jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Patient innovation : its prevalence, antecedents and impact

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

In order to maintain the level of healthcare that we now associate with developed countries, innovation is imperative. Previous literature has shown that patients of chronic diseases are often involved in the development of new treatments and medical devices to help them cope with their health-condition. However the innovation developed by patients is often ignored or even rejected. A possible approach to address this issue is to open up healthcare innovation, by allowing patients and their caregivers to become themselves active contributors to the innovation process. In this context, the aim of this dissertation is to (1) quantify the extent to which patients and caregivers of rare diseases innovate, (2) find demographic and non-demographic antecedents of patient innovation, and (3) assess how the innovations impact the lives of patients. A telephone survey was conducted with the main objective of measuring the extent to which respondents had innovated, or not. 496 patients and caregivers of 250 rare diseases responded to the survey. Following the data collection we performed a descriptive analysis of the data and a multiple logistic regression to identify statistically relevant predictor variables of patient innovators. We found that 13% of respondents had innovated, and the variables that emerged as predictors of being an innovator are: higher level of education, being unemployed or looking after at home, being aware of the expenses with the disease, and Information and Communication Technology readiness. On the other side, being single has a negative impact on the propensity to innovate when compared with being married. Moreover, in a 7-point Likert scale measuring the quality of life of the patient, the innovations led to an average improvement of 2.4 points. Not only are patients developing completely new-to-the-market innovations, that are improving the patients’ quality of life, but they also assume the risks of trying solutions that had not yet been tested. This study suggests that the current producer-based and paternalistic healthcare model should be revised, so patients are given the chance of playing a more proactive role.
A good (or bad) land use decision on zoning

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

ON June 10, 1987, the U.S. Supreme Court rendered a decision in the case of First English Evangelical Lutheran Church v County of Los Angeles. The church was deprived of “all use” of a 21-acre parcel after the county had placed the area within a flood control district. The church previously had used the area as a campground and recreational area for handicapped children. With that use prohibited, the church sought compensation, and the Supreme Court, by a 6 to 3 vote, agreed.

From this planner's viewpoint, there are both good and bad aspects to the decision. On the negative side, is the requirement that compensation be paid to an offended property owner because of an excessive restriction on land use that became a “taking.” This financial punishment is drastic and may influence many communities to shy away from other zoning regulations that would stand up in a court test, such as exclusive agricultural zones. A less punitive decision would have been to rule the restriction invalid and require that it be recinded without an award of damage, assuming the community was acting in good faith.

On the positive side, it was inevitable that the Supreme Court would one day …
LEARNING IN THE INTERNET AGE

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The article presents description of young people (also called Web Generation, Google Generation, Generation Y or digital natives), how growing up with constant present of digital media change their brain, their character and their attitude to learning. This is also voice in discussion about the school of the future, adapted to today’s students. It is maid the conclusion that the Internet substitutes the textbooks, manuals, letters and even teachers. It creates the learning environment for students. It becomes the place for work, learning and creation. It forms the challenge to change modern schools according to the digital revolution. Otherwise, they will be reminding the archaic education institutions with boring lessons. At the same time it is recognized the meaning of the face-to-face education, teachers` desires to teach young people, their worldview, their methods and manners of learning etc.
Compression of dynamic 3D point clouds using subdivisional meshes and graph wavelet transforms

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The advent of advanced acquisition techniques in 3D media applications has led to an increasing trend of capturing dynamic objects and scenes via 3D point cloud sequences. This form of data is composed of time-indexed frames, each consisting of a collection of points with position and color attributes. Compression of such datasets is challenging because of the lack of efficient techniques for exploiting spatial and temporal correlations between the attributes. In our approach, we create an intermediate high-resolution representation of the point clouds, using consistent subdivisional triangular meshes, that captures all the features of the underlying object or scene. This representation is easy to obtain, significantly simplifies motion compensation and allows us to design efficient wavelet transforms using the recently developed framework of Biorthogonal Graph Wavelet Filterbanks. Preliminary experiments show that our approach can be an effective compression technique for 3D point cloud sequences.
The Contribution of Intermediate-Voltage, High-Resolution Electron Microscopy In Materials Science: An Appraisal

