jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Aboveground community and species-specific plant biomass from the Jena Experiment (Dominance Experiment, year 2003)

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

This data set contains aboveground community plant biomass (Sown plant community, Weed plant community, and Dead plant material; all measured in biomass as dry weight) and species-specific biomass from the sown species of the dominance experiment plots of a large grassland biodiversity experiment (the Jena Experiment; see further details below). In the dominance experiment, 206 grassland plots of 3.5 x 3.5 m were established from a pool of 9 plant species that can be dominant in semi-natural grassland communities of the study region. In May 2002, varying numbers of plant species from this species pool were sown into the plots to create a gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 9 species). Plots were maintained by bi-annual weeding and mowing. Aboveground community biomass was harvested twice in May and August 2003 on all experimental plots of the dominance experiment. This was done by clipping the vegetation at 3 cm above ground in two rectangles of 0.2 x 0.5 m per experimental plot. The location of these rectangles was assigned by random selection of coordinates within the central area of the plots (excluding an outer edge of 50cm). The positions of the rectangles within plots were identical for all plots. The harvested biomass was sorted into categories: individual species for the sown plant species, weed plant species (species not sown at the particular plot), detached dead plant material, and remaining plant material that could not be assigned to any category. All biomass was dried to constant weight (70°C, >= 48 h) and weighed. Sown plant community biomass was calculated as the sum of the biomass of the individual sown species. The mean of both samples per plot and the individual measurements are provided in the data file. Overall, analyses of the community biomass data have identified species richness and the presence of particular species as an important driver of a positive biodiversity-productivity relationship.
Fundamental Study of Acrylic Resin as Crack Repair Material for Concrete

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Recently, the concern with acrylic resin as a new repair material has been growing. The acrylic resin is characterized by high quality, low viscosity, highly elongation percentage and so on. Several studies have been made on the crack repair by using acrylic resin, but little is known about the effect of acrylic resin as a crack repair material for concrete.The purpose of this study is to examine the applicability of acrylic resin for using as a crack repair material for the concrete structures. The fundamental mechanical properties of acrylic resin by using super lightweight powder were examined. And the repair effects of acrylic resin as crack repair material were examined by the flexural loading test of the concrete member repaired by crack injection technique. As a result, acrylic resin could adjust the viscosity by using super lightweight powder, and the elongation percentage of acrylic resin was superior to epoxy resin. The crack repair effects of acrylic resin were equivalent to the epoxy resin under drying condition of the crack surface of concrete member.
Shape charge automated design: Applying DAKOTA to kinetic energy optimization

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Advances in computational power present an opportunity to further optimize the design of an engineered energetic system. This work presents the application of a proposed optimization scheme which combines the shock-physics hydrocode CTH with the DAKOTA optimization package to automate shaped-charge jet design. The formation of an explosively driven hypervelocity jet can be simulated using CTH. The jet can be characterized by selecting the slope of the jet's kinetic energy profile. Then using parametric and genetic optimization algorithms, the objective function can be optimized. By parameterizing the initial liner shape and thickness, many iterations can be executed to establish the surface of the basis function. Once an optimization algorithm is selected, DAKOTA automatically iterates on the parameters controlling the charge's liner to find any local extrema of this surface. A converged solution is presented herein.
Concurrent stimulation of monocytes with CSF1 and polarizing cytokines reveals phenotypic and functional differences with classical polarized macrophages

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Abstract In atherosclerotic lesions, macrophages are exposed to CSFs and various microenvironmental cues, which ultimately drive their polarization state. We studied the expression of different CSFs in artery specimen and cultured vascular cells and assessed whether concurrent stimulation (CS) of monocytes with CSF1 and polarizing cytokines generated macrophages (CSM1 and CSM2) that were phenotypically and functionally different from classically polarized M1 and M2 macrophages. We also assessed the influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on the capacity of polarized macrophages to stimulate T-cell proliferation. CSF1 was the most prominent CSF expressed in arteries and cultured vascular cells. M1 and CSM1 macrophages differed in CD86 and CD14 expression, which was up-regulated respectively down-regulated by LPS. M2 and CSM2 macrophages were phenotypically similar. Cyclooxygenase expression was different in CSM1 (COX-1− and COX-2+ after LPS stimulation) and CSM2 (COX-1+ and COX-2−) macrophages. TNFα production was more pronounced in CSM1 macrophages, whereas IL-10 was produced at higher levels by CSM2 macrophages. Proliferation of allogeneic T cells was strongly supported by CSM2, but not by CSM1 polarized macrophages. Although ASA did not affect anti-CD3/CD28-mediated proliferation, it significantly reduced CSM2 and CSM1-mediated T-cell proliferation. Supernatants of LPS-stimulated CSM2 but not of CSM1 macrophages could overcome the inhibition by ASA. Hence, we demonstrate that CSM1 and CSM2 macrophages are phenotypically and to some extent functionally distinct from classically polarized M1 and M2 macrophages. CSM2 macrophages produce a COX-1-dependent soluble factor that supports T-cell proliferation, the identity hereof is still elusive and warrants further studies.
Synthesis of the First Fluorinated Bilirubin

