jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Chiral Indolizinium Salts Derived from 2-Pyridinecarbaldehyde—First Diastereoselective Syntheses of (−)-1-epi-lentiginosine

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The first diastereoselective synthesis of (−)-1-epi-lentiginosine from a common chiral trans-epoxyamide derived from 2-pyridincarbaldehyde is reported. This methodology involves a sequential oxirane ring opening and intramolecular 5-exo-tet cyclization of tosylate trans-epoxyalcohol to afford a diastereomeric mixture of indolizinium salts in a one-pot fashion, followed by regio- and diastereospecific pyridinium ring reduction.
High radiosensitivity of induction in contrast to radioresistance of expression of cells mediating delayed-type hypersensitivity during response to sheep red blood cells in mice.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The delayed-type hypersensitivity DTH) reaction observed in mice primed i.v. with low doses of sheep red blood cells was greatly decreased when mice were irradiated with 300 rad before priming. An estimation of the radiosensitivity of DTH-mediating cells (DTH-C) was performed using a titration assay after local adoptive transfer of these cells mixed with antigen into the footpad of unprimed mice. A high radiosensitivity of the induction of DTH-C was observed with a D37 of approximately 50 rad. In contrast, the expression of DTH-C appeared radioresistant, as the D37 was approximately 2000 rad.
Stock–environment–recruitment models for North Atlantic albacore (Thunnus alalunga)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Different stock–recruitment models were fitted to North Atlantic albacore ( Thunnus alalunga ) recruitment and spawning stock biomass data. A classical density dependence hypothesis, a recent environmental‐dependence hypothesis and a combination of both were considered. For the latter case, four stock–environment–recruitment models were used: Ricker, Beverton‐Holt, Deriso's General Model (modified to take into account environmental effects) and conditioned Neural Networks. Cross‐validation analysis showed that the modified Deriso model had the best predictive capability. It detected an inverse effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on recruitment, a Ricker‐type behaviour with density dependent overcompensation when environmental conditions are unfavourable and a Beverton–Holt‐type behaviour towards an asymptotic recruitment carrying capacity with favourable environmental conditions. The Neural Network model also detected that under favourable environmental conditions high spawning stock biomass does not necessarily have a depensatory effect on recruitment. Moreover, they suggest that under extremely favourable environmental conditions, albacore recruitment could increase well above the asymptotic carrying capacity predicted by Beverton–Holt‐type models. However, the general decrease in spawning stock biomass in recent years and increasing NAO trends suggest that there is low probability of exceptionally large recruitment in the future and instead there is a danger of recruitment overfishing.
Conceptual Design of Integral Abutment Curved Box Bridges

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The structural system conception of Integral Abutment Curved Box Bridges(IACBB) was brought forward in this paper.Meanwhile,the core details of conceptual design of IACBB,including design principles,general arrangement and construction,crucial component design,etc.were summarized and analyzed.Corresponding recommendations were put forward:reasonable side-main span ratio is 0.45 ~ 1.0,height-span ratio is 1/17 ~ 1/20;the ratio of abutment height to abutment thickness is 1.5~2;reasonable slenderness ratio of rectangular pile of reinforced concrete is 40~ 80,and reasonable pile diameter of circular pile is no more than 1.0 m,etc.The research results are helpful for the designing and application of actual bridges.
Efficient Transformer Knowledge Distillation: A Performance Review

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

As pretrained transformer language models continue to achieve state-of-the-art performance, the Natural Language Processing community has pushed for advances in model compression and efficient attention mechanisms to address high computational requirements and limited input sequence length. Despite these separate efforts, no investigation has been done into the intersection of these two fields. In this work, we provide an evaluation of model compression via knowledge distillation on efficient attention transformers. We provide cost-performance trade-offs for the compression of state-of-the-art efficient attention architectures and the gains made in performance in comparison to their full attention counterparts. Furthermore, we introduce a new long-context Named Entity Recognition dataset, GONERD, to train and test the performance of NER models on long sequences. We find that distilled efficient attention transformers can preserve a significant amount of original model performance, preserving up to 98.6% across short-context tasks (GLUE, SQUAD, CoNLL-2003), up to 94.6% across long-context Question-and-Answering tasks (HotpotQA, TriviaQA), and up to 98.8% on long-context Named Entity Recognition (GONERD), while decreasing inference times by up to 57.8%. We find that, for most models on most tasks, performing knowledge distillation is an effective method to yield high-performing efficient attention models with low costs.
A Systematic Review of Barriers and Facilitators to Implementing Assisted Dying: A Qualitative Evidence Synthesis of Professionals’ Perspectives

