jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Osman and police immunity in the English law of torts

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article examines and questions the nature of police immunity from claims for negligence in the investigation and suppression of crime, as stated by the House of Lords in Hill v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire. This issue has been discussed before the European Court of Human Rights in Osman v United Kingdom, where the court held that a blanket application of the immunity was contrary to art 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This article will argue that this decision does not overturn the basic public policy principles for the immunity stated in Hill and that further examination of this area of law is required. It is submitted that if the law is considered in terms of proximity rather than in terms of public policy immunity, a clearer understanding of the principles underlying this area of law can be reached together with the desirable goal of removing the term ‘immunity’ from this area of law.
fitlins_tests

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This component was built from a DataLad dataset using the datalad-osf extension (https://github.com/datalad/datalad-osf). With this extension installed, this component can be git or datalad cloned from a 'osf://ID' URL, where 'ID' is the OSF node ID that shown in the OSF HTTP URL, e.g. https://osf.io/q8xnk/ can be cloned from osf://q8xnk
First ever isolation of cytotoxic triterpenoid 2-hydroxydiplopterol from plant source

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Arisaema jacquemontii have shown medicinal importance and biological activities particularly, its anticancer activity, so we have decided to keep on investigating the plant in term of its chemical constituents. A chemical investigation on the chloroform extract of A. jacquemontii have resulted in the isolation of a cytotoxic, triterpenoid 2-hydroxydiplopterol (1), previously reported from the halotolerant, fungal strain aspergillus variecolor B-17. This represents perhaps the first report of cytotoxic compound from plant source. The compound (1) has been identified by multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and comparison of its spectroscopic data with that reported for the compound. Its exhibited cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 22 µM against K 562 cell lines. The cytotoxicity properties of compound 1 were determined by the sulforhodamine B method. Key words: Arisaema jacquemontii, cytotoxic triterpenoid 2-hydroxydiplopterol, isolation.
The Propensity for Dating Apps Usage and the Millennials’ Interpersonal Skills Development

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

The research examines the relationship between personality types and the inclination to use dating apps in the context of establishing long-term relationships. Specifically, it quantitatively tests whether there is a correlation between millennials’ preference for dating apps and their readiness for real-life interactions. The main hypothesis posits that introverted millennials exhibit a more pronounced tendency to use dating apps. To test this, an anonymous online survey was conducted using Google Forms, with Facebook as the research platform. The study aimed to gain a comprehensive psychological profile of dating app users and their dating habits. The research focused on millennials in Croatia (born between 1987 and 1994) residing in Zagreb. The independent variable was the development of millennials’ interpersonal skills, while the dependent variable was defined as the inclination to use dating apps. The primary hypothesis, asserting that introverted millennials have a heightened propensity for using dating apps, was not fully confirmed. Instead, the study reveals a stronger inclination among introverts to use dating apps and messaging as communication tools for social interactions, not necessarily for longterm relationships. Our results are in line with Social Exchange Theory. In the context of the data, individuals seem to make choices regarding digital communication platforms based on the perceived benefits, such as mitigating the emotional impact of rejection, convenience, and the enjoyment derived from these interactions. The theory also touches upon the concept of rewards and costs, where individuals seek relationships or interactions that provide more rewards than costs. In this case, the rewards may include emotional comfort, convenience, and enjoyment, while the costs might involve potential face-to-face discomfort or rejection.
A Chart Showing the Relations Between Electrical Quantities on the A-C and D-C Sides of a Converter

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A simple and useful chart for showing the relations between electrical quantities on the a-c and d-c sides of a converter has loci of constant direct voltage and current in rectangular co-ordinates representing the active and reactive power of the a-c source. Because the per-unit direct voltage equals the a-c power factor, the loci are radial straight lines; and, because the per-unit direct current equals the per-unit alternating current, the loci are concentric arcs. Other loci may be added to the chart.
Effect of seawater pH on selected blood biochemical parameters of juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The effect of seawater pH on blood physiology in juvenile turbot Scophthalmus maximus (Linnaeus, 1758) reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) was examined. S. maximus (19.89±0.25 g) were exposed to six pH levels at 6.3±0.2, 6.8±0.2, 7.3±0.2, 7.8±0.2, 8.3±0.2 and 8.8±0.2. Haemoglobin content (HBC) at acidic conditions was higher compared to that under alkaline conditions. The frequency of total nuclear anomalies (FTNA) was high at pH levels below 7.3 or above 8.3. The relationship between FTNA and pH was well described using a quadratic equation. Alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly declined at pH above 8.3, while total superoxide dismutase activity (T-SOD) remained virtually unchanged among all treatments. This study demonstrated that HBC and FTNA can be used as reliable biomarkers to evaluate the effect of pH in aquatic ectotherms from physiological standpoints. Our findings suggest that environmental pH in RAS ranging from 6.8 to 7.8 is appropriate for juvenile turbot aquaculture.
Creating Spatial Information Infrastructures

