jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Using The Rat Grimace Scale to Detect Orofacial Pain in Mechanically-induced Temporomandibular Joint Pain in Rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Introduction: Orofacial pain in animal models of TMJ disorders is typically evaluated by measuring evoked reflexive responses. Since the rat grimace scale (RGS) was adopted recently to assess spontaneous pain in other pathologies, this study evaluated its effectiveness for TMJ pain in the rat. RGS was evaluated using a well-defined pain model of TMJ loading.\nMaterial and Methods: Female Holtzman rats were assigned to separate groups: loading (n=10); sham (n=4); loading with naproxen (n=4) or vehicle (n=3) on days 4 and 5 after pain developed. Jaw loading was imposed for 7 consecutive days under anesthesia by repeated mouth-opening for 1hr. Sham had no mouth-opening. Naproxen or vehicle (1mg/kg) was given intravenously. Rats were videotaped for 30mins daily after loading, and for 7 days after loading was stopped. Images were randomized and quantitatively scored using 4 action units: orbital tightening, nose/cheek flattening, ear change, whisker change. The RGS score was compared between groups using a repeated-measures ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test.\nResults: Loading induced significantly higher (p<0.001) RGS scores than sham on days 1 and 5. After loading was stopped, RGS scores returned to sham levels for the remainder of test days. Naproxen injection significantly lowered (p<0.001) RGS scores from loading alone on day 7.\nConclusion: Orofacial pain can be detected by the RGS, which may provide a useful new method to evaluate TMJ pain.
Characterization of the Weed Flora in Rice Areas under Distinct Cropping Systems and Herbicide Managements

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of weeds in flooded rice areas, as a function of planting system and herbicide programmes in the previous cropping year. The experiment was installed in field conditions, in randomized complete blocks design, arranged in factorial scheme 3 x 2, with eight replications. In factor A, treatments consisted on conventional tillage, minimum tillage and no till cropping systems, coupled to the application (traditional control) or not (semi-ecological system) of herbicides (Factor B). One year after rice cultivation, preceding the planting of the next cropping season, phytosociological evaluations of the weed communities present in the treatments were carried out. We assessed the overall infestation level and weed species composition, which were classified by their respective density, frequency and dominance abilities. We also estimated the diversity coefficients of Simpson and Shannon Weiner, and the sustainability coefficient of Shannon; treatments were also grouped by similarity in weed species composition. Rice growing systems (traditional or semi-ecological) promote remarkable differences in weed occurrence. Herbicide-based crops select specific companion weed species, but crop rotation or winter cover crops are not a sine qua non condition for success since a good herbicide programme is planned. For the Semi ecological system, crop rotation, thick winter soil mulching and association with animal presence and grazing are essential for the short, medium and long-term inhibition of weeds.
Quenched charge density wave and large in-plane upper critical field of self-intercalated bilayer NbSe2

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Intercalation with extra atoms between atomic layers provides a new dimension to engineer transition metal dichalcogenide materials which show diverse many-body phenomena, such as charge density wave (CDW) and superconductivity. Here, we report the quenched CDW of 33.3% Nb-intercalated bilayer ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$ synthesized by the molecular beam epitaxy method. Our first-principles calculation shows that the absence of CDW in this self-intercalated ultrathin film is attributed to the strong valence bond and charge transfer between intercalated Nb and ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{2}$ layers. Moreover, the large in-plane upper critical field beyond the Pauli limit of this thin film has been revealed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy. These findings not only deepen the understanding of the CDW and superconductivity of transition metal dichalcogenides, but also show a different approach to control the many-body electronic states which are potentially used for future electronics.
Women’s experiences of intimate partner violence in rural Taranaki, Aotearoa New Zealand

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

INTRODUCTION: Traditionally, research about intimate partner violence has focused on urban areas and has been urban-centric. However, there are some components of intimate partner violence in rural communities which are different and social workers need to be aware of these variances.METHODS: The findings presented in this article were drawn from a doctoral study in which 23 women and five men were interviewed using a qualitative approach. Alongside these interviews, key informants in the rural Taranaki district were consulted, a fieldwork journal kept and photographs taken. The data were analysed using applied thematic analysis.FINDINGS: Patriarchy was a distinct aspect of the intimate partner violence experienced by the women who participated in this study and part of the back-drop to lives. Hegemonic masculinity was a powerful contributor to the intimate partner violence experienced by some study participants. Geographic isolation was exploited as an aspect of control in intimate partner violence among the women and women had difficulty accessing services.CONCLUSION: It is important for social workers, in order to practise competently, to have an awareness of the impact of patriarchy and hegemonic masculinity. When working in rural communities, social workers need to be attentive to the factors which impact rural women who have experienced intimate partner violence, and how these factors might differ from those that impact urban women’s experiences.
Abstract B060: Commensal bacteria Bifidobacterium stimulates an antitumor response via cross-reactivity

