jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Morphological diversity of wing structure in Rhinolophoid bats (Chiroptera, Rhinolophoidea)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The results of studies on the morphological diversity of wing structure in horseshoe bats (Rhinolophoidea) are considered in relation to ecological differentiation within the superfamily. Various skeletal elements of the wing are shown to form several groups of mutually correlated characters. The main groups comprise the characters that account for the size of the wing and play a role in the formation of its outer contours. The distribution of characters shows that they describe different aspects of variation and can provide a fairly complete picture of the morphological and ecological structure of the superfamily. The results obtained by means of multidimensional scaling and clustering methods primarily reflect ecological types of bats and only then characterize their taxonomic relationships. Analysis of variation in structural features of the wing within the superfamily Rhinolophoidea shows that the same wing form in different families may be accounted for by different ratios of digit elements, primarily the lengths of distal and proximal phalanges of digits III and IV.
Maintaining the Transcription Factor SpoIIID Level Late during Sporulation Causes Spore Defects in Bacillus subtilis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT During sporulation of Bacillus subtilis , four regulatory proteins act in the order σ E , SpoIIID, σ K , and GerE to temporally control gene expression in the mother cell. σ E and σ K work sequentially with core RNA polymerase to transcribe different sets of genes. SpoIIID and GerE are small, sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that activate or repress transcription of many genes. Previous studies showed that transcriptionally active σ K RNA polymerase inhibits early mother cell gene expression, reducing accumulation of SpoIIID late in sporulation. Here, the effects of perturbing the mother cell gene regulatory network by maintaining the SpoIIID level late during sporulation are reported. Persistent expression was obtained by fusing spoIIID to the σ K -controlled gerE promoter on a multicopy plasmid. Fewer heat- and lysozyme-resistant spores were produced by the strain with persistent spoIIID expression, but the number of spores resistant to organic solvents was unchanged, as was their germination ability. Transmission electron microscopy showed structural defects in the spore coat. Reporter fusions to σ K -dependent promoters showed lower expression of gerE and cotC and higher expression of cotD . Altered expression of cot genes, which encode spore coat proteins, may account for the spore structural defects. These results suggest that one role of negative feedback by σ K RNA polymerase on early mother cell gene expression is to lower the level of SpoIIID late during sporulation in order to allow normal expression of genes in the σ K regulon.
Exploring mental time travel experiences and their influence on behavioral intentions and learning

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Drawing on cognitive science research, this study presents mental time travel experiences to the marketing literature and explores their value to brands. Specifically, we examine how marketing stimuli can be used to elicit mental time travel experiences and the impact these experiences have on important brand outcomes including purchase intentions, word of mouth, loyalty intentions, and learning. We do so with two studies using branded experiences from two marketing campaigns across four different conditions: augmented reality, a 360° website, a video, and a static image. Results identify positive episodic memories as an important primer of mental time travel experiences and that mental time travel to the past is a key factor to influencing purchase intentions, word of mouth, loyalty intentions, and learning. We also show that cognitive load can have an inhibiting effect on mental time travel's ability to influence purchase intentions, word of mouth, and loyalty intentions. Finally, we demonstrate that a state of immersion can enhance mental time travel's ability to influence learning.
Soma in Biblical Theology

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This addition to the well-known series of theological monographs deals with the use of the Greek work traditionally translated 'body' but recently as 'person', especially in certain parts of the writings of Paul. Theologians have argued that the translation as 'person' defines man as an indivisible whole and as a complex of relationships rather than an organization of substances. Against the trends of modern biblical theology, Dr Gundry seeks to show that soma always refers to the individual physical body and that it should be defined in substantive categories. Consequently, the theological importance of the body as individual physical substance is insured for life in this world and in the next. Neither antagonism between body and spirit nor the possible independence of full personhood from physical existence characterizes biblical anthropology.
Cancer Targeted Enzymatic Theranostic Prodrug: Precise Diagnosis and Chemotherapy

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), a cytosolic flavoprotein that catalyzes the two-electron reduction of quinone moieties with the concomitant consumption of NADH or NADPH as electron donors. High levels of NQO1 were found in a variety of cancer cell lines compared to healthy cells, and therefore, it is an excellent target for the development of cancer targeted drug delivery systems. Upon preferential cancer cell delivery and uptake, aided by biotin, the enzyme-triggered theranostic prodrug 1 is cleaved by NQO1, with the subsequent release of SN-38, inhibiting topoisomerase I, leading to apoptosis. The drug release and induced apoptosis of cancer cells expressing both biotin receptors and high levels of NQO1 was simultaneously monitored via the innate fluorescence of the released SN-38 by confocal microscopy. In vitro and in vivo studies showed an effective inhibition of cancer growth by the enzyme-triggered theranostic prodrug 1. Thus, this type of enzyme-triggered targeted prodrug therapy is an interesting and promising approach for future cancer treatment.
Theoretical Approaches to Quotation in Hip-Hop Recordings

