jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Social Mobility in Bolivia is Finally Improving!

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper evaluates the degree of social mobility in Bolivia, both by comparing to other Latin American countries, and by comparing social mobility at different points in time. While Bolivia had one of the lowest levels of social mobility in the region in 1997, the last 10 years have seen spectacular improvements, especially for rural and female teenagers. This is very good news, as it suggests that Bolivia has finally escaped the low mobility –low growth equilibrium where it has been stuck for so long
Facial perception and implicit prejudice: An eye-tracking study

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Racial bias can affect the way of processing visual stimuli that are targets of prejudice. Different levels of prejudice and the type of prejudice (implicit vs. explicit) were related to automatic and controlled processes of visual exploration (Hansen Rakhshan, Ho, & Pannasch, 2015). The proposed study aims to extend these findings by including pictures of individuals that belong to different racial and ethnic groups (White, Asian, Black, Latino) and vary in prototypical characteristics. Images of the Chicago Face Database will be presented in an online study. Eye movements will be recorded during the presentation of visual stimuli. We will examine differences in exploratory looking behavior among natives in a western European country and individuals with migratory background.
On epireflective and coreflective hulls of a particular L-topological space

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we study some aspects of the category L-ZTop of zero-dimensional L-topological spaces. After noting that it is a topological category, we identify a ‘Sierpinski object’ LZ in it. We further show that two epireflective hulls of LZ respectively turn out to be the categories of zero-dimensional T0-L-topological spaces and of zero-dimensional sober L-topological spaces. We also determine the coreflective hull of LZ in the category of L-topological spaces.
The Geographic Settings of Asset Building: Defining Barriers to IDA Program Participation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research investigates the barriers to participation in an innovative, governmentally funded asset-building program, namely Individual Development Accounts (IDAs). Our goal is twofold: first, to analyze the program participation decision and, second, to analyze the amount of savings of current participants. We expect results to show that program participation and savings deposits differ sharply across geographic settings. IDAs are tax-protected, matched savings accounts designed to help those with low incomes and few assets
Research on the Scope of Damages for Contracting Negligence Liability

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper first expounds the current situation of the scope of damages for contracting negligence liability and explains the necessity of determining the scope of damages for contracting negligence liability from the perspective of unclear legal provisions, inconsistent court judgment and diversification of theories. The scope of compensation for damages in three types of disputes, whether trust interests should compensate for indirect interests, and whether the scope of compensation is limited to performance interests, are discussed one by one. The conclusion is that inherent interests should not be included in the scope of compensation for damages, indirect interests should be compensated, and the scope of compensation for contractual negligence should not be limited to performance interests.
Predicting the Rieke diagram of the high-power klystron

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Accelerator applications of the high-power klystron usually require a fairly narrow bandwidth of a few percent. However, the VSWR which the accelerator presents to the klystron may vary considerably due to beam loading or changes in temperature or frequency; thus, a method of predicting the behavior of a klystron into a variable-VSWR load is quite valuable for these applications. In this paper, models of the output circuit and electron beam are presented and applied to calculate the Rieke diagram for a high-power klystron.
[A clinical and epidemiological study of Tori mandibularis].

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

This is a study aiming at: a) reviewing the information found in the relevant literature as regards the etiology, incidence, distribution, implication and management of the tori mandibularis, b) evaluating the incidence, location and morphology of this bony mass in a sample of Greek population and c) comparing the findings with those of other investigators. The material consisted of 357 patients, from 20 years old and onwards, who had consecutively visited the Clinic of Removable Prosthodontics for some problem. After clinical examination and tabulation of the findings, the following conclusions were drawn: a) the etiology of appearance of tori mandibularis remains unknown; b) in our sample, 12.8% had this condition; c) the incidence was higher in men (60.4%) than in women (39.5%); d) in our sample, the higher percentage of individuals showing the condition originated from Thraci (Northern Greece) while the lower came from Hepiros; e) No indication of a heredity factor was found; f) this condition is more often bilateral than unilateral and g) the torus mandibularis was extending from the canine to the area of the first premolar in 54.4% of the cases.
A Novel Design and Improvement of 15-Bar Assembly Tensegrity Robotics Structure

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

While the ultimate goal is to produce a tensegrity more than 6 struts, e.g. a 15-bar tensegrity, past experience has demonstrated that we must first develop an innovative system that will facilitate the assembly of a general n-bar tensegrity. To be successful, we believe the development of the new assembly methodology must encompass not only the design of the clamping system but also the design of the tensegrity itself, including the struts, the springs and the spring-to-strut connectors. We therefore propose to develop the 15-bar in two phases: Phase I will be the development of an innovative assembly method, and Phase II will focus on the design and manufacture of a 15-bar tensegrity, with a new strut design probably being part of this. Longer term goals will be aimed at repackaging the wireless electronics on the new struts and adding encoders to control the phase of the motors shafts.
Single-stage Grid-connected Photovoltaic Generation Takes Part in Grid Frequency Regulation for Electromechanical Transient Analysis

