jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Medical futility and the goals of medicine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

I begin by exploring the distinction between the physiologic, quantitative, and qualitative conceptions of futility. I argue that if medical futility is going to be a useful and appropriate normative tool in the medical lexicon, it should not duplicate and confuse judgments which we already have the tools to make. Hence, I distinguish qualitative futility from the concepts of distributive justice, rationing, harm, and insufficient benefit. Lastly, I consider the argument that providing qualitative futility violates professional integrity. Next I consider the claim that futility judgments are a form of unjustified paternalism. I also explore the relationship of physician imposition of values and the ideas of individual patient well-being, and self-determination. I consider an argument put forth by Thomlinson and Brody that futility judgments actually support autonomy, concluding that their argument must be restricted to individuals whose choices can be shown to be inconsistent with their values and aims. Lastly, I provide a comparison of futility judgments and the ordinary/extraordinary distinction which shows futility to be normatively vague and clinically dangerous. Because of the potential for misuse and confusion, I compare futility and rationing judgments. I argue that rationing decisions are necessary but should be explicit rather than disguised as futility. The consequences of failing to adequately distinguish these two are unfairness to individual patients, and harm to the doctor-patient relationship and societal trust of medicine. I detail a number of models of the physician patient relationship and attempt to determine two things: (1) whether these allow for physician authority to withhold qualitatively futile care, and (2) how well these models can answer this question in the absence of an account of the goals of medicine. I conclude that various accounts offer little specific guidance about the physician's right to withhold qualitatively futile treatment. Finally, in chapter seven I attempt to ground the debate about medical futility in the larger context of a debate about the appropriate ends and goals of medicine, arguing that such limits require an extended social dialogue.
THE PORTRAYAL OF BLINDNESS IN SHORT STORIES

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Short stories as part of the literature play a significant role in portraying the human lifestyle, including the image of disabilities. Studying the portrayal of disabled people in literature becomes significant to consider the need to change the illustration of disabilities in fiction. There are four short stories selected in this study, namely “Cathedral” By Raymond Carver, “The Blind Man” by Guy de Maupassant, “The Blind Man” by Kate Chopin and “A Man Who Had No Eyes” by Benjamin MacKinlay Kantor. Applying disability theory proposed by Tobin Siebers, this textual analysis study found that the characters in the four stories are portrayed as weak, dependent, unproductive, and other negative prejudice. They receive this treatment due to the social misconception about disabilities.
Barriers to Seeking Help Among Registered Sex Offenders

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Rationale Certain types of psychotherapy are effective tools in reducing recidivism among registered sex offenders. Because of this, psychotherapy is often a mandated part of parole for registered sex offenders. However, after mandated treatment ends, recidivism rates begin to rise as registered sex offenders must seek out treatment on their own. Psychotherapy also can help re-mediate some of the negative psychological consequences of the heavily stigmatized label of "registered sex offender" and provide a support system. Purpose/method This study was completed as part of the degree requirements for a Masters in Psychology. The big-picture goal of this project was to reduce recidivism and improve overall well-being among Iowa's registered sex offender population by identifying barriers to treatment with the hope that policymakers and treatment providers will use the results of this study to dissolve identified barriers. Specifically, this research study determined if registered sex offenders pursue psychological help on their own, and what barriers to seeking professional psychological help exist among registered sex offenders. To do this, a mail survey was sent to 944 of Iowa's registered sex offenders. The mail survey included questionnaires assessing various barriers to help-seeking that were identified in the literature, as well as perceived public stigma of registered sex offenders. A total of 89 completed surveys were returned. Results were analyzed and are currently in the process of being disseminated to local treatment providers and people/public parties that express interest.
E-mass customization: Effects of self-congruity and functional congruity on consumer responses

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Following the increasing popularity of mass customization in the online retailing environment, we investigated the effects of self-congruity and functional congruity on consumer responses. Female online shoppers ( N = 303) in South Korea participated in an online survey. The results showed that the match between ideal self-concept and the customized product was a strong determinant of emotional product attachment. Functional congruity influenced emotional product attachment and perceived quality, which, in turn, influenced behavioral intentions. We also observed a moderating role of self-monitoring, such that, for high self-monitors ideal congruity influenced emotional product attachment, whereas for low self-monitors functional congruity influenced emotional product attachment and perceived quality. Thus, we provided both empirical support for the effects of ideal congruity and functional congruity on consumer responses in an online mass customization context, and a new perspective for those seeking to enhance the effectiveness of mass customization.
Characterization and biological properties of sulfated polysaccharides of Corallina officinalis and Pterocladia capillacea

