jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Studio preliminare del ritmo ultradiano dei livelli ematici del Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) in soggetti schizofrenici e controlli sani Preliminary study of ultradian rythm of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) plasma levels in healthy and schizophrenic subjects

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Rivista di psichiatria, 2007, 42, 6 391 RIASSUNTO. Introduzione. Studi su modelli animali hanno individuato la presenza delle neurotrofine, dei loro recettori e degli specifici mRNA all’interno del nucleo soprachiasmatico, lasciando ipotizzare il loro coinvolgimento nella regolazione delle funzioni circadiane del pace-maker. Scopo di questo studio pilota e quello di registrare i ritmi ultradiani del Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) e di valutarne le eventuali differenze tra i soggetti sani e i pazienti schizofrenici. Materiali e metodo. Abbiamo studiato un campione di 14 soggetti, di eta compresa tra 22 e 28 anni, costituito da 7 soggetti volontari sani e da 7 pazienti maschi con diagnosi di schizofrenia paranoidea secondo i criteri del DSM-IV, in temporaneo wash-out psicofarmacologico. Il ciclo ultradiano del BDNF e stato stimato in campioni di sangue prelevati alle ore 9.00, 13.00 e 20.00. Risultati. I pazienti schizofrenici hanno mostrato medie di valori piu alti di BDNF, a tutte le ore, rispetto ai controlli sani. Lo studio ha dimostrato l’assenza di un ritmo ultradiano del BDNF nell’intero campione studiato e valori piu alti di BDNF la sera, non significativi, ma che indicherebbero un trend di aumento notturno della neurotrofina. Conclusioni. I risultati di questo studio pilota inducono ad approfondire tale ricerca con una metodica volta alla registrazione circadiana dei livelli plasmatici di BDNF, al fine di riempire il gap conoscitivo nel possibile ruolo che questa molecola ricopre in condizioni fisiologiche e nella eziopatogenesi della schizofrenia.
Tank Barrel Surface Damage Detection Algorithm

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The article proposes a new algorithm for detecting damaged areas of the tank barrel based on image of the inner surface of the tank barrel. Damage position is calculated using image processing techniques such as edge detection, discrete wavelet transformation and image segmentation for accurate contour detection. The algorithm can detect surface damage in smoothbore and even in rifled tank barrel. The algorithm also calculates volume of the detected damage from the depth map generated for example from the distance measurement unit. The proposed method was tested on data obtained by tank barrel bore explorer, which generate both surface image data and depth map. The Barrel bore explorer device is also discussed in the article.
The Water‐Year Water Balance of the Colorado River Basin

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Model‐estimated monthly water balance components (i.e., potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration, and runoff ( R )) for 146 United States (U.S.) Geological Survey 8‐digit hydrologic units located in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) are used to examine the temporal and spatial variability of the CRB water balance for water years 1901 through 2014 (a water year is the period from October 1 of one year through September 30 of the following year). Results indicate that the CRB can be divided into six subregions with similar temporal variability in monthly R . The water balance analyses indicated that approximately 75% of total water‐year R is generated by just one CRB subregion and that most of the R in the basin is derived from surplus ( S ) water generated during the months of October through April. Furthermore, the analyses show that temporal variability in S is largely controlled by the occurrence of negative atmospheric pressure anomalies over the northwestern conterminous U.S. (CONUS) and positive atmospheric pressure anomalies over the southeastern CONUS. This combination of atmospheric pressure anomalies results in an anomalous flow of moist air from the North Pacific Ocean into the CRB, particularly the Upper CRB. Additionally, the occurrence of extreme dry and wet periods in the CRB appears to be related to variability of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation.
Norway and the European Union

