jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Bluetongue Virus Infection in Salivary Glands of Culicoides Variipennis

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Bluetongue virus (BTV) multiplies in the invertebrate host culicodies variipennis and is transmitted by this biting fly to wild and domestic ruminants; e.g., see review. Virus replication in the salivary gland of nonbloodfed flies was similar to that for cultured cells. This report describe observations on BTV-infected salivary gland cells from bloodfed flies. Two-day-old female flies, which had been given a blood meal on normal rabbits when the flies were one day old, were inoculated either with normal or BTV-infected cell culture fluids into the hemocoel. Flies were maintained alternately on water and 10% sugar solution for 14-21 days when salivary glands were removed and processed for viewing in thin section. Viroplasms in association with macrotubules, fibrils, and progeny virions were observed in the cytoplasm of infected salivary gland cells (Fig. 1). Large numbers of macrotubules were observed and they often occupied large areas of the cell. Macrotubules most often appeared in bundles of linear array and had an ordered appearance.
Distribution transformer basic insulation level reduction: Feasibility study: Final report

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Conventional oil-immersed distribution transformers have 60 Hz voltage withstand and basic impulse insulation levels (BIL) that have been developed over the years, based on product performance, and specified in ANSI Standard C57. For years, some oil-immersed power class transformers have been specified at 1 to 2-1/2 steps reduction in BIL below the standard level. Improved surge protection devices have primarily been responsible for this reduction in BIL on power transformers. This project investigated reducing the BIL of oil-immersed conventional distribution transformers. A projected distribution transformer market makeup determined the popular kVA sizes voltages for the 5 kV to 35 kV insulation classes of pole-type and pad-mount distribution transformers. Reduced BIL design cases were used to determine the impact on the transformer's design and performance. The final results provided both industry cost savings and total owning cost (TOC) savings. Some caution must be followed on protecting these reduced BIL distribution transformers. 17 refs., 18 tabs.
Ensuring continuous operation of critical process of remote control system at the level of network connectivity

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Continuity of critical process is extremely important in the business of each company and depends on many different parameters, such as uninterruptible power supply, application stability, continuous interconnection of devices that are in the system and so on. If a failure occurs in one of the system parameters, there is a downtime of critical process that will result in losses of various types. Continuity of communication can be accomplished in several ways, using redundant cards, devices, communication paths, but they are all based on an uninterrupted power supply. This paper will describe how to improve the communication of network devices that are a part of non-critical systems and have an impact on the operation of critical system. For that purpose, the paper will describe the use of HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) routing protocol feature employed to ensure smooth traffic routing of the critical system to an IP network in case of the main network device failure.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEVERITY AND DURATION OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN TYPE 2 DIABETES IN TESSELLATED AND NON-TESSELLATED FUNDUS

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

BACKGROUNDTessellated/tigroid fundus appearance are polygonal dark areas of choroid in between choroidal vessels -due to retinal pigment epithelium atrophy and prominent choroid pigmentation and large surface area along with retinal thinning.Low ocular perfusion pressure associated with thin and or long retinal arterioles reduces the occurrence of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) compared to non-tessellated fundus. METHODSThis cross-sectional observational study was conducted among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients who attended as outpatient and admitted in the wards at Department of Ophthalmology, Govt.Rajaji Hospital, Madurai, to determine whether tessellated fundus is a protective factor for incidence and severity of DR, and to compare the duration and severity of DR in tessellated and non-tessellated fundus.All the patients with DR were examined and assessment of DR done with + 90 D lens under slit lamp microscope.Fundus Fluorescein Angiography (FFA) was performed and grading of DR done as per Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study classification (ETDRS) to analyse severity and duration of DR in Type 2 diabetes patients with tessellated and non-tessellated fundus. RESULTSAmong the 60 patients, 30 had tessellated fundus and 30 had non-tessellated fundus.The average age group of patients presenting with DR in this study was 45-70 years with male preponderance; 32 patients were myopic, 23 were hyperopic and 5 were emmetrope.On fundus examination, 93.33% of patients with diabetes for more than 5 years showed majority DR changes.Incidence of Proliferative DR was less in myopes compared to hyperopes; 13 patients had mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 25 had moderate NPDR, 12 had severe NPDR, 2 had very severe NPDR, 5 had early Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) and 3 had high risk PDR.Very severe NPDR, Early PDR and High risk PDR was 100% absent in tessellated ('p' value was 0.03). CONCLUSIONHence, tessellated fundus is a protective factor for incidence and severity of DR.
An infant with trichohepato-enteric syndrome: case report

