jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
In vivo metabolism of testosterone-3H in R-3327, an androgen-sensitive rat prostatic adenocarcinoma.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A spontaneous prostatic adenocarcinoma (R-3327) of a Copenhagen rat has been maintained for 14 generations by s.c. transplantations to Copenhagen and F1 hybrid hosts. The tumor remains histologically a well-differentiated adenocarcinoma. In order to study the role of gonadal hormones in this system, tumor explants were inoculated to intact males, castrated males, and intact females, and the growth of the explants was followed for 5 months. The tumor grew well only in intact males; it grew moderately well in intact females and did not grow in castrates. The metabolism of testosterone-3H by this tumor was studied by injecting 0.5 mCi of the labeled steroid (specific activity, 45 Ci/mmole) into tumor-bearing males 1 hr before decapitation. Samples of tumor tissue, liver, muscle, and prostate were obtained and the distribution of radioactive metabolites of testosterone-3H was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. 5α-Dihydrotestosterone and 3α-androstandiol were the major metabolites found in both the tumor and the prostate. These metabolites were absent or were found in smaller amounts in the nontarget tissues, liver and muscle. The preferred metabolism of testosterone via 5α-reduction, together with the better growth of the tumor in intact males, indicates that this is an androgen-responsive tumor.
Biometrical relationship between F1 potential and genetic distance in full diallel population of egg plant (Solanum melogena L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Distance analysis was done to find out the generalized distance among six parents and their 30 F1 hybrids of eggplant. Significant differences among the parents and hybrid combinations revealed the existence of considerable diversity among the population tested. As many as ten clusters have been formed and six parents fell in five clusters. The canonical vectors needed to be considered to account for around eighty percent of variation. The infra-cluster distance was maximum in cluster IX (179.79) in which two hybrid combinations were found, i.e. 56.62 and 59.08 respectively in them. The inter-cluster distance was maximum in cluster V and X (232.16) followed by cluster VIII and cluster IX (172.45), cluster I and X (154.44) and cluster VII and X (143.99). Three hybrids fell in cluster V and X, four in VIII and IX, three in I and X and four in VIII and X. The standardized potence ranged from 61.34 to 130.39% in cluster V and X and 0.00 to 87.89% in cluster VIII and X. Thus, it is inferred from this study that there is a strong relationship between genetic distance and standardized potence.
Centralized standards and local taxation in municipal waste management

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract In the EU, standards for municipal waste sorting and recycling are established by the European central institutions, being mostly based on the available estimates of recyclable materials. In a simple model of co‐production in municipal waste management with local taxation, we assess that central bodies enjoy more discretion and can set more ambitious targets in jurisdictions with stronger environmental preferences and/or lower expenditure needs. Incentives to engage in waste sorting and recycling are found to be less powerful with citizens who are less sensitive to the environmental preservation, and all the more when the public input has a high cost. This points to the conclusion that standards should be differentiated across jurisdictions, with due consideration of the local preferences and costs of waste management.
First steps in the preparation of 188Re-based radiopharmaceuticals

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

1. INTRODUCTION Rhenium-188 is a promising radionuclide for radiotherapeutic applications. It emits β- particles with a maximum energy of 2.12 MeV, suitable for deep tissue penetration (≥ 1 cm) [2]. In addition, it emits a 155 keV γ-ray (15 %) [2], which can be used for imaging with current SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) systems. However, several high-energy γ-rays in emission spectrum of 188Re, together with radiation produced by β--particles (Bremsstrahlung), may complicate quantitative imaging. Another challenge is the selection of a proper chelator for 188Re complexation, as rhenium, like technetium (Tc), offers complex coordination chemistry according to their numerous oxidation states. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Simulations have been performed to obtain spectra of detected events in simple SPECT systems, to distinguish particles’ origin or scatter factor, both with 99mTc and 188Re point sources. GATE software (Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission) was used to execute Monte Carlo simulations. A point source (3.7 MBq, 100 µCi) was placed in the middle of phantom cylinder (2 cm radius) filled with water. The single-crystal NaI detector (50×50×4 mm) was positioned in front of the source at 7 cm (center of the detector plane). Simulations were run for 60 seconds. Mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3) was selected as a reference chelator for radiolabelling. Influence of the temperature and concentrations of N Ethyl N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and of 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenol (TFF) were tested with 99mTc. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results of the simulations show that effect of high-energy γ-rays from the 188Re spectrum is negligible in these simple systems. However, for short distances between the source and the detector – e. g. in preclinical systems – detection of the primary β--particles is possible, which may contribute up to 20 % of the events. Simulations with more complex systems, including various phantoms and collimators, are necessary for verification. Results will be compared also by phantom studies on small animal imaging SPECT systems. In radiolabelling, concentration effect at room temperature is corresponding to already reported data [1]. Yields obtained at higher temperature are lower, therefore heating the reaction mixture is counter-productive in this case. Results of these studies are promising for future development of 188Re-labelled radiopharmaceutical and related imaging protocols. References [1] Gomez de Castiglia, S. et al., "Optimization of biomolecules labelling with Rhenium-188 using direct and indirect methods," IAEA, Vienna, Austria, 2003. [2] Häfeli, U. O. et al., "Stability of biodegradable radioactive rhenium (Re-186 and Re-188) microspheres after neutron-activation," Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 54, 869 - 879, 2001.
Association of pulse pressure with all-cause mortality in young adults

