jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Experimental design to screen the impact of chemical chaperones on a recombinant CHO-K1 cell line producing the human lgG1 antibody PG9

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Rekombinante Zelllinien des aus Ovarien des chinesischen Zwerghamsters werden heutzutage standardmäßig für die Produktion von Antikörpern verwendet. Die Empfindlichkeit dieser Zellen macht die Kultivierung besonders aufwendig. Des Weiteren nehmen die Kultivierungsbedingungen auch Einfluss auf die Ausbeute sowie die Qualität des Produktes. Chemische Chaperone sind kleine Moleküle, welche natürlich in verschiedensten Organismen vorkommen, um dort die native Form der zellulären Proteine während Stress zu gewährleisten. Des Weiteren verhindern sie die Aggregation von Proteinen, welche dem Organismus schaden könnten. Die Anwendung dieser Substanzen und derer Derivate in der Kultivierung von Ovarien Zellen des chinesischen Hamsters ist der Literatur zur Folge eine Strategie um die Ausbeute, aber auch die Qualität des Produktes zu steigern. In dieser Studie wurden insgesamt 21 verschiedene chemische Chaperone getestet unter Anwendung der statistischen Versuchsplanung. Durch die Anwendung von Teilfaktorplänen kann die Anzahl der notwendigen Experimente reduziert werden jedoch auch die statistische Signifikanz erhöht. Als Modell Zell Line wurde eine K1 Zell Line, welche den humanen IgG1 PG9 Antikörper produziert herangezogen. Aus der Auswertung der statistischen Versuchspläne resultierte, dass Dimethylsulfoxid und 4-Phenylbuttersäure die vielversprechenden Substanzen sind. Um deren Wirksamkeit nochmals zu bestätigen wurden sie des Weiteren auch in anderen Kultivierungsmethoden getestet. Außerdem stellte sich heraus, dass die Supplementierung von Dimethylsulfoxid keinen Einfluss auf die Thermostabilität des Proteins hat. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, dass durch die Supplementierung von Dimethylsulfoxid auch der Laktat wie auch der L-Glutaminsäure Metabolismus beeinflusst wurden.
Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Thiourea on Nutrient Concentration, Uptake and Water Use Efficiency of Mustard

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

To know the effect of irrigation scheduling and foliar application of thiourea on nutrient concentration, uptake and water use efficiency of mustard, an experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, SKN College of Agriculture, Jobner during winter season of 2019-20. The experiment consisted five treatments of scheduling of irrigation (Surface irrigation, sprinkler, drip irrigation at 0.4 IW/CPE ratio, 0.6 IW/CPW ratio and 0.8 IW/CPE ratio, respectively) and three levels of foliar application of thiourea (Control, thiourea @ 500 ppm and thiourea @ 750 ppm). The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The results revealed that drip irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE ratio recorded significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur concentration and their uptake in mustard, water use efficiency as well as protein content as compared to surface irrigation, sprinkler and drip irrigation at 0.4 IW/CPE ratio. The thiourea @ 500 ppm recorded significantly higher nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur concentration and their uptake in mustard, protein and oil yield of mustard, water use efficiency. Based on the above findings, drip irrigation at 0.6 IW/CPE ratio with foliar application of thiourea @ 500 ppm could be recommended to farmers of mustard in Rajasthan.
Fabrication of ultra-thin optical polarizing films consisting of stretched multilayers of gold island films

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

A thin type of optical polarizer is becoming one of the most useful optical components for fiber-embedded in-line optical devices or hybrid integrated optics from those low diffraction loss. Recently, we proposed and demonstrated a new type of ultra thin-size optical polarizing films consisting of the periodic multilayers of anisotropic metal island films and dielectric films prepared by using a stretching process. In this paper, we report the optimum fabrication conditions and measured optical characteristics of the polarizing films in a near-infrared wavelength region.
Ever Changing Statistics of COVID-19 and its Movement