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

In order to solve the problem of insufficient frequency regulation capacity caused by the large-scale grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) generation, the active power-frequency droop control strategy and virtual inertia control strategy are proposed for single-stage grid-connected PV generation for electromechanical transient analysis. By modifying the control structure of the inverter, PV generation actively got involved in frequency regulation. The simulation results indicate that: the inverter can control the PV array to increase or decrease the active power generated according to the set droop control and virtual inertia control, so as to suppress the drop or rise of the grid frequency; in the dynamic process of frequency, the incremental power of PV generation induced by the dynamic action of the voltage vector of grid connection point is dependent on its virtual inertia control.
Corner symmetry and quantum geometry

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

By virtue of the Noether theorems, the vast gauge redundancy of general relativity provides us with a rich algebra of boundary charges that generate physical symmetries. These charges are located at codimension-2 entangling surfaces called corners. The presence of non-trivial corner symmetries associated with any entangling cut provides stringent constraints on the theory's mathematical structure and a guide through quantization. This report reviews new and recent results for non-perturbative quantum gravity, which are natural consequences of this structure. First, we establish that the corner symmetry derived from the gauge principle encodes quantum entanglement across internal boundaries. We also explain how the quantum representation of the corner symmetry algebra provides us with a notion of quantum geometry. We then focus our discussion on the first-order formulation of gravity and show how many results obtained in the continuum connect naturally with previous results in loop quantum gravity. In particular, we show that it is possible to get, purely from quantization and without discretization, an area operator with discrete spectrum, which is covariant under local Lorentz symmetry. We emphasize that while loop gravity correctly captures some of the gravitational quantum numbers, it does not capture all of them, which points towards important directions for future developments. Finally, we discuss the understanding of the gravitational dynamics along null surfaces as a conservation of symmetry charges associated with a Carrollian fluid.
Effects of Manganese Hydroxychloride on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Tibia Parameters and Manganese Deposition of Broilers

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with manganese hydroxychloride (MHC) on production performance, antioxidant capacity, tibial quality, and manganese (Mn) deposition of broilers. A total of 756 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to 7 treatments of 6 replicates with 18 broilers per replicate. Broilers were fed corn-soybean meal basal diets supplemented of 100 mg/kg Mn as Mn sulfate (MnSO4), or 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 mg/kg Mn as MHC for 42 days. The growth performance of broilers was not affected by dietary MnSO4 or MHC (p > 0.05), whereas the dressing percentage increased linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing of dietary MHC addition level. The activities of catalase (CAT) and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), and total antioxidant capability (T-AOC) in serum and liver on day 42 increased linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing of dietary MHC level, while malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration reduced linearly (p < 0.05). The length, strength, and density index of tibia increased linearly (p < 0.05) on day 21 as MHC supplementation level increased; there were no differences between MnSO4 group and 40–100 mg/kg Mn as MHC groups in tibial parameters of broilers (p > 0.05). As supplemental MHC levels increased, the Mn contents in heart, liver, kidney, and tibia increased linearly on day 42 (p < 0.05). In summary, dietary supplementation with MHC improved antioxidant capacity, bone quality, and Mn contents in broilers, but no effects on growth performance were detected. Based on the results of this study, dietary inclusion of 50–90 mg/kg Mn in the form of MHC to broilers is recommended.
Application of Phosphonium Salts to the Reactions of Various Kinds of Amides