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

A symmetrical difluorinated bilirubin analog, 8,12-bis(2-carboxy-2-fluoroethyl)-3,17-diethyl-2,7,13,18-tetramethyl-10H,21H,23H,24H-biline-1,19-dione (9), was synthesized from methyl 3-[2,4-dimethyl-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl] propionate (1) in nine steps. Fluorine was introduced by reaction of an intermediate methyl 3-[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-2,4-dimethyl-5-(methoxycarbonyl)-1H-pyrrol-3-yl]-2-hydroxypropionate (5), with (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride (DAST). The fluorinated rubin exhibited the expected IR, UV-vis, and NMR spectroscopic properties, similar to those of the unfluorinated parent, mesobilirubin XIIIalpha. However, the solubility properties unexpectedly differed, with the fluorinated rubin being less soluble in organic solvents than its parent. While this phenomenon may be attributed to the much increased acidity of the carboxylic acid hydrogens in 9, it probably also arises from less effective intramolecular hydrogen bonding due to a decreased basicity of the propionic acid carbonyl groups.
Simulation of pesticide application in vineyards using CFD: study of drift and treatment optimization

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has been used to simulate the application of pesticides on a vineyard by using an air-assisted sprayer. The selected sprayer, inverted u-shaped, consisted of vertical ducts, facing the crop hedge, through which the air generated by a turbine came out, transporting the pulverized drops until its deposition on the crop. Considering this air-assisted sprayer, CFD modelling has been used to develop a dispersed model including both, liquid and air phases, with the goal of analysing the effects of the main setting parameters of the sprayer: liquid flow, droplet size, air flow and forward speed.
Reply on RC2

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

Two > 5-m-long sediment cores from Cascade Lake (68.38° N, 154.60° W), Arctic Alaska, were analyzed to quantify their paleomagnetic properties over the past 21,000 years. Alternating-field demagnetization of the natural remanent magnetization, anhysteretic remanent magnetization, isothermal remanent magnetization, and hysteresis experiments reveal a strong, well-defined characteristic remanent magnetization carried by a low coercivity magnetic component that increases up core. Maximum angular deviation values average < 2°, and average inclination values are within 4° of the geocentric axial dipole prediction. Radiometric ages based on 210Pb and 14C were used to correlate the major inclination features of the resulting paleomagnetic secular variation (PSV) record with those of other regional PSV records, including two geomagnetic field models and the longer series from Burial Lake, located 200 km to the west. Following around 6 ka (cal BP), the ages of PSV fluctuations in Cascade Lake begin to diverge from those of the regional records, reaching a maximum offset of about 2000 years at around 4 ka. Several correlated cryptotephra ages from this section (reported in a companion paper by Davies et al., this volume) support the regional PSV-based chronology and indicate that some of the 14C ages at Cascade Lake are variably too old.
LONG-TERM PRESERVATION OF VISUAL ACUITY AFTER RESORPTION OF ACQUIRED VITELLIFORM LESIONS IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Purpose: To report the long-term (23 years) clinical and multimodal imaging features of acquired vitelliform lesions (AVLs) associated with nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration. Methods: Retrospective case report. Color and red-free fundus photographs, high-resolution optical coherence tomography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, and optical coherence tomography-angiography were performed. Results: A 58-year-old man presented with bilateral AVLs in the setting of nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration. At baseline, his best-corrected visual acuity was 20/30 in his right eye and 20/20 in his left eye. Red-free fundus photographs showed AVLs with cuticular drusen in both eyes corresponding to a “stars-in-the-sky” pattern on fluorescein. Indocyanine green angiography showed no evidence of macular neovascularization. Throughout the 23-year follow-up, the patient reported consuming 20 mg/day of lutein supplement. At the end of follow-up, his best-corrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes. Color fundus photographs showed resorption of the AVLs in both eyes and High-Res optical coherence tomography showed relative preservation of the outer retinal bands in the fovea. Optical coherence tomography-angiography confirmed the absence of macular neovascularization. Conclusion: In nonneovascular age-related macular degeneration, spontaneous resorption of AVLs may be associated with long-term maintenance of visual acuity and relative preservation of the outer retinal morphology.
On the Origin of Second Harmonic Generation of Light in Liquid Crystals

