jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome screening followed by integrated physicochemical and structural analyses for investigating RNA-mediated berberine activity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Non-coding RNAs are regarded as promising targets for the discovery of innovative drugs due to their abundance in the genome and their involvement in many biological processes. Phytochemicals (PCs) are the primary source of ligand-based drugs due to their broad spectrum of biological activities. Since many PCs are heterocyclic and have chemical groups potentially involved in the interaction with nucleic acids, detailed interaction analysis between PCs and RNA is crucial to explore the effect of PCs on RNA functions. In this study, an integrated approach for investigating interactions between PCs and RNAs were demonstrated to verify the RNA-mediated PCs functions by using berberine (BRB) as a model PC. RNA screening of a transcriptome library followed by sequence refinement found minimal RNA motif consisting of a cytosine bulge with U-A and G-U neighbouring base pairs for interaction with BRB. NMR-based structure determination and physicochemical analyses using chemical analogues of BRB demonstrated the importance of electrostatic and stacking interactions for sequence selective interaction and RNA stabilization. The selective interaction with a relatively small RNA motif based on a chemical structure of a planer heterocyclic highlights the biological activities of various PCs mediated by the interactions with particular functional RNAs. In addition, the systematic and quantitative investigations demonstrated in this study could be useful for the development of therapeutic chemicals targeting functional RNAs, based on the PCs, in the future.
Spatiotemporal Rainfall Distribution of Soan River Basin, Pothwar Region, Pakistan

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This study evaluates the spatiotemporal rainfall variability over the semimountainous Soan River Basin (SRB) of sub-Himalayan Pothwar region, Pakistan. The temporal rainfall trend analysis of sixteen rain gauges was performed on annual basis with long-term (1981–2016) data. The results depicted that there is substantial year-to-year and season-to-season variability in rainfall patterns, and rainfall patterns are generally erratic in nature. The results highlight that most of the highland rainfall stations showed decreasing trends on annual basis. The central and lowland stations of the study area recorded an increasing trend of rainfall except for Talagang station. The average annual rainfall of the study area ranges between 492 mm and 1710 mm in lowland and high-altitude areas, respectively. Of the whole year’s rainfall, about 70 to 75% fall during the monsoon season. The rainfall spatial distribution maps obtained using the inverse distance weighting (IDW) method, through the GIS software, revealed the major rainfall range within the study area. There is a lack of water during postmonsoon months (November–February) and great differences in rainfall amounts between the mountainous areas and the lowlands. There is a need for the rational management of mountainous areas using mini and check dams to increase water production and stream regulation for lowland areas water availability. The spatiotemporal rainfall variability is crucial for better water resource management schemes in the study area of Pothwar region, Pakistan.
Pro-biotics for a healthy gut

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Have you ever noticed the little bottles in your local grocery store that contain living bacteria? When a microorganims is still alive in food and after consumption can have health benefits, it is called “a probiotic”. In this video we will explain how probiotics can promote gut health.This lesson is part of the WageningenX MOOC called 'Nutrition and Health: Human Microbiome'
Multimodality Evaluation of Breast Lesions

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Aim: To comparison of real time elastography, greyscale sonomammography and CR mammography and their correlation with FNAC/biopsy to differentiate the benign and malignant lesions of the breast. Method: A prospective study conducted in 80 Patients with complaint of pain or lump in the breast or nipple discharge those attending OPD/admitted at the Govt General Hospital for the 2 year duration. A Proforma used to collect the clinical and other relevant from all patients. Evaluation was done by mammography, sonomammography, elastography, MRI and correlated with FNAC/biopsy. Results: Benign diseases (56.25%) were more common than malignant (43.75%), of which fibroadenoma is the most common lesion. Benign lesions are more common in below 50yrs age group. Incidence of malignant lesions is more in above 50yrs age group. Most common location for the lesions is upper outer quadrant (35%). In mammography, 30 lesions are malignant of which only 2 are benign in FNAC, whereas 50 lesions are benign of which only 7 are malignant. Mammography has a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 95.5%, positive predictive value of 93.3%, and negative predictive value of 86%. Sonomammography has a sensitivity of 74.2%, specificity of 91%, positive predictive value of 86%, and negative predictive value of 82%. Real time Elastography has a sensitivity of 91.4%, specificity of 94.4%, positive predictive value of 94.1%, and negative predictive value of 91.8%. Combined CR mammography and sonomammography has a sensitivity of 82.8%, specificity of 93.3%, positive predictive value of 90.6%, and negative predictive value of 87.5%. Combined sonomammography and Real time Elastography has a sensitivity of 91.4%, specificity of 97.2%, positive predictive value of 96.96%, and negative predictive value of 92.1%. By combining all three modalities CR mammography, Greyscale Sonomammography and real time Elastography only two malignant lesions were misdiagnosed as benign and all benign lesions were correctly identified as benign. Combined Greyscale Sonomammography and real time Elastography do not have the disadvantage of radiation and it is easily available and easy to perform without any compression. Even in dense breasts the lesion can be identified easily. Conclusion: Combination of CR mammography, Sonomammography and Real time Elastography has high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of benign and malignant breast masses obviating the use of higher modalities like MRI, CAD and Digital Tomosynthesis which is very useful.
HAFEVER: An Inelastic Scattering Code for the IBM 704 Computer

