jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
THE IN VITRO DIFFERENTIATION OF MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The influence of selected inhibitors of protein synthesis on the in vitro differentiation of mouse mononuclear phagocytes has been investigated. DL-p-Fluorophenylalanine at concentrations of 250 µg/ml inhibits the formation of three lysosomal hydrolases, cytochemically demonstrable acid phosphatase and osmiophilic, phase-dense granules. These effects occur in the absence of cell death and are reversed by L-phenylalanine. Puromycin at concentrations of 0.2 to 0.4 µg/ml has a similar effect on both the morphology and biochemistry of cell maturation. Colchicine at a concentration of 0.05 µg/ml inhibits the growth in cell diameter and has less of an effect on enzyme production. Cells exposed to leucine-H3 for 2 to 3 minutes exhibit the localization of grains in the perinuclear-dense granule region. After an exposure of 60 minutes a similar localization is evident but with a correspondingly greater number of grains. A similar localization of grains occurs when choline-methyl-H3 is employed as a tracer. The data suggest the storage of newly formed protein and possibly phospholipid in the centrosphere region.
Stronger interference from distractors in the right hemifield during visual search

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The orientation-bias hypothesis states that there is a bias to attend to the right visual hemifield (RVF) when there is spatial competition between stimuli in the left and right hemifield [Pollmann, S. (1996). A pop-out induced extinction-like phenomenon in neurologically intact subjects. Neuropsychologia, 34(5), 413-425. doi: 10.1016/0028-3932(95)00125-5 ]. In support of this hypothesis, stronger interference was reported for RVF distractors with contralateral targets. In contrast, previous studies using rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) found stronger interference from distractors in the left visual hemifield (LVF). We used the additional singleton paradigm to test whether this discrepancy was due to the different distractor features that were employed (colour vs. orientation). Interference from the colour distractor with contralateral targets was larger in the RVF than in the LVF. However, the asymmetrical interference disappeared when observers had to search for an inconspicuous colour target instead of the inconspicuous shape target. We suggest that the LVF orienting-bias is limited to situations where search is driven by bottom-up saliency (singleton search) instead of top-down search goals (feature search). In contrast, analysis of the literature suggests the opposite for the LVF bias in RSVP tasks. Thus, the attentional asymmetry may depend on whether the task involves temporal or spatial competition, and whether search is based on bottom-up or top-down signals.
(Re)mapping Sinophone Literature

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This path-breaking collection of critical essays introduces a diverse range of approaches to open up the field of modern Chinese literature to new cross-regional, local, and global analyses. Each of the ten essays deals with a particular conceptual problem or case study of different locations and modalities of Chinese-language, or Sinophone, production. From language to music, literature to popular culture, minority politics to internal diaspora, theories of sinography to China's quest for the Nobel Prize, this volume brings together leading and new voices in the study of Chinese literature from a variety of comparative and intranational perspectives. Contributors include scholars from Asia, North America, Europe, and Southeast Asia. It is an indispensable reference for anyone interested in contemporary China and the global politics of Sinophone literature. ``This thought-provoking anthology has opened up many fascinating questions. Although its intended readership is scholars from literary studies, anyone who is interested in the interplay between language, ethnicity and identity should not miss it.`` Zhengdao Ye, The Australian National University
An experimental and theoretical approach to correct for the scattered radiation in an X-ray computer tomography system for industrial applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The main problem connected to cone beam computed tomography (CT) systems for industrial applications employing 450 kV X-ray tubes is the high amount of scattered radiation which is added to the primary radiation (signal). This stray radiation leads to a significant degradation of the image quality. A better understanding of the scattering and methods to reduce its effects are therefore necessary to improve the image quality. Several studies have been carried out in the medical field at lower energies, whereas studies in industrial CT, especially for energies up to 450 kV, are lacking. Moreover, the studies reported in literature do not consider the scattered radiation generated by the CT system structure and the walls of the X-ray room (environmental scatter). In order to investigate the scattering on CT projections a GEANT4-based Monte Carlo (MC) model was developed. The model, which has been validated against experimental data, has enabled the calculation of the scattering including the environmental scatter, the optimization of an anti-scatter grid suitable for the CT system, and the optimization of the hardware components of the CT system. The investigation of multiple scattering in the CT projections showed that its contribution is 2.3 times the one of primary radiation for certain objects. The results of the environmental scatter showed that it is the major component of the scattering for aluminum box objects of front size 70 x 70 mm2 and that it strongly depends on the thickness of the object and therefore on the projection. For that reason, its correction is one of the key factors for achieving high quality images. The anti-scatter grid optimized by means of the developed MC model was found to reduce the scatter-toprimary ratio in the reconstructed images by 20 %. The object and environmental scatter calculated by means of the simulation were used to improve the scatter correction algorithm which could be patented by Empa. The results showed that the cupping effect in the corrected image is strongly reduced. The developed CT simulation is a powerful tool to optimize the design of the CT system and to evaluate the contribution of the scattered radiation to the image. Besides, it has offered a basis for a new scatter correction approach by which it has been possible to achieve images with the same spatial resolution as state-of-the-art well collimated fan-beam CT with a gain in the reconstruction time of a factor 10. This result has a high economic impact in non-destructive testing and evaluation, and reverse engineering.
Context-aware reinforcement learning for re-identification in a video network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Re-identification of people in a large camera network has gained popularity in recent years. The problem still remains challenging due to variations across cameras. A variety of techniques which concentrate on either features or matching have been proposed. Similar to majority of computer vision approaches, these techniques use fixed features and/or parameters. As the operating conditions of a vision system change, its performance deteriorates as fixed features and/or parameters are no longer suited for the new conditions. We propose to use context-aware reinforcement learning to handle this challenge. We capture the changing operating conditions through context and learn mapping between context and feature weights to improve the re-identification accuracy. The results are shown using videos from a camera network that consists of eight cameras.
CMixing: An Efficient Coin Mixing Platform to Enhance Anonymity in Cryptocurrency Transactions

