jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Benefits of and Challenges to Implement 5D BIM in Construction Industry

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry is known as one of the prominent sectors contributing to economic in Iraq. On the other hand, this sector suffers from poor quality, poor communication, and cost overruns and delay project completion. Time and cost estimation are two major critical processes in construction management, to conduct estimation must plans and specification are completed. Manually estimate is time consuming and error prone because human activities. Building information modelling (BIM) can be used to automate these processes in short time and accurate estimate, BIM is a relative new technology in architect, engineering, and construction industry (AEC), which has a major effect in construction industry practices. The 3D model is the geometry model and when attached time will be 4D and 5D when attached cost. The aim of this study is to provide clear understanding about 5D BIM in Iraqi construction industry by investigating benefits, challenges, and motivation factors that helps in applying it. The results show that the awareness rate of Iraqi engineers about BIM is actually weak with 67.5% of respondents, main advantages of BIM technology are collaboration, digital representation, visualization, effective QTO tool, and reduce change order, respectively, the main challenges that facing BIM are culture resistance, thoughts recent software and traditional approach are enough of 5D BIM tools, respectively; the main motivation factors that help in BIM adoption are adapted in universities and government support. The Iraqi construction industry is remained behind in adopting the BIM capabilities related to time (4D BIM) and cost management (5D BIM). This research helps as a stepping-stone to study further to promoting BIM application in the Iraqi construction industry.
Plague and pleasure: the Renaissance world of Pius II

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Plague and Pleasure is a lively popular history that introduces a new hypothesis about the impetus behind the cultural change in Renaissance Italy. The Renaissance coincided with a period of chronic, constantly recurring plague, unremitting warfare and pervasive insecurity. Consequently, people felt a need for mental escape to alternative, idealized realities, distant in time or space from the unendurable present but made vivid to the imagination through literature, art, and spectacle. Pope Pius II experienced both plague and war during his reign and he exhibited many escapist behaviors typical of his period: the building of his Shangri-La at Pienza, his constant sight-seeing travels, his passion for natural scenery or Roman remains, his public spectacles, andthe humanism that immersed him in an idealized Roman past. This see-saw mentality of the period could plunge into melancholy when facing harsh realities and then propel them into ecstasies of makebelieve to counter their dispair. Plague and Pleasure uses the life and times of Pope Pius II as the framework for presenting a view of the Renaissance that the public can understand and appreciate and which may at least narrow the gap between the past known to scholars and that known to the public they ultimately serve.
[The current status of molecular detection of micrometastatic prostate cancer cells].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We summarized and reviewed published reports, including our studies, on the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection of micrometastatic prostate cancer cells in lymph nodes, bone marrow and peripheral blood. Some published data preliminarily suggest that the RT-PCR assay of micrometastatic prostate cancer cells may allow a more accurate assessment of lymph node and bone metastases of prostate cancer, and offer a presurgical prediction of the pathological stage of clinically localized disease. In addition, the RT-PCR assay may have a unique prognostic value in prostate cancer. However, controversy remains over the clinical significance of the RT-PCR assay. This assay could potentially develop into a diagnostic procedure for the clinical decision making in patients with prostate cancer. To establish the clinical significance of the RT-PCR assay, further optimized and standardized RT-PCR assay studies are needed, investigating large populations and involving long-term follow-up for the determination of any association between the results of the RT-PCR assay and specific clinical outcome.
Selection of Wheat Genotype(S) for Drought Stress Based on Physiological Traits

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>Wheat, the world’s third important cereal, is cultivated in Pakistan both in irrigated and rainfed areas. One of the major constraints of wheat production in rainfed area is drought that needs to be addressed. Although many genotypes were released that were tolerant to drought stress by improving various physiological traits but there is a need to lessen the effects of drought to boost wheat productivity. The present study was designed to identify genotype(s) suitable under drought stress by analyzing various physiological traits such as relative water content, cell membrane stability, proline content and chlorophyll content under drought stress. The research material consisted of sixteen different wheat genotypes. The experiment was planted during winter 2013-14 following RCBD with three replications. Drought stress was induced by withholding water during heading and anthesis stages. High heritability, observed for relative water content, proline content and cell membrane stability, indicated that selection would be effective for these traits as they are heritable to next generation. Correlation analysis revealed that cell membrane stability and proline content were negatively correlated with relative water content while proline content was positively correlated with cell membrane stability. Yield was only positively correlated with chlorophyll content. Among tested wheat genotypes, Maxi-Pak, Chakwal 50 and WC 20 were identified as potential varieties that can be used in future wheat breeding programme for rainfed conditions.</p>
Evolution of dust in the Orion Bar with Herschel

