jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Paul Ramdohr in Australia: Contributions to Mineralogy, Mineragraphy, Ore Genesis and Meteoritics Resulting from His Three Visits

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Paul Ramdohr (1890-1985), celebrated mineralogist, ore-deposit researcher and pioneer of ore microscopy spent three periods in Australia that differed considerably from each other in nature and structure. He was a Principal Research Scientist specializing in microscopy and ore deposits for nine months with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Melbourne in 1948-9. For three months in 1962 he was Visiting Professor of Geology at the University of New South Wales. On holiday in Adelaide and Sydney in December 1970 and January 1971, he negotiated an agreement as a result of which the Mundrabilla II meteorite was shipped to Heidelberg in Germany for slicing and distribution for research purposes. This study summarizes his activities and direct contributions to Australian mineralogy during and as a result of those visits.
The effects of non-selective, preferential-selective and selective COX-inhibitors on the growth of experimental and human tumors in mice related to prostanoid receptors

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Earlier observations on cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors (NSAIDs) restricting tumor growth were re-evaluated by comparing the effects of non-selective, preferential selective and selective derivatives of COX-inhibitors on tumor growth in mouse models with either prostaglandin-sensitive (MCG-101, human tumors) and -insensitive transplants (K1735-M2). Tumor growth, with and without provision of a classical cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin), was related to tumor content of COX-1/COX-2 protein as well as to EP1-EP4 and prostacyclin receptor expression. Mouse serum amyloid protein (SAP) was measured as an indicator of systemic inflammation, which relates to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Indomethacin inhibited tumor growth and prolonged the survival of mice bearing MCG-101 tumors, which display a high production of PGE2, while K1735-M2 tumors with insignificant amounts of PGE2 did not respond to indomethacin at all. However, the effects of various NSAIDs on tumor growth were highly variable in combination with the fact that most preferential selective and selective COX-2 inhibitors attenuated poorly systemic inflammation evaluated by plasma concentrations of mouse SAP. The ability of NSAIDs to attenuate tumor growth was not related to the tumor content of COX-2 protein as expected. Multivariate analysis suggests that significant COX-inhibition of tumor growth may be related to tumor expression of subtype EP2, EP3 (p<0.005) and perhaps EP4 (p<0.09) in complex interplay. The extent of tumor growth inhibition by COX-inhibitors is not simply related to drug specificity on COX-1 or COX-2 pathways. Such effects may instead be related to tumor expression of prostanoid receptors in tumor tissue.
Fusion Rates with Autologous Bone Grafts in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Posterior Cervical Spine Fusion

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: Surgical management of cervical instability and obtaining solid bone fusion in children is technically challenging due to smaller and immature anatomy besides the lack of pediatric-adapted instrumentation.Optimizing fusion via additional bone grafting and postoperative HALO device application has been a topic of controversy.We describe our experience with posterior cervical spine fusion techniques and re-visit the role of autologous bone grafting. Methods:We performed a retrospective chart review of children, who underwent rigid instrumentation and/or onlay bone graft fusion between 2008 and 2019.The primary outcome was solid bone fusion at 2 years after surgery.Secondary outcomes were neurological outcome and adverse events, including surgical and postoperative complications, graded according to the Spinal Adverse Events Severity System, version 2 (SAVES-V2).Results: Twenty-one patients had a minimum follow up of 2 years (mean 4.65 years, range: 2.0 -10.68 years), including 14 males and 7 females.The mean age at surgery was 8.4 years (median 8, range 0.7 -14 years).Indications for surgical fusion were C1/2 instability, secondary instability after surgery, trauma and other etiologies.Seventeen patients underwent rigid instrumentation with application of autologous bone graft and 4 patients onlay bone graft fusion only.Thirteen patients underwent postoperative HALO vest application.Final solid bone fusion was achieved in 19 patients, including 2 with asymptomatic hardware failure.Nonunion and worsening junctional kyphosis required revision surgery in 2 patients.Neurological status remained unchanged postoperatively and at last follow-up.The surgical complication rate was 14%, the overall complication rate 23% respectively. Conclusion:Variable fusion techniques of the cervical spine can be safely performed and result in adequate fixation in children.Autologous bone grafting is substantially contributing to solid fusion while having a low morbidity profile.
A Modified Extreme Value Problem

Field: Mathematics (Physical Sciences)

