jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fidaxomicin (Dificid), a Novel Oral Macrocyclic Antibacterial Agent For the Treatment of Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea in Adults.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

As its name suggests, Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD) is a common infection caused by the toxin-producing bacterium C. difficile. The infection can result in inflammation and cellular damage in the colon, leading to potentially severe complications, including enterocolitis with toxic megacolon, and possible death.1–3 CDAD accounts for more than $1.1 billion in health care costs each year in the U.S.3–6 The disease is usually associated with antimicrobial exposure, gastrointestinal (GI) surgery, advanced age, a compromised immune system, and long stays in health care settings, among other risk factors (Table 1).5,7–9 Between 1999 and 2004, the mortality rate associated with CDAD increased from 5.7 to 23.7 deaths per 1 million people in the U.S.10 Individuals become infected if they touch items or surfaces contaminated with the bacteria or spores and then touch their mouths.5

Table 1

Risk Factors for Clostridium difficile–Associated Diarrhea

For decades, therapies for CDAD have been studied in numerous comparative randomized trials, but current treatment guidelines favor metronidazole and oral vancomycin (Vancocin, ViroPharma).5,11,12 Current guidelines from Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) state that vancomycin is the drug of choice for the treatment of severe CDAD, whereas metronidazole is the drug of choice for mild-to-moderate CDAD.13 Because of concerns about emerging vancomycin-resistant enterococci and cost, however, metronidazole may be preferred.2,14–16

In May 2011, the FDA approved fidaxomicin (Dificid, Optimer Pharmaceuticals) for the treatment of CDAD based on recent data from a large phase 3 trial that compared fidamoxacin with vancomycin in infected patients.17 Fidaxomicin is the first antibacterial agent approved for CDAD in nearly 30 years.

According to the drug’s labeling, fidaxomicin should be used only for infections that are known or are strongly suspected to be caused by C. difficile to avoid the development of drug-resistant bacteria, which would lessen the effectiveness of fidaxomicin.17 To date, fidaxomicin and vancomycin are the only medications approved for the treatment of CDAD.

No prophylactic therapies are used in patients with CDAD, but preventive measures include the judicious use of antibacterial agents, thorough hand-washing between patient contacts, cautious handling of an infected patient or of items in the patient’s immediate environment, proper disinfection of objects, education of staff members, and isolation of the infected patient.7
Phenguignardic Acid and Guignardic Acid, Phytotoxic Secondary Metabolites from Guignardia bidwellii

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bioactivity-guided isolation led to the identification of phenguignardic acid (2), a new phytotoxic secondary metabolite from submerged cultures of grape black rot fungus, Guignardia bidwellii. The compound is structurally related to guignardic acid (1), a dioxolanone moiety-containing metabolite isolated previously from Guignardia species. However, in contrast to guignardic acid, which is presumably synthesized from deamination products of valine and phenylalanine, the biochemical precursor for the biosynthesis of the new phytotoxin appears to be exclusively phenylalanine. Guignardic acid was also found in extracts of cultures from Guignardia bidwellii. The phytotoxic activities of both compounds were assessed in plant assays using either detached vine leaves or intact plants. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of phenguignardic acid were determined.
Single-particle dynamics of microbunching

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The mechanism of steady-state microbunching (SSMB) has been proposed [D. F. Ratner and A. W. Chao, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 154801 (2010)] to generate high-power coherent radiation at a high repetition rate or in continuous-wave mode using electron storage rings. In this paper, the related single-particle dynamics are theoretically and numerically studied, and important results are presented. The investigated effects are longitudinal quantum radiation excitation, nonlinear momentum compaction, and linear and nonlinear coupling of the transverse and longitudinal motion. Although this analysis is oriented toward SSMB, some of the analyzed effects are also crucial in cases such as coherent harmonic generation, bunch slicing, bunch compression, free-electron laser beam transport lines, and quasi-isochronous rings, which involve precise longitudinal phase-space manipulations.
Simulation of the process of deformation-induced destruction of long-range order in alloys with an L12 superstructure

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Plastic-deformation-induced destruction of long-range order in alloys with an L12 superstructure is considered. A mathematical model is suggested which takes into account the following mechanisms that lead to the destruction of long-range order: generation of superdislocations, generation of single dislocations, multiplication of antiphase boundaries (APBs) upon the conservative motion of dislocations, multiplication of APBs upon dislocation climb, formation of APB tubes on superdislocations, generation of point defects, and thermal ordering. A mathematical model of deformation strengthening and long-range order destruction with allowance for the change in the type of shear-forming dislocations from superdislocations to single dislocations is formulated.
The Effect of Light on Taxonomic Characters in Fusarium

