jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Yaw Motion of Motor Vehicles

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Vehicular accident reconstruction is intended to explain the stages of a collision. This also includes the description of the driving trajectories of vehicles. Stored driving data is now often available for accident reconstruction, increasingly including gyroscopic sensor readings. Driving dynamics parameters such as lateral acceleration in various driving situations are already well studied, but angular rates such as those around the yaw axis are little described in the literature. This study attempts to reduce this gap somewhat by evaluating high-frequency measurement data from real, daily driving operations in the field. 813 driving maneuvers, captured by accident data recorders, were analyzed in detail and statistically evaluated. These devices also make it possible to record events without an accident. The key findings show the average yaw rates as a function of driving speed as well as the ratio between mean and associated peak yaw rate. Beyond that, considerably lower yaw rates can be observed at low speeds than predicted by theory. This is due to the kinematic constraints of the steering geometry and car dimensions, whereas the driver’s influence recedes into the background. The findings allow the classification or plausibility check of event data recordings. It can also be used to cross-check driving dynamics simulations.</div></div>
Original article Outcomes of high volume cataract surgeries at a Lions Sight First Eye Hospital in Kenya

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: High volume cataract surgery is practised in many eye centres. Objective: To investigate whether routine high volume cataract surgery can be performed without compromising the quality of surgery. Materials and methods: A retrospective interventional study was carried out at a high volume eye care centre including 368 subjects with cataract operated within 5 randomly selected theatres. Suture-less manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS) with PCIOL was performed in all except nine cases. Results: Of the total, 81.8 % of the patients achieved post-operative uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 6/18 and better by the 4th week. Only 0.3 % had a posterior capsule tear without vitreous loss, 0.5 % posterior capsule tear with vitreous loss and 0.8 % had hyphema. Post-operative examination done at the camp site after Day 30 did not reveal anterior segment complications in any of the patients. Fifteen patients were found to have posterior capsular opacification and had the UCVA between 6/24 – 6/60. Only 12.9 % of the patients had first post operative day complications, which included transient corneal oedema (3.0 %) with less than 10 Descemet folds, transient corneal edema with&gt; 10 Descemet folds (3.6 %), transient corneal edema (4.3 %), shallow anterior chamber (0.3 %) and others like iritis and peaked pupil. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed no significant association between risk factors like age, sex, laterality, pre-operative visual acuity, surgeon, time of surgery and post-operative UCVA. Conclusion: The study results show that high quality cataract surgery can be attained in a high volume setting.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Tofacitinib in Patients With Moderate to Severe Ulcerative Colitis

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Tofacitinib is an oral, small molecule Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). We characterized tofacitinib pharmacokinetics in patients with moderate to severe UC, and the effects of covariates on variability in pharmacokinetic parameter estimates. Data were pooled from 1 8‐week phase 2 and 2 8‐week phase 3 induction studies, and a 52‐week phase 3 maintenance study (N = 1096). Population pharmacokinetic analysis was conducted using nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling. Potential predictors of apparent oral clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution (V/F) were evaluated. The PK was described by a 1‐compartment model parameterized in terms of CL/F (26.3 L/hour [h]) and V/F (115.8 L), with first‐order absorption (K a ; 9.85 h −1 ) and lag time (0.236 h). The derived elimination half‐life was approximately 3.05 h. In the final model, baseline creatinine clearance, sex, and race (Asian vs non‐Asian) were significant covariates for CL/F; significant covariates for V/F were age, sex, and body weight; baseline albumin and baseline Mayo score were not significant covariates. CL/F between‐patient variability was estimated at 22%. Tofacitinib exposure did not change significantly over the duration of induction/maintenance treatment in patients with UC. Although statistically significant covariate effects on CL/F and V/F were observed, the magnitude of the effects are not clinically significant. Therefore, dose adjustment/restrictions for age, body weight, sex, race, or baseline disease severity are not required during tofacitinib treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov numbers: NCT00787202, NCT01465763, NCT01458951, NCT01458574.
The urban environment and life satisfaction among the elderly in Winnipeg

