jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A Pathologist Views Diagnosis and Prognosis of Carcinoma of the Breast

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The surgical pathologist studies submitted tissue specimens with two objectives. The first is correct diagnosis or description. In this Symposium, the diagnosis of mammary carcinoma will be taken for granted. The histologic diagnosis is straightforward in 95 per cent of the cases, and frozen-section diagnosis with practically perfect accuracy is commonplace in interested laboratories. We shall consider the infiltrating duct carcinoma, or scirrhous carcinoma, as the prototypetumor. Unless otherwise stated, the large series quoted usually group all histologic types under the collective term, carcinoma; only occasionally are special groups described. A second objective of the pathologist is to offer relevant prognostic information based on the biopsy and whatever material may be received subsequently. Significant prognostic data are available for mammary carcinoma, and these will be presented with the following constraints in mind: 1. Individual prognosis is impossible, especially in breast carcinoma. Long as well as short survival in the face of widely disseminated metastasis is well known. We offer only the more probable paths the disease will follow, hopefully to be contradicted occasionally in the grave cases. The term “survival” is preferred to “cure” ; even a happy ten-year follow-up may end in local or distant, fatal reappearance of disease. 2. Two factors combine to determine outlook: the state of the patient and the type of therapy. This paper will discuss therapy only rarely, and the series to be offered come from institutions performing conventional radical mastectomy, usually with postoperative radiation. There is no thicker statistical jungle than that confronting the student of breast-cancer therapy: he is beset on one side by various, often undescribed, clinical selection methods, and on the other by lack of operative details (especially concerning degree of axillary excision) and radiation factors. Only recently have we begun to see studies based on clinically comparable groups treated by different methods (2). Furthermore, clinical classifications will not be used in discussion of prognostic factors; this must not be construed as an opinion that they have no value; the pathologist simply does not see many of these factors in his material (2, 3). 3. A study of survival must naturally include causes of death operating independently of the tumor: the actuarial risk of any age group. Such a survey, representative of many large series, is shown in Figure 1. The serious losses consequent to axillary metastases are obvious, and the figures of this large, long-term series may be used as a representative group of the breast cancer problem (4). The five-year survival without metastasis is 75 per cent, falling to 30 per cent if metastases are present. After ten years, the curves roughly parallel the actuarial one. The patient's risk of dying then is no greater than that of her cohorts without breast cancer.
Serum amyloid A forms stable oligomers that disrupt vesicles at lysosomal pH and contribute to the pathogenesis of reactive amyloidosis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Significance Although acidic conditions favor the misfolding of various proteins in amyloid diseases, the molecular underpinnings of this process are unclear. We used an array of spectroscopic, biochemical, and electron microscopic methods to unravel the effects of pH on serum amyloid A, a protein precursor of reactive amyloidosis, the major complication of chronic inflammation and one of the major human systemic amyloidoses worldwide. We found that at lysosomal pH this protein forms unusually stable proteolysis-resistant soluble oligomers that have solvent-accessible apolar surfaces, disrupt lipid vesicles, and undergo an α-helix to β-sheet transition in the presence of lipids. Such oligomers are likely to escape lysosomal degradation, accumulate in the lysosomes, and disrupt cellular membranes, thereby contributing to the development of amyloid A amyloidosis.
Young People’s Reasons for and Emotional Reactions to Sexting in Intimate Relationships

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Although sexting is a widespread phenomenon among today's youth, little is known about their experiences of sexting with their intimate partners. This study addresses this gap by examining young people's reasons for sexting and emotional reactions to sending and receiving sexts in their intimate relationships, as reported by 764 (48.7% girls) 15-20-year-olds in Finland. Both younger and older girls and boys reported mostly positive reactions to both sending and receiving sexts. However, girls reported more negative reactions than boys did. Girls' reasons for sending sexts were more frequently related to their own desire to feel sexy or flirtatious, their need for validation from their partner, or the pressure that their partner put on them to sext, whereas boys' reasons more often indicated normative ideas of sexting as a typical component in a romantic relationship and responding to sexts sent to them by their partners. The results suggest that although it is mostly consensual and reciprocal, sexting within intimate relationships may carry different meanings for boys and girls, reflecting gendered heterosexual norms.
Effect of Ferromagnetic Core Material Types on Solenoid Actuator Performances

