jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Forced-Convective Condensation of Pure Steam and Ammonia-Steam Vapor Mixtures in a Shell-Tube Condenser

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In this paper, we present our experimental findings for the forced-convective condensation of pure steam and ammonia-steam vapor mixture in a horizontal annulus in a counter-current shell-tube condenser. Experiments with ammonia-steam mixtures were conducted for ∼ 90% ammonia concentration (by wt.) for vapor inlet mass fluxes ranging from 2 to 5 kg/m2s. The local heat transfer coefficient varied considerably along the condenser and this variation was strongly linked to the condensate flow patterns in the annulus. Based on a condensate drainage model, the flow in the annulus was mapped on to flow maps for horizontal in-tube condensing flows. The delineated flow regimes were utilized to explain augmentation or deterioration of local heat transfer in the condenser. The average heat transfer coefficients are presented as a function of the condensate and vapor Reynolds number for both steam and ammonia-steam mixture. The results for pure steam are higher than those predicted by annular flow correlation developed in the past. For ammonia-steam mixtures, the average heat transfer coefficients are about 16% of those for pure steam due to the vapor layer resistance at the interface.
Human suppressive neutrophils CD16bright/CD62Ldim exhibit decreased adhesion

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Decrease capture under flow and chemotaxis toward fMLF of human CD16bright/CD62Ldim suppressive neutrophils, compared to CD16bright/CD62Lbright and CD16dim/CD62Lbright neutrophils. Neutrophils are essential effector cells in host defense against invading pathogens. Regulation of adhesion, migration, and chemotactic processes is important in the homing and activation of these cells. We recently described three distinct subsets of circulating human neutrophils in peripheral blood during acute systemic inflammation. One subset, CD16bright/CD62Ldim, has immune suppressive characteristics because it can inhibit T-cell proliferation. The other two subsets consist of banded CD16dim/CD62Lbright and phenotypically mature (normal) CD16bright/CD62Lbright neutrophils. The current study was designed to determine the adhesion characteristics of these different neutrophil subsets. Analysis of adhesion to activated endothelium under flow conditions revealed that CD16bright/CD62Ldim neutrophils adhered less compared with CD16bright/CD62Lbright and CD16dim/CD62Lbright neutrophils. This decrease in binding capacity could be mimicked in the other neutrophil subsets by blocking L-selectin. Chemotaxis of CD16bright/CD62Ldim neutrophils to the end-target chemoattractant N-formylmethionine-leucine-phenylalanine was lower compared with that for the CD16dim/CD62Lbright neutrophil subset, whereas chemotaxis to cell-derived chemoattractant CXCL8 was comparable. Our data indicate that capture on endothelium under flow conditions, a key mechanism necessary for extravasation, of CD16bright/CD62Ldim neutrophils to inflammatory sites is attenuated, which may facilitate migration of these cells to other tissue localizations. Modulation of this process is a potential target to manipulate inflammation because potentiation of this immune suppression might aid in anti-inflammatory therapy.
Complementary limb motion estimation based on interjoint coordination using Principal Components Analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For the restitution of walking of a hemiplegic patient by means of a motorized orthosis, as well as in intelligent prosthetics, a major challenge is the coordination of healthy and robotically assisted limbs. The approach suggested here employs the method of Principal Components Analysis to first analyze the coupling of human Degrees of Freedom (DoFs) in healthy subjects. Based on this knowledge, adequate motion for inoperable DoFs in impaired patients is estimated on-line from sound limb motion. Thus, the intention of a partially paralyzed person or an amputee can be deduced from residual body motion, in order to coordinately actuate or supervise the impaired limbs. To evaluate the approach, simulations with recorded gait trajectories of healthy subjects are performed. The results of these theoretical investigations show a promising potential.
Does your university have an instructional technology strategy?: Knowing where you are going

