jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
TransRouter : a decision support tool for translation managers.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Translation managers often have to decide on the most appropriate way to deal with a translation project. Possible options may include human translation, translation using a specific terminology resource, translation in interaction with a translation memory system, and machine translation. The decision making involved is complex, and it is not always easy to decide by inspection whether a specific text lends itself to certain kinds of treatment. TransRouter supports the decision making by offering a suite of computer based tools which can be used to analyse the text to be translated. Some tools, such as the word counter, the repetition detector, the sentence length estimator and the sentence simplicity checker look at characteristics of the text itself. A version comparison tool compares the new text to previously translated texts. Other tools, such as the unknown terms detector and the translation memory coverage estimator, estimate overlap between the text and a set of known resources. The information gained, combined with further information provided by the user, is input to a decision kernel which calculates possible routes towards achieving the translation together with their cost and consequences on translation quality. The user may influence the kernel by, for example, specifying particular resources or refining routes under investigation. The final decision on how to treat the project rests with the translation manager.
Indexes, Happy and Unhappy Hunting Grounds

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Indexers devote thought and toil to the effort to place subject matter where searchers are most likely to look for it. They must avoid the pitfalls of omitting significant information, burying information under obscure listings, and making poor choice of nomenclature. The searcher must bear in mind connections between English and Latin derivations, reason out probable preferred locations for entries not as precise as chemical names, check specific as well as general terms, and take into consideration peculiarities that creep into the English language from foreign language sources. Successful searching demands a balanced blend of training, experience, and common sense.
Sistem peradilan berwibawa (Suatu pencarian)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

buku ini disusun dalam sepupuh rubrik menurut masing-masing makalah yaitu penegakan hukum dan peradilan, kebijakan dan penegakan sistem peradilan, penegakan hukum yang profesional dan bermartabat, mewujudkan peradilan yang bersih dan berwibawa melalui good govermanc, membangun kepastian hukum yang benar dan adil, politik penegakan hukum lingkungan, peranan advokat dalam penataan pradilan, pembaruan birokrasi, satu atap kekuasaan kehakiman, mengatasi penunggakkan penyelesaian kasasi dan peninjauan kembali.
Relationship Between Anatomic Features of the Placenta, the Type of Abnormal Placental Cord Insertion and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes in Singleton Pregnancies: A Prospective Observational Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the potential value of placental anatomic features and various types of normal and abnormal cord insertion types in predicting adverse maternal-fetal outcomes in singleton pregnancies. We also tried to assess the association between these outcomes and various types of placental cord insertion. Method: This prospective observational study was performed on singleton pregnancies. For each patient placental features including diameter, thickness, type of cord insertion, and the shortest distance between the cord insertion point and placental edge were recorded. The relationship between these factors and the development of multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes including preterm labor, intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), and the rate of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions were evaluated and reported. Results: Overall 308 patients were enrolled in the study. Smoker mothers had significantly smaller placentas ( P-value = .008), and those with lower diameter placentas were more likely to suffer from IUFD ( P-value = .0001). Shorter placental cord insertion distances led to more episodes of preterm labor ( P-value = .057). Eccentric-type placental cord insertion was significantly associated with the development of preeclampsia ( P-value = .006). Discussion: Abnormalities in placental diameter and cord insertion can lead to significant maternal-fetal complications including preterm labor, IUFD, and preeclampsia.
Relocating African Agency: Assessing the Role of ‘Local Patrons’ and Chinese Enterprises in the Construction Sector in Ghana

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Contrary to the conventional notion that African agency outside of the state is marginal if not irrelevant, this paper argues that it is ‘local patrons’ in Africa who are actually the most powerful determinants of the success of Chinese enterprises in Africa. These ‘local patrons’ exact financial resources from the Chinese in exchange for their services as brokers between state officials. Specifically, their ‘informal connections’ to local state authorities enables them to insure the Chinese firms against official state prosecution/demands as well as facilitate related bureaucratic procedures. Using the case of the Chinese construction firms operating in Ghana, we will investigate the challenges experienced by Chinese firms entering into new markets and the strategies utilised by them to address and mitigate risk in their search for profit, chief amongst them the employment of ‘local patrons’ to serve as brokers with state officials. This relocation of agency, drawing from scholarship by Mohan, Lampert and Soule-Kohndou as well as the empirical materials based on substantive fieldwork, provides new insights into terms of engagement with local actors that form a bonded relationship facilitating integration of Chinese enterprises into the African political economy.
Two-Stage Stochastic Optimization for the Pre-Position and Reconfiguration of Microgrid Defense Resources against Natural Disasters

