jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The Sandžak of Novi Pazar

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The current ethno-religious mosaic in the western Balkans cannot be methodologically analyzed and understood without the in-depth study of the peculiar millet system, which was the very bedrock of the Ottoman society and statehood. This monograph provides the readers with a comprehensive analysis on the establishment and main pillars of this social structure. Furthermore, one will find information on the main dynamics of adoption of Islam in the border area between Serbia and Montenegro which is presently called Sandžak and on the geopolitical wrangling that hastened the decay of the millets and introduced the nations in this volatile part of the Balkans. The impact of conflict and the resulting migrations on the ethno-religious landscape is also given considerable space in this volume. Lastly, the analysis describes the discrepancy between the policies adopted and enforced by the Sublime Porte and the lack on impact of those on the remote provinces and regions where the power of the Sultans was limited, or even in some cases only nominal. The author relies heavily on primary sources, such as contemporary travelogues, reports, and field studies. The chronological analysis is divided into three periods which correspond with the internal and external power and strength of the Ottoman Empire: period of stability, period of challenges, and a period of irreversible decay.
Accounting in Ukraine since independence:Real politik, problems and prospects

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

This paper is a study of the development of accounting in Ukraine since 1990. Ukraine is one of the states created in post-Soviet space where the problems of economic transition have influenced the development of accounting. Until 1997, accounting was mainly for the purposes of taxation, and the tax inspectorate had a large influence over accounting methodology. During the period 1997-99, when accounting and taxation reporting were separated, there were favourable conditions for the creation of an accounting system appropriate to the business needs of Ukraine, however, this opportunity was not grasped. In 2000 Ukraine implemented national accounting standards based on International Accounting Standards (IAS). It transpired that this was premature. The Ukrainian government is now making attempts to return to calculating taxes on the basis of financial accounting. This paper investigates the influences on the development of accounting since 1990, suggests what might be an appropriate system and ends by suggesting that appropriate accounting reforms could commence if the accounting elite unified and worked with the government in the best national interest. However, this may be unlikely, given the political and economic context.
Interest Rate Optionality in Fixed‐Rate Mortgage

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In a fixed-rate mortgage portfolio, the rights of customers to prepay will impact the fair value as well as the risk characteristics of the mortgage portfolio. The prepayment characteristics including speed and profile depend on many factors, which can be divided into two distinguished yet entangled categories: propensity factors; and financial market factors. Prepayment optionality is closely associated with the convexity effect. This chapter first explains the convexity effect, and discusses the topic of quantifying prepayment option. It then uses the option-based prepayment technique (OBPT) to analyse a real-life example of fixed-rate mortgage portfolio. The portfolio has a range of fixed rates and fixed periods. The chapter then discusses early redemption charge, which has two effects: it can deter prepayment as well as offset the prepayment resulted hedging costs. It also clarifies the scope and suitability of the OBPT, and explains how to analyse the fixed-rate mortgage selling period optionality.
Jiménez, Modernism/o, and the Languages of Comparative Modernist Studies

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Uses Rubén Darío’s manipulation of the term modernismo and Jiménez’s relationship to the modernista movement, as elaborated in over four decades of critical writings, to rethink the paradigms of global modernist studies. This chapter demonstrates how Jiménez’s controversial conversion of a “dying” Spain into a vital node in a “universal” modernist network can redress some critical imbalances in the Anglophone-dominated field of modernist studies. It furthermore shows, through a brief philological examination in Hispanophone media, how the presumed death of Spain was central to the renovation of the term “modernismo” itself in Rubén Darío’s work, which Jiménez saw himself as inheriting. Placing translation and literary exchange at the center of his practices and theories, Jiménez reinscribes Spain into a global history of what I call “modernism/o”—a way of denoting his use of the Spanish word modernismo to signal an “epoch” whose history is in danger of being narrowed by the Anglophone conceptions of “modernism”—by permanently suspending both the word and the concept between English and Spanish, effectively capturing the mobile poetics that his work employs.
Development of cytochrome b and an active oxidase system in association with maturation of a human promyelocytic (HL-60) cell line

