jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On Stochastic Codebook Generation for Markov Sources

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes an effective universal (on-the-Hy'' mechanism for stochastic codebook generation in lossy coding of Markov sources. Earlier work has shown that the ratedistortion bound can be asymptotically achieved by a "natural type selection" (NTS) mechanism that iteratively considers asymptotically long source strings (from an unknown distribution P) and regenerates the codebook from a distribution obtained within a maximum likelihood distribution estimation framework, based on observation of a set of K codewords that "d-match'' (i.e., satisfy the distortion constraint for) a respective set of K independently generated source words. This result was later generalized, in a straightforward manner, to account for source memory, by considering the source as a vector source, i.e., a sequence of super-symbols from a corresponding super-alphabet. While ensuring asymptotic optimality, this extension suffered from a significant practical flaw: it requires asymptotically long vectors or super-symbols, hence exponentially large super-alphabet, in order to approach the rate-distortion bound, even for finite memory sources, e.g., Markov sources. Such exponentially large super-alphabet implies that even a single NTS iteration is intractable, thus compromising the promise of NTS to approach the rate-distortion function, in practice, for sources with memory. This work describes a considerably more efficient and tractable mechanism to achieve asymptotically optimal performance given a prescribed memory constraint, within a practical framework tailored to Markov sources. Specifically, the algorithm finds, asymptotically, the optimal codebook reproduction distribution, within a constrained set of distributions satisfying a prescribed Markovian property, e.g., of the same order as the source, which achieves the minimum per letter coding rate while maintaining a specified distortion level.
RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access The frequency of microscopic and focal active colitis in patients with irritable bowel syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional bowel disorder. The frequency of microscopic colitis and focal active colitis in the colonic mucosa has been investigated in IBS patients. Methods: Between June 2007 and September 2010, 378 patients (between 16 and 84 years) were recruited prospectively. Of these 378 patients, 226 patients were diagnosed with IBS using the Rome III criteria. 152 control patients were also enrolled who were undergoing colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening or investigation of anemia. Histopathological abnormalities identified during colonoscopy were compared between the IBS and control groups. Results: The average age of the IBS group was 46.13 ± 14.16 years and and the average age of the control group was 57.01 ± 13.07 years. The prevalence of microscopic colitis (MC) in the diarrhea predominant and the mixed subgroup of IBS patients was 4.32 % (7/162) whereas in all IBS patients, the prevalence was 3.09 % (7/226). MC was not found in the 152 control cases, (p = 0.045). Lymphocytic colitis was seen in 7 IBS patients, with 1 case in the mixed group and 6 cases in the diarrhea group and there was a significant difference in the frequency of lymphocytic colitis between the IBS subgroups (p &lt; 0.01). Focal active colitis was found in 6.6 % (15/226) of the IBS patients and in none of the controls (p &lt; 0.01), and there was no differences between IBS subtypes. Conclusion: Microscopic colitis was more often found in the diarrhea predominant/mixed subgroups of IBS patients and in patients who were older women. In patients who are older woman with non-constipated IBS, it may be reasonable to perform a biopsy to screen for microscopic colitis. Focal active colitis was significantly increased in patients with IBS compared to controls.
Psychophysical Methodology: Comparison of Thresholds of the Method of Limits and of the Method of Constant Stimuli

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

"Yes"-"No" psychophysical experiments assume that the greater the intensity of the stimulus, the greater the probability of a "Yes" response. On the basis of this assumption (a) the relationships between the method of limits and the method of constant stimuli are derived, (b) a procedure for comparing data obtained by the two methods is recommended, and (c) a procedure for comparing ascending and descending series within the method of limits is given.
Big Data and the Demand for Court and Legal Services

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract Law and Economics literature has dealt with the factors determining the demand side of justice for more than 40 years. Both theorists of economic analysis and applied researchers have focused on the different variables that influence demand, such as direct and indirect costs, the chances of winning, the chances to settle out of court and delay, among others, which in turn may be affected by the judges, lawyers and parties incentives. Many of these variables cannot be directly observed by the ordinary citizen. In this paper, we contribute to the Law and Economics literature by showing that Big Data must be considered a new way to approach demand for court and legal services as it introduces new criteria to take into account and a new way to make the decision of whether or not to proceed to trial.
Drought‐Induced Salinity Enhancement Weakens Mangrove Greenhouse Gas Cycling

