jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Identification of Anthropogenic and Natural Inputs of Sulfate into River System of Carbonate Zn-Pb Mining Area in Southwest China: Evidence from Hydrochemical Composition, δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The release of pollutants from lead-zinc mining areas poses a significant threat to the environment, making pollution tracing crucial for environmental protection. However, the complexity of carbonate mining areas makes tracing these pollutants challenging. This study used δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 isotopes combined with the Stable Isotope Mixing Models in R (SIMMR) to assess anthropogenic sulfate sources in the Daliangzi mining area. The river water types were mainly Ca2+-Mg2+-HCO3−, and SO42−, which are significantly influenced by dolomite dissolution. The δ34SSO4 values ranged from 6.47‰ to 17.96‰ and the δ18OSO4 values ranged from −5.66‰ to 13.98‰. The SIMMR results showed that evaporite dissolution in tributaries, driven by gypsum, contributed 31% of sulfate, while sulfide oxidation, sewage, and atmospheric deposition contributed 19%, 18%, and 24%, respectively. The tailings pond near Xincha Creek has a higher sulfate release potential than the processing plant near Cha Creek. In the mainstream, sulfide oxidation contributed 25%, primarily from mine drainage. Anthropogenic sources, including sulfide oxidation, fertilizers, and sewage, made up about 50% of the total sulfate, with sulfide oxidation accounting for half of this input. The strong correlation between the Zn and SO42− concentrations (R2 = 0.82) and between the Zn and the contribution from the sulfide oxidation (R2 = 0.67) indicates their co-release during sulfide oxidation, making SO42− a proxy for tracing Zn sources. This study highlights the utility of δ34SSO4 and δ18OSO4 with SIMMR in tracing anthropogenic inputs and underscores the significant impact of mining on river systems and the sulfur cycle.
Biology and morphometry of melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett) in different cucurbitaceous hosts

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), is considered as catastrophic pest in most of the cucurbitaceous vegetable crops. It is denoted as an economic pest and yield misfortune up to 50-70% depends upon the host's environmental condition and its weakness. During their entire life period, major portion they live inside the host. Matured females lay eggs in the skin of the host, and the cycle is continued. Only after completion of maggot stage, the pupa comes out from fruit to become an adult. For the better management of fruit fly, an investigation related with habitat based variation in its biology is a need. For this reason, the laboratory experiment was conducted at Department of Plant Protection, Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tiruchirappalli during November 2019 to January 2020. The biology and morphometry of different life stages of the melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae were carried out in snake gourd, bitter gourd, and ridge gourd host, at a temperature 25 ± 2oC and relative humidity 65 ± 5% to assess the variation in its life cycle. The results obtained in this laboratory experiment under a controlled atmosphere indicated that mean length and breadth of the egg (0.66±0.08 mm, 0.13±0.01 mm), first instar (1.10±008 mm, 0.19±0.01 mm), second in star (4.93±0.09 mm, 0.79±0.02 mm), third instar maggot (8.34±0.14 mm, 1.51±0.03 mm), prepupal (6.22±0.11 mm, 1.83±0.06 mm) and pupal period (5.69±0.38 mm, 2.05±0.08 mm) was maximum in bitter gourd host compared to snake gourd and ridge gourd. Similarly mean length and breadth of adult male (5.82±0.07 mm, 10.43±0.11 mm) and female (7.81±0.11 mm, 12.34±0.30 mm) was high in ridge gourd. On Comparing the other host, the egg period, first instar, second instar, third instar, prepupa, and pupal period was minimum in bitter gourd 1.45±0.76 days, 0.70±0.25 days, 2.85±0.74 days, 4.3±0.85 days, 0.80±0.25 days, and 8.25±0.82 days, respectively. The longevity of male and female flies was higher in ridge gourd host with 20.60±4.35 days and 21.40±3.20 days, respectively. The observation parameters registered on the biology of Z. cucurbitae in different cucurbitaceous hosts showed that the developmental duration was varied depends on host and adult longevity is maximum (20.60±4.35 days in male, 21.40±3.20 days in female) in ridge gourd.
Leo&Giulia: a cartoon series to promote health and prevention in primary school-aged children