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The human HL-60 myeloid leukaemia cell line developed, during maturational changes induced by dimethyl sulphoxide, an enhanced capacity for phorbol myristate acetate- stimulated oxidative activity and acquired a cytochrome b. Titration of the absorbance at 559 nm at potentials of-190 to -370 mV indicated that this cytochrome had a very low potential, differentiating it from mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum cytochromes and identifying it as the cytochrome b(-245) that has been recently found in other phagocytic cells. Subcellular fractionation studies of mature HL-60 cells showed that cytochrome b had a dual distribution within the cell. The lighter peak of activity was associated with the plasma membrane markers, adenylate cyclase and receptors for the N- formal-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (f-Met-Leu-Phe) peptide. The denser components localized with the mitochondria but were distinct from mitochondrial cytochromes because whereas the activity of cytochrome c oxidase fell during HL-60 cell maturation, that of this cytochrome b was markedly increased. Concentrations of myeloperoxidase were unrelated to activity of the oxidase system and decreased as the cell matured. The increase in the concentrations of cytochrome b with cellular maturation parallelled the increase in the stimulated nonmitochondrial respiratory activity of these cells. The turnover of the hexose monophosphate shunt of immature cells was increased by the oxidising agents, methylene blue and tert-butylhydroperoxide, indicating that these immature cells have stimulated nonmitochondrial respiratory activity by maturing HL-60 cells is associated with, and is probably dependent upon, the acquisition by these cells of the cytochrome b(-245) oxidase system.
Ultra‐high‐resolution mapping of biocrusts with Unmanned Aerial Systems

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) occur in drylands globally where they support ecosystem functioning by increasing soil stability, reducing dust emissions and modifying soil resource availability (e.g. water, nutrients). Determining biocrust condition and extent across landscapes continues to present considerable challenges to scientists and land managers. Biocrusts grow in patches, cover vast expanses of rugged terrain and are vulnerable to physical disturbance associated with ground‐based mapping techniques. As such, remote sensing offers promising opportunities to map and monitor biocrusts. While satellite‐based remote sensing has been used to detect biocrusts at relatively large spatial scales, few studies have used high‐resolution imagery from Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) to map fine‐scale patterns of biocrusts. We collected sub‐centimeter, true color 3‐band imagery at 10 plots in sagebrush and pinyon‐juniper woodland communities in a semiarid ecosystem in the southwestern US and used object‐based image analysis (OBIA) to segment and classify the imagery into maps of light and dark biocrusts, bare soil, rock and various vegetation covers. We used field data to validate the classifications and assessed the spatial distribution and configuration of different classes using fragmentation metrics. Map accuracies ranged from 46 to 77% (average 65%) and were higher in pinyon‐juniper (average 70%) versus sagebrush (average 60%) plots. Biocrust classes showed generally high accuracies at both pinyon‐juniper plots (average dark crust = 70%; light crust = 80%) and sagebrush plots (average dark crust = 69%; light crust = 77%). Point cloud density, sun elevation and spectral confusion between vegetation cover explained some differences in accuracy across plots. Spatial analyses of classified maps showed that biocrust patches in pinyon‐juniper plots were generally larger, more aggregated and contiguous than in sagebrush plots. Pinyon‐juniper plots also had greater patch richness and a lower Shannon evenness index than sagebrush plots, suggesting greater soil cover heterogeneity in this plant community type.
Noise Dosimetries during Active Transport in Montevideo, Uruguay: Evaluation of Potential Influencing Factors from Experimental Data

