jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
METHODS FOR QUANTIFYING ANTITRUST DAMAGES: THE PASTA CARTEL IN ITALY

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

This article contributes to the ongoing debate on the quantification of the damages caused by anticompetitive conduct by applying a number of empirical methods to the pasta cartel in Italy, which was discovered by the Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato (Italian Competition Authority, or AGCM) in 2007. These methods include the dummy variable approach, the dynamic treatment effects (DTE) method, and the so-called straight-line methods. The key results show that both the dummy variable and the DTE methods perform better than the straight-line methods. Moreover, the last should not be used when the underlying cost and demand drivers over the cartel period are substantially different from those prevailing before or after. The dummy variable approach and the DTE method provide very similar estimates of the cartel overcharge, though there is no reason to expect that this would always be the case. Finally, this article contributes to the ongoing debate on “optimal fines” and on the societal benefits of having a proper antitrust enforcement by showing that that the fines levied by the AGCM in this particular case were below “optimal” levels, and that the benefits from this intervention of the AGCM are roughly seven times its annual budget.
Role of alkaline metal ions in the H(+)-ATPase activity of various yeast species.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Endomyces magnussi, Lodderomyces elongisporus and Rhodotorula gracilis, yeast species ranging from a glycolytic type to a strictly aerobic one, were tested for the activity of their plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase and the effect of alkaline metal cations thereon. The ATP-hydrolyzing activity of membranes from glucose-activated cells ranged from 456 to 932 mumol inorganic phosphate released per min per 1 g membrane protein. The effect of 0.2 M Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+ never exceeded the statistical range of error. In contrast, acidification after glucose addition ranged from 0.15 (for R. gracilis) to 14.8 nmol H+ per min per mg dry weight (for S. cerevisiae) and it was markedly influenced by the presence of alkaline metal chlorides, the highest effect observed being a seven-fold increase by K+ in a S. cerevisiae suspension. The effects were additive to those observed without ions in solution and are ascribed to the operation of independent channels and/or exchange systems for H+ with a clear selectivity toward K+. The separate nature of the ion-triggered extracellular acidification is supported by a different ratio of titration to pH-derived acidity with and without K+.
Modeling of auto ignition combustion with inhomogeneous mixture

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

To predict the combustion characteristic of auto ignition combustion in internal combustion engines, it is necessary to consider the inhomogeneity of the fuel, EGR and air in the mixture. In this research, a PDF (Probability Density Function) combustion model considering the influence of the inhomogeneity of mixture on the auto ignition combustion is developed. In our approach, the PDF of the injected fuel and the EGR gas is predicted by two-zone turbulent mixing model and only the PDF at the top dead center of the combustion stroke is used to calculate combustion characteristic to realize the reasonable calculation time for the control system design tool. The prediction model was validated by comparing with the experimental result for various injection timings and EGR ratios. It found that the model can qualitatively predict the combustion characteristics with reasonable calculation time.
Combate as drogas

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Em Alagoas, ocorre apreciavel esforco para convencer os jovens a resistirem ao consumo de toxicos. Sessenta escolas publicas estaduais e municipais e dez da rede particular de ensino ja solicitaram aos representantes do Batalhao Escolar da Policia Militar de Alagoas, PMAL, as atividades do Programa Educacional de Resistencia as Drogas e a Violencia, Proerd, que tem como orientacao a integracao entre escola, familia e policia.
Integrated approaches for management of anthracnose of chilli (Capsicum annuum L)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The experiment was conducted in the field to test the effect of organic amendments, (viz. FYM, poultry manure, sheep manure, neem cake and ground nut cake) with Pseudomonas fluorescens and carbendazim are used against Colletotrichum capsici, anthracnose disease of chili and chilli growth parameters. Eight treatments were under taken with three replications and data was analyzed using RBD. Minimum disease intensity was recorded in T1 – NPK+ carbendazim (26.13%) with maximum yield (103.83 q/ha) followed by T5 - FYM + Pseudomonas fluorescens (26.40%) with yield (95.79 qa/ha),T3 - Pseudomonas fluorescens seedling treatment + Pseudomonas fluorescens (28.56%), with yield (92.52qa/ha), T2 - Neem cake+ Pseudomonas fluorescens (32%), with yield (90.25 qa/ha), T6 Sheep manure + Pseudomonas fluorescens (33.14%) with yield (85.44 qa/ha), T7-Poultry manure + Pseudomonas fluorescens (35.55%) with yield (82.11 qa/ha), T4-Groundnut cake+ Pseudomonas fluorescens-(37.77%) with yield (77.86 qa/ha) maximum disease intensity was recorded in control (49.03) with lowest yield ((36.71 qa/ha)
Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Is Superior to Aspirin in Preventing Short-Term Recurrent Stroke at the Cost of More Major Bleeding.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

