jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Graphene nanosheet synthesis by oxygen and hydrogen enriched decomposition of ethanol in microwave plasma torch discharge

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the present work, a decomposition of ethanol vapours in microwave plasma torch discharge at atmospheric pressure conditions was investigated. The discharge was driven by a microwave generator set to standard frequency of 2.45 GHz, using microwave power from 140 to 350 W. Microwave line was terminated with an exchangeable dual channel carbon nozzle, allowing us to separately sustain the plasma by argon gas (220 - 920 sccm) flowing through the central (axial) channel and initiate synthesis by introduction of ethanol vapours (4 - 20 sccm) carried by argon (300 – 1400 sccm) through secondary channel (annulus). Ethanol molecule provides appropriate ratio of C, H and O atoms for graphene nanosheet synthesis. Disrupting the balance by addition of small amount (1 – 10 sccm) of molecular admixtures (O2 and H2), we were able to study the crucial parameters governing the assembly of carbon species into preferred graphene nanosheet structures. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was used to identify the nucleation density of active species such as C2 and C in the plasma and determination of neutral gas temperature approximated from rotational temperatures obtained by simulation of CN rotational spectra. To obtain more detailed information about the material structure Raman spectroscopy and XPS were used. The morphology of synthesized nanostructures was studied by SEM. Addition of oxygen to the process of ethanol decomposition has led to minor effect on the properties of graphene material however, hydrogen admixture had more significant impact on the plasma chemistry of MW discharge and synthesized carbon nanomaterial. Amount of graphene nanopowder decreases with oxygen admixture due to formation of CO in plasma.
The emergence and implications of a mental health ethos in juvenile justice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Study of the interaction of mental health and justice systems tends to focus on the ways that the respective realms inadvertently ‘capture’ each other's target populations. There has been little research into a system‐level analysis that can answer questions about how styles, organising principles and institutional values of one system relate to and are sometimes incorporated by the other. This paper reconsiders juvenile de‐institutionalisation in Massachusetts to document the emergence of a mental health ethos in the state's juvenile justice system of community‐based treatment. The emergence of this ethos superficially bears out an influential thesis in the sociology of punishment that penal practice has now become charactised by an amoral actuarialism. A more sophisticated criminological awareness of developments in mental health and the sociology of medicine would show how a mental health ethos might instead be understood to challenge the actuarial thesis, by providing a framework that reconciles the traditional aims of retribution and rehabilitation in punishment.
Candida Chorioamnionitis in Mothers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Report of Two Cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background:Candida chorioamnionitis is rarely encountered, even though vulvovaginal candidiasis incidence is about 15%. Interestingly, it has characteristic gross and histological findings on the umbilical cord that are not to be missed. Case Report: We report two cases of Candida chorioamnionitis with presence of multiple yellowish and red spots of the surface of the umbilical cord. Microscopically, these consist of microabscesses with evidence of fungal yeasts and pseudohyphae. The yeasts and pseudohyphae were highlighted by periodic acid– Schiff and Grocott methenamine silver histochemical stains. Both cases were associated with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Discussion: Peripheral funisitis is a characteristic feature of Candida chorioamnionitis. It is associated with high risk of adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes, such as preterm delivery, stillbirth and neonatal death. We recommend careful examination of the umbilical cord of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus.
THE ROLE AND TIMING OF SURGERY FOR CRYPTORCHIDISM*

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The higher the testis resides above the scrotum, the more dysgenetic the morphology is likely to be. High testes are rarely responsive to HCG and should be treated by orchidopexy by the age of 2–3 years. The undescended testis does not mature normally after the age of 2 years and may produce adverse effects on the contralateral descended testis, possibly by an auto‐immune mechanism. A course of HCG for boys with low‐lying undescended testes, both unilateral and bilateral, may produce descent in as many as 15% of patients and may make the technical aspects of orchidopexy easier in those who do not respond. Unilateral cryptorchid testes that are dysplastic or located high should generally be removed before adolescence.
EGFR mutations detected by high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA) as a predictor of response and survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients treated with gefitinib

