jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Effect of organizational climate on self-efficacy of Teachers at secondary school level in Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The major aim of this research was to determine the effect of organizational climate on teachers' self-efficacy at the secondary level in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJ&K). Therefore, this study was descriptive and quantitative in nature, and a survey design was used to collect the data. All the secondary school teachers working in secondary schools of District Bagh were the population of the study. The overall population of the study consisted of 2544 secondary school teachers. From which, the researchers selected 254 by using a simple random sampling technique. The survey was completed with the help of questionnaires. For this purpose, two self-developed questionnaires were used in this study which were based on the organizational climate and self-efficacy of teachers. Data were collected via Google Forms by sending them using different social media groups. Furthermore, regression analysis was used to analyze the data. It is concluded that the organizational climate affects the self-efficacy of teachers at the secondary school level in AJ&K.
Low Dose Mammography via Deep Learning

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract X-ray mammography has been widely applied to breast cancer diagnosis due to its simplicity and reliability. However, X-ray will do harm to the health of patients or even cause cancer. Low dose mammography by reducing the tube current is an effective method to reduce radiation dose and has attracted more and more interests. In this paper, we implemented a method to improve the image quality of low dose mammography via deep learning. It is based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) and focuses on reducing the noise in low dose mammography. After training, it can obtain a high quality image from a low dose mammography image. This method is validated with experimental data sets obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archive (TCIA). It will promote the application of state-of-art deep learning technique in the field of low dose mammography.
Impact of Ozone on Soybean Yield

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract Field‐grown soybeans [ Glycine max (L.) Merr., cv. Corsoy] were exposed to O 3 for 7 h daily (0900–1600 CST) for 56 d in open‐top chambers. The air in the chambers was either charcoal‐filtered or non‐filtered, with various constant amounts of O 3 added. The randomized block design incorporated four replicates of six treatments: no chamber (0.042 ppm O 3 seasonal 7‐h average); chamber with charcoal‐filtered air (0.022 ppm O 3 ); and chambers with non‐filtered air plus added O 3 to provide concentrations of 0.042, 0.064, 0.089, and 0.115 ppm. A linear reduction in seed weight per plant with increasing ozone dose ( b (slope) = −87.18) was significant ( P = 0.01), and yields were reduced 5, 23, 39, and 52% for the 0.042, 0.064, 0.089, and 0.115 ppm O 3 treatments, respectively, compared with the 0.022 ppm treatment. Significant ( P = 0.01) linear reductions were also noted for filled pods per plant ( b = 184.4), seeds per filled pod ( b = −0.9955), weight per seed ( b = −0.3794), and percent oil content ( b = −12.33). Significant ( P = 0.01) linear increases were noted for unfilled pods per plant ( b = 58.11) and percent protein content ( b = 20.58). A comparison of the open plots with the nonfiltered air chamber plots provided with the same concentration of O 3 revealed no significant chamber effects.
Reward-Augmented Decoding: Efficient Controlled Text Generation With a Unidirectional Reward Model

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

While large language models have proven effective in a huge range of downstream applications, they often generate text that is problematic or lacks a desired attribute. In this paper, we introduce Reward-Augmented Decoding (RAD), a text generation procedure that uses a small unidirectional reward model to encourage a language model to generate text that has certain properties. Specifically, RAD uses the reward model to score generations as they are produced and rescales sampling probabilities to favor high-reward tokens. By using a unidirectional reward model, RAD can cache activations from prior generation steps to decrease computational overhead. Through experiments on generating non-toxic and sentiment-controlled text, we demonstrate that RAD performs best among methods that change only the generation procedure and matches the performance of state-of-the-art methods that involve re-training the language model. We further validate that RAD is effective on very large language models while incurring a minimal computational overhead.
NTFPs from trees

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The common persimmon (Diospyros virginiana L.) is a slow-growing, medium-sized tree. It can grow under a variety of conditions and is often found in abandoned fields and denuded cropland with poor soils. The native range extends from Connecticut to southern Florida, and west into Kansas and Oklahoma (shown in green on the map below). The species is most abundant in the rich bottomlands of the Mississippi River and associated tributaries
Coping Strategies and Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Management in Older Mexican Adults

