jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Parameter optimization of a single well nanoscale resonant tunneling diode for memory applications

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Resonant Tunneling Diodes opened the way for many applications as primary elements in nanoelectronics providing negative differential resistance and other nonlinear properties. In this work an optimization is done between peak voltage and peak to valley ratio, two most important figures of merit of a double barrier single well resonant tunneling diode for memory applications. It is seen that these two parameters strongly depend on well and barrier widths. In addition to that they also depend on doping concentrations at the contacts. Therefore an optimization is needed to fine tune all the structural parameters to get lowest peak voltage and a high Peak to valley ratio for memory applications.
PrabotulinumtoxinA vs OnabotulinumtoxinA for the Treatment of Adult Males With Moderate to Severe Glabellar Lines: Post-hoc Analyses of the Phase III Clinical Study Data

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Despite a growing interest among men in cosmetic procedures such as botulinum toxin, comparator clinical trial data in this population are limited. Objectives The authors sought to compare the efficacy and safety of prabotulinumtoxinA and onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of males with moderate to severe glabellar lines. Methods Post-hoc analyses were performed on the subpopulation of male patients treated with either a single dose of 20 U prabotulinumtoxinA (n = 25) or 20 U onabotulinumtoxinA (n = 31) in the EVB-003 Phase III glabellar line clinical study. One key efficacy endpoint was the proportion of responders with a ≥1-point improvement from baseline at maximum frown on the 4-point Glabellar Line Scale. Results Compared with onabotulinumtoxinA-treated males, the percentages of responders who had a ≥1-point improvement on the Glabellar Line Scale at maximum frown were higher at all postbaseline time points for prabotulinumtoxinA-treated males (P &gt; 0.05 at all visits) by an absolute overall mean difference of 10.1% across all visits. Similar trends were observed for efficacy endpoints based on global aesthetic improvement and subject satisfaction. PrabotulinumtoxinA-treated males had a higher incidence of treatment-related headache and eyelid ptosis. Conclusions The percentages of patients who met the definition of a responder were higher at almost all time points examined for prabotulinumtoxinA-treated males. Despite the high level of consistency across all measures, differences between the 2 treatment groups did not reach statistical significance. Further study is warranted to establish if these post-hoc analyses observations are reproducible in a larger male patient population. Level of Evidence: 1
The Impact of the Country of Origin on the Underpricing of ADR IPO in the U.S. Equity Markets

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This study examines the impact of the country of origin on the underpricing of American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in the U.S. equity markets from 2003 to 2023. Analyzing 161 ADR IPOs from 28 countries, the research finds that ADRs from countries with higher country risk premiums are associated with lower underpricing. GDP correlation and Rule of Law difference have no significant impact on underpricing, whereas longer lock-up periods correlate with higher underpricing, signaling higher quality. Countries such as China, the UK, Ireland, Germany, Israel, and Mexico exhibit high underpricing, while Japan, South Korea, and Singapore show low or negative underpricing. The study concluded that investors are willing to pay more for better protection against financial risk but will not pay more for diversification potential.
Development of a 4 stroke spark ignition opposed piston engine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The purpose of this project was to develop a low-cost OP engine, 4-stroke, gasoline by joining two single-cylinder reciprocating internal combustion engines with side valves on the block, removing the heads. The chosed engine was Model EY15 of Robin America. Joining these two engine blocks together made possible to build an opposed-piston engine (OPE) with two crankshafts. In this new engine, the combustion chamber is confined to the space inside the cylinder between the piston heads and the chamber between the valves. The pistons move in the cylinder axis in opposite directions, a feature typical of opposed-piston engines. After building the engine, parameters characteristic of the OPE, such as: rotational speed, torque, fuel consumption and emissions, were measured on an Eddy currents dynamometer. With the collected data, power, specific consumption and overall efficiency were calculated, allowing to conclude that the motor with the opposed-piston configuration is less expensive and is more powerful. The development of the opposed-piston engine in this project has shown that it is feasible to build one engine from a different one already in use, reducing the manufacturing and development costs. In addition, higher power can be obtained with better specific fuel consumption and less vibration.
Effects of random interval parameters on spur gear vibration

