jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Septic inflammation of the bicipital bursa: clinical, imaging, and surgical findings in nine horses

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Abstract OBJECTIVE To describe the etiologies, clinicopathologic findings, diagnostic modalities employed, treatments, and outcome associated with cases of septic bicipital bursitis. ANIMALS 9 horses. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND PROCEDURES Medical records of horses diagnosed with septic bicipital bursitis between 2000 and 2021 were reviewed. Horses were included if synoviocentesis of the bicipital bursa revealed a total nucleated cell count of ≥ 20,000 cells/µL with a neutrophil proportion of ≥ 80%, a total protein concentration of ≥ 4.0 g/dL, and/or the presence of bacteria on cytology, or positive culture of the synovial fluid. Information retrieved from medical records included signalment, history, clinicopathologic variables, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome. RESULTS Trauma was the most common inciting cause (n = 6). Synoviocentesis using ultrasonographic guidance was performed in all cases and showed alterations consistent with septic synovitis. Radiography identified pathology in 5 horses, whereas ultrasonography identified pathology in all horses. Treatment consisted of bursoscopy (n = 6) of the bicipital bursa of which 1 was performed under standing sedation, through-and-through needle lavage (3), bursotomy (2), or medical management alone (2). Five (55.6%) horses survived to discharge. Long-term follow-up was available for 3 horses and all were serviceably sound, with 2 in training as pleasure horses and 1 case continuing retirement. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ultrasonography was the most informative imaging modality and paramount in obtaining synovial fluid samples for definitive diagnosis of septic bicipital bursitis. Bursoscopy performed under standing sedation is a feasible treatment option. Horses treated for bicipital septic bursitis have a fair prognosis for survival and may return to some level of athletic performance.
From Warning to Wallpaper: Why the Brain Habituates to Security Warnings

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Warning messages are fundamental to users' security interactions. Unfortunately, research has shown that they are largely ineffective. A key contributor to this failure is habituation: decreased response to a repeated warning. Previous research has inferred the occurrence of habituation to warnings or measured it indirectly, such as through the proxy of a related behavior. Therefore, there is a gap in our understanding of how habituation to security warnings develops in the brain. Without direct measures of habituation, we are limited in designing warnings that can mitigate its effects. In this study, we use neurophysiological measures to directly observe habituation as it occurs in the brain and behaviorally. We also design a polymorphic warning artifact that repeatedly changes its appearance in order to resist the effects of habituation. In an experiment using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI; n=25), we found that our polymorphic warning was significantly more resistant to habituation than were conventional warnings in regions of the brain related to attention. In a second experiment (n=80), we implemented the top four most resistant polymorphic warnings in a realistic setting. Using mouse cursor tracking as a surrogate for attention to unobtrusively measure habituation on participants' personal computers, we found that polymorphic warnings reduced habituation compared to conventional warnings. Together, our findings reveal the substantial influence of neurobiology on users' habituation to security warnings and security behavior in general, and we offer our polymorphic warning design as an effective solution to practice.
Effects of Anticoagulant Medication on Bone-Healing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

» A substantial proportion of patients undergoing orthopaedic care are prescribed some form of anticoagulant medication, whether for perioperative venous thromboembolism prophylaxis or chronic anticoagulation in the setting of a cardiac or other condition. » An abundance of preclinical data suggests that many commonly used anticoagulant medications may have a harmful effect on bone-healing. » The orthopaedic surgeon should be informed and mindful of the added variable that anticoagulation may play in the outcomes of fracture treatment and bone-healing. » Heparin and warfarin appear to have a greater detrimental impact than low-molecular-weight heparin. Factor Xa inhibitors may confer the least risk, with some studies even suggesting the potential for enhancement of bone-healing.
The Effect of Common Law (‘urf) in Spouses’ Rights

