jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The attainment of specified objectives by medical students in different learning environments

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Summary Medical students were provided with behavioural objectives for the problem solving phase of their curriculum. They were assigned for 11 weeks to various hospital settings that differed in the presence or absence of structured classes, the expertise of the teaching staff, the amount of instruction time and the types of learning experiences. At the end of that time, the students took the same examination to measure attainment of the objectives. The only variable that was associated with significantly different examination scores was presence or absence of structured classes.
Electrophoretic Separation oftheThree Rhizobium meliloti Repliconst

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

dgelelectrophoresis. Thegenetic content ofeach electrophoretically separated bandwasdetermined bySouthern hybridization withreplicon-specific probes andbycomparison withAgrobacterium tumefaciens transconjugants harboring either pSym-aorpSym-b megaplasmids. Pulsed-field gelelectrophoresis analyses ofPac(5'-TTAATTAA-3') andSwal(5'-ATTTAAAT3')digests ofthewhole genomeandoftheseparated replicons wereusedtocalculate genomesizes intwoR. meliloti strains. Inthese strains, Pacldigestion yielded onlyfour fragments fortheentire genome. Thesizes of thePaclfragments fromR.melioti 1021inmegabase pairs (Mb)were3.32± 0.30, 1.42± 0.13, 1.21+0.10, and0.55± 0.08, foratotal genomesize of6.50± 0.61Mb.Southern hybridization withreplicon-specific probes assigned onePacIfragment tothechromosome ofR.melilot 1021, onetopRmelO21a, andtwoto pRmelO21b. PacIdigestion ofA.tumefaciens pTi-cured, pSymtransconjugants confirmed these assignments. Inagreement withPacldata, theaddition ofthesixSwalfragments fromR.meliloti 1021gaveagenomesize of6.54± 0.43Mb.pRmelO21a wascalculated tobe1.42± 0.13Mb,1.34 + 0.09Mb,and1.38± 0.12Mb onthebasis ofPacdigestion, SwaIdigestion, andthemigration ofuncutpRmelO21a, respectively. pRmelO21b wascalculated tobe1.76 ± 0.18Mb,1.65 + 0.10Mb,and1.74 + 0.13Mb onthebasis ofPaI digestion, SwaIdigestion, andthemigration ofuncutpRmelO21b, respectively. TheR.melloti 1021 chromosome wascalculated tobe3.32+ 0.30Mb,3.55+ 0.24Mb,and3.26± 0.46Mb onthebasis ofPacI data, SwaIdata, andthemigration ofuncut chromosome, respectively.
Beyond Assurance and Coercion: US Alliances and the Psychology of Nuclear Reversal

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This article examines the proliferation-inhibiting effect of US alliances. Existing explanations for nuclear reversals of US allies have focused either on the assurance that alliances provide or on US threats of abandonment. However, neither model can account for the fact that allied leaders disagreed over the reversal decision. Also, whether an ally agreed to or rejected nuclear restraint depended on which policymakers carried the day as much as on external factors. To explain why some policymakers accept and others refuse nuclear reversal, I draw on a psychological aspect of US alliances: the social pressure inherent in demands by the United States as an ally holding a superior international status. New evidence from Germany and South Korea shows only policymakers who acknowledge this higher rank of the United States, and hence view their own nation as inferior, respond to this social pressure by obeying the US demand for a nuclear reversal.
The Logic of Backwards Inductions

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Backwards induction is an intriguing form of argument. It is used in a number of different contexts. One of these is the surprise exam paradox. Another is game theory. But its use is problematic, at least sometimes. The purpose of this paper is to determine what, exactly, backwards induction is, and hence to evaluate it. Let us start by rehearsing informally some of its problematic applications.
Impact of Training Methods on Hazard Recognition and Risk Perception in Construction

