jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An implantable analyzer of bio-impedance dynamics: mixed signal approach [telemetric monitors]

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An on-chip implantable lock-in analyzer of variations of the electrical bio-impedance has been designed, and pilot ASICs have been fabricated and tested. A mixed signal approach as the most suitable way for accomplishing a low-voltage and low-power ASIC for use in implantable devices for various biomedical applications is discussed in this paper.
Three-dimensional quench propagation in HTS coils

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The behavior of high temperature superconductor (HTS) coils is ruled by thermal and electromagnetic interacting phenomena. In this paper, a three-dimensional modeling of the quench propagation in HTS coils is discussed and numerically modeled. As a matter of fact, in spite of the axially symmetric design, a simple two-dimensional modelization may reveal too rough, particularly from the thermal point of view. In addition, the possibility of representing the complex structure of the coil composite material by means of a simplified homogeneous and anisotropic model is discussed and the advantages in terms of computational burden are evaluated
Cinefluorographic Analysis of the Mechanism of Swallowing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In their work on the swallowing mechanism, the early investigators can at least be said not to have overlooked the anatomical probabilities. They found it logical to assume, for instance, that each of the mobile structures and muscles along the upper food channel must necessarily play an active part in the mechanism—"the uppermost first, and then according to their station." This broad assumption, by the way, has never been successfully disputed, and it gives to the rather speculative views of 18th century authorities such as Boerhaave (1) and Haller (2) a comprehensiveness not always evident in more recent work on the subject. Even comprehensiveness, however, can be overdone, as in Boerhaave's over-elaborate and confusing explanation of laryngeal airway protection. The experimental physiologist Magendie (1783–1855) did much to clarify and give perspective to the older views. We know that he first became interested in the problem while he was still an aide in anatomy at the Paris Faculty, and that his thesis for the medical degree in 1808 was concerned with the functions of the soft palate (3). Later he showed by a series of animal experiments that, although the epiglottis turns "downward and backward" in the second stage of swallowing, "so as to protect the entrance of the larynx," its action is in reality only a first line of defense, since the laryngeal airway is closed with "great exactness," at a lower level, "by the same muscles which control the glottis in the production of the voice." The paragraphs on deglutition in Magendie's Physiology (4) are important, not only because of his famous division of the mechanism into three stages (as compared with Boerhaave's five), but because he succeeds in enumerating nearly all of the major events of the sequence much as we think we know them today. Several items have since been added, notably the part played by the cricopharyngeus muscle and some of the particulars of reflex control, but nothing has been subtracted. Indeed, it can be argued that subsequent investigation has only confirmed and filled in the details of Magendie's original outline. In the latter part of the 19th century, the mechanism of swallowing, and especially of the esophageal stage, was carefully restudied in rabbits and in man with the aid of the stethoscope, stomach tube, and pressure balloon. Kronecker and Meltzer (5) amplified Magendie's remarks about the swallowing of liquids by stating that they are squirted through the pharynx and esophagus so fast as apparently to leave the peristaltic wave of contraction far behind. It remained for x-ray methods to show that in the pharynx the contraction wave actually follows in close contact with the tail of the liquid. Fluoroscopy and the bismuth swallow were first used in this field by Cannon (6), on a suggestion made by Bowditch in 1896.
Spatial speech processing for multi-party teleconferencing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

3D audio reproduction is expected to be widely deployed in applications such as entertainment, simulation and communication. This research focuses on developing a structural model based on 3D audio reproduction to deliver toll-quality speech for the implementation of multi-channel speech coding in teleconferencing. In this model, a monoaural speech signal is synthesized into a binaural signal by reproducing the sound localization cues for each ear so as to create the perceived position of that signal.
Fertility-Related State Laws Enacted in 1981

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Reports on the 63 fertility related state laws enacted in 1981, concentrating on 5 issues: parental consent or notification for minors seeking abortion; public funding for abortions for poor women; minors' rights regarding medical care on their own consent; sterilization of the mentally retarded; and insurance coverage for pregnancy related medical care. Only 1 state called for parental consent for contraception: a Utah statute prohibits the use of public funds to provide contraceptive or abortion information or services to minors without parental consent. Although the law conflicts with the federal statute establishing the Title X family planning program, proposed new federal regulations would require notification of both parents of all minors receiving prescription contraceptives and in states with statutes like Utah's would forbid contraceptive services to minors without parental consent. 1/3 of the laws under discussion involved abortion, with 5 of 7 states which passed legislation relating to Medicaid funding of abortions making such funding considerably more restrictive. 1/5 of the laws related to services to minors, most involving parental consent, with the right of at least some minors to consent to medical care clarified or reinforced in several cases. Regarding family planning programs in general, Arizona has restricted family planning services from its health services for the indigent, while Hawaii and Maryland passed new laws making family planning services or devices more accessible. 7 new insurance laws were aimed at ensuring equal treatment of pregnancy related medical care or extending existing coverage. 4 sterilization laws addressed the difficult issue of sterilization of the mentally retarded by providing safeguards against the potential for abuse that has been increasingly noted in recent years.
Surface bond angle and bond lengths of rearranged As and Ga atoms on GaAs(110)

