jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Path planning of a hexarotor unmanned aerial vehicle

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) become more prevalent, there is a growing interest in developing an autonomous UAV. An autonomous UAV is able to perform tasks that might be dangerous or very inconvenient for a human to be doing. In order for the UAV to be able to perform these tasks, it need to first be able to reach the place at which the task is being performed. This project aims to develop a Path Finding Algorithm that will enable a UAV to fly to a designated coordinate by a human operator autonomously. Due to the modular nature of the UAV, the algorithm is being developed on Robotics Operating System (ROS) in order to facilitate easy integration between different components and software. The Path Finding Algorithm obstacle avoidance is based on the Potential Field Method in order for the best result as the UAV will need to avoid obstacle dynamically in order to avoid any fast moving obstacle. The simulation of the Path Finding Algorithm is done on the Turtlebot simulator, Turtlesim.
Bürgerliche Gesellschaftand Consumer Interests: The Berlin Public Market Hall Reform, 1867–1891

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

By building retail and wholesale market halls in the 1880s, the city of Berlin rationalized the distribution of food while maintaining public control of commerce. In designing the market hall system, technological improvement and public orderliness emerged as top priorities, while the interests of consumers and small retail dealers who had relied on the traditional outdoor public markets remained secondary. The emphasis on order reflected the interests of the city's economic and cultural elite, the Bürgertum , who sought to make Berlin fit their image of a world-class city.
Development of a calibration procedure for contactless torque and temperature sensors based on SAW resonators

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Possible ways of reducing calibration complexity are considered for a non-contact passive torque and temperature sensor based on three one-port SAW resonators working at 433-437 MHz. A spread of sensor characteristics is investigated and it is shown that dynamic calibration curves differ considerably from the static ones not allowing accelerated temperature variation during calibration. A simplified procedure is suggested using correction of generic calibration parameters based on individual sensor calibration only in one or two temperature points.
Patterns and Predictors of Inpatient Falls and Fall-Related Injuries in a Large Academic Hospital

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Objectives: Most research on hospital falls has focused on predictors of falling, whereas less is known about predictors of serious fall-related injury. Our objectives were to characterize inpatients who fall and to determine predictors of serious fall-related injury. Methods: We performed a retrospective observational study of 1,082 patients who fell (1,235 falls) during January 2001 to June 2002 at an urban academic hospital. Multivariate analysis of potential risk factors for serious fall-related injury (vs no or minor injury) included in the hospital's adverse event reporting database was conducted with logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI 95 ). Results: The median age of patients who fell was 62 years (interquartile range, 49-77 years), 50% were women, and 20% were confused. The hospital fall rate was 3.1 falls per 1,000 patient-days, which varied by service from 0.86 (women and infants) to 6.36 (oncology). Some (6.1%) of the falls resulted in serious injury, ranging by service from 3.1% (women and infants) to 10.9% (psychiatry). The most common serious fall-related injuries were bleeding or laceration (53.6%), fracture or dislocation (15.9%), and hematoma or contusion (13%). Patients 75 years or older (aOR, 3.2; CI 95 , 1.3-8.1) and those on the geriatric psychiatry floor (aOR, 2.8; CI 95 ,1.3-6.0) were more likely to sustain serious fall-related injuries. Conclusions: There is considerable variation in fall rates and fall-related injury percentages by service. More detailed studies should be conducted by floor or service to identify predictors of serious fall-related injury so that targeted interventions can be developed to reduce them.
New Transfer Pricing Documentation Requirements in Italy: The Renewed Interplay between Domestic Regulations and International Sources

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

On 23 November 2020, the Italian tax authorities issued the new Operational Instructions on transfer pricing documentation, applicable already for fiscal year 2020. The new operational instructions are aligned with domestic and international sources on transfer pricing documentation, specifically the OECD Guidelines. Taxpayers and tax consultants will need to carefully check that their documentation is in line with the new instructions with regard to the changes from the previous regime stemming from 2010.
Influence of Tree Canopies on the Quantity of Water and Amount of Chemical Elements Reaching the Peat Surface of a Basin Mire in the Midlands of England

