jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Population Genetics of Three Important Head Blight Pathogens Fusarium graminearum, F. pseudograminearum and F. culmorum

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Homothallic Fusarium graminearum (teleomorph Gibberella zeae ) and anamorphic F. culmorum are destructive pathogens causing Fusarium head blight (FHB) of small‐grain cereals worldwide, while heterothallic F. pseudograminearum ( G. coronicola ) seems to be restricted to Australia as a FHB pathogen. In a comprehensive treatise of pathogen population genetics, this review summarizes global knowledge of genetic diversity among isolates sampled at various spatial and temporal scales, examines the mechanisms that generate this diversity and explores the implications of pathogen diversity and plasticity to resistance breeding. Despite their different modes of reproduction, there is large variation among isolates of all three species originating from different countries and continents. With a few exceptions, haplotype diversity ranges from 60 to 100% even within populations from individual fields. In F. graminearum , over 90% of the variation is found within populations, even when samples are collected from areas as small as 0.25 m 2 . Variation among populations is low (4–8%) with negligible population subdivision. This indicates a high level of gene flow ( N m = 8–71) with linkage equilibrium for the majority of selectively neutral molecular marker loci analysed. These findings for F. graminearum point to large random mating populations driven by occasional outcrossing, high gene flow across large geographical distances and a relatively low host‐mediated directional selection. Similar conclusions can be drawn for the Canadian population of F. pseudograminearum , but not for populations from Australia, where different pathogen ecology may have reduced the frequency of sexual recombination. Phylogenetic analyses indicate delineation of lineages in F. graminearum , often along geographically separated lines, while the related F. pseudograminearum is a single recombining species with limited or no lineage development. The anamorphic F. culmorum shows no obvious clonal structure in its population as might have been expected. High levels of diversity within fields may have been caused by balancing selection from frequent alternation between saprophytic and parasitical life cycle and/or a hidden or recently extinct teleomorph. Other mechanisms including parasexual cycles or active transposable elements may also be involved but these have not been investigated as yet. Crosses between and among F. graminearum lineages have shown a rather simple, additive inheritance of pathogenicity and aggressiveness with frequent transgressive segregation in crosses among isolates with moderate aggressiveness. This raises the spectre of highly aggressive and/or toxigenic isolates evolving if a limited range of quantitative trait locus for FHB resistance is deployed on a large scale. Combining more than one genetically distinct sources of resistance, possibly with different modes of action against the pathogen, will be necessary to avoid severe FHB outbreaks in the future.
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with inspiratory capacity to total lung capacity ratio in AECOPD patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Air trapping leads to a reduction in inspiratory capacity / total lung capacity(IC/TLC) ratio in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Knowledge of the effects of low IC/TLC ratio (IC/TLC MATERIAL/METHODS: In 108 patients admitted to the hospital due to an AECOPD(75 men; median age, 72 years[interquartile range(IQR),65 to 76 years]; FEV 1 ,44.5+/-20.8%predicted),we measured pulmonary function(body plethysmograph), BMI and nutritional parameters, including serum albumin(ALB),prealbumin(preALB),cholesterol, triglycerides(TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), blood urea nitrogen(BUN),creatinine and creatine kinase(CK). RESULTS: Patients with low IC/TLC ratio ( 1 , FEV 1 /FVC, DLco SB and DLco/VA, and higher (1-FEV 3 /FVC)%. Lower serum LDL levels were seen in group with low IC/TLC ratio compared to those patients with IC/TLC≥0.25 (2.36 vs 2.66mmol/L, p=0.042). The decrease in IC/TLC ratio correlated positively with serum LDL levels (r=0.29, p=0.002), and with the reduction of IC/TLC by every 1%, the change in LDL was 0.02mmol/L. No differences were observed in serum ALB, preALB, cholesterol, TG, HDL, BUN, creatinine and CK between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with AECOPD, low IC/TLC is associated with lower serum LDL levels, meaning LDL may be a more sensitive marker for the detection of undernourishment.
Pneumonic and Nonpneumonic Forms of Legionellosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two male maintenance workers contracted legionellosis while cleaning the interior of a cooling tower contaminated with Legionella pneumophila. In one man severe, life-threatening Legionnaires' disease developed, whereas the other experienced a comparatively mild, self-limiting illness that was consistent with previous descriptions of cases of Pontiac fever. This report represents the first documentation of the development of both of these syndromes following exposure to a common source of the organism. The implications of this observation for the pathogenetic mechanisms that underly the different clinical manifestations of legionellosis are discussed.
Descriptional Complexity of Scattered Rewriting and Multirewriting: An Overview

