jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Neural correlates of visual attention in Drosophila melanogaster

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Fbn1Tsk/+mice had altered optic nerve structure as indicated by larger optic nerves, larger optic nerve axons and thinner pia mater, consistent with our previous findings. Despite lower IOP elevation, Fbn1Tsk/+mice had greater loss of RGCs and optic nerve axons, suggesting increased susceptibility to IOP-induced optic nerve degeneration in microfibril-deficient mice.
Promoting physical activity through exergaming in young adults with intellectual disabilities: a pilot study

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Various health problems of people with intellectual disabilities (ID) are associated with their physical inactivity. The present study aimed at the understanding of physiological and psychological responses toward exergaming in seven young adults with mild to moderate ID after a single-session and a multiple-session condition, respectively. Their heart rate (HR), the rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and physical activity enjoyment scale (PACES) were measured on control and exergaming sessions. The significant increased HR, which may represent the increased physical activity levels that led to energy expenditure, was observed after a single-session and a multiple-session condition. In addition, the significant increase in RPE and PACES were evident after a single-session condition but a multiple-session condition. The feeling of physical fatigue seems to be distracted by external motivators (e.g. music). However, the positive affectivity to exercise was not noted when exercise was scheduled as their daily routines. This phenomenon might explain the high prevalence of physical inactivity among this population.
Friendship and migration: rethinking friendship with Turkish immigrants in Italy

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

The aim of this article is to analyze the effects of the migration experience on friendship. It discusses what Turkish immigrants understand by the term friendship and what characteristics they associate with this term. It considers the concept of friendship in the context of Turkish immigrants living in Italy, analyzing their way of life and their tendency to build relationships with the native population. It examines the role of friendship relationships in the migratory experiences of Turkish immigrants in maintaining a common, equal life with differences. Compared to countries such as Germany or France, the migration adventure from Turkey to Italy is quite new. In this new migration adventure, it is unclear how the immigrants have built a new life in friendly relations while maintaining their differences. This article attempts to determine the immigration status of Turkish immigrants in Italy based on friendship relations. It aims to shed light on the nature of friendship as well as their position in Italy and the changing characteristics of migration by addressing their social, spatial and cultural unity with the country they have settled in through the concept of friendship.
A mechanism of persuasion among agents for group choice design support systems

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

In this paper, we propose a group decision support system based on persuasion among agents. In the system, each user manages an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) system and an agent. Each user subjectively constructs a decision hierarchy and determines the various weights of alternatives by using AHP. Based on the hierarchy and weights, agents negotiate with each other on behalf of their users. In general, existing systems use a voting method for negotiating among agents. However, the result of voting are often inconsistent, largely due to the inconsistency of voting rules. Therefore, we propose a persuasion mechanism, rather than voting methods, for negotiation among agents. Adopting some of the features of AHP, we implement a new persuasion mechanism. The agents have an explanation mechanism. They can explain to their users why they have been persuaded, when they are persuaded, who persuaded them, and how they are persuaded. Finally, we describe the results from our current experiments. The results demonstrate that the persuasion mechanism is an effective method for a group decision support system based on multi-agent negotiation. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 29(5): 20–28, 1998
Principals, agents, and the delegation of power inside political parties

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Chapter 4 sets out the principal-agent framework of power delegation that is applied to the Labour Party, the PS and SPD throughout the book. It first presents a brief overview of the literature that uses principal-agent frameworks to analyse power delegation inside political systems and political parties. Next, it highlights the problems that power delegation can cause inside parties, and explained how parties can address them. The chapter then outlines the conceptual framework that will subsequently be applied to the Labour Party, the PS and SPD, introducing four possible modes of power delegation between the three faces of the party organisations and the three levels. Next, the research questions guiding the empirical analysis in are introduced. As this book is primarily concerned with power delegation in the formulation of European policy and the processes of selecting EU specialists, both of these activities have been briefly described. Last but not least, this chapter mentions a number of factors that are likely to shape the parties' dealings with the EU, namely: the legal regulations of internal party organisations; the parties' EU positions; the financial resources available to the parties; and the status as parties in government or opposition.
Diego Samper

