jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Tailoring of Three-Atom Metal Cluster Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) can realize the green production of ammonia while developing electrocatalysts with high selectivity and ability is still an ongoing challenge. Two-dimensional (2D) graphitic carbon nitride (CN) frameworks can provide abundant hollow sites for stably anchoring several transition metal (TM) atoms to facilitate single-cluster catalysis, promising to overcome the problems of low activity and poor selectivity in the process of ammonia synthesis. Herein, extensive density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed to investigate the feasibility of six bimetallic triatomic clusters FexMoy (x = 1, 2; x + y = 3) supported on C6N6, C2N, and N-doped porous graphene (NG) as NRR electrocatalysts. Through a systematic screening strategy, we found that the Fe2Mo–NG possesses the highest activity with a limiting potential of –0.36 V through the enzymatic mechanism and could be the promising catalyst for NH3 synthesis. The Fe2Mo moiety in Fe2Mo–NG moderately regulates the electron transfer between reaction intermediates and NG, which is ascribed to enhanced performance. This work accelerates the rational design of catalysts in the field of NRR and contributes to broadening the understanding of cluster catalysis.
The algebra of sleepiness: investigating the interaction of homeostatic (S) and circadian (C) processes in sleepiness using linear metrics

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

"The present studies were conducted to contribute to the debate on the interaction between circadian (C) and homeostatic (S) processes in models of sleep regulation. The Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation assumes a linear relationship between processes S and C. However, recent elaborations of the model, based on data from forced desynchrony studies, suggest a nonlinear interaction between both processes. Whether this interaction is due to an interaction at substantial level or an artifact from the use of nonlinear metrics remain largely unknown, partly because usual experimental procedures in sleep research do not provide the necessary means to make this distinction. In this study we apply Functional Measurement methodology to demonstrate the linearity of two subjective sleepiness scales (Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and Visual Analogue Scale for sleepiness/alertness) and subsequently use these instruments in a judgment task based on information on prior sleep and time of day. Our results show that, when using linear metrics, processes S and C are integrated according to a differential weighting averaging rule, which consequently implies that both processes are psychologically related in a nonlinear way when sleepiness judgments are performed."
Ed White First American Spacewalker

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

On June 3, 1965 Edward H. White II became the first American to step outside his spacecraft and let go, effectively setting himself adrift in the zero gravity of space. For 23 minutes White floated and maneuvered himself around the Gemini spacecraft while logging 6500 miles during his orbital stroll. White was attached to the spacecraft by a 25 foot umbilical line and a 23-ft. tether line, both wrapped in gold tape to form one cord. In his right hand White carries a Hand Held Self Maneuvering Unit (HHSMU) which is used to move about the weightless environment of space. The visor of his helmet is gold plated to protect him from the unfiltered rays of the sun.
Pneumococcal Bacteremia

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Eighty‐nine episodes of pneumococcal bacteremia were reviewed over a 66‐month period at a Veterans Administration Medical Center. Forty‐one percent of these episodes were nosocomial in origin, and 59% of the patients were elderly (60 years of age or older). Nosocomial infection occurred more often in the elderly (55%) compared to those less than 60 years of age (32%; P <0.05). Within the elderly group, those older than 75 years of age had a higher rate of nosocomial bacteremia than those 60 to 75 years of age (76 versus 44%; P <0.05). The clinical presentation of the elderly and younger groups was not significantly different. All but one patient had serious underlying diseases. Eighty‐three percent of the episodes were due to pneumonia, and penicillin alone was prescribed for only 21% of all cases. The mortality rate directly due to the bacteremia was 22%, while the overall mortality during the hospitalization was 47%. In the elderly, the percentage of deaths due to infection was similar to the younger group, but overall mortality during the hospitalization was significantly higher in the elderly (74 versus 26%; P <0.01). Physicians showed poor recognition of the significance of pneumococcal disease, as demonstrated by inclusion of the diagnosis of pneumococcal infection or bacteremia in only 27% of the discharge summaries and by predischarge vaccination of only 7% (6 of 82) of those without previous pneumococcal vaccination. In conclusion, the rate of nosocomial pneumococcal bacteremia was high in a predominately elderly male population; it may be appropriate to consider a hospital‐based vaccine program in similar populations.
User-level secure deletion on log-structured file systems

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Deleting a file from a storage medium serves two purposes: it reclaims storage resources and ensures that any sensitive information contained in the file becomes inaccessible. When done for the latter purpose, it is critical that the file is securely deleted, meaning that its content does not persist on the storage medium after deletion. Secure deletion is the act of deleting data from a storage medium such that the data is afterwards irrecoverable from the storage medium. The time between deleting data and it becoming irrecoverable is called the deletion latency.
Enabling environments for rural innovations: lessons learned from Rural Development Programmes in Italy, 2007-2013