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Report issued by the APDA over HAFEVER, a code developed for the IBM 704 computer. As stated in the introduction, "HAFEVER is an IBM 704 code which calculates the energy exchange inelastic scattering cross section" (p. 3). Descriptions of the code and the theory behind the code are discussed. This report includes tables.
Toward integrative cancer immunotherapy: targeting the tumor microenvironment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The development of cancer has historically been attributed to genomic alterations of normal host cells. Accordingly, the aim of most traditional cancer therapies has been to destroy the transformed cells themselves. There is now widespread appreciation that the progressive growth and metastatic spread of cancer cells requires the cooperation of normal host cells (endothelial cells, fibroblasts, other mesenchymal cells, and immune cells), both local to, and at sites distant from, the site at which malignant transformation occurs. It is the balance of these cellular interactions that both determines the natural history of the cancer, and influences its response to therapy. This active tumor-host dynamic has stimulated interest in the tumor microenvironment as a key target for both cancer diagnosis and therapy. Recent data has demonstrated both that the presence of CD8+ T cells within a tumor is associated with a good prognosis, and that the eradication of all malignantly transformed cells within a tumor requires that the intra-tumoral concentration of cytolytically active CD8+ effector T cells remain above a critical concentration until every tumor cell has been killed. These findings have stimulated two initiatives in the field of cancer immunotherapy that focus on the tumor microenvironment. The first is the development of the immune score as part of the routine diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of human cancers, and the second is the development of combinatorial immune-based therapies that reduce tumor-associated immune suppression to unleash pre-existing or therapeutically-induced tumor immunity. In support of these efforts, the Society for the Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) is sponsoring a workshop entitled "Focus on the Target: The Tumor Microenvironment" to be held October 24-25, 2012 in Bethesda, Maryland. This meeting should support development of the immune score, and result in a position paper highlighting opportunities for the development of integrative cancer immunotherapies that sculpt the tumor microenvironment to promote definitive tumor rejection.
EFFECT OF POSITIVE END EXPIRATORY PRESSURE ON CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE IN PATIENTS UNDER MECHANICAL VENTILATION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A majority of patients who are kept under mechanical ventilation may also require central venous (CV) line insertion for different reasons such as inability to access peripheral vein, blood transfusion, or administration of vasoactive agent.(1) Central venous pressure (CVP) is a good indicator of circulatory volume and cardiac function. The normal range of CVP is 8 - 12 cmH2O. It increases to 12 - 16 cmH2O in patients under mechanical ventilation.(1,2)
Nitrogen Beams with a National Electrostatics Corporation Alphatross Source and a 5SDH Accelerator

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Over the past 15 years, Hope College has been producing hydrogen and helium ion beams with an Alphatross® ion source and 5SDH Pelletron® tandem Van de Graaff accelerator. The manufacturer stated the possibility of creating nitrogen ions from this source, but Hope College has not, up until now, attempted to do so. By mixing approximately 1% nitrogen into hydrogen source gas, imidogen (NH-) and amidogen (NH2-) ions are created and accelerated through the tandem accelerator. Oxygen and hydroxide beams are also present due to residual water vapor in the source after maintenance. Post acceleration, these ion beams were directed into a scattering chamber by a dipole bending magnet for identification. Alternate beams such as these open up new possibilities for future experiments such as nitrogen implantation.
Functional Trajectories of Persons with Cardiovascular Disease in Late Life

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives Physical function declines with aging and is accelerated for persons with cardiovascular disease (CVD). While CVD increases the risk of functional decline in late life, little is known about differences in trajectories of functional decline. To determine whether there is more than 1 trajectory of functional decline in Americans with cardiovascular disease (CVD) who are functionally independent. Design Secondary analysis of National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS). Latent class growth modeling was used to estimate trajectories of function over 4 years of follow‐up. Setting Annual structured in‐home interviews. Participants Americans aged 65 and older with CVD who were functionally independent at baseline (N = 392). Measurements We compared trajectories of function in individuals with CVD with trajectories of those without and examined the association between risk factors (sex, age at baseline, education level, comorbidity) and trajectory group membership. Function was measured using the Short Physical Performance Battery. Results Three functional trajectories emerged: rapid functional decline (23.8%), gradual functional decline (44.2%), and stable function (32.0%). Similar trajectories were seen for those without CVD, with a smaller proportion in the rapid functional decline group (16.2%). Women, older participants, and those with less education and greater comorbidity were less likely to be in the stable function group than the rapid functional decline group. Conclusion Although function declines in late life for independently functioning persons with CVD, some individuals remain stable, and others decline gradually or rapidly. Persons with CVD were more likely to experience rapid functional decline than those without, suggesting that CVD increases the risk of rapid functional decline. Risk factors predicted functional trajectory group membership, not just overall decline. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:37–42, 2019.
Investigating the Compatibility of Weekly Prednisone with Daily Finerenone in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Mouse Models

