jimnoneill/paper-to-field-training huggingface dataset:
Facile preparation KNN thin film with purity phase and excellent electrical properties

Field: Materials Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract Obtaining high purity alkali niobate (K x Na 1-x NbO 3 ) thin films without secondary phase on metal coated traditional silicon (Si) substrates via sol-gel technique has remained great challenges until now. Herein, we report (K 0.5 Na 0.5 NbO 3 ; KNN) thin films successfully deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO 2 /Si(100) substrates by a simply effective sol-gel process. A comprehensive and systematic investigation of processing conditions on the microstructures and electrical properties of spin-coated KNN films were presented. We have found that phase purity and microstructures of KNN films are strongly influenced by content of alkali excess and the annealing temperature. Thin films with an equal excess amount of 10% mol K and Na (KNN1) sintered at 650 o C show high crystallinity with a preferred ( 1 00)-orientation degree of 78%, and homogeneous and dense surface with columnar structure and large grain size up to 254 nm. The result of quantitative XPS analysis has proved that the composition of the film is close to the chemical stoichiometry. As a consequence, the obtained films exhibit a large dielectric constant of 775 and low dielectric loss of 0.020 in the wide frequency range from 1 kHz up to 10 MHz. Furthermore, well ferroelectric behavior of KNN films showed remnant polarization, P r of 10.73 µC/cm 2 , coercive field E c of 74.48 kV/cm and lowest leakage current density of 9.23×10 –10 A/cm 2 at E ≈ 5 kV/cm.
Estimating UV Erythemal Irradiance by Means of Neural Networks¶

Field: Computer Science (Physical Sciences)

Abstract In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in attempts to model the flux of ultraviolet radiation (UV). UV irradiance at surface level is a result of the combined effects of solar zenith angle, surface elevation, cloud cover, aerosol load and optical properties, surface albedo and the vertical profile of ozone. In this study, we present the development of an artificial neural network (ANN) model that can be used to estimate solar UV irradiance on the basis of optical air mass, ozone columnar content, latitude, horizontal visibility data and cloud information such as type, coverage and height. ANN are widely accepted as a technology offering an alternative way to tackle complex and ill-defined problems. They can learn from examples, are fault tolerant in the sense that they are able to handle noisy and incomplete data, are able to deal with nonlinear problems and, once trained, can perform prediction and generalization at high speed. In this study, a multilayer perceptron network (MLP) consisting of an input layer, an output layer and one hidden layer was used. Training of the neural network was done using the Bayesian regulation back propagation algorithm. The study was developed using data from three stations on the Iberian Peninsula: Madrid and Murcia during the period 2000–2001 and Zaragoza in 2001. To train and validate the MPL neural networks, independent subsets of data were extracted from the complete database at each station. The results suggest that a MLP neural network using optical air mass, ozone columnar content, latitude and total cloud coverage provides the best estimates, with mean bias deviation and root mean square deviation of −0.1% and 18.0%, 1.6% and 19.6%, 0.1% and 14.6% at Madrid, Murcia and Zaragoza, respectively. Despite the dependence of the cloud radiative effect on cloud type, the use of additional information such as cloud type or cloud elevation did not improve these results. The performance of the developed ANN has been checked regarding its ability to estimate the UV index (UVI); results indicate that in more than 95% of the cases, the difference between estimated and measured values does not exceed one unit of UVI.
Determination of some trace elements in fresh water snails, intermediate hosts for schistosomiasis.

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

Les determinations qualitative et quantitative du Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cr Cd, Co, Ni et Pb ont ete faites sur 2 types de limacons d'eau douce, specialement Biomphalaria alexandima, et Bulinus truncatus qui agissent comme hotes intermediaires specifiques pour les 2 parasites respectivement Schistosoma mansoni et S. haematobium. Afin de pouvoir faire une comparaison, les memes analyses ont ete repetees sur d'autres types de limacons non sensibles a l'infection de Schistosoma tels que le type de Lymnea truncatula
Continuous, quality and process improvement: disintegrating and reintegrating operational improvement?

