jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Reversible Vacuolar Myopathy of Type II Fibers

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 23-year-old ex-bicycle racer with vague gastrointestinal symptoms had an acute weight loss of 13.6 kg (30 lb). During the period of maximal weight loss, he experienced muscle weakness, dysphagia, bradycardia, and T wave changes on the electrocardiogram. His skeletal muscle biopsy showed a severe vacuolar myopathy devastating the atrophic type II fibers. Without treatment, he recovered completely and has remained well. This may be an exaggerated or acute form of type II atrophy not previously reported, or it may represent an acute muscular degeneration.
Ugly Freedoms

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Ugly FreedomsDuring tHe us wAr tO Annex tHe PHiLiPPines, American soldiers employed a special method of torture against Filipino captives resisting US occupation.Standing on their arms to hold them in place, the soldiers thrust a running water hose down their captives' throats to simulate the feeling of drowning.This method, known as the " water cure," was intended to both punish individual insurgents and compel the larger Filipino population to submit to imperial occupation.When stories of the water cure returned to the US mainland, the technique was condemned as an obscene act abhorrent to American po liti cal values, and it was eventually prohibited.Yet for the soldiers on the ground, who continued to perform it, the water cure was viewed not as the opposite of American po liti cal values but as an expression of them.One soldier wrote a song, "The Water Cure in the P.I.," that expressed this view:Get the good old syringe boys and fill it to the brim We've caught another nigger and we'll operate on him Let someone take the handle who can work it with a vim Shouting the Battle Cry of Freedom.Hurrah.Hurrah.We bring the Jubilee.
Light Scattering by Structurally Anisotropic Media: A Benchmark with Transparent Wood

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Transparent wood (TW) is a biocomposite material with hierarchical structure, which exhibits high optical transmittance and anisotropic light scattering. Here, the relation between anisotropic scattering and the internal structure of transparent wood is experimentally studied and the dependence of scattering anisotropy on material thickness, which characterizes the fraction of ballistic photons in the propagating light, is shown. The limitations of the conventional haze, as it is implemented to isotropic materials, are discussed, and a modified characteristic parameter of light scattering—the degree of anisotropic scattering is defined. This parameter together with the transport mean free path value is more practical and convenient for characterization of the material scattering properties. It is believed that the generic routine described in this paper can be applied for scattering characterization and comparison of other TW materials of either different thickness, optical quality or based on various wood species.
Polypyrrole-Based Cotton Flexible Pressure Sensor Using In-Situ Chemical Oxidative Polymerization

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Polymer-based piezoresistive pressure sensors that possess flexibility and stretchability have received increased recognition in wearable sensing systems. In this paper, we present a flexible pressure sensor designed using polypyrrole-coated cotton (PCC) that was synthesized using in-situ chemical oxidative liquid polymerization. The sensor shows high sensitivity at low-pressure ranges and can measure pressures in the range 160 Pa to 16 kPa. The response time of the sensor was found to be 463 ms. It also exhibits excellent repeatability during continuous loading-unloading for over 1000 cycles. The performance of the sensor was evaluated in terms of resistance change as a function of tensile strain, by applying repeated compression and expansion strains. We report the gauge factor of the resistive sensor to be 0.32 for applied compressive strains from 0% to 99.6%. Such a large compressive strain range can be achieved with cotton because of its fibrous nature. It was observed that there is no change in conductivity, at a given strain, on repeated expansion and compression of the polymer for 20 cycles.
Effects of marine peptide and chitosan oligosaccharide on high and low phenolic creeping bentgrass clonal llnes and improvement of antioxidant enzyme response