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Disproportionate injury rates continue to be a major issue in the construction industry. Complex working conditions, and the challenges associated with detecting and managing hazards in dynamic environments are partly responsible for these high incident rates. To improve safety performance, employers provide hazard recognition and management training to workers. However, past research reveal that traditional training programs are inadequately designed, and do not facilitate efficient knowledge transfer. This study assessed the perception of training delivery methods, its impact on worker's hazard recognition performance, and its subsequent influence on worker's risk perception. Construction personnel from 49 projects in the United States were asked to identify training methods adopted by their organizations. In addition, the hazard recognition ability and risk perception of workers were assessed using a random sample of construction photographs captured from real projects. Strong statistical significance was found between the training's level of engagement, hazard recognition performance and risk perception. The results of the study can be used by managers to select efficient training methods that will help improve hazard recognition, risk perception and overall safety performance.
Significance of Protection Potential in Pitting and Intergranular Corrosion

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation MARCEL POURBAIX; Significance of Protection Potential in Pitting and Intergranular Corrosion. CORROSION 1 September 1970; 26 (10): 431–438. doi: https://doi.org/10.5006/0010-9312-26.10.431 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest Search
An observational study to compare the outcomes of onlay technique with combined onlay-plug technique of mesh hernioplasty in inguinal hernia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Inguinal Hernia is a common entity in general surgical practices across the world. Its management though appears to be straightforward, could still be a nightmare for a surgeon if not dealt with proper attention and care. Lichtenstein’s mesh hernioplasty is still one of the most popular surgeries performed for inguinal hernia repair across the world. At our institute, we commonly perform this surgery with either Onlay mesh hernioplasty technique or combined Onlay-Plug mesh technique. The double mesh placement had always kept us engaged in regards to its post-operative outcomes and its advantage over single onlay mesh. We were also keen to take the subject due to the scarce availability of the recent literature.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in the Department of Surgery, Dr. Hedgewar Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India on 200 patients who were randomly and equally divided into two groups. Patients in Group A underwent Onlay mesh hernioplasty surgery, while patients in Group B underwent combined Onlay-Plug mesh hernioplasty surgery. Post-operative outcomes were assessed in both groups for a period of six months.Results: There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of post-operative pain, scrotal edema, cord tenderness, and wound infection as patients in Group 2 who underwent combined Onlay-Plug mesh repair were found to have more incidences of the above-mentioned post-operative outcomes.Conclusions: Single Onlay mesh placement is sufficient. There is no significant benefit of keeping an additional Plug/Inlay mesh in patients undergoing tension-free mesh inguinal hernioplasty as per our findings.
Do You Care to Share? The Negative Effect of Sponsored Content on the Behavioral Engagement with a Social Media Post Containing a COVID-19 Message

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

During the pandemic, social media influencers were facing the challenge of balancing financial interests while publishing relevant content about the virus. This article explores how consumers would react if sponsored content was included in a social media post about COVID-19. We hypothesized that including sponsored content in the COVID-19 post would negatively affect the influencer's perceived credibility, resulting in more negative attitudes towards the post and lower behavioral engagement. A 2 (control vs. COVID-19 message) × 2 (control vs. sponsored content) online experimental study was conducted among 18–34-year-old respondents (N = 169, Mage = 24.3, SDage = 4.66, 82.1% female). Data were analyzed using a general linear model and a moderated serial mediation model. Results indicated that including sponsored content in the COVID-19 post led to lower perceived influencer credibility, which indirectly negatively influenced behavioral engagement through attitudes towards the post. Our results provide empirical evidence that including sponsored content in a COVID-19 post might reduce the dissemination potential of the post.
The Dalit Mountain Man and New Commons

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter draws its inspiration from some of the radical African American environmental writings on common and public spaces to highlight the connections between caste, commons, and environment. These are explicated in the first half of the chapter in detail. The second half of the chapter undertakes a case study of a Dalit in Bihar—Dashrath Manjhi. Through this study, it searches how social identities and environmental practices are shaped by a Dalit’s specific experience of a common space. In this chapter, the author attempts to establish the importance of seeing Dashrath Manjhi as an environmentalist with a difference, whose social and environmental knowledge and intervention in common space was situated and constructed within a particular caste and class, social and economic setting.
Comparative effectiveness of carboplatin-pemetrexed (Carbo-Pem) with vs. without bevacizumab (Bev) in patients with advanced non-squamous (Sq) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

