jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Measurement of near neighbor separations of surface atoms

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Two techniques are being developed to measure the nearest neighbor distances of atoms at the surfaces of solids. Both measures extended fine structure in the excitation probability of core level electrons which are excited by an incident electron beam. This is an important problem because the structures of most surface systems are as yet unknown, even though the location of surface atoms is the basis for any quantitative understanding of the chemistry and physics of surfaces and interfaces. These methods would allow any laboratory to make in situ determinations of surface structure in conjunction with most other laboratory probes of surfaces. Each of these two techniques has different advantages; further, the combination of the two will increase confidence in the results by reducing systematic error in the data analysis.
Model Order Reduction of Linear Time Variant High Speed VLSI Interconnects using Frequency Shift Technique

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract—Accurate modeling of high speed RLC interconnects has become a necessity to address signal integrity issues in current VLSI design. To accurately model a dispersive system of interconnects at higher frequencies; a full-wave analysis is required. However, conventional circuit simulation of interconnects with full wave models is extremely CPU expensive. We present an algorithm for reducing large VLSI circuits to much smaller ones with similar input-output behavior. A key feature of our method, called Frequency Shift Technique, is that it is capable of reducing linear time-varying systems. This enables it to capture frequency-translation and sampling behavior, important in communication subsystems such as mixers, RF components and switched-capacitor filters. Reduction is obtained by projecting the original system described by linear differential equations into a lower dimension. Experiments have been carried out using Cadence Design Simulator c○which indicates that the proposed technique achieves more % reduction with less CPU time than the other model order reduction techniques existing in literature. We also present applications to RF circuit subsystems, obtaining size reductions and evaluation speedups of orders of magnitude with insignificant loss of accuracy. Keywords—Model order Reduction, RLC, crosstalk I.
Generalized potentiometric surface of the Sparta-Memphis aquifer, eastern Arkansas, spring 1980

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A map shows generalized contours of the altitude of water levels for wells completed in the Sparta-Memphis aquifer in eastern Arkansas. Most water-level measurements used in constructing the map were from the spring of 1980, but supplemental measurements from other years indicated no long-term change in water levels. Hydrographs for selected wells are included to show trends and lack of trends in water-level changes. The aquifer in the Sparta Sand and Memphis Sand of Eocene age which consists of fine to medium sand interbedded with salt, clay, and lignite. The aquifer supplies much of the water used for industry and public supply for eastern Arkansas. Some irrigation users also obtain supplies from the aquifer. Cones of depression caused by pumpage for industrial and public supplies occur near Camden, El Dorado, Magnolia, Pine Buff, and West Memphis. (USGS)
[Bioinformatics analysis of drug-resistant ceRNA in epithelial ovarian cancer].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To explore the possible biological function of long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) on epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) drug resistance and the value of new diagnostic markers through bioinformatics analysis, clinical testing and verification methods. Methods: (1) Mining the lncRNA related to EOC and constructing the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network: comprehensively apply text mining, data prediction and network construction and other bioinformatics methods to establish a potential ceRNA regulatory network related to EOC drug resistance, namely lncRNA-microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA regulatory network. (2) Clinical verification: a total of 95 cancer tissue specimens were collected from EOC patients who underwent cytoreductive surgery at the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University from June 2008 to October 2016, of which 54 were platinum-resistant patients (resistance group), 41 platinum-based drug-sensitive patients (sensitive group). Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was used to detect the expression of lncRNA in EOC tissues of the two groups, the effect of lncRNA expression on the prognosis of EOC patients, and the diagnostic efficacy of lncRNA expression on resistance to EOC were also analyzed. Results: (1) Text mining preliminarily screened out 25 differentially expressed lncRNA related to the occurrence and development of EOC, and further subcellular localization analysis found that 8 lncRNA exist in the cytoplasm. Through further data mining, collinear literature analysis and construction of ceRNA, the regulatory network predicts that the two lncRNA molecules, GAS5 and HOTAIR, could serve as key ceRNA molecules. (2) Through real-time fluoressent quantitative PCR verification, it was found that both GAS5 and HOTAIR were highly expressed in drug-resistant EOC tissues, which affects the progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) time of patients with drug-resistant EOC independent risk factors (P<0.05). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) of GAS5 alone was 0.678, the AUC of HOTAIR alone was 0.863, and the AUC of GAS5 combined with HOTAIR was 0.871, and there were statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). Conclusions: The high expression of GAS5 and HOTAIR is closely related to the drug resistance of EOC, which could be used as a potential predictor of response to chemotherapy. At the same time, the combined detection of GAS5 and HOTAIR has a certain diagnostic efficiency for patients with platinum-resistant EOC. This method of using the ceRNA regulatory network to predict key molecules will provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of EOC.
Mechanisms of Anthraquinone Inhibition of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract This paper presents evidence that anthraquinone derivatives can be generally useful for preventing sulfide production from sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). We believe there is unique value for these compounds in oilfield and industrial applications where cost-effectiveness and human and environmental safety are of paramount importance. It has been previously shown that anthraquinones inhibit sulfate respiration, but not aerobic respirations. This aspect permits safe use in wastewater treatment applications where aerobic microbial activity is required. We propose that this specificity is due to the ability of anthraquinones to randomly equilibrate electron flow in the membranes of bacteria of the genus Desulfovibrio. A consequence of this equilibration is that ATP synthesis is uncoupled from respiration. Since sulfate activation has a unique requirement for ATP, sulfate reduction halts with the depletion of ATP level. In this report a positive correlation is shown between inhibition of sulfate respiration by anthraquinones and their reactivity with cytochrome c3, which is a protein considered to be diagnostic of SRB. A model is discussed for involving anthraquinone mediated electron transfer around energy-conserving sites, resulting in a loss of ATP synthesis. This scenario is consistent with the specific inhibition of sulfate respiration in contrast to other respiration processes which do not require ATP. Inhibition of SRB within a biofilm is dependent upon the species of the anthraquinone and the system hydraulics surrounding the biofilm. Bioavailability of anthraquinone is discussed in terms of soluble and insoluble species of anthraquinone and their mobility within the biofilm. Due to low toxicity, we believe that certain anthraquinones provide an environmentally acceptable alternative to highly toxic biocides for the control of SRB in oilfield water systems.
NRA-2, a nicalin homolog, regulates neuronal death by controlling surface localization of toxic C. elegans DEG/ENaCs

