jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Determination of the effectiveness of the electrocoagulation process in the treatment of leachatefrom the controlled landfill site in Francisco de Orellana canton

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The inadequate management of leachate produced in landfill sites, sanitary dumps, or its incomplete treatment generates significant environmental and public health impacts. These conditions are expected in developing countries and are a major concern, especially in sensitive areas like the Amazon. This study used a laboratory-scale reactor to investigate the efficiency of electrocoagulation for removing BOD5, COD, TSS, turbidity, and color. Samples of raw leachate from the controlled landfill site in Francisco de Orellana canton, located in the Ecuadorian Amazon, were used. First, the initial conditions of the leachate were determined through a physicochemical characterization, where a reduced presence of heavy metals and high biodegradability were identified, suggesting that it is old leachate. In turn, a reactor with 5 electrodes was installed, where aluminum was used as a cathode and iron as an anode. Finally, electrocoagulation was employed with various operational combinations, where a run using 2.5 V and 20 minutes showed the highest removal efficiency on average, with reductions of 85.23% of BOD5, 98.20% of COD, 11.30% of TSS, 96.52% of turbidity, and 90.73% of color. Keywords: Electrocoagulation; Leachate; Leachate treatment.
Latridius jantaricus Borowiec 1985

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Latridius jantaricus Borowiec, 1985 (Fig. 13) Material examined. Two specimens with collection numbers “12” [HPR] and “17” [HPR], Baltic amber, Yantarny, Kaliningrad region, Russia; body length of each beetle is 1.5 mm (specimen “12”), and 1.8 mm (specimen “17”); colouration is dark brown throughout.
Effect of Reinforcement Corrosion on Axial and Flexural Performance of R.C. Columns

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Limited research is available on the axial and flexural performance of statically loaded reinforced concrete columns subject to medium and high levels of corrosion.A combined experimental and analytical investigation was developed to evaluate the residual bearing capacity and the post-peak response of corroded columns at different reinforcement corrosion levels and patterns.The analytical approach was established from sectional analysis and numerical analyses of ten reinforced concrete columns that were experimentally tested under quasi-static concentric and eccentric loads.Eight of the columns were subjected to accelerated reinforcement corrosion for 137-days.The mid-section of the columns was subjected to three different patterns of reinforcement corrosion, targeting the dominating reinforcement contributing to peak bearing capacity depending on eccentricity level.Four columns loaded concentrically and eccentrically were corroded at the transverse reinforcement, two columns loaded eccentrically were corroded along the longitudinal reinforcement only, and two columns loaded concentrically were corroded along the transverse and longitudinal reinforcements.Threedimensional finite element analyses were conducted using Diana finite element software to investigate more corrosion scenarios beyond those experimentally tested.The presented approach accounts for material deteriorations (strength, cross-sectional area, bond, and confinement effects) using constitutive models from the literature and incorporates data from the experimental testing.The analytical estimation compared well with experimental and numerical results.The outcome of this investigation emphasizes the importance of incorporating degradations models into evaluation procedures of corroded columns.Results indicate a significant reduction in peak residual strength and ductility at high levels of reinforcement corrosion.Also, local buckling of the longitudinal reinforcement is attributed to loss of core confinement due to tie fracture.
The Existence of Land Bank Institution in Supporting Land Procurement for National Development in Perspective of Indonesian Agrarian Law

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Land is a basic human need for a place to live and earn a living for human life. Population growth is getting higher day by day while land for housing is static so that land is increasing in price, this is a problem that must be solved. The state in carrying out national development also needs land for physical development such as infrastructure facilities, roads, bridges, hospitals, dams and others. In the realization of land acquisition for national development, land conflicts often occur between the Government and Land Owners and even go to court. The government in various ways is looking for a way out for land acquisition for development to minimize agrarian conflicts and prepare land that is ready for use if needed for the public interest by establishing a Land Bank. Land Acquisition for development for the public interest is regulated in Law No. 2 of 2012 with the technical regulation namely Government Regulation No. 71 of 2012. Several provisions in Law No. 2 of 2012 have been amended in Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation as an Omnibus Law, which means the regulation made based on the compilation results or the result of combining several rules with different substances and levels and the technical regulation, whereas the Land Acquisition regulated in Article 136 until 148 of the Law and the technical regulation is The Government Regulation No. 19 of 2021. The promulgation of Law Number 11 of 2020 which regulates the Land Bank is in the Article No 125 until 135 and followed orderly technical regulations, namely The Government Regulation No. 64 of 2021, is expected to be a solution for the Government to prepare land for development so that national development is not disturbed and minimizes land conflicts among the people, especially the people holding ownership rights to land. The implementation of the establishment of the Land Bank must be continuously monitored by all components of the community so that its implementation does not violate the laws and regulations and still refers to Article 33 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution. Keywords : land acquisition, land bank, public interest. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/112-18 Publication date: August 31 st 2021
Validation of MERIS Water Products for Belgian Coastal Waters: 2002-2005