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Norway has applied for membership of the European Union (EU) four times but is not a member. The two first applications were aborted because of de Gaulle’s veto against the U.K.’s application. The two latter were turned down by Norwegian citizens in popular referenda (1972 and 1994). Why did a majority of Norwegian citizens reject EU membership? A survey of the literature identifies a range of historical, cultural, political, and socioeconomic factors. In addition, it cannot be discounted that there were specific features about the referendums and the referendum campaigns that help account for the decisions to reject EU membership, given that all Nordic states except Iceland have held EU membership referendums. Nevertheless, despite the fact that Norway is not an EU member, it has opted for as close an EU association as is possible for a nonmember. In order to understand Norway’s EU relationship, the following paradox must be addressed: whereas the question of EU membership has long been a highly controversial and divisive issue, Norway’s comprehensive incorporation in the EU through the EEA Agreement and a whole host of other arrangements has profound constitutional democratic implications and yet has sparked surprisingly little controversy. What then are the distinctive features of the “Norway model,” in other words, Norway’s EU affiliation? In order to clarify this, it is necessary to compare and contrast Norway’s affiliation with other relevant types of affiliation that nonmembers have to the EU. Thereafter, the distinctive features of Norway’s EU affiliation can be outlined: the internal market through the EEA Agreement; justice and home affairs through the Schengen and Dublin conventions; as well as defense cooperation and the institutional apparatus regulating Norway’s relationship with the EU. A distinctive feature of the Norway model is its comprehensiveness: Norway’s various EU affiliations amount to it incorporating roughly 75% of all EU laws and regulations. What are the domestic mechanisms and arrangements that enable Norway to adapt so closely to the EU when the EU membership issue continues to be so controversial? There is public support for the present arrangement, but how robust and resilient that is can be questioned. The arrangement depends on specific mechanisms that ensure that Norway’s EU affiliation remains depoliticized. In explicating these mechanisms, a clearer conception emerges of how Norway balances the challenges associated with global economic integration, national sovereignty, and democracy.
How Do We Know What Matters in Intimate Relationships?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

To understand the present study, it is important to have certain tools for thinking. These include conceptual tools, which consist of the concepts used to categorize study participants for comparisons, as well as theoretical concepts for explaining which factors were measured and why they matter. They also include statistical tools for making comparisons and determining how much the factors matter. Statistical tools are used to reveal the results throughout this book. This chapter reviews these conceptual and statistical tools to facilitate the reader's understanding of this study, as well as other research on intimate relationships.
Significance of computed tomography in diagnostic of pleural content and the choice of the method of surgical treatment

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The authors have aimed at stating more precisely the value of Haunsfields units using computed tomography in case of acute, subacute and chronic empyema, comparing these data with the results of morphologic investigation of operation material. Goal of work: To evaluate the possibility of beam diagnostics for determining the degree of chronic pleural effusions and the choice of the optimal method of surgical treatment. Methods: Case histories of 40 patients with pleural effusions treated at the thoracic department of Vitebsk Regional Hospital. All patients were divided into two groups. Results: On the scans of the first group patients there was the content of the pleural cavity with slightly irregular contours, areas of gas, pleural thickening (mesh structure), the mean attenuation of effusion ranged from +13 HU up to + 27HU due to the liquid, gas and organized components. Patients of the second group had tomograms with described jagged contours of the pleural content, pleural thickening, the higher number and bigger size of air inclusions (flushing gas bubbles). The value of the mean of pleural content increased to +35 HU. All patients of the first group had thoracoscopic surgical treatment. The patients of the second group were operated on by open decortication. Conclusions: 1. Computer tomography provides the opportunity to differentiate accurately enough the density of the pleural content and evaluate it in Hounsfield units. 2. Preoperative assessment of the nature of pleural content gives the opportunity of choice of surgical intervention, adequate to the nature of the inflammatory process.
Rumen Degradability and Post-ruminal Digestion of Nitrogen and Amino acids by Cows Grazing Temperate Pasture

