jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Near-field heat transfer between a nanoparticle and a rough surface

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this work we focus on the surface roughness correction to the near-field radiative heat transfer between a nanoparticle and a material with a rough surface utilizing a direct perturbation theory up to second order in the surface profile. We discuss the different distance regimes for the local density of states above the rough material and the heat flux analytically and numerically. We show that the heat transfer rate is larger than that corresponding to a flat surface at short distances. At larger distances it can become smaller due to surface polariton scattering by the rough surface. For distances much smaller than the correlation length of the surface profile, we show that the results converge to a proximity approximation, whereas in the opposite limit the rough surface can be replaced by an equivalent surface layer.
Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Probes for the Development of a Ceramide Synthase FRET-Based Assay

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Ceramides are recognized to occupy a pivotal position in sphingolipid metabolism, playing a fundamental role as membrane structural components, as well as second messengers. Ceramide synthases (CerS) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the N-acylation of sphingosine and dihydrosphingosine, thus controlling the levels of intracellular ceramides. In this work, we present the synthesis and the fluorescent properties of new probes for the development of a FRET-based assay for CerS activity. Based on our previous discovery of spisulosine as a suitable probe for CerS activity in cells, the use of a modified NBD-spisulosine with a clickable fatty acid as CerS substrates may allow the ultimate formation of a bichromophoric reporter for a FRET-based analysis of CerS activity in cells.
The human health dimensions of sustainable tourism

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This chapter explores how tourism systems influence human health, and how human health influences the sustainability of tourism systems. The proposed conceptual framework offers guidance for considering the social determinants of health within tourism research, considering health as both a driver of tourism and an output of the visitor experience, as well as the inevitable tensions and rewards of residents’ encounters with tourists and the tourist industry. This framework can guide approaches to tourism research and planning that promote human health for all who are integral to its sustainability.
Surviving 60% blood loss using 7.5% NaCl with adenosine, lidocaine and magnesium (ALM) in the rat model of battlefield hemorrhagic shock

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Soldiers with catastrophic blood loss often die on the battlefield before they can be evacuated. In an effort to translate the protective effects of AdenocaineTM (adenosine, lidocaine and Mg2+) (ALM) from cardiac surgery to resuscitation science, we examined the early hypotensive resuscitative effects of 7.5% NaCl with ALM following near lethal blood loss of 60% in the rat model. \n \nMethods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–350g, n=32) were anesthetized and randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) Untreated, 2) 7.5% NaCl, 3) 7.5% NaCl/6% Dextran-70 (RescueFlow®), 4) 7.5% NaCl/ALM. Shock was induced by removing 60% blood (volume controlled) over 50 min and maintaining the MAP between 30 to 40 mmHg. Animals were left in shock at 34°C for an additional 30 min. Total shock time was 80 min. 0.3 ml bolus was injected into the femoral vein and hemodynamics monitored for 60 min (Phase 1). Shed blood was replaced and function monitored for another 60 min (Phase 2). Lead II ECG, arterial pressures, MAP, heart rate (HR) and rate-pressure product (RPP) were monitored. \n \nResults: Mortality (%) for Untreated, 7.5% NaCl, 7.5% NaCl/6% Dextran-70, and 7.5% NaCl ALM groups were 100%, 75%, 87.5% and 0% respectively. Times to death after bolus injection were 9±3, 19±4 and 45±12 min respectively. The MAP of survivors at the end of Phase 1 was 24±3 (n=2), 26±0.1 (n=3) and 40±2 mmHg (P<0.05) (n=8) respectively. After blood was returned, the MAP at 60 min for the three treatment groups was 67±5 (n=2), 47 (n=1) and 69±5 mmHg (n=8) respectively. All rats, except the 7.5% NaCl ALM group, were profoundly proarrhythmic; Dextran doubled the arrhythmias compared with 7.5% NaCl alone. No severe arrhythmias occurred in ALM group in Phase 1 or 2, and 60 min after return of shed blood HR, MAP and RPP were 96%, 75% and 83% of their pre-shock values. \n \nConclusions: Ultra-small (<1 ml/kg) IV bolus of 7.5% NaCl with ALM led to 100% survival with no arrhythmias in Phase 1 following 60% blood loss. Compared to untreated animals, 7.5% NaCl and the Dextran group delayed time to death by a factor of 2 and 5 respectively. Only one rat receiving 7.5% NaCl/6% Dextran-70 survived and it was profoundly proarrhythmic. Further work is required to test if 7.5% NaCl ALM, with its low cube/high resuscitation capability, has field applications.
Microbubble-based model analysis of liquid breakdown initiation by a submicrosecond pulse

