jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Parameter optimization for Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy models-lessons learnt

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Describes an approach to automatically build a Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy model (TSK-model) based on a set of input-output data. Identifying rule-based fuzzy models consists of two parts: structure modeling and parameter optimization. For structure modeling, we investigate several search heuristics. In order to find a good model structure, such search heuristics make it necessary to optimize and then evaluate a large number of different candidate models. To be applicable to real world problems, the parameter optimization must be highly efficient. For this, we investigate the use of two gradient descent algorithms: standard gradient descent (backpropagation) and resilient propagation (RPROP). The combination of a structure search with a fast parameter optimization yields a powerful modeling algorithm that is capable to identify large real world systems. We evaluate a number of varieties of TSK-like fuzzy models by performing a nonlinear regression benchmark of Frank (1995). We compare several types of fuzzy models that are constructed as combinations of different fuzzy sets, structuring algorithms, and parameter optimization techniques.
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA AND SMARTPHONE USE ON THE RELATION BETWEEN THE USERS AND THE NEWS IN TURKEY

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this article, the experiences of the users with regard to the development of new technologies (of telecommunication, internet and cellphones) in Turkey on the internet are analyzed.The objective is to demonstrate the effects of the new technologies on the practices of the internet users reaching the news via cellphone.The purpose is to observe the transformation of the daily practices on the Internet due to the evolution of the broadband, the development of the telecommunication market, the development of the adapted interface to the website ergonomics and the invention of the new technological devices such as smartphones.The aim of this study is to find out the new ways of searching news via mobile phones.We analyzed the relation between Turkish users and new information and communication technologies and the transformation of the habits of searching news and the role of social media platforms in this subject.According to our studies, the digitalization of the news, evolution of smartphones and the development of social media affect the habits and manners of reading, searching and sharing news.Nowadays, the practices of online news consumption are multiple.The interface ergonomics of websites and applications has a significant role on the media preferences of the users.
Making a statement about parameter ranges

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

A formulation in “Sterile neutrinos give IceCube and other experiments the cold shoulder”(Physics Today, October 2016, page 15) needs clarification. In discussing the results from IceCube and other experiments, Sung Chang writes that certain parameter ranges are “excluded” by the data. Although that word often appears in scientific publications reporting such results, it is misleading, even when accompanied by the term “confidence level,” and may lead readers to incorrect conclusions.For a given model, a frequentist analysis—the type of analysis that leads to confidence intervals—yields a range of parameter values for which the observed data satisfy predefined conditions: For a limit-setting analysis, the data are in the tail of the expected distribution. According to the frequentist construction, primarily developed by Jerzy Neyman, the experimenter is to repeat the experiment many times and glean the true parameter values from the distribution of produced intervals. No statement can be made from a single experiment about how likely the parameter values are, and to say, or even to suggest, that certain parameter values are “excluded” is logically incorrect unless there is a zero probability of producing the observed result with a particular parameter value. The correct statement is “For the parameter range [here specify the parameter range for which the data satisfy the probability requirement], the observed data satisfy [here define the criteria the data are supposed to fulfill].”That phrasing will seem clumsy, but it is important that results be stated correctly. Implying that the frequentist analysis somehow allows a conclusion about which parameter values are probable or improbable is a logical error—one that unfortunately is pervasive, even in physics. A related error led the American Statistical Association to issue a warning last year about the use and interpretation of p-values in statistical hypothesis testing (see https://www.amstat.org/asa/files/pdfs/P-ValueStatement.pdf). I think physicists should get it right! Section:ChooseTop of page <<© 2017 American Institute of Physics.
Urine Metabolome during Parturition

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In recent years, some studies have described metabolic changes during human childbirth labor. Metabolomics today is recognized as a powerful approach in a prenatal research context, since it can provide detailed information during pregnancy and it may enable the identification of biomarkers with potential diagnostic or predictive. This is an observational, longitudinal, prospective cohort study of a total of 51 serial urine samples from 15 healthy pregnant women, aged 29–40 years, which were collected before the onset of labor (out of labor, OL). In the same women, during labor (in labor or dilating phase, IL-DP). Samples were analyzed by hydrophilic interaction ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HILIC-UPLC-MS), a highly sensitive, accurate, and unbiased approach. Metabolites were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis and grouped by metabolic pathway. This method was used to identify the potential biomarkers. The top 20 most discriminative metabolites contributing to the complete separation of OL and IL-DP were identified. Urinary metabolites displaying the largest differences between OL and IL-DP belonged to steroid hormone, particularly conjugated estrogens and amino acids much of this difference is determined by the fetal contribution. In addition, our results highlighted the efficacy of using urine samples instead of more invasive techniques to evaluate the difference in metabolic analysis between OL and IL-DP.
The nature of photographs