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The phosphonium salts 1 and 2 prepared from triphenylphosphine and N-halogenosuccinimide proved to be applicable to the conversion of amide compounds. Especially, halogenation of electron-deficient heteroaromatic alcohols with these reagents seems to be a convenient method compared to the halogenation with phosphorus oxyhalides.
My mother-in-law does not like it: resources, social norms, and entrepreneurial intentions of women in an emerging economy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper provides new evidence at the intersectionality of gender, family status, and culture by focusing on a previously little researched group of middle-class women in an emerging economy. While the existing literature examines both structural and normative constraints for women entrepreneurship, little is known about the gains from relaxing structural constraints for women when compared to men. In addition to examining this new question, the paper sheds light on the binding nature of normative constraints for women entrepreneurship that persist in a patriarchal developing economy even when structural constraints are significantly eased. Using a mixed-methods approach, the empirical results suggest that higher resource availability differentially impacts the entrepreneurial intentions of women when compared to men indicating the strong presence of normative barriers that inhibit their entrepreneurship. These normative barriers emerge through the roles people play within women life spheres inhibiting their entrepreneurial intentions.
Crime victims‘ right to compensation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper analyzes the most important documents of the United Nations,\n Council of Europe and the European Union relating to rights to damage\n compensation (restitution from offender and state compensation). The analysis\n shows that there is a gradual move from the concept of exercising the rights\n of victims in favor of a solidaristic model that takes less into account the\n rights of victims, and more the need to satisfy their legitimate interests.\n The economic crisis that is undermining the foundations of the welfare state\n could jeopardize the realization of this concept, especially in those\n European countries where the criminal justice system focuses solely on the\n offender, as is the case in Serbia. In such circumstances, regulation which\n protects the right to compensation, other rights and interests of victims,\n shall apply only to the extent that serves crime prevention. So it happens\n that in spite of a suitable normative framework and developments regarding\n the protection of victims of domestic violence and trafficking, the right to\n compensation and other rights of the victims do not actually get actualized\n in practice. In order to overcome this, a systemic reform to the criminal\n justice system should be undertaken with the aim to redirect the system\n towards the victim of the offense. Within these reforms a public fund for\n compensation of the victims of violence should be established and the process\n of mediation between the victim and the offender with the goal to make a\n settlement should be regulated, because these mechanisms do not exist in\n Serbia.
White matter maps showing regions of significant decreased fractional anisotropy and increased mean diffusivity in MSA patients when compared to healthy controls and PD (Bonferroni corrected alpha = 0.0167).

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

<p>Background image corresponds to the mean fractional anisotropy image of all subjects in standard MNI152 space (radiological view). Fractional anisotropy white matter skeleton is represented by green voxels. Blue voxels represent regions of decreased FA and yellow voxels represent regions of increased MD in the PSP group.</p>
FIBRINOLYTIC PEPTIDES IN ARTIFICIAL HEART RECIPIENTS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Patients who are recipients of total artificial heart (TAH) implants develop significant thromboembolic disease (TED). These events cause significant morbidity and are the leading impediments to the use of the TAH. Recently, molecular markers of activation of the hemostatic mechanism have been employed in patients with other causes of thromboembolic disease for earlier detection and for assessing management. We serially measured three fibrinolytic markers (B-beta 1-42 and B-beta 1542 fragments and crossed-1inked D-dimer, XDP) in 3 recipients of the Jarvik-7 artificial heart. The markers were assayed in plasma samples using monoclonal antibodies using ELISA methodology. Normal ranges for our lab are: B-beta 1-42, 3-14 picomoles/ml; B-beta 15-42, 15-32 picomoles/ml; and XDP 6-26 ng/ml. The TAHs were in place for 8, 9, and 252 days. Two patients died and two had strokes. Two of the 3 artificial devises had thrombosis at the time of removal. XDPs rose significantly at the time of TED (>1000 ng/ml). A significant rise in B-beta 1-42 and 15-42 was noted prior to and during the TE events. The ratio's of 1-42 to 15-42 did not change suggesting that these levels were a result of thrombin activity with secondary fibrinolytic activation and not from primary fibrinolysis. These preliminary data suggest that the use of hemostatic molecular markers may be useful for the detection of TED and in assessing control of the hypercoagulable state in TAH recipients.
[Action of sodium sulfachlorpyrazine (ESB3) on the endogenous development of Eimeria tenella in the experimental infestation of chickens].

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Studies were carried out on the action of sulfachlorpyrisine-Na (ESB3) on the endogenic development of Eimeria tenella in the case of experimental infection in birds. Most sensitive to the preparation were the endogenic forms between the 48 h and the 72 nd following the act of infection. Given to birds on the day of infection and 24 hours later it produced no harmful effect on the further endogenic development of E. tenella. When the preparation was applied at the 72 nd hour it led to the degeneration of most of the II generation schizonts and inhibited their further development. As a result no oocysts were found in the feces of birds up to the 10 th-11 th day after infection. When applied at the 92 nd and the 120 th hour sulfachlorpyrisine-Na interfered with the development of the already finite forms of gametogony without concurrent degenerative effects.
Introduction

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This chapter firmly places the role of the practitioner in a social context and sets out the scene for the book. The authors argue that understanding the multiple contexts in which clients both emerge from and are connected to, is key to the psychological endeavour. This is presented as critical to enabling meaningful change at individual and systems levels, and hence defines forensic practice as inherently social and relational. The chapter lays out the importance of theory–practice connections as an active and evolving part of forensic work, rather than the unquestioning acceptance of dominant theories. As such, the authors suggests that while social psychological theories and constructs are drawn upon in aspects of current practice, adopting a more explicit social psychological lens can enhance current forensic practice frameworks. The Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE) is revisited, imagining that a ‘psychologist’ role was assigned to participants, and how this might illuminate the social identity conflicts that may confront practitioners. The authors conclude that a social psychology lens can help to enable further appreciation of the stories of our clients, the complex roles of the multiple contexts in which they live and indeed the roles and contexts of the practitioner.
Meta-learning algorithms for Few-Shot Computer Vision