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Intertextuality is pervasive in multiple forms of popular music, but is arguably most overtly presented in hip-hop music and culture. While much academic work has focused on linking practices of quotation, reference, allusion and Signifyin(g) in hip-hop to earlier forms of African-American music, the main purpose of this article is to outline and illustrate the variety of ways that one can borrow from a source text or trope and ways that audiences identify and respond to them. Distinctions between allosonic and autosonic quotations (Lacasse), ‘intention’ versus sociohistorically situated interpretations (Nattiez), as well as ‘textually signalled’ and ‘textually unsignalled’ intertextuality (Dyer), help create a more detailed taxonomy within the genre. These and other distinctions, which transcend narrow discourses that only focus on ‘sampling’ (digital sampling), provide a toolkit that sets a context for more nuanced discussions of borrowing practices and offers broader implications for intertextuality within and outside of hip-hop culture. By drawing from a range of examples (e.g. The Pharcyde, Dr Dre, Xzibit), this article demonstrates that a thorough investigation of musical borrowing in hip-hop requires attention to the texts (hip-hop recordings), their reception and wider cultural contexts.
Theoretical Approaches to Quotation in Hip-Hop Recordings - ResearchGate. Available from: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/267929949_Theoretical_Approaches_to_Quotation_in_Hip-Hop_Recordings [accessed Mar 26, 2015].
Can Anyone Over Thirty Be Trusted: A Friendly Critique of Oral History

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

It has been thirty years since Allan Nevins began the first formal history project at Columbia University, and the birthday cele bration of that project is probably as good a time as any to ask what has been the value of our efforts to use testimony to enrich the study of history and what are the problems now confronting us. It is as good a time as any because unlike the situation a few years ago we seem to be enjoying the respectability which comes with age, as well as the gnawing doubts which come with middle age. That the history movement has grown and is now accepted seems beyond doubt. By last count there were some 500 projects in operation and probably the same number contemplated, already fin ished or in the process of formation. The History Association now boasts over 1000 members, and a few years ago the Associa tion captioned its annual colloquium as Oral History Comes of Age. Increasingly within the academic community new courses are being announced in catalogues, and more traditional scholars are praising our work and efforts. Two years ago, Beloit College awarded a baccalaureate degree in oral history. In short we have reached our middle years stronger and more accepted in the community than we have ever been. But just like mil lions of individuals who have passed the invisible markers of age which our culture sets before us this celebration comes with certain doubts. After thirty years are we to be trusted? What are our achievements and how can we assess them? I think that we have ac complished much, but many of our successes have brought with them some very real problems which we as historians must now confront. In middle age we can no longer argue that we do not have the time or cannot spare the manpower to deal with the larger his toriographical questions raised by our work. Nor can we any longer ignore these problems, because to do so may bring our very achieve ments into suspicion. We need to assess our position and to high
Semiconductor oxide for gas sensing applications

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

The semiconductor gas sensors have been the subject of increasing interest during the past few years. In this project, uniform and dense SrTi1−x FexO3−δ (STFx) composite film was developed. Optimization on the sensing performance and electrical characterization of the optimized composite film devices serve as key importance in research and development of STF02 composite film gas sensor. High energy ball milling technology was used to synthesize STF02 powder. The STF02 sol-gel recipe was fine tuned and effect of pH on sol-gel stability was investigated. Higher amount of DI water can eliminate precipitation at higher pH condition. From Zeta potential test, better dispersion of STF02 powder in medium with pH 3 to pH 4. Slurry preparation procedures were revised to obtain stable and well dispersed STF02 slurry. The slurry was spin coated onto wafer substrate with gold bottom electrodes and annealed. To optimize the STF02 composite film, the effect of deposition parameters and number of composite film layering were investigated. The powder to sol-gel mole ratio (10:1), strontium to DI water ratio (1:108) and composite layering Sol-Composite-Composite-Sol-Sol-Sol structure (SCCSSS) have comparative uniform and dense surface. The pure sol-gel precursor layer on substrate and final capping layer can increase the adhesion of film. Stability of STF02 sol-gel was studied and reasonable solution was proposed. Spin-coated STF02 composite film was fabricated into gas sensing device using photolithography technique. Gas sensing characterization was carried out by using home-designed gas sensor characterization system (GSCS). The STF02 composite sensing device exhibits predominant p-type electronic conductivity and shows optimal sensitivity to oxygen (557), obtained at operating temperature of 300 °C. In addition, the device shows low sensitivity to other four types of test gases (H2, CO, CH4 and NH3), with no significant selectivity to any of the gases.
Chernyshevskii Goes West: How Jewish Immigration Helped Bring Russian Radicalism To America