Field: Business, Management and Accounting (Social Sciences)

Recent interest in strategic initiatives, in particular Six Sigma, appear to relate to three forms of improvement: continuous improvement, quality improvements and process improvement. The similarities between these approaches have led to some confusion within the literature and raise the question whether these approaches are tautological. This paper argues against this by firstly exploring the nuances of these three areas. Based upon a systematic literature review of operations management journals, insight is developed by exploring the three terms individually and then in combination, resulting in the presentation of a number of research propositions to guide further research. To extend our understanding of operational improvement, organisational learning is identified as a common theoretical perspective employed within each of the three forms of improvements. Organisational learning is subsequently utilised to underpin the relationship between the three terms, highlighting the need for both operational and strategic improvement, drawing upon strategic management literature. These are presented in the form of a conceptual model, in addition to further research propositions. The paper concludes by presenting future research opportunities identified by the work in the form of construct development, exploratory case study research and survey work to test the presented model and propositions.
Ectoine Production from Biogas in Waste Treatment Facilities: A Techno-Economic and Sensitivity Analysis

Field: Chemical Engineering (Physical Sciences)

The capacity of haloalkaliphilic methanotrophic bacteria to synthesize ectoine from CH4-biogas represents an opportunity for waste treatment plants to improve their economic revenues and align their processes to the incoming circular economy directives. A techno-economic and sensitivity analysis for the bioconversion of biogas into 10 t ectoine·y-1 was conducted in two stages: (I) bioconversion of CH4 into ectoine in a bubble column bioreactor and (II) ectoine purification via ion exchange chromatography. The techno-economic analysis showed high investment (4.2 M€) and operational costs (1.4 M€·y-1). However, the high margin between the ectoine market value (600-1000 €·kg-1) and the estimated ectoine production costs (214 €·kg-1) resulted in a high profitability for the process, with a net present value evaluated at 20 years (NPV20) of 33.6 M€. The cost sensitivity analysis conducted revealed a great influence of equipment and consumable costs on the ectoine production costs. In contrast to alternative biogas valorization into heat and electricity or into low added-value bioproducts, biogas bioconversion into ectoine exhibited high robustness toward changes in energy, water, transportation, and labor costs. The worst- and best-case scenarios evaluated showed ectoine break-even prices ranging from 158 to 275 €·kg-1, ∼3-6 times lower than the current industrial ectoine market value.
Sovereign Debt Overhang and Monetary Policy

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

The financial crisis and the subsequent world-wide recession has led to a ballooning of government debt: In the advanced economies public debt is now approaching 100 percent of GDP, levels that are unprecedented in peace time. High and rising government debt complicates monetary policy. First, it increases the burden on monetary policy to stabilise the economy, which may be more difficult or uncertain in an environment where conventional monetary policy is constrained by the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates. Second, it increases the pressure to inflate, thereby possibly undermining the credibility and the independence of the central bank to maintain price stability. Third, it increases the perceived riskiness of government debt and may thereby undermine the proper functioning of financial markets and the transmission process of monetary policy, as has been evident in the euro area. This paper reviews some of these issues concerning the interaction between high government debt and monetary policy.
Retinal Changes in Astrocytes and Müller Glia in a Mouse Model of Laser-Induced Glaucoma: A Time-Course Study

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

Macroglia (astrocytes and Müller glia) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. In a glaucoma mouse model, we studied the effects of unilateral laser-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) on macroglia in OHT and contralateral eyes at different time points after laser treatment (1, 3, 5, 8 and 15 days) using anti-GFAP and anti-MHC-II, analyzing the morphological changes, GFAP-labelled retinal area (GFAP-PA), and GFAP and MHC-II immunoreactivity intensities ((GFAP-IRI and MHC-II-IRI)). In OHT and contralateral eyes, with respect to naïve eyes, at all the time points, we found the following: (i) astrocytes with thicker somas and more secondary processes, mainly in the intermediate (IR) and peripheral retina (PR); (ii) astrocytes with low GFAP-IRI and only primary processes near the optic disc (OD); (iii) an increase in total GFAP-RA, which was higher at 3 and 5 days, except for at 15 days; (iv) an increase in GFAP-IRI in the IR and especially in the PR; (v) a decrease in GFAP-IRI near the OD, especially at 1 and 5 days; (vi) a significant increase in MHC-II-IRI, which was higher in the IR and PR; and (vii) the Müller glia were GFAP+ and MHC-II+. In conclusion, in this model of glaucoma, there is a bilateral macroglial activation maintained over time involved in the inflammatory glaucoma process.
The effect on mosses of transplantation to different latitudes