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract While recent studies have shown an important role of the microbiome in modulating anti-tumor immune responses, its mechanism remains unclear. One proposed mechanism is due to cross-reactivity between antigens expressed in commensal bacteria and neoepitopes found in tumors. We have identified a cross-reactive antigen expressed in commensal bacteria Bifidobacterium (Bifido.) “SVYRYYGL” (henceforth called SVY) and show that it conveys a neoantigen-specific cross-reactivity to the classic neoantigen “SIY.” The SVY-specific response was analyzed through biophysical experiments and molecular dynamics simulations, which showed that the SVY peptide bound the H2-Kb MHC (Kb) with an altered peptide configuration leading to a cross-reactivity but at a lower overall affinity for the transgenic, SIY-specific 2C T-cell receptor (TCR). By T-cell expansion studies, commensal bacteria SVY-specific T-cells populations have a cross-reactive SIY specific T-cell response and those T-cell populations can recognize tumors expressing the “SIY” antigen. Mice lacking Bifido. have a decreased commensal bacteria specific T-cell response and an altered TCR repertoire compared to Bifido. colonized animals. Moreover, Bifido. colonization not only shapes the SVY commensal bacteria-specific T-cell repertoire but selects for clones that are represented in the SIY T-cell repertoire. Cross-reactive SVY-specific T-cells recognize tumors bearing SIY in vivo in an adoptive T-cell transfer model and a murine melanoma model. Animals treated with cross-reactive SVY-specific T-cells had decreased tumor growth and extended survival. Our work demonstrates that commensal bacteria can directly stimulate antitumor immune responses via T-cell cross-reactivity and provides a proof of principle for how bacterial antigens can shape the T-cell landscape. Citation Format: Catherine Ami Bessell. Commensal bacteria Bifidobacterium stimulates an antitumor response via cross-reactivity [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B060.
A tremorgenic mycotoxicosis of cattle caused by maize sprouts infested with Aspergillus clavatus.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

An outbreak of disease affecting a herd of 16 dairy cattle which were fed mouldy, sprouted maize is described. Eight of the cattle were affected, 5 of which died. The clinical signs included muscular tremors, hypersensitivity, ataxia, anorexia and salivation. Aspergillus clavatus was the only fungus isolated from the sprouts. Clinical signs that were indistinguishable from those in the field outbreak were reproduced by dosing the mouldy maize sprouts to a steer and a sheep, and by dosing another sheep with maize inoculated with a pure culture of A. clavatus isolated from the mouldy maize on the farm. Light microscopical examination revealed neuronal degeneration and necrosis in the midbrain, medulla oblongata and spinal cord of all 3 of these animals. The disease is clinically and pathologically indistinguishable from the disease caused by the ingestion of sorghum beer residue, and in certain respects it is similar to toxicoses caused by the ingestion of wheat sprouts and malt sprouts infested with A. clavatus.
Linear Convergence Rate Analysis of a Class of Exact First-Order Distributed Methods for Weight-Balanced Time-Varying Networks and Uncoordinated Step Sizes

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We analyze a class of exact distributed first order methods under a general setting on the underlying network and step-sizes. In more detail, we allow simultaneously for time-varying uncoordinated stepsizes and time-varying directed weight-balanced networks, jointly connected over bounded intervals. The analyzed class of methods subsumes several existing algorithms like the unified Extra and unified DIGing (Jakovetic, 2019), or the exact spectral gradient method (Jakovetic, Krejic, Krklec Jerinkic, 2019) that have been analyzed before under more restrictive assumptions. Under the assumed setting, we establish R-linear convergence of the methods and present several implications that our results have on the literature. Most notably, we show that the unification strategy in (Jakovetic, 2019) and the spectral step-size selection strategy in (Jakovetic, Krejic, Krklec Jerinkic, 2019) exhibit a high degree of robustness to uncoordinated time-varying step sizes and to time-varying networks.
Metaheuristics for (Variable-Size) Mixed Optimization Problems: A Unified Taxonomy and Survey

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Many real world optimization problems are formulated as mixed-variable optimization problems (MVOPs) which involve both continuous and discrete variables. MVOPs including dimensional variables are characterized by a variable-size search space. Depending on the values of dimensional variables, the number and type of the variables of the problem can vary dynamically. MVOPs and variable-size MVOPs (VMVOPs) are difficult to solve and raise a number of scientific challenges in the design of metaheuristics. Standard metaheuristics have been first designed to address continuous or discrete optimization problems, and are not able to tackle (V)MVOPs in an efficient way. The development of metaheuristics for solving such problems has attracted the attention of many researchers and is increasingly popular. However, to our knowledge there is no well established taxonomy and comprehensive survey for handling this important family of optimization problems. This paper presents a unified taxonomy for metaheuristic solutions for solving (V)MVOPs in an attempt to provide a common terminology and classification mechanisms. It provides a general mathematical formulation and concepts of (V)MVOPs, and identifies the various solving methodologies than can be applied in metaheuristics. The advantages, the weaknesses and the limitations of the presented methodologies are discussed. The proposed taxonomy also allows to identify some open research issues which needs further in-depth investigations.
The Impact of Deunionization on the Growth and Dispersion of Productivity and Pay