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This experiment was conducted to evaluate nutrient digestion in the rumen and flow to the duodenum of steers grazed on orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L., OG) or meadowfescue (Festuca pratensis Huds., MF.) pastures located on northern part of Japan without supplement. Fifty-two digestion trials were carried out grazing Holstein steers fitted with cannulas in the rumen, duodenum and distal ileum in the three years. The pastures were divided into several paddocks, and the steers grazed each paddock for a day and allowed double of dry requirements the grazing cattle. The pre-grazing herbage mass did not significantly differ between pastures but the crude protein (N×6.25) content of herbage ranged from 19.3% to 27.5% on OG pasture and from 20.0% to 32.8% on MF pasture. Total N and AA-N intake did not differ but the degradability of dietary nitrogen in the rumen (RDN) was higher in MF than in OG pasture. The ratio of RDN to OM truly digested in the rumen was negatively related to the apparent N absorption in the rumen, and it was suggested that the amount of apparent N absorption in the rumen would be positive when the ratio was above 25g/kg. Non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) and AA-N flows to the duodenum of steers were lower in MF than in OG pasture. Duodenal AA flows were more linked to duodenal NAN flows and accounted for approximately 60% of duodenal NAN flows. The proportion of methionine and lysine slightly increased in the duodenal flows compared with the consumed AA, but a comparison between the essential AA composition of milk and the lean tissue indicated that duodenal digesta was most limiting in methionine, lysine, arginine, and histidine, and that deficiencies of arginine and histidine for milk production were relatively small.
On Classifying Cancers While Treating Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

For almost a century, clinicians reporting the treatment of patients with cancer have been analyzing the cancers, but not the patients. The formal systems we have developed to classify patients, estimate prognosis, choose treatment, and evaluate outcomes depend almost exclusively on the morphology of the cancer. The morphology is described with "staging systems" or other taxonomies that identify a cancer's primary site, its gross anatomic spread beyond the primary location, and such microscopic attributes as histologic type, mitotic grade, and vascular relationships. Statistical appraisals of prognosis and therapy have been greatly improved by these morphologic classifications. They have helped put an end to many past acts of statistical malpractice, such as the comparison of results for treatment A, given to patients with localized cancer, with the results of treatment B, given to patients with disseminated cancer. By insisting that treatments be contrasted only for patients having similar morphologic stages of
Simultaneous determination of saccharine, sorbic acid, benzoic acid and five esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in liquid foods by isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography.

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

An isocratic high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method by using ion pair partition system was established for the simultaneous determination of saccharine (SA), sorbic acid (SOA), benzoic acid (BA) and five esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) such as ethyl (PHBA-Et), isopropyl (PHBA-isoPr), n-propyl (PHBA-n-Pr), isobutyl (PHBA-isoBu) and n-butyl p-hydroxybenzoate (PHBA-n-Bu) in liquid foods. Liquid foods such as soy sauce, soft drinks and lactic acid bacteria beverages were pretreated with SEP-PAK C18 cartridge prior to HPLC analysis. SA, SOA, BA and the esters of PHBA could be separated within 30 min on a reverse phase column, Zorbax C8, with the eluent, ethanol-0.05 M sodium dihydrogenphosphate (34 : 66) containing 2 mM cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, adjusted to pH 4.4. The eluate was monitored at 240 nm. Recoveries of SA, SOA, BA, PHBA-Et, PHBA-isoPr, PHBA-n-Pr, PHBA-isoBu and PHBA-n-Bu from liquid foods were 98.0-101.1%, 95.8-100.2%, 97.0-100.8%, 98.0-99.4%, 97.6-100.5%, 95.2-99.8%, 98.8-101.5% and 95.0-101.4%, respectively. Their detection limits were 5 mg/kg, except 10 mg/kg for SA and 1 mg/kg for SOA.
Moore's paradoxes, Evans's principle and self-knowledge

