jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Buerger Allen Exercise In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Literature Review

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

An effort that might be made to prevent complications of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is by increasing peripheral blood circulation through the Buerger Allen exercise (BAE). Previous studies recommend reviewing the standard procedure of the BAE. Research related to the review of the effectiveness of BAE application on type 2 DM, which is summarized from various studies in latest original research is still lacking. The aim of this study is to describe the standard form of the Buerger Allen implementation that has been evaluated its effectiveness in patients with type 2 DM patients with complications. This literature review was performed with PICO keywords in 4 databases, including PubMed, Springer Link, Wiley Online Library, and Google Scholar in 2011-2022. We have concluded that the standard procedure for implementing the BAE consists of 5 stages and three main steps for each cycle. The steps are supine position (pre-exercise), elevation, Hanging, flexion-extension, and horizontal (post-exercise) steps. Each session consists of at least 3 to 6 cycles with approximately 30 minutes. Fifteen articles analyzed showed significant changes in lower peripheral perfusion of patients with type 2 DM. BAE is a simple non-pharmacological intervention that is considered an effective method for managing lower peripheral perfusion.
Colorectal Cancer in the Young: Research in Early Age Colorectal Cancer Trends (REACCT) Collaborative

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is increasing in the young (under 50). Defining the clinicopathological features and cancer-specific outcomes of patients with early-onset CRC is important to optimize screening and treatment strategies. This study evaluated disease-specific features and oncological outcomes of patients with early-onset CRC. Methods: Anonymized data from an international collaboration were analyzed. The inclusion criteria for this study were patients aged <50 years with stage I-III disease surgically resected with curative intent. Overall and disease-free survival were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Results: A total of 3378 patients were included, with a median age of 43 (18–49) and a slight male preponderance (54.3%). One-third had a family history of colorectal cancer. Almost all (>95%) of patients were symptomatic at diagnosis. The majority (70.1%) of tumors were distal to the descending colon. Approximately 40% were node positive. Microsatellite instability was demonstrated in one in five patients, representing 10% of rectal and 27% of colon cancers. A defined inherited syndrome was diagnosed in one-third of those with microsatellite instability. Rectal cancer displayed a worse prognosis stage for stage. Five-year disease-free survival for stage I, II, and III colon cancer was 96%, 91%, and 68%, respectively. The equivalent rates for rectal cancer were 91%, 81%, and 62%. Conclusions and relevance: The majority of EOCRC would be captured with flexible sigmoidoscopy. Extending screening to young adults and public health education initiatives are potential interventions to improve survivorship.
Molecular Structure of an Ethylene Glycol–Water Solution at 298 K

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The molecular structure of an ethylene glycol–water mixture (EGW) in which EG concentration $${{x}_{{{\text{EG}}}}} = 0{-}1.0$$ is analyzed using the concentration dependences of viscosity and specific electrical conductivity at 298 K. Values of excess viscosity, electrical conductivity, and the Grunberg–Nissan parameter are calculated for the mixture. The maximum electrical conductivity is observed when xEG = 0.11 and the EG : water ratio is 1 : 8. The minimum excess viscosity is observed when xEG = 0.46 and the EG : water ratio is 3 : 4.
Women in Zimbabwean Politics Post-November 2017

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article analyses the dynamics underpinning formal political institutions in relation to women’s participation in Zimbabwe, with a focus on the post November 2017 context. Patriarchal continuities and not changes characterize the post-November period. Under the “new dispensation”, patriarchy, intertwined with the increase in militarized masculinities, is producing exclusion with limited spaces for women’s participation. Simultaneously, Zimbabwean women at times have been destabilizing political spaces, while also being complicit in reproducing patriarchal practices and violence. The military-assisted transition is significant because of the fall of Grace Mugabe and the broader implications of this for women and politics in Zimbabwe.
Fulling Non-uniqueness and the Unruh Effect: A Primer on Some Aspects of Quantum Field Theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We discuss the intertwined topics of Fulling non-uniqueness and the Unruh effect. The Fulling quantization, which is in some sense the natural one for an observer uniformly accelerated through Minkowski spacetime to adopt, is often heralded as a quantization of the Klein-Gordon field which is both physically relevant and unitarily inequivalent to the standard Minkowski quantization. We argue that the Fulling and Minkowski quantizations do not constitute a satisfactory example of physically relevant, unitarily inequivalent quantizations, and indicate what it would take to settle the open question of whether a satisfactory example exists. A popular gloss on the Unruh effect has it that an observer uniformly accelerated through the Minkowski vacuum experiences a thermal flux of Rindler quanta. Taking the Unruh effect, so glossed, to establish that the notion of particle must be relativized to a reference frame, some would use it to demote the particle concept from fundamental status. We explain why technical results do not support the popular gloss and why the attempted demotion of the particle concept is both unsuccessful and unnecessary. Fulling non-uniqueness and the Unruh effect merit attention despite these negative verdicts because they provide excellent vehicles for illustrating key concepts of quantum field theory and for probing foundational issues of considerable philosophical interest.
Range Animal Diet Composition in Southcentral Wyoming

