jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Phase I dose-finding study of biweekly irinotecan in combination with fixed doses of 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin, gemcitabine and cisplatin (G-FLIP) in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer or other solid tumors

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This phase I trial was initiated based on encouraging clinical data with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin (LV), gemcitabine and cisplatin (G-FLIP) in the therapy of solid tumors. In this trial, G-FLIP has been modified to facilitate outpatient administration and to optimize sequence-dependent synergistic activity. Treatment consisted of biweekly (once every 14 days) cycles of sequential gemcitabine 500 mg/m, irinotecan per dose escalation schedule, bolus 5-FU 400 mg/m and LV 300 mg on day 1 followed by a 24-h 5-FU infusion 1500 mg/m, followed by cisplatin 35 mg/m on day 2. The irinotecan starting dose was 80 mg/m and escalated by 20 mg/m in cohorts of three patients until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was defined. Twenty-three patients were enrolled (13 men/10 women) with the following cancers: 11 pancreatic, five gallbladder, three squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, one hepatocellular carcinoma, one melanoma, one gastric, and one breast cancer. Median patient age was 63 years (range 44-78) and median Karnofsky performance status (KPS) was 80. Patients received a median of 8 cycles (range 1-16) over five irinotecan dose levels (80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 mg/m). Dose-limiting toxicity consisting of grade 3 nausea/vomiting despite aggressive anti-emetic therapy occurred in one patient at dose level 1 and three patients at dose level 3. Grade 3-4 hematological toxicities per patient consisted of thrombocytopenia (3%), anemia (6%), thrombosis (23%), neutropenia (16%) and neutropenic fever (10%). Of 18 patients evaluable for response, one complete response (pancreatic) and eight partial responses (three gallbladder, two pancreatic, two head and neck, and one breast) were attained. Seven patients had disease stabilization (five pancreatic, one hepatocellular and one gastric) for a median of 16 weeks (range 10-22). Median time to disease progression among all 23 patients enrolled to the phase I portion of the trial was 20.5 weeks (range 4-37). We conclude that G-FLIP is a novel outpatient chemotherapy regimen with acceptable toxicity at the maximum tolerated irinotecan dose of 120 mg/m. The phase II trial of G-FLIP using an irinotecan dose of 120 mg/m for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer is ongoing.
Was Mill a Moral Scientist?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In The Philosophy of John Stuart Mill , Alan Ryan suggests there is an underlying unity of conception in Mill's philosophical writing. He identifies this single idea as ‘inductivism’ and, in the first of the two chapters devoted to Mill's ethics, he states that ‘once we understand how this concept of rationality holds together his views on mathematics and justice’, we will find that much ‘light can be shed on the dark places of Mill's philosophy’. No mention will be made in the present essay of Mill's opinions on mathematics, and it is only incidentally concerned with his ideas about justice. However, it shares Ryan's premise that an inductivist interpretation of Mill's moral philosophy is likely to be most enlightening. In particular, our aim is to show how this approach can brighten up two undeniably murky spots in Utilitarianism : the ‘proof passage’ of chapter 4, and the distinction between higher and lower pleasures in chapter 2.
Studies on Mexican Cactaceae. IV. A new subspecies ofEchinocereus palmeriBritton & Rose, first record of the species in the Chihuahuan Desert

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Echinocereus palmeri subsp. mazapil, a new subspecies of Cactaceae from the Chihuahuan Desert Region, Mexico, is described and illustrated. It has only been collected from a highly specialized habitat at two remote localities in the state of Zacatecas and its range is markedly disjunct from that of the typical subspecies. In addition to divergences in geographic range and habitat preferences, E. palmeri subsp. mazapil differs from the typical subspecies by usually having relatively smaller stems with tuberculate ribs and less numerous radial spines, which usually are of unequal length.
NK cell and pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

NK cell derives from multifunctional hematopoietic stem cell,and is an important immune cell to participate in humanbody's immunological surveillance and rejection to graft.As a semi-isograft,embryo imbeds into maternal body,this enables proliferation and activity of NK cell changed significantly.It is thus evident that NK cell plays important role in implantation,differentiation and normal growth of embryo.This article introduced biological features and function of NK cell in peripheral blood(pNK cell) and uterus(uNK cell),and influence of hormones in gestational period on them.In addition,it reviewed relationship of NK cell and pathological pregnancy.
Classification of Mental Disorders

