jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of Weed Management and Sulphur Fertilization on Weeds and Yield in Greengram and B1ackgram Intercropping System

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Intercropping of greengram with blackgram in replacement series of I: I ratio significantly reduced dry maller accumulation and sulphur depletion by weeds as compared to sole cropping of greengram and blackgram. Fluchloralin (1.0 kg/ha) and hand weeding at 25 days after sowing brought about significant reduction in weed intensity, dry maller accumulation and sulphur depletion by weeds over weedy check. Fluchloralin resulted in highest grain yield in both greengram and blackgram. Application of sulphur resulted in significantly higher dry maller accumulation and sulphur depletion by weeds in comparison to control. Grain yield of greengram as well as blackgram was significantly higher under sulphur fertilization over control.
Formation of Tubular Carbonates within the Seabed of the Northern South China Sea

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

A remarkable exposure of tubular authigenic carbonates was found on the seafloor in the Dongsha area of the South China Sea (SCS). The tubular carbonates, around 2–3 cm in diameter and usually less than 10 cm in length, represent broken fragments of once-larger pipes that now protrude from muddy sediments. The morphology, carbon and oxygen stable isotope compositions, and trace and rare earth element contents of the carbonates were analyzed to decipher the mode of carbonate formation. The tubular carbonates exhibit a dark brown coating of iron and manganese hydrous oxides, indicating prolonged exposure to oxic bottom waters. The carbonate content of the micritic pipes falls between 12.5 and 67.3 wt.% with an average of 42.0 wt.%, suggesting formation within the sediment. This inference is supported by trace and rare earth element patterns including a moderate enrichment of middle rare earth elements. Low δ13C values (as low as −50.3‰, Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)) suggest that carbonate precipitation was induced by the anaerobic oxidation of methane. The unusually positive δ18O values of the carbonates (as high as +5.3‰, VPDB) are believed to reflect the destabilization of locally abundant gas hydrate. Taken together, it is suggested that pipe formation was initiated by sediment-dwelling organisms, such as crustaceans or bivalves. The burrows subsequently acted as conduits for upward fluid migration. The lithification of the sediment directly surrounding the conduits and the partial filling of the conduits with carbonate cement resulted in the formation of tubular carbonates. Turbidity currents, sediment slumps, or the vigorous emission of fluids probably induced the fragmentation of tubular carbonates within the sediment. The carbonate fragments had been further subjected to winnowing by bottom currents. This study provides insight into the interaction of megafauna burrowing with fluid migration and carbonate formation at hydrocarbon seeps, highlighting the role of bottom currents and mass wasting on the formation of fragmented tubular carbonates.
Hepatitis B virus treatment beyond the guidelines: special populations and consideration of treatment withdrawal

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The goal of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) treatment is to improve survival by preventing disease progression to decompensated cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma which is the cause of over 1 million deaths annually. The risk of disease progression is reduced when a sustained reduction of hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA to undetectable levels and suppression of HBV replication are obtained which can result in regression of liver fibrosis and may even reverse cirrhosis. However, even if HBsAg loss occurs, HBV is not completely eradicated by treatment, and long-term therapy is required in patients who are HBeAg – and HBeAg + who do not maintain off-treatment virological suppression and in those with advanced liver disease. The recently updated European Association of the Study of the Liver (EASL) clinical practical guidelines for HBV have clarified, first, how to treat HBV (interferon or the most potent oral drugs with optimal resistance profiles, i.e. entecavir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, should be used as first-line monotherapies); second, who should be treated (CHB in patients with significant liver disease but also patients who are HBsAg + and are receiving immunosuppressive treatment, patients coinfected with HBV and human immunodeficiency virus, mothers who are HBsAg + with high viral load in late pregnancy associated with sero vaccination to reduce the risk of vertical transmission of HBV; and third, when to stop antiviral therapies. The aim of this review was to clarify how to treat HBV and who should be treated, as well as when to stop treatment. Although the answer to these questions is clear for pegylated interferon, it is more debatable for nucleos(t)ide analogues (anti-HBe seroconversion, HBsAg loss or anti-HBs seroconversion with undetectable HBV DNA are clear indications to discontinue treatment but sustained undetectable HBV DNA in patients who are anti-HBe + without significant fibrosis might be another indication).
Effect of Progesterone on Hippocampal GABA‐A Receptor Subunit Expression in Mice Lacking PRs

