jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Phase field simulation of the instability and splitting processes of elliptical inclusions in interconnects due to anisotropic interface diffusion under electric and stress fields

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Electromigration and stress migration induced failure of thin-film metal interconnects is one of the most challenging material reliability issues for microelectronic circuits toward ultra-large-scale integrated circuits. Based on the theory of anisotropic interface diffusion, a modified Cahn–Hilliard phase field model is established to elucidate the instability and splitting processes of elliptical inclusions under the multi-physics field. The reliability of the model is verified by comparing numerical and theoretical solutions for the evolution of circular inclusions under electric and stress fields, respectively. The numerical results elaborate on the role of the conductivity ratio, the elastic modulus ratio, the aspect ratio, the electric field, the stress field, the linewidth, and the anisotropic interface diffusion mobility on morphological evolution using an adaptive mesh finite element method. The numerical results show that the larger the electric and stress fields, the greater the aspect ratio larger than 1 or smaller than 1, and the more easily the elliptical inclusions split into several small inclusions or get destabilized. The smaller the linewidth, the easier it is for the inclusions to migrate toward the edge of the line, severely reducing the conductivity of the line. Under anisotropic interface diffusion, lower misorientations favor a steady-state, whereas higher values render the inclusion unstable, splitting, or bifurcating into more small ones. Moreover, the splitting time of the elliptical inclusion decreases with an increase in the electric field, the stress field, and the misorientations, then increases, and subsequently decreases with an increase in the aspect ratio.
VISUALISING UNDERPAINTED LAYERS VIA SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES: A BRIEF REVIEW OF CASE STUDIES

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Paintings, mostly due to deteriorations, are sometimes repainted, concealing in underlayers important features, dates, names and other information. Conservators are facing dilemmas as to whether to preserve these interventions and retrieve valuable hidden information, but in the last decades the evolution of spectroscopic techniques has contributed to such uncertainties. The current brief review explains the intentional repaint and presents the techniques used around the world to visualize the underpainting layers, and how these techniques have developed from a simple X-Ray radiography and an infrared (IR) photography to mobile devices with great imaging capabilities. Case studies include Byzantine icons and oil paintings.
Segmenting Notebook PC market based on life style (The case of Ferdowsi University students)

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This study is aimed to segment the Notebook PC market using VALS life style and to find out the differences between these segments. Vals specifically defines the consumer segments based on personality traits influencing the market behaviors.According to Vals, consumers are divided to eight categories not only based on psychological variables, but also income, education level, buying demands, and some other factors.Life style and values are determinant factors of consumer's decision-making. This study seeks to identify different segments of Notebook PC market and specify the requirements of each segment.To do this, we designed a written questionnaire, distributed 400 questionnaires between the students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, and collected 308 ones. The final response rate after eliminating five non-eligible questionnaires was 77%. For data analyzingand answering the research questions, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The results indicated that each market segment requires different features and requirements as for its psychological attributes. At the end, research limitations were enumeratedand some suggestions for future studies were made.
Structural insights into the modulation of bacterial peptidoglycan synthase activity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The bacterial cell wall plays a crucial role in cellular viability and is an important drug target. The bacterial cell wall is constructed using a complex biosynthetic pathway, which ultimately terminates in the activity of peptidoglycan synthases. These synthases act to polymerize the lipid-linked cell wall precursors and crosslink these strands into the existing sacculus. The activity of these synthases can be modulated in two key ways. First, there are proteins which modulate the type of synthase activity. In most bacteria, the peptidoglycan synthase crosslinking reaction uses D,D-transpeptidase activity. However, an alternate crosslinking mechanism involving the formation of a complex between peptidoglycan synthases and the L,D-transpeptidase YcbB can lead to bypass of D,D-transpeptidation, β-lactam resistance, typhoid toxin release, and stress linked cell wall crosslinking. Second, there are proteins which associate with peptidoglycan synthases to stimulate or inhibit the canonical synthase activity. In E. coli, there are the positive regulators LpoA and LpoB, and the negative regulator CpoB. These proteins seen in E. coli are conserved across a large number of Gram-negative organisms, though the human pathogen P. aeruginosa is seen to have an alternative to LpoB, known as LpoP. Here, we provide insight into the structure and function of YcbB and LpoP. We show that the crystallographic structure of YcbB from E. coli, S. Typhi, and C. rodentium consists of a conserved L,D-transpeptidase catalytic domain, substrate capping loop subdomain, peptidoglycan-binding domain and scaffolding domain. Meropenem and ertapenem acylation of YcbB gives insight into inhibition by carbapenems, the singular antibiotic class with significant activity against L,D- transpeptidases. Additionally, we probe the interaction network of this pathway, assay β-lactam resistance in vivo, and provide insight into the role of YcbB in acute bacterial infection. Second, we show that the crystallographic structure of LpoP consists of tandem tetratricopeptide repeats, distinct from the structure of the canonical LpoB. Using in vitro glycosyltransferase and transpeptidase assays, we compare and contrast the structure of LpoP- and LpoB-PBP1b systems. As a whole, this thesis provides insight into both forms of modulation of peptidoglycan synthase activity and lays the groundwork for further understanding of this complex biosynthetic pathway.
Weaning Away from Idolatry: Maimonides on the Purpose of Ritual Sacrifices

