jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Organic solar cells: From a lab curiosity to a serious photovoltaic technology

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Carbon-based organic semiconductors have many advantages, like easy large-area preparation on flexible substrates, large variety of materials, and low cost. Recent estimates have shown that organic solar cells have the lowest CO2 footprint of any energy-generating technology. Despite these advantages, many challenges remain before organic solar cells can achieve broad commercial impact. In this talk, I will present an overview over the key features of solid-state organic solar cells and discuss recent progress in the field, leading to lab efficiencies approaching 20% and module efficiencies exceeding 10%. Furthermore, I will discuss key aspects of mass production and application scenarios.
Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Areas of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

This practice describes methods that may be used to repair damaged hot-dip galvanized coatings on hardware, structural shapes, and other products fabricated prior to hot-dip galvanizing, and uncoated areas remaining after initial hot-dip galvanizing. The damage may be the result of welding or cutting (flame), in which case the coating will be damaged predominantly by burning. This practice can also be used to repair hot-dip galvanized coatings damaged by excessively rough handling during shipping or erection. Requirements concerning the renovation of uncoated areas remaining after initial hot-dip galvanizing are contained within the applicable material specification. This practice describes the use of three types of material that possess the required properties for repair of damaged galvanized coatings, namely: (1) zinc-based solders which includes low melting point zinc alloy repair rods or powders, (2) paints containing zinc dust, and (3) sprayed zinc (metallizing). The material used for repair shall have the specified coating thickness, shall provide barrier protection and preferably be anodic to steel, and application of the coating shall be possible under shop or field conditions.
Clay Aerosols and Arctic Ice Algae

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract The red snow algae species found in snow at Resolute, Canadian Arctic, is a unicellular Chlamydomonas nivalis. Investigations by SEM-EDX, TEM, FT-IR, GC and GC-MS suggest that clay aerosols may provide nutrients for these unique systems. The clays provide P, S, K, Si, Ca, and Mg. Soot is also present and halite is very common. This salt probably plays a significant role in lowering the freezing temperature. The red snow algae is coated by a sticky thin film composed of both organic membrane material and inorganics consisting of mica and smectite. Green algae rich in Ca are involved in active photosynthesis while red algae are in a resting stage. Protamine, stearic acid, and decanoic acid were found at Ca-rich green cells while carminic acid and nopalcol BR-13 were found at Ca-poor red cells. The cell wall of red algae is composed of protein with cellulose. The major fatty acides in cells are all of even-carbon species with maximum concentrations of palmitic acid, stearic acid, and behenic acid, suggesting normal chemistry of algae species without C22. High concentration of n-alkanes with n-C24 is a characteristic component in this red snow algae, suggesting the presence of hydrocarbons that could be derived from the Arctic cold desert and/or organic debris of wind-transported bacteria. It is likely that such organic and inorganic matter provide the nutrient sources for the red snow algae in ice.
Repeat Microgravity Data from Mesilla Valley, New Mexico, 2016-2017

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Note: this data release has been deprecated. Find the updated version here: https://doi.org/10.5066/P94SN60M. This dataset represents the network-adjusted results of relative- and absolute-gravity surveys in Mesilla and Las Cruces, New Mexico. Relative-gravity surveys were carried out using a Zero Length Spring, Inc. relative-gravity meter. The effect of solid Earth tides and ocean loading were removed from the data. Instrument drift was removed by evaluating gravity change during repeated measurements at one or more base stations. Absolute-gravity surveys were carried out using a Micro-g LaCoste, Inc. A-10 absolute-gravity meter. Vertical gradients between the different measuring heights of the absolute- and relative-gravity meters were measured using a relative-gravity meter and tripod, and used to correlate the measurements between the two instruments. Relative-gravity differences and absolute-gravity data were combined using a least-squares network adjustment, as implemented in the software Gravnet (Hwang, C., Wang, C., Lee, L., 2002. Adjustment of relative gravity measurements using weighted and datum-free constraints. Comput. Geosci. 28, 1005–1015). Additional information about the network adjustment is provided under Data Quality. Data pre- and post-processing were carried out using GSadjust (https://github.com/jkennedy-usgs/GSadjust). Data are provided in shapefile and tabular (csv) format. The shapefile contains one entry per station per date. The csv file contains one row per station, with multiple columns for gravity, and gravity change converted to water-storage change.
Pathologie des Delphinidae: contamination foetale et neo-natale par les PCB. Lesion cutanees ulceratives.

