jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Dramatic Effects of Halogen Substitution and Solvent on the Rates\nand Mechanisms of Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of\nAziridines

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In a previous study we reported that fluorine substitution at the carbon positions of aziridine results in\nprofound enhancements of the rate of reaction with ammonia, a typical nucleophile, in the gas phase. In\nthis study the investigation is extended to include chloro- and bromoaziridines. Because syntheses are\nlargely performed in the condensed phase, the present computational investigation [(MP2(Full)/6-311++G(d,p)//MP2(Full)/6-31+G(d) level] was conducted with three typical solvents that cover a wide range of\npolarity: THF, CH<sub>3</sub>CN, and H<sub>2</sub>O. Nucleophiles can react with haloaziridines <b>1</b> by displacing a substituted\namide ion by means of an S<sub>N</sub>2 mechanism (pathway a), producing 1,2-diaminohaloethanes (from the\ninitially formed dipolar species <b>2</b>). Alternatively, a rearrangement mechanism involving rate-determining\ndeparture of a halide ion (pathway b) to form an imidoyl halide, <b>3</b>, is possible. Transition-state theory\nwas used to compute relative reaction rates of these mechanistic possibilities and to assess the role of the\nhalogen substituents and the reaction solvent. Gas-phase results provided the basis of mechanistic insights\nthat were more apparent in the absence of intermolecular interactions. Fluoroaziridines were found to\nreact at accelerated rates relative to aziridine exclusively by means of the a Menshutkin-type mechanism\n(S<sub>N</sub>2) in each solvent tested, while the reactions of the chloro- and bromoaziridines could be directed\ntoward <b>2</b> in the highly nonpolar solvent, cyclohexane, or toward <b>3</b> in the more polar solvents. An assessment\nis made of the feasibility of using this chemistry of the haloazirdines in the synthetic laboratory.
Hemodynamic Monitoring of the Patient in Shock

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Nov 1985Hemodynamic Monitoring of the Patient in Shock R.A. Stein, and P. Hansard R.A. SteinR.A. Stein More articles by this author , and P. HansardP. Hansard More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)47610-5AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Hemodynamic Monitoring of the Patient in Shock." The Journal of Urology, 134(5), p. 1057 © 1985 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 134Issue 5November 1985Page: 1057 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1985 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information R.A. Stein More articles by this author P. Hansard More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Erratum regarding missing patient consent statement in previously published articles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2020.100293.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2020.100304.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2019.100276.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2020.100292.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2020.100277.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2019.100272.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2020.100308.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2019.100269.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2020.100307.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2020.100288.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2019.100271.][This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.tcr.2020.100286.].
The Zucker fatty (fa) gene is not a mutation of corticotropin-releasing factor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) appears to regulate several physiological systems that display prominent abnormalities in Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, the autonomic nervous system, and feeding behavior. Moreover, central administration of CRF ameliorates the obese phenotype. In light of these observations, the gene for CRF is a plausible candidate for the defective gene in the Zucker fatty rat. We report here the use of molecular genetic linkage analysis to test the hypothesis that fa is a mutant allele of the CRF gene. A restriction fragment length polymorphism for CRF between Zucker (13M) and Brown Norway (BN) DNA allowed us to examine segregation of 13M and BN CRF alleles relative to fa in 58 obese (fa/fa) F2 progeny of a 13MBN fa/+F1 intercross. If fa = CRF, all animals homozygous for the fatty mutation should be homozygous for the 13M CRF allele. However, only 10/58 fa/fa animals were homozygous for the 13M CRF allele, indicating that fa and CRF are not allelic. Thus, although CRF may be important in the physiology of Zucker rat obesity, fa is not a CRF mutation. Using a mouse C57BL/6J Spretus F1 x C57BL DBA/2J F1 intercross, we were able to demonstrate that the mouse CRF gene is linked to the carbonic anhydrase II (Car-2) gene on mouse chromosome 3, in a region of synteny-homology with rat chromosome 2. Thus the rat CRF gene is probably located on chromosome 2.
Machine learning techniques for hand gesture recognition using short range contactless microwave sensor