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic control measures actively involved people who were called to adopt new and unusual lifestyles. In this context, children had to stay home from school for weeks, had to adapt to new teaching methods and give up socializing. In many countries, not much attention was paid to the educational sector, and, ultimately, to children's physical and psychological well-being. Objectives In this context, we developed an innovative health education audio-visual model to teach children about public health, empower them to adopt preventive behaviours and limit the risk of infection transmission in schools and in the community. Results We designed and produced the animated cartoon series “Leo&Giulia” to convey solid scientific content and key public health messages related to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic to primary school-aged children. Contents and dialogues were validated by a scientific committee composed of experts in the fields of public health, paediatrics, infectious diseases, and neuroscience, as well as communication experts. The first episode of Leo&Giulia focused on COVID-19 and explained to children what SARS-CoV2 was, its transmission and why schools were closed. Endorsed by the European Commission, it was broadcasted by national public and private television channels and went viral on social media. The second episode of Leo&Giulia, funded by the Italian Ministry of Research, was launched in April 2022 and focused on vaccines and immunization explaining to children how vaccines work and why herd immunity is important for collective health. Conclusions Leo&Giulia is an innovative health education project to help children to better understand how to cope with COVID-19 as a public health challenge. More broadly, the series aims to increase youth engagement by promoting public health values and healthy behaviours. Key messages • Health promotion targeting children is important and contributes to societal health and wellbeing. • Cartoon series are an innovative digital health education tool that effectively increase youth engagement on public health values.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization of small biomolecules impregnated in silica prepared by a sol-gel process

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Sol–gel chemistry is emerging as an important tool for immobilizing enzymes and other biomolecules. Investigation of the reactions between enzymes and substrates in the resulting porous solids has been limited primarily to molecular spectroscopy. Herein, we demonstrate the interrogation of these solids by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in conjunction with reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Small di- and tri- peptides such as phenylalanylmethionine (PheMet), diphenylalanine (PhePhe), triphenylalanine (PhePhePhe), and glutathione (γ-GluGlyCys) were chosen as the target analytes. The matrix, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), was incorporated into the sol–gel process to obtain isotopically resolved peaks in the mass spectra. With the matrix and target analyte ‘doped’ in the dried gel, a Nd:YAG laser was used to expel the biomolecule from the confines of the silica. The presence of the matrix CHCA greatly enhanced peptide ion intensity and also, by use of matrix ions as internal calibrants, led to increased mass accuracy. Using internal calibration, the percent relative error for the monoisotopic peak of glutathione in a thin silica film (m/z of 308.04) was approximately 0.02%, while for triphenylalanine in a monolith (m/z of 460.22) the error was less than 0.01%. Variations in the pore size of the silica gel did not affect signal intensity or mass accuracy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Error-resilience improvement for block-transform video coders

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

An algorithm is presented to enhance the resilience of block-based video-coding algorithms against channel errors. The error-resilience algorithm described suggests the use of fixed length coding to alleviate the effect of Huffman coding on the synchronisation of the decoder under erroneous conditions. The proposed mechanism modifies the order of transmission of the fixed-length video parameters to increase the chance of their arrival. Synchronisation words are sent at fixed-length intervals within the bit stream to reduce the possibility of the decoder falling on similar bit patterns within the bit stream. To limit the effect of error accumulation, the motion prediction process is halted and the differential coding of motion vectors is not applied. FEC techniques are applied on some error-sensitive segments of the reordered video bitstream. The effectiveness of the proposed error-resilience algorithm is evidenced by both subjective and objective results.
From Zorro to Jennifer Lopez: US-Latino History and Film for the EFL-Classroom