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARYMarked differences in the characters ordinarily used in taxonomy are revealed when 10 strains of 3 species (F. Solani, F. oxysporum and F. avenaceum), representing 3 sections of the genus Fusarium, are grown in light, and in darkness.The quality of the colony and morphologic characters were affected, as were also the quantity and to a certain degree the occurrence of such characters as perithecial primordia.Evidence is given which indicates that the effect of light is produced on that portion of the thallus which is actively growing at the time of exposure. Single spore cultures subjected to light only for the first 4 days of growth, fail to develop in the same manner as those allowed to remain in light.It is concluded that such characters as color, zonation, type of colony, presence or absence of sporodochia; size, shape and septation of macroconidia; and even the occurrence of a perithecial stage, can not be employed successfully in taxonomy unless these fungi are grown in adequate light.
B cell antigen receptor-mediated apoptosis. Importance of accessory molecules CD19 and CD22, and of surface IgM cross-linking.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Engagement of the B cell Ag receptor can induce a suicide pathway in various B cell types. Earlier studies showed that anti-IgM mAb treatment triggers apoptotic death in the Burkitt lymphoma-derived cell line, Ramos. We show that two B cell surface molecules, CD19 and CD22, which have been reported to interact either functionally or structurally with the B cell Ag receptor, also stimulate cell suicide when sufficiently aggregated, both in the Ramos and EBV-infected Ramos AW cell lines. In conditions of lower cross-linking, both molecules enhance the apoptotic response induced by a suboptimal dose of anti-IgM mAb in Ramos cells, reinforcing the notion that CD19 and CD22 may be involved in the death pathway and modulate Ag-induced B cell apoptosis. Similar outcomes were obtained with human tonsillar B cells, which enter the death program upon treatment with cross-linked anti-IgM, -CD19, or -CD22 mAbs. These results indicate that Ag-induced B cell suicide may affect mature B cells in the periphery and may be regulated via the interaction of CD19 and/or CD22 with their respective ligand(s). Early tyrosine phosphorylations were analyzed by Western blotting. The biologic outcome of these various treatments--cell survival or death--could not be related to any detectable new tyrosine-phosphorylated substrate, further questioning the biochemical basis of apoptosis signaling.
“But what can a Psychiatrist do about my Bowel?!” Borderline Personality Disorder in Primary Care: A Qualitative Analysis of Patient Experience.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background: Borderline Personality disorder (BPD) is one of the most common \ndisorders presenting to General Adult Psychiatry. Characterized by mood instability, \nimpulsive, self-harming behaviour and significant difficulties in interpersonal \nrelationships this disorder presents a significant challenge to those involved in their \ncare. General Practitioners (GPs) are an important part of health care. In addition to \nmeeting physical health needs they support the management of psychiatric illness \nand are the gatekeepers to other services. In recent years research into personality \ndisorders has proliferated, mainly within specialist mental health services. Less is \nknown about patterns of health care in primary care and what the experience of these \nservices is like for individuals with BPD. \nAim: The aim of the study is to ask individuals with a diagnosis of BPD about their \nexperience of going to see their GP. \nMethods: Eleven individuals with a diagnosis of BPD were asked about their \ncontact with GPs by way of a semi-structured interview. Interviews were recorded \nand analysis was carried out using an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA). \nResults: Five super ordinate themes were identified: Experience of Having a BPD \nDiagnosis, Perceptions of GPs, Invalidating Experiences, Sense of Self and What \nWorks Well. \nConclusions: The findings demonstrate that many individuals with a diagnosis of \nBPD struggle in their consultations with GPs. Unsatisfactory encounters are \ninternalised and reinforce perceived stigma thus perpetuating an already damaged \nsense of self. GPs need to have more awareness about such issues in order to deliver \nservices more effectively to this population due to possible implications for mental \nand physical well being.
Tathwir Al-wasail Ar-raqmiati li ta'lim Al-mufradat bi Istikhdam Thunkable