9073 Background: The majority of patients with advanced non-sq NSCLC do not have high programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression or a targetable genetic alteration. Carbo-pem-bev is commonly used as first-line therapy in these patients, but it is unknown whether the addition of bev to carbo-pem improves overall survival (OS). Methods: Using nationally representative electronic health record data from Flatiron Health, we performed a retrospective cohort study of patients diagnosed with advanced non-sq NSCLC from 2011-2017 who received ≥1 cycle of carbo-pem, with/without bev, as initial systemic therapy for metastatic disease. Patients with alterations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) or anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) were excluded. The survival impact of adding bev to carbo-pem was assessed using a Cox proportional hazards model. Results: Patient characteristics are listed in Table 1 (n = 5,264). Median follow-up time and OS were 31 (IQR 16-49) and 10.2 (95% CI 9.8-10.8) months (mo), respectively. After adjusting for the covariates in Table 1, the addition of bev was associated with improved OS (median 12.1 vs 8.8 mo; HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.74-0.85, p < 0.001). In a sensitivity analysis of patients with known Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status (ECOG PS) (N = 2,708), the effect of bev was similar (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.72-0.88, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this large, real-world dataset, the addition of bev to first-line carbo-pem for metastatic non-sq NSCLC was associated with improved OS. To our knowledge, this is the first study to address whether bev improves outcomes when added to carbo-pem. Median Age (IQR) Carbo-pem (n = 3108) Carbo-pem-bev (n = 2156) 69 (61-75) 67 (60-73) Sex - - Male 1611 (52%) 1084 (50%) Race - - Caucasian 2062 (66%) 1429 (66%) Black 227 (8%) 136 (6%) Asian 41 (1%) 32 (2%) Other 254 (8%) 206 (10%) Unknown 524 (17%) 353 (16%) Stage - - IV (de novo metastatic) 2558 (82%) 1839 (85%) Metastatic recurrence of stage I-III 550 (18%) 317 (15%) Median # days from metastatic diagnosis to chemo start (IQR) 34 (22-52) 32 (21-49) ECOG PS - - 0-1 1208 (39%) 931 (43%) 2 319 (10%) 160 (7%) 3-4 58 (2%) 32 (2%) Unknown 1523 (49%) 1033 (48%)
Improving Science literacy through interdisciplinary collaboration using media reported science.

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The capability to respond critically to science in the news is recognised as one aspect of science literacy. Consequently, science-related news reports are an essential resource for science teachers wishing to promote critical reading as the foundation of a critical response to media reported science. Consequently Science education in schools should prepare students to engage with informal sources of science, including news media, in the world beyond formal science education. An interest in science news media is not limited to the science specialist. Science news provides an authentic context for teachers of science and English to collaborate in promoting interdisciplinary learning. The challenges of using science related news, as a context for cross-curricular collaboration, highlight the professional development needs of both science and English teachers working in this context. This qualitative study with over 150 pupils involved secondary school science and English teachers working collaboratively using media reported science resources and collated data from interviews, pre and post intervention tasks, pupils’ classwork and teacher notes. The outcomes of the project showed pupil engagement and greater capacity to carry knowledge and skills across traditional subject boundaries. Teachers reported increased understanding of the pedagogy of the alternative subject specialist and increased confidence to move outside their subject in order to facilitate pupil learning. This study would suggest that adopting an interdisciplinary approach could enhance learning for pupils and increase the confidence and capability of teachers. Additionally teachers’ engagement in professional conversations focusing on pupil progress was noteworthy.
Stressing and high field transport studies on device-grade SiO2 by ballistic electron emission spectroscopy