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Contamination of Delphinidae's fetuses and newborn has been determined from the organochlorine levels found in the fetuses and pregnant female organs, and in the milk of lactating females, for 4 dolphins and 3 porpoises. High levels of these components show an important transference of mother's contamination to their fetuses and new-born. The examination of 69 ulcerative cutaneous lesions allowed to determine 5 main types of ulcerations with pyocytary necrosis and granulomatous reaction.
Combining ability and heterotic pattern in relation to F1 performance of tropical and temperate-adapted sweet corn lines

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aims of this study were: to assess the genetic relationship of supersweet corn populations; and to establish the heterotic pattern of 49 supersweet (sh2) corn inbreds on F2S5 generation based on molecular marker data and specific combining ability. Forty-nine inbreds were evaluated using 20 SSR molecular markers, which were allocated into heterotic groups according to the discriminant principal component analysis. Twelve inbreds were crossed in a complete diallel scheme. The 81 entries (hybrids developed, parental lines and three commercial checks) were evaluated in a triple partial balanced lattice design (9 x 9) during the growing seasons of 2016/2017 and 2017. The general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were estimated. The SCA values were used to set the heterotic patterns of the parental lines as well. Commercial yield without husk (CYWH) and ear length (EL) were more informative to set the heterotic groups. Additive and non-additive effects were important on the genetic control of the evaluated traits. However, for five of the six traits, the non-additive/dominance genetic effects showed to be more important in both environments. In fact, the hybrids developed among tropical by temperate germplasm had better performance than those ones developed within the temperate germplasm itself. SSR based-genetic distance demonstrate to be a reliable predictor as significant correlation was obtained between genetic distance with hybrid performance (for length of ears, ear height and CYWH) and SCA for all observed traits. The non-additive genetic effect that predominantly controlled all traits was the feasible explanation for the good prediction.
:Hawksmoor's London Churches: Architecture and Theology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Six remarkable churches built by Nicholas Hawksmoor from 1712 to 1731 still stand in London. In this book, architectural historian Pierre de la Ruffiniere du Prey examines these designs as a coherent whole - a single masterpiece reflecting both Hawksmoor's design principles and his desire to reconnect, architecturally, with the purest days of Christianity.
The elephant and the mice: election 2004 and the future of opposition politics in South Africa

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The African National Congress secured another emphatic victory in South Africa's third general election in April 2004. The ruling party achieved a two‐thirds majority as well as a clean sweep in the nine provincial elections. Opposition parties have been effectively crushed by the weight of this electoral juggernaut, although the extent of the damage sustained has varied greatly from party to party. This article assesses the performance of the principal opposition parties and considers why some, such as the New National Party, the Pan‐Africanist Congress and the Inkatha Freedom Party, have performed so badly while others, such as the Democratic Alliance, have at least established a bridgehead within the political system from which they can contemplate making further advances. The general explanations for opposition weakness vis‐à‐vis the ANC are explored before the article moves on to the wider academic debate about the role and value of opposition within a one‐party‐dominant political system. The final section of the article considers the prospects for the ANC's only feasible national challenger, the DA. The article concludes by arguing that the opposition as currently constituted is ill‐equipped to make a decisive electoral breakthrough and that ultimately the prospects for a more competitive party system are dependent upon the fragmentation of the ruling party itself. As that is unlikely in the short to medium term, much depends upon the ANC's ability to maintain a vigorous culture of internal debate, an area where the international experience of one‐party‐dominant systems invites scepticism.
The Impact of Saharan Dust on Atlantic Convective Systems: A Case Study