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Because of the ongoing controversy about shrub forage value for different ungulates and significance of the shrub communities for spring-fall grazing in southcentral Wyoming, the relative importance of various forage classes was determined by fecal analyses in the spring, summer, and fall diets of pronghorn (Antilocarpa americana Ord), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), elk (Cervus elaphus), cattle (Bos taurus), and domestic sheep (Ovis aries) in the mountain brush and Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young) plant communities. Mountain big sagebrush (A.t. ssp. vaseyana Rydb. Beetle) comprised 76% of pronghorn spring diets in the mountain brush plant community, and Wyoming big sagebrush comprised 91% of the pronghorn spring diets in the Wyoming big sagebrush plant community. Antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata Pursh.) comprised about 80 to 90% of the pronghorn and deer summer and fill diets in the mountain brush plant community. Graminoids, primarily Bromus, Carex, Juncus, and Stipa spp., made up 80+% of elk, cattle, and sheep diets in either plant community. Forbs and shrubs other than sagebrush or bitterbrush were a minor component of either plant community and diets of any of the 5 kinds of animals. A shrub management program to maintain species diversity while increasing bitterbrush and graminoid production under common use grazing by both browsers and grazers is recommended for this area.
Relation of Magnetic and Gravity Field Data to Selected Structural Elements of the Central Portion of the Arkoma Basin

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

In order to acquire a greater understanding of some of the major basement structural features characteristic of the Arkoma basin, magnetic and gravity data have been collected and analyzed for a selected area. Several anomalies exist and are found to be associated with faulting or major fracturing in the Precambrian basement. Modelling of source bodies based on magnetic and gravity values provides quantitative estimates of the depth as well as the geometry of basement structural geology.
Genetically predicted 486 blood metabolites in relation to risk of colorectal cancer: A Mendelian randomization study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Metabolic disorders are a hallmark feature of cancer. However, the evidence for the causality of circulating metabolites to promote or prevent colorectal cancer (CRC) is still lacking. We performed a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to assess the causality from genetically proxied 486 blood metabolites to CRC. Methods Genome‐wide association study (GWAS) data for exposures were extracted from 7824 Europeans GWAS on metabolite levels. GWAS data for CRC from the GWAS catalog database GCST012879 were used for the preliminary analysis. The random inverse variance weighted (IVW) is the primary analysis for causality analysis while MR‐Egger and weighted median as complementary analyses. Cochran Q test, MR‐Egger intercept test, MR‐PRESSO, Radial MR, and leave‐one‐out analysis were used for sensitivity analyses. For significant associations, additional independent CRC GWAS data GCST012880 were used for replication analysis and meta‐analysis. For the final identification of metabolites, Steiger test, linkage disequilibrium score regression, and colocalization analysis were performed for further evaluation. Multivariable MR was performed to assess the direct effect of metabolites on CRC. Results The results of this study indicated significant associations between six metabolites pyruvate (odds ratio [OR]: 0.49, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.32–0.77, p = 0.002), 1,6‐anhydroglucose (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.11–1.59, p = 0.002), nonadecanoate (19:0) (OR: 0.40, 95% C I:0.4–0.68, p = 0.0008), 1‐linoleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine (OR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.30–0.75, p = 0.001), 2‐hydroxystearate (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.23–0.67, p = 0.0007), gamma‐glutamylthreonine (OR: 2.14, 95% CI: 1.02–4.50, p = 0.040) and CRC. MVMR analysis revealed that genetically predicted pyruvate, 1‐linoleoylglycerophosphoethanolamine and gamma‐glutamylthreonine can directly influence CRC independently of other metabolites. Conclusion The current work provides evidence to support the causality of the six circulating metabolites on CRC and a new perspective on the exploration of the biological mechanisms of CRC by combining genomics and metabolomics. These findings contribute to the screening, prevention and treatment of CRC.
French–German relations: the Strasbourg–Kehl encounter, 1945–55

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

German–French relations have proved to be pivotal to the course of modern European history. Recent success, however, has somewhat obscured our memory of the difficult path that has been trod. Directing our attention to Kehl, a small village on the upper Rhine, we can revisit the difficulties inherent in resolving feelings of mutual animosity and longstanding historical problems. Kehl stands for the quest for reconciliation at the local and regional level. In the immediate postwar era, French dreams of continued influence over the Rhine valley would have to be put aside just like German anger over their treatment by the French.
A review on environmental distributions and risk management of phenols pertaining to the endocrine disrupting chemicals in Taiwan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