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

(1) The influence of three different tree canopies on the quantity and chemical composition of rainfall was studied at a small forested basin mire for two years. (2) Percentage throughfall of incident precipitattion under pine, fen and mixed broadleaved woodlands was 68%, 79%, and 80%, respectively. Marked variation was also observed over time. (3) Substantial quantities of plant nutrient elements reach the mire surface in rainfall which is supplemented in passing through the tree layer. The order of increase in total chemical complement of throughfall is: pine woodland > fen woodland > mixed woodland. (4) Comparison is made with rainfall and throughfall data collected at other forest sites in Britain and elsewhere. The ways in which vegetation canopies may change the chemical content of rainfall are discussed and the external sources of nutrient enrichment to rainfall are considered. (5) Of the ions studied, those which show greatest increase in passing through the tree canopies are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, sulphate and chloride. The highest input occurs during the winter months when rainfall is maximal.
Türkiye’de Eğitimin Finansmanı ve Ülkelerarası Bir Karşılaştırma(Education Finance In Turkey and An Intercountry Comparison)

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Education which is the foundation of human capital of a country is a very important process which facilitates development of individual and society, supports economic development, by preserving and developing the cultural values facilitates transferring to future generations, un-deferrable and inalienable. Education which has the such important function of strengthening the development and wealth of individual, society and humanity of the future is one of the important indicators of advancement level of the countries. Countries are only able to advance as much as the importance they give to education. Due to this and other similar reasons education spending in the country economy have quite an importance. Within the framework of the study financing dimension of the education and educational spending in Turkey have been elaborated and by giving space for its comparison to other countries future oriented education budget target has been talked about. Additionally, in the study education statistics of institutions like World Bank, OECD, EUROSTAT, BUMKO have been compiled. In the most general sense of the study it has been understood that education financing in Turkey is not adequate and there are differences between the countries.
Protective Effects of Berberis Vulgaris Plant Extract on Paracetamol-induced Liver Toxicity in Rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Berberis vulgaris extract is known to be protective against many damages due to its anti-inflamatory and antioxidant properties. Paracetamol toxicity is one of the most common toxicities. In our study, we aimed to reduce the damage caused by paracetamol toxicity with the beneficial effects of Berberis vullgaris extract. METHODS: In our study, 42 Sprague Dawley 8-week-old rats were used. 7 groups were formed with 6 female animals in each group. At the 24th hour of the study, all groups underwent laparotomy under anesthesia and liver dissection was performed. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining was used to evaluate liver histopathology, and PAS staining was used to show glycogen and basement membrane staining in liver tissue. In addition, scoring was done by showing apoptotic cells with TUNEL stain RESULTS: Hepatic degeneration and peritubular inflammation were quite evident in the groups to which we applied paracetamol. In this study, we observed that the number of positive cells increased in the group given paracetamol in TUNEL staining. As a result of the PAS staining we performed, glycogen accumulation in the hepatocytes of the group we induced with paracetamol was remarkable. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Berberis vulgaris plant extract appears to reduce Paracetamol-induced hepatic toxicity. As a result of the PAS staining, glycogen accumulation in the hepatocytes was remarkable in the group which was induced with paracetamol. Further studies are required for the use of determined molecules of Berberis vulgaris plant extract against the hepatotoxic effect of paracetamol in paracetamol toxicity.
BC6N Monolayer as a Potential VOC Adsorbent in Mitigation of Environmental Pollution: A Theoretical Perspective

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Rapid economic growth has led to severe air pollution, which poses threats to both the environment and public health. Among the major contributors to this issue are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), the abatement methods of which have received considerable attention from the research community. Recently, an adsorption technology employing two-dimensional monolayers has emerged as a promising strategy for VOC control. In the current investigation, we examined the adsorption behaviors of three prevalent VOCs, namely, acetone, benzene, and tetrachloromethane, on both pristine and Pd-doped BC6N monolayers. Through first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, it was revealed that pristine BC6N adsorbs acetone, benzene, and tetrachloromethane with modest adsorption energies of -0.003, -0.036, and -0.017 eV, respectively. These weak interactions make the adsorbate-adsorbent systems especially unstable, causing the VOCs to desorb from the pristine monolayer under increased ambient temperature or other environmental disturbances. The introduction of an interstitial Pd dopant has induced a significant improvement in the adsorption performance of the BC6N monolayer. Specifically, the values of adsorption energy for acetone and benzene on the Pd-doped BC6N monolayer experience a remarkable increase, measuring -0.745 and -1.028 eV, respectively. Moreover, the charge transfer is enhanced along with reduced adsorption distances, indicating strong chemisorption of acetone and benzene on the Pd-doped BC6N monolayer. Our results establish the Pd-doped BC6N monolayer as an efficient adsorbent for the toxic gases, particularly acetone and benzene, carrying practical implications for air quality improvement and environmental sustainability.
Safe Distances and Shielding for Prevention of Propagation of Detonation by Fragment Impact

