jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Phospholipid and fatty acid composition of frog (Rana esculenta) liver—a circannual study

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Liver lipid composition of the frog Rana esculenta was examined on a circannual basis. In particular, phospholipid and cholesterol content, relative phospholipid distribution, and fatty acid patterns have been studied. Seasonal acclimatization is associated with significant modifications of phospholipid content and of the relative proportion of phospholipid classes, while cholesterol level is unchanged throughout the year. In regard to the fatty acid composition of total phospholipids as well as of the four major phospholipid classes—phosphatidylcholine (PC); phosphatidylethanolamine (PE); sphingomyelin (SM); phosphatidylserine (PS)—it appears that the liver of “summer animals” is characterized by a higher unsaturation index due to a decrease of saturated fatty acids and to an increased content of n−3 and n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The results suggest that relevant compositional changes occur mainly in spring and autumn: these changes could be interpreted as being the result of both a nutritionally‐ and thermally‐induced seasonal adaptation directed toward the preservation of membrane‐associated physiological activities that are linked to the transition from the active to the inactive state of the animal.
Comparison of minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy and conventional thyroidectomy: a single-blinded, randomized controlled clinical trial

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: We aimed to test the hypothesis that minimally invasive video-assisted thyroidectomy (MIVAT) affords comparable safety and efficacy as open conventional surgery in patients with unilateral thyroid nodules or follicular lesions in terms of cosmetic results, intraoperative and postoperative complications, postoperative pain, and hospital stay. Methods: A single-blinded randomized controlled trial compared MIVAT with conventional thyroidectomy. The primary endpoints of the study were measurement of postoperative pain after 24 and 48 hours and cosmetic outcome 3 months postoperatively. The secondary outcome measures were operative time, incidence of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, length of incision, and hospital stay. Results: Operative time was less with open thyroidectomy than with MIVAT, while MIVAT was associated with less pain 24 hours postoperatively. Pain score showed statistically significant differences in favor of MIVAT after 24 hours. MIVAT was associated with less scarring and more satisfaction with cosmetic results. There was no difference between both procedures for presence of transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy and hypoparathyroidism. Conclusion: MIVAT is a safe procedure that produces outcomes similar to those of open thyroidectomy, and is superior in terms of immediate postoperative pain and cosmetic results Keywords: endoscopic neck surgery, mini-incision
Physiological and behavioral indices of short-term stress in wild vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) in Jujuy Province, Argentina

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The management of wild vicuñas can trigger a stress response that may compromise welfare. In Santa Catalina, Jujuy Province, Argentina, indices of short-term stress associated with capture, handling, and shearing were studied in 105 wild vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna). The study included 2 groups (n = 59 and n = 46) of wild vicuñas captured in 2 consecutive days. Independent variables analyzed included sex, restraint time, and groups. Cortisol, creatine kinase, glucose, white blood cells, temperature, heart rate, and respiratory frequency were higher than published values. Respiratory rate increased during handling and correlated with holding time and group size, while heart rate decreased. Packed cell volume was higher in females. Cortisol concentrations differed between restraint groups and sex and inversely correlated with agonistic behavior. The most common behavior was increased vigilance. Sternal recumbency increased over holding time. During handling procedures, frequency of sudden movements like kicking and attempts to stand increased as restraint time increased. Females vocalized more than males. In conclusion, the methods used triggered measurable changes suggestive of short-term stress that appeared to be physiologically tolerated by the vicuñas.
Correlation of Biochemical Parameters among Diabetes patients attending Medicine OPD of Janaki Medical College Teaching Hospital