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Diabetes Mellitus 2 (DM2) affects 20% of the elderly population in Mexico, causes disability and death, and demands many life-style changes. Since DM2 control is largely responsibility of the patient, management itself is source of stress. Coping is a process by which persons face stressful situations, and active coping have proved being effective in disease control. Social-cognitive perspective suggests that self-efficacy believes can regulate human functioning, therefore they could promote specific coping if relations between them are found. The study aim was to examine the association between coping strategies and self-efficacy in DM2 management in a group of 126 Mexican adults over 54 years old (= 68.57, SD = 7.19), which answered an interview about sociodemographics data, self-efficacy in diabetes and coping strategies. The most common kind of coping used by the sample was self-recreation (= 50.41, SD = 19.50) and religious faith (= 50.04, SD = 17.65), and in self-efficacy the domain of taking the medicines had the greater score (= 90.25, SD = 16.08). Total score in self-efficacy had significant correlations with active coping (r = .402, p ≤ .01) and self-recreation (r = .291, p ≤ .01). We concluded that there are relationships between self-efficacy beliefs in diabetes management and active coping. The correlation found can be used to guide future interventions with these patients, but the relation should be studied deeper for directional search, if is proved that DM self-efficacy beliefs enhance active coping; self-efficacy based interventions should be promote.
Revised Bethesda Guidelines: compliance in identifying HNPCC affected families: Table 1

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) causes approximately 3% of colorectal cancer cases in the UK and has significant implications for screening families with multiple affected members. It is usually caused by germ-line mutations in MLH1 , MSH2 and MSH6 mismatch repair genes. The revised Bethesda guidelines are designed to identify colorectal cancer patients who should have immunohistochemistry (IHC) and microsatellite instability (MSI) screening tests for HNPCC. These guidelines are designed to streamline the clinical diagnostic pathways used to identify mutation carriers in patients with colorectal cancer who might or might not fulfil the Amsterdam II criteria, thus increasing diagnostic yield of HNPCC screening. This audit looks at the compliance with revised Bethesda guidelines to identify HNPCC families and their referral for genetic testing. Methods Patients were identified from colorectal MDT Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust from the UK National Bowel Cancer Audit Programme (NBOCAP) data over a period of 18 months up to May 2010. Pathology results were obtained for IHC and MSI testing. Patients who underwent IHC testing at St Mary's Hospital, London, and referrals to the Kennedy-Galton Clinical Genetics Centre were identified. The number of patients whose tumours were resected was identified and the histology reports reviewed. Results 336 patients discussed in colorectal MDT in Hammersmith and Charing Cross Hospitals, London were assessed according to the revised Bethesda guidelines. 18.5% of the reviewed patients satisfied one or more of the revised Bethesda criteria. 5% of these patients were referred to Kennedy-Galton Centre or underwent MSI testing, and none underwent IHC testing. 188 patients of assessed patients had their tumour resected. 7.4% of resected tumours had histology typical of HNPCC (tumour infiltrating lymphocytes, Crohn's like inflammation, Signet ring cells, medullary growth pattern). Conclusion Based on these results, there is a marked incompliance with revised Bethesda guidelines when assessing patients with colorectal cancer. This has a significant impact on clinical pathways for the management of HNPCC families. Table 1 PTU-001 Results summary Number % Total number of patients reviewed 336 100% Number of patients satisfying >1 revised Bethesda Criteria 62 18.5% Out of 62 patients fulfilling revised Bethesda criteria: Number of patients referred to Kennedy-Galton centre/ MSI tested 3 5% Number of patients referred for IHC testing 0 0% Number of patients who underwent tumour resection 188 56% Tumours with HNPCC histology 14 7.4%
In vitro selection of red rot toxin resistant lines in sugarcane cultivar CoC671.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Promising sugarcane cultivar CoC671 from South India is severely affected by red rot, caused by Glomerella tucumanensis (Speg) von Arx & Muller (Colletotrichum falcatum Went). Partially purified red rot fungal toxin was extracted in a modified host extract medium and tested for pathogenicity. The toxin caused disease symptoms on susceptible variety CoC671 but not on resistant variety Co740. A lethal toxin concentration (0.5%) in basal MS medium was used to expose I callus of CoC671 for the selection of toxin-resistant lines. Abrupt treatment with the toxin was found to be more effective in adapting the cells to resist higher concentration of toxin than a stepwise increase in MS basal medium. Selected callus was used to induce shoots and roots and resulting plantlets showing superior resistance to the toxin are subsequently propagated under field conditions.
DNA replication and sister chromatid exchange in 9qh+

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges (SCE’s) in the euchromatin and heterochromatin of a human 9qh+ chromosome was determined using the BrdU-Giemsa technique. The 9qh+ region contained fewer exchanges than the euchromatin, and there was an excess number of exchanges at the junction of the euchromatin and heterochromatin of the long arm. BrdU incorporation and differential staining of sister chromatids showed that the heterochromatic region of the 9 was always the last region to replicate and was among the last areas of the whole human chromosome complement to complete replication.
The Pharmaceutical Industry in 2017. An Analysis of FDA Drug Approvals from the Perspective of Molecules

