jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
French mosquito populations invaded by A2-B2 esterases causing insecticide resistance

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In the mosquito Culex pipiens L., the two associated esterases A2 and B2 are responsible for resistance to organophosphorus (OP) insecticides in many countries of Africa, Asia and North America. We report here their presence and geographic spread in French populations based on the analysis of 168 samples collected from 1984 to 1990. First detected in 1986 in one sample from southern France, these esterases were progressively found in new geographic locations, so that in 1990 their distribution covered at least four contiguous French regions. RFLP analysis of the amplified B2 gene indicates that A2-B2 arrived in France most likely through migration. This genetic invasion is discussed in the light of the recent occurrence of A2-B2 in the mosquito genome, and of the consequences of this new resistance factor in natural populations already possessing other insecticide resistance genes.
Association Between Age‐Related Macular Degeneration and Risk of Heart Failure: A Population‐Based Nested Case‐Control Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background Heart failure (HF) is a major health problem worldwide because of its high morbidity and mortality. Recently, the role of the microvasculature in HF has gained more attention. Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is manifested through geographic atrophy or the development of neovascularization. However, there are limited data on investigations about the association between AMD and HF. The purpose of this study was to examine the association of AMD with the risk of HF in a large population‐based cohort of men and women. Methods and Results A nested case‐control study using Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database was conducted between 2000 and 2012. Newly diagnosed heart failure cases (n=13 721) and matched controls (n=54 884) in the database were recruited. Patients who had ≥2 clinical visits with a diagnosis of AMD at least 1 year before the diagnosis of HF were identified as patients with AMD. Conditional logistic regressions were performed to calculate odds ratios and 95% CIs to assess the association between AMD and risk of HF. AMD was associated with a 1.58‐fold increased risk of HF (95% CI, 1.16–1.87) ( P <0.001) after adjustment for potential confounders. This significant association was evident in both nonexudative and exudative AMD subgroups. Conclusions Our study provides evidence that AMD was associated with an increased risk of HF. Further molecular and pathophysiological studies are needed to clarify the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms behind the association of AMD with HF.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Chemistry—A Powerful Approach to Supermolecule Discovery

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Endocasts and brain evolution in Anthracotheriidae (Artiodactyla, Hippopotamoidea)

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Anthracotheres are a fossil family of ‘ S uiformes’ from the O ld W orld, N orth and C entral A merica. They are known from the middle E ocene to the late P liocene, and are suggested to be the stem group of H ippopotamidae. Yet, their soft anatomy remains poorly known. In this study we describe the virtual endocast of the late O ligocene anthracothere M icrobunodon minimum , reconstructed using microtomography, as well as the natural endocast of M erycopotamus medioximus from the late M iocene. These are the first anthracothere endocasts ever described. Particular attention is given to the relative proportions of the brain, the neocortex, the cerebellum and the olfactory bulbs. The ‘backward shift’ of the pituitary of M . minimum , and the possible presence of a K lobe in M . medioximus , is discussed. Previous statements that some endocranial characters were subject to convergence among mammals are also corroborated.
Late Postoperative Complications in Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy (LVSG) Versus Laparoscopic Roux-en-y Gastric Bypass (LRYGB): Meta-analysis and Systematic Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims and Objectives: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and laparoscopic vertical sleeve gastrectomy (LVSG), have been proposed as cost-effective strategies to manage obesity-related chronic disease. The objectives of this meta-analysis and systematic review were to analyze the “late postoperative complication rate (>30 days)” for these 2 procedures. Materials and Methods: Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published between 2000 and 2015 comparing the late complication rates, that is, >30 days following LVSG and LRYGB in adult population (ie, 16 y and above) were selected from PubMed, Medline, Embase, Science Citation Index, Current Contents, and the Cochrane database. The outcome variables analyzed included mortality rate, major and minor complications, and interventions required for their management and readmission rates. Random effects model was used to calculate the effect size of both binary and continuous data. Heterogeneity among the outcome variables of these trials was determined by the Cochran Q statistic and I 2 index. The meta-analysis was prepared in accordance with the Preferred Reporting of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results: Six RCTs involving a total of 685 patients (LVSG, n=345; LRYGB, n=340) reported late major complications. A nonstatistical reduction in relative odds favoring the LVSG procedure was observed [odds ratio (OR), 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.21-1.97; P =0.4]. Four RCTs representing 408 patients (LVSG, n=208; LRYGB, n=200) reported late minor complications. A nonstatistically significant reduction of 36% in relative odds favoring the LVSG procedure was observed (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.28-1.47; P =0.3). A 37% relative reduction in odds was observed in favor of the LVSG for the need for additional interventions to manage late postoperative complications that did not reach statistical significance (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.19-2.05; P =0.4). No study specifically reported readmissions required for the management of late complication. Conclusions: This meta-analysis and systematic review of RCTs shows that the development of late (major and minor) complications is similar between LVSG and LRYGB procedures, 6 months to 3 years postoperatively, and they do not lead to higher readmission rate or reoperation rate for either procedure. However longer-term surveillance is required to accurately describe the patterns of late complications in these patients.
Vowel reduction and perceptual recovery in casual speech.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