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Hyperactivated DEG/ENaCs induce neuronal death through excessive cation influx and disruption of intracellular calcium homeostasis. C. elegans DEG/ENaC MEC-4 is hyperactivated by the (d) mutation and induces death of touch neurons. The analogous substitution in MEC-10 (MEC-10(d)) co- expressed in the same neurons, is only mildly neurotoxic. We exploited the lower toxicity of MEC-10(d) to identify RNAi knockdowns that enhance neuronal death. We report here that knockout of the C. elegans nicalin homolog NRA-2 enhances MEC-10(d)-induced neuronal death. Cell biological assays in C. elegans neurons show that NRA-2 controls the
Quantitative And Qualitative Research In Housing Areas: Contemporary Housing Developments In Silesian Metropolitan Area, Poland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract Between 2000 and 2010 housing development in Poland changed dramatically. Local development plans released large rural areas on the outskirts of most cities for single-family housing. As a result, there are many new low-density housing estates and very few high-density estates within city centres. The paper refers to a research method that has been developed to measure and compare various housing developments. The method can be used to show both density indicators and a general overview of different cases. The research presented in the article, based upon the developed method, was conducted in the Silesian Metropolitan Area on 41 case studies. The article summarizes the methodology and popularizes findings from the research.
Breastfeeding in the HIV Epidemic: A Midwife's Dilemma in International Work

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

As standards develop to reduce the maternal-to-child transmission of HIV, healthcare professionals need to evaluate recommendations in the context of culturally-accepted values for the populations to be served. Breastfeeding, a central value in South African families, carries the risk of transmission in mothers that are HIV+. A dilemma faced by international workers is the sharing of information that challenges culturally-accepted practices. A nurse-midwife working with HIV positive women during the childbearing cycle in the United States is expected to implement protocols to prevent transmission of the HIV virus to the newborn. These include administration of antiretroviral medications to the women during the pregnancy and labor, as well as the policy of no breastfeeding, since breast milk contains the HIV virus and can be a source of passing the infection to the baby. Ethical dilemmas develop when the nurse-midwife is an international worker in a country which is in the midst of the HIV epidemic such as South Africa. Current South African policy regarding mother-to-child transmission recommends either exclusive breastfeeding with rapid weaning at six months, or exclusive bottle feeding. Cultural practice favors breastfeeding with the addition of cereals, in effect, mixed feeding. These practices lead to a high risk of transmission and infection in the newborn.
A robust solution to the timing convergence problem in high-performance design

