jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Fabianism political doctrine in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century/ Doktryna polityczna fabianizmu przełomu XIX i XX wieku

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract The Fabian Society is socialist organization established in London in 1884. Five years later, the Fabians presented the publication Fabian Essays which contained the key assumptions of political doctrine, called fabianism. The key ideas of fabianism include a collectivist economy, municipalization, the socialist state and the idea of democracy. The Fabians agreed that changes should be gradual and peace, with respect for the law and the presentation of the importance of British tradition in shaping the national community. At the same time the Fabians rejected solutions that promote individualism and capitalism, revolutionary and utopian changes in the social and political system. However, the Fabian doctrine was not found particular interest in political and social life in Europe due to its local and pragmatic character.
The effectiveness of melodic intonation therapy on fundamental frequency and intensity in Persian autistic children’s speech

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background and Aim: Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder with several speech disorders such as prosodic and pragmatic impairments. Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) based on Albert et al. model (1973) is a rehabilitation method, developed on prosodic features. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MIT on Persian autistic children’s prosody.Methods: An easy version of MIT, adopted for Persian language was designed by researchers. Then, after a successful pilot study on a 10-years-old boy for one month, 13 subjects were selected for the main study. All the subjects were autistic, male, right-handed, 7-10-years-old Persian children studied for 48 sessions (16 weeks). Background information gathered from the parents by a questionnaire. As pre- and post-test, some assessments about children’s fundamental frequency (Fº) and intensity of the Persian vowel sounds and declarative and interrogative sentences were accomplished. The data analysis was done using Praat and SPSS softwares.Results: There was a statistically significant increase in acoustic features, such as intensity, and fundamental frequency of declarative and interrogative sentences; also all six vowels of Persian, excluding /â/ and /æ/ (p<0.05 for all).Conclusion: The widely reported unusual prosody in autistic children was quantified by this study, too. In addition, there was convincing evidence of the positive effects of melodic intonation therapy on acoustic features in Persian autistic children.
Late Cardiotoxicity in MS Patients Treated with Mitoxantrone

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Context: Mitoxantrone (MTX) is an antracyclin drug that is used for treatment of patients with chronic refractory multiple sclerosis (MS). Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a rare complication of this drug that may occur early, during therapy, or late, months or years after termination of therapy. Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the long-term adverse effect of MTX on cardiac function. Methods: The study involved 49 MS patients on MTX therapy because of their disease was refractory to other treatments (18 men and 31 women). They were treated in two canters related to Esfahan University of Medical Sciences. The mean age was 34.65 ± 9.56 years. Systolic and diastolic left ventricular (LV) functions were measured by echocardiography. The baseline echocardiographic data were collected from patients' file. Echocardiography was repeated by a single cardiologist in 2016. Results: After MTX therapy, one patient's ejection fraction (EF) reduced below 50% (2%). In spite of their normal diastolic function before therapy, two patients developed diastolic dysfunction (4%). Nonparametric binominal analysis reveals that MTX therapy increased the probability of developing systolic dysfunction, early or late P < 001. Conclusions: MS patients treated with MTX are at increased risk of developing early and late-LV dysfunction, so all patients on MTX therapy must be periodically evaluated for these late complications.
The Use of MOSUMS for Quality Control

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

The use of moving sums (MOSUMS) of recursively calculated residuals (Hack1 [9]) is demonstrated for testing the constancy of the expected value of a series of T independent observations normally distributed with equal variances. The cases of known or unknown expected value are treated separately; in the situation of unknown variance the recursive estimation of the variance is suggested in the course of the sequential application of the test procedure. Conservative probability limits are constructed and an assessment of the effective error probabilities and the power of the method is given in simulation studies. Finally the use of the procedure is demonstrated in an example.
Legacy effects of contrasting organic grain cropping systems on soil health indicators, soil invertebrates, weeds, and crop yield

