jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Contracting with the Expert Witness

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

This chapter proposes means and methods of protecting the forensic examiner/assistant from contamination or infection emanating from a living or deceased individual. Every examinee should be considered potentially chemically, virally, or bacterially contaminated or infectious, particularly since the era of terrorism. There is also the possibility of radioisotope contamination from the use of a "dirty bomb." The simple act of photographing or recording a person's or body's condition can lead to contamination issues. Airborne pathogens such as anthrax or those causing severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) can be transferred from examinee to equipment and, ultimately, be inhaled or absorbed by third parties. Hepatitis B and C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and other pathogenic diseases can be present with no obvious outward signs.
MACROPHAGE REACTIVITY IN SKIN WINDOW OF SARCOIDOSIS PATIENTS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

We investigated 582 cases of sarcoidosis by the skin-window (Rebuck) method. The number of macrophages appearing in skin windows was significantly increased in 432 patients with sarcoidosis in the active phase. Further, increased numbers of macrophages in the windows were found in patients with a positive Kveim-Siltzbach test, high immunoglobulin levels, increased B lymphocytes, and decreased T lymphocytes. Passive transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity was weaker and shorter in sarcoidosis patients with increased presence of macrophages than in healthy controls. A close correlation between high macrophage reactivity and the other sepcific immunological factors in sarcoidosis is suggested.
¿Cómo hacer chicha en Córdoba? Reflexiones en torno a los aspectos políticos y materiales de la producción de chicha por inmigrantes bolivianos

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Beverages and food might be considered as instances with a special daily routine, and with a poeticand a special gastro-politic, which implicates in the everyday reproduction and in the sense ofmembership in a group. In these instances different subjects and materialities convergence, whicharticulates in a process in which themselves are defined. From this perspective, it interests us toreflect around the «chicha» (a fermented beverage based on maize) production processes from the viewof the Bolivian women immigrants and it articulation with other contexts in the city of Córdoba(Argentina). We consider that it exists a tension between the necessity to count with this beverage forcertain celebrations and the difficulty to produce it, and the tension which are inscribed in the marginalsituations that experience the majority of the immigrants. To approximate the gastro-politics thatunfolds in these production processes, we concentrate on the trajectories of the «chichera» women, asthe source materials and other necessities for its elaboration
Documentary vs. descriptive linguistics in the study of Saami languages

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The Saami languages, a branch of the Uralic language family, are a group of nine rather closely related but mutually mostly unintelligible languages spoken by the indigenous Saami people of Central and Northern Scandinavia, Northern Finland and extreme Northwestern Russia. All of the languages are either endangered, mostly seriously so, or moribund. The study of Saami languages has a very long tradition in the field of Uralic linguistics. Even though the research tradition has been heavily oriented towards historical linguistics, previous generations of scholars have also compiled vast amounts of primary language materials such as audio recordings and texts. In this sense, thus, most Saami languages can be characterized as very well documented. From a descriptive point of view, however, the situation is somewhat different: adequate reference grammars are few, and dictionaries of many languages are in an outdated format, employing a narrow phonetic transcription. Himmelmann (1998) has drawn attention to the distinction between ‘documentary’ and ‘descriptive’ linguistics, emphasizing the importance of extensive primary documentation that can serve a variety of linguistic and other purposes. In contrast, work aiming at the description of less studied languages has often been oriented towards the publication of reference grammars and dictionaries, sometimes altogether skipping the step of archiving and publication of primary linguistic data. In the case of Saami languages the situation is almost a reverse one: there is a huge amount of archived or published primary linguistic material, whereas descriptive work is more limited, or in the case of some languages almost entirely lacking. In my presentation I will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of this data-oriented or ‘documentary’ tradition. In particular, I will examine how the extant materials facilitate grammatical description (e.g., writing of reference grammars) as well as practical efforts at language revitalization. It will be seen that while the existence of extensive linguistic corpora is in many ways beneficial to both endeavors, the situation is nevertheless not as ideal as proponents of a broad ‘documentary’ approach have envisioned. Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (1998). Documentary and Descriptive Linguistics. -- Linguistics 36:161-195.
Hybrid Mimulus flowers attract a new pollinator