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We have determined the surface structure of GaAs(110) by comparing our experimental low-energy-electron-diffraction (LEED) data with curves calculated by the combined space method. We find that the best agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for a structure in which the As atoms are tilted outward and the Ga atoms are tilted inward, with an angle of rotation of 27\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and a Ga to second-layer spacing of 1.452 \AA{}. For this structure the As back bond is contracted by about 5%. These findings are compared with previous results from LEED and surface-band-structure calculations.
Properties and Specificity of a Second Metal Chelator-sensitive Proteinase in the Keratinolytic Larvae of the Webbing Clothes Moth

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The properties of a second metal chelator-sensitive proteinase (metalloproteinase 2) from the larvae of the webbing clothes moth, Tineola bisselliella, have been studied. The pH optimum for casein digestion was 9·4 and the enzyme showed high stability between pH 8 and 11, but very poor stability at acid pH. The proteinase was inhibited by EDTA, but not by an EDTA-calcium complex. EDTA inhibition could be reversed by addition of a slight excess of calcium or zinc ions. The cleavage specificity of metalloproteinase 2 against the A and B chains of S-carboxymethyl insulin was almost identical to that found previously for metalloproteinase 1.
Estimating the Expected Discounted Penalty Function in a Compound Poisson Insurance Risk Model with Mixed Premium Income

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we consider an insurance risk model with mixed premium income, in which both constant premium income and stochastic premium income are considered. We assume that the stochastic premium income process follows a compound Poisson process and the premium sizes are exponentially distributed. A new method for estimating the expected discounted penalty function by Fourier-cosine series expansion is proposed. We show that the estimation is easily computed, and it has a fast convergence rate. Some numerical examples are also provided to show the good properties of the estimation when the sample size is finite.
Diffusion Equations of the Electric Charges and Magnetic Flux

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Innovative definitions of the electric and magnetic diffusivities through conducting mediums and innovative diffusion equations of the electric charges and magnetic flux are verified in this article. Such innovations depend on the analogy of the governing laws of diffusion of the thermal, electrical, and magnetic energies and newly defined natures of the electric charges and magnetic flux as energy, or as electromagnetic waves, that have electric and magnetic potentials. The introduced diffusion equations of the electric charges and magnetic flux involve Laplacian operator and the introduced diffusivities. Both equations are applied to determine the electric and magnetic fields in conductors as the heat diffusion equation which is applied to determine the thermal field in steady and unsteady heat diffusion conditions. The use of electric networks for experimental modeling of thermal networks represents sufficient proof of similarity of the diffusion equations of both fields. By analysis of the diffusion phenomena of the three considered modes of energy transfer; the rates of flow of these energies are found to be directly proportional to the gradient of their volumetric concentration, or density, and the proportionality constants in such relations are the diffusivity of each energy. Such analysis leads also to find proportionality relations between the potentials of such energies and their volumetric concentrations. Validity of the introduced diffusion equations is verified by correspondence their solutions to the measurement results of the electric and magnetic fields in microwave ovens.
New Peptides Structurally Related to VEGF-A 165 Exon-7 and -8 Encoded Domains Antagonize Its Binding to NRP-1 and VEGF-R1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We report in the present study the design, synthesis and preliminary biological evaluations of linear, short-sized, and polymeric peptides asVEGF-A165 binding to NRP-1 and/or VEGF-R1 antagonists. These newly- synthesized peptides are structurally related to the VEGF- A165 domains encoded by exon-7 and -8. Thus, the key role of exon-7 encoded cysteine residues, and the relevance of the C-terminal peptide chemical function (amide or acid) were demonstrated. Indeed, COOH-terminal peptides showed a good selectivity for NRP-1, while CONH2-ter- minal peptides did not. Taking advantage of these results, we designed original VEGF-A165 binding to NRP-1 and VEGF-R1 polymeric peptide antagonists, which showed potent HUVEC anti-proliferative activity. Finally, this work paved the way for the design of future therapeutics targeting the VEGF-A165 angiogenic signaling pathway.
Supplementary Video 1 from Intrinsic Functional Potential of NK-Cell Subsets Constrains Retargeting Driven by Chimeric Antigen Receptors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

