jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
An Investigation of the Stability of Free and Glucuronidated 11-Nor-Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic Acid in Authentic Urine Samples

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Preanalytical stability of a drug and its major metabolites is an important consideration in pharmacokinetic studies or whenever the analyte pattern is used to estimate drug habits. Firstly, the stability of free and glucuronidated 11-nor-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCCOOH, THCCOOglu) in authentic urine samples was investigated. Random urine samples of cannabis users (n = 38) were stored at -20, 4, and 20 degrees C up to 15 days and up to 5 days at 40 degrees C, and alterations of the analyte pattern during storage were followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Secondly, the influence of pH (range 5.0-8.0) on the stability of the analytes was studied using spiked urine to elucidate the results obtained from authentic samples. In authentic urine samples, the initial pH ranged from 5.1 to 8.8. The glucuronide was found to be highly labile at a storage temperature of 4 degrees C and above. Initially, 18 urine samples tested positive for THCCOOH. After 2 days storage at 20 degrees C, THCCOOH was detectable in a further 4 samples, and 7 more samples tested positive for THCCOOH (5-81 ng/mL) after 15 days. Depending on time and temperature, the glucuronide concentration decreased, resulting in an increase of THCCOOH concentration. However, a loss in mean total THCCOOH concentration was found, which was significantly higher in deteriorated samples than in samples without signs of deterioration after 15 days of storage at 20 degrees C. In the drug-free urine sample separately spiked with THCCOOglu or THCCOOH, the investigations on the stability of the target analytes at various pH values revealed that THCCOOH was stable at pH 5.0. At higher pH values, its concentration slightly decreased with time, and about 69% of the initial THCCOOH concentration was still present at pH 8.0 on day 5. THCCOOglu concentrations rapidly decreased with increasing pH value. For example, only 72% of the initial THCCOOglu concentration could be detected at pH 5.0 on day 1. Degradation of the glucuronide resulted in formation of THCCOOH, which was observed even at pH 5.0. In light of the present findings, advanced forensic interpretations based on the presence of THCCOOH or the pattern of THCCOOH and THCCOOglu in stored urine samples seems questionable.
Misdiagnosis and delayed diagnosis in traumatic intracranial haematoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Out of 51 patients with traumatic intracranial haematoma admitted to a teaching hospital 11 (22%) died undiagnosed, and out of 307 such patients transferred to the West of Scotland Regional Neurosurgical Centre 111 (36%) had been deteriorating for more than 12 hours in another hospital. In two-thirds of these cases the delay was due to an erroneous diagnosis, either of cerebrovascular accident or of alcoholic intoxication.
The van der Waals theory of nematic liquids

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the van der Waals theory of nematic liquids, an approximate molecular theory in which very short-range intermolecular repulsions are approximated by hard-rod exclusions, and somewhat longer-ranged intermolecular attractions are subject to a self-consistent mean-field treatment. The rationale, underlying assumptions, idealizations and approximations of the theory are presented in detail and the numerical results so far reported are summarized, together with the results of extensive new calculations, which provide a quite accurate test of the theory in its present state. Finally, the current status of the theory, its relative strengths and weaknesses, and the prospects for extending and improving it are discussed.
Iatrogenic Genitourinary Fistula: Changing Trends

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aims: To study the frequency of iatrogenic cause amongst the surgery done for genitourinary fistula and to study the type and cause of iatrogenic genitourinary fistula. Methods: This is a 5 year retrospective study analyses 73 iatrogenic fistulas from 217 women undergoing surgery for genitourinary fistula repair from year 2013 to 2018 on going. The analysis considers frequency and characteristics of type of fistula. Results: Out of 217 genitourinary fistula 73(33.6%) were iatrogenic. Vaginal vault fistulas were 54.7% followed by ureteric fistula 32.8%, vesicovaginal fistula 10.9% and there were 2 iatrogenic RVF. The frequency of surgeries for iatrogenic fistula were found to be in increasing trend towards current years and 83.5% of the iatrogenic fistula were found with history of hysterectomy followed by emergency caesarean section 16.4%. Conclusions: Women undergoing hysterectomy were under risk for iatrogenic fistula. Optimum work environment is important to reduce surgical error during procedures. Operating training should be emphasized on optimal surgical skills, decision making.
Our star: Amazigh music and the production of intimacy in 2011 Libya

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article explores the production and circulation of Amazigh music among Libyans between 2011 and 2013. It takes as a focal point the performance archive of Serbian-Libyan Amazigh singer Dania Ben Sasi, whose Amazigh-language music found unprecedented fame in Libya in 2011. Through close readings of her initial musical recording of that year, interviews with Ben Sasi and listeners, analysis of performances onstage and in daily life, and drawing on ethnographic fieldwork undertaken in Libya, Serbia, and Tunisia, I present a brief history of a temporary moment of political possibility. I suggest that the formation of an intimate public around Amazigh music in Libya offered glimpses of an unfinished future in which popular practices of recognition could still be built.
The Eriochilus dilatatus (Orchidaceae) complex in Western Australia: subspecies taxonomy is not supported by consistent differences in morphology or distribution