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background

Approved treatment modalities for the surgical management of lumbar spinal stenosis encompass a variety of direct and indirect methods of decompression, though all have varying degrees of limitations and morbidity which potentially limit the efficacy and durability of the treatment. The coflex® interlaminar stabilization implant (Paradigm Spine, New York, NY), examined under a United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) clinical trial, is shown to have durable outcomes when compared to posterolateral fusion in the setting of post-decompression stabilization for stenotic patients. Other clinical and radiographic parameters, more indicative of durability, were also evaluated. The data collected from these parameters were used to expand the FDA composite clinical success (CCS) endpoint; thus, creating a more stringent Therapeutic Sustainability Endpoint (TSE). The TSE allows more precise calculation of the durability of interlaminar stabilization (ILS) when compared to the fusion control group.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of data generated from a prospective, randomized, level-1 trial that was conducted at 21 US sites was carried out. Three hundred forty-four per-protocol subjects were enrolled and randomized to ILS or fusion after decompression for lumbar stenosis with up to grade 1 degenerative spondylolisthesis. Clinical, safety, and radiographic data were collected and analyzed in both groups. Four-year outcomes were assessed, and the TSE was calculated for both cohorts. The clinical and radiographic factors thought to be associated with therapeutic sustainability were added to the CCS endpoints which were used for premarket approval (PMA).

Results

Success rate, comprised of no second intervention and an ODI improvement of ≥ 15 points, was 57.6% of ILS and 46.7% of fusion patients (p = 0.095). Adding lack of fusion in the ILS cohort and successful fusion in the fusion cohort showed a CCS of 42.7% and 33.3%, respectively. Finally, adding adjacent level success to both cohorts and maintenance of foraminal height in the coflex cohort showed a CCS of 36.6% and 25.6%, respectively. With additional follow-up to five years in the U.S. PMA study, these trends are expected to continue to show the superior therapeutic sustainability of ILS compared to posterolateral fusion after decompression for spinal stenosis.

Conclusion

There are clear differences in both therapeutic sustainability and intended clinical effect of ILS compared to posterolateral fusion with pedicle screw fixation after decompression for spinal stenosis. There are CCS differences between coflex and fusion cohorts noted at four years post-op similar to the trends revealed in the two year data used for PMA approval. When therapeutic sustainability outcomes are added to the CCS, ILS is proven to be a sustainable treatment for stabilization of the vertebral motion segment after decompression for lumbar spinal stenosis.
Prayer Time Reminder and Mobile Phone Jammer for Mosque Based on Raspberry PI

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Prayer time reminder based on raspberry pi with LCD TV as a display that not only can be set according to locationbased on GPS coordinates, but also contain information in the form of picture, text, video, etc. This is much betterthan just simple words placed on dot matrix or running text as it is today. Display design can be fully customized asper needed, it can be accommodated because the system based on raspberry pi mini PC. The method used for thisresearch is by conducting literature studies and field studies that are necessary for system design and manufacture.This system had several components involve include raspberry pi, signal jammer, air freshner, and LCD TV. Thisprayer time reminder display information of mosque name, address, clock, prayer schedule based on GPS coordinate,event photo, announcement, video, and running text as per installed program. This reminder also act as mobile phonesignal jammer, so there is no interference based on mobile phone signal. Jammer activated when entered prayer timeup to at least 30 minutes later. It function can also be added as air freshner which will spray as long as the jammer isactivated at 10 minute intervals.
Glaucoma and lens subluxation in a crossbred Puli X Pumi dog: a case report

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The Pumi is a rare sheep-herding terrier breed dog selected in Hungary from the Puli breed mixed with French and German herding dogs since the 17th century. The current case report described a 9.5 years old, cross-breed Puli/Pumi, male dog with clinical signs of glaucoma and intraocular inflammation accompanied by lens subluxation and no abnormal gonioscopic findings in the left eye. At the presentation, the dog appeared painful and blind in the left eye. Diagnose of glaucoma was made at the ophthalmological examination. Furthermore, glaucoma was suspected to be caused by a primary subluxation and vitreous debris. An intensive medical treatment was performed without considerable improve of eye condition, and disruption of ciliary body was finally performed through gentamicin injection. One week after surgery, there was a severe reduction of IOP in the left eye from the preoperative value of 50 mmHg to 9 mmHg. Persistent intraocular inflammation justified postoperative treatment with topical corticoids. So far there are no published reports of inherited ocular conditions in Pumi and in this crossbreed and/or the numbers of individuals for which examinations are recorded are too low to identify the presence of significant ocular disorders. Examinations are encouraged to accumulate information and reduce the likelihood of undetected conditions becoming problematic.
The Needs Self‐Rating Questionnaire for Breast Cancer (NSQ‐BC): Development of a tool for the needs assessment of women with breast cancer in mainland China

