jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Menthol, a bioactive constituent of Mentha , attenuates motion sickness in mice model: Involvement of dopaminergic system

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Motion sickness (MS) occurs due to contradicting vestibular and visual inputs to the brain causing nausea and vomiting. Antidopaminergic drugs being effective in reducing MS create a path for effective therapy against MS by regulating dopamine levels. We aimed to evaluate the role of the striatum and brainstem dopamine and dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) in MS and the efficacy of menthol (MNT) to modulate dopamine and DRD2 in vitro and in vivo for possible amelioration of MS. Evaluation of efficacy of MNT to inhibit dopamine release from PC12 cells and anti-MS efficacy in BALB/c mice model was performed. Dopamine, DRD2 expression in PC12 cells, mice striatum, and brainstem were detected using HPLC-ECD, RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis, respectively. DRD2 expression increased in calcium ionophore-treated PC12 cells compared with control cells. Pretreatment with 50 μg/ml menthol decreased dopamine and DRD2 expression. Similarly, dopamine and DRD2 levels in mice striatum and brainstem of MS group (rotation induced) increased significantly compared with control group NC (no rotation). Pretreatment with menthol at 50 mg/kg concentration (rotation induced) showed decreased dopamine and DRD2 expression, thus indicating ameliorative effect on MS. Hence, we suggest that increased striatum and brainstem dopamine and DRD2 levels might lead to MS symptoms, and menthol could be used as a potent herbal alternative medicine for MS. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Antidopaminergic drugs being effective in reducing motion sickness (MS) creates a path for effective therapy against MS by regulating dopamine levels. Increased striatum and brainstem dopamine and Dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) levels might lead to the MS symptoms induced by rotation stimulation in mice model. Menthol showed a prophylactic effect on rotation-induced MS by reducing striatal and brainstem dopamine levels, DRD2 mRNA, and protein expression. Menthol could be used as an herbal alternative to antidopaminergics to minimize the associated adverse effects.
Screening for eukaryotic motifs in Legionella pneumophila reveals Smh1 as bacterial deacetylase of host histones

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Legionella pneumophila (L.p.) is a bacterial pathogen which is a common causative agent of pneumonia. In humans, it infects alveolar macrophages and transfers hundreds of virulence factors that interfere with cellular signalling pathways and the transcriptomic landscape to sustain its own replication. By this interaction, it has acquired eukaryote-like protein motifs by gene transfer events that partake in the pathogenicity of Legionella. In a computational screening approach for eukaryotic motifs in the transcriptome of Legionella, we identified the L.p. strain Corby protein ABQ55614 as putative histone-deacetylase and named it “suppressing modifier of histones 1” (Smh1). During infection, Smh1 is translocated from the Legionella vacuole into the host cytosol. When expressed in human macrophage THP-1 cells, Smh1 was localized predominantly in the nucleus, leading to broad histone H3 and H4 deacetylation, blunted expression of a large number of genes (e.g. IL-1β and IL-8), and fostered intracellular bacterial replication. L.p. with a Smh1 knockdown grew normally in media but showed a slight growth defect inside the host cell. Furthermore, Smh1 showed a very potent histone deacetylation activity in vitro, e.g. at H3K14, that could be inhibited by targeted mutation of the putative catalytic center inferred by analogy with eukaryotic HDAC8, and with the deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A. In summary, Smh1 displays functional homology with class I/II type HDACs. We identified Smh1 as a new Legionella virulence factor with a eukaryote-like histone-deacetylase activity that moderates host gene expression and might pave the way for further histone modifications. IMPORTANCE Legionella pneumophila (L.p.) is a prominent bacterial pathogen, which is a common causative agent of pneumonia. In order to survive inside the host cell, the human macrophage, it profoundly interacts with host cell processes to advance its own replication. In this study, we identify a bacterial factor, Smh1, with yet unknown function as a host histone deacetylase. The activity of this factor in the host cell leads to attenuated gene expression and increased intracellular bacterial replication.
Optimising job dispatching at a smart pharmacy

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

As Singapore faces an aging population and labour crunch, the shortage of healthcare professionals to cope with the increase in demand for healthcare is a growing concern. To cope with this, hospitals have explored the use of technology to increase the operational efficiencies of hospitals. Through the use of technology, hospitals hoped to diversify the nature of allied healthcare professionals and reduce the waiting time for patients. One such initiative was the Outpatient Pharmacy Automated System in the pharmacies of hospitals. This project focuses on the ways to further increase the efficiencies of an Outpatient Pharmacy Automated System to further reduce waiting time for patients. The problem was further broken down into two parts, Storage Assignment within the automated pharmacy and Routing Policy in dispensing drugs in the prescriptions. This project adapted strategies used by different Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems and drew parallels from Optimisation Theory to develop a unique set of mathematical models and algorithm which was applied onto the Outpatient Pharmacy Automated System. The new set of methodology was tested against the current methodology and conclusions with regards to the methods were made from the results obtained.
Social Impact Assessment: Social Acceptance for Onshore Windfarms in England