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract This study focuses on the concordance of different data sources (e.g. World Health Organization, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention etc.) used for reporting of country wise confirmed COVID-19 infection cases and death rates. It discusses
how to estimate related covariates in order to predict COVID-19 confirmed cases and death rates when reporting systems are
questionable. It attempts to explain why the pattern of early outbreak of COVID-19 is different from the stabilized portion of the
outbreak curve, and examines a long tail nature of its slowing down effect. It also examines the role of temperature, pH level,
and humidity in slowing down the spread of COVID-19, and a particular vaccine that many South Asian countries use to protect
children from tuberculosis. To illustrate these ideas, the study focuses on China, Italy, Spain, France, South Korea, and the United
States, and reveals the policies for varying trends of confirmed cases and death rates of COVID-19. Keywords BCG vaccine; Concordance; Confirmed cases; COVID-19; Death rate
Analysis of Shield Tunneling Section between Lianhu Park and Zuchongzhilu Stations on Suzhou Metro Line 11

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Suzhou Metro Line 11 is a planned urban rail transit line in Suzhou City.The efficient and safe construction of Line 11 will effectively alleviate the traffic pressure in the urban area, provide convenient and efficient public transportation options, improve traffic congestion, and enhance the convenience and efficiency of citizens' travel.Based on the geological survey, considering the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions of the tunnel section between Lianhu Park and Zuchongzhi Road stations on Suzhou Metro Line 11, combined with the experience of similar projects, the construction method of shield tunneling with earth pressure balance technique was determined for the tunnel section.To ensure safe and efficient construction, attention points during shield tunneling construction were also addressed.Based on the cross-sectional diagram of the shield tunnel structure, a calculation model for the segment of the shield tunnel was proposed, determining the reinforcement, reinforcement area, and reinforcement ratio for segments at different burial depths.During the specific construction process, a construction monitoring plan was established for different areas within the major impact zone, minor impact zone, and potential impact zone.Shield tunneling construction in urban environments requires meticulous monitoring to ensure construction quality, mitigate risks to the surrounding environment, and safeguard public safety.Therefore, construction monitoring data points were accordingly arranged.This paper presents an analysis of shield tunneling construction for Suzhou Metro Line 11, focusing on the geological conditions, construction methodologies, and monitoring strategies employed.Through comprehensive monitoring and analysis, the study aims to understand the dynamic changes in soil and water pressure during tunnel excavation, assess the impact of construction on surrounding structures, and optimize construction techniques and parameters.The findings provide valuable insights for future urban tunneling projects, highlighting the importance of proactive monitoring and adaptive construction strategies.
High Resolution X-Ray Resonant Raman Scattering

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A general formulation of x-ray resonant Raman scattering is presented. Two main results are found. First, it is argued that recent high resolution experiments, displaying the so-called width narrowing, cannot be discussed in the framework of one-electron theory. Inclusion of many-body effects drastically alters the interpretation of the resonances, as demonstrated by numerical calculations. Second, it is shown that, for fast collisions, a symmetry analysis of the cross section provides a simple description of the observable spectra.
Estimation of Amorphous Material, 1:1 Type Layer Silicates, and Gibbsite Dissolved in Hot Alkali Treatment of Soil Clay

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Differential thermal analysis (DTA) is combined with selective dissolution (hot 0.5 N alkali solution) to provide a quantitative estimate of amorphous inorganic material in deferrated soil clays consisting predominantly of 1:1 type layer silicate minerals, gibbsite, and amorphous material. Data from DTA are used to estimate gibbsite and 1:1 type layer silicate minerals in the original and alkali‐treated clay. Correction is then made to the weight loss due to alkali treatment to estimate amorphous inorganic material solubilized in boiling 0.5 N NaOH or KOH. Qualitative support for conclusions reached is provided by x‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the original and treated samples.
Ancient Balkan Linguistics

