jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Operational Experience by Applying Direct Electrical Heating for Hydrate Prevention

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Summary The novel technique of applying electrical heat to prevent hydrate formation in multiphase pipelines has been applied successfully on the Norwegian continental shelf. The first pipelines in which direct electrical heating (DEH) was applied have recently been put into operation. DEH is based on applying electrical current through the steel wall of the pipeline, generating heat through wall resistance. By applying DEH, the fluid temperature can be maintained at greater than the hydrate equilibrium temperature (HET). Operational experience has proven that the concept is successful with regard to temperature control. It has been shown that the DEH system is capable of heating the pipeline inventory from the seabed temperature to one greater than the HET. The DEH system installed on the Huldra-Veslefrikk condensate pipeline is described in detail here. This is an 8-in. pipeline with a length of 16 km. The application of the DEH system with respect to hydrate prevention and possible hydrate remediation is also discussed in detail.
Ecological Characteristics of Dominant Species During Stabilization of Mobile Sand Dunes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

There are three stages in the stabilization process of sand dunes, namely mobility, semi-fixed and fixed. Agriophyllum squarrosum, Artemisia halodendron and Cleistogenes squarrosa are the dominant species of communities on mobile sand dunes, semi-fixed sand dunes and fixed sand dunes, respectively. Main adaptive characteristics of Agriophyllum squarrosum include flat-shaped seeds and rapid growth of embryo roots after germination. The vigorous growth of Artemisia halodendron in semi-fixed sand dunes is promoted by positive growth reaction to sand burial promoting growth, rapid reaction to changed soil water conditions and perennial growth. Cleistogenes squarrosa is adapted to the arid conditions of stabilized sand dunes due to its (ability) to increasing root biomass.
Studying the Diversity and Interactions of Plant Species in a Grassland Using a Quadrat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Group Members: Loyal Tran, Anisa Amin, James Quach, Iiman Darman Four datasets were to be collected during this lab. The group was split into two as to save time; this dataset (dataset 1) was collected with Loyal Tran. The data was collected on a grassland next to the Danby Woodlot at York University on September 23, 2015 from 15:00-16:15. The equipment used to collect this data was a 1-meter x 1-meter quadrat. 20 samples were collected by placing the quadrat in 20 completely random areas around the grassland. The samples were 1 labelled through 20 in the order in which the data was collected. The weather that day was 23 degrees Celsius with minimal breeze making it quite hot. It was very sunny as the sky was clear. Although there were several species of plants in the grassland, they were not distributed evenly across the grassland, instead majority of the plants were clustered with members of the same species in relatively smaller areas. However, in some areas, these clusters overlapped. Total abundance, species abundance, percent covered, and grass coverage were measured within each quadrat. Total abundance was defined as the total number of plants and was determined by counting the number of individual plants that could be seen in a single quadrat. Species abundance was defined as the total number of different species of plants and was determined by counting the number of different species that could be identified in a single quadrat. Species were differentiated based on the characteristics of their leaves (i.e. shape, number of blades, thorns, spines, prickles) and the colour of their flowers. Percent covered was defined as the total area that the plants covered on the soil relative to the total area of the quadrat. It determined by visually estimating what percentage of the quadrat it the plants covered. Total grass coverage was the total area inside the quadrat that was covered by grass. Grass coverage was visually estimated. In this experiment, grass was not included when measuring the total abundance, species abundance, or percent covered because it was common amongst all sample and was accounted for in grass coverage. Furthermore, estimating the total abundance of grass would have been very difficult. Since majority of this experiment was done mainly based on visual observations, the chances of errors in the data are high. Species of plants could have been misidentified, smaller plants may have been overlooked while calculating total abundance, and the estimation of percent covered and grass coverage may have been slightly imprecise. Moreover, this data could have been subject to the sample of convenience bias.
A Brief Survey on Big Data in Healthcare