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Diego Samper (1954) is an artist and designer interested in the dialogues between biology, anthropology, natural history, and indigenous cultures; his work is a dialogue with the natural world. He has explored photography, cinematography, ambient sound and music, painting and drawing, sculptural installations, and architectural design. In 2009, he started the Calanoa project with Marlen Escobar, a nature reserve and cultural and biological conservation proposal for the tropical rainforest.
Dynamic Oxygen on Surface: Catalytic Intermediate and Coking Barrier in the Modeled CO2 Reforming of CH4 on Ni (111)

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

We identify Ni-O phases as important intermediates in a model dry (CO<sub>2</sub>) reforming of methane catalyzed by Ni (111), based on results from in operando near ambient X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS), low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). We find that under a CO<sub>2</sub> or CO<sub>2</sub>-CH<sub>4</sub> atmosphere, the Ni-O phases exist as p(2×2) structured chemisorbed oxygen (Chem-O), epitaxial NiO (111), or oxygen-rich Ni<sub>x</sub>O<sub>y</sub> (x<y, typically Ni<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), depending on the chemical potential. The growth rates of the Ni-O phases have a negative correlation with temperature from 600 K to 900 K, proving that their dynamic concentrations in the reaction are not limited by CO<sub>2</sub> activation, but by their thermal stability. Between 300 K and 800 K (1:1 CH<sub>4</sub> and CO<sub>2</sub> mixture), oxidation by CO<sub>2</sub>is dominant, resulting in a fully Ni-O covered surface. Between 800 K and 900 K, a partially oxidized Ni (111) exists which could greatly facilitate the effective conversion of CH<sub>4</sub>. As CH<sub>4</sub> is activation-limited and dissociates mainly on metallic nickel, the released carbon species can quickly react with the adjacent oxygen (Ni-O phases) to form CO. After combining with carbon and releasing CO molecules, the Ni-O phases can be further regenerated through oxidation by CO<sub>2</sub>. In this way, the Ni-O phases participate in the catalytic process, acting as an intermediate in addition to the previously reported Ni-C phases. We also reveal the carbon phobic property of the Ni-O phases, which links to the intrinsic coking resistance of the catalysts. The low dynamic coverage of surface oxygen at higher temperatures (>900 K) is inferred to be an underlying factor causing carbon aggregation. Therefore solutions based on Ni-O stabilization are proposed in developing coking resisting catalysts.
The effects of consistency and inconsistency between attentional focus and task objective in learning a golf putting task

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Converging evidence has demonstrated learning advantages when an individual is instructed to focus their attention externally. However, many of the motor tasks utilized in past research had clear external objectives (i.e., putting accuracy), creating a compatible relationship between an external focus of attention (i.e., outcome) and an external task objective (i.e., putting accuracy). The present study examined whether or not the consistency of instructions and task objective would differentially impact the acquisition of a golf putting task. Participants performed a putting task in a control condition or in one of four experimental conditions resulting from the factorial interaction of task instructions (internal or external) and task objective (internal or external). The retention and transfer data revealed that participants who received an external task objective demonstrated superior outcome scores. Participants who received technique information paired with outcome information demonstrated superior technique scores.
Inadequate Health Literacy among Elderly Immigrants: Characteristics, Contributing, and Service Utilization Factors