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

7075 Background: Recent studies have shown that EGFR mutations, mainly deletions in exon 19 (DEL) and L858R, are associated with gefitinib sensitivity in patients (pts) with NSCLC. We established a new easy method, using high-resolution melting analysis (HRMA), for detecting DEL and L858R mutations even from small biopsy or cytology samples, and evaluated the significance of EGFR mutations in NSCLC on a larger scale. Methods: Among 364 advanced or recurrent NSCLC pts treated with gefitinib between Jul 2002 and Dec 2004, HRMA was performed in 207 pts from whom specimens were available. DNA extracted from the archival tissue or cytology samples not subjected to microdissection was analyzed to detect DEL and L858R using HR-1 (Idaho Technology), an HRMA device. To validate this method, the results were compared with direct sequencing data obtained from microdissected tumor cells from surgical specimens in 66 pts. Results: Tissue/cytology/both samples were analyzed in 91/77/39 pts. EGFR mutations were detected in 85 (41%; DEL/L858R: 49/36) of the 207 pts. In the comparison with direct sequencing, consistent results were obtained from all of the 66 tissue samples, while false negative results were obtained in 2 of the 28 cytology samples. EGFR mutations were seen more frequently in women (54% vs. 31%; P = .001), never-smokers (53% vs. 32%; P = .002), and pts with adenocarcinoma (44% vs. 11%; P = .007). CR/PR/SD/PD was observed in 2/64/11/8 pts with EGFR mutations and in 0/10/23/89 pts with wild-type EGFR. The response rate (78% vs. 8%), time to progression (median, 9.1 vs. 1.6 months) and overall survival (median, 19.9 vs. 9.1 months) were all significantly superior in pts with EGFR mutations (P < .0001). Minor response and/or long SD (>6 months) was observed more frequently in SD pts with EGFR mutations than in those with wild-type EGFR (91% vs. 26%; P < .001). Among the pts with EGFR mutations, the response rate was significantly higher in the pts with DEL than in those with L858R (86% vs. 67%; P = .037). Conclusions: HRMA is a practical and precise method to detect DEL and L858R mutations. EGFR mutations strongly predict a better response and longer survival in NSCLC pts treated with gefitinib. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Evaluation of the NBS unit of resistance based on a computable capacitor

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An evaluation of the unit of resistance maintained at the National Bureau of Standards, based on the prototype standards of length and time, is described. The evaluation is based on a nominally one-picofarad capacitor whose value may be calculated from its mechanical dimensions to high accuracy. This capacitor is used to calibrate an 0.01-microfarad capacitor. A frequency-dependent bridge involving this capacitor establishes the value of a 104-ohm resistor. Comparison of that resistor with the bank of one-ohm resistors maintaining the NBS unit of resistance establishes that this unit is Ω E U = 1.00000 2 3 ohms ± 2.1 ppm . The indicated uncertainty is an estimated 50 percent error of the reported value based on the statistical uncertainty of the measurements and allowing for known sources of possible systematic errors other than in the speed of light, assuming that the speed of light c=2.997925×1010cm/sec.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS PERIODS OF SEED-DOWN TO ALFALFA AND BROMEGRASS ON SOIL NITROGEN

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Total soil nitrogen decreased substantially during the 12-year period (1954 to 1965) in a coarse-textured Chernozemic soil located at Brandon, Manitoba. The amount of nitrogen loss was related to cropping practices. The loss was 24% when the soils were continuously summerfallowed and 16% when the soil was producing alfalfa, during eight of the 12 years. Other perennial crops (bromegrass, and a mixture of bromegrass and alfalfa) had similar effects on total nitrogen to those of alfalfa. The loss of soil nitrogen was inversely proportional to the intensity of cropping during the 12-year period. The availability of soil nitrogen, as assessed for wheat production during the four-year period 1966 to 1969, was directly proportional to the intensity of cropping during 1954 to 1965, and was increased by alfalfa production. The total nitrogen absorbed by three crops of wheat was closely related to the amount of nitrate nitrogen in the soil to a depth of 122 cm at the beginning of the three years of production. It was not related to total soil nitrogen. The protein content of the grain was related to intensity of cropping and alfalfa production. The change in the amount of nitrogen in the amino acid, hexosamine, ammonia, and unidentified fractions of an acid hydrolysate of these soils was proportional to the change in total soil nitrogen. It did not appear to be related to changes in available nitrogen as measured by soil nitrate, plant nitrogen absorption or nitrate released on aerobic incubation.
A relationship between papaincatalyzed aminolysis of ethyl hippurate by amino acid esters and their incorporation into ovalbumin hydrolysate during the plastein reaction.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

