jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Interventions including diet and physical activity shown to be effective in preventing obesity in children: a Cochrane review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Review of Brown T, Moore TH, Hooper L, et al . Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Jul 23;(7).

Study question : Are interventions that are designed to prevent being overweight or obese in childhood that include diet, or physical activity components, or both, effective in reducing BMI or zBMI?

Design : Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) looking at interventions to prevent overweight and obesity in children (0–17 years).

Data source : The following databases were searched; CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsychINFO and CINAHL in June 2015. Searches ran from June 2015 to January 2018

Study inclusion criteria : RCTs of diet or physical activity interventions, or combined diet and physical activity interventions, for preventing overweight or obesity in children (0–17 years) that reported outcomes (BMI and zBMI—a measure of BMI adjusted for age and sex) at a minimum of 12 weeks from baseline. The studies …
Crown copyright ownership in Australia: Curing an incomplete reform process?

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This thesis concerns itself with the ownership of copyright by the executive government of Australia. There are two sources of copyright ownership under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). These are s 8A of the Act, which preserves the copyright prerogative, and Part VII of the Act, which houses a series of ownership and usage rights in favour of the Crown. This thesis argues that the reform process around government copyright in Australia is incomplete and can only be adequately completed by following a series of steps. Namely; (i) determining that the Crown under Part VII of the Copyright Act refers only to the employees, agents and entities of the executive government and amending the Act so that the Crown has no recourse to Part VII where it acts in trade or commerce; (ii) addressing the interpretive issues around ss 176-179 of the Act and contemplating minor amendments therein; (iii) adding a good faith requirement to s 176-178 so as to safeguard the best interests of those who deal with the Crown; (iv) clarifying the exact nature of the copyright prerogative that is preserved under s 8A of the Act; (v) assessing whether the use of Creative Commons licences is sound practice in light of their suggested contractual nature; (vi) determining whether there is in fact a valid theory under which Creative Commons licence that are offered online could form the basis of a contract; (vii) creating a modest ownership scheme in favour of the Crown with regard to works of artificial intelligence. The adoption of these measure would result in a state of Crown copyright in Australia that is fair, robust, and useful and strategic.
A global view on digital legal deposit: what could be learned?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Aim Procedures for legal deposit of the print material are well established and widely practiced. Such procedures, however, are not necessarily applicable to the digital environment, mainly because bibliographic specifications of print material do not match those of digital objects and digital environment. The history of legal deposit of publications in Iran goes back to 1906. Since then, the press, publishers, public and private institutions are required to deposit one or more copies of their published material to the National Library of Iran (NLIR). However, reports have always indicated incomplete deposit or lack of coherent and comprehensive policies, especially with regard to digital resources. The present study aims to propose a framework for NLIR by comparing several national libraries. Methodology This research examined the policies and practices of 10 large national libraries that according to the World atlas (2018) have been ranked the highest in terms of the number and variety of resources. They were the Library of Congress, the British Library, National Library and Archives of Canada (LAC), and national libraries of France, Germany, Denmark, Spain, Australia, Japan, and China. The data related to digital legal deposit implementation was collected from various sources including directories; official publications of international organizations, national legal deposit laws and regulations. Findings A global trend towards legal deposit to cover digital publications and preservation of comprehensive national archives is developing. In Iran, there was no mechanisms for identification, selection and deposit of digital materials either do not exist or are inappropriate for some types of publications. Conclusion National libraries and other libraries are at the forefront of research and development in the field of legal deposit. In this research, an effort was made to design and propose a framework for depositing digital material at NLIR drawing on the policies and practices of the top 10 national libraries. The proposed framework has two parts. The first includes elements such as introduction, general principles, resources comprehensiveness, legal deposit method, the origin of publications, collaboration and partnership, and legal considerations. In the second part -the plan-areas addressed in the first part are discussed in detail.
Building Character in the American Boy: The Boy Scouts, YMCA, and Their Forerunners, 1870-1920

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Among established American institutions, few have been more successful or paradoxical than the Boy Scouts of America. David Macleod traces the social history of America in this scholarly account of the origins of the Boy Scouts and other character-building agencies, through which adults tried to restructure middle-class boyhood. Back in print; First paperback edition.
Reply on RC2

