jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Newton’s and Einstein’s Gravity in a New Perspective for Planck Masses and Smaller Sized Objects

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Here we derive Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitational results for any mass less than or equal to a Planck mass. All of the new formulas presented in this paper give the same numerical output as the traditional formulas. However, they have been rewritten in a way that gives a new perspective on the formulas when working with gravity at the level of the subatomic world. To rewrite the well-known formulas in this way could make it easier to understand the strengths and weaknesses in Newton’s and Einstein’s gravitation formulas at the subatomic scale, potentially opening them up for new important interpretations and extensions. For example, we suggest that the speed of gravity equal to that of light is actually embedded and hidden inside of Newton’s gravitational formula.
Identification and structure elucidation of antimicrobial compounds from Lyngbya aestuarii and Aphanothece bullosa.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Cyanobacteria are known to produce array of compounds. In an earlier report, we reported antibacterial and antifungal activities in methanolic crude extracts of laboratory grown Lyngbya aestuarii and Aphanothece bullosa isolated from Chilka Lake and local paddy field respectively. In this report the same methanolic crude extracts were subjected to TLC purification twice by altering the solvents and UV—illuminated bands bioassayed. Such UV illuminated potent bands obtained after 2nd TLC were subjected to spectroscopic analysis (UV, IR, 1H NMR and LCMS/MS). We have screened malyngolide and dragonamide C from L. aestuarii and a diterpenoid and majusculoic acid from A. bullosa. Dragonamide C and malyngolide were found to be antifungal while majusculoic acid and a diterpenoid as antibacterial. As far as our knowledge goes, this is the first ever report where fresh water A. bullosa was found to be a source of diterpenoid and majusculoic acid. Likewise, L. aestuarii was also established as a source of malyngolide and dragonamide C. This again indicated that cyanobacteria are inherently endowed with the capacity to produce metabolites according to niche and species specific manner emphasising fresh water cyanobacterial strain are as important as marine one.
Robust control system design for a brushed direct current motor using LabVIEW simulation loop

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This paper presents the design of a robust control system for a PMDC motor using LabVIEW software. At first, the mathematical equations of the motor were modelled and simulated. Then, a proportional integral controller (PI) was used as a speed controller, and to guarantee the robustness of the system against the disturbances, the PI parameters were tuned by applying a sensitivity analysis. Finally, a proportional gain (P) was used as a position controller to guide the system towards the desired angle. The simulation was performed using LabVIEW Simulation Loop, and the sensitivity analysis was carried using LabVIEW MathScript tool.
Impact of urban density on carbon emissions in China

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Based on the panel data of 108 prefecture-level cities in China from 2003 to 2018, the carbon emission effect of urban density was studied by establishing a dynamic panel model. We found that there was a significant negative correlation between urban density and carbon emissions, and the increase in urban density reduced carbon dioxide emissions. The nonlinear estimation results of urban density and carbon emission show that urban density has different impacts on carbon emission at different urban population levels. With the increase in population size, the carbon emission reduction effect brought by urban density growth decreases. In medium-sized cities, increased urban density leads to the greatest reduction in carbon emissions, followed by large cities with populations of less than 5 million. In megacities with a population size of more than 5 million, the carbon emission reduction effect of urban density is not significant. Our conclusion supports the proposition of building compact cities and provides decision support for the ideal of ‘beautiful China’ in the process of urbanization in China.
Stereotyping Older Adults: How Labels and Perceived Age Influence Ratings

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Ageist language can bias research, with past findings indicating that labels such as ‘elderly’ invoke more negative stereotypes than neutral labels. We investigated how labels, contact, and perceived age influence stereotypes of older adults in Germany. One hundred and sixteen German-speaking participants (age-range = 14–33) reported their stereotypes and perceived age for one of three labels for older adults and reported contact with their grandparents. Targets labeled as ‘people the age of grandparents’ were perceived as older (modal age-range 70–90 years) and targets labeled as ‘older adults’ (modal age-range 50–70 years) as younger than those labeled ‘people 70–85 years of age.’ Stereotype ratings did not vary by label but were more negative when the target was perceived as older and more positive when contact with own grandparents was higher. Researchers and practitioners should use care in selecting labels when conducting and communicating their research as well as working with older adults.
Social networks of the movement ``Vem pra rua`` (Come to to the street): a discursive critical analysis of a "social movement"

