jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Mitigating the highest volcanic risk in the World: a multidisciplinary strategy for the Neapolitan area

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

&lt;p&gt;The Neapolitan volcanic area is by far the highest volcanic risk one in the World, due to the presence of three active volcanic areas (Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei, Ischia) with an extreme population density: three millions people live within 20 km from a possible volcanic vent. Volcanic risk in these areas is strictly associated to seismic risk, and to other secondary risks as landslides and flooding.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The mitigation of such an extreme risk can only be afforded by considering volcanological, as well as economical, urbanistic&amp;#160; and social issues. All these highly multidisciplinary aspects must be jointly recognized and shared by both volcanologists and decision makers, in a global, effective risk reduction policy.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We start considering the very high number of people living in the &amp;#8216;red zones&amp;#8217; (the most risky areas, in terms of the actual emergency plans) of Vesuvius and Campi Flegrei, and the economic losses linked to a complete evacuation of these areas. We then demonstrate, from volcanological considerations, that evacuated people could not come back in the red zones in short times, but rather after years or decades, perhaps never again.From such basic considerations, we proceed to propose a multidisciplinary, effective mitigation strategy and emergency planning, which can significantly decrease the volcanic and associated risks in the area and to make effectively feasible and sustainable an evacuation, in case of high probability for an impending eruption. The proposed strategy also uses the most advanced Artificial Intelligence methodologies to plan an optimal, complete relocation of the population living in the most risky areas, in case of sudden as well as progressive evacuation. In addition, our mitigation strategy takes into account other key demographic and economic issues: problems affecting several internal areas of Southern Italy, which can help to handle the problem of risk mitigation, and to possibly jointly solve them.&lt;/p&gt;
Quantum mechanics of Drude oscillators with full Coulomb interaction

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Drude oscillators provide a harmonic description of charge fluctuations and are widely studied as a model system and for ab initio calculations. In the dipole approximation the Hamiltonian describing the interaction of Drudes is quadratic, so it can be diagonalized exactly, but the energy diverges at short range. Here we consider the quantum mechanics of Drude oscillators interacting through the full Coulombic Hamiltonian for which the interaction energy does not have this defect. This protypical model for interactions between matter includes electrostatics, induction, and dispersion. Potential energy curves for rare-gas dimers are very closely matched by Drude correlation energies plus a single exponential function. The exact and accurate results presented here help to delineate between the basic properties of the physical model and the effects that arise from the dipole approximation.
The Religious Role of the Saqifah in Preserving the Sanctity of Desert Women through the Experience of the Mystic Isabelle Eberhardt

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The appearance of the saqifah in the neighborhoods of the Palace's Beavers in Algeria, exactly in Bechar, influenced Religious factors, which appeared in its narrow and dark passages, Which was created to connect the neighborhoods and the ancient mosque, In addition to the fact that it was set up when it entered a retreat of Sheikh Muhammad bin Abi Zayan was alone in it to worship, reading the Quran, and praying the night, Women also used to gather inside the shed to go and perform Tarawih prayers, Preserving the religious system recognized inside the palace, Without prejudice to the sanctity of the Sahrawi woman and carrying out her religious duties towards her Islamic religion in society.
Promises and Obstacles of L1 Use in Language Classrooms: A State-of-the-Art Review

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

<p>Translation and language teaching techniques which take language learners’ first language (L1) as point of reference for teaching the second language (L2) have been long discouraged on the ground that these teaching techniques would end in the fossilization of L2 structure forms in the learner’s Interlanguage system. However, in recent years, the status of L1 use in L2 teaching and learning has revived as a result of the recognition that L1 can serve purposes in L2 teaching and learning (Hunt, 2012). In the last two decades, strong theoretical arguments have been posed for L1 use in language classrooms. Most of these arguments are based on the ground that L1 use can facilitate the processes of both L2 teaching and acquisition. Abundant research has been done in recent years to validate these theoretical arguments. The current paper would give a review of this research, with reference to three L1-based techniques for language teaching and learning that have appealed most to L2 researchers (i.e., translation, code switching<strong>, </strong>and L1 glossing). The conclusion drawn from this research is that language learners can benefit L1 use and L1-based techniques in their L2 acquisition. Further, along with the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence in defense of L1 use in language classrooms, L2 learners and teachers have begun to express more positive attitudes towards L1 use, and related techniques, in their own classrooms. Yet, there remain some challenges and obstacles for L1 use in language use. Suggestions are made as to how to address these challenges so that L2 pedagogy and use would benefit most from L1 use in language classrooms.</p>
Changes in Androgen Concentrations in the Submaxillary Glands of the Mouse During Postnatal Development