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Relationships are presented which permit the calculation of safe distances for prevention of propagation of detonation due to fragment impact between adjacent potentially mass-detonating systems for any assumed degree of risk and degree of acceptor shielding. These relationships permit prediction of probability of propagation in an existing situation, as well as calculation of necessary changes in acceptor shielding and/or separation distances for any other degree of tolerable risk. All that is necessary to develop the specific relationships for a given situation is knowledge of: (1) properties of the explosives involved; and (2) geometry of the explosive system. A simple method for graphically representing the relationships is presented, together with illustrative examples.
What helps and hinders indigenous student success in higher education health programmes: a qualitative study using the Critical Incident Technique

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Tertiary institutions aim to provide high quality teaching and learning that meet the academic needs for an increasingly diverse student body including indigenous students. Tatou Tatou is a qualitative research project utilising Kaupapa Maﯲi research methodology and the Critical Incident Technique interview method to investigate the teaching and learning practices that help or hinder Maﯲi student success in non-lecture settings within undergraduate health programmes at the University of Auckland. Forty-one interviews were completed from medicine, health sciences, nursing and pharmacy. A total of 1346 critical incidents were identified with 67% helping and 33% hindering Maﯲi student success. Thirteen sub-themes were grouped into three overarching themes representing potential areas of focus for tertiary institutional undergraduate health programme development: Maori student support services, undergraduate programme, and Maﯲi student whanaungatanga. Academic success for indigenous students requires multi-faceted, inclusive, culturally responsive and engaging teaching and learning approaches delivered by educators and student support staff.
Premenstrual syndrome, coping mechanisms and associated factors among female students of a health sciences campus in South India

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a set of distressing physical and psychological symptoms occurring cyclically during the luteal phase of each menstrual cycle that begin a few days before menstruation and resolves within a few days of the onset of menstruation. This study focuses on finding the prevalence of premenstrual symptoms among university students and also to assess the socio-demographic, dietary and lifestyle factors associated with premenstrual symptoms. Methods: An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted were participants were asked to fill a premenstrual syndrome scale (PMSS) questionnaire based on which they were categorised as ‘positive PMS’ or ‘negative PMS’. Any coping mechanism applied were also reported. Results: A total of 202 participants were part of the study of which 137 (67.8%) of them had premenstrual symptoms and of which 49 (79%) of them had a familial history of PMS. Menstrual related factors like familial history of PMS, perceived menstrual pain intensity, quantity of menstrual bleed, Duration of symptoms in the premenstrual periods were found to be significantly associated with PMS. Mood swings, abdominal cramps and generalised aches and pains were predominant symptoms reported by the students. Taking rest, sleeping and listening to music were the commonly applied coping mechanisms to relieve the symptoms. Conclusions: The prevalence of PMS is on the higher side i.e. 68.3% compared to many studies around the world. The health seeking behaviour knowledge about PMS seems to be quite low among the students and thereby indicates the need to provide awareness and give emphasis on the management of premenstrual symptoms both pharmacologically (if required) and non-pharmacologically.
Worldwide estimates and uncertainty assessments of laser propagation for diverse geometries for paths in the altitude regime of 3 km and below at wavelengths 0.355 μm to 10.6 μm