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

Inadequate health literacy among elderly immigrants in the United States is an important social issue that needs immediate attention to decrease health disparities. This study examines the causes and consequences of inadequate health literacy among the elderly immigrants. Characteristics of the elderly immigrants are presented including their diverse backgrounds, physical health, mental health, and substance use. Barriers and contributing factors such as elderly immigrants' education and English proficiency, income and poverty levels, Medicare or insurance, immigration issues, and social support are also examined. The literature regarding heath literacy service options (print and online sources, health literacy training for caregivers, and church health literacy training) are reviewed. Findings from the reviewed literature indicate that immigrants' social network, particularly family members, play significant roles in their health care decision making and, thus, health literacy intervention and services should include elderly immigrants' social network.
Measurement of First-Ray Mobility in Normal vs. Hallux Valgus Patients

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Hypermobility of the first ray is one causative factor in development of hallux valgus and an important factor in the treatment of hallux valgus, but measuring first-ray motion is difficult. There are two known ways of measuring first-ray motion. One is measuring the bony angle on the lateral foot X-ray using a modified Coleman block. The other is using devices. However, neither is suitable for clinical application. We introduce a simple, fast and easy way of measuring first-ray range of motion. Using this method, we compared the first-ray motion between a normal group and a hallux valgus group. Forty normal and 60 hallux valgus patients were included in the measurement. We measured the first-ray range of motion in the following way: with one hand we held the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th rays at the metatarsal head level with a simple right-angled indicator. With the other hand, we held the first ray at the metatarsal head level using a simple right-angled device, such as a scale. Keeping the other rays fixed, we moved the first ray up and down and recorded the average distance (d) 10 times to reduce intra-measurement differences. We also measured and recorded the first metatarsal length (L) on the anteroposterior foot X-ray film. Finally, we calculated the first-ray range of motion (a) using the above data. We also measured the hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angle in the hallux valgus patient group. With this method, the average first-ray motion was 10.3° in the normal group and 12.9° in the hallux valgus patient group. If we define 14°, (that is, above the 95th percentile in the normal group) as having hypermobility, 38% of hallux valgus patients had first ray hypermobility. There was no correlation between first-ray hypermobility and either hallux valgus angle or intermetatarsal angle.
Plantago lanceolata – An overview of its agronomically and healing valuable features

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Abstract This article gives an overview of the widely distributed herb ribwort plantain ( Plantago lanceolata ). Currently, this plant is mostly grown in grasslands, rarely in arable land, and its secondary metabolites are used in medicine. Studies cited in the article indicate its very rapid growth and deep rooting in the soil, which results in high drought tolerance and uptake of valuable nutrients from deep soil layers. An intensive symbiosis with various mycorrhizal fungi is characteristic of plantain for a high capacity for nutrient and water appropriation. It is also characterized by different contents of iridoid glycosides like aucubin and catalpol in shoots and roots of different varieties. The use of P. lanceolata is discussed on permanent and non-permanent grasslands where agriculturally specific varieties have been developed for grazing animals showing positive health effects in them. Information is provided on the cultivation of ribwort plantain, including studies on sowing and fertilization, the yield and infestation of the plant with pathogens, and the occurrence of iridoid glycosides in the plant. In addition, information is included on pests that threaten the plant’s cultivation.
A clinical study of seven cases undergoing resection of primary duodenal carcinoma.

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

原発性十二指腸癌7切除例を対象として臨床的検討を行った. 5例はUGI, 内視鏡, 生検の3者で診断可能であったが, 2例は膵癌の十二指腸浸潤との鑑別が困難であった. しかしUSとCTで膵癌を否定しえた. 血管造影では4例中2例が十二指腸原発と確認しえた. さらに切除可能性, 根治性を推定するのに有用であった. リンパ節転移は全例に認められ, 非治癒切除4例中3例の非治癒因子, 治癒切除後再発2例中1例の再発因子となっていた. したがって, 乳頭上部癌では膵頭部癌第1群リンパ節郭清をともなう膵頭十二指腸切除を原則とし, 乳頭下部癌では腸間膜根部リンパ節をより徹底郭清し状況によっては血管合併切除再建が必要と思われた.
Electrochemical Hydrogenation Behavior of Surface-Treated Mg-based Alloys for Hydrogen Storage of Fuel Cell

