jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of short and long columns made from bamboo scrimber subjected to uniaxial compression

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Engineered bamboo has been getting recognition as a forerunner in terms of desirable mechanical properties and a sustainable construction material. One of the most widespread variants is bamboo scrimber, also known as Parallel Bamboo Strand Lumber (PBSL). This paper presents a holistic investigation into the uniaxial compressive capacity of short bamboo scrimber columns in terms of failure mode, size effect, aspect ratio and failure strain. The studies in focus have been collated from published articles in literature. Furthermore, intermediately slender to long columns have been investigated with respect to the most common international timber standards and, elastic and inelastic theories. It is shown that the dominant failure mode affects the ultimate strength, especially a failure mode called kinking/local buckling. A size effect was observed and discussed with respect to the failure modes. In addition, a tangent modulus theory was proposed from a constitutive model called the Full-range Ramberg Osgood model that could better predict the critical buckling stress of intermediate-long columns over the conventional theory. Moreover, a modified AS1720 design approach was proposed to accommodate the inherent column behaviour of bamboo scrimber. Finally, a modified Newlin-Gahagan approach was proposed which produced consistent predictions for the experimental buckling stress for columns with varying slenderness across four different studies.
Complications of Scarf Osteotomy for Hallux Valgus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of troughing and stress fracture, which are the major complications of scarf osteotomy, and to suggest methods to prevent these complications. Materials and Methods: We reviewed 243 cases of 137 patients treated with the scarf osteotomy for hallux valgus from January 2005 to December 2012. The mean follow-up period was 2.8 years. During the scarf osteotomy, a long oblique longitudinal osteotomy was performed in order to decrease the possibility of troughing and stress fracture. Radiographs of lateral view of the foot were obtained and the thicknesses of the first metatarsal base at the sagittal plane were measured and compared. Results: There was no troughing during fragment translation and screw fixation intraoperatively. Radiographs of lateral view of the foot taken preoperatively and at the last follow-up showed that the mean thickness of the first metatarsal was 22.4 mm preoperatively and 21.6 mm at the last follow-up, with a mean difference of 0.8 mm. And no stress fracture was observed. Conclusion: To prevent troughing and stress fracture, a long oblique longitudinal cut, parallel to the first metatarsal plantar surface, was performed, making both ends of the proximal segment truncated cone-shape, and securing the strong bony strut of the proximal segment. No troughing or stress fracture was experienced with scarf osteotomy.
[123I]iodomethane, a main product in the synthesis of 5‐[123I]iodo‐6‐nitroquipazine by iododestannylation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Radioiodinated 5‐iodo‐6‐nitroquipazine (2‐piperazinyl‐5‐iodo‐6‐nitroquinoline), a selective serotonin transporter radiotracer, can be prepared by the reaction of its N‐t‐BOC‐5‐trimethylstannyl precursor with [ 125 I] or [ 123 I]NaI in the presence of chloramine‐T, followed by amine deprotection by heating under acidic conditions. However, the labeling reaction is associated with a large and consistent formation of a volatile radioactive reaction product [37 ± 4% (n = 11] for 123 I and 40 ± 4% (n = 3) for 125 I). The purpose of these experiments was to characterize the volatile radioactive product and to examine the effect of reaction temperature on its formation. The volatile radioactive product was identified as [ 125 I] or [ 123 I]iodomethane by its trapping characteristics and by its retention time in two different HPLC systems. Changing the reaction temperature (22–124°C) did not have a significant effect in the amount of labeled iodomethane produced (n = 13). The conditions chosen for the radioiodination and deprotection were: 50 μg precursor in MeOH, dry Na 123 I, 50 μl 0.02 M chloramine‐T in glacial HOAc/MeOH, heating at 90°C for 15 min, followed by deprotection with CF 3 CO 2 H for 5‐10 min at the same temperature. Purification was achieved by solvent extraction and HPLC. Radiochemical yields for preparations carried out at temperatures between 86°C and 124°C were 24 ± 5% (n = 11) for [ 123 I]‐ and 45 ± 13% (n = 3) for 5‐[ 125 I]iodo‐6‐nitroquipazine; radiochemical purity averaged 95 ± 4% and 99 ± 0% respectively.