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

· Hybridization is common in flowering plants and is believed to be an important force driving adaptation and speciation. The flowers of hybrids often have new trait combinations, which, theoretically, could attract new pollinators.· In this study, we found that the hybrids between a hummingbird-pollinated species Mimulus cardinalis and a self-pollinated species Mimulus parishii attract bumblebees (Bombus impatiens), a pollinator not attracted to either of the progenitor species.· This novel attraction is explained by novel combinations of floral traits in hybrids, including most importantly petal color, in addition to nectar concentration and corolla size. To understand how petal color variation is perceived by bumblebees, we modelled the flower appearance under bee vision and showed that the color variation could impact the easiness of detection. We also found that YUP, the genetic locus explaining a large portion of color variation and previously shown to be important in bee attraction in other Mimulus species, also played an important role in this novel attraction.· These results together suggest that hybrid plants’ attraction to new pollinators could be an underexplored avenue for pollinator shift and speciation.
Downs Revisited: Spatial Models of Party Competition and Left—Right Measurements

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Thirty years ago, Anthony Downs spelled out a spatial theory of party competition that was already familiar, especially in continental European politics, dating back to the invention of the concepts "Left" and "Right" during the French Revolution. Despite the availability of the Left/Right scale as an empirical instrument, relevant research has failed to become cumulative, taking three divergent directions: one concentrating on ideology, another on self-placement data, and yet another on abstract mathematical models. When these isolated approaches are eventually integrated, it may indeed be shown that spatial theory is "a complete scientific theory," as was recently claimed. The Left/Right spatial framework holds such a promise even though some of the objections it has raised represent a true challenge for future research.
Network architecture using network address translation mechanism for network with unidirectional links

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we present a network architecture using satellite communications (a wide-area unidirectional communication medium) and a ground network (a two-way communication medium) that is effective in an environment exhibiting a trend toward nonsymmetrical traffic, as well as the implementation of such an architecture. Unidirectional data transmission channels have poor compatibility with the existing Internet routing control architecture, and they do not make the best use of wide-band unidirectional links offered by existing routing control techniques used in the satellite communications. In this study, we propose an architecture based on unidirectional links integrated into existing Internet routes that enables the party requesting the data transmission to send, using an address translation mechanism, a query to the sending party using multiple network addresses of satellite and ground links. Effectiveness of the network address translation mechanism was demonstrated by experiments using actual satellite communication links and simulation based on a LAN environment. At the present time, the increasing use of the Internet in residences and small offices leads to increasing traffic, especially in the direction of information acquisition from outside sources rather than from the users to outside networks. The proposed architecture makes it possible to build satellite communication channels representing a wide-area broadcast-type communication medium that can be used as communication routes suited to this increasing traffic trend. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 83(12): 93–103, 2000
The Productivity Commission Inquiry Report into Mental Health—A Commentary from a Health Economics Perspective

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract The Productivity Commission's Inquiry Report into Mental Health makes extensive recommendations to improve population mental health as a means of further enhancing productivity and economic growth. While providing an invaluable high‐level vision for reforming current mental health and social systems at a programmatic level, it lacks supporting evidence that would guide implementation of specific recommendations. We discuss important methodological considerations used to measure the output of the mental health sector and present clinical and cost‐effectiveness evidence, supporting selected recommendations. We suggest the development of a broad‐based health technology assessment process to facilitate consistent decision making across health and other government sectors.
Immunological study of freshwater crayfish nervous tissue for receptors for neurotrophins and ciliary neurotrophic factor

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Neurotrophic factors support survival of neural and glial cells under injuring impacts to mammalian nerve tissue. In invertebrates elements of neurotrophic signaling system (receptors and ligands) were not found for a long time, while phenomenology indicates that cytoprotective neuroglial communication involving neurotrophins, probably, occurs. Presence of proteins immunologically similar to receptors of neurotrophic factors—NGF, BDNF and CNTF—in freshwater crayfish nerve tissue was studied in this work. The proteins similar to low affinity neurotrophins receptor p75, as well as similar to ciliary neurotrophic factor receptor CNTFR were found. In the stretch receptor organ of freshwater crayfish immunostaining for p75 receptors was mainly localized in the receptor neurons, whereas immunostaining for CNTFR was most pronounced in certain glial cells.
A New Group of Plant-Derived Naphthoquinone Pesticides

