jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
GST & FMCG Industry Impact

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The goods and services tax (GST) will be a game that will reform the reform of the Indian economy by developing a common Indian market and reducing the tax mix of the costs of goods and services. GST is a consumption-based tax levied on the sale, production and consumption of goods and services at the national level. Many taxes and VAT / sales tax, entertainment tax, onto- and import tax, sales tax, premium tax and lottery tax GST, including the central consumption tax, service tax, central tax and tax, are included. The fast moving consumer goods sector (FMCG) in India accounts for more than 50% of the food and beverage industry and covers 30% in the personal and home care sector, particularly in rural and urban areas (Subramanian, 2015). Under the proposed GST regime, particularly in sectors such as the FMCG, a simpler tax system is expected. Currently, the maximum tax costs of the sector amount to approximately 27% (or 12.5% ​​excise duty, 12% to 15% VAT). According to the GST scheme, the level of import neutrality will vary from 16% to 19%, suggesting that it delivers significant benefits for the sector.
DNA barcoding reveals multiple overlooked Australian species of the red algal order Rhodymeniales (Florideophyceae), with resurrection of Halopeltis J. Agardh and description of Pseudohalopeltis gen. nov.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The DNA barcode (COI-5P) was used to investigate cryptic diversity among Rhodymenia spp. in southern Australia. Whereas eight species are currently recognized, we uncovered ca. 20 genetic species groups, phylogenetically assigned to four genera in two families. Procumbent specimens with molecular and anatomical signatures of the Fryeellaceae are assigned to Pseudohalopeltis tasmanensis gen. et sp. nov. Collections from Lord Howe Island recorded in the field as Rhodymenia / Fauchea sp. are assigned to the poorly known genus Microphyllum as Microphyllum robustum sp. nov. A cluster of species with distinct molecular and anatomical attributes is included in a resurrected Halopeltis J.G. Agardh, including Halopeltis australis (J. Agardh) comb. nov. (type species); Halopeltis austrina (Womersley) comb. nov.; Halopeltis cuneata (Harvey) comb. nov. [including Rhodymenia halymenioides (J. Agardh) Womersley]; Halopeltis gracilis sp. nov.; Halopeltis prostrata sp. nov.; and Halopeltis verrucosa (Womersley) comb. nov. Four additional species of Halopeltis from Lord Howe Island (LH1, LH2), Tasmania (TAS), and Western Australia are not characterized further. For Rhodymenia sensu stricto, similar levels of cryptic diversity were noted. Samples tentatively field-identified as “ Rhodymenia sonderi ,” but having affiliations to Rhodymenia rather than Halopeltis, are referred to Rhodymenia novahollandica sp. nov. Collections field-identified as R. obtusa are genetically distinct from that species and are assigned to Rhodymenia wilsonis (Sonder) comb. nov. Two highly divergent species currently identified as Rhodymenia leptophylla (LH from Lord Howe Island; TAS from Tasmania), as well as two additional cryptic previously unnamed taxa from South Australia (SA) and Victoria (VIC), are not characterized further.
Studies on Flowering and Pollination Biology of Almond

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

【Objective】Almond(Amygdalus communis L.) is an important economic forest tree species in Xinjiang.Most of the almond varieties are allogamy plants and depend on the insect pollinators for their fruits set.The purpose of this study aims to make sure the composition of insect pollinator species and the efficiency of the dominant pollinators in almonds.【Method】Blossom characteristics and visitors' visitation were observed in the field during the flowering period.The pollinator efficiency was estimated by microscopic counting of the pollens deposited on the stigma and pollens remaining in anthers after a single visit to virgin flowers.【Result】The results showed that almond tree has a generalist pollination system,with bees,flies and butterflies being effective pollinators.In addition to the artificial breeding bees Apis mellifera and Osmia excavata,the wild bee Anthophora testaceipes is the main pollinator of local almond trees.There was no great difference in the deposited amount of pollens on the stigmas of the three kinds of bees,but they showed obvious difference of removing pollens in a single visit.Pollination efficiency of A.mellifera was lower than that of the other two bee species.Artificial breeding bees improved the fruit-setting obviously.【Conclusion】Almond belongs to generalist pollination system.A.testaceipes is the safest and most effective pollinator among the pollination vectors.
ChemInform Abstract: (E)‐3‐Halo‐2‐styryl‐4H‐chromen‐4‐ones: Synthesis and Transformation to Novel Pyrazoles.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