If the authors have found all the relevant studies, administering dual antiplatelet therapy within 24 hours of a mild to moderate stroke or TIA is more effective than aspirin at decreasing recurrent stroke over the subsequent 90 days. There is a low overall risk of major bleeding, but it is significantly higher with dual antiplatelet therapy than with aspirin.
[RETRACTED] THE EFFECTS OF ISOKINETIC KNEE STRENGTH ON THE PROMPTNESS OF SOCCER PLAYERS [RETRACTED]

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of isokinetic knee strength on promptness. 15 soccer players with an average age of 22,80±2,14 years and 15 controls with an average age of 21,60±1,40 years participated in the study. Body composition, isokinetic knee strength measurement at angular speeds of 60 o , 180 o , 240 o and 10 m sprint test were conducted respectively in the study. General warm-up procedure was carried out on the groups before measurements. In statistical analyses, Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test the assumption of normality, while Levene test was used to test the assumption of homogeneity. Independent t test was used for the comparison of paired groups, while Pearson correlation was used to check the association between variables. When the results of our research were analyzed, no statistical significance was found between the two groups in terms of descriptive information (age, height, weight, BMI), while differences were found in the 10 meter sprint test in favor of the soccer players (p<0,05). When the isokinetic knee strengths were analyzed at angular speeds of 60 o , 180 o , 240 o , while no statistical significance was found between the two groups, soccer players were found to have high results in general. As a conclusion, it was found that knee isokinetic strength of soccer players were higher when compared with the control group and they had better promptness time, and in soccer players, promptness was improved in the correlation test conducted for 10 meter sprint test as age increased. Article visualizations:
Epitopes of streptococcal M proteins that evoke antibodies that cross-react with human brain.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract There is evidence suggesting that Sydenham's chorea, which is a major manifestation of acute rheumatic fever, may be mediated by streptococcal antibodies that cross-react with the brain. Our studies were undertaken to determine whether streptococcal M protein, the major virulence factor of group A streptococci, evoked antibodies that cross-react with human brain. Rabbits were immunized with pepsin-extracted M protein from rheumatogenic type 6 streptococci. Immune sera were screened for the presence of antibodies that cross-reacted with human brain by indirect immunofluorescence tests and immunoblot analyses. Type 6 M protein evoked antibodies that cross-reacted with several brain proteins and antibody binding to these proteins was completely inhibited by type 6 M protein and partially inhibited by types 5 and 19 M proteins, suggesting that these heterologous M proteins contain conserved brain-cross-reactive epitopes. Using synthetic peptides from several serotypes of M proteins, the conserved brain-cross-reactive epitopes were localized to a decapeptide contained within the covalent structure of the B repeat region of type 6 M protein. These peptides also inhibited brain-cross-reactive antibodies in the serum of a patient with active Sydenham's chorea. Our data indicate that streptococcal M proteins contain brain-cross-reactive epitopes that could potentially be involved in the pathogenesis of Sydenham's chorea.
Impact of Palliative Care Referral on End-of-Life Outcomes for Patients With Hematologic Malignancy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Context Compared to patients with solid malignancies, less is known about the role of palliative care in patients with hematologic malignancies, leading to underutilization of palliative care. Objectives Evaluate the timing and impact of palliative care referrals on end-of-life outcomes over a 5-year period with intent to improve the utilization of palliative care in patients with advanced hematologic malignancies. Methods A retrospective cohort of patients from an urban, NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center, aged 18 years and older with a diagnosis of an advanced hematologic malignancy were separated into groups of early, late, very late, or no specialty palliative care. Logistic regression models were constructed to examine variables associated with timing of palliative care referral. Groups were compared using the Kruskal Wallis test and Dunn’s test with a Bonferroni correction method. Results 222 patients with advanced hematologic malignancies who died between July 1, 20218 and June 30, 2023 were included. 50 (23%), 41 (18%), and 51 (23%) patients received an early, late, and very late palliative care referral, respectively and 80 (36%) patients did not receive a palliative care referral. There was a significantly high completion of ACP documentation among the palliative care cohorts. There was no significant difference among all cohorts in end-of-life outcomes in the last 14 or 30 days of life. Conclusion ACP documentation improved with palliative care, however, end-of-life outcomes did not. These results are likely due to the majority of late, inpatient palliative care referrals. Future studies with targeted interventions are needed to improve these outcomes.
The effects of ionic strength on the toxicity of aluminium to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) under non-steady state chemical conditions

