jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Stability Analysis of a Line Voltage using FACTS Devices

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The analysis of voltage stability in power system networks is outlined in this document. The Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) is employed to evaluate the condition of the power lines under both normal and critical load situations. It aids in identifying the vulnerable buses that require reactive power compensation. Reactive power compensation is achieved by utilizing a series of interconnected FACTS devices, which effectively improve the stability limit and mitigate the risk of voltage collapse in strained transmission lines. The paper showcases the effective utilization of FVSI in assessing the stability of transmission line voltages. Discussion has also taken place regarding the enhancement of bus voltage stability, improved line flows, and reduction of losses through the application of series FACTS compensation. The examinations were conducted on IEEE30, IEEE 57, and IEEE118 bus networks.
Collision-free trajectory planning for manipulators using generalized pattern search

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

A Generalized Pattern Search algorithm (GPS) is introduced to design a collision-free trajectory for planar redundant manipulators.Cubic-spline interpolation trajectory for the endeffector is designed a priori by selecting three intermediate points around the workspace obstacles.The GPS algorithm ensures that none of the selected points lies inside any of the obstacles.The end-effector will follow the prescribed trajectory in excellent manner without colliding with the obstacles.Simulation studies are carried out for three different obstacles to prove the validity of the proposed algorithm.
Vikings in Scotland

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book provides a full overview of the archaeology of the Vikings in Scotland, incorporating many results from the recent period of intense fieldwork and excavation. This work has necessitated a thorough re-appraisal of our knowledge of the process, nature and extent of Scandinavian settlement in Scotland. Concentrating on the Viking and Late Norse periods which span the eight to thirteenth centuries in northern and western Scotland, the chronological range allows for the Norse impact to be placed in its wider context, commencing with the native background. The scope of the book will enable Scotland, archaeologically one of the best documented areas of the Viking world, to be placed in the overall context of the period in Europe. Fully illustrated with over ninety photographs, figures and distribution maps, this book will be accessible to students and teachers of the Viking Age, and the archaeology and history of Scotland, as well as to the general reader. First survey of Viking Archaeology in over 50 years Written by two Viking experts
Motor Imagery Decoding Enhancement Based on Hybrid EEG-fNIRS Signals

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This study explores the combination of electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to enhance the decoding performance of motor imagery (MI) tasks for brain-computer interface (BCI). The experiment involved measuring 64 channels of EEG signals and 20 channels of fNIRS signals simultaneously during a task of the left-right hand MI. By combining these two types of signals, the study aimed to understand how feature fusion affected classification accuracy for MI. The EEG signals were filtered into three bands ( $\theta $ : 4–7 Hz, $\alpha $ : 8–13 Hz, $\beta $ : 14–30 Hz), while the fNIRS signals were filtered into 0.02-0.08 Hz to improve signal quality for subsequent analysis. The common spatial patterns (CSP) algorithm was utilized to extract features from both EEG and fNIRS signals. This allowed the researchers to create a fused signal with both EEG and fNIRS features that could then be processed using principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, the processed data was fed into a support vector machine (SVM) classifier, which improved the mean accuracy rate of MI to 92.25%. By comparing the classification accuracies obtained with fused and unfused segments of EEG and fNIRS signals, the study discovered that fusing the signals significantly improved classification accuracy by 5%-10%. Furthermore, analyzing the activated brain regions using fNIRS showed that the auxiliary motor cortex was significantly activated during MI. These results demonstrate that hybrid signals with a fusion strategy can enhance the stability and fault tolerance in BCI systems, making them valuable for practical applications.
Bioceram tapered pins applied to apicoectomy

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Thanks to the refinement of the techniques of endodontic therapy and to the development of dental instruments, some teeth have frequently been saved without oral surgical procedures. There are cases, however, where extraction is the only solution: those teeth which have more than one third of the root involved in cystic cavity and are mobile, and those whose crown is extensively destroyed.Both apicoectomy and implantation of bioceram tapered pins were applied, for preservation, to teeth whose roots were involved in large radicular cysts which were not healed with endodontic therapy. The cavities were then filled with cancellous bone from iliac crest in four cases.The results are summerized below.1) The teeth involved in the cysts have been preserved without mobility by a combination of apicoectomy and endodontic endosseous implantation.2) Primary healing occured in six cases after removal of cyst walls and implantation of bioceram tapered pins without bone grafting. Moreover, the younger the patient, the more rapidly ossification of the cystic lumen proceeds. This wasdemonstrated by radiography. After only a month, one can observe that cysts were beginning to be filled with bone.3) In four cases cystic cavities in the upper jaw were transplanted autologous cancellous bone taken from the iliac crest. Primary healing also occured. After as short a period as three months, complete filling of the cystic cavity with newly formed bone trabeculae was demonstrable radiographycally.
Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius Endospores Function as Nuclei for the Formation of Single Calcite Crystals