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This essay explores Maimonides’ explanation of the Bible’s rationale behind the ritual sacrifices, namely to help wean the Jews away from idolatrous rites. After clearly elucidating Maimonides’ stance on the topic, this essay examines his view from different angles with various possible precedents in earlier rabbinic literature for such an understanding. The essay also shows why various other Jewish commentators objected to Maimonides’ understanding and how Maimonides might respond to those critiques. Additionally, this essay also situates Maimonides’ view on sacrifices within his broader worldview of the Bible’s commandments in general as serving as a counterweight to idolatrous rituals.
The Irish House of Lords, 1780-1800: politics and ideology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis covers the Irish House of Lords in the last two decades of its life. A number of important themes run through the work - the regency crisis, patronage, the management of the Lords, the relationship between the Lords and Commons. These themes, explored from different angles, are vital to an understanding of the political role of the upper house in the 1780s and 1790s. This study is confined to the Lords as a political institution and thus its judicial role as final court of appeal, which was restored to it in 1782, will not be explored here. The thesis consists of two parts. Part one examines the structure and powers of the House of Lords while part two looks at the parties and policies of the house. Chapter one discusses the British constitution as imposed upon Ireland. Chapter two suggests the reasons why constitutional changes were introduced in 1782, and looks at the contribution made by the Irish House of Lords in securing these changes. Chapter three explores the various channels of influence which the peers enjoyed. Chapter four explores the sometimes tense relationship between Lords and Commons. Chapter five examines management of the House of Lords by Dublin Castle. Part two, begins at chapter six. This chapter explores the leadership of both parties within the Lords. Chapter seven looks at how patronage was used to reward those who were loyal to the government. Chapter eight explores the influence of the Whig opposition. Chapter nine looks at the controversial attempts made by Pitt and his ministry during the 1790s to win the support of catholics and turn them from the lure of French ideas, and of the response of the peers to these attempts. Chapter ten is concerned with the relationship between the peers of the House of Lords and the lords lieutenant during the 1790s. Chapter eleven looks at the Union and the House of Lords and attempts to answer the question historians have long asked: why did the Irish parliament and the House of Lords in particular, look favourably on the proposed union of the two kingdoms and the end of their own institution? The House of Lords in the closing decades of the eighteenth century was an institution within which the wealth and power of the kingdom could be found. Its members were politically active, both inside and outside the house. It contained a majority who saw the Crown as the source of stability, but it was a living and evolving political organism and therefore it contained men who believed that the Crown should have its influence limited. This evolution is also demonstrated in its desire for political change in 1782 and 1788. Its last, and perhaps most radical decision, was to vote for its own demise in 1900.
Evaluation of Health Services Provided in the Ministry of Health Hospitals and University Hospitals From a Different View

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives:Retrospective output-based evaluation of the Ministry of Health hospitals and University hospitals in terms of health services provided from a different view.Materials and Methods:Calculations are made in Excel program through analyzing related data for the years between 2002-2016 given in yearly health statistics published by “the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Turkey” between the years 2008-2016. No data source other than health statistics has been utilized.Results:In comparison to the Ministry of Health hospitals the increase in the number of patients who applied at the University hospitals was 33%, the increase in the number of inpatients was 30% and the increase in the number of operations was 13% when the data of years 2016 and 2002 are compared. When the year 2016 was examined, in 1000 patients’ application, there were 3 times more operations in general and of which 5 times more group A, 4 times more group B and 2 times more group C in University hospitals in comparison to Ministry of Health hospitals. While there was 19% increase in the number of operating room tables in the Ministry of Health hospitals between 2013 and 2016, there was only 2.43% increase in the number of operations performed and the number of operating rooms tables increased by 7% in the university hospitals with an increase of 11.62% in the number of operations performed. In 2016, 724 operations on average were held on an operating table in a year in Turkey and this number was 704 in Ministry of Health hospitals which is below Turkey’s average and was 790 in university hospitals.Conclusion:As a result of this comparison, it was determined that more effective and efficient services were provided and operating room tables were used more efficiently in the university hospitals in comparison to the Ministry of Health hospitals when the provided services are evaluated output-based and that more tough cases were responded in the university hospitals in comparison to the Ministry of Health hospitals in terms of services.
Effects of Er:YAG and Nd:YAP laser irradiation on the surface roughness and free surface energy of enamel and dentin: an in vitro study.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Sixty-seven extracted molars were selected (134 samples). Dentin and enamel samples were prepared by buccal and lingual surface sectioning to expose a planar enamel or dentin surface. For the roughness study, 80 samples were randomly assigned to eight groups. Enamel and dentin surfaces were etched with a 37% phosphoric acid solution, irradiated with an Er:YAG laser or irradiated with a Nd:YAP laser. Samples were then observed in SEM using BSE. For the free-surface energy study, 54 samples received the same treatment as above. Two contact angle measurements were made on each surface using a goniometer. Data were analyzed by a non-parametric statistical test. Morphological changes on enamel and dentin were greater with acid-etch and Er:YAG laser than with Nd:YAP laser. Free surface energy was significantly greater with acid-etch or Er:YAG laser than with Nd:YAP laser (p < 0.001).
Connected Spirits: Adolescent Females and Animal Agents

