jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Differential effects of dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate and simple sugars on NK and LAK activities suggesting differences of their cytotoxic mechanism.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The increase of intracellular cyclic AMP levels suppresses the cytotoxic activities of lymphocytes and monosaccharides interfere with cell to cell and cell to cytokine interactions, and these effects on natural killer (NK)/antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) activities were examined. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP markedly suppressed NK, IL-2-augmented NK and ADCC activities in a dose-dependent manner but not previously induced LAK activity. Induction of LAK was inhibited. Dibutyryl cyclic GMP had no effect. Addition of mannose 6-phosphate and galactose 6-phosphate strongly inhibited NK and ADCC activities, but not LAK activity. These results suggest that the lytic mechanism for NK and ADCC activity is different from that of LAK activity.
Irish farms under climate change – is there a regional variation on farm responses?

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

SUMMARY The current paper aims to determine regional impacts of climate change on Irish farms examining the variation in farm responses. A set of crop growth models were used to determine crop and grass yields under a baseline scenario and a future climate scenario. These crop and grass yields were used along with farm-level data taken from the Irish National Farm Survey in an optimizing farm-level (farm-level linear programming) model, which maximizes farm profits under limiting resources. A change in farm net margins under the climate change scenario compared to the baseline scenario was taken as a measure to determine the effect of climate change on farms. The growth models suggested a decrease in cereal crop yields (up to 9%) but substantial increase in yields of forage maize (up to 97%) and grass (up to 56%) in all regions. Farms in the border, midlands and south-east regions suffered, whereas farms in all other regions generally fared better under the climate change scenario used in the current study. The results suggest that there is a regional variability between farms in their responses to the climate change scenario. Although substituting concentrate feed with grass feeds is the main adaptation on all livestock farms, the extent of such substitution differs between farms in different regions. For example, large dairy farms in the south-east region adopted total substitution of concentrate feed while similar dairy farms in the south-west region opted to replace only 0·30 of concentrate feed. Farms in most of the regions benefitted from increasing stocking rate, except for sheep farms in the border and dairy farms in the south-east regions. The tillage farms in the mid-east region responded to the climate change scenario by shifting arable production to beef production on farms.
The Court of the Eurasian Economic Union: Challenges of Functioning

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The Court of Eurasian Economic Union is envisaged by the Treaty on EAEC (Eurasian Economic Community) as one of the bodies of the Union. Its principal aim is to ensure uniform application of the Treaty and compliance of the agreements adopted by the Union member states as well as acts of the Union bodies with the Treaty.All member states, bodies of the Union and, in certain cases, economic entities has the right of appeal to the Court. The Court is empowered to adjudicate cases of disputes arisen within the framework of the Union as well as to issue advisory opinions. Court decisions are binding while advisory opinions are of suggestive nature. When hearing cases, the Court applies the Treaty on EAEC, international treaties of the states concluded within the framework of the Union and norms of international law.Established in 2015, the Court of EAEC appeared to be in demand among the states, economic entities and bodies of EAEC. The analysis of the activities of the Court and its legal framework enabled to identify a number of outstanding issues related to the status and organization of the activities of the Court. Thus, the competence of the Court as stipulated by the Statute does not reflect the power (as stipulated by the Treaty) of the Highest Eurasian Economic Union to appeal to the Court with a request. The limits of competence of the Court are not clearly and sufficiently denoted, the fact that might serve grounds for the unwarranted expansion thereof. The procedure for initiation of issuance of advisory opinions and termination of proceedings in such cases is not sufficiently regulated. There is no clarity as to the legitimacy of the collective dissenting opinions of judges.The analysis of the Court practice shows that in broad terms it fulfills its mandate. The decisions adopted by it enabled to elaborate critical legal positions and clarify many practical issues in such areas as functioning of the Customs Union and internal market of the Union, general principles and rules of competition, protective measures for internal market and transportation policy.
A null model for cortical representations with grandmothers galore

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

There has been extensive discussion in the literature about the extent to which cortical representations can be described as localist or distributed. Here we discuss a simple null model that encompasses a family of related architectures describing the transformation of signals throughout the parts of the visual system involved in object recognition. This family of models constitutes a rigorous first approximation to explain the neurophysiological properties of ventral visual cortex. This null model contains both distributed and local representations throughout the entire hierarchy of computations and the responses of individual units are meaningful and interpretable when encoding is adequately defined for each computational stage.
Maintaining financial stability in Asia and the Pacific

