jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Pacific Culture among Wild Baboons: Its Emergence and Transmission

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Reports exist of transmission of culture in nonhuman primates. We examine this in a troop of savanna baboons studied since 1978. During the mid-1980s, half of the males died from tuberculosis; because of circumstances of the outbreak, it was more aggressive males who died, leaving a cohort of atypically unaggressive survivors. A decade later, these behavioral patterns persisted. Males leave their natal troops at adolescence; by the mid-1990s, no males remained who had resided in the troop a decade before. Thus, critically, the troop's unique culture was being adopted by new males joining the troop. We describe (a) features of this culture in the behavior of males, including high rates of grooming and affiliation with females and a "relaxed" dominance hierarchy; (b) physiological measures suggesting less stress among low-ranking males; (c) models explaining transmission of this culture; and (d) data testing these models, centered around treatment of transfer males by resident females.
High Fatty Acids and Low Fiber Intake is Associated with CRC

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Various dietary elements have been linked to the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition, factors like blood lipids could affect how dietary fats contribute to the development of CRC [Kato I et al. Int J Cancer 2010; Endo H et al. Gut 2009]. This article presents the use of data from the Rotterdam Study to determine whether intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids is associated with CRC and whether it is affected by levels of dietary fiber or blood lipids [Kraja B et al. Ann Oncol 2014 (abstr O-0013)].
Etiology, Clinical Spectrum, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Public Health Significance and Control of Leishmaniasis: A Comprehensive Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Leishmaniasis is the most neglected an intracellular protozoan disease caused by genus Leishmania and it has a geographic distribution in 98 countries in the world.Currently, over 350 million people are at risk of the infection; and about 60,000 deaths are estimated to occur from both cutaneous leishmaniasis and visceral leishmaniasis each year in the world.Infected female sandfly genus Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are responsible for transmission of leishmaniasis in the old and new worlds, respectively.The disease is occurring in a complicated variation in domestic and wild mammal reservoir hosts and sand fly as biological vector.The clinical manifestation of disease occurs in three main forms viz: cutaneous leishmaniasis, muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis, and visceral leishmaniasis.Laboratory techniques that include parasitological examination, immunological technique and molecular tools are imperative to establish an unequivocal diagnosis of leishmaniasis.A number of chemotherapeutic agents have been tried, however, treatment still remains challenging.Also the complex genetic and the population diversity of both the parasites and vectors make the control of this disease very difficult.Recently, leishmaniasis has been emerged or re-emerged in many geographical areas of the world.Thus globally coordinated more studies and assessment of the disease toward complexity chains in domestic and wild mammal reservoir hosts and the vector where leishmaniasis is endemic is recommended.
The radio galaxy population in the SIMBA simulations

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We examine the 1.4 GHz radio luminosities of galaxies arising from star formation and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) within the state-of-the-art cosmological hydrodynamic simulation SIMBA. SIMBA grows black holes via gravitational torque limited accretion from cold gas and Bondi accretion from hot gas, and employs AGN feedback including jets at low Eddington ratios. We define a population of radio loud AGNs (RLAGNs) based on the presence of ongoing jet feedback. Within RLAGN, we define high and low excitation radio galaxies (HERGs and LERGs) based on their dominant mode of black hole accretion: torque limited accretion representing feeding from a cold disc, or Bondi representing advection-dominated accretion from a hot medium. SIMBA predicts good agreement with the observed radio luminosity function (RLF) and its evolution, overall as well as separately for HERGs and LERGs. Quiescent galaxies with AGN-dominated radio flux dominate the RLF at ≳1022−23 W Hz−1, while star formation dominates at lower radio powers. Overall, RLAGNs have higher black hole accretion rates and lower star formation rates than non-RLAGN at a given stellar mass or velocity dispersion, but have similar black hole masses. SIMBA predicts an LERG number density of 8.53 Mpc−3, ∼10× higher than for HERGs, broadly as observed. While LERGs dominate among most massive galaxies with the largest black holes and HERGs dominate at high specific star formation rates, they otherwise largely populate similar-sized dark matter haloes and have similar host galaxy properties. SIMBA thus predicts that deeper radio surveys will reveal an increasing overlap between the host galaxy demographics of HERGs and LERGs.
Growth, yield and water use of Thompson Seedless grapes under basin and drip irrigation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Field experiments were conducted to study the response of Thompson Seedless grapes to different evaporation replenishment rates under drip and basin irrigation systems. Drip irrigation recorded marginally higher yields compared to furrow irrigation, although the differences were not significant. Fruit yields were highest with 100% evaporation replenishment rate. The water use with drip irrigation was 25% less compared with furrow irrigation. Soil-moisture extraction under furrow irrigation in the 0–30 cm soil depth was more with 50 and 75% evaporation replenishment rates, whereas 75% of the soil moisture extraction was in the 0–45 cm layer with 100% evaporation replenishment.
Bordering and Othering: Encounters at Shrine of Chamliyal at the India-Pakistan Border