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

An electrical breakdown model for liquids in response to a submicrosecond (∼100ns) voltage pulse is presented, and quantitative evaluations carried out. It is proposed that breakdown is initiated by field emission at the interface of pre-existing microbubbles. Impact ionization within the microbubble gas then contributes to plasma development, with cathode injection having a delayed and secondary role. Continuous field emission at the streamer tip contributes to filament growth and propagation. This model can adequately explain almost all of the experimentally observed features, including dendritic structures and fluctuations in the prebreakdown current. Two-dimensional, time-dependent simulations have been carried out based on a continuum model for water, though the results are quite general. Monte Carlo simulations provide the relevant transport parameters for our model. Our quantitative predictions match the available data quite well, including the breakdown delay times and observed optical emission.
Resource Provisioning in the Electrical Grid

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Transformers and storage systems in the electrical grid must be provisioned or sized just as routers and buffers must be sized in the Internet. We prove the formal equivalence between these two systems and use this insight to apply teletraffic theory to sizing the electrical grid, obtaining the capacity region corresponding to a given transformer and storage size. We conduct a fine-grained measurement study of household electrical load. These measurements are essential for two reasons. First, we use them to construct reference models for home loads; these models are used to find the capacity region using the teletraffic theory. Second, these measurements are used in numerical simulations that are done to validate our analysis. More specifically, we compare results of numerical simulations with the results from teletraffic theory. We show not only that teletraffic theory agrees well with numerical simulations but also that it closely matches with the heuristics used in current practice. Moreover, our analysis permits us to develop sizing rules for battery storage electrical grid, advancing the state of the art.
Analyses of the cloud contents of multispectral imagery from LANDSAT 2: Mesoscale assessments of cloud and rainfall over the British Isles

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The author has identified the following significant results. It was demonstrated that satellites with sufficiently high resolution capability in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum could be used to check the accuracy of estimates of total cloud amount assessed subjectively from the ground, and to reveal areas of performance in which corrections should be made. It was also demonstrated that, in middle latitude in summer, cloud shadow may obscure at least half as much again of the land surface covered by an individual LANDSAT frame as the cloud itself. That proportion would increase with latitude and/or time of year towards the winter solstice. Analyses of sample multispectral images for six different categories of clouds in summer revealed marked differences between the reflectance characteristics of cloud fields in the visible/near infrared region of the spectrum.
Renal cell carcinoma sharply captured by imaging technology at an early stage in a hemodialysis patient: Usefulness of noninvasive monochrome superb microvascular imaging

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract It has been drawing much attention that type 2 diabetes mellitus is closely associated with increased incidence of numerous cancers and their poor prognosis. Consequently, malignancy has been recently recognized as one of diabetic complications in addition to various conventional complications. Furthermore, it is well known that the prevalence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is drastically increased in hemodialysis (HD) patients. Therefore, screening of RCCs in HD patients is a very important and urgent issue as there are no highly sensitive tumor markers for RCCs. Monochrome superb microvascular imaging (mSMI) is a relatively new Doppler ultrasound technique and is useful especially when evaluating very slow blood flow state, because this allows for imaging microvessels with low velocity in the absence of a contrast agent. Thus, mSMI might be also useful when contrast enhancement is not obvious on CT and/or contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography using perflubutane or contrast agents are contraindicated. Moreover, it has been reported that mSMI could effectively detect vascularity of renal malignant tumor than benign renal mass in nondialysis patients. We propose that mSMI of ultrasonography could become one of the very useful methods for detecting RCCs at an early stage with high sensitivity in HD patients.
Quality improvement of multistage and multi-response grinding processes: an insight into two different methodologies for parameter optimisation

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Process quality improvement using appropriate optimisation methodology has been a continual research endeavour. However, search for optimal path conditions for multi-stage and multi-response grinding in mass-scale manufacturing still remains a critical and difficult task for researchers. In this context, two different methodologies may be adopted to determine optimal process setting conditions. The first methodology (Methodology-1) is to assume each stage as independent, and thereby determine optimal setting conditions for the individual stages. Based on individual stage optimal process conditions, overall optimal path conditions are selected. Another possible methodology (Methodology-2) for optimisation is to consider all the stages as a single system, with their interdependency, and thereby determine the overall optimal path conditions. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare and contrast the solution quality, as determined by genetic algorithm, and tabu search for both the methodology. The computational results show the relative superiority of tabu search.
Sosialisasi Penggunaan Wordwall Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Digital kepada Guru di UPTD SDN Purwamekar

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Technology is one of the important things in various fields, especially in the field of education, in the technological age like now a professional educator must be able to keep up with the times. One of them is by making digital-based learning media, the application of learning using digital media can make it easier for students to receive learning in a fun way. So it is necessary to have a workshop for teachers in making digital-based learning media using a website called wordwall at UPTD SDN Purwamekar. This service in the form of a workshop shared with educators at UPTD SDN Purwamekar how to apply the creation of digital learning media on the wordwall website. Based on the results of the questionnaire given, 80% of the participants who attended did not know this wordwall website, and 20% already knew but had never used it. As a result of this workshop, the participants who attended came to understand and were able to apply wordwalls to learning activities.
Thermodynamics and the structure of quantum theory

