jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Neuropeptide Y functions as a facilitator of GDNF-induced budding of the Wolffian duct

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Ureteric bud (UB) emergence from the Wolffian duct (WD), the initiating step in metanephric kidney morphogenesis, is dependent on GDNF; however, GDNF by itself is generally insufficient to induce robust budding of the isolated WD in culture. Thus, additional factors, presumably peptides or polypeptide growth factors, might be involved. Microarray data from in vivo budding and non-budding conditions were analyzed using non-negative matrix factorization followed by gene ontology filtering and network analysis to identify sets of genes that are highly regulated during budding. These included the GDNF co-receptors GFRα1 and RET, as well as neuropeptide Y (NPY). By using ANOVA with pattern matching, NPY was also found to correlate most significantly to the budded condition with a high degree of connectedness to genes with developmental roles. Exogenous NPY [as well as its homolog, peptide YY (PYY)] augmented GDNF-dependent budding in the isolated WD culture; conversely, inhibition of NPY signaling or perturbation of NPY expression inhibited budding, confirming that NPY facilitates this process. NPY was also found to reverse the decreased budding, the downregulation of RET expression, the mislocalization of GFRα1, and the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation that resulted from the addition of BMP4 to the isolated WD cultures, suggesting that NPY acts through the budding pathway and is reciprocally regulated by GDNF and BMP4. Thus, the outgrowth of the UB from the WD might result from a combination of the upregulation of the GDNF receptors together with genes that support GDNF signaling in a feed-forward loop and/or counteraction of the inhibitory pathway regulated by BMP4.
Virginia Woolf’s Exploration of Bipolar Disorder in To the Lighthouse

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Many scholars—from 1972 Freudian analyst Nancy Topping Bazin to 2007 social scientists Katherine Thomas and Marshall Duke—have speculated on the inherent motivations for Virginia Woolf’s many novels. Perhaps most especially in her 1927 novel, To the Lighthouse, Woolf’s unique writing style is often considered to have been a mere product of a female author confined by societal limitations and mental instability. Arguably a most important element in all of her writing, the intentional examination of Woolf’s mental disorder in her character development is often problematically overlooked. Even the respected theories of Gilbert and Gubar, which suggest that early women authors wrote to curb anxiety about societal limitations, neglect to remark on less gender-oriented, more objective endeavors to explore the underdeveloped models of psychological mental disorders, like Woolf’s alleged bipolar disorder. To the Lighthouse—particularly through the thoughts of its three main characters—shows an emergence of Woolf’s objective, scientific endeavor to understand that specific malady. By bridging the gap between what we now know as psychology and abstract literature when studying the novel’s characters, I submit that Woolf’s motivations in To the Lighthouse were more than just a product of her societal anxiety; the novel’s characters, in fact, became her attempt to make her contribution to underdeveloped 20th-century psychology and to explore the complexities of her own mind.
Green-Leaf-Derived C6-Aroma Compounds with Potent Antibacterial Action That Act on Both Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

All eight C6-aliphatic alcohol and aldehyde compounds in naturally occurring green leaves showed bacteriostatic effects against Staphylococcus aureus IFO 12732, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Escherichia coli IFO 3301, E. coli O157:H7, and Salmonella enteritidis, with bacteriostatic activities of less than 12.5 microg mL(-1). In this study, the susceptibility of Gram-positive bacteria tested was observed to be greater than that of Gram-negative bacteria. The bactericidal action of the aldehyde compounds was found to be much stronger than that of the alcohol compounds under both liquid and gaseous conditions. The most effective compound was (3E)-hexenal at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 microg mL(-1), which killed 2.1 x 10(5) cfu mL(-1) of S. aureus IFO 12732 and 1.4 x 10(5) cfu mL(-1) of E. coli IFO 3301, respectively, by direct contact with the compound. Lethality of (3E)-hexenal against S. aureus IFO 12732 and E. coli IFO 3301 was also observed as a result of gaseous contact at concentrations of 3 and 30 microg mL(-1), respectively. The bactericidal effects of 30 microg mL(-1) (3E)-hexenal were thoroughly maintained throughout periods of 2 days and 1 day against S. aureus IFO 12732 and E. coli IFO 3301, respectively, by a complex formation with alpha-cyclodextrin.
Management of myocardial ischemia. Is ranolazine needed? For all or some patients with myocardial ischemia?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This editorial refers to 'Should ranolazine be used for all patients with ischemic heart disease or only for symptomatic patients with stable angina or for those with refractory angina pectoris? A critical appraisal' by U Thadani also published in this issue.
Supporting Information for "The effects of host ecology and phylogeny on gut microbiota (non)parallelism across birds and mammals"

