jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Cohesin Subunit Variant Identified from a Peripheral Sclerocornea Pedigree

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Background . Sclerocornea is a rare congenital disorder characterized with the opacification of the cornea. Here, we report a nonconsanguineous Chinese family with multiple peripheral sclerocornea patients spanning across three generations inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Methods . This is a retrospective case series of a peripheral sclerocornea pedigree. Comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were conducted and assessed on 14 pedigree members. Whole-exome sequencing was used to identify the genetic alterations in the affected pedigree members. Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) were established using blood samples from the family members. Functional tests were performed with these cell lines. Results . Six affected and eight unaffected members of a family with peripheral sclerocornea were examined. All affected individuals showed features of scleralization over the peripheral cornea of both eyes. Mean horizontal and vertical corneal diameter were found significantly decreased in the affected members. Significant differences were also observed on the mean apex pachymetry between affected and unaffected subjects. These ophthalmic parameters did not resemble that of cornea plana. A RAD21 C1348T variant was identified by whole-exome sequencing. Although this variant causes RAD21 R450C substitution at the separase cleavage site, cells from peripheral sclerocornea family members had no mitosis and ploidy defects. Conclusion . We report a family of peripheral sclerocornea with no association with cornea plana. A RAD21 variant was found cosegregating with peripheral sclerocornea. Our results suggest that RAD21 functions, other than its cell cycle and chromosome segregation regulations, could underline the pathogenesis of peripheral sclerocornea.
Serotonin transport by cultured bovine aortic endothelium.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Endothelial cells isolated from bovine aortas without prior treatment with enzymes were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium containing 17% fetal calf serum and antibiotics. The endothelial cells at confluency (7 days) were similar to endothelium in situ or to freshly isolated endothelial cells from blood vessels as seen by light, scanning, and electron microscopy. Cultured and freshly isolated indothelial cells exposed to labeled serotonin, even in the presence of iproniazid (5 x 10-4M), took up approximately 125 and 250 pmoles 14C-serotonin/mg protein, respectively, in 3 hours. Imipramine (10-4M) reduced uptake for both cell groups. Cold (4 degrees C) and metabolic inhibitors sharply reduced serotonin uptake by both freshly isolated and cultured endothelial cells. Ouabain (10-5M) almost completely blocked serotonin transport. Six analogues of serotonin at concentrations ten times above experimental serotonin concentrations did not affect serotonin transport in the cultured endothelial cells but did reduce it in the freshly isolated endothelial cells by 50%. The data on transport suggest that serotonin uptake is not unique to pulmonary endothelium, as has been suggested previously. In addition, using cultured indothelial cells to study serotonin transport is compatible with using other serotonin model systems such as platelets, lung, or brain. Lastly, serotonin uptake by endothelial cells may involve an active transport mechanism similar to that described for the pulmonary circulation, platelets, and insect salivary glands.
Cue additivity and adaptivity in predictive processing

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study tests how the parser adapts to input by considering how multiple redundant cues are integrated in predictive processing. We employ the visual world paradigm to investigate whether German native speakers use case and prosody together to anticipate post-verbal arguments. In Experiment 1, participants heard subject-first and object-first sentences containing either case and prosodic cues or only case cues in a single mixed block. In Experiments 2 and 3, sentences were presented in separate blocks, such that participants heard sentences with prosodic cues in either Block 1 (Experiment 3) or Block 2 (Experiment 2). The results show that participants used prosodic and case-marking cues additively to anticipate post-verbal arguments. Additive effects varied according to the distribution of the cues and their order of presentation. We conclude that the presence of multiple redundant cues facilitates sentence processing and that the parser adapts to the utility of cues based on their availability.
Using Heritage to Promote Rural Places

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The proliferation of brown signs informing people \nthey are entering a ‘historic market town’, ‘historic \nriverside village’ and so on has become an everyday \nfeature in the UK. This reflects the growing use of \nlocal heritage in its various guises to promote places \nas tourist attractions; and this in turn can be seen as a \nmanifestation of the broader commodification of place. \nThe ‘historicising’ of place both reflects and \nreproduces an interest in the past and in the \nparticularities of places. Such place promotional \nefforts have a long history, particularly within an urban \ncontext, but are increasingly deployed in what might \nbe seen as more mundane places, including villages \nand small towns seeking to project themselves \nthrough reference to some local historical or cultural \nfeatures that distinguish them from other places, \nthereby marking them out as somewhere worth \nvisiting.
Changing Landscape of Advice Provision: Online Forums and Social Media Run by McKenzie Friends

