jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Beyond the ‘Wretched Subterfuge’

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In Liberty before Liberalism, Quentin Skinner formulated what has turned out to be one of the most generative distinctions in recent political theory. Late medieval lawyers and Renaissance humanists, he explained, developed a 'neo-Roman' theory of freedom, according to which persons are free only if they are not dependent on the will of another person. It was this theory, for Skinner, that Thomas Hobbes momentously dislodged by redefining freedom as the absence of interference – thus paving the way for the emergence of 'liberalism'. This chapter questions the degree to which the liberal tradition did in fact assimilate the Hobbesian theory of liberty. It suggests that Kantian liberals accepted the neo-Roman account of political liberty, while simultaneously insisting that, in the realm of metaphysics, being one’s own master was insufficient to render a person free. I claim that we can only understand this fact about liberalism if we recognize Kant’s place in the early-modern Pelagian tradition. I also explain why this genealogy proved uniquely problematic for Kant’s most famous twentieth-century disciple, John Rawls.
Flexible Heavy‐Tailed Severity Models: α‐Stable Family

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This chapter presents an advanced discussion for risk modellers relating to flexible distributions. It provides the key features of a very flexible and widely applicable class of models in the operational risk (OpRisk) and insurance context, provided by the α-stable family. When introducing the family of heavy-tailed severity models corresponding to the flexible four-parameter α-stable distributions, the chapter presents some fundamental definitions that motivate many of the properties of the stable family. These include properties of characteristic functions; n-divisibility and infinite divisibility of random variables; self-decomposability; and domains of attraction and limit theorems for triangular arrays. The chapter describes several relevant properties of α-stable models that make them amenable to consideration as OpRisk severity models for low frequency but high consequence loss process modelling. This includes the different representations of their density and their properties with respect to linear combinations of losses distributed according to such a severity model.
Flood Vulnerability in Dabong using Geographical Information System

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In Malaysia usually, the Northeast Monsoon circulations occur during the month of \nNovember until January. Yellow — Mud Flood in 2014 occur in Dabong, Kelantan due to heavy \nrainfall during the monsoon season every year. Thus, an effectives ﬂood management needs an \nefﬁcient way of determining the ﬂood hazard, ﬂood exposure and ﬂood vulnerability in Dabong \nfor various proposed. Then, a new approach using Geographical lnfonnation System (GIS) is \nused in this study to gauge the effectiveness to improve the mapping and develop a good ﬂood \nhazard, ﬂood exposure and ﬂood vulnerability map in Dabong. The data has been collected from \nﬁeld investigation and additional data that relate to study area in Dabong. GIS was applied for \nanalyze the data in order to produce three type of maps which are ﬂood hazard, ﬂood exposure \nand ﬂood vulnerability. For the ﬂood exposure in Dabong, the infrastructure such as road, town, \nhouse, building and railway road that are affected by ﬂood has been measured in order to know \nthe types of exposure that exists in ﬂood prone area in Dabong. Flood Hazard discussed about \nhow to determine the level of ﬂood hazard in Dabong by using ﬂood depth of Galas River as \nmain indicator. The type level of ﬂood hazard in Dabong has been characterized based on the \nﬂood depth water. Besides, the map of ﬂood vulnerability has been conducted through the survey \nto the community in Dabong. The survey is important to know the types of vulnerability that \nexist in Dabong and categorized the level of ﬂood vulnerability based on total loss of the \ncommunity in Dabong. Finally, the maps of ﬂood hazard, ﬂood exposure and ﬂood vulnerability \nin Dabong has been produced.
Behavior of Drilled Shafts with High-Strength Reinforcement and Casing

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Drilled shafts provide significant geotechnical resistance for support of highway bridges, and are used throughout the States of Oregon and Washington to meet their structural foundation requirements. Due to changes in construction methods and poor near-surface soils, the use of permanent steel casing for drilled shaft installation has increased. However, geotechnical design models for axial and lateral resistance of drilled shafts are largely based on soil-concrete interfaces, not soil-steel interfaces associated with large diameter steel casing. Owing to the increased understanding of our regional seismic hazards, the amount of steel reinforcement used in drilled shaft construction has increased over the past several decades, creating a new construction concern for engineers: the increased steel area results in a reduced clearance between adjacent reinforcement bars in the steel cage, such that concrete has an increased difficulty in penetrating the cage, increasing the likelihood for voids and defects within the shaft, which can lead to poor structural and geotechnical performance. The use of high-strength reinforcement steel can lead to increased clearance within the steel cage, mitigating concreting issues. The use of steel casing and the amount of steel area control the axial and lateral resistance of the shaft. However, depending on the method of construction, the steel casing may result in reduced axial load transfer to the surrounding soil. Thus existing analytical approaches need to be evaluated for modern construction methods, and new approaches developed if necessary to ensure desired performance criteria are met.
Initiation of a professional development program for science instructional leaders within the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) framework