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study aims to identify the level of validity of digital media for vocabulary learning using Thunkable, identify the level of practicality of using media in vocabulary learning, and identify students' responses to the use of media in vocabulary teaching. The method used in this research is the Research and Development method with the ADDIE model and has five stages namely Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation, and to collect data this research uses observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The results of this study are: the validity value of the material and language expert is 90% and the method expert is 88%, this shows that digital media using Thunkable is valid and can be used in vocabulary learning, then the usage value of the Arabic teacher is 88%, based on this data that this method is practical to be used by teachers in teaching vocabulary, and the student response value is 92.5%, based on this data that the student response to the use of this digital media is good.
Violence in Hong Kong

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This briefing note explores the argument that the alleged July 22nd, 2019 attacks on protesters in Hong Kong were perpetrated by a group that can be classified as a Violent Transnational Social Movement (VTSM). When scrutinized, the alleged acts of violence and observed motivations of the United Bamboo triad, plus their transnational and identity-based nature of the operation, suggest that the United Bamboo triad may be a VTSM.
Pengaruh Financial Distress, Sales Growth dan Umur Perusahaan Terhadap Tax Avoidance pada Perusahaan Industri Dasar dan Kimia yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Tahun 2017-2022

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Tax avoidance is the exploitation of weaknesses or gray areas in tax regulations by companies with the aim of reducing the amount of tax payable. This research was conducted to examine and analyze the influence of financial distress, sales growth, and company age on tax avoidance in basic and chemical industry companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2017 to 2022. This study used secondary data and resulted in 126 samples for analysis. The results of this study indicate that, partially, the variables of financial distress and sales growth do not affect tax avoidance. However, the variable of company age has a positive effect on tax avoidance. Simultaneously, financial distress, sales growth, and company age have a positive effect on tax avoidance. Keywords: , Company Age, Financial Distress, Sales Growth, Tax Avoidance.
The role of stress and sleep disorders in the development of cardiovascular complications in patients with arterial hypertension: what is important for an internist to know? A review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This publication discusses the mechanisms underlying the development of arterial hypertension on the background of stress, discusses the current problems of blood pressure control in patients with stress-induced sleep disorders, the clinical features of patients with hypersympathicotonia as the main mechanism for the development of arterial hypertension and blood pressure variability in patients with comorbid pathology, a diagnostic algorithm, as well as presenting current recommendations in the strategy for choosing the optimal antihypertensive therapy with the possibility of personalized choice in various clinical situations.
Performance Evaluation of MQTT and CoAP Communication Protocols in IIoT for Electrical Substations Based on the IEC 61850 Standard

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A solution for the integration of Smart Grid communication protocols is proposed through an IEC 61850 - IIoT (Industrial Internet of Things) test bench. The IIoT is one of the main implementations for the fourth industrial revolution, known as Industry 4.0. However, it is known that the incorporation of new technologies in the electricity sector, for monitoring systems and actuation by digital commands, are slower due to the requirements of efficiency and security in data transmission. Some of the most relevant IoT standards are: Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) and Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT). The implemented test bench allows the management of information through IEC 61850 services, with MQTT/COAP – IIoT messages, in an SF6 gas monitoring application. Likewise, it provides interoperability evaluations of isolated systems that use non-interoperable communication protocols in the substation and, therefore, are not capable of integrating monitoring signals and data into the SCADA system. Communication performance test results for both protocols, MQTT y CoAP, in the implemented IIoT platform and integration performance comparisons for digital substations are presented, showing the efficiency of the proposal.
VLBA Observations of Astrometric Reference Sources in the Galactic Center

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report here on multi-frequency VLBA observations of three extragalactic sources within 1 degree of the Galactic Center. These sources have been used as astrometric reference sources for VLA and VLBA determinations of the proper motion of Sagittarius A*, the compact nonthermal radio source in the Galactic Center. Each source has a main component with a brightness temperature in excess of 10^{7.5} K, confirming that the sources are active galactic nuclei. The sources have simple structure that can be characterized by one or two Gaussian components. The frequency dependence of the structure indicates that the positions of Sgr A* determined by the VLA astrometry of Backer & Sramek (1999) at 4.8 and 8.4 GHz should have an offset of \sim 2 mas. This offset is in the same direction as the 5 mas shift measured by Backer & Sramek (1999). The structure is unlikely to bias the 43 GHz VLBA results of Reid et al (1999). Motions of components in the calibrator sources could lead to errors in the proper motion of Sgr A* on the order of a few km s^{-1}. All three sources show frequency dependent structure consistent with scattering which is significantly stronger than that of the Galactic scattering model of Taylor & Cordes (1993) but significantly weaker than that of the hyperstrong Galactic Center scattering. Combined with other observations, this suggests the existence of a new component of Galactic scattering located several kpc from the Galactic Center.
Something is rotten in development’s garden: Neglectings, barriers and opportunities for engaging with difference in the co-creation of strategies for change