Consider the following problem. Particles are distributed over unit areas in such a way that the number of particles to be found in such areas is a random variable following the law of Poisson, with $\\nu$ equal to the expected number of particles per unit area. Furthermore, the particles themselves are assumed to vary in magnitude according to a size distribution specified (independently of the particular unit area chosen) by a d.f. $F(x)$ defined over some interval $a \\leq x \\leq b$, with $F(a) = 0$ and $F(b) = 1$. The problem is to find the distribution of the smallest, largest, or more generally the $n$th smallest or $n$th largest particle in randomly chosen unit areas. The problem as stated is not completely specified. To specify the distribution of smallest or largest particles in a unit area one must give a rule for dealing with those areas which contain no particles at all. More generally, in the case of the distribution of the $n$th smallest or $n$th largest particle, one must give a rule for dealing with those areas which contain $(n - 1)$ or fewer particles. There are at least two possible alternatives. One alternative is to omit none of the areas from consideration by setting up the following rule: if no particles are found in a given unit area then this area will be considered as one for which the smallest size particle is $x = b$ and for which the largest size particle is $x = a$. More generally, if $(n - 1)$ or fewer particles are found in a given unit area then this area will be considered as one for which the $n$th smallest size particle is $x = b$ and for which the $n$th largest size particle is $x = a$. A second alternative is to restrict attention to those areas which contain at least one particle (in the case of the distribution of smallest or largest values) or at least $n$ particles (in the case of the distribution of the $n$th smallest or $n$th largest particle). In other words, this means finding the relevant conditional distribution. From the point of view of the application of the theory of extreme values to fracture problems, there are some situations where the first model and other situations where the second model is the more appropriate in describing the phenomenon under investigation. In this paper section 2 will be devoted to a derivation of the distributions associated with the first alternative; in section 3 the conditional distributions will be described briefly.
Compensating primary mirror distortions in astronomical telescopes with real-time holography

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

In this work, we investigate real-time holographic phase subtraction as a technique for compensating astronomical telescope primary mirror distortions. The technique is all-optical and avoids the use of wavefront analyzers, computer processors, or adaptive controls. Real-time holography is demonstrated with both nonlinear optical materials and optically addressed spatial light modulators.
Epiphora due to Kaposi's sarcoma of the nasolacrimal duct

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Gaze evoked amaurosis in dysthyroid orbitopathyEDITOR,-Gaze evoked amaurosis is an uncommon symptom usually associated with intraconal masses such as cavernous haemangioma 1 or optic nerve sheath meningioma. 2 3 Patients describe transient loss of vision in eccentric positions of gaze with full recovery of vision on returning to the primary position.The cases previously published have all been unilateral.We describe a case of bilateral gaze evoked amaurosis in a patient with dysthyroid orbitopathy.
Synchronization without active chemical synapses during hippocampal afterdischarges

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Afterdischarges elicited by antidromic stimulation were studied in the CA1 region of transverse slices of rat hippocampus. The slices were incubated in a static bathing medium containing Mn2+ with lowered Ca2+ concentration, which blocked chemical synaptic transmission. Extracellular voltage recordings from micropipettes revealed afterdischarges of population spikes, which represent synchronized action potentials. Afterdischarge duration became longer with incubation time, occasionally lasting up to 9 s. Simultaneous recordings from three extracellular micropipettes indicated propagation of individual population spikes along the CA1 cell body layer during an afterdischarge. Intracellular recordings from pyramidal cells showed that action potentials were synchronized with population spikes. When initial action potentials of an afterdischarge were blocked by hyperpolarizing the impaled cell, subsequent action potentials remained synchronized with population spikes, indicating a synchronizing interaction between neurons. Intrasomatic neuronal recordings sometimes revealed partial action potentials that were also synchronized with population spikes. During afterdischarges, relatively weak (10 mV) hyperpolarization blocked both full and partial action potentials. These observations suggest that synchronized action potentials and partial spikes were initiated near the soma. Intracellular voltage recordings were referenced to a local extracellular microelectrode in order to determine more accurately the transmembrane potential in the presence of large population spikes .54). Such neuronal recordings revealed brief transmembrane depolarizations that occurred synchronously with population spikes. Large injected hyperpolarizing currents did not affect the brief transmembrane depolarizations. Similar differential voltage recordings across glial cell membranes did not show measurable brief transmembrane depolarizations during population spikes. However, slow glial depolarizations during afterdischarges indicated prolonged K+ accumulation and clearance in the extracellular space, which probably contributed to the hyperexcitability of pyramidal cells. During an afterdischarge, extracellular potentials were recorded simultaneously from six micropipettes arranged perpendicularly to the stratum pyramidale. Current source-density analysis indicated a sink in the cell body layer during population spikes and a corresponding source in distal dendrites. It is concluded that an electrical field effect depolarizes and thus synchronizes neurons during these afterdischarges.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adsorption of water vapour on silica gel

