jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Tomographic Imaging and Monitoring of Buildings With Very High Resolution SAR Data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Layover is frequent in imaging and monitoring with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) areas characterized by a high density of scatterers with steep topography, e.g., in urban environment. Using medium-resolution SAR data tomographic techniques has been proven to be capable of separating multiple scatterers interfering (in layover) in the same pixel. With the advent of the new generation of high-resolution sensors, the layover effect on buildings becomes more evident. In this letter, we exploit the potential of the 4-D imaging applied to a set of TerraSAR-X spotlight acquisitions. Results show that the combination of high-resolution data and advanced coherent processing techniques can lead to impressive reconstruction and monitoring capabilities of the whole 3-D structure of buildings.
Amplification of risk in mental health risk assessment

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This presentation discusses how UK mental health nurses’ concern of experiencing moral indignation (e.g. outrage provoked by perceived unjust behaviours) may inadvertently increase bias in determining service users’ risk to self and others. Concern of moral indignation could lead to more restrictive practices within risk management as the assessment indicates to the service user being of more risk (e.g. of suicide or assault) than actually known. Reduced service user involvement in assessment potentially amplifies risks by nurses erring on the side of caution as there is tendency to rely on risk assessing instruments evidencing factors that increase risk rather than its reduction. Thereafter, nurses could be reluctant to involve service user fearing moral indignation either from the service user or self-imposed as risk interventions become characteristic of social control. Apprehension of public moral indignation could equally influence nurses to perceive more risk especially during uncertainty in what risks are and how these are occurring. Potentially assessment results in an increase of risks to allow for safety options perhaps otherwise restricted by budgetary constraints, e.g. hospital admission. The presentation will conclude that concern for moral indignation may increase possible deceptive practice of assuming increased risks and being more restrictive to reduce risks. Alternatively the collaborative practice of positive risk taking has benefits whereby care is seen through a lens of coping with uncertainty in life, a challenge for both nurses and service users, and might be reduced by there being transparency of apprehension (on risks) between both parties
Power Reactor Technology

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

"Power Reactor Technology." Nuclear Science and Engineering, 11(1), p. 100 Additional informationNotes on contributorsW. Kenneth Davis(Editor’s Note: W. Kenneth Davis is a vice president of Bechtel Corporation, in charge of nuclear and advanced engineering work. Prior to this he was for three and a half years director of the Reactor Development Division of the AEC. He was educated as a chemical engineer and spent several years in research development, and design in the chemical, petroleum, and nuclear industries, and also served as a professor of engineering at the University of California.)
Programming as a tool for across-subjects learning in primary school

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Problem and goal. Computational thinking has been introduced in many countries around the world and teachers are working intensely to incorporate programming activities in the classroom. However, teachers are faced with several challenges due to the fact that there is still little research conducted focusing on programming education for younger children, that programming didactics is a rather new phenomenon for the K-9 educational system, and that K-9 teachers have little training with regards to programming. In Sweden for instance, programming has been introduced in several subjects and not as a subject in its own, which create a pressure on teachers to utilize programming as an instrument to teach and enhance learning of different subjects such as mathematics. Methodology. In this paper, we report on a larger lesson study conducted in a primary school (sixth grade) in Sweden with a total of 155 participating pupils. The aim of the lesson was to study whether the visual programming languages, Scratch , in particular, can be used to teach computational thinking, mathematics and social science in an interdisciplinary way. Results. Thus, the paper more specifically presents findings related to: 1) reflections of the use of lesson study methodology to develop programming education; 2) how programming can be utilized as an instrument to teach mathematics as well as social sciences in an interdisciplinary way; and 3) the didactical strategies employed by the teachers. Conclusion. The evidence from this study suggests that the interdisciplinary character of the lesson which incorporates learning goals of mathematics, social science and programming was highly beneficial. The pupils gained a better understanding of learning material by drawing, digitalizing and animating their ideas in Scratch .
Exponentials and Logarithms Properties in an Extended Complex Number Field

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this study we demonstrate the complex logarithm and exponential multivalued results and identity failures are not induced by the exponentiation and logarithm operations, but are solely induced by the definition of complex numbers and exponentiation as in C. We propose a new definition of the complex number set, in which the issues related to the identity failures and the multivalued results resolve. Furthermore the exponentiation is no longer defined by the logarithm, instead the complex logarithm formula can be deduced from the exponentiation. There is a cost as some algebraic properties of the addition and substraction will be diminished, though remaining valid to a certain extent. Finally we attempt a geometric and algebraic formalization of the new complex numbers set. It will appear clearly the new complex numbers system is a natural and harmonious complement to the C field.
BIOFILM STRUCTURE, BEHAVIOR, AND HYDRODYNAMICS

