jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Membranous glomerulonephritis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is the most common cause of adult-onset nephrotic syndrome, and a common glomerular cause of end-stage renal failure. It is caused by antibodies to podocyte surface molecules, usually autoantibodies. In most patients with primary membranous nephropathy the target is the phospholipase A2 receptor. It is hoped that robust assays for this antibody will help to guide therapy but it has not been possible to test this adequately yet. Primary MGN accounts for about 70% of cases with regional variations. MGN is more common in men than women (approximately 2:1) and its peak incidence is in middle adult life. Secondary membranous nephropathy occurs in lupus and some other immune or autoimmune disorders, in hepatitis B infection, after exposure to some drugs or toxins, and in some cancers.
Remote Sensing based Sea Surface partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and air-sea CO2 flux (FCO2) in the South China Sea (2003-2019)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the largest marginal seas worldwide. It includes a river-dominated, highly productive marginal sea on the north shelf and a wide, oligotrophic ocean-dominated basin with various dynamic sub-regions. Based on an in situ seawater partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) datasets of 44 cruises/legs collected for the last two decades in the SCS, we proposed a seawater pCO2 retrieval algorithm by combining the semi-mechanistic and machine learning (ML) methods (MeSAA-ML). The parameter selection strategy was based on the mechanistic analysis of pCO2 variation, separating impacts of thermodynamics, biological activities, water mixing, and the atmospheric CO2 forcing. We set a few semi-analytical parameters: pCO2_therm, which was a proxy for the combined effect of thermodynamics and the atmospheric CO2 forcing on seawater pCO2; an upwelling index (UISST) and mixing layer depth (MLD) to characterize the multiple mixing processes; chlorophyll-a concentration (Chl-a) with remote sensing reflectance at 443 and 555 nm (Rrs(443) and Rrs(555)), which were the inputs to proxy the biological effect and other characteristics for distinguishing shelf, basin, and sub-regions. As the seawater pCO2 and atmospheric pCO2 ( pCO2air) have similar data values and characteristics in the vast SCS oligotrophic basin, it will cause instability of the model if one is input and the other is output; thus the difference between them (ΔpCO2sea-air) was set as the output, and the seawater pCO2 was obtained finally by summing pCO2air and ΔpCO2sea-air. We compared several ML models, and the XGBoost model was confirmed as the best model. Completely independent cruise-based and observed datasets from Southeastern Asia Time-series Study (SEATS) were used to validate the satellite products, with low root mean square error (RMSE = 11.69 μatm) and mean absolute percentage deviation (APD = 1.59%). The increasing trend of satellite-derived pCO2 (2.44 ± 0.24 μatm/yr) at the location of SEATS was found to be consistent with observed data. We presented that the SCS as a whole is a source of atmospheric CO2, releasing an average of 11.00 ± 2.45 Tg C/yr from a total area of 3.32 × 106 km2, and the northern shelf is a sink (1.69 ± 0.53 Tg C/yr). The area-integrated CO2 efflux over the entire SCS may decrease with a rate of 0.34 Tg C/yr during 2003–2019. This high-accuracy dataset with 1 km resolution provides a refined understanding of the air-sea CO2 exchange dynamics in the SCS during 2003–2019.
Financial Risk, Hospital Cost, and Complications and Comorbidities (CCs) in Non-CC Stratified Neurosurgical Diagnostic Related Groups (DRGs)

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to analyze hospital resource consumption in the nine neurosurgical DRGs not stratified by complicating condition (CCs) (i.e., those neurosurgical DRGs that give no additional payment for associated medical conditions or complications occurring in the hospital). We analyzed 148 Medicare patients in these non-CC stratified neurosurgical DRGs and found that patients with a greater number of CCs had higher hospital resource consumption, substantial financial risk under DRGs, and a poorer outcome than patients with no CCs. These data suggest that the current DRG classification scheme may be inequitable vis-à-vis the non-CC stratified neurosurgical DRGs at our hospital. Hospitals that treat significant numbers of these patients may face disincentives to care for them under prospective Medicare DRG reimbursement.
Incorporating reliability calculations in routine network planning: theory and practice

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes the implementation of reliability calculations into the routine network planning of a distribution network operator. Firstly, actual developments putting this issue on the agenda are described. Then, it is argued why medium voltage (MV) networks form the logical starting point. Hereafter, the basics of reliability calculations and the approach towards reliability calculations, as it is implemented in the MV network analysis program Vision, are elaborated upon. Finally, the practical implementation and applicability of reliability calculations is discussed. It is argued that the results of reliability calculations must be interpreted carefully, but that they can nevertheless be of good
Impact of structural defects on the performance of graphene plasmon-based molecular sensors