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

ARTICLES STEVEN CASSEDY (San Diego, CA, U.S.A.) CHERNYSHEVSKII GOES WEST: HOW JEWISH IMMIGRATION HELPED BRING RUSSIAN RADICALISM TO AMERICA , ..., ...- ... ,, . ........ : : No educated Russian today would have trouble. recognizing the name of Nikol'ai Gavrilovich Chemyshevskii. Those who have not actually read his best-known work, the didactic novel What Is to Be Done? (Chto delat' ?), have , , -. '. ¡. ". heard 6f it and know of the role it played in nineteenth-century radical politics. Chemyshevskii was part of the iconography and the ideological,folk mythology of the'Soviet Union. Moscow and St. Petersburg
Activating prior knowledge using multiple‐choice question distractors

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract Context A student's academic success in graduate and professional school may depend on prior knowledge. However, these students may not see important and necessary material for extended periods of time between their pre‐requisites and their new course work. As such, they are more prone to being unable to access available information from memory when needed. This study investigated the use of multiple‐choice (MC) question examinations in stabilising or reactivating these students’ memories for material that is available in their memories, but currently inaccessible due to disuse. Methods A total of 156 incoming first‐year student‐pharmacists were recruited. These student‐pharmacists completed a baseline examination on physiology prior to coursework. This assessment contained fill‐in‐the‐blank (FIB) questions followed by MC versions of the FIB questions. In the experimental sets, 10 questions had MC distractor answers that were answers to a future FIB question; in the other condition, the MC distractors were not answers to future FIB questions. The primary outcome was performance on future or target FIB questions in the context of whether the prior or priming MC questions contained the answer within the distractors. Results Performance on target FIB questions improved when the distractors in the MC questions contained the relevant answer (29%) compared to when the distractors did not contain the correct answer (18%) ( P < .001, d = 0.78). When students could not generate a correct response to the FIB question, the experimental condition outperforming the control condition (17% vs 30%, d = 0.76). Conclusions Multiple‐choice questions that contained a correct response as a distractor to a future question, improved student performance. As such, the use of MC may be an inexpensive way to reactivate prior knowledge, especially knowledge that has become inaccessible due to disuse.
Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Related Traits of Stalk Lodging Resistance Using Genome-wide Association Studies in Maize (Zea mays L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Background: Stalk lodging is one of the main factors affecting maize ( Zea mays L.) yield and limiting mechanized harvesting. Developing maize varieties with high stalk lodging resistance requires exploring the genetic basis of lodging resistance-associated agronomic traits. Stalk strength is an important indicator to evaluate maize lodging and can be evaluated by measuring stalk rind penetrometer resistance (RPR) and stalk buckling strength (SBS). And morphological traits of the stalk for the third internodes length (TIL), fourth internode length (FIL), third internode diameter (TID), and the fourth internode diameter (FID) traits are associated with stalk lodging resistance. Results: In this study, 248 genome-wide association study (GWAS) panel with 83,057 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to detect the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for six stalk lodging resistance-related traits. The heritability of all traits ranged from 0.59 to 0.72 in the association mapping panel. A total of 85 significant SNPs were identified for the association mapping panel using best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) values of all traits. Additionally, five candidate genes were associated with stalk strength traits, which were either directly or indirectly associated with cell wall components. Conclusions: These findings contribute to our understanding of the genetic basis of maize stalk lodging and provide valuable theoretical guidance for lodging resistance in maize breeding in the future.
Synthesis of Phenylalanine Analogs