Becoming Cleopatra: the forgotten Zionism of Raphael Lemkin

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The biography of Raphael Lemkin has emerged of late as a highly contested lieu de memoire in charged political debates in Europe, the United States and the Middle East about the meaning, past and present, of the Holocaust and genocide. At the same time, scholars have attempted to demythologize Lemkin by reinscribing his life into its pre-World War II Polish context. Yet thus far no one has identified the precise political activities and affiliations that shaped Lemkin's concept of genocide. In this article, I show that Lemkin, far from being a Jewish Bundist, a Polish nationalist or an apolitical cosmopolitan, was an active member of the interwar Polish Zionist movement, from which he drew the ideas that inspired his idea of the crime of genocide. In the first part of this article, I use his published writings from the 1920s and 1930s in Hebrew, Yiddish and Polish to recover a rich Jewish political framework in which his concepts of barbarism and genocide first began to emerge. In the second section, I ask how this crucial dimension of Lemkin's life and thought vanished from the historical record, and why it has yet to be recovered in spite of the boom in biographical scholarship. Finally, I suggest how the recovery of Lemkin's Zionism helps to reframe the current political impasse in the historiography of Holocaust and genocide studies.
A Unified Conceptual Model for Representation of Terminologies and References of Terms across Data Repositories in Biomedicine

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In Biomedicine, provision of high-quality knowledge in terms of terminologies and consistent cross-references is a cornerstone for information retrieval, information extraction, text mining and federation of data repositories. Since the late 90 s we have been building knowledge resources to support these tasks. Over the years, we have gathered valuable experience by running various applications and by discussing with our scientists from different areas. Based on this experience, we are currently enhancing the content of our terminologies as well as the conceptual structures to represent cross-references. In the biomedical domain, there are long standing efforts to formally conceive knowledge repositories. With the era of the Semantic Web, a limited number of frameworks have achieved acceptance in the community aiming at semantic interoperability. Inspired by the knowledge engineering approaches in biomedicine, we propose a unified conceptual model for knowledge representation and its implementation. Contrary to the widespread frameworks, our model excels in its modularity. In addition, our formal approach is designed to be compatible to the main biomedical frameworks so that content can be exchanged in both directions.
Evaluating Return on Investment in the MLB Rule IV Draft

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Every June, the 30 clubs of Major League Baseball gather on a conference call to select amateur players from high school and college into their organization. These players may be position players or pitchers, and when selected, the players are awarded a signing bonus to entice them to join the organization. Using regression techniques and statistical tests, position players will be compared to pitchers as well as high school players to college players in terms of return on investment. First multiple regression techniques are used to develop a model to determine what a player's value is to his team based off of his marginal revenue product (MRP). This value is then compared to yearly compensation including initial signing bonus for the player's pre-arbitration seasons. The difference in total MRP and total compensation formulate a return on investment. These distributions of returns on investment are compared by group using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov procedure. When performed, it is found that there is no statistical difference in return by position outside of a rare exception in 2005 where position players significantly outperformed pitchers in the first round. There is statistical evidence suggesting college players return higher returns on investment on average than high school players in all rounds, but when broken down by position, the significance only holds for infielders and outfielders.
Mathematical models of errors of determination of a ground-based SINS orientation angles and latitude of its position

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In the paper, a computational algorithm for determination of orientation angles and latitude of position of a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) which is mounted on a ground-based transport object is presented. It is assumed that the object is motionless with respect to the Earth’s surface. In the paper, mathematical models of errors of determination of the named angles are also presented. These errors, in their turn, are caused by null shifts and scale factor errors of the SINS sensitive elements – for example, laser gyros and linear accelerometers.
