jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Maternal RBPMS2 protein plays a crucial role in mouse blastocyst formation

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background Maternal factors that accumulate and stored in the cytoplasm of mature oocytes regulate preimplantation embryogenesis through many aspects, like pronuclear formation, genome reprogramming, zygotic genome activation and cell fate determination. However, most of maternal factors are still unknown. We investigated the role of the maternal protein RBPMS2 during early embryo development in mice and explored the underlying mechanisms. Methods The expression pattern of rbpms2 in mouse were analyzed by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining. The effect of knockdown of RBPMS2 on embryo development was evaluated through microinjection of specific morpholino. RNA sequencing was performed for mechanistic analysis. The interaction between RBPMS2 and BMP pathway was studied using BMP inhibitor and activator. The effect of the localization of E-cadherin was determined by immunofluorescence staining. Results The maternal protein RBPMS2 is highly expressed in mouse oocytes and knockdown of RBPMS2 inhibits embryo development from the morula to blastocyst stage. Mechanically, RNA sequencing showed the differentially expressed genes were enriched in TGF-β signaling pathway. We then found embryo arrested in morula stage by adding BMP inhibitor into KSOM medium. And the morula-stage arrest defect caused by RBPMS2 knockdown was partially rescued by BMP activator. Furthermore, localization of E-cadherin in the membrane was impaired in response to knockdown of RBPMS2 or inhibition of BMP pathway. Conclusion Our study suggests that RBPMS2 activates the BMP pathway and thus influences the localization of E-cadherin, which is important for early mouse embryo development during compaction.
Boundaries in Miniature: Two Examples from Soil

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Transitions between atmosphere and soil, and between soil and roots, are two examples of small-scale boundaries across which the nutrient, water, and gas dynamics of ecosystems are modulated. Most atmospheric inputs to ecosystems have to pass through the soil; thus, the atmosphere–soil boundary influences the type and amount of materials and energy entering the soil. Belowground plant inputs occur through the rhizosphere, the zone of soil immediately adjacent to the root. This soil boundary layer affects root inputs to soil and root extraction of water and nutrients from soil. We discuss how water, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen dynamics are affected by atmosphere–soil and soil–root boundaries and how light, soil pH, and dust are affected by the atmosphere–soil boundary. (We also examine pH with regard to the root–soil boundary, but not in a separate section.) We examine the linkages between these small-scale boundaries and landscape ecology and discuss how the understanding of small-scale boundaries can contribute to the emerging field of boundary theory.
Value of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy for Diagnosis of Creatine Deficiency Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Creatine deficiency syndromes are congenital metabolic diseases characterized by decreased cerebral creatine levels as a result of disorders in creatine synthesis and transport. Therefore, magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a valuable tool for diagnosis. This disease can be explained by congenital disorders occurring in three forms at different stages of the creatine metabolic pathway. Two of disorders arise autosomal recessively in creatine biosynthesis, arginine-glycine amidinotransferase, and guanidinoacetate methyltransferase enzyme deficiency. The third disorder occurs as a result of an SLC6A8 variant in the form of creatine carrier protein deficiency. In this article, a patient with SLC6A8 carrier deficiency is presented.
Romanian adjectives at the syntax-semantics interface

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we argue for the existence of two local domains (phases, cf. Chomsky 2001; 2009; Legate 2003, among others) inside the DP: the n *-phase, parallel to the v P (as in Svenonius 2004), and the d *-phase, parallel to the CP. Two acknowledged phasal properties are discussed. (i) The n */ d *-phases define their own peripheries: peripheries are essentially modal-quantificational spaces, as shown by the decomposition of Topic—Focus features recently proposed (Butler 2004; McNay 2005; 2006). (ii) Phases are assumed to be domains of linearization: after (internal or external) merge, syntactic objects are hierarchical, but not linear, so phases must be linearized before they are sent to PF. The distribution and interpretation of DP-internal adjectives is taken to be indicative of these two domains.
Towards successful implementation of continuing professional development – a survey of psychiatrists' attitudes

