jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
HIV and AIDS in Haiti: Recent developments

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Both the seroprevalence and epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have demonstrated substantial changes in Haiti since the beginning of the epidemic in the early 1980s. Although seroprevalence rates vary greatly according to the population group tested, surveys of healthy urban adults have indicated an increase in HIV infection from about 8% in 1986 to 11% in 1991. The rate in rural areas remains at about 3%. Tuberculosis, herpes zoster, malignant prurigo, and weight loss are the most common signs of HIV infection before the virus progresses to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The most significant changes in the pattern of HIV transmission in Haiti have been a decline in the proportion of cases among bisexuals/homosexuals (from 50% in 1983 to 1% since 1987) or related to blood transfusion. Also striking has been a change in the geographic distribution of HIV. In 1982, 80% of those infected with HIV were from the capital Port-au-Prince, 10% were from other major cities, and 10% were from other countries. In 1990, only 65% of cases originated from the Port-au-Prince area. Finally, there has been a shift in the sex distribution of HIV, with women contributing 38% of cases in 1989-90 compared to only 15% in 1979-82. Disturbing are survey findings that HIV-infected women, or those with an infected partner, continue to have unprotected sexual intercourse and to take no steps to avoid pregnancy. As a result of the growing number of AIDS cases among women, children under 14 years of age now comprises 6.6% of all AIDS cases compared to 2.4% in 1988. Development of a form of contraception that is as effective against HIV transmission as the condom yet could be used without the consent of the male partner would be an important advance in AIDS prevention in Haiti.
Figure 4 from: Westberg M, Timdal E, Asplund J, Bendiksby M, Haugan R, Jonsson F, Larsson P, Odelvik G, Wedin M, Millanes A (2015) New records of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi in Scandinavia. MycoKeys 11: 33-61. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.11.6670

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Figure 4 - Calvitimela perlata (O L-195661). Scale: 5 mm.
Antihypertensive properties of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) frame and skin enzymatic protein hydrolysates

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Proteins from tilapia frame and skin can potentially be precursors of antihypertensive peptides according to the result of BIOPEP analyses. The aim was to generate peptides with inhibitory effects against angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and renin from tilapia frame and skin protein isolates (FPI and SPI). The most active hydrolysate was then tested for blood pressure-lowering ability in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Tilapia frame and skin protein hydrolysates (FPHs and SPHs) were respectively produced from FPI and SPI hydrolysis using pepsin, papain, or bromelain. The ACE-inhibitory activities of tilapia protein hydrolysates with varying degree of hydrolysis (DH) were evaluated. In order to enhance the activity, the hydrolysate was fractionated into four fractions (<1 kDa, 1-3 kDa, 3-5 kDa, and 5-10 kDa) and the one with the greatest ability to inhibit in vitro ACE and renin activities was subjected to oral administration (100 mg/kg body weight) to SHRs. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rates (HR) were subsequently measured within 24 h. The pepsin-hydrolyzed FPH (FPHPe) with the highest DH (23%) possessed the strongest ACE-inhibitory activity (IC50: 0.57 mg/mL). Its <1 kDa ultrafiltration fraction (FPHPe1) suppressed both ACE (IC50: 0.41 mg/mL) and renin activities more effectively than larger peptides. In addition, FPHPe1 significantly (p < 0.05) reduced SBP (maximum -33 mmHg), DBP (maximum -24 mmHg), MAP (maximum -28 mmHg), and HR (maximum -58 beats) in SHRs. FPHPe1 showed both in vitro and in vivo antihypertensive effects, which suggest tilapia processing coproducts may be valuable protein raw materials for producing antihypertensive peptides.
Avian Cognition: Exploring the Intelligence, Behavior, and Individuality of Birds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Unlike any other book, Avian Cognition thoroughly examines avian intelligence, behavior, and individuality. Preferences, choices, motivation, and habits of species, flocks, and individual birds are discussed and compared. This book investigates who birds are and why they do what they do. Daily, seasonal, and play activities, creativity, reasoning a
Conceptions of the Opposite-Sex Ideal by International Students in the Netherlands

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Individual and cultural values, as well as adolescents' views of appropriate gender roles, are revealed in their depictions of the ideal man and the ideal woman (Stiles, Gibbons, Hardardottir, & Schnellmann, 1987). International students from 44 countries attending a university preparatory school or a university in the Randstad area of the Netherlands participated in the present study. On a questionnaire adapted from Clifford, Grandgenett, and Bardwell (1981), participants rated 10 characteristics of the opposite-sex ideal on a 7-point scale for importance
Calibrated fMRI Baseline oxygen use Evoked oxidative metabolism