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Urban Environment and Life Satisfaction Among the Elderly of Winnipeg. Theories of the environment and the elderly are explored resulting in the development of the Interactive Ecological Theory of the Environment and the Elderly. The basic premise of this theory is that the elderly person is a focal system trying to maintain him/herself in a stratified environment. As the focal system becomes increasingly old, personal resources dwindle and it is forced to rely more heavily on the environment for fulfillment of its needs. Secondary analysis of data is used to test this theory and model. Life satisfaction is the dependent variable. Personal resources and characteristics of the focal system, and environmental services are the independent variables. The results indicate that health and income are the most important personal resources to the elderly. The most important environmental features are those which aid in fulfilling needs associated with health and income such as community health clinics, dentists and lawyers. Further tests on the importance of the environment to the focal system showed that when individuals moved residential location in hopes of finding an improved neighbourhood, those who found it had higher life satisfaction than those who found no change or worse. The findings of this research support the Interactive Ecological Theory of the Environment and the Elderly. Further, the findings indicate the importance of health and income in old age, as well as the importance of a supportive neighbourhood/community environment for the elderly.
Turbulent magnetic pressure instability in stratified turbulence

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A reduction of total mean turbulent pressure due to the presence of magnetic fields was previously shown to be a measurable effect in direct numerical simulations. However, in the studied parameter regime the formation of large-scale structures, as anticipated from earlier mean-field simulations, was not found. An analysis of the relevant mean-field parameter dependency and the parameter domain of interest is conducted in order to clarify this apparent discrepancy.
LEGAL CONSTRAINTS TO THE RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND DEPLOYMENT OF IVHS TECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study addresses the legal feasibility of IVHS -- the constraints posed for IVHS technologies by American law, legal institutions, and lawyers. From the outset of work on IVHS, perceived legal problems with the technology have been the basis for concern by all the actors involved. Based on a survey of relevant literature and interviews with numerous IVHS participants, this study discusses these legal constraints and suggests directions for further work. After an introduction to IVHS technologies and a summary of legal research to date on IVHS, the study describes its scope and research methods. In Part III, it identifies the many types of players in IVHS and the fairly complicated legal relationships among them. Part IV describes legal constraints already experienced by IVHS participants. Part V describes legal constraints anticipated by IVHS participants, and Part VI reviews and critiques various approaches that have been suggested or attempted for managing legal constraints.
N‐lauroylglutamates with two and four carboxylate head groups: Their interactions with bovine serum albumin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract N ‐lauroyl derivatives of amino acids have widely been reported as environmentally benign surfactants. Although N ‐lauroyl‐ l ‐glutamate is reported in the literature, the effect of the two carboxylate groups in it has not been specifically addressed. In this study, we report the interactions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with N ‐lauroylglutamate ( S1 ) and an N ‐lauroyl derivative of a tripeptide of glutamic acid ( S2 ), respectively. The surfactant S1 has two and S2 has four carboxylic acid groups making them different from other N ‐lauroyl amino acids, which have just one carboxylic acid group. The aim of this study is to understand the role of the number of carboxylate groups present in these amino acid‐based anionic surfactants while interacting with biomolecules such as BSA. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the surfactants were measured both in the presence and absence of BSA using fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence of BSA was quenched on addition of the surfactants. The mechanisms of fluorescence quenching were established by studying the fluorescence at three different temperatures. CD studies were performed to calculate the temperature at which BSA unfolds completely in the presence and absence of the surfactants. Conformational changes in the secondary structure of BSA were also observed on the addition of S1 and S2 . The results of these studies are compared with those previously reported for the interactions between BSA and N ‐lauroylglycinate. We find that S1 has a lower CMC than S2 and lauroylglycinate. The surfactant S1 stabilized the secondary structure of BSA better at higher temperatures.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials Utilizing Molecular Assemblies.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

孔径が2nm以上の均一メソ孔を有するメソポーラスマテリアルが,規則的な孔配列や特異な空間の提供等から応用面を含め関心を集めている.新規メソポーラスマテリアル合成には分子集合体が重要な役割を果たしている.組成・構造の多様化,孔径・形態の制御,応用展開等,最近急激に研究が進展しているメソポーラスマテリアルの合成について紹介する.
The Clinical Analysis of Acute Retinal Necrosis in 15 Cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To observe the treatment of acute retinal necrosis syndrome(ARNS).Methods The treatment experiences of 16 eyes with ARNS in 15 patients during January 2008 to December 2010 were reviewed.The preoperative vision was 0.01~0.1 in 10 eyes(62.50%),0.2 in 2 eyes(12.50%),0.3 in 1 eye(6.25%),0.4 in 2 eyes(12.50%),0.5 in 1 eye(6.25%).Results Postoperative vision was improved by different degree in 15 cases of 16 eyes diagnosed ARNS.The vision was 0.01~0.1 in 5 eyes(31.25%),0.2 in 1 eye(6.25%),0.3 in 4 eyes(25.00%),0.4 in 3 eyes(18.75%),0.5 in 1 eyes(6.25%),0.6 in 2 eyes(12.50%).The condition of all patients was effectively controlled when discharged from hospital.The vision was corrected more than 0.2 in 5 eyes(31.25%),more than 0.1 in 6 eyes(37.50%),and was not obviously improved in 5 eyes(31.25%).The best vision was 0.6.Conclusion If necessary,vitrectomy is a useful treatment for ARNS in most cases and anti-virus medicine may be used at least 2 weeks before operation.
Hierarchical organization of macaque and cat cortical sensory systems explored with a novel network processor