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ICT is seen as one of the elements contributing to the overall success of the educational institution. This paper outlines the process of devising the institutional instructional technology strategy, its elements, guiding principles, and critical success factors leading to implementation. Though we base main premises of our strategy on concrete examples pertaining to our University, they might be transferred to other settings, thus facilitating the process of devising and implementing a similar strategy in a different educational organization.
Tunable Fulleretic Sodalite MOFs: Highly Efficient\nand Controllable Entrapment of C<sub>60</sub> Fullerene via Mechanochemistry

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Encapsulation and confinement of\nfullerene guests in metal-organic\nframeworks (MOFs) lead to a novel class of crystalline fulleretic\nmaterials with unique physicochemical properties and a broad field\nof potential applications. The control over the amount of target guests\nconfined in the MOF structure remains a significant challenge, which\nis particularly pronounced in the confinement of hardly accessible\nfullerene derivatives. The main strategies used in constructing fulleretic\ncomposites are limited by the solubility of components used and solvent\nversus guest competition for inhabitation of the framework voids.\nAs mechanochemical procedures often overcome these issues, we developed\nhere solvent-free processing by ball milling to gain control over\nthe encapsulation of bulky and rigid C<sub>60</sub>-fullerene into\na sodalite MOF with large cages and narrow cage-apertures. A rapid,\ngreen, efficient, and stoichiometry-controlled mechanochemical processing\nafforded four model C<sub>60</sub>@zeolitic-imidazolate framework\n8 (ZIF-8) crystalline materials containing target 15, 30, 60, and\n100 mol % of fullerene entrapped in the accessible cages of the model\nsodalite zeolitic-imidazolate framework 8 (ZIF-8), in stark contrast\nto the solution-based strategies that resulted in almost no loading.\nVarying the fullerene content affects the framework’s vibrational\nproperties, color and luminescence of the composites, and the electron-dose\nradiation stability. The computational and spectroscopic studies show\nthat the fullerene is accommodated in the cage’s center and\nthat the cage-to-cage transport is a hardly feasible and energetically\nunfavored process. However, the fast release of C<sub>60</sub> molecules\nfrom ZIF-8 can be effectively controlled by the pH. The entrapment\nof fullerene molecules in ZIF-8 resulted in their effective isolation\neven in higher loadings, paving the way to other tunable porous fulleretics\ncontaining single-molecule magnets or nanoprobes available on low\nscales.
Some biological aspects in Vicia faba L.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Vicia faba L. is an annual plant useful both in man's and animal's nutrition. Horsebean seeds are rich in protein thus being an excellent source of lysine. One major drawback with these is the presence of vicins, co-vicins and tannins in the seed cover. Researches were carried out at the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca and focused upon certain cytogenetically aspects; also, on the biology of flowering and vegetation period.
Current concepts of anemia management in chronic renal failure: impact of NKF-DOQI.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Since the introduction of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) into clinical nephrology practice 10 years ago, there has been a slow increase in hemoglobin (Hgb) levels, but most patients with the anemia of chronic renal failure are still moderately anemic and have not achieved the target Hgb (11 to 12 g/dL) recommended by the NKF-DOQI anemia guidelines. Functional iron deficiency, insufficient rHuEPO doses and comorbid factors such as inflammation/infection have been the major reasons for not achieving this target. By optimizing iron stores with regular infusions of intravenous iron in the hemodialysis patient (who has significant blood [iron] losses related to the hemodialysis procedure), and giving adequate amounts of rHuEPO, preferably subcutaneously instead of intravenously, the NKF-DOQI recommended target Hb can be achieved in the majority of patients so treated.
High genetic and haplotype diversity in vaccine candidate Pfceltos but not Pfrh5 among malaria-infected children in Ibadan, Nigeria

