jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Status of Pesticides and Their Alternatives for Crop Sustainability in Pakistan

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Pre and postharvest losses in agriculture result in decline of potential yield in almost all crops. However, it becomes a real concern when pests invade food crops like cereals, oil seeds, fruits, and vegetables. These losses are primarily caused by insect, weeds, and microbial pests and could be managed to economic threshold levels by the use of pesticides. In Pakistan, pesticides were introduced in 1953 to manage locust attacks in cereals and resulted in wide adoption by the farming community. The pesticide sector was owned by the government up to 1980 and then was privatized. The robust emergence of pesticides as an important sector was started in late 1980s and achieved economic peak in 1992–1996 due to white fly-driven CLCV disaster in cotton crop. There are important issues of AI determination, selection of proper pesticide for a particular insect pest, application procedure, detection of adulterations, residual effects of chemicals on human and animal health, ecosafety, cost, tax fixation, and possible assessment of risk factors; all are critical regarding pesticides usage in Pakistan. This chapter also emphasizes the use of alternative ways to adapt safer and ecofriendly biopesticides.
Endoscopic Knot‐Tying of the Nasal Cavity and Skull Base Without Special Instruments

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract This report introduces an endoscopic knot‐tying technique for a wide range of procedures, such as nasal mucosa suturing and dura mater reconstruction, without the need for specialized instruments. The technique utilizes basic tools like a needle holder, sutures, and bayonet‐shaped nasal forceps. The surgeon ties a surgeon's knot, guided by an endoscope, and pulls the suture with forceps to ensure proper tension. The method is effective in various surgeries, from septoplasty to skull base procedures, and has shown no adverse events in 137 patients. Its advantages include simplicity, no need for specialized tools, and ease of use in different facilities. The technique has the potential to advance endoscopic surgery, providing an efficient solution for diverse surgical applications.
Decreased early mortality associated with the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia at National Cancer Institute‐designated cancer centers in California

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUND To the authors' knowledge, few population‐based studies to date have evaluated the association between location of care, complications with induction therapy, and early mortality in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS Using linked data from the California Cancer Registry and Patient Discharge Dataset (1999‐2014), the authors identified adult (aged ≥18 years) patients with AML who received inpatient treatment within 30 days of diagnosis. A propensity score was created for treatment at a National Cancer Institute‐designated cancer center (NCI‐CC). Inverse probability‐weighted, multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine associations between location of care, complications, and early mortality (death ≤60 days from diagnosis). RESULTS Of the 7007 patients with AML, 1762 (25%) were treated at an NCI‐CC. Patients with AML who were treated at NCI‐CCs were more likely to be aged ≤65 years, live in higher socioeconomic status neighborhoods, have fewer comorbidities, and have public health insurance. Patients treated at NCI‐CCs had higher rates of renal failure (23% vs 20%; P = .010) and lower rates of respiratory failure (11% vs 14%; P = .003) and cardiac arrest (1% vs 2%; P = .014). After adjustment for baseline characteristics, treatment at an NCI‐CC was associated with lower early mortality (odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.38‐0.57). The impact of complications on early mortality did not differ by location of care except for higher early mortality noted among patients with respiratory failure treated at non‐NCI‐CCs. CONCLUSIONS The initial treatment of adult patients with AML at NCI‐CCs is associated with a 53% reduction in the odds of early mortality compared with treatment at non‐NCI‐CCs. Lower early mortality may result from differences in hospital or provider experience and supportive care. Cancer 2018;124:1938‐45 . © 2018 American Cancer Society .
Vegetarians and Atherosclerosis

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

In equity markets, the opening and closing of trading are particularly stressful periods. Ozenbas, Pagano, and Schwartz investigate the quality of price determination at these times (compared to midday periods) for large-, mid-, and smallcapitalization stocks on the NYSE, NASDAQ, and London Stock Exchange. Using three different metrics, they consistently find lower quality at both the open and the close.The deterioration of market quality at openings is greatest for large-cap stocks, but no systematic association with cap size is observed at the close. Large-cap stocks evidently lead smaller-cap stocks in finding new equilibrium values, and accentuated volatility at the open is in large part attributable to the complexities of price discovery. TOPICS:In markets, VAR and use of alternative risk measures of trading risk, volatility measures
Estimation of organ dose in the rat exposed to X-rays for radiobiological study by TLD implantation method.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The ratio of organ dose to surface dose in a rat exposed to conventional therapeutic X-rays was measured by TLD implantation method. Pieces of TLD-100 (LiF) in ribbon (The Harshaw Chemical Company) were implanted surgically into the organs of a rat carcass such as the liver, spleen, testis and femur. After the whole body irradiation with therapeutic X-rays, the ratio of thermoluminescence intensities was determined between the implanted TLD and the one fixed on the rat surface facing the X-ray source. The problems affecting the accuracy in the results were examined, which were the contamination of TLD surface with body fluid, the direction dependence of thermoluminescence response and the variation in the effective energy within a rat body. It was found that the dose attenuation due to absorption by the rat tissue itself should not be neglected in the energy range lower than about 80 keV in effective energy.
Approach to the Patient With Pseudoacromegaly