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

The European Innovation Partnership for Agricultural Productivity and Sustainability (EIP-Agri) aims to foster the competitiveness and sustainability of the agriculture and forestry sectors. In the 2014-2020 rural development programmes (RDPs), Operational Groups are multi-actor projects aimed at building bridges between different actors, in order to speed up the development of farmer-driven innovative projects. The Managing Authorities of the RDPs have a crucial role in setting the scene for enabling and promoting such innovation processes. The aim of this research is to explore the different policy frameworks adopted by the Italian regions to support cooperation for innovation projects in RDPs in the period 2007-2013. These were analysed against the conceptual background outlined by the European Commission and the international literature on the interactive approach to innovation processes (EC, 2013). The study is supported by the use of a mixed-methods approach, based on desk and on field research, qualitative and quantitative methods. The results of this research illustrate (a) the relevance of well-defined policy and programme setting to enable innovative environments; (b) differentiation of innovative processes according to local agricultural systems; (c) project-driven innovation approaches might not support the capacity development on innovation; (d) the importance of networking instruments – such as national networks – particularly in regionalised MSs; and (e) the importance of appropriate monitoring and evaluation tools and methods to follow innovations and their effects.
The Effects of Exercises to Develope Muscular Strength Legs of Aged People to Maintain the Sense of Balance

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin E administration with regular exercise for 5 weeks on blood lipid profiles in rats. 21 rats was randomly individed into three groups [vitamin E administration with exercise group(VEX group, n=7), exercise group(EX group, n=7), control group(CON group, n=7)], performed exercise(25-26m/min, grade 0%, 5d/w, 50min.) and vitamin E(400mg/kg b.w.) administration for 5 weeks. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. TG, T-C, LDL-C concentration were significantly higher in the control group, but HDL-C concentration was significantly higher in the exercise group. In conclusion, Exercise for 5 weeks reduced to CAD factors, but TG, T-C, LDL-C and HDL-C concentration was not show positive effect by vitamin E. Therefore, Futher experimentals are required to administration volumes, duration and relation to vitamin E and lipid enzyme activity.
[Two cases of takotsubo cardiomyopathy in patients treated with high doses of inhaled beta-2-agonists].

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is characterised by reversible left ventricular dysfunction in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). TCM is considered multifactorial, and the repetitive exposure to inhaled beta-2-agonists has been suspected to induce TCM in predisposed individuals. We report two cases of TCM in female patients presenting with ACS both exposed to inhaled beta-2-agonists. Eccocardiography revealed apical ballooning and reduced left ventricular function. Coronary angiography was with no significant stenosis. Both patients recovered by anticongestive treatment.
On the Issue of Calculation of the Suspended Sediment Load Discharge

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

The article deals with the questions of the contribution of suspended sediment in the processes of formation of the channel, and includes several formulas of suspended sediment discharge calculation and the results of calculations by these formulas. An analytical formula of sediments, in which the absolute exponent of the degree of arguments is equal to one shown the lower error probability. The calculated probability of calculation error is explicitly related to the average relative deviation between the calculated and observed values of sediment flow: the formulas with a lower error probability show better correspondence to the observed values. At the same time, the parameters of the analytical formula of sediment flow integral with respect to the type of bottom sediments represent a more stable dependence of the hydraulic variables of the flow state and sediments in contrast to the formulas of a similar purpose with data on sediment size included in them. This is explained by the fact that even quantum estimates of particle size are often unreliable and have high variability within one phase of water content, whereas the parameters focused on the qualitative state of the system (category of sediment size) characterize the properties of the bottom soil on average (integrally) over the cross-section of the flow.
Production and technical performance of scrimber composite manufactured from industrial low-value wood for structural applications

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Development of scrimber composites and other engineered wood products from low-value wood and wood waste provides an effective opportunity to preserve natural resources, minimize waste, and innovate the production of higher-performance, environment-friendly construction materials. In this study, peeler cores, which are the center of poplar logs remaining after the peeling process in the veneer production, were utilized to develop scrimber composites. This study investigated the effects of different resins, including phenol-formaldehyde (PF) and urea formaldehyde (UF), as well as hydrothermal treatments at various temperatures (60 °C and 130 °C), on the physical and mechanical properties of the scrimber composites. Chemical changes in wood components and morphological changes in wood cell walls resulting from hydrothermal treatment were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. To clarify how resin type and hydrothermal treatment affect structural performance, several physical and mechanical properties of scrimber composites, including thickness swelling, water absorption, internal bond strength, bending modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture, were measured. The test results revealed that hydrothermally treated wood scrims at 130 °C, when bonded with PF resin, produced scrimber composites with superior structural performance.
The Paradox of Precision and the Weapons Review Regime