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Assisted dying is a divisive topic and draws both lamenting and approving commentary from political, medical, legal, and philosophical domains. This systematic review and qualitative evidence synthesis aims to identify the factors that healthcare professionals experience when working within assisted dying frameworks. PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews were followed. Search results yielded 15,426 papers with 39 papers meeting inclusion criteria for this review. Remaining papers were subjected to critical appraisal and a thematic synthesis. Eight themes fell under the domain of ‘barrier’ and represented different personal and professional factors that hinder professionals from delivering assisted dying healthcare. Five themes came under the domain of ‘facilitators’ and represent factors that contribute to the smooth implementation and delivery of assisted dying services. Health professionals experience a range of factors that both impede and propel delivery of assisted dying frameworks.
Reinventing Pragmatism

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In contemporary philosophical debates in the United States "redefining pragmatism" has become the conventional way to flag significant philosophical contests and to launch large conceptual and programmatic changes. This book analyzes the contributions of such developments in light of the classic formulations of Charles S. Peirce and John Dewey and the interaction between pragmatism and analytic philosophy. American pragmatism was revived quite unexpectedly in the 1970s by Richard Rorty's philosophical heterodoxy and his running dispute with Hilary Putnam, who, like Rorty, is a professed Deweyan. Reinventing Pragmatism examines the force of the new pragmatisms, from the emergence of Rorty's and Putnam's basic disagreements of the 1970s until the turn of the century. Joseph Margolis considers the revival of a movement generally thought to have ended by the 1950s as both a surprise and a turn of great importance. The quarrel between Rorty and Putnam obliged American philosophers, and eventually Eurocentric philosophy as a whole, to reconsider the direction of American and European philosophy, for instance in terms of competing accounts of realism and naturalism.
Second hand smoke (SHS) exposure in asthmatic children is associated with social disadvantage and atopy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The evidence of a relationship between second hand smoke (SHS) exposure and atopy is inadequate. Smoke habit prevalence is higher in lower parental educational levels. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between SHS and atopy in asthmatic children focusing on socioeconomic status (SES). We studied 62 consecutive outpatient asthmatic children with different levels of asthma (GINA guidelines). Medical history was taken in standardized way to determine prevalence of SHS exposure and maternal smoking during pregnancy. Information about the highest level of parental education was collected as a proxy of SES level. All patients underwent skin prick test (SPT) and spirometry according to international guidelines. Statistical analyses through SPSS 19.0 were performed. 26 (41,9%) SHS exposed (SHSe) and 36 (58,1%) SHS non exposed (SHSne) asthmatic children were analyzed, aged 10.46±2.6 and 10.63±2.2 years, respectively. Exposure to maternal smoke in pregnancy was found only in SHSe (p 0.006). With regard to SHSne, SHSe showed lower percentage of exclusive breastfeeding (4 months) (34.6% vs 63.9%, p 0.02) and frequency of regular sport (46.2% vs 63.9%, p 0.17), as well as higher Body Mass Index (BMI) (21.9±5.70 vs 18.85±3.76, p 0.01), percentage of the lowest level of parental education (34.6% vs 13.9%, p 0.17) and percentage of at least one positive SPT, mainly indoor allergens (92.9% vs 73.7%, p 0.05). No differences were found in pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and level of asthma severity. In conclusion, exposure to SHS in asthmatic children is associated with disadvantaged SES level and atopy.
Treatment Response and Safety Profile of Nintedanib in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: A Retrospective Observational Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our real-world data across a broad spectrum of CTD-ILD suggests that nintedanib is associated with disease stabilisation, and is generally well tolerated. It may be beneficial in combination with immunosuppressives in slowing the rate of lung function decline.
A new micro/nano-touch-trigger probe using an optoelectronic sensor with a wedge prism

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a new touch-trigger probe with high precision and a large permissible measurement range. A wedge prism was used in the sensing unit to achieve 3D detection using only one optoelectronic sensor. The measurement range was expanded from ±8 µm to ±14 µm through the new optical structure. The probe has uniform stiffness and uniform sensitivity. Some experiments were performed to investigate the performance of the probe. It was found that the probe has a resolution of 10 nm and a repeatability of less than 9.1 nm. The applicability of the probe was also verified.
Why mucosal vaccines could be vital to getting ahead of SARS-CoV-2

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For more than 40 years, Michael Russell, a professor emeritus of microbiology and immunology at the University at Buffalo, New York, has studied the web of specialised cells and secretions that protect the body’s mucosal surfaces, including the upper respiratory tract. Yet, despite reams of evidence showing how important the mucosal immune system is, it […]
Legal Protection for Doctors in Legal Disputes in Hospitals from the Perspective of Employment Agreements