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

d a e quantification of resting oxidative metabolism (CMRO2) and oxygen extraction ng BOLD, arterial spin labeling (ASL) and end-tidal O2 measurements in response extensively since its discovery to investigate non-invasively the of vascular andmetabolic dynamic changes is becomingmore andmore NeuroImage 63 (2012) 1353–1363 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Preparation of 5,6-Dihydro-1,3-thiazines and 2-Thiazolines from Mercaptoalcohols and Nitriles1

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of 5,6-Dihydro-1,3-thiazines and 2-Thiazolines from Mercaptoalcohols and Nitriles1ALBERT I. MEYERSCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 7, 1147–1151Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01077a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01077a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views273Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characterization of Soiling Bands on the Bottom Edges of PV Modules

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Soiling of photovoltaic (PV) modules, especially non-uniform soiling, can lead to PV power loss. For example, soiling bands at the bottom edge of framed modules are caused by the accumulation of water and dirt at a lower tilt angle. However, few studies have investigated this issue. In this study, industrial and commercial metal rooftop PV power stations in central and eastern China were investigated, with a focus in Xi’an and Kaifeng cities. The results show that (1) soiling bands were widespread, even in Guangzhou city, where annual rainfall is approximately 1,800 mm; (2) soiling bands were found during every month in Xi’an city, even from July to September when heavy rainfall occurs frequently; (3) three types of soiling bands were observed on modules (rectangular, transverse trapezoidal, and triangular), with double triangular, arch, and shallow U-shape types also being observed in landscape-oriented modules; (4) the mean relative difference of the maximum direct current due to soiling bands between one maximum power point tracking system and its control from June 19 to October 2, 2019 in Kaifeng city was approximately 4.7%.
Evaluating the Incidence of Glaucoma, Age-Related Macular Degeneration, and Diabetic Retinopathy in Western New York and Assessing the Feasibility of Utilizing Optical Coherence Tomography and Artificial Intelligence for the Timely Identification of these Ocular Diseases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma and Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) are among the leading causes of blindness worldwide.The global prevalence of each of these ocular pathologies is projected to increase significantly in the coming decades.DR is a microvascular complication of diabetes that damages capillaries of the retina.Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative eye disease of the optic nerve, which causes progressive structural loss of retinal ganglion cells.AMD is a progressive degenerative retina disease of the macula.In each of these diseases, early detection is crucial to preventing or slowing the progression to an advanced stage of irreversible vision loss.Therefore, it is imperative that early detection methods, such as OCT and AI, are adopted to aid in the prevention of severe visual complications of DR, glaucoma, and AMD.Methods: An extensive literature review was conducted focused on whether OCT scans can be effectively used to detect and diagnose early changes in DR, glaucoma, and AMD.CDC VEHSS prevalence data was collected from 2015-2019 for various subtypes of DR, glaucoma, and AMD in multiple disease stages at the national (United States), state (New York) and county (Monroe and Erie) level.The data was then stratified by age, gender, race and stage of the disease.This information was analyzed for trends.The intersection of early diagnosis, AI and OCT is then evaluated for possible recommendations to prevent blindness from these diseases.Results: The data showed that overall prevalence of AMD of any stage at the national, state and county level increased from 2015 to 2019.Both early and late-stage AMD was most commonly diagnosed in individuals who were non-Hispanic White, female or age 85 or older.For glaucoma of any type, the overall prevalence also
Teaching Middle-School Students with Disabilities to Use an IEP Template

