jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Predictor factors of sleep-disordered breathing in heart failure

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Heart failure (HF) is characterized by its high mortality, frequent hospitalizations, and reduced quality of life. Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), one of the common comorbidities, accelerates the progression of HF. The objectives of the study were (a) to investigate the prevalence and type of SDB in HF patients and (b) to determine the predictors of SDB. In a cross-sectional analytic study, all eligible patients of Assiut Chest and Cardiology Department admitted (100 patients) during the period from August 2015 to March 2016 were included in this study. Clinical assessment, full-night attended polysomnography, and echocardiography were recorded and compared between patients with (SDB) (85 patients) and those without SDB (15 patients). SDB was found in 85% of patients [53% had obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and 32% had central sleep apnea (CSA)]. OSA patients are characterized by higher BMI and neck and waist circumference. There was a higher prevalence of hypertension, as well as mean blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, in OSA patients. Loud snoring was the only clinical symptom associated with OSA as compared with CSA. CSA patients had a significant reduction in PaCO2. OSA patients showed a significant increase in desaturation index and time spent with oxygen saturation less than 90%. Maximum heart rate and brady/tachy index were significantly increased in OSA. Cycle length was significantly increased in CSA. The prevalence of sleep apnea was high in patients with stable HF (85%). OSA was the predominant type (53%). The predictors of SDB were BMI (≥30), systemic hypertension, neck circumference more than 40 cm, waist circumference more than 110 cm, and ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction) (≤45%).
Antioxidant activity of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside and its mammalian lignan metabolites enterodiol and enterolactone

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

<p>The antioxidant activities of the flaxseed lignan secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG) and its mammalian lignan metabolites, enterodiol (ED) and enterolactone (EL), were evaluated in both lipid and aqueous in vitro model systems. All three lignans significantly (p ≤ 0.05) inhibited the linoleic acid peroxidation at both 10 and 100 microM over 24-48 hours of incubation at 40°C. In a deoxyribose assay, which evaluates the non site-specific and site-specific Fenton reactant-induced *OH scavenging activity, SDG demonstrated the weakest activity compared to ED and EL at both 10 and 100 microM; the greatest *OH scavenging for ED and EL was observed at 100 microM in both assays. The incubation of pBR322 plasmid DNA with Fenton reagents together with SDG, ED or EL showed that the inhibition of DNA scissions was concentration dependent. The greatest non site-specific activity of lignans was at 100 microM, thus confirming the results of the deoxyribose test. In contrast, the protective effect of SDG and EL in the site-specific assay was lost and that of ED was minimal. Therefore, the results indicate a structure-activity difference among the three lignans with respect to specific antioxidant efficacy. All three lignans did not exhibit reducing activity compared to ascorbic acid, therefore, did not possess indirect prooxidant activity related to potential changes in redox state of transition metals. The efficacy of SDG and particularly the mammalian lignans ED and EL to act as antioxidants in lipid and aqueous in vitro model systems, at relatively low concentrations (i.e., 100 microM), potentially achievable in vivo, is evidence of a potential anticarcinogenic mechanism of flaxseed lignan SDG and its mammalian metabolites ED and EL.</p>
MODEL PEMBELAJARAN INKUIRI TERBIMBING DENGAN APLIKASI ZOOM UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PROSES DAN HASIL BELAJAR FISIKA MATERI LISTRIK DINAMIS

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The guided investigation is a varied process and includes observing activities, formulating relevant questions, performing experiments, or experiments on students. Research on guided exploratory learning models with zoo applications to improve the process and learning outcomes of physical dynamic electrical material. This study aims to determine the Inkuri guided learning model with the Zoom application to improve the process and learning outcomes of dynamic electrical materials physics. This research was carried out on SMA N 1 Remboken in Class XII IPA 1 and XII IPA 2. This research method is experimental research. Research data based on post-test results. The average learning outcomes of students treated with the guided query learning model using the Zoom application was 64.966667 with a maximum score of 87 and a minimum score of 46. While the average learning outcomes of students who were treated with the Zoom application Application guided learning without guided inquiry were 58.48387097 with a maximum score of 78 and a minimum score of 44. From the data, the data normality test was performed, which showed Lcount <Ltable, which means that the experimental and control class data were normally distributed, then a hypothesis test was carried out. Data on student learning outcomes from the post-test. The results of the research by calculating the one-way T-test formula show that in the learning model for guided queries with the zoom application, the value of tcount = 2.9920534101 > ttable = 2.00099538 and then H0 is rejected. It can therefore be concluded that the average learning outcomes of the students using the guided inquiry learning model with the Zoom application are higher than the average learning outcomes of the students using the guided inquiry learning.
Natural selection, plasticity and the emergence of a behavioural syndrome in the wild