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Red seaweed possess various sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) that could potentially be exploited as bioactive agents for medical and industrial applications. Crude polysaccharides from the red algae Corallina officinalis (SP1) and Pterocladia capillacea (SP2) were extracted and characterized according to their chemical content and their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antibacterial, antifungal, and antifouling activities. The isolated polysaccharides contained low levels of protein and high levels of carbohydrate and sulfate. The extracted SPs were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral data and revealed that SP1 is composed of carrageenan, while SP2 is composed of polysaccharides containing sulfated galactans plus κ- and ι-carrageenan. Both isolated SPs exhibited all the tested biological activities but those of SP2 were superior. These results reflect the beneficial effects that red algal polysaccharides have as a natural renewable bio-product and that there is a significant relationship between polysaccharide structure, sulfate content and their biological properties. Further studies should be undertaken on the fractionation and characterization of polysaccharides extracted from species of red seaweed in addition to experiments to verify the efficiency of the extracted SPs for food and medical uses in vivo.
Studies on Immunity in Experimental Leptospirosis: the Immunogenicity of Leptospira Icterohemorrhagiae Attenuated by γ-Irradiation

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Summary Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae, γ-irradiated with 70,000 r or greater, failed to multiply in vitro, were rendered noninfectious for guinea pigs, yet maintained their motility in Stuart's medium for 2 to 10 days, the time varying inversely with the irradiation dosage. L. icterohemorrhagiae, γ-irradiated with 100,000 r or 1,000,000 r, retained their ability to induce agglutination-lysis antibody in both hyperimmunized rabbits and guinea pigs. Of 12 guinea pigs immunized with L icterohemorrhagiae, γ-irradiated with 100,000 r, 11 were protected against both symptomatic and latent renal infection as measured by the absence of positive blood and kidney cultures following challenge. This was in contrast to the formalinkilled, sonically disrupted and water-soluble vaccines which failed to provide adequate clinical protection. Little or no agglutinin response resulted following immunization with the four vaccines.
Internal Frenectomy-Vestibular Incision Subperiosteal Tunnel Access (IF-VISTA). A technical report.

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

The treatment of gingival recession (GR) unequivocally encompasses the proper identification and management of all etiologic and contributory factors. The presence of high frenulum attachment and short vestibule depth is frequently related to the initiation and progression of GR defects, particularly in the anterior mandible. This technical report presents a bilaminar grafting technique that involves the utilization of a Vestibular Incision Subperiosteal Tunnel Access (VISTA) approach in combination with an internal frenectomy to excise the inner components of the frenulum and muscle insertions. This surgical protocol allows the coronal repositioning of the gingival margin while eliminating the insertion and potential for recurrence of the frenulum attachment and muscle pull. The results of the presented case illustration demonstrate excellent root coverage, including coronal migration of the interproximal papillae. Additionally, the coverage obtained remained stable after 12 months of follow-up.
A Parametric Time Frequency-Conditional Granger Causality Method Using Ultra-regularized Orthogonal Least Squares and Multiwavelets for Dynamic Connectivity Analysis in EEGs

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective: This study proposes a new parametric TF (time frequency) CGC (conditional Granger causality) method for high precision connectivity analysis over time and frequency in multivariate coupling nonstationary systems, and applies it to scalp and source EEG signals to reveal dynamic interaction patterns in oscillatory neocortical sensorimotor networks. Methods: The Geweke spectral measure is combined with the TVARX (time varying autoregressive with exogenous input) modelling approach, which uses multiwavelets and ultra regularized orthogonal least squares (UROLS) algorithm aided by APRESS (adjustable prediction error sum of squares), to obtain high resolution time varying CGC representations. The UROLS APRESS algorithm, which adopts both the regularization technique and the ultra least squares criterion to measure not only the signal data themselves but also the weak derivatives of them, is a novel powerful method in constructing time varying models with good generalization performance, and can accurately track smooth and fast changing causalities. The generalized measurement based on CGC decomposition is able to eliminate indirect influences in multivariate systems. Results: The proposed method is validated on two simulations and then applied to multichannel motor imagery (MI) EEG signals at scalp and source level, where the predicted distributions are well recovered with high TF precision, and the detected connectivity patterns of MI EEG data are physiologically and anatomically interpretable and yield new insights into the dynamical organization of oscillatory cortical networks. Conclusion: Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed TF CGC method in tracking rapidly varying causalities of EEG based oscillatory networks. Significance: The novel TF CGC method is expected to provide important information of neural mechanisms of perception and cognition.
Intramuscular Neural Distribution of the Gastrocnemius for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection: Application to Cosmetic Calf Shaping

