jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Net Gain Bandwidth Broadening in Yb:CALYO Amplifiers: Prospect for 30-100 fs multi-mJ Near Infrared Pulses

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Implementing a net gain bandwidth broadening in a Yb:CaYAlO 4 CPA-laser, we demonstrate 97 fs pulses with 2.7 mJ energy at 1038 nm, 1 kHz, and a robust, scalable nonlinear post-compression to 58 fs pulse durations.
Dramatic figures in the Venetian Republic : performance, patronage, and puppets

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This study offers new insights to the knowledge of Venice`s history and theatre historiography. It is the outcome of an interdisciplinary research investigating the visual and performative culture of this unique context though its representations with dramatic figures from the beginning to the end of its history as a republic. \n \nThe first chapter offers an insight into Medieval Venice focusing on liturgical drama, mystery plays, and civic ritual with display of movable sculptures and puppets. The second chapter sheds light on the relation between puppetry, the commedia, and different forms of spectacle with mechanised or indirectly controlled figures. Presented in the third chapter are the theatrical festivals with wondrous figures that were staged in the outskirts of Padua by two illustrious patrons of the arts, the Paduan Pio Enea II degli Obizzi and the Venetian Marco Contarini. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the debut of puppet opera, and the performances of this genre that were staged in the private and public theatres of Venice during the seventeenth century. The history of puppet opera in Venice continues in the fifth chapter, also making comparisons with performances held in cultural areas that absorbed the Venetian legacy. Critical analysis of the repertory of puppet theatre broadly defined and reflection on the aesthetics and operating techniques of the figures that were used has been made relating texts to specific objects, many of which are unpublished or little known. Shedding light on the Venetian eighteenth century marionette theatres that are extant, attention has also been drawn of the role that these objects played in the history of collecting. In the sixth chapter the chronological account is suspended for a moment to leave room for some reflection on the intertwining between Venice and the Orient based on research findings. Cross-cultural analysis has been made comparing Venice’s puppet theatre traditions not only with those of the near East, but also with China based on material evidence. The seventh and last chapter investigates the relation between puppet theatre and the rising passion for views of the world as a stage, or animated microcosm to capture through observation. \n \nThere is inevitably much overlap across all these aspects, and yet attempts have been be made to keep them separate in the discussion, either relating them to the time related phenomenon within which they assume greater significance. Following a chronological thread, critical analysis of the puppet theatre manifestations originating in Venice has been carried out placing this genre within the frameworks of other arts, drawing comparisons with other traditions, and bringing to the fore reminiscences from the past at different times in history. All this making every possible effort not to turn the memory of an entertaining art form into the sterile analysis of its ‘faint reflection’.
Perspectives of university health care students on mental health stigma in Nigeria: Qualitative analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Mental illness is a significant public health burden in low- and middle-income countries. A wide treatment gap in mental health care exists within the Nigerian health care system and this gap is worsened by the presence of stigma associated with mental illness, which leads to delay in treatment or acts as a barrier to any care. In this study, our aim was to understand the factors that underlie mental illness stigma in order to inform the design of effective stigma-reducing interventions among health care students in Nigeria. We conducted four focus groups among university health care students in March 2019 in Nigeria. The students included nursing, pharmacy, and medical trainees from a university teaching hospital. We used an inductive-driven thematic analysis to identify codes and themes related to mental health stigma and conceptualization of mental health within the study group. Among the 40 participants, we identified how specific interpretations of religious and spiritual beliefs may be associated with stigmatizing behaviors such as social distancing and discrimination. Conceptualization of mental illness as a communicable disease and the attribution of mental illness to a moral failing contributed to stigma mechanisms. Overall, eight themes associated with mental health stigma and mental health-related concepts were found: spirituality, discrimination and devaluation, conceptualization of mental health, attribution theories, methods to reduce stigma, shortage of resources, violence and dangerousness, and maltreatment. We found that the co-existence of spiritual beliefs and biomedical and psychological models of mental health is a key factor to consider in the design of effective stigma-reducing interventions among university health students in Nigeria.
A Mandala of the Forty-Two Peaceful Deities from Dunhuang

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

EO.1148, which was unearthed from Dunhuang, has been described as an Aksobhya-mandala and was considered to date from the tenth century. However, following an examination of this painting, the author had determined that it is an early example of the so-called Forty-Two Peaceful Deities transmitted by the r?in-ma-pas.
Understanding Natural Selection: Definitions, Historical Development, Mechanisms, and Usage in Contemporary Times