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

AbstractAbstractUsing net assimilation rate as a measure of physiological activity, reciprocal transplants of Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi and Racomitrium lanuginosum between Yläne (60°55′N) and Kevo (69°45′N) and between Kevo and Spitzbergen (78°13′N) were used to investigate adaptation to latitude. It was found that physiological stress increased northwards and that adaptation to different latitudes was largely due to acclimation. The importance of day length and temperature to mosses in extreme latitudes is discussed.
Mechanism Elucidation of thecis–transIsomerization of an Azole Ruthenium–Nitrosyl Complex and Its Osmium Counterpart

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Synthesis and X-ray diffraction structures of cis and trans isomers of ruthenium and osmium metal complexes of general formulas (nBu4N)[cis-MCl4(NO)(Hind)], where M = Ru (1) and Os (3), and (nBu4N)[trans-MCl4(NO)(Hind)], where M = Ru (2) and Os (4) and Hind = 1H-indazole are reported. Interconversion between cis and trans isomers at high temperatures (80-130 °C) has been observed and studied by NMR spectroscopy. Kinetic data indicate that isomerizations correspond to reversible first order reactions. The rates of isomerization reactions even at 110 °C are very low with rate constants of 10(-5) s(-1) and 10(-6) s(-1) for ruthenium and osmium complexes, respectively, and the estimated rate constants of isomerization at room temperature are of ca. 10(-10) s(-1). The activation parameters, which have been obtained from fitting the reaction rates at different temperatures to the Eyring equation for ruthenium [ΔH(cis-trans)‡ = 122.8 ± 1.3; ΔH(trans-cis)‡ = 138.8 ± 1.0 kJ/mol; ΔS(cis-trans)‡ = -18.7 ± 3.6; ΔS(trans-cis)‡ = 31.8 ± 2.7 J/(mol·K)] and osmium [ΔH(cis-trans)‡ = 200.7 ± 0.7; ΔH(trans-cis)‡ = 168.2 ± 0.6 kJ/mol; ΔS(cis-trans)‡ = 142.7 ± 8.9; ΔS(trans-cis)‡ = 85.9 ± 3.9 J/(mol·K)] reflect the inertness of these systems. The entropy of activation for the osmium complexes is highly positive and suggests the dissociative mechanism of isomerization. In the case of ruthenium, the activation entropy for the cis to trans isomerization is negative [-18.6 J/(mol·K)], while being positive [31.0 J/(mol·K)] for the trans to cis conversion. The thermodynamic parameters for cis to trans isomerization of [RuCl4(NO)(Hind)]-, viz. ΔH° = 13.5 ± 1.5 kJ/mol and ΔS° = -5.2 ± 3.4 J/(mol·K) indicate the low difference between the energies of cis and trans isomers. The theoretical calculation has been carried out on isomerization of ruthenium complexes with DFT methods. The dissociative, associative, and intramolecular twist isomerization mechanisms have been considered. The value for the activation energy found for the dissociative mechanism is in good agreement with experimental activation enthalpy. Electrochemical investigation provides further evidence for higher reactivity of ruthenium complexes compared to that of osmium counterparts and shows that intramolecular electron transfer reactions do not affect the isomerization process. A dissociative mechanism of cis↔trans isomerization has been proposed for both ruthenium and osmium complexes.
Under Pressure

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

Abstract This chapter highlights key findings and theoretical contribution of the book. It delineates policy recommendations based on the study of PMSCs’ interventions into civil wars and suggests that awarding contracts based on non-cost factors such as companies’ reputation for corporate professionalism and positive media coverage could increase the selection of those PMSCs that are most likely to be militarily effective. Awarding contracts to multiple companies as opposed to just one also improves accountability in a conflict zone. The chapter discusses ideas for future research such as comparing PMSCs’ performance across different local areas within a given conflict zone and exploring the rise of new mercenary groups and their impact on conflict dynamics.
Thermodynamic analysis of steam gasification of municipal solid waste

