jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Calculations of the CD spectrum of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

CD spectra of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A (RNase A) and its subtilisin-modified form (RNase S) have been calculated, based upon high-resolution structures from x-ray diffraction. All known transitions in the peptide and side-chain groups, especially the aromatic and disulfide groups, have been included. Calculations have been performed with both the matrix method and with first-order perturbation theory. A newly developed method for treating the electrostatic interactions among transition charge densities and between static charge distributions and transition charge densities is used. The effects of local electrostatic fields upon the group transition energies are included for all transitions. Rotational strengths generated by the matrix method were combined with Gaussian band shapes to generate theoretical CD spectra. The calculated spectra reproduce the signs and approximate magnitudes of the near-uv CD bands of both RNase A and S. Agreement is most satisfactory for the negative 275 nm band, dominated by tyrosine contributions. In agreement with two previous studies by other workers, coupling between Tyr 73 and Tyr 115 is the single most important factor in this band. The positive band observed near 240 nm is dominated by disulfide contributions, according to our results. The far-uv CD spectrum is poorly reproduced by the calculations. The observed 208 nm band, characteristic of α-helices, is absent from the calculated spectrum, probably because the helices in RNase are short. A strong positive couplet centered near 190 nm is predicted but not observed. Possible reasons for these incorrect predictions of the current theoretical model in the far-uv are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All the Stabilizer Codes of Distance 3

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of stabilizer codes [[n,k,3]] of distance 3 for qubits: n-k [log 2(3n+1)] +\\epsilon n, where n=1 if n=8 4m-1 3+± 1,2\\ or n= 4m+2-1 3-1,2,3 for some integer m 1 and n=0 otherwise. Or equivalently, a code [[n,n-r,3]] exists if and only if n (4r-1)/3 (4r-1)/3-n\\notin \\lbrace 1,2,3\\rbrace for even r and n 8(4 r-3-1)/3, 8(4r-3-1)/3-n\\ne 1 for odd r. Given an arbitrary length n, we present an explicit construction for an optimal quantum stabilizer code of distance 3 that saturates the above bound. © 1963-2012 IEEE.
Specific Gap Junctions Enhance the Neuronal Vulnerability to Brain Traumatic Injury

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Traumatic brain injury results in neuronal loss and associated neurological deficits. Although most research on the factors leading to trauma-induced damage focuses on synaptic or ionic mechanisms, the possible role of direct intercellular communication via gap junctions has remained unexplored. Gap junctions connect directly the cytoplasms of coupled cells; hence, they offer a way to propagate stress signals from cell to cell. We investigated the contribution of gap junctional communication (GJC) to cell death using an in vitro trauma model. The impact injury, induced by a weight dropped on the distal CA1 area of organotypic hippocampal slices, results in glutamate-dependent cell loss. The gap junctional blockers carbenoxolone and octanol decreased significantly post-traumatic cell death, measured by propidium iodide staining over a 72 hr period after the impact. Dye coupling in the pyramidal layers was enhanced immediately after the injury and decreased over the following 24 hr. To determine whether specific connexins were involved in the spread of trauma-induced cell death, we used organotypic slices from connexin43 (Cx43) knock-out mice, as well as acute knock-outs by incubation with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides. Simultaneous knockdown of two neuronal connexins resulted in significant neuroprotection. Slices from the null-mutant Cx43 mice, as well as the acute Cx43 knockdown, also showed decreased cell death after the impact. The gap junctional blockers alleviated the trauma-induced impairment of synaptic function as measured by electrophysiological field potential recordings. These results indicate that GJC enhances the cellular vulnerability to traumatic injury. Hence, specific gap junctions could be a novel target to reduce injury and secondary damage to the brain and maximize recovery from trauma.
What Is Philosophy? Prolegomena to a Sociological Metaphilosophy