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Hexavalent uranium [U(VI)] was immobilized using biofilms of the sulfate-reducing bacterium (SRB) Desulfovibrio desulfuricans G20. The biofilms were grown in flat-plate continuous-flow reactors using lactate as the electron donor and sulfate as the electron acceptor. U(VI)was continuously fed into the reactor for 32 weeks at a concentration of 126 microM. During this time, the soluble U(VI) was removed (between 88 and 96% of feed) from solution and immobilized in the biofilms. The dynamics of U immobilization in the sulfate-reducing biofilms were quantified by estimating: (1) microbial activity in the SRB biofilm, defined as the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production rate and estimated from the H2S concentration profiles measured using microelectrodes across the biofilms; (2) concentration of dissolved U in the solution; and (3) the mass of U precipitated in the biofilm. Results suggest that U was immobilized in the biofilms as a result of two processes: (1) enzymatically and (2) chemically, by reacting with microbially generated H2S. Visual inspection showed that the dissolved sulfide species reacted with U(VI) to produce a black precipitate. Synchrotron-based U L3-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy analysis of U precipitated abiotically by sodium sulfide indicated that U(VI) had been reduced to U(IV). Selected-area electron diffraction pattern and crystallographic analysis of transmission electron microscope lattice-fringe images confirmed the structure of precipitated U as being that of uraninite.
Measuring the Impact of Electronic Publishing on Citation Indicators of Education Journals

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

With the growth in electronic availability and distribution of scholarly journals, citation indicators of these journals may be expected to change. This study estimated how electronic publishing affects citation indicators, Impact Factors and Immediacy Indexes, from 1995 to 2003. Two citation indicators of 70 journals in education, educational research, and special education in Journal Citations Reports were analysed in this study. The result shows that Impact Factors remain essentially unchanged while Immediacy Indexes increased significantly. For all journals, 75% had their Immediacy Indexes increase drastically recently and had higher Impact Factors than average. Because more journal articles are available in electronic form, both as part of complete electronic journals and within databases of separate articles, many more scientists access and use new articles without delay than in the past. Electronic publishing can be regarded as one of the factors affecting not only citation frequencies but also citation indicators. Digital access to scholarly journals promises to bring changes in citation indicators, especially Immediacy Indexes of well-established journals in education.
Impairment of myeloid-derived suppressor cell expansion and enhancement of dendritic cell differentiation of MyD88-deficient bone marrow cells in graft-versus-host disease

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Myeloid differentiation 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor molecule in toll-like receptor-associated signaling. To examine the effect of MyD88-deficiency in myeloid cell differentiation under inflammatory condition, we transplanted bone marrow (BM) cells isolated from MyD88-deficient C57BL/6 (B6) mice together with B6 T cells into MHC-matched allogeneic BALB.B strain mice. This transplantation induced more serious graft-versus-host disease in the BALB.B BM recipients, compared with the GVHD induced in the control BALB.B mice which received wild type B6 BM and T cells. The aggravation of GVHD was associated with impaired expansion of CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) from the MyD88-deficient BM cells during the GVHD development. Instead of MDSC expansion, myeloid cells from MyD88-deficient BM cells showed enhanced apoptosis and dendritic cell (DC) differentiation, which resulted in enhancement of activation of allo-reactive B6 T cells. These results provide information helpful for the understanding of the role of MyD88 in myeloid cell differentiation and development of strategy to reduce the GVHD severity.
Application of in vivo stain of methylene blue as a diagnostic aid in the early detection and screening of oral cancerous and precancerous lesions