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and objectives: With increasing incidence of diabetes mellitus, the cardiovascular and renal complications associated with it are emerging as major concern. The morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes can be reduced by timely assessment of those risk factors. Our study evaluated lipid profile and renal function test in male and female diabetic patients as well as the correlation among those biochemical parameters. Materials and methods: Blood sugar, lipid profile and renal function test were assessed in 249 confirmed type 2 diabetic patients attending medicine OPD of Janaki medical college teaching hospital (JMCTH), Ramdaiya-Bhawadi, Dhanusha, Nepal. Independent ‘t’ test was used to observe the gender difference in those parameters and Pierson correlation test was applied to look for correlation among different biochemical parameters. Results: Significant difference was observed between male and female for FBS (p=0.05) and PPBS (p=0.003). Such significant difference between male and female was also noted for lipid profile parameters, TC (177.65+43.09 and 163.45+35.68 respectively, p=0.05), VLDL-C (33.47+16.51 and 28.83+14.00 respectively, p=0.018) and HDL-C (40.52+10.62 and 37.94+8.07 respectively, p=0.033). According to our study TC, TG, VLDL, LDL, HDL showed significant positive correlation with FBS and PPBS. Likewise, creatinine, urea, uric acid was also positively correlated with FBS and PPBS (p<0.05). Moreover, there was significantly high correlation of uric acid with TC, TG, VLDL, LDL (p<0.05). In addition, there was highly significant correlation between creatinine and sodium. Conclusion: There was a significant difference for blood sugar and lipid profile among male and female diabetic patients. Correlation was seen between blood sugar and lipid profile; uric acid and lipid profile as well as creatinine and sodium.
Therapeutic implications of autophagy in cancer treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Autophagy is a survival process in which a cell preserves its own components in case of nutrient deprivation by recycling its digested contents and cannibalizing itself. It is characterized by the double membrane autophagosomes formation and it has a fantastic role in cancer treatment by many mechanisms. Interestingly, Autophagy has a great effect in the treatment of many diseases by different mechanisms. Autophagy has been included as a treatment mechanism of various diseases by cell losing, such as degenerative diseases of the muscle and nervous system. It has been found abundant of autophagic vacuoles inside the damaged cells in many of these degenerative disorders. Autophagy can help both living cells and cancer cells to survive so when the strategy of the treatment of cancer decreases autophagy process of cancer cells, it prevents them to survive and divide. In this review, we illustrated the definition of autophagy, autophagic pathways, therapeutic implications of autophagy, the relationship between autophagy and cell death, inflammation, and necrosis.
Effects of various additives on sintering of aluminum nitride

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Effects of thirty additives on sintering A/N were investigated. The addition of alkali earth oxides and rare earth oxides gave fully densified aluminum nitride. This is due to the formation of nitrogen-containing aluminate liquid in the system aluminum nitride-alkali earth oxides or rare earth oxides. Microstructural studies of the sintered specimens with the above two types of additives suggested that the densification was due to the liquid phase sintering. Additions of silicon compounds resulted in poor densification by the formation of highly refractory compounds such as A/N polytypes.
What Drives Elderly People in China Away from COVID-19 Information?

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background: A worrying phenomenon has emerged in recent years: a growing number of people have stopped seeking coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) information and have started deliberately avoiding it. Even though the virulence of COVID-19 has now weakened, the proportion of severe illnesses and deaths in elderly people is still much higher than in other age groups. However, no study has focused on this topic. This is the first study to explore the level of COVID-19 information avoidance among elderly people, and to identify the barriers and potential factors associated therewith. Methods: Convenience sampling was used to recruit 907 elderly people in Wuhan, China. Data collection measures included a sociodemographic questionnaire, health information avoidance scale, information overload scale, general self-efficacy scale, and health anxiety inventory. Results: A total of 72.3% of elderly participants reported COVID-19 information avoidance. Regarding COVID-19-related information reading habits, 44.5% of the elderly only read the title, 16.0% merely skimmed through the content, and 22.9% skipped all relevant information. The most common reasons for this result were information overload (67.5%), underestimation of the infection risk (58.1%), and uselessness of information (56.4%). The main factors associated with COVID-19 information avoidance were recorded as information overload, age, health anxiety, and children (p < 0.05). Conclusions: China should strengthen its health communication regarding COVID-19 in accordance with the characteristics of elderly people, adopt more attractive publicity methods on traditional media, improve censorship about health information, and pay more attention to the childless elderly and the elderly aged 80 and above.
Penetration theory of mass transfer applied to salt diffusion in cheese

