jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
France, NATO, and Regional Conflict in Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

From the end of the Second World War, France's commitments in the African continent have had a major impact on the formulation of her declaratory policies as well as on the substance of her defence plans. Immediately after the war, the defence of North Africa and of the 'French Union' virtually received a higher priority than the defence of Europe, where a fresh outbreak of hostilities seemed unlikely.1 Once negotiations on the Atlantic Treaty began, France made substantial efforts to use the Atlantic framework to retain her colonial possessions, by insisting that the United States consider giving greater commitments to Allied interests outside the treaty area.2 The reluctance of the United States to do so (despite the initial inclusion of France's North African territories within the Treaty area), must be seen as one of the root causes of France's later desire for independence within the Atlantic Alliance. Since many of France's major military responsibilities were in areas not covered by the Alliance, it would eventually appear proper and logical that France take a more aloof stand in respect of direct collaboration for European defence. France would 'independently' prepare for her defence within Europe, just as she was 'forced' to stand alone in defence of her outside obligations in Africa.
RATIONAL FAMILIES OF VECTOR BUNDLES ON CURVES

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let C be a smooth projective complex curve of genus g≥2 and let M be the moduli space of rank 2, stable vector bundles on C, with fixed determinant of degree 1. For any k≥1, we find all the irreducible components of the space of rational curves on M, of degree k. In particular, we find the maximal rationally connected fibrations of these components. We prove that there is a one-to-one correspondence between moduli spaces of rational curves on M and moduli spaces of rank 2 vector bundles on ℙ 1 ×C.
Design and Evaluation of Medicated Derma Sticks of Azadirachta indica For Antimicrobial Activity

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Topical skin infections commonly occur in person in worldwide level. Plants reported to possess activity or used in traditional systems of medicine for prevention and treatment of skin disorders. Hence, present study was aimed to design and evaluate medicated sticks of Azadirachta indica extract which is very well known for the antibacterial and antifungal activity. The petroleum ether and ethanol (70%) extracts were prepared. Medicated derma sticks of Azadirachta indica extract were prepared by heating and congealing and evaluated for thickness, length and weight. The medicated derma sticks of Azadirachta indica were screened for antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans, and further stability studies was performed. The prepared medicated derma sticks of Azadirachta indica obtained were of uniform length, thickness and weight respectively. The zones of inhibition of medicated derma sticks of Azadirachta indica against all the microorganisms were nearer to pure drugs. The stability study of medicated derma sticks of Azadirachta indica exhibited that the formulations were safe to use in tropical application.
Resection of the abdominal aorta aneurysm in a patient with a transplanted kidney

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The number of kidney transplants in patients with end-stage chronic renal disease is annually increasing all over the world. But the incidence of abdominal aorta aneurysm in patients with allografted kidney can be assessed from very few published reports. D.C.Cron et al revealed 29 cases of aorta aneurysm among 2133 patients who underwent kidney transplantation, thus the incidence making 1.35%. Surgery for abdominal aorta aneurysm in this patient population still remains a rarity in the practice of a vascular surgeon and so puts a number of fundamental questions for us that do not have ready-published answers. In heterotopic transplantation, the kidney ischemia during aortic cross-clamping is a crucial aspect in the treatment of this patient population, and if underestimated, it can potentially lead to the graft loss. A number of authors do not consider an additional protection of the kidney to be obligatory during the aortic crossclamping, and they believe the surgery can be performed safely for the graft by using a quick suture of the prosthesis. Below we present our clinical case report of the infra-renal aorta aneurysm resection without a graft protection in a patient after heterotopic kidney transplantation.
Thermodynamic Performance of Hot-Carrier Solar Cells: A Quantum Transport Model

