jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
“Spain is a Contradiction”: Katharine Lee Bates’ Quest for Modernity in Spanish Highways and Byways

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article explores Katharine Lee Bates’ travel book Spanish Highways and Byways (1900), written out of a collection of commissioned articles published in the New York Times immediately after the Spanish-American War. Her travelogue not only provides the reader with details about the Spanish architectural and natural landscape, but it also works as an instructive text to comment on the social and political panorama of Spain at a time of national crisis. Following the path initiated by Alberto Egea in “Rewriting Stereotypes on Spain: Unveiling the Counter-Picturesque in Katharine Lee Bates” (2019), I argue that Spanish Highways and Byways describes the creation of an emerging modern Spain, influenced by the intellectual movements that shaped Spanish politics of the fin-du-siècle. Bates’ text is key to understand the Spanish-American War and its effects on the Spanish population; more importantly, it shows the author’s engagement in aspects such as the education of women or workers’ rights. In my discussion, I examine how Bates negotiates with her position as an American outsider in Spain and how she takes advantage of this position to build bridges between the two nations at a time of conflict.
Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculant on quality, fermentation profile and nutritive value of alfalfa silage at different ensiling period

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculant on quality, fermentation profile and nutritive value of alfalfa silage at different fermentation periods. After harvesting, fresh alfalfa samples were packed into polyethylene film and the commercial lactic acid bacteria inoculant was used as silage additive. Totally of 21 silage packages were opened by weekly for the analysis. Smell, color, structure, and total scores of alflalfa silage were significantly increased from the first week. Silage quality was determined medium at 7th day; good between 14th and 42th days; excellent at 49th day. The Flieg point was gradually increased after d 28 of ensiling (P&lt;0.05). While pH was reduced at 5.15; NH3-N/TN content of alfalfa silage was increased at 15.70% at the end of the study. We observed an increase in acetate concentration and decrease in propionate and butyrate concentrations in the alfalfa silage. Lactate concentration was significantly increased on day 35 of the fermentation (P&lt;0.05). Crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of alfalfa silage were decreased, whereas nitrojen free extract (NFE) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) were increased during ensiling period. According to our findings, fermentation period had a significant effect on digestible dry matter, dry matter intake and relative feed value of alfafa silage (P&lt;0.05).
Confucian Piety and Individualism in Han China

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Many historians continue to analyze the collapse of Eastern Han rule (A.D. 25-220) in negative language, speaking of the failure of Confucian ethics, while using quite positive terms, such as the growth of individualism, to characterize intellectual life in the following Wei-Chin period (220-420). This essay offers an alternative view : that the breakdown in late Han institutions is ascribable in part to an overemphasis on the two Confucian virtues of hsiao (filial piety) and jang (renunciation). While this breakdown opened a greater variety of choices to individual members of the shih elite, it is probably inappropriate to apply the language of individualism to Wei-Chin life
Replication fitness determines high virulence of influenza A virus in mice carrying functional Mx1 resistance gene

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The IFN-induced resistance factor Mx1 is a critical component of innate immunity against influenza A viruses (FLUAV) in mice. Animals carrying a wild-type Mx1 gene ( Mx1 +/+ ) differ from regular laboratory mice ( Mx1 −/− ) in that they are highly resistant to infection with standard FLUAV strains. We identified an extraordinary variant of the FLUAV strain, A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) (designated hvPR8), which is unusually virulent in Mx1 +/+ mice. hvPR8 was well controlled in Mx1 +/+ but not Mx1 −/− mice provided that the animals were treated with IFN before infection, indicating that hvPR8 exhibits normal sensitivity to growth restriction by Mx1. hvPR8 multiplied much faster than standard PR8 early in infection because of highly efficient viral gene expression in infected cells. Studies with reassortant viruses containing defined genome segments of both hvPR8 and standard PR8 demonstrated that the HA, neuraminidase, and polymerase genes of hvPR8 all contributed to virulence, indicating that efficient host cell entry and early gene expression renders hvPR8 highly pathogenic. These results reveal a surprisingly simple concept of how influenza viruses may gain virulence and illustrate that high speed of virus growth can outcompete the antiviral response of the infected host.
Abrupt climate change and variability in the past four millennia of the southern Vancouver Island, Canada