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Individuals often show consistent behavioural differences where behaviours can form integrated units across functionally different contexts. However, the factors causing and maintaining behavioural syndromes in natural populations remain poorly understood. In this study, we provide evidence for the emergence of a behavioural syndrome during the first months of life in wild brown trout ( Salmo trutta ). Behavioural traits of trout were scored before and after a 2‐month interval covering a major survival bottleneck, whereupon the consistency and covariance of behaviours were analysed. We found that selection favoured individuals with high activity levels in an open‐field context, a personality trait consistent throughout the duration of the experiment. In addition, a behavioural syndrome emerged over the 2 months in the wild, linking activity to aggressiveness and exploration tendency. These novel results suggest that behavioural syndromes can emerge rapidly in nature from interaction between natural selection and behavioural plasticity affecting single behaviours.
Supplementary material from "Earth History and Trait Innovation Drive the Global Radiation of Modern Toads"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The distributions of species radiations reflect environmental changes driven by both Earth history (geological processes) and the evolution of biological traits (critical to survival and adaptation), which profoundly drive biodiversity yet are rarely studied together. Modern toads (Bufonidae, Amphibia), an iconic radiation with global distribution and high phenotypic diversity, are an ideal group for exploring these dynamics. Using phylogenomic data from 124 species across six continents, we reconstruct their evolutionary history. Biogeographic analyses suggest modern toads originated in South America ~ 61 million years ago (Ma), later dispersing to Africa and Asia, thereby challenging hypotheses of dispersal via North America. Species diversification rates increased after leaving South America, linked to Cenozoic geological events and key innovations like toxic parotoid glands for predator defense. The emergence of parotoid glands coincided with the South American dispersal, promoting diversification and enabling toads to dominate both Old and New Worlds. In contrast, the evolution of other traits, despite being crucial to adaptation, did not promote species diversification (e.g., large body size) or were ambiguously associated with expansion into the Old World (e.g., developmental modes). These findings highlight the adaptability of modern toads and reveal the interplay between Earth’s history and phenotypic innovation in shaping biodiversity
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase, caveolae and the development of atherosclerosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Graphical Abstract Abstract figure legend HCN channels play an evolutionarily conserved pacemaker role in renal pelvic smooth muscle (RPSM) of lower and higher order mammals. The function of hyperpolarization-activated cation (HCN) channels in smooth muscle pacemakers remains controversial. Renal pelvic smooth muscle pacemakers trigger smooth muscle contractions that expel waste from the kidney, and HCN channels have been localized to these pacemaker tissues. To date, however, the mechanisms underlying RPSM pacemaker activity remain elusive. RPSM pacemaker activity was investigated in both lower (top left) and higher order (bottom left) mammalian models, which exhibit divergent upper urinary tract anatomies. We performed morphological and functional studies from the single-molecule to the whole-organ level and showed that HCN channels drive RPSM pacemaker activity. RPSM pacemakers (boxed regions) integrated into the muscular syncytium, expressed HCN channels on their plasmalemma and exhibited the Ih ‘funny’ pacemaker current conducted by HCN channels. Critically, HCN channel block abolished electrical pacemaker activity and peristaltic smooth muscle contractions in both lower and higher order mammalian upper urinary tracts. Thus, HCN channels play an evolutionarily conserved pacemaker role in RPSM pacemakers.
A Study on the Synthesis of Urushiol

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

3- (Pentadeca-8', 11', -dienyl) veratrole and 3- (pentadeca-8', 11', 13'-trienyl) veratrole, diolefinic and triolefinic components of Urushiol dimethyl ether, were synthesized. 8- (2, 3-Dimethoxyphenyl) octanal was prepared by the reaction of octan-1, 8-dial monoacetal with 3-veratryl lithium, followed by dehydration, hydrolysis, and hydrogenation. Wittig's reaction of 8- (2, 3-dimethoxyphenyl) octanal and butanal with trimethylene bis-triphenylphosphonium bromide gave 3- (pentadeca-8', 11'-dienyl) veratrole.Similarly, 3- (pentadeca-8', 11', 13'-trienyl) -veratrole was prepared from 8- (2, 3-dimethoxyphenyl) octanal, crotonaldehyde and the bis phosphonium salt.
Hemoglobin Hope: studies of oxygen equilibrium in heterozygotes, hemoglobin S-Hope disease, and isolated hemoglobin Hope.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Hemoglobin Hope (beta(H14)136gly leads to asp), a mildly unstable variant, was found to have decreased oxygen affinity, a normal Bohr effect and diminished cooperativity. Decreased oxygen affinity of hemoglobin Hope may explain the previous failure to find an appropriate response to hemolysis in individuals studied who were heterozygous for both hemoglobin Hope and sickle hemoglobin. Salt bridge formation between NA1 valine and H14 aspartic acid may stabilize the beta Hope subunit in its deoxy form thus producing intrinsically low oxygen affinity and reduced cooperativity.
Relationships between SUVmax of lung adenocarcinoma and different T stages, histological grades and pathological subtypes: a retrospective cohort study in China