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Around 80% of global soybean supply is produced in southeast South America (SESA), central Brazil (CB) and the United States (US) alone. This concentration of production in few regions makes global soybean supply sensitive to spatially compounding harvest failures. Weather variability is a key driver of soybean yield variability, with soybean especially vulnerable to hot and dry conditions during the reproductive growth stage in summer. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections can influence summer weather conditions across the Americas presenting potential risks for spatially compounding harvest failures. Here, we develop causal structural models to quantify the influence of ENSO on crop yields via mediating variables like local weather conditions and extratropical sea-surface temperatures (SST). We show that soybean yields are predominately driven by soil moisture conditions in summer explaining ~50 %, 18 % and 40 % of yield variability in SESA, CB and US respectively. Summer soil moisture is strongly driven by spring soil moisture as well as remote extra-tropical SST patterns in both hemispheres. Both of these soil moisture drivers are again influenced by ENSO. Our causal models show that persistent negative ENSO anomalies of -1.5 standard deviation (SD) lead to a -0.4 SD soybean reductions in the US and SESA. When spring soil moisture and extratropical SST precursors are pronouncedly negative (-1.5 SD), then estimated soybean losses increase to -0.9 SD for US and SESA. Thus, by influencing extratropical SSTs and spring soil moisture, persistent La Niña’s can trigger substantial soybean losses in both the US and SESA, with only minor potential gains in CB. Our findings highlight the physical pathways by which ENSO conditions can drive spatially compounding events. Such information may increase preparedness against climate related global soybean supply shocks.
Electromyographic Analysis of Cashiers in Seated and Standing Postures in a Store Environment

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A field study was conducted at a European retailer in order to investigate the effects of sitting and standing on muscle activity of cashiers throughout the workday. Electromyography (EMG) data were collected from the neck/shoulders, lower back, and lower leg muscles as cashiers worked at either a standing or seated checkstand for a 4 hour work shift. A trend towards higher muscle activity was observed in the neck/shoulders in the seated checkout compared to the standing checkout, while muscle activity was mixed in the low back. Lower leg activity was higher when standing compared to sitting, however the percent maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) for the leg muscles was very low (less than 2% of MVC). These field results showed similar trends to previously reported laboratory results (Lehman et al., 2001). Cashiers preferred to alternate working posture between sitting and standing.
Role of Endogenous Peptides and Enzymes in the Pathogenesis of Acute Pancreatitis: A Review

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease with the clinical manifestation of acute abdominal pain.Several factors are involved in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis.The exact mechanism(s) by which diverse etiological factors induce an attack are still unclear.However, one of the proposed mechanisms for induction of acute pancreatitis is auto-digestion of pancreatic tissues by unwanted activation of pancreatic digestive enzymes.The main objective of this review is to describe the pathogenesis mechanism of acute pancreatitis that are related to various inflammatory and proinflammatory mediators.
The interaction of human immunodeficiency virus-1 and human endogenous retroviruses in patients (primary cell cultures) and cell line models

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) integrated into the human genome millions of years ago, and their expression has been described both in healthy tissues and in pathology. In the present study, we study the differential expression of multiple HERV families in the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of HIV-positive individuals, in HIV-infected cell lines, and in vitro HIV-infected macrophages/monocytes of healthy donors, utilizing publicly available data sets for secondary analysis using a pipeline appropriate for HERV transcription detection and comparison. We recognized significantly decreased expression of HERV-H in treatment-naïve HIV patients with viremia and increased expression of multiple HERV families in the PBMCs of HIV-infected individuals under combination antiretroviral therapy compared to healthy donors, in in vitro HIV-infected Stanford University pediatric T (SUP-T1) cells at 24 hours after HIV infection compared to non-infected SUP-T1 cells, and in in vitro HIV-infected MT4 T cells at 3 days after HIV infection compared to non-infected MT4 T cells. We recognized significantly increased expression of HERV-W, after HIV infection in monocyte-derived macrophage cell culture; no difference was found in HERV expression after HIV infection of monocyte cultures. We found a significantly decreased expression of HERV-K (HML-6) in donor-derived macrophage cultures at 36 hours after HIV infection, which does not persist at 6 days after infection. HIV infection modifies the expression of multiple HERV families in the PBMCs of HIV patients and in T cell-derived cultures, while the effect of HIV infection on HERV expression appears to be more restricted in cells of monocytic origin. IMPORTANCE In this work, we demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection leads to the modification of the human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) expression. Differential expression of multiple HERVs was found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from HIV-infected patients compared to healthy donors and HIV-infected T cell cultures compared to non-infected. The effect of HIV presence on HERV expression appears to be more restricted in cells of monocytic origin, as only deregulation of HERV-W and HERV-K (HML-6) was found in these cell cultures after their infection with HIV. Multiple factors contribute to this aberrant HERV expression, and its levels appear to be modified in a time-dependent manner. Further studies and the development of optimized in vitro protocols are warranted to elucidate the interactions between HIV and HERVs in detail.
Lean, mean, fighting machine