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

マウス顎下腺のテストステロン(T)おこび5α-ジヒドロテストステロン(DHT)の濃度の週齢に伴う変動を,ラジオイムノアッセイ法を用いて調べた.T濃度は出生時に著しく高いが,その後3週齢まで急速に低下した.DHT濃度も出生時に比較的高い値を示したが,1週齢ではいったん低下し3週齢で再び高くなった.以後,両アンドロジェンとも7週齢まで濃度の高まる傾向が見られたが,10週齢では再び低下した.出生時から10週齢までの期間ではT濃度は1.40から12.6ng/g組織,またDHT濃度は1.10から8.64ng/g組織の範囲にあった.比較のため血清および脳におけるTならびにDHT濃度の週齢に伴う変動についても調査した.
Determinants of consumers' frequency of eating out: implication for the restaurant business in India

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This article has examined the determinants of consumers' frequency of eating out through primary survey conducted on 157 urban respondents, interviewed through a structured questionnaire. Of the total respondents, 41% of respondents reported eating out more than four times in a month. The estimates of Poisson count regression model (PCRM) indicate that consumers' high frequency of eating out was significantly prominent among males, young, self-employed, vegetarian, prefer Indian cuisine, spend less than 1,000 rupees per visit and get regular advertising messages. In the end, the study also presents the implication for development of restaurant industry.
Genetimes and lifetimes: DNA, new media, and history

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The last decade has seen the increased use of direct-to-consumer genetic testing for constructing genealogies. These services, offered by companies such as 23andMe, combine biotechnology with new media technologies such as blogging and social networking. Individual consumers are able to construct new identities, communities, and personal histories on the basis of their DNA. Such technology-based and technology-mediated historical reconstructions have the potential to reshape our relationship to the past. In particular, DNA histories entail a particular notion of temporality, specific standards of evidence, and a particular vision of identity. By analyzing the development and use of these new technologies, we can begin to identify specific ways in which biotechnologies and new media technologies are impacting the construction of social memory in the twenty-first century.
Why is Public Sociology on Shaky Ground?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Sociology has a long history of applying social theory and methods to the identification of the causes and consequences of social problems. Although several well-known sociologists have advocated for greater involvement in civic discourse, Public Sociology is often criticized for being unscientific. In this commentary article, the author defines Public Sociology as the production and application of theoretically grounded and empirically sound knowledge that facilitates social change. He concludes that Public Sociology is and has always been an important part of the discipline. By not embracing Public Sociology, along with Applied/Clinical, Policy, and Critical sociologies, the knowledge we produce will continue to be underutilized and irrelevant to those we seek to help.
CSD 1006836: Experimental Crystal Structure Determination

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An entry from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database, the world’s repository for inorganic crystal structures. The entry contains experimental data from a crystal diffraction study. The deposited dataset for this entry is freely available from the joint CCDC and FIZ Karlsruhe Access Structures service and typically includes 3D coordinates, cell parameters, space group, experimental conditions and quality measures.
Effective method of inoculation, virulence, age of susceptibility against Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler and Bisby causing anthracnose of chill (Capsicum annuum L.).

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Collectotrichum capsici an incitant of anthracnose of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) collected from different part of Tamil Nadu were assayed for their virulence, age of susceptibility of fruits and method of inoculation. The pathogen C. capsici isolate 1 caused the maximum fruit rot intensity of 72.27 per cent, while C. capsici isolate 9 showed least intensity of 2.93 per cent. The four methods of inoculation were tested under in vitro condition to assess the effectiveness of infection. Among the various methods of inoculation, Spray spore suspension after pinpricking the fruits method was enabled the maximum infection. Chilli fruits at six different ages viz., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 days were used to found the stage of susceptibility by the inoculation with virulent isolate of C. capsici under in vitro. Twenty five day old fruits were the most susceptible to the disease and ideal for artificial inoculation, while 5, 10, 15 and 20 day old green fruits were not infected by the pathogens.
Integrative taxonomy and conservation of cryptic beetles in the Mediterranean region (Hydrophilidae)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Arribas, P., Andújar, C., Sánchez‐Fernández, D., Abellán, P. & Millán, A. (2012). Integrative taxonomy and conservation of cryptic beetles in the Mediterranean region (Hydrophilidae). — Zoologica Scripta , 00 , 000–000. Because biodiversity inventory forms the basis for the effective conservation of species and habitats, there is an imperative need to discover and describe new species. A significant part of presently unknown biodiversity is constituted by cryptic species complexes, where traditional taxonomy usually fails due to a lack of clear taxonomic characters in the external structures of specimens. Integrative taxonomy offers a powerful tool to shed light on this part of encrypted biodiversity, combining multiple operational criteria in an evolutionary context in order to delineate species boundaries. The present study used an integrative approach to explore the species boundaries in a water beetle complex ( Enochrus falcarius species complex) inhabiting saline streams, a rare and threatened habitat across the Mediterranean region. First, hypotheses about the candidate species on the basis of phylogenetic analyses and biogeographical information were proposed. Second, lineage divergence was evaluated between candidate species using (i) molecular cluster delimitation, (ii) morphometry (both linear body morphometrics and pronotum outlines) and (iii) ecological niche similarity estimates. We found divergence between candidate species on the basis of molecular, biogeographical and niche information, and consequently, four species were delimited within the E. falcarius complex (i.e. Enochrus jesusarribasi sp. n., Enochrus blazquezae sp. n., Enochrus risii sp. n. and Enochrus falcarius ), despite the fact that they showed high morphological similarity. Enochrus falcarius, as previously considered, had not been proposed to be of conservational concern, because until now, it had been regarded as a single broadly distributed species in the Mediterranean region. However, the four entities here delimited within this species complex displayed characteristics that categorised them as vulnerable taxa. Hence, these results show how applying integrative taxonomy approaches and rapid vulnerability assessments to lineages from threatened habitats with the potential to comprise cryptic diversity could become a fundamental tool for biodiversity conservation, driving the discovery of cryptic species and consequently the modification of previous, inadequately evaluated vulnerability categorisations.
Synthesis and characterization of self-assembled monolayers based on redox-active silane compounds on platinum surfaces