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Graphene-based plasmonic devices are regarded to be suitable for a plethora of applications, ranging from midinfrared to terahertz frequencies. In this regard, among the peculiarities associated with graphene, it is well known that plasmons are tunable and tend to show stronger confinement as well as a longer lifetime than in the noble-metal counterpart. However, due to the two-dimensional specificity of graphene, the presence of defects might induce stronger effects than in bulky noble metals. Here we theoretically investigate the impact of structural defects hosted by graphene on selected figures of merit associated to localized plasmons, which are of key technological importance for plasmon-based molecular sensing. By considering an optimized graphene nanostructure, we provide a comparative analysis intended to shed light on the impact of the type of defect on graphene localized plasmons, that regards distinct types of defects commonly arising from fabrication procedures or exposure to radiation. This understanding will help industry and academia in better identifying the most suitable applications for graphene-based molecular sensing.
A δ- shock maintenance model for a deteriorating system with imperfect delayed repair under partial product process

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

There are some systems in real life that cannot be repaired immediately, if they fail, but repairs are not always delayed. In different words, once the system fails, the repair is sometimes delayed and the repair is sometimes immediate. This kind of repair is referred to as the imperfect delayed repair(IDR). In a δ-shock model, a shock is a deadly shock, if the time interval between two successive shocks is smaller than the specified threshold δ. In this paper, a δ-shock maintenance model for a deteriorating system with imperfect delayed repair under partial process is studied. A replacement policy N is adopted by which the system is replaced by an identical new one at the time following the N-th failure. The long-run average cost per unit time is then evaluated and the corresponding optimal policy is determined analytically. A numerical example is given.
YogiCombineDeep: Enhanced Yogic Posture Classification Using Combined Deep Fusion of VGG16 and VGG19 Features

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Yoga garnered significant attention during this pandemic based on its physical benefits in recent years. Regular yoga practice can enhance both physical and mental health. However, some body parts are occluded due to the significant variations in specific asanas with complicated posture formations and their backgrounds, making yogic posture detection more complex. This study establishes the classification of yoga postures in the yoga-16 dataset utilizing the combination of deep learning and machine learning approaches. A pre-trained CNN architecture VGG16 and VGG19 collects the deep features from the images of yoga postures. Then, the collected features are combined and entered into classifiers to train and assess the outcome of yoga posture classification. To classify the yogic postures from the collected yoga-16 dataset, the proposed model includes logistic regression, support vector machines, random forest, and extra tree classifiers. The proposed approach examined the yoga-16 dataset containing 16 classes and 6561 images. The proposed combined deep-fused approach utilizing Linear SVM yields better results than all the existing yogic posture classification models with outstanding scores of 99.94% precision, 99.94% recall, 100% f1-score, and 99.92% accuracy, respectively. The results show that the proposed approach is effective at attaining excellent performance in yogic posture classification. Performance comparisons with the most recent models have also been listed.
Dynamic and elastic stiffness of the semitendinosus muscle after knee joint immobilization in rats.docx

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We clarified the maximum limit of the semitendinosus muscle length in vivo was equivalent to 110% of slack length, which was taken as the limit of the physiological range. To evaluate mechanical features representing muscle stiffness within and beyond the limits of physiological muscle length, quadratic functions were fitted separately to the dynamic and elastic tension-strain curves at strains of 2.5%–10% Ls as the small strain and at strains of 7.5%–20% Ls as the large strain. The stiffness for small strains was then estimated by calculating the tangents at strains of 5% and 7.5% Ls of the quadratic fit to four points (strains of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% Ls), while stiffness for large strains were similarly estimated from the tangents for strains of 10% and 15% Ls of the quadratic fit to four points (strains of 7.5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% Ls).
Research direction on surface status prediction of weights and surface mass absorption correction

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The mass benchmark is the only real benchmark among all fundamental physical SI units, and the drawback is that it's easy to be affected by the environment, resulting in the change of the mass value. In this paper, recent research progresses at home and abroad on the surface status predication are summarized and the prediction research method on the surface status prediction of weights in institutes home and abroad is presented, including the influence analysis on the mass standards during transferring from vacuum to air and establishment the mass observation model and absorption correction model,etc. Through the research on the surface status of weights and absorption correction technology, the mass measurement accuracy can be ultimately enhanced, which lays a technical foundation for the upcoming redefinition of mass units' research.
Studies on the Enzymatic Systems of Rat Adrenals in the Early Postnatal Period: Hydroxylation of Progesterone-4-C14, NADP-linked Dehydrogenase Activity and Reduced Pyridine Nucleotides Content

