jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Art of Evidence-Based Child Psychiatry

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Now that the principles and practice of evidence-based medicine (EBM) have become the cornerstone of clinical practice, there appears to be a mounting backlash both in peer-reviewed articles1–,4 and in the medical popular press.5–,6 A common criticism is that evidence cannot be applied to individual situations since each patient is unique. Related to this is the concern that the systematic search and appraisal of the evidence and its application to individual patients take the “art out of clinical practice”. EBM is often seen as simply a “cookbook approach to solving clinical problems”. In this editorial, I will argue that this criticism is a caricature of both evidence-based medicine and of artistic endeavour and is logically inconsistent. Moreover, I will make the point that the only ethical practice in child psychiatry is one that uses the principles of evidence-based medicine.

For most of its history, child psychiatric practice was based on theories of child development as articulated by Freud, Erikson, Baldwin, and others. Starting with a conception of “normal” child development, there was an attempt to show how deviations from healthy child development became associated with psychopathology and how understanding these deviations could be used to devise treatment strategies. These strategies often involved working with the child alone, with the parent alone, or with some combination (family therapy). Clinical decisions based on theories of child development represented hypothetical accounts used to predict future events, in this case, response to treatment. There was no appreciation that hypothetical accounts need to be empirically tested. This is analogous to the situation in clinical medicine where findings from “normal” physiology were used to develop treatments that could be applied to patients with a particular disease. The paradigm shift associated with evidence-based medicine …
Topological optimization algorithm for HAP assisted multi-unmanned ships communication

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In the formation network of unmanned ship (USV), link interval distance and channel interference can lead to increased transport delays and decreased network throughput. Therefore, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is introduced to carry out cooperative communication with unmanned ship, to construct an integrated network mechanism of air and sea assisted by UAV. An integrated communication network for terrestrial, sea and high- altitude platform (TSHP) is proposed. Comprehensive consideration the switching cost caused by node movement and link interruption, and the overhead generated by the transmitted power at the node and the link interference factors are also considered. The problem of node access mechanism can be formalized as an optimization problem under multiple constraints. The reinforcement learning strategy is integrated into the basic whale optimization algorithm, the fast convergence and optimization capability of the algorithm are improved. The optimal transmission rate, packet arrival rate and average D2D delay of the link are calculated. Simulation results show that the proposed node access mechanism can effectively improve data transfer rate, average D2D delay and network throughput.
Phasic dopamine release identification using ensemble of AlexNet

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Dopamine (DA) is an organic chemical that influences several parts of behaviour and physical functions. Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) is a technique used for in vivo phasic dopamine release measurements. The analysis of such measurements, though, requires notable effort. In this paper, we present the use of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for the identification of phasic dopamine releases.
Human Retinal Photoreceptor-Inspired Sensor with Adjustable Gain from 0.1–106 and Wide Dynamic Range Over 140dB

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Inspired by a human retina, we report on a sensor that is formed by a photodiode-body-biased MOSFET (PD-MOSFET). Study suggests that the proposed sensor behaves similarly to a human retinal photoreceptor in terms of photosensing functionalities with a gain tunable from 0.1 to 10 6 , a dynamic range of >140dB in a broad spectral range from 400nm to 1000nm.
Exogenous Abscisic Acid Confers Salinity Tolerance in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii During Its Life Cycle

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) coordinates responses to environmental signals with developmental changes and is important for stress resilience and crop yield. However, fundamental questions remain about how this phytohormone affects microalgal growth and stress regulation throughout the different stages of their life cycle. In this study, the effects of ABA on the physiology of the freshwater microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii at its different life cycle stages were investigated. Exogenously added ABA enhanced the growth and photosynthesis of C. reinhardtii during the vegetative stage. The hormone also increased the tolerance of this alga to high‐salinity stress during gamete formation under nutrient depletion, as well as it extended their survival. We show that the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the ABA‐treated cells was significantly less than that in the untreated cells under inhibiting NaCl concentrations. Cell size examination showed that ABA prevents cells from forming palmella when exposed to high salinity. All together, these results suggest that ABA can support the vitality and survival of C. reinhardtii under high salt conditions.
RESULT OF TREATMENT FOR SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOME OF HYPOPHARYNX

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1994年1月から2004年3月の約10年間に当科で入院加療を行った下咽頭扁平上皮癌74例について検討した。各主治医により治療法を選択されていた1994年1月から2000年5月までの43例をA群，早期手術を主とした治療を行った2000年6月以降の31例をB群とした。この治療方針の変更が治療成績にどのように影響したかについて検討を行った。両群間に年齢，性別，発生亜部位，病期分類による差は認めなかった。原発巣に対する手術はA群で62.8%，B群で83.9%であった。統計学的に有意差を認めなかったがA群全体の3年生存率は43.8%，B群全体の3年生存率は70.5%とB群の生存率が高い傾向があった。Stage IIIの症例ではA群の3年生存率は41.7%，B群の3年生存率は85.7%と大きな差を認めた。今後，化学放射線治療等の機能温存療法との治療成績の比較の参考となると考える。
Cutaneous Manifestations of the Reticuloendothelial Granulomas

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The Cutaneous Manifestations of the Benign Inflammatory Reticuloses.

