jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
On stochastic gradient Langevin dynamics with dependent data streams in the logconcave case

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We study the problem of sampling from a probability distribution π on Rd which has a density w.r.t. the Lebesgue measure known up to a normalization factor x→ e−U(x)/f Rd e−U(y) dy. We analyze a sampling method based on the Euler discretization of the Langevin stochastic differential equations under the assumptions that the potential U is continuously differentiable, ∇U is Lipschitz, and U is strongly concave. We focus on the case where the gradient of the log-density cannot be directly computed but unbiased estimates of the gradient from possibly dependent observations are available. This setting can be seen as a combination of a stochastic approximation (here stochastic gradient) type algorithms with discretized Langevin dynamics. We obtain an upper bound of the Wasserstein-2 distance between the law of the iterates of this algorithm and the target distribution π with constants depending explicitly on the Lipschitz and strong convexity constants of the potential and the dimension of the space. Finally, under weaker assumptions on U and its gradient but in the presence of independent observations, we obtain analogous results in Wasserstein-2 distance. © 2021 ISI/BS
Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis of Artificial Reefs

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The artificial reef is a vital submerged structure used to improve marine biological conditions and fishery resources. An artificial reef, with its different designs and structures, reshapes the local flow field by creating upwelling flow, decelerating flow, and back eddy. The shift in flow might result in nutrient exchange in the water and an increase in local primary production. Artificial reefs have been built all around the world, but there is no standardised technique for determining the effect range of an artificial reef.
A Quantitative General Equilibrium Approach to Migration, Remittances and Brain Drain

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Developing countries have experienced an outstanding outflow of skilled workers (brain- drain) over the last several decades. Additionally, migrants tend to be tied to their country of birth, since they send a large amount of remittances to their relatives. Furthermore, migration is not permanent, since a considerable number of workers return to their country of birth after a migration spell. In this paper we develop a model that is consistent with these facts. We use our model to address some important issues in the migration literature from a theoretical perspective. We study the general equilibrium effects of migration, its long-term effects, and its welfare effects, and we see whether the joint effect of return migration and remittances is strong enough to offset the effects of skilled migration. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of policy interventions that attempts to offset the effects of a brain drain.
[Me3SiN(PPh3)·ICN]:  A New Labile Donor−Acceptor Complex

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The reaction behavior of trimethylsilyl phosphanimine, Me3SiNPPh3, toward the pseudohalogen species XCN (X = Cl, Br, and I), especially the intermediate formation of [Me3SiN(PPh3)-XCN] adduct complexes, was investigated in solution. Only the ICN adduct was shown to be metastable in solution, with respect to further reaction into Ph3PNCN and Me3SiX, and can be intercepted. Raman and X-ray data of the ICN adduct revealed a very labile donor-acceptor complex with the iodine atom of the ICN moiety loosely bound to the nitrogen atom of Me3SiNPPh3. There are two distinct rather long N...I bonds with bond lengths of 2.634(1) and 2.739(14) A. The structure and bonding are discussed on the basis of natural bond orbital analysis and valence bond considerations.
USE OF THE THEORY OF AGGREGATIVE STABILITY OF DISPERSED MATERIALS IN DESIGNING ROAD LAYERS WITH SPECIFIED PROPERTIES

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Statement of the problem. The article considers the task of developing a modern theory for creating technologies for processing large-tonnage dispersed materials and technogenic products using non-firing technologies in the industry and road construction as structural layers of roads. Results. We applied the Deryagin-Landau equation, supplemented by introducing the potential of induction and dispersion intermolecular interaction in diffuse layers of composite particles to predict the strength characteristics of building materials. We propose the diagnostics of raw materials, taking into account the energy of dehydration, which makes it possible to predict their binding properties and the ability to contact-condensation hardening. We obtained a regression dependence of the change in the strength of the resulting material on technological parameters and showed that the main contribution to the strength characteristics is made by pressing pressure, temperature and mixing time. Conclusions. We proved the effectiveness of using a mathematical model for optimizing the process of obtaining lime-sand phosphogypsum material. We showed the prospects for the application of the proposed provisions of the theory of aggregative stability of dispersed mineral materials in the creation of new materials with desired properties that meet the requirements of modern construction of buildings, structures and pavement bases.
Impaired Cytokine Response in Male ICR Swiss Mice After Infection With D Variant of Encephalomyocarditis Virus