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Gear driving devices are commonly used in mechanical transmission systems. Due to the inevitable random errors in manufacturing, installation, and operation, the dynamics of a gear transmission system will fluctuate randomly. To reveal the dynamic characteristics, an interval parameters dynamic model of a single-stage spur gear pair is established, in which the uncertainties of displacement excitation, load excitation, and stiffness excitation are included, and their formulations are derived in detail by using interval mathematics. The established interval parameters dynamic model is solved by combining the Chebyshev inclusion function method and the Runge–Kutta method. Finally, the influence of the random interval parameters of meshing stiffness, input torque, and transmission error as well as backlash on the vibration velocity interval and transmission reliability of the gear transmission system are studied. The analysis results show that the three types of excitations have different effects on the dynamic characteristics. To be specific, the effects of uncertain parameters on the dynamic characteristics can be ordered as meshing stiffness, input torque, backlash, and transmission error in sequence from the strongest to the weakest. The present study may serve as a sound theoretical basis and can provide references for the design and vibration control of spur gear transmission systems.
Anti-corruption Law as a Fiction: The Illusion of Serving Morality by Controlling It through Rules and Regulations with an International Reach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

According to the Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International, corruption is still far more prevalent in “non-Western” countries. The search for more effective anti-corruption legislation has shifted from preventing and combating bribery to preventing corruption in a broader sense. Consequently, anti-corruption law has obtained a more far-reaching scope. However, this does not work sufficiently. Up till now, we do not know why. This article focuses on why we should consider revising anti-corruption legislation. The research is a qualitative theoretical analysis based on empirical insights from preliminary anthropological fieldwork conducted in Gabon (Feikema 2015). One of the reasons for the challenge seems to be that the implicit institutional setup—namely, of a national state with a rule of law, which forms the point of departure of anti-corruption law—is not self-evident in countries where this democratic rule of law is not an experienced reality. For example, in the so-called hybrid political orders (Boege 2008), these developments of anti-corruption law may have a confusing and alienating impact, as demonstrated by a case study. Therefore, the effectiveness of these laws could be doubted. Even more importantly, respect for human dignity, the rationale of these laws, seems to be seriously at stake. We could understand recent developments in anti-corruption law as an illusion of control. Even more vitally, anti-corruption law could be considered a symptom of derailment. What we experience as evil may occur as the disturbance of the ecological cohesion of society: derailment.
A new mutation at exon 2 of hprt1 locus causing lesch-nyhan syndrome.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Lesch-Nyhan síndrome (LNS) is an X-linked recessive inborn error of metabolism, due to deficiency of the enzyme Hypoxanthine-guanine-phosphoribosyl transferase (HGPRT; EC.2.4.2.8) resulting in hyperuricemia, neurological and behavioural disturbances. In the present work, we report the results of the study of a Colombian family, where LNS was previously clinically and biochemically diagnosed. Material and Methods: The full HPRT gene, including 9 exons and 8 introns, was amplified on eight separate DNA fragments. Both strands, forward and reverse, of the amplified DNA fragments were analyzed and the obtained sequences were compared with those deposited at National Center for Biotechnology Information. Results and conclusions: Sequence analysis allowed the detection of new LNS causing mutation, an adenine deletion in exon 2 of HPRT1 gene resulting in a frameshift which determines a premature stop codon. This study, besides adding a new mutation to the already large spectrum of disease causing variation at HPRT, allows therefore providing genetic counseling for the family as well as prenatal diagnosis.
LHD 4O-BC02-R01 #182137.1 (analyzed)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Luminance data of the plasma monitor camera. Time variation of the average and maximum luminance within the ROI (Region of Interests) of the plasma images observed by the 4-O port camera, where ROI is (920,230) - (982,304) of the original image of 1920x1080. The luminance value is between 0 and 255 in arbitrary unit.
Multinomial probit model estimation: computational procedures and applications

