jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Normalization across languages

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

One of the few characteristics shared by most of the proposed algorithms for vowel normalization is their utilization of the mean formant frequency values of the vowel system as a correction factor for individual vowels. This reflects the accepted view that the quality of a particular vowel depends less on the absolute formant values than on the relations between these values and the general range of the speaker's formants. While such approaches very satisfactorily reduce the dispersion within a single language, they are unsatisfactory for cross-linguistic comparisons, since the means can differ drastically from language to language when the vowel systems are different. For example, the overall mean of the F2 values of Danish, which has two sets of front vowels (rounded and unrounded) but only one set of back vowels, is significantly higher than that of English; moreover, the overall mean F1 of Danish is over 100 Hz lower than that of English. Using overall means to normalize in these cases confounds phonetic differences with systemic differences. A method of comparing vowels across languages which avoids this problem will be discussed. [Work supported by NIH.]
rodletless mutants of Aspergillus fumigatus

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus adhere in vitro to host proteins and cells via the outer cell wall layer. The rodA gene of A. fumigatus was cloned by homology with the rodA gene of Aspergillus nidulans, which is involved in the structure of the rodlets characteristic of the surface layer. The A. fumigatus RODA protein sequence has 85% similarity to that of A. nidulans RODA; the sequence codes for a hydrophobin, a low-molecular-weight protein moderately hydrophobic and rich in cysteines. The gene was disrupted with the hygromycin B resistance gene. By transformation of protoplasts with the disrupted gene, RodA- mutants were generated. These mutants are deficient in the ability to disperse their conidia; their conidia lack the rodlet layer and are hydrophilic. The adhesion of the rodletless conidia to collagen and bovine serum albumin was lower than that of the wild type; in contrast, there was no difference between RodA- and RodA+ conidia in adhesion to pneumocytes, fibrinogen, and laminin, suggesting that RODA is not the receptor for these cells and proteins. RodA- conidia were pathogenic for mice.
"Nécessité d'une orientation esthétique": Techniques of Development in the Music of Boulez

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The latter part of the 1950s saw a major change in Boulez's compositional approach: Instead of creating extensive pre-compositional sketches, he increasingly reused previously composed materials as the basis for new works. The shifting aesthetics that characterized this period had a significant influence on Boulez. His works from the late 1950s explore the ideas of mobility embedded in the open work. Balancing the concept of mobility with the ideals of control that form the basis of his compositional ideology led to an economy of means and an associated emphasis on the concept of development in his compositional process. Both facilitated the creation of new works from a more limited array of base materials.<br/> Tracing the concept of development in a sample of Boulez's sketches and works from the late 1950s through the 1960s, this essay presents a preliminary typology of recurring pitch and temporal developmental techniques. By taking a bird's-eye view, I add an additional level of interpretation, emphasizing their formal function, association with aspects of middleground structure and studying their implications in terms of perception. In this way, I present a new perspective on the association between these techniques and the practice of derivation from a limited amount of material that characterizes these works.
Customers as spatial and social influencers on other customers in the social-servicescape

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

In marketing, considerable attention has been devoted both to the understanding of consumer behaviour and the impact of the physical environment on the behaviour of consumers within these settings. Yet surprisingly, little attention has been given to the influence of customers on other customers in such settings. But within the environment it could be argued that social stimuli are likely to receive more attention than non-social or physical stimuli (Guerin, 1993). Psychologists have asserted that the mere presence (or absence) of people will affect the behaviour of others. Thus we argue in this paper that customers impact on other customers within the social servicescape. This paper presents the findings of an observational study of 225 episodes which took place within a selected servicescape - four cafes. We found that the presence of other customers appeared to positively influence duration of the stay (social influence), and that customers appeared to exhibit a desire for the presence of other customers in this social setting in that customers appeared to be drawn spatially to where customers were already seated (spatial influence). We draw from psychology, in particular, social facilitation theory (Platania and Morin, 2001; Zajonc, 1965), affiliative conflict theory (Argyle and Dean 1965; Knowles 1980, 1989) and from psychology and sociology in terms of the basic emotional need for a “sense of belonging” (Hagerty, Williams and Oe 2002) in order to develop the conceptual framework for this study. Theoretical and managerial implications of our findings are discussed, as well as directions for further research.
A near-resonant excitation strategy to achieve ultra-low threshold GaN polariton lasing

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A near-resonant excitation strategy is proposed and implemented in a 4-µm-thick GaN microcavity to realize an exciton–polariton condensate/lasing with low threshold. Strong exciton–photon coupling is demonstrated, and polariton lasing is realized with an ultra-low threshold excitation power density of about 13.3 W/cm 2 at room temperature. Such an ultra-low threshold is ascribed to the implementation of the near-resonant optical excitation strategy, which enables acceleration of the exciton and polariton relaxation and suppression of the heat generation in the cavity, thereby reducing the energy loss and enhance the cavity excitation efficiency.
One decade of meningitis cases in Paraná State, Brazil: study of cases in the pre- and post-vaccinal period