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Trichohepato-enteric syndrome (THE-S) is a disease characterized by severe infantile diarrhea, failure to thrive, facial dysmorphism, woolly hair, and immune or hepatic dysfunction. We report the case of a boy who presented in early infancy with chronic watery diarrhea, dependent on total parenteral nutrition, along with other features of THE-S.
People with locked-in Syndrome about Technical, Ethical, Legal and Social issues within Brain Computer Interfacing: a qualitative interview

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Brain-Computer Interfaces are often evaluated in terms of reliability, speed or the usability of the technology. However, potential end-users – mostly people with the locked-in syndrome (LIS)- may have ethical, legal or societal issues with the technology which also should be addresses. This study evaluates current BCI design and investigates which recommendations would people with LIS (N=5) give to scientists and designers 1.
Unlawful Seizure: The Legal Implications Of Russia’s Re-Registration Of Leased Aircraft

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia passed a law allowing its domestic airlines to reregister foreign-owned aircraft on the Russian aircraft registry. This law raises important questions about dual registration—forbidden under international law—since the prior foreign aviation authorities had not consented to the deregistration of the subject aircraft. Even as lessors revoked airworthiness certificates, Russia re-registered more than 350 leased aircraft. The most significant problem in civil aviation today is Russia’s re-registration law, which undermines predictability, order, and safety. This essay argues that Russia passed its registration law because its war left it with few other options. This does not make Russia’s actions legally defensible, but the context helps frame potential solutions, which will be explored after examining the international aircraft registration regime and the legal implications of Russia’s actions.
Using landscape characteristics to define an adjusted distance metric for improving kriging interpolations

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Interpolation of point measurements using geostatistical techniques such as kriging can be used to estimate values at non-sampled locations in space. Traditional geostatistics are based on the spatial autocorrelation concept that nearby things are more related than distant things. In this study, additional information was used to modify the traditional Euclidean concept of distance into an adjusted distance metric that incorporates similarity in terms of quantifiable landscape characteristics such as topography or land use. This new approach was tested by interpolating soil moisture content, pH and carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratio measured in both the mineral and the organic soil layers at a field site in central Sweden. Semivariograms were created using both the traditional distance metrics and the proposed adjusted distance metrics to carry out ordinary kriging (OK) interpolations between sampling points. In addition, kriging with external drift (KED) was used to interpolate soil properties to evaluate the ability of the adjusted distance metric to incorporate secondary data into interpolations. The new adjusted distance metric typically lowered the nugget associated with the semivariogram, thereby better representing small-scale variability in the measured data compared to semivariograms based on the traditional distance metric. The pattern of the resulting kriging interpolations using KED and OK based on the adjusted distance metric were similar because they represented secondary data and, thus, enhanced small-scale variability compared to traditional distance OK. This created interpolations that agreed better with what is expected for the real-world spatial variation of the measured properties. Based on cross-validation error, OK interpolations using the adjusted distance metric better fit observed data than either OK interpolations using traditional distance or KED.
Reliability and Accuracy of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Versus Conventional Multidetector Computed Tomography for Image-Guided Craniofacial Implant Planning: An In Vitro Study

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

Both CBCT images (KaVo 3D eXam Imaging System) and MDCT images (Aquilion ONE, Toshiba) showed a highly consistent submillimeter overestimation of the anatomical truth in assessing bone thickness of nasal, orbital, and temporal regions of ex vivo specimens. When using CBCT and MDCT images for presurgical assessment, one should be aware of the overestimation of the cortical bone thickness.
Formation of transition layers at metal/perovskite oxide interfaces showing resistive switching behaviors