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Rationale, Aims, and Objectives A needs assessment tool considering the cultural background of mainland China has not been reported. This study developed a Needs Self‐rating Questionnaire for Breast Cancer (NSQ‐BC) based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs for mainland Chinese patients. Methods The Delphi technique and pilot cross‐sectional surveys (two rounds) were performed for item selection. In the Delphi technique, items were selected according to the experts' perspective on the item's significance (ie, 1‐5 Likert‐scale ratings of importance; mean > 4.0 and coefficients of variation <0.25). In the pilot cross‐sectional surveys, items were selected according to internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α ≥ 0.70), discriminant validity (stronger correlations of the item with the hypothesized subscale than for other subscales), and convergent validity (hypothesized item‐subscale correlations ≥0.40). All decisions were made based on the results of statistical analyses, recommendations of the experts, and in‐depth discussion among research team members. Results Following the two evaluation rounds, the revised NSQ‐BC comprised 26 items across five subscales of needs: physical, psychological, respect/self‐esteem, information, and rehabilitation. Item ratings from the expert panellists met the aforementioned criteria (ie, Kendall's W = 0.329, P < 0.001). Except for the “respect/self‐esteem needs” subscale, Cronbach's α for all subscales exceeded 0.70. All items had acceptable discriminant and convergent validity. Additionally, two new items—good environment/facilities and economic support—were added to the NSQ‐BC, as recommended by the experts. Conclusions The NSQ‐BC was developed fully via the comprehensive use of Delphi technique and pilot cross‐sectional surveys. It provides evidence of a proper instrument for needs assessment and evaluation among women with breast cancer in mainland China.
Critical Care Evaluation

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Pain assessment in critically ill patients who are intubated, sedated, and unable to verbalize their needs remains a challenge. No universally accepted pain assessment tool is used in all intensive care units. Objectives To examine concurrent validation of scores on the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool for a painful and a non-painful procedure and to examine interrater reliability of the scores between 2 nurse raters. Methods A prospective, repeated-measures within-subject design was used. A convenience sample of 35 patients was recruited to achieve enrollment of 30 patients during a 5-month period. Observational data were collected on patients intubated after cardiac surgery during routine turning and during dress-ing changes for central catheters. Results Raters ’ mean scores did not increase significantly during dressing changes (increase, +0.25; 95 % CI,-0.07 to 0.57; P =.12) but did increase significantly during turning (increase, +3.04; 95 % CI 2.11-3.98; P &lt;.001). The degree to which mean scores increased was significantly greater during turning than during dressing changes (increase, +2.80; 95 % CI, 1.84-3.75; P &lt;.001). The Fleiss-Cohen weighted κ for the inter-rater reliability of the ratings of research nurses was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.79-0.94). Conclusion The results support previous research investigations on validity and reliability of the Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool for evaluating pain in intubated, critically ill adults.
Are Attitudes Contagious? Exposure to Biased Nonverbal Signals Can Create Novel Social Attitudes

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Prior work has established that nonverbal signals that capitalize on existing cultural biases can shift attitudes toward members of familiar social groups (e.g., racial minority group members). This research is the first to examine whether nonverbal signals can influence adults’ attitudes toward unfamiliar individuals outside the context of existing cultural biases. In a series of studies, we examined whether seeing one individual receive more cold, unfriendly nonverbal signals than another individual would lead to biases in favor of the target of more positive nonverbal signals. Consistent with our preregistered hypotheses, exposure to nonverbal bias in favor of one individual over another led participants to develop nonverbal signal-consistent explicit biases. Moreover, a combined analysis of the data from all four samples indicated that participants also formed nonverbal signal-consistent implicit biases. Taken together, these findings suggest that nonverbal signals have the potential to create and spread attitudes toward others.
Recommended Practice for Measuring Fuel Consumption and Range of Fuel Cell and Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicles Fueled by Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This SAE Recommended Practice establishes uniform procedures for testing fuel cell and hybrid fuel cell electric vehicles, excluding low speed vehicles, designed primarily for operation on the public streets, roads and highways. The procedure addresses those vehicles under test using compressed hydrogen gas supplied by an off-board source or stored and supplied as a compressed gas onboard.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This practice provides standard tests that will allow for determination of fuel consumption and range based on the US Federal Emission Test Procedures, using the Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule (UDDS) and the Highway Fuel Economy Driving Schedule (HFEDS).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Chassis dynamometer test procedures are specified in this document to eliminate the test-to-test variations inherent with track testing, and to adhere to standard industry practice for fuel consumption and range testing.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Communication between vehicle manufacturer and the governing authority is essential when starting official manufacturer in-house and official government confirmatory testing that incorporates this practice.</div></div>
Analyzing web application vulnerability tests using Firewall/Intrusion Detection System

