jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Stability of Capsaicin-loaded Nanoemulsions by Microfluidazion

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The objectives of this study, which filled gaps in previous studies, were: (1) to find the optimal mixing condition of nanoemulsions containing oleoresin capsicum (OC), Tween 80, propylene glycol (PG), and sucrose monostearate (SES) by microfluidization; (2) to investigate their properties and stability depending on such factors as pH, temperature, and heating time; (3) to measure the effect of adding ascorbic acid. In order to test these objectives, the following three experiments were conducted: Firstly, in order to find the optimal mixing ratio, nanoemulsions containing OC - the mean diameter of which is smaller than 100 nm - were prepared through the process of microfluidization; and their mean particle size, zeta potential, and capsaicinoids were measured. The test results indicated that the mixing ratio at OC : Tween 80 : PG + water(1:2) = 1 : 0.2 : 5 was optimal. Secondly, the properties and stability of nanoemulsions were investigated with varying parameters. The test results illustrated that single-layer nanoemulsions and double-layer nanoemulsions coated with alginate were stable, irrespective of all the parameters other than/except for pH 3. Thirdly, the properties of nanoemulsions were then analyzed according to the addition of ascorbic acid. The results demonstrated that the properties of single-layer nanoemulsions were not affected by addition of ascorbic acid. In case of alginate double-layer nanoemulsions, the particle size was reduced, and zeta potential increased with the addition of ascorbic acid. In conclusion, the demonstrated stability of various nanoemulsions under the different conditions in the present study suggests that these findings may constitute a basis in manufacturing various food-grade products which use nanoemulsions-and indicate that food nanoemulsions, if adopted in the food industry, have the potential to satisfy both the functionality and acceptability requirements necessary to produce commercially marketable food-grade products.
Video 1_Novel bio-inspired soft actuators for upper-limb exoskeletons: design, fabrication and feasibility study.mp4

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<p>Soft robots have been increasingly utilized as sophisticated tools in physical rehabilitation, particularly for assisting patients with neuromotor impairments. However, many soft robotics for rehabilitation applications are characterized by limitations such as slow response times, restricted range of motion, and low output force. There are also limited studies on the precise position and force control of wearable soft actuators. Furthermore, not many studies articulate how bellow-structured actuator designs quantitatively contribute to the robots’ capability. This study introduces a paradigm of upper limb soft actuator design. This paradigm comprises two actuators: the Lobster-Inspired Silicone Pneumatic Robot (LISPER) for the elbow and the Scallop-Shaped Pneumatic Robot (SCASPER) for the shoulder. LISPER is characterized by higher bandwidth, increased output force/torque, and high linearity. SCASPER is characterized by high output force/torque and simplified fabrication processes. Comprehensive analytical models that describe the relationship between pressure, bending angles, and output force for both actuators were presented so the geometric configuration of the actuators can be set to modify the range of motion and output forces. The preliminary test on a dummy arm is conducted to test the capability of the actuators.</p>
Fine-needle-aspiration (FNA) Cytology for SRC Type Breast Cancer: 13 Case Reports

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To investigate the cytohistological findings of 13 breast carcinoma cases with SRCs Methods: From January 2006 to August 2015, 13 cases of SRC type breast cancer had undergone FNA cytology examination before excisional biopsy or operation.All the histological sections of each case were confirmed to have at least 20% SRCs in the tumor cells.The clinicopathological features of SRC type breast cancer were investigated.Results: Of the 13 breast carcinoma cases, there were invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) (n=5), invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) (n=5), pleomorphic lobular carcinoma (PLC) (n=1), and mucinous carcinoma (MC) (n=2).3 cases of IDC, 1 cases of PLC, and 1 case of MC had grade 2 or 3 nuclear atypia, whereas 1 case of IDC, 4 cases of ILC, and 1 case of MC had grade 1 nuclear atypia.Axillary lymph nodes were positive for metastatic carcinoma in 1 case with IDC and 1 case with ILC.In fine needle aspiration smears, the intracytoplasmic lumen (ICL) type SRCs were found to be major constituents of SRCs in ILC and PLC, while non-ICL type SRCs were predominant in IDC.MC tumors had SRCs of both ICL and non-ICL types.During our follow-up period ranging from 97 to 3650 (1458 ± 1055) days, all the patients were alive without recurrence of the tumor. Conclusion:Our results indicate that the nature of SRCs may vary with the histological subtype of breast cancer, but its presence may not indicate poor prognosis.
Fundamentalism and terrorism: The contemporary religious challenge

