jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Development of 9Cr-ODS Martensitic Steel Claddings for Fuel Pins by means of Ferrite to Austenite Phase Transformation

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

For use as fuel cladding of liquid metal fast reactors, Fe-0.12C-9Cr-2W ODS martensitic steel claddings were developed by cold-rolling under the softened ferrite phase induced by slow cooling from austenite phase, subsequently by ferrite to austenite phase transformation to break up substantially elongated grains produced by cold-rolling at the final heat-treatment. The produced claddings showed noticeable improvement in tensile and creep rupture strength that are considerably superior to PNC-FMS and even austenitic PNC316 at higher temperature and extended time to rupture. The strength improvement is mainly attributed to titanium addition in ODS martensitic steels through its reduction of Y2O3 particle size and shortening inter-particles spacing. The behavior of oxide particle size reduction is associated with stoichiometry between Y2O3 and TiO2.
Observations on the levels of γG, γA, and γM globulins, anti-A and anti-B agglutinins, and antibodies to Escherichia coli in Down's anomaly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The levels of γG, γA, and γM globulins were estimated in a group of patients with Down's anomaly and in groups of mentally retarded children and normal children, matched for age and sex, using an immunological method. Higher levels of γG globulin were observed in patients with Down's syndrome, in association with a small but significant lower concentration of γM globulin. The titres of anti-A and anti-B agglutinins and antibodies to Escherichia coli , estimated before and after treatment of serum with 2-mercaptoethanol, were found to be within normal levels. These data seem to suggest that patients with Down's syndrome do not produce `faulty' immunoglobulins as has been previously postulated. It is suggested that the abnormal levels of immunoglobulins found in Down's anomaly are not peculiar to patients with Down's syndrome but occur in other disorders in which the reticuloendothelial system or the lymphocytes are involved.
Cooking in College: Improving Access to Cooking May Reduce Food Insecurity at Universities

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Food insecurity rates are high among college students compared to the US population. This study used a cross-sectional survey of university students (n = 419) to assess the potential role of food preparation ability in reducing food insecurity among this population. Food insecurity (34.6%) and very low food security (17.9%) rates were elevated compared to the general population. Income (OR = .667) and the utilization of food assistance programs (OR = 2.217), predicted the incidence of food security. One component of food preparation ability, access to cooking facilities, was associated with a reduced likelihood of food insecurity (OR = .584).
Genome Sequence Resource of Cladosporium velox Strain C4 Causing Cotton Boll Disease in Xinjiang, China

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Cladosporium spp., as one of the largest and most heterogeneous genera of hyphomycetes, are widely distributed worldwide. This genus is usually adaptable to a wide variety of extreme environments. However, only 11 genomes of Cladosporium genus have been publicly released. From 2017, we found for the first time that Cladosporium velox could cause cotton boll disease and lead to stiffness and cracking boll in Xinjiang, China. Herein, we provide a high-quality reference genome for the C. velox strain C4 isolated from cotton boll in Xinjiang, China. The genome size and encoding gene number of the C. velox strain C4 and C. cucumerinum strain CCNX2, which was recently released and caused the cucumber scab, showed minor differences. This resource will contribute to future research that aims to elucidate the genetic basis of C. velox pathogenicity and could expand our knowledge of Cladosporium spp. genomic characteristics that will be valuable for the development of Cladosporium disease control measures.
[Osteopetrosis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Animal models of osteopetrosis have led us to consider this condition to be an immune disease. In both the hereditary from in the op/op mutant rat and in experimentally induced from by Cl2MDP, osteopetrosis is associated with immune deficiencies, such as the inhibition of the mitogenic response of T lymphocytes, the inability to develop adjuvant arthritis. In particular, the differentiation of the thymus dependent macrophages is inhibited in the mouse treated with Cl2MDP. These animal models illustrate the relationships between the immune system and the bone regeneration system. They enable the study of the relationship between T lymphocytes, macrophages and osteoclasts.
Kong Yingda, Cheng Xuanying, and Their “Others”: A Synchronic Contextualization of Visions of the Sage