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This work focuses on the analysis of the Twitter discourse of the movement "Vem pra rua" (Come to to the street), in the period prior to the impeachment of former president of Brazil Dilma Rousseff.The article collects a small part of the in-depth research carried out in the doctoral thesis The hegemonic power of social networks: a critical analysis of the discourse of those who "go to the street" (Gambetta, 2017).Contemporary information and communication technologies have contributed to creating spaces of expression within the reach of all those who have access to the internet.Thus, social movements have found in these spaces a fertile ground for calling and interacting with their followers.This work aims to bring readers closer to the critical analysis of discourse on the social network Twitter, taking as a starting point the group's position in their presentation on the official wesite of the movemente.The in-depth research is theoretically supported by Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001(FAIRCLOUGH, , 2003)), Communication for Social Change (CMS) (GUMUCIO- DAGRON, 2008DAGRON, , 2011)), Multimodality Grammar (COPE; KALANTZIS, 2009) and Systemic-Functional Linguistics (LSF) (HALLIDAY, 2004) and the Representation of Social Actors ( VAN LEEUWEEN, 1998, 2007), the latter being the theoretical categorization used to approximate the discourse of the movement "Vem pra rua" (Come to to the street) in social networks.We found that the speech that "Vem pra rua" (Come to to the street) has disseminated on its social networks, particularly in the pre-voting period for President Dilma's impeachment, has been a speech with a strong ideological content, specifically oriented towards fulfilling political objectives.We conclude that networks are, at the same time, potential tools for new ways of expression for minority groups, elements of consolidation of hegemonic groups with ideological interests.
VETRA - offline analysis and monitoring software platform for the LHCb Vertex Locator

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The LHCb experiment is dedicated to studying CP violation and rare decay phenomena. In order to achieve these physics goals precise tracking and vertexing around the interaction point is crucial. This is provided by the VELO (VErtex LOcator) silicon detector. After digitization, FPGAs are employed to run several algorithms to suppress noise and reconstruct clusters. This is performed by an FPGA based processing board. An off-line software project, VETRA, has been developed which performs a bit perfect emulation of this complex processing in the FPGAs. This is a novel development as this hardware emulation is not standalone but rather is fully integrated into the LHCb software to allow the reconstruction of full data from the detector. This software platform facilitates the development and understanding of the behaviour of the processing algorithms, the optimization of the parameters of the algorithms that will be loaded into the FPGA and monitoring of the detector performance. This framework has also been adopted by the Silicon Tracker detector of LHCb. This processing framework was successfully used with the first 1500 tracks of data in the VELO obtained from the first LHC beam in September 2008. The software architecture and utilisation of the VETRA project will be discussed in detail.
Study the Production of Solar still with and without Using of Pahse Change Materials

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The conversion of solar energy into useful heat energy in the process of solar distillation in distilled to obtain fresh water and increase the amount of product, including the lowest unit cost for the distillation system and optimal use of energy from the sunrise to sunset is the main focus of all previous researches. This paper delivers the theoretical information of solar still without and with the phase change materials. Numerical investigating performed on a solar still model according to Bagdad environmental conditions. The numerical results show the amount and direction of radiation, air percentage, water vapor concertation, and velocity stream have been increase with time when using only wax.
Point-based stream surfaces and path surfaces

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We introduce a point-based algorithm for computing and rendering stream surfaces and path surfaces of a 3D flow. The points are generated by particle tracing, and an even distribution of those particles on the surfaces is achieved by selective particle removal and creation. Texture-based surface flow visualization is added to show inner flow structure on those surfaces. We demonstrate that our visualization method is designed for steady and unsteady flow alike: both the path surface component and the texture-based flow representation are capable of processing time-dependent data. Finally, we show that our algorithms lend themselves to an efficient GPU implementation that allows the user to interactively visualize and explore stream surfaces and path surfaces, even when seed curves are modified and even for time-dependent vector fields.
Latin Bible with Illuminations, MS.000158

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

[Text Description:] Latin Bible with Illuminations and Marginal Notes ❧ [Text or Publication Number Note:] MS.000158 ❧ [Medium:] Parchment ❧ [Script Note:] Gothic ❧ [Physical Object Description:] Folios approx. 15.7 x 24.5 cm. Two columns. ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Vellum with ink, red and black ❧ [Physical Object Note:] Illuminations, marginal notations, headings at top.
The mechanisms of oxidative degradation of biomedical polymers by free radicals