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A straightforward synthesis of phenylalanine analogs is described. Cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) mediated addition of azide to cinnamic ester, followed by reaction with sodium acetate afforded the α-azidocinnamate in moderate yield. Hydrogenation of α-azidocinnamate, followed by BOC, CBZ or Fmoc protection gave phenylalanine analogs. A new approach for synthesizing racemic p-boronophenylalanine analog was also explored.
Design Shortcomings of the Headwork and Water Distribution and Control Facilities of the Canal Irrigation Systems of Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The performances of 2 National Irrigation Systems (NIS), 6 Communal Irrigation Systems (CIS) and 2 Small Water Impounding Projects (SWIP) in Ilocos Norte were evaluated from the standpoint of their dry season irrigation intensity, which is defined as the ratio of the actual area irrigated during the dry season to the irrigation service area. Some important design criteria and features of these sample irrigation systems were investigated to help explain their performances. Field observations of the existing physical structures of these systems were carried out to assess their overall capacity to convey and distribute the required water efficiently. Frequency analysis of the maximum rainfall totals measured at the nearest weather station during the period 1976–2005 was carried out to gain insights on the return periods of the 1-d, 2-d, 3-d and 4-d rainfall totals brought about by a typhoon that heavily damaged the headworks of two of the sample irrigation systems. The study showed an average dry season cropping intensity in crop year 2005–2006 of only 27%. This very low irrigation intensity can be partly attributed to the extensive damage of the dam of the Madongan River Irrigation System (RIS), the largest irrigation system within the province. The results of frequency analysis indicated that the 1-d, 2-d, 3-d and 4-d rainfall totals had associated return periods ranging only from 2.4 to 4.3 yr. The poor performance of the irrigation systems studied can be traced to their design shortcomings and undesirable design features. The potentials for improvements in hydraulic structures were evident. Key Words: canal irrigation, design criteria, design shortcomings, Ilocos Norte, systems rehabilitation Abbreviations: AFMA – Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act, CIS – communal irrigation system, NIS –national irrigation system, PIS – pump irrigation system, RIS – river irrigation system, ROTR – run-of-the-river, SWIP – small water impounding project
Human Antigen R (HuR): A Regulator of Heme Oxygenase‐1 Cytoprotection in Mouse and Human Liver Transplant Injury

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background and Aims Ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) represents a risk factor in liver transplantation (LT). We have shown that overexpression of heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) mitigates hepatic IRI in LT recipients. Here, we hypothesized that human antigen R (HuR), the stabilizer of adenylate‐uridylate (AU)‐rich mRNAs, is required for hepatoprotection in LT. Approach and Results In an experimental arm, HuR/HO‐1 protein expression was correlated with hepatic IRI phenotype. In an in vitro inflammation mimic model of hepatic warm IRI, induction of HuR/HO‐1 and cytoplasmic localization following cytokine preconditioning were detected in primary hepatocyte cultures, whereas HuR silencing caused negative regulation of HO‐1, followed by enhanced cytotoxicity. Using the HuR‐inhibitor, we showed that HuR likely regulates HO‐1 through its 3′ untranslated region and causes neutrophil activation (CD69+/lymphocyte antigen 6 complex locus G [Ly6‐G]). HuR silencing in bone marrow–derived macrophages decreased HO‐1 expression, leading to the induction of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. RNA sequencing of HuR silenced transcripts under in vitro warm IRI revealed regulation of genes thymus cell antigen 1 (THY1), aconitate decarboxylase 1 (ACOD1) , and Prostaglandin E Synthase (PTGES) . HuR, but not hypoxia‐inducible protein alpha, positively regulated HO‐1 in warm, but not cold, hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions. HuR modulated HO‐1 in primary hepatocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages under reperfusion. Adjunctive inhibition of HuR diminished microtubule‐associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B), a marker for autophagosome, under HO‐1 regulation, suggesting a cytoprotective mechanism in hepatic IR. In a clinical arm, hepatic biopsies from 51 patients with LT were analyzed at 2 hours after reperfusion. Graft HuR expression was negatively correlated with macrophage (CD80/CD86) and neutrophil (Cathepsin G) markers. Hepatic IRI increased HuR/HO‐1 expression and inflammatory genes. High HuR–expressing liver grafts showed lower serum alanine aminotransferase/serum aspartate aminotransferase levels and improved LT survival. Conclusions This translational study identifies HuR as a regulator of HO‐1–mediated cytoprotection in sterile liver inflammation and a biomarker of ischemic stress resistance in LT.
Determination of Nuclear DNA Content in Orchids by Flow Cytometry

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Flow cytometric analysis was found useful for determining ploidy and DNA content values for orchid species and hybrids. Immature leaf tissue yielded the most reliable results for all orchids sampled. Leaf endopolyploidy was common, with levels as high as 16N found in mature D. gouldii leaves. DNA content values for 37 Dendrobium species, 11 Dendrobium hybrids, 33 additional orchid species and 8 hybrids were determined. Values for Dendrobium species ranged from 1.53 pg to 4.23 pg/2C nuclei. C-values for the remaining orchid species ranged from 1.91 pg to 15.19 pg/2C nuclei, with those of Cattleya alone ranging from 3.29 pg to 9.29 pg/2C nuclei. The highest variation within Cattleya corresponded to different specimens of the same species, suggesting polyploidy. An analysis of Dendrobium hybrids and parent species showed that DNA content values could be reliably predicted in cases where parentage was indefinite.