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

We have tested the influence of water ionic strength on the toxicity of aluminium in fish by comparing the mortality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr exposed to Al-rich water with additions of Ca2+ or Na+. The fish were exposed in parallel to Al-rich water (Al 500 μg l-1, pH 5.8) under non-steady state conditions, with and without the addition of one of the two base cations. The amount of Na+ and Ca2+ added to the water was calculated in order to obtain an identical increase in water ionic strength. Fish mortality was dependent on water residence time and whether or not base cations were added to the Al-rich water. In all Al-exposures, the highest mortality was always observed in fish exposed to water with the shortest residence time. Mortality decreased systematically with increasing water residence time through the exposure set-up. The addition of a base cation, Ca2+ or Na+, to the Al-rich water reduced fish mortality significantly compared to the Al-only exposures. Furthermore, increasing ionic strength with Na+ reduced mortality to a larger extent than the corresponding increase in ionic strength by the addition of Ca2+. The variation in mortality between the various aluminium and base cation treatments is discussed in terms of aluminium chemistry, specific mitigating effects of Ca2+ and Na+, and the general importance of water ionic strength. This study clearly demonstrates that Ca2+ does not play an unique role as an ameliorating cation for Al-toxicity in fish under non-steady state chemical conditions. Thus, ionic strength seems to be important, probably for the interaction between aluminium and the gill surface, reducing the possibility for positively charged aluminium species to bind to negatively charged sites.
ChainFrame: A Chain Framework for Point Cloud Classification

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Point cloud analysis is challenging due to its data structure. To capture the 3-D geometries, prior works mainly rely on exploring local geometric extractors. However, the human visual system suggested that both global and local features should be considered. In this article, we introduce a novel framework for point cloud classification, called ChainFrame, which takes the pair-wise global-local correlations into consideration within the intermediate scales hierarchically. The ChainFrame captures the global features that characterize the entire outline of the object. Simultaneously, the ChainFrame organizes the local features that incorporate the point itself and its neighboring region. With such a framework, our practical implementations (ChainMLP and ChainGraph) perform on par or even better than other methods. Evaluations on two popular datasets show the effectiveness and efficiency of our ChainFrame. ChainMLP and ChainGraph achieve $ 87.2%$ and $87.6%$ overall point-wise accuracy scores, respectively, on the real-world ScanObjectNN benchmark. Besides, ChainMLP delivers comparable performance on ModelNet40 with only 0.47 M parameters and 0.33 G floating point operations (FLOPs), which are much smaller than the prior methods.
A clinical study on treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with L-ornithine-L-aspartate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective To study efficacy of L-ornithine-L-aspartate (Hepa-Merz) in treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and its effect on lowering serum level of triglycerine MethodsTotally, 30 patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis diagnosed by liver function test, B ultrasound scanning and liver biopsy were treated by intravenous infusion of L ornithine L aspartate (Hepa Merz) 10 g daily for 21 days Activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum level of triglycerine (TG) were determined for all the cases before and after treatment Results Activities of serum ALT and AST and serum level of TG were restored to normal in 29 (96 7%) and in 28 (93 3%) of 30 patients, respectively, after treatment No serious adverse effects were found during treatment Conclusions L ornithine L aspartate (Hepa Merz) is a safe and effective drug in treatment for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and can lower serum level of triglycerine significantly
Decoding the effect of fibroblast heterogeneity on prognosis and drug resistance in high-grade serous ovarian cancer through tumor evolution analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract