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Despite its enormous empirical success, the formalism of quantum theory still raises fundamental questions: why is nature described in terms of complex Hilbert spaces, and what modifications of it could we reasonably expect to find in some regimes of physics? Here we address these questions by studying how compatibility with thermodynamics constrains the structure of quantum theory. We employ two postulates that any probabilistic theory with reasonable thermodynamic behaviour should arguably satisfy. In the framework of generalised probabilistic theories, we show that these postulates already imply important aspects of quantum theory, like self-duality and analogues of projective measurements, subspaces and eigenvalues. However, they may still admit a class of theories beyond quantum mechanics. Using a thought experiment by von Neumann, we show that these theories admit a consistent thermodynamic notion of entropy, and prove that the second law holds for projective measurements and mixing procedures. Furthermore, we study additional entropy-like quantities based on measurement probabilities and convex decomposition probabilities, and uncover a relation between one of these quantities and Sorkin's notion of higher-order interference. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd and Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.
Fluorine Translational Anion Dynamics in Nanocrystalline Ceramics: SrF2-YF3 Solid Solutions

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Nanostructured materials have already become an integral part of our daily life. In many applications, ion mobility decisively affects the performance of, e.g., batteries and sensors. Nanocrystalline ceramics often exhibit enhanced transport properties due to their heterogeneous structure showing crystalline (defect-rich) grains and disordered interfacial regions. In particular, anion conductivity in nonstructural binary fluorides easily exceeds that of their coarse-grained counterparts. To further increase ion dynamics, aliovalent substitution is a practical method to influence the number of (i) defect sites and (ii) the charge carrier density. Here, we used high energy-ball milling to incorporate Y 3 + ions into the cubic structure of SrF 2 . As compared to pure nanocrystalline SrF 2 the ionic conductivity of Sr 1 − x Y x F 2 + x with x = 0.3 increased by 4 orders of magnitude reaching 0.8 × 10 − 5 S cm − 1 at 450 K. We discuss the effect of YF 3 incorporation on conductivities isotherms determined by both activation energies and Arrhenius pre-factors. The enhancement seen is explained by size mismatch of the cations involved, which are forced to form a cubic crystal structure with extra F anions if x is kept smaller than 0.5.
Primary studies on populational structrures of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on vegetables in Sichuan province

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The measurement of sensitivity to carbendazim of 60 isolates from vegetables in Pengzhou City of Sichuan province, China, indicated no resistance in the fungal population. The EC_(50) of all of the 4 measured isolates was smaller than 0.5#mu#g/mL. No significant mycelial growth was observed on PDA plates amended with carbendazim. The average inhibition rate of mycelial growth of 60 isolates by carbendazim at 1 and 5#mu#g/mL was 98.46% and 99.08%, respectively, while the minimum inhibition by carbendazim at these two concentrate was 93.00% and 94.52%, respectively. When paired with the 30 standard isolates of vegetative compatible groups (VCG) of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, 4 isolates from lettuce, 3 from cabbage and 4 from bean out of the 28 tested isolates were compatible to standard isolates of 7 VCG from canola. The remaining 17 isolates belonged to at least 8 new VCGs of S.sclerotiorum in China. RAPD results of 31 isolates from vegetables indicated no specification of the pathogen to different hosts although isolates from the same hosts were often of same RAPD band patterns.
Correlation Wavefront Sensing and Turbulence Profiling for Solar Adaptive Optics

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Ground based telescopes suffer from degraded resolution due to aberrations induced by the atmosphere which prevent them from reaching the diffraction limit. Adaptive Optics (AO) is a technology which corrects for this effect in real-time, restoring the resolution of a telescope. However, it only corrects for a very narrow field of view (FOV) around the guide source. Tomographic AO uses multiple guide sources to increase the size of the corrected FOV, however, these forms of AO are affected by the vertical distribution of turbulence in the atmosphere (turbulence profile). This thesis presents work to develop turbulence profiling instruments for daytime astronomy and improve centroiding techniques for correlating wavefront sensors (WFS) which are used in slope based turbulence profiling instruments. \n \nThe development of centroiding techniques for use on extended objects is based on cross-correlation techniques. Two methods are presented, one for optimising centroiding parameters on cross-correlation images and another for improving the signal to noise in cross-correlation images created from images with large relative shifts by using supersized reference images. Choosing optimal centroiding parameters for correlating WFSs is demonstrated in simulation, optimising a windowed, thresholded center of mass. The creation and use of supersized reference images is also demonstrated in simulation, where they are created from WFS data and shown to drastically improve the accuracy of centroiding for centroiding extended objects which have continuous structure across the whole field. \n \nSo-SLODAR (solar-slope detection and ranging) was developed as a slope based instrument for measuring the turbulence profile on the Swedish Solar Telescope (SST), La Palma. The technique is based on SLODAR, with developments to take advantage of the continuous structure of the solar surface offering multiple guide sources. A full description of the technique and its data reduction is presented, along with the first results from on-sky tests on the SST.
A Case of Two Consecutive Peri-Implant Fractures After Treatment of an Incomplete Stress Fracture of the Femoral Neck with a Sliding Hip Screw Device in a Young Adult