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Pseudoacromegaly encompasses a heterogeneous group of conditions in which patients have clinical features of acromegaly or gigantism, but no excess of GH or IGF-1. Acromegaloid physical features or accelerated growth in a patient may prompt referral to endocrinologists. Because pseudoacromegaly conditions are rare and heterogeneous, often with overlapping clinical features, the underlying diagnosis may be challenging to establish. As many of these have a genetic origin, such as pachydermoperiostosis, Sotos syndrome, Weaver syndrome, or Cantú syndrome, collaboration is key with clinical geneticists in the diagnosis of these patients. Although rare, awareness of these uncommon conditions and their characteristic features will help their timely recognition.
Treatment and its Effectiveness in Relapse Prevention Associated with Crack Cocaine

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

One of the biggest barriers to treatment for crack cocaine users has been the undeniably strong stereotypes associated with crack use. These stereotypes are most commonly rooted in historical racism, attitudes to poverty and the fear that these issues bring when associated with inaccurate and sensationalist reporting by the media. Crack cocaine is a different drug when compared to opiates and services need to acknowledge that national policies and practice have predominately reflected the needs of opiate users leading to imbalances in provision within generic treatment providers. The 'high' experienced by a person taking crack or cocaine is produced by a chemical called dopamine. The combination of increased adrenaline levels and low dopamine levels after a period of using can produce the feelings of being 'wired' or 'prang'. Crack cocaine use can be associated with high levels of health complaints, drug related deaths and also an increase in criminal involvement.
Applied Learning Educators Searching for a Pedagogical Model

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Australia, like many nations across the globe, has a focus on engaging young people in the post compulsory years of school to ensure their transition into further education, training and /or the workforce. Applied Learning programs which are based on the premise of active, transformative learning from authentic experience have emerged as valuable tools in assisting the transition of young people. Understanding of Applied Learning however, not only varies between nations but also disciplines, context, education settings and curricula. Using a lens of boundary crossing, this chapter draws on research data to provide an account of challenges educators face in an Australian program where there appears little guidance for educators on constructing an Applied Learning pedagogical model for individual practice. From consideration of data and educational theory an Applied Learning pedagogical framework is proposed as a guide for educators in developing Applied Learning programs.
A floristic framework of Australian rainforests

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract In the first comprehensive floristic classification of Australian rainforests and monsoon forests, fresh insights made possible by the use of floristic as distinct from structural data are outlined. A set of 561 individual communities, on sites ranging from North Queensland westwards to the Kimberley region and southwards to Tasmania, is defined by the presence or absence of 1316 tree species, or 406 genera. The data have been subjected to numerical classification, first with respect to species, then to genera. The species classification first divides into three ‘ecofloristic regions’: A, temperate (microtherm) and subtropical (mesotherm) humid evergreen rainforests; B, tropical (megatherm) humid evergreen grading into highly seasonal raingreen (monsoon) forests; and C, subtropical (mesotherm) moderately seasonal humid/subhumid raingreen forests. The sites are further divided into eight ‘ecofloristic provinces’, for each of which a core area is identified and the ten most common diagnostic tree species listed for selected floristic elements, whose ecological relationships are briefly described. Gradients of quantitative thermal‐moisture indices are added to standard climatic typology to provide a more flexible identification of local climates that characterize community‐types of each province across a wide latitudinal/altitudinal range. Community disjuncts and outliers of a particular province are interpreted as the results of past environmental sifting (in which ecological factors are not entirely determinate), of previously more continuous rainforest vegetation. The genera classification first divides into humid eastern coastal and subhumid western and subcoastal sites, then four thermal types, and finally nine groups of floristic ‘paleo‐provinces’. Where the species and genera classifications are not in substantial agreement, a wide‐ranging generic element across the provinces in northern and northeastern Australia is interpreted in paleogeographic terms. The relict distribution of existing community types, as the result of climatic sifting of ancient floral stocks, is discussed in support of emerging ideas about the autochthony of Australian rainforests, especially those tropical types that are not intrusive. It is argued that the unique ecological relationships of Australian rainforests justify the most conservative uses of the relatively small remaining areas.
Comparison of hydroponic solutions for poinsettia nutritional studies1

