jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Facies classification using P‐to‐P and P‐to‐S AVO attributes

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Summary It is well known that S (shear wave) information can sometimes be decisive for successfully identifying different facies in a reservoir using seismic methods. With the use of multicomponent receivers, it is possible to record converted S waves, even when using conventional P wave source. In this paper we present a linear approximation of the Zoeppritz's equation for the reflectivity of converted P-S waves. Similar to Shuey's equation for the P-P case, the proposed P-S reflectivity approximation defines a gradient (E). In practice, E can be derived from the amplitudes of a particular seismic event in the traces of converted CDP gathers, with a least squares technique. Using real well logs and the Bayesian non-parametric classification methods we quantified the classification success rate. In cases where P-P AVO Shuey's parameters A and B are less reliable (more uncertainty in their estimation, because of noise) than E, the facies classification could be improved by including the P-S gradient. This situation could occur in reservoirs with gas chimneys, for example. We estimated the added value of the P-S gradient, for reducing uncertainty in seismic facies discrimination with AVO parameters.
AMINOACIDS COMPOSITION OF PROTEINS IN WHEAT AND OAT FLOURS USED IN BREADS PRODUCTION

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Oat grain contains a protein with high biological value, the highest among all bread-making cereals. An addition of oat flour in breadmaking should lead to improvement of protein’s biological value in this product. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the amino acids composition and biological value of the commercial wheat flour and oat flours of different sources (commercial and residual). Residual oat flour was obtained as a byproduct from the production of Betaven - dietary-fibre preparation). Also proteins of wheat and wheat–oat breads (50/50%) baked with these flours. Material consisted of flours (wheat and commercial and residual oat), as well as breads (wheat and wheat-oat (50:50%)) baked by a single phase method. Raw materials were analyzed on the amino acid composition by amino acid analyzer AAA 400. On this basis the chemical score (CS) and essential amino acid index (EAAI), according to the FAO /WHO/UNU (2007) were evaluated.
A User Evaluation of Automated Process Discovery Algorithms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Process mining methods allow analysts to use logs of historical executions of business processes in order to gain knowledge about the actual behavior of these processes. One of the most widely studied process mining operations is automated process discovery. An event log is taken as input by an automated process discovery method and produces a business process model as output that captures the control-flow relations between tasks that are described by the event log. In this setting, this paper provides a systematic comparative evaluation of existing implementations of automated process discovery methods with domain experts by using a real-life event log extracted from an international software engineering company and four quality metrics. The evaluation results highlight gaps and unexplored trade-offs in the field and allow researchers to improve the lacks in the automated process discovery methods in terms of usability of process discovery techniques in industry.
Treatment of xanthelasma with fractional plasma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Xanthelasma, which is a benign asymptomatic periorbital xanthoma, is not associated with cutaneous complications and treatment is often due to cosmetic reasons. Xanthelasma, which are depositions of yellowish cholesterol-rich material, and are associated with hyperlipidemia, or congenital disorder of lipid metabolism. Treatment modalities should be considered based on efficacy as well as cosmetic outcomes. There are different treatment modalities including: 1) surgical excision; 2) laser energy-based devices ablation; 3) topical therapy or systemic therapy; and 4) plasma-based device.METHODS: The safety, patient satisfaction and cosmetic results of removal of xanthelasma with plasma-based device (Plasmage, Brera Medical Technologies S.r.l.; Ogliastro Cilento, Salerno, Italy) were shown in 50 patients after clinical evaluation.RESULTS: All 50 cases of xanthelasmas were removed in our study with plasma-based device, Plasmage totally. No scars were left, and all patients were full satisfaction with almost no side effects, except local oedema and crusts which was solved quickly in few days.CONCLUSIONS: The cosmetic outcome after removal of the xanthelasma with Plasmage, plasma-based device was excellent. The procedure of removal of xanthelasma with this plasma-energy device is safe, easy to perform, no scars, short downtime and very good patient satisfaction. This new noninvasive surgical device can be indicated also to other indications as therapy of dermatochalsis, removal of other facial or eyelids benign lesions as squamous papilloma and fibromas improving wrinkles and acne scars etc. More studies will be needed to confirm our results, but the clinical experience to date is excellent.
Domestication of English Expressions Used by Iraqi Arabic Speakers: A Sociolinguistic Study

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper deals with the process of domestication of English expressions as a sociolinguistic phenomenon.It aims to explore the reasons of domesticating foreign [English] expressions that are variously acculturated within such social variables as gender, age, and social status.A modified sociolinguistic interview has been conducted to take the most frequently domesticated expressions in order to be included in a questionnaire administered to different sample of the Iraqi-Najafi Arabic speakers.The questionnaire is used to support the interview in fulfilling the aims of the research.Throughout the discussions, certain conclusions have been observed.English expressions are domesticated as a strategy of globalization and Englishization.Another considerable conclusion is that females have used domesticated expressions as a way to show prestige and acculturation.
Materials Data on YRhW2 by Materials Project