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the definition of spouses’ rights, common law is considered as an effective factor. Clarification of such rights may help the strengthening of family foundations, while the lack of clarification may be an adverse factor in the establishment of family life. Hence, disregard for the role of common law in the definition of spouses’ rights often creates fundamental challenges and problems in society. The term common law (‘urf) in the Holy Quran mostly relates to family rights and regulation of relations between spouses. Prophetic and imamic traditions (ahadith??) also place emphasis on family rights. With regard to public opinion, verbal and logical reasoning, the position of common law is clear in spouses’ rights. This is why in judicial procedure of family rights the issue of custom or common law is considered fundamental. In this article, the role of common law in financial and non-financial issues of family and spouses’ rights is extensively studied. Specification of the role of common law in this regard may create basic changes in legal issues of family rights, which subsequently may lead to great changes in legal issues that have to be considered by legislature.
Assessing the effects of logging on coral reefs in Solomon Islands

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The corals occurring in bays adjacent to mouths of rivers in Western Province, Solomon Islands, are being studied to\nquantify the effects of runoff associated with logging on coral reefs. The 5-year study aims to identify any effects of\nrunoff on fringing coral reefs by comparing abundance, diversity, survival and recruitment of corals adjacent to ,\nactively logged, previously logged and unlogged catchments on each of 2 islands. A pilot study comparing diversity\nand abundance of corals adjacent to actively logged and unlogged catchments indicated that effects of runoff on\ncorals did not always conform to predictions, and differed between islands. For example, there was more dead coral\nadjacent to logged catchments at Vangunu Island, whereas at Kolombangara Island, more live coral occurred adjacent\nto actively logged catchments. The comparison of bays adjacent to actively logged, previously logged and unlogged\ncatchments over 5 years is expected to provide a robust test of any effects of runoff on diversity and abundance of\ncorals, whilst also testing for recovery from any such impacts.
Body Mass Index Trajectories during 6–18 Years Old and the Risk of Hypertension in Young Adult: A Longitudinal Study in Chinese Population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. Overweight/obesity in childhood is suggested to increase the risk of hypertension later in life. We aimed to assess whether and how body mass index (BMI) trajectories during 6–18 years of age are associated with hypertension in young adulthood (18–37 years) in the Chinese population. Methods. Based on the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS), a total of 1,872 participants who received ≥2 measurements of BMI during 6–18 years and had assessment of blood pressure (BP) in young adulthood were included. BMI trajectories were explored using latent class growth mixture models, and associations between identified trajectories with hypertension in young adulthood were examined by logistic regression analyses. Results. Five heterogeneous BMI trajectories were identified: the low slow-increasing (20.03%), low moderate-increasing (56.14%), low rapid-increasing (17.04%), moderate-increasing (3.63%), and elevated-decreasing (3.15%) groups. Compared with the low slow-increasing group, another three increasing groups had gradually elevated risk of hypertension, yielding maximally adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (OR (95% CI)) of 2.48 (1.39–4.42), 3.24 (1.66–6.31), and 3.28 (1.19–9.08), respectively, whereas the elevated-decreasing group reversed overweight/obesity to normal weight in childhood, rendering its association with hypertension as not statistically significant (OR (95% CI) = 2.74 (0.98–7.65)). Conclusion. Our study indicates that there are varied BMI trajectories from childhood to adulthood and that an elevated BMI trajectory during childhood is related with an increased risk of hypertension in young adulthood. In contrast, weight loss of children with high initial BMI may mitigate or reverse the risk. Our findings emphasize the importance of BMI continuous monitoring during early life.
Two New Genera of Olive Shells (Gastropoda: Olividae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two new genera of Olividae are described, one from deep water areas of the Philippines and one from the Panamic Molluscan Province of the Eastern Pacific. The new Philippine genus, Recourtoliva new genus (Type Species: “Oliva” poppei Sargent and Petuch, 2008), is described as a monotypic genus, containing only the type species. The new Panamic genus, Vullietoliva new genus (Type Species: “Oliva” splendidula Sowerby I, 1825) contains three species: the type species, which ranges from the Gulf of California to Ecuador; “Oliva” foxi Stingley, 1984, which is endemic to Cocos Island; and “Oliva” kaleontina Duclos, 1835, which ranges from the Gulf of California to northern Peru.
Carcinoma of the Trachea: Report of Two Cases Diagnosed and Treated by Roentgen Rays