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Coin mixing methods are widely used to enhance anonymity in cryptocurrency transactions by obfuscating the linkages between recipients and senders. Specifically, coin mixing methods combine several users' transactions into a CoinJoin transaction and decompose the original transactions' outputs into a set of decomposed outputs with similar amounts. However, existing methods have two shortcomings. Firstly, CoinJoin transactions lack anonymity guarantees. Secondly, the number of decomposed outputs is not minimized. To tackle these two shortcomings, we develop a platform named CMixing for mixing transactions with anonymity guarantees and minimal fees. For a CoinJoin transaction obtained by CMixing, the probability of adversaries correctly guessing the original output of a decomposed output does not exceed c , where c is a privacy requirement. Thus, the first shortcoming is solved. Additionally, CMixing uses an approximation algorithm to decompose original outputs, which approximately minimizes the number of decomposed outputs. Thus, the second shortcoming is solved. Our demonstration will showcase how users can use CMixing to make CoinJoin transactions. We will also show the fees saved and the level of anonymity achieved using our algorithm.
Economical evaluation of organic meadow farms in Poland

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The study was based on data collected in 39 organic farms in 9 Polish regions. The mean share of grasslands was 47.3%, i.e. twice the country average (21%). These organic farms were classified according to the EU system of farm classification (MAFF, 1992). Among 5 general agricultural types (of 9 types defined in EU), the best economic results of the stud-ied farms were found in the general type 4 (special-ized in breeding grazing cattle) and the lowest in the general type 1 (specialized in field crops). The highest economic results among the farms of the basic types (9 of 17 EU-defined types) were reached in the type 43 (cattle in total) and the lowest result, in the type 14 (other field crops excluding cereals, oil and legume plants). Out of the classified 14 (of 50 EU) detailed types of farms, the highest gross margin was achieved in the type 412 (milk production and dairy cattle breeding in total) and the lowest – in the type 712 (various animals with the dominance of grazers, excluding dairy cattle)”. It was found that the costs of production in the organic farms were not always satisfactorily remunerated by incomes
The burden of multimorbidity: Physical health in the severely mentally ill population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary The concept of multimorbidity has attracted increasing interest over the past decade with the recognition of multiple burdens of disease and their costs for the individual, the societal cost and economic consequences. It has become evident that multimorbidity is the norm rather than the exception and occurring in an increasingly younger population particularly in areas of socioeconomic deprivation and low income countries. With multimorbidity comes an increased risk of mental health problems especially depression which impacts on the overall management of the physical health problem leading to potentially more complications and worse clinical and social outcomes. It is well established that the severely mentally ill population have a markedly reduced life expectancy due to predominantly comorbid medical problems including cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Despite a plethora of international and national guidelines and consensus statements outlining the requirement for screening and ongoing monitoring of this population, regular comprehensive health checks remain substandard. This selective review aims to highlight the challenges of multimorbidity within the health care systems; to provide guidance on good practice and to enable clinicians to deliver a more person centered co-ordinated approach to improve the health outcomes for multi morbidity in this highly vulnerable population.
Challenges for Primary Health Care in Brazil: an analysis on the labor of community health workers during a COVID-19 pandemic