(1979). A Relationship between Papaincatalyzed Aminolysis of Ethyl Hippurate by Amino Acid Esters and Their Incorporation into Ovalbumin Hydrolysate during the Plastein Reaction. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry: Vol. 43, No. 5, pp. 1147-1148.
Directed cardiomyocte generation from human pluripotent stem cells using a chemically defined protocol (GiWi2) v1

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The GSK3 inhibitor and Wnt inhibitor, named GiWi2, are utilized for robust differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into cardiomyocytes under serum-free and growth factor-free conditions. This differentiation protocol, developed previously by Dr. Xiaojun Lian (Nat Methods. 2015 Jul; 12(7): 595–596), applies two small molecules at precise developmental stages to sequentially promote mesoderm formation and ventricular cardiomyocyte (vCM) specification. The protocol produces 88–98% cTnT+ cells with yields exceeding 1×10^6 cardiomyocytes/cm² across multiple human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. The resulting cardiomyocytes exhibit spontaneous contraction for over eight months, demonstrating their functionality and long-term viability.
The effect of radiation source distance to the scintillation detector based on Monte Carlo simulation

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The variation of the source distance to the detector causes a change in the count value. The aims were to study the effect of source distance variation to a detector. This research simulated count value detected by the scintillator detector with a variety of distance to the radiation source using EGSNRC tutor.3 Monte Carlo. The Energy of 60 Co radiation source was modeled monoenergetic, so energies 1.17 MeV and 1.33 MeV are handled separately. The geometry of this source was assumed to be the point source. The simulated medium was divided into three regions, vacuum, scintillation detector, and vacuum. The range of detector distance variated from 5 to 9.5 cm from the source and used 10 9 particles. The cut-off Energy for electrons 0.512 MeV and photons 0.01 MeV. The output score energy deposited in the scintillation detector. The count value for each region was analyzed and compared. The changes of distance from 5 cm to (5.5, 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5) caused an increase of a count in the Compton area of 5.1%, 27.1%, 35.9%, and 44.6%, respectively. While in the photopeak area there was a decrease of 2.7%, 12.2%, 15.8%, and 19.0%, respectively. There was a change in count value on the distance variation caused by the quantity of source changed. The detector captures less quantity in the photopeak area.
Can an Anarchist Have a Moral Duty to Obey the Law?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter argues that there can be a duty to obey the law of anarchy. It distinguishes between political obligation—the duty to obey the state—and the duty to obey the law, which, as the preceding chapter demonstrates, need not be created by the state. When the law is created by the evolutionary forces of the customary and common law, the law can bind individuals without subjecting them to the conscious control of any other human beings. This implies that there can be a meaningful conception of the rule of law when the law consists of customary law or common law. This, in turn, implies that there can be a well-grounded ethical duty to obey the law.
Ritodrin Hidroklorid’in Karaciğer Fonksiyon Tastleri Ve Karacaiğerin Histolojik Yapısı Üzerine Etkileri