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This article presents a case study related to environmental noise exposure of cyclists in Montevideo (Uruguay), as a part of a wider interdisciplinary research project. The main objective of this study was to find the most important parameters related to cyclists’ noise exposure in the city. Two monitoring routes were defined, and their traffic flows were characterized. After that, noise dosimetries were carried out along the monitoring routes, determining a set of relevant parameters for each measurement: LAeq, LAF,10, LAF,90, noise climate (LAF,10–LAF,90), kurtosis, occupational and environmental noise doses, exceedance time for each dose, and traffic flow by categories met during cycling. A total of 66 noise dosimetries were carried out: 34 on Route N°1 and 32 on Route N°2. LAeq was lower in Route N°1. With a basis in multivariate tests, the main variables related to noise exposure of cyclists were found to be the following: kurtosis; noise climate; total traffic; and number of trucks met during the trip. Noise doses were lower on Route N°1, as well as exceedance times, presenting this route with lower traffic flow and fewer trucks but narrower streets and higher street aspect ratio values. Better knowledge in terms of selecting healthier places for cycling routes was obtained: traffic flow—and not urban geometric characteristics—was found to be the main urban determinant of high noise doses.
Right ventricular free-wall scar: an exceptional source of post-infarction ventricular tachycardia. A case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background In patients with coronary artery disease, ventricular tachycardia (VT) is usually related to left ventricular (LV) post-infarction scars. Case summary A case of a 78-year-old man with post-infarction VT originating from the right ventricular (RV) free wall is described. Following recurrent episodes of VT with left bundle branch block morphology and left superior axis deviation, a patient with prior myocardial infarction was submitted to catheter ablation. Two areas of abnormal bipolar electrograms were observed at 3D electroanatomical mapping: one located at the basal aspect of the posterior and postero-septal LV, and the other one extending from the antero-lateral to the posterior mid-basal RV free wall. Ventricular late potentials (LPs) were recorded within both scars, but only pacing from those located in the RV resulted in long stimulus-to-QRS latency and optimal pace-mapping. Accordingly, this substrate was deemed the culprit of the clinical VT. Radiofrequency catheter ablation aimed at eliminating all LPs recorded from both scars was effective in preventing VT recurrences at follow-up. Discussion A post-infarction RV free-wall scar may exceptionally be responsible of VT occurrence. Right ventricular mapping should be considered in selected cases based on 12-lead electrocardiogram VT morphology and prior RV infarct.
This Week in The Journal

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Margaret L. Veruki, Yifan Zhou, Áurea Castilho, Catherine W. Morgans, and Espen Hartveit (see pages [627–650][1]) Vision in dim light is mediated by the rod photoreceptor pathway. Rods connect to rod bipolar cells, which in turn form glutamatergic synapses with AII and A17 amacrine cells. AII
Expression of liver peroxisomal proteins as compared to other organelle marker enzymes in rats treated with hypolipidemic agents

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Peroxisome proliferation induced by 2 hypolipidemic agents (clofibrate and ciprofibrate) was studied in rats by complementary approaches, ie cell fractionation, electron microscopy, marker enzyme activities, immunoblotting and nucleic acid hybridization techniques. Administration of clofibrates for 2 and 52 weeks in doses of 500 ppm and 50 ppm respectively, or ciprofibrate for 2,28 and 52 weeks in doses of 250, 25 and 25 ppm respectively, did not alter the behavior of the peroxisomes after induction as shown by ultracentrifugation profiles. The peroxisome mass was increased as shown by the purification procedure. Specific enzymes (catalase and mostly cyanide insensitive palmitoyl CoA oxidase) were induced. A mechanism of peroxisome biogenesis might have been initiated ie cytosolic factor, ligand-receptor interaction and/or post-translational modification of the import. Increase in marker enzyme activities showed that the peroxisomes are the most responsive organelles in comparison to lysosomes, mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (except for cytochrome P-450 LA ω-hydroxylase). Peroxisomal integral membrane proteins appeared to be differently induced: some of them were virtually absent in untreated rat liver but were strongly expressed in treated liver. Induction was substained for 52 weeks, indicating that there was no compensatory mechanism.
Detection of the 205 μm [N ii ] Line from the Carina Nebula