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Without an affordable option for face-to-face legal advice post-LASPO, many Litigants in Person (LIPs) turn to online sources and potentially McKenzie Friends (MFs), who are litigation friends that help LIPs on a voluntary basis or for a fee. Within the legal community, serious concerns have been serious concerns about the quality of information and advice provided by MFs online. Such concerns are especially important in private and public law children cases, where the well-being and safety of children are at stake. The paper draws on forums and social media groups to investigate queries posted by parents and corresponding MFs’ responses. The methodological framework derives from corpus linguistics methods, which enable the quantitative identification of linguistic patterns in the posts and subsequently lead to a qualitative analysis of MFs’ functions within the area of online advice provision. The focus on linguistic framing as well as the content of responses allows for the categorisation of MFs’ roles in light of their potentially clashing communicative aims, such as addressing LIPs’ needs and supporting them with access to information and advice and at the same time establishing MFs’ professional standing in legal settings and promoting their services. The findings show that although MFs often provide useful step-by-step advice on procedural and legal matters, the linguistic framing of such advice may potentially relay negative perceptions of the justice system. The paper discusses the ramifications of this online advice provision and aims to contribute to the current debate on professionalising MFs.
Shear-thinning drop formation

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A volume-of-fluid numerical method is used to predict the dynamics of drop formation from a nozzle with a circular exit, directed vertically downwards in air, when the drop fluid is shear-thinning. The validity of the numerical calculation is first confirmed for a Newtonian fluid by comparison with experimental measurements. For the cases considered, predictions for a shear-thinning drop fluid result in more rapid pinch-off and a smaller final neck length consistent with a related study of liquid bridges.
Expression of SLC 4A11 protein in mouse and rat medulla: a candidate transporter involved in outer medullary ammonia recycling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

SLC4A11 is a multifunctional membrane transporter involved with H+ transport, NH3 and alkaline pH stimulated H+ transport, and water transport. The role of SLC4A11 in the kidney is not well understood. A prior study has shown that in murine kidney, SLC4A11/LacZ staining is primarily in the long-looped descending thin limb (DTL) as determined by colocalization with aquaporin 1 (AQP1), a protein that is expressed in some, but not all, descending thin limb segments. Using a previously characterized polyclonal antibody, we demonstrate the selective expression of SLC4A11 in the upper DTLs (which are AQP1-positive) in the outer medulla and inner medulla with little or no expression in the lower DTLs (which are AQP-1-null). SLC4A11 also colocalized with AQP1 and the urea transporter UT-B in the mouse descending vasa recta, but was absent in mouse and rat ascending vasa recta. Mouse, but not rat, outer medullary collecting duct cells also labeled for SLC4A11. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that in the inner stripe of the outer medulla, SLC4A11 plays a role in the countercurrent transport of ammonia absorbed from the outer medullary thick ascending limb and secreted into the long-looped DTLs. SLC4A11 can potentially modulate the rate of ammonia transport in the mouse outer medullary collecting duct. Our data suggest functionally unique SLC4A11 pathways in mouse and rat and complement previous studies of DTL Na+ , urea and water permeability indicating that the upper and lower DTLs of long-looped nephrons are functionally distinct.
The Modernization of Bureaucracy and Education in Thailand, 1892-1932

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The building of a modern state requires a modern educational system in order to produce the necessary numbers capable bureaucrats. This study examines the education of bureaucrats in Thailand, where a modern state was constructed after 1892 and nearly completed before 1932, using data obtained from official records of officials (samut prawat ratchakan) of the Ministry of Agriculture. This record includes 3022 officials who worked at the ministry during the two decades from 1921.First, the background of the officials is analyzed in terms of education, place of birth, and father's occupation. As the record has no entry for father's occupation, it is only possible to ascertain whether or not an official's father was himself a commissioned official or not. It was found that 42% of officials were from Bangkok, and 25% were sons of commissioned officials. The officials were classified into three categories according to their education: (A) those with higher education overseas, (B) those with domestic higher (or tertiary) education, and (C) those with only primary or secondary education. Those in categories A and B numbered 91 and 130 respectively, which means that more than 90% of officials received only primary or secondary education. Of officials in categories A and B, 60% and 51%, respectively, were from Bangkok, and 68% and 36%, respectively, were sons of commissioned officials. These numbers are strikingly high in view of the fact that Bangkok at the time accounted for less than 7% of the total population, and commissioned officials less than 0.2% of the total male population.Why were so many officials from Bangkok and sons commissioned officials? One of the most important reasons lay in the educational system, which prevented provincial boys and boys whose fathers were not officials from receiving a good education. First, secondary schools of the first rank were mainly located in Bangkok, including almost all of those providing upper secondary education (mathayom 7th and 8th grades). It was far more difficult for provincial boys to get a good secondary education than metropolitan boys.Second, it was not difficult for those who could afford the expense of upper secondary education to receive higher education. However, higher education was much less meaningful than studying abroad for the promotion of officials. It was better, if possible, to become an official on graduating from secondary school than to spend a further three years or more in higher education. This accounts for the curious finding that although the cost of overseas education far exceeded that of domestic education, the number of officials in category B, 130, was only slightly higher than that of category A, 91.Third, opportunities to study abroad were not equally available to all. Government scholarships were often given to those well connected with the king, ministers, or directorgenerals. This is why there were many sons of commissioned officials among those educated abroad.
Kinetic Study in a Microwave-Induced Plasma Afterglow of the Cu (2S) Atom Reaction with CH3Br at Temperatures between 300 and 804 K and with CH3I between 300 and 696 K