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the validation of MERIS products for Belgian coastal waters for the period 2002-2003. The MERIS Level 2 water products are compared with sea-borne measurements if match-up conditions are satisfied. A qualitative assessment of MERIS imagery was made to provide recommendations to improve image quality as in our previous report. This shows that undetected cloud contaminated pixels can severely deteriorate image quality. Patches of non-positive water-leaving reflectance at blue bands are also found for both case 1 and case 2S waters, and water constituent retrieval may be unrealistic for those patches. Furthermore, a quantitative comparison for the match-up data is made focusing on a comparison of water-leaving reflectance. Compared with last year's MERIS processing ('200210' version), the latest MERIS processing ('200308' version) gives better results for the spectral shape of water leaving reflectance in the blue and green bands, but differences in the absolute magnitude of reflectance are found. No apparent bias of MERIS reflectance with respect to the seaborne reflectance is found from the scatter plot of all the spectral reflectance data of 2002 and 2003. However, the relative difference is larger for blue bands and NlR bands. Differences in reflectance at visible bands could not be related to differences in either the imposed NlR band ratio of water reflectance or aerosol optical thickness with respect to our match-up data. This should be further investigated to improve the atmospheric correction procedure.
Cellular Repair of DNA–DNA Cross-Links Induced by 1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutane

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Xenobiotic-induced interstrand DNA–DNA cross-links (ICL) interfere with transcription and replication and can be converted to toxic DNA double strand breaks. In this work, we investigated cellular responses to 1,4-bis-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (bis-N7G-BD) cross-links induced by 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). High pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI+-MS/MS) assays were used to quantify the formation and repair of bis-N7G-BD cross-links in wild-type Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79) and the corresponding isogenic clones V-H1 and V-H4, deficient in the XPD and FANCA genes, respectively. Both V-H1 and V-H4 cells exhibited enhanced sensitivity to DEB-induced cell death and elevated bis-N7G-BD cross-links. However, relatively modest increases of bis-N7G-BD adduct levels in V-H4 clones did not correlate with their hypersensitivity to DEB. Further, bis-N7G-BD levels were not elevated in DEB-treated human clones with defects in the XPA or FANCD2 genes. Comet assays and γ-H2AX focus analyses conducted with hamster cells revealed that ICL removal was associated with chromosomal double strand break formation, and that these breaks persisted in V-H4 cells as compared to control cells. Our findings suggest that ICL repair in cells with defects in the Fanconi anemia repair pathway is associated with aberrant re-joining of repair-induced double strand breaks, potentially resulting in lethal chromosome rearrangements.
To appear in The Astrophysical Journal. Detection of an iron K Emission Line from the LINER NGC 4579

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We present the results of an ASCA observation of the LINER NGC 4579. A point-like X-ray source is detected at the nucleus with a 2–10 keV luminosity of 1.5 × 1041 ergs s−1assuming a distance of 16.8 Mpc. The X-ray spectrum is represented by a combination of a power-law with a photon index of ∼1.7 and soft thermal component with kT ∼0.9 keV. An iron K emission line is detected at 6.73 ± 0.13 keV eV and is statistically significant at more than 99.9 % confidence. The line center energy is consistent with Helium-like iron and is significantly higher than 6.4 keV which is expected from fluorescence by ”cold ” (or a lower ionization state of) iron. The iron line profile shows no significant red tail in contrast to Seyfert 1 galaxies although the statistics are limited. The line center energy, equivalent width, and profile are consistent with an origin in an ionized accretion disk. However the large mass accretion rate necessary to ionize the accretion disk is not consistent with the observed luminosity and normal accretion models. (rest frame) with an equivalent width of 490 +180 −190
Indigenous knowledge based abiotic indicators used in weather prediction by farmers of Wayanad, Kerala, India

