jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Pharmacotherapy of obesity: an update.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

There has been an epidemic of obesity in the last decade. In spite of the rising numbers of people who are overweight and obese, medical treatment of obesity is currently where medical treatment of hypertension was in the 1950s with only two Food and Drug Administration-approved medications for chronic weight loss and maintenance, sibutramine and orlistat. This article reviews these medications and others currently being used for weight loss and weight maintenance. Available medications for obesity include drugs that affect caloric intake and appetite and alter energy expenditure and nutrient absorption, as well as some with an unclear mechanism of action at present. Dozens of drugs in different phases of clinical investigation could be available in the next decade.
Incidence of Pouchitis and Pouch Outcomes in Patients With Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Following Ileal Pouch-anal Anastomosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the surgical procedure of choice in both familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and medically-refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). Pouchitis is the most common complication after IPAA and is believed to selectively affect UC patients while sparing those with FAP, with a reported incidence up to 10% in this population. However, clinical experience at our institution suggests the actual incidence of pouchitis in FAP is underestimated. We herein report our experience with FAP patients who underwent IPAA to better understand the incidence of pouchitis and pouch-related complications in this patient population. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on all FAP patients who underwent restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA at our institution from 1992-2015. Patients were identified for inclusion using ICD-9 diagnostic and CPT procedure codes. Patient demographics, pouch-related complications, and pouchitis severity and treatment outcomes were collected using the electronic medical record. Pouchitis was diagnosed based on symptomatology and evidence of endoscopic and/or histologic inflammation, or based on clinical diagnosis of the treating physician without undergoing endoscopy. Results: 113 patients met inclusion criteria: 82 (72.6%) did not develop pouchitis (mean time to last follow-up=8.5 years) and 31 patients (27.4%) developed pouchitis (mean time to pouchitis=4.3 years). Data is shown in table 1. There were no significant differences in the rate of early or late pouch-related complications in patients who developed pouchitis compared to those who did not. In patients who developed pouchitis, the disease course was acute in 77.4% and chronic in 22.6%. Endoscopic and histologic inflammation was present in 86.2% and 85.2% of patients who underwent endoscopy, respectively. The mean (SD) modified pouchitis disease activity index (mPDAI) was 4.0 (1.5). In those treated, 75.0% responded to antibiotics, 10.7% were antibiotic dependent, and 10.7% were antibiotic resistant. Conclusion: Pouchitis is not a complication restricted to UC patients. Rather, pouchitis may affect over one-fourth of FAP patients postoperatively, as demonstrated in this study. While the severity of pouchitis in FAP patients appears relatively mild, based on mPDAI, and responsive to antibiotic treatment, the long-term clinical significance for pouch function remains undefined.Table 1: Characteristics of FAP patients with and without pouchitis
Abnormal regional hypermethylation in cancer cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Let me summarize by reviewing a model which is meant to raise as many questions as it answers (Fig. 2). What I have discussed today are data suggesting that during progression of solid tumors, like colon cancer, an increased cellular DNA methylating capacity characterizes the initial stages of multi-clonal hyperplasia. Despite this increase, the altered pattern of DNA methylation which subsequently emerges is largely manifest by a widespread hypomethylation of DNA. However, on a more regional basis, areas of hypermethylation appear which can affect strategic areas such as normally unmethylated CpG islands. These shifted DNA methylation patterns have the capacity to both follow, or cause, chromatin changes that can both directly silence genes critical for normal cell maturation--and/or participate in the structural chromosome changes which constitute genetic instability during tumor progression (Fig. 2). I suggest that one must view these changes as an interchangeable cycle of events during tumor progression. The chromatin changes and abnormal methylation patterns can drive one another with increasingly deleterious effects as the malignant phenotype emerges (reviewed in Baylin, 1991). What are the molecular events that would initiate the above dynamics? A working construct model is shown in Fig. 3. As discussed for the normal adult cell, there is a delicate balance between the strategic location of DNA MTase, regulation of this enzyme, and rate of DNA synthesis at replication forks (top panel, Fig. 3). In pre-neoplastic and cancer cells, perhaps failure of cells to exit the cell cycle and halt DNA replication, facilitates some sort of pressure to increase cellular DNA methyltransferase activity (bottom panel, Fig. 3). This increase may involve loss of feedback inhibition of the enzyme during the post DNA replication phase. There are also probable structural alterations in the nucleus which may alter the geographic relationship between the DNA replication fork and DNA MTase. In consequence, many DNA areas that should be getting methylated do not, and novel areas of methylation also arise. This cycle of events leads to the imbalance of DNA methylation that I have talked about. Future investigations of these possibilities, and of their specific consequences for alterations of gene expression and chromosome structure, may reveal a key molecular step underlying virtually all stages of tumor progression.
