jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Shadow Value of Legal Status--A Hedonic Analysis of the Earnings of U.S. Farm Workers

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to estimate the shadow price of the legal status of farm workers. A hedonic function in terms of farm work experience, gender, education level, language skill, and legal status is estimated with control variables for employer type, farm work type, as well as other geographical and time variables. The data is drawn from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS). The preliminary results show that while legal status did contribute significantly to the wage differences it is not the major factor. After taking account of the composition shift in demographic characteristics, the quality adjusted labor prices still doubled in the past two decades.
"The use of a combination of X-ray computerised tomography, computer modelling and 3D printing in the study, repair and manufacture of gaming pieces"

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Our East Anglia-based research group has used Computerized Tomography (CT) and 3D printing in combination with CAD and 3D modelling software to study chess pieces made of a number of different materials. We discuss some of our results and findings with particular reference to complete and incomplete nineteenth-century Cantonese ivory chessmen.

We used both hospital CT and a micro-CT scanners to study chess pieces manufactured from ivory, bone and wood as well as various resins and plastic materials. The mean X-ray attenuation values of the different materials were measured using TomoMask while external and internal 3D structures were studied using the Disect viewer . The 3D X-ray data was converted to various computer formats for further manipulation before final 3D printing.

The intricate external and internal features of various sized nineteenth-century Cantonese ivory chess pieces that were either complete, incomplete or broken that were examined by micro-CT could be faithfully reproduced when 3D printed. Furthermore, the structure of each individual ball-within-a-ball of the puzzle-ball bases could also be studied individually, giving further insight as to how they were made.

CT, CAD, 3D modelling and 3D printing technologies can be used to both study individual chessmen (or indeed pieces from any other type of game) as well as to produce highly accurate and pleasing replicas in many different materials including bronze, silver, ceramic, sandstone and nylon.
HEPATOBLASTOMA- MULTIMODALITY TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES- A TERTIARY CENTRE EXPERIENCE

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hepatoblastoma (HBL) is the most common primary liver tumor in (1) children and accounts for 1% of all pediatric cancers . Preterm is a risk factor although most cases are sporadic, but some are associated with constitutional genetic abnormalities and malformations, such as the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (2,3) . Over the last three decades, the annual incidence of (4) Hepatoblastoma in children has gradually increased . Extremely premature babies with a low birth weight have been reported to have a greatly increased risk of developing Hepatoblastoma. The increased survival rates of these premature babies might account for the increased annual incidence of Hepatoblastomas. Upto 60% of ( 5 ) hepatoblastoma are unresectable on presentation .Due to chemoresponsiveness of hepatoblastoma neoadjuvant chemotherapy is used to downsize the tumor for surgical resection. This retrospective study reviews our experience with multimodality treatment in
Roma as a Unique Cultural Minority: the Impact of Communism and Democratisation on Roma in Eastern Europe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis examines the socio-economic situation of Roma in three Eastern European countries: Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary. It observes that the governments of these three countries, to varying degrees, have failed to develop effective policies for improving the marginal situation of the Roma minority. My hypothesis is that one of the key factors explaining this failure is the fact that âthe dominant group â ethnic minorityâ relations in these countries have been based on a liberal as opposed to a multicultural model. \nAn examination of the academic literature on accommodating ethnic minority rights reveals two main models that deal with the rights of minority cultures. The first, the liberal model, focuses on human rights and advances the idea that the best way to improve the quality of life of ethnic minorities would be to treat their members in the same way as the members of the dominant ethnic group. The second, the multicultural model, demands special protection of the culture of minority groups and views this as an essential precondition for improving the minority groupâs socio-economic condition. \nThe thesis argues that both the policies of the Eastern European governments, as well as the monitoring mechanisms adopted by the international community are based on the liberal approach which promotes the implementation of human rights standards. These policies have not been successful which in turn casts doubt on the suitability of the liberal model as a solution to the problematic situation of the Roma in the three Eastern European countries studied here. \nThe thesis examines two other factors that explain the poor socio-economic status of Roma in Eastern Europe: the unique situation of the Roma minority as one lacking an external homeland that could support its minority abroad and the unique geo-political situation of these Eastern European countries whose other minorities do have external homelands and are seen as posing a security threat to the host countries. Thus the Roma suffer the twofold disadvantage of having no external protection and of being the target of the negative attitudes aimed at the other ethnic minority groups due to the perceived security threat to the territorial integrity of these states. \nThe analysis demonstrates that the Roma minorities in Hungary fare better than in Bulgaria and Romania due to the lack of the above mentioned security issues vis-Ã -vis other ethnic minorities. \n \n
Frequency vs. Salience in First Language Acquisition: The Acquisition of Aspect Marking in Chintang