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Poinsettia cultivars Supjibi and Freedom were grown in eight hydroponic solutions to develop a baseline solution for further nutritional studies. Four solutions contained nitrogen (N) from Ca(NO3)2‐4H2O and KNO3 (denoted as ‐NH4) and four contained Ca(NO3)2‐4H2O, KNO3, nitric acid, and NH4NO3 as the N sources (denoted as +NH4). The four ‐NH4 and +NH4 solutions were further divided by an IX or 2X rate of micronutrients [boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), and zinc (Zn)] (denoted as IX or 2X). A factorial of these four solutions at 2 concentrations (100 mg L1 of N and potassium (K) and 15 mg L1 phosphorus (P), or 300 mg L1 of N and K and 46 mg L‐1 P) was studied. Greater leaf and stem dry weight for both ‘Supjibi’ and ‘Freedom’ was observed in plants grown with the +NH4 solutions, with a larger increase occurring with’ Supjibi’. Leaf NH4‐N content for both cultivars was higher for both the 100 and 300 mg L‐1 N and K fertilization rates when NH4‐N was included. The leaf K content was highest for the plants grown with the +NH/2X solution for ‘Supjibi’, for both fertilization rates, and leaf K content increased as the K application rate increased. Results indicate that for nutritional studies with poinsettias, hydroponic solutions should include between 12.5% to 33% of the N in the NH4 form, a calcium magnesium (Ca:Mg) ratio of 2:1, and a micronutrient concentration of (mg I/1) 0.5, 0.02, 6.6, 0.5, 0.1, and 0.05, respectively, for B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn, for adequate plant growth.
[Cowpox: features of spread after cancellation of mandatory pox immunization].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Features of spread of cowpox in the contemporary conditions are examined. A decrease of population immunity to pox in the population of Russia caused by cancellation of pox immunization, hidden circulation of cowpox virus in various species of rodents, as well as lack of vigilance to pathogenic orthopoxviurses in healthcare workers were noted to create the real preconditions for the emergence of infection of humans caused by cowpox virus. Thereby presence of means of express laboratory diagnostics of cowpox and means of effective medical protection for the prevention of development of this disease in the population of Russia becomes an actual necessity.
Dynamic Coupling Metrics For Service – Oriented Software

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Service-oriented systems have become popular and presented many advantages in develop and maintain process. The coupling is the most important attribute of services when they are integrated into a system. In this paper, we propose a suite of metrics to evaluate service-s quality according to its ability of coupling. We use the coupling metrics to measure the maintainability, reliability, testability, and reusability of services. Our proposed metrics are operated in run-time which bring more exact results.
Meta-analysis of the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for stage IB non-small cell lung cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Many clinical trials have shown that postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy can provide a survival benefit for patients with stage IB non-small cell lung cancer. However, whether adjuvant chemotherapy should be routinely given after surgery remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy versus surgery alone for stage IB non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Relevant retrospective studies or randomized controlled trial comparing the efficacy of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation on the survival outcomes of NSCLC patients up to October 30, 2023 were searched in PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, VIP database, Wanfang database, and China National Knowledge Internet database. Patient survival data, population characteristics, and other relevant information were extracted, and data were analyzed using Review Manager 5.4. The primary endpoints included overall survival, disease-free survival, and recurrence-free survival. Results: A total of 13 randomized controlled trials or cohort studies including 19,442 patients were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with stage IB NSCLC had better overall survival (odds ratio [OR] = 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.19–1.31, P < .00001) and disease-free survival or recurrence-free survival (OR = 1.57, 95% CI 1.3–1.9, P < .00001) compared with observation; and the 4-year survival rate of patients who received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy was better than the observation group (OR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.05–2.18, P = .03); and the 8-year survival rate of patients receiving postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy (OR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.94–2.4, P = .09) was comparable to the observation group. Conclusion: Receiving postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy improved people’s survival and prolonged disease-free survival and recurrence-free survival in patients with stage IB non-small cell lung cancer compared with surgery alone.
Some remarks on the statistics of pose estimation

