jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Presidential Address-1974: From Explanation to Action in Psychosomatic Medicine: The Case of Obesity

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Psychosomatic medicine began as a social movement within medicine, designed to counteract the mechanistic and impersonal features that had accompanied the introduction of science into medical education. In its early days, therapeutic inefficacy led to a concentration upon understanding the origins of disorders in which emotional determinants played a role. To a large exten, psychosomatic medicine is still identified with such understanding. Within recent years, however, the development of increasingly effective therapeutic techniques has changed the emphasis in psychosomatic medicine from understanding to action. These developments are particularly well exemplified by the case of obesity. Social investigations have revealed that the prevalence of obesity within populations is determined to a very high degree by social factors, operating in an unplanned and uncontrolled manner...
Respiratory Efficacy of a Multivalent Marker Vaccine Against Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus Types 1 and 2, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus, Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, and Bovine Parainfluenza-3 Virus in Young Calves

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Background/Objectives: A new multivalent vaccine (DIVENCE® PENTA), containing Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2 recombinant proteins, live gE/tk double gene deleted Bovine Herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1 or IBR), live attenuated Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and inactivated parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3) has been designed to protect cattle against the main viral pathogens associated with Bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The aim of this study was to demonstrate the efficacy of DIVENCE® PENTA against experimental infections with BVDV-1, BVDV-2, IBR, BRSV and PI-3 in young calves. Methods: Ten-week-old calves were given two intramuscular doses three weeks apart. The efficacy was evaluated by means of an experimental challenge three weeks after vaccination. Serology, clinical signs, rectal temperature, white blood cell count, viral shedding and lung lesions were monitored after the challenge. Results/Conclusions: The results demonstrated a significant sparing of BRD in calves vaccinated with DIVENCE® PENTA, as evidenced by fewer clinical signs, lower rectal temperatures, reduced viral shedding and less severe pulmonary lesions compared to control animals. A significant reduction in hyperthermia, leukopenia and viraemia post-challenge was also observed, highlighting the efficacy of the multivalent vaccine against BVDV types 1 and 2, IBR, BRSV and PI-3 in young calves.
Self-Confidence, Self-Esteem, and Assumption of Sex Role in Young Men and Women

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

This study investigated the use of the English translation of a paper-and-pencil self-confidence scale developed in French by Garant, Charest, Alain, and Thomassin in 1995. The translated self-confidence scale measured self-confidence, or the belief that one will succeed at whatever one undertakes, as distinct from self-esteem or the feeling that one is a worthwhile person. Unlike a number of previous studies, there was no sex difference in self-confidence favoring men however, scores on the masculinity portion of Bern's Sex-role Inventory (1974) were highly correlated with self-confidence for both men ( r = .59) and women ( r = .69).
Smoking Cessation in Stroke Survivors in the United States: A Nationwide Analysis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: Continued smoking after stroke is associated with a high risk of stroke recurrence and other cardiovascular disease. We sought to comprehensively understand the epidemiology of smoking cessation in stroke survivors in the United States. Furthermore, we compared smoking cessation in stroke and cancer survivors because cancer is another smoking-related condition in which smoking cessation is prioritized. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, an annual, nationally representative health survey. Using pooled data from 2013 to 2019, we identified stroke and cancer survivors with a history of smoking. We used survey procedures to estimate frequencies and summarize quit ratios with attention to demographic and geographic (state-wise and rural-urban) factors for stroke survivors. The quit ratio is conventionally defined as the proportion of ever smokers who have quit. Then, we used multivariable logistic regression to compare quit ratios in stroke and cancer survivors while adjusting for demographics and smoking-related comorbidities. Results: Among 4 434 604 Americans with a history of stroke and smoking, the median age was 68 years (interquartile range, 59–76), and 45.4% were women. The overall quit ratio was 60.8% (95% CI, 60.1%–61.6%). Quit ratios varied by age group, sex, race and ethnicity, and several geographic factors. There was marked geographic variation in quit ratios, ranging from 48.3% in Kentucky to 71.5% in California. Furthermore, compared with cancer survivors, stroke survivors were less likely to have quit smoking (odds ratio, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.67–0.79]) after accounting for differences in demographics and smoking-related comorbidities. Conclusions: There were considerable demographic and geographic disparities in smoking quit ratios in stroke survivors, who were less likely to have quit smoking than cancer survivors. A targeted initiative is needed to improve smoking cessation for stroke survivors.
On Cheng's Eigenvalue Comparison Theorems