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Frequency of occurrence in the input is a main factor determining the ease of acquisition in first language learners. However, little is known about the factors relevant for the acquisition of low-frequency items. We examine the use of aspectual markers in a longitudinal corpus of Chintang (Sino-Tibetan, Nepal) children (ages 2;1-4;5). Only 7.7% of all Chintang verbs are overtly marked for aspect. Chintang has three aspect markers, one of which is substantially more frequent than the others. One of the low-frequency markers is positionally and prosodically more salient, appearing at the word-boundary. \nUsing a Bayesian beta-binomial model, we assess the distribution and flexibility of use of aspectual markers in the input and children's production. Our analysis shows that the most frequent marker was acquired earliest, as predicted. For the low-frequency markers, position, segmentability and uniformity are better predictors of ease of acquisition.
A Digital Ruble as a New Form of Money

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The paper is devoted to the definition of forms of money. The author disputes the correctness of the division of money into fully valid and invalid money, proves that there is no invalid money. The division of forms of money into cash and non-cash is made from a substantial point of view (material substance and ideal substance) and it is argued that within the framework of this classification there are no other forms of money, only varieties of these forms. The author shows the change in the forms of money depending on the degree of development of production forces and production relations. The paper provides describtions of characteristics of cash forms of money (metal and paper) and non-cash (records on bank accounts, electronic money, digital currency). At the same time, the so-called cryptocurrency is not a currency (money). It is a monetary surrogate and a kind of digital financial assets. The nature and form of the currency created on the basis of digital technologies by central banks is considered. It is concluded that the digital ruble in its form will become fully valid money — a kind of non-cash money issued by the central bank.
Imaging and analysis of angiogenesis for skin transplantation by microangiography

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The success of skin transplantations depends on a proper revascularization of the transplanted tissue. Angiogenesis (vessel growth) in the transplanted dermal matrices can be stimulated by administering different drugs. To evaluate the effectiveness of different drug treatments in an experimental setting using laboratory animals, vessels in transplant samples are visualized by so-called micro-angiograms, i.e., X-ray images after contrast agent injection. We describe a framework for the acquisition of such micro-angiograms as well as for the subsequent semi-automatic analysis of angiogenesis. Central to our analysis is the segmentation of small fasciocutaneous vessels in the transplant sample.
Tumor Antigens in Hamsters with Sarcomas Associated with Herpesvirus Type 2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Tumor-associated antigens (TTA) were demonstrated in preparations of hamster sarcomas associated with Herpes simplex virus type 2, as well as in the sera of tumor-bearing hamsters. An immunoadsorption-in-gel method was employed to demonstrate and purify the TAA and anti-TAA. These results suggest the potential use of this technique for the demonstration of TAA or of anti-TAA in humans or animals with cancer.
Phytochemistry and pharmacogenomics of natural products derived from traditional chinese medicine and chinese materia medica with activity against tumor cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract The cure from cancer is still not a reality for all patients, which is mainly due to the limitations of chemotherapy (e.g., drug resistance and toxicity). Apart from the high-throughput screening of synthetic chemical libraries, natural products represent attractive alternatives for drug development. We have done a systematic bioactivity-based screening of natural products derived from medicinal plants used in traditional Chinese medicine. Plant extracts with growth-inhibitory activity against tumor cells have been fractionated by chromatographic techniques. We have isolated the bioactive compounds and elucidated the chemical structures by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry. By this strategy, we identified 25-O-acetyl-23,24-dihydro-cucurbitacin F as a cytotoxic constituent of Quisqualis indica. Another promising compound identified by this approach was miltirone from Salvia miltiorrhiza. The IC50 values for miltirone of 60 National Cancer Institute cell lines were associated with the microarray-based expression of 9,706 genes. By COMPARE and hierarchical cluster analyses, candidate genes were identified, which significantly predicted sensitivity or resistance of cell lines to miltirone. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(1):152–61]
An experimental analysis of risk effects in attacker‐defender games