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Most Asia-Pacific economies have maintained a largely accommodative monetary policy stance in the past decade. However, lower policy rates have not been fully translated into stronger growth, but contributed to financial instability in terms of higher private debt, which harms long-term economic growth. A prudent approach to monetary policy would be needed to focus on maintaining price and financial stability. Policy makers shall accompany traditional monetary policies with macroprudential policies and regulations to strike a balance between supporting short-term growth prospects while containing the build-up of financial risks.
Shear sensor for lower limb prosthetic applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Lower limb amputees using a prosthetic device often suffer from mechanically-induced skin injuries. Shear stresses are believed to play a significant role in the formation of these skin injuries. The work presented in this paper is aimed at creating a new class of adaptive prosthetic and orthotic interfaces involving a capacitive shear stress sensor. The sensor design and transfer function are discussed. A few preliminary test results demonstrating the functionality of the sensor are also presented.
Peptic Ulcer Healing Activity of Fruit Pulp Extract and Seed Oil of Adansonia digitata Linn

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Adansonia digitata (AD) Linn has been used to cure PU in Ayurveda but its efficacy has not been validated. The current study was so carried out to evaluate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Adansonia digitata fruit pulp (ADFP), n hexane extract of Adansonia digitata seed oil (ADSO) & their combination (ADFP+ADSO) in rats. The effect of AD on gastric ulcer in pylorus ligation induced and ethanol induced models was studied using doses [ADFO (500 mg/kg), ADSO (300 mg/kg) & combination of ADFP & ADSO] for 10 days. Omeprazole (10 mg/kg) were used as the standard drug. Depending on the model, outcomes measures were gastric volume, pH, free acidity, total acidity, ulcer index, percentage inhibition of ulcer index, protein, pepsin, mucus, antioxidant marker enzyme level (Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Lipid peroxidation), morphological & Histopathological study. The result obtained with combination was set up near to the standard drug and consequence showed that the combination of ADFP & ADSO was found to be more effective than the individual extract of AD. The outcomes were statistically evaluated with the one-way ANOVA followed by the test of Dennett’s‘t’. The secondary-metabolites such as flavonoids, proteins, saponins, tannins, phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids and Fatty acids (palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid) are potent as antioxidant, antiulcer and anti-inflammatory. The finding of this reading confirmed that AD has antiulcer activity due to 1 or more of the secondary-metabolites present in it. Therefore, this study validates its antiulcer use in Ayurveda. Future investigation on separation of specific phytochemicals and elucidate MOA are needed.
Investigating the Function of Check Dams on Sediment Control(Case Study: Watersheds of Eghlid, Marvdasht & Mamasani Regions of Fars Province)

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Check dams are one of the most common alternatives for reducing watershed's sediment production, controlling erosion, stabilizing stream long profile and recharging water tables. In the Fars province, 70% of recent watershed measures for erosion and flood control consist of check dams. Considering that the function of check dams is related to environmental condition, therefore it may not be vise to judge about their function only on the basis of limited observations. So, this research has been carried out to determine the technical function of check dams in Fars province. In this research, 1056 check dams were investigated in Tavileh-Band watershed located in Eqlid, Tange-Shoul watershed located in Marvdasht and Jonagan watershed located in Mamasani of Fars province, and the capacity of check dams sedimentation and the volume of deposited sediments by existing check dams was determined by measuring and empirical methods. Meanwhile, sediment calculation was carried out by MPSIAC method. The results of the analyses and comparison of the amount of settled sediment with the amount of total generated sediment in each watershed indicated that, within 10 years, considerable amount of sediment were trapped behind the check dams at Eghlid and Marvdasht region. But because the check dams were damaged, part or all of the trapped sediment gradually escaped. Not repairing the damaged check dams allows the sediment to gradually tranport out of the watershed. Apart from the partial destruction of check dams, due to neglecting technical points in the construction of check dams such as choosing improper abutments of check dams or optimum parameters like the distance between the check dams in each channel system, the whole sedimentation capacity of check dams is not applied. At Mamasani region due to the perfect construction of the check dams and their stability, it's hopefully expected that in the following years much more sediment will be controlled, provided that the check dams are preserved well. According to the analyses, if all the steps of a watershed project including study, execution and maintenance management were carried out properly, it can be concluded that check dams will be completely efficient in all aspects of erosion and sediment management.
Oxidative Palladium Catalyzed Cross Coupling C-O Bond Formation: Synthesis of Aryl Benzoates