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

We prove Cheng's eigenvalue comparison theorems for geodesic balls within the cut locus under weaker geometric hypothesis, and we also show that there are certain geometric rigidity in case of equality of the eigenvalues. This rigidity becomes isometric rigidity under upper sectional curvature bounds or lower Ricci curvature bounds. We construct examples of smooth metrics showing that our results are true extensions of Cheng's theorem. We also construct a family of complete smooth metrics on the Euclidean space non-isometric to the constant sectional curvature k metrics of the simply connected space forms of constant sectional curvature k such that the geodesic balls of radius r have the same first eigenvalue and the geodesic spheres have the same mean curvatures. In the end we construct examples of Riemannian manifolds M with arbitrary topology with positive fundamental tone positive that generalize Veeravalli's examples.
Exfoliation of BN nanosheets for toughening SiO2f/SiO2 composites

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Silica composites have been found to exhibit favourable properties in both high temperature and wave transparent applications. However, pure silica composites also undergo very brittle failure and techniques to improve their toughness has seen limited success. This project investigates the optimal processing parameters of the exfoliation of BN nanosheets using ball milling and ultrasonic probing methods, as well as its effect on the flexural properties and toughness mechanisms when incorporated in SiO2f/SiO2 composites. The starting material used h-BN to be processed into nanosheets while the composite was prepared with quartz matrix embedded into quartz layers of simple 2D weave fibres. It was found that after 16 hours of ultrasonication proceeding the ball milling process of 300 rpm for 15 hours, the size remained in the range of 200-250 nm. Four SiO2f/SiO2 composites were prepared with 1, 2 and 4 layers of BN coatings as interfaces between fibre and matrix, including one control sample without interface. Flexural testing was conducted to gauge the toughness based on the nature of the flexural stress-strain curves. The results show positive results as the BN nanosheets displayed signs of improving the toughening mechanism in demonstrating pseudo-plasticity effect as BN is applied. There was a general decreasing trend in average flexural yield strength and flexural modulus as more BN interface is applied, while the flexural strain at 50% yield strength increased. The data shows the effectiveness of the BN nanosheets in improving the toughness. Overall, the samples with 2-layer BN show a good pseudo-plasticity with acceptable flexural strength of ~40 MPa as compared to ~50 MPa in the control sample. The relatively high flexural strength together with its favourable toughening effect on the composite makes 2 layers of BN the optimal condition in this study. The fracture surfaces as observed in SEM analysis show increasing fibre pull-out length from ~30µm to 500-2000 µm. This evidence show increasing toughening mechanism due to more absorption of fracture energy as the number of layers of interfacial layers increased. Also, the residual matrix surrounding the fibres decrease with more coatings, proving the interfacial bonding between the fibre and matrix weakens as coating increases. The study achieved in both the exfoliation technique of synthesising BN nanosheets and its toughening effect, which paves the way into further studies to enable silica composites in real life applications.
CHANGE-DETECTION IN IMAGE SEQUENCES

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper describes several algorithms for the detection of small changes between images in nois environment. Specifically two procedures for suc! image processing are introduced. The first is, a nonlinear image processin procedure for reduction and/or suppression of bacigrcund (clutter), and the enhancement of the small, difference between two images. This procedure is based on the newly developed Pontryagin filter and concepts of adaptive noise cancellin and ima e-sequence anal sis. Another rocedure is ayso introiuced but it is Sinear. It is lased on a lattice filter structure. The performacne is evaluated through computer simulations and real images.
Sticking to Sugars at the Metastatic Site: Sialyltransferase ST6GalNAc2 Acts as a Breast Cancer Metastasis Suppressor