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The question “What is philosophy?” is difficult to answer because it seems to presuppose answers to long‐standing and controversial philosophical questions. As answers to these questions affect one’s metaphilosophy, apparently irresolvable philosophical disagreements are then converted into deadlock concerning the nature of the discipline. As this problem is unique to philosophy, however, this difficulty itself reveals something of philosophy’s essential nature. As, under analysis, it turns out to arise from a definite way of posing problems, philosophy can initially be defined by a particular mode of problematisation . This essay establishes this argument and proposes a method for developing this insight into a fully realised, socio‐historical metaphilosophy. This involves stages of (a) hermeneutical analysis and (b) historical contextualisation, both of which increase the account’s empirical adequacy. A conclusion discusses the extent to which philosophy is on trial here and argues that questioning the future of philosophy is not inherently philistine.
Intelligence artificielle : Enjeux et risques pour la traduction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ABSTRACT: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has rapidly expanded across various fields, impacting society by transforming linguistic and cultural habits in translation and breaking down language barriers. While offering opportunities like instant translations and recognition software, caution is necessary due to AI's limitations, particularly in automatic translation. The evolving interaction between humans and machines creates new frontiers in global connectivity, prompting questions about their roles in translation for the humanities and social sciences. Our analysis explores the current state of AI, its possibilities, and tools, focusing on its role in literary and academic translation. We also delve into the limits and risks of AI, underscoring the vital role of the human translator. The central question revolves around whether AI, especially in automatic translation, can reliably serve the humanities. Our hypothesis asserts that the human translator is crucial, using knowledge and experience to provide authentic translations, with the machine acting as a legitimate complement, tempered by the cultural insight of the human translator. RÉSUMÉ : L'intelligence artificielle (IA) s'est rapidement développée dans divers domaines, impactant la société en transformant les habitudes linguistiques et culturelles en matière de traduction et en éliminant les barrières linguistiques. Les possibilités qu’offre cette intelligence pour la traduction sont énormes. Toutefois, il est important de faire attention, car il s’agit enfin de machines programmées à cet effet. Le recours de plus en plus accru à ces machines de traduction qui évoluent rapidement suscite des interrogations des spécialistes de la traduction quant à la fiabilité et l’important domaine recouvert par ces dernières. D’autres questions émanent également sur leur conséquence et la place à occuper face au traducteur humain. C’est pourquoi notre analyse explore l’état actuel de l’IA, ses possibilités, ses outils et son rôle dans la traduction littéraire et académique. Il sera question, conjointement à cela, de voir les limites et les risques de l’IA, en soulignant le rôle vital du traducteur humain. En somme, la question centrale est de savoir si l’IA, en particulier dans la traduction automatique, peut servir de manière fiable les sciences humaines. Notre hypothèse affirme que l’intervention du traducteur humain dans cette équation est primordiale. Ses connaissances et son expérience seraient essentielles pour fournir des traductions authentiques.
Induction of Homologous Rather than Heterologous Antigen-Specific CD4 T Cell Responses Is Critical for Functional CD8 T Cell Responses in Mice Transgenic for a Foreign Antigen

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract The development of a successful cancer vaccine requires the ability to break immunological tolerance to self-Ags expressed on tumor cells. The transgenic rat insulin promoter (RIP) OVALOW mouse model has been reported to be hyporesponsive for both OVA-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell responses. The experiments described in the current study show that this hyporesponsiveness can be overcome by inclusion of GM-CSF and the TLR7 agonist imiquimod as adjuvants in a DNA immunization regimen with OVA-encoding plasmids. High frequencies of OVA-specific CD8 and CD4 T cells, including a response to a CD4 T cell epitope seen only in the RIP OVALOW mice, were generated by this regimen. These responses were associated with the development of autoimmunity and increased protection to tumor challenge in the RIP OVALOW mice. Heterologous CD4 T cell help has been shown to improve functional CD8 T cell responses, and we confirmed that inclusion of the CD4 T cell epitope pan HLA-DR–binding epitope improved CD8 T cell responses compared with self-Ag alone. Addition of GM-CSF and imiquimod, however, resulted in dominance of the pan HLA-DR–binding epitope-specific response over the OVA-specific CD4 T cell responses, decreased OVA-specific CD8 T cell numbers and function in tolerant RIP OVALOW mice, and failure to induce diabetes. The results of this study suggest that the use of heterologous help needs to be evaluated carefully in the context of specific immunization regimes and that a preferable approach may be adjuvantization of DNA vaccines.
Non-Markovian Noise Mitigation: Practical Implementation, Error Analysis, and the Role of Environment Spectral Properties

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Quantum error mitigation(QEM), an error suppression strategy without the need for additional ancilla qubits for noisy intermediate-scale quantum~(NISQ) devices, presents a promising avenue for realizing quantum speedups of quantum computing algorithms on current quantum devices. However, prior investigations have predominantly been focused on Markovian noise. In this paper, we propose a non-Markovian Noise Mitigation(NMNM) method by extending the probabilistic error cancellation (PEC) method in the QEM framework to treat non-Markovian noise. We present the derivation of a time-local quantum master equation where the decoherence coefficients are directly obtained from bath correlation functions(BCFs), key properties of a non-Markovian environment that will make the error mitigation algorithms environment-aware. We further establish a direct connection between the overall approximation error and sampling overhead of QEM and the spectral property of the environment. Numerical simulations performed on a spin-boson model further validate the efficacy of our approach.
The Internal Security in the Visegrad Group

