jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The effect of interactions between proteinuria, activity of fibroblast growth factor 23 and serum phosphate on renal progression in patients with chronic kidney disease: a result from the KoreaN cohort study for Outcome in patients With Chronic Kidney Disease study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background Recent experimental study reported that proteinuria increases serum phosphate by decreasing biologic activity of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23). We examined this relationship in a large chronic kidney disease (CKD) cohort and evaluated the combined effect of proteinuria, FGF-23 activity and serum phosphate on CKD progression. Methods The activity of FGF-23, measured by the fractional excretion of phosphate (FEP)/FGF-23 ratio, was compared according to the degree of proteinuria in 1909 patients with CKD. Primary outcome was CKD progression defined as ≥50% decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate, doubling of serum creatinine and start of dialysis. Results There was a negative relationship between 24-h urine protein (24-h UP) and FEP/FGF-23 ratio (γ −0.07; P = 0.005). In addition, after matching variables associated with serum phosphate, patients with more proteinuria had higher serum phosphate (P &lt; 0.001) and FGF-23 (P = 0.012), and lower FEP/FGF-23 ratio (P = 0.007) compared with those with less proteinuria. In the matched cohort, low FEP/FGF-23 ratio was an independent risk factor for CKD progression (hazard ratio 0.87 per 1 log increase; 95% confidence interval 0.79–0.95; P = 0.002), and there was significant interaction between 24-h UP and FEP/FGF-23 ratio (P = 0.039). Furthermore, 24-h UP and serum phosphate also had a significant interaction on CKD progression (P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions Proteinuria is associated with decreased biologic activity of FGF-23 and increased serum phosphate. Furthermore, diminished activity of FGF23 is an independent risk factor for renal progression in proteinuric CKD patients.
Collaborative patterns, authorship practices and scientific success in biomedical research: a network analysis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Summary Objective To investigate the relationship between biomedical researchers' collaborative and authorship practices and scientific success. Design Longitudinal quantitative analysis of individual researchers' careers over a nine-year period. Setting A leading biomedical research institution in the United Kingdom. Participants Five hundred and twenty-five biomedical researchers who were in employment on 31 December 2009. Main outcome measures We constructed the co-authorship network in which nodes are the researchers, and links are established between any two researchers if they co-authored one or more articles. For each researcher, we recorded the position held in the co-authorship network and in the bylines of all articles published in each three-year interval and calculated the number of citations these articles accrued until January 2013. We estimated maximum likelihood negative binomial panel regression models. Results Our analysis suggests that collaboration sustained success, yet excessive co-authorship did not. Last positions in non-alphabetised bylines were beneficial for higher academic ranks but not for junior ones. A professor could witness a 20.57% increase in the expected citation count if last-listed non-alphabetically in one additional publication; yet, a lecturer suffered from a 13.04% reduction. First positions in alphabetised bylines were positively associated with performance for junior academics only. A lecturer could experience a 8.78% increase in the expected citation count if first-listed alphabetically in one additional publication. While junior researchers amplified success when brokering among otherwise disconnected collaborators, senior researchers prospered from socially cohesive networks, rich in third-party relationships. Conclusions These results help biomedical scientists shape successful careers and research institutions develop effective assessment and recruitment policies that will ultimately sustain the quality of biomedical research and patient care.
Latinx Boys and Juvenile Delinquency

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examines Latinx boys in the juvenile justice system and addresses acculturation theory to assess whether or not adjudicated foreign-born Latinx boys are more delinquent than others before adjudication, and whether or not these boys are a bigger burden on the juvenile justice system than others. The present study addresses data and methodological issues that plague the current research using the Ocean Tides Database containing multi-year (1975–2019) cross sectional data for 1,083 adjudicated boys. Multivariate analyses confirm that Latinx immigrant youth who are delinquent pose no greater threats to the American public either before or after adjudication than US-born citizens or other immigrants do. There is minimal support for acculturation theory in explaining behavioral differences between first and second-generation Latinx immigrants.
Identifying the Challenges Faced by Newcomer Entrepreneurs Trying to Launch a Tech Startup in Canada