ChemInformVolume 45, Issue 9 Heterocyclic Compounds ChemInform Abstract: (E)-3-Halo-2-styryl-4H-chromen-4-ones: Synthesis and Transformation to Novel Pyrazoles. Joana P. A. Ferreira, Joana P. A. Ferreira Dep. Chem., Univ. Aveiro, P-3810 Aveiro, Port.Search for more papers by this authorVera L. M. Silva, Vera L. M. Silva Dep. Chem., Univ. Aveiro, P-3810 Aveiro, Port.Search for more papers by this authorJose Elguero, Jose Elguero Dep. Chem., Univ. Aveiro, P-3810 Aveiro, Port.Search for more papers by this authorArtur M. S. Silva, Artur M. S. Silva Dep. Chem., Univ. Aveiro, P-3810 Aveiro, Port.Search for more papers by this author Joana P. A. Ferreira, Joana P. A. Ferreira Dep. Chem., Univ. Aveiro, P-3810 Aveiro, Port.Search for more papers by this authorVera L. M. Silva, Vera L. M. Silva Dep. Chem., Univ. Aveiro, P-3810 Aveiro, Port.Search for more papers by this authorJose Elguero, Jose Elguero Dep. Chem., Univ. Aveiro, P-3810 Aveiro, Port.Search for more papers by this authorArtur M. S. Silva, Artur M. S. Silva Dep. Chem., Univ. Aveiro, P-3810 Aveiro, Port.Search for more papers by this author First published: 14 February 2014 https://doi.org/10.1002/chin.201409138Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume45, Issue9March 4, 2014 RelatedInformation
Control of mercury emissions using unburned carbon from combustion by-products

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Mercury emission from a flue gas such as that generated by a coal fired power plant is controlled by injecting into the flue gas unburned carbon purified from ash such as fly ash or wood ash. The unburned carbon adsorbs the mercury and is later removed from the flue gas by a particle separator. The unburned carbon collected from ash is significantly lower in cost compared to activated carbon presently used in such a process. The unburned carbon is concentrated in the sorbent by one or more separation processes used to remove noncarbon particles from the fly ash. These processes include gravity separation, electrostatic separation, froth flotation, magnetic separation and size classification. Mercury adsorption is further increased by oxidation of the carbon surface.
TREATMENTS FOR AVASCULAR NECROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD USING SHORT-STEM HIP ARTHROPLASTY

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) develops when the bone in the head of the femur dies and gradually collapses due to the disruption of its blood supply. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is the standard treatment for patients with late-stage ONFH. However, there is uncertainty about the type of prosthesis design that provides the best outcome. During the last decade, despite the increasing number of researches on short-stem prostheses, it is still questionable whether they represents a risk factor for failure after implantation. The aim of this study was to review researches comparing the outcome of short-stem and conventional-stem arthroplasty in ONFH and to present the pros and cons of short-stem hip arthroplasty in osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The short- to medium-term results showed predominantly good outcomes. However, due to differences in the design of short stems and their fixation, it is hard to draw a general conclusion. Short stems with primary diaphyseal fixation do not reveal a high increased risk of failed integration or loosening. For designs with a primary metaphyseal anchorage, an MRI should be conducted to exclude that the necrosis exceeds the femoral neck.
British Sociology in the Inter-War Years

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

When Auguste Comte (1839, p. 252) first coined the term 'sociology' he did not expect it to be so successful a discipline. Although of French origin, the term refers to many different disciplines in various parts of the world. Nowadays, for instance, sociology counts more students in England than in France (24,000 compared to 12,000) (Schnapper, 2005, p. 112). It seems that nowadays the clout and roots of sociology are clear and that the discipline, as is shown in this volume, is multifarious and covers a very wide range of subjects; from the sociology of religion to the sociology of economics. The success of sociology is now obvious, both intellectually and institutionally.
The effect of the plant lectins phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A on human T cell populations bearing receptors for IgG and IgM.