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A kinetic study of the reactions Cu + CH3Br → CuBr + CH3 (k1) and Cu + CH3I → CuI + CH3 (k2) has been carried out in a fast-flow reactor. The gas-phase copper atoms were generated using the microwave-induced plasma (MIP) afterglow technique. Atomic absorption spectroscopy at 327.4 nm was used as the detection technique. The influence of experimental parameters such as the hydrogen content, sublimation temperature of the CuCl pellet, and reactor pressure on k1 and k2 has been verified. The rate constant k1 was measured at temperatures between 300 and 804 K, which resulted in the Arrhenius expression k1 = (1.7 ± 0.2) × 10-11 exp[(−8.2 ± 0.5 kJ mol-1)/RT] cm3 molecule-1 s-1. Since the Arrhenius plot shows a slight curvature, the values of k1 were also fitted to the modified Arrhenius equation k(T) = A Tn exp(−E/RT). Meaningful kinetic parameters can only be derived when n is fixed. The measured values of k1 can be best described as a function of temperature over the 300−804 K range by the expression log k1(T) = +223.6669 − 264.2058(log T) + 97.7693(log T)2 − 11.9244(log T)3. The Arrhenius expression for rate constant k2 is k2 = (7.9 ± 0.5) × 10-11 exp[(−0.8 ± 0.2 kJ mol-1)/RT] cm3 molecule-1 s-1 between 300 and 696 K. The obtained results will be discussed in terms of the electron-jump model, and some reactivity/structure relations will be presented.
Towards a Strategy of Remote Sensing of Aerosol Direct and Indirect Radiative Forcing

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The role of aerosol forcing remains one of the largest uncertainties in estimating man's impact on the global climate system. One school of thought suggests that remote sensing by satellite sensors will provide the data necessary to narrow these uncertainties. Much effort has gone into the development of new satellite sensors specifically designed to retrieve aerosol loading and some information about the sizes of the aerosols. These next generation remote sensing instruments (EOS-MODIS, EOS-MISR, POLDER, ATSR) will provide unprecedented accuracy in the retrieval of aerosol loading. Although the new generation of sensors has excellent accuracy compared to the heritage instruments of the past, they still have measurement limitations. In clean, pristine regions the absolute magnitude of the uncertainty in the aerosol retrieval becomes comparable in magnitude to the signal itself. If much of the aerosol forcing is occurring at very low magnitudes of aerosol concentrations, satellite remote sensing will miss it. This study attempts to quantify remote sensing limitations due to the accuracy limits of the retrieval algorithms. We use a combination of numerical aerosol transport models, ground-based AERONET data and ISCCP cloud climatology to determine how much of the forcing occurs in regions too clean to determine from satellite retrievals. This study is not an intercomparison of global transport models. It is not an estimation of global aerosol forcing. This study is an exercise to determine whether satellite remote sensing can live up to our high expectations. The results show that while remote sensing will be able to measure a majority of the direct forcing, it will miss roughly half of the indirect forcing.
Timing of carbonatite-hosted U-polymetallic mineralization in the supergiant Huayangchuan deposit, Qinling Orogen: Constraints from titanite U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os dating