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper reports results of two‐person games in which a defender chooses between high and low alert states, and an attacker chooses whether to attack or wait. Low alerts and attacks are risky because successful attacks are costly for the defender and failed attacks are costly for the attacker. The Nash equilibrium, even allowing for risk aversion, has the stark property that a reduction in the attacker's cost has no effect on the attack probability. In contrast, high attack costs are associated with lower attack rates in a laboratory experiment conducted with monetary payoffs. The empirical analysis is focused on explaining strategic behavior as it is affected by risk aversion and behavioral “noise” in strategic best responses. A model incorporating both of these features outperforms others. Generalized comparative static results for changes in attack costs and risk aversion are proved in the context of a nonparametric quantal response equilibrium.
Characteristics of severe adverse events after peptide vaccination for advanced cancer patients: Analysis of 500 cases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to investigate severe adverse events (SAEs) after therapeutic peptide vaccination for advanced cancer patients. We investigated SAEs following personalized peptide vaccinations in 500 advanced cancer patients, including 174 prostate, 74 colon, 51 pancreatic and 43 gastric cancer patients. The number of vaccination cycles varied widely, from 3 to 112. The severity of adverse events was scored according to the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3, and events with a grade of >3 were defined as SAEs and were evaluated by the Institutional Safety Evaluation Committee. A total of 215 SAEs in 102 patients were recorded during the vaccine trials. The main causes for these events were cancer progression (152 SAEs in 78 patients), combined cancer treatments other than vaccination (35 in 21 patients), diseases other than cancer (20 in 19 patients), peptide vaccines (6 in 6 patients) and suicide (1 in 1 patient). The 6 vaccine-related SAEs, all grade 3, consisted of skin reactions at each injection site, cellulitis around the injection site, edemas of the head and neck regions, colitis, rectal bleeding and bladder-vaginal fistulae. Both cellular and humoral responses to the vaccinated peptides were highly boosted in all 6 of these patients, indicating the involvement of augmented immune responses in these SAEs. The clinical responses in these 6 patients consisted of 2 partial responses and 4 stable diseases. The majority of SAEs after peptide vaccination for advanced cancer patients were caused by cancer progression. The appearance of vaccine-related SAEs, except inflammatory injection site reactions, was unexpected, and fortunately the incidence was very low. Our results suggest that physicians should be on guard for these rare SAEs associated with augmented immune responses.
The Location of Sexuality in Group Analysis

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This article addresses the subject of sexuality in group analysis, and tries to locate it in a group analytic context. To do so, Foulkes’ late paper on the ‘Oedipus Conflict and Regression’ (1972) is taken as a starting point. It is argued that both Foulkes, and later de Maré have convincingly shown that psycho-sexuality cannot be localized in the body, but has to be located in the group. This basic group analytic assumption has an affinity to certain Lacanian key concepts, namely the concepts of desire and of jouissance. Both are discussed and put into perspective.
Evaluation of the Performance and Cost-Effectiveness of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) Produced from Region 6 Local Materials

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The project objective is to develop cost-effective Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) with locally available ingredients in Region 6 to address the deficiencies observed in ordinary concrete materials. The study explored the utilization of two types of river sands (coarse and fine), two types of PVA fibers (long and short), four levels of cement replacement with Class F fly ash, and the implementation of recycled crumb rubber in the performance of ECC materials. A total of 24 mix designs were prepared and evaluated in compression, tension, and bending to assess its mechanical properties. Furthermore, the cracking characteristics of the materials produced were evaluated to assess the durability potential of these composites. Lastly, the cost of each mix design and the feasibility of ECC implementation in transportation infrastructure were assessed. The experimental results showed that implementing crumb rubber and/or increasing contents of fly ash in the mixtures produced a positive impact in the ductility of the materials. However, a tradeoff between ductility and strength was observed. Furthermore, the utilization of the different types of sand evaluated in this study produced minor effects in the mechanical properties of ECCs evaluated. The properties of the materials developed in this study were exceedingly superior than that of regular concrete. It was concluded that ECC materials are promising for the future of transportation infrastructure.
Invasion-promoting extracellular matrix composition enhances photodynamic therapy response in 3D pancreatic cancer models

