jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A comparison of mesoporous silica nanoparticles and mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles as drug vehicles for cancer therapy

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are promising drug carriers for use in cancer treatment owing to their excellent biocompatibility and drug‐loading capacity. However, MSN's incomplete drug release and toxic bioaccumulation phenomena limit their clinical application. Recently, researchers have presented redox responsive mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles containing disulfide (S–S) bridges (ss‐MONs). These nanoparticles retained their ability to undergo structural degradation and increased their local release activity when exposed to reducing agents. Disulfide‐based mesoporous organosilica nanoparticles offer researchers a better option for loading chemotherapeutic drugs due to their effective biodegradability through the reduction of glutathione. Although the potential of ss‐MONs in cancer theranostics has been studied, few researchers have systematically compared ss‐MONs with MSNs with regard to endocytosis, drug release, cytotoxicity, and therapeutic effect. In this work, ss‐MONs and MSNs with equal morphology and size were designed and used to payload doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) for liver cancer chemotherapy. The ss‐MONs showed considerable degradability in the presence of glutathione and performed comparably to MSNs on biocompatibility measures, including cytotoxicity and endocytosis, as well as in drug‐loading capacity. Notably, DOX‐loaded ss‐MONs exhibited higher intracellular drug release in cancer cells and better anticancer effects in comparison with DOX‐loaded MSNs. Hence, the ss‐MONs may be more desirable carriers for a highly efficient and safe treatment of cancer.
Validation of a passive flux sampler for on-site measurement of formaldehyde emission rates from building and furnishing materials

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

A diffusive sampling device was developed for screening indoor sources of formaldehyde and determining the emission rates of these sources on-site. It consists of a glass Petri dish containing a quartz filter coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) which is placed on the tested material for sampling. Formaldehyde emitted from the material diffuses through the air column inside the sampler and is collected onto the DNPH filter. The formaldehyde emission rate is determined from the mass collected by the sampler. The dependence of the sampled formaldehyde amount on the diffusion length inside the sampler was examined and led us to select a length of 20 mm for which the diffusion in the air layer controls the mass transfer from the material to the sampling surface (filter). A linear relationship with a high correlation (r2 = 0.97) was obtained between the mass collected by the passive flux sampler and the emission rates measured by a standard chamber method, analysing a large series of indoor materials with the two methods in parallel. Neither the sampling time (ranging from 4 to 8 h) nor the temperature (from 23 to 35 °C) was observed to influence the sampler performance. Furthermore, the detection limit attained 1.2 μg m−2 h−1 for a 6h-sampling time and a satisfying precision of replicate measurements (relative standard deviation of 7.8% on average) is adequate for monitoring the emission rates of primary sources contributing to formaldehyde indoor concentrations.
Membrane-Binding Mechanism of Clostridium perfringens Alpha-Toxin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin is a key mediator of gas gangrene, which is a life-threatening infection that manifests as fever, pain, edema, myonecrosis, and gas production. Alpha-toxin possesses phospholipase C and sphingomyelinase activities. The toxin is composed of an N-terminal domain (1–250 aa, N-domain), which is the catalytic site, and a C-terminal domain (251–370 aa, C-domain), which is the membrane-binding site. Immunization of mice with the C-domain of alpha-toxin prevents the gas gangrene caused by C. perfringens, whereas immunization with the N-domain has no effect. The central loop domain (55–93 aa), especially H….SW84Y85….G, plays an important role in the interaction with ganglioside GM1a. The toxin binds to lipid rafts in the presence of a GM1a/TrkA complex, and metabolites from phosphatidylcholine to diacylglycerol through the enzymatic activity of alpha-toxin itself. These membrane dynamics leads to the activation of endogenous PLCγ-1 via TrkA. In addition, treatment with alpha-toxin leads to the formation of diacylglycerol at membrane rafts in ganglioside-deficient DonQ cells; this in turn triggers endocytosis and cell death. This article summarizes the current the membrane-binding mechanism of alpha-toxin in detail.
Block Copolymers in Nanoscience

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This first book to take a detailed look at one of the key focal points where nanotechnology and polymers meet provides both an introductory view for beginners as well as in-depth knowledge for specialists in the various research areas involved. It investigates all types of application for block copolymers: as tools for fabricating other nanomaterials, as structural components in hybrid materials and nanocomposites, and as functional materials. The multidisciplinary approach covers all stages from chemical synthesis and characterization, presenting applications from physics and chemistry to biology and medicine, such as micro- and nanolithography, membranes, optical labeling, drug delivery, as well as sensory and analytical uses. © 2006 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Docosahexaenoic Acid and Membrane Lipid Domains