Tumor heterogeneity is associated with poor prognosis and drug resistance, leading to therapeutic failure. Here, we used tumor evolution analysis to determine the intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) and analyze the correlation between tumor heterogeneity and prognosis, as well as chemotherapy response, through single-cell and spatial transcriptomic analysis. We collected and curated 28 HGSOC patients’ single-cell transcriptomic data from five datasets. Then, we developed a novel text-mining-based machine-learning approach to deconstruct the evolutionary patterns of tumor cell functions. We then identified key tumor-related genes within different evolutionary branches, characterized the microenvironmental cell compositions that various functional tumor cells depend on, and analyzed the intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity as well as the tumor microenvironments. These analyses were conducted in relation to the prognosis and chemotherapy response in HGSOC patients. We validated our findings in two spatial and seven bulk transcriptomic datasets (total: 1,030 patients). Using transcriptomic clusters as proxies for functional clonality, we identified a significant increase in tumor cell state heterogeneity that was strongly correlated with patient prognosis and treatment response. Furthermore, increased intra- and intertumoral functional clonality was associated with the characteristics of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). The spatial proximity between CXCL12-positive CAFs and tumor cells, mediated through the CXCL12/CXCR4 interaction, was highly positively correlated with poor prognosis and chemotherapy resistance in HGSOC. In this study, we constructed a panel of 24 genes through statistical modeling that correlate with CXCL12-positive fibroblasts and can predict both prognosis and the response to chemotherapy in HGSOC patients.
Trivalent Phosphine‐Catalyzed Reactions Using Fluorinated Building Blocks

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The development of novel synthetic methodologies to incorporate fluorine/s or fluoroalkyl group/s into the frameworks of organic molecules has become a highly prioritized research area because such modifications can tune their physiochemical and biological properties. In recent years, nucleophilic phosphine catalysis has been extensively explored to achieve this goal, and significant progress has been made. This review summarizes the methodological advancements of cycloaddition, addition and coupling reactions employing fluorinated building blocks as electrophilic and/or nucleophilic reaction partners under phosphine catalysis to construct structurally and synthetically valuable organofluorine compounds, with special emphasis on the synthetic strategies, proposed reaction mechanisms and synthetic utilities.
Mössbauer-spectroscopic characterization of the stannides Sr2Pd2Sn and Eu2Pd2Sn