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Second Harmonic Generation of light (SHG) is used as a probe to study the structure of the nematic, cholesteric or smectic mesophases of various liquid crystals, with non centro-symmetric molecules. In one case (cholesteryl 2-(2-ethoxy ethoxy) ethyl carbonate) where SHG has already been reported, it is shown that SHG occurs in the crystalline rather than the mesomorphic phase. In all cases, no evidence is found of any SHG in any mesophase. Consequently, these are probably centrosymmetric by compensation, as is the normal liquid phase.
Accounting talks – how operations managers nuance their frontstage performance with backstage negotiations

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Purpose This paper analyzes the ways in which accounting enables operations managers to enter and perform multiple roles in their interplay with organizational groups on the shop floor and in management, and the associated negotiations that operations managers have with “the self.” Design/methodology/approach Using field-based studies in a mining organization, the study draws on Goffman’s backstage–frontstage metaphor to analyze how operations managers enter and perform several roles with the aid of accounting. Findings The findings show that accounting legitimizes operations managers when they cross organizational boundaries, as accounting gives them an “entry ticket” that legitimizes their presence with the group. Accounting further allows operations managers to embrace more than one role by “putting on a mask” to become an outsider or insider in relation to a group. In performing their roles, operations managers exhibit varying attributes and knowledge. Accounting can thereby be withheld from, or shared with, organizational groups. The illusion of accounting as deterministic presented frontstage is not necessarily negotiated that way backstage. Rather, alternatives discussed backstage often become silenced in the frontstage performance. The study concludes that operations managers cross boundaries, embrace roles and exert agency as they navigate with accounting, enrolling it into their performance simultaneously as they backstage reflect upon accounting and its role for their everyday work. Originality/value This study relies on the frontstage/backstage metaphor to visualize the discrepancies in how accounting is enrolled into role performances and how seemingly categorical fronts do not necessarily share that dominant position backstage.
Inhibition of Kumquat Postharvest Fungi through Vapor Contact with Spearmint Essential Oil and Carvone

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

The antimicrobial activities of spearmint essential oil and six of its constituents were evaluated in vitro and in vivo analysis using direct contact and vapor exposure assays. Qualitative analysis of spearmint essential oil revealed that the main constituents of the essential oil are carvone (62.0%) and limonene (24.6%). Limonene (45%) was found to be the major constituent of the essential oil vapor phase, when sampled using direct headspace and Tenax TA tubes. Spearmint essential oil, carvone, and 1,8-cineole exhibited the highest antifungal activity against Penicillium digitatum and Geotrichum citri-aurantii (Ferraris), with the vapor phase application resulting in more than 50% growth inhibition at 1429 mg/L for 1,8-cineole and complete inhibition occurring at 714 mg/L for carvone and spearmint. The treatment of kumquats with spearmint essential oil and carvone vapors resulted in an average reduction in weight loss and decay rate of approximately 30% and 40%, respectively, when the fruits were stored at 25 °C.
Method for Processing and Assessing the Degree of Digital Image Compression Based on Haar Transformation

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

The article presents the specifics of the developed method for processing and assessing the degree of digital image compression based on Haar transformation.In order to ensure a sufficient level of quality for the presentation of digital images of different formats and classes in the process of their multi-threaded processing in real time, it is proposed to implement a number of orthogonal transformations.The mathematical representation of the created method reflects the stages of restoration of individual image indicators in the process of its reception and transmission.The proposed method is based on the principles of complex adaptive compression using an estimate of the specific global and local sensitivity of the Haar transform functions.The developed method can be used for adaptive compression of digital images of different saturation with support for dynamic scaling of their sizes based on the estimation of the energy index in the analysis of the image transform, providing detailing of the degree of its saturation.
High performance field-weakening control algorithm of sensorless induction motor using speed adaptive full-order observer

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

In this paper, a novel voltage control scheme with a speed adaptive full-order observer is presented to improve the performance of sensorless induction motor control in the field-weakening region. The difference between the switching period time and the valid switching time of SVPWM (Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation) is introduced to regulate the field current, which maximizes the utilization of the dc-link voltage and extends the output torque. So when the motor speed exceeds the base speed, the corresponding magnetizing current would decrease with the increase of the motor speed. Meanwhile, a speed adaptive full-order observer is designed to obtain accurate rotor speed of the motor. The experiment results based on a 7.5 KW induction motor drive system show the validity of the proposed field-weakening method.
Interpretation of selfboring pressuremeter tests in sand

Field: Earth and Planetary Sciences (Physical Sciences)