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Elucidating relationships between the soil food web, soil processes, and agroecosystem function is a critical step toward a more sustainable agriculture. Soil and crop management practices can alter these relationships, and their effects can persist even after imposing new management practices. In 2005, the Cornell Organic Grain Cropping Systems Experiment was established in central New York. Four cropping systems that varied in fertilizer inputs, tillage practices, and weed control were compared: High Fertility, Low Fertility, Enhanced Weed Management, Reduced Tillage. Two crop rotation entry points were included in the experiment. In June 2017, the entire experimental site (plots and alleyways) was plowed and seeded with sorghum sudangrass [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench x S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf] as part of a uniformity trial to assess legacy effects of past management practices. Prior to initiating the uniformity trial, soil samples were collected and analyzed for soil health indicators. Soil samples were also collected to assess soil invertebrate abundance and community structure 34 and 70 days after planting. Sorghum sudangrass and weed biomass were sampled at the end of the uniformity trial in September 2017. Legacy effects of past management that were observed during the uniformity trial were associated with differences in nutrient inputs and soil disturbance, as well as the preceding crop. The High Fertility system had greater soil phosphorus than the Low Fertility system, and in one of the two crop rotation entry points, soil aggregate stability and soil respiration were greater in the Reduced Tillage system compared to the Enhanced Weed Management system. The Enhanced Weed Management cropping system also had a soil invertebrate community characterized by more disturbance tolerant taxa. Weed biomass varied by crop rotation entry point, but not cropping system. Sorghum sudangrass biomass was greater in the Reduced Tillage system than the Low Fertility system, and the entry point that had greater weed biomass also had greater sorghum sudangrass biomass. Piecewise structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to test relationships between response variables and showed that soil phosphorus, soil aggregate stability, and soil respiration explained variation in abundance of some invertebrates, and that aggregate stability, soil respiration, soil moisture, weed biomass, and a select group of invertebrates affected sorghum sudangrass biomass production. Overall our findings show that soil invertebrates can mediate the relationship between soil health indicators and crop productivity, and provide support for including direct measurements of soil invertebrates in soil health assessments.
The Tripartite Relationship between Mushrooms, Mycetophilid Gnats, and Nematodes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Iotonchium属線虫は担子菌類の子実体 (きのこ) を利用する線虫の一群である。その生活史には子実体を利用する菌食世代とキノコバエ科昆虫に寄生する昆虫寄生世代が存在する。本属の線虫はこれまでに全世界で 11種が報告されているが, その生活史の詳細が明らかになっているものは５種のみであり, そのうちの4種が日本国内から報告されている。Iotonchium ungulatumはヒラタケ白こぶ病の病原体であり, ヒラタケ属菌の子実体のひだに線虫えいを生じさせることで知られているが, それ以外の線虫では宿主菌の子実体に線虫えいを生じさせることはなく, その子実体組織内に棲息する。Iotonchium属線虫はキノコバエ科昆虫と密接な関係を持っていると考えられ, その近縁種と思われる化石種がキノコバエ化石とともに琥珀内から発見されている。本稿ではこれらの生物群が関与する三者間相互関係について詳述するとともに, その進化的関係や今後の研究の課題についても議論する。
A Simple Method for Obtaining Single-Spore Isolates of Shiraia bambusicola

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

A new simple and quick method with capillary to isolate single-spore strains of Shiraia bambusicola was described.A visual field under microscope was fixed by using a section of capillary which contains spore suspension to stamp on to the surface of a piece of medium,and single-spore isolates were obtained easily after quick identification of single spore in the fixed visual field under microscope.It is significant to enlarge application of this method in other species of fungi.
Comparison of Exercise Stress Testing with Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography and Radionuclide Ventriculography for Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Dobutamine stress echocardiography, Tc-99m radionuclide ventriculography (RNVG), and exercise stress testing were performed prospectively in 63 patients with suspected coronary artery disease to compare the values of exercise testing, dobutamine stress echocardiography and RNVG in the non-invasive diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The sensitivities of dobutamine stress echocardiography and RNVG were found to be higher than that of exercise testing (93-62%, p < 0.001; 83-62%, p < 0.05). The sensitivities of dobutamine stress echocardiography and RNVG were similar (p > 0.05). There were no differences between the sensitivities of the three techniques in multiple vessel disease (p > 0.05). The specificities of dobutamine stress echocardiography and RNVG were higher than that of exercise testing (for both of the tests 86-62%, p < 0.05). The diagnostic accuracy of dobutamine stress echocardiography and RNVG were similar (p > 0.05). The results of dobutamine stress echocardiography RNVG were concordant with each other in 46 patients (76%, kappa = 65%) in sectional analysis. Dobutamine stress echocardiography and RNVG tests were comparable with each other in 85% of the 189 segments (kappa = 64%). The expected 5% decrease at peak doses of dobutamine was not detected in stress echocardiography in 25 patients and in RNVG in 26 of the patients. Dobutamine stress echocardiography and RNVG are superior to exercise testing in the diagnosis of single vessel disease and there is no significant difference between the two techniques. When the ejection fraction is considered in dobutamine stress echocardiography and RNVG, it does not make an additional contribution to the diagnosis of coronary artery disease.
Improving Performance in Thin Seam Open Cut Mining – Application of Pick Based Cutting Technology