AbstractSome phenols, including pentachlorophenol, dichlorophenol, alkylphenols (nonylphenol & octylphenol) and bisphenol-A, have been identified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). These phenolic EDCs are extensively used in a wide range of household products, thus posing potential health risks for humans exposed to them. From the viewpoints of ecotoxicology, human health and regulations, it is urgent to restrict the emissions and releases of these estrogenic chemicals from the industrial processes and commercial products. This review article first focused on the physicochemical properties of phenolic EDCs and their industrial/commercial uses. Furthermore, their environmental distributions and regulatory frameworks for integrated risk management of these chemicals in Taiwan were conducted as a case study. Emphasis was thus put on the cross-ministerial joint venture (i.e., environment, health, agriculture, labor, and industry authorities), and the government policy on the risk management of EDCs. Finally, some recommendations for pollution prevention and toxicity reduction of phenolic EDCs were also addressed and analyzed to progress towards a sustainable society in Taiwan.Keywords: alkylphenolsbisphenol-Achlorophenolstoxic chemicals legislationrisk management
A coupling procedure for modeling acoustic problems using finite elements and boundary elements

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Finite element (FEM) and boundary element (BEM) methods have been used for a long time for the numerical simulation of acoustic problems.The development presented in this paper deals with a general procedure for coupling acoustic finite elements with acoustic boundary elements in order to solve efficiently acoustic problems involving non homogeneous fluids.Emphasis is made on problems where finite elements are used for a confined (bounded) fluid while boundary elements are selected for an external (unbounded) fluid.The discrete sets of equations related to the two models are first summarized.An elimination procedure is then proposed for solving the coupled problem.This procedure enables to take care of the sparseness of the finite element matrix and leads to solve an updated boundary element system.The solution sequence allows for the treatment of multiple load cases (velocity boundary conditions) in order to generate mutual impedance coefficients.
Implant‐Supported Oral Rehabilitation of a Patient with Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Clinical Report

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Abstract Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a rare mucocutaneous vesiculobullous disease characterized by the development of autoantibodies against the desmosomal proteins. Current treatment is largely based on systemic immunosuppression using systemic corticosteroids. Immunosuppressive drugs used in the treatment of the disease may increase the risk of infection and delayed healing, which are of concern in dental treatment procedures in this group of patients. The clinical outcomes of implants in PV have not been investigated. We present a case of PV rehabilitated with an implant‐supported prosthesis with a 32‐month follow‐up and discuss the important points in the surgical and prosthodontic phases.
Study of the Micromechanical Properties and Dissolution Characteristics of Porous Coral Reef Limestone

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This study investigates the fundamental properties of shallow aragonite‐component dominant porous coral reef limestone (CRL) to investigate its micromechanical properties and micrometer‐scale pore dissolution characteristics. Nanoindentation tests were performed to assess changes in mechanical properties before and after dissolution. A novel numerical model, integrating the level‐set method (LSM), reactive‐transport modeling, and image processing technology (IPT) was developed to simulate the static dissolution process of a computed tomography (CT)‐scanned porous CRL structure. The nanoindentation results showed that after dissolution, the Young's modulus ( E ) of the primary mineral component aragonite decreased from 34.09 to 30.01 GPa. Numerical simulations further explored the effects of temperature and mineral component on the dissolution characteristics of CRL. In the multicomponent CRL structure, where both aragonite and calcite coexist, selective dissolution occurred, with aragonite inhibiting calcite dissolution and altering the dissolution pathway. Conversely, the monocomponent aragonite structure was more susceptible to forming larger pores during dissolution. Meanwhile, the dissolution volume and porosity increased with temperature, rising by 47% and 4.84%, respectively, whereas the variation in pore radius did not exhibit a consistent trend with increasing temperature. The macroscopic E was estimated using both the Mori‐Tanaka approach and simulation methods, demonstrating that pore dissolution weakens the macromechanical properties of the CRL. This comprehensive analysis enhances the understanding of the physical and chemical properties of CRL, providing valuable insights for the safe and stable construction of islands and reefs.
Somatic Embryogenesis in Cephalotaxus harringtonia Embryo-Megagametophyte Co-culture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Somatic embryogenesis was initiated from Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Forbes) K. Koch embryo culture. Explants consisted of embryo and megagametophyte halves both cut longitudinally. They were removed aseptically from mature seeds and grown together on a solid Murashige and Skoog modified medium supplemented with 5 mg ▪ l −1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Embryogenic cultures started from callus after three or more months on the primary medium. The embryogenic callus originated from the suspensor region of the embryo. All chromosome counts made in the cells of the embryonic structures demonstrated a diploid stage, which suggest that they originated from zygotic embryo tissue. The early stages of somatic embryogenic development were achieved, i.e., formation of small clusters consisting of an embryonal region made up of isodiametric meristematic cells. A more advanced stage was reached in some cultures in which the distal embryonal end of the embryo appeared smooth and opaque. The ultrastructural characteristics of the embryos, the two types of embryo cells, embryonal and suspensor cells, as well as their contents were similar to those already reported in the case of somatic embryogenesis of other conifers.
Dynamic Localization in Optical Lattices