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of antioxidant stimulators on low phenolic and high phenolic single seed originating creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.] clonal lines were investigated to understand whether these natural compounds could improve the physiological adjustments of creeping bentgrass under low temperature exposure. A marine peptide hydrolysate, and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) derived from marine chitin were applied to creeping bentgrass foliage and then subjected to cold temperature (4Â°C, day/night temperature) for 3 wk. Significant stimulation of total phenolic content (8%-CB 27 to 75%-CB 15) and antioxidant enzyme response (16%-CB 27 to 44% CB 13) was observed in creeping bentgrass clonal lines following application of marine peptide + COS. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) (13â50%), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity (58â99%) increased significantly after treatments in all creeping bentgrass clonal lines, and stimulation of antioxidant enzyme activity was more profound in low phenolic creeping bentgrass clonal lines. Higher glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and higher proline dehydrogenase (PDH) activity was also observed in these lines following application of marine peptide + COS. Stimulation of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and a probable proline oxidation in creeping bentgrass clonal lines after foliar application of marine peptide Â± COS suggest a role for the enzymes in the improvement of these lines.
The Japanese deflation: has it had real effects? Could it have been avoided?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Has deflation contributed to the long lasting stagnation of the Japanese economy? Could the Bank of Japan have stopped deflation by implementing a more expansionary monetary policy? Tentative answers are probably not to the first question, and probably yes to the second question. It is found that the total cost of deflation over the period 1995-2003 has been close to a 1.1% rate of lost GDP. Yet, on the basis of statistical significance and robustness to specification choices, this evidence is not compelling. On the other hand, the estimated positive linkage between nominal base money growth and inflation is significant and robust, even given current economic conditions. However, in order to be inflationary, monetary policy should have been more expansionary than what actually observed, even since the launch of the quantitative easing in 2001. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.
Ocean Thermal and Geothermal Energy: An Overview of Technologies and Systems

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The Earth and the oceans have a natural temperature gradient between the surface and given depths. The natural temperature gradient is used to operate renewable energy systems, such as power generation and space heating/cooling, which operate on similar thermodynamic concepts. For a given purpose, different technologies are used to extract heat from the two resources. Even though the concepts of the two systems are the same, their heat energy extracting performance is different. An overview of the similarities between the usages of the two thermal resources is presented in this paper. The energy balances at the surface of the Earth and the oceans are also presented. 1. INTRODUCTION The Earth and the oceans store a lot of thermal energy that can be extracted for useful purposes. The major source of thermal energy for the oceans is the Sun. The Earth receives its geothermal energy from radiogenic heat generated from radioactive decay underground and from heat released as the earth cools down, whereas shallow geothermal energy is mostly received from the Sun. The heat transfer processes at the surfaces of the Earth and the oceans maintain their respective energy balances, thus preventing global temperature changes. Thermal energy from these two resources can be used to produce electricity or used directly for other purposes, such as space heating or cooling of built structures. The systems used to extract thermal energy from both resources are similar, with similar thermodynamic concepts. However, the efficiencies of the systems are very different due to the different heat source temperatures. The ocean has a large reservoir of thermal energy as a source of heat at the surface and a large reservoir of cold water as a heat sink. Deep geothermal energy conversion systems mostly use two major sources of heat: hydrothermal reservoirs and hot dry rock (HDR). Deep geothermal energy is used for power generation while shallow geothermal energy is used for direct or non-electric applications. This paper provides an overview of the thermal resource of the Earth and the oceans and the systems used to extract the thermal energy. 2. ENERGY BALANCES AT THE SURFACES OF THE EARTH AND THE OCEANS Significant heat exchange processes across the ocean surface are represented in an ocean energy budget. The rate of heat gain or loss, , by a given column of ocean water with a unit horizontal cross sectional area can be expressed as the difference between the total heat coming from the Sun and the total thermal energy loss from a given area (Bowden, 1983):
Effect of Levels of Tephrosia Bracteolate (Guill Et Perr) on Minerals Balance in W.A.D Goats Fed Guinea Grass(Panicum maximum Jacq) with Concentrate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Sixteen west African Dwarf Goats (8 bucks and 8 does) were balanced for age,sex and weight (average of 5.79±0.60kg), to evaluate their mineral utilization. The animals were fed Tephrosia bracteolata based diets. They were allotted randomly to the following dietary treatments (T. bracteolata, P. maximum, Concentrate) namely,Tb20 as control, Tb40, Tb60 and Tb80for one hundred and twelve days; 14 day pre-growth adaptation, 84 days growth and 14 days digestibility (7 days adaptation and 7 days monitoring).., Ca absorbed (gm) ranged from 0.64 (Tb) 20 to 1.57 (Tb80) and retention was from 0.62 (Tb20) to 1.56 (Tb80) which was partially linear, while for Tb20 and Tb80 had lowest p &lt; 0.05 and highest (p&lt;0.05) (0.27,027 and 0.47, 047) in gm respectively. Concerning Mg lowest (0.41, 0.40) and highest (0.67, 0.65) absorbed and retained was observed in Tb 20 and Tb 80 respectively. While Na was similar to trend observed in P (Tb 20;0.08, 0.08 and Tb 80; 0.14 0.14), K absorption and retention was lowest (P&lt;0.05) in Tb 20 (0.44) and Tb40 (0.35) and Tb 80 (1.25) as well as Tb 80 (1.19) respectively. These results (all positive balance) exhibits majorly linear increment in absorption and retention with increase in T.bracteolata which might be due to leguminous properties in T.b that makes it possible. Adoptable and Adoptable technologies that are legume based and community driven must be sought for Key words:Minerals-balance Panicum maximum, Tephrosia bracteolata, W.A.D-Goats
The financial impact of entering aged care