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius colonies were placed on an agar hydrogel containing acetate, calcium ions, and magnesium ions, resulting in the formation of single calcite crystals (calcites) within and peripheral to the plating area or parent colony. Microscopic observation of purified calcites placed on the surface of soybean casein digest (SCD) nutrient medium revealed interior crevices from which bacterial colonies originated. Calcites formed on the gel contained [1- 13 C]- and [2- 13 C]acetate, demonstrating that G. thermoglucosidasius utilizes carbon derived from acetate for calcite formation. During calcite formation, vegetative cells swam away from the parent colony in the hydrogel. Hard-agar hydrogel inhibited the formation of calcites peripheral to the parent colony. The calcite dissolved completely in 1 M HCl, with production of bubbles, and the remaining endospore-like particles were easily stained with Brilliant green dye. The presence of DNA and protein in calcites was demonstrated by electrophoresis. We propose that endospores initiate the nucleation of calcites. Endospores of G. thermoglucosidasius remain alive and encapsulated in calcites.
Anthocyanin-Rich Butterfly Pea Flower Extract Ameliorating Low-Grade Inflammation in a High-Fat-Diet and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mouse Model

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study aimed to explore the enhancive effects of butterfly pea flower (BF) extracts on metabolic and immune homeostasis in a low-grade inflammation mouse model. The BF extract was found to contain mainly anthocyanins among other flavonoids. BF supplementation alleviated metabolic endotoxemia by lowering the plasma glucose, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels and restored lipid metabolism and the balance between Treg and Th17 cells, thereby inhibiting the dysfunctional liver and abdominal white adipose tissues. BF extract increased the tight junction protein expression and reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, therefore sustaining the colonic mucosa structure. Furthermore, BF extracts reshaped the gut microbiota structure characterized by significantly promoted SCFA-producing gut microbiota such as Akkermansia and Butyricicoccaceae. Additionally, BF extracts enhanced fecal primary bile acid (BA) levels and modulated bile acid signaling in the liver and ileum to facilitate BA synthesis for the restoration of lipid metabolism. In summary, anthocyanin-enriched BF extracts alleviated the profound negative dietary alterations and helped maintain the metabolic health by modulating the various aspects of the gut microenvironment and enhancing hepatic bile acid synthesis.
Characterization of red wines with designation of Origin Alentejo and Geographical Indication Alentejano

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aim of this work was to characterize red wines submitted to the certification process done by the Alentejo Regional Wine Commission (CVRA) over several years. The results of the sensory evaluation and seven physical-chemical parameters of samples associated with the process of certification of red wines performed by CVRA, concerning the harvest years of 2010 to 2016, were studied. The parameters for red wines D.O.C. Alentejo (n = 1131), Regional Wine Alentejo (n = 5835) and D.O.C Alentejo – Talha Wine (n = 36) were compared, using statistical methods of exploratory analysis, as regards the overall sensory score (medians 68,80/67,91/66,48), total acidity (medians 5.4/5.4/5.2 g/L tartaric acid), volatile acidity (medians 0,66/0,65/0,71 g/L acetic acid), pH (medians 3,64/3,67/3,70), total sugars (medians 0.6/0.6/0.4 g/L G + F), density (medians 0,9938/ 0,9940/0,9938), total sulphur dioxide (medians 71/70/69 mg/L SO2) and acquired alcoholic strength (medians 14.1/13,9/13,6% vol.). The evolution of these parameters was also studied over the years of harvesting. It was observed that D.O.C. Alentejo and Regional Alentejo wines display very similar median values of the various parameters, and that many of these variables have similar trends of evolution, in successive years of harvesting. As for the D.O.C. Alentejo – Talha Wine, still in comparatively smaller production, exhibit a differentiated pattern from the other two types, more irregular, which is consistent with their traditional production mode.
Optimization of Automated Radiosynthesis of Gallium-68-Labeled PSMA11 with Two [68Ge]Ge/[68Ga]Ga Generators:Fractional Elution or Prepurification?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Prostate cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer in men. An imaging technique for its diagnosis is [68Ga]-prostate-specific membrane antigen ([68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11) positron emission tomography (PET). To address the increasing demand for [68Ga]-labeled peptides and reduce the cost of radiosynthesis, it is therefore necessary to optimize the elution process of [68Ge]Ge/[68Ga]Ga generators. This study aims to identify the most effective approach for optimizing radiosynthesis using double elution in parallel of two [68Ge]Ge/[68Ga]Ga generators. Two methods have been tested: one using prepurification, and the other using fractionated elution. Five synthesis sequences were conducted using each method. The mean labeling yields for double elution with prepurification were 45.8 ± 29.4 (mean ± standard deviation) and none met the required criteria. The mean labeling yields for the fractionated double elution were 97.5 ± 1.9 (mean ± standard deviation) meeting the criteria, significantly superior to the prepurification method (p = 0.012), and similar to those of simple elution. This study showed that fractionated double elution from [68Ge]Ge/[68Ga]Ga generators produced a significantly higher labeling yield than double elution with prepurification, resulting in a larger activity recovered via radiosynthesis, thereby allowing more diagnostic tests to be performed.
From neglect to re-discovery: Language and identity amongst Spanish migrants in the United Kingdom

