jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Erosion downstream of non-full flowing triangular culvert cutlets

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this project, observation and evaluation of erosion downstream of non-full flowing culvert outlets was conducted and presented. The main aim of this study is to identify the controlling parameters which affect local scouring of the sediment bed used, and to compare the present study with the previous works. The sediment consists of uniform, poorly graded coarse-grained sand. Experimental runs were conducted as a subcritical culvert flow outlet control, with a range of tailwater depth over brink depth ratio and flow rates represented as Densimetric Froude number, while keeping other variables constant. The duration of an experiment is approximately 48 hours, where the maximum extend of the scour has been reached. The scour hole characteristics, such as maximum equilibrium scour depth, maximum scour width, maximum scour length tailwater depth and volume of the scour hole, are analyzed with respect to the channel outflow. Froude number, Densimetric Froude number, Reynolds number and water channel profile are in relation to the tailwater depth. In general, the results show that the effect of the Densimetric Froude number is the one of the main parameters controlling maximum equilibrium depth, width, length and volume of the scour hole. Through analysis, the location of the maximum depth is not necessarily located along the centreline profile but may located elsewhere due to the Coanda effect, where the direction of the jet flow is influenced by the channel it is attached nearest to, in each experiment. The other main parameter affecting the scour hole sizes is the ratio of the tailwater to brink depth. In general, experimental run with the ratio of the tailwater to brink depth more than one will have a decrease of scour size with experimental run less than one. Another finding relating to Densimetric Froude number and is the variation of Densimetric Froude number does not affect much of the scour hole size under a constant value of tailwater to brink depth ratio. After the parameters are analyzed, a comparison of the present data with the previous studies has been made. It shows that the data for non-full flowing culverts follow the same trend, but are generally lower than scouring with full-flowing culverts. The triangular culvert outlet of total vertex angle of 90° is recommended as the best triangular hydraulic section to achieve most effect cross-section for the outflow. In recommendation of bed protection for this particular study, rock material such tested concrete cubes could be used, in obtaining compacted sediment bed protection, and an alternative in cutting down waste disposal and overall cost in bed protection.
Recombinant Adenovirus Expressing Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Proteins induce both humoral and cell-medicated immune responses in Mice and Goats

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract

Background: With a human type 5 replication-defective adenovirus expression vector, we constructed the three recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) and expressed the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) Indiana serotype glycoprotein (VSV-IN-G), VSV New Jersey serotype glycoprotein (VSV-NJ-G), and the G fusion protein [two serotypes G (VSV-IN-G-NJ-G)]. Three rAds were named rAd-IN, rAd-NJ, and rAd-IN-NJ. The three rAds were inoculated into AAV-293 cells, and the AAV-293 cells were serially propagated to 20 generations until the virus titers were stable, then TCID50 was determined. In direct immunofluorescence and western blot were used for detecting the expression of the target proteins and lymphocyte proliferation test was used for immune cell numbers. Results: The results showed that G proteins we expressed with good reactogenicity. The rAds were used to subcutaneously inoculate mice three times with 2-week intervals, and goats two times with 3-week intervals, respectively. On 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks of post-inoculation for the mice and 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks for goats, their sera were collected and NT antibodies were determined. The results showed that the rAds could induce the production of VSV antibodies in the mice, and VSV NT antibodies in the goats. The antibody levels were 1:16 to 1: 32 in mice, and 1:32 to 1: 64 in the goats. The rAds induced strong immune lymphocyte proliferations in mice and goats, which was significantly higher than those of the negative control groups. Conclusion: The three rAds expressed VSV-G proteins at high levels, and induced humoral and cellular immune responses in both mice and goats, which laid a foundation for further studies of the recombinant adenovirus vaccines expressing VSV glycoprotein.
The annual reproductive cycle and sex inversion of the Picnic seabream,Acanthopagrus berda(Forsskål 1775) from Indian waters: Histological and morphometric description