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The importance of tidal mangroves in mitigating greenhouse gas (GHG) via sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) has been increasingly recognized, but this climate benefit comes at a biogeochemical cost of methane (CH 4 ) emissions. Previous studies have assessed the net radiative effect of mangrove GHG fluxes, however, large uncertainty still exists due to the very limited availability of long‐term continuous measurements. In this study, we analyzed the temporal variations of GHG (CO 2 and CH 4 ) fluxes and their environmental controls based on eddy covariance measurements in a subtropical estuarine mangrove in the Southeast China during 2019 and 2020, when a severe drought occurred. The results showed (a) annually this mangrove acted as a CO 2 sink of −1,075.8 g C m −2 and a CH 4 source of 3.1 g C m −2 , and the CH 4 ‐induced warming effect can offset 4.6% (9.8%) of the CO 2 ‐induced cooling effect at a 100‐year (20‐year) time horizon using the metric of sustained‐flux global warming potentials; (b) net CO 2 and CH 4 fluxes showed different diurnal and seasonal variation patterns, with stronger CO 2 sink and CH 4 source in colder and warmer seasons, respectively; (c) drought‐induced salinity enhancement due to reduced rainfall and river discharge weakened GHG cycling, lowering both CO 2 sink and CH 4 source in the drier year. This study confirms that ecosystem‐level CH 4 emissions from estuarine mangroves are not negligible and could substantially offset the CO 2 ‐induced cooling effect. Future increases in temperature and salinity with expected global warming and sea level rise will likely weaken the climate benefits of mangroves.
Is Every Involuntary Movement Epileptic?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Paroxysmal nonepileptic events are episodic changes in behavior, sensation, or consciousness that are similar to epileptic seizures but not associated with abnormal ictal brain electrophysiological discharges. Here, a case treated as epileptic seizure was presented in order to draw attention to paroxysmal nonepileptic events in differential diagnosis. A 4 years old girl sent to our hospital with the diagnose of status epilepticus due to change in her consciousness, contractions and abnormal movements in her body, arms and legs those started after taking 6 spoonfull syrup of Peditus® (Containing 120 mg paracetamol, 50 mg guaifenesin, 6.25 mg pyrilamine maleate, 5 mg phenylephrine hcl in 5 ml scale) and 5 Medikinet® 10 mg capsules (10 mg methylphenidate hydrochloride in 1 capsule). She was conscious and cooperate and has involuntary snake-like movements throughout her body on admission. The patient's movement disturbances thought as methylphenidate-induced choreoathetosis responded to given haloperidol treatment and any sign of poisoning were not observed in the patient's follow up. Chorea side effects were observed in our patient but not any poisoning symptoms, who received a toxic dose of methylphenidate for her age. This suggests that methylphenidate, a central nervous system stimulant, may have therapeutic, toxic dose limits and side effects profile those associated with individual pharmacogenetic variations. Accurate distinction of chorea from drug-related paroxysmal nonepileptic events will ensure early effective treatment of patients and to protect patients from unnecessary drug risks.
Analysis of the Needs of Midwives and Pregnant Women for Health Education Services for Pregnant Women to Prevent LBW

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Objective: This study aims to analyze the needs of midwives and pregnant women for pregnancy education services to prevent LBW (Low Birth Weight Babies). Methods: This study used a combined approach between qualitative and quantitative approaches or commonly called the mixed method, which was conducted on 15 respondents consisting of midwives and pregnant women. Results: This research found that midwives and pregnant women need a WhatsApp-based chatbot service that is useful, easy to use and inexpensive Conclusion: Midwives and pregnant women need a whatsapp-based chatbot service that is useful, easy to use and inexpensive. This should be considered by stakeholders to be sensitive to the needs of pregnant women and midwives. The need for health literacy should indeed keep up with the times where access can be reached easily.
Investigating Patient Perspectives on Using eHealth Technologies for the Self-Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mixed Methods Study (Preprint)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) poses significant challenges for patients, requiring continuous monitoring and self-management to improve quality of life.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the viewpoints of individuals living with IBD on the use of information and communication technology (ICT) for the self-management of their condition, with a particular focus on the concept of a “smart” toilet seat as an example of ICT for IBD self-management.

METHODS

We conducted an analysis of questionnaire responses obtained from 724 participants. They were encouraged to share their use cases and identify any perceived barriers associated with ICT adoption for managing their condition. To assess their responses, we used descriptive quantitative analysis, summative content analysis, and thematic qualitative analysis. We combined these results in an epistemic network analysis to look for meaningful patterns in the responses.