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper examines the dynamics of bordering and othering at the shrine of Chamliyal situated at the India-Pakistan border in the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The shrine is believed to be more than three-hundred-year-old, represents the social and cultural ties that predate the political differences and territoriality implicit in the India-Pakistan border. The reverence towards the shrine from people in adjoining villages on both sides of the international border present it as an “outlier” seemingly contrary to the formal and popular articulations of nationalist identities evoked by the India-Pakistan border. Following a constructivist approach, the paper explores how the border is socially constituted by the borderlanders in their narratives and practices at the shrine. In the borderlands, these narratives and practices present an array of characteristics that oscillate through assertion, negotiation, and challenge the hegemonic articulations of national identity.
The Dollars and Sense of Ballot Propositions: Estimating Willingness to Pay for Public Goods Using Aggregate Voting Data

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper develops a new approach for estimating willingness to pay (WTP) for public goods using referendum voting data, and we demonstrate the approach by applying it to a series of referenda in California spanning a wide array of public goods. We find a range of annual WTP values for successful propositions from $3.47 per person for children’s hospitals to $94.48 per person for transportation infrastructure and management. We also impute the per capita cost of each proposition. Comparing these imputed costs to our WTP measure allows us to infer the upper bound on prices that would still ensure passage of a successful measure. Conversely, this comparison provides an estimate of the decrease in prices that would have been necessary to ensure passage of unsuccessful propositions. In addition, we estimate the relative effects of prices, income, and ideology on the support for public goods. We show that both ideology and economic costs have significant impacts, which stands in contrast to previous work that contends that voting patterns are driven purely by fiscal costs.
Acquisition of the Non-Generic Definite Article in English: The Influence of Cognitive Style

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The study examines the relationship between Japanese students’ uses of the English non-generic definite article and the cognitive style of field dependence/independence. According to a model by Liu and Gleason (2002), the non-generic definite article consists of four types: textual, structural, situation, and cultural. We examined whether the first three types, which involve analysis of grammatical rules, may be easier to learn for field independent learners who are more analytical. We also investigated whether cultural use, which is largely based on social convention, may be easier for field dependent individuals who have a more interpersonal orientation. Twenty-seven Japanese students studying in Canada completed a non-generic definite article test that involves filling in missing obligatory instances of the, the Group Embedded Figures Test that measures field dependence/independence, and four batteries of the Woodcock-Munoz Language Survey – Revised that together provide a measure of broad English ability. Textual and structural use were positively associated with a field independent style, over and above broad English ability. Other correlations were non-significant. Results are interpreted according to the type of cognitive learning required by the textual and structural uses of the and why these may be facilitated by a field independent orientation.
Relationship between gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal neoplasms

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The gastrointestinal flora is composed of a large number of microorganisms with complex structure, which participates in the process of decomposition, digestion and absorption of nutrients, promotes the development of the body′s immune system, inhibits the colonization of pathogenic bacteria, and affects the health and disease of the body. In recent years, with the advancement of sequencing technology, the relationship between gastrointestinal flora and gastrointestinal neoplasms has became a research hotspot. This article reviews the carcinogenic pathways of the gastrointestinal flora and the possible carcinogenic mechanisms of the gastrointestinal flora.

Key words:
Immune system; Gastrointestinal tract; Carcinoma; Gastrointestinal flora
Response of the Tropical Atlantic Ocean- Atmosphere System to Deglacial Changes in Atlantic Meridional Overturning