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The tip of a scanning tunneling microscope was used to inject hot electrons across the gate and into the oxide of a metal-oxide-semiconductor structure. This method, known as ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM), allows an arbitrary choice of the energy of the injected electrons, which may be further accelerated by the application of a gate bias. The high current densities and choice of energy make BEEM an attractive method to study hot electron transport and breakdown phenomena in dielectrics. The studies reported here were made on Pd/SiO2/Si(100) structures with a SiO2 layer thickness of 3.8 nm. Monte Carlo techniques were used to calculate the spreading of the electron beam as it traverses the oxide. A strong dependence of the spreading on the kinetic energy and oxide thickness were observed. Using the calculated beam spreads to determine current densities and injected charge densities, the charge-to-breakdown (Qbd) was measured for several breakdown sequences. The Qbd’s consistently exceeded by several orders of magnitude the values obtained by conventional Fowler–Nordheim (FN) tunnel injection under high field conditions. Most of the time, breakdowns could not be achieved for 3.8 nm oxides. It is concluded that impurity/defects still control all observed breakdowns; an intrinsic limit—although claimed to have been reached—has not yet been established. Changes in the BEEM spectra with injected electron charge are interpreted in terms of a three stage process to breakdown: (I) electron trap creation and filling at the SiO2–Si interface, (II) prebreakdown believed to occur through thinning of the oxide that starts at the oxide-Si interface, and (III) oxide punch-through, characterized by an injection threshold ≲1 V, close to that for Si. The role of hot hole injection into the SiO2 valence band was also assessed and deemed a negligible factor in the degradation process under the zero or low oxide biases used in the experiment reported here.
Artificial intelligence in medical education and the meaning of interaction with natural intelligence – an interdisciplinary approach

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The practice of medicine is characterized by decision making in which digital techniques can provide good support. In this context, artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly important. The challenge for physicians, however, is to maintain an overview of the potential applications and usefulness of AI in order to be able to apply it efficiently and safely in their work. Therefore, appropriate skills must be imparted during the course of medical studies so that future practitioners can meet this requirement. Project description: The interdisciplinary research-related teaching and learning project “(Natural) Science and Technology in Medicine – NWTmed” brings together students at the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen (JLU) from the fields of medicine and other (natural) scientific disciplines in structured courses with the aim of thinking, learning, and working in an interdisciplinary and research-oriented manner already during their medical education. With the involvement of local researchers, a “multi-disciplinary” seminar on the basic premises, methods, and applications of AI was established. Results: The participants of the course came from a wide variety of fields of study, which promoted an interdisciplinary exchange and animated discussions. A gain in knowledge and an increase in interest in the topic of AI was noted in the evaluations, and a willingness on the part of the students to pursue further independent study was also expressed. Discussion and conclusion: The topic of AI and its relevance to the field of medicine is not yet sufficiently represented in medical education. It will require integration in the curriculum and performance evaluations as well as interdisciplinary and research-related teaching formats.
Towards in vivo imaging of early Rhizobium Nod factor responses