Field: Energy (Physical Sciences)

The main objective of this work is to understand steam gasification performance of municipal solid wastes (MSWs). The thermodynamic analysis was carried out by using seven different kinds of MSWs as the feedstock with the temperature ranging from 773 to 1773 K and steam to MSW ratio ranging from 0.5 to 1.5. It is summarized that temperature and the effective mole ratio of H/C (RH/C) are two key factors, and lower temperature and/or larger RH/C result in a larger mole ratio of H2/CO. The model predictions agree very well with the referenced experimental results, which can predict steam gasification performance of MSWs.
An econometric model of Shanghai.

Field: Economics, Econometrics and Finance (Social Sciences)

Shanghai has been China’s largest industrial and commercial city as well as the biggest hub of communications and an important base for science, technology, culture and education. However, it had not been able to take full advantage of its wealth and human resources in China’s reform process in the 1980s. It was only at the start of the 1990s that Shanghai began to make significant progress in re-establishing itself as the commercial, financial and industrial powerhouse of China. In this paper, an econometric model of Shanghai is built so that it can be used as an analytical tool to study certain special features of the Shanghai economy in the areas of foreign trade, inter-regional trade, and central-local relationship.
Dependence of performance of saturated in-line erbium-doped-fiber amplifiers on pump wavelength around 1480 nm

Field: Engineering (Physical Sciences)

Saturated erbium-doped-fiber amplifiers (EDFA’s) are expected to replace optoelectronic repeaters in future long-haul transmission systems. Such in-line amplifiers will, at least in early systems, be pumped at around 1480 nm because of the availability of reliable pump diodes. These EDFA’s will be operated in saturation, both to obtain adequate output power and to assure system robustness. Since 1480-nm diodes are characterized by wide emission spectra (>10 nm), device-to-device variation in center wavelength, and spectral shifts with aging, it is important to determine the effect of pump wavelength on the performance of saturated EDFA’s.
The meaning creation process, information, emotion, knowledge, two objects, and significance-effects: Some Peircean remarks

Field: Arts and Humanities (Social Sciences)

Abstract What is the relation between emotion, information, and knowledge? The aim of the paper is to focus on the meaning creation process, which involves emotion, information, and knowledge. The paper shows how the meaning creation process is an intricate relation between information and knowledge, how information is the catalyst for knowledge, and how knowledge can effect information, while emotion is the flavor of information and knowledge, respectively. The paper also presents a concept of information based on Peirce’s semeiotic.
External Collaboration Results in Student Learning Gains and Positive STEM Attitudes in CUREs

Field: Social Sciences (Social Sciences)

This study examines how the inclusion of structured external collaborations in course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) affects learning outcomes. Students worked with faculty from an external institution to refine their hypotheses and discuss their data. In the collaborative CURE cohort, students had greater gains in learning outcomes compared with students in standard CUREs and no-CURE controls.
A study on the Effects of Workstation Design on Fatigue in Computer Tasks

Field: Health Professions (Health Sciences)

The effects of computer encoding on fatigue were analyzed by conducting a controlled experiment. Three independent variables were considered, namely; two screen viewing angles, two types of chair used and the presence/absence of wrist support. A full factorial design was used and counterbalanced using Latin Square 8x8 design. The experiment was conducted in a real work em7ronmenr where the encoders do their usual tasks. The type of chair used turned out to be a significant factor on fatigue symptoms such as feeling of tiredness, desire to lie down, low back pain and shoulder stiffness. There were no significant factors identified in the responses: critical fusion frequency (CFF), eyestrain, “apt to commit mistakes and productivity. Viewing angle and the presence of wrist support were not significant factors in any of the responses considered in the experiment. There were no statistically significant interactions identified in the experiment.
Structural Homogeneity in Unsaturated Fatty Acids of Marine Lipids. A Review

Field: Chemistry (Physical Sciences)