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Malaria remains a global public health challenge. The disease has a great impact in sub-Saharan Africa among children under five years of age and pregnant women. Malaria control programs targeting the parasite and mosquitoes vectors with combinational therapy and insecticide-treated bednets are becoming obsolete due to the phenomenon of resistance, which is a challenge for reducing morbidity and mortality. Malaria vaccines would be effective alternative to the problem of parasite and insecticide resistance, but focal reports of polymorphisms in malaria candidate antigens have made it difficult to design an effective malaria vaccine. Therefore, studies geared towards elucidating the polymorphic pattern and how genes targeted for vaccine design evolve are imperative. We have carried out molecular and genetic analysis of two genes encoding vaccine candidates—the Plasmodium falciparum cell traversal ookinetes and sporozoites ( Pfceltos ) and P. falciparum reticulocyte binding protein 5 ( Pfrh5 ) in parasite isolates from malaria-infected children in Ibadan, Nigeria to evaluate their genetic diversity, relatedness and pattern of molecular evolution. Pfceltos and Pfrh5 genes were amplified from P. falciparum positive samples. Amplified fragments were purified and sequenced using the chain termination method. Post-sequence edit of fragments and application of various population genetic analyses was done. We observed a higher number of segregating sites and haplotypes in the Pfceltos than in Pfrh5 gene, the former also presenting higher haplotype (0.942) and nucleotide diversity ( θ = 0.01219 and π = 0.01148). In contrast, a lower haplotype (0.426) and nucleotide diversity ( θ = 0.00125; π = 0.00095) was observed in the Pfrh5 gene. Neutrality tests do not show deviation from neutral expectations for Pfceltos , with the circulation of multiple low frequency haplotypes (Tajima’s D = −0.21637; Fu and Li’s D = −0.08164; Fu and Li’s F = −0.14051). Strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between variable sites, in each of the genes studied. We postulate that the high diversity and circulation of multiple haplotypes has the potential of making a Pfceltos -subunit vaccine ineffective, while the low genetic diversity of Pfrh5 gene substantiates its evolutionary conservation and potential as a malaria vaccine candidate.
As You Like It: European Union Normative Power in the European Neighbourhood Policy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter addresses some of the methodological, theoretical and empirical challenges of studying the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). It will argue that analysing the youthful ENP presents a wide variety of challenges for scholars of the EU's relations with its near neighbours, in particular the question of theoretical presuppositions. The chapter will discuss these challenges in four parts involving the methodological location of the ENP, the theoretical framing of the ENP, a 'normative power' approach to the ENP and concluding with a brief analytical reflection. The chapter also carries an argument — that the challenges of studying the ENP are least well served by traditional approaches to political science, and might be better advanced by rethinking these presumptions. Thus, conventional presumptions of 'much ado about nothing' in the ENP may benefit from a reflection on the extent to which these presumptions are determinate in analysing whether the ENP is 'as you like it'.
The Drug Drama

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background

Cutaneous lymphomas are a heterogeneous group of lymphomas characterised by T and B clonal lymphoproliferative infiltrates that appear and remain confined to the skin without evidence of involvement of other organs/systems in the six months following diagnosis. Some subtypes of cutaneous T epidermotropic lymphomas respond favourably to topical treatment with steroids. Betamethasone dipropionate is a synthetic high-potency glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive action used as the main topical treatment in the early stages of LNH-T–Mycosis Fungoides, or as an adjuvant treatment in advanced stages of the disease. In the Portuguese pharmaceutical market only a 0.05% (w/w) (0.5 mg/g) cream is available although for this therapeutic indication strengths in a range of 0.025%–0.1% (w/w) are required. This was already an off-label clinical use and a higher concentration was required due to insufficient response to the concentration available.

Purpose

To prepare and characterise a topical 0.1% (w/w) (1 mg/g) betamethasone (dipropionate) cream and evaluate the overall response in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas.