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We recapitulate the principle enabling the phenomenon of dynamic localization, and provide model calculations for ultracold atoms in driven optical lattices which indicate that the localization effect remains almost unaffected by interband transitions if the parameters are chosen carefully. In addition, we suggest to exploit the underlying quasienergy band collapse for coherently controlling the metal-insulator transition that occurs in the Harper model, as realized with quasiperiodic optical lattices.
Good progress with DOTS in the South-East Asia Region.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The South-East Asia Region (SEAR) accounts for 38% of the global tuberculosis (TB). Encouraging progress has been made since the DOTS strategy was introduced in all SEAR Member States between 1993-94. Operational guidelines for and joint plans of action for disease control activities in the border districts of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal have been drawn up. The key issues involved in the good progress with DOTS are: Resource mobilisation, case detection, case management, drugs and logistics, supervision, monitoring and surveillance, preventing emergence of multidrug resistant TB and lastly health sector reform. Given the current momentum and commitment, it is expected that the region will active the set targets of universal coverage by 2006.
Expression of Foxp3 and transforming growth factor beta 1 in rats with collagen-induced arthritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To investigate the roles and of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in collagen-induced arthritis and their underlying mechanisms.Methods Wistar rats were randomized into the control and experimental groups.Models of collagen-induced arthritis were established as described in publications while controls received only saline injections.At various time spots,splenic and synovial tissues were obtained from rat models and also from controls.The expression of Foxp3 mRNA in the spleen was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction,and the ex-pression of transforming growth factor beta 1(TGF-β1) in the spleen and synovium by immunohistochemistry.Results As compared with the controls,the expressions of Foxp3 mRNA in the spleen tissue and TGF-β1 in the spleen and synovium were found to be significantly up-regulated(all P0.01).The expression of Foxp3 mRNA in spleen tissue was most intense during the acute stage and gradually declining during the chronic stage,the expression of TGF-β1 in the spleen decreased during the acute stage and gradually enhanced during the chronic stage;and that in the synovium was enhanced during the acute stage and gradually attenuated during the chronic stage.Expression of synovial TGF-β1 was shown to be associated the severity of disease(as assessed by pathological score,r=0.9474),and negatively correlated with the expression of Foxp3 mRNA(r=0.8124).Conclusion The function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells was low-ered in rats with artificial arthritis,which may be attributable to abnormal expression of Foxp3 mRNA in these cells.This may lead to reduced production of TGF-β1 and inadequate suppression of autoimmune response in collagen-in-duced arthritis.Further studies are needed to show whether Foxp3 gene is defective in this condition.
Row Configuration and Nitrogen Application for Barley–Pea Intercropping in Montana

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Intercropping barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) with Austrian winter pea ( Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L. Poir) may increase the use efficiencies of growth resources and reduce fertilizer N requirements. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) row configuration and (ii) fertilizer N effects on yield, protein content, and the land equivalent ratio (LER) of barley–pea intercropping systems. A 3‐yr barley–pea intercropping study was conducted at the Western and Central Agricultural Research Centers (WARC and CARC) of Montana State University from 2000 to 2002 with three row configurations (4 rows barley × 4 rows pea, 2 rows barley × 2 rows pea, and barley–pea mixed within rows) and three N application treatments (0, 67, and 134 kg N ha −1 ). Barley biomass production increased 41% at WARC and CARC, whereas pea biomass production decreased 34% at WARC and 46% at CARC with the row configuration changing from the 4 × 4 to the mixed configuration. The LER ranged from 1.05 to 1.24 on a biomass basis and from 1.05 to 1.26 on a protein basis, indicating a production advantage of intercropping. Barley is a more competitive component than pea. Separated row arrangements are advantageous where the desired outcome is a greater pea component in the harvested forage, but the mixed arrangement has a greater total biomass yield and LER. Fertilizer N increased total biomass yield and protein level in barley–pea intercrops, but high N rates could decrease the LER and result in toxic levels of nitrate in the forage.