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Knowledge related to the effective use of educational technologies has become widely recognized as an important aspect of an educator’s knowledge-based for the 21st century. The study sought to assess and measure the perception of elementary teachers handling science in Pasay City on their understanding of the Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPACK) framework and its related constructs. It also aimed to find out how science teachers used technology in general. Surveys, focus group discussions, and strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis methods were used to gather data. Thematic analysis was also used to interpret the responses qualitatively. For triangulation purposes, master teachers and science coordinators were also involved in the data gathering. Among the subscales of TPACK, science teachers’ pedagogical knowledge (PK) garnered the highest mean (3.48), while technological knowledge (TK) obtained the lowest mean (3.17). Technological pedagogical knowledge (TPK) had a very strong positive relationship (r = 0.854), while TK was strongly correlated (r = 0.631) to overall TPACK. The overall TPACK and other TPACK subscales are found to have a significant relationship. As revealed in the FGD, science teachers frequently used ICT tools to explore, elaborate or demonstrate a concept to pupils to further their understanding. However, some of the teachers claimed that their level of confidence in using ICT tools did not meet the required skills. This resulted in a proposed professional development program focusing on the three features of the TPACK framework: pedagogy, technology, and content.
Colored Spanning Graphs for Set Visualization

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We study an algorithmic problem that is motivated by ink minimization for sparse set visualizations. Our input is a set of points in the plane which are either blue, red, or purple. Blue points belong exclusively to the blue set, red points belong exclusively to the red set, and purple points belong to both sets. A \emph{red-blue-purple spanning graph} (RBP spanning graph) is a set of edges connecting the points such that the subgraph induced by the red and purple points is connected, and the subgraph induced by the blue and purple points is connected. We study the geometric properties of minimum RBP spanning graphs and the algorithmic problems associated with computing them. Specifically, we show that the general problem can be solved in polynomial time using matroid techniques. In addition, we discuss more efficient algorithms for the case in which points are located on a line or a circle, and also describe a fast $(\frac 12ρ+1)$-approximation algorithm, where $ρ$ is the Steiner ratio.
Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) van Slageren CWI 7094

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) van Slageren
Common name(s): Wheat
Other names: ITALIAN (CWI7094)
Conserved by: Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo (CIMMYT), Mexico
Local sample unique identifier: CWI 7094
Method of creation: Acquisition
Date: 1988
Other identifiers: n/a,CWI20619, n/a,CWI21443, n/a,CWI21524, n/a,CWI21592, n/a,CWI5195, n/a,CWI7094, n/a,ITL, n/a,PI 283151, n/a,PI 182676, n/a,CID 2440 SID 1, n/a,GID 261157
Historical: No
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
Pure psychic akinesia with bilateral lesions of basal ganglia.

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Three patients showed dramatic psychic akinesia after recovery from toxic encephalopathy. They had no or only mild motor disorders. The spontaneous psychic akinesia was reversible when the patient was stimulated, as if there was a loss of self psychic activation. Intellectual capacities were normal. Two patients had stereotyped behaviours resembling compulsions. In all patients CT cans showed bilateral lesions in the basal ganglia, mainly within the globus pallidus.
High transition temperature superconductor/insulator bilayers for the development of ultra-fast electronics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

High transition temperature superconductor (HTc)/SrTiO3 (STO) bilayers were fabricated by sputtering deposition on (100) STO substrates. Their transport and morphological properties were characterized using conductive atomic force microscopy. The STO barriers present good insulating properties, with long attenuation lengths (λ ∼ 1 nm) which reduce the junction resistance and increase the operating critical current. The samples present roughness values smaller than 1 nm, with an extremely low density of surface defects (∼5 × 10−5 defects/μm2). The high control of the barrier quality over large defect free surfaces is encouraging for the development of microelectronics devices based in HTc Josephson junctions.
Taking the Challenge for Real Food: Student Engagement in Procuring Sustainably Produced Food on Campus