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The basis for the resistance of the female and the susceptibility of the male ICR Swiss mouse to the diabetogenicity of the D variant of encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV-D) is unknown. This pattern of disease resistance and susceptibility can be reversed if females are treated with testosterone and males are treated with estrogen before virus infection. As a possible explanation for this sex difference in disease development, differences in early antiviral host responses were explored. Cellular antiviral resistance mechanisms operative early in virus infection were evaluated in ICR Swiss mice of both sexes after intraperitoneal infection with virus. No differences were seen in splenic natural killer (NK) cell responses of male and female mice during the 1st wk of infection, during which only the males became diabetic. Depletion of NK cell activity with rabbit anti-asialo GM1 serum did not render the infected ICR Swiss female susceptible to virus-induced diabetes. Treatment of ICR Swiss mice with type I carrageenan to compromise macrophage function rendered the female susceptible to diabetes after infection with EMCV-D but made only the male susceptible to diabetes by the usually avirulent interferon-inducing EMCV-B. Concanavalin A and recombinant interleukin 2, inducers of immune interferon, which in turn primes macrophages for activation and induces their expression of la antigens, protected the ICR Swiss male against the diabetogenic effects of EMCV-D. Interleukin 2 enhanced the male's capacity to exhibit an increase in the expression of la antigen by peritoneal exudate cells 1 day after infection with EMCV-D to a level seen in disease-resistant females. These results suggest that the more responsive macrophage system of the female is important in the innate resistance of the ICR Swiss female to virus-induced diabetes and, conversely, the less responsive macrophage system of the male contributes to his susceptibility to diabetes induction by EMCV-D and by EMCV-B after impairment of macrophage function.
Robust signatures of solar neutrino oscillation solutions

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

With the goal of identifying signatures that select specific neutrino oscillation parameters, we test the robustness of global oscillation solutions that fit all the available solar and reactor experimental data. We use three global analysis strategies previously applied by different authors and also determine the sensitivity of the oscillation solutions to the critical nuclear fusion cross section, S_{17}(0), for the production of 8B. The favored solutions are LMA, LOW, and VAC in order of g.o.f. The neutral current to charged current ratio for SNO is predicted to be 3.5 +- 0.6 (1 sigma), which is separated from the no-oscillation value of 1.0 by much more than the expected experimental error. The predicted range of the day-night difference in charged current rates is (8.2 +- 5.2)% and is strongly correlated with the day-night effect for neutrino-electron scattering. A measurement by SNO of either a NC to CC ratio > 3.3 or a day-night difference > 10%, would favor a small region of the currently allowed LMA neutrino parameter space. The global oscillation solutions predict a 7Be neutrino-electron scattering rate in BOREXINO and KamLAND in the range 0.66 +- 0.04 of the BP00 standard solar model rate, a prediction which can be used to test both the solar model and the neutrino oscillation theory. Only the LOW solution predicts a large day-night effect(< 42%) in BOREXINO and KamLAND. For the KamLAND reactor experiment, the LMA solution predicts 0.44 of the standard model rate; we evaluate 1 sigma and 3 sigma uncertainties and the first and second moments of the energy spectrum.
Abstract 383: Cavβ2a Transgenic Mouse as a Hfpef Model With Hypercontractile Cardiomyocytes