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

SUMMARYTHE EFFECTS OF RITODRINE ON THE HISTOLOGIC STRUCTURE AND LİVER FUNCTION TESTSThe study was performed on 28 adult female rats, 9 were in K group, 9 were in Dj group and 10 were in D2 group. For 14 days, 1 cc SF to the rats in K group, 1 mg ritodrine to the rats in D x group and 2 mg ritodrine to the rats in D2 group were injected intramuscularly once a day. The day after the last injection, liver biopsies and 2 cc intracardiac blood samples were taken from the rats. In the liver function tests of Di and D2 groups significant increases were found compared to the K group. In the histopatologic examinations of liver biopsies, reactive hepatitis was found in 3 cases of Di group and in 6 cases of D 2 group. Submassive hepatic necrosis was found in 1 case of D2 group.ÖZETÇalışmamızda, ritodrin hidrokloridin, karaciğer fonksiyon test¬leri ve karaciğerin histolojik yapısı üzerindeki etkileri araş¬tırıldı» Çalışma, kontrol (K) grubunda 9» birinci denek (t»1 )gru¬bunda 9, ikinci denek (D 2) grubunda 10 olmak üzere toplam 28 adet erişkin dişi sıçan üzerinde yapıldı. Ondört gün süre ile K grubundaki sıçanlara 1 cc SF, Dj. grubundaki sıçanlara 1 mg ritodrin, D 2 grubundaki ratlara 2 mg ritodrin İM yolla günde bir kez uygulandı. Son enjeksiyonun ertesi günü, sıçanlardan 2 cc intrakardiyak kan ve karaciğer biyopsisi alındı. K grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında, D i ve D2 grubunun karaciğer fonksiyon testlerinde önemli artışlar saptandı„ Karaciğer biyopsilerinin histopatolojik incelemesinde, Dx grubunda 3, Dg grubunda 6 olgu¬da reaktif hepatit, 1 olguda ise submasif hepatik nekroz görüldü.
For 19-month-olds, what happens on-screen stays on-screen

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Humans rely extensively on external representations such as drawings, maps, and animations. While animations are widely used in infancy research, little is known about how infants interpret them. In this study, we asked whether 19-month-olds take what they see on a screen to be happening here and now, or whether they think that on-screen events are decoupled from the immediate environment. In Experiments 1-3, we found that infants did not expect a falling animated ball to end up in boxes below the screen, even though they could track the ball (i) when the ball was real or (ii) when the boxes were also part of the animation. In Experiment 4, we tested whether infants think of screens as spatially bounded physical containers that do not allow objects to pass through. When two location cues were pitted against each other, infants individuated the protagonist of an animation by its virtual location (the animation to which it belonged), not by its physical location (the screen on which the animation was presented). Thus, 19-month-olds reject animation-reality crossovers but accept the depiction of the same animated environment on multiple screens. These results are consistent with the possibility that 19-month-olds interpret animations as external representations.
Multimodality approach to a big defect of the abdominal wall

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim. Abdominal wound dehiscence is common, usually resulting from laparotomies associated with contamination and necrosis. Dehiscences are managed by controlling the infection and local wound toilet, until local conditions at the site allow for wound closure. When this is not feasible, healing is by secondary intention. The objective of our study was to find a simple and reproducible method for abdominal wall reconstruction after trauma. Methods. This paper describes our experience in four cases of post-trauma reconstruction of complex abdominal wall defects by means of skin expansion associated with the use of a prosthetic mesh to repair the fascial defects. Results. In the cases described, we found a method for restoring abdominal wall integrity, with the use of skin expansion and a mesh for fascial closure. Tissue expansion has the advantage of ensuring a well vascularised and innervated autologous tissue reconstruction. Conclusion. This method was simple and had good clinical, functional and aesthetic results, achieving reconstructions with a long term stability and patients' satisfaction.
Elliptical metallic hollow fiber inner-coated with non-uniform dielectric layer

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

We report on the fabrication and characterization of an elliptical hollow fiber inner coated with a silver layer and a dielectric layer for polarization maintaining and low loss transmission of terahertz (THz) radiation. The primary purpose of adding the dielectric layer is to prevent the silver layer from oxidation. The thickness of the dielectric layer is non-uniform owing to the surface tension of the coating, which was initially applied as a liquid. Transmission loss and polarization maintenance are experimentally characterized. Effects of the dielectric layer on transmission properties are analyzed by comparing the fiber to Ag-only fiber. Results show that a dielectric layer with thickness less than λ/10 can effectively decreases the power distributed on the metal surface and thus can practically reduce loss resulting from roughness of the silver layer. Bending effects on transmission loss and polarization maintenance are also investigated.
Lissodendrins A and B: 2‐Aminoimidazole Alkaloids from the Marine Sponge Lissodendoryx (Acanthodoryx) fibrosa

