jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Process for Electroplating of Copper in Pyrophosphate Bath

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The processes for electroplating of copper in a pyrophosphate bath were elucidated in details with respect to the pretreatment, pre-plating, bath formulation, plating conditions and principle, preparation of plating bath, bath composition and action of each ingredient, effect of operating conditions on the performance of the copper coating, maitainance of the plating bath, effect of the impurities and the methods to remove the impurities, effect of maladjustment of bath composition and correction, effect of phosphate radicle on the bath stability and coating performance, generation and removal of copper powders, and common faults and methods for troubleshooting. At the same time, the methods to analyze phosphate and pyrophosphate radicles in the plating bath and that to remove unqualified copper coating were briefed as well.
Image5_Faster recovery and bowel movement after early oral feeding compared to late oral feeding after upper GI tumor resections: a meta-analysis.eps

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Background<p>There were more than 1 million new cases of stomach cancer concerning oesophageal cancer, there were more than 600,000 new cases of oesophageal cancer in 2020. After a successful resection in these cases, the role of early oral feeding (EOF) was questionable, due to the possibility of fatal anastomosis leakage. It is still debated whether EOF is more advantageous compared to late oral feeding. Our study aimed to compare the effect of early postoperative oral feeding and late oral feeding after upper gastrointestinal resections due to malignancy.</p>Methods<p>Two authors performed an extensive search and selection of articles independently to identify randomized control trials (RCT) of the question of interest. Statistical analyses were performed including mean difference, odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals, statistical heterogeneity, and statistical publication bias, to identify potential significant differences. The Risk of Bias and the quality of evidence were estimated.</p>Results<p>We identified 6 relevant RCTs, which included 703 patients. The appearance of the first gas (MD = −1.16; p = 0.009), first defecation (MD = −0.91; p < 0.001), and the length of hospitalization (MD = −1.92; p = 0.008) favored the EOF group. Numerous binary outcomes were defined, but significant difference was not verified in the case of anastomosis insufficiency (p = 0.98), pneumonia (p = 0.88), wound infection (p = 0.48), bleeding (p = 0.52), rehospitalization (p = 0.23), rehospitalization to the intensive care unit (ICU) (p = 0.46), gastrointestinal paresis (p = 0.66), ascites (p = 0.45).</p>Conclusion<p>Early postoperative oral feeding, compared to late oral feeding has no risk of several possible postoperative morbidities after upper GI surgeries, but has several advantageous effects on a patient's recovery.</p>Systematic Review Registration<p>identifier, CRD 42022302594.</p>
Pain Management in Animals with Oncological Disease: Opioids as Influencers of Immune and Tumor Cellular Balance

Field: Veterinary (Health Sciences)

Advancements in understanding pain physiopathology have historically challenged animals’ absence of pain senses. Studies have demonstrated that animals have comparable neural pain pathways, suggesting that cats and dogs likely experience pain similarly to humans. Understanding brain circuits for effective pain control has been crucial to adjusting pain management to the patient’s individual responses and current condition. The refinement of analgesic strategies is necessary to better cater to the patient’s demands. Cancer pain management searches to ascertain analgesic protocols that enhance patient well-being by minimizing or abolishing pain and reducing its impact on the immune system and cancer cells. Due to their ability to reduce nerve sensitivity, opioids are the mainstay for managing moderate and severe acute pain; however, despite their association with tumor progression, specific opioid agents have immune-protective properties and are considered safe alternatives to analgesia for cancer patients.
Absorption and Secretion in the Rabbit Duodenum and Ileum

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

In both rabbit duodenum and ileum there was secretion of HCO3- into, and absorption of Cl- from, the lumen. The transport of both anions decreased with increasing luminal fluid [HCO3-]. The net fluxes of Na+, K+, Cl-, and HCO3- accounted for the movement of a near isotonic fluid, whether absorbed or secreted. In both duodenum and ileum luminal fluid [Cl- + HCO3-] and conductivity decreased. The data are consistent with the secretion of soluble anionic mucosubstances, of low mobility, into both areas of the gut.
Influence of phenobarbitone pretreatment on disposition of amidopyrine and its metabolites in rat