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Tropical weather systems such as the African Easterly Waves (AEWs), the African Easterly Jet (AEJ), and tropical cyclones usually interact with the Saharan Air Layer (SAL) and mineral dust aerosols embedded in the SAL. Previous studies have debates about the strength and even the direction of the impact from the dust and SAL on the development of the tropical systems. In this study, the sole impact from the dust on a hurricane is quantified using carefully designed numerical experiments. \n \nHurricane Earl (2010) was originated from an AEW disturbance over Africa. It was influenced by the dusty SAL especially in its early development stage. We conduct numerical experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) to simulate Hurricane Earl (2010) starting from a weak disturbance. \n \nExperiments with 36-km resolution show that without moist convection, dust slightly weakens the low-pressure system in North Africa by cooling the atmosphere. This scenario mainly results from a reduction of the boundary layer heating during the daytime and from the enhancement of the outgoing longwave radiative cooling during the nighttime. The zonal mean of the AEJ is intensified slightly (less than 1m/s) in its southern part and weakened in its northern part when dust is included in the model. Adding dust weakens the AEWs at 850 hPa and 600 hPa levels and the tropical cyclone. \n \nHigh-resolution (4-km) cloud-resolving model experiments show that dust deepens the system slightly but does not affect the track. In the tropical low stage, dust increases the low-level cloud at 1-2 km height. It reduces rainfall in the outer edge of SAL region between 250 km to 350 km radii while it increases rainfall in the inner edge at around 200 km. The associated latent heat release shifts the updraft radially inward. The dynamical consequence is the acceleration of the tangential wind and the mid-level circulation. In the tropical depression stage, adding dust increases the number of cloud droplets in most of the regions and enhances the convection around the center, which generates more ice, snow, and rain. Overall, the impact of dust aerosols on Earl is small, the center minimum sea-level pressures only differ by less than 1 hPa at the end of the simulation. This suggests that pure meteorological model may be sufficiently accurate to forecast hurricanes if the dynamical and thermodynamical features of the SAL are properly described. \n \nIn order to predict aerosols, one can use a simple chemistry model such as GOCART which only has aerosol direct effects. Using the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) to assimilate conventional observations and MODIS aerosol optical depth (AOD) data, both forecasts of the track of the storm and the aerosol can be improved.
R-symmetries and curvature constraints in A-twisted heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, we discuss various aspects of a class of A-twisted heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models on a Kaehler variety X. We provide a classification of the R-symmetries in these models which allow the A-twist to be implemented, focusing on the case in which the gauge bundle is either a deformation of the tangent bundle of X or a deformation of a sub-bundle of the tangent bundle of X. Some anomaly-free examples are provided. The curvature constraint imposed by supersymmetry in these models when the superpotential is not holomorphic is reviewed. Constraints of this nature have been used to establish properties of analogues of pullbacks of Mathai-Quillen forms which arise in the correlation functions of the corresponding A-twisted or B-twisted heterotic Landau-Ginzburg models. The analogue most relevant to this paper is a deformation of the pullback of a Mathai-Quillen form. We discuss how this deformation may arise in the class of models studied in this paper. We then comment on how analogues of pullbacks of Mathai-Quillen forms not discussed in previous work may be obtained. Standard Mathai-Quillen formalism is reviewed in an appendix. We also include an appendix which discusses the deformation of the pullback of a Mathai-Quillen form.
THE ALBUQUERQUE TRAFFIC MONITORING SYSTEM: BEYOND TRAFFIC DATA COLLECTION STANDARDS

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

State standards for traffic monitoring have been in place in New Mexico since 1987. These standards prescribe methods for the collection, processing and reporting of traffic monitoring data and summary statistics. The standards were based in part on Traffic Monitoring Guide (TMG) recommendations and the principles of truth-in-data and base data integrity. The standards served as a basis for the design and implementation of the Albuquerque Traffic Monitoring Program (ATMP), yet it soon became apparent that standards alone do not ensure the success of a traffic monitoring program. In order to formulate the basis for an effective traffic monitoring program and the efficient utilization of traffic monitoring data, additional elements were considered and implemented. Front end software was developed for processing traffic monitoring data, applying standard edits and other quality control measures and saving summary statistics to ASCII files. Automated linkages between the summary statistic files and the Geographic Information System (GIS), modeling environment and Street Inventory File (SIF) were implemented so that traffic monitoring data could be effectively linked with the environments and software in which it is most often utilized. A menu driven GIS based query system was developed which allows users to review the entire universe of data collection points, select subsets for on screen or hard copy reports, and review other relevant data like the annual and monthly data collection schedules, traffic flows and roadway utilization data. The GIS was also used to generate monthly data collection schedules in map form to assist field personnel with the identification of data collection points and the efficient grouping of traffic monitoring activities. This paper describes how these features combined with standards for traffic data collection have resulted in a traffic monitoring program and information system which is quality oriented, highly automated, user friendly and cost effective. Given the emphasis placed on traffic monitoring systems by the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), this paper may also serve as a guide to communities which are interested in revitalizing existing traffic monitoring programs and information systems.
Sensitivity computations of eddy viscosity models with an application in drag computation