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Meningitis is an inflammatory process capable of affecting the central nervous system in humans; thus, it is a global public health issue. Objectives: Describing meningitis epidemiology in Paraná State, Brazil, as well as the impact of introducing conjugate vaccines (pneumococcal and meningococcal) in the immunization schedule. Methods: Retrospective, observational and descriptive study about notified and confirmed meningitis cases in Paraná State. Data were organized in pre- (2007 to 2009) and post-introduction (2010 to 2016) of meningococcal C and 10-valent pneumococcal vaccines. Results: In total, 17,045 meningitis cases were confirmed in Paraná State from 2007 to 2016 - 2007 was the year recording the largest number of cases (n=3,489). Most notified cases were diagnosed in men (59.1%) and mostly affected patients in the age group 0-to-9-years. Aseptic meningitis (viral) was the most often diagnosed type of the disease among meningitis with known etiology; it was followed by Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Haemophilus influenzae. Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C was the most common type; it was followed by serogroup B. There was significant decrease in the frequency of N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae in 1-to-4-year-old children, after vaccination. Conclusion: Vaccine-preventable bacterial meningitis rate has decreased in Paraná State, mainly due to the introductionof conjugate vaccines. Understanding meningitis etiology is a key factor to measuments taken by epidemiological surveillance to prevent and control the diseaseand, consequently, to help improving public health.
Release mechanisms for profen-loaded nanofibers: Challenges and opportunities

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Nanofibrous meshes refer to the structures made of ultra-fine polymeric fibers. Because of nanometer measure size with an excessive strength/weight ratio, they are actual suitable as a nanosystem for delivering drug molecules. Drug molecules which mixed in nanofibers, can be released from the surrounding environment by means of various mechanisms in different manners (burst release, sustainable release and tunable release). Nanofibers can be used by way of release rate controlling strategies as proper delivery structures for drug molecules.The objective of this review is to highpoint the capacity of nanofibers as novel releasing substances for profens (Propionic acid derivative drugs including Carprofen; Naproxen; Fenoprofen; Flurbiprofen; Ibuprofen; Ketoprofen and Tiaprofenic acid). The profens are a class of nonselective, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drug molecules are derivatives of 2-phenylpropanoic acid. All contain a chiral center resulting in the formation of two enantiomers (R and S) of each profen. In this review, full information will be reported about the new progresses for release behaviors of profen molecules form the novel nanofibrous delivery systems. The drug releasing kinetics of profen molecules from nanofibers will be described briefly. The authors use more than 80 articles , books and thesis published in the case of nanofibrous profens delivery and releasing systems.
The Application and Research of Warehouse Information Intelligent Management Based on Cloud Computing

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

With the advancement of intelligent management of modern society, all involves mass data controll, implementation and operation for various types of intelligent management system. Cloud computing makes it possible to deal with these mass data operation , as well as turn the application of cloud computing into intelligent information management in warehouse managemet information system. In this paper, through the detailed analysis of the structure of the warehouse management information system of the functional requirements, taking advantage of the organic combination of different information technology of cloud computing and four function modules, so that the warehouse information management operates and develops more intelligent and effective, opening up new ways to achieve the intelligent management of warehouse information.
1426 Assessing the Impact Of COVID-19 On ENT Referrals at A West London General Practice

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aim The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in initial GP consultations being conducted via telephone. This quality improvement initiative quantified this impact on ENT referrals conducted at a West London GP, using education to improve awareness of the relevant NICE guidance to reduce inappropriate referrals. Method An initial retrospective audit comparing number and urgency of ENT referrals and the appropriateness of ENT referrals (using NICE guidance) during the face to face (F2F) period (August 2019 – February 2020) and telephone period (March – September 2020) was performed. Results were presented locally to GPs, with education measures on relevant NICE guidance implemented. Further PDSA cycles occurred during October and November 2020. Results In total, 16 ENT referrals were made during the F2F period (routine n = 15; urgent n = 1); 3 were inappropriate. 31 referrals were made between March and September 2020 (routine n = 27, urgent n = 2, 2WW n = 2); 4 were inappropriate. Further cycles in October 2020, and November 2020 identified 13 referrals (routine n = 10, 2WW n = 3), and 2 referrals (routine n = 2) respectively. 1 inappropriate referral was made during October and none in November. Conclusions Locally, it appears that the number of routine referrals has increased since the advent of the initial lockdown. This may be partially explained by the practice losing the ability to perform some ENT services, such as ear wax micro-suctioning. Education to increase awareness of relevant guidance has been shown to reduce the number of inappropriate referrals to ENT services.
Tracheal intubation with the rigid tube for laryngoscopy – a new method [Retraction]

