jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Neighbourhood Choice and Neighbourhood Reproduction

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Although we know a lot about why households choose certain dwellings, we know relatively little about the mechanisms behind their choice of neighbourhood. Most studies of neighbourhood choice focus only on one or two dimensions of neighbourhoods: typically poverty and ethnicity. In this paper we argue that neighbourhoods have multiple dimensions and that models of neighbourhood choice should take these dimensions into account. We propose the use of a conditional logit model. From this approach we can gain insight into the interaction between individual and neighbourhood characteristics which lead to the choice of a particular neighbourhood over alternative destinations. We use Swedish register data to model neighbourhood choice for all households which moved in the city of Uppsala between 1997 and 2006. Our results show that neighbourhood sorting is a highly structured process where households are very likely to choose neighbourhoods where the neighbourhood population matches their own characteristics. We find that income is the most important driver of the sorting process, although ethnicity and other demographic and socioeconomic characteristics play important roles as well.
Surface reactions of copper films in O 2 /CF 4 /N 2 plasmas

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Copper surfaces treated with O 2 /CF 4 and O 2 /CF 4 /N 2 plasmas have been characterized using x‐ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy. Deeper oxidation and fluorination result for oxygen‐rich mixtures than for CF 4 ‐rich gas feeds. Film thicknesses increase with time of exposure. Copper oxidation is always deeper than fluorination for O 2 /CF 4 mixtures. It appears that penetration of fluorine is more facile through the copper oxide matrix than through the metallic copper film. With addition of 5% N 2 , concentration of fluorine is enhanced relative to oxygen. These observations are discussed with respect to gas phase and surface reactions involving oxygen, fluorine and nitrogen.
Intentions to maintain adherence to mammography. Journal of Women&apos;s Health

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: Recent attention has focused on moving women from having initial mammograms to maintaining adherence to regular mammography schedules. We examined behavioral intentions to maintain mammogra-phy adherence, which include the likelihood of performing a behavior, and implementation intentions, specific action plans to obtain mammograms. Potential predictors were Theory of Planned Behavior constructs, previ-ous barriers, previous mammography maintenance, and age. Methods: Respondents were 2062 currently adherent women due for their next mammograms in 3–4 months according to American Cancer Society recommendations for annual screening. Statistical models were used to examine predictors of behavioral and two implementation intentions, including having thought about where women would get their next mammograms and having thought about making appointments. Results: With the exception of pros, cons, and subjective norms, all variables predicted behavioral intentions (p 0.05). Stronger perceived control, previous mammography maintenance, and one barrier (vs. none) pre-dicted being more likely to have thought about where to get their next mammograms. Previous maintenance and no barriers (vs. two) predicted being more likely to have thought about making appointments. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that among women currently adherent to mammography, volitional factors, such as barriers, may be better predictors of implementation intentions than motivational factors, such as atti-tudes. Implementation variables may be useful in understanding how women move from intentions to action. Future research should examine how such factors relate to mammography maintenance behaviors and can be integrated into behavior change interventions. 1
Dose‐dependent acute liver injury with hypersensitivity features in humans due to a novel microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 inhibitor

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Aims LY3031207, a novel microsomal prostaglandin E synthase 1 inhibitor, was evaluated in a multiple ascending dose study after nonclinical toxicology studies and a single ascending dose study demonstrated an acceptable toxicity, safety and tolerability profile. Methods Healthy subjects were randomized to receive LY3031207 (25, 75 and 275 mg), placebo or celecoxib (400 mg) once daily for 28 days. The safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of LY3031207 were evaluated. Results The study was terminated when two subjects experienced drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) after they had received 225 mg LY3031207 for 19 days. Liver biopsy from these subjects revealed acute liver injury with eosinophilic infiltration. Four additional DILI cases were identified after LY3031207 dosing had been stopped. All six DILI cases shared unique presentations of hepatocellular injury with hypersensitivity features and demonstrated a steep dose‐dependent trend. Prompt discontinuation of the study drug and supportive medical care resulted in full recovery. Metabolites from metabolic activation of the imidazole ring were observed in plasma and urine samples from all subjects randomized to LY3031207 dosing. Conclusions This study emphasized the importance of careful safety monitoring and serious adverse events management in phase I trials. Metabolic activation of the imidazole ring may be involved in the development of hepatotoxicity of LY3031207.
The Basis, Purpose and Manner of Inter-Faith Dialogue