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For nearly a century the term ‘fundamentalism’ has referred primarily to a set of specific Christian beliefs and an allied ultra-conservative attitude. However, usage of the term has broadened: ‘fundamentalism’, as a term indicating the position of a ‘closed mind’ coupled with a negative – even hostile – stance toward the status quo, has migrated into political discourse and the wider religious realm. \n \nFundamentalism broadly names a religio-political perspective found in most, if not all, major religions. Most disturbingly, it is now associated with variant forms of religious extremism and thus religiously-oriented terrorism. And it is Islamic modalities of terrorism that, rightly or wrongly, have come to take centre-stage in current world affairs. \n \nThis lecture will argue that the religious fundamentalism with which Islamist extremism is associated follows an identifiable paradigm that has wider applicability. Religious ‘fundamentalism’ denotes, among other things, a paradigm that paves the way from the relative harmlessness of an idiosyncratic and dogmatic belief system, to the harmful reality of religiously driven and fanatically followed pathways to terrorist activity. The lecture will attempt to describe and analyse this paradigm with reference to contemporary concerns.
Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chronic oral anticoagulation therapy is the standard therapy for preventing thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation. However, oral anticoagulation has been associated with an increased risk of bleeding events, and despite the improvements linked to the introduction of direct oral anticoagulants, more than one third of atrial fibrillation patients still remain untreated. Over the past decade, percutaneous left atrial appendage closure has emerged as a valid alternative to anticoagulation therapy for the prevention of stroke/systemic embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation. In this article, we provide an updated overview of current transcatheter left atrial appendage closure devices and review the results associated with left atrial appendage closure, focusing on procedural and late outcomes, and pointing to future directions.
Differences between diploid and heteroploid cultured mammalian cells in their response to puromycin aminonucleoside.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Treatment of several heteroploid cultured mammalian cell lines with suitably low concentrations of aminonucleoside resulted in partial depression of ribosomal RNA synthesis, shown by methylated albumin-Kieselguhr column chromatography of labeled nucleic acids, and a lowering of the cell RNA content. These RNA-depleted heteroploid cell lines containued to proliferate at control rates for several cell generations. Proliferation of diploid cell lines, on the other hand, was inhibited by aminonucleoside without depression in cell RNA content. Methylated albumin-Kieselguhr chromatography of nucleic acids showed that the inhibition of ribosomal RNA synthesis was quickly followed by the inhibition of syntheses of the other types of RNA and of DNA. The inhibitory effects of amino-nucleoside on both heteroploid and diploid cells were prevented by simultaneous treatment with inosine, suggesting that the action of the inhibitor was similar in the cells studied, since uptake of labeled aminonucleoside into the cell was not affected by the nucleoside.

These results show that the heteroploid cell has a greater capacity to proliferate when its rate of ribosomal RNA synthesis is depressed, probably because its ability to synthesize DNA has been freed from some of the controls present in diploid cells.
Novel insight into the role of microbiota in colorectal surgery

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Recent literature undeniably supports the idea that the microbiota has a strong influence on the healing process of an intestinal anastomosis. Understanding the mechanisms by which the bacterial community of the gut influences intestinal healing could open the door for new preventive and therapeutic approaches. Among the different mechanisms, data have shown that the production of specific reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of specific formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) regulate intestinal wound healing. Evidence suggests that specific gut microbes such as Lactobacillus spp and Akkermansia muciniphila help to regulate healing processes through both ROS-dependent and FPR-dependent mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the current knowledge and future perspectives concerning the impact of microbiota on wound healing. We will further review available evidence on whether mechanical bowel preparation and the use of specific antibiotics are beneficial or harmful procedures, an ongoing matter of debate. These practices have a profound effect on the gut microbiota composition at the level of both the mucosal and the luminal compartments. Therefore, a key question remains unanswered: should we continue to prepare the gut before surgical intervention? Current knowledge and data do not clearly support the use of one technique or another to avoid complications such as anastomotic leak. There is an urgent need for appropriate interventions with a deep microbiota analysis to investigate both the surgical technical benefits of a proper anastomosis compared with the potential effect of the gut microbes (beneficial vs harmful) on the processes of wound healing and anastomotic leakage reduction.
Social work academia and policy in Australia

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines the engagement of social work academics in the policy process in Australia. It begins by presenting an overview of social policy in Australia and by discussing the emergence of social work and the place of policy practice in that country. The features of social work education in Australia are then depicted. Following this, the methodology and the findings of a study of the policy engagement of social work academics in Australia are presented. The findings relate to the levels of engagement in policy and the forms that this takes. They also offer insights into various factors that are associated with these, such as perceptions, capabilities, institutional support and the accessibility of the policy process. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the findings and their implications.
Ritmik düzensizliklerin zamansal ve yapısal olarak algılanması.