Effectiveness of Glenohumeral-Joint Stability Braces in Limiting Active and Passive Shoulder Range of Motion in Collegiate Football Players.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of glenohumeral-joint stability braces in limiting active and passive shoulder abduction and external rotation in collegiate football players. DESIGN AND SETTING: A 2-factor, repeated-measures design was used. The independent variables were brace condition (Denison and Duke Wyre harness, Sawa shoulder brace) and force application (active, passive). The dependent variables were shoulder abduction (45 degrees braced limit) and external-rotation angular displacements. SUBJECTS: Fifteen National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I male college football players (age = 19.9 +/- 1.37 years, height = 183.2 +/- 7.85 cm, mass = 89.9 +/- 14.79 kg) participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS: We used the PEAK Motus motion analysis system to measure angular displacements. RESULTS: Neither brace maintained the arm position at the 45 degrees braced limit during active or passive shoulder abduction (motion ranged from 56.8 degrees to 73.0 degrees ). Although we did not use a priori external-rotation limits in this study, motion ranged from 71.6 degrees to 93.9 degrees with the braces. A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant interaction effect (P =.41), but main effects were significant for brace condition and force application (P <.001). Reported differences are statistically significant. For abduction, the Denison and Duke Wyre harness resulted in 12.3 degrees (21%) greater angular displacement than the Sawa shoulder brace, and passive abduction resulted in 3.9 degrees (6%) more angular displacement than active abduction. For external rotation, the Denison and Duke Wyre harness resulted in 6.7 degrees (9%) more angular displacement than the Sawa shoulder brace, and passive external rotation resulted in 15.6 degrees (21%) more angular displacement than active external rotation. CONCLUSIONS: Preset, braced abduction motion limits were not realized during active and passive physiologic loading of the glenohumeral joint. However, protection against the vulnerable position of 90 degrees of abduction and external rotation was attained at a preset braced limit of 45 degrees of abduction (the exception was the Denison and Duke Wyre harness during passive external rotation). The Sawa shoulder brace was most effective for this purpose.
Look-Ahead in the Two-Sided Reduction to Compact Band Forms for Symmetric Eigenvalue Problems and the SVD

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We address the reduction to compact band forms, via unitary similarity transformations, for the solution of symmetric eigenvalue problems and the computation of the singular value decomposition (SVD). Concretely, in the first case we revisit the reduction to symmetric band form while, for the second case, we propose a similar alternative, which transforms the original matrix to (unsymmetric) band form, replacing the conventional reduction method that produces a triangular--band output. In both cases, we describe algorithmic variants of the standard Level-3 BLAS-based procedures, enhanced with look-ahead, to overcome the performance bottleneck imposed by the panel factorization. Furthermore, our solutions employ an algorithmic block size that differs from the target bandwidth, illustrating the important performance benefits of this decision. Finally, we show that our alternative compact band form for the SVD is key to introduce an effective look-ahead strategy into the corresponding reduction procedure.
Differential Uptake of 68Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC (PSMA-11) in Low-Grade Versus High-Grade Gliomas in Treatment-Naive Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose of the Report Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a type II membrane glycoprotein, which is not only overexpressed in prostate cancers but also in variety of solid tumors including glioblastoma multiforme. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate PSMA expression in gliomas using 68 Ga-PSMA-HBED-CC(PSMA 11) PET/CT. Patients and Methods Ten patients with initially MRI suspected and eventually histopathologically proven gliomas [8 males (age range 30–73 yr; mean age 51.8 yr); 2 females aged 39 and 55 years] were subjected preoperatively to regional brain PET scan with 68 Ga-PSMA-11 and 18 F-FDG PET/CT. Final histopathology of brain lesions, their MIB-1 proliferation index (MIB-1 PI) were compared with PSMA and FDG PET findings. Results FDG PET/CT showed distinct FDG uptake in high-grade gliomas, whereas low-grade gliomas were non-FDG-avid amidst physiological tracer uptake. In vivo PSMA expression was seen in all patients with glioma. Of these, the 7 patients of glioblastoma harboring 8 lesions showed significantly higher PSMA expression than those with low-grade gliomas, average SUVmax being 16.93 and 2.93, respectively. Similarly, average tumor-to-background ratios (13.95 and 3.42, respectively) and MIB-1 PI (17.31 and 3.3, respectively) were substantially more in high-grade versus low-grade gliomas. Conclusions The results of this pilot study show that 68 Ga-HBED-CC-PSMA PET/CT can be used to characterize the PSMA expression in gliomas, high-grade ones demonstrating higher SUVmax, MIB-1 PI tumor-to-background ratio than the low-grade ones. With these results as basis, certain patients may benefit from potential PSMA-targeted radionuclide therapy.