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In conventional solar cells, photogenerated carriers lose part of their energy before they can be extracted to make electricity. The aim of hot-carrier solar cells is to extract the carriers before this energy loss, thereby turning more energy into electrical power. This requires extracting the carriers in a nonequilibrium (nonthermal) energy distribution. Here, we investigate the performance of hot-carrier solar cells for such nonequilibrium distributions. We propose a quantum transport model in which each energy-loss process (carrier thermalization, relaxation, and recombination) is simulated by a Büttiker probe. We study charge and heat transport to analyze the hot-carrier solar cell's power output and efficiency, introducing partial efficiencies for different loss processes and the carrier extraction. We show that producing electrical power from a nonequilibrium distribution has the potential to improve the output power and efficiency. Furthermore, in the limit where the distribution is thermal, we prove that a boxcar-shaped transmission for the carrier extraction maximizes the efficiency at any given output power.
Research Progress of Subclinical Atherosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis has decreased substantially in recent decades.The C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers appear to be a sensitive biomarker for quantification of cardiovascular risk.Studies on the relationship between multiple risk factors and the extent of asymptomatic atherosclerosis among young people are very limited.The extent of subclinical atherosclerosis can be assessed by several methods.Statin therapy can slow,halt or even reverse the progression of atherosclerotic disease,the efficacy depends on the intensity of statin use.In this paper,the recent progress of researches on subclinical atherosclerosis was reviewed from the aspects of its prevalence,pathogenesis,risk factors,detection and treatment.
Modification of the existing maximum residue levels for picloram in animal commodities and honey

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract In accordance with Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No 396/2005, the applicant Corteva Agriscience International Sàrl submitted a request to the competent national authority in the Netherlands to modify the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) in certain animal commodities (fat and liver) and honey. The data submitted in support of the request were found to be sufficient to derive an MRL proposal for honey. Adequate analytical methods for enforcement are available to control the residues according to the residue definition for enforcement proposed as ‘picloram, free and conjugated, expressed as picloram’ in honey at the validated limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.01 mg/kg. For the commodities of animal origin, although the submitted data were found to be sufficient, EFSA concluded that no change of the existing MRLs was necessary. Based on the risk assessment results, EFSA concluded that the short‐term and long‐term intake of residues expected in honey, resulting from the existing uses of picloram on melliferous crops, is unlikely to present a risk to consumer health.
Innovations in higher education: new approaches and teaching technologies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article discusses modern approaches and technologies that help improve the quality of education and increase student motivation. The study focuses on the benefits and challenges of introducing innovations such as interactive learning platforms, massive open online courses (MOOCs), augmented reality (AR), and other digital tools. Modern education is undergoing significant transformations under the influence of the latest technologies and innovative approaches to learning. Innovations in education not only change traditional teaching methods but also open up new opportunities to improve the efficiency and accessibility of learning. The use of technologies such as virtual and augmented reality, artificial intelligence, and big data makes it possible to significantly improve the quality of the educational process, making it more personalised and interactive. The benefits of the latest approaches include increased student motivation and engagement, improved learning outcomes, and easier access to education. However, innovation also faces challenges, such as technical and financial constraints, the need to train teachers and students to use new technologies, and ethical and social issues. Practical examples such as Khan Academy and the experience of Finland illustrate the successful application of innovative approaches in the educational process. The article examines the implementation of innovations in higher education, in particular, the latest approaches and teaching technologies. Using examples of successful projects and the experience of individual educational institutions, the study shows that innovations contribute to improving the quality of education, increasing student motivation, and improving their preparation for the modern labour market. The benefits and challenges of implementing innovations are discussed, as well as recommendations for the successful implementation of new approaches in educational institutions. The findings of the study emphasise the importance of a clear strategy, support from the administration, and active participation of teachers and students in the implementation of new technologies. Further research could focus on the long-term effects of innovations, assessing their impact on different age groups and disciplines, and developing effective teacher training methods. The paper argues that innovations in higher education contribute to improving the quality of education, motivating students, and preparing them for the modern labour market.
Mechanistic aspects of NMD in human cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Eukaryotic mRNAs with premature translation termination codons (PTCs) are recognized and degraded through a process termed nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). To get more insight into the recruitment of the central NMD factor UPF1 to target mRNAs, we mapped transcriptome-wide UPF1-binding sites by individual-nucleotide-resolution UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) in human cells and found that UPF1 preferentially associated with 3′ UTRs in translationally active cells but underwent significant redistribution toward coding regions (CDS) upon translation inhibition. This indicates that UPF1 binds RNA before translation and gets displaced from the CDS by translating ribosomes. Corroborated by RNA immunoprecipitation and by UPF1 cross-linking to long noncoding RNAs, our evidence for translation-independent UPF1-RNA interaction suggests that the triggering of NMD occurs after UPF1 binding to mRNA, presumably through activation of RNA-bound UPF1 by aberrant translation termination.
Unlike in yeast, in mammalian cells NMD has been reported to be restricted to cap-binding complex (CBC)–bound mRNAs during the pioneer round of translation. However, we compared decay kinetics of two NMD reporter genes in mRNA fractions bound to either CBC or the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) in human cells and show that NMD destabilizes eIF4E-bound transcripts as efficiently as those associated with CBC. These results corroborate an emerging unified model for NMD substrate recognition, according to which NMD can ensue at every aberrant translation termination event.
Label-free evaluation of angiogenic sprouting in microengineered devices using ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence microscopy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Understanding the mechanism of angiogenesis could help to decipher wound healing and embryonic development and to develop better treatment for diseases such as cancer. Microengineered devices were developed to reveal the mechanisms of angiogenesis, but monitoring the angiogenic process nondestructively in these devices is a challenge. In this study, we utilized a label-free imaging technique, ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence microscopy (OCM), to evaluate angiogenic sprouting in a microengineered device. The OCM system was capable of providing ∼1.5-μm axial resolution and ∼2.3-μm transverse resolution. Three-dimensional (3-D) distribution of the sprouting vessels in the microengineered device was imaged over 0.6×0.6×0.5 mm3, and details such as vessel lumens and branching points were clearly visualized. An algorithm based on stretching open active contours was developed for tracking and segmenting the sprouting vessels in 3-D-OCM images. The lengths for the first-, second-, and third-order vessels were measured as 127.8±48.8 μm (n=8), 67.3±25.9 μm (n=9), and 62.5±34.7 μm (n=10), respectively. The outer diameters for the first-, second-, and third-order vessels were 13.2±1.0, 8.0±2.1, and 4.4±0.8 μm, respectively. These results demonstrate OCM as a promising tool for nondestructive and label-free evaluation of angiogenic sprouting in microengineered devices.
Torah and Torts: A Reply to Professor Kader