Materials and Methods

Several batches of a compounded W/O emulsion containing betamethasone 0.1% (w/w) (1 mg/g) were prepared and analysed for macroscopic characteristics, pH, rheological properties and microbiological quality (total germs, fungal, yeasts and E. coli). Patients were evaluated monthly and the overall response was recorded (CR-cutaneous lesion totally disappeared; PR-partial remission – objective response >50%<100%; Stabilized disease if cutaneous lesions were similar; No response if cutaneous lesions worsened).

Results

We obtained a white, homogeneous, opaque and odourless cream with a pseudoplastic behaviour. The pH of the formulations at 22 ± 3ºC was 5 (±0.5). Microbiological control for non-sterile products revealed no growth of micro-organisms. By the end of the first month one patient (11.1%) showed partial remission, the others (88.9%) had their cutaneous disease lesions stabilised.

Conclusions

The topical emulsion developed has pH values and rheological characteristics suitable for drug stability and topical skin application. Clinical data is still insufficient for any conclusions. No conflict of interest.
Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum CWI 54046

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Triticum aestivum L. subsp. aestivum
Common name(s): Wheat
Other names: COAH94.3.19
Conserved by: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico
Local sample unique identifier: CWI 54046
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1994
Other identifiers: n/a,CWI54046, n/a,GID 158885, n/a,CID 147761 SID 0
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
[Surgical treatment of spinal stenosis].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis is aimed at decompressing the structures of the spinal canal. Several surgical techniques have been described over the last few years. This article gives a survey of the surgical procedures used for the treatment of spinal stenosis. When comparing and discussing indications and current surgical techniques used for spinal stenosis, one can describe some general tendencies: if the symptoms are severe or disabling and do not respond to appropriate conservative treatment, or if the patient is not able to cope with the pain any longer and views his or her quality of life as unacceptable, surgery is indicated. If the symptoms are mainly radicular, (microsurgical) decompression should be performed. If back pain is the main problem combined with preoperative evidence of segmental instability, spondylolisthesis, or scoliosis, one should consider spinal fusion in addition to an appropriate decompression. Further investigations are necessary to exactly find out the appropriate indications for a fusion and to answer the question of whether spinal instrumentation should be used.
An optically pumped molecular bromine laser

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Molecular bromine has been observed to lase when optically pumped on individual vibration–rotation lines. With no dispersive elements in the laser cavity the output consists of several doublets, corresponding to P- and R-branch transitions from the excited (B) state populated by the pump pulse to various vibrational levels of the ground state. The insertion of an intracavity prism causes a single doublet to lase, with a corresponding reduction in output power. In the current experiments the output wavelength was tunable from 550 nm in the green to 750 nm in the red for each transition pumped near 532 nm. The broadband efficiency was a few tenths of a percent, with the single-line output efficiency one-tenth of that. The theoretical gain at 10 torr and 300 K was estimated to be 0.05–0.40 per cm. This system offers a quasicontinuous tunable source of radiation ranging from the visible to 3.5 μm in the infrared.
IV: Possible Explanation for Quark Confinement and Dark Matter

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Chronometric invariant general relativity (CIGR) predicts that massive particles are dipoles, with the positive mass state being in normal 4D space time, and the negative mass state being in mirror space-time, where time is directed from the future to the past. However CIGR has not been unified with quantum mechanics yet, and so we question this result. In this paper, we investigate the nature of matter in mirror space-time. In a previous paper we have presented evidence that Ehrenhaft detected magnetic monopoles in 1930, not in 4D space-time but in mirror space-time. So we investigate his claims to have observed fractional electric charges, to see if we can find evidence for new physics. We also examine the results of the experiments by Millikan to determine the charge on the electron. We conclude that Ehrenhaft and others did observe fractional charges, and that Millikan also observed a few of these, providing some corroboration. We explain the differences in their results in terms of different hardware, and the photo-mirror effect. We find preliminary evidence that quarks and preons exist in mirror space-time, which provides the ``bags'' to contain them, which can be ``unzipped'' by the photo-mirror effect. The data rule out preon models with charges of e/3 and 2e/3, but are compatible with preons with charges of e/9. Better data would be desirable. We make the conjectures that preons could be dark matter, and that the mirror sector eliminates the need for inflation.
Synge and His Critics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