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

An important feature of the present-day circulation in the Atlantic is the cross-equatorial flow of warm and shallow waters from the South Atlantic into the North Atlantic. Much of this transport is maintained at the western boundary through the North Brazil Current, which is regarded as the major upper component of the modern Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) (Zhang et al. 2011). The associated heat transport into the North Atlantic promotes a northerly location of the Intertropical Convergence (ITCZ) (Marshall et al. 2014) and the associated rainfall maximum for much of the year. At the southern and northern limits of the ITCZ semi-arid conditions prevail in Northeast Brazil (Nordeste) and the Sahel. Across the equator, the northward flow with the western boundary current is compensated through the southward flow of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) as the lower branch of the AMOC. This water mass is collectively formed from surface waters sinking in the Greenland, Iceland, Norwegian, and Labrador seas and is identifiable as a tongue of nutrient poor and 13C rich water extending southward in the deep Atlantic (Kroopnick 1985). Nutrient-rich and low δ13C Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) formed in the Southern Ocean is penetrating northward below the NADW. Since the AMOC underwent substantial variations during the last deglaciation (McManus et al. 2004), high-resolution sediment records from ocean margin settings offer the opportunity to study interactions between ocean circulation, continental climate and the carbon cycle. We present two previously unpublished sediment cores recently retrieved off NE Brazil (GeoB16202-2 and GeoB16206-1, ~2°S, 2248 m and 1367 m water depth) and one sediment core from the continental margin off NW Africa (GeoB9508-5, ~16°N, 2384 m water depth) (Fig. 1) covering the last deglaciation (Mulitza et al. 2008). Age models of all cores are based on calibrated AMS radiocarbon dates and show highly resolved deglacial sections with sedimentation rates up to 1 mm/year during Heinrich stadial 1 due to intensified terrigenous input. XRF elemental ratios of bulk sediments and δD of plant wax (Niedermeyer et al. 2009) have been used to characterize terrestrial climate. Protactinium/Thorium (Pa/Th) ratios
Data Fusion of Electronic Nose and Electronic Tongue for Detection of Mixed Edible-Oil

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For the problem of the waste of the edible-oil in the food processing, on the premise of food security, they often need to add new edible-oil to the old frying oil which had been used in food processing to control the cost of the production. Due to the fact that the different additive proportion of the oil has different material and different volatile gases, we use fusion technology based on the electronic nose and electronic tongue to detect the blending ratio of the old frying oil and the new edible-oil in this paper. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to distinguish the different proportion of the old frying oil and new edible-oil; on the other hand we use partial least squares (PLS) to predict the blending ratio of the old frying oil and new edible-oil. Two conclusions were proposed: data fusion of electronic nose and electronic tongue can be used to detect the blending ratio of the old frying oil and new edible-oil; in contrast to single used electronic nose or single used electronic tongue, the detection effect has increased by using data fusion of electronic nose and electronic tongue.
Nurse/patient dependency‐a review of different approaches with particular reference to studies of the dependency of elderly patients

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The dependency of elderly patients is the outcome of interaction effects between the patient and his or her environment, and over a protracted stay in hospital, environmental factors can be as influential in determining a patient's dependency as the patient's medical or physical condition. Rigid institutional regimes and inadvertent reinforcement of dependent behaviours by nursing staff appear to play an important part in the development of institutionally induced dependency. Studies of patient dependency which assume that dependency arises largely from the physical or mental condition of the patient lack validity because the major source of variation in nursing activity is seen as an almost mechanistic response to patients' dependency. It is argued that, rather than patient dependency ‘causing’ nursing actions, nursing actions can cause patients to become more or less dependent.
Islam in Historical Perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Islam in Historical Perspective is a general introduction to Islam and the history of Muslim societies. Richly illustrated by quotations and images from Muslim scripture, historical chronicles, artistic works, and theological and juridical treatises, it invites the reader to examine this evidence and to form a comprehensive understanding of Islam's evolution from its inception in Arabia to the present day. Combining chronological and thematic principles, this book examines Muslims' political and intellectual struggles over the meaning and practical implications of their faith. Treating Islam as a language that various factions and generations of Muslims have used to express their grievances, aspirations, and personal experiences and preferences, the book shows the religion's remarkable potency as a social, political, and cultural force and source of identity. It also describes and analyses Muslim devotional practices, emotional responses to the revelation, artistic and intellectual creativity, and patterns of everyday existence. The goal of this book is to help the reader to develop personal empathy for the subject by showing the relevance of the dilemmas faced by Muslims in different epochs and geographical locations to the burning issues of today's world. A thorough analysis of pivotal events, trends, and personalities of Islamic history is accompanied by witness accounts showing how they were perceived by Muslims themselves. This new edition features a thoroughly revised text, updated bibliography, new illustrations, study questions and chapter summaries, and is an outstanding resource for students of Islam and Muslim civilization.
Citizenship and Human Rights Within the Scope of Values Education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Using a social studies course with an interdisciplinary approach and organizing the program in conjunction with this circumstance means that the social studies curriculum can find its place in the real world because interdisciplinary nature enhances its value. The definition of the National Council on Social Studies in the United States in 1992 is also important in emphasizing how comprehensive this course is. According to this definition, social studies collaborate with different sciences such as anthropology, archeology, history, geography, law, economics, philosophy, political science, religion, psychology, and sociology. In addition to citizenship rights and responsibilities, the topics that include human rights, in general, are covered in the social studies course. In this light, social studies can be viewed as a course in which citizenship rights and obligations are taught to raise individuals who are responsive to human rights. In this context, the four main values, feeling valuable, equality, democratic education, and a culture of coexistence, that can be offered within the framework of citizenship and human rights in social studies courses are discussed below.
Double jump in the maximum of two-type reducible branching Brownian motion