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Pulse blood pressure was significantly associated with all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly populations, but less evidence was known in young adults. Objective To assess the association of pulse pressure (PP) with all-cause mortality in young adults. Methods This cohort from the 1999–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey included adults aged 18–40 years. All included participants were followed up until the date of death or 31 December 2015. PP was categorised into three groups: &lt;50, 50~60, ≥60 mm Hg. Cox proportional hazards models and subgroup analysis were performed to estimate the adjusted HRs and 95% CIs for all-cause mortality. Results After applying the exclusion criteria, 8356 participants (median age 26.63±7.01 years, 4598 women (55.03%)) were included, of which 265 (3.17%) have died during a median follow-up duration of 152.96±30.45 months. When treating PP as a continuous variable, multivariate Cox analysis showed that PP was an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality (HR 1.94, 95% CI 1.02 to 3.69; p=0.0422). When using PP&lt;50 mm Hg as referent, from the 50~60 mm Hg to the ≥60 mm Hg group, the risks of all-cause mortality for participants with PP ranging 50–60 mm Hg or ≥60 mm Hg were 0.93 (95% CI 0.42 to 2.04) and 1.15 (95% CI 0.32 to 4.07) (P for tend was 0.959). Subgroup analysis showed that PP (HR 2.00, 95% CI 1.05 to 3.82; p=0.0360) was associated with all-cause mortality among non-hypertensive participants. Conclusion Among young adults, higher PP was significantly associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality, particularly among those without hypertension.
Cytological diagnosis of exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage: Comparison of tracheal wash and bronchoalveolar lavage in standardbred racehorses

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Cytology of airway samples is sensitive for diagnosis of exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), but the association between tracheal wash (TW) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether diagnosis of EIPH, using haemosiderophages/macrophages (H/M) ratio, differs when based on TW or BALF. Methods A prospective cross‐sectional study was conducted on 102 standardbred horses in training. TW and BALF were collected concomitantly from all horses at rest (at least 24 hours after their last training or race), and their H/M ratios were calculated. Spearman's correlation, Cohen's kappa and Gwet's coefficient tests were performed to evaluate the association between TW and BALF samples. Results With BALF, 21 horses met the cytological inclusion criteria for an EIPH diagnosis from individual and/or pooled samples. With TW, 20 horses had occasional (H/M < 10%) haemosiderophages, and nine, one and three horses had small (10%–25%), moderate (25%–50%) and large (>50%) proportions, respectively. Poor correlations and inconsistent concordances between TW and BALF were found for H/M ratio. Limitations Limitations include the use of a single staining method and the absence of a total haemosiderin score. Conclusion No association between TW and BALF was found for the cytological diagnosis of EIPH. Based on H/M ratio, BALF remains the sample type of choice for cytological diagnosis of EIPH.
Defining a Physiological Role for the Tubulin Tyrosination Cycle

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This paper proposes, based on data from other laboratories, that the physiological function of the tubulin tyrosination cycle is to maintain a check for normal physiological milieu within cells, whereby tyrosine and nitrotyrosine act as markers for normality and abnormality, respectively. Incorporation of nitrotyrosine is postulated to initiate apoptosis to facilitate elimination of abnormal cells.
Using scalars to probe theories of low scale quantum gravity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali have recently suggested that gravity may\nbecome strong at energies near 1 TeV which would remove the hierarchy problem.\nSuch a scenario can be tested at present and future colliders since the\nexchange of towers of Kaluza-Klein gravitons leads to a set of new dimension-8\noperators that can play important phenomenological roles. In this paper we\nexamine how the production of pairs of scalars at $e^+e^-$, $\\gamma \\gamma$ and\nhadron colliders can be used to further probe the effects of graviton tower\nexchange. In particular we examine the tree-level production of pairs of\nidentical Higgs fields which occurs only at the loop level in both the Standard\nModel and its extension to the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. Cross\nsections for such processes are found to be potentially large at the LHC and\nthe next generation of linear colliders. For the $\\gamma\\gamma$ case the role\nof polarization in improving sensitivity to graviton exchange is emphasized.\n
In vitro reconstitution of dynamically interacting integral membrane subunits of energy-coupling factor transporters

