jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
When science becomes too easy: Science popularization inclines laypeople to underrate their dependence on experts

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Science popularization fulfills the important task of making scientific knowledge understandable and accessible for the lay public. However, the simplification of information required to achieve this accessibility may lead to the risk of audiences relying overly strongly on their own epistemic capabilities when making judgments about scientific claims. Moreover, they may underestimate how the division of cognitive labor makes them dependent on experts. This article reports an empirical study demonstrating that this “easiness effect of science popularization” occurs when laypeople read authentic popularized science depictions. After reading popularized articles addressed to a lay audience, laypeople agreed more with the knowledge claims they contained and were more confident in their claim judgments than after reading articles addressed to expert audiences. Implications for communicating scientific knowledge to the general public are discussed.
Why do we assess students? investigating general chemistry instructors’ conceptions of assessment purposes and their relationships to assessment practices

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Assessment plays a critical role in instruction and curriculum. Existing literature on instructors’ assessment practices and related factors has been intensively focused on primary and secondary education. This study extended the contexts of previous literature to post-secondary chemistry education by exploring general chemistry instructors’ conceptions of assessment purposes and their assessment practices. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 general chemistry instructors from 14 institutions across the East Coast region of the United States of America. The results demonstrate that instructors predominately perceive the purpose of Assessment of Learning ( i.e. , evaluation of student performance) with only few of them mentioning purposes of Assessment for Learning ( i.e. , assessment provides actionable feedback for both the instructors and the students) and Assessment as Learning ( i.e. , assessment promotes self-regulation). The use of various assessment practices is related to the number of assessment purposes instructors recognize. In addition, the study demonstrates that instructors perceive their assessment practices to be influenced by academic culture and departmental norms. This nuanced understanding can guide practical and research efforts to improve chemistry instructors’ engagement in assessment reforms.
The Origins and History of American Children's Literature

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract Books meant for young readers did not appear until scholars such as John Locke began to suggest a more modern concept of childhood. Though the eighteenth century saw the establishment and growth of children's book publishing, it was as late as the nineteenth century when children's literature truly came of age. This article traces the development of American children's literature from its early European roots to the rich and diverse literary offerings available to young readers in the twenty‐first century.
Scarabaeus (Scarabaeolus) funebris

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

S. (Scarabaeolus) funebris (Boheman, 1857) Ateuchus funebris Boheman 1857: 176. Péringuey 1901: 29, 42, pl. 37.14; Janssens 1940: 20, 40, pl. 1.6; zur Strassen 1967: 149; Ferreira 1953b: 402, pl. 7, fig. 105; 1972: 46; Zidek and Pokorný 2004: 13. HT—NHRS, from “ Caffraria interiore”. Botswana, n.–ne. RSA, Zimbabwe. Length 14–18 mm. Scarabaeus funebris var. pretoriensis Janssens 1940: 20, 40; zur Strassen 1967: 149 (syn.); Ferreira 1972: 46; Zidek and Pokorný 2004: 13, 18. HT—ISNB.
Colonial Civil Servant and Counter-revolutionary: Thomas Irving (1738?-1800) in Boston, Charleston, and London

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

For the last two decades of the eighteenth century almost every officially compiled account of the trade of Great Britain and its empire bore the signature of Thomas Irving. A careful, astute, efficient administrator, he was one of many Scots employed in the British civil service. He played an important if hitherto unappreciated role in the pre-Revolutionary crisis in the Thirteen Continental Colonies. The Commissioners of Customs in London had sought to instruct him in his duties before he went out and even prepared samples of the required forms for his education. His activity at Boston fitted a lifelong pattern of innovative assembly and analysis of financial and commercial information. When the decision was made to reinstate the government in South Carolina after the capture of Charleston by Henry Clinton, Irving was ordered to return. Irving's experience and his command of information equipped him to express knowledgeable opinions on many policy matters.
VALUATION OF LIFE AMONG CUBAN HISPANICS: RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN PERCEIVED DISABILITY IN LATER LIFE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