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article explores the relationship between language and identity in the context of post-war European migration as it relates to a group of Spaniards who settled permanently in Hampshire and Dorset between 1950 and 1974. Using oral history testimonies and data extracted from Spanish migrant periodicals published in the United Kingdom during the 1970s and early 1980s, the article focuses on the tension between the maintenance of the Spanish mother tongue and the acquisition of English, the majority language of the host country, arguing that a considerable language shift towards English has taken place, which may only now begin to be reversed given the increasing popularity that the Spanish language and Hispanic cultures are currently enjoying in Anglo-speaking cultural contexts.
Optimized quantization parameter selection for video-based point cloud compression

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Point clouds are sets of points used to visualize three-dimensional (3D) objects. Point clouds can be static or dynamic. Each point is characterized by its 3D geometry coordinates and attributes such as color. High-quality visualizations often require millions of points, resulting in large storage and transmission costs, especially for dynamic point clouds. To address this problem, the moving picture experts group has recently developed a compression standard for dynamic point clouds called video-based point cloud compression (V-PCC). The standard generates two-dimensional videos from the geometry and color information of the point cloud sequence. Each video is then compressed with a video coder, which converts each frame into frequency coefficients and quantizes them using a quantization parameter (QP). Traditionally, the QPs are severely constrained. For example, in the low-delay configuration of the V-PCC reference software, the quantization parameter values of all the frames in a group of pictures are set to be equal. We show that the rate-distortion performance can be improved by relaxing this constraint and treating the QP selection problem as a multi-variable constrained combinatorial optimization problem, where the variables are the QPs. To solve the optimization problem, we propose a variant of the differential evolution (DE) algorithm. Differential evolution is an evolutionary algorithm that has been successfully applied to various optimization problems. In DE, an initial population of randomly generated candidate solutions is iteratively improved. At each iteration, mutants are generated from the population. Crossover between a mutant and a parent produces offspring. If the performance of the offspring is better than that of the parent, the offspring replaces the parent. While DE was initially introduced for continuous unconstrained optimization problems, we adapt it for our constrained combinatorial optimization problem. Also, unlike standard DE, we apply individual mutation to each variable. Furthermore, we use a variable crossover rate to balance exploration and exploitation. Experimental results for the low-delay configuration of the V-PCC reference software show that our method can reduce the average bitrate by up to 43% compared to a method that uses the same QP values for all frames and selects them according to an interior point method.
A prospective re-audit of admissions and discharge delays occurring in patients admitted to a district general hospital's respiratory ward in the United Kingdom

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death recommends that following initial assessment and treatment, patients should be transferred to a ward which is appropriate for their clinical condition. Objective: To assess delays prior to discharge for patients (respiratory vs non-respiratory) whom are medically fit for discharge, following a reduction in respiratory beds from 62 to 46 as recommended by Sarker et al 2010. Methods: A prospective 2-week audit was conducted on respiratory wards and included patients admitted under three respiratory consultants. Information collated: date of admission and of discharge, age, primary medical diagnosis and reason for delay. Results: Conclusions: A reduction in respiratory beds lead to a reduction in patients with delayed discharge regardless of the underlying medical diagnosis. All delays were still attributable to social reasons. Efficient triage and transfer to appropriate wards on admission will further reduce the number of delayed discharges.
Transcription by an Archaeal RNA Polymerase Is Slowed but Not Blocked by an Archaeal Nucleosome

