jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Rage against the machine? Framing societal threat and efficacy in YouTube videos about artificial intelligence

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a part of the mainstream public discourse beyond expert communities about its risks, benefits, and need for regulation. In particular, since 2014, the news media have intensified their coverage of this emerging technology and its potential impact on most domains of society. Although many studies have analyzed traditional media coverage of AI, analyses of social media, especially video‐sharing platforms, are rare. In addition, research from a risk communication perspective remains scarce, despite the widely recognized potential threats to society from many AI applications. This study aims to detect recurring patterns of societal threat/efficacy in YouTube videos, analyze their main sources, and compare detected frames in terms of reach and response. Using a theoretical framework combining framing and risk communication, the study analyzed the societal threat/efficacy attributed to AI in easily accessible YouTube videos published in a year when public attention to AI temporarily peaked (2018). Four dominant AI frames were identified: the balanced frame, the high‐efficacy frame, the high‐threat frame, and the no‐threat frame. The balanced and no‐threat frames were the most prevalent, with predominantly positive and neutral AI narratives that neither adequately address the risks nor the necessary societal response from a normative risk communication perspective. The results revealed the specific risks and benefits of AI that are most frequently addressed. Video views and user engagement with AI videos were analyzed. Recommendations for effective AI risk communication and implications for risk governance were derived from the results.
Combined effects of warming and nutrients on marine communities are moderated by predators and vary across functional groups

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Warming, nutrient enrichment and biodiversity modification are among the most pervasive components of human‐induced global environmental change. We know little about their cumulative effects on ecosystems; however, even though this knowledge is fundamental to predicting and managing their consequences in a changing world. Here, we show that shifts in predator species composition can moderate both the individual and combined effects of warming and nutrient enrichment in marine systems. However, all three aspects of global change also acted independently to alter different functional groups in our flow‐through marine rock‐pool mesocosms. Specifically, warming reduced macroalgal biomass and assemblage productivity, whereas enrichment led to increased abundance of meso‐invertebrate consumers, and loss of predator species led to increased gastropod grazer biomass. This disparity in responses, both across trophic levels (macroalgae and intermediate consumers), and between detecting additive effects on aggregate measures of ecosystem functioning, yet interactive effects on community composition, illustrates that our forecasting ability depends strongly on the level of ecological complexity incorporated within global change experiments. We conclude that biodiversity change—and loss of predator species in particular—plays a critical and overarching role in determining how ecological communities respond to stressors.
Peer Review #2 of "Effects of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) inhibition on sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous injuries in vitro and in vivo (v0.2)"

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Early studies with first-generation poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have already indicated some promising therapeutic potential in sulfur mustard (SM) injury.The available novel and more potential PARP inhibitors, which are undergoing clinical trials as drugs for cancer treatment, bring it back to the centre of interest.However, the role of PARP-1 in SM-induced injury is not fully understood.In this study, we selected a high potent specific PARP inhibitor ABT-888 as example to investigate the effect of PARP inhibitor in SM injury.The results showed that in mouse ear vesicant model (MEVM) and HaCaT cell model, PARP inhibitor ABT-888 could reduce the cell damage induced by severe SM injury.ABT-888 significantly reduced SM induced edema and epidermal necrosis in MEVM.In HaCaT cell model, ABT-888 could reduce SM-induced NAD + /ATP depletion and apoptosis/necrosis.Then, we study the mechanism of PARP-1 in SM injury by knockdown of PARP-1 in HaCaT cells.Knockdown of PARP-1 protected cell viability and downregulated the apoptosis checkpoints, including p-JNK, p-P53, Caspase 9, Caspase 8, c-PARP andCaspase 3 following SM-induced injury.Furthermore, the activation of AKT can inhibit autophagy via the regulation of mTOR.Our results showed that SM exposure could significantly inhibit the activation of Akt/mTOR pathway.Knockdown of PARP-1 reversed the SM-induced suppression of the Akt/mTOR pathway.In summary, the results of our study indicated that the protective effects of downregulation of PARP-1 in SM injury may be due to the regulation of apoptosis, necrosis, energy crisis and autophagy.However, it should be noticed that PARP inhibitor ABT-888 further enhanced the phosphorylation of H2AX (S139) after SM exposure, which indicated that we should be very careful in the application of PARP inhibitors in SM injury treatment because of the enhancement of DNA damage.
Ulrik Huber on fundamental laws: a European perspective