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Modified penetration theory of mass transfer have been developed and applied to diffusion of salt in brine-salted cheese. The mass of salt taken up by a cheese is proportional to the brine concentration and the square root of the brining time, but is independent of cheese thickness. However, the rate of salt uptake is inversely proportional to the square root of the brining time due to a decrease in the salt concentration gradient between the cheese moisture and the brine. The dept of salt penetration δρ, defined as the distance from the interface at which the salt-in-moisture concentration is 1 percent of the interfacial value is proportional to the square root of the product D't, where D' is the pseudo-diffusion coefficient of salt in cheese moisture and t is the brining time. The penetration theory holds over a salting period in which the depth of salt penetration into cheese is lower than cheese half-thickness. In the D' range of 0.1-0.3 cm2/d, the maximum duration of the salting period in the region of penetration theory ranges from as law as 1-3 min for the cheese thickness of 1 mm, to as high as 6-19 days for the cheese thickness of 10 cm. .
Protoplasting, regeneration and transformation of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma multipileum using succinate dehydrogenase mutation gene as a selection marker

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ganoderma multipileum is a medicinal mushroom possessing potent medicinal secondary metabolites. However, in order to improve metabolic activity via molecular breeding, optimized protoplasting, regeneration and genetic transformation systems are mandatory but remain unexplored in G. multipileum. Thus, we sought to fill this gap by testing different parameters for protoplasting, regeneration, and genetic transformation based on the carboxin resistance marker gene. According to our results, the best viable protoplasting conditions were pH 6.0, mycelia age 4 days, enzyme concentration 7.5 mg/mL, 0.6 M sucrose osmoticum and 3 h of enzyme digestion. In a transformation study, a carboxin resistance gene cassette was constructed using PCR mutagenesis and restriction digestion of the native succinate dehydrogenase subunit B gene in G. multipileum. A PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism strategy was also applied by PCR point mutagenesis to create an AgeI restriction site. The transformation system using carboxin resistant cassette proved amenable. The Sdh gene structure showed an intron structure similar to that of other Basidiomycetes and Ascomycetes. Alignment and analysis of the Sdh gene sequences in numerous fungi revealed conservation at a carboxin resistant point mutation site that could be applied to a wide range of fungal species. Further Sdh gene phylogenetic analysis revealed congruence with species phylogeny but with low bootstrap supporting values.
On the historical biogeography of arthropod diversity and evolution