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6Δ4,7,10,13,16,19) is the longest chain and most unsaturated fatty acid commonly found in biological systems [1]. It represents the extreme example of the important class of fatty acids known as omega-3s. Primarily through dietary studies, this fatty acid has been linked to an enormous variety of human afflictions including cancer [2, 3], heart disease [4], rheumatoid arthritis [5], lupus [6], alcoholism [7], blindness [8], respiratory diseases [9], peroxisomal disorders [10], cystic fibrosis [11], schizophrenia [12], depression [13], malaria [14], multiple sclerosis [15] and even migrane headaches. In order for one simple molecule to affect so many seemingly unrelated processes it must function at a fundamental level, common to most cells. It has been suggested that this level is in controlling membrane structure and function [16]. Due to its extreme chain length and unsaturation it should be easier to demonstrate a unique role for DHA in membrane structure/function than it will be for other shorter, less unsaturated fatty acids commonly found in membranes. Reviewed here is the possible involvement of DHA in membrane lipid domains.
Peer Review #3 of "Dynamic succession of substrate-associated bacterial composition and function during Ganoderma lucidum growth (v0.1)"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Background Ganoderma lucidum, a valuable medicinal fungus, is widely distributed in China.It grows alongside with a complex microbial ecosystem in the substrate.As sequencing technology advances, it is possible to reveal the composition and functions of substrate -associated bacterial communities.Methods We analyzed the bacterial community dynamics in the substrate during the four typical growth stages of G. lucidum using next-generation sequencing.Results The physicochemical properties of the substrate (e.g.acidity, moisture, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) changed between different growth stages.A total of 598,771 sequences from 12 samples were obtained and assigned to 22 bacterial phyla.Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla.Bacterial community composition and diversity significantly differed between the elongation stage and the other three growth stages.LEfSe analysis revealed a large number of bacterial taxa (e.g.Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae) with significantly higher abundance at the elongation stage.Functional pathway prediction uncovered significant abundance changes of a number of bacterial functional pathways between the elongation stage and other growth stages.At the elongation stage, the abundance of the environmental information processing pathway (mainly membrane transport) decreased, whereas that of the metabolism-related pathways increased.Discussion The changes in bacterial community composition, diversity and predicted functions were most likely related to the changes in the moisture and nutrient conditions in the substrate with the growth of G. lucidum, particularly at the elongation stage.Our findings shed light on the G. lucidum-bacteria-substrate relationships, which should facilitate the industrial cultivation of G. lucidum.
Lag-Specific Transfer Entropy as a Tool to Assess Cardiovascular and Cardiorespiratory Information Transfer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the study of interacting physiological systems, model-free tools for time series analysis are fundamental to provide a proper description of how the coupling among systems arises from the multiple involved regulatory mechanisms. This study presents an approach which evaluates direction, magnitude, and exact timing of the information transfer between two time series belonging to a multivariate dataset. The approach performs a decomposition of the well-known transfer entropy (TE) which achieves 1) identifying, according to a lag-specific information-theoretic formulation of the concept of Granger causality, the set of time lags associated with significant information transfer, and 2) assigning to these delays an amount of information transfer such that the total contribution yields the aggregate TE. The approach is first validated on realizations of simulated linear and nonlinear multivariate processes interacting at different time lags and with different strength, reporting a high accuracy in the detection of imposed delays, and showing that the estimated lag-specific TE follows the imposed coupling strength. The subsequent application to heart period, systolic arterial pressure and respiration variability series measured from healthy subjects during a tilt test protocol illustrated how the proposed approach quantifies the modifications in the involvement and latency of important mechanisms of short-term physiological regulation, like the baroreflex and the respiratory sinus arrhythmia, induced by the orthostatic stress.
Relationship of Therapists' Attitudes, Children's Motor Ability, and Parenting Stress to Mothers' Perceptions of Therapists' Behaviors During Early Intervention