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Traditional ASIC design flows have treated logic synthesis and physical design as separate steps in the flow. A recent trend in design automation has been to integrate placement and logic synthesis operations for designs that strive for high performance. The motivation for this is ascribed to achieving timing convergence. These efforts attempt a brute-force combination of techniques from the two fields. We present an architecture for combining synthesis transforms with rough placement. There are three main contributions of this paper. First we present a system architecture that permits a clean separation of placement and synthesis issues and combines the two solutions in an elegant manner. Second, we propose a minor modification to the current ASIC design flow to enable timing convergence. Third, we use design rules for correct circuit operation to drive the placement and the synthesis components of the system. We present results for a set of high performance ASIC designs which demonstrate the practicality of our method.
Demystifying counterinsurgency : U.S. Army internal security training and South American responses in the 1960s

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

United States’ counterinsurgency activities in the Western Hemisphere provide a new lens with which to investigate Latin America’s Cold War experience. This dissertation contributes to the debate over the impact of American foreign policy in the region by reconstructing a key component of Washington’s strategy: the U. S. Army’s counterinsurgency training of South American military forces during the 1960s and 1970s. Counterinsurgency casts a long shadow over U. S. foreign relations with Latin America but few authors explain what that doctrine entailed and how Washington sought to disseminate it among its regional allies. \nThis dissertation contributes to the new Cold War literature on Latin America by using previously unpublished and declassified materials to demystify the term “counterinsurgency.” It examines American training of South American militaries and explains the doctrine and tactics the U.S. Army sought to transmit to its counterparts under the rubric of counterinsurgency. After reconstructing the U.S. Army’s institutional apparatus for teaching internal security, this dissertation investigates the impact of American counterinsurgency efforts. In doing so it seeks to solve an enduring enigma. If the regional hegemon, the United States, exported one consistent counterinsurgency doctrine throughout the Western Hemisphere, why did South American countries experience such widely divergent internal security outcomes during the Cold War? \nA comparative analysis of six South American nations’ responses to American counterinsurgency yields new insights into Latin America’s Cold War experience. This dissertation argues that U.S. Army counterinsurgency training was more complex, nuanced and perishable than previously understood. Numerous obstacles impeded the U.S. Army’s ability to disseminate its training. Moreover, South American political and military leaders chose whether to accept or reject U.S. counterinsurgency. Washington did not dictate or decree its internal security training. Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia embraced American counterinsurgency and sought U.S. Army assistance in confronting internal insecurity. Brazil, Argentina, and Chile shunned the American “model.” Military regimes in those nations developed their own internal security doctrine and tactics and conducted “dirty wars” against their populations a result of their own choices, not because of their slight exposure to American counterinsurgency concepts.
Living Breast Cancer: The Art of Hollis Sigler

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Using theories of space, phenomenology, and the body, this essay frames the visual art of Hollis Sigler’s Breast Cancer Journal within the sometimes conflicting contexts of illness and the everyday. Sigler captures the dynamic of bodily alienation accompanying illness not by focusing on the changed contours of the female form but by returning again and again to the haunting defamiliarization of domestic space. Her images circumvent the objectifying dynamics of the gaze by withholding access to the spectacle of the female form; instead, they invite the viewer to imaginatively inhabit spaces that press uncomfortably against the body that would occupy them. In representing the psychic landscape of her breast cancer experience through the dynamics of space, in other words, Sigler chooses not to turn away from the body in illness but to complicate the viewer’s understanding of it. Her art thus resists the structures of objectification that often accompany visual culture representations of breast cancer even as it charts the tensions of embodied subjectivity that shape the lived experience of illness.
Trade unions and contingent labour: scale and method

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In recent years, there has been a trend for trade unions to attempt to represent contingent workers, including agency staff, workers on fixed-term contracts and the self-employed. This article seeks to explain and characterize this development in the UK. The main conclusions are that contingent workers require an “upscaling” of union representation, beyond the workplace, and that methods other than collective bargaining are more important for advancing the interests of this group. These methods include attempts to regulate labour markets unilaterally, provide union services and make use of employment law.
Developing an On-Demand Cloud-Based Sensing-as-a-Service System for Internet of Things