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Degradation is an essential factor in polymer biocompatibility. The physiological environment of the human body can be aggressive to polymers. Most implanted polymers suffer degradation and the kinetics and mechanisms of the processes can be significantly affected by various biologically active species, especially enzymes, lipids, peroxides, free radicals, and phagocytic cells. Iron enhances the toxicity of oxygen free radicals. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide can interact to form the very toxic hydroxyl radical in the presence of iron. The data have shown that the hydroxyl radical is likely to be one of the main causes of polymer degradation in implantable devices. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Use of the TOMM in a Criminal Court Forensic Assessment Setting

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Use of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM) in a criminal court forensic assessment setting was examined. Results indicated that those initially suspected of cognitive malingering and, thus, administered the TOMM, differed from others in this setting in ways that are consistent with descriptions of suspected cognitive malingerers in the existing literature. These defendants’TOMMscores were also consistent with those reported in samples characterized by relatively high base rates of cognitive malingering. Defendants whose TOMMscores met the recommended criteria for detecting malingering (n = 29) were more likely to report a previous head injury, to be viewed as only marginally cooperative or uncooperative during the course of the evaluation, and to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder than those who did not generate suspicious TOMM scores.
The Influence of Organizational Culture and Competence on Work Stress Mediated by Workload on Employees of the General Election Commission of the Special Region of Yogyakarta Province

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Organizational Culture that is oriented towards the regularity of observed behavior, strong norms, dominant values, philosophy, rules, and organizational climate directly contributes to the increasing Work Stress felt by employees, in the form of physiological symptoms, psychological symptoms, and behavioral symptoms. Likewise, Competence that is oriented towards high knowledge, understanding, ability, values, attitudes, and interests, but is less in accordance with the competencies needed to carry out the work that is directly responsible contributes to the increasing Work Stress felt by employees, in the form of physiological symptoms, psychological symptoms, and behavioral symptoms. The research findings show that Organizational Culture and Competence have a significant positive impact on employee Work Stress. Organizational Culture encourages the creation of an obligation to submit to and comply with strict regulations governing the main tasks and functions in carrying out work, but the process of determining the regulations themselves is very long, so that when the regulations are issued, it is close to the deadline for the work implementation stage, this makes it difficult for employees because they have to immediately learn, adjust and adopt the regulations to complete the work with a limited deadline, in the end this condition causes the work stress felt by employees to increase. While the high Competence possessed but not in accordance with the work that is the responsibility causes a lack of sufficient understanding of the character of the work that is the responsibility and knowledge that does not comply with the standards set causes the Work Stress felt by employees to increase, because employees are required to be able to adapt and work in new fields of work that are far different from the competencies they have. In this study, statistically Workload has a significant positive influence as a mediator of the influence of the variables Organizational Culture and Competence on Work Stress. This shows that Workload is able to help explain why Organizational Culture and Competence cause Work Stress felt by employees to increase. This study underlines the importance of creating a more positive organizational culture, ensuring that each employee has high competencies that are appropriate or suitable for the field of work they are responsible for, and carefully managing the existing workload. These findings provide valuable insights for organizations that seek to manage employee work stress levels by utilizing appropriate regulatory practices, understanding, knowledge, and skills appropriate to the field of work being worked on, and adjustments to work conditions, target setting, and better use of working time.
Superconductors and Single Electron Tunnelling

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In March 1987 the term ‘superconductor’ hit the headlines. Newspapers worldwide carried articles about these amazing materials which exhibit a complete absence of resistance to an electrical current. Fantastic claims—some true, others the product of wishful thinking—were made about the properties and applications of these materials. What was all the hype about? After all, superconductivity was by no means a new discovery. The sudden interest was due to the relatively high temperatures at which this zero resistance phenomenon was observed, despite the fact that these temperatures were not much above minus two hundred Celsius. To put these results in perspective we need to take a brief look at the history of superconductivity. The Dutch physicist Heike Kammerlingh Onnes dedicated his life to the subject of cryogenics: the production and effects of extremely low temperatures. In 1908 he succeeded for the first time in liquefying the inert gas helium at a temperature of minus two hundred and sixty-nine Celsius. This was a significantly lower temperature than anyone had ever achieved before, being just four degrees above the very lowest possible temperature, absolute zero. In dealing with temperatures of this magnitude it is far more convenient to use the Kelvin scale. In this case the temperature interval is the same as on the Celsius scale, but the zero point corresponds to absolute zero, or approximately minus two hundred and seventy three Celsius. Accordingly, the temperature produced by Onnes was just four Kelvin.
Clearance receptor and neutral endopeptidase-mediated metabolism of atrial natriuretic factor

