jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
A holistic approach in dilatation of aortic root: A case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The aortic root characterizes the flow field from the left ventricle where it performances as a connection between the left ventricle and the ascending aorta. Aortic root diameter is influenced by some factors, and its dilation can cause many symptoms in patients. The purpose of the present case report was to describe the outcomes of the holistic treatment approach which is called the Remember Regeneration Therapy Method (RTM) protocol, with emphasis on phytotherapy and complementary alternative medicine (CAM) for a patient with aortic dilation. \nCase Presentation: A 53-year-old male patient attended the special CAM therapy clinic due to headache, anxiety, tachycardia and stress. As the echocardiographic evaluation of the aorta is a routine part of the standard echocardiographic examination is well-known, his echocardiography was compatible with the aorta's dilatation. Following the RTM protocol, the patient exhibited an improvement in his clinical outcome capacity (the diameter of the aorta's root: from 43 mm to 30 mm, a decrease of symptoms such as headache, anxiety, tachycardia, and stress) after 27-months of progress. \nConclusion: We conclude that based on the fast cardiological impairment, the RTM protocol was indicated, which achieved favourable outcomes after this patient's follow-up.
Major Flower Pigments Originate Different Colour Signals to Pollinators

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Flower colour is mainly due to the presence and type of pigments. Pollinator preferences impose selection on flower colour that ultimately acts on flower pigments. Knowing how pollinators perceive flowers with different pigments becomes crucial for a comprehensive understanding of plant-pollinator communication and flower colour evolution. Based on colour space models, we studied whether main groups of pollinators, specifically hymenopterans, dipterans, lepidopterans and birds, differentially perceive flower colours generated by major pigment groups. We obtain reflectance data and conspicuousness to pollinators of flowers containing one of the pigment groups more frequent in flowers: chlorophylls, carotenoids and flavonoids. Flavonoids were subsequently classified in UV-absorbing flavonoids, aurones-chalcones and the anthocyanins cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin, and malvidin derivatives. We found that flower colour loci of chlorophylls, carotenoids, UV-absorbing flavonoids, aurones-chalcones, and anthocyanins occupied different regions of the colour space models of these pollinators. The four groups of anthocyanins produced a unique cluster of colour loci. Interestingly, differences in colour conspicuousness among the pigment groups were almost similar in the bee, fly, butterfly, and bird visual space models. Aurones-chalcones showed the highest chromatic contrast values, carotenoids displayed intermediate values, and chlorophylls, UV-absorbing flavonoids and anthocyanins presented the lowest values. In the visual model of bees, flowers with UV-absorbing flavonoids (i.e., white flowers) generated the highest achromatic contrasts. Ours findings suggest that in spite of the almost omnipresence of floral anthocyanins in angiosperms, carotenoids and aurones-chalcones generates higher colour conspicuousness for main functional groups of pollinators.
Fleshing out CEFR descriptors at C1 and above for the assessment of academic writing in departments of English at Austrian universities

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Austrian education is currently undergoing long overdue standardization procedures, with nationwide school-leaving exams still not available for most subjects. A similar standardization procedure was introduced at Graz, Klagenfurt, Salzburg and Vienna universities in 2006 when linguists and language teachers started professionalizing assessment practices for exit-level English exams in their BA programmes by developing analytic rating scales for writing. This paper describes which dimensions were selected, and how the scales were developed. Anchor descriptors were extracted from the CEFR for a bare pass (C1) and the top grade (C2) in Grammar, Vocabulary, Textual competence and Pragmatic competence (later Task achievement), and exam performances on typical writing prompts were rated, including brief justifications. Subsequently, extended descriptors were formulated for C1/C2 based on the teams’ justifications, and a mid-way level (C1.2) was inserted. Finally, the scales were modified during benchmarking procedures.
Truth-Telling and Cancer Diagnoses: Physician Attitudes and Practices in Qatar

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Learning Objectives After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare physician-stated and actual disclosure practices with respect to cancer diagnoses.Identify variables that influence physician truth-telling practices with respect to cancer diagnoses. CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com There is limited information regarding physicians' attitudes toward revealing cancer diagnoses to patients in the Arab world. Using a questionnaire informed by a seminal study carried out by Oken in 1961, our research sought to determine present-day disclosure practices in Qatar, identify physician sociodemographic variables associated with truth-telling, and outline trends related to future practice. A sample of 131 physicians was polled. Although nearly 90% of doctors said they would inform cancer patients of their diagnosis, ∼66% of respondents stated that they made exceptions to their policy, depending on patient characteristics. These data suggest that clinical practices are somewhat discordant on professed beliefs about the ethical propriety of disclosure.
Test-retest reliability of a modified International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to capture neighbourhood physical activity