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

All intellectual activity implies some presuppositions. Thoughts can only be formulated in words and these words have been formed by the previous thought of the community whose language they are. Even the most radical scepticism can only be formulated in terms of presuppositions which are-for the moment—unquestioned. (See Michael Polanyi: Personal Knowledge , chap. 9, ‘The Critique of Doubt’, pp. 269–98.)
Over-Saving

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The possibility that saving could disrupt the circulation of commodities through a lack of demand was recognized at least as early as the Physiocrats. A similar argument was presented by Adam Smith. However, in both cases the analysis referred only to hoarding (i.e. the accumulation of a stock of money outside the banking system) and not to savings which were lent at interest to finance investment. Indeed both Smith and the Physiocrats regarded saving in order to transfer resources to investment with favour and were anxious to promote it. In neither case was the possibility that planned savings and planned investment could diverge examined (other than by hoarding, which was dismissed by Smith as irrational because of the loss of interest involved and therefore by implication insignificant), so that there was an implicit assumption that a decision to save was also a decision to invest.
Glossary of key concepts and terms provided by the Іnternational association for the study of pain

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The publication collects and systematizes the main definitions and concepts related to pain sensations of various genesis and their changes in pathological conditions. The work includes terminology with appropriate changes and notes, which was prepared by the working group of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) and is used in numerous reports and scientific publications. The glossary deals mainly with terms and does not contain the classification of pain, which is sufficiently presented in other modern scientific publications. The presented terms and their interpretation will be useful not only to scientists, but also to clinicians and students of medical universities of Ukraine.
Effect of Alteration of Dietary Protein upon Metastases Following Tumor Removal

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To determine the influence of alteration of dietary protein upon metastatic incidence and local recurrence following resection of a simulated colon cancer in rats, the following experiments were carried out. Animals maintained on 18,20,25 and 50per cent casein diets (iso-caloric) subsequent to resection of a simulated colon cancer demonstrated a greater tendency to metastatic incidence and local recurrence of tumor. In contrast, animals maintained on 0,5 and 10 per cent casein diets (isocaloric) subsequent to tumor removal exhibited a lessened incidence of metastases and local recurrence. In other words, the more casein consumed, the greater the incidence and extent of metastases.Further studies disclosed that if animals maintained on a high protein diet prior to tumor removal were placed on a low casein ration following tumor removal, the local recurrence was not different from that of control animals receiving a low casein diet both before and after tumor removal. Likewise, animals initially receiving a low casein diet followed by a high casein diet after tumor removal exhibited a similar degree of local recurrence to the rats receiving a high casein diet throughout. Further, similar results were obtained with the experimental portal injection of tumor cells.Since the alrteation of dietary protein seems to affect the course of metastatic development, we must give this careful consideration.
The deamination mechanism of 5,6‐dihydrocytosine and 5,6‐dihydro‐5‐methylcytosine under typical bisulfite condition