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Summary: O-linked glycans on plasma membrane proteins are altered in cancer cells, leading to changes in cell adhesive properties and contributing to metastasis. Mechanisms of how these carbohydrates alter tumor spread remain vague. In this issue of Cancer Discovery, Murugaesu and colleagues, using an in vivo functional RNA interference metastasis screen, identified sialyltransferase ST6GalNAc2 as a novel metastasis suppressor gene. Aggressive estrogen receptor–negative breast cancers with reduced ST6GalNAc2 expression alter O-linked glycans on tumor cell surface, increasing soluble lectin galectin-3 binding and tumor cell clustering at metastatic sites. Cancer Discov; 4(3); 275–7. ©2014 AACR. See related article by Murugaesu et al., p. 304
In silico and in vitro inhibition abilities of novel benzene sulfonamides on carbonic anhydrase and choline esterases

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Compounds that possess a benzene sulfonamide structure are utilized in a wide range of fields. It is reported in the literature that many compounds belonging to this class of compounds exhibit various pharmacological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, inflammatory, antiglaucoma, and anticholinergic effects. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes play a critical role in pH regulation, long-term synaptic turnover and are therefore thought to be associated with such diseases as mental retardation, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Down syndrome. Studies have reported that there is an increase in the levels of hCA-I and hCA-II isoenzymes in AD. AD is a complex, multifactorial disorder, so therapy should probably address not only the cholinergic system but also additional systems. Based on these features, a series of novel substituted benzene sulfonamides were synthesized from 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-methylbenzene. Sulfonyl chloride 9 was synthesized from the reaction of 1,2,3-trimethoxy-5-methylbenzene and excess chlorosulfonic acid. The reaction of the obtained sulfonyl chloride with NH3 and N-alkyl amines, aniline, and phenethylamine gave substituted benzene sulfonamide derivatives 10–16. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their carbonic anhydrase (hCA I-II), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory properties. Some of the substituted benzene sulfonamide derivatives 10–16 showed inhibitory effect on hCA isoenzymes. The Ki values determined for the hCA I enzyme are in the range of 102.01–147.19 µM. Benzene sulfonamide derivatives 10–16 showed an inhibitory effect on AChE and BChE. The Ki values determined for AChE and BChE enzymes are in the range of 28.76–308.08 µM and 42.80–445.60 µM, respectively. It was determined that sulfonamides 15–16 were selective inhibitors for the hCA I and 10 showed 11-fold more selectivity on AChE than BChE. In addition, the in-silico SAR and ADME properties of the synthesized compounds were also investigated.
Effect of contrasting tillage procedures on the emergence of onions in relation to measured physical properties of seed beds

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Summary A new tillage procedure was examined for the improvement in physical environment it might provide during the establishment of a vegetable crop, particularly in a dry spring. This procedure, of cultivating the soil mainly in autumn, was compared with the conventional method of cultivating in the spring on a sandy loam soil. The physical condition of seed beds prepared by the two methods was assessed by in situ measurements of soil temperature, water retention characteristics, hydraulic conductivity and surface roughness. Plant responses were compared by monitoring the emergence of onion seeds. Dry spring conditions were simulated by sheltering some plots from rain. Final emergence, emergence time and rate of emergence were all superior following autumn cultivation for both dry and wet seed beds. The major factor affecting emergence was the coarseness of the seed bed which influenced the mechanical impedance to shoot growth. Differences in soil temperature between treatments were small, as were hydraulic conductivities under dry conditions. Preparing a seed bed in autumn rather than spring resulted in a good tilth with lower mechanical strength. This minimized the constraints on emergence when soil strength increased under dry conditions.
[Spiroergometric assessment of the reserves of the heart pumping function at different times following closed mitral commissurotomy].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The paper is concerned with the results of a spiroergometric study of cardiac pumping function reserves (an ability of the heart to increase its output in response to physical load of maximum intensity) and physical working capacity in 35 patients after closed mitral commissurotomy during a dynamic follow-up in the first year after operation. Altogether 30 healthy subjects were entered into a control group. The data obtained made it possible to reveal residual hemodynamic disorders retained for the entire follow-up period and noted with physical load (a decrease in cardiac pumping function reserves) among the examined patients. The disorders determined lowered physical working capacity. The time course of cardiac pumping function reserves and physical working capacity was studied during the first half year after operation. There was no significant change of the studied values in the second half year.
The Riksbank and International Interest Rate Dynamics

