jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Cellular Differentiation of Sucrose Metabolism in Anabaena variabilis

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Upon treatment of whole filaments of Anabaena variabilis with a French pressure cell, the activity of sucrose synthase (UDP glucose; D-fructose 2-α-ᴅ-glucosyl transferase, EC 2.4.1.13) was found to be associated almost exclusively with the vegetative cells. The sucrose-cleaving enzyme, an alkaline invertase (β-ᴅ-fructofuranoside fructohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.26), appears to be localized solely within the heterocysts. The implications of these findings, in the light of relevant data from the literature, are summarized in a model representing the physiological differentiation and molecular exchange between vegetative cells and heterocysts.
Effect of Muscimol on Glucose-stimulated Somatostatin and Insulin Release from the Isolated, Perfused Rat Pancreas

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This study examines the effect of muscimol, a high affinity, specific gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist, on glucose-stimulated somatostatin and insulin release from the isolated, perfused rat pancreas. Perfusion with low glucose (50 mg/dl) conditions resulted in basal somatostatin release of 46 ± 4 pg/ml. Basal insulin release was less than 20 μU/ml. High glucose (300 mg/dl) conditions stimulated somatostatin and insulin release. Steady-state levels of somatostatin and insulin release under high glucose conditions were 425 ± 12 pg/ml and 419 ± 18 μU/ml, respectively. Perfusion with medium containing 1 μM muscimol inhibited glucose-stimulated somatostatin release by 38%, whereas the course of glucose-stimulated insulin release was unaffected. Tentative conclusions from this study are (1) that GABA is potentially a modulator of islet somatostatin but not insulin release, and (2) the fact that somatostatin, an inhibitor of insulin, can be suppressed 38% without coincidental increase in insulin release seems to indicate that, under high glucose conditions, somatostatin is without a significant paracrine effect on the beta-cellS.
Games, Ethics and Engagement

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines ethical ambiguities confronted by the design and play of serious games focused on civic engagement. Our findings derive from our examination of two educational simulation games that focus on contemporary issues related to social and political conflict. We believe game simulations are complex in nature and offer particularly rich environments for cognitive learning. Within the following chapter we examine the relationship between games and learning, specific approaches to game design, and the ability of games to encourage civic engagement. While we found that game participants gained knowledge of curricular content and practiced democratic skills during their experiences with the online simulations, there also occurred unintended consequences. In turn, we believe it is critical to analyze deeper ethical ambiguities related to the consequences of civic-minded game design and gameplay and support research efforts to further recognize and expand upon the development and research of serious games involving civic-minded educational online simulations.
Bitcoin option pricing: A market attention approach

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

A model is proposed for Bitcoin prices that takes into account market attention. Market attention, modeled by a mean-reverting Cox-Ingersoll-Ross processes, affects the volatility of Bitcoin returns, with some delay. The model is affine and tractable, with closed formulae for the conditional characteristic functions with respect to both the conventional and a delayed filtration. This leads to semi-closed formulae for European call and put prices. A maximum likelihood estimation procedure is provided, as well as a method for changing to a risk-neutral measure. The model compares very well against classical and attention-based models when tested on real data.
Ideological and Political Construction in Economics-Specific English Based on OBE and Cultivation of Global Competence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Global competence is one of the key indicators for talent cultivation in the new era, and there is a notable consistency between the Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) philosophy and ideological and political education in educational objectives, teaching methods, and evaluation systems. This consistency provides the possibility for their mutual integration and promotion in educational practice. To adapt the reform requirements of foreign language education in universities under the background of the New Liberal Arts, it is necessary to explore an innovative teaching model that integrates ideological and political education with global competence based on the OBE philosophy. Taking English for Economics Majors as an example, this paper constructs an OBE-based ideological and political education teaching model with the goals of developing global competence and language ability. It proposes that by integrating the OBE philosophy into ideological and political education, the pertinence and effectiveness of ideological and political education can be further enhanced, thereby better achieving the educational goal of fostering virtue through education. The research findings offer insights into cultivating international foreign language talents with global competence.
Astrocyte Networks and Epilepsy: When Stars Collide