Impaired spatial working memory and reduced hippocampal neuronal density in a rat model of neurocysticercosis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common parasitic disease affecting the nervous system and is a leading cause of acquired epilepsy worldwide, as well as cognitive impairment, especially affecting memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of NCC on spatial working memory and its correlation with hippocampal neuronal density, in a rat model of NCC. This experimental study was conducted on female ( n = 60) and male ( n = 73) Holtzman rats. NCC was induced by intracranial inoculation of T. solium oncospheres in 14 day-old-rats. Spatial working memory was assessed using the T-maze test at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months post-inoculation, and sensorimotor evaluation was performed at 12 months post-inoculation. Hippocampal neuronal density was evaluated by immunostaining of NeuN-positive cells of the CA1 region. Of the rats inoculated with T. solium oncospheres, 87.2% (82/94) developed NCC. The study showed a significant decline in spatial working memory over a 1-year follow-up period in rats experimentally infected with NCC. Males showed an early decline that started at 3 months, while females demonstrated it at 9 months. Additionally, a decrease in neuronal density was observed in the hippocampus of NCC-infected rats, with a more significant reduction in rats with cysts in the hippocampus than in rats with cysts in other brain areas and control rats. This rat model of NCC provides valuable support for the relationship between neurocysticercosis and spatial working memory deficits. Further investigations are required to determine the mechanisms involved in cognitive impairment and establish the basis for future treatments.
Workman’s compensation as exclusion criteria in rotator cuff repair literature – are we inadvertently excluding race?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

African American and Hispanic/Latino patients are over-represented in workman's compensation patient populations relative to non-workman's compensation. Conversely, white patients are over-represented in non-WC patient populations, which serve as the basis for the majority of clinical study populations. Excluding workman's compensation patients from clinical trials may lead to an underrepresentation of African American and Hispanic/Latino patient populations in orthopedic clinical trials. In doing so, the generalizability of the results of rotator cuff repair clinical outcomes research to all races and ethnicities may be compromised.
PS1132 INHERITED DNA REPAIR AND CELL CYCLE GENE DEFECTS IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is among the most heritable cancers, with 60% of disease risk genetically determined. However, most of the genetic heritability of CLL remains unexplained. Previously, we identified ATM as the first CLL risk gene. Aims: Here we leverage a deep‐learning‐based germline variant calling algorithm to explore germline mutational enrichment in DNA repair and cell cycle genes in CLL. Methods: A two‐stage case‐control analysis was conducted using gene‐based mutational enrichment analysis of 50 established cancer predisposition DNA repair and cell cycle genes. In the discovery phase, a total of 285 Spanish patients and 5,608 ancestry‐matched controls were evaluated. In the validation stage, an independent cohort of 514 European patients and 27,173 ancestry‐matched controls were analyzed. An FDR correction was applied to both datasets and genes with a q‐value <0.2 in both cohorts were considered significant. Results: Our joint analysis of 799 CLL patients from 2 genetically distinct cohorts and 32,781 ancestry‐matched cancer‐free controls identified ATM and CHEK2 as significantly enriched in both CLL datasets. First, our analysis recaptured the previously reported finding of ATM variant enrichment in CLL patients. Carriers of pathogenic ATM mutations in our cohorts (n = 9 patients, discovery: 1.05%, validation: 1.17%) were 2.8–3.7 times more likely to develop CLL compared to cancer‐free individuals (discovery: OR = 2.8, 95%CI = 0.7–9.0, q‐value = 0.181; validation: OR = 3.7, 95%CI = 1.6–8.3, q‐value = 0.0454). In addition, our analysis identified 21 CLL patients carrying pathogenic CHEK2 alterations (discovery: 1.40%, validation: 3.31%), making CLL patients 4.4–8.0 times more likely to carry such alterations compared to controls (discovery: OR = 8.0, 95%CI = 2.3–27.0, q‐value = 0.026; validation: OR = 4.4, 95%CI = 2.5–7.3, q‐value <0.001). Summary/Conclusion: Our analysis of genetically distinct CLL cohorts, using a high‐sensitivity variant calling algorithm, supports CHEK2 as a potentially novel CLL predisposition gene that may explain a portion of the missing monogenic heritability of CLL. In addition, this study highlights the DNA repair and cell cycle regulation pathways as potential drivers of CLL susceptibility.
