jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Demographic Features of Basal Cell Carcinoma in North Jordan

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer affecting humans. It almost has no tendency for metastasis; however it can be destructive to surrounding tissue. Patients with darker skin colors have lower risk of developing skin cancers and the clinical characteristics may differ from populations with lighter skin colors. Methods. This is a retrospective clinical study (2003-2017). Data on age, gender, and location of tumor were collected and analyzed. Results. 335 cases were identified. Males tend to get BCC at a younger age than females. Face was the most common site in both males and females. Cheeks and nose were the most likely areas of the face to be involved. Scalp was the most common extrafacial site to be involved in males; however in females scalp was much less likely to be involved. Conclusion. BCC is less common in populations with darker skin. Males were more affected and at an earlier age compared to females. Facial skin followed by scalp was the most common site affected. Skin phototype, cultural and religious dress type, and different sun exposure behavior may explain many of the clinical and demographic findings related to BCC in patients with darker skin tones.
Strong Turbulence Effects on Short Wavelength Lasers.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : The mean square wander angle of a focused laser beam transmitted through a homogeneous-isotropic turbulent medium has been determined by the use of the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. The theory is developed for both weak and strong turbulence conditions for which the electromagnetic field statistics are known. A heuristic formula for the wander angle is developed which connects the turbulence regimes. Although the theory is general, numerical results are determined for uniformly illuminated laser aperture only. The mean square angle of arrival of a spherical wave source in the laser focal plane and detected in the laser aperture plane is also determined. The correlation function of the angle of arrival, determined by means of the centroid, and the angle of arrival, determined by means of a least squares fit of the received phase over the aperture, is discussed. It is shown that this correlation is nearly 100% in the regime of weak turbulence conditions. Finally, engineering formulas useful for hand calculation of wander angle and peak on-axis transmitted intensity in the focal plane of a tilt corrected laser beam are presented. (Author)
Evidence-Based Fetal Referrals for Congenital Heart Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background. The outcomes of fetal referrals to congenital heart disease centers for delivery and postnatal surgery prior to discharge over a two-year period were reviewed. Cost differences between fetal referrals and neonatal transports were investigated. Methods. A retrospective chart review was conducted on 17 fetal referrals to two congenital heart disease centers from 01/01/2007 to 12/31/2008. The two centers were contacted to obtain their neonatal transport charges. Results. Of the 17 fetal referrals, 10 patients underwent congenital heart surgery prior to postnatal discharge. Only one patient who underwent surgery died. Third party payers saved approximately $13,600 or $36,600 in neonatal transport costs to these centers. Conclusions. There was only one death of a patient with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and a restrictive atrial septum, which has a poor prognosis. There was a significant cost differential between fetal referral and neonatal transport.
[Evolution of Hartmann's procedure. 249 interventions].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A retrospective study of 249 patients undergoing Hartmann's procedure over twenty-five years was undertaken to analyse the evolution of indications and results. Patients were divided into three time period groups: from 1969 to 1978, 1979 to 1990 and 1991 to 1994. Mean age was 68 years old. Major indications were complicated diverticular disease (42.9%), colo-rectal malignancies (35.7%) and ischemic colitis (14%). Operative mortality is 10.8%, higher in ischemic colitis (20%) than in complicated diverticulitis (6.5%) and cancer (13.4%). Overall morbidity has significantly reduced, from 65.51% to 17.24%. General complications have changed a little, while local and/or inherent operative complications have reduced from 22.4% to 1.72. Restoration of colorectal continuity was done in 59.54% of patients, increasing from 36% to 71% during the three periods. This is variable depending on initial disease: 92% in diverticular disease, 69% in ischemic colitis but remains stable for carcinoma at 33%. Overall mortality since 1981 is 2.5% and morbidity is 19.13%. Mean Hospital stay was 20 days for the initial operation and 15 days for secondary restoration of colorectal continuity. Hartmann's procedure is well indicated as emergency surgery in colonic perforations, abscessus and ischemia. Progressive improvement of its results is essentially due to persistent attention to indications and technical details.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Substituted Tris(phenylbenzimidazolinato) IrIII Carbene Complexes as a Blue Phosphorescent Material

