jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Polyphenol Rich Sugarcane Extract Reduces Body Weight in C57/BL6J Mice Fed a High Fat, High Carbohydrate Diet

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Background: Energy-dense diets have been implicated as a driving force in the global obesity crisis. Sucrose derived from sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) is a carbohydrate source at the centre of this discussion. However, sugar cane is a complex plant containing a wide variety of phytochemicals that may have anti-obesity properties. The objective of this study was to assess if polyphenols extracted from sugar cane were capable of mitigating the progression of diet-induced obesity. Methods: Forty-five male, six-week-old C57BL/6J mice were divided into groups of 15 and fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet supplemented with 0%, 2% or 4% polyphenol-rich sugarcane extract (PRSE) for twelve weeks. Body weight, food intake, water intake and faecal content were measured in addition to dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) of the mice. Gene expression was also assessed for a range of key metabolic pathways in both blood and tissue samples in order to determine PRSE’s potential mechanisms of action. Data was analysed using ANOVA and post-hoc statistical methods. Results: Mice fed 4% PRSE were found to have a significantly lower overall bodyweight and adipose tissue accumulation compared to control (0%). This finding was supported by a reduced plasma leptin concentration and an increased excretion of carbohydrates. Upregulated gene transcriptions of adiponectin, PPARγ, PPARα, UCP2 and fatty acid synthase mRNAs were also observed. Conclusions: These results indicate that reduced carbohydrate absorption is the primary mechanism leading to the reduction of body weight in mice fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet. This is predominately supported by the detection of increased carbohydrate concentration in the faeces of mice that lost weight. Other potential mechanisms, such as feed intake and energy expenditure, did not show significant differences between groups and are less likely to be involved.
Efficacy of different formulations of essential oils against the cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under laboratory conditions

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

<p>In recent decades, one of the most important methods of replacing synthetic pesticides is the use of new formulations based on plant essential oils (EOs) that can increase the quality and effectiveness of them. Due to application restrictions of EOs in their pure form, preparation of commercial formulations of these compounds is essential. In this research, At first, the contact toxicity of fifteen different plant EOs was evaluated on reared Phenacoccus solenopsis 1st instar nymphs at 25±1°C and 65±5% RH, with a 16:8-h L:D photoperiod. Three EOs of Mentha longifolia (L.), Mentha piperita (L.), and Oliveria decumbens (Vent.), had the highest contact toxicity and were selected for the rest of the experiments. According to GC and GC/MS analysis, pulegone (51.49%), menthone (22.75%), and 1,8-cineole (11.69%) were the principal components of M. longifolia, menthone (36.51%), menthene (28.51%), menthol (8.12%), and 1, 8-cineole (7.66%) were the principal components of M. piperita and the main components of O. decumbens EO were thymol (43.99%), γ-terpinene (13.96%), and p-cymene (12.62%). After making formulation, contact toxicity of the EOs before and after formulation, was evaluated on P. solenopsis 1st instar nymphs under laboratory conditions. Based on lethal concentration trials, LC50 values of pure and formulated EOs of M. longifolia, M. piperita, and O. decumbens on 1st instar nymphs after 48 hours were 113.49, 129.74, 149.93, and 48.22, 55.55, 61.68 ppm, respectively. Therefore, the contact toxicity of formulated EOs of M. longifolia, M. piperita, and O. decumbens were 2.34, 2.36, and 2.43-fold higher than the pure EOs.</p>
Extracardiac RhabdomyomaLight and electron microscopic studies of two cases in the mandibular area, with a review of previous reports