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

In the world that we live in today, population has been increased rapidly and therefore, the consumption of various sources of energy also increased tremendously. The non-renewable sources of energy are limited and can only last us for a few more decades to a century. Thus, the demand for green, renewable and energy efficient technologies has increased in the recent years. The adsorption technology has the potential for most of the vapour compression based refrigeration or heat generation processes in the future and can be developed for adsorption cooling or heat pump devices. Therefore, researchers from all around the world have been working on this adsorption field intensely. In this project, physisorption or physical adsorption of silica gel beads and water vapour is studied at various temperature by maintaining iso-pressure conditions. An experimental apparatus was fabricated, assembled and tested in this project. After assembling and testing, the volume calibration for all apparatus was carried out as it was important in order to keep other variables in the experiment constant. All the data related with the fabrication, assembly and testing are also presented later in the report in detail. Adsorption characteristics of the silica gel are conducted at different pressures and temperatures. Then, the uptake data was calculated for each and every experiment using the ideal gas equation. After that, the validation of the experiment data with the standard adsorption isotherms are measured. The Langmuir isotherm is found to be the best isotherm to simulate the theoretical data.
Luft's syndrome: O2 cost of exercise and chemical control of breathing

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The oxygen cost of exercise and chemical control of breathing were studied in a subject with Luft's syndrome, a disorder in which skeletal muscle mitochondria have a high “resting” O2 consumption which is imcreased only slightly by stimulation with excess phosphate acceptor, but a normal P/O ratio. The O2 consumption was more than three times normal (1.05 1/min) at rest but could be doubled when stimulated by maximal exercise. The O2 cost of exercise was similar to that of normal subjects. At rest, arterial blood PCO2 and ventilatory response to CO2 were normal, while ventilatory response to hypoxia was four times the predicted value. The data 1) confirm, in vivo, the normal respiratory efficiency of skeletal muscles in this disorder; 2) suggest that in vitro estimates of the extent to which mitochondrial respiration can be stimulated may not correlate with in vivo determinations; and 3) suggests that hypermetabolism per se can cause the ventilatory adjustments which are associated with exercise in normal subjects.
Solanum tuberosum LOTID 247236

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Plant Genetic Resource.
Taxonomy: Solanum tuberosum
Common name(s): Potato
Conserved by: Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), Peru
Local sample unique identifier: LOTID 247236
Method of creation: In-house copy
Date: 1970
Other identifiers: n/a,CIP 701359
Historical: Yes
Biological status: Traditional cultivar/landrace
MLS status: Included
Epidemiology and Treatment of Epididymitis

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Epidemiology and Treatment of Epididymitis Get access D. Peter Drotman D. Peter Drotman From the Venereal Disease Control Division, Center for Prevention Services, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Reviews of Infectious Diseases, Volume 4, Issue Supplement_4, November-December 1982, Pages S788–S792, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/4.Supplement_4.S788 Published: 01 November 1982
Assessing port competition via a cost-based logistic chain model: A transparent and generic approach

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study was conducted to address the lack of insight port authorities have in port competitiveness. Within this thesis a data-driven model is presented that allows to assess port competition within a bounded scope. This model is developed from the ground up and programmed in the Python programming language as a stand-alone solution. The model doesn’t rely on extensive black-box models as often found in related literature. Due to its generic nature, the logistic chain choice model can also serve as a base model for different scenario analyses. Scenarios could include the change of ship-size, (oil) price or cost scenario’s and future throughput forecasts. The model can provide insights regarding effective port investments and policy making.
DNA Synthesis of Wing Disc Cells and the Effects of Mitomycin C and X Ray Irradiation on the Wing Development of Bombyx mori

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The rate of DNA synthesis of wing discs and the effects of X ray irradiation and mitomycin C injection were observed during last larval and early pupal stage of Bombyx mori. The rate of DNA synthesis in wing discs of Bombyx mori was estimated by means of the incorporation of 3H-thymidine during the fifth larval stage. Mitomycin C injection and X ray irradiation were performed during the fifth larval instar and pupal stage to investigate the effects of inhibition of DNA synthesis. The rates of 3H-thymidine incorporation were high on days 0, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 10 of the fifth larval instar. Wings of eclosed adults were affected by injections of mitomycin C between the 7th day of the fifth larval instar and the second day of the pupal stage. Exposing the insects to X rays during the fifth larval instar affected wing and scale formation, and at earlier stages, it had a more deleterious effect. Irradiation at 24–36 hours after pupation inhibited wing expansion and scale formation most among pupal stages. The results suggested that the peaks of 3H-thymidine incorporation during the fifth larval instar and the pupal stage have specific significance for wing development.
Single-walled carbon nanotube modelling based on one- and two-dimensional Cosserat continua