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Substitution effects on the photoluminescence and electrochemical properties and the photochemical stability of tris(phenylbenzimidazolinato)Ir III complexes were investigated. Facial and meridional isomers of a series of complexes having the general structure of Ir(C C) 3 , where (C C) is (4‐R‐phenyl)benzimidazolinato (R = H, CF 3 , CN, OCH 3 ), were prepared. They are abbreviated to Ir(pmb) 3 ( 1 ), Ir(CF 3 pmb) 3 ( 2 ), Ir(CNpmb) 3 ( 3 ), and Ir(Opmb) 3 ( 4 ), respectively. Electron‐donating or ‐withdrawing groups on the phenyl ring lead to both higher emission quantum yields and longer emission lifetimes compared to those of 1 in each mer and fac series. Particularly, the emission quantum yields were high in the cases of 2a , 3a , 3b , and 4a . No photochemical isomerization was observed in both fac ‐ (a) and mer (b) isomers of Ir(pmb) 3 , Ir(CF3pmb) 3 , and Ir(CNpmb) 3 on irradiation with a 313‐nm wavelength light from a 400 W mercury lamp for more than 20 h. All complexes excluding fac ‐Ir(pmb) 3 ( 1a ) show excellent photochemical stability in degassed anhydrous thf solution. The locations of the HOMO and LUMO and the lowest excitation energy of these complexes were investigated by DFT and TD‐DFT calculations on fac ‐ and mer ‐Ir(Opmb) 3 ( 4a and 4b ). The HOMO is mainly localized over the Ir metal center and the phenyl moiety, and the LUMO mainly localized over the benzimidazole moiety. The calculated lowest excitation energies agree with the experimental values. The X‐ray single crystal structures obtained for fac ‐Ir(CF 3 pmb) 3 ( 2a ) and mer ‐Ir(Opmb) 3 ( 4b ) are also discussed.
LHD imp02 #161143.1 (analyzed)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Line intensities of Lyman-alpha and some impurity ions to monitor impurity behaviors, which use 20cm normal incidence monochromators, grazing incidence monochromator, and interference filter + photomultipliers (or + APD), for CIV, OVI, HI, FeXVI, CIII and OV.
Features of the structure of the system of multi-year training of athletes in martial arts in uzbekistan (based on hand-to-hand combat material)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Each country of the world has its own peculiarities regarding the vision of the development of physical culture and sports in the state and the organization of educational and training processes in martial arts in particular. Therefore, the study of the features of the construction of the system of long- term training of athletes in hand-to-hand combat in Uzbekistan will create an idea of its modern structure, will allow to determine the specific features of the organization of the educational and training process and competitive activities. The purpose of the article analysis of the construction of a system of multi-year training of athletes in martial arts in Uzbekistan (based on the material of hand-to-hand combat). Identifying the peculiarities of the organization of the educational and training process, determining the stages of training, their duration, requirements for sportsmanship, the amount of loads, the ratio of training tools, conducting control of various aspects of the athletes' preparedness. Prospects for further research. Further scientific research will be devoted to the analysis of the identified features in the training of athletes in different countries of the world, with the possibility of correcting certain areas of the educational and training process and competitive activity at various stages of multi-year improvement, taking into account the results of the work.
Thermal Conjugate Analysis of a First Stage Blade in a Gas Turbine

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Three-dimensional numerical analyses of heat transfer were conducted by thermal conjugation of the inside and outside fields of a first stage rotor blade in a gas turbine, which consists of convection heat transfer and thermal conduction. The target of the analysis was a blade with multiple cooling holes. In order to make an accurate estimation of the blade temperature, the heat exchange in cooling passages, the outflow of cooling air and the effect of rotation were taken into account by the numerical method. The predicted distribution of surface temperature was in good agreement with the observed surface pattern on an actual blade. In addition case studies for bucket temperature were carried out using the present numerical method. It was shown that the temperature field inside the blade was severely influenced by the assumed distribution of inlet gas temperature and cooling air flow conditions. As a result, it is clear that the present analytical method is useful for prediction of blade temperature depending on various conditions in operation.
Systemic tumor suppression by the proapoptotic gene bik.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Metastatic breast cancer requires systemic treatment. We have developed a systemic gene therapy approach for breast cancer, consisting of a nonviral gene delivery system (SN) and a proapoptotic gene, bik. The transfection efficiency of SN carrying a reporter gene was 5-10 times higher than the common nonviral agents Fugene-6 and Lipofectamine in the presence of serum. The SN-bik gene complex induced significant apoptosis in four breast cancer cell lines in vitro as well as in orthotopic tumor tissues in nude mice. Systemically administrated SN-bik significantly inhibited the growth and metastasis of human breast cancer cells implanted in nude mice and prolonged the life span of the treated animals. This study demonstrates that SN-bik is a promising approach for further development as a potential therapeutic agent of cancer.
Survey of Farmer Awareness Towards Rice-Fish Farming Systems in the Indian Villages