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

R scripts and data files used for investigating (non)parallelism of changes in gut microbiota taxonomic composition and inferred metagenome function across 53 mammalian and 50 avian host species based on multivariate vector analysis. The files are supporting information for our manuscript titled: "Supporting Information for "The effects of host ecology and phylogeny on gut microbiota (non)parallelism across birds and mammals".
A comparison of incremental exercise tests during cycle and treadmill ergometry

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We evaluated a short-duration maximum exercise test by comparing a 15-s incremental exercise protocol with a 1-min incremental method. Twenty normal men and women were studied using cycle and/or treadmill ergometry. In subjects tested on both exercise devices, anaerobic threshold and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were higher for both protocols on the treadmill than on the cycle ergometer (P less than 0.001). However, when the 15-s and 1-min tests were compared using the same device (treadmill or cycle), there were no significant differences between protocols in anaerobic threshold or maximum exercise values of minute ventilation, respiratory rate, tidal volume, VO2max, oxygen pulse, and peak expiratory flow rate. Linear regression analyses indicated differences between the 15-s and 1-min protocols when cardiopulmonary measurements were related to power; however, the two protocols were comparable when cardiopulmonary data were related to oxygen uptake. Comparisons between protocols or between exercise devices were not systematically different in large vs small individuals, or in men vs women. Short-duration incremental exercise tests appear to be reliable, practical methods for assessing exercise performance in normal individuals.
Abstracts of Papers Presented at the Third International Complement Workshop, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, June 3–5, 1968

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract C′5 was isolated by isoelectric precipitation, Pevikon electrophoresis and chromatography on DEAE cellulose and hydroxyapatite. The sedimentation coefficient was 7.9 S for purified C′5 and for C′5 in serum. Molecular weight of 200,000 was estimated on Sephadex G 200. On reaction with EAC′4,2a,3, some C′5 was fixed (ca. 1/10), and the remainder was inactivated. In accord with this, at low ionic strength, 10 molecules were required for lysing one erythrocyte. At high ionic strength, the reaction rate was lower. The efficiency of site formation was also lower, due to dissociation of cell-bound C′5. The dissociated C′5 either recombines with EAC′4,2a,3 or becomes inactivated, the former (site-to-site transfer of activated C′5) being favored at high SAC′4,2a,3 concentration. There are two mechanisms of C′5 dissociation. One, spontaneous dissociation, is favored at high ionic strength and occurs even at 0°C. The other, a consequence of decay-release of C′2a, is favored by elevated temperature and occurs even at low ionic strength. Accordingly, C′5 intermediates made from EAC′1a,4,2a, EAC′1a,4hu,2a, EAC′1a,4hu,2ahu and EAC′1a, 4hu,2ahu-ox have decay rates similar to their parent CP2 intermediates, except EAC′1a,4 hu, 2ahu-ox 3,5. Decayed C′5 sites cannot be regenerated with C′2. During the reaction with EAC′1a,4,2a,3, C′5 is cleaved into two fragments with sedimentation coefficients of 7.4 S and 1.5 S. The smaller fragment (M.W. 15,000), isolated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, Sephadex G 75 gel filtration, and acrylamide gel disc electrophoresis (small pore gel, pH 4.3, 7.5%, and 15% acrylamide), has both anaphylatoxin activity and chemotactic activity for rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Faculty Opinions recommendation of Intronic RNAs mediate EZH2 regulation of epigenetic targets.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Epigenetic deregulation at a number of genomic loci is one of the hallmarks of cancer. A role for some RNA molecules in guiding repressive polycomb complex PRC2 to specific chromatin regions has been proposed. Here we use an in vivo cross-linking method to detect and identify direct PRC2-RNA interactions in human cancer cells, revealing a number of intronic RNA sequences capable of binding to the core component EZH2 and regulating the transcriptional output of its genomic counterpart. Overexpression of EZH2-bound intronic RNA for the H3K4 methyltransferase gene SMYD3 is concomitant with an increase in EZH2 occupancy throughout the corresponding genomic fragment and is sufficient to reduce levels of the endogenous transcript and protein, resulting in reduced growth capability in cell culture and animal models. These findings reveal the role of intronic RNAs in fine-tuning gene expression regulation at the level of transcriptional control. PMID: 22659877
Athabasca Valles, Mars: A Lava-Draped Channel System

