jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
[Progress on biodiesel production with enzymatic catalysis in China].

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper reports the progress of biodiesel production with enzymatic catalysis in Beijing University of Chemical Technology, one of the leaders in biodiesel R & D in China, which includes screening of high-yield lipase production strains, optimization and scale-up of the lipase fermentation process, lipase immobilization, bioreactor development and scale-up, biodiesel separation and purification and the by-product glycerol utilization. Firstly, lipase fermentation was carried out at industrial scale with the 5 m3 stirred tank bioreactor, and the enzyme activity as high as 8 000 IU/mL was achieved by the species Candida sp. 99-125. Then, the lipase was purified and immobilized on textile membranes. Furthermore, biodiesel production was performed in the 5 m3 stirred tank bioreactor with an enzyme dosage as low as 0.42%, and biodiesel that met the German biodiesel standard was produced. And in the meantime, the byproduct glycerol was used for the production of 1,3-propanediol to partly offset the production cost of biodiesel, and 76.1 g/L 1,3-propanediol was obtained in 30 L fermentor with the species Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Effect of Sublethal and Lethal Temperature on Plant Cells

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Soybean, Glycine max L., and elodea, Elodea canadensis Michx, leaves were exposed to sublethal and lethal temperatures and examined by light microscopy. Loss of chlorophyll and swollen chloroplasts were observed in cells of elodea leaves exposed to sublethal temperatures. At the thermal death point of leaf cells of elodea and soybean, there was a disorganization of the tonoplast membrane, plasmalemma, and chloroplast membranes. Approximately 40% of the cells in elodea and 50% of the cells in soybean leaves exhibited oriteria of cell death when exposed to a temperature which induced necrotic leaf tissue. Plasmolysis of leaf cells of elodea and soybean occurred at lethal temperatures, but did not appear to be the primary cause of cellular death. The primary effect of lethal temperatures on the leaf cells used in these experiments is disintegration of the cellular membranes. Following exposure of attached elodea leaves to lethal temperatures, changes in leaf cells were periodically observed with a light microscope. In low temperature treatments, (43 through 52°), the percentages of cells exhibiting criteria of death 12 days after treatment did not change from the percentages determined immediately after treatment. All treatments above 52° resulted in 40% or more of the cells exhibiting criteria of cell death immediately after treatment. In these treatments, this resulted in all cells exhibiting criteria of death on the fourth day after treatment.
Experiences of learning through collaborative evaluation from a masters programme in professional education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper presents findings from a collaborative evaluation project within a masters programme in professional education. The project aimed to increase knowledge of research methodologies and methods through authentic learning where participants worked in partnership with the tutor to evaluate the module which they were studying. The project processes, areas of the course evaluated and the data collection methods are outlined. The findings focus on key themes from evaluating the effectiveness of using a collaborative evaluation approach, including: enhanced student engagement; creativity of the collaborative evaluation approach; equality between the tutor and students; and enhanced research skills. Discussion focuses on the outcomes and effectiveness of the project and tutor reflections on adopting a collaborative approach. This paper highlights lessons from the project relevant to those interested in staff-student partnership approaches and those facilitating postgraduate learning and teaching programmes and educational research courses.
A multipass hydrogen Raman shifter for the generation of broadband multifrequencies