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

This is an analysis from a chemical point of view of the 46 drugs (34 New Chemical Entities and 12 Biologics) approved by the FDA during 2017. The drugs included in the 2017 “harvest” have been classified on the basis of their chemical structure: biologics (antibodies and proteins); peptides; amino acids and natural products; drug combinations; and small molecules.
Abstract T P419: Pathological Arterial Wall Correlates of Lumen-based Remodeling: Results From the Brain Arterial Remodeling Study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background: There is paucity of data about arterial wall characteristics of the smallest and largest caliber cerebral vessels. Determining the relationship between the lumen and the wall might shed new insights into cerebral artery remodeling. Objective: To test the hypotheses that arteries with larger luminal diameters have a thinner wall and that arteries with the smallest lumina have thicker walls. Methods: Cross-sectional segments from large arteries (N=1392) were obtained from the circle of Willis in 196 autopsied brains (mean age 55 ± 17 yrs, 39% with hypertension, 15% with diabetes and 20% with dyslipidemia). Lumen diameter, stenosis percentage, and thicknesses of intima, media, and adventitia were calculated in digital microphotography after staining. Atheromas and internal elastic lamina (IEL) disruption were rated visually. Arteries were categorized into the top 5% (“dilated”) and bottom 5% (“narrowed”) of the luminal diameters, as well as an intermediate category (90% of sample as reference). We used logistic regression to obtain the odds of association (OR, 95% CI) after adjusting for demographic and vascular variables. Results: Narrowed arteries were more frequently found in men (OR 2.7, 95%CI 1.3-5.9) and with dyslipidemia (4.2, 1.6-11.1) while dilated arteries were more frequently found in women (5.6, 2.2-14.0), in smokers (2.6, 1.0-6.5) and those with prior MI (7.7, 1.2-48.7). Narrowed arteries were more likely to have atheromas (20.8, 4.8-90.3), greater luminal stenosis (per %, 1.1, 1.1-1.2), thicker vessel walls (1.3, 1.2-1.4), but thinner medias (0.9, 0.8-1.0). Conversely, larger arteries exhibited less IEL disruption (0.3, 0.1-0.9), atheromas (0.34, 0.1-0.9) and stenosis (0.8, 0.8-0.9), their walls were thinner (0.8, 0.8-0.9) but the media was thicker (1.1, 1.1-1.2). Conclusions: Narrowed cerebral arteries were more likely to have atheromas while dilated arteries had thinner walls and were more frequent in subjects with prior MI. These findings suggest that both extremes of the arterial spectrum might be differentially related with vascular disease, underscoring the need to revisit whether standard preventive measures for vascular disease are equally effective in patients harboring such disparate arterial phenotypes.
Prioritization of Crop Residues for Improving Productivity on Smallholder Dairy Farming Households in the Lake Victoria Crescent, Uganda

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Poor nutrition has been identified as a major constraint to productivity in smallholder dairy farming households in Uganda, particularly in Lake Victoria Crescent Agroecological Zone (LVZ). Clarification on nutritional potential of crop residues is central to formulation of sustainable dairy cattle nutrition strategies. Data were collected from 126 randomly selected respondents using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. Farmers' responses on crop residues utilization, handling, limitations, spatial and temporal variability were collected. Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant differences on utilization of available crop residues (X2 = 50.4, df = 4, p = 0.0001) among farmer's rankings. It was established that maize stovers were major crop residues utilized and inadequate knowledge to process crop residues was ranked as a major limitation. The study provided basic information on the importance of crop residues. Further research studies should focus on improving the nutritive value of maize stover.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MILK CARAMEL CANDY WITH THE ADDITION OF STEVIA (STEVIA REBAUDIANA BERTONI) EXTRACT LEAF POWDER