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The multinomial probit (MNP) model offers a rather general and flexible framework for the analysis of discrete choices obtained from panel data and the specification of models with general error structures. However, this flexibility of specification has come at a relatively high price in terms of difficulty of computing maximum likelihood estimates ofthe model parameters and evaluating the associated choice function. This paper presents a new procedure for the estimation of MNP models, motivated primarily by the advances that have taken place in terms of computing environments and capabilities. The procedure derives its efficiency from execution in a parallel computing environment (CRAY YMP/8) and its accuracy from the use of better (but otherwise more computationally intensive) mathematical procedures. The paper also discusses and compares alternative nonlinear optimization procedures to search for the parameter values that maximize the likelihood function, in connection with Monte Carlo evaluation of the likelihood of each observation. The results are also compared to those obtained using the Clark approximation to evaluate the choice probabilities. (A)
Links Between Local Ecological Knowledge and Wealth in Indigenous Communities of Indonesia: Implications for Conservation of Marine Resources

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

AbstractAccumulated knowledge about nature is an important part of people's capacity to manage and conserve the environment. Local ecological knowledge is vital if natural habitats are to receive sufficient public support for their conservation and if local capacity for self-management is to be maintained. Loss of traditional knowledge is a worldwide phenomenon, resulting in reduced environmental awareness and diminished local capacity for sustainable use and conservation of natural resources. Economic development leading to environmental disconnection through reduced local resource dependence and interaction is causing local knowledge to be hybridised and lost or replaced with modern knowledge systems. Simultaneously, globalisation and increased opportunities to trade can result in severe overexploitation. To date, there have been few cross-cultural and quantitative studies to describe this knowledge loss. This study illustrates the loss of local knowledge using an Indonesian case study, the Kaledupa sub-district of Wakatobi Marine National Park. Kaledupa has a population of around 17,000 comprised of two distinct cultural groups, Kaledupan Islanders (Pulo) and traditionally nomadic boat people (Bajo) now living in permanent houses on stilts over the sea. Marine resources are heavily exploited for income, food, building materials and waste disposal by both groups. Marine ecological knowledge differed significantly between Bajo and Pulo communities (U = 1305.000; p < 0.001). An inverse relationship was shown between marine ecological knowledge and wealth (Rs = -0.395; p < 0.001), and a positive relationship between marine ecological knowledge and support for traditional management practices (Rs = 0.396; p < 0.001). This has implications for the future management of marine and coastal systems in the area and in similar small island communities worldwide.
Optimal Output Voltage Control of Solar Photovoltaic Power System

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The intensity of the sunlight varies throughout the day due to various environmental factors. This variation in the intensity of the incoming sunlight falling on the solar photovoltaic (PV) system makes the overall output voltage of the system unstable. The sunlight variation causes the generated output voltage to change abruptly. Therefore, for regulating the output voltage, a buck-boost converter should be used, which will accordingly buck or boost the output voltage based on the sunlight intensity variations. In this article, an optimal model predictive controller (MPC) is designed and analyzed for regulating the output of the overall PV system. The designed MPC controller optimally controls the PWM duty cycle in order to stabilize and adjust the overall voltage of the PV system. The response of the designed optimal controller is also compared with the classical control techniques as well. The results show that the designed MPC controller regulates the output response of the PV system very well in the presence of system parameters variations and uncertainties.
Atlas of hemofiltration

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

1 An Introduction to Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) 2 Nomenclature for CRRT 3 Solute Transport in CRRT 4 The Prisma Machine 5 The Baxter BM 25 (BMM 10/1) Machine 6 The Gambro AK 10 Machine 7 The Hygieia 'Plus' CRRT Machine 8 The Diapact CRRT Machine 9 The EQUAsmart Machine 10 The Multimat B-IC Machine 11 The Fresenius Acute Dialysis Machine ADM 08/ABM 12 Paediatric CRRT 13 Anticoagulation during CRRT 14 Trouble-shooting during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: Clinical and Technical Problems 15 Vascular Access for Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy 16 Nursing Issues in the Management of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy 17 Drug Dosing Adjustments during Continuous Renal Replacement Therapies
THE NATUrE OF PErSONALITY FOrMATION IN FUTUrE ENGINEErS- TEACHErS