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

It is difficult to explain the relative immunity enjoyed by the trachea against cancer, while the larynx and bronchi, structures in immediate continuity with the trachea, are frequent sites of new growth. A perusal of the literature, however, shows that the disease is not so rare as one is led to believe by several recent books on cancer (1–4), in which no reference is made to the existence of tracheal carcinoma. According to Culp (5) 433 tracheal tumors had been recorded up to the year 1938, 141 of which were carcinoma. In this report we are not especially interested in the total number of cases of carcinoma of the trachea heretofore recorded but rather in the ability to diagnose the condition by the roentgen ray and its response to treatment. According to Schinz, quoted by Weiss and Biermann (6), only 2 of the 271 intratracheal tumors known up to that time (1932) had been diagnosed and located by roentgenologic means. This is difficult to understand in view of the constant use of the x-ray in chest affections. It is, however, explained, at least in part, by a report by Vinson (7) of a tracheal tumor which could not be demonstrated on the roentgenogram, though fluoroscopic study of the esophagus and trachea showed some deformity with an apparent mass of nodes between the esophagus and trachea. Tissue removed was found to be carcinomatous and after a course of roentgen therapy the patient apparently made a complete recovery. More definite reasons for the failure of the roentgen method are suggested by Ellinger (8), who recommends radiographic and fluoroscopic examination in both oblique positions in preference to an anteroposterior view. We believe, then, that the failure to diagnose tracheal tumors roentgenologically may be due to use of the ordinary technic and a too close adherence to the stereoscopic examination of the chest in the anteroposterior position. In this position the trachea is practically obscured by the bones of the spine and sternum. The oblique or lateral positions, on the other hand, will reveal the outline of the trachea in its entire course. In addition, the use of a barium mixture will greatly enhance the value of the examination, revealing the presence and size of the tracheal tumor by the impression which it may produce upon the filled esophagus. The use of the roentgen method must not exclude endoscopy, which is essential. In addition to permitting direct inspection of the lesion, this makes possible removal of tissue for microscopic study and diagnosis, which are necessary to determine the mode of treatment. We present herewith two cases of tracheal carcinoma diagnosed early and treated by x-rays. Case 1: F. B., male, aged 70, presented himself on Nov. 3, 1938, stating that he had been troubled with cough and expectoration which eventually had become streaked with blood. Before long the hemorrhage became quite profuse, amounting to twenty or more mouthfuls daily.
Is ‘invisible gorilla’ self-reportedly measurable? Development and validation of a new questionnaire for measuring cognitive unsafe behaviors of front-line industrial workers

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The most complicated problem in detecting workplace hazards is the dynamic condition of industrial settings and the unpredictability of workers' behavior. A newly developed method focusing on cognitive differences between individuals is required to evaluate unsafe behaviors of workers. This study aimed at development and validation of a new questionnaire for measuring cognitive unsafe behaviors of front-line industrial workers. A new questionnaire with 61 items was developed and the main measurement characteristics (validity and reliability) were analyzed. Content validity analysis showed that 61 items had an excellent content validity index (<0.78) and content validity ratio (>0.42). Good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.95) and stability (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.98) were found for the new instrument. The result of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the selected model was satisfactory. The new instrument appears to be a valid and reliable tool to assess cognitive unsafe behaviors of front-line industrial workers.
Stability of cephapirin sodium admixtures after freezing and conventional or microwave thaw techniques.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The freeze-microwave thaw technique has important advantages compared with conventional piggyback delivery systems. A requirement for the implementation of this technique, however, is the documentation of antibiotic stability following freezing and microwave thawing. The purpose of this study was to assess the stability of a commonly used cephalosporin, cephapirin sodium, following freezing and conventional or microwave thawing. This data was not previously available. Cephapirin sodium was admixed with either 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection in polyvinylchloride minibags at concentrations of 10 and 40 mg/ml and then frozen for 14 days. Admixtures were then thawed conventionally or by microwave heating. Cephapirin concentrations were determined spectrophotometrically after reconstitution, immediately after thawing, and 6, 12, and 24 hours after thawing. No significant differences in admixture potency after reconstitution, immediately after thawing, or at 6, 12, and 24 hours after thawing were observed when thaw techniques were compared. All admixtures retained at least 90% of labeled content regardless of thaw technique, type of diluent, or initial concentration. In addition, all admixtures retained at least 90% potency 24 hours after thawing when compared with the actual concentration determined immediately after reconstitution. The rate of cephapirin degradation was not influenced by thaw technique, type of diluent, or initial admixture concentration. The results of this study suggest that cephapirin sodium may be added to the list of drugs capable of withstanding freeze-microwave thaw treatment.
The Effect of Medicare Shared Savings Program on Readmissions and Variations by Race/Ethnicity and Payer Status (December 9, 2020)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: Accountable care organizations in the Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP) in the United States attempt to reduce cost and improve quality for their patients by improving care coordination across care settings. We examined the impact of hospital participation in the MSSP on 30-day readmissions for several groups of Medicare inpatients, and by race/ethnicity and payer status. Main Data Source: A 2010–2016 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review files. Research Design: With propensity score matched sample of MSSP and non-MSSP-participating hospitals, patient-level linear probability models with difference-in-differences approach were used to compare the changes in readmission rates for Medicare fee-for-service patients initially admitted for ischemic stroke, hip fracture, or total joint arthroplasty in MSSP-participating hospitals with non-MSSP-participating hospitals as well as to compare the changes in disparities in readmission rates over time. Principal Findings: Hospital participation in MSSP was associated with further reduced readmission rate by 1.1 percentage points (95% confidence interval: −0.02 to 0.00, P <0.05) and 1.5 percentage points (95% confidence interval: −0.03 to 0.00, P =0.08) for ischemic stroke and hip fracture cohorts, respectively, compared with non-MSSP-participating hospitals, after the third year of hospital participation in the MSSP. There was no evidence that MSSP had an impact on racial/ethnic disparities, but increased disparity by payer status (dual vs. Medicare-only) was observed. These findings together suggest that MSSP accountable care organizations may take at least 3 years to achieve reduced readmissions and may increase disparities by payer status.
Effect of degree of amorphization of Si on the formation of titanium silicide

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The mechanisms of the formation of titanium silicide from the reaction of a single thin film of Ti on the silicon substrate with different degrees of substrate amorphization were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. With increased amorphization, an exothermic reaction prior to C49-TiSi2 formation was observed. X-ray diffraction discovered an unidentified phase together with Ti5Si3 and Ti5Si4 that disappeared with subsequent formation of C49-TiSi2 at temperatures above 650 °C. The difference in Gibbs free energy was considered in explaining the formation of Ti5Si3 and Ti5Si4. Based on the Scherrer equation, the resultant C49-TiSi2 grains with higher degrees of silicon substrate amorphization were smaller than those without silicon substrate amorphization.
Nutritional assessment by hand grip dynamometry.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Hand grip dynamometry was studied in 109 normally nourished and 26 malnourished patients. The grip strength was 37,5 +/- 9,9 kg/m2 in normal men, 30,5 +/- 14,4 kg/m2 in men with carcinoma of the oesophagus (starvation-adapted) and 22,0 +/- 9,2 kg/m2 in catabolic men (P less than 0,001). Normal women had a grip strength of 31,6 +/- 7,5 kg/m2 compared with 22,3 +/- 7,0 in catabolic women (P = 0,083). Hand grip dynamometry fell with age (r = 0,69 men; r = 0,57 women), although the correlation was only statistically significant in women (P less than 0,05). There was a strong correlation between right and left hand grip (r = 0,84 men; r = 0,86 women), but hand grip did not correlate well with other indices of nutritional status. Although hand grip dynamometry is a quick, easy and reproducible test, and grip strength is reduced in malnutrition, it cannot replace other tests of nutritional status.
Structural Basis for PECAM-1 Homophilic Binding