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The aime of this study was to determine the characteristics of milk caramel candy with the addition of stevia extract leaf powder (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) based on the physical, chemical properties, and level of acceptance of the panelists for milk caramel candy. The addition of stevia extract leaf powder to the milk caramel candy was expected to be reduce the value. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Data analysis using ANOVA and further testing of DNMRT at a 5% significance level. The treatments in this study were the level of addition of stevia extract leaf powder is A (0%), B (0.1%), C (0.2%), D (0.3%), and E (0.4%). The results showed that the addition of different stevia extract leaf powders in milk caramel candy was significantly different at the 5% level on the analysis of the water content, protein content, energy, antioxidant activity, color analysis, organoleptic tests (color, and taste) and the level of addition of stevia extract leaf powder was not significantly different at the 5% level on ash content, fat content, reducing sugar, hardness analysis and organoleptic (aroma and texture) analysis. The best treatment in this study was addition of 0.2% stevia extract leaf powder, the results of chemical analysis showed that the average water content was 9.28%, ash content was 1.87%, protein was 13,91%, fat was 9,69%, reducing sugar was 8.21%, energy value (calories) 403,86 cal/g, antioxidant activity 43.04%, physical analysis of hardness 89.40 N/cm2, color 126.88 ºHue, and organoleptic test results were color 4.35 (like), aroma 3.65 (like), taste 4.25 (like), and texture 3.85 (like).
Preliminary observation of genes specifically expressed in brain tissues during stroke-like episodes in rats

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Objective: To observe the difference of gene expressions of brain tissues during apoplectic episodes and those of normal brain in Wistar rats in order to study the pathological mechanism of apoplexy. Methods: A rat model of hypertension was established with the administration of cold stimulus and high salt intake as the environmental risk factors.Apoplexy occurred in the rats because of hypertension. Suppression subtractive hybridization(SSH) was used to identify and analyze the differential genes specifically expressed in cerebral tissues of stoke group and control rats. Results: A total of 226 genes out of the 228 were usable and analyzed. The average length of the 226 genes was (286.6±120.3) bp with a range from 50 bp to 619 bp. And 126 clones out of the 226 showed a sequence with significant identity to the known genes; 78 clones demonstrated homogenous sequences to the existing ESTs ofdbEST, but no one of the 78 showed sequence with identity to that of known genes; and remaining 22 were novel transrcipts exhibiting no similarity to any known sequences. All the clones which were highly homogenous to the known genes were categorized on the basis of their function. It was found that 26.5% of the mitochodrial genes in brain tissues underwent changes after apoplexy and the changes showed a twofold relationship of cause and effect. Conclusion: Environmental factors are able to induce changes of gene expression, which may increase the sensitivity to apoplectic stroke.
Efficient Data Curation Using Active Learning for a Video-Based Fire Detection

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Video-based fire detection is a crucial object detection problem that relies on accurate and reliable data to detect fires. However, collecting and labeling fire-related data can be time-consuming and expensive, making it difficult to obtain sufficient data for training machine learning models. To address this challenge, uncertainty-based active learning techniques can be used to iteratively select the most informative samples for labeling. This can reduce the amount of labeled data needed to achieve high model performance and has the potential to even prune the training data with fewer informative samples. The traditional sampling-based uncertainty estimation methods are computationally expensive. Hence, an efficient prior network-based ensemble distillation State-of-the-Art approach is evaluated on an internal dataset which still requires relatively higher overhead computation making it difficult for production deployment. A biased softmax differencing-based uncertainty approach and a feature-based hard data mining approach are proposed and compared with the distillation approach. The novel approaches are found to have a very low overhead uncertainty estimation time compared to the ensemble distillation approach and traditional sampling techniques. The methods are evaluated in the context of curating the unlabeled pool data and improving the training data. For completeness, the experiments are performed on three different data sizes, and overall, the frame-wise selection strategy is proved to be better than the sequence-wise querying strategy. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA)-based hard data mining outperformed other methods and improved the model performance by 16.33% with AUC2% metric when compared with the random selection of data. The approach even outperformed the main network trained on full data by 7.33%, henceforth improving the training data by using informative 26.39% data. The results indicate that novel data mining provides efficient training and pool data curation
An Online Global Learning Activity to Enhance Underrepresented Community College STEM Students’ Career Competencies and Chemistry Engagement: Water Testing in New York City and Jordan

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

The joint virtual global learning activity brought together college students from Jordan and New York City to learn about United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (UN SDG) #6 and explore the issues of water pollution and drinking water quality in both regions. The activity involved undergraduate students from Guttman Community College and Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST). The students worked in binational collaborative learning groups, collected field data on drinking water quality, and presented their findings and policy recommendations at a virtual international student conference. The learning outcomes were evaluated through assignments ranging from literary analyses to laboratory reports and a survey gauging the impact on various dimensions of students' learning. The majority of students reported positive experiences including improved communication skills, collaboration skills, openness to different perspectives, analytical skills, better laboratory report writing, and an overall understanding of global water quality issues. The activity also helped students understand the importance of learning chemistry in real-life contexts. However, some students faced challenges with language barriers and scheduling conflicts. Despite these limitations, the activity positively influenced students' career readiness competencies and engagement in chemistry. Overall, the virtual exchange activity provided valuable insights into water quality issues and facilitated meaningful international collaboration.