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Abstract Plasma concentration-time profiles for amidopyrine and its primary desmethyl metabolite have been determined in control rats and in rats pretreated with phenobarbitone. The kinetics of both compounds indicate enhanced clearance following pretreatment. Metabolite excretion in urine, bile and breath support the plasma data. It would appear that phenobarbitone pretreatment results in quantitative but not qualitative changes in the metabolism of amidopyrine in rat.
Augmented reality: incident recording application

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Στο πλαίσιο αυτής της eργασίας, διeρeυνώνται και μeλeτώνται οι τeχνολογίeς Eκτeταμένης Πραγματικότητας, καθώς και τα πακέτα λογισμικού και υλικού που υποστηρίζονται από κάθe τeχνολογία. Στόχος eίναι να φτιαχτeί μια eφαρμογή Προσαυξημένης Πραγματικότητας, στην οποία παρέχeται η δυνατότητα καταγραφής eνός πeριβάλλοντος όπου συνέβη ένα γeγονός / συμβάν και η eπέκταση του πeριβάλλοντος αυτού μe πeραιτέρω πληροφορίeς σχeτικά μe τα χαρακτηριστικά του. Το πeριβάλλον θα μπορeί να διeρeυνηθeί μέσω κινητού τηλeφώνου ανά πάσα στιγμή και ανά πάσα τοποθeσία μe βυθίζοντας τον χρήστη μέσα σe ένα καταγeγραμμένο πeριβάλλον. Το Project Tango eίναι η βασική πλατφόρμα που χρησιμοποιeίται για να κάνeι αυτή τη δυνατότητα ρeαλιστική και διαχeιρίζeται μέσω του API του στον πλατφόρμα προγραμματισμού της Unity3D. Το Tango Project, μe τη βοήθeια αισθητήρων που πeριλαμβάνονται σe συσκeυές μe δυνατότητα Tango, ακολουθeί την κίνηση της συσκeυής παρακολουθώντας αποτeλeσματικά την κίνηση του χρήστη, μαθαίνeι την πeριοχή της συσκeυής μέσω οπτικών χαρακτηριστικών του πeριβάλλοντος και, τέλος, eίναι σe θέση να αντιλαμβάνeται την απόσταση των αντικeιμένων από τον αισθητήρα σe πραγματικό χρόνο. Eπιπλέον χαρακτηριστικά της eφαρμογής πeριλαμβάνουν την κοινή χρήση καταγeγραμμένων πeριβαλλόντων μe μια υπηρeσία αποθήκeυσης cloud, τη χρήση μιας eξωτeρικής κάμeρας 360 μοιρών και τη χρήση χαρτών για την eμφάνιση της διάταξης eξωτeρικών χώρων.
Typification of Geranium lobatum, basionym of Pelargonium lobatum

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Geranium lobatum Burm. f., the basionym of Pelargonium lobatum (Burm. f.) L’ Herit., is lectotypified by an Oldenland specimen in G, selected from amongst four elements comprising the protologue to the name. S. Afr. J. Bot. 1985, 51: 347–349 Geranium lobatum Burm. f., die basioniem van Pelargonium lobatum (Burm. f.) L Herit., word gelektotipifiseer deur ‘n Oldenland-eksemplaar in G, wat gekies is uit vier elemente wat die protoloog van die naam uitmaak. S.-Afr. Tydskr. Plantk. 1985, 51: 347–349
Over-expression of EGFR in breast cancer

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

To explore the relationship of overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in occurrence, development and treatment of breast cancer. Samples of 46 breast adenoma tissues and 86 breast cancer tissues were regularly dehydrate-fixed, embedded in paraffin, sliced in to 5 μm thick, stained with SABC immunohistochemistry and coloured with DAB. The positive staining of EGFR was shown as brown-yellow and distributed in cytoplasm. The positive rates in the tissues of breast adenosis and breast cancer were 17.04% (6/46) and 56.98% (49/86) respectively. The positive rates of EGFR in the tissue of invasive ductal carcinoma was 64.49% (41/59), which was significantly higher than that in in situ carcinoma (P<0.05). The positive rate of lymph metastasis group was higher than that in non-lymph metastasis group (P<0.05). The overexpression of EGFR was related with occurrence, lymph metastasis and pathologic types of breast cancer. The examination of EGFR in the breast cancer can serve as a guidance for target chemotherapy.
TISSUE FACTOR RELEASED BY THE ENDOCRINE CELLS OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IS ASSOCIATED WITH A NEGATIVE OUTCOME OF CLINICAL ISLET TRANSPLANTATION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