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose This paper aims to review the latest management developments across the globe and pinpoint practical implications from cutting-edge research and case studies. Design/methodology/approach This briefing is prepared by an independent writer who adds their own impartial comments and places the articles in context. Findings The principle of Lean Thinking can boost the competitive advantage of an organization through removing waste that doesn’t benefit the customer. The Dynamic Value Stream Map can help model this process in order to implement Lean Thinking more efficiently and effectively. Originality/value The briefing saves busy executives, strategists and researchers hours of reading time by selecting only the very best, most pertinent information and presenting it in a condensed and easy-to-digest format.
Flying Protists: Analyzing Bird-associated Protists with High-throughput Sequencing

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Protists, or single-celled eukaryotic microbes, are known to exist in a variety of environments, where they play important roles in their ecosystems. Most protists are understudied, and there is still much to learn about their diversity and global distribution. Although many studies have touched upon the patterns of distribution of protists between different environments, few have explored the possible mechanisms behind protist dispersal. Some theories include wind dispersal or bird-mediated dispersal, mechanisms that have been well documented as modes of long-distance seed dispersal in plants. In this study, I explore the protist communities on birds’ feet and feathers, focusing on two major groups of protists: SAR and Arcellinida. I obtained bird swab samples for DNA and RNA-based protist detection, and followed previously documented methods to amplify and identify protists. Through this work, I aim to investigate the possibility of birds as vectors for protists, and I aim to explore the patterns and differences of SAR community composition between seven bird species and eleven individual birds. The results of this study show the presence of both SAR and Arcellinida on birds’ feet and feathers, raising the possibility that protists are aided in their long-distance dispersal by bird movements and migration. SAR communities were the more diverse and abundant group found on the birds in my study and showed some trends between variability in the SAR community composition based on swab site (feet or feathers) and bird size. This study demonstrates the need for additional research on this topic, as the relationships between protists and bird hosts appear complex. These questions will be increasingly important in the face of climate change, as the rate and pattern of protist dispersal may be impacted as climate change interrupts and alters birds’ migration patterns.
[Neurological disease due to the varicella-zoster virus without a skin lesion].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We studied three cases of inflammatory neurological disease and serological evidence of varicella-zoster viral (VZV) infection without cutaneous manifestation. They corresponded to a case of cranial multi-neuritis, a case of aseptic meningitis, and another case of meningoencephalitis. Despite the infrequency of any such association, the spectrum of the neurological diseases associated with VZV without skin lesions is quite wide. We are motivated to present our experience by the belief that it is important to think about this possible etiology based on inflammatory areas at different levels of the Nervous System in patients who are still immunocompetent.
Pneumopathogenicity of a Sendai virus protease-activation mutant, TCs, which is sensitive to trypsin and chymotrypsin

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A protease-activation mutant of Sendai virus, TCs, was isolated from a trypsin-resistant mutant, TR-5. TCs was activated in vitro by both trypsin and chymotrypsin. TCs was, however, less sensitive to trypsin and chymotrypsin than were the wild-type virus and TR-5, respectively. F protein of TCs had a single amino acid substitution at residue 114 from glutamine to arginine, resulting in the appearance of the new cleavage site for trypsin and the shift of the cleavage site for chymotrypsin. Activation of TCs in the lungs of mice occurred less efficiently than that of the wild type, and TCs caused a less severe pneumopathogenicity than did the wild-type virus, which supports our previous view that the in vitro trypsin sensitivity of Sendai virus can be a good indication of pneumopathogenicity in mice.
Examining land rental markets’ linkages to land and water control in Colombia’s irrigation megaprojects: integrating the political economy of agrarian change and the political ecology of vulnerability

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Land rental markets often accompany irrigation infrastructure development as water availability revalorizes land. Agrarian change scholars critique land rental markets for contributing to capital accumulation. To date, however, this approach has not incorporated the roles of environmental changes induced by irrigation, corresponding social-ecological interactions, and political ecologies of vulnerability. Based on 12 months of research in Colombia's most expensive land rental market spanning two irrigation megaprojects, this paper demonstrates how land rental markets compound environmental stresses to exclude producers from land- and water-based agricultural livelihoods. The research additionally advances debates of land control, capital's mobility, and Andean water infrastructure development.
Identification of Fungi infected Leaf Diseases using Deep Learning Techniques

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This paper presents CNN based model to identify fungi-affected leaf diseases of Psidium guajava. Identifying these leaf diseases at an early stage will help the farmers take significant precautions and prevent the disease from spread to other parts of the plant and the neighbouring plants. The dataset is collected from real environment of the farms. It has four categories of infected leaves (3971 in number) and they are Pseudocercospora leaf spot, Rust, Insect eaten leaf, and another category is of the healthy leaf of Guava (Psidium guajava). Then, applied CNN, AlexNet and SqueezeNet architectures to identify 3971 fungi infected leaves of Guava. SqueezeNet architecture shown 75.9% recognition accuracy as compared to the other two architectures.
A CASE OF A PSEUDOCYST IN AN INTRAPANCREATIC ACCESSORY SPLEEN