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Progesterone (P) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of catamenial epilepsy, a menstrual cycle‐related seizure disorder that affects many women with epilepsy. While P's endocrine actions are mediated by the progesterone receptor (PR), P's molecular mechanism of action in seizure activity is not clearly understood. Recently, we proposed an interdependent role for PRs in seizure susceptibility utilizing PR knockout (PRKO) mice based on the emerging evidence of P modulation of GABA‐A receptor plasticity. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that P's actions on hippocampal GABA‐A receptor subunit expression are due in part to PR pathway mediated regulation of subunit expression. We tested this hypothesis utilizing the PRKO transgenic mouse model. Total mRNA isolated from hippocampus in female WT and PRKO mice treated with P for 7 days was utilized for TaqMan PCR. TaqMan reaction conditions were optimized and quantitated by the threshold cycle (Ct) analysis. Chronic P induced a 3‐fold increase in GABA‐A receptor α1‐subunit expression in WT, but not in PRKO mice. However, there was no change in α2‐subunit in both genotypes. These results suggest that progesterone could regulate GABA‐A receptor subunit expression via a PR pathway in the hippocampus, which could be relevant to P mechanisms governing regulation of seizure susceptibility in females. *Supported by NIH grant NS051398*
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of the Hepatopancreas from Macrobrachium rosenbergii Exposed to the Heavy Metal Copper

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The contamination of aquatic ecosystems by the heavy metal copper (Cu) is an important environmental issue and poses significant risks to the physiological functions of aquatic organisms. Macrobrachium rosenbergii is one of the most important freshwater-cultured prawns in the world. The hepatopancreas of crustaceans is a key organ for immune defense, heavy metal accumulation, and detoxification, playing a pivotal role in toxicological research. However, research on the molecular response of the hepatopancreas in M. rosenbergii to Cu exposure is still lacking. In this study, the transcriptomic response in the hepatopancreas of M. rosenbergii was studied after Cu exposure for 3 and 48 h. Compared with the control group, 11,164 (7288 up-regulated and 3876 down-regulated genes) and 10,937 (6630 up-regulated and 4307 down-regulated genes) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified after 3 and 48 h exposure, respectively. Most of these DEGs were up-regulated, implying that gene expressions were largely induced by Cu. Functional enrichment analysis of these DEGs revealed that immunity, copper homeostasis, detoxification, DNA damage repair, and apoptosis were differentially regulated by Cu. Seven genes involved in immunity, detoxification, and metabolism were selected for validation by qRT-PCR, and the results confirmed the reliability of RNA-Seq. All these findings suggest that M. rosenbergii attempts to resist the toxicity of Cu by up-regulating the expression of genes related to immunity, metabolism, and detoxification. However, with the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the antioxidant enzyme system was destroyed. As a result, DNA damage repair and the cellular stress response were inhibited, thereby exacerbating cell damage. In order to maintain the normal function of the hepatopancreas, M. rosenbergii removes damaged cells by activating the apoptosis mechanism. Our study not only facilitates an understanding of the molecular response mechanisms of M. rosenbergii underlying Cu toxicity effects but also helps us to identify potential biomarkers associated with the stress response in other crustaceans.
Teachers' Awareness of the Connection Between Class Composition and Education for Children With Autism: A Questionnaire Survey