A pervasive characteristic of casual (normal conversation) English is the apparent deletion of unstressed vowels like the first vowel in the word ‘‘support.’’ One might suppose that if the first vowel in ‘‘support’’ were deleted, ‘‘support’’ would become homophonous with ‘‘sport.’’ Acoustic and physiological data are reported which suggest that in fact when speakers appear to be deleting an unstressed schwa, they are often actually omitting only the oral gestures for the vowel. The glottal gestures stay much as they are in careful speech and are tied to the remaining oral gestures much as they are in careful speech. Also reported are perceptual data which suggest that listeners are sensitive to the acoustic consequences of these residual patterns, and can use this information to distinguish between ‘‘sport’’ and reduced versions of ‘‘support’’ [see also J. Fokes and Z. S. Bond, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. Suppl. 1 85, S85 (1989); J. Fokes and Z. Bond, Proc. XII Int. Congr. Phon. Sci. 4, 58–61 (1991)]. These results will be discussed in terms of the more general issue of deletion and recovery of phonetic information. [Work supported by NSF.]
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐β‐Ketoenamides from β‐Halo α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Various non‐steroidal and steroidal (Z)‐β‐ketoenamides are stereoselectively synthesized from the corresponding β‐halo α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes.
Application of a Multi-sensor Set for Comparative Evaluation of the Photoplethysmographic Waveforms

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we present the structure of a system based on several optoelectronic sensors used for noninvasive monitoring of local changes in the arterial blood pulse waveform. The phenomena accompanying the acquisition of optical signals from biological objects were analyzed. Reflectance optoelectronic sensors, photoplethysmographic signal conditioning and acquisition system were designed and constructed. Sample time curves of the signals obtained have been presented. The presented set expands the possibilities of the analysis based on the measuring data from several sensors placed in various points of human body.
Nonmyeloablative Transplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been explored as a method to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy for advanced solid tumors. The failure of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to prolong survival in patients with metastatic solid tumors has sparked interest recently in studies exploring the potential of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for such patients. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is widely accepted as a potent form of immunotherapy capable of curing patients with chemotherapy-refractory hematologic malignancies. However, it was not until the end of the 20th century that investigators initiated trials to test the potential of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as immunotherapy in malignancies of epithelial origin. Early pilot trials have established proof-of-principle that graft-versus-tumor effects can induce complete or partial remission in some treatment-refractory metastatic solid tumors. In this review, we discuss the rationale for pilot trials investigating the potential of nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in advanced cytokine-refractory renal cancer, highlighting the preliminary success, limitations, and future clinical directions of this approach.
[Letter] 1830 Nov. 14 [to] Col[onel] Joseph Brown, Maury County, Tennessee / James Brown

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This document is a letter to Col. Joseph Brown in Maury County, TN from his son James Brown, dated November 14, 1830. In the letter, James discusses his previous plans to go into business with his brother Joseph and another man by the name of Estes as well as the house and plot of land that he has recently purchased.
Heat shock proteins expression during thermal risk exposure in the temperate xerothermic ant Formica cinerea

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The abiotic conditions of the desert habitat fluctuate in a circadian rhythm of hot days and cold nights. Species living in desert habitats evolved many adaptations to increase their chances of survival. However, abiotic conditions in xerothermic habitats of a temperate climate are much different. Diurnal fluctuations are not as strong, but animals have to cope with seasonal changes and hibernate during the winter, which may potentially influence their adaptations to critical temperature conditions. We attempted to assess heat resistance adaptations using the example of a widely distributed xerothermic ant Formica cinerea. Using Real-Time PCR, we measured the expression of three heat shock protein genes (Hsp60, Hsp75, Hsp90) and assessed the adaptations of F. cinerea to enable foraging in risk prone conditions. The analysis of gene expression using the Generalized Linear Model surprisingly indicated that there was no significant effect of temperature when comparing workers from the control (23ºC) with workers foraging on the surface of hot sand (47-54ºC). As a next step we tried to estimate the threshold of a thermal resistance with the use of thermal chambers. Expression of all Hsps genes increase compare to the control group, expression of Hsp60 and Hsp90 continued up to 45ºC.
The significance of wing clapping in Zygoptera

