jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cranial nerve pathology in multiple system atrophy (MSA): Implications for the in vivo evaluation of disease (P1.271)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

OBJECTIVE: To assess alpha-synuclein (AS) pathology at the entry (Redlich-Obersteiner) zone of the glossopharyngeal/vagus nerves (CNs IX/X) in MSA, Parkinson disease (PD) and Lewy body disease (LBD), as well as AS deposition in olfactory bulb and tract (OB/CN I) and the optic pathway in MSA. BACKGROUND: Patients with PD and LBD may have AS lesions in extra-CNS tissues and OB/CN I, offering potential for in vivo biopsy confirmation of disease. Involvement of cranial nerves in MSA is less well known. DESIGN/METHODS: AS-immunoreactive lesions across the entry zone of CNs IX/X were evaluated in pathologically confirmed autopsied patients, including 16 with MSA (median age 67 years) and 9 with PD or LBD (median age 82 years). OB/CN I involvement was evaluated in 6 MSA patients (median age 63 years). Glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) were assessed in the optic chiasm and tract of 18 MSA patients (median age 67 years). RESULTS: Seven of 9 PD/LBD cases (77.8[percnt]) showed AS lesions at the CN IX/X entry zone, typically as multiple strongly immunoreactive axons; this was not seen in MSA (Fisher exact p = 0.00002). In contrast, MSA patients demonstrated AS pathology in the OB/CN I as GCIs (100[percnt]), neuronal inclusions (83.3[percnt]) and LB-like inclusions and neurites (33.3[percnt]). GCIs in optic pathway were frequent in MSA (88.9[percnt]), ranging from 1-9 GCIs per 10x microscopic field, and GCI density was independent of disease duration. CONCLUSIONS: The entry zone of CNs IX/X lacks AS pathology in MSA, suggesting that extra-CNS tissues subserved by these peripheral nerves would not harbor diagnostic AS lesions on premortem biopsy. MSA patients have pathologic involvement of OB/CN I, including LB-like inclusions and neurites. Further, GCIs are present in the optic pathway of many MSA patients suggesting the possibility of AS deposition in the retinal ganglion cell layer.
Effect of fluid bodily movement in tai chi on creativity and cognition in healthy undergraduates

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of fluid bodily movements in Tai Chi (TC) and Walking Aerobics (WA) on cognitive functioning and creativity in healthy university students. As previous studies showed that tracing fluid movement patterns with one’s hand improves creativity, it is hypothesized that creativity would increase after TC due to fluid bodily movements in the activity. A total of 20 participants were tested individually and randomly assigned to follow an exercise comprising of fluid bodily movements (20 min of TC) and an exercise of non-fluid nature (20 min of WA) on YouTube. Cognitive function and creativity tests were implemented at baseline, after TC, and after WA. Additional self-report scales were used to measure levels of exercise intensity, perceived mood, and arousal. Findings suggest that creativity scores decreased significantly from baseline to TC and from baseline to WA (p < 0.05). Stroop Test scores improved significantly from baseline to TC and from baseline to WA (p < 0.05), and there were no significant differences across Digit Span test scores (p > 0.05). In conclusion, fluid bodily movement improves cognition but decreases creativity.The findings are in contrast of the expected improvement in creativity, which may be attributed to the differing exercise intensities and continuous repetitive movements of TC and WA. Future studies that address these limitations can apply the findings to other physical activities involving fluid bodily movements, such as swimming and Pilates, as an additional incentive to encourage people to participate in such exercises.
Institutional Solid Waste Management Practices: Case Study of Agriculture University in Kashmir