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

During a derivation step, partially parallel grammars rewrite some symbols of the sentential form while leaving the others unrewritten. The present paper discusses grammars that perform two types of this parallelism -- scattered rewriting and multirewmting. It gives an overview of the main results concerning their descriptional complexity with respect to the number of nonterminals or productions. In the conclusion, some open problems are pointed out.
On the Addams family of discrete frailty distributions for modelling multivariate case I interval-censored data

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Random effect models for time-to-event data, also known as frailty models, provide a conceptually appealing way of quantifying association between survival times and of representing heterogeneities resulting from factors which may be difficult or impossible to measure. In the literature, the random effect is usually assumed to have a continuous distribution. However, in some areas of application, discrete frailty distributions may be more appropriate. The present paper is about the implementation and interpretation of the Addams family of discrete frailty distributions. We propose methods of estimation for this family of densities in the context of shared frailty models for the hazard rates for case I interval-censored data. Our optimization framework allows for stratification of random effect distributions by covariates. We highlight interpretational advantages of the Addams family of discrete frailty distributions and the K-point distribution as compared to other frailty distributions. A unique feature of the Addams family and the K-point distribution is that the support of the frailty distribution depends on its parameters. This feature is best exploited by imposing a model on the distributional parameters, resulting in a model with non-homogeneous covariate effects that can be analysed using standard measures such as the hazard ratio. Our methods are illustrated with applications to multivariate case I interval-censored infection data.
Age at X-irradiation and acute radiation mortality in the adult male rat.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Male rats received whole-body single doses of 250-kVp x-rays at various ages ranging from young adulthood to old age. From probit analysis, the ${\rm LD}_{50(30)}$ values for groups exposed at 3 or 7 months of age were 851 and 900 R, respectively. After adjustment for the natural mortality rate, ${\rm LD}_{50(30)}$ values for groups exposed at 17, 21, or 24 months of age were 776, 806, and 747 R, respectively. The mean survival time at the ${\rm LD}_{50(30)}$ for the group exposed at 3 months of age exceeded those for groups irradiated at older ages. The slope of the dose versus survival curve for the youngest group was almost twice that for groups exposed at older ages, reflecting increased variability of the population at older ages. These findings indicate that age at exposure is an important variable to be considered in establishing parameters of acute radiation mortality in adult animals.
Liquid Biopsy in Glioblastoma: Opportunities, Applications and Challenges

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Liquid biopsy represents a minimally invasive procedure that can provide similar information from body fluids to what is usually obtained from a tissue biopsy sample. Its implementation in the clinical setting might significantly renew the field of medical oncology, facilitating the introduction of the concepts of precision medicine and patient-tailored therapies. These advances may be useful in the diagnosis of brain tumors that currently require surgery for tissue collection, or to perform genetic tumor profiling for disease classification and guidance of therapy. In this review, we will summarize the most recent advances and putative applications of liquid biopsy in glioblastoma, the most common and malignant adult brain tumor. Moreover, we will discuss the remaining challenges and hurdles in terms of technology and biology for its clinical application.
Does Knowing One’s Elevated Glycemic Status Make a Difference in Macronutrient Intake?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

