jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Old Maids: the Lifecycle of Single Women in Early Modern England

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This chapter examines how never-married women, who were primarily members of the middle social and economic tier of society, experienced old age in seventeenth-and eighteenth-century England. Even more significantly, lifecycle single women made up between one-quarter to half of adult women in early modern England. Since women in this time period could enter menopause any time between the ages of 40 and 50, It can be said that old age for women in early modern England began as early as age 40 and more certainly by a woman's fiftieth birthday. The chapter examines the independent activity of such single women by looking at their residential and economic options, their social, religious and civic activities, and finally their social relationships. One of the primary ways in which an older single woman of even limited financial means could exercise her autonomy was by becoming a head of household.
Weighted Hermite-Hadamard and Simpson Type Inequalities for Double Integrals

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we first obtain two weighted identities for twice partially differentiable mappings. Moreover, utilizing these equalities, we establish the weighted Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities and weighted Simpson type inequalities for co-ordinated convex functions in a rectangle from the plane R-2 , respectively. The results given in this paper provide generalizations of some result established in earlier works.
'Home is like....' : A conversation about poetry and longing for home.

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article presents a WhatsApp dialogue between student writers and their teacher discussing the poetry and commentary they wrote during an online course the year before. The students are refugees living in the containment of an UNHCR camp in Dadaab, Kenya. Throughout the dialogue, the longing for a lost home and the cultural relevance and permanence of poetry in their lives as Somalis, are evident.
Only Tumors Angiographically Identified as Hypervascular Exhibit Lower Intraoperative Blood Loss Upon Selective Preoperative Embolization of Spinal Metastases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The role of preoperative embolization (PE) in reducing intraoperative blood loss (IBL) during surgical treatment of spinal metastases remains controversial.A systematic search was conducted for retrospective studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the IBL between an embolization group (EG) and non-embolization group (NEG) for spinal metastases. IBL data of both groups were synthesized and analyzed for all tumor types, hypervascular tumor types, and non-hypervascular tumor types.In total, 839 patients in 11 studies (one RCT and 10 retrospective studies) were included in the analysis. For all tumor types, the average IBL did not differ significantly between the EG and NEG in the RCT (P = 0.270), and there was no significant difference between the two groups in the retrospective studies (P = 0.05, standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.03 to 0.00). For hypervascular tumors determined as such by consensus (n = 542), there was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.52, SMD = -0.25, 95% CI: -1.01 to 0.52). For those determined as such using angiographic evidence, the IBL was significantly lower in the EG than in the NEG group, in the RCT (P = 0.041) and in the retrospective studies (P = 0.004, SMD = -0.93, 95% CI: -1.55 to -.30). For IBL of non-hypervascular tumor types, both the retrospective study (P = 0.215) and RCT (P = 0.947) demonstrated no statistically significant differences in IBL between the groups.Only tumors angiographically identified as hypervascular exhibited lower IBL upon PE in this study. Further exploration of non-invasive methods to identify the vascularity of tumors is warranted.
The economic revolution in book design that went unnoticed. The case of the Southern Netherlands, 1473–c. 1550

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This contribution discusses the evolution of paper thickness of books produced in the Southern Netherlands in the period 1473 until the middle of the sixteenth century. Changing paper thickness is one of the key elements which in all likelihood helped coping with the problem of the rapidly increasing demand for paper by the press. After a description of relevant aspects of the production of hand laid paper and of the resulting morphology of sheets, a methodology is proposed to deal with the problem of establishing paper thickness in bound volumes and further problems dealing with the compression effect and of binding and rebinding are discussed.
Treatment of renal interstitial fibrosis with an agonistic Tie2 monoclonal antibody via amelioration of peritubular capillary lesions in a mouse model of nephropathy