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The annual reproductive cycle of picnic seabream, Acanthopagrus berda (Forsskål, \n1775), one of the potential aquaculture candidate from estuarine waters of Calicut, \nKerala (India) was studied. Based on the morphological and histological studies, the \novotestes of A. berda were classified as active male, active female, inactive male, \ninactive female, transitional and undifferentiated. Histological observation of transitional \ngonads showed signs of degeneration in the testicular lobe, proliferation of \nconnective tissue and empty sperm ducts indicating protandrous hermaphroditism \nin A. berda. Ovary was classified into seven maturity stages (virgin, developing \nvirgin, developing, maturing, mature, running, spent) and testis into five maturity \nstages (resting, maturing, mature, running, spent). Gonadal development in A. berda \nindicated resting phase (February–July), pre‐spawning phase (March–August) and \nspawning phase (August–December). Inactive (24.6%) and active males (21.6%) were \nobserved as dominant in smaller length classes (140–250 mm TL), whereas inactive \n(18%) and active females (51%) were observed as dominant in larger length classes \n(251–450 mm TL). Few primary females (28.1%) were observed in smaller (below \n250 mm TL) and few primary males (28.5%) were observed in larger length classes \n(above 250 mm TL). From the present study, it can be concluded that in A. berda, \nmost of the individuals function first as males and then change sex to female, but few \ncontinue to function as either male or female throughout their lifespan indicating \ndigynous protandrous hermaphroditism.
ALDH Genes and Reactive Aldehydes Play Important Roles in HSCs and Leukemia and May Be Exploited to Treat AML

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract ALDH1A1 is expressed at high levels in normal HSCs and we previously reported that its function might involve metabolism of compounds termed reactive aldehydes. We also reported that loss of ALDH1A1 led to a compensatory increase in a related isoform, ALDH3A1, which also metabolizes reactive aldehydes. Double knockouts for both ALDH1A1/3A1 accumulate reactive aldehydes, which appear to impact a number of cellular processes including signal transduction and gene expression. As reactive aldehydes also cause DNA damage, we hypothesized that excess accumulation of reactive aldehydes may predispose to leukemic transformation of HSCs. In support of this, we found that ALDH1A1/3A1 double knockout HSCs readily form acute leukemia following transduction with a NUP98-HOXA10 fusion gene, which rarely causes leukemic transformation in wild type HSCs. Furthermore, in human AML, frequent absence of ALDH1A1 and the universal absence of ALDH3A1 was observed. A human AML cell line, Kasumi-1, was found to be ALDH1A1/3A1 deficient and to have high levels of intracellular reactive aldehydes. In addition, Kasumi-1 was highly sensitive to DNA damage and cell death following exposure to exogenous 4-HNE, a prototypic reactive aldehyde. In contrast, normal CD34+ HSCs were relatively resistant to 4-HNE. Based on these observations, we further hypothesized that treatment of ALDH1A1/3A1 deficient AMLs with clinically relevant compounds that further increase intracellular 4-HNE levels would selectively eliminate AML while sparing normal CD34+ HSCs. To test this, Kasumi-1 were exposed to a series of compounds including the pro-oxidant Arsenic tri-oxide (ATO), the sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide (PTL) and 4-HC, the active metabolite of cyclophosphamide (Cy) and a substrate of ALDH1A1. All increased intracellular 4-HNE levels and DNA damage. Exposure to combinations of 4-HC, ATO and PTL induced high levels of cell death in Kasumi-1. In contrast, Kasumi-1 cells engineered to express ALDH1A1 through lentiviral gene transfer and normal CD34+ HSCs were relatively resistant to several of these treatments. Primary ALDH1A1/3A1- AMLs were also relatively sensitive to treatment with these same compounds. In conclusion, ALDHs and reactive aldehydes may play important roles in HSCs and leukemia and exploitation of their biology may lead to novel therapies for AML and possibly other cancers. As an initial application of this treatment strategy, we are developing a clinical trial to treat patients with relapsed/refractory ALDH1A1/3A1 deficient AML with Cy/ATO. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
The Orthodox Ethic: Thoughts on the Russian Economy from the Nationalist Opposition

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

It is a widespread assumption that Russia's national patriotic opposition had no specific concept for economic reform. According to Walter Laqueur: 'The Russian Right has traditionally shown little interest in economic policy. It has all along expressed its strong dislikes but it has hardly ever presented viable alternatives.' Anders Aslund, similarly, suggested that the communist and nationalist 'line of thought has hardly anything new to offer, and does not seem to carry significant political weight'.1 The national patriots' solutions to Russia's economic difficulties were, indeed, of little immediate practical use. However, they did reveal characteristic aspects of the national patriotic mood which has been a significant influence upon post-Soviet politics. The national patriots were an amorphous group of neo-communist and Russian Orthodox activists, who became involved in Russian politics from 1989 onwards. At first they opposed the impending demise of the Soviet Union; thereafter, they fought the reforms promulgated by the government of Boris Yeltsin. The apparently contradictory alliance of Left and Right, or Red and White, which constituted national patriotism, found common ground in an anti-western stance and an imperialist Russian nationalism. Whilst the national patriots formed a number of ephemeral political parties and movements, their most stable institutional bases were the monthly literary journals and the weekly newspapers devoted to national patriotic ideology. These publications provide the main sources for this article.2
A twist defect mechanism for ATP-dependent translocation of nucleosomal DNA