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A detailed study of taxonomic features of the Eriochilus dilatatus (Orchidaceae) complex (white bunny orchids) in Western Australia found that there were no consistent differences among most subspecies when herbarium specimens or living plants were compared. These subspecies were originally segregated primarily by differences in leaf size and shape and the number of flowers produced, but a critical examination of herbarium specimens found that these features were highly inconsistent within taxa. These features were also found to be highly variable over time and space within populations of living plants. The distribution patterns, habitat preferences and flowering times of these taxa were found to overlap, even for subspecies brevifolius and orientalis, which occupy the northern and eastern limits of the distribution of this species. Eriochilus dilatatus subsp. magnus and subsp. multiflorus were shown to be synonyms of subsp. dilatatus, whereas subsp. undulatus and subsp. orientalis are synonymised under subsp. brevifolius. As a result of this study, the two recognised subspecies are subsp. dilatatus and subsp. brevifolius, which can be readily separated by plant height, flower numbers and leaf morphology, except for a few intermediate plants where ranges overlap. New keys and descriptions to these taxa are provided. The reasons for previous taxonomic confusion in this group and in many other Western Australian orchids are discussed and research approaches to resolve these issues are suggested.
NPK combinations mitigate the deleterious effects of salt stress on the morphophysiology of West Indian Cherry

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Under salt stress, plant growth and development are negatively affected due to physiological changes,requiring strategies such as fertilization management to minimize these effects. In this scenario, this study aimedto evaluate the effect of combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the growth, leaf waterstatus, electrolyte leakage, and gas exchange of West Indian Cherry grown under water stress in the secondyear of production. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment in Campina Grande - PB.The treatments were distributed in a randomized block design with a 2 × 10 factorial arrangement with threereplications corresponding to two electrical conductivity levels of irrigation water– ECw (0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1)and ten combinations of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (80-100-100; 100-100-100; 120-100-100; 140-100-100; 100-80-100; 100-120-100; 100-140-100; 100-100-80; 100-100-120, and 100-100-140% of therecommendation in the second year of production). Irrigation with the ECw of 4.0 dS m-1 negatively affectedplant growth, the leaf water status, electrolyte leakage, and the leaf gas exchange of West Indian Cherry.However, the 40% increase (C4 -140-100-100% of the recommended N-P2O5-K2O level) in the nitrogen levelmitigated the deleterious effects of salt stress on the relative water content, internal CO2 concentration, and theCO2 assimilation rate of West Indian Cherry plants in the second year of production.
<title>Further investigation into the effects of lossy compression using free-response methodology</title>

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Using free-response methodology, we measured the comparative performance of trained observers for the task of detecting simulated pulmonary nodules in computed radiographic chest images that were compressed using the full-frame discrete cosine transform algorithm. six observers read fifty-one images containing a total of 372 simulated lesions of size ranging from 8 mm to 12 mm and with six different contrasts. The images were compressed to an average of 15:1 with the same parameters that were used in an earlier two-alternative forced- choice analysis. The results showed this level of compression did not increase the number of false=positive calls per image. also, observers tended to ignore the lowest contrast nodules in all images. At low contrast we expect compression to have the greatest effect. Therefore, overall performance was not degraded by the compression process, although performance was compromised at very low contrast.
A Mamlūk emir's ‘square’ decree

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In his catalogue of the Haram documents, D. P. Little has brought attention to a group of nine items, which he identifies with what the handbooks and other contemporary sources describe as murabba'āt One may accept the translation ‘square’ for convenience sake, but the surviving examples show that murabba'a should strictly be understood as ‘quadrangular’. Under question are documents written on a sheet of paper in ‘landscape’ mode, folded centrally to form four pages, and distinguished from documents written on a piece of paper in ‘portrait’ mode or a series of these stuck together to produce a scroll. While looking through the Cambridge University Library's varied collection of material, both paper and papyrus, that is known by the name of its immediate source, Michaelides, I came across one more example, at least, if one judges bythe shape and general lay-out. It seems to be of sufficient interest to merit a brief study, with some cross-reference to the Haram material.
Assessment of knowledge of Senegalese dentists on hepatitis B: A cross-sectional survey