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This paper presents an Agent-Based Model (ABM) that seeks to explain the concordance of sluggish growth of productivity and of real wages found in macro-economic statistics, and the increased dispersion of firm productivity and worker earnings found in micro level statistics in advanced economies at the turn of the 21st century.It shows that a single market process unleashed by the decline of unionization can account for both the macro and micro economic phenomena, and that deunionization can be modeled as an endogenous outcome of competition between high wage firms seeking to raise productive capacity and low productivity firms seeking to cut wages.The model highlights the antipodal competitive dynamics between a "winner-takesall economy" in which corporate strategies focused on cost reductions lead to divergence in productivity and wages and a "social market economy" in which competition rewards the accumulation of firm-level capabilities and worker skills with a more egalitarian wage structure.
Transmission Scheduling in Wireless Networks with SINR Constraints

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Despite all the work being done so far in scheduling for wireless networks, the transmission scheduling problem with specific constraints is not yet fully understood and explored. In this work, we find the minimum number of time-slots (or channels) required in any given network and the corresponding transmitting powers, such that all communication requests are being processed correctly, while fulfilling specific constraints that comply with the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements for successful transmissions. More specifically, in this paper, we formulate the optimization problem as a Mixed Integer Program (MIP) and solve the mathematical formulation by a branch-and-bound algorithm. Our computational study shows that our methodology is capable of solving exactly networks of varying size but can also provide a near optimal heuristic solution for the hardest instances. The results can be used as bounds for the study of distributed algorithms that aim for the optimal scheduling and power assignment without information about the whole network. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the validity of our proposed methodology.
Effect of Aqueous Anions on Graphene Exfoliation

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Ion partitioning behavior in electrolyte solutions plays an important role in drug delivery and therapeutics, protein folding, materials science, filtration, and energy applications such as supercapacitors. Here, we show that the segregation of ions in solutions also plays an important role in the exfoliation of natural flake graphite to pristine graphene. Polarizable anions such as iodide and acetate segregate to the interfacial region of the aqueous phase during solvent interfacial trapping exfoliation of graphene. Ordered water layers and accumulated charges near the graphene surface aid in separating graphene sheets from bulk graphite, and, more importantly, reduce the reversibility of the exfoliation event. The observed phenomenon results not only in the improved stability of graphene-stabilized emulsions but also in a low-cost and environmentally friendly way of enhancing the production of graphene.
Education about pain and experience with cognitive-based interventions do not reduce healthcare professionals’ chronic pain

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Background Cognitive-based interventions like pain neuroscience education (PNE), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), acceptance commitment therapy (ACT), and mindfulness meditation are popular for managing chronic pain. Despite their widespread adoption, evidence for their efficacy remains contradictory. Healthcare professionals (HCPs) represent a unique population to evaluate these approaches, as they possess specialized knowledge about pain mechanisms and often implement these interventions with patients. The logical premise underlying cognitive-based interventions suggests that increased knowledge and cognitive engagement with pain concepts should reduce pain intensity, making educated HCPs with chronic pain an ideal test case for this theoretical framework. Purpose To investigate whether HCPs with chronic pain who (HCPs+CP) are familiar with these methods experience less pain and improved quality of life compared to less experienced HCPs+CP and healthy HCPs (H-HCPs). Methods This cross-sectional study used an anonymous online questionnaire distributed in English through closed professional social media groups internationally. Data were collected from 550 HCPs (319 healthy, 231 with chronic pain) primarily from Israel, Canada, United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. Participants were categorized by their knowledge of pain neuroscience, experience with cognitive-based interventions, and chronic pain type (primary or secondary). Pain intensity was measured using the Numerical Pain Rating Scale, and quality of life was assessed with the World Health Organization tool the WHOQOL-BREF. Statistical analyses included Spearman’s correlation tests and independent samples t-tests. Results Pain intensity did not significantly differ between primary pain group (4.24 ± 2.21) and secondary pain group (4.37 ± 2.33) (t = −0.267, p = 0.79, Cohen’s d = −0.05). The total WHOQOL score was lower in HCPs+CP (66.81 ± 15.74) compared to healthy HCPs (71.13 ± 14.02) (t = −2.136, p = 0.035), but after removing respondents unfamiliar with interventions, no significant differences remained between groups across all WHOQOL domains (−0.09 < Cohen’s d < 0.14, p > 0.05). Among the 146 H-HCPs who had recovered from chronic pain, only 11% attributed their recovery to cognitive-based interventions, while the majority credited physical therapy (37.7%) and spontaneous recovery (32.9%). Conclusion Despite their specialized knowledge and experience with cognitive-based interventions, HCPs+CP did not report reduced pain intensity, though they maintained quality of life comparable to healthy colleagues. These findings challenge current theoretical models underlying cognitive-based pain management.
(Inter)mediality and the Study of Literature