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Loss of Astrocytic Domain Organization in the Epileptic Brain. Oberheim NA, Tian GF, Han X, Peng W, Takano T, Ransom B, Nedergaard M. J Neurosci 2008;28(13):3264–3276. Gliosis is a pathological hallmark of posttraumatic epileptic foci, but little is known about these reactive astrocytes beyond their high glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Using diolistic labeling, we show that cortical astrocytes lost their nonoverlapping domain organization in three mouse models of epilepsy: posttraumatic injury, genetic susceptibility, and systemic kainate exposure. Neighboring astrocytes in epileptic mice showed a 10-fold increase in overlap of processes. Concurrently, spine density was increased on dendrites of excitatory neurons. Suppression of seizures by the common antiepileptic, valproate, reduced the overlap of astrocytic processes. Astrocytic domain organization was also preserved in APP transgenic mice expressing a mutant variant of human amyloid precursor protein despite a marked upregulation of GFAP. Our data suggest that loss of astrocytic domains was not universally associated with gliosis, but restricted to seizure pathologies. Reorganization of astrocytes may, in concert with dendritic sprouting and new synapse formation, form the structural basis for recurrent excitation in the epileptic brain. Astroglial Metabolic Networks Sustain Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission. Rouach N, Koulakoff A, Abudara V, Willecke K, Giaume C. Science 2008;322(5907):1551–1555. Astrocytes provide metabolic substrates to neurons in an activity-dependent manner. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in this function, as well as its role in synaptic transmission, remain unclear. Here, we show that the gap-junction subunit proteins connexin 43 and 30 allow intercellular trafficking of glucose and its metabolites through astroglial networks. This trafficking is regulated by glutamatergic synaptic activity mediated by AMPA receptors. In the absence of extracellular glucose, the delivery of glucose or lactate to astrocytes sustains glutamatergic synaptic transmission and epileptiform activity only when they are connected by gap junctions. These results indicate that astroglial gap junctions provide an activity-dependent intercellular pathway for the delivery of energetic metabolites from blood vessels to distal neurons.
Grassland management effects on earthworm communities under ambient and future climatic conditions

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The impacts of climate change on biodiversity can be modulated by other changing environmental conditions (e.g. induced by land‐use change). The potential interactive effects of climate change and land use have rarely been studied for soil organisms. To test the effects of changing climatic conditions and land use on soil invertebrates, we examined earthworm communities across different seasons in different grassland‐use types (intensively managed grassland, extensively managed meadow and extensively managed sheep pasture). We predicted that the strength of climate change effects would vary with season and land use. Overall, extracted earthworm populations showed the strongest variations in response to the season, indicating major differences in activity patterns and extraction efficiency, whereas climate change and different grassland‐use types had fewer and weaker effects. Future climate, characterized by slightly higher precipitation in spring and autumn but a strong reduction during the summer, had positive effects on the abundance of extracted adult earthworms in spring but then reduced the abundance of active earthworms across the remaining seasons. In contrast, the total biomass of juveniles tended to be consistently lower under future climate conditions. Earthworm species responded differently to the climate change and different grassland management types, and these species‐specific responses further varied strongly across seasons. Intensive grassland management had negative effects, due to plant community composition, whereas sheep grazing favoured earthworm populations, due to dung deposition. There were only limited interactive effects between climate and land use, which thus did not support our main hypothesis. Nevertheless, these results highlight the complex and context‐dependent responses of earthworm communities and activity patterns to climate change, with potential consequences for long‐term population dynamics and crucial ecosystem functions. Highlights We explored earthworm communities in response to climate change, different grassland‐use types and seasons Climate had species‐specific effects on active earthworms, but few interactions with land‐use type Intensive grassland management decreased, but sheep grazing favoured, active earthworm populations Strong seasonal variations in earthworm activity periods will be modulated by climate change
Profiling of Phytochemical Compounds of East Java Red Rice Bran Has the High-Value Biological Activities as Antioxidant and Antidiabetic

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The phytochemicals contained in rice bran, mainly flavonoid compounds, are predicted to have biological activity. Flavonoids are able to counteract the free radicals and degrade insulin resistance. The East Java Red Rice Bran samples, e.g., Mentik Wangi, Aek Sibundong, and Blambangan, were used in the study. Their phytochemical profiles, functional groups, antioxidant, and antidiabetic activities were investigated. The phytochemical analysis showed that the bran of Mentik Wangi, Aek Sibundong, and Blambangan contained flavonoid, triterpenoid, phenolic, tannin, and glycoside. Based on the FTIR, some functional groups were identified in three rice bran varieties, namely, the O-H stretching, C-H aliphatic, C-H sp3 stretching, C=C stretching aromatics, C=C stretching alkenes, CH2 and CH3 bonds rocking, C-H aromatic, CH-OH stretching alcohols, and C-O stretching ether or ester suggesting that rice brans are rich in phytochemical compounds. Through LC-HRMS analysis in positive ion mode, several types of flavonoids were confirmed. Pinocembrin was found in the three brands. The highest antioxidant and antidiabetic activity were observed in Blambangan rice bran with an IC50 value of 1.09 and 75.76 µg/mL, respectively. To conclude, the red rice bran phytochemical compounds exhibit potential biological activities as antioxidant and antidiabetic agents.
Effects of Tillage Systems on Accumulation and Mineralization of Organic Carbon in Purple Paddy Soil