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The novels The Member of the Wedding by Carson McCullers and The Welsh Girl by Peter Ho Davies create a unique opportunity to investigate human and animal relationships given the similarity of their time frames and main characters. Both novels feature adolescent females struggling to resolve their identities against the backdrop of WWII. Frankie Addams in The Member of the Wedding and Esther Evans in The Welsh Girl share the additional characteristics of deceased mothers, distant fathers, and contacts with animals. Because these books are bildungsromans, they permit a comparative analysis as separate experiments in feminine growth with attention to animal influence. Frankie loses her sense of identity and Esther loses focus about her sense of self, yet from the results suggested by the novels, each of the girls finds strength and support from the creatures around and uses these connections as catalysts for completing developmental stages. Frankie and Esther’s growth toward autonomy leads to a solidification of their respective identities and successful preparation for adulthood.
Hyperoxemia during the hyperacute phase of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with delayed cerebral ischemia and poor outcome: a retrospective observational study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE The harmful effects of hyperoxemia have been reported in critically ill patients with various disorders, including those with brain injuries. However, the effect of hyperoxemia on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients is unclear. In this study the authors aimed to determine whether hyperoxemia during the hyperacute or acute phase in patients with aSAH is associated with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and poor neurological outcome. METHODS In this single-center retrospective study, data from patients with aSAH treated between January 2011 and June 2017 were reviewed. The patients were classified into groups according to whether they experienced DCI (DCI group and non-DCI group) and whether they had a poor outcome at discharge (poor outcome group and favorable outcome group). The background characteristics and time-weighted average (TWA) PaO 2 during the first 24 hours after arrival at the treatment facility (TWA 24h -PaO 2 ) and between the first 24 hours after arrival and day 6 (TWA 6d -PaO 2 ), the hyperacute and acute phases, respectively, were compared between the groups. Factors related to DCI and poor outcome were evaluated with logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Of 197 patients with aSAH, 42 patients experienced DCI and 82 patients had a poor outcome at discharge. TWA 24h -PaO 2 was significantly higher in the DCI group than in the non-DCI group (186 [141–213] vs 161 [138–192] mm Hg, p = 0.029) and in the poor outcome group than in the favorable outcome group (176 [154–205] vs 156 [136–188] mm Hg, p = 0.004). TWA 6d -PaO 2 did not differ significantly between the groups. Logistic regression analyses revealed that higher TWA 24h -PaO 2 was an independent risk factor for DCI (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.17, p = 0.037) and poor outcome (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06–1.29, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Hyperoxemia during the first 24 hours was associated with DCI and a poor outcome in patients with aSAH. Excessive oxygen therapy might have an adverse effect in the hyperacute phase of aSAH.
Seasonal variations in theaflavin, thearubigin and caffeine contents of argentinian black teas

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Thirty‐three Argentinian black tea samples of three grades (BOP, BOPF and PF) obtained fortnightly were examined for their theaflavin (TF), thearubigin (TR) and total and extractable caffeine contents during the 1985/86 season. Total and extractable caffeine contents decreased gradually during most of the season after an early rapid increase. TF contents fluctuated following climatic variations, decreasing after rainy periods. Total colour and TF curves were consistent with there being a good linear correlation between them, whereas TR showed erratic fluctuations throughout the whole season.
Knowledge and the parental role in caring for children with heart disease