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Nestled in the heart of southeastern Europe, the Balkan Peninsula has long been a crucible of cultural, historical, and linguistic diversity. Its ancient past reveals a complex tapestry of civilizations, migrations, and interactions that have left an indelible mark on the region’s linguistic landscape. The “ancient Balkan languages” (sometimes referred to as “Paleo-Balkanic languages”) encompass various Indo-European languages spoken in pre-ancient, ancient, and possibly late ancient times alongside varieties of Greek and later Latin in the Balkan Peninsula and adjacent areas. Apart from linguistic units known from ancient literature, such as Thracian and Phrygian, they may have also included other unattested languages and dialects. Except for Ancient Greek, Albanian, and (if the relationship to this area still holds) Armenian, all languages belonging to this geographical group are termed “fragmentarily attested languages.” These languages were fully used during their documentation periods, but their attestations cannot yield a coherent picture of grammatical systems and lexicons. The fragmentary documentation is the main obstacle to their systematic interpretation because our knowledge relies only on secondary information, mostly from ancient sources, glosses, or onomastic material. Nonetheless, arranging fragmentary languages according to linguistic relationships presents additional challenges. Differing and often contradictory opinions on the nature of such languages result from the “etymological” interpretation of sparsely attested material. Attempts to combine archaeological, linguistic, and more recently genetic data (archaeogenetics) have not yet yielded satisfactory results. Synchronizing various data from different disciplines poses the main problem, along with differing methodologies and approaches in research directions, as well as the lack of common interdisciplinary terminology. This article focuses on major reference works regarding the main ancient Balkan languages and other idioms which, still used in modern times, have roots in the Balkan past. The Greek language, which genetically belongs in this context and serves as an indispensable point of reference, is only mentioned under the particular aspect of “Balkan phenomena,” leaving space to present specific problems of Greek linguistics elsewhere. Generally, only publications that make unique or historically important contributions to the study of ancient Balkan languages, or that are recent, are cited. This article includes either more recent studies or those that display linguistically informed methodology, as well as a few classic essays. Older studies are not cited, as they are often referenced in more recent work. The entries are organized by language and topics.
IL-2 flushes out HIV.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Researchers at the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) have shown that high doses of the cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) in combination with three antiretroviral drugs were successful in eliminating replicating HIV from latent CD4 cells. Fourteen patients were treated with the four-drug regimen. Researchers found that three patients had no HIV replicating in their CD4 cells. The researchers stated that the four-drug combination may totally eliminate the HIV virus from CD4 cells that circulate in the blood. However, HIV may remain in the brain, gut, testes, or other reservoirs in the body. The next step in the study will be to take some participants off of the anti-HIV regimens to see if the virus reappears.
The Practice of Self-Understanding

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

To shed new light on the importance of self-care, it is fundamental to pinpoint the role of the emotional life for this process of self-inquiry. The action of knowing raises ethical issues, even more when dealing with the intimate essence of the person; respecting a delicate ethics is the ground for dealing with such investigation. After an analysis of philosophical and spiritual examples which focus on feelings and affective education, I provide a phenomenological account that introduces some methods for self-understanding and a possible self-transformation.
Effects of crude extracts on some selected physiological parameters of French beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) infected with rust (Uromyces appendiculatus)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) is a major foliar disease that reduces yield and pod quality in beans. The field trial of French beans was established at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT). Single plant extracts and combinations of Boscia angustifolia, Zanthoxylum chalybeum and Melea volkensii were used to evaluate their effect on U. appendiculatus in the field. During the growing period, beans were infected with rust from natural inoculum at the field. Physiological responses such as carbon dioxide assimilation, transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and photosynthetic rate (Pn) of French beans treatments were examined after extracts of three antifungal plants were sprayed. B. angustifolia - Z. chalybeum combination and single plant treatment M. volkensii had positive effects on enhancing the rate of photosynthesis in bean plants. The high regressions between stomatal conductance and rate of transpiration in the treatments indicated that stomatal conductance and rate of transpiration were interdependent and it was interpreted to mean that stomatal conductance enhanced rate of transpiration at different times of the day. These plant extracts however caused an increase in the rate of transpiration of the bean plants, which resulted in loss of water. Results reveal bioactive potential of the flora from M. volkensii and a combination of B. angustifolia and Z. chalybeum to produce metabolites with potential applications as botanical pesticides. Key words: Antifungal, beans, physiological responses, rust.
Tracy–Widom limit for the largest eigenvalue of a large class of complex sample covariance matrices