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Aims and Method This survey aims to aid implementation of continuing professional development (CPD) by determining the acceptability of current proposals and predict problem areas. All non-training grade psychiatrists working in the area of a single deanery were asked about their attitude to CPD and, in particular, focusing on the peer group method. Results Of the 115 respondents, 98% said they agreed with some form of CPD. Just under half of respondents thought peer groups were appropriate for CPD planning, with four being the most popular size, and 3 months the preferred frequency of meeting. Problems identified with the peer group structure included individual, speciality-based and organisation-related issues. Regarding sharing of CPD information, 40% of respondents thought the College should receive updates of individual progress, while the medical director was cited in over half. Finally, loss of educational supervisor status was felt to be the most appropriate penalty for failure to adhere to the CPD process. Clinical Implications These results indicate that although there is general agreement to some form of CPD, peer groups are not universally accepted as the best design.
Comparison of Clinical Long-Term Outcomes with Two Types of One-Piece Aspheric Intraocular Lenses after Cataract Surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To compare the clinical outcomes of glistening-free intraocular lens (IOL) and conventional 1-piece aspheric IOL in implanted in-the-bag.Methods: After phacoemulsification performed by a single surgeon, 2 different IOLs were implanted: enVista MX60 (glisteningfree 1-piece aspheric IOL) in 38 eyes (group A) and AcrySof IQ (conventional 1-piece aspheric IOL) in 46 eyes (group B).Glare symptom score (0-5) obtained by questionnaires, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), Functional Acuity Contrast Test (FACT), posterior capsular opacity (PCO), glistening formation and spherical equivalent error were compared and analyzed preoperatively and 6 months and 12 months postoperatively.Results: A statistically significant improvement of BCVA and contrast sensitivity postoperatively was observed in all groups.There was statistically significant increase of glistening in group B compared with group A. However, there was no significant difference of FACT scores of spatial frequency in A, B, C, D and E columns and glare symptom score (0-10) obtained by questionnaires 12 months after surgery.Spherical equivalent errors were -0.38 ± 0.27 D and -0.36 ± 0.28 D for groups A and B, respectively.PCO occurred in 2 eyes in group A and 4 eyes in group B. Conclusions: EnVista MX60 IOL showed less glistening formation than AcrySof IQ IOL, however, there was no significant difference in terms of vision quality such as BCVA, FACT and glare symptom score at 12 months postoperatively.
Mammalian Retinal Bipolar Cells: Morphological Identification and Systematic Classification in Rabbit Retina With a Comparative Perspective

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Retinal bipolar cells (BCs) convey visual signals from photoreceptors to more than 50 types of rabbit retinal ganglion cells (Famiglietti, 2020). More than 40 years ago, 10–11 types of bipolar cells were recognized in rabbit and cat retinas (Famiglietti, 1981). Twenty years later, 10 were identified in mouse, rat, and monkey, while recent molecular genetic studies indicate that there are 15 types of bipolar cell in mouse retina (Shekhar et al., 2016). The present detailed study of more than 800 bipolar cells in 11 Golgi‐impregnated rabbit retinas indicates that there are 14–16 types of cone bipolar cell and one type of rod bipolar cell in rabbit retina. These have been carefully analyzed in terms of dendritic and axonal morphology and axon terminal stratification with respect to fiducial starburst amacrine cells. In fortuitous proximity, several types of bipolar cell can be related to identified ganglion cells by stratification and by contacts suggestive of synaptic connection. These results are compared with other studies of rabbit bipolar cells. Homologies with bipolar cells of mouse and monkey are considered in functional terms.
Sex and substantive due process: The gendered nature of constitutional development, 1873-1937.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This dissertation explains the gendered historical and constitutional roots of West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish. This 1937 Supreme Court case gave rise to the modern welfare state by allowing the states and federal government to regulate the economy without having to fear that the courts would invalidate their policies. Throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, US courts largely opposed legislative attempts to improve the terms and conditions of labor for employees, striking down protective measures. The most notable example, the Supreme Court's ruling in Lochner v. New York, is often described as a disastrous attempt by the Justices to impose their conservative views nationally. In such interpretations, West Coast Hotel is a watershed moment and the beginning of a new constitutional era, rejecting the misguided reasoning of Lochner. This dissertation sees West Coast Hotel instead as the end of a developmental process dependent on the role that gender played in US court cases on protective labor legislation. While courts often invalidated generalized protective legislation, they frequently upheld such legislation for women. This dissertation explores the reasoning in the cases decided between 1873 and 1937. It examines the use of substantive due process, the protection of substantive liberties under the Fourteenth Amendment's and parallel state constitutional provisions that life, liberty, or property may not be taken away without due process of law. By analyzing materials from the women's movement, briefs filed in the US Supreme Court, and all reported opinions on the state and federal level, the study demonstrates that considerations of cases involving women's measures ultimately came to drive the development of doctrine. As the legal community established the default position that general legislation was invalid, its members focused their attention on laws affecting women, using this issue as an analytical space in which to work out the arguments for and against regulation. While legal scholars have focused principally on the tension between due process and police power, this work demonstrates that a shift in focus from labor to laborers and from gendered to facially gender-neutral arguments grounded the reasoning and outcome in West Coast Hotel.
Detection rate of serrated polyps and serrated polyposis syndrome in colorectal cancer screening cohorts: a European overview