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The aim of this paper is to give the Frisian jurist Ulrik Huber (1636-94) his place in the European history of the notion of fundamental laws and to enhance our understanding of the history of the rule of law, particularly of the role of fundamental laws therein. In order to do so Huber's notion of fundamental laws will be read against the background of a European sketch of this notion. Huber's ideas on fundamental laws are taken here for a door through which some age-old ideas entered a new stage - and with these age-old ideas a core conception of rule of law thinking had knocked on that door.
A Research on Morphology of Ni-ZrO_2 Composite Coating Prepared with Pulse Electrodeposition

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effects of peak current density,duty ratio and particle concentration on the morphology of Ni-ZrO2 composite coating prepared by pulse electrodeposition were systematically investigated in order to select the optimum process conditions for preparing a composite coating with a good morphology.The results show that the quality of coating morphology tends to be better first and then worse with the increasing of peak current density and particle concentration,however it gets worse gradually with the increase of duty ratio.The Ni-ZrO2 composite coating obtained when peak current density is 7 A/dm2,duty ratio 20 % and particle concentration 20 g/L has the best morphology quality.
Assessing ecological risks to the fish community from residual coal fly ash in Watts Bar Reservoir, Tennessee

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Extensive site-specific biological and environmental data were collected to support an evaluation of risks to the fish community in Watts Bar Reservoir from residual ash from the December 2008 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) Kingston ash release. This article describes the approach used and results of the risk assessment for the fish community, which consists of multiple measurement endpoints (measures of exposure and effects) for fish. The lines of evidence included 1) comparing postspill annual fish community assessments with nearby prespill data and data from other TVA reservoirs, 2) evaluating possible effects of exposures of fish eggs and larval fish to ash in controlled laboratory toxicity tests, 3) evaluating reproductive competence of field-exposed fish, 4) assessing individual fish health through physical examination, histopathology, and blood chemistry, 5) comparing fish tissue concentrations with literature-based critical body residues, and 6) comparing concentrations of ash-related contaminants in surface waters with US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) Ambient Water Quality Standards for Fish and Aquatic Life. These measurement endpoints were treated as independent lines of evidence that were integrated into an overall weight-of-evidence estimate of risk to the fish community. Collectively, the data and analysis presented here indicate that ash and ash-related constituents pose negligible risks to the fish communities in Watts Bar Reservoir. This conclusion contradicts the predictions by some researchers immediately following the ash release of devastating effects on the aquatic ecology of Watts Bar Reservoir. The information presented in this article reaffirms the wisdom of carefully evaluating the evidence before predicting probable ecological effects of a major event such as the TVA Kingston ash release. This study demonstrates that a thorough and detailed investigation using multiple measurement endpoints is needed to properly evaluate ecological effects. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2015;11:88–101. © 2014 SETAC Key Points The manuscript describes a weight-of-evidence approach to evaluate multiple lines of evidence for fish, including detailed fish community, fish toxicity, and fish reproduction studies. The results indicate that levels of some ash-related constituents exceeded water quality criteria in surface waters and critical body residues in fish tissues. However, given the uncertainty using comparisons with these literature-derived effects values contribute little to the overall assessment of risks to fish. Conversely, the lack of effects observed for the community surveys, toxicity tests, and reproductive competence evaluations suggest that ash and ash-related constituents pose negligible risks to the fish communities in the Watts Bar Reservoir.
A NOVEL HYBRID NODE LOCALIZATION ALGORITHM FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Node self-localization is one of the supporting technologies in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). In this study, a distributed hybrid localization algorithm based on divide-and-conquer and refinement method is proposed. Firstly, the effect of ranging error in the Received Signal Strength (RSS) model on node localization is analyzed and the topology relations of anchors and unknown nodes are derived when the least localization error is achieved and then, the localization-union scheme is designed and refinement method is presented to improve the estimate accuracy. Finally, the simulation results prove that our proposed algorithm has the merits of superior performance, simple design and less overhead. Especially, it can use sparse anchors to achieve high localization accuracy.
Fibre Recruitment and Shape Changes of Knee Ligaments during Motion: As Revealed by a Computer Graphics-Based Model

