jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Combining ability of carrot (Daucus carota L.) lines and heritability of yield and its quality components

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the combining ability of inbred lines in terms of traits important for the development of hybrid carrot cultivars with high yields and better root quality. The experimental plant material consisted of 15 inbred lines that were crossed in an incomplete diallel design to produce 34 hybrids. It was observed that the variation of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and reciprocal effects (RE) were significant for all of the tested characters, except SCA for sugars. Among the tested lines, the RFO had the most positive GCA for the yield; at the some time, the RFO line had negative GCA for carotenes and dry matter content. A significant positive GCA was found for all traits, except monosaccharides and nitrates, for the 2163 line. Most of the crosses based on the RFO and 2163 lines yielded well; additionally, the hybrids based on 2163 presented high levels of quality characters. The ratio of GCA:SCA indicated that the quality traits were mainly affected by additive gene effects, but the yield was controlled more by non-additive gene effects. Heritability in a broad sense presented a higher environmental influence for yield than the quality characters of carrot roots.
The Effects of Expert and Augmented Feedback on Learning a Complex Medical Skill

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Many medical skills are complex due to their requirements for integration of declarative (biomedical) knowledge with perceptual–motor and perceptual–cognitive proficiency. While feedback generally helps learners guide their actions, it is unclear how feedback supports the integration of declarative knowledge with skills. Thus, we investigated the effect of expert and augmented feedback on acquisition and retention of a complex medical skill (acquiring a transthoracic echocardiogram) in a simulation study. We randomly assigned 36 medical undergraduate students to one of three feedback sources: Expert (EF), Augmented visual (HS), and Expert plus Help Screen (EF + HS). Participants practiced until reaching proficiency. Outcome measures (knowledge test and practical skill ratings on a 5-point scale), were gathered at initial acquisition and at retention after 11 days, the time needed to obtain the images and the quality of images obtained. We divided the knowledge test into three topics: names of the images, manipulation of the probe, and anatomy of the heart. At acquisition, immediately after training, EF group participants were faster at obtaining images than participants in the two other groups. On the retention test, there were no group differences for speed of obtaining images, but the EF + HS group scored significantly higher than the other two groups on image quality. Thus, expert feedback best assisted initial acquisition and combined augmented and expert feedback best assisted retention of this complex medical task. Expert assistance reduced learners’ cognitive load during initial practice, helping learners integrate declarative knowledge with physical skills.
Rapid infeasibility detection in a mixed logarithmic barrier-augmented Lagrangian method for nonlinear optimization

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We present a modification of a primal-dual algorithm [7] based on a mixed augmented Lagrangian and a log-barrier penalty function. The goal of this new feature is to quickly detect infeasibility. An additional parameter is introduced to balance the minimization of the objective function and the realization of the constraints. The rules of updating the parameters are based on [8]. The global convergence of the modified algorithm is analysed under mild assumptions. We also show that under a suitable choice of the parameters along the iterations, the rate of convergence of the algorithm to an infeasible stationary point is superlinear. This is the first local convergence result for the class of interior point methods in the infeasible case. We finally report some numerical experiments to show that this new algorithm is quite efficient to detect infeasibility and does not deteriorate the overall behavior in the general case.
Factors Affecting McCaman-Robins Method of Screening for PKU

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A recent publication in your journal points out that the blood and serum levels of phenylalanine as analyzed by the method of McCaman and Robins rise as the sample ages unless the samples are kept in the frozen state. The use of refrigerated trucks in sample transportation is described as a means of dealing with the problem, which is an extremely important one in view of the many large scale screening programs for phenylketonuria now in progress. A one sentence reference is made to the use of filter paper for storage and transport of blood samples but the reader is given no clue as to what the merits of this approach are.
Recognizing Their Power

