jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Diode laser pumped blue-light source based on intracavity sum frequency generation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Sum frequency mixing in KTiOPO4 of the 809 nm light from a GaAlAs laser diode and the 1064 nm light from a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser has been used to generate blue radiation at 459 nm. The specific problems associated with the use of high-power multimode GaAlAs diode lasers as the source of the 809 nm mixing radiation were investigated in detail. Rapid modulation of the blue output and generation of 5 ns pulses by direct modulation of the GaAlAs laser diode were demonstrated.
2-Aminoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium salts: some further oxidations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Oxidation of 1-substituted 2-aminoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium salts with an excess of concentrated nitric acid gave the corresponding 2-pyridylmethylenecarbamic acid hydro-salts. Oxidation of 3-substituted -2-aminoimidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium bromide with nitric acid in acetic acid gave the corresponding 1-nitro-3-substituted imidazo[1,5-a]-pyridines. The parent 2-aminoimidazo[1,5-a] pyridinium bromide yielded either type of product depending upon the reaction conditions.Oxidation of 2-amino-1-phenylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridinium bromide with lead(IV) acetate in acetic acid solution gave 2-acetamido-3-oxo-1-phenyl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a] pyridine.
Snow thermal conductivity controls future winter carbon emissions in shrub-tundra

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. The Arctic winter is disproportionately vulnerable to climate warming and approximately 1700 Gt of carbon stored in high latitude permafrost ecosystems is at risk of degradation in the future due to enhanced microbial activity. Few studies have been directed at high-latitude cold season land-atmosphere processes and it is suggested that the contribution of winter season greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes to the annual carbon budget may have been underestimated. Snow, acting as a thermal blanket, influences Arctic soil temperatures during winter and parameters such as snow effective thermal conductivity (Keff) are not well constrained in land surface models which impacts our ability to accurately simulate wintertime soil carbon emissions. A point-model version of the Community Land Model (CLM5.0) forced by an ensemble of NA-CORDEX (North American Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment) future climate realisations (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) indicates that median winter CO2 emissions will have more than tripled by the end of the century (2066–2096) under RCP 8.5 and using a Keff parameterisation which is more representative of Arctic snowpack. Implementing this Keff parameterisation increases simulated winter CO2 in the latter half of the century (2066–2096) by 130 % and CH4 flux by 50 % under RCP 8.5 compared to the widely used default Keff parameterisation. The influence of snow Keff parameterisation within CLM5.0 on future simulated CO2 and CH4 is at least as significant, if not more so, than climate variability from a range of NA-CORDEX projections to 2100. Furthermore, CLM5.0 simulations show that enhanced future air and soil temperatures increases the duration of the early winter (Sept–Oct) zero-curtain, a crucial period of soil carbon emissions, by up to a month and recent increases in both zero-curtain and winter CO2 emissions appear set to continue to 2100. Modelled winter soil temperatures and carbon emissions demonstrate the importance of climate mitigation in preventing a significant increase in winter carbon emissions from the Arctic in the future.
Importance of equitable cost sharing in the Convention on Biological Diversity's protected area agenda

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Establishing systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) is a one of the most important actions for reversing biodiversity loss (Maxwell et al. 2020, CBD SBSTA 2021). As part of its mandate to safeguard gene, species, and ecosystem diversity, the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) provided clear international targets on establishing protected areas and OECMs in 2010. Aichi Target 11 in the CBD’s 2011-2020 Strategic Plan called for the protection of 10% of marine and 17% of terrestrial areas globally (CBD 2010). These percentages were interim targets to encourage ambition while ensuring tractability, and not necessarily based on conservation needs (Woodley et al. 2019). There is general consensus that the percentages behind Target 11 were insufficient to protect all important aspects of Earth’s biodiversity, and proposed replacement percentages range from 28%-80% depending on the desired outcome (Butchart et al. 2015, Dinerstein et al. 2019, Woodley et al. 2019, Jones et al. 2020). As the CBD finalizes its post-2020 strategic plan – the Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) - there is consensus that it must include more ambitious area-based targets paired with a stronger implementation mechanism (Visconti et al. 2019, Maxwell et al. 2020).
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of Potential Anticancer Agents:  Alkylcarbamates of 3-(9-Acridinylamino)-5-hydroxymethylaniline