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Few self-report tools capture neighbourhood physical activity. The aim of our study was to modify a widely-used self-report tool (International Physical Activity Questionnaire – IPAQ) to capture neighbourhood physical activity and estimate the test-retest reliability of these modifications. Material and Methods: Seventy-five adults completed the modified IPAQ twice, 7-days apart, capturing neighbourhood days·week-1 and usual minutes·day-1 of bicycling and walking for transport and leisure, moderate physical activity, and vigorous physical activity. Test-retest reliability was assessed with Intraclass Correlations (ICC), percent of overall agreement and Kappa statistics (κ). Results: Consistency in participation in neighbourhood PA ranged from k = 0.21 for moderate physical activity to k = 0.55 for vigorous physical activity, while proportion of overall agreement ranged from 64.0% for moderate physical activity to 81.3% for bicycling for transportation. ICC for reported neighbourhood PA between the two occasions ranged from ICC = 0.33 for moderate physical activity to ICC = 0.69 for bicycling for transportation for days·week-1, ICC = 0.17 for bicycling for transportation to ICC = 0.48 for walking for leisure for minutes·day-1, and ICC = 0.31 for vigorous physical activity to ICC = 0.52 for walking for leisure for minutes·week-1. Conclusions: With the exception of minutes spent bicycling for transportation, our findings suggest that IPAQ items can be modified to provide reliable estimates of neighbourhood physical activity.
OC019—Intrapulmonary Pharmacokinetics (Pk) And The Intracellular Disposition To Support The Long-Lasting Efficacy After An Inhaled Administration Of Its Prodrug Laninamivir Octanoate (Lo)

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A single inhaled dose of laninamivir octanoate (LO), a long-acting neuraminidase inhibitor, exhibits efficacy to treat both adult and pediatric patients with influenza virus infection. However, the relation between the intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics (PK) of LO and laninamivir, an active metabolite, and its long-lasting efficacy has not fully been investigated. Intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers and the intracellular drug disposition in mice were evaluated to clarify the potential mechanism for the prolonged high intrapulmonary retention of laninamivir, which would support its long-lasting efficacy.
Bovine adenoviruses. VI. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of antibodies to bovine adenovirus types belonging to subgroups I and II.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of antibodies against the officially recognized bovine adenoviruses (BAV). Soluble antigens of adenoviruses were extracted from bovine kidney (BAV-1 and BAV-3) or bovine testicle (BAV-4, -6, and -7) cell cultures, respectively. Presence of the major hexon antigen, known to be the most essential compound for serological cross-reactivity, was demonstrated on a discontinuous sodium-dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The relatively crude polypeptide preparations were coated onto microelisa plates and tested for specific reactivity with available type-specific antisera of calves. Plates coated with BAV-1 showed reactivity with antibodies against types 1 and 3, but did not react with hyperimmune serum against BAV-4. Soluble antigens of BAV-4 react to a high extent with homologous antiserum but did not cross-react with a hyperimmune serum against BAV-1. Both these hyperimmune sera had been prepared in colostrum-free calves. Several calf sera produced by cooperating researches in colostrum-free calves were tested for homologous and cross-reactivity. In addition, ELISA plates coated with BAV-4 were tested on 33 sera of conventionally reared calves, earlier infected experimentally with homologous BAV-4. ELISA titres correlated well in 28 of them with seroneutralization titres; in 5 other sera correlation was poor, but in no case to a degree which would have resulted in a dissenting diagnosis. The use of BAV types 1 and 4 as representatives of bovine adenovirus subgroup I and II will allow easy and economical surveillance of these frequently occurring antibodies in diagnostic laboratories.
Sparse moments of univariate step functions and allele frequency spectra