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Over the past five years or so the development of a new generation of high resolution electron microscopes operating routinely in the 300-400 kilovolt range has produced a dramatic increase in resolution, to around 1.6 Å for “structure resolution” and approaching 1.2 Å for information limits. With a large number of such instruments now in operation it is timely to assess their impact in the various areas of materials science where they are now being used. Are they falling short of the early expectations? Generally, the manufacturers’ claims regarding resolution are being met, but one unexpected factor which has emerged is the extreme sensitivity of these instruments to both floor-borne and acoustic vibrations. Successful measures to counteract these disturbances may require the use of special anti-vibration blocks, or even simple oil-filled dampers together with springs, with heavy curtaining around the microscope room to reduce noise levels. In assessing performance levels, optical diffraction analysis is becoming the accepted method, with rotational averaging useful for obtaining a good measure of information limits. It is worth noting here that microscope alignment becomes very critical for the highest resolution. In attempting an appraisal of the contributions of intermediate voltage HREMs to materials science we will outline a few of the areas where they are most widely used. These include semiconductors, oxides, and small metal particles, in addition to metals and minerals.
Regenerative Effects of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor on Extracellular Matrix Production in Aged Rat Vocal Folds

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objectives We investigated acute changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression and histologic changes in the deposition of collagen and hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid; HA) after basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) treatment of the aged rat vocal fold. Methods For the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments, we divided ten 18-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats into two groups that received serial injections of sham (saline solution) or bFGF (2 ng/uL) and euthanized them 2 weeks after the initial injection to investigate acute changes in ECM gene expression. We treated a separate group of 5 animals unilaterally and sacrificed them 4 weeks after the initial injection to investigate histologic changes in the deposition of collagen and HA. Results Real-time PCR revealed significantly up-regulated HA synthase (HAS)-2, HAS-3, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and procollagen type I gene expression in the bFGF treatment group as compared to the sham treatment group. Histologic staining revealed significantly increased deposition of HA in the bFGF-treated vocal fold as compared to the sham-treated vocal fold. No differences in ECM collagen levels were observed between treatment sides. Conclusions Basic fibroblast growth factor induced the up-regulation of HAS-2, HAS-3, MMP-2, and procollagen type I. Histologically, aged vocal folds treated with bFGF revealed increased deposition of HA as compared to sham-treated vocal folds.
Nearly Optimal Pseudorandomness from Hardness

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Existing proofs that deduce BPP = P from circuit lower bounds convert randomized algorithms into deterministic algorithms with a large polynomial slowdown. We convert randomized algorithms into deterministic ones with little slowdown . Specifically, assuming exponential lower bounds against randomized NP ∩ coNP circuits, formally known as randomized SVN circuits, we convert any randomized algorithm over inputs of length n running in time t ≥ n into a deterministic one running in time t 2+α for an arbitrarily small constant α > 0. Such a slowdown is nearly optimal for t close to n , since under standard complexity-theoretic assumptions, there are problems with an inherent quadratic derandomization slowdown. We also convert any randomized algorithm that errs rarely into a deterministic algorithm having a similar running time (with pre-processing). The latter derandomization result holds under weaker assumptions, of exponential lower bounds against deterministic SVN circuits. Our results follow from a new, nearly optimal, explicit pseudorandom generator fooling circuits of size s with seed length (1+α)log s , under the assumption that there exists a function f ∈ E that requires randomized SVN circuits of size at least 2 (1-α′) n , where α = O (α)′. The construction uses, among other ideas, a new connection between pseudoentropy generators and locally list recoverable codes.
Widespread and intense BOLD changes during brief focal electrographic seizures

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

The brief focal seizures resulted in high amplitude and widespread blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses taking 30 s to return to baseline. This suggests that such brief events could have important behavioral consequences despite absent overt manifestations. A clear focal BOLD peak was found at some distance from the main EEG discharge, raising the possibility that the seizure could have started in a region that did not generate a visible EEG change despite its superficial location.
Assessing Students' Gains from the College Experience at East Tennessee State University

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to determine what activities from the ETSU experience influence students' opinions about their growth and development. This study also examined the influence of sex, age, and classification in college. Three research questions and five hypotheses were examined. The Third Edition of the College Student Experiences Questionnaire (CSEQ) was the instrument used in this study. The CSEQ was administered to 50 undergraduate classes at East Tennessee State University during the Spring Semester 1994. There were 19 independent variables and five dependent variables in this study. The 19 independent variables included students' scores on the 14 Quality of Effort Scales along with sex, age, and classification in college. The dependent variables were five factors extracted from the Estimate of Gains Scale. This study utilized a correlational research design with five hierarchical multiple regression models (one for each of the five factors). All hypotheses were tested using an alpha level of.05. Results showed that the five factors extracted accounted for 60.8% of the variance in the Estimate of Gains Scale. The five factors were Factor I (Personal/Social Development), Factor II (Intellectual Skills), Factor III (Science/Technology), Factor IV (General Education, Literature, Arts, and Social Sciences), and Factor V (Vocational Preparation). For each of the five factors, the combined effects of age, sex, classification in college, and the Quality of Effort Scales explained more of the variance in the Estimate of Gains Scale than did age, sex, and classification in college alone.
Renewable Energy‐Based Load Frequency Controller and Model with a Reduced Order for a Large‐Scale Power System