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The early medieval period saw the spread of Buddhism from India into China and the development of Daoism as a religious institution. By the early Tang dynasty, Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism were referred to as the three teachings, and had developed separate institutions; representatives of the three teachings were competing at court for patronage and influence. This paper probes the extent to which the institutionalization of these three teachings as separate, often competing, entities is mirrored at the philosophical level and attempts to delineate the fault lines of philosophical contention among them. Scholarship on Daoist chongxuan philosophy, as it developed in early Tang Changan, documents Daoists’ utilization of Buddhist concepts and terminologies, implying shared discourses. This paper extends this investigation to include Confucianism, focusing on excerpts from two texts written in early seventh-century Changan: the Confucian Zhouyi zhengyi and the Daoist Daode jing yishu, as a case study for a synchronic contextualization across the boundaries of the teachings. Analyzing explicit demarcation discourses and intertextual occurrences of specific terminologies, the paper juxtaposes the Daoist and Confucian conceptualizations of the “sage who embodies Dao”. Through this analysis, the paper explores shared discourses and demarcations in philosophical thought among the three teachings, emphasizing the complexity of fault lines in philosophical arguments, which resist simplistic alignment with sectarian affiliations.
Neural Correlates of Loudness Coding in Two Types of Cochlear Implants—A Model Study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Many speech coding strategies have been developed over the years, but comparing them has been convoluted due to the difficulty in disentangling brand-specific and patient-specific factors from strategy-specific factors that contribute to speech understanding. Here, we present a comparison with a ‘virtual’ patient, by comparing two strategies from two different manufacturers, Advanced Combination Encoder (ACE) versus HiResolution Fidelity 120 (F120), running on two different implant systems in a computational model with the same anatomy and neural properties. We fitted both strategies to an expected T-level and C- or M-level based on the spike rate for each electrode contact’s allocated frequency (center electrode frequency) of the respective array. This paper highlights neural and electrical differences due to brand-specific characteristics such as pulse rate/channel, recruitment of adjacent electrodes, and presence of subthreshold pulses or interphase gaps. These differences lead to considerably different recruitment patterns of nerve fibers, while achieving the same total spike rates, i.e., loudness percepts. Also, loudness growth curves differ significantly between brands. The model is able to demonstrate considerable electrical and neural differences in the way loudness growth is achieved in CIs from different manufacturers.
Taxonomy of Cyber Threats to Application Security and Applicable Defenses

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Application security measures are the controls within software systems that protect information assets from security attacks. Cyber attacks are largely carried out through software systems running on computing systems in cyberspace. To mitigate the risks of cyber attacks on software systems, identification of entities operating within cyberspace, threats to application security and vulnerabilities, and defense mechanisms are crucial. This chapter offers a taxonomy that identifies assets in cyberspace, classifies cyber threats into eight categories (buffer overflow, malicious software, input attacks, object reuse, mobile code, social engineering, back door, and logic bomb), provides security defenses, and maps security measures to control types and functionalities. Understanding application security threats and defenses will help IT security professionals in the choice of appropriate security countermeasures for setting up strong defense-in-depth mechanisms. Individuals can also apply these safeguards to protect themselves from cyber-attacks.
Lessons Learned from Testing a Children's Educational Game through Web Deployment

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Beanstalk is an educational game that teaches balance-fulcrum principles, targeting children ages 5-11. Four versions of the game were deployed on the web through the educational portal Learning.com. Two of the versions incorporate non-player characters that offer opportunities for socio-emotional learning (SEL). Two of the versions include a scientific process of "predict-observe-hypothesize-explain" (POHE), which in effect is in-game testing. This paper reports on a first look into the game logs collected from child players via the portal, allowing for a 2x2 SEL crossed with POHE analysis. Lessons learned from testing variants of an educational game are shared, as well as conclusions drawn from the logs. Surprisingly, the version with both SEL and POHE caused children to stop playing the game sooner. The POHE performance was weakest for the players in the SEL treatment. Rather than help with the science educational goals, SEL may have diminished the experience.
Effect of Stem Design and Positioning on the Leg Axis after Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Secondary Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background/Objectives: Various parameters, like femoral offset and leg length, are associated with good patient outcomes after total hip arthroplasty. In this prospective study, the effects of stem design, its placement in the proximal femur and the resulting femoral offset on the total leg axis were investigated. Methods: The 27 patients included in this study received biplanar radiography (EOS®, EOS Imaging) with 3D reconstruction using sterEOS® both preoperatively and postoperatively. For all leg alignment parameters obtained from the 3D reconstruction and from measurements using mediCAD, the deltas between the postoperative and preoperative values were determined. Patients were divided into those who received a short-stem prosthesis and those who received a straight-stem prosthesis. Results: The change in femoral offset with the implantation of a short-stem prosthesis was significantly greater than that with the implantation of a straight-stem prosthesis (11.4 ± 5.9 vs. 4.6 ± 7.4 mm, p = 0.014). Compared with the straight-stem implantation, short-stem implantation caused a significantly greater increase in the varus orientation of the leg (−1.4 ± 0.9 vs. −0.4 ± 1.4°, p = 0.048). There was no significant difference in the positioning of the short-stem prosthesis compared to the straight-stem prosthesis in the proximal femur (3.6 ± 3.1 vs. 2.6 ± 1.9°, p = 0.317). Conclusions: These findings substantiate the impact of prosthesis design on offset and leg alignment. The implantation of short-stems is more variable and requires precise planning. Intraoperative non-physiological offset changes and varus deviation of the leg axis should be avoided. Trial registration: This study was retrospectively registered with the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS) under the number DRKS00015053 on the 1 August 2018.
The interaction between protein content and inulin inclusion on the health and performance of weaned pigs exposed to an enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli challenge