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A series of compounds with structures based on insecticidal/acaricidal naphthoquinones isolated from Calceolaria andina has been synthesised. A feature of the series is the lack of resistance shown by strains resistant to established classes of pesticides. The importance for activity of the tetra-substituted carbon atom in the side-chain, as observed in the natural products, has been investigated. In analogues with acyclic side-chains the position of the tetra-substituted carbon for optimum activity was dependent on the length of the side-chain. With cyclic side-chains, activity was dependent on the size of the ring, the number and position of the substituents therein. Activity of the compounds examined was particularly high against Bemisia tabaci and Tetranychus urticae in direct-contact tests, but was much lower than expected in leaf-dip tests. A partial improvement based on formulation has been demonstrated. © 1997 SCI
Comprehensive Thermodynamic Analysis of Steam Storage in a Steam Cycle in a Different Regime of Work: A Zero-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Approach

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Due to the current trends aiming to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by increasing the use of renewable energy sources, changes are required in the operation of coal-fired steam units. The unstable nature of renewable energy sources, depending on weather conditions, means that the amount of energy produced varies and is not always in line with peak demand. To ensure the security and stability of energy supplies in the energy system, renewable sources should cooperate with units independent of environmental conditions. With conventional steam systems, the main issue of such energy storage applied to steam turbine units is presented in this article, which, in the event of a need for a sudden reduction of the system load, prevents overloading of the boiler and turbines, improving the safety of the system. This article presents a thermodynamic model of this energy storage. A zero-dimensional (0D) model was implemented, including the operating parameters of the unit. This model directly relates to the thermodynamic parameters defined at specific points of the thermodynamic cycle. Based on the 0D model, it was shown that the process of loading the energy storage with steam leads to a load reduction of up to 4%. Conversely, when discharging the stored energy, the net power of the steam block may increase by 0.4%. For more detailed analysis, a three-dimensional (3D) nonequilibrium with including cross effects approach was applied. This approach is based on flow models, with phase transitions that determine temperature fields, densities, and phase transition in relevant space, and is used for more accurate analysis. Here, we investigate the relationship between the 0D and 3D approaches in the context of steam storage. The combination of these two approaches is the fundamental novelty of this article.
Kähler-type Embeddings of Balls into Symplectic Manifolds

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Consider a symplectic embedding of a disjoint union of domains (lying in the standard symplectic R2n) into a symplectic manifold M. We say that such an embedding is Kähler- type, or respectively tame, if it is holomorphic with respect to some (not a priori fixed, Kähler-type) integrable complex structure on M compatible with the symplectic form, or respectively tamed by it. Assume that M is either of the following: a complex projective space (with the standard symplectic form); an even-dimensional torus, or a K3 surface, equipped with an irrational Kähler-type symplectic form. Then any two Kähler-type embeddings of a disjoint union of balls into M can be mapped into each other by a symplectomorphism acting trivially on homology. If the embeddings are holomorphic with respect to complex structures compatible with the symplectic form and lying in the same connected component of the space of Kähler-type complex structures on M, then the symplectomorphism can be chosen to be smoothly isotopic to the identity. For certain M and certain disjoint unions of balls we describe precisely the obstructions to the existence of Kähler-type embeddings of the balls into M. In particular, symplectic volume is the only obstruction for the existence of Kähler-type embeddings of ln equal balls (for any l) into CPn with the standard symplectic form and of any number of possibly different balls into a torus or a K3 surface, equipped with an irrational symplectic form. We also show that symplectic volume is the only obstruction for the existence of tame embeddings of disjoint unions of equal balls, polydisks, or parallelepipeds, into a torus equipped with a generic Kähler-type symplectic form. For balls and parallelepipeds the same is true for K3 surfaces.
An Empirical Study on Relationship between Regional Logistics Industry Development and Economic Growth Based on Logistic Model