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Consider a two-type reducible branching Brownian motion in which particles' diffusion coefficients and branching rates are influenced by their types. Here reducible means that type 1 particles can produce particles of type 1 and type 2, but type 2 particles can only produce particles of type 2. The maximum of this process is determined by two parameters: the ratio of the diffusion coefficients and the ratio of the branching rates for particles of different types. Belloum and Mallein [Electron. J. Probab. 26(2021), no. 61] identified three phases of the maximum and the extremal process, corresponding to three regions in the parameter space. We investigate how the extremal process behaves asymptotically when the parameters lie on the boundaries between these regions. An interesting phenomenon is that a double jump occurs in the maximum when the parameters cross the boundary of the so called anomalous spreading region, while only single jump occurs when the parameters cross the boundary between the remaining two regions.
Coherent Phase Control of Multiphoton Ionization in Three-Level Ladder-Type System

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present the theoretical investigation of photoelectron spectroscopy resulting from the strong field induced multiphoton ionization in a typical three-level ladder-style system. Our theoretical results show that the photo-electron spectral structure can be alternatively steered by spectral phase modulation. This physical mechanism for strong field quantum control is explicitly exploited by the time-dependent dressed state population. It is concluded that the phase-shaped laser pulses can be used to selectively manipulate the multiphoton ionization process in complicated quantum systems.
Plant pathogenicity studies with non-sporing fungi from tussock-grassland soils

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Some strains of an unnamed Rhizoctonia sp., Rhizoctonia solani, and a Sterile Mycelium, isolated from tussock grassland soils, show no pathogenic activity against lettuce, radish, wheat, potatoes, or pines. The fungi do not form mycorrhizal associations with Pinus radiata.
A Study of Low Temperature and Low Stress Electroless Copper Plating Bath

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To meet the requirement of PCB copper interconnection, a low temperature and low stress electroless copper plating bath containing Cu(II)-Rochell salt as complex was investigated. The effects of additives, such as 2,6-diaminopyridine as accelerator, 2,2'-dipyridyl as stabilizer, NiSO4·6H2O as stress-relief agent and sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactant, on the deposition rate, deposited copper microstructure and surface morphology were investigated by deposition rate measurement and surface SEM observation. Though the deposition rate of electroless copper solution was accelerated by 2,6-diaminopyridine addition and was inhibited by 2,2'-dipyridyl addition, it reached 3.45 μm·h-1 at 33 °C with the composite addition of the four additives, and the deposited copper film also became smooth and uniform. The effects of additives on the polarization behaviors of the electroless copper plating bath were investigated by the linear sweep voltammetry method and mixed potential theory. The internal stresses of copper films were measured by XRD analysis method using the (220) and (311) peaks. The internal stresses of deposited copper film on the (220) and (311) crystal planes were decreased from -164.49 and -122.34 MPa to -16.50 and -31.00 MPa with an addition of 15.0 mg·L-1 NiSO4·6H2O, and the adhesion strength between the substrate and electroless copper film was also increased from 0.84 to 1.12 kN·m-1. Finally, a low temperature and low stress electroless copper plating bath was obtained.
Pragmatic Conventions: A Frame for a Theory of Action and Interaction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article, I recommend pragmatic conventions, combining G. H. Mead's philosophy of meaning and ongoing reconstruction of the self with Lewis's model of conventions, as a frame for sociological theory. Convention can be understood as a formal model of negotiated order. The frame is evaluated in terms of its consistency with neurophysiological evidence. Giddens's claim to have eliminated the tension between agency and social structure in his structuration theory is disputed. Elements of structuration theory are found to be inconsistent with empirical evidence and to be unintelligible as a result of crucial internal contradictions. Implications of the argument for rational choice theory are briefly indicated.
The Effects of Prior Exposure To Light On the Imprinting Process in Domestic Chicks

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Domestic chicks were placed in isolation under a constant white light for 30 minutes. Afterwards these birds and a group previously kept in the dark were trained with a Red or a Yellow flashing light for 45 minutes. Subsequently all chicks were given a choice between familiar and unfamiliar flashing lights in some new apparatus which is described in detail for the first time. The chicks exposed to constant light showed a clear preference for the flashing light with which they had been trained whereas the Dark control chicks did not. It is suggested that the constant light activated their visual pathways enabling the Light-exposed chicks to learn more than the Dark control chicks during the imprinting procedure.