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background and Purpose. Federal law mandates family-centered care as the service delivery model in early intervention programs for children from birth to 36 months of age. This study investigated the relationship of therapists' attitudes, children's motor ability, and parenting stress to mothers' perceptions of physical therapists' family-centered behaviors during early intervention. Subjects and Methods. Twenty-five physical therapists and 75 mother-child dyads (3 from each therapist's caseload) participated. The mean chronological age for the children was 21.2 months (SD=7.3, range=6–35). Mothers participated in a structured interview using the Measures of Processes of Care (MPOC-56), and they completed the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) and a questionnaire. The Bayley-II Motor Scale was administered to the children. Therapists completed a modified version of the Measures of Processes of Care for Service Providers (MPOC-SP) and a questionnaire. Results. Scores for mothers on the MPOC-56 and for therapists on the MPOC-SP indicated strong positive perceptions and attitudes toward family-centered behaviors. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that parenting stress explained a considerable amount of the variance in mothers' perceptions of family-centered behaviors, whereas therapists' attitudes explained a considerable amount of the variance in mothers' perceptions of respectful and supportive care. Children's motor ability was inversely related to parenting stress. Discussion and Conclusion. Findings suggest that mothers perceive that physical therapists are using family-centered behaviors in early intervention. Findings from the questionnaires suggest that some early intervention policies may be barriers for therapists and prevent them from actualizing attitudes toward family-centered behaviors.
Incorporation of Axial Chirality into Phosphino-Imidazoline Ligands for Enantioselective Catalysis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A complementary strategy for ligand tuning that enables controlling ligand conformation is described here. The concept is demonstrated with new ligands that are employed in the catalytic enantioselective preparation of the highly important C2-aminoalkyl five-membered heterocycle motif. The alkynylation/cyclization sequence developed here is convergent, highly modular, and allows for a complementary scope to the heteroarylation of imines. This new ligand platform should offer new possibilities for expanding the use of PHIM-type ligands in a large variety of new transformations.
Analysis of Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability Immediately After Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Titration in Patients With Moderate to Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Objectives Recurrent hypoxia, hypercapnia, and arousal during sleep can induce hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), which contributes to the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. This study was designed to compare changes in heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV), both of which reflect the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in OSA patients before and immediately after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration.Subjects and Method Thirty-five OSA patients (47.8±12.3 years) and 16 healthy subjects (43.2±12.5 years) were enrolled in this study. A night CPAP titration was performed on the OSA patients, and HRV was calculated by RR intervals from the electrocardiogram signals during the total sleep time.Results The mean age of OSA patients was 47.8 years (M:F=34:1), and the control group was 43.3 years (M:F=14:2). The mean AHI of OSA patients was 53.4±31.9, and decreased 17.3±19.4 after CPAP titration, and 4.3±1.6 in the normal controls. During CPAP titration, the mean HR of OSA patients was 68.0±8.9, which was significantly higher than that of the normal controls, 59.5±9.0 (<i>p</i>=0.003). For HRV, standard deviation of all NN intervals (<i>p</i>=0.001), root mean square of the successive NN intervals (<i>p</i><0.001), and low frequency (LF) (<i>p</i>=0.006) values were significantly decreased after CPAP titration compared to the baseline. After CPAP titration, LF (<i>p</i>=0.017) and LF/HF (<i>p</i>=0.003) values were still significantly higher than those of the normal controls.Conclusion HRV analysis revealed that CPAP titration for one day caused decreased SNS activity but did not induce a balance in ANS when compared to the normal controls.
Soluble and Insoluble Fiber Differentially Impact Canine Fecal Microbiome and Circulating Metabolome

