jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and its gemini homologue bis(cetyldimethylammonium)butane dibromide on activity of xanthine oxidase

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Spectrophotometry is employed to study the effect cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and bis(cetyldimethylammonium)butane dibromide (C16C4C16Br2) on the activity of xanthine oxidase (XO), a key enzyme in purine metabolism, at pH 7.4 and 25°C. The spectrophotometric results revealed that the Gemini surfactant interact strongly with the XO than its conventional single chain counterpart and unfold it to a greater extent as compared to CTAB. The effectiveness of the Gemini in interacting/unfolding the XO are justified owing to peculiar structural features of C16C4C16Br2 owing to the presence of two charged headgroups and two hydrophobic tails and hence enhanced competence for electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.
Cognitive Reasoning as a Determinant of Achievement Test Scores in the Middle Grades.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to examine for the middle grades how students' cognitive reasoning level (e.g. concrete vs. formal reasoning ability) contributes to the variability of their achievement test performance. While previous investigations have indiciated that measures of reasoning development are associated with measures of achievement, few such studies have attempted to control for differences in scholastic aptitude. In this particular investigation, the performance of 213 middle grades students on a test of formal reasoning was analyzed in relationship to scores on tests of achievement and scholastic aptitude. Results support cognitive reasoning as a significant determinant of achievement test performance when considered alone but not when controlling for scholastic aptitude. Results suggest that performance on reasoning tests is related to performance on achievement tests in a fashion very similar to performance on scholastic aptitude tests. Results further encourage middle grades educators to consider students' levels of reasoning when planning instruction.
MicroRNA profiling in sera of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus reveals an upregulation of miR-31 expression in subjects with microvascular complications

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disease characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia due to a combination of resistance to insulin action and an inadequate compensatory insulin secretory response. Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with long-term micro- and macrovascular complications leading to dysfunction of several organs including kidney, heart, eye and nervous system. Early identification of chronic diabetic complications is necessary in order to prevent dysfunction and failure of these different organs. MicroRNAs (or miRNAs) are small endogenous RNAs, which negatively regulate gene expression. Recently, it has been demonstrated that miRNAs can be secreted by cells, thus being detectable in serum and in other biological fluids. Circulating microRNAs have been proposed as possible biomarkers of several diseases. Here, we performed a miRNAs expression profiling in the sera of T2D patients with or without vascular complications in order to find specific biomarkers to characterize T2D complications. We analyzed the expression of 384 microRNAs in serum pools from 3 groups of T2D patients: 12 T2D patients without any chronic complications, 12 T2D patients with macrovascular complications and 12 with microvascular complications. We found 223 miRNAs expressed in T2D,224 inT2D with microvascular and221 inT2D with macrovascular complications. Among expressed microRNAs, 45 resulted upregulated and 23 downregulated in microvascular patients sera, while 13 upregulated and 41 downregulated in macrovascular T2D patients compared to those without complications. We focused and validated microRNA miR-31 expression in single sera from each group, which resulted significantly upregulated in patients with microvascular complications and may be indeed related to the presence of microangiopathy. In conclusion, our study has identified miR-31 as a promising biomarker for diabetic microvascular complications; further prospective studies in the clinical setting are however required to establish the real utility of measuring serum circulating levels of this microRNA.
Trilayer scaffold with cardiosphere‐derived cells for heart valve tissue engineering

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Natural polymers collagen, glycosaminoglycans, and elastin are promising candidate materials for heart valve tissue engineering scaffolds. This work produced trilayer scaffolds that resembled the layered structures of the extracellular matrices of native heart valves. The scaffolds showed anisotropic bending moduli (in both dry and hydrated statuses) depending on the loading directions (lower in the With Curvature direction than in the Against Curvature direction), which mimicked the characteristic behavior of the native heart valves. The interactions between cardiosphere‐derived cells and the scaffolds were characterized by multiphoton microscopy, and relatively similar cell distributions were observed on different layers (a cell density of 3,000–4,000 mm −3 and a migration depth of 0.3–0.4 mm). The trilayer scaffold has represented a forwarding step from the previous studies, in attempting to better replicate a native heart valve structurally, mechanically, and biologically.
Capacitors Would Help Protect Against Hypervelocity Impacts