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A novel alkanesilane (3-triethoxysilyl)propyl-carbamic acid 6-(9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydro-anthracen-1-yloxy)-hexyl ester)(TESA), with a redox-active anthraquinone head group was shown to form self-assembled monolayers on a platinum oxide surface, without the use of a silane coupling agent. The TESA monolayers were characterized by X-ray electron spectroscopy (XPS), reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy (IRRAS), and electrochemical methods.
Effect of Cold Stress on the Content of Free-proline in Leaf of Saccharum spontaneum L.and Sclerostachya

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The relationship between the content of free proline(Fpro) in the leaf of Saccharum spontaneum L.and Sclerostachya in basic sugarcane germplasm(BSG),which came from different growth sites and low temperature,and its growth location was researched.The results showed that there was highly significant positive correlation between the content of Fpro in leaf of Saccharum spontaneum L.and Sclerostachya.The average contents of the Fpro of Saccharum spontaneum L.and Sclerostachya in winter was 11.4 times and 7.7 times more than in summer,respectively.The real reason to promote the Fpro to be accumulated was low temperature.The content of the Fpro in Saccharum spontaneum L.and Sclerostachya was an undulate changing under sustained cold stress.When we changed the temperature,the increasing or decreasing of the Fpro was reversible.
The Effects of High-Stakes Accountability Measures on Students With Limited English Proficiency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article reports on a 3-year ethnographic study in a Boston Public school of the performance of Haitian students on the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) and its lasting and likely impact upon them. MCAS is a mandated exam required for students to graduate from high school. Although there are certain provisions for students with limited English proficiency (LEP) to participate under the mandate, LEP students face the test with an enormous disadvantage compared with other students. The issue of second language acquisition appears to have been completely dismissed in the mandated policy. In light of the challenges faced by students with LEP, the article focuses on the core issues at hand in the Massachusetts standardized exam. It analyzes the complexities of language use and acquisition with respect to students with LEP, the pitfalls of the mandated exam, and the effects and impacts created by MCAS on students and their communities. It suggests that an educational system should take into consideration the complexity of acquiring a second language in a particular social context and develop new testing policies and requirements for students whose first language is not English.
Intrapancreatic hBMMSC injection modulates the macrophage activation state.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Representative images of Iba1 and CD206 immunostaining in the islets (A) and exocrine pancreas (B) of STZ-untreated control mice (untreated) and STZ-treated mice on day 28 after intrapancreatic injection of hBMMSCs or the vehicle. Scale bars = 100 μm. Semi-quantitative analysis of islets (C and D) and the exocrine pancreas (E and F) for Iba1 (C and E) and CD206 (D and F) in untreated (n = 3), vehicle-treated (n = 6), and hBMMSC-treated (n = 6) mice. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (Tukey post-hoc test). (G) Iba1 immunoreactions (green) were merged with F4/80 (red) immunoreactions in the islets as indicated by insulin immunoreactions (pink) in vehicle-injected mice. (H) Iba1 immunoreactions (green) were merged with CD206 immunoreactions (red) in the adjacent area of the islets (insulin immunoreactions; pink) in hBMMSC-injected mice. (I) Iba1 immunoreactions (green) were merged with MHC class II (red) in the islets and adjacent in vehicle-injected mice. DAPI staining (blue). Scale bars = 25 μm.</p>
Ecstasy (MDMA): pharmacological and toxic effects, mechanism of action and clinical management

