jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Child-Soldiering: A Nuanced View Through the Eyes of a Gorkha Youth in Kachin State, Myanmar

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Myanmar has more child soldiers than any other country but the literature on this subject disregards their experiences. I analyse a first-hand account of child-soldiering in 2014 in the Kachin Independence Army (KIA), a non-state armed group in Kachin State, to understand motivations for associating with the armed group as well as the lived experience of being a child soldier. I critique claims made in the literature for their failure to appreciate agency and volition and positive experiences in accounts of passivity, innocence, and suffering. Most pertinently, the case study reveals ethnic heterogeneity and ethnicisation, challenging the portrayal of the KIA as an ethnic militia exclusively advocating for Kachin people, and bringing into question politicised ethnicity as the primary lens through which conflict in Myanmar is conventionally viewed. The limitations of Western child rights-based approaches in leveraging culturally sensitive analyses are also considered. This nuanced view of child-soldiering is a corrective to top-down political approaches to deciphering Myanmar’s conflict.
TLR4-Agonist Stimulated Human Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Enhance Both Hematopoietic Progenitors and Myeloid Differentiation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Human mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can replicate as undifferentiated cells in vitro and are capable of differentiating into multiple mesenchymal tissues. In the bone marrow, MSCs are thought to contribute to nurturing stroma involved in maintaining and modulating hematopoiesis. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) function as receptors for different conserved pathogen associated products as well as certain host derived molecules. TLRs are expressed in several hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells, and their activation plays a key role in innate and adaptive immune responses to infectious agents, as well as in the development of pathologic conditions like autoimmune disease. In inflammatory conditions like sepsis, cytokines like G-CSF are elevated in serum, CD34+ cells increase in circulation, and bone marrow myelopoiesis is enhanced. We hypothesized that MSCs express TLRs and are capable to respond to TLR agonists by changing their cytokine expression pattern in order to more efficiently support hematopoiesis according to respective needs. In vitro cultured bone marrow MSCs were analyzed for mRNA expression of TLRs. TLR 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 9 expression, but not TLR 2, 7, 8, and 10 expression was detectable. Compared to human conventional and plasmacytoid blood dendritic cells, MSCs expressed TLR-3 and TLR-4 at levels up to 2 log higher than did conventional DCs, while TLR 9 expression was low. Upon in vitro stimulation with TLR-4 agonists, mRNA transcripts of flt3-ligand and thrombopoietin increased, and MSCs secreted high amounts of G-CSF, GM-CSF, and M-CSF, whereas stimulation with TLR-9 agonists did not lead to changes in cytokine levels measured in supernatants. TLR-4 stimulated MSC conditioned media enhanced myeloid colony formation from human CD34+ cells about 2.5× fold compared to non-stimulated MSC conditioned media. Furthermore, in co-culture assays of MSCs with CD34+ cells, TLR-4 stimulated MSCs were capable to retain 8 fold more CD34+ cells in divisions 0–3 and maintained overall 2 fold higher numbers of CD34+ cells. In secondary colony formation assays, CD34+ cells from TLR-4 stimulated MSC co-cultures produced about 2.5 fold more myeloid colonies, with some being CFU-GEMM. Moreover, hematopoietic cells taken from TLR-4 stimulated MSC co-cultures were able to engraft conditioned newborn Rag 2−/− gc−/− mice and differentiated into B, T, and myeloid cells, while CD34+ cells from co-cultures of non-stimulated MSCs did not engraft. These findings thus suggest a regulatory mechanism how, e.g. in gram-negative infection, inflammatory signals are translated via stromal cells into sustained early hematopoiesis and myeloid differentiation to efficiently meet the requests of an ongoing innate immune response.
Synthesis, Structural and Optical Properties of Tetrabenzoporphyrin Complexes Bearing Four or Eight Peripheral Phenyl Groups

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A series of free‐base and phosphorus(V) complexes of tetrabenzoporphyrin (TBP) and some phosphorus(V) porphyrins containing four or eight phenyl groups on the periphery have been synthesized and characterized by X‐ray crystallography, electronic absorption, and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy, together with quantum chemical calculations. All phosphorus TBP and meso ‐tetraphenyl porphyrin complexes adapted ruffled conformations due to the small P(V) ion, although the Zn(II)TBPs containing eight phenyl (Φ) groups at the so‐called β and α positions showed planar and saddled structures in the solid state, due to, respectively, marginal or severe steric hindrance between the neighboring Φ groups. All P(V)TBPs showed the Soret and Q bands beyond 450 and 700 nm, respectively, which are some of the longest wavelengths exhibited by metallated TBPs reported to date. Of the eight Φ group‐substituted P(V)TBPs, those substituted at α positions always showed absorption bands at longer wavelengths than those at β positions, which was reproduced by calculated absorption spectra. The Soret band positions of meso ‐tetraphenylated P(V) species without fused benzo‐groups (ca. 430–440 nm) were also some of the longest among metalloporphyrins of this type.
Quantitative analysis of peri-intestinal lymph node metastasis using indocyanine green fluorescence imaging technology

