jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Hypoxia in Atherogenesis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The anoxemia theory proposes that an imbalance between the demand for and supply of oxygen in the arterial wall is a key factor in the development of atherosclerosis. There is now substantial evidence that there are regions within the atherosclerotic plaque in which profound hypoxia exists; this may fundamentally change the function, metabolism, and responses of many of the cell types found within the developing plaque and whether the plaque will evolve into a stable or unstable phenotype. Hypoxia is characterized in molecular terms by the stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α, a subunit of the heterodimeric nuclear transcriptional factor HIF-1 and a master regulator of oxygen homeostasis. The expression of HIF-1 is localized to perivascular tissues, inflammatory macrophages, and smooth muscle cells adjacent to the necrotic core of atherosclerotic lesions and regulates several genes that are important to vascular function including vascular endothelial growth factor, nitric oxide synthase, endothelin-1, and erythropoietin. This review summarizes the effects of hypoxia on the functions of cells involved in atherogenesis and the evidence for its potential importance from experimental models and clinical studies.
Socio-Economic Effects of Food Insecurity Among the Urban Poor

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Food insecurity is recognized as an increasing problem worldwide and a critical factor for the economic growth and development of a nation. This study investigated socio-economic effects of food insecurity among urban poor households in Kamukunji slums, Eldoret Municipality, Kenya. The main objective is to determine the causes of household food insecurity and assess their socio-economic effects. A total of 303 households were targeted and selection done using stratified random sampling. The study utilized both primary and secondary methods of data collection. Primary sources were: non-participant observation, structured questionnaires and key informant interviews. The findings show food insecurity was a result of poverty, lack of a stable income and high food prices. The effects of food insecurity include: skipping meals, school dropouts, purchase street food and poor wages, malnutrition and stunted growth. Adaptation strategies of residents to food insecurity include: early marriages, eating less preferred food, engaging in prostitution and sending children on streets to beg. The study recommends educating residents to improve household food security.
Second generation of calix[6]tren ligands with functionalized appending arms

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Metallo-enzymes are ubiquitous. More than 30% of enzymes present a metal ion in their active sitethat is a key for catalysis. Interesting sub-families present a mononuclear active site where a single metal ion(Zn2+ or Cun+) is coordinated to a polyhistidine core. The elaboration of model compounds of such metalloenzymesis important for understanding the fundamental mechanisms involved in their bio-catalytic cycles. Inthis context, we have developed three generations of calix[6]arene based biomimetic complexes that combine ametal ion and a hydrophobic cavity.1 These metal complexes display a single coordination site accessible for anexogenous ligand that is fully controlled by the hydrophobic funnel. One of the ligand belonging to the thirdgeneration of compounds combines a calix[6]arene pocket to a tren cap (tren = [tris(2-aminoethyl)amine]).Calix[6]tren shows remarkably versatile host-guest properties either toward ammonium ions, polar neutralmolecules and metal ions (Zn and Cu).2,3 Very interestingly, the protonation of the apical nitrogen atom allows acontrol of the environment on the host-guest properties. The development of efficient synthetic methodologiesfor the selective functionnalization of calix[6]tren is now required in order to obtain water-soluble or graftableanalogues.In this context, we have successfully obtained a new generation of calix[6]tren ligands decorated withappending arms (i.e. 3 and 4). The key step of their synthesis consists of a [1+1] macrocyclisation reactionbetween a trisamine calix[6]arene and a tris-acid cap. The host-guest properties of the intermediatecalix[6]trenamides4,5 (1 and 2) were studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that these tris-amidoreceptors are able to selectively recognize polar neutral guests displaying H-bond donor and acceptor groups,fluoride anion and contact ammonium fluoride salts. Finally, the efficient binding of Zn2+ by the two calix[6]trenligands 3 and 4 has been clearly observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, paving the way to development of watersolubleand graftable calix[6]tren based complexes.
Reimagining Africa

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Since the 1990s, black British writers have increasingly re-focused on Africa, either taking recourse to specific African contexts, or raising questions about the relevance of Africa to their work. In Some Kind of Black, Diran Adebayo's protagonist Dele intermittently dons a patterned Agbada, self-consciously stylizing himself as an African Briton. Brian Chikwava's novel dubs London Harare North, large-scale emigration from Zimbabwe having turned the capital into an extension of the former Rhodesia. Whilst the term 'Afropolitan' does not befit all black British authors, some openly embrace the tag. As these examples indicate, this chapter focuses on texts that resist easy categorisation but which nevertheless explore Africa's historical, contextual, genealogical, and cultural connections to Britain.
Let's talk about mouth cancer – the story and the facts