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

CONTEXTO: O 3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina (MDMA, extase) e um derivado da anfetamina, cujo consumo por jovens tem aumentado. OBJETIVOS: Conduzir uma revisao de literatura sobre os aspectos farmacologicos e fisiopatologicos do MDMA, incluindo o mecanismo de acao que possa explicar os efeitos neurotoxicos e a toxicidade aguda e a longo prazo. METODOS: Revisao da literatura usando as palavras-chave: 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy, neurotoxicity, intoxication, drug abuse, por intermedio do MEDLINE e LILACS. A busca incluiu todos os artigos publicados no periodo entre 1985 e 2007. RESULTADOS: Ainda existem muitas questoes sem respostas sobre a farmacologia do extase e a fisiopatologia dos efeitos toxicos dessa substância. A simples descricao do mecanismo de acao e insuficiente para explicar todos os efeitos induzidos pelo extase. O mecanismo exato responsavel por mediar os efeitos toxicos do MDMA sobre os neuronios da serotonina precisa ser elucidado. CONCLUSOES: Existem poucas informacoes na literatura sobre a farmacologia e o mecanismo de acao do MDMA que possam explicar os efeitos neurotoxicos e outros efeitos fisiopatologicos. Sao necessarios mais estudos para que o profissional de saude possa obter informacoes e conhecimentos a fim de combater os efeitos terriveis do extase na populacao jovem vulneravel.
Sexual and reproductive health awareness and practices among adolescents and adults in a rural farming community in Baja California, Mexico: a quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Rural, indigenous populations in Mexico face barriers to accessing sexual and reproductive health (SRH) resources and services. Given the lack of information to inform educational materials tailored to the needs of these indigenous communities, we aimed to: (a) quantitatively characterise the SRH awareness and practices among adolescents and adults in a rural, mostly indigenous community in northern Mexico and (b) qualitatively assess community perspectives on an educational pamphlet with SRH information (e.g. contraceptive options). Quantitative data collection occurred in November 2018 and April 2019 using convenience sampling in a community clinic and random sampling for community households. Qualitative data collection occurred in November 2019 via individual interviews and focus group discussions to assess community perspectives about an SRH educational pamphlet developed from quantitative data. Participants in the quantitative phase of our study (n = 217) were a median age of 30 years, 71% were female, and those with children reported having a median of three (range = 1-11). SRH knowledge was low, as were self-reported efforts to obtain contraceptives or testing for HIV/STIs. Most believed that children should learn about SRH by age 10-15 years, and 94% felt that parents should deliver such education. Participants had low knowledge about SRH but high motivation to educate children and adolescents on these topics, indicating potential for SRH campaigns in this community. Health education materials were well-received in the qualitative phase of our study (n = 17 from individual interviews; n = 22 from focus group discussions), and raised interest among community members in learning more about these topics.
Local taper functions for natural black pine forests &nbsp;in the Northwestern Rhodopes in Bulgaria Local taper functions for black pine

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Unlike the heavily deforested Eastern or Low Rhodopes, the Western or High Rhodopes are one of Bulgaria&rsquo;s main forestry areas, where black pine is widespread and economically important. Based on stem analyzes, an average taper curve for black pine stems in the Northwestern Rhodopes was determined. The method of relative taper curves ( echte Ausbauchungsreihen ) was used. Taper models based on spline functions and power functions were fitted. A comparison with the official assortment table of Nedyalkov was made. The systematic deviation of the sample stems from the long-used assortment table justifies the development of a local black pine table.&nbsp;
Coping with transitions during the COVID-19 global pandemic: A case study of early career teachers’ experiences in secondary agricultural Education

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The year 2020 marked an era of change and demanded that educators across the globe adapt in new and innovative ways. In secondary agricultural education, teachers experienced significant transitions as a majority of K-12 schools shifted to remote, distance, and online instructional models. Therefore, teachers’ position requirements, obligations, and expectations began to shift dramatically, creating unique challenges for early career teachers. As such, the purpose of this study was to explore the transitions that early-career SBAE teachers in [State] experienced while teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. Through our analysis, four themes emerged: (1) situation, (2) self, (3) support, and (4) strategies. In the first theme, the early career teachers gave voice to how situational factors greatly influenced the professional transitions they underwent as a result of COVID-19. Self, the second theme, represented the different internal mechanisms, or sources of strength, participants used during the transition process. Meanwhile, support reflected the external support systems participants used during their time of transition into a virtual teaching format. The last theme, strategies, provided insight into the approaches that participants used to address and reduce the negative effects of the pandemic on their teaching. Going forward, we provide critical implications to stoke changes so that early career teachers can better cope with transitions during periods of stress in the post-COVID-19 era.