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We evaluated the efficacy of indocyanine green fluorescence imaging compared to that of traditional nanocarbon dyes in assessing peri-intestinal lymph node metastasis in patients with colorectal cancer, which is a key prognostic factor. The relationship between indocyanine green fluorescence imaging and histopathological outcomes in patients with colon cancer has also been explored. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 30 patients with colon cancer (from May to October 2023) confirmed by surgical pathology. Tumors were marked with indocyanine green (ICG) or nanocarbon via colonoscopy 16 to 24 hours before surgery. Within 15 minutes after surgery, peri-intestinal lymph node fluorescence imaging and hematoxylin and eosin staining were used to assess the distribution of cancer foci. The correlation between cancer foci distribution, fluorescence intensity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was measured. Among 243 metastatic lymph nodes from 30 patients, 18 were found. After the patients were divided into metastatic and nonmetastatic groups, significant differences in tumor differentiation and stage were noted ( P < .001). The fluorescence intensity was strongly correlated with the presence and proportion of metastasis (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.931), whereas nanocarbon staining showed no significant correlation ( P = .81). All P values were two-sided, with P < .05 indicating statistical significance. Lymph nodes with malignant intestinal tumor metastasis displayed weaker ICG fluorescence than did nonmetastatic nodes. Combining ICG and nanocarbon staining techniques enhances intraoperative lymph node dissection and postoperative analysis, indicating their potential utility in colorectal cancer surgery.
A brief overview and an experimental evaluation of data confidentiality measures on the cloud

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Due to the many advantages offered by the cloud computing paradigm, it is fast becoming an enabling technology for many organizations, and even individual users. Flexibility and availability are two of the most important features that promote the wide spread adoption of this technology. In cloud-based data storage scenarios, where the data is controlled by a third party (i.e. the cloud service provider), the data owner usually does not have full control of its data at all stages. Consequently, this poses a prime security threat, and a major challenge is the development of a secure protocol for data storage, sharing, and retrieval. In recent years, a number of research works have targeted this problem. In this paper, we discuss some of the major approaches for secure data sharing in the cloud computing environment. The goal is to provide a concise survey of existing solutions, discuss their benefits, and point out any shortcomings for future research. Specifically, we focus on the use of encryption schemes, and provide a comparative study of the major schemes, through implementation of some representative frameworks.
Ships on Land

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In the twenty-first century, archaeologists are seeing an increased number of “buried ships” that provide unique opportunities in nautical archaeology. More holistic view of maritime sites on land provides opportunities to assess the growth and decline of ports, port-related infrastructure and technology, and maritime cultural landscapes in port sites that are now land-filled. The buried sites can be deliberately interred as ship burials, or represented by beached shipwrecks or sites where marshes, sea-level change, river channel shifts, siltation, or deliberate land-filling or drainage have buried ships. This article gives an overview of buried ships from antiquity to the late Roman period, from the Byzantine period, from the medieval period to the sixteenth century ce, and from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries ce. While underwater excavation continues to provide access to shipwrecked cargoes within the context of the vessel itself, excavations on land offer the same potential, as a number of the polders wrecks also contain cargoes.
The Expectation of the WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism after the "Paralysis"

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

WTO dispute settlement mechanism since its birth has been known for its efficiency and fairness and is an important force to maintain the multilateral trading system, the appellate body is more known as the "Supreme Court" in the dispute settlement mechanism, but as the American impact of the appellate body and eventually lead to the lockout, the problem of the appellate agency also exposed. While the shutdown of the appellate body will not directly lead to the collapse of the existing multilateral trading system, the appellate body shutdown will create significant uncertainty for the WTO. How to survive this shutdown and restore the appellate body through the necessary innovation and improvements is not only an important task for WTO members but also the need to curb unilateralism and fight trade protectionism.
Vibration of otolithlike scatterers due to low frequency harmonic wave excitation in water.