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

<p>The government of Canada has made significant efforts to position the country at the forefront of quantum technologies. Canada sees the launch of hundreds of new digital startups every month, but few resources are available to help recent international graduates or students launch their own companies in the country. Understanding the causes of tech company failures is useful for policymakers, investors, and corporations. This study investigated the challenges tech companies faced when entering the Toronto market. The study relied on secondary sources such as scholarly journals, conference proceedings, and published books. The study used a cross-case synthesis approach and a case study strategy to analyze the data. Using a multi-step process proposed by Lofgren (2013), the researcher analyzed the data to extract universal themes about the challenges faced by tech companies in Toronto's developing commercial sector. Even though Canada is growing rapidly, its digital companies suffer from a lack of funding. The Greater Toronto area's IT sector is hampered by a lack of government backing and limited training options. Those who are just starting have a better chance of success if they take advantage of networking and word-of-mouth events. This paves the way for researchers to examine what they can do next to address these difficulties and ease the journey of newcomer startup founders.</p>
The UV Imager for the Israeli Scientific Satellite

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Israel will orbit a satellite dedicated to scientific research. One of the two experiments studied for deployment on this platform is a three-channel imager in the ultraviolet proposed by Tel Aviv University and designed jointly by staff of the Wise Observatory and of El-Op (Electro-Optical Industries, Ltd.). The design provides very significant scientific returns in a small payload and for a moderate cost.
Early Detection of Aβ Deposition in the 5xFAD Mouse by Amyloid PET

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose. 18 F-FC119S is a positron emission tomography (PET) tracer for imaging β -amyloid (A β ) plaques in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of 18 F-FC119S in quantitating A β deposition in a mouse model of early amyloid deposition (5xFAD) by PET. Method . Dynamic 18 F-FC119S PET images were obtained in 5xFAD (n=5) and wild-type (WT) mice (n=7). The brain PET images were spatially normalized to the M. Mirrione T2-weighted mouse brain MR template, and the volumes of interest were then automatically drawn on the cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and cerebellum. The specific binding of 18 F-FC119S to A β was quantified as the distribution volume ratio using Logan graphical analysis with the cerebellum as a reference tissue. The A β levels in the brain were also confirmed by immunohistochemical analysis. Result . For the 5xFAD group, radioactivity levels in the cortex, the hippocampus, and the thalamus were higher than those for the WT group. In these regions, specific binding was approximately 1.2-fold higher in 5xFAD mice than in WT. Immunohistochemistry supported these findings; the 5xFAD showed severe A β deposition in the cortex and hippocampus in contrast to the WT group. Conclusion . These results demonstrated that 18 F-FC119S PET can successfully distinguish A β depositions in 5xFAD mice from WT.
The State of International Law in The Hague: Much Activity at the International Court of Justice

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This issue of the Hague Justice Journal–Journal judiciaire de La Haye focuses on proceedings at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Four of the contributions below comment on cases before the World Court. The remarkable issues underlying the Macedonia v. Greece case initiated on 17 November 2008 are scrutinised by Nicholas Walbridge. The no less remarkable but more obviously tragic affair leading to the Djibouti v. France case, in which the ICJ passed judgment on the merits on 4 June 2008, is examined by Vincent Pouliot. The ICJ issued orders of provisional matters in two other cases which both seem more substantial than the Macedonia v. Greece and Djibouti v. France cases. Prof. Willem van Genugten examines the Court’s Order of 16 July 2008 in the Avena case between Mexico and the United States; Dr Phoebe Okowa comments on the Order of 15 October 2008 in Georgia v. Russia.
Birefringence Simulation of Annealed Ingot of Magnesium Fluoride Single Crystal