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The essay introduces some aspects of the history, demography, and culture of Latinos and gives an overview on films particularly suitable for discussing the history of this ethnic minority in the EFL-class. Questions of representation of Mexican-Americans—the biggest group of U.S.-Latinos—in Hollywood film and of self-representation in Chicano film are addressed in the last part of the essay.
Technoeconomic Assessment of Electric Vehicle Battery Disassembly-Challenges and Opportunities From a Robotics Perspective

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<p>The rapid shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) demands effective end-of-life strategies for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), necessitating examining recycling methodologies, particularly the disassembly process. This study presents a technoeconomic analysis of EV battery disassembly, focusing on incorporating robotics to address challenges and capitalize on opportunities. Based on the case study of the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV battery pack, we identify the most labor and cost-intensive components and introduce a structured approach to evaluate automating disassembly tasks. Classifying tasks based on their automation potential, we find 57% of pack-to-module (P2M) tasks readily automatable, with an additional 24% requiring minimal human intervention. Incorporating this into an analysis of task feasibility, level of automation and robot time efficiency, we establish a roadmap towards robotizing the disassembly process based on human-robot colllaboration, demonstrating a 12.85% increase in net annual revenue and 43.75% reduction in disassembly cost with current level of task feasibility. Our findings indicate a long-term roadmap towards increasing level of automation, while surmounting feasibility of complex disassembly tasks remains an unsolved challenge.</p>
Enhancing the Photoelectric Properties of Flexible Carbon Nanotube Paper by Plasma Gradient Modification and Gradient Illumination

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This study investigates the impact of plasma gradient modification and gradient illumination on the optoelectronic properties of buckypaper (BP), a flexible and large-scale material composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The BP samples were subjected to argon ion plasma treatment at varying power levels and durations, thereby creating different carrier concentration gradients on the surface. The photovoltage and photocurrent responses of the samples were then measured under uniform full illumination and gradient illumination conditions. The findings revealed that both plasma gradient modification and gradient illumination significantly enhanced the optoelectronic performance of BP. Notably, the combined application of these two methods yielded superior results compared to the application of either method alone. Specifically, the optimal plasma power for improving BP was found to be 20W. Under conditions of plasma gradient modification and gradient illumination, a photovoltage of 267.76 μV was generated, which represents a 21.44 times increase, and a photocurrent of 15.69 μA, reflecting a 32.69 times enhancement. The mechanism underlying this optoelectronic effect can be attributed to the presence of π-bonds in the carbon atoms. These π-bonds are excited by photons, resulting in the generation of small voltages and currents. This study underscores the potential of BP as an optoelectronic material and introduces a novel approach to enhance its optoelectronic properties through plasma gradient modification and gradient illumination.
Understanding the Development, Variations, and Defects of the Muscular System in Normal Human Embryos, Fetuses, and Newborns

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

There has been, until now, a limited knowledge on the development of the human muscular system, as most textbooks and atlases on human development described in detail the development of the skeletal system and other structures such as the internal organs without mentioning ‐ or doing it in a very brief way ‐ the muscular system. Moreover, within the few published works that did focus on the ontogeny of human muscles, most of them were restricted to a single muscle, a muscle group, a region, or a specific period of time (e.g. before 7 weeks of gestation). This makes the study of muscle anomalies, as well as of variations, very difficult due to the lack of good comparative models about normal development. We recently dissected 17 phenotypically ‘normal’ human newborns, fetuses and embryos between 7 and 39 weeks of development, and compared our results with the scarce literature available on the normal development of the muscular system in humans. Importantly, in the individuals dissected by us there was an indirect relationship between the ages of the fetuses and the number of seemingly fused (i.e. undifferentiated) muscles. That is, muscle anlagen in the early embryonic development often give rise to several muscles even after 7 weeks of gestation. This would contradict what is often described in the literature that by end of week 7 of gestation, all muscles resemble those of the adults (i.e. are differentiated). In addition, the number of the variations (i.e. phenotypes that deviate from the norm, within the ‘normal’ human population) per upper limbs dissected is significantly higher than the number of variations per lower limb studied, a pattern that is strikingly similar to that often reported in the literature about birth defects. Therefore, these and other results support Alberch's (1989) ill‐named “logic of monsters” theory that predicts a parallel between the variant phenotypes of the ‘normal’ populations and the defective phenotypes of genetically ‘abnormal’ individual due to the strong internal constraints that limit the number of possible outcomes. Furthermore, we present, for the first time, detailed data about the development of each head and limb human muscle from late embryonic stages to newborn configuration, and discuss the broader implications of these new data within a broad comparative and developmental framework. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal .
Electron scattering off nuclei

