jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Glutamate signalling in bone: a therapeutic target for osteoporosis?

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Bone loss in osteoporosis is currently an almost intractable problem, and other bone pathologies such as fractures, bone loss around orthopaedic implants and lack of formation in delayed unions require that new treatment modalities are devised. Such treatments will involve regulation of bone cell activity and function, and would normally require the identification of new therapeutic targets and chemical entities. Recent studies have shown that the excitatory amino acid glutamate, which is the major excitatory transmitter at synapses in the CNS, performs a similar function in bone. All of the major types of bone cells possess receptors for glutamate, and bone forming cells (osteoblasts) also have the ability to release glutamate in a focal manner that appears to be the equivalent of its release from presynaptic neurones. As the intercellular signalling that occurs between bone cells controls the amount of bone formed or resorbed, and therefore the mass of the skeleton and its resistance to fracture, modulation of glutamate signalling in bone could provide the basis for a new treatment for bone pathologies. The impact of this could be considerable, as many agents that regulate glutamate signalling are known. Since some of those do not cross the blood-brain barrier (and do not therefore have unwanted side effects on neuronal function), it may be possible to devise new therapies for bone diseases in a much shorter timescale than would be normal.
Primer registro de estromatolitos en el Maastrichtiano tardío del Grupo Chubut, Cuenca del Golfo San Jorge, Patagonia central, Argentina

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The presence of stromatolites from Cretaceous outcrops at the headwaters of the río Chico locality in the Golfo San Jorge Basin is reported for the first time. They are present in the uppermost part of the Lago Colhué Huapi Formation (Coniacian-Maastrichtian) of the Chubut Group. The presence of, up to now, four structures interpreted as stromatolites in this locality are not only important because it is the first record in the basin, but because it contributes to the knowledge of these bioconstructions in continental environments. The stromatolite called E1, which is characterized and discussed in detail, is associated with an abundant and diverse fossil record represented by palynomorphs, fragments of silicified trunks, dinosaur remains and eggshells. The study, integrated mainly with the recorded pollen and spores, is important for paleoenvironmental interpretations of the site and contributes to the paleoecological and paleoclimatic understanding of the most modern stratigraphic interval of the Chubut Group.
A Novel Hydrophobic Fe3O4@SiO2@C18 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Adsorbents to Determine Eight Typical PAHs

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Hydrophobic Fe3O4@SiO2@C18 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) composites were synthesized. Then it was characterized by TEM, SEM and FT-IR. In combination with HPLC-FLD/VWD, it was applied to extract extract 8 typical PAHs in water. The impact of extraction and analytical conditions on the extraction efficiency were studied in detail. The result shows that Fe3O4@SiO2@C18 MNPs has good extraction effect on the target PAHs. On optimum conditions, the limits of detection, linearity range and relative standard deviation for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were satisfactory.
ASSESSMENT OF ATTITUDE OF MARRIED MALES REGARDING VASECTOMY IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS OF CHANDIGARH

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

A quantitative study with observational study design was done to assess the attitude of married males regarding vasectomy in rural and urban areas of chandigarh. A purposive sampling technique was used to collect 100 samples, 50 each from rural and urban areas respectively to conduct research. Findings revealed that 83% of the samples have positive attitude regarding vasectomy. There was significant association between the age of respondent, age of spouse, type of family of respondent and religion of the respondent with the attitude score whereas there was no significant association found between number of children, residence of respondent, educational status of respondent, occupational status of respondent, monthly income, co-morbidities of respondent, whether underwent vasectomy or not with attitude score.
Tanlawhill Stone

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

NT 2518 9082 Stone ( approx 2 x 1.5 x 1M) marks entranceway to Tanlawhill Farm by Castle O'er Forest, Eskdalemuir, Dumfries and Galloway on an unclassified road off the B709 called the 'Prehistoric Trail' as it passes a number of prehistoric sites such a Bailiehill Fort and Castle O'er Fort. As it is on the Dumfries Prehistoric Trail it is possible that passers by may consider the stone to have neolithic cup marks as the features are quite pronounced. However, the depressions are natural features and the stone is not cup marked. Now recorded on the Scottish Rock Art database as a natural feature. The stone is not recorded on Canmore. Taken with Huawei Mate 10 Pro mobile phone, 67 photos. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Cryogenic electron tomography reveals helical organization of lipoprotein lipase in storage vesicles