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The book presents a comprehensive analysis of internal security systems in the Visegrad Group countries: Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. The authors discuss key institutions responsible for protecting citizens and infrastructure in each country, including: special services, police, fire brigades and border guards. The researchers try to present different approaches to threats such as migration, terrorism and cybersecurity through an analysis of internal security institutions. The publication presents the development of security policy since 1989, taking into account integration with NATO and the EU and responses to contemporary challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine.
The Legality of food packaging to the production of small and medium enterprises (SME)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The researcher was interested to take unique, interesting, and safe food packaging of SME as the focus of this research. Thus, the packaging made by SME should fulfill the standards enforced by the law applied in Indonesia, especially East Java Province. This research aims to discover the law regarding the legality of food packaging, mainly the standards of packaging, and to discover the understanding and obedience of SME in applying the law enforcement for the packaging standards for foods produced by SME. The standards of the packaging for SME's products and the guarantee of legal protection to SME products' packaging to achieve the legality of food packaging with requires hygiene, clean production devices, product cleanliness standards, interesting packaging, clean and recyclable packaging and getting standard licenses (MUI/BPOM, P-IRT). This research used analytical and critical ought to be journal article with qualitative research as well qualitative content analysis that emphasizes on role related to socio-cultural change for evaluation research with social research method. The results of this research show food packaging for SME's products can increase the concerns to products safety. Meanwhile, for the government, this research can become the basis of taking on useful policy to develop the potential of SME food, especially the legality of food packaging of SME's products. For academia, this research can be a literature for further research in the same field.
Using temporal correlation for fast and highdetailed video tone mapping

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Tone Mapping Operators (TMOs) approximate the appearance of High-Dynamic-Range (HDR) content in standard displays. The few available video TMOs are computationally complex versions of existing schemes developed for still images. We introduce a fast method for video tone mapping that takes advantage of the strong temporal correlation that is usually found in video sequences. Each frame is divided into several blocks and we employ a motion estimation scheme that searches for similar blocks in a previously tone-mapped reference frame. The bilateral filter TMO is employed for the reference frames, but any other TMO can be used with our scheme. Experiments show that high-detailed tone-mapped content can be created without the need of employing a complex TMO on every frame.
Investigation of Self-Interaction Corrections for an Exactly Solvable Model System: Orbital Dependence and Electron Localization

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A systematic investigation of two approximate self-interaction corrections (SICs), Perdew-Zunger SIC and Lundin-Eriksson SIC, and the local-density approximation (LDA) is performed for a model Hamiltonian whose exact many-body solution and exact LDA are known. Both SICs as well as LDA are applied in the calculation of ground-state energies, ground-state densities, energy gaps, and impurity densities of one-dimensional Hubbard chains differing in size, particle number, and interaction strength. The orbital-dependent potentials arising from either SIC are treated within the optimized-effective potential method, which we reformulate for the Hubbard model. The delocalization tendency of LDA is confronted with the localization tendency of SIC. A statistical analysis of the resulting data set sheds light on the role of SIC for weakly and strongly interacting particles and allows one to assess the performance of each methodology.
The art of being negative: Metonymical morphological constructions in contrast

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper explores the metonymic nature of grammar by contrasting a Russian and a Norwegian morphological construction that give (mostly) negative characterizations of people. The meanings of the constructions are strikingly similar, and it is argued that they cannot be properly understood without recourse to metonymy. However, while Norwegian employs compounding, the morphological strategy used in the Russian construction is derivation. It is demonstrated that these differences are not idiosyncratic facts about Norwegian and Russian, since there is systemic motivation for the differences between the two languages.
Implications for the Maintenance of Androdioecy in the Freshwater Shrimp, Eulimnadia texana Packard: Encounters between Males and Hermaphrodites are not Random

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Androdioecy is a mixed‐mating system in which there are males and hermaphrodites but no pure females. Few species exhibit such a mating system. Eulimnadia texana is a branchiopod crustacean that has recently been identified as an androdioecious species. This system is ideal for testing questions related to the evolution of sexual reproduction. We are testing a model that predicts androdioecy to be a stable mixed‐mating system under certain conditions. Specifically, we investigated whether encounters between males and hermaphrodites are random or if either sex seeks out the other for mating. Focal male or hermaphrodite clam shrimp were presented with stimulus shrimp of the other sex or kept alone. Swimming speed and time spent within different areas of a test chamber were recorded. Males did not alter mean swimming speed or spend more time than expected by chance near partitioned hermaphrodites. Hermaphrodites, however, decreased mean swimming speed in the presence of males and also spent more time than expected by chance near partitioned males, suggesting that hermaphrodites respond to male chemical and/or visual stimuli. Modified swimming behaviour probably facilitates inter‐sexual contact, thereby increasing opportunities for out‐crossing above that expected by random encounters.
Chemopreventive Effects of Cocoa Extract Application Towards Expression of Bcl-2 and Mda on Albino Mice Skin Induced by Dmba-Tpa