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study the univariate moment problem of piecewise-constant density functions on the interval $[0,1]$ and its consequences for an inference problem in population genetics. We show that, up to closure, any collection of $n$ moments is achieved by a step function with at most $n-1$ breakpoints and that this bound is tight. We use this to show that any point in the $n$th coalescence manifold in population genetics can be attained by a piecewise constant population history with at most $n-2$ changes. Both the moment cones and the coalescence manifold are projected spectrahedra and we describe the problem of finding a nearest point on them as a semidefinite program.
Relationship between Chrysophyte Assemblages and Environmental Variables in Seventy-Two Sudbury Lakes as Examined by Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Relationship between surface sediment chrysophyte scales and limnological variables in 72 Sudbury lakes was examined using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). CCA is a recently developed multivariate direct gradient analysis that has many advantages over indirect gradient analyses. Lakewater pH was identified as the most important variable influencing the distribution of scaled chrysophytes in Sudbury lakes. Almost all common chrysophyte taxa can be assigned a pH indicator value. In addition to pH, many chrysophyte taxa are sensitive to metal concentrations. A calibration model was developed to predict chrysophyte inferred pH using CCA. The model proved to be far superior to traditionally used models derived from multiple regression of pH indicator chyrsophyte assemblages. Applicability of the predictive pH equation was examined by reconstructing the recent pH history of Lohi Lake. The study provides compelling evidence that canonical correspondence analysis offers great promise in surface sediment calibration and pH reconstruction studies.
Agricultural Biodiversity and Land Fragmentation: the case of Bulgaria

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper presents an empirical analysis of the role of land fragmentation, crop biodiversity and their interplay with farm profitability. Original primary date are drawn from a survey conducted in Bulgaria. We present two different estimation methods: Seemingly Unrelated Regression and Three Stages Least Squares. The econometric results stress the ambiguous role of land fragmentation on farm profitability. One one hand, land fragmentation reduces farm profitability. On the other hand, land fragmentation fosters crop diversification. Biodiversity also plays a beneficial role in farm profitability. Policies that aim to reduce land fragmentation may overlook the positive link between diversity and plot heterogeneity.
Rekombinant Bacillus subtilis ile serin alkali proteaz üretimi sırasında tanımlanmış ve kompleks ortamlardaki ürün ve yan - ürün dağılımlarının karşılaştırmalı analizi

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this study, firstly the effects of aspartic acid group amino acids -which were reported to be the potential bottleneck in serine alkaline protease (SAP) synthesis- on SAP production were investigated by substituting at a concentration range of 0-15 mM by using recombinant Bacillus subtilis carrying pHV1434::subC gene. All aspartic acid group amino acids except threonine inhibited SAP activity when CAA= 2.5 mM. The highest SAP activities with asparagine, aspartic acid, lysine, threonine, isoleucine and methionine werefound to be 1.89-, 1.87-, 1.61-, 1.48-, 1.4-, and 1.4-fold higher than the reference medium activity, respectively, when the concentration of each amino acid was CAA=0.25 mM. The product and by-product distributions in defined and complex media in SAP production were also analyzed and compared in order to obtain a depth in-sight on functioning of the metabolic reaction network. The highest SAP activity in complex medium was found to be 3اfold higher than defined medium activity, while, specific SAP production rate was 1.2- fold higher. The highest cell concentration in complex medium (CX= 14.3 g/dm-3) was 8.1-fold higher than that obtained in defined medium (CX= 1.75 g/dm-3). In both media, oxaloacetic acid was observed extracellularly and intracellularly. In complex medium there was also succinic acid in the extracellular medium indicating that the operation of TCA cycle was insufficient. In both media serine, valine and glycine were observed neither in the extracellular nor in the intracellular media indicating that the synthesis of these amino acids can be a secondary rate limiting step. In defined medium asparagine was present neither in the cell nor in fermentation broth whereas, methionine was observed in the cell in high amounts, probably due to the lower flux values towards asparagine. Thus, in defined medium the synthesis of asparagine can also
Structural Changes in Starch Granules of Low Moisture Content during Heating

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The thermal behavior of the starch structure was determined successfully under low moisture conditions by differential thermal analysis (DTA) using an anti-leak cell (resistant to an internal pressure of about 40 kg/cm2). Three kinds of starch, potato, kuzu and corn, with a low moisture content less than 12% indicated two strong endothermic peaks, one at the lower temperature (A) and the other at the higher temperature (B) in a temperature range approximately from 20 to 250°C. From microscopic observations and determinations of intrinsic viscosity, blue value and the solubility of heated starch, it is considered that peak A reflects an endothermic process accompanied by dextrinization involving the collapse of the ordered structure of starch with a limited breakdown in the polysaccharide chain. On the other hand, peak B corresponds to a thermal decomposition of the glucosyl residues, that is caramelization. The temperature at which such dextrinization takes place is markedly influenced by both the starch species and the moisture content of the starch.
Downstream Signaling of the Sos Gene is Not Required during the Pathogenesis of Cancer Cells Bearing KRAS and BRAF Mutations