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is characterized by a preserved cardiac EF, the presence of HF symptoms and diastolic dysfunction. There is a lack of animal models for exploring the mechanisms and treatments of HFpEF. This study aimed to test if cardiomyocyte (CMs) specific, inducible Cavβ2a transgenic (Cavβ2a TG) mice, having hypercontractile CMs, could be a model for HFpEF. Methods: High (HE) and low (LE) expression Cavβ2a TG mice were studied since transgene expression at the age of 2m till the age of 8m monthly to evaluate the systolic and diastolic function. At 8m, animals were euthanized for intra-left ventricular hemodynamic measurement, myocyte function and histological analyses, and Western blotting measurements. Results: LE and HE TG ventricular myocytes (VMs) had greater Ca2+ currents at the age of 2m (LE increased by 95.5%; HE increased by 171.9% ) and maintained at a similar level at the age of 8m. VM contraction and calcium transients had greater amplitudes in TG than in control VMs while the time from the peak contraction to 90% relaxation and the tau of Ca2+ transient decay of VMs were not different between groups probably due to enhanced NCX expression and increased SERCA activity because of increased phospholamban phosphorylation at the Thr17 site. Till 8m, LE and HE mice had a higher level of mortalities than control mice (LE: 32%, HE: 15%, control:5%), but more HE (87.5%) mice showed pleural effusion. The EF was highest in LE mice at the age of 2m but decreased to the same (>60%) as in HE and control mice at 8m. The ratio of mitral E to mitral inflow A wave velocities (E/A) was increased significantly at 3 and 4m then decreased to the lowest in HE at 5m followed by a rise at 6-8m, while LE mice had the lowest E/A at 5m and 6m and increased at 8m. E wave to mitral annulus e’ velocity (e’ wave) was higher in LE and HE groups than control mice. More fibrosis of the LV tissue, cardiomyocyte necrosis was observed in HE than in LE hearts. LE and HE mice had greater left ventricular wall relaxation rates, as indicated by larger reversed radial and longitudinal strain rates. Conclusion: LE and HE mice showed progression of diastolic dysfunction, from impaired relaxation to restrictive filling pattern. Cavβ2a TG mouse is a model for HFpEF for exploring HF pathobiology and mechanisms.
Penyuluhan dan Pemeriksaan Kesehatan Dalam Upaya Deteksi Dini Anemia Pada Anak-Anak Di Panti Asuhan Al-Hikmah Cangkringan, Sleman

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Anemia is a condition in which the hemoglobin, a component in red blood cells, functions to bind oxygen and deliver it to all cells in the body so that they can carry out their functions properly. When you are anemic, your body feels weak and lethargic and gets tired easily, also known as 5L (Lethergic, Tired, Weak, Tired, Sluggish). Dizziness, cloudy eyes, and easy sleepiness accompany this. This community service aims to provide education and health checks to detect anemia early in children at the Al-Hikmah Cangkringan Orphanage, Sleman. The Methods of the study is four methods are used to implement community service activities: Target and Problem Surveys, Counseling on anemia, Health Checks (blood pressure, hemoglobin, and blood type checks), and Evaluation. The results of the study showed that examination of Hb levels in the children of Al-Hikmah Cangkringan Orphanage resulted in the category less than normal as much as 1 person (5%), normal as many as 17 people (90%) and the category above normal values as much as 1% (5%). Based on research results, most of the children at Al-Hikmah Orphanage are in the normal category and only 2 people need more supervision by the orphanage administrators.
Parietal cell vagotomy with adrenergic preservation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Sixteen patients with duodenal ulcer were treated by parietal cell vagotomy with adrenergic preservation (PCV-AP). The clinical results showed that PCV-AP denervated the parietal cells only the rami vagus while preserve adrenergic innervation to parietal cells. The effect of reducing gastricacid secretion in PCV-AP was superior to that in PCV. The results of PCV-AP was excellent. Postoperative endoscopic follow-up performed 8 months after found that the ulcer was almost healed in all 16cases. BAO was reduced by 77. 9a,PMAO was reduced by 57. 2%,IMAO1 and IMAO2 were reduced by82. 1% and 76. 7% respectively in the early postoperative period. PCV-AP demanded more meticulousmaneuvre in contrast with PCV. The article detailed the operative procedure of PCV-AP and reportedthe preliminary results of PCV-AP for treating duodenal ulcer.
793 Examining the True Incidence and Staging of Amelanotic Melanoma in an Irish Population