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a triglyceride lipase that is contained in intracellular vesicles in an inactive storage form before secretion, but the precise structural details have not yet been resolved. Using cryo–electron tomography (cryo-ET), we observe that LPL exists inside of storage vesicles as a filament with an 11-nanometer diameter and is packed in these vesicles in two distinct patterns. Next, we solved a 4.2-Å resolution cryo–electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of this 11-nanometer LPL filament using purified protein. The filament is made of repeating pairs of LPL molecules with occluded active sites, rendering the LPL inactive. The comparison of the in situ subtomogram average and the in vitro cryo-EM structure indicates that the previously uncharacterized physiological storage form of LPL is an inactive filament.
[Chronic metabolic syndrome: a predictive model of risk of macrovascular events?].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

1. A model to predict macrovascular events in patients with Chronic Metabolic Syndrome included high values of the Waist-Hip index, blood pressure, Fibrinogenaemia and basal Glucaemia, and low values of HDL cholesterol. 2. We believe that this association should be considered an independent health problem on the list of problems, with the name Syndrome X or Chronic Metabolic Syndrome.
On the Solvability of the {XOR} Problem by Spiking Neural Networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The linearly inseparable XOR problem and the related problem of representing binary logical gates is revisited from the point of view of temporal encoding and its solvability by spiking neural networks with minimal configurations of leaky integrate-and-fire (LIF) neurons. We use this problem as an example to study the effect of different hyper parameters such as information encoding, the number of hidden units in a fully connected reservoir, the choice of the leaky parameter and the reset mechanism in terms of reset-to-zero and reset-by-subtraction based on different refractory times. The distributions of the weight matrices give insight into the difficulty, respectively the probability, to find a solution. This leads to the observation that zero refractory time together with graded spikes and an adapted reset mechanism, reset-to-mod, makes it possible to realize sparse solutions of a minimal configuration with only two neurons in the hidden layer to resolve all binary logic gate constellations with XOR as a special case.
An Overview about the chemical composition and Biological Activity of Medicinal species found in the Brazilian Amazon

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Oroxylum indicum– a medicinal plant of North East India: An overview of its nutritional, remedial, and prophylactic propertiesD C Deka, Vimal Kumar, Chandan Prasad, Kamal Kumar, B J Gogoi, Lokendra Singh, R B Srivastava
Transformer Design Technique Based on the Magnetic Equivalent Model of High-Frequency Isolated LLC Converter With High Accuracy and Reduced Design Time

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

High-frequency isolated LLC converters, which require both high efficiency and high density, are gaining important as pivotal technological challenges. In these converters, the transformer plays an essential role not only in providing galvanic isolation between the input and output and in facilitating voltage step-up and step-down but also as a key component in resonance. An appropriate design of the transformer size and structure is required to achieve both high efficiency and high density. This study introduces a self-equivalent magnetic model that incorporates the fringing effect, presenting a design methodology that utilizes this model. Compared with traditional transformer design methods, the proposed methodology allows for a more precise design by considering both the relative permeability and the magnetic path length (MPL), which represents the average path of the magnetic flux. In addition, we employ pareto optimal design techniques to extract a pareto set of transformer designs that satisfy specific conditions and, apply weighting factors to propose an optimal design. The feasibility of the proposed optimal transformer design methodology was verified through finite element analysis simulations and empirical tests using LLC converters.
Sockeye salmon brood tables, Upper Cook Inlet, Alaska, 1968-2016

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Brood tables, also called run reconstructions, utilize annual estimates of the total run (commercial catch plus escapement), and samples of ages, to estimate the number of recruits per age class. These data are useful for salmon biologists to understand salmon productivity and salmon life histories. This dataset consists of original brood tables for sockeye salmon from the Kenai and Kasilof Rivers of the Upper Cook Inlet in excel format, R scripts that slightly reformat the dataset into a format consistent with other brood tables collected as part of the State of Alaskan Salmon and People project (https://alaskasalmonandpeople.org/), and the reformatted tables as a .csv file. Age classes are given in European Notation, where the first number is the number of winters spent in freshwater before going to sea (1 winter in freshwater = age-1.X), and the second number is the number of winters spent at sea (3 winters at sea = age-X.3).
Estimating the amount of uplift from the current elevation of strata at the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum: A case study of Kibi Plateau in Southwest Japan