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The identification of past climatic extremes and norms is important for a better understanding of the climate systems and the way they change. Here we present an almost continuous tree‐ring and climate record from Vancouver Island, Canada for the last four millennia from Douglas‐fir trees ( Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii ) that are sensitive to precipitation variation. Spring droughts more severe than that of the mid‐1920s occurred in the late 1840s, mid‐1460s AD, and ∼ mid‐1860s BC. A remarkable climatic anomaly occurred in ∼ the 19th century BC during which strong pentadecadal oscillation prevailed and radial growth decreased by 71% in four years. This event could have been the final stage in the process of climatic and environmental transition beginning 2–3 centuries earlier that led to major cultural transformation in regions sensitive to climate change.
Anglo-French Naval Rivalry, 1840-1870

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Anglo-French diplomacy and the transition from sail to screw Anglo-French diplomacy and the transition from the screw-liner to the ironclad - 1854 onwards the militerization of naval warfare in the mid-19th century - tactics and strategy the personnel dockyards and naval architects the admirality and the ministry of marine the nature of the rivalry and its conclusion.
Embryogenic Stem Cell Identity after Protoplast Isolation from Daucus carota and Recovery of Regeneration Ability through Protoplast Culture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Protoplasts are single cells isolated from tissues or organs and are considered a suitable system for cell studies in plants. Embryogenic cells are totipotent stem cells, but their regeneration ability decreases or becomes lost altogether with extension of the culture period. In this study, we isolated and cultured EC-derived protoplasts (EC-pts) from carrots and compared them with non-EC-derived protoplasts (NEC-pts) with respect to their totipotency. The protoplast isolation conditions were optimized, and the EC-pts and NEC-pts were characterized by their cell size and types. Both types of protoplasts were then embedded using the alginate layer (TAL) method, and the resulting EC-pt-TALs and NEC-pt-TALs were cultured for further regeneration. The expression of the EC-specific genes SERK1, WUS, BBM, LEC1, and DRN was analyzed to confirm whether EC identity was maintained after protoplast isolation. The protoplast isolation efficiency for EC-pts was 2.4-fold higher than for NEC-pts (3.5 × 106 protoplasts·g−1 FW). In the EC-pt group, protoplasts < 20 µm accounted for 58% of the total protoplasts, whereas in the NEC-pt group, small protoplasts accounted for only 26%. In protoplast culture, the number of protoplasts that divided was 2.6-fold higher for EC-pts than for NEC-pts (7.7 × 104 protoplasts·g−1 FW), with a high number of plants regenerated for EC-pt-TALs, whereas no plants were induced by NEC-pt-TAL. Five times more plants were regenerated from EC-pts than from ECs. Regarding the expression of EC-specific genes, WUS and SERK1 expression increased 12-fold, and LEC1 and BBM expression increased 3.6–6.4-fold in isolated protoplasts compared with ECs prior to protoplast isolation (control). These results reveal that the protoplast isolation process did not affect the embryogenic cell identity; rather, it increased the plant regeneration rate, confirming that EC-derived protoplast culture may be an efficient system for increasing the regeneration ability of old EC cultures through the elimination of old and inactivate cells. EC-derived protoplasts may also represent an efficient single-cell system for application in new breeding technologies such as genome editing.
Interferon in Rabbit Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum Following Administration of Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract The present study was undertaken to compare interferon levels in rabbit brain, cerebrospinal fluid and serum following parenteral administration of a synthetic, double-stranded RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, a potent inducer of interferon. Following intravenous administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid the titers of interferon in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid were always a small fraction of those in the serum. Intrathecal administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid significantly increased the later-appearing interferon in the cerebrospinal fluid but did not significantly affect the interferon titers in the brain. Local injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid intracerebrally did give rise to more sustained levels of interferon in the brain. However, the highest levels of brain interferon were always far below the highest levels which could be achieved in the serum. Local production of interferon in the brain and its meninges was indicated by the finding that after intracerebral administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid the levels of interferon in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid exceeded those in the serum.
Reducing carbon emission by visiting patients activities in a screening centre through cleaner production strategies / Mohd Firdaus Bakri