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Dietary fiber comprises polysaccharides having heterogeneous properties; a practical distinction in fiber types is soluble versus insoluble. All fiber types bypass digestion and absorption in the upper gastrointestinal tract to become available for metabolism by colon‐resident gut microbiota. We sought to gain insight into the impact of dietary fiber type on the gut microbiome and circulating metabolome in healthy canines. Two diets were formulated to contain approximately equal macronutrient makeup and total dietary fiber, but to differ in soluble fiber percentage (high soluble fiber = 3.9%; low soluble fiber = 0.8%) with balance provided by insoluble fiber. We compared the time resolved changes in fecal microbiome (weekly) and serum metabolome (monthly) dogs consuming these two levels of soluble fiber (n =15) for 13 weeks. Dogs were housed in pairs, provided daily group exercise in outdoor grassy runs and had access to natural light that varied with season. Health was monitored via clinical and physical indices. Blood and fecal collections were carried out under IACUC approved protocols. Endpoints included serum metabolome and fecal microbiome; multiple coinertial analysis was used to indicate the relative capacity of these ‘Omes to explain sample variation. Typical patterns of microbiome response encountered were: 1) Taxa changes similar in direction and magnitude for both Diets (increased Bifidobacterium, Blautia, Ruminococcus); 2) Taxa changes similar in direction but not magnitude (increased Bacteroides, Prevotella‐less so with high soluble fiber); 3) Taxa changes in opposite direction for each Diet (Lactobacillus). A machine learning genetic algorithm provided microbial taxa best defining diet group identity. Microbial‐derived metabolites were also altered in serum according to diet consumed. Circulating tryptophan metabolites (e.g. indolelactate, indoleacetate, indoleacrylate) were decreased by low soluble fiber but increased by high soluble fiber. Somewhat similarly, circulating p‐cresol sulfate, O‐methylcatechol sulfate and catechol sulfate were decreased by low, but not high soluble fiber consumption. In contrast, 4‐ethylphenylsulfate and its unsaturated congener 4‐vinylphenylsulfate were decreased by both diets. Serum metabolite changes were associated with gut microbial function via ecological RLQ‐4th Corner analysis on PICRUSt imputed metabolic potential. In summary, differential dietary soluble fiber levels produced changes in canine fecal microbiome and serum metabolome, and these changes are in part correlated through imputed microbial gene functional capacity. Support or Funding Information Both authors employed by, and study funded by, Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc. Science and Technology Center, Topeka, KS 66601
Intrauterine Transfusion of Foetus in Haemolytic Disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In the management of the pregnancy complicated by rhesus sensitization the guidance given by amniotic-fluid pigmentation (Bevis, 1956 ; Walker, 1957 ; Mackay, 1961 ; Liley, 1961,1963) has greatly reduced the perinatal mortality from haemolytic disease. In the National Women’s Hospital, Auckland, with a policy of selective induction based on amniocentesis findings, this perinatal mortality has fallen steadily from 22% in 1957–8 to 9% in 1962. It was obvious that no further reduction could be expected from conventional treatment when of 7 perinatal deaths in 80 consecutive rhesus-sensitized pregnancies one baby had multiple congenital abnormalities and the other six were all hydropic before 34 weeks’ gestation. Transfusion in utero appeared the logical procedure for these very severely affected babies early in the third trimester, and intraperitoneal transfusion seemed the simplest technique.
Efectos de la Terapia Cognitiva basada en la Atención Plena: una aproximación cualitativa

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (Segal, Williams and Teasdale, 2002) is a treatment of eight weeks of duration developed initially for the prevention of relapses in depression. In this article are presented the qualitative aspects of the application of a program in TCAP in users of two Units of Mental Health in the island of Tenerife with anxious and depressive symptomatology. 32 participants taken part in a study of efficiency of the TCAP answered a questionnaire of questions opened at the end of the treatment and three months after it finished. These texts were analyzed via a content analysis procedure. Results show that the TCAP has good levels of acceptance, and that the majority of participants notice changes in their way of thinking, of feeling, and their relation with the others.
The Protective Effect of Coenzyme Q_(10) on Adriamycin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective:To investigate the effect of coenzyme Q_(10) on adriamycin-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.Methods:The study was performed by de vivo perfused methods,and rats were randomly divided into three groups:a control one,an adriamycin one and an adriamycin+coenzyme Q_(10) one.The level of contractility,coronary fluence and electrocardiogram,the content of malondialdehyde,SOD and GSH-Px in the myocardium were monitored.In addition,the changes in myocardial ultrastructure were assessed by means of transmission electron microscope.Results:Myocardial contractibility and coronary fluence were improved and arrhythmia was reduced in the adriamycin+coenzyme Q_(10) group.Besides the content of malondialdehyde was lower,the activities of SOD and GSH-Px were higher,and ultrastructures were better in the adriamycin+coenzyme Q_(10) group than in the adriamycin group.Conclusion:Coenzyme Q_(10) has a protective effect on adriamycininduced cardiotoxicity.
Effects of temperature fluctuations on the quality and microbial diversity of beef meatballs during simulated cold chain distribution

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND Cold chain distribution with multiple links maintains low temperatures to ensure the quality of meat products, whereas temperature fluctuations during this are often disregarded by the industry. The present study simulated two distinct temperatures cold chain distribution processes. Quality indicators and high‐throughput sequencing were employed to investigate the effects of temperature fluctuations on the quality and microbial diversity of beef meatballs during cold chain distribution. RESULTS Quality indicators revealed that temperature fluctuations during simulated cold chain distribution significantly ( P < 0.05) exacerbated the quality deterioration of beef meatballs. High‐throughput sequencing demonstrated that temperature fluctuations affected the diversity and structure of microbial community. Lower microbial species abundance and higher microbial species diversity were observed in the temperature fluctuations group. Proteobacteria and Pseudomonas were identified as the dominant phylum and genus in beef meatballs, respectively, exhibiting faster growth rates and greater relative abundance under temperature fluctuations. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrates that temperature fluctuations during simulated cold chain distribution can worsen spoilage and shorten the shelf life of beef meatballs. It also offers certain insights into the spoilage mechanism and preservation of meat products during cold chain distribution. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.