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Let's Talk About Mouth Cancer is a Scottish charity set up by a group of healthcare professionals with the aim of improving the prognosis of a patient diagnosed with mouth cancer. This article will present the charity's award winning oral health campaigns and the various methods used to empower patients with skills and knowledge to catch mouth cancer early. The social media platforms used in the campaign and the demographic engaged will be discussed, along with the knowledge of mouth cancer signs, symptoms, risk factors and current practice of self-examination in Scotland. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The incidence of mouth cancer is on the rise in the UK. Dental care professionals in primary and secondary care should be aware of the barriers to early detection, and help to raise awareness of the disease.
Trained Integrated Postexercise Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Rates Correlate with Hypertrophy in Young Males and Females

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Purpose Resistance training induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy via the summated effects of postexercise elevations in myofibrillar protein synthesis (MyoPS) that persist for up to 48 h, although research in females is currently lacking. MyoPS is regulated by mTOR translocation and colocalization; however, the effects of resistance training on these intracellular processes are unknown. We hypothesized that MyoPS would correlate with hypertrophy only after training in both sexes and would be associated with intracellular redistribution of mTOR. Methods Recreationally active males and females ( n = 10 each) underwent 8 wk of whole-body resistance exercise three times a week. Fasted muscle biopsies were obtained immediately before (REST) and 24 and 48 h after acute resistance exercise in the untrained (UT) and trained (T) states to determine integrated MyoPS over 48 h (D 2 O ingestion) and intracellular mTOR colocalization (immunofluorescence microscopy). Results Training increased ( P < 0.01) muscle strength (~20%–126%), muscle thickness (~8%–11%), and average fiber cross-sectional area (~15%–20%). MyoPS increased above REST in UT ( P = 0.032) and T ( P < 0.01), but to a greater extent in males (~23%; P = 0.023), and was positively ( P < 0.01) associated with muscle thickness and fiber cross-sectional area at T only in both males and females. mTOR colocalization with the cell periphery increased ( P < 0.01) in T, irrespective of sex or acute exercise. Training increased ( P ≤ 0.043) total mTOR, LAMP2 (lysosomal marker), and their colocalization ( P < 0.01), although their colocalization was greater in males at 24 and 48 h independent of training status ( P < 0.01). Conclusions MyoPS during prolonged recovery from exercise is greater in males but related to muscle hypertrophy regardless of sex only in the trained state, which may be underpinned by altered mTOR localization.
Abstract A22: Hypoxia-mediated translational control of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha through aldolase A feedback regulation in lung carcinogenesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Lung cancer cells grow in-situ during low-oxygen situation and usually results in invasion and is frequently recurrent after therapy. However, the oxygen-mediated translation control of the metabolic events in lung cancer remains largely unknown. By using the integrated transcriptomics data and the shRNA library against glycolytic enzymes, here we identified that Aldolase A (ALDOA) up-regulation is highly correlated with migratory/invasive activity of lung cancer cells and poorer clinical outcomes. Significantly, knockdown of Aldolase A inhibited in vitro and in vivo migratory/invasive activity of lung cancer cell line with high ALDOA expression. Complementary, enforced overexpression of exogenous ALDOA promoted migration/invasion. Furthermore, microarray and Ingenuity pathway analyses reveal that ALDOA-driven lung cancer metastasis likely recruits Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF1α)-associated signaling pathway. There were no significance changes at the mRNA level of HIF1α in ALDOA two-way models. However, HIF1α protein was found stabilized in hypoxic or normoxic condition through ALDOA overexpression to decrease prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) activity for hydroxylation-form of HIF1α to activate downstream genes including CXCR4, MMP9 in lung carcinogenesis. Interesting, HIF1α also was found to bind hypoxia-response element (HRE) domain of ALDOA to activate its transcription and form a positive feedback loop. IHC staining results further demonstrate that Aldolase A and HIF1α expression is positively correlated in clinical lung cancer tissues and the signature of high-level Aldolase A and HIF1α; expression strongly associates with worst survival probability in lung cancer patients. Our results not only unveil molecular mechanism by which Aldolase A promotes lung cancer metastasis via inducing the HIF1α activity but also provide a novel therapeutic strategy to combat malignant lung cancer via targeting ALDOA. Citation Format: Yu-Chan Chang, Michael Hsiao. Hypoxia-mediated translational control of hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha through aldolase A feedback regulation in lung carcinogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translational Control of Cancer: A New Frontier in Cancer Biology and Therapy; 2016 Oct 27-30; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(6 Suppl):Abstract nr A22.
Saccharum Alhagi polysaccharide-1 and -2 promote the immunocompetence of RAW264.7 macrophages inï¿½vitro