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

The effect of long-term culture with the plant lectins phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (con A) on the percentages of human T cells bearing Fc receptors for IgG (TG) and IgM (TM) was investigated. Con A produced an early increase in the percentage of TG cells as compared to control cells cultured without mitogen. TM cells decreased. PHA suppressed the percentages of both TG and TM. These changes were not due to loss of cell viability nor to loss of cell surface receptors in general since up to 98% of the cells continued to form sheep erythrocyte rosettes in the virtual absence of IgM Fc receptors.
EVOLUTION OF DISPUTE RESOLUTION THROUGH ARBITRATION IN INDONESIA DURING COVID-19

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Settlement of disputes in civil cases is not only resolved by the Court, but also through arbitration and alternative dispute resolution if the disputing parties agreed. The selection of this arbitration must be stated in the clause of the agreement which expressly chooses the arbitration. Civil cases that become the authority of this arbitration are only within the scope of the trade sector. The procedure for settlement through arbitration is different from the court, among others, the trial is closed and flexible, the decision is final and binding, the arbitrator is chosen by the parties and the decision is carried out by the court.
Office Based Shear Wave Elastography. Much More Than Just a Fibrosis Score

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: Shear-wave Elastography (SWE) utilizing the SuperSonic Imagine system not only obtains a liver stiffness (fibrosis) score but also, because it is a dedicated US machine obtains 2D/3D, power flow and color doppler images. The uncovering of additonal information beyond just severity of fibrosis in pts seen in everyday clinical practice may have advantages over just obtaining a fibrosis score alone. Methods: Consecutive pts seen in our office over a 15 month period in whom a Supersonic Imagine US with a XC6-L probe was undertaken were stratified into two groups; new pts and fu pts. All pts were entered into a database that prospectively recorded demographic and clinical data. In addition to performing SWE, all ptis had a limited RUQ US along with Doppler interrogation of the portal and hepatic veins. US findings were recorded and only previously unknown/unsuspected pertinent findings were noted. Results: 401 pts are included in the analysis, 205 new and 196 fu. Of the 205 new pt visits, 46 were for chronic hepatitis C tx eval, 3 for chronic hepatitis B, 49 for abnormal LFTs, 41 for abnormal outside imaging of liver, 25 for RUQ/epigastric pain, 23 for NASH screening and 18 for other assorted issues. US imaging findings deemed new/clinically pertinent were seen in 47 pts (23%) and included: gallstone(s) 17, hemangioma 6, right renal abscess 1, liver mass(es) 4, ascites 11, large GB polyp 2, large liver cysts 3, right pleural effusion 3, chronic pancreatitis 1, CBD stone 1, CBD dilation 1, and partial PVT 1. Of the 196 f/u pt visits, 73 were for Cirrhosis surv, 19 NASH, 18 Epi/RUQ pain, 15 abnl LFTs, 24 post Hep C cure, 16 abnormal liver imaging, AutoImmune Hepatitis 11, PBC 4, PSC 2, and other 14, 35 pts (18%) in this group had significant new US findings which included: gallstones (11), liver mass(es) 8, partial PVT 3, ascites 4, PV flow < 15 cm/s 2, new small < 1 cm liver hypoechoic solid nodules 3, dilated CBD 3, CBD stones 1, large GB polyp 1, 3 cm pancreatic cystic lesion 1, and a right pleural effusion 1, Conclusion: Use of Supersonic Imagine US can obtain not only a liver fibrosis score but has the added beneift of uncovering clincially significant hepatobiliary/pancreatic lesions. In our rural outpt clinical practice, 23% of new.pt visits and 18% of pts undergoiing fu of a variety of liver/GI related problems are found to have signifcant findings. Incoporation of in-office US imaging along with elastography appears to have a significant clinical benefit to patient care.
Fear of negative evaluation augments negative affect and somatic symptoms in social-evaluative situations