I.—Observations upon the Structure of a Genus of Oligochœta belonging to the Limicoline Section

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Some time since I published in the Transactions of this Society a paper upon Phreoryctes ; the present paper is the second of what I hope will be a series of memoirs upon the structure of the Oligochæta Limicolæ; this will be a parallel series to that upon the Oligochæta Terricolæ, which is being published by me in the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science . As I took pains in my paper upon Phreoryctes to point out, in accordance with views previously expressed by myself and by others, that it is impossible to draw a hard and fast line between those two groups of Claparède, it may seem rather illogical to retain this classification—if only in the title of a paper; I do so simply as a matter of convenience, and without in the least desiring to revive these old divisions of the Oligochæta; indeed the genus Moniligaster , which is treated of in the present communication, is by most naturalists regarded as an earthworm; in many points it does undoubtedly agree with certain terricolous genera; but as its affinities, into the discussion of which I shall enter later, seem to me to be more with the Lumbriculidæ, I put it into the Limicoline series; it is useful to have a name corresponding to “earthworm” for those Oligochæta which are not earthworms, and are for the most part aquatic, and I therefore use that term.
The effect of Shen Fu injection on the NT-ProBNP in treatment heart failure patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives to observe the effect of shen fu injection on the NT-ProBNP in the treatment of heart failure patients, and explore the efficacy of herbal injection on cardiac function in the treatment of heart failure. Methods According to patient history, clinical manifestations of heart failure, ultrasound results, 80 patients diagnosed as heart failure were selected. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: treatment group (A group, n=40) and control group (B group, n=40). Both groups received routine treatment such as cardiac (or heart) stimulants, nitrate and diuretic agent. ‘A’ group received shen fu injection 60 ml added to 150 ml saline water through intravenous drip infusion once a day, for 7–10 days. NT-ProBNP were measured in both group before and after treatment. Results There was statistical difference in A group before (2145±798 pg/ml) and after treatment (1232±563 pg/ml) (p<0.05). There was statistical difference in A group before (2152±769 pg/ml) and after treatment (1528±647 pg/ml) (p<0.05). There was statistical difference between A group (1232±563 pg/ml) and B group (1528±647 pg/ml) after treatment (p<0.05). There was statistical difference between A group (1232±563 pg/ml) and B group (1528±647 pg/ml) after treatment (p<0.05). The baseline of NT-ProBNP in both groups was consistent. The improvement of NT-ProBNP in A group is better than B group. NYHA functional class and ejection fraction (EF) in A group were improved better than B group. Conclusion Routine treatment (including cardiac inotropes, nitrates and diuretic agent) combined with shen fu infusion could lower the NT-ProBNP, and improve the cardiac function classification, ejection fraction and NYHA functional class. The study suggests that the combination of traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine may produce further improvement in treatment heart failure patient.