jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Linear family of Lie brackets on the space of matrices $Mat(n\times m,\K)$ and Ado's Theorem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper we classify a linear family of Lie brackets on the space of rectangular matrices $Mat(n\times m,\K)$ and we give an analogue of the Ado's Theorem. We give also a similar classification on the algebra of the square matrices $Mat(n, \K)$ and as a consequence, we prove that we can't built a faithful representation of the $(2n+1)$-dimensional Heisenberg Lie algebra $\mathfrak{H}_n$ in a vector space $V$ with $\dim V\leq n+1$. Finally, we prove that in the case of the algebra of square matrices $Mat(n,\K)$, the corresponding Lie algebras structures are a contraction of the canonical Lie algebra $\mathfrak{gl}(n,\K)$.
Metric Distortion of Line-up Elections: The Right Person for the Right Job

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We provide mechanisms and new metric distortion bounds for line-up elections. In such elections, a set of $n$ voters, $m$ candidates, and $\ell$ positions are all located in a metric space. The goal is to choose a set of candidates and assign them to different positions, so as to minimize the total cost of the voters. The cost of each voter consists of the distances from itself to the chosen candidates (measuring how much the voter likes the chosen candidates, or how similar it is to them), as well as the distances from the candidates to the positions they are assigned to (measuring the fitness of the candidates for their positions). Our mechanisms, however, do not know the exact distances, and instead produce good outcomes while only using a smaller amount of information, resulting in small distortion. We consider several different types of information: ordinal voter preferences, ordinal position preferences, and knowing the exact locations of candidates and positions, but not those of voters. In each of these cases, we provide constant distortion bounds, thus showing that only a small amount of information is enough to form outcomes close to optimum in line-up elections.
Some features of mitochondrial gene pool of Maeotis in light of their relation to Cis-Asov nomads

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

New data on mitochondrial gene pool polymorphism of Maeotis (1st-3rd centuries CE) in the light of their relation with Sarmatian nomads are presented. Maeotis are more genetically various, compared to Sarmatians; both the age of Maeotian gene pool and their close interactions with neighboring tribes can be reasons for this. The study of relationships of Maeotis and Sarmatians suggests an intensive gene interchange between them, which influences significantly on the formation of the Maeotian gene pool.
Global Ocean Cycles of Mg, Si, P, N, C, O2 and Fe

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This chapter discusses the global cycles of key elements in the Earth’s geochemical system. These cycles are key for understanding what controls the composition of elements in seawater. They integrate the basic concepts of aquatic geochemical oceanography and integrate understanding from all the disciplines of oceanography. The starting point for all cycles is the mass balance approach, which consists of the balance between the sources and sinks for the ocean. We distinguish between the cycles for the ocean as a whole and the internal cycles within the ocean. The global geochemical cycles of magnesium, silicon, phosphorus, nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and iron are included.
1 Regulation of Assisted Reproductive Technologies in the United States

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The regulation of any social activity is a complex activity, and perhaps this is no more so than in medicine where the interests of patients, profes sionals, society, and government can be in conflict. A special area of regula tory concern involves assisted reproductive technologies (ART), which are medical procedures involving the laboratory manipulation of gametes (sperm and eggs). In vitro fertilization (IVF) is the most commonly performed ART, whereas other technologies include intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), preimplantation genetic diagnosis/screening (PGD/S) and assisted hatching (AH). The use of donor eggs (oocytes) and surrogates (gestational carrier, host uterus) are also considered ART procedures. Donor insemina tion (DI) by itself is generally not considered an ART procedure. Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) or has been classified into thera peutic cloning or the use of SCNT to produce cells and tissues that can be used to treat disease, and is considered appropriate by many people, and reproductive cloning, the use of SCNT to create a genetically identical individual, which is considered an inappropriate use of technology by almost everyone. ART technologies are also used to create stem cells for both research and potential therapeutic purposes. Why should these technologies be regulated, what should be regulated, how should it be done, and who should be responsible? These are difficult questions that have been answered differently in many countries and by
Establishment of Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyl Transferase Mutant from Human Liver Cancer Cell Line HepG2

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

To establish a hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase(HGPRT) deficient cell line from HepG2 cell line,so as to provide parent cells for hybridoma and monoclonal antibody study.The HepG2 cells were cultured with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine(MNNG) for mutation and selected by increasing concent ration of 6-thioguanine(6-TG).The 6-TG resistant mutant cells were cultured in the medium containing 6-TG or HAT.After four months of screening,a deficient cell line was established.It could grow vigorously in the medium containing 20 μg/mL 6-TG,while it all died within 12 days in the medium containing HAT.Karyotypic analysis showed that the number of the chromosomes of the deficient cells is between 32 and 88,with the modal number being 48.The 6-TG resistant and aminopterin-sensitive character of the mutant cell line reveals that it is deficient in HGPRT.The cell line established in this study will be a good parent cell line for preparation of hybridoma in the future.
Mathematical Communication, Conceptual Understanding, and Students' Attitudes Toward Mathematics