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Introduction Many patients diagnosed with amelanotic melanoma (AM) have often gone undetected for a long time due to the difficulty in diagnosis of these skin lesion, likely causing underestimation of the prevalence of AM in Ireland. This study aims to determine associated risk factors, incidence, and prevalence of AM in an Irish population. Aim Determine the true incidence, staging and prevalence of amelanotic melanoma. Method This is a retrospective cohort study of AM patients with melanoma diagnoses made in 2019 in two large Irish hospitals. Data was extracted from hospital patient records and histopathology reports, based on confirmed melanomas. AM was clinically defined as melanomas devoid of pigment on visual inspection before biopsy. Results A total of 265 patients with a diagnosis of melanoma were included. The overall prevalence of AM was 17%. Comparison of age between AM and non-AM patients (pigmented melanoma) showed a significantly higher age for AM patients (73 +/- 14 versus 66 +/- 15 years). Breslow Thickness was higher in AM versus non-AM patients (3.4 +/-3.7 versus 1.6 +/-1.8), which is an indicator decreased survival 5-year survival. The estimated incidence of AM was 5.41 per 100,000 of our target population Conclusions The incidence of AM has been grossly underestimated in an Irish context and these non-pigmented lesions are far more prevalent than previously thought. It is known that amelanotic melanoma is associated with worse outcomes. These patients are not benefitting from rapid access to pigmented lesion clinics and therefore likely have a worse outcome due to going.
Propaganda Studies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract The interim between World War I (1914–1918) and the onset of World War II (1941–1945) illustrates the discursive struggle over evolving conceptions of propaganda. Propaganda meant different things to different observers, but for the most part, everyone agreed that its conditions were worth debating, and most people believed that, left unchecked, it posed some kind of threat to democracy. In intellectual, political, and social senses, propaganda became the subject of protracted study and deliberation concerning how best to understand its various incarnations in relation to democratic capitalism. Discourses generating stringent critiques of propaganda's dangers to democracy gradually shifted toward a new focus on mass persuasion and social influence informed by scientific behavioralism and quantitative methodology in relation to media effects. As the field of communication took hold, propaganda's political significance was overshadowed by more apolitical projects, such as public opinion and marketing research, which contributed to the distinction between political propaganda and social influence and the eventual subsumption of propaganda to mass persuasion.
Farming practice, capital and landcare: subsumption and control

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

There are a number of features of agriculture in contemporary Australia that few farmers, social scientists, environmentalists, or even economists, would dispute. Farm numbers are dropping, tightening terms of trade necessitate constant productivity gains, and there is an increasing awareness of widespread and massive land degradation. Despite periodic forecasts of improving commodity prices, most farms remain unprofitable (Beare, 1995), and many face severe financial difficulty. Declining rural populations lead further to rationalisation of services in both the public and private sectors, and reduced accessibility to these services for those who remain on the land or in small country towns, often when they are needed the most (Lawrence and Williams, 1990; Stone, 1992).
New York Operagoing, 1825-50: Creating an Elite Social Ritual

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

guage to discuss the performance-the social functions of the occasion may even surpass the aesthetic ones in relative importance. In this regard anthropologist Abner Cohen notes that elites in democratic societies like the United States tend to objectify their standards of belonging in mysterious, non-utilitarian symbols and dramatic performances, making up what amounts to a of excellence.' By 1850 the New York elite had effectively elaborated the social performance of operagoing, creating, only half-consciously, a wall of mystification separating us from them:' They were motivated by sociohistorical forces they had helped to set in motion but generally lacked the consciousness to control. This was partly because the mystique of excellence induced by operagoing seems to have puzzled upperclass New Yorkers more than it did those excluded from grand opera in the classes below them. Nevertheless, this ritual mystification served the social function of helping to unify a New York patriciate badly divided in Jacksonian times along professional, ethnic, and religious lines. With little conscious intent, fashionable Gothamites created a ritual of operagoing that assisted in preserving and perpetuating the power of their class.
Molecular background of hereditary nephropathies in spaniel dogs