<p>Supplementary Video 1. Time-lapse sequence of a serial killer NK cell attacking a cluster of six 221 cells in a 50Ã-50Ã-300 Î¼m3 microwell. The movie plays the same sequence simultaneously side-by-side in fluorescence (left) and bright field (right). The NK cell is shown in blue (in both panels), live targets are shown in green and dead targets in red. At the end of the movie five target cells have been killed. Total imaging time was 4.5 hours with 10 minutes between frames.</p>
Intersecting staple lines and blood flow in oesophagojejunal anastomoses

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Total gastrectomy and oesophagojejunostomy with linear stapling devices were performed on 22 pigs to evaluate whether intersecting staple lines reduce the blood flow with an increased risk of anastomotic leakage. The blood flow at intersecting staple lines and single row staple lines of the anastomosis was studied with the reference organ method 24 h after the first operation. The mean blood flow in intersecting staple lines was 0·305 ml min −1 g −1tissue and 0·307 ml min −1 g −1 tissue for single row staple lines. The confidence interval for the reduction in blood flow for intersecting staple lines compared with non-crossing staple lines was from −16 to +17 per cent. In one animal the reduction in blood flow was 37 per cent; in all other animals there was no reduction in blood flow or a reduction less than 25 per cent. An equivalence test shows that if a reduction in blood flow exists it is most likely to be less than 30per cent (P &lt; 0·001). Our data confirm that intersecting staple lines in oesophagojejunal anastomoses do not reduce mean anastomotic blood flow to a dangerous level.
Laser Sintering of High Temperature Resistant Polymers with Carbon Black Additives

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Selective laser sintering (SLS) experiments with polyetherketone (PEK) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) powders are described. The absorption behaviour of the polymer powders has been investigated with respect to the content of carbon black as an IR-absorber in the range from 0.03 to 0.1 wt.%. Laser sintering process studies have been carried out at room temperature using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser system. The sintering depths of single layer substrates have been determined according to the process parameters, such as laser power, scanning speed and hatch distance. These process parameters have been optimised with the goal of achieving good structural integrity of the substrate. The influence of melt viscosity has been determined by comparing PEEK powders of low and standard melt viscosity. Scanning electron micrographs show the morphology of the original polymer powders and the laser sintered specimens. On the basis of the experimental results a qualitative SLS mechanism is proposed to describe the energy transfer from the carbon black particles to the surrounding polymer powder.
Essence and explanation: a logical mismatch

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Let Essentialism be the view that at least some object has at least some property essentially. And let Relative Essentialism be the view that Essentialism is true, but that for any object that has any property essentially, it has it essentially only relative to the value of some parameter. Meghan Sullivan has recently put forward a promising new version of Relative Essentialism, according to which the relevant parameter is an explanatory framework. We argue that despite its promise, Sullivan's version unfortunately fails, due to the mismatch between the logic of essentiality and the logic of explanation.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Is a Major Determinant of Arterial Thrombolysis Resistance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background —Platelet-rich thrombi are resistant to lysis by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a rapid inhibitor of tPA, may contribute to arterial thrombolysis resistance. However, few data are available regarding the effect of PAI-1 on arterial thrombolysis in animals. We used a murine carotid injury model to test the hypothesis that PAI-1 inhibits thrombolysis mediated by pharmacological concentrations of tPA. Methods and Results —Platelet-rich thrombi were induced in wild-type mice ( PAI-1 +/+; n=11) and PAI-1–deficient mice ( PAI-1 −/−; n=11) with ferric chloride. Baseline carotid blood flows and mean occlusion times did not differ between PAI-1 +/+ and PAI-1 −/− mice. Clot lysis was induced by infusion of heparin (200 U/kg bolus, 70 U · kg −1 · h −1 drip), human plasminogen (50 mg/kg), and tPA at 20 (n=10) or 100 (n=12) μg · kg −1 · min −1 . Mean plasma tPA antigens were 2.7 μg/mL (tPA infusion, 20 μg · kg −1 · min −1 ) and 5.5 μg/mL (tPA infusion, 100 μg · kg −1 · min −1 ), with no significant differences between PAI-1 +/+ mice and PAI-1 −/− mice. Reperfusion after tPA 20 μg · kg −1 · min −1 occurred in 1 of 5 PAI-1 +/+ mice versus 5 of 5 PAI-1 −/− mice ( P =0.0006). Reperfusion occurred in all mice that received tPA 100 μg · kg −1 · min −1 , but reperfusion times were significantly shorter in PAI-1 −/− mice (17.8±2.6 minutes, n=6) than in PAI-1 +/+ mice (35.7±5.1 minute, n=6; P =0.01). Histological analyses confirmed that carotid thrombi were platelet rich and that PAI-1 was distributed uniformly throughout thrombi from PAI-1 +/+ mice. Lysates of PAI-1 +/+ platelets inhibited human tPA, whereas PAI-1 −/− platelet lysates did not. Conclusions —PAI-1 is a major determinant of the resistance of platelet-rich arterial thrombi to lysis by pharmacological concentrations of tPA. Strategies to inhibit or resist PAI-1 may enhance thrombolysis.
Joint ANSI-INMM 8.1: Nuclear Regulatory Commission Study of Uranium Hexafluoride Cylinder Material Accountability Bulk Measurements.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper reports the progress to date in a demonstration of the procedures in ANSI Nl5.11 Mass Calibration Techniques for Nuclear Material Control , 11 sponsored and funded by the Nuclear Regulatory Conrnission {NRC).The philosophy of mass measurement as a production process, as promulgated in ANSI Nl5.18-1975, is reviewed.Special emphasis is placed on the use of artifact Reference Mass Standards (RMS) as references for uranium hexafluoride (UFn) calibration and bulk measurement processes.The history of the creation of the artifact concept and its adoption by ANSI NlS.18-1975 and the Nuclear Regulatory Conrnission is narrated.The program now under way is specifically described; including •descriptions of the RMS, their calibration, and the assignment of uncertainties to them by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS).Instrument tests, in-house standards (IHS), and assignment of values relative to the RMS-NBS values at nuclear facilities which measure UF cylinders are described.Comparisons and the data base are detailed to 6 provide realistic measurement process parameters associated with accountable trans.fer of UF .. The as yet uncompleted part of the demonstration is 8escribed, that is, to further close the measurement loop by verification both between and within facilities. HISTORYDuring 1972, ANSI-INMM 8.1 (Mass Calibration Techniques) perfonned a study which included a canvass of the nuclear industry.The study included visits to some nuclear facilities which expressed concern with mass measurements.The purpose of the study was to determine the need and identify problem areas, if any, in mass measurements of special nuclear materials (SNM).In the racil ities visited, the mass measurement processes had been operational for a number of years, and for the most part, it was felt that perfonnance was adequate for the purpose.The problem identified was how, in view of the emerging safeguards requirements, one operationally verifies that the performance of an SNM measurement system is indeed adequate for the intended purpose.The philosophy of ANSI NlS.
Relationship between visual evoked potentials and intracranial pressure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

