jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Connecting Corpus Linguistics and Assessment

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

There is a growing interest both in the use of corpus linguistic methods in language assessment research and in the use of assessment in corpus linguistic research. To explore the triangulation of methods in these two research areas, this chapter has three main goals: (i) to survey the ways in which corpus linguistics and assessment research can complement each other; (ii) to demonstrate a case study where corpus linguistics is used to draw inferences to support three stages of assessment validation: scoring, generalization, and extrapolation; and (iii) to reflect on the benefits and limitations of triangulating corpus linguistics and assessment methods.
For the case study, we compiled a corpus of responses to the independent writing task on Michigan Language Assessment’s Examination for the Certificate of Proficiency in English (ECPE). We used a popular corpus-linguistic method, multi-dimensional (MD) analysis, to compare representative linguistic features of writing performances across proficiency levels and prompts. In addition, the language of the responses is compared to a reference corpus composed of first-year writing samples from composition courses. The case study demonstrates that triangulating register-based corpus linguistics and assessment research has the potential for informing both areas.
For language assessment, inferences at different validation stages can be empirically drawn from corpus studies. For scoring inferences, corpus analysis can help identify co-occurrence patterns of linguistic features that characterize different levels of performance. Regarding generalizability inferences, corpus analysis enables comparison of prompts across test forms, to examine whether different prompts elicit similar linguistic features at the same level. For extrapolation inferences, register-based language analyses can investigate relationships between linguistic features in test performances and linguistic features in the target domain.
For corpus linguistics, there is a potential to make positive changes in how reference corpora are specified and created. If we want reference corpora to represent domains of language use that test takers will be participating in during their studies or professional lives, there is a greater need to ensure balance and representativeness in corpus design. Second, assessment methods allow corpus linguists to understand the language used by speakers and writers more fully, particularly with regards to language development but also in terms of the (perceived) real-world impact of language use.
Pre-K Longitudinal Study: Findings from the 1999-2000 School Year.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Summary of Influences on Second-Grade Skills and Behaviors In this section, we summarize the influence of differences in the Pre-K and kindergarten experiences of Georgia’s children on their performance through the end of their third year of elementary education. While the analysis does present important systematic differences, other research has shown that some types of differences, specifically cognitive gains, can fade out over time and others, such as improved educational and social outcomes, may appear. For example, it appears that the effects of household income differences are becoming more significant over time. We believe that is very important to analyze the results of promotion decisions and standardized test scores that will be available as these children complete the third grade. Our emphasis in this report is on the Pre-K differences that are systematically related to fourth year performance and differences in kindergarten that may enhance or reduce any gains achieved during Pre-K. The age at which a child begins Pre-K strongly influences his/her academic and other skills from Pre-K through second grade. Children at the older range of eligibility for Pre-K score approximately 10 percent higher on all academic subjects than children who turn four just as they begin Pre-K, that is, in June, July or August immediately prior to beginning Pre-K. For children in classes with more disadvantaged students, age has an impact approximately twice as large or 20 percent higher for the September births than the June through August births. Children who were in classes with more disruptive children fare worse in all skills and behaviors except math. On average, children in classes with four disruptive children score 20 percent lower on academic performance measures than children in classes with no disruptive children. Most of these negative impacts accrue to the disruptive children themselves. A great deal of research shows that disruptive children are likely to suffer negative social and educational consequences including retention and eventually dropping-out. We plan additional analyses during the next two years to estimate the effects of disruptive children on their peers within Pre-K and kindergarten classrooms. The effectiveness of Pre-K teachers whose highest credential is the Child Development Associate (CDA) or similar credential decreases as their years of experience mounts. The effects of teachers with CDA credentials early in their careers is often positive when compared to teachers with college degrees, however, the performance of students taught by CDA holders with more than five years of experience is
Air of Freedom: the Discreet Morisco Presence in Venetian Lands

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In recent years the fortunes of the Moriscos in Venice have been placed in a more detailed context.3 In this chapter, drawing on a wider range of sources (diplomatic, chancelleresque, administrative, epistolary, investigative, criminal), as well as on other observers and fresh points of view, I shall attempt to flesh out the overall picture of this fairly obscure period in the exile of that crypto-Muslim minority. I shall follow the trails that wind through the urban space itself and Venetian possessions on the Dalmatian and Greek coasts, and as far as Istanbul—a capital sought for its reputation for religious tolerance, and for having granted privileges to the expelled Sephardim, welcomed Protestant and Armenian merchants, allowed spaces and freedoms to Orthodox Greeks, and, in particular, offered support and shelter to Moriscos.
Beyond the Collection