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

We developed a method for simulating birefringence of an annealed ingot of MgF 2 single crystal for lithography optics. This method provides the optical path difference caused by crystal symmetry and residual stress existing in the crystal. The method consists of the residual stress analysis and the birefringence analysis. The residual stres analysis comprises the heat conduction analysis and the elastic thermal stress analysis. The heat conduction analysis provides the temperature distribution during ingot annealing and the elastic thermal stress analysis provides the residual stress after annealing by using the result of the heat conduction analysis. Because there exists no experimental data on the inelastic behavior of MgF 2 single crystal, the residual stress was estimated with the elastic thermal stress analysis by assuming a stress-free temperature, by which the inelastic behavior could be treated approximately. The finite element method was applied to both the heat conduction analysis and the elastic thermal stress analysis. In these analyses, the temperature dependence of material properties and the crystal anisotropy were taken into account. In the birefringence analysis, the distributions of optical path difference were calculated by an approximate method using the result of the residual stress analysis. This approximate method uses the average stress along the wave normal and is equivalent to the exact method in case of low stress dealt with the present study. In this analysis, it is possible to consider both the intrinsic birefringence and the stress birefringence in any crystal orientation.
Convective Heat Transfer to Water near the Critical Region in Horizontal Rectangular Ducts

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

수평 덕트 내 임계점부근의 유체 유동 및 열전달특성은 중력과 함께 임계영역에서의 열역학 및 전달 물성치의 많은 변화와 직접적으로 연관되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 수평 직사각 덕트 내 임계점부근의 물에 대한 대류열전달특성을 전산해석을 통하여 분석하였다. 이를 통해 국부적인 열전달계수와 유속, 온도, 그리고 물성치분포를 포함한 대류열전달특성에 대해 임계점 근접효과와 함께 비교하였다. 벽으로부터의 열전달에 따른 유체 밀도감소로 덕트 내 유동방향으로의 유속증가와 함께 유체가 액체에서 기체 같은 상태로 천이하는 형태의 유동장특성을 보여준다. 덕트의 윗면, 옆면, 그리고 아래면 각각의 국부적인 열전달계수분포에 큰 차이가 있으며 준임계점 온도부근에서 난류전달특성의 향상으로 열전달계수의 최대치에 이르게 된다. Nu 수는 덕트 내 압력과 종횡비에 영향을 받으며 임계압에 가까워질수록 최대 Nu 수는 급격히 증가하게 된다. 이와 함께 기존의 열전달상관식을 통한 결과와 예측된 Nu 수 분포를 비교하였다.
Sulphur‐Nitrogen Chelating Agents. IV. Some Solid State Copper(II) Complexes of Thia‐aminopyridines An I.R. and Reflectance Spectral Analysis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract A series of solid state Cu II complexes with thia‐aminopyridines . S(CH 2 ) m NH 2 have been prepared and characterized. The postulated structures of these CuLX 2 (X = OAc − , NO 3 − , ClO 4 − or Cl − ) compounds were based on their I.R. and electronic spectra. It was found that the thiaaminopyridines may coordinate in quite different ways. In contrast with what was found for the aliphatic thiadiamines, no relation was stated between the structure of the CuLX 2 compounds and the nature of the X − anion. Moreover the solid state compounds do not give a clear indication for the structure of the CuL 2+ species in aqueous solution.
Chromosome Structure as Revealed by a Combined Chemical and Immunochemical Procedure

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Human metaphase chromosomes were photooxidized in the presence of methylene blue, a process that destroys guanine residues in DNA. Indirect immunofluorescence showed that such chromosomes reacted with a cytosine-specific antibody revealing a consistent fluorescent banding pattern by which each chromosome could be identified. The observed fluorescent patterns were the reverse of those produced in formamide-denatured chromosomes treated with an antibody specific for adenine and of the patterns obtained with quinacrine and with Giemsa staining by the G-banding techniques. The patterns were identical to Giemsa R-banding patterns. The chromosome banding patterns, therefore, appeared to reflect DNA base composition, indicating the feasibility of a combined chemical-immunochemical investigation of the chemical organization of chromosomes.
LHD Langmuir2 #37167.1