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Professor Kader has entitled his piece and presumably seeing his objective as defining the way the (Jewish Law) responds to or deals with the reality of torts. I have entitled my response Torah and Torts since, as I shall show, the jurisprudential principles and constructs of Jewish law pervade all areas of the law and the response of Jewish law to issues of tort liability flows from the basic premises and approach manifest throughout the Jewish legal system. But first, I wish to comment on some specific points in Professor Kader's essay. I would disagree with his assignment of expertise in Jewish law almost exclusively to the beneficiaries of an orthodox education. I could cite numerous examples to the contrary and could even attempt a cogent case for the notion that creative scholarship in Jewish law might require freedom from some of the presuppositions that are the hallmark of an orthodox approach. Secondly, in citing the Biblical sources for the major categories of torts, he cites Exodus 21:28-32 although his quotation only goes through v. 29. In addition, that citation only refers to the goring ox that killed a human being. More pertinent to the issue of tort damage is the passage in Exodus 21:35-36 dealing with damage by the ox to another animal, from which is derived the principle (referred to by Professor Kader) of palga nizka or the half-damages liability of the owner of the goring ox which had not previously exhibited vicious behavior.
INFLUENCE OF PARAMETERS OF MARINATING MEAT SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS ON THE QUALITY OF THE FINISHED PRODUCT

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Improvement and introduction of modern technologies in the creation of new types of meat semi-finished products, the study of promising components and the development of new recipes for marinades, improving the organoleptic and taste properties of the final product is a relevant and promising area of research. Therefore, this study is focused on the influence of marinating parameters in the technology of meat semi-finished products, namely on the organoleptic, physicochemical, and functional-technological properties of the finished product. To solve the tasks, generalisation, comparison and the following research methods were used: organoleptic evaluation of appearance, cut section, taste, smell, colour, consistency, and juiciness; moisture content – by drying samples in a drying oven at a temperature of 103 ± 2 °C to a constant mass; fat content – by the Soxhlet method; ash content – by the conventional weighing method; determination of protein content – by the Kjeldahl method; the yield of the finished product was determined by weighing before and after heat treatment; moisture binding and moisture retention capacity was determined by pressing. The studies found that the effect of the duration of marinating significantly affects the organoleptic characteristics. Thus, the organoleptic characteristics and taste and aroma properties of the finished product when using honey in marinades improve, and the appearance becomes more attractive. According to the results of the organoleptic evaluation, the finished product, after 24 hours of marinating, received a score of 4.9 points. Also, in these samples were observed greater water retention and water binding capacity, which contributes to increased hydration and solubility of muscle tissue proteins. The influence of marinating parameters on the consumptive properties of the product has been established. Thus, the yield of finished baked beef after 24 hours of ageing in the marinade was the highest in sample No. 1 (marinade based on citrus honey – 10 g) and amounted to 84.96%, while the average weight yield of other samples was in the range of 73.18-77.5%. The obtained research results make it possible to expand the range of semi-finished products, correct organoleptic properties and enrich the finished product with biologically active substances
Maintenance-free global data storage