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Few-Shot Learning is the challenge of training a model with only a small amount of data. Many solutions to this problem use meta-learning algorithms, i.e. algorithms that learn to learn. By sampling few-shot tasks from a larger dataset, we can teach these algorithms to solve new, unseen tasks. This document reports my work on meta-learning algorithms for Few-Shot Computer Vision. This work was done during my internship at Sicara, a French company building image recognition solutions for businesses. It contains: 1. an extensive review of the state-of-the-art in few-shot computer vision; 2. a benchmark of meta-learning algorithms for few-shot image classification; 3. the introduction to a novel meta-learning algorithm for few-shot object detection, which is still in development.
Spectrophotometric and Chromatographic Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Aspirin and Omeprazole

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study represents the development of six simple, fast, and accurate spectrophotometric and chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of aspirin (ASP) and omeprazole (OPZ). The method I illustrates the application of Vierordt’s simultaneous equations method. Method II applies the first derivative spectrophotometry with the zero-crossing technique. In method III, the ratio spectra derivative spectrophotometry was applied, where ASP and OPZ determination was carried out through measurement of the 1DD amplitudes at 285.5 and 265 nm, respectively. Method IV is based on the ratio-difference principle through measurement of the peak to trough amplitudes between 275 and 254.5 nm and between 255 and 275 nm for ASP and OPZ determination, respectively. For method V, HPTLC technique was applied using HPTLC plates of silica gel 60 F254 and a mobile phase composed of chloroform: methanol (93:7, by volume). For Method VI, the HPLC-DAD technique was applied and the chromatographic separation was achieved using C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of 0.05M disodium hydrogen phosphate (pH 3) and acetonitrile (60:40, by volume). Furthermore, the six developed methods were statistically validated following the ICH guidelines and were effectively applied to the simultaneous analysis of the cited drugs in synthetic mixtures and laboratory-made tablets.
Tumor Microenvironment‐Responsive Nanoparticles Amplifying STING Signaling Pathway for Cancer Immunotherapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Insufficient activation of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway and profoundly immunosuppressive microenvironment largely limits the effect of cancer immunotherapy. Herein, tumor microenvironment (TME)‐responsive nanoparticles (PMM NPs) are exploited that simultaneously harness STING and Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) to augment STING activation via TLR4‐mediated nuclear factor‐kappa B signaling pathway stimulation, leading to the increased secretion of type I interferons (i.e., 4.0‐fold enhancement of IFN‐β) and pro‐inflammatory cytokines to promote a specific T cell immune response. Moreover, PMM NPs relieve the immunosuppression of the TME by decreasing the percentage of regulatory T cells, and polarizing M2 macrophages to the M1 type, thus creating an immune‐supportive TME to unleash a cascade adaptive immune response. Combined with an anti‐PD‐1 antibody, synergistic efficacy is achieved in both inflamed colorectal cancer and noninflamed metastatic breast tumor models. Moreover, rechallenging tumor‐free animals with homotypic cells induced complete tumor rejection, indicating the generation of systemic antitumor memory. These TME‐responsive nanoparticles may open a new avenue to achieve the spatiotemporal orchestration of STING activation, providing a promising clinical candidate for next‐generation cancer immunotherapy.
Extension of algebroids Part I: The Construction

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this series of two papers we will generalise the concept of extending a Lie algebroid by a Lie algebra bundle, leading to a notion of extending a Lie algebroid by another Lie algebroid whose orbits lie in the orbits of the former algebroid. The resulting Lie algebroid's anchor will be the sum of the two initial anchors such that the constructions will be similar to matched pairs of Lie algebroids, but with the major difference that we will allow curvatures. In this part of this series we will focus on the canonical construction making use of strict covariant adjustments, a generalisation of Maurer-Cartan forms in the context of gauge theories equipped with a Lie groupoid action instead of a Lie group action. That is, a Cartan connection with certain conditions on the curvature. The second paper will introduce and explain the obstruction of the extension provided here. Examples will include locally split structures as in Poisson geometry. As a side result we achieve strong hints towards a possible obstruction theory for certain Cartan connections on Lie algebroids, which will be related to the obstruction of (non-trivial) action algebroids; generalising the statement of the action algebroid structure induced by flat Cartan connections.