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

By taking Sichuan Province as an example, the logistic model is used to analyze the quantitative relation between regional logistics industry development and regional economic growth.The promotional effect of logistics industry on economy in Sichuan is quantified through marginal utility analysis and elastic analysis.Finally, policy suggestions of promoting the development of modern logistics industry are proposed.
Packaging and transportation studies on apples.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Red Delicious apples from Himachal Pradesh packed in wooden packaging cases with \nimproved interior packaging variation-2 ply (100/l00 gsm) CFB as liners, partition \nplates and 3 ply (100/100/100 gsm) CFB as ribbon is recommended for long distance \ntransportation as it reduces bruising and damage to a very great extent, enabling \ngrower and trader to realise reasonable price for their commodity and the consumer, \nquality produclwfor his money. Though apples in 5 ply corrugated fibre board boxes \nwith the same interior packaging variation as above showed comparable quality, it \nis not feasible, as wet strength kraft is not manufactured in India at present.
Tackling field-portable Raman spectroscopy of real world samples

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A major challenge confronting first responders, customs authorities and other security-related organisations is the accurate, rapid, and safe identification of potentially hazardous chemicals outside a laboratory environment. Currently, a range of hand portable Raman equipment is commercially available that is low cost and increasingly more sophisticated. These systems are generally based on the 785nm Stokes shifted Raman technique with many using dispersive grating spectrometers. This technique offers a broad range of capabilities including the ability to analyse illicit drugs, explosives, chemical weapons and pre-cursors but still has some fundamental constraints. 'Real world' samples, such as those found at a crime scene, will often not be presented in the most accessible manner. Simple issues such as glass fluorescence can make an otherwise tractable sample impossible to analyse in-situ. A new generation of portable Raman equipment is currently being developed to address these issues. Consideration is given to the use of longer wavelength for fluorescence reduction. Alternative optical designs are being tested to compensate for the signal reduction incurred by moving to longer wavelengths. Furthermore, the use of anti-Stokes spectroscopy is being considered as well as investigating the robustness and portability of traditional Fourier Transform interferometer designs along with future advances in detector technology and ultra small spectrometers.
Low Carb High Protein Diets to Treat Insulin Resistance in Patients with Obesity and/or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Low carbohydrate, high protein diets have been prescribed since 1797 and are taken seriously by many researchers and health professionals, though the diet is still met with skepticism in mainstream dietetics and medicine. Insulin resistance (IR) is caused by a series of physiological events that begin with hyperfagia and progress to a positive energy balance and weight gain. Because of their high insulin levels, patients with IR gain weight easily and have difficulty losing weight on diets with a normal carbohydrate content. A diet for patients with IR must therefore tackle this problem to make weight loss possible. Recently, developments in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus incline towards lowering of carbohydrate intakes to put T2DM in remission, making it even more important to look carefully at the evidence, because patients may benefit from it in a direct way. This review discusses the evidence on the diet's short and long-term effects, effects on comorbidities, and differences from the Mediterranean diet. A search was carried out in Pubmed for articles of obesity management, IR, low carb/high protein diets and weight loss combined with comorbidities, several nutrients and the Mediterranean diet between 1995 and July 2017. In weight loss management, the outcomes were compared to patient observations from dietary practice. Waist circumference measurement makes diagnosis simple. The diet should be low in carbohydrates and rich in protein without inducing ketosis; each person's needs for energy and macronutrients should be considered. Focusing on unsaturated fats, fat is neither too high nor excessively low. Magnesium, iodine, and vitamin D intake must be at recommended levels. Alcohol consumption is not included in the diet's initial phase. Exercise is a crucial component of treatment because it builds endurance and resistance. Patients taking type 2 diabetes medication need to carefully monitor their food and glucose levels. Low carbohydrate/high protein diets should be considered as a serious treatment option for all obese patients with and without comorbidities. They should be administered by specialized dietitians as part of a multidisciplinary team. Low carbohydrate/high protein diets should be considered as a serious treatment option for all obese patients with and without comorbidities. They should be administered by specialised dietitians working in a multi-disciplinary team.
Government Adopts an Industry Approach to Open Source Collaboration

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In response to recent increases in massive identity-centric security breaches, NIST has released a significant update to Special Publication 800-63, Digital Identity Guidelines, which lays out technical and procedural requirements for US federal agencies that need to authenticate users accessing their digital services. This update took a new approach - open source document development - to more intimately involve stakeholders in the revision effort.