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A series of potential 9-anilinoacridine antitumor agents, 3-(9-acridinylamino)-5-hydroxymethylaniline (AHMA) derivatives with monosubstituent at C4' and disubstituents at C4' and C5' of the acridine ring and their alkylcarbamates, were synthesized for evaluation of their antitumor activity. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study showed that the AHMA-alkylcarbamates were more potent than their corresponding parent AHMA compounds. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the AHMA-alkylcarbamate decreased with increasing length and size of the alkyl function. Among these compounds, AHMA-ethylcarbamate (18) and 4'-methyl-5'-dimethylaminoethylcarboxamido-AHMA-ethylcarb amate (34) possess potent cytotoxicity on the inhibition of human leukemic HL-60 cell growth in culture. Further in vivo studies of these compounds displayed significant anticancer therapeutic effects in mice bearing sarcoma 180, Lewis lung carcinoma, and P388 leukemia.
Factor XIII Val 34 Leu polymorphism and migraine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

At present, it is contradictory to determine if the combination of certain prothrombotic polymorphisms and migraine and also the risk to develop ischaemic vascular disease. Recently, the common Val34Leu polymorphism of the A-chain factor XIII gene, associated with variations in factor XIII activity, has been suggested to play a significant role in the development of arterial and venous thrombotic disorders. Our study analysed the incidence of genetic polymorphism Factor XIII (V34L) in a sample of migraineurs and a control group of the patients with ischemic cardiopaty. In this study 70 consecutive patients aged 10-66 years (mean age 39.2 years), suffering from migraine [1] (58 migraine without aura, 12 migraine with aura, ICHD-II criteria ) and 70 patients aged 36-71 years (mean age 45.8 years), with ischemic cardiopathy [2] were studied with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for genetic polymorphism Factor XIII (V34L).
Digital Model Innovation of Leisure Sports Development in the Convergence Perspective of Culture, Sports and Tourism

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract “Sports-tourism integration” is becoming an important way and trend for the development of leisure sports and cultural tourism industry, and is also an important pillar for pulling local economic development. The research focus of the article is to measure the coupling and coordination level between leisure sports and cultural and tourism integration using the entropy weight method and to discover the factors affecting the coupling of the two. With the data related to the development of leisure sports and cultural and tourism integration in City A in the 10 years from 2014 to 2023, the comprehensive development level of leisure sports and cultural and tourism integration in City A in the past 10 years, as well as the coupling and coordination level of the two, are obtained. In 2014-2023, the 10 districts in the tourism demonstration county of city A can be roughly divided into three levels, and the district with the best level of development of recreational sports is district E, with an average composite index of 0.521. The level of development of the integration of culture and tourism in the 10 districts is also markedly different, and the district with the best level of development is the district I, with an average composite index of 0.606. The analysis leads to the coupling and coordination degree of leisure, sports, culture, and tourism industries in the tourism demonstration county of city A. The average value of the coupling and coordination degree of the culture and tourism industry is between 0.3 and 0.6, and the gray correlation degree is X6>X2>X3>X9>X4>X1>X5>X8>X7 in descending order.
Association between IL-37 and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Risk