By Samuel M. Bluefarb, BS, MD, FACP. Price, $14. Pp. 408, with many illustrations. Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 321-327 E Lawrence Ave, Springfield, Ill, 1960.

Leukemia Cutis.

By Samuel M. Bluefarb, BS, MD, FACP. Price, $18.50. Pp. 489, with 170 illustrations. Charles C Thomas, Publisher, 321-327 E Lawrence Ave, Springfield, Ill, 1960. Dermatologists interested in internal medicine and internists who find fascination in lesions of the skin or who may find them merely extraordinarily puzzling can all profit greatly from a careful study of these three books which Bluefarb has added to his already well-known contributions in the field of cutaneous manifestations of systemic diseases. He has written particularly about rare diseases or those so uncommon that one would have to have an almost obsessive devotion to the problem to collect enough information to warrant sensible generalizations. With specialization tending to pull
What is the test-retest reliability of the Malay version of the Hypertension Self-Care Profile self efficacy assessment tool? A validation study in primary care

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives Self-efficacy and self-care measures are key attributes to optimal control of essential hypertension. Self-efficacy can be measured by the Hypertension Self-Care Profile (HTN-SCP) tool but its utility is dependent on the literacy and understanding of the subjects. A Malay version of the HTN-SCP Tool was developed to assess self-efficacy of Malay-literate patients with hypertension in the multi-ethnic Asian population in Singapore. The study aimed to determine the test-retest reliability of this tool which has been translated in Malay language. Methods and Material 145 Malay-literate patients, aged 41-70 years, with essential hypertension were recruited in a polyclinic (primary care clinic) in Singapore. Forty-three percent of them completed both the first and second HTN SCP tool online, with a period of two weeks in between. The Cronbach’s alpha and Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were computed to assess its test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Results The Cronbach’s alpha/ICC for “Behavior” (0.851/0.664)), “Motivation” (0.928/0.655) and “Self-efficacy” (0.945/0.682) domains showed high internal consistency, fair to good reliability and stability. No floor or ceiling effect was found for the "behavior" and "motivation" domains. However, the borderline ceiling effect (15.2) for "self-efficacy" suggested limited discriminating power of the tool for patients with high self-efficacy. Positive association was shown between the HTN-SCP score and reported self-care measures but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion Overall, the translated HTN-SCP tool showed satisfactory test-retest reliability and internal consistency amongst the Malay-literate study population. Further research is needed for its application in general practice to identify patients with low self-efficacy for possible intervention.
Dysprosium nanoparticles synthesized by alkalide reduction

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Dy nanoparticles have been produced at subambient temperature by alkalide reduction. In the bulk, Dy is ferromagnetic below 89 K. In contrast, the nanoparticles' magnetization is blocked below ∼9 and ∼20 K for unheated and samples annealed at 1000 °C for 4 h, respectively. This behavior is consistent with a reduction in Tc due to finite size effects. Magnetization is linearly dependent on field at temperatures higher than ∼6 times TB and shows remanence-free hysteresis at lower temperature. Magnetic entropy curves generated from magnetization data are consistent with that expected for a paramagnet, yielding large values at low temperature due to the high effective moment of Dy.
Variational Solutions for Eigenvalues of Single and Coupled Lamé Equations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The approach of Taylor & Arscott for the evaluation of eigenvalues for singly periodic Lamé equations is modified by truncating the infinite matrix representing Hill's equation to finite size. For two separate Lamé equations with a common separation constant A and a linear relation between their eigenvalues, A is found by Newton's method; the required derivatives are expressed as expectation values. Truncation to five or six rows is adequate for most practical purposes. The results of Taylor for the delta wing problem are verified for small A, but for larger values of A perturbation expansions are shown to lead to quantitatively and qualitatively erroneous results.
On the permittivity of a suspension of charged spherical particles in an electrolyte