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The capacity of hydroxylating enzymes, the activity of NADP-linked dehydrogenases and the reduced pyridine nucleotide coenzymes content in rat adrenals in the early postnatal period were studied. The capacity of hydroxylating enzymes was determined by the conversion of progesterone-4-14C to corticosterone, 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone in 13 age groups of rats between the 2nd and the 39th day of life. It was found that the capacity of hydroxylating enzymes around the 16th day is significantly depressed. The activity of NADP-linked dehydrogenases on the other hand, proved very high at this same period, but the reduced pyridine nucleotide content was low. It is inferred that the cause of this lower capacity of hydroxylating enzymes during the period under observation is a deficiency of reduced pyridine nucleotide coenzymes content.
SUPPRESSION OF UTERINE ACTIVITY BY PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHETASE INHIBITORS

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract. During hypertonic saline induction, the evolution of intrauterine pressure, the oxytocin response and abortion were delayed in naproxen‐treated patients. The PG synthesis inhibitors naproxen, mefenamic acid and ibuprofen decreased the high uterine resting pressure (‘tone’), the frequency of contractions but not always the active pressure (‘amplitude’) in dysmenorrheic patients, with a coincident decrease in pain. The naproxen‐sodium treatment decreased prostaglandins F and E in menstrual blood and uterine jet washings by 60–80 per cent.
Material Falsity and Error in Descartes' Meditations

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Material Falsity and Error in Descartes's Meditations approaches Descartes's Meditations as an intellectual journey, wherein Descartes's views develop and change as he makes new discoveries about self, God and matter. The first book to focus closely on Descartes's notion of material falsity, it shows how Descartes's account of material falsity – and correspondingly his account of crucial notions such as truth, falsehood and error – evolves according to the epistemic advances in the Meditations. It also offers important new insights on the crucial role of Descartes's Third Meditation discussion of material falsity in advancing many subsequent arguments in the Meditations. This book is essential reading for those working on Descartes and early modern philosophy. It presents an independent reading on issues of perennial interest, such as Descartes's views on error, truth and falsehood. It also makes important contributions to topics that have been the focus of much recent scholarship, such as Descartes's ethics and his theodicy. Those working on the interface between medieval and modern philosophy will find the discussions on Descartes's debt to predecessors like Suárez and Augustine invaluable.
Parliament and Assemblies and their Legislative Role

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The establishment of directly elected bodies as Parliament/Assemblies quickly saw them develop in the public perception as the physical embodiment of devolution. The titles used reflected mainly historical factors and differences in functions. The Scottish Parliament reflected the previous existence of a Scottish Parliament as well as the body set up in 1999 with major governmental powers. The National Assembly of Wales reflected a history of nationhood but had fewer powers than the term parliament might imply. The Northern Ireland Assembly reflected a new entity and a historic change from the old Northern Ireland Parliament with its House of Commons and Senate. It was difficult for the new institutions to escape from the ways of working of the Westminster Parliament and two of the main functions of the Westminster Parliament can be ascribed to the devolved bodies as also embracing their main activities, a legislative role and a scrutiny role. Each role is considered in detail in this and the following chapter.
SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO THE CREATION OF THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF AGRICULTURE OF UKRAINE

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The article shows the effectiveness of using a systematic approach to the creation of the economic development strategy of agriculture of Ukraine, which is considered in the context of material, financial, labor and other relations that are determined by the market conditions and reflect the degree of security conditions for the formation and implementation of the economic development strategy of agriculture, its qualitative parameters, quantitative measurements are given, they are expressed through the system of objective indicators and comparability over time. The article presents and analyzes the current state of agriculture in Ukraine, factors and peculiarities of the attractiveness of the industry to attract foreign investment in the process of formation and development of the country as an independent state. The author discusses the features of the management by factors of sustainable economic development on the basis of monitoring. The author explores the objectives, stages and methods of control over the economic development of the sector.
Protocol for a randomised, single-blind, two-arm, parallel-group controlled trial of the efficacy of rhinothermy delivered by nasal high flow therapy in the treatment of the common cold

