jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
God, Gays, and Progressive Politics: Reconceptualizing Intersectionality as a Normatively Malleable Analytical Framework

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

I draw on conservative black Christians' claims regarding their co-constitutive racial, religious, class, and sexual subordination to demonstrate that intersectionality is a heuristic that can be used to advance a range of normative arguments. My research rejects traditional understandings of intersectionality as a necessarily progressive analytical framework, as well as recent discussions that suggest that intersectionality's use for conservative ends is evidence of its theoretical underdevelopment. My analysis also reveals that by positing interlocking racism, classism, heterophobia, and anti-Christian bigotry as blacks' “true” experience of oppression, conservative black Christians guide political scientists to consider 1) that intersectional analysis is central rather than antithetical to in-group policing; 2) that we can best interrogate the standards that social groups use to police their boundaries when we adopt a normative-critical conception of power, and 3) that power so defined challenges the erroneous assumption that our role is to either describe or prescribe social reality.
Prisoners’ Personal Networks in the Months Preceding Prison: A Descriptive Portrayal

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examined personal networks of adult male prisoners ( N = 250) during a high-risk period prior to their incarceration. We present a descriptive portrait of network size, density, and relational type, and we then document the nature of ties within that network, focusing specifically on alters’ criminal involvement, criminal opportunity, and reinforcement of criminal behavior. We found that prisoners’ networks were large and dense, and that they were composed primarily of family and romantic partners. Most prisoners are not embedded in a personal network saturated with criminal influence before coming to prison. Yet, a small proportion are exposed to exceptionally negative influence, which, it is argued, may increase the risk of negative outcomes upon release if not addressed by evidence-based programs.
Angiotensin II–Mediated Microvascular Thrombosis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypertension is associated with an increased risk of thrombosis that appears to involve an interaction between the renin-angiotensin system and hemostasis. In this study we determined whether angiotensin II–mediated thrombosis occurs in arterioles and/or venules and assessed the involvement of type 1 (AT 1 ), type 2 (AT 2 ), and type 4 (AT 4 ) angiotensin II receptors, as well as receptors for endothelin 1 and bradykinin 1 and 2 in angiotensin II–enhanced microvascular thrombosis. Thrombus development in mouse cremaster microvessels was quantified after light/dye injury using the time of onset of the thrombus and time to blood flow cessation. Wild-type and AT 1 receptor–deficient mice were implanted with an angiotensin II–loaded ALZET pump for 2 weeks. Angiotensin II administration in both wild-type and AT 1 receptor–deficient mice significantly accelerated thrombosis in arterioles. Genetic deficiency and pharmacological antagonism of AT 1 receptors did not alter the thrombosis response to angiotensin II. Isolated murine platelets aggregated in response to low (picomolar) but not high (nanomolar) concentrations of angiotensin II. The platelet aggregation response to angiotensin II depended on AT 1 receptors. Antagonism of AT 2 receptors in vivo significantly prolonged the onset of angiotensin II–enhanced thrombosis, whereas an AT 4 receptor antagonist prolonged the time to flow cessation. Selective antagonism of either endothelin 1 or bradykinin 1 receptors largely prevented both the onset and flow cessation responses to chronic angiotensin II infusion. Our findings indicate that angiotensin II induced hypertension is accompanied by enhanced thrombosis in arterioles, and this response is mediated by a mechanism that involves AT 2 , AT 4 , bradykinin 1, and endothelin 1 receptor–mediated signaling.
KNOWLEDGE SHARING THROUGH ONLINE COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF CHINESE AND AMERICAN EMPLOYEES FROM A FORTUNE 100 COMPANY

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate organizational members' cross-cultural knowledge sharing behavior through virtual communities of practice. Using content and activity analysis as the research method, this study examined Chinese and American employees' online knowledge sharing behavior within the ShareNet, a global knowledge sharing system adopted by Alpha, a Fortune 100 multinational corporation. The participants were 205 Chinese and 205 American ShareNet users. The participants' knowledge sharing behavior within the ShareNet was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively in order to show not only how frequently they shared knowledge but also what they shared through communities of practice in the ShareNet. The study results show that on average Chinese users contributed knowledge less frequently than Americans but these two groups were similarly active in terms of consuming knowledge. The major content shared in the ShareNet included project-related documents and one-to-many type of question asking/answering. Implications from the study findings and some direction for future research are also provided.
Pure Red Cell Aplasia Induced by Antibodies against Human Recombinant Erythropoietin