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract A survey under the theme of Science and Technology Ecosystem and Ecosystem services was conducted to identify the awareness towards the rice-fish farming system. A rice growing village in the Goradih block Bhagalpur district (Bihar, India) was selected for the survey of farmer awareness towards rice-fish farming systems in the Indian village. During the survey (2018-2019), it was observed that whenever water is stagnated within boundaries for rice growing, fish which naturally occur in the irrigation water and water tanks enter the paddy fields and grow there until harvest along with the rice. This happens naturally and none of the farmers in this region were aware of this, nor do they take interest in harvesting fish. The data concluded that the farmers mostly rice as monoculture (93.3%) and use “unconventional” along with some chemical pesticide (53.3%), which causes negative effect on fingerlings. Rice monoculture alone cannot provide a sustainable food supply while rice-fish farming is more “efficient” in terms of cost effective utilisation, productivity and food supply. However, a number of significant challenges exist for the adaptation of rice-fish farming, particularly the lack of technical knowledge of farmers. Thus it is necessary to provide technical support and training facilities for sustainable rice farming. Attempts were made to explore the potential of organic rice-fish farming from seasonally waterlogged areas for the overall improvement of water and to draw the attention of strong government support to it in the form of subsidies and research. In this method of farming no pesticides, fungicides or any sort of chemicals are used. Rice fish farming is a duo culture farming system in which rice is the sole enterprise and fish are taken to initiate extra additional income in the form of animal protein.
Joint Association and Power Allocation for Data Collection in HAP-LEO-Assisted IoT Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites and high altitude platforms (HAPs) have recently gained popularity due to its seamless connectivity and global coverage. The aerial network comprising high altitude platforms (HAPs) collects the generated data of the ground internet of things (IoT) devices and then transmits the aggregated data to the terrestrial data processing center via the LEO satellites. However, LEO satellites are generally orbiting with high speed and their visibility times are limited according to the elevation angle and orbital height. Moreover, it is challenging for the HAPs to determine the feasible LEO satellite to associate with and decide the optimal transmit power due to their power constraint. Therefore, in this paper, we formulate a joint association and power allocation problem to maximize the data transmitted by the HAPs and minimize the energy consumption by considering the HAP's power budget and QoS requirements as well as the data storage and visibility time of the LEO satellites. To address the formulated mixed-integer non-convex problem, the two sub-problems are introduced, namely, HAP-LEO satellite association and power allocation problems, which are then alternately solved by using the GUROBI optimizer and whale optimization method, respectively. The evaluation results have demonstrated that the proposed approach achieves the superior performance when compared to the random scheme.
Data-driven Flood Prediction for Bangladesh at a 2-km Spatial Resolution Using ConvLSTM

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

Flood prediction is a critical component of disaster preparedness, especially given the substantial economic and social consequences of flooding. As climate change intensifies the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, the need for accurate flood forecasting becomes even more urgent. This study focuses on Bangladesh, applying Convolutional Long-Short Term Memory (ConvLSTM) architectures to predict flooding at a spatial resolution of approximately 2 km, using a straightforward set of publicly available satellite images. The objective is to explore whether machine learning can simplify flood prediction while expanding the coverage of existing models. The model produces pixel-level flood probability maps, showing promising results in predicting large-scale flooding with Area Under the Curve (AUC) values above 0.9 and Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) scores exceeding 0.8. These outputs are both plausible and readily integrable into existing or new disaster response frameworks. As many regions remain underserved by flood prediction systems, this work lays the foundation for scalable machine learning applications that can help mitigate inequalities exacerbated by the increasing risk of flooding.
How Europe can and should become the guardian of the Paris Agreement on climate change

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Environmental issues have become one of the most salient topics on the political agenda. This is due to near-unanimous consensus amongst the scientific community that all types of environmental degradation, particularly the release of greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere leading to climate change, represent a threat to life on Earth. Nonetheless, until recently, progress on finding political solutions to environmental problems has been remarkably slow. This is often linked to fears that environmental regulation may hamper economic development. Europe has always been an exception in this regard, as from the 1960s onward, it has gradually succeeded in enacting some of the most comprehensive environmental legislation in the world. All the while, Europe has maintained steady economic development, demonstrating that the two can be reconciled and are in fact mutually reinforcing. Since the 1990s, Europe has relied on this solid base to play a leading role in the emerging global climate regime. This has been critical in shaping the European Union’s identity and incipient foreign policy as a normative power engaged in multilateral diplomacy to shape the international agenda. \n\nFollowing decades of laborious negotiations, the international community finally reached a new accord to tackle climate change during the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP) held in Paris in 2015. The so-called ‘Paris Agreement’, signed by 195 countries, represents the most comprehensive and far-reaching climate accord ever achieved. Consequently, President Trump’s decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement in June 2017 sent shockwaves through the international community. How should the EU respond to this setback? This paper will provide recommendations on how Europe can and should become the guardian of the Paris Agreement. The first part of the paper will focus on the historical context of Europe’s role in climate diplomacy up to the Paris Agreement. The second section will analyze the strengths and weaknesses of EU and member state environmental policies, demonstrating how Europe is committed to lead by example, inciting further international climate action. The last section will examine how leading by example will provide Europe with the authority to position itself at the heart of the global climate regime, building a network of robust partnerships with countries around the world to compensate for US disengagement.
King_information.pdf from Computing exponentially faster: implementing a non-deterministic universal Turing machine using DNA