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this chapter, we investigated how internal stakeholders (i.e., NFL/NCAA athletes) employed their personal social media accounts to influence organizational decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed two cases that featured athlete-led social media campaigns: 1) NFL Athletes’ #WeWantToPlay campaign, and 2) NCAA Athletes’ #WeAreUnited and #WeWantToPlay campaigns. In both instances, internal stakeholders (i.e., athletes) formulated a coordinated social media campaign to spur responses from external stakeholders (i.e., fans) that would, jointly, influence organizational decisions pertaining to COVID-19 safety protocols and the playing of the 2020 professional and collegiate football seasons. Implications for internal stakeholders, crisis communication management, crisis communication scholarship were discussed.
Author Response: Coordinated regulation of gene expression in Plasmodium female gametocytes by two transcription factors

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Gametocytes play key roles in the Plasmodium lifecycle. They are essential for sexual reproduction as precursors of the gametes. They also play an essential role in parasite transmission to mosquitoes. Elucidation of the gene regulation at this stage is essential for understanding these two processes at the molecular level and for developing new strategies to break the parasite life cycle. We identified a novel Plasmodium transcription factor (TF), designated as a partner of AP2-FG or PFG. In this paper, we report that this TF regulates the gene expression in female gametocytes in concert with another female-specific TF AP2-FG. Upon the disruption of PFG, majority of female-specific genes were significantly downregulated, and female gametocyte lost the ability to produce ookinetes. ChIP-seq analysis showed that it was located in the same position as AP2-FG, indicating that these two TFs form a complex. ChIP-seq analysis of PFG in AP2-FG-disrupted parasites and ChIP-seq analysis of AP2-FG in PFG-disrupted parasites demonstrated that PFG mediates the binding of AP2-FG to the ten-base motif and that AP2-FG binds another motif, GCTCA, in the absence of PFG. In promoter assays, this five-base motif was identified as another female-specific cis-acting element. Genes under the control of the two forms of AP2-FG, with or without PFG, partly overlapped; however, each form had target preferences. These results suggested that combinations of these two forms generate various expression patterns among the extensive genes expressed in female gametocytes.
Description and Postharvest Physiology of Some Slow-ripening Nectarine Genotypes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The postharvest behavior of several slow-ripening nectarine genotypes that originated from ‘Fantasia’ was investigated. These fruit were firmer and greener than ‘Fantasia’, had higher phenolic compounds and soluble solids contents, a higher pH, lower titratable acidity, and equal or greater levels of total and reducing sugars. Changes in flesh color and firmness during storage were much slower than in ‘Fantasia’, but the rate of softening varied among the genotypes. Although all of the genotypes tested seemed to be climacteric-type fruit, the preclimacteric period at 20°C could exceed 1 month, and C 2 H 4 production was much lower than in ‘Fantasia’. Application of C 2 H 4 during the preclimacteric period stimulated respiration rates, with the maximum response occurring at 10 ppm. A 2nd application of C 2 H 4 resulted in a 2nd increase in respiration, as with nonclimacteric fruit. Incidence of internal breakdown generally was severe compared to ‘Fantasia’ following 4 weeks of storage at 5°, although the genotype P19-11 appeared to be somewhat resistant to chilling injury.
Vaccination Trials for Control of Furunculosis of Salmonids in Japan

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Parenteral and oral vaccination were made against furunculosis of native trouts. In the case of parenteral vaccines, 0.1 mg of formalin killed cells suspended in saline were injected intraperitoneally. The survival rate at the end of experiment was higher in the vaccinated group than in the control group. Agglutination titer was reached higher than 1, 000 and had maintained for long time in adjuvant vaccine group.Another experiment was done with fingerings of native trouts fed to 0.15 or 0.3 mg of vaccine per fish a day. Efficacy of oral vaccine was compared with both mortality and challenge test of intramuscular injection or bacterial bathing. The mortality due to furunculosis was higher in the control group than in the vaccinated group.
Constructivist-informed classroom teaching: the importance and potential of motivation research