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction The common cold is the most common infectious disease affecting humans. It is usually a self-limiting disease; however, the common cold can cause significant morbidity and has a substantial economic impact on society. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), which cause up to two-thirds of colds, have temperature-dependent replication and most HRV strains replicate optimally at 33°C. Delivery of heated, humidified air to the upper airways has the potential to reduce viral replication, but evidence of the effectiveness of this treatment of the common cold is inconclusive. We plan to test the hypothesis that delivery of humidified air heated to 41°C at high flow, nasal high flow rhinothermy (rNHF), for 2 hours daily for five days is more effective in reducing common cold symptom severity and duration than five days of ‘sham’ rhinothermy. Methods and analysis This is a randomised, single-blind, parallel-group trial comparing rNHF to ‘sham’ rhinothermy in the treatment of common cold. We plan to recruit 170 participants within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms of common cold and randomise them 1:1 to receive one of the two treatments for five days. The study duration is 14 days, which includes clinic visits on the first day of randomisation and four days post-randomisation, and a phone call on the 14th day. Participants will complete daily symptom diaries which include a symptom score, the Modified Jackson Score (MJS). The primary outcome is the MJS after four days. Ethics and dissemination New Zealand Ethics Registration: 17/STH/174. Results will be published in a peer-reviewed medical journal, presented at academic meetings, and reported to participants. Trial registration number U1111-1194-4345 and ACTRN12617001340325; Pre-results.
GROWTH OF PRIMULA PLANT IN COIR DUST AND PEAT-BASED GROWING MEDIA

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study was performed under greenhouse conditions, with coir dust, moss peat, and sedge peat as the main components of the growing media. The performance of the media was evaluated through the growth of the primula (Primula obconica) plant. In general, aeration capacities were found to be relatively low, except for growing media that included moss peat mixtures. Nevertheless, easily available water content of all growing media was found to be within the appropriate ranges. Total and water-available plant nutrient contents of coir dust, moss peat, and sedge peat significantly fluctuated. Ornamental parameters related to media treatments were statistically significant, with respect to visual score performances, total leaf numbers, crown width, and total plant fresh weights. This study determined that coir dust, which is an industrial by-product, could be utilized for up to 50% of the total composition of coir dust-moss peat based media in floricultural aims. As floricultural quality parameters considered, 50% coir dust and 50% moss peat and 25% coir dust and 75% moss peat gave good results as much as 100% moss peat.
Mimicking Initial Interactions of Bacteriophage M13 Coat Protein Disassembly in Model Membrane Systems

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The structure and changes in environment of the M13 major coat protein were studied in model systems, mimicking the initial molecular process of the phage disassembly. For this purpose we have systematically studied protein associations with various detergents and lipids in two different coat protein assemblies: phage particles and S-forms. It is remarkable that the major coat protein can change its conformation to accommodate three distinctly different environments: phage filament, S-form, and membrane-bound form. The structural and environmental changes during this protein transformations were studied by site-directed spin labeling, fluorescence labeling, and CD spectroscopy in different membrane model systems. The phage particles were disrupted only by strong ionic detergents [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and (CTAB)] but were not affected by sodium cholate and sodium deoxycholate, nonionic detergents, and dilauroyl-l-alpha-phosphatidylcholine (DLPC) lipid bilayers. Conversion of the phage particles into S-forms by addition of chloroform rendered the coat protein accessible for the association with different ionic and nonionic detergents, as well as DLPC lipids. The disruption of the S-form by all detergents studied was instantaneous but was slower with DLPC vesicles. Only small unilamellar vesicles effectively solubilized the S-form. The data suggest that the viral protein coat is inherently unstable when the major coat protein is exposed to amphiphilic molecules. During conversion from the phage to the S-form, and subsequently to the membrane-bound form, the coat protein undergoes pronounced changes in environment, and in response the alpha-helix content decreases and the local protein structure changes dramatically. This adaptation of the protein conformation enables a stable association of the protein with the membrane.
The magnitude and breadth of hepatitis C virus–specific CD8+ T cells depend on absolute CD4+ T-cell count in individuals coinfected with HIV-1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract CD8+ T-cell responses are an essential antiviral host defense in persistent viral infections, and their sustained effectiveness is thought to be critically dependent on CD4+ T-helper cells. To determine the relationship between HIV-1–induced CD4+ T-cell depletion and hepatitis C virus (HCV)–specific CD8+ T-cell responses during viral persistence, we studied 103 persons positive for HCV, 74 coinfected with HIV-1. CD8+ T-cell responses to the entire HCV polyprotein were determined by using an interferon-γ enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay. Although HIV-1 infection by itself was not associated with a diminished HCV-specific response, HIV-1–associated CD4+ depletion was associated with significantly lower HCV-specific CD8+ T cells (R = 0.48, P &lt; .0001). In contrast, declining CD4+ counts over the same range were not associated with diminished Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)– (R = 0.19, P = .31) or HIV-1–specific (R = –0.13, P = .60) CD8+ T-cell responses in persons infected with all viruses. These data indicate that frequencies of circulating HCV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses are sensitive to absolute CD4+ T-cell counts and provide a possible explanation for the accelerated HCV disease course in persons coinfected with HIV-1 and HCV.