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A proposal investigates alternatives to the present bumper method of protecting spacecraft against impacts of meteoroids and orbital debris. The proposed method is based on a British high-voltage-capacitance technique for protecting armored vehicles against shaped-charge warheads. A shield, according to the proposal, would include a bare metal outer layer separated by a gap from an inner metal layer covered with an electrically insulating material. The metal layers would constitute electrodes of a capacitor. A bias potential would be applied between the metal layers. A particle impinging at hypervelocity on the outer metal layer would break apart into a debris cloud that would penetrate the electrical insulation on the inner metal layer. The cloud would form a path along which electric current could flow between the metal layers, thereby causing the capacitor to discharge. With proper design, the discharge current would be large enough to vaporize the particles in the debris cloud to prevent penetration of the spacecraft. The shield design can be mass optimized to be competitive with existing bumper designs. Parametric studies were proposed to determine optimum correction between bias voltage, impacting particle velocity, gap space, and insulating material required to prevent spacecraft penetration.
The Feasibility and Utility of a Personal Health Record for Persons With Dementia and Their Family Caregivers for Web-Based Care Coordination: Mixed Methods Study (Preprint)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND

Managing the complex and long-term care needs of persons living with Alzheimer disease and related dementias (ADRD) can adversely impact the health of informal caregivers and their care recipients. Web-based personal health records (PHRs) are one way to potentially alleviate a caregiver’s burden by simplifying ADRD health care management

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate Personal Health Record for Persons with Dementia and Their Family Caregivers (PHR-ADRD), a free web-based information exchange tool, using a multiphase mixed methods approach.

METHODS

Dementia caregivers (N=34) were surveyed for their well-being and perceptions of PHR-ADRD feasibility and utility at 6 and 12 months using close- and open-ended questions as well as a semistructured interview (n=8). Exploratory analyses compared participants’ characteristics as well as PHR-ADRD use and experiences based on overall favorability status.

RESULTS

Feasibility and utility scores decreased over time, but a subset of participants indicated that the system was helpful. Quantitative comparisons could not explain why some participants indicated favorable, neutral, or unfavorable views of the system overall or had not engaged with PHR-ADRD. Qualitative findings suggested that technology literacy and primary care provider buy-in were barriers. Both qualitative and qualitative findings indicated that time constraints to learn and use the system affected most participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Development and dissemination of PHRs for family caregivers of persons with ADRD should aim to make systems user-friendly for persons with limited time and technological literacy. Establishing health care provider buy-in may be essential to the future success of any PHR system.
A CASE OF BILATERAL DOUBLE URETER

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Report is made of a case of double ureter practically complete on the right side, less so on the left. On both sides the hemi‐ureters proceeded from separate pelves, the lower pelvis draining the greater part of the kidney. The duct from the upper part of the kidney had on each side a helical course about that from the lower part. On both sides the opening into the bladder was single.
Performance Evaluation of a Hybrid Roundabout Using a Microscopic Simulation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Roundabouts are one of the safest types of intersections. There are a number of roundabout types in literature. Each roundabout type is distinguished by some characteristics. To design more efficient junctions, hybrid roundabouts can be created by combining their required characteristics geometrically. In this study, the safety feature of the turbo junction type and the easing up the traffic density feature of the hamburger junction have been combined. Some geometric parameters and layout details of the proposed hybrid roundabout are given, and its performance was simulated in a signalised 4-leg roundabout as the most frequently used intersection in Antalya. The performance of the proposed hybrid roundabout was compared with the status in 2016 and the current status in 2017 and beyond of the roundabout through AIMSUN transport simulation software. In regard to performance analysis, delay time, travel time, speed, density, fuel consumption, number of stops, queuing, carbon emission were analysed for all statuses and compared. In addition, traffic safety analysis has been performed for all statuses and compared. Results show that the overall average performance of the proposed roundabout increases by 40% and 41.8% in comparison with the statutes in 2016, 2017 and beyond, respectively. The proposed roundabout is 41% safer than the status in 2016, and the accident risk is lower by 18.5% than the current status.
echnology as a factor of identity transformation: development of HOMO TECHNOLOGIES