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Archaeal RNA polymerases (RNAPs) are closely related to eukaryotic RNAPs, and in Euryarchaea , genomic DNA is wrapped and compacted by histones into archaeal nucleosomes. In eukaryotes, transcription of DNA bound into nucleosomes is facilitated by histone tail modifications and chromatin remodeling complexes, but archaeal histones do not have histone tails and archaeal genome sequences provide no evidence for archaeal homologs of eukaryotic chromatin remodeling complexes. We have therefore investigated the ability of an archaeal RNAP, purified from Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus , to transcribe DNA bound into an archaeal nucleosome by HMtA2, an archaeal histone from M. thermautotrophicus . To do so, we constructed a template that allows transcript elongation to be separated from transcription initiation, on which archaeal nucleosome assembly is positioned downstream from the site of transcription initiation. At 58°C, in the absence of an archaeal nucleosome, M. thermautotrophicus RNAP transcribed this template DNA at a rate of ∼20 nucleotides per second. With an archaeal nucleosome present, transcript elongation was slowed but not blocked, with transcription pausing at sites before and within the archaeal nucleosome. With additional HMtA2 binding, complexes were obtained that also incorporated the upstream regulatory region. This inhibited transcription presumably by preventing archaeal TATA-box binding protein, general transcription factor TFB, and RNAP access and thus inhibiting transcription initiation.
Effects of different crash data variables on EMS response time for a rural county in alabama

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Response time of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is an important factor related to preventable deaths in road crash incidents. This study focuses on analyzing the effects of different independent variables on the EMS Response Time (ERT). Independent variables considered for this investigation are travel time, day of the week, crash severity, weather, time of the day, and lighting condition. Understanding outcomes resulting from variations of the considered parameters on ERT is crucial to minimize the possibility of adverse outcomes which are tied to different types of injuries, and vital to limit the prospect of fatalities. Crash data used for this study is from a rural county in Alabama where only one EMS control location is available. Results from the analysis indicate that ERT becomes larger as travel time increases. ERT is also larger on weekends than on weekdays. ERT is larger in the evening and night when compared with morning. When the weather is clear or cloudy, the ERT parameter is shorter. But when the weather is extreme, with mist, fog, or rain, the parameter is longer. When roads are dark, ERT is long. When daylight is present, the ERT is shorter. If the crash is fatal, the parameter is longer compared with situations when crash injuries are non-severe.
Improvement of color separation characteristics of a side-illuminated color photo sensor

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

For easy color photography, we have proposed a method of irradiating a silicon photosensor from the side. This color imaging method applies a simple pixel structure without color filters, and prevents the generation of false colors and moiré patterns. A test chip was fabricated using a 0.35 µm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor 1-poly 4-metal process. The chip dimensions are 5000 × 5000 µm 2 . The pixel layout structure that we proposed previously was remodeled. We confirmed that the four colors blue, green, red, and near-infrared are isolated in the normal color wavelength range in a light irradiation experiment.
PRETREATMENT NLR AS A BIOMARKER AND IT'S CORRELATION WITH BREAST CANCER STAGING: A PROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim and objectives: The present study was undertaken to investigate pre-treatment NLR as biomarker concerning breast cancer stage and nd Correlations of NLR with various stages of Carcinoma Breast. Materials and method: This observational prospective study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj, and Kamla Nehru Memorial Hospital, Prayagraj. The pathological analysis included Tumour size, Modied bloom Richardson grade and score, Nodal status and Pathological stage. 8th AJCC TNM classication was used for staging of breast cancer was used. NLR was calculated using Total leucocyte count, Neutrophil percent, Lymphocyte percent as follows: NLR= Neutrophil count/ Lymphocyte count. Results: The result of the Pearson correlation showed that there was a signicant association between NLR with Tstage, N stage, M stage, Pathological stage and Early or late breast CA. ROC analysis was done for nding the cutoff values of NLR for early vs Late breast cancer Area under the curve was 0.903 and is statistically signicant with 95% CI for AUC = 0.828-0.978. Conclusion: In view of positive correlation, cost-effectiveness, and easy availability of NLR, pre-treatment NLR can be used as a biomarker for breast cancer stages.
Supplementary Figure from Pharmacologic Targeting of TFIIH Suppresses KRAS-Mutant Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Synergizes with TRAIL

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Supplementary Figure from Pharmacologic Targeting of TFIIH Suppresses KRAS-Mutant Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma and Synergizes with TRAIL
Destined for Failure? An Analysis of the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 2010, Congress enacted the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (“BPCIA”) as part of the large health care reform bill. The BPCIA creates a statutory pathway for FDA approval of “biosimilars”––which are generic versions of biologic drugs. Congress expects this new approval pathway for biosimilars to help lower biologics prices, just as generic drugs have significantly lowered pharmaceutical prices. This Note argues that, for three main reasons, the BPCIA will not succeed in lowering drug prices to the same degree that generic pharmaceuticals have. First, biosimilars are more expensive to develop than generic pharmaceutical drugs. Manufacturers will be hesitant to enter the biosimilars market, leading to less competition. Second, biosimilars will struggle more than generics to capture market share from the branded drug. Third, lengthy exclusivity periods awarded to the branded biologic and the first interchangeable biosimilar will substantially delay biosimilar market entry. This Note then concludes with suggestions for improving the BPCIA, both through potential amendments and regulatory process.