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is inevitable that library staff will need to respond to natural disasters and emergency situations – often with little or no advance warning. An important part of emergency planning is addressing public and staff safety prior, during, and immediately following emergencies. All libraries need to develop a comprehensive emergency plan with clear, consistent, and concise policies and procedures for staff. The plan needs to provide detailed instructions for all types of potential emergency situations and should be periodically re-evaluated and updated to address new concerns or when new information or resources become available. This chapter will discuss the process of creating an emergency plan for public and staff safety, including reviewing resources, consulting with experts, developing new policies and procedures, and disseminating the information to staff.
On matching extendability of lexicographic products

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A graph G of even order is -extendable if it is of order at least 2 + 2, contains a matching of size , and if every such matching is contained in a perfect matching of G.In this paper, we study the extendability of lexicographic products of graphs.We characterize graphs G and H such that their lexicographic product is not 1-extendable.We also provide several conditions on the graphs G and H under which their lexicographic product is 2-extendable.
Effects of varying radiation schedule, cyclophosphamide treatment, and duration of treatment in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Report to the Medical Research Council by the Working Party on Leukaemia in Childhood.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a multicentre trial of treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia the effects of three types of central nervous system prophylaxis, the inclusion of cyclophosphamide, and the total duration of chemotherapy were assessed. A schedule with a high dose of spinal irradiation (2400 rads) without intrathecal methotrexate was inferior to schedules with some (1000 rads) or no spinal irradiation but with intrathecal methotrexate. The addition of cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 given intravenously every 12 weeks was of no benefit and was possibly deleterious. There was no advantage in adding four 12-week courses of chemotherapy after eight courses (total duration two years) had been given. Girls fared significantly better than boys, the difference being only partly due to the occurrence of testicular relapse.
Shelf Life of Packed Food and Packaging Functionality

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This chapter aims to look at different decay reactions in foods from the point of view of a person searching for the proper technical parameters of a packaging system for an existing or a new product and then to give guidelines for an initial selection of packaging materials and for their subsequent optimization. The reason for shelf-life assessment, which occurs similarly in industrial practices, is that an alternative package has to be designed for an existing food product. Industrial practices and even many scientific studies limit the scope of sensory assessments to the correlation of a single-score hedonic quality indicator with a global reaction parameter, for example, the oxygen consumption by the product or its water uptake. In the quality decay of packed food, oxygen is one of the most important drivers—often in combination with visible or ultraviolet (UV) light. Oxygen molecules may also be excited to other electronic states.
The many faces of everyday musical life: Approaching music history from “below”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Is it useful to write history on everyday musical life? And how can we do it? This article introduces a historiographical concept initiated by historians such as Carlo Ginzburg, Alf L?dtke and Richard van D?lmen already in the 1970s, in an attempt to renew the writing of history. Instead of the reconstruction and interpretation of grand narratives and deep structures in society, economy and culture, these historians offer close descriptions of ?average citizens? with their daily musical routines, motivations and preferences, and the result is oft en a cluster of fascinating and wide-ranging insights into different forms of contact with music. Following this general approach, I hope to offer a panorama of everyday musical culture in Hamburg in the early eighteenth century. The sources used for this study include different musical genres such as opera, cantata and instrumental ?table music?, as well as books, newspaper reports, subscription lists, diaries, behavioural guides and archival documents. This material permits insights into the uses made of musicians such as Johann Mattheson, Georg Philipp Telemann and Reinhard Keiser, as well as into the social lives of the Hamburg citizenship.
Social Desirability Attitudes, Sex, and Affective and Cognitive Empathy as Predictors of Self-Reported Multicultural Counseling Competence