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

опрос формирования личности преподавателя технических дисциплин, в нашем случае инженера-педагога, широко обсуждаем в педагогической, философской и пси-хологической литературе. Исследованию данного феномена посвящено огромное количе-ство работ, каждая из которых рассматривает различные стороны этого явления. В данном исследовании формирование личности будущего инженера-педагога рассматривается с точки зрения активизации познавательных процессов, как в учебной деятельности буду-щих инженеров-педагогов, так и в профессиональной деятельности. В процессе подготов-ки преподавателей для системы профессионального образования «активность» является стержневым понятием в вопросе формирования личности инженера-педагога, поскольку наиболее полно характеризует и личность, и процесс познания, и творческий подход к ин-терпретации и презентации своих знаний учащимся. В понимании автора инженер-педа-гог и личность – это синонимичные понятия, которые не могут существовать без активной познавательной позиции на протяжении всей жизни.
Comparison of Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of Different Types of Advanced High-Strength Steels

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This study investigated the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) characteristics of advanced high-strength steels (AHSSs). Two different types of AHSSs with a tensile strength of 1.2 GPa were investigated. Slow strain rate tests (SSRTs) were performed under various applied potentials (Eapp) to identify the mechanism with the greatest effect on the embrittlement of the specimens. The SSRT results revealed that, as the Eapp increased, the elongation tended to increase, even when a potential exceeding the corrosion potential was applied. Both types of AHSSs exhibited embrittled fracture behavior that was dominated by HE. The fractured SSRT specimens were subjected to a thermal desorption spectroscopy analysis, revealing that diffusible hydrogen was trapped mainly at the grain boundaries and dislocations (i.e., reversible hydrogen-trapping sites). The micro-analysis results revealed that the poor HE resistance of the specimens was attributed to the more reversible hydrogen-trapping sites.
Direct detection of dark matter

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Dark matter is one of the most important basic topics of particle physics,astrophysics and cosmology in the 21st century.Its existence has been established by gravitational effects,but its identity is still a mystery.In this review we shall discuss the principle of direct detection of the weak interaction massive particle(WIMP),direct detection techniques,the current status and future developments of experimental detection,and finally some new experimental physics results.
Four Decades of the Comet Assay: pH Optimum of Lysis Buffer Still Needs to beElucidated

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract: The proper course and reproducibility of diagnostic techniques depend on narrowly defined reaction conditions, including the reaction pH. Nevertheless, numerous assays are affected by an inaccurately defined reaction pH. Buffers are sometimes suggested for use outside their useful pH ranges, which complicates the reproducibility of results because the buffering capacity is insufficient to retain the disclosed pH. Here, we focus on the comet assay lysis buffer. Comet assay is broadly used for quantifying DNA breaks in eukaryotic cells. The most widespread comet assay protocols employ lysis of the cells before electrophoresis in a buffer containing Triton X-100, a high concentration of NaCl, sodium sarcosinate, EDTA, and Tris, with some modifications. However, nearly all researchers report that they use Tris buffer at pH 10, and some report the pH of the Tris additive alone. Alternatively, others report the pH of the final lysis buffer. However, the lysis solution used in the comet assay is buffered at a pH outside the useful range of Tris. Tris-based buffers have a useful pH range of 7.0 - 9.0. The buffer composed of 10 mM Tris has pKa 8.10 at 25°C and 8.69 at 4°C. The cell lysis conditions used in nearly all modifications of comet assay protocols remain imprecise and uncritically employed. Despite the pH of the lysis buffer likely has negligible effect on the detection of DNA breaks, precise lysis conditions are highly important for the use of comet assay in the detection of base modifications, which are often unstable and sensitive to pH.
The Fundamentals of Molecular Simulations