SH1683537.08FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
The Inner World of the Genetic Counselor

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract The external experience of genetic counselors reflects and is processed in their personal inner worlds. A small window into that private interior is opened here revealing the strengths and frailties, vulnerabilities and sensitivities professionals bring to bear in their work. The relational, human interplay—between counselor and colleagues, counselor and clients, counselors in their nonprofessional roles relative to others—is the primary focus of the interior experience.
Review on Teneligliptin: A novel antihyperglycemic agent

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Diabetes mellitus relates a metabolic disorder of collective aetiology which is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia caused due to disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism due to impaired β cell function of pancreas or insulin resistance or both. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors have recently emerged as a new class of antidiabetic that show favorable results in improving glycemic control with a minimal risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain. Teneligliptin is a recently developed oral dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor indicated for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Teneligliptin, characterized by a "J-shaped" structure formed by five consecutive rings which give unique binding characteristics, reflect in higher potency than other dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor. Teneligliptin is a novel antihyperglycemic agent with a preferable profile in terms of long-term efficacy and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitor, Teneligliptin, Hypoglycemia,
A Contribution to the Botany of Orissa

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This paper presents the essential features of geology, topography, soil, climate, vegetation and floristic composition of the tropical deciduous and tropical semi-evergreen/evergreen forests occurring in parts of Cuttack district, Keonjhar district, Mayurbhanja district and Bolangir-Sambalpur districts of Orissa. An enumeration of about 868 specie of angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteriodophytes and fungi representing 1845 field numbers collected between 1957-1959 is appended. It includes 34 species and ten genera found as new records for Bihar and Orissa and 60 species found as new records for Orissa only.
Influence of cryopreservation on perinatal outcome after blastocyst‐ vs cleavage‐stage embryo transfer: systematic review and meta‐analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the perinatal outcomes of singleton pregnancies resulting from blastocyst‐ vs cleavage‐stage embryo transfer and to assess whether they differ between fresh and frozen embryo transfer cycles. Methods A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the Scopus, MEDLINE and ISI Web of Science databases with no time restriction. We included only peer‐reviewed articles involving humans, in which perinatal outcomes of singleton pregnancies after blastocyst‐stage embryo transfer were compared with those after cleavage‐stage embryo transfer. Primary outcomes were preterm birth before 37 weeks and low birth weight (< 2500 g). Secondary outcomes were very preterm birth before 32 weeks, very low birth weight (< 1500 g), small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA), large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA), perinatal mortality and congenital anomaly. A meta‐analysis was performed using a random‐effects model. Three subgroups were evaluated: fresh only, frozen only and fresh plus frozen embryo transfer cycles. Results From a total of 3928 articles identified, 14 were selected for qualitative/quantitative analysis. Significantly higher incidences of preterm birth < 37 weeks (11 studies, n = 106 629 participants; risk ratio (RR), 1.15 (95% CI, 1.05 − 1.25); P = 0.002) and very preterm birth < 32 weeks (seven studies, n = 103 742; RR, 1.16 (95% CI, 1.02–1.31); P = 0.03) were observed after blastocyst‐ than after cleavage‐stage embryo transfer in fresh cycles. However, the risk of preterm and very preterm birth was similar after blastocyst‐ and cleavage‐stage transfers in frozen and fresh plus frozen cycles. Overall effect size analysis revealed fewer SGA deliveries after blastocyst‐ compared with cleavage‐stage transfer in fresh cycles but a similar number in frozen cycles. Conversely, more LGA deliveries were observed after blastocyst‐ compared with cleavage‐stage transfer in frozen cycles (two studies, n = 39 044; RR, 1.18 (95% CI, 1.09–1.27); P < 0.0001) and no differences between the two groups in fresh cycles (four studies, n = 42 982; RR, 1.14 (95% CI, 0.97–1.35); P = 0.11). There were no differences with respect to low birth weight, very low birth weight or congenital anomalies between blastocyst‐ and cleavage‐stage transfers irrespective of the cryopreservation method employed. Only one study reported a higher incidence of perinatal mortality after blastocyst‐ vs cleavage‐stage embryo transfer in frozen cycles, while no differences were found in fresh cycles. Conclusions Our results suggest that cryopreservation of embryos can influence outcome of pregnancy conceived following blastocyst‐ vs cleavage‐stage embryo transfer in terms of preterm birth, very preterm birth, LGA, SGA and perinatal mortality. Caution should be exercised in interpreting these findings given the low level of evidence and wide heterogeneity of the studies. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Selecting patients for transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a feasible therapeutic alternative for patients with severe symptomatic aortic stenosis who are considered high risk for surgical aortic valve replacement. The clinical results of TAVI are promising, with over 90% procedural success rates and superior 1-year survival, as compared with medical treatment. Appropriate selection of patients is crucial to optimize procedural success and to minimize the complication rate. A careful multidisciplinary evaluation of clinical symptoms and assessment of aortic valve annular size and dimensions of the peripheral arteries is mandatory to plan the TAVI strategy. Multimodality imaging plays a central role in the preprocedural evaluation of patients who are candidates for TAVI. Patient selection procedure and planning strategy for TAVI will be extensively discussed in the present article. © 2011 Future Medicine Ltd.
Peritumoral HLJ1-STAT3 pathway investigation in carcinogen-induced hepatocellular carcinoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e16251 Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major global health issue and its treatment options have been limited. Therefore, it is urgent to develop cancer biomarkers for defining cancer risk, diagnosis, prognosis, and even finding new therapeutic targets. Human Liver DnaJ-Like Protein (HLJ1), which belongs to DnaJ heat shock protein family (HSP40) member B4 (DNAJB4), has been identified as a tumor suppressor in various cancers including lung cancer and colorectal cancer. Though the biological function of HLJ1 in either cancer or the liver has emerged in recent years, the precise role of HLJ1 in HCC carcinogenesis is still unclear. Methods: Samples for gene expression cDNA microarray were from 6-8 weeks wild-type (WT) and HLJ1 knockout (HLJ1 -/- ) mice liver. For the long-term carcinogenesis study, both mice are injected with 20 mg/kgbw diethylnitrosamine (DEN) at postnatal day 15. After that, 50 mg/kgbw DEN was administrated weekly to mice between the ages of 4 to 12 weeks. Mice were sacrificed at ages 30 and 36 weeks to assess the tumor count and size. For the short-term DEN study, 6-8-week-old mice were injected with 100 mg/kg DEN, and 24 and 48 hours after administration the liver tissues were frozen and fixed for western blotting and IHC analysis. Cancer cell transplantation was performed by intrasplenic injection of HLJ1-wildtype LLC and B16F1 cells into both genotypes. Clinical information of 362 liver cancer patients from the TCGA database was analyzed for the correlation between HLJ1 expression and survival. Results: In cDNA microarray analysis, We demonstrated that HLJ1 deficiency led to HCC gene signatures associated with activated IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathways. We used the DEN as a carcinogen and found STAT3 and H2AX phosphorylation induced by short-term DEN treatment was amplified in HLJ1-deficient mice. In long-term DEN experiments, HLJ1 deletion promoted tumor initiation and proliferation at the early and late stages of HCC progression accompanied by pronounced STAT3 phosphorylation in the normal part instead of the tumor part. Furthermore, transplantation of HLJ1-wildtype B16F1 and LLC cell lines into HLJ1-deficient mice led to more tumorigenic phenotype than into wildtype mice. Clinical information of 362 liver cancer patients from the TCGA database exhibited that higher expression of HLJ1 in the tumor part is correlated to a lower disease-specific survival rate. Conclusions: In summary, HLJ1 protects against DEN-induced HCC hepatocarcinogenesis through the regulation of STAT3 signaling in the peritumoral normal cells. Hence, HLJ1 can be a prognostic biomarker for liver cancer and a promising therapeutic target for HCC in the future.