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The authors have investigated the chemical states at the interface of metal/perovskite oxides both with and without bipolar resistive switching (RS) behavior using photoemission spectroscopy and x-ray absorption spectroscopy. Al/Pr0.7Ca0.3MnO3 (PCMO), Al/La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 (LCMO), and Al/La0.33Sr0.67FeO3 interfaces were chosen as typical examples of interfaces for the perovskite-based resistance random access memory (ReRAM), while Pt/PCMO and Ag/LCMO were chosen as references for the metal/perovskite interface without RS behavior. Detailed analyses of spectroscopic data revealed that transition layers were formed at the interfaces showing RS behavior as a result of interfacial redox reactions between the Al electrodes and the transition metal ions in the oxides. On the other hand, for the interfaces that did not exhibit RS behavior, no chemical reaction occurred at the interface. The formation of the interfacial transition layer is naturally explained by considering the redox potential between the electrode materials and transition metal ions. These results suggest that a suitable combination of electrodes and oxides could be designed based on their redox potentials.
Pure akinesia: an atypical manifestation of progressive supranuclear palsy.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Two patients with "pure akinesia" who showed the characteristic changes of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) at necropsy are described. They had akinesia but no rigidity or tremor, and ophthalmoplegia was not observed during the course of illness. The symptoms of "pure akinesia" was not improved by levodopa therapy but was considerably improved by L-threo-3,4-dihydroxy-phenylserine. At necropsy, pathological findings were not different from those reported for PSP. It is suggested that "pure akinesia" is an atypical manifestation of PSP, and that norepinephrinergic neurons may be involved in some types of PSP.
Privacy in the Age of Transparency

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

In an ambient intelligent (AmI) environment with computing capabilities embedded in potentially every object it will be difficult (if not impossible) for users to maintain control over data generation, transfer, and use and to achieve unobservability and anonymity. Obtaining consent might not be feasible for the constant need for collection and exchange of incredible amount of data. In most cases, individuals are not aware that profiling is done, what profiles are being compiled, and what decisions may result from these profiles. Due to the overflow of information users cannot maintain knowledge of all data controllers that have some of their data or exercise their right to correct, rectify, block, or erase information collected about them. The present-day privacy legislation has several weaknesses if confronted with the AmI environment that could lead to the need for new principles on which to base new regulations, to take account of the changed context.
LLNL Modeling Calculations in Support of the NMD EOS Program: FY01 3Q Report (U)

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

A program to examine equation-of-state (EOS) issues of interest to the National Missile Defense (NMD) program has been underway for a couple of years. There are current plans to conduct experiments at Sandia National Laboratory in Albuquerque. The initial experiments will be two-dimensional: a thin flyer will normally impact a target at two nominal velocities 6 km/s and 11 km/s. A witness plate is placed parallel to the target, separated from it by a 75 mm gap. Several channels of VISAR measure the particle velocity at different locations at the rear of the witness plate. A schematic of the experimental configuration is shown in Figure 1. At a kick-off meeting in March 2001, the initial computational task for all three laboratories (SNLA, LANL, and LLNL) was to calculate the witness plate particle velocity profiles produced by the two contemplated projectile sizes at both projectile velocities. This report documents these calculations as well as further calculations prompted by the initial results.
Nivolumab in NSCLC: latest evidence and clinical potential

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

New insight on the interaction between the immune system and tumor has identified the programmed death-1/programmed death-1 ligand pathway to be a key player in evading host immune response. The immune checkpoint modulator, nivolumab (BMS-936558/ONO-4538), is the first PD-1 inhibitor to gain regulatory approval, for the treatment of patients with unresectable melanoma. This review will discuss results from early phase studies of nivolumab in solid tumors including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as well as studies of nivolumab in combination with chemotherapy, other immune modulators and molecular targeted therapy in patients with NSCLC.
Intestinal commensal microbiota and cytokines regulate Fut2+Paneth cells for gut defense

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Significance Paneth cells produce granules containing antimicrobial peptides, such as α-defensin for host defense. Examination of the production and utilization of fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2) by Paneth cells revealed two distinct subsets: Fut2 + Paneth cells and Fut2 − Paneth cells. Compared with Fut2 − Paneth cells, Fut2 + Paneth cells were enriched in granules containing antimicrobial peptides. IL-22 and IL-17a were found to be essential for commensal bacteria-dependent Fut2 + Paneth cell development and function as part of gut defense.
Teachers' League of South Africa 1913-40