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to introduce the effects of magnetic field characteristics (B-H) relationship in magnetic field problems analysis, nonlinear method of analysis by using some sort of numerical technique need to complete the analysis. In this work, three dimension finite element analysis is used for solenoid actuator studying. Two types of ferromagnetic, Ferro cobalt and silicon iron used where B-H curves for both materials are introduced in the iterative numerical solution. The results appears the increasing of armature force when the relative permittivity of the material exhibit large value depending on the characteristic of the material used in the solution.
The Effect of Chronic Progressive Nephropathy on the Incidence of Renal Tubule Cell Neoplasms in Control Male F344 Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) is the most frequently diagnosed lesion in the rat kidney. It has many component s including degeneration and regeneration of renal tubule (RT) epithelium, glomerular lesions and interstitial inflammation and fi brosis. The incidence and severity of CPN is strain, age, and sex dependent and may be altered by a number of factors including exposure to xenobiotics. In National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-year bioassays, xenobiotic-associated increased severity (exacerbation) of CPN often occurs in association with a marginal increased incidence of renal tubule cell neoplasms (RTCN). The relationship between CPN and RTCN development has not been defi nitively determined. The present study evaluated the association between severity of CPN and the occurrence of RTCN in control male F344 rats. A slight but statistically signifi cant increase in CPN severity was present in those animals with RTCN compared to aged-matched controls without RTCN. Although these data suggest there is a positive correlation between CPN and RTCN, cause and effect were not determined. This marginal association suggests that the number of RTCNs that may develop secondary to chemically exacerbated nephropathy would be few.
Quasi-similar k-paranormal operators

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

It is proved in this paper that k-paranormal operators satisfy (Bishop's) property (β ) ; and also that if S and T are k -paranormal contractions such that the completely non-unitary part S c of S has finite multiplicity, then S is quasi-similar to T if and only if their unitary parts are unitarily equivalent and their completely non-unitary parts are quasi-similar.This generalizes a result of W.W. Hastings [4] on subnormal operators and P.Y.Wu [11] on hyponormal operators.
Percutaneous Removal of Kidney Stones

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

No AccessJournal of UrologyCalculus1 Mar 1985Percutaneous Removal of Kidney Stones R.J. Peartree, R.A. Ruotolo, F.J. Khuri, J.R. Valvo, and A.J. Segal R.J. PeartreeR.J. Peartree More articles by this author , R.A. RuotoloR.A. Ruotolo More articles by this author , F.J. KhuriF.J. Khuri More articles by this author , J.R. ValvoJ.R. Valvo More articles by this author , and A.J. SegalA.J. Segal More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)49069-0AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Percutaneous Removal of Kidney Stones." The Journal of Urology, 133(3), p. 549 © 1985 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 133Issue 3March 1985Page: 549 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1985 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information R.J. Peartree More articles by this author R.A. Ruotolo More articles by this author F.J. Khuri More articles by this author J.R. Valvo More articles by this author A.J. Segal More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...
Nomifensine and hemolytic anemia — experience of a post‐marketing alert

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The antidepressant nomifensine was withdrawn worldwide by the manufacturer in January 1986 following a rising incidence of reports of acute immune hemolytic anemia with serious clinical sequelae, including a number of fatalities. This short report describes the chronology of events leading up to the drug's withdrawal in one country, the United Kingdom, 9 years after it was first made available. The known incidence of hemolytic anemia reports was related to prescription data and showed that the risk‐benefit ratio was tipped against continued availability of the drug only in the latter part of 1985, shortly before the drug was withdrawn. Factors related to the increased reporting of the adverse events are discussed, but increased awareness by prescribers of drug‐related events and their willingness to report them as a result of medical literature and media reports, including publications by the Committee on Safety of Medicines of Yellow Card data, are thought to have been major contributors.
HFC-134a (R-134a) Recovery/Recycle/Recharging Equipment for Mobile Air-Conditioning Systems