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Over the last five years, England has seen a decline in the number of onshore wind applications gaining planning permission. This research investigates the key reasons renewable energy policy is stifled in the local planning system and the threat this poses to the country’s ability to tackle climate change. The research aims to show how Social Impact Assessment as part of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), could support the successful siting of onshore wind farms. Directed content analysis, examines the activities of wind developers, central government, local planning authorities, anti-wind campaigners and community energy cooperatives. The content analysis is supported using surveys and face-to-face interview with developers, action groups and community energy cooperatives. The research finds SIA is not a statutory obligation in England, yet many of its activities and processes employed by stakeholders. However, without recognition of the outcomes of SIA activity in EIA, benefits of onshore windfarm proposals are not considered in the weighting of the planning balance. The impact means local people participating in community energy projects are disempowered by the planning system to the disservice of local democracy.
Evaluating Quantitative Metrics of Tone-Mapped Images

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Subjective evaluation of tone-mapped images is tedious and time-consuming; therefore, it is desirable to have algorithms for automatic quality assessment. Many full-reference and blind metrics have been developed for this purpose, but their performance is generally evaluated on limited benchmark datasets. This leaves a possibility that the observed performance of the metric could be due to overfitting, and it might indeed not perform well for all scenes. In this work, we propose a novel framework using population-based metaheuristics to evaluate the performance of these metrics without requiring any subjectively evaluated reference dataset. The proposed algorithm does not modify the individual image pixels, instead, the tone-mapping curve is modified to synthesize realistic tone-mapped images for evaluation. Moreover, it is not required to know the underlying model of the evaluated metric, which is treated just like a black box and can be replaced by any other metric seamlessly. Therefore, any new metrics designed in the future can also be easily evaluated by simply replacing just one module in the proposed evaluation framework. We evaluate six existing metrics and synthesize images to which the metrics fail to assign appropriate scores for visual quality. We also propose a method to rank the relative performance of evaluated metrics, through a competition in which each metric tries to find the errors in the scores given by other metrics.
The pedal planes of a tetrahedron

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The locus of a point the feet of the perpendiculars from which on the faces of a tetrahedron are coplanar is known to be a cubic surface having nodes at the corners: the pedal planes, by which I mean planes containing the feet of four perpendiculars, do not seem to have been much discussed. I propose to prove two theorems concerning them and make some remarks on their envelope.
A Mirror of Metastatic Destiny – A Case Series of Cutaneous Metastases

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Cutaneous metastases (CM) account for 2% of all skin tumors, with an incidence of ~2%–10% in patients with internal malignancy. It has a broad morphological spectrum and histologically mimics the primary tumor. Its advent portends a poor prognosis. The clinical manifestations, diagnostic histopathology, and clinical course of five patients with CM were analyzed, of which 2 were female and 3 were male, ranging in age from 43 to 70 years. Illustrating the indolent behavior of this entity, four out of the five patients developed CM despite adequate treatment of the primary malignancies. The histology of the CM and primary malignancy were in agreement. Out of the five patients, four opted for palliative therapy and one patient succumbed to the illness during the course of treatment. CM usually signifies recurrence or progression of malignancy, rarely it may be the initial presentation of an underlying malignancy. It uniformly upstages the malignancy and gravely impacts survival. Regular follow-up and a high degree of suspicion of seemingly benign progressive skin lesions in patients with internal malignancies are crucial for the timely detection of CM. Early identification can lead to a better understanding of disease progression and potentially assist in optimizing treatment strategies, even though options may be limited at this advanced stage.
Cultural Substrate as a Factor of the Dynamic Transformations Within the Polyethnic Conditions

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The author's target is to reveal cultural development peculiarities of polyethnic society in the article. Under modern conditions the conflict potential intensifies both within separate societies and between different nations, countries, cultures, confessions. As a cultural substrate within the polyethnic conditions, the author marks out not only a society or an ethnos on the whole, but also separate organizations (business culture) and professional associations (professional culture). The considering problem is complex and self-contradictory. Reveling cultural development peculiarities within the polyethnic conditions may assist with forecasting socio- cultural dynamic.
Observation of dark photovoltaic spatial solitons