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The increasing number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices with various sensors has resulted in a focus on Cloud-based sensing-as-a-service (CSaaS) as a new value-added service, for example, providing temperature-sensing data via a cloud computing system. However, the industry encounters various challenges in the dynamic provisioning of on-demand CSaaS on diverse sensor networks. We require a system that will provide users with standardized access to various sensor networks and a level of abstraction that hides the underlying complexity. In this study, we aim to develop a cloud-based solution to address the challenges mentioned earlier. Our solution, SenseCloud, includes a sensor virtualization mechanism that interfaces with diverse sensor networks, a multitenancy mechanism that grants multiple users access to virtualized sensor networks while sharing the same underlying infrastructure, and a dynamic provisioning mechanism to allow the users to leverage the vast pool of resources on demand and on a pay-per-use basis. We implement a prototype of SenseCloud by using real sensors and verify the feasibility of our system and its performance. SenseCloud bridges the gap between sensor providers and sensor data consumers who wish to utilize sensor data.
Impact of Exercise and Aging on Rat Urine and Blood Metabolome. An LC-MS Based Metabolomics Longitudinal Study

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Aging is an inevitable condition leading to health deterioration and death. Regular physical exercise can moderate the metabolic phenotype changes of aging. However, only a small number of metabolomics-based studies provide data on the effect of exercise along with aging. Here, urine and whole blood samples from Wistar rats were analyzed in a longitudinal study to explore metabolic alterations due to exercise and aging. The study comprised three different programs of exercises, including a life-long protocol which started at the age of 5 months and ended at the age of 21 months. An acute exercise session was also evaluated. Urine and whole blood samples were collected at different time points and were analyzed by LC-MS/MS (Liquid Chromatography–tandem Mass Spectrometry). Based on their metabolic profiles, samples from trained and sedentary rats were differentiated. The impact on the metabolome was found to depend on the length of exercise period with acute exercise also showing significant changes. Metabolic alterations due to aging were equally pronounced in sedentary and trained rats in both urine and blood analyzed samples.
Trophic ecology of the Patagonian skate, Bathyraja macloviana, on the Argentine continental shelf

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The diet, feeding strategy, and dentition of the Patagonian skate, Bathyraja macloviana, on the northern continental shelf of Argentina were studied from specimens collected during research cruises in September and October 2001. Of a total of 81 stomachs examined, only 3.7% were empty. Cumulative prey curves showed that sample sizes were adequate to describe the main prey items of the diet. Quantitative analysis, a graphical method, and trophic niche breadth indicated the species to be a specialized feeder. The most important prey items were polychaetes, followed by gammarid amphipods, isopods, and crabs. Cumaceans, ophiuroids, and hydrozoans were likely incidentally consumed by mature females. Sexual dimorphism in dentition was observed; mature males had longer and sharper tooth cusps than females or immature males. However, there was a high degree of dietary overlap between mature males and mature females, indicating that dental sexual dimorphism in the species is more important in reproductive behaviour than in differential prey consumption.
The Precambrian–Cambrian nonconformity at the Ercall Quarries, The Wrekin, Shropshire, UK

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Precambrian–Cambrian boundary is iconic, marking the first appearance of shelly fauna in the fossil record, and opening the Phanerozoic Eon. In England and Wales, the transition from predominantly Precambrian igneous rocks to Cambrian sedimentary strata is generally unconformable. An exceptional exposure of this transition can be observed in the Ercall Quarries in Shropshire, a classic locality in all senses of the word.
Study of Microsegregation in Ti-Mo and Ti-V Binary Alloys and Commercial Titanium Alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

As a quantitative microsegregation study of titanium alloys by means of EPMA, following a previous report on Ti-Fe and Ti-Cr binary alloys, a series of experiments were carried out so as to investigate the effects of cooling rate from the β phase and contents of the alloying elements such as Mo and V for Ti-Mo and Ti-V binary alloys and commercial titanium alloys.The results are as follows:(1) The examination of parameters such as the segregation index, the effective distribution coefficient and the β stabilizing rate, showed that the genetic trend of the segregation for Mo was larger than V up to 4 wt% in content and was smaller than V over 10 wt% in content.(2) There was a sort of a critical cooling rate under the effect of cooling rate from the β phase in microsegregation generation.(3) The smaller the contents of β stabilizing elements, the stronger the genetic trend of microsegregation. And the trend was lessened with increasing degree of the β stabilizing in the alloys.(4) The genetic trend of microsegregation of Mo and V became stronger in co-existence with Al.(5) Electron absorption images of Ti-Mo alloys showed that the microsegregation was distributed in a certain small area. V can be presumed to have the same tendency as Mo.