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Hepatitis B poses serious public health problems worldwide, given its prevalence and associated mortality.The aim of this work was to study the knowledge of dental surgeons about viral B infection.Method: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of a sample of 171 dental surgeons.A probabilistic multistage, stratified and systematic sampling was used.The information collected using a questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics, variables related to knowledge about hepatitis B.Results: There were more male dental surgeons (67.3%) and the average of the professional exercise duration was 10 ± 8 years.Nearly 2% of dental surgeons felt that there was no risk of needle sticking already used in a patient with hepatitis B virus; it was the same for more than 8% and 15% for the bite and kissing with a patient with HBV. Conclusion:It remains important to develop awareness and information programs for dental surgeons on the different risks of HBV transmission.
Investigation of accelerated moving load on dynamic response of FG Timoshenko nanobeam in thermal environment based on nonlocal strain gradient theory

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For the first time, this paper investigates the forced vibrations of a functionally graded (FG) nanobeam with an accelerating moving load in a thermal environment. There is no exact coupling solution for the vibrations of nanobeam with an accelerated moving load, so this paper aims to provide a method to obtain an accurate solution for nanoscale structures with an accelerated moving load. The equations of motion are derived using Timoshenko's beam theory and the nonlocal strain gradient theory (NSGT). The Laplace method has been used to solve the coupling and exact differential equations. Then, by inverting Laplace from the coupled equations, an exact solution of the temporal response for FG nanobeam with constant acceleration and initial velocity in a thermal environment was obtained. The natural frequency was compared with previous works for validity and had acceptable results. Finally, the effect of parameters such as changes in acceleration and velocity of moving force, negative acceleration, power law index of FG material, different temperatures, nonlocal parameter, and longitudinal scale parameter on the maximum dynamic displacement of nanobeam is investigated. These results can be used better to design FG nanostructures with accelerated moving loads. Considering the sensitivity of data analysis in nano dimensions, it is necessary to provide an analytical solution method in these dimensions to reduce the error percentage in nano dimensions to zero. which is presented in this work for the first time.
The murine Pbx1-d lupus susceptibility allele accelerates mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and impairs their immunosuppressive function (BA4P.143)

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Pbx1-d is a dominant negative splice isoform of the gene Pbx1 that corresponds to the NZM2410 lupus susceptibility locus Sle1a1. Pbx1 is required to maintain stem cell self-renewal, including that of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs have immunosuppressive functions that require stem cell maintenance. We tested the hypothesis that the expression of Pbx1-d favors MSC differentiation and impairs their immunosuppressive functions. We demonstrate that Sle1a1 MSCs express high levels of Pbx1-d as compared to congenic C57BL/6 (B6) MSCs. Sle1a1 MSCs grew faster and differentiated significantly more rapidly into osteoblasts than B6 MSCs. This corresponded to a significant decrease in the expression of genes associated with stemness and an increase in the expression of genes associated with differentiation. In addition, Sle1a1 MSCs express a gene expression profile associated with an enhanced innate immunity and inflammation. Suppression of Ig production from TLR-activated B6 B cells and IL-2 secretion from activated B6 CD4+ T cells was significantly impaired is Sle1a1 MSCs as compared to B6 MSCs. B6.Sle1a1 MSCs showed intermediate activity in suppressing lupus immunophenotypes in three different mouse models. Together these data suggest that the expression of the lupus susceptibility allele Pbx1-d isoform impairs MSC functions, which may contribute to lupus pathogenesis both through a defective immunosuppression and the promotion of a pro-inflammatory environment.
Multidimensional Big Data Analytics over Big Web Knowledge Bases: Models, Issues, Research Trends, and a Reference Architecture

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper focuses the attention on the problem of supporting multidimensional big data analytics tools over Big Web Knowledge Bases. These big data repositories are generated from web systems built on top of big datasets, as in several real-life examples such as web interfaces to social networks, e-government systems, smart city tools (e.g., for weather forecasting), and so forth. The problem of extracting actionable knowledge insights from big web knowledge bases is a relevant challenge at now. In line with this emerging research field, the paper proposes models, issues and research trends in the context of multidimensional big data analytics over big web knowledge bases, along with a reference architecture that impersonates this paradigm.
Respons Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Bawang Daun (Allium fistulosum L.) pada Berbagai Dosis Kompos Ampas Sagu di dalam Polibag

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study aimed to examine the growth and production response of Allium fistolosum to the application of various doses of sago dregs compost and to determine the appropriate dose of sago dregs compost for it cultivation in polybags. This research was designed in Randomized Block Design (RAK) consisting of 4 doses of sago dregs compost treatments. The results showed that different doses of sago dregs compost had a significant effect on the growth and yield of Allium fistolosum. The dose of sago dregs compost with a dose of 600 g gave the highest yield on the parameters of observing plant height, stem diameter, and plant fresh weight.
A BIRTH AND DEATH URN FOR RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIALS: ASYMPTOTIC METHODS