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives Cancer cell has aberrant metabolism. The purpose of this study aimed to investigate relationships between maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax）of 18 fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose and T stages, histological grades and pathological subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma. Design Retrospective cohort study, employing the Kruskal-Wallis, Bonferroni-Dunn and Mann-Whitney tests to compare SUVmax of different T stages, histological grades and pathological subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma. Setting The outpatients who had aberrant positron emission tomography/CT (PET/CT) images in chest were enrolled this study from August 2016 to November 2018 in Shanghai, China. Participant Initial 11 270 patients with suspected lung cancer who underwent PET/CT examinations were surveyed. A total of 1454 patients who were diagnosed as lung adenocarcinoma by pathologist were included in this project. Primary outcome measures SUVmax value at different tumour-node-metastasis stages of lung adenocarcinoma before surgery. Results The mean SUVmax of patients with lung adenocarcinoma was significantly elevated with the increase in T stages. There were significant evident differences in SUVmax among T1a–T1c (p<0.05). However, after the staging of patients was more than T1 stage, SUVmax of T2a, T2b, T2 visceral pleural invasion, T3 and T4 had not dramatic changes. SUVmax value of lung adenocarcinoma in the same T stage group was the highest in patients with the high grade of malignancy and solid-predominant invasive adenocarcinoma. Conclusions SUVmax value was significantly associated with T stages, grades of malignancy and pathological subtypes of lung adenocarcinoma.
Metoprine, an inhibitor of histamine N-methyltransferase but not catechol-O-methyltransferase, suppresses feeding in sated and in food deprived rats.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Metoprine is a histamine N-methyltransferase (HMT) inhibitor often used to elevate endogenous histamine (HA) levels when studying the role of brain HA. Since central histaminergic systems may be involved in the regulation of feeding, the effect of metoprine on food intake was studied in sated and in food deprived rats. The treatment caused a dose-dependent decrease in food intake in sated rats. It also suppressed deprivation-induced feeding. To clarify the specificity of the treatment, the effect of metoprine on another methylating enzyme, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), was examined indirectly by examining the ratio of the non-methylated dopamine metabolite, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) to that of its methylated product homovanillic acid (HVA). The dopamine metabolites did not change in a manner consistent with COMT inhibition, but instead a transient decrease in DOPAC levels was observed. However, the suppression of feeding is considered to be related to the metoprine-induced inhibition of brain HA catabolism and not with the changes in dopaminergic systems. Metoprine had no effect on brain concentration of serotonin (5-HT) or its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). The results provide further support for the role of brain HA in the control of feeding behavior.
ASSESSMENT OF ATTITUDES ABOUT NEW LEARNERS' ROLES: FACTOR ANALYSIS OF THE BELIEFS ABOUT WORKING IN GROUPS QUESTIONNAIRE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article presents an analysis of the factor structure of the Beliefs about Working in Groups Questionnaire, which is based on a model of teaching focused on the complementary roles of teachers as models and coaches and students who have to regulate their own learning and learn together with and from peers. This self-report questionnaire presents statements describing salient aspects of group work to elicit beliefs students hold about two main aspects of the quality of working in groups, firstly, the belief that working in small groups has important advantages over working individually for developing deep learning; secondly, beliefs that working with peers in close interaction does or does not facilitate learning-focused dialogue. The questionnaire was administered to university sophomores. The hypothesized two-factor structure emerged. It was tested whether the two factors were related to the students' familiarity with working in small groups in high school, to the frequency with which they worked in groups, and to their perception of the value high school teachers attached to working in small groups.
Genetic relatedness within and between formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum as measured by DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Genetic relatedness among 18 formae speciales within Fusarium oxysporum was determined on the basis of DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics. DNA homology values were high (more than 95%) between isolates within the same forma specialis, while isolates of different formae speciales showed lower values (63 to 86%) of DNA homology. Comparatively high homology values (90 to 95%) were observed within isolates of different formae speciales causing disease on the Cruciferae or the Cucurbitaceae plants. Isolates of F. oxysporum consistently showed low homology values (36 to 48%) with isolates of F. solani. These results suggest that formae speciales of F. oxysporum can be differentiated genetically from each other, indicating that the reassociation analysis of DNA may be a useful tool in studies involving classification and phylogeny of subspecific taxa in this species.
Asia-Pacific