P444 Aims: Transplantation of isolated islets of Langerhans into the portal vein is a transplantation procedure approaching clinical acceptance as an effective treatment for type 1 diabetic patients, but several indications are showing that only a small fraction of the transplanted islets successfully engraft. One explanation may be the thrombotic/inflammatory reaction elicited by tissue factor (TF) produced by the endocrine cells at the time of infusion in the portal vein. Methods: TF in culturing medium precipitated with 3% polyethylene glycol precipitated followed by ultracentrifugation (100.000g) were analysed by immune electron microscopy. Islets were also analysed for mRNA expression of membrane-bound and alternatively spliced soluble TF using PCR. Thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) and FVIIa-AT complexes were measured in 9 patients who together received 20 infusions of isolated human islets. Results: In the present study we show that TF from islets intended for islet transplantation produce TF in both the transmembrane and the alternatively spliced form and that the membrane-bound form is released as microparticles often associated with both insulin and glucagon granules. Both TAT and FVIIa-AT complexes increased rapidly within 15-60 min after infusion. When the initial TAT and FVIIa-AT levels were plotted against the increase in C-peptide concentration after 7 days, patients with an initial strong thrombotic/inflammatory reaction showed no significant increase in insulin synthesis after 7 days. Conclusions: TF present both in the islets and released microparticles elicits a thrombotic reaction that affects the function of the transplanted islets.
Regional analysis ofp53mutations in rheumatoid arthritis synovium

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

The p53 tumor suppressor protein plays a central role in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Recent studies indicate that DNA damage and somatic mutations in the p53 gene can occur because of genotoxic stress in many tissues, including the skin, colon, and synovium. Although somatic mutations in the p53 gene have been demonstrated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial tissue and synoviocytes, no information is available on the location or extent of p53 mutations. Using microdissected RA synovial tissue sections, we observed abundant p53 transition mutations, which are characteristic DNA damage caused by oxidative stress. p53 mutations, as well as p53 mRNA expression, were located mainly in the synovial intimal lining rather than the sublining ( P < 0.01). Clusters of p53 mutant subclones were observed in some microdissected regions, suggesting oligoclonal expansion. Because IL-6 gene expression is regulated by wild-type p53, IL-6 mRNA expression in microdissected tissues was quantified by using real-time PCR. The regions with high rates of p53 mutations contained significantly greater amounts of IL-6 mRNA compared with the low mutation samples ( P < 0.02). The microdissection findings suggest that p53 mutations are induced in RA synovial tissues by inflammatory oxidative stress. This process, as in sun-exposed skin and inflamed colonic epithelium, provides some of the mutant clones with a selective growth advantage. A relatively low percentage of cells containing p53 mutations can potentially affect neighboring cells and enhance inflammation through the elaboration of proinflammatory cytokines.
Selective Protein Export from the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Newly synthesized secretory proteins are transported from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex in vesicles coated with COPII coat proteins. The incorporation of certain cargo molecules into the COPII vesicles is mediated by direct interaction between the cytoplasmic domain of the cargo protein and COPII coat components. The assembly and disassembly of COPII coat components on the membrane are regulated by the small GTPase Sar1p. Our recent data suggest that the Sar1p GTPase cycle plays a key role in the regulation of COPII coat dynamics and cargo sorting during vesicle formation.
“Quo vadis AI?”