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Abstract The weaknesses of Primary Health Care can be recognized by analyzing the work of community health workers. Since the situation faced by these professionals represents structural challenges in the health system, this article aims to analyze the situation of these professionals when facing the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. We analyze their challenges based on data collected from an online survey and netnography. For data analysis, we opted for content analysis, inspired by grounded-theory. We observed three dimensions that represent how community health workers experience the pandemic: changes in work practices, as well as in the interactions between workers and users and the expectation of the future in post-pandemic work. The analyses show that in order to protect these professionals and guarantee the functioning of Primary Health Care, it is necessary to have new strategies to make the dynamics of the workplace feasible.
Factiva parser and NLP pipeline for news articles related to COVID-19

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The COVID-19 pandemic generated (and keeps generating) a huge corpus of news articles, easily retrievable in Factiva with very targeted queries. The aim of this software is to provide the means to analyze this material rapidly. Data are retrieved from Factiva and downloaded by hand(...) in RTF. The RTF files are then converted to TXT with unoconv in a unix environment. Parser: Takes as input files numerically ordered in a folder. This is not fundamental (in case of multiple retrieves from Factiva) because the parser orders the article by date using the date field contained in each of the articles. Nevertheless, it is important to reduce duplicates (because they increase the computational time needed for processing the corpus), so before adding new articles in the folder, be sure to retrieve them from a timepoint that does not overlap with the articles already retrieved. In any case, in the last phase the dataframe is checked for duplicates, that are counted and removed, but still the articles are processed by the parser and this takes computational time. The parser removes search summaries, segments the text, and cleans it using regex rules. The resulting text is exported in a complete dataframe as a CSV file; a subset containing only title and text is exported as TXT, ready to be fed to the NLP pipeline. The parser is language agnostic; just change the path to the folder containing the documents to parse. Important: there is a regex rule mentioning languages ("header_leftover"). it lists EN, DE, FR and IT. In case you need to work with another language, remember to correct that rule. NLP pipeline The NLP pipeline imports the files generated by the parser (divided by month to put less load on the memory) and analyses them. It is not language agnostic: correct linguistic settings must be specified in "setting up", "NLP" and "additional rules". First some additional rules for NER are defined. Some are general, some are language-specific, as specified in the relevant section. The files are opened and preprocessed, then lemma frequency and NE frequency are calculated per each month and in the whole corpus. important: in case of empty months (so, when analyzing less than one year of data) remember to exclude them from the mean, otherwise the mean will be distorted by the empty months. All the dataframes are exported as CSV files for further analysis or for data visualization. This code is optimized for English, German, French and Italian. Nevertheless, being based on spaCy, which provides several other models ( https://spacy.io/models ) could easily be adapted to other languages. The whole software is structured in Jupyter-lab notebooks, heavily commented for future reference.
Efficient Extraction of Virus DNA by NucliSens Extractor Allows Sensitive Detection of Hepatitis B Virus by PCR

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT The NucliSens Extractor is an automated nucleic acid isolation system based on guanidinium thiocyanate (GuSCN)-silica extraction technology. The system has been validated for the isolation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNAs from human samples in combination with nucleic acid sequence-based amplification- and reverse transcription-PCR-based methods. We evaluated the extractor for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA extraction from human samples using a noncommercial HBV DNA PCR. Several sample pretreatment procedures in combination with the extractor were compared with the Qiagen extraction method, and the impact of the sample volume used in the extraction on the sensitivity was investigated. Heating of the lysed sample prior to extractor isolation and the use of a large sample volume resulted in highly sensitive detection of HBV DNA. Incubation of a 1-ml sample in GuSCN at 80°C (10 min) and at 37°C (30 min) allowed detection of 4 and 40 HBV genome equivalents/ml, respectively, in standard dilution panels. Sample lysis in GuSCN at room temperature and proteinase K treatment prior to use of the extractor were less efficient procedures. All clinical samples that were PCR positive after Qiagen extraction and/or that were HBsAg positive were also PCR positive after extractor isolation. HBV DNA, HCV RNA, and HIV type 1 RNA were efficiently coextracted from a single sample, allowing reliable detection of viral genomes.
Extraction of canopy closures and stem diversities in winter wheat