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two cases of rhabdomyoma (one of them multifocal) in the submandibular region are described. Electron microscopic investigation of one case revealed rudimentary myofibrils which in some places showed a random arrangement, while in other parts they formed stellate figures. Hypertrophic Z-bands were seen, as also were occasional A- and I-bands. The pathology and clinical features of rhabdomyoma are discussed on the basis of these cases and those to be found in the literature. As extracardiac rhabdomyoma is most commonly found in the region of the head and neck, it is recommended that this tumour, rare though it is, should been borne in mind in the differential diagnosis of tumours in this region.The term rhabdomyoma is used for two types of tumour, the one cardiac, and the other the far rarer extracardiac form which, according to Moran & Enterline (1964), differs in its morphology. Extracardiac rhabdomyoma is considered to be a benign neoplasm of striated muscle, whereas the cardiac form is often associated with tuberous sclerosis, and is more probably a developmental anomaly (Moran & Enterline, 1964).To date, 22 cases of extracardiac rhabdomyoma have been described in the literature (Assor & Thomas, 1965; Battifora et al., 1969; Czernobilsky et al., 1968; De & Tribedi, 1940; Kay et al., 1969; Mikulowsky, 1972; Moran & Enterline, 1964; Occhinpti, 1954; Pendl, 1897; Rütz, 1926; Smith, 1959; Tandler et al., 1970; Tuazon, 1969; Wyatt et al., 1970), only four of these were found outside the region of the head and neck (De & Tribedi, 1940; Occhinpti, 1954; Tuazon, 1969).We report here light and electron microscopic investigations of two further cases of rhabdomyoma, both of which were localized in the submandibular region. The characteristic histological picture of this tumour makes it easy to distinguish from other tumours occurring in this area.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGZwei Fälle eines Rhabdomyoms der Regio Submandibularis (der eine multifokal) werden beschrieben. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen des einen Falls zeigten rudimentäre Myofibrillen, teils unregelmässig, teils charakteristisch sternförmig angeordnet. Hypertrophische Z-Bänder und an einzelnen Stellen auch A-und I-Bänder konnten unterschieden werden. Die Pathologie und die Klinik des Rhabdomyoms werden diskutiert. Da extrakardiale Rhabdomyome am häufigsten in der Kopf-Halsregion vorkommen, sollte dieser, obgleich sehr seltene Tumor in die Differentialdiagnose der Tumoren dieser Region mitgenommen werden.
Videogames, Feedback Loops, and Classroom Practice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The integration of digital game-based learning into educational settings continues to present opportunities and challenges. This chapter examines feedback structures in videogame environments and focuses on ways educators can build upon features of the feedback loop to engage adolescents in meaningful learning in and beyond the classroom. As such, this chapter offers educators practical information to embrace instructional activities inspired by meaning making through the feedback loop.
A METHOD FOR STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE BEAMS UNDER MARINE ENVIRONMENT OVER LIFETIME AND ITS APPLICATION TO PRETENSIONED PC BEAMS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

塩害環境下にあるコンクリート桁は,鋼材腐食が時系列で進展し得る中で,高頻度で活荷重の作用を受ける部材であり,設計耐用期間にわたる構造安全性を評価する際には,こうした荷重特性および鋼材腐食進展の影響を考慮する必要がある.本研究では,桁への荷重・環境作用に係る支配的なハザードである活荷重ハザードおよび塩害環境ハザードを考慮した上で,鋼材腐食進展評価および構造性能評価に介在する種々の不確定性を陽に反映させたコンクリート桁の構造安全性評価手法を提案した.そして,提案手法をプレテンションPC桁へと適用し,所要の構造安全性を設計耐用期間にわたって確保するためには,活荷重や塩害環境の特性を設計時に適切に考慮する必要があることを示した.
Task complexity modulates pilot electroencephalographic activity during real flights