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study investigates web application vulnerabilities by analyzing attacks through the use of firewall and Intrusion Detection System (IDS). The attacks that were used to test against web services in this study includes reconnaissance attacks such as Ping Sweeping and TCP SYN port scanning, access attack such as SQL Injection, and denial-of-service attack such as TCP flooding. This study uses an open-source firewall, Vyatta VC6.4, which is bundled with packet analyzer, WireShark, and IDS, SNORT. Its main function is to perform proactive and reactive security functions to protect the Apache 2.0 web server within its internal network. Malicious packets that attempt to reach the web server are analyzed by the packet analyzer. Profile and characteristics are then derived from the observations done in the analysis. These profiles will then be used to design and implement an analysis framework. The author assumes two roles in this study; a hacker and administrator. The author follows the appropriate steps that an attacker would undertake to infiltrate the web server. This is done by launching host discovery attack first, followed by service discovery attack, and then either access attack to by-pass authentication service, or denial-of-service attack to take down the web server. All attacks conducted in this study are done in a controlled virtual environment running on VMware. As this study involves various attacks, the resulting analysis and framework for each attack differs from one another. Hence, the experiments of each attack are carried out independently, forming a chapter of its own. The analysis of each chapter is presented in tables and figures format within their own respective sections. With independent observations and analysis gathered from the different chapters, the author proposed an analysis framework that could effectively assist the analysis of web vulnerability attacks.
Over-commitment to the job and the organisation: implications of excessive job involvement and organisational attachment

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Research and managerial practice have both put emphasis on the development of high levels of job involvement and organisational attachment, stemming from the assumption that employee commitment benefits the organisation and the individual. However, there are indications that over-commitment may have negative consequences for employees and employers. This paper discusses potentially detrimental outcomes of excessive commitment to the job and the organisation and examines the implications of over-commitment for individuals, organisations and values within society. Future research and human resource management should be based upon a more balanced view of the interaction between job demands and the person's off-the-job interests, commitments and responsibilities.
Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expression in two muskmelon genotypes under progressive water stress

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Responses of two muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) genotypes (drought tolerant SC-15 and drought susceptible EC-564755) were analyzed at 0, 7, 14, and 21 d of progressive water stress. Although water deficit caused a significant decline in relative water content, the magnitude of reduction was lower in SC-15. Electrolyte leakage, hydrogen peroxide, and malonydialdehyde generation were higher in EC-564755, whereas accumulation of proline was higher in SC-15. Higher activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, and higher expression of the respective genes were recorded in SC-15 than in EC-564755. Expressions of DREB2C and DREB3 in SC-15 revealed a fluctuating pattern with down-regulation on days 7 and 21 of water stress, whereas up-regulation was observed on day 14. Concurrently, both genes in EC-564755 showed continuous down-regulation on days 7, 14, and 21 of water stress. Expressions of RD22 and dehydrin recorded on days 7, 14, and 21 were lower in SC-15. The cluster analysis showed that, these two genotypes had a clear distinction in physiological and biochemical properties and gene expressions under water stress and the genotype SC-15 had more efficient osmoprotectant mechanism than genotype EC-564755 under water deficit conditions.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Manganese Employing N-Hydroxy-N-phenyl-N'-benzyl-benzamidine Hydrochloride (HPBBAH)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Department of Chemistry, Ravishankar University, Raipur 492 001 Manuscript received 25 August 1977, accepted 3 October 1971 Spectrophotometric Determination of Manganese Employing N-Hydroxy-N-phenyl-N'-benzyl-benzamidine Hydrochloride (HPBBAH)
Choroid Plexus Papilloma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Utilizing a ventricular perfusion technique, the rate of CSF formation was determined in a 2-year-old child before and after removal of a 74 g choroid plexus papilloma from the left lateral ventricle. Preoperatively, the CSF formation rate was 1.05 + SD 0.01 ml/min (1,656 ml/day). Postoperatively, the CSF formation rate was reduced fivefold to 0.20 + SD 0.01 ml/min (288 ml/day). Whereas these data are regarded as conclusive evidence of CSF overproduction by a choroid plexus papilloma, the pathogenesis of generalized ventricular enlargement in this case was due in part to obstruction of the subarachnoid pathways.