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We present an atypical presentation of a non-displaced femoral neck fracture in a young adult after a fall from standing sustained 4 days prior to presentation. Patient underwent surgical fixation with a sliding hip screw, the postoperative course of which was complicated by an atraumatic peri-implant greater trochanteric fracture, requiring surgery for open reduction and internal fixation. The course was further complicated by another atraumatic peri-implant femoral neck fracture after which, the patient was definitely treated with a total hip arthroplasty.
"Queer Categories: Queer(y)ing the identification of ‘older lesbian, gay and/or bisexual (LGB) adults’ and its implications for organisational research, policy and practice"

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In recent years there has been a growth in organisational discourse concerning the lives of older lesbian, gay and/or bisexual (LGB) adults, which has started to address the serious omission and invisibility of this group of people in research, policy making, and service provision. Whilst this development is welcomed, it inevitably draws attention to the identification ‘older LGB adults’ on which it is based. Using insights from Queer Theory, in addition to the sociological perspectives of ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, this article troubles or ‘queers’ such identifications. It does this, not only theoretically, but empirically, by conducting a membership categorization analysis (MCA) of some data emanating from a small organisational scoping study of older LGB adults. The ramifications of this for organisational research, policy making and practice are considered in the conclusion.
Quantitative Measurement of Progesterone Receptor Immunohistochemical Expression to Predict Lymph Node Metastasis in Endometrial Cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Previous studies have shown that loss of progesterone receptor (PR) in endometrial cancer (EC) is associated with poor outcomes. Evaluating lymph node metastasis (LNM) is essential, especially before surgical staging. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of PR expression and other clinicopathological parameters in LNM and to develop a prediction model. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated endometrioid-type EC patients treated with staging surgery between January 2015 and March 2020. We analyzed PR status using immunohistochemical staining, and the expression was quantified using the H-score. We identified optimal cut-off values of H-score and CA125 for predicting LNM using receiver operating characteristic curves, and used stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify independent predictors. A nomogram for predicting LNM was constructed and validated using bootstrap resampling. Results: Of the 310 patients evaluated, the optimal cut-off values of PR H-score and CA125 were 162.5 (AUC 0.670, p = 0.001) and 40 U/mL (AUC 0.739, p < 0.001), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that CA125 ≥ 40 U/mL (OR: 8.03; 95% CI: 3.44–18.77), PR H-score < 162.5 (OR: 5.22; 95% CI: 1.87–14.60), and tumor grade 2/3 (OR: 3.25; 95% CI: 1.33–7.91) were independent predictors. These three variables were incorporated into a nomogram, which showed effective discrimination with a concordance index of 0.829. Calibration curves for the probability of LNM showed optimal agreement between the probability as predicted by the nomogram and the actual probability. Our model gave a negative predictive value and a negative likelihood ratio of 98.4% and 0.14, respectively. Conclusions: PR H-score along with tumor grade and CA125 are helpful to predict LNM. In addition, our nomogram can aid in decision making with regard to lymphadenectomy in endometrioid-type EC.
Extraction of spectral hemispherical reflectance (albedo) of surfaces from nadir and directional reflectance data

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A radiative transfer model was used to explore how the error in inferring spectral hemispherical reflectance (pλ) from nadir reflectance values varies as a function of wavelength, solar zenith angle, leaf area index and leaf orientation distribution. Secondly, a technique using multiple spectral nadir reflectance values to infer pλ for a single wavelength was tested using field data. In addition, several techniques that use multiple off-nadir view angles taken in azimuth planes (called strings of data) were tested using field data. These latter techniques were very accurate (with errors less than 4 percent of the true value)and are ideally suited to present and future sensor systems that scan in a known azimuth plane (e.g. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and other scanning radiometers) or view fore and aft in a known azimuth plane (e.g. Advanced Solid-State Array Sensor (ASAS)Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS)High Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (HIRIS)), a brief analysis was performed to explore the effects of errors in hemispherical reflectance on terrestrial energy budget and productivity calculations.