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Abstract Most research connecting task performance and neural activity to date has been conducted in laboratory conditions. Thus, field studies remain scarce, especially in extreme conditions such as during real flights. Here, we investigated the effects of flight procedures of varied complexity on the in‐flight EEG activity of military helicopter pilots. Flight procedural complexity modulated the EEG power spectrum: highly demanding procedures (i.e., takeoff and landing) were associated with higher EEG power in the higher frequency bands, whereas less demanding procedures (i.e., flight exercises) were associated with lower EEG power over the same frequency bands. These results suggest that EEG recordings may help to evaluate an operator's cognitive performance in challenging real‐life scenarios, and thus could aid in the prevention of catastrophic events.
Trametinib suppresses chemotherapy-induced cold and mechanical allodynia via inhibition of extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 activation.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Chemotherapy-induced neuropathy is a common, dose-dependent adverse effect of some anti-cancer drugs and leads to discontinuation of chemotherapy and detrimental dose reductions, thereby affecting the quality of life of cancer patients. Currently, no treatment can effectively prevent or treat chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. Therefore, understanding its underlying molecular mechanisms may help to identify novel therapies for treating it. Some disease-induced neuropathy involve the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as extracellular-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). In the present study, we investigated whether ERK1/2 inhibition can prevent chemotherapy-induced neuropathy. We found that trametinib, an MEK inhibitor, suppressed oxaliplatin-, paclitaxel-, vincristine-, and bortezomib-induced cold and mechanical allodynia in mice. In addition, treatment with oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, vincristine, or bortezomib enhanced ERK1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in the spinal cord lumbar segments 4-6, and when combined with trametinib, can prevent chemotherapy-induced neuropathy via the suppression of ERK1/2 activation, but does not affect JNK activation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the disruption of this pathway by MEK inhibitors suppresses oxaliplatin-, paclitaxel-, vincristine-, and bortezomib-induced neuropathy. This suggests that inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway could prevent chemotherapy-induced neuropathy and MEK inhibitors could be used in combination with anti-tumor drugs during pharmacotherapy.
Contraceptive Discontinuation and Switching Patterns in Bangladesh

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a hematological neoplasm of CD19-positive mature-appearing B lymphocytes. Despite the clinical success of targeted therapies in CLL, the development of resistance diminishes their therapeutic activity. This is also true for the Bcl-2 antagonist venetoclax. We investigated the molecular mechanisms that drive venetoclax resistance in CLL, with a clear focus to provide new strategies to successfully combat it. Activation of CLL cells with IFNγ, PMA/ionomycin, and sCD40L diminished the cytotoxicity of venetoclax. We demonstrated that the metabolic activity of cells treated with 1 nM venetoclax alone was 48% of untreated cells, and was higher for cells co-treated with IFNγ (110%), PMA/ionomycin (78%), and sCD40L (62%). As of molecular mechanism, we showed that PMA/ionomycin and sCD40L triggered translocation of NFκB in primary CLL cells, while IFNγ activated p38 MAPK, suppressed spontaneous and venetoclax-induced apoptosis and induced formation of the immunoproteasome. Inhibition of immunoproteasome with ONX-0914 suppressed activity of immunoproteasome and synergized with venetoclax against primary CLL cells. On the other hand, inhibition of p38 MAPK abolished cytoprotective effects of IFNγ. We demonstrated that venetoclax-resistant (MEC-1 VER) cells overexpressed p38 MAPK and p-Bcl-2 (Ser70), and underexpressed Mcl-1, Bax, and Bak. Inhibition of p38 MAPK or immunoproteasome triggered apoptosis in CLL cells and overcame the resistance to venetoclax of MEC-1 VER cells and venetoclax-insensitive primary CLL cells. In conclusion, the p38 MAPK pathway and immunoproteasome represent novel targets to combat venetoclax resistance in CLL.
Sputum neutrophil elastase and its relation to pediatric bronchiectasis severity: A cross‐sectional study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background and Aims Sputum neutrophil elastase (NE) is a marker of neutrophilic airway inflammation in bronchiectasis. Yet, not much is known about its role in pediatric bronchiectasis severity. This study aimed to assess the sputum NE value as a biomarker of clinical and radiological severity in pediatric bronchiectasis. Methods This was a cross‐sectional study assessing sputum NE in a total of 50 bronchiectasis patients under the age of 18 years—30 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and 20 patients with non‐CF bronchiectasis were included. Bronchiectasis severity was assessed using Shwachman–Kulczycki (SK) score, CF‐ABLE score, and CF risk of disease progression score, among CF patients, and bronchiectasis severity index (BSI) and FACED criteria among non‐CF bronchiectasis patients, associations between sputum NE and bronchiectasis severity were assessed in both patient groups. Results Sputum NE was directly correlated with C‐reactive protein ( r = 0.914, p < 0.001), ( r = 0.786, p < 0.001), frequency of exacerbations ( r = 0.852, p < 0.001) ( r = 0.858, p < 0.001), exacerbations severity ( r = 0.735, p = 0.002), ( r = 0.907, p < 0.001), and the number of hospital admissions ( r = 0.813, p < 0.001), ( r = 0.612, p = 0.004) in the last year among CF, and non‐CF bronchiectasis patients, respectively. Additional linear correlations were found between sputum NE, CF risk of disease progression score ( p < 0.001), CF‐ABLE score ( p < 0.001), and lower forced expiratory volume 1% of predicted ( p = 0.017; ρ = −0.8) among CF patients. Moreover, sputum NE was positively correlated with the neutrophil count ( p = 0.018), and BSI severity score ( p = 0.039; ρ = 0.465) among non‐CF bronchiectasis patients. Conclusions Sputum NE may be considered a good biomarker of bronchiectasis severity in both CF and non‐CF bronchiectasis patients, as confirmed by the exacerbations rate, CF risk of disease progression, and BSI scores.
Convergence Comparison on the IDR(<i>s</i>)-Based IPNMs for Electromagnetic Multiple Scattering Simulations