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Background: Periodic clinical examination of the oral cavity is the mainstay for the early detection of oral cancers which can be further aided by screening individuals with high-risk factors that will identify candidates who should receive treatment to prevent cancer progression and reduce patient mortality. Among the diagnostic tools, in vivo staining is advocated as a simple, inexpensive and fairly sensitive method. Materials and Methods: The present study involved the examination of fifty patients suspected of oral malignant or precancerous lesions by methylene blue staining. The results of methylene blue uptake were compared with a simultaneous biopsy of these lesions, while benign epithelial lesions were included as the negative subjects of screening. Results: The results revealed a sensitivity of 89%, a specificity of 91%, a positive predictive value of 97% and a negative predictive value of 73%. Conclusion: We recommend that methylene blue staining is a useful diagnostic adjunct in a large, community-based oral cancer screening program for high-risk individuals.
Effects of Acupuncture on the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Chronic Insomnia Patients: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background : Acupuncture, as an important component of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has been widely applied in the treatment of chronic insomnia in China，while there is no clinical study related to its therapeutic mechanism. Methods/design : A single-center, single-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial will be conducted at Jiangsu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine. A total of 60 patients will be registered.Eligible participantswill be randomly divided into acupuncture group and shamacupuncture group (n = 30 cases in each group). Patients in both groups will be treated once every other day, 3 times per week for 4 weeks.The primary outcome measures are Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH), Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), and cortisol (CORT). Secondary outcome measures are Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Discussion : This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effects of acupuncture on chronic insomnia by using PSQI, ISI, and FSS. The mechanism of acupuncture on CIPs will be preliminarily discussed by analyzing the changes in concentrations of CRH, ACTH, and CORT before and after treatment.
Genetic Variability and Genotypic, Phenotypic Correlation Studies for Yield and Related Traits In Single Cross Hybrids of Maize (Zea Mays L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The study was connected to evaluate seven mays hybrids for genetic variability for yield components at Faculty of Agriculture and forestry field university of Duhok during spring 2011 and 2012 .The result show highly significant different between the genotype for plant height, leaf area , and significant at 0.05 level for ear height ,number. of grain ear-1 and non-significant for 300-grain weight and grain yield plant-1 in spring 2011. While the main square for genotype was highly significant for leaf area and significant for plant height, ear height ,number of row ear-1,and non-significant for rest characters ,also show significant effect between hybrid and yield. Plant height exhibited significant positive genotypic correlation with ear height, leaf area ,300-grain weight ,and not significant with yield plant-1 while the phenotypic correlation show appositive non significant correlation between number of row with leaf area with (rph =0.60).
Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus helveticus on Various Health Disorders

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract: The gut microbiota has been linked to the pathogenesis of stress-related illnesses in a growing number of research. Chronic stress may alter behaviour, cognition, biochemistry, and gut flora. Gut bacteria may impact the brain and body by communicating with the host through the microbiota-gut-brain axis (mostly immunological, neuroendocrine, and neurological pathways). It is thought that taking probiotics might help with persistent stress-induced depression. Lactobacillus helveticus is a commonly used industrial thermophilic starter in manufacturing a variety of cheeses by fermenting milk. An increasing amount of scientific data suggests that strains of L. helveticus exhibit health-promoting qualities and their technical significance. In this review, we summarize the findings of several main literature publications on the capacity of L. helveticus strains to affect human health favourably
The anterior extent of dorsal development of the Xenopus embryonic axis depends on the quantity of organizer in the late blastula

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT In amphibian gastrulae, the cell population of the organizer region of the marginal zone (MZ) establishes morphogenesis and patterning within itself and within surrounding regions of the MZ, presumptive neurecto-derm, and archenteron roof. We have tested the effects on pattern of reducing the amount of organizer region by recombining halves of Xenopus laevis late blastulae cut at different angles from the bilateral plane. When regions within 30° of the dorsal midline are excluded from recombinants, ventralized embryos develop lacking the entire anterior-posterior sequence of dorsal structures, suggesting that the organizer is only 60° wide (centered on the dorsal midline) at the late blastula stage. As more and more dorsal MZ (organizer) is included in the recombinant, progressively more anterior dorsal structures are formed. In all cases, when any dorsal structures are missing they are deleted serially from the anterior end. Thus, we suggest that the amount (lateral width) of the organizer in the MZ determines the anterior extent of dorsal development.
Visual Tracking Using L2 Minimization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

