jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Spatially Separated Self-Assembled Silver Dendrites for Highly Sensitive SERS Applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Even after more than four decades of rapid-pace advances, the adoption of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) remains limited, due to the difficulties in fabrication of effective and affordable nanostructured surfaces or templates. From this point-of-view, self-assembly techniques of SERS substrates formation allowing fabrication of highly branched dendritic silver nanostructures, which are very promising for biosensor applications. However, these techniques suffer from the lack of control over the resulting structures. Herein, we propose an electroless wet-chemical approach for highly reproducible fabrication of spatially separated plasmonic active silver dendrites in a porous matrix of Si/SiO2 template via controlled self-assembly of silver in a limited volume. The proposed approach allows fabrication of spatially separated silver dendrites with sub-10-nm gaps between neighboring branches, which possessing strong electric field enhancement in a wide spectral range. The fabricated silver dendritic structures enable a SERS enhancement factor of ~10^8 and the analyte detection limit of ~10^(-15) M, which is at the level of single molecule sensitivity. The comparison of simulation results with SERS experiments allows to distinguish the presence of electromagnetic and chemical contributions, which have a different effect at various analyte concentrations.
Entry and Coordination in Mixed-Member Systems: A Controlled Comparison Testing theContaminationHypothesis

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Do the logics of entry and coordination that hold in pure single-member district plurality (SMDP) systems and in pure proportional representation (PR) systems hold in the SMDP tier and the PR tier of mixed-member systems? The fact that single-member districts are embedded in multimember districts means the logic of entry and coordination in either may be contaminated by the existence of the other. How can we establish the counterfactual of how many parties we should expect in one tier if the other tier did not exist? We leverage the design of districts in the United Kingdom to address this challenge, observing voting in the same (or very similar) districts but under multiple electoral systems. We find only limited support for the hypothesis that contamination occurs across tiers of mixed-member systems and conclude that there appears to be generally sophisticated decision making about both entry and coordination.1
HLPW-4/GMGW-3 : Fixed-Grid RANS Technology Focus Group Workshop Summary

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The current state-of-the-practice technology for high-lift aerodynamic simulations is to solve the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations on a fixed grid, or a refinement sequence of fixed grids. The Fixed-Grid Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Technology Focus Group set out to determine meshing requirements and best practices; whether RANS can accurately predict the change in aerodynamic performance with changes in flap deflection; whether RANS modeling can produce accurate results near 𝐶𝐿max ; and the effects of underconvergence and solution strategy on computed results. Eighteen groups of participants submitted over 100 datasets. Challenges with grid convergence and iterative convergence made it impossible to definitively answer all the questions we had posed. Despite this, we can conclude that meshes with at least half a billion cells (more than a billion degrees of freedom) are required for grid convergence away from stall; that RANS simulations cannot currently be reliably used to predict aerodynamic coefficients near stall, nor changes in coefficients with changes in flap angle; that iterative underconvergence remains a significant source of uncertainty in outputs; and that solution initialization can have an important effect on solution behavior, including flow separation patterns.
STATIONARY DISTRIBUTION OF THE VOLUME AT THE BEST QUOTE IN A POISSON ORDER BOOK MODEL

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We develop a Markovian model that deals with the volume offered at the best quote of an electronic order book. The volume of the first limit is a stochastic process whose paths are periodically interrupted and reset to a new value, either by a new limit order submitted inside the spread or by a market order that removes the first limit. Using applied probability results on killing and resurrecting Markov processes, we derive the stationary distribution of the volume offered at the best quote. All proposed models are empirically fitted and compared, stressing the importance of the proposed mechanisms.
Transient baseline rhythm changes unmasking an uncommon arrhythmic substrate

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

A 15‐year‐old female with recurrent episodes of wide‐QRS tachycardia responsive to intravenous adenosine was referred to our arrhythmia center to undergo an electrophysiological study (EPS). \nPhysical examination, blood tests, chest radiograph, and echocardiogram were all unremarkable. Baseline 12‐lead ECG showed normal sinus rhythm (SR) without evidence of ventricular preexcitation. Before the procedure, continuous 12‐lead ECG recording revealed SR with transient phases of wider‐QRS rhythm (WQR), \nshowing left bundle branch block (LBBB) morphology at a similar heart rate (HR). \nBased on the presented data what is the most likely underlying \nmechanism of these electrocardiographic observations?
A New Approach to Feasibility Risk Assessment within Transport Infrastructure Appraisal