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Langmuir probes on divertor plates to investigate divertor plasma parameters and fluctuation characteristics of ion flux near the divertor plates. Total 400 Langmuir probes embedded on 20 divertor plates on each of which 20 electrodes are aligned every 6 mm. Sweeping and sampling frequency is normally 250 kHz.
3 - Globalization and State–Society Relations in Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The post-colonial African state has long been viewed as a major culprit in Afri- ca’s socioeconomic crisis. Its failure to coordinate policy with broad social inter- ests and to reconcile its governance system with the institutions and cultural values of its citizens is a major factor. This paper examines if new globalization and its liberalization policies have begun to narrow the discrepancy between policy and social interests and to facilitate the reconstitution of the state by shifting the balance of power between state and society in favor of society. The findings suggest that, despite the apparent spread of democratization during the era of post – Cold-War globalization, the policy mechanisms of globalization have notably worsened the disjuncture between policy and social interests and exacerbated the antagonisms between the state and society in the African continent.
Regulation of myosin heavy chain genes in the heart.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Advances in our knowledge of the regulation of cardiac myosin isoforms made possible by molecular cloning of the alpha- and beta-MHCs genes are reviewed. Expression of these genes in heart does not seem to require MyoD or related proteins of the skeletal muscle myogenic program. Cardiac MHC genes are under the control of T3, which stimulates transcription of the alpha-MHC gene and inhibits beta-MHC mRNA production both in vivo and in cultured heart cells. The responsiveness of the genes to T3 varies in different mammals, however. The genes are most responsive in rat and rabbit, intermediate in sensitivity in calf and subhuman primate (baboon), and very resistant in the dog. The human alpha-MHC gene is T3-inducible in ventricle, but the degree of response has not been quantified. Introduction of chimeric plasmids containing 5' flanking sequences of cardiac MHC genes fused to the CAT gene into cultured heart cells and transgenic animals has permitted identification of regulatory elements. Although the genes...
[The importance of using various methods in the determination of serum immune complex levels].

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Concentration of immune complexes (IC) in the serum of patients with various diseases (glomerulonephritis systemic lupus erythematosus--SLE, rheumatoid arthritis--RA and with positive antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus--HIV+) has been determined using two methods: PEG precipitation and laser nephelometry (NL) of binding to Latex = C1 12q complement components in aqueous media. The presence of antiimmunoglobulin antibodies, that is, rheumatoid factor (RF) and its eventual effect on the precision of measurement of IC using LN C1q method has been determined by LN-Latex RF method. The results have shown that the increased IC values obtained by one method can be within physiological levels if the other method was applied and vice versa. Depending on the group of examinees such negative correlation ranged from 33% to 64%. This is the result of already known limitations of the studied methods and confirms the necessity of simultaneous application of different methods for determination of IC concentration. Regardless of anticomplementary activity of serum rheumatoid factor its presence in the serum has not shown to have any effect on the precision of determination of IC concentration using IC by LN- C1q method.
FedSPLIT: One-Shot Federated Recommendation System Based on Non-negative Joint Matrix Factorization and Knowledge Distillation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) with missing-value completion is a well-known effective Collaborative Filtering (CF) method used to provide personalized user recommendations. However, traditional CF relies on the privacy-invasive collection of users' explicit and implicit feedback to build a central recommender model. One-shot federated learning has recently emerged as a method to mitigate the privacy problem while addressing the traditional communication bottleneck of federated learning. In this paper, we present the first unsupervised one-shot federated CF implementation, named FedSPLIT, based on NMF joint factorization. In our solution, the clients first apply local CF in-parallel to build distinct client-specific recommenders. Then, the privacy-preserving local item patterns and biases from each client are shared with the processor to perform joint factorization in order to extract the global item patterns. Extracted patterns are then aggregated to each client to build the local models via knowledge distillation. In our experiments, we demonstrate the feasibility of our approach with standard recommendation datasets. FedSPLIT can obtain similar results than the state of the art (and even outperform it in certain situations) with a substantial decrease in the number of communications.
Antioxidant and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme gene expression in doxorubicin-resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We investigated the expression of the genes for several antioxidant and xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes in the multidrug-resistant variant of the human breast cancer cell line MCF-7, MCF-7/Dox. MCF-7/Dox is greater than 500-fold resistant to doxorubicin by clonogenic assay. Enzyme activity determinations in the cytoplasmic compartment of MCF-7/Dox revealed a 25-fold increase in glutathione peroxidase level compared to the parent line (mean +/- SD, 10 +/- 2.8 versus 0.4 +/- 0.24 nmol/min/mg; P less than 0.005). The activity of the other major hydrogen peroxide-detoxifying enzyme, catalase, was diminished in MCF-7/Dox (2.0 +/- 0.4 versus 4.8 +/- 1.4 mumol/min/mg; P less than 0.025 compared to MCF-7). Superoxide dismutase activity did not differ between the two cell lines. The specific activity of the xenobiotic-detoxifying enzyme DT-diaphorase was 4-fold lower in MCF-7/Dox compared to MCF-7 (DT-diaphorase, 117 +/- 45 versus 509 +/- 123 nmol/min/mg; P less than 0.005). Daunorubicinol-producing carbonyl reductase activity was equal in the two lines. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a 0.9-kilobase band of glutathione peroxidase mRNA in MCF-7/Dox; no glutathione peroxidase mRNA was detected in MCF-7. A 2.4-kilobase catalase and 0.7- and 1.4-kilobase superoxide dismutase mRNAs were detectable in MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7. When normalized to 28S RNA, no difference in the mRNA levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase in MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7 could be determined. DT-diaphorase mRNAs of 1.4 and 2.7 kilobases were found in both MCF-7/Dox and MCF-7 cells. A 1.2-kilobase mRNA homologous to the putative carbonyl reductase cDNA was also easily detectable in both MCF-7 and MCF-7/Dox. The amount of mRNA for both xenobiotic-detoxifying enzymes was decreased 2- to 4-fold in the doxorubicin-resistant cells. Southern blot analysis of PstI- and MspI-restricted genomic DNA revealed no evidence for amplification or rearrangement of the glutathione peroxidase gene. These results indicate that, in addition to the previously described overexpression of anionic glutathione S-transferase in MCF-7/Dox cells, an augmented glutathione peroxidase mRNA level is the major alteration in antioxidant and xenobiotic-detoxifying enzyme expression that could contribute to doxorubicin insensitivity in these multidrug-resistant breast cancer cells.
HALLUX VALGUS TREATED BY SCHNEPP BIPOLAR CUNEIFORM OSTEOTOMY: 19 CASES WITH 3-YEAR FOLLOW-UP