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

How does a photograph 'work?' In this book, Stephen Shore brings together more than 50 images (by such photographers as Walker Evans, Eugene Atget, Robert Adams, Diane Arbus, Frank Gohlke, Alfred Stieglitz, Lee Friedlander, Edward Weston, Robert Frank, William Eggleston, and Jan Groover), to illustrate a process of looking at and understanding photography. He traces the process by which the world in front of the camera is transformed into a photograph -- and how that photograph, in turn, is transformed into a mental image.
Isotope Shift in the First Spectrum of Silicon (Si i)†

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Isotope shifts of 30Si relative to 28Si have been observed in eleven ultraviolet lines of the neutral silicon spectrum. The spectra of two highly enriched samples of elemental silicon were excited separately in two hollow-cathode discharge tubes cooled in liquid nitrogen. An externally mounted Fabry-Perot interferometer, used in connection with a medium Hilger, quartz-prism spectrograph, provided the high resolution necessary for these observations. The magnitudes of the observed shifts vary from Δν~0.011±0.001 cm−1 for the (3p2 3P–4s3P0) transition to Δν~0.115±0.002 cm−1 for the (3p2 3P–3a3D0) transition.
Generalized Solution of Inverse Problem for Ising Connection Matrix on d-Dimensional Hypercubic Lattice

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We analyze a connection matrix of a d-dimensional Ising system and solve the inverse problem, restoring the constants of interaction between spins, based on the known spectrum of its eigenvalues. When the boundary conditions are periodic, we can account for interactions between spins that are arbitrarily far. In the case of the free boundary conditions, we have to restrict ourselves with interactions between the given spin and the spins of the first d coordination spheres.
The Legacy of Margaret Thatcher—A Critical Assessment

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The recent death of Margaret Thatcher sparked some very strong and divided opinions throughout Europe, United States and across the globe. Her death made headline news, such was her notoriety as a person who not only sought to change history but was instrumental in reshaping it especially during the 1980s and 1990s. Although Thatcher may have passed away, the ideas underpinning Thatcherism are alive and well, and importantly, continue to exert a decisive influence on the wider political and economic landscape. The heart of Thatcher legacy is a fundamental contradiction neatly exposed by the current global economic crisis. Thatcherism, with its belief in the efficacy of the market and determination to roll back the frontiers of the state, ought to have been thoroughly discredited given that deregulation of the financial markets has led to many of today’s problems. However, despite the financial crisis requiring massive government bailouts on an unprecedented scale, neoliberal thinking in the best Thatcherite traditions continues unabated. This is the paradox of Thatcherism. Now several months after her funeral is an appropriate time to make a rational assessment of her legacy, noting her achievements alongside the bitter controversy about the highly individualistic and divided society she helped to create.
Prediction Method of Fracturing Sweet Spot Based on Logging Interpretation and Machine Learning

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Summary In this paper, we discuss a new sweet-spot prediction model that is built using well logging data and can not only accurately calculate productivity after fracturing but also optimize the well layout, fracture layout scheme, and fracturing parameters. Based on logging interpretation data, rock mechanics parameters along the horizontal well trajectory are calculated, and the integrated fracturing model of horizontal well and the whole block is established. The primary productivity-controlling factors were identified through a combined improved analytic hierarchy process and gray relational analysis (improved AHP-GRA) methodology. A geological engineering sweet-spot prediction model was subsequently developed using backpropagation neural network (BPNN), enabling comprehensive computation and visualization of sweet spots along horizontal well trajectories and across the full reservoir block. Model validity was confirmed through rigorous comparison between predicted production outputs and actual field production data. According to the distribution of sweet spots and the prediction of productivity, the high sweet spots are selected for centralized well layout and intensive fracturing to maximize the overall recovery of the block. The results show that for horizontal wells with strong heterogeneity, fracturing in high sweet spots can significantly improve productivity. Compared with the actual uniform fracturing scheme, the optimized high sweet-spot intensive differential fracturing scheme can increase the initial daily oil production by more than 19% and the cumulative oil production over 20 years of production by more than 40%. By comparing the recovery efficiency of the optimized high sweet-spot area centralized well layout and intensive differential fracturing scheme with the actual uniform well layout and uniform fracturing, the optimized scheme can increase the recovery efficiency by more than 9%.
Stances: Production systems