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Initiatives, such as INSPIRE and the US DHS Geospatial Data Model, are working to develop a rich set of standards that will create harmonized models and themes for the spatial information infrastructure. However, this is only the first step. Semantically meaningful models must still be developed in order to stimulate interoperability. Creating Spatial Information Infrastructures (SII) presents solutions to the problems preventing the launch of a truly effective SII. Leading experts in SII development present a complete overview of SII, including user and application needs, theoretical and technological foundations, and examples of realized working SIIs. The book includes semantic applications in each discussion and explains their importance to the future of geo-information standardization. Offering practical solutions to technical and nontechnical obstacles, this book provides the tools needed to take the next step toward a working semantic webone that will revolutionize the way the world accesses and utilizes spatial information.
Sources of microbial contamination in tissue culture laboratories in southwestern Nigeria

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Microbial contamination is a constant problem, which often compromise development of all in vitro techniques. This study aimed at investigating the source of microbial contamination in tissue culture laboratories in southwestern Nigeria. Nineteen microbial contaminants (consisting of eleven bacteria and eight fungi) were found associated with the tissue culture plants and the laboratory environments. The bacterial contaminants includes, Pseudomonas flourescens,Escherichia coli, Proteus sp, Micrococcus spp, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium sp and Erwinia sp. While Fungi isolates were Alterneria tenius, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cladosporium sp,Saccharomyces sp, Fusarium oxysporum, Rizopus nigricans and Fusarium culmorum. The rate of occurrence of S. aureus, B. cereus, B. subtilis and E. coli were found to be higher (ranging from 36-46%) in human skin than in all other sampled materials. The laboratory walls and tables also harbored most of the contaminating microbes. The laboratory indoor air was found associated with all the contaminating microbes.

Key words: Micro-propagation, plant tissue culture, bacterial and fungal isolates, contamination.
The impact of perceived stress on skin ageing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract Skin ageing can be divided according to phenotypical features into intrinsic (by the passage of time) and extrinsic (with the addition of the effects of environmental factors). Photoageing is by far the most researched factor of extrinsic ageing but the additional impact of other factors such as cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution ought to be taken into account. One of the least researched topics in relation to extrinsic skin ageing is the impact of psychological stress. A contemporary review of response of human skin to stress describes the molecular mechanisms of extrinsic skin ageing, but has fallen short of explaining resilience to stress exhibited by people. Mechanisms to regulate gene expression, define cellular identity and promote functionality are responsible for the adaptive response to stressful events. Conversely, maladaptive response of human tissues to chronic stress appears to have an impact on gene regulation. Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in organisms due to modifications in gene activity and expression, as opposed to the genetic code ( DNA genome). Chronic stress appears to be an important factor in determining an individual's vulnerability to ageing and age‐related comorbidities via epigenetic modifications. Forerunners in epigenetic research recognized the necessity of a reliable biomarker in order to develop a better understanding of the role of epigenomics in ageing. Genomic DNA methylation patterns ( DNA m) appear to be valuable in age prediction but variability in specificity exists across species of mammals, human races and tissues. Neuroscience research appears to be leading the way in epigenomics whilst the lack of a valid and reliable DNA m‐associated age predictor compatible with human skin tissue hinders research endeavours for the epigenetics of skin ageing.
SH1081216.09FU

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

UNITE provides a unified way for delimiting, identifying, communicating, and working with DNA-based Species Hypotheses (SH). All fungal ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are clustered to approximately the species level by applying a set of dynamic distance values (<0.5 - 3.0%). All species hypotheses are given a unique, stable name in the form of a DOI, and their taxonomic and ecological annotations are verified through distributed, web-based third-party annotation efforts. SHs are connected to a taxon name and its classification as far as possible (phylum, class, order, etc.) by taking into account identifications for all sequences in the SH. An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These sequences are released (https://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and next-generation sequencing analysis pipelines. The system and the data are updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows.
Robust design using sequential computer experiments