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This research aims to determine the effect of topical cocoa extract application through ekspression of Bcl-2 and MDA on albino mice skin that induced by DMBA-TPA. The research was conducted at Animal Laboratory for application of DMBA, MDA-TPA and cocoa extract and Biomolecular Laboratory of Medical Faculty of Hasanuddin University Makassar as the place of ELISA examination. The method used was animal experimental with pure experimental design to know the role of topical cocoa extract towards the skin of mice which has been given DMBA-TPA three times a week in 12 weeks. The research unit was the skin of the back side of albino mice which have been excised and divided into 5 groups of treatment. The results indicate that extract of concentration cocoa 400 ppm (p<0.05) which is applied every day has the highest effects decreased of Bcl-2 and MDA expression after being inducted by DMBA-TPA three times a week.
Fuzzy bang-bang controller for servo systems via optimal path estimation method

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper addresses a new approach, optimal path estimation method (OPEM), to implement time optimal bang-bang control. The method is based on feedback information obtained by estimating the distance from the present state to the switching surface along the optimal trajectory. A fuzzy algorithm is used for the implementation of the control logic. The advantages of the proposed method over the traditional bang-bang control method are illustrated by numerical simulations of a servomotor system.< >
Specificity of Ca2+ Signaling in Polarized Cells

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ignaling specificity is now the central question in cellsignaling. Several aspects of the problem include thequestions of how receptors that use the samebiochemical pathway can generate agonist-specificsignals, and how divergent signaling pathways interact witheach other to form signaling networks (Weng et al., 1999;Hunter, 2000). Ca
Connexin 40 regulates lung endothelial permeability in acute lung injury via the ROCK1-MYPT1- MLC20 pathway

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Increased pulmonary vascular permeability is a hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI). Connexin 40 (Cx40) is a gap junctional protein abundantly present in the lung microvascular endothelium. Yet, the role of Cx40 in the regulation of lung vascular permeability and its underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Cx40 participates in regulation of lung endothelial permeability via a mechanism involving a Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) dependent regulation of myosin light chain (MLC). In murine models of intratracheal acid- or LPS-induced lung injury, genetic deficiency of Cx40 attenuated key features of ALI including vascular barrier failure. In human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs), thrombin-induced loss of transendothelial electrical resistance was attenuated by a Cx40-inhibiting mimetic peptide ( 40 GAP 27 ), Cx40-specific shRNA, or ROCK inhibitor Y27632. In isolated perfused mouse lungs, platelet-activating factor-induced lung weight gain was abrogated by gap junction blocker carbenoxolone, 40 GAP 27 , Y27632, or genetic deficiency of Cx40. Phosphorylation of MLC 20 increased drastically in both LPS-treated PMVECs and HCl-treated mouse lungs. Expression of ROCK1 was increased in both LPS-treated PMVECs and HCl-treated mouse lungs, and paralleled by phosphorylation of MLC 20 . Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed protein-protein interaction between ROCK1 and Cx40. LPS-induced upregulation of ROCK1 and phosphorylation of MLC 20 were blocked by knockdown of Cx40. LPS caused phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1, which could be abrogated by Y27632 or Cx40-shRNA. Our findings reveal a role of Cx40 in regulation of ROCK1 and MLC 20 that contributes critically to lung vascular barrier failure in ALI.
An overview of functional, structural and neurochemical imaging studies in individuals with a clinical high risk for psychosis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In recent years, a growing literature has emerged examining the neurobiological correlates of clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. Using a range of neuroimaging techniques, alterations in brain function, structure and chemistry have been reported in CHR subjects. In this article, we provide an overview of studies that have used MRI, PET and multimodal imaging to examine neurobiological abnormalities in CHR subjects.
A comparison of five different hypothermia enclosure systems in a cold environment

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This study compared the thermal physiological and subjective responses of five subjects (1 female) to five hypothermia enclosure systems (HES) (with chemical heat sources) during 60 minutes of exposure to a -22°C climate. The five systems were: 1) user-assembled (Control); 2) Wiggy’s Victims Casualty Hypothermia Bag (W); 3) Doctor Down® Rescue Wrap® (DD); 4) MARSARS Hypothermia Stabilizer Bag (M); 5) Hypothermia Prevention and Management Kit (HPMK®). Total heat flux was significantly higher with the HPMK, W and M compared to the Control and DD (p<0.05). Net heat gain was higher with the Control and DD compared to W and M (p<0.05). Although all systems provide insulation and heat, the user-assembled and DD HES were more effective.