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Time perception studies often seek for a timing mechanism that can explain temporal judgments in a general way. In search of such a model, environmental, contextual and subjective factors affecting temporal judgments should be taken into account as well. The present study provides a critical evolution of existing timing models by comparing the interval processing and production strategies of musicians and non-musicians. The study contains 2 experiments: Experiment 1 is a perceptual comparison task and Experiment 2 is a rhythm reproduction task. The contrasts between the two groups are believed to be captured by participants’ initial reactions to rhythmic structures. For that purpose, short scale (4 beat) rhythmic samples are used in the experiments. Standard samples are regular 4 beat rhythms. Test samples include regular and irregular rhythms. The irregular conditions are prepared by changing the temporal position of the second beat of the regular rhythms. Early and late second beats in these irregular samples have the same temporal distance from the expected beat. Hence, the expectancy violation reflects any differences between early and late oddball stimuli. The experimental analyses suggest an asymmetry between early and late oddballs in participants’ initial reactions to such expectancy violations, in terms of their perceptual comparison of rhythms, as well as their duration and rhythm (re)production. Moreover, it provides evidence for different memory procedures and encoding strategies used by participant groups in order to cope with rhythmic irregularities
Gold Nanoparticles Induction Using Kombucha SCOBY Disc

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

SCOBY disc is a unique structure of bacteria and fungi.It was known in the mid-Seventies in Egypt as "Tea fish."To the author's knowledge, no reports since then were published to use them in producing nanoparticles worldwide.The addition of 1mM of (HAuCl4.3H2O)solution into the cell-free extract (CFE) of SCOBY disc grew on black tea medium, resulted in gold nanoparticles AuNPs at 25ºC (Au 3+ →Au 0 ) momentarily.The surface plasmon resonance peaks of the gold colloidal solution produced showed an absorption peak at 530 nm.(TEM) exhibited AuNPs in spherical and triangle shapes (12 to 35 nm).X-ray diffraction reflected four distinct peaks at 2θ = 38.1°,44.3°, 64.5°, and 77.7°.All four peaks corresponded to standard Bragg reflections ( 111), ( 200), ( 220), and (311) of face center cubic.(FTIR) analysis showed the presence of two amide groups in 1721 & 1033 respectively, which appeared to be responsible for the stability of gold nanoparticles.The mean particle size and polydispersity index (PDI) of AuNPs induced by SCOBY were 61.23 ± 0.416 with a negative charge -10.2 ± 1.73 mV that cause electrostatic repulsion among the nanoparticles and good colloidal stability.Moreover, the effect of AuNPs on inducing apoptosis in liver cancer cells HepG2.3-(4,5dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay showed that AuNPs produced had selective toxic effects to HepG2 cells with IC-50 value 176 µM/mL compared to control cells.These results suggested the use of those green synthesized AuNPs in cancer treatment and further studies are recommended.
Space Station and Space Cabin Testing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For Earth Orbiting Space Stations neither expandable, extensible, nor converted propellant tanks appear as suitable for manned operations as a specially designed cabin regardless of the mission to be performed. While an interesting possibility, use of converted propellant tanks offer little advantage when viewed in the light of the overall space station system problem.\nDuring the past two years studies have been conducted in some depth of the cabins associated with space station systems suitable for launch by Titan III C, Saturn IB, and Saturn 5 boosters. These studies have considered various crew complements, supporting ferries f and the effects of rotation for the generation of artificial "G".\nConsidering the requirements for integrating power supplies, thermal control* life support, attitude control, orbit propulsion, specific mission equipment, rendezvous, docking, communications, navigation, and crew creature comforts, the development of an efficient usable cabin becomes a task of significant proportions. Applying the constraints of removable and storable equipment to the fixed sizes and shapes of booster tankage makes the problem more difficult, the results less than optimum, and the increased cost substantial.
Effectiveness and safety of endothelial keratoplasty for pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and cohort studies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT Objective: For nearly a century, penetrating keratoplasty has been the surgical technique of choice in the management of corneal changes. However, in recent years, several lamellar keratoplasty techniques have been developed, modified or improved, especially techniques for replacing the posterior portion, for the correction of bullous keratopathy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of endothelial keratoplasty versus penetrating keratoplasty for pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out, and the main electronic databases were searched. The date of the most recent search was from the inception of the electronic databases to December 11, 2015. Two authors independently selected relevant clinical trials, assessed their methodological quality and extracted data. Results: The electronic search yielded a total of 893 published papers from the electronic databases. Forty-four full-text articles were retrieved for further consideration. Of these 44 full-text articles, 33 were excluded because they were all case series studies; therefore, ten studies (with one further publication) met the inclusion criteria: one randomized clinical trial with two publications; three controlled studies; and six cohort studies. The clinical and methodological diversity found in the included studies meant that it was not possible to combine studies in a metaanalysis. Conclusions: There is no robust evidence that endothelial keratoplasty is more effective and safe than penetrating keratoplasty for improving visual acuity and decreasing corneal rejection for pseudophakic and aphakic bullous keratopathy. There is a need for further randomized controlled trials.