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neuroanatomists have described a large number of connections between the various structures of monkey and cat cortical sensory systems. Because of the complexity of the connection data, analysis is required to unravel what principles of organization they imply. To date, analysis of laminar origin and termination connection data to reveal hierarchical relationships between the cortical areas has been the most widely acknowledged approach. We programmed a network processor that searches for optimal hierarchical orderings of cortical areas given known hierarchical constraints and rules for their interpretation. For all cortical systems and all cost functions, the processor found a multitude of equally low–cost hierarchies. Laminar hierarchical constraints that are presently available in the anatomical literature were therefore insufficient to constrain a unique ordering for any of the sensory systems we analysed. Hierarchical orderings of the monkey visual system that have been widely reported, but which were derived by hand, were not among the optimal orderings. All the cortical systems we studied displayed a significant degree of hierarchical organization, and the anatomical constraints from the monkey visual and somatomotor systems were satisfied with very few constraint violations in the optimal hierarchies. The visual and somato–motor systems in that animal were therefore surprisingly strictly hierarchical. Most inconsistencies between the constraints and the hierarchical relationships in the optimal structures for the visual system were related to connections of area FST (fundus of superior temporal sulcus). W e found that the hierarchical solutions could be further improved by assuming that FSTconsists of two areas, which differ in the nature of their projections. Indeed, we found that perfect hierarchical arrangements of the primate visual system, without any violation of anatomical constraints, could be obtained under two reasonable conditions, namely the subdivision of FST into two distinct areas, whose connectivity we predict, and the abolition of at least one of the less reliable rule constraints. Our analyses showed that the future collection of the same type of laminar constraints, or the inclusion of new hierarchical constraints from thalamocortical connections, will not resolve the problem of multiple optimal hierarchical representations for the primate visual system. Further data, however, may help to specify the relative ordering of some more areas. This indeterminacy of the visual hierarchy is in part due to the reported absence of some connections between cortical areas. These absences are consistent with limited cross–talk between differentiated processing streams in the system. Hence, hierarchical representation of the visual system is affected by, and must take into account, other organizational features, such as processing streams.
Protein binding to a single termination-associated sequence in the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A methylation protection assay was used in a novel manner to demonstrate a specific bovine protein-mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) interaction within the organelle (in organello). The protected domain, located near the D-loop 3' end, encompasses a conserved termination-associated sequence (TAS) element which is thought to be involved in the regulation of mtDNA synthesis. In vitro footprinting studies using a bovine mitochondrial extract and a series of deleted mtDNA templates identified a approximately 48-kDa protein which binds specifically to a single TAS element also protected within the mitochondrion. Because other TAS-like elements located in close proximity to the protected region did not footprint, protein binding appears to be highly sequence specific. The in organello and in vitro data, together, provide evidence that D-loop formation is likely to be mediated, at least in part, through a trans-acting factor binding to a conserved sequence element located 58 bp upstream of the D-loop 3' end.
Being Finnish, Being Muslim

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explores Muslim women’s views of their religious and national identities, citizenship, and belonging in Finland. The primary material consists of 20 semi-structured interviews collected in 2021 and 2022. The interviews convey three different understandings of the relationship between Finnish and Muslim identity: the perception of oneself as a Finnish Muslim; the perception of oneself as a non-Finnish Muslim; and the perception of oneself as a multicultural citizen. Additionally, two notions can be observed regarding Muslim identity: one sees Muslimness as a central and unchanging aspect of one’s core identity; the other views it as a highly fluid and context-dependent group identity. Islamic religiosity does not in itself seem to reduce attachment to Finnish identity. Instead, those distancing themselves from Finnishness often referred to experiences of not having their Finnishness acknowledged by society. Identification with the ummah, the worldwide community of believers, proved to be relatively low or completely rejected.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Hybrid 3kW Ocean Wave-Power Generation System Subjected to Regular and Irregular Wave Forces