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Based on the understanding of identity as an individual’s identity with the self within the cultural historical chronotope, and experienced as the feeling of belonging/ non-belonging to some communities, controllability/uncontrollability of situations and predictability/non-predictability of events, the paper describes the processes of identity transformation in the course of a technological development. Taken as the initial point, the idea of organ-extension (K. Marx, E. Kapp) and technological extension of man (S. Freud, M. McLuhan) means that technologies are the extension of a human body and its organs. The processes of technological extension assume a particular scale under condition of information society development, within which computer-, telecommunication-, transport-, bio-, nano- and other high technologies have become an actual cultural historical force that has a power to transform a human. Special attention is paid to the fact that unlike the precedent technologies that have just facilitated some or other human performance, modern technologies of information society do not only change the human topology, widen and expand human natural abilities but also really transform higher mental functions and mediate mental processes and relations between human individuals. Man becomes not only a biological and social creature but also a technological one, i.e. so called HOMO TECHNOLOGICUS. The scale and speed of cultural historical changes make the study of the technological extensions role in the transformation of identity a key point for developing ways of comprehending their role in the life of a modern person, and also for forecasting the evolution of relationship between man and machines in the future.
Bookkeeping Treatises in Seventeenth-Century Venice

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The chapter examines the contribution of one of the 'minor' Venetian writers, who belonged to the long transition existing between the Tractatus of Luca Pacioli and nineteenth-century scientific accounting. It explains the way to more research in the same field in at least three possible directions. The first direction is about the knowledge of the Italian seventeenth century and the works published at that time. The second direction is about the historical knowledge, and concerns the relations between mercantile practice and the treatises surrounding accounting surveys. The third, in closing, concerns the chance to compare Garatti's works in the Venetian context of the late 1600s and those published during the same time in other European countries, according to the comparative international accounting history approach. Francesco Garatti was born in Venice and lived in the second half of the sixteenth century. The seventeenth century is, in Venetian historiography, considered a politically and socially decadent century.
Mobile phones and the food price crisis in Rwanda

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The PICTURE Africa research spanned the 2008/09 period during which East Africa (and much of the world) experienced dramatic increases in food and fuel prices. The food price increase was a result of extreme global changes of weather, amongst other factors, leading to below average agricultural production, which translated into incredible price spikes in global food and fuel costs. This chapter examines how this crisis affected spending amongst households in Rwanda’s most disadvantaged areas. The descriptive findings explored the shift in household food and non-food (including ICT) expenditures and poverty levels between 2007 and 2010. While poverty levels increased, the sample households also adopted mobile phones at an increasing rate. Rural and poor households were able to maintain food expenses while having new access to mobile phone technology. Urban households faced a more difficult situation as they experienced substantial drops in non-food expenditures while maintaining access to ICT. Changes of vulnerability and mobile access did not change markedly over time. This could imply that food and fuel crises are only some of many shocks within the lives of the poor. Their spending choices adjusted according to changing values, leading to the adjusted behaviour of mobile phone maintenance for personal and business use, an activity now embedded within their everyday lives.
The effects of guided aural versus guided aural-visual modeling on the performance achievement of beginning string instrumentalists

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine if modeling conditions had a significant effect on the performance achievement of beginning string students. During phase I, guided aural and guided aural-visual modeling tapes of Applebaum's String Builder, Book 1, were produced for violin; a two-part Likert scale adjudication form was designed and tested; a pilot study was conducted; and companion guided aural and guided aural-visual modeling tapes were produced for viola, cello, and double bass. During phase II, the main study was conducted to test the null hypothesis: There is no significant difference in performance achievement as a result of practice conditions under three levels of experimentation--guided aural modeling, guided aural-visual modeling, and no modeling conditions. Twenty-three fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade beginning string subjects were administered Gordon's (1965) Music Aptitude Profile and Dunn, Dunn, and Price's (1988) Learning Style Inventory. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of three treatment groups and received instruction in a heterogeneous string class. After four weeks, the 10-week treatment period began; group I practiced with the guided aural model, group II with the guided aural-visual model, and group III without modeling conditions.
Merly.jl: Web Framework in Julia