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A constructivist paradigm has dominated science education research in recent years. According to this view, students use their existing reconceptions to interpret new experiences, and in doing so, these preconceptions may become modified or revised. In this way, science learning proceeds as children actively reconstruct their ideas as they become presented with new information. However, the implications of constructivism for classroom teaching are still open to question. This position paper refers to the science education literature to argue that strategies to arouse and maintain student motivation should be a crucial component of constructivist-informed classroom teaching. This is because constructivism is universally accepted to be an active process - students must make an effort to reconstruct their ideas, so it follows that if they are not motivated to make that effort then no learning will occur. However, extant models of constructivist classroom teaching make little if any mention of student motivation. In these models, the focus has typically been on strategies to elicit students' prior conceptions and to guide and monitor their progress towards more scientific conceptions, but the motivational impetus for this process has received little attention. Perhaps one reason for this is that there are relatively few studies of student motivation in the science education literature. Another possible reason is the lack of a unified theory of motivation, which means that there is no clear consensus on how best to motivate students in the classroom. In view of this situation, there is a need for studies which can clarify motivational strategies in science classrooms. "Situational interest" is one motivation construct which appears to offer considerable potential, yet it has been largely ignored by science education researchers. Situational interest occurs when a particular situation generates interest in the majority of students in the class - a spectacular science demonstration might arouse transient situational interest even in students who are not normally interested in science. The potential of this construct lies in the fact that studies outside of science have shown that when situational interest is aroused on a number of occasions it can result in longterm personal interest and motivation in the topic. It is thus a potentially powerful construct for science education, and is one which should be further explored.
Recognition of epilepsy from non-seizure electroencephalogram using combination of linear SVM and time domain attributes

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Classification of neural disorders, like epilepsy, can be performed efficiently using soft computing methods. Previously many methods of detecting epilepsy using various time and time-frequency domain features have been proposed. Our study proposes a unique feature set, comprising of time domain features, Waveform Length, Root Mean Square, Mean Absolute Value and Zero Crossing, combining them with Linear Support Vector Machine to classify a set of EEG signals into epileptic and non-epileptic under non-seizure condition. Our proposed classification approach yields an accuracy of 95%.
Acemoglu Joins Mankiw: Effect of Institutions in Growth Through Human Capital

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Starting from the Augmented Solow Model developed by Mankiw, Romer, & Weil (1992), the present paper considered new perspectives in which institutions are considered “fundamental determinants” to explain economic growth. Through the data panel methodology, and with information for the years 2000, 2005 and 2010 from 87 countries, we used the interactive variables mechanism to verify whether the relationship between human capital and GDP per capita is encouraged by the institutions. The results indicate a positive relationship between economic and political institutions with the effect of education on per capita growth of countries, with greater influence of the former.
Toward Characterization of Diseased Vascular Structures Using Noncontact Photoacoustic and Laser-Ultrasound Imaging: A Phantom Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Visualizing and characterizing atherosclerotic plaques is important in determining the vulnerability of a plaque to rupture. To evaluate rupture risk, several compositional factors should be evaluated, including inflammation, the presence and size of lipid pools, thickness of the fibrous cap, and calcification. Currently, a need exists for an imaging modality that can detect each of these factors in a safe, noninvasive manner with high resolution and contrast at clinically relevant depths. Photoacoustic imaging is a growing field that has the potential to improve plaque diagnosis. Spectroscopic methods have shown promise toward detection of constituents of plaque with unique optical absorption spectra, such as lipids; however, detection of molecules with indistinct spectra, such as calcium, is not readily achieved using this approach. The acoustic properties of calcium, in contrast, are different than soft tissue, which causes calcification to scatter acoustic waves.\nIn this work, a method of evaluating both spectroscopic and acoustic properties of vascular structures is presented by combining photoacoustic (PA) and laser-ultrasound (LU) techniques. These methods could inform treatment decisions and improve patient outcomes by detecting the smallest plaque and calcification deposits in the early stages of disease. When the disease has progressed to a later stage, such that surgical intervention is required, PA and LU imaging could inform surgical decisions to ensure that appropriate precautions are taken and the least-risk procedure is chosen.\nExperiments on tissue phantoms were conducted with healthy and diseased artery surrogates embedded. All imaging was accomplished using noncontact, noninvasive PA and LU imaging. Through implementation of geophysical image processing techniques, improved image resolution and a method of comparing contrast among optical absorbers and acoustic scatterers was demonstrated. Absorbing structures on the order of 1.5 mm were clearly identified, and acoustic scattering by stiff structures with a wall thickness of 233.5 µm was detected at a depth of 18 mm. The results demonstrate that dual photoacoustic and laser-ultrasound imaging has the potential to characterize multiple constituents of atherosclerotic plaque in a safe, noninvasive manner.
Hormetic-Like Effects of L-Homocysteine on Synaptic Structure, Function, and Aβ Aggregation