Association of Leukocyte Subpopulations Identified by Flow Cytometry with Outcomes of Sepsis in a Respiratory Intensive Care Unit: An Observational Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction The dysregulated host immune response in sepsis is orchestrated by peripheral blood leukocytes. This study explored the associations of the peripheral blood leukocyte subpopulations with early clinical deterioration and mortality in sepsis. Methods We performed a prospective observational single-center study enrolling adult subjects with sepsis within 48 h of hospital admission. Peripheral blood flow cytometry was performed for the patients at enrolment and after 5 days. The primary outcome was to explore the association between various leukocyte subpopulations at enrolment and early clinical deterioration [defined as an increase in the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score between enrolment and day 5, or death before day 5]. Other pre-specified outcomes explored associations of leukocyte subpopulations at enrolment and on day 5 with in-hospital mortality. Results A total of 100 patients, including 47 with septic shock were enrolled. The mean (SD) age of the patients was 53.99 (14.93) years. Among them, 26 patients had early clinical deterioration, whereas 41 died during hospitalization. There was no significant association between the leukocyte subpopulations at enrolment and early clinical deterioration on day 5. On multivariate logistic regression, a reduced percentage of CD8 + CD25+ T-cells at enrolment was associated with in-hospital mortality [odds ratio (OR), 0.82 (0.70-0.97); p-value = 0.02]. A reduced lymphocyte percentage on day 5 was associated with in-hospital mortality [OR, 0.28 (0.11-0.69); p-value = 0.01]. In a post-hoc analysis, patients with “very early” deterioration within 48 h had an increased granulocyte CD64 median fluorescent intensity (MFI) [OR, 1.07 (1.01-1.14); p-value = 0.02] and a reduced granulocyte CD16 MFI [OR, 0.97 (0.95-1.00); p-value = 0.04] at enrolment. Conclusions None of the leukocyte subpopulations showed an association with early clinical deterioration at day 5. Impaired lymphocyte activation and lymphocytopenia indicative of adaptive immune dysfunction may be associated with in-hospital mortality.
Identification of an RNA-binding protein that is phosphorylated by PTH and potentially mediates PTH-induced destabilization of Npt2a mRNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a key regulator of the expression and function of the type IIa sodium-phosphate cotransporter (Npt2a), the protein responsible for regulated renal phosphate reabsorption. We previously showed that PTH induces rapid decay of Npt2a mRNA through posttranscriptional mechanisms. We hypothesized that PTH-induced changes in RNA-binding protein (RBP) activity mediate the degradation of Npt2a mRNA. To address this aim, we treated opossum kidney (OK) cells, a PTH-sensitive proximal tubule cell culture model, with 100 nM PTH for 30 min and 2 h, followed by mass spectrometry characterization of the PTH-stimulated phosphoproteome. We identified 1,182 proteins differentially phosphorylated in response to PTH, including 68 RBPs. Preliminary analysis identified a phospho-RBP, hnRNPK-homology-type-splicing regulatory protein (KSRP), with predicted binding sites for the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of Npt2a mRNA. Western blot analysis confirmed expression of KSRP in OK cells and showed PTH-dependent translocation to the nucleus. Immunoprecipitation of KSRP from control and PTH-treated cells followed by RNA isolation and RT-quantitative PCR analysis identified Npt2a mRNA from both control and PTH-treated KSRP pulldowns. Knockdown of KSRP followed by PTH treatment showed that KSRP is required for mediating PTH-stimulated reduction in sodium/hydrogen exchanger 3 mRNA, but not Npt2a mRNA. We conclude that 1) PTH is a major regulator of both transcription and translation, and 2) KSRP binds Npt2a mRNA but its role in PTH regulation of Npt2a mRNA is not clear.
Leptospirosis as Unusual Trigger of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder of an unknown origin. The role of leptospirosis as a triggering factor for SLE is unknown. This paper reports an uncommon case of SLE following a leptospira infection. A 29-year-old female was referred due to fevers, myalgia, and facial edema with rash. Laboratory investigations revealed a hepatic dysfunction, significantly raised lactate dehydrogenase with marked leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. A diagnosis of leptospirosis was confirmed. The patient was treated with antibiotic therapy for leptospirosis. She developed dyspnea after one week. The echocardiogram revealed global hypokinesia with a decreased ejection fraction. A positivity of antinuclear, anti-DNA, and anti-Smith antibodies, together with clinical and laboratory improvement by steroid therapy, led to the diagnosis of SLE. This case highlights the presence of concurrent SLE and leptospirosis. As the symptoms of SLE are similar to leptospirosis, accurate diagnosis through high suspicion is essential for appropriate treatment.