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

Power system stability relies heavily on load frequency control (LFC) because it ensures that the power generated in a grid matches the load demand. The conventional LFC methods are no longer adequate with the rising use of renewable energy sources like wind and solar power. These resources are intermittent, and their power output varies depending on weather conditions. As a result, incorporating renewable energy resources (RERs) into the LFC system necessitates a different approach. One method is to use advanced control algorithms that can respond quickly to changes in power output. Hence, this article proposes an autoencoder‐based jellyfish optimization developed in this framework to reduce the power outage and control voltage and frequency fluctuations. The LFC system can be optimized by combining autoencoder and jellyfish optimization techniques to effectively handle the variability and unpredictability of RERs while maintaining the power system's stability and reliability. This approach may also result in more efficient and cost‐effective power system operation by reducing the need for conventional power generation and minimizing the impact of RERs on the system.
Experience with an automated cancer protocol surveillance system

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

At an active cancer center, patients may be on a large number of different treatment protocols. Each of these protocols has its own examination, test, and treatment modification requirements. It is often difficult for the clinician to keep track of the protocol requirements on all of his patients, so elements of the protocol may be inadvertently omitted. To assist the physician in managing these patients, a computerized protocol surveillance system was developed and implemented at a major cancer center. Compliance with protocol requirements was studied prior to and after introduction of the automated protocol system. There was a statistically significant (p <0.02) improvement in nonroutine test ordering (from 80 to 95%) and therapeutic modification (from 91 to 99%) compliance. Introduction of an automated protocol surveillance system can result in improved protocol compliance.
CNGOD-An improved convolution neural network with grasshopper optimization for detection of COVID-19

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

<abstract><p>The world is facing the pandemic situation due to a beta corona virus named Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease caused by this virus known as Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected the entire world. The current diagnosis methods are laboratory based and require specialized testing kits for performing the test. Therefore, to overcome the limitations of testing kits a diagnosis method from chest X-ray images is proposed in this paper. Chest X-ray images can be easily obtained by X-ray machines that are readily available at medical centres. The radiological examinations augmented with chest X-ray images is an effective way of disease diagnosis. The automated analysis of the chest X-ray images requires a highly efficient method for identifying COVID-19 from these images. Thus, a novel deep convolution neural network (CNN) optimized using Grasshopper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) is proposed. The deep learning model comprises depth wise separable convolutions that independently look at cross channel and spatial correlations. The optimization of deep learning models is a complex task due the multiple layers and their non-linearities. In image classification problems optimizers like Adam, SGD etc. get stuck in local minima. Thus, in this paper a metaheuristic optimization algorithm is used to optimize the network. Grasshoper Optimization Algorithm (GOA) is a metaheuristic algorithm that mimics the behaviour of grasshoppers for food search. This algorithm is a fast converging and is capable of exploration and exploitation of large search spaces. Maximum Probability Based Cross Entropy Loss (MPCE) loss function is used as it minimizes the back propogation error of cross entropy and improves the training. The experimental results show that the proposed method gives high classification accuracy. The interpretation of results is augmented with class activation maps. Grad-CAM visualization algorithm is used for class activation maps.</p></abstract>
Hydro-heritage for healing? Examining the gendered experience of water in post-conflict Swat, Pakistan

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Water has been formulated as a resource or a hazard within water resources geography. We propose that reframing of water as hydro-heritage opens up richer analytical possibilities for examining the pluriverses and multiple ontologies that animate gendered experience of water. We are concerned with how hydro-heritage has or could have contributed to healing in the post-conflict Swat valley of Pakistan. We highlight how the Taliban insurgency and the reconstruction following its military defeat displaced people's worlds of meaning in Swat. We find that the pre-conflict mountain springs were a site for an enchanted affective encounter between humans and non-humans, where a multifaceted gendered experience of water was enacted. The developmental imaginaries of the Pakistan state in the post-conflict reconstruction phase and the accompanying social changes deracinated water and springs from their pluriversal moorings towards ‘modern water’ with damaging material and emotional consequences for the people of Swat. This was particularly pronounced in terms of gendered access to water, health and mobility. We suggest that water as hydro-heritage has the potential to heal, provided people's worlds of meaning and experience of water are recentred in developmental imaginaries.
Assessment of the drug sensitivity of acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia using the in vitro clonogenic assay