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper introduces a new approach of applying feasibility risk assessment within transport project infrastructure appraisal. The procedure is based upon quantitative risk analysis and Monte Carlo simulation in combination with conventional cost-benefit analysis converting deterministic benefit-cost ratios (BCRs) into stochastic interval results. Recent research has proven that particularly input based impacts such as construction cost and demand forecasts (travel time savings) often are respectively underestimated and overestimated creating so-called Optimism Bias. Decision-makers and stakeholders are, hereby, often basing their decisions on wrongful material. The presented approach to transport infrastructure appraisal is to include uncertainties and risks in the evaluation. Correspondingly, the handling of uncertainties and risk within transport project assessment are often made up by sensitivity tests producing deterministically based output values. Research has proven that traditional sensitivity analysis seldomnly captures the total variability especially as concerns the costs and demands estimated in the pre-stage of the evaluation. Therefore, this paper introduces an approach to decision support based upon so-called reference class forecasting using historical information from similar past projects. The scheme is made evident through a brand new database sample (UPD: the UNITE Project Database) which contains almost 200 specific European transport infrastructure projects. Hence, the approach will be tested and further explored upon a fixed case example depicting a new fixed link between Elsinore (Denmark) and Helsingborg (Sweden) revealing a severe decrease in economical return including relevant UPD information. Finally, a conclusion and perspective of the further work will be discussed.
Arabic Dialect Identification based on a Weighted Concatenation of TF-IDF Features

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we analyze the impact of the weighted concatenation of TF-IDF features for the Arabic Dialect Identification task while we participated in the NADI2021 shared task. This study is performed for two subtasks: subtask 1.1 (country-level MSA) and subtask 1.2 (country-level DA) identification. The classifiers supporting our comparative study are Linear Support Vector Classification (LSVC), Linear Regression (LR), Perceptron, Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD), Passive Aggressive (PA), Complement Naive Bayes (CNB), MutliLayer Perceptron (MLP), and RidgeClassifier. In the evaluation phase, our system gives F1 scores of 14.87% and 21.49%, for country-level MSA and DA identification respectively, which is very close to the average F1 scores achieved by the submitted systems and recorded for both subtasks (18.70% and 24.23%).
POST-TRANSPLANT DIABETES MELLITUS IN PEDIATRIC THORACIC ORGAN RECIPIENTS RECEIVING TACROLIMUS-BASED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

894 Background: Post-transplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a well-known complication of tacrolimus-based immunosuppression in both adult and pediatric solid organ recipients. However, the 'natural history' of diabetes in the pediatric thoracic transplant population has not yet been described. Methods: We identified all pediatric thoracic transplant patients receiving tacrolimus-based immunosuppression who developed PTDM. Diabetes was defined as glucose intolerance requiring insulin therapy or oral hypoglycemic agents more than 30 days after transplantation for a minimum duration of 30 days. Medical records were reviewed, with a particular focus on the clinical course of PTDM and its relationship to drug weaning. Results: Diabetes developed in 22 of 139 (16%) thirty day survivors of heart (11/93, 12%) and heart-lung / lung (11/46, 24%) recipients receiving tacrolimus-based immunosuppression since October 1989. Three patients had cystic fibrosis. In 14 (64%) patients, the immunosuppressive regimen at the onset of PTDM also included maintenance corticosteroids. Fifteen (68%) patients had demonstrated glucose intolerance on at least one occasion outside the early postoperative period prior to the onset of diabetes. Eight patients (36%) developed diabetes during pulsed corticosteroid therapy. Median time of onset after transplantation was 9.0 months (range 1 to 62). Two patients were ketotic at presentation. Initial therapy consisted of subcutaneous insulin in 20 (91%) patients. One patient was begun on an oral hypoglycemic agent, and in one patient, dietary intervention was first attempted. Both of these patients required the addition of insulin to their regimen. The median follow-up after development of PTDM was 39.1 months (range 1-76). There was a significant decrease in the mean tacrolimus dosage from onset of PTDM to most recent follow-up (0.26 to 0.16 mg/kg/day, p < 0.01). This was associated with a decrease in mean whole blood tacrolimus level from 16.4 to 12.8 ng/ml. There was also a significant decrease in daily maintenance corticosteroid requirements over the same period (0.21 to 0.13 mg/kg/day, p < 0.04). Despite this significant reduction in immunosuppression, only 3/22 (14%) patients were able to be weaned off insulin, at 5, 14, and 36 months from onset. These 3 patients comprised 2 of 5 weaned off corticosteroids, and one of 9 who required continued maintenance corticosteroids. Two additional patients were changed from tacrolimus to cyclosporine, one for intractable headaches, and one for pancytopenia. Diabetes persisted in both patients after the switch. Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus is a common complication in pediatric thoracic transplant patients receiving tacrolimus-based immunosuppression. Insulin dependence in our population rarely resolved, even after lowering tacrolimus and steroid doses. Discontinuation of steroids does not guarantee resolution of diabetes. The value of switching to cyclosporine has not been fully explored.
Fig. 2 in Croton restingae sp. nov. (Euphorbiaceae), a new species of section Adenophylli from the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and its phylogenetic relationships