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Hand gesture recognition is a topic of interest for many researchers and business sectors and various methodologies to perform gesture recognition are still being explored. Hand gestures play a major role in the interaction and control of devices/machines in applications such as home appliances, automated systems, gaming, virtual reality, etc. The recognition of fine movements of fingers in the hand with high precision is a challenging task. The existing technologies can sense the motion of human body or hand in a large scale using several input devices such as depth-cameras, IR sensors, etc. The latest advancement is the development of hand gesture recognition techniques through RF sensing, but this requires a complex feeding mechanism to drive the beam scanning of antenna and the field of view for scanning is not wide enough. A method which incorporates a simple feeding mechanism, wide field of view and small number of circuitry to recognize hand gestures can be very useful for interacting with devices, especially used in consumer electronics applications. In this work, a study on hand gesture recognition techniques using microwave radar system has been done. Also, a novel method of using a continuous wave radar system employing a 10 GHz leaky wave antenna for gesture recognition is proposed in this work. Two approaches have been proposed in this work. The first approach makes use of a single leaky wave antenna which acts as a transmitter as well as a receiver for recognizing three different hand gestures. The drawback of this approach is that the gesture data obtained from the sensor is found to be ambiguous due to the superimposition of the transmitted and received signal. Hence a second approach is used, where two leaky wave antennas (one as transmitter and the other as receiver) are used to sense four different hand gestures. Useful features such as median, rms, etc. are extracted from the data. Machine learning algorithms such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machine and Linear Support Vector Machine have been used for classifying these gestures and an average accuracy of 96.43 %, 94.05 % and 96.43 % are achieved respectively. The classification has been done in both Weka (a data mining tool) as well as Python and a comparison of different machine learning algorithms with the chosen three algorithms has been done.
Self-compassion and insomnia at pregnancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Mindfulness based programs during pregnancy (some including self-compassion components) increase self-compassion, mindfulness and maternal self-efficacy, and reduce anxiety, stress and psychological distress in pregnant women. According to our knowledge, there are no studies about the association between self-compassion and sleep outcomes in pregnancy. Objective To explore differences in self-compassion, between three sleep groups, in a sample of Portuguese pregnant women. Methods Four hundred and nineteen pregnant women (mean age: 32.51 ± 4.759; weeks of gestation: 17.32 ± 4.803) completed the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS, Bento et al., 2015), presenting six dimensions (self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness and over-identification) and the Insomnia Assessment Scale (Marques et al., 2015). Three sleep groups were formed: good sleepers (no insomnia symptoms; no associated daily impairment); insomnia symptoms groups (one/more insomnia symptoms; no associated daily impairment); insomniacs (one/more insomnia symptoms; daily associated impairment). Results There were significant differences in the total SCS, self-judgment, isolation and over-identification scores, between sleep groups [respectively, F (2,396) = 7,926, P ≤ 0,001; F (2,409) = 19,155, P ≤ 0,001; F (2,410) = 13,016, P ≤ 0,001; F (2,412) = 11,258, P ≤ 0,001]. Self-judgement, isolation and over-identification scores of good sleepers and insomnia symptoms group were higher than of insomniacs. Total SCS score of good sleepers was higher than of insomniacs and the same score of symptoms of insomnia group was also higher than of insomniacs. Conclusions Results seem to show the importance of developing self-compassion to improve sleep in pregnancy or reduce the impact of insomnia symptoms (common at pregnancy). Disclosure of interest The authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Chemical Mediation of Prey Recognition by Spider‐Hunting Wasps

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Predator–prey interactions are important in maintaining the structure and dynamics of ecological communities. Both predators and prey use cues from a range of sensory modalities to detect and assess one another; identification of these cues is necessary to understand how selection operates to shape predator–prey interactions. Mud‐dauber wasps (Sphecidae) provision their larval nests with paralyzed spiders, and different genera of wasps specialize on particular spider taxa. Sceliphron caementarium (Drury 1773) wasps preferentially capture spiders that build two‐dimensional (2D) webs, rather than those that construct three‐dimensional (3D) webs, but the basis of this preference is not clear. Wasps may choose spiders based on an assessment of their web architecture, as 3D webs may provide better defenses against wasp predation than do 2D webs. However, because many hymenopterans use chemical cues to locate and recognize prey, it is also possible that mud‐dauber wasps rely on chemical cues associated with the spider and/or the web to assess prey suitability. When we offered foraging S. caementarium wasps 2D and 3D spiders both on and off their webs, we found that in both cases the wasps took 2D spiders and avoided 3D spiders, demonstrating that the web itself is not the impediment. Results of a series of behavioral choice assays involving filter paper discs containing spider cues and chemically manipulated spiders or spider dummies corroborated the importance of spider chemical cues in mediation of prey recognition by mud‐dauber wasps. We also discuss the relative importance of visual and chemical cues for prey recognition by wasps, examine the anti‐predator behaviors of 2D and 3D spiders, and consider the role of wasp predation in spider diversification.
Neuro-cognitive Performance in Children with Type 1 Diabetes—A Meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To conduct meta-analyses of neuropsychological performance in young people with type 1 diabetes. Methods Meta-analysis of 24 studies. Studies published between 1980 and 2005 were identified. The inclusion criteria were: young people who were 19 years of age with type 1 diabetes, a case–control design and standardized neuropsychological tests of seven cognitive domains. Results Diabetes was statistically associated with poorer performance on visuospatial ability (d0.29), motor speed (d0.26) and writing (d0.28), on sustained attention (d0.21) and reading (d0.23). Smaller effects were identified on full IQ (d0.14), on performance (d0.18) and verbal IQ (d0.15). Severe hypoglycemia was linked to deficits in short-term verbal memory (d0.14; Confidence Interval: 0.318, 0.024; p .04). Conclusions This meta-analysis indicates that children with type 1 diabetes have mild cognitive impairments and subtly reduced overall intellectual functioning. Key words diabetes; meta-analysis; neuro-cognitive; pediatric. Type 1 diabetes is one of the commonest chronic diseases of childhood affecting three per 1,000 children in Europe between 0 and 15 years of age, and 1.7 per 1,000 children in USA between 0 and 19 years of age (CDC, n.d.);
Prenatal ultrasound diagnosis of anorectal atresia: multicenter analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A retrospective analysis of 36 cases of prenatal diagnosed of anorectal atresia at 11–14 weeks of gestation is presented. The median gestational age at examination was 12+4 (range, 11+2–16+1) weeks. Pelvic translucency (abnormal ellipsoid anechogenic translucency in the fetal pelvis) was identified 39 cases, including 94,4 % (34/36) cases with anorectal atresia. There was 3 false-positive case, in which the anus was anatomically and functionally normal. The pelvic translucency seems to be a highly sensitive and specific sonographic marker for anorectal atresia at 11–14 weeks of gestation.
Dissolved Gas Analysis (DGA) of Arc Discharge Fault in Transformer Insulation Oils (Ester and Mineral Oils)