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Chemical investigatio n of the Indonesian sponge Lissodendoryx (Acanthodoryx) fibrosa yielded the new 2‐aminoimidazole alkaloids lissodendrins A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ). Their structures were unambiguously determined by extensive NMR spectroscopic ( 1 H, 13 C, ROESY and long‐range HMBC) studies and mass spectrometric (HRESIMS/MS) data. Lissodendrins A ( 1 ) and B ( 2 ) possess unprecedented skeletons with the latter compound bearing a ( p ‐hydroxyphenyl)glyoxal moiety, which is rarely encountered in natural products. A plausible biosynthetic pathway for these new metabolites is proposed.
Culture in prison: an European overview

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This comprehensive outline of culture in prisons in the EuropeanUnion starts by providing the essential background information on legislation; it then goes on to highlight the art forms most frequently practiced in European prisons, along with their educational value in terms of promoting self-confidence and personal enrichment, and developing the social skills required for a successful re-integration in society. There are two preconditions, however, for these activities to be fully effective: the quality of cultural offer (entrusted to artists and professionals) and the creation of ad hoc spaces inside prisons. In economic terms, the value of culture in prison essentially lies in promoting changes in the personal agency of inmates and ex-inmates, which ultimately leads to higher desistance rates and lower prison overcrowding. The issues of funding streams and the remuneration of prisoners for their cultural work are also considered. The final part of the article provides an overview of cultural policies in prisons in England, Spain, Italy, Belgium and, more in detail, in France, where inter-institutional partnerships are particularly well developed.
On the Rejection of Morality: Bernard Williams's Debt to Nietzsche

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

That there is some connection between Bernard Williams's views on morality and Nietzsche's has long seemed clear. The most obvious point of comparison is that both thinkers are opponents of morality. Nietzsche presents himself as an "immoralist" – a term he claims for himself as a "symbol and badge of honor," one that "distinguishes [him] from the whole of humanity" (EH IV:6). Although Williams makes no comparable claim for himself, his abolitionist stance toward morality is suggested by the title of the final chapter of his 1985 Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy – "Morality, the Peculiar Institution" – which applies to morality the epithet given to slavery in the antebellum South. What has not been so clear is whether Williams's reasons for advocating the abolition of morality are indebted to Nietzsche's, or even very similar to them. The debt and similarity may seem minimal at best. After all, Williams's tone and vocabulary for talking about morality and his focus on moral obligation place him squarely in the tradition of English moral philosophy, which seems far removed from Nietzsche's concerns. And the most obvious debt of his critique of morality is to Elizabeth Anscombe. This suggests that, far from drawing his objections to morality from Nietzschean sources, Williams may not even be using "morality" to refer to the same thing that Nietzsche's immoralism rejects.
Comparison of Physiological Traits between ‘Chuanqiao No.3’ and ‘Chuanqiao No.4’ under Salt Stress

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two Fagopyrum tataricum varieties‘Chuanqiao No.3'and ‘Chuanqiao No.4'were used as experimental materials, and the effects of different concentrations of NaCl stress on physiological traits of buckwheat seedlings were studied. The results showed that the plasma permeability of leaves in‘Chuanqiao No.3'was significantly increased, while that in‘Chuanqiao No.4'was not significant changed under the low concentration(50 m mol·L-1) of salt stress, and the SOD activity of leaves in‘Chuanqiao No.4'was significantly higher than that in the control, which indicated that the low salinity had promoting effect on SOD activity of leaves in‘Chuanqiao No.4'. Under the high concentration(150 m mol·L-1) of salt stress, the plasma permeability and MDA content of leaves in two Fagopyrum tataricum varieties were all significantly increased, and they increased more in‘Chuanqiao No.3'. The roots vigor, activity of SOD and APX of two Fagopyrum tataricum varieties were all significantly decreased, and that of‘Chuanqiao No.3'decreased more. It indicated that the salt tolerance of‘Chuanqiao No.4'was obviously higher than that of ‘Chuanqiao No.3'.