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Athabasca Valles is a young outflow channel system on Mars that may have been carved by catastrophic water floods. However, images acquired by the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment camera onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter spacecraft reveal that Athabasca Valles is now entirely draped by a thin layer of solidified lava—the remnant of a once-swollen river of molten rock. The lava erupted from a fissure, inundated the channels, and drained downstream in geologically recent times. Purported ice features in Athabasca Valles and its distal basin, Cerberus Palus, are actually composed of this lava. Similar volcanic processes may have operated in other ostensibly fluvial channels, which could explain in part why the landers sent to investigate sites of ancient flooding on Mars have predominantly found lava at the surface instead.
Fluorescent Probe for Simultaneous Discrimination of GSH, Cys, and SO2 Derivatives

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Biothiols and SO2 derivatives, as essential reactive sulfur species (RSS), play vital roles in various physiological processes and have a close network of generation and metabolic pathways among them. To clarify their complex correlations, fluorescent probes to simultaneously detect GSH, Cys, and SO2 derivatives are highly desirable. Herein, we develop the first fluorescent probe (BO-HEM) to simultaneously discriminate GSH, Cys, and SO2 derivatives. The fluorescent probe is designed by integration of hemicyanine and BODIPY fluorophores through an ether bond. The ether bond of the probe is rapidly replaced by thiolates through nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) to generate hemicyanine with NIR fluorescence and sulfur-BODIPY. The amino groups of Cys but not GSH then further replace the thiolate to form amino-BODIPY. As for SO32-, nucleophilic addition to the double bond of BO-HEM generates adduct O-BODIPY with green fluorescence. To further improve the sensing performance, the nanoprobe with increased reactivity and biocompatibility is constructed by encapsulation of BO-HEM into the polymeric micelle. More importantly, by taking advantage of the hydrophilicity of the reaction products, the spectral discrimination was further enhanced to avoid signal interference. The nanoprobe is applied to discriminate biothiols and SO2 derivatives in living cells through three-color fluorescence imaging.
Large-Scale Assessment Special Issue Test Theory: Some Basic Notions

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article discusses basic concepts in Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory. In the context of Classical Test Theory the concepts of observed and true score, reliability of observed scores, and item indices are discussed. Some common rules of thumb to interpret numeric values of these indices are also presented in line with some caveats. Some problems with Classical Test Theory are also summarized. In the context of Item Response Theory, basically, the logistic models are discussed highlighting the importance of the concept to be measured. Practical guidelines in taking the decision to accept the IRT model are discussed.
Row spacing and weed management methods influences growth and yield of soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Weed infestation is among the primary reasons for low yields of soybean in Nigeria and other parts of Sub Saharan Africa (SSA). Field trials were therefore carried out in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons to evaluate the effect of row spacing and weed management methods on growth and yield of soybean. The use of 50 cm row spacing resulted in significant ( P < 0.05) reduction in weed cover score, weed density and weed dry matter with subsequent increase in soybean growth and grain yield compared to 75 and 100 cm row spacings in both years. In addition, early weed control with probaben at 2.0 kg a.i (active ingredient) ha 1 followed by (fb) supplementary hoe weeding (shw) at 6 weeks after sowing (WAS) suppressed weeds and increased soybean growth, which carried through to final dry matter and yield. Pre-emergence application of Probaben fb shw at 6 WAS gave the best weed control and resulted in significantly ( P < 0.05) higher soybean grain yield compared to two and three hoe weedings or sole application of probaben under 50 and 75 cm inter-row spacing. However, three hoe weedings gave the best weed control and grain yield under 100 cm inter-row spacing. These results suggest that narrow row spacing of 50 cm and weed control by pre-emergence application of probaben fb shw will improve the productivity of soybean. Wide row spacing, however, required longer weed-free period and consequently multiple hoe weeding for optimum soybean yield.
Decrease in Cortical Benzodiazepine Receptors in Symptomatic Patients With Leukoaraiosis