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by extracellular matrix-rich stromal involvement, but it is not clear how ECM properties that affect invasiveness and chemotherapy response influence efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). To disentangle the mechanical and biochemical effects of ECM composition, we measured the effects of various combinations of ECM proteins on growth behavior, invasive potential, and therapeutic response of multicellular 3D pancreatic tumor models. These spheroids were grown in attachment-free conditions before embedding in combinations of rheologically characterized collagen 1 and Matrigel combinations and treated with oxaliplatin chemotherapy and PDT. We find that cells invading from collagen-embedded tumor spheroids, the least rigid ECM substrate described here, displayed better response to PDT than to oxaliplatin chemotherapy. Overall, our results support that ECM-mediated invading PDAC populations remain responsive to PDT in conditions that induce chemoresistance.
Measuring the Level of Digitalization in Agriculture: Identification Indicators and Scaling to Determine the Digitalization Level of Farmers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Technological developments have accelerated the use of information and communication technologies in the agricultural sector as in all other sectors. However, there is still a lack of information in the literature on measuring the level of digital technology usage by farmers. This study will help to eliminate the lack of information on the indicators and their weights that can be used to determine the level of digitalisation of farmers. The aim of the study is to determine the indicators to be used in measuring the level of digital technology use, the sub-dimensions of these indicators, and the weights of these indicators. The constant-sum scale and expert opinions were used to determine the indicators and their weights to be used in measuring the level of digitalisation. The level of agreement of the opinions expressed by different experts about different digitalisation level indicators and their weights was revealed with the help of Kendall’s Coefficient of Concordance. The study results showed that the indicators of internet access facilities, internet speed, smartphone ownership, mobile internet usage, and the ability to use office programs are important variables in measuring the level of digitalisation. The study determined eight main indicators to measure the level of digitalisation and 96 indicators under them, and their weights were put forward. By using the digitalisation indicators and their weights, it will be possible to measure the level of digitalisation in agricultural enterprises reliably.
Effect of RF Bias on Low-Temperature Synthesis of Aluminium Nitride Film by Hollow Cathode Discharge-Type Ion Plating

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The effects of RF bias potential on the synthesis of aluminium nitride (AlN) film on a glass substrate using the hollow cathode discharge (HCD) ion plating technique, and on some properties of the film were investigated. The deposits were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The AlN films prepared with application of RF bias potential were superior in flatness to those prepared without applying of RF bias potential, but excess RF bias voltage to the substrate caused the film to come off not just from the substrate, but also with peeling of the glass substrate surface. The Vickers microhardness of film consisting of AlN single phase was estimated to be about 2300 kg/mm 2 . The film density was increased by applying RF bias voltage, its value being close to the theoretical value.
Hide-and-seek: Can tax treaties reveal offshore wealth?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In response to offshore tax evasion, governments have introduced new tax treaties to facilitate the exchange of financial account information between jurisdictions, including traditional tax havens. Based on international banking statistics, I examine whether these treaties have had a material impact on offshore evasion. Based on panel regression analysis, I find that cross-border deposits in traditional haven jurisdictions, taken as a proxy for offshore evasion in the literature, have declined substantially. However, I also find that these offshore assets are being relocated to few non-compliant tax havens and moreover, “non-haven” offshore financial centres, most notably the United States, which has yet to commit to reciprocal and automatic exchange of information and establish a public register of ultimate beneficial ownership.
Comparison between coronary calcium score and segment involvement score when used in clinical routine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Data from a nationwide registry on coronary computer tomography angiography. Background The Coronary Artery Calcium Score (CACS) and segment involvement score (SIS) are crucial factors in assessing the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and determining the likelihood of future cardiovascular events. However, there are few large multicenter studies comparing the predictive value of CACS and SIS when used in the clinical routine. Objectives To compare CACS and SIS ability to predict cardiovascular outcomes when used in the clinical routine. Methods This retrospective cohort study included patients who underwent Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) for CAD evaluation between 2006-2022 in 29 different centers in Sweden. CACS was calculated using the Agatston method, and SIS was determined based on the number of coronary segments exhibiting plaque. For SIS, patients were categorized into SIS=0, SIS=1, SIS=2, SIS=3, SIS³4, for CACS patients were categorized into CACS=0, CACS=1-9, CACS=10-99, CACS=100-299, CACS³300. Patients were followed regarding the primary outcome of death or myocardial infarction. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used for adjusting for potential confounders. Results A total of 23034 patients underwent CCTA and were followed for up to ten years. Median age (IQR) was 58 (49–67) years, 50% were women, 9% had diabetes mellitus, 42% had hypertension, 25% had hyperlipidemia, 5% had previously known CAD. There were 955 patients (4.1%) with myocardial infarction (MI) and 409 patients (2.2%) died during follow up. There was an increase in cardiovascular events with increasing SIS. When comparing SIS and presence of obstructive stenosis, SIS was a better predictor of outcome (Figure 1). There was also an increase cardiovascular events with increasing CACS (Figure 2). When adjusted for age, sex, risk factors, previous cardiovascular disease and intervention, both SIS and CACS were independently associated with outcome. When SIS and CACS were compared in a receiver operating characteristic curve, CACS had significantly larger AUC than SIS, (0.70[0.67-0.73] vs 0.62[0.60-0.63]). Conclusion Our findings show that both CACS and SIS are important and independent predictors of cardiovascular outcomes thereby offering a valuable tool for personalized risk stratification and management in clinical settings. When used in the clinical routine, CACS appears to be more strongly associated with outcome than SIS.Figure1 Survival SISFigure 2 Survival CACS