jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Assessing forest cover change in Mexico from annual MODIS VCF data (2000–2010)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

We applied annual Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) product Vegetation Continuous Fields (VCF) data for the detection of forest cover change (FCC) in Mexico over the period 2000–2010. We excluded the pixels with uncertain information and applied a moving average and low-pass filter to smooth the multi-temporal data to reduce the fluctuations in the forest cover for each pixel. We applied a linear regression model and created two scenarios based on the coefficient of determination and slope to determine whether a pixel had changed its land cover over the study period. This model was able to label detected changes as deforestation, degradation, reforestation, and regrowth, based on the initial and final values of forest cover. The results showed that there has been more forest gain (reforestation and regrowth) than forest loss (deforestation and degradation) during the study period. We verified these results by comparing with the biomass data derived from the Mexican National Forest and Soil Inventory (Inventario Nacional Forestal y de Suelos, abbreviated to INFyS). Our model provides an efficient method to assess FCC at national level, which can contribute to the development of a reference level of greenhouse gas emission as necessary for the implementation of the international policy for reduction of emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+).
An emerging multi-level approach to climate action in the US banking sector

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The US banking sector is working to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This is a relatively recent occurrence resulting from several drivers, including growing stakeholder calls for climate and environmental accountability, climate action progress by peer banks and other financial institutions (FIs) in the US and abroad, a presidential administration committed to climate action, an evolving federal regulatory environment, and pressure to step up governmental and corporate commitments at the recent 26th UN Climate Change Conference of the Parties held in Glasgow. These and other drivers are converging to form a multi-level approach to reducing the negative climate impacts in the banking sector in the US and abroad. This chapter outlines the multi-level climate response emerging in and around the US banking sector.
Network Delay-Aware Energy Management for Mobile Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Smartphones and tablets have occupied the every facet of our daily life in recent years. According to a recent survey, users spend over 3 hours a day on their mobile devices. In addition, 76% and 75% of smartphone users perform web browsing and social networking at least once a day, respectively. To fully enjoy their benefits, those mobile systems require a long battery life. However, network errors such as packet losses decrease the battery life more quickly. We analyzed the reason for this through measurements using real smartphones and mobile full system simulation. We found that the smartphones maintain high performance level on packet losses without doing useful work. To address this problem, we propose a method for reducing energy consumption by lowering down performance level with a Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling mechanism when long network delay is expected due to packet losses. Experimental results show that the total energy consumption is reduced by 8.4% without performance loss.
The Japanese Occupation in Pahang, January 1942–September 1945

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract: The Japanese Occupation in Pahang followed many of the policies adopted elsewhere in the Malay Peninsula. This article illustrates details about everyday life during the Occupation period, revealing less studied aspects of the wartime years, including Japanese plans for the state, local administration, food supplies, health, ceremonial occasions, and the wartime experience of local residents.
Collaborative online d-learning experience in Taiwan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Over the last few years, Dealing with digital learning and information explosion, Students enhance their global vision via collaborative online d-learning Experience. Therefore, through digital multimedia students' interacting with other nations on the web is a very important skill in this digital era. The study of this project intends to understand course material while interacting through online web learning. It stimulates students' cultural experience and expands learning fields. Many outstanding examples of d-learning were produced, Student Support: d-learning is not the same as distance learning, collaborative online d-learning courses are not usually whole programs, but teaching units available on the Internet. They replace conventional university lectures, many of which are held in severely overcrowded auditoriums. At this stage, it should be emphasized that collaborative online d-Learning is not aiming to transfer entire courses of study to the Internet.

Collaborative online d-learning is used on campus and here the important factor of providing support to students becomes much easier to manage. E-learning becomes a component of blended learning, but a good student support facility is still essential. The project provides collaborative online d-learning problem solving model and encourages students to try to solve problems by themselves. The project recruits middle schools and primary schools to make international contact. Four hundreds teams of parents, teachers, and students involved in a web platform to discuss international issues. The topics can be related to natural resources, human and society, human and self-renunciation, and there are many more multi-cultural learning. Project also intends to do collaborative online d-Learning exchange, experience sharing, and will submit findings for related educational administrators and d-Learning for further reference. The team finishing the special project and uploading the achievement finally adds up to 645 teams, the students separately from 12 different countries, have offered a collaborative online d-learning success experience in Taiwan.
Effective clearance of Chlamydia from the female reproductive tract in the absence of T-bet+ Th1 cells