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background and Purpose— [ 11 C]flumazenil (FMZ), a ligand that selectively binds to the central benzodiazepine receptor in the neuronal membrane, is useful for evaluating neuronal viability in a positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Using this ligand, we investigated whether there was a correlation between neuronal integrity in various brain structures and dementia in patients with leukoaraiosis. Methods— Twelve patients with extensive leukoaraiosis on magnetic resonance imaging were divided into groups of patients with or without dementia. Based on a 2-compartment, 2-parameter model that included metabolite-corrected arterial input and PET-measured cerebral radioactivity, the distribution volume of FMZ (FMZ-V d ) was calculated in various regions of interest by nonlinear curve fitting. Additionally, tracer kinetic analysis was applied for voxel-by-voxel quantification of FMZ-V d , and data analysis was performed by statistical parametric mapping. Results— The presence of dementia was associated with a reduced FMZ-V d in widespread areas of the cerebral cortex, including the bilateral frontopolar and frontal/insular areas, the left temporo-occipital border areas, and the left marginal cortical areas. Conclusions— Differences in neuronal integrity in the cerebral cortex might determine whether patients with leukoaraiosis become symptomatic or not.
Thermal responses in the body during snowmobile driving.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Thermal responses were examined in 12 healthy men during snowmobile driving (tests for 1 1/2-2 1/2 hours) in mild winter conditions. Ambient temperature ranged from -1 to -13 degrees C and average wind chill index from 1,050 to 1,520 kcal*m2/h. The subjects (23-49 years old) wore their ordinary winter clothing (insulation 1.7 - 2.4 clo). Work rate during the driving was 280-350 W. Rectal temperature increased slightly during driving, and mean skin temperature decreased quickly and fluctuated afterwards at a level 2-3 degrees C lower. Mean body temperature decreased by 1.2 degrees C in the most extreme case. Local cooling on the face and on the peripheral area of the extremities was considered the most serious problem: those temperatures were often below the limit of performance degradation and indicated occasionally the risk of frostbite. The winter conditions were mild in the present study, and on colder days cooling problems will be more severe, as the high incidence of frost injuries reported earlier indicates.
Clinical study on the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma by CIK cells

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To estimate the clinical effects on advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) treated by cytokine-induced killer(CIK) cells.Methods 144 patients with advanced HCC were randomized into four groups and treated.30 patients were treated by transcathetre hepatic arterial chemoembolization(TACE,single intervention group),62 patients by TACE combined with percutaneous ethanol injection(PEI)(double intervention group),16 patients by CIK combined with single intervention,36 patients by CIK combined with double intervention.Results The effective rate of CIK combined with double intervention group,double intervention group,CIK combined with single intervention group and single intervention group were 91.7%,75.8%,(75.0%,) 43.3% respectively.The cell immunity function,the Karnofsky's grade and survival period in the CIK combined with intervention groups were significantly superior to those in double and single intervention group.Serum AFP in CIK combined intervention groups lower than one in the others.Conclusion CIK cells combined with interventional therapy enhance effect of the anti-cancer,improve survival quantity and prolong survival period.
Guidelines for the prevention, detection and management of the renal complications of COVID-19 in Africa