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Computer modelling is a powerful enterprise for the investigation of matter at atomic and molecular levels, and has generally been accepted as a supplementary tool to traditional experimental methods. Its advantages over real experiments are primarily exemplified by its portability and cost effectiveness. Monte Carlo and Molecular Dynamics methods are two principal techniques that have gained a great level of popularity among various computer simulation methods. Numerous mathematical models, popularly known as Forcefields, have been developed in order to investigate water computationally. The application of computer simulation methods is limited by the choice of parameters that define the intra and inter molecular interactions within the framework of Forcefields. Ab−initio forcefields are expected to overcome the limitations of other types of water models. Concept of ensemble provides a theoretical basis for deriving physical properties by significantly reducing number of particles in a system. Mathematical devices such as Periodic Boundary Conditions (PBC) bypass the inconsistencies in simulations. Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Wave Function methods are two important classes of quantum chemical methods for investigating matter at electronic level. Born−Oppenheimer approximation provides a fruitful means for separating electronic and nuclear motions, which reduces the complexity of quantum calculations to a great extent. Hartree−Fock (HF) method is the most fundamental wave function procedure for calculating the energy of multi−electronic systems. On the contrary, Density Functional Theory (DFT) is based on the estimation of electron density, which can be validated by experimental means. Combined electronic and classical approaches are increasingly becoming popular in the scientific community.
Neuronal activity and amyloid-β promote tau seeding in the entorhinal cortex in Alzheimer’s disease

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract The entorhinal cortex is the first region to develop tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease and primary age-related tauopathy, yet the reasons for this selective vulnerability remain unclear. We developed a computational model in which neuronal activity and amyloid-β (Aβ) modulate tau transport, hypothesizing that this mechanism explains entorhinal vulnerability to early tau pathology. The model combines structural connectivity with either neuronal activity (measured by heading hierarchy okayfluorodeoxyglucose, FDG PET) or amyloid-β burden (measured by Aβ PET). We analyzed Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data comprising 527 FDG PET scans (mean age 71.8 years; 174 cognitively normal, 293 mild cognitive impairment, 60 Alzheimer’s disease) and 1,244 Aβ PET scans (mean age 72.4 years; 501 cognitively normal, 588 mild cognitive impairment, 155 Alzheimer’s disease). From these, 253 FDG–tau and 453 Aβ–tau PET pairs were used in regression analyses. Key results were replicated in the Harvard Aging Brain Study (HABS; 300 FDG, 348 Aβ, 116 FDG–tau, and 255 Aβ–tau pairs). Both FDG- and Aβ-based models consistently identified the entorhinal cortex as a primary tau seeding region in ADNI (FDG: z ≈ 4.6–4.9, p &lt; 0.0066; Aβ: z ≈ 4.0–8.7, p ≤ 0.011) and in HABS (FDG: z = 5.7, p = 0.030; Aβ: z = 6.0, p = 0.0018). Simple linear regression showed modest associations between model-derived seeding and empirical entorhinal tau in ADNI (FDG: β = 6.7, p = 0.0039; Aβ: β = 11.3, p &lt; 0.001), which remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, and APOE4 status (FDG: β = 7.1, p &lt; 0.001; Aβ: β = 9.7, p &lt; 0.001). Aβ-based associations replicated in HABS (β = 3.3, p &lt; 0.001), while FDG-based correlations were not detectable in this predominantly cognitively normal cohort (β = −0.43, p = 0.80; power = 49%). These findings support a mechanistic role for neuronal activity and amyloid-β in initiating tau pathology, with the entorhinal cortex consistently emerging as highly vulnerable. Our computational model reliably identifies this region as the epicenter of pathology, supporting the idea that brain-wide patterns of neuronal activity and amyloid burden determine where tau pathology begins.