RESULTS

Of the 724 participants, more than half (n=405, 55.9%) were already using various forms of ICT for IBD self-management. The primary factor influencing their use of ICT was their affinity for interacting with technology. Distinct differences emerged between individuals who were using ICT and those who were not, particularly regarding their perceived use cases and concerns.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides valuable insights into the perspectives of individuals with IBD on the use of ICT for self-management. To facilitate wider adoption, addressing privacy concerns, ensuring data security, and establishing reliable ICT integration will be critical.
Learning effects in experiment 1.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>A. The effect training had on orientation discrimination in experiment 1 was quantified as the change in orientation discrimination sensitivity between test sessions 1 and 5 (the training effect). This was calculated by subtracting the slopes for the pre-test (session 1) from the slopes for the post-test (session 5) for each participant and then calculating the average across all participants. The training effect was significantly greater around the trained than the untrained reference orientations. B. Tilt illusion magnitude (with surround) and perceptual biases (without surround) were estimated by extrapolating the PSE from the psychometric curve fitted to the test sessions. We calculated the difference in PSE between session 1 and session 5 by subtracting the PSE for the pre-test (session 1) from the PSE for the post-test (session 5) and averaging these differences across all participants. Critically, illusion magnitude (which was bias corrected by subtracting the PSE without surround for each participant) did not change significantly between session 1 and session 5 at the trained or untrained conditions. In both panels error bars indicate ±1 standard error of the mean across participants. The insets illustrate the stimulus conditions but note that which orientation was trained was counterbalanced across participants.</p>
Pelatihan Pengemasan Sayur Hidroponik dan Pemasaran Berbasis Multimedia Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Keterampilan Siswa SLBN Jember

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Jember State Special School (SLB) through the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5) vocational through the theme "Let's garden". The implementation of the project has several obstacles, namely the limited number of teachers in managing the number of students if they have to do direct practical activities. So that a visual, communicative, and interesting learning method is needed so that students can easily understand it. The purpose of this activity is to improve the skills of SLB N Jember students. The implementation time is from May to August 2024. The methods used include observation, training in practice, monitoring, and evaluation. They are learning with visual or props techniques Based on the results of the activities that have been carried out. That there are 81% of students understand hydroponic vegetable packaging, and 60% of students who can understand the concept of packaging design, and marketing carried out through WhatsApp business so that they can improve their Agro-Entrepreneurship skills. This activity hopes to foster an entrepreneurial spirit in students as a provision after school. The training uses a learning system with visual or props techniques assisted by teachers at school. This activity continues to be accompanied by monitoring and evaluation so that it can be sustainable.
Ionization evolution in low-pressure air irradiated by a ∼70-kv electron-beam

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Summary form only given. We are investigating electron-beam-driven gas ionization over a range of beam current density and air pressure, with emphasis on the weakly-collisional regime. A roughly 70-kV, 2-4 kA, 80-ns electron beam is injected into a 10-cm-deep gas cell. The peak beam current density is varied between 6-300 A/cm 2 . The beam is injected into dry air at pressures from 0.020 to 100 torr. This pressure range covers the transition from collisionless to collisional behavior. A highly-sensitive interferometer at 1.06 mum measures the time-dependent electron density integrated across the beam. The laser location is varied axially and radially to get the spatial profile of the electron density. This is compared with the time-integrated beam profile obtained from contact radiography. We also record the net cell current measured outside the beam channel. We see that at low beam current density, the measured electron density is consistent with simple collisional ionization, and the net current is equal to the injected current. As the current density increases, we measure an enhanced electron density that is attributed to the effect of inductively-driven plasma current. A strong influence of air pressure is seen, with the density enhancement being most pronounced in the neighborhood of 0.1 torr. As the beam current density increases still further, a pronounced increase in plasma density occurs on axis. The plasma conductivity becomes high enough that inductive currents drive increased ionization for almost a microsecond after the diode current has ceased, leading to a local ionization fraction on the order of unity. Examination of the net current signals indicates that only a fraction of the plasma current connects to the cell walls. This fraction can be strongly affected by the wall material. Results will be compared with predictions of a Monte Carlo model developed in tandem with these experiments.
Speeding up Dynamic Programming with Application to the Computation of RNA Structure