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In the fall of 2011, a graduate seminar in applied environmental sociology at a southern university in the U.S. took on a project to help an undergraduate student environmental organization obtain local and sustainably produced food for the university cafeteria. The aim was for our seminar to use community-based research (CBR) to help Reconnect, the student club, drive social change. An important objective was for the seminar students to apply their academic skills to helping the student club while acquiring the new skills developed through engaging in social change. In this reflective essay, we share our experience as a team of practitioners utilizing a community-based research approach in working with an undergradu­ate student group to launch a campaign to get local and sustainably produced food into the university cafeteria. During the project, we encountered many challenges yet had many accomplishments. For instance, there was resistance from the university’s corporate food vendor, which ultimately prevented Reconnect from realizing local and sustainable food in the university cafeteria. However, we helped Reconnect build capacity for the initiative and catalyzed other institutional successes includ­ing laying the groundwork for a permanent farmers market on campus.
KASUS "KUMPUL" SEBELUM KAWIN: TREND DAN KARAKTERISTIK INDIVIDU*

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Basing on the age groups like, the last age, the first age group, and the marriage age, the proportion of the youth who get involved in premarital sexual relationship is evidently increasing from year to year. This has led to the emergence of various problems connected with unprotected sexuality and reproductive health of the youth. Up to 76.1 percent cases of premarital sexual activities were first carried out between age limits 21-71 years. Most of them involved students of high school and tertiary institutions. There is a tendency that the higher the level of education, the higher will be the degree of permissiveness towards premarital sexual relationship. Most of the new marriages involve pregnant cases of between 3-6 months. The proportion of premarital sex cases is higher in the urban areas compared to the rural areas.
Using Discourse Analysis as a Research Tool for Understanding User Navigation Models.

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper examines how discourse analysis can be used as a methodology for understanding the mental models that influence how people navigate the Internet. Discourse analysis provides a methodology with which to articulate the relationships between language, social context, and the cognitive processes that underlie discourse perception and production. Results are described of a pilot study that asked participants about how they navigate the Internet, as well as how they conceptualize space and time while using the World Wide Web. Four education graduate students were interviewed for the study, and their answers were audiotaped and transcribed. By providing a clearer sense of how people construct their experience while on the Internet, the study begins to present techniques for analyzing end-users that help to clarify more culturally relevant technology-based pedagogies. The goal is to discern strategies for studying people to help design educational media, such as educational Web sites, that take into consideration not only how educational media is structured, but also consider the guiding mental models that influence learning on the Internet. (MES) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. Using Discourse Analysis as a Research Tool for Understanding User Navigation Models PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY
Posture and activity monitoring using a 3-axis accelerometer

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The real-time monitoring about the activity of the human provides useful information about the activity quantity and ability. The present study implemented a small-size and low-power acceleration monitoring system for convenient monitoring of activity quantity and recognition of emergent situations such as falling during daily life. For the wireless transmission of acceleration sensor signal, we developed a wireless transmission system based on a wireless sensor network. In addition, we developed a program for storing and monitoring wirelessly transmitted signals on PC in real-time. The performance of the implemented system was evaluated by assessing the output characteristic of the system according to the change of posture, and parameters and acontext recognition algorithm were developed in order to monitor activity volume during daily life and to recognize emergent situations such as falling. In particular, recognition error in the sudden change of acceleration was minimized by the application of a falling correction algorithm
School Heads’ Competencies And Teachers’ Performance

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research investigated the correlation between school heads competencies and teachers performance. The study used the descriptive correlational method. An adapted questionnaire was used to gather data. The teacher IPCRF rating for the School Year 2021-2022 was used to determine the teachers performance. A total of one hundred(100) elementary teachers from the sixteen (16) schools in the 1st Legislative District of Cagayan de Oro City took part in the study. Mean, standard deviation, and Pearson r correlation, were used to treat the data. The school heads competencies have an overall description Agree. The teachers performance based on the IPCRF rating indicates that they are is outstanding. Building connections has a significant relationship to teachers performance while leading strategically, managing school operations and resources, focusing on teaching and learning, and developing self and others have no significance. School heads may further improve their communication skills and strategize on how to create more connections and attract stakeholders who will be a great help not only for school improvement but also for learners, teachers, and the community.
A CLINICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE HEALING EFFICACY OF NANO SILVER AND BETADINE IN DIABETIC FOOT ULCERS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The objective of the study was to study the efficacy of topical agents like betadine solution and nano silver solution/gel in the management of diabetic foot ulcer. Materials: The study was a prospective, parallel-group, comparative trial. The patients were admitted with diabetic foot ulcer for a period of 2 years. A comparative study was done between both groups regarding the time of healing. Number of dressings and reduction of ulcer size was monitored. The number of patients included in our study was 60 out of which 30 were in test group with betadine solution and 30 were in another test group with nano silver solution. Results: Age distribution, 25 patients are between 51 and 60 years of age. In sex distribution, males are affected more than females. In mode of onset, 68.75% of ulcers are traumatic in onset; plantar aspect and forefoot are most. Blood sugar levels between 200 and 300 mg% are in 38.33% of patients. Patients receiving insulin were 7l.66%, which helped in good glycemic control. Average duration of hospital stay is less with test Group l, that is, 30 patients stay. Percentage reduction of ulcer is between 91 and 99%, in 27 patients of test Group l While only six patients in test Group 2 had 91–99% reduction in ulcer size with p=0.00 and is highly significant, number of dressings required per patient are l0.225±2.957 in test group and are 21.65±3.847 in test Group 2, p=0.00 and significant. Conclusions: Thus using nano silver dressings in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers is found to be safe, effective, promoter of wound healing promote epithelization, and accelerates healing. Eliminates anaerobes and breaks microbial synergy more effectively than simple betadine dressing. Hence, nano silver gel proves to be more effective in the management of diabetic foot ulcer.
Poisoning-based Backdoor Attacks for Arbitrary Target Label with Positive Triggers