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In this work, a cleaner production strategy was conducted in HSC (Heart, Stroke, Cancer) Medical Center, located in Ampang, Kuala Lumpur with an objective to propose improvement opportunities to reduce carbon emission generated from resources consumption and waste generated from medical treatment activities. For this purpose, a detailed cleaner production audit was conducted to identify key entities that contributed to the generation of carbon emission in the case studied medical center. The boundary of study covers activities related with medical treatment of patients. The stage involved is from the moment patient start to register at until they finished all their examination tests. The CP audit conducted focusing on waste minimization, energy efficiency as well as water minimization. Since global warming issues is currently a hot topic which affect the ecosystem and become a threat to nature living, this study has been justified through CO2 equivalent emission before and after CP implementation. The objective of this study is to generate potential cleaner production options that can be suited best for the premise. Total carbon foot print quantity will be judged along the study based on the costing analysis is carried out. Health issue related to the process emission has also been included in this study as it constitutes part of the major process. Method of data collection has been obtaining through past records, observation and feedback from personnel. CP option were then generated and evaluated to identify the feasibility of implementation. Cleaner production audit findings shows that 207 tonnes of CO2 was generated annually from overall activities in the hospital where the main contributors of the carbon emission generation were electricity, water consumption and waste management, with percentage of contribution of 83.5%, 15%, 1.70% respectively. Subsequently nine CP option were generated. Focusing on electricity, water consumption, and waste management. The implementation of the options can save up to RM3660 per month. Furthermore, the implementation also is expected to improve other
aspect, such as reduction in safety risk aspect, increase in productivity, and uphold the company image. The results from this work show that CP strategies can be implemented in many sectors, including service sectors such as hospital to reduce carbon emission on a national level as well as on a scale of global uptakes.
Effects of a Horticultural Therapy Program Incorporating the Enneagram on Self-Understanding and Stress Levels of University Students

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Background and objective: This study investigated the effects of a horticultural therapy program incorporating the Enneagram as an intervention model on university students' self-understanding and stress levels.Methods: Participants were divided into an experimental group, which participated in horticultural activities with the Enneagram-based group program, and a comparison group, which participated in the same horticultural activities without the Enneagram. Both groups completed a six-session program, each lasting 60 minutes, twice a week. Self-understanding and stress levels were assessed using standardized questionnaires before and after the program.Results: The experimental group showed significant improvements in self-understanding (<i>p</i> < .01) and reductions in stress levels (<i>p</i> < .05), whereas the comparison group exhibited no significant changes in either measure (<i>p</i> > .05). Specifically, within the experimental group, self-understanding subfactors such as stability (<i>p</i> < .01) and goal orientation (<i>p</i> < .05) improved, while stress related to present problems significantly decreased (<i>p</i> < .05). There were significant decreases in the subfactors of present problems, particularly stress related to the future (<i>p</i> < .01) and stress related to values (<i>p</i> < .05). In contrast, the comparison group exhibited no significant changes in these measures (<i>p</i> > .05).Conclusion: The horticultural therapy program incorporating the Enneagram as an intervention model effectively enhanced self-understanding and reduced stress in university students, even within a short intervention period. These findings provide foundational data supporting the integration of the Enneagram as an intervention model in horticultural therapy programs and the development of specialized interventions tailored to university students.
An optimized de ence plan or a power system

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents a novel optimization technique for determining the setting of various emergency power system controls. This will allow for the production of a comprehensive defence plan, against events such as cascading blackouts. The goal of this technique is to retrieve a new equilibrium operation point following a severe contingency. In the proposed optimization technique described in this paper the generator tripping, load shedding and islanding are considered as the main emergency control actions. Genetic Algorithm approaches are very successful at solving nonlinear combinatorial optimization problems; these have been applied in this work to produce an optimized defence plan. A Genetic Algorithm approach is used to find the optimal combination of generators and loads to be tripped as the best solution for the network to regain a new state of equilibrium that is operationally stable, whilst maintaining supply to as many consumers as possible. System islanding may also be applied if a satisfactory state of equilibrium can not otherwise be obtained. The optimization technique uses transient stability evaluation algorithms, based on time-domain simulation, to assess the fitness of the potential solutions. The test case, presented in this paper, for the optimization technique was the Libyan power system network. In order to show the validity of the optimized defence plan, a comparison between the existing Libyan power system defence plan and the optimized defence plan is presented for the case of a major blackout in the western part of the Libyan power system that took place on 8 th November 2003. The results presented in this paper show that a robust defence plan with a satisfactory amount of load shedding and system islands can be obtained by the new technique. The paper also demonstrates that the new defence plan outperforms the existing Libyan power system defence plan.
Low-rank coal maceral and mineralogy of Warukin Formation, Barito Basin, South Kalimantan

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Maceral is the main constituent of organic material in coal. While minerals are in the coal during the coalification process. This study aims to determine the low-rank coal Maceral and Mineralogy of Warukin Formation, Barito Basin, South Kalimantan. Sampling was carried out using the ply by ply method at the coal mining concession of PT. Adaro Indonesia, consisting of several mining locations such as Wara 110, Wara 120, Wara 200. In addition, the petrographic and XRD analysis were used to determine the maceral and mineral composition of the samples. The result showed that Wara seam coal's maceral content consists of 81% vitrinite, 51% liptinite, and 27% inertinite. Vitrinite reflectance (Vr) of Wara seam is 0.33%, and it is classified to lignite or low-rank coal. In addition, this seam contains an-organic matter, namely pyrite, quartz, rutile, kaolinite, goethite, calcite, dolomite, and feldspar.
A comparison of anticyclone and trough influences on the vertical distribution of ozone and meteorological conditions during SAFARI‐92