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

With the aggravation and evolution of global warming, natural disasters such as hurricanes occur more frequently, posing a great challenge to large-scale power systems. Therefore, the pre-position and reconfiguration of the microgrid defense resources by means of Mobile Energy Storage Vehicles (MEVs) and tie lines in damaged scenarios have attracted more and more attention. This paper proposes a novel two-stage optimization model with the consideration of MEVs and tie lines to minimize the shed loads and the outage duration of loads according to their proportional priorities. In the first stage, tie lines addition and MEVs pre-position are decided prior to a natural disaster; in the second stage, the switches of tie lines and original lines are operated and MEVs are allocated from staging locations to allocation nodes according to the specific damaged scenarios after the natural disaster strikes. The proposed load restoration method exploits the benefits of MEVs and ties lines by microgrid formation to pick up more critical loads. The progressive hedging algorithm is employed to solve the proposed scenario-based two-stage stochastic optimization problem. Finally, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed model and applied algorithm are validated on an IEEE 33-bus test case.
Prokaryotic Expression and Purification of the Nucleocapsid Protein of Schmallenberg Virus and Preparation of Its Polyclonal Antibodies

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The present study was conducted to prokaryotically express the nucleocapsid(N)protein of Schmallenberg virus(SBV)and prepare its polyclonal antibodies.Using the total RNA of SBV(isolate BH80)as a template,RT-PCR was utilized to amplify the full-length coding sequence of the N gene,which was then cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET-28a-c(+)to construct the recombinant plasmid pET-28a-SBV-N.After verification using the doubleenzyme cleavage method and sequence analysis,the recombinant plasmid pET-28a-SBV-N was transformed into the competent E.coli BL21(DE3)cells which were then induced by isopropyl-β-thiogalactopyranoside(IPTG).The recombinant His-SBV-N fusion protein was purified under native conditions using a nickel ion metal chelate column.Subsequently,the purified His-SBV-N protein was used as an immunogen to immunize the New Zealand white rabbits to prepare its polyclonal antibodies.After purification of the prepared polyclonal antibodies using the immunoaffinity chromatography method,Western blot analysis and indirect immunofluorescence assay were used to validate the polyclonal antibodies.Our results demonstrated that:(1)The recombinant His-SBV-N fusion protein was efficiently expressed in E.coli BL21(DE3)in the form of both soluble expression and inclusion bodies,and the molecular weight of His-SBV-N protein was about 30kDa;(2)The titer of the prepared polyclonal antibodies was 1:64 000.The prepared polyclonal antibodies not only can specifically react with the recombinant His-SBV-N fusion protein,but it also can recognize different isolates of SBV.However,the prepared polyclonal antibodies also have cross-reactivity with the N protein of the most genetically related viruses,such as Shamonda virus,Douglas virus and Akabane virus,within the family Bunyaviridae.Undoubtedly,the successful preparation of both His-SBV-N fusion protein and its polyclonal antibodies lays a material foundation for the establishment of serological methods for SBV detection.
The Use of Smoke Syrian Rue (Peganum harmala L.) in Eastern Mediterranean Region

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) is one of natural plant in our country. The common names used for this plant are üzerlik, ilezik, nazar otu, üzellik, üzerik, üzerrik, üzeriyh, yabani sedef otu, yüzellik (Konya villages) and yüzerlik (Eğridir villages). P. harmala is perennial plants. Its habitat is semi-arid conditions including steppe areas (sometimes salty soil), from sea level to 1500 m. The main medicinal part of the plant is the seed used in both traditional and modern phytoterapy. Pharmacologically active compounds of P. harmala are several alkaloids (such as harmine, harmaline, harmane and harmalole). In traditional medicine, the seeds have been known to be anthelmintic, menstruate flow, anesthetic, diaphoretic and sedative. In the literature, numerous pharmacological studies have indicated the wide range of cardiovascular effects of P. harmala. It has also been used as a talisman against “evil-eye” from ancient times to up to now. The goal of this study is to search and discuss the possible usages of this plant seed besides the use as smoked against evil-eye in east Mediterranean region.
Evaluating discipline in sport: fairness, consistency and human rights