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

As aerial weapons become more accurate and precise, they paradoxically expose civilians to greater harm. They make the use of military force feasible where previously it had not been. While these weapons are subject to legal review to certify that they are capable of being deployed in a discriminate manner, weapons review practice in the US and UK lends cursory approval to weapons that are as likely to harm civilians as enemy combatants. This article argues that a robust contextualized review of weapon’s effects on civilians and combatants is both legally required and in states’ strategic security interests.
Modeling of Structures Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Alloys

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

In this paper discusses and demonstrates the possibility of modeling materials with amorphous and nanocrystalline structure using random close packing of atoms and nanoclusters models. Concordance structure of the real models alloys was evaluated by the radial distribution function obtained as a result of calculations, and in its modeled structures estimation. Modeling structure of the amorphous matrix and the spatial distribution of nanoclusters in two-component amorphous alloys with composition Fe 80 B 20 carried out by Ishikawa method. For modeling structure multicomponent amorphous metal alloys we developed correlation-spectral model of the amorphous matrix and nanoclusters. At modeling passing electron wave through the sample used a layered approach, and for the "visualization" imaging we modeled optical schemes of high-resolution electron microscopes.
Central arterial stiffness in young adults with perinatal HIV exposure and infection

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare arterial stiffness between young adults with perinatally acquired HIV (YAPHIV) and young adults’ perinatally HIV exposed but uninfected (YAPHEU). Design: A cross-sectional analysis of pulse wave velocity (PWV) measures among participants with echocardiography in the PHACS Cardiac Toxicity Substudy. Methods: A total of 150 participants (95 YAPHIV, 55 YAPHEU, mean 23.4 years, 60% female, 72% Black, 24% Hispanic) had echocardiography and PWV measured. We compared PWV between groups. Among YAPHIV, we fit linear regression models to evaluate the association of measures of HIV disease severity and antiretroviral treatment (ART) with PWV. We computed correlations between PWV and measures of left ventricular structure and function. Results: Mean PWV did not differ by group (YAPHIV 5.63 vs. YAPHEU 5.39 m/s; P = 0.50). HIV control was good (82% with viral load <400 copies/ml); 91% used combination ART. Mean PWV was normal, but three of 95 YAPHIV (3%) had values above 11.8 m/s (level associated with cardiovascular events in adults). Weak correlations (<0.20) were observed between PWV and echocardiographic measures. Among YAPHIV, current and historical HIV severity measures were not associated with PWV. YAPHIV on protease inhibitor based ART had higher mean PWV than those on integrase strand inhibitors (1.68 m/s higher, 95% confidence interval -0.36, 3.72) or nonnucleoside transcriptase inhibitors (1.58 m/s higher, 95% confidence interval −0.94, 4.11). Conclusion: Our data show no difference in PWV between those perinatally exposed to and perinatally infected with HIV. Therefore, cardiovascular risk reduction guidelines should be followed to prevent cardiovascular disease in all young adults.
A Study of Levels Populated in 166Er by the (3He,d) Reaction

Field: Physics and Astronomy (Physical Sciences)

The reaction 165Ho (3He,d) 166Er was studied using the University of Rochester Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator and an Enge-type split-pole magnetic spectrograph. The observed cross sections for the ground state rotational band and the gamma vibrational band were consistent with predictions based on the unified nuclear model. The population of the 1574 keV level was consistent with that expected for the K^π=4^-, 7/2-[523] + 1/2+[411] assignment obtained from decay scheme studies. The K^π=2^- octupole vibrational band based on the 1460 keV state was not populated as strongly as expected, indicating that the admixture of the 7/2-[523] - 3/2+[411] two proton state into this vibration is only about one-fifth as large as predicted by Soloviev et al.
Expression of muscarinic receptor 3 and aquaporin 5 in patients with Sjgren's Syndrome in the labial glands

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Objective:To study the expression of muscarinic receptor 3(M3R) and aquaporin 5(AQP5) in human labial glands,and to explore their significance in the diagnosis of Sjgren's Syndrome(SS).Methods:Samples from 23 clinically suspected primary Sjgren's Syndrome (pSS) patients' labial glands were collected.Based on the results of labial gland biopsy,15 cases of positive pathological grade were divided into experimental group,and the rest 8 were classified as control group.M3R and AQP5 in labial glands of both group were detected by SP immunohistochemistry and Computer image analysis system.Results:Negative M3R immunohistochemical staining with labial gland in 7 cases of the control group.It was mainly expressed in epithelium and myoepithelial,whereas the stain decreased in catheter(with average gray value of 147.28±5.05,139.74±5.27,and 223.24±7.81),but in the experimental group,positive staining was mainly found in catheter,partly in epithelium and myoepithelial(with average gray value of 146.76±5.33,239.56±8.12,and 239.61±7.98).There was a significant difference of average gray value in epithelium,myoepithelial and catheter between control group and experimental group(P0.05).By immunohistochemical staining with labial gland,AQP5 was distributed in epithelium,myoepithelial and catheter(with average gray value of 189.11±7.83,191.63±7.71,and 191.71±8.15) in control group.However in experimental group,it mainly presented in catheter and myoepithelial,whereas epithelium decreased(with average gray value of 139.31±5.72,138.97±5.42,and 239.40±7.92).There was a significant difference between control group and experimental group(P0.05).The positive rate of M3R detected in labial glands with patients of pSS was 86.7%,while the positive rate of AQP5 was 80.0%.Conclusion:Different expression of M3R and AQP5 is found in labial glands of patients of pSS,showing that both the protein may be involved in the pathogenesis of dry mouth in SS.High positive rate of M3R and AQP5 detected in this study suggests an important value in the diagnosis of SS.
Complete disappearance of retroperitoneal lymph nodes after induction chemotherapy in advanced nonseminomatous germ cell tumors (NSGCT): Is there a place for adjunctive surgery?