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum (MMCO) formed shallow marine strata on continents and island arcs at ~15 Ma, and some of the MMCO strata later experienced uplift. The amount of uplift corresponded to sea level rise after the MMCO period, but ancient sea level could not be observed. This study uses a deductive approach to estimate the amount of uplift. The elevation of the youngest marine sedimentary layer of the MMCO strata approximates the sea level at the MMCO. The current elevation was reconstructed by adding the amount of denudation from the MMCO to the current elevation of the denuded MMCO strata at the outcrops, considering isostatic compensation. The amount of denudation since the MMCO period was estimated to be 180 m based on the global average denudation rate (Willenbring et al., 2013), and the estimated isostatic rebound was 153 m. By comparing the current, albeit virtual, elevation of the youngest marine sedimentary layer in the MMCO strata with sea level at the MMCO, the amount of uplift was estimated. For the MMCO sea level, a 66 m ice‐free line was adopted. This method was applied to the Kibi Plateau in Southwest Japan, where the MMCO strata are distributed. The reliability of the denudation amount of 180 m for the MMCO strata was confirmed by paleo‐water depths estimated using benthic foraminifera and mollusk fossils. The largest uplift of 504 ± 27 m occurred at the Jinseki‐Kogen since 15 Ma. A positive correlation was observed between the amount of uplift and the current altitude of the Kibi Plateau. The Kibi Plateau's topography most likely evolved after the MMCO. It is concluded that a new perspective on estimating the uplift was obtained by taking denudation into account.
A case study using best and normative treatments related to adjustment disorder, alcohol abuse, and sexual abuse of child

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of normative and best therapy techniques with individuals diagnosed with Adjustment Disorder, Alcohol Abuse, and Sexual Abuse of Child using a case study format. The subject of this study was a 15 year old female who presented with a three-week onset of depressed mood. For the purpose of this study she was seen over a four month period. Treatment emphasis was on reducing depression and anxiety related to the sexual abuse. The Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children and the Children's Depression Inventory were chosen for this study. Post-testing suggested significant decrease in both depression and anxiety.
Health Workforce Australia Expanded Scopes of Practice Program: evaluation framework

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In June 2012, the Centre for Health Service Development (CHSD), University of Wollongong, was appointed by Health Workforce Australia (HWA) as the national evaluator of the Expanded Scopes of Practice (ESOP) Program. This report provides the current iteration of the evaluation framework for HWA Australia's ESOP Program. HWA through this Program has initiated a range of projects that support implementation of the National Health Workforce Innovation and Reform Strategic Framework for Action 2011-2015. The ESOP Program (also referred to as the 'Program'), has been developed as part of the corresponding HWA work plan. This evaluation framework aims to ensure a robust evidence base is developed to support evaluation at the local setting and a national approach for each of the four sub-projects and the Program as a whole. It has been refined in consultation with lead and implementation sites through a combination of teleconferences, meetings and site visits. The introductory workshops (which included Clinical Advisers) that were held for each sub-project in August and September 2012 also provided an opportunity for feedback. The evaluation framework has been presented to each of the three Project Advisory/Reference Groups to gain input from these key stakeholders. Officers of HWA have provided detailed feedback which has been incorporated in this version of the evaluation framework. A set of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) will be collected for each sub-project in addition to a range of evaluation information to address national evaluation requirements. In combination this data and information will ensure the evaluation reports on the key domains of inquiry for HWA: workforce capacity; effectiveness including the impact and experience for consumers and service providers as well as safety and quality outcomes; economic measures including cost and efficiency; workforce productivity; sustainability and the generalisability or scalability of the implemented models. The evaluation framework will be progressively implemented at all project sites. It will form the basis for future reporting by the National Evaluation Team.
Observations on Pedicle Bone Grafts in Goats: Vascular Connections between Soft Tissues and Bones

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Twenty-six pedicled bone segments were prepared, the segments being derived from different bones in goats. The pedicles consisted of either muscle, or skin or both. The animals' vascular systems were filled with indian ink immediately after preparation of the pedicled bone segments. Samples of the pedicles and of the bone segments were studied histologically. Filling of the vascular bed of the otherwise isolated bone segments was good through muscle pedicles, but poor through skin pedicles. The clinical conclusion is that, when necessary and where practical, muscle pedicle bone grafts, with permanent or temporary pedicle, should be used, and that good results can be expected.
Medusa:  A Sample Preconcentration and GC/MS Detector System for in Situ Measurements of Atmospheric Trace Halocarbons, Hydrocarbons, and Sulfur Compounds