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Transformer insulation oil is an important liquid for insulating and cooling of transformers. For many years' mineral oil has been used for as an insulating liquid in high voltage transformer. Mineral oil has good dielectric properties, however, due to environmental problem; recently many researchers have been looking for an alternative insulating liquid. Biodegradable and environmentally friendly ester oils have attracted more attention in recent years. This paper presents the experimental results of electrical arc stress on dissolved gases of transformer insulating oils (PFAE, MIDEL 7131 and mineral oil). The generated dissolved gases in the sample oils were examined by dissolved gas analysis (DGA) techniques. The test device used for testing is acrylic tube with a high voltage copper electrode at the top and a ground aluminum electrode at the bottom immersed in the oil. The experimental results from dissolved gas analysis (DGA) indicated that arc fault produce large amounts of hydrogen (H 2 ) and acetylene (C2H2) with small quantities of methane (CH4), ethylene (C2H4) and ethane (C2H6) for both oils. Acetylene (C2H2) gas is the highest combustible gas generated by arc discharge in both mineral and ester oils. Therefore, there is a possibility that the diagnosis of a transformer filled with ester oil can be done using dissolved gas analysis (DGA) method.
The Kinetic Characterization of Malonyl-CoA Reductase

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The increase in environmental pollution urges us to find alternative sources and materials to decrease it in order to preserve the human societies on Earth. The molecule 3-hydroxypropionic acid is a versatile crucial industrial chemical that is a precursor to bioplastic, poly(3-hydroxypropionic acid), among other chemicals. The 3-hydroxypropionic acid biosynthesis is achieved in recombinant microorganisms via the malonyl-CoA pathway catalyzed by the cornerstone enzyme, malonyl-CoA reductase in two separate reactions using NADPH. The conversion of malonyl-CoA to malonic semialdehyde is completed in the C-terminal part of malonyl-CoA reductase. The subsequent reduction of malonic semialdehyde to 3-hydroxypropionic acid is accomplished in the N-terminal part of malonyl-CoA reductase. Malonyl-CoA reductase belongs to the short chain dehydrogenases/reductases family and both halves have a characteristic catalytic triad, Ser-Tyr-Lys in the C-terminal part, and Thr-Tyr-Lys in the N-terminal part of the malonyl-CoA reductase. In this work, the plasmid constructs for both halves of malonyl-CoA reductase were prepared, and proteins were expressed separately and characterized kinetically. The C-terminal half demonstrated a step wise mechanism in which the conformational changes from the ordered binding of the substrates, NADPH followed by malonyl-CoA, in a pH-dependent step, precede the hydride transfer in which the sidechains of both tyrosine and serine stabilize the oxyanion in the transitional state facilitating the pro-S hydride transfer by making C-O bond more polar. On the other hand, the N-terminal half revealed random binding of substrates NADP+ and 3-hydroxypropionic acid with NADP+ preferentially binding first, and a concerted mechanism where proton transfer to the catalytic tyrosine and the hydride transfer to NADP+ occur simultaneously.
Working Capital Management and the Financial Performance of Basic Materials Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