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This article presents a brief introduction to big data and big data analytics and also their roles in the healthcare system. A definite range of scientific researches about big data analytics in the healthcare system have been reviewed. The definition of big data, the components of big data, medical big data sources, used big data technologies in present, and big data analytics in healthcare have been examined under the different titles. Also, the historical development process of big data analytics has been mentioned. As a known big data analytics technology, Apache Hadoop technology and its core components with tools have been explained briefly. Moreover, a glance of some of the big data analytics tools or platforms apart from Hadoop eco-system were given. The main goal is to help researchers or specialists with giving an opinion about the rising importance of used big data analytics in healthcare systems.
Aging Out of Place: Cambodian Refugee Elders in the United States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Experiences of aging refugees or immigrants are significantly different from elders who have not experienced international migration. Eighty‐nine interviews with 38 elderly Cambodian refugees were conducted to understand their aging experiences in the United States. This paper explores multiple meanings of aging in place that go beyond the ability to remain in one's preferred geographic location, maintenance of independence and autonomy, and attachment and meanings assigned to place. Of the components normally used in defining aging in place, meaning making had the most salience for this group of elders. One's sense of place, whether such “place” is defined geographically, socially, or culturally, often created challenges for these elders. This group exhibits different forms of coping and require different services than non‐refugee elders. An infrastructure that supports aging refugees or immigrants must include a remarkably different set of parameters than one designed to support native‐born elders.
QTLs for Tolerance of Drought and Breeding for Tolerance of Abiotic and Biotic Stress: An Integrated Approach

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The coupling of biotic and abiotic stresses leads to high yield losses in rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.) growing areas. While several studies target these stresses independently, breeding strategies to combat multiple stresses seldom exist. This study reports an integrated strategy that combines QTL mapping and phenotypic selection to develop rice lines with high grain yield (GY) under drought stress and non-stress conditions, and tolerance of rice blast.A blast-tolerant BC2F3-derived population was developed from the cross of tropical japonica cultivar Moroberekan (blast- and drought-tolerant) and high-yielding indica variety Swarna (blast- and drought-susceptible) through phenotypic selection for blast tolerance at the BC2F2 generation. The population was studied for segregation distortion patterns and QTLs for GY under drought were identified along with study of epistatic interactions for the trait.Segregation distortion, in favour of Moroberekan, was observed at 50 of the 59 loci. Majority of these marker loci co-localized with known QTLs for blast tolerance or NBS-LRR disease resistance genes. Despite the presence of segregation distortion, high variation for DTF, PH and GY was observed and several QTLs were identified under drought stress and non-stress conditions for the three traits. Epistatic interactions were also detected for GY which explained a large proportion of phenotypic variance observed in the population.This strategy allowed us to identify QTLs for GY along with rapid development of high-yielding purelines tolerant to blast and drought with considerably reduced efforts. Apart from this, it also allowed us to study the effects of the selection cycle for blast tolerance. The developed lines were screened at IRRI and in the target environment, and drought and blast tolerant lines with high yield were identified. With tolerance to two major stresses and high yield potential, these lines may provide yield stability in rainfed rice areas.
Marxian crisis theory and the rate of profit in the postwar U.S. economy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Marxian crisis theory and the rate of profit in the postwar U.S. economy Get access Thomas E. Weisskopf Thomas E. Weisskopf *Department of Economics, University of Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Cambridge Journal of Economics, Volume 3, Issue 4, December 1979, Pages 341–378, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035429 Published: 01 December 1979
ILP in the Contemporary Era