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This action research study of my 8th grade classroom investigated the use of mathematical communication, through oral homework presentations and written journals entries, and its impact on conceptual understanding of mathematics. This change in expectation and its impact on students’ attitudes towards mathematics was also investigated. Challenging my students to communicate mathematics both orally and in writing deepened the students’ understanding of the mathematics. Levels of understanding deepened when a variety of instructional methods were presented and discussed where students could comprehend the ideas that best suited their learning styles. Increased understanding occurred through probing questions causing students to reflect on their learning and reevaluate their reasoning. This transpired when students were expected to write more than one draft to math journals. By making students aware of their understanding through communicating orally and in writing, students realized that true understanding did not come from mere homework completion, but from evaluating and assessing their own and other’s ideas and reasoning. I discovered that when students were challenged to communicate their reasoning both orally and in writing, students enjoyed math more and thought math was more fun. As a result of this research, I will continue to require students to communicate their thinking and reasoning both orally and in writing.
Sebuah Studi Tentang Dialog Interreligius

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract: “The truth is that interreligious contacts, together with ecu- menical dialogue, now seem to be obligatory paths, in order to ensure that the many painful wounds inflicted over the course of centuries will not be repeated, and indeed that any such wounds still remaining will soon be healed” (John Paul II, Rome, November 13, 1992). By “obliga- tory path” the late John Paul II means that interreligious dialogue is one of the urgent ways for Christians as well as people of other faiths to cultivate a theological sense of togetherness. I have recently published such a topic in Dialog Interreligius: Historisitas, Tesis, Pergumulan, Wajah (Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2010). The book depicts a lengthly attempt to study interreligious dialogue from several perspectives. I would call such per- spectives “history, thesis, discourse, and face.” This article is a sort of executive summary of the research that indicates the methodology and face of the pastoral activities of a particular Church, Indonesia. Study of interreligious dialogue should include or even start from the existential experience of the very protagonists, i. e. local Churches that live their daily life with people of other faiths. Keywords: Dialog interreligius (Inter-religous dialogue), perspektif (persepctive), Konsili Vatikan II (Second Vatican Council), historisitas (his- toricity), tesis (thesis), wajah dialogal (dialogical picture), pastoral (pastoral).
Danube+20: More Jobs Due to Better Inland Water Transport?

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The Danube region is an area of Europe that has wide variations in terms of economic development levels and integration. There is a common belief that raising economic performance levels across these countries will deliver welfare gains and promote cooperation across borders. As part of the European Union Strategy for the Danube Region (EUSDR), a range of actions and projects have been formulated to stimulate the development of inland waterway transport, ranging from waterway infrastructure projects to port & terminal development and from educational programs to promotional initiatives. The set of measures aims to develop a more attractive and more efficient inland transport system, resulting in more effective and extended use of the Danube as a transport corridor. This development should contribute to employment growth in the IWT sector itself, in the sectors associated to IWT (e.g. ports and terminals) and in the sectors using IWT as a transport mode. To assess the possible effects of the actions and projects defined in the EUSDR, the European Commission commissioned a study, with the aim to estimate the employments levels that would be achieved if transport volumes on the Danube would increase by 20% in 2020 compared to 2010.
From Confrontation to Partnerships: The Role of a Dutch Non-Governmental Organization in Co-Creating a Market to Address the Issue of Animal Welfare