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Human recombinant erythropoietin (epoetin) is a very effective and safe biopharmaceutical. However, in 1998 the incidence of pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) induced by antierythropoietin (anti-EPO) antibodies in patients treated with epoetin started to increase. PRCA is a rare condition of non-regenerative anemia which can be associated with a variety of diseases and is in some cases of immunological origin. To date the incidence rate of epoetininduced PRCA has fallen again. The temporary rise in incidence was associated with the subcutaneous use of the epoetin alpha preparation distributed outside the USA and followed a change in the formulation of this product to human serum albumin-free polysorbate 80. Among several reasons that have been explored, the most likely cause has been the contamination of the solution with organic compounds leaching from rubber stoppers of pre-filled syringes. The diagnosis of PRCA is based on typical clinical features, detection of anti-EPO antibodies and typical findings in bone marrow. In cases of suspected PRCA, epoetin medication needs to be discontinued immediately. Immunosuppressive treatment can be successful and should be initiated if possible once the diagnosis has been confirmed.
In vivo priming of mouse CTL precursors directed to product of a newly defined minor H-42 locus is under a novel control of class II MHC gene.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Abstract In a previous study, we discovered a new mouse minor histocompatibility antigen encoded by a locus at 8.5 cM apart from the H-2 complex, and we have since named the locus H-42. One allele of H-42, which is named H-42a, had been elucidated, but the other alleles, which we tentatively named H-42b, have not been elucidated. In the present study, we explored MHC control on the anti-H-42a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responsivcontrol on theeness in H-42b mice. In vivo immunization (i.v. injection) of H-42b mice with 5 to 30 X 10(6) spleen cells (SC) bearing allogeneic H-42a antigen but carrying H-2 complex (mouse MHC) matched with the H-42b mice failed to prime anti-H-42a CTL but induced stable and specific anti-H-42a CTL unresponsiveness, i.e., tolerance, in the H-42b recipient mice. In contrast, H-2 heterozygous H-42b F1 mice injected with SC bearing H-42a alloantigen on either of the parental H-2 haplotypes were effectively primed to generate anti-H-42a CTL. Exploration of the region or subregion in the H-2 complex of H-42a donor SC that should be compatible with H-42b recipient mice for the induction of their anti-H-42a CTL tolerance demonstrated that the compatibility at I region, most probably I-A subregion, but not at K, S, or D region, determined the induction of the tolerance. MHC class II compatible H-42a skin graft (SG) to H-42b mice, however, consistently primed the anti-H-42a CTL in the H-42b recipients. These results were discussed in several aspects, including uniqueness of MHC class II control on the CTL response to minor H-42a antigen, possibility of inactivation of responding anti-H-42a precursor CTL or helper T cells in H-42b mice by encountering the veto cells present in MHC class II-matched H-42a SC population, and significance of the present observations as a mechanism of CTL tolerance to self-components.
Analyse purinerger Stoffwechselwege und NAD+-Konzentration in Patienten mit hepatozellulärem Karzinom nach Leberresektion und Lebertransplantation

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: In Germany, one in 88 men and one in 190 women develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during lifetime. Improved curative therapies and new multimodal treatment strategies have nowadays increased survival rates upon liver resection or transplantation. Since the most important factor in the process of malignant transformation of HCC is the patient’s individual immune system, a deep understanding of the underlying immunological mechanisms is essential for further refinement of diagnosis and therapy. This study focuses on purinergic signaling mechanisms mediated by ectoenzymes of T-cells and monocytes as well as determination of NAD+ in blood plasma. The aim of this work is to identify potential biomarkers and assess their suitability for diagnosis and prognosis of HCC. Methods: In this exploratory study, 31 HCC patients whose therapy included either liver transplantation (n=11) or resection (n=20) were included and compared to a control group (n=10). At previously defined time points, pre-, and postoperatively as well as during acute rejection (ACR) or ischemic reperfusion injury (IRI), mononuclear cells were isolated from blood samples and cryopreserved together with blood plasma. The NAD+ concentration of the blood plasma was determined by heat-based dichotomous pH extraction procedure. Flow cytometry was used to assess the patients' monocyte and T-cell populations which had been extracted and cultivated from the samples, thereby emphasizing the analysis of ectoenzymes, purinergic receptors and cytokines. Results: Lower NAD+ concentration was detected both, pre- and postoperatively in patients with liver resections. In this group, we found several subtypes of T-cells expressing ectoenzymes and other regulators of purinergic metabolism (CD38, CD203a and Cx43) to be depleted, while a higher proportion of TIE-2-expressing monocytes (TEMs) expressed the ectoenzyme CD39. A higher proportion of CD163 expressing TEMs and CD14+ CD16+ monocytes were associated with shorter recurrence-free and overall survival. The Expression of Ectoenzymes on Th17-cells was preoperatively upregulated in transplant patients with IRI. Patients with ACR showed preoperatively decreased proportions of CD39-expressing monocytes and TEMs. Discussion: The purinergic signaling system has a significant impact on solid tumor growth, survival, and progression by influencing not only the tumor itself but also immune responses and the associated tumor microenvironment. By establishing the studied ectoenzymes as new potential biomarkers, improvement of diagnosis, prognosis, treatment options and decisions in HCC appears promising. Larger cohort studies are needed to validate the herein proposed ectoenzymes on T-cells and monocytes as well as blood NAD+ levels as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.
COLLATERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR SME LOANS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of collateral for small and medium enterprises (smes) in the context of Visegrad countries: Czech Republic, Slovak Republic, Hungary and Poland. The data set for this paper was obtained from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS), which was conducted by the World Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) from 2012–2014. A binary logistic regression model with different specifications was employed to examine the effect of independent variables on the incidence of collateral. The results show that risky borrowers need to pledge collateral and the reduction of asymmetric information can lower the incidence of collateral for smes. Moreover, we find that female borrowers are more likely to pledge collateral than male borrowers are. The results also suggest that loans with a longer maturity are more likely to be collateralized than short-term loans. We find evidence that bank-borrower proximity can alleviate the incidence of collateral whereas bank concentration may increase collateral requirements. Policy makers may consider these results to implement policies that can promote bank competition and can lower collateral requirements for female borrowers. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate on the determinants of collateral.
Fetal and Postnatal Development of the Intrarenal Arterial Pattern in Man