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Summary The ability of an in vitro clonogenic drug sensitivity assay to predict the outcome of therapy for acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia was evaluated using marrow cells obtained from previously untreated or first relapsed patients treated with either cytosine arabinoside/anthracycline antibiotic or high dose cytosine arabinoside remission induction therapy. While the per cent of leukaemic cells killed in vitro was correlated with the outcome of therapy, this drug sensitivity assay provided little or no clinically useful information. In 1980 we reported the results of our initial studies of an in vitro drug sensitivity assay designed to predict the response of patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia (ANLL) to chemotherapy (Preisler, 198Oa). The studies described here extend our initial report and relate in vitro drug sensitivity to the biological characteristics of the leukaemic cells and to response to remission induction therapy with conventional dose cytosine arabinosidelanthracycline antibiotic therapy or ‘high dose’ cytosine arabinoside therapy.
Continuous-Infusion β-Lactam Antibiotics During Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration for the Treatment of Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: To describe the rationale, principles, and dosage calculations for continuous-infusion β-lactam antibiotics to treat multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients undergoing continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH). Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1968–November 2008) of the English-language literature was performed using the terms continuous infusion and Pseudomonas or Acinetobacter, hemofiltration or CVVH or hemodiafiltration or CVVHDF or continuous renal replacement therapy or pharmacokinetics; and terms describing different β-lactam antibiotics. Study Selection and Data Extraction: In vitro, in vivo, and human studies were evaluated that used continuous-infusion β-lactam antibiotics to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Studies were reviewed that described the pharmacokinetics of β-lactam antibiotics during CVVH as well as other modalities of continuous renal replacement therapy. Data Synthesis: Continuous infusion of β-lactam antibiotics, maintaining drug concentrations 4–5 times higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration, is a promising approach for managing infections caused by P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii. Safe yet effective continuous infusion therapy is made difficult by the occurrence of acute renal failure and the need for renal replacement therapy. Case series and pharmacokinetic properties indicate that several β-lactam antimicrobials that have been studied for continuous infusion, such as cefepime, ceftazidime, piperacillin, ticarcillin, clavulanic acid, and tazobactam, are significantly cleared by hemofiltralion. Methodology and formulas are provided that allow practitioners to calculate dosage regimens and reach target drug concentrations for continuous β-lactam antibiotic infusions during CVVH based on a literature review, pharmacokinetic principles, and our experience at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. Conclusions: Continuous infusion of β-lactam antibiotics may be a useful treatment strategy for multidrug-resistant gram-negative infections in the intensive care unit. Well-established pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic principles can be used to safely reach and maintain steady-state target concentrations of β-lactam antibiotics in critical illness complicated by acute renal failure requiring CVVH.
Monarchical Manipulation in Cambodia: France, Japan, and the Sihanouk Crusade for Independence

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

European colonial powers have always justified their conquests in terms of the benefits that their superior civilization conferred upon those peoples under their tutelage. References to the ‘mission civilisatrice’ of France in Indo-China are abundant, prompted it would appear by the profound belief in the superiority of French culture and the possibility of improvement to the daily lives of the local populations. By civilizing mission, the French meant to reform existing institutions through the spread of French language and culture, reorganization of the local justice system and an attempt to bring French administration more directly into contact with the mass of the population. Monarchical Manipulation in Cambodia: France, Japan and the Sihanouk Crusade for Independence is a wide-ranging history of the French Protectorate of Cambodia (1863–1954) and the shorter Japanese occupation (1941–45), as well as what Gunn suggests was the manipulation of the Cambodian monarchy by both the French and Japanese. Geoffrey Gun is an Emeritus Professor at Nagasaki University in Japan and a widely written specialist of Asian history, specializing on the independence struggles in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. This study is based on largely unexploited archival sources in Australia, Cambodia, France and Japan, showing the author’s great skills in finding historical documentation in Archives, which have only recently been open for research.