Consideration of recent analytical data supports the conclusion that the longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin are all structurally homogeneous in that the double bonds are cis, the double bonds methylene interrupted, and that, with the exception of the C 16 chain length, the ultimate double bond will normally be three, six or nine carbon atoms removed from the terminal methyl group.
Beta-blocker use is associated with lower mortality following myocardial infarction in patients with and without COPD. A Danish nationwide cohort study

Field: Medicine (Health Sciences)

Introduction: The use of beta-blockers in COPD has been debated, in particular in individuals with the most severe disease. We investigated the relationship between beta-blocker use and mortality following first-time myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with and without COPD. Methods: All patients discharged after hospitalisation for MI from 2003 to 2015 were followed up to 13 years using Danish nationwide registers. Multivariable Cox regression with time-dependent variables to account for varying use of beta-blockers during follow-up. Results: Of 96,567 patients surviving first-time MI, 10,884 (11.3%) had COPD. COPD patients had more often non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI) compared to non-COPD patients (88.5% vs. 79.5%, P<0.0001), were older, and had a higher mortality. COPD patients using beta-blockers had lower mortality in multivariable analyses independently of type of MI (Figure 1). This relationship was not affected by COPD severity nor symptom burden. The association was particularly strong during the first 90 days following discharge for MI, and estimates were overall similar in patients without COPD. Conclusions: Beta-blocker use was associated with lower mortality following MI in patients with COPD independently of type of MI and COPD severity. The beneficial association of beta-blockers was of similar magnitude in patients without COPD.
The effects of Sepiolite-SPLF on piglet and heavy pig production

Field: Agricultural and Biological Sciences (Life Sciences)

In order to evaluate the effects of sepiolite-SPLF (Sepiolite for Pig Liquid Feeding) on piglet and heavy pig production, two separated trials have been performed. In the first trial a total of 319 piglets from 32 litters was used. From the 6th day of life piglets belonging to 16 litters received a complementary feed containing Sepiolite-SPLF at 1% (group B); the remaining piglets were fed a complementary feed without sepiolite addition (group A). At weaning (26 days of life), according to the dietary treatment of the suckling period, 80 piglets were homogeneously allocated to two groups fed up to 30 kg body weight a diet containing or not containing Sepiolite-SPLF at 1% (group B and group A, respectively). \nIn the second trial 330 barrows of the initial body weight of 60 kg were used. Animals were homogeneously allocated to two groups: a control group traditionally fed a soybean-maize based diet and a sepiolite group in which Sepiolite-SPLF was added at 1% (group B). Pigs were slaughtered at about 170 kg body weight. \nIn both trials daily weight gain, feed intake and pigs’ health were recorded. \nFrom our data it is concluded that the dietary inclusion of sepiolite-SPLF at 1% did not influence (P>0.05) either growing performances or feed conversion rate of growing-finishing pigs. Weaned piglets on sepiolite diet showed a highly significant (P<0.01) reduction of diarrhoea score (1.55 vs. 2.03 points). At slaughtering the dietary inclusion of sepiolite resulted in a higher uniformity-degree of pigs as it was demonstrated by a higher (P<0.05) frequency of carcasses in the central class comprised between 133 and 145 kg (52% vs. 35%).
Central Nervous System Pathology Caused by Autoreactive CD8+T-Cell Clones following Virus Infection

Field: Neuroscience (Life Sciences)

ABSTRACT Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) causes a demyelinating disease in infected mice which has similarities to multiple sclerosis. Spleen cells from TMEV-infected SJL/J mice stimulated with antigen-presenting cells infected with TMEV resulted in a population of autoreactive CD8 + cytotoxic T cells that kill uninfected syngeneic cells. We established CD8 + T cell clones that could kill both TMEV-infected and uninfected syngeneic targets, although infected target cells were killed more efficiently. The CD8 + T-cell clones produced gamma interferon when incubated with either infected or uninfected syngeneic target cells. Intracerebral injection of the clones into naïve mice induced degeneration, not only in the brain, but also in the spinal cord. This suggests that CD8 + Tc1 cells could play a pathogenic role in central nervous system inflammation.