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract PECAM-1 is a 130 kDa member of the immunoglobulin gene (Ig) superfamily that is present on the surface of circulating platelets and leukocytes, and highly expressed at the junctions of confluent endothelial cell monolayers. PECAM-1-mediated homophilic interactions, known to be mediated by its two amino-terminal Ig homology domains, are essential for concentrating PECAM-1 at endothelial cell intercellular junctions, where it functions to sense flow, regulate leukocyte transendothelial migration, maintain vascular integrity, and transmit survival signals into the cell. Mutagenesis studies have implicated amino acids on either side of the face of IgD1 in homophilic binding, however the spatial orientation of this domain, the role that IgD2 plays in positioning IgD1 to participate in PECAM-1 homophilic interactions, and the contribution of its sialylated glycans to homophilic PECAM-1/PECAM-1 interactions remain to be critically explored. Complicating things further, PECAM-1 forms dimers and oligomers within the plane of the plasma membrane. The structural features of PECAM-1 responsible for maintaining the PECAM-1/PECAM-1 homophilic contacts necessary for carrying out these activities, however, have heretofore remained unresolved. Given the importance of PECAM-1-mediated homophilic interactions in mediating each of these cell physiological events, and to reveal the nature and orientation of the PECAM-1-PECAM-1 homophilic binding interface, we undertook studies aimed at determining the crystal structure of the PECAM-1 homophilic binding domain. The structure of IgD1-D2 was determined by multi-crystal anomalous diffraction and refined at 2.8 Å resolution. Interestingly, PECAM-1 crystallized as a strand-swapped dimer, a feature that has been seen in the crystal structures of many other members of the Ig superfamily, including cadherins, NCAM2, CTLA-4, and CD47. The homophilic interface between adjacent IgD1 domains was large, with a total buried interface of 1608 Å2. In addition to the large IgD1/IgD1 interface, interdomain contacts were found between IgD1/IgD2, and IgD2/IgD2 that likely reinforce the PECAM-1/PECAM-1 homophilic interactions that form as a consequence of the large number of PECAM-1 molecules that become concentrated at endothelial cell-cell borders as a result of diffusion trapping. Taken together, these results provide atomic-level detail to the unique architecture of the interface that forms the most abundant component of the endothelial cell intercellular junction. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Assessment of toxicity of raw textile wastewater and after its reuse

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Five consecutive dyeings were made using the treated effluent in every step. All photochemical treatments obtained decolourization efficiency (DE) above 90%, allowing the effluent to be reused in dyeings with fluorescent brighteners, from the first until the last treated effluent. In this proposed process, the rate of total organic carbon (TOC) presented after five consecutive dyeings achieved with treated effluent was 34 mg L-1 compared with 435 mg L-1 of the final effluent that was obtained after five conventional processes. The salinity of the final effluent obtained by this proposed process was 2.34 g L-1 of NaCl compared with 25.00 g L-1 presented in the effluent obtained by the conventional process. The values of the colour fastness to water showed no significant differences between the colours that were made by two processes. The average water consumption for a one-kilogram cotton dyeing after fifteen dyeings achieved by this proposed process was approximately 24 litres compared with the 70 litres that were consumed by the conventional process. However, the final treated effluent presented values of toxicity < 6.25% (EC50, with 95% confidence interval) against 10.25% of the raw effluent. It means that in the sample concentration of the treated effluent presented 100% of Daphina similis mortality, indicating that this sample was more toxic than the raw effluent.