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This thesis evaluates disciplinary hearings in sport. It analyses whether the procedures adopted by sports regulatory bodies are human rights consistent, paying particular attention to standards of fairness. It assesses the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) on disciplining in sport. \nThe research reviews the public I private distinction within this jurisdiction and explores the possible interpretations of both pure-public and quasi-public authorities by analysing the wording of HRA section 6. If the courts adopt a broad interpretation, and in some way look at the nature of the bodies' powers, then there is a strong possibility that sports regulatory bodies will be susceptible to the HRA. This interpretation includes the monopolistic or governmental nature of the bodies' powers. \nIf, however, the courts adopt a narrow approach, and the source of the power is decisive, sports regulatory bodies will not be vertically susceptible to the HRA. The horizontal effect of the HRA is addressed in the event of this eventuality. This work \nanalyses how the HRA affects sports persons if no public authority is party to the proceedings. It concludes that horizontal effect of some form will be deployed and highlights that this could be the way that sports persons choose to enforce their human rights. \nHaving addressed jurisdictional issues this work compares the protections afforded by the rules of natural justice to the protections afforded by Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It assesses how a sports person, who alleges bias or a lack of independence on the part of a disciplinary hearing, is legally protected under the different standards. It achieves this by applying both pre and post HRA standards to a case study and analysing the effects of these applications. The research found that although, the pre-FIRA protections provided sports persons with redress against \nregulatory bodies, the implementation of the HRA has the potential to afford further protection. \nTherefore, it is likely that disciplining in sport will have to adapt to guarantee that the disciplinary hearings are HRA compliant. Sports regulatory bodies will be susceptible to the Act in some form and the protections Article 6 provides extend sports persons rights against them.
Greenhouse economics and the costs of global warming

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

My thesis deals with the economics of global warming. It focuses mainly, but not exclusively, on an aspect which has perhaps gained less attention in the literature so far, the economic costs of "greenhouse damage". The thesis is structured into five parts. Part I reviews the existing literature on greenhouse economics, including a first overview of work dealing with the economic costs of global warming. Part II then assesses the costs of global warming associated with a doubling of atmospheric CO2 concentration, the benchmark typically used by scientists to assess the physical impacts of climate change. Part III provides estimates of the marginal damage per tonne of emission for several greenhouse gases, figures which are of importance for the assessment of individual abatement projects. The calculations are based on a stochastic greenhouse damage model in which all key parameters are random. It therefore also allows insights into the likelihood of different damage cost scenarios. Part IV picks out one particular aspect of greenhouse damage—sea level rise—and studies it in more detail. Sea level rise is a good example of the fact that a part of greenhouse costs are not damage costs as such, but arise from the implementation of damage mitigation strategies, such as the erection of sea walls. In addition to providing a more detailed assessment of the economic costs of sea level rise, Part IV also analyses the relative role of protection and mitigation expenditures within the total costs of sea level rise. Part V (written jointly with Snorre Kverndokk of Statistics Norway) finally offers an illustration of how the costs and benefits of abatement ought to be put together to determine the socially optimal result. It introduces a stylised model of greenhouse gas negotiations, in which countries negotiate to reach a socially optimal greenhouse treaty.
Another foreign body in a laryngeal mask airway

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The laryngeal mask airway is a widely used reusable airway device. Laryngeal mask airways are often placed on work surfaces, trolleys and in receptacles alongside other objects. Foreign bodies can gain access into laryngeal mask airways or other reusable airway devices at any time during their cycle of clinical use, disinfection, sterilisation and repackaging processes [1-3]. An airway device with a foreign body presents a serious hazard. I would like to report a case of a foreign body, which was found lodged in an laryngeal mask airway. A four-year-old child was anaesthetised for examination of both eyes by an experienced anaesthetist in our department. Anaesthesia was induced and the airway secured with a reusable, size 2.5 laryngeal mask airway. The laryngeal mask airway had been removed from a sealed package just prior to its use. The surgical procedure lasted approximately 10 min and the anaesthetic and recovery were essentially uneventful. The laryngeal mask airway was removed in due course and put away for cleaning. When the laryngeal mask airway was being washed a foreign body was discovered, lodged at the junction of the cuff and the distal shaft. The foreign body was translucent and the shaft of the laryngeal mask airway had become opaque due to repeated sterilisations. This made detection of the foreign body by external inspection difficult. On closer inspection the foreign body was identified as the cut pilot balloon of a Mallinckrodt tracheal tube. The pilot balloon formed a tight fit in the shaft of the laryngeal mask airway resulting in an almost complete obstruction to the gas flow. A similar foreign body in the wider shaft of a larger size laryngeal mask airway might not cause a complete obstruction but could fall out of the laryngeal mask airway and enter the patient's airway. To demonstrate this case further a pilot balloon was placed in the shaft of an old laryngeal mask airway (Fig. 4). A clearer shaft or a contrast in colour between the pilot balloon and the laryngeal mask airway might have made it easier to identify. Simulation of foreign body in shaft of laryngeal mask airway. An investigation was unable to determine when or by what mechanism the foreign body entered the lumen of the laryngeal mask airway. On this occasion no harm came to the patient. It is conceivable, however, that the laryngeal mask airway might have gone through the process of resterilisation and repackaging with an undetected foreign body thus posing a serious problem on subsequent use. This case highlights the dangers of reusable airway equipment. Translucent foreign bodies may escape detection on external examination and internal inspection of reusable airway devices such laryngeal mask airways should be undertaken prior to their use. Perhaps it is time to move towards single use laryngeal mask airways?
FIREBIRD - small satellite for wild fire assessment