✓ The relationship between intracranial pressure (ICP) and latency of visual evoked potentials (VEP) was investigated in hydrocephalic patients with suspected shunt malfunction and in patients with severe head trauma. A positive correlation of increase in latency of wave N 2 (normal latency 71 ± 9.2 msec) of the VEP with elevations in ICP was observed. A potential role for VEP in both the assessment of shunt function and the monitoring of patients with severe head injury is suggested by these findings.
Equilibria in strongly magnetized pair plasmas

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Positron-electron pair densities for a thermal plasma in the steady-state equilibrium where pair production balances pair annihilation are found as a function of temperature kT / mc(2) approx. 1, source size R and magnetic field strength B. When the plasma is strongly magnetized, B 10(12) G, the important processes are synchrotron radiation, one-photon (magnetic) pair production and two-photon pair annihilation. An analytic solution for the equilibrium pair density, found under certain simplifying assumptions, shows that optically thin equilibria exist only for sufficiently small source sizes.
Single-Stage Dilution Tunnel Performance

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A one-stage dilution tunnel has been developed to sample and dilute diesel exhaust. The tunnel has the capability of simulating many aspects of the atmospheric dilution process. The dilution rate and overall dilution ratio, temperature, relative humidity, and residence time in the tunnel, as well as residence time and temperature in the transfer line between the tunnel and exhaust sampling point may be varied. In this work we studied the influence of the exhaust transfer line, tunnel residence time, and dilution air temperature on the exhaust particle size distribution. The influences of fuel sulfur content on the size distribution and on the sensitivity of the size distribution to dilution and sampling conditions were also examined. We do not suggest an optimum dilution scheme, but do identify critical variables. The final choice of dilution schemes must be informed by comparisons between particle measurements made in the plumes of vehicles in the atmosphere and those made in the laboratory. Such work is currently underway in the CRC E-43 program and will be reported in future publications.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A long residence time in the transfer line from the engine to tunnel was shown to decrease formation of nuclei mode particles which were mainly in the 8 to 30 nm diameter range. The likely explanation is that particle precursors like sulfuric acid and hydrocarbons are adsorbed onto existing particles and the walls of the transfer line. Increasing residence time in the tunnel itself led to a modest increase in the number particles measured in the nuclei mode even at very high dilution ratios. Decreasing dilution air temperature markedly increased formation of nuclei mode particles. Neither tunnel residence time nor temperature influenced the concentration of particles in the accumulation mode (roughly the 30 to 300 nm diameter range). Increasing the fuel sulfur content increased the formation of nuclei mode particles but did not significantly influence the accumulation mode.</div>