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A 20-year experiment was conducted to study the effects of different tillage systems on accumulation and mineralization of organic carbon in purple paddy soil.The experiment included four tillage treatments: Conventional tillage with rotation of rice and winter fallow system,no-tillage and ridge culture with rotation of rice and winter fallow system,no-tillage and ridge culture with rotation of rice and rape system,and conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape system.The results showed that the organic carbon density of soil surface had been stabilized since the tillage systems were carried out 20 years before,no-tillage and ridge culture increased the organic carbon density in the 10-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers,but the organic carbon density of conventional tillage with rotation of rice and rape system was lower than other tillage treatments.There were obvious differences between the amount of labile organic carbon and the oxidation stability coefficient under different tillage systems.The oxidation stability coefficient of organic carbon under long-term no-tillage and ridge culture was higher than that under conventional culture.There was significant difference in the maximum mineralization rate of organic carbon under different systems,mineralization rates of organic carbon and pH were in significantly positive correlation.In the incubation of 62 days,the cumulative mineralization of no-tillage and ridge culture was always lower than the conventional tillage.The total mineralization intensity of no-tillage and ridge culture was the lowest in all tillage systems.
Investigating Effects of Metakaolin Content on the Physical Properties of Concrete, and its Susceptibility to Colonization and Biodegradation by Sulphur Oxidizing Bacteria

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Biogenic sulphuric acid attack on concrete is a concern worldwide, as it can lead to collapse of sewer infrastructure. Despite knowledge of the cause and the degradation pathways, not much is known about colonization patterns by sulphur oxidizing bacteria. These bacteria were grown on concrete in attempts to catalog degradation and colonization patterns. This was achieved using a battery of concrete property tests and experimenting with imaging techniques. Increased metakaolin content of concrete decreased sorptivity and chloride permeability of concrete while increasing strength and porosity. Concrete with higher metakaolin appeared more resistant to biogenic acid attack, despite increased porosity. Advances were made in protocols for imaging bacteria on a concrete surface, a challenge given the presence of autofluorescing materials in concrete. Information gained has shown that imaging bacteria on an autofluorescent surface can be achieved, and recommendations are made to further advance these efforts.
[Evaluation of mechanical ventilation for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome as a result of interstitial pneumonia after renal transplantation].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The major value of mechanical ventilation was to correct the hypoxemia in order to win the time to cure the interstitial pneumonia and ARDS. The survival rate was still low for such a group of patients because the pathogenesis was not identified, and therefore the disease could not be controlled, even the mechanical ventilation is instituted in time.
Ages and Diagenetic Settings of Tectonic Events in the Presalt Succession in the North Campos Basin

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Summary The Pre-Salt province of the Campos and Santos Basins (SE Brazil) hosts one of the most significant offshore hydrocarbon discoveries of the past 20 years. Several studies have focused on the regional tectonic setting and the depositional and diagenetic characteristics of these Barremian to Aptian lacustrine carbonates. Only recently, a comprehensive tectono-stratigraphic evolution for the deposition of the presalt succession and a model for the time and spatial links between hydrothermal diagenesis and structural evolution was established. Three tectono-diagenetic events were identified through U-Pb geochronology, petrographic and geochemical investigations: Barremian to Aptian, Albo-Cenomanian and Campanian to Maastrichtian. They reveal a diagenetic evolution characterised by an initially strong hydrothermal overprint that progressively attained geothermal equilibrium under deep-burial conditions during the late Cretaceous. These diagenetic episodes are not necessarily coeval with magmatic events but indeed coeval with basin-scale tectonic events linked to changes in the associated tectonic regime, thus characterising events of structural diagenesis. Nevertheless, paragenetic phases related to each of these events are, in most cases, a consequence of the host rock composition.
Bipolar disorder recurrence prevention using self-monitoring daily mood charts: case reports from a 5 year period