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

FireBIRD is a satellite constellation consisting of two small satellites, TET-1 and BIROS, specifically designed for high temperature events (HTE) and high temperature anomaly detection. This satellite mission of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), which is based on the heritage of the BIRD satellite, aims at the detection and characterizing wild fires using a thermal camera system with one band in the midwave (MWIR) and one band in the longwave-infrared (LWIR). In combination with a red band from the visible spectra, the bi-spectral method [1] is adapted for fire detection and analysis. Besides the clusters of active fires itself, additionally information about fire radiative power, temperature and fire area is derived and can be used for the assessment of active fires. With a pixel spacing of ~170m the spatial resolution is rather high compared to MODIS or Sentinel-3. Additionally, the high agility of the satellites allows image acquisitions on several consecutive days, useful to monitor the development of active fires. Thus, FireBIRD can be used for characterizing fires, hot spot mapping in case of catastrophic events as well as for environmental analysis and inter-comparisons with other sensors. The adapted algorithm provides stable and reliable results, ongoing improvements focuses on a better assessment of background temperatures and in addition, single pixel information are derived for validation assessment tasks.
Island Barrier Effects on Sea State and Atmospheric Moisture as Detected by a Numerical Wave Model and Sensors of the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP),

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Island barrier effects on sea state and atmospheric moisture have been studied through use of a numerical wave model and examination of data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP). It is found that calm areas do not extend an appreciable distance downstream. However, swell refraction effects cause a reduction in swell height, a change in swell period, and a reorientation of swell direction, long distances to the island's lee, which may account for the satellite-observed reflective patterns noted in sunglint situations over those areas. 'Bow-wave' effects appear to be similarly observed due to sunglint from reoriented swell patterns. In conditions of a strong low-level inversion, DMSP data, being sensitive to water vapor absorption, reveal dry plumes extending downwind from islands. These dry plumes are apparently caused by the island's drying effect on atmospheric flow as it passes over and is influenced by topographical features of the island barrier. (Author)
Joint channel and data estimation for asynchronous GSM users

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In multiple-access communication systems co-channel interference can be mitigated by applying multiuser detection instead of treating the interference as additive noise [1]. In this paper we focus on downlink operation in a GSM-like TDMA network and investigate multiuser channel estimation and data symbol detection of two users that share the same physical channel in two adjacent cells. Such a scenario would allow a significant increase in spectral efficiency. We assume no synchronization between the base stations. Mobile terminals exploit multiple receive antennas. We propose a simple iterative receiver algorithm that performs joint channel and data estimation. The performance is evaluated by simulations.
Subliminal ATC Utilizing 4D Trajectory Negotiation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In enroute sectors, a large part of the workload of air traffic controllers consists of anticipating aircraft trajectories in order to determine whether a loss of separation is likely to occur. On the European Union funded ERASMUS program, we introduce an automation concept which aims to alleviate this workload by early ground-based intervention, separating potentially risky traffic before this traffic becomes one that a controller would start to actively monitor. In this paper we discuss the technology used during the transition phase (2011-2020) towards the implementation of this automation concept, in the areas of airborne 4D trajectory prediction, ground-based Conflict Detection and resolution (CD&R) and datalink technology. We discuss the requirements for a complete implementation as well as the potential benefits.