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Marchis IF, Radeanu D, Cosgarea M. Ther Clin Risk Manage. 2019;15:309–313.The Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management wish to retract the published article.Concerns were raised to the Editor-in-Chief regarding the level of similarity between the published article and another article titled The Rigid Tube of Laryngoscopy – a New Intubation Technique by the same authors in the Proceedings of National ENT, Head and Neck Surgery Conference (17–20 May 2017, Sibiu, Romania).Following an investigation, it was found the level of similarity between the two articles was unacceptable and the authors had failed to notify Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management of the previous publication. It was determined by the Editor-in-Chief the authors had not modified the article submitted to Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management sufficiently enough for it to be considered new information and it was found to be aredundant publication.This retraction relates to this paper
Investigating the causal role of the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex in suppressing emotional distraction

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC) has been associated with successful suppression of emotional distractors in a working memory task. Using dynamic causal modelling in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) data as well as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), I hope to elucidate the causal role of the right vlPFC in the suppression of emotional distractors.
INTERTEXT INTERACTION IN NEWSPAPER TEXT

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The article considers intertextual interaction as background and intertextuality dialogic grounds of realization in modern Ukrainian newspaper text. Intertextuality is understood as a recursive relationship with certain texts as a process of mutual influence and interpenetration of the two texts into each other, resulting intertextual elements of predtekst appear in the «new» text. The relationship between dialogue and intertextual categories has been found, which is a manifestation of dialogue intertext in a basic newspaper report.
Bioefficacy of Bispyricbac-sodium for Weed Control in Direct Seeded Rice

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Bispyribac 30 g ha−1 behaving statistically alike with its different doses (20 and 25 g ha−1) and with farmer's practice, and cyhalofop butyl followed by (fb) 2, 4-D resulted in significantly lower count of Echinochloa colona. Bispyribac effectively controlled Digitaria sanguinalis. Cyhalofop-butyl fb 2,4-D remaining at par with farmers’ practice resulted in significantly lower count of Panicum dichotomiflorum. Bispyribac and butachlorfb 2,4-D/metsulfuron-methyl effectively reduced the count of Commelina banghalensis and Cyperus iria. All treatments were equally good in reducing the count of Ageratum conyzoides. Weeds when allowed to grow throughout crop season caused 48.2% grain yield reduction. Grain yield obtained with the application of bispyribac 30 g ha−1 was 7.9% higher over farmers’ practice. Grain yield of rice was positively associated with plant height, panicle length, spikelets panicle−1 and effective tillers and was negatively associated with weed count and weed biomass. Every g m−2 increase in weed dry weight would result in 15 kg ha−1 fall in the grain yield of rice. Bispyribac at 30 kg ha−1 resulted in highest net returns due to weed management. Cyhalofop butyl fb metsulfuron methyl gave the highest net profit rupee−1 invested. Bispyribac 30 g ha−1 resulted in highest weed control efficiency (85.7%), crop resistance index and herbicide efficiency index. Weed index was lowest in bispyribac 30 g ha−1. Farmers’ practice had lowest weed management index (WMI) followed by cyhalofop fb 2,4-D, and bispyribac 30 g ha−1.
Magic Portraits Drawn by the Sun: New Orleans and the sense(s) of death in Josh Russell’s Yellow Jack

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In ways comparable to the horrors of Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath in 2005, the series of yellow fever epidemics that devastated New Orleans through the nineteenth century were also the result, in part, of the city?s geographical position, its unforgiving climate, and the policies of interested parties; the fever?s awful death toll was likewise accompanied by a grotesque array of sights, sounds and smells. This article will focus upon Josh Russell?s 1999 novel Yellow Jack, which provides a complex portrait of the mid-nineteenth-century city, its fever epidemics, and its conflicting narratives. As well as providing an intense fictional encounter with a formative period in New Orleans?s history, Yellow Jack is a sophisticated study of the role of visual imagery in documenting such horrors, whose prose is steeped in the smells and sounds of the time and place. This article, then, will discuss this novel?s intense engagement with the various ?senses? of a very particular Southern place.
Comprehensive evaluation of urban talent development environment based on entropy weight-topsis method