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to progressive skeletal muscle degeneration, cardiomyopathy, and fibrosis. Glucocorticoids, such as prednisone, are the standard-of-care for managing DMD due to their anti-inflammatory effects, but long-term use is associated with significant side effects and may exacerbate cardiac and skeletal muscle pathology. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), including finerenone, have demonstrated promise in reducing fibrosis and improving muscle function in dystrophic models. However, glucocorticoids and MRAs share overlapping receptor interactions, potentially diminishing the efficacy of MRAs when administered concurrently. This study aimed to determine whether a clinical compromise—using weekly prednisone in combination with daily finerenone—could preserve the anti-inflammatory benefits of glucocorticoids while maximizing the anti-fibrotic effects of MRAs. A short-term study using mdx mice and a long-term 16-week study using het mice were conducted. Mice were treated with either daily prednisone, daily finerenone, or a combination of weekly prednisone and daily finerenone. Muscle damage, fibrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration were assessed using immunofluorescence staining for IgG, fibronectin, CD11b, and matrix Gla protein (MGP). Results demonstrated that daily finerenone significantly reduced muscle damage compared to prednisone, with lower IgG staining in quadriceps muscles. In contrast, the combination of prednisone and finerenone did not reduce fibrosis or muscle damage in long-term studies, and in some cases exacerbated pathology. MGP expression was selectively upregulated by glucocorticoids, suggesting GR-dependent regulation, rather than MR-specific signaling. These findings highlight the complexity of combining glucocorticoids and MRAs in DMD therapy. While finerenone alone improves muscle pathology, its benefits may be diminished when co-administered with glucocorticoids. Future studies should investigate modified MRAs or alternative dosing regimens to optimize combination treatment strategies for DMD.
On the correctness of inside-out routing algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Recently, a new routing algorithm called inside-out routing algorithm was proposed for routing an arbitrary permutation in the omega-based 2log/sub 2/ N stage networks. This paper discusses the problems of the inside-out routing algorithm and shows that the suggested condition for proper routing in the omega-omega network is insufficient. An extended necessary and sufficient condition for proper routing in the omega-omega network is also suggested. However, it is unknown if any permutation can be successfully routed by a heuristic algorithm which follows the condition. Thus, the rearrangeability of the omega-omega network still remains an open problem.
Pushing the AI Envelope: Merging Deep Networks to Accelerate Edge Artificial Intelligence in Consumer Electronics Devices and Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are widely used by both academic and industry researchers to solve many long-standing problems in machine learning. There has been such a growth of research in this field, and it has been applied to so many varying problems, that it would be accurate to say that we may be living through the precursor of the singularity [1]. But regardless of one's views on artificial intelligence (AI), there is no doubt that there is a wealth of recent research that leverages the use of various DNNs to solve a broad range of pattern recognition and classification problems. Examples range from the introduction of smart speakers with intelligent assistants to the application of DNNs to solve recalcitrant problems in computer vision for autonomous vehicles. Many of these problems can have very useful applications in the design of smarter consumer electronics (CE) systems and devices. The question for CE engineers is how to leverage this wealth of academic and industry research efforts, turning them into practical DNN solutions suitable for deployment in practical devices and electronic systems.
The Construction and Analysis of Eutrophication Model for Caohai of Dianchi Lake

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The aquatic ecosystem of lake is a complex open systems, this study that is based on the principles of maximum flux selects Caohai as the object, we apply complex systems analysis to construct eutropication model which is suitable for local conditions and select a larger time scale and control parameters to simulate the eutrophication status to find out the main factors and to put forward reasonable proposals for giving out optimal control techniques. This model can be expanded in time scale, spatial scale and the number of parameters, while the difficulty of calculation and analysis will not be increased. The trend and influencing factors of the system will be got at the same time.
STUDY OF ESTIMATION METHOD OF CORROSION RATE OF STEEL COVERED WITH SAND AND MASONRY