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A four-pass cell was employed for the multifrequency parametric Raman generation in gaseous hydrogen. More than 18 rotational-vibrational Raman lines from 450 to 830 nm were generated using an 80-mJ, 3-ns pump pulse at a wavelength of 532 nm. The output spectrum broadening was observed by increasing the number of passes of the pump pulse through the Raman cell.
In Vitro Potential of the Acetone Leaf Extract and Fractions of Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke (Rubiaceae) to Combat Co-Infection of Tuberculosis and Helminthiasis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of global importance that affects millions of people. Approximately a quarter of the world's population is currently infected with M. tuberculosis, and about 10% of those infected will develop into active disease, particularly immune compromised individuals. Helminthiasis is of global health importance, affecting over 2 billion people mostly in resource-poor countries. Co-infection with tuberculosis (TB) and helminths (worms) is an emerging global public health concern with both affecting about one-third of the global population. Chronic infection with helminths can result in impaired immune responses to TB as well as enhancing failure to TB therapy and BCG vaccination. Antimycobacterial and anthelmintic activities of the acetone extract and fractions of Psychotria capensis were evaluated, including their in vitro safety. In addition, the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effect of the fractions and crude extract of P. capensis were assessed. Antimycobacterial activity of the extract and fractions was tested against four non-tuberculous mycobacteria (Mycobacterium smegmatis, M. fortuitum, M. aurum, M. bovis BCG) and pathogenic M. tuberculosis H37Rv while the Egg Hatch Assay (EHA) was used for the anthelmintic test on eggs of Haemonchus contortus. Cytotoxicity was determined against Vero kidney cells while in vitro immune modulation via cytokine production was determined on activated macrophages. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the Psychotria capensis acetone extract and fractions ranged from 39 to 1,250 μg/ml with the crude extract and hexane fraction having the best MIC values (both 39 μg/ml). In the EHA, the inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranged from 160 to 630 μg/ml with the hexane fraction having the best activity. The hexane and chloroform fractions were relatively non-toxic with LC50 values of 290 and 248 μg/ml respectively, while the acetone crude extract (64 μg/ml) and n-butanol fraction (71 μg/ml) were moderately toxic. The SI values (LC50/MIC) ranged from 0.1 to 7.4 with the hexane fraction having the highest value against M. smegmatis (7.4). The hexane fraction had the best dual anthelmintic and antimycobacterial activity. This fraction had the best NO inhibitory activity and was the least cytotoxic, indicating that its activity was not due to general metabolic toxicity, with 96.54% cell viability. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12p70 were upregulated while IL-10 expression was inhibited by the extracts. Compounds were detected using GC-MS analysis, and in both the crude acetone extract and the hexane fraction was the diterpene neophytadiene, which has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity. Finding alternative or complementary approaches to dealing with TB infections by, amongst other things, reducing the incidence of helminth infestations may lessen the burden of TB, contributing to slowing the spread of multi-drug resistance.
Concomitant Helper Response Rescues Otherwise Low Avidity CD8+ Memory CTLs to Become Efficient Effectors In Vivo

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract This report seeks a means of maximizing memory CD8 T cell responses to peptide immunization. Delivery of the CD8 peptide epitope by stress protein, heat shock protein (hsp)70, results in excellent immunogenicity at the acute phase but memory responses were poor both in terms of the number of responding cells as well as their functional avidity. We demonstrate for the first time that hsp70 can also be used as a vehicle to achieve CD4 T cell responses to loaded peptide epitopes and that coimmunization with hsp70 loaded with both CD8 and CD4 peptide epitopes may increase memory up to 3-fold. Furthermore, CD8+ T cell memory responses were of higher avidity measured both by in vitro cytotoxicity assays and a new methodology that measures the avidity of CTL activity in vivo in mice. Our results emphasize that peptide immunization remains a viable approach to induce long-term CD8+ T cell function, providing steps are taken to assure appropriate stimulation of Th cell responses.
Inactivation of HCN channels slows rhythm differently in atria and ventricle and improves conduction in the anoxic‐reoxygenated embryonic chick heart

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channels control heart rate and are expressed early during cardiogenesis. Distribution of the predominant HCN4 isoform and the involvement of HCN channels in myocardial dysfunction induced by anoxia‐reoxygenation were investigated in the embryonic heart. Expression of HCN4 channels was determined by western blotting in atria (A), ventricle (V) and outflow tract (OT) from hearts of 4‐day‐old chick embryos. Hearts or isolated ventricles were exposed to the selective inhibitor of HCN channels ivabradine. Effects of 0.3μM ivabradine on ECG, excitation‐contraction (EC) coupling and contractility were determined in hearts submitted to 30 min anoxia and 60 min reoxygenation. The distribution of HCN4 was inhomogeneous, i.e. A ≥ V ≫ OT. The intrinsic rate was 164±22 in A and 78±24 bpm in isolated V. Under normoxia, 0.3 μM ivabradine decreased A rate by 20% and V rate by 50% and increased A‐V conduction by 20%. These effects persisted throughout anoxia‐reoxygenation, whereas variations of QT duration, EC coupling, contractility and arrhythmias were not affected. These data indicate that HCN channels are inhomogeneously distributed and control finely atrial and ventricular pacemakers of the embryonic heart. Their inactivation during anoxia‐reoxygenation ameliorates atrial rhythmicity and conduction. Supported by Servier and SNSF n°3100A0‐105901
Die Strafbarkeit von Menschenrechtsverletzungen durch Unternehmen