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The discrimination of DNA methylation could make more complicated with the appearance of these minor bases. The conventional bisulfite sequencing faces with the tremendous challenge in the discrimination of DNA methylation. Therefore, the improved and modification bisulfite sequencing has been conducted to raise the reaction selectivity. The key mechanism for these bisulfite sequencing is the reaction of nucleic acids with HSO 3 − under acidic conditions. The C5═C6 bonds of 5‐methylcytosine (5‐MeCyt) and cytosine (Cyt) have been modified to improve the difference of activation free energies in bisulfite conditions. Because of this, the hydrolytic deamination of DHCytN3 + (paths A and B) and 5‐DHMeCytN3 + isomers (equatorial and axial conformers, paths C and D) has been explored in the presence of the HSO 3 − group. The activation free energies (Δ G s≠ ) of DHCytN3 + and 5‐DHMeCytN3 + equatorial conformer paths exhibit no obvious difference, which increases difficulties in differentiating cytosine from 5‐methylcytosine under bisulfite conditions. Meanwhile, the difference of Δ G s≠ between the 5‐DHMeCytN3 + axial conformer and DHCytN3 + is consistent with the experimental results, where the calculated deamination rate is lower for 5,6‐dihydro‐5‐methylcytosine than for 5,6‐dihydrocytosine. And by extrapolation, the differentiating Cyt from 5‐MeCyt may have a greater possibility by bisulfite treatment. These results have high expectations for the experimental scientists to explore new methods to avoid the formation of the 5‐DHMeCytN3 + equatorial conformer. Furthermore, the rate constant with Wigner tunneling correction for paths A, C, and D are in good agreement with uncorrected results.
Decoding Myofascial Pain Syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Myofascial pain syndrome is a musculoskeletal system related chronic pain condition.Most people have muscle soreness at some point in their lives, which usually goes away after a few weeks.Muscle pain, however, remains in some persons.Trigger points are painful sites in patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS).These regions form in the muscles' tense, ropey bands (the fascia).When pressure is applied to these trigger points, pain is felt in a different place of the body (referred pain).
Automated Kidney Segmentation by Mask R-CNN in T2-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Despite the recent advances of deep learning algorithms in medical imaging, the automatic segmentation algorithms for kidneys in MRI exams are still scarce. Automated segmentation of kidneys in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) exams are important for enabling radiomics and machine learning analysis of renal disease. In this work, we propose to use the popular Mask R-CNN for the automatic segmentation of kidneys in coronal T2-weighted Fast Spin Eco slices of 100 MRI exams. We propose the morphological operations as post-processing to further improve the performance of Mask R-CNN for this task. With 5-fold cross-validation data, the proposed Mask R-CNN is trained and validated on 70 and 10 MRI exams and then evaluated on the remaining 20 exams in each fold. Our proposed method achieved a dice score of 0.904 and IoU of 0.822.
Application Effect of Cluster-Based Care in Patients with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Osteoarthritis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective. To explore the application effect of cluster-based care in patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and osteoarthritis. Methods. The clinical data of 60 patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and osteoarthritis in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed, among which those receiving routine care from January 2020 to December 2020 were grouped into the control group (30 patients), and those receiving cluster-based care from January 2021 to January 2022 were grouped into the research group (30 patients). Psychological status, care satisfaction, and pregnancy outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results. After intervention, self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and self-rating depression scale (SDS) scores in the research group were lower than those in the control group ( P < 0.05 ). There was no statistical significance in the difference of the modes of delivery between the two groups ( χ 2 = 1.763 , P > 0.05 ). Patients in the research group had a lower incidence of perinatal complications than those in the control group ( χ 2 = 5.689 , P < 0.05 ). And the satisfaction rate of care in the research group (93.33% vs 70%) was higher than that in the control group ( χ 2 = 4.238 , P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Cluster-based care can reduce patients’ negative mood, increase their satisfaction, and improve the maternal and infant outcomes. This type of care offers better quality care measures for patients with pregnancy hypertension and osteoarthritis, and has a wide clinical application prospect.
The "Typical" Hispanic Caregiver: Caregiving in the U.S. 2020 Fact Sheet