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

本研究は、知的障害特別支援学校の学級編成の形態分類を通し、自閉症教育の指導方法および教育実践に対する教員意識との間に関連があるかを検討した。対象は小学部教員（605名）であった。調査方法は質問紙法とし、教員意識の抽出には因子分析を、それらの比較には分散分析を用いた。結果、学級編成の形態では、自閉症学級を編成している（A群）・発達課題別編成をしている（B群）・学年別編成をしている（C群）に分類することができた。教員意識の比較では、1）A群は他群よりも環境の構造化を重視している、2）B群・C群のベテランはA群よりも人との関係作りを重視している、3）A群・C群はB群よりも個人内スキルの向上を重視していることが示された。一方、年齢間での意識の違いは「教員間の対応の不一致」のみでみられた。この結果より、学級編成の形態によって自閉症教育の指導方法や教育実践に関する教員意識に違いが生じることが示唆された。
Tractography of the subcortical U-fibers using a position-dependent maximum angle

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Short association fibers in the subcortical white matter, also known as U-fibers, represent the connections between neighboring gyri. Due to the geometry of the cortical folds and the sharp turns along the cortical surface, tractography of U-fibers remains a challenge since increasing the maximum angle between tractography steps also increases the occurence of false positive streamlines. We propose to replace the fixed maximum angle value in tractography algorithms by an angular map, allowing higher angles at the interface between grey and white matter. This enables a more accurate tracking of U-fibers, while keeping a low number of false positive streamlines.
Why Young Consumers Engage with Mobile Self-Ordering Applications (MFOAs) at Restaurants During COVID-19: The Role of Functional and Psychological Factors

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) applications are widely used in restaurants to reduce the COVID-19 pandemic and maintain social distancing. This study examines factors influencing consumers to use mobile self-ordering applications (MFOAs) in restaurants. The TAM model is used as a theoretical background to explain consumers' attitudes and behaviors when using mobile self-ordering applications in restaurants. A total of 699 respondents were obtained. The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) show that enjoyment and social norms play a critical role in leading young consumers to engage with these applications, resulting in their overall experience and advocacy in the context of AI service in restaurants. Thus, the findings of this study help extend the literature on the TAM model.Keywords: Customer engagementenjoymentmobile self-ordering applications (MFOAs)social normTAM modelyoung generation
Phytoecological study of <i>Tetraclinis articulata</i> in the woodland of Beni Affene, Sdamas Chergui (Tiaret, Algeria)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The Mediterranean flora is definitely considered as an exceptional diversity that deserves particular attention to be conserved. This work aims to quantify the floristic diversity of Tetraclinis articulata of Beni Affane located at the woodland of Sdamas Chergui (Tiaret, Algeria). The factorial analysis of correspondences allowed us to jointly process the floristic and ecological variables, and confirm that there is presently an original floristic facies of Tetraclinis articulata. This study area contains 13 families and 21 species, where the dominating biological type is Chamaephytics (52 %). We have described as well five frequent species: Tetraclinis articulata 33 %, Pistacia lentiscus 11 %, Globularia alypum 8 %, Phylleria angustifolia 9 %, Rosmarinus tournefortii 15 %.Keywords: Tetraclinis articulata, Phytoecology, factorial analysis of correspondences, Beni Affane, Tiaret
Additive manufacturing of aluminium oxide with gelatin as rheological modifier

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Direct ink writing (DIW) is an extrusion-based 3D printing technique. Recently, the advancement using DIW in ceramic has been very challenging due to the compromise between shape retention and flowability and poor scalability. The rheological properties like shape retention and flowability of the ceramic ink are the factors to be optimized and studied in detail. Therefore, this report focuses on the rheological study followed by DIW of Aluminium Oxide (Al2O3) using gelatin as a rheological modifier. By adding small amount of gelatin, we can alter the rheological behaviour of the ink and print patterned structures in three dimensions. Different weight percentages of gelatin and different printing parameters are explored and optimized to achieve the desired 3D structure. The study has potential uses in biomedical and tissue engineering applications.
Extending the Lifetime of Native GTP‐Bound Ras for Site‐Resolved NMR Measurements: Quantifying the Allosteric Dynamics