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) eventually manifests as renal interstitial fibrosis, and loss of peritubular capillaries in the fibrotic area is the main marker of disease progression. Tie2, as the main functional receptor of angiopoietin, is characteristically expressed in vascular endothelial cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effect and mechanism of an agonistic Tie2 monoclonal antibody on folic acid (FA)-induced renal fibrosis (FAN) in mice. Methods: Mice were randomly divided into wild-type mice, FAN model mice, and FAN model mice treated with the agonistic Tie2 antibody. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells with lipopolysaccharide-induced injury were treated with the agonistic Tie2 antibody in vitro. Results: FA-induced renal tubulointerstitial lesions could be prevented with the agonistic Tie2 antibody. The extent of renal fibrosis induced by FA was suppressed by treatment with the agonistic Tie2 antibody. The level of fibroblast-specific protein 1 was reduced in mice that were administered the agonistic Tie2 antibody. Further, the agonistic Tie2 antibody inhibited FA‐induced vascular inflammation by downregulating vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. In addition, peritubular capillary density was upregulated by agonistic Tie2 antibody treatment, as evidenced by an increase in the level of cluster of differentiation 31. These findings were verified by the in vivo results, which showed that the levels of VCAM-1, Bax, and α-smooth muscle actin were downregulated after treatment with the agonistic Tie2 antibody. Conclusions: Based on all these findings, it appears that the agonistic Tie2 antibody attenuated renal interstitial fibrosis in FAN model mice by promoting peritubular capillary regeneration, inhibiting inflammation, and improving peritubular capillary lesions, and therefore, it may have promise for the treatment of CKD.
Analysis of phospholipase C gene in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage due to ruptured intracranial saccular aneurysm

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

This study is designed to determine whether patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage have mutations in the phospholipase C-dl (PLC-51) gene, which was identified as a gene responsible for hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Seventy-two cases (31 male and 4 1 female) with intracranial saccular aneurysms were analyzed. The mean age was 60.1 ± 11.5 years (mean± SD) (range 24-85 years). There were 35 patients (48.6%) with hypertension, 5 (6.9%) with diabetes mellitus, 72 (16.7%) with hyperlipidemia, 8 (11.1%) with ischemic heart disease, and 25 (34.7%) who were active smokers. The location of aneurysm was distributed as follows: 33 (33%) were at anterior cerebral artery, 23 (23%) were at middle cerebral artery, 28 (28%) were at internal carotid artery, and 16 (16%) were at vertebro-basilar artery. Six patients (8.3%) had a family history of intracranial aneurysms. There were 20 patients (27.8%) with multiple aneurysms, and 8 patients (11.1 %) with a large or giant aneurysm. The four regions of PLC-51 gene (bases 1099-1271, 1254-1401, 1343-1481, and 1882-2023) where genetic mutations were found in spontaneously hypertensive rats, were screened by PCR-SSCP analysis and their nucleotide sequences of all patients were determined. However, no mutations were detected in all patients. These results suggest that mutations ofPLC-d 1 gene previously implicated in hypertensive factor in rats may not be the case with human patients and therefore may be poorly related with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. [Neurol Res 1999; 21: 368-372]
Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper(II) Complexes with Tridentate NNO Functionalized Ligand: Density Function Theory Study, DNA Binding Mechanism, Optical Properties, and Biological Application

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The photo physical properties of two mononuclear pentacoordinated copper(II) complexes formulated as [Cu(L)(Cl)(H 2 O)] ( 1 ) and [Cu(L)(Br)(H 2 O)] ( 2 ) HL = (1-[(3-methyl-pyridine-2-ylimino)-methyl]-naphthalen-2-ol) were synthesized and characterized by elemental, physicochemical, and spectroscopic methods. The density function theory calculations are used to investigate the electronic structures and the electronic properties of ligand and complex. The interactions of copper(II) complexes towards calf thymus DNA were examined with the help of absorption, viscosity, and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques at pH 7.40. All spectroscopy's result indicates that complexes show good binding activity to calf thymus DNA through groove binding. The optical absorption and fluorescence emission properties of microwires were characterized by fluorescence microscope. From a spectroscopic viewpoint, all compounds strongly emit green light in the solid state. The microscopy investigation suggested that microwires exhibited optical waveguide behaviour which are applicable as fluorescent nanomaterials and can be used as building blocks for miniaturized photonic devices. Antibacterial study reveals that complexes are better antimicrobial agents than free Schiff base due to bacterial cell penetration by chelation. Moreover, the antioxidant study of the ligand and complexes is evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical assays, which demonstrate that the complexes are of higher antioxidant activity than free ligand.
A study to formalize the administration of nursing services using computer-based modeling for the state level of analysis