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective The role of serrated polyps (SPs) as colorectal cancer precursor is increasingly recognised. However, the true prevalence SPs is largely unknown. We aimed to evaluate the detection rate of SPs subtypes as well as serrated polyposis syndrome (SPS) among European screening cohorts. Methods Prospectively collected screening cohorts of ≥1000 individuals were eligible for inclusion. Colonoscopies performed before 2009 and/or in individuals aged below 50 were excluded. Rate of SPs was assessed, categorised for histology, location and size. Age–sex–standardised number needed to screen (NNS) to detect SPs were calculated. Rate of SPS was assessed in cohorts with known colonoscopy follow-up data. Clinically relevant SPs (regarded as a separate entity) were defined as SPs ≥10 mm and/or SPs >5 mm in the proximal colon. Results Three faecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening cohorts and two primary colonoscopy screening cohorts (range 1.426–205.949 individuals) were included. Rate of SPs ranged between 15.1% and 27.2% (median 19.5%), of sessile serrated polyps between 2.2% and 4.8% (median 3.3%) and of clinically relevant SPs between 2.1% and 7.8% (median 4.6%). Rate of SPs was similar in FOBT-based cohorts as in colonoscopy screening cohorts. No apparent association between the rate of SP and gender or age was shown. Rate of SPS ranged from 0% to 0.5%, which increased to 0.4% to 0.8% after follow-up colonoscopy. Conclusions The detection rate of SPs is variable among screening cohorts, and standards for reporting, detection and histopathological assessment should be established. The median rate, as found in this study, may contribute to define uniform minimum standards for males and females between 50 and 75 years of age.
Clinical classification of brow ptosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: The study of the eyebrow is a great challenge for plastic surgery because of its complex relationship with facial structures. The present study aims to describe a clinical classification of brow ptosis. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with patients of both sexes and ages ranging from 18 to 100 years, subdivided into 3 groups according to age. Group 1: 18 to 30 years of age, Group 2: 31 to 60 years of age, and Group 3: 61 to 100 years of age. Three measurements were taken on each side by different examiners blinded to each other's results. RESULTS: A total of 90 patients, with ages ranging from 18 to 94, including 39 (43.3%) men and 51 (56.7%) women, were studied. Group 1, with a mean age of 26.7 years was considered normal, with mean brow ptosis of 2.14 cm. In Group 2, with a mean age of 44.2 years, the mean brow measurement was 1.9 cm. In Group 3, the mean age was 72.6 years and the mean brow measurement was 1.27 cm. The table outlining the brow ptosis classification assigns a degree of ptosis to each interval, ranging from I to IV. Each degree was correlated with a numerical range in which > 1.8 cm is normal, 1.7-1.5 cm corresponds to degree I ptosis, 1.4-1.2 cm to degree II ptosis, 1.1-0.9 cm to degree III ptosis, and < 0.8 cm to degree IV ptosis. Surgery was indicated for degrees II, III, and IV. CONCLUSION: The objective measurement of brow tail position enabled classification of the degree of ptosis and guides surgical decision-making.
Hypertension due to a deoxycorticosterone-secreting adrenal tumour diagnosed during pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Mineralocorticoid hypertension is most often caused by autonomous overproduction of aldosterone, but excess of other mineralocorticoid precursors can lead to a similar presentation. 11-Deoxycorticosterone (DOC) excess, which can occur in 11-β hydroxylase or 17-α hydroxylase deficiencies, in DOC-producing adrenocortical tumours or in patients taking 11-β hydroxylase inhibitors, may cause mineralocorticoid hypertension. We report a 35-year-old woman who in the third trimester of pregnancy was found to have a large adrenal mass on routine obstetric ultrasound. On referral to our unit, persistent hypertension and long-standing hypokalaemia was noted, despite good compliance with multiple antihypertensives. Ten years earlier, she had hypertension noted in pregnancy which had persisted after delivery. A MRI scan confirmed the presence of a 12 cm adrenal mass and biochemistry revealed high levels of DOC and low/normal renin, aldosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone, with normal catecholamine levels. The patient was treated with antihypertensives until obstetric delivery, following which she underwent an adrenalectomy. Histology confirmed a large adrenal cortical neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential. Postoperatively, blood pressure and serum potassium normalised, and the antihypertensive medication was stopped. Over 10 years of follow-up, she remains asymptomatic with normal DOC measurements. This case should alert clinicians to the possibility of a diagnosis of a DOC-producing adrenal tumours in patients with adrenal nodules and apparent mineralocorticoid hypertension in the presence of low or normal levels of aldosterone. The associated diagnostic and management challenges are discussed. Learning points: Hypermineralocorticoidism is characterised by hypertension, volume expansion and hypokalaemic alkalosis and is most commonly due to overproduction of aldosterone. However, excess of other mineralocorticoid products, such as DOC, lead to the same syndrome but with normal or low aldosterone levels. The differential diagnosis of resistant hypertension with low renin and low/normal aldosterone includes congenital adrenal hyperplasia, syndrome of apparent mineralocorticoid excess, Cushing’s syndrome, Liddle’s syndrome and 11-deoxycorticosterone-producing tumours. DOC is one intermediate product in the mineralocorticoid synthesis with weaker activity than aldosterone. However, marked DOC excess seen in 11-β hydroxylase or 17-α hydroxylase deficiencies in DOC-producing adrenocortical tumours or in patients taking 11-β hydroxylase inhibitors, may cause mineralocorticoid hypertension. Excessive production of DOC in adrenocortical tumours has been attributed to reduced activity of the enzymes 11-β hydroxylase and 17-α hydroxylase and increased activity of 21-α hydroxylase. The diagnosis of DOC-producing adrenal tumours is challenging because of its rarity and poor availability of DOC laboratory assays.
Exercise Mediates Myokine Release and Tumor Suppression in Prostate Cancer Independent of Androgen Signaling