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Otoliths may be approximated as hard objects moving in an acoustic medium in response to arriving sounds. We modeled how parameters of sound such as frequency and direction could be encoded from the motion of the otoliths. Prior numerical models predicted harmonic oscillation (rocking) of scatterers suspended in an acoustic medium when exposed to planar harmonic waves. Because of the potential for the angular oscillation to produce additional information about the sound source, the simulated rocking motions were studied using an additional numerical model. The number of scatterers, their spatial arrangements, shapes, and the characteristics of the incident sound waves were varied. The results were analyzed and will be presented. [Work supported by the Office Naval Research.]
The Sources of Geoffrey of Monmouth. I. The ‘Pre-Roman’ King-List

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The study of Geoffrey's book and of the allied Welsh texts is a subject of such complexity, and has produced such a mass of technical literature, that the intrusion of a newcomer into these jealously guarded preserves of recondite scholarship is naturally liable to direct at once the cold stare of disapproval, or at best the wan smile of tolerance upon one so rash. I am not unmindful that in a previous world-conflict Sir (Emeritus Professor) Flinders Petrie put forward views on the Historia from an outsider's standpoint which were instantly demolished in a few quietly incisive notes by Professor R. W. Chambers. But, despite the vast tangle of adherent commentary which now envelops Geoffrey's book to an extent that all too often dwarfs the actual text, it seems likely that certain basic questions—is it a work of fiction or of fact, or if both, in what proportions—should be answerable to some extent by enquiring whether certain passages read convincingly as sheer invention, and if not, what prevented the author from making them so. I hope to show that one can trace in the Historia a use of certain documentary sources which to the best of my knowledge have not been recognized in full before. I venture therefore to put forward these tentative ideas in the hope that they may be followed up or refuted by those more qualified for the task than myself, examining the problem for the first time and from the outside, and in those enforced circumstances in which the only really accessible works of reference are the King's Regulations and the Manual of Military Law. As a contrast it is a pleasure to record my thanks to those who have aided me, notably Professor Ifor Williams, who has given me invaluable advice and helped to eradicate the more egregious errors from my argument.
Relationship Between Touch Impairment and Brain Activation After Lesions of Subcortical and Cortical Somatosensory Regions

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Background. The neural basis underlying somatosensory impairment and recovery poststroke is virtually unexplored. Objective. To investigate the relationship between touch discrimination impairment and task-related brain activation in stroke survivors with somatosensory impairment following subcortical or cortical lesions. Methods. A total of 19 stroke survivors with touch impairment were investigated using fMRI and a touch discrimination paradigm 1-month poststroke; 11 had subcortical and 8 cortical sensory lesions; 12 age-matched healthy controls were also studied. Mean task-related contrast images were regressed with sensory impairment using random effects analysis for each subgroup and the total group. Results. There was no significant difference in touch impairment between stroke subgroups. Touch discrimination of the affected hand correlated negatively with task-related activation in the ipsilesional primary somatosensory cortex (SI; adjacent to the SI hand area activated in healthy controls); ipsilesional secondary somatosensory cortex (SII); contralesional thalamus; and attention-related frontal and occipital regions in the subcortical group. In contrast, the cortical group did not show significant correlated activity. Yet there was no significant between-group difference in a priori somatosensory regions: only in the superior medial frontal gyrus. A negative correlation was observed in the contralesional thalamus for the total group, irrespective of lesion type. Conclusion. The findings provide novel evidence of neural correlates of poststroke touch impairment involving a distributed network of ipsilesional SI and SII, the contralesional thalamus, and frontal attention regions, particularly following subcortical lesions. Further systematic investigation of a modulatory role for ipsilesional SI, the thalamus, and frontal attention regions in sensory processing and recovery is warranted, particularly given implications for rehabilitation.
(Invited) 4D Nanoscale Imaging of Corrosion through Coherent x-Ray Diffraction Imaging

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Bragg coherent X-ray diffraction imaging (BCDI) is a powerful means of operando materials characterization at the nanoscale. With the ability to measure 3D structure and strain in materials at few nm resolution and under real-world conditions, BCDI has provided unique insight into a variety of materials processes. We apply BCDI to directly image the 3D structural and strain field evolution in copper nanoparticles corroding in saline solution. We observe a defect driven, anisotropic corrosion process that is accompanied by nanoscale pit formation and lattice strain variation. To understand the origin of these phenomena, we build experimentally informed atomistic models of the corrosion process. Figure 1
The effect of heat treatment and high‐pressure homogenization on the dispersibility and interfacial behavior of faba bean protein isolate and concentrate