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The paper presents twenty abiotic indicators used by farmers for weather prediction in Wayanad district, Kerala. These indicators were based mainly on the appearance of sky, color and patterns of cloud, moon, wind, rainbow and temperature. The popularity of these indicators among farmers was measured using use validity score (UVS) based on purpose of use, extent of use and perceived reliability. With this score, we categorized the indicators into high, medium and low popularity classes. Five indicators were assessed as high popularity, four as low popularity and the remaining, medium popularity.
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MONOLAYERS ON AIR/WATER,OIL/WATER AND AIR/SOLID INTERFACES BY FTIR AND RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In this paper the recent advances in structural characterization of monolayers on air/water interface (Langmuir film), oil/water interface and air/solid interface (LangmuirBlodgett film) by using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy,are reviewed.
Data from Circulating Immune Cell Composition and Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study Using Epigenetic Cell Count Measures

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<div>Abstract<p>Although ample evidence indicates that immune cell homeostasis is an important prognostic outcome determinant in patients with cancer, few studies have examined whether it also determines cancer risk among initially healthy individuals. We performed a case–cohort study including incident cases of breast (<i>n</i> = 207), colorectal (<i>n</i> = 111), lung (<i>n</i> = 70), and prostate (<i>n</i> = 201) cancer as well as a subcohort (<i>n</i> = 465) within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Heidelberg cohort. Relative counts of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocyte sublineages were measured by qRT-PCR. HRs and 95% confidence intervals were used to measure the associations between relative counts of immune cell and cancer risks. When relative counts of immune cell types were taken individually, a significant positive association was observed between relative counts of FOXP3<sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells (Tregs) and lung cancer risk, and significant inverse associations were observed between relative CD8<sup>+</sup> counts and risks of lung and breast cancer (overall and ER+ subtype). Multivariable models with mutual adjustments across immune markers showed further significant positive associations between higher relative FOXP3<sup>+</sup> T-cell counts and increased risks of colorectal and breast cancer (overall and ER− subtype). No associations were found between immune cell composition and prostate cancer risk. These results affirm the relevance of elevated FOXP3<sup>+</sup> Tregs and lower levels of cytotoxic (CD8<sup>+</sup>) T cells as risk factors for tumor development.</p>Significance:<p>This epidemiologic study supports a role for both regulatory and cytotoxic T cells in determining cancer risk among healthy individuals.</p><p><i>See related commentary by Song and Tworoger, p. 1801</i></p></div>
Influence of simulated microgravity on physiological reactions in healthy and virus infected wheat plants of different varieties.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effects of clinorotation on the 3 varieties of the wheat plants were studied. The chlorophyll content, photochemical activity of the chloroplasts and changes in wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) were analysed. It is established that photosynthetic apparatus in wheat plants, particularly in bred Apogee variety, possesses considerable adaptation potential for the cultivation of plants under the spaceflight conditions.
Peer Assistance in an English Immersion Context in China

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Since the late 1990s, English immersion education has been advocated by researchers and teachers in the mainland of China. In an immersion programme, the learners from a common background of a majority or dominant language receive their initial primary and later secondary education through the medium of a target foreign or second language for much or most of the curriculum. The aims of such a program are that within several years children will reach high levels of proficiency in this target language, while adequately learning the curriculum content and maintaining and developing their first language. Such programs began in Canada in the mid-1960s for English speakers to learn French under pressure from parents for their children to become bilingual (Lambert & Tucker, 1972). The generally positive and sometimes surprising evaluation of curriculum learning (Swain & Lapkin, 1983) quickly led to immersion being seen as a form of successful bilingual education which could be used in other contexts (Genesee, 1987) and in many other countries for a wide range of languages, including learning English in Germany, Hungary, Singapore and Japan (Johnson & Swain, 1997). A wide range of types of programs for immersion schooling have been developed, varying from total immersion (for the entire curriculum except the mother tongue as a timetabled subject) to different degrees of partial immersion, to beginning at kindergarten or various primary levels, and including heritage language programs (e.g., to develop Catalan in Spain — an indigenous language — alongside the national language of Spanish), but they all have the explicit aim of developing bilingualism in a kind of dual language program (Christian, 2011) with some features that overlap with content-based second language teaching since a major concern is that students should learn the curriculum content (Lyster, 2011).
Electrophysiological and Psychophysical Measures of Auditory Temporal Processing