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Winter wheat canopy spectrum is dominated by wheat canopy closures, in this study. Our purpose is to study the quantitative influence of canopy closures on field canopy spectrum by quantitative reduced canopy stem densities. It indicated that canopy reflectance of winter wheat under different canopy stem densities has significant difference in near infrared bands. It has line relationship between spectral reflectance of 100% canopy stem densities and spectral reflectance under canopy stem densities, all the coefficients of determination (R2) for the equations are exceeding 0.8452, and all the results are surprised well. Canopy reflectance difference of winter under different stem densities were also studied, they all have line relationships between canopy reflectance of 100% canopy stem densities and quantitative reduced canopy stem densities, the simulation equations are different for the erective cultivars and loose cultivars. Relationship between canopy closures and canopy stem densities were also studied too, it has positive relationship between canopy closures and canopy stem densities, it reveals a very good agreement between canopy closures and canopy stem densities, with a coefficient of determination (R2) 0.8467, so the canopy stem densities can be simulated by canopy closures.
The implementation of K-nearest neighbor algorithm in case-based reasoning model for forming automatic answer identity and searching answer similarity of algorithm case

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Case-Based Reasoning also known as CBR model has been widely used to solve the problem in various cases. This study aims to explain the implementation of K-Nearest Neighbor Algorithm in Case-Based Reasoning model. The research showed that KNN algorithm is suitable to be used in CBR model. The results of this study are to measure the accuracy level of automatic answer identity formation and search the similarity answer in algorithm case. From the test result showed that KNN accuracy score obtained is 0.9 when the value of k=5.
Rapid buildup of a magnetic flux rope during a confined X2.2 class flare in NOAA AR 12673

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Magnetic flux ropes (MFRs) are believed to be the core structure in solar eruptions, nevertheless, their formation remains intensely debated. Here we report a rapid buildup process of an MFR-system during a confined X2.2 class flare occurred on 2017 September 6 in NOAA AR 12673, three hours after which the structure erupted to a major coronal mass ejection (CME) accompanied by an X9.3 class flare. For the X2.2 flare, we do not find EUV dimmings, separation of its flare ribbons, or clear CME signatures, suggesting a confined flare. For the X9.3 flare, large-scale dimmings, separation of its flare ribbons, and a CME show it to be eruptive. By performing a time sequence of nonlinear force-free fields (NLFFFs) extrapolations we find that: until the eruptive flare, an MFR-system was located in the AR. During the confined flare, the axial flux and the lower bound of the magnetic helicity for the MFR-system were dramatically enhanced by about 86% and 260%, respectively, although the mean twist number was almost unchanged. During the eruptive flare, the three parameters were all significantly reduced. The results evidence the buildup and release of the MFR-system during the confined and the eruptive flare, respectively. The former may be achieved by flare reconnection. We also calculate the pre-flare distributions of the decay index above the main polarity inversion line (PIL) and find no significant difference. It indicates that the buildup of the magnetic flux and helicity of the MFR-system may play a role in facilitating its final eruption.
Synthesis of four generations of monodisperse aryl ester dendrimers based on 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of four generations of monodisperse aryl ester dendrimers based on 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acidTimothy M. Miller, Elizabeth W. Kwock, and Thomas X. NeenanCite this: Macromolecules 1992, 25, 12, 3143–3148Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00038a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00038a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views685Altmetric-Citations94LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Impact damage detection in composite chiral sandwich panels using nonlinear vibro-acoustic modulations

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper reports an application of nonlinear acoustics to impact damage detection in a composite chiral sandwich panel. The panel is built from a chiral honeycomb and two composite skins. High-frequency ultrasonic excitation and low-frequency modal excitation were used to observe nonlinear modulations in ultrasonic waves due to structural damage. Low-profile, surface-bonded piezoceramic transducers were used for ultrasonic excitation. Non-contact laser vibrometry was applied for ultrasonic sensing. The work presented focuses on the analysis of the modulation intensities and damage-related nonlinearities. The paper demonstrates that the method can be used for impact damage detection in composite chiral sandwich panels.