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The aim of this study was to determine whether fear of negative evaluation (FNE) moderates effects of eye contact on mood, bodily symptoms and physiological activity during social-evaluative situations. Facial blood flow, skin conductance, heart rate and respiration rate were recorded in 42 participants while they sang a children's song, while they were observed or made direct eye contact with the experimenter, and while they listened to an audiotape of themselves singing. Physiological responses were similar in high and low FNE groups. However, differences lay in the perception of bodily symptoms and ratings of negative affect, with the high FNE group reporting greater ratings. In addition, prior eye contact enhanced the perception of bodily symptoms in the high FNE group when they listened to the audiotape. Concern about the social consequences of displaying bodily disturbances such as trembling, blushing and sweating may explain these findings.
Nonsteady boundary layer flow including ionospheric drag and parallel electric fields

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A simple two‐dimensional model is developed for the perpendicular flow dynamics of boundary layers located on closed magnetic field lines in the equatorial magnetosphere. In addition to viscous damping in the equatorial region, nonlocal dissipation associated with the closure of field‐aligned currents in the ionosphere and field‐aligned potential drops is included and is shown to have two consequences: (1) coupling to the ionosphere causes large‐scale disturbances to decay anisotropically and (2) field‐aligned potential drops promote long‐lived fluctuations at scale lengths that can be comparable to the “inverted V” scale but which vary with the local Hartmann number (a measure of the ratio of ionospheric resistive friction to magnetospheric viscous friction). Depending on the degree of anisotropy, the combined effect is a tendency for the two‐dimensional flow to organize into either relatively isotropic eddies or essentially one‐dimensional striations. The limiting case of a one‐dimensional flow is considered with applications to the low‐latitude boundary layer and internal magnetospheric shear layers. A particular boundary layer equilibrium state is compared with observations of an ionospheric boundary layer region and is found to be in fair agreement with the observed properties for reasonable values of the model parameters. It is also shown, under certain conditions, that a monotonically varying internal shear layer can form paired oscillations in the electric field, which are characteristic of the so‐called “V shocks” that occur in and above the auroral acceleration region.
Steve’s Take: an Interview with Stephen King

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This book begins with a journey east across U.S. Route 2. Over the northern ridges of the Green Mountains of Vermont, through the White Mountains of New Hampshire, and into Maine, where the topography finally begins to flatten out. New England's northern tier consists of scattered towns, rolling meadows, impenetrable woods and bogs. This is Stephen King's country. Lancaster, New Hampshire, or Skowhegan, Maine could seamlessly be transformed into the sets for movie remakes of 'Salem's Lot, IT, or Stand by Me. KeywordsHorror StoryWonderful ThingTwin TowerUgly DucklingGeneral Electric Power PlantThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The role of PERK and GCN2 in basal and hydrogen peroxide-regulated translation from the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We have previously shown that translation from the HCV IRES is up-regulated by patho/physio- logical doses of H2O2 but is still sensitive to the inhibi- tory effect of phospho-eIF2a in hepatocytes. In this study using wild type and 'knockout' mouse embryonic fibro- blasts (MEFs), we showed that two of the eIF2a kinases, PERK and GCN2, were not responsible for translational regulation under physiological and a higher apoptotic doses of H2O2 (100 lM). However, a differential trans- lational response was observed at a lower apoptotic dose of H2O2 (50 lM) between Perk?/? and Perk-/- MEFs but not that between Gcn2?/? and Gcn2-/- MEFs, suggesting that PERK may play a role in translational up-regulation under oxidative stress. Our results also suggest that PERK mediates such an effect via an eIF2- independent pathway. This is in contrast to the canonical role of PERK on translational inhibition under stress conditions via phosphorylation of eIF2a. When tested for the role of PERK and GCN2 on basal translation from the HCV IRES under non-stressed condition, we found that basal translation from the HCV IRES was also favoured in the presence of PERK or GCN2 in MEFs over that of cap-dependent translation and was favoured in the presence of GCN2 but not PERK in Huh-7 cells. These results suggest that PERK and GCN2 also have a functional role on regulating translation under non-stres- sed conditions, apart from their long established roles as stress kinases.
Working to be Worthy: Shame and the Confucian Technology of Governing