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Esterification is an elementary transformation in the domain of organic chemistry. A facile methodology is presented for palladium catalyzed direct oxidative carboxylation of iodoarenes with benzoic acids. The reaction is successful with catalytic amount of palladium via direct oxidative coupling with benzoic acids in the presence of oxidant (TBHP). The method proceeds with high selectivity and broad substrate scope under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, this catalytic process performed under environmentally benign conditions as water in the TBHP used as the solo reaction medium. Interestingly, this catalytic process showed very good tolerance for many functional groups.
Book Reviews: Two New Books on Pagan Ritual

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Back in the dark ages when many of us started Wicca, we were starved for knowledge and, being of the intellectual bent, headed to our nearest libraries and book stores looking for revealing tomes. What we found were abstruse esoterica only indirectly relayed to our doings, or decidedly spare recipe books of 'spells' and a few rituals. There were few sources that provided satisfactory 'whole cloth' rituals, nor were there books that explored the implications and obligations of doing magic.
Packet size based dynamic scheduling for assured services in Diffserv network

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Diffserv (Differentiated Service) [1] is a promising technique to realize scalable QoS control in the Internet. Therefore, extensive efforts have been made regarding the practical use of this technique. Diffserv has already been introduced in some networks. Control functions for Diffserv are installed in the edge router and core router. This enables a scalable QoS control as mentioned above. Herein we propose a new active queue management scheme for AF services guaranteeing minimum bandwidth provided that RIO and WFQ are used as the basic QoS control mechanisms. The proposed method dynamically controls queue threshold values of RIO and bandwidth allocation of WFQ taking into account the packet sojourn time and packet size of each head of line packet. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme reduces the packet delay time for higher‐priority QoS classes when packets with longer size are frequently transmitted. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(1): 12–20, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20151
Walking shadows: Shakespeare in the National Film and Television Archive

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The National Film and Television Archive collection of Shakespeare productions ranges from the first Shakespearean film ever made (King John in 1899) to the most recent television recordings. This book presents a critique of these holdings - the conventional renditions of the plays, the operas, documentaries, animation and commercials, and the parodies. In total, this amounts to over 400 titles. This text also features an introductory essay on the history of filmed Shakespeare, individual essays on specific aspects of the collection and a guide to other audio-visual Shakespearean materials.
The Hormesis of Thinking: A Deeper Quantum Thermodynamic Perspective?

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

We are able to read this because of quantum and thermodynamic principles that via an inorganic proton gradient, possibly generated 4.2 billion years ago, gave rise to a system that has an awareness of time and space by using energy to integrate information.Life can be described as a dissipative system driven by an energy gradient that uses information to positively reinforce its self-sustaining structure, which in turn increases its non-linear decisional capacity.Key in the evolution of life has been stress coupled to natural selection, which usually meant an increased demand for energy.As hormesis describes the adaptive response to stress, we propose that hormesis embraces not only the evolution of life, but that of intelligence itself, as natural selection would favour systems that enhances its efficiency.A component of the hormetic response in eukaryotes is the mitochondrion, which itself relies on quantum effects such as tunnelling.This suggests that quantum effects control the stability of individual cells as well as long-lived cellular networks.Hormesis, which can be anti-inflammatory, is therefore key in maintaining the functional stability of complex systems, including the brain.In contrast, a lack of classical hormetic factors, such as physical activity, plant polyphenols, or calorie restriction, will lead to accelerated cognitive decline, which is associated with increased inflammation.However, there may be another previously unidentified factor that could also be considered hormetic, and that is thinking itself.Here we propose that the process of "thinking", and managing complex movement, induces "stress" in the neuronal system and is therefore in itself part of maintaining cognitive health and reserve throughout life.In effect, the right amount of thinking and information processing can beneficially induce adaptation, and this itself could be explainable by quantum thermodynamics.
Training a Camera Based Inspection System for Appearance Variability

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This thesis considers the problem of variability in the appearance of machine parts while performing automated camera-based inspections in an appliance manu- facturing plant. In an appliance manufacturing plant, machine parts are inspected to find any defects which might have occurred while assembling them. Training the system for the different appearances of these parts is important for detecting defects with high accuracy and precision. Machine parts have a lot of variability in their ap- pearance and it is a difficult and time consuming task to train the inspection system for the same. Previously, a tool (clustering) was developed by our group that could automatically learn the different appearances of machine parts that needed inspec- tion [7]. In this thesis, we perform different experiments using the tool with a goal of training an inspection system prototype for the learned variability. To do our exper- iments, we collected a total of 249,371 images for 9 inspection problems. A manual review of the data identified a range of 2-180 defects per problem. Our inspection system prototype, post training, achieved a range of 83% - 100% defect detection with a range of 0.0-2.9 false alarms per defect for 8 out of the 9 inspection problems. One of inspection problems was not firm in its structure, and in our experiments we could only find 50 % of the defects with a false alarms per defect rate of 5.0. Based on these results, we have designed a decision tree that could be used by engineers for training an inspection system for new inspection problems, for appearance variability.
Mothers Raising Daughters: New Complexities in Cultural Socialization for Children Adopted From China