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Firms can play an important role in addressing the issue of animal welfare by creating markets for animal friendly products. This essay analyses th e co-creation of a market for animal friendly meat products by the joint effort of a Dutch NGO and the meat industry. The different stages of the process, from opposition to alignment, are analyzed and general implications are derived. The process follows four stages: (1) adopting a strategy to cooperate in order to overcome a legitimacy crisis, (2) adopting a moderate conflict model and imposing limiting conditions into the negotiations with businesses. The limiting conditions provide a basis for a co-creation process, (3) aligning business for co-creating a new product brand, and (4) broadening the scope towards market creation for animal friendly products. The phases of the issue-life-cycle show that interventions are dependent on the nature of the interaction and the existence of a business model. In case this does not exist, collaboration between an NGO and a number of firms can help in creating a market for latent demand into a market-oriented solution to a wicked problem.
A bridging study of fananserin in schizophrenic patients.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Fananserin is a potential antipsychotic compound with high affinity for both D4 and 5-HT2A receptors, and negligible affinity for D2 receptors. Because the tolerance for antipsychotic compounds often differs between schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects, this bridging study was designed to evaluate the tolerability of fananserin, to define the slow titration maximum tolerated dose in the target population, and to identify the most rapid well-tolerated rate of titration for this compound. Three rates of titration regimens were examined in a total of 26 schizophrenic patients in a parallel group design, following a 3-day placebo washout period from previous antipsychotic medication. The slow rate of titration (reaching the maximum dose of 600 mg/day in 16 days with 100-mg increases every 3 days) was well tolerated, but a rapid titration schedule (reaching 600 mg/day in 8 days with 200-mg increases every 3 days) resulted in hypotension in 3 of 6 patients and termination of the group on Day 10. An intermediate rate of titration (reaching 600 mg/day in 10 days with 100-mg increases every 2 days) was then examined and was well tolerated, with transient episodes of mild hypotension reported in 2 of 10 patients. Thus, although hypotension was identified as the dose-limiting adverse event in this study, a reduction in the titration rate was effective in reducing the incidence and severity of this side effect. In this study, schizophrenic patients administered multiple doses of fananserin tolerated doses 400 percent greater than the maximum tolerated single dose in healthy volunteers.
A new injectable biphasic hydrogel based on partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and nano hydroxyapatite, crosslinked with chromium acetate, as scaffold for cartilage regeneration

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Polymer scaffolds are applied in the field of tissue engineering as three dimensional structures to organize cells and present stimuli to direct generation of a desired damaged tissue. In situ gelling scaffolds have attracted great attentions, as they are structurally similar to the extra cellular matrix (ECM). In the present work, attempts have been made to design and fabricate a new injectable and crosslinkable biphasic hydrogel based on partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), chromium acetate as crosslink agent and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (nHAp) as reinforcing and bioactive agent for repair and regeneration of damaged cartilage. The distinct characteristic of HPAM is the presence of carboxylate anion groups on its backbone which allows to engineer the structure of the hydrogel for the desired bioactivity with appropriate cells differentiation towards both soft and hard (bone) tissues. The synthesized hydrogel exhibited bifunctional behavior which was derived by its biphasic structure in which one phase was loaded with nano hydroxyapatite to provide integration capability by subchondral bones and fix the hydrogel at cartilage defect without a need for suturing. The other phase differentiates the rabbit adipogenic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) towards soft tissue. Rheomechanical spectrometry (RMS) was employed to study the kinetic of the gelation including induction time and rate, as well as to measure the ultimate elastic modulus of the optimum crosslinked hydrogel. Surface tension measurement was also performed to tailor the surface characteristics of the gels. In vitro culturing of the cells inside the crosslinked hydrogel revealed high viability and high differentiation of the encapsulated rabbit stem cells, providing that the chromium acetate level was kept below 0.2 wt%. Based on the obtained results, the designed and fabricated biphasic hydrogel exhibited high potential as carrier for the stem cells for cartilage tissue engineering application with excellent injectability.
Creating a Sustainable E-Commerce Environment: The Impact of Product Configurator Interaction Design on Consumer Personalized Customization Experience

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Promoting consumers’ willingness to pay is crucial to creating a sustainable e-commerce environment, and the interaction design of the product configurator plays a key role in this. In the present study, the product configurator, which is indispensable in online customization, is adopted as the research object to analyze the influence of interaction design on the customization experience of consumers. The pricing method (total product pricing, incomplete total product pricing, and individual module pricing) and navigation design pattern (tabs and dropdown menu with arrow buttons) are adopted as independent variables, while system usability, flexible navigation capability, perceived control, perceived enjoyment, complexity and task performance are taken as dependent variables. One hundred and eighty college students participated in this study. The results of the 3 × 2 two-factor experiment reveal that: (1) Different navigation design patterns will lead to significant differences in system usability, flexible navigation capability, and perceived control of the product configurator, and tabs are better than dropdown menu with arrow buttons in these aspects. (2) Different pricing methods will significantly affect the perceived control of users. Under individual module pricing and incomplete total product pricing, perceived control is higher. (3) Different combinations of pricing methods and navigation design patterns will affect users’ evaluation of flexible navigation capability and complexity, and under the individual module pricing and incomplete total product pricing methods, users think that tabs have a higher flexible navigation capability and lower complexity. However, under the total product pricing method, users are convinced that dropdown menu with arrow buttons has a higher flexible navigation capability and lower complexity. The research results are of great significance to both interface interaction design and online customization. Furthermore, the interaction design method of price presentation and navigation design of the product configurator is analyzed to determine the most appropriate interaction design principles, so as to enhance the user experience of online customization and provide constructive ideas from the design perspective for online customization.
The Origins