\nVisual tracking has been an active research topic in the computer vision applications. By modeling the target appearance with a sparse approximation over a template set, sparse representation has been applied to the visual tracker, which called L1 tracker. Due to the need to solve the L1 norm related minimization problem for many times, this L1 tracker is very computationally demanding. Although various fast numerical solver is developed to solve the resulting L1 norm related minimization problem, the framework is still a L1 norm related minimization model. Similar to the face recognition problem, sparse approximations may not deliver the desired robustness and a simple L2 approach to the visual tracking problem is not only robust, but also much faster. It may be possible to apply the L2 minimization, instead of L1 minimization, to the visual tracking problems, which has been verified by experiments on challenging sequences in the paper.\n
Reducing the complications of type II diabetes: a patient-centered approach.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Diabetes mellitus is responsible for 12 percent of health care expenditures in the United States, and much of the cost can be attributed to the treatment of complications. Morbidity, particularly the development of microvascular complications, has been linked to poor glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. Evidence strongly suggests that improved glycemic control may reduce the morbidity, mortality and treatment costs of type II diabetes. To prevent cardiovascular complications, physicians and patients must work together to address risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension and smoking. Effective care of type II diabetes requires an appropriate diet, an exercise program and, if needed, a carefully monitored drug regimen. In addition, physicians and patients need to cooperate in setting goals and making tradeoffs related to the potential benefits and adverse effects of therapy. Individualized patient education and support groups also can be very useful.
Adaptive Multi Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient: Algorithm, Theory and an Application to Domain Decomposition

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This article introduces and analyzes a new adaptive algorithm for solving symmetric positive definite linear systems in cases where several preconditioners are available or the usual preconditioner is a sum of contributions. A new theoretical result allows to select, at each iteration, whether a classical Preconditioned CG iteration is sufficient (i.e. the error decreases by a factor of at least some chosen ratio) or whether convergence needs to be accelerated by performing an iteration of Multi Preconditioned CG. We first present this in an abstract framework with the one strong assumption being that a bound for the smallest eigenvalue of the preconditioned operator is available. Then, we apply the algorithm to the Balancing Domain Decomposition method and illustrate its behaviour numerically. In particular we observe that it is optimal in terms of local solves, both for well conditioned and ill conditioned test cases, which makes it a good candidate to be a default parallel linear solver.
Beaver Damming and Palsa Dynamics in a Subarctic Mountainous Environment, Wolf Creek, Yukon Territory, Canada

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The growth, longevity, and decay of mineral-cored palsas at an altitudinal treeline site in the southern Yukon all appear to be significantly affected by the activities of beaver (Castor canadensis). The palsas are composed of stratified, fine-grained, organic-rich, frost-susceptible deposits, which are interpreted as originating from sedimentation in beaver ponds. Peat development, which is a precondition for mound formation, takes place in the adjacent wetland, in part due to poor drainage because of dams. Palsa degradation over the past 55 yr preferentially followed flooding due to dam construction. Drainage of ponds by dam breach was succeeded by mound formation in aggrading permafrost. Unlike previous studies, therefore, it is impossible to infer a clear climate signal from palsa dynamics at this location.
Amplifying Nanoparticle Targeting Performance to Tumor via Diels–Alder Cycloaddition

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Traditional targeting approach utilizing biological ligands has to face the problems of limited receptors and tumor heterogeneity. Herein, a two‐step tumor‐targeting and therapy strategy based on inverse electron‐demand [4+2] Diels–Alder cycloaddition (iEDDA) is described. Owing to the unique acidic tumor microenvironment, an intravenous injection of tetrazine modified pH (low) insertion peptide could efficiently target and incorporate onto various cell surfaces in tumor tissue, such as cancer cells, vascular endothelial cells, and tumor‐associated fibroblasts. The “receptor‐like” tetrazine groups with a large amount and homogeneous intratumoral distribution could then serve as the baits to greatly amplify the tumor‐targeting ability of indocyanine green (ICG)‐loaded and trans‐cyclooctene (TCO)‐conjugated human serum albumin (HSA) nanoparticles (TCO‐HSA‐ICG NPs) via iEDDA after the second intravenous injection. Compared with the passive enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and traditional active targeting approaches, the targeting performance and photothermal therapeutic effect based on the two‐step strategy are significantly enhanced, while no notable toxicity is observed. As acidity is a characteristic of solid tumor, the two‐step strategy can serve as a universal and promising modality for safe and high‐performance nanoparticle‐based antitumor therapy.
Perspectives on Accountability in Mental Health and Retardation Services

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Public mental health and mental retardation agencies are under increasing pressure to demonstrate their accountability in fiscal, legal, program, and other areas. The author discusses some of the problems and issues in pinpointing accountability and identifies eight areas of accountability-to patients, to program and management staff, to a chief executive, to a legislative body, to the public, to one's profession, and to one's self. He describes ways in which accountability can be demonstrated and emphasizes that, for mental health professionals, the overriding issue in accountability must be the provision of high-quality care and treatment for the mentally ill and mentally retarded.