OBJECTIVE To determine whether macronutrient intake differs by awareness of glycemic status among people with diabetes and prediabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used 24-h dietary recall and other data from 3,725 nonpregnant adults with diabetes or prediabetes aged ≥20 years from the morning fasting sample of the 2005–2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes and prediabetes awareness were self-reported; those unaware of diabetes and prediabetes were defined by fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥126 mg/dL or HbA1c ≥6.5% and FPG 100–125 mg/dL or HbA1c of 5.7%–6.4%, respectively. Components of nutrient intake on a given day assessed were total calories, sugar, carbohydrates, fiber, protein, fat, and total cholesterol, stratified by sex and glycemic status awareness. Estimates of nutrient intake were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education level, BMI, smoking status, and family history of diabetes. RESULTS Men with diagnosed diabetes consumed less sugar (mean 86.8 vs. 116.8 g) and carbohydrates (mean 235.0 vs. 262.1 g) and more protein (mean 92.3 vs. 89.7 g) than men with undiagnosed diabetes. Similarly, women with diagnosed diabetes consumed less sugar (mean 79.1 vs. 95.7 g) and more protein (mean 67.4 vs. 56.6 g) than women with undiagnosed diabetes. No significant differences in macronutrient intake were found by awareness of prediabetes. All participants, regardless of sex or glycemic status, consumed on average less than the American Diabetes Association recommendations for fiber intake (i.e., 14 g/1,000 kcal) and slightly more saturated fat than recommended (&gt;10% of total kcal). CONCLUSIONS Screening and subsequent knowledge of glycemic status may favorably affect some dietary patterns for people with diabetes.
Pattern‐process relationships in surface hydrology: hydrological connectivity expressed in landscape metrics

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The degree of hydrological connectivity is mainly determined by the spatial organisation of heterogeneity. A meaningful and aggregate abstraction of spatial patterns is one of the promising means to gain fundamental insights into this complex interaction and can, moreover, be used as a tool to acquire a profound understanding of the major controls of catchment hydrology. In order to disclose such controls, pattern‐process relationships and the explanatory power of landscape metrics were tested by simulating the runoff of differently patterned virtual basins, generated by neutral landscape models and fractal networks and solved by a surface hydrological model composed of kinematic wave routing and Green‐Ampt infiltration. A total of 23 landscape metrics quantified the spatial patterns and were subsequently related to the functional connectivity, assessed as the proportion of internal runoff generation constituting the hydrological response at the outlet. Landscape metrics allowed the identification of dominant features of heterogeneity that explained the observed connectivity, and to disclose changes in control with class abundance. Therefore, landscape metrics are a useful tool for basin comparison and classification in terms of the dominant processes and the corresponding model structure requirements. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Closing the gaps? An organizational behavior analysis of U.S.-Mexico security cooperation

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The scope of this dissertation is limited to the years 2007 to 2013, incorporating the formation and attempted reform of the initiative in 'beyond Merida.' Expanding on the seminal work of Essence of Decision by Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow, this dissertation will explain US government behavior towards Mexico." In the next chapter, I outline the Merida Initiative, placing it in the context of US-Mexico bilateral relations. In chapter three, I describe Allison and Zelikow's three models of foreign policy analysis: rational actor, governmental politics, and organizational behavior. I outline and expand on the relevance of Allison and Zelikow's model II, creating three hypotheses relevant to this study. In chapter four, I analyze the Merida Initiative, using two guiding questions from the hypotheses of organizational behavior. Through the use of primary source analysis, I show how different agencies used Merida Initiative programs to their organizational advantage. I conclude with the implications of this analysis for the study of US-Mexico security cooperation and foreign security assistance as a whole.
Informal Adult Learning and Everyday Literacy Practices

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study investigated the types of informal learning activities that adults with low literacy skills engage in outside of formal literacy programs and how these activities relate to their literacy practices. Key informants for the study included 10 adults identified at International Adult Literacy Survey levels 1 and 2. Using ethnographic methods, data were collected over three months from several sources. Three major themes emerged: life roles, the situated learning environments, and the practice of everyday literacy activities. Adults with limited literacy perform important life roles in much the same way as more literate adults do. These life roles, which precipitated informal learning, consisted of combinations of parent, supportive partner, family member, volunteer, and employee. A second pattern was the environment in which informal learning was situated. The three environments—home, community, and workplace—were the significant milieus where adults engaged in learning as a result of their life roles. A third theme was the range of everyday literacy activities practiced by adults through informal learning. There was a clear indication that oral communication skills were most often practiced as a result of engaging in an informal learning project, event, or episode at home, in the community, or at work. A discussion focuses on the implications of the findings for literacy research, practice, and policy development.
Neonatal Myasthenia Gravis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A trial is described comparing the effects of aspirin and phenylbutazone in the treatment of acute rheumatic fever.So far as was possible alternate cases were treated with each drug, resulting in totals of 41 cases treated with aspirin and 47 with phenylbutazone.Detailed analysis of the two groups showed them to be comparable.The results were assessed clinically by the time taken for relief of joint pain and swelling, and for resolution of fever and tachycardia.Frequent estimations of the E.S.R. were made in all cases, and in 24 patients serial plasma fibrinogen estimations were carried out in addition.The clinical symptoms were relieved earlier and the E.S.R. showed a more rapid return to normal in the phenylbutazone group.Phenylbutazone also produced a more rapid return of the plasma fibrinogen to normal levels.Although acute symptoms recurred during treatment in seven of the cases on aspirin, there was no evidence of recrudescence in the phenylbutazone group.
Study on the Method of Animal Welfare Guarantee in KM Mice Cesarean Section