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

As superfamily 2 (SF2)-type translocases, chromatin remodelers are expected to use an inchworm-type mechanism to walk along DNA. Yet how they move DNA around the histone core has not been clear. Here we show that a remodeler ATPase motor can shift large segments of DNA by changing the twist and length of nucleosomal DNA at superhelix location 2 (SHL2). Using canonical and variant 601 nucleosomes, we find that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Chd1 remodeler decreased DNA twist at SHL2 in nucleotide-free and ADP-bound states, and increased twist with transition state analogs. These differences in DNA twist allow the open state of the ATPase to pull in ~1 base pair (bp) by stabilizing a small DNA bulge, and closure of the ATPase to shift the DNA bulge toward the dyad. We propose that such formation and elimination of twist defects underlie the mechanism of nucleosome sliding by CHD-, ISWI-, and SWI/SNF-type remodelers.
Chebulic Acid Prevents Methylglyoxal-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in INS-1 Pancreatic β-Cells

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

To investigate the anti-diabetic properties of chebulic acid (CA) associated with the prevention of methyl glyoxal (MG)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells, INS-1 cells were pre-treated with CA (0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μM) for 48 h and then treated with 2 mM MG for 8 h. The effects of CA and MG on INS-1 cells were evaluated using the following: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay; glyoxalase 1 (Glo-1) expression via Western blot and enzyme activity assays; Nrf-2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein expression via Western blot assay; reactive oxygen species (ROS) production assay; mRNA expression of mitochondrial dysfunction related components (UCP2, uncoupling protein 2; VDAC1, voltage-dependent anion-selective channel-1; cyt c, cytochrome c via quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR; mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP); adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis; glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay. The viability of INS-1 cells was maintained upon pre-treating with CA before exposure to MG. CA upregulated Glo-1 protein expression and enzyme activity in INS-1 cells and prevented MG-induced ROS production. Mitochondrial dysfunction was alleviated by CA pretreatment; this occurred via the downregulation of UCP2, VDAC1, and cyt c mRNA expression and the increase of MMP and ATP synthesis. Further, CA pre-treatment promoted the recovery from MG-induced decrease in GSIS. These results indicated that CA could be employed as a therapeutic agent in diabetes due to its ability to prevent MG-induced development of insulin sensitivity and oxidative stress-induced dysfunction of β-cells.
Extracellular Polymeric Substances Govern the Surface Charge of Biogenic Elemental Selenium Nanoparticles

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

The origin of the organic layer covering colloidal biogenic elemental selenium nanoparticles (BioSeNPs) is not known, particularly in the case when they are synthesized by complex microbial communities. This study investigated the presence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on BioSeNPs. The role of EPS in capping the extracellularly available BioSeNPs was also examined. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and colorimetric measurements confirmed the presence of functional groups characteristic of proteins and carbohydrates on the BioSeNPs, suggesting the presence of EPS. Chemical synthesis of elemental selenium nanoparticles in the presence of EPS, extracted from selenite fed anaerobic granular sludge, yielded stable colloidal spherical selenium nanoparticles. Furthermore, extracted EPS, BioSeNPs, and chemically synthesized EPS-capped selenium nanoparticles had similar surface properties, as shown by ζ-potential versus pH profiles and isoelectric point measurements. This study shows that the EPS of anaerobic granular sludge form the organic layer present on the BioSeNPs synthesized by these granules. The EPS also govern the surface charge of these BioSeNPs, thereby contributing to their colloidal properties, hence affecting their fate in the environment and the efficiency of bioremediation technologies.
S248 Increased Incidence of Anal, Rectal, and Rectosigmoid Cancer in Younger Populations in Florida From 1982-2016