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

YW2Rh is Heusler structured and crystallizes in the cubic Fm-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Y is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight equivalent W and six equivalent Rh atoms. All Y–W bond lengths are 2.83 Å. All Y–Rh bond lengths are 3.27 Å. W is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Y and four equivalent Rh atoms. All W–Rh bond lengths are 2.83 Å. Rh is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Y and eight equivalent W atoms.
Fracture Network Characterization by Analyzing Flowback Salts: Scale-Up of Experimental Data

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract As observed in many shale-gas plays, the produced flowback water is highly saline and the salt concentration increases with time. Several past studies investigated water-rock interactions to interpret flowback chemical data, evaluate reservoir performance, and investigate the environmental impacts of fracturing operations. In this study, we measure the total ion produced (TIP) during flowback process for two wells completed in the Horn River Basin. We also conduct two sets of imbibition experiments to investigate the effects of water-rock surface area (As) and rock volume (Vs) on the TIP in laboratory. Furthermore, we compare the experimental correlations between As - TIP and Vs - TIP with the TIP measured in the field flowback water to estimate fracture surface area (AFrac) and invaded reservoir volume (IRV). In order to investigate the effect of As on the TIP, we conduct a series of imbibition experiments using shale samples of different As but similar Vs at constant temperature. The experiments are performed at T = 23, 45, and 65°C to investigate the temperature effect on the TIP. The experimental correlation between TIP and As at constant temperature is applied to estimate AFrac using field data of TIP. We further utilize AFrac - T correlation to extrapolate AFrac at reservoir temperature. In order to evaluate the estimated AFrac values we also calculate AFrac by rate-transient-analysis (RTA). In order to investigate the effect of Vs on the TIP, we conduct a series of imbibition experiments using shale samples of different Vs but similar As at constant temperature. Experimental results indicate that the TIP increases with both As and temperature. The calculated AFrac value at reservoir temperature is approximately 106m2 for both target wells. These results are in agreement with RTA calculation of AFrac values for both target wells (≈ 106m2). Our estimated values of AFrac are also in agreement with the field data of water recovery. The well with higher estimated value of AFrac has lower water recovery in the field as opposed to the well with lower estimated value of AFrac and higher water recovery in the field. Additionally, the estimated IRV is approximately 105 - 106m3 for both target wells. Our estimated values of IRV are also in agreement with the field data of water recovery and experimental results of water uptake. The well with higher estimated value of IRV has higher water uptake during imbibition experiments and also higher leak-off rate in the field. In contrast, the well with lower estimated value of IRV has lower water uptake during imbibition experiments and also lower leak-off rate in the field.
The Effect of Psychological Distance on the College Students’ and Junior Middle School Students’ Moral Judgment