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The vertical distribution of ozone recorded over northern Namibia during SAFARI‐92 is examined as a function of prevailing atmospheric circulation. Two dominant synoptic weather types, namely, anticyclonic flow and flow associated with a westerly trough, are identified and composite ozone profiles produced for each weather type. In both cases an elevated, enriched ozone layer (9–12 km), where ozone concentrations exceed 80 ppbv on average, and 100–120 ppbv on individual days, is present. Under anticyclonic conditions, ozone increases steadily from surface values of around 40 ppbv to about 60–80 ppbv throughout the troposphere. In contrast, the westerly trough is characterized by a midtropospheric (4–8 km) ozone minimum, where values are 20 ppbv lower. This gives rise to a double ozone maximum in the troposphere. The elevated, enriched layer is thought to be a pervasive layer equatorward of 20°S and to result from biomass burning.
The Good, the Bad and the Ugly: Spinal Posture

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

osture is defined as the position or physical attitude of the body, which serves to maintain stability [1]. ‘Sit Up Straight’, ‘Correct your posture’, and ‘Be aware of bad posture’ are commonly used commands by the general public, teachers and health care providers such as physiotherapists. These short commands reflect some persistent stereotypical beliefs that bad postures relate to spinal pain [2-4].
Invariant-Based Recognition of Complex Curved 3D Objects from Image Contours

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper addresses the problem of recognizing three-dimensional objects bounded by smooth curved surfaces from image contours found in a single photograph. The proposed approach is based on a viewpoint-invariant relationship between object geometry and certain image features under weak perspective projection. The image features themselves are viewpoint-dependent. Concretely, the set of all possible silhouette bitangents, along with the contour points sharing the same tangent direction, is the projection of a one-dimensional set of surface points where each point lies on the occluding contour for a five-parameter family of viewpoints. These image features form a one-parameter family of equivalence classes, and it is shown that each class can be characterized by a set of numerical attributes that remain constant across the corresponding five-dimensional set of viewpoints. This is the basis for describing objects by “invariant” curves embedded in high-dimensional spaces. Modeling is achieved by moving an object in front of a camera and does not require knowing the object-to-camera transformation; nor does it involve implicit or explicit three-dimensional shape reconstruction. At recognition time, attributes computed from a single image are used to index the model database, and both qualitative and quantitative verification procedures eliminate potential false matches. The approach has been implemented and examples are presented.
The relationship of the D-X centre in AlxGa1-xAs and other III-V alloys with the conduction band structure

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The electrical properties of the AlxGa1-xAs alloys for x>or=0.24 are dominated by deep donors which appear in undoped and doped crystals. The corresponding defects, which are now more commonly known as D-X centres, also behave as electron traps. The properties of these defects in undoped and doped alloys are reviewed. Results of Hall, transient capacitance, deep-level transient spectroscopy and thermally stimulated capacitance measurements on crystals grown by liquid phase epitaxy and molecular beam epitaxy are presented and discussed. The deep levels have a constant thermal activation energy of 0.21 eV in the direct band-gap region, while in the same composition range the defect binding energy, as determined from Hall measurements, increases monotonically. Beyond the crossover region, the thermal activation energy and binding energy assume similar values and both decrease monotonically with increase of x. These energy values and the electron capture properties of the defects can be consistently explained by involving the interaction of the defects with indirect L and X minima. Defects with similar properties are also identified in other alloy systems in which the L and X conduction minima are lowest in energy.
Measuring and Reporting Physician's Performance in a University Medical Center.

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This paper describes a Patient Satisfaction survey and database used to measure and report on physician performance at the Ohio State University Health System (OSUHS) . The OSUHS averages 6,000 inpatients in any given month, and more than 7,000 emergency patients and 70,000 outpatient encounters. Data from the Patient Satisfaction measures are disseminated through structured monthly and quarterly reports to clinical and administrative leaders. A recently increased focus on patient satisfaction improvement resulted in the development of a Physician's Report, which contains quantitative data that include all physician data variables measured with the Patient Satisfaction tool and qualitative data from interviewed patients. The process of creating this report was multilayers. It invoked participation and input from many administrative and clinical areas. This paper discusses the insights of assessment and reporting tools, focusing on the OSUHS tools, and the handing of patient satisfaction-based information. (Contains 3 tables and 11 references.) (SLD) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document.