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter traces the emergence and development of modern day ILP models in Britain. The first of those, the Kent Policing Model (KPM), is acknowledged as the template for intelligence-led strategies across the developed world. The second, the National Intelligence Model (NIM) (an elaboration and extension of the KPM), represents the apotheosis of ILP in the UK in modern times. In critically examining those models, I draw on secondary data and on primary research in the form of interviews I conducted with senior police officers and other officials who either were directly involved in commissioning, designing, or implementing one or both of the models.
Microwave frequency dielectric properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The frequency dependence of dielectric constant ϵ′, dielectric loss ϵ″, and dielectric anisotropy were determined for poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) in microwave frequencies from 4 to 13 GHz. The ϵ′ and ϵ″ for PVDF films decreased with increasing frequency. Both ϵ′ and ϵ″ were larger in the transverse direction than in the machine direction or draw direction, but the values at 12 GHz were smaller than those observed at 4.0 GHz. The angular dependence of ϵ″ at microwave frequency reflects the orientational distribution of molecules in the amorphous region. The orientation function was determined to be about 0.04 and 0.01 for uniaxially and biaxially stretched PVDF, respectively. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NTIRE 2021 Challenge on Quality Enhancement of Compressed Video: Methods and Results

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper reviews the first NTIRE challenge on quality enhancement of compressed video, with a focus on the proposed methods and results.In this challenge, the new Large-scale Diverse Video (LDV) dataset is employed.The challenge has three tracks.Tracks 1 and 2 aim at enhancing the videos compressed by HEVC at a fixed QP, while Track 3 is designed for enhancing the videos compressed by x265 at a fixed bit-rate.Besides, the quality enhancement of Tracks 1 and 3 targets at improving the fidelity (PSNR), and Track 2 targets at enhancing the perceptual quality.The three tracks totally attract 482 registrations.In the test phase, 12 teams, 8 teams and 11 teams submitted the final results of Tracks 1, 2 and 3, respectively.The proposed methods and solutions gauge the state-of-the-art of video quality enhancement.The homepage of the challenge: https: //github.com/RenYang-home/NTIRE21_VEnhTable 2.The results of Track 2 (fixed QP, perceptual) Team MOS
1,3-Aminoalkohole als Bausteine in der asymmetrischen Synthese von Azetidinen, Azetidincarbonsäuren und Piperidin-3-olen

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Four-membered cyclic amines – the azetidines – are an original class of compounds with limited occurrence in nature. Nevertheless enantiopure azetidines and in particular derivatives of the azetidine-2-carboxylic acid are used in medicine, crop protection and asymmetric catalysis. Despite these promising developments in azetidine chemistry, the lack of general enantioselective routes to these heterocycles is evident by the relatively low number of reports on azetidines and especially azetidine carboxylic acids in the literature.A versatile and efficient asymmetric synthesis of substituted azetidines with excellent diastereomeric and enantiomeric excesses (de = 93-99%, ee = 96-99%) in good overall yields starting from SAMP-hydrazones is described. Virtually stereoisomerically pure differently N,O-protected 1,3-amino alcohols were prepared as intermediates. By using the phenyl moiety as a synthetic equivalent of the carboxylic acid function, this protocol could also be applied to the synthesis of enantiopure azetidine-type alpha- and beta-amino acids. The alpha-amino acids were successfully deployed as organocatalysts.Furthermore he 1,3-amino alcohols were utilised in an asymmetric synthesis aimed at the preparation of prosopis alkaloid mimetics featuring an additional substituent compared to the naturally occurring alkaloids. A functionalised electrophile was employed in a diastereoselective alkylation of the dioxanone SAMP-hydrazone. The obtained aminoketon was cyclised by reductive amination, yielding an acetal protected piperidin-3-ol. Different protecting group strategies were examined in order to increase the moderate yields and diastereoselectivities.
Equilibrium Vertical Differentiation in a Bertrand Model with Capacity Precommitment