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In particular of coastal area, needs of ocean energy development have emerged with global demands on non-pollution energy. Although there are several types of wave-power generation systems, such as an attenuator and an overtopping device, these have problems related to frequent damages or limited applicable area. This study is concerned with development of a new hybrid wave-power system, which is expected to provide higher power efficiency than the previous system, and experimental and numerical estimations on performance of the new system. The proposed wave power absorber is composed of a generator embedded in the floating shield cylinder, pendulum plate to accelerate rotation of generator, self-dynamic positioning devices, and a support column to fix the entire power generation system to the seabed. To determine major design parameters and to conduct a specific concept design of the proposed power generation system, hydrodynamic tests of the floating shield cylinder were carried out. The cylinder was scaled with a scale factor 0.12. Several test specimens were fabricated to examine effects of the following physical characteristics on the system performance: draft depth of the cylinder, diameter of the cylinder, longitudinal projective area of the cylinder, a number of blades attached on the cylinder, blade length. Each specimen was subjected to 8 regular and 4 irregular wave loads for 5 minutes; an extreme water wave condition was also included. In the hydrodynamic tests, rotation numbers of the cylinder per a minute were measured. Although consistent patterns of the angular velocity of the cylinder was not observed from the experimental results, the results showed that the ratio of draft depth to diameter mainly effects on the angular velocity of the cylinder, and that the cylinder quickly rotates at the crest of an incident wave while it inversely and slowly rotates at the through. Furthermore, to supplement the above tests and to analyze mechanical behaviors of the support system, numerical simulations of the system were also conducted. To calculate water pressure on the cylinder and the support column, the commercial computational program ANSYS AQWA was used. The distribution and the magnitude of the predicted water pressure were then mapped into the finite element model of the cylinder and the support structure to examine the structural responses and stability against overturning.
Capitalist Exploitation: Its Forms, Origin, and Fate

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter studies capitalist economic structure through the lens of historical sociology. It kicks off by exploring the idea of capital—as monetary title to subsumed labour—through a series of historical examples. It then extends the model of capitalist accumulation introduced in chapter 2 by asking how exploitation becomes possible under capitalism and what historically specific forms it takes. Sophisticated answers to these two questions—of origin and form, respectively—have been provided by Karl Marx in volumes I and III of Capital. This chapter studies Marx’s answers, drawing extensively upon the contemporary debate on the origins of capitalism. It then shows how that debate can shed light on discussions about precarity and the ‘gig economy,’ as well as on post-capitalist democratic futures, including contemporary discussions on market socialism and the democratic firm.
Quality control prediction of electrolytic copper using novel hybrid nonlinear analysis algorithm

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Aiming at the problems of conventional linear regression and traditional neural network models in predicting the quality of electrolytic copper, such as poor fitting effect and low prediction accuracy, the quality of machine learning algorithms based on the maximum information coefficient, Random Forest algorithm, support vector machine, and correlation vector machine is established. The prediction model is used to reveal the non-linear fluctuation law of electrolytic copper quality under the influence of multiple factors. Taking the electrolytic copper production data of a copper industry company as an example, based on 19 related factors affecting the quality of electrolytic copper and 5 electrolytic copper quality control index systems, the maximum information coefficient is first used to analyze the non-linear correlation between the influencing factors. Secondly, the Random Forest algorithm is used to clarify the main control factors that affect the quality of electrolytic copper. Finally, the particle swarm optimization support vector machine and correlation vector machine are used to establish the quality prediction model of electrolytic copper. The results show that the RF algorithm is used to characterize the complex nonlinear relationship between the quality of electrolytic copper and the quality of electrolytic copper, and the five main controlling factors of electrolytic copper are clarified, which is confirmed by the nonlinear correlation analysis based on MIC. For all 19 influencing factors, the RVM model is very similar in prediction accuracy to the PSO-LSSVM model (the gaps are 4.45% and 14.16%, respectively), and are better than the conventional multiple linear regression model and the traditional neural network model. Quality prediction model of electrolytic copper based on RF-RVM model, the prediction error of the test data set is smaller than that of the RVM model (the lowest error index value is less than 5%). The research results have certain reference value for electrolytic copper quality control.