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Acknowledging that development initiatives often fail to bring about the long-lasting changes envisioned, the concept of ‘participation’ has been promoted to support principles such as ownership and sustainability. Unfortunately, participatory approaches largely fail to engage in and incorporate people’s different understandings of the world. Appreciating that when engaging in these differences, dissonance may emerge; and due to the absence of predefined solutions in collaborative settings; social learning approaches can be invaluable in the co-creation of strategies of change. Opportunities for engaging in such approaches were explored through a qualitative case study of a communal food plant garden and seedling nursery initiative in South Africa. More specifically, the (lack of) engagement in such approaches and the reasons for which, were used to shed light on why the initiative deteriorated as it did. Interviews highlighted different understandings regarding the value of the initiative and why people were reluctant to join, left and/or spent less time in the initiative, resulting in the initiative being misaligned to the priorities and preferences of the people it was intended to benefit. Engaging in social learning could have avoided this, but faces many barriers within the current approach to development.
Effect of R‐plasmid RP1 and Nutrient Depletion on the Resistance of Escherichia coli to Cetrimide, Chlorhexidine and Phenol

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The minimum inhibitory concentation of cetrimide and chlorhexidine for Escherichia coli is altered when R‐plasmid RPI is inserted into it. Using disinfectant‐agar plates as a test system, the sensitivity of Esch. coli to these disinfectants and to phenol was found to vary, not only with the presence of RPI, but also with the nutritional status of the inoculum. The different inocula also varied in their ability to bind H + and there was some correlation between this property and chlorhexidine sensitivity.
IUFOST2006/1016 Harmonisation and validation of methods in Food Safety

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

and extensive organisation to set up and conduct. To date the various European methods validation projects have been conducted somewhat insularly. This has been exacerbated by a lack of strong contact with the end-user and stakeholder. Implementation of methods in food safety analysis will benefit from a concerted approach to harmonisation and validation, with involvement and cooperation of the various stakeholders concerned.
Genetic covariation of grip strength and general cognitive ability in octogenarian Swedish Twins

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Genetic Covaration of Grip Strength and General Cognitive Ability in Octogenarian Swedish Twins Grip strength is a strong predictor of later-life disability, morbidity and mortality. Likewise, reduced grip strength has been associated with cognitive decline. Using quantitative genetic techniques, we surveyed the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the relationship between grip strength and general cognitive ability in 100 monozygotic and 131 dizygotic twin pairs. The sample was selected from the longitudinal study, “Origins of Variance in the Old-Old.” For the analysis, a latent general cognitive ability factor was constructed using measures of verbal ability, spatial ability, speed of processing, and memory. Bivariate model fitting revealed that genetic factors accounted for 74% of the phenotypic correlation ( r = .47) between grip strength and general cognitive ability. These results suggest that shared genetic factors underlie the relationship between grip strength and general cognitive ability and may also support the theory that common factors contribute to overall age-related deterioration of cognitive and non-cognitive functioning. Supported by grants from the National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health (AG08861 and AG000276).
Regrowth challenges of English cities in the context of flood risk: a discussion on flood resilience and regrowth in Hull, United Kingdom

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Many of the locations affected by the 2007 flooding in England - continue to be affected by symptoms of urban shrinkage, such as population decline, job losses, migration and economic decline and suburbanisation. As a response, improving policies and plans to deal with both urban shrinkage and flood resilience are complex processes that need an integrated multi-sectoral approach. Due to current lack of literature on these topics, the authors' present a method using opensource data to identify where the potential areas affected by urban shrinkage and flood risk are located in England. Followed by understanding what casual factors have influenced shrinkage in these areas, particularly planning responses in relation to flood risk management and flood resilience in the UK. The findings suggest that several areas have a legacy of industrial functions that are in the process of regrowing their economies, but continue to be below the national population growth trend. The chapter's hypothesis suggests shortcomings in terms of long-term planning to address urban shrinkage and flood resilience, affects the capacity of the local economy to rebound after a shock or stress (for example, disaster events) and therefore is more likely to have future growth challenges. The case study of Hull is selected as a good example of local responses that promotes an integrated multi-sectoral approach to respond to shrinkage and a potential optimisation framework to deal with flood risk measures in shrinking cities is suggested.