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Introduction: This paper examines the financial impact of entering aged care. Methods: Estimates of that impact are derived from estimates of the lifetime risk of entry to, the expected total length of stay in, and the annual private cost of, permanent residential care. Results: Almost half of women and a third of men aged 65 years will enter permanent residential care at some time in their remaining life. On average, of those who do enter, women will stay for 3.5 years, whereas men will stay for 2.3 years. For a part‐pensioner with annual income of $A30 000 and assets worth $A160 000, the financial impact of entering care would, on average, be $A52 600 for a woman and $A34 700 for a man. Conclusions: Retiring Australians face a considerable risk that they will require aged care during their remaining lifetime and that the private cost of that care will substantially impact on their finances.
1 Fate of the Critical Line and Chiral Transition in Finite-Temperature Lattice QCD with the Wilson Quark Action

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Finite-temperature phase structure of lattice QCD with the Wilson quark action is analyzed. We show that the critical line at finite temperatures, defined to be the line of vanishing pion screening mass, turns back toward strong coupling, forming a cusp on the (β, K) plane, and that the line of thermal transition runs past the tip of the cusp without touching the critical line. Previous results are discussed in the light of our findings. 1.
Histological periodontal tissue reaction to rapid tooth movement by periodontal distraction in dogs

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes that occurred over time in the distracted periodontal ligament space following the rapid retraction of a tooth by periodintal distraction after bone undermining surgery had been conducted in the dogs. The upper second premolars were extracted on the left and right side in 4 male beagle dogs. Immediately after extraction, the interseptal bone distal to the upper first premolar was thinned and undermined by grooving to decrease the bone resistance. Activating an individualized distraction appliance at the rate of 0.225 mm twice a day, the upper first premolar was retracted rapidly toward the extraction socket. Pwriodintal distractions were performed for 5, 10, and 20 days, and 20-day-distraction cases were followed by maintrmance periods of 0, 14, 28, and 56 days. After 20 day of rapid retraction, the average distal movement of the upper first premolar was 5.02 mm, and the average mesial movement of the upper third premolars serving as an anchorage unit was 0.58 mm. On histological examination, the regeneration of bone occurred in a highly organized pattern. Distracted periodontal ligament space was filled with newly formed bone oriented in the direction, and this was followed by extensive bone remodeling. This result was similar to observed in other bones after distraction osteogenesis. In the periodontal ligament, the relationship between collagen fiber bundies and Sharpey´s fibers were not present 8 weeks after the completion of the periodontal distraction. Reactions in the periodontal ligament of the anchorage tooth represented bone resorption on the compressed side and new bone deposition on the tension side as occurred in conventional orthodontic tooth movement. 본 연구의 목적은 periodintal distraction을 통해 급속 견인된 치아의 치조골과 치주인대에서 일어나는 변화를 조직학적으로 관찰하고, 치주조직이 정상적으로 재생될 수 있는지를 규명하는 것이다. 4 마리의 성견을 대상으로 하여, 좌우 상악 제 2소구치를 발치 후에 상악 제1소구치 원심측 치간골에 홈을 주는 치조골 수술을 통해 골 저항을 약화시키고 제1소구치와 제3소구치에 periodintal distraction 장치를 장착하였다. 장치는 0.255mm 씩, 하루에 2회 활성화시키며 상악 제1소구치를 발치와 공간으로 급속 견인하였다. 치아의 급속 견인은 5일, 10일, 20일간 시행하였으며, 20일간 견인한 대상에서는 2주, 4주, 8주 후 까지 유지기간을 두었다. 20일간의 periodontal distraction을 통해 상악 제1소구치는 평균 5.02mm원심 이동하였고, 고정원인 제 3소구치는 0.58mm근심 이동하였다. 조직학적 검사에서 distraction된 치주인대 공간에서는 골 재생과 개조가 빠르게 일어나, 견인 10일에 유골조직이 치아의 견인방향에 평행하게 생성되었고, 새로운 골 조직의 형성과 골 개조를 통한 골 성숙은 periodintal distraction 방향을 따라 활발히 진행되었으며, 이는 다른 골의 distraction osteogenesis에서 나타나는 결과와 비슷하였다. 급속 견인된 치아의 치주인대는 상당히 넓게 나타났고, 치주인대의 골 쪽에서는 치아 급속 견인 후 8주까지도 새로운 골이 계속 형성되고 있어고, 교원섬유속이나 Sharpey 섬유는 보이지 않았다. 고정원으로 이용된 치아 주위의 조직반응은 통상적인 교정치료에서와 같이 압박측에서의 골 흡수와 신장 측에서의 골 형성 소견을 나타냈다.