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report on the observation of planar dark spatial solitons due to the bulk photovoltaic effect in lithium niobate, with intensities of the order of 10 W/cm2 and widths of approximately 20 \ensuremath{\mu}m. Photovoltaic solitons display a characteristic tensorial dependence on their direction of propagation, on their polarization, and on the orientation of the amplitude profile, with respect to the principal axes of the crystalline medium. The index perturbation associated with a dark soliton persists in the dark, and it can trap and guide a second beam.
Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Desain Grafis Berbasis Android Menggunakan Unity 3D Untuk Siswa Kelas X Semarang

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Based on the practical experience of teaching in class X SIJA SMK N 7 Semarang, researchers conducted observations and interviews and found several facts, namely the teaching methods used by teachers were still using lecture and dictating methods. The media used is only powerpoint, with the limitations of the media, an interesting learning media is needed to increase students' interest in learning. With these problems, researchers innovate to make JARFIS learning media to learn-based graphic design android. The purpose of this research is to produce JARFIS learning media based on android that is feasible and valid to use, makes it easier for students to learn, makes it easier for teachers to teach. In the process of making this product using research methods Research and Development (R&D) with 6 stages: potential and problems, data collection, product design, design validation, design revision and product testing. The development model uses the model ADDIE (analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation). JARFIS learning media was created using Unity 3D and Coreldraw X7 to design the display and buttons. Based on the results of tests that have been carried out by two media validators, an average of 92% is obtained with the criteria of "Very Eligible". The results of the material validator get a percentage of 89.6% with the "Very Eligible" criteria. While the percentage results that have been carried out by 50 respondents get 96% results and are also stated as "Very Appropriate" as a learning method that helps the learning process of class X SIJA students at SMK N 7 Semarang.
Mechanisms of Implicit Sequence Learning of School Students 3

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to investigate the mechanisms of secondary tasks during implicit sequence learning, in which different secondary tasks were used in each experiment. Ninety2six school students participated in these experiments (48 in each). The first experiment concerned with the effect of the secondary task and the sequence structure on the implicit sequence learning. The running2count was used as a secondary task. More difficult secondary task, tone2 counting, was used in the second experiment to test the effect of the attention on the implicit sequence learning. The re2 sults show that: (1) The mechanism of implicit sequence learning is a pair2wise association mechanism, which forms asso2 ciations between adjacent items. (2) The secondary task reduces the adolescents’implicit sequence learning, the reason of these effects is not that the secondary task distracts the attention, but they disrupt the organization of the items in the se2 quence. Key words implicit sequence learning, secondary task, learning mechanism, attention 1
Comparing the performance of different approaches to deal with attribute non-attendance in discrete choice experiments: a simulation experiment

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

There is a growing body of literature acknowledging that respondents to DCE often use simplifying strategies, like ignoring one or several attributes to provide with their choices. Two main approaches have appeared to analyse the impact of attribute non-attendance on welfare estimates: the stated non-attendance (SNA) approach and the analytical non-attendance (ANA) approach. Using simulation experiments, this paper investigates the results and reliability of the approaches developed in the recent years in order to deal with attribute non-attendance. The simulation results indicate that the treatments so far proposed are not in all cases suitable. In the absence of correlated errors, the SNA approach seems to provide with unbiased welfare estimates but the ANA approach fails to do so. On the other hand, in the presence of correlated errors, none of the approaches seems to provide with unbiased WTP estimates in all cases.
Enantioselective\nC–H Lactonization of Unactivated\nMethylenes Directed by Carboxylic Acids

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The formidable challenges of controlling\nsite-selectivity, enantioselectivity,\nand product chemoselectivity make asymmetric C–H oxidation\na generally unsolved problem for nonenzymatic systems. Discrimination\nbetween the two enantiotopic C–H bonds of an unactivated methylenic\ngroup is particularly demanding and so far unprecedented, given the\nsimilarity between their environments and the facile overoxidation\nof the initially formed hydroxylation product. Here we show that a\nMn-catalyzed C–H oxidation directed by carboxylic acids can\novercome these challenges to yield γ-lactones in high enantiomeric\nexcess (up to 99%) using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant and a Brønsted\nacid additive under mild conditions and short reaction times. Coordination\nof the carboxylic acid group to the bulky Mn complex ensures the rigidity\nneeded for high enantioselectivity and dictates the outstanding γ\nsite-selectivity. When the substrate contains nonequivalent γ-methylenes,\nthe site-selectivity for lactonization can be rationally predicted\non the basis of simple C–H activation/deactivation effects\nexerted by proximal substituents. In addition, discrimination of diastereotopic\nC–H bonds can be modulated by catalyst design, with no erosion\nof enantiomeric excess. The potential of this reaction is illustrated\nin the concise synthesis of a tetrahydroxylated bicyclo[3.3.1]­nonane\nenabled by two key, sequential γ-C–H lactonizations,\nwith the latter that fixes the chirality of five stereogenic centers\nin one step with 96% ee.
U-KAN Makes Strong Backbone for Medical Image Segmentation and Generation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