Resources Are Allocated in Different Types of PPP Projects Based on the Dea-Game Model in the Competitive Environment

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Reasonable allocation of resources is the key to successful cooperation, especially under the premise of financial constraints. The public should allocate resources reasonably through APP to accelerate the project process and alleviate financial problems. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of various PPP projects to further improve the project efficiency and ease the financial pressure. A new effective model is proposed to evaluate various PPP projects by DEA method. The results show that the model can effectively evaluate the efficiency of PPP projects, which is conducive to easing the financial pressure and promoting the economic development.
[A case of definitive type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis diagnosed using endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 29-year-old man with ulcerative colitis presented to the hospital complaining of persistent back pain. Pancreatic enzymes and tumor markers were elevated; imaging showed diffuse narrowing of the main pancreatic duct associated with diffuse pancreatic enlargement. We therefore performed an endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) biopsy of the pancreas using a 19-gauge needle. Histopathology revealed interlobular fibrosis, neutrophil infiltration in the intralobular ducts and acini, and very few immunoglobulin G4-positive cells. The patient was diagnosed with type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis and started on oral steroids; subsequently, we observed an improvement in the pancreatic enlargement and duct narrowing. Histologically proven type 2 autoimmune pancreatitis is rare in Japan.
ON A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF THE CHOLERA VIBRIO

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The investigations described show that it is possible to extract specific substances from V. choleræ by means of hot dilute alcohol. This result cannot be attributed to the presence of bacilli in the extracts as would follow from the statements made by Prausnitz in his criticism of the work of Levaditi. The original extract contains protein and exhibits antigenic properties. From this preparation an almost protein-free product was obtained. It was fully active in the precipitin test but had lost almost completely the antigenic activity. Accordingly the latter preparation belongs to the class of substances described by Zinsser as residue antigens and studied chemically by Avery and Heidelberger. The fact that the immune sera resulting from the injections of the crude extracts acted upon the non-immunizing precipitable substance indicates that in the crude extract there is present an antigenic complex consisting of protein and the specific substance. Regarding its chemical nature it follows from the foregoing that the precipitable but non-immunizing substance is not a protein. On hydrolysis it yielded a considerable quantity of sugar although less than that given for the specific carbohydrates of pneumococci and B. friedlænderi. The product contains nitrogen and phosphorus and on hydrolysis a substance of acid character separates from the solution. Accordingly the substance prepared would appear to have either a rather intricate structure or to be a complex carbohydrate, similar to those described by Avery and Heidelberger, but still containing impurities. This issue can probably be decided by further studies.
Rates of opioid agonist treatment prescribing in provincial prisons in Ontario, Canada, 2015–2018: a repeated cross-sectional analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To describe opioid agonist treatment prescribing rates in provincial prisons and compare with community prescribing rates. Design We used quarterly, cross-sectional data on the number and proportion of people prescribed opioid agonist treatment in prison populations. Trends were compared with Ontario surveillance data from prescribers, reported on a monthly basis. Setting Provincial prisons and general population in Ontario, Canada between 2015 and 2018. Participants Adults incarcerated in provincial prisons and people ages 15 years and older in Ontario. Main outcomes and measures Opioid agonist treatment prescribing prevalence, defined as treatment with methadone or buprenorphine/naloxone. Results In prison, 6.9%–8.4% of people were prescribed methadone; 0.8% to 4.8% buprenorphine/naloxone; and 8.2% to 13.2% either treatment over the study period. Between 2015 and 2018, methadone prescribing prevalence did not substantially change in prisons or in the general population. The prevalence rate of buprenorphine/naloxone prescribing increased in prisons by 1.70 times per year (95% CI 1.47 to 1.96), which was significantly higher than the increase in community prescribing: 1.20 (95% CI 1.19 to 1.21). Buprenorphine/naloxone prescribing prevalence was significantly different across prisons. Conclusions The increase in opioid agonist treatment prescribing between 2015 and 2018 in provincial prisons shows that efforts to scale up access to treatment in the context of the opioid overdose crisis have included people who experience incarceration in Ontario. Further work is needed to understand unmet need for treatment and treatment impacts.