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Abstract This paper presents a numerical study of the sensitivity of an eddy viscosity model with respect to the variation of the eddy viscosity parameter for the two‐dimensional driven cavity problem and flow around a cylinder. The main objective is to provide a comparison between computing the sensitivity using sensitivity equation and computing the sensitivity using finite difference methods and also numerically illustrate the application of the sensitivity computations in improving drag flow functional. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Extinct Transitional Leaf Genus of Nymphaeaceae from the Eocene Lake at Messel, Germany: Nuphaea engelhardtii Gee et David W. Taylor gen. et sp. nov.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Premise of research. Although the Nymphaeaceae are an ancient angiosperm family, fossil leaves with nymphaeacean affinities from the Paleogene have nearly always been assigned to modern genera. Yet during the diversification of this group, it is extremely likely that transitional forms in this family evolved since its origin over 100 million years ago and should show up in the fossil record. Here, we describe an extinct genus of nymphaeacean leaf with transitional characters from the Eocene Lake Messel locality, which is, according to phylogenetic analysis, a member of the main Nymphaeaceae clade excluding Nuphar. Methodology. Over 39 fossil leaves from the Messel Pit near Darmstadt, Germany, were studied, coded for 40 of 55 morphological and leaf architecture characters, and analyzed phylogenetically. Analyses were run with PAUP* of the Messel leaf morphotype combined with living taxa and then together with previously described fossil Nymphaeales. Pivotal results. Inclusion of the Messel leaf with living taxa results in three trees with similar topology except for the relationship within Nuphar. Bootstrap data strongly support inclusion of the Messel leaf in the order Nymphaeales and the family Nymphaeaceae. In analyses with only living taxa, the Messel leaf places beyond Nuphar within the remaining Nymphaeaceae. In analyses with living and other fossil taxa, it places at the base of the Nuphar clade. Based on its suite of characters, the Messel leaf is recognized here as an intermediate between existing genera and described as a new extinct genus and species. Conclusions. The Eocene water lily from Messel is described here as a new genus and species, Nuphaea engelhardtii Gee and David W. Taylor gen. et sp. nov., and is represented by leaves with characters that are transitional to those of modern Nuphar, Nymphaea, and other Nymphaeaceae. This study offers new evidence of greater biodiversity in Nymphaeaceae in the Cenozoic.
Regional cerebral blood flow in cerebrovascular disease using N-lsopropyl-p(123I) lodoamphetamine.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Twenty-one patients with cerebrovascular disease (5 with hemorrhage, 10 with infarction, 2 with TIA, 4 with motor disturbance of unknown cause) were studied using N-isopropyl-p-(123I)iodoamphetamine (123I-IMP) and single photon emission CT. In 3 of 5 cases with cerebral hemorrhage, perfusion defects were shown in and around the region of hematomas, furthermore, one of the cases with internal capsular hematoma, the perfusion defect extended to the cortical area corresponding to the neurological pathway. In one case with MCA infarction, the perfusion defect was greater and clearer than the low density area on X-ray computed tomography (CT). These results revealed the 123I-IMP study provides physiological information in contrast with X-ray CT which provides anatomical information. In 3 of 9 cases with multiple small deep hemispheric infarctions on X-ray CT, the perfusion to the basal ganglia was suspected to be decreased on 123I-IMP images. However, this visual findings was not definitive and, in fact, the diseased side was not always consistent with the clinical findings. For quantitative analysis, symmetrical regions of interest (ROIs) were constructed both basal ganglia and the ratio of average counts over the ROI to those over the whole slice was calculated. In the small infarction group, the mean +/- S.D. of the values was 0.89 +/- 0.09 in right and 0.89 +/- 0.08 in left. Although the values were not significantly different from those of normal subjects (0.99 +/- 0.02 in right, 0.97 +/- 0.03 in left), they distributed in the range less than normal in 5 of 9 cases. This method was thought to be useful and practical to evaluate the cerebral blood flow in basal ganglia of patients with deep hemispheric infarction.
Complementarity of generative models for road networks

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Understanding the dynamics of road networks has theoretical implications for urban science and practical applications for sustainable long-term planning. Various generative models to explain road network growth have been introduced in the literature. We propose in this paper a systematic benchmark of such models integrating different paradigms (spatial interactions, cost-benefit compromises, biological network growth), focusing on the feasible space of generated network measures. We find a quantitatively high complementarity between the different models. This confirms the necessity of a plurality of urban models, in line with integrative approaches to urban systems.
The Context and Challenges of Freedom of Information in Local Government: A Practitioner’s Perspective

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The continuous publication of news stories about parliamentarians' expenses in 2009 gave particular resonance to the Freedom of Information (FoI) Act 2000. The FoI Act has been proving its worth, it has been argued, by extracting information from a reluctant system. In the high performing local authorities there is a very strong element of effective leadership in local governance. The highly centralised relationship is a big piece of the tapestry against which a consideration of access to information in local government must take place. FoI and access to information have helped to provide an infrastructure to ensure openness in local government but other drivers are needed for improving participation in local democracies. The FoI legalisation whilst forcing the publication of material that might not otherwise have reached the public arena, has also had the effect of driving the decision-making processes further back with often intricate devices being created to facilitate political discussion.