This thesis addresses the analytical interpretation of selfboring pressuremeter testing curves in sands. Emphasis is placed on the development of a new approach to analyze the data and hence to derive reliable predictions of the basic soil parameters, namely the friction angle, the lateral stress and the shear modulus. The new methodology of interpretation relies on a “curve fitting” technique to match the experimental and idealized (model) curves, from which a set of fundamental soil parameters are derived. These parameters are linked to each other in the framework of the cavity expansion model adopted. Some of the elasto-plastic models currently available are adopted for use under the new methodology of interpretation. A new model that extends the rheological equations of Hughes et al, 1977 is also developed. Pressuremeter tests under controlled conditions are analyzed in order to verify the basic assumptions of the chosen models. Some of the best calibration chamber data from the University of Cambridge (Fahey, 1986) and from the Italian ENEL-CRIS laboratory (Bellotti et a!, 1987) are used for this purpose. Once the reliability of the chosen models is established, the new methodology of interpretation is applied to field pressuremeter data. Several high quality tests carried out by the writer in a granular site in Vancouver, Canada are analyzed. The results of both field and chamber tests confirm the reliability of the new interpretation approach proposed here. The new interpretation approach also provides the engineer with a technique to numerically quantify the disturbance of the testing curve. Using the new disturbance criterion ranges for “undisturbed”, “disturbed” and “highly disturbed” testing curves are proposed. This criterion aided in the establishment of the insertion procedure of the UBC selfboring pressuremeter, allowing optimization of the insertion technique and minimization of soil disturbance during selfboring. It is believed that the contribution given in this thesis aids pressuremeter practitioners to design more economical engineering works based on reliable soil parameters derived from the selfboring pressuremeter test. Simplicity and reliability are the essential features of the proposed methodologies of insertion, testing and interpretation described herein.
Investigating the Influence of Flexible Work Arrangements on Work-Life Balance in South Asian Gig Workers: Does Ryff's Six-Factor model of Psychological Well-being Moderates?

Field: Psychology (Social Sciences)

Remote work endows with flexibility, and this flexibility makes or breaks work-life balance. This research establishes the association of flexible work arrangements with the work-life balance of gig workers. Besides, the moderation of Ryff's six-factor psychological well-being model is also investigated. The quantitative research method was used to collect data via an adapted questionnaire. The target population was the freelancers of selected five Facebook groups. SPSS-21 was used for descriptive and inferential statistics. For moderation, Peacher's and Hayes' process macro was performed. Data were collected from 384 respondents. After pilot testing, We performed data screening and data normality. Later, descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, and correlation) and inferential statistics (hypotheses testing through regression) were performed. Flexible work arrangements have a direct and significant influence on work-life balance. The moderating role of Ryff's six-factor model of psychological well-being is not established. This research endows valuable recommendations to the gig economy and other home-shored businesses/organizations to provide flexible work arrangements during the COVID pandemic, so that they could balance their work and life responsibilities. The policy implications are provided in detail in the respective section. This study is unique as the gig sector is less explored in the South Asian context.
Transient modulation and internalization of T4 antigen induced by phorbol esters.

Field: Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology (Life Sciences)

Abstract Phorbol esters are known to alter the expression of surface antigens and receptors on a variety of mammalian cell types. On T lymphoblastoid cell lines and peripheral blood T cells, phorbol esters have been shown to selectively reduce the expression of the T4 antigen. To more fully characterize this process, we have examined the metabolic requirements for this phorbol ester effect, and have evaluated the relationship between phorbol ester-induced T4 loss and the expression of receptors for phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) on purified peripheral blood T4 cells. We observed that the loss of T4 on peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) occurred at PDB concentrations at which 10 to 15% of phorbol ester binding sites were occupied. The loss of T4 was inhibited at 4 degrees C, and by azide, methylamine, and sodium fluoride, but not by inhibitors of DNA synthesis. When cells were exposed to phorbol esters for greater than 2 days, the T4 antigen was again expressed on the cell surface despite the continued presence of phorbol esters. Cells which had recovered T4 were resistant to the effects of freshly added PDB on this antigen, and this resistance correlated with a 55% reduction in phorbol ester binding sites. Studies on fixed PBL T4 cells and MOLT-4 cells by immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the decreased expression of T4 from the cell surface correlated with a bright clustering of T4 within the cytoplasm, indicating that PDB had induced an internalization of this antigen. These observations demonstrate that the binding of phorbol esters to specific receptors on lymphocytes initiates metabolically dependent events which result in the internalization of the T4 antigen. These findings may be relevant to mechanisms by which T4 functions as a signal-transducing molecule in vivo.