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The molecular background of hereditary nephropathies in English Cocker Spaniels and Springer Spaniels remained unclear until the beginning of the 21st century. It was only the discovery of an association between these diseases and Alport syndrome in humans that made it possible to identify the genes potentially responsible for nephropathies in dogs. Eventually, two mutations were identified in the COL4A4 gene coding for the alpha chains of collagen IV, the main component of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM). This review presents the molecular mechanism resulting from the aforementioned mutations, the signs of disease, functions of the GBM, and breeding aspects.
Whole exome analysis of primary immunodeficiency

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The human primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDs) refer to a rare heterogeneous group of single-gene inherited disorders causing malfunctions in the immune system, and thus the affected patients have a predisposition to severe life-threatening infections. The heterogeneous nature of PIDs, which involves at list 300 different genes, makes diagnosis of the disease a complex issue. Although studies revealed that six million people have a kind of PID, but due to a complex diagnosis procedure many affected individuals have not gotten a correct diagnosis. However, thanks to advancing in the DNA sequencing method and availability of sophisticated sequencers molecular characterization of genetic disorders have been revolutionized. The whole exome sequencing (WES) method can help clinicians detect Mendelian disease and other complex genetic disorders. The presented study used WES to investigate two infants with symptoms of primary immunodeficiency including hemophagocytic lymphohistio­cytosis (HLH) and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). It has been shown that the HLH patient had a mutation in the UNC13D gene (NM_199242.2:c.627delT), and the SCID patient had a mutation in the RAG1 gene (NM_000448.2:c.322C>G). It has been demonstrated that WES is a fast and cost-effective method facilitating genetic diagnosis in PID sufferers.
Mythologem Eternal Feminine In Novel Of Gaito Gazdanov “An Evening With Claire”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The novel “An evening with Claire” is presented as a symbolic work. It was led by the image of Claire, the main character. Her image’s mystery and inconsistency correspond to the aesthetics of the symbolists, which means the connection of the incomprehensible and simple, heavenly and earthly, high and low. At the same time, this image of Gazdanov’s charachter is devoid of mysticism. Simplicity and clarity, predetermined in the speaking name-image of “Claire”, do not deprive it of meaning’s multidimensionality and symbolic concentration. The image of Claire appears as a cosmological level mediator. It converts the aggression of violence and death into a vitalistic future represented in the text as Concorde Square. The mythology of the eternal feminine (das Ewig-Weibliche) is associated with foreignness contaminated with a crypto-sentimental image of the “foreign”. The “foreign” is the “most real reality” obtained as a result of the rebirth of the imperfect world. The image of a woman in the context of the transition time of the day is given from the very name of the novel. Both positions are coherent with the mythology of the eternal feminine. Claire’s “unbeatable charm” converts the chaos of war. Her anticipated “foreign image” as the eternal feminine is presented in the same vitalistic perspective with the spiritual inheritance that the hero reproduces in the “gallery of memories” about childhood and youth in Russia. At the same time, the more intimate loci of a hero’s inner world, the more restrained their designation in the letter.
An Implication of Common Prior in Harsanyi's Consistent Beliefs

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

We investigate the restrictions that the consistent beliefs impose on the individuals` conditional probability distributions using a simple two person two-by-two bargaining model. In this simple model, we show in that under the consistent beliefs the buyer`s beliefs are independent of valuations if and only if the seller`s beliefs are independent of valuations. And we show that under the consistent beliefs the buyer`s beliefs are not independent of valuations if and only if the seller`s beliefs are not independent of valuations. Although our results are based on the simple two person two-by-two case, our results can illustrate the resistrictions that the consistenet beliefs consraints may impose on the individuals` conditional probability distributions in incomplete information models.