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia among the elderly population. Elevated plasma levels of homocysteine (HCy), an amino acid derived from methionine metabolism, are considered a risk factor and biomarker of AD and other types of dementia. An increase in HCy is mostly a consequence of high methionine and/or low vitamin B intake in the diet. Here, we studied the effects of physiological and pathophysiological HCy concentrations on oxidative stress, synaptic protein levels, and synaptic activity in mice hippocampal slices. We also studied the in vitro effects of HCy on the aggregation kinetics of Aβ40. We found that physiological cerebrospinal concentrations of HCy (0.5 µM) induce an increase in synaptic proteins, whereas higher doses of HCy (30–100 µM) decrease their levels, thereby increasing oxidative stress and causing excitatory transmission hyperactivity, which are all considered to be neurotoxic effects. We also observed that normal cerebrospinal concentrations of HCy slow the aggregation kinetic of Aβ40, whereas high concentrations accelerate its aggregation. Finally, we studied the effects of HCy and HCy + Aβ42 over long-term potentiation. Altogether, by studying an ample range of effects under different HCy concentrations, we report, for the first time, that HCy can exert beneficial or toxic effects over neurons, evidencing a hormetic-like effect. Therefore, we further encourage the use of HCy as a biomarker and modifiable risk factor with therapeutic use against AD and other types of dementia.
Dual-Channel Linear Optical Sampling for Simultaneously Monitoring Ultrafast Intensity and Phase Modulation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes a novel optical sampling technique for monitoring ultrafast signal waveforms. The dual-channel sampling system, which employs two parallel interferometers offset by a slight relative delay, enables us to observe not only intensity but also phase (frequency) modulation without any restriction as regards signal coherence. The proposed method, based on linear interaction with local short-pulses, also allows the measurement of ultrafast signals without any electrical bandwidth limitation. The performance advantages of the proposed method are clarified through experiments, in which we successfully observe the intensity and frequency modulation of 10-Gbit/s gain-switched laser diode pulses and 160-Gbit/s optical time-division multiplexing signals, whose coherence time is much shorter than the sampling period.
On the Moral Effect of Rhetoric in Fiction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Fiction is a literary pattern mostly closely linked with ethics and morality, and what is narrated in fiction not only embodies the moral reaction of the characters involved but also mirrors the moral stand and ethics of the author. This paper is critical of the moral indifference and moral fanaticism in the moral rhetoric of fiction, and it is opined that novelists should, in narration, have their conscious awareness of rhetoric so as to positively impact the readers spiritually.
Clinical characteristics of hemodialysis patients with non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