Identification of a novel inhibitor of CARM1mediat ed methylation of histone H3R17

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

To whom correspondence should be addressed: Tapas K. Kundu, Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bangalore- 560064, INDIA. Tel (0091) 80-2208-2841, fax (0091) 80 – 22082766 email: tapas@jncasr.ac.in
The competition between Lorentz and Coriolis forces in planetary dynamos

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Fluid motions within planetary cores generate magnetic fields through dynamo action. These core processes are driven by thermo-compositional convection subject to the competing influences of rotation, which tends to organize the flow into axial columns, and the Lorentz force, which tends to inhibit the relative movement of the magnetic field and the fluid. It is often argued that these forces are predominant and approximately equal in planetary cores; we test this hypothesis using a suite of numerical geodynamo models to calculate the Lorentz to Coriolis force ratio directly. Our results show that this ratio can be estimated by $\Lambda _{d}^{*} \simeq \Lambda _{i} Rm^{-1/2}$ (Λ i is the traditionally defined Elsasser number for imposed magnetic fields and Rm is the system-scale ratio of magnetic induction to magnetic diffusion). Best estimates of core flow speeds and magnetic field strengths predict the geodynamo to be in magnetostrophic balance where the Lorentz and Coriolis forces are comparable. The Lorentz force may also be significant, i.e., within an order of magnitude of the Coriolis force, in the Jovian interior. In contrast, the Lorentz force is likely to be relatively weak in the cores of Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Ganymede, and Mercury.
Turbulence measurements in the wake of a thin flat plate.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

First the two-dimensionality of the flow was checked by measuring mean velocity and turbulence level profiles at different spanwise positions, and the flow was found uniform over 75% of the span (wind-tunnel width) at the trailing edge and over 60% of the span at the last downstream station, x = 240 cm, where wake measurements were taken. No detectable periodic components were found in the wake at any downstream station as evidenced either by wave analyzer or by correlation measurements taken with two probes located symmetrically to the centerline and placed near the location of maximum shear stress in the wake. The characteristics of the turbulent boundary layer at the trailing edge (x = 0) were the following: conventional thickness (U/Um = 0.99) d = 5.50 cm, momentum thickness d = 0.58 cm, and shape parameter H = 5*/6 = 1.44. At the same location, the friction velocity was found to be u*/Um = 0.046. This value was obtained by using Clauser's logarithmic law.5 The wall slope method using hot-wire measurements with correction for proximity of the boundary due to Wills 4 yielded a value of u*/Ua = 0.037. The thickness of the trailing edge expressed nondimensionally was quite small, u*h/v = 3; in other words, much smaller than the viscous sublayer. All data is presented in dimensionless form using 00, the momentum thickness at the trailing edge and the undisturbed flow velocity Um as reference quantities. Symmetry of the wake was found to be excellent and representative
Re-Defining Secure Distance for CSI-based Key Generation Protocols