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study was carried on solid waste management in Sher-Kashmir University of Agricultural Science and Technology Kashmir. It is noted that the advantages in managing solid waste at institutional level such as university because of its unique characteristics also influences the waste management needs and strategies. This paper outlines findings from a yearlong study through surveys, field investigations, including on-site waste measurements and questionnaire on institutional solid waste management. It was discovered that the waste's content was primarily organic in content, suggesting a strong disposing potential in terms of organic manure or biogas production through scientific digestion and composting. The study revealed that maximum contribution to organic waste in the form of food waste was from messes of the hostels (53.32 T). That can be biodegradable managed and properly disposed, hence make a significant change in the waste management system. Hostels also generate 17.77T of plastic waste annually that needs processing through scientific recycling techniques on sustainable basis. The study found that scientific segregation of trash might significantly improve solid waste management at other universities with a comparable environment.
Study on effect of ligustrazine improving scopolamine-induced deficits in learning and memory performance in rats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Three-Panel maze was used to observe the effect of Ligustrazine to learning and memory of the amnesiac rats which were induced by scopolamine and further discussed the potential mechanism of Ligustrazine.The results showed that scopolamine could reduce the obtainable learning and memory of the practiced rats. Ligustrazine could improve the learning and memory of the amnesiac rats.The results of statistic had significant difference.Perhaps,the mechanism may stimulate the activity of cholinergic nerve system and increase the content of Ach in the brain tissues.
Heart Failure: Molecules, Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction (Eric N. Olson). Control of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure by histone acetylation/deacetylation (Eric N. Olson, Johannes Backs and Timothy A. McKinsey) . Discussion. A novel mechanism of mechanical stress-induced hypertrophy (Hiroshi Akazawa, Yunzeng Zou and Issei Komuro) . Discussion. Controlling cardiomyocyte survival (N. de Jonge, M. J. Goumans, Daan Lips, Rutger Hassink, Eva J. Vlug, Roy van der Meel, Christopher Donald Emmerson, Joppe Nijman, Leon de Windt and Pieter A. Doevendans) . Discussion. Mechanisms of angiotensin II-dependent progression to heart failure (Mona Nemer, Nassim Dali-Youcef, Hao Wang, Anne Aries and Pierre Paradis) . Discussion. Alterations in myocardial gene expression as a basis for cardiomyopathies and heart failure (Matthew R. Taylor and Michael R. Bristow) . Discussion. Role of the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1)/phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway mediating physiological cardiac hypertrophy (Julie R. McMullen and Seigo Izumo). Discussion. Role of Akt in cardiac growth and metabolism(Anthony J. Muslin and Brian DeBosch). Discussion. Novel therapy for heart failure and exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia based on 'fixing' the leak in ryanodine receptors (Andrew R. Marks). Discussion. General discussion I. Phospholamban as a therapeutic modality in heart failure (Guoxiang Chu and Evangelia G. Kranias). Discussion. Sarcomere protein gene mutations and inherited heart disease: a b-cardiac myosin heavy chain mutation causing endocardial fibroelastosis and heart failure (Mitsuhiro Kamisago, Joachim P. Schmitt, Dennis McNamara, Christine Seidman and Jonathan G. Seidman). Discussion. The cardiomyocyte cell cycle (Pascal J. E. Lafontant and Loren J. Field). Discussion. Restoration of cardiac function with progenitor cells (Carmen Urbich, Lothar Rossig and Stefanie Dimmeler). Discussion. Signalling pathways in cardiac regeneration (Maria Paola Santini, Nadine Winn and Nadia Rosenthal). Discussion. Beyond small molecule drugs for heart failure: prospects for gene therapy (Kenneth R. Chien). Discussion. Dual roles of telomerase in cardiac protection and repair (Michael D. Schneider). Discussion. Final general discussion. Closing remarks: historical perspective (Arnold M. Katz). Index of contributors. Subject index.
Safety monitoring

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter deals with statistical methods used in safety monitoring. The methods described here are those that are used to capture safety signals of a clinical trial in progress rather than to summarize the entire safety profile of a completed trial or integrate the safety data of a particular trial with those of other trials in the same clinical program. The chapter describes some useful steps for the planning for safety monitoring. The statistical methodology is discussed in two parts: methods used by the sponsor and those employed by the data monitoring committee (DMC). The chapter focuses on what statistical methods and operations are most essential for safety monitoring. It concludes with a discussion on the challenges of emerging issues such as adaptive designs, real-time serious adverse events (SAEs) reporting via the internet, the anticipated merger of healthcare delivery and clinical trials, and the high-tech future of drug safety.
Introduction: The Jamesian Balloon