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The theory of computer science is based around universal Turing machines (UTMs): abstract machines able to execute all possible algorithms. Modern digital computers are physical embodiments of classical UTMs. For the most important class of problem in computer science, non-deterministic polynomial complete problems, non-deterministic UTMs (NUTMs) are theoretically exponentially faster than both classical UTMs and quantum mechanical UTMs (QUTMs). However, no attempt has previously been made to build an NUTM, and their construction has been regarded as impossible. Here, we demonstrate the first physical design of an NUTM. This design is based on Thue string rewriting systems, and thereby avoids the limitations of most previous DNA computing schemes: all the computation is local (simple edits to strings) so there is no need for communication, and there is no need to order operations. The design exploits DNA's ability to replicate to execute an exponential number of computational paths in P time. Each Thue rewriting step is embodied in a DNA edit implemented using a novel combination of polymerase chain reactions and site-directed mutagenesis. We demonstrate that the design works using both computational modelling, and in vitro molecular biology experimentation: the design is thermodynamically favourable, microprogramming can be used to encode arbitrary Thue rules, all classes of Thue rule can be implemented, non-deterministic rule implementation, etc. In an NUTM, the resource limitation is space, which contrasts with classical UTMs and QUTMs where it is time. This fundamental difference enables an NUTM to trade space for time, which is significant for both theoretical computer science and physics. It is also of practical importance, for to quote Richard Feynman ‘there's plenty of room at the bottom’. This means that a desktop DNA NUTM could potentially utilize more processors than all the electronic computers in the world combined, and thereby outperform the World's current fastest supercomputer, while consuming a tiny fraction of its energy.
A multilateral investigation of the effects of zinc level on pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Backround The relationship between maternal zinc level and birth weight, birth week, delivery type, garvida, maternal age, etc., contribute to diagnosis and clinical follow‐up. Method Multivariate investigated for data of 275 patients were obtained during their pregnancy periods until birth. 3 cc blood samples were centrifuged for 15 minutes at 2500 g within a period of 30 minutes and were stored at −80°C until the time of analysis. The zinc levels of the patients were found to be within the range of 49‐129 μg/dL. Patients were divided into 8 groups according to their zinc levels (49‐59, 60‐69, …, 120‐129) and the relationships of zinc level with the parameters related to the mode of delivery, week of delivery, birth weight, age, early membrane rupture, live‐stillbirth, and gravid were statistically analyzed to determine differences between the groups. Results There was a significant difference between the live births and stillbirths with a 95% confidence level regarding the zinc level. The zinc level affected the live‐stillbirth status; patients with a zinc level of 49‐59 μg/dL had stillbirths, the live birth rate for 59‐69 μg/dL was approximately 50%, whereas it was approximately 88% for in the patients with a zinc level of 109‐119 μg/dL. All patients with a zinc level of 119 μg/dL and above had live births. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that zinc supplementation may be an appropriate treatment for the pregnant women with low zinc levels to provide the realization of live births .
Spatiotemporal trends and driving forces of pig production in China and the United States

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pig production plays a crucial role in meeting global nutritional needs, but its uneven spatial distribution results in localized increases in a series of nitrogen related pollution risks to water and air quality issues. This study examines the factors influencing the spatial distribution of pig production in China and the United States, the two largest pig producers globally, using provincial and county-level data from 2000 to 2021. Our findings reveal distinct patterns in both countries. In China, between 1990 and 2017, high pig production density areas shifted from the southern regions to the north, aligning with population and economic distribution but showing no significant relationship with feed supply. Conversely, in the United States, high pig production density areas expanded near the ‘Corn Belt,’ corresponding closely with feed supply distribution, with less influence from population or economic factors. In China, the spatial distribution of pig production is positively correlated with market demand and transportation infrastructures, but not with feed supply. In the United States, pig production distribution is significantly positively correlated with feed supply but not with regional market demand. This study concludes that distribution of pig production in China is more influenced by consumer demand and policies, whereas in the United States, feed supply capacity is the predominant driver force. China needs to develop appropriate policies to avoid concentrating pig farming in densely populated and ecologically fragile areas, to recoupling the crop and livestock production, without sacrificing the human- and ecosystem-health.