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

SUMMARY The development of the intrarenal arterial pattern in man has been studied by parallel micro‐angiographic and histologic examinations on 104 kidneys obtained from 64 autopsy subjects, ranging in age from the fourth fetal month to the twentieth year of life. Various stages of development of the glomerular capillary tuft were noted, but the most primitive ones were no longer observed after the first week of life. In the fourth fetal month well‐developed arteriole‐glomerular units were found in the juxtamedullary zone and the pelvic connective tissue. These subsequently gave off postglomerular vessels to the medulla. From the end of the fourth fetal month a cortico‐medullary vascular pattern was present with arteriolae rectae leading to the medulla and a cortical arrangement of the glomeruli. Postglomerular vessels in the cortex did not appear until after the eighth fetal month, andup to that time the lobar circulation is therefore probably medullary. Glomeruli in the pelvic and periarcuate connective tissue began to degenerate during the seventh fetal month, with the formation of so‐called arteriolae rectae verae to the medulla through canalization of the glomerular scars. These scars were gradually incorporated into the connective tissue and became istologically unidentifiable. seventh year of life juxtamedullary glomeruli outside the periarcuate connective tissue began to degenerate with the formation of arteriolae rectae verae. Vessels to the renal pelvis were given off by pelvic arteriole‐glomerular units. ninth fetal month there was evidence of congenital glomeruloscierosis ‐that is, sclerosis of scattered cortical glomeruli with atrophy of the whole arteriole‐glomerular unit.
Gendered Races

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Six studies explored the overlap between racial and gender stereotypes, and the consequences of this overlap for interracial dating, leadership selection, and athletic participation. Two initial studies captured the explicit and implicit gender content of racial stereotypes: Compared with the White stereotype, the Asian stereotype was more feminine, whereas the Black stereotype was more masculine. Study 3 found that heterosexual White men had a romantic preference for Asians over Blacks and that heterosexual White women had a romantic preference for Blacks over Asians; preferences for masculinity versus femininity mediated participants’ attraction to Blacks relative to Asians. The pattern of romantic preferences observed in Study 3 was replicated in Study 4, an analysis of the data on interracial marriages from the 2000 U.S. Census. Study 5 showed that Blacks were more likely and Asians less likely than Whites to be selected for a masculine leadership position. In Study 6, an analysis of college athletics showed that Blacks were more heavily represented in more masculine sports, relative to Asians. These studies demonstrate that the gender content of racial stereotypes has important real-world consequences.
Diatom Biostratigraphy at the Miocene Sites of Cerro Colorado and Cerro Los Quesos, Pisco Formation, Peru