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

With the current challenges facing the Australian coal industry, a major Australian coal miner has achieved significant improvements from the implementation of a continuous mining system, a Wirtgen Surface Miner 4200 SM, at an open cut coal mine in South East Queensland. Due to the multiple thin seam characteristics of the deposit, selective mining practices are critical. This often results in decreased productivity when using Conventional Mining (CM) equipment. The Wirtgen Surface Miner (WSM) cuts, crushes and loads coal and Interburden (IB) onto a truck in a single step and thereby replaces multiple CM equipment for ripping, stacking and loading. This paper presents an in-field study, assessing the benefits gained from implementing the 4200 SM. When implementing new technology it is important to evaluate its performance compared to the existing system. The trial program was therefore structured around Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) referring to the CM system. The evaluation contains empirical assessments combined with theoretical calculations and literature research. A key challenge of the project was to compare a continuous mining system, i.e. the 4200 SM, against a discontinuous, multi-handling mining system. A commensurable evaluation of both mining systems was achieved by defining a CM-unit. Objectives of the evaluation were productivity, unit costs, Health-Safety and Environmental (HSE) performance, deposit recovery, Run-Of-Mine (ROM) coal quality and impacts on the Coal Handling and Processing Plant (CHPP). The WSM has demonstrated increased productivity, improved HSE performance, minimised loss and dilution, positive impacts on the CHPP, more consistent particle size distribution containing more target product size, as well as significant mining unit cost savings compared to the conventional dozer rip, stack and load process. On average, the mining unit costs are reduced by about 60%, considering different rock properties in coal and IB. The fuel usage per volume mined decreases even more significantly, resulting in a reduction of carbon emissions.
HIGH RESOLUTION STUDY OF THE $B \leftrightarrow X$ SYSTEM OF ISOTOPIC SPECTES OF CO

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Author Institution: Launay and Letzelter: Observatoire de Paris, D\'epartment d'Astrophysique Fondamentale (C.N.R.S. U.A. 812); Equipe de Spectroscopie (C.N.R.S. U.A. 171), Ecole des Mines; D\'epartement de Physique, Universit\'eA de Tours
We must cultivate our garden (City) : utopian thinking in Singaporean politics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Singapore’s PAP government creates a highly specific image of the ideal citizen and deploys this utopian mode of thinking to manage the population and shift the burden of care from the state to individuals. The ideology of meritocracy and personal responsibility is used as justification to incentivise desirable behaviour and penalise undesirable behaviour. One’s moral worth and deservingness is evaluated according to extent to which one follows the rules set out by the government. Rather than being the birthright of all citizens, social goods that form the basis of a good life are “benefits” than can be awarded or withdrawn depending on one’s conduct. Citizens are led to internalise feelings of guilt and self-blame when they need to rely on government assistance, which results in self-governing behaviour and the erosion of citizens’ ability to make moral claims for fair treatment and redistributive justice – ideas that become almost unthinkable.
Phytochemical Investigation and Cytotoxic Profile of Genistein Isolatedfrom the Cytisus scoparius Linn. on Topoisomerase II

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Genistein is one of many new cytotoxic drug leads that have been discovered recently. It is a well-studied chemopreventive drug that has attracted the attention of the scientific community due to its favourable effects on grave illnesses in humans such as cancer. Objective: The present study focuses on the methanolic extraction, isolation, and characterization of an isoflavone, genistein, from the weed plant of Cytisus scoparius Linn. (family: Fabaceae). Methods: The phytochemical structure of genistein was confirmed by its spectral and chromatography analysis through IR, HPTLC, LCMS, NMR, etc. The total flavonoid fraction of methanolic extracts containing genistein was evaluated for in-vitro cytotoxic activity on cervical cancer HeLa cells using MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, and topoisomerase II inhibitory activity. Results: The result of the in-vitro cytotoxicity study showed the IC50 value of 4.5 μg/ml, which shows that the isolated compound is cytotoxic. The result of cell cycle analysis revealed the cell arrest at a sub-G phase, which shows that the isolated compound was apoptotic. Moreover, the human topoisomerase II assay proved that it is an excellent human topoisomerase II inhibitor at 10 μg/ml. Conclusion: These findings revealed that genistein increased cytotoxicity and cell arrest owing to human topoisomerase II inhibitory activity and thus it may be an anti-cancer component. The relationship between the phytochemical structural analysis of this compound and its bioactivities is discussed.
Patient and Public Involvement in doctoral research: Reflections and experiences of the PPI contributors and researcher