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Wing clapping is recorded for 14 species of Zygoptera and is illustrated and described for 8 of these, all Nearctic species. It is hypothesized that the inconspicuous clappings observed in d<5 of Coenagrionidae and Lestidae serve as generalized territorial declarations to competitors, but that the more conspicuous clappings in both sexes of Calopteryx serve an additional, more specialized function, that of communication between members of a pair declaring their presence to each other.
Emerging Cell-Based Gene Therapies in Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review of Casgevy and Lyfgenia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: In 2023, the FDA approved two emerging cell-based gene therapies for the treatment of severe sickle cell disease (SCD): Casgevy and Lyfgenia. Casgevy utilizes the newer CRISPR/Cas9 technology, while Lyfgenia relies on a Lentiviral vector. These therapies consist of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, in which the cells are genetically modified before infusing them back into the body. The study aim was to conduct a thorough systematic review to determine an efficient choice between Casgevy and Lyfgenia by comparing their ability to increase anti-sickling hemoglobin and eliminate vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs), factoring in the adverse effects caused by each process. Methods and Results: This systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA 2020) guidelines. Ten articles were analyzed and compared after searching PubMed and Google Scholar databases. Both therapy strategies were equally efficient in eliminating VOC and had similar effects on anti-sickling hemoglobin fractions. Their adverse effects are also similar and are related to the chemotherapy shared between autologous and allogenic transplants and not the gene therapies themselves, barring the occurrence of acute myeloid leukemia in 2 patients receiving the unmodified version of Lyfgenia. Conclusion: Casgevy and Lyfgenia are equally effective in their functions, although Casgevy appears to be the safer choice. However, the lack of follow-up for the patients in either gene therapy’s respective trials leads to a lack of confidence in firm declarations.
Effect of network interaction between epicardial fat pad and vagal nerve trunk on sinoatrial nodal and atrioventricular nodal functions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To explore effect of interaction between epicardial fat pad and vagal nerve trunk (VNT) on sinoatrial nodal (SAN) and atrioventricular nodal (AVN) functions. Methods Eighteen dogs were divided into two groups: SAN fad pad (SAN-FP) pre-ablation group and AVN fad pad (AVN-FP) preablation group. Heart rate (HR) and A-H internal were detected during vagal stimulation before and after ablation. Results The vagal effect induced by right VNT stimulation was larger than left VNT (HR decreased 75% VS41%). In SAN-FP pre-ablation group, reduction of HR was significantly decreased and A-H internal was prolonged by vagal stimulation after SAN-FP ablation. SAN-FP plus AVN-FP ablation didn't induce significant change in HR. There was significant prolongation in A-H internal, compared with baseline and SAN-FP ablation alone. In AVN-FP pre-ablation group, vagal stimulation after SAN-FP ablation didn't induced significant change in HR, but A-H internal was significantly prolonged. AVN-FP plus SAN-FP ablation did not induce significant change in HR and A-H internal compared with AVN-FP ablation alone. Conclusion We concluded that vagal effect induced by right VNT stimulation was larger than left. VNT regulated SAN function mainly by AVN-FP. Epicardial fat pad was the important pathway of VNT in regulating SAN and AVN function. AVN-FP was main control region and SAN-FP was associated pathway.
Reforming Indonesian Rape Law: Adopting U.S. Rape Shield Law in Excluding Prejudicial Evidence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Rape is a complicated crime in term of law enforcement. It is usually occurred by someone who has close relationship or connection to the victim. The availability of evidence is also limited. Unfortunately, sexual violence victim often does not receive proper handling from law enforcement. In several cases, the judge undermined victim’s testimony because of past sexual history and lack of resistance that led to more lenient punishment or acquit the defendant. Therefore, I assert that rape law itself should be revised to minimize judge’s prejudice or bias to several shreds of evidence. I suggest that Indonesia could learn from U.S. rape shield law that gives more protection to sexual violence victim. This law encourages the victim to report and increases the probability of conviction because it excludes victim’s previous sexual history and lack of resistance.
Transposition of a Ty3 GAG3-POL3 fusion mutant is limited by availability of capsid protein