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The purpose of this SAE Standard is to establish the specific minimum equipment performance requirements for recovery and recycling of HFC-134a that has been directly removed from, and is intended for reuse in, mobile air-conditioning (A/C) systems. It also is intended to establish requirements for equipment used to recharge HFC-134a to an accuracy level that meets <span class="xref">Section 9</span> of this document and SAE J2099. The requirements apply to the following types of service equipment and their specific applications.</div> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">a</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Recovery/Recycling Equipment,</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">b</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Recovery/Recycling-Refrigerant Charging,</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">c</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Refrigerant Recharging Equipment Only.</div></li></ol> </div>
Effects of three short-term pasture allocation methods on milk production, methane emission and grazing behaviour by dairy cows

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two short-term grazing experiments were conducted with Norwegian Red cows. In Exp 1, 24 cows were randomly assigned to one of the following three pasture allocation methods (PAM): weekly pasture allowance (7RG), grazing 1/7 of 7RG each day (1SG), or grazing as 1SG but had access to grazed part of the paddock within one week (1FG). In Exp 2, 7RG was shortened to 5 days (5RG). We hypothesized that PAM will affect sward quality, quantity, intake and production differently. Pasture chemical composition changed with advancing grazing days but were not different between treatments. Pasture intake, milk yield, and methane emission were not affected by PAM. In Exp 1, 7RG cows spent less time on grazing, whereas in Exp 2, 1FG cows spent longer on grazing than others. Patterns observed in sward quality, and behavioural and physiological adaptations of cows to short-term changes in nutrient supply may explain the observed effects
Freire and the US Reconceptualization: Remembering Curriculum as International Conversation

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper draws on the internationalization of Curriculum Studies as an underway process since the very beginning of the reconceptualization of the field in the United States. In that context, the work focused on the inspiring influence of Paulo Freire found in the seminal writings and main scholars who conducted that process. Freire’s concept such as conscientizacao, humanizing education, liberating education are important concepts in which these scholars elaborate to talk back to the mainstream of the field conceived exclusively as curriculum development. Freire’s work was also a taking back to that rationale that had arrived in Latin America in the 1960’s as a new educational technology. Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed appeared strongly influencing the US reconceptualization of the field. The reconceptualized field of curriculum was also international from the start.
Computers in Quantitative TL-Chromatography

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The paper presents a discussion of the use of computers, mainly of the micro-processor variety, in devices for the photometric quantitation of TL-chromatograms. First a brief survey is given of the principal features of contemporary photometers specifically designed for chromatographic applications. The most sophisticated and expensive of these are dual wavelength instruments and at the present state of development only these have as yet been computerized. It is, however, anticipated that in the near future the use of computers will spread also to the less sophisticated single wavelength devices with a moderate price tag. The advantages are ease of operation as well as superior performance characteristics. The former is achieved using a computer to control the internal operation of the photometer and some of the possibilities open in this regard are discussed. The improvement in performance is achieved in a different way. Photometric quantitation of TL chromotograms requires a number of mathematical operations upon the signal on its path between the light source and the output display. The computer permits the use of almost any kind of signal transforms, transforms which would be completely impractical to carry out by traditional techniques. The acquired and preprocessed signal, which in a conventional device would be directly fed to the output recorder, can be subjected to “after-processing” with a substantial further gain in performance. The results obtained by computerized analysis are available in alpha-numerical form. Both hard and soft copy devices can be used. If desired a graphical display in analog form can also be obtained. The output information provided by the computer can be stored in extremely compact form on magnetic tape or disc with very fast access and retrieval.
Diffusive KPP Equations with Free Boundaries in Time Almost Periodic Environments: II. Spreading Speeds and Semi-Wave

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this series of papers, we investigate the spreading and vanishing dynamics of time almost periodic diffusive KPP equations with free boundaries. Such equations are used to characterize the spreading of a new species in time almost periodic environments with free boundaries representing the spreading fronts. In the first part of the series, we showed that a spreading-vanishing dichotomy occurs for such free boundary problems (see [16]). In this second part of the series, we investigate the spreading speeds of such free boundary problems in the case that the spreading occurs. We first prove the existence of a unique time almost periodic semi-wave solution associated to such a free boundary problem. Using the semi-wave solution, we then prove that the free boundary problem has a unique spreading speed.
Atkinson, Prof. Bruce Wilson, (born 28 Sept. 1941), Professor of Geography, Queen Mary and Westfield College (formerly at Queen Mary College), University of London, 1983–2004, now Emeritus