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

An emerging research base is documenting successful participation in the IEP process among students with disabilities. However, research to date has included primarily high-school students and has not focused on encouraging students to actually write IEP drafts. In the present study, we examined the effects of an IEP writing intervention on the ability of 7 middle-school students with high-incidence disabilities to write drafts of their own IEPs. We measured the primary dependent variable by having students complete an IEP template, scored using a rubric. Data were also collected on students' knowledge of the IEP process and their satisfaction with the intervention procedures used. Results indicated a functional relationship between Template instruction and increases in completeness of Template responses for all 7 participants.
Experimental Studies of In-Situ Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Experiments were conducted to study the feasibility of using microorganisms in EOR. particularly for the correction of permeability variation. The use of microorganisms requires the ability to transport viable cells as well as the nutrients required for cellular growth through reservoir formations. Nutrients such as glucose, peptone-protein, and phosphate and ammonium ions were transported through brine-saturated Berea sandstone cores in amounts sufficient to support microbial growth. Viable bacterial cells were transported through sandstone cores of 170-md permeability. Less than 1 % of the influent cell concentration was recovered in the effluent, indicating a high degree of cell retention inside the core. The addition of nutrients to these cores and subsequent incubation to allow for microbial growth resulted in permeability reductions of 60 to 80%. These data show that the growth of microorganisms significantly reduces the permeability of porous rock.
Answering the Protestant Challenge: Orthodox Christianity as Counterreformation in Southern Ethiopia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract What makes Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity attractive to southern Ethiopians? Aari in the South Ethiopia Regional State formerly rejected Orthodoxy as the religion of their northern Ethiopian conquerors. Attempts made under the empire to convert Aari remained without lasting success. In recent years, however, Orthodoxy has gained followers among conservative Aari. I explain Orthodoxy's attractiveness in the light of the rapid post-1991 growth of Protestantism and the corresponding decline of the indigenous Aari religion. Contrary to the derelict institutions of the indigenous religion, the Orthodox Church is felt to have spiritual authority and to afford a viable ritual community. And while conservative Aari reject Protestantism as excessively egalitarian, individualist, and puritan, Orthodoxy resonates with them for placing value on hierarchy, mediation, and feasting. For conservative Aari, Orthodoxy thus offers an answer to the Protestant challenge. Becoming Orthodox allows conservatives to defend and rearticulate moral and spiritual values which have long guided them, while also accessing the prestige of a religion Aari associate with northern elites. This shows that understanding the attractiveness of Orthodoxy in contemporary southern Ethiopia requires appreciating the imperial history of south–north relations and the post-1991 history of religious liberalization.
Short range correlations and the isospin dependence of nuclear correlation functions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Pair densities and associated correlation functions provide a critical tool for introducing many-body correlations into a wide-range of effective theories. Ab initio calculations show that two-nucleon pair-densities exhibit strong spin and isospin dependence. However, such calculations are not available for all nuclei of current interest. We therefore provide a simple model, which involves combining the short and long separation distance behavior using a single blending function, to accurately describe the two-nucleon correlations inherent in existing ab initio calculations. We show that the salient features of the correlation function arise from the features of the two-body short-range nuclear interaction, and that the suppression of the pp and nn pair-densities caused by the Pauli principle is important. Our procedure for obtaining pair-density functions and correlation functions can be applied to heavy nuclei which lack ab initio calculations.
Mental Health Challenges in Cancer Patients: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Depression and Anxiety

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Advancements in cancer treatment and early detection have extended survival rates, transforming many cancers into chronic conditions. However, cancer diagnosis and treatment can trigger significant psychological distress, including depression and anxiety, impacting patient outcomes and care. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of and identify the risk factors for depression and anxiety among cancer patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted, including patients under the care of the oncology department at a tertiary medical center between June 2021 and October 2023. Depression and anxiety were assessed using the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) short forms. Logistic regression analysis identified risk factors for depression and anxiety. The study population included 159 patients, with 40.3% reporting worsening mental health, but only about half of them received therapy. Among the study participants, 22.6% experienced symptoms of depression and 30.2% experienced symptoms of anxiety. Single-cancer patients and those with metastases were at increased risk for depression, while those with a disease duration of more than a year and patients with female-specific cancer were more likely to experience anxiety. Given the high prevalence of mental health deterioration in cancer patients, closer monitoring and validated assessment tools are essential to improve depression and anxiety diagnosis and facilitate early interventions.
Hydroxychloroquine and antiphospholipid antibody-related pregnancy morbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose of review Pregnancies in women with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are associated with several pregnancy complications. The current treatment to prevent obstetric aPL-mediated morbidity is largely based on low-dose aspirin (LDA) and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Alternative treatment regimens to prevent obstetric aPL-related morbidity include the addition of the antimalarial hydroxychloroquine (HCQ). The aim of this systematic review is to identify the currently available evidence on the efficacy of HCQ to prevent aPL-related obstetric morbidity. Recent findings We identified four retrospective observational studies. No definite signal of harm was identified as none of the studies reported adverse outcomes. When comparing a total of 214 aPL-positive women with a total of 250 HCQ-exposed aPL-positive pregnancies and 521 pregnancies not exposed to HCQ, we found that HCQ exposure was not associated with an increased rate of live births [pooled OR 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62--2.86]). There was considerable heterogeneity in the analysis ( I 2 = 59%). Summary HCQ seems well tolerated in pregnancy. However, because of the heterogeneity of available studies, the questions whether women with aPL (or some subpopulation of those) might benefit from this agent during pregnancy remains unanswered. Randomized controlled data are needed.
Probability Inequalities for Likelihood Ratios and Convergence Rates of Sieve MLES