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents various Iterative Progressive Numerical Methods (IPNMs) for the computation of electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering from many objects. We previously modified the original IPNM from the standpoint of the classical and the IDR-based linear iterative solvers. We demonstrate the performance of the IDR(s)-based IPNMs through some numerical examples of EM wave scattering from regularly placed 27 perfectly electric conducting spheres.
The effects of loading and unloading treadmill walking on balance, gait, fall risk, and daily function in Parkinsonism

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Our study aims were: 1) to determine whether assisted weight bearing or additional weight bearing is more beneficial to the improvement of function and increased stability in gait and dynamic balance in patients with Parkinsonism, compared with matched controls (treadmill alone). Twenty-three men and women participants (M +/- SD = 74.5 +/- 9.7 yrs; Males = 19, Females = 4) with Parkinsonism were in the study. Participants staged at 1-7 (M +/- SD = 3.96 +/- 1.07) using the Hoehn & Yahr scale. All participants were tested before, after the intervention (within one week), and four weeks later on: 1) dynamic posturography, 2) Berg Balance scale, 3) United Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), 4) biomechanical assessment of strength and range of motion, and 5) Gaitrite force sensitive gait mat. Group 1 (treadmill control group), received treadmill training with no loading or unloading. Group 2 (unweighted group), walked on the treadmill assisted by the Biodex Unweighing System at a 25% body weight reduction. Group 3 (weighted group), ambulated wearing a weighted scuba-diving belt, which increased their normal body weight by 5%. All subjects walked on the treadmill for 20 minutes per day for 3 days per week for 6 weeks. Improvements in dynamic posturography, falls during balance testing, Berg Balance, UPDRS (Motor Exam), and gait for all groups lead us to believe that neuromuscular regulation can be facilitated in all Parkinson's individuals no matter what treadmill intervention is employed.
HIV Protein TAT Dysregulates Multiple Pathways in Human iPSCs-Derived Microglia

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

In the era of combined antiretroviral therapy, around 50% of chronic HIV (+) individuals show varying degrees of memory and cognitive deficiency (NeuroHIV), a phenomenon of accelerated brain aging. HIV protein transactivator of transcription (TAT) has been well-accepted as a risk factor contributing to NeuroHIV through dysregulating microglia (Mg) functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that HIV-TAT can affect lipid metabolism, immune responses, autophagy, and senescence in rodent Mg. However, due to the significant species differences between rodent and human Mg (hMg), it is essential to take caution when interpreting the results obtained from rodent models into human conditions. For the unanswered questions, we generated hMg from human inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and exposed them to HIV-TAT. The results obtained from Flow analysis and immunostaining experiments reveal that TAT can induce LD accumulation and increase perilipin-2 (Plin2) levels in hMg. Meanwhile, HIV-TAT can upregulate autophagosome formation and p53 levels. Through human immune array assay, we showed that TAT can increase the expression of multiple pro-inflammatory mediators, cytokines, and chemokines in hMg. Extensive bioinformatic analysis shows that HIV-TAT can affect multiple neuroimmune signaling pathways and indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) are coherently involved in such dysregulation. Overall, our findings provide direct evidence showing that HIV-TAT can affect lipid metabolism, autophagy, senescence signaling, and multiple neuroimmune-related pathways in hMg and indicate the roles of novel miRNAs on NeuroHIV pathogenesis, which deserves further investigations.
To sync or not to sync : neural synchronisation and perception of emotional pain in human hand-holding behaviour