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Characterization of native GTP‐bound Ras is important for an appreciation of its cellular signaling and for the design of inhibitors, which however has been depressed by its intrinsic instability. Herein, an effective approach for extending the lifetime of Ras⋅GTP samples by exploiting the active role of Son of Sevenless (Sos) is demonstrated that sustains the activated state of Ras. This approach, combined with a postprocessing method that suppresses residual Ras⋅GDP signals, is applied to the site‐resolved NMR measurement of the allosteric dynamics of Ras⋅GTP. The observed network of concerted motions well covers the recently identified allosteric inhibitor‐binding pockets, but the motions are more confined than those of Ras⋅GppNHp, advocating the use of native GTP for development of allosteric inhibitors. The Sos‐based approach is anticipated to generally facilitate experiments on active Ras when native GTP is preferred.
Mediation and Moderation of the Relationship Between Combat Experiences and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Active Duty Military Personnel

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

These results indicate that the presence of nightmares may partially explain how traumatic combat experiences lead to the development of PTSD. The study also reaffirms neuroticism as risk factor for developing PTSD symptoms. These findings highlight the importance of sleep hygiene and operational stress models in combat situations and may help stress control professionals address risk factors associated with PTSD symptoms.
Epidemiology of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms in a Teaching Hospital in Oman: A One-Year Hospital-Based Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background . Antimicrobial resistance is increasingly recognized as a global challenge. A few studies have emerged on epidemiology of multidrug resistant organisms in tertiary care settings in the Arabian Gulf. Aim . To describe the epidemiology of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, a tertiary hospital in Oman. Methods . A retrospective review of MDRO records has been conducted throughout the period from January 2012 till December 2012. Organisms were identified and tested by an automated identification and susceptibility system, and the antibiotic susceptibility testing was confirmed by the disk diffusion method. Results . Out of the total of 29,245 admissions, there have been 315 patients registered as MDRO patients giving an overall prevalence rate of 10.8 (95% CI 9.3, 12.4) MDRO cases per 1000 admissions. In addition, the prevalence rate of MDRO isolates was 11.2 (95% CI 9.7, 12.9) per 1000 admissions. Overall, increasing trends in prevalence rates of MDRO patients and MDRO isolates were observed throughout the study period. Conclusion . Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging challenge in Oman. Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial susceptibility and strict adherence to infection prevention guidelines are essential to prevent proliferation of MDRO. Along such quest, stringent antibiotic prescription guidelines are needed in the country.
A negligible contribution of two luminous z ∼ 7.5 galaxies to the ionizing photon budget of reionization

