jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
The contribution of foods from outside the home to the nutrient intake of young adolescents

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Eating patterns in the UK are changing, not least of these changes is the increase in food availability and choice outside the home. Eating outside the home is not a new phenomenon; limited data are available for adults and for the population as a whole, but no such data exist for children. Information on food choices and purchasing is valuable in identifying relevant targets for effective change. This paper reports the dietary intake and the percentage of total intake from home and away from home (identifying as outside sources, school meals, other homes, school tuck‐shops and shops or cafes for 379 11–12‐year‐old schoolchildren in 1990), as well as the nutrient density of intakes from each food source. Each child completed two 3‐day dietary records between January and July 1990, and was interviewed after each 3‐day record by one dietitian. The purpose of the interview was to verify and enlarge upon the information recorded in order to obtain a quantitative record of food intake and to determine the source of each food item. Food tables were used to calculate nutrient intake. Sources of food outside the home accounted for approximately 30% of their total energy intake. Food from home had the highest micronutrient density of all the sources. The nutrient density of school meals compared well with food from home; school meals were lower in non‐milk extrinsic sugars although higher in fat and lower in protein, non‐starch polysaccharides, iron and retinol equivalents. Foods purchased from shops/cafes or school tuck‐shops were of poor nutrient quality for all nutrients measured. Children from ‘low’ social groups had intakes of a lower nutrient density from home than children from ‘high’ social groups and also obtained a greater proportion of their total diet from shops or cafes. Although the popularity of the different food sources outside the home varied with gender and social group, the quality of intake obtained did not, suggesting that children followed peer group food preferences outside the home rather than food habits taught at home.
Non-iterative Wide-modulation-index Switching-angle Calculation Techniques for 15-level Binary Cascaded H-bridge Multilevel Inverter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Cascaded H-bridge multilevel inverter (CHBMI) is able to generate a staircase AC output voltage with low switching losses. The switching angles applied to the CHBMI have to be calculated and arranged properly in order to minimize the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage waveform. In this paper, two non-iterative switching-angle calculation techniques applied for a 15-level binary asymmetric CHBMI are proposed. Both techniques employ a geometric approach to estimate the switching angles, and therefore, the generated equations can be solved directly without iterations, which are usually time-consuming and challenging to be implemented in real-time. Apart from this, both techniques are also able to calculate the switching angles for a wide range of modulation index. The proposed calculation techniques have been validated via MATLAB simulation and experiment.
Prosthetic Aortic Valve Thrombosis: Surgery or Thrombolysis.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Mechanical prosthetic valve thrombosis is a serious complication which necessitates immediate intervention. The presenting signs and symptoms of this illness are somewhat variable, but physical examination and trans-esophageal-echocardiography enable rapid diagnosis. Valve replacement or thrombolysis in the correct hospital setting must be performed to avoid life-threatening complication without delay. But it is not proven entirely which therapy is superior. For any given patient, the risks of thrombolytic therapy, including bleeding, systemic embolism and failure to restore valvular function, must be weighed against the risks of surgical intervention. In spite of aggressive therapy, morbidity and mortality from prosthetic valve thrombosis and its treatment are not less indeed. This report describes the case of a woman with aortic prosthetic valves who presents with heart failure and evidence of severe prosthetic aortic valve dysfunction after a period of suboptimal anticoagulation.
Different Modes of Cell Death Induced by DNA Damage