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Tactile touch is paramount throughout one’s lifespan and serves various important functions such as the buffering of stress, provision of comfort, and an analgesic effect on physical pain. Specifically, studies have shown that the analgesic effect could have been brought upon by a mechanism of neural synchrony between the two partners. The main aim of the present study was to investigate further into the effect of neural synchrony and hand-holding behaviour among couples on emotional pain, instead of physical ones. The study employed a hyper-scanning paradigm using the functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) and participants viewed image stimuli that are either negative (to elicit emotional pain) or neutral, while alone, holding hands, or not holding hands. It was found that while the act of hand-holding behaviour did not significantly alleviate emotional pain, there was indeed a mechanism of neural synchrony across all the conditions, especially when modulated by relationship duration and relationship satisfaction. These significances were observed in the frontal regions of the pre-frontal cortex and the functions of the specific structures were discussed in the paper. More importantly, the current study highlighted the controversial results of disadvantageous synchrony when the couples are both in high negative affect, and the protective role hand-holding behaviour can play in this process. In all, the findings could add to current literature on the effect and neural correlates of hand-holding behaviour that could possibly inform various populations such as therapists (e.g. family and couple therapy) and physicians, on best practises when utilizing tactile touch.
Dynamical behavior and density function of a stochasticSIR model with saturated incidence rate under Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Abstract

In this paper, we discuss a stochastic SIR model with saturated incidence rate, which perturbed by log-normal Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (OU) process. The stability of the disease-free equilibriumand endemic equilibrium of deterministic system is initially established. Subsequently, the existenceof unique positive solutions of stochastic systems can be proved through the construction of suitableLyapunov functions. The extinction of stochastic SIR model are demonstrated by introducing thethreshold $R_0^e$. Furthermore, we study the persistence of stochastic SIR model as well as derive itsstationary distribution, and the probability density function around the quasi-endemic equilibrium iscomputed. Finally, theoretical findings are validated through numerical simulations.
Self-powered photoelectrochemical biosensing platform based on Au NPs@ZnO nanorods array

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Photoanodes, which are used in photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting, have been shown to be applicable in the construction of a PEC biosensing platform. This was realized by replacing water oxidization with oxidation of an appropriate test molecule. Here, we have demonstrated the feasibility of adopting photoanodes consisting of zinc oxide nanorods arrays decorated with plasmonic gold nanoparticles (Au NPs@ZnO NRs) for the self-powered PEC bioanalysis of glutathione (GSH) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at an applied bias potential of 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. This heterostructure exhibited enhanced PEC properties because of the introduction of the Au/ZnO interface. Under visible light illumination, hot electrons from surface-plasmon resonance (SPR) at the Au NP surface were injected into the adjacent ZnO and subsequently driven to the photocathode. Under ultraviolet (UV) light illumination, the photogenerated electrons in ZnO tended to transfer to the fluorine-doped tin oxide due to the step-wise energy band structure and the upward energy band bending at the ZnO/ electrolyte interface. These results indicate that plasmonic metal/semiconductor heterostructure photoanodes have great potential for self-powered PEC bioanalysis applications and extended field of other photovoltaic beacons.
Combination of Sorafenib and Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Potential Regimen

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) exhibits primary resistance to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As an immunogenic cancer, MRCC is relatively sensitive to immunotherapy such as that with cytokines, immune checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive T-cell therapy. In addition, many targeted agents developed over the past decade exhibit greater efficacy than cytokines and have become the standard first-line therapy for MRCC. Several preclinical studies have shown that the targeted agent sorafenib possesses an immunomodulation function and may be suitable for combination with immunotherapy. Here, combinatorial therapy consisting of sorafenib and cytokine-induced killer cell immunotherapy was administered to an MRCC patient resulting in a synergistic effect without serious adverse effects. These results suggest a potential combinatorial regimen for MRCC patients.