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Business enterprises are repeatedly involved in human rights abuse within the course of their transnational activities. This work deals with the question of the extent to which corporate actors are responsible under German Criminal Law in the relevant cases. The potential of Criminal Law in terms of actus reus in global value chains is examined in detail and placed into context. Particularly, the study deals with the influence of human rights due diligence on the Criminal Law standard of care, its role in the delimitation of spheres of responsibility and the cross-company scope of principal’s criminal liability.
Early warning of drought-induced vegetation stress using multiple satellite-based ecological indicators

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Droughts have posed, and continue to pose, severe risks to terrestrial ecosystems. Particularly against the backdrop of global climate change, the intensity and frequency of extreme droughts are expected to further aggravate. However, a significant gap persists in early drought warning for vegetation monitoring. Therefore, this study examined the spatial and temporal dynamics of two summer drought events happened in Southwest China in 2011 and 2022, and analyzed the early responses of four ecological indicators including global Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) SIF dataset (GOSIF), the leaf-scale fluorescence yield (Φf), the near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to drought extremes. All these indicators successfully captured the drought-induced vegetation stress, but as a proxy for vegetation photosynthesis, GOSIF was the most sensitive. Specifically, during the 2022 drought, GOSIF fell below the baseline year as early as day of year (DOY) 193, whereas NIRv and NDVI began at DOY 201, and Φf lagged severely. Similar behaviour was also found in the drought period of 2011. Overall, compared to the baseline year, GOSIF, Φf, NIRv and NDVI decreased by 96.93 %, 54.11 %, 43.92 % and 17.03 % in 2011, and reduced by 70.00 %, 42.01 %, 48.74 % and 19.53 % in 2022, respectively. During the past two decades, GOSIF exhibited the strongest correlation with drought intensity (r = 0.880, p < 0.05), followed by NIRv (r = 0.875, p < 0.05) and NDVI (r = 0.871, p < 0.05), and Φf was the weakest (r = 0.432, p > 0.05). Spatially, the proportion of areas where the correlations exceeded 0.6 by GOSIF and NIRv were 42.39 % and 39.32 %, respectively. In summary, this study demonstrated that global re-constructed GOSIF possesses considerable potential as an early warning indicator for vegetation drought.
Behavior of Magnetoacoustic Emission on Cold-rolled Fe-Cu Alloy with Thermal Aging

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The behaviors of magnetoacoustic emission (MAE) on cold-rolled and thermally aged Fe-Cu model alloy were investigated. The rms voltage of MAE increases with increasing reduction ratio before thermal aging due to the increase in dislocation density. As to thermal aging, the significant changes were not found on the behaviors for the undeformed specimen. This indicates the morphological change of copper precipitation has no strong effect to the interaction between domain walls and their pinning sites. On the other hand, the rms decreases when aging time elapses for the cold-rolled specimen at first, and then increases in aging over 103minutes. These behaviors can be explained on the basis of the microstructure changes including dislocations and copper precipitation.
How to Improve Public Transportation Image : Quality of Service Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

