jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Functional diagnostic work-up in patients with irritable bowel syndrome.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The first aim of the study was to find a cause of symptoms in patients suffering from "irritable bowel syndrome" using diagnostic tests aimed at functional disorders of lower gut. A second aim was to test, whether the presence of irritable bowel syndrome (or, synonymously, absence of classic organic disease) can be predicted by specific symptoms. 134 consecutive patients (50 +/- 16 SD years, range 17 to 88, 94 women) presenting in our gastroenterological outpatient department with abdominal pain and altered bowel habits were included. A conventional diagnostic work-up aimed at classic organic diseases and, if negative, a functional diagnostic work-up aimed at gastrointestinal malfunction such as dietary fibre trial, functional proctoscopy, defecography, colonic transit of radiopaque markers, anorectal manometry, and lactose tolerance test were done. A classic organic disease was found in only 15 of 134 patients by conventional diagnostic tests. Functional diagnostic work-up yielded a diagnosis in 70 of the remaining 119 patients that else would have been labeled to suffer from IBS (25 slow transit constipation, 20 disordered defecation, nine low fibre intake, and nine lactose intolerance among them). When symptoms were evaluated with a standardized questionnaire, "constipation" and the "necessity of straining to open bowels" were very specific for functional bowel disorder (92% and 100%), but sensitivity of both symptoms was only about 60%. The so-called "Manning criteria" had a very low prevalence in our sample and so were not discriminatory. Since in more than half of the patients with "irritable bowel syndrome" a specific diagnosis can be reached, functional tests should be considered in such patients. The symptom "constipation" in patients with lower gut complaints predicted a functional disorder rather than a classic organic disease with a high specificity.
A BRIEF EXAMINATION AND COMMENTARY OF BUDDHISM'S INTRODUCTION TO CHINA IN TERMS OF SOCIOLOGY OF RELIGION

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Changing the habits of societies has always involved challenging processes. Especially when the phenomenon in question is religion, the situation becomes even more complex. In this context, China's encounter with Buddhism is discussed. As China-a country with a deep-rooted tradition and state structure-encountered, Buddhism also went through the aforementioned processes. Both charismatic individuals and the influence of trade played a significant role in the transmission of Buddhism from the Indian subcontinent to China. Role model individuals who came from the Indian subcontinent and drew attention with their lifestyles represented Buddhism well in China. Consequently, these individuals, who became the center of attention in China due to their lifestyles and approaches to events, facilitated the peaceful conversion of the masses to Buddhism. Thus, the process of converting or adopting a new religion, which is generally quite challenging, did not manifest in a bloody and oppressive manner as seen in other societies. Additionally, traders from the Indian subcontinent also stood out as a significant factor in the transmission of Buddhism to China. Buddhism, which was initially foreign to the Chinese region, gradually became widespread among the masses due to the influence of these factors. Since this phenomenon encompasses many different factors, it necessitates a multidisciplinary perspective for evaluation. This study was undertaken with such a necessity in mind. The phenomenon, which lies at the intersection of the disciplines of Sinology and the phenomenon, which lies at the intersection of the disciplines of Chinese Studies, History, and the Sociology of Religion, has been examined from a historical/sociological perspective. The research adopted a qualitative method, and document analysis was used as the data collection technique. The collected data were evaluated using an interpretive and explanatory approach.
A Direct Comparison of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 L1 Particles Reveals a Lower Immunogenicity of Capsomeres than Viruslike Particles with Respect to the Induced Antibody Response

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Capsomeres are considered to be an alternative to viruslike particle (VLP)-based vaccines as they can be produced in prokaryotic expression systems. So far, no detailed side-by-side comparison of VLPs and capsomeres has been performed. In the present study, we immunized mice with insect cell-derived human papillomavirus type 16 VLPs and capsomeres. VLPs induced consistently higher antibody titers than capsomeres but the two forms induced similar CD8 T-cell responses after subcutaneous, intranasal, and oral immunization, and at least 20 to 40 times more L1 in the form of capsomeres than in the form of VLPs was needed to achieve comparable antibody responses. These results were confirmed by DNA immunization. The lower immunogenicity of capsomeres was independent of the isotype switch, as it was also observed for the early immunoglobulin M responses. Although there were differences in the display of surface epitopes between the L1 particles, these did not contribute significantly to the differences in the immune responses. capsomeres were less immunogenic than VLPs in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-deficient mice, suggesting that the lower immunogenicity is not due to a failure of capsomeres to trigger TLR4. We observed better correlation between antibody results from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and neutralization assays for sera from VLP-immunized mice than for sera from capsomere-immunized mice, suggesting qualitative differences between VLPs and capsomeres. We also showed that the lower immunogenicity of capsomeres could be compensated by the use of an adjuvant system containing MPL. Taken together, these results suggest that, presumably because of the lower degree of complexity of the antigen organization, capsomeres are significantly less immunogenic than VLPs with respect to the humoral immune response and that this characteristic should be considered in the design of putative capsomere-based prophylactic vaccines.
Giant-cell tumor of bone: treatment options and role of denosumab