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Both quality differentiation and capacity commitment have been shown to relax price competition. However, their joint influence on the outcome of price competition has not yet been assessed. In this article, we consider a three-stage game in which firms choose quality, then commit to capacity and, finally, compete in price. When the cost of quality is negligible, we show that firms do not differentiate their products in a subgame perfect equilibrium, in other words, capacity precommitment completely eliminates the incentive to differentiate by quality
Different mutation patterns of Plasmodium falciparum among patients in Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The emergence of drug resistance is a major problem in malaria control. Combination of molecular genotyping and characterization of mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) correlated with drug resistance can provide information for subsequent surveillance of existing and developing drug resistance patterns. The introduction of artemether/lumefantrine (AL) as first-line treatment, never used before in Ethiopia, allowed the collection of baseline data of molecular polymorphisms before a selection due to AL could occur.97 patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria were recruited from April to June 2006 and treated with either AL, quinine (Q) or atovaquone/proguanil (AP) in Jimma University Hospital, Ethiopia. Mutations or SNPs associated with resistance to these drugs were analysed by RFLP (pfdhfr, pfmdr1) and sequencing of the target genes (pfcytb, pfserca ).SNPs previously reported to be associated with resistance to the study drugs were identified in recrudescent and treatment sensitive isolates. A total of seven recrudescences were obtained. The pfmdr1 N86Y mutation was found in 84.5% of isolates. The triple mutation 51I,59R,108N of the pfdhfr gene occured in high frequency (83.3%) but no pfcytb mutation was detected. Sequencing showed a variety of previously described and new mutations in the pfserca gene.The prevalence of mutations was in accordance with the expected patterns considering recent drug regimens. The broad introduction of AL and the cessation of former drug regimens might probably change the current distribution of polymorphisms, possibly leading to decreased sensitivity to AL in future. Continuous surveillance of molecular patterns in this region is, therefore, recommended.
The Effect of TGF-β1 Reduced Functionality on the Expression of Selected Synaptic Proteins and Electrophysiological Parameters: Implications of Changes Observed in Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Decreased platelet count represents a feature of acute liver failure (ALF) pathogenesis. Platelets are the reservoir of transforming growth factor 1 (TGF-β1), a multipotent cytokine involved in the maintenance of, i.a., central nervous system homeostasis. Here, we analyzed the effect of a decrease in TGF-β1 active form on synaptic proteins levels, and brain electrophysiology, in mice after intraperitoneal (ip) administration of TGF-β1 antibody (anti-TGF-β1; 1 mg/mL). Next, we correlated it with a thrombocytopenia-induced TGF-β1 decrease, documented in an azoxymethane-induced (AOM; 100 mM ip) model of ALF, and clarified the impact of TGF-β1 decrease on blood–brain barrier functionality. The increase of both synaptophysin and synaptotagmin in the cytosolic fraction, and its reduction in a membrane fraction, were confirmed in the AOM mice brains. Both proteins’ decrease in analyzed fractions occurred in anti-TGF-β1 mice. In turn, an increase in postsynaptic (NR1 subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, postsynaptic density protein 95, gephyrin) proteins in the AOM brain cortex, but a selective compensatory increase of NR1 subunit in anti-TGF-β mice, was observed. The alterations of synaptic proteins levels were not translated on electrophysiological parameters in the anti-TGF-β1 model. The results suggest the impairment of synaptic vesicles docking to the postsynaptic membrane in the AOM model. Nevertheless, changes in synaptic protein level in the anti-TGF-β1 mice do not affect neurotransmission and may not contribute to neurologic deficits in AOM mice.
An aooroach to improvement by adjusting outputs considering interval efficiency values