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Fig. 2. Croton restingae Sodré & Riina sp. nov. A. Flowering branch. B. Indument of branch. C. Trichomes of branches. D. Stipule. E. Leaf. F–G. Foliar base (adaxial surface) showing the nectaries. H. Foliar base (abaxial surface) showing the nectaries. I. Trichomes of adaxial and adaxial surfaces of the leaf blade. J. Pistillate bract, dorsal surface. K. Pistillate bract, ventral surface. L–M. Pistillate bracteoles, dorsal surface. N. Pistillate flower. O. Pistillate sepal, dorsal surface. P. Pistillate sepal, ventral surface. Q. Gynoecium. R. Nectary disk of pistillate flower and glandular petals. S. Staminate flower. T. Calyx of staminate flower, dorsal view. U. Capsule. V. Carpophore showing the columella with discrete appendages at the apex. Drawn by Renato Galhardo Neto. A–R, T from M.F. Vasconcelos s.n.; S from J. Fontella 2899; U from s.col. s.n. R[99957]; V from A. Souza et al. 3163.
Explaining participation in the undeclared economy in Central and Eastern Europe: a demand-side approach

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

To explain participation in the undeclared economy, the conventional supply-side approach evaluates the reasons people work in this sphere. This article, for the first time in Central and Eastern Europe, explains the undeclared economy using a demand-side approach which evaluates citizens’ motives for purchasing undeclared goods and services. Here, three potential explanations for purchasing undeclared goods and services, grounded in rational economic actor, social actor and institutional imperfections theoretical perspectives, are evaluated. Reporting data from 11, 131 face-to-face interviews conducted in 11 Central and Eastern European countries in 2013, the main finding is that all three explanations are used by consumers, demonstrating the need for a synthesis of these approaches. A multinomial regression analysis identifies the specific groups variously using the undeclared economy to obtain a lower price, for social or redistributive rationales, or due to formal institutional imperfections. The implications for theorising and tackling the undeclared economy are then explored.
Neue Kriterien für die Auswahl von Richtern

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The paper aims to present the criteria for judges appointment from the perspective of strengthening judicial independence. It is the most important value that constitutes the core of adjudication. A judge who is dependent on external (political, economic or media) or internal (courts presidents, administration) pressure is unable to perform his or her duties. For this reason, there is a strong need to think about the process of judges appointment, including the selection criteria in a way that will lead to strengthening judicial independence. The basis for the analysis was the German and Polish legal orders and the European standards derived from the jurisprudence of the ECHR and CJEU. Although there is no one ideal model of judicial appointments, it is profitable to define the appointment criteria (concerning a need for specialisation, communication, digital and language competencies) in a detailed manner to avoid arbitrary and random appointments. Precision in the selection criteria also reduces the need for the judiciary to participate in the selection process, as this already counteracts the risk of too heavy political influences. In addition, the political situation in any country can change, which can have consequences for interpreting such standards. Undoubtedly, professional competencies for adjudication strengthen judicial independence and confidence in the judiciary. All other criteria relating to candidates digital, language, and communication skills should primarily be taken into account in judicial training. However, it cannot be ruled out that there will be a need for special branches of the judiciary and potentially newly established courts or senates to attach significant importance to these skills as part of the selection process.
Challenges faced by student teachers when teaching through the medium of mother tongue during school based studies