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

目的：采用实验法探讨时间距离和社会距离对初中生和大学生道德判断的影响。方法：随机选取新乡医学院1~3年级大学生80人和安阳某中学八年级学生80人，让被试对6个情境故事进行评价，这些故事问题分别涉及不同的时间距离和社会距离。本研究采用2 (时间距离：今天、一年后) × 2 (社会距离：好朋友、陌生人) × 2 (学生类型：大学生、初中生) × 6 (情境故事：1~6)的混合实验设计，其中学生类型、时间距离、社会距离为被试间变量，情境故事为被试内变量，因变量为道德评价得分。结果：学生类型和故事情境的主效应均显著，F(1,146) = 10.355，P < 0.01，F(1,730) = 27.96，P < 0.001；故事情境、学生类型和社会距离三者之间的交互作用显著，F(5,730) = 2.566，P < 0.05。进一步的简单简单效应分析表明，大学生从自己人的角度对故事1 (考试作弊)和故事3 (偷钱救病妻)的道德评价得分显著高于初中生，大学生从陌生人角度对故事1 (考试作弊)的道德评价得分显著低于初中生，对故事4 (帮哥哥隐瞒杀人)的道德评价得分显著高于初中生；评价故事1 (考试作弊)时，大学生从自己人的角度分析问题时的道德判断水平高于从陌生人的角度，而初中生则表现出从自己人的角度分析问题时的道德判断水平低于从陌生人的角度；在评价故事6 (工人偷录像带)时，大学生和初中生均表现出从自己人的角度分析问题时的道德决策水平高于从陌生人的角度。结论：学生类型、社会距离和情境故事共同对个体道德判断产生影响。 Objective: To explore the effect of temporal distance and social distance on the college students’ and junior middle school students’ moral judgment. Methods: 80 college students participants in grade 1 - 3 from Xinxiang Medical College and 80 junior middle school students in grade 8 from a middle school of Anyang city were randomly selected, who were asked to answer some questions about the moral judgments in six moral stories involving different temporal distance and social distance. The 2 (temporal distance: today vs. a year later) × 2 (social distance: a good friend vs. a stranger) × 2 (student type: college students vs. junior middle school students) × 6 (situational stories: 1 - 6) were adopted, student type, temporal distance and social distance being between- subject variables and situational stories being within-subject variables, and the evaluated moral scores being dependent variable. Results: The statistical analysis indicated that, the main effects of student type and situational stories was significant, F(1,146) = 10.355, P < 0.01, F(1,730) = 27.96, P < 0.001, and the interaction effect between situational stories, student type and social distance was significant, F(1,730) = 2.566, P < 0.05. The simple-simple effect analysis showed that, the college students’ mean scores of moral judgment in story 1 (cheat in a test) and story 3 (stealing money for sick wife) from a good friend angle were significantly higher than junior middle school students’; from a stranger angle, the college students’ mean scores of moral judgment were significantly lower in story 1 (cheat in a test) and significantly higher in story 4 (concealing murders of elder brother) than junior middle school students’; in story 1 (cheat in a test), the college students’ mean scores of moral judgment from a good friend angle were significantly higher than from a stranger, but the mean scores of junior middle school students from a good friend angle were significantly lower than from a stranger; in story 6 (workers stealing videotapes), the mean scores of the college students and junior middle school students from a good friend angle both were signi- ficantly higher than from a stranger. Conclusion: The three of student type, social distance and situational stories together have a significant impact on moral judgments.
Education in State Socialist Societies The Soviet Union and the German Democratic Republic

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim of this chapter is to examine the educational systems of two highly developed socialist industrial societies, the Soviet Union and East Germany. It seeks to relate changes in the educational systems of the two societies to changes in their economic systems and to describe the changing social structures which their educational systems are required to reproduce. I hope to show that such societies, in contrast to the industrial societies of the West, face special problems of reproduction which stem from their commitment to the ideology of Marxism. They not only have to reproduce economic skills; the major rationale for their existence is that they are building a new form of society and forging a new type of socialist man. They therefore, have to produce people committed to the revolutionary values of Marxism, people with a socialist consciousness. As I have already argued, however, (in Chapter 2) the particular form of their socialist development produces dilemmas which they have so far found great difficulty in resolving. These dilemmas—between equality and efficiency, involvement and control—are acute in the field of production where they articulate new forms of social stratification. But they are also acute in the field of education. The efficiency-equality dilemma raises questions about who shall be educated, the problem of selection and of what should be taught in schools, the problem of curriculum.
On Higher-Order State Constraints

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

.A higher-order state-constrained optimal control problem is considered. A nondegenerate maximum principle is obtained based on the corresponding inward and outward pointing conditions of the higher order. Simple examples demonstrate how the new optimality conditions exclude degenerate sets of Lagrange multipliers, while the conventional approach fails to do so. The conservation law is derived as a consequence of extremality. The connection to the classical form of optimality conditions is investigated.Keywordsoptimal controlhigher-order state constraintsmaximum principleMSC codes49K2749K4090C31
Exploring the Reversal Curse and Other Deductive Logical Reasoning in BERT and GPT-Based Large Language Models

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The term "Reversal Curse" refers to the scenario where auto-regressive decoder large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, trained on "A is B" fail to learn "B is A," assuming that B and A are distinct and can be uniquely identified from each other, demonstrating a basic failure of logical deduction. This raises a red flag in the use of GPT models for certain general tasks such as constructing knowledge graphs, considering their adherence to this symmetric principle. In our study, we examined a bidirectional LLM, BERT, and found that it is immune to the reversal curse. Driven by ongoing efforts to construct biomedical knowledge graphs with LLMs, we also embarked on evaluating more complex but essential deductive reasoning capabilities. This process included first training encoder and decoder language models to master the intersection and union operations on two sets and then moving on to assess their capability to infer different combinations of union and intersection operations on three newly created sets. The findings showed that while both encoder and decoder language models, trained for tasks involving two sets (union/intersection), were proficient in such scenarios, they encountered difficulties when dealing with operations that included three sets (various combinations of union and intersection). Our research highlights the distinct characteristics of encoder and decoder models in simple and complex logical reasoning. In practice, the choice between BERT and GPT should be guided by the specific requirements and nature of the task at hand, leveraging their respective strengths in bidirectional context comprehension and sequence prediction.
Group Medical Visits Using an Empowerment-based Model as Treatment for Women with Chronic Pain in an Underserved Community