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A prominent toxicity of androgen suppression in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) is loss of skeletal muscle. Exercise may induce tumor suppression through the endocrinal function of skeletal muscle; however, this is currently unknown. In this review, we summarize our work demonstrating the acute and chronic myokine response to exercise and the tumor-suppressive effect of circulatory milieu alteration in PCa patients.
Nursing-bottle caries: the importance of a development perspective.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Early diagnosis of nursing-bottle caries is so difficult because its first stage is difficult to detect, and occurs at an age the child does not visit a dentist regularly. Also, the first stage does not appear alarming. If for the parent serious complaints from the child arise, irreversible defects already have developed. The developmental stages of nursing-bottle caries are clearly linked to the eruption pattern of the primary teeth. The maxillary primary incisors are affected first, followed by the maxillary first molars. In all stages, a stabilized condition, arrested caries, can occur, if circumstances change. A correct diagnosis of the etiology of caries in toddlers and preschoolers is mandatory as a basis for introducing proper preventive measures. Further study is mandatory to clarify the cause and effect of the disease-pattern.
Oxidative Stress in Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation: Does Malondialdehyde Hold Predictive Value?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Objectives: Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is a common complication following cardiac surgery, associated with increased morbidity and prolonged hospital stays. Oxidative stress has been implicated in POAF pathogenesis, with malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, proposed as a potential biomarker. However, conflicting evidence exists regarding its predictive value. This study aimed to assess the association between serum MDA levels and POAF incidence in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study included 99 consecutive patients undergoing elective on-pump cardiac surgery. Patients with preoperative atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis, or emergency surgery were excluded. Blood samples for MDA measurement were collected at six perioperative time points: preoperatively, intraoperatively after aortic clamp release, and at 8, 24, 48, and 72 h postoperatively. Patients were monitored for new-onset POAF during the first three postoperative days. Statistical analyses included independent samples t-tests, Mann–Whitney U-tests, and Fisher’s exact tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: POAF occurred in 33 (33%) patients. Patients who developed POAF were significantly older (p = 0.017) and had higher EuroSCORE II values (p = 0.019). No significant differences were observed in serum MDA concentrations between POAF and non-POAF patients at any measured time point. The incidence of POAF was higher in patients undergoing valvular surgery (p = 0.014). Conclusions: Serum MDA levels were not associated with POAF development, suggesting that lipid peroxidation alone may not play a central role in POAF pathogenesis. These findings challenge the predictive value of MDA for POAF risk stratification. Future research should explore alternative oxidative stress markers and their potential therapeutic implications in POAF prevention.
A TEST OF THE ABC MODEL UNDERLYING RATIONAL EMOTIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The ABC model underlying Ellis's Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy predicts that people who think more irrationally should respond to daily stressors or hassles differently than do people who think less irrationally. This study tested this aspect of the ABC model. 192 college students were administered the Survey of Personal Beliefs and the Hassles Scale to measure irrational thinking and daily hassles, respectively. Students who scored higher on overall irrational thinking reported a significantly higher frequency of hassles than did those who scored lower on overall irrational thinking, while students who scored higher on awfulizing and low frustration tolerance reported a significantly greater intensity of hassles than did those who scored lower on awfulizing and low frustration tolerance. This indicates support for the ABC model, especially Ellis's construct of irrational beliefs central to this model.