voices.Based on the multi-transactional model of bicultural identity, adaptation patterns of Korean immigrant elders were examined.Cross-sectional structured surveys were collected from 108 non-institutionalized, first-generation, and cognitively and physically functioning participants aged 60 and older residing in three neighboring states of Southwestern Ohio, North Central Region of Kentucky, and Southern Indiana.Analyses of levels of acculturation showed that Korean immigrant elders' typical modes of adaptation were traditional and bicultural rather than assimilation.Even their higher income, education, and longer lengths of residence in the United States did not change their strong adherence to traditional culture.The study further analyzed the relationship between adaptation patterns and acculturative stress.Principal components analyses indicated that participants attributed their acculturative stress to limited English proficiency, intergenerational problems, social discrimination, lack of opportunities for occupational mobility, a sense of marginality and social isolation.The six dimensions of acculturative stress were strong predictors for depressive symptoms.The findings suggest that adherence to traditional culture help Korean immigrant elders cope with acculturative stress, but it also make them more vulnerable to marginality or depressive symptoms.Implications for future research and practice were discussed on increasing awareness of mental health issues of Korean immigrant elders experiencing institutional barriers.
JUDGMENT FREEDOM MODEL IN JUDGING CORRUPTION CRIMINAL CASES

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The independence of judges is based on independence, therefore it is guaranteed in law. Judges adjudicating corruption cases must be professional, clean, honest, courageous and free from intra-judicial and extra-judicial influences. The problem in this research is how the model of freedom of judges in judging cases of corrup-tion in the Corruption Court, especially in the Corruption Court at the Kls I A District Court in Bandung. This research was carried out with a normative and empirical juridical approach, namely studying legal materials systematically to discuss problems obtained from literature studies, by analyzing a legal problem through the concept of legal philosophy associated with the freedom of Judgment in adjudicating corruption cases and The data obtained were ob-tained from field research and interviews. The purpose of this research is to examine the model of Judgment freedom in examining, adjudicating and deciding cases of Corruption Crime, while the benefits of this research are expected to produce scientific work that is beneficial for the development of legal science as well as material for scientific work that will be published in the National Journal., as well as teaching material for students of the Faculty of Law in particular who take courses in Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure Law and Legal Philosophy. From this research, it is found that judges in deciding cases of corruption can apply existential freedom and social freedom to produce a just decision based on the one and only Godhead.
Effect of Moringa Oleifera leaves powder on hemoglobin level in second-trimester pregnant women of Karachi, Pakistan.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Anemia, particularly iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy, has substantial implications for maternal health and fetal growth. Moringa leaves are known to be rich in iron and may offer a dietary solution to combat anemia in pregnant women. However, evidence on the association between fresh Moringa leaf consumption and maternal hemoglobin levels during pregnancy is lacking. Hence, this study aims to assess the impact of Moringa Oleifera leaf powder supplementation on hemoglobin levels during the second trimester of pregnancy in Karachi, Pakistan. Methodology: A community-based comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at Koohi Goth Women's Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from November 2021 to May 2023. The study involved 200 pregnant women who consumed fresh Moringa leaves and 200 non-consumers. Data were collected through an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire, and hemoglobin levels were measured using HemoCue Hb 301. Results: The demographic characteristics of the study participants were analyzed, revealing that most participants in both groups were between 20 and 30 years old. Additionally, most participants in both groups were pregnant for the first time. Hemoglobin (Hb) levels were measured across trimesters, with the Moringa leaf extract group showing levels of 9.43 ± 0.62 g/dL in the first trimester, 8.98 ± 1.12 g/dL in the second trimester, and 9.09 ± 1.04 g/dL in the third trimester. The folic iron group exhibited a higher increase in hemoglobin concentration (10.14 ± 0.91 g/dL) compared to the Moringa leaf extract group (8.98 ± 1.12 g/dL), but the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, iron-rich foods such as Moringa leaves and iron tablets are recommended to enhance hemoglobin levels in pregnant women.
Legal and Cultural Dimensions in Arbitration Language