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Significant changes have occurred in the anthropogenic emissions of many compounds related to the Kyoto and Montreal Protocols within the past 20 years and many of their atmospheric abundances have responded dramatically. Additionally, there are a number of related natural compounds with underdetermined source or sink budgets. A new instrument, Medusa, was developed to make the high frequency in situ measurements required for the determination of the atmospheric lifetimes and emissions of these compounds. This automated system measures a wide range of halocarbons, hydrocarbons, and sulfur compounds involved in ozone depletion and/or climate forcing, from the very volatile perfluorocarbons (PFCs, e.g., CF(4) and CH(3)CF(3)) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs, e.g., CH(3)CF(3)) to the higher-boiling point solvents (such as CH(3)Cl(3) and CCl(2)=CCl(2)) and CHBr(3). A network of Medusa systems worldwide provides 12 in situ ambient air measurements per day of more than 38 compounds of part per trillion mole fractions and precisions up to 0.1% RSD at the five remote field stations operated by the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE). This custom system couples gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MSD) with a novel scheme for cryogen-free low-temperature preconcentration (-165 degrees C) of analytes from 2 L samples in a two-trap process using HayeSep D adsorbent.
The Challenges to the Study of Chinese Economic History

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The research style of The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy * differs from our brand of social economic history, which is heavily influenced by political economics. The result is that our economic histories draw upon economic studies and, by implication, retreat from the social sciences. With regard to economic history, Kenneth Pomeranz's work traces the developmental paths of the economy itself and acknowledges the autonomous logic of economic development; it therefore merits attention. But the author believes that, as research into Chinese social economic history has gained more depth, we not only suffer from what is referred to in The Great Divergence as an issue of excess theory, but also from the twin problems of flawed and biased theory. It is not necessary to abandon the past hundred years of academic tradition, which laid an emphasis on institutional analysis. In sum, China's unique history of development over thousands of years, and especially in the past hundred years, including the system-wide economic reforms currently being implemented, gives rise to challenges to our theories of economic history, which we currently must address.
Energetics and dynamics in the dissociative photoionization of PF3 at 21.2 eV

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The first five electronically excited states of PF+3 generated by He i photoionization are found to dissociate exclusively to PF+2 with dynamically distinct mechanisms. A pronounced correlation is observed between the direction of ejection of the photoelectron and the photofragment ion which issue from individual photoionization events, from which it is inferred that both the photoelectron emission and the subsequent unimolecular ion dissociation are highly anisotropic processes. Measurement of the kinetic energy which accompanies PF+2 formation at its experimental onset is used to identify the preferred thermochemical threshold value for this ion.
Effects of Environmental Calcium and Sodium on Postharvest Survival of Juvenile Striped Bass

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Experiments were conducted at two Georgia Department of Natural Resources hatcheries over a 4-year period to determine ways of reducing high mortality of striped bass Morone saxatilis during the first day after harvest. Survival rates at 24 h postharvest were determined for 5-week-old juveniles held in untreated hatchery water (8–10 mg/L total hardness as CaCO3) or in the same water with addition of either CaCl2 (278 mg/L) or NaCl (5 g/L), or of both salts combined (CaCl2+NaCl). Mean survival rates in three experiments at Walton Hatchery (three replicates per treatment in each experiment) were 91% with added CaCl2+NaCl, 48% with CaCl2, 16% with untreated water, and 12% with NaCl. Treatment means for CaCl2+NaCl, CaCl2, and untreated water were significantly different (P < 0.05) from each other, but means for untreated water and NaCl treatments were not (P > 0.05). For the same treatments in nine experiments at McDuffie Hatchery, survival rates were 99.6, 95, 76, and 30%, respectively. At McDuffie Hatchery, CaCl2+NaCl and CaCl2 treatment means were not significantly different from each other, but were significantly higher than those of other treatments. The treatment mean for NaCl was significantly lower than for that of untreated water. At both hatcheries, the addition of CaCl2 alone increased postharvest survival of juvenile striped bass. Sodium chloride alone was detrimental or had no effect in soft waters, but increased survival when combined with CaCl2.
On the quality and value of information in sensor networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The increasing use of sensor-derived information from planned, ad-hoc, and/or opportunistically deployed sensor networks provides enhanced visibility to everyday activities and processes, enabling fast-paced data-to-decision in personal, social, civilian, military, and business contexts. The value that information brings to this visibility and ensuing decisions depends on the quality characteristics of the information gathered. In this article, we highlight, refine, and extend upon our past work in the areas of quality and value of information (QoI and VoI) for sensor networks. Specifically, we present and elaborate on our two-layer QoI/VoI definition, where the former relates to context-independent aspects and the latter to context-dependent aspects of an information product. Then, we refine our taxonomy of pertinent QoI and VoI attributes anchored around a simple ontological relationship between the two. Finally, we introduce a framework for scoring and ranking information products based on their VoI attributes using the analytic hierarchy multicriteria decision process, illustrated via a simple example.