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p><u>General Description&nbsp;</u><br /> Natural selection is one of the mechanisms of evolution and while it has a specific definition, it is often broadly and widely used to explain and justify things. Properly understanding what natural selection is and how it works, its historical development, and common misconceptions and misuse is an important part of understanding evolution.&nbsp;<br /> Our goal is to not only address misunderstandings of natural selection but to also use this topic as a lens through which students can learn how to approach critical reflection of scientific concepts more broadly. We offer lesson plans outlining in-class activities, readings, and assessments at the introductory and advanced levels. Specifically, this module is designed to teach students that (1) natural selection is a mechanism of evolution and not the mechanism of evolution, that (2) natural selection occurs only when there is a heritable variation in fitness, that (3) non-Western contributions to natural selection have been marginalized in science, and that (4) natural selection has historically been weaponized to rationalize racism, classism, patriarchy, homophobia, and ableism. By grounding conceptual rigor in the history of the use of natural selection to cause real harm, this module promotes an understanding of natural selection that emphasizes the stakes of getting it right.</p> <p>&nbsp;<br /> <u>Context for Use</u><br /> This resource is designed to be used in a range of college-level courses in evolutionary biology, and is designed to be modular so it can be customizable for all levels from introductory lectures to an upper-level full semester course. All materials are based on three objectives:&nbsp;<br /> (1) defining natural selection and understanding the historical development of natural selection<br /> (2) the mechanisms of natural selection&nbsp;<br /> (3) how has natural selection been applied in broader cultural contexts and what are common misconceptions, misapplications, and mis-use of natural selection.&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> Lecture slides, readings, class activities, lab activities, and lesson plans are suggested and instructors are encouraged to customize their lesson plan. The content provided ranges from 15 minute in class activities to full semester courses.&nbsp;</p> <p><br /> <u>Instructor Notes</u><br /> An Instructor Manual is included with suggested modules depending on the year and duration of teaching natural selection. Detailed Lesson Plans are also included with suggested activities of different lengths to allow for a customizable teaching strategy for each person. For each of the three objectives, we have provided two lesson plans, one consisting of short activities (e.g. 10 minutes - 30 minutes) and one consisting of long activities (e.g., 1 hour to several lessons). Additional resources can be found at the Resources for Inclusive Evolution Education initiative here.<br /> &nbsp;</p>
Fault section estimation in power systems using enhanced immune algorithm

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

An enhanced immune algorithm (EIA) is proposed to solve the fault section estimation problem in this paper. By simulating the relationships between antibody and antigen in the immune system, the proposed method has added the vaccine inoculation process in anticipation of further improving the computation performance to solve the fault section estimation problems. In order to validate the effectiveness of such an approach, the method has been tested through a sample systems and a real system with comparisons to other published techniques. From the test results, they reveal the feasibility of the method, meanwhile confirming the method as a forewarning aid to distribution maintenance work.
Nutrition Delivery During Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Therapy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Macronutrient delivery during pediatric ECMO therapy can be challenging. We examined predictors of nutrient delivery in the first 2 weeks of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy in the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU). Methods Details of macronutrient delivery were recorded in children (newborn–18 years of age) who survived 24 hours after cannulation to ECMO over a 3‐year period (2012–2015). Results We analyzed data from 54 consecutive eligible patients, 43% female, with median (interquartile range) ECMO duration of 8.5 (6–24) days, age 0.1 (0, 16) months, ICU length of stay 32 (21, 60) days, and 28‐day mortality 13%. Median weight for age z score declined from −0.1 at admission to −1.2 at 30 days ( P = 0.013). At least 80% goal energy and protein was delivered in 35 (65%) and 33 (61%) patients, respectively, by day 7; 10% of energy and 11% protein goal was delivered enterally. Parenteral nutrition (PN) was utilized in 47 (87%) patients, initiated by day 1 (1, 3). Enteral nutrition (EN) was successfully delivered in 49 (94%) patients (35% postpyloric), initiated by day 6 (2, 16). Younger age ( P = 0.01) and venoarterial mode of ECMO ( P = 0.0014) were associated with lower EN delivery. Use of umbilical artery catheters or vasoactive infusions did not impede EN delivery. Late PN delivery was associated with cumulative protein deficits ( P = 0.019) and failure to achieve nutrient delivery goals by day 7. Conclusions Optimal nutrient delivery was achieved in most patients by day 7, predominantly via PN. Early EN is feasible in low volumes, but PN may be essential to prevent cumulative energy and protein deficits during the first week of ECMO.
COVID-19 CASE FATALITY AND VACCINATION STATUS: A HOSPITAL BASED CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in preventing COVID-19 and related mortality is to be studied in depth especially now since we are on the verge of 4th wave of pandemic. The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing case fatality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A hospital based cross-sectional study was done in all COVID-19 patients admitted in a tertiary care centre in Aurangabad from February 2021 to May 2022. 1275 patients vaccination status was known and outcome of these patients were studied. Unadjusted Odds ratios for each variable were estimated and logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. Results: 360 study participants (28.24%) had taken at least 1 dose of vaccine, while 915 (71.76%) were not vaccinated. 441 (34.59%) participants had unfavourable outcome (death). The mortality in vaccinated was 24.17% (87/360) while it was 38.69% (354/915) in unvaccinated. In logistic regression model, partial as well as complete vaccination, age<65, female sex, not having a comorbidity were associated with favourable outcome. Vaccine effectiveness for single dose and double dose was 37% and 66% respectively. Conclusions: It is observed that getting partially as well completely vaccinated was a protective factor for good recovery in COVID 19. Vaccine is found to be effective in preventing mortality in COVID patients.
[Use of the Soviet preparation methindione for injections in convulsive conditions].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The author studied the action of a Soviet preparation Metindion in 22 patients with serial epileptic seizures and in 16 patients with an epileptic status. The studies demonstrated a high anticonvulsive activity in serial fits. In epileptical states the action of metindion was less expressed. Its combination with diazepam preparations and barbiturates appeared to have a more expressed and prolonged anticonvulsive action. Metindion is most effective when used at initial stages of a convulsive condition.
Recent Advances in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Functionalization of 1‐Thiosugars

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Thioglycosides are valuable glycomimetic derivatives that have attracted much attention as mimetics of O ‐glycosides. Thioglycosides are among the most important glycomimetics reported to date due to their powerful activities. Owing to their importance, building up methods for their construction has drawn considerable attention. However, the classical methods of their synthesis presenting many shortcomings such as the use of harsh acidic media, and are generally limited in substrate scope. Therefore, metal‐catalyzed coupling of thiosugars with halogenated electrophiles can be a superior and highly versatile approach to the sunthesis of thioglycosides. The central objective of this Focus Review is to highlight metal‐catalyzed reactions for the creation of aromatic and heteroaromatic thioglycosides.
Altered intrinsic regional activity and corresponding brain pathways reflect the symptom severity of functional dyspepsia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Increasing evidence shows central abnormalities in functional dyspepsia ( FD ) patients, but whether the symptom severity is directly reflected in altered brain patterns remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore how FD affected the resting functional brain patterns for different degrees of symptom severity. Methods Functional magnetic resonance imaging was carried out in 40 FD patients and 20 healthy controls. The resting‐state brain changes in regional homogeneity (ReHo) and seed correlation analysis were investigated in patients relative to controls. To what degree the brain changes reflected the severity of the disease was assessed by a pattern classification technique. Key Results Altered ReHo values ( p < 0.05, FDR corrected) were discovered in multiple brain areas in FD patients, and only the anterior cingulate cortex ( ACC ) and thalamus exhibited significant correlation with the severity of dyspepsia symptoms. Compared with controls, the neural signal changes of the thalamus were not found in the less severe FD patient group but in the relatively more severe group, while the ACC showed aberrations in both groups. Seed‐based correlation analysis revealed ACC ‐ and thalamus‐related functional connectivity differences between FD patients and controls at a voxel‐wise level, and the altered thalamic circuits provided the best performance in distinguishing FD patients with different levels of symptom severity. Conclusions & Inferences Our results indicated that the functional abnormalities of the ACC and thalamus may occur at different clinical courses in FD . This may help us better understand the progression of FD .
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics of a Tinea Capitis Outbreak Among Novice Buddhist Monks

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Sixty novice Buddhist monks with tinea capitis confirmed according to clinical presentation and mycological laboratory finding were included in this study. Mixed‐type clinical presentation was observed in approximately half of all cases, together with scarring alopecia (95%) and superficial fungal skin infection at locations other than the scalp (43.3%). The major isolated organism was Trichophyton violaceum , and mixed‐organism infection was found in 27 cases (45%). Slow‐onset presentation and an extensive area of infection were significantly associated with mixed‐type clinical presentation.
THE IMPACT OF TEAM GAMES TOURNAMENT WITH READING INFUSION TOWARDS THE IMPROVEMENT OF STUDENTS’ LEARNING ACTIVITIES AND ACHIEVEMENT IN WAVES TOPIC

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As one of alternative solution for the lack of activities and low achievement in science learning, Team Games Tournament (TGT) with reading infusion is implemented through pre experiment research with one group pretest posttest design in which the samples are fourteen low-achiever-students in secondary-2 level in one of private school in Bandung who are chosen through availability sampling. It is found that after the lesson has been conducted there is medium improvement of students’ achievement as the average normalized gain value is 0.43. The highest improvement is in remembering (C1) domain and the lowest improvement is in applying (C3) domain. Moreover, students’ activities also improve in the second cycle of lesson implementation, which is seen from the increasing percentage of students who did visual, oral, motor and writing activities that promote learning. The implementation of TGT with reading infusion also give positive impact toward the learning interaction among students, where symmetric interaction more likely appear on the second cycle of lesson implementation. Yet, the implementation of reading infusion is still very poor where according to questionnaire result it is found that most of the students did not want to read the science text because they want teacher explain the concept later and most of them taught that reading science text before coming to science lesson is useless. \n \nKeywords: Team Games Tournament (TGT), Reading infusion, Learning activity Learning achievement, Waves topic \n
Pollutant Diffusion and the Length of Mid-Partition Wall of Twin Portals for Large Cross Section Underwater Tunnel

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In order to reduce the secondary pollutant rate (SPR) caused by pollutant cross flow at the portal of the double-hole tunnel, the k-ε cross flow model and the component transfer equations were used to numerically simulate the different portals and exits of the tunnel hole section by means of the CFD software Fluent. The wind velocity, the diffusion of pollutants under different natural wind conditions, and the study on the length of the mid-partition wall of tunnel portal. The research shows that when there is no natural wind, the SPR increases (decreases) with the increase of the inlet (exhaust) wind velocity. When the length of the mid-partition wall is set to 25 m, the SPR is less than 10%, which meets the requirements for CO to prevent channeling; When there is natural wind, when the inlet and exhaust wind velocity is given, the SPR increases with the increase of natural wind velocity, and the length of mid-partition is set to 40 m, the SPR is less than 10%. Therefore, it is recommended to set the length of the mid-partition wall of Taihu tunnel to 50 m. Research results can provide design reference for the length of the mid-partition wall of the large cross tunnel.
Selection of Time Series Forecasting Models based on Performance Information

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we proposed to use the Zoomed Ranking approach to rank and select time series models. Zoomed Ranking, originally proposed to generate a ranking of candidate algorithms, is employed to solve a given classification problem based on performance information from previous problems. The problem of model selection in Zoomed Ranking was solved in two distinct phases. In the first phase, we selected a subset of problems from the instances base that were similar to the new problem at hand. This selection is made using the k-Nearest Neighbor algorithm, whose distance function uses the characteristics of the series. In the second phase, the ranking of candidate models was generated based on performance information (accuracy and execution time) of the models in the series selected from the previous phase. Our experiments using the Zoomed Ranking revealed encouraging results.
The Analysis of Stress Waves at a Junction of Beam and String

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the bridge engineering, there are some problems about the dynamics that traditional theory cannot solve. So, the theory about stress waves is introduced to solve the related problems. This is a new attempt that the mechanic theory is applied to practical engineering. The stress wave at a junction of the structure composed of beams and strings is investigated in this paper. The structure is studied because the existence of a soft rope makes the transmission of the force in the bridge structure different from the traditional theory, and it is the basis for further research. The equilibrium equations of the displacement and the internal force are built based on the hypothesis. The fast Fourier transform (FFT) numerical algorithm is used to express an incident pulse of arbitrary shape. The analytical solutions are substantiated by comparing with the finite element programs. The conclusion that if the cross section of the string is relatively small, then the energy density of the structure is relatively large, which is disadvantageous to the structure, can be obtained from this paper.
A computed-based model for the alkali concentrations in pore solution of hydrating Portland cement paste

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The amount of alkali ions taken up by the hydration products is assumed proportional to its concentration in the solution and the amount of products as adsorbent. The concentration of ions in the solution is calculated from the remaining amount of alkali ions and the volume of solution. An empirical constant, namely the binding factor, is defined and derived both for Na+ and K+. In the computations, the amounts of alkali ions released by the cement hydration and the hydration products are estimated using some empirical equations. The volume of pore solution is computed from the total water content in the paste and that combined in the products. The detailed procedure for predicting the alkali concentrations is as following.