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The incidence of colorectal cancer in the United States has been declining by 2% per year, but regional differences remain. The purpose of this study is to assess the demographics, incidence, and risk factors of anal and rectosigmoid cancer in patients across the state of Florida. Methods: Data were obtained from the Florida Cancer Data System (FCDS), the statewide cancer registry. Newly diagnosed cases of Anal (Anus, Anal Canal & Anorectum) (n = 9,408), Rectal (Rectum, Rectosigmoid Junction) (n = 75,582), and Colon (Cecum, Appendix, Ascending Colon, Hepatic Flexure, Transverse Colon, Splenic Flexure, Descending Colon, Sigmoid Colon) (n = 229, 345) malignancies from 1982 to 2016 were categorized according to age of diagnosis, year of diagnosis, sex, race, and cigarette use. Incidence and other statistics were calculated using original code written in python. Results: Overall incidence was 1.76 (anal), 14.18 (rectal), 43.03 (colon) cases per 100,000 persons per year. A steady increase in anal malignancies, from 1.40 to 3.03 cases per 100,000 persons per year, was noted over the course of the study period. A decline, from 21.16 to 14.02 and 63.17 to 39.64 cases per 100,000 persons per year, was noted for rectal and colon malignancies, respectively. For anal malignancies the median age range at diagnosis was 60-64 years (2012-2016) and 65-69 years (1982-1986) (P < 0.0001). For rectal malignancies the median age range at diagnosis was 60-64 years (2012-2016) and 70-74 years (1982-1986) (P < 0.0001). For the cohort with anal malignancies the majority of patients were female (n = 5,899, 62.7%). For the cohort with rectal malignancies the majority of patients were male (n = 43,060, 57.0%). The majority of patients were white for both anal (n = 8,557, 91.2%) and rectal (n = 68579, 91.3%) cohorts. Cigarette use demonstrated an association with diagnosis, as 4,538 anal cancer patients (57.9%) and 28,535 rectal cancer patients (47.2%) had a positive smoking history. Conclusion: Overall, there is an increasing incidence of anal cancer between 1982-2016 in Florida. In contrast, there is a decreasing incidence of rectal and colon cancer in Florida. Both anal and rectal cancers have been more commonly diagnosed in younger populations in recent years which provides support for earlier screening practices for colorectal cancer. Physician awareness of changing incidences will enhance screening efforts.Figure 1.: Heatmaps representing age of diagnosis vs year of diagnosis for anal, rectal and colon malignancies: red represents high frequency whereas blue represents low frequency.
Effect of Diabetes Education on Glycemic Control: Reducing Risk for Periodontal Disease

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT: People with type 2 diabetes have an increased risk for periodontal disease, and achieving optimal glycemic control reduces the risk for this co-morbidity . The purpose of this study was to determine whether a new diabetes intervention focused on mindfulness could achieve greater improvements in glycemic control for people with diabetes compared to a standard diabetes intervention. To determine which intervention achieved greater improvement in glycemic control and thus greater risk reduction for periodontal disease, change in glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1C was measured at baseline and following the intervention at 10 weeks. Men and women aged 35-65 years, diagnosed with type 2 diabetes for at least 1 year, who did not require insulin treatment, with a Body Mass Index ≥ 27.0 and HbA1c levels ≥ 7.0% participated in the study. Participants were randomized to either the MB-EAT group, which focused on cultivating “inner wisdom” and “outer wisdom” through mindfulness meditation along with nutrition education, or the Smart Choices group which was a standard diabetes nutrition intervention. Participants met in group sessions for 10 weeks. At baseline, both MB-EAT and Smart Choices groups were similar in weight, waist circumference, BMI,\nHbA1C, and fasting glucose values (all P > 0.05). There was no significant difference in the change in HbA1C between the two treatment groups. The Smart Choices group had a significant within-group change in HbA1C following the 10 week intervention, with a decrease of -0.71 ± 0.30 % (P = 0.02). The MB-Eat group had a near identical within-group change over the 10 weeks with a mean decrease in HbA1C of -0.67 ± 0.28 % (P = 0.02). After the 10 week intervention, the Smart Choices group had significant losses within-group in weight, waist circumference, and BMI for both men and women. The MB-EAT group did not have significant changes in weight, waist circumference, or BMI. There was no significant change for either group in fasting plasma glucose. Therefore, both treatments are effective in improving glycemic control and could reduce the risk of periodontal disease. Future research is needed to determine the impact of the interventions on the occurrence and progression of periodontal disease.
Artificial Intelligence Combined with UAVs Is Set to Increase Drafting Efficiency in Engineering and Surveying

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Unmanned aerial vehicles have been at the center of innovation in surveying and engineering. However, adoption has been slow due to concerns over accuracy, along with complexities of managing aerial data. In order to see improvements in both accuracy and data processing, the industry needs to continue to explore new approaches. Artificial intelligence (AI) has significant potential to advance the profession in making sense of massive amounts of aerial data and answer to its request for automation. In a recent industry study, over 50% of the respondents mentioned that "lack of automation" is their number one pain point and desire that technology can address in the future. This paper describes the capabilities and limitations of AI applied to surveying, informed by the development of the AirWorks software, and the first tool that creates CAD drawings autonomously by extracting features of aerial images. It demonstrates significant time savings, and how these can be overcome collaboratively going forward.
Errata - Some Reactions of Amidone

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTErrata - Some Reactions of AmidoneEverette May and Erich MosettigCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1949, 14, 6, 1142Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01158a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01158a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views23Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts