jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Comparison of New Zealand and United States securities markets through the looking glass of the Efficienct Market Hypothesis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In the United States the Efficient Market Hypothesis has dictated academic debate on securities law, particularly in the consideration of the regulatory system of mandatory disclosure under the Securities Exchange Act 1934. In New Zealand the Efficient Market Hypothesis has rarely been cited by the legal fraternity, the courts or by politicians. However, capital market ideas are entrenched in the Efficient Market Hypothesis, and because New Zealand has been at the forefront of deregulation since the early 1980s it has a regulatory system of mandatory disclosure which reflects, at least in part, the principles of the Efficient Market Hypothesis Chapter 1 of this thesis reviews the literature concerning the Efficient Market Hypothesis. Chapter 2 provides a general description of the characteristics of the New Zealand and United States financial environments, and then focuses on the legal and regulatory systems of mandatory disclosure within which those countries operate. 1 Cunningham, Lawrence A., Capital Market Theory, Mandatory Disclosure, and Price Discovery, 51 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 843 (1994) at 844 2 Cunningham, Lawrence A., Capital Market Theory, Mandatory Disclosure, and Price Discovery, 51 Wash. & Lee L. Rev. 843 (1994) at 844 Chapter 3 discussed applying the Efficient Market Hypothesis to the environments described in Chapter 2. It considers whether the New Zealand and United States financial markets can be considered efficient markets under the accepted definition. It then examines some examples of existing mandatory disclosure laws, both in the United States and New Zealand, which seem to rely on notions that are supported by the Efficient Market Hypothesis, whether or not these notions are expressed as such. Finally, Chapter 4 discusses the relationship between efficient markets and mandatory disclosure laws, and then summarises how this relationship has been reflected in New Zealand and the United States. The conclusion is that there are many aspects of Efficient Market Disclosure apparent in the legal and regulatory systems in the United States and New Zealand. INDEX WORDS: Efficient Market Hypothesis, Securities, Shares, Regulation, and Disclosure, Capital Markets COMPARISON OF NEW ZEALAND UNITED STATES SECURITIES MARKETS THROUGH THE LOOKING GLASS OF THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS: ASPECTS OF THEIR SYSTEMS OF DISCLOSURE ACCORDING TO THE EFFICIENT MARKET HYPOTHESIS
10.1063/5.0144679.2

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Micro-combustors, which are emerging as portable power sources, have serious flame stabilization issues due to enhanced heat losses. Hydrogen, an eco-friendly alternative to conventional fossil fuels, can be a potential fuel for micro-combustors because of its high calorific value, leading to high energy density. In the present work, numerical simulations of premixed lean (equivalence ratio = 0.5) hydrogen-air flames in a 2 mm wide channel with three different wall materials (glass, steel, and aluminum) were performed. The effects of the wall material on the dynamics of the flames were extensively studied. The walls of the combustor play an important role by conducting heat upstream and facilitating ignition and stabilization of the flame. For different values of wall thermal diffusivity, periodically oscillating flames of varying frequencies ( ∼400−1200 Hz) and intermittent bursting flames were observed. Time series analysis and modal decomposition of temperature fields were utilized to quantify the flame dynamics and to identify the dominant structures of the flames. A recurrence analysis using the temperature time series data revealed significant differences in flame dynamics, including period-2 oscillations and intermittency, for different wall materials. The underlying physics behind the periodic oscillations and intermittent bursting has been explained.
A wide range operation power system stabilizer design with neural networks using power flow characteristics

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The paper presents a neural network-based power system stabilizer (neuro-PSS) design methodology for a generator connected to a multimachine power system on the basis of the nonlinear power flow dynamics. By utilizing the power flow dynamics, it has not only a wide operation range compared with a conventional PSS design based on a linear model, but also reduces the size of network to train. The neuro-PSS consists of two neural networks: neuroidentifier; and neurocontroller. The rotor dynamics of a generator during low frequency oscillations is modeled by the neuroidentifier with the power flow dynamics. A generalized backpropagation thorough time (GBTT) algorithm is then developed to train the neuro-PSS. The simulation results show that the neuro-PSS designed in this paper performs well with good damping for a wide operation range compared with the conventional PSS.
Effects of Cellulose and Pectin on Diet-induced Thermogenesis in Young Women

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

본 연구에서는 불용성 식이섬유인 셀룰로오스와 수용성 식이섬유인 펙틴이 식사성 열생성에 미치는 영향을 관찰하기 위하여 건강한 여자 대학생을 대상으로 식이섬유 제한식인 CD를 대조군으로 셀룰로오스식인 CED, 펙틴식인 PTD를 급식시켜 식후 3시간 동안의 DIT와 체온, 심박수를 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 대상자들의 나이는 평균 22.3±1.9세이었고, 신장과 체중은 각각 평균 159.7±4.7 ㎝ 및 52.5±8.6 ㎏이었다. 대상자들의 휴식대사량은 평균 0.79±0.02 kcal/min이었다. 시간에 따른 DIT는 모든 실험식에서 식후 30분에 최고치를 나타내었다가 이후 감소하는 경향이었다. 실험식사 섭취 후 3시간 동안 측정한 DIT의 반응면적( Δ-AUC)은 CD, CED 및 PTD가 각각 59.77±2.66 ㎉, 39.91±2.65 ㎉ 및 47.26±5.76 ㎉를 기록하여 섭취한 열량의 14.05±0.62%, 9.33±0.62% 및 11.07±1.35%이었다. 식이섬유를 첨가한 실험군인 CED와 PTD가 CD에 비해 식후 3시간 동안의 DIT가 유의적으로 낮았으나, 식이섬유간 DIT는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 실험식사 섭취 후 3시간 동안 측정한 체온의 반응면적( Δ-AUC)은 실험식 간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나, 심박수로 측정한 교감신경계는 CD가 CED 및 PTD에 비하여 유의적으로 높았고, 식이섬유 간의 차이는 없었다. 이상에서와 같이 동량의 종류를 달리하여 제공한셀룰로오스식과 펙틴식이 식후 열생성을 유의적으로 낮추었다. 그러나 대상자의 심박수, 체온, 체조성과 같은 제요인과의 상관성을 밝히지 못하여, 이의 기전을 밝히기 위한 추후 연구가 필요하다.
Connecting and disconnecting for chain self-reconfiguration with PolyBot

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Chain modular robots form systems with many degrees of freedom which are capable of being reconfigured to form arbitrary chain-based topologies. This reconfiguration requires the detaching of modules from one point in the system and reattaching at another. The internal errors in the system (especially with large numbers of modules) are such that accurate movement of chain ends, required for the attaching of modules, can be extremely difficult. A three-phase docking process is described that utilizes both open- and closed-loop techniques. This process has been shown to work with an early version. Issues raised during this testing have been addressed in a later version. Discussion of these issues, their solutions, and preliminary results of the testing the latest version are given.
Growth Assessment and Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) Criteria in children with steroid-sensitive Nephrotic syndrome (SSNS) and frequent relapses treated with long-term prednisone therapy (LTPT): Comparison between children who developed obesity versus those who did not develop obesity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Searchable abstracts of presentations at key conferences in endocrinology ISSN 1470-3947 (print) | ISSN 1479-6848 (online)
High-speed cryo-microscopy reveals that ice-nucleating proteins of Pseudomonas syringae trigger freezing at hydrophobic interfaces

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ice-nucleating proteins (INpro) trigger the freezing of supercooled water droplets relevant to atmospheric, biological, and technological applications. The high ice nucleation activity of INpro isolated from the bacteria Pseudomonas syringae could be linked to the aggregation of proteins at the bacterial membrane or at the air-water interface (AWI) of droplets. Here, we imaged freezing onsets, providing direct evidence of these proposed mechanisms. High-speed cryo-microscopy identified the onset location of freezing in droplets between two protein-repellent glass slides. INpro from sterilized P. syringae (Snomax) statistically favored nucleation at the AWI of the droplets. Removing cellular fragments by filtration or adding surfactants increased the frequency of nucleation events at the AWI. On the other hand, cultivated intact bacteria cells or lipid-free droplets nucleated ice without an affinity to the AWI. Overall, we provide visual evidence that INpro from P. syringae trigger freezing at hydrophobic interfaces, such as the AWI or the bacterial membrane, with important mechanistic implications for applications of INpro.
Taxonomic review of the genus Aesalus (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) in the Himalayas

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The genus Aesalus F., 1801 of the family Lucanidae in the Himalayas is reviewed, and a new species, A. saburoi sp. n., is described from Central Nepal. This new species has been confused with A. himalayicus Kurosawa 1985, but differs from the latter mainly by a darker and broader body, and by different shapes of the intercoxal process of the prosternum and of male genitalia. The male of A. himalayicus sensu stricto is described for the first time and the male genitalia are illustrated. A key to the members of the genus Aesalus from the Himalayas is provided.
Regret lower bounds and extended Upper Confidence Bounds policies in stochastic multi-armed bandit problem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper is devoted to regret lower bounds in the classical model of stochastic multi-armed bandit. A well-known result of Lai and Robbins, which has then been extended by Burnetas and Katehakis, has established the presence of a logarithmic bound for all consistent policies. We relax the notion of consistence, and exhibit a generalisation of the logarithmic bound. We also show the non existence of logarithmic bound in the general case of Hannan consistency. To get these results, we study variants of popular Upper Confidence Bounds (ucb) policies. As a by-product, we prove that it is impossible to design an adaptive policy that would select the best of two algorithms by taking advantage of the properties of the environment.
SEASONED EQUITY OFFERINGS FOR NEW INVESTMENT AND THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF INSIDER TRADES