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Poisoning-based backdoor attacks expose vulnerabilities during the data preparation phase of deep neural network (DNN) training. The DNNs trained on the poisoned dataset will be embedded with a backdoor, making them behave well on clean data while outputting malicious predictions whenever a trigger is applied. To exploit the abundant information contained in the input-to-label mapping, our scheme utilizes the network trained from the clean dataset as a trigger generator to produce poisons that significantly raise the success rate of backdoor attacks versus conventional approaches. Specifically, we introduce a new categorization of triggers inspired by adversarial techniques and propose a multi-label and multi-payload Poisoning-based backdoor attack with Positive Triggers (PPT), which strategically manipulates inputs to align them closer to the target label in the feature space of benign classifiers. Once the classifier is trained on the poisoned dataset, we can generate an input-label-aware trigger to make the infected classifier predict any given input to any target label with a high possibility. Through extensive experiments under both dirty-label and clean-label settings, we demonstrate empirically that the proposed attack achieves a high attack success rate without sacrificing accuracy across various datasets, including SVHN, CIFAR10, GTSRB, and Tiny ImageNet. Additionally, the PPT attack can elude a variety of classical backdoor defenses, proving its effectiveness.
Extraction and characterization of mucilage in Opuntia spp.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica) mucilage is an interesting ingredient for the food industry because of its viscosity properties. We studied the conditions for the extraction and precipitation of the plants mucilage. Extraction conditions were: pad/water ratios (1:51:7), extraction temperature, (40±2 and 16±2 °C) and extraction time (4, 8 and 16 h). For the precipitation of the mucilage two types of alcohol (ethanol and isopropyl alcohol) and two water/alcohol ratios (1:3 and 1:4) were used. No differences were found in any of the measured variables among the different extraction or precipitation methods. The average mucilage yield after drying was 1.48% based on fresh weight (f.w.) and 19.4% based on dry weight (d.w.). The dried mucilage had in average 5.6% moisture; 7.3% protein; 37.3% ash; 1.14% nitrogen; 9.86% calcium and 1.55% of potassium. The colour analysis showed a high L* value and the chromatic co-ordinates were in the yellow-greenish spectrum. The use of isopropyl alcohol is recommended in ratio 1:3, since its commercial value is lower in comparison with ethanol.
On the SARS-CoV-2 Variants

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The evolutionary dynamics of viruses, particularly exemplified by SARS-CoV-2 during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, underscore the intricate interplay between genetics, host adaptation, and viral spread. This paper delves into the genetic evolution of SARS-CoV-2, emphasizing the implications of viral variants on global health. Initially emerging from the Wuhan-Hu-1 lineage, SARS-CoV-2 rapidly diversified into numerous variants, each characterized by distinct mutations in the spike protein and other genomic regions. Notable variants such as B.1.1.7 (α), B.1.351 (β), P.1 (γ), B.1.617.2 (δ), and the Omicron variant have garnered significant attention due to their heightened transmissibility and immune evasion capabilities. In particular, the Omicron variant has presented a myriad of subvariants, raising concerns about its potential impact on public health. Despite the emergence of numerous variants, the vast majority have exhibited limited expansion capabilities and have not posed significant threats akin to early pandemic strains. Continued genomic surveillance is imperative to identify emerging variants of concern promptly. While genetic adaptation is intrinsic to viral evolution, effective public health responses must be grounded in empirical evidence to navigate the evolving landscape of the pandemic with resilience and precision.