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Interleukin-37 (IL-37) is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. In our former study, we found increased plasma IL-37 levels in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. However, relationship between IL-37 levels and clinical laboratory characteristics of SLE patients has not been elucidated. In addition, association of IL37 gene polymorphism with SLE risk needs to be discussed. A group of 580 individuals (220 SLE patients and 360 healthy controls) in a Southern Chinese Han population were recruited. Plasma IL-37 levels were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3811047, rs2723186, rs2723176 and rs4364030) of IL37 gene were genotyped. Relationship of IL-37 expression, IL37 gene polymorphisms and clinical characteristics was discussed. We found that plasma levels of IL-37 were negatively associated with SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) (rs = -0.352, P = .001), and were higher in less active patients compared with active patients (P = .003). Decreased levels of IL-37 were found in SLE patients with discoid rash when compared to patients who did not have this symptom (P < .001). Plasma IL-37 levels were significantly lower in patients with hypocomplementemia comparing to those without this feature (P = .009). Levels of IL-37 in SLE with positive proteinuria were lower than patients with negative proteinuria (P = .046). Furthermore, allele distribution of rs2723186, rs4364030 between SLE cases and healthy individuals was significantly different (P = .001, P = .010, respectively). Genotype of rs4364030 was different between SLE cases and controls (P = .015). Haplotype analysis revealed that the frequency of haplotype CG (rs2723176 (C) +rs2723186 (G)) was higher in SLE, as compared with healthy individuals (P = .002). In conclusion, the plasma levels of IL-37 were related to SLE severity, and IL37 gene polymorphisms (rs2723186, rs2723176 and rs4364030) may associate with SLE susceptibility.
Metformin Versus Glyburide in the Management of Gestational Diabetes; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Globally gestational diabetes remains one most common medical problem facing a significant proportion of women in pregnancy. Understanding safe therapeutic and management measures is imperative to inform effective and sound decision and judgment for clinicians and concerned groups. Aim: This review aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of Metformin versus Glyburide in managing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: Cochrane Library, PUBMED, MEDLINE and LILACs were subjected to literature search for randomized controlled trials addressing the primary aim of this study. The Key used for the search strategy was: “Metformin”, “Glyburide”, ‘Gestational Diabetes” and other varying terms from Medical subject Headings. The review systematized a PRISMA Checklist and demonstrated Meta analyzed studies mathematically on weight gain after using glyburide and metformin during and after pregnancy, fasting blood glucose, birthweight and postprandial blood glucose. Results: Neonatal hypoglycaemia, mode of delivery, birth weight, Apgar score, weight during and after pregnancy, postprandial blood glucose and requirement for intensive care were all assessed in the study. In 60% of the studies safety and efficacy of glyburide and metformin diabetes management showed no significant difference. From postprandial blood glucose (P=0.217), birth weight (p=0.194), and fasting blood glucose (p=0.821) revealed no statistical differences between the medications in the meta analysis conducted. However, on the other hand, weight growth during pregnancy among patients revealed significant variations (p=0.036). Conclusion: Both metformin and glyburide showed no differences in safety and efficacy considering birth weight, fasting blood glucose and postprandial blood glucose. However, in babies of women treated with metformin, problems associated with neonates such as respiratory issues and hypoglycemia and also increase in weight during pregnancy or gestation are more less common and lower. Keywords: Diabetes, Therapy, Metformin, Glyburide, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Transition of the Fever Type and Laboratory Tests after Total Hip Arthroplasty