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

This research aims to study the mechanical properties of single-walled carbonnanotubes. In order to overcome the difficulties of spanning multi-scales fromatomistic field to macroscopic space, the Cauchy-Born rule is applied to link thedeformation of atom lattice vectors at the atomic level with the materialdeformation in a macro continuum level. Single-walled carbon nanotubes aremodelled as Cosserat surfaces, and modified shell theory is adopted where adisplacement field-independent rotation tensor is introduced, which describes therotation of the inner structure of the surface, i.e. micro-rotation. Empiricalinteratomic potentials are applied so that stress fields and modulus fields can becomputed by the derivations of potential forms from displacement fields androtation fields. A finite element approach is implemented. Results of simulationsfor single-walled carbon nanotubes under stretching, bending, compression andtorsion are presented. In addition, Young’s modulus and Poisson ratio for graphitesheet and critical buckling strains for single-walled carbon nanotubes arepredicted in this research.
Visualizing Ancient Greek Rhetoric in Immersive Virtual Reality

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

I N T R O D U C T I O N C R O W D S I M U L A T I O N A N D C A P A C I T Y V I S U A L I Z A T I O N G O A L S C O N C L U S I O N A N D F U T U R E W O R K
Radical Mastectomy Efficiently Improves Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Dogs with Malignant Mammary Tumors

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

The incidence of mammary gland tumors in dogs is a significant issue, characterized by notable rates of malignancy, recurrence, and disease burden. However, the lack of comprehensive information and correlated studies has presented challenges in establishing an effective surgical treatment strategy. In this study, a cohort of 95 dogs diagnosed with mammary tumors underwent evaluation using various surgical methods, medications, ovariohysterectomy, and assessments of margin completeness to analyze clinical outcomes. Significant clinical outcomes were observed following radical mastectomy and conservative surgeries, irrespective of TNM stages and histopathological grade of malignancy. Complete excision demonstrated significantly improved survival time and disease-free interval compared to incomplete excision. It is noted that complete surgical excision provides benefits, even in cases where lymphatic invasion is present. However, further investigations are necessary to validate the clinical results and mitigate side effects from radical mastectomy. Despite postoperative complications, several studies continue to advocate for more radical mastectomies due to their favorable risk-benefit ratio. Moreover, advanced inpatient treatments can now effectively manage or mitigate many of these complications. This study emphasizes the critical role of surgical proficiency and postoperative medication in treating malignant mammary tumors in dogs, and it provides insights that may contribute to the development of more effective treatment strategies for this condition.
A neutral theory with environmental stochasticity explains static and dynamic properties of ecological communities

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Understanding the forces shaping ecological communities is crucial to basic science and conservation. Neutral theory has made considerable progress in explaining static properties of communities, like species abundance distributions (SADs), with a simple and generic model, but was criticised for making unrealistic predictions of fundamental dynamic patterns and for being sensitive to interspecific differences in fitness. Here, we show that a generalised neutral theory incorporating environmental stochasticity may resolve these limitations. We apply the theory to real data (the tropical forest of Barro Colorado Island) and demonstrate that it much better explains the properties of short‐term population fluctuations and the decay of compositional similarity with time, while retaining the ability to explain SADs. Furthermore, the predictions are considerably more robust to interspecific fitness differences. Our results suggest that this integration of niches and stochasticity may serve as a minimalistic framework explaining fundamental static and dynamic characteristics of ecological communities.
Genetic Studies on Ribose 5-Phosphate Isomerase Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

A gene for the constitutive ribosephosphate isomerase ( rpiA ) is highly cotransducible with serA at 56.2 min on the genetic linkage map of Escherichia coli K-12. Suppression of ribosephosphate isomerase A-negative mutants can occur by a regulator gene mutation permitting constitutive synthesis of the normally inducible ribosephosphate isomerase B.
Virtual simulation of mass casualty drills: using breakout rooms to simulate physical locations

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Introduction The spread of COVID-19 has posed a significant challenge to educators in the disaster medicine community. While lectures can often be given remotely with little revision, simulations and other workshops can prove more challenging to adapt. Here, we describe our framework for conducting multi-site mass casualty simulations via video conference. Methods The authors of this paper adapted a mass casualty scenario from an in-person format to a virtual format delivered via the video conference software Zoom. Key physical locations of the simulated incident were mapped onto separate video conference breakout rooms. With this geographic framework established, rules were created to govern movement, communication, treatment, and transportation. Results Three separate virtual MCI drills were conducted. Both students and instructors were able to grasp the new format quickly. Students reported the drills to be informative and engaging, and instructors felt the drills mimicked the real-world experience well. This format had the added benefit of allowing multiple rounds of simulation to occur in rapid succession. Discussion Using breakout rooms to simulate physical locations can be a simple and intuitive framework for adapting disaster scenarios for remote delivery. We believe other instructors can utilize this framework to increase the availability of their educational content.