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Based on the case of Sweden, this thesis studies the relationship between the nominal\ninterest rate in a small open economy and the interest rates of the country's trading\npartners. Cross-country interest rate differentials affect domestic economic conditions\nthrough two channels; the exchange rate channel and via capital \nflows. This means that\ninterest rate differentials can have both expansionary and contractionary effects, depending\non the circumstances. Contrary to common theoretical monetary policy frameworks,\nwhich model international aspects only through its effect on domestic conditions, there\nare good arguments that interest rate differentials affect a central bank's considerations\nin a small open economy. This thesis presents empirical support suggesting a significant\npositive relationship between the Swedish Repo Rate and a trade-weighted foreign interest\nrate. The positive relationship is robust through different estimation techniques.\nBased on the empirical results, the thesis proposes a theoretical framework for modelling\nsuch a dependency structure using a DSGE model. The thesis concludes that international\ndynamics should be considered in macroeconomic models that analyze the interest\nrates of small open economies.
Suppressed nonradiative electron–hole recombination in bismuth halide perovskite Cs3Bi2Cl9: Time domain ab initio analysis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Time-domain density functional theory, coupled with non-adiabatic molecular dynamics simulations, was employed to explore the defect characteristics and the associated nonradiative recombination processes in the bismuth halide perovskite Cs3Bi2Cl9. Our findings indicate that Cs3Bi2Cl9 inherently exhibits p-type semiconductor behavior, with vacancies at the Cs and Bi sites acting as predominant shallow acceptor defects. Although Cl vacancy and interstitial Cl defects introduce trap states within the bandgap of Cs3Bi2Cl9, the by-defect electron–hole (e-h) recombination is substantially impeded, which is attributed to the remarkable local structural deformations associated with the BiCl63− octahedral compression around the defects, which further results in decoupling between the defect state and the band edge state. As a result, the enhanced delocalization of defect states leads to a notably small wave function overlap between defect states and band edge states, as well as weak nonadiabatic couplings dominated by low-frequency phonons. Our study offers crucial insights into the mechanism of defect-mediated e-h recombination in bismuth-based perovskites and provides guidelines for designing efficient optoelectronic devices based on these materials.
Proper Names as a Target of Language Awareness