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

"Atkinson, Prof. Bruce Wilson, (born 28 Sept. 1941), Professor of Geography, Queen Mary and Westfield College (formerly at Queen Mary College), University of London, 1983–2004, now Emeritus" published on by Oxford University Press.
History and boundaries in Amitav Ghosh's The Shadow Lines

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the past couple of decades an entire generation of Indian writers took up the project of narratising the history of the nation. The voices are rather crucial to recover lost pieces of history that could have slipped like sand from the hands of the selective nationalistic memory. Amitav Ghosh, in most of his novels, has tried to retrieve such events which were lost to the pages of history. This narrative sketches few historical events like the partition of the Indian subcontinent, freedom movement in Bengal, and the communal riots in Bangladesh and India. In his second novel, The Shadow Lines the first person narrator narrates the events from a retrospective distance of about two decades making his memory the very structure of this narrative. There is blurring of any boundary of dividing line in time and place as the narrator transforms the experiences that he narrates. There is more reconstruction of the past that he undertakes through the places that he had visited in the stories of Tridib, of London houses, photographs, maps, road names, etc..
A study of the use of code-switching: Functions and perceptions in a Thai tertiary EFL classroom

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

With the linguistic globalization of English, code-switching has become a common phenomenon in communication. In the classroom, however, there are polarising perceptions regarding alternating between languages. At one end, several researchers believe that language learning should be clear of the interference of first language so as to expose students to as much target language input as possible, while those who favor codeswitching contend that bilingual teaching is natural and more effective for teachers and students. The present study investigated the use of code-switching by a Thai university language lecturer in an English foundation course to see how code-switching was carried out in practice and what effects it had on English as a foreign language teaching and learning from the perspectives of the teacher and thirty-one students. Through classroom observations, a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, it was revealed that code-switching was perceived positively and used for two main purposes. First, to accommodate language learning by making the target language more comprehensible and, second, to lower students’ affective filter by establishing rapport and supportive learning environment. It thus appears that the alternate use of students’ first language and the target language can be beneficial in the language classrooms to help promote language acquisition and cordial classroom interaction.
Epimorphin expression in intestinal myofibroblasts induces epithelial morphogenesis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The formation of the crypt-villus axis during gut ontogeny requires continued reciprocal interactions between the endoderm and mesenchyme. Epimorphin/syntaxin 2 (epimorphin) is a mesenchymal protein expressed in the fetal gastrointestinal tract during villus morphogenesis. To elucidate its role in gut ontogeny, the epimorphin cDNA was transfected, in sense and antisense orientations, into a rat intestinal myofibroblast cell line, MIC 216. To determine the effects of epimorphin on the epithelium, myofibroblasts were cocultured with the Caco2 cell line. Caco2 cells spread in a simple monolayer over antisense-transfected cells lacking epimorphin. In contrast, sense-transfected myofibroblasts induced Caco2 cells to form compact, round clusters with small lumens. These morphologic differences were preserved in Transwell cocultures in which cell-cell contact was prevented, suggesting that epimorphin’s effects were mediated by secreted factor(s). To determine the effects of epimorphin on crypt-villus axis formation in an in vivo model, rat gut endoderm was combined with epimorphin-transfected myofibroblasts and implanted into the chick intracoelomic cavity. The grafts in which epimorphin was overexpressed revealed multiple well-formed villi with crypt-like units, whereas those in which epimorphin expression was inhibited developed into round cystic structures without crypts or villi. Of several potential secreted morphogens, only the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (Bmp4) was increased in the epimorphin-transfected cells. Incubation with noggin partially blocked the transfected myofibroblasts’ effects on Caco2 colony morphology. These results indicate that mesenchymal epimorphin has profound effects on crypt-villus morphogenesis, mediated in part by secreted factor(s) including the Bmp’s.
LYMPHOCYTE CHROMOSOMES IN UNTREATED AND 131I-TREATED THYROTOXIC PATIENTS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY Lymphocyte chromosomes of untreated and thyrotoxic patients treated with radioactive iodine have been compared with those of control subjects studied concurrently. Untreated patients had a higher percentage of cells with more than 46 chromosomes. 131 I-treated patients who were compared with controls within 2–3 months of therapy had significantly increased incidences of cells containing fewer than 46 chromosomes and cells with chromatid and chromosome aberrations. Patients examined 2–5 yr. after radioactive iodine treatment showed similar changes in lesser degree.