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Moore's paradoxes, Evans's principle and self-knowledge Get access John N. Williams John N. Williams School of Economics and Social SciencesSingapore Management Universityjohnwilliams@smu.edu.sg Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Analysis, Volume 64, Issue 4, October 2004, Pages 348–353, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/64.4.348 Published: 01 October 2004
An Amine-Decorated Pores Metal Organic Framework CAU-1: High and Selective CO2 Uptake

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The amine-decorated microporous metal-organic framework CAU-1 was readily synthesized and activated using a home made efficient protocol. It exhibited a high heat of adsorption for CO2, high CO2 uptake capacity, and an impressive selectivity for CO2 over N2. At 273 K and up to 1 atm, CO2 uptake capacity can reach as much as 7.2 mmol/g, which is among the highest uptake capacity reported so far for porous MOFs. Comparatively, the CH4 and N2 uptakes at 273 K and 1 atm were only 1.34 mmol/g and 0.37 mmol/g, respectively. The CO2/N2 selectivity was 101:1 at 273 K. To our best knowledge, this selectivity value is also the highest ever reported for MOF type materials. Furthermore, CAU-1 can adsorb 2.0 wt % and 4.0 wt % hydrogen at 77 K under l atm and 30 atm, \nrespectively.
Predicting Chemistry Students’ Achievement Through their Ratings of Teacher Effectiveness

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The single most influential factor responsible for effective science teaching are teachers because they are in direct contact with students and are accountable for the effective delivery of educational contents to students on daily basis. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between chemistry teachers’ effectiveness and students’ academic achievement in chemistry. The correlational research design and quantitative survey method was used to address the research questions. Three thousand four hundred and sixty 10th graders from 41 public secondary schools (boys and girls) of District Lahore were selected as a sample size of the study using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The study adopted a valid and reliable research instruments to collect data about teacher effectiveness; School Teacher Effectiveness Questionnaire (STEQ) with overall reliability coefficients as ?=.88. The students’ achievement in Chemistry was obtained from the results of the Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) Lahore (2024). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive (Mean and Standard Deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson r and Regression). The results revealed a strong positive correlation between teacher effectiveness and students’ academic achievement in Chemistry (r=.846). The findings also reported that 71.5% variance in chemistry achievement was observed by their perceived teacher effectiveness. It was concluded that various factors of teacher effectiveness – their subject expertise, instructions, assessment skills, communication skills, and classroom management skills – all play a significant role in fostering their students’ academic success in science education. It was recommended that school administrators should organize professional development programs and evaluation systems for their teachers to keep them engage with contemporary teaching competencies and to improve their existing professional skills.
Using Performance Bounds to Guide Pre-scheduling Code Optimizations