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Older adults experience greater difficulty than younger adults understanding speech in noisy, complex backgrounds. This deficit remains even when the older adults have nearly normal hearing on standard audiometric testing. Independent of hearing loss, there is evidence of age-related declines in auditory temporal processing. These suprathreshold processing deficits have been implicated as contributing factors to reduced speech perception in noise. This project uses a combination of electrophysiology, psychophysics, and speech-in-noise measures to consider temporal processing in terms of sensory and perceptual coding of complex, periodic sounds. The use of combined methods is an important approach for parsing auditory and non-auditory factors underlying speech perception abilities in older adult listeners. The hypotheses are that (1) older adults exhibit reduced amplitudes for encoding sustained stimulus components on a speech-evoked auditory brainstem measure (sABR), (2) older adults have higher thresholds for the detection of a change in the periodicity of a complex tone, and (3) these measures show within-subject correlations such that individuals with robust sABR components demonstrate more sensitive perception of temporal periodicity cues. If the hypotheses are supported, these results will improve our understanding of auditory processing deficits underlying speech perception challenges for older adults. To test these hypotheses, two experiments were undertaken. In experiment 1, younger and older adults participated in a sABR measure, a harmonic mistuning task, and a masked speech perception task. These measures focused on temporal envelope encoding with the intention of relating the electrophysiological and psychophysical responses to an individual's ability to benefit from temporal modulations in background noise when listening to speech. In experiment 2, the younger and older adults were compared for their encoding of both temporal envelope and fine structure on a sABR measure. In addition, a model of neural temporal jitter was tested within a sABR paradigm with the goal of simulating in younger adults the response characteristics of the older adults. Specifically, the synthetic speech token used to elicit the sABR was submitted to a jitter algorithm that disrupted the periodicity cues of the stimulus. Taken together, results from these experiments support the notion of reduced neural synchrony for older adults with normal hearing. Future directions should focus on determining the temporal measures most predictive of speech perception abilities in noisy, complex backgrounds.
A Virtual Infrastructure for Wireless Sensor Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Overlaying a virtual infrastructure over a physical network is a time-honored strategy for conquering scale. There are, essentially, two approaches for building such an infrastructure. The first is to design the virtual infrastructure in support of a specific protocol, routing, for example. However, more often than not, the resulting infrastructure is not useful for other purposes. The alternative approach is to design the general-purpose virtual infrastructure with no particular protocol in mind. The challenge, of course, is to design the virtual infrastructure in such a way that it can be leveraged by a multitude of different protocols. The main goal of this chapter is to propose a lightweight and robust virtual infrastructure for a network consisting of tiny energy-constrained commodity sensors massively deployed in an area of interest. In addition, authors present evidence that the proposed virtual infrastructure can be leveraged by a number of protocols ranging from routing to data aggregation. Routing related energy expenditure is discussed with the goal of maximizing network lifetime.
Narrative rules? Story logic and the structures of games

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Ever since scholars in the humanities have studied computer games, the relationship between play and narrative has been a much contested issue. Much dissent stems from incompatible basic assumptions about play and narrative, which, this article argues, can be reconciled by a formalist approach to games and narrative on a structural level. First, event structures and story structures are shown to be central to various theories of narrative. Correlating these findings with Espen Aarseth’s reflections upon nonlinearity, an understanding of narrative revolving around event logic is developed. Building on the theory of games developed by Roger Caillois, the article then develops a model of games in which three layers of structures are governed by three types of rules. The most abstract of these layers arranges game elements in a meta-structure which is based on both ludic and narrative logic. In a final step, nonlinear game structures are explained within this model and categorized in a typology that orders them by the type of agency players can execute.
NDRG1 is important to maintain the integrity of airway epithelial barrier through claudin‐9 expression

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Impairment of epithelial barrier integrity caused by environmental triggers is associated with the pathogenesis of airway inflammation. Using human airway epithelial cells, we attempted to identify molecule(s) that promote airway epithelial barrier integrity. Microarray analyses were conducted using the Affimetrix human whole genome gene chip, and we identified the N‐myc downstream‐regulated gene 1 (NDRG1) gene, which was induced during the development of the epithelial cell barrier. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed strong NDRG1 expression in ciliated epithelial cells in nasal tissues sampled from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and the low expression of NDRG1 was observed in goblet cells or damaged epithelial cells. NDRG1 gene knockdown with its specific siRNA decreased the transepithelial electrical resistance and increased the dextran permeability. Immunocytochemistry revealed that NDRG1 knockdown disrupted tight junctions of airway epithelial cells. Next, we analyzed the effects of NDRG1 knockdown on the expression of tight and adhesion junction molecules. NDRG1 knockdown significantly decreased only claudin‐9 expression, but did not decrease other claudin family molecules, such as E‐cadherin, and ZO‐1, ‐2, or ‐3. Knockdown of claudin‐9 markedly impaired the barrier function in airway epithelial cells. These results suggest that NDRG1 is important for the barrier integrity in airway epithelial cells.