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A computer graphics-based model of the knee ligaments in the sagittal plane was developed for the simulation and visualization of the shape changes and fibre recruitment process of the ligaments during motion under unloaded and loaded conditions. The cruciate and collateral ligaments were modelled as ordered arrays of fibres which link attachment areas on the tibia and femur. Fibres slacken and tighten as the ligament attachment areas on the bones rotate and translate relative to each other. A four-bar linkage, composed of the femur, tibia and selected isometric fibres of the two cruciates, was used to determine the motion of the femur relative to the tibia during passive (unloaded) movement. Fibres were assumed to slacken in a Euler buckling mode when the distances between their attachments are less than chosen reference lengths. The ligament shape changes and buckling patterns are demonstrated with computer graphics. When the tibia is translated anteriorly or posteriorly relative to the femur by muscle forces and external loads, some ligament fibres tighten and are recruited progressively to transmit increasing shear forces. The shape changes and fibre recruitment patterns predicted by the model compare well qualitatively with experimental results reported in the literature. The computer graphics approach provides insight into the micro behaviour of the knee ligaments. It may help to explain ligament injury mechanisms and provide useful information to guide the design of ligament replacements.
Abstract 3429: Synthetic lethal RNAi screens to nominate potential therapeutic combinations for uveal melanoma

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common form of ocular cancer in adults and metastatic disease currently has no effective therapy. Over 80% of UM tumors harbor activating mutations in the heterotrimeric G protein α subunits GNAQ or GNA11. These mutations induce protein kinase C (PKC) and the MAP kinase pathway, which signals through RAF, MEK, and ERK. Clinical trials of MEK and PKC inhibitors are underway to treat UM, however, novel therapeutic strategies may be required for effective treatment. To identify rational combination therapies in the context of MEK or PKC inhibition, we performed a pooled, genome-wide synthetic lethal RNA interference screen. Candidate genes whose silencing sensitizes GNAQ/11-mutant UM cells to MEK or PKC inhibition were nominated and further validated across a panel of cell lines using a custom pool of shRNAs. Several genes scored well across all cell lines. The top MEK inhibitor sensitizer was BRAF, thereby highlighting the importance of MAPK signaling in UM. Several non-MAPK pathway genes were also nominated and may represent novel pathways for the development of combination therapies. Citation Format: Chelsea S. Place, Glenn S. Cowley, David E. Root, Levi A. Garraway. Synthetic lethal RNAi screens to nominate potential therapeutic combinations for uveal melanoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3429. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3429
Correction Schemes for Absolute Binding Free Energies Involving Lipid Bilayers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Absolute binding free-energy (ABFE) calculations are playing an increasing role in drug design, especially as they can be performed on a range of disparate compounds and direct comparisons between them can be made. It is, however, especially important to ensure that they are as accurate as possible, as unlike relative binding free-energy (RBFE) calculations, one does not benefit as much from a cancellation of errors during the calculations. In most modern implementations of ABFE calculations, a particle mesh Ewald scheme is typically used to treat the electrostatic contribution to the free energy. A central requirement of such schemes is that the box preserves neutrality throughout the calculation. There are many ways to deal with this problem that have been discussed over the years ranging from a neutralizing plasma with a post hoc correction term through to a simple co-alchemical ion within the same box. The post hoc correction approach is the most widespread. However, the vast majority of these studies have been applied to a soluble protein in a homogeneous solvent (water or salt solution). In this work, we explore which of the more common approaches would be the most suitable for a simulation box with a lipid bilayer within it. We further develop the idea of the so-called Rocklin correction for lipid-bilayer systems and show how such a correction could work. However, we also show that it will be difficult to make this generalizable in a practical way and thus we conclude that the use of a "co-alchemical ion" is the most useful approach for simulations involving lipid membrane systems.
The Frequency of Anomalously Red Galaxies in SDSS Clusters

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract We present a systematic photometric search for spectroscopically confirmed anomalously red galaxies members of 748 low redshift clusters between 0.03 z 0.17 from the SDSS-C4 cluster catalogue (Miller et al. 2005). For each cluster we spectroscopically determine cluster membership, construct a colour-magnitude diagram and fit the red sequence using a robust bi-weight fit. We define an “anomalously red galaxy” as having a ( g - r ) colour of greater than 3σ redward of the fitted cluster colour-magnitude relation. We find that of 7485 galaxies at r ≤ 17.77 in ( g - r ), 7 galaxies are anomalously red – 0.0935 per cent of all galaxies in our sample. We show that two of the red outliers are caused by red contamination from nearby sources and are therefore not intrinsically anomalous red. However, 5 have no underlying cause to be so red and we speculate that they may have a high internal dust content. These intrinsically red galaxies are rare – comprising no more than 0.0668 per cent of all cluster galaxies. Most are morphologically early type galaxies, with a few probable late type galaxies that are viewed edge-on and one low surface brightness late type. One of our anomalously red galaxies appears to be a dust-shrouded starburst and we speculate that this may be a unique galaxy amoungst this galaxy set.
Practical Management of the Dizzy Patient