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This paper looks first at the value of proper names in language awareness education by demonstrating their role in various fields of linguistics. It then deals with the role of proper names in three different areas of German language education: German as a mother tongue, German as a foreign language, and the multicultural classroom. The study reveals the marginal role of proper names in German language classes, mainly restricted to historical aspects such as the origin of place names or family names, while communicative, pragmatic or cultural aspects are neglected. Consideration of the role of proper names in language education suggests that they lend themselves to a holistic approach, as is the aim in language awareness, for they cover grammar as well as cultural learning or critical language awareness. Proposals are made regarding the teaching of proper names in the context of language awareness education within the German curriculum.
Carcinogenic activities of various steroidal and nonsteroidal estrogens in the hamster kidney: relation to hormonal activity and cell proliferation.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The therapeutic use of estrogens has been associated with an increased risk of some of the most predominant, as well as less prevalent, cancers in women. The estrogen-induced renal tumor is one of the primary animal models to evaluate the carcinogenic properties of estrogens. Correlations were made with various estrogens by using parameters of estrogenicity end points such as competitive binding, progesterone receptor induction, and alterations in prolactin levels; in vitro renal proximal cell proliferation; and in vivo estrogen-induced carcinogenicity. The most potent estrogens were Moxestrol (MOX), diethylstilbestrol (DES), and 17 beta-estradiol, followed by indenestrol B, 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone, and 11 beta-methoxyestradiol with moderate estrogenic activities, whereas 11 beta-methylestradiol, 17 alpha-estradiol, indanestrol, and deoxoestrone were all relatively weaker. As expected, hydrolyzed Premarin (unconjugated estrogens) was strongly estrogenic. Of the estrogens tested, MOX was the most potent carcinogenic estrogen in the hamster kidney. Both 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone and 11 beta-methoxyestradiol induced intermediate tumor incidences with distinctly lower frequencies of renal tumor foci compared to the most potent carcinogenic estrogens. However, hamsters treated for 9.0 months with 11 beta-methylestradiol, 17 alpha-estradiol, deoxoestrone, and indanestrol exhibited no tumors. In contrast, treatment with estrone, equilin plus d-equilenin, and hydrolyzed Premarin for the same time period resulted in 100% renal tumor incidences and numerous tumor foci. Cell proliferation studies of cultured hamster kidney proximal tubule cells were carried out at varying estrogen concentrations (0.01-100 nM). Exposure to MOX resulted in consistently high renal cell proliferative response over a concentration range of 0.1-10 nM. Strongly carcinogenic estrogens such as estrone had a maximal renal cell proliferation response (2.4-fold above untreated control levels) between 0.1 and 10 nM, DES and 17 beta-estradiol responded at 1.0 nM, and 4-hydroxyestradiol responded at 10 nM. Interestingly, exposure to ethinylestradiol, a potent estrogen, at similar or higher doses as those used for DES and 17 beta-estradiol, yielded only a 10% renal tumor incidence and induced only a 1.7-fold increase in proximal tubule cell proliferation. In contrast, 17 alpha-estradiol, deoxoestrone, indanestrol, and 11 beta-methylestradiol, all weakly estrogenic and noncarcinogenic agents, had relatively little effect on tubule cell proliferation. The hydrolyzed Premarin exhibited a maximal 2.0-fold cell proliferative response at 10 nM. The present results provide clear evidence that, in the hamster kidney, the degree of carcinogenicity of a given estrogen correlates with its ability to induce proximal tubule cell proliferation in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
An Improved Medium for the Storage of Actinomyces Necrophorus Cultures

Field: Immunology and Microbiology (Life Sciences)

Journal Article An Improved Medium for the Storage of Actinomyces Necrophorus Cultures Get access E. A. Tunnicliff E. A. Tunnicliff From the Montana Veterinary Research Laboratory, Bozeman, Montana, Montana Livestock Sanitary Board and Agricultural Experiment Staion cooperating Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 63, Issue 1, July 1938, Pages 113–116, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/63.1.113 Published: 01 July 1938 Article history Received: 01 April 1938 Published: 01 July 1938
Carbonate Depositional Environment in the East Pacitan area

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Carbonate sedimentologicalstudy of Middle - Late Miocene Wonosari Formation in the east Pacitan has been conducted. The objective of this study is to determine the carbonate facies distribution and interpret the environment of deposition. The Wonosari Formation in the east Pacitan area comprises of coral boundstone facies, foraminifera packstone-wackestone, larger foraminifera packstone, coral-larger foraminifera rudstone, and algal-foraminiferal packstone facies. As a result, these facies represent depositional environment of reef-associated carbonate platform. These facies include the reef zone or the outer shelf, basin-outer slope and middle-upper slope environments situated to the north of the reef zone. A back reef-inner shelf environment also interpreted being deposited to the south of Pacitan area.