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

: In his article “(Inter)mediality and the Study of Literature” Werner Wolf elaborates on the “intermedial turn” and asks whether this turn ought to be welcomed. Wolf begins with a discussion about the definitions of “medium” and “intermediality” and the impact these concepts and practices exert on scholarly, as well as student competence. He argues that despite of the fact that literary studies ought not simply turn into media or cultural studies, mediality and intermediality have become relevant issues for both teaching and the study of literature especially in the fields of comparative literature and (comparative) cultural studies. Following his postulate of the relevance of mediality and intermediality in the study of literature, Wolf explores ways of integrating the said concepts and practices into the study of literature and, in particular, their integration in the field of narratology. In this context, Wolf presents a typology of intermedial forms.
Creating The Self: Women Artists In Twentieth-Century Fiction

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

In novels of artistic development (or künstlerromane) by women in the early twentieth-century, becoming an artist is intimately tied to becoming recognized as an individual. It would appear that an era of rapid change and expanding opportunities for women would result in affirmative narratives of women’s artistry, but studying texts by Edith Wharton, Anzia Yezierska, Zelda Fitzgerald, and Dawn Powell shows that stringent gender roles can still keep women from realizing artist success.\nIn Wharton’s The House of Mirth, Lily Bart ruins her prospects on the marriage market by striving for freedom and aesthetic pleasure. Those desires cannot be reconciled with the very real necessity of marriage for financial and social stability, so she finds that her artistic desires are incompatible with her station. Yezierska’s Hungry Hearts and Bread Givers promote the importance of self-making for becoming a scholar or artist. Her heroines all yearn to be legible as American, and Yezierska’s unique take on the künstlerroman requires community engagement in order for inspiration to strike. In Fitzgerald’s Save Me the Waltz, Alabama Beggs presents a proto-feminist slant on artistic development. In the fact of stringent opposition by her peers and her artist husband, Alabama decides to fail spectacularly both as a dancer and as a wife and mother, thus asserting her agency and defying social strictures that would attempt to determine her behavior. Powell’s Ebie Vane swings between high and low culture in Angels on Toast, ultimately finding that modernity’s promises to woman are a lie: Ebie can choose neither love nor career without making distasteful sacrifices, and she certainly can’t have both. Key to all of these artist-heroines’ journeys is failure. These modern künstlerromane dramatize the difficulty of women attempting to enter the public sphere as artists when they are not recognized as autonomous individuals or are instead consumed as art objects.
Black Death Bodies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The fourteenth-century Black Death was one of the most important and devastating epidemics in human history. It caused or accelerated important demographic, economic, political, and social changes throughout the Old World and has therefore been the subject of scholarly research in a variety of fields, including history, anthropology, demography, and molecular biology. In this paper, we examine the Black Death (specifically, the first and second outbreaks of fourteenth-century plague, c. 1347–1351 and 1361–1362) from bioarchaeological and historical perspectives, focusing on attempts to reconstruct mortality patterns and addressing the questions: Who died in England during the Black Death? How did they die, where and when? We evaluate how historical and bioarchaeological sources are uniquely informative about these questions and highlight the limitations that are associated with each type of data. The combination of the two bodies of evidence, when possible, can provide insights that are not possible when each is analyzed in isolation.
The Release of Leukocytes and Platelets from the Pulmonary Circulation by Epinephrine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract 1. The leukocyte and platelet contents of arterial and venous blood of 12 patients were determined simultaneously during and following the intravenous administration of 0.1 to 0.3 mg. of epinephrine, l-epinephrine or norepinephrine. 2. Within 30 to 60 seconds after the start of the epinephrine administration, an initial arterial leukocytosis and thrombocytosis occurred in 10 and 8 instances respectively and continued for at least 5 minutes before it declined. A leukocytosis also occurred in the venous blood but followed the arterial rise by 30 to 120 seconds. 3. It is concluded that the initial phase of the leukocytosis and thrombocytosis following intravenous epinephrine infusion is primarily from the pulmonary circulation. 4. The data indicate that the pulmonary circulation in man is a sizable reservoir of leukocytes and platelets which may be readily discharged into the circulation under proper stimulation.