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

SUMMARY. Consider the situation in which subjects arrive sequentially in a clinical trial. There are K possibly unrelated treatments. Suppose balls in an urn are labeled with treatments. When a subject arrives, a ball is drawn randomly from the urn, the subject receives the treatment indicated on the ball and the ball is returned to the urn. If the treatment is successful, one ball of the same type is added to the urn. Otherwise, one ball of the same type is taken out from the urn. Under certain assumptions, the urn process can be embedded in a continuous time birth and death process, and associated distributional results can thereby be obtained. Since certain treatments can die out, we introduce a Poisson immigration process to replenish the urn. We derive the maximum likelihood estimators of the success probabilities, prove their consistency and obtain their limiting distributions using martingale theory. We then derive inference procedures for the comparison of the K treatments.
Cytochromes of Bacillus subtilis. II. Purification and spectral properties of cytochromes c-550 and c-554.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Two c-type cytochromes were isolated from Bacillus subtilis K, a gram-positive bacterium, and purified by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and ion exchange resins. Cytochrome c-550 showed spectral properties similar to those of mammalian cytochrome c; it had absorption maxima at 528, 407, and 279 mμ in the oxidized form, and at 550, 520, 414, 316, and 279 mμ in the reduced form. Cytochrome c-554 showed absorption maxima at 523, 409, and 280 mμ in the oxidized form, and at 554, 521, 417, 316, and 280 mμ in the reduced form. The α-peak of this cytochrome associated with a bump at 550mμ, and split into two peaks at 546 mμ and 552mμ at liquid nitrogen temperature. CD*** spectra of the cytochrome showed that the chromophore responsible for the α-peak might be under the influence of anisotropic environments, and showed a large change in the ellipticity occurred in the Soret region with oxidation and reduction of the hemoprotein. Effects of pH, urea, guanidine-HCI, and SDS*** on the absorption spectra of cytochrome c-554 were studied. The absorption spectra of the ferricytochrome with cyanide, azide, and imidazolc were also investigated.
Incubators: Building community networks and developing open educational resources to integrate bioinformatics into life science education

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract While it is essential for life science students to be trained in modern techniques and approaches, rapidly developing, interdisciplinary fields such as bioinformatics present distinct challenges to undergraduate educators. In particular, many educators lack training in new fields, and high‐quality teaching and learning materials may be sparse. To address this challenge with respect to bioinformatics, the Network for the Integration of Bioinformatics into Life Science Education (NIBLSE), in partnership with Quantitative Undergraduate Biology Education and Synthesis (QUBES), developed incubators, a novel collaborative process for the development of open educational resources (OER). Incubators are short‐term, online communities that refine unpublished teaching lessons into more polished and widely usable learning resources. The resulting products are published and made freely available in the NIBLSE Resource Collection, providing recognition of scholarly work by incubator participants. In addition to producing accessible, high‐quality resources, incubators also provide opportunities for faculty development. Because participants are intentionally chosen to represent a range of expertise in bioinformatics and pedagogy, incubators also build professional connections among educators with diverse backgrounds and perspectives and promote the discussion of practical issues involved in deploying a resource in the classroom. Here we describe the incubator process and provide examples of beneficial outcomes. Our experience indicates that incubators are a low cost, short‐term, flexible method for the development of OERs and professional community that could be adapted to a variety of disciplinary and pedagogical contexts.
Effect of Photosensitization on Immunological and Chemical Properties of Antibodies

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

While the photodynamic action of dyes was well known 30 years ago, its application to microbiology was limited to the studies on their lethal action on bacteria and protozoa, and the inactivating action on toxin, antibodies, and complement. It was only in the last few years that the immunological activities of the treated substances were carefully examined. Perdrau and Todd reported on the preservation of antigenicity of canine distemper virus inactivated by photodynamic action of methylene blue. Others have since studied the antigenic action of various photodynamically inactivated bacteria and viruses as well as toxins, and in the majority of instances this has been well preserved. Furthermore, it has been suggested that organisms so treated may actually make better vaccine than those treated with heat or formalin. However, the reason for this better antigenicity is not clear. It might be conceived that the less change is made in the chemical structure of the antigen, the more complete is its antigenicity. It would be difficult, however, to study chemically the change produced by photosensitization on bacteria or viruses, but it is relatively simple to study the change produced on antibodies, particularly with those in a relatively pure state. In such a case, the immunological activity will then act as an index of the photodynamic action. The result of such a study is herewith presented. The general technic of photosensitization used in this study is essentially the same as that previously reported with the exception that the immune serum was always diluted 40-100 times before exposure. Both methylene blue and eosin were employed and their effect on the immune activity of various antibodies was observed. Furthermore, the action of eosin in the presence of light on the chemical properties of a purified antipneumococcus horse precipitin was also examined.