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Energy-coupling factor (ECF) transporters mediate import of micronutrients in prokaryotes. They consist of an integral membrane S-component (that binds substrate) and ECF module (that powers transport by ATP hydrolysis). It has been proposed that different S-components compete for docking onto the same ECF module, but a minimal liposome-reconstituted system, required to substantiate this idea, is lacking. Here, we co-reconstituted ECF transporters for folate (ECF-FolT2) and pantothenate (ECF-PanT) into proteoliposomes, and assayed for crosstalk during active transport. The kinetics of transport showed that exchange of S-components is part of the transport mechanism. Competition experiments suggest much slower substrate association with FolT2 than with PanT. Comparison of a crystal structure of ECF-PanT with previously determined structures of ECF-FolT2 revealed larger conformational changes upon binding of folate than pantothenate, which could explain the kinetic differences. Our work shows that a minimal in vitro system with two reconstituted transporters recapitulates intricate kinetics behaviour observed in vivo.
TSGN: Transaction Subgraph Networks Assisting Phishing Detection in Ethereum

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to the decentralized and public nature of the Blockchain ecosystem, the malicious activities on the Ethereum platform impose immeasurable losses for the users. Existing phishing scam detection methods mostly rely only on the analysis of original transaction networks, which is difficult to dig deeply into the transaction patterns hidden in the network structure of transaction interaction. In this paper, we propose a \underline{T}ransaction \underline{S}ub\underline{G}raph \underline{N}etwork (TSGN) based phishing accounts identification framework for Ethereum. We first extract transaction subgraphs for target accounts and then expand these subgraphs into corresponding TSGNs based on the different mapping mechanisms. In order to make our model incorporate more important information about real transactions, we encode the transaction attributes into the modeling process of TSGNs, yielding two variants of TSGN, i.e., Directed-TSGN and Temporal-TSGN, which can be applied to the different attributed networks. Especially, by introducing TSGN into multi-edge transaction networks, the Multiple-TSGN model proposed is able to preserve the temporal transaction flow information and capture the significant topological pattern of phishing scams, while reducing the time complexity of modeling large-scale networks. Extensive experimental results show that TSGN models can provide more potential information to improve the performance of phishing detection by incorporating graph representation learning.
Parental origin-specific developmental defects in mice with uniparental disomy for chromosome 12

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Genetic analysis has shown that the distal portion of mouse chromosome 12 is imprinted; however, the developmental roles of imprinted genes in this region are not known. We have therefore generated conceptuses with uniparental disomy for chromosome 12, in which both copies of chromosome 12 are either paternally or maternally derived (pUPD12 and mUPD12, respectively). Both types of UPD12 result in embryos that are non-viable and that exhibit distinct developmental abnormalities. Embryos with pUPD12 die late in gestation, whereas embryos with mUPD12 can survive to term but die perinatally. The mUPD12 conceptuses are invariably growth-retarded while pUPD12 conceptuses exhibit placentomegaly. Skeletal muscle maturation defects are evident in both types of UPD12. In addition, embryos with paternal UPD12 have costal cartilage defects and hypo-ossification of mesoderm-derived bones. In embryos with mUPD12, the development of the neural crest-derived middle ear ossicles is defective. Some of these anomalies are consistent with those seen with uniparental disomies of the orthologous chromosome 14 region in humans. Thus, imprinted genes on chromosome 12 are essential for viability, the regulation of prenatal growth, and the development of mesodermal and neural crest-derived lineages.
The first dose of Sinopharm vaccine in the elderly with Parkinson's disease was associated with death within the first 24 hours