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Significant negative valuation effects are widely acknowledged for firms announcing seasoned equity offerings. This result is consistent with theoretical models linking new equity issues to increased adverse‐selection costs, lower management ownership in the firm, misuse of free cash flow, or expectations for earnings declines. Also increasingly evident, insiders trade around corporate announcements. We test the hypothesis that insider trading and announcements of new equity issues serve as joint signals in the market's evaluation of prospective capital investment projects. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that insider trading is related to market reaction to announcements of new equity issues.
Plastics Growth Rate Slowing?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTPlastics Growth Rate Slowing?Investment analyst also finds increased competition; others see much more product development aheadCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1957, 35, 14a, 96Publication Date (Print):April 8, 1957Publication History Published online6 November 2010Published inissue 8 April 1957https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v035n014a.p096Copyright © 1957 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views4Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (109 KB) SUBJECTS:Plastics Get e-Alerts
THE COMBINATION EFFECT AND MECHANISM OF HALS WITH ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE RADIATION RESISTANCE OF PPII. THE MECHANISM OF THE COMBINATION EFFECT OF HALS WITH ANTIOXIDANTS

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The combination mechanism of PDS (copolymer of 2,2,6,6 tetramethyl 4 piperidinyl methacrylate (TMPM) with styrene) with several kinds of antioxidants was studied by measuring the concentration of hydroperoxide formed in PP, the mass increase of PP and the carbonyl index of PP. It was found that the concentration of POOH formed in PP, the mass increase of PP and the carbonyl index of PP are lower in the systems with better combination effect. It is believed that the reason for the synergism of PDS with most of the antioxidants is that they can remove the hydroperoxide and peroxy radicals formed in PP more effectively.
Elements of Trust

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

A COMMON NOTION… –The notion of trust is widely used in everyday language. Interpersonal relationships – be it friendship or romance – are in great part based on mutual trust. When parties enter into a legal relationship, they will have to trust each other at least to certain extent. While contracts can be used to ensure that all parties will duly carry out their responsibilities under such a legal relationship, it is clear that most parties like to avoid having to turn to the contract and potential litigation as a means of enforcing performance. When new services are introduced – such as e-commerce services or a new social media platform –one of the core questions potential users face is whether they trust the underlying service provider. The matter of trust has especially become important in the era of so-called Big Data, where service providers maintain a myriad of their users’ personal data. The same is true for virtual currency services. As noted in the previous chapter, one driver behind the development of cryptocurrencies was distrust in traditional financial system market players – such as banks. In the case of cryptocurrencies, the decentralized blockchain technology provides cryptographic proof of its operations, rather than requiring users to trust one particular party. In turn, cryptocurrencies do require their users to trust the underlying technology. Such trust may not come automatically, as it has already been proven that the blockchain technology could be abused. As a result, cryptocurrencies – and virtual currencies at large –will have to prove worthy of their users’ trust. Trust, in other words, is imperative yet must be earned.
Association of killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes with tuberculosis disease in two Canadian cohorts

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

In Canada, and more specifically in Canadian-born Aboriginals and foreign born populations, high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) causes significant morbidity and mortality. The presence or absence of specific killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes, individually or in conjunction, may be associated with tuberculosis (active, latent, or uninfected disease status) as well as ethnicity of an individual. It is hypothesized that the differences in KIR profiles, gene frequencies, and/or haplotypes in Canadian-born Aboriginal, Canadian-born non-Aboriginal, and foreign born individuals elicits a differential activation or inhibition profile, resulting in differential cytokine expression and eventually contributes to the outcome of TB infection. In this study we examined the enrichment or depletion of KIR genes in different ethnic populations in Manitoba with special focus on active, latent, and uninfected TB status. In addition, we sought to explore the statistical correlation between TB status and inhibitory/stimulatory KIR haplotypes.
Changes of Tocopherols, Tocotrienols, γ-Oryzanol, and γ-Aminobutyric Acid Levels in the Germinated Brown Rice of Pigmented and Nonpigmented Cultivars