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Protective immune responses to Chlamydia infection within the female reproductive tract (FRT) are incompletely understood. MHC class II-restricted CD4 Th1 responses are thought to be vital for bacterial clearance, due to their capacity to secrete IFN-γ. However, other studies suggest protective or pathogenic roles for additional CD4 T helper subsets. We used a variety of gene-deficient mice to re-examine bacterial clearance following primary genital infection of C57BL/6 mice with Chlamydia muridarum. As seen previously, IFN-γ-, and IFN-γR-deficient mice resolved much of FRT infection, but experienced systemic dissemination and 100% mortality with an average median survival of approximately 4 weeks. Mice lacking the Th1 subset defining transcription factor T-bet or the Th2 transcription factor STAT6 both effectively cleared infection from the reproductive tract, suggesting that neither Th1 nor Th2 cells are essential for local bacterial control. In contrast, RORγt mutant mice selectively deficient in Th17 responses exhibited a week delay in clearance compared to wild-type mice. Th17 subset markers were not observed to be upregulated in T-bet−/− mice and markers of Th1 subsets were minimally upregulated in RORγt mutant mice, indicating that compensation between these subsets does not explain bacterial clearance. In conclusion, timely local clearance of Chlamydia muridarum from the reproductive tract requires Th17 CD4 T cells, but will ultimately clear independent of classical T-bet+ Th1 and RORγt+ Th17 cells individually. Studies are underway to examine which alternative CD4 T cell mechanisms contribute to bacterial clearance within the FRT.
The Auditor's Consideration of the Going Concern Assumption: A Diagnostic Model

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

A central tenet of audited financial statements is the assumption that the reporting firm will remain in business for the foreseeable future, that is, it is a going concern. However, recent years have seen a wave of highly visible corporate failures that have greatly reduced investors' confidence in auditors' work. This paper develops a tool to evaluate the going concern risk of an audit client, within the risk analysis framework suggested by the auditing literature. The study is innovative along four dimensions. First, new developments in financial statement analysis research are applied to auditing. Second, in addition to quantitative indicators reflecting trends in financial statements, the model also includes qualitative corporate governance characteristics suggested by current audit practice. Third, the concept of going concern failure is broadened and is not restricted to legal bankruptcy. Finally, complementary multivariate classification techniques, logit, linear discriminant analysis, and recursive partitioning are used to provide predictive and interpretative guidance to auditors. Results suggest that a systematic interpretation of financial statements and an evaluation of investment and accounting decisions made by managers would allow auditors to classify firms before the advent of any economic loss. Furthermore, some ratios provide consistent signals about going concern failures. Implications about audit work are then discussed.
Pro-fibrotic compounds induce stellate cell activation, ECM-remodelling and Nrf2 activation in a human 3D-multicellular model of liver fibrosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background & Aims Currently most liver fibrosis research is performed in vivo, since suitable alternative in vitro systems which are able to recapitulate the cellular events leading to liver fibrosis are lacking. Here we aimed at generating a system containing cells representing the three key players of liver fibrosis (hepatocyte, Kupffer cells and stellate cells) and assess their response to pro-fibrotic compounds such as TGF-β1, methotrexate (MTX) and thioacetamide (TAA). Methods Human cell lines representing hepatocytes (HepaRG), Kupffer cell (THP-1 macrophages) and stellate cells (hTERT-HSC) were co-cultured using the InSphero hanging drop technology to generate scaffold-free 3D microtissues, that were treated with pro-fibrotic compounds (TGF-β1, MTX, TAA) for up to 14 days. The response of the microtissues was evaluated by determining the expression of cytokines (TNF-α, TGF-β1 and IL6), the deposition and secretion of ECM proteins and induction of gene expression of fibrosis biomarkers (e.g. αSMA). Induction of Nrf2 and Keap1, as key player of defence mechanism, was also evaluated. Results We could demonstrate that the multicellular 3D microtissue cultures could be maintained in a non-activated status, based on the low expression levels of activation markers. Macrophages were activated by stimulation with LPS and hTERT-HSC showed activation by TGF-β1. In addition, MTX and TAA elicited a fibrotic phenotype, as assessed by gene-expression and protein-deposition of ECM proteins such as collagens and fibronectin. An involvement of the antioxidant pathway upon stimulation with pro-fibrotic compounds was also observed. Conclusion Here, for the first time, we demonstrate the in vitro recapitulation of key molecular and cellular events leading to liver fibrosis: hepatocellular injury, antioxidant defence response, activation of Kupffer cells and activation of HSC leading to deposition of ECM.
Feasibility of cowpea pest Maruca vitrata classical biological control in the context of climate change-induced increasing temperatures