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

We report the first detection of the 205 μm 3P1img1.gif P0 [N II] line from a ground-based observatory using a direct detection spectrometer. The line was detected from the Carina star formation region using the South Pole Imaging Fabry-Perot Interferometer (SPIFI) on the Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory (AST/RO) at the South Pole. The [N II] 205 μm line strength indicates a low-density (n ~ 32 cm-3) ionized medium, similar to the low-density ionized halo previously reported in its [O III] 52 and 88 μm line emission. When compared with the Infrared Space Observatory [C II] observations of this region, we find that 27% of the [C II] line emission arises from this low-density ionized gas, but the large majority (~73%) of the observed [C II] line emission arises from the neutral interstellar medium. This result supports and underpins prior conclusions that most of the observed [C II] 158 μm line emission from Galactic and extragalactic sources arises from the warm, dense photodissociated surfaces of molecular clouds. The detection of the [N II] line demonstrates the utility of Antarctic sites for THz spectroscopy.
Contesting Consensual Memory: The Work of Remembering in Chilean Autobiographical Documentaries

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter analyzes how four films containing a strong autobiographical dimension break with the consensual and normative image the transition fashioned out of the past: En Algún Lugar del Cielo (dir. Alejandra Carmona, 2003), Calle Santa Fe (dir. Carmen Castillo, 2007), Mi Vida con Carlos (dir. Germán Berger-Hertz, 2010), and El Edificio de los Chilenos (dir. Macarena Aguiló, 2010). It argues that the rupture lies in the work of memory these films bring to the foreground. Whereas the transition passively referred to the past and evoked it without question, these filmmakers not only receive an image of the past, they search for it. In this quest, the autobiographical form plays a decisive role, allowing them to reveal the work of remembering and sometimes to undertake a critical scrutiny of memory, as Carmen Castillo does in Calle Santa Fe.
COMPARATIVE ANAESTHETIC EFFICACY OF PROPOFOL, THIOPENTAL SODIUM AND COMBINATION OF PROPOFOL WITH KETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN DOGS

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The present study was undertaken to determine the comparative efficacy of propofol alone at two dosages, thiopental sodium and propofol in combination with ketamine hydrochloride in dogs. For this purpose, 24 healthy stray dogs were randomly divided into four equal groups viz. A, B, C and D. Groups A and B were treated with propofol at the dose rates of 6 and 10 mg/kg BW, respectively, while group C was given propofol and ketamine hydrochloride in combination @ 4 mg/kg BW each and group D was treated with thiopental sodium @ 20 mg/kg BW. Different reflexes were observed for evaluation of anaesthetic efficacy. Groups C and D showed rapid inductions, prolonged surgical stages and late recovery in most of the reflexes and group C showed smooth recovery than D. Groups A and B showed smooth induction, short surgical stages and rapid recovery. Group B also showed some disturbances in respiratory and cardiac activity of the animals. It was concluded that propofol in combination with ketamine hydrochloride is a safe anaesthetic agent for canines as an alternative of thiopental sodium for prolonged surgical procedures
Compositional paths to de re