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

FOR WHOHispanic caregivers are 43.3 years old on average, younger than other race/ethnic groups of caregivers.They are typically married or living with a partner and more often have children under age 18 living in their home.Hispanic caregivers have lower household incomes and education than their peers.They typically are caring for a parent/parent-in-law or grandparent who is 66.9 years old with 1.8 conditions; most often a long-or short-term physical condition. DOING WHAT, WITH WHAT OTHER HELPHispanic caregivers have been providing care for 4 years on average and more report their recipient lives with them in their home (compared to non-Hispanic whites).Hispanic caregivers are more often in a high intensity care situation than non-Hispanic white and Asian caregivers: providing care for 26 hours a week, doing 2 ADLs, 4.6 IADLs, and medical/nursing tasks.Half are the sole unpaid caregiver for their recipient and most provide care without paid help.
A SURVEY OF E-COMMERCE SECURITY THREATS AND SOLUTIONS

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

E-commerce security is part of the Web security problems that arise in all business information systems that operate over the Internet. However, in e-commerce security, the dimensions of web security – secrecy, integrity, and availability-are focused on protecting the consumer’s and e-store site’s assets from unauthorized access, use, alteration, or destruction. The paper presents an overview of the recent security issues in e-commerce applications and the usual points the attacker can target, such as the client (data, session, identity); the client computer; the network connection between the client and the webserver; the web server; third party software vendors. Discussed are effective approaches and tools used to address different e-commerce security threats. Special attention is paid to Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF), phishing attacks, SQL injection, Man-in-the-middle, bots, denial-of-service, encryption, firewalls, SSL digital signatures, security certificates, PCI compliance. The research outlines and suggests many security solutions and best practices.
Two cases of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with anti-liver-kidney microsome(LKM)-1 antibody and HCV infection.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

II型自己免疫性肝炎に検出される肝腎マイクロゾーム (liver-kidney-microsome: LKM) -1抗体は, C型慢性肝炎の一部にも検出される. 今回我々は, 本抗体陽性のC型慢性肝疾患の観察中, 肝細胞癌を発症した2症例を経験した. 症例1は64歳, 男性. LKM-1抗体は160倍陽性で, インターフェロン治療を行ったが, HCV-RNAの持続陰性化には至らず, その約2年後, 肝細胞癌を発症した. 手術所見ではwell differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma trabecular typeで, 非癌部は肝硬変の所見はなかった. 症例2は61歳, 女性. 輸血歴のあるC型肝硬変でLKM-1抗体は20480倍陽性で, 経過中, 肝細胞癌を発症し, TAEを行ったが約3年後死亡した. 我々はLKM-1抗体陽性のC型慢性肝炎は真の自己免疫性肝炎でなく, HCVの持続感染に伴う自己免疫現象であることを以前から主張しているが, かかる臨床的観察もこの仮説を支持するものと考えられる.
Numerical Study of Welding with Trailing Heat Sink Considering Phase Transformation Effects

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Welding process with trailing heat sink for 2 mm mild steel plates has been analyzed to estimate distortion and residual stresses using a finite element modeling software Sysweld. The material properties used for the analysis are both temperature dependent and phase dependent. A transient thermal analysis is carried out using Goldak double ellipsoidal heat source model and heat sink as Gaussian model with negative heat flux. The finite element analysis (FEA) is conducted by considering the material properties of all phases of steel as well as without phase transformation i.e. by considering properties of only ferrite phase. Temperature distribution, distortion and residual stresses are calculated and compared for four cases: without phase without cooling, without phase with cooling, with phase without cooling and with phase with cooling. It is found that FEA without phase transformation effects overestimates the residual stresses in the fusion zone (FZ) and heat affected zone (HAZ). It is also found that a trailing heat sink reduces transverse compressive residual stresses thus minimizing the possibilities of buckling.
CADCN: A click-through rate prediction model based on feature importance