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In 2006, Hanky Gunawan, an Indonesian national, was sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment by a district court in Surabaya, Indonesia's second-largest city, for producing and distributing large quantities of ecstasy. Both the prosecution and Mr Gunawan appealed to the provincial high court, and his sentence was increased to 18 years. The prosecution appealed again, this time to the Supreme Court, objecting to the perceived leniency of the sentence. In 2010, the Court sentenced him to death by firing squad. However, the following year, the Court reopened the case and a new panel of judges re-examined it. The new panel reinstated the first instance sentence of 15 years, thereby saving Gunawan from death. It held that the death penalty was unconstitutional because the Constitution provided an absolute right to life. By initially imposing the death penalty, then, the Supreme Court had made a judicial error. To add weight to this finding, the new panel also pointed to Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ('Everyone has the right to life...') and Article 4 of Indonesia's domestic Human Rights Law, which provides the same right.
Single-Phase Unidirectional Surface Acoustic Wave Transducer Using Cu Electrode

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper proposes the application of Cu electrodes to surface acoustic wave single-phase unidirectional transducers (SAW SPUDTs). Since SPUDTs require large and widely variable reflectivity obtained by relatively thin electrodes, Cu with large mass density is one of the candidate materials. First, SAW reflection characteristics of a Cu electrode on 128°YX-LiNbO3 were theoretically investigated. It is shown that Cu electrodes offer much larger reflectivity than Al electrodes. In addition, SAW velocity change with electrode width is quite moderate compared with other materials having large mass density such as Au. An SPUDT was fabricated employing Cu electrodes to discuss how effectively SAW reflectivity contributes, for example, to its unidirectionality. As a result, the obtained directivity for the Cu-SPUDT was about 16 dB, which was 10 dB larger than that for an SPUDT employing conventional Al electrodes.
Autoradiographic distribution of cholinergic muscarinic receptors and serotonin2 receptors in olfactory bulbectomized (OB) rats after chronic treatment with mianserin and desipramine

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Bilateral removal of the olfactory bulbs in rats produces a behavioural abnormality that is defined by hyperactivity in the open‐field test. This abnormality may be related to depression since these behavioural effects can be attenuated by antidepressant drugs. Moreover, changes in the cholinergic and serotonergic system may be involved in the pathogenesis of depression. Thus, muscarinic cholinergic and serotonin 2 receptors were measured by quantitative autoradiography after the bilateral removal of the olfactory bulbs from the rat. In OB rats, muscarinic receptor density was decreased in several brain regions including the amygdaloid cortex, the basal ganglia, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cortex and olfactory regions. Serotonin 2 receptors were increased in all cortical regions, in the hippocampus and the thalamus. When OB rats were treated chronically for 35 days with mianserin (5 mg/kg i. p.) or desipramine (7·5 mg/kg i. p.) the behavioural hyperactivity was reversed and muscarinic receptor density was increased in the hippocampus and cortical regions while serotonin 2 receptors were normalized. The results are consistent with a cholinergic and serotonin involvement in depressive illness and suggest that the cholinergic and serotonergic modulatory properties of antidepressant drugs may contribute to their therapeutic effectiveness.
Risk and Resilience in Middle Childhood: Lessons for School Mental Health Promotion

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Unresolved mental health issues are associated with numerous negative outcomes, both short and long term, for school-aged children. Although effective interventions exist for many mental health conditions, primary prevention of these maladies, whenever possible, is clearly in a child’s best interest. Mental health promotion in schools is a viable medium for nurturing prevention. Among the most potent influences schools can affect in the efforts to promote mental health are risk and resiliency factors in a child’s environment. Exposure to risk factors is strongly associated with negative mental health outcomes, while the presence of protective factors is strongly predictive of positive mental health outcomes and ultimately pronounced improvements in quality of life. School performance can ultimately be among the most formidable risk or resilience factors, depending on the qualitative and quantitative experience of the individual student. Further, the school has the ability to exert influence on other risk and resilience factors in a student’s environment. This chapter delineates risk and resilience factors that have been found to profoundly affect mental health and quality life, evidence-based practices that have been applied to foster positive outcomes, and provides sufficient foundation on the current knowledge base on risk and resilience to facilitate school planning in programming for maximizing student mental health outcomes.