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

This article explores the challenges that arose in the context of changes in the corporate governance of OpenAI, the company behind the development of ChatGPT. The internal conflict within the corporation clearly reveals a confrontation between two opposing ideological trends. On one hand, there are representatives of "effective altruism" who believe that uncontrolled development of artificial intelligence is linked to the emergence of existential threats to the future of human civilization. On the other hand, a completely different position is taken by the “effective accelerationists” who argue that consciously and purposefully stimulating technological development is necessary, ignoring possible negative effects. This conflict leads some analysts to claim that the world is witnessing the “first battle in the war for artificial intelligence.” With the help of artificial intelligence, humans will attempt to build a new and more perfect world. However, the world of the future will no longer belong solely to humans. It will be a shared world with artificial intelligence, where the human and technological elements will intertwine. Technological development and the strong presence of artificial intelligence will dramatically transform the way people live. The major unknown at this moment is to what extent artificial intelligence can be one of the most powerful tools for technological development, or conversely, how it can be a source of new, previously unknown risks that humanity is unable to manage.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation the anti-β-lactamase activity of new sulphathiazole-derived monobactam compounds

Field: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics (Life Sciences)

Objectives: β-Lactams are the most successful antibiotics for the management of infectious diseases. Unfortunately, the bacterial production of β-lactamase that hydrolyzes the β-lactam ring can inactivate these drugs. The use of β-lactamase inhibitors like (clavulanic acid) in combination with the β-lactams may reduce this inactivation. The prevalent β-lactamase phenotype is the TEM-1 of class A released by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Methods: The docking study with TEM-1 β-lactamase lead to synthesize of new 5 monobactam compounds as the acid chloride derivatives reacted with the Schiff bases compound forming the monobactam ring. The final 5 synthesized compounds were characterized using physical and spectroscopic methods and tested biologically by evaluating their MIC values against 4 strains of β-lactamase Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The results were compared with those acquired from using clavulanic acid as a co-inhibiter with amoxicillin against the tested bacteria.Results: The results revealed that 2 synthesized compounds showed an anti β-lactamase effect resemble to that of clavulanic acid.Conclusion: As conclusion; the β-lactamase active pocket prefers hydrophobic substituents, as the synthesized products with these groups appeared to have the highest affinity.
Assessment of Health Risks to People in Northeastern Thailand from the Intake of Sodium and Synthetic Preservatives Contained in Traditional Thai Fermented Fish Sauce (Nam-Pla-Ra) and Their Pathogenic Prevalence

Field: Environmental Science (Physical Sciences)

This research aims to assess the health risks in Thailand from sodium and synthetic preservatives in traditional Thai fermented fish sauce (nam-pla-ra) and their pathogenic prevalence. Of 54 pasteurized-bottles and 37 bottles of Thai Papaya salad (somtum) sold by street vendors, the ingredients containing preservatives were found to be 63 (70 %) comprising 67 % (in bottles) and 53 % (of somtum ingredients) of different types, concentrations, for single or combined use. These preservatives analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method did not comply with Thai Community Product Standards for traditional Thai nam-pla-ra. The estimated daily intake of sorbic and benzoic acid is below that of the ADIs (Acceptable Daily Intake) in all cases as the amounts were 0.11 - 3.25 % for benzoic acid and 0.00 - 0.01 % for sorbic acid. The sodium risk was estimated as 46.9 - 81.7 % affecting people aged 35 years old to the elderly (≥ 65 years) in pasteurized-bottles (81.7 %) and somtum ingredients (70.3 %). The pathogenic and sanitary indicators of microbes in nam-pla-ra obtained from somtum vendors need to be improved by educating the somtum nam-pla-ra vendors in hygienic standards. The scientific data in this work can provide a proper guide to suitable amounts of intake leading to more effective government regulations for nam-pla-ra or related products. HIGHLIGHTS Synthetic preservatives and sodium critically assessed, and risks identified 70 % of products not per Thai Community Product Standards and 7 % not per FDA regulations Thai population not at risk of exceeding ADIs for preservative and sodium intake 6 % of various nam-pla-ra brands (54) had no/incorrect preservative declaration aureus, E. coli, C. perfringens, Salmonella spp. over standard (street vendors) GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Direct evidence for the secretion of lactoferrin and its binding to sperm in the porcine epididymis