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Mg₂Ni계 합금 입자의 수소저장 특성에 대한 표면처리 효과가 마이크로 전극 측정법에 의해 검토되었다. 카본-섬유로 된 마이크로 전극을 KOH 수용액 속에서 조정자를 사용하여 수소 단일입자에 접촉시켰다. 상온에서 Mg₂Ni 합금의 수소저장 특성은 니켈 도금용액에 의한 표면 처리에 의해 크게 개선되었다. 니켈 도금용액 속에 있는 함유된 나트륨염(sodium phosphate 및 sodium dihydrogen citrate)이 합금을 아몰퍼스와 같은 형태로 만들었으며, 그 결과 상온에서 수소 흡장/방출 용량이 최초의 17[mAh/g]에서 150[mAh/g]로 향상되었다. 합금 입자 내에서 수소원자의 겉보기 화학적 확산계수를 계산하기 위하여 Potential-step 실험을 실시하였으며 데이터 해석을 위해 구형확산 모델을 적용하였다. 실험결과로서 겉보기 확산계수(DSUBapp/SUB)는 수소 흡장 및 방출되는 전 과정에서 10??～10??[㎠/s] 수준인 것으로 확인되었다.
“The Sun Wheel: Bridge to the Unconscious”

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

This article introduces art therapists to the individuation concepts of the Sun Wheel and the application to the practice of art therapy. The concepts of the Sun Wheel encompass: 1) the circle or mandala as the greatest representation of wholeness; 2) the Rainbow color spectrum; and 3) a numerical system of one, four and twelve. These basic elements of the Sun Wheel are ancient archetypes, and in combination they become a powerful base for personal growth. The Sun Wheel Individuation process depends upon the art experience to help people find their own inner wisdom and balance. It offers art therapists a focal point for the growth inherent in the art process.
An update on e-cigarettes and orthodontics

Field: Dentistry (Health Sciences)

E-cigarettes can be a useful cessation aid for adult smokers. However, the use of e-cigarettes by young people in the UK has been on the rise and is of increasing concern. The implications of e-cigarette use among patients undergoing orthodontic treatment have not yet been reviewed. This narrative review explores the emerging evidence base underpinning the relationship of e-cigarette use on tooth movement, demineralization and surgical outcomes. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The use of e-cigarettes has rapidly increased, and it is important to understand the possible implications for orthodontic treatment.
Semi-supervised Multi-view Ensemble Learning with Consensus

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This paper is devoted to enchasing existing multi-view semi-supervised ensemble learning algorithms by introducing a cross-view consensus. A detailed overview of three state-of-the-art methods is given, with relevant steps of the training highlighted. A problem statement is formed to introduce both semi-supervised framework and consider the semi-supervised learning in the context of optimization problem. A novel multi-view semi-supervised ensemble learning algorithm called multi-view semi-supervised cross consensus (MSSXC) is introduced. The algorithm is tested against 5 synthetic datasets designed for semi-supervised learning challenges. The results indicate improvement in the average accuracy of up to 10% in comparison to existing methods, especially in low-volume, high density scenarios.
Role of calcium antagonists in cardiovascular therapy.

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

The development of drugs which selectively block the "slow" channels by which calcium enters the cell (calcium antagonists) has provided valuable information about the role of transmembrane calcium exchange in man and has offered new therapeutic approaches. The principal effect on the cardiovascular system is relaxation of vascular smooth muscle but some of these drugs also have electrophysiological effects, especially slowing of conduction in the atrioventricular node; verapamil is the agent of choice in supraventricular tachycardia. Significant myocardial depression does not usually occur with doses used clinically. The calcium antagonists have specific value in variant angina. By causing peripheral vasodilatation they are also effective hypotensive agents and do not cause reflex tachycardia in chronic use. Their value in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and in the protection of ischaemic myocardium remains to be proven.
Symbiosis of [18F]FDG-PET/CT and [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET/MRI in differentiated thyroid cancer: Towards a more holistic approach? Preliminary results of a single centre study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