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This chapter traces the origins of the Conti ransomware group by examining its connection to Ryuk, often cited as its forerunner. It explores how ransomware groups rarely emerge in isolation but instead evolve from pre-existing entities, with operators moving between groups, refining tactics, and repurposing infrastructure. Conti did not form from a completely new set of actors but rather as a reformation of earlier ransomware operations, sharing overlapping but not identical membership with its predecessors. This evolutionary process highlights the adaptability of ransomware groups, as experienced operators shift allegiances, adopt new tooling, and adjust their strategies. Understanding this lineage provides critical insight into how ransomware groups emerge, sustain operations, and expand their reach within the broader cybercriminal ecosystem.
CFS: A Review of Epidemiology and Natural History Studies.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Almost all studies with samples of patients who have chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have relied on referrals from physicians or health facilities. Under-served minorities, who not only tend to manifest higher levels of chronic illness, but are also less likely to seek and receive adequate medical care, have not been represented in these studies (1). This may have contributed to an under-estimation of CFS among minority groups (2). Few studies have derived their samples from socioeconomically and ethnically diverse community-based populations. A technical report issued by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (3) concluded that estimating rates of recovery/improvement or relapse from CFS are not possible because there are so few natural history studies and those that are available have involved selected referral populations. This paper provides a review of epidemiologic studies of CFS followed by a discussion of diagnostic issues and risk factors for the illness. Findings from Jason et al.'s (4) epidemiologic study in a multi-ethnic, economically diverse urban area are highlighted as this research group is now examining the natural course of CFS over the past 10 years with this community-based sample. The current study will add to current epidemiologic and risk factors research by assessing the course, progression, and risk factors of CFS among a demographically diverse sample of participants who are unbiased by illness, help-seeking behaviors, or differential access to the health care system.
On the analytical solution of single particle models and semi-analytical solution of P2D model for lithium-ion batteries

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The Doyle–Fuller–Newman (DFN) model serves as a fundamental electrochemical modelling framework widely used in the field of lithium-ion batteries, especially in its pseudo-two-dimensional (P2D) formulation. Despite its widespread use, the DFN model imposes significant computational demands, especially for tasks such as cell characterization and state estimation in electric vehicles' battery management systems (BMS). To mitigate these computational challenges, researchers have developed several reduced-order models. In this study, we tackle the associated computational efforts starting from the governing DFN equations. The analytical solutions for the transport equations in the electrode and the electrolyte are derived, considering generic time-varying boundary conditions under certain assumptions. The obtained exact solutions are then used to develop an analytical model for a single particle model with electrolyte dynamics (SPME) which provides higher predictive accuracy compared to a single particle model (SPM), especially in high C-rate scenarios, which are critical in many applications, including electric vehicles. Furthermore, the exact solution of lithium diffusion in active material particles is incorporated into the standard P2D model. This integration leads to a semi-analytical variant of the P2D model (SAP2D). A remarkable advantage of these analytical solutions is the significantly lower computational cost compared to corresponding numerical approaches. Spatial discretization becomes unnecessary, and the solutions can be obtained by a few explicit function evaluations. Moreover, when the time-varying boundary conditions are known, the need for time stepping is also eliminated.
THE UPTAKE KINETICS AND METABOLISM OF EXTRANEURONAL NORADRENALINE IN GUINEA‐PIG TRACHEA AS STUDIED WITH QUANTITATIVE FLUORESCENCE MICROPHOTOMETRY

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Extraneuronal uptake of noradrenaline and α‐methylnoradrenaline into single cells of guinea‐pig tracheal smooth muscle have been studied by means of quantitative fluorescence microphotometry. Fluorescence brightness due to accumulation of α‐methylnoradrenaline was dose‐dependent and was increased by the catechol‐ O ‐methyltransferase inhibitor drugs, tropolone or β‐thujaplicin (200 μM) but not by 3,4‐dimethoxy‐5‐hydroxybenzoic acid (200 μM). Fluorescence brightness due to accumulation of noradrenaline was increased if animals were pretreated with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor drug, nialamide. The study suggests that metabolism of amines by catechol‐ O ‐methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase can occur subsequent to extraneuronal uptake in guinea‐pig tracheal smooth muscle. The uptake of noradrenaline into tracheal smooth muscle was concentration‐dependent, saturable, and had a K m of 156 μM.