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book examines the interplay of legal traditions and linguistic practices and its influence on arbitral awards, opening new avenues of research on this underexplored area of legal discourse. The volume analyses data from a corpus of English-language arbitral awards, understood as the final decisions handed down by arbitrators in a legal dispute, compiled via Jus Mundi, an AI-powered legal search engine. Featuring texts from across various legal and cultural contexts, the book highlights corpus linguistic methodologies to elucidate linguistic patterns, syntactic structures, and stylistic choices. Guarino calls readers’ attention not only to the impact of globalization and cultural diversity on legal language in arbitration but also to the emergence of distinct styles and modes of reasoning even as legal practices globally converge. In so doing, the volume underscores the possibilities offered by the cultural shift toward openness in arbitration for refining legal standards, fostering collaborative knowledge, and expanding the study of legal discourse more broadly. This book will appeal to scholars interested in language and the law, legal discourse, corpus linguistics, language and communication, and international business studies.
IDDF2020-ABS-0059 Safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (SOF/VEL) in pediatric patients 6 to < 18 years old with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background

DAA regimens have been approved for CHC treatment in 12 to <18 years, but for younger children, the standard of care is still pegylated-interferon plus ribavirin for ≤48 weeks. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of the pangenotypic regimen of SOF/VEL in children 6 to <18 years.

Methods

Patients 6 to <18 years with CHC of any genotype (GT) were enrolled in this open-label, ongoing study. Patients 6 to <12 years received SOF/VEL 200 mg/50 mg and 12 to <18 years SOF/VEL 400 mg/100 mg QD for 12 weeks. Key efficacy endpoint was SVR12. Safety was assessed by adverse events (AEs) and clinical/laboratory data. Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling on Day 7 in a subgroup of patients of each age group was done to confirm the appropriateness of the chosen dose.

Results

102 patients 12 to <18 years and 73 patients 6 to <12 years were enrolled. GT distribution was 75% GT1, 5% GT2, 13% GT3, 3% GT4, 3% GT6; 51% female, 80% white, 85% treatment naïve, and 91% vertically infected. Intensive pharmacokinetics confirmed that the doses selected were appropriate. SVR12 rate was 95% (97/102) and 92% (67/73) among patients 12 to <18 years and 6 to 12 years respectively; 1 patient in each age group had virologic failure, the remaining patients did not achieve SVR for non-virologic reasons. Most AEs were mild or moderate. 5 subjects had serious AE none of which was attributed to treatment, 2 patients discontinued treatment due to AEs and considered treatment unrelated. The most common AEs (>15%) were headache, fatigue, and nausea in adolescents and vomiting, cough and headache in 6 to <12 years.

Conclusions

In patients 6 to <18 years with GT1, 2, 3, 4 or 6 CHC infection, treatment with SOF/VEL for 12 weeks resulted in ≥ 92% SVR12 rate. SOF/VEL was well tolerated, supporting its potential as a treatment option for children 6 to 17 years of age. The study is ongoing in children aged 3 to <6 years old.
Hambre y pan duro. De los años de la autarquía a la gastronomía globalizada en ámbito español

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article addresses four different ways in which food speaks to us: a surrealist approach in Buñuel’s cinema, table manners as discussed by Larra, the shortage of food and hunger that was an obsessive and persistent reality during the Spanish civil war and post-war period of the 20th century, or the recent sophistication and cosmopolitanism of Spanish cuisine due to the transformation of the country by the presence of immigrants. This study focuses on highlighting the passage from a culture of survival during the civil war and the Franco regime to one of greater abundance and sophistication with the arrival of democracy. The current recognition of Spain as one of the gastronomic destinations in the world modifies part of a historical and cultural past, which includes the ethnic transformation experienced by Spanish society. From the perspective of food studies, one can examine the relationships of the individual with food, and analyse how this association produces a large amount of information about a society.
Stimulation of bacteriophage T4 middle transcription by the T4 proteins MotA and AsiA occurs at two distinct steps in the transcription cycle