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: To describe knowledge and the parental role in caring for children with heart disease and to identify the relationships between these two variables. Material and Methods: Eighty two parents of children with heart diseases were selected by purposive sampling from the Pediatric Cardio Clinic in Songklanagarind Hospital between January and March 2006. The data were collected using a questionnaire in two sections: parental knowledge and parental role in caring for children with heart diseases. The reliabilities for the questionnaire were 0.76 and 0.72 respectively. Results: The "Parental knowledge" was found to be at the moderate level whereas the "Parental role" in caring for children with heart disease was at a high level. An association between parental knowledge in prevention of complications and the parental role in caring for the sick was found (r = 0.31, p < .01). An understanding of parental knowledge and the parental role in caring for children with heart disease could be used to guide pediatric nurses to develop themselves and to guide their interactions with parents in order to prevent severe complications.
Residues and Dietary Risk Assessment of Imidacloprid in Bamboo Shoot (Phyllostachys praecox), Winter Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. cv. Dongzao), Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo, and Fritillaria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The widespread use of pesticides poses significant risks to food and environmental safety. Imidacloprid is one of the most effective neuroactive neonicotinoid insecticides and is effective against a broad spectrum of piercing–sucking pests. A rapid, efficient, and high-throughput analysis method for the determination of imidacloprid was developed in four minor crops with six matrices (bamboo shoot, winter jujube, fresh and dry D. officinale, and fresh and dry Fritillaria) by solid-phase extraction and HPLC-MS/MS. The procedure showed satisfying recoveries (72~111%) and RSDs (1~13%). A total of 288 samples were tested in China (Aba and Luan). Imidacloprid residues were 100% detected in fresh and dry D. officinale and winter jujube, with concentrations ranging from 0.048 to 1.550 mg·kg−1. Imidacloprid residues were also abundant in fresh and dry Fritillaria (maximal concentration of 0.021 and 0.063 mg·kg−1, respectively), followed by bamboo shoot, which had the lowest detection rate of imidacloprid (6%). Using the risk quotient (RQ) method, the long-term (RQc) and short-term (RQa) dietary risks of imidacloprid in bamboo shoot, winter jujube, fresh and dry D. officinale, and fresh and dry Fritillaria were further monitored. Based on the imidacloprid residues in this paper, the RQc and RQa were 15.03% and 0.0008~1.7604%, respectively. The RQ values were far less than 100%, showing that Chinese consumers face little health risk as a result of imidacloprid intake.
Behavior of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman &amp; Platner and T. pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) egg masses

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In this study we analyzed the impact of physical barriers of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) egg-masses on the behavior of Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman &amp; Platner and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. The duration of drumming, drilling, oviposition, period spent over the egg-mass, and interval between parasitized eggs were timed, and the number of parasitized eggs were recorded. The presence of scales on the egg-masses caused a significant increase in the time spent by both parasitoids on each process and a decrease in the residence time over the egg-mass and in the number of parasitized eggs, with an increase in the number of egg layers. There was a significant decrease in the number of parasitized eggs in relation to egg-masses with one layer and no scales. We observed that the physical barriers in fall armyworm egg-masses changed the behavior of T. atopovirilia and T. pretiosum, affecting their parasitization capacity.
Analysis the Results of Line Immunoassay in 166 Patients with Antinuclear Antibodies Positive

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective The purpose of this study was to analyze surem antinuclear antibodies positive in the Regions along Huaihe River and the North Anhui province the positive rate of common antibodies,and to explore the diagnosis value of ANA-LIA to the common autoimmune disease.Methods Line immunoassay method was used to detect with 166 patients serum that ANA ELISA analysis quantitative assessment screening greater than normal reference value of upper limit.Results 154 cases of 166 cases had positive results,the positive rate was 92.8%,139 cases had 2 or more bands of positive,90.3% of the positive results.66 cases of anti-dsDNA antibody positive;70 cases of anti-nucleosome antibody positive;37 cases of anti-histones antibody positive;58 cases of anti-SmD1 antibody positive;76 cases of anti-U1snRNP antibody positive;103 cases of anti-SSA/Ro60 antibody positive;77 cases of anti-SSA/Ro52 antibody positive;46 cases of anti-SSB/La antibody positive;40 cases of anti-P0 antibody positive;10 cases of anti-centromeres antibody positive;both of anti-Scl70 antibody and anti-Jo1 antibody have 7 case positive.Combined with clinical data:101 patients were diagnosed as SLE;28 patients diagnosed as pSS;14 patients diagnosed as MCTD;7 patients diagnosed as SSc;3 patients diagnosed as UCTD;7 patients diagnosed as PM/DM;6 patients diagnosed as RA.Conclusion In the Regions along Huaihe River and the North Anhui province,ANA positive was most common in SLE,followed by patients with pSS and MCTD;line immunoassay(ANA-LIA) analysis of ANA-positive serum was helpful to clear the specific diagnosis of connective tissue disease.