jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Ministry to the Bound and Enslaved

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter analyses slavery and missions together for the first time in Edwardsean scholarship. From 1731 to 1758 Edwards not only owned slaves but also advocated missions among Native Americans. He helped found the Stockbridge mission then assumed its pulpit. Immersed in a missionary network, he wrote David Brainerd’s biography and launched Gideon Hawley’s lifetime of mission labour. Many Indians were enslaved after King Philip’s War; many fell into bondage or servitude in the mid-eighteenth century. Native Americans in Edwards’s time feared enslavement. The Atlantic slave system swelled in the mid-eighteenth century. Slaveholder, yet opponent of the slave trade, Edwards developed typological arguments that criticized English settlers for their depredations against Native Americans. In this, Edwards honed a theological instrument later wielded by abolitionists. Edwardsean typology undermined biblical proslavery arguments, clearing a path for modern abolitionism as opposition to enslavement in all times and places.
Exploratory pilot study of exogenous sustained‐release melatonin on nocturia in Parkinson's disease

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Nocturia is one of the commonest non‐motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Nocturia has evolved from being understood as a symptom of urological disorders or neurogenic bladder dysfunction to being considered as a form of circadian dysregulation. Exogenous melatonin is known to help circadian function and can be an effective strategy for nocturia in PD. Methods In this open‐label, single‐site, exploratory, phase 2 pilot study, adults with PD and nocturia underwent assessments using standardized questionnaires, urodynamics studies and a bladder scan. This was followed by completion of a frequency volume chart (FVC) and 2‐week sleep diary. Sustained‐release melatonin 2 mg was then administered once‐nightly for 6 weeks. A repeat assessment using questionnaires, the FVC and sleep diary was performed whilst on treatment with melatonin. Companion or bed partners filled in sleep questionnaires to assess their sleep during the intervention. Results Twenty patients (12 males; mean age 68.2 [SD = 7.8] years; mean PD duration 8.0 [±5.5] years) with PD reporting nocturia were included. Administration of melatonin was associated with a significant reduction in the primary outcome bother related to nocturia measured using the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Nocturia (ICIQ‐N) ( p = 0.01), number of episodes of nocturia per night ( p = 0.013) and average urine volume voided at night ( p = 0.013). No serious adverse events were reported. No significant improvement was noted in bed partner sleep scores. Conclusions In this preliminary open‐label study, administration of sustained‐release melatonin 2 mg was found to be safe for clinical use and was associated with significant improvements in night‐time frequency and nocturnal voided volumes in PD patients.
Florida State Briefing Book for low-level radioactive-waste management

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The Florida State Briefing Book is one of a series of state briefing books on low-level radioactive waste management practices. It has been prepared to assist state and federal agency officials in planning for safe low-level radioactive waste disposal. The report contains a profile of low-level radioactive waste generators in Florida. The profile is the result of a survey of NRC licensees in Florida. The briefing book also contains a comprehensive assessment of low-level radioactive waste management issues and concerns as defined by all major interested parties including industry, government, the media, and interest groups. The assessment was developed through personal communications with representatives of interested parties, and through a review of media sources. Lastly, the briefing book provides demographic and socioeconomic data and a discussion of relevant government agencies and activities, all of which may impact waste management practices in Florida.
Advanced sulfur control concepts for hot gas desulfurization technology. Quarterly report, October--December 1994