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This paper reports on a study that investigated challenges faced by Bachelor of Education (Pre and Lower Primary) final year University of Namibia students at Katima Mulilo Campus when they taught through the medium of mother tongue during School Based Studies (SBS). The study is located in the interpretive paradigm and is an intrinsic case study. It is shaped by the school of thought that supports the use of mother tongue as the medium of instruction in lower primary classrooms. Two students at two different School Based Studies support schools were studied. Data were collected by using interviews and classroom observation. One student teacher taught in Grade 2, and the other one taught in Grade 3. Both were interviewed and their lessons were observed. Interviews and observations were transcribed and translated into English. The results of the study show that Pre and Lower Primary Bachelor of Education final year student teachers faced various challenges with regards to the use of mother tongue as medium of instruction during SBS. The challenges ranged from their inability to express themselves fluently in the target language (Silozi in this case); difficulties in translating concepts from English into Silozi (mother tongue) since the curriculum is in English; writing words; planning lessons in the target language; a lack of materials in line with topics, more especially topics of integration. The study recommends that the Silozi orthography should be made available to all the schools in the region; teachers should receive intensive training on how to teach through the medium of Silozi; lessons that are taught through the medium of Silozi should be planned in Silozi and not in English; there should be Silozi dictionaries to assist teachers with translation. Finally, there should be relevant Silozi teaching and learning materials.
Associations between social determinants of health and cardiovascular and cancer mortality in cancer survivors: a prospective cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Aims The cause-specific mortality implications of social determinants of health (SDOH) in cancer survivors were unclear. This study aimed to explore associations between SDOH and cardiovascular and cancer mortality in cancer survivors. Methods and results Data from 2013 to 2017 National Health Interview Survey were used for this prospective cohort study. Social determinants of health were quantified using a 38 point, 6 domain score, with higher points indicating worse deprivation. Associations between SDOH and outcomes (primary: cardiovascular mortality; secondary: cancer and all-cause mortality) were assessed using cause-specific multivariable Cox regression, with cancer survivors and individuals without cancer modelled separately. Post hoc analyses were performed among cancer survivors to explore associations between each domain of SDOH and the risks of outcomes. Altogether, 37 882 individuals were analysed (4179 cancer survivors and 33 703 individuals without cancer). Among cancer survivors, worse SDOH was associated with higher cardiovascular [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.31 (1.02–1.68)], cancer [aHR 1.20 (1.01–1.42)], and all-cause mortality [aHR 1.16 (1.02–1.31)] when adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, and risk factors. Among individuals without cancer, SDOH was associated with cardiovascular mortality and all-cause when only adjusted for demographics, but not when further adjusted for comorbidities and risk factors; no associations between SDOH and cancer mortality were found. Among cancer survivors, psychological distress, economic stability, neighbourhood, physical environment and social cohesion, and food insecurity were varyingly associated with the outcomes. Conclusion Social determinants of health were independently associated with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality among cancer survivors but not among individuals without cancer. Different domains of SDOH may have different prognostic importance.
A Biomechanical Analysis of Kinetic and Kinematic Variables in Osteoarthritic Knees Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has become a common treatment method for combatting end-stage knee osteoarthritis (OA) in the elderly population. While level walking biomechanics have been widely studied, stair ascent and stair descent modalities remain largely in question. Biomechanical variables of interest were primarily kinetic focusing particularly on knee adduction moment (KAM) variables and moment rates. Previous research has found KAM variables to be associated with osteoarthritis in the medial compartment of the knee. The purposes of this study were twofold: 1) to compare proportional changes of each biomechanical variable from pre to post-TKA time points between level ambulation, stair-ascent, and stair-descent and 2) to determine the relationship between biomechanical variables and clinical ROM during both level and stair ambulation in an elderly population pre/post-TKA. Results of the study found KAM rate (KAM-R) to be the best discriminator amongst other KAM variables for medial knee compartment loading. The findings of this study necessitate the need for continued stair negotiation research to better understand the long-term effect of OA and TKA on a patient’s ability to negotiate stairs.
...in response to the following statement, “The global response to the growing international impact of Islamist terrorist appears to be in a state of flux.”

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Amid hawkish calls for the deployment of ground troops, world leaders from Barack Obama to Malcolm Turnbull are demanding a more measured, even subtle approach to the rise of IS. The downing of the Russian warplane clearly complicates matters, to say the least, but there does appear to be a growing consensus that force of arms will not do the job.
Contested minorities in the ‘New Europe’: national identities in interwar Eastern and Southeastern Europe

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Among the many challenges facing the new, or enlarged, nationstates that arose on the territories of the former empires of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe in 1918, few were as vexing or complex as the so-called 'minorities question'. Thousands of disparate communities suddenly discovered that they now existed as minorities, often in areas adjacent to their designated homelands. As an introduction to this special issues, this article provides an overview of the key concepts and historical debates surrounding the interwar regional minorities question. It also seeks to challenge underlying assumptions that characterise such communities as perpetual victims of nationalist animosity.
Wake Fields in Semiconductor Plasmas

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

It is shown that an intense short laser pulse propagating through a semiconductor plasma will generate longitudinal Langmuir waves in its wake. The measurable wake field can be used as a diagnostic to study nonlinear optical phenomena. For narrow gap semiconductors (for example, InSb) with Kane-type dispersion relation, the system can simulate, at currently available laser powers, the physics underlying wake-field accelerators.