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Der Hülsenfruchtschotenbohrer Maruca vitrata schädigt die Augenbohne (Vigna unguiculata), ein Grundnahrungsmittel in Westafrika, und verursacht dort jährliche Kosten in Höhe von 3 Milliarden US-Dollar. Die Bekämpfung des Schädlings beruht in Westafrika noch weitgehend auf dem Einsatz chemischer Insektizide. Klassische biologische Kontrolle wird als eine mögliche Option angesehen. Therophilus javanus und Apanteles taragamae sind Parasitoide aus Asien, welche nach Westafrika eingeführt wurden, um den Schädling M. vitrata zu bekämpfen. Um deren potentielle Wirkung auf M. vitrata im Kontext künftiger Temperaturen zu untersuchen, wird ein tritrophes Modell konzipiert und anhand der Universal Simulator Software umgesetzt, mit der durchschnittlichen Tagestemperatur als Modelltreiber. Drei verschiedene Einwanderungsraten-Szenarien der Parasitoide werden für Temperaturdaten von 2020-2050 betrachtet, bei denen die Parasitoide jeweils einzeln und gemeinsam einwandern. Innerhalb der drei Einwanderungsraten-Szenarien der Parasitoide über die Jahre 2020 – 2050, hat T. javanus die größte Wirkung mit einer Reduktion der jungen Larvenpopulation um 40 – 99% pro m2. Eine Zunahme der Parasitoid-Einwanderungsrate erhöht den Reduktionseffekt, während zunehmende Temperaturen bis 2050 die Wirkung der Parasitoide nicht negativ beeinflussen. Im Gegenteil, die Wirkung nimmt im Jahr 2030 deutlich zu, wenn die Temperatur die obere thermische Entwicklungsschwelle von jungen M. vitrata Larven übersteigt. Die Simulationsexperimente zeigen auf, dass T. javanus bei der Reduktion der M. vitrata Population wirksamer sein könnte als A. taragamae und das bis mindestens 2050. Um das Modell zu verbessern, sind weitere Untersuchungen zur thermischen Reaktion der Parasitoide und zur Identifizierung und Quantifizierung der Auswirkungen von Niederschlag auf die Einwanderungsraten von M. vitrata erforderlich.
False-negative hypoglycaemic screening test for patients in coma

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Further investigation has shown that the incorrect Reflomat result may have resulted from inserting the Reflomat strip into the machine upside down, which can give spurious readings up to 4 0 mmol/l.Incorrect insertion of the strip is, of course, more likely when testing for hypoglycaemia since the test surface fails to show significant colour change in this situation.This problem does not appear to be significant with the more recently available Reflotest-Hypoglycemie strips, though false results may occur.if either of the strips is not fully inserted into the machine.Although all laboratory results should be interpreted in the context of the clinical findings, we should like to alert your readers to this potential cause of error and suggest that the manufacturers alter the colour of the blank reverse side of the strip to obviate this risk.
NAVIGATING THE LANDSCAPE OF 5G WIRELESS NETWORKS: INNOVATIONS AND OBSTACLES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The advent of 5G wireless networks ushers in a new era of connectivity with its promise of higher data rates, ultra-low latency, massive device connectivity, and enhanced reliability. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the advancements and challenges in the realm of 5G wireless networks. It discusses the technological innovations that have fueled the development of 5G, delves into the key features of 5G networks, explores the applications that stand to benefit from this technology, and examines the challenges that are hindering its widespread adoption. The aim of this paper is to provide a holistic understanding of the current state of 5G, shedding light on its potential impact on various industries and its implications for future research and development.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Serum miR-21, miR-29a, and miR-125b Are Promising Biomarkers for the Early Detection of Colorectal Neoplasia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

<p>Supplementary figure 1: Expression levels of serum miR-21, miR-29a and miR-125b in healthy controls (HC) vs. patients with colorectal neoplasms (CRN), after exclusion of 8 patients with colorectal cancer.</p>
Hepatitis B and survival after renal transplant: meta‐analysis of observational studies