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The goal is the development of simpler and economically superior processing of regenerable sorbents used for control of hydrogen sulfide in hot, high-pressure gas streams in advanced power generating systems. The improved processing will produce an elemental sulfur byproduct. Progress during the past quarter was limited by delays in identifying an appropriate analytical instrument for measuring the concentration of sulfur species (S{sub x}(g), H{sub 2}S, and SO{sub 2} in the regeneration product gas. The ability to carry out this analysis on a real-time basis is an important component of the overall project and we feel that a satisfactory gas analysis procedure should be available before forging ahead with other experimental activities. The primary accomplishment, therefore, was the completion and submission of the Task 3 Project Plan. This plan, which assumed a satisfactory solution to sulfur analysis problem, is included in this quarterly report.
Covid-19 in the Oldest-old Population (80 and Older): Clinical Presentation and Prognostic Factors of Severe Disease and Mortality. A Cohort Study.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract BACKGROUND The oldest-old population (80 years or older) has the highest lethality from COVID-19. There is little information on the clinical presentation and specific prognostic factors for this group. This trial evaluated the clinical presentation and prognostic factors of severe disease and mortality in the oldest-old population. METHODS Ambispective cohort study of oldest-old patients hospitalized for respiratory infection associated with COVID-19 and with a positive test by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The clinical presentation and the factors associated with severe disease and mortality were evaluated (logistic regression). All patients were followed until discharge or death. RESULTS A total of 103 patients (59.2% female) were included. The most frequent symptoms were fever (68.9%), dyspnoea (60.2%), and cough (39.8%), and 11.7% presented confusion. Fifty-nine patients (57.3%) presented severe disease, and 59 died, with 43 patients (41.7%) presenting both of these. In the multivariate analysis, male sex (OR 0.31, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.13-0.73, p 0.0074) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.21-5.37, p 0.0139) were associated with severe disease, and serum sodium was associated with mortality (OR 3.12, 95% CI 1.18-8.26, p 0.0222). No chronic disease or pharmacological treatment were associated with worse outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The typical presenting symptoms of respiratory infection in COVID-19 are less frequent in the oldest-old population. Male sex and LDH level are predictors of severe disease, and serum sodium level predicts of mortality in this population.
Methods of Inducing Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Animal models of experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are useful for understanding more about the mechanistic basis of disease, identifying new targets for therapeutic intervention, and testing novel therapeutic agents. This unit provides detailed protocols for four of the most commonly used mouse models of experimentally induced intestinal inflammation: chemical induction of colitis by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), hapten‐induced colitis via 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS), Helicobacter –induced colitis in mdr1a −/− mice, and the CD4 + CD45RB hi SCID transfer colitis model. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol . 47:5.58.1‐5.58.37. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Dangers of e-mobility: A systematic review and meta-analysis of sustained injury patterns and injury severity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Electric personal mobility devices (ePMDs) have conquered cityscapes, leading to increased reports of associated injuries. However, it remains elusive whether people who present to an emergency department (ED) after an accident are more severely injured when previously using non-electric personal mobility devices (PMDs) or ePMDs. PubMed Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched until March 7, 2023 (PROSPERO: CRD42021257425). Following PRISMA guidelines, data were independently evaluated by two authors and pooled using a random-effects model. Primary outcomes were injury patterns and severity of PMD- and ePMD-related injuries. The systematic review included 24 studies reporting 843 scooter-, 3,000 e-scooter-, 15,482 bike-, and 5,694 e-bike-related injuries. E-scooter riders had higher odds of head and neck, thorax, and lower extremity injuries, lower odds of upper extremity injuries, and higher odds of surgery than bike riders. E-bike riders had higher odds of spine and lower extremity injuries, higher mean ISS, higher odds of ward and ICU admission, higher odds of surgery, and higher odds of death than bike riders. Riders injured severely enough to present to an ED are more severely injured when previously riding an ePMD. Thus far, legal regulations of ePMD usage vary between states, but mandatory protective gear use is rare. Our study's data supports previous suggestions to demand stricter ePMD usage regulations focusing on rider safety globally. However, it must be noted that age, gender, and driving behavior differed between devices. Observed outcome differences may, in part, be linked to these differences.
A measurement of the transverse velocity of Q2237+0305

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Determination of microlensing parameters in the gravitationally lensed quasar Q2237+0305 from the statistics of high magnification events will require monitoring for more than 100 years (Wambsganss, Paczynski & Schneider 1990). However we show that the effective transverse velocity of the lensing galaxy can be determined on a more realistic time-scale through consideration of the distribution of light-curve derivatives. The 10 years of existing monitoring data for Q2237+0305 are analysed. These data display strong evidence for microlensing that is not associated with a high magnification event. An upper limit of v < 500 km/sec is obtained for the galactic transverse velocity which is smaller than previously assumed values. The analysis suggests that the observed microlensing variation may be predominantly due to stellar proper motions. The statistical significance of the results obtained from our method will be increased by the addition of data points from current and future monitoring campaigns. However reduced photometric errors will be more valuable than an increased sampling rate.
Clinical manifestations

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients with diabetes have an increased incidence of heart failure, even after analyses have controlled for coronary artery disease and hypertension. Thus, as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) has become a well recognized entity among clinicians, a better understanding of its development is necessary for the early diagnosis and the future treatment of diabetes-associated cardiovascular disease. In this article, the latest clinical research on the diagnosis and manifestations of DCM will be outlined. The discussion will be focused on the structural, functional, and metabolic changes that occur in the diabetic myocardium and how these changes contribute to the development of DCM in humans. Heart Metab. 2009;45:10–14.
Believing shapes seeing: The impact of diversity beliefs on the construal of group composition