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

A novel small linear C-atrial natriuretic factor receptor ligand [C-ANF-(11-15)] and phosphoramidon (PHO) were used to determine the effects of C-ANF receptor blockade alone, or in combination with inhibition of neutral endopeptidase (NEP), on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of ANF in the rat. C-ANF-(11-15) infusion decreased apparent volume of distribution (Vss) and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of administered 125I-ANF-(1-28) to one-third of their control values, whereas PHO alone was without effect on these parameters. In combination with C-ANF-(11-15), however, PHO further decreased MCR of 125I-ANF-(1-28) and increased plasma half time by more than threefold. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed that C-ANF-(11-15) inhibited the delayed appearance of free 125I and [125I]monoiodotyrosine but had no effect on the small proportion of NEP metabolites in plasma. The combination of C-ANF-(11-15) and PHO further delayed the appearance of small metabolites, abolished the appearance of NEP metabolites, and markedly prolonged the permanence of intact 125I-ANF-(1-28) in plasma. The results demonstrate that C-ANF receptor blockade by C-ANF-(11-15) impairs clearance and metabolism of ANF, an effect which is synergistically potentiated by concomitant inhibition of NEP. C-ANF-(11-15) alone or in combination with NEP inhibitors may be a potentially useful therapeutic tool in the treatment of cardiovascular and renal diseases.
Morphometric discrimination of females of five species of Anopheles of the subgenus Nyssorhynchus from Southern and Northwest Colombia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The most important vectors of human Plasmodium in the neotropics belong to the subgenus Nyssorhynchus. These species are generally sympatric in terms of their geographical distributions. Some are difficult to identify based solely on examination of adult females using the available morphological keys, in these cases examination of immature stages and male genitalia is required to make correct determinations. However, in epidemiological studies it is necessary to identify the species of adult females which are found near humans, i.e. in studies of malaria transmission or evaluation of control measures. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the discrimination of adult females of different species of Nyssorhynchus isolated mainly from Southern Colombia (department of Putumayo), using morphometric analysis. Adult females were obtained after rearing larvae collected in natural breeding places and from the progeny of females collected on humans. The morphological characteristics of the immature stages allowed the identification of four species of the subgroup Oswaldoi from Southern Colombia: Anopheles rangeli Gabaldon, Cova Garcia &amp; Lopez, An. oswaldoi (Peryassu), An. benarrochi Gabaldon, Cova Garcia &amp; Lopez and An. triannulatus (Neiva &amp; Pinto). The species An. nuneztovari (Gabaldon) from the Northwest of Colombia was included for comparison. Morphometric analysis allowed differentiation of the females of all species to a confidence level approaching 90% using principal components analysis of 10 wing and leg variables, followed by canonical variate analysis of the first four principal components. We conclude that morphometrics may represent a useful taxonomic tool for this group and that its use should be further studied.
How to abolish cyberwar

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Part III of our series Cyberpeace: Dimensionen eines Gegenentwurfs on cyberpeace: Cyberwar is like a discursive plague. After years and years of writing texts about it and against it, the concept is still scary, still spreading, still harmful. Its power is such that it is not simply being used in discourse – but is in fact forcing its specific discursive structures and rules on us. In short, we may keep questioning this concept, but we will never get rid of it...
Cancer stem cell heterogeneity in hereditary breast cancer

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The cancer stem cell hypothesis proposes that tumors arise in stem or progenitor cells generating in tumors driven by a subcomponent that retains cancer stem cell properties. Recent evidence supports the hypothesis that the BRCA1 gene involved in hereditary breast cancer plays a role in breast stem cell function. Furthermore, studies using mouse BRCA1 knockout models provide evidence for the existence of heterogeneous cancer stem cell populations in tumors generated in these mice. Although these populations may arise from different stem/progenitor cells, they share the expression of a common set of stem cell regulatory genes and show similar characteristics in in vitro mammosphere assays and xenograft models. Furthermore, these 'cancer stem cells' display resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. These studies suggest that breast tumors may display intertumor stem cell heterogeneity. Despite this heterogeneity, cancer stem cells may share common characteristics that can be used for their identification and for therapeutic targeting.