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Lactoferrin has been for the first time purified from the porcine cauda epididymal fluid as a 70 kDa protein. Both Western and Northern blot analyses show that lactoferrin is synthesized in the regions from the distal caput to the cauda epididymis and secreted into the luminal fluid. Lactoferrin is first secreted as a 75 kDa glycoprotein and its carbohydrate moieties are gradually digested to form 70 kDa protein in the cauda epididymis. Lactoferrin has already bound to the surface of the epididymal sperm because the anti-lactoferrin antiserum induces the mature sperm tail-to-tail agglutination. These results strongly suggest new physiological functions of lactoferrin on the sperm maturation in the epididymis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 47:490–496, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of Partial Substitution of Fish Meal with Sunflower Meal on Feed Utilization, Intestinal Digestive Enzyme, Hematological Indexes, Intestinal, and Liver Morphology on Juvenile Turbot (Scophthal musmaximus L.)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate effects of partial substitution of fish meal (FM) by sunflower meal (SFM) on juvenile turbot (Scophthal musmaximus L.). Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated with 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, and 45% replacement of FM protein with protein from SFM. Triplicate groups of juvenile turbot (30 fish per group), were hand-fed twice daily to apparent satiation. Final body weight (FBW), specific growth rate (SGR), and weight gain rate (WGR), were not significantly influenced by type of plant protein at the 15% level (P>0.05), while higher levels showed significant reduction of FBW, SGR, WGR. Feed efficiency ratio (FER) and feed intake (FI) were significantly influenced when FM protein was replaced up to 45% (P<0.05). Body composition parameters were not affected by SFM substitution but body crude lipid was lowest and ash was highest at 45% (P<0.05). Trypsin and diastase values did not vary with experimental diets but lipase activity was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Catalase (CAT) values were significantly lower than the control (P<0.05) when substitution level reached or exceeded 35%; no significant differences were observed in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) values (P>0.05). In the SFM diet groups, all superoxide dismutase (SOD) values were significantly higher than the control (P<0.05); villi length and enterocytes were significantly reduced (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in microvilli height between diets; parenchyma structure of liver was severely damaged; smaller hepatocyte areas and areas with high levels of hepatocyte vacuolization and disorganization were present. All results indicated that SFM protein can partially replace FM protein in juvenile turbot diets without adverse effects.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms After Potentially Traumatic Events

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Abstract People exposed to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) may develop distinct symptom patterns, which may require different therapeutic approaches. We aimed to identify classes of people exposed to PTEs based on the presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) clusters, anxiety, and depression and to explore which cognitive factors (rumination, worry, and negative cognitions) are associated with class membership. Latent class analyses were conducted to identify subgroups of 258 PTE-exposed Spanish adults. A three-class solution emerged: a resilient class with low odds of all symptoms ( n = 188); a partial PTSD class, characterized by partial PTSD clusters, moderate anxiety, and low depression ( n = 36); and a high symptom class, characterized by high PTSD, moderate anxiety, and low depression ( n = 34). These classes related meaningfully to rumination, worry, and negative cognitions. Distinct symptom patterns of PTSD clusters, anxiety, and depression can be distinguished in people exposed to PTEs and relate to cognitive risk factors of psychopathology.
Pencil and paper neural networks: an undergraduate laboratory exercise in computational neuroscience

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Although it has been more than 70 years since McCulloch and Pitts published their seminal work on artificial neural networks, such models remain primarily in the domain of computer science departments in undergraduate education. This is unfortunate, as simple network models offer undergraduate students a much-needed bridge between cellular neurobiology and processes governing thought and behavior. Here, we present a very simple laboratory exercise in which students constructed, trained and tested artificial neural networks by hand on paper. They explored a variety of concepts, including pattern recognition, pattern completion, noise elimination and stimulus ambiguity. Learning gains were evident in changes in the use of language when writing about information processing in the brain.
Switched - capacitor current reference

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

A CMOS switched-capacitor current reference for mixed-signal circuit applications designed in 40nm technology. The switched-capacitor provides a stable current that is least dependent on the temperature. The current produced by the switched-capacitor will be used in a biasing circuit to produce a reference current. This project design will be using 1.2V supply voltage to achieve and output of 10µA reference current. The design and simulation are done in the Cadence software.