AT THE TIME OF HIS DEATH IN 1909, John M. Synge's drama was being criticized for the wrong reasons. Scant attention was being paid to the artistic value of his drama in Ireland except by some of his intimate friends such as William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, AE, and Padraic Colum, all of whom were in the theatre movement. Most of the criticism leveled at Synge's drama was political. Arthur Griffith, editor of the nationalist newspaper, The United Irishman, spear-headed the attack on Synge by other fervent nationalists such as James Connally and Maud Gonne. They supported the Irish National Theatre Society so long as it remained Irish and nationalist, and as long as it was not antithetical to the aims of the Gaelic League and the Irish Nationalists. Some plays, like Yeats's Cathleen Ni Houlihan, were considered worthy of the Irish cause, but Synge's plays, particularly The Shadow of the Glen, The Tinker's Wedding, and The Playboy of the Western World, were blasted as "unwholesome productions." Other critics, along with Griffith, attacked the plays on moral grounds as well as political, because the plays had nothing Irish about them and because they were more characteristic of Continental "decadent" literature than of Irish literature. Synge was labelled a subversive who was undermining the morality and the hallowed customs of the Irish people and defaming the sanctity of the Roman Catholic Church; his plays were considered to be an affront to the dignity of the proud, nationalistic Irishman. Not only did the nationalistic newspapers attack Synge and his drama, but playgoers also hissed, booed, and rioted, not in protest against Synge the dramatist, but because they completely misunderstood his portrayal of the common Irish peasant.
The neurophysiology of the teeth.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Irritation of human teeth can evoke pain sensations of varying qualities depending on the type and intensity of the stimuli used. For example, drilling or air drying of dentin typically induces sharp, piercing pain, while intense heating of the tooth can cause dull, aching pain sensation. The dental pulp is richly innervated by both myelinated (A-fibers, mostly A delta-type) and unmyelinated (C-fibers) axons. A-fibers seem to be responsible for the sensitivity of dentin. They respond to stimuli that induce sharp pain in human teeth, for example, drilling of dentin and drying of dentin with air blasts. C-fibers are activated only when the stimuli used reach the pulp proper. They respond to intense heating. In human teeth, dull pain is induced at a temperature level corresponding to the heat thresholds of intradental C-fibers. The other functional characteristics of C-fibers indicate that they may play a role in the mediation of the dull pain connected with pulpal inflammation. Accordingly, activation of intradental nerve fibers of A- and C-type may contribute to the varying qualities of pain sensations induced by stimulation of human teeth.
Release, establishment, and movement of the predator Typhlodromus pyri (Acari: Phytoseiidae) on apple

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In Ontario apple [ Malus × domestica Mill. (Rosaceae)] orchards, the application of certain pesticides kills phytoseiid predatory mites and causes outbreaks of phytophagous mites. We released a strain of the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae), obtained from Nova Scotia and with organophosphate- and pyrethroid-resistant traits, into adjacent ’McIntosh’ and ’Red Delicious’ apple orchards and followed its progress over four seasons. The T . pyri strain established in the orchards, became the dominant predator, and was associated with low densities of the phytophagous mites Panonychus ulmi Koch and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa) (Acari: Eriophyidae). It moved slowly through the orchards and took 4 years to reach the 28th tree (84 m) from the release point in both orchards. The predominant wind direction did not appear to influence T . pyri movement. It was present in high numbers on release trees, or trees near these release trees, each summer after release, unlike other predatory species including Typhlodromus caudiglans (Schuster) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), and Zetzellia mali (Ewing) (Acari: Stigmaeidae). This species appears particularly useful for biological control of phytophagous mites in Ontario and is worthy of further testing for conservation and augmentative release.