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We consider the asymptotic fluctuation behavior of the largest eigenvalue of\ncertain sample covariance matrices in the asymptotic regime where both\ndimensions of the corresponding data matrix go to infinity. More precisely, let\n$X$ be an $n\\times p$ matrix, and let its rows be i.i.d. complex normal vectors\nwith mean 0 and covariance $\\Sigma_p$. We show that for a large class of\ncovariance matrices $\\Sigma_p$, the largest eigenvalue of $X^*X$ is\nasymptotically distributed (after recentering and rescaling) as the\nTracy--Widom distribution that appears in the study of the Gaussian unitary\nensemble. We give explicit formulas for the centering and scaling sequences\nthat are easy to implement and involve only the spectral distribution of the\npopulation covariance, $n$ and $p$. The main theorem applies to a number of\ncovariance models found in applications. For example, well-behaved Toeplitz\nmatrices as well as covariance matrices whose spectral distribution is a sum of\natoms (under some conditions on the mass of the atoms) are among the models the\ntheorem can handle. Generalizations of the theorem to certain spiked versions\nof our models and a.s. results about the largest eigenvalue are given. We also\ndiscuss a simple corollary that does not require normality of the entries of\nthe data matrix and some consequences for applications in multivariate\nstatistics.\n
Bacterial beneficiation of uranium materials

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Bacteria are capable of increasing the rate of dissolution of uranium dioxide. They act through an intermediate ferric ion, which oxidizes and dissolves the uranium dioxide. The ferrous ion formed can be reoxidized by the bacteria at least two hundred thousand times faster than the inorganic reaction in the absence of bacteria. In oxidizing ferrous ions with dissolved oxygen, hydrogen ions are consumed. As the acidity decreases, precipitation of ferric ions as NH4Fe3(SO4) 2(OH)6 and KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 reduces the iron in solution. The bacterial rate of oxidation of ferrous ions is affected by acidity and uranyl concentration. Usually bacterial acitivity is inhibited before all the iron is precipitated and the leaching becomes non-biological. The fastest pathway for the non-biological leaching of uranium dioxide is still through ferric ion as an intermediate.
Assemblage of 38 Ganoderma Strains Based on Combined rDNA ITS and Partial β-Tubulin Gene Sequences

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Thirty-eight fungal strains,representing eight species of Ganoderma,obtained from Chinese sources and elsewhere,were separated into nine groups based on an analysis of combined rDNA ITS and partial β-tubulin gene sequences.The delineated groups were coincident with taxonomic species assignments except in the case of strains GL11 and GL81,which had been identified as G.lucidum but exhibited closer similarity with G.oerstedii.Our data suggested this methodology can be used for the preliminary assignment of newly isolated Ganoderma strains.
The role of selected soil fauna as predators of Apethymus abdominalis Lep. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in oak forests in the District Caiuti, Romania