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Context. Interstellar dust is a key element in our understanding of the interstellar medium and star formation. The manner in which dust populations evolve with the excitation and the physical conditions is a first step in comprehending the evolution of interstellar dust.

Aims. Within the framework of the Evolution of interstellar dust Herschel key programme, we have acquired PACS and SPIRE spectrophotometric observations of various photodissociation regions, to characterise this evolution. The aim of this paper is to trace the evolution of dust grains in the Orion Bar photodissociation region.

Methods. We used Herschel/PACS (70 and 160 μm) and SPIRE (250, 350 and 500 μm) together with Spitzer/IRAC observations to map the spatial distribution of the dust populations across the Bar. Brightness profiles were modelled using the DustEM model coupled with a radiative transfer code.

Results. Thanks to Herschel, we are able to probe in great detail the dust emission of the densest parts of the Orion Bar with a resolution from 5.6″ to 35.1″. These new observations allow us to infer the temperature of the biggest grains at different positions in the Bar, which reveals a gradient from ~70 K to 35 K coupled with an increase of the spectral emissivity index from the ionization front to the densest regions. Combining Spitzer/IRAC observations, which are sensitive to the dust emission from the surface, with Herschel maps, we were able to measure the Orion Bar emission from 3.6 to 500 μm. We find a stratification in the different dust components that can be quantitatively reproduced by a simple radiative transfer model without dust evolution (diffuse interstellar medium abundances and optical properties). However, including dust evolution is needed to explain the brightness in each band. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) abundance variations, or a combination of PAH abundance variations with an enhancement of the biggest grain emissivity caused by coagulation give good results. Another hypothesis is to consider a length of the Bar along the line of sight different at the ionization front than in the densest parts.
Chlorine Adsorption on Silver (111) at Low Temperatures

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Two previously unreported low-temperature structures of chlorine on silver(111) are discussed: the sharp Ag(111)−(√3 × √3)R30°−Cl, which disorders above 195 K and a split spot pattern assigned as Ag(111)−(13 × 13)−Cl. The latter surface is also disordered at room temperature and gives a diffuse pattern reminiscent of a (√3 × √3) R30° pattern. These patterns are discussed with reference to previous work and compared to chlorine adsorption on other fcc transition metal (111) surfaces. SEXAFS analysis of the sharp Ag(111)−(√3 × √3)R30°−Cl surface reveals a Cl−Ag bond length of 2.48 Å, which disagrees with a previous SEXAFS bond length determination for chlorine on Ag(111), but is in accordance with trends in metal−chlorine bond lengths for other fcc metal (111) (√3 × √3) R30° surfaces.
Development and Validation of Light-Duty Vehicle Modal Emissions and Fuel Consumption Values for Traffic Models

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A methodology for developing modal vehicle emissions and fuel consumption models has been developed by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). These models, in the form of look-up tables for fuel consumption and emissions as functions of vehicle speed and acceleration, are designed for simulations such as the FHWA's TRAF-series of models. These traffic models are used to evaluate the impacts of roadway design on emissions and fuel consumption. Vehicles are tested on-road and on a chassis dynamometer to characterize the entire operating range of each vehicle. Engine parameters are measured on-the-road as functions of vehicle speed and acceleration while driving the cars through their entire operating envelope. Following road testing, the vehicles are driven on the chassis dynamometer while making transient and steady-state emissions and fuel consumption measurements as functions of the same engine parameters. The two data sets are merged numerically to deliver data-based models of fuel consumption and emissions as functions of vehicle speed and acceleration. The data-based models are models only in the sense that numerical methods are used to create a smooth surface using discreet data points; no simulations or assumptions are made in the creation of the data-based models. As a validation exercise, the models were used to predict cycle emissions and fuel consumption and the results were compared to certification-type tests on a different population of vehicles. Results of the verification exercise show that the developed models can generally predict cycle emissions and fuel consumption with error rates comparable to the variability of repeated dynamometer tests. Follow-on work at ORNL has included testing of additional vehicles, superemitters, and additional validation. The additional validation focuses on certification-type test comparisons on the single-vehicle level. Validation exercises continue to yield positive results. This work is not discussed in the current report, although the data from the current report as well as from follow-on work is currently available by contacting ORNL. These look-up tables represent a valuable source of data for a variety of efforts, including and beyond the original purpose of supporting the TRAF-series of models.\n
'My self-image and your interactions': The influence of the preschool educator's image of the child as a learner on children's wellbeing and involvement