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Giant-cell tumor of bone is a rare, locally aggressive tumor that typically occurs in the bones of skeletally mature young adults in their second to fourth decades. Traditionally, surgery has been the mainstay of therapy for this disease, but the disease can recur even with optimal procedures. Furthermore, it may occur in locations where a surgical approach would be morbid. The maturation of the understanding of the role of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in the pathophysiology of giant-cell tumor of bone has led to the use of denosumab, a monoclonal antibody against RANKL, in this disease. In 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration approved denosumab for use in patients with recurrent/unresectable/metastatic giant-cell tumor of bone or for patients in whom surgery would be morbid.
Successful Ultrasound-Guided Dry Needling for Treatment of Piriformis Syndrome.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Piriformis syndrome is an often overlooked cause of chronic buttock or low back pain, sometimes radiating to the posterior thigh. Despite various treatment options, a definitive standard therapy has not been established. Dry needling has recently gained attention as a non-pharmacological intervention, especially when guided by ultrasound to enhance accuracy and safety. A 69-year-old woman presented with a 9-month history of fluctuating right gluteal pain, aggravated by prolonged sitting and movements. Physical examination revealed tenderness in the piriformis area and positive provocative tests, with no neurological deficits. After failure of previous pharmacological and physiotherapeutic interventions, the patient underwent ultrasound-guided dry needling of the piriformis muscle. The procedure was performed using an in-plane technique with a 0.3 x 75 mm needle and elicited a twitch response. After two sessions, the patient reported a significant reduction in pain intensity from 7/10 to 2/10. Ultrasound-guided dry needling offers several benefits, including precise targeting of the piriformis muscle, avoidance of chemical agents, and reduced risk of adverse effects. The analgesic effect is attributed to inactivation of myofascial trigger points and neuromodulation involving reduced levels of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide. We conclude that ultrasound-guided dry needling appears to be a safe, effective, and minimally invasive option in the management of piriformis syndrome, particularly when conventional therapies fail.
Effect of mannan oligosaccharides and fructan on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and diarrhea score in weanling pigs1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A total of 150 weanling pigs [(Yorkshire × Landrace) × Duroc] with an average BW of 7.22 ± 0.80 kg (21 d of age) were used in a 28-d trial to determine the effects of dietary fructan and mannan oligosaccharides on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profile, and diarrhea score in weanling pigs. Pigs were allotted randomly to 1 of 5 dietary treatments: 1) negative control (NC), basal diet; 2) positive control (PC), NC + 0.01% apramycin (165 mg/kg); 3) NC + 0.1% fructan (FC); 4) NC + 0.1% mannan oligosaccharide source (MO); and 5) NC + 0.05% fructan + 0.05% mannan oligosaccharide source (FM). There were 3 replications per treatment with 10 pigs per pen (5 barrows and 5 gilts). From d 0 to 14, ADG and ADFI of pigs fed the PC, MO, and FM diets were greater (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the NC diet. From d 15 to 28, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in ADG, ADFI, and G:F. During the overall period (d 0 to 28), pigs fed the MO diet had a greater ADG than pigs fed the NC diet (P < 0.05). Pigs fed the PC and MO diets increased ADFI (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the NC diet. However, no differences were detected among dietary treatments in G:F during the overall experimental period. On d 14, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM and N in pigs fed the PC, MO, and FM diets was greater (P < 0.05) than pigs fed the NC diet. The ATTD of DM increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the MO and FM diets compared with pigs fed the FC diet. However, at the end of the experiment, pigs fed the FM diet had a greater (P < 0.05) ATTD of DM compared with pigs fed the NC diet. Additionally, there were no differences in IgG, red blood cells, white blood cells, and lymphocyte counts among dietary treatments on d 0, 14, or 28. The diarrhea score in pigs fed the MO diet was reduced (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the NC diet. In conclusion, mannan oligosaccharides have a beneficial effect on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in weanling pigs. Furthermore, mannan oligosaccharides can decrease diarrhea score in weanling pigs.
Control of Development in the Bifurcating Branch System of Tabebuia rosea: A Computer Simulation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A computer model, simulating geometry and development of the branch system of Tabebuia rosea DC, was constructed. Early in development there is a transition from symmetric bifurcation and exponential increase in branch number to asymmetric branching, manifest in the morphological differentiation into leaders and lateral shoots and in the progressive reduction of increase in branch numbers. This reduction is an inherent geometric property of botanical trees and similar, branched systems. It results from the discrepancy between the increase in crown surface with the second power of branch order and the exponential increase in branches supplying the surface. In symmetric branching, mother and daughter branches are arranged in the same plane; in asymmetric branching, branch planes of leaders and laterals are inclined against each other. Development was assumed to be controlled by flux distribution within the tree: (1) Flux supplied to a terminal branch determines its vigor and branching potential. (2) Asymmetric branching results from asymmetric flux distribution. (3) Feedback interaction between main and lateral branches causes "apical control," i.e., enhanced growth of leaders as compared with lateral branches. (4) Growth of the branch system as a whole is limited by the sigmoid increase with time in flux to the tree. Reiteration of the set of geometric and developmental rules simulates time-dependent changes during normal development and regeneration of the branch system, which are strikingly similar to those observed in growing Tabebuia trees, suggesting that simulated controls are similar to those operating in real trees.
The Apoptosis-Inducing Function of HAP Depends on Its ER Localization