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract The effect of hydrothermal treatments, high‐pressure homogenization (HPH) and their combined effects on faba bean protein isolate (FBI) and concentrate (FBC) dispersions was investigated. With HPH, a significant reduction in particle size was observed for FBI but not for FBC. For FBI, dispersion stability under accelerated gravitation was significantly improved by both hydrothermal and HPH. For FBC, hydrothermal treatment had a negative effect on dispersion stability unless it was combined with HPH. The protein dispersibility of FBI increased, and FBC decreased with increasing temperature. Upon HPH, the protein dispersibility of FBI dramatically improved, making it almost completely soluble. All FBI dispersions had a higher surface charge compared to FBC. SDS PAGE profile showed strong protein crosslinking in the original FBI, leading to a loss of legumin and vicilin bands, which were visible in a more native state of FBC. Physical modifications did not significantly affect the viscosities except for a significant increase in FBC heated at 75°C due to starch gelatinization. The equilibrium interfacial tension of the modified FBI was significantly lower than the FBC. Analysis of dynamic interfacial adsorption showed that FBI had a much faster initial diffusion (beyond detection limit) towards the interface than FBC. Physical modifications improved the surface hydrophobicity of the proteins, leading to faster interfacial adsorption. Overall, FBI dispersions had improved functional properties compared to FBC, and HPH had a more significant effect than hydrothermal treatments. Physically modified FBI could be a promising emulsifier in various food applications.
Dynamism in Reserve Carbohydrates until the Following Growth Season in Japanese Apricot ^|^lsquo;Nanko^|^rsquo; Tree

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The changes in the volume of carbohydrates assimilated each month from summer (Aug.; 2 months after harvest) to late fall (Nov.; just before defoliation) in each organ of the Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc.) 'Nanko' tree were determined until May the following season. The 13C concentrations in the young fruits and new leaves were significantly low at the beginning of May. This phenomenon indicates that their growth depends on current instead of reserve carbohydrates. In May, carbohydrates assimilated in Aug., Sep., and Oct. were mainly transported to 2-year-old twigs (current twigs at 13C feeding time), roots, and trunk, respectively. Carbohydrates assimilated in Nov. were mainly transported to the flower buds with subsequent flowering at a significantly greater level, and barely transported to the perennial organs. These findings show that carbohydrates that are assimilated each month contribute to different organs and, particularly, that those assimilated in Nov. are important for the growth of flower buds and subsequent flowers; therefore, healthy leaves should be maintained until defoliation for stable production of the fruit of the Japanese apricot tree.
Hemodynamic Changes After Acute and Long-Term Combined Alpha—Beta-Adrenoceptor Blockade with Labetalol as Compared with Beta-Receptor Blockade

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The hemodynamic pattern in hypertension varies according to the age of the subject and the stage of the hypertensive disorder. In the early stage, both cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance tend to be elevated. Already at that stage, mild degrees of left ventricular function disturbance can be detected. Advanced stages are characterized by a hypokinetic type of circulation with subnormal cardiac output and considerably increased systemic vascular resistance. Both cardioselective and nonselective beta-receptor antagonists lower cardiac output and tend to raise systemic vascular resistance. Even left ventricular filling pressures tend to be higher. While these effects are most distinct in the acute experiment, cardiac output remains always depressed and systemic vascular resistance stabilizes often at a higher level, compared with pretreatment values, even during long-term therapy. The antihypertensive action of beta-receptor blockers appears to be mainly due to the reduction of cardiac output. Combined alpha--beta-adrenergic blockade lowers blood pressure predominantly by alpha-adrenoceptor-mediated reduction of systemic vascular resistance both when induced acutely and during long-term administration. Owing to its beta-adrenoceptor blocking component, the increase of cardiac output is abolished: cardiac output is maintained at pretreatment levels, as is left ventricular filling pressure. Since a well-balanced blockade of both alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors counteracts the hemodynamic changes occurring in the course of hypertension and tends to restore cardiovascular dynamics towards normal, combined alpha--beta-adrenoceptor blockade appears to be one of the most logical and rational therapeutical approaches to hypertension.
Assembling Market B/Orders: Violence, Dispossession, and Economic Development in Ciudad Juárez, Mexico

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Using an ongoing land conflict in Ciudad Juárez as a case study, I seek to show how maquiladora decision makers stabilize a regional development model even at times of extreme social and economic crisis. I argue that the current killings associated with drug trafficking play an ambivalent role in the reproduction of order in Juárez. At first sight, the violence is represented as a threat, unmasking as it does a regional development model as failure. Decision makers accordingly respond by doing everything possible to distance the maquiladora industry from the violence. On the one hand, this is being done by familiar means, not unlike in previous moments of crises. But on the other hand the events around Lomas del Poleo additionally assume a new quality, as maquiladorization goes hand in hand with an explicit strategy of spatial distanciation, integrating places and people that have hitherto been linked only marginally to the industry. And it is here that the narco-related violence plays different roles: As a convenient veil that allows what might be termed ‘ordinary’ assertions of brute force to be used under the cover of extraordinary, excessive, violence; and as a welcome excuse in moments of emergency that legitimize violent measures for the sake of a greater good.