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The introduction in 2011 of a universal free preschool year for all children in Ireland prior to attending primary school was heralded as a significant commitment to children and families. As a result of this policy initiative there are increasing numbers of young children accessing preschool provision. However, despite increased access and increased investment in ECEC provision, little is known about the quality of preschool children’s experiences, or the impact of the pedagogical approach on children’s levels of wellbeing and involvement in their learning. Equally there has been no evaluation of the quality or the effectiveness of the preschool provision in supporting children’s development of 21st century skills. This thesis explores how the preschool educator’s image of the child as a learner influences her/his pedagogical approach and how the educator’s pedagogical approach subsequently impacts on children’s levels of wellbeing and involvement in their meaning making processes. The study, an ethnographic comparative study, was conducted across three preschool setting types, Montessori, Play-based and Reggio inspired in the west of Ireland and Boston. The findings identify that children’s levels of wellbeing and involvement are high when their basic needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are met in an autonomy supportive, child-centred learning environment. In comparison, when the learning environment is controlling and the approach to teaching and learning is didactic and adult-led, children’s levels of wellbeing and involvement are low. These findings have significant implications for policy and practice and provide a compelling argument for the evaluation of the quality of preschool provision in Ireland.
Clinical Decision Support System for Primary Care of Opioid Use Disorder

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Importance Nearly 727 000 individuals in the US died of opioid overdoses between 1999 and 2022. The current workforce of addiction medicine specialists is inadequate to address the scale of this crisis, and primary care clinicians (PCCs) do not feel sufficiently supported to treat opioid use disorder (OUD). Objective To evaluate whether an electronic health record–integrated clinical decision support system (CDSS) increases OUD diagnosis and treatment in primary care. Design, Setting, and Participants This pragmatic cluster randomized clinical trial was conducted from April 2021 to December 2023. Primary care clinics in 3 health systems in 4 US states were randomized to receive or not receive an electronic health record–integrated CDSS aimed at improving OUD diagnosis and treatment. Eligible patients were aged 18 to 75 years, visited a randomized clinic, and had an OUD diagnosis in the last 2 years, opioid overdose in the last 6 months, or risk score indicating high risk of OUD or opioid overdose. Data were analyzed from September 2023 to October 2024. Interventions The OUD CDSS provided personalized treatment recommendations to patients and PCCs in intervention clinics. Main Outcomes and Measures Primary outcomes were likelihood to receive (1) an OUD diagnosis (among high-risk patients without a baseline OUD diagnosis), (2) a naloxone prescription, or (3) a prescription of a medication for OUD (MOUD) or specialty referral, all within 30 days of first eligible (index) visit, and (4) days covered by a MOUD prescription in the 90 days after index. Results Among 10 891 patients meeting eligibility criteria, 5918 (54.3%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 48.0 (13.9) years. There was no difference in OUD diagnoses within 30 days between groups. Patients in the intervention group had more naloxone orders (80 of 5538 [1.4%] vs 40 of 5353 [0.7%]; odds ratio, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.14-2.72) and orders for MOUDs or treatment referral (775 of 5538 [14.0%] vs 503 of 5353 [9.4%]; odds ratio, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.05-2.08) within 30 days. There were no differences in median (IQR) days covered by MOUD over 90 days postindex between intervention (84 [55-90] days) and usual care (83 [55-90] days; rate ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.93-1.08) or in overdose or death rates during the intervention period. Conclusions and Relevance In this cluster randomized clinical trial, the intervention improved rates of naloxone orders and OUD treatment in primary care but did not affect days covered by a MOUD over 90 days postindex or overdose or death rates. These findings demonstrate an OUD CDSS can help increase access to OUD treatment in primary care. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04198428
Fifty-five-year longevity for the largest member of the family Sparidae: the endemic red steenbras Petrus rupestris from South Africa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A previous study that explored the age and growth of red steenbras Petrus rupestris (Valenciennes, 1830), a large sparid (family Sparidae, seabreams or porgies) endemic to South Africa and reported to approach 2 m in length, provided estimates as a moderately slow-growing species with a maximum age near 30 years. The stock is considered collapsed and a fishing moratorium was imposed in 2012, resulting in this species being assessed as Endangered by the IUCN. One consideration in addressing population status is validation of life-history traits. In this study, estimates of age for red steenbras from thin-sectioned otoliths were reassessed visually in terms of both the original ages and revised estimates using a different age-reading pattern. The revised ages exceeded the original ages by up to 30 years, with a maximum estimated age of 55 years from a well-defined otolith section that provided a basis for the revised age-reading procedure. Bomb radiocarbon (14C) dating revealed there was an offset in the timing of the 14C rise on the Agulhas Bank that, when coupled with considerations for regional oceanography, provided support for the revised age-reading pattern and an estimated longevity that exceeds 50 years. These findings were further supported by the fortuitous recapture of a tagged red steenbras that was at liberty for 22 years.
Online color camera calibration