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new human coronavirus family discovered during the highly communicable respiratory disease outbreak in Wuhan, China, in 2019. Various COVID-19 vaccines are up to 95% effective against symptomatic infections caused by the COVID-19. Whether people with PD or PS have an increased risk of COVID-19 and are associated with a higher risk of death is still uncertain. In this study, we report eleven cases of PD patients who died whitin 24 hours after vaccination with the Sinopharm. All patients were over 79 years old (84.64 ± 5.08). All patients were SARS-CoV2 PCR negative and took their first dose of the Sinopharm. All patients had a duration of more than 5 years with PD. All patients presented to the hospital less than 12 hours after vaccination. All patients died less than 24 hours after vaccination. In this study, All the patients were elderly and hypertension and diabetes were seen in 11 (100%) and 7 (63.6%) patients which could reinforce the hypothesis that older patients with PD should be vaccinated more cautiously and these patients should be discussed the vaccine with their physician especially in patients who have other comorbidities. Because our report was a case series study, we only identified patients, and the causality could not be assumed or proven.
Desmin Knock-Out Cardiomyopathy: A Heart on the Verge of Metabolic Crisis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Desmin mutations cause familial and sporadic cardiomyopathies. In addition to perturbing the contractile apparatus, both desmin deficiency and mutated desmin negatively impact mitochondria. Impaired myocardial metabolism secondary to mitochondrial defects could conceivably exacerbate cardiac contractile dysfunction. We performed metabolic myocardial phenotyping in left ventricular cardiac muscle tissue in desmin knock-out mice. Our analyses revealed decreased mitochondrial number, ultrastructural mitochondrial defects, and impaired mitochondria-related metabolic pathways including fatty acid transport, activation, and catabolism. Glucose transporter 1 and hexokinase-1 expression and hexokinase activity were increased. While mitochondrial creatine kinase expression was reduced, fetal creatine kinase expression was increased. Proteomic analysis revealed reduced expression of proteins involved in electron transport mainly of complexes I and II, oxidative phosphorylation, citrate cycle, beta-oxidation including auxiliary pathways, amino acid catabolism, and redox reactions and oxidative stress. Thus, desmin deficiency elicits a secondary cardiac mitochondriopathy with severely impaired oxidative phosphorylation and fatty and amino acid metabolism. Increased glucose utilization and fetal creatine kinase upregulation likely portray attempts to maintain myocardial energy supply. It may be prudent to avoid medications worsening mitochondrial function and other metabolic stressors. Therapeutic interventions for mitochondriopathies might also improve the metabolic condition in desmin deficient hearts.
File-Sharing Preference in a Peer-to-Peer Network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Peer-to-peer network describes a typical complex network upon which users connect together according to their sharing preference, indicated by the resources they shared. In this article, we apply analytic methods from complex networks theory to investigate the sharing preference of users as well as the correlations between different resource categories in a real peer-to-peer file sharing system, which is helpful for getting more insight into rapid development of peer-to-peer network applications.
Ecophysiological approaches to enhance production of the anti-cancer drug taxol by Paraconiothyrium variabile and Epiccocum nigrum and lysozyme by Pichia pastoris

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

This study has investigated the interaction of ecophysiological factors such as water \nactivity (aw), temperature, pH and solute types on (a) the production of the anti-cancer \ndrug taxol by the endophytic fungi Parachoniothyrium variabile and Epcoccum nigrum, \nand (b) the production of human lysozyme by a recombinant strain of the methanogenic \nyeast Pichia pastoris. \nOf more than 200 isolates from fresh health twigs of Taxus baccato trees on the \nCranfield University Campus, only two strains of endophytic fungal species, \nP. variabile and E. nigrum, were able to produce taxol. P. variabile could produce \n0.53 to 1.75 g/l taxol and E. nigrum could produce up to 1.32 µg/l in a defined M1D \nliquid medium. Ecological studies showed the profiles for growth and taxol production. \nThe growth rate of P. variabile were generally higher at 0.99 aw and 25 \n \nC, but optimal \nat 0.99-0.98 aw. The average growth rate was faster when sorbitol was used as the aw \ndepressor when compared with glycerol, glucose and salt-amended media. Statistical \nanalysis indicated that all the studied stress factors significantly affected radial growth \nrate of P. variabile on a taxol conducive M1D agar (P<0.05). The optimum pH was 5.0 \nregardless of the aw x temperature conditions (P<0.05). The combined effects of aw, \nsolute types and temperature on taxol production by P. variabile was determined using \na 5x5x3 factorial design. The maximum amount of taxol was 7.11 g/l when cultured \nwith M1D using KCl to modified media to 0.98 aw and 25 \n \nC. In contrast, on un- \namended M1D medium at 25C yielded about 1.75 g/l of taxol. \nFor E. nigrum, optimal conditions for growth were observed at 0.99-0.98 aw and \n20-25 \n \nC. Growth on medium imposed with sorbitol was significantly faster (P<0.05). \nAll three stress factors significantly affected radial growth rate of this strain (P<0.05). \nThis strain grew faster at pH 5.0. The attenuation of taxol for this strain was observed \nduring examination of the combined effects on taxol yield. Because of the attenuation \nand unstable production of taxol by the strain of E. nigrum, it was decided to try and use \ndifferent elicitors to enhance production of taxol. Cont/d.