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The in vitro immune activities of Saccharum Alhagi polysaccharides (SAP) have been previously studied. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of SAP-1 and SAP-2 on the activity of RAW264.7 mouse macrophages. RAW264.7 cells were treated with 150, 300 and 600 mg/l concentrations of SAP-1 (a 50% alcohol precipitation) and SAP-2 (an 80% alcohol precipitation) or with 10 mg/l lipopolysaccharide. Untreated cells were used as a negative control. An MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation of the cells, and Hoechst 33528 staining was conducted in order to visualize the cell nuclei. Additionally, the Griess method was used to measure nitric oxide (NO) levels. A neutral red uptake assay was performed to determine the phagocytic activity of the macrophages, and ELISAs were performed to detect cytokine levels. Furthermore, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the mRNA expression of certain cytokines. The results demonstrated that SAP increased the proliferative activity and activated the immune function of RAW264.7 cells, and was lacking in cytotoxicity. In addition, SAP-1 exhibited a stronger effect in promoting RAW264.7 cell proliferation than did SAP-2. Furthermore, SAP-1 and SAP-2 significantly increased the level of NO, with the effect of SAP-1 being stronger than that of SAP-2. SAP-1 increased the phagocytic activity of RAW264.7 cells and promoted the secretion of the cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by RAW264.7 cells, with an effect that was stronger than that of SAP-2. Finally, different concentrations of SAP-1 or SAP-2 had distinct effects in upregulating the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, nuclear factor-κB and inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA. The results of the present study demonstrate that SAP is capable of enhancing the immune activity of mouse macrophages.
Generating Digital Literacy Website: Upgrading the Understanding of Digital Literacy at SMA Yuppentek 1 Tangerang

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This community service initiative introduces a website and Android-based application system to enhance digital literacy among educators at SMA Yuppentek 1, Tangerang. The prevailing issue pertains to the misuse of digital media, which significantly impacts societal well-being. Adolescents, being prolific users of digital platforms, face heightened vulnerability to various crimes stemming from their social media engagements. To address this, preventive measures necessitate an elevation of the partners' proficiency and comprehension in digital literacy. The initiative emphasizes social humanities and information systems, channeling efforts into fostering literacy and constructing website and Android applications to fortify the practice of digital literacy. The implementation strategy encompasses meticulous stages of preparation, execution, and reporting. The primary focus during the implementation phase centers on comprehensive solutions, comprising educating on digital literacy, providing insights into applications pertinent to digital literacy, crafting digital literacy applications, and formulating a digital literacy module. This program aims to foster a sustained understanding of digital literacy in youngsters, empowering educators to navigate and mitigate challenges posed by digital media misuse among adolescents. By equipping them with the requisite tools, it strives to fortify the capacity of educators in addressing the complexities inherent in adolescent digital engagement.
246-OR: Contribution of Plasma Glucose and Hormones to the Acute Compensatory Rise in Endogenous Glucose Production (EGP) during Glucosuria in T2D Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: To examine the role of plasma glucose (GLU), insulin (INS) and glucagon (GG) changes in EGP stimulation during glucosuria (UGE) following SGLT2i administration. Methods: Using tracer (3-3H-glucose), 30 T2D patients (Age=55±1y, BMI=32.2±0.7kg/m2, FPG=140±6mg/dl, A1c=7.3±0.1%) received three 300-min procedures at 2-weeks intervals: (I) control clamp (CON) with no glucose/hormone infusions; (II) pancreatic clamp (PAN) with somatostatin (0.75mg/h), basal replacement of insulin (0.1mU/kg.min) and glucagon (0.3ng/kg.min); (III) isoglycemic clamp (ISO) with variable dextrose infusion to maintain GLU equal to baseline. Prior to start of each clamp subjects received placebo (PCB, n=10) or dapagliflozin 10mg (DAPA, n=20). Results: After DAPA (CON), INS decreased (-7±1µU/ml) while GG increased (+10±1pg/ml) (both p&lt;0.05 vs. PCB). Despite UGE of 0.48mg/kg.min, GLU decline was modest (-31±1) due to a “paradoxical” rise in EGP after DAPA. During PAN with DAPA and PCB, INS and GG were unchanged from baseline, and EGP stimulation in DAPA compared to PCB still increased, yet GLU decline was modest (-28.4±3.0). During ISO, EGP decreased markedly with DAPA as well as PCB despite similar plasma GG and INS concentrations. Conclusion: DAPA-induced glucosuria stimulation of EGP cannot be entirely explained by the rise in plasma glucagon or decline in plasma insulin. Disclosure M. Alatrach: None. C. Agyin: None. N. Laichuthai: None. J.M. Adams: None. M. Abdul-Ghani: None. C.L. Triplitt: Consultant; Self; Abbott. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. R.A. DeFronzo: Advisory Panel; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Elcelyx Therapeutics, Inc., Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novo Nordisk Inc. Research Support; Self; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc. Speaker's Bureau; Self; AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk Inc. E. Cersosimo: None.
Toxic Effects of Adriamycin on the Ganglia of the Peripherial Nervous System: A Neuropathological Study

