showing examples of legal complications that can arise, as well as outlining the current regulatory directives in favor of written procedures, the author emphasizes that written supervisory procedures cannot be treated lightly or as a back‐burner issue.
Very long-lived Stop NLSP in MSSM scenarios with Gravitino LSP

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present the calculation of the stop ($\tilde{t}$) lifetime that results from its decay into gravitinos ($\tildeΨ^μ$) in the final state, namely $\tilde{t}\to \tildeΨ^μ + X$, where $X=t, bW, b lν_l$ for the two-, three- and four-body decay modes. The full calculation is obtained using the Feynman rules for massive gravitino, which is compared with the results obtained employing the equivalence theorem, where the longitudinal component of the gravitino is replaced by the goldstino. The stop turns out to be very long-lived in these scenarios, with lifetimes of $\mathcal{O}$($10^8$s, $10^{14}$s, $10^{20}$s) for the corresponding 2-,3- and 4-body modes under consideration, and therefore all of them are safe from the big bang nucleosynthesis problem. However, the lifetime for the four body decay mode occurs during the epoch of galaxy formation. When the stop is produce at colliders, in these scenarios, it will hadronize and decay outside of the detector, even for the lowest values of stop lifetime.
Three-Dimensional Modeling of the Ruwais Coastal Area of United Arab Emirates

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The coastal flow pattern around a coastal industrial compound in United Arab Emirates has been studied using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The study area is 264km2 and is partially sheltered from the open sea by salt marshes and islands. Such configuration increases the risk of marine pollution near the industrial site. The region is ecologically diversified and therefore understanding the physical dynamics of the area is important for any assessment work on the impact of industrial and port operations. The utilized model has a size of 232×164 and employs a curvilinear sigma grid system. The setup is nested inside a regional model that covered the entire Arabian Gulf. A k–L module estimates the depth variation of the turbulence field. The model is calibrated against the water level and current data. A sensitivity analysis is done for different wind conditions. The results show that a mean current is developed due to tidal action in the deeper section of the coastal basin. Dominant winds develop eastward coastal currents. The daily mean water level of the area has dropped during spring tide. A tracer simulation study shows that the tracer field oscillates between east and west in conjunction with the neap and spring tides with northward net displacement.
Postoperative Analgesia After Lumbar Laminectomy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We compared the efficacy and safety of continuous epidural fentanyl infusion with intravenous morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia system (IV-PCA) in the management of postoperative pain after lumbar laminectomy. Twenty patients undergoing elective lumbar laminectomy were randomly allocated to one of two groups. The epidural group (n = 10) received an epidural fentanyl infusion (2 micro gram/mL at 4-10 mL/h) while the IV-PCA group (n = 10) received IV morphine through a PCA system. The general anesthetic technique was standardized. Visual analog pain scores were recorded at 12, 24, and 48 h after the operation. The amount of morphine (or its equivalent in fentanyl) used over the 48-h postoperative period was documented. The postoperative pain scores were significantly lower in the epidural group than in the IV-PCA group throughout the study period. The total consumption of morphine (or its fentanyl equivalent) over the 48-h period was significantly lower (P < 0.001) in the epidural group compared to the IV-PCA group. Although more patients in the IV-PCA group required urinary catheterization and had somnolence than the epidural group, there was no difference in the incidence of vomiting or pruritus. No patient developed respiratory depression or wound infection. We conclude that continuous epidural infusion of fentanyl is superior to IV-PCA morphine in the management of pain after lumbar laminectomy. (Anesth Analg 1995;80:511-4)
Research on Market Positioning and Market Development Strategy of Private Sports Training Institutions under the Condition of the Reform of the High School Entrance Examination System

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Health is the inevitable requirement to promote the all-around development of people. Middle school physical education and high school physical examination are important links to improve the physical quality of teenagers, improve people’s health level, enhance people’s happiness, and promote the construction of healthy China. The research purpose of this paper is to discuss the market positioning of folk sports training and put forward questions. This paper explores the market development strategy under the background of the increasing scores of PE middle school examinations after the reform of PE middle school examinations in recent years, even higher than in some subjects. This paper argues that the current reform of physical education examination has brought new challenges to physical education teaching and training. At the same time, it has provided new opportunities for physical education training institutions. However, there are still serious problems in the current physical training, such as backward management concepts and lack of innovation ability. The training quality is not high, and the development ability is insufficient; The training is not specialized and has no pertinence to different sports events, which can easily affect the development of the industry. In view of these problems, the author puts forward improvement ideas, including market-oriented innovation development mode; Re-orientation of training institutions in the market.
Development of the Cardiac Blood Vessels in Staged Human Embryos

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Serial paraffin sections (mostly stained with hematoxylin and eosin) of 52 human embryos at stages ranging from 13 to 20 (approximate ovulation age of 5–8 weeks) were examined. The first sign of definitive blood vessels was found to be localized in the apical incisure of the heart of an embryo at stage 14. Blood vessels of this kind closely resembled ‘blood islands’ in appearance, being composed of primitive erythroblasts surrounded by an outer layer of endothelium. At stage 16, a funnel-like invagination of the endothelium was recognized in the posterior wall of the sinus venosus. This structure was considered to represent one of the cardiac veins (probably the middle cardiac vein). A faint endothelial sprout of the left coronary artery was detected at stage 18, while the right one was observed later, at stage 19. Finally, at stage 20, both of the coronary arteries invariably existed with a covering of mesenchymal cells.
COMPATIBILITY OF PIGEONPEA AND GREEN GRAM INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS IN RELATION TO ROW RATIO AND ROW SPACING

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Field experiment to see the compatibility of pigeonpea and greengram intercropping in different row spacing and row ratio was conducted during kharif 1999 and 2000. Pigeonpea as sole crop at 45 cm gave 7.0 to 22.5 and 16.6 to 68.5 per cent more yield and net return ha−1, respectively during the two seasons as compared to other row spacings. Intercropping of greengram in 1: 2 ratio at 75 cm row spacing in pigeonpea was found most profitable combination as reflected by higher MAI (4926). Pigeonpea having 1.94 to 3.25 more competitive ratio proved to be more competitive than greengram (0.31 to 0.53) in intercropping system.
Radon in streams and ground waters of Pennsylvania as a guide to uranium deposits

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Radon-222, a daughter in the radioactive decay of uranium, has potential as a geochemical guide to uranium ores because of its chemical inertness and its relatively easy determination. The radon contents of 59 stream and 149 ground waters have been determined with a newly designed portable radon detector in order to test the method in uranium exploration. Radon contents of stream waters do not appear useful for reconnaissance uranium exploration of areas like Pennsylvania because of relatively rapid degassing of radon from turbulent waters, and because most radon is derived from nearby influx of ground waters into the streams. Radon in streams near uranium occurrences in Carbon and Lycoming counties is lower than many background streams. Radon in ground water is recommended as a reconnaissance method of uranium exploration because most samples from near mineralized areas are anomalous in radon. In contrast, uranium in ground waters is not anomalous near mineralized areas in Carbon County. Equations are derived to show the relation of radon in ground waters to uranium contents of enclosing rocks, emanation of radon from the solids to water, and porosity or fracture width. Limonites are found to be highly enriched in radium, the parent of radon. A model for detection of a nearby uranium ore body by radon measurement on a pumping well has been developed.