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This is Wells's Reginald Boon, reading James in 1915. We would not expect either Wells or Boon to be entirely sympathetic towards the Jamesian enterprise, but Boon's reading turns out to be a useful misreading which raises one of the main issues we shall pursue: that is, his opposition of 'penetration' to 'surface'. Boon clearly has a notion of novelistic realism lurking behind this judgement, a realism that will prove to be entirely inappropriate to a fiction which demonstrates above all the insufficiency of Boon's oppositional terms within the changing history witnessed by the final quarter of the nineteenth century. This history records the shifts in manners and modes of social and commercial intercourse within the development of the marketplace and the rise of consumer culture, a history charted vividly in James's early novels by his female characters (notably Catherine Sloper, the Baroness Munster, Madame Merle, Verena Tarrant and Miriam Rooth). Here, 'surface' takes on a new resonance as the reconstructed 'real' of social contact for the purposes of display and exchange, and its major strategy of performativeness is also picked up by Boon: The only living human motives left in the novels of Henry James are a certain avidity and an entirely superficial curiosity. Even when relations are irregular or when sins are hinted at, you feel that these are merely attitudes taken up, gambits before the game of attainment and over-perception begins.
Predicting the mass spectrum of polymerizing linoleates using weighted random graph modeling

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Biopolymers and biopolymer networks that form via autoxidation, like in drying of oil paint or fat degradation in food components, contain a large variety of monomeric building blocks. While the monomer variety complicates the modeling itself, obtaining experimental validation of infinite polymer networks is inherently difficult as well. A new model is developed, where an automated reaction network generation (ARNG) procedure is used to automatically generate the monomer components, structures and masses, and their reactions. This methodology is combined with random graph (RG) modeling to predict global polymer properties: distributions of numbers of monomer units and molar masses, gel point and gel fraction. This computational framework is applied to two model systems for linseed oil paint binder: the polymerization of ethyl linoleate (EL) and methyl linoleate (ML). A novel method was constructed to deal with the variability of monomer masses that complicates inferring molar mass from monomer number distribution. By modeling the polymer as a weighted random graph where the nodes contain information about the monomer masses in the system, the total weight of the finite connected components is computed. The predicted mass spectrum of finite connected components is used for validation with experimental data. A size exclusion chromatography (SEC) trace of ML is employed, which after calibration using the proposed framework, proves consistency between model and SEC data. The model provides a practical approach to both characterize complex biopolymers as polymers in terms of molar mass distribution and gel point, while preserving the information down to the level of monomeric units.
Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Porous Adsorbents for Postcombustion CO2 Capture

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Three-dimensional (3D) crumpled graphene-based porous adsorbents with highly interconnected networks were synthesized through a facile one-step physical activation method using reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as precursor, for separation of carbon dioxide (CO2) from postcombustion flue gas mixtures. Due to their large surface area (above 1300 m2 g–1), high pore volume (over 1 cm3 g–1), and well-defined bimodal microporous–mesoporous structure, these hierarchical porous graphene-based materials demonstrate rapid, stable, reversible, and high CO2 uptake of 2.45 mmol g–1 at 25 °C and 1 bar. Importantly, the CO2 over nitrogen (N2) adsorption selectivity is among the best at partial pressures relevant to capturing CO2 emanating from postcombustion power plants fueled with either coal or natural gas. Moreover, the isosteric heat of adsorption of only −27.42 kJ mol–1 at zero coverage reflects the ease of adsorbent regeneration with significantly low energy consumption, which in turn might reduce the costs of carbon capture and sequestration.
Nonlinear dynamics, artificial neural networks and neuro-fuzzy classifier for automatic assessing of tremor severity