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recommendation systems are widely used in real-world advertising recommendations. In traditional recommendation system prediction models, click-through rate plays a crucial role. However, traditional recommendation systems cross-combine original features to make the linear model memorable and generalizable while taking into account the importance of features requires a lot of computational cost, and it uses manual cross-combination of features on data, which requires a lot of time and effort. Traditional recommendation systems simply learn the relationship between features without considering the importance of features. We combine deep crossover network and AFM network, dynamically assign weights to different features prior to feature crossover using a synthetic incentive network, and introduce attention mechanism based on feature crossover explicitly. We then propose an advertisement click-through rate prediction based on feature importance model, and the experimental results demonstrate that the algorithm is superior to the deep crossover network in predicting the click-through rate of advertisements.
A Note on John of Beaumont's Version of Euclid's De Visu

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The reception of Euclid's Optica in the West has received scant attention, in contrast with the interest evoked by the Latin tradition of the Elements . A study of the extremely complex manuscript tradition of the Optica reveals that the translations of this work too were soon in the hands of many teachers, eager to learn what the great Geometer taught concerning vison and visual perspective. Three translations—two from the Arabic ( Liber de radiis visualibus and Liber de aspectibus ) and one from the Greek ( Liber de visu )—were available to scholars before the close of the twelfth century. Furthermore, the Greco-Latin Liber de visu , by far the most widely known and carefully studied of the translations, appeared in at least three different versions before 1200. One of these versions is of particular interest as providing evidence of the diffusion of texts among the scholarly community in the latter part of the twelfth century. The version in question has survived in two manuscripts, Bodleian Library, Corpus Christi College 283, folios 163 r –165 v , and Seville, Bibl. Columbina 7.6.2, folios 43(44) v –54(55) r . Although the various translations and many other versions of Liber de visu are anonymous, the authors of this text are explicitly given in the colophon, which reads: Nota quod sexaginta et tria toreumata continentur in is to libra. Aimare, gralias age quia hoc opus sic glosulasti sub magistro Johanne de Beaumont. Explicit feliciter liber de visu . Whether Aimar was merely the scribe or perhaps the student of John of Beaumont, it is undoubtedly the latter that is to be primarily credited with the contents of the treatise. Unfortunately, neither The complete peerage nor the Dictionary of national biography list a John of Beaumont from the twelfth century, although the Beaumont family, with some reputation for learning, was prominent at that time in Normandy and England, particularly in the regions near Oxford. Whether John was a member of that illustrious line remains merely a matter for speculation. In any case, the treatise remains of interest to Euclidian scholars and historians of optics as a good witness to the twelfth century concern, not only with Euclid's visual theory, but particularly with his attempts to employ geometry in solving the problems of visual perspective.
Ouroboros Genesis

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We present a novel Proof-of-Stake (PoS) protocol, Ouroboros Genesis,, that enables parties to safely join (or rejoin) the protocol execution using only the genesis block information. Prior to our work, PoS protocols either required parties to obtain a trusted "checkpoint" block upon joining and, furthermore, to be frequently online or required an accurate estimate of the number of online parties to be hardcoded into the protocol logic. This ability of new parties to "bootstrap from genesis" was a hallmark property of the Bitcoin blockchain and was considered an important advantage of PoW-based blockchains over PoS-based blockchains since it facilitates robust operation in a setting with dynamic availability, i.e., the natural setting---without external trusted objects such as checkpoint blocks---where parties come and go arbitrarily, may join at any moment, or remain offline for prolonged periods of time. We prove the security of Ouroboros Genesis against a fully adaptive adversary controlling less than half of the total stake in a partially synchronous network with unknown message delay and unknown, varying levels of party availability. Our security proof is in the Universally Composable setting assuming the most natural abstraction of a hash function, known as the strict Global Random Oracle (ACM-CCS 2014); this highlights an important advantage of PoS blockchains over their PoW counterparts in terms of composability with respect to the hash function formalisation: rather than a strict GRO, PoW-based protocol security requires a "local" random oracle. Finally, proving the security of our construction against an adaptive adversary requires a novel martingale technique that may be of independent interest in the analysis of blockchain protocols.