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study explored the relative contributions of social desirability attitudes, sex, and affective and cognitive empathy to self-reported multicultural counseling competence. Using the Knowledge and Awareness subscales of the Multicultural Counseling Knowledge and Awareness Scale as criterion variables, two 3-step forced entry multiple regression analyses revealed that both sex and affective and cognitive empathy were significant predictors of self-reported multicultural counseling competence. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Criterion of perturbativity with the mass-dependent beta function in extended Higgs models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In order to realize an electroweak first-order phase transition, a category of extended Higgs models with relatively large self-coupling constants is often considered. In such a scenario, the running coupling constants can blow up at an energy scale much below the Planck scale. To clarify the allowed parameter space of the model, it is important to evaluate the scale where perturbative calculation breaks down. In the renormalization group equation analysis using the mass-independent renormalization scheme, we need a matching condition to connect the low energy theory and the high energy theory. Consequently, the analysis depends on the details of the matching condition. On the other hand, an analysis with the mass-dependent beta function can be performed in a simpler way because the threshold effect is automatically included in the beta function. In this paper, using the mass-dependent beta function, we discuss the application limit of perturbative calculations at the one-loop level. First, we explain the essence of our method and compare our results with those based on the mass-independent beta function in a toy model with two complex scalar fields. We then apply our method to a more realistic model, i.e., the inert doublet model. We find that, in our method, in which the threshold effect is automatically included, the energy scale where the perturbative calculation breaks down can be higher than the one using the mass-independent beta function, especially when the blowup scale is relatively low. Published by the American Physical Society 2024
Ultracentrifuge study of critically branched polycondensates, 4. Hinge point analysis and higher average molecular weights

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Model polycondensates of 1,10‐decanediol and 1,3,5‐benzenetriacetic acid stabilised by means of diazodiphenylmethane and ketene are utilised to extend further our understanding of the critically branched state and to investigate possible contributions of the ultracentrifuge to the study of highly polydisperse macromolecules in non‐ideal, dilute solutions. By way of computerised curve fitting, the concentration gradient curve is obtained from its concentration profile in the ultracentrifuge cell. From this the weight average molecular weight M̄ 1 is calculated by the hinge point method. It is also confirmed that values of the two next higher moments of the molecular weight distribution, viz. M̄ 2/1 and M̄ 3/2 (i.e. M z and M z+1 ) can hardly be distinguished from infinity for these samples. Application of the hinge point method to systems of high polydispersity is found both theoretically and experimentally to furnish M̄ 1 after a dual extrapolation of the measured M̄ against the generalised speed parameter λ and the initial concentration c 0 . It is found theoretically that for estimation of the higher molecular weight moments, plots of M̄ M̄ and M̄ M̄ M̄ (not merely M̄ and M̄ ) must be extrapolated against the same variables, i.e. λ and c 0 . The quantitative results thus obtained are discussed in the context of previous results on these materials. They are compared with the classical theory for random f ‐functional polycondensates and statistical cut‐off effects on the high molecular weight tail of distribution are assessed.
Exploring the Extent to Which Primary Healthcare (PHC) Workers are Satisfied with the Nature of Services Provided to Clients in Abia State, Nigeria

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Primary health care (PHC) is the backbone of a health system. It refers to “essential healthcare” that is based on scientifically sound and appropriate technology. PHC is the initial point of contact with the health care system for most Nigerians. This study aimed to assess the level of satisfaction of PHC workers as regards the natures of the services provided to clients in Abia State, Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional survey design in exploring the satisfaction level of primary healthcare workers on the nature of services rendered to clients in Abia State primary healthcare centers. A semi-structured questionnaire which was self-administered was used to collect information from 486 healthcare providers in the selected PHCs across the senatorial zones studied. The educational qualification distribution of the PHCs staff in the zones showed that a good number of the participants 155 (34.9%) came from zone 1, p<0.05 and the workers included a mix of doctors, nurses, and other heathcare workers. Healthcare workers distribution in the senatorial zones showed that medical officers were only 9 (1.9%) medical officers, and this was recorded in zone 2, p<0.05. A good number 203 (43.4%) of the participants who had more years of experience were in the age group of 11-19, p<0.05. Overall, the level of satisfaction among workers and the supply of essential drugs was found to be statistically significant across Zones in Abia State.
Youth Justice, Restorative Justice and Gendered Violence — Oh My! The Rise and Rise of Offender ‘Accountability’ in Contemporary Penality

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The notion of offender 'accountability' has emerged as a key concept in contemporary penality in recent years, perhaps especially in the areas of youth justice, restorative justice, and gendered violence. However, the criminological literature offers few definitions of and little critical scholarly engagement with the meanings, aims and parameters of offender 'accountability'. This comment begins to address this gap by drawing attention to this widely used but taken-for-granted concept and starting a critical conversation about offender 'accountability'. After documenting its widespread acceptance, this comment charts some of the various meanings of the term implicit in the criminological canon. It also posits a series of questions that criminal justice scholars and professionals might consider in relation to the theoretical and practical application of offender 'accountability'. It concludes with a brief consideration of future research questions.
The relationship between <i>t</i>, <i>ξ</i> and Δ<i>π</i><sub><i>T</i></sub>.