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Africa trails the rest of the world in COVID-19 cases and deaths. However, as the pandemic spreads through the continent, we expect increases in community infection in the months ahead. Patients with kidney infection, especially those with end-stage kidney disease and those with kidney transplants, are at high risk for acquiring the disease and dying from it. While there is limited evidence for the benefit of interventions, we have the advantage of learning from the experiences of those in China, Europe and the Americas. This document sets forth guidance for dealing with our patients who have acute and chronic kidney disease, including those on renal replacement therapy and the staff involved in their care. Emphasis is placed on preparedness and prevention strategies. As evidence and experience accumulate, it is likely that updated guidance will be needed. L’Afrique suit le reste du monde en termes de nombre de cas et de décès dus à COVID-19. Cependant, alors que la pandémie se propage à travers le continent, nous prévoyons une augmentation de l’infection communautaire dans les mois à venir. Les patients atteints d’une maladie rénale, en particulier ceux atteints d’une maladie rénale chronique en phase terminale et ceux ayant subi une transplantation rénale, courent un risque élevé de contracter la maladie et d’en mourir. Bien que les preuves d’interventions soient limitées, nous avons l’avantage de tirer des enseignements des expériences de ceux qui se trouvent en Chine, en Europe et dans les Amériques. Ce document présente des conseils pour traiter nos patients atteints d’insuffisance rénale aiguÃ« et chronique, y compris ceux sous thérapie de suppléance rénale et le personnel impliqué dans leurs soins. L’accent est mis sur les stratégies de préparation et de prévention. Au fur et à mesure que les preuves et l’expérience s’accumulent, il est probable que des directives actualisées seront nécessaires.
Investigating increased hematopoietic stem cell fitness in a novel mouse model

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL) is a bone marrow (BM) malignancy affecting children and adults. Typically treated with chemotherapy, leukaemia remains a major death cause in people under 20 years old. Understanding molecularly altered pathways in T-ALL may lead to new therapeutic avenues in the future. Ras pathway dysregulation is common in T-ALL. We have shown elevated expression levels of the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor RasGRP1 in T-ALL patients, which results in constant production of active Ras (RasGTP). When leukaemia cell lines are exposed to cytokines, RasGTP levels further increase in a RasGRP1-dependent manner. How overexpressed RasGRP1 may impact primary BM cells has remained unknown. We recently published a new RoLoRiG mouse model that allows for pIpC-induced overexpression of RasGRP1 in haematopoietic cells, which can be traced with an ires-EGFP cassette. This novel model revealed that RasGRP1 overexpression bestows a fitness advantage to haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) over wild-type cells. Intriguingly, this increased fitness only manifests in native Hematopoiesis, and not in BM transplantation (BMT) assays. In this commentary, we summarize key features of our RoLoRiG model, elaborate on BM niche importance, and discuss differences between native Hematopoiesis and BMT in the context of stem cell metabolism.
Effective Use of Data Mining in Banking

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Data mining is one of the tasks in the process of knowledge discovery from the database. In the corporate world every organization is competing the other organization in terms of their value towards the business and the financial growth. Apart from execution of business processes, the creation of knowledge base and its utilization for the benefit of the organization is becoming a strategy tool to compete. In this paper we discuss about the basic details of data mining and the the use of knowledge discovery process and the new techniques from the business point of view.In our approach we make an efficient system so that the organization will get the right information at the right time and right to access the necessary information for their growth.The growth of the organization depends on the quality of service, competing with the other organizations,provide required information to the customers,satisfaction of the employees working in the organization. In the banking sector all the financial work can be done in the computers and their connectivity through World Wide Web the softwares get automatically updated in time,use of internet banking and ATM makes the big change in the banking sector. The banks have realized that their biggest asset is the knowledge and the planning to implement the right knowledge at the right time,the financial resources and the techniques of datamining for customer segmentation and profitability, marketing, risk management and customer relationship management and the fraud detection.