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The directed energy modeling and simulation community can make important direct contributions to the joint warfighting community by establishing clear and fully integrated future program requirements. These requirements are best determined via analysis of the expected variability/uncertainty in system performance arising from spatial, spectral and temporal variations in operating conditions. In this study of atmospheric effects on HEL systems, the parameter space is explored using the Air Force Institute of Technology Center for Directed Energy's (AFIT/CDE) High Energy Laser End-to-End Operational Simulation (HELEEOS) parametric one-on-one engagement level model. HELEEOS is anchored to respected wave optics codes and all significant degradation effects-including optical turbulence and molecular, aerosol, and liquid water drop/droplet absorption and scattering-are represented in the model. Beam spread effects due to thermal blooming caused by the various absorbers are considered when appropriate. Power delivered in a 5 cm diameter circular area normalized by the total transmitted power is the primary performance metric used in the study, with results presented in the form of histograms. The expected performance of laser systems operating at both low and high powers is assessed at 24 wavelengths between 0.355 &mgr;m and 10.6 &mgr;m for a number of widely dispersed land and maritime locations worldwide. Scenarios evaluated include both up and down looking generally oblique engagement geometries over ranges up to 6000 meters in which anticipated clear air aerosols and thin layers of fog, and very light rain are simulated. Seasonal and boundary layer variations (summer and winter) for nighttime conditions for a range of relative humidity percentile conditions are considered to determine optimum employment techniques to exploit or defeat the environmental conditions. Each atmospheric particulate/obscurant is evaluated based on its wavelength-dependent forward and off-axis scattering characteristics and absorption effects on laser energy delivered. In addition to realistic vertical profiles of molecular and aerosol absorption and scattering, correlated optical turbulence profiles in probabilistic (percentile) format are used, a feature unique to HELEEOS.
Keeping CCS stakeholder involvement in perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Recent surveys, polls, and other research focused on stakeholder attitudes towards the nascent commercial deployment of carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) technologies revealed that the general public knows relatively little about CCS. Given this lack of knowledge with respect to the concept of CCS—let alone first-hand experiential knowledge derived from seeing these technologies deployed in local communities—it is imperative to re-examine how research on CCS stakeholder involvement is conducted and how the results of these studies are reported. This paper will explore several such framing issues regarding future stakeholder involvement activities.
Oral Contraceptive Use in Obese Adolescents: A Cautionary Tale

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a life-threatening complication rarely encountered with the use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs). Obesity is an additional thrombosis risk factor that has been shown to further increase the risk of VTE with the use of COCs. We present 5 cases of obese adolescents (body mass index >30 kg/m 2 ) who encountered thrombosis complications while on COCs. Although the absolute risk of VTE events in the setting of COCs is rare, caution should be observed when choosing hormonal therapy and safer COCs alternatives discussed with adolescents who are obese.
V. On the effect upon virulence of passage of B. pestis through rats by cutaneous inoculation without intermediate culture

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

In the preceding paper we have put forward the result of some experiments in which B. pestis was passed through a series of 26 rats by means of the subcutaneous method and without the intervention of any culture on artificial media. From this series of experiments it appeared that the virulence of the organism was not affected by passage through the ordinary rats of Bombay.
Estimation of forest aboveground biomass by using mixed-effects model

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Using remote sensing data to estimate forest aboveground biomass (FAB) is of great significance for understanding the terrestrial C dynamics and making regional policies of forest management. The vegetation type-specified approach can improve the accuracy of estimating FAB, and it is difficult to obtain enough field plots for each vegetation type to fit a statistic model in practice. In this study, we tried to solve this problem by fitting a linear mixed-effects model based on the Landsat TM image and vegetation types. For developing the most parsimonious mixed-effect models, we used stepwise regressions to fit a linear regression model at the beginning and then we extended it into a linear mixed-effects model with the backward elimination method by adding and testing random effects to the explanatory variables in the linear regression model. The results showed that the linear mixed-effects model, compared with the linear regression model, has higher estimation accuracy with fewer parameters and smaller RMSE (R2 = 0.63, RMSE reduced by 14.81%). The linear mixed-effects model is a feasible way to fit a species-level FAB estimation model when the field plots data are limited and uneven for different vegetation types.
Public and/or private support for the arts in the United States, Canada, and Western Europe

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Artistic institutions earn income by selling tickets to performances or, in the case of museums, by charging for admission. But in every economically advanced country, they also receive substantial additional support (the unearned income referred to in Chapter 8) either from the government in the form of grants or from private individuals and businesses in the form of charitable donations. In Western Europe, Canada, and Australia, the additional funding comes largely from the government, whereas the private sector contributes very little. The situation in the United States is just the opposite: Additional support comes mainly from the private sector. There is a lot of history behind this last statement, and it is worthwhile sketching it briefly to explain how we got to where we are now.
Circulating molecular forms of parathyroid hormone in primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To study the circulating forms of parathyroid hormone (PTH), sera from 5 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHP) and 12 patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism due to chronic renal failure (SHP) were submitted to gel filtration chromatography. The eluent samples were analyzed using two sequence-specific radioimmunoassays (RIA), one amino-terminal (NH2), the other carboxyl-terminal (COOH). The results obtained with the NH2 RIA showed a single molecular form in both groups co-eluting with the intact hormone. The COOH assay identified several molecular forms with a broader distribution in the SHP patients. These results confirm the diagnostic superiority of the NH2 assay under both conditions.