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

This work argue that directional statistics are important in Robotics. That is, statistics on general manifolds. Historically the subject began with statistics on circles and spheres, hence the title. It is still a relatively new discipline, see [4] for an overview. In order to make the case a specific example is studied: Finding the rigid transformation undergone by a camera from a knowledge of the images of a number of points. This very simple, perhaps naive, example allows us to study different models for error in the observations and estimators for the rigid transformation.
Bilateral testicular adrenal rest tumors in a patient with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Solid testis tumors in post‐pubertal males usually represent germ cell malignancies; however, other uncommon or rare histologies must be considered. Case presentation We present a case of an 18‐year‐old male undergoing attempted bilateral partial orchiectomies for suspected germ cell tumors. Tumor pathology, laboratory results, radiographic studies, and post‐surgical elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone levels supported the diagnosis of testicular adrenal rest tumors secondary to previously undiagnosed nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Conclusion Testicular adrenal rest tumors are rare in patients with nonclassical congenital adrenal hyperplasia and may be accompanied by adrenal insufficiency and hypogonadism, which can be treated with glucocorticoid therapy and testosterone replacement. Differential diagnosis of tumors is challenging but necessary for proper symptom‐based management.
Real-time Engagement Detection from Facial Features

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

La atención desempeña un papel fundamental, tanto para los seres humanos como para \nlos sistemas artificiales, ya que es una habilidad crucial que nos permite interactuar de manera \nefectiva con nuestro entorno. Desde la infancia hasta la edad adulta, la atención nos ayuda a \nconcentrarnos en estímulos relevantes, procesar información de manera eficiente y responder a \nestímulos emocionales y sociales. Además, de influir en aspectos importantes de nuestras vidas, \ncomo el aprendizaje y las interacciones sociales. \nLa implementación de mecanismos de atención en sistemas artificiales tiene como objetivo \naprovechar los beneficios de esta habilidad fundamental. Esto se traduce en una mejora en el \nprocesamiento de información, la toma de decisiones y la interacción con el entorno. La atención \nen sistemas artificiales es un área de investigación en constante desarrollo, con el propósito \nde mejorar la capacidad de los sistemas inteligentes en diversas aplicaciones. Uno de los campos \ndonde más se ha estudiado el concepto de la atención es en visión artificial, en la cual se utiliza \npara resaltar regiones relevantes en las imágenes, lo que mejora el análisis y el reconocimiento \nde objetos, mientras que en la robótica, la atención permite a los robots enfocarse en objetos o \neventos específicos, mejorando su capacidad de reacción y ejecución de tareas. \nPor este motivo, en este trabajo se propone un sistema de percepción bioinspirado basado \nen atención diseñado para mejorar la interacción humano-robot. Este sistema está diseñado para \nlocalizar el foco de atención del robot en cada momento teniendo en cuenta la tarea actual, \nlos estímulos disponibles y el estado interno del robot. El sistema integra fenómenos bioinspirados \ncomo la inhibición al retorno, la relocalización del foco de atención dependiendo de los \nestímulos, los conceptos de atención sostenida y puntual para el cambio en el foco de atención \ny de agregación de estímulos de forma exógena y endógena de forma independiente. Además, se \nha integrado en una plataforma robótica y se ha validado su funcionamiento en diferentes aplicaciones. \nEste trabajo se ha abordado desde dos perspectivas: la ampliación de las capacidades \nperceptuales del robot y la mejora de la interacción gracias a la integración de la atención en la \narquitectura software de las plataformas robóticas. Para ello, en este trabajo se han investigado \nlos estímulos más relevantes para la atención en humanos y su integración en el ámbito de la \nrobótica y como realizar la agregación y fusión multisensorial de estos desde un punto de vista \nbasado en la atención, consiguiendo una representación del entorno y seleccionando la posición \ndel foco de atención en cada momento. Por otro lado, se ha investigado la relevancia de la \nintegración de este sistema artificial a una plataforma robótica en lo que respecta a la interacción \nhumano-robot, lo que ha dado lugar a un estudio que explora esta idea.
PI+CI compensation with variable reset: Application on solar collector fields

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This work approaches the problem of robust control for distributed collector fields. The goal is to investigate the potentials of a nonlinear/hybrid compensator previously developed by some of the authors, referred to as the PI+CI compensator, in the control of a system with significant uncertainty. To this end, the design of PI+CI has been made in two steps: first, a base robust PI compensator is designed by using QFT (Quantitative Feedback Theory) to satisfy (robust) relative stability and tracking specifications, and then a reset percentage of the integral term is chosen in order to improve the transitory response. In addition, a simple modification of the PI+CI compensator, consisting of the variation of the reset percentage at each reset time, is investigated regarding the improvement of the previous design.