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Explores mechanisms for storage-level management in OceanStore, a global-scale distributed storage utility infrastructure, designed to scale to billions of users and exabytes of data. OceanStore automatically recovers from server and network failures, incorporates new resources and adjusts to usage patterns. It provides its storage platform through adaptation, fault tolerance and repair. The only role of human administrators in the system is to physically attach or remove server hardware. Of course, an open question is how to scale a research prototype in such a way to demonstrate the basic thesis of this article - that OceanStore is self-maintaining. The allure of connecting millions or billions of components together is the hope that aggregate systems can provide scalability and predictable behavior under a wide variety of failures. The OceanStore architecture is a step towards this goal.
Comparison of health-related quality of life with epirubicin, cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil and docetaxel, cisplatin plus 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy regimens as first-line systemic therapy in locally advanced inoperable or metastatic gastric or gastro-esophageal junction adenocarcinoma: A prospective study from South India

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important oncologic end point for upper gastrointestinal malignancies. Unfortunately, till date, there is no published prospective data from India, comparing the HRQOL parameters between first-line chemotherapy regimens in advanced/metastatic gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: The present study aimed to compare the HRQOL of first-line systemic chemotherapy with epirubicin, cisplatin plus 5-FU (ECF) and docetaxel, cisplatin plus 5-FU (DCF) regimens in patients with locally advanced inoperable or metastatic gastric or gastro-esophageal junction adenocarcinoma. The secondary end points were overall response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity profile. Results: Between December 2014 and December 2016, 65 patients were treated with ECF (n= 34) or DCF (n= 31) regimen. The baseline HRQOL scores were comparable between the two study groups, with the exception of significantly poor pain and sleep difficulties symptom score in the DCF group. After three cycles of treatment, both the groups showed improvements in most of the quality of life (QOL) parameters including global QOL score, compared with their baseline status. After six cycles of chemotherapy, the ECF group showed nonsignificant deterioration for most of the QOL parameters; but on the contrary, the DCF group maintained improved scores for most of the QOL parameters. The median survival until a definitive deterioration of global QOL score was significantly better in the DCF arm in comparison to the ECF arm (7.1 vs. 5.6 months, respectively, P = 0.000). The median OS was 9.2 months with ECF and 12.5 months with DCF regimen (P = 0.000), while median PFS was 5.7 and 7.4 months with ECF and DCF regimens, respectively (P = 0.002). Conclusions: This prospective study highlighted a better impact of DCF chemotherapy on the HRQOL of patients with advanced/metastatic gastric cancer and showed the importance of QOL assessments in clinical trials to complement the risk–benefit judgment.
Effect of ruthenium microadditives on the structure and corrosion resistance of titanium α-, pseudo-α-alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The paper examines electrochemical studies of forgings made of α, pseudo-α titanium alloys of industrial compositions and with the addition of ruthenium. Comparative dependences of the current density on time were constructed at various potentials in 3.5% NaCl for titanium alloys of industrial composition and with the addition of ruthenium. The breakdown potential of the titanium alloys under study was determined. Microstructural studies of titanium alloys of various compositions were carried out after determining the breakdown potential.
Review of STATCOM control for improving power network stability with RES and electric vehicle penetration

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The advancement of renewable energy sources (RESs) and the integration of electrical vehicles (EVs) into the traditional power grid have both dramatically grown in recent years. The control and management of the interconnected energy system has become a complicated task with respect to achieving sustainable stability and dependability due to the power system evolution brought about by strategies to expand powers electronic conversion tools (RESs such as wind and solar photovoltaic (PV). Due to the dynamic behavior of conversion tool renewable sources and electric vehicles differing from that of conventional generation, power systems are now faced with a number of new stability challenges. In order to improve system performance, critical stability concerns relating to rotor angle stability, voltage stability, and resonance stability are addressed in this paper's comprehensive and up-to-date overview of STATCOM control in wind, PV, and/or EV-interfaced power systems.