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The newly-discovered supergiant Huayangchuan uranium (U)-polymetallic (Sr, Se, REEs, Ba, Nb and Pb) deposit is located in the Qinling Orogen, central China. The deposit underwent multistage mineralization, with the main carbonatite ore stage being the most important for the U, Nb, REE, Sr and Ba endowments. According to the mineral assemblages, the main carbonatite ore stage can be divided into three substages, i.e., sulfate (Ba–Sr), alkali-rich U and REE-U mineralization.Main-stage titanite from the Huayangchuan igneous carbonatite are rich in high field strength elements (HFSEs, e.g., Zr, Nb and REEs), and show clear elemental substitutions (e.g., Ti vs. Nb ​+ ​Fe ​+ ​Al and Ca ​+ ​Ti vs. Fe ​+ ​Al ​+ ​REE). High-precision LA-ICP-MS titanite dating yielded a U–Pb age of 209.0 ​± ​2.9 ​Ma, which represents the main-stage mineralization age at Huayangchuan, and is coeval with the local carbonatite dyke intrusion. This mineralization age is further constrained by the Re–Os dating of molybdenite from the Huayangchuan carbonatite, which yielded a weighted mean age of 196.8 ​± ​2.4 ​Ma. Molybdenite Re contents (337.55–392.75 ​ppm) and C-O-Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic evidence of the Huayangchuan carbonatite both suggest a mantle origin for the carbonatite. Our study supports that the Late Triassic carbonatite magmatism was responsible for the world-class U-Mo-REE mineralization in the Qinling Orogen, and that the regional magmatism and ore formation was likely caused by the closure of the Mianlue ocean and the subsequent North China-South China continent-continent collision.
Clinicopathological differences between colonic and rectal carcinomas: are they based on the same mechanism of carcinogenesis?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND There is a difference in the location of colorectal mucosal lesions and invasive cancers. AIMS To ascertain whether the location of colorectal neoplasms reflects the carcinogenesis pathway. METHODS The subject material consisted of 4147 neoplastic lesions that had been resected endoscopically or surgically from 5025 patients. Mucosal lesions and submucosal cancers were classified into depressed and non-depressed types endoscopically or histologically. The relations between macroscopic type, size, histology, and location were investigated. RESULTS ( a ) Non-depressed type. A total of 1774 of 3454 (51%) mucosal lesions were located in the right colon, 1212 (35%) in the left colon, and 468 (14%) in the rectum. The incidence of mucosal lesions larger than 10 mm was 10% (185/1774) in the right colon, 21% (254/1212) in the left colon, and 27% (127/468) in the rectum. The incidence of mucosal lesions with villous components was 2% (32/1774) in the right colon, 5% (63/1212) in the left colon, and 13% (62/468) in the rectum. The ratio of submucosal cancers to mucosal lesions was significantly higher in the rectum (0.064, 30/469) than in the left (0.034, 43/1279) or right (0.010, 18/1857) colon. ( b ) Depressed type. The incidences of depressed type mucosal lesions and submucosal cancers were 5% (83/1857) and 17% (3/18) in the right colon, 5% (67/1279) and 5% (2/43) in the left colon, and 0.2% (1/469) and 0% (0/30) in the rectum, respectively. CONCLUSION There may be some mechanisms that promote the progression of mucosal lesions to invasive cancers in the left colon and rectum, whereas a de novo pathway from depressed type lesions may be implicated in some cancers of the right colon.
The Relationship Between The Use of Apitherapy Products and The Frequency of Constipation in Adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study aims to reveal the effectiveness of apitherapy products on constipation, as well as other possible risk factors, in individuals with functional constipation. Material-Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 652 adults (460 men and 192 women) between the ages of 18-65 in Turkey. Constipation was defined as defecation frequency of less than 3 times a week. Dietary fluid and fiber intake was assessed by the 62-item food consumption frequency (FFQ). The use of bee products was questioned in terms of quantity and frequency. Physical activity status was questioned with a 3-question short form. Results: It was determined that 17.8% of the cohort (19.1% males, 14.6% females) had constipation. The percentage of constipation was higher in underweight individuals (28.5%) compared to other BMI groups. Individuals with chronic diseases have a higher percentage of constipation (22.4%) than those without the disease. A significant relationship was found between constipation and fiber intake (p = 0.001). Honey (p=0.013) and royal jelly (p=0.030) intake was significantly higher in individuals without constipation than in individuals with constipation. Conclusion: The rate of functional constipation is high in Turkish adults. Fiber intake, presence of chronic disease and BMI affect constipation. Constipation is lower in those who consume honey and royal jelly from bee products. Interventional studies are needed on the use of bee products to reduce the symptoms and frequency of constipation.
AAROC: Reduced Over-Collocation Method with Adaptive Time Partitioning and Adaptive Enrichment for Parametric Time-Dependent Equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Nonlinear and nonaffine terms in parametric partial differential equations can potentially lead to a computational cost of a reduced order model (ROM) that is comparable to the cost of the original full order model (FOM). To address this, the Reduced Residual Reduced Over-Collocation method (R2-ROC) is developed as a hyper-reduction method within the framework of the reduced basis method in the collocation setting. R2-ROC greedily selects two sets of reduced collocation points based on the (generalized) empirical interpolation method for both solution snapshots and residuals, thereby avoiding the computational inefficiency. The vanilla R2-ROC method can face instability when applied to parametric fluid dynamic problems. To address this, an adaptive enrichment strategy has been proposed to stabilize the ROC method. However, this strategy can involve in an excessive number of reduced collocation points, thereby negatively impacting online efficiency. To ensure both efficiency and accuracy, we propose an adaptive time partitioning and adaptive enrichment strategy-based ROC method (AAROC). The adaptive time partitioning dynamically captures the low-rank structure, necessitating fewer reduced collocation points being sampled in each time segment. Numerical experiments on the parametric viscous Burgers' equation and lid-driven cavity problems demonstrate the efficiency, enhanced stability, and accuracy of the proposed AAROC method.