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) has received considerable attention in the last two decades and working in partnership and co-design have now become a prerequisite in health services research in the UK. However, there is a lack of evidence and consistency in recording PPI and related activities. Researchers and PPI contributors are encouraged to record and reflect on the impact of PPI on research. There is significant variation in the way PPI contributors are involved, and it is often limited to some stages of the research cycle than others, without any reflections on the decision-making process for such involvement or any transferable learning. This paper aims to highlight how PPI was embedded in a doctoral research project, the PPI contributors and researcher’s reflections and key recommendations for involving people in doctoral research specifically, but also health services research generally.Methods A reflective approach was taken using data from PPI contributor and researcher notes, e-mail correspondence, meeting notes. Data is presented narratively to reflect on the experiences of involvement throughout the research cycle.Results Undertaking PPI enhanced the quality and relevance of the doctoral research, contributed to the recruitment of study participants, data analysis and dissemination. Building trust and relationships with PPI contributors was key to continued involvement throughout the life of the project and beyond. There is a need to adopt flexible approaches rather than a one-size-fits-all model when working with PPI contributors. Reflections by PPI contributors and the researcher emphasises that involvement was a rewarding experience.Conclusions This paper contributes to the wider literature by providing an exemplar of how PPI can be embedded in doctoral research and demonstrates the value of PPI to the research process and the individuals involved. We also present recommendations on how PPI can be incorporated by doctoral and postdoctoral researchers when planning PPI in their research project.
Photochemistry of the Nitrogen‐Thiocarbonyl Systems. Part 40. Intermolecular Photoaddition Reaction of Benzenecarbothioamide with γ,δ‐Unsaturated Ketones: A Novel Formation of Cycloalkane‐Fused Pyridine Derivatives by Photoinduced Reaction.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hyperparathyroidism after radiotherapy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Carcinoid tumour of the breast Carcinoid tumours are normally found in the gastrointestinal tract and occasionally in the lung.A carcinoid in the breast does not appear to have been reported. Case reportA 66-year-old woman was referred with a two-week history of a lump in her left breast.This had not changed in size, nor was there any associated pain or nipple discharge.She was otherwise fit and well and had suffered no illnesses of note.There was a mobile lump, 2 cm in diameter with a smooth surface, in the upper and outer quadrant of her left breast.There were no other abnormalities and no palpable axillary lymph nodes.She was admitted to hospital and the lump excised.The surgeon noted that the lump was solid and yellow with a necrotic centre.Histological examination showed a typical carcinoid tumour containing argentaffine cells (figure).The results of urinary 5-hydroxy indole-acetic acid assays were normal.She remained well 12 months after removal of the tumour and the results of further 5-hydroxy indole-acetic acid assays remain normal.
Metformin protects against hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocytes injury by inhibiting the expressions of receptor for advanced glycation end products and high mobility group box 1 protein

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Metformin (MET), an anti-diabetic oral drug with antioxidant properties, has been proved to provide cardioprotective effects in patients with diabetic disease. However, the mechanism is unclear. This study aimd to investigate the effects of MET on the expressions of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in hyper- glycemia-treated neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. Car- diocytes were prepared and cultured with high glucose and different concentrations of MET. The expressions of RAGE and HMGB1 were evaluated by Western blot ana- lysis. The superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), lactate dehy- drogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) were measured. After 12 h-incubation, MET significantly inhibited the increase of MDA, TNF-a, LDH and CK levels induced by high glucose, especially at the 5 9 10 -5 to 10 -4 mol/L concentrations while inhibiting the decrease of SOD level. Meanwhile, RAGE and HMGB1 expression were signifi- cantly increased induced by hyperglycaemia for 24 h (P 0.05). MET inhibited the expressions of RAGE and HMGB1 in a dose-dependent manner, especially at the 5 9 10 -5 to 10 -4 mol/L concentrations (P 0.05). In conclusion, our study suggested that MET could reduce hyperglycemia-induced cardiocytes injury by inhibiting the expressions of RAGE and HMGB1.
Initiation of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Antagonist on Day 1 as Compared to Day 6 of Stimulation: Effect on Hormonal Levels and Follicular Development inin VitroFertilization Cycles

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of altering the timing of GnRH antagonist initiation on the hormonal environment and follicular development in in vitro fertilization cycles. Sixty women undergoing in vitro fertilization participated in a prospective randomized controlled trial. Patients were stimulated with a fixed dose of 200 IU recombinant FSH, starting on d 2 of the cycle, and with GnRH-antagonist, starting either on d 1 (n = 30) or on d 6 of stimulation (n = 30). A significantly lower exposure to LH (P < 0.001) and estradiol (P < 0.001) during the follicular phase was observed in the d-1 group, compared with the d-6 group of antagonist administration. No differences in follicular development were seen between the two groups on either d 6 of stimulation or on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin administration. Similar fertilization rates, implantation rates, and ongoing pregnancy rates per transfer were, in addition, present between the two groups compared. In conclusion, administration of GnRH antagonist on d 1 (compared with d 6) of stimulation is associated with a lower exposure to LH and estradiol, which does not seem to affect follicular development.