The management of working capital involves managing inventories, accounts receivable and payable, and cash. Based on this assertion, this dissertation is to examine working capital management and the financial performance of basic materials manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between working capital management and financial performance of basic material manufacturing companies in Nigeria, The study is anchored with Fisher's separation theory. The study used ex post facto research design which also known as after the effect research, data analyses of financial information were extracted from the manufacturing companies Financial Statements for the years 2001 to 2015. These statements used to examine how an independent variable, present prior to the study, affects a dependent variable. In order to arrive at the testable conclusion, stratified random sampling techniques were adopted. Ordinary Least Square OLS regression model were used in this research work with the model findings, which revealed that debtors, creditors and inventory has no significant relationship with return on investment of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study therefore recommended that managers of basic material manufacturing companies in Nigeria should intensify effort on how to improve the management of debtor as a component of working capital components than creditors and inventories in their industry. Olaniyi, Ayo R | Nzewi, Ugochukwu C "Working Capital Management and the Financial Performance of Basic Materials Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30225.pdf
Why we need a validated tool for measuring knowledge and attitudes regarding long-acting reversible contraception and early medical abortion in women from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Unplanned pregnancy remains highly prevalent in high-income nations. Approximately one in four women will experience an unplanned pregnancy and 30% of these pregnancies end in abortion with rates higher in some developed countries. Women from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds may experience higher rates of unplanned pregnancies, compared with local women. This is due to a myriad of factors and barriers including poor uptake of long-acting reversible contraception/contraceptives (LARCs), though the data is limited. There is also limited data on the awareness of unintended pregnancy options such as early medical abortion (EMA). LARCs are globally accepted and recommended by international bodies and the World Health Organization (WHO) due to their high efficacy at reducing unintended pregnancies. EMA is a safe, non-invasive and alternative method to surgical abortion which can be undertaken in the first trimester of pregnancy. Developing a culturally sensitive, validated tool to measure knowledge and attitudes regarding LARCs and EMA can lead to the development of targeted interventions to reduce unintended pregnancy in women from CALD backgrounds. This editorial highlights the gap in the medical literature regarding a culturally sensitive, validated instrument for measuring knowledge and attitudes towards LARCs and EMA in women from CALD backgrounds. This gap was revealed by undertaking a rapid systematic review of the literature using four databases and a highly sensitive search filter to identify validated survey instruments. No viable tools were identified. Thus, the importance of a validated survey instrument is highlighted …
Hepatocyte-Derived Igκ Exerts a Protective Effect against ConA-Induced Acute Liver Injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Immunoglobulin (Igκ) has been reported to be expressed in sorted liver epithelial cells of μMT mice, and the sequence characteristics of hepatocyte-derived Igκ were different from those of classical B-cell-derived Igκ. However, the physiological function of hepatocyte-derived Igκ is still unclear. The expression of Igκ was firstly identified in primary hepatocytes and normal liver cell line (NCTC1469), and hepatocyte-derived Igκ expression was elevated and displayed unique localization in hepatocytes of concanavalin A (ConA)-induced hepatitis model. Moreover, Igκ knockout mice were more sensitive to ConA-induced hepatitis and had higher serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, more severe histological injury and a greater number of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells as compared with littermate controls. Furthermore, knockdown of Igκ in primary hepatocytes and NCTC1469 cells led to accelerated activation of the mitochondrial death pathway and caspase-3 cleavage in vitro, which might be related to inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway and activation of JNK via the cytoskeleton dynamics. Taken together, these results indicate that hepatocyte-derived Igκ mediates cellular resistance to ConA-induced liver injury by inhibiting activation of caspase-3 and the mitochondrial death pathway, suggesting that Igκ plays an important role in hepatocyte survival and exerts a protective effect against ConA-induced liver injury in mice.
Measuring Technological Change in Primary Sectors in EU-28 (2010-2015): Extending the Structural Decomposition Analysis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper deals with the structural decomposition input-output for the economic analysis of agriculture, forestry and fishing in six EU-28 countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy and Spain) in the 2010-2015 period. The objective is to determine the causes of changes in production in these sectors with a particular focus on disaggregation technological change by distribution factors associated with a specific normalisation of the Leontief inverse. In calculating the net multipliers, an attempt was made to exclude sectors' own consumption appropriately. However, the treatment of own consumption upon introducing a time factor requires further investigation to avoid questionable quantifications. In general, typical characteristics of primary sectors include the accumulation of a significant amount of their own consumption, facilitated by symmetric accounting. Therefore, attention is drawn to these sectors so as to reveal possible analysis techniques that will provide nuance or validate existing techniques.