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The Braf/Ras-MAPK is a relevant signal transduction pathway involved in several processes of the cell cycle through activation by interacting with several growth factors and commonly mutated in several cancers. The Sos-1 and Sos-2 (Son of sevenless homolog-1/2) guanine nucleotide exchange factors play a key role in regulating the Ras protein to enable downstream pathway activation. In this study, we investigated the effect of Sos1 proteins on the regulation of the MAPK pathway in the presence and absence of KRAS and BRAF mutations, by monitoring the expression of the downstream proteins, MEK and ERK and their related phosphorylation forms. Our results revealed that knockdown of the Sos1 protein in cells harboring (G13D) and (G464V) mutations within KRAS and BRAF genes respectively did not affect the activation of the MAPK pathway. In contrast, cells with wild-type KRAS and BRAF exhibited decreased activation of MEK and ERK in response to Sos1 knockdown. This study suggests that MAPK pathway activation maneuvers independently of the upstream signaling from Sos1 when KRAS and BRAF mutations are present in tumor cells. Transduction of downstream signaling is likely due to mutations self-activation (gain-offunction mutations) or to the involvement of new oncoprotein involved in the onset of tumorogenesis through different pathway. Interaction of the different key players in this pathway tends to differ and can be critical for paving the pathway towards drug design and better therapy.
Model of Cultivating Student’s Character Through the Integration of Islamic Education

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This research aims to implement Islamic religious education learning by integrating religious lesson material with other lessons and extracurricular school activities to build character. This research is field research using a qualitative approach. Data collection uses interview, observation and documentation methods. Data analysis begins with data retrieval, data reduction, and evaluation stages. The results of this research cover four aspects of integrating Islamic religious education. First, the educational process is carried out by presenting material by combining Islamic religious education with subject material in other subjects combined into one theme and sub-theme taught simultaneously in one learning activity. Second, to integrate the learning process with students' learning experiences, teachers and schools visit certain places, such as markets and residential areas, to build students' social spirit. Third, integration between teachers and parents, such as electronic communication and home visits. Fourth, integration of education with extracurricular programs such as Imtaq activities every Friday, tahsin and tahfidz al-Qur'an programs, Student Personality Development and commemoration of Islamic holidays. This integration pattern is an alternative that schools can use as a form of character-building for students. This research is limited to the character cultivation model so other research is needed to complement the study of character education. The findings of this research provide a scientific contribution to the character education model by integrating religious education with general education.
The first bilateral investment treaties : U.S. friendship, commerce and navigation treaties in the Truman administration

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The first bilateral investment treaties addresses the processes by which, and the purposes for which, the State Department, during the years of the Truman administration, reconceptualized as bilateral investment treaties the friendship, commerce and navigation (FCN) treaties that the United States had negotiated since its independence, originally as treaties to establish trade and maritime relations. It argues that, at the end of the Second World War, to ensure peace and prosperity the United States sought to project New Deal liberalism onto the international plane and for that reason urged the creation of multilateral institutions to foster full employment worldwide. U.S. officials believed that full employment required the promotion, but also the regulation, of international capital movements. To promote capital movements, State Department officials acceded to the demands of the business community that it seek treaty protection for U.S. foreign investment. After efforts to incorporate investment protections into a multilateral International Trade Organization failed, the State Department turned to bilateral FCN treaties to obtain the protections it sought. In devising these treaty protections, U.S. officials incorporated into the FCN treaties four U.S. constitutional law principles - security, reasonableness, nondiscrimination and due process -- largely as these principles were understood by the New Deal Supreme Court, thereby providing U.S. investors abroad with protections similar to those enjoyed in the United States. Other FCN treaty provisions sought to facilitate the movement of capital across borders, while permitting host states to regulate such movements. This account uncovers the origins and purposes of a set of provisions that would create a legal framework for global capitalism in the late twentieth century. It demonstrates that U.S. foreign investment policy during the Truman years is best understood as a projection of New Deal liberalism, including ideas of liberal legality, onto the international plane, rather than as an instrument of Cold War containment or a capitulation to the demands of U.S. capitalists
The counter hegemonic discourse of human rights in the Bolivarian Revolution

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This article analyses the human rights discourse of the Bolivarian government as a means of establishing a counter-hegemonic position in international politics. It seeks to explain how the politicization of human rights in the Bolivarian Revolution reveals a conflict regarding the moral legitimacy of the manifestation of power and a social model. This discourse adheres to the ideological paradigms of the revolution, which can only be understood through a knowledge of the history of Venezuelan society. On the basis of this analysis it is possible to understand the polarization caused by the Bolivarian political venture: on the one hand, the capitalist neo-liberal democracy; and on the other, the democratic radicalism of Venezuelan socialism. In view of this, the language of human rights has often become an ideological tool, that in each case is representative of two distinct ideological models.