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We describe the solution of a two dimensional recurrence used to compute the secondary structure of RNA. A naive dynamic programming solution to this recurrence takes time O (n4); this time had previously been improved to O (n3). Our new algorithm makes use of the convexity of the energy functions for RNA secondary structure to reduce the time to O(n2 1og2 n). When the energy function is modeled by logarithms or other simple functions we solve the recurrence in time O(n2Iognloglogn). Our algorithms are simple and practical.
Writing About Patients: What Clinical and Literary Writers Share

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Anyone who seeks publication wants readers, but self-expression, self-assertion, and self-promotion have consequences, especially for those who draw on clinical material and who must honor publication standards of integrity and reliability, as well as ethical codes governing confidentiality, consent, disguise, and collaboration. This paper employs tools of literary analysis, principles of moral philosophy, and psychoanalytic theories about writing to show that writers of fiction and autobiography also struggle with these dilemmas. They worry about their responsibilities to the sources of their stories, and wonder if changing names and dates will prevent friends and family, whose lives get used as material, from feeling embarrassed, betrayed, or exploited. Because they understand that the composing process blurs boundaries between fiction and nonfiction, fantasy and memory, self and other, they recognize that an author’s relationship with his or her subject (matter) can disable the capacity to recognize when self-interest has taken over a concern for the welfare of others. More important, literary authors are free to write about writing, and what they render transparent about primitive, unconscious processes suggests that what clinical writing has in common with fiction and autobiography should be included in efforts to update ethical standards and procedures regarding psychoanalytic publication.
Catalogue of norman nobility

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Journal Article Catalogue of norman nobility Get access S. S. 1Oxford, June 13. 1851 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s1-III, Issue 86, 21 June 1851, Pages 503–504, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s1-III.86.503d Published: 21 June 1851
Development of Literacy Beliefs and Practices: Preservice Teachers with Reading Specializations in a Field-Based Program

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This manuscript documents a year-long descriptive case study of preservice teachers specializing in reading. The objectives of this study were to (a) better understand the development of literacy beliefs and change processes in preservice teachers with reading specializations engaged in the final year of their field-based teacher education program, and (b) ascertain factors influencing their change processes during the final year of preparation. The results highlight the shifts these preservice teachers made concerning their beliefs about literacy instruction and the factors that served as catalysts for those changes.
Comparison of methods of freshness assessment of wet fish

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary Samples of cod were obtained from different fishing grounds at different seasons. They were stored in boxes with ice for periods of up to twenty days. Freshness assessments by sensory and non‐sensory methods were carried out at regular intervals. Results obtained on four freshness factors by a sensory panel are reported in this paper. The different factors give similar results, but considerable variations are found in fish from different catches.
Computerized Quantitation of Atherosclerosis in an Experimental Model

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Model investigations for computerized quantitation of atherosclerotic plaques by a combination of arteriography and microdensitometry were performed. The correlation between real and densitometrically determined plaque volumes was high (r = 0.987) in examinations of randomly distributed plaques. The results indicate that this method can be useful in the clinical examination of patients with atherosclerosis.
[Use of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer disease].

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

According to the cholinergic theory of Alzheimer's disease, the cognitive failure depends on a deficit in acetylcholine. The study reported above examines the efficacy and tolerability of cholinesterase inhibitors, such as tetrahydroamino acridine (THA), for the management of this pathology.
Investigating the Prevalence and Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency in Children with Epilepsy Treated with Anticonvulsant Drugs: An Analytical Cross-sectional Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The potential risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in children with epilepsy, particularly those receiving antiseizure medications (ASMs), remain unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the determinants of 25-hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency in pediatric epileptic patients treated with ASMs. Methods: This cross-sectional analytical study assessed the prevalence and predictive factors of vitamin D deficiency in 45 children aged 1 to 14 years with epilepsy who were treated with ASMs between 2020 and 2021. Serum vitamin D levels were measured using the chemiluminescence method. Levels below 30 ng/mL were defined as insufficient. Results: Forty-five epileptic children with a mean age of 6.31 ± 3.97 years were included in the study. The mean serum vitamin D level was 24.18 ng/mL, and 26 (57.7%) were identified as having vitamin D insufficiency. Children with insufficient levels were significantly older (P = 0.002) and had received ASMs for a longer duration (P = 0.034). Age was the only significant determinant of vitamin D insufficiency. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that age effectively predicted vitamin D deficiency with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.754. Conclusions: This study highlights a high prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency among epileptic children treated with ASMs, particularly in older age groups. Regular monitoring of serum vitamin D levels, early diagnosis, timely treatment, and prophylactic supplementation are recommended to prevent complications.