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Objective To discuss the assessment program of laboratory animal welfare in cesarean section.Methods Statistical technique is used to count up data in the number,surviving rate after 10 days,weight and weaning rate in two methods.Results In Cesarean section,the weight,surviving rate and weaning rate in group B are higher than group A.Conclusion Application of laboratory animal welfare in cesarean Section can raise weight,surviving rate and weaning rate.
Treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma: lessons learned and quo vadis?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Macroscopic complete resection (MCR) is the goal of surgery and seems to have the most significant effect on survival in patients undergoing surgery-directed multimodality treatment (MMT) for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) (1).For the authors, it is not questionable that Dr. David J. Sugarbaker and his team had, have and will have a significant impact on the term MCR and the surgery-directed MMT, respectively.Therefore,
Purkinje Cell Activity Resonation Generates Rhythmic Behaviors at the Preferred Frequency of 8 Hz

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neural activity exhibits oscillations, bursts, and resonance, enhancing responsiveness at preferential frequencies. For example, theta-frequency bursting and resonance in granule cells facilitate synaptic transmission and plasticity mechanisms at the input stage of the cerebellar cortex. However, whether theta-frequency bursting of Purkinje cells is involved in generating rhythmic behavior has remained neglected. We recorded and optogenetically modulated the simple and complex spike activity of Purkinje cells while monitoring whisker movements with a high-speed camera of awake, head-fixed mice. During spontaneous whisking, both simple spike activity and whisker movement exhibit peaks within the theta band. Eliciting either simple or complex spikes at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 28 Hz, we found that 8 Hz is the preferred frequency around which the largest movement is induced. Interestingly, oscillatory whisker movements at 8 Hz were also generated when simple spike bursting was induced at 2 and 4 Hz, but never via climbing fiber stimulation. These results indicate that 8 Hz is the resonant frequency at which the cerebellar-whisker circuitry produces rhythmic whisking.
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Consumption and Food Sources Differ among Elderly Men Living in Coastal and Internal Regions of Saudi Arabia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Research suggests that omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) play an important role in reducing the risk of heart diseases. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the consumption and the food sources of n-3 FAs in two samples of elderly men living in different geographic locations (coastal and internal regions) of Saudi Arabia. Sixty men from each of the coastal and the internal regions provided a 24-hour recall and 2-day food record and a food frequency questionnaire. Food Processor Plus computer program software (ESHA Version 0.7; Salem, Oregon, 2002) was used to analyze the dietary intake. The intake of total n-3 FAs, alpha-lenolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were higher among the coastal region residents than among the internal residents (P < 0.05). English walnuts, salmon, canola oil, malabar cavalla and king mackerel were the top five foods contributing to the n-3 FA intakes in the coastal region. The top five foods contributing to the n-3 FA intakes in the internal region were English walnuts, lamb, whole milk, baked beans and chicken. The food contributing the most to the intake of n-3 FAs in both regions were English walnuts. In conclusion, the food consumption pattern for food providing n-3 FAs differs by location and coastal residents consume more than twice as much n-3 FAs as internal residents. Nutrition education intervention among internal residents is needed for increasing the consumption of n-3 FAs.
Long Noncoding RNA Metastasis-Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 Promotes HIV-1 Replication through Modulating microRNAs in Macrophages

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Viral reservoirs constitute an obstacle to curing HIV-1 diseases, despite antiretroviral therapy. Macrophages serve as viral reservoirs in HIV infection by promoting long-term replication and latency.