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The absence of formal communications of the concept of nursing to the social operations of Nursing Services was recognized to limit rational administration at the state level. A formal structure was claimed to be needed to integrate the conceptual and operational facets of the subject. The term formal structure referred to the interpretation of observed phenomenon as a consequence of transformed regenerative energy (Davis & Hersch, 1981; Piaget, 1970, Fuller, 1975). Formalism proceeds by translating the subject's functional structure into logical and mathematical equations, through modeling. The development of a formal structure of the subject of nursing was claimed to be necessary to resolve the communication deficits between the conceptual and operational determinants of performance.
The purpose was to initiate the development of a formal nursing structure. Model development included a partial description of the formal modeling process, and definitions of the computer-based simulation methods used for complex subjects. The initial phase explicitly identifies the domain of unique subject, in preparation for translation into model form. To examine explicit representations modeled and employed for state level administration, surveys were conducted to locate and collect models in use. A generic schematic of the domain variables was proposed to represent the source and limits of the nursing.
The findings revealed the general lack of development of formal methods of modeling, and the lack of development for computer simulation models of the complex relationships of administration of nursing of a social unit. The WICHE model employed by the Division of Nursing described labor supply and demand applicable to state level operations, but was limited in the ability to demonstrate the entire context, service impact of the social unit, and to design new policies or programs to satisfy life goals. No model was located that included the license conditions for all nurses and nursing provider institutions as the source of explicit rules, goals, limits, and languages of the subject of nursing, operated by state programs. A formal nursing structure was considered the appropriate method to explain, demonstrate, and analyze present and future conditions of labor and services, that directly correspond to legal and environmental conditions, from standard assumptions, measures, and constructs of energy.
Short-Term Effect of Conformal Radi otherapy for Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:The current study was designed to eva luate the treatment results of nasop haryngeal carcinoma by conformal radiotherapy.Methods :From September 1997to February 2000,a total of 41cases of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma were trea ted by conformal radiotherapy.Amon g them,27cases were treated by late-course hypofraction conformal radiothera py with the dose of 20-24Gy at 80%isod ose,4-7Gy per time,following routine radiotherapy of 39Gy /30f /3weeks.F ourteen cases received total-cours e conformal radiotherapy with the dose of 59.8Gy /46f /4.6weeks at 90%isodose.Results:The reference isodose curves conform to the target in three dimensions in conformal radiotherapy.The acut e radiation mucositis ,cranial nerv e paralysis and trismus incidence we re similar in two groups ,however ,in the hypofr actionation group 22%developed nec rosis of nasopharyngeal mucosa,3.7%developed reduced optic nerve lesio n,whereas none of the hyperfraction ation group had these complications.The tumor response rate were both 93%for two groups.Conclusion:Hyperfraction conformal radiotherapy is effective in the treatment of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcin oma and has relatively lower inciden ce of radiation complication.
Natural Disasters - A Macroeconomic Perspective - A comparative study of economic and human effects caused by natural disasters in developing and developed countries

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Natural disasters happen in all parts of the world, some countries are situated in especially hazardous area being extra vulnerable. Since it is not possible to move an entire country out of the way of a coming natural disaster, consequences, often severe, are unavoidable. \n\nThis study seek to find an explanation to why rich countries are losing more money and poor countries are losing more people due to natural disasters. To illustrate the economic and human impact of natural disasters in a country, there will be discussions about four major disasters having occurred during the past decade. For the analysis, multiple regressions are used for developed and developing countries divided into two groups where independent variables will be such considered important to evaluate a country’s degree of development.\n\nThe regression results imply that the variables used for defining level of development in a country does not explain the extent of economic losses due to natural disaster, nor does it explain the number of lives lost. However, reality proves that differences in economic losses and loss of lives actually are depending on how developed a country is which is supported by the four disasters presented in the study.
The profile of the families who go through the decision-making process of donatiing their child’s organ