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a practical approach to online color camera calibration under changing illumination conditions. Calibration is based on a color camera model and color constancy. In the first stage of the calibration a reconstruction of the current illuminant is performed based on an image taken from a scene with a calibrated color set. Using the updated power spectrum distribution of the current illumination the output camera values are corrected. Based on the corrected camera output values reconstruction of the reflectance spectrum of a random color object is performed and color features of the object can be determined under a required illuminant color temperature. The simulation experiments of the algorithm and results of tests on real images are discussed and the performance of the calibration is evaluated. The approach provides a real time color camera calibration procedure for many applications of machine vision.
Laborscapes and Archaeologies of Sustainability

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Archaeological research on sustainability enjoys an increasingly high profile in the discipline, with scholars employing a range of methodological and theoretical platforms. We argue that the most successful forays of applied archaeological research into sustainability encompass three major realms: the social foundations and local histories of any human community, the economic resources and practices to support that community, and the environmental and geological couplings existing therein. This study explores dynamic relationships between these three spheres by discussing how nineteenth- and twentieth-century farmers, land managers, and landowners, along with their families, created and maintained a vibrant community, founded for the commercial production of bergamot, mulberries, olives, grapes, and a wide variety of fruits, nuts, vegetables, and cereal crops in the San Pasquale Valley (SPQV), Calabria, Italy. Our theoretical approach combines Lave and Wenger's (1991) community of practice approach with Scarborough's (2009) model of labor- and techno-tasking strategies to document laborscapes through time, using architectural documentation, oral histories, documentary evidence, oral histories, ethnographic interviews, and climate modeling. We demonstrate the interpretive power of incorporating cultural foundations into environmental and economic models to produce more comprehensive understandings of how people succeed and fail to sustain livelihoods and communities. We argue that rhythms and nuances of linkages between the SPQV environment, economy, and social worlds require a more flexible conceptualization of sustainability to encompass the variety of solutions developed by current SPQV community members to craft sustainable economic and social futures for themselves.
European air transport up to the year 2000

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In terms of world scheduled passenger traffic, Europe accounts for: ( a ) 35% of passenger journeys; ( b ) 10% of passenger kilometres; ( c ) 40% of aircraft movements. This traffic has shown sustained growth at about twice the rate of general economic expansion. Rapid growth of trade and discretionary income explains a substantial proportion of this growth, but the efforts of the airline industry itself, which have resulted in improvements in speed and comfort and a persistent fall in real fares, are equally important. Since the early 1960s the air travel market has broadened considerably. The scheduled industry no longer caters solely for business and wealthy leisure travellers. Increasingly, in a consumerist world, it caters for travellers with modest incomes. Consumerism is not the only external force to be reckoned with. The environmental lobby is strong and demands attention.