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ty3 encodes structural proteins in its upstream open reading frame (GAG3) and catalytic proteins in an overlapping open reading frame (POL3). As is the case for retroviruses, high levels of structural protein versus catalytic proteins are synthesized and we show here that catalytic proteins are derived from a GAG3-POL3 fusion polyprotein. To evaluate the relative contributions of structural and catalytic components of the Ty3 particle, we perturbed the balance of these proteins by fusing the GAG3 and POL3 frames. This fusion Ty3 was capable of complementing low levels of transposition of a donor Ty3 which contained only cis-acting sequences required for transposition. Examination of extracts of cells expressing the GAG3-POL3 fusion mutant showed that particle formation differed qualitatively and quantitatively from viruslike particle formation by wild-type Ty3. Suprisingly, expression of 238 codons of GAG3, encoding only capsid protein, complemented transposition and particle formation defects of the fusion mutant, showing that the limiting deficiency was in capsid, and not in nucleocapsid, function. In addition, protein containing the capsid domain expressed alone accumulated in the same particulate fraction as viruslike particles, showing that it was sufficient for particle formation. The activity of the Ty3 fusion mutant contrasts with the inviability of mutant retroviruses in which gag and pol frames were fused and argues that retrotransposons tolerate considerable variation in the nucleoprotein complexes that permit replication and integration.
Additive Manufacturing of Metals Using the MEX Method: Process Characteristics and Performance Properties—A Review

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Compared to traditional manufacturing methods, additive manufacturing (AM) enables the production of parts with arbitrary structures, effectively addressing the challenges faced when fabricating complex geometries using conventional techniques. The dynamic development of this technology has led to the emergence of increasingly advanced materials. One of the best examples is metal–polymer composites, which allow the manufacturing of fully dense components consisting of stainless steel and titanium alloys, employing the widely available AM technology based on material extrusion (MEX). Metallic materials intended for this type of 3D printing may serve as an alternative to currently prevalent techniques including techniques like selective laser melting (SLM), owing to significantly lower equipment and material costs. Particularly applicable in low-volume production, where total costs and manufacturing time are critical factors, MEX technology of polymer–metallic composites offer relatively fast and economical AM of metal components, proving beneficial during the design of geometrically complex, and low-cost equipment. Due to the significant advancements in AM technology, this review focuses on the latest developments in the additive manufacturing of metallic components using the MEX approach. The discussion encompasses the printing process characteristics, materials tailored to this technology, and post-processing steps (debinding and sintering) necessary for obtaining fully metallic MEX components. Additionally, the article characterizes the printing process parameters and their influence on the functional characteristics of the resulting components. Finally, it presents the drawbacks of the process, identifies gaps in existing research, and outlines challenges in refining the technology.
Regeneration and transient gene expression of African Musa species with diverse genomic constitution and ploidy levels

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

An efficient regeneration protocol, which appeared to be independent of ploidy level and genomic background was developed for Musa spp using apical meristems. The selected species represented major groups of Musa including fertile diploid bananas (AA and BB genomes) , the sterile triploid plantain (AAB) , Cavendish bananas (AM), and tetraploid hybrids (AAAA and AAAB). Multiple shoot regeneration was most efficient from explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 5 mg L -1 of 6-benzylaminopurine. More than 98% shoots transferred to medium supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid developed roots. Transient expression of the 13 glucuronidase (gus A) gene was observed in 60-70% of explants, 48 h after microprojectife bombardment. Organogenesis from apical shoot meristems may offer a simple efficient method for easier transformation of a broad range of Musa spp than the use of embryogenic cell suspensions.
Evidence-Based Identification of the Most Important Livestock Related Zoonotic Diseases in Kampala, Uganda

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Urban and peri-urban livestock farming in developing countries plays an important role in food security in cities; however it brings with it zoonotic risks. The present study was conducted to identify the most important livestock farming-related zoonotic diseases among the human population in urban and peri-urban areas of Kampala, Uganda and to assess the risks from such farming. A framework for identifying livestock farming-related significant zoonoses was developed. The process consisted of screening of medical record summaries for zoonotic diagnoses, selection of the zoonoses which are related to livestock farming, case estimation of the identified zoonoses and evidence-based reassurance of the importance of diseases. Medical records in the Mulago National Referral Hospital were used for the analysis. Leaders and residents of 75 Local Councils (LC1s: villages; 48 urban, 11 peri-urban and 16 rural) randomly selected in Kampala were interviewed for information regarding livestock farming systems, value chains and use of medical service units. Twelve zoonoses were identified in the screening and four out of them were related to livestock farming: animal sourced food-borne gastroenteritis, brucellosis, Taenia solium neuro-cysticercosis and Mycobacterium bovis tuberculosis. Livestock farming, value chain and severity of the diseases confirmed that all four diseases were important. Poor geographical correlation between animals in peri-urban and rural areas and patients in urban areas suggested that the majority of these zoonoses were caused by informally-marketed foods.