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

We advocate using performance bounds to guide code optimizations. Accurate performance bounds establish an efficient way to evaluate benefits as well as overheads of code transformations without actually performing instruction scheduling. In this paper, we introduce a novel bound-guided approach to systematically regulate code size related instruction level parallelism (ILP) optimizations including tail duplication, loop unrolling and if-conversion. Our approach is based on the notion of code size efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of ILP improvement over code size increase. With such a notion, we can 1) develop a general approach to selectively perform optimizations to maximize the ILP improvement while minimizing the cost in code size; and 2) define the optimal tradeoff between ILP improvement and code size overhead and develop a simple heuristic to achieve this optimal tradeoff. Experimental results using SPEC CINT 2000 benchmarks show that the performance improves significantly with very little code size increase using our systematic way to regulate code transformations and the simple heuristic is effective in achieving the optimal tradeoff. 1.
Fibrates Suppress Fibrinogen Gene Expression in Rodents Via Activation of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Plasma fibrinogen levels have been identified as an important risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Among the few compounds known to lower circulating fibrinogen levels in humans are certain fibrates. We have studied the regulation of fibrinogen gene expression by fibrates in rodents. Treatment of adult male rats with fenofibrate (0.5% [wt/wt] in the diet) for 7 days decreased hepatic A-, Bβ-, and γ-chain mRNA levels to 52% ± 7%, 46% ± 8%, and 81% ± 19% of control values, respectively. In parallel, plasma fibrinogen concentrations were decreased to 63% ± 7% of controls. The suppression of fibrinogen expression was dose-dependent and was already evident after 1 day at the highest dose of fenofibrate tested (0.5% [wt/wt]). Nuclear run-on experiments showed that the decrease in fibrinogen expression after fenofibrate occurred at the transcriptional level, as exemplified for the gene for the A-chain. Other fibrates tested showed similar effects on fibrinogen expression and transcription. The effect of fibrates is specific for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- (PPAR) because a high-affinity ligand for PPARγ, the thiazolidinedione BRL 49653, lowered triglyceride levels, but was unable to suppress fibrinogen expression. Direct evidence for the involvement of PPAR in the suppression of fibrinogen by fibrates was obtained using PPAR-null (−/−) mice. Compared with (+/+) mice, plasma fibrinogen levels in (−/−) mice were significantly higher (3.20 ± 0.48 v 2.67 ± 0.42 g/L). Also, hepatic fibrinogen A-chain mRNA levels were 25% ± 11% higher in the (−/−) mice. On treatment with 0.2% (wt/wt) fenofibrate, a significant decrease in plasma fibrinogen to 77% ± 10% of control levels and in hepatic fibrinogen A-chain mRNA levels to 65% ± 12% of control levels was seen in (+/+) mice, but not in (−/−) mice. These studies show that PPAR regulates basal levels of plasma fibrinogen and establish that fibrate-suppressed expression of fibrinogen in rodents is mediated through PPAR.
Saxagliptin: New Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of saxagliptin for the treatment of hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes. Data Sources: A MEDLINE/PubMed search was conducted of all available date ranges from 1990 through October 2009 for literature in the English language, using the search terms saxagliptin, type 2 diabetes mellitus, incretin hormones, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. The manufacturer of saxagliptin (Onglyza) was contacted for clinical trial information. Study Selection: Five prospective, randomized controlled trials were reviewed. Studies were included in this review if they had examined saxagliptin and its effects on hyperglycemia. Trials examined included those on saxagliptin monotherapy and those on saxagliptin in combination with metformin, with a sulfonylurea, and with a thiazolidinedione. Data from the MEDLINE/PubMed search, as well as clinical trial data obtained from the manufacturer, were used in this review. Data Synthesis: Saxagliptin demonstrated statistically significant decreases of 0.43–0.54% in hemoglobin A 1c (A1C) in the monotherapy treatment group. The A1C-lowering effects were the greatest, with a decrease of 2.5% in patients concomitantly administered metformin and saxagliptin as initial therapy. In addition to its effects on A1C, saxagliptin proved to be weight neutral and had minimal risks of hypoglycemia, with hypoglycemia seen only in the saxagliptin in combination with a sulfonylurea group. Conclusions: Saxagliptin is an effective treatment for hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes. It is currently a third-line option in the American Diabetes Association treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes and, based on the trials reviewed here, this is an acceptable place in therapy. Saxagliptin is a good option for patients with diabetes who are at high risk of hypoglycemia.
Recommendation for Acceptable Operating Parameters of Heated Automobile Seats in Order to Mitigate Occupant Injury

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

<div class="section abstract"> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This recommended practice will promote a temperature and duration guideline that mitigates the risk of thermal injuries to the heated seat user. In addition, recommendations are established to indicate to the user when the heater is operating, and warnings that should be included in the vehicle literature.</div></div>
SESAME VARIETAL RESPONSE TO MICROELEMENTS FOLIAR APPLICATION AND SOIL N FERTILIZATION IN LOAMY SAND SOIL

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Two field experiments were carried out at the experimental farm of theFaculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Egypt during 2013 and 2014summer seasons to study the effect of microelements foliar application andnitrogen fertilization levels on growth, yield and yield components of twosesame (