한류 열풍으로 인해 우리나라를 방문하고 체류하는 외국인이 증가하고 있다. 외국인의 비중은 전체인구의 4.2%에 이르고 있다. 이들의 편의를 높이기 위한 대중교통 서비스가 필요하다는 측면에서 본 연구는 외국인들의 대중교통 서비스에 대한 만족도에 어떠한 요인이 영향을 미치는가를 파악하고자 하였다. 독립변수로 인적서비스, 차량서비스, 정보제공서비스, 교통시스템, 경제성을 선정하였다. 매개변수는 만족도, 종속변수는 구전의도로 선정하였다.BR 연구결과 다섯 가지 변수는 모두 유의하였다. 특히, 정보제공 서비스와 교통시스템에 대한 만족도는 매우 높았다. 반면에 인적 서비스의 만족도는 상대적으로 낮았다. 본 연구는 외국인들이 대중교통 이용할 때 언어적 한계를 보완해 주기 위한 다양한 작업이 필요함을 제시한다. 대중교통에 대한 만족도가 국가이미지를 상승시킬 수 있다. 외국인이 거주하고 싶어 우리나라는 매력적인 국가가 될 것이다.
Delegation of Authority to Human Beings: A Late Safavid Theologian’s Account on the Legislative Meaning of Tafwīḍ

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract In this article, I intend to examine an account of human free will suggested by one of the most prominent figures in religious institutions during the Safavid reign, which had a long-term effect on subsequent discussions on the subject. Muḥammad Bāqir Majlisī (1627–1699), a renowned theologian, muḥaddith, and jurist who played a significant role in shaping Shīʿism in Iran, emphasized human free will ( ikhtiyār ) in his various works. While he considers it a self-evident truth, Majlisī attempts to justify human agency in voluntary activities through his arguments. However, it appears that his emphasis on human free will is primarily aimed at demonstrating that individuals are legally bound. Due to the limitations of human intellect, Majlisī argues that humans cannot be considered competent to create the legal rules they must follow. Consequently, individuals are not authorized to determine their own obligations even though they are responsible for their actions. Thus, while Majlisī was determined to establish that humans possess free will, he believed that individuals were not allowed to exercise this freedom in the realm of social and political affairs.
Critical success factors of economic crisis management: A case study of Phuket hotels

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Tourism is unarguably a major export service of Thailand. However, the tourism industry in Thailand, primarily Phuket which is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the country, has been negatively influenced in recent years by a number of crises - predominantly the economic crisis. Such a crisis has resulted in limited travel budget not only for domestic but also overseas tourists. As one of the most important tourism suppliers, hotel business has also been affected by an economic crisis. Consequently, it is crucial for hotels to understand the characteristics of economic crises and come to terms with the critical factors contributing to successful crisis management in order to sustain tourism businesses through economic crises. To this end, the core aim of this research is to identify the critical factors responsible for effective economic crisis management using hotels in Phuket as a case study. Through qualitative data collection and the analysis of in-depth interviews, the findings of these interviews provide both rich and substantively meaningful understanding of pertinent crisis management issues.
Hordeum vulgare L., HOR 18011

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

PGRFA accession of IPK Gatersleben Plant Genetic Resource Taxon: Hordeum vulgare L. Accession number: HOR 18011 Conserved by: DEU146 Acquisition: 2003-05-13 Origin country: ETH Biological status: Other MLS status: Included AEGIS status: Included Historic: No
A Preliminary to War: The 1st Aero Squadron and the Mexican Punitive Expedition of 1916