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

ABSTRACT We present indirect constraints on the absolute escape fraction of ionizing photons ($f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$) of the system GN 42912 which comprises two luminous ($M_{\rm UV}$ magnitudes of $-20.89$ and $-20.37$) galaxies at $z\sim 7.5$, GN 42912-NE and GN 42912-SW, to determine their contribution to the ionizing photon budget of the epoch of reionization (EoR). The high-resolution JWST NIRSpec and NIRCam observations reveal they are separated by only $\sim 0{_{.}^{\prime\prime}} 1$ (0.5 kpc) on the sky and have a 358 km s$^{-1}$ velocity separation. GN 42912-NE and GN 42912-SW are relatively massive for this redshift (log($M_\ast /M_\odot$) $\sim$ 8.4 and 8.9, respectively), with gas-phase metallicities of 18 and 23 per cent solar, O$_{32}$ ratios of 5.3 and $&gt;5.8$, and $\beta$ slopes of $-1.92$ and $-1.51$, respectively. We use the Mg ii $\lambda \lambda$2796,2803 doublet to constrain $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$. Mg ii has an ionization potential close to that of neutral hydrogen and, in the optically thin regime, can be used as an indirect tracer of the LyC leakage. We establish realistic conservative upper limits on $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$ of 8.5 per cent for GN 42912-NE and 14 per cent for GN 42912-SW. These estimates align with $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$ trends observed with $\beta$, O$_{32}$, and the H $\beta$ equivalent width at $z&lt; 4$. The small inferred ionized region sizes ($&lt; 0.3$ pMpc) around both galaxies indicate they have not ionized a significant fraction of the surrounding neutral gas. While these $z&gt; 7$ $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm LyC}$ constraints do not decisively determine a specific reionization model, they support a minor contribution from these two relatively luminous galaxies to the EoR.
Baetidae from Sri Lanka with Some General Remarks on the Baetidae of the Oriental Region (Insecta: Ephemeroptera)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The nymphs of nine species of baetid mayflies from Sri Lanka are described in detail. These include Baetis frequentus sp.n., B. acceptus sp.n., B. conservatus sp.n., B. collinus sp.n., B. geminatus sp.n., B. pulchellus sp.n., B. ordinatus sp.n., and Procloeon regularum sp.n. A single nymph of Cloeon appears closely related to Cloeon bimaculatum Eaton. The first four species mentioned do not fit in any known species-group. Baetis geminatus sp.n. and B. pulchellus sp.n. are associated with the Oriental molawinensis species-group (which corresponds to the European atrebatinus species-group and to the North American propinquus species-group). The sumigarensis sub-group is proposed within the molawinensis species-group. The nymphs described herein are the first nymphs to be described in the family Baetidae from Sri Lanka. The genus Procloeon is recorded from the Oriental Region for the first time. A key to the baetid nymphs of Sri Lanka is included.
Cytodiagnosis of Paraganglioma: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Paragangliomas (Carotid body tumors, CBT) are rare tumors. They arise close to or envelop the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. These tumors pose challenge to the surgeon because of the large vascularization of the tumor, involvement of the carotid vessels and the close anatomical relationship with the cranial nerves. We describe the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and histopathological findings of paraganglioma. A discussion of this case is followed by a review of the literature surrounding this rare clinical and pathological entity.
A mechanism-based approach to experiment design and model building

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This research introduces a new approach to the development of models which describe the underlying mechanistic behavior of a system. The approach utilizes an innovative modeling representation that combines digraph modeling and multi-level logic to define the phenomenological causal relationships of a system. Unlike most model representations which have been developed, this representation allows explicit declaration of the mechanisms of a system. The mechanism-based models of all processes which may be of importance in a system can be combined to create a generalized mechanism-based model which describes the behavior of a whole class of systems.
Experiment design strategies to determine which mechanisms are of importance in a system have been developed. These methods can be applied to the generalized model of a system to synthesize experiments which isolate individual mechanisms. The experiment design strategies can be used in conjunction with the costs of experiments to determine the optimal experiment for verifying a mechanism. A methodology for estimating experiment costs from the relative accuracies and controllabilities of the variables is introduced.
The modeling representation and the experiment design and optimization strategies are implemented in the computer program Edison. The effectiveness of the mechanism-based modeling strategy is illustrated with four example problems: the analysis of packed bed reactor systems, the discovery of electrokinetic lift, the verification of freezing induced motion of rocks below the earth, and the modeling of a glycol cooling system.
Financial execution of health financing blocks in the municipalities of Santa Catarina, Brazil

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The use of the resources transferred from other federative instances to health financing blocks by the municipalities of Santa Catarina was analyzed. This is a descriptive study of the years 2009 and 2015. It was observed that municipalities invest their own health resources well beyond what is legally recommended, however, they cannot make full use of the direct transfer resources made by the state and the Union to the blocks of health financing. It is noted, however, a significant reduction in the amount of resources underutilized in the analyzed period, which indicates an improvement in the capacity to manage direct transfer resources.