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

<div><p>Technological innovation and the upgrading of consumer preferences have greatly accelerated the rapid development of the "new retail" omnichannel model. Meeting the personalized and seamless interactive experience expected by consumers requires integrating the advantages of both offline and online channels and expanding the integrated and intelligent omnichannel layout. This has emerged as a complex problem that the industry urgently needs to address. In order to tackle this issue, we conducted a study on a Buy-Online-and-Pick-up-in-Store (BOPS) pricing game between offline stores and e-commerce departments, considering factors such as match probability and network cost of return. Furthermore, we proposed the Buy-Online-and-Pick-up-in-Store-and-Return-Online (BORO) strategy and conducted an analysis on the variation in market share and revenue levels for both offline stores and e-commerce departments under this strategy. The results demonstrate that: (i) the omnichannel strategy of BOPS can increase the revenues of both offline stores and e-commerce departments only when the distance costs are moderate; (ii) the BORO strategy provides greater benefits to offline stores compared to e-commerce departments; and (iii) the effectiveness of the BORO strategy is influenced by factors such as match probability, distance cost, and product return. This research not only provides a theoretical foundation but also practical insights for the strategic channel management of omnichannel brand merchants.</p></div>
Hedging Canadian Feedlot Cattle Revisited

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Canadian cattle finishers who wish to hedge their production must use the U.S. futures markets. Prior research has sugggested that Canadian Cattle investors cannot successfully hedge using the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) to manage risk due to variable basis assumed to be caused in part by variable exchange rates. This article reevaluates the use of the CME by Canadian cattle investors feeding heavy feeder steers to slaughter. The study evaluates basis variability, the effect of exchange rates on basis variability and hedging effectiveness. It is shown that Alberta basis is less variable in the latter 1980s than the latter 1970s, Alberta basis is not more variable than the basis at Omaha, variance minimizing hedge ratios are similiar between Alberta and Omaha, and changes in exchange rates have little relationship with changes in Alberta basis. These results suggest that the CME has a role in risk management in Canadian cattle feeding. An historical cattle feeding simulation in Alberta during 1980 to 1989 using heavy feeder steers shows that hedging reduces risk by up to 43%. Exchange rate risk is very low and contributes less than 7% to risk. Basis makes up slightly more than 50% of risk. These results indicate that the CME can be used to manage risk for the cattle investor in Alberta although basis risk is still significant.
Questionnaire of Memory (Q-MEM): A new measure of everyday memory functioning in school-age children

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

We present a new measure of everyday memory, the Questionnaire of Memory (Q-MEM), which is specifically adapted for the ecological assessment of memory disorders in school-age children and constructed with four sections tapping effortful/intentional learning, automatic/procedural learning, prospective memory/organization, and working memory. Confirmatory Factor Analyses supported the Q-MEM’s four-factor structure in 700 five-to twelve-year-old children. The analyses also revealed a good internal reliability and a good test-retest fidelity. Finally, comparisons between Q-MEM profiles of children with learning disabilities and typically developing children revealed significant differences. Therefore, the Q-MEM is a promising measure for identifying memory problems in children.
The impact of adjustment policies on Sudan's economic growth: empirical investigation

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The paper starts by acknowledging that there is a dearth of studies on the impact of the structural adjustment policies on the Sudanese economy despite the fact that the country is one of the first African countries to adopt them. It then proceeds by using econometric techniques starting by examining the stability of the long-run growth in Sudan for the period (1960–2000) followed by co-integration and an error correction model analysis. The study found that the economic growth rate in Sudan has changed significantly despite the introduction of the adjustment policies in 1980. Moreover, investment is the most significant variable affecting growth in the long run, and non-policy factors such as weather have a significant impact on the economic growth in the short run only.
The fertilizer contribution rate (FCR), partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE) and recovery efficiency (RE) of N, P and K for wheat in different ecological regions.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>The fertilizer contribution rate (FCR), partial factor productivity (PFP), agronomic efficiency (AE) and recovery efficiency (RE) of N, P and K for wheat in different ecological regions.</p>
Special Radiographic Techniques

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

There are several radiographic methods which do not belong to the routine work of general X-ray departments, but more or less constitute exceptions. In so far as these involve specific projections and exposures which are not made as spot-films by the radiologist himself, the radiographer should refer to books on positioning to become acquainted with the technique adopted in these cases. These techniques will not be discussed here, nor will the use of special stands, e.g. for positioning the patient for skull exposures etc. In this chapter we will only discuss the other special methods, in general terms.