U-Net has become a cornerstone in various visual applications such as image segmentation and diffusion probability models. While numerous innovative designs and improvements have been introduced by incorporating transformers or MLPs, the networks are still limited to linearly modeling patterns as well as the deficient interpretability. To address these challenges, our intuition is inspired by the impressive results of the Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks (KANs) in terms of accuracy and interpretability, which reshape the neural network learning via the stack of non-linear learnable activation functions derived from the Kolmogorov-Anold representation theorem. Specifically, in this paper, we explore the untapped potential of KANs in improving backbones for vision tasks. We investigate, modify and re-design the established U-Net pipeline by integrating the dedicated KAN layers on the tokenized intermediate representation, termed U-KAN. Rigorous medical image segmentation benchmarks verify the superiority of U-KAN by higher accuracy even with less computation cost. We further delved into the potential of U-KAN as an alternative U-Net noise predictor in diffusion models, demonstrating its applicability in generating task-oriented model architectures. These endeavours unveil valuable insights and sheds light on the prospect that with U-KAN, you can make strong backbone for medical image segmentation and generation. Project page:\url{https://yes-u-kan.github.io/}.
Plasmons in core-level photoemission spectra of Al(111)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The line shape and intensity of surface and bulk plasmon excitations in Al $2s$ and $2p$ core-level spectra of Al(111) have been studied as functions of the photoelectron emission angle (\ensuremath{\theta}). For both surface and bulk plasmons, an asymmetric line shape is observed in normal emission, which becomes more symmetric in grazing emission. The asymmetric line shape is in good agreement with theory. The relative contributions of the intrinsic, extrinsic, and interference processes to the surface plasmon intensity are determined from its variation with \ensuremath{\theta} and from theoretical line-shape calculations. We show the importance of the interference process in determining the intensity and line shape of the plasmons. From the intensity variation of multiple $(n=1--6)$ bulk plasmons $(n{\ensuremath{\omega}}_{p})$ with n, the intrinsic and extrinsic bulk plasmon probabilities are determined.
Experimental study on gearbox prognosis using total life vibration analysis

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The wear fault is one of the gear failure modes which most frequently happen in gearboxes. Tracking the development of wear, especially estimating the remaining usage life for early wear is a challenge in gearbox fault diagnosis and prognosis. A method to extract the feature of gearbox's signal is proposed and the remaining usage life is evaluated in this paper. The total life vibration signal of experimental study is taken as the research basis. Extracting features from vibration signals is carried out by Time-Frequency analysis. The rule of gear wear progression is studied using the vibration signal feature. The remaining usage life estimate is implemented by Hidden semi-Markov model. Through the total life test of gearbox, the feasibility and effectiveness of this method is verified.
William Rutherford Sanders (1828–1881) and his neurologically fertile years (1865–1868)

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

William Rutherford Sanders (1828-1881) was an Edinburgh physician who occupied the Chair of Pathology at the University of Edinburgh from 1869 to 1881. All of his published output between 1865 and 1868 was concerned with neurology. In arguing that a patient did not have paralysis agitans, Sanders (1865) employed the term "Parkinson's disease" for the first time in the English-language literature to distinguish between the disorder that Parkinson (1817) termed "paralysis agitans" and other types of shaking palsies. He contributed a major chapter on the same topic to Russell Reynolds's A System of Medicine (1868). Sanders also investigated the innervation of the palate and facial muscles (1865), and in 1866 recorded the autopsy findings in two cases of aphasia. Here, for the first time in the English-language literature, he described findings that supported Broca's location of the representation of speech to a particular area of the left cerebral hemisphere.
CD146 (Mel-CAM), an adhesion marker of endothelial cells, is a novel marker of lymphocyte subset activation in normal peripheral blood

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

CD146, also known as S-endo-1, P1H12, Mel-CAM, and MUC18, is a well-described adhesion marker of endothelial cells, which has also been identified on a limited number of other cell types, but not in fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy individuals.[1][1],[2][2] Due to its presumed