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Merly.jl is a package for creating web applications in Julia. It presents features such as the creation of endpoints with function notation and with macro notation, handling of static files, use of path parameters, processing of data sent by a web client in the body in a personalized way, handling of CORS and compatibility with the use of middleware. It presents a familiar syntax with the rest of the most popular web frameworks without neglecting the execution performance. This manuscript mentions the operation and main features of Merly.jl
nad3 and atp9 gene transcripts of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) undergo extensive RNA editing.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Transgenic male sterility has been induced in plants by targeting the nuclear encoded proteins of unedited-mitochondrial genes into mitochondria. With the aim of identifying candidate mitochondrial genes that could be used to induce transgenic male sterility in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.), we investigated the editing status in the transcripts of atp9 and nad3 genes, which encode subunits of ATPase and NADH-ubiquinone-oxidoreductase mitochondrial complexes. Here, we report, for the first time in safflower, the extensive editing seen in these transcripts. Comparison of the genomic and cDNA sequences revealed that the nad3 transcripts had 19 edit sites including 12 complete and 7 partially edited sites leading to 14 amino acid changes in the protein while the atp9 transcripts had a total of 12 edit sites, 10 completely edited and 2 partially edited, leading to 9 amino acid changes. Editing also led to creation of a stop codon that reduced the ATP9 polypeptide length by 12 amino acids. Comparison of the edit sites in safflower with those reported in other species clearly indicated that most of the edit sites are conserved and all the resultant aminoacid substitutions led to highly conserved proteins. Hydropathy analysis of the deduced proteins from genomic and cDNA sequences indicated that RNA editing led to increased hydrophobicity in both NAD3 and ATP9 proteins. Interestingly, most of the altered amino acids were in the transmembrane helices of the proteins. Hence, these results show that u-atp9 and u-nad3 genes could be potential candidate genes for induction of transgenic male sterility in safflower.
Instabilities in a Dense Cloud of Grown Dust Particles

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

These experiments have been performed in the PKE-Nefedov reactor [1] which consists in a push-pull rf discharge. Polymer particles deposited on the electrodes are sputtered by the argon plasma ions leading to the nucleation and growth of submicron dust particles [2]. Presented results concern low frequency instabilities appearing in the dense cloud of grown dust
Trade-Offs and Synergie Effects of Regulating Ecosystem Services along an Climatic Gradient in Slovakia

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

<p>This study aims to assess the synergies and trade-offs of regulating ecosystem <br>services. Ecosystem services are non-linearly interconnected and changes in <br>one service can positively or negatively affect another. We evaluated ecosystem services based on biophysical indicators using an expert scoring system <br>that determines the corresponding soil functions and is part of the existing <br>databases available in Slovakia. This methodological combination enabled us <br>to provide unique mapping and assessment of ecosystem services within Slovakia. Correlation analysis between individual regulating ecosystem services <br>and climate regions, slope, texture, and altitude confirm the statistically significant influence of climate and slope in all agricultural land, arable land, <br>and grassland ecosystems. Statistically significant synergistic effects were established between the regulation of the water regime and the regulation of <br>soil erosion within each climate region, apart from the very warm climate region. Only in a very warm climate region was potential of regulating ecosystem services mutually beneficial for soil erosion control and soil cleaning potential (immobilization of inorganic pollutants).</p>
The dynamic nature of the activities of the wood ant Formica aquilonia foraging to static food resources within a laboratory habitat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT. A laboratory colony of the wood ant Formica aquilonia (Yarrow) was maintained under strictly controlled feeding regimens. The number of foragers at a particular site is related to the previous provisioning of the colony and the familiarity and accessibility of the resource to foragers. Under a standard regimen a predictable number of ants forage to a known site and display a typical pattern of daily activity. This pattern is examined under stable and changing circumstances. Following food‐deprivation individuals increase their foray‐frequency and carry larger volumes of sugar solution per foray. On days of critical food‐deficit supernumerary workers are recruited. How foragers are directed to a novel food source in unfamiliar territory is examined. Following‐behaviour is not involved, neither it appears are pheromones.
Structure and reactivity of transition-metal complexes with polyatomic ligands. Part II. Electron spin resonance spectrum and structure of [Cr(CN)5NO]3?

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Electron spin resonance spectra of dilute fluid and rigid solutions and single crystals of K3(Co(CN)6] containing K3[Cr(CN)5NO] have been measured, and the principal values of the g and hyperfine tensors derived. It is shown that the anion is axially symmetric and the unpaired electron is primarily in the metal dxy level. The 14N anisotropic coupling constant is surprisingly large to be attributed to spin polarisation and indirect dipolar coupling but we cannot discover any reasonable structure which would give a direct delocalisation of the unpaired electron on to the nitrogen atom. In contrast, hyperfine interaction with the equatorial cyanides is small.
The Case of African International Students in China at the Height of COVID-19

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This scholarly reflection centers the experiences of African international students hosted in China during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. Media coverage and photos of African student maltreatment during the first and second waves of COVID-19 are compiled after a cursory commentary of Sino-African relations. In the midst of soaring anti-Asian hatred around the world, African international students were discriminated against and subject to inhumane treatment across China. We acknowledge both of these violences coexist and call on critical interculturalist and agents of internationalization to consider issues of global anti-blackness and adopt an intersectional lens in studying international students’ experiences.