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

症例は60歳，女性．自覚症状はなく，平成18年2月に人間ドックの腹部単純Computed Tomography（CT）検査像で，膵尾部に腫瘤を指摘され当センターを紹介受診した．血液検査上，腫瘍マーカー，インスリン，グルカゴン，ガストリンの上昇は認めなかった．腹部造影CT像で，膵尾部に球状で隣接する画像上性状の異なる2つの腫瘤を認めた．大きさはそれぞれ1.5cm大であった．一方は，造影効果を伴う充実性の腫瘤で，他方は経時的に画像所見の変化を認めた嚢胞性腫瘤であった．出血性嚢胞を伴う非機能性膵内分泌腫瘍の術前診断で脾温存膵体尾部切除術を施行した．病理組織学的検査では仮性嚢胞を伴った膵臓内副脾と診断した．膵尾部に嚢胞を伴う腫瘤を認めた場合は鑑別診断の1つとして膵臓内副脾を考慮する必要があると考えられた．
Visage: Improving the Ballistic Vulnerability Modeling and Analysis Process.

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract : The purpose of this thesis was to improve the process of modeling and analyzing ballistic vulnerability data. This was accomplished by addressing two of the more urgent needs of vulnerability analysts; the ability to display fault tree data and to edit target descriptions. A vulnerability data visualization program called VISAGE was modified to meet these needs. VISAGE was originally created to preview static shotline plots and subsequently grew into a full-featured visualization package for vulnerability target descriptions and analyses data. The next logical step in the programs evolution was to include the needed editing and fault tree display capabilities. The editing features were divided into basic and advanced categories. The basic editor allows users to manipulate parts at the lowest level of a target description. The advanced editor allows users to manipulate a target description at its highest levels. The display of fault tree data is a cutting edge feature, since, currently, no other vulnerability package can offer the same capability. The fault tree data is also linked to the target description geometry, so that users can view fault tree data dependencies. (MM)
“This Fleshlike Isle”: The Voluptuous Body of the People in Dutch Pamphlets, Novels, and Plays, 1660–1730

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It is the year 1680. A Rotterdam bailiff goes on a guided tour of the Amsterdam brothel district. To this end, he has acquired the best guide one could wish for: the devil himself. The devil takes our man from one public stew to another, and they meet the most beautiful and the ugliest whores, with dominant and cunning madams, aggressive pimps, fiddlewielding musicians, and of course the clientele, ranging from the finest gentlemen, via sailors and peasants to the lowest of rakes. In the middle of the night, in a playhouse in an alley, they meet an impressive prostitute. She is dressed "like a servant" and has little locks "curled like those of the Negroes." Moreover, she is so enormously fat that the bailiff cannot imagine her father had any intention of making a girl "when he started laying the foundations for this fleshlike isle." "Her arms and her hands were… so thick and fat that one’s taste had to be perverted to fall in love with them." And yet, immediately, a gentleman, carrying a jug of Rhine wine to get her in the proper mood and win her affection, jumps upon the lady. The bailiff is fascinated. "What charms does this creature possess, I asked my guide, that can infatuate this gentleman with her?" His guide resolutely answers: "In her whole body, as huge and as fat as it is, there is nothing at all that might entice an honest man." Obviously, all men do not share the devil’s opinion, otherwise she would not be in her profession.1
Evaluation of Two Techniques of Cancellous Bone Grafting of Experimental Subchondral Bone Cysts in the Medial Femoral Condyles of Horses

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Cylindric (10 mm diameter X 15 mm deep) osteochondral defects were created in the medial femoral condyles of 5 horses to mimic clinical cases of subchondral bone cysts after debridement. The defects were created with either a standard square ended drill bit or a compaction drill bit. The compaction drill bit compresses bone laterally and distally creating a dense wall and floor. Twelve-mm sternal cancellous cylinders were compressed to 9.25 mm and inserted into the femoral defects where they were presumed to expand and tighten the fit. The end result was sternal cancellous bone that exactly fit the femoral defects. Fluorochrome bone labels were used to confirm the origin of bone present in the defects at necropsy, which was performed after 6 months. Successful graft incorporation occurred in 3 of the compacted and 2 of the noncompacted defects. The surfaces of the successful cancellous bone grafts contained predominately fibrocartilage. The unsuccessful noncompacted defects expanded laterally and deeply into the parent bone epiphysis while the unsuccessful compacted defects remained confined to the originally