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Let $Y_1,\\ldots, Y_n$ be independent identically distributed with density $p_0$ and let $\\mathscr{F}$ be a space of densities. We show that the supremum of the likelihood ratios $\\prod^n_{i=1} p(Y_i)/p_0(Y_i)$, where the supremum is over $p \\in \\mathscr{F}$ with $\\|p^{1/2} - p^{1/2}_0\\|_2 \\geq \\varepsilon$, is exponentially small with probability exponentially close to 1. The exponent is proportional to $n\\varepsilon^2$. The only condition required for this to hold is that $\\varepsilon$ exceeds a value determined by the bracketing Hellinger entropy of $\\mathscr{F}$. A similar inequality also holds if we replace $\\mathscr{F}$ by $\\mathscr{F}_n$ and $p_0$ by $q_n$, where $q_n$ is an approximation to $p_0$ in a suitable sense. These results are applied to establish rates of convergence of sieve MLEs. Furthermore, weak conditions are given under which the "optimal" rate $\\varepsilon_n$ defined by $H(\\varepsilon_n, \\mathscr{F}) = n\\varepsilon^2_n$, where $H(\\cdot, \\mathscr{F})$ is the Hellinger entropy of $\\mathscr{F}$, is nearly achievable by sieve estimators.
Adolescent alcohol use: use of social network analysis and cross-classified multilevel modeling to examine peer group, school, and neighborhood-level influences

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

BACKGROUND: Neighborhood-, school-, and peer-contexts play an important role in adolescent alcohol use behaviors. Methodological advances permit simultaneous modeling of these contexts to understand their relative and joint importance. Few empirical studies include these contexts, and studies that do typically: examine each context separately; include contexts for the sole purpose of accounting for clustering in the data; or do not disaggregate by sex. OBJECTIVES: This study takes an eco-epidemiologic approach to examine the role of socio-contextual contributions to variance in adolescent alcohol use. The primary parameters of interest are therefore variance rather than beta parameters (i.e. random rather than fixed effects). Sex-stratified models are also used to understand how each context may matter differently for male and female adolescents. METHOD: Data come from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 8,534 females, n = 8,102 males). We conduct social network analysis and traditional and cross-classified multilevel models (CCMM) in the full and sex-disaggregated samples. RESULTS: In final CCMM, peer groups, schools, and neighborhoods contributed 10.5%, 10.8%, and 0.4%, respectively, to total variation in adolescent alcohol use. Results do not differ widely by gender. CONCLUSIONS: Peer groups and schools emerge as more salient contributing contexts relative to neighborhoods in adolescent alcohol use for males and females. These findings have both methodological and practical implications. Multilevel modeling can model contexts simultaneously to prevent the overestimation of variance in youth alcohol use explained by each context. Primary prevention strategies addressing youth alcohol use should focus on schools and peer networks.
A comparison of breast lesion imaging capability of a whole-body PET camera and a brain/breast PET camera

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

PET scanners have been used for the diagnosis, staging, and management of a variety of malignancies, including breast cancer. However, despite the powerful molecular imaging nature of PET, the resolution and sensitivity of current PET cameras practically limit the detection of breast lesions to relatively large lesion (≫7 mm) and high tracer uptakes. Improvements in spatial resolution and sensitivity of PET cameras are essential for early detection of small breast lesions (≪5 mm) which is critical to the early detection and successful treatment of breast cancer. Recently, we have completed the construction of a high-resolution and high-sensitivity PET camera (HOTPET). HOTPET has spatial resolution of better than 3 mm and can operate in the whole-body mode or breast/brain mode. In the whole-body mode HOTPET has transverse field-of-view (FOV) of 60 cm and axial FOV of 13 cm. In the breast/brain mode it has transverse FOV of 39 cm and axial FOV of 21 cm. We have performed a detailed phantom study of the breast lesion detection capability of HOTPET in both modes using a breast phantom with lesion insert. The breast phantom was attached to a torso phantom with lung, liver, spine and cardiac inserts. We scanned 2 small lesions with diameter of 4.95 and 7.86 mm for several lesion activity contrasts. The standard uptake value (SUV) of lesion was in range of 1 to 10. The SUV of the breast, torso and heart were 0.8, 1, and 4, respectively. Visual inspection of the images showed that the small 4.95-mm lesion with SUV of 2.5 or higher was observable in HOTPET breast mode data and with SUV of 5.5 or higher in the whole-body mode data. The 7.86 mm lesion was observable with SUV of 1.75 in breast mode and SUV of 2.5 in whole-body mode.