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The consequences of DNA damage depend on the cell type and the severity of damage. Mild DNA damage can be repaired with or without cell cycle arrest. More severe and irreparable DNA damage leads to the appearance of cells that carry mutations, or causes a shift towards induction of the senescence or cell death programme. Although for many years it was argued that DNA damage kills cells via apoptosis or necrosis, technical and methodological progress during the last few years has helped reveal that DNA damage might also activate death by autophagy or mitotic catastrophe, which may then be followed by apoptosis or necrosis. The molecular basis underlying the decision-making process is currently the subject of intense investigation. Here we review current knowledge about the response to DNA damage and subsequent signalling, with particular attention to cell death induction and the molecular switches between different cell death modalities following damage.
Deep Brain Stimulation for Neuropathic Cephalalgia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the treatment of various types of intractable head and facial pains. Seven patients underwent the insertion of DBS electrodes into the periventricular/periaqueductal grey region and/or the ventroposteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. We have shown statistically significant improvement in pain scores (visual analogue and McGill's) as well as health-related quality of life (SF-36v2) following surgery. There is wide variability in patient outcomes but, overall, DBS can be an effective treatment. Our results are compared with the published literature and electrode position for effective analgesia is discussed.
Incidence and Risk Factors for Postoperative Complications in Patients Undergoing Extraoral Drainage for Maxillofacial Abscess: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: The standard treatment for maxillofacial abscesses is surgical drainage combined with antibiotics, a frequent procedure in maxillofacial surgery departments. However, postoperative complications following this surgery are poorly described in the literature. Identifying their incidence and risk factors could help improve patient outcomes and healthcare planning. Objectives: The primary aim was to identify postoperative complications within 30 days after maxillofacial abscess surgery; the secondary aim was to explore their associated risk factors. Methods: A monocentric retrospective cohort study included patients with maxillofacial abscesses who underwent extraoral incision and drainage under general anesthesia at the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery at a tertiary hospital in Switzerland between January 2012 and August 2023. Postoperative complications within 30 days were recorded and classified according to the validated Dindo–Clavien classification system. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for postoperative complications. Results: A total of 253 participants were analyzed. The overall complication rate was 24.1%, with 15.8% major complications (Dindo–Clavien grade ≥ 3). The most common minor complications (Dindo–Clavien grade < 3) were hypokalemia and lower-extremity edema, with an incidence of 6.4%. The most common major complications were persistent and recurrent abscesses, with an incidence rate of 10.4%. These complications occurred in the early (median range 1–5 days) and delayed (median range 14–15 days) postoperative courses, respectively. Overall, the mortality rate was 0.4%. On multivariable analysis, an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score > 2 was associated with overall and major postoperative complications (odds ratio [OR], 3.38; 95% CI 1.75–6.51; p < 0.001 and OR, 3.76; 95% CI 1.83–7.72; p < 0.001, respectively). Additionally, female sex (OR, 1.97; 95% CI 1.05–3.70; p = 0.036) and C-reactive protein level > 50 mg/L (OR, 2.25; 95% CI 1.01–4.98; p = 0.046) were associated with overall postoperative complications. Conclusions: This study introduces a novel application of the Dindo–Clavien classification to maxillofacial abscess surgery, providing a standardized framework for assessing postoperative complication severity. Through this approach, we identified ASA score > 2, female sex, and CRP level > 50 mg/L as risk factors for postoperative complications. Our findings highlight the importance of close monitoring during the first five postoperative days to detect early complications, such as persistent abscesses, and recommend standardized outpatient follow-up for at least two weeks to identify delayed complications, like recurrence.
Introduction: Hegemonic Languages and Science

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Science has historically been a multilingual enterprise, yet the present day appears to belie this generalization. It is difficult to deny the observation that the natural sciences today have converged to a state where a particular form of English—variously termed "Global English," "International English," or "English as a Lingua Franca"—serves as the almost universal language of interaction among scientific practitioners. The history of science demonstrates that many other languages have served (and, in many contexts, still do) for scientific and scholarly interchange. The unusual feature about the past several decades is not that the dominant language of the natural sciences is English (as opposed to, say, German or Russian or Chinese) but that it is a single language. This Focus section seeks to open up avenues of inquiry that would put both the past and the present of science into conversation, along this axis of translation and hegemonic languages. In addition to outlining the contributions—which explore the cases of Arabic, Chinese, Latin, French, and Russian over a millennium—this introduction addresses the charged question of English.
Amino Acid Destruction in Beef by High Energy Electron Beam Irradiation

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

When ground beef is irradiated by electron beam and gamma-ray irradiation and its proteins assayed for amino acid content, the most sensitive amino acid to irradiation by either source is cystine. Approximately 50% of cystine is destroyed under the most damaging conditions used. Under the same conditions tryptophan shows about 10% destruction while arginine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine showed no destruction, and the rest of the amino acids show little destruction. From the cystine and tryptophan data, it appears that for electron beam irradiation the extent of destruction is not related primarily to total dose but to dose rate and particularly to energy level of irradiating dose.
Interview with Military Chaplain Yuriy Kazmirenko, Conducted in Kyiv, Ukraine, 9 August 2018 (UKR)

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Yuriy Kazmirenko was born in 1972 in Stavyshche, a village in the Zhytomyr region and was educated at the paratroopers’ academy, Kyiv National Economic University, and the Faculty of Law. Kazmirenko served in army airborne and reconnaissance units before going on to receive his religious education at Kyiv Orthodox Theological Academy, after which he served as a priest at the Svyatoduhovsky Temple in Kyiv prior to the start of the war. Kazmirenko has served as a military chaplain attached to the 20th Dnipropetrovsk Territorial Defense Battalion since 2016 and previously served between 2014 and 2015 as a priest and ambulance driver in the Aidar Battalion.
ChemInform Abstract: Model Study of the Hoppe Reaction Between Racemic Titanated Crotyl Carbamate and Enantiopure Aldehyde or γ‐Lactol.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Two debates by Mustafa Sidki Sarajlić