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Previous research has suggested that diversity effects depend on how group members perceive their group’s composition. However, what determines how diversity is perceived is unclear. We argue that the way in which group members construe their group’s diversity is shaped by group members’ beliefs about the value in diversity. Focusing on groups with objective subgroups, we show in two studies that the more group members value diversity, the more likely they are to construe their diversity in terms of individual differences and the less likely they are to construe their diversity in terms of subgroups. We also show that diversity construal is only affected by diversity beliefs during intellectual tasks (where diversity matters), but not during physical tasks.
PROBLEMS OF ADAPTATION OF RUSSIAN ACCOUNTING AND CONTROL AND ANALYTICAL PRACTICES TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The key positions of the concepts of the digital economy as phenomena of understanding the goals of management are defined. The article deals with the cause and effect basis of the problem of digital technologies the spread - one of the characteristic features of the future due to the progress in the microelectronics, information technology and telecommunications. It is concluded that the theoretical basis of the problem of updating the accounting and analytical methodology in the near future and the development of the conceptual apparatus require the solution of the following issues: increasing the degree of information reporting; the need for the formation of new terms, new concepts of information management of financial and economic activities.
Hohmann spiral transfer with inclination change performed by low-thrust system

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper investigates the Hohmann Spiral Transfer (HST), an orbit transfer method previously developed by the authors incorporating both high and low-thrust propulsion systems, using the low-thrust system to perform an inclination change as well as orbit transfer. The HST is similar to the bi-elliptic transfer as the high-thrust system is first used to propel the spacecraft beyond the target where it is used again to circularize at an intermediate orbit. The low-thrust system is then activated and, while maintaining this orbit altitude, used to change the orbit inclination to suit the mission specification. The low-thrust system is then used again to reduce the spacecraft altitude by spiraling in-toward the target orbit. An analytical analysis of the HST utilizing the low-thrust system for the inclination change is performed which allows a critical specific impulse ratio to be derived determining the point at which the HST consumes the same amount of fuel as the Hohmann transfer. A critical ratio is found for both a circular and elliptical initial orbit. These equations are validated by a numerical approach before being compared to the HST utilizing the high-thrust system to perform the inclination change. An additional critical ratio comparing the HST utilizing the low-thrust system for the inclination change with its high-thrust counterpart is derived and by using these three critical ratios together, it can be determined when each transfer offers the lowest fuel mass consumption. Initial analyses have shown the HST utilizing low-thrust inclination change to offer the greatest benefit at low R2 (R2 - R1) and large AI (AI > 30º). A novel numerical optimization process which could be used to optimize the trajectory is also introduced.
A Graphical Model for Online Auditory Scene Modulation Using EEG Evidence for Attention

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Recent findings indicate that brain interfaces have the potential to enable attention-guided auditory scene analysis and manipulation in applications, such as hearing aids and augmented/virtual environments. Specifically, noninvasively acquired electroencephalography (EEG) signals have been demonstrated to carry some evidence regarding, which of multiple synchronous speech waveforms the subject attends to. In this paper, we demonstrate that: 1) using data- and model-driven cross-correlation features yield competitive binary auditory attention classification results with at most 20 s of EEG from 16 channels or even a single well-positioned channel; 2) a model calibrated using equal-energy speech waveforms competing for attention could perform well on estimating attention in closed-loop unbalanced-energy speech waveform situations, where the speech amplitudes are modulated by the estimated attention posterior probability distribution; 3) such a model would perform even better if it is corrected (linearly, in this instance) based on EEG evidence dependence on speech weights in the mixture; and 4) calibrating a model based on population EEG could result in acceptable performance for new individuals/users; therefore, EEG-based auditory attention classifiers may generalize across individuals, leading to reduced or eliminated calibration time and effort.
Analysis of effective channel placement for an EEG-based biometric system

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper discusses the potential of the EEG signal for implementation of a practical biometric system using 4 or less channels of 2 different types of EEG recordings. Studies have shown that the EEG signal has biometric potential because the signal varies from person to person and is impossible to replicate and steal. Data were collected from 10 male subjects while resting with eyes open and eyes closed in 5 separate sessions conducted over a course of 2 weeks. Features were extracted using the autoregressive (AR) model and analyzed to obtain the feature set. Results show that data from eyes open and eyes closed using 4 channels gave good classification rates of 96% and 97% respectively and that data recorded from 2 channels gave classification rates from 90% to 95%. Classification rates from 1 channel ranged from 70% to 87%. The average time taken for recognition was 0.38 seconds at the point of recognition. Based on these results, there is potential for implementation of an EEG-based biometric system.
The Importance of Gifts and Inheritances Among the Affluent