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Modern engineering design tends to use computer simulations such as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to replace physical experiments when evaluating a quality response, e.g., the stress level in a phone packaging process. The use of computer models has certain advantages over running physical experiments, such as being cost effective, easy to try out different design alternatives, and having greater impact on product design. However, due to the complexity of FEA codes, it could be computationally expensive to calculate the quality response function over a large number of combinations of design and environmental factors. Traditional experimental design and response surface methodology, which were developed for physical experiments with the presence of random errors, are not very effective in dealing with deterministic FEA simulation outputs. In this thesis, we will utilize a spatial statistical method (i.e., Kriging model) for analyzing deterministic computer simulation-based experiments. Subsequently, we will devise a sequential strategy, which allows us to explore the whole response surface in an efficient way. The overall number of computer experiments will be remarkably reduced compared with the traditional response surface methodology. The proposed methodology is illustrated using an electronic packaging example.
Relational Humor and Identity Framing in the “Virgin vs. Chad” Meme Format

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Extremist narratives construct a morally superior in-group threatened by a dangerous out-group, legitimizing defensive or hostile actions while dismissing opposing view-points. These narratives are also observable in internet humour, where memes take on a special protragonism. This article examines how the “Virgin vs. Chad” meme format, as an archetypal representation of the in-group and the out-group, operates as a mul-timodal vehicle for ideological expression within far-right digital cultures, with a focus on the Spanish case. The analysis is based on a dataset of seventeen memes collected from the platform X as part of the European HORIZON project ARENAS. Using a three-layered analytical framework—narrative ideology, semiotic-linguistic grammar, and humour dynam-ics—the study explores how political antagonisms are constructed, visualized, and af-fectively encoded through this meme format. The findings show that the meme format performs symbolic compression by staging binary oppositions between in-group and out-group identities, typically valorising fig-ures associated with nationalism, masculinity, and epistemic certainty, while delegiti-mizing those aligned with progressivism, pluralism, or emotional expressiveness. These meanings are stabilized through repeated visual and typographic conventions, including character archetypes, split-panel layouts, and indexical stylization. Humour operates not as a peripheral element but as a core logic: it licenses aggression, disci-plines ambiguity, and facilitates affective alignment through irony, reversal, and ridi-cule. By integrating insights from humour theory, narrative framing, and multimodal dis-course analysis, this article demonstrates how memes function as affective infrastruc-tures—mechanisms through which ideological content is rendered emotionally reso-nant and socially permissible. It contributes to scholarship on digital extremism and narrative studies by offering a methodological model for analysing how humour and visual stylization regulate stance, identity, and belonging in online political ecologies.
Women in the South Asian Diaspora of East Africa, 1972-2013

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

South Asian women began settling in the East African countries of Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania in the late 19th century. They joined their husbands and other male relatives who first came as indentured laborers recruited by the British Crown and later transitioned into a subculture of traders. As traders, South Asians took near complete control of the East African economy which attracted the antagonism of colonial settlers and African aspirations. During the colonial period, due to the increasing wealth and westernization of South Asians in East Africa, the women in the diaspora began exiting the private domain and entering the public sphere. African antagonism after independence led to the exodus of the diaspora in the 1970s. In the 1990s, East African governments, caving into international pressure, allowed for the return of members of the diaspora promising an improved situation. However, South Asian returnees including women entrepreneurs and professionals witnessed and still continue to experience discrimination. Such a situation is partly the result of short-sighted policies stipulated by international aid agencies that allowed for the return of the diaspora and should not solely be attributed to the historical relationship between members of the diaspora and the greater African population.
Mathematical analysis for CSI scheme with the interpolation kernel size increased

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

The cubic‐spline interpolation (CSI) scheme is known to be designed to resample the discrete image data based on the least‐square method in conjunction with the cubic convolution interpolation (CCI) function. In this CSI scheme, the improved quality of resampling can be achieved as the interpolation kernel size increases. However, the improvement of the performance gets less and less. This means that the performance of the CSI scheme has not been significantly improved and converges toward a constant value when the interpolation kernel size exceeds a certain value. A proof of this result is given in this study and has never been seen in the literature to the authors' knowledge. Moreover, this study analyses the relationship between the performance and computational complexity of the CSI schemes with different interpolation kernel sizes and compares them from a structural point of view. Simulation results indicate that it is in agreement with the theoretic derivations. Since the arithmetic operations required are increasing linearly with the increment of the interpolation kernel size, selecting an interpolation kernel size gives the best trade‐off between the performance and computational complexity in practical applications. However, the optimum choice of the interpolation kernel size depends crucially on effective demand.
Process and Product Innovation and the Role of the Preference Function