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Mustafa Sidki Sarajlic; the mufti and the mudarris from Mostar, prompted by the Bosnian vali of that time, wrote a book in which he discussed several relevant problems. The book is devided into six chapters: about Science, governing the State, submissiveness to the ruler, struggle for the cause of God, duty of using arms and requisitioning of food for military purposes. The book is not titled and is classified as a collection.
Being a teacher for many years Mustafa Sidki Sarajlic issued a lot of certificates (icazetname) to those who completed their education as his pupils.In audition to the introductory notes this paper contains his Collection translated by Mehmed Mujezinovic (1913-1981) and one of his certificates (icazetname) translated by Osman Merhemic (1913-1985).The manuscript of the Collection is kept in the Archives of Herzegovina in Mostar and the certificate (icazetname) in Gazi Husrev-bey's Library in Sarajevo.
Understanding Single Mothers' Choices around Paid Work and Education: Preference Theory Versus a Practices of Mothering Framework

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Within Australian social policy debates Catherine Hakim’s preference theory and closely rated theories about maternal identities have become prominent frameworks for understanding mothers’ decisions around paid work. These theories suggest that women have relatively static preferences regarding their labour force participation that are manifestations of their pre-existing identities as ‘mothers’ or ‘workers’ and that these will affect their labour force decisions much more profoundly than cultural, social or economic conditions. Drawing on ethnographic research with single mothers, this article argues that preference theory is an inadequate framework for understanding how they make choices around paid work. It suggests that a mothering practices framework has much more explanatory power. The mothering practices framework, which emphasizes that mothering is something that is practiced rather than something that one is, fits closely with single mothers’ narratives about their labour force decisions and plans. In contrast to identity theories, it illuminates the day to day material tradeoffs involved in participation in education and paid work, as well as the reality that single mothers have differential access to family support and quality childcare.
THE DETERMINATION OF SPATIAL WORK OF FRAME OF BUILDINGS WITH COVERINGS IN THE FORM OF METAL COMPLEX SHELLS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In the paper the analytical variant of determination of spatial work for building's frame covered by compound envelopments is discussed. The particular feature of the considering structures is the forming of surface from separated industrial panels-envelopments, which have the span construction in the form of hyperbolic paraboloid. The panels-envelopments are made of steel profiled sheets with significant constructive anisotropy. The real characteristics and maintenance conditions of industrial buildings were considered during the task solution. The results are presented in the graphs designed for practical application.
Enhanced Fe IV ═O Generation via Peroxymonosulfate Activation by an Edge‐Site Engineered Single‐Atom Iron Catalyst

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract As an oxidant, the ferryl‐oxo complex (Fe IV ═O) offers excellent reactivity and selectivity for degrading recalcitrant organic contaminants. However, enhancing Fe IV ═O generation on heterogeneous surfaces remains challenging because the underlying formation mechanism is poorly understood. This study introduces edge defects onto a single‐atom Fe catalyst (FeNC‐edge) to promote Fe IV ═O generation via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. In the presence of PMS, the FeNC‐edge catalyst at a low dose (20 mg L −1 , equivalent to 0.14 mg L −1 Fe) exhibits unprecedented activity for organic contaminant degradation. Electrochemical analysis, in situ Raman spectroscopy, and Fe IV ═O probe experiments confirm that Fe IV ═O generation is enhanced on the surface of FeNC‐edge. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the introduced edge sites concentrate electron density on active Fe atoms, facilitating charge transfer from Fe to PMS. Notably, FeNC‐edge immobilized on a polymeric membrane functioned as a continuous‐flow oxidation system with efficient catalyst recycling and minimal Fe leaching.
Species specific DNA sequences in the Triticeae

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Species specific DNA sequences are desirable markers for studying relationships between species and for plant breeding. This paper describes two aspects of molecular cytogenetic analysis of essentially species specific DNA sequences in the tribe Triticeae: sequences that differ substantially in their abundance and homology between species or genomes. Firstly, total genomic DNA can be used as a probe which is made highly specific to species by blocking with DNA sequences common with other species. Examples are given from studies of intergeneric and interspecific hybrids: Hordeum chilense x Secale afrkanum and H. vulgare x H. bulbosum. Secondly, species specific probes can be obtained from isolated and cloned DNA sequences. Both in situ and Southern hybridization techniques have proven important; in situ hybridization is required for localization and finding the distribution of sequences in the genome while Southern hybridization gives information about the nature and structural variants of sequences. The understanding of sequence behaviour, evolutionary patterns and organization in the genome may lead to more effective and directed production of new recombinant lines, wide hybrids, or alien gene transfer.
Demographic Imbalances Resulting From the Bring-Your-Own-Device Study Design (Preprint)