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The aim of this study was to describe the profile of the families who go through the decision-making process of organ donation of their child. Data collection was made through the analysis of the handbooks from the Organ Procurement Organization (OPO) and statistically analyzed using the Qui-square test. The results show a predominance of nondonors (65%), greater frequency of deaths for violent causes (62%), predominance of adolescents (52%), average time of hospitalization of 7 days between the donors, and 4 days between the non-donors, and greater frequency of both parents approach (25%) during the interview with the OPO members. The limitations of this study included the absence of data in the handbooks regarding religion, family income, school level and parents’ occupation.
Generating Anime Sketches With C-GAN

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Generating a decent colored anime drawing from black-and-white sketches is not a simple task in the anime industry. For this problem, a novel deep learning model is introduced based on Conditional Generative Adversarial Networks(C-GAN), which can automatically colorize the anime sketches and output satisfactory pictures. By testing the structure of this model, a typical structure is found to have the best performance.
Facing the Inevitable: Britain's Entry into the European Community and Australia's Policy, 1970‐72

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

While Australia's response to Britain's 1961‐63 bid to join the European Community has been examined in almost every possible detail, Australian policy towards Britain's 1970‐72 application has drawn very little scholarly attention. This article therefore aims to fill this gap by drawing on newly released archival material from the National Archives of Australia in Canberra and the National Archives in London. In doing so, the article examines the impact of Britain's 1971‐72 application to join the EC on Australian policy and the Anglo‐Australian relations. It argues that while far from provoking the same widespread uproar as the Macmillan government's original application in 1961, Britain's final bid had important political and economic implications for Australian foreign policy.
Indoor Allergens—Assessing and Controlling Adverse Health Effects

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

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Pendekatan Sejarah Lokal dan Kepentingannya dalam Pensejarahan Malaysia

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The historical transition from political aspect to social and economy aspect has brought development to various approaches in historical writings. One of them, is the local history approach. However, there are still doubts among the historians and underestimate the approach in history writings. This approach is considered as antiquarian, consists of loads unimportant facts, no chronology and abandoning the theory and method of history. In fact, historical studies using this approach is said to not have any importance to the national historiography. Hence, this research paper aims at denying all of those opinions and proves that local history approach is actually emphasizing on ideas and historical thinking. In short, local history approach is important in perfecting the national history narrative by focusing on the research on the aspects and locations that were previously considered insignificant to the national historiography. In fact, this approach can actually contribute to the new findings in national historiography. For example, the discovery of the study regarding the Malay migration to Kerian, Perak has proven the significant contribution of the Malay society in the economy during the British colonisation apart from denying the judgement of the British on the nature of the Malay of being lazy as a result of their backwardness in economy aspects during the colonisation. This study also successfully proves that the internal migration of the Malay plays a significant role in the development of Kerian as the main paddy cultivation district, not only in Perak but also in the Federated Malay States. Keywords: Local history; historiography; national history; social history; economy history
A Master Plan for the Implementation of Sustainable Enterprise Resource Planning Systems (Part III): Evaluation of a Roadmap

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

An implementation of Sustainable Enterprise Resource Planning (S-ERP) systems is challenging that requires multidisciplinary skills, knowledge, and coordinated efforts of all levels in an organization. Related study in S- ERP systems had been done, however, they only highlighted on the imperative of the system and empirical analysis of the system implementation without looking into detail on how to implement this integrated system. This lack of comprehensive plan and direction to guide practitioners in implementing S-ERP system would result in increased sustainability implementation cost and time and the decline in the quality of products and services. This problem motivates the researchers to propose a master plan of the S-ERP system implementation that consists of a roadmap, a framework, and guidelines. A development of S-ERP roadmap has been underscored in the previous paper. For the next phase, the roadmap is then evaluated by using a peer review method, which is the focus of this paper. The evaluation consists of two main processes including data collection and data analysis. In this regard, twelve experts had participated in the peer review. As a result, the developed roadmap needs to be expanded into two roadmaps, namely roadmap towards sustainable enterprise and roadmap towards sustainable integrated enterprise. From the evaluation results, the experts confirmed that the proposed S-ERP implementation roadmap can generally be used for implementing the S-ERP systems in all types of industry. The roadmap could serve as a theoretical base for further research into S-ERP system research, which can give more insight into the system implementation. In addition, this roadmap could serve as a tool for practitioners in implementing S-ERP systems within organizations.