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: Bipolar osteotomy of the first metatarsal with lateral release of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was performed in 19 cases of hallux valgus. The distal metatarsal surface was misaligned in all cases (increased DMMA). The purpose of our work was to evaluate outcome after Schnepp bipolar osteotomy. Material and methods: The series included eleven women and three men who underwent the procedure between 1992 and 2001. All patients were reviewed retrospectively by the same clinician. Mean patient age was 56 years. Before surgery, mean values were: metatarsophalangeal valgus 39.6°, metatarsal varus 17.8°, and DMMA 21.1°. Mean foot opening measured preoperatively was 30°. Results: The Groulier criteria, taking into consideration correction of the deformity, static disorders and function were assessed at mean follow-up of three years. Radiographically mean metatarsophalangeal valgus was 20.7°, metatarsal varus 10.3°, and DMMA 5.3°. The metatarsal span was 23°. The metatarsophalangeal joint was congruent and free of any sign of degeneration in 52%. Overall outcome was excellent or good in 57.5%, fair in 32% and poor in 10.5%. Discussion: These results are rather modest but were obtained in a series of patients with severe hallux valgus. Bipolar osteotomy enables simultaneous correction of the phalangeal valgus, the metatarsal varus, and the increased DMMA, an advantage not obtained with any other procedure. Indications would include patients with increased DMMA > 15° or major metatarsal varus. Our series show that poor results can be observed in the event of incongruent joints, signs of osteoarthritic degeneration, or revision surgery. Conclusion: Bipolar osteotomy of the first metatarsal remains indicated for the treatment of severe hallux valgus with increased DMMA. Metatarsophalanygeal arthrodesis should be reserved as a salvage procedure for non congruent or degenerated joints.