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The Pisco Formation is a Mio-Pliocene formation cropping out for 300 km along the coast of Peru. This mainly diatomaceous formation is famous worldwide for being a fossil marine vertebrates Lagerstätte. Diatom biostratigraphy was applied to date the Pisco Fm. in few previous works (Macharé et Fourtanier, 1987; Schrader et Ronning, 1988; Koizumi, 1992); those works applied species ranges used in both the Cenozoic middle- to high-latitude North Pacific zonation and Cenozoic low-latitude zonation of Barron, 1985. \nDuring recent fieldworks stratigraphic sections at Cerro Colorado and Cerros Los Quesos (Ica desert, Peru), were measured and samples for biostratigraphy were collected ca. every 5 m. \nDifficulties arose during the biostratigraphic investigations because of the paucity of index species: indeed, coastal and upwelling conditions, which characterized the two sites, lead to the proliferation of species with long stratigraphic ranges such as Odontella aurita, Rhaphoneis spp., Delphineis spp., Coscinodiscus spp., Chaetoceros spp., etc. \nResults were obtained merging together ranges of species used both in the equatorial Pacific and in the North Tropical Pacific schemes. \n Cerro Colorado is characterized by an angular discordance that divides it into a lower and an upper allomember (Di Celma et al., 2015). The co-occurrence of the diatom species Denticulopsis hustedtii and Lithodesmium reynoldsii allows the attribution of the lower allomember to the late Miocene, while the only index species present in the upper allomember is Thalassiosira antiqua, which has a stratigraphic range that goes from the late Miocene to the late Pliocene. Thus samples from the upper allomember alone do not permit an accurate dating of the post-discordance sediments. The base of the Cerros Los Quesos sequence is characterized by a younger form of T. antiqua, differring from that of Cerro Colorado by having a more regular central area. Therefore, speculations on the time-relationship between the two sites can be made based on differences in T. antiqua. The presence of many plicated Thalassiosira specimens ascribable to Thalassiosira flexuosa, suggest that Cerros Los Quesos, although younger than Cerro Colorado, is still late Miocene in age.
Participatory Research Emergent Recommendations for Researchers and Academic Institutions: A Rapid Scoping Review

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

In recent years, a range of academic disciplines have emphasized the potential benefits of prioritizing meaningful engagement with individuals and communities who have lived and have living experience with the topics, phenomena and problems researchers seek to study. In March 2022, we were asked to produce a paper to inform a university workshop and training materials to help students and faculty engage with participatory methods. In turn, we conducted a rapid scoping review of reviews to document key recommendations relating to methodology, logistics and ethics within the various modes of participatory research. Searches were conducted in Web of Science, SCOPUS, ProQuest, Pub Med, OVID (including Medline, PschyInfo/EMBASE, APAPsych) to identify published academic reviews (e.g., systematic, scoping, literature reviews and evidence gap maps), for best practices relating to participatory research. This approach drew out aggregated best practices and lessons learned across many primary studies and increased the speed of the review. From 276 studies imported for screening, 43 full-text studies were assessed for eligibility and 28 were deemed relevant for full inclusion. Results are presented as: 1) participatory research recommendations for researchers; and 2) participatory research recommendations for academic institutions. Three sub-themes emerged within the context of suggestions for researchers engaging with participatory methods: 1) early-stage considerations for study design and planning; 2) conducting the research; and 3) dissemination and knowledge exchange. This rapid scoping review highlights key recommendations for researchers interested in using participatory approaches in their own research, and for academic and institutional stakeholders who aim to support these practices.
Self-evaluation and self-perception of student learning in person-centred counselling training within a higher education setting

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This is an account of some of the learning experiences of mature students undertaking a Level 2 Diploma course in Person-Centred Counselling over four terms in a higher education establishment in England. The central question driving this research stemmed from a desire to understand the student experience of becoming professional. Therefore the question was that of qualitative inquiry: ‘What are the experiences of mature learners on person-centred counselling courses within higher education?’ This paper discusses students’ perceptions of training and the ways in which they evaluate their status as professionals.
How biased are maximum entropy models of neural population activity

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Maximum entropy models have become popular statistical models in neuroscience and other areas of biology, and can be useful for quantifying the coding properties of sensory systems. However, maximum entropy models fit to small data sets can be subject to sampling bias; i.e. the true entropy of the system can be severely under-estimated. Here we study the sampling properties of estimates of the entropy obtained from maximum entropy models. We focus on the pairwise binary model, which is used extensively to model neural population activity. We show that if the data is well described by a pairwise model, the bias is equal to the number of parameters divided by twice the number of observations. However, if the higher order correlations in the data deviate from those predicted by the model, the bias can be larger. Using a phenomenological model of neural population recordings, we find that the additional bias due to higher-order correlations is largest for small firing probabilities, high correlations, and large population sizes. However, numerical studies indicate that even in the worst case, it is only about a factor of four larger. We derive guidelines for how much recording time one needs to achieve a bias which is smaller than some specified level of accuracy. Finally, we show how a modified plug-in estimate of the entropy can be used for bias correction.