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim of this study is to find out how the hospital's efforts to protect doctors who work under employment agreements such as permanent doctors and non-permanent doctors at the hospital and find out what the content of the contract agreement for permanent and non permanent doctors working at the Hospital. This research was carried out in two stages: literature research which aims to obtain secondary data as the main source of data including key legal documents, namely Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. The researcher draws the conclusion that the protection in the hospital does not guarantee the certainty of legal protection for doctors. It is very important to create an optimal collective bargaining agreement between the doctor and the hospital so that a Light and Wise Legal Dispute Resolution is created. The research can provide new knowledge related to the construction of employment agreements for doctors working in hospitals.
Analysis of 985 fire incidents related to oil- and gas production on the Norwegian shelf

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Fire is a major threat in the petroleum industry. However, little has been published about the fire related incidents that have occurred in the Norwegian petroleum sector. To gain more knowledge, data from 985 incidents in the 1997 - 2014 period has been analysed. Examples of factors studied are type of facility involved, involved area or system, consequences and severity level. The analysis of the fire incidents reveals that even though many incidents are reported, the large majority of these have not imposed risks for severe fire accidents. It has also provided valuable information regarding possible dangerous situations, commonly in-volved areas, types of equipment as well as types of activity that were involved. Twenty-nine percent of the incidents were false alarms, which must be regarded as a high number in an industry where any production stop could be extremely costly.
Signals, signal devices, and signal space in organisations: a conceptual lens to crisis evasion

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Given that warning signs precede all crises, it is surprising that not much attention has been given to understand why these signals "disappear" and may not appear again until after some "avoidable" calamity has reoccurred. Disasters are often anecdotally anteceded by stories involving unheeded predictions. It is commonly recognised that the path a signal traverses through has significant bearings on whether the right decision maker will receive the intended information, given the many opportunities the path affords the signal to be lost or rendered useless. This may reflect on the notion that no amount of technology can overcome recognised frailties in the human thought processes. Organisations that are aware of this condition have an advantage. In the following paper, we draw from the literature on electrical engineering, signal processing, information theory, cognitive psychology, and communication theory to explain the crucial reasons signals can be lost in an organisation. To this end, we propose a conceptualisation of signal devices in organisations, the collection of which along with signals makes up the signal space of the organisation. Following this we look at key issues in dealing with signals of impending crises. We also use case studies of Operation Iraqi Freedom and the 9–11 terrorism attacks to ground our model.
Italy's Growing Burden of Choice in Security Policy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

NATO, the EU, and the UN have been the cornerstones of Italy's foreign policy since WWII: although they continue to provide a point of reference, these institutions are undergoing major changes that reflect – and partly create – a very unpredictable international environment. The evolving security agenda, choices made by key allies (especially the United States), and domestic political forces are putting Italian decision-makers under pressure. There is a serious problem of resource constraints while the country is still unwilling to make clear-cut choices based on unavoidable tradeoffs. The past few years have witnessed a mix of continuity and change due to the political orientations of successive governments under these challenging circumstances.
Analysis of the catalytic domain of the lysin of the lactococcal bacteriophage Tuc2009 by chimeric gene assembling

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

An active chimeric cell wall lytic enzyme (Tsl) has been constructed by fusing the region coding for the N-terminal half of the lactococcal phage Tuc2009 lysin and the region coding for the C-terminal domain of the major pneumococcal autolysin. The chimeric enzyme exhibited a glycosidase activity capable of hydrolysing choline-containing pneumococcal cell walls. This experimental approach demonstrated that the Tuc2009 lysin possesses a modular structure and further supports the hypothesis that many cell wall lytic enzymes have evolved by the fusion of preexisting catalytic and peptidoglycan-binding domains.
A memetic algorithm for symmetric traveling salesman problem

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A Memetic Algorithm (MA) encompasses a class of approaches with proven practical success in variety of optimization problems aiming to make use of benefits of each individual approach. In this paper, we present a special designed Memetic Algorithm to solve the well-known Symmetric Traveling Salesman Problem (STSP).The main feature of the Memetic Algorithm is to use a local search combined with a special designed genetic algorithm to focus on the population of local optima. To check the performance quality of the proposed Memetic Algorithm, some benchmark problems are solved. Experiments on the benchmark set indicate that the Memetic Algorithm is quite efficient and competitive and produces good convergence behaviour and solutions.
Lavender essential oils–hidden relationships between the samples of origin

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Lavender essential oil is an economically important ingredient in perfumery, the food industry, and pharmacy. There is notable diversity in the composition of lavender essential oils. The reasons are the high genetic diversity of lavender cultivars and the variety of ecological specifics in the regions of cultivation. The aim of this research is to check which lavender essential oil variety is best regarding the content of the most important components through comparative statistical tests. We created a data set of 88 lavender essential oil samples from 16 countries. The multivariate statistics (hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering) and factor analysis reveal hidden relationships between the objects of the study (samples) or between the variables characterizing the objects (chemical descriptors–16 components). The results are discussed in detail. All samples from Bulgaria, together with a few of the Italian, French, Greek, Indian, and Chinese samples, fall into one cluster with the standard maximums. Graphical abstract :
P250 Personalised medicine: is this the way to combat helicobacter pylori (HP) eradication failure?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction

Antibiotic-resistant HP varies in different geographical areas. A recent review of international guidelines suggest evidence-based locally relevant treatment strategies. Within the United Kingdom, hospitals develop local antibiotic guidelines as per local resistance rates. However, Public Health England (PHE) recommendation for treatment regimes in primary care remains to be clarithromycin and metronidazole-based regimes for patients with dyspepsia who are HP positive. The Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit (GBRU), PHE is the national reference laboratory which tests all HP cultures in England. We aimed to look local HP secondary resistance data from 3 different units in London and compared whether variation in specimen collection practice impacted on rates of HP culture positivity.

Methods

We compared culture data from 3 different units in London. Due to differences in the local databases used, the date ranges of data collected was varied. We obtained 34 months data between March 2016 and December 2018 from Homerton University Hospital (HUH). There were no local guidelines at HUH regarding number of biopsy samples taken and samples were transported to the lab routinely. Culture data from Guys & St Thomas' Hospital (GST) was for 10 months between January to October 2019. At least 4 to 6 samples were taken on Monday to Thursday morning lists to ensure samples are sent to reference lab urgently. Culture data from Newham University Hospital (NUH) was for 12 months from October 2018 to October 2019. At least 6 gastric biopsy samples were taken on a dedicated endoscopist's list on a weekday morning and samples were urgently transported by taxi to the laboratory.

Results

122 gastric biopsy samples were sent in HUH and 36 isolated HP, giving a 29.5% positive culture rate. 112 gastric biopsy samples were sent in GST and 72 isolated HP, giving a 64.2% positive culture rate. 34 gastric biopsy samples were sent in NUH and 15 isolated HP, giving a 44.1% positive culture rate.

Conclusion

38% of UK's foreign born population live in London. Variation in concentrations of migrant communities within a city can lead to variations in antimicrobial resistance. Our results are skewed towards resistant isolates as patients having gastroscopy and cultures taken for HP sensitivity would have had multiple courses of antibiotics. They suggest a benefit in tailoring local second line antimicrobial guidelines to local resistance rates. Given the lack of amoxicillin resistance, we recommend penicillin allergy testing for patients who report allergy.
Adenovirüs tip 5 e4 orf3 proteininin ekspresyonu, pürifikasyonu ve foksiyonel analizi

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

In this study, structural and functional aspects of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) E4orf3 protein were analyzed by biophysical and biochemical methods. Ad5 is one of the mostly used gene therapy vectors to date. However, some of its proteins possess oncogenic potential and their presence comprises safety risks. E4orf3 is one of the oncoproteins of Ad5. It also takes important roles in viral infection, and is beneficial for therapy vectors. Therefore, understanding the functions of E4orf3 is very important for developing efficient and safe adenovirus vectors. Most of the present knowledge about the functions of E4orf3 comes from its mutational analysis. It has never been expressed or purified successfully due to its extreme insolubility. Therefore, this study focused on the optimization of expression of E4orf3 protein. As a result, full-length E4orf3 was obtained in soluble form as a Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein and purified by GST affinity chromatography for the first time. Subsequently, the interaction of E4orf3 with four different proteins, DNA-PK, Aup1, E1B-55 kDa and E4orf6 was analyzed in detail by GST-pulldown technique. In these experiments, E4orf3 was shown to associate with Aup1, E1B-55 kDa and E4orf6 in vitro, and the C-terminal of E4orf3 was determined to be responsible for these interactions. Finally, basic structural information about E4orf3 protein was also obtained for the first time by the direct analysis of the fusion protein in glutathione beads with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Since the purified E4orf3 protein could not be separated from the glutathione beads due to its hydrophobic regions, the secondary structures in this protein were determined after subtracting glutathione and H2O absorption bands, and the GST moiety.
Behavioural Impairment and Frontotemporal Dementia in Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Some patients with Oculopharyngeal Muscular Dystrophy (OPMD) develop frontotemporal dementia (FTD). The prevalence and clinical correlates of behavioural impairment, including FTD, is unknown in OPMD. 24 OPMD patients and their proxies completed a questionnaire concerning behavioural impairment (ALS-FTD-Q). We examined proportions with mild or severe behavioural changes, according to validated cut-off proxy scores. We examined correlations with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36), motor symptoms, genotype and disease duration. In this small patient sample, behavioural impairment was present in 29%of OPMD patients; in 17%the severity of symptoms was compatible with bvFTD. Correlations were small to medium.