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Electrons and photons are the ideal probes to study the hadronic structure of nuclei and elementary particles. At the interface of nuclear and particle physics, electro- and photonuclear experiments have provided us with clear evidence for subnuclear effects in nuclei. Such investigations become even more interesting in view of recent puzzling results about the free nucleon, e.g. its strange spin structure in deep inelastic scattering and the low threshold amplitude for photoproduction of neutral pions. The advent of a new generation of high-energy, high-intensity electron accelerators operating with a continuous beam will soon open a new frontier, the direct investigation of correlations by coincidence techniques. Systematic experiments with complete kinematics and separation of the independent structure functions will provide new information on the internal degrees of freedom of hadrons and on their interactions in the nuclear medium.
Pollybeak Deformity in Middle Eastern Rhinoplasty: Prevention and Treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The pollybeak deformity is one of the commonest causes of revision rhinoplasty. The Middle Eastern nose has certain criteria that predispose to the development of pollybeak deformity. The aim of this study is to detect the factors contributing to the development of pollybeak deformity in the Middle Eastern nose and methods used to prevent as well as to treat such deformity. Out of the 1,160 revision patients included in this study, 720 (62%) patients had a pollybeak deformity. The commonest contributing factors included underprojected tip with poor support in 490 (68%) patients, excessive supratip scarring in 259 (36%) patients, overresected bony dorsum in 202 (28%) patients, and high anterior septal angle in 173 (24%) patients. The methods used by the authors to treat the pollybeak deformity are described, along with the local steroid injection protocol used to guard against the recurrence of pollybeak deformity.
On the Satisfaction Probabilities of $k$-CNF Formulas