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Neurological diseases like Alzheimer, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease (PD), and other dementias influence the lives of patients, their families and society. In PD the brain area affected by progressive destruction of neurons is responsible for controlling movements, and patients reveal rigid and uncontrollable gestures, postural instability, small handwriting and tremor. Commercial activity-promoting gaming systems such as the Nintendo Wii and Xbox Kinect can be used as tools for tremor, gait or other biomedical signals acquisitions. This paper emphasizes the use of intelligent optical sensors or accelerometers in biomedical signal acquisition, and of the specific nonlinear dynamics parameters or fuzzy logic in Parkinson's disease tremor analysis. For classification and discrimination between healthy people and PD people we used Artificial Neural Networks (Radial Basis Function - RBF and Multilayer Perceptrons - MLP) and an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Classifier (ANFC). In general, the results may be expressed as a prognostic (risk degree to contact PD).
CNS Aquaporin‐4‐specific B cells connect with multiple B‐cell compartments in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Objectives Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a severe inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) targeted against aquaporin‐4 (AQP4). The origin and trafficking of AQP4‐specific B cells in NMOSD remains unknown. Methods Peripheral ( n = 7) and splenic B cells ( n = 1) recovered from seven NMOSD patients were sorted into plasmablasts, naïve, memory, and CD27‐IgD‐ double negative (DN) B cells, and variable heavy chain (VH) transcriptome sequences were generated by deep sequencing. Peripheral blood (PB) VH repertoires were compared to the same patient's single‐cell cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) plasmablast (PB) VH transcriptome, CSF immunoglobulin (Ig) proteome, and serum Ig proteome. Recombinant antibodies were generated from paired CSF heavy‐ and light chains and tested for AQP4 reactivity. Results Approximately 9% of the CSF VH sequences aligned with PB memory B cells, DN B cells, and plasmablast VH sequences. AQP4‐specific VH sequences were observed in each peripheral B‐cell compartment. Lineage analysis of clonally related VH sequences indicates that CSF AQP4‐specific B cells are closely related to an expanded population of DN B cells that may undergo antigen‐specific B‐cell maturation within the CNS. CSF and serum Ig proteomes overlapped with the VH sequences from each B‐cell compartment; the majority of matches occurring between the PB VH sequences and serum Ig proteome. Interpretation During an acute NMOSD relapse, a dynamic exchange of B cells occurs between the periphery and CNS with AQP4‐specific CSF B cells emerging from postgerminal center memory B cells and plasmablasts. Expansion of the PB DN B‐cell compartment may be a potential biomarker of NMOSD activity.
Southern Religion Meets Modern Politics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter discusses how the rise of the Republicans has impacted on the difficult relationship between religion and politics in the South. The important political influence of conservative Protestant churches and Catholic churches in the Republican Party has helped to mobilize churchgoing whites. In general, African American voters still view their churches as sources of political guidance. Since religious beliefs are particularly intense and consistent, the increased political activity of white churches has added another dynamic to the relationship between whites and blacks in the South. Since the end of the Civil War, religious worship in Jacksonville has been a source of racial segregation. Churches are now sources of political segregation as well, with Democrats dominating black churches and Republicans attending white churches. This phenomenon adds another layer of political separation between blacks and whites. Although blacks and whites who regularly attend church agree on many social issues, there is stark disagreement relating to economic issues and national security. Thus, black and white churches are centers of organization for competing political parties.
Romantic Friendship? Some Issues in Researching Lesbian History and Biography

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT The main feminist conceptualisation of women's close relationships from the eighteenth to the early twentieth century characterises these as ‘romantic friendships’ and argues that a stereotype of ‘the lesbian’ was invented by sexologists such as Havelock Ellis and applied to these relationships in order to condemn them. A number of pieces of primary research are presented which suggest that this approach is highly problematic. In the case of Emily Wilding Davison's close relationship with Mary Leigh there is simply too little historical evidence to be able to draw any conclusions as to its character or its meaning for the women concerned. In addition, Edith Lees Ellis has been seen as a woman whose romantic friendships were ‘morbidified’ as lesbianism by her husband Havelock Ellis, although in this case archival evidence clearly shows that she certainly saw herself as a ‘invert’. And relatedly, the same archival source also shows that some women experienced their sexuality in ‘mannish’ terms in the absence of any evidence of an influence on them of the pejorative writings of sexologists. Rather than premature theoretical generalisation, what is needed is more primary research on particular women's close relationships and the social context in which these were located.
$π^o$ Electroproduction and Transversity