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For urban, the quantity and quality of talent is often an important measure of their development potential. Based on the theory of talent and environment comfort degree and the theory of urban comfort degree, this paper constructs the Evaluation Index System of urban talent development environment. This paper selects 7 coastal urban in Shandong province as the research objects, and uses entropy Weight-TOPSIS and cluster analysis to measure the talent development environment. The research results show that: (1) The talent development environment of seven coastal urban presents the phenomenon of “siphoning” and “distinctness” of talents. On the whole, Qingdao, Weifang, and Yantai have certain advantages in the talent development environment. (2) Qingdao is the leading city, Weifang, Yantai, Weihai and Dongying are follow-up urban, and Binzhou and Rizhao are backward urban. (3) The environment of the eight first-level indicators forms a “magnetic field” for the development of talents. Only by fully releasing the “magnetic field effect” of the talent development environment can urban ensure that talents are “attracted, retained and used well". This paper puts forward some suggestions to optimize the talent de-velopment environment in coastal urban, which will help to stimulate the vitality and creativity of all kinds of talents in coastal urban.
Nitrogen partitioning in sheep offered three perennial ryegrass cultivars at two allowances in spring and autumn

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The objective of this study was to determine the nitrogen (N) partitioning in sheep fed freshly cut diploid high-sugar (water-soluble carbohydrate, WSC) ryegrass (HSG), tetraploid ryegrass (TRG) and conventional diploid ryegrass (CRG) offered at 1.1 and 1.8 times maintenance energy requirements (MEm) in spring and in early autumn. Overall, N intake was higher for sheep fed HSG compared with sheep fed CRG (P=0.03), with sheep fed TRG being intermediate. Faecal-N output was higher for HSG than for TRG and CRG (P<0.001), urinary-N output was higher for TRG than for HSG, which were both higher than CRG (P<0.001) and N-retention in the body was higher for CRG compared with TRG (P<0.001), with HSG being intermediate. Relative to N intake, urinary-N output was higher (P<0.001) and faecal-N output (P<0.001) was lower in TRG compared to CRG and HSG with bigger differences among cultivars in spring than in autumn. Faecal-N output, urinary-N output and N-retention were higher at 1.8 × MEm than at 1.1 × MEm (P<0.001) and higher in autumn than in spring. Feeding CRG and HSG resulted in reduced urinary-N excretion relative to N intake compared with TRG in both spring and autumn and forage WSC intake was one of the main explanatory variables for differences in urinary-N as proportion of N intake.
Effects of Pictures and Picturability on Sentence Verification by Aphasic and Nonaphasic Subjects

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Ten aphasic and ten non-brain-damaged subjects were asked to judge the truth or falsity of spoken comparative sentences. In one condition, pictures which contained the items being compared were presented, and in the other condition sentences were presented without accompanying pictures. Some of the pictures which accompanied the sentences depicted the comparative adjectives contained in the sentences, while other pictures simply illustrated the items being compared and gave no information about the comparative adjectives. Results of the experiment suggest that presenting pictures along with spoken sentences improves aphasic subjects' ability to judge the truth or falsity of those sentences. This facilitation occurs even when the pictures do not depict the relationships expressed by the comparative adjectives in the sentences.
Influence of Different Color Protection Methods on the Color-protected Effect and Nutritional Ingredient of Chinese Chestnut Powder

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

[Objective]The study aimed to provide scientific foundation for deep processing of Chinese chestnut. [Method]After the shell and mesocarp of fresh Chinese chestnut were peeled,their color was protected by 4 color protection methods for producing Chinese chestnut powder. Then the color-protected effects of different treatment methods and their influence on nutritional ingredient of Chinese chestnut were compared. [Result]Among the 4 color protection methods,the color-protected effect of Treatment ④ (0.25% citric acid,0.20% Vc,0.20% chitosan and 0.35% NaCl) was best. The yielded Chinese chestnut powder was light yellow. The contents of starch,total sugar,reducing sugar,ash and protein in Chinese chest nut powder in Treatment 4 were higher than that in the other 3 treatments,but its contents of iron,phosphorous and fat were lower than that in Treatment ③. [Conclusion]The best color protection method for Chinese chestnut powder was treatment with mixed color protection solution containing 0.25% citric acid,0.20% Vc,0.20% chitosan and 0.35% NaCl. By applying this method,the browning phenomenon occurring in processing Chinese chestnut powder could be prevented effectively and the nutritional ingredients of Chinese chestnut could be remained simultaneously.
Preliminary Study on Correlation between the Soil Biological Character and the Soil Type of Rubber Plantation in the Western Region of Hainan Province

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The correlation between the soil biological character and the soil type of rubber plantation in Ledong County in the west of Hainan Province was studied in this essay.The results indicated the pH value,available P,FAC contents had no obvious difference among the different soil type in the same layer.Fungus number,catalase enzyme,invertase,urease,polyphenoloxidase and acidic phosphatase enzyme activity had differences among the different soil type in the 0-20 cm of soil layer,meanwhile,no significantly difference was founded in the 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm of soil layer.The difference of OM,TN,available K,humic acid,HAC content among the different soil type was extremely significant.The OM,TN,available P and available K content all were low.The OM or TN content was very to be significantly correlated to soil nutrient,humic acid,some of the soil microorganism number and most of the soil enzyme activity.