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

“Fiiirre! ” If someone were to shout that while you were in the midst of reading this essay, you would, like most people, stop reading and look around the room for the source of the shout, or the fire itself. You would also consider whether or not the likelihood of a fire was sufficiently high to cause you to take appropriate action e.g., locate a fire extinguisher, call the fire department, or leave the room. Of course you have not been sitting around waiting for someone to yell “fire!”. You were engaged in some task (unrelated to fires) and yet were able to react to that stimulus. In contrast, if you were a police officer who was being trained at a firing range, you would be doing exactly that (i.e., waiting for someone to yell “fire!”), and when you heard “fire ” you would pull the trigger on your weapon, rather than look around for the source of the cry. In both situations, two kinds of knowledge would be brought to bear in responding. On the one hand you would have facts (e.g., that someone yelled “fire”, that you are in the library or on a firing range, etc.), and on the other, you would have skills for how to respond (e.g., how to find an exit, how to fire a gun, etc.). Furthermore, responding could involve both pre-existing knowledge of both types (e.g., that you are on a firing range, or how to fire a gun), and newly
Exercise training and calpain inhibition prevent the IR‐induced degradation of myocardial calcium handling proteins and contractile dysfunction

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytosolic Ca 2+ and activity of the calcium‐activated protease calpain contribute to ischemia‐reperfusion (IR) injury. Additionally, there is evidence to suggest that ROS may contribute to Ca 2+ overload and calpain activation by damaging critical Ca 2+ handling proteins. We have previously shown that exercise protects against IR‐induced oxidative stress and calpain activation; however, the mechanisms of this protection are unknown. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that exercise training attenuates IR‐induced calpain activation through the preservation of critical Ca 2+ handling proteins. In sedentary animals, IR ( in vitro ) resulted in a decrease in both sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ ATPase (SERCA2a) and L‐type Ca 2+ channel (LTCC) protein, as well as impaired myocardial function (systolic pressure, +dp/dt and –dp/dt). Both exercise and calpain inhibition attenuated IR‐induced calpain activation, the degradation of SERCA2a and LTCC and maintained myocardial function following IR. In addition, exercise training was associated with an increase in basal levels of LTCC protein in the heart. These findings suggest that exercise may regulate calpain activation, in part, through the maintenance of Ca 2+ handling proteins. Further, these data support the notion that calpain may regulate itself in a feed‐forward mechanism, cleaving Ca 2+ handling proteins, exacerbating IR‐induced Ca 2+ overload, leading to further calpain activation and myocardial injury. Supported by NIH HL072789 (SKP), AHA 0415135B (JPF).
Aided Hearing Moderates the Academic Outcomes of Children With Mild to Severe Hearing Loss

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objectives: There are very limited data regarding the spoken language and academic outcomes of children with mild to severe hearing loss (HL) during the elementary school years, and the findings of these studies are inconsistent. None of these studies have examined the possible role of aided hearing in these outcomes. This study used a large cohort of children to examine these outcomes and in particular to examine whether aided hearing moderates the effect of HL with regard to these outcomes. Design: The spoken language, reading, writing, and calculation abilities were measured after second and fourth grades in children with mild to severe HL (children who are hard of hearing; CHH, n = 183) and a group of children with normal hearing (CNH, n = 91) after the completion of second and fourth grades. Also, among the CHH who wore hearing aids, aided better-ear speech intelligibility index values at the age of school entry were obtained. Results: Oral language abilities of the CHH with mild and moderate HL were similar to the CNH at each grade. Children with moderately-severe HL (better-ear pure tone threshold >59 but <76 dB HL) had significantly poorer oral language and reading skills than the CNH at each grade. The children with mild and moderate HL did not differ from the CNH in oral language or reading. No differences were found between the CHH regardless of severity and CNH with regard to spelling, passage writing, or calculation. The degree to which hearing aids provided audible speech information played a moderating role in the oral language outcomes of CHH and this moderation of language mediated the relationship between the unaided hearing ability of the CHH and their academic outcomes. Conclusions: As a group, children with mild and moderate HL have good outcomes with regard to language and academic performance. Children with moderately-severe losses were less skilled in language and reading than the CNH and CHH children with mild and moderate losses. Audibility provided by hearing aids was found to moderate the effects of HL with respect to these outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of including the effects of clinical interventions such as aided hearing when examining outcomes of CHH.
Role of Bisphosphonates in the Development of the Osteonecrosis of the Jaws