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The bacteriophage T4 encodes proteins that are responsible for tightly regulating mRNA synthesis throughout phage development in Escherichia coli . The three classes of T4 promoters (early, middle, and late) are utilized sequentially by the host RNA polymerase as a result of phage-induced modifications. One such modification is the tight binding of the T4 AsiA protein to the σ 70 subunit of the RNA polymerase. This interaction is pivotal for the transition between T4 early and middle transcription, since it both inhibits recognition of host and T4 early promoters and stimulates T4 middle mode synthesis. The activation of T4 middle transcription also requires the T4 MotA protein, bound specifically to its recognition sequence, the “Mot box,” which is centered at position −30 of these promoters. Accordingly, the two T4 proteins working in concert are sufficient to effectively switch the transcription specificity of the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Herein, we investigate the mechanism of transcription activation and report that, while the presence of MotA and AsiA increases the initial recruitment of RNA polymerase to a T4 middle promoter, it does not alter the intrinsic stability of the discrete complexes formed. In addition, we have characterized the RNA polymerase-promoter species by UV laser footprinting and followed their evolution from open into initiating complexes. These data, combined with in vitro transcription assays, indicate that AsiA and MotA facilitate promoter escape, thereby stimulating the production of full-length transcripts.
Cephalopagus twins diagnosed at 7 weeks gestational age following IVF/ICSI

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A patient in her 30s who was a G0 proceeded with in vitro fertilisation (IVF) for a history of male factor infertility. Following single embryo transfer, the patient was diagnosed with a conjoined twin pregnancy. During her IVF cycle, the patient was stimulated with an antagonist protocol for 13 days followed by a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist trigger. 13 eggs were retrieved, 9 were mature and 5 fertilised with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Of those, two were cryopreserved. She had a successful frozen blastocyst embryo transfer. The patient’s 7-week ultrasound demonstrated a single gestational sac, yolk sac and fetal pole. However, the crown-rump length appeared visually abnormal and two heartbeats were visualised. She was referred to maternal–fetal medicine (MFM) for a first-trimester ultrasound. Her ultrasound with MFM was notable for a fluid-filled chest, foreshortened limbs and early sacral agenesis. She was subsequently diagnosed with cephalopagus twins and underwent an induced abortion following consultation with MFM.
THE DENSITY AND MOLECULAR COMPLEXITY OF GASEOUS HYDROGEN FLUORIDE

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE DENSITY AND MOLECULAR COMPLEXITY OF GASEOUS HYDROGEN FLUORIDEJoseph Simons and J. H. HildebrandCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1924, 46, 10, 2183–2191Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1924Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1924https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01675a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01675a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views244Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Diagnoses of Antarctic Inland Water Cycle Regime: Perspectives From Atmospheric Water Vapor Isotope Observations Along the Transect From Zhongshan Station to Dome A

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Water stable isotopes are crucial for paleoclimate reconstruction and water cycle tracing in Antarctica. Accurate measurement of atmospheric water vapor isotopic composition of hydrogen and oxygen is required urgently for understanding the processes controlling the atmosphere–snow interaction and associated isotope fractionation. This study presents in situ real-time measurements of water vapor isotopes along the transect from Zhongshan Station to Dome Argus (hereafter Dome A) in East Antarctica for the first time. The results reveal that the surface vapor stable isotopes of δ 18 O and δ D showed a gradual decreasing trend in the interior plateau region with the distance away from the coast, with significant δ 18 O-temperature correlation gradient of 1.61‰°/C and δ 18 O-altitude gradient of –2.13‰/100 m. Meanwhile, d-excess gradually arises with elevation rise. Moreover, the spatial variation of vapor isotopic composition displays three different characters implying different atmosphere circulation backgrounds controlling the inland water cycle; it can be divided as the coastal steep area below 2,000 m, a vast inland area with an elevation varied between 2,000 and 3,000 m, and high central plateau. Thirdly, observed high inland Antarctica water vapor d-excess quantitatively confirms stratosphere air intrusion and vapor derived from low latitudes by Brewer–Dobson circulation. Finally, the diurnal cycle signals of interior area water vapor isotopes δ 18 O, δ D, and air temperature highlighted the substantial domination of the supersaturation sublimation/condensation effect in inland, and this suggests that fractionation occurs during sublimation and vapor–snow exchanges should no longer be considered insignificant for the isotopic composition of near-surface snow in Antarctica.