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

海水中における鋼材のミクロセル腐食は，環境に含まれる溶存酸素の拡散限界電流密度が支配的に影響し，その腐食速度が決まる．砂や石積みなどの障壁物に覆われた場合も同様であり，本研究ではこの拡散限界電流密度を障壁物の粒径，厚み，溶存酸素の拡散係数および濃度の4パラメータから推定可能とした．さらに，実環境下の鋼構造物を想定した場合は，ミクロセル腐食に加え，障壁部を境に形成するマクロセル腐食を考慮する必要がある．防食範囲を考える上では両腐食速度の合算値を評価し，適用範囲を定めるべきである．そのため，ミクロセル腐食については前述した推定手法を用い，マクロセル腐食については有限要素解析（FEM）を用いて，両腐食に起因する電流密度の収支から防食適用範囲について考察を加えた．
[Selective reduction in cases of multiple pregnancy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

During diagnostic sonography, the obstetrician may discover the presence of quadruplet or quintuplet fetuses if ovulation has been induced, or of a twin with serious anomalies in the case of a twin pregnancy. Until now, the choice of interventions has been limited to a total termination of the pregnancy or its continuation. In 1981, however, an intracardiac puncture was performed on a trisomic twin, permitting the birth at 40 weeks of a normal twin and the expulsion of a papyraceus trisomic twin. In another case, 2 of 5 amniotic sacs were punctured and injected with saline solution at 10 weeks gestation, permitting the birth at 35 1/2 weeks of 3 normal babies who had no neonatal problems. In the present case, a 36-year old patient who had been treated for secondary infertility with human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin was discovered to have a quadruple pregnancy of 10 weeks. An attempt was made to puncture the amniotic cavity of a sac containing 2 embryos and to practice a cardiac puncture. A repeat sonogram the following day revealed that the development of the twin embyros had been arrested but also that a sub-chorial hematoma had caused the death of a 2nd egg. The pregnancy of the remaining embryo developed normally until 24 weeks, when a 720 gm, normal appearing infant female was born and died within a few minutes. The death did not appear to be completely related to the earlier intervention, and the technique of selective reduction should not necessarily be abandoned because of this relative failure. It should only be attempted in the case of multiple births, and never in twin or triplet pregnancies with normal embryos or fetuses.
SWISSMETRO: Combined Propulsion with Levitation and Guidance

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Swissmetro is a MAGLEV Project between the main cities of Switzerland, designed for a speed up to 500 [km/h] in two tunnels under partial vacuum. Two propulsion variants are considered:- the short stators of the linear homopolar motors are fixed with the tunnel tracks;- the stator of the motors is on board of the vehicles. The levitation, the guidance and the transfer of energy are independent. The authors investigate the possibilities to combine the propulsion with the levitation and the guidance. Polarized inductors for the levitation and the guidance are studied. The electromechanical component designs are presented, considering the specificity of the tunnel partial vacuum. 1
The Power and Promise of Web 2.0 Tools

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The key idea that sets constructivism apart from other theories of cognition was launched about 60 years ago by Jean Piaget. It was the idea that what is called knowledge does not and cannot have the purpose of producing representations of an independent reality, but instead has an adaptive function (Von Glasersfeld, 1996, p.3). In this chapter, a variety of Web 2.0 applications and their affordances are presented and discussed in relation to constructivism in higher education. The aim is to explain how these applications can be used in higher education to promote interactive and engaging learning environments. Recommendations for harnessing the potential of these tools along with practical examples will assist facilitators of higher education with creative means to design their courses and thus promote Learning 2.0.
Drug release of electrohydrodynamic spray coated polymers

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The study of controlled drug release of biodegradable Poly(L-lactide) films using a novel technique Electrohydrodynamic Atomization, to spray coat the film with lidocaine base, was reported in this report. The main objectives of this project are to electrospray lidocaine on Poly(L-lactide) film to produce micro to nano-sized surface features and to study the rate of controlled drug release in vitro. SEM results have shown that Electrohydrodynamic Atomization of lidocaine solution forms micron-sized craters on the surface of Poly(L-lactide) film. This surface modification roughens the surface, which probably promotes cell adhesion that is useful for implants and tissue engineering applications. On average, each micron-sized crater was measure to be approximately 78mm. Theoretically, the amount of lidocaine electrosprayed on Poly(L-lactide) film of dimension 2×2cm is 0.07wt%. TGA results shows no difference in decomposition temperature when both Poly(L-lactide) film and lidocaine-loaded Poly(L-lactide) film underwent thermal ramping. Similarly, FTIR yielded no characteristic peak for lidocaine as well. Lidocaine drug release was studied at predetermined time intervals. However, the low wt% of drug released is considered negligible. Nevertheless, Electrohydrodynamic Atomization is an effective micron-fabrication technique to coat drugs in a monodisperse fashion.