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A simple model is presented that allows one to solve a problem originally considered by Schwarz (1962). It is assumed that a particle is surrounded by a thin layer of counter ions, which neutralise it, and by a diffused non-neutral cloud of ions. The counter-ion layer is not considered to be insulated, unlike in the Schwarz model, and both normal and tangential conduction and diffusion currents are taken into account. The main difference with recent works on this subject by Fixman (1983) and by Chew (1984) is that instead of dealing with a complex situation that has no analytical solution, the authors deal with a simple model that can be solved exactly. This makes it easy to understand the behaviour of the system. The results obtained to zeroth order in the quotient between the counter-ion layer thickness and the particle radius show that the giant static permittivity value has its origin in the non-neutrality of the diffusion cloud.
Review of Current Trends and Uses of Machine Learning for Discrete Acoustic Emission Interpretation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Acoustic Emission (AE) is a well-established and recognised technique for monitoring the degradation of a variety of structures. It is used in a variety of applications, including fatigue monitoring, corrosion monitoring, or detection of pressure leaks. As sensors evolve and databases grow, analysis allows for a better interpretation and understanding of phenomena. Specifically, the usage of Machine Learning (ML) algorithms has proven to be a major tool for interpreting signals. This paper reviews the current usage of ML algorithms used in major Acoustic Emission applications to interpret damage mechanisms, exploring how ML allows the study of more complex phenomena and structures, discussing the conditions, precautions and limitations to its usage as well as future prospects and potentials.
Resource Letter: Synthesis of the elements in stars

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This Resource Letter provides a guide to the literature on the field of nuclear astrophysics, and particularly the origin of the elements. Nuclear astrophysics is a multidisciplinary field that aims at understanding where everything we see around us comes from and how it came to be. Astronomical observations, astrophysics modeling, and nuclear physics experiment and theory come together to answer important questions like: Where and how are the elements created? How do stars evolve? What drives the different types of stellar explosions? What is left behind after the cataclysmic death of a star? This Resource Letter presents our current understanding of the origin of the various chemical elements, together with modern research and new developments in the field, with a particular focus on the measurement of nuclear properties for astrophysical applications.
Welfare Policy and Income Distribution: the Finnish Experience in the 1990s

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article contrasts economic, employment and social policies of Finnish governments with data on income distribution and poverty for the period 1990-2000. The starting point of the article is the heavy economic recession in the 1990s, which, accompanied with political judgements, resulted in a shift of emphasis in social policy.To start with, the article situates Finland on the map of Europe with the help of most recent Eurostat data on social protection expenditure and poverty. In the light of comparative data Finland still performs well in the international scene, but nevertheless shows increases in relative poverty rates and income differentials. The article then seeks to find explanations to these increases. First, the authors document the main economic, employment and social policy aims of Finnish governments in the 1990s and bring forward some of the essential modifications made to the income transfer system. Second, the authors estimate the impact of political choices in the development of income differences and poverty.The authors argue policies have been a success when it comes to economic progress and public finances. For employment, judging success is more ambiguous: while employment has increased, unemployment remains a challenge. Moreover, assessing their social costs, efforts to increase employment via incentives have only been partly successful. While cuts in social benefits and overall efforts to modify incentives have increased employment and reduced the extent of income traps, policy changes have also contributed to wider income differences and higher poverty rates.
Dengue vector control and surveillance during a major outbreak in a coastal Red Sea area in Sudan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

An unprecedented dengue outbreak occurred in 2010 in Port Sudan city, Sudan. Dengue incidence was 94 cases per 10 000 observed over 17 epidemiological weeks (total cases = 3 765). We report here the impact of the vector control response plan to the outbreak, which mainly entailed house inspection and insecticide space spraying. In total 3 048 houses were inspected during vector surveillance and 19 794 larvae and 3 240 pupae of Aedes aegypti were collected. Entomological indices decreased during the period: house index declined from 100% to 16% (F= 57.8, P < 0.001) and pupal/person (P/P) index from 0.77 to 0.10 (F= 3.06, P < 0.01) in weeks 9 and 21 respectively. This decline was accompanied by a decrease in cases from a peak of 341 cases in week 13 to zero in week 29 and the end of the outbreak. There was a significant correlation between the entomological parameters and dengue incidence (R2 = 0.83, F= 23.9, P < 0.001). Integrated epidemiological and vector surveillance is essential to an effective dengue control programme
The Distribution of Indexes of Person Fit within the Computerized Adaptive Testing Environment

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The extent to which a trait estimate (6) represents the underlying latent trait of interest can be estimated by using indexes of person fit. Several statistical methods for indexing person fit have been proposed to identify nonmodel-fitting response vectors, including the lz (Drasgow, Levine, & Williams, 1985) and ECI4z (Tatsuoka, 1984) indexes (see Nering, 1996). These two person-fit indexes have generally been found to follow a standard normal distribution for conventionally administered tests (Birenbaum, 1985, 1986; Drasgow, Levine, & McLaughlin, 1987, 1991). The present investigation found that within the context of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) these indexes tended not to follow a standard normal distribution. As the item pool became less discriminating, as the CAT termination criterion became less stringent and as the number of items in the pool decreased, the distributions of lz and ECI4z approached a standard normal distribution. It was determined that under these conditions the kz and ECI4z distributions approached standard normal distributions because more items were being administered. However, even when over 50 items were administered in a CAT the indexes of person fit were distributed in a fashion that was different from what was expected.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Heterocyclic Skeletons via Organoiron Complexes. Crystal and Molecular Structure of (5a,6,7,8,9,9a‐η6‐1,4‐Benzoxathiino‐(3,2‐b)pyridine)(η5‐cyclopentadieny# l)iron Hexafluorophosphate.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The cyclopentadienyliron o‐dichlorobenzene complex (I) reacts with the 2,3‐difunctionalized pyridines (II), forming the cyclocondensation products (III) which are thermally decomplexed to yield the tricyclic heterocycles (IV).
New metaphors for a visual query language