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Los eventos contingentes que han ocurrido a lo largo de la historia de la vida han jugado un papel fundamental como determinantes de los patrones y procesos a gran escala. A pesar de ello, estas contingencias historicas han sido ignoradas en cierta medida, por lo que en muchos casos se desconoce la importancia de su impacto sobre la biodiversidad. Por ello, el principal objetivo de esta tesis consiste en explorar los efectos de eventos pasados en los patrones geograficos y evolutivos que se dan en la actualidad. Para ello, hemos utilizado dos grupos de artropodos, investigando la senal de efectos biogeograficos historicos en tres patrones que han suscitado un gran interes en estudios macroecologicos. En concreto, estudiamos los efectos de las glaciaciones del Pleistoceno en los patrones de riqueza y la estructura de las faunas regionales de especies europeas del genero Carabus, asi como las causas de los patrones macroevolutivos en el uso de plantas hospedadoras en acaros de la familia Tetranychidae, tratando de separar entre los condicionantes geograficos y los evolutivos. A lo largo de tres capitulos hemos encontrado evidencias que sustentan la importancia de los procesos historicos y geograficos como determinantes de los patrones actuales de biodiversidad. Los resultados del Capitulo 2 senalan que mientras que en el sur de Europa la riqueza de especies de Carabus esta mas ligada a condiciones climaticas actuales, en el norte el descenso de especies parece deberse a la erosion faunistica producida por las condiciones glaciales del Pleistoceno, junto con una capacidad limitada de dispersion hacia areas deglaciadas. Ademas de ello, la distribucion actual de los bosques caducifolios condiciona la riqueza de estas especies. Del mismo modo, los resultados del Capitulo 3 muestran como la composicion y localizacion geografica de las faunas regionales de especies europeas de Carabus estan fuertemente relacionadas con las condiciones pleistocenicas y la ubicacion de las barreras geograficas a la dispersion. De modo que, tanto los niveles de endemicidad como los determinantes de la composicion de especies varian entre regiones del norte y sur de Europa. Ademas, el Pleistoceno ha dejado una senal evidente en la estructura filogenetica de estas faunas, ya que la congruencia entre filogenia y faunas parece iniciarse coincidiendo con el comienzo de este periodo geologico. Curiosamente, en el Capitulo 2 y Capitulo 3 la huella pleistocenica esta estrechamente relacionada con el borde sur de los glaciares durante el Ultimo Maximo Glacial. Este borde marca la division entre las faunas regionales del norte y sur de Europa y coincide con cambios en los determinantes de los patrones de riqueza, del tamano de rango de las especies y de los patrones de diversidad beta. Por ello, parece evidente que las condiciones glaciales del Pleistoceno han tenido una fuerte influencia tanto sobre la distribucion de estas especies, como sobre los patrones y procesos que se derivan de ella.
Azharisation of cUlama Training in Malaysia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

If one wishes to understand the global influence of al-Azhar, few countries present a better case study than Malaysia. Of Egypt's approximately 11,000 Malaysian students, al-Azhar University hosts more than 4,000 in the departments of Religious Studies and Arabic Studies alone. The number of Malaysian students at al-Azhar surpasses even the 3,239 Indonesian students who study there, and the implications of this become more pronounced when one considers the population size of each country: Malaysia has only 17.3 million Muslims, comprising 61.3 per cent of the country's population, while Indonesia has the largest Muslim population of any country, 177 million. The difference is tenfold. The reasons for the popularity of al-Azhar among Malaysian students become apparent when one looks at the Malaysian system of c ulama training. Malaysian c ulama are trained through a religious school system that is separate from the national system, and the outstanding feature of these religious schools is that the religious studies and Arabic curriculums follow the system at al-Azhar. The textbooks are imported from al-Azhar and reprinted in Malaysia; the certification given upon passing the final examination (called STAM) for the al-Azhar curriculum is recognised upon entrance to undergraduate courses at al-Azhar; and after the STAM examination, Malaysian students who wish to continue their study at al-Azhar are provided with orientation information by the state religious office and sent in groups to Egypt. Most of the students receive scholarships from the various religious bodies within their respective states,7 and the majority live together in hostels provided by the state religious offices. These official forms of support make their lives at al-Azhar quite comfortable. This chapter attempts to provide answers to two broad clusters of questions. The first cluster concerns why Malaysia developed an education system that draws so heavily upon al-Azhar, and why there is such extensive official support for sending students there. The second cluster concerns what it means for individual students to study at al-Azhar, and how the relationship with al-Azhar is viewed by Malaysian society. In response to the first cluster of questions, this chapter shows how the adoption of the al-Azhar curriculum in the nation's religious education system was the result of the efforts both of individual c ulama and local communities.
A Cross-Fluid Heat Transfer Analysis Using Neural Networks Over Porous Rotating Disk.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

The primary focus of this study is on the heat and mass transfer properties of incompressible cross-fluid flow across a porous rotating disk. The research involves the use of sophisticated mathematical methods, such as similarity transformations and an ANN algorithm (backpropagation Levenberg-Marquardt Scheme), to convert governing partial differential equations into thoroughly non-linear ordinary differential equations. The Nusselt number, the Sherwood number, and the skin friction coefficient are all mathematically calculated for quantitative study. The findings are ensured to be reliable and consistent since the BVP4C method is used for numerical validation. The research is centered on the fluid mechanics and transport phenomena of this intricate system.
UAE6 - Wind Tunnel Tests Data - UAE6 - Sequence 5 - Raw Data