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We propose that BoNT injections should be directed to the 7/10-8/10 section of the medial head and the 7.5/10-8.5/10 section of the lateral part of the gastrocnemius. Following our guidelines, clinicians can ensure satisfactory results with the use of minimal doses to limit adverse effects, such as gait disturbance, antibody production, and bruising, due to multiple injections. The results can also be altered and applied to electromyography.
Solvent‐Additive Engineering‐Assisted Improvement of Interface Contact for Producing Highly Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) suffer from perishing interface contact due to the non‐wetting hole‐transport layer (HTL). Herein, the several classes of solvent to the perovskite precursor (the process is defined as solvent‐additive engineering) for achieving an improvement in the interface contact between nonwetting HTL and active perovskite layer, suitably achieving improved hole‐interface charge transfer, are mixed. Also, a high‐quality perovskite layer with high crystallinity, large grain distribution, and flat surface morphology is obtained based on solvent‐additive engineering, which affords a lower bulk and interface trap density. IPSCs with the modified perovskite layer show suppression of nonradiative recombination on the surface and in the bulk of the perovskite, thereby achieving an outstanding power conversion efficiency of 20.6%. In addition, IPSCs using a mixed‐cation perovskite (FA 0.83 Cs 0.07 MA 0.13 PbI 2.64 Br 0.39 ) are also fabricated and a highest efficiency of 22.1%, visualizing the broad applicability of this method, is achieved. This simple, low‐cost, and efficient solvent‐additive strategy can solve interface contact problems and improve perovskite quality, thus potentially giving rise to other applications.
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor (L.) Moench IS 18347

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench subsp. bicolor (L.) Moench
Common name(s): Sorghum
Other names: D 340, IS 18347
Conserved by: International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), India
Local sample unique identifier: IS 18347
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1975-07-21
Other identifiers: n/a,D 340
Historical: No
Biological status: Breeding/research material
MLS status: Included
Strong gravitational lensing by spiral galaxies

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We investigate gravitational lensing by a realistic model of disk galaxies. Most of the mass is contained in a large spherical isothermal dark matter halo, but the potential is modified significantly in the core by a gravitationally-dominant exponential disk. The method used is adapted from a very general multi-lens ray-tracing technique developed by Moeller. We investigate the effects of the disk-to-halo mass ratio, the disk scale length, the disk inclination to the line of sight and the lens redshift on two strong-lensing cross sections: the cross section for multiple imaging, and the cross section for large magnifications, in excess of a factor of 10. We find that the multiple-imaging cross section can be enhanced significantly by an almost edge-on Milky Way disk as compared with a singular isothermal sphere (SIS) in individual cases; however, when averaged over all disk inclinations, the cross section is only increased by about fifty per cent. These results are consistent with other recent work. The presence of a disk, however, increases the inclination-averaged high-magnification cross section by an order of magnitude as compared with a SIS. This result has important implications for magnification bias in future lens surveys, particularly those in the submillimetre waveband, where dust extinction in the lensing galaxy has no effect on the brightness of the images.
The Roles of CFD in Enhancing Teaching and Learning Process and its Potentials in Solving Real Engineering Issues

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is able to enhance unseen problems using numerical methods and algorithms in solving fluid dynamics which is related to real engineering life. Implementations through experiments are very costly. However, due to constraint in space problem, time and money, CFD is economic for engineers, especially young employer in current trends of teaching and industries globally. This research is focusing on CFD education that contributes to solve real engineering issues. A few strategies are projected in CFD for teaching and learning by validation and comparison analysis. The performance of experimental validation are different from traditional experiments and testing. Some variables such as Reynolds number, turbulence kinetic energy, coefficient of variation and cavitations number are parameters which can be detected in a CFD approach. The results from CFD are validated by experiments or real world and by comparison with other software.
Resistance-driven low power H2S sensors based on MWCNT@CuO heterojunction

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Low power, high sensitivity, and selectivity chemiresistive gas sensors are in urgent demand for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) detection to protect human health and the world's ecosystem. In this study, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and copper oxide (CuO) submicrometer size particles’ compositions were utilized to fabricate low-temperature H2S gas sensors, which were prepared using a screen-printing technique on inter-digited patterned SiO2/Si substrates. The heterostructure of MWCNT@CuO was confirmed through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis and x-ray diffraction patterns. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals the chemical states, binding energies, and oxygen vacancy (Ov). Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis of nitrogen physisorption analysis was conducted on the samples to analyze sensor surface areas and pore size distribution. The as-fabricated MWCNT@CuO sensor shows a relative response (ΔR/R%) of 73% toward 10 ppm H2S at 50 °C temperature in a selective manner, which is 1.6 times higher than that of devices based on bare CuO. The MWCNT@CuO interface modifies the morphology and also constructs a p–p heterojunction. This leads to the reforming of the band structure and results in a low resistance of the matrix, as well as a high chemisorbed oxygen content. The use of metal oxide semiconductors with MWCNTs offers a promising approach for the development of high-performance gas sensors that are energy-efficient.
An Overview of Design and Optimization of an Industrial Shed With Gantry Girder