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examined the process of cultural socialization among 6- to 8-year-old girls adopted from China, with a focus on adoptive mothers' decisions about their children's socialization and children's interest in and knowledge about China and being Chinese. Qualitative interviews of 10 mothers and their children were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Three main categories were identified to further specify parental cultural socialization: (1) motivation, (2) approaches to differences, and (3) type of activities that differed in their contextual layers and their degree of structure. Findings additionally revealed the interplay between parents' cultural socialization practices and children's interest in socialization, patterns of participation, and knowledge and understanding about China or being Chinese. Results suggest that parental cultural socialization in families with children adopted internationally and transracially is more dynamic, complex, and layered than previously thought.
Effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid in broiler breeders and egg storage time on the fatty acid profile, lipid oxidation and internal egg quality

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Context The need for the storage of fertile eggs is a reality in the poultry industry. At the same time, prolonged storage periods decrease the quality of egg components that are essential for embryo development, and can compromise hatchability and chick quality; thus, the high content of unsaturated fatty acids in embryo tissues increase the susceptibility to peroxidation. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the addition of cis-9, trans-11, trans-10 and cis-12 isomers of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to the broiler-breeder diet and the storage time on the internal egg quality, composition and lipid oxidation. Methods In total, 22 000 Cobb female broiler breeders of 58 weeks of age were fed with diets containing 0 or 0.024% CLA and fertile eggs were stored 3, 6 or 9 days prior to incubation. In total, 6912 hatching eggs were used in a completely randomised experimental design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement (CLA inclusion × egg storage time). At the end of each storage period, 30 eggs per dietary treatment were sampled to analyse yolk and albumen height, percentage and pH, yolk:albumen ratio, yolk diameter and index, Haugh unit (HU), yolk lipid oxidation, acidity and fatty acid profile. Key results The progression of storage negatively affected the internal quality of the eggs; however, inclusion of CLA minimised these effects up to Day 6, especially for yolk diameter, HU, height and albumen pH. The total lipid content was not affected by the dietary treatments; however, CLA inclusion resulted in a higher proportion of stearic acid and a lower concentration of linoleic acid in yolks. Conclusions The changes observed in fatty acid profile of the eggs may have favoured the reduction of lipid oxidation, as shown by the decrease in the acidity index and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) values at shorter storage periods. Implications The dietary addition of CLA to broiler breeders may be used to preserve the egg internal quality during a short-term storage period.
The Incidence of the Cymothoid Isopod Lironeca calif ornica on Fishes in Campbell Cove, Sonoma County, California

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Observations were made on the infestation of iBishes in Campbell Cove near Bodega Harbor, Sonoma County, California, by the cymothoid isopod, Li- roneca californica. Three of 1 7 species of fishes were found to be hosts for this parasite, including the two most abundant species, Cymatogaster aggregata and Atherinops affinis (28.8% and 3.5% infestations, respectively). This parasite was found only in the opercular cavities of the infested fishes. No correlation was found between the length of the isopod and the standard length of the fish host. In C aggregata, isopods were found more frequently on larger specimens. Larger isopods were found on C aggregata than on A. affinis. In the laboratory, live isopods were observed to infest fish species in addition to those that were infested in the wild.
Isolation and Characterization of Rice Prolamin

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Rice prolamin, constituting 10, 13 and 16 kDa polypeptides, is indigestible and may work as a kind of ‘resistant protein’. To investigate the effective method for isolation of prolamin, in this study, prolamin fractions were extracted from defatted rice flour by 70% ethanol, 55% and 60% n-propanol, 55%, 60% and 100% ethylene glycol, and 60% isopropanol, respectively. The isolated prolamin fractions were compared and characterized by yield, efficiency of extraction and SDS-PAGE patterns. Our results indicated that the optimum extraction condition for isolation of prolamin was 55% n-propanol, with 13 kDa and 16 kDa as the dominant fractions in prolamin.