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

That's what Lihua Xie, editor of Rural Woman magazine and Secretary General of the Development Centre for Rural Women in Beijing, wrote in one of her Rural Woman editorials to encourage rural women to be financially independent. Lihua Xie is one of the key advocates for equal rights for women, especially rural women. Her organizations run training programs to provide rural women with the knowledge and skills needed to lead an independent life. The words quoted above became the "spiritual motivation" (jingshen dongli) that inspired a rural woman, Xiaoli Wu, to take her young daughter and venture to Beijing to work after her painful divorce (Zhang 2009). It seems that both Lihuan Xie and Xiaoli Wu have internalized a conception of humanness that defines the state of being a human being through the existence of aspirational qualities.KeywordsRural WomanChinese Political ScientistConfucian TraditionBody Dysmorphic DisorderPsychological FoundationThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Production of polyclonal antibodies against Indian honeybee (Apis indica) venom toxins and its efficacy in reversal of toxic effects

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

In this study, the efficiency of polyclonal anti-honeybee venom (HBV) antibody was successfully explored in the form of reversal of toxic effects induced by the venom. Honeybee venom expresses its toxicity not only by allergic reactions but it also causes molecular toxicity by making alteration in enzymes and bio-molecules. To come out from these toxic effects, polyclonal antibodies were generated by immunizing albino mice. Antibody was partially purified by octanoic acid precipitation and by ammonium sulphate treatment. The presence of antibody in the antiserum was confirmed by immuno-double diffusion test. 40% of LD50 of bee venom was incubated with 400, 800, and 1200 µg of purified antibody and this incubated mixture was injected into experimental mice. Parallel to this, one set of mice were injected with only 40% of LD50 and another injected with only saline which was considered as the control. The venom injected group showed 89.69% decrease in serum protein content while free amino acid, uric acid, cholesterol, pyruvic acid, total lipid and glucose was increased by 112.5, 122.10,102.48,110.0, 125.0 and 107.22% respectively. Subsequently, venom dose also elevated serum ACP, ALP, GPT, GOT, LDH up to 126.92, 128.44, 136.66, 109.09, and 114.24%. Contrarily, it depleted the AchE activity. On the other hand, the group of experimental animals that received 40% of LD50 of venom incubated with purified antiserum showed a complete reversal of the above abnormalities in the content of serum bio-molecules and enzymes. Key words: Honeybee, enzyme, antiserum, toxin.
An Approximation Algorithm for the Bipartite Traveling Tournament Problem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The bipartite traveling tournament problem (BTTP) is an NP-complete scheduling problem whose solution is a double round-robin inter-league tournament with minimum total travel distance. The 2n-team BTTP is a variant of the well-known traveling salesman problem (TSP), albeit much harder as it involves the simultaneous coordination of 2n teams playing a sequence of home and away games under fixed constraints, rather than a single entity passing through the locations corresponding to the teams' home venues. As the BTTP requires a distance-optimal schedule linking venues in close proximity, we provide an approximation algorithm for the BTTP based on an approximate solution to the corresponding TSP. We prove that our polynomial-time algorithm generates a 2n-team inter-league tournament schedule whose total distance is at most 1 + 2c/3 + (3 − c)/(3n) times the total distance of the optimal BTTP solution, where c is the approximation factor of the TSP. In practice, the actual approximation factor is far better; we provide a specific example by generating a nearly-optimal inter-league tournament for the 30-team National Basketball Association, with total travel distance just 1.06 times the trivial theoretical lower bound.