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The main focus of this project study is to explore and compare the design and optimization of two types of industrial sheds: Pre-Engineering Building (PEB) with gantry girder work and the traditional truss-type steel shed with a gantry girder. PEB structures stand out for their efficiency and quick assembly due to pre-made components assembled on-site. Including a gantry girder in the design supports cranes for lifting heavy loads. On the other hand, the traditional steel shed design also features a gantry girder for crane support and is a staple in the construction sector. By analyzing these designs using STAAD-Pro software, we evaluate factors like strength, construction time, cost efficiency, and suitability for various industrial needs. Through this comparison, we aim to provide valuable insights for construction professionals to determine the most suitable shed design for their specific requirements, ensuring optimal performance and operational efficiency in industrial settings.
A conformational study of a biologically active conjugated syn‐oxime

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The conjugated system (E)‐tiglaldoxime is the simplest example of a perillartine analog which exhibits sweetness with a taste potency greater than sucrose with almost no bitter aftertaste. In previous studies, the structure of this biologically active compound has been assumed to be planar with the CC double bond trans to the CN bond of the oxime moiety. In this article a conformational analysis of this molecule is reported. The results indicate that, although the trans conformer of the planar molecule is indeed the global minimum, other conformers lie within a few kilocalories of this minimum. Hence, other accessible conformations may be available for interaction with the receptor and, therefore, may be biologically active. The structural parameters obtained for this conjugated syn ‐oxime are nearly identical to those of (E)‐acetaldoxime. This fact has implications for the transferability of these parameters to the more complicated perillartine analogs.
The Preliminary Study of GbpB-chitosan Nanoparticles as a Novel Nasal Delivery System for Anti-carious Vaccine.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To examine the effect of intranasal administration of Glucan binding protein B-chitosan nanoparticles on the systemic and mucosal immune response.Methods: We prepared GbpB-chitosan nanoparticles,and then administrated them to immunize Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats through nasal,and periodically collected serum and salivary samples,GbpB-specific IgG and IgA antibodies were measured by an adapted enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results: The system and local immune response were significantly higher than that observed for the negative controls.Conclusion: The chitosan nanoparticles formulated in this study were suitable for intranasal anti-carious protein vaccines delivery.
Finite element stress analysis of adhesively bonded composite joints

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Fiber reinforced composites with high specific strength and stiffness are widely used in many engineering industries such as aerospace, wind turbine, automobile and defense science. In order to expand the usage of composites further, the manufacturability of composite into complex structure is essential but this requires additional secondary process such as adhesive bonding. Adhesive bonding is one of the methods used to combine pieces of materials or connect all the joints in the structure together. This method has been widely used in engineering applications as it bring enormous potential benefits from reduction of fasteners and the part count, which lead to the dramatic decrease of assemble cost and primary structural weight [1]. However, the connection of such joint represents a zone of potential weakness when the joint transmit tensile, bending and shear stresses between the different parts of the airplane and should be investigated deeply [2]. Single lap joint is one of the dominant joint configurations widely employed with composite adherends. In this project, initially, the failure response of thick composite joints with thick adhesive under three-point bending is investigated. Then, the failure behavior is simulated with ABAQUS® finite element package. Secondly, strain energy release at the stress concentration point was calculated using virtual crack closure technique. Finally, an experimental set-up was designed and fabricated to carry-out low-velocity impact tests on single-lap adhesive joints. Due to Instron DYNATUP equipment break-down, the impact tests couldn’t be completed.
APPLICATION OF SYNTHETIC MODELS FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF BOMBAY DUCK, HARPODON NEHEREUS (HAM.) STOCK OFF THE MAHARASHTRA COAST

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Stock assessment is defined as any scientific study to determine the productivity of a fishery resource and the impact (on the resource and the fishery) of changing patterns of fishing (Gulland, 1983). The primary objective of fisheries management is to mainfian a balance between under utilization and overexploitation of the resource leading to sustained yields and economic catch rates. Stock assessment is basic to all programmes envisaged for attainment of such a balance