透析患者では，非閉塞性腸管虚血（NOMI）の発症頻度が高く予後不良である．NOMIの発症には直接的な誘因が不明な場合も多い．これらの患者の臨床的特徴を明らかにし発症との関連を検討した．NOMIを発症した19例を，直接的な誘因（心臓手術，心原性・出血性ショック）があるA群（9例）と，不明のB群（10例）に分けた．B群ではAPACHEⅡスコアが低値であったが，動脈硬化性疾患の既往が多い傾向にあり，死亡率は同等であった（A群；77.8％，B群；60％，p＝0.63）．また，エリスロポエチン（ESAs）使用量が多く（7,000 vs 3,000 U/週，p＝0.015），エリスロポエチン抵抗性指数も高い傾向にあった（12.9 vs 4.3 U/kg/g/dL，p＝0.058）．さらに，発症時の体重減少，ヘマトクリットの上昇傾向がみられた．直接的な誘因がないNOMI症例でも死亡率は高く，組織低灌流の素地に加え，動脈硬化のみならずESAs投与量や抵抗性，循環血漿量減少および血液粘度上昇による腸管膜血流低下がNOMI発症に関与する可能性が推察された．
The Farmers’ Perception of The Natural Farming System in Bulukumba, East Indonesia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Salassae Village, Bulukumba district is an organic village by the application of agriculture organic farming since 2011. The application of organic and conventional farming system is closely related to each farmers’ perceptions. This research aims to determine the perception on farmers on the application of natural farming system, analyze the factors that related to farmers ‘perception on natural farming system, and analyze the farmers’ effort in Salassae Village. This research was carried out by interview and questionnaire method to 67 farmers, divided by 25 organic farmers and 42 conventional farmers. This research uses descriptive analysis techniques, and spearman rank correlation test. The results of the analysis show that the farmers' perception on natural farming system has different perception. Perception of natural farmers is categorized good, while perception of conventional farmers is categorized good enough. Overall, farmers' perception of the application of the natural farming system shows a good category with a score of 75%. The factor of farmers’ perception on the application of natural farming system is social interaction. Farmers need a convincing understanding that organic rice farming is not difficult. Thus, social interaction needs to be improved in shaping the perception of rice farmers towards organic rice farming.
A magyar /h/ zöngésedése magánhangzók között

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In our research we aim to examine this allophonic alternation of the laryngeal fricative from a phonetic point of view, in an attempt to shed more light on the phonetic and phonological factors that may facilitate or restrain the occurrence of [ɦ] in Hungarian, and thus to test previous claims of phonology and phonetics on this issue. As a first step, the present study investigated the effect of two vowel quality features, vowel openness and backness, and a phonological conditioner, pitch-accent on the ratio of voicing that occurs in intervocalic /h/ in laboratory speech. As a secondary aim we also tried to raise questions regarding the very specific type of voice quality this unique fricative exhibits, breathy voice. For this purpose, we also analyzed two more acoustic parameters, center of gravity and the harmonics- to-noise ratio, which are traditionally suggested to reliably and informatively quantify voice quality in fricatives. The results confirmed our hypothesis, that the intervocalic voicing of /h/ may be regarded as a purely phonetic process not governed or restrained by phonological processes, but only by the presence of the two flanking vowels. In a fine-grained phonetic analysis, however, we also showed that this phonetic process may be affected by the vocalic feature, openness of the flanking vowels, via coarticulation, and that front and back vowels may not be regarded as homogenous groups of vowels in the open – close dimension. We interpreted the latter results by taking into account a less simplified explanation of vowel articulation, and the complex interactions of the tongue and the larynx structures.
[Update on the association between endothelial-mesenchymal transition and vulnerable plaque].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

动脉粥样硬化（AS）易损斑块破裂是心脑血管疾病患者发生急性心肌梗死、卒中、心原性猝死等不良心脑血管事件的共同病理学基础。易损斑块指具有破裂倾向、易于形成血栓以及可能迅速进展的斑块。血流中多种刺激因素可诱导内皮细胞发生内皮-间质转化（EndMT），从而加速AS斑块进程。EndMT参与AS的发生和转归，且与斑块易损性密切相关。本文围绕EndMT的概念及其在易损斑块中的作用机制展开讨论，以期为易损斑块的防治提供新的思路和理论依据。.