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Abstract: In this paper I investigate the relationship between firms’ investment in product and process innovation, in particular how this relationship is affected by the consumer’s valuation for variety. Depending on the strength of the consumer’s value of variety, the aggregate demand increases with a higher degree of product innovation, which I call the market-expansion effect. I show that the two types of investment are positively related if the market expansion effect is strong.
IL‐1R1–MyD88 axis elicits papain‐induced lung inflammation

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Allergic asthma is characterized by a strong Th2 response with inflammatory cell recruitment and structural changes in the lung. Papain is a protease allergen disrupting the airway epithelium triggering a rapid inflammation with eosinophilia mediated by innate lymphoid cell activation (ILC2) and leading to a Th2 immune response. In this study, we focused on inflammatory responses to a single exposure to papain and showed that intranasal administration of papain results in the recruitment of inflammatory cells, including neutrophils and eosinophils with a rapid production of IL‐1α, IL‐1β, and IL‐33. The inflammatory response is abrogated in the absence of IL‐1R1 and MyD88. To decipher the cell type(s) involved in MyD88‐dependent IL‐1R1/MyD88 signaling, we used new cell‐specific MyD88‐deficient mice and found that the deletion of MyD88 signaling in single cell types such as T cells, epithelial cells, CD11c‐positive or myeloid cells leads to only a partial inhibition compared to complete absence of MyD88, suggesting that several cell types contribute to the response. Importantly, the inflammatory response is largely ST2 and IL‐36R independent. In conclusion, IL‐1R1 signaling via MyD88 is critical for the first step of inflammatory response to papain.
Contralateral rhinorrhea as a feature of infantile Horner’s syndrome

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Horner’s syndrome (HS) occurs as a result of a lesion anywhere along the oculosympathetic pathway and includes the classic triad of unilateral ptosis, miosis, and facial anhidrosis.1 The nasal mucosa has a complex autonomic supply, disruption of the sympathetic element producing nasal obstruction. Nasal obstruction is not recognized as a typical feature of HS, but it can be seen in patients with HS after sympathectomy.2,3⇓ We reported two infants with HS who had contralateral rhinorrhea caused by ipsilateral nasal obstruction. Contralateral rhinorrhea could be the key for the diagnosis of HS in infants, who cannot complain of stuffiness.

This 11-month-old girl had been delivered vaginally at term without any complications, including brachial plexus injury. At age 9 months, she was referred to our hospital because of left ptosis and anhidrosis on the left side of the face noted by hermother shortly after birth. Her mother also noted that …
Monolithic 2D high-power arrays of long-wavelength VCSELs

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

InP-based, long-wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (LW-VCSELs) with buried tunnel junction are presented for high-power applications. Various studies of single-devices with large apertures and monolithically integrated two-dimensional VCSEL arrays are shown. The influence of aperture and array size on laser power, efficiency and divergence angle is investigated in detail. Unlike GaAs-based devices, large apertures are not favorable due to thermal issues. Accordingly, we focused on VCSEL arrays and derived scaling rules for optimum performance. This allows manufacturing high-power devices achieving continuous-wave (CW) optical powers in excess of 3 W at -11°C heat-sink temperature, circular far-field, low divergence angles around 20° and power densities of 130 W/cm2 at 1.55 μm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest power ever reported for a monolithic VCSEL array. At room temperature, more than 2 W is still available and high-temperature operation up to 70°C is applicable. The driving voltages around 1.2 V are significantly low, enabling single battery mobile operation. The wall-plug efficiency at room temperature exceeds 20% in a wide range. Addressing the array in sectors, we found that the array is very homogenous in performance with a standard deviation of less than 2.8%. Therefore, high-power applications can also be accomplished by VCSEL technology. As these novel devices with emission wavelengths beyond 1400 nm are less restrictive with respect to eye-safety, they are also favorable for free-space applications. Additionally, the devices may be used as concealed infra-red headlights that are invisible for all silicon-based detectors.