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: Over the past decade, group medical visits have become more prevalent. Group medical visits may have some advantages in treating chronic illnesses such as chronic pain as they can be more patient centered. The empowerment model is a novel approach used to provide support, education, and healthy activities guided by participants. Objective: To evaluate the early stages of a chronic pain group medical visit program based on the empowerment model. Methods: This prospective cohort study recruited 60 female participants to participate between October 2004 and May 2005. All enrolled participants completed the SF-36 questionnaire, which was administered at baseline and again after 6 months of participation. Data from chart review included age, race, weight, height, chronic illness, chronic pain diagnosis, and degree of participation. Chronic pain diagnoses included back pain, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, rheumatoid/inflammatory arthritis, and other/unknown. Results: Forty-two participants were enrolled in the program for 6 months. Their average Charleson Comorbidity Index score was 3.1 (SD=1.5). Statistically significant changes (P<.05) were seen in the following SF-36 categories: Role-Physical, Bodily Pain, General Health, Social Function, and Mental Health. All factors trended toward improvement, with the largest improvements seen in Role-Physical and Role-Emotional. Conclusion: Participants in the chronic pain group medical visit program had a high degree of comorbidity and poor health related quality of life in regards to functioning. There was improvement in many domains of health-related quality of life.
Human Behaviour and Resilience Hospital

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Hospitals themselves vulnerable to numerous types of disasters and can get damaged risking the lives of human being. To a certain extent, despite hard resilience (structural and non-structural), human behavior is one of the contributing factors affecting the hospital’s capability in achieving disaster resilience. Hence, the objectives of the paper are twofold: to explore human weaknesses; and to investigate strategies for achieving disaster resilience for existing public hospitals. Qualitative research techniques employed in the form of focus group approach. The findings revealed that six human weaknesses and five strategies have been asserted by the respondents as of utmost critical.2398-4295 © 2017 The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, UniversitiTeknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Disaster Resilience; Hard and soft Resilience; Hospital; Human Behaviour
Vasoactive-inotropic score for prediction of critical patient mortality: A systematic review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: A medical emergency is a clinical situation that requires immediate and planned treatment to prevent permanent disability or death. It involves sudden, progressive, and often life-threatening disturbances in vital body functions, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, or neurological disorders. The Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS) is a clinical tool used to assess the need for vasoactive and inotropic drugs in critically ill patients. The VIS plays an important role as a prognostic indicator in critically ill patients, with higher VIS scores associated with increased risk of death. Purpose: To evaluate vasoactive-inotropic score for prediction of critical patient mortality. Method: A literature review with the aim of reviewing and evaluating previous research related to the use of VIS in predicting mortality in medical emergency patients using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) flow diagram method. The search for scientific articles was conducted in October-November 2024 by determining the population/problem, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) method. The database search process was carried out through the Publish or Perish application from PubMed, Scopus, Crossref, Semantic Scholar, and CINAHL. Determination of the article year range was focused on articles from 2018-2024 through keywords consisting of ''inotrope'' AND ''predictor'' AND ''mortality'', ''VIS'' AND ''Patient critical ill'', ''VIS'' OR Predictor mortality, ''VIS'' OR ''ICU''. Results: The Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS) is an effective and practical clinical tool to be used as a predictor of mortality in emergency and critical patients. VIS provides a quantitative picture of the severity of hemodynamic disorders as well as the pharmacological need to maintain the patient's cardiovascular stability. Its use has been shown to be significant in a variety of critical conditions, such as postoperative cardiac surgery, cardiogenic shock, sepsis, and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, where higher VIS values are often correlated with an increased risk of mortality. The accuracy of VIS in predicting mortality risk can be improved through integration with other clinical parameters, such as inflammatory biomarkers and organ dysfunction scores, which provide a more comprehensive picture of the patient's physiological status. Conclusion: VIS is consistently used as a predictive tool with varying morbidity-mortality thresholds in critically ill patients depending on population size. Factors that influence VIS values ​​include patient demographic characteristics, hemodynamic status, disease severity, and quality of therapy received by the patient.
Social influence under improved multi-objective metaheuristics

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The influence maximization problem (IMP) and the least cost influence problem (LCI) are two relevant and widely studied problems in social network analysis. The first one consists of maximizing the influence spread in a social network, starting with a given seed size of actors; the second one consists of minimizing the seed set to reach a given number of influenced nodes. Recently, both problems have been studied together with a multi-objective metaheuristic approach. In this work, diffusion filter restrictions based on the network topology are proposed to reduce the search space and thus improving the convergence speed of the solutions. This proposal allows increasing the quality of the results. As the influence spread model, the Linear Threshold model will be used. The solution is tested in three social networks of different sizes, finding promising improvements in harder instances.