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Rats were injected intravenously with 10 mg/kg of adriamycin (doxorubicin). All the treated animals developed severe posterior limb ataxia on days 11 and 12 following the injection. Mild ataxia of the forelimbs was noted later. The animals were killed between days 10 and 50. Light microscopy revealed changes in ganglion cells of the peripheral nervous system with sparing of neurons in the central nervous system. In the spinal, paravertebral and trigeminal ganglia, necrosis of neurons was followed by mild lymphocytic infiltration, and ultimate loss of ganglion cells, and a marked proliferation of nerve sheath cells. Electron microscopic study revealed increased numbers of neurofilaments and the presence of membrane-bound cisterns in the affected dorsal root ganglion cell bodies. It is concluded that adriamycin, an important anticancer therapeutic agent, has neurotoxic properties and that it selectively damages the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.
Ecocide in the Amazon: the contested politics of environmental rights in Brazil

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Though a discussion of the 2019 Brazilian Amazon fires, this article examines the contested politics of environmental rights in Brazil. It analyses how the concept of ecocide can offer a useful lens with which to articulate the socio-ecological consequences of President Bolsonaro’s extractive imperialism, and the persistent failure of current international governance frameworks to address the continuing widespread destruction of the natural environment. Firstly, the article places the concept of ecocide within the context of the international governance framework of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the challenges that natural resource exploitation presents to the achievement of sustainable development in Latin America. Secondly, it presents an overview of the concept of ecocide that includes cultural genocide as a method for undermining a way of life and a technique for group destruction. Lastly, through an analysis of Brazil’s environmental politics, contested claims of sovereignty and the recent push for the industrialisation of the Amazon, the article considers whether claims of ecocide in the Brazilian Amazon can be substantiated when using the criteria for the crime of ecocide–namely the size, duration and impact of the extensive damage to, destruction of or loss of ecosystems in the Amazon rainforest.
Design and Analysis of Fluorine-Free Mold Fluxes for Continuous Casting of Peritectic Steels

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Fluorine-based mold fluxes are critical for continuous casting of peritectic steels, controlling heat transfer and preventing cracks. However, environmental and health concerns associated with fluorine have spurred the search for alternative flux compositions. This study applied a factorial design to explore the effects of Na2O, TiO2, B2O3, and fluorine on key properties such as viscosity, crystallization temperature, and melting behavior. Analytical methods, including viscosity measurements, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), combined with thermodynamic modeling, were used to evaluate performance. Four formulations were selected based on factorial design results. Sample A, with high Na2O, exhibited intense crystallization of merwinite (Ca3MgSi2O8) and perovskite (CaTiO3). Sample B, incorporating B2O3, had reduced crystallization and suitable viscosity (2.97 Pa·s). Sample C, with a slightly higher fluorine content than Sample B and without B2O3, presented balanced low viscosity (1.75 Pa·s) with a moderate crystallization tendency. Sample D, free of fluorine and B2O3, showed high viscosity (4.58 Pa·s) and significant crystallization. These results demonstrate that fluorine-free fluxes with properties comparable to fluorine-based compositions can be developed, offering a sustainable alternative for steelmaking. Industrial trials are necessary to validate their performance under operational conditions.
Perceived objectivity? Findings on the use of perceptual and objective measures in IS research

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Purpose The use of perceptual and objective measures in information systems is an ongoing discussion in IS research, primarily due to different conceptions about objective measures. This research, therefore, empirically tests truly objective measures along with perceptual measures to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of perceptual and objective independent variables as predictors of user satisfaction and continuance intention. Design/methodology/approach This paper developed an integrated research model that examines perceptual and objective measures as predictors of satisfaction and continuance intention. The approach was then empirically tested with survey-based perceptual variables and corresponding objective variables in the context of a mobile network operator (n = 998). Specifically, we used serial mediation analysis with PROCESS to test our hypotheses. Findings The results showed that the different objective variables show insignificance as predictors of satisfaction and continuance intention, contrasting with previous research calling for objective measures. Originality/value Our results contribute to IS literature by indicating that perceptual measures are superior to objective measures in predictive relevance. Hence the “silent acceptance” of potential conceptual weaknesses is indeed justified by the results of this research.