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Sequence 5: Sweep Wind Speed (F,P) This test sequence used an upwind, rigid turbine with a 0° cone angle. The wind speed was ramped from 5 m/s to 25 m/s by the wind tunnel operator. This was repeated with a decreasing ramp. The yaw angle was maintained at 0°. The blade tip pitch was 3° or 6°. The rotor rotated at 72 RPM. Blade pressure and probe measurements were collected for both pitch angles. The five-hole probes were removed and the plugs were installed for another 3° pitch case. Plastic tape 0.03 mm thick was used to smooth the interface between the plugs and the blade. The teeter dampers were replaced with rigid links, and these two channels were flagged as not applicable by setting the measured values in the data file to –99999.99 Nm. The teeter link load cell was pre-tensioned to 40,000 N. During post-processing, the probe channels were set to read -99999.99. The 6- minute campaigns were named using the sequence designation 5, followed by DN or UP, which indicates the wind speed ramp direction. The next four digits are 0000, and the sequence digit is at the end.
Visualizations for interrogations of multi‐armed bandits

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A multi‐armed bandit (MAB) algorithm is a sequential experimentation procedure on multiple treatments, which explores their effects and exploits the seemingly optimum treatment. An algorithm is selected for a particular context by evaluating the performances of multiple candidate algorithms in controlling the regret of exploration versus exploitation during the course of experimentation. We present visualization methods, and a corresponding R Shiny app for their execution, that can yield insights into the performances of popular MAB algorithms. Our visualizations illuminate an algorithm's dynamics in terms of its inferences and assignments of the arms, which govern its exploration‐exploitation trade‐off, as well as its regret behaviors. The constructions of the visualizations in our app facilitate an understanding of complicated MAB algorithms, so that the app can serve as a unique and interesting pedagogical tool for students and instructors of experimental design. We illustrate the utility of our visualizations and app using three popular MAB algorithms in the context of a binomial bandit problem.
Salbutamol treatment in a patient with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis due to a mutation in the skeletal muscle sodium channel gene (SCN4A)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 35 year old woman with clinical features of hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis confirmed on provocative exercise testing was investigated. DNA sequence analysis of the gene for the a-subunit of the skeletal muscle voltage gated sodium channel (SCN4A) on chromosome 17q23 identified a point mutation at nucleotide position 2188. This results in a threonine to methionine substitution at amino acid position 704. The patient was intolerant of diuretic medication but showed a striking clinical and electrophysiological improvement with salbutamol therapy. Treatment with P-adrenergic agents should be considered in patients with hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis who are intolerant of, or resistant to, diuretic medications.
Acute metabolic effects of consuming either whey protein concentrate or hydrolysate versus carbohydrate in healthy young men

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The acute metabolic responses to consuming isocaloric drinks containing either whey protein concentrate (WPC), whey protein hydrolysate (WPH), or carbohydrate placebo (CHO) were examined. In a single-blind, randomized, crossover design, 14 healthy young men consumed each of the treatments and had their resting energy expenditure (REE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) assessed by indirect calorimetry over a 3-hr postprandial period. Values were compared to a pretreatment, fasting baseline measurement using repeated-measures ANOVA. WPH and WPC significantly (p < .05) elevated REE versus CHO, and WPC elevated REE greater than WPH at 120 min. WPH significantly (p < .05) lowered RER compared to CHO and WPC at 90 min. Both proteins increased REE versus isocaloric CHO, indicating a higher thermic effect of food. WPH, but not WPC, influenced substrate utilization with a shift favoring lipid metabolism versus CHO, which may help explain previous findings of fat loss with WPH, but not WPC.