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Norio Yasui-Furukori, Kazuhiko Nakamura Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan Abstract: Mood symptoms in bipolar disorders are significantly related to psychosocial events, and the personalized identification of symptom triggers is important. Ecological momentary assessments have been used in paper-and-pencil form to explore emotional reactivity to daily life stress in patients with bipolar disorder. However, there are few data on long-term recurrence prevention effects using ecological momentary assessments. Subjects were three outpatients with bipolar disorder who had a history of at least one admission. They recorded self-monitoring daily mood charts using a 5-point Likert scale. Paper-and-pencil mood charts included mood, motivation, thinking speed, and impulsivity. Additionally, they recorded waking time, bedtime, and medication compliance. Fewer manic or depressive episodes including admissions occurred after self-monitoring daily mood charts compared to patients&amp;rsquo; admissions in the past 3 years. This study suggests that self-monitoring daily mood in addition to mood stabilizing medication has some effect on recurrence prevention in follow-up periods of at least 5 years. Further studies with rigorous designs and large sample sizes are needed. Keywords: bipolar disorders, recurrence, self-monitoring, ecological momentary assessments
P23 Determinants of gas exchange in smoking and nonsmoking teenagers during a standardized submaximal treadmill test

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction

Assessment of physical capacity in the pediatric population has always been a major issue in developmental exercise physiology. It may be influenced by a number of factors, e.g. genetic endowment, developmental rate, body composition, and habitual physical activity. The adverse effects of smoking on the parameters and maximal effort during standardized submaximal treadmill test is not well known.

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the determinants of gas exchange in smoking and nonsmoking teenagers during an incremental exercise test.

Materials and Methods

One hundred and fifty healthy Bulgarian school children in the age span 15 – 17 years took part in the study. All participants completed anthropometric measurements – standing height, weight and BMI and a questionnaire about smoking habits. The studied group performed an incremental exercise test on a treadmill following a modified Balke protocol.

Results

Near 90% of participating teenagers completed the exercise test to the end. Boys showed significantly higher values of oxygen consumption on different levels of the test and maximal oxygen consumption - VO2 peak mL.min-1 = 2287±337 vs. 1702±278; p<0.001. In the studied population, smokers had slightly lower values without a significant difference - VO2 peak mL.min-1 = 1777±288 vs. 1851±417; NS. VO2 increases with age and correlated best with weight (R=0.83) and height (R=0.65) but less with BMI (R=0.59). Ventilatory equivalents for O2 and CO2(VE/VO2, VE/VCO2) decline with age. Girls in comparison with the boys had greater fatigue perception (Borg scale) during the incremental test.

Conclusions

The anthropometric parameters were the best determinants of physical capacity in teenagers. Smokers showed slightly lower but not significant values for VO2 peak. Boys had significantly higher values for VO2 peak compared with girls.
On Delamination Growth in Shallow Shells

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A theoretical and computational study has been carried out for compressive loading of a thin circular embedded delamination located below a cylindrical surface. The delaminated member is subjected to nominally uniaxial and balanced biaxial loading with the main objective to analyze its influence on surface curvature especially as regards imminent crack growth. The analysis is based on nonlinear shell theory combined with linear fracture mechanics. A finite element program earlier developed for delaminated plates has been generalized to apply also for shells and used to determine energy release rates and mode intensities along the delaminated front. A parameter study is made of the influence of curvature of the delaminated shell in particular as regards initiation and stability of crack growth.
Discussion on epicenter and magnitude of earthquake (M=6(3/4)) in the north of the Xisha Islands of South China Sea in 1931

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Based on the seismogeological tectonic environment , the intensity record of historical earthquakes and so on, it is discussed on the epicenter and magnitude of the M S6 3/4 earthquake in the north of the Xisha Islands of South China Sea occurred on September 21,1931. This earthquake caused intensityⅤin Guangzhou, Sanshui and Zhongshan , the long axis of isoseismic line with intensity about trends NW.According to the iso-intensity line roughly delineated,it is conjectured that the epicenter location should be moved 110 km to east (at 20°N,114 1°E),and based on the statistical result of the maximum distance from the epicenter location to isoseismic line with intensityⅤ, the magnitude M S=7 1 of this earthquake determined by Xujiahui observatory in Shanghai should be more reasonable.
How do people judge moral wrongness in a robot and in its designers and owners regarding the consequences of the robot's behaviors?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

An investigation was conducted into how people judge moral wrongness in a robot and in its designers and owners regarding the consequence of the robot's behaviors in the trolley problem and into how people judge moral wrongness in a human and the employers of the human. As a result, the participants seemed to apply the same moral norm to the human and robot, while they applied a different moral norm to the employers of the human and designers/owners of the robot; that is, the designers/owners of the robot received higher rates of moral wrongness compared with the employers of the human even though the human and the robot behaved the same. Moreover, this result suggests that moral wrongness would be assigned to all three (robot, designers, owners) when the robot takes an action, while it would blur among them when it did not. The results of these investigations will contribute toward the new research field of "moral HRI," which can provide a concrete guide for future robotic design.