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Metaphors have been proved useful in facilitating learning and using an operating system or various other tools. The paper shows, through the VISTA(/sup */) query language, the benefits of using metaphors in the field of database querying by end users. Within VISTA, metaphors help in visualizing concepts of the object-oriented semantic data model and in facilitating the expression of operations known to be difficult. The user is placed in a room and querying consists of direct and natural manipulations on objects of this room. Moreover, VISTA brings an answer to problems such as set comparison and combination, explicit joins, universal quantification, and graphic congestion. Another benefit of this work lies in the implementation of the user interface in an industrial setting.
Faculty of 1000 evaluation for A phase 1 open-label trial shows that smad7 antisense oligonucleotide (GED0301) does not increase the risk of small bowel strictures in Crohn's disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Read the full review for this Faculty Opinions recommended article: A phase 1 open-label trial shows that smad7 antisense oligonucleotide (GED0301) does not increase the risk of small bowel strictures in Crohn’s disease.
Influence of Vasoactive Substances on Early Toxic Acute Renal Failure in the Dog

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The influence of different vasoactive substances on the evolution of HgCl2-induced acute renal failure (ARF) was evaluated in the dog. HgCl2 alone caused a progressive fall in both glomerular filtration (GFR) and renal blood flow (RBF) during the first 3 h of the mercury administration (Δ after 3 h:−44% and −39%) and provoked a concomitant stimulation of the renin-angiotensin (RAS) and thromboxane systems. The administration of the thromboxane inhibitor dazoxiben (2 mg/kg i.v. every 2 h) adequately inhibited the activation of the thromboxane system after HgCl2, but could not prevent the fall in GFR and RBF. The continuous intrarenal administration of the Ca2+ entry blocker verapamil (0.005 mg/kg per min) into the left kidney resulted in the prevention of the postmercurial fall in GFR and RBF at the perfusion site. This beneficial effect was immediately lost when the verapamil administration was stopped. Finally, the administration of the converting enzyme inhibitor captopril (300 μg/kg every 2 h) resulted in an effective inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system. the prevention of the postmercurial fall in RBF, and the partial attenuation of the fall in GFR. This beneficial effect was immediately lost after the intravenous administration of indomethacin (2 mg/kg). These results indicate that the fall in GFR after HgCl2 can be prevented by vasoactive agents such as captopril and verapamil and point at least in part to a pathophysiological role of the renin-angiotensin system or of an alteration in the equilibrium between renin-angiotensin and prostaglandins. The thromboxane system is seemingly of no major importance.
The implementation of innovative computer technologies into academic studies of future translators

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

ВПРОВАДжЕННЯ ІННОВАцІйНИх КОМП'ЮТЕРНИх ТЕхНОЛОГІй У ПРОцЕС НАВЧАННЯ МАйБУТНІх ПЕРЕКЛАДАЧІВ У статті розглянуто вивчення іноземної мови за допомогою
In vivo Microbial Diversity Analysis on Different Surfaces of Dental Restorative Materials via 16S rDNA Sequencing

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND This study aimed to provide precise material selection guidance for proper clinical restoration and treatment of plaque-related oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four groups (n=24) of restorative material sheets (n=24) were prepared using 3M Z350 composite resin (ZR), zinc phosphate cement (ZPC), glass-ionomer (GI), and ICON permeable resin (IPR). Six volunteers wore a plaque-collection device equipped with the 4 restorative material sheets for 48 hours. Plaque samples were collected, and Miseq sequencing was applied to obtain template DNA fragments for microbial diversity analysis. The data were analyzed with nonparametric tests. RESULTS The microbial diversity on the ZPC surface was significantly lower than that on GI and IPR surfaces. The abundance of Firmicutes and Streptococcus on the ZPC surface was significantly higher than on the surfaces of GI and IPR. In contrast, the abundance of Porphyromonas on the surface of ZPC was significantly lower than that on GI and IPR surfaces. (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of the present study might serve as a basis for material selection under different oral microbial conditions to provide more accurate treatments and restorative procedures in the oral cavity.