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

hap, identical to RTN3, was a gene encoding an ASY interacting protein and was identified by cloning complementary DNA from human lung cell line (WI 38) cDNA library using yeast two hybrid screen. It has been verified that overexpression of hap can induce apoptosis in several cells. Confocal microscopy showed HAP protein with EGFP at its N termial located on endoplasmic reticulum(ER) while HAP protein with EGFP at its C terminal suffused in the whole cell. DNA ladder analysis, hoechst33342 staining and flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that apparent apoptosis characteristics exhibited in HeLa cells overexpressing ER locating HAP but not in HeLa cells overexpressing suffused HAP. The subcellular localization decides whether HAP has the function of inducing apoptosis. Combinding with the previous results, it was suggested that HAP was an important part of calcium channel on ER.
Effects of Defects on Failure of Butt Fusion Welded Polyethylene Pipe

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Medium density polyethylene (MDPE) pipes are usually welded together by butt fusion welding. The quality of butt fusion welded MDPE pipe joints is seriously affected by welding defects sometimes. This paper presented the test results of an experimental tension test, burst test, three-point bend test, crush test, and fatigue test to show the effect of a single welding defect on the failure of butt fusion welded MDPE pipe joints. The fracture resistance of the joints without welding defects was studied by a fracture test too. The results showed that, under the tension, pressure, bend, and crush loadings, the defect could not increase the failure of the joints if the defect size was smaller than 15% of the pipe's wall thickness regardless of the defect geometry, but the defect increased the failure even though the defect size was only 15% of the pipe's wall thickness under the fatigue loading.
Common Corpus: The Largest Collection of Ethical Data for LLM Pre-Training

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Large Language Models (LLMs) are pre-trained on large amounts of data from different sources and domains. These data most often contain trillions of tokens with large portions of copyrighted or proprietary content, which hinders the usage of such models under AI legislation. This raises the need for truly open pre-training data that is compliant with the data security regulations. In this paper, we introduce Common Corpus, the largest open dataset for language model pre-training. The data assembled in Common Corpus are either uncopyrighted or under permissible licenses and amount to about two trillion tokens. The dataset contains a wide variety of languages, ranging from the main European languages to low-resource ones rarely present in pre-training datasets; in addition, it includes a large portion of code data. The diversity of data sources in terms of covered domains and time periods opens up the paths for both research and entrepreneurial needs in diverse areas of knowledge. In this technical report, we present the detailed provenance of data assembling and the details of dataset filtering and curation. Being already used by such industry leaders as Anthropic and multiple LLM training projects, we believe that Common Corpus will become a critical infrastructure for open science research in LLMs.
Value Chain Analysis and Financial Viability of Agro-Processing Industries in Himachal Pradesh