627 Objectives To evaluate whether [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET/MRI with diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) can complement or replace [18F]FDG-PET/CT in patients with recurrent radioiodine negative differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). Methods 13 thyroidectomised and remnant ablated DTC patients underwent [18F]FDG-PET/CT and [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET/MRI within 8 weeks. Localization of recurrent cancer was evaluated on a per-patient, per-organ (lymph nodes, lung, and bone) and per-lesion basis. Histology, prior and follow-up examinations served as standard of reference. Results In a patient based analysis all of the 12 patients were correctly identified with [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET/MRI, whereas one patient with local relapse, was missed by [18F]FDG-PET/CT.Overall lesion detection rates were 95/101 (94%), 69/85 (81%) and 27/55 (33%) for [18F]FDG-PET/CT, [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET/MRI and DWI respectively.
In the overall lesion evaluation [18F]FDG(-PET/CT) performed better than [68Ga]DOTATATE(-PET/MRI), yet this was statistically significant only when comparing [18F]FDG-PET/CT, with [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET/MRI (p=0.039; [18F]FDG-PET vs. [68Ga]DOTATATE: p=0.062).
There was a significant difference between [18F]FDG-PET/CT and [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET/MRI with regards to detection of pulmonary metastasis (p < 0.0001), that was also seen when comparing [18F]FDG-PET and [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET (p=0.001) with each other.
Reanalysing the performance of the two hybrid modalities and the two PET-tracers after excluding the pulmonary metastasis, [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET and [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET/MRI showed a superior sensitivity over [18F]FDG-PET (p=0.005) and [18F]FDG-PET/CT (p=0.102) respectively, to the disadvantage of specificity.
On the contrary, DWI achieved only poor sensitivity rates and was significantly different from [18F]FDG-PET in the lesion based overall evaluation (p < 0.0001), pulmonary metastasis (p=0.001) and overall evaluation excl. pulmonary metastasis (p < 0.0001).
Interestingly, out of the 6 bone metastasis present in 2 patients, [18F]FDG-PET/CT failed to detect 3 of them (detection rate: 50%) , whereas [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET/MRI detected all 6 (100%) and DWI identified correctly 2 of the 4 (50%) bone metastasis that were located supradiaphragmatical. Conclusions [18F]FDG-PET/CT overall performs better than [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET/MRI in DTC mostly due to the superiority of both CT and [18F]FDG-PET over [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET and MRI respectively, in the detection of lung metastasis. However, in the evaluation of extrapulmonary lesions [68Ga]DOTATATE-PET is the more sensitive and [18F]FDG-PET the more specific imaging modality. Owing to the very low sensitivity we could not demonstrate any added value of DWI in patients with DTC. Therefore, DWI is not essential in clinical PET/MRI protocols and cannot replace [18F]FDG-PET for monitoring postoperative DTC patients with suspected radioiodine-negative tumour burden.
Speaking about building Rylands (1960s to 1980s): a Cape Flats history

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article draws on oral histories of Rylands, a former Indian group area on the Cape Flats. It shifts focus from narratives of dispossession to narratives of the making of a relocation site. The Cape Flats has generally been represented as a place of poverty, crime and hopelessness and existing on the “fringe” of the city. This article seeks to complicate our understandings and imaginings of the Cape Flats by focusing on Rylands. In its focus on the middle class, it argues that they transformed their physical surroundings. Spaces in Rylands, built by Indian capital, also offered the Cape Flats useful resources. As an apartheid-designated space, Rylands had a significant role in the entrenching of Indianness leading to energised cultural and religious activity with temples and mosques becoming the centre for residents. There were competing visions for Rylands; some dallied with apartheid governance structures but, by the 1980s, the non-racial ethos dominated and for youth this place became their centre.