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Primary total hip arthroplasty (primary THA) was performed on 157 osteoarthritic hips. The mean age of the patients was 65 years; range 42 to 89 years. Transition of the fever type and laboratory test were obtained. Patients with complications were excluded. Patients were divided into over 70 years of age and under 69 years. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, our results should prove important infections occurring in an early phase.
Outcomes for children with recurrent/refractory atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor: A single‐institution study with molecular correlation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Survival data for recurrent pediatric atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) and its association to molecular groups are extremely limited. Methods Single‐institution retrospective study of 64 children less than 21 years old with recurrent or treatment‐refractory (progressive disease [PD]) ATRT treated at St. Jude Hospital from January 2000 to December 2020. Demographic, clinicopathologic, treatment, molecular grouping (SHH, TYR, and MYC) and germline data were collected. Progression‐free survival (PFS2: time from PD to subsequent first progression) and overall survival (OSpostPD: time from PD to death/last follow‐up) were estimated by Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results Median age at and time from initial diagnosis to PD were 2.1 years (range: 0.5–17.9 years) and 5.4 months (range: 0.5–125.6 months), respectively. Only five of 64 children (7.8%) are alive at median follow‐up of 10.9 (range: 4.2–18.1) years from PD. The 2/5‐year PFS2 and OSpostPD were 3.1% (±1.8%)/1.6% (±1.1%) and 20.3% (±4.8%)/7.3% (±3.5%), respectively. Children with TYR group ( n = 10) had a better OSpostPD compared to those with MYC ( n = 11) (2‐year survival estimates: 60.0% ± 14.3% vs. 18.2% ± 9.5%; p = .019), or those with SHH ( n = 21; 4.8% ± 3.3%; p = .014). In univariate analyses, OSpostPD was better with older age at diagnosis ( p = .037), female gender ( p = .008), and metastatic site of PD compared to local or combined sites of PD ( p < .001). Two‐year OSpostPD for patients receiving any salvage therapy ( n = 39) post PD was 33.3% ± 7.3%. Conclusions Children with recurrent/refractory ATRT have dismal outcomes. Older age at diagnosis, female gender, TYR group, and metastatic site of PD were associated with relatively longer survival in our study.
IMPORTANCE OF FLOW CYTOMETRY IMMUNOPHENOTYPING IN THE DIAGNOSTIC ASSISTANCE OF ACUTE MEGAKARYOBLASTIC LEUKAEMIA