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

UNSTRUCTURED

Digital health technologies, such as smartphones and wearable devices, promise to revolutionize disease prevention, detection, and treatment. Recently, there has been a surge of digital health studies where data are collected through a bring-your-own-device (BYOD) approach, in which participants who already own a specific technology may voluntarily sign up for the study and provide their digital health data. BYOD study design accelerates the collection of data from a larger number of participants than cohort design; this is possible because researchers are not limited in the study population size based on the number of devices afforded by their budget or the number of people familiar with the technology. However, the BYOD study design may not support the collection of data from a representative random sample of the target population where digital health technologies are intended to be deployed. This may result in biased study results and biased downstream technology development, as has occurred in other fields. In this viewpoint paper, we describe demographic imbalances discovered in existing BYOD studies, including our own, and we propose the Demographic Improvement Guideline to address these imbalances.
Purification and characterization of Tora-mame (Phaseolus vulgaris) seed calmodulin.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

We purified calmodulin to apparent homogeneity from Tora-mame (Phaseolus vulgaris) seeds, one of the Japanese cultivars of the common bean. Electrophoretically, the purified Tora-mame calmodulin migrated faster than bovine brain calmodulin in the presence or absence of Ca2+. The estimated molecular weight of Tora-mame calmodulin was 14, 200 in the presenc of Ca2+ and 18, 200 in the absence of Ca2+. Like other plant calmodulin, Tora-mame calmodulin lacked tryptophan and contained 1 mol each of tyrosine and half cystine per mol of protein. However, Tora-mame calmodulin has fewer acidic amino acid residues than other plant calmodulins did. Rat brain phosphodiesterase (Ca2+-PDE) was stimulated by Tora-mame calmodulin, but the concentration of Tora-mame calmodulin, giving the half-maximal activation of Ca2+-PDE, was higher than that of bovine calmodulin, and the maximal activity of Ca2+-PDE obtained with Tora-mame calmodulin was lower than that obtained with bovine protein. The Ki value of W-7, a calmodulin antagonist, for Tora-mame calmodulin (17 μM) was larger than that for bovine calmodulin (8 μM). These observations suggest that hydrophobic regions of Tora-mame calmodulin exposed by Ca2+-induced conformational changes were slightly different from those of bovine calmodulin.
Comprehensive evaluation of modern combine harvester performance in Southern Russia

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Given the diverse range of machines used on farms (including different brands, models, and manufacturers, etc.), the absence of regulatory guidelines often results in violations of optimality and harmony within the equipment fleet. This, in turn, leads to increased costs of finished products. ( Research purpose) This study aims to generalize the results from testing grain harvesters in the southern regions of Russia and to provide a comprehensive assessment of their operational efficiency. ( Materials and methods ) Tests were conducted on economic entities in Southern Russia using a unified, standardized program and methodology according to GOST 28301-2015, GOST 24055-2016, and STO AIST 8.22-2010. A comprehensive assessment of combine harvesters was conducted evaluating operational and technological performance, energy consumption, and economic criteria. ( Results and discussion ) A technical analysis of 12 models of foreign and domestically-produced combines has revealed key characteristics that influence their productivity and operational quality. These combines exhibit a throughput capacity ranging from 6.7 kilograms per second ( Nova S 340 ) to 13.8 kilograms per second ( John Deere S690 ), and their engine powers vary between 180 and 530 horsepower. The specific engine power per unit of throughput also varies, ranging from 24.0 to 38.4 horsepower. Axial rotary combines are noted for their high productivity and minimal grain loss. They offer benefits such as reduced grain crushing and low levels of impurity in bunker grain. The average fuel consumption of these combines is recorded at 11.2 kilograms per hectare. ( Conclusions ) In terms of grain loss, grain crushing, purity, and fuel consumption, domestic combines are comparable to their foreign counterparts, and meet standard agrotechnical requirements. It is recommended that domestic designers study the cleaning mechanisms of the Laverda combine, which ensure minimizing the impurity levels in bunker grain. The cost of the combines analysed does not correlate proportionally with their increased productivity, leading to a signifi cant (up to 40%) rise in the cost of harvesting operations. The Don-1500B combine harvester shows superior economic performance, including direct and capital costs, compared to its counterparts. Therefore, discontinuing its production would be premature.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of a tert‐Butyl‐Substituted Macroheterocycle on the Basis of 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.