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Channel-State-Information (CSI)-based Key Generation (KG) is an attractive technique for generating symmetric cryptographic keys due to low memory and processing power requirements. CSI-based KG protocols also promise high key rates for vehicular communication channels due to the rich entropy inherited in such dynamic channels. However, as a relatively new field, physical layer security is often limited to idealistic scenarios. The assumption that the channels decorrelate at a half-wavelength distance brings secrecy vulnerabilities that are quantified and brought to attention. This paper convinces that, even in rich scattering environments, the distance of half-wavelength is not perfectly secure, and it may be disastrous under non-idealistic antenna gain patterns. Aiming to bring CSI-based KG a step closer to practical implementation, this paper drops one of the most common idealistic assumptions in the field of PLS and redefines secure distance.
1 Services, goods and business client productivity: Learning from construction

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper reviews research since the 1960s on productivity growth in the construction industry and how low growth rates, which it shares with busi-ness services, have been explained over the years. Effects of deficiencies in output quality measurement have been underestimated, and in retro-spect it is clear that persistently low growth rates cannot be explained by productivity determinants that operate in the short or medium term. Better output measures would support studies of links between productivity and innovation. Industry interest in multi-criteria benchmarking of project per-formance suggests the development of additional measures for output quality, related to effects on client productivity. 1.
The Whi2p-Psr1p/Psr2p complex regulates interference competition and expansion of cells with competitive advantage in yeast colonies

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Yeast form complex highly organized colonies in which cells undergo spatiotemporal phenotypic differentiation in response to local gradients of nutrients, metabolites, and specific signaling molecules. Colony fitness depends on cell interactions, cooperation, and the division of labor between differentiated cell subpopulations. Here, we describe the regulation and dynamics of the expansion of papillae that arise during colony aging, which consist of cells that overcome colony regulatory rules and disrupt the synchronized colony structure. We show that papillae specifically expand within the U cell subpopulation in differentiated colonies. Papillae emerge more frequently in some strains than in others. Genomic analyses further revealed that the Whi2p-Psr1p/Psr2p complex (WPPC) plays a key role in papillae expansion. We show that cells lacking a functional WPPC have a sizable interaction-specific fitness advantage attributable to production of and resistance to a diffusible compound that inhibits growth of other cells. Competitive superiority and high relative fitness of whi2 and psr1psr2 strains are particularly pronounced in dense spatially structured colonies and are independent of TORC1 and Msn2p/Msn4p regulators previously associated with the WPPC function. The WPPC function, described here, might be a regulatory mechanism that balances cell competition and cooperation in dense yeast populations and, thus, contributes to cell synchronization, pattern formation, and the expansion of cells with a competitive fitness advantage.
Specific interaction of anticodon loop residues with yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Thirteen different yeast tRNAPhe variants with single nucleotide changes in positions 34-37 in the anticodon region were prepared by an enzymatic procedure described previously. Aminoacylation kinetics using purified yeast phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase revealed that the level of aminoacylation was very different for different sequences inserted. The low level of aminoacylation was the result of a steady state between a slow forward reaction rate and spontaneous deacylation of the product. Aminoacylation kinetics performed at higher synthetase concentrations revealed that substitution at position 34 in tRNAPhe decreased the Km nearly 10-fold but only had a small effect on Vmax. Similar substitutions at positions 35, 36, and 37 had a lesser effect. These data suggest a sequence-specific contact between the anticodon of yeast tRNAPhe and the cognate synthetase.