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Exclusive $π^o$ electroproduction and related processes are suggested to investigate the chiral odd transversity distributions of quarks in the transversely polarized nucleon, $h_1(x)$, and its first moment, the tensor charge. The connection between a description based on partonic degrees of freedom, given in terms of generalized parton distributions, and Regge phenomenology is explored.
The Orientation of Ditylenchus Dipsaci To Physical Stimuli

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In a temperature gradient of 2-30° C over 15 cm, D. dipsaci aggregates at about 10° C. In a moisture gradient the nematodes aggregate at the end with a high moisture content and, in a particle size gradient they collect in the fine particles at one end of the gradient. Light, gravity and water percolation do not affect the orientation of D. dipsact although passive directional movement may occur with the last two stimuli.
PAG-Associated FynT Regulates Calcium Signaling and Promotes Anergy in T Lymphocytes

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Phosphoprotein associated with glycolipid-enriched membranes (PAG), also named Csk-binding protein (Cbp), is a transmembrane adaptor associated with lipid rafts. It is phosphorylated on multiple tyrosines located in the cytoplasmic domain. One tyrosine, tyrosine 314 (Y314) in the mouse, interacts with Csk, a protein tyrosine kinase that negatively regulates Src kinases. This interaction enables PAG to inhibit T-cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated T-cell activation. PAG also associates with the Src-related kinase FynT. Genetic studies indicated that FynT was required for PAG tyrosine phosphorylation and binding of PAG to Csk in T cells. Herein, we investigated the function and regulation of PAG-associated FynT. Our data showed that PAG was constitutively associated with FynT in unstimulated T cells and that this association was rapidly lost in response to TCR stimulation. Dissociation of the PAG-FynT complex preceded PAG dephosphorylation and PAG-Csk dissociation after TCR engagement. Interestingly, in anergic T cells, the association of PAG with FynT, but not Csk, was increased. Analyses of PAG mutants provided evidence that PAG interacted with FynT by way of tyrosines other than Y314. Enforced expression of a PAG variant interacting with FynT, but not Csk, caused a selective enhancement of TCR-triggered calcium fluxes in normal T cells. Furthermore, it promoted T-cell anergy. Both effects were absent in mice lacking FynT, implying that the effects were mediated by PAG-associated FynT. Hence, besides enabling PAG tyrosine phosphorylation and the PAG-Csk interaction, PAG-associated FynT can stimulate calcium signals and favor T-cell anergy. These data improve our comprehension of the function of PAG in T cells. They also further implicate FynT in T-cell anergy.
Impact of yeast hydrolysate (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microflora, noxious gas emission, blood profile, and meat quality of finishing pigs

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A total of 90 finishing pigs (52 ± 1.46 kg) were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments as: TRT1 [CON (basal diet)], TRT2 [CON + 0.05% yeast hydrolysate (YH)], and TRT3 (CON + 0.1% YH) for an 8 wk trial. Each treatment had six replications and five (three gilts and two barrow) pigs per pen. In weeks 4 and 8, YH supplement linearly increased (P < 0.05) body weight. Moreover, average daily gain was also linearly increased (P < 0.05) with YH supplementation in week 4 and the overall trial period. At the end of the trial, apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy was linearly increased in pigs fed YH supplementation. In addition, fecal Lactobacillus counts, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration, and the lean meat percentage were linearly increased by YH supplementation. Also, YH supplementation elicited a linear reduction on drip loss during days 3, 5, and 7. In summary, dietary yeast hydrolysate supplement positively enhanced the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, Lactobacillus count and reduced the drip loss traits of finishing pig. Thus, we infer that the application of 0.1% S. cerevisiae YH can enhance the growth efficiency of finishing pigs.