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Preface Contributors 1. Practical Anatomy and Physiology 2. Taking the History: The Nature of the Spell 3. Taking the History: Associated Symptoms 4. Taking the History: Risk Factors for Dizziness 5. Medication Side Effects 6. Performing the Physical Examination: Detecting Spontaneous and Gaze-evoked Nystagmus 7. Performing the Physical Examination: Ocular Motor Examination 8. Performing the Physical Examination: Testing the Vestibuloocular Reflex 9. Performing the Physical Examination: Positioning Tests 10. Performing the Physical Examination: Cerebellar Tests 11. Performing the Physical Examination: Posture and Gait Tests 12. Electronystagmography and Videonystagmography 13. Rotational Chair Testing 14. Computerized Dynamic Posturography 15. Audiometric Tests 16. Imaging the Dizzy Patient 17. Serologic Studies 18. DDX: Fluctuating Vestibular Disease 19. DDX: Fixed Vestibular Deficits 20. DDX: Disorders That Affect Central and Peripheral Vestibular Function 21. DDX: Central Disease 22. DDX: Disequilibrium of Aging 23. Therapy: Medical Alternatives 24. Therapy: Surgical Alternatives 25. Therapy: Rehabilitation I. Questions and Answers II. Dizziness Questionnaire III. The 10-Minute Examination of the Dizzy Patient Subject Index
Gray whale detection in satellite imagery using deep learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The combination of very high resolution (VHR) satellite remote sensing imagery and deep learning via convolutional neural networks provides opportunities to improve global whale population surveys through increasing efficiency and spatial coverage. Many whale species are recovering from commercial whaling and face multiple anthropogenic threats. Regular, accurate population surveys are therefore of high importance for conservation efforts. In this study, a state‐of‐the‐art object detection model (YOLOv5) was trained to detect gray whales ( Eschrichtius robustus ) in VHR satellite images, using training data derived from satellite images spanning different sea states in a key breeding habitat, as well as aerial imagery collected by unoccupied aircraft systems. Varying combinations of aerial and satellite imagery were incorporated into the training set. Mean average precision, whale precision, and recall ranged from 0.823 to 0.922, 0.800 to 0.939, and 0.843 to 0.889, respectively, across eight experiments. The results imply that including aerial imagery in the training data did not substantially impact model performance, and therefore, expansion of representative satellite datasets should be prioritized. The accuracy of the results on real‐world data, along with short training times, indicates the potential of using this method to automate whale detection for population surveys.
Metastability threshold sizes in single‐domain magnetite particles

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A micromagnetic model was developed to calculate the maximum grain size for which an ideal parallelepiped‐shaped particle can have a metastable single‐domain (SD) structure. For mathematical tractability, the micromagnetic equations were described only by one‐dimensional deviations from a uniform SD state. It was found that for cubic‐shaped magnetite particles, the metastability threshold, a cr was approximately 0.14 micrometers, well above the equilibrium threshold size for the single‐domain to two‐domain transition. The metastability threshold size also increased rapidly with particle elongation and for a length:width ratio greater then 2.6, magnetite grains of all sizes could theoretically support a metastable single‐domain state.
Prospective Evaluation of the Learning Curve for Ultrasound-guided Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Placement

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction It is unclear how many ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters (USG PIVC) one must place to become proficient at the procedure. The objective of this study was to determine the learning curve associated with PIVC placement and determine how many attempts are required for non-physician learners to reach proficiency. Methods This is a prospective observational study. Emergency department (ED) nurses and paramedics with competence in traditional PIVC placement underwent a USG PIVC placement training program. Their success or failure in placing USG PIVCs as part of patient care on ED patients with difficult IV access was monitored. Number of attempts (defined as one skin puncture) was recorded and success was defined as the ability to aspirate blood and flush saline. The probability of success over time was analyzed. Proficiency was defined a priori as 70% probability of success. Results Thirty-three providers with 1077 PIV access attempts on 796 patients over 1000 unique patient ED encounters were included in the study. Overall success rate for all providers was 88.24% (86.3%-90.2%). LOcally WEighted Scatter-plot Smoother (Lowess) smoothing and mixed effects logistic regression analysis both determined that a learner's probability of success would be greater than 70% after four USG PIVCs have been placed. Post hoc analysis for a more stringent 88% success rate resulted in 15 and 26 required attempts, respectively. Discussion After placement of four USG PIVCs, new learners of the procedure are capable of a greater than 70% success rate. A success rate of greater than 88% is achieved after 15 to 26 attempts.