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

本研究では,DEAにおける区間効率値の改善方法を提案する.従来のDEAは,当該事業体に対して仮想出力の仮想入力に対する比の相対的な最大値を効率値として,事業体にとって有利な重み付けを行い評価する手法であるといえる.それに対して,真の効率値が存在する区間として区間効率値を求める手法が提案されている.区間効率値は,有利な立場からの評価である上限と不利な立場からの評価である下限により定められ,上限は従来のDEAによる効率値と一致する.下限は,従来のDEAでは最大効率値を求めるのに対して,最小効率値を求める最適化問題により求められる.改善対象となるDMUは,区間効率値の上限が1ではないDMU,すなわち有利な立場から評価しても効率的であると判断されないDMUとする.本研究では,区間効率値に基づき,従来のDEAの考え方と同様である区間効率値の上限を1に改善し,そのうち下限ができるだけ大きくなるような改善方法を提案している.区間効率値の下限は与えられる出力値に偏りがあるとき小さくなるので,下限を考慮して改善を行うと,DMUの与えられた各項目の入力値を配慮して,それらがバランスのよい出力値となるように改善することができる.出力値のみに着目して,与えられた出力値を減らすことなくDMUを改善する方法を示すが,入力値のみに着目する方法,入出力値を同時に考慮する方法についても同様に考えることができる.
Comparison of propranolol, metoprolol, and acebutolol on insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Metoprolol and acebutolol, two supposedly cardio-selective beta-adrenergic recptor blocking agents, were tested in healthy volunteers against propranolol, a non-selective drug, for their effect on blood glucose levels during insulin-induced hypoglycaemia. There was not significant difference between propranolol and metoprolol, which both potentiated the initial hypoglycaemic action of the insulin and delayed the return to normoglycaemia. Acebutolol, even though potentiating the initial hypoglycaemia, did not possess a significant delaying effect. A similar trial should be undertaken in diabetics to determine with certainty the safety of such drugs in diabetes mellitus.
Comparison of Risk Factors & Angiographic Profiles between Young Patients with ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in the world. Advancing age is a well-recognized risk factor for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Myocardial infarction is less common in young adults. Prevalence of acute coronary syndrome in young individuals is increasing progressively. These patients have different risk profile, presentation and prognosis. Early recognition and risk factor modification in this population sub-set is of key importance. Objectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine the differences in risk factors and coronary angiographic profile of young patients with ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI) vs. those with non-ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). Methods: In this cross sectional analytical study total 135 patients (70 STEMI and 65 NSTEMI) aged ≤45 years were enrolled to see the differences of risk factors and angiographic profile. Results: The mean age of the study population was 39.39±5.12 years and the study showed male predominance (90.40 % was male and 9.60 % was female). Smoking/tobacco consumption was significantly higher in STEMI patients, whereas diabetes mellitus and hypertension were more prevalent in NSTEMI patients. The frequency of single vessel disease and involvement of left anterior descending artery was significantly higher in young STEMI patients. In case of young NSTEMI patients frequency of triple vessel disease, noncritical coronary artery disease and involvement of left circumflex coronary was significantly higher. The frequency of double vessel disease and involvement of left main coronary artery was also nonsignificantly higher in young NSTEMI patients. There was no significant difference regarding involvement of right coronary artery. Conclusion: There are significant differences between young STEMI and young NSTEMI patients in respect to risk factors and angiographic profile. Key words: Young patient, STEMI, NSTEMI, Risk factors, Coronary angiographic profile. Bangladesh Heart Journal 2021; 36(2): 124-132
Determining the Type 2 Diabetes Risks and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors of First Year University Students

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: The present study was planned and carried out as a descriptive and cross-sectional study for determining the Type 2 diabetes risks and healthy lifestyle behaviors of first year university students. Methods: The study was carried with 185 students at a foundation university in Istanbul during the dates of November-December 2019. The data were acquired online via Student Information Form, Type 2 Diabetes Questionnaire (FINDRİSK) and Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors Scale. Results: The mean age of the students in the study was 19.79±2.47 years, 53.5 % (n=99) were male, 29.7 % (n=55 previously graduated from another university, 62.1 % (n=115) were students and it was determined that 50.3 % (n=93) had diabetic relatives. It was observed when the diabetes risk status was examined for all participants that they are in the low risk group due to a FINDRISK total score of &lt;7. Conclusion: The study results emphasize the importance of determining the risk for university students to be diabetic in the next decade, putting forth the individuals with high risk and moving onto the next stage for diagnosis. In addition, it has been determined that the level of knowledge of students may have a positive impact on their healthy lifestyle behaviors.