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Besides examining the history of the Teachers' League of South Africa, a specifically coloured teachers' association, during its conservative phase from 1913 to 1940, this thesis in addition attempts to investigate the nature and development of this organization in the context of the wider social dynamic of which it was both part and product. The League is thus not only studied as a professional association but also as a specific constituent of the broader social categories of the coloured elite, the coloured people and South African society. The origins of the T.L.S.A. was rooted in the subordination of peoples of colour in Cape settler society and the development through the 19th century of a segregated education system at the Cape. More immediately, as a result of the social and political consequences of the mineral revolution intensifying racial discrimination against blacks, one of the responses of the coloured elite was the establishment of the League, through the mediation of the African Political Organisation, to protect coloured educational interests, regarded to be crucial to their advancement. The League was a typical embodiment of the assimilationist aspirations and accommodationist strategies that resulted from coloured elite marginality. This is evident in the growth and maturity of the League being largely in response to the progressive and systematic enforcement of segregation against coloureds over this period. More significantly, the League fully accepted white middle class values and codes of behaviour and its organizational life was dominated by the striving to conform to these norms. The League also displayed the essential powerlessness of the coloured elite as its representative in the tripartite contest with the Education Department and churches to influence the direction of coloured education. The interstitial position of the coloured elite in South African society was manifested by the League contradicting its basic principle of non-racism by the qualified acceptance of coloured inferiority and trying to use its closer assimilation to Western culture to claim a position of relative privilege for coloureds vis-a-vis Africans. It is apparent that at all levels of its existence the League was captive to its coloured identity and status.
Role of WISP3 siRNA in proliferation, apoptosis and invasion of bladder cancer cells.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common cancers of the urinary tract worldwide, killing thousands of people a year. WISP3 is a cysteine-rich protein that belongs to the CCN (Cyr61, CTGF, Nov) family of proteins. Increasing evidences have linked abnormal levels of CCN family members to tumorigenic effects. In the present study, we found that WISP3 was overexpressed in BC. Knockdown of WISP3by RNA interference in two BC cell lines (5367 and SCaBER cells) significantly inhibited cell proliferation, which may be mediated by cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. Moreover, silencing of WISP3 also induced cell apoptosis via increasing the expression of caspase 3 and caspase 9. Depletion of WISP3 notably inhibited the invasion of BC cells. Our data suggests that inhibition of WISP3 may be a therapeutic strategy for BC.
New Directions in the Privatisation Debate?

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The privatisation debate within criminal justice appears to have taken a new turn over the past few months. The original focus of the debate has shifted, new objectives have been promoted and there has been a noticeable change of emphasis away from profit maximisation towards enhanced flexibility and efficiency. In the process, the debate has become more sophisticated and complex and is no longer trapped within a crude state-market. dichotomy. Roger Matthews of Middlesex Polytechnic Criminology Centre argues that there is nothing inherently negative about privatisation and suggests that it may offer vigorous new potential within the penal system.
Planning Cost-Effective Deceptive Resource Denial in Defense to Cyber-Attacks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract: Cyber-attacks against computer systems that provide valuable services can often be effectively defended by tactics of deliberately deceptive resource denial. Delaying in response to suspicious requests is one example; it permits time to develop a good defense, facilitates analysis of the attacks and formulation of a response, and may little affect legitimate users. But delays can look suspicious; a better tactic can be for the operating system to falsely claim unavailability of some critical resources that the attacker needs (files, directories, access rights, network connections, or software). This can be more effective than using “security policy ” as an excuse to deny those resources because it is unexpected and more flexible. We formulate a decision-theoretic approach to the problem of deciding when to deceive by resource denial in a sequence of interactions with a user of an operating system, and provide general formulae for decisions in planning deceptions. Our theory covers both reactive and proactive deception, and both single-session and multi-session attacks. We also provide additional criteria to ensure logically consistent tactics. We provide some evidence from a survey of users to support our modeling.