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I argue that attitude reports de re arise compositionally via two distinct LF mechanisms. One mechanism allows the res to remain inside the embedded clause syntactically, and does not treat the res as an argument of the attitude verb semantically (Percus & Sauerland 2003, Ninan 2012). The other involves the res semantically serving as an argument of the attitude verb, and syntactically occupying a distinctive res position external to the embedded clause (Heim 1994). I show that both LF mechanisms are made use of by a single natural language, Nez Perce, and that Nez Perce allows the distinctive res position to be filled by covert movement (res-movement) or by base-generation.
EP29 PROGNOSTIC EFFECT OF ESTIMATED GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING CARDIAC SURGERY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been found to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases onset. We investigated the association between initial renal function and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Methods: This was a single- centre, retrospective cohort study of 284 patients underwent cardiac surgery in Tor Vergata University Hospital between Genuary 2017 and February 2018. Patients with eGFR <60 ml/min (Group 1) were compered with patients with eGFR >60 ml/min. A propensity match score has been applied to investigate the effect of ultrafiltration in patients with eGFR <60 ml/min underwent cardiac surgery Results: No significant differences have been observed in term of cardiac, pulmonary, renal and cerebral complications between the two groups. In hospital mortality was 16% in Group 1 and 5.3% in Group 2 (p-value 0.003). In patients with eGFR < 60 ml/min, the propensity match score analysis did not reveal any significant differences in terms of morbidity between untrafiltered and no ultrafiltered patients. The ultrafiltration increased the risk of mortality (9%vs 2%, p-value 0.045). Conclusions: an initial eGFR< 60 ml/min is associated with an incremental risk of mortality in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The extracorporeal circulation does not seem have any worsening effect on the renal function after the operation. No benefits have been observed using ultrafiltration in patients with severe renal failure.
Saint Sebastian: the martyr from Milan in post-Byzantine wall-paintings of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the influences from Western painting

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

St Sebastian entered the thematic repertoire of post-Byzantine mural painting from the West in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Two main iconographic types are encountered in post-Byzantine wall-paintings, both of them popular in Western art: The Ordeal of the Arrows and St Sebastian after the Martyrdom. The influences of Italian models on the iconography are obvious. Nonetheless, the loans from Western iconography and Renaissance art concern a limited number of scenes and subjects, because the post-Byzantine painters tried to renew painting within the framework of Orthodox tradition and its doctrinal content.
Incidence of faecal occult blood test interval cancers in population-based colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective Faecal immunochemical tests (FITs) are replacing guaiac faecal occult blood tests (gFOBTs) for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening. Incidence of interval colorectal cancer (iCRC) following a negative stool test result is not yet known. We aimed to compare incidence of iCRC following a negative FIT or gFOBT. Design We searched Ovid Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Science Citation Index, PubMed and Google Scholar from inception to 12 December 2017 for citations related to CRC screening based on stool tests. We included studies on FIT or gFOBT iCRC in average-risk screening populations. Main outcome was pooled incidence rate of iCRCs per 100 000 person-years (p-y). Pooled incidence rates were obtained by fitting random-effect Poisson regression models. Results We identified 7 426 records and included 29 studies. Meta-analyses comprised data of 6 987 825 subjects with a negative test result, in whom 11 932 screen-detected CRCs and 5 548 gFOBT or FIT iCRCs were documented. Median faecal haemoglobin (Hb) positivity cut-off used was 20 (range 10–200) µg Hb/g faeces in the 17 studies that provided FIT results. Pooled incidence rates of iCRC following FIT and gFOBT were 20 (95% CI 14 to 29; I 2 =99%) and 34 (95% CI 20 to 57; I 2 =99%) per 100 000 p-y, respectively. Pooled incidence rate ratio of FIT versus gFOBT iCRC was 0.58 (95% CI 0.32 to 1.07; I 2 =99%) and 0.36 (95% CI 0.17 to 0.75; I 2 =10%) in sensitivity analysis. For every FIT iCRC, 2.6 screen-detected CRCs were found (ratio 1:2.6); for gFOBT, the ratio between iCRC and screen-detected CRC was 1:1.2. Age below 60 years and the third screening round were significantly associated with a lower iCRC rate. Conclusion A negative gFOBT result is associated with a higher iCRC incidence than a negative FIT. This supports the use of FIT over gFOBT as CRC screening tool.
Use of the oyster Crassostrea gigas embryo bio-assay on water and sediment elutriate samples from the German Bight

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Oyster embryo bioassays were carried out on samples of sub-surface water, surface microlayer and sediment elutriates collected during the Bremerhaven Workshop from 9 stations along a transect from the inner German Blght to the Dogger Bank.The results gave no indication of poor water quality in the surface waters.Oyster embryo development was impaired in 2 of the 4 surface microlayer samples and in the sediment elutriate samples from the 3 inner stations.