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The paper has studied the structure and extent of value addition in different agro-processing units in Himachal Pradesh. It has also examined the financial viability of agro-processing industries in the state. The break-even analysis has shown enough leverage for processing units to stay in the business even at low capacity utilization. The extent of value addition has been about 53 per cent in the processing sector. The maximum value addition has been observed in fruits/vegetable processing (133%), followed by bakery and confectionery units. The financial viability ratios computed from financial accounts have revealed high current ratio but lower quick ratio (acid test) in most of the processing industries, showing that many industries have substantial unsold inventories. However, financial ratios have been found more favourable in case of small units as compared to large units. A direct relationship has been found between size of the firm and number of its backward and forward linkages. An average processing industry has 85 backward linkages and 123 forward linkages. It is found that geographical concentration of the processing industries in the state is influenced more by demand rather than supply factors . The suggestions and recommendations emerging from the investigation include policy thrust and emphasis on developing industrial areas in raw material producing regions, thrust on small-scale industries for self-employment in micro enterprises in rural areas, promotion of supporting and subsidiary (intermediate) industries to diversify value addition activities, cost effective and adequate supply of raw material by strengthening direct linkages through suitable contract farming models, liberal credit policy to modernize processing units and encouraging formation of small industries consortia or associations for collective marketing and sales promotion.
Anaerobic Treatment of Synthetic Textile Wastewater Containing a Reactive Azo Dye

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

In this study, anaerobic treatment of synthetic textile wastewater containing a reactive azo dye, namely, Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R, was investigated. A fluidized bed reactor (FBR) was used in the study. Before the operation period, start-up of the FBR was completed in 128 days with an immobilized microorganism level of 0.069 g volatile suspended solids per g support material (pumice). Anaerobic treatment of synthetic textile wastewater revealed that 300 mg/L dye was removed in the FBR system. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color reduction in the system were approximately 60 and 94%, respectively. Under anaerobic conditions, formation of two sulfonated aromatic amines (SAAs) was detected due to anaerobic reduction of the dye. The SAAs were not degraded under anaerobic conditions. In addition to the anaerobic treatment, the effectiveness of aerobic treatment was investigated in order to further reduce the COD after the anaerobic treatment.
Parents and Children Learning Together A Study of the Effectiveness of Parental Involvement on Children's Problem Solving Skills

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study developed from the findings of a previous set of studies into parental involvement in pre-school education. Amongst some interesting results, significant were parents concerns, and uncertainties about their roles in facilitating the learning experiences of their children in the home environment. Additionally, the findings revealed that when parents do spend time with their children, reading stories and playing board games were popular past-times. Research elsewhere reveals that the kinds of pre-school activities most effective in the development of thinking skills, involve construction, drawing and board games. Thus, an aim of this study, is to investigate the extent to which parents' understanding of the competencies involved in these activities, affects their involvement in them at home and the progress of their children in school. This paper presents the findings of a pilot study of the role of the tutor in problem solving. It is an attempt to identify the kinds of knowledge and information about children that tutors, and subsequently parents, would need to have to be effective, and the kinds of activities which elicit developmentally appropriate strategies in children when presented with problem solving tasks. The results show that if parents are to be effective as collaborators in their children's learning, an understanding of qualitative differences in children, the kinds of activities and experiences provided, and methods of presentation, are vital factors for success.
Parent Knowledge, Attitudes, and Household Practices Regarding SHS Exposure: A Case-Control Study of Urban Children With and Without Asthma

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Impoverished children suffer disproportionately from asthma and are more likely than other children to be exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS). We conducted a case-control study to describe and compare knowledge, attitudes, and household practices regarding SHS exposure among parents of young urban children with and without asthma (response rate, 76%). Overall, 39% of children lived with ≥1 smoker (cases, 36%; controls, 43%). The majority of parents (78%) felt that cigarette smoking is very dangerous and agreed that smoke harms the health of children (97%). Cases were more likely than controls to report that smoking in a car affects children’s health (54% vs 42%) and that smoking in front of children is never allowed in their home (88% vs 79%). Additionally, more cases reported a home smoking ban (81% vs 70%). Our findings suggest that parents of children with asthma have somewhat better knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding SHS; however, gaps remain, and many urban children continue to be exposed.
Gaussian Processes for Data-Efficient Learning in Robotics and Control

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Autonomous learning has been a promising direction in control and robotics for more than a decade since data-driven learning allows to reduce the amount of engineering knowledge, which is otherwise required. However, autonomous reinforcement learning (RL) approaches typically require many interactions with the system to learn controllers, which is a practical limitation in real systems, such as robots, where many interactions can be impractical and time consuming. To address this problem, current learning approaches typically require task-specific knowledge in form of expert demonstrations, realistic simulators, pre-shaped policies, or specific knowledge about the underlying dynamics. In this paper, we follow a different approach and speed up learning by extracting more information from data. In particular, we learn a probabilistic, non-parametric Gaussian process transition model of the system. By explicitly incorporating model uncertainty into long-term planning and controller learning our approach reduces the effects of model errors, a key problem in model-based learning. Compared to state-of-the art RL our model-based policy search method achieves an unprecedented speed of learning. We demonstrate its applicability to autonomous learning in real robot and control tasks.