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study was initiated in 2001 in the oak forests from Trotus valley (Forest District Caiucti - Bacau, Romania) which were heavily infested by oak sawflies Apethymus abdominalis Lep. (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), in order to understand better the role of soil-inhabitating predators in population regulation of this pest.
Newly Observed Spontaneous Activation of Ethephon as a Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The plant growth regulator ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) inhibits human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) by making a covalent adduct on the active site serine 198. Our goal was to extend earlier studies on ethephon inhibition. Addition of freshly prepared ethephon to BChE in buffered medium, at pH 7.0 and 22 °C, resulted in no inhibition initially. However, inhibition developed progressively over 60 min of incubation. Preincubation of ethephon in pH 7-9 buffers increased its initial inhibitory potency. These observations indicated that ethephon itself was not the inhibitor. About 3% of the initial ethephon could be trapped as a BChE adduct. Mass spectral analysis of the active site peptide from inhibited BChE showed that the inhibitor added a mass of 108 Da to the active site serine on peptide FGES198AGAAS. This result rules out a previous hypothesis that ethephon adds HPO3 to BChE (added mass of 80 Da). To accommodate these observations, we propose that in aqueous media at neutral to slightly alkaline pH about 3% of the ethephon is converted (t1/2 = 9.9 h at pH 7.0) into a cyclic oxaphosphetane which is the actual BChE inhibitor forming the 2-hydroxyethylphosphonate adduct on BChE at Ser198 while about 97% of the ethephon breaks down to ethylene (t1/2 = 11-48 h at pH 7.0) which is responsible for plant growth regulation.
Grafting-Induced Phenotypic and Genomic Variations in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) through Interspecific Compatibility with M. Glaziovi

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Grafting is a promising approach to enhance cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) productivity, particularly in improving tuber yield and quality. Despite its technical simplicity, research on the morphological and molecular consequences of grafting in cassava is limited. This study aimed to quantitatively assess phenotypic differences between grafted and shoot cutting plants and characterize genetic modifications in shoot apical meristems near the graft union. Three splice-grafting combinations were evaluated: M. glaziovii (cv. "Karet")/"Revita RV1" (KR), "Karet"/ "Carvita 25" (KC), and "Carvita 25"/ "Revita RV1" (CR), alongside shoot-cutting plants of each cultivar. Grafted seedlings and conventional cuttings were transplanted to the field, and growth was monitored up to five months after grafting (5 MAG). Shoot bud samples were collected for RAPD analysis at three months (3 MAG). Grafted plants showed differences in morphology compared to controls, especially in branching architecture, branch angle, stem diameter, and internode length. However, the overall plant form and primary stem type remained stable. The color of emerging shoots consistently reflected their genotypic origin, like scion or rootstock, as did the shoot buds nearest the graft union. RAPD analysis using multiple primers revealed polymorphic banding patterns, with OPE-12 producing the most diverse profiles. While specific bands were associated with each cultivar, grafted regenerants often exhibited altered or novel band profiles, suggesting somaclonal variation or graft-induced genetic/epigenetic changes. Some regenerants displayed unexpected band types, such as C1 in R-KR1 and R-KR3, which were absent from their known parental genotypes. Cluster analysis grouped 45 samples into five major clusters and eight subgroups, indicating genetic divergence among certain grafted combinations, particularly "Carvita 25"–"Revita RV1" and M. glaziovii–"Revita RV1". These results demonstrate that grafting can significantly impact cassava phenotype and genome stability. This study shows that interspecific grafting between cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and M. glaziovii can induce significant phenotypic and genomic variations.
Dual Resource Constrained Flexible Job Shop Scheduling Based on Improved Quantum Genetic Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Aiming at solving the problem of dual resource constrained flexible job shop scheduling problem (DRCFJSP) with differences in operating time between operators, an artificial intelligence (AI)-based DRCFJSP optimization model is developed in this paper. This model introduces the differences between the loading and unloading operation time of workers before and after the process. Subsequently, the quantum genetic algorithm (QGA) is used as the carrier; the process is coded through quantum coding; and the niche technology is used to initialize the population, adaptive rotation angle, and quantum mutation strategy to improve the efficiency of the QGA and avoid premature convergence. Lastly, through the Kacem standard calculation example and the reliability analysis of the factory workshop processing process example, performance evaluation is conducted to show that the improved QGA has good convergence and does not fall into premature ability, the improved QGA can solve the problem of reasonable deployment of machines and personnel in the workshop, and the proposed method is more effective for the DRCFJSP than some existing methods. The findings can provide a good theoretical basis for actual production and application.