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study examined the changes of tocopherols (Toc), tocotrienols (T3), γ-oryzanol (GO), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contents in germinated brown rice (GBR) of pigmented and nonpigmented cultivars under different germination conditions. Results showed that the Toc and T3 contents in GBR were significantly different between treatments in both rice cultivars. The pigmented GBR possessed higher total vitamin E, total Toc, total T3, and GO contents than the nonpigmented GBR; however, its level of GABA was lower. The order of the three highest vitamin E homologues in pigmented and nonpigmented GBR was γ-T3 > γ-Toc > α-Toc and α-Toc > γ-T3 > α-T3, respectively; β-Toc, β-T3, δ-Toc, and δ-T3 were present in only small amounts (≤1.0 mg/kg) in GBR of both cultivars. Although both cultivars showed an increase in GABA contents with increasing germination time, the GABA content in nonpigmented GBR was higher.
Dynamic rating method of traction network based on wind speed prediction

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The operating temperature of the transmission line in the traction network is affected by geographical and climatic factors, especially the wind speed. To make better use of the thermal stability transmission capacity of the traction power supply system in improving the short-term emergency transmission capacity, the dynamic rating technology is introduced into the traction power supply system. According to the time-varying characteristics of the actual wind speed, a dynamic rating method of the traction network based on wind speed prediction is proposed and constructed. Based on the time series model in predicting the wind speed series along the corridor of the traction network, the temperature curve of each transmission line under different currents is calculated by combining it with the heat balance equation of an IEEE-738 capacity expansion model, thus the relationship between the peak operating temperature and current of each transmission line in the prediction period is obtained. According to the current distribution coefficient, the capacity increase limit of the traction network is determined. The example shows that the proposed dynamic rating method based on wind speed prediction is an effective method to predict the short-term safe capacity increase limit of the traction network, which can increase the comprehensive capacity of the traction network by about 45% in the next six hours, and the capacity increase effect is obvious, which can provide reference and technical support for short-term emergency dispatching of traction power supply dispatching centres.
Ultrastructural studies of necrolytic migratory erythema

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

• Necrolytic migratory erythema is a disorder highly suggestive of glucagonoma syndrome. We carried out histologic and electron microscopic studies of the skin lesions in a 57-year-old woman with the glucagonoma syndrome. Light microscopic studies revealed hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, formation of clefts in the upper epidermis, and scattered dyskeratotic cells. Ultrastructurally, the intercellular spaces were widened in the upper epidermis and desmosomes were reduced in number. The cytoplasm of affected cells showed vacuolar degeneration; the organelles were lysed or absent. There were scattered dark cells and dyskeratotic cells. These changes appear to represent a degenerative process of the keratinocytes. (Arch Dermatol1982;118:679-682)
Improved method of recovering Toxocara species ova from soil.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Perforation of ileal duplication in old ageIntestinal duplications have an individual muscle coat, submucosa, and an epithelium corresponding to the structure of the adjacent bowel, although heterotopic mucosa is common.Such anomalies generally lie within the mesentery or mediastinum and may com- municate with the bowel or remain discrete.They are either tubular or cystic in nature.Most are found during childhood, often at opera- tion.Out of 315 cases recorded up to 1950, Dohn and Poulsen1 found that 30% were first diagnosed in patients aged 16 and only 5% in patients over 50.Anderson et a12 reviewed 63 cases in adults recorded between 1949 and 1959; the oldest patient was 68, the condition being found incidentally at necropsy.We report a case of peritonitis occur- ring after perforation of an ileal duplication in old age. Case reportAn 81-year-old man was admitted to hospital as an emergency case with a
Analyzing the Relationship between Single Base Flipping and Strand Slippage near DNA Duplex Termini

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Insertion-deletion (indel) mutations are caused by strand slippage between pairing primer and template strands during nucleic acid strand extension. A possible causative factor for such strand slippage is base flipping in the primer strand or template strand, for insertion or deletion mutations, respectively. A simple mechanistic description is that the "hole" in the nucleic acid duplex left behind by a flipping base is occupied by a neighboring base on the same strand, resulting in slippage with respect to its paired strand. The extent of single base flipping required for occupation of its former place in the double helix by a neighboring base is not fully understood. The present study uses restrained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations along a pseudohedihedral base flipping parameter to construct two-dimensional free energy profiles along base flipping and strand slippage geometric parameters. These profiles, generated for both cytosine and guanine single base flipping in a short repetitive indel mutation hot-spot DNA sequence, illustrate the extent of single base flipping that can allow strand slippage by one base position. Relatively minor base flipping into both the major and minor grooves can result in strand slippage. Deconstruction of the collective variable strand slippage geometric parameter into its component distances illustrates the details of how strand slippage can accompany base flipping. The trans Watson-Crick:sugar edge interaction that stabilizes cytosine flipping in this hot-spot sequence is also characterized energetically. The impact of these results on understanding sequence dependence of indel errors in nucleic acid strand extension is discussed, along with a suggestion for future studies that can generalize the present findings to all nearest-neighbor sequence contexts.