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukaemia (AMKL - FAB M7) is a rare hematological neoplasm that affects megakaryocytes. It accounts for 1% to 2% of adult AML cases, with an extremely poor prognosis, resulting in an overall survival of less than one year. While it was classified as AML-M7 by the French-American-British Group in 1985, its diagnosis has become more accurate with the development and application of flow cytometry immunophenotyping. According to the current WHO criteria, the diagnosis is established with the presence of ≥20% blasts among nucleated cells in the bone marrow, with >50% of these being of megakaryocytic lineage, expressing at least one or more of the platelet glycoproteins: CD41 (glycoprotein IIb), CD61 (glycoprotein IIIa), or CD42b (glycoprotein Ib). Between 20% and 30% of patients often present splenomegaly and hepatomegaly, without lymphadenopathy, although superficial lymphadenopathy has been described. Patients exhibit cytopenias, frequently thrombocytopenia, though some develop thrombocytosis. Megakaryoblasts are usually medium to large blasts, with round or slightly irregular or indented nuclei, fine reticular chromatin, and 1 to 3 nucleoli. The cytoplasm is basophilic, often agranular, and may show distinct blebs or pseudopod formation. We report a case of a 22-year-old male patient with fever, prostration, asthenia, dry cough, and abdominal pain radiating to the chest. Physical examination revealed splenomegaly and inguinal lymphadenopathy. The initial suspicion was primary mediastinal lymphoma due to chest imaging abnormalities. The patient had significant alterations in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and in complete blood count. The bone marrow was hypercellular, with hypoplasia of the erythroblastic, granulocytic, and megakaryoblastic series, and with the presence of 58.5% medium-sized cells, a high nucleus-to-cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio, euchromatin with presence of, sometimes irregular, nucleoli. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a complex karyotype with various numerical and structural alterations. BCR::ABL1 fusion research was negative. Immunophenotyping analysis showed large and medium-sized blasts with complex cytoplasmic characteristics, expressing myeloid phenotypic markers, and aberrant expression of CD7 and CD56 antigens, as well as CD41 and CD61. The key to diagnosing rare and challenging cases such as adult AMKL lies in correlating patient clinical information with robust laboratory test results that require in-depth knowledge, such as flow cytometry immunophenotyping. Furthermore, in these cases, physicians should have access to these test results as quickly as possible to make timely and accurate therapeutic decisions.
Cricket Video Summarization Using Deep Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Video summarising is the process of choosing and presenting the most relevant or fascinating components from a longer video document in order to create a brief summary for potential consumers. Cricket is a highly regulated sport played for quite a longer duration than most other sports. This study presents a paradigm for recognising and clipping crucial occurrences in a cricket match that takes into account event-based attributes. Cues used to capture such moments include replays, audio intensity, player celebrations, and playfield scenarios. This project focuses on building a model which will summarise the original video into three types of summaries. Different Deep Learning models and Natural Language Processing techniques are used to build the model. Key frame extraction is a crucial task that is done to generate the cricket highlights. The project's purpose is to show how to extract a high-quality summary out of an original video using a high-performance approach. This research presents a robust video summarization model for the cricket videos that is able to generate high-quality cricket highlight videos along with textual and audio summaries based on the user's preferences. The focus is on the automation of video summarization process and provide a better quality of summary to the user. From the comparison of the generated highlights to the actual existing highlights manually, it was concluded that the methodology adopted gave a satisfactory result covering almost 80-90% of the events and captions with Bilingual evaluation understudy score-4 of 0.748953.
Influence of in ovo administration of oyster mushroom extract on morphological and histological responses of intestines of broiler chickens.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study investigated the influence of in ovo administration of oyster mushroom aqueous extract on intestinal development of broiler chickens. A total of 600 hatching eggs of Arbor acre strain of broiler chickens were used in this experiment. The eggs were divided into three treatments; T1: Control (non-injected eggs), T2: in ovo administration of 0.1 ml of oyster mushroom aqueous extract and T3: in ovo administration of 0.2 ml of oyster mushroom aqueous extract. In ovo injection of eggs was carried out on the 18th day of incubation and hatched chicks were brooded for 2 weeks and the experiment lasted for six weeks. At the starter and finisher (7th and 56th days of age) phases, two birds per replicate were randomly selected for intestinal evaluation. Data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance using General Linear Model. Results from the starter phase showed jejunal villus height significantly (p<0.05) ranged from 290.62 µm in birds in T1 to 415.60 µm in birds in the T3 group. Moreover, jejunal crypt depth ranged from 51.96 µm to 115.62 µm, while muscular wall thickness ranged from 53.94 µm to 139.23 µm with the highest recorded in the T2 birds. In finisher broilers, there was significant (p<0.05) difference among treatments for duodenum length, muscular wall thickness of the ileum and colon length. Histological plates taken in the starter phase indicated no visible lesion in the villi across treatments with crypts appearing normal. However, finisher broilers in the T2 group had preeminent villi representation showing intact enterocytes and slightly high and more prominent crypts. Therefore, to improve jejunal morphology in the starter phase as well as increased intestinal length and superior duodenal histology in the finisher phase of broiler chickens, in ovo administration of 0.1 ml oyster mushroom aqueous extract is recommended.
Target detection based on time reversal with polarisation array antennas

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Polarisation diversity radar enhances the performance of target detection. Time reversal exploits the multipath effect by adaptively matching propagation channels to improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and realise high detectability. This work combines polarisation diversity and time‐reversal technology to propose a time‐reversal detector suitable for a polarisation array radar. The maximum likelihood estimate is carried out for the time‐varying channel response to solve the channel mismatch problem, which may cause the degradation of time‐reversal performance. In addition, a conventional polarisation detector is developed under the same varying channel scenario to benchmark the time‐reversal detector, and furthermore, the SNR gain of the time‐reversal detector over the conventional detector is derived. Numerical simulations demonstrate the superiority of the time‐reversal detector. Both the polarisation detectors proposed can take advantage of the channel variations to improve the detectability, and the greater the energy brought by the channel changes, the better the detection performance achieved.