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The goal in this thesis is to explore the possibility of live imaging of cellular events using fluorescence microscopy in combination with Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) based reporter constructs in root hairs during theRhizobium-legume interaction. Legumes have the ability to establish anendosymbioticrelationship with soil bacteria of different genera, collectively namedrhizobia, thatresults in nitrogen-fixing root nodules. The formation of root nodules begins when bacteria colonize the root surface and start secreting signal molecules, named Nod factor. These molecules induce responses in root epidermal cells; e.g. [Ca2+] spiking,actinskeleton rearrangement(Mirabella et al. 2002). Ultimately, specific infection structures are formed in root hairs, which guide the bacteria through the epidermis and outer cortical cells towards the newly formed noduleprimoridum(Mylona 1995; Long 1996; Bladergroen et al. 1998; Hadri 1998; Schultze et al. 1998).The known [Ca 2+ ]-responses andactinskeleton alterations in root hairs were used as parameters to explore whether these can be monitored in living root hairs. However imaging approaches using FP based reporter constructs require the availability of efficient transformation procedures. ThereforeAgrobacteriumrhiogenes based transformation ofMedicagotruncatula (Medicago) andLotusjaponicus(Lotus),was optimised ( Chapter 2 ).Several pilot experiments indicted thattransgenesdid have negative effects on plant/root development. This is in our system of importance since we use an A.rhizogenes root transformation procedure to obtain root hairs expressing the FP reporter constructs. If the negative influence on root growth is too high no transgenic roots will be obtained from the shoot. Therefore it was decided to test which tissue specific and inducible promoters could be used to create a set of promoters to facilitate future imaging studies. Thus several root epidermis specific promoters were analyzed for their suitability ( Chapter 2 ). In Chapter 3,4,5 inducible promoters have been studied that can be activated by a specific treatment by which the level, place and timing of expression can be controlled.To study the dynamics ofactinin living cells a vitalactinprobe had to be developed. Therefore fusions ofFPswithactin,actinbinding proteins (ABPs), andactinbinding protein domains (ABDs), respectively, were made. Their usefulness was tested inVignamesophyllprotoplasts ( Chapter 6 ). In addition some attempts were made to express the most promising construct in root hairs. In vivo [Ca 2+ ] imaging was tested using use the FP based sensorYcam, enabling [Ca 2+ ] imaging(Miyawakiet al. 1997).Ycamwas expressed and tested in root hairs ( Chapter 7 ) by using one of the previously tested root epidermis specific promoters (Chapter 2). Finally the potential of the tested approaches is discussed ( Chapter 8)
Opposite effects of low and high formaldehyde concentrations on DNA integrity, PGE2-synthesis, proliferation, and intermediate filament expression in human nasal epithelial cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Although formaldehyde (HCHO) may be a key molecule in cell proliferation of biological systems, high concentrations of HCHO in aqueous solution display geno-toxic, carcinogenic, proliferation inhibiting and pro-apoptotic potential. In the respiratory tract, irritant and sensitizing effects of HCHO as well as induction of chronic inflammatory alterations have also been documented. Unfortunately, little is know about the effects of low HCHO concentrations on human respiratory epithelial cells of the nasal cavity. In the present study, primary human nasal epithelial cells (HUNEC) and human nasal carcinoma cells (RPMI-2650) were exposed, as model systems, for Ih to 0.0001-1000µM HCHO to investigate concentration-dependent effects on structural and functional cell parameter. With high HCHO concentrations (>10µM) the expected inhibition of cell proliferation (HUNEC: ~18%, RPMI-2650: ~57%) and formation of DNA-protein cross-links could be demonstrated. In addition, high HCHO concentrations reduced PGE2-synthesis of exposed cells (HUNEC: ~6.7%, RPMI-2650: ~14.7%) and inhibited expression of the intermediate filament cytokeratin 14 (HUNEC: up to ~5%, RPMI-2650 up to ~90%). Interestingly, low HCHO concentrations (<10µM) mediated completely opposite effects. Using the alkaline comet assay, strand break formation was detected in HUNEC and RPMI-2650 cells at 0.001 to 10µM HCHO. PGE2-synthesis, as assessed by competitive EIA, and cell proliferation, assessed by alamarBlue test, were stimulated at low HCHO (<10 µM), with RPMI-2650 cells liberating ~2-fold more PGE2 and exhibiting more enhanced proliferation (~23% versus 8.7% in HUNEC). Immunocyto-chemical determination of cytokeratin 14 demonstrated induction of expression in HUNEC. The present study thus demonstrated opposite effects of low and high HCHO concentrations on human nasal epithelial cells, with alterations at low doses, which might be relevant to various pathological conditions, such as nasal hyper-activity, hypersensitivity, but also carcinogenesis. RPMI-2650 cells reacted similarly, but were markedly more sensitive to HCHO exposure than primary nasal epithelial cells. This might be important in the context of defining suitable nasal epithelial cell culture models for screening purposes.