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The jaw bone tissue is affected by many factors, including various medicaments, e.g., bisphosphonates (BPs).These medicaments are taken by certain group of the patients, where it is necessary to stop the ongoing pathological processes in the course of treatment.This is the drug of choice for the treatment of osteoporosis, as well as metastatic bone cancer, multiple myeloma, Legg-Calve-Perthes and Paget diseases, for children in the cases of osteogenesis imperfecta, idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis, and osteopenia due to rheumatoid arthritis.The BP group, reducing loss of the skeletal bone mass, are synthetic analogues of non-organic pyrophosphate and were introduced in 1969 [2,3].Their mode of action was explained more precisely only in 1990, when Fosamax (alendronate) was introduced
The demographic history of the native peoples of North America: A selective bibliography

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Before contact with Europeans had begun, the native peoples of North America were varied in their demographic characteristics; nevertheless, available evidence indicates that, on an average, their life-expectancy-at-birth values fell into the same low ranges typical for other groups at similar levels of technological development. While the total population at contact is still unknown, political and cultural biases have generally forced estimates into artificially high or low ranges. There is general agreement that the shock of contact with invading Europeans led to substantial reductions among most aboriginal populations, but in North America some groups were much less disrupted than others. Many original populations disappeared altogether, but whether or not their demise was primarily a function of short-run, rapid disruption caused by disease and/or warfare, or a slower process spread out over several generations involving assimilation in its various forms, remains uncertain. With the establishment of the reservation system in the 19th century a basis was provided for continued demographic and cultural survival. By the early 20th century most reservation populations were beginning a demographic transition based on declining death rates and high fertility. For several generations rapid growth has continued. As urbanization increases recent fertility declines are expected to accelerate even further. Meanwhile the rapid urbanization of the surviving native peoples poses a real threat to their cultural distinctiveness. Finally, all phases of native American demographic history are characterized by defective and inadequate data which makes straightforward description or analysis perilous.
[Imaging technics in bronchology].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bronchoscopic imaging and diagnostics are tightly connected with radiological and pathological techniques. While computer tomography (virtual bronchoscopy) makes possible to mimic a realistic endobronchial situation, autofluorescent bronchoscopy holds significant potential to discover precancerous lesions not identifiable by standard bronchoscopy. Endoscopic ultrasound and fluoroscopy can be applied in order to obtain images and tissue samples from the extrabronchial areas. Electromagnetic navigation during flexible bronchoscopy, a novel technology that facilitates approaching peripheral lung lesions, involves creating an electromagnetic field around the thorax and localizing an endoscopic tool using a microsensor overlaid upon previously acquired CT images. In conclusion, parallel use of invasive and non-invasive imaging has the potential for considerable improvements in the diagnostic possibilities of routine bronchoscopic procedures.
A Place to Remember: The Erasure of Pasar Johar’s Collective Memory

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

History and collective memory can be maintained through heritage building conservation because collective memory can be represented through an architectural object. It is important to preserve the whole story of the building, the architectural form, and the memory related to the building as well as the society so that all of those aspects can be passed down to the next generation. The conservation of both tangible and intangible characters of a heritage building is a key aspect to attain a sustainable city and society. When a heritage building is physically destroyed, the connection among people, the building, the collective memory of the building is also vanished and this condition can be considered as an example of terror in architecture. This paper discusses terror in architecture, especially when the building is slowly destroyed, and the memory that people have about the building is being attacked. The aim of the paper is to investigate whether there is any linkage between the physical changes of the building and collective memory of the society. This study appoints Pasar Johar Semarang as a study case since it is a heritage building that experienced some changes and misfortunes such as fire incident in 2015. In order to do so, this paper will connect some theories on heritage building conservation, collective memory, and terror in architecture. This paper concludes that Pasar Johar encounters terror in its architecture because the building is slowly damaged by physical intervention, ignorance from the authority and fire incident, at the end those situations cause the collective memory of society for the market slowly disappears.
Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae - Occurrence and Significance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims:• To study the occurrence and type of sacralisation of fifth lumbar vertebra• To correlate embryological basis of the various types of anomalies in the Lumbosacral vertebrae Methodology: 98 adult human sacra were examined in the department of Anatomy of Seth GSMC, Mumbai.Damaged, mutilated and deformed sacra were excluded from the study.The data were collected by naked eye examination, compiled and statistically analysed and compared with other similar studies. Results:The sacralisation of the fifth lumbar vertebra and lumbarisation of first sacral vertebra was respectively seen in 18 out of the 98 sacra studied.This is in close relation with the observations from other studies on Indian population.Conclusions: Genetic factors play an important role in the embryogenesis of lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae (LSTV).It is important for the clinicians and surgeons to have knowledge of the existence and incidence of LSTVs while performing various clinical and surgical procedures