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The satisfaction probability Pr[$ϕ$] := Pr$_{β:vars(ϕ) \to \{0,1\}}[β\models ϕ]$ of a propositional formula $ϕ$ is the likelihood that a random assignment $β$ makes the formula true. We study the complexity of the problem $k$SAT-Pr$_{>p}$ = {$ϕ$ is a $k$CNF formula | Pr[$ϕ$] > p} for fixed $k$ and $p$. While 3SAT-Pr$_{>0}$ = 3SAT is NP-complete and SAT-Pr$_{>1/2}$ is PP-complete, Akmal and Williams recently showed that 3SAT-Pr$_{>1/2}$ lies in P and 4SAT-Pr$_{>1/2}$ is NP-complete; but the methods used to prove these striking results stay silent about, say, 4SAT-Pr$_{>3/4}$, leaving the computational complexity of $k$SAT-Pr$_{>p}$ open for most $k$ and $p$. In the present paper we give a complete characterization in the form of a trichotomy: $k$SAT-Pr$_{>p}$ lies in AC$^0$, is NL-complete, or is NP-complete. The proof of the trichotomy hinges on a new order-theoretic insight: Every set of $k$CNF formulas contains a formula of maximum satisfaction probability. This deceptively simple statement allows us to (1) kernelize $k$SAT-Pr$_{\ge p}$ for the joint parameters $k$ and $p$, (2) show that the variables of the kernel form a backdoor set when the trichotomy states membership in AC$^0$ or NL, and (3) prove locality properties for $k$CNF formulas $ϕ$, by which Pr[$ϕ$] < $p$ implies that Pr[$ψ$] < $p$ holds already for a subset $ψ$ of $ϕ$'s clauses whose size depends only on $k$ and $p$, and Pr[$ϕ$] = $p$ implies $ϕ\equiv ψ$ for some $k$CNF formula $ψ$ whose size once more depends only on $k$ and $p$.
Ferrocene-Derived Bioorganometallic Chemistry: Preparation of a [3]Ferrocenophane γ-Amino Acid for Use in Peptide Synthesis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Directed lithiation followed by quenching with CO2 converted the α-dimethylamino[3]ferrocenophane derivative (6R,9R)-1 to the corresponding acid derivative (6R,9R,pR)-2. Subsequent functional group interconversion steps gave (6R,9R,pR)-6 in an overall yield of ca. 40% (four steps from (6R,9R)-1), which was employed in the synthesis of an artificial model pentapeptide.
XIV. Songs Of Praise For The CCM Since Julius Nyerere’s Presidency (1985–1995)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As Tanzania sank deeper into debt because of the Kagera war with Amin, Julius Nyerere found himself increasingly at odds with his stated socialist ideals. During the Ali Hassan Mwinyi years, government-sponsored songwriting focused on campaigns like reforestation, eradication of the tsetse fly, and radio spots featuring development issues such as health, water, and roads. Government-sponsored Sukuma dance competitions during this period continued to be judged in a democratic fashion. Song from this period congratulate Nyerere for his hard work in leading the nation, encourage Mwinyi to follow in the footsteps of Nyerere, congratulate the government for opening the political dialog to a multiparty system, while at the same time calling the desire to abandon the CCM a dangerous and unnecessary move.Keywords: Ali Hassan Mwinyi; CCM; Julius Nyerere
High Accuracy Expressions of the Maximum Power Point Coordinate for Solar Cell Model with Series Resistance

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In this work are presented three high precision expressions for estimation of the maximum power point coordinates of the solar cells for the single diode model with series resistance. The proposed expressions are in explicit form that allows the direct calculation of the maximum power point coordinates and the fill factor. The presented relations are among the most accurate ones presented in the literature. The accuracy of the proposed expressions is very good for specific intervals of the series resistance and open circuit voltage (rs<0.3;voc>8), ranges which, with very few exceptions, covers all real operating conditions of a solar cell.
Modeling pion production in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Pion production in nucleus-nucleus collisions at intermediate energies was modeled in the framework of the Isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (IBUU) transport model. The effects of nucleon-nucleon short-range correlations in initialization and mean-field potential, isospin-dependent in-medium baryon-baryon elastic and inelastic cross sections and pion in-medium effect are all considered in this model. It is found that the ratio and yields of $π^{-}$and $π^{+}$ in Au+Au reaction at 400 MeV/nucleon reproduce the FOPI/GSI data very well especially with a soft symmetry energy in the present transport model. Predictions on the single and double $π^{-}/π^{+}$ ratio are made for the isotope reaction systems $^{132}\rm {Sn}+^{124}\rm {Sn}$ and $^{108}\rm {Sn}+^{112}\rm {Sn}$ at 300 MeV/nucleon since related experiments are being carried out at RIKEN/Japan.
Cohen-Macaulayness of powers of edge ideals of edge-weighted graphs

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we characterize the Cohen-Macaulayness of the second power $I(G_ω)^2$ of the weighted edge ideal $I(G_ω)$ when the underlying graph $G$ is a very well-covered graph. We also characterize the Cohen-Macaulayness of all ordinary powers of $I(G_ω)^n$ when $G$ is a tree with a perfect matching consisting of pendant edges and the induced subgraph $G[V(G)\setminus S]$ of $G$ on $V(G)\setminus S$ is a star, where $S$ is the set of all leaf vertices, or if $G$ is a connected graph with a perfect matching consisting of pendant edges and the induced subgraph $G[V(G)\setminus S]$ of $G$ on $V(G)\setminus S$ is a complete graph and the weight function $ω$ satisfies $ω(e)=1$ for all $e\in E(G[V(G)\setminus S])$.