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

e15029 Background: The management of patients (pts) with a radiographic complete disappearance of retroperitoneal lymph nodes (CD-RPLN) metastases after chemotherapy (CT) remains controversial. Some authors recommend post-CT retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (PC-RPLND), whereas others omit surgery and observe these pts. In this retrospective study we analyzed outcome of pts with advanced NSGCT who achieved CD-RPLN and did not undergo PC-RPLND. Methods: From 1988 to 2008, 886 CT-naïve pts with advanced NSGCT were treated in our department with first-line cisplatin- and etoposide-based CT. All residual tumors >1cm were resected when it was feasible. Pts who had CD-RPLN (≤1cm by CT-scan) and normalized tumor markers after CT were included into the study. Results: One hundred thirty seven pts were identified. 30% pts had teratoma in primary tumor. Following CT 13 pts underwent resection of extra-retroperitoneal lesions, no viable carcinoma was found. Good, intermediate and poor IGCCCG prognosis had 87 (64%), 33 (24%) and 17 (12%) pts, respectively. After a median f.-up of 72 (6-193) months, 11 (8%) pts relapsed. All but one relapses occurred in the first two years. Only 4 (3%) relapses developed in RPLN and were treated with salvage CT and surgery, all 4 pts died. Relapse rate in RPLN was equal among prognostic groups (good 2(2%), intermediate 1(3%), poor 1(6%) pts). 5-years OS were 94%, 97% and 79%, respectively. Conclusions: Pts obtaining complete disappearance of RPLN after induction CT had low risk of relapse and can be safely observed without surgery.
The Small World of Corporate Boards

Field: Decision Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract: We demonstrate the importance of graph theory for understanding boards of directors. Specifically, we focus on the ‘small world’ phenomenon. Our empirical results show that a random graph model is remarkably good at explaining board structure and connectedness in the United States, the United Kingdom and Germany. Although there are small‐world traits such as ‘clustering’ and ‘short‐paths’ in the corporate world, they are no more pronounced than would be expected by chance in a statistically similar, but randomly assembled corporate universe. In short, boards of directors, especially in the United States, are no more ‘clubby’ than expected. Finally, our results show the existence of positive degree correlation: directors who sit on many boards do so in the company of other directors who sit on many boards. Board members whose services are in high demand, serve on boards with similar directors.
National Identities, Migration Histories and Attitudes to Independence in Scotland

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This article uses data from the 2021 Scottish Election Study to apply both established and relatively rare or unique approaches to understanding the interrelationships between personal national identities, attitudes regarding the (Scottish) nation and independence, and people's own/family migration histories. Analysis broadly substantiates previous research in Scotland on the effects of birthplace, parentage and length of residence on national identities, and similarly highlights that previously established ‘non-alignment’ between national identities and position on Scottish independence extends to how the latter is associated with personal and family migration histories. The paper also makes at least three distinctive contributions. First, it highlights the significance of socialisation in Scotland, particularly in early childhood, for migrants’ personal national identities and attitudes to Scottish nationhood and independence. Second, it suggests only limited variation in the degree to which personal biographical characteristics are associated with perceptions that Scotland has distinct values compared to other parts of the UK. Third, it demonstrates that social connections to England via birthplace, family and/or prior residence do not invariably affect national identities and attitudes to Scottish independence, but that those with the strongest associations to England are substantially less likely to prioritise a Scottish identity or support Scottish independence.
Three Cases of Post-Cataract Surgery Endophthalmitis Due to Rhizobium (Agrobacterium) radiobacter

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

ABSTRACT We present three unrelated post-cataract surgery endophthalmitis cases caused by Rhizobium radiobacter , hospitalized in three different hospitals. Early diagnosis was obtained in two cases by bacterial DNA detection in vitreous samples. All patients recovered from infection, but pars plana vitrectomy was needed in two patients due to rapid clinical deterioration.