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Using data trom the 1964 Survey of the Economic Behavior of the Affluent, we estimate directly the fraction of household assets which come from inheritances and the fraction from gifts.These data are well suited for this calculation because the survey is heavily weighted toward households with high incomes, and because the respondents were directly asked about the sources of their wealth.We estimate that 15-20Z of household wealth came from inheritances and 5-IOZ from gifts.Even in households with very high incomes, very tew people say that a large fraction of their assets wre inherited or were given to them.According to the responses in this survey, it is not creditable that as much as 507. of household assets came from gitts and inheritances.Using data from the 1983 Survey of Consumer Finances with high income supplement, we roughly confirm the 1964 results, although the 1983 data are much less complete than the 1964 data.
Optimization of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Detection Conditions for Interaction between Gonyautoxin and Its Aptamer

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

This study aimed to optimize the detection conditions for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) in four different buffers and explore the interaction between gonyautoxin (GTX1/4) and its aptamer, GO18. The influence of the silver colloid solution and MgSO4 concentration (0.01 M) added under four different buffered conditions on DNA SERS detection was studied to determine the optimum detection conditions. We explored the interaction between GTX1/4 and GO18 under the same conditions as those in the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technique, using Tris-HCl as the buffer. The characteristic peaks of GO18 and its G-quadruplex were detected in four different buffer solutions. The change in peak intensity at 1656 cm−1 confirmed that the binding site between GTX1/4 and GO18 was in the G-quadruplex plane. The relative intensity of the peak at 1656 cm−1 was selected for the GTX1/4–GO18 complex (I1656/I1099) to plot the ratio of GTX1/4 in the Tris-HCl buffer condition (including 30 μL of silver colloid solution and 2 μL of MgSO4), and a linear relationship was obtained as follows: Y = 0.1867X + 1.2205 (R2 = 0.9239). This study provides a basis for subsequent application of SERS in the detection of ssDNA, as well as the binding of small toxins and aptamers.
Modeling of the crystallization of isotactic polypropylene chains

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The mechanical properties of polypropylene depend critically on the crystallizability of the chains, which depends in turn on their stereochemical structures. These dependences were investigated using Monte Carlo methods to generate chains having various stereochemical sequences and then scrutinizing parallel arrays of these chains to look for matches in isotactic stereochemistry that could lead to the formation of crystallites. The fraction of such units in matches, for example, gives a direct measure of the degree of crystallinity expected for the specified degree of isotacticity. Other quantities of interest obtainable in this way were the natures of the sequence distributions themselves, melting points, free energies of fusion, interfacial free energies, and moduli (calculated on the basis of the crystallites acting as crosslinks within an elastomeric network structure). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 35: 2757–2764, 1997
Periodontal treatment and glycaemic control in patients with diabetes and periodontitis: an umbrella review

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Studies suggest that non‐surgical periodontal treatment improves glycaemic control in patients with diabetes and periodontitis. The aim of this umbrella review is to summarize the effects of periodontal treatment on glycaemic control in patients with periodontitis and diabetes. Methods A systematic review of systematic reviews with or without meta‐analysis published between 1995 and 2015 was performed. Three independent reviewers assessed for article selection, quality and data extraction. Results Thirteen (13) systematic reviews/meta‐analysis were included for qualitative synthesis. A reduction (0.23 to 1.03 percentage points) in the levels of HbA1c at 3 months after periodontal intervention was found. This reduction was statistically significant in 10/12 meta‐analysis. One review with sufficiently large samples found a non‐significant reduction (−0.014 percentage points; 95% CI −0.18 to 0.16; p = 0.87). Only three studies separated the use of adjunctive antibiotics and found a reduction of 0.36 percentage points but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Highly heterogeneous short‐term studies with small sample size suggest that periodontal treatment could help improve glycaemic control at 3 months in patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis. However, longer term studies having sufficient sample size do not provide evidence that periodontal therapy improves glycaemic control in these patients.
Updates in CT characterization of thymic epithelial tumors in patients with myasthenia gravis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thymic epithelial tumors have been traditionally classified into two main types: noninvasive and invasive thymoma. Several classifications have been proposed for thymic tumors, but according to these classifications, the prognosis of patients with thymomas varies considerably. Our purpose is to present different CT aspects according to various subtypes of thymic epithelial neoplasms based on the simplified World Health Organization classification. In this article, we will discuss and illustrate histologic and functional features of the thymus and a spectrum of thymic tumors associated with Myasthenia Gravis. Smooth contours and a round shape are the most suggestive of type A thymic epithelial tumors, whereas irregular contours and heterogeneous enhancement are the most suggestive of type C tumors. Calcifications are suggestive of type B tumors. CT findings may serve as predictors of postoperative recurrence or metastasis for the thymic epithelial tumors.