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The Ca 2 Pd 2 Ge-type stannides Sr 2 Pd 2 Sn and Eu 2 Pd 2 Sn were synthesized by reaction of the elements in sealed tantalum ampoules in a high-frequency furnace and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction. The structure of Sr 2 Pd 2 Sn ( Fdd 2, a = 1063.95(5), b = 1623.22(9), c = 594.63(14) pm, w R 2 = 0.0472, 972 F 2 values and 26 variables) was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data. The striking structural motif features equidistant chains formed by the palladium atoms (304.7 pm Pd–Pd), which are interlinked by the tin atoms (266.9 and 268.7 pm Pd–Sn). Together, the palladium and tin atoms form a three-dimensional [Pd 2 Sn] δ – polyanionic network in which the strontium atoms reside in larger cavities. The divalent character of europium in Eu 2 Pd 2 Sn was manifested by 151 Eu Mössbauer spectroscopy. The isomer shift is δ = −9.48(1) mm s −1 at room temperature. The results of 119 Sn Mössbauer-spectroscopic experiments have confirmed the tin site determined by the single-crystal study, the isomer shifts being δ = 1.71(1) mm s −1 for Eu 2 Pd 2 Sn and δ = 1.73(1) mm s −1 for Sr 2 Pd 2 Sn. Sr 2 Pd 2 Sn is a Pauli paramagnet with a susceptibility of 2.2(1) × 10 −5 emu mol −1 at room temperature. Eu 2 Pd 2 Sn shows Curie-Weiss paramagnetism with an experimental magnetic moment of 7.85(1) µ B per Eu atom, confirming divalent europium. The europium magnetic moments order antiferromagnetically at T N = 14 K.
Game Pathfinding System Design based on A-Star Pathfinding Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract. Pathfinding systems are used in many applications today, including navigation systems, autonomous driving systems, and games. The core part of the pathfinding system is the pathfinding algorithm, A Star pathfinding algorithm is a kind of efficient pathfinding algorithm, which is especially suitable for the design of game pathfinding. In this paper, based on the A Star algorithm, Godot game engine and C Sharp language are used to write a pathfinding program. After comparing different pathfinding methods and the estimated function, the A Star algorithm is improved according to the needs of the actual game pathfinding system, so that the pathfinding program can avoid crossing the obstacles through the diagonal by searching the surrounding obstacles and excluding unavailable nodes, and find a shorter path by using the Euclidean distance estimated function. The program applies the improved A Star algorithm in practice, and finally can complete the basic pathfinding needed in the game, which is practical for the design of the game's pathfinding system.
Inputs use and Energy Balance in Wheat Production Farms at Sari Region in Iran

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This study analyzes inputs use and energy balance in wheat production farms in Iran in 2013. In the present study, 10 wheat fields were selected from east and west of Sari, Mazandaran province, Iran in 2013. During three consecutive growing seasons, data were gathered on energy use in all production practices. Then, all the energy uses were classified into eight categories, i.e. seed bed preparation, plant protection, weed control, irrigation, harvesting and transportation to the storage places. Results indicated that average input energy was 14597.76 MJ/ha. In use inputs nitrogen fertilizer was the highest input energy equal to 5157.06 MJ/ha that was 35.33%. From total input energy, indirect energy with average 11245.69 MJ/ha and direct energy with average of 3351.26 MJ/ha. The most grain yield was performance in 8 number farm (4700 kg/ha). Mean average of output energy for grain was equal to 62842.5 MJ/ha. Average mean of energy productivity in 10 wheat farms was 0.29 kg/MJ. The highest energy productivity equal to 0.32 kg/MJ that observed in number of 9 and 10 farms. Mean of specific energy in wheat production was 3.42 MJ/kg that the highest rate of that equal to 3.65 MJ/kg was performance in 4 number farms. Average of net energy in 10 wheat farms was 96067.24 MJ/ha. Therefore, farms number of 9 and 10 had the highest productivity.
Pharmacological study of mequitazine (LM-209) (II): anti-allergic action

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The anti-allergic effect of Mequitazine (LM-209) which was found to have an anti-histaminic activity was investigated in guinea-pigs. The inhibitory activities of LM-209 on the Schultz-Dale reaction and ileum contraction by some mediators released from the sensitized guinea-pig lung were the same as those of clemastine fumarate (CL) but with 5 times the potency. LM-209 and CL, but these activities were less potent than in the case of disodium cromoglycate. The various anaphylactic reactions mediated by IgG in guinea-pigs were inhibited by LM-209, CL and chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM). The homologous PCA mediated IgE in rats was also inhibited by LM-209, CL and CPM, but the duration of the action with LM-209 was markedly longer. In experimentally-induced asthma, the decrease of respiratory rate and volume was significantly inhibited by LM-209, but was not affected by CL. Thus, LM-209 seems to inhibit the allergic reaction mainly by an antagonistic action on allergic mediators.