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Decreasing dietary crude protein (CP) supply has been shown to decrease the occurrence of post weaning colibacillosis (PWC) in pigs by reducing substrate availability to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (Prohászka and Baron, 1980). However, associated with the decreased risk of PWC is a detrimental effect on performance (Wellock et al., 2006). Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), such as those derived from inulin, are a main energy source for microbial fermentation. Increasing inulin inclusion in weaner diets may therefore decrease bacterial need to ferment protein as an energy source and counteract the negative effects of protein fermentation, such as the production of harmful fermentation end products. Consequently, this may allow greater levels of protein to be included in the diet without compromising health. This in turn should allow greater levels of performance to be achieved. The aim was to investigate interactive effects of dietary CP supply and inulin inclusion on the health and performance of newly weaned pigs when artificially challenged with ETEC.
Summary of over Fifty Years with Brain-Computer Interfaces—A Review

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Over the last few decades, the Brain-Computer Interfaces have been gradually making their way to the epicenter of scientific interest. Many scientists from all around the world have contributed to the state of the art in this scientific domain by developing numerous tools and methods for brain signal acquisition and processing. Such a spectacular progress would not be achievable without accompanying technological development to equip the researchers with the proper devices providing what is absolutely necessary for any kind of discovery as the core of every analysis: the data reflecting the brain activity. The common effort has resulted in pushing the whole domain to the point where the communication between a human being and the external world through BCI interfaces is no longer science fiction but nowadays reality. In this work we present the most relevant aspects of the BCIs and all the milestones that have been made over nearly 50-year history of this research domain. We mention people who were pioneers in this area as well as we highlight all the technological and methodological advances that have transformed something available and understandable by a very few into something that has a potential to be a breathtaking change for so many. Aiming to fully understand how the human brain works is a very ambitious goal and it will surely take time to succeed. However, even that fraction of what has already been determined is sufficient e.g., to allow impaired people to regain control on their lives and significantly improve its quality. The more is discovered in this domain, the more benefit for all of us this can potentially bring.
World leaders agree to cut deaths from non-communicable diseases by a quarter by 2025

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Health ministers and senior officials from 194 countries have agreed to cut the number of premature deaths from the four most prevalent non-communicable diseases by a quarter by 2025.

The voluntary target was set at the 65th World Health Assembly in Geneva last week, eight months after world leaders signed an agreement to tackle the causes of the four major non-communicable diseases—diabetes, lung disease, cancer, and cardiovascular disease—at the United Nations General Assembly.1

However, at the UN meeting leaders failed to set any targets or goals for tackling the diseases, which cause 63% of the world’s deaths, four fifths of which are in low and middle income countries.

As well as agreeing to cut …
Stereoselectivity of catecholamines: differential effects of cocaine and desipramine on catecholamine-induced contractions of the rat isolated vas deferens

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The effect of uptake1 inhibitors, cocaine and desipramine, on the contractile response of the rat isolated vas deferens to the enantiomers of noradrenaline and adrenaline and to the corresponding deoxy-derivatives, dopamine and epinene, was investigated. Cocaine (10−6 M) significantly potentiated all six agonists; the effect was most marked for the laevo-isomers (-)-noradrenaline and (-)-adrenaline. Desipramine (10−7 M) also potentiated (-)-noradrenaline, (+)-noradrenaline, (-)-adrenaline, (+)-adrenaline and epinene but, in contrast, antagonized dopamine. This selective antagonism of dopamine by desipramine was also observed for the separated epididymal and prostatic ends of the rat vas deferens.
Joint Impedance Spectroscopy and Fractography Data Analysis of Ceria Doped Scandia Stabilized Zirconia Solid Electrolyte modified by powder types and sintering temperature