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary Recent evidence has been accumulated suggesting that HB sAg seropositive status is significantly linked to lower patient and graft survival after renal transplant even if conflicting data on this point exist. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of the published medical literature concerning the impact of HBV surface antigen seropositive status on all‐cause mortality and graft loss after RT . The relative risk of all‐cause mortality and graft loss was regarded as the most reliable outcome end‐point. Study‐specific relative risks were weighted by the inverse of their variance to obtain fixed‐ and random‐effect pooled estimates for mortality and graft loss with HB sAg across the published studies. We identified ten observational studies involving 82 690 unique renal transplant recipients. The summary estimate for adjusted relative risk ( aRR ) of all‐cause mortality was 2.214 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.56; 3.137 ( P < 0.0001); heterogeneity statistics, R i = 0.98 ( P ‐value by Q ‐test = 0.0001). The overall estimate for adjusted RR of all‐cause graft loss was 1.44 (95% CI, 1.26; 1.63) ( P < 0.0001) and heterogeneity statistics, R i = 0.05 ( P ‐value by Q ‐test = 0.4). Stratified analysis changed marginally the results. Meta‐regression showed that diabetes mellitus had a detrimental role on patient survival ( P = 0.02). This meta‐analysis of observational studies supports the notion that HB sAg‐positive patients after RT have an increased risk of mortality and graft loss. The mechanisms underlying the relationship between HB sAg and mortality or graft dysfunction after renal transplant are an area of avid research.
Effect of Particle Size on the Kinetics of Thermal Decompoaition of Limestone and Marble

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, Calcutta-7 Manuscript received 1 June 1987, revised 16 October 2987, accepted 7 January 1988 Effect of Particle Size on the Kinetics of Thermal Decompoaition of Limestone and Marble.
Advance Rulings and State Aid: Investigative Powers of the EU Commission (T-258/14)

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Chapter assesses the action taken by Luxembourg against a Commission decision related to its investigation of Luxembourg's advance ruling practice in tax matters. It critically reviews the arguments of the Commission and the Luxembourg government concerning the limits of investigative powers of the Commission in state aid review procedure, especially with respect to areas with necessary discretion for the administration.
An Assessment of NFC for Future Mobile Payment Systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present an assessment of NFC (near field communication) for future mobile payment systems. NFC is expected to become a very trendy technology for mobile services, more specifically for mobile payments. The objective of our paper is to evaluate in a systematic manner the potential of NFC as an upcoming technology for mobile payments. In order to ensure the rigor of our research, we used a formal and structured approach based on multi-actor multi-criteria methods. Our research provides one of the first assessment of NFC and a realistic picture of the current Swiss situation as we involved numerous mobile payment experts. Our findings show that Swiss industry experts are quite enthusiastic about the future of NFC.
Further Statistical Inference Methods for a Stochastic Model of Insect Phenology

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Journal Article Further Statistical Inference Methods for a Stochastic Model of Insect Phenology Get access Brian Dennis, Brian Dennis 1College of Forestry, Wildlife and Range Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83843 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William P. Kemp William P. Kemp 2Rangeland Insect Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Bozeman, Mont. 59717 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 17, Issue 5, 1 October 1988, Pages 887–893, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/17.5.887 Published: 01 October 1988 Article history Received: 20 April 1987 Accepted: 04 April 1988 Published: 01 October 1988
Design and analysis of optical filter using series coupled racetrack resonator

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Vernier principle based optical double racetrack resonator (ODRR) with its constituent material as Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) having effective refractive index as 1.71 has been utilized for obtaining optical filter having wider free spectral range (FSR). Here delay line signal processing technique in Z-domain and Mason's gain formula are being used for analyzing the racetrack resonator. A free spectral range of 10.04THz is obtained for drop port which is very much comparable with the results with similar kind of architecture using other methods of analysis. Here interstitial spurious transmission is almost -100dB with negligible resonance loss. Group delay, dispersion characteristics and Finesse are also determined from this architecture.
Long-term consequences of respiratory disease in infancy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In a study of Kent schoolchildren it has been shown that those who had a history of bronchitis under the age of five were more likely to have reported respiratory symptoms as the age of 11 (Bland et al., 1974). After this finding, it was necessary to test whether these differences would continue or diminish as the children grew older. One thousand three hundred schoolchildren in four areas of Kent were studied by physical examination and parental questionnaire at the ages of 5, 11, and 14. The relative risk of having reported respiratory symptoms for children with a history of early bronchitis, asthma, or pneumonia, compared with other children, was the same at the age of 14 as it was at the age of 11. These relationships could not be explained by social class effects, and were probably not due to parental bias in reporting.
Pricing behaviour in UK manufacturing and service industries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract This paper reports the findings related to pricing behaviour of 1775 manufacturing and service firms. Its objectives were to examine the nature of pricing objectives at differing stages of market evolution and for companies of differing size and to examine the association between pricing objectives and performance. Princing objectives were found to vary with stages of market evolution and firm size. Both positive and negative relationships between pricing objectives and performance were revealed.
Relationship between gene mutations and protein expressions of PDGFR α and C-kit in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Mutations of PDGFR α and C-kit plays an important role in part of GIST tumorigenesis. Mutation sites were related with original sites and histological types. Most protein expressions were closely related to their gene mutations in GIST.