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

On March 15, 1916, the 1st Aero Squadron arrived at Columbus, New Mexico. Led by Captain Benjamin D. Foulois, the squadron included 11 officers, 82 enlisted men, and 1 civilian technician. The men unloaded an automobile, 6 motorcycles, and 12 motor trucks, vehicles rare in an army still wedded to the horse and mule. These were followed by wooden crates containing 8 wood, wire, and fabric Curtiss JN-3 biplanes, every airplane owned by the U.S. Army, save those assigned to its aviation school at San Diego, California. The squadron was in Columbus to join an expedition commanded by Brig. Gen. John J. "Black Jack" Pershing. President Woodrow Wilson had ordered Pershing's force into Mexico in response to a March 9 attack on the tiny border town by the Mexican desperado, Francisco "Pancho" Villa. For the first time, the U.S. Army's entire air force -- the 1st Aero Squadron -- had deployed for an active campaign. The 1st Aero Squadron played a significant role in the Punitive Expedition, but, in dramatic contrast to how an air force functions today, it served as a means of communication and observation, not as a combatant arm. Some experiments with bombs and machine guns had been conducted, and the war in Europe was quickly turning the airplane into a serious weapon of war. Nevertheless, U.S. Army leaders envisioned aviation's primary mission to be the receipt and transmission of information for tactical commanders and long-distance scouting as an adjunct to the cavalry. Accordingly, during the mobile phase of the Punitive Expedition, the 1st Aero Squadron enabled Pershing to locate and communicate with his widely dispersed, fast-moving columns and carried dispatches between Pershing's main and advanced bases. The squadron also scouted for hostile forces and kept a watch for threats to Pershing's line of communications. These efforts were made in some of the worst weather and poorest conditions imaginable, and by the end of April, all eight airplanes had been destroyed7
Heavy-quark spin polarization induced by the Kondo effect in a magnetic field

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We propose a new mechanism of the heavy-quark spin polarization (HQSP) in quark matter induced by the Kondo effect under external magnetic field. The Kondo effect is caused by a condensate between a heavy and a light quark called the Kondo condensate leading to a mixing of the heavy and light quark spins. Thus the HQSP is driven through the Kondo effect from light quarks coupling with the magnetic field in quark matter. For demonstration, we employ the Nambu--Jona-Lasinio type model under a magnetic field, and investigate the HQSP within the linear response theory with vertex corrections required by the $U(1)_{\rm EM}$ electromagnetic gauge invariance. As a result, we find that the HQSP arises significantly with the appearance of the Kondo effect. Our findings are testable in future sign-problem-free lattice simulations.
A method to control non-uniformity RF B1 field for high field magnetic resonance imaging

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The higher static magnetic fields $B_0$, in MRI systems result in higher signal to noise ratios. However, as the wavelength decreases linearly with the higher static magnetic field, image inhomogeneity occurs. This paper demonstrates the use of the convex optimization with an iterative method to improve $B_1Λ +$ uniformity in an anatomic region of interest by varying the magnitude and phase of each RF channel element independently. The simulation results for 16 channels for 9.4 T systems are discussed in detail, with experimental results in a phantom.
Effects of photobiomodulation on wound contraction in rats undergoing doxorubicin extravasation: a histomorphometric analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze wound contraction and histomorphometric pattern of lesions in Wistar rats undergoing doxorubicin extravasation. Method: Sixty adult female rats were used, divided into four groups of fifteen animals: Group 1 (Control, without antidote); Group 2 (Hyaluronidase); Group 3 (Photobiomodulation), and Group 4 (Hyaluronidase + Photobiomodulation). Doxorubicin 1mg (0.5 ml) was applied subcutaneously on the animals’ back, inducing the wound. Macroscopic and morphometric evaluation of the lesions was performed every two days for 28 days. On the 30th day, euthanasia was performed and the material was collected for histological evaluation. Results: The animals in the photobiomodulation and photobiomodulation + Hyaluronidase groups presented regeneration tissue with neovascularization and acute inflammation, with improvement in wound healing, which did not occur in the other groups. The contraction rates were better in those treated with photobiomodulation and photobiomodulation + Hyaluronidase, with healing percentages of 76.6% and 72.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The combination of photobiomodulation (660 nm–1 J) with topical hyaluronidase (65 UTR) proved to be effective in the process of wound healing due to extravasation of doxorubicin, and can be incorporated into the practice of clinical oncology.
On the Relationship between Investment Risk and Insurance Solvency Optimum

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Solvency is a key issue in the insurance sector. Investments can have significant risks, and a compelling research question is whether the solvency optimizing investment risk corresponds to the lowest possible risk level. This question is even more topical with some interest rates approaching very low levels in many countries. The paper aims to answer this question. Theoretical results suggest that if insurance risk and investment risk are uncorrelated, solvency optimizing investment portfolios with non-risk-free components may exist, and the level of optimal investment risk may inversely depend on the insurance portfolio size.