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Parameters of the non-Debye relaxation in the 10Sc1CeSZ solid electrolyte made of various types of ZrO2 powder stabilized with 10-mol.% Sc2O3 and 1-mol.% CeO2 were studied. The influence of powder properties and their sintering temperatures on the impedance spectra is analyzed. In regard to electrical response, the polycrystalline ceramic electrolytes may be considered as a single-phase or a two-phase material consisting of a grain bulk and a boundary. In many cases, the boundary resistance is independent practically on dopants and their distribution across the powders and sintering temperatures. The powder compositions suitable for an electrolyte and electrodes are specified.
Carbon-Centered Strong Bases in Phosphonium Ionic Liquids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Phosphonium ionic liquids (PhosILs), most notably tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium decanoate (PhosIL-C(9)H(1)9COO), are solvents for bases such as Grignard reagents, isocyanides, Wittig reagents (phosphoranes), and N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). The stability of the organometallic species in PhosIL solution is anion dependent. Small bases, such as hydroxide, react with the phosphonium ions and promote C-H exchange as suggested by deuterium-labeling studies. A method to dry and purify the ionic liquids is described and this step is important for the successful use of basic reagents in PhosIL. NHCs have been generated in PhosIL, and these persistent solutions catalyze organic transformations such as the benzoin condensation and the Kumada-Corriu cross-coupling reaction. Phosphoranes were generated in PhosIL, and their reactivity with various organic reagents was also tested. Inter-ion contacts involving tetraalkylphosphonium ions have been assessed, and the crystal structure of [(n-C(4)H(90)(4)P][CH(3)CO(2).CH(3)CO(2)H] has been determined to aid the discussion. Decomposition of organometallic compounds may also proceed through electron-transfer processes that, inter alia, may lead to decomposition of the IL, and hence the electrochemistry of some representative phosphonium and imidazolium ions has been studied. A radical derived from the electrochemical reduction of an imidazolium ion has been characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Determinants and Performance Implications of Turnaround Duration

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

How to effectively reverse organizational decline is a longstanding and important question in organizational theory research. Empirical findings on the direct effects of retrenchment and recovery actions on turnaround success, however, have remained highly ambiguous. To help resolve this ambiguity, our study applies a temporal perspective and draws attention to turnaround duration as an important contingency in turnaround processes. Albeit time is of the essence in turnaround processes, our understanding of the determinants and performance implications of turnaround duration is largely underdeveloped. In this study, we thus first analyze how retrenchment and recovery actions relate to turnaround duration. In a subsequent step, we then examine how turnaround duration links with turnaround performance and whether turnaround duration mediates the relationship between retrenchment/recovery actions and turnaround performance. Our empirical findings evidence that turnaround duration is an important process characteristic that directly affects turnaround performance as well as fully mediates the influence of recovery actions and CEO retrenchment on turnaround performance. In contrast, the influence of asset retrenchment on performance is not found to be mediated by turnaround duration. Collectively, these insights on the determinants and performance implications of turnaround duration advance research on organizational decline and organizational theory.
Astrocytoma in children. A review of 79 cases--1960-1976.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Seventy-nine children with histologically proven astrocytomas, 32 cerebral, 30 cerebellar, 9 thalamic, 6 optic nerve, and 2 in the 4th ventricular floor were reviewed retrospectively. Seventy-one per cent of the astrocytomas were well differentiated. Unlike adult astrocytomas, there was slight female predominance in our group. Cerebral astrocytomas were more frequent beyond nine years of age. The overall five-year survival rate of cerebral astrocytomas was 95% (19/20) for well-differentiated, and 19% (2/12) for poorly-differentiated tumors. In cerebellar astrocytomas the survival rates were 75% (18/24) and 33% (2/6) respectively.
Effect of propranolol and phentolamine on myocardial necrosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A study was set up to assess the effect on the clinical course of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) of giving propranolol 80 mg eight-hourly plus phentolamine 20 mg three-hourly by mouth for three weeks. Out of the 90 patients studied, 14 died. Two of the deaths occurred in an open pilot study of 10 patients, the remaining 12 deaths occurring in patients in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study. Postmortem examination was carried out on 12 of the patients, six of whom had been receiving placebo and six propranolol plus phentolamine. Necrotic myocardial lesions were present in the hearts of all six patients (age range 30-59 years) who died while taking placebo (all had had abnormal electrocardiograms (ECGs). In contrast, no necrotic lesions were found in the hearts of the six patients (age range 28-59) who died while receiving the drugs (all had previously had normal ECGs). We conclude that the necrotic myocardial lesions were induced by catecholamines and that propranolol had a cardioprotective effect. While death from a further haemorrhage in cases of SAH is not affected by propranolol and phentolamine, propranolol may have a beneficial effect in other potentially lethal stresses.
West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Selected